,a ,,fantasy ,,( ,,f> ,,japan or ,summ] ,dream ,dialogues ,by ,,b>on ,,suyematsu ,au?or ( ',,! ,,ris5 ,,sun' ,london ,,ar*ibald ,,con/able ,,& ,,company1 ,,ltd4 #aije ,,le ,,samurai ,c'tait un homme deux sabres4 ,d'un doigt di/rait frlant la sonore bva1 ,a trav]s les bamb\s tresss en f9e latte1 ,elle a vu1 p> la plage bl\issante et plate1 ,s'avanc] le va9queur que son am\r rva4 ,c'e/ lui4 ,sabres au flanc1 l'v5tail haut1 il va4 ,la cordelire r\ge et le gl& c>late ,c\p5t l'armure sombre1 et1 sur l'paule1 clate ,le blason de ,hiz5 et de ,tokugawa4 ,ce beau gu]ri] vtu de lames et de plaques ,s\s le bronze1 la soie et les brillantes laques ,semble un cru/ac noir1 gigantesque et v]meil4 ,il l'a vue4 ,il s\rit dans la b>be du masque1 ,et son pas plus htif fait reluire au soleil ,les deux ant5nes d'or qui trembl5t son casque4 ,,jos-,,m>ia ,,de ,,h]$ia4 ,,preface ,9 ! foll[+ pages ,i h depict$ c]ta9 ,japanese ideals & notions1 z well z "s hi/orical facts :i* seem$ likely to int]e/ ^? ( ! sympa!tic ,we/]n public :o may be incl9$ to /udy ! m5tal side ( ,japan4 ,! dialogues are f\nd$ ^u actual conv]sations1 n inde$ always 9 exactly ! same phraseology1 nor "u exactly ! same circum/ances1 b some?+ v l4 ,! que/ions put into ! m\?s ( ! *>act]s 9 ! book are ! k9d ( que/ions :i* are be+ con/antly put to me1 & my answ]s are always on ! same l9es2 s t my read]s may reg>d ! book z a s]i\s treatise s f> z ! mat]ials are conc]n$4 ,?is is ! reason :y ,i h writt5 ?is book 9 a light1 conv]sational /yle1 & n 9 ! =m ( an ord9>y critical or expository treatise4 ,besides1 ,i ?\ght t m lucidity ( exposition & m p5etration into ! inn] views c\ld be a*iev$ by writ+ 9 ! way ,i h done4 ,! p]iod to :i* ^! conv]sations relate is *iefly ! summ] ( ! pres5t ye>1 #aije1 & ! great] "p ( ?is book 0 writt5 be=e peace 0 conclud$1 & !re=e !re may be occasionally "s dicta :i* s\nd some:at polemic4 ,on t po9t ,i c reque/ my read]s to %[ l5i5cy4 ,i h app5d$ to ! dialogues a few pap]s on v>i\s subjects4 ,!y deal ) subjects g]mane to ^? treat$ 9 ! body ( ! "w1 & x is hop$ t !y w af=d ! read] fir/ aid 9 acquir+ in=mation relative to ! analysis ( ,japanese social life :i* has "h1 h[ev] imp]fectly1 be5 attempt$4 ,i may add a few words4 ,9 publi%+ ?is volume1 ,i am n 9 ! lea/ degree actuat$ by a desire to exalt my c\ntry unduly1--/ill less to boa/ ab\t h] a*ievem5ts4 ,my sole object has be5 to %[ ,japan z %e is1 & to claim ,occid5tal sympa?y to su* a degree z %e may des]ve4 ,k4,s4 ,,p>is1 ,novemb] #aije4 ,,cont5ts ,i ,! issue ( ! w>--,"s ,=eca/s--,engli% & ,fr5* pap]s --,political situation 9 ! summ] ( #aije--;,beaconsfield--,japanese fictions & _! plots--,"s simil>ities betwe5 ! cu/oms ( ,greece1 ,rome1 & ,japan--,love /ories--,a ,japanese love tale--,cu/om ( adoption--,jane ,eyre & ,japan--,japanese art--,japanese g>d5+--,full description ( m>riage c]emonies--,prelim9>y inquiries--,description ( ! rooms1 & decorations--,butt]flies --,! banquet--,w$d+ pres5ts--,position ( ! wom5 9 ,japan --,japanese mo!rs & wives--,a ,samurai "m illu/rat$ by a drama--,lays ( ,anci5t ,rome & ,comm&ant ,hiros--,japanese notions ( p>don & =giv+--,trip to ,japan ,,ii ,greek inspiration--,semitic sympa?y--,religion--,diff]5ce betwe5 ,japanese & ,european *ivalry--,:at is ! ,bu%i8--,! weake/ po9t ( a h]$it>y milit>y organisation--,introduction ( ! new sy/em--,new common]s & ! hi/ory ( _! emancipation--,comb9ation ( democratic ideas & cons]vative traditions--,old bottles & new w9e--,! ,great ,*ange ( #ahfg--,napoleon--,neglig5ce ( a prop] e/imation--,sc5]y ( ,japan---,hi/ory ( ,tokio--,european & ,japanese me?od ( dwell+--,presid5t ,roosevelt & jiujitsu ,,iii ,japanese art & ! ,we/--,night-ftes--,sale ( fl[]s & plants--,s++ ,insects--,a discussion on ! moon1 fl[]s1 sn[1 etc4--,music ( sn[ & ra9--,l9es on hail/ones--,a p>ticul> ev5+ = lun> p]spective--,a bl9d s*ol> & 8 wife--,! deaf1 dumb1 & bl9d ( ,japan--,! cal5d> & its radical *ange 9 ,japan--,calumnies on ,japan1 & an anonym\s lett]--,japanese ways ( c\nt+ ages--,! "q ( wom5 & a lady's op9ion on ,japanese wom5--,lafcadio ,he>n--,japanese names--,difficulty ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ',l' & ',r'--,discussion on pronunciation--,london & ,tokio patois--,japanese nobility & ! me?od ( address+ nobility--,books on ,japan--,once m on ,lafcadio ,he>n--,discussion on wom5's education--,! ,ris5 ,sun ,,iv ,a talk on brack5s--,eat+ ( fruits )\t peel+--,a pet tortoise--,rem>ks on languages--,disc\rses on jiujitsu--,comp>ison ( jiujitsu & wre/l+--,japanese art & ! ,kokkwa--,pictures 9 ! ,gospel--,disc\rse on ,bu%ido1 its hi/ory & ! orig9 ( ! t]m--,explanation ( ! t]ms ,daimio1 ,samurai1 & ,bu%i--,its lit]ature--,japanese rev5ge & ,european duel--,japanese sword--,s\l ( ,samurai--,g5]al ,/oessel & a brok5 sword--,discussion on ,japanese social morality--,japan f> clean] ?an any o!r nation--,! condition at ! "t ( ! transition--,g5]al view ( ! we/]nis$ ,japan--,occid5tal vulg>ity ,v ,"s obs]vations on peace prospects--,discussion on ,anglo-,fr5*-,russo-,japanese ent5te--,russian views ( ! ,japanese--,discussion on religion & ,japan--,japan & ! ,int]national ,conv5tions--,! mean+ ( religion--,g5]al ,nogi--,a high-prie/ on ,japan & ,russia--,! ,japanese conception ( dea?--,a quotation f an old book on ,bu%ido--,! notion ( ! "n--,fur!r rem>ks on ! ,russian views ( ! ,japanese--,engl& & ,am]ica--,! outbreak ( ! w>--,a wanton project ( ! ,russian admiral re/ra9$ by ! ,fr5* admiral--,discussion on ! ,yell[ ,p]il & ,pan-,asiatic ambition--,japan n a small c\ntry--,fr5* poor 9 ! caves--,p>is by night--,sir ,/am=d ,raffles & 8 appreciation ( ,japan n9ety ye>s ago --,patriotism & ,france--,la ,france1 c'e/ le pays de mon cur--,a romantic & tragical /ory--,discussion on ,socialism & ,japan--,engl& & ,am]ica--,discussion on ! ^w ',revolution'--,! ,great ,*ange ( ,japan 9 #ahfg--;,its political & social effects--,a comp>ison ) ! ,fr5* ,revolution--,discussion on unity & cont9uity ( au?ority--,an anonym\s pamphlet--,discussion on ! relative position ( ! ,fr5* ,nationali/s & ,sociali/s ) reg>d to ,japan--,fr5* ?rift ,,vi ,! age ( ! ,japanese--,ito & ,in\y--,int]m>riages--,comm&] ,hiros--,"s abuse ( ! ,japanese nationality--,! climate ( ,japan--,*rysan!mums--,japanese ra9--,! two great curr5ts--,h[ ,japan develop$--,summ] resorts ( =eign]s--,spr+ & autumn --,picnics--,sports--,a lett] by an ,am]ican--,pa/imes ( ! ,japanese g5try--,description ( ! ,japanese *ess & ! game ( ',g'--,description ( ,japanese c>ds--,poem c>ds--,fl[] c>ds--,pi]re ,loti--,public ba?s--,an int]view on common & milit>y education 9 ,japan--,george ,wa%+ton & ,nelson--,! cause ( ,russian defeats accord+ to ! w\nd$ ,,vii ,"s talk on sup]/ition--,a rem>k on e>r+s--,japanese troops aft] ! w>2 no fe> ( ,*auv9ism--,g5]als & (fic]s--,h[ ! sy/em ( ! h]$it>y milit>y s]vice 0 aboli%$ & ! new sy/em 0 introduc$--,its hi/ory--,japan aft] ! w>--,views giv5 to ! ,am]ican press--,mr4 ,sepp+s-,wright & 8 views on ! ,japanese "*--,! ,japanese navy & its hi/ory--,orig9 ( ! %ipbuild+ y>ds--,! difficulty ( a ?or\gh re=m 9 ,*9a & ,russia--,h[ ,japan manag$ to br+ ab\t ! consummation ( ! great re=m--,! feudal sy/em 0 a great help--,explanation ( ! ,japanese feudal sy/em & ! clans--,! re-%uffl+ ( ! feudatories "u ! ,tokugawa rgime--,diff]5ce ( gr&eur ( ! feudatories--,exceptional =mation ( ! ,satsuma clan--,f9ancial sy/em ( ! ,%ogunate --,f9ance ( ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,great ,*ange--,h[ ! affairs ( ! gov]nm5ts ( ! feudatories 7 w\nd up--,! old sy/em ( taxation--,?or\gh re=m--,! old notion ( l& t5ure ,,viii ,comm]ce & indu/ry--,old me?ods ( communication--,roads & %ips--,h[ !y h be5 improv$--,railways1 po/1 telegraphs1 & telephones--,progress ( ! f9ancial sy/em--,! ,satsuma w>--,! ,bank ( ,japan--,! ,national banks--,! monet>y sy/em "o ( ! causes ( ,japan's success--,fur!r rem>ks on ! milit>y re=ms--,evolution ( ! mode ( fight+--,all re=ms at mu* co/ ( blood & money--,! cause ( ! ,satsuma w>--,saigo ! ,eld]--,social condition ( ,japan to-day--,evolution ( legislation--,*9ese jurisprud5ce--,! ,japanese are n good correspond5ts--,my future--,an op]atic s+]--,japanese /ages--,danjiuro & ,irv+--,! old s*ool & ! new "o--,kawakami & ,sada ,yakko--,! op]a ,m>itana--,! end ( ! dream ,,app5dices ,i4 ,political ,organism ( ,japan ,,ii4 ,japanese ,education ,,iii4 ,anglo-,fr5* ,diplomacy 9 ,japan ,=ty ,ye>s ago ,,iv4 ,sket*es ( "s *ief ,figures ( ,actual ,japan 7,ito1 ,yamagata1 ,in\y1 ,matsukata1 ,katsura1 ,okuma1 ,saionji7 ,v4 ,an old ,spee* by ,m>quis ,ito ,,vi4 ,! ,comm]cial ,morality ( ! ,japanese ,,vii4 ,japan & ,=eign ,capital ,,viii4 ,! ,languages ( ,*9a & ,japan ,,ix4 ,once m on ,japan & ,france ,x4 ,japan & ,europe ,,xi4 ,! ,indo-,*9a ,"q ,,xii4 ,! ,au/ralian ,"q ,,xiii4 ,! ,anglo-,japanese ,alliance & ,am]ica ,notes to ,dialogues ,v4 & ,,viii41 & to ! ,pap] on ',comm]cial ,morality' ,a ,,fantasy ,,( ,,f> ,,japan3 ,,summ] ,,dream ,,dialogues ,i ,! issue ( ! w>--,"s ,=eca/s--,engli% & ,fr5* pap]s --,political situation 9 ! summ] ( #aije--;,beaconsfield--,japanese fictions & _! plots--,"s simil>ities betwe5 ! cu/oms ( ,greece1 ,rome1 & ,japan--,love /ories--,a ,japanese love tale--,cu/om ( adoption--,jane ,eyre & ,japan--,japanese art--,japanese g>d5+--,full description ( m>riage c]emonies--,prelim9>y inquiries--,description ( ! rooms1 & decorations--,butt]flies --,! banquet--,w$d+ pres5ts--,position ( ! wom5 9 ,japan --,japanese mo!rs & wives--,a ,samurai "m illu/rat$ by a drama--,lays ( ,anci5t ,rome & ,comm&ant ,hiros--,japanese notions ( p>don & =giv+--,trip to ,japan ,x 0 a cool summ] aft]noon 9 a quiet hotel 9 a quiet "p ( ,p>is4 ,i ?rew myself lazily into an easy-*air on ! balcony & began read+ ,le ,j\rnal4 ,i 0 some:at tir$ & soon felt myself dr[sily w&]+ into dreaml& z ! breeze lull$ me soo?+ly4 ,i felt myself1 z x 71 waft$ ?r\gh ! air4 ,soon ,i f\nd myself 9 ! company ( a fri5d ( m9e & 8 wife1 ?\gh ,i d n "k h[ all t came ab\t4 ,we pass$ toge!r ?r\gh ! ,bois de ,b\logne1 n[ amid/ tall1 gre5 =e/s1 n[ along ! turfy %ores ( mirror-l lakes4 ,we arriv$ at la/ be=e ! entrance ( a l>ge h\se4 ,x 0 ! resid5ce ( ! ,duke ( ,fairfield4 ,8 wife1 ! ,du*ess ( ,fairfield1 is a /> 9 ,p>isian society & a great ho/ess4 ,h] salon is p]iodically fill$ ) politicians1 savants1 great arti/s1 & ! mo/ fa%ionable ladies & belles ( ! day4 ,h] =te is politics1 & inde$ %e is no mean politician 9 h] way4 ,x 0 9 t lady's draw+-room t we 9 no "t f\nd ourselves4 --',i am s glad t y 7 able to come "h to-day1' said ! du*ess4 ',i 0 v anxi\s to make y\r acqua9tance1 & s ask$ y\r fri5d to br+ y4 ,i h kn[n y long by int]views & articles4 ,we all read !m ) delight4 ,!y are read on ! ,cont95t f> m ?an y imag9e4' --',don't m5tion x1 madam1' said ,i4 ',x is a great hon\r1 ,i feel1 to h access "h4 ,z to my articles1 ,i am highly flatt]$ to he> !y h any int]e/ = y4' ,!re 7 already _m p 9 ! salon4 ,i 0 naturally introduc$ to "s ( ! ladies & g5tlem5 pres5t4 ,9 a few mom5ts ,i f\nd myself talk+ ) ! du*ess on "s que/ions ( ! day4 --,%e said1 ',"s p =esaw1 ev5 be=e ! w> _h began1 :at ! issue w\ld be4 ,g5]al ,p5etrator1 = in/ance1 ,i le>n$ a good deal f him1--& also f my own obs]vations4' --',may ,i add1' said ,i1 ',g5]al ,=esight also8 ,i h he>d "s incid5ts ab\t him q lately4 ,b ,i am glad to see y take s mu* int]e/ 9 our affairs4' --',no6' said ! du*ess1 '!y are n exclusively y\r affairs4 ,we are also mu* conc]n$ 9 ! matt]1 z y "k4 ,b let u /op a mom5t4 ,b>on1--won't y h a cup ( tea8 ,d take "o4' --',if y please4' ,! du*ess _h already ris5 & 0 proce$+ t[>ds a table :]e ! tea 0 laid out4 ,i /ood up also & foll[$ h]1 say+1 ',all[ me1 madam1 ,i w help myself1 ,i'm tr\bl+ y too mu*'2 b ! du*ess tak+ no notice ( my words prep>$ a cup ( tea & gave x to me :]e ,i /ood2 %e 0 assi/$ by "o ( h] daught]s :o (f]$ me "s cakes4 ,i notic$ t ! tea 0 p\r$ out ( a pot made 9 ! %ape ( a beautiful wat]f[l1 its beak =m+ ! sp\t4 --',x is v arti/ic1' ,i said1 po9t+ to ! tea-pot4 --',x is ,japanese w>e1' said ! du*ess4 ',?is k9d ( w>e is1 ,i suppose1 only made = ! =eign m>kets1 & n us$ 9 ,japan1 & s probably y h n se5 x be=e4 ,we ?9k x r nice4 ,y see our ta/e has little dep?4' --',well6 madam1 ,i mu/ apologise to y = c>elessly express+ approbation ( an article com+ f my own c\ntry4 ,i w\ld n h done s if ,i _h c>efully exam9$ x & _h made sure t x 0 ,japanese1 b x c]ta9ly looks *>m+4' ,we sat d[n aga9 & resum$ our conv]sation4 --',d y read our pap]s mu*8' said ! du*ess4 --',n mu*1 madam1 only ^? p>ts :i* int]e/ me p>ticul>ly--! w>1 = in/ance4' --',!n y speak ,fr5*1 ( c\rse1' said %e4 --',only a v1 v little1 madam1 & unless spok5 v sl[ly1 ,i d n und]/& at all1' ,i repli$4 ',p 9 society g5]ally d n c>e to take t tr\ble4' --',v true1 inde$1' %e said1 '"o (t5 =gets t "o is speak+ to a =eign] :ile actually do+ s4 ,b :at d y ?9k ( our pap]s8' --',!y seem g5]ally good1' ,i answ]$1 '?\gh n p]haps z good z ^? ( ,engl&1 = !re1 f> m money is sp5t 9 obta9+ good items ( news f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,b ?is is too trite1 ,i ?9k1 to speak to y ab\t4' --',i am sorry = x1' %e said1 'b ,i mu/ say t mo/ ( our j\rnals appe> n to h done suffici5t ju/ice to y\r c\ntry1 9 reg>d to ! pres5t w>4' --',to be frank1 madam1 ,i mu/ say t !y g5]ally 7 n q fair4 ,i am afraid !y h done m h>m ?an good to ! c\ntry :i* !y meant to befri5d1 = if !y _h n giv5 s mu* enc\ragem5t to t c\ntry1 mu* mis=tune :i* has ov]tak5 x might h be5 evad$ or at lea/ less5$4 ,x may h be5 only due to a pac+ mi/ake4 ,! press is mu* bett] n[1 & is beg9n+ to repres5t m tru?fully ! s5tim5t ( ! p1 ,i ?9k4' --',x is v true1' %e said2 'at ! same "t1 ,i mu/ say t ! aggressive attitude ( t c\ntry c\ld n h be5 creat$ by our j\rnals1 h[ev] p>tial !y may h be54 ,9 t respect1 !re may be ano!r c\ntry :i* is m responsible4' ,all ! :ile o!r gue/s & memb]s ( ! h\se 7 c>ry+ on conv]sation 9 a v lively mann]1 9 twos1 ?rees1 or f\rs4 --',b1 b>on1 :at d y ?9k ( ! pres5t political situation8' %e said4 ',:at is ! real s5tim5t ( ,engl&8' --',y mu/ "k su* ?+s bett] ?an ,i4 ,to me1 h[ev]1 x seems ,engl& is p]fectly s9c]e 9 h] good wi%es t[>ds ,france4 ,%e has no arrire p5se4' --',b "s p say %e wants w> ) our neighb\r1' said %e4 --',no6 decid$ly n1' ,i said4 ',i "k !re are _m p 9 ,engl& :o h no confid5ce 9 ,g]man policy2 b want w>1 provoke w>1 decid$ly n6' --',t's my op9ion too1' said %e quickly4 ,h]eupon a few g5tlem5 jo9$ 9 our discussion4 ,we w5t ov] ! int]national situation ( ! day f _m po9ts1 ) _m hypo!ses & conjectures4 ,we ?\ght ! discussion bo? int]e/+ & b5eficial2 ! tr5d ( ! conv]sation naturally turn$ ^u ! be>+ ( ! int]national relation%ip 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,a rum\r rec5tly circulat$ 0 m5tion$ by "o ( ^? pres5t1 to ! effect t ,g]man policy 0 to draw ,france into "s sort ( 'comb9ation' simil> to t :i* took place aft] ! ,s9o-,japanese w>4 ,a g5tleman :o is s5ator & an ex-m9i/] said t x 01 ( c\rse1 necess>y to wat* :at ! ,premi] 0 go+ to d1 b t he tru/$ ! ,premi] w\ld n be s imprud5t4 ,if ev]1 he add$1 he 7 to be drawn into su* an unju/ & imprud5t action1 he w\ld at once revolt all /atesm51 inde$ all ! ,fr5* public1 &1 moreov]1 ! rum\r 0 m likely unf\nd$ ?an true4 ,to ?is op9ion all pres5t express$ an ass5t4 ,at ?is po9t "s m visitors arriv$1 & ! du*ess left u to welcome !m4 ,i also rose1 & sl[ly w5t into ! next room1 :i* 0 ! /udy ( ! duke1 b its slid+ door 0 op5$ & =m$ ) ! draw+-room "o long salon4 ,! o!r daught]--! du*ess has two daught]s only1 & no sons--0 !re1 toge!r ) a few "y folk4 ,%e obs]v$ me at once1 & we 7 soon talk+ toge!r4 ,!re 0 a book ly+ on a table beside u4 ,op5+ x at r&om1 a picture ( a w>rior appe>$ be=e u4 --',x is ,cond1' %e said4 --',yes1 s ,i see1' ,i repli$2 'he 0 a great g5]al4 ,i admire him v mu*4 ,8 spl5did c>e]1 :i* ,i read _m ye>s ago 9 hi/ory1 is /ill vividly impress$ on my memory6' --',& ,jeanne d',arc too1 ,i suppose1' %e said4 --',( c\rse1 mademoiselle4' --',wom5 sometimes d f9e ?+s1 don't !y6 b ,japan is a c\ntry ( h]oes & h]o9es4' --',i d>e say1 b ,jeanne d',arc especially appeals to "o's imag9ation4' --',i admire y\r ,bu%ido s mu*1' said %e4 --',d y8 ,i am glad to he> y say s4' ,look+ up1 my eyes caught sight ( _m pictures hang+ on ! walls3 = ! mo/ "p !y seem$ family portraits1 & mo/ ( !m m5 9 milit>y uni=m4 ,i 0 tempt$ to make "s obs]vations1 & unconsci\sly /ood up to approa* ne>] to !m4 ,%e foll[$ my example & walk$ by my side4 ,po9t+ to !m1 "o aft] ano!r1 %e told me ?is 0 h] gr&fa!r1 t h] great-gr&fa!r1 ^! 7 ?is "o's sons or daught]s1 ^? t "o's1 etc4 ,among/ !m1 no d\bt1 !re 7 "s :o _h done noble s]vice = _! c\ntry2 t fact 0 evid5t f ! p$igree ( h] family4 ,b1 unlike ord9>y p1 %e _h nei!r ! necessity nor desire to glorify h] ance/ors1 b = my "p ,i wi%$ %e _h expla9$ a little m ( _! hi/ory4 ,f9ally1 %e po9t$ out a picture z t ( h] "m1 say+ %e did n l x1 & t x did n resemble h]4 --',:y n8 ,"o _c expect a portrait to be l ! orig9al at e /age ( life1' ,i rem>k$4 --',no6 ,i did n mean exactly 9 t way1' %e answ]$4 ,we 7 n[ at ! end ( ! room lead+ on to a balcony4 ,we /epp$ on to x4 ,i lean$ on ! rail+2 %e /ood n f> (f f me4 ,! g>d5 0 n v l>ge1 b neat & clean4 ,n[ ,i look$ d[n at ! g>d51 n[ ,i turn$ t[>ds ,lady ,mode/9a1 :i* is h] ,*ri/ian "n1 ex*ang+ "s rem>ks ab\t fl[]s & trees4 ,h] si/] n[ jo9$ u com+ =? f ! draw+-room4 ,dulciana is h] "n4 ,our conv]sation someh[ or o!r turn$ on works ( fiction4 --',d y read fiction mu*1 b>on8' ask$ ,lady ,dulciana4 --',no2 n mu*4 ,b ,i h read ne>ly all ,beaconsfield4' --',i und]/&1' said %e1 '8 books are always full ( _s & aspiration4 ,incid5ts d'am\r are only second>y1 & t suits y\r ta/e1 ,i suppose--,i mean1 y\r c\ntrym5 9 g5]al4' --',j s1 ! majority ( our works ( fiction are /ories ( h]oic *>act]s--/ories ( ! ,alroy type1 p]haps1 ) a little m def9ite morals1 & some?+ m ( loyalty or patriotism4' --',i c und]/& t1 too1 f :at ,i h he>d & se5 ( late1' said %e4 --',b h y n 9 y\r c\ntry1' int]pos$ ,lady ,mode/9a1 'any works ( fiction solely bas$ on romantic incid5ts8 ,we/]n fictions are1 ,i am afraid1 too full ( su*4' --',well1 we also h "o k9d ( lit]ature :i* may be call$ love /ories4 ,!y are mo/ly writt5 9 an easy /yle1 m = ! less educat$ portion ( ! public4' --',are !y read mu*8' %e ask$4 --',n v mu*1' ,i answ]$2 ') u ^? books d n hold a high position4' --',& ! plots4 ,:at are !y l8' %e ask$4 --',p]haps y "k1' ,i answ]$1 'we h _h c]ta9 cu/oms :i* resembl$ ^? ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,consequ5tly ! plots ( su* books1 l ! ,greek & ,roman com$ies1 are mu* influ5c$ by ^? cu/oms & d n suit ! ta/es ( mod]n ref9em5t4' --',am ,i too curi\s if ,i ask ! nature ( ^? cu/oms & mann]s8' --',oh no6 ,9 ,greece & ,rome !re 01 p]haps y "k1 a c]ta9 class ( females call$ ,hetaira1 also a class ( males call$ p>asites4 ,!y mix$ pretty freely ) m5 ( good /&+1 &1 ( c\rse1 are n to be judg$ by ! same /&>d z ! disreputable ( mod]n days4 ,9 ,japan1 also1 !re exi/$ an almo/ id5tical class4 ,i am ref]r+ to ^? females kn[n to ! occid5tal races by ! "n ( ,gei%as1 & ! m5 we call ,taiko-,mo*i1 i4e4 'tam-b\r1' ?\gh ! latt] 7 comp>atively few 9 numb]4 ,! *ief pr(ession ( ! ,gei%a 0 music4 ,inde$1 ! books ,i h j ref]r$ to are peopl$ ) ?is class4 ,noveli/s 9 ^? days 7 nev] recognis$ z legitimate lit]ati1 & 7 q cont5t to be associat$ ) ! s-call$ t[n p1 & to write *iefly ab\t _! surr\nd+s4 ,! v condition ( ! high] classes suppli$ b few subjects = romance1 & ! alt]$ social conditions ( pres5t-day ,japan cle>ly %[s ! reason :y _! works d n suit ! mod]n ta/e4' --',i suppose t sort ( p1 ,i mean ! class resembl+ ^? ( ,greece & ,rome1 exi/s no m4' --',yes1 !y /ill exi/4 ,! mod]n ,gei%a1 z a rule1 are ! same 9 k9d1 b n 9 quality4 ,9 ! days gone by1 t is1 dur+ ! feudal p]iod1 social discipl9e 0 v rigid1 & ! occasional adv5tures ( ^? p 7 reg>d$ z good subjects = ,romanc]s1 :il/ ! mod]n ones are f> too degrad$--!y h ei!r no romance1 or too mu*1 to be made ! subject ( romance4 ,excuse my tell+ y su* ?+s1 ,i only d s f a sociological po9t ( view4' --',sci5ce w cry out1 if y make use ( h] "n 9 su* a place4' --',nev] m9d1 b li/56 ,! fiction writt5 9 ! new era diff]s1 widely diff]s1 9 ! selection ( subjects1 f t ( ! old4 ,only rememb]6 ,ev5 ^? books1 ,i mean ! old love /ories1 portray$ a great deal ( female *ivalry & h]oism4 ,inde$1 a _s ( *ivalry 0 ! =te ( ! p]iod4 ,i c tell y1 if y l1 "o plot :i* ,i recollect4' --',d1 please4' --',!re 0 a "y ,samurai1 ,x41 & a maid51 ,y41 :o lov$ ea* o!r4 ,!y 7 n decre$ by fate to m>ry4 ,x41 ! "y ,samurai1 0 ! second son ( 8 fa!r1 &1 !re=e1 n ! heir4 ,he 0 adopt$ by ano!r ,samurai1 & ev5tually m>ries ,z41 ! daught] ( ! h\se4 ,n[1 9 ,japan adoption is1 z x 0 ) ! ,romans1 a common cu/om2 x 0 m s 9 days gone by4 ,?is 0 natural en\gh because1 ap>t f o!r reasons1 e ,samurai 0 a reta9] ( a feudal "l f :om he receiv$ a c]ta9 all[ance annually = 8 s]vices1 & 8 family dep5d$ ^u him4 ,9 default ( a male heir1 ! h\se1 9 o!r words ! family1 lo/ e privilege & emolum5t4 ,! succession1 h[ev]1 c\ld be made good by an heir1 adopt$ f a blood relation1 or ev5 f a totally /range family4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! second or ?ird son ( a ,samurai _h no legal /atus z a ,samurai1 & 0 vulg>ly call$ ,cold ,rice ,meals or ,back ,room ,resid5t4 ,p]sonal s]vice ( a ,samurai h\se to its "l 0 only requir$ ( its head4 ,succession ( ,samurai--! title z well z emolum5t--0 accord+ to primog5iture1 &1 !re=e1 a second or ?ird son c\ld sc>cely get a livelihood1 unless adopt$ by ano!r ,samurai1 or unless a totally diff]5t k9d ( pr(ession be adopt$1 or else he 0 made1 by "s "l1 head ( a new ,samurai h\se1 by virtue ( "s well-m]it$ di/9ction1 :i* 0 a matt] ( r>e occurr5ce4 ,well1 ,x4 0 adopt$ by ! family ( ,z41 8 future wife accord+ to t cu/om4 ',mis=tune fell ^u ! family ( ,y41 ! maid51 & %e became a ,gei%a1 an actress1 if y l1 n f levity on h] "p1 b f a s5se ( duty1 :i* caus$ h] to sacrifice h]self to ! occupation j m5tion$--a s5tim5t :i* is un9telligible 9 ! ,we/4 ,! /ory proce$s to n>rate h[ ,x41 ! "y ,samurai1 & ,y41 8 =m] swee!>t1 meet ea* o!r aft] a long lapse ( "t by pure accid5t1 & h[ _! love ( days gone by reviv$ 9 _! he>ts1 especially f ! pity :i* ! "y ,samurai felt = h] mis=tune & h] correspond+ responsiv5ess4 ,fur!r1 h[ ! "y ,samurai began to neglect 8 (ficial duties & to incur ! displeasure ( ! c\ncillors ( 8 "l1 & 0 on ! br9k ( becom+ a ,ron9--a ma/]less ,samurai1 ! greate/ %ame ( a ,samurai1 if incurr$ by 8 own di%on\rable conduct4 ',9 ^? days1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 ! moral discipl9e ( ! ,samurai 0 v rigid4 ,! conduct ( our "y ,samurai involv$ n only ! ru9 ( himself b also ! de/ruction ( ! family z a ,samurai1 a matt] mo/ lam5table to ! h\se ( a knight4 ,at la/ ,z41 ! despair+ wife1 takes ! matt] v s]i\sly to he>t1 n s mu* f jeal\sy z f a s5se ( duty to h] h\se & a desire to save h] "l & husb& f disgrace4 ,%e =ms a bold plan1 & p]sonally visits h] rival to obta9 h] confid5ce4 ,%e p]suades h]1 n by any vulg> qu>rel1 b by s]i\s reason+ & rational appeal1 to put a /op to all connection ) h] husb&4 ,! rival ass5ts & gives h] promise4 ,!n comes ! climax4 ,aft] a great /ruggle betwe5 love & reason1 & hamp]$ by sev]al circum/ances :i* made h] unable to fulfil h] promise1 ! rival puts an end to h] own life1 committ+ jigai1 :i* is equival5t to ,seppuku--vulg>ly call$ ,h>akiri--9 ! case ( a man1 leav+ "s t\*+ & well-meant lett]s beh9d h]4 ,:at became ( ! "y ,samurai & 8 wife aft] t ,i sc>cely ne$ to relate "h4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! k9d ( plot we f9d 9 t class ( books4' ,:ile disc\rs+ 9 ?is /ra91 a "y lady--an ,engli% maid5--jo9$ u4 --',y\r plot seems n altoge!r l ours1' said ! ,engli% lady4 ',i d>e say y h read "s ( our ev]yday novels8' --',well1 ,i h read "s1 b x is n[ s _m ye>s ago t ,i d n rememb] !m1 ) "o exception1 & t is ,jane ,eyre4 ,ye>s ago ,i read "s *apt]s ( x1 & ^? are en\gh4 ,! g5]al cont5ts ( ^? *apt]s rema9$ ev] 9 my memory4 ,a little "t ago ,i 0 /ay+ at ,folke/one4 ,"o gloomy aft]noon1 :5 ,i 0 int5t ov] _m ?+s1 t memory recurr$ to me all ( a sudd54 ,i w5t to a booksell] & b\ght a copy ( ! book3 ,i read ?r\gh once m "s ( ! e>li] *apt]s1 & x creat$ a great impression on me4' --',:at caus$ t impression1 ,i %\ld l to "k8' int]pos$ ,lady ,mode/9a4 --',well1 ,i _c expla9 ! reason v well1' ,i answ]$4 --',i c see x v well1' said ! ,engli% lady2 'y are too pr\d to expla9 ! reason1' ,turn+ to ! ,ladies ,mode/9a & ,dulciana1 %e cont9u$4 ',p]haps y h n read1 or d n rememb] well1 ! /ory ( our ,engli% novel4 ,! /ory is ?is3 ,jane ,eyre1 a "y girl1 suff]s e torture 9 ! h\se ( h] uncle at ! h&s ( "y ,john ,re$ & 8 si/]s1 & inde$ ( ,mrs4 ,re$ also4 ,y "k ,jane ,eyre 0 ! orphan *ild ( a si/] ( ,mr4 ,re$4 ,he _h tak5 h] into 8 family 9 ord] to br+ h] up ) 8 own *ildr54 ,he di$ "s "t aft]1 enjo9+ 8 wife on 8 dea?b$ to look aft] h] k9dly4 ,y see1 !re=e1 ?\gh ,jane ,eyre 0 n prop]ly a memb] ( ! family1 "s ( ! same blood ran 9 h] ve9s z 9 !irs4 ,9 spite ( t fact1 & 9 spite ( ! injunction ( ,mr4 ,re$1 h] uncle1 &1 above all1 9 spite ( all ! mode/y & good behavi\r %e %[$1 ,jane 0 torm5t$ by e memb] ( ! family4 ,t is no d\bt ! po9t :i* has impress$ ! b>on s mu* to ?9k (----' --',p]haps1' ,i said smil+ly4 --',nev] m9d1 b>on1 ,jane 0 ( /rong en\gh "* to em]ge f ! tr\ble1 & s w ,japan1 9 spite ( all ! calumnies1 if inde$ %e has n done s already4' ,at ?is po9t a bu/le 0 he>d 9 ano!r "p ( ! room4 ,lady ,mode/9a ca/ h] eyes 9 t direction & said3 ',"h comes a lady1 a fri5d ( ours1 a /> 9 our society1 we ?9k mu* ( h]--,i mu/ g to h]4' ,& z %e 0 mov+ away sl[ly1 rem>k$ to me1 ',i w introduce y to h]4' ,to :i* ,i repli$1 ',i %all be delight$4' ,we w5t toge!r t[>ds ! lady m5tion$1 to :om ,i 0 duly introduc$4 ,%e 0 ! ,m>*ioness de ,viva/9e1 & 0 extremely beautiful1 look+ f> y\ng] ?an h] age mu/ be1 = ,i aft]w>ds he>d t %e is ! "m ( a m>ri$ daught]4 ,h] face 0 cov]$ by a veil1 b h] r\nd & brilliant eyes sp>kl$ ?r\gh x4 ,h] beauty1 h[ev]1 0 n ! po9t ( my appreciation1 b h] vivacity & frankness4 ,i soon ent]$ into conv]sation ) h]4 ,%e spoke flu5tly & unhesitat+ly4 ,we comm5c$ to speak on art4 --',i admire ,japanese art v highly3 x is s natural & vivid1 fl[]s & animals & :at-n4' --',may be1 b our human figures are v bad1' said ,i4 --',p]haps s1' said %e1 '9 ! lat] productions1 b n 9 antique works4 ,i ?9k !re has be5 no nation :i* has produc$ su* /rik+ repres5tation ( nature z y\r c\ntry4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 "o sometimes notices v close repres5tations ( nature 9 ! c>v+s or ! inscriptions ( v primitive tribes4 ,don't misund]/& me4 ,i d n mean t y\rs are ( t k9d4' --',y mu/ be1 madam1 v well acqua9t$ ) our arts4 ,:5ce h y acquir$ t ta/e8' --',f ! "t ( ! la/ ,great ,exhibition "h1 :5 y\r c\ntry s5t s _m valuable specim5s ( art4' --',y mu/ y\rself be an arti/4 ,i c see x f y\r obs]vations4' --',yes1 %e is an arti/1 al?\gh an amateur1' int]pos$ ,lady ,mode/9a4 --',no1 don't say t1' int]rupt$ ! m>*ioness4 --',i d>e say y pa9t mu*1' said ,i4 --',no1 n at all1' repli$ ! m>*ioness1 & cont9u$ z %e laugh$ slightly1 'except1 p]haps1 t ,i us$ to pa9t occasionally my own portrait1 ( c\rse aft] ! /yle ( ! *ef-d'uvre ( y\r lit]>y picture 9 ! fa9te/ & lighte/ col\rs4 ,by ! way1 ,i also l ,japanese me?ods ( g>d5+4 ,i once _h a ,japanese g>d5] = ?ree ye>s at my c\ntry seat4' --',really1' said ,i1 'y int]e/ me v mu*4' --',he 0 v clev]2 f> m s ?an any ,european1 any ,fr5*man1 9 ! same call+ ( life c\ld ev] possibly be4' --',) u1' said ,i1 'x is v common4 ,e g>d5] und]/&s ! ord9>y art ( g>d5-mak+1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 !re are only a few real exp]ts4 ,b let me tell y t x comes m f ! g5]al atmosph]e & surr\nd+s 9 :i* !y gr[ up4 ,!re is no?+ surpris+ 9 x to our eyes4' --',may be4 ,b to u x seems extraord9>y4 ,aft] ?ree ye>s1 dur+ :i* he s]v$ me v fai?fully1 ,i transf]r$ him to a ,fr5*man1 ,mr4 ,canny by "n4' --',is t s8 ,i h se5 8 ,japanese g>d5s4' --',!n y "k him8' --',yes1 ,i fir/ came to "k him :5 he visit$ my c\ntry "s ye>s ago4 ,! o!r day ,i made a great circuit r\nd ,p>is 9 8 motor3 we left ,p>is by ! ,bois1 !n ,/4 ,cl\d1 ,v]sailles1 on to ,fonta9ebleau1 mak+ a l>ge circuit ?r\gh ,cagny1 ,surveilli]s1 ,beaumont1 ,po9toise1 ?us rea*+ ,/4 ,g]ma91 !nce on to ,/ ,cl\d & back to ,p>is by ! same r\te4 ,we mu/ h travell$ ?ree or f\r hundr$ kilometres4' --',!n y mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh ! =e/s ( ,fonta9ebleau4 ,are n ! trees & rocks !re spl5did8' --',yes1 t is j :at /ruck me v mu*1 b ,i am mo/ int]e/$ to he> t y appreciate ! value ( natural rocks4 ,!y are v important elem5ts 9 our ,japanese g>d5s4' --',i _c und]/& h[ s great a numb] ( rocks c\ld h be5 heap$ up !re 9 t peculi> way4 ,"s p imag9e t at "o "t !y =m$ ! bottom ( ! sea4' --',oh6 b if s1 x mu/ h be5 a v long "t ago4 ,at all ev5ts1 be=e we came into exi/5ce1' said ,i1 laugh+1 & add$1 ',i %\ld l to get a concession f ! gov]nm5t to take ^? rocks1 because ! "t w c]ta9ly come :5 !y w be want$ = ,fr5* g>d5s1 & p]haps ,i c\ld !n become a millionaire4' ,!reupon we all broke out into laught]4 ,! m>*ioness /ill cont9u$ to talk on diff]5t subjects4 ,%e _h no affectation3 %e said boldly j :at %e ?\ght ) all ! sp>kle ( h] intellig5ce4 ,i tri$ n to be ov]:elm$ by h] eloqu5ce1 & ! consequ5ce 0 t we _h a v heat$ discussion on ! cu/oms & mann]s ( diff]5t c\ntries4 ,rev]t+ to ,japan %e said3 --',i he> "o c m>ry = two mon?s 9 ,japan4 ,is t true8' --',i beg y\r p>don8' --',well1 t is :at ,i h he>d1' %e said1 'f an acqua9tance4 ,he said t he himself _h m>ri$ :5 he 0 /ay+ 9 ,japan1 hav+ gone ?r\gh ! requisite w$d+ c]emony--p>tak+ ( sak cups ) ! bride4' --',well1 madam1' ,i said1 ',i mu/ say x is possible4 ,nay1 m ?an possible4 ,i c g fur!r & tell y t su* ?+s may occur ev5 = mu* %ort] times ?an t4 ,b simil> cu/oms6 ,is x n ! same all ov] ! _w8--ev5 9 ,p>is itself1 ,i am afraid4 ,h[ev]1 ,i mu/ say ! nuptials ( t p>ticul> k9d are f> less 9 numb] 9 my c\ntry ?an 9 mo/ ( ! civilis$ c\ntries4' ,!reupon %e bur/ into great laught]1 z also did ! o!rs1 & %e said3 --',i %\ld l to he> some?+ ( y\r m>riage c]emony4 ,is x a civil or religi\s "o8' --',entirely civil1 madam1' ,i repli$4 ',we he> n[ & !n ( p celebrat+ a religi\s m>riage aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,we/1 b x is v r>e1 z r>e z "o or two />s 9 a cl\dy sky4' --',y seem to imitate ! ,we/ 9 ev]y?+1' said %e2 'b :at ,i w\ld l to "k ( is y\r national c]emony4' --',our m>riage c]emony is a "t-hon\r$ "o & entirely civil1' ,i said4 ',!re is always an (ficiat+ p]son or a witness or an assi/ant1 if y l4 ,he is ! p]son :o is responsible = ! completion ( a m>riage4 ,g5]ally he is ! p]son :o arranges ! matt] f ! v beg9n+--,i mean1 f ! "t :5 ! engagem5t is =mally made betwe5 ! p>ties &1 !re=e1 he is call$ a ,nakaodo1 a middle-man1 or a g-betwe51 z y l4 ,ev5 :5 all ! prelim9>y arrangem5ts h be5 made by a second p]son1 & ano!r p]son1 = "s reason1 is pref]r$ to (ficiate1 ! latt] is call$ !oretically1 or1 z x 71 (ficially1 a ,nakaodo1 & he is consid]$ z be+ responsible = all4 ,a middle-man mu/ be m>ri$1 = 8 function mu/ be %>$ by 8 wife1 especially :5 ! ess5tial "p ( ! c]emony is p]=m$2 besides1 a ba*elor or wid[] w\ld nev] be consid]$ a fit p]son = su* an occasion4 ,b d y mean to make me give y ! :ole hi/ory ( a w$d+8' --',( c\rse6 ,y\r /ory is j beg9n+ to be mo/ int]e/+1' said %e4 --',v well6 ,! c]emony is v elaborate & solemn1 ?\gh ! scale diff]s1 or r is magnifi$ or simplifi$1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,to beg9 )1 :5 ! engagem5t is =mally made1 c]ta9 pres5ts call$ ,yu9o are at once ex*ang$ simultane\sly betwe5 ! families ( ! bride & bridegroom elect--!re are c]ta9 usages 9 ! selection ( ^! pres5ts4' --',:at k9d ( ?+s1 = in/ance8' %e ask$4 --',a /aff = c]emonial onna-obi 7a sort ( a broad sa% = wom57 = ! bride1 & a /aff = a c]emonial hakama 7a sort ( long kilt7 & an otoko-obi 7a sort ( sa% = m57 = ! bridegroom4 ,!y are inv>iably accompani$ by no%i & katsuo4' --',:at are !y8' --',!y are ?+s :i* y h n got 9 ,europe4 ,"o made ( seawe$ & ! o!r ( dri$ fi% meat1 b x is wa/e ( "t to describe !m1 = y w\ld h>dly realise !m if ,i did s4 ,suffice x to say t !y are ( little value intr9sically1 b !y are us$ 9 ,japan to signify felicity4 ,rememb]1 practical p sometimes sub/itute ca% & a li/ ( pres5ts3 ! conv5tionality ( ! _w is apt to take ?is =m4 ,^! pres5ts correspond to y\r giv+ an engagem5t r+1 only ours are m solemn &1 moreov]1 n "o-sid$4' --',& :at next8' --',pray be pati5t4 ,!re is no fix$ usage z to ! l5g? ( ! int]val betwe5 ! engagem5t & w$d+1 b "s mon?s usually int]v5e4 ,nev]!less1 we are n s pati5t1 l _m ,occid5tals1 z to let x /& ov] = _m ye>s4 ,:5 ! "t :i* is conv5i5t = bo? p>ties approa*es1 ! date is fix$1 a selection be+ made ( a day ( happy om51 z is also ! case :5 ! engagem5t pres5ts are made4 ,y see1 !re exi/s m or less a sort ( sup]/ition 9 e c\ntry4' --',let u suppose t day arriv$4 ,:at takes place !n8' --',w$d+ c]emonies are g5]ally p]=m$ 9 ! ev5+ & at ! h\se ( ! bridegroom4 ,b rememb]1 "h aga9 a re/aurant or "s o!r place is sometimes sub/itut$ = ! resid5ce1 if ! latt] is n suitable = ! occasion4' --',naturally4' --',all ! p>aph]nalia & su*like ( ! bride are s5t to h] future home "s days previ\sly4 ,!y are g5]ally pack$ up 9 boxes 9 su* a way t ea* box c be c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s ( two p]sons by poles4 ,!y are n pack$ & s5t by c>ts1 z :5 mov+ ! place ( "o's resid5ce4 ,! escort & c>ri]s receive good tips on arriv+ at _! de/9ation1 s t ^? :o happ5 to p]=m t duty are only too glad to d s4 ,! quantity & quality ( ! articles ?us s5t1 ( c\rse1 v>y accord+ to ! conditions & positions ( ! p>ties4' --',z ours d1 ,i presume4' --',b !re are c]ta9 articles :i* are mo/ usually prep>$ = ! bride4' --',z ours are also4' --',previ\sly to ! dep>ture ( ! bride f h] home1 "s ent]ta9m5ts are g5]ally giv5 to h] ne> relations1 intimate fri5ds1 & also to ! s]vants = a f>ewell1 or at lea/ all ! memb]s ( ! family ga!r toge!r & make "s m]rim5t4 ,?is g5]ally takes place on ! previ\s ev5+4 ,on ! day ( h] dep>ture1 ! (ficiat+ p]son & 8 wife g to h] p>5ts' home & accompany h] to h] future home4 ,h] p>5ts1 bro!rs1 & si/]s also accompany1 nay m1 all h] ne> relations & ^? ( ! bridegroom also are invit$1 9 ord] to be =mally introduc$ to ea* o!r & be pres5t at ! w$d+ banquet4 ,9 ,*9a ! "* :i* means to return is g5]ally us$ also to signify ! act ( a bride leav+ h] home & go+ to ! home ( h] future husb& to be m>ri$ to him4 ,! idea is t h] future home1 to :i* %e is n[ go+1 is imag9$ to be h] real home1 :]e %e is n[ go+ back1 & %e is n expect$ to return to h] previ\s home = good1 or r = any p]man5t purpose1 = su* a ?+ is consid]$ out ( ! "q altoge!r4 ,?is notion is also ! same ) u ,japanese2 consequ5tly 9 ,samurai families ! same =mality z t ( ! dep>ture ( ! dead is g5]ally p]=m$ at ! dep>ture ( ! bride4 ,i wond] if ! ,we/]n cu/om ( ?r[+ slipp]s has any simil> orig96' --',v likely6' ! m>*ioness int]pos$4 --',& yet1' int]rupt$ ,lady ,mode/9a1 'girls1 & inde$ "y m51 too1 are compell$ to m>ry )\t kn[+ & see+ ea* o!r at all be=e ! w$d+1 z p say4 ,poor girls6 ,poor "y m51 too6' ',n exactly1' ,i answ]$2 'rememb]1 ,napoleon & ! ,ar*du*ess ( ,au/ria _h nev] se5 ea* o!r be=e h] /ate entry into ! ,fr5* t]ritory4 ,! du*ess1 x is said1 heav$ deep sighs ( relief at ! fir/ sight ( ,napoleon1 :o 0 n aft] all a mon/r\s creature1 z %e _h fanci$ f ! /ories %e _h he>d ( ! sangu9>y battles he _h f\ght ev]y:]e4 ,su* ?+s--at lea/1 simil> ?+s--(t5 take place ev5 9 ,europe4 ,s ) u1 too1 9 =m] days1 m>riages ( great feudal lords 7 g5]ally n unlike ,napoleon's second m>riage4 ,b ) ! p 9 g5]al ! matt] 0 diff]5t4 ,9 ^! cases ,miai1 :i* lit]ally means to see ea* o!r1 0 ess5tial & almo/ ! =mal "p ( ! c]emony4 ,:5 prelim9>y inquiries1 s to say1 _h turn$ out satisfactory1 ! s-call$ see+ ea* o!r took place1 t is to say1 a r5dezv\s 0 arrang$ 9 "o way or ! o!r1 say1 at a fl[] g>d5 or a !atre1 9 su* a mann] t nei!r ( ! p>ties felt any discom=t1 & x did n become an obligation to ei!r ( !m4 ,rememb] !re 0 no?+ indiscreet 9 ! affair1 z bo? ( ! p>ties 7 always accompani$ by "s ne> relatives or tru/wor?y fri5ds4 ,9 nuptial affairs1 p>5tal au?ority 0 mu* ex]cis$1 z 9 ?is c\ntry1 x is true2 b ! p[] ( veto+ 0 always res]v$ by ! w\ld-be bride1 & /ill m by ! bridegroom1 especially aft] ! r5dezv\s4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 ?\ght advisable t z full prelim9>y inquiries z possible %\ld be made be=e ! r5dezv\s1 9 ord] t "o side might n inconsid]ately disappo9t ! o!r4' --',b :at d y mean by prelim9>y inquiries8' --',x means obta9+ z mu* in=mation z possible ) reg>d to family affairs1 family traditions1 ! "* & atta9m5ts1 ev5 habits & ta/es ( ! w\ld-be bride or bridegroom z ! case may be1 & ,i d>e say ! faces also1 ev5 ! numb] ( ! black spots on x4' --',please be s]i\s4' --',i don't ?9k private detectives 7 employ$1 z 9 ! ,slat] case4' --',no jok+1 please4' --',b ne>ly simil> ?+s us$ to be done4 ,fri5ds & s*oolmates1 s]vants1 ex-s]vants1 tea*]s ( music1 jewell]s1 fi%mong]s1 groc]s1 tailors1 dress-mak]s1 or anybody :o _h any connection ) ! family :atev]1 7 "o & all an object f :om z mu* in=mation z possible 0 extract$ directly or indirectly2 above all1 ,mrs4 ,hairdress]1 :o kn[s su* matt]s be/4 ,y "k1 our ladies arrange _! hair 9 all sorts ( v complicat$ =ms1 & hairdress]s make x a regul> pr(ession1 pay+ pr(essional visits con/antly to ladies' homes1 & our ladies d n m9d wa/+ "t 9 su* matt]s any m ?an _! si/]s ( o!r c\ntries4' --',please to ! po9t4' --',i am to ! po9t4 ,x 0 only aft] ^! inquiries t1 to use a diplomatic phrase1 p\rp>l] = negotiations began4 ,( c\rse all ! inquiries 7 done by "s "o else on behalf ( ! w\ld-be bride or bridegroom4 ,!y w\ld c]ta9ly be too delicate = a girl (1 say1 sweet sev5te51 to c>ry !m out = h]self4 ,don't y agree ) me on t po9t8' --',life is %ort4 ,please don't sp9 out webs too long4 ,b h[ d matt]s /& n[adays8' --',mu* ! same1' ,i repli$4 ',b 9 our own days society gives mu* m facility = "y p to see & "k ea* o!r4 ,& ,i may add t n[adays photos play a great "p 9 ! fir/ /age ( ! inquiries4 ,!y say photos are = /udy+ physiognomy 9 ord] to disc]n ! "* & intellectual capabilities1 b ,i am afraid x is also to /udy ! looks z well1 or r *iefly4 ,human nature is weak aft] all4' --',/ill sp9n+ out4' --',oh no6 ,i am only giv+ out ! ess5ce4' --',let u !n proce$ ) ! c]emony4' --',v well1 ! ess5tial "p ( ! c]emony consi/s 9 ! bride & bridegroom p>tak+ sak cups1 z y "k1 b p]haps n exactly z y\r acqua9tance did1' said ,i teas+ly4 ',! room :]e9 t "p ( ! c]emony is p]=m$ is kept sacr$ = ! occasion4 ,! bridegroom is l$ to t room by ! (ficiat+ p]son1 & ! bride by 8 wife4 ,9 our rooms !re is a small "p1 a little elevat$1 call$ ,toko-no-ma 7alcove73 x is ! place ( hon\r 9 ! room1 & x is !re t ! ,kakemono 7hang+ picture or writ+7 is hung--sometimes a s+le "o1 sometimes a pair1 or a s]ies ( ?ree4 ,we d n hang up pictures all ov] ! walls l a picture exhibition2 & x is also !re t we arrange fl[]s & plants 9 vases4 ,! ,kakemono w\ld be ! *os5 ones hav+ "s signification ( felicity4 ,!re are _m subjects = su* purposes1 = in/ance1 ! l&scape ( ! my?ological isl& ( ,m\nt ,horai1 :]e immortals are said to reside1 or cranes & long hair-tail$ my?ical tortoises1 or ! ?ree tw9 plants ( p9e1 plum1 & bamboo4 ,all ( ^! objects are popul>ly view$ z emblems ( longevity4 ,! fl[]s or plants arrang$ 9 ! vase = ! occasion w\ld also be ( ! same nature4' --',& y h a special art 9 ! arrangem5t ( fl[]s1 ,i und]/&1 n z we d 9 ! ,we/ by simply putt+ bun*es into ! vase )\t any discrim9ation4' --',j s6' ,i answ]$1 '& !re w\ld be a ,%imadai on ,toko-no-ma4' --',:at's t8' --',%imadai is a repres5tation ( ! ,m\nt ,horai :i* ,i h j m5tion$4 ,9 lat] days ,jo-tom-ba1 m correctly ,jo-to-uba1 t is1 ! old c\ple ( ,takasago1 came to be usually to be repres5t$ ) x z well ,jo-tom-ba 7 my?ical man & wife :o liv$ v long & happy lives4 ,!y are suppos$ to h dwelt 9 ! beautiful p9e =e/s on ! lovely sea%ore ( ,takasago1 :]e !y sp5t _! days 9 ga!r+ p9e ne$les4 ,small artificial m\nts & p9e =e/s & figures ( ! ag$ c\ple are ta/efully arrang$ on a clean tray ( :ite wood1 ! edges ( ! tray be+ ind5t$ 9 ord] to repres5t an idea ( ! sea-coa/1 ) "s cranes on ! bran*es ( ! p9e1 g5]ally ) a ne/ & "y ones1 z well z ! hair-tail$ tortoise on ! sea%ore4 ,cranes & tortoises play _! "p 9 our c]emonies s (t51 y see4 ,i w "h tell y ! gi/ ( a common song4 ,once a crane m>ri$ a tortoise4 ,n[1 cranes are suppos$ to live "o ?\s& ye>s & tortoises t5 ?\s& ye>s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a duet p\r+ =? _! t\*+ s5tim5ts1 ! wife gives v5t to h] ?\ght to ?is effect3 %e feels sad at ! idea t aft] a happy life ( nigh a ?\s& ye>s %e w\ld h to lead a "y wid['s life = n9e ?\s& ye>s4' --',= u mank9d a ?\s& ye>s is long en\gh4 ,b please proce$ ) ! ma9 /ory4' --',v well1' said ,i3 '! bridegroom & bride are seat$ vis--vis be=e ! ,toko-no-ma at a di/ance1 ) ! (ficiat+ p]son next ! bridegroom1 & 8 wife next ! bride1 ea* giv+ assi/ance to ! bridegroom & bride respectively4 ,! me-*o 7%e-butt]fly7 & o-*o 7he-butt]fly7 ent]4' --',:at's t8' --',well1 y see1 butt]flies are v beautiful1 & :5 9 c\ples are v amiable to ea* o!r4 ,if y see !m fly+ ab\t 9 ! fields1 n[ t\*+ ! fl[]s1 n[ play+ ) ea* o!r1 y c well imag9e :at happy lives !y lead4 ,at ! w$d+ two virg9s are *os5 to repres5t a male & a female butt]fly4 ,!y ea* hold a '*o%i1' a vessel ) a long h&le = hold+ sak4 ,to "o ( ! vessels a male butt]fly made ( pap] is fa/5$1 & to ! o!r a female4 ,!y bo?1 simultane\sly1 p\r out a few drops = ! bride & bridegroom successively1 ! idea be+ t two butt]flies help ! rites4' --',y\r idea ( butt]flies seems to be diff]5t f ours4' --',well1 we d n atta* to !m ! s5se ( frivolity4 ,at all ev5ts1 9 case ( w$d+ ! po9t tak5 into consid]ation is diff]5t4 ,!y are also pictur$ z a symbol ( ,dream bas$ ^u a disc\rse ( an anci5t ,*9ese philosoph]1 :o said t :5 he became a butt]fly 9 a dream he _h no o!r notion ?an be+ a real butt]fly1 & !re=e he c\ld n v\*safe t 8 pres5t ego 0 n simil>ly a ph5om5on ( a great] ,dream4' --',b y hav5't yet expla9$ :]e & h[ ! cups are br\ght 94' --',! cups g5]ally consi/ ( a set ( ?ree1 usually ( pla91 clean e>!nw>e4 ,!y are put on a tray ( pure :ite wood ) legs call$ ,sambo--a dumb wait]1 if y l4 ,!y are g5]ally plac$ toge!r ) ! sak vase at ! ,toko-no-ma be=e ! c]emony beg9s1 & are tak5 out at ! bidd+ ( ! (ficiat+ p]son by ! butt]flies4 ,! ex*ang+ ( cups betwe5 ! bride & bridegroom is r complicat$4 ,ea* "t ! bride or bridegroom holds up ! cup1 ?ree drops ( sak are p\r$ into x by ea* butt]fly1 & ?is is repeat$ ?ree times1 & !re=e ?is "p is call$ ,san-san-kudo1 t is1 ?ree ?rees mak+ n9e1 & t phrase is commonly us$ to signify a m>riage c]emony4 ,?is "p ( ! c]emony requires mu* =mality4 ,p conc]n$ h to take "s lessons be=eh&4 ,b rememb] p g5]ally d n indulge on su* occasions 9 swall[+ too great a quantity1 :atev] _! capacities may be4' --',no jok+1 please4' --',v well4 ,:5 ?is "p ( ! c]emony is ov]1 ! (ficiat+ p]son1 or a special p]son :o is call$ into ! next room = ! purpose1 s+s a %ort song call$ ,takasago 7"o ( ! classical ,japanese songs call$ utai74 ,! song is f\nd$ ^u ! /ory ( ! ag$ c\ple ( :om ,i spoke1 & is reg>d$ z a contribution ( good presage4 ,b rememb]1 (ficiat+ p]sons are (t5 indiff]5t s+]s1 consequ5tly !y (t5 m]ely utt] 9 tone a few words ( ! song4 ,i rememb] a v amus+ incid5t4 ,x 0 told me by ! ,m>*ioness ,ito4 ,at ! w$d+ ( ,isaburo ,yamagata1 son ( ,m>quis ,yamagata1 ,m>quis ,ito 0 ! (ficiat+ p]son4 ,he 0 unable to s+1 s he said :5 ! mom5t = s++ came1 ,isa1 let u suppose ,i h sung4 ,if fa!r asks y :at ,i h done1 tell him ,i h sung all "r4 ,! m>*ioness re/ra9$ h]self ) great difficulty f bur/+ into laught]4 ,t k9d ( incid5t sometimes occurs 9 reality4' --',no wond]3 p are n always s+]s4 ,b pray proce$4' --',! banquet n[ beg9s3 bride & bridegroom n[ appe> z a m>ri$ c\ple1 c]emonial cups are ex*ang$ z a tok5 ( ! cem5t+ ( ! new relation%ip ( ^? pres5t1 & aft] a good deal ( m]rim5t ! c\ple retire & ! gue/s disp]se4 ,on t day ! bride & bridegroom we> c]emonial dress z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,x be+ a gr& day = a woman1 x is natural en\gh t ! bride %\ld get h]self up z well z %e c4 ,i d>e say ! ,we/]n bride does ! same1 is x n s1 madam8' --',i he>1 b please proce$1' said ! m>*ioness4 --',! bride g5]ally we>s a dress ) bright designs & v long sleeves4 ,b x w\ld be some:at diff]5t if ! bride 7 an old maid or an ag$ wid[1 don't y ?9k s8' --',please really no m jok+4 ,:at eld]ly wid[ c\ld dress l a "y bride8' --',v well4 ,! bride (t5 keeps on h] head a :ite headge> call$ bo%i until ! end ( ! fir/ "p ( ! c]emony4 ,x answ]s ! purpose ( y\r veil4 ,i ?9k x is us$ = hid+ ! blu%es4 ,is x also s "h 9 ! ,we/8' --',i don't rememb]4' --',!n also ! bride *anges h] dress sev]al times1 twice1 ?rice1 or ev5 f\r times 9 ! c\rse ( ! ev5+1 :i* is quietly made an opportunity = display+ female vanity4 ,oh1 ,i beg y\r p>don4' --',nev] m9d1 b cont9ue4' --',v well4 ,aft] a few days ! newly m>ri$ c\ple1 toge!r ) ! ne> relations ( ! husb&1 g to ! bride's =m] home & are !re ent]ta9$ at a banquet4 ,x is call$ a ,satobiraki4 ,at ! w$d+ "s suitable pres5ts to ea* memb] ( ! husb&'s family are made by ! bride z a tok5 ( ! new affection aris+ betwe5 !m1 s also does ! husb& on ! day ( ,satobiraki4 ,aft] a suitable lapse ( "t all ! relatives & fri5ds are invit$ to a banquet1 or "s sort ( ent]ta9m5t1 at a conv5i5t place1 at :i* ! =mal ann\ncem5t ( ! m>riage is p]sonally giv5 to ! gue/s4 ,! invitations are g5]ally issu$ 9 common by ! fa!rs ( ! bride & bridegroom1 & ?us is conclud$ ! :ole w$d+ c]emony4' --',& ! w$d+ pres5ts8' --',yes1 we also make w$d+ pres5ts1 b p]haps !re is a slight diff]5ce4 ,9 ! ,we/ ! pres5ts are on acc\nt ( individual fri5d%ip1 b 9 ,japan m on acc\nt ( family int]c\rse1 t is to say1 9 ,japan su* pres5ts w\ld be made by a family if ! family ( ! bride or bridegroom1 z ! case may be1 7 9 intimate int]c\rse1 ev5 ?\gh no p>ticul> fri5d%ip exi/s betwe5 any p>ticul> memb] ( t family & ! bride or bridegroom4' --',i see ! c]emony is really v elaborate1 b :5 does ! legality ( m>riage beg98' --',! c]emony is elaborate1 z y see1 b x c\nts = no?+ 9 ! eyes ( ! law3 ! he>t ( ! law is cold 9 e c\ntry4 ,! legality ( a m>riage beg9s 9 ! eyes ( ! law only :5 a prop] =m ( x is fill$ at ! (fice ( ! regi/ry ( l'tat civil4 ,x is desirable t a m>riage %\ld be report$ 9 ! =m ?us fil$ & duly regi/]$ z soon z possible aft] ! c]emony4 ,o!rwise1 :atev] c]emony y may h und]gone1 ! m>riage is n recognis$ 9 ! eyes ( ! law4 ,b m9d6 if y ask me :at a m>riage is1 ,i don't ?9k ,i c expla9 x to y4 ,f ! ,a!nian republic d[n to ! tw5tie? c5tury all philosoph]s & juri/s h be5 try+ to def9e ! exact signification ( t ^w m>riage2 none ( !m h ev] succe$$4 ,on he>+ t fact a peasant exclaim$3 ,:at fools are ^! m\nta9-dwell]s2 e "o on e>? kn[s :at a m>riage is6' --',no jok+1 please1' said ! m>*ioness4 --',b x is a tale ,i 0 taught by my tea*] :5 ,i 0 /udy+ ! law at ,cambridge1' said ,i4 --',anyh[1 ,i n[ see v well t all t ,i 0 told ab\t ! two mon?s' m>riage mu/ h be5 a joke1' said ! m>*ioness4 ',!re are "s m po9ts ,i %\ld l to ask y1 b ,i w let !m /& ov] until "s future occasion4' ,! m>*ioness 0 orig9ally born ( a v high noble family ( a neighb\r+ c\ntry1 & ,france is h] adopt$ home by m>riage4 ,h] si/]1 ,c\ntess de ,daisyl&1 :o _h be5 /ay+ at h] si/]'s1 z is h] cu/om f "t to "t1 0 also pres5t4 ,i notic$ "s diff]5ce ( "* betwe5 !m4 ,:ile ,i 0 speak+ ) ! m>*ioness1 ! c\ntess 0 *iefly talk+ ) ,madame ,matoni1 wife ( my fri5d1 ?\gh %e turn$ to u occasionally & int]pos$ "s laconic rem>ks4 ,monsieur ,matoni 0 !n engag$ 9 a conv]sation ) ! du*ess4 ,by %ift+ seats1 s to say1 almo/ unconsci\sly to "o ano!r1 ! du*ess & ,madame ,matoni n[ began to conv]se1 & ,monsieur ,matoni & ! m>*ioness1 :o turn$ t[>ds him )\t mov+1 did ! same4 ,! c\ntess1 :o spoke less ?an h] si/]1 & ^: eloqu5ce 0 ( a totally diff]5t /yle1 n[ began to put sev]al que/ions to me4 --',!re is "o ?+1' said %e1 ':i* has be5 puzzl+ me v mu* ( late1 & t is1 "s p speak ( ! ,sp>tan "* ( ! ,japanese wom5 9 g5]al1 bas+ _! obs]vations ^u de$s display$ dur+ ! pres5t w>4 ,b on ! o!r h& !re are _m writ]s :o tell u t ,japanese wom5 are m]e dome/ic s]vants4 ,( c\rse ,i d n believe t1 b !re seems too mu* m>g9 betwe5 ^! obs]vations4 ,if ,i am n too curi\s1 w y give me y\r op9ion4' --',) pleasure1 c\ntess1' said ,i4 ',)\t giv+ excessive cr$it to our wom51 :i* ,i d n d>e1 ,i c assure y t ! ,we/]n e/imation ( our wom5 is g5]ally incorrect4 ,x is p]haps beyond y\r conception h[ great an influ5ce a ,japanese "m or wife has ov] h] family4 ,i w give y an in/ance ( a "m illu/rat$ 9 a well-kn[n drama4 ,! sc5e is a summ] ev5+4 ,! ag$ "m ( ,miura ,yo%imura 7a h]o hav+ a real exi/5ce 9 hi/ory7 lay on h] dea?b$ )9 a mosquito nett+1 dep5d+ f ! f\r corn]s ( ! room4 ,our mosquito nett+s are v l>ge & spaci\s4 ,a "y lady1 ! h]o's fiance1 is wait+ ^u h] z nurse4 ,"h ! h]o sudd5ly returns home f ! battlefield clad 9 full arm\r4 ,he makes inquiry ( ! "y lady ab\t 8 "m's condition4 ,%e tells him t ! ag$ lady's condition has n pres5t$ any m>k$ diff]5ce1 t %e (t5 falls into a dr[sy /ate1 & is calmly sleep+ at t mom5t4 ,a c\gh is he>d f ! room :i* is sep>at$ by pap] scre5s & :]e ! ag$ "m lay2 9 fact %e _h j awoke4 ,%e p]ceives ! h]o has return$1 & ) a few t]se & kill+ s5t5ces %e admoni%es him f :]e %e lay = 8 conduct4 ,to h] x 0 c[>dly to leave ! battlefield at t juncture4 ,x 0 contr>y to a w>rior's hon\r & an infr+em5t ( loyalty4 ,%e w n see him face to face4 ,h] la/ words are1 ,if ?\ d>e/ to approa* me1 d>e to break ?is net4 ,x is an iron ca/le ( m9e4 ,hav+ ?us d5\nc$ h] belov$ son1 %e falls into a calm slumb] aga94 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! h]o's m9d is already made up to sacrifice 8 life 9 battle to ! cause he 0 support+4 ,he m]ely return$ home to bid 8 la/ f>ewell to 8 dy+ "m1 & to intru/ h] to ! c>e ( 8 fiance4 ,8 helmet is p]fum$ ) ! be/ k9d ( inc5se--an act common to a w>rior ( di/+ui%$ position--! idea be+ t a h]o's head %\ld n be expos$ to odi\s od\r aft] dea?4 ,! "y lady discov]s x1 &1 z is natural 9 a drama1 a bit ( love-sc5e foll[s4 ,%e w\ld n /op him1 b at lea/ he might wait until 8 ag$ "m awakes aga9 & sp5d a s+le night by h] b$side4 ,! /ay ( a s+le eve1 %e says1 w\ld make no mat]ial diff]5ce to *ivalry & loyalty4 ,he does n li/5 to h]1 & %ak+ h] (f da%es back to ! field1 :]e he meets ) an hon\rable dea?4 ,! po9t ,i wi% to lay /ress ^u is n ! la/ "p1 b ! "p :]e ! ag$ "m speaks ( ! iron ca/le4 ,does t n %[ y ! k9d ( au?ority a ,japanese "m wields ov] h] *ildr58 ,is x any way inf]ior to t ( ,coriolanus's "m1 be=e :om t brave ,roman w>rior _h to cry out1 ,o "m6 y h prevail$4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 a sc5e 9 fiction1 b ) u x is an incid5t q imag9able 9 real life4 ,inde$1 !re are sev]al in/ances ( simil> nature record$ 9 hi/ory4 ,a ,japanese wife has an influ5ce f> great] ?an any outsid] c imag9e4 ,i c only say1 s f> z dome/ic affairs are conc]n$1 %e is f> m a ma/] ( ! h\se ?an h] husb&4 ,?9k = a mom5t6 ,if ! wife 7 a m]e s]vant ( ! h\se1 z is repres5t$ by _m ,we/]n writ]s1 h[ c\ld x possibly happ5 t1 z a "m1 %e ex]cises su* au/]e au?ority1 z ! "m ( ! h]o j m5tion$ did1 ov] h] son aft] h] husb&'s dea?8' ,! c\ntess li/5$ to me v att5tively2 my long explanation did n appe> to we>y h]4 ,:5 ,i _h f9i%$ x %e smil$ & said3 --',!n 9 y\r c\ntry also mo!rs play a great rle 9 ! family4 ,w\ld y also say l ,napoleon1 ,wom5 are ! mo!rs ( ! nation8 ,b won't tell u a dramatic illu/ration ( a wife8' --',too _m di%es spoil ! appetite1 z our say+ goes1' ,i answ]$1 's ,i mu/ n g on endlessly1--b propos to ! ,roman matron1 ,i w tell y an incid5t :i* w illu/rate t ,japanese wom51 too1 d n limit _! activity to indoor affairs4 ,y h1 no d\bt1 he>d some?+ ab\t ,comm&ant ,hiros1 "o ( our great h]oes ( ,port ,ar?ur4 ,x 0 9 ! summ] ( la/ ye> t an em95t ,engli% admiral1 :om ,i "k v well1 wi%$ me to =w>d to ! h]o's family a copy ( ,macaulay's ,lays ( ,anci5t ,rome z a tok5 ( 8 admiration4 ,he said he ?\ght t ,japanese w>riors bore a great resemblance to ,roman w>riors1 ev5 to ,horatius himself1 & ,hiros 0 ! mo/ conspicu\s among !m4 ,n[ ,hiros 0 a ba*elor2 8 bro!r1 :o 0 8 s5ior1 is m>ri$1 & 0 also at ! front4 ,:5 ,i =w>d$ ! book to ,tokio1 ,mrs4 ,hiros1 9 ! abs5ce ( h] husb&1 took ! matt] 9 h] own h&s & wrote a lett] ( ?anks 9 ,engli% to ! admiral1 accompany+ x ) a lik5ess & facsimile ( ! la/ poem ( ! deceas$1 all ( :i* %e =w>d$ to me1 ask+ me to s5d on to ! admiral4 ,p might ?9k %e 0 audaci\s1 b ! fact 0 %e did n %r9k f tak+ ! entire responsibility ( ! matt]4 ,i approve ( x4 ,! lett] ran ?us4' ,s say+1 ,i recit$ ! lett]4 ,x is /range1 b 9 dreaml& "o (t5 rememb]s by he>t t :i* x is impossible to d :5 awake4 ',i t5d] my s9c]e ?anks to y = y\r v k9d pres5t ( a beautiful edition ( ,macaulay's ,lays ( ,anci5t ,rome1 =w>d$ to me by ,b>on ,suyematsu4 ',! book is s mu* e/eem$ 9 ,japan t x is us$ z a text-book 9 "s s*ools :]e ,engli% is taught1 & "p ( x 0 annotat$ 9 ,japanese 9 a magaz9e devot$ to ! /udy ( ,engli%4 ',i beg to assure y h[ mu* ,i feel ! hon\r done to my deceas$ bro!r-9-law by a r5[n$ admiral ( a great & glori\s nation1 9 comp>+ him ) a ,roman h]o1 :o is said to h def5d$ ! ,sublician ,bridge aga9/ ! :ole ,etruscan army "u ,pors5a1 :ile ! ,romans broke d[n ! bridge beh9d him4 ',i am happy to say t z a rew>d = ! de$ ( ! late ,comm&] ,hiros1 ! p ( ,japan are go+ to erect 8 bronze /atue to 8 memory 9 ,tokio1 z ! ,romans did 9 ,comitium4 ',may ,i be p]mitt$ to make y a pres5t ( ! deceas$'s late/ photograph & a facsimile ( 8 autograph poem1 :i* 0 compos$ by him j be=e 8 dep>ture = ! second block+ attempt4 ',! poem 0 int5d$ by him to be ! f9al expression ( 8 desires1 & x is sad x prov$ to be su*4 ',lit]ally translat$1 x runs z foll[s3 ,w\ld t ,i c\ld be born sev5 times ,& sacrifice my life = my c\ntry6 ,resolv$ to die1 my m9d is firm1 ,& aga9 expect+ to w9 success1 ,smil+ ,i g on bo>d6 ',i w take ! e>lie/ opportunity to ref] to y\r ine/imable pres5t 9 my lett] to my husb&1 ! eld] bro!r ( ! deceas$1 :o is n[ 9 ! front1 comm&+ ! gunboat ,*okai1 by :om1 ne$less to say1 y\r k9dness w be mo/ highly appreciat$4' --',i d n see1' obs]v$ ! c\ntess1 'mu* 9 ! m]e act ( writ+ a lett]1 b ! lett] itself is int]e/+ en\gh1 &1 besides1 ,i mu/ say ,i am mu* amus$ at ! mann] 9 :i* y manage to br+ out ?+s to suit y\r purpose1 j inde$ z ?\gh y are writ+ a novel & w\ld make u s]ve y z mat]ials4' --',n at all1 b j a little bit ( a ,summ] ,dream1' ,i said4 --',:at6' --',no?+1 ,i beg y\r p>don4' --',b1 b>on1 ,i %\ld l to ask y ano!r "q4 ,) u1 p>don1 or an act ( =giv+1 is consid]$ a great virtue4 ,x is an act ( c\rage1 &1 at ! same "t1 x conta9s 9 x delicacy & t5d]ness2 especially :5 ! subject is a woman1 t virtue sometimes am\nts to nobl5ess1 or ev5 sublimity4 ,x is1 !re=e1 reg>d$ 9 ! ,we/ z "o ( ! greate/ elem5ts ( e?ics2 b "s p ,i he> say t t idea is want+ 9 ori5tal e?ics1 ?\gh ! notion ( pity exi/s4 ,is t correct8' --',no1 n exactly1' ,i answ]$1 'b y int]e/ me by putt+ su* a "q4 ,h[ev]1 x requires "s explanation4 ,i am afraid ,i we>y y4' --',no1 n at all2 g on1 if y please4' --',p]haps y "k t ! fundam5tal idea 9 ,buddhism is m]cy & =be>ance4 ,^! attributes w\ld already sugge/ an idea ( =giv+ & ( n tak+ (f5ce4 ,!n1 aga91 9 ,japan !re are sev]al new ,buddhi/ sects1 :i* are v mu* l ,prote/antism 9 ,europe4 ,9 fact1 "s ( !m g s f> z to all[ prie/s to m>ry4 ,i say new sects1 b n s new z y may imag9e1 because !y are z old z eight hundr$ ye>s4 ,! ess5ce ( ! t5ets held by !m is t ! great ,budha ,amida is ! v embodim5t ( m]cy & =giv5ess1 & !re=e1 if "o dev\tly ?r[s oneself ^u him & asks 8 salvation1 all s9s committ$ by ! suppliant w\ld be at once =giv5 & salvation grant$4 ,!ologically speak+1 !re is mu* room = discussion ab\t ?is1 b x is n ! po9t :i* ,i h 9 view4 ,i only mean to say t ?is !ory is no?+ else ?an a great example ( p>don4 ,9 ,confucian e?ics !re are m names giv5 to diff]5t k9ds ( virtues ?an 9 ! ,we/4 ,! ^w ,j5 is ! "n ( a virtue mo/ compreh5sive4 ,!re is no ^w correspond+ to x 9 ! ,we/4 ,!re are "s :o translate x z humanity1 o!rs b5evol5ce1 "s ev5 z *>ity 9 its broade/ s5se1 b all ^! only repres5t a "p ( ! orig9al mean+4 ,9 t ^w ! idea ( p>don+ & =giv+ is amply impli$4 ,a "l :o p>dons an (f5d] magnanim\sly is a "l ri* 9 ! virtue ( ,j51 ,!re is also "o classification ( virtues1 compris$ 9 two words1 *ung1 %u4 ,! fir/ ^w is g5]ally translat$ z loyalty1 b 9 ?is in/ance x is n necess>ily loyalty to a ma/]1 b fai?fulness & tru?fulness 9 g5]al4 ,! second ^w1 %u1 has no equival5t 9 ! ,we/]n language4 ,x means ?is3 ,we %\ld put ourselves 9 ! position ( any "o :o has done wrong aga9/ u or o!rwise committ$ "s error1 & we view ! matt] ) ! greate/ l5i5cy1 & ?us give ! mo/ fav\rable consid]ation4 ,! ,*9ese ideograph ( x is compos$ ( two o!r ideographs1 l & m9d1 t is to say1 l "o's own m9d1 mean+--consid] ! matt] z y\r own1 & act t[>d him 9 su* a way z y\r own m9d w\ld l him to act t[>d y "u ! same circum/ances if he 7 9 y\r place4 ,?is ideograph is (t5 us$ = ! v purpose ( an action :i* _c be any o!r ?an ! equival5t ( p>don+ & =giv+4 ,are y n becom+ a little we>i$8' --',oh1 no6 ,g on4' --',v well6 ,9 our ,bu%ido1 t is ! tea*+ ( *ivalry1 ( :i* y mu/ h he>d1 p>don+ & =giv+ is ! important elem5t4 ,we h a prov]b say+1 ,:5 ! helpless bird takes refuge 9 ! brea/ ( ! hunt]1 he w\ld n kill x4 ,?is prov]b is v well kn[n & is consid]$ z ! embodim5t ( a w>rior's magnanimity4 ,f all t ,i h j said y w und]/& t ! criticism :i* says ori5tal e?ics lack notions ( p>don & =giv+ is incorrect4' --',?ank y v mu*1' said ! c\ntess4 ',9 su* matt]s "o requires mu* /udy ( & p5etration into ! v dep?s ( ?\ght & reason+ ( a p4 ,"o c]ta9ly ought n to come to a ha/y conclusion4 ,japan is a c\ntry :i* ,i am s anxi\s to see4' --',g1 or r1 come1 by all means1 y w be mo/ welcome1' ,i said4 --',b x is s f> (f & travell+ w take su* a long "t1' said %e4 --',no1 x w n take s long a "t z y imag9e4 ,means ( communication are s quick n[adays4 ,! quicke/ r\te is ?r\gh ,am]ica by ! ,canadian ,pacific via ,vanc\v]4 ,ano!r r\te is via ,san ,francisco1 :i* takes a few days long]4 ,if y g by ! ,canadian ,pacific1 l a lett] 9 a po/bag1 x takes only a few days ov] ?ree weeks4 ,:5 ,i came to ,europe la/ ye> ,i left ,yokohama on ! #aj? ( ,febru>y4 ,hav+ arriv$ at ,victoria1 9 ! isl& ( ,vanc\v]1 ,i made my way to ,seattle1 :]e ,i disemb>k$4 ,i took !nce ! ,great ,nor!rn ,railway d[n to ,/4 ,paul & ,*icago1 a r\te :i* runs betwe5 ! ,canadian & ,san ,francisco l9es1 & on to ,new ,york4 ,i sp5t a day at ,seattle4 ,i _h to /op at ! summit ( ! ,rockies = five h\rs1 on acc\nt ( an accid5t :i* happ5$ to a tra9 9 front ( ours4 ,x made me miss ! junction1 s t ,i lo/ m ?an "o day on ! way4 ,i sp5t two days 9 ,new ,york1 & "o 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,! mail /eam] 9 :i* ,i cross$ ! ,atlantic 0 n ! quicke/ "o4 ,& yet on ! morn+ ( ! #ac? ,m>* ,i 0 quietly tak+ tea at an hotel 9 ,liv]pool4 ,la/ ye> 0 a leap ye>1 b c\nt+ by days1 inclusive "o extra1 ! :ole j\rney took ?irty-two days 9 all4 ,y see ! globe is l an egg--! high] ! latitude1 ! %ort] ! di/ance4' --',t looks long en\gh4' --',well1 b "o _c jump ov] f "o side ( ! _w to ! o!r 9 "o leap4' --',suppos+ ! ,trans-,sib]ian ,railway free aga91 :at d y ?9k ( x8' --',well1 a fri5d ( m9e :o took t r\te took tw5ty days f ,pet]sburg to ! ,pacific ,coa/4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 %ort]2 b y see travell+ cont9u\sly by tra9 is n v agreeable4 ,i believe t ! railway s]vices 9 ^? qu>t]s w be mu* improv$ & made quick]1 b at pres5t1 t is to say1 judg+ f exp]i5ce be=e ! w>1 ! s]vice is said to be v irregul> & long4 ,i %\ld pref] a sea-voyage4 ,! direct s]vice betwe5 ,europe & ,japan on bo>d ! ,g]man or ,fr5* mail %ips ?r\gh ! ,indian ,ocean seems to be mo/ agreeable4 ,( c\rse x takes a long] "t3 x takes f =ty-f\r to =ty-sev5 days f ,m>seilles or ,g5oa to ,yokohama4 ,i h twice tak5 t r\te on a ,fr5* mail %ip & lik$ ! voyage v mu*4' --',b "o w\ld be kill$ by sea-sickness4' --',n at all4 ,! sea is n always calm 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 s also betwe5 ,hong ,kong & ,japan4 ,b all ! o!r p>ts are usually v calm4 ,besides1 "o soon gets accu/om$ to ! sea1 aft] two or ?ree days1 except+ "s few p]sons :o are by nature av]se to ! sea altoge!r4' --',i _c believe x4' --',y mu/ believe x1 x is a fact1 & moreov]1 on mail /eam]s !re is mu* fun & pleasure2 dances & conc]ts are giv5 on bo>d f "t to "t4 ,! meals are spl5did & pl5tiful4 ,pass5g]s soon become fri5dly4' --',ah6 t's too good to he>1 b ,i wond] if x is always s1' %e said4 ,a lady1 :o _h travell$ 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 jo9$ u a few m9utes s9ce4 ,%e sp5t two mon?s 9 ,japan1 %e said1 & support$ my views ab\t ! voyage1 & talk$ ( ! pleasure ( ! trips some:at 9 opposition to ! obs]vations ( ! c\ntess4 ,! m>*ioness n[ turn$ to me & said1 ',i h j be5 talk+ to y\r fri5d ,monsieur ,matoni ab\t ! new inv5tion ( ,monsieur ,blanry4 ,a long acc\nt ( x 0 giv5 9 ,le ,mat9 ! o!r day4 ,x is an improvem5t on ! wireless telegraphy4 ,guns may be fir$1 :eels may be turn$ by electricity produc$ by wireless app>atus4 ,he is go+ to give a lecture illu/rat$ by practical exp]im5ts4 ,w\ld y l to g8 ,if s1 ,i w\ld s5d y a ticket = a box = y\rself & fri5ds4' --',i %all be delight$1' ,i answ]$4 --',m>*ioness patronises sci5ce1' said ,monsieur ,matoni to me1 z ?\gh he only meant me to he> him1 & 9 a fur!r subdu$ voice :isp]$1 ',h] ta/es diff] f ! ord9>y ta/es ( ladies4' ,! visitors 7 n[ gradually disp]s+4 ,! m>*ioness & h] si/] also rose to take _! leave1 ask+ u1 z !y did s1 to visit !m on ! m>*ioness's next reception day4 ,we _h /opp$ = long] ?an we anticipat$1 despite an appo9tm5t ,i _h at my hotel4 ,soon aft] ! dep>ture ( ^? ladies1 h[ev]1 we also said our goodbyes to ! du*ess & h] daught]s1 & to ! few p :o _h /ill rema9$4 ,we 7 aga9 waft$ ?r\gh ! air1 & 7 once m mov+ ov] ! tops ( c\ntless h\ses on ! way4 ,on rea*+ my hotel1 ,i %ook h&s ) my fri5d & 8 wife on ! tops ( ! beautiful av5ue-trees 9 front ( ! hotel4 ,,ii ,greek inspiration--,semitic sympa?y--,religion--,diff]5ce betwe5 ,japanese & ,european *ivalry--,:at is ! ,bu%i8--,! weake/ po9t ( a h]$it>y milit>y organisation--,introduction ( ! new sy/em--,new common]s & ! hi/ory ( _! emancipation--,comb9ation ( democratic ideas & cons]vative traditions--,old bottles & new w9e--,! ,great ,*ange ( #ahfg--,napoleon--,neglig5ce ( a prop] e/imation--,sc5]y ( ,japan---,hi/ory ( ,tokio--,european & ,japanese me?od ( dwell+--,presid5t ,roosevelt & jiujitsu ,x seems my "y secret>y1 notic+ ,i 0 asleep1 & fe>+ t ,i might cat* cold1 br\ght a rug & cov]$ me1 :i* action r\s$ me = a mom5t1 b ,i soon return$ to ! same dreaml& aga94 ,once m ,i 0 waft$ ?r\gh ! air1 & f\nd myself 9 a l>ge entrance-hall ) gild$ ceil+ & walls pa9t$ ) pictures4 ,x 0 brilliantly light$1 & 9 "o corn] a b& 0 play+4 ,a broad /aircase1 ! upp] "p ( :i* bran*$ (f into two1 l$ to ! upp] "p ( ! h\se1 num]\s m5 9 liv]y l9$ bo? sides ( ! passage1 display+ ! sure sign ( ari/ocracy4 ,!re 7 balconies1 or r corridors all r\nd ov]look+ ! hall4 ,i asc5d$ ! /aircase1 &1 pass+ along "o side ( ! corridors1 ent]$ a l>ge *amb] :i* 0 evid5tly ! reception-room4 ,b see+ b few p !re1 proce$$ to an op5 w9d[ at ! end ( ! room & look$ d[n into ! g>d51 :i* 0 brilliantly illum9at$4 ,9 a few mom5ts ,i mov$1 almo/ unconsci\sly1 into a fur!r room4 ,x 0 ! /udy ( ! ho/1 :o ) 8 wife 0 %[+ ! room to a gr\p ( gue/s4 ,! ho/1 notic+ me1 made me welcome1 & introduc$ me to "o ( ! gue/s 9 p>ticul>4 ,x 0 ! ,pr9ce ,royal ( ,greece4 ,i ex*ang$ "s words ) him1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ,i rem>k$ t ,greece 0 ! c\ntry :i* ,i 0 mo/ anxi\s to see1 inasmu* z x teem$ ) hi/orical int]e/4 ,z ,i did s1 ! sc5e ( _m h]oic actions1 above all1 ^? ( ,salamis & ,m>a?on1 toge!r ) ! glory :i* ,byron sung = h] fre$om 9 ! rec5t c5tury vividly arose be=e my m5tal eyes4 ,x 0 !n ann\nc$ t ! music 0 ab\t to comm5ce1 & ! p>ty mov$ on4 ,i 0 ) a *>m+ lady4 ,%e 0 ( ,semitic blood4 ,h] complexion 0 sn[ :ite1 h] eyes 7 d>k1 z also h] hair1 :i* 0 surm\nt$ by a coronet ( pe>ls1 & r\nd h] ?roat 0 a necklace ( ! same4 ,%e happ5$ to "k me already by "n1 ?r\gh h] relatives :om ,i met 9 ,engl&4 ,?is naturally af=d$ u a subject ( conv]sation z we proce$$4 ,on arriv+ at "o end ( ! corridors we /ood1 /ill conv]s+1 & look+ d[n into ! hall1 :ile ! o!r p mov$ on ! fur!r end ( ! corridor :]e _m m gue/s gradually arriv$4 ,:ile ?us conv]s+1 a nobleman pass+ u 0 introduc$ to me4 --',all ! g5]als are gone to ! ,front1' he said1 r sudd5ly4 ,at fir/ ,i ?\ght he 0 ref]r+ to ! w> 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 ?\gh ,i soon realis$ :at he meant4 ,he appe>$ a little excit$4 --',!re is m exagg]ation ?an fact1' said ,i4 ',i am q confid5t t !re w be no rupture4' ,at t mom5t "s "o p]suad$ my fair companion to g ov] to :]e ! pr9ce 0 sitt+4 ,i foll[$ at a di/ance1 & took my seat 9 an obscure place 9 ! corridor4 ,f ! corridor ( ! o!r side1 an op]atic s+]1 accompani$ by a piani/1 r5d]$ ! *oice/ ( 8 songs1 & ! b&s play$ 9 ! int]vals4 ,i li/5$ to ! songs & ! music & wat*$ ! p4 ,sitt+ alone ,i am sure ,i mu/ h look$ awkw>d & /upid2 :i*1 h[ev]1 is a ?+ ,i d n mu* m9d4 ,n[ & !n ! ho/ came & ex*ang$ "s words ) me4 ,he 0 busy look+ aft] 8 gue/s g5]ally1 b manag$ to tell me he w\ld invite me to a special d9n] v soon to :i* also ! ,du*ess ,fairfield w\ld be ask$4 ,! ho/ess 0 simil>ly occupi$1 & ,i did n conv]se mu* ) h]1 except to pass a few rem>ks ab\t music4 ,%e said %e pref]r$ vocal music to in/rum5tal4 ,! music ov]1 all w5t d[n to ! g>d54 ,x 0 delightful3 ! op5 air on a summ]'s night is always s4 ,light b *oice refre%m5ts 7 s]v$ !re4 ,! gue/s1 p>tak+ ( !m z !y wi%$1 *att$ "h & !re 9 gr\ps ( two & ?ree4 ,! night 0 f> advanc$ & ! gue/s began to disp]se "o aft] ano!r4 ,i also left1 b )\t bidd+ adieu ei!r to ! ho/ or ho/ess le/ ,i might di/urb !m4 ,on my way out ,i saw ! lady ) :om ,i _h talk$ 9 ! corridor /ill sitt+ on a b5* *att+ ) a few g5tlem54 ,%e seem$ to notice me1 b ,i m]ely b[$ & pass$ on1 ?\gh ,i fanci$ %e _h "s sympa?y = u ,japanese4 ,%e did n1 nei!r does any memb] ( h] community1 say any?+ ab\t ! h>d fate ( h] race or ! c\ntless h>d%ips :i* !y are suff]+1 especially ( late1 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s ( ! globe4 ,9 ?is _w1 we "k !re are _m matt]s 9 :i* sil5ce speaks m ?an words4 ,"t & space1 & inde$1 sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 are incongru\s 9 ,dreaml&4 ,"o flits f place to place4 ,i n[ f\nd myself 9 a l>ge mansion4 ,x 0 ! resid5ce ( ! ,m>*ioness ,viva/9e4 ,i 0 ( ! few e>ly arrivals4 ,! salon 0 r d>k1 b cool & spaci\s4 ,! m>*ioness 0 n yet d[n1 b ! valet told me %e w\ld soon appe>4 ,9 a m9ute or two %e ent]$ accompani$ by h] si/]1 ask+ z !y greet$ u our p>don = keep+ u wait+4 ,m p n[ arriv$ "o aft] ! o!r4 ,! m>*ioness proce$$ to make tea & di/ribut$ x1 assi/$ by h] si/]1 mu* 9 ! same way z did ! ,du*ess ( ,fairfield & h] daught]s4 ,i 0 naturally introduc$ to _m ( ! visitors1 ,pr9cess ,a41 ,c\ntess ,b41 ,b>on ,c41 ,monsieur ,d41 etc41 b = me1 a =eign]1 x is impossible to rememb] _! names4 ,! ,du*ess ( ,fairfield & ! ,lady ,dulciana 7 among ! new arrivals4 --',b>on & ,i _h a v heat$ discussion ! o!r day1' rem>k$ ! m>*ioness4 ,!n turn+ to me1 %e said1 ',did we n8' ,to :i* ,i repli$1 ',if y please1 x 0 inde$ int]e/+4' --',did y g to ! ,trocad]o ! o!r ev5+8' said ! m>*ioness4 --',yes6 we did4 ,?ank y v mu* = s5d+ ! box4 ,& ! du*ess & h] p>ty 7 !re too1--9 a box close by ours1' ,i add$4 --',did ! lecture int]e/ y8' ask$ ! m>*ioness4 --',oh yes6 ! exp]im5ts 7 all v int]e/+1 b ,i h>dly und]/ood a s+le s5t5ce ( ! lecture1' ,i answ]$4 --',no wond]6 = no "o else und]/ood x1 at lea/1 ,i did n4 ,x 0 s sci5tific1' int]pos$ ,b>on ,c4 ',ah6 y 7 !re too1 ( c\rse1' said ,i4 ',& ! be/ fun ( ! ev5+ 0 t !re 0 a man di/ribut+ h&-bills4 ,at fir/ we all ?\ght x 0 a k9d ( syllabus ( ! lecture1 b 9 reality x 0 ! adv]tisem5t ( a competitor /at+ t he 0 an e>li] inv5tor4' ,! m>*ioness & h] si/]1 be+ ! ho/esses1 7 unable to talk long to ea* gue/4 ,i soon f\nd myself sitt+ next to ! du*ess on a s(a1 ) ,b>on ,c4 9 front ( u on a *air4 ,our conv]sation hav+ turn$ ^u ! "q ( ! sep>ation ( /ate & religion1 ,b>on ,c41 :o 0 ke5 on ! subject1 be+ a ,deputy1 said3 --',) u x is a v int]e/+ "q4 ,!re are _m po9ts to be ?\ght ( & discuss$1 b ,i ?9k x int]e/s outsid]s v little1 especially a p]son l y\rself1 a ,japanese1 = ,i und]/& ! ,japanese g5try h v little religion4' --',& yet1' said ! du*ess1 '9 my op9ion !re is sc>cely a s+le p :o h no religion at all4 ,bu%ido is ! cre$ ( ! ,japanese g5try1 z ,i und]/&1 & 9 tru? x is no?+ else ?an a religion4 ,! ,lat9 religio1 f :i* ! t]m religion is d]iv$1 comes f ! v]b relig]e to hold tight4 ,9 t s5se1 at lea/1 ,bu%ido mu/ also be tak5 = a religion4 ,i "k some?+ ab\t x1 especially ?r\gh y\r writ+s4 ,b1 b>on1 w y please expla9 to me some?+ ab\t ! po9ts ( resemblance & diff]5ce betwe5 our anci5t *ivalry & y\r ,bu%ido8' --',i am n1 madam1 well acqua9t$ ) y\r *ivalry1 &1 !re=e1 ,i _c pret5d to hit ! m>k4 ,b ,i "k t "o ( ! ideals ( y\r *ivalry 0 brav]y to ! po9t ( be+ fe>less ( dea?2 9 t !re is c]ta9ly a great resemblance4 ,ano!r ( y\r ideals 0 loyalty & tru?fulness4 ,always ready to r5d] assi/ance to "o weak]2 9 t also !re is a great resemblance4 ,! ?ird ideal 03 a great devotion to religion4 ,on ?is po9t ,i mu/ admit !re is "s diff]5ce4 ,i d n say our ,bu%i despis$ ! idea ( sup]natural be+s1 b y see our ,bu%i _h m fai? 9 _! own _s ( self-reliance1 !re=e religion gov]n$ _! ?\ghts to no su* degree z x did 9 ! ,we/4 ,!n comes a great diff]5ce betwe5 !m1--,i mean _! attitudes z reg>ds ! fair sex4 ,b h y no objection to my proce$+ fur!r8' --',n at all1' said ! du*ess4 --',v well1' said ,i4 ',) y\r *ivalry ! cu/om ( r5d]+ respect to ! fair sex _h be5 c>ri$ to su* a high pit* t x 0 no?+ less ?an adoration or wor%ip4 ,i d n say ! motive 0 orig9ally bad1 because x came no d\bt f ! idea ( help+ ! weak]4 ,b1 rememb]1 x (t5 happ5$ t too mu* prom95ce 0 giv5 to keep+ fai?fulness to wom51 ev5 :]e "o _h "s high] duty :i* ought to h claim$ ! :ole loyalty ( 8 he>t4 ,! subject is r too delicate = me to describe m9utely1 b y c see :at ,i mean4 ,9 ! days ( y\r *ivalry fai?fulness 9 love-affairs 0 look$ ^u 9 g5]al z gallantry1 no matt] :e!r ! affair 0 hon\rable or o!rwise1 b ) ! ,japanese ,bu%ido x 0 v diff]5t4 ,x 0 n because a ,bu%i 0 he>tless t[>d ! weak] sex1 b effem9acy 0 a ?+ :i* he despis$ mo/4 ,9 ! days gone by 9 ,japan1 if a ,bu%i _h be5 f\nd pay+ too mu* att5tion to a lady1 & mak+ himself a slave to h]1 to ! neglect ( 8 duty1 he w\ld h be5 hoot$ out ( society4 ,) ,european *ivalry1 !re=e1 ! t5d5cy ( desire 0 to be notic$ by o!rs = 8 actions p]=m$ 9 homage to a lady1 :il/ ) our *ivalry "o w\ld try to d 8 utmo/ to conceal 8 emotion & ev5 to look cold4 ,9 ! ,we/1 !re=e1 ! ^w gallantry1 :i* 0 orig9ally us$ m = da%+ & noble brav]y came 9 common p>lance to h q a diff]5t mean+1 z y "k4 ,no?+ ( ! sort has ev] tak5 place ) u4' --',b ,i ?\ght y\r ,samurai also _h love-affairs--,i 0 at lea/ made to und]/& s f y\r /ory ( ! o!r day ab\t a "y ,samurai1' int]rupt$ ,lady ,dulciana4 --',yes1 t is true1 b our ,samurai is n trees & /ones z we say1 & y mu/ "k !re are exceptions to e rule1' ,i repli$ & cont9u$4 --',!re 0 also ano!r great diff]5ce4 ,9 ! ,we/ *ivalry _h gr[n & decay$1 trav]s+ always pretty mu* ! same l9e2 ,i mean x _h und]gone no great trans=mation4 ,b 9 ,japan ! case 0 some:at diff]5t4 ,!re x became unit$ ) ! art ( intellectual le>n+1 & has made ,bu%ido1 t is1 ! ways ( ,bu%i1 m sy/ematic & e?ical4' --',:at y h j told u1' said ,b>on ,c41 'seems to expla9 "s diff]5ce :i* is said to exi/ 9 ! attitudes ( m5 t[>ds wom5 9 y\r c\ntry & ours4' --',p]haps s1' ,i answ]$1 ':]e a g5tleman approa*es a lady & kisses h] h&1 z "o sees commonly 9 ! be/ ,p>isian society1 a ,japanese w\ld /& at a di/ance & make a respectful b[4 ,!re is no d\bt1 x seems to me1 t a great _m ( ! cu/oms :i* prevail$ 9 ! feudal p]iod are /ill influ5c+ y\r mod]n society1 & ours also 9 ,japan2 h5ce ! diff]5ce :i* /ill exi/s betwe5 ! cu/oms ( ,japan & ,we/]n nations4 ,broadly speak+1 ,i c say t 9 ! ,we/ fri5d%ip or affection mov$ m t[>ds intimacy1 :il/ 9 ! ,ea/ x mov$ m t[>ds respect4' --',ah1 ,i rememb] "o ?+4 ,"s ye>s ago !re 0 a sm>t ,am]ican :o 0 a ke5 obs]v] ( diff]5t cu/oms & mann]s4 ,he said1 ! ,japanese hit _! wives be=e /rang]s1 & c>ess !m 9 private1 :il/ ! ,occid5tals wor%ip _! wives be=e /rang]s1 & beat !m 9 private4 ,i beg y\r p>don1 ,i mu/ n tell y su* a ?+1 ,i )draw x at once2 b ,i c say ?is1 x is dang]\s to gauge ! cu/oms & mann]s ( o!r c\ntries only by ! measure ( "o's own c\ntry4 ,! position ( our wom5 is n s l[ z repres5t$ by ^? :o look ?r\gh ! col\r ( _! own glass4' --',v true1' said ,b>on ,c4 ',su* ?+s (t5 occur4 ,"o ought always to be on gu>d1 le/ "o commit unacc\ntable errors q inadv]t5tly4 ,b :at d y mean by say+ y\r ,bu%ido has become sy/ematic & e?ical4 ,let u h a little m light on ! subject4' --',q s1' said ! du*ess4 ',i %\ld also l to be m in=m$ on t subject4 ,"o nev] gets tir$ ( ?+s ,japanese1 especially 9 ^! days4' --',i am afraid ,i %all appe> some:at dogmatic1 b if y h en\gh pati5ce ,i w expla94 ,9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 ,bun & ,bu1 t is to say matt]s p]ta9+ to ,intellectual culture & matt]s p]ta9+ to milit>y tra9+1 7 always reg>d$1 at lea/ 9 !ory1 z co-exi/5t & ( equal importance4 ,!y 7 comp>$ to ! w+s ( a bird1 or to ! two :eels ( a c>t4 ,! g5]als :o 7 held 9 ! highe/ e/eem 7 ^? :o 7 effici5t 9 bo?4 ,! same e/eem 0 held = all w>riors1 no matt] _! degree or rank2 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! high] ! rank ! great] ! excell5ce expect$4 ,!y all became imbu$ ) a desire = lit]>y & e?ical education1 & ?us civil elem5ts 7 introduc$ into milit>y tra9+4 ,! be/ ideas & notions ( *ivalry 7 e?ically sy/ematis$1 & ^! ideas & notions came to be nurtur$ & develop$ accord+ to ! normal roots ( e?ics4 ,we 7 =tunate 9 arriv+ at ?is solution1 = ! c\ntry _h enjoy$ a long peaceful epo*1 & ! ,bu%i _h !re=e suffici5t "t to give _! att5tion to bo? subjects4 ,besides ! policy ( ! c\ntry _h be5 direct$ to t end4 ,moreov]1 f\r hundr$ ?\s& families ( ,bu%i1 hav+ enjoy$ _! position by h]$it>y succession1 & hav+ no ne$ to lab\r = exi/5ce1 all t !y _h to d 0 to make !mselves z mu* a g5tleman z possible4 ,( c\rse1 !re 7 "s :o became outca/s & "s :o 7 newly enroll$1 & "s :o 7 degrad$1 & "s :o 7 promot$ f v>i\s causes1 b ^! 7 exceptions4 ,z a g5]al rule !y succe$$ to _! fa!r's position & h&$ x d[n to _! own successors4 ,colleges 7 e/abli%$ by _! lords :]e !y receiv$ intellectual education side by side ) f5c+1 rid+1 ! use ( spe>s or ! art ( jiujitsu4' --',y m5tion$ j n[1' said ! du*ess1 'f\r hundr$ ?\s& families ( ,bu%i1 & ( ! h]$ity ( _! s]vice4 ,t seems to be some:at diff]5t f our knigh?ood1 :i* 0 m ( ! nature ( p]sonal di/9ction1 & its ranks 7 fill$ by p]sonal enli/m5t1 al?\gh naturally !y came f ! same class ( p4' --',well1' said ,i1 'our t]m ,bu%i1 o!rwise call$ ,samurai1 is a compreh5sive "o4 ,x compris$ all ! reta9]s ( ! feudal lords4 ,!y g5]ally liv$1 ) _! families1 9 ! capital t[n ( ! lords "u :om !y s]v$4 ,!re 0 g5]ally a qu>t] 9 ^! t[ns :]e ! ,samurai liv$ q ap>t f o!r p4 ,"u "s lords1 !re 7 ,samurai :o liv$ 9 ! c\ntry1 b !y 7 exceptions4 ,by ,bu%i !n we und]/& ^? reta9]s 9 g5]al1 & z ,i said ! s]vice usually became h]$it>y4 ,x 0 ! /rong po9t ( our milit>y m5 & also _! weake/ po9t1 or at lea/ x became s 9 ! c\rse ( "t4' --',:at d y mean by weak po9t8 ,tell me1 please1' said ,b>on ,c4 --',i say weak po9t1 because t sy/em z an organisation = fight+ purposes became ineffici5t3 ! reason is almo/ pla9 )\t say+4 ,y see ! h]$it>y sy/em has "o advantage3 respect & affection increase f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,p]sonal intellig5ce 0 also acquir$ "u t sy/em s long z ! tra9+ & in/ruction 7 well att5d$ to1 b ! desc5dant ( a w>rior :o _h l$1 = in/ance1 "o ?\s& or "o hundr$ m5 ) great ability1 c\ld n always be expect$ to d z well z 8 ance/or4 ,?is is s f ! v fact t ability & skill = qualify+ "o = a high] position is n a ?+ :i* is h]$it>y4 ,?is is ! weake/ po9t ( an h]$it>y milit>y organisation4 ,m9i/]%ip & g5]al%ip are no inh]it$ /ocks is our old say+4 ,napoleon's eighte5 m>%als 71 "o & all1 *ildr5 ( ! "t4 ,ev5 be=e ! re/oration ( ! pres5t ,imp]ial rgime we p]ceiv$ ?is weak po9t1 & t 0 "o ( ! reasons we made a radical *ange 9 our milit>y sy/em & adopt$ ! sy/em ( univ]sal s]vice4 ,"o might ?9k t1 by do+ s1 ! _s ( respect & affection1 9 o!r words1 loyalty & patriotism1 might be less5$ 9 ! ranks ( ! troops2 b t is n s1 = ) u ! _s ( loyalty to & patriotism = ! ,emp]or & c\ntry is v /rong among all ! p4 ,& because ! feudal sy/em _h be5 aboli%$ & ! :ole nation came to owe no o!r allegiance ?an t :i* is direct to ! ,emp]or1 !re is no necessity ( mak+ any diff]5ce among ! diff]5t classes ( ! p 9 reg>d to ^? s]vices4 ,z to intellig5ce1 we d n leave ! *ildr5 )\t education1 :atev] class !y may belong to1 ,i mean to say1 we h adopt$ a sy/em ( univ]sal education :i* gives suffici5t k & !re=e intellig5ce to ! m5 enli/$ 9 ! ranks f all classes4 ,z to ! (fic]s1 we take 9 any c&idates :o are will+ to be suitably educat$ z su*1 provid$ !y %[ suffici5t capacity1 )\t any di/9ction ( class or family4 ,x seems to u ! only way to procure ! mo/ effici5t (fic]s4 ,we are v radical 9 ^! matt]s4 ,"o c see 9 ! ,japanese army or navy sons ( noblem5 or ri* m]*ants be+ comm&$ & l$ by an (fic] :o has ris5 f ! l[e/ class ( ! p4 ,!re may ev5 be (fic]s ^: orig91 if scrut9is$ m9utely1 belong$ to a class vulg>ly call$ ,new ,common]s4' --',i ?9k ,i und]/& n[1' said ,b>on ,c4 ',b d y mean to say ,bu%ido is a ?+ ( ! pa/8 ,we are made to und]/& t ! :ole ,japanese army & navy1 inde$ ! :ole nation1 are animat$ ) ! _s ( ,bu%ido at ?is v mom5t4' --',no1 ,i did n say ,bu%ido 0 a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,bu%i exi/s no m1 x is true1 except t ^? :o belong$ to t class /ill enjoy ! privilege ( be+ call$ ,%izoku 7knight family71 :i*1 h[ev]1 has no legal signification1 & !re=e is only an empty title4 ,!re may be a ,%izoku driv+ a c>riage or e>n+ a liv+ by sell+ trifles4 ,x is sad to ?9k ( ! fact1 z f> z p]sonal consid]ation is conc]n$1 b !y h giv5 _! b5efits & privileges = ! g5]al good ( ! c\ntry1 & ,i am glad to say t ! _s ( ,bu%ido is n[ made ! common prop]ty ( ! :ole nation4 ,x has be5 spread ?r\gh\t e rank ( ! ,japanese4' --',x seems sad :5 we ?9k ab\t ,bu%i1 z y say1 f a p]sonal po9t ( view1' said ! du*ess2 'b :5 a c\ntry makes su* a great *ange z y\r c\ntry has done1 "s great sacrifice on ! "p ( "s portion ( ! community is inevitable4' --',& especially s ) our ,bu%i1' said ,i1 'because !y 7 9 fact ! *ief in/rum5ts by :i* ! pres5t great *ange has be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,:5 we view ?+s 9 ?is way1 we c say t our ,bu%i f\ght & sacrific$ _! lives 9 ord] to de/roy _! own ord]4' --',b :at d y mean by ! ,new ,common]s1 :i* y m5tion$ j a m9ute ago8' ask$ ,b>on ,c4 --',by ,new ,common]s is meant ^? :o h be5 newly made ord9>y common]s by emancipation4 ,!re 0 9 ,japan a class ( p bel[ ! class ( ! common subjects ( ! empire2 !y nei!r enjoy$ ! rights ( ord9>y ,japanese nor ow$ any duty simil> to o!rs4 ,i mean to say1 !y enjoy$ no citiz5%ip1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y _h 9 mo/ cases n to pay taxes = ! l&s !y till$ or dwelt on4 ,_! position may be 9 "o way comp>$ ) ! slav]y :i* exi/$ 9 ! ,we/ f ! ,roman p]iod onw>d4 ,b !re 7 two po9ts ( a great diff]5ce4 ,9 ! ,we/ ! slaves _h _! ma/]s :om !y s]v$1 & x seems t no p]sonal pollution 9 our s5se 0 atta*$ to !m4 ,9 ,japan1 ^? p _h no ma/]s to s]ve1 & e>n$ _! liv+ by _! own lab\r4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 !y 7 reg>d$ z hav+ p]sonal pollution1 s mu* s inde$1 t !y 7 n all[$1 nor did !y !mselves d>e1 to ent] )9 ! door ( an ord9>y ,japanese1 /ill less c\ld !y int]m>ry or inde$ hold any social int]c\rse ) !m4 ,a love-affair l t ( ,ada1 a slave girl1 & ,ardams 9 ! op]a ,ada1 :i* ,i _h ! pleasure ( see+ 9 y\r company ! o!r ev5+1 is a ?+ almo/ unimag9able 9 ,japan betwe5 a girl belong+ to ! class ,i h j spok5 (1 & a man ( any o!r class4 ,! numb] ( ^! p 0 only a v small m9ority ( ! :ole population4 ,b !y 7 to be f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ,japan4 ,9 ! c\ntry !y =m$ "h & !re small villages4 ,!y 7 also to be f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( t[ns1 b always hav+ sep>ate communities4 ,!y 7 ! only p :o dealt ) dead ox5 & horses1 & ev5 dogs1 & also 7 ! only p :o dress$ ! sk9s ( ^? animals4 ,9 =m] days 9 ,japan no beef 0 eat5 b by ^? p4 ,horse fle% 0 n eat5 ev5 by !m4 ,! common notion 0 t horse fle% 0 s\r & in$ible1 b ,i am sorry to say t1 ( late ye>s1 x is eat5 by ! poor] classes to "s ext5t4 ,! deal]s 9 x insi/ on cont9u+ ! trade on ! gr\nd t ! same bus9ess is c>ri$ on 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ enlight5$ nations 9 ! ,we/4 ,i d n l ! idea at all4 ,h[ev]1 to proce$ ) my /ory4 ,:5 a c[1 a horse1 or a bullock belong+ to a common] di$1 x 0 notifi$ to a community ( ^? p1 :o 9 a gr\p came & c>ri$ ! c>case to a conv5i5t place1 :]e !y sk9n$ x & buri$ ! re/2 & 9 ! case ( a c[ or a bullock1 if x _h n di$ f any infecti\s disease1 !y took away its fle% to _! homes1 z well z ! sk9 & horns4 ,x 0 ! occupation ( ^? communities :o liv$ 9 ! vic9ity ( a t[n to prep>e ! sk9s s5t to !m f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,_! lot 0 n1 !re=e1 an enviable "o1 z y may p]ceive4 ,?is class ( p 0 call$ ,yeta1 :i* is repres5t$1 ?\gh by corruption1 by ! ,*9ese ideographs mean+ mu* pollution4 ,no "o kn[s exactly :at _! orig9 02 "s say !y 7 ! remnants ( ,mongolian troops :o rema9$ 9 ! l& aft] ! total de/ruction ( ,mongolian armada1 :ile "s say !y might h be5 prison]s f ,corea2 b all ^! conjectures are n satisfactory4 ,!re 0 ano!r portion ( ! p v mu* ak9 to ^? j describ$4 ,!y 7 kn[n by ! "n ( ,h991 a t]m :i* is repres5t$ by two ,*9ese ideographs1 mean+ n-man1 :i* sugge/s a simil>ity ( notion to ! ,european t]m outlaw4 ,?is class 0 9 numb] ev5 less ?an ! =m]4 ,_! occupation 0 also v diff]5t4 ,!y *iefly liv$ by fi%+ or by mak+ "s trifl+ articles1 &1 !re=e1 no su* deep /igma ( p]sonal pollution 0 atta*$ to !m z to ! o!r ones4 ,9 fact1 x 0 suppos$ t among ?is class ( m5 !re 7 sometimes to be f\nd a ,samurai declass$ f "o cause or ano!r4 ,9 ,y$o1 n[ ,tokio1 homeless de/itutes 7 kn[n by t "n4 ,"o mu/ n suppose1 h[ev]1 t ei!r class 0 unprotect$ by law1 = _! lives & prop]ties 7 respect$ j z ^? ( ord9>y p2 &1 moreov]1 !y 7 n necess>ily poor p1 because "s ( !m1 especially ^? :o liv$ ne> t[ns1 7 v well (f4 ,a *>act]i/ic ( ^! p 0 t !y _h a c]ta9 s5tim5t ( community ?r\gh\t _! own class )\t di/9ction ( locality4 ,!y _h no privilege ( att5d+ a ,%9to or ,buddhi/ temple belong+ to ! citiz5 classes1 b !y _h "h & !re _! own ,buddhi/ temple & prie/s4 ,i h nev] se5 any in/ance ( _! possess+ any ,%9to temples2 ?is fact arises f ! v nature ( ,%9toism1 :i* is mo/ s5sitive ( any?+ unclean1 9 o!r words1 mo/ oppos$ to any pollution4 ,! ,imp]ial rgime 0 inaugurat$ ) mo/ enlight5$ notions1 especially 9 ! matt] ( p]sonal fre$om4 ,at ! v beg9n+ ( ! ,imp]ial rgime1 ! pres5t ,m>quis ,ito 0 gov]nor ( ! prefecture ( ,hiogo-,kobe1 & he emancipat$1 on 8 own initiative1 ! ,yeta & ,h99 "u 8 gov]nm5t1 & made !m ord9>y common]s4 ,!re 0 little =mality 9 su* matt]s 9 ^? days4 ,a gov]nor ( a prov9ce sometimes took su* measures on 8 own responsibility4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t emancipat$ all ( ^? p ?r\gh\t ! :ole empire1 & ! p ?us emancipat$ came to be vulg>ly call$ ,new ,common]s4 ,t t]m1 h[ev]1 is fa/ los+ its significance1 inasmu* z ^? p are daily acquir+ common int]c\rse ) ! ord9>y p2 ?is is especially ! case ) ^? :o transf] _! abodes to o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 :]e _! id5tity is n kn[n4 ,i am ev5 told !re are "o or two deputies 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives :o orig9ally belong$ to t class4' --',x %[s a v bold & enlight5$ policy on ! "p ( y\r ,gov]nm5t1' said ! du*ess4 ',f all t y h said1 x appe>s t ! success ( ! great *anges 9 y\r c\ntry is due to ! comb9ation ( democratic ideas ) cons]vative traditions2 9 o!r words1 y seem to h well succe$$ 9 putt+ new w9e into old bottles4' --',if y please1 y may ?9k s1' ,i said2 't phrase describes our situation v aptly4 ,y see1 ! pres5t rgime ( our ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t is1 aft] all1 a re/oration to its anci5t =m1 animat$ by mod]n spirits4 ,our *ange has n tak5 place ?r\gh any upris+ ( ! p at l>ge4 ,be=e ! ,re/oration1 ,european notions ( ,lib]ty1 ,equality1 & ,frat]nity _h n be5 mu* develop$1 x is true1 b !n ! p _h n be5 lab\r+ "u any great oppression & de/itution4 ,!y 7 n ri*1 z a rule1 b !y 7 mo/ly happy1 & n 9 an extreme condition ( mis]y1 z 0 ! case 9 ,europe :5 ! popul> movem5ts bas$ on ^? notions comm5c$1 or z is ! case 9 a c]ta9 c\ntry n[ be=e our eyes4 ,! movem5ts :i* caus$ our great *ange 7 due almo/ entirely to aspirations ( a political nature1 t is to say1 = ! bett]+ ( ! political organism ( ! c\ntry4 ,! matt] 0 tak5 up by ! upp] classes1 & 0 f\ght out *iefly by !m1 &1 !re=e1 :5 ! /rife came to an end !re exi/$ no m class animosity1 & ! p1 bo? high & l[1 devot$ _! en]gy to ! common good :i* !y held 9 view4 ,x is true t at "o "t _! views ( ! "r me?ods to atta9 ! end 7 n altoge!r unanim\s4 ,"s ( ! feudal lords & _! reta9]s f\ght aga9/ o!r feudal lords & reta9]s4 ,"o side esp\s$ ! ,imp]ial cause1 & ! o!r oppos$1 b ^? :o oppos$ bore no opposition to ! ,imp]ial h\se itself4 ,x 0 m an opposition to ! lords & _! clansm5 :o /ood on ! o!r side4 ,y "k t1 aft] ! submission ( ! ,%ogun himself to ! emp]or1 ! great majority ( ! feudal lords 9 ! nor? & ! ea/ ( ,japan effect$ a comb9ation among !mselves & oppos$ ! troops on ! ,imp]ial side4 ,:at ,i said j n[ 0 *iefly 9 ref]5ce to t occurr5ce4 ,! nature ( our civil w> be+ su*1 x 0 n a matt] ( surprise t ! c\ntry %\ld be reconcil$ & conciliat$ "u ! new rgime4 ,i may "h m5tion an in/ance1 trifl+ z x is1 to %[ h[ x has op]at$ ev5 9 ord9>y social matt]s4 ,m>%al ,oyama1 :o is n[ comm&+ our armies 9 ,man*uria1 is a ,satsuma man1 & he f\ght z a "y (fic] ( ! ,imp]iali/s 9 ! ea/4 ,8 wife is a daught] ( a ,samurai ( an ea/]n feudal "l1 "o ( ! /aun*e/ oppon5ts to ! ,imp]ial troops1 ,i mean ! ,"l ( ,aizu1 ^: ca/le 0 besieg$ & tak5 aft] a long resi/ance4 ,a si/] ( ,madame ,oyama is a lady 9 our ,imp]ial c\rts1 & h] bro!r1 :o _h be5 a lead] ( ! troops ( 8 clan1 0 aft]w>ds a g5]al ( ! ,imp]ial army1 & di$ 9 t capacity rec5tly4 ,we h a nobility ( five grades1 almo/ id5tical ) ! ,european sy/em4 ,! orig9 ( our noble families is v>i\s1 b _! broad di/9ctions are3 ,noblem5 :o 7 =m]ly feudal lords2 noblem5 :o 7 =m]ly c\rt nobles atta*$ direct to ! ,imp]ial c\rts be=e ! ,re/oration1 & ^? :o h be5 newly made nobles by virtue ( _! m]itori\s s]vices r5d]$ to ! new ,gov]nm5t4 ,b 9 ! eyes ( ! law1 or r 9 ! treatm5t ( !m by ! ,imp]ial c\rt1 !re is no diff]5ce1 nor is !re any confliction ( int]e/ or s5tim5t exi/+ betwe5 !m4 ,napoleon 0 a great rul]1 !re is no d\bt1 b 8 "o mis=tune 0 t ! v nature ( 8 orig9 0 n suffici5tly pot5t to reconcile & h>monise all ! diff]5ce ( ?is k9d 9 :i* s5tim5ts g a long way4 ,suppos+ he _h be5 a direct scion ( ! ,b\rbons1 & suppos+ ! g5]al condition ( ! ,fr5* p ( ^? days _h n be5 su* z x 01 & suppos+ t ! great ,revolution _h be5 effect$ by ! movem5ts ( ! ari/ocracy itself ) ,napoleon at its head1 ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( ,france might h be5 v diff]5t1 al?\gh1 9 spite ( t1 ,france has always be5 a rem>kable nation4' ,! m>*ioness seems to h notic$ t our conv]sation 0 becom+ animat$ & /epp$ t[>ds u1 evid5tly to take "p 9 x4 ,at ?is juncture1 an eld]ly g5tleman & 8 wife 7 u%]$ into ! room4 ,!y 7 duly introduc$ to u4 ,he 0 an a/ronom]4 ,he said t he & 8 wife _h be5 9 ,japan ye>s ago :5 a transit ( ,v5us across ! sun 0 tak+ place4 ,b _! obs]vation ( ! transit 0 a failure ow+ to bad wea!r4 ,!y /ay$ eight ye>s1 & wait$ = ano!r transit1 b aga9 he 0 disappo9t$2 because a sudd5 *ange 9 ! wea!r obscur$ ! heav5s4 --',t mu/ h be5 a great disappo9tm5t1' ,i said4 ',z to myself1 ,i h se5 "o su* transit v well at a tempor>y obs]vatory erect$ at ,yokohama4 ,x 0 v int]e/+ to me1 unsci5tific z ,i am1 to see ! sun reflect$ 9 :ite on ! prep>$ gr\nd1 & ! planet1 a small black spot1 trav]s+ sl[ly across ! :ite surface4 ,( c\rse1 "o c\ld also see ! actual sun & planet ?r\gh a smok$ glass4 ,! transit ,i ref] to might h be5 a diff]5t "o1 or else ! locality :]e ,i saw x f 0 n ! same4 ,i w tell y a /upid exp]i5ce ( m9e1' said ,i1 turn+ to o!rs pres5t4 ',!re 0 a total eclipse ( ! sun1 "s eighte5 ye>s ago4 ,i 0 on a trip1 & _h to cross ov] a high m\nta9 pass4 ,i1 & a few companions1 ?\ght x w\ld be great fun to see an eclipse f ! summit ( ! m\nta9 & obs]ve all ! *ang+ ph5om5a ( nature f !re4 ,s we hurri$ on our way1 b by ! "t we rea*$ ! summit ! sky 0 v cl\dy1 x ev5 %[]$1 & ! consequ5ce 0 t we did n see mu* & regrett$ t we _h n /ay$ a little long] on ! l[] gr\nds1 f :]e ! p saw ! eclipse v well4 ,fancy ! height ( a m\nta91--h[ev] high x may be1 x is only an inf9itesimal "p ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun4 ,to ?9k t we w\ld be ne>] to ! sun if we climb$ to ! summit ( ! m\nta9 0 an act ( great /upidity2 b su* ?+s (t5 occur 9 actual life4 ,we (t5 =get to ?9k ab\t ! relative situation betwe5 ourselves & o!rs1 & make our calculations accord+ to fancy4 ,?us great errors are (t5 committ$4 ,su* is ! case :5 we play at games1 say at *ess4 ,we make our moves1 ?9k+ t our oppon5t w\ld make 8 move j z we ourselves w\ld d1 b ! probability is t he makes a move totally diff]5t to our anticipation1 mu* to our *agr9 & surprise4 ,all ?is arises f our neglig5ce ( mak+ a prop] e/imate ( ! relative position occupi$ by bo? sides4' --',y seem to h "s special ref]5ce 9 :at y say1' said ! m>*ioness4 ',by ! bye1 ,madame ,p4 says %e likes ,japan v mu*4' --',yes1 ,i d1' said ! pr(essor's wife4 ',i c nev] =get x4 ,miyano%ita1 ,nikko1 ,*iuz5zi1 & above all1 ! sc5]y ( ! inl& sea1 are sup]b4' --',yes1 ^? are ! places :i* =eign travell]s are fond ( & talk ab\t ! mo/4 ,! accommodation ( ! w>m spr+ ( ,miyano%ita & ! sights ( ! arti/ic build+s ( ! ,nikko temples seem to be ?\ght mu* (4 ,*iuz5zi1 ) its calm1 mirror-l lake1 is c]ta9ly an excell5t summ] resort1--no wond] mo/ ( ! corps diplomatic 9 ,japan betake !mselves !reto e summ]4 ,b f our own po9t ( view ! ,nikko temples are new & consequ5tly ! arts display$ !re are only ( mod]n type1 elaborate b n deep4 ,!y are n q ?ree hundr$ ye>s old4 ,9 fact1--,tokio itself is only a new t[n1 be+ sc>cely ?ree hundr$ ye>s old4 ,"o mu/ g to ,kioto & ,n>a if "o wi%es to see ! real classical ,japan4 ,^? are places :]e !re are s _m spots ( hi/orical & arti/ic int]e/1 n only 9 ! t[ns !mselves1 b also 9 ! surr\nd+ localities4' --',yes1 my husb& & ,i _h opportunities ( visit+ ^? places1 & we made v pleasant & int]e/+ trips4' --',b h[ is x t ,tokio is su* an important t[n 9 ^! days1 z ,i und]/&8' ask$ ! m>*ioness4 --',i w expla91' said ,i4 ',tokio is situat$ on bo? banks ( ! m\? ( a riv] call$ ,sumida1 ab\t ! same size z ! ,se9e1 runn+ ?r\gh ! middle ( a l>ge flat l& & fl[+ into ! bay ( ,tokio4 ,t flat l& 0 =m]ly call$ ,musa%i-no1 t is to say1 pla9 ( ,musa%i1--f ! fact t ! great] p>ts ( x belong to ! prov9ce ( ,musa%i 7we call x a l>ge pla9 because ,japan is s m\nta9\s & flat pla9s are s r>e74 ,x is ! pla9 :i* 0 sung ( by a poet z "o :]e ! moon rises & s9ks f grass to grass1 !re be+ no m\nta9 = h] to seek %elt]4 ,:5 ,tokugawa1 t is to say1 ! family ( ! la/ ,%ogunate1 became a p[]ful feudal "l ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 x made ! site ( ! pres5t ,tokio its seat & built its ca/le on ! spot :]e a small old ca/le _h /ood "s "t be=e4 ,t[ns _h aris5 ar\nd ! ca/le1 :i* came to be kn[n z ,y$o until x 0 *ang$ into ,tokio ?irty-eight ye>s ago4 ,! t[n1 &1 inde$1 ! ca/le itself1 _h be5 gradually enl>g$ f "t to "t4 ,x is well kn[n t1 n long aft] ,y$o 0 made ! seat ( ,tokugawa1 ! h\se ( ,tokugawa became ! ,%ogunate1 t is to say1 ! milit>y & adm9i/rative gov]nm5t ( ! empire :i* us$ to be call$ by =eign]s ! tempor>y *ief ( ,japan4 ,= ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s ! ,%ogunate ex]cis$ great p[]4 ,all ! feudal lords 7 oblig$ to reside 9 ,y$o e o!r ye>4 ,_! families1 ,i mean wives & *ildr51 _h to live p]man5tly 9 _! mansions at ,y$o all ! ye> r\nd z a k9d ( ho/age4 ,great lords usually _h ?ree mansions1 ! upp]1 ! middle1 & ! l[] ones z !y 7 call$2 ev5 small lords _h two4 ,x 0 almo/ necess>y = !m to h sev]al mansions because ,y$o 0 s fam\s = fire--fire 0 call$ ! fl[]s ( ,y$o--& !y _h to move _! resid5ce f "o to ! o!r 9 case ( fire4 ,( c\rse1 ! magnitude ( ^! mansions diff]$ accord+ to ! rank & position ( ! own]s1 b 7 mo/ly v l>ge1 & a l>ge numb] ( reta9]s also resid$ 9 surr\nd+ build+s1 ?\gh ! exact numb] ( ! reta9]s also v>i$ accord+ to ! ranks ( ! lords4 ,y may well imag9e h[ exp5sive su* e/abli%m5ts mu/ h be54 ,h5ce also ! fl\ri%+ condition ( ! t[n itself1 & ?us ,y$o _h become ! l>ge/ t[n ( ! ,empire4 ,:5 ! ,%ogunate came to an end1 ! emp]or remov$ 8 resid5ce to ,y$o & re-nam$ x ,tokio1 t is to say1 ! ea/]n capital 9 contra/ to ,kioto1 :i* is also kn[n z ,saikio1 i4e4 ! we/]n capital4 ,x 0 a ma/]/roke ( ! bold policy ( ! new ,gov]nm5t4 ,! removal w5t a long way 9 facilitat+ ! r5ovation ( ,japan1 = x help$ ! gett+ rid ( old notions & introduc+ new ideas4 ,besides1 by assum+ a comm&+ position ov] ! :ole c\ntry1 & hav+ be5 ?us made ! new ,imp]ial capital1 ,tokio cont9ues to ma9ta91 ev5 advances 91 its prosp]ity4 ,voila6 ! answ] to y\r "q4' --',i suppose ,tokio is mu* *ang$1 z p say8' ask$ ! m>*ioness4 --',yes1 x is s1' ,i answ]$4 ',"o c no long] see ! ,tokio ( ?irty ye>s ago4 ,! resid5ces ( ! feudal lords 9 =m] days 7 v gr&1 especially ! p>ts j beyond ! inn] moats surr\nd+ ! ca/le1 :]e /ood ! resid5tial mansions ( great lords1 call$ ,daimio-,koji1 i4e4 broad way ( ! ,gr& ,seigneurs4 ,! premises ( ^! mansions g5]ally =m$ a squ>e1 ! ma9 build+ /ood 9 ! middle1 ! f\r sides ( ! squ>e 7 g5]ally occupi$ by long l9es ( build+s 9 :i* ! reta9]s liv$4 ,!re 7 sev]al gateways1 ! ma9 entrance1 ( c\rse1 be+ ! l>ge/4 ,"s great lords sp5t a good deal m money ?an necess>y 9 mak+ _! mansions appe> gr& 9 ord] to efface any suspicion ( _! unfai?fulness to ! ,%ogunate--9 o!r words1 !y %[$ by s do+ t !y _h no idea ( accumulat+ weal? = secret designs4 ,i well rememb] ^? build+s1 b no?+ is left ( !m n[4 ,! v c5tre ( ! place :]e ^? h\ses /ood is n[ a p>k4 ,! gates1 :i* 7 con/ruct$ ( wood1 7 v elaborate & impos+4 ,!re are only ?ree or f\r ( !m left 9 ,tokio1 b n on _! old sites4 ,!y are b rem9isc5ces ( old ones1 & recon/ruct$ else:]e by private p]sons z curiosities4 ,! /reets :]e ! great lords once m>*$ 9 gr& /ate are n[ cross$ 9 all directions by electric tramways4 ,b we are n sorry = all t4' --',p say !re w soon be no m old ,japan to be se5 9 ,japan1' said ,lady ,dulciana1 'unless "o visits h] )\t delay4' --',t is n likely1' ,i said4 ',a nation _c completely metamorphosise itself at a mom5t's notice4 ,despite all ^? *anges1 ,japan is /ill ,japan1 especially 9 ! int]ior4 ,! old ,japan w n disappe> dur+ ! lifetime ( ei!r y or me4 ,h[ev]1 we h a say+1 ,= good ?+s let u hurry4 ,if y h any idea ( go+ to see ,japan1 :i* ,i consid] a good ?+1 hurry by all means4' --',i suppose ! /yle ( resid5ce 9 ,japan diff]$1 & /ill diff]s1 f ours8' ask$ ! du*ess4 --',yes1 v mu*2 & n only ! gr& resid5ces1 b also ! h\ses ( all classes4 ,if y all[ me to be c&id1 ,i w tell y a conv]sation ,i _h ) a ,fr5*man a little "t ago on ! v subject4 ,he ask$ me :at ,i ?\ght ( ! appe>ance ( ,p>is1 & if ,i did n ?9k ! r[s ( gr&1 l(ty h\ses :i* =m ! av5ues & /reets magnific5t4 ,!y are magnific5t = sights1 ,i answ]$4 ,! la/ "p ( my rem>k made him a little suspici\s1 & he press$ me to expla9 my mean+1 & ,i did s4 ,c y guess my answ]8' --',no1 ,i _c4' --',my answ] 0 to ! foll[+ effect4 ,y see1 "h 9 ,p>is1 p :o dwell 9 a build+ g5]ally occupy only "o "p ( x4 ,!y %>e a h\se & live 9 diff]5t flats & corn]s ( ! same build+2 & yet ! p1 :o meet e day at _! v door1 d n "k ea* o!r4 ,_! rooms are g5]ally d>k1 because ! build+s ov]%ad[ ea* o!r4 ,!y _c move out ( _! rooms )\t putt+ on hat & jacket1 & g5]ally h no sp>e gr\nd atta*$ to ! h\se :]e !y c re/ or prom5ade4 ,!y seldom see ! moon or ! beautiful morn+ & ev5+ sun1 be+ buri$ 9 deep valleys ( h\ses4 ,= practical purposes1 !re=e1 my pref]5ce is = ! /yle ( my c\ntry--,i mean h\ses deta*$1 ?\gh n gr& & l(ty1 s t "o c use e "p ( ! build+1 f ! basem5t to ! ro(1 ) "s gr\nd1 ar\nd ! build+1 be x l>ge or small1 ta/efully laid out into a g>d54 ,i say1 !re=e1 p :o live 9 magnific5t1 high build+s may n necess>ily be happi] ?an ^? :o live 9 small] & humbl] dwell+s4 ,?is is :at ,i said to t ,fr5* fri5d ( m9e4 ,please excuse my mak+ su* rem>ks3 ,i h no ?\ght ( runn+ d[n y\r /yle ( liv+1 b h only be5 tempt$ to say :at little good ,i c ( my c\ntry4' --',:5 spaces are available1' said ,b>on ,c1 'we also atta* g>d5s to our h\ses4 ,apropos1 y 7 at ! mat9e dance at ! ,palais ,elyse1 7 y n8' --',yes1 ,i _h ! pleasure ( be+ invit$ by ,monsieur le ,presid5t & ,madame ,l\bet4' --',! trees !re are f9e1 are !y n8' said ,b>on ,c4 --',yes1 !y are v f9e1 & ! ga!r+ 0 f9e also4 ,an incid5t :i* ,i exp]i5c$ !re 0 r unique4 ,i 0 walk+ ) ,madame ,matoni 9 ! cr[d4 ,we enc\nt]$ two g5tlem5 clad 9 fa%ionable attire4 ,someh[ or o!r1 ,madame ,matoni began conv]s+ ) "o ( !m4 ,at ! same "t ,i he>d a female voice e*o+ 9 my e>s--,i c\ld n imag9e :]e x came f1 except f ! g5tleman ) :om madame 0 talk+4 ,i ?\ght x v que]1 b pres5tly ,i 0 introduc$ to !m3 !y 7 ann\nc$ z ,monsieur & ,madame ,ecrivan4 ,!n x occurr$ to me t ! p]son :om ,i ?\ght a g5tleman 0 9 reality a lady ( :om ,i _h he>d some?+ be=e4 ,%e 0 an au?or attir$ l a man4' --',yes1 %e is an au?or1 & a clev] "o too1' said ! du*ess4 ',b :at did y ?9k ( ! :ole reception8' --',simplicity 01 ,i ?\ght1 its features z comp>$ ) simil> occasions 9 mon>*ical c\ntries1 b x 0 9 unison ) ! con/itution ( ! c\ntry4 ,!n1 too1 al?\gh someh[ or o!r ,i miss$ ent]+ into ! danc+ pavilion1 ,i und]/ood ! mat9e dance !re 0 cu/om>ily giv5 *iefly = ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! orphan daught]s ( army & naval (fic]s4 ,! idea is pleasant4' --',& :at ( ! ,presid5t8' inquir$ "o "y lady4 --',a f9e old g5tleman1 ,i ?\ght1 & k9d-he>t$ too4 ,i 0 specially introduc$ to him1 9 ! g>d51 aft] ! =mal reception4 ,he repeat$ly press$ me to put my hat on :ile talk+ ) him1 because ! sun's rays glanc$ on my head ?r\gh ! foliage4' --',y met ) _m fa%ionable belles !re1 too1 ,i suppose1' rem>k$ ano!r4 --',!re 7 ,madame ,rivi]a1 :o is s v vivaci\s1 & sev]al o!r ladies2 ,i mean ! wives ( cab9et m9i/]s & o!r high p]sonages4 ,b on ! :ole1 ,i did n ?9k ! ga!r+ 0 p>ticul>ly unique = ,p>is1 ) reg>d to beauty4' --',by ! bye1 h y ev] se5 ,mr4 ,roosevelt8' ask$ ! du*ess4 --',yes1 ,i h4 ,he impresses "o at fir/ sight ) 8 enorm\s en]gy & intellectual p[]4 ,he likes ,japan4 ,he 0 tak+ lessons 9 jiujitsu "u a ,japanese ma/] :5 ,i 0 at ,wa%+ton e>ly la/ ye>4 ,he told me he _h be5 practis+ x ?ree times a week4' --',yes1' said ! du*ess1 ',i und]/& jiujitsu is mu* 9 vogue 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica j at pres5t4' --',x seems s4 ,9 ,new ,york & ,wa%+ton "s ladies are also tak+ lessons1 ,i am told2 s also 9 ,engl&1 z y "k4' --',b ,i suppose ev5 9 ,japan x is only /udi$ some?+ l f5c+ is 9 our f5c+ s*ools1 n z a "p ( ! univ]sal education4' --',j s1' ,i answ]$4 ',x does n =m a "p ( ! g5]al education1 ?\gh x is v ext5sively /udi$ 9 ! high] colleges & s*ools4' --',x looks c]ta9ly l an art wor? pay+ att5tion to1' said ! du*ess4 --',"h1 too1 "s "t ago1' said ,b>on ,c41 'a ,japanese jiujitsu ma/] once came to ,p>is & gave an exhibition at a !atre1 *all5g+1 ) ! (f] ( a prize1 any ,fr5*man :o w\ld combat ) him4 ,no ,fr5*man won4 ,!y 7 beat5 "o aft] ! o!r4 ,! p did n l s mu* humiliation1 & ! audi5ce decreas$1 s ! ma/] _h to g back to ,london2 su* is ! ,fr5*man4' --',well1' said ,i1 'x might h be5 only a mom5t>y caprice1 p]haps because ,japan is n y\r ally1 b ! audi5ce c\ld n h be5 dim9i%$ = su* a cause z y say4 ,!re c be no notion ( humiliation1 because x is a "q ( art4 ,h[ev]1 if ! ,occid5tals1 ) _! natural /r5g? & physique1 become well equipp$ ) t art1 we ! small ,japs %all nev] be a mat* = !m2 s ,i w\ld r wi% y ,occid5tals d n le>n ! art4' ,all pres5t broke into laught]1 & 9 a m9ute or two ,i 0 once m waft$ ?r\gh ! air & mak+ my way else:]e4 ,,iii ,japanese art & ! ,we/--,night-ftes--,sale ( fl[]s & plants--,s++ ,insects--,a discussion on ! moon1 fl[]s1 sn[1 etc4--,music ( sn[ & ra9--,l9es on hail/ones--,a p>ticul> ev5+ = lun> p]spective--,a bl9d s*ol> & 8 wife--,! deaf1 dumb1 & bl9d ( ,japan--,! cal5d> & its radical *ange 9 ,japan--,calumnies on ,japan1 & an anonym\s lett]--,japanese ways ( c\nt+ ages--,! "q ( wom5 & a lady's op9ion on ,japanese wom5--,lafcadio ,he>n--,japanese names--,difficulty ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ',l' & ',r'--,discussion on pronunciation--,london & ,tokio patois--,japanese nobility & ! me?od ( address+ nobility --,books on ,japan--,once m on ,lafcadio ,he>n--,discussion on wom5's education--,! ,ris5 ,sun ,"t & space 9 dreaml& h become m inconsecutive1 & ev5ts h cr[d$ rapidly "o on ano!r4 ,9 dreaml&1 moreov]1 "o frequ5tly sees 9 an incongru\s gr\p p :o 9 ord9>y life seldom come into contact ) "o ano!r4 ,su* is my exp]i5ce4 ,n[ ,i f\nd myself gue/ at a reception giv5 by a lady ^: resid5ce 0 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,gr& ,op]a1 :]e ,i met a numb] ( au?ors & critics ( bo? sexes4 ,!n at our ,legation1 ne> ! l',arc de ,triomphe1 :]e ,i 0 sp5d+ ! ev5+ 9 a l>ge company1 :i* includ$ sev]al ladies ( my own c\ntry4 ,aga9 at ! soire ( an association int]e/$ 9 ?+s ,japanese1 :]e also 7 memb]s ( bo? sexes1 & !n1 hey pre/o6 all ^! ev5ts & places w\ld trans=m !mselves into "o s+le sc5e1 z ?\gh !y _h be5 b "o & ! same ga!r+4 ,i rememb] well t at ! meet+ ( ! association a special toa/ 0 propos$ aft] d9n] by ! presid5t 9 my hon\r1 to :i* ,i respond$1 say+ h[ mu* ,i ?ank$ its memb]s = _! sympa?y = ,japan4 ,! little :i* ,japan _h be5 made kn[n to ,france1 or p]haps to ,europe1 0 l>gely due to ! appreciation ( ! ,japanese arts by ^? pres5t1 & "s o!rs :o _h prec$$ !m1 su* z ,,mm4 ,b+ & ,guimet4 ,i also said t a nation hav+ an art su* z ours1 ?\gh p]haps n equal to ! be/ arts ( ,europe1 c\ld n be s savage & wild z _m calumniators repres5t1 & fur!r1 t ,i wi%$ ,fr5*m51 & inde$ ,europeans g5]ally1 w\ld /udy & exam9e ,japan a little m1 & ca/ away _! prejudices4 ,i also rem>k$ en passant t ! ori5tal section ( ! ,l\vre 0 any?+ b /rong 9 ,japanese objets d'art1 ,japanese pa9t+ 0 sc>cely repres5t$ at all4 ,o!r conv]sations t ,i _h 7 an agglom]ation1 s t ,i _c rememb] :]e & ) :om !y 7 held4 --',by ! bye1 h y se5 ! ftes ( ,neuilly8' ask$ a lady4 --',yes1 ,i h se5 !m1' ,i answ]$2 'b ! place 0 s cr[d$1 ,i c\ld sc>cely /&4 ,x 0 int]e/+ to wat* ! common p enjoy !mselves4 ,"o ?+ :i* /ruck me mo/ 9 ! fte 0 t !re 7 s _m mnage aux *evaux 7r\ndab\ts7 )\t any horses at all4 ,all ! objects on :i* p 7 rid+ 7 o!r animals--ev5 pigs1 ! dirtie/ animal on e>?4' --',b pigs are consid]$ objects ( luck4' --',ah6 t's an ideal notion ( ! civilis$ p1 ,i presume4' --',h y any simil> ftes 9 y\r c\ntry8' --',yes1 we h4 ,9 ,tokio1 especially1 we h ftes v simil> almo/ all ! ye> r\nd1 ?\gh n on s l>ge a scale z y\r night-ftes ( ,neuilly4 ,9 ,tokio !re are "o or two ftes 9 ! same night 9 "s qu>t]s ( ! t[n4 ,!re are _m small %r9es 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,tokio1 & ! ftes are nom9ally 9 _! hon\r4 ,i say nom9ally1 because mo/ p :o g !re1 g to see ! sights or ! pretty ?+s r ?an to d homage to ! %r9es4 ,ea* ( ^! %r9es has a c]ta9 day :i* is kept 9 its hon\r4 ,9 our ftes ! ?+s mo/ sold are small plants & fl[]s ) _! roots1 s t !y may be plant$ z !y are6 ,!y are tak5 to ! ftes by g>d5]s liv+ 9 ! suburbs1 :o make ?is k9d ( bus9ess _! regul> occupation1 & !re=e ! occasion is m prop]ly consid]$ z ! g>d5]s' ev5+4 ,sweets1 toys1 & small light objects = dome/ic use are sold1 & !re are diff]5t k9ds ( ent]ta9m5ts z well4 ,! nature ( y\r ev5+ ftes seems v diff]5t4 ,9 fact1 ,i h n se5 any plants or fl[]s sold !re4' --',! diff]5ce seems rem>kable2 b :at d y d ) ^? plants & fl[]s8' --',!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 our common p & y\rs4 ,y see ! bulk ( ^? :o frequ5t ! fte 9 ,tokio are ord9>y t[nspeople4 ,!y buy ! plants or fl[]s = a small sum ( money2 :5 fir/ (f]$ = sale a high price is ask$1 b x is q an und]/ood ?+ to b>ga9 & at la/ to buy at a v l[ price4 ,! m advanc$ ! ev5+1 ! *eap] "o c get !m4 ,! b>ga9+ at ^! ftes is s lively t x has become prov]bial1 & p (t5 say1 ?is or t is n l buy+ night-fte plants4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a mi/ake if "o 7 to suppose b>ga9+ is a common ?+ at e %op 9 ,japan1 z 9 ,italy or ,egypt4 ,well1 ^! p1 h[ev] mod]ate _! means1 pur*ase "o or o!r ( ! plants or fl[]s & take !m home1 & plant !m ei!r 9 _! small g>d5s or 9 pots & vessels1 & place !m 9 _! rooms4 ,"s plants or fl[]s are already plant$ 9 a ta/eful mann] 9 pots or vessels ( diff]5t %apes1 s t !y may be us$ z !y are4 ,! p are v happy ) ^! objects4 ,9 summ] & autumn all sorts ( s++ insects#a are sold 9 pretty little cages4 ,9 ! ,ori5t1 unlike 9 ! ,occid5t1 ! t]m insect itself is v poetic1 & conveys m ( ! significance ( ! s++ ?an ( ! object itself4' --',i h always he>d t y\r p 9 g5]al are v arti/ic1' said %e4 ',i %\ld l to foll[ _! s5tim5ts 9 reg>d to nature4 ,= in/ance1 :5 we look at ! moon we sometimes become v s5tim5tal4' --',y mean 9 su* cases z ! night-sc5e :]e sweet ,jessica & h] lov] ,lor5zo sang ,9 su* a night1 9 su* a night z ?is4' --',exactly4' --',well1 9 t respect1' ,i answ]$1 'we are p]haps m develop$ ?an o!r peoples4 ,ev5 ! etymology ( our language proves x4 ,we h su* t]ms z ,hanami1 t is a fl[]-see+2 ,tsukimi1 t is moon-see+2 & ,yukimi1 t is1 sn[-see+4 ,y h phrases su* z to see ! fl[]s1 to see ! moon1 & to see ! sn[1 b ^! are h>dly an equival5t4 ,our phrases imply a deep] feel+1 bo? poetical & arti/ic2 may ev5 imply an act ( see+ ^? objects 9 ! company ( cong5ial fri5ds4 ,! sn[ is1 z ,i indicat$1 "o ( ^! sights4 ,apropos ( sn[1 ,i w5t to ,ri*mond once 9 company ) a few compatriots1 to see ! sn[-sc5e 9 ! p>k !re1 :5ce "o comm&s a beautiful view ( ! riv] ,?ames4 ,_m ye>s aft]w>ds ,i 0 ask$ if we _h sn[ 9 my c\ntry 7y "k ?is k9d ( "q is ask$ ( u v (t574 ,i answ]$ ,yes4 ,!reupon a lady1 :o happ5$ to rememb] t ,i _h gone to ,ri*mond to see ! sn[ !re ye>s ago1 abruptly rem>k$1 ,oh6 ,i ?\ght y _h no sn[ 9 y\r c\ntry4 ,:5 ,i repli$1 ,:at makes y ?9k s1 %e said1 ,because y w5t to ,ri*mond on purpose to see ! sn[4 ,i _h !n to expla9 t our excursion to ,ri*mond 0 n because we did n "k :at sn[ 01 b because we lik$ to see ! sight4 ,we d n get tir$ ( see+ su* sc5es any m ?an y ,europeans get tir$ ( go+ to ! op]a1 to see1 or r to he> ! same op]a ov] & ov] aga91 z = in/ance ,fau/4' --',b at ! op]a we c satisfy our s5se ( sight z well z t ( he>+1' said a "y lady1 'b :at ( ! sn[6 ,x has no col\r1 be+ :ite1--x has no s\nd3 besides1 ! season mu/ be cold & ! v sight ( x mu/ be *ill+4' --',y are p>tly "r1 ,i admit1 b is n :ite ! v ideal ( purity8 ,are y n v fond ( x8 ,d n y ladies l we>+ pure :ite dresses8 ,are y n we>+ "o at ?is v mom5t8 ,we ,japanese are v fond ( :ite4 ,! ideal col\r ( ,%9toism is :ite4 ,accord+ to t cre$1 ev5 = m\rn+1 :ite is pref]r$ to black4 ,x sugge/s a notion ( cleanl9ess1 :i* is ! ess5ce ( ! cre$4 ,besides1 y _c surely say op]a boxes are ideally com=table4 ,!y are n cold1 x is true1 b c]ta9ly !y are g5]ally /ifl+4 ,"o sees !re sc5]y1 b :at is x comp>$ ) ! gr&eur ( nature4 ,!n aga91 y _c exactly say sn[ has no s\nd4 ,we1 9 our poetry1 speak ( ! music ( fall+ sn[1 or ! music ( dropp+ ra94 ,^? s\nds are consid]$ especially musical 9 ! dep? ( night3 we ev5 poetise ! s\nds ( fall+ hail/ones4 ,!re is a well-kn[n poem on a hail/orm compos$ "s sev5 c5turies ago4 ,x is a %ort poem1 z ours usually are1 b to u x gives a deep impression1 & animates a m>tial _s4 ,x is difficult to translate1 b x runs some:at l ?is3 ,oh see 9 ?is wild]ness ( va/ ,nasu ,h[ ! hail/ones da% on ! froz5 gr\nd6 ,& r+ on ! gauntlets ( hunt]s bold ,z !y draw _! arr[s f lea!rn fold6 --',_m hundr$ ye>s aft] ?is poem 0 compos$1 :5 our c\ntry 0 enjoy+ a p]fect peace1 a well-kn[n /atesman1 reflect+ on t poem1 gave 8 own b5t ( ?\ght1 z foll[s3 ,n kn[+ ! age :5 hail/ones rang ,on ! gauntlets ( w>riors' h&s2 ,w>mly envelop$ ,i lay me d[n1 ,li/5+ all night to _! dropp+ s\nd4 --',apropos ( hail/ones1 :at a /range occurr5ce x 0 ! o!r day1 :5 hail/ones ravag$ ! vic9ity ( ,p>is1 & t too 9 ! height ( summ]4 ,i met a compatriot & 8 wife1 n[ /ay+ ne> ,/4 ,g]ma91 at a small ga!r+ on ! ev5+ ( ! same day1 & !y describ$ ! size ( ! /ones & ! damage done to ! glass ( ! diff]5t h\ses4 ,at fir/ no "o pres5t believ$ !m1 b my fri5ds did _! be/ to expla9 t "s ( ! /ones !y pick$ up & put on a tray 7 /ill l>ge :5 !y _h left _! home sev]al h\rs aft]w>ds4 ,:at !y said 0 p]fectly true1 = ,i read 9 ! pap]s next morn+ t 9 "s places ! hail/ones 7 l eggs & weigh$ on an av]age f tw5ty to =ty grammes2 "s ev5 two hundr$ grammes4 ,b ah6 h[ silly ,i am to tell y all ?is1 z y mu/ all be well aw>e ( x4' --',nev] m9d1' said ^? pres5t1 'b please proce$ ) y\r disc\rse4' --',well1 !re is a p>ticul> night ( ! ye> :i* is consid]$ ! be/ = ! moon-sc5e2 ! #ae? ( ,augu/ by ! ,lun> ,cal5d>4 ,! p g5]ally get up a small social ga!r+ to celebrate t ev5+4 ,x 0 on "o ( ^? occasions t ,hanawa1 ! celebrat$ bl9d s*ol> ( ,japan1 g5tly sang z he sigh$3 ,if x 7 a fl[]1 ,i might t\* x4 ',! l9e does n s\nd v sympa!tic :5 translat$ into a =eign language1 b 9 ! orig9al ,japanese x is full ( poetry1 & ! mean+ is und]/ood t he c\ld n ev5 console himself by ! s5se ( t\*4 ,! rem>k 0 ov]he>d by 8 wife1 :o pa!tically jo9$ him by s++3 ,?is ,moon6 'tis ! night t makes bl9d m5's wives weep4 --',v f9e & pa!tic2 b y said j n[ celebrat$ bl9d s*ol>1' rem>k$ a lady4 ',:at d y mean by t8 ,d y mean to say he 0 a bl9d poet l ,hom]8' --',no1 he 0 n exactly a poet1 b a great s*ol>4 ,9 ,engl& !re 0 a celebrat$ bl9d s*ol>1 ,fawcett1 & ,hanawa 0 our ,fawcett4 ,he 0 a ,pr(essor "u ! ,%ogunate ,gov]nm5t1 & "o ( ! be/ & l>ge/ collections ( r>e old ,japanese books made by him 0 8 cr[n+ a*ievem5t1 & we are all mu* indebt$ to him4' --',i suppose !re are z _m bl9d1 deaf1 & dumb 9 y\r c\ntry z 9 any o!r8' ask$ ano!r2 '& :at d !y d1 or r1 :at d y d ) !m8' --',!re are "s deaf1 dumb1 & bl9d s*ools at pres5t1 & ^?1 among !m1 :o are =tunate1 are educat$ !re z 9 ,europe4 ,!re 0 no su* s*ool 9 =m] days1 b mu* c>e 0 tak5 ( ! bl9d1 ev5 m ?an at pres5t4' --',9 :at way8' ask$ %e4 --',9 =m] days ! bl9d _h sev]al privileges4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re 0 a special ord] consi/+ ( sev]al degrees1 :i* 0 be/[$ on m]itori\s bl9d p2 next1 !re 0 a law :i* protect$ bl9d m5 :5 l5d+ money1 s t !y _h great facility 9 gett+ _! dues paid1 inasmu* z a lay debtor 0 summ>ily ord]$ to pay any claim rais$ by a bl9d man4 ,!n ! musical pr(ession 0 g5]ally assign$ to !m1 ?us1 ! pr(essors ( ! ,koto1 a /r+$ in/rum5t1 7 g5]ally bl9d m51 & !y _h ! privilege ( giv+ out diplomas to _! pupils4 ,9 ! c\ntry p>ts1 bl9d m5 7 all[$ to make a r\nd ( visits to ! diff]5t h\ses ( ! g5try1 s++ a p>ticul> k9d ( w>-song1 call$ ,heike1 to ! accompanim5t ( ! ,biwa1 ano!r k9d ( /r+$ in/rum5t4 ,!n aga91 ! ,amma1 ! ,japanese massage 0 mo/ly ! pr(ession ( bl9d m54' ',y say bl9d m51 b :at ( bl9d wom58' ask$ ano!r4 --',ah6 ,i 0 wrong1 = ,i h only spok5 ( bl9d m51 b bl9d wom5 7 acc\nt$ mu* ! same4 ,b t ,japanese ,amma1 ,i c nev] =get x1 especially aft] h>d "w :5 "o's muscles h become /iff5$4 ,x is su* a soo?+ rem$y4 ,9 ,europe massage is us$ only = p :o h "s ailm5t1 b 9 ,japan ord9>y p v commonly make use ( x1 & consequ5tly a l>ge numb] ( bl9d p foll[ t occupation4 ,! protection ( ! bl9d "u ! old rgime 01 ( c\rse1 good 9 its aim1 b x produc$ "s abuse1 &1 besides1 ! great *ange ( all me?ods ( adm9i/ration also affect$ ! privileges giv5 !m4 ,!re is no long] any ord] be/[$ on !m1 nor any special protection giv5 to bl9d money-l5d]s1 b 9 o!r respects _! occupations rema9 pretty mu* ! same4' --',y h j spok5 ( lun> mon?s ( ,augu/1' said ano!r3 '"h 9 ,p>is ! ,russian ,embassy & ! ,*9ese ,legation celebrate _! ,new ,ye> ea* diff]5tly f ours4 ,russia /ill /icks to ! old /yle ( cal5d> ?\gh sol>2 & ,*9a seems to hold to ! lun>4 ,h[ is x ) y8 ,y\r cal5d> does n seem to diff] f ours4' --',yes1 our cal5d> at pres5t is exactly ! same z y\rs1' ,i answ]$4 ',x us$ to be lun>1 z is ! ,*9ese1 b x is n[ ?irty-f\r ye>s s9ce we adopt$ ! sol> by a /roke ( ! p51 t is to say1 by an edict ( ! ,emp]or4 ,we ?\ght 9 ?is _w ( cosmopolitanism t x 0 r inconv5i5t = ! diff]5t nations to h diff]5t cal5d>s1 & t x w\ld be exp$i5t to foll[ ! example ( ! majority ( ! nations4 ,we consid]$ x a bold /roke ( policy1 b y see all su* *anges are made subjects ( ridicule1 & ! ,japanese are call$ m]e imitators4' --',oh no1 y g too f>1' said ano!r4 ',no "o ridicules ,japan = t k9d ( *ange4 ,x 0 excell5t4' --',& yet1' said ,i1 'all o!r *anges are exactly ! same 9 our eyes z t "o4' --',p are n[ beg9n+ to und]/& ,japan1' said %e4 --',may be1' ,i said4 ',i am v glad ( x1 b1 y see1 our calumniators ev5 n[ make v unju/ accusations aga9/ u1 & /ill speak ( u z monkeys4 ,s9ce my arrival 9 ,europe1 n only h ,i notic$ t ^! ?+s h be5 writt5 9 newspap]s1 b ,i h myself receiv$ _m lett]s ( t k9d4 ,i _c ?9k :at good !y c d by s5d+ me su* lett]s & wa/+ /amps4 ,i suppose !y are b an inf9itesimal "p ( ! money sp5t = su* purposes by our oppon5ts4 ,?is v day1 :5 ,i 0 com+ out ( ! hotel1 ,i receiv$ "o ( ^? lett]s3 ! po/m>k is ,p>is4 ,i read x ?r\gh on ! way1 & ,i h x /ill "h4 ,x is ?is3 y may read x4' ,s say+1 ,i h&$ ! lett] to ! lady1 & %e read x out z foll[s3 ',,mon ,,*] ,,s+e ,,jaune1--,v\s s+es jaunes1 v\lez avoir beauc\p de pices jaunes--travaillez--v\s les aurez2 mais avec votre tu]ie--v\s n'arriv]ez pas les avoir--je v\s assure4 ,fi*ez le camp--allez habit] aux ,philip9es4 ,l',europe et l',amrique sont f]mes aux s+es jaunes sauvages4 ,v\s m>tirisez *ez v\s les femmes6 ,votre meilleur homme ,yoma 7sic7--en a tu plusieurs4 ,v\s tes s+es jaunes trs mprisables--oh1 bi5tt l'or aura raison de vos hordes 444 ,s\v5ez-v\s de mes s+es4 ,s+es jaunes sauvages dg\tants4 ,,miss ,,nelly4 ',qui ne v\s aime pas3 oh du t\t4444' ,f9i%+ ! read+1 ! lady exclaim$1 ',:at a %ame6' 9 :i* all ^? li/5+ jo9$4 ,said ,i1--',! lett] evid5tly ref]s to ! "q ( indemnity4 ,y see1 x is writt5 on a telegraph-=m1 & ! article & ! song1 bo? equally disgu/+1 pa/$ purposely = me to read1 are cutt+s f ,russophile pap]s3 y c pretty well surmise f :at s\rce x came2 ! signature is also amus+6' --',%ame6' !y all exclaim$ once m1 b we all soon bur/ into laught]4 ,:5 ! laught]1 :]eby ! peace ( my dreaml& _h be5 a trifle di/urb$1 subsid$1 a lady pres5t said3 --',y h a peculi> way ( c\nt+ "o's age1 h y n8 ,has t any?+ to d ) ! cal5d>8 ,don't y say1 = in/ance1 a baby born ! ye> be=e ! la/1 ?ree ye>s old8' --',yes1' ,i answ]$1 'we /ill d s 9 ord9>y conv]sation4 ,b x has no?+ to d ) ! cal5d>2 x is only a matt] ( usage4 ,y see ! ye> 9 :i* "o is born is c\nt$ z "o ye>1 & ! ye> 9 :i* "o is c\nt+ is c\nt$ z ano!r1 & !re=e1 a *ild born ! ye> be=e la/ is reckon$ z ?ree ye>s old4 ,9 ! case ( a dead p]son1 ! ye> 9 :i* he di$ is c\nt$ z "o ye>2 !re=e1 :5 y read ( ! age ( our h]oes or /atesm5 9 hi/ory1 y h always to take t into acc\nt4 ,9 =m] days1 "y ladies born late 9 ! ye> us$ to compla9 to _! mo!rs t !y _h a disadvantage 9 po9t ( age4 ,"y ladies l to m9imise _! age all ov] ! _w4 ,don't !y8' --',no jok+1 please4' --',v well6 s9ce ! alt]ation ( ! cal5d> we h adopt$ y\r mode ( reckon+ = legal purposes1 & we say 9 t case1 full s _m ye>s4 ,x is !re=e r /range 9 actual society to he> p (t5 speak+ ( s _m ye>s ( age accord+ to ! new /yle1 & s _m ye>s accord+ to ! old /yle4' --',x mu/ s\nd v odd4 ,apropos ( ladies1 ,i adore ,japanese ladies1' said a lady4 --',ah6 t's too mu*3 surely y d n ?9k s1' ,i rem>k$4 ,! lady j ref]r$ to 0 an ,am]ican by bir?1 :o came to ,france :5 a m]e *ild1 & hav+ gr[n up 9 ?is c\ntry _h m>ri$ a ,fr5*man4 ,! c\ple 7 out 9 ,japan = _m ye>s4 ,!y _h sev]al *ildr51 ! majority ( :om 7 born !re4 ,%e _h resid$ 9 "o ( ! mo/ popul\s t[ns1 h] husb& hav+ be5 atta*$ to a c]ta9 public function4 ,%e seem$ n entirely to approve ( ! social condition ( ,france4 --',france w be ru9$ by h] wom54 ,look1 = in/ance1 at ! condition ( ,p>is1' %e said4 --',y je/4 ,i imag9e y\r ideal ( wom5 mu/ be v diff]5t f ours1' ,i said4 --',no6 ,n at all1' %e answ]$4 --',& yet1' said ,i1 '! "q ( ! /atus ( wom5 is becom+ m ke51 f> m ke5 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,i h obs]v$ x 9 _m writ+s4' --',t's true1 ,i d>e say1' %e said4 --',a little "t ago1' ,i cont9u$1 ',i read an article describ+ ! influ5ce ( ,am]ican wives & daught]s ov] _! husb&s & p>5ts4 ,i rememb] "o in/ance m5tion$ 9 t article4 ,! daught] ( a well-to-d bus9ess man took a fancy to live 9 a t[n :]e %e _h be5 on a visit = a little "t4 ,%e prevail$ on h] fa!r to remove _! home to t t[n4 ,he did s1 & ! result 0 8 total ru9 9 consequ5ce ( los+ old cu/om]s & n obta9+ new4 ,! /ory may be a little exagg]at$4' --',no1 x is q possible1' %e said4 ',i l ,japanese ladies & _! *ildr54 ,! ,japanese ladies ,i met ) 7 s sweet & g5tle & real models ( wom54 ,i came to "k !m v intimately 9 ?is way4 ,y see1 9 ! t[n :]e ,i liv$ !re is an association = ! promotion ( ! mutual int]e/s ( ,france & ,japan1 ! memb]s be+ mo/ly ,fr5*m54 ,no lady 0 admitt$ into memb]%ip at fir/4 ,i insi/$ on hav+ x done4 ,i 0 ! fir/ lady memb]4 ,i induc$ _m ,japanese ladies to become memb]s4 ,! views ,i held 7 t mutual und]/&+ c\ld only be promot$ by bo? sexes associat+ ) ea* o!r4 ,we f\nd ! innovation "w v satisfactory4 ,i (t5 invit$ ,japanese ladies to my home to sp5d an aft]noon or ev5+4 ,i usually caus$ !m to br+ _! *ildr51 & made !m play ) m9e4 ,i did all ?is ) z little c]emony z possible1 because only by do+ s c real fri5d%ip be br\ght ab\t4 ,i1 ( c\rse1 return$ ! visits & took my *ildr5 ) me4 ,dur+ t int]c\rse ,i naturally came to "k a great deal ab\t ! ,japanese ladies1 & = t reason ,i ?9k s mu* ( !m4 ,!y are real ideals ( wom54 ,p]haps a little m fre$om = !m might be good1 b on ! :ole no?+ m c\ld be desir$4 ,don't let !m get spoilt by ! evil influ5ce ( ! ,we/4' --',i ?9k ,i mu/ res]ve my rem>ks1 ei!r pro or con1' ,i said1 'b x is curi\s to notice :at div]g5ce ( op9ion !re is relat+ to ! condition ( ,japanese wom54 ,p]us+ casually a book by ,lafcadio ,he>n a little "t ago1 ,i came across a passage :]e he speaks ( ,japanese wom5 z be+ ! mo/ arti/ic objects1 z x 71 ( ! mo/ arti/ic nation ( ! _w1 & lam5ts t ?is p]fection w be det]iorat$ by ! influ5ce ( "t4 ,!re is a lady ( good bir? 9 ,london :om ,i "k v well1 :o admires ,japanese ladies v mu*1 ?\gh ,i am n q sure t %e h]self w\ld l to live l a ,japanese lady4 ,%e told me t :5 ! "t came = h] two boys to m>ry %e w\ld s5d !m to ,japan 9 ord] to be m>ri$ out !re4 ,h] words may n h be5 m]e pass+ complim5ts1 = %e has contribut$ to a mon?ly an article "u ! title ( ! ,true ,*rysan!mum1 :i* pays a v high tribute to ! ,japanese wom54 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 few ,occid5tals "k :at ! ,japanese wom5 are1 & writ]s are n want+ :o ca/ ^u !m sweep+ condemnation4 ,!y ev5 say t ,japanese wom5 "k n :at is *a/ity1 & ev5 t no su* ^w exi/s 9 ! ,jananese language4' --',:at nons5se6' --',excuse me = pu%+ my rem>ks to su* a po9t z ?is1' ,i cont9u$1 'b y see ,i am s blunt 9 expression1 & ,i _c make my mean+ pla9 unless ,i use su* cut-&-dry phrases4 ,9 my own op9ion1 )\t any p>tiality = my own c\ntry1 ,i ?9k ,i c confid5tly say t *a/ity is f> m practis$ 9 ,japan ?an 9 any o!r nation4' --',he>n's books1 :i* y h j m5tion$1 are *>m+1' said ano!r lady4 ',i h read "s ( !m4 ,!y g1 ,i ?9k1 a long way 9 contradict+ ^? unfair *>ges4' --',yes1 ,i ?9k s too1' said ,i4 ',b1 y "k1 "o tongue is no?+ aga9/ a hundr$1 z we say4 ,h[ev] t may be1 he 0 a f9e writ]4 ,x is sad t he di$ la/ ye>4 ,he made1 z he said1 ! /udy ( ! ,japanese he>t & ?\ght 8 special subject4 ,all 8 books1 !re=e1 are conc]n$ ) "s sort ( ,japanese psy*ology4 ,!y are g5]ally s full ( pa?os & feel+ t ev5 ,japanese read]s are (t5 mov$ to te>s4' --',!n y h read all 8 books4 ,i %\ld l y to give me ! outl9e ( !m at y\r leisure1' %e said4 --',i don't ?9k t w\ld be possible1 because ,i don't "k !m all4' --',b y h j n[ said all 8 books1 z ?\gh y knew all1' %e said4 --',no6' ,i answ]$1 ',i h n read all4 ,i h se5 mo/ ( ! titles1 & "s pages "h & !re1 & guess$ all ! re/4 ,y see1 n[adays1 pr9t+ is comp>atively s *eap & p are s fond ( writ+1 & fur!r1 n9e-t5?s ( ! writ]s h _! books pr9t$ at _! own exp5se1 s t ! publi%]s run no1 risk4 ,if1 !re=e1 "o tries to read all books1 "o w\ld become a m]e bookworm & a good-=-no?+ fell[4 ,once a compatriot ( m9e1 :5 9 ,g]many1 0 admitt$ into ! /udy ( a great pr(essor4 ,! f\r walls 7 cov]$ ) no?+ b %elves ( books4 ,! pr(essor said t all ^? books 7 s5t to him by writ]s ( all nations :o 7 engag$ 9 ! same pursuits z himself4 ,z a matt] ( fact he 0 a juri/1 & all ^? books 7 on law4 ,! visitor ask$ if he _h read all ( !m1 to :i* ! pr(essor answ]$ ,yes4 ,!reupon he obs]v$1 ,impossible1 y c\ld n h _h "t to read !m all4 ,! pr(essor !n expla9$ t ! ess5tial po9ts ( any book 7 all kn[n to exp]ts1 s t a few pages on ^? po9ts1 :i* c\ld easily be f\nd by index1 7 suffici5t to "k all t 0 conta9$ 9 a book4 ,9 t way1 he said1 he read all ! books :i* _h come to him4' --',:at a joke6' said ! lady4 ',b :at k9d ( man 0 he8 ,i mean ,mr4 ,he>n4 ,8 life seems to h be5 mu* 9 ! cl\ds4' --',s f> z ,i am aw>e (1' said ,i1 'he 0 born 9 ,lafcadi1 "o ( ! ,ionian ,isl&s1 :5 x 0 "u ,engli% occupation1 hav+ an ,iri% fa!r1 ,i believe1 & a ,greek "m4 ,he pass$ 8 e>ly ye>s 9 ,engl& until he became a y\?1 :5 he w5t to ,am]ica1 :]e he rema9$ until aft] ! prime ( life4 ,he !n w5t to ,japan1 & 9 c\rse ( "t m>ri$ a ,japanese lady & became a naturalis$ subject !re4 ,s he 0 a regul> cosmopolitan4 ,he always occupi$ "s position z tea*]1 & 0 mu* lik$ by 8 num]\s pupils4 ,8 ,japanese "n 0 ,koizumi ,yakumo4 ,te*nically speak+1 he caus$ himself to be adopt$ by ! family ( 8 wife1 & s took _! family "n ,koizumi = 8 surname1 & ,yakumo = 8 p]sonal "n1 or1 z y call x1 ,*ri/ian "n4' --',:at y h j said some:at /rikes me1' rem>k$ ! lady4 ',y h put ! ,*ri/ian "n aft] ! surname4' --',ah6' said ,i1 t's a reasonable "q4 ,p]haps y don't "k t 9 ,japan we put our family "n fir/4 ,t is to say ,gambetta ,lon in/ead ( ,lon ,gambetta1 if he 7 a ,japanese4 ,x is s ) ! ,*9ese2 x is also s ) ! ,hung>ians4 ,x is "o ( ! pro(s :i* ! ,hung>ians produce z be+ desc5dants ( ! same /ock z ! ,ori5tals4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we are 9 ,europe1 or write ) ,european lett]s1 we g5]ally rev]se ! ord] & make x agree ) ! ,european me?od4 ,well1 unless we d t1 we are liable to be call$ wrongly by hav+ our names rev]s$1 9 su* a fa%io z ,monsieur ,lon1 or ,monsieur ,g4 ,lon1 in/ead ( ,monsieur ,gambetta1 or ,monsieur ,l4 ,gambetta4 ,su* absurdities (t5 occur 9 reality1 & x is v inconv5i5t4 --',i see3 t acc\nts = _m discrepancies :i* exi/ 9 writ+ som well-kn[n ,japanese names1 z ,i occasionally notice 9 books or pap]s writt5 9 a =eign language2 b x is no use to ref] to ! ,japanese by "n1 _! names are too difficult = u to rememb]--x took me weeks to rememb] y\r "n correctly4' --',j s1' ,i answ]$1 ',x is equally difficult = u to rememb] ,european names4 ,x is ! reason :y ,i d n recollect _m p to :om ,i am cont9ually introduc$2 to confess1 ,i d n rememb] y\r "n correctly4 ,russian names are p>ticul>ly difficult to rememb]1 n only to u ,ori5tals1 b to ,anglo-,saxons1 ev5 to y1 ! ,fr5*4 ,d y "k t 9 ,engl& ,rodje/v5sky1 be=e he became fam\s & well kn[n1 0 call$ simply ,roj v (t51 & ali5s sometimes call$ him ,rott5-*eese-sky4 ,poor admiral6 ,witte is simple en\gh to rememb]4 ,we ,japanese rememb] & (t5 write ,g5]al ,kuropatk9 z ,kurobato1 t is to say1 black pigeon4 ,( c\rse1 association is ! be/ means ( remembrance4 ,we rememb] y\r words ,salle--mang] by ,s>a-mongi1 t is1 a plate & writt5 *>act]s1 & ! ,engli% ^w ,m9i/] z me-no-%ita1 t is1 bel[ ! eyes4 ,9 fact1 me-no-%ita is us$ v commonly 9 corrupt ,engli% at ! op5 ports ( ,japan4 ,frans-,me-no-%ita is ,fr5* ,m9i/]1 & ,igiris-,me-no-,%ita is ,engli% ,m9i/]4 ,a doz5 ye>s ago !re 0 9 ,japan an ent]pris+ man :o adv]tis$ t he _h inv5t$ a good sy/em ( memory1 & ev5 op5$ a s*ool4 ,x 0 no o!r ?an rememb]+ ?+s by association1 & ,i ?9k !re is a good deal 9 x4 ,a little "t ago1 z y "k1 _! ,highnesses ,pr9ce & ,pr9cess ,arisugawa 7 on a visit to ,europe4 ,"l ,lansd[ne _h great difficulty 9 rememb]+ ! "n4 ,our ,me-no-%ita 9 ,london ask$ him if !re 7 n a ,pr9cess ,alice 9 ,engl&1 to :i* 8 ,lord%ip repli$ ,yes4 ,he !n ask$ if !re 7 n a /reet call$ ,g[] ,/reet1 to :i* 8 ,lord%ip simil>ly answ]$ ,yes4 ,!reupon our m9i/] said3 ,v well1 ,pr9cess ,alice & ,g[] ,/reet1 t makes ,arisugawa4 ,aft] t 8 lord%ip1 ! ,=eign ,secret>y ( ,great ,brita91 rememb]$ ! "n ( our ,pr9ce & ,pr9cess v well4' --',t's all v well1' said %e3 'b y mix up r & l altoge!r4' --',t's true1' ,i answ]$1 'x is ! weake/ po9t = u 9 speak+ ,european tongues4 ,we _c1 or at lea/ )\t ! greate/ difficulty1 make any diff]5ce 9 pron\nc+ r & l4 ,?us "r & light become alike :5 we speak4 ,x is v necess>y to ?9k ( t fact :5 y talk ) a ,japanese4 ,all ?is arises f ! fact t 9 ! ,*9ese & ,japanese tongues !re are n two diff]5t s\nds ( r & l2 ^? s\nds 9 ,japanese are m l y\r ra1 ri1 ru1 re1 ro1 :il/ !y are la1 li1 lu1 le1 lo 9 ,*9ese4' --',i h notic$ x v (t51' %e said1 'ev5 :ile y talk y d ! same4 ,y\r allusion to rememb]+ ?+s by association is v true2 we d ! same v (t54 ,b x (t5 produces curi\s errors4' --',true1' ,i said1 ',i "k a few in/ances4 ,9 ,japan !re is a k9d ( clo?1 mo/ly us$ = ngliges1 call$ ,yukata1 a ba?-clo?1 s call$ because x 0 orig9ally us$ aft] ! ba?4 ,we call ! ev5+ ,yiukata1 ! only diff]5ce be+ ! u 9 "o case be+ pron\nc$ long] ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,we call %[] ,yiuda*i4 ,a ,european lady m>ri$ to a ,japanese appe>s to h tri$ to rememb] ! ba?-clo? by association4 ,%e w5t to a drap]'s & ask$ = a ,yiuda*i 7%[]7 9 place ( ,yiukata 7ev5+74 ,no "o und]/ood x4 ,%e 0 speak+ ( %[] in/ead ( ev5+1 ! result ( try+ to speak by association4 ,we h two ways ( c\nt+1 & we call ! numb] t5 ei!r jiu or to4 ,we h a c]ta9 k9d ( boxes :i* are made to fit "o on top ( ! o!r1 & only ! topmo/ box has a lid4 ,!y are call$ jiu-bako1 :i* means pil+ boxes4 ,!y are us$ 9 h\seholds v commonly4 ,! same lady appe>s to h rememb]$ t "n by jiu1 t is1 t5 ( ! numb] accord+ to "o ( two ways1 & ,hako1 a box4 ,"o day %e call$ h] s]vant to br+ to-bako in/ead ( jiu-bako4 ,! s]vants1 (1 c\rse1 did n und]/& h]4 ,! lady misus$ ! association ( c\nt+ t5 9 "o way in/ead ( ! o!r4' --',y said y _h no diff]5ce betwe5 r & l1 b ,i suppose y h almo/ all s\nds ( our tongue4' --',no1' ,i answ]$1 'we h n4 ,we h1 = in/ance1 no s\nd ( f or v4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry p pron\nce ha1 hi1 he1 ho l fa1 fi1 fe1 fo1 b x is consid]$ bad dialect4 ,! want ( v & f 9 our lett]s is a po9t ( great difficulty 9 transcrib+ =eign words into our writ+1 b we employ a new me?od = do+ s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 our h is pron\nc$ v acutely4 ,y say y h h mute & h aspirate1 b 9 practice ,i nev] see1 or r he>1 any aspiration at all4 ,h5ce1 ,c\nt ,hisamatsu1 our actual milit>y atta*1 is always call$ by ! ,fr5*1 z he compla9s1 ,isamatsu1 :i* is n 8 ,japanese "n at all4 ,?is fact rem9ds me ( a simil> matt] conc]n+ our own ,tokio4 ,! g5u9e ,tokio p g5]ally pron\nce ,hi z %i4 ,x is curi\s1 b x is a fact4 ,?is (t5 causes comical mi/akes to be made by s]vant-girls :o are told by _! mi/resses to pron\nce x correctly1 = !y (t5 mix up & use hi 9 place ( %i & vice v]sa4 ,m9d6 ,tokio is ! capital ( ,japan1 b its language is n ! pure/ ( ! ,japanese language4 ,! same holds good 9 ,london4 ,x is r /range = u to notice t 9 ,london ! h is s commonly misus$4 ,i once w5t to a ma/]1 or r mi/ress1 z %e 0 a woman1 ( elocution1 or at lea/ %e adv]tis$ h]self z su*1 & %e told me t "o mu/ be v c>eful n to be corrupt$ by ! ,london patois1 & t "o mu/ n say am & hegg = ham & egg1 b :ile %e 0 tell+ me ^? ?+s %e h]self 0 mak+ an awful mangl+ ( ! h4 ,no wond]6 ,%e 0 a pure ,london]4 ,i w5t to h] no m4' --',t's too awful6 ,%e c\ld n h be5 a well-educat$ woman1 or y are tell+ u an exagg]at$ /ory4' --',maybe %e 0 n well educat$1' said ,i1 'b my /ory is a pla91 nak$ fact4 ,x is v difficult1 ,i ?9k1 to get rid ( colloquial corruption :5 once ?or\ghly imbu$ ) x1 ev5 ) all ! aids ( education4 ,i c relate an incid5t be>+ on ! po9t4 ,!re is1 9 ,japan1 f> away f ,tokio1 a di/rict :]e p 9 common p>lance c make no diff]5ce betwe5 %i & su4 ,once ,i w5t to t di/rict & gave a lecture to a l>ge ga!r+ ( /ud5ts belong+ to ! high] s*ools ( ! di/rict4 ,sev5 or eight ( ! mo/ capable /ud5ts took d[n my spee*1 & a complete draft ( x 0 made by !m1 ! defective p>ts hav+ be5 suppli$ by "o f ! o!r4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 ! local pap]s4 ,x 0 mo/ p]fect1 z ?\gh tak5 by %or?&1 except 9 "o respect1 & x 0 t %i & su _h be5 int]m+l$1 z ?\gh ,i _h spok5 9 ! local dialect4 ,x seems t n only are !y unable to di/+ui% ! diff]5ce :5 !y !mselves speak1 b also :5 !y he> o!r p speak4 ,x is a great drawback to ! developm5t ( ! di/rict4 ,! local au?orities hire tea*]s f o!r di/ricts & try to correct ?is defect1 b ) little success4 ,! function ( our e>s is /range4 ,s\nds :i* are q di/9ct to "s p are q indi/9ct to o!rs4 ,our music has n s high a v>iation ( tune z ! ,we/]n music1 b x has suffici5t v>iation to please our e>s2 b ! ,occid5tals comp>e our music to ! beat+ ( a drum by a *ild--no tune & no v>iation1 ! reason be+1 ,i ?9k1 because our tunes & v>iations are q inaudible to ! ,we/]n e>4 ,f ! same po9t ( view1 cr[s or c[s1 &1 inde$1 all liv+ animals h _! own language1 only our e>s _c di/+ui% ! diff]5ce ( _! words "o f ano!r4' --',ano!r pleasantry1 ,i p]ceive1' rem>k$ a lady4 ',b tell me1 b>on1 h[ d y pron\nce ! "n ( y\r great /atesman1 ,ito8 ,is x pron\nc$ l a-i-t-o-1 t is to say1 i 9 ! ,engli% way ( pron\nc+ ,irel&8' --',no1' ,i said1 'l a-i-t-o- )\t a1 t is to say1 i 9 y\r own ,fr5* way ( pron\nc+ ,irel&4 ,i w once = all give y a good clue h[ to pron\nce ,japanese names1 :i* y mu/ come across v (t5 n[adays 9 ! newspap]s4 ,i is pron\nc$ always l i 9 y\r il or ,engli% ill4 ,our ,e is always l e 9 ,fr5* tat or t4 ,g is always h>d gutt]al1 t is to say1 ga l g 9 ,gambetta1 ge l ge 9 ,engli% get1 & ge 9 ,g]man1 & y\r gue4 ,gi l gi 9 ! ,engli% gift1 & y\r gui 9 ,guillaume1 &1 !re=e1 y mu/ pron\nce ,g5]al ,nogi l ,g5]al ,nogui 9 ! ,fr5* way1 & n l ,noji or ,nozi z y g5]ally d4 ,our g is always g1 9 ,engli% got1 unless ! o is a long "o z 9 ,tg1 & our gu is always l a simple g 9 ,glad/one & ,grant4' --',b h[ d y !n acc\nt = u8' int]pos$ %e4 --',our u prec$$ by a consonant1' ,i answ]$1 'is g5]ally s\nd$ v1 v slightly--almo/ inaudibly1 9 fact--s mu* s t y ne$ take no notice ( x4 ,!re=e ku1 su1 mu1 etc41 are l simple k1 s1 m1 etc4 ,!re is ano!r secret 9 pron\nc+ our names1 & x is ?is3 :5 a consonant is foll[$ by a v[el1 pron\nce x always toge!r ) ! v[el4 ,?us yoritomo %\ld be pron\nc$ yo-ri-to-mo1 & n yor-i-tom-o1 & pron\nce x )\t putt+ any acc5t3 if y foll[ ?is rule1 y w get ne>] to ! "r pronunciation4' ,!re 0 among ^? pres5t ! daught] ( ,pr9ce ,i*ijo1 naval atta* to ! ,japanese ,legation4 ,%e 0 address$ by a p]son pres5t z ,miss ,i*ijo4 ,?is appe>s to h /ruck a lady pres5t1 :o 0 at a little di/ance f h]4 ,%e said to me3 --',is n t "y lady ( v high bir?8' --',yes1 %e is4 ,h] p>5tage is v high1 ?\gh n ( ! ,imp]ial blood4' --',is %e n a daught] ( ,pr9ce ,i*ijo8' --',yes1 %e is ! daught] by 8 fir/ wife1 :o is no m2 ! pres5t pr9cess is 8 second wife1 also ( high bir?1 be+ a daught] ( "o ( our =m] great feudal lords4' --',h[ is x1 !n1 t ! "y lady is address$ z ,miss4 ,if %e 7 a ,european1 %e w\ld c]ta9ly be address$ z pr9cess1 or by "s o!r title8' --',y are "r 9 ?9k+ s1' ,i answ]$2 'b 9 ,japan ! titles ( nobility are only borne p]sonally by ! *ief ( ! family & 8 wife4 ,all ! o!r memb]s ( ! family diff] 9 no way f ord9>y p1 except t !y %>e ! memb]%ip ( ! family4 ,9 ?is respect our sy/em totally diff]s f t ( ,cont95tal ,europe4 ,! ,engli% sy/em is l ours z f> z law goes1 b !re also ! y\ng] memb]s ( noble families enjoy "s di/9ction by c\rtesy4 ,?is is ! reason :y "o he>s ( a m>quis1 an e>l1 or a visc\nt speak+ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons z an ,m4,p4' --',i suppose y\r sy/em ( nobility is pretty mu* ! same z ! ,we/]n ones 9 o!r respects1' said %e4 --',yes1 our titles ( nobility are divid$ into five grades1 correspond+1 = example1 to ! ,engli% duke1 m>quis1 e>l1 visc\nt1 & b>on4 ,! fir/ grade1 :i* corresponds to ! ,engli% duke1 is g5]ally translat$ z pr9ce2 ,i don't "k :o began x b x is s4 ,9 ,g]many ! highe/ title ( nobility is ,fr/1 z y "k1 & x is translat$ z pr9ce 9 ,engli% or ,fr5*4 ,i believe ! analogy is tak5 f t fact4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be conf\nd$ ) ! pr9ces ( ,imp]ial blood1 = 9 ,japanese ! two titles 9 "q are absolutely di/9ct1 ?\gh1 translat$ into ! ,european languages1 !y s\nd v mu* alike4' --',:at books writt5 9 ,engli% on ,japan w\ld y recomm5d me to read8' ask$ "o lady4 --',i _c say ) mu* au?ority1 because naturally ,i h n sp5t mu* "t ov] ^? books1 b began x f :at ,i h obs]v$ & f :at ,i h he>d f o!r p ,lafcadio ,he>n's are ! be/ to /udy ! ,japanese "*1 b 8 books are g5]ally collections ( diff]5t essays1 s t !y d n give a panoramic survey ( ,japan4 ,9 t respect ,advance ,japan1 by ,j4 ,morris1 is said to be v h&y & good4 ,conc]n+ t book1 ,i may m5tion a r comm5dable incid5t :i* took place la/ ye>4 ,a ,russian lady1 a lov] ( h] own c\ntry1 ,i presume1 lam5t$ ! great lack ( k ( ,japan among h] c\ntry p1 :i* 01 z %e ?\ght1 ! cause ( ! _m mis=tunes to h] c\ntry4 ,%e wrote to an ,engli% fri5d ( h]s ask+ :at book writt5 9 ,engli% on ,japan %e w\ld recomm5d h] to translate into ,russian4 ,! ,engli% lady recomm5d$ ! book j m5tion$1 & x 0 translat$ & publi%$ 9 ,russia4 ,i h myself se5 ! ,russian edition ( x1 neatly pr9t$ & beautifully illu/rat$4 ,! ,rev4 ,william ,e4 ,griffis1 ( ,am]ica1 has writt5 sev]al books on ,japan4 ,8 ,mikado's ,empire gives a mo/ excell5t g5]alisation ( ,japanese hi/ory4 ,a new book on ,japan1 entitl$ ,imp]ial ,japan by ,knox1 ano!r ,am]ican1 is v good4 ,i h read x ?r\gh4 ,! only *apt] 9 x :i* ,i ?9k v unfair is "o relat+ to ,japanese wom54 ,( c\rse1 ev5 9 ! be/ books !re are "s po9ts :i* are n q exact1 & !y conta9 _m amus+ mi/akes :5 scrut9is$ f our po9t ( view4' --',:at is !n y\r op9ion ab\t ,lafcadio ,he>n's books1 = in/ance8 ,i w\ld l to "k y\r op9ion1' said ano!r lady4 --',y make me trav]se almo/ ! same field ov] aga91' ,i said4 --',nev] m9d6 ,! po9ts are diff]5t1' %e said4 --',well1 ,i ne$ n speak ( 8 occasional mi/ranslations ( ,japanese words or "s small te*nical errors1 b ,i c say t1 9 my op9ion1 he sometimes goes a little too f> 9 giv+ reasons to matt]s conc]n+ feel+ & s5tim5t4 ,= in/ance1 he raises ! "q1 if a s\l be some?+ concrete & suppose x is gone some:]e--heav5 or ,p>adise1 z "o may t]m x--h[ w\ld x be possible to be pres5t simultane\sly at ! place :]e x is en%r9$1 or :]e (f]+s are made1 & he tries to solve ! difficulty philosophically & logically4 ,he seems to place too mu* /ress on our notions ( ance/ral wor%ip4 ,we practise x1 we l x1 & we ?9k x f9e & noble1 & yet we d s f a _s ( feel+ & s5tim5t4 ,_m ?+s 9 connection !re) are done by u1 n always ) conclusive1 logical reason+4 ,9 ?is respect _m ,europeans (t5 misjudge u1 =gett+ t !y !mselves d ! same at home4 ,!y canonise m]itori\s p]sons1 sometimes only leg5d>y2 !y h _! wayside %r9es ( ,madonna2 !y celebrate ,all ,s\ls' ,day1 :5 ! :ole t[n or village flocks to ! cemet]y2 !y set up /atues ( great m51--a /atesman1 a w>rior1 a writ]1 a philan?ropi/1 a musical compos]1 a sculptor1 a sci5ti/1 & :at n4 ,!y con/ruct a gr& pan!on or ca!dral & consecrate ! rema9s ( _! di/+ui%$ dead !re94 ,!y ev5 erect colossal figures ( an ideal p]sonification1 su* z ,lib]ty /&+ on high at ! ,place de la ,rpublique1 & o!r figures repres5t+ great cities1 z at ! ,place de la ,concorde4 ,!y sometimes decorate su* figures on c]ta9 days ) fl[]s1 z is ! case ) ! /atue ( ,beaconsfield1 :i* is cov]$ ) primroses on ,primrose ,league ,day1 nay1 sometimes a figure is decorat$ ) wrea?s all ! ye> r\nd1 l ,/rasb\rg at ! ,place de la ,concorde4 ,m9d1 ) reg>d to ?is la/1 ,i am n speak+ ( any political aspect ( ! matt]4 ,all ?is to my m9d is v f9e 9 idea4 ,all ?is1 ,i ?9k1 is n done = m]e play1 nor are ^? objects set up = m]e ornam5t4 ,! notion conta9$ !re9 is1 ,i ?9k1 int5d$ to p]petuate & sanctify ! memory ( ! p]son1 or ( an idea 9 ! m9ds ( ! p4 ,if any /rang]1 = in/ance1 approa* any ( ^! objects & insult x 9 any gross mann]1 he w\ld be sure to be mu* hiss$1 or ev5 puni%$4 ,f ?is1 x is c]ta9 t ^! matt]s belong to ! sph]e ( feel+ & s5tim5t & are n exactly )9 ! limits ( /rict philosophical & logical reason+4 ,our ance/ral wor%ip & ?+s connect$ ) x are ( ! same k9d4 ,& yet ^? ,occid5tals :o h !mselves v simil> ?+s look ^u su* in/itutions 9 ,japan ) amazem5t or curiosity1 or ev5 ) contempt1 or else l ,lafcadio ,he>n1 try to reason out "s po9ts :i* are n altoge!r soluable by ord9>y reason+4 ,a ,confucian say+ has ?is3 ,:5 y p]=m a commemoration 9 hon\r ( y\r dead p>5ts1 d x z ?\gh _! _s is pres5t be=e y4 ,& ,i ?9k x q "r2 x is no hon\r to ! dead if "o make an (f]+ & reasons 9 8 m9d at ! same "t t ! dead is no?+ m ?an du/1 or t its _s c\ld n be 9 exi/5ce1 or at all ev5ts1 f> away f u 9 an unkn[n region4 ,:5 a =eign] sees ! %r9e erect$ 9 ,tokio :]e m51 g5]als & soldi]s alike1 :o di$ = _! c\ntry1 are consecrat$ z a sort ( deity1 he is apt to ?9k x a peculi> cu/om4 ,b :at diff]5ce is !re betwe5 our obs]vance ( ! illu/ri\s dead & t ( bury+ a di/+ui%$ /atesman or soldi] 9 ! ,pan!on or ,we/m9/] ,abbey8 ,! only diff]5ce 9 all su* matt]s seems to me to am\nt to ?is3 ! feel+ & s5tim5t ( ! pres]vation ( ! memory ( ! des]v+ m5 is m int5t & m g5]al 9 "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4' --',i _c agree ) y altoge!r 9 y\r philosophy1' said a "y lady4 --',t may be1' said ,i4 ',y %ut y\r eyes to ?+s ne>2 we h a say+1 ,a ligh?\se does n see its own base4 ,oh6 ,i beg y\r p>don4 ,i mu/ n make su* rem>ks2 y see1 too great a fre$om ( spee* is apt to produce an abuse2 nay1 t v fre$om sometimes ev5 wrecks a gr& army on an exp$ition4' --',i see4 ,t is ! reason :y y muzzl$ all ! newspap] correspond5ts :o purposely w5t out to ! ,f> ,ea/1 &1 by do+ s1 y h ne>ly wreck$ y\r own c\ntry4' --',yes1 ne>ly1' ,i answ]$1 'b we happily manag$ to escape _! v9dictiv5ess1 & won our battles4 ,no "o 9 ! _w knew t ,togo 0 quietly wait+ ) 8 fleets = ! ev]-memorable ,armada beh9d ! isl&s ( ,tsu%ima1 almo/ on ! same spot :]e ! great ,mongolian ,armada 0 annihilat$ "s six hundr$ ye>s ago4' --',& yet y y\rself are r voluble4 ,y are always talk+ ab\t some?+3 y talk a good deal m ?an any ord9>y p]son4' --',excuse me1' ,i retort$1 ',i don't ?9k ,i am voluble at all4 ,by nature ,i pref] li/5+ to o!rs ?an talk+ to !m1 = 9 li/5+ to o!rs "o c le>n some?+1 b no?+ :5 talk+ to !m4 ,i pref] /ill m to be alone1 ?an ei!r to be li/5+ or talk+1 = !n ! wa/e ( "t is /ill less4 ,i only talk :5 x is absolutely necess>y4 ,y "k1 ( c\rse1 t f ,py?agoras d[n to ,sp5c] & ,huxley1 ext5d+1 ov] "s f\r or five ?\s& ye>s1 ?\s&s ( philosoph]s h writt5 books1 millions ( books1 sp9n+ out _! ?\ghts or r conjectures1 l spid]s webs1 b ! ess5ce ( x all is summ$ up 9 only ^! few words1 ,i don't "k4' --',ah6 ,i see1' cri$ %e1 'y talk n[adays s mu*1 because y ?9k x necess>y = ! good ( y\r c\ntry4 ,d y "k y are g5]ally call$ ! ,japanese ,m5tor1 or ! ,mission>y ( ?+s ,japanese4' --',i don't m9d by :at "n !y call me4 ,don't y rememb]3 ,t :i* we call a rose1 by any o!r "n w\ld smell z sweet4' --',& yet y mu/ n monopolise ! "t2 ,i mu/ n[ h my turn ( fre$om ( spee*4' ,! lady ?us claim+ h] turn ( spee* 0 a lively1 vigor\s1 en]getic "y lady1 capable ( talk+ & writ+ 9 sev]al languages1 confid5t ( h]self & ( h] sex1 z confid5t z ?\gh %e 7 c>ry+ on h] %\ld]s ! responsibility ( half mank9d1 t is1 ! :ole ( womank9d4 ,%e takes1 ( c\rse1 great int]e/ 9 wom5's education & ! promotion ( wom5's rights 9 all matt]s4 ,%e began by say+1 ) h] face turn$ t[>ds me3 --',9 ! lett] y h j read--' --',i did n read x1' ,i int]pos$2 'x 0 t lady4' --',well1 !n1' %e said1 '9 ! lett] y h br\ght 9 y\r pocket & h made "o ( ! ladies read to u4 ,9 t lett] m5tion is made ( ,japanese ladies--' --',oh1 no m ( ! ladies1' ,i int]rupt$2 ',i h spok5 s mu* ( !m1 t if ,i repeat too (t51 ,i %all we>y my read]s ( ,a ,summ] ,dream4' --',:at6' %e said1 ',i d n m9d if y read or copy ! ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream1 or ! ,w9t]s ,tale1 b ,i mu/ h my turn ( spee*4 ,9 t lett]1 ! writ] speaks ( ! ,japanese kill+ _! mo!rs1 wives1 & si/]s3 by t ! writ]1 no d\bt1 means ! affliction :i* is put ^u !m by ! dea? ( s _m m5 on ! battlefields4 ,b 9 my op9ion1 x is n only 9 ,japan t wom5 are kill$1 b 9 all c\ntries1 9 ,engl&1 9 ,france1 9 ,am]ica & ev]y:]e else6 ,man ev]y:]e despises wom5's education & deprives wom5 ( _! lives4' --',( c\rse1 y take great int]e/ 9 wom5's education1' ,i int]pos$4 --',n only1' %e cont9u$1 '!y despise wom5's education1 b !y employ e ma*9ation to h9d] wom5 f develop+ bra9 p[]1 :i* is _! only life4' --',y are too h>%1' ,i rem>k$4 --',no1 n at all1' %e cont9u$4 ',p talk ab\t ,am]ican girls gett+ ! upp] h& ( _! eld]s1 z ?\gh !y 7 n capable ( giv+ advice to _! some:at belat$ relatives4 ,! y\ng] we are1 ! old] & wis] we deem ourselves3 su* are ! real facts ( ! _w1 don't y ?9k s1 b>on8' --',well1 n exactly1' ,i repli$4 --',i don't ?9k y take mu* int]e/ 9 wom5's education4 ,y are intellig5t1 b y are1 all ! same1 a man4 ,y m5 h all "o trait 9 common1 & t is1 a desire to exclude wom5 f e sph]e ( action politically & socially4' --',no1 f> f x1' ,i answ]$4 ',i am a great advocate ( ! m5tal & physical developm5t ( wom54 ,my only desire z man is t ! "t %\ld soon arrive :5 we c\ld elect wom5 z deputies to ! ,*amb]2 s5d !m to ! b>racks & %ips z soldi]s & sailors1 & to ! field ( campaign 9 "t ( em]g5cy2 select ! mo/ beautiful z our ambassadors & m9i/]s to ! c\rts ( diff]5t c\ntries & w9 ov] ! he>ts ( ! nation to :i* !y are s5t1 :ile all ?is "t we m5 might /ay at home & calmly nurse ! babies or indulge 9 a quiet smoke1 ( :i* ,i am v fond4' --',let's h "s m s]i\s talk1' rem>k$ ano!r lady4 ',y h n yet told u ( ! f\ndation ( ,bu%ido & its e?ics4 ,let u he> some?+ ( t4' --',x is r complicat$4 ,x w take mu* "t4 ,x won't d = my ,summ] ,dream4' --',:at8' %e ask$4 --',no?+4 ,i mean x is too complicat$ & s]i\s to tell y 9 ?is place4 ,on ^? po9ts1 ,i mu/ ref] y to my book entitl$ ,! ,ris5 ,sun1 publi%$ by ,ar*ibald ,con/able1 ! be/ publi%] 9 ,london4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ important books publi%$ 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury2 o!rwise ,ar*ibald ,con/able w\ld nev] h publi%$ x4' --',i see a ,japanese g5tleman is sometimes capable ( indulg+ 9 a little bluff4' --',b ! tw5tie? c5tury has only j begun3 besides1 ?is k9d ( bluff is q h>mless4 ,x is v diff]5t f t :i* "s p are fond ( indulg+ 91 &1 above all1 x _c br+ ab\t a national cata/rophe4' --',en\gh1 we all see :at y mean4 ,_! ris+ s5ses1 z ! poet says1 w soon beg9 to *ase ! ignorant fumes t mantle _! cle>] reason4 ,let u g n[1' said "o ( !m1 & !y all disp]s$4 ,!reupon ,i also hav+ left ! room1 sprang into ! air1 & once m float$ away l a sprite1 humm+ z ,i did s3-- '444 ,i d fly ,aft] summ]1 m]rily3 ,m]rily1 m]rily1 %all ,i live n[1 ,"u ! blossom t hangs on ! b\gh4' #a ,= ^! 's++ insects1' :i* are a di/9ctive feature 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 see ,lafcadio ,he>n on ',insect-,musicians' 9 8 ,exotics & ,retrospectives 7#ahih71 pp4 #ci-hj4 ,! practice ( cag+ !m dates at lea/ f #ajie ,a4,d4 ,insects are n[ br$ = ?is purpose 9 enorm\s numb]s4 ,,iv ,a talk on brack5s--,eat+ ( fruits )\t peel+--,a pet tortoise--,rem>ks on languages--,disc\rses on jiujitsu--,comp>ison ( jiujitsu & wre/l+--,japanese art & ! ,kokkwa--,pictures 9 ! ,gospel--,disc\rse on ,bu%ido1 its hi/ory & ! orig9 ( ! t]m--,explanation ( ! t]ms ,daimio1 ,samurai1 & ,bu%i--,its lit]ature--,japanese rev5ge & ,european duel--,japanese sword--,s\l ( ,samurai--,g5]al ,/oessel & a brok5 sword--,discussion on ,japanese social morality--,japan f> clean] ?an any o!r nation--,! condition at ! "t ( ! transition--,g5]al view ( ! we/]nis$ ,japan--,occid5tal vulg>ity ,i 0 at ! lun*eon table ( ! ,duke & ,du*ess ( ,fairfield3 q en famille1 !re be+ pres5t only a "y nobleman ( ,italian desc5t besides ! duke & du*ess & _! two daught]s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( lun*eon1 casual m5tion 0 made by "o ( ! "y ladies ( ! fronds ( brack51 call$ w>abi 9 ,japan1 reg>d+ :i* ,i _h made "s rem>ks 9 ,engl& z to its edible prop]ties4 --',i h read 9 "s ,engli% pap]s all t y said ab\t x1' said ! "y nobleman2 '&1 inde$1 mo/ ( ! ,fr5* j\rnals h also report$ x s9ce4' --',yes1 aft] ,i _h initiat$ ! matt]1 almo/ all ! ,engli% pap]s1 bo? 9 t[n & c\ntry1 made "s comm5ts4 ,i h ev5 read t a philan?ropic g5tleman _h reproduc$ ! necess>y in=mation 9 leaflet =m1 = di/ribution among/ ! ne$y p 9 "s p>ts ( ,wales1 :]e !re is (t5 a sc>city ( food4 ,! />* made f ! roots ( brack5 is consid]$ 9 ,japan ! be/1 & is us$ v widely4 ,!re is a simil> vegetable call$ jemmai2 x is l>g] ?an brack5 & us$ 9 a dri$ =m4 ,x is v s(t & palatable1 & is v ext5sively us$ 9 ,japanese cook]y4 ,i d n "k = c]ta9 if ! latt] k9d exi/s 9 ,europe1 ?\gh ,i believe x does4 ,z to brack51 x gr[s ev]y:]e4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 b little sangu9e t my recomm5dation w be utilis$ 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh ! me?od ( prep>ation is v simple4 ,! secret ( ! prelim9>y prep>ation lies 9 soak+ x1 f t5 to fifte5 h\rs 9 wat] ) soda4 ,i reveal$ x f a philan?ropic motive4 ,b1 y see1 ! ,briti% are s cons]vative 9 su* matt]s4 ,i ev5 notic$1 9 a newspap]1 a lett] :]e9 ! writ] /at$ t he _h cook$ "s brack51 b x turn$ out unpalatable1 al?\gh q t5d]4 ,he did n wait to f9d out if !re might n be room = improvem5t 9 8 me?od ( cook+3 p are s apt to discr$it o!rs be=e !y make sure ( a fact4' --',t is g5]ally ! case 9 ?is _w1' said ! du*ess2 'b ,i wond] if ,fr5* brack5 is equally good4' --',surely x is1' ,i repli$1 'ev5 t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>is3 ! brack5 9 ,fonta9ebleau =e/s is said to be v f9e4 ,only 9 ,may la/1 a numb] ( ,japanese ladies 9 ,p>is made a special excursion !re1 & br\ght back bun*es ( x4 ,i 0 "o ( ^? :o enjoy$ ! di%es result+4' --',y may be sure x is a subject t w be tak5 up1 :5 ! semi-fam9e days come1 & !n1 p]haps1 y\r "n w be rememb]$1' rem>k$ "o ( ! "y ladies4 --',no1 ,i ?9k n1' ,i repli$4 ',i believe1 ,i %all be buri$ long be=e t1 & my "n too4' --',oh1 don't say t1' broke 9 ano!r ( ! "y ladies4 ,dess]t 0 n[ s]v$1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ,i rem>k$3 --',i w tell y an incid5t :i* w probably int]e/ y4 ,i 0 sp5d+ a week-end ) ! ,dake & ,du*ess ( ,hamilton1 :o h always be5 v c\rte\s to me4 ,"o morn+1 at ! breakfa/ table1 ,i notic$ ! du*ess cut an apple1 & gave x to h] "y son )\t peel+4 ,?is r /ruck me1 s ,i ask$ h] reason1 :5 %e told me t h] m$ical advis] _h in/ruct$ h] to d s1 because ! ess5ce ( ! n\ri%+ "p ( ! fruit 0 conta9$ j "u ! sk91 s t x 0 bett] n to remove ! sk94 ,x 0 q a relief to me 7= we m51 & especially myself1 (t5 f9d x tr\blesome to p>e fruit74 ,n[ ,i c\ld eat fruit )\t p>+ ! sk9 unconc]n$ly1 & %\ld any onlook] laugh at me1 or ask ! reason1 ,i c\ld lecture him f ! po9t ( m$ical sci5ce4' --',y always view ?+s f a po9t ( vantage1' int]pos$ ! y\ng] daught]4 ,we w5t into ! g>d51 & took our c(fee !re 9 a %ad$ corn]4 ,mean:ile ,i notic$ a little puppy look+ up at u f a corn] ( ! turf4 ,x did n move1 & ,i soon discov]$ x 0 porcela94 --',ah1 ,i see1 ,i ?\ght x 0 a live dog :5 ,i 0 "h la/4 ,x 0 t[>ds ev5+1 j z ,i 0 leav+ :5 ,i notic$ x4' ,at ?is mom5t a s]vant br\ght 9 a tortoise3 x 0 a v l>ge "o & q tame4 ,! du*ess f$ x ) lettuce1 say+3 --',?is is my pet1 & ,i am v fond ( x4 ,x pref]s lettuce to any o!r vegetable4' --',i h se5 _m tortoises1' ,i said1 'b ?is is ! fir/ "t ,i h se5 "o z a pet4 ,9 ,japan1 "o sees 9 ! ponds or small lakes r\nd ! temples1 hundr$s1 nay1 ?\s&s1 float+ 9 ! wat]1 or ly+ on rocks or bo>ds bask+ 9 ! sun4 ,_! pres]vation is *iefly due to ! cu/om>y k9dness & religi\s s5tim5t ( ! ,japanese4' ,i !n told ! du*ess :at ,i knew ( tortoises & _! habits1 rem>k+ t ^? amphibians liv$ m 9 ! wat] ?an on l&1 & x 0 necess>y = !m to be put 9 ! wat] at lea/ occasionally4 ,& s ! s(t summ] ev5+ glid$ away z we pass$ f "o topic ( conv]sation to ano!r4 --',d y f9d ,european languages v difficult to le>n8' ask$ "o ( ! "y ladies4 ',i suppose !re is no simil>ity betwe5 our language & y\rs8' --',none :atev]1' ,i repli$1 '& we c]ta9ly f9d !m v difficult to acquire4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! v>i\s ,european languages might p]haps be comp>$ to ! diff]5ce betwe5 a horse & a mule1 :ile ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,japanese & ! ,european languages w\ld c]ta9ly n be clos] 9 comp>ison ?an a horse to an ox4 ,t is to say1 ! =m] diff]s only 9 species1 & ! latt] 9 k9d4 ,h5ce y c easily see h[ mu* m difficult x is = an ,ori5tal to le>n any ,european language1 ?an a ,european to le>n a second ,european language4 ,ev5 among/ ! ,european languages1 !re are1 z y "k1 _m idioms diff]+ "o f ! o!r1 & consequ5tly difficult to und]/&4 ,only ! o!r day ,i 0 n a little amus$ at a ,fr5* translation ( ! ,engli% s5t5ce hold good 9 ! s5se t "o ?+ _h an advantage ov] ano!r4 ,y c imag9e h[ mu* m difficult x is = a ,japanese to "k ! value ( e ^w1 n to say an idiom1 ( a ,european language4 ,once 9 ,japan1 ,i 0 wat*+ "s ,european & ,japanese *ildr5 play+ ,hide-&-,seek toge!r4 ,! ,european *ildr5 7 mak+ use ( ! ,japanese words mean+ ,hot & ,cold 9 place ( ,f> & ,ne>4 ,i c\ld only make out :at !y meant aft] ,i _h c>efully wat*$ ! game4 ,i am sure we commit simil> errors e day :5 speak+ 9 a =eign language4 ,m ?an ?irty ye>s ago a p>ty ( ,japanese ambassadors1 includ+ ! pres5t ,m>quis ,ito1 :om y "k1 & _! suites1 made a r\nd trip ?r\gh ,am]ica & ,europe3 p]haps ! duke rememb]s x4 ,! mayor ( a l>ge manufactur+ t[n 9 ,engl&1 :i* a portion ( ! p>ty 7 visit+1 invit$ ! visitors to ! play4 ,! p>ty 0 divid$ into two & occupi$ two boxes opposite ea* o!r4 ,! mayor & 8 wife 7 9 a box & _! daught] 9 ! o!r4 ,an ,engli%man :o 0 9 ! mayor's box rem>k$ to a ,japanese gue/1 ( an em95t fell[-gue/ seat$ beside ! "y lady opposite1 ,monsieur ,k4 mu/ be v happy1 mean+1 no d\bt1 to pay a complim5t indirectly to ! mayor & 8 wife2 b ! ,japanese to :om ! rem>k 0 address$ und]/ood b little ,engli% & repli$3 ,k4 mu/ be q a%am$4 --',x spoilt ev]y?+4 ,9 our language ! ^w mean+ %ame & ba%fulness are id5tical & ! s5se is only modifi$ by a slight diff]5ce 9 con/ruction4 ,a some:at simil> example is ! great diff]5ce 9 ! mean+ betwe5 ! phrases f* contre & f* de4 ,! results ( ! miscon/ruction1 z may be imag9$1 7 r s]i\s4 ,x 0 only made good by ano!r ,japanese :o made a timely explanation4 ,i he>d ?is incid5t direct f t g5tleman :o made ! explanation4 ,t incid5t cle>ly demon/rates h[ difficult & delicate x is to express oneself 9 a tongue o!r ?an "o's own4' --',exactly1' int]pos$ ! "y nobleman4 ',x is always necess>y to make mu* all[ance = a =eign]1 & to make a guess at 8 mean+4' --',! jiujitsu is be+ exhibit$ once m 9 ,france1' said ! du*ess4 ',i h se5 sev]al adv]tisem5ts 9 to-day's pap]s1 "o ( :i* /ates t a physician ask$ ! exhibitor to demon/rate on him1 & aft]w>ds decl>$ x q sci5tific4 ,p 9 ,france "k v little ( t art4' --',no wond]1' ,i answ]$2 'ev5 9 ,engl&1 :]e jiujitsu is s mu* spok5 (1 x 0 v little kn[n until q rec5tly4 ,n _m ye>s ago a lecture on ! subject1 accompani$ by "s practical demon/rations1 0 deliv]$ at a lit]>y society1 by a ,japanese g5tleman1 assi/$ by ano!r ,japanese4 ,on t occasion a weekly pap] ( high reputation comm5t$ ^u ! art1 say+ t !re 0 no?+ 9 x4 ,! writ] add$ t jiujitsu 0 exactly ! same z ! ,engli% wre/l+1 ) a few diff]5t tricks4' --',is !re mu* diff]5ce betwe5 ! two8' --',yes1 !re is a great diff]5ce4 ,( c\rse ! combatants 9 bo? ex]cises /rive to get ! upp] h& ( ea* o!r1 b ! great diff]5ce is t ! wre/l+ relies *iefly on /r5g?1 :il/ jiujitsu dep5ds on all sorts ( tricks1 bas$ ^u a c>eful /udy ( physical organism1 & !re=e physical /r5g? may be said to be ( little value1 nay1 9 tru?1 x uses ! /r5g? ( ! oppon5t aga9/ himself4 ,we1 9 ,japan1 h also a me?od ( competition resembl+ ! wre/l+ ( ! ,we/1 & we apply to t ! ,we/]n "n wre/l+4 ,we d n l our jiujitsu to be conf\nd$ ) x1 ?\gh ,we/]n p sometimes call x by t "n4 ,:5 our jiujitsu is call$ wre/l+1 x hurts our feel+s a little4' --',:y1 h[ is t8' dem&$ ! du*ess4 --',well1 no?+ v s]i\s1 b ! reason is ?is3 jiujitsu has always be5 reg>d$ 9 ,japan z an art *iefly practis$ by m5 ( ! high] classes4 ,x has nev] be5 a pr(ession1 /ill less a public %[1 & ! reason :y n[ & !n ! art is made an object ( exhibition 9 a public hall ( ! ,we/]n t[ns1 is only an outcome ( ! alt]$ conditions ( ! "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! wre/l+ :i* we call ,sumoo has always be5 a pr(ession & = public ent]ta9m5t = _m c5turies4' --',i see4' --',x mu/1 h[ev]1 be und]/ood t ev5 wre/l+ is n consid]$ a l[ pr(ession1 & ?\gh x is exhibit$ to ! public1 is v diff]5t f o!r k9ds ( %[s--^?1 = in/ance1 giv5 at a fte4 ,wre/l+ 9 ,japan has a v remote orig94 ,9 its e>li] /age x 0 n a pr(ession1 x 0 "o ( ! milit>y sports1 b z "t w5t on x became a regul> pr(ession4 ,tokio is ! c5tre ( ! ,wre/l+ ,association1 & !re=e x has ! be/ wre/l]s4 ,osaka comes next4 ,! wre/l]s are br\ght up & tra9$ f boyhood3 promis+ y\?s are pick$ up f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry by ! pr9cipal wre/l]s & tak5 into _! private halls4 ,!re are two pr9cipal exhibitions ( t5 days1 "o e>ly 9 ! ye> & ! o!r e>ly 9 ! summ]1 held 9 ,tokio1 :5 ! rank & ord] ( e memb] ( ! association is det]m9$ by competition4 ,9 ! int]vals !y subdivide !mselves into sev]al p>ties & g ab\t ! c\ntry exhibit+ _! art4 ,m5 are v fond ( see+ ! wre/l+1 ?\gh v few wom5 c>e to see x2 9 fact1 x is only ( rec5t date t "o obs]ves any wom5 at all at su* exhibitions1 & ^? only ( indiff]5t /&+4 ,x is n consid]$ good ta/e4 ,! la/ po9t except$1 wre/l+ 9 ,japan resembles some:at a bull-fight 9 ,spa94 ,i d n mean ! sport itself1 b 9 ! s5se ( its be+ a national in/itution4 ,f ?is fact y may see t we h m & bett] wre/l]s ?an y 9 ! ,we/4 ,sometimes ,we/]n wre/l]s come to ,japan & *all5ge our wre/l]s1 b !y are no mat* = ours4 ,x is n wor? boa/+ ab\t1 ,i m]ely /ate ! fact4 ,( c\rse1 !re is also mu* wre/l+ 9 c\ntry p>ts1 & "y p (t5 p]=m1 b !y are1 aft] all1 only amateurs4 ,z to jiujitsu1 ! art has be5 /udi$ by ! ,samurai 9 a simil> mann] to f5c+1 ) no pr(essional p]=mance or public %[4 ,h5ce a great diff]5ce 9 ! social position ( jiujitsu exp]ts & wre/l]s4 ,nev]!less1 ! wre/l]s ma9ta9 "s trace ( _! anci5t /&+1 = _! position ev5 n[ is reg>d$ z sup]ior to actors or ! gei%a1 ?\gh good actors are rapidly ga9+ a social position4' --',is jiujitsu z old z wre/l+8' --',no1 x is n4 ,jiujitsu is n q ?ree hundr$ ye>s old1 s9ce x has be5 sy/ematis$ into an art4 ,!re are _m s*ools1 ,i mean /yles1 ( jiujitsu1 & naturally "s are old] ?an o!rs4 ,!y diff] some:at f "o ano!r1 ! diff]5ce hav+ aris5 *iefly f ! endeav\r ( ! f\nd]s to make improvem5ts4' --',b :at is ! real purport ( jiujitsu8' --',! ma/]s call x an art ( self-def5ce4 ,y see1 our ,samurai d n l to be arrogant or (f5sive to o!r p1 & !re=e !y pr(ess to use jiujitsu only :5 attack$1 h5ce ! "n ( self-def5ce1 & ?is po9t is "o ( _! ideals2 b z a matt] ( fact1 x is an art t c be us$ = attack equally well1 & !re=e may be call$ an art bo? (f5sive & def5sive4 ,! advantage ( kn[+ ?is art is t we c ?r[ an oppon5t )\t hurt+ or kill+ him1 because x requires no weapons1 n ev5 a /ick4 ,x is done by cat*+ hold ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! oppon5t by ! h&s4 ,( c\rse1 !re are _m tricks1 & !re=e1 if bo? p>ties be equally effici5t 9 ! art1 ! combat becomes v complicat$4 ,! t]m jiujitsu lit]ally means s(t art1 or an art accompli%$ by sleight ( body1 z "s p put x1 s mu* s t "o s*ool is call$ ,! ,will[ ,m9d ,/yle4 ,we h a say+1 ,a will[ kn[s n a break+ by sn[1 mean+ t a sl5d] bran* ( a will[ is /rong] ?an a bran* ( a robu/ tree l ! p9e1 an analogy %[+ t flexibility is (t5 /rong] ?an /ubbornness4 ',f all ?is x may well be imag9$ t a sl5d] & small man1 )\t any p]ceptible physical /r5g?1 c (t5 become a great ma/] ( ! art4 ,once at ,%anghai1 a ,japanese :o und]/ood jiujitsu well 0 attack$ by a gr\p ( ,*9ese r\ghs 9 ! middle ( a bridge1 b he ?rew !m all1 "o aft] ! o!r1 s9ce :5 no ,*9aman attempts to attack a ,japanese1 conclud+ wisely t we may all be ma/]s ( ! art4 ,once 9 ,engl&--,i believe x 0 9 ,newca/le--a numb] ( r\ghs attack$ a ,japanese2 he ?rew !m all1 "o aft] ! o!r1 & w5t (f4 ,! r\ghs 7 tak5 into cu/ody by con/ables1 :5 !y confess$ t !y w\ld n h attack$ ! man _h !y kn[n he 0 a ,japanese1 & !y believ$ t all ,japanese knew ! devili% trick ( wre/l+1 z !y call$ x4 ,y n[ see ! nature ( our jiujitsu1 ,i suppose4' --',& suppose y\r be/ wre/l] & a jiujitsu man enc\nt]$8' ask$ "o ( ! "y ladies4 --',a wre/l] is no mat* = a jiujitsu man4 ,a wre/l] :o c lift up a big /one1 or cat* hold ( a bull by its horns1 w\ld be easily beat5 by a y\? ( f\rte5 sc>cely able to lift a small cannon ball1 provid$ ! boy 7 well tra9$ 9 jiujitsu4 ,9 wre/l+1 !re=e1 all jiujitsu tricks are =bidd54 ,?is w expla9 :y no ,occid5tal1 ev5 a *ampion wre/l]1 has ev] succe$$ 9 defeat+ a ,japanese jiujitsu man4 ,p]haps y rememb] "o ( our jiujitsu m51 :o is 9 ,engl&1 won ! ,gold ,*ampion%ip ,cup la/ ye>1 & yet 9 ,japan he is n consid]$ a fir/-class man 9 ! art4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 wi% to boa/ ( ! matt]4 ,ev5 among/ ! mo/ undevelop$ tribes "o sometimes sees ! greate/ possible skill %[n 9 su* matt]s1 especially 9 ! use ( ! b[ & arr[4 ,i he> ,am]ican ,indians %oot fi%es 9 ! riv]s ) arr[s1 & t too n by aim+ direct1 b by s5d+ arr[s up 9 ! air & lett+ !m fall 9 ! wat]4 ,!y d n %oot direct1 because1 z y "k1 ! curve ( sight 9 wat] is v diff]5t f t 9 pla9 air4' --',i und]/& t1' said ! du*ess1 'b y\r jiujitsu seems to be v diff]5t f m]e skill4 ,x is ! result ( a long & delib]ate /udy ( physical organism1 sy/ematis$ ^u a sci5tific basis1 z ! physician 9 ! pap] says4' --',maybe1' ,i answ]$4 --',b :at is t book :i* y h br\ght ) y8' ask$ ! du*ess4 --',x is ! book ,i promis$ y ! o!r day4 ,x is ! ,kokkwa1 a mon?ly on art4 ,x conta9s1 z y see1 v good photogravures & *romographs ( our old objets d'art4' ,s say+1 ,i h&$ ! book to ! du*ess1 & cont9u$3 --',y told me ! o!r day1 apropos ( ! conv]sation ( ! ,m>*ioness ,viva/9e & myself1 t y 7 also an admir] ( our art1 & t y appreciat$ ,utam>o & ,hokusai4 ,no d\bt !y 7 great arti/s1 & ,i am delight$1 ( c\rse1 ) y\r appreciation1 b we %\ld be sorry if !y /ood to y = ! be/ t we c d 9 art4 ,?is mon?ly w give y a good idea :y ,i say s4' ,all pres5t 7 int]e/$ 9 ! book1 & its pages 7 g5tly turn$ ov] "o by "o4 ,pres5tly ! du*ess rem>k$3 --',d y mean to say t ! orig9als ( ^! illu/rations date back ?irte5 c5turies8' --',inde$1 ,i d1' ,i repli$4 --',& t ^! pr9ts 7 really made 9 ,japan8' said ano!r4 --',yes1 surely4' --',:at a s(tness & feel+ "h6 ,look6' ! du*ess w5t on2 '& h[ ?is "p resembles classic ,italian4' --',! art ( pr9t+1' ,i said1 'is well develop$ 9 ,japan4 ,! o!r day ,i %[$ a copy ( ! ,f9ancial & ,economical ,annual ( ,japan to a ,fr5*man1 & he ?\ght ! pr9t+ 0 v neat & cle>1 & c\ld sc>cely believe t ! book _h be5 pr9t$ 9 my c\ntry4' --',i c q realise ! scepticism ( t p]son2 b c y give me a r\gh idea ( y\r ideal ( pictures8' --',t's a r difficult "q4 ,9 y\r sacr$ book y h a picture :]e ,*ri/ talks ab\t lilies4 ,he /&s 9 a field1 utt]s ,8 words1 po9t+ to "s pure :ite lilies bloom+1 b n 9 abundance1 9 ! field4 ,!re is a p]fect picture1 ! symbolic mean+ ( ! pure :ite fl[]s /&+ out vividly be=e y\r eyes4 ,9 ano!r place y see ,*ri/ ent]+ a boat on a lake4 ,!re is ano!r picture4 ,a lake calm & s]5e1 surr\nd$ by undulat+ hills1 p]haps ) ! %ad[ ( ! hills & trees reflect$ on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,!re "o or two fi%]m5 h&le o>s 9 a fanta/ic boat4 ,a sage calls !m f ! %ore to come to ,him4 ,a p]fect l&scape6 ,an imm5se expanse & an et]nal /illness ( ! univ]se almo/ unconsci\sly arises be=e ! m9d's eye ( ! onlook]4 ,su* is1 !n1 a type ( ! ideals ( our pictorial worlds4' --',i c well imag9e x1' said ! "y nobleman4 ',y\r *romographs ( ev5 small objects1 su* z picture po/c>ds1 are v f9e & arti/ic &1 at ! same "t1 s simple4 ,look at ours3 !y h nei!r feel+ nor ta/e1 & usually are %[y & gorge\s1 &1 inde$1 (t5 vulg>4' --',i mu/ say ,i agree ) y to "s ext5t4 ,i am r sorry t su* mon?ly publications z ,kokkwa d n pay well 9 ,japan4 ,! pres5t publi%] ( ! j\rnal is ! proprietor ( a l>ge newspap]1 & n a regul> book publi%]4 ,he is himself a great collector ( our objets d'art1 ( :i* he is v fond1 & ?is is ! sole reason :y he took up ! publication aft] x _h be5 ne>ly discont9u$ by its =m] publi%]4 ,he is n[ try+ to see if an ,engli% edition ( x w pay1 al?\gh ! end he has 9 view is to make ,japan kn[n to ! ,we/1 r ?an any pecuni>y p]sonal ga94 ,inde$1 x is = t reason he has s5t me ?is copy1 ask+ me to %[ x to ^? :o h a ta/e = su* ?+s4 ,i really ?9k t1 = ! g5]al good1 ! publication is wor? cont9u+4' --',c]ta9ly1' said ! du*ess4 ',let me see1 x is only two y5 p] numb]1 t is five francs p] mon?2 *eap en\gh4 ,i w subscribe at once4' ,! "y nobleman n[ left our p>ty1 = he _h ano!r engagem5t4 ,he has a tal5t = music1 & :5 a private conc]t 0 giv5 only a few weeks ago 9 ! g>d5 ( an ari/ocratic family :i* ,i "k1 he 0 ! conductor1 al?\gh only an amateur4 ,?is ! "y ladies told me1 & ! circum/ance l$ me to ask if !y also 7 n musical4 ,"o ( !m1 %e told me1 play$ ! piano1 & ! o!r ! viol91 & ,i said ,i hop$ t "o day !y w\ld let me h ! pleasure ( he>+ !m4 ,i fur!r said t ! piano 0 only kn[n 9 ,japan to a slight degree1 & t only rec5tly2 b t we _h always _h an in/rum5t mu* resembl+ ! viol94 ,! duke held 9 8 h& an ,engli% lit]>y weekly ( ! highe/ repute4 ,turn+ to me he said3 --',look6 "h is a review ( two new books1 "o on ! ,bu%ido by a ,japanese writ]1 & ! o!r on ,japan 9 g5]al by an ,am]ican1 ,i suppose4 ,x is a subject t int]e/s me1 z1 inde$1 x does _m p n[adays4 ,i h read x ?r\gh & notic$ t ! review] speaks ( ,bu%ido v s>ca/ically4 ,he says1 among o!r ?+s1 t ! discov]y ( ,bu%ido is ( q rec5t date1 & cont9ues2 b li/51 ,i w read x3 ',nei!r ,sir ,e4 ,sat[ nor ,dr4 ,a/on ev5 m5tions ! ^w ,bu%ido2 ,pr(4 ,*amb]la9 9 8 ,?+s ,japanese 7#ahih7 does n ref] to x2 ! ^w is n conta9$ 9 ! admirable diction>y prep>$ by ,capta9 ,br9kley1 ! able b int5sely ,japanicis$ correspond5t ( ! ,times2 nor is x to be f\nd 9 ! pr9cipal native diction>y1 ! ,kotoba no ,izumi 7,s\rce ( ,language74' --',:at nons5se1' ,i int]rupt$2 'by ! same analogy "o might say1 because !re is no comp\nd n\n ,*ri/ian-morality 9 an ,engli% diction>y1 !re is no su* ?+ z ,*ri/ian morality4' ',bu%ido1 9 lit]al ,*9ese1' cont9u$ ! duke1 read+1 'is ! way ( ! execution]1 & ^? :o 7 eye-witnesses ( ! tyranny ( ! ,samurai1 9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s ( ! ,bakufu ,%ogunate1 w n reg>d ! "n z altoge!r inappropriate4 ,! ,bu%i 7a ,japano-,*9ese1 b n ,*9ese=m71 or ,samurai1 7 nei!r knights nor knightly2 !y 7 foll[]s m]ely2 _m1 if n mo/ ( !m1 petty (ficials1 few ( !m = two hundr$ & fifty ye>s possess$ any milit>y exp]i5ce :atev]4' --',h[ ridicul\s1' ,i int]rupt$2 'b ,i _c make out :at ! review] c\ld h got into 8 head to make him translate ! t]m ,bu%i z execution]4 ,x is an insult to ,bu%i1 ( :om we h ! (t-quot$ say+1 ,hana wa sakura ni hit[a bu%i3 ,z ! *]ry blossoms are ! prime ( ! fl[]s1 s ! ,bu%i is ! fl[] ( man4 ,we h a popul> drama 9 :i* !re is a sc5e :]e a female prison] is br\ght out "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( a common ,bu%i2 & !re ! phrase ,keigo-no-,bu%i occurs1 mean+1 ! ,bu%i :o gu>ds4 ,p]haps ! review] rememb]$ x1 & conclud$ t ,bu%i meant an execution]1 because he _h *>ge ( a prison]4 ,if ?is is s1 by ! same analogy we might say ! ,knight ( ! ,g>t] is a dome/ic s]vant :o looks aft] 8 mi/ress's g>t]4 ,ah6 !re is ano!r ?+ :i* occurs to me4 ,9 ,*9a1 :]e milit>y m5 are little ?\ght (1 !y are (t5 us$ = su* duties z ^? ( an execution]2 "s =eign]s1 :o _h se5 ! fact :]eby ^? m5 7 call$ ,bu%i1 p]haps ?\ght t ! t]m meant execution]s )\t kn[+ its prim>y mean+4 ,by t analogy "o might say t g5tlem5 belong+ to ! hon\rable guild kn[n z ,! ,wor%ipful ,company ( ,groc]s ( ! ,city ( ,london 7 common deal]s 9 tea & sug>1 because !y are call$ groc]s1 )\t kn[+ ! orig9 ( ! t]m4 ,! passages 9 t review accid5tally caught my sight too1 & out ( curiosity ,i look$ ! matt] up 9 a few books :i* ,i happ5$ to h by me4 ,x is a little te*nical1 b if y d n m9d1 ,i w expla9 x to y 9 detail4' --',please d1' said ! duke4 --',! ^w ,bu%i is a n\n compos$ ( two ,*9ese *>act]s1 bu & %i1 bo? hav+ a di/9ct mean+4 ,bu means milit>y or m>tial :5 us$ z an adjective1 b x is also v commonly us$ z a concrete n\n2 & 9 t case x may be translat$ z m>tialism4 ,:5 us$ z a n\n x is us$ 9 contradi/9ction to bun4 ,! la/ ^w may be translat$ z civil1 b ,i am unable to f9d out an exact equival5t 9 ! ,we/]n t]ms1 because ! ,we/]n t]m civil1 /ill less ! t]m civism1 does n convey ! true idea ( ! ^w4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be tak5 to signify ?+s or affairs on civil l9es1 z contra/+ ) ^? on milit>y l9es4 ,%i means a man ( position or a g5tleman1 :i* came by evolution to mean a milit>y man r ?an a civilian4 ,^! two words1 bu & %i1 7 put toge!r & made a comp\nd n\n1 signify+ pr(essional milit>y p4 ,! t]m has be5 mo/ commonly us$ 9 ,japan = ov] t5 c5turies4 ,!re are two o!r t]ms1 ,bundo & ,budo1 ! =m] means pr9ciple1 or doctr9e1 or tea*+1 or ways ( affairs on civil l9es1 & ! latt] means ! same on m>tial l9es4 ,!y are v antique t]ms1 contradi/+ui%+ ea* o!r4 ,! t]m ,bu%ido is n s anci5t z ^? two1 b /ill x is by no means mod]n4 ,! t]m ,budo is us$ :5 "o wi%es to ref] ! matt] m to ! sy/em or ! pr9ciple z a unit2 & ! t]m ,bu%ido is us$ :5 "o wi%es to designate m ! individuals4 ,9 ,*9a ! t]m ,bu%i _h exi/$1 z is natural f ! antiquity ( h] hi/ory1 _m c5turies be=e x did 9 ,japan2 ,i h se5 x us$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,hung dyna/y4 ,! t]m ( c\rse signifies milit>y m52 nev]!less1 x has n acquir$ s mu* prom95ce z x has done 9 ,japan1 because 9 ,*9a milit>y m5 h nev] atta9$ ! same importance & organisation z 9 ,japan1 & naturally en\gh !re exi/s 9 ,*9a no su* t]m z ,bu%ido 9 its concrete s5se1 ,bu%ido be+ peculi>ly unique to ! ,japanese4 ,bu%ido consi/s ( ?ree ,*9ese *>act]s1 z ! review] says4 ,9 ! colloquial ,japanese x is read z ,bu%i-no-mi*i1 d be+ ! ,*9ese way ( pronunciation1 & mi*i be+ ! colloquial ,japanese pronunciation ( ! "o & ! same "*2 & !re=e d & mi*i are bo? ! same ?+4 ,9 ,hog5 ,monogat>i1 an hi/orical record ( ! ev5ts :i* took place 9 ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury ,a4,d41 & writt5 n long] aft] t p]iod1 a great h]o1 ,tametomo1 is repres5t$ to h said1 9 ! c\rse ( a spee*1 z foll[s3 ',= a ,bu%i1 an act ( kill+ is inevitable4 ,nev]!less ,bu%i-no-mi*i i4e4 ,bu%ido =bids to kill an unfit object1 & !re=e1 ?\gh ,i h f\ght m ?an tw5ty battles1 & put an end to c\ntless lives1 ,i h always f\ght legitimate foes1 & n illegitimate foes 9 mod]n phraseology combatants & non-combatants4 ,& m6 ,i h nei!r kill$ a de] nor fi%$ a fi%4 ',9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ,a4,d41 a book call$ ,*iku-ba-%o 7! rem9isc5ce ( ! bamboo-horse71 :i* is e?ical tea*+ = ,bu%i1 0 writt5 by ,%iwa ,yo%imasa1 a ,japanese g5]al1 born #acdi1 di$ #adaj ,a4,d4 ',)9 ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 :5 ,bu%ido has made a great sy/ematic progress on its lit]>y & intellectual side1 _m treatises on ! subject h be5 writt5 by em95t s*ol>s & exp\nd]s ( t doctr9e4 ,nakaye-toju1 born 9 #afjh ,a4,d41 wrote a book call$ ,que/ions & ,answ]s on ,bun & ,bu1 9 :i* ! t]ms ,bundo & ,budo are us$4 ,9 ! collection ( ! epi/les ( ,kumazawa ,banzan1 born #afai ,a4,d41 ! same t]ms are mu* us$4 ,9 ,lectures by ,yamaga ,soko1 :o 0 born 9 #afbb1 & 0 ! f\nd] ( a s*ool ( our milit>y sci5ce1 !re is "o "p call$ ,%ido4 ,%ido & ,bu%ido are "o & ! same ?+1 = ! t]m bu is add$ to %i :5 "o p>ticul>ly wi%es to d5ote ! idea ( ! milit>y pr(ession4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! old class ( ,samurai is n[ kn[n z ,%izoku1 & n z ,bu%i-,zoku4 ,kaib>a ,yekk51 born #afcj ,a4,d41 wrote a book call$ ,bukum1 namely1 ,in/ructions on ,bu1 9 :i* ! t]m ,bu%i-no-mi*i is freely us$4 ,! ,elem5t>y ,lessons on ,budo is a book writt5 by ,daidoji ,yiuzan1 born #afci4 ,9 t book ! t]m ,bu%ido is freely us$1 & we see !re9 su* phrases3 ,:at is mo/ important 9 ,bu%ido is ! ?ree conceptions ( loyalty1 ju/ice1 & brav]y2 & if a ,bu%i compreh5d ! two oppos+ notions ( ju/ice & inju/ice1 & endeav\r to d ju/ice & refra9 f do+ inju/ice1 ,bu%ido w be atta9$4 ,izawa ,hanrio%i1 born #agaa ,a4,d41 publi%$ a book call$ ,bu%ikun1 namely1 ,in/ructions = ,bu%i4 ,9 t book1 also1 ! t]m ,bu%i-no-mi*i is repeat$ly us$1 & at ! end ( ! f\r? volume ( x !re is a %ort po/script 9 :i* he says3 ',^! f\r volumes h be5 writt5 to record ! outl9es ( ,bu%ido1 9 ord] to supplem5t ! po9ts left unt\*$ 9 books publi%$ 9 rec5t g5]ations1 su* z 444 s t "o mu/ n say aft] read+ ?is book t x is n m9ute4 ',i c\ld m5tion sev]al m books1 b ,i might we>y y4 ,! names ,i h j cit$ are1 9 ,japan1 no less h\sehold words ?an ,voltaire or ,r\sseau 9 ,france1 & ,johnson or ,goldsmi? 9 ,engl&4 ,sat[1 ,a/on1 ,*amb]la91 or ,br9kley might n h _h "t en\gh to t\* ^u ! ,bu%ido1 b if "o says t because !y h n t\*$ ^u x !re is no su* ?+ z ,bu%ido 9 ,japan1 x is tantam\nt to say+ t !re is no su* ?+ z a diamond 9 ,s\? ,africa because "s travell]s h n m5tion$ x 9 _! di>ies4' --',y appe> always to be mak+ use ( ! names ,bu%i & ,samurai indiscrim9ately4 ,no d\bt !y signify "o & ! same category ( p4 ,b :at is ! diff]5ce8' --',y are "r 9 rais+ t "q4 ,! t]m ,samurai is a pure & simple ,japanese ^w1 d]iv$ f a v]b mean+ to wait or to s]ve4 ,9 anci5t times milit>y m5 on gu>d at ! ,imp]ial palace 7 call$ by t "n2 b :5 "o wi%$ to make ! appellation m concise & appe> m s*ola/ic1 ! t]m ,bu%i 0 us$4 ,! ,*9ese "* ,%i is uni=mly translat$ 9 ,japanese z ,samurai1 b "o pref]r$ to employ ! t]m ,bu%i m commonly because x gave m prom95ce to ! milit>y call+4 ,at fir/ ! gu>ds 7 recruit$ f ord9>y p1 b 9 c\rse ( "t ! recruit+ became h]$it>y 9 c]ta9 families4 ,!y also began gradually to =m a sort ( class 9 diff]5t prov9ces1 hav+ _! lead]s1 & at la/ =m$ a regul> class ( milit>y m54 ,^? m5 7 univ]sally call$ ,bu%i1 & _! families1 :5 collectively spok5 (1 7 call$ ,buke namely1 ,h\ses ( ,bu4' --',i und]/&4 ,b :at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,daimio & ,samurai8' --',a ,daimio is ! "l "u :om ! ,samurai s]v$4 ,!re 7 ne>ly ?ree hundr$ feudal lords ( diff]5t /&+ 9 ,japan4 ,& ! numb] ( !m !re=e1 :5 spok5 ( r\ghly1 0 call$ ?ree hundr$4 ,9 ! broad signification ! lords 7 also includ$ 9 ! category ( ,samurai4 ,9 a popul> drama1 9 :i* a *ild "l is repres5t$ z be+ 9 want ( food on acc\nt ( an intrigue1 he pa!tically says1 ,a ,samurai does n feel hungry ev5 ) an empty /oma*4 ,feudal lords belong$ to ! category ( ,buke1 9 contradi/9ction to ,kuge1 namely1 noble families atta*$ direct to ! ,imp]ial c\rts4 ,at pres5t1 ( c\rse1 !re is no su* di/9ction1 all =m] feudal lords & c\rt nobles =m ! ,japanese nobility z "o class4' --',i see1 x is q pla91' said ! duke4 ',! review] appe>s to h "s k ( ,japan1 b judg+ f :at ,i h j he>d f y1 ,i am m conv9c$ ?an ev] ( ! say+ t a little k is a dang]\s ?+4 ,"o is apt to commit errors on acc\nt ( su* k1 especially if he has any feel+ ( spite & tries to f9d fault ) o!rs4 ,x amuses me all ! m1 because he fur!r says3 ',if "o ignor$ hi/ory1 x w\ld be easy to draw a picture ( ,napoleon z a good-natur$ man ( g5ius :o 0 k9d to 8 relations1 & evolv$ ord] out ( *aos2 & he himself ignores all ! hi/ory ( ,bu%ido1 :i* y h j giv5 me4' --',i d n ?9k1' ,i said1 '! review] c\ld h any spite aga9/ u1 nor d ,i ?9k he has int5tionally committ$ ! error y h j m5tion$1 b x is un=tunate t x has t appe>ance4' --',aga91' said ! duke1 ':at does ?is mean8 ,! review] says "h3 ',! mean+less quasi-milit>y =malism ( ! ,bakufu1 "u :i* ! sword1 undrawn f its scabb>d1 came to be almo/ wor%ipp$1 a sy/em ( m]ciless v5detta1 (t5 bas$ ^u trivial =ms ( injury1 0 e/abli%$4' --',well1 ,i w beg9 ) answ]+ ! second po9t fir/4 ,9 ?us giv+ v5t to 8 v9dictiv5ess1 ! review] seems to h =gott51 = in/ance1 h[ few decades ago x 0 t 9 ,engl& a p]sonage no less em95t ?an ! prime m9i/] 0 engag$1 if n kill$1 9 a duel4 ,he =gets h[ widely duels are practis$ & conniv$ at ev5 n[ by ! law on ! ,cont95t1 & t m5 die1 conceivably1 9 consequ5ce ( a sword-?ru/ or a pi/ol-%ot4 ,9 ,japan duels h be5 altoge!r =bidd5 by ! law1 z !re 7 signs ( duell+ be+ introduc$ ) ,european cu/oms1 & ! prohibition has prov$ to be v effective4 ,9 ! feudal p]iod a cu/om simil> to duell+1 :i* ! review] calls v5detta1 exi/$1 z he says2 b its purport 0 v diff]5t f :at he describes4 ,! act 0 call$ ,kataki-u*i1 t is1 rev5ge4 ,:5 a man lo/ 8 life on acc\nt ( an unlawful & malici\s injury1 ! *ildr5 ( ! deceas$ reg>d$ x z incumb5t on !m to take ! matt] 9 _! h&s1 if no legal adju/m5ts c\ld be obta9$4 ,9 ! feudal times r$ress 9 su* matt]s 0 n always easy1 because ! diff]5t clans _h autonomy2 & ! ,samurai's fight+ g5]ally orig9at$ f "s qu>rel ( a political nature1 & n f robb]y or any o!r feloni\s act4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,confucian e?ics held x unwor?y ( a pi\s son to %>e ! same heav5 ) a p]son :o wrongfully murd]$ 8 fa!r4 ,f ^! circum/ances arose ! notion ( ! necess>y v9dication ( ! fa!r's wrongs by ! h&s ( ! son4 ,?us ! ,japanese v5detta 7,kataki-u*i7 came to be (ficially recognis$--a /ep fur!r ?an ! (ficial connivance ( ! ,we/]n duels4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 our ,kataki-u*i 0 ( a f> m s]i\s nature1 b ( mu* r>] occurr5ce1 ?an ! ,we/]n duels4 ,! same s5tim5ts & practices 7 applicable to a "l & 8 reta9]s1 ?\gh 9 a less] degree1 z 9 ! case ( blood relations4 ,) u ! av5g] _h always to /ake mu* on 8 own "p--life1 position1 & =tune--= al?\gh ! pr9ciple ( rev5ge 0 recognis$ 9 a measure1 ! av5g] seldom got (f scot-free f ! responsibility ( 8 act1 :i* by ! te*nical po9ts ( law 0 g5]ally am5able to puni%m5t4 ,?us y w see 9 ! case ( ! fam\s =ty-sev5 ,ron91 !y av5g$ ! dea? ( _! "l1 because ! latt] _h _h to put an end to 8 own life1 :i* 0 accompani$ by an ord] = ! total ext9ction ( 8 h\se & clan1 ! cause ( all ( :i* 0 ! injuri\s acts ( ! wrongdo]4 ,! action ( ! =ty-sev5 ,ron9 0 morally approv$ by public s5tim5t1 b !y _h to commit suicide because !y 7 (f5d]s 9 ! eyes ( ! law4 ,h[1 !n1 c "o say t ! ,japanese ,kataki-u*i 0 a m]ciless sy/em1 bas$ ^u trivial =ms ( injury1 z ! review] pleases to put x4' --',b1' said ! duke1 'suppose ! rev5ge w5t on endlessly1 to be h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation1 z x 0 ) ! ,scotti% clans1 t w\ld be awful4' --',no1 9 t respect1 !re 0 a limit4 ,no second rev5ge 0 recognis$ 9 any =m :atev]4 ,?us1 if ,a4 murd]$ ,b4 & ,b4's son kill$ ,a4 9 rev5ge1 ,a4's son _h no claim legally or morally to av5ge 8 fa!rs dea?4 ,i may also add t "u ! new ,imp]ial rgime ,kataki-u*i has be5 totally disc\nt5anc$ by law4 ,!re is no connivance ( x at all4 ,! law promises r$ress to e wrong1 & e possible c>e is tak5 to protect ! suff]]s4 ,!re=e1 n[adays1 if "o kills ano!r 9 rev5ge1 he w\ld be acc\nt$ an ord9>y murd]] 9 ! eyes ( ! law4' --',:at ab\t ! sword8' int]pos$ ! duke4 --',! sword1' ,i answ]$1 '0 consid]$ ! s\l ( ,samurai4 ,!y reg>d$ x z ! symbol1--nay1 ! v embodim5t ( noble s5tim5t & _s4 ,x has be5 s m or less ) almo/ e nation1 b x 0 especially s ) u ,japanese4 ,! ,japanese swords are kn[n to be unrivall$ by ^? ( any o!r nation4 ,our sword 0 ! envy ( all ! cont95tal peoples ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,!re is a fam\s poem compos$ by a great ,*9ese /atesman & s*ol>1 9 :i* he pays high tribute n only to ! sword itself1 b to ! nation :i* produces x4 ,ev5 f a m]ely arti/ic po9t ( view1 our swords des]ve to rank high2 b t is n all4 ,a latt]-day au?or writes z foll[s3 ,! sword-smi? 0 n a m]e artisan1 b an inspir$ arti/1 & 8 work%op 8 sanctu>y4 ,daily he comm5ces 8 craft ) pray] & purification1 or1 z 0 said1 he committ$ 8 s\l & _s into ! =g+ & temp]+ ( ! /eel4 ,e sw+ ( ! sl$ge-hamm]1 e plunge into ! wat]1 e friction on ! /one1 0 a religi\s act ( no slight import4 ,0 x ! _s ( ! ma/] or 8 tutel>y deity t ca/ su* a spell ov] our sword8 ,p]fect z a "w ( art1 sett+ at defiance its ,tol$o & ,damascus rivals1 !re 0 m ?an art c\ld imp>t4 ,its cold blade collect+ on its surface1 ! mom5t x is drawn1 ! vap\rs ( ! atmosph]e3 its immaculate texture1 fla%+ light ( blui% hue2 its mat*less edge1 ^u :i* hi/ories & possibilities hang1 ! curve ( its back unit+ exquisite grace ) utmo/ /r5g?--all ^! fill u ) mix$ feel+s ( p[] & beauty1 ( awe & t]ror4 ',su* 01 !n1 ! sword :i* our ,samurai ador$4 ,!re 7 two or ?ree at lea/ ( su* swords1 :i* 7 heirlooms ( a ,samurai family4 ,j imag9e a ,samurai go+ =? to ! battlefield & reflect+ :at a di/9ction 8 ance/ors _h made 9 simil> battlefields1 or :at devotions he _h display$ to 8 "l by t v sword1 n[ be+ borne 9 8 h& or 9 8 girdle3 :y6 ! v ?\ght w\ld fire 8 s\l & make him emulate ! de$s ( 8 ance/ors & despise c[>dice4 ,no mean ?\ght c\ld ent] 8 m9d2 ! _s ( ! sword radiat+ f ! pure cold lu/re ( ! blade h&$ d[n by 8 ance/ors c\ld n b ?ru/ su* ?\ght f 8 m9d4 ,su* w\ld at lea/ be ! s5tim5ts ( a real ,samurai4 ,! sword 0 n un%ea!d wantonly1 b :5 drawn x 0 a maxim t x %\ld n be %ea!d until its legitimate mission _h be5 fulfill$4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t a ,samurai %\ld almo/ h wor%ipp$ 8 sword1 ev5 :5 undrawn f its scabb>d1 z ! review] s>ca/ically describes4 ,! sword ( a ,samurai1 ev5 :5 9 ! scabb>d1 0 n a ?+ to be trifl$ )4 ,a ,samurai wor%ipp$ sword1 b n money-bags4 ,if !y _h wor%ipp$ ! latt] in/ead ( ! =m]1 !y might h met ) ! approval ( ! review]4 ,f ! utilit>ian po9t ( view1 if !y _h done s1 x might h b5efit$ _! c\ntry m mat]ially1 &1 !re=e1 _! wor%ipp+ a sword might h be5 ! weake/ po9t ( _! ideals1 b we d n see cause = regret = all t4 ,! tide ( "t has br\ght *anges on all su* matt]s4 ,! ,gov]nm5t has =bidd5 n only ,samurai1 b also all o!rs :o 7 privileg$1 to we> swords 9 _! girdles4 ,hundr$s & ?\s&s ( our be/ blades h left ! h\ses ( ,samurai & be5 ei!r export$1 or turn$ into o!r implem5ts1 = m]e trifl+ sums1 (t5 = ! gold & silv] us$ = ! ornam5ts ( ! scabb>d4 ,= u1 x is sad to ?9k (1 ?\gh x is ( c\rse a necess>y outcome ( ! great *anges :i* h pass$ ov] u4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 my e>ne/ desire t ! _s ( devotion to ! swords ) :i* ! ,samurai 0 animat$ may always be pres]v$4 ,! same feel+ expla9s :y "s ( our (fic]s c>ry ) !m _! heirloom swords1 ev5 9 ! pres5t w>1 z y mu/ h notic$ n[ & !n 9 ! press4 ,! traditions ( ! sword1 ,i am glad to say1 h n z yet di$ 9 ! brea/s ( ! ,japanese4 ,!re is an association 9 ,tokio1 ! memb]s ( :i* meet p]iodically1 br++ _! own *oice swords1 & (f]+ _! comm5ts on ^? ( o!rs4 ,x may be difficult to appreciate h[ "o c enjoy oneself look+ at ! blades ( swords1 b ) u x gives great pleasure1 if only f an arti/ic po9t ( view4 ,!re h be5 _m diff]5t s*ools ( swordsmi?s1 & ev5 among/ ! work]s ( "o s*ool !re is "s special *>act]i/ics ( _! "w4 ,x is ! pleasure ( ! ,japanese :o are fond ( good sword blades to judge ( ! s*ool & mak] by inspect+ ! blades only4 ,x pleases me to tell y ( a g5tleman 9 ,engl& :o has made ! /udy ( ,japanese swords a special subject1 & 8 atta9m5t ( k 9 ! subject has be5 recognis$ by ! association 9 ,tokio1 :i* has *e]fully elect$ him its honor>y memb]4 ,i may add a ^w or two4 ,:5 ,port ,ar?ur 0 on ! br9k ( fall+1 a c>toon 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,london ,pun* repres5t+ ,g5]al ,/oessel /&+ at ! top ( a =tifi$ hill "u a half-torn ,russian flag4 ,he 0 hold+ up a brok5 sword & utt]+ a few words ( devotion to ! ,emp]or ( ,russia4 ,t c>toon took ! ,engli% public v mu*1 & 0 reproduc$ on ! pages ( _m pap]s4 ,x appeal$ v deeply to ! imag9ation ( ! ,japanese1 9 p>ticul>1 ?\gh ,i am n q sure if ,/oessel des]v$ su* sympa?y at ! la/ /age ( ! siege4' --',t c>toon 0 v good1' said ,lady ,mode/9a4 ',i h se5 x4' --',s h ,i too1' *im$ 9 ,lady ,dulciana4 --',let u proce$ to ! latt] "p ( ! review1' said ! duke4 ',! review] says ( ! au?or ( ! o!r book t he takes r a pessimi/ic view ( ,japan1 & proce$s to say3 ',pr(essor ,s4 takes r a pessimi/ic view ( ,japan4 ,he admits to ! full1 z e "o mu/1 ! five noble qualities ( ,japanese "*1 viz4 brav]y1 loyalty1 al]tness1 ?or\ghness1 & self-control1 to :i* li/ c\rtesy %\ld be add$4 ,b he goes on to quote f ! au?or3 ',! two canc]s at ! core ( ,japanese "* are deep-set di%one/y & ab&on$ impurity2 ei!r w\ld be suffici5t to wreck ! life ( any nation4 ,& x seems1 accord+ to ! review]1 ! au?or tells u t ,japan is /ill a c\ntry :]e ! ^w lie is n a t]m ( reproa*1 b r implies a jocul> complim5t1 & !n dilates ^u ! undesirable occupations ( "s females4 ,! words employ$ are v /rong4 ,let u h y\r op9ion4' --',we are at times vex$ ) "s ( ! occid5tal writ]s1' ,i repli$1 'ev5 ) ,anglo-,saxon writ]s occasionally1 :o write 9 su* a /ra9 z ?\gh !y liv$ high 9 ! pure air1 :ile we ,japanese live 9 ! muddy m>%es4 ,!y pick out "s d>k spots 9 our cu/oms1 & magnify !m to suit _! own purpose1 z ?\gh = all ! _w !y _h no?+ simil>1 or ev5 worse1 9 _! own c\ntries4 ,"s ( !m d ?is f an excess ( zeal :i* !y display 9 _! p>ticul> call+1 )\t any p>ticul> bad int5tion ( defam+ ,japan2 b ! results are ! same4 ,my answ] to y\r "q is v simple4 ,! ,yell[ ,p]il al>mi/s may re/ assur$1 =1 accord+ to ! au?or1 ,japan mu/ die a natural dea?4 ,:at an idea1 to indict a :ole nation z a d5 ( li>s6 ,does he n "k t tru?fulness & hone/y is ! highe/ ideal ( our e?ical notions8 ,! commone/ ( our e?ical say+s is3 ,%ozik9o atama ni kami yadoru 7,deity re/s on ! heads t are hone/74 ,! commone/ ( ! e?ical poems is3 ',kokoro dani makoto no mi*i ni kanai naba ,inorazu totemo kami ya mamoran4 7,if only "o's ?\ghts be 9 accord ,) ! way ( tru?fulness1 ,deity w protect him1 ?\gh he may n pray47 ',does he n "k ano!r =cible & common say+ ( ,bu%ido3 ,bu%i no i*igon 7,"o ^w ( a ,bu%i71 :i* means t a ^w utt]$ by a ,bu%i %all nev] be idle2 or1 express$ o!rwise--,a ^w is suffici5t2 he w rema9 fai?ful to x8 ,x is ! wat*word ( ,bu%i1 & if ev] a ,bu%i 7 d\bt$1 t phrase suffic$ = an answ]4 ,& x /ill gov]ns our social ideal ( tru?fulness4 ,yes or ,no1 :5 once def9itely utt]$ by a ,bu%i1 0 no m alt]able ?an ! ebb & fl[ ( ! tide4 ,does he n "k ano!r ( our say+s8 ,i*idaku s5k9 7,"o ,yes is equal to a ?\s& pieces ( gold74 ,does he n "k ,usotsuki 7a li>7 is ) u an ev]yday ^w ( sca?+ contempt8 ,does he n "k an untru?ful ^w1 namely1 a lie1 is acc\nt$ a great s9 9 ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts ( ,buddhism8 ,does he n "k ,yama%i 7a speculator71 a t]m ak9 to a li>1 is ) u a common ^w ( contempt8 ,does he n "k t 9 l>ge ,european t[ns wait]s & driv]s are con/antly *eat+ /rang]s by giv+ wrong *ange or bad money8 ,i p>ticul>ly m5tion ^! incid5ts because ,i myself h (t5 be5 a victim4 ,fancy ! idea ( say+ t ! ^w lie is n a t]m ( reproa* 9 ,japan6 ,i w\ld feign g a /ep fur!r4 ,?is k9d ( *>ge is ! commone/ me?od :i* ! ,occid5tals employ :5 !y talk ab\t ! "* ( o!r races :i* !y g5]ally reg>d z inf]ior to !mselves4 ,b m]e common-s5se w tell !m t !re c be no human community1 ev5 among/ undevelop$ tribes1 :]e ! ^w lie is n a ^w ( reproa*1 if only ! smalle/ elem5t ( a moral notion exi/1 & !re c h>dly be any human community :]e !re is no su* moral notion at all4 ,su*1 at lea/1 is my sociological view4 ,) reg>d to ! second accusation1 ! refutation ,i am go+ to make may n be q 9 unison ) social delicacy1 b = t ,i ask y\r p>don4 ,y say ! au?or speaks ( ! undesirable life ( "s females4 ,! matt] is ugly en\gh1 we admit4 ,( c\rse1 metaphorically speak+1 we c\ld re/ore by explanation ! pa9t :i* _h be5 black5$ to its orig9al col\r1 b /ill x w\ld n be sn[-:ite4 ,pure su* matt]s _c be1 we admit1 b is !re any nation on e>? :i* has no d>k spot at all8 ,i ask ! au?or3 ,does he n "k ! real condition ( ! ,we/]n c\ntries1 :5ce he spr+s8 ,h[ is x ) ,p>is1 ,london1 ,b]l91 or ,vi5na8 ,pick1 = in/ance1 "o hundr$ p$e/rians at r&om1 "o aft]noon or ev5+1 9 ,reg5t ,/reet1 or on ! ,b\lev>ds1 ! be/ ?or\ghf>es ( ,london & ,p>is4 ,:at p]c5tage ( !m c be held up z ! ideals ( purity ! writ] seems to imag9e !m to be8 ,i might g mu* fur!r if ,i wi%$1 b ,i pref] n4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 ,i v5ture to ?9k t ! social /ructure ( ,japan is 9 reality f> clean] ?an t ( mo/ c\ntries4 ,( c\rse1 ,i d n say two wrongs make a "r1 b ,i d say ?is3 ,x is nave to accuse u 9 su* h>% t]ms1 z ?\gh believ+ t we ,japanese h no idea ( ! d>k spots ( o!r nations4 ,m5 aft] ! /yle ( ?is writ] admit su* ( our noble *>act]i/ics z ^? enum]at$ by ! writ] because !y h become manife/1 n dur+ an epo* ( peace1 b 9 ! "t ( w>4 ,c\ld any "o say t !y 7 manufactur$ specially = ! w>--at a m9ute's notice8 ,did n ! greate/ error ( our oppon5ts lie 9 ! fact t !y _h n p]ceiv$ ^! qualities 9 ! "t ( peace8 ,x sadd5s u to ?9k t su* a writ] ei!r _c see1 or int5tionally ignores1 "s ( ! ess5tial po9ts ( our "*1 unless !y are inconte/ably demon/rat$ by incessant slaught]4 --',p>don me1--,i h be5 a little excit$1 & h spok51 p]haps1 m ?an ,i %\ld4 ,once a ,fr5*man told ,"l ,palm]/on t ,engli% ?ieves 7 clev]] ?an ,cont95tal ones2 :]eupon ,palm]/on answ]$3 ,i am glad ( t1 = x %[s t our intellectual faculty is m develop$ all r\nd4 ,t is "o way ( look+ at ?+s4 ,at any rate1 ,i h no int5tion ( attack+ any occid5tal vices3 our writ]s d n indulge 9 writ+ on ^! matt]s ei!r4 ,i r believe t vices are necess>y outcomes ( mod]n progress4 ,e nation has its virtues & vices4 ,i d>e say we %all h to add m vices z we make fur!r progress4 ,c>ds1 = in/ance1 are mu* play$ n[adays among our p1 s9ce we h le>n$ t !y are play$ g5]ally among our occid5tal b5efactors4 ,ah6 b ,i mu/ n =get to m5tion t !re are 9 ! ,we/1 especially 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 _m writ]s = ^: fairness we h mu* gratitude4 ,"o does n l to see1 /ill less to ackn[l$ge1 any po9t ( sup]iority 9 a fell[-creature or a fell[-nation "o has be5 accu/om$ to look d[n ^u3 su* is human nature4 ,our s5se ( gratitude is1 !re=e1 all ! m due to ^? unbiass$ writ]s4 ',japan is clean] ?an mo/ c\ntries1' ,i cont9u$1 'b %e 0 ev5 bett] 9 t respect 9 ! days gone by4 ,conv]sely1 !re=e1 ! g5]al atmosph]e ( social morality1 ,i confess1 became some:at t>ni%$ at ! "t ( ! great transition1 z is b\nd at su* p]iod4 ,!re are two reasons = t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 ! feudal days social discipl9e 0 v /rict 9 g5]al1 & tranquil enjoym5t ( ! positions ( ,samurai--above all1 ^? hold+ (ficial positions--dep5d$ a great deal ^u _! private conduct2 b ) ! introduction ( occid5tal ideas1 ! private affairs ( individuals h come to be view$ v l5i5tly "u ! "n ( p]sonal fre$om4 ,9 ! second place1 ! g5]al condition ( society has occasion$ laxity 9 moral discipl9e almo/ unavoidably & ( necessity4 ,i mean to say t1 dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ! ,%ogunate1 :5 ! c\ntry 0 9 a /ate ( eff]vesc5ce1 & :5 fre$om ( spee* & meet+ _h no exi/5ce 9 ! mod]n s5se--nay1 :5 any meet+s or spee*es hav+ a political nature 7 mo/ rigidly wat*$ & pursu$ by emiss>ies1 x 0 almo/ a matt] ( necessity t c\ntless "y patriots ^: lives 7 z prec>i\s z c&le-lights 9 ! w9d1 z we h x1 %\ld resort to a re/aurant or tav]n1 :]e !y c\ld ex*ange & communicate ?\ght & s*emes "u ! cov] ( m]rim5t & jocul>ity4 ,nay1 m3 !re 7 n want+ "y patriots1 :o 9 aft] ye>s became fam\s1 :o ow$ _! lives & success to ! h]oic assi/ance r5d]$ by wom5 ( unc]ta9 position1 to :om !y _h to repay _! indebt$ness by p]sonal consid]ation r ?an yield to social scruples4 ',! wom5 also 7 h]oic 9 ^? days1 z is g5]ally ! case at ! "t ( revolution 9 mo/ c\ntries4 ,add to ?is ! g5]al disruption & trans=mation1 unkn[n 9 our previ\s hi/ory1 ( ! :ole /ructure ( society1 bo? political & social1 & x w be no matt] ( surprise t a c]ta9 relaxation 9 ! usual moral discipl9e ( ! p 0 ! result4 ,! ,japan :i* =eign]s h se5 is t ,japan & n ! ,japan ( h] normal days4 ,! effect ( t great *ange ( #ahfg--;,i say ,great ,*ange1 because we d n l to apply ! t]m revolution--has be5 subsid+ = _m ye>s1 & n[ ,japan is fa/ return+ to h] normal /ate4 ,i am1 !re=e1 n at all pessimi/ic 9 reg>d to ! future ( our national life1 ?\gh ! au?or may be4' --',& besides1' int]pos$ ! du*ess1 '=eign]s !mselves are also spoil+ y\r mann]s1 accord+ to y\r rem>ks :i* ,i read 9 "o ( ! ,engli% p]iodicals y gave me4 ,dulcy1 w y br+ ! ,engli% p]iodical ,i mean8 ,x is on ! small table 9 my b\doir3 ,i %\ld l to read x once m4' ,9 a few mom5ts ! p]iodical 9 "q 0 br\ght by ,lady ,dulciana4 ,! du*ess took x 9 h] h&1 say+1 ',"h are ! b>on's rem>ks4 ,li/51 ,i w read al\d4' ,%e read z foll[s3-- ',,occid5tal ,,civilisation ,,9 ,,japan ',d y really ?9k1 ,i ask$1 t1 g5]ally speak+1 occid5tal civilisation is b5eficial to ,japan8 ',well1 sl[ly repli$ ! b>on1 t is a "q :i* requires v c>eful answ]+4 ,i am c]ta9ly ( op9ion t1 f ! purely mat]ial po9t ( view1 ?is invasion ( ,we/]n ?\ght & me?ods has done u ! greate/ possible good4 ,i ref] especially1 ( c\rse1 to sci5ce & me*anics4 ,& z to ! m5tal "p ( x1 ! influ5ce also is di/9ctly good--b /ill1 is n s b5eficial z f ! mat]ial po9t ( view4 ',rememb] t = c5turies we h _h our own way ( ?9k+ & reason+1 & s1 to a great ext5t1 we are n conv9c$ by ,we/]n ?\ght4 ,we keep to our old ways1 to our old me?ods1 ?\gh ! tr5d ( our ideas is slightly alt]$ by ,european ?\ght4 ,let me give y an illu/ration ( :at ,i mean1 = x is r a difficult po9t to expla94 ,= in/ance1 we h always be5 humane & *>itable to our fell[-creatures1 b 9 ! old days !re 0 no =m ( public *>ity4 ,x 0 n mu* ne$$1 z a matt] ( fact1 b n[ y w f9d t we are ev]y:]e e/abli%+ hospitals on ! ,european sy/em4 ,s y see only ! old mode ( our *>ity is *ang$4 ,x is r a delicate po9t to say h[ f> ,we/]n ?\ght has impregnat$ our own4 ,! op9ions ( ,d>w91 ,huxley1 & ,sp5c]1 z well z ! views ( ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant ,missions1 are spread all ov] ,japan2 b our e?ical s5se is su* t x does n all[ u easily to adopt ! dogmatic po9ts ( =eign religions1 & ?\gh _m ,japanese h adopt$ ,*ri/ianity1 yet !y are1 aft] all1 9 a va/ m9ority4 ,b t does n signify t we are av]se to religion2 on ! contr>y1 ,i am glad to say we ext5d ! greate/ tol]ance to all k9ds ( religioni/s4 ,i am n a ,*ri/ian myself1 b ,i "k1 p]haps1 m ( ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity ?an "s ( my fell[-c\ntrym5 :o pr(ess x1 = ,i _h to /udy ! ,greek ,te/am5t 9 my ,cambridge days4 ,i am always amus$ :5 ! p "h imag9e ,i "k no?+ ab\t t religion4 ,! ,mission>y "q is always a v delicate "o4 ,i am sure mission>ies mean well1 b sometimes !y are v indiscreet4 ,= in/ance1 ,miss ,m',caul1 writ+ ! o!r day f ! front1 says t "o ( h] escorts 0 a ,japanese lady ( position1 :o _h be5 specially atta*$ to h] by ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t4 ,"o day a mission>y w5t up to ?is lady & ask$ h] if %e 0 m>ri$4 ',oh yes1' %e repli$1 '& ,i h ?ree *ildr54' ',b 7 y m>ri$ 9 *ur*8' ',no1' ',!n1 ( c\rse1 y are n really m>ri$6' ,well su* n>r[ m9ds d real h>m4 ,! mission>y did n mean to be (f5sive1 b z y\r prov]b has x--',evil is (t5 wr\ght by want ( ?\ght4' ',has ,occid5talism spoil$ y\r art1 b>on1 d y ?9k8 ',to a c]ta9 ext5t ! ,we/]n civilisation has damag$ ! arti/ic side ( our life4 ,i don't ?9k t y\r oil-pa9t+s w ev] sup]s$e our own light sket*es4 ,our h\ses are n made = elaborate picture frames1 & ! price ( y\r pictures is mu* great] ?an ! price ( ours4 ,& :y %\ld we pay a l>ge sum :5 we c get z mu* happ9ess & pleasure = a small sum8 ,b und\bt$ly ! ,european /yle is influ5c+ ours1 z ours is influ5c+ y\rs4 ,al?\gh our pictures1 z a rule1 are excell5t on ! side ( idealism1 !y are v (t5 defective f a te*nical po9t ( view4 ,our p]spective c c]ta9ly be improv$ by ! ,european me?od4 ,"s p are ( op9ion t ,european me?ods w spoil our *>act]i/ics4 ,b 9 my op9ion x w be s only :ile ! arti/s are 9 a transitory /ate2 if !y excel !y w be all "r4 ,i don't see any reason to reject t k9d ( improvem5t4 ,let me give y a pla9 & simple example ( :at ,i mean4 ,take t squ>e box1 = in/ance4 ,n[1 a ,japanese arti/1 ow+ to 8 ineffici5cy 9 p]spective1 w\ld s draw x z to make x appe> triangul>2 well1 :at h>m c\ld be done by %[+ him h[ to draw x prop]ly4 ',! p g5]ally move ) ! upp] classes1 & all our upp] classes 9 ,japan are 9 fav\r ( ,we/]n modes ( ?\ght & life4 ,p g5]ally are delight$ ) ! ,we/]nisation ( ,japan1 & especially grateful = ! improvem5t 9 political & civic conditions4 ,we h n[ ! repres5tative sy/em 9 ,p>liam5t2 our ,c\rts ( ,law are modell$ on y\rs2 & alas6 ! increase ( ,c\rts has increas$ litigation1 yet ju/ice c be obta9$1 & appeal c be made aga9/ inju/ice1 easi] ?an "u ! old feudal sy/em4 ,! g5]al condition ( ! l[] classes is f> bett] ?an 9 ! days ( ! feudal daimios4 ,!n e locality diff]$4 ,9 "s places1 if ! daimio 0 a good man1 ! poor 7 happy2 9 o!rs !y 7 less happy1 b on ! :ole !re 0 n extreme pov]ty4 ,! same condition is cont9u$ & some:at improv$4 ,i fe>1 h[ev]1 t ! relative position ( ! poor has a t5d5cy to deg5]ate z 9 ,europe4 ',,! ,,/&>d ,,( ,,liv+ ',are ! p g5]ally bett] (f z reg>ds money8 ',well1 !y make m money1 b #aj n[ is only equal to #a1 or less1 9 ! old days4 ,b "o ?+ is c]ta91 !y h bett] food4 ,!re is "o ?+1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ,we/]n me?ods h n b5efit$ u--! dem>cation betwe5 ri* & poor is becom+ m m>k$ ) ! new civilisation4 ,& t is a bad sign1 ?\gh x c't be help$4 ,education1 ,i am glad to say1 is mu* m g5]al ?an x 04 ,9 =m] days ! ,samurai class 7 well educat$1 & !re 7 sev]al v good s*ools1 b education 0 n s g5]al z x is n[1 :5 e community has its elem5t>y s*ools1 al?\gh we are /ill f> f well (f 9 ! way ( univ]sities4 ,h[ev]1 !y w come4 ',9 speak+ to me ( ! new civilisation1 = :i* he is ma9ly responsible1 ! ,m>quis ,ito told me he 0 afraid t ! rev]5ce ( ! "y = ! old1 & ( *ildr5 = _! p>5ts1 :i* 0 s mu* a feature ( old ,japan1 appe>$ to be dy+ out4 ',i q agree ) him1 repli$ ! b>on1 & if ! individuali/ic ideas ( ,we/]n nations cont9ue to increase 9 ,japan1 ! old family feel+ ( rev]5ce is sure to decl9e4 ,t is our great problem ( ! future4 ,"y ,japan 9 "s ways is dep>t+ f ! ways ( its ance/ors1 & x is a ?+ to be v greatly fe>$ & deplor$4 ',d y ?9k t1 speak+ g5]ally1 "* is improv$ 9 ,japan by ! ,we/]n influ5ce8 ',speak+ ( individuals1 repli$ my ho/1 ) great vehem5ce1 no1 x is n4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i notice great det]ioration f association ) =eign]s4 ,take1 = in/ance1 our ports1 :]e !re are ma9ly h\ses ( ill-fame1 ma9ly support$ by ,european sailors1 :o h introduc$ vices & vulg>ities ( :i* old ,japan 0 absolutely ignorant4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 ,i d n consid] t ! ,we/]n influ5ce is :olly bad m]ely because c]ta9 v l[-class =eign]s come to our c\ntry & behave badly4 ,! g5]al good ( ! community has be5 greatly advanc$ by our contact ) ! ,we/4 ,trades-unions1 = in/ance1 & ! =mation ( great bus9ess companies1 :i* 7 q unkn[n 9 ! old days1 h help$ greatly to raise ! comm]ical /atus ( our p1 bo? employ]s & employ$4 ,y ask me z to individual morality "u mod]n influ5ces4 ,well1 x is difficult to def9e4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i ?9k ! morality ( ! individual 0 high] 9 ! old days1 because ^? days 7 m simple & ! community 0 m sob]4 ,! m primitive a l& is1 ! bett] x is morally4 ,b ,i fe> we mu/ move ) mod]n times4 ',& :i* d y pref]--! quiet feudal days ( old ,japan1 or ! mod]n pu% & worry & hu/le & bu/le8 ',x all dep5ds on ! po9t ( view1 0 my ho/'s reply4 ,competition ) ! _w is absolutely necess>y4 ,b !re 7 _m good po9ts ab\t ! old days4 ,al?\gh !y involv$ a rgime ( re/riction & !re 0 v little *ance ( individual developm5t 7?\gh n s little z ,lafcadio ,he>n w\ld make out71 m5 ( ability c\ld always pu% _! way to ! front ev5 9 ! days ( feudalism4 ',! ,m>quis ,ito1 = in/ance8 ',don't speak ( him4 ,he1 ,m>quis ,yamagata1 & _m o!rs1 h aris5 f an obscure position1 b1 !y belong m to our own "t1 ,i am speak+ ( old] days4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ,arai ,hakuseki1 :o1 born 9 humble circum/ances1 became ! *ief advis] ( ! ,%ogun4 ,_m a f>m]'s son :o jo9$ ! prie/hood rose to great] p[] & position ?an t ( a middle-class daimio4 ',& d y ?9k t ! g5]al level ( happ9ess 9 ,japan is z high z x 0 9 ! old days ( romance8 ',yes1 smil$ ! b>on4 ,b p 7 happy 9 =m] days because !y did n "k :at fre$om meant1 /ill less ! enjoym5t ( ! luxuries to :i* !y are n[ accu/om$4 ,to !m ignorance 0 lit]ally bliss4 ,b ! idea ( happ9ess n[adays diff]s 9 k9d & "*1 & x is difficult to say if mod]n ,japan is z happy z ! anci5t ,japan4 ,"o ?+1 ,i hope1 w always rema9 ) u1 & t is our patriotism & loyalty4 ,a c\ntry is 9 a good way :i* puts loyalty to ! sov]eign & love ( c\ntry be=e all private & mean] consid]ations4' ,f9i%+ ! read+1 ! du*ess cont9u$1 ',i suppose y are correctly report$8' --',yes1 9 ! ma91' ,i answ]$4 --',i 0 read+1' said ! du*ess1 '! o!r day1 ! *apt] on ,japan 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 by ,ar*ibald ,little1 j issu$ f ! ,cl>5don ,press1 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 is ! be/ topographical description ( ,japan writt5 9 a popul> /yle4 ,9 x ,i came across a passage to ?is effect3 ',:e!r increas$ int]c\rse ) ! ess5tially vulg> ,we/ w1 z _m well-wi%]s fe>1 at ! same "t de/roy ! old simplicity ( liv+1 ! future w %[4 ',! ,occid5tals seem to h begun to p]ceive vulg>ity 9 ?+s ,european4 ,!re is really vulg>ity 9 _m ?+s1 ,i fe>4 ,b1 b>on1 _h y any p>ticul> idea :5 y spoke ab\t ! vulg>ity introduc$ into y\r op5 ports8' --',i am afraid n1' ,i answ]$2 'x w\ld be difficult = me to expla9 x to y1 & y w\ld n appreciate x if ,i did4 ,look6 ! la/ ray ( ! sun is glitt]+ 9 ! foliage4 ,"t has fl[n wond]fully quick3 ,i mu/ say au revoir' ,v ,"s obs]vations on peace prospects--,discussion on ,anglo-,fr5*-,russo-,japanese ent5te--,russian views ( ! ,japanese--,discussion on religion & ,japan--,japan & ! ,int]national ,conv5tions--,! mean+ ( religion--,g5]al ,nogi--,a high-prie/ on ,japan & ,russia--,! ,japanese conception ( dea?--,a quotation f an old book on ,bu%ido--,! notion ( ! "n--,fur!r rem>ks on ! ,russian views ( ! ,japanese--,engl& & ,am]ica--,! outbreak ( ! w>--,a wanton project ( ! ,russian admiral re/ra9$ by ! ,fr5* admiral--,discussion on ! ,yell[ ,p]il & ,pan-,asiatic ambition--,japan n a small c\ntry--,fr5* poor 9 ! caves--,p>is by night--,sir ,/am=d ,raffles & 8 appreciation ( ,japan n9ety ye>s ago --,patriotism & ,france--,la ,france1 c'e/ le pays de mon cur--,a romantic & tragical /ory--,discussion on ,socialism & ,japan--,engl& & ,am]ica--,discussion on ! ^w ',revolution'--,! ,great ,*ange ( ,japan 9 #ahfg--;,its political & social effects--,a comp>ison ) ! ,fr5* ,revolution--,discussion on unity & cont9uity ( au?ority--,an anonym\s pamphlet--,discussion on ! relative position ( ! ,fr5* ,nationali/s & ,sociali/s ) reg>d to ,japan--,fr5* ?rift ,i 0 once m p>tak+ ( tea en famille 9 ! ,du*ess ( ,fairfield's g>d54 ,%e1 l myself1 pref]s to be unc]emoni\s1 z !re is !n s mu* m possibility ( a quiet conv]sation4 --',:at d y ?9k ( ! prospect ( peace8' said ! duke4 ',! w> mu/ surely n[ cease4' --',yes1 ,i %\ld ?9k s too1' ,i repli$4 ',en\gh blood has already be5 %$2 b1 y "k1 our oppon5ts are su* t !y d n see ?+s 9 ! same light z o!r p4' --',b !y mu/ d s n[1' 0 ! reply4 ',e "o has kn[n = a long "t t x is ( no use = !m to c>ry on ! w>4 ,! issue is cle>4' --',well1 we %all see :at w happ54' --',! ju/ice ( ! cause & ! s+l5ess ( ! aim ( ,japan are n[ widely recognis$ by ! ?9k+ p ( ! :ole _w1' said ! du*ess1 '& ! "p y h play$ 9 x is n small4' --',i ?ank y v mu* = y\r sympa!tic words1' ,i answ]$4 ',on ! morr[ ( ! battle ( ,tsu-%ima ,i receiv$ a telegram f a well-kn[n ,engli% writ] 9 :i* he congratulat$ me on ! brilliant victory1 z he said1 ( our fleets1 add+ !reto only equall$ by y\r success 9 ,europe4 ,t t victory 0 brilliant ,i _c d5y1 ?\gh ! hon\r belongs to my own c\ntry1 b z to ! "p ( ! telegram conc]n+ myself1 x is an exagg]ation4 ,! only ?+ :i* is true1 h[ev]1 is t ,i h work$ h>d all ?is "t--,i may say1 h>d] ?an ,i h 9 all my life4 ,i h done s1 z e ,japanese ought to d1 hav+ 9 view ! fact t my fa!rl& has be5 engag$ 9 ! mo/ gigantic /ruggle s9ce ! fam\s invasion ( ! ,mongolian ,armada1 or ev5 m mom5t\s ?an t4 ,i m]ely m5tion ?is incid5t to y because y are s sympa!tic3 ,i h nev] told x to any "o else4' --',i c q und]/& y\r feel+s1' said ! du*ess1 & cont9u$ aft] a little pause-- ',! :ole _w kn[s ! *ivalr\s "* ( ! ,japanese4 ,rememb]1 h[ev]1 ,i am a fri5d ( ,russia1 & t is ! reason :y ,i am all ! m anxi\s t ,russia %\ld recognise ! situation z x is4' --',yes1 ,i "k y\r views v well4 ,!re are _m ,fr5*m5 :o hold simil> views4 ,"s ( !m s9c]ely wi%$ to save ! ,baltic ,fleet & advocat$ peace1 z !y 7 sure all ! %ips w\ld g to ! bottom ( ! sea if !y v5tur$ to ! ,f> ,ea/1 :i* w\ld leave ! ,baltic def5celess1 & w\ld ?us deprive ,france ( ! usefulness ( ! ,dual ,alliance4 ,b ^? fri5dly c\nsels 7 n he$$ by ! ,russians2 on ! contr>y1 z y "k1 "s ins9uations 7 made reg>d+ ! press :i* _h publi%$ !m4 ,we h a say+3 ,good m$ic9e is bitt] to ! m\?1 & fai?ful c\nsel is av]se to ! e>4 ,?is is a case 9 po9t4' --',x is (t5 s1 ,i fe>1' said ! duke4 ',b1 b>on1 ,i mu/ n[ leave y4 ,i h an engagem5t to-day1 & h to take my daught]s ) me4 ,! du*ess /udies diplomacy & politics m ?an ,i1 s please /ay & talk ) h]4' ,! ,duke ( ,fairfield is a typical ari/ocrat3 al?\gh n a great talk]1 he is em95tly s5sible1 uno/5tati\s1 & dignifi$4 ,france ( to-day is n = ! ari/ocracy1 b ! duke is resign$ to ! circum/ance4 ,he has always be5 z cordial & k9d to me z ! o!r memb]s ( 8 family4 ,he n[ left ! du*ess & me to our conv]sation1 & w5t out ) 8 two daught]s4 --',i am an advocate ( an ent5te ,anglo-,fr5* z well z ,russo-,japanese3 we all f\r ought to keep on well toge!r1 t y "k v well1' said ! du*ess4 ',( c\rse ,i d n sympa?ise ) ! way 9 :i* ! ,russian bureaucracy c>ries on ! adm9i/ration ( t c\ntry3 t is und]/ood4 ,b :at is y\r op9ion ( ! ,russians 9 g5]al8 ,d y ?9k y c ev] be fri5dly ) !m8' --',yes1 ,i ?9k s3 on our "p !re is no reason :y we %\ld n be fri5dly ) ! ,russians4 ,i c ev5 say we l !m individually4 ,b1 y see1 !y h "s deep-root$ prejudices aga9/ u :i* /& 9 ! way4 ,only "s weeks ago1 ,i read a lett] writt5 & widely circulat$ by ,c\ntess ,sophie1 ! wife ( ,c\nt ,leo ,tol/oy4 ,%e is an advocate ( peace1 & abhors w> 9 g5]al1 z does h] husb&4 ,we h no objection to h]1 s f> z h] conviction is conc]n$ reg>d+ w>1 b 9 t lett] %e is pleas$ to write3 ',a spiritually undevelop$1 un*ri/ian nation1 su* z ! ,japanese1 is b\nd to conqu]1 = among !m is rife ! pr9ciple ( patriotism1 :i* is oppos$ to ! ,*ri/ian pr9ciple ( love to "o's neighb\r1 &1 !re=e1 ( av]sion to w>4 ,russians h n yet gr[n to ?is /age1 b !y are on ! way to x4 ',y see1 ! c\ntess says we are n ,*ri/ians1 & !re=e _c love our neighb\rs3 x is a calumny4 ,! great bulk ( ! ,japanese are n ,*ri/ians 9 religion1 x is true1 b we "k h[ to love our neighb\rs all ! same4 ,x is a po9t ( our e?ics4 ,= all t1 we _c give up our patriotism4 ,patriotism is n irreconcilable ) ! love ( "o's neighb\r4 ,if ,*ri/ianity is su* z ! c\ntess repres5ts x to be1 !n ,i am fa9 to ?9k t ! less x influ5ces our p ! bett]4 ,besides1 to say t ! ,russians are defeat$ by ! ,japanese because !y love _! neighb\rs m ?an ! ,japanese d !irs1 is a proposition :i*1 h[ev] religi\s x may be1 _c conv9ce u 9 ! lea/ degree4' --',nei!r does x give me a %ad[ ( conviction1' said ! du*ess4 ',on ! contr>y1 ,i "k t int5se belief 9 ,*ri/ianity has (t5 produc$ ! be/ soldi]s4 ,?9k ( ! ,spani% army ( ,*>les ,v41 = in/ance4 ,!y 7 int5sely religi\s1 & at ! same "t int5sely patriotic1 & f\ght well4 ,p (t5 say ! ,japanese h no religion1 b ,i d n believe x4 ,!y h a religion unique to !mselves4' --',su* views z ^? ( ! c\ntess1' said ,i1 'are ent]ta9$ n only by wom5 l h]self1 b ev5 by s]i\s m51 hold+ high positions4 ,only 9 ! autumn ( la/ ye>1 a lett] f "o :o sign$ himself ,a ,russian ,/atesman1 & spok5 ( by ! ,editor z ,a prom95t ,russian /atesman1 ab\t ^: love ( peace !re is no d\bt1 appe>$ 9 ! ,deuts*e ,revue1 /at+ ,russian views :i* to our eyes 7 ( ! mo/ fanta/ic "*4 ,my answ] to x 0 publi%$ 9 ! same ,revue1 :5 ! writ] retaliat$ by ano!r lett] exp\nd+ notions ev5 m extraord9>y4 ,i answ]$ him once m1 & !re ! matt] end$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! controv]sy he spoke ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,russian religi\s views ( life & ^? ( ! ,japanese1 & ins9uat$ t our conception ( ju/ice & morality 0 inf]ior to t ( 8 c\ntry4 ,he abus$ our law-c\rts & legislation4 ,fancy6 a ,russian /atesman boa/+ ( ! matt]s relat+ to laws4 ',he ev5 w5t on to say1' ,i cont9u$1 't ,japan has n be5 do+ h] duty accord+ to ! ,conv5tion agre$ ^u at ,! ,hague ,conf]5ce1 :]eas ,russia 7accord+ to 8 view7 _h be5 do+ h]s = mon?s4 ,b ! tru? is1 ,japan has be5 mo/ scrupul\s 9 ^? matt]s f ! v beg9n+ ( ! w>2 ! prison]s' treatm5t regulations 7 promulgat$ )9 a week's "t aft] ! outbreak ( ! w>1 & ! ,prison]s' ,intellig5ce ,bo>d 0 in/itut$ sev5 days lat]4 ,! :ole _w kn[s ! excell5t work+ ( ! ,japanese ,r$ ,cross ,society1 &1 ,i may add1 ! defectiv5ess ( ,russia 9 simil> respects4 ,yet ! s-call$ ,russian /atesman c make an ass]tion ( ?is k9d1 n 9 8 own c\ntry1 b 9 a =eign press1 un*eck$4 ,8 /atem5t reg>d+ ! diff]5ce 9 moral ?\ght1 & cognate subjects1 may be p>tly due to "s political motive1 b ! fact rema9s t he circulates false ideas4' --',i1 = "o1 agree ) y t ! *>ge is c]ta9ly unfair1' said ! du*ess1 '& besides1 ,i repeat ,i d n agree ) ^? :o say t ! ,japanese h no religion4 ,! v ideals :i* !y hold up z models = _! soldi]s _c b be a religion1 z ,i said ! o!r day4 ,:at does a religion mean8 ,x means a consci5ti\s prep>$ness & practice = ! suppression ( "o's l[] nature4 ,man has all sorts ( wi%es & desires1 temptations & t5d5cies1 :i* ! exp]i5ce ( g5]ations kn[s mu/ be re/ra9$4 ,wisdom comes 9 & tea*es him to control su* weakness1 & ! tea*+1 if sy/ematis$ at all1 becomes a religion1 a cult1 if "o pref]s to call x by t appellation4 ,= in/ance1 man likes to live 7:at creature likes to die if left to 8 natural desire71 & if he pref]s to give up 8 life = "s ideal1 is x n an act ( self-repression1 or inde$ ( self-sacrifice1 & if x =ms a *>act]i/ic ( a nation1 does x n become ! religion ( t nation8 ,"s say ! ,japanese despise life1 because !y l dea? = its own sake3 ,i call t a nons5sical obs]vation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i see a religion 9 ! v fact ( ! ,japanese be+ s patriotic z to s *e]fully sacrifice _! lives = _! c\ntry & = _! emp]or4 ,a rem>k :i* ,i h read 9 a pap] z hav+ be5 utt]$ by ,g5]al ,nogi c]ta9ly conta9s1 to my idea1 a /rong religi\s /ra94 ,x 03 ',n[ t my two sons h sacrific$ _! lives & ,i am a *ildless man1 ,i may ) an easi] consci5ce face ! p>5ts ( ^? ?\s&s ( "y m5 :o h likewise (f]$ up _! lives "u my comm&4 ',! expression may be simple1' cont9u$ ! du*ess1 'b nev]!less1 x is possible to disc]n 9 x a t\* ( feel+1 :i* to me has a /rong religi\s elem5t4 ,9 tru?1 ,i mu/ confess t ,i h notic$ m de$s wor?y ( religion manife/$ by y\r c\ntry ?an any nation pr(ess+ a religion c lay claim to4 ,"s "t ago1 a prie/ ( v high /&+ return$ f ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,he made an application :ile out !re to be all[$ to visit ! ,russian prison]s 9 ord] to see h[ !y 7 treat$ by ! ,japanese au?orities4 ,he got ! p]mission at once1 & saw ev]y?+1 to 8 great p]sonal satisfaction4 ,he !n made a simil> application to ! ,russian au?orities1 b 0 refus$4 ,he _h "s gr\nd to suspect t ! ,russian treatm5t ( ! prison]s 0 n q satisfactory4 ,to beg9 )1 he said1 ,japan1 :o is n our ally1 _h giv5 him e facility1 & ,russia1 :o is1 refus$ to d s4 ,he almo/ wept at ! ?\ght t a non-,*ri/ian nation _h m ( ! ess5ce ( a religion ?an ano!r :o pr(ess$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,i %\ld n h told y all ?is1 7 ,i n mov$ by ! curr5t ( ev5ts1 :i* h left a deep impression on my m9d4 ,i h no ?\ghts ( be+ unfri5dly to ,russia1 b ,i _c help appreciat+ ,japan all ! same4' --',i ?ank y v mu*1' ,i said4 --',i "k ! horror ( w> v well1' cont9u$ ! du*ess1 '& :at lam5table incid5ts occur :5 ! wild1 w>like _s prevails4 ,dur+ our la/ great w>1 ,i 0 b a girl ( ?irte51 & ,i 0 naturally ) my "m4 ,we _h to qu>t] ! w\nd$2 ,i rememb] h[ ,i us$ to c>ry ab\t a small table f "o to ano!r1 writ+ %ort notes = !m4 ,little z ,i 01 _m awful tales rea*$ my e> dur+ t w>1 :]e9 our prie/s1 & our wom5 too1 7 suff]]s4 ,i c nev] =get !m4 ,comp>$ to x ! pres5t w> is a lesson2 ! s-call$ civilis$ _w has to le>n mu* f ! ,japanese1 n only on po9ts ( c\rage & devotion1 b also 9 reg>d to morale4' ,a little pause1 & ! du*ess w5t on-- --',/oical imp]turbability appe>s to be a m>k$ feature 9 y\r h]oes4 ,!re are _m p :o h se5 ! "* ( ! ,japanese 9 _m lights & appreciate x1 & yet are unable to p]ceive _! feel+s1 or ,i might r say1 s5tim5tal qualities4 ,!y are curi\s to "k if ! ,japanese nature is mu* develop$ 9 t respect4' --',well1 ,i c tell y1 z f> z ,i may be p]mitt$ to judge my own c\ntrym51 we h mu* feel+ & s5tim5tal elem5ts4 ,at ! v bottom ( ! /oicism ( ,bu%i !re fl[s hidd5 /reams ( feel+ & s5tim5tality1 (t5 imp]ceptible to ! onlook]4 ,9 "o way1 ,i am ( op9ion t our he>t is fill$ ) ev5 too mu* feel+ & s5tim5tality1 & ,i am incl9$ to believe x is our weak po9t1 = feel+ & s5tim5tality are (t5 accompani$ by ov]-scrupul\sness & ov]-s5sitiv5ess1 & ) u ?is disposition ex]cises mu* influ5ce1 n only 9 our private affairs1 b also 9 politics & diplomacy4 ,9 ?is _w1 9 :i* "s p say t politics1 /ill m int]national diplomacy1 kn[s n morality1 ! fact t we are s scrupul\s (t5 h9d]s our politics & diplomacy1 & yet we d n regret x1 = ! "t may come :5 ! j traits ( our "* w be discov]$ by ! _w at l>ge1 & receive its approval4' --',y are1' said ! du*ess1 'well acqua9t$ ) our common say+1 ,hone/y is ! be/ policy1 & my e>ne/ hope is t y\r c\ntry w nev] imitate "s ( ! ,european politics4 ,b1 b>on1 let me ask ano!r "q3 ,grant$ t ! moral & e?ical tra9+ ( ,japan is a religion1 z ,i d1 yet ,i _c entirely see h[ t tra9+ c\ld h be5 in/ill$ 9 ! m9ds ( millions ( m5 s deeply4 ,:5 "o he>s ( ?\s&s ru%+ on to c]ta9 dea? at a ^w ( comm& 7z we h (t5 he>d ( ! ,japanese troops71 "o is almo/ tempt$ to ?9k !re may be some?+ 9 x :i* promises a rew>d 9 ! future life = su* a dea?1 z is ! case ) ! ,mohamm$an cre$2 b ,i und]/& t !re is no?+ ( ! sort 9 y\r tra9+1 & t ! fact ( y\r soldi]s be+ s fe>less ( dea? has no?+ to d ) religion 9 its ord9>ily accept$ s5se4 ,i c v well imag9e t ?is or t gr\p ( hon\rable m51 pick$ out ( multitudes1 c\ld be ( t type1 b x almo/ amazes me :5 we see hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( m51 "o & all1 be+ animat$ by ! same _s1 )\t any exception4' --',i _c1' ,i answ]$1 'pr(ess t e man ( our troops is s high-m9d$ z y say1 or at lea/1 ,i _c say s myself1 be+ ,japanese2 b assum+ x to be ! case1 ! k9d ( d\bt to :i* y give expression is ent]ta9$ by _m ,occid5tals1 & que/ions to t effect h (t5 be5 put to me4 ,i c1 h[ev]1 give no o!r answ] ?an to repeat t !re is no su* religi\s belief 9 our case1 z !re is 9 ,mohamm$anism4 ,9 ,europe "o (t5 engages 9 a deadly duel on acc\nt ( "s dispute1 sometimes = public reasons1 b (t5 = o!r reasons :i* d n appe> comm5dable to outsid]s3 ^? :o fight surely d n risk _! lives f any religi\s belief 9 _! cause4 ,!y d s because1 z f> z !y !mselves are conc]n$1 a consid]ation ( hon\r dem&s4 ,?is s5tim5t is exactly simil> to our s5se ( hon\r1 only 9 our case we h1 p]haps1 made x m rational & m g5]al4 ,to atta9 ?is ideal1 a long tra9+ & prep>ation is necess>y1 b :5 once atta9$1 !re is no?+ to wond] at4 ,if "o imag9$ t a man kill$ 9 a duel on acc\nt ( a qu>rel ov] a woman sacrific$ 8 life because he believ$ he w\ld be happy 9 a future life1--if he di$ 9 t fa%ion1 e "o else w\ld laugh at him4 ,:y1 !n1 is !re any?+ to wond] at :5 we say t we ,japanese c be fe>less ( dea? )\t connect+ x ) a religi\s belief ( ! future life1 = a cause :i* is f> nobl] ?an t ( ! ord9>y ,we/]n cu/om ( sacrific+ "o's life 9 a duel4 ,! morale ( our troops is ! result purely ( ord9>y e?ical tra9+ & diffusion ( national traditions4 ,loyalty & patriotism are ! highe/ ideals ( ! ,japanese nation4 ,japanese e?ics h taught = c5turies h[ to die an hon\rable dea?1 & yet "o mu/ n ?9k t ,japanese e?ics tea* only h[ to die3 !y also tea* h[ to live4' --',:at d y mean by t8' --',i mean to say1 9 ,bu%ido1 dea? 0 n valu$ = its own sake1 ev5 9 a battle1 = if "o di$ a useless or di%on\rable dea?1 x 0 call$ a dog's dea?1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 is a t]m ( contempt4 ,we /ill h ! same notion ( dea?4 ,9 a book on ,bu%ido1 entitl$ ,*iku-ba-%o1 writt5 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ,a4,d41 by ,%iwa-,yo%imasa1 z ,i m5tion$ ! o!r day1 we h 9 ! v op5+ page1 z foll[s3 ',m5 :o h&le b[s & arr[s milit>y m5 %\ld d _! "p1 ?9k+ n only ( _! own p]sons1 b ( ! names ( _! desc5dants4 ,!y %\ld n incur a p]petually irksome "n p]man5t bad reputation on acc\nt ( a gre$ = life1 :i* is aft] all ( %ort duration4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if !y ca/ away _! lives :5 !y ought n to die1 !y w also incur a discr$itable "n4 ,! *ief po9t is t life %\ld be sacrific$ :5 x is hon\rable to d s1 9 behalf ( ! supreme "l ! emp]or1 or on acc\nt ( an affair :i* is ( great importance to ! g5]alissimo ( _! b[s & arr[s ! ,%ogun4 ,only by ?us behav+ c ! fam\s names ( ! desc5dants be secur$ & p]petuat$4 ,z a ,bu%i1 "o %\ld nev] be light-m9d$2 on ! contr>y1 he %\ld always be ?\ghtful & m$itative4 ,! majority ( m5 pass _! "t say+ !y w\ld behave aptly :5 "t & circum/ances requir+ x arrive4 ,su* p g5]ally exp]i5ce great difficulty :5 any em]g5cy unexpect$ly arises1 & g5]ally regret aft]w>ds t !y _h miss$ ! opportunity :5 !y ought to h di$4 ,! tra9+ ( ! m9d ( ! be/ b[-h&l]s w>riors & ( ,buddhi/s is said to be id5tical4 ,9 all cases1 re/lessness ( m9d is deplorable4' --',! t]m "n plays a great "p 9 y\r e?ical notions1 z ,i see f ! quotation y h j giv51' said ! du*ess4 ',y y\rself h also spok5 ab\t x 9 y\r p]oration to ! article on ,japanese education1 :i* y publi%$ 9 ! ,indep5d5t ,review4 ,i 0 read+ t article ?is v morn+1 & _h int5d$ to ask y = a fur!r explanation ab\t x1 b ,i ?9k ,i h n[ caught ! idea1 ?\gh x is some:at vague to me /ill4 ,! idea ( do+ "o's "p1 ?9k+ ( ! names ( "o's desc5dants1 z ! book y h j quot$ speaks ab\t1 s\nds some:at odd to our e>s4 ,x w be always puzzl+ to ! g5]ality ( ! ,occid5tals4' --',:y s1' ,i answ]$2 'y ,occid5tals seem always to make simple matt]s difficult to compreh5d1 :5 !y w\ld be q cle> if only view$ 9 a light1 n deep1 philosophical mann]4 ,! _s ( ! dictum ,i h j quot$ has always be5 ma9ta9$ 9 our e?ics1 "u all circum/ances4 ,z y say1 no human creature c love dea?2 x is aga9/ nature1 &1 !re=e1 we ,japanese value life no less ?an o!r races2 b we /udy h[ to live & h[ to die1 & :5 circum/ances require1 we value our life light] ?an ! prov]bial fea!r3 t's all4' --',& yet x is a problem = u1' said ! du*ess4 --',& x is pla9 to u :o h gr[n up 9 su* an atmosph]e1 al?\gh x may be some:at difficult = =eign]s to und]/&4' --',d y ?9k ^? noble *>act]i/ics w la/ long "u ! influ5ce ( mod]n civilisation8' ask$ ! du*ess4 --',x is a "q1' ,i answ]$1 'b ,i hope & believe x w la/2 inde$1 we mu/ make x d s4' --',b n[1 to take up ! ?read ( our orig9al conv]sation1' said ! du*ess4 ',politically speak+1 ,i am ( ! op9ion t ,russia ought to make fri5ds ) y1 & t my long1 ende>+ hope = an ent5te betwe5 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,russia1 & y\r c\ntry ought to be effect$ = ! security ( peace at l>ge & = ! b5efit ( humanity4' --',i appreciate1' ,i answ]$1 '! g5]al tr5d ( y\r disc\rse1 & ,i "k x has be5 y\r l9e ( politics = _m ye>s1 & n a view inv5t$ m]ely to please me4 ,i sympa?ise ) y all ! m :5 ,i he> y confess+ ! weak po9ts ( an ally & pay+ high tribute to my c\ntry4 ,! "t may come :5 y\r *]i%$ idea may be realis$1 b at pres5t ! prospects d n look bright4 ,! greate/ ob/acle 9 ! pa? is ! pret5sions ( ! ,russians4 ,!y w n reconcile !mselves to ! idea t we ,japanese are also a nation :i* des]ves ! "n ( a civilis$ race4' --',!y w & mu/ d s 9 "t1' said ! du*ess4 --',we ,japanese are mode/4 ,we d n give ourselves airs4 ,i say ?is frankly & s9c]ely4 ,x is nei!r presumption nor self-conceit1 x is my pure conviction2 b we l to be treat$ ) prop] consid]ation4 ,a few days ago an int]view :i* ,i gave to a ,fr5* weekly 0 publi%$4 ,! subject 0 some:at ak9 to our pres5t conv]sation4 ,a telegram f ,wa%+ton1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 "s j\rnals1 /at$ t ! ,russians 9 ,am]ica 7 irritat$ because ,presid5t ,roosevelt _h giv5 an in=mal reception to ,b>on ,komura4 ,x also /at$ t ! ,russians 7 inspir+ ! impression t ,mr4 ,roosevelt 0 annoy$ ) ,great ,brita9 because %e _h refus$ to put pressure on ,japan to be mod]ate1 & s on4 ,! gi/ ( my obs]vation on ! telegram 03-- ',x 0 und]/ood t ! pl5ipot5ti>ies ( bo? c\ntries %\ld arrive 9 ,wa%+ton be=e ! fir/ "p ( ,augu/4 ,! ,japanese pl5ipot5ti>ies arriv$ punctually at ! pre>rang$ date1 b ! ,russian pl5ipot5ti>ies 7 belat$1 z we all "k1 & yet compla9ts are made t x 0 ,mr4 ,roosevelt's p>tiality t[>ds ,japan :i* made him receive ! ,japanese pl5ipot5ti>ies in=mally4 ,i _c see :y ! presid5t %\ld n (f] cordiality to 8 di/+ui%$ gue/s1 be !y ,japanese or ,russian1 on _! arrival4 ,engl& is n less anxi\s to see ! t]m9ation ( ! pres5t w> ?an any o!r nation1 b ,i d n see :y ,engl& %\ld put pressure ^u ,japan to give advantage to ,russia1 inasmu* z %e kn[s t ,japan is n a nation to make any unreasonable dem& ^u h] wor/$ foe4 ,presid5t ,roosevelt kn[s all ?is4 ,i also believe t :ile ! presid5t is det]m9$ to be q imp>tial 9 ! matt]1 he is n incl9$ to oppress ,japan 9 ord] to give any unreasonable advantage to ,russia1 nor does he expect to see ,engl& d s ei!r4 --',y see1 su* s5tim5ts z ^? express$ 9 ! telegram1 :i* ,i d n consid] a misrepres5tation1 _c b arise f "s idea ( pre/ige1 ) :i* ! ,russians imag9e !y h be5 end[$ to a mu* high] degree by nature ?an ,japan has be54 ,!re is ano!r po9t !y h made a great deal ( fuss ab\t1 & :i* !y _c get out ( _! heads4 ,x is ! fir/ torp$o+ ( ! ,russian fleets at ! entrance ( ,port ,ar?ur1 :i* took place1 z y "k1 on ! night ( ! #h-i? ( ,febru>y la/ ye>4 ,!y always speak ( x z a trea*]\s attack4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 x 0 no?+ ( ! sort1 z may be se5 f all ! circum/ances :i* =c$ u into ! w>1 & :i* are kn[n to all ! _w4 ,our ju/ification has become m evid5t s9ce ! revelation ( ! secret hi/ory ( ! ,russian politics ( ! "t4 ,!re ev5 exi/s a secret treaty betwe5 ,*9a & ,russia1 made at ! "t :5 ,russia obta9$ a concession f ,*9a = ! con/ruction ( ! ,man*urian railways4 ,! purport ( ! treaty1 :i* is n[ no long] a secret1 is no o!r ?an t ,russia & ,*9a 7 to reg>d ,japan z _! enemy1 & to m5ace h] by ! use ( t railway4 ,*9a soon discov]$ ! fallacy3 %e soon saw t ,japan _h n ! disposition repres5t$ by ! ,russians4 ,russia w\ld p]haps n[ say t ! treaty 0 only made = ! purpose ( obta9+ ! concession3 ,i hope x 0 s1 b :o kn[s t x _h be5 s f ! beg9n+8 ,9 spite ( all ?is1 ,japan _h always adopt$ a conciliatory attitude be=e ! outbreak ( ! w>--a w> 9 :i*1 to use a phrase ( ,presid5t ,roosevelt's memorable message to ! ,am]ican ,congress1 x 0 necess>y = ! aggriev$ nation valiantly to /& up = its rights4 ,rememb]1 ,i d n quote ?is 9 any va+lory4 ,moreov]1 :5 ! w> became inevitable1 we gave a cle> notice ( w> to our oppon5ts 7on ! #f? ( t mon?74 ,p]haps y h se5 ! ,:ite ,book ( ,japan relat+ to ! subject4' --',i saw a ,fr5* translation ( x1' said ! du*ess1 '& x has modifi$ consid]ably ! e>ly impressions1 n only ( myself1 b ( mo/ p4' --',i am glad ( t1' ,i said4 ',x is true t ! ,emp]or ( ,japan issu$ on ! #aj? ( t mon? a =mal decl>ation ( w>1 b x 0 address$ to 8 own subjects1 & its aim 0 to make ! actual situation kn[n to !m & also indirectly to ! neutrals4 ,z f> z ,russia & ,japan are conc]n$1 ! notice ( ! #f?1 :]eby ,japan ann\nc$ to ,russia t %e w\ld take an indep5d5t action1 0 no?+ else ?an a decl>ation ( w>4 ,x is1 !re=e1 unfair to /ate t ! fir/ attack on ,port ,ar?ur 0 a trea*]\s attack or an attack by surprise1 ev5 if !re 7 no o!r reasons :i* ju/ify ,japan's action4' --',& yet ! ,russian /atesman1 = in/ance1 wrote 9 ! same rem>kable lett]s t ! :ole _w kn[s t ,japan & n ,russia has provok$ ! pres5t w>1 & spoke ( ,japan1 9 ref]5ce to ! fir/ battle ( ,port ,ar?ur1 z guilty ( a crim9al brea* ( peace1 & ( t battle z a piratical night attack4 ,he w5t on s f> z to /igmatise ,japan z ?is bully+ & bellicose nation4 ,x is ! m rem>kable t all ?is _h be5 done aft] ! pla9 facts ( ! tru? _h come into ! possession ( ! _w4 ,9 ! c\rse ( my refutation ,i /at$ t torp$o+ 0 n a surprise attack 9 ! s5se ( ,int]national ,law1 z ! ,russian /atesman affirms2 at ! mo/ x c\ld only be con/ru$ z a tactical surprise1 b 9 reality x 0 n ev5 ( t nature4 ,i gave my reason !re=1 to :i* ! ,russian /atesman repli$1 t a ,japanese is ! only p]son :o c make any diff]5ce betwe5 a surprise & a tactical surprise1 & no educat$ ,european c make su* a diff]5ce4 ,! diff]5ce itself is pla9 en\gh4 ,tactical surprises come "u no sph]e ( int]national "q4 ,! ,russian troops !mselves are daily practis+ !m 9 ! w>4 ,9 spite ( x1 he feigns 8 ignorance4 ,9 my reply ,i _h to detail & to develop my argum5t a /ep fur!r4 ,if y are n already we>i$1 ,i w recall a passage ( my lett] 9 "q3 ',) reg>d to ! ,port ,ar?ur "q1 ,i %\ld l 9 ! fir/ place to ask ! ,russian /atesman z to :at ,russia h]self did 9 all w>like engagem5ts be=e ! battle ( ,n>va1 & also :5 ! army ( 8 c\ntry ent]$ ,pol& 9 #agcc2 :5 x ent]$ ,moldavia & took possession ( ,*ots91 ,b5d]1 & ,jassi 9 #ahjf2 :5 ! ,russian %ips fir$ into1 & sunk or captur$1 "s ,greek %ips & made an attack ^u ,poros 9 #ahca8 ,fur!r1 h[ 0 x :5 ! ,russian troops made raids on ! coa/s ( ! nor!rn isl&s ( ,japan unexpect$ly & repeat$ly 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 on :i* occasions !y slaught]$ our innoc5t villag]s & burn$ our villages1 or :5 !y attack$ & occupi$ our ,isl& ( ,tsu%ima 9 #ahfa8--;9 all ^! cases !re hav+ be5 no cause or reason :atev] = ! ho/ility p]petrat$1 & t1 too1 )\t ! slighte/ w>n+4 ,above all1 ,i %\ld l to call 8 att5tion to ! proposal :i* 8 c\ntry made ?r\gh its ambassador1 ,b>on ,brunn[1 to ! ,diplomatique ,corps ( ! ,great ,p[]s at ,con/ant9ople 9 #ahdj1 conc]n+ ,egypt4 ,! ,russian ambassador (f]$ v>i\s s*emes = action1 ! pi? ( :i* 0 to be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ words3 ',to execute all ^! measures ) ! greate/ promptitude1 & ) ! greate/ secrecy1--promptitude1 because x is ! only means ( ensur+ _! success2 secrecy1 because ! bl[ mu/ fir/ be /ruck be=e x is ann\nc$4' ,hav+ read s f>1 ,i cont9u$3 ',aft] ,i _h ?us writt51 ,i proce$$ to elucidate t1 ) ^! facts 9 view1 ! ,russians _h no "r to calumniate ,japan1 ev5 if _! c\ntry 7 attack$ by surprise1 & t1 nev]!less1 ,japan _h done no?+ ( ! sort1 z is pla9 f o!r facts4 ,su* is ! case on our side4' --',t po9t is n[ :olly cle>$ up 9 ! eyes ( ! _w1' said ! du*ess4 ',! ,russians c]ta9ly ought n to grumble endlessly ov] ! milk :i* !y !mselves spill$6' --',i may rem9d y ( a /ill m fre% in/ance ( ! unscrupul\sness ( ! ,russians !mselves4 ,at ! "t ( ! ratification ( ! treaty ( ,simonoseki1 did n ! ,russian admiral comm&+ ! ,pacific fleet propose to ! ,fr5* admiral comm&+ ! ,fr5* fleet 9 ! same wat] to attack & de/roy ! ,japanese fleet by a delib]ate surprise6 ,0 x n only re/ra9$ f be+ c>ri$ out by ! judici\s refusal ( ! ,fr5* admiral on ! gr\nd t he _h receiv$ no su* in/ruction f 8 gov]nm5t6 ,we _c1 ( c\rse1 be ?ankful to ,france = jo9+ ! memorable comb9ation ( ! ?ree p[]s1 b we rememb] ) pleasant recollection ! noble det]m9ation ( h] admiral4' --',?ank ,god6 our action 0 correct1 at lea/ 9 t respect4' --',y mu/ be q sick5$1' ,i said1 '( ! hackney$ talk ( ! ,yell[ ,p]il cry1 & ! ,pan-,asiatic ambition attribut$ to ,japan1 because y "k !y are all gr\ndless4 ,! same ,russian /atesman dilat$ on !m also3 if he really ent]ta9s any belief 9 !m 8 conception is errone\s2 if he does n1 & /ill says s1 x is mo/ unfair4 ,i assur$ him t ,japan knew no su* ambition1 & gave v5t to my conviction 9 ?is mann]4 ,i hope y w k9dly li/5 to me4 ',!re is no possibility ( ,panasianism ev5 if ,japan _h dream$ ( x1 nor is !re any likelihood ( ! ,we/]n p[]s be+ endang]$ by ! asc5d5cy ( ,japan4 ,! ins9uation ( y\r writ] t ! ,engli% & ,am]ican comm]ce w\ld be jeop>dis$ by ,japan's victory1 &1 !re=e1 ,japan ought to be ?or\ghly defeat$1 is a mo/ absurd proposition4 ,to beg9 )1 ,japan's victory w\ld nev] prejudice ! comm]cial int]e/s ( ^? c\ntries2 on ! contr>y1 !y w\ld be m safegu>d$4 ,b suppose x did1 x w\ld be = ,engl& & ,am]ica to look aft] ^? matt]s be=e ! ,russians did = !m4 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 are among/ ^? c\ntries :i* are mo/ sympa!tic ) ,japan4 ,i c put x 9 ano!r way4 ,suppose1 aft] ,japan's success 9 ?is w>1 ,japan's indu/ry %\ld be m develop$1 x w\ld only s]ve m to /imulate ! comm]ce betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 t ! developm5t ( ,japan's indu/ry be m or less detrim5tal to ! ,we/]n comm]ce1 is x j & humane--let me repeat1 is x j & humane1 to =mulate a doctr9e t %e is to be cru%$ because !re is a fe> t h] indu/ry might be develop$8 ,x w\ld be l a ri* p]son =mulat+ ! doctr9e t a poor neighb\r ( 8 ought to be murd]$ = no o!r reason ?an a vague appreh5sion t he might possibly become a prosp]\s man4 ',t is :at ,i answ]$ ! ,russian /atesman4 ,b ev5 at ?is mom5t su* speculative op9ions are widespread4 ,i c only hope t ,japan's real motive & aspiration = emulat+ occid5tal civilisation is n[ becom+ bett] kn[n to ! ,we/]n nations1 at all ev5ts to ! bulk ( ! ,fr5* p4' --',i believe s1 too1' said ! du*ess4 ',b "o ?+ :i* /rikes me is t1 :ile on ! "o h& _m p depict ,japan by h] huge %ad[1 ev5 a great] numb] ( p speak ( ,japan z a small c\ntry1 z ?\gh %e 7 no m ?an ,belgium1 ,holl&1 or ,d5m>k4 ,a c\ntry :i* competes ) ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 ,france1 or ev5 ,g]many1 9 ! size ( h] t]ritory & numb] ( population1 _c be a small c\ntry4' --',x is p]haps because we ,japanese d n p>ade ourselves4 ,we pref] to speak ( ourselves z small 9 def]5ce to ! mod]n civilisation ( ! ,we/]n nations4 ,besides1 we are n s weal?y z ! occid5tal nations4 ,we always feel x4 ,x (t5 prev5ts u f do+ bett] ?+s4' --',b y\r c\ntry is n poor4' --',we are n poor4 ,i am only speak+ comp>atively ) ! great p[]s ( ! ,we/4 ,! volume ( our comm]ce has ris5 f a few millions to six or sev5 hundr$ million y5s 9 less ?an =ty ye>s4 ,9 a way we ought to be satisfi$4' --',i suppose ! p are happy4' --',well1 ,i may say s4 ,we h no v ri* classes1 b at ! same "t we h no extreme pov]ty z yet4 ,only ! o!r ev5+ a compatriot ( m9e :o _h travell$ 9 ! c\ntry ne> ,t\rs told me t ! common p !re liv$ 9 small caves 9 ! cliffs1 or on ! slopes ( ! hills1 & !y 7 all b>efoot$ :5 !y 7 at home1 or 7 at "w 9 ! v9tage4 ,i he> !re are _m su* 9 ,brita9 also4 ,x s\nds r odd = ,france4 ,& m6 ,p>is is a wond]ful t[n4 ,x is a place ( ! agglom]ation ( ev]y?+ extreme4 ,a little "t ago1 accompani$ by a few ,fr5*m51 ,i made a r\nd ( visits to all sorts ( places ?r\gh ! :ole night 9 ord] to see ,p>is by night4 ,i saw _m night %[s to beg9 )3 ,i saw _m gay places3 ,i saw sev]al d5s ( ! poor4 ,among ! %[s1 t ( ,ni5te /ruck me mo/4 ,x seem$ s /range to ent]ta9 visitors ) be] at tables :i* are c(f9s1 & 9 a room light$ by a *&eli] con/ruct$ ( human bones4 ,a small cave tav]n made "r 9 ! gr\nd1 :]e ! poor 7 enjoy+ bocks ( be]1 & li/5+ to "s indiff]5t musical p]=mance1 0 also int]e/+4 ,i ask$ f :]e !y got ! air into ! place4 ,! answ] 0 n[h]e4 ,b :at impress$ me mo/ 0 a d5 ( ! de/itute1 :]e ! poor get p]mission to sleep = "o night1 & to receive a bas9 ( s\p1 at a total co/ ( twop5ce4 ,:5 ,i visit$ ! d5s1 x 0 f> on 9 ! night4 ,i saw "s f\r or five hundr$ m51 clad 9 rags mo/ ( !m1 lean+ on tables1 asleep1 9 diff]5t cell>s connect$ by n>r[ passages1 "r deep 9 ! gr\nd4 ,naturally also _m 7 ly+ on ! gr\nd1 & sev]al on ! /one /aircases4 ,^! cell>s c\ld n h be5 made = su* a purpose1 & ,i 0 unable to div9e = :at !y _h be5 orig9ally us$4 ,p]haps !y _h be5 ! cell>s ( "s great w9e m]*ant4 ,i don't ?9k y y\rself c h se5 su* a place1 b y c imag9e ! awfulness ( ! sight4 ,inde$1 ! ,fr5* g5tleman :o 0 ) me said he began to feel upset4 ,i am happy to say t we h n su* extreme cases ( pov]ty 9 our c\ntry up to ! pres5t g5]ation4' --',i am afraid x is su* cases z ^! t give good pretext to ! sociali/ic movem5t1' said ! du*ess4 ',x is a great problem4 ,b to return to our subject1 y h no embassy 9 ,europe1 z all o!r great p[]s h4 ,y h only legations1 ) ord9>y m9i/]s1 l second>y p[]s4 ,x might h be5 "o cause :y ord9>y p ?9k ,japan is su* a small c\ntry4' --',x may be s1' ,i answ]$1 '9 "o way2 b y see we h n _h any p>ticul> reason to make ourselves o/5tati\s1 & besides1 ! matt] does n re/ ) "o side only4' --',x is r s+ul>1' said ! du*ess1 't ! _w has n discov]$ ! real "* ( ! ,japanese = s long a "t4 ,b yet !re 0 at lea/ "o man :o realis$ x n9ety ye>s ago4 ,i h read an acc\nt ab\t him 9 a rec5t issue ( ! ,engli% press4 ,x 0 9 ! ye> #ahac1 &1 !re=e1 at ! "t :5 ,java 0 "u ,engli% occupation4 ,"l ,m9to 7ance/or ( ! new vic]oy7 0 !n ,vic]oy ( ,india1 & x seems ,sir ,/am=d ,raffles 0 ! *ief repres5tative ( ! ,briti% ,ea/ ,india ,company out 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! latt] s5t 9 t ye> an ,engli%man1 ,dr4 ,daniel ,a9slie1 to :om 0 atta*$ a ,dut*man1 ,w>d5a> by "n1 to ,nagasaki on a mission to look aft] ,engli% int]e/s1 & to make a confid5tial report on ! situation 9 ,japan4 ,! mission 0 a failure2 ! "t 0 n ripe en\gh4 ,b ! impression ,sir ,/am=d obta9$ ?r\gh ,dr4 ,a9slie is int]e/+4 ,x reads z fre% z ?\gh x _h be5 br\ght back f ,japan only ye/]day1 & speaks = itself3 ',! refusal ( ! ,japanese1 in/igat$ by ! prejudic$ & /iff-neck$ ,dut*man1 ,h5drik ,doeff1 to trade ) ! ,engli%1 did n bias ,sir ,/am=d's m9d aga9/ !m4 ,dr4 ,a9slie1 9 :om he _h implicit confid5ce1 s5t him volum9\s reports1 & on !m he =m$ a judgm5t mo/ fav\rable to ! ,japanese 9 e respect4 ,expression 0 giv5 to ^! op9ions 9 ,sir ,/am=d's presid5tial address to ! ,batavian ,society ( ,arts & ,sci5ces on ,septemb] #aa1 #ahae4 ,! foll[+ extracts are ^? ( ! mo/ direct importance2 ,i ne$ only (f] a few notices on ! "* :i* !y appe>$ to ,dr4 ,a9slie to display dur+ a resid5ce ( f\r mon?s1 & z f> z he _h ! opportunity ( judg+4 ,!y are repres5t$ to be a n]v\s1 vigor\s p1 ^: bodily & m5tal p[]s assimilate mu* ne>] to ^? ( ,europe ?an :at is attribut$ to ,asiatics 9 g5]al4 ,_! features are mascul9e & p]fectly ,european1 ) ! exception ( ! small1 l5g!n$ ,t>t> eye1 :i* almo/ univ]sally prevails1 & is ! only feature ( resemblance betwe5 !m & ! ,*9ese4 ,! complexion is p]fectly fair1 & inde$ bloom+1 ! wom5 ( ! high] classes be+ equally fair ) ,europeans1 & hav+ ! bloom ( heal? m g5]ally preval5t among !m ?an is usually f\nd 9 ,europe4 ,= a p :o h _h v few1 if any1 ext]nal aids1 ! ,japanese _c b rank high 9 ! scale ( civilisation4444 ',! ,*9ese h be5 /ation>y1 at lea/ z long z we h kn[n !m1 b ! slighte/ impulse seems suffici5t to give a det]m9ation to ! ,japanese "* :i* w\ld progressively improve until x atta9$ ! same height ( civilisation ) ! ,european4444 ',! ,japanese1 ) an app>5t coldness l ! /illness ( ! ,spani% "*1 & d]iv$ ne>ly f ! same causes--t sy/em ( espionage & t pr9ciple ( disunion dictat$ by ! pr9ciples ( bo? ,gov]nm5ts--are repres5t$ to be eag] ( novelty & w>m 9 _! atta*m5ts1 op5 to /rang]s1 &1 hat+ ! re/rictions ( _! political in/itutions1 a p :o seem incl9$ to ?r[ !mselves into ! h&s ( any nation ( sup]ior intellig5ce4 ,!y h1 at ! same "t1 a great contempt & disreg>d ( ev]y?+ bel[ _! own /&>d ( morals & habits1 z in/anc$ 9 ! case ( ! ,*9ese4 ',^! rem>ks1 utt]$ n9ety ye>s ago1 %[ t at lea/ "o disc]n+ m9d _h appreciat$ all ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,japanese & o!r ,asiatics1 judg$ accord+ to ! accept$ views among ,europeans4 ,x 0 ! apa?y ( ! home au?orities t alone prev5t$ ! e/abli%m5t ne>ly a c5tury ago ( an ent5te cordiale betwe5 ,engl& & ,japan z ! consequ5ce ( ! /r5u\s ef=t ( ,sir ,/am=d ,raffles to promote comm]cial relations at ,nagasaki4' ,at ?is juncture ! duke return$ ) 8 two daught]s2 jo9+ u v soon1 he said to me3 --',h y notic$ ! controv]sy ab\t ,fr5* patriotism wag+ 9 ! pap]s j n[8 ,i wi% all ,fr5*m5 7 z patriotic z y\r c\ntrym54' --',i h notic$1' ,i said1 'b ,i believe t :atev] op9ion "o may ent]ta91 or :atev] views "o may express1 9 ! inn]mo/ %r9e ( ! he>t ( e ,fr5*man !re is treasur$ a phrase1 ,la ,france3 c'e/ le pays de mon cur4 ,x _c be o!rwise4' --',i hope s1' rejo9$ ! duke4 ',to love "o's own c\ntry1 :i* is patriotism1 is almo/ a natural in/9ct4 ,! only diff]5ce is ! degree ( int5sity4' --',let me tell y1' ,i proce$$1 'h[ ,i came to rememb] t phrase1 & excuse me if my talk is some:at delicate4 ,x is n[ m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago1 p]haps y rememb]1 :5 a "y cantatrice1 toge!r ) h] companion-maid1 put an end to _! lives1 "u romantic b tragic circum/ances1 b5ea? ! w9d[s ( ! *ateau ( a "y =eign nobleman 9 8 c\ntry4 ,x creat$ a great s5sation at ! "t4 ,i 0 !n /ay+ 9 ,engl&4 ,%e left a lett] 9 :i* %e express$ h] desire t h] enfant d'am\r %\ld be br\ght up & educat$ 9 ,france1 add+ !reto ! phrase ,i h j quot$4 ,we h a say+1 ,d n ca/ away good dictum on acc\nt ( ! p]son :o utt]$ x4 ,^? words--,i mean ,la ,france1 etc4--?\gh utt]$ by a female ( h] type1 left a deep impression 9 my m9d4 ,!y are s f9e & t\*+4 ,i d>e say _m a ,fr5*man has us$1 & /ill uses1 t phrase1 at lea/ 9 8 m9d4 ,apropos to t /ory1 ,i w tell y an incid5t4 ,sev]al ye>s aft] t ev5t ,i 0 9 ,japan1 & d9$ "o ev5+ ) "s fri5ds1 ! p>ty includ+ a few =eign]s4 ,!re 7 no ladies pres5t4 ,z is usual1 a good deal ( m]ry *att+ w5t on among u aft] d9n]4 ,on t occasion ,i n>rat$ to !m ! /ory ( ! ev5t j m5tion$1 &1 ( c\rse1 recall$ t phrase to _! remembrance4 ,"o ( ! =eign]s sudd5ly said1 ,i 0 ! man conc]n$ 9 x--,i 0 ! man4 ,y c imag9e h[ awkw>d ,i felt4 ,x is always necess>y to be on "o's gu>d 9 society4 ,"o nev] kn[s :o a p]son may be4 ,! incid5t1 h[ev]1 w s]ve to %[ h[ vividly ! phrase rema9$ 9 my memory4' --',n[1 b>on1' int]pos$ ! du*ess1 'p]mit me to ask y to expla9 a problem :i* ,i am unable to solve myself4' --',:at is x8' ,i repli$4 ',i am always ready to answ] y\r que/ions z f> z possible4' --',! ideals z well z ! :ole /ructure1 bo? political & social1 ( y\r c\ntry1' cont9u$ ! du*ess1 'seem to diff]1 z f> z ,i c judge1 f ! ideals & doctr9es ( "s ( ! ,sociali/s ( ! ,we/4 ,accord+ to ^! latt]1 !re c be no patriotism1 z ! ess5ce ( _! tea*+ is cosmopolite & n national1 & !re c be no su* social & political /ructure z1 = in/ance1 ^? :i* y\r c\ntry adores4 ,& yet1 on ! ,cont95t1 ! ,sociali/s are dispos$ to be m fri5dly to y\r c\ntry ?an ! o!r sections ( ! communities4 ,on y\r "p1 also1 y appe> to be m intimate1 or at lea/ m acqua9t$1 ) p belong+ to t class4 ,excuse me if my rem>ks are too p]sonal4' --',i am n intimate1' ,i int]pos$1 'nor am ,i ev5 acqua9t$ ) _m4 ,b please cont9ue4' --',well1 9 ,engl&1 = in/ance1 x is ! ,cons]vatives :o are m en?usia/ic ab\t y\r c\ntry1 & ! ,lib]als only rank second4 ,i _c make out h[ all t comes ab\t on ! ,cont95t4' --',i d n ?9k ,engli% sympa?y = ,japan has any?+ to d ) _! home politics4 ,look at ,am]ica6 ,! =m ( ! gov]nm5t & _! political ideas are totally diff]5t f ours1 & yet !y h %[n great sympa?y to u1 z y mu/ h obs]v$4' --',am]ican democracy1 nev]!less1 is m app>5t ?an real1' said ! du*ess4 ',_! me?ods are m mon>*ical ?an republican4 ,:5 once a man is elect$ ,presid5t1 he is l a mon>*4 ,he has a wide scope = political movem5t 9 8 h&s4 ,he *ooses 8 m9i/]s indep5d5tly ( ! ,congress1 & ! m9i/ry is n dep5d5t on ! ,congress2 9 o!r words1 !re is a conc5tration ( p[] & also ! cont9uity ( x1 ?\gh ! p]son ( ! ,presid5t may *ange aft] a c]ta9 lapse ( "t4 ,look at ,mr4 ,roosevelt1 :at a position he occupies 9 8 c\ntry4' --',= all t1' ,i said1 ',am]ica is a republic4 ,am]ican sympa?y = ,japan _c be expla9$ by ! !ory y put ^u ! ,am]ican polity4 ,! sympa?y ( ! ,anglo-,saxons arises1 9 my op9ion1 *iefly f _! p]ception ( ! ju/ice ( our cause1 & f _! appreciation ( ! humane & enlight5$ behavi\r ( ! ,japanese4 ,?is is my pla9 op9ion4 ,no "o c fail to p]ceive a great contra/ 9 ^! respects betwe5 ! two c\ntries engag$ 9 ! w>4 ,! sympa?y ( ! ,european ,sociali/s is some:at simil>1 ,i believe4 ,! conditions ( ,japan are mu* ne>] to _! own ideals ?an are ^? ( our oppon5ts4' --',t is v likely1' said ! du*ess1 'b ,japan z %e is _c be an ideal object ( admiration to !m2 _! sympa?y appe>s only to be bas$ on comp>ison4 ,:y1 !re 0 ev5 an ass]tion by "s ,sociali/s t ,japan 0 lik$ only because ! autocracy ( ! o!r side 0 dislik$4 ,by ! bye1 y said ! o!r day1 t y did n l to apply ! t]m revolution to y\r great *ange ( #ahfg4' --',yes1 ,i said s4' --',& ,i agree ) y1' cont9u$ ! du*ess4 ',revolution means upsett+ & de/roy+ ev]y?+1 b y nev] _h any?+ ( t k9d4 ,y\r emp]or assum$ a new au?ority1 b x 0 only a re/oration1 or1 9 o!r words1 unification ( p[]2 !n1 too1 ! sov]eignty ( 8 maje/y's family is s antique t !re is aga9 a great cont9uity ( p[]3 ^? are ! po9ts :i* make ,japan s f9e a nation4 --',well1' ,i cont9u$1 'we d n l to apply ! t]m revolution to our great *ange1 because t t]m is usually appli$ to a big1 popul> movem5t aga9/ e/abli%$ gov]nm5ts1 :i*1 :ile de/roy+ "o1 sets up ano!r4 ,t is to say1 ! t]m is g5]ally us$ 9 a political s5se4 ,! hi/ory ( our great *ange diff]s f t1 because1 al?\gh ! ,%ogunate ,gov]nm5t 0 upset1 ! o!r ,gov]nm5t1 namely1 ! ,imp]ial1 :i* 0 re9vigorat$ & _h come to ex]cise aga9 its full au?ority1 _h always exi/$1 & ! sov]eignty _h cont9u$ to re/ ) ! heads ( t ,gov]nm5t1 namely1 ! emp]ors2 t y "k v well4 ,nev]!less1 ) reg>d to ! social aspects ( ! *ange1 "o _c say !re has be5 no upsett+ ( ?+s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 almo/ ev]y?+ has be5 upset2 re/oration & innovation 7 ! two curr5ts ( ?\ght !n prevail+4 ,! ma9 "w 0 re/oration1 b almo/ ev]y?+ else 0 innovation1 or at lea/ r5ovation4 ,h5ce1 almo/ e in/itution & mat]ial object :i* 0 old 0 de/roy$1 or ne>ly de/roy$1 beyond all necess>y limit1 almo/ 9 ! same way z 0 exp]i5c$ by ,engl& "u ! ,long ,p>liam5t1 & ,france 9 #aghi4 ,i don't mean !re 0 9 ,japan any su* sangu9>y de$s p]petrat$ z ^? by ! ,jacob9s1 b ! g5]al social curr5ts ( ev5ts 7 some?+ l ^? ( ,fr5* & ,engli% exp]i5ce4 ,!re 0 ev5 a sugge/ion made by s]i\s p ( cutt+ d[n ! big trees ( a f9e p>k 9 ! middle ( ,tokio & turn+ x into mulb]ry fields1 on ! argum5t t ! latt] w\ld be b5eficial to ! nation1 :il/ ! =m] 0 a useless luxury4 ,at "o "t1 inde$1 ev5 ! ^w civilisation 0 mu* abus$3 ( c\rse1 n 9 su* a way z ,madame ,rol& lam5t$ ! abuse ( ! t]m lib]ty1 because our abuse ( ! ^w civilisation 0 nei!r political nor s]i\s4 ,x 0 *iefly s ) small social matt]s4 ,= in/ance1 :5 "o wi%$ to disp5se ) "s ( ! old cu/oms & mann]s1 :i* he deem$ too rigid & inconv5i5t1 he w\ld ca/ !m away light-he>t$ly1 ) ! rem>k t x 0 n a civilis$ me?od4 ,( c\rse1 a great *ange l ! "o we h made c only be c>ri$ out "u su* circum/ances z ^?1 accompani$ necess>ily by great sacrifices4 ,)\t d\bt1 x w\ld n d if ! same ?+ w5t on endlessly4 ,=tunately we h manag$ to tide ov] t transitory /ate1 & h produc$ ! ,japan ( ! pres5t day4' --',:atev] may h be5 ! social aspects ( y\r great *ange1' said ! du*ess1 '"o ?+ is und5iable1 & t is1 t its be/ results h be5 br\ght ab\t by ! unification & cont9uity ( ! p\voir--,i mean1 au?ority4 ,b by say+ ?is1 ,i mu/ n be misund]/ood1 especially 9 ?is c\ntry1 z say+ t a cont9uity ( au?ority is necess>ily to be connect$ ) h]$ity1 = ,i ma9ta91 = in/ance1 t ! ,ca?olic religion is a specim5 ( cont9uity 9 ! p]son ( ! ,pope4 ,b1 b>on1 0 !re any outcry = ,lib]t1 ,egalit1 & ,frat]nit at ! "t ( y\r great *ange8' --',no1 n exactly1' ,i repli$4 ',our /ruggle 0 n "o ( ! l[] classes en masse aga9/ ! upp] classes4 ,besides1 our l[] classes 7 n 9 su* a desp]ate condition z ^? ( ,france 9 h] tr\bl$ days4' --',y "k already1' proce$$ ! du*ess1 't ^? ?ree t]ms contradict ea* o!r if c>ri$ out lit]ally4' --',t is true4 ,b by simil> reason+1 all t]ms ( virtue are contradictory if c>ri$ out to ! lett]4 ,?us1 ! extremity ( pati5ce makes "o a fool2 t ( brav]y1 foolh>dy2 t ( *>ity1 lavi%2 & t ( ext5sive love ( all ?+s1 makes "o a s5tim5tal weep]4 ,=give me if ,i am a little polemic4 ,h[ev]1 !re is "o ?+ t ,i ?9k ,i h n told y1 & t is ?is3 ,al?\gh !re 0 no def9ite cry = ! ?ree t's dur+ our great *ange1 "s vague notion ( !m 0 obs]vable dur+ t ev5t & "s "t aft]4 ,x 0 dur+ t transition p]iod t ! ,fr5* notion ( p]sonal "r bas$ ^u ! civil law got into ! ,japanese m9d a little too /rongly 9 opposition to ! idea ( public laws bas$ ^u ! pr9ciples ( ,/ate & common good4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 a man did n scruple to cut d[n :atev] =e/s belong$ to him1 no matt] :e!r or n by do+ s irrep>able public injury %\ld be occasion$2 8 notion be+ t 8 propriet>y "r ( ! =e/s /ood ov] any o!r "r4 ,9 o!r words1 ! notion ( private laws 0 n reconcil$ ) t ( public laws4 ,we h _h to br+ ab\t an amelioration1 & to enact fre% laws to regulate ! =e/ "q1 mu* on ! same l9es z ! old regulations :i* _h previ\sly exi/$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,!re h be5 _m o!r matt]s mu* simil> to ?is4 ,i may also add t prop] respect betwe5 inf]ior & sup]ior1 & y\ng] & eld]1 0 also slack5$ at "o "t1 :i* is a sort ( misuse ( equality & frat]nity4 ',b to return to our disc\rse3 all ! argum5ts ,i h he>d f y to-day rem9d me ( an anonym\s political pamphlet :i* ,i happ5$ to glance at4 ,x speaks ( ! necessity ( unification & cont9uation ( au?ority4 ,x speaks ( ! advisability ( non-dep5d5cy ( ! ,m9i/ry on ! ,*amb]1 & x speaks ( ! self-contradiction ( ! ?ree t]ms4 ,i almo/ suspect t ! writ] ( ! pamphlet is influ5c$ by y1 or y by him1 or is x a co9cid5ce8' --',no matt]1' said ! du*ess lightly1 & cont9u$2 ',i ?9k !re are no ,sociali/s 9 ,japan--at all ev5ts1 n wor? speak+ (1 z a p>ty8' --',v true1' ,i int]pos$4 --',i ?\ght s1' cont9u$ ! du*ess2 ',japan is n a c\ntry compatible ) ! ideas & doctr9es ( ,socialism3 %e does n want x4' --',& yet1 "s po9ts ( h] aspirations1' ,i said1 'des]ve att5tion4 ,x is ! duty ( an enlight5$ ,gov]nm5t to anticipate ! legitimate requirem5ts ( ! l[] classes1 & to make ! spread ( dang]\s doctr9es useless4' --',& ,japan does s1 ,i suppose1' said ! du*ess4 --',well1 we are do+ our be/1' ,i answ]$1 'm especially because ! introduction ( ,we/]n me?ods ( progress t5d to produce all sorts ( evils1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! b5efit d]iv$ !refrom is comp>atively f> great] 9 its way4' --',! fre] a c\ntry is1 ! less x is likely to be di/urb$ by sociali/ic or nihili/ic movem5ts1 y mean1 ,i suppose1' said ! du*ess4 --',x is n all1 b some?+ l x1' ,i said4 ',engl& & ,am]ica are free f ^? movem5ts4' --',france is a free c\ntry1' said ! du*ess1 '& yet %e lab\rs "u an ov]p[]+ influ5ce ( ,socialism4' --',x seems true1' ,i said4 --',y might say because %e is too free1 p]haps1' said ! du*ess4 --',or1 r1' ,i repli$1 '%e might be pay+ ! p5alty incurr$ dur+ ! anci5t mon>*y ( ! misuse ( its p[]4' --',maybe1' %e answ]$4 ',b ,i am f> f believ+ 9 real p[] ( t p>ty4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 fooli% to ignore an exi/5ce ( su* an elem5t4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 nev] be5 9 (fice4 ,suppose !y h =m$ a ,gov]nm5t1 :at d y ?9k w come out ( x8 ,at all ev5ts1 ,i c nev] agree ) "s ( _! extreme views :i*1 if c>ri$ out lit]ally1 w\ld mean an abolition ( ! army & navy1 ! ,gov]nm5t1 ev5 ! ,/ate4' --',! subject is too intricate = me1' ,i said2 ',i give x up4' --',at all ev5ts1' %e repli$1 '!re be+ no sociali/ic p>ty 9 ,japan1 z y say1 is x n all ! m /range t no cordiality seems to exi/ betwe5 ,japan & ! ,fr5* ,nationali/s1 ^: notions & ideas resemble ^? ( ! ,japanese4' --',we c h no sympa?y1 /ill less conc]n1 ) any political aspiration ( a section ( o!r p z f> z _! dome/ic politics are conc]n$4 ,b ,i d n see :y ! ,japanese %\ld n be will+ to be fri5dly ) ! ,nationali/ section ( ! ,fr5* p4 ,( late1 ! ,japanese h n seem$ to be p]sona grat ) y\r ,nationali/s1 if !re be any su* section4 ,b x is n our fault4 ,!y h %[n ?r\gh _! p>tiality to our oppon5ts mu* antipa?y to ,japan4 ,x is ano!r reason :y ! contra/ betwe5 ! ,sociali/s & o!r sections ( ! ,fr5* p has become1 or r1 once became1 s manife/ z reg>ds _! attitude to my c\ntry4' --',b ! ,nationali/s are n enemies ( ,japan4 ,9 fact1 x 0 ! ,nationali/s :o disapprov$ t5 ye>s ago ! action ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 :i* jo9$ 9 ! comb9ation ( ! ?ree p[]s aga9/ ,japan4' --',maybe1' ,i said1 'b ! g5]al t5d5cy ( t section1 s9ce ! outbreak ( ! pres5t w>1 has n be5 s fav\rable to u z y w\ld h lik$4' --',b y mu/ make "s all[ance = ! fact t ,france is ! ally ( ! o!r side4' --',i d s1 b ! contra/ 9 tone betwe5 diff]5t j\rnals is s m>k$1 & ! pap]s :i* are mo/ bitt] aga9/ u1 at "o "t 7 ^? reput$ z ! organs ( ! ,nationali/s4' --',t may h be5 s1' said ! du*ess1 '& !re h ev5 be5 "s :i* 7 r mislead+4 ,i confess ,i 0 r surpris$ :5 once ask$ by a memb] ( a respectable family1 h[ x 0 t ! ,japanese 7 ne> ,m\kd51 :il/ we _h be5 in=m$ by ! press all ^! mon?s t ! ,russians _h be5 con/antly ga9+ victories4 ,probably t family happ5$ to take 9 "s exceptional j\rnal1 & p]haps only "o4 ,b y _c read j\rnali/ic op9ions only & reg>d !m z ! real views ( ! ,nationali/s4 ,!y h1 9 reality1 v little influ5ce ov] ! pap]s2 ,i wi% !y _h m4 ,j\rnals g5]ally g _! own way3 ,i _c & mu/ n expla9 :y4 ,besides1 ! sociali/ j\rnals also h n be5 fri5dly to ,japan f ! v beg9n+4 ,!y became s only :5 ! contra/s betwe5 ! bellig]5ts _h become some:at manife/4 ,!y 7 %rewd 9 ! matt]3 ! ,nationali/s 7 sl[2 "o _h to awake !m4' --',i 0 n "h at t "t1' said ,i1 's ,i _c (f] any obs]vation !reon4 ,b1 madam1 is x too imp]t95t = me to ask if ,fr5* int]e/ 9 ,russian bonds are mu* 9 ! h&s ( ,nationali/s8' --',oh no1' answ]$ ! du*ess4 ',i wi% !y 72 b y see our old families are n l ^? ( "s o!r c\ntries4 ,! int]e/ ( ! ,russian bonds mo/ly conc]ns petty p :o h inve/$ 9 !m _! h>d-e>n$ sav+s4 ,x is1 !re=e1 all ! m un=tunate t ! pres5t w> %\ld be protract$4' --',i envy ,france1' ,i said1 't %e has su* a sav+ p3 x is 9 consequ5ce ( ?is t %e has1 z ,i am told1 "s billions ( surplus francs e ye>4' --',t1 ,i believe1 is ! case1' said ! du*ess4 --',z to ! fri5dly relations betwe5 y\r c\ntry & m9e1 let u hope t a "t happi] ?an ! pres5t may arrive soon1 & ! soon] ! bett]4' --',i hope s1 too1' said ! du*ess1 '& we mu/ try to make x s4' ,,vi ,! age ( ! ,japanese--,ito & ,in\y--,int]m>riages--,comm&] ,hiros--,"s abuse ( ! ,japanese nationality--,! climate ( ,japan--,*rysan!mums--,japanese ra9--,! two great curr5ts--,h[ ,japan develop$--,summ] resorts ( =eign]s--,spr+ & autumn-- ,picnics--,sports--,a lett] by an ,am]ican--,pa/imes ( ! ,japanese g5try--,description ( ! ,japanese *ess & ! game ( ',g'--,description ( ,japanese c>ds--,poem c>ds--,fl[] c>ds--,pi]re ,loti--,public ba?s--,an int]view on common & milit>y education 9 ,japan--,george ,wa%+ton & ,nelson--,! cause ( ,russian defeats accord+ to ! w\nd$ ,i f\nd myself once m 9 a gr\p ( p1 includ+ "s ladies4 ,! gr\p 0 v incongru\s1 z is usual 9 dreaml&4 ,! conv]sation w5t on m]rily & v light-he>t$ly4 --',n[1 b>on1 x is y\r turn4 ,y mu/ n[ tell u some?+ int]e/+1' said "o ( ^? pres5t4 --',i h no?+ wor? tell+1' ,i answ]$4 --',b y mu/3 y 7 9 ,europe = _m ye>s1 :5 q "y1 ,i h he>d4 ,y mu/ h _h "s exp]i5ces to int]e/ u4' --',well1 ,i c rememb] only "o or two amus+ incid5ts4 ,i once knew a *>m+ "y lady1 call$ by h] fri5ds ! mode/ ,violet4 ,%e liv$ ) h] "m & si/]s 9 a c\ntry home ne> ,london4 ,i 0 (t5 invit$ !re to take tea & play t5nis1 or accompany !m = a drive4 ,on "o occasion1 ,i 0 walk+ ) h] r\nd ! g>d51 :5 we came to a nook :]e !re 0 a g>d5 seat4 ,we sat d[n4 ,b ! seat1 be+ old1 ! "p on :i* ,i sat gave way all ( a sudd51 & ,i f\nd myself flat on ! gr\nd1 ! o!r "p ( ! seat rema9+ intact4' --',does %e /ill rememb] y1 or r1 h y se5 h] s9ce y\r arrival 9 ,europe ?is "t8' ask$ ano!r4 --',yes6 ,i h se5 h]1 & ,i notic$ :5 ,i visit$ h] %e 0 /ill us+ on h] table a silv] tr9ket1 ( :i* ,i made h] a pres5t ye>s ago1 on ! occasion ( h] w$d+4' --',t is "o--& ano!r4' --',well1 ,i 0 at ,brighton "o summ]1 & met !re a "y lady ) :om ,i 0 acqua9t$4 ,we w5t = a walk toge!r on ! ,p>ade "o bright aft]noon & !n w5t d[n to ! bea*4 ,%e sat on a small rock & lean$ aga9/ ! /one wall4 ,%e _h a book ( select poems 9 h] h& & read a good _m ( !m :ile ,i recl9$ on ! s& by h] side4 ,:5 %e rose f h] seat1 ,i notic$ t ! back ( h] :ite summ] dress 0 /a9$ gre5 by ! moss on ! /one aga9/ :i* %e _h lean$1 & %e 0 oblig$ to g home ) h] sun%ade op5 ov] h] back4' --',let me aga9 ask if y h met h] s9ce8' --',no1 ,i h lo/ trace ( h] altoge!r4 ,%e 0 ! daught] ( an a/ronom]4 ,if %e is /ill liv+1 %e w rememb] me :5 %e sees my ,summ] ,dream4' --',:at8' --',i don't "k4' --',b ,i h he>d y utt] ^? words once or twice4 ,surely !y mu/ h a mean+4' --',no6 ,i ?9k n4 ,y mu/ "k t ,i 0 =m]ly a ,deputy ( ! ,japanese ,diet4' --',:at has t to d ) ! subject8' --',well6 ,deputies (t5 talk ab\t ?+s :i* !y "k no?+ ab\t4 ,j obs]ve ! deputies :o talk mo/ 9 ! *amb]4 ,!y are sure to be ^? :o h nev] read ?r\gh ! docum5ts !y hold 9 _! h&s4' --',:at a pleasantry6 ,h[ev]1 we h _h ! second tale4 ,:at next8' --',no m amus+ ones4 ,b ,i rememb] ano!r :i* 0 some:at *ivalr\s4 ,9 a l>ge t[n 9 ! nor? ( ,france1 !re 0 a gr\p ( ri* manufactur]s belong+ to ! same family1 orig9ally ,engli%1 ?\gh "s ( ! y\ng] memb]s _h be5 born 9 ,france4 ,a bosom fri5d ( m9e1 & ano!r compatriot1 7 /ay+ !re1 & !y 7 bo? on intimate t]ms ) all ! memb]s ( ! family4 ,i sp5t sev]al summ] days 9 t t[n1 & also 9 ,dunkirk & ,o/5d1 ) my fri5ds & mo/ ( ! p ,i am ref]r+ to4 ,!y 7 all v cordial1 & x goes )\t say+ t ,i sp5t a v jolly "t4 ,!re 0 a "y lady belong+ to "o bran* ( ! family1 :o 9 age1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 0 pa/ ! fir/ bloom ( y\?4 ,i notic$ t %e & ! memb]s ( ano!r bran* ( ! family nev] spoke toge!r1 :i* ar\s$ my curiosity1 & z a result ( discreet inquiry1 ,i f\nd t "s discord exi/$ betwe5 !m1 ! cause ( :i* 0 %e _h n m>ri$ ! man ( h] *oice on acc\nt ( ! int]f]5ce ( an uncle1 :o 0 ! head ( ! o!r bran* ( ! family4 ,i felt r sorry ab\t ! matt]1 = x 0 ! only rift 9 ! family lute1 o!rwise mo/ happy & h>moni\s4 ,a /rong desire came ov] me to br+ ab\t a reconciliation4 ,"o day at ,dunkirk1 ,i accompani$ ! "y lady to ! sea-coa/1 :]e1 aft] a long p]suasion1 ,i obta9$ h] cons5t to be reconcil$4 ,! *ief individual hav+ be5 won ov]1 ,i _h no great difficulty 9 p]suad+ ! o!rs2 & peace 0 proclaim$ !n & !re at ,dunkirk4' --',b y 7 only a "y man1 !n4' --',c]ta9ly ,i 0 y\ng] ?an ,i am n[1 b ,i am n q s "y z y may imag9e4 ,! ,japanese1 z a rule1 appe> to ,european eyes _m ye>s y\ng] ?an !y are 9 reality4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 :5 ,m>quis ,ito & ,c\nt ,in\y came ov] to ,engl& z /ud5ts = ! fir/ "t1 !y 7 bo? ov] tw5ty1 & ,c\nt ,in\y 0 old] ?an ! ,m>quis ,ito by "s ye>s4' --',_! relative ages1 h[ev]1 mu/ h rema9$ ! same always1' said "o je/+ly4 --',t is s3 b t is n my po9t4 ,!y 7 !n consid]$ z "y /ud5ts ( sev5te5 or eighte54 ,:51 !re=e1 !y told _! tea*] t !y w\ld return to ,japan & c\nsel _! ,pr9ce to *ange 8 anti-=eign policy into a pro-=eign policy1 he laugh$ at !m1 say+1 ,y boys1 :at c y d8 ,& ,ito & ,in\y only succe$$1 aft] great p]sev]ance1 to obta9 ! necess>y cons5t4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ,i am glad to h he>d s9ce t ! lady 9 "q 0 happily m>ri$4' --',all[ me to ask a v delicate "q4 ,h y nev] fall5 9 love1 or some?+ l x1 ) any ,european lady dur+ y\r long /ay 9 ,europe8' --',well1 ,i h always pref]r$ to keep my he>t well 9 h&1 s z n to be hamp]$ 9 ! m s]i\s duties ( life2 &1 moreov]1 ,i d n believe 9 ! desirability ( int]m>riage betwe5 =eign]s4 ,!re h1 ( c\rse1 be5 _m int]m>riages betwe5 ! ,japanese & ! occid5tal races1 & ! results ( "s ( !m h be5 app>5tly v good1 b !re h also be5 _m failures1 & ,i d n ?9k1 9 g5]al1 happ9ess c be secur$ 9 int]m>riages ( ?is k9d1 s mu* z ^? betwe5 p :o h great] resemblance 9 cu/oms & mann]s & ev]y?+ else to ea* o!r4 ,ev5 if ! c\ple are happy1 x (t5 happ5s t x is n s betwe5 !m & _! relations4 ,y "k1 p]haps1 t ! late ,comm&] ,hiros 0 a ba*elor4 ,he 0 a man ( /oical "*4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a rum\r ab\t him t :ile he 0 /ay+ ov] "h he met a "y ,european lady :om he lik$ v mu*4 ,he did n propose to h] b = "o reason1 & t 0 because he 0 afraid %e might feel unhappy :5 tak5 to ,japan = ! reason ,i h j m5tion$1 9 addition to ! fact t he 0 a naval (fic]1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* he w\ld h to leave h] to h]self m ?an ord9>y m>ri$ wom5--& t 9 a c\ntry to :i* %e 0 a /rang] 9 _m ?+s6' --',b y\r success 9 ! w> w make y\r c\ntrym5 v popul> among "y ladies1' int]pos$ ano!r laugh+ly4 --',i h no fe>4 ,we/]n "y ladies are cauti\s en\gh4 ,b1 nev]!less1 !re is a slight dang] ( ! "n ( ,japan be+ tak5 advantage (4 ,i he>d a /ory only ! o!r day t 9 ,cali=nia "s ,*9ese cut (f _! plaits & dress$ 9 ,european co/umes :ile !y 7 /ay+ at an hotel1 & 7 pass+ !mselves (f z ,japanese4 ,!y 7 discov]$ :5 a real ,japanese address$ !m 9 8 language1 to :i* !y 7 unable to reply4 ,i h he>d ( ano!r incid5t :i* took place 9 a t[n 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&4 ,a =eign]1 pr(ess+ himself to be a ,japanese1 tri$ to take an ap>tm5t4 ,! l&lady1 :o _h _h "s ,japanese lodg]s be=e1 some:at suspect$ ! nationality ( ! man f 8 way ( b>ga9+ = ! r5t4 ,%e ask$ a ,japanese to call 9 on h]1 & ! =eign] 0 soon discov]$ to be a ,european ^: nationality belong$ to a c\ntry :]e ! climate is v hot1 & ^: complexion alone bore resemblance to ! ,japanese4' --',:at is ! ,japanese climate l8' ask$ ano!r4 --',well1 t is a "q ,i am ask$ s (t54 ,y see ,japan is a long1 n>r[ c\ntry runn+ f nor? to s\?-we/2 !re=e1 if y take ! nor!rn & s\!rn extremities1 !re is mu* diff]5ce ( climate1 b z to ,japan prop]1 t is to say1 ! middle "p1 ! climate does n mu* diff] f y\rs4 ,! latitude !re is mu* l[] ?an ,engl& or ,france4 ,! latitude ( ,london is fifty-"o degrees1 "o m9ute nor?2 t ( ,p>is1 =ty-eight degrees1 fifty m9utes nor?2 :il/ t ( ,yokohama1 :i* is ! port ( ,tokio1 & ab\t tw5ty miles s\? ( ! latt]1 is ?irty-five degrees1 tw5ty-six m9utes2 &1 !re=e1 p tak+ an analogy f ,egypt or ,alg]ia (t5 wrongly imag9e t ,japan is a tropical l&1 b x is n s4 ,we h our seasons3 spr+1 summ]1 autumn1 & w9t]1 at ! same "t z y4 ,we h sn[1 fro/1 ev5 hail/ones1 mu* simil> to y4 ,we h occasional ra9 & %[]s also1 z y h1 or p]haps a little m frequ5t4 ,we h a ra9y season 9 ,june1 al?\gh we d n h s mu* fog z 9 ,engl&4 ,! wea!r is g5]ally f9e2 our summ] la/s long] ?an y\rs1 & is some:at hott]1 b n s hot z p g5]ally imag9e4 ,our autumn la/s long] & is f9] ?an y\rs1 because y seem to jump almo/ f summ] to w9t]1 & w9t] to summ]4 ,9 fact1 9 ,japan1 we almo/ d\bt :i* is ! bett] season ( ! ye>1 spr+ or autumn4 ,9 autumn1 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 almo/ all ! foliage1 z well z ! maples1 turn to all %ades ( r$ & sc>let int]m+l$ ) yell[4 ,x is ! result ( ! brilliant sun %9+ on ! fro/$ leaves--a gr& sight1 :i* y seem n to h 9 ?is qu>t] ( ! _w4' --',! *rysan!mums are also v f9e too1 ,i ?9k1' said ano!r4 --',yes1 b 9 t respect we _c n[ boa/ s mu*1 z x is cultivat$ s ext5sively 9 ! ,we/1 & ! blossoms are1 z a rule1 mu* bigg] ?an ours4 ,ev]y:]e 9 society n[adays *rysan!mums are pl5tifully us$ = table decorations4 ,inde$1 p say ! introduction ( t fl[] 0 a great boon to ! flori/s ( ,europe1 z ! *rysan!mum season happ5s to fall j at a "t :5 ! sc>city ( fl[]s is mo/ felt4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o diff]5ce 9 its cultivation betwe5 ! ,occid5tal & ,japanese horticulturi/s4 ,! latt] /rive to keep all ! leaves fre% & gre5 f ! bottom ( ! /alk to ! top1 :i* is no easy matt]1 & d n tr\ble to produce v l>ge blossoms1 b 9 ! ,we/ ! size ( ! fl[] appe>s to be almo/ ! only c>e1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ,i h se5 almo/ all ! fl[]s exhibit$ at %[s )\t any /alk at all4 ,i may add a ^w conc]n+ ! ra9 9 ,japan1 especially 9 ,tokio4 ,! %[] is (t5 v heavy1 & falls 9 a slant+ direction on acc\nt ( a /rong w9d1 :i* (t5 prevails 9 ,japan2 !re=e1 ! ro(s ( ! build+s h long eaves2 ev5 ! build+s 9 ,european /yle mu/ h eaves & w9d[s specially design$1 diff]+ f ! ord9>y ,we/]n ar*itecture1 o!rwise ! ra9 w\ld soak ?r\gh4 ,! reason :y ! climate ( ,japan is temp]ate 9 comp>ison ) its latitude is *iefly due to ! effects ( two great curr5ts1 "o com+ f ! ,behr+ ,/rait & ! o!r com+ f ! s\?1 "o cold & ! o!r w>m2 & betwe5 ^? curr5ts is produc$ ! climate ( ,japan4 ,/rangely en\gh1 9 ,man*uria & ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,*9a prop]1 t is to say1 ! regions surr\nd+ ,pek91 ! summ] is excessively hot & ! w9t] extremely cold4' --',d y say ! climate 9 e "p ( ,japan prop] is pretty mu* ! same8' ask$ "o4 --',pretty mu*1 b n exactly4 ,y see ,japan prop] has a range ( m\nta9s1 :i* divides ! c\ntry into two p>ts1 "o side fac+ ! ,pacific ,ocean & ! o!r ! ,sea ( ,japan4 ,! =m] is m bright & *e]ful1 & conv]sely ! latt] is less bright & less *e]ful4 ,p]haps1 ow+ to t disadvantage 9 climate1 ! ,japan ,sea side is less advanc$ 9 all respects4 ,!n1 aga91 ! developm5t ( ,japan seems to h proce$$ f we/ to ea/1 beg9n+ at ! nor?-we/]n "p ( ,kiusiu1 !nce along bo? sides ( ! ,inl& ,sea1 !nce along ! ,pacific ,ocean on t[>d ! ,pla9 ( ,kwanto1 :]e ,tokio is situat$4 ,all travell]s c disc]n ?is v easily by ! g5]al developm5t ( ^! regions 9 comp>ison ) o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4' --',is ! summ] s hot z to be unbe>able8' ask$ ano!r4 --',i w\ld n say unbe>able1 b1 ( c\rse1 x w\ld be f> m com=table if "o w5t to good summ] resorts4 ,!re are _m places 9 ,japan suitable = sp5d+ ! summ]1 & are visit$ by a l>ge numb] ( ,occid5tals1 n only f all p>ts ( ,japan1 b also f mo/ ( ! op5 ports ( ! neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,= in/ance1 ,k>uizawa1 :]e ,i h a small villa1 is ov] ?ree ?\s& feet above sea level1 & !re ne>ly "o ?\s& =eign]s sp5d ! summ] e ye>4 ,apropos to ,k>uizawa1 ,i may tell y en passant an incid5t :i* occurr$ !re a few ye>s ago4 ,e>ly "o morn+ ,i discov]$ two =eign]s _h got into a corn] ( my g>d5 & 7 cutt+ d[n bran*es ( my fav\rite trees2 !y 7 n v ref9$1 & evid5tly belong$ to "s irregul> mission4 ,on my ask+ = an explanation1 !y told me ! bran*es 7 = ! decoration ( ! h\se ( ,god4 ,!y did n "k to apologise1 b appe>$ to assume t !y c\ld d any?+ 9 ! "n ( _! mission4 ,i _h to expla9 to !m t !y 7 do+ :at !y ought n to1 & t if !y did ! same ?+ 9 ! gr\nds ( less tol]ant p1 tr\ble might ensue4 ,i !n =mally gave !m ! bran*es already cut d[n1 9 ord] to exon]ate !m f any possible infraction ( ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts4 ,i m5tion ?is incid5t 9 ord] t o!r p engag$ 9 simil> missions might take x z a w>n+4 ,b to return to my subject3 well-to-d ,japanese also resort to ! m\nta9s or to ! seaside places = _! summ] holidays4 ,= ! p 9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 spr+ & autumn are ! be/ seasons ( ! ye>4 ,x is !n t c\ntless gr\ps ( m5 & wom5 indulge 9 innoc5t picnic p>ties to see all sorts ( fl[]s & t9t$ leaves1 & to visit places ( int]e/1 ) :i* ! c\ntry ab\nds2 inde$1 "s ( ! p :o are m /hetic & poetic (t5 travel great di/ances simply = ^? objects4 ,! fire-flies also are a sight 9 _m p>ts ( ,japan4' --',i h read "s acc\nts ( ^? excursions1' said "o1 '& _! fondness = hang+ d[n f ! bran*es ( trees _! qua9t b simple & innoc5t effusions ( poetic ?\ght1 writt5 on slips ( pap]4' --',b :at are ! g5]al pa/imes ( ! ,japanese g5try at home8' ask$ ano!r4 ',are !y fond ( op5-air sports z ! ,engli% are8' --',no1 ,i am sorry to say !y are n4 ,9 ,engl&1 m ?an else:]e1 all sorts ( op5-air sports h be5 inv5t$ & play$1 p]haps ow+ to ! condition ( ! climate4 ,mr4 ,balf\r1 ! ,prime ,m9i/]1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 is a great golf]4 ,pr(essor ,balf\r1 8 bro!r1 0 a great cricket]4 ,8 premature dea? ye>s ago1 by an accid5t on ! ,alps1 0 lam5t$ v deeply by ! sci5tific _w2 & ,i1 = "o1 griev$ mu*1 = he 0 v k9d to me :5 ,i w5t up to ,cambridge1 & smoo!d my way consid]ably = ! ,univ]sity /udy4 ,) u1 h[ev]1 outdoor sports h always be5 consid]$ *ildi%1 & ! rude sports ( *ildr5 h nev] be5 improv$ to suit gr[n-up m54 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 ( c\rse1 ,we/]n op5-air sports1 su* z base-ball or lawn t5nis1 are play$ by /ud5ts v widely 7at ?is mom5t "s ,japanese teams ( base-ball play]s h gone to ,am]ica to play aga9/ ! ,am]icans74 ,b old] p seldom indulge 9 t k9d ( sport4 ,billi>ds also is only ( mod]n introduction4' --',b surely y mu/ h "s k9d ( pa/imes8' --',well1 we h "s1 b be=e ent]+ on t subject ,i w say a ^w ab\t a lett] writt5 by an ,am]ican on k9dr$ subjects4 ,x caught my eye accid5tally 9 ! ,japan ,times4 ,x is r int]e/+ &1 !re=e1 ,i w recite x to y v]batim4 ,! head+ ( x is ,japan is a que] c\ntry4 ',su* 0 ! head+ ( an article 9 "o ( our ,am]ican pap]s ( rec5t date4 ,z an example ( ! c\ntry be+ que] ! writ] /at$ among o!r ?+s t old m5 9 ,japan fly kites & sp9 tops1 :ile *ildr5 look on4 ,n[1 ,i = "o h be5 9 ,japan a good :ile & h se5 _m fly+ kites & sp9n+ tops4 ,yet ,i h nev] _h ! =tune ( see+ ! picture describ$ above4 ,x is easy to conceive h[ ! k9d-he>t$ ,ojiisan might %[ 8 little gr&son h[ to fly a kite or to sp9 a top :ile ! little fell[ look$ on1 b t is 9 no way peculi> to ,japan4 ,! same ?+ might be se5 9 almo/ any c\ntry4 ',aga9 ! writ] says1 ,japanese writ]s use pa9t bru%es1 n p5s1 & write f bottom to top1 9 :i* he has gott5 8 ideas m topsy-turvy ?an ! ,l& ( ,topsyturvydom itself4 ,& fur!r1 9 ,japan !re are no lawy]s1 & ,japanese doctors nev] make any *>ges4 ,comm5t is unnecess>y4 ',^! are only specim5s ( mu* t has = ye>s flood$ our ,we/]n newspap]s ab\t ,japan4 ,n a great :ile ago ,i saw an article 9 :i* x 0 said t ,japanese babies nev] cri$1 & if a dog b>k$ at night he 0 tak5 (f next day & kill$4 ,x is high "t t ,we/]n p 7 beg9n+ to h a few sane ?\ghts ab\t ,japan1 & /op speak+ ( x z an ,ori5tal puzzle1 a nation ( recluses1 a l& ( fabul\s weal?1 ( univ]sal lic5ti\sness1 or ( ,ed5ic purity1 ! fa/ness ( a trea*]\s & fickle crew1 a ,p>adise ( guileless *ildr51 a ,utopia ( arti/s & poets4 ,japan has "s sup]ficial oddities1 b :at c\ntry is !re t has n8 ,to be a bit humor\s1 if p wi% to say ludicr\s ?+s ab\t ,japan1 x may n be s bad1 b to put su* ?+s out z sob] tru? makes a false impression & does ! p an inju/ice4 ',imag9e a ,japanese go+ to ,am]ica1 = example1 & writ+ back some?+ l ?is3 ,am]ica is a que] c\ntry4 ,! p clo! !mselves ) ! hair & sk9s ( animals4 ,!y fa/5 _! clo?+ on by means ( little knobs hung 9 holes2 ! wom5 g ab\t ) ! arms & upp] "p ( ! body nude4 ,ow+ to ! peculi> make ( _! %oes1 !y all walk on tiptoe4 ,! p eat dead pigs1 & dr9k a :ite1 ?ick fluid call$ *i*i1 :i* !y squeeze out ( ! body ( a l>ge animal4 ,:5 eat+ !y /ick long iron in/rum5ts 9 _! m\?s4 ,:5 mov+ ab\t !y are oblig$ con/antly to set "o foot out 9 front 9 ord] to keep f fall+ on _! noses4 ,sometimes :5 !re is a company ( !m toge!r !y op5 _! m\?s v wide at ea* o!r1 utt] l\d1 in>ticulate cries1 & jump ab\t 9 a v curi\s mann]1 %ak+ f head to foot4 ',n[ :at w\ld ! ,japanese p ?9k ( su* a /ory1 & :at k9d ( impression w\ld !y get ( ! ,am]ican p8 ,b ?is is a fair specim5 ( ! /yle 9 :i* _m h writt5 ab\t ?is c\ntry4 ,we _c q speak ( x z ly+1 yet x am\nts to ! same 9 t x deceives & makes a false impression4 ,! p ( ,japan are mu* ! same z ! _w at l>ge4 ',& f9ally1 :at is true ( ! cu/oms ( ,japan is also true ( ! ,japanese language4 ,a ,we/]n]1 = in/ance1 w poke fun at ! expression1 ,= ! fir/ "t1 ,i hang ^u y\r hon\rable eyes1 & p]haps ) ! next brea? say1 ,i knew him z soon z ,i laid eyes on him4 ,lit]ally speak+ x is h>d to tell :i* is ! m oka%ii 7ridicul\s71 to hang ^u ! hon\rable eyes ( ano!r1 or to lay y\r eyes on somebody else4 ,or :i* is worse1 to /ick to ! end ( ! /reet 9 go+ to y\r bus9ess1 or to /ick to x :5 y get !re8 ,all languages mu/ be expla9$ & und]/ood 9 ! light ( _! idiomatic use & mean+1 o!rwise !y become idiotic1 & 9 ?is ! ,japanese language is no exception4 ',!re is "o po9t 9 t lett] to :i* ,i mu/ take exception1 z is rem>k$ 9 ! editorial notes1 too1 b o!rwise ,i q concur ) ! writ]4 ,! matt] ,i ref] to is t ( ! kites4 ,on t po9t nei!r ! writ] ( ! orig9al article nor ! writ] ( ! lett] hit ! m>k4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ( c\rse1 kites or tops are play$ ) by *ildr5 z 9 ! ,we/1 b !re is "o p>ticul> me?od ( fly+ special kites :i* is indulg$ 9 by gr[n-up m54 ,x is done 9 ,nagasaki4 ,! kites are made 9 a p>ticul> %ape s t a slight pull or loos5+ ( ! l9e makes a rapid movem5t1 & if "o pulls :5 ! kite is n 9 ! "r position x falls to ! gr\nd ) lightn+-l rapidity4 ,x requires great skill to manage1 & !re=e _c be done by m]e boys4 ,^? kites are well kn[n by ! "n ( ,nagasaki kites4 ,9 t t[n p fly !m 9 a c]ta9 season ( ! ye>1 mak+ ! kites fight "o aga9/ ! o!r high up 9 ! air4 ,! me?od is z foll[s3 ,a c]ta9 portion ( ! l9e is gumm$ ov] ) a mixture conta9+ f9e p>ticles ( glass1 s t x w\ld cut ano!r l9e :i* might come 9 contact ) x4 ,a skilful fli] manages 8 kite 9 su* a way t 8 l9e w cut ! l9e ( o!rs )\t hurt+ 8 own1 &1 !re=e1 dur+ ! competition all ! kites are mak+ rapid movem5ts to & fro high up 9 ! air4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ,nagasaki m51 a l>ge numb] ( :om are resid5ts 9 ,tokio1 h in/itut$ a display ( kite-fly+ ( _! me?od4 ,! p]=mance takes place on a c]ta9 day 9 spr+ 9 a suburban p>k ( ! capital4 ',b to return to ! subject ( ! pa/imes ( ! ,japanese g5try 9 g5]al4 ,"s are fond ( h&l+ ,kakemono4 ,"s are fond ( collect+ old curios4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 a f> great] numb] ( curiosity %ops 9 ,japan ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,"s are fond ( p]=m+ or?odox tea c]emonies1 b by f> ! great] numb] are fond ( play+ at ! game ( g1 & ,japanese *ess4' --',:at are !y l8' ',g is a game :i* y h n 9 ! ,we/4 ,our *ess is diff]5t f y\rs1 b ! pr9ciple is simil>4 ,) u g is consid]$ m ref9$ ?an *ess1 & 9 consequ5ce g is m g5]ally play$ by ! upp] classes1 & *ess by ! l[] classes4 ,9 su* games1 ours seem to be m sci5tific & complicat$ ?an ^? 9 ! ,we/4 ,i d n l to appe> to boa/ ( our own ?+s1 b my conviction1 f\nd$ on fact1 en=ces me to tell ! tru?4 ',i w beg9 ) *ess4 ,9 all p>ts ( ! _w ! game ( *ess exi/s 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,!y mu/ h desc5d$ f a common orig93 we pr(ess to h d]iv$ our game f ,*9a4 ,x seems !re h be5 sev]al k9ds ( *ess 9 ,*9a4 ,9 ,japan also !re 7 ?ree k9ds 9 e>li] days--! great1 ! middle1 & ! ord9>y4 ,! la/ is ! "o :i* has surviv$ & has become a national game4 ,_m improvem5ts h be5 made s9ce its introduction into ,japan1 s t x n[ diff]s consid]ably f t ( ,*9a4 ,we all "k ( improvem5ts :i* h be5 made on ! ,we/]n guns & rifles1 because !y belong to our own day3 b we d n "k :5 & by :om ! improvem5ts 9 *ess 7 made4 ,x is said1 until "s hundr$ ye>s ago1 !re 0 an extra piece on ei!r side call$ ! drunk5 elephant1 hav+ almo/ omnipot5t p[]--,i suppose some?+ l y\r que54 ,! exp]ts ( t "t agre$ t ! problems ( ! game w\ld become mu* m int]e/+ )\t t p>ticul> piece1 because its omnipot5cy ov]%ad[$ ! action ( o!r figures1 & x 0 accord+ly aboli%$ by ,imp]ial sanction4 ,we consid] our game m sci5tific & complicat$ ?an any o!r ( ! k9d4 ,a s+le fact w g f> to demon/rate my ass]tion4 ,br+ toge!r at r&om a numb] ( ord9>y ,japanese *ess play]s & ! same numb] ( ord9>y ,european play]s4 ,let ! movem5ts ( ! m5 ( ! ,european *ess be %[n to ! ,japanese1 & let ! ,europeans & ! ,japanese play ! ,european *ess1 y may be sure t aft] ! second game1 ! ,japanese w be on ! w9n+ side4 ,:5 ,i 0 /ay+ at ,muni* ov] tw5ty ye>s ago1 ,i le>n$ ! ,european moves f a lad liv+ 9 ! next flat2 aft] ! second game ,i won cont9ually1 & ! lad gave up 9 despair4 ,m9d1 ,i am n at all a good play] z ,i play r>ely1 &1 :5 ,i d play1 ,i pref] to play g4 ,on ! way to ,europe la/ ye>1 ,i play$ ,european *ess on bo>d ! mail /eam]1 le>n+ aga9 ! movem5ts ( ! figures1 :i* ,i _h n practis$ s9ce my ,muni* days4 ,aft] "o or two games1 ,i became "o ( ! be/ play]s among ! pass5g]s4 ,?is 0 n ! case ) me only1 = !re 7 sev]al o!r ,japanese on bo>d1 & !y also became excell5t play]s4 ,! same is ! exp]i5ce ( all ! ,japanese travell]s4' --',:at is ! reason ( t8' ask$ "o ( ^? pres5t4 --',because ours is mu* m complicat$ ?an y\rs4 ,! only dang] we h to wat* aga9/ :5 we play y\r game is to be caught 9 an ungu>d$ mom5t by a movem5t :i* is =eign to u4 ,i mean1 = in/ance1 y\r knights move sidew>ds or backw>ds1 & we are (t5 caught by x1 because our knights move only =w>ds4' --',b :at d y mean by say+1 y\r *ess be+ m complicat$8' ask$ ano!r4 --',i w only outl9e ! reason1 = x is impossible to demon/rate x 9 ! %ort space ( a ,summ] ,dream4' --',:at6' --',well1 ,i mean to say t x w\ld take a long "t 7 ,i to describe x 9 detail1 b li/53 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! squ>es ( our bo>ds are n9e by n9e1 !re=e !re are sev5te5 m squ>es ?an y\rs3 ! numb] ( our m5 are tw5ty 9 all on ea* side1 two r[s ( n9e ea*1 & two extra1 &1 !re=e1 f\r m m5 ?an y\rs on ea* side4 ,!n1 aga91 9 y\r game1 :5 y take "o ( y\r oppon5t's pieces1 y put x aside & nev] make any use ( x except "u "o p>ticul> circum/ance1 :i* ,i ne$ n describe4 ,) ours1 h[ev]1 ei!r side ( ! play]s c make use ( any ( ! captur$ pieces ( 8 oppon5t & add !m to 8 own m51 at any "t & place1 & "u any circum/ance1 provid$ t he br+s !m on to ! bo>d1 "o at a "t1 9 8 turn ( move4' --',b h[ c y make any di/9ction betwe5 y\r own m5 & ^? ( y\r oppon5t1 if y put d[n ! oppon5t's m5 z y\r own8' said ano!r4 ',well1 we h no diff]5ce ( col\r betwe5 fri5ds & foes & our m5 are made flat ab initio1 & are laid on ! squ>es ) _! heads turn$ t[>ds ! enemy1 s t "o c easily di/+ui% fri5ds f foes by ! position 9 :i* !y are plac$4' --',h[ c y turn ! head t[>ds ! enemy8' ask$ "o4 --',by ! head1 ,i d n mean ! head & tail y use :5 toss+4 ,our m5 are made 9 su* a way t "o ( ! f\r sides has a project$ "p2 & t side is ! head4 ,9 o!r words1 ! head does n mean ! flat surface1 b r "o ( ! sides ( a flat object4 ,call x ! top1 if y pref]4' --',i see1' said "o4 --',! me?ods ( mak+ use ( ! captur$ m5 makes ! :ole play mu* m intricate4 ,z a rule1 ( c\rse1 if y take a man ( y\r oppon5t1 possess+ great] p[]1 x is bett] ?an tak+ "o possess+ less p[]1 b ?is does n always foll[1 because accord+ to ! vicissitudes ( ! game a man :i* has less p[] may be utilis$ = "s p>ticul> purpose to great] advantage ?an "o ( great] p[]4 ,?is is ! po9t 9 :i* our *ess has f> m int]e/ ?an y\rs4 ,!n1 aga91 9 y\r *ess "o does n seek s mu* to take a man ( "o's oppon5t z "o does 9 our *ess1 because ) y\rs m]e ex*ange ( m5 is to be avoid$ z x does n affect ! relative =ce ( ei!r side1 b ) ours "o (t5 plays 9 su* a way z to capture a piece or two1 ev5 m1 ev5 ?\gh he loses simil> or id5tical m5 ( 8 own1 9 ! same process1 because by ! clev]] use ( ! captur$ m5 a bett] issue c (t5 be obta9$4 ,ano!r peculi>ity ( our game is t1 :5 a piece gets into ! ?ird r[1 or beyond1 ( ! squ>es on ! oppon5t's side1 ! play] has ! option ( *ang+ its p[] 9 c]ta9 ways4 ,?is is ano!r s\rce ( int]e/4 ,b rememb]1 ?is me?od diff]s f "o :i* is employ$ 9 y\r *ess :5 a pawn gets into ! la/ r[ ( ! squ>es on ! oppon5t's side4 ,z a consequ5ce ( all ?is1 y c easily see t !re _c be su* a result z a drawn game 9 our *ess4' --',c y describe ! k9d ( m5 & ! moves ( y\r *ess8' ask$ "o4 --',oh1 t w\ld take too mu* "t2 b ,i w tell y an incid5t connect$ ) x4 ,aft] a d9n] p>ty 9 ,engl&1 ,i _h "s talk on ! subject ) a bi%op1 :o happ5$ to be pres5t4 ,he ask$ me :at our ca/les 7t\rs7 7 l4 ,i answ]$ we _h no ca/le1 because we did n believe a ca/le c\ld move ab\t on l&4 ,we call our correspond+ figures light *>iots1 or1 m commonly1 lances4 ,he next ask$ me :at our que5 0 l4 ,i answ]$1 we h no que51 because we d n believe 9 ! advisability ( mak+ a que5 "w h>d1 n only h>d] ?an ! k+1 b ?an all o!r subjects4 ,y may call x keep+ a woman 9 seclusion1 b we ?9k x respect & consid]ation = ! fair sex n to expose !m to su* a task z fight+4 ,we h two g5]als1 betwe5 :om ! p[] ( y\r que5 is divid$4 ,"o is call$ diagonal da%]1 & ! o!r fly+ *>iot4 ,he !n ask$ me :at our bi%ops 7 l4 ,i answ]$1 we h no bi%op1 because we d n consid] x good ta/e to make a v5]able bi%op fight a sangu9>y battle1 besides1 ! same moves ) :i* y\r bi%ops are emp[]$ are be/[$ on our diagonal da%]4' --',y fabricate ! /ory1' said "o4 --',n at all1' ,i answ]$4 ',x 0 a true & g5u9e incid5t4 ,9 fact1 ,i d n ?9k ! names ( mo/ ( y\r m5 v comm5dable4' --',well1 !n1 :at are y\r names1 & h[ d y arrange ! position ( ! m5 at ! comm5cem5t8' said ano!r4 --',we place ! k+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! la/ r[4 ,we c d s because our squ>es are n9e & n eight1 z y\rs4 ,on ea* side ( ! k+ we h ! gold g5]al1 silv] g5]al1 knight1 & lanc] respectively4 ,on ! second squ>e ( ! second r[ f ! left we h ! diagonal da%]2 & 9 ! second squ>e f ! "r 9 ! same r[ we h ! fly+ *>iot4 ,! ?ird r[ is allott$ to ! pawns1 :i* we call foot-soldi]s1--! same signification z y\rs4 ,?us y c see ! />t+ position is entirely id5tical on bo? sides1 :i* is n ! case ) y\rs1 because y\r squ>es be+ eight1 y _c place ! k+ 9 ! v c5tre ( ! r[4' --',b h[ d y manage :5 a weak] h& plays ) a /rong] h&8' int]pos$ ano!r4 --',well1 9 t case1 ! /rong] h& takes (f "o or m m5 f ! bo>d at ! beg9n+1 j z y d1 & ?us equalises ! relative /r5g?4' --',:at is g8' --',x is a game :i* y h n1 &1 !re=e1 x is r difficult to describe1 & x w\ld n int]e/ y mu*1 if ,i describ$ x1 because ,i c\ld make no comp>ison4 ,:5 ,i 0 9 ,engl& be=e1 n[ _m ye>s ago1 "s p play$ a *ildi% game call$ g-bang4 ,! bo>d & ! pieces us$ are ! same z our g1 ?\gh ^? ,i h se5 9 ,europe are v simple & *eaply made4 ,9 ,japan !y are r exp5sive4 ,! mat]ials bo? ( ! bo>d & pieces are g5]ally *oice k9ds ( wood1 & r>e black /one & %ells1 :i* make !m exp5sive1--9 fact1 "s p reg>d !m z an ornam5t = ! room4 ,! game1 :i* is ! same z y\r g-bang1 is also play$ by ! "n ( gomoku n>abe1 t is1 plac+ five pieces 9 a r[4 ,we call ! bo>d = g g-ban1 :i* lit]ally means ! bo>d = g1 & f t ,i conclude t y\r game ( g-bang came f ,japan1 only y h misappli$ ! appellation ( ! bo>d to ! game4 ,9 ,japan1 x goes )\t say+1 t game is only fit = boys & girls1 ?\gh occasionally "s p %[1 ev5 9 t game1 great sci5tific skill4 ,unlike *ess1 ! pieces ( g are plac$ on ! top ( ! cross1 & ! end ( ! l9es :i* m>k ! bo>d into squ>es4 ,!re are n9ete5 by n9ete5 ( su* spots1 &1 !re=e1 !re are ?ree hundr$ & sixty-"o black & :ite pieces altoge!r1 ?\gh 9 practice1 ! m skilful ! play]s ! less ! actual numb] ( pieces us$4 ,f ! simple fact ( ! pieces be+ :ite & black1 & hav+ no diff]5ce ( value1 casual obs]v]s might ?9k ! game ( g does n possess s mu* int]e/ & v>iation z *ess1 b accord+ to ! op9ion g5]ally accept$1 !re is mu* m 9 g ?an 9 *ess1 ?\gh "s :o are m p>tial to *ess pr(ess t !re is a little m 9 *ess ?an 9 g4 ,at all ev5ts1 !re are m p :o und]/& *ess ?an g1 because ! latt] is m difficult to le>n4 ,g has also be5 introduc$ to u f ,*9a 9 ! e>li] days ( int]c\rse1 m ?an t5 c5turies ago1 b no "o kn[s ! exact hi/ory ( its introduction4 ,9 ,japan ! game has und]gone _m *anges4 ,x is kn[n t ! bo>d us$ 9 ,*9a 9 anci5t times conta9$ a less numb] ( squ>es1 b ,i am n sure if x _h already ! pres5t numb] :5 fir/ introduc$ into ,japan4 ,x seems ! pres5t numb] ( ! squ>es is mo/ productive ( all sorts ( problems4 ,9 anci5t times 9 ,*9a1 ! black pieces 7 (f]$ to ! p]son :o held a bett] social position ?an ! o!r1 or to ! /rong] h& 9 case ( a mat* betwe5 ^? ( equal position4 ,?is 0 s 9 ! e>li] /age ( ! game 9 ,japan1 b lat] ! :ite pieces came to be us$ uni=mly by ! bett] play]4 ,! me?ods ( />t+1 & ! rules = equalis+ ! relative /r5g? ( ! play]s at ! beg9n+1 & = c\nt+1 h all und]gone improvem5ts4 ,= ?ree c5turies !re exi/$ an academy = g1 & also = *ess1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! be/ play]s ( ! empire1 :o receiv$ c]ta9 annuities & p]sonal di/9ction f ! c5tral gov]nm5t 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! int]e/ 9 ! games4 ,inde$1 diplomas ( diff]5t degrees 7 giv5 to *ampions1 accord+ to _! des]ts4 ,! c]emony ( ! competition by ! be/ play]s 0 annually p]=m$ 9 ! ca/le ( ! ,%ogun4 ,f ?is y c well imag9e t we h _h bett] play]s 9 ^? games ?an 9 ! c\ntry :5ce !y 7 orig9ally d]iv$4 ,great g5iuses 7 occasionally produc$4 ,s9ce ! inauguration ( ! pres5t ,gov]nm5t1 ^! in/itutions h disappe>$ 7?\gh !y /ill exi/ z private in/itutions71 & ! positions ( ! be/ play]s1 :atev] _! g5ius1 are no long] lucrative nor di/+ui%$4 ,i am n1 !re=e1 sure if we c keep up our =m] /&>d ( skill4 ,9 all ! games ,i h se5 & he>d (1 !re is none :i* has s _m degrees ( skill z ! game ( g4' --',are !re no m games ( a simil> nature8' --',!re are sev]al m1 b mo/ly *ildi%1 & play$ by "y girls or *ildr5 at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 su* z poem c>ds4' --',:at is t8' ',! ,japanese "n = poem c>ds is ,uta-,k>uta4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ! t]m ,k>uta is n ,japanese4 ,x is ( ,european d]ivation1 be+ ! same z ! ^w ,c>ta 7c>d 9 mod]n ,engli%74 ,!re _h exi/$ poem %ells be=e poem c>ds came into use4 ,"o half ( a %ort poem 0 writt5 inside "o half ( a %ell1 & ! o!r half ( ! poem inside ! o!r half1 !re be+ usually "o hundr$ %ells ) diff]5t poems writt5 9 !m4 ,! game 0 to f9d ! "o half ( ! %ell :i* belong$ to ! o!r4 ,! %ells 7 (t5 ri*ly decorat$1 z "o may see f ! remnants ( old ones4 ,a little m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5 ! ,isl& ( ,hirado 0 ! trad+ port = ,dut* & ,engli% vessels1 ! ,european trad]s br\ght ) !m _! c>ds ) :i* !y 7 9 ! habit ( play+4 ,! ,japanese :o happ5$ to see !m seem to h ?\ght t ! %ape ( ^? c>ds _h "s novelty & 7 m simple ?an _! %ells4 ,!y1 !re=e1 sub/itut$ c>ds = %ells1 & h5ce ! orig9al "n ,c>ta came to be us$ by u4 ,i w n[ expla9 ! game ( poem c>ds2 x is play$ at ! "t ( ! ,new ,ye>1 g5]ally by "y girls4 ,!re are two sets ( c>ds4 ,"o half ( %ort poems is writt5 ea* sep>ately on "o set1 & ! o!r half is writt5 9 ! same mann] on ! o!r set z at poem %ells4 ,"o set is ei!r ?r[n 9 ! middle ( ! play]s or dealt out 9 equal numb]s4 ,:ile "o p]son is read+ ! fir/ "p ( a poem1 ea* ( ! play]s picks up a c>d on :i* ! o!r half ( ! same poem is writt51 or turns x upside d[n1 :5 ! numb]s are equally divid$1 z ! case may be4 ,9 ! "o me?od1 :oev] has pick$ up ! mo/ is ! w9n]4 ,9 ! o!r1 if "o 7 sl[ 9 turn+ ov] h] c>d & x 7 pick$ up by ano!r ( ! p>ty1 %e w\ld h z p5alty a c>d f ! "o :o _h pick$ h]s up4 ,?us ! "o :o has turn$ all h] c>ds upside d[n fir/ w\ld be ! fir/ w9n]1 & "o :o has any c>ds left unturn$ at ! end1 is ! la/ los]4' --',surely y mu/ h "s k9ds ( c>ds play$ m s]i\sly1' said "o4 --',we h ano!r game call$ fl[] c>ds4' --',:at's t l8' --',well1 ! fl[] c>ds is a m difficult & s]i\s game4 ,9 times gone by no game ( c>ds hav+ any resemblance to gambl+ 0 play$ among ! g5try2 moral discipl9e =bade su*4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( ,european ideas1 ! rigidity ( discipl9e has some:at slack5$ & c>ds are n[ play$ to "s ext5t4 ,nev]!less1 p d n consid] c>d-play+ good ta/e4 ,if !y play !y d s ) "s diffid5ce1 some:at 9 a simil> way z smok+ is done by ladies 9 ,european society n[adays4 ,! fl[]-c>ds is a game ?us play$2 our "n ( x is ,hana-k>uta4 ,! t]m ,k>uta is1 z ,i said be=e1 ( ,european d]ivation4 ,! pr9ciple is tak5 f y\r c>ds1 b s alt]$ & improv$1 t sc>cely any simil>ity c be detect$ 9 its pres5t =m4 ,to beg9 )3 ! pictures repres5t$ on y\r :i/ c>ds appe> to u r incongru\s & vulg>2 ours are m poetical & consi/5t4 ,) ours "s significant objects ( ea* mon?1 mo/ly fl[]s1 su* z ! blossom ( ! *]ry & plum1 ! iris1 wi/]ia1 & peonies1 are repres5t$1 v>iegat$ by birds1 ! moon1 or fall+ ra94 ,!re are f\r c>ds = ea* mon?1 &1 !re=e1 ! numb] ( ! c>ds is =ty-eight 9 all4 ,!re is a diff]5t value assign$ to ea* c>d4 ,naturally !re are sev]al me?ods ( play+ ! c>ds1 z is ! case ) y\r :i/ c>ds1 b ! me?od :i* is us$ mo/ is v intricate & int]e/+4 ,i d n c>e = play+ at c>ds1 b ,i "k ! me?ods4 ,i am also acqua9t$ ) v>i\s ,european games f :i/ to bridge z f> z ! me?ods are conc]n$1 b none ( !m equal 9 intricacy & v>iation our game ( fl[] c>ds1 ?\gh !re is a c]ta9 resemblance betwe5 fl[] c>ds & bridge4 ,b please1 ,i repeat1 d n ?9k ,i am say+ all ?is f any s5se ( vanity1 because su* a ?+ is sc>cely wor? boa/+ (2 ,i am m]ely /at+ a fact z ,i see x4' --',:at is1 !n1 ! me?od ( play+8' --',well1 to describe x 9 full w\ld require at lea/ a pamphlet1 b ,i w give y an outl9e ( ! game4 ,! prop] numb] ( play]s engag$ at "o "t is ?ree2 ! game c be play$ by two1 b x is z sl[ z play+ dummy :i/4 ,! advantage ( our game lies 9 t a p>ty c\ld consi/ ( up to six play]s4 ,! limits ( ! play]s engag$ at a "t1 z ,i h j said1 is ?ree1 & !re=e ! numb] exce$+ ?ree is oblig$ to /& out = "o game1 namely1 = ! play ( "o deal4 ,b no p>ticul> p]son is oblig$ to /& out1 s t "o mu/ ei!r be b\ght (f or all[$ to play by ! resignation ( any o!r play]1 unless he himself pref]s to /& out4 ,?is takes place aft] ! c>ds h be5 dealt4 ,"h1 !re=e1 comes 9 mu* consid]ation & (t5 bluff4 ,naturally1 ea* "o plays = himself & = 8 own advantage1 !re=e !re is no p>tn]%ip z 9 :i/2 & yet 9 ! c\rse ( play+ "o has (t5 to =m a sort ( alliance = a mom5t ) a second play] 9 ord] to prev5t ! common calamity aga9/ ! probable /ratagem ( ! ?ird play]4 ,i may also add1 t z ea* "o plays on 8 own acc\nt1 he has ! option ( /&+ out = "o game1 z ,i h already indicat$1 9 :i* case1 h[ev]1 he has to pay a c]ta9 p5alty4 ,%\ld all play]s b two ?us /& out1 ^? rema9+ two w\ld play ! game4 ,"o deal sometimes f9i%es )\t any play at all1 :5 all ! play]s b "o ?r[ up _! h&s & pay p5alty r ?an play ) bad c>ds1 9 :i* case1 ( c\rse1 ! p5alties g to ! "o :o rema9s4 ,! p5alty paid v>ies accord+ to ! relative positions ( ! pay]s to ! deal]1 z well z ! k9ds ( ! six c>ds :i* are ?r[n out on ! table at ! beg9n+ ( ! game1 & !re=e pay+ p5alty & /&+ out f ! play = "o game requires mu* consid]ation4 ,! prices = buy+ up ! surplus numb] ( ! play]s also diff] accord+ to ! six c>ds on ! table & to ! c>ds ! sell] holds4 ,simil> to bridge1 c]ta9 rew>ds are giv5 to ! play] :o holds c]ta9 sets ( c>ds & also to ! play] :o gets 9 c]ta9 sets ( c>ds4 ,x is ! latt] po9t :i* requires1 z is natural1 ! greate/ skill1 inasmu* z "o :o aims at gett+ 9 "o su* set loses mu* :5 he fails1 & x (t5 happ5s t :ile he is /riv+ to get 9 a c]ta9 set1 ano!r play] gets 9 a f> bett] set2 !re=e "o has (t5 to sacrifice 8 own *ance 9 ord] to h9d] an oppon5t4 ,twelve games make a rubb]4 ,! me?od ( c\nt+ ! issue is z foll[s3 ,ea* play] mu/ h 9 8 h& 9 ! case ( quit "o hundr$ & tw5ty po9ts at ! end ( ! rubb]1 & !re=e x w\ld seem t ea* receives "o hundr$ & tw5ty po9ts 9 c\nt]s at ! beg9n+1 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 he only receives sev5ty-two po9ts or sixty1 z ! play]s agree ^u4 ,! c\nt+ 9 ?is game g5]ally goes by doz5s1 ?\gh odd numb]s also come 94 ,?us c\nt]s are made ( two k9ds1 "o is a doz5 po9ts & ! o!r s+le po9ts4 ,! balance betwe5 ! po9ts :i* "o actually receives :5 />t+ & t5 doz5s :i* he has to make good 9 8 h& at ! end ( ! rubb] goes to ! p]son :o is ! greate/ w9n] ( ! rubb]1 & !re=e ! m play]s1 ! great] ! rew>ds = ! w9n] ( ! rubb]4 ,( c\rse x is mo/ difficult to play 9 su* a way z j to quit oneself1 because !re are s _m tricks1 & "o (t5 has to float a loan 9 ! c\rse ( ! game1 or 9 o!r words1 to borr[ a requisite numb] ( c\nt]s f ! bank]1 :i* mu/ be repaid at ! end ( ! rubb]4 ',! ra9 c>ds are ano!r s\rce ( fluctuation 9 ! game1 because e "o ( !m1 :atev] value x possess1 may be c\nt$ z a s+le po9t c>d some:at simil> to :at y sometimes d ) y\r aces4 ,i almo/ ?9k ! inv5tion ( y\r bridge is 9 "s way bas$ ^u our fl[] c>ds4' --',x is dreadful3 "o c\ld nev] get a cle> idea only by he>+ ! explanation4 ,y h1 aft] all1 wa/$ y\r "t 9 try+ to make u und]/&1 ?\gh ,i ask$ y = ! explanation1' said "o cunn+ly4 ',?ank y v mu*1' ,i said4 --',y say y\r social atmosph]e 9 respect ( su* matt]s 0 f> bett] 9 times gone by1' said ano!r4 --',i d1' ,i answ]$4 ',b ,i hope x w n get worse4' --',i hope s too1' ,i said1 'b ! influ5ce ( ,we/]n civilisation is s ov]:elm+4' --',pi]re ,loti's description ( "s ( ! features ( ,japanese society is v f9e f a lit]>y po9t ( view1 b ,i und]/& x is n a true repres5tation4 ,is t y\r op9ion too8' int]pos$ ano!r4 --',i h n read x1 b f :at ,i h he>d1 ,i c decid$ly answ] 9 ! affirmative4 ,! ma9 facts !re9 conta9$ are no?+ else ?an exagg]at$ /ories ( exceptional incid5ts (t5 practis$ by =eign]s !mselves4 ,d y ?9k we ,japanese c\ld n h ! same exp]i5ce 9 ! ,we/ if we lik$8 ,nay1 m3 c y say t simil> incid5ts d n happ5 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,we/8 ,i don't expect an answ]4 ,i %all be do+ great] s]vice to ! ,we/ by lett+ su* a delicate subject drop4' --',p]haps y may ?9k me a little abrupt1' rem>k$ a g5tleman2 'b may ,i ask y r a delicate "q8 ,p say t 9 ,japan m5 & wom5 ba! toge!r1 & talk ab\t x z a sign ( immorality4 ,is x a fact8' --',n exactly1' ,i answ]$2 '9 public ba?s1 9 times gone by1 bo? sexes ba!d toge!r1 b y mu/ rememb]1 ev5 9 ^? times1 ^? :o w5t to public ba?s 7 p ( ! l[] classes1 = ! bett] classes always manag$ to h _! own ba?room1 & 9 ,japan h\ses hav+ su* ba?rooms are v common4 ,moreov]1 ev5 9 ^? days1 !re 0 no?+ m indelicate 9 ! matt] ( public ba?s ?an a sea-ba? by bo? sexes 9 occid5tal c\ntries4 ,i %\ld l to rem9d ^? :o write ab\t su* matt]s ( _m cu/oms 9 _! own c\ntries to :i* !y may be too mu* accu/om$ to p]ceive any impropriety1 b :i* appe> v indelicate to ! eyes ( /rang]s4 ,i may g a /ep fur!r3 we are sometimes ev5 a/oni%$ to notice t ! mo/ indelicate p]=mances--su* t1 if x 7 9 ,japan1 w\ld n be p]mitt$ by ! police to g on two m9utes--are giv51 "u ! "n ( dances or su*like1 & m5 & wom5 ( respectability g & see !m )\t %[+ ! slighte/ emb>rassm5t4 ,i confess ,i h p]sonally se5 "s ( ^! p]=mances :ile visit+ out ( curiosity diff]5t places ( int]e/4 ,b1 9 reality1 !re is no necessity = me to set up su* matt]s aga9/ our =m] cu/oms ( public ba?s1 because1 = sev]al decades1 su* ba?+ has be5 =bidd51 & e public ba? has long s9ce _h "o division = m5 & ano!r = wom54 ,^? :o ?9k t ! =m] cu/om /ill exi/s are mi/ak51 & are lab\r+ "u a false impression giv5 by travell]s ( =m] days4 ',apropos ( a ba?1 ,i pref] 9 a way our sy/em1 be x public or private1 to ! ord9>y ,we/]n me?od4 ,) our sy/em1 a l>ge space ( ! floor ( ! ba?room is made ei!r ( wood or concrete1 9 su* a way t wat] may be p\r$ on to x4 ,!re is1 besides ! ma9 ba?1 also a small tank conta9+ fre% cold & w>m wat] 9 sep>ate sections1 s t "o :o ba!s c make free use ( ! wat]1 w>m or cold1 bo? be=e gett+ into ! ba? & be=e dress+4' --',i ?9k1 on ! :ole1 ,i l y\r c\ntry1' said ano!r4 ',x seems v diff]5t f :at _m p h repres5t$ x hi!rto1 b y h n yet giv5 u a compreh5sive survey ( y\r p1 9 respect to social & moral organisation4' --',i ?9k ,i h done s (t51' said ,i2 'b if y d n object1 ,i w d s once m by repeat+ to y ! exact words ( an int]view :i* ,i gave to a repres5tative ( ! ,london press3 ',y rememb] ! /ory ( ,george ,wa%+ton & ! *]ry tree8 said ,b>on ,suyematsu1 ) a smile1 to our repres5tative4 ,well1 t is v (t5 told to ! *ildr5 9 ! ,japanese s*ools4 ',! di/+ui%$ ,japanese /atesman1 :o is at pres5t 9 ,london1 0 expla9+ h[ ! moral virtues1 & especially patriotism & brav]y 9 battle1 are n m]ely consid]$ desirable ?+s 9 ,japan1 b are actively propagat$ 9 ! s*ools & 9 ! army4 ,=1 z ,mr4 ,lyttelton1 ! ,colonial ,secret>y1 rem>k$ to an audi5ce la/ week1 !y tea* patriotism 9 ,japan4 ',y see1 !re is no religi\s tea*+ 9 ! public s*ools 9 ,japan1 said ,b>on ,suyematsu2 b ! tea*+ ( morality occupies an important place 9 ! curriculum4 ,f ! ,we/]n po9t ( view x may seem difficult to tea* morality )\t connect+ x ) religion1 b we d x6 ',?is patriotic brav]y1 z "o ( ! virtues1 comes into ! code4 ,! tea*+ is bas$ ^u ! ,confucian e?ics1 & ! cleanness ( consci5ce :i* is ! ess5ce ( ,%9toism1 ! national religion ( ,japan4 ',,! ,,code ,,( ,,hon\r4 ',!n !re is ,bu%ido1 said ! b>on1 :i* may be call$ ! code ( hon\r ( ,japanese knigh?ood4 ,?is ,bu%ido _h a tight grasp ( ! milit>y class1 :i* consi/$ ( ! reta9]s ( feudal lords1 :o _h n to "w = _! daily bread4 ,^! reta9]s 7 n ri*1 b !y _h some?+ to live ^u1 & frugality 0 "o ( _! virtues4 ,_! only bus9ess 0 to d _! duty to _! lords1 :i* meant 9 "t ( w> to fight = !m4 ,b z = m ?an two c5turies & a half ! c\ntry _h be5 at peace1 & z ! milit>y class _h no fields ( ord9>y occupation1 !y naturally gave _! en]gies to intellectual pursuits side by side ) milit>y tra9+4 ,9 a ^w1 _! bus9ess 0 to make !mselves z mu* g5tlem5 z possible4 ,?us grew up a code ( hon\r :i* 0 prim>ily f\nd$ ^u milit>y duty alone1 b :i* lat] on 0 ext5d$ to ! acquirem5t ( g5tlemanly conduct1 & !n to be a true g5tleman1 & loyal to _! lords4 ',aft] ! op5+ ( our c\ntry to o!r nations1 !re 0 a "t :5 we seem$ to lose ! guid+ influ5ce ( our old morals1 = ,confucianism lo/ its influ5ce to "s ext5t1 & int]c\rse ) /rang]s gave "s %ock to our old morality1 & l$ our p to imag9e t fre$om f re/ra9t & obligation 0 ! *>act]i/ic ( ,european ideals4 ',x 0 at ?is juncture t ! emp]or issu$ an edict def9+ our ideal ( morality4 ,9 accordance ) 8 edict1 ! curriculum ( ! s*ools includes ! tea*+ ( morality1 & ! moral virtues are expla9$ & expatiat$ ^u 9 lectures & disc\rses4 ,! tea*]s introduce say+s & maxims ( great m5 ( all nations4 ',,wa%+ton ,,& ,,self-,,help4 ',z ,i h told y1 ! /ory ( ,george ,wa%+ton is (t5 quot$4 ,smiles's ,self-,help is (t5 us$1 & ,i h no d\bt ,nelson's signal at ,trafalg>4 ,! pr9cipal examples are naturally ! great h]oes ( our own c\ntry :o s]v$ ! emp]or & ,japan4 ,9 t way bo? boys & girls are imbu$ ) ! moral virtues1 among :i* loyalty & patriotism are prom95t4 ',b ?is tea*+ is n limit$ to ! s*ools4 ,x is c>ri$ on 9 ! b>racks 9 ! =m ( :at we call 'spiritual education4' ,! aim is to make m5 capable ( appreciat+ _! duties z soldi]s4 ,?is b>rack tea*+ is 9 accordance ) an edict issu$ by ! emp]or :5 univ]sal milit>y s]vice 0 introduc$1 & x is bas$ ^u ! moral virtues4 ,we h no *apla9s4 ,! tea*+ is und]tak5 by ! (fic]s !mselves z "p ( _! regul> duty1 & !y deliv] exhortations 9 ! b>rack-rooms4 ',b y mu/ "k t1 man = man1 ,europeans recognise t ,japanese are sup]ior to ,russians1 & ,i am n surpris$ t t is said4 ,9 ,japan education is univ]sal1 & !re is sc>cely a soldi] :o _c read & write1 or :o has n _h "s k9d ( education4 ,= t reason !y ought to be intellectually sup]ior to ! ,russians4 ,& z we h univ]sal s]vice1 all sorts ( p are f\nd 9 ! ranks1 )\t di/9ction ( social position or vocation4 ,9 ! b>racks y f9d ! son ( a nobleman & ! son ( a coolie1 & !re is no alo(ness betwe5 !m4 ,t makes ! company s effici5t4 ',,milit>y ,,tra9+ ,,= ,,boys4 ',9 ! s*ools we n only h ! national flag1 b ! boys are drill$ 9 milit>y mann]4 ,if ! municipality c af=d x1 real arms are us$ 9 ! high] grade s*ools4 ,9 ! pe]s' s*ool & _m o!rs !y h regul> fir+ manuvres4 ',x is n g5]ally kn[n1 ,i suppose1 t ,i 0 once an ,engli% volunte]8 said ,b>on ,suyematsu1 ) a laugh at ! recollection4 ,t 0 :5 ,i 0 at ,cambridge4 ,i jo9$ ! ,univ]sity ,rifles4 ',z to ,*9ese soldi]s1 ! b>on said t ! moral tea*+ ( ! ,japanese army con/itut$ "o ( ! great diff]5ces betwe5 !m4 ,!n he po9t$ out t 9 ,*9a soldi]s are rightly look$ d[n ^u1 = !y are recruit$ only f ! wor/ classes1 & respectable m5 w n ent] ! ranks4 ',b>on ,suyematsu does n approve ( ! ef=ts ( ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies to disc\rage ! national cu/om ( committ+ suicide r ?an be captur$ 9 battle1 = he ?9ks ! effect w\ld be to l[] ! soldi]s' high ideal ( patriotism & c\rage4 ',!re is all ! diff]5ce1 he said1 betwe5 wanton suicide & volunt>ily sacrific+ "o's life = ! hon\r ( ! nation4 ,our ideal is to die = "o's c\ntry r ?an br+ ^u h] ! disgrace ( be+ tak5 by ! enemy4 ,:at c be nobl] ?an t8 ,x is ! same z be+ kill$ by ! enemy4 ,& ! mission>ies are try+ to tea* our soldi]s t x is wrong4 ,x is a great pity4' --',b t only cov]s "o phase1 ! me?od ( y\r education1' said "o4 --',true1 b x cov]s a good deal6' ,i said4 ',d y ?9k ,i c write a big book on ,japan at a mom5t's notice8' --',well1 ,i w leave y alone !n1' said he4 --',e "o ( ! ,russian soldi]s :o return$ w\nd$ f ! battlefield1 :5 ask$ ! cause ( _! defeat1 said t ! ,russians 7 defeat$ because ! ,japanese soldi]s 7 great s*ol>s comp>$ to !mselves4 ,i h x on good au?ority1' int]pos$ ano!r4 --',p]haps x look$ l t to !m1' ,i answ]$4 ,,vii ,"s talk on sup]/ition--,a rem>k on e>r+s--,japanese troops aft] ! w>2 no fe> ( ,*auv9ism--,g5]als & (fic]s--,h[ ! sy/em ( ! h]$it>y milit>y s]vice 0 aboli%$ & ! new sy/em 0 introduc$--,its hi/ory--,japan aft] ! w>--,views giv5 to ! ,am]ican press--,mr4 ,sepp+s-,wright & 8 views on ! ,japanese "*--,! ,japanese navy & its hi/ory--,orig9 ( ! %ipbuild+ y>ds--,! difficulty ( a ?or\gh re=m 9 ,*9a & ,russia--,h[ ,japan manag$ to br+ ab\t ! consummation ( ! great re=m--,! feudal sy/em 0 a great help--,explanation ( ! ,japanese feudal sy/em & ! clans--,! re-%uffl+ ( ! feudatories "u ! ,tokugawa rgime--,diff]5ce ( gr&eur ( ! feudatories--,exceptional =mation ( ! ,satsuma clan--,f9ancial sy/em ( ! ,%ogunate --,f9ance ( ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,great ,*ange--,h[ ! affairs ( ! gov]nm5ts ( ! feudatories 7 w\nd up--,! old sy/em ( taxation--,?or\gh re=m--,! old notion ( l& t5ure ,i f\nd myself once m 9 a v incongru\s gr\p ( p :om ,i _h met on v>i\s occasions4 ,i notic$ a numb] ( !m engag$ 9 a lively conv]sation4 --',ah6 ,monsieur ,a41' said a lady1 'y are acqua9t$ ) _m ,japanese1 & h be5 9 contact ) !m = _m ye>s1 s t y w be able to expla9 to me4 ,"s say ! ,japanese are sup]/iti\s1 o!rs aga9 say !y are n4 ,:i* d y ?9k true8' --',i h kn[n1' said ,monsieur ,a41 '"s hundr$s ( ! ,japanese1 mo/ly "y m51 ( c\rse4 ,!y are extremely free f any sort ( bias or sup]/ition4 ,i h nev] kn[n p s unbiass$ & s little sup]/iti\s4' --',b1' said ! lady1 ',i h he>d f a g5tleman :o 0 resid5t 9 ,japan = "s ye>s t !re exi/$ 9 t c\ntry "s sort ( sup]/ition4 ,he told me1 = example1 t "s p dislik$ ! numb] f\r1 because %i1 :i* is f\r 9 ,japanese1 means also dea?1 z f> z ! pronunciation is conc]n$4 ,consequ5tly :51 = in/ance1 "o gives a tip1 he w\ld give ei!r ?reep5ce or fivep5ce1 & n f\rp5ce1 ev5 9 ! case :]e f\rp5ce may be m appropriate2 9 o!r words1 ei!r less or m1 to avoid ! numb] f\r4 ,& ! same is g5]ally ! case :5 "o makes a pres5t ( a numb] ( articles :i* are id5tical1 unless !y are two pairs2 is n t funny8 ,9 ! :ole _w !re c be no?+ m natural ?an numb]s4 ,no "o c make ! f\r c>d9al po9ts ( ! compass less or m because he dislikes ! numb] f\r4 ,! same reason+ holds good ) ev]y?+4' --',i d n ?9k1' answ]$ ,monsieur ,a41 '! sup]/ition ( f\r is v widely believ$ 94 ,b :at d y say to our dislike = ! numb] ?irte54' --',b1' said %e1 't is a diff]5t matt]4 ,t orig9at$ ) religion4' --',is x s8' said ,monsieur ,a4 ',i w\ldn't dispute x4 ,b let me tell y an incid5t ,i met ) "s "t ago4 ,i 0 pres5t at a meet+ ( a lit]>y association4 ,!re 0 a good deal ( conv]sation on ! subject ( ! sup]/ition ( less civilis$ peoples4 ,at ! refre%m5t-table ,i _h to sit next an eld]ly lady4 ,i plac$1 accid5tally or n ,i don't rememb]1 my knife & =k crosswise4 ,! lady imm$iately notic$ ?is1 & told me quickly to alt] !m4 ,i rem>k$ t ! dislike ( t position ( knife & =k 0 p]haps also a sort ( sup]/ition1 :]eupon ! lady told me t x 0 n a sup]/ition1 b a tradition1 & !re=e x diff]$ v mu* f ! sup]/itions practis$ by less civilis$ peoples4' --',%e 0 "r1 ( c\rse1' said ! lady4 --',well1 ,i c sc>cely see any diff]5ce1' obs]v$ ,monsieur ,a4 --',i c tell y ano!r incid5t1' rem>k$ a diff]5t g5tleman4 ',:5 an occid5tal mission>y 0 once tell+ "s wom5 ( savage tribes t _! we>+ r+s 9 _! noses 0 b>b>\s & unheal?y1 he 0 ask$ by !m h[ x 0 t 8 wife & daught]s 7 we>+ r+s 9 _! e>s1 & he _h great difficulty 9 expla9+ to !m t ! me?od adopt$ by ! civilis$ races = we>+ r+s 9 _! e>s 0 v diff]5t f _! we>+ r+s 9 ! nose4' --',oh6' exclaim$ "s ladies4 --',b /ay1' said ano!r1 'let u h "s m s]i\s talk4 ,i wi% to ask ,b>on ,suyematsu 8 op9ion on a few important po9ts ( :i* ,i am anxi\s to be in=m$4' ,turn+ to me1 he said3 --',i d n ent]ta9 any wild notion ( ! ,yell[ ,p]il cry4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t y\r c\ntry has be5 w9n+ all ?is "t brilliant victories unprec$5t$ 9 hi/ory1 & !re is no d\bt t y\r success w cont9ue to ! end ( ! w>4 ,don't y ?9k aft] ! fight+ is ov] y\r army w become *auv9i/ic1 or1 9 pla9 language1 unruly1 & con/antly ready to pick qu>rels ) =eign c\ntries4' --',i d n ?9k s1' ,i answ]$4 ',9 ! fir/ place1 ! discipl9e ( our m5 is v good1 & !y are mo/ ord]ly & ob$i5t to ! emp]or & 8 gov]nm5t4 ,!n1 too1 ! v nature ( ! organisation ( our troops makes su* matt]s diff] greatly f h]$it>y troops or volunte]s ( long s]vice4 ,y see by ! univ]sal sy/em1 :i* we h adopt$1 m5 s]ve 9 ! ranks only = a limit$ "t1 & !re=e 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s ! old soldi]s retire1 & g back to _! orig9al avocations 9 ! c\ntry or ! t[n1 z ! case may be1 & ! new ones fill _! places4 ,:ile ! newcom]s w\ld be inspir$ by ! traditions ( _! regim5ts1 !y c\ld n1 at ! same "t1 be p]sonally bomba/ic on acc\nt ( ! de$s ( _! pr$ecessors4' --',b :at ( ! g5]als & (fic]s8' --',( !m ,i ent]ta9 no fe> ( _! becom+ j+oes4 ,aft] hav+ und]gone all ! h>d "w1 & hav+ a*iev$ _m brilliant victories1 x is only natural t g5]als & o!r (fic]s1 inde$ ! army itself1 %\ld w9 great] popul>ity & high] e/imation 9 ! p's m9ds1 & x is possible t _! weight may be felt indirectly 9 int]nal politics4 ,b x w\ld nev] g s f> z to make any diff]5ce 9 our ext]nal relations ) =eign c\ntries4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 our g5]als & (fic]s are z little incl9$ to m$dle ) g5]al politics z !y are int5t on fulfill+ _! pr(essional duties4 ,above all1 z ,i h s (t5 said1 x is a great misconception on ! "p ( "s ,occid5tals to suppose ! ,japanese at l>ge to be an aggressive & bellicose nation4' --',y\r army is n[ organis$ "u ! univ]sal s]vice sy/em1' said ano!r4 ',be=e ! pres5t ,imp]ial rgime came into exi/5ce y _h1 z ,i und]/&1 a v deep-root$ h]$it>y sy/em ( milit>y s]vice4 ,x mu/ h be5 v difficult to aboli% ! old & sub/itute ! new4 ,y\r ,bu%i 7 reg>d$ z ! fl[] ( ! l&1 & surely x 0 a mo/ bold conception to sub/itute sons ( peasants & tradesm5 9 _! place1 & to believe !y w\ld d s]vice equally well1 or bett]4 ,y\r /atesm5 mu/ h _h /rong convictions to induce !m to make su* a radical *ange z ! new rgime4 ,please let u h "s explanation on t po9t4' --',well1 r\ghly speak+1' ,i repli$1 ',i c only say t x 0 an outcome ( ! *ang$ conditions ( ! "t1 b !re 71 ( c\rse1 "s circum/ances :i* facilitat$ its =mation4 ,! ,samurai1 our h]$it>y milit>y class1 0 ! pick ( ! ,japanese population1 m ref9$ & m intellectual ?an any o!r4 ,nev]!less1 ! long-cont9u$ peace & ! effects ( inh]it+ _! occupation made !m some:at incl9$ t[>ds effem9acy--9 o!r words1 less m>tial ?an _! ance/ors4 ,besides1 z ,i h expla9$ else:]e1 ! h]$it>y milit>y sy/em has "o v weak po9t4 ,su* %ortcom+s z ^! 7 already felt be=e ! inauguration ( ! new rgime1 & x 0 notic$ t ! be/ soldi]s :o engag$ 9 battles be=e ! ,re/oration 7 ^? organis$ "u me?ods diff]+ f ! old sy/em4 ,let me expla9 x m 9 detail4 ,*osiu 0 ! clan :i* f\ght m battles ?an any o!r4 ,! ,*osiu troops :i* f\ght be/ 7 diff]5t k9ds ( volunt>y regim5ts1 consi/+ ( b&s ( adv5tur\s "y m5 enli/$ f ! l[e/ classes ( ,samurai1 z well z peasants & tradesm54 ,!re 0 ev5 a b& :i* consi/$ ( ,yeta1 :o 7 aft]w>ds emancipat$ & became new common]s1 z ,i h expla9$ else:]e4 ,at ! "t :5 an int]nal diss5sion broke out 9 ,*osiu & its gov]nm5t 0 ov]?r[n by ! m radical elem5ts "u ! lead]%ip ( su* m5 z ,takasugi1 ,kawas1 ,ito1 ,yamagata1 ,in\y & o!rs1 x 0 ^? volunt>y b&s j m5tion$ t sid$ ) !m aga9/ ! troops ( ! gov]nm5t1 :o mo/ly belong$ to ! high] classes ( ! h]$it>y milit>y families4 ,%ortly aft] t ev5t ,kido1 :o 0 a p>ticipator ( ! same idea & ! ,s5ior ( ^? m51 _h return$ to ,*osiu aft] an abs5ce ( ab\t t5 mon?s z a fugitive1 & _h become ! mov+ _s ( ,*osiu4 ,x 0 j at ! "t :5 ,*osiu 0 on ! eve ( be+ surr\nd$ a second "t by ! ,%ogunate troops1 & x 0 a v critical p]iod = ! ,*osiu1 :o _h to make e prep>ation = fight+ aga9/ great odds4 ,at ,kido's recomm5dation1 ,murata 0 intru/$ by ! pr9ce to organise 9 ! ,european /yle all ! troops ( ,*osiu1 includ+ ^? b&s4 ,murata 7:o aft]w>ds *ang$ 8 "n into ,omura7 0 orig9ally a m$ical /ud5t1 & _h /udi$ ! ,dut* language & subsequ5tly ! ,dut* milit>y sy/em4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! new ,imp]ial rgime he occupi$ a high po/ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,army ,dep>tm5t1 & 8 bronze /atue is /&+ high 9 ,tokio1 be=e ! %r9e ( w>riors4 ,b to return to my subject4 ,*osiu defeat$ ! ,%ogunate troops on all sides4 ,?us 9 ,*osiu ! weakness ( ! h]$it>y milit>y sy/em _h be5 practically se5 v e>ly4 ,mo/ ( ! ,%ogunate troops 7 organis$ accord+ to ! old sy/em ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,_m ( !m1 be+ clad 9 heavy arm\r1 7 no mat* = ! ,*osiu troops ) _! light equipm5ts4 ,on ! ,%ogunate side !re 7 also "s regim5ts :i* f\ght well1 b !y 7 ^? :i* _h be5 organis$ & drill$ aft] ! ,european /yle4 ,9 t w>1 & ! subsequ5t ones1 x 0 well kn[n t ! be/ troops on ! anti-imp]iali/ side 7 also ^? :i* _h be5 organis$ some?+ l volunte] regim5ts & drill$ aft] ! ,european sy/em4 ,^! facts w %[ t ev5 be=e ! ,re/oration ! cr$it ( ! h]$it>y milit>y sy/em _h already consid]ably decl9$4 ,m>%al ,yamagata 0 orig9ally a p]son belong+ to an insignificant class ( ! ,*osiu ,samurai1 & 0 ! lead] ( ! mo/ p[]ful b& ( ,*osiu ,i h j m5tion$4 ,y may well imag9e t he w\ld n be a man to advocate ! cont9uation ( ! h]$it>y milit>y sy/em4 ,! introduction ( ! sy/em ( univ]sal s]vice f\nd$ ^u ! ,european ,cont95tal sy/em is due to him4' --',t goes a long way to expla9 ! matt]1' said "o4 --',b d y consci5ti\sly believe1' said ano!r1 't ,japan w n suff] f swoll5 head1 & w cont9ue to h suffici5t control ( h]self8' --',i d4 ,:y n8 ,i "k x4 ,no soon] _h ,i l&$ on ! ,am]ican soil la/ ye>1 hav+ left ,japan imm$iately aft] ! outbreak ( ! w>1 ?an ,i gave my views to ! ,am]ican press on ! !n exi/+ situation1 z well z on our probable future1 %[+ ! true motives & aspirations ( my c\ntry4 ,!y 7 widely circulat$4 ,my mean+ 0 id5tical 9 e case1 ?\gh ! words & matt]s t\*$ ^u 7 n necess>ily id5tical4 ,i w recite y "o specim5 :i* 0 !n publi%$ 9 an ,am]ican weekly4 ',z to our fight ) ,russia1 we are z able to meet h] army on l& z we are h] fleets on ! sea4 ,we h j ! same confid5ce 9 our army z 9 ! navy4 ,b we w\ld be v sorry to be reg>d$ by ! _w z only fight+ m54 ,we h be5 = _m ye>s /riv+ = ! assimilation ( ev]y?+ mat]ially & m5tally good t belongs to ! be/ type ( ! ,am]ican & ,european civilisation4 ,we aspire to be a nation1 b our endeav\r = ! realisation ( t idea is bas$ on a l>g] peaceful acquisition ( intellectual culture4 ,we h no ambition = t]ritorial aggr&isem5t4 ,we h n ! lea/ idea ( mak+ any diff]5ce on acc\nt ( race4 ,we desire to gov]n ourselves & advance 9 ! _w 9 peace--n to conqu] & tyrannise ov] ano!r p4 ,we come into ! comity ( nations1 b t entirely on ! occid5tal basis ( civilisation4 ,"s p speak ( u z pagan1 b ! consci5ce ( ! p is p]fectly free 9 our c\ntry1 & x is gu>ante$ by our con/itution4 ,we believe 9 tol]ation & absolute lib]ty ( religi\s conviction1 & ,i may safely say t religion is _m times fre] 9 our c\ntry ?an x is 9 ! c\ntry :i* is n[ our foe4 ,we are dispos$ to be1 & e>ne/ly wi% & /rive to be1 lib]al & tol]ant 9 all ?+s4 ,?is fact1 ,i am glad to see1 is already s widely recognis$ by ^? ,am]icans & ,europeans :o are connect$ ) & "k ab\t su* matt]s4 ,we hope to advance to t place 9 ! _w :]e our beautiful little c\ntry w be a lead] among ! nations ( ! _w 9 sci5ce1 indu/ry1 arts1 & intellectual a*ievem5ts1 & an example ( peace & h>mony t[>ds all races1 all nations1 & all m54 --',i /ill hold ! same views4 ,i h no reason to fe> t ,i %all h to *ange !m aft] ! w>4 ,x might p]haps be m int]e/+ & conv9c+ if y 7 to see :at "s p1 o!r ?an ourselves1 :o are capable ( giv+ an idea on ! po9t1 say4 ,mr4 ,sepp+s ,wright1 an ,engli% ex-naval (fic] & an arti/1 is "o4 ,he 0 on bo>d "o or o!r ( ! %ips ( ,admiral ,togo's fleet = _m mon?s "u exceptional circum/ances4 ,he return$ to ,engl& q rec5tly4 ,an int]e/+ int]view ) him 0 publi%$ 9 a rec5t numb] ( ! ,engli% press4 ,"h is ! "p be>+ on ! subject3 ',,! ,,mo/ ,,wond]ful ,,p ,,9 ,,! ,,_w4 ',i ga!r t y =m$ a v high op9ion ( ! ,japanese "*8 ',!y are1 said ,mr4 ,sepp+s-,wright1 ) animation1 ! mo/ wond]ful p 9 ! _w4 ,i make no exception4 ,nei!r ! /atesm5 nor ! peoples ( ,europe h yet le>n$ to e/imate ! ,japanese at _! true value4 ,!y are de/9$ to play a magnific5t rle 9 ! future developm5t ( ! _w4 ,at pres5t p are talk+ ( _! c\rage1 _! great milit>y qualities4 ,^! are1 inde$1 n[ suffici5tly self-evid5t4 ,i rate ! ,japanese army above any o!r army 9 ! _w4 ,z = ! navy1 ,i _c use language too /rong to express my admiration = x4 ,yet :at mo/ impress$ me 0 n ! p]sonal brav]y ( ! ,japanese soldi] & sailor1 or ! spl5did organisation ( _! naval & milit>y =ces1 x 0 ! "* ( ! p--_! unique simplicity1 _! *ivalr\s c\rtesy1 _! k9dness ( he>t1 _! sweetness ( disposition1 _! unaggressiv5ess4 ,!y h none ( ! lu/ ( conque/ = conque/'s sake4 ,!y h nev] f\ght save to protect _! t]ritory or _! vital int]e/s--b !y h nev] be5 beat54 ,*9ese1 ,koreans1 & n[ ,russians--!y h resi/$ all1 & beat5 all 9 turn2 & n[ t !y h prov$ _! "r to be reg>d$ z "o ( ! ,great ,p[]s ( ! _w1 _! influ5ce w1 ,i am conv9c$1 be all on ! side ( peace & peaceful developm5t4 ',y make ! ,japanese out to be a new v>iety ( ! human race8 ',no1 n a new v>iety--an old v>iety--a v>iety unta9t$ by ! comm]cialism ( ,european civilisation4 ,!y h n yet le>n$ ! cre$ ( individualism--( e man = himself4 ,!y w lay d[n _! lives *e]fully & will+ly = _! c\ntry--= _! emp]or1 :o is almo/ a god 9 _! eyes1 s9ce he embodies _! fa!rl&4 ,:at new traits !y may develop ,i _c pret5d to say4 ',,:at ,,japan ,,c ,,/ill ,,d4 ',x w\ld be /range1 ,i int]rupt$1 if1 aft] ! unbrok5 s]ies ( victories !y h won on l& & sea1 !y did n develop "s symptom ( 'swell$ head'8 --',i saw n ! slighte/ sign ( t4 ,v r>ely y see ev5 incipi5t symptoms 9 an individual4 ,_! great successes h n app>5tly turn$ _! heads 9 ! lea/4 ,!y began ?is w> 9 ! mo/ absolute confid5ce ( victory4 ,!y c1 if ne$ be1 d mu* m ?an !y h done4 ,no "o kn[s ! numb] ( m5 ,oyama has 9 ,man*uria--no "o1 t is1 outside ! ,gov]nm5t & ! ,headqu>t]s' ,/aff4' --',( ! navy1' said ano!r1 'x is truly amaz+ t y %\ld h su* an effici5t "o1 :i* y h built up 9 ! c\rse ( no m ?an two or ?ree decades4 ,assidu\s & en]getic z y mu/ h be51 !re mu/ h be5 "s o!r circum/ances :i* h help$ y 9 arriv+ at t result1 or at lea/ ,i _c ?9k o!rwise :5 ,i reflect calmly on ! matt]4' --',y\r views are n f> f fact1' ,i answ]$4 ',x w\ld be c]ta9ly amaz+ if a p :o _h only kn[n p]haps canoes 9 a small /ream1 hav+ no seaf>+ exp]i5ce or tradition1 built up a new navy z we h done4 ,_m p h c>elessly look$ ^u ,japan z su*1 h5ce ! misconception4 ,japan ab\nds 9 hi/ory & traditions ( ! sea f ! dawn ( h] hi/ory4 ,our fleets (t5 made di/ant exp$itions1 & f\ght battles f> out ( our own wat]s4 ,! %ips 71 no d\bt1 rude & primitive comp>$ ) ! mod]n ones4 ,f ! model ( a w>%ip made ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 :i* ,i h se5 9 a temple n f> f ,tokio1 ,i ?9k t our %ips ( ^? days 7 n mu* inf]ior to ^? ( ! ,we/ ( a correspond+ "t4 ,f ! p]iod :5 =eign int]c\rse 0 susp5d$1 ! con/ruction ( l>ge %ips 0 prohibit$1 be x a w>%ip or a m]*antman4 ,! c\ntry 0 9 p]fect peace1 & ! navy 0 9 use ev5 less ?an ! army1 & ?is1 !re=e1 is :y su* an enorm\s diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,european sy/em & ours _h come into exi/5ce4 ,nev]!less1 "s feudal lords ^: seats 7 situat$ on ! sea-coa/ _h a c]ta9 numb] ( reta9]s specially de/9$ = seaf>+ purposes4 ,&1 moreov]1 ,japan be+ a c\ntry surr\nd$ by ! sea on all sides1 m]*antm5 & fi%+ boats1 rude z !y 71 7 abundant2 h5ce ! /ock ( sailors has nev] be5 want+4 ,) ! new adv5t ( ! ,we/]n nations to ! ,f> ,ea/ "s fifty ye>s ago1 ) _! black %ips1 ! c\ntry awoke to ! necessity ( hav+ /rong %ips1 & ! ,%ogunate1 jeal\s z x 0 9 ! asc5d5cy ( ! feudal lords1 aboli%$ ! prohibition aga9/ build+ l>ge %ips4 ,t[>ds ! lat] ye>s ( ! ,%ogunate x possess$ a small b cr$itable navy 9 ! ,european /yle4 ,_m feudal lords also possess$ "s k9d ( ,we/]n %ips1 sev]al ( !m possess+ eight or n9e %ips4 ,( c\rse1 _m ( ^! %ips 7 only corvettes1 or s*oon]s1 or ord9>y comm]cial /eam]s1 b !y 7 all us$ by ^? lords & mann$ *iefly by _! reta9]s1 & 7 call$ _! navy4 ,!y diff]$ f ord9>y m]*antm54 ,^! %ips 7 mo/ly b\ght f ,we/]n m]*ants2 a few 7 ! pres5ts ( ! ,we/]n mon>*s to ! ,%ogun2 "s 7 con/ruct$ 9 ,japan4 ,! e>lie/ /eam%ip con/ruct$ 9 ,japan 0 a /eam-laun* built ab\t #ahfb 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ise = ! ,pr9ce ( ,*osiu4 ,x 0 navigat$ f !re to ,hagi1 ! old capital ( ,*osiu1 on ! coa/ ( ! ,japan ,sea4 ,i d n "k :at became ( x aft] t1 b ! fact t x navigat$ t di/ance w\ld %[ t ! ,japanese 7 already ga9+ "s capacity = build+ /eam%ips aft] ! ,european /yle4 ,:5 ! ,%ogun submitt$ to ! ,imp]ial ord] & vacat$ ! ca/le ( ,tokio1 ! navy ( ! ,%ogunate1 decl9+ to %>e ! fate ( ! ,%ogun1 rais$ an*or & fl$ to ,hakodate "u ! lead]%ip ( ,y5omoto4 ,sev]al ( ! be/ %ips 7 lo/ by /orm & "s 9 fight+1 & practically no %ip 0 left ( ! revolt+ fleets4 ,) ! submission ( ,y5omoto & 8 p>ticipators1 ! c\ntry rega9$ a complete peace4 ,!n began ! con/ruction ( ! new navy4 ,! feudal lords pres5t$ to ! ,imp]ial gov]nm5t _! %ips1 mo/ ( :i* _h already done _! s]vice dur+ ! prec$+ w>4 ,mo/ ( ! (fic]s & sailors took s]vice "u ! ,imp]ial gov]nm5t j z !y 74 ,_m m5 :o 7 engag$ 9 naval affairs "u ! ,%ogunate 7 giv5 suitable positions "u ! new gov]nm5t2 ev5 ,y5omoto1 ! *ief ( ! rebel fleet1 0 made an admiral aft] he _h be5 p>don$4 ,! navy be+ m exp5sive 9 e way ?an ! army1 we _h m difficulty 9 its developm5t2 b 9 "o way or ano!r ! ,imp]ial gov]nm5t has ex]t$ its en]gy until we h obta9$ ! navy ( ! pres5t mom5t4 ,x has requir$ mu* pati5ce & +5uity f bo? te*nical & political po9ts ( view1 b someh[ or o!r we h manag$ s f>4 ,i may add a few words m4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,imp]ial gov]nm5t a l>ge numb] ( ,engli% naval (fic]s 7 engag$ by our gov]nm5t1 :o did mu* s]vice 9 ! organisation ( our navy1 = :i* we feel mu* indebt$ness4 ,i may also add t lat] on ,monsieur ,b]t9 ( ,france1 :om we h engag$ = "s ye>s1 has also done mu* s]vice 9 ! matt]4' --',y n[ h sev]al %ipbuild+ y>ds1 bo? gov]nm5tal & private1' said "o1 '& y c con/ruct big %ips y\rselves4 ,h[ 0 x br\ght ab\t at fir/8' --',yokosuka is our olde/ docky>d4 ,x 0 begun :5 ! ,%ogunate 0 already tott]+4 ,oguri1 an able man1 0 ! f9ance m9i/] ( ! ,%ogunate at ! "t4 ,x 0 due to 8 ef=ts t ! ,yokosuka docky>d 0 con/ruct$4 ,x is said ,oguri told 8 fri5d "o day1 ,:5 "o becomes a bankrupt x is desirable he %\ld leave beh9d a ,dozo1 s ,yokosuka w be ! ,dozo ( ! ,%ogunate :5 x comes to an end4 ,dozo is ! "n = a /oreh\se1 con/ruct$ v solidly2 ) u almo/ e h\se1 except+ ^? ( ! l[] classes1 has "o or m su* build+s1 & x 0 consid]$ an additional disgrace to a man ( bett] class if he became a bankrupt )\t any su* /oreh\se = ! cr$itors4 ,oguri evid5tly =esaw ! d[nfall ( ! ,%ogunate1 & yet ord]$ ! con/ruction ( ! docky>d1 s t x w\ld be useful = ! future rul]s ( ,japan4 ,su* is ! e>ly hi/ory ( our docky>ds on ! ,european /yle1 :i* has exp&$ itself 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 s t we n[ h sev]al %ipbuild+ y>ds1 z y "k4' --',:at d y say ab\t ! future ( ,*9a8' said ano!r4 ',don't y ?9k %e w also r5ovate h]self l y\r c\ntry & become a =midable p[]4' --',%e may d s1' ,i answ]$1 '9 "o way or o!r 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 b ,i d n ?9k a sudd5 & ?or\gh trans=mation ( ! k9d t has tak5 place 9 ,japan is possible 9 ,*9a4 ,i d n ?9k x is possible ev5 9 ,russia1 :]e s mu* movem5t = int]nal re=m is go+ on4 ,to beg9 )1 !y h no feudal sy/em 9 exi/5ce4' --',t s\nds v odd1' said he3 ',i mu/ be enlight5$ on ! po9t4' --',well1 ,japan has be5 sway$ by a feudal sy/em be=e ! great *ange ( ! pres5t rgime4 ,t fact help$ our success to an ext5t t "o _c easily imag9e4 ,( c\rse1 !re 0 a possibility ( procra/9ation ( ! old sy/em1 if ! re=m movem5ts _h misc>ri$2 b :5 ! w9ds blew 9 ! "r direction1 t v fact became ! mo/ important factor 9 convey+ our %ip ( /ate to ! h>b\r :]e x wi%$ to g4 ,to expla9 9 less metaphorical language3 ! introduction ( a great political re=m 9 a c\ntry aga9/ an exi/+ gov]nm5t is mo/ difficult4 ,a revolution ) a trem5d\s =ce l t ( ,france mu/ be reg>d$ z an exceptional case1 b ord9>y revolutioni/s seldom succe$ 9 ov]?r[+ exi/+ gov]nm5ts & introduc+ bett] & m progressive ones on a firm] basis4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ! exi/+ gov]nm5t is only oblig$ to introduce "s re=m by ext]nal influ5ce1 ! re=m x introduces _c be v radical & ?or\gh4 ,) our great movem5ts previ\s to #ahfg ! matt] 0 tak5 up by sev]al p[]ful feudal lords4 ,naturally1 !re _h be5 sev]al precursory movem5ts aga9/ ! ,%ogunate by ! b&s ( zeal\s patriots ga!r$ "h & !re1 b ! ,%ogunate _h no difficulty 9 suppress+ !m4 ,! revolt aga9/ ! ,%ogunate became grave only :5 "s p[]ful feudal lords ) _! clans assum$ an antagoni/ic attitude4 ,z y "k1 our clans 71 9 fact1 autonomic pr9cipalities1 z f> z our own c\ntry 0 conc]n$1 & !re=e1 :5 a pr9ce & 8 gov]nm5t decid$ to take a c]ta9 /ep 9 "o way or o!r1 x 0 an act ( /ate1 h[ev] small x may h be51 & n ! act ( a ga!r+ ( private individuals4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t :5 a great feudal "l became an op5 enemy ( ! ,%ogunate1 8 opposition 0 an organis$ p[]4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,*osiu took up ! cudgels aga9/ ! ,%ogunate1 ! latt] f\nd a =midable foe2 & :51 fur!r1 ,satsuma & o!rs began to sympa?ise ) ,*osiu1 ! ,%ogunate began to tott]1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s came to an end4 ,if x _h n be5 on acc\nt ( ! exi/5ce ( a feudal sy/em1 su* ph5om5al *ange w\ld h be5 mo/ difficult4 ,( c\rse1 !re 7 sev]al o!r causes :i* gave facility to t great *ange4 ,! sy/em ( ! ,%ogunate _h exi/$ 9 ,japan ov] sev5 hundr$ ye>s1 b ! family :i* held 9 its h&s ! au?ority ( ! ,%ogun *ang$ f "t to "t4 ,! family :i* rul$ ,japan z ,%ogun = ! longe/ "t be=e ! ,tokugawa1 viz4 ! la/ ,%ogunate1 0 ! ,a%ikaga family1 :i* la/$ two hundr$ & =ty ye>s1 ) sixte5 ,%oguns 9 succession4 ,next to ! ,a%ikaga family 0 ! ,hojio family1 :i*1 ?\gh n actual ,%oguns1 ex]cis$ ! actual p[] ( ! ,%ogunate = "o hundr$ & ?irty-f\r ye>s1 ) n9e repres5tatives 9 succession4 ,n[ ,tokugawa la/$ z ,%ogun two hundr$ & sixty-f\r ye>s1 ) fifte5 ,%oguns2 !re=e ,tokugawa rul$ z ! ,%ogunate long] ?an any o!r family4 ,9 ! natural c\rse ( ev5ts popul> imag9ation _h already begun to ?9k1 t ! "t 0 approa*+ = ,tokugawa to cease to be ! ,%ogunate4 ',!n1 aga91 public op9ion & s5tim5t 7 fa/ gr[+ 9 fav\r ( ! re/oration ( ! ,imp]ial au?ority4 ,x 0 a p]fectly legitimate movem5t2 x diff]$ v widely f ^? cries :i* are g5]ally rais$ 9 o!r c\ntries at ! "t ( revolution by ! l[] classes1 bas$ on ! m]e dissatisfaction ( ! conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,add to ?is ! great %ock giv5 by ! adv5t to ! c\ntry ( ! ,we/]n black %ips "o aft] ! o!r4 ,x 0 suffici5t to /ir up ! he>t & s\l ( ! :ole nation1 & to prep>e ! way = any *ange or re=m1 provid$ !y 7 good = ! pres]vation ( self-exi/5ce4 ,su* 0 ! tide :i* occasion$ ! convulsion ( ! ,japanese1 previ\s to ! great *ange ( #ahfg4 ,no c\ntry1 nei!r ,*9a nor ,russia1 w\ld ev] get su* a spl5did opportunity z ?is = a radical & ?or\gh re=m4 ',!n aga91 ! fact t ! ,imp]ial c\rt _h exi/$1 & yet _h _h no intricate organisation1 0 also a great help 9 assi/+ ! completion ( ! task4 ,because ! ,imp]ial c\rt _h exi/$1 & t too f "t immemorial1 & x _h always comm&$ ! greate/ possible rev]5ce ( ! p1 all ! new movem5ts knew :]e to rally2 & because ! c\rt _h n an intricate & cry/allis$ organisation be=e ! re/oration1 z ! adm9i/rative gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry1 ! tablet 0 almo/ blank1 s t ne>ly all in/itutions c\ld be introduc$ ) great] facility ?an !y w\ld h be5 o!rwise1 ! only requirem5ts be+ ! capacity & =e?\ght ) :i* ! matt] 0 to be execut$4' --',view$ 9 ! light y h j repres5t$ to u1' said ano!r1 '! prospects appe> to h be5 v bright2 b !re mu/ h be5 a great dang] ( ! matt] misc>ry+1 & ! anxiety felt by responsible /atesm5 mu/ h be5 v great4' --',c]ta9ly x 0 s4 ,b we 7 v =tunate4 ,patriotism & loyalty w5t f> to d ! great] "p ( ! "w4 ,suppose ! diff]5t pr9ces & _! clans _h be5 m selfi%1 & _h begun to qu>rel among !mselves1 p]haps ) "s lat5t int5tion ( plac+ !mselves 9 ! position ( ! ,%ogunate1 ! c\ntry w\ld h inde$ f>$ v badly1 & great h9drance w\ld h be5 plac$ 9 ! pa? ( re=m4 ,9 t respect1 h[ev]1 ! two mo/ p[]ful clans1 ,satsuma & ,*osiu1 :o _h ! be/ rights to covet ! ,%ogunate1 if su* a "r 7 p]missible at all1 7 det]m9$ above all o!rs n to emb>k on su* an ent]prise4 ,_! pr9ces & /atesm5 all direct$ _! :ole en]gies to ! revivification & consolidation ( ! ,imp]ial au?ority4 ,satsuma & ,*osiu be+ s dispos$1 all o!rs _h to foll[ _! examples4 ,inde$1 !y _h no ?\ght ( do+ o!rwise4' --',x 0 ! g5]al _s ( ! "t1' said "o1 'b 9 :at way 0 ! new ,imp]ial gov]nm5t organis$1 & h[ did x beg9 to "w8 ,surely ! _s ( ! "t _c "w itself out alone2 political wisdom mu/ h play$ a great "p 9 lead+ t _s to ! "r goal4' --',:5 ! la/ ,%ogun resign$ 8 au?ority1' ,i cont9u$1 '! ,imp]ial gov]nm5t on a new & firm] basis 0 imm$iately organis$4 ,9 x 7 ga!r$ ! able/ m5 ( ! empire f all s\rces4 ,able c\rt nobles1 able feudal lords1 & able ,samurai ( diff]5t clans1 7 all giv5 suitable places side by side4 ,!re 7 _m c\rt nobles1 ) ,sanjio & ,iwakura at _! head1 :o _h done mu* 9 br++ ab\t ! great *ange4 ,! ,imp]ial c\rt be=e ! *ange _h no milit>y p[]1 z y "k1 b ! c\rt1 includ+ ! nobles1 always /ood 9 high social e/imation4 ,= t reason1 z well z = _! p]sonal di/9ction1 !y 7 giv5 high places 9 diff]5t bran*es ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,side by side ) !m1 sev]al feudal lords1 :o 7 end[$ ) p]sonal ability1 7 also giv5 high positions4 ,aft] !m came di/+ui%$ ,samurai ( diff]5t clans1 to :om v>i\s positions1 high & l[1 7 assign$1 accord+ to _! fame & ability4 ,at t "t !re exi/$ two appellations designat+ ^? ,samurai :o became (ficials ( ! ,imp]ial gov]nm5t3 ,*o%i 7summon$ ,samurai7 & ,ko%i 7tribut$ ,samurai7--! =m] mean+ ^? ,samurai :o 7 specially summon$ by ! emp]or to s]ve 9 8 gov]nm5t2 ! latt] mean+ ^? :o 7 tak5 into ! ,imp]ial s]vice at ! recomm5dation ( ! feudal "l1 ^: reta9]s !y _h be54 ,?us y c see ! intellig5ce & ability ( ! diff]5t clans 7 ga!r$ toge!r ar\nd ! ,imp]ial ?rone1 b5ea? :i* all ( !m1 c\rt nobles1 feudal lords1 & ord9>y ,samurai1 work$ toge!r = ! common good ( ! empire1 a sight nev] se5 be=e4 ,su* dis9t]e/$ness & su* avidity = ability 7 subsequ5tly ext5d$ ev5 to ! m5 ( ^? clans & ( ! fleet :o _h f\ght aga9/ ! ,imp]iali/s4' --',v f9e1' said "o2 'b ,i %\ld ?9k x mu/ h be5 v difficult = !m to get on well toge!r4' --',true1' ,i answ]$2 'b :5 m5 ) a vital common aim "w toge!r1 putt+ aside self-int]e/s1 !y c a*ieve great ?+s4 ,besides1 !re 0 a c5tre ( gravity 9 ! political =ce1 result+ f a comb9ation ( ! prepond]ant influ5ces ( ,sat*o1 viz4 ,satsuma & ,*osiu4 ,t c5tre ( gravity act$ ! "p ( a p5dulum or regulator 9 ! new gov]nm5t1 & kept all ! =ces work+ 9 unison4 ,y "k already t ! ,sat*o 7 two p[]ful clans :i* 7 ! *ief factors 9 br++ ab\t ! ,great ,*ange4 ,9 addition to _! natural claim to influ5ce1 !y produc$ m5 ( ability1 f> great] 9 numb] ?an any o!r clans4 ,naturally1 !re=e1 ,sat*o m5 occupi$ m important positions ?an m5 ( o!r clans4 ,next to ,sat*o1 ! clan hav+ simil> influ5ce 0 ,tosa4 ,next to ,tosa1 ,saga came to %>e influ5ce "u ! new gov]nm5t4 ,sat*o kept _! mutual h>mony well toge!r1 & ,tosa & ,saga jo9$ 9 ! conc]t4 ,!re c\ld be no o!r clans able to beat _! own drums sep>ately4 ,( c\rse !re 0 a possibility ( ! ,sat*o !mselves com+ into conflict1 b = t ! /atesm5 ( ! clans 9 "q und]/ood ea* o!r1 & ea* felt a great responsibility1 & accord+ly did _! be/ n to produce any discord betwe5 !m4 ,! *ief repres5tative ( ! ,*osiu /atesm5 0 ,kido1 :il/ !re 7 two su* on ! side ( ,satsuma1 ,saigo ! eld]1 & ,okubo4 ,^! ?ree 7 popul>ly call$ ! ?ree great m5 ( ! re/oration4 ,! types ( ,okubo & ,saigo some:at diff]$ "o f ! o!r1 = ,saigo1 unlike ,okubo1 0 m ( a soldi]1 & repres5t$ m ! milit>y elem5ts ( ,satsuma1 & !re=e we may say t ! re9s ( /atesman%ip 9 ! new gov]nm5t1 z repres5t$ by ! ,sat*o1 7 9 ! h&s ( ,kido & ,okubo4 ,x 0 *iefly ?r\gh _! ef=ts t ! abolition ( ! feudal sy/em 0 ultimately br\ght ab\t4' ',t "p ( y\r hi/ory1' said "o1 'is a mo/ important & int]e/+ po9t = u to "k4 ,let u be fur!r enlight5$ by "s ( y\r own obs]vations4' ',well1 ! inauguration ( ! ,imp]ial rgime took place 9 #ahfg4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s a dis9t]e/$ op9ion 0 moot$ & soon spread among/ ! lords !mselves to ! effect t1 n[ t ! ,%ogun _h resign$ 8 function & _h re/or$ 8 adm9i/rative au?ority to ! ,imp]ial gov]nm5t1 x also behov$ ! lords ( all ! clans simil>ly to resign & to give up to ! ,imp]ial c\rt ! adm9i/rative au?ority ( _! clan gov]nm5ts1 toge!r ) ! l&s & p !y gov]n$4 ,) su* reason+ all ! feudal lords1 head$ by ! lords ( ,sat*o1 vi$ "o ) ano!r 9 volunt>ily tak+ t /ep4 ,! (f] 0 accept$1 & ! lords 7 duly nom9at$ ! gov]nors ( ! diff]5t clans4 ,?us ! nature ( ! position ( ! lords 0 *ang$4 ,!y n[ became m]e (ficials appo9t$ by ! new ,imp]ial gov]nm5t1 & delegat$ to c>ry out its adm9i/rative measures4 ,?is 0 an ev5t :i* took place 9 #ahfi4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ano!r few ye>s1 viz4 9 #ahga1 ! clan sy/em 0 f9ally aboli%$1 & ! prefecture sy/em 0 introduc$ 9 its place4 ,! =m] lords 7 ord]$ by ! emp]or to reside ne> him 9 ! capital1 & new gov]nors 7 nom9at$ 9 _! places1 *iefly f among/ ! ,samurai1 :o 7 already 9 ! gov]nm5t s]vice4 ,( c\rse ^? p]fectural gov]nm5ts 7 newly organis$1 ) suitable subord9ates nom9at$ ei!r f among/ ^? :o 7 already 9 gov]nm5t s]vice1 or f among/ local celebrities4 ,?us 0 aboli%$ our feudal sy/em )\t any murmur4' --',t is ! (ficial hi/ory1' said "o1 'b !re mu/ be also "s inn] hi/ory :i* y "k ( 9 connection ) x4' --',well1' ,i answ]$1 '! new ,imp]ial gov]nm5t 0 inaugurat$ z y h already se54 ,x _h no regul> rev5ue z yet2 x _h nei!r army nor navy prop]ly belong+ to x4 ,okubo 0 plann+ a s*eme = ,satsuma1 by :i* a portion ( its rev5ue or t]ritory 0 to be giv5 up to ! ,imp]ial gov]nm5t1 & t o!r clans might also be induc$ to foll[ ! example4 ,simultane\sly ) ,okubo1 ,kido 0 also m$itat+ a project = mak+ ! new ,imp]ial adm9i/ration effective4 ,he s*em$ ! total abolition ( ! feudal sy/em1 ! initiation ( ! idea hav+ be5 impress$ on him by ,ito4 ,he return$ f ,kioto to ,*osiu1 & pres5t$ 8 views to ! ,pr9ce ( ,*osiu1 :o be+ a p]son ( extreme loyalty1 will+ly gave 8 ass5t to ,kido's proposal4 ,on ! return ( ,kido to ,kioto1 ,okubo gave up 8 own plan & imm$iately accept$ t ( ,kido4 ,! matt] hav+ be5 ?us agre$ ^u betwe5 ! two mo/ influ5tial /atesm51 x soon became a "q ( practical politics1 & 0 successfully c>ri$ into effect 9 no "t1 z ,i h already told y4' --',c y give me1' said "o1 '"s idea ( ! clans ( ! ,japanese feudal sy/em8 ,y make use ( t ^w1 z d o!r writ]s on ,japan1 b to me1 someh[ or o!r1 x does n appe> to give a cle> idea4' ',! ^w clan1' ,i repli$1 ':i* is us$ 9 place ( ! ,japanese ^w ,han1 does n convey ! exact mean+1 z y imag9e4 ,! ^w clan 9 ,engli% signifies m51 :]eas our ^w ,han signifies m a t]ritorial community ) its gov]nm5t1 includ+ l&s & population1 some:at 9 ! same s5se z ! ^w pr9cipality or du*y4 ,!n1 too1 ! ^w clan1 /rictly speak+1 implies ! mean+ ( a collection ( families be>+ ! same surname1 & suppos$ to h desc5d$ f a common ance/or1 b ) our ^w ,han no su* mean+ is impli$ 9 ! ^w itself4 ,e feudal "l ( ,japan _h a l>ge numb] ( reta9]s1 & x 0 natural t a c]ta9 numb] among !m 7 desc5d$ f ! same ance/ors z ! "l himself2 b ^? 71 aft] all1 9 a v small m9ority1 & ! ov]:elm+ numb] 7 9 n[ise connect$ ) _! "l1 z f> z blood relation%ip 0 conc]n$4 ,?us1 y c see1 ! ^w clan does n repres5t ! exact mean+ ( ! ^w ,han4 ,! te*nical t]m = ! acts ( giv+ up & re/or+ ! clan gov]nm5ts to ! ,imp]ial gov]nm5t 0 ,han-seki ,hokwan1 :i* meant re/or+ ! ,han records1 :]eby ! giv+ up ( ! t]ritory & its population 0 impli$4' --',i see ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! t]m clan & ! t]m ,han1' said "o1 'b ,i wi% to "k some?+ m ab\t ! process by :i* ! ,han came to be =m$4' --',t "q requires a long answ]1 because to expla9 9 detail w\ld am\nt to writ+ a hi/ory ( ! feudal sy/em ( ,japan1 b ,i w give y a succ9ct answ]4 ,feudal lords orig9ally 7 local celebrities1 ) "s l&$ prop]ty & reta9]s4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! c\ntry _h rea*$ ! height ( disord]3 x 0 !n t c\ntless w>riors appe>$ 9 ! ar5a1 all fight+ _! way to di/9ction1 "s on _! own acc\nt1 & "s "u ! lead]%ip ( great] m54 ,! lead]s z !y became great] _h to enli/ m foll[]s1 & ! great] ( ^? foll[]s _h 9 turn to enli/ _! own foll[]s4 ,^! foll[]s 7 g5]ally enli/$ f all s\rces1 "s be+ =tunate sons ( m]e peasants1 "s be+ ma/]less fight]s ( a =m] "l1 ^: h\se _h become ext9ct1 ei!r ?r\gh w>1 or f "s o!r reason4 ,^? :o (f]$ s]vice & ^? :o accept$ x necess>ily ent]$ ^u a new relation%ip ( ma/] & s]vant4 ,! be/ example ( ?is 0 ! fam\s ,hideyo%i & 8 foll[]s4 ,( c\rse1 !re 7 _m :o _h bett] antec$5ts & p$igrees1 b ! process by :i* ! cadre ( _! milit>y organisation _h become enl>g$ 0 simil>4 ,aft] ! c\ntry _h return$ to its normal condition ( peace1 & ^? lead]s became feudal lords1 ^? foll[]s1 viz4 reta9]s1 =m$ _! cadre ( ,samurai4 ,ea* "l e/abli%$ 8 gov]nm5t 9 8 prov9ce1 to gov]n ! l& & p "u 8 au?ority1 & ! executive (ficials 7 appo9t$ by him f among/ ^? reta9]s4 ,all ^? feudal gov]nm5ts enjoy$ autonomy1 subject to ! g5]al control ( ! c5tral gov]nm5t ( ! ,%ogun4 ,!re 7 also sev]al feudal lords :o 7 made su* by virtue ( _! close relation%ip ) ! ,%ogun1 or = _! di/+ui%$ s]vices1 o!r ?an milit>y1 b ! me?od by :i* _! gov]nm5t & milit>y cadre 7 =m$ 0 mu* ! same4 ,i may add t ! ^w ,han 0 orig9ally ,*9ese1 & its lit]al mean+ is a f5ce4 ,x 0 us$ figuratively to signify an idea ( protection or def5ce1 z a f5ce s]ves to protect a h\se1 = ! c5tral gov]nm5t aga9/ ext]nal aggressors4' --',t expla9s v cle>ly1' said "o1 '! diff]5ce betwe5 y\r ,han & ! ,we/]n clans1 b ,i %\ld l to "k m ab\t ! evolution ( y\r feudal sy/em f its e>lie/ /age4' --',v well1' ,i answ]$1 '"u ! anci5t ,imp]ial rgime1 local gov]nors 7 despat*$ f ! c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,imp]ial gu>ds 7 tak5 f among/ ! prov9cial y\?1 !re 7 also sev]al milit>y /ations1 at diff]5t /rategic po9ts ( ! c\ntry2 ! soldi]s hav+ be5 simil>ly tak5 f ! neighb\r+ prov9ces4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 fir/ ) ! gr[? ( luxury 9 ! capital1 !n ) ! decay ( ! ,imp]ial au?ority1 ! gov]nors !mselves ceas$ to g to _! respective prov9ces1 & deputies came to be appo9t$ to dis*>ge _! prov9cial affairs = !m4 ,^! deputies began to settle 9 ! prov9ces & to make _! functions h]$it>y1 or local celebrities came to be appo9t$ z deputies1 (t5 by h]$ity also4 ,9 ! meantime1 z ,i told y once be=e1 a sort ( h]$it>y w>rior families gradually sprang up 9 ! prov9ces4 ,! m enfeebl$ ! ,imp]ial c\rt became1 ! less effective ! adm9i/rative au?ority ( ! ,imp]ial gov]nm5t became 9 ! di/ant prov9ces1 :]e fight+ betwe5 ^? w>rior families 0 (t5 wag$ )\t any k or any recognition ( ! ,imp]ial gov]nm5t4 ,:51 t[>ds ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ,yoritomo defeat$ 8 foes1 ! ,taira1 & made himself ma/] ( ! situation1 he e/abli%$ 8 seat ( gov]nm5t at ,kamakura1 & began to control ! :ole empire4 ,at fir/ he did s on ! pretext ( keep+ peace & ord] ) ,imp]ial sanction4 ,he call$ himself1 9 t respect1 ,sotsuibu%i1 :i* means no?+ else ?an police-ma/]-g5]al4 ,he appo9t$ new local gov]nors1 *iefly f among/ ! lead]s ( ! w>rior families4 ,! (ficial names = ^! new gov]nors diff]$ f ^? in/itut$ =m]ly by ! ,imp]ial gov]nm5t4 ,he did n try to d away ) ! ,imp]ial (ficial organisation1 :i* _h become almo/ nom9al1 b1 9 fact1 he introduc$ a new organisation 9 ! prov9ces4 ,ne$less to say1 ^! new gov]nors soon became ! real gov]nors 9 all respects1 ?\gh _! o/5sible duties at fir/ 7 = police affairs 9 its broad s5se4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( our sy/em ( ! milit>y gov]nm5ts4 ,al?\gh !re 7 sev]al vicissitudes1 t sy/em 9 ! ma9 la/$ d[n to ! great re=m ( our own days4 ,?is p]iod ( ! sy/em ( milit>y p[] is ! p]iod call$ by ! writ]s 9 ! ,we/]n languages ! feudal p]iod1 & ! sy/em is call$ ! feudal sy/em4 ,!re 01 ( c\rse1 mu* resemblance 9 cu/oms & mann]s1 & ev5 in/itutions1 betwe5 ! ,european feudal sy/em & our milit>y sy/em1 b ,i d n ?9k ! words !mselves convey exactly ! mean+ ( our appellation = ! sy/em4 ,we call ! sy/em ,hok51 :i* 0 orig9ally ,*9ese4 ,t t]m1 :i* is a comb9ation ( two words1 means to create & in/all & signifies an act by :i* "s p>ticul> p]son is creat$ a h]$it>y pr9ce ( c]ta9 di/ricts4 ,?us ! idea t ! p]sons s creat$ 7 only made s by ! fav\r ( ! c5tral gov]nm5t is impli$ 9 ! t]m itself4 ,i h already told y t 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,japan lab\r$ "u a condition ( ! greate/ disord]4 ,_m feudal lords rose & fell4 ,:5 ! ,tokugawa family assum$ ! ,%ogunate1 ! c\ntry 0 br\ght to a p]fect peace1 & t sy/em ( ,hok5 0 br\ght to a /ate ( p]fection4 ,x 0 !n t a total re-%uffl+1 s to say1 n ( ! c>ds b ( ! feudal lords1 0 effect$4 ,_m old lords reta9$ _! positions by ackn[l$g+ ! supremacy ( ,tokugawa1 b _m :o 7 ! foll[]s ( ,tokugawa itself1 7 newly creat$ lords4 ,! =m] 7 call$ ,tozama 7ext]ior7 ,daimio1 & ! latt] 7 call$ ,fudai 7adh]5ts7 ,daimio4 ,^? :o _h be5 creat$1 on acc\nt ( blood relation%ip to ,tokugawa1 =m$ a some:at diff]5t category4 ,! t5ure ( ! lords 0 n look$ ^u 9 ! light ( private prop]ty 9 its /rict s5se4 ,! ,%ogunate freely ex]cis$ its au?ority1 to confiscate or to transf] to ano!r place1 :5 political exp$i5cy dem&$ x1 ?\gh ( c\rse su* /eps 7 tak5 only :5 "s blamable action _h be5 committ$1 or on ! (f] ( "s high] & bett] position4 ,! feudal lords _h no "r to sell or ali5ate any portion ( ! l&4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,tokugawa rgime1 ! t5ure 0 confiscat$ 9 case ( default ( male heir to a deceas$ "l1 ?\gh lat] on ! sy/em ( adoption came to ! rescue & an adopt$ heir 0 all[$ to succe$4' --',i und]/& n[ ! nature ( y\r feudal sy/em1' said "o2 'b x mu/ h be5 a great sacrifice = ! feudal lords to give up all _! possessions4' ',x 0 s 9 "o s5se1 no d\bt1' ,i answ]$1 'b1 z ,i h already told y1 ! l&s ( our feudal lords 7 nev] reg>d$ z private prop]ties4 ,! ,%ogun _h ! p[] to dispose ( ^? t5ures1 b ! ,%ogun 0 suppos$ to h possess$ t au?ority by ! delegation ( ! ,imp]ial pr]ogative4 ,ev5 ! remote/ sea coa/ is ! emp]or's l&1 & ev5 ! humble/ creature is ! emp]or's subject4 ,?is 0 ! politico-e?ical maxim ( ,*9a1 s also 9 ,japan4 ,?is notion _h be5 br\ght into special prom95ce1 9 rec5t c5turies1 & patriotic lords & /atesm5 kept ! maxim v vividly 9 _! m9ds1 especially at ! "t ( ! great *ange4 ,! lords _h _! feudal gov]nm5ts 9 _! locality4 ,!y reg>d$ !mselves z be+ ! heads ( ^? gov]nm5ts1 act+ = ! emp]or4 ,!y did n1 !re=e1 feel s mu* pa9 z :5 "o gives up a prop]ty :i* is "o's own private possession 9 ! /ricte/ s5se4 ,besides1 ! deep s5tim5ts ( loyalty & patriotism sway$ !m & animat$ !m to adopt ! /ep )\t any hesitation4 ,i may also add t all ! lords us$ to be inve/$ ) "s titles ( di/9ction1 :i* 7 names ( "s (ficial function ( ! ,imp]ial c\rt1 & also p]sonal ranks1 resembl+ ,we/]n ord]s4 ,^! !y receiv$ ?r\gh ! ,%ogunate1 b ! giv] 0 ! emp]or4 ,?us y c see t ! f\nta9 ( hon\r _h always rema9$ ) ! ,imp]ial c\rt1 nay m1 ! ,%ogun himself receiv$ 8 function & title f ! emp]or4' --',:at d y mean by ! re-%uffl+ ( ! feudal lords8' ask$ "o4 --',i mean t 9 ! e>ly /age ( ! ,tokugawa rgime a complete re>rangem5t ( t sy/em1 :i* is g5]ally call$ feudal1 0 effect$1 by transf]r+ all ! old lords f "o place to ano!r & by creat+ new lords1 to :om new localities 7 giv5 to gov]n1 :il/ _m ( ! old] lords lo/ _! possessions4 ,by removal also1 "s lords 7 made great] & "s small]4 ,9 mak+ t re>rangem5t1 ! ,%ogunate took great c>e to di/ribute ! l&s among ! lords 9 su* a way t a comb9ation ( sev]al lords aga9/ ! ,%ogunate might be impossible4 ,small] lords 7 plac$ r\nd l>ge ones1 & ! m tru/wor?y aga9/ less tru/wor?y1 & s on4 ,?is re>rangem5t or %ift+ ,i call$ re-%uffl+4 ,! same ?+ 0 done ev5 d[n to ! la/ days ( ! ,%ogunate1 ?\gh on a limit$ scale & less frequ5tly4 ,i c !re=e say t !re 0 no feudal "l :o cont9u$ to possess ! same seat f ! pre-,tokugawa p]iod4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 a few exceptions1 & ,satsuma 0 ! mo/ significant example4 ,9 ! e>li] /ate ( ! feudal sy/em1 ! lords & reta9]s did n necess>ily reside side by side4 ,! lords _h _! *ief seats :]e !y resid$1 b ! cu/om ( build+ /rong ca/les _h n yet come into exi/5ce1 & _! reta9]s liv$ "h & !re on _! doma9s4 ,f ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! cu/om ( con/ruct+ l>ge ca/les came into exi/5ce4 ,! lords resid$ 9 ! ca/les & ! reta9]s liv$ 9 h\ses ar\nd !m4 ,?is became m m>k$ly ! case :5 ! re-%uffl+ ( ! lords 0 made & ! lords remov$1 toge!r ) _! reta9]s1 f "o place to ano!r l sw>ms ( bees4 ,x 0 also at t "t t ! sep>ation ( ! ,samurai1 t is1 ! reta9]s1 f ! ord9>y avocations ( ! p became m ?or\ghly di/9ct4 ,! ,samurai receiv$ _! annual all[ance f _! lords1 & did n c>ry on any comm]cial bus9ess nor tr\ble !mselves ab\t agricultural pursuits4 ,!re 0 great diff]5ce ( gr&eur betwe5 ! diff]5t feudal lords4 ,our usual way ( e/imat+ _! relative gr&eur 0 by measur+ ! reput$ quantity ( rice produc$ on _! l&4 ,accord+ to t me?od1 ! degree v>i$ f t5 ?\s& to "o million koku4 ,!re 7 "s two hundr$ & sev5ty lords1 & _! gr&eur v>i$ betwe5 ^? quantities4 ,!re 7 also _m petty lords1 ^: produce ( rice f _! l&s did n am\nt to t5 ?\s& koku4 ,!y 7 call$ quasi-lords4 ,su* be+ ! v>iety ( gr&eur ( ! lords1 l>ge reta9]s ( great lords (t5 exce$$ 9 gr&eur ! small] lords4' --',y said ,satsuma 0 an exception4 ,w y expla9 h[ x 08' --',well1 ,pr9ce ,%imazu 0 ! "l ( ,satsuma4 ,! great] p>ts ( ! prov9ces ,hiuga & ,osumi 7 also includ$ 9 8 dom9ion4 ,8 family _h be5 great lords 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry = "s sev5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,:5 ! fam\s ,hideyo%i invad$ ,kiusiu1 & rea*$ ,satsuma1 ! pr9ce1 namely1 ! "l ( ,satsuma1 surr5d]$ to t great h]o aft] sev]al battles4 ,hideyo%i did n consid] x politic to pu% ! matt] to extremes1 s ! pr9ce reta9$ 8 =m] position4 ,:5 ,tokugawa assum$ ! ,%ogunate1 ! pr9ce 0 left undi/urb$ 9 spite ( 8 hav+ once tak5 up cudgels aga9/ ,tokugawa at ! fam\s battle ( ,sekigah>a4 ,8 seat ( gov]nm5t 0 ,kago%ima1 b !re 0 sc>cely any e/abli%m5t wor? call+ a ca/le4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( 8 reta9]s liv$ ar\nd 8 resid5ce1 b a l>ge numb] ( !m liv$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( 8 t]ritory1 _! lives be+ p>tly devot$ to agriculture4 ,satsuma 0 "o ( ! few /rong clans1 & its comb9ation ) ,*osiu result$1 z ,i said be=e1 9 ! re/oration ( ! ,imp]ial rgime4' --',w y please expla9 9 outl9e ! f9ancial sy/em ( ! ,%ogunate1 & h[ x 0 transf]r$ to ! ,imp]ial gov]nm5t8' ask$ "o4 ',! ,%ogunate _h "u its imm$iate control t]ritorial possessions :i* 7 r\ghly reckon$1 9 ! t]ms ( rice1 eight million koku4 ,! ,%ogunate 0 clev] en\gh to h ! lions %>e ( ! l&$ possessions1 :i* includ$ ! be/ p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 g5]ally compris+ prosp]\s t[ns1 z1 = in/ance1 ! city ( ,osaka4 ,! exp5diture ( ! ,%ogunate 0 ma9ta9$ by ! income f ^? t]ritories4 ,no feudal "l _h to contribute any?+ to ! ex*equ] ( ! ,%ogunate1 except t !y 7 at times ord]$ to und]take "s public works allott$ to !m2 = example1 ! rep>ation ( "s riv] banks or damage done to ! ,%ogun's ca/le4 ,! rev5ue ( ! ,%ogunate 0 sc>cely suffici5t = ma9ta9+ ! ,%ogunate 9 its normal /ate1 & t[>ds its latt] days1 :5 ! ext]nal relations & int]nal di/urbances began to press heavily1 ! f9ancial difficulty 0 mu* felt4 ,z to ! ,imp]ial c\rt1 x _h no regul> rev5ue at all1 except a comp>atively trifl+ sum contribut$ by ! ,%ogunate1 :i* 0 suppos$ to be ! equival5t to ! taxes collect$ by ! ,%ogun's (ficials 9 ! prov9ces 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! ,imp]ial seat4 ,!re 0 no l& "u ! direct control ( ! c\rt2 ev5 ! city ( ,kioto itself 0 "u ! adm9i/ration ( ! (ficials ( ! ,%ogunate4 ,consequ5tly ! ,imp]ial c\rt 0 always 9 a ne$y condition4 ,x foll[s1 also1 t ! c\rt nobles 7 also 9 an extremely ne$y condition1 ?\gh high 9 p]sonal rank4 ,!y only receiv$ paltry annual all[ances out ( ! ,%ogun's contribution1 ?\gh a v few high c\rt nobles _h small l&$ possessions4 ,su* be+ ! case1 x 0 natural t ! ,imp]ial gov]nm5t1 :5 x fir/ came into a r5ew$ exi/5ce1 %\ld h met ) mu* f9ancial difficulty4' --' ,b h[ did y manage to tide ov] ! transitory p]iod8' ask$ "o4 --',! troops1' ,i answ]$1 ':i* f\ght = ! ,imp]ial cause 7 g5]ally support$ at ! exp5se ( _! own feudal clan-gov]nm5ts4 ,= ! curr5t exp5ses1 "s ri* m]*ants ei!r contribut$ or advanc$ ! necess>y sum ( money1 & also new pap] money 0 issu$4 ,by su* means z ^! ! gov]nm5t manag$ to c>ry on its affairs1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t "s rev5ue began to accrue to ! ,imp]ial treasury f ! regions :i* _h be5 "u ! control ( ! ,%ogunate1 b ! sum 0 insignificant4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t = f9ancial reasons only "s great *ange 0 necess>y1 & ?us a d\ble impetus 0 giv5 to ! idea ( su* m5 z ,kido & ,okubo = ! abolition ( ! feudal sy/em4' --',let u assume t ! feudal sy/em _h already be5 aboli%$1' said ano!r1 '! w9d+-up ( ! affairs ( ! diff]5t feudal gov]nm5ts1 & ! consolidation "u a uni=m sy/em ( c5tral gov]nm5t mu/ h be5 a v difficult & delicate matt]4' --',yes1 x 0 s1' ,i answ]$4 ',to beg9 )1 mo/ ( ^? gov]nm5ts _h debts ( all k9ds :i* _h to be liquidat$1 above all1 _! obligations = pap] money float$ by !m4 ,! co9age ( gold & silv] 0 ! monopoly ( ! c5tral gov]nm5t1 b all ! feudal lords _h ! privilege ( circulat+ pap] money "u diff]5t =ms 9 diff]5t clans4 ,! actual value ( ?is pap] money 9 gold & silv] v>i$ accord+ to ! f9ancial condition ( ! feudal gov]nm5t by :om x 0 issu$1 & t money 0 legal only 9 ! di/ricts :i* 7 "u ! jurisdiction ( ! lords by ^: gov]nm5ts !y 7 issu$4 ,y c !re=e easily imag9e h[ tr\blesome & inconv5i5t ! matt] mu/ h be5 to travell]s & trad]s 9 localities :]e ^? feudal gov]nm5ts /ood 9 close proximity to ea* o!r4 ,!n aga91 ! lords & _! reta9]s c\ld n be made p5niless imm$iately on ! abolition ( ! feudal sy/em4 ,to !m1 !re=e1 c]ta9 means ( support 7 giv51 9 proportion to _! =m] rank & income2 t support 0 ultimately conv]t$ into ! =m ( gov]nm5t bonds4 ,! income ?us giv5 0 n en\gh = _m ( ! ,samurai to support !mselves & _! families1 & !y1 !re=e1 _h to seek "s new occupation to :i* !y 7 n accu/om$4 ,a l>ge numb] ( !m ev5 lo/ ! bonds ?us giv51 ?r\gh _! incauti\s or incompet5t managem5t4 ,! gov]nm5t _h to prev5t ?+s gett+ into a worse condition1 & to make ! transition /ate a smoo? "o1 if possible4 ,= t purpose ! gov]nm5t (t5 _h to organise = !m "s k9d ( common "w1 = :i* sometimes "s special funds 7 giv54 ,someh[ or o!r1 we h got ?r\gh ^? try+ times4 ,! cr$it ( w9d+-up ! affairs ( ! feudal gov]nm5ts is *iefly due to ,c\nt ,in\y1 :o 0 ! act+ ,m9i/] ( ,f9ance at ! "t4 --',h[ did matt]s /& at ! "t ) reg>d to ! sy/em ( taxation8' ask$ "o4 --',x 0 also "o ( ! mo/ difficult problems :i* ! ,imp]ial gov]nm5t _h to solve1' ,i answ]$4 ',p]haps y "k t ! economical !ory ( ! ,f> ,ea/ _h always be5 ess5tially physiocratic4 ,agriculture 0 ! f\ndation ( national exi/5ce4 ,comm]ce & indu/ry 7 v little consid]$4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 on t acc\nt ! l& _h to be> public exp5ses almo/ entirely1 & comm]ce & indu/ry contribut$ almo/ no?+2 9 o!r words1 taxes on l& 7 ! ma9 s\rce ( public rev5ue4 ,p engag$ 9 indu/ry & comm]ce paid no tax1 except p]haps "s trifl+ am\nt 9 ! =m ( lic5ces occasionally1 & except t !y 7 (t5 ord]$ by _! lords to contribute irregul> sums ( money to relieve _! f9ancial difficulty4 ,! l& taxes 7 paid1 z a rule1 9 k9d1 namely1 rice1 b ! burd5 ( ! tax-pay]s 0 by no means uni=m ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,!re 0 a vague measurem5t express$ by ! words f\r public1 six private1 t is to say1 f\r t5? p>ts ( ! produce 0 to g to ! gov]nm5t1 & ! rema9+ six1 toge!r ) any supplem5t>y produce1 0 to rema9 9 ! h&s ( ! produc]s4 ,b ?is 0 by no means uni=mly practis$4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! burd5 ( ! l&s "u ! direct control ( ! ,%ogunate 0 light] ?an t on ! l&s "u ! diff]5t lords4 ,b !re 0 mu* diff]5ce 9 ! burd5 on ! l&s held by ! diff]5t lords4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 all sorts ( additional burd5s1 besides ! pure l& taxes1 7 in/itut$ & levi$ on mo/ l&s4 ,x 0 necess>y = ! ,imp]ial gov]nm5t to unify ^! burd5s & equalise !m1 z mu* z possible1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\ntry4 ,x 0 also desirable to *ange ! :ole sy/em ( pay+ taxes 9 k9d into a uni=m sy/em ( money paym5t1 because1 9 ! case ( ! =m]1 rev5ue is subject to v>iation on acc\nt ( ! condition ( ! h>ve/ & ! m>ket price1 besides1 t sy/em is m liable to abuse4 ,! ,imp]ial gov]nm5t und]took ?is trem5d\s "w ( re=m4 ,! valuation ( all l&s 0 c>ri$ out1 & ! sy/em ( paym5t 9 money 0 effect$4 ,i may "h m5tion t1 "u ! anci5t ,imp]ial rgime1 no propriet>y rights 7 recognis$ 9 l&s4 ,! till]s ( l& obta9$ ! allotm5ts ( !m = life1 & new allotm5ts 7 made f "t to "t4 ,t sy/em1 h[ev]1 0 n /rictly en=c$ 9 ! case ( newly reclaim$ l&s1 especially s 9 ! f>-(f prov9ces4 ,z "t w5t on1 ! sy/em entirely fell ?r\gh1 & h]$it>y proprietor%ip ( ! till]s came tacitly into exi/5ce4 ,nev]!less1 ! idea ( ! supreme doma9 ( ! sov]eign f ! po9ts ( public law & propriet>y rights ( ! possessors f po9ts ( private law _h n be5 br\ght into a v di/9ct light1 & ! vague notion _h /ill rema9$ t ! possessors held ! l&s only by fav\r ( ! sov]eign4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! c\ntry no rights ( sale ( l&s 7 legally recognis$1 ?\gh ! matt] 0 widely affect$ by "s fictiti\s means1 su* z long mortgages or long leases4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s 0 entirely *ang$ by ! re=m made :5 ! nature ( ! l& tax 0 *ang$1 z ,i h j describ$1 because by t re=m ! full propriet>y rights f ! po9t ( private law 7 completely recognis$4 ,i said t indu/rial & comm]cial p contribut$ almo/ no?+ to ! public exp5ses1 & yet ! d5om9ations "u :i* !y _h to pay some?+ 7 v>i\s4 ,add to ?is num]\s o!r miscellane\s contributions2 !re 7 sev]al hundr$ diff]5t k9ds ( contributions1 b ea* ( ^! sep>ately am\nt$ to a v small sum1 & 0 n wor? ! tr\ble x involv$4 ,^!1 !re=e1 7 altoge!r aboli%$4 ,( c\rse ! gov]nm5t _h1 z "t w5t on1 to introduce "s new taxes1 su* z ! bus9ess tax1 ! income tax1 etc41 b ^! are ! results ( ! progress made 9 our economical & f9ancial conditions1 & bas$ on broad] & m univ]sal l9es1 s z to fit ! alt]$ /ate ( ! c\ntry4 ,! annual budget1 :i* am\nt$ to sev5ty or eighty million y5 be=e ! ,s9o-,japanese w>1 am\nt$ to "s five or six hundr$ million y5 be=e ! ,russo-,japanese w>3 t w p]haps %[ ! expansion ( ! f9ancial sy/em ( ! c\ntry4' --',x is v int]e/+1' said "o2 'b let u h a cup ( tea1 & !n cont9ue ! discussion4' ,,viii ,comm]ce & indu/ry--,old me?ods ( communication--,roads & %ips--,h[ !y h be5 improv$--,railways1 po/1 telegraphs1 & telephones--,progress ( ! f9ancial sy/em--,! ,satsuma w>--,! ,bank ( ,japan--,! ,national banks--,! monet>y sy/em "o ( ! causes ( ,japan's success--,fur!r rem>ks on ! milit>y re=ms--,evolution ( ! mode ( fight+--,all re=ms at mu* co/ ( blood & money--,! cause ( ! ,satsuma w>--,saigo ! ,eld]--,social condition ( ,japan to-day--,evolution ( legislation--,*9ese jurisprud5ce--,! ,japanese are n good correspond5ts--,my future--,an op]atic s+]--,japanese /ages--,danjiuro & ,irv+--,! old s*ool & ! new "o--,kawakami & ,sada ,yakko--,! op]a ,m>itana--,! end ( ! dream ,i 0 /ill 9 ! same incongru\s gr\p ( p1 & c>ry+ on a conv]sation on ! same l9es4 ,?\gh ! subjects 7 r te*nical1 !y seem$ to h int]e/$ ! p :o took "p 9 ! discussion1 because !y relate to ! important "p ( our hi/ory1 :]e9 ! f\ndation-/one1 s to say1 ( ,mod]n ,japan 0 laid4 --',i suppose1 'said "o ( ! gr\p1 'y\r c\ntry _h to take mu* pa9s 9 enc\rag+ comm]ce & indu/ry to atta9 ! /age y h rea*$4' ',well1' ,i repli$1 'we c\ld n d any?+ :i* resembl$ a protective sy/em if we wi%$1 because we 7 b\nd by ! treaties =c$ ^u u1 :]eby our cu/om-h\se duties1 all prefix$1 c\ld n exce$ five p] c5t4 ad valorem2 b z f> z x lay 9 ! compet5ce ( our ,gov]nm5t & p1 we did all 9 our p[]4 ,y _c imag9e :at money1 :at "t1 & :at lab\r we h _h to wa/e 9 _m ways1 because !re 7 _m ?+s :i* we tri$ & 9 :i* we fail$4 ,:at we h a*iev$ is insignificant1 b x is ! result ( all ^? ex]tions4 ,by ! bye1 ! "q ( ! revision ( ! old treaties 0 a long protract$ subject ( our diplomacy & politics ?r\gh :i* we _h to /ruggle4 ,x wreck$ sev]al m9i/ries4 ,"o m9i/] = =eign affairs1 ,c\nt ,okuma1 lo/ "o ( 8 legs & only miracul\sly escap$ dea?1 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ be5 incl9$ to accept t]ms ( revision :i* ! p consid]$ insuffici5t & irreconcilable ) national dignity4 ,! aim ( ! revision 0 to rega9 ! t>iff z well z judicial autonomy4 ,am]ica _h %[n v e>ly its incl9ation to acc$e to our dem&4 ,italy also %[$ a simil> incl9ation4 ,b on ! :ole ! matt] prov$ v difficult4 ,ab\t t5 ye>s ago ,great ,brita9 took ! lead 9 recognis+ ! ju/ice ( our dem&1 o!r p[]s foll[$ ,engl&'s example1 & ?us ! revision 0 at la/ effect$4 ,t revision re/or$ to u our judicial autonomy completely4 ,y mu/1 h[ev]1 rememb] t ! t>iff autonomy has n yet be5 entirely re/or$ to u1 = we are /ill b\nd by "o-sid$ conv5tional t>iffs4 ,b ,i mu/ n[ return to ! orig9al ?read ( my disc\rse4 ,y h already se5 t we 7 hamp]$ by ! treaties1 b 9 spite ( t we h tak5 e pa9s to promote our comm]ce & indu/ry1 )\t fall+ into ! error ( ov]-int]f]+ or be+ (fici\s4' --',& y h made wond]ful progress 9 y\r comm]ce 9 a comp>atively %ort "t1' said ano!r4 --',well1 n wond]ful1' ,i answ]$2 'b x is a fact t our comm]ce has increas$ f a few million y5 to "s six hundr$ million y54 ,t is some?+4 ,i w add a ^w m4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t ! /age we h atta9$ is ! m]e result ( natural gr[?4 ,we mu/ v5ture to ask = sympa!tic appreciation ( our endeav\r4 ,"s ,we/]n p appe> to ent]ta9 a sort ( appreh5sion 9 reg>d to ! gr[? ( our comm]ce & indu/ry1 & ev5 %[ a desire to *eck our progress4 ,x w\ld be v h>d l9es = u1 = our conviction is t ! gr[? ( our comm]ce & indu/ry c only be b5eficial reciprocally to o!rs z well z to ourselves2 &1 moreov]1 :at is aft] all our comm]ce & indu/ry :5 comp>$ ) t ( ! ,we/]n peoples8' --',i q sympa?ise ) y on t po9t1' said "o4 --',?ank y6' ,i said1 & cont9u$4 ',"s =eign]s speak ( our comm]cial probity v disp>ag+ly4 ,i admit !re 7 "s %ortcom+s1 b ,i d5y t ! faults 7 :olly ours4 ,y "k t ! great] bulk ( our ,japanese comm]ce is done 9 ,japan itself by ! ,we/]n m]*ants :o come out !re4 ,if we 7 always *eat+ !m1 & !y 7 always blameless1 :y %\ld !y cont9ue to trade ) u & make su* great increase ( comm]ce 9 a comp>atively %ort space ( "t8 ,x is my op9ion t ! blame atta*$ to ! comm]cial probity ( ! ,japanese m]*ant has f> less f\ndation ?an ! reality w>rants4 ,a good deal ( ! blame1 ,i ?9k1 is a he>say1 orig9ally circulat$ by int]e/$ p]sons & innoc5tly magnifi$ by o!rs4 ,"t 0 :5 our m]*ants wellnigh revolt$ aga9/ oppressive deal+s ( =eign m]*ants out !re1 & tri$ to export direct to =eign c\ntries1 b !n want ( capital & exp]i5ce /ood 9 _! way z a b>ri]4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i am satisfi$ ) ! progress our comm]ce has made1 z well z ) ! fact t its volume has increas$ 9 spite ( ! w>1 ?\gh we mu/ endeav\r to /ill fur!r x4' --',t y\r c\ntry w h to d1' said ano!r2 'b w y tell me ! condition ( ! communications ( ! c\ntry at ! "t ( ! abolition ( ! feudal sy/em1 & ! improvem5ts y h made s9ce !n8' --',! means ( communication1' ,i repli$1 '7 n good 9 ^? days4 ,we are surr\nd$ by seas on all sides1 b we 7 unable to make ! fulle/ use ( ! wat]1 because ! build+ ( l>ge %ips 0 prohibit$ = c5turies1 & !re=e our %ips _h mu* difficulty 9 navigat+ ! ea/]n coa/s1 z well z ! ,japan ,sea1 especially 9 w9t]4 ,!y (t5 _h to rema9 sev]al mon?s 9 "s port on _! r\te4 ,on ! l&1 roads 7 n good1 !y 7 (t5 badly made on purpose by ! diff]5t lords = ! def5ce ( _! t]ritories4 ,?us1 ev5 :]e a /raight road c\ld be made on flat l&1 x 0 purposely made high up on ! hills 9 a w9d+ way4 ,riv]s 7 (t5 left bridgeless :]e bridges c\ld easily h be5 con/ruct$4 ,=eign visitors may ?9k our roads ev5 n[ bad :5 comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,we/]n civilis$ c\ntries2 b 9 our eyes our pres5t roads are beyond any comp>ison ) ^? ( "s ?irty or =ty ye>s ago4 ,?is also means t our c5tral ,gov]nm5t1 z well z our local gov]nm5ts1 _h to take mu* pa9s & sp5d mu* money 9 ! matt]4 ,we _h also to enc\rage ! build+ ( l>ge %ips1 bo? /eam & sail+ vessels4 ,we h built _m ligh?\ses r\nd ! c\ntry = ! b5efit ( ! navigation ( =eign %ips z well z = our own4' --',:at ( ! railways1 telegraph1 & telephone l9es8' ask$ "o4 ',n _m ye>s aft] ! re/oration we began ! con/ruction ( ! railways4 ,! l9e betwe5 ,yokohama & ,tokio 0 ! fir/ & mo/ exp5sive ( any ( ! railways con/ruct$ 9 ,japan1 =1 ow+ to ! lack ( exp]i5ce1 we _h to pay :atev] price we 7 ask$ by =eign]s = ! mat]ials4 ,! next l9e 0 "o betwe5 ,kobe & ,osaka1 & ! sy/em has be5 gradually ext5d$ z ! f9ances ( ! ,gov]nm5t h all[$4 ,b f9d+ t ! rapid ext5sion to e "p ( ! c\ntry 0 beyond ! f9ancial exp$i5cy ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 private ent]prises 7 enc\rag$1 & _m private railway companies 7 e/abli%$ "o aft] ano!r4 ,?us we h two k9ds ( railways1 "o belong+ to ! ,gov]nm5t1 ! o!r belong+ to private companies4 ,:5 ,i 0 ,m9i/] ( ,communications eight ye>s ago1 ! :ole l5g? ( ! railways1 /ate & private1 rea*$ ?ree ?\s& miles4 ,!re 0 "s talk ( celebrat+ ! occasion1 b bo? ,matsumoto1 ,director ( ! ,bo>d ( ,railways1 & ,i disc\nt5anc$ ! idea1 because ?ree ?\s& miles ( railway 7 no?+ comp>$ ) o!r advanc$ c\ntries4 ,! ext5sion at pres5t is betwe5 f\r & five ?\s& miles1 ,i ?9k4 ,! l5g? is n mu*1 b because ! c\ntry is n>r[1 e "p ( x is )9 easy rea* ( ! tra94 ,! telegraph l9es belong to ! ,gov]nm5t entirely1 & are manag$ 9 conjunction ) ! g5]al po/al sy/em4 ,soon aft] ! inauguration ( ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t1 we began to remodel ! po/al sy/em :i* _h exi/$ previ\sly1 & x has be5 gradually exp&$ & improv$ on ! ,european me?od4 ,i c say )\t mu* diffid5ce t our po/al & telegraph sy/ems may be comp>$ 9 effici5cy ) any c\ntry1 ev5 ! mo/ advanc$ 9 ^? matt]s4 ,! telephone sy/em is comp>atively new1 b mo/ ( ! popul\s t[ns h x1 & l>ge t[ns are connect$ by di/ant telephones4 ,ne$less to say t we h manag$ f ! beg9n+ to ma9ta9 ! sy/em 9 ! h&s ( ! ,gov]nm5t4' --',! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t seems to h requir$ mu* money1' said "o1 '= w9d+ up ! feudal ,gov]nm5ts1 & = introduc+1 side by side1 _m re=ms4 ,y also m5tion$ t ! ,gov]nm5t _h to issue pap] money4 ,i %\ld l to "k m ab\t h[ y got ?r\gh x all4' --',we _h to und]go mu* f9ancial difficulty4 ,be=e ! ,imp]ial rgime gold & silv] con/itut$ practically d\ble /&>ds4 ,at ! e>ly /age ( ! new ,gov]nm5t gold 0 adopt$ z ! /&>d 9 !ory1 b x took a long "t be=e x came into actual op]ation4 ,! ,gov]nm5t _h to issue mu* pap] money1 & t1 too1 inconv]tible1 h5ce mu* depreciation ( ! pap]4 ,! /r5u\s ef=ts ( ! ,gov]nm5t _h be5 successful 9 improv+ ! situation :5 ! ,satsuma w> broke out 9 #ahgg4 ,! exp5se ( t w> occasion$ m issue ( pap] money1 :i* caus$ a fur!r depreciation4 ,at "o "t ! diff]5ce betwe5 silv]1 :i* 0 practically ! legal t5d] at ! "t1 & ! pap] rose to #ajj 3 #ahj4 ',!re 0 ano!r cause = ! depreciation ( pap] money4 ,x 0 ! issue ( notes by ! national banks1 :i* 7 e/abli%$ 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry aft] ! abolition ( ! feudal sy/em1 & :i* numb]$ at "o "t m ?an #aej4 ,! ,gov]nm5t _h to meet ) ^! difficulties1 & to place ! f9ancial & economical condition ( ! c\ntry on a firm] & m satisfactory basis4 ,?is ! ,gov]nm5t began to und]take a few ye>s aft] ! ,satsuma w>1 )\t h9d]+ ! necess>y works = ! developm5t ( ! national res\rces4 ,! ,gov]nm5t decid$ to apply /rict economy 9 all bran*es ( its adm9i/ration4 ,! money ?us sav$ 0 p>tly us$ = ! r$emption ( ! ov]-issu$ pap] money1 & p>tly to accumulate res]ve funds = mak+ ! pap] curr5cy conv]tible4 ,! ,bank ( ,japan 0 e/abli%$ ) ! view ( mak+ x ! sole c5tral economical organ ( ! empire4 ,a s*eme 0 provid$ = r$eem+ ! notes issu$ by ! s-call$ national banks1 & = conv]t+ ^? banks into /rictly private banks 9 due "t4 ',! process began 9 e>ne/ 9 #ahha2 x made f> quick] progress ?an 0 contemplat$2 ?us 9 #ahhe ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! silv] & ! pap] money disappe>$4 ,f ,janu>y #ahhf ! total r$emption ( ! pap] money 0 begun4 ,9 #ahii ! circulation ( ! ,gov]nm5t pap] money & ! notes ( ! national banks altoge!r ceas$ to exi/1 ! conv]tible notes ( ! ,bank ( ,japan hav+ tak5 _! place4 ,9 ! same ye> all national banks ceas$ to exi/1 mo/ ( !m hav+ become private banks1 & a few hav+ w\nd up _! bus9ess4 ,two ye>s previ\sly gold _h be5 at la/ effectively adopt$ z ! ,japanese national /&>d ( curr5cy1 :i* 0 ! realisation ( ! idea *]i%$ by ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t f ! beg9n+4' --',:at 0 ! nature ( ! national banks8' ask$ "o2 '& h !y prov$ q mean+less8' --',! law = ! e/abli%m5t ( ^? banks 0 promulgat$ soon aft] ! abolition ( ! feudal sy/em4 ,x 0 modell$ aft] ! national banks ( ,am]ica4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t a l>ge numb] ( !m came into exi/5ce 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,empire4 ,!y 7 private und]tak+s1 except t !y enjoy$ ! privilege ( issu+ _! own notes1 & 7 subject to ,gov]nm5t sup]9t5d5ce4 ,at fir/ ! notes 7 to be conv]tible into specie1 b a modification 0 introduc$ 9 ! law by :i* !y c\ld issue notes ) ,gov]nm5t bonds z security & conv]tible 9 ,gov]nm5t pap] money4 ,!re=e ! notes 7 9 reality incontrov]tible ones f ! po9t ( view ( h>d money4 ,previ\s to t1 ! ,gov]nm5t loan bonds1 am\nt+ to "o hundr$ & sev5ty million y51 7 issu$ = ! capitalisation ( ! feudal lords & _! reta9]s 9 consid]ation ( _! feudal incomes1 aft] ! feudal sy/em _h be5 aboli%$4 ,^! bonds 7 us$ widely = e/abli%+ ! banks4 ,! banks enjoy$ special privileges ( issu+ pap] money1 b 9 lieu ( x !y did good s]vice 9 enc\rag+ & /imulat+ local indu/ry & comm]ce1 s t we d n regret t ^? banks 7 once in/itut$4 ,besides1 !y l$ to ! f\ndation ( ! mod]n monet>y sy/em ( ,japan4 ,y mu/ h obs]v$ ! effici5cy ( ! monet>y sy/em ( ,japan dur+ ! ,s9o-,japanese w>4 ,! success ( ,japan 9 great w>s is due a great deal to t sy/em4 ,i mean to say t because we h t sy/em1 ! money possess$ by ! public c\ld easily be made to s]ve public purposes 9 "t ( em]g5cy4 ,look at ,*9a3 z f> z individuals are conc]n$1 !re is a f> great] numb] ( p :o are ri*] ?an ! ,japanese1 & yet !y h no s\nd bank+ sy/em 9 close connection ) ! /ate4 ,:5 ! ,*9ese deposit _! money1 !y pref] to d s ) =eign banks4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! ,gov]nm5t _c fall back ^u ! weal? ( private individuals4 ,nei!r is !re mu* likelihood ( home loans be+ popul> 9 ,*9a4 ,( c\rse !re may be "s o!r reasons = ?is4 ,9 ,japan no?+ b regul> taxes & dues regulat$ by law are levi$4 ,no illegal exaction is or c\ld be made4 ,9 t respect !re exi/s a p]fect und]/&+ betwe5 ! ,gov]nm5t & ! p1 :o "k t if !y respond to ! ,gov]nm5t call = loans _! dues w\ld be made good 9 future4 ,no su* confid5ce & usage exi/ 9 ,*9a1 /ill less 9 any o!r "p ( ! ,ea/4' --',y told u t 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t1 ! ,imp]ial troops 7 support$ at ! exp5se ( ! clan gov]nm5ts1' said "o4 ',w y tell u a little m ab\t x8' --',"u ! ,%ogunate1' ,i answ]$1 '! feudal lords _h to support _! own troops1 ev5 :5 !y 7 ord]$ to s5d !m out some:]e4 ,?is 0 ! duty !y _h to r5d] 9 return = ! t5ure ( l&4 ,j be=e ! battle ( ,fu%imi1 ,satsuma & "s o!r clans _h _! troops /ation$ 9 ,kioto4 ,*osiu1 :i* on all sides _h come triumphantly out ( ! w> aga9/ ! attack+ =ces ( ! ,%ogunate1 also s5t "s troops to ,kioto2 n inde$ by ord] ( ! ,%ogun1 b r aga9/ x4 ,^! troops 7 all support$ by _! clan gov]nm5ts4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,fu%imi1 ! troops ( ! ,sat*o & o!r clans :i* _h become ,imp]iali/s1 7 ord]$ to ! front 9 ! ,nor?-,ea/]n prov9ces4 ,!y n[ f\ght z ,imp]ial troops "u ! brocade bann]s1 :i* 0 ! emblematic bann] us$ solely by ! ,imp]ial =ces1 & mu* rev]5c$ by ! ,japanese 9 g5]al1 because ) u ^? :o f\ght aga9/ ^? bann]s _h be51 & 7 at all times1 univ]sally /igmatis$ z disloyal subjects4 ,! lead]s ( ^? troops 7 g5]ally commission$ by ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t4 ,! cohesion ( ! troops ( diff]5t clans 9 "o direction 0 ma9ta9$ by a g5]alissimo1 :o 0 a high c\rt noble1 assi/$ by a c]ta9 numb] ( /aff (fic]s1 specially appo9t$ by ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 t mann]1 troops ( diff]5t clans f\ght = ! cause ( ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t4 ,aft] ! w>1 ! troops ( "s ( ! clans 7 /ill us$ = ! ,imp]ial purposes1 :il/ o!rs ( !m 7 all s5t home4 ,! future ( ! milit>y sy/em 01 h[ev]1 a great problem4 ,imm$iately aft] ! w>1 ! pres5t ,m>%al1 ,m>quis ,yamagata1 :o 0 ! lead] ( ! ,*osiu troops 9 ! prov9ce ( ,e*igo1 visit$ ,europe1 toge!r ) ,saigo ! y\ng]4 ,on 8 return to ,japan1 he advocat$ ! adoption ( ! ,european sy/em ( univ]sal s]vice4 ,he succe$$ 9 8 advocacy1 & 9 #ahgj regulations 7 promulgat$ relat+ to ! subject1 by :i* ! sy/em 0 exp]im5tally put 9 =ce 9 five prov9ces 9 ! vic9ity ( ,kioto2 & ! sy/em 0 made univ]sal & m complete soon aft] ! total abolition ( ! feudal sy/em4 ,x has und]gone fur!r improvem5t f "t to "t1 until we h come into possession ( ! army :i* ! _w has come to see dur+ ! pres5t w>4 ,i may add1 t 9 ! e>li] p>ts ( ! new organisation1 _m ,fr5* (fic]s 7 engag$ to in/ruct our m5 & (fic]s 9 diff]5t ways1 & aft]w>ds "s ,g]man (fic]s 7 simil>ly engag$1 z y "k4' ',c y r\ghly expla91' said "o1 '! evolution ( y\r modes ( fight+ be=e x rea*$ ! effici5cy ( ! pres5t day8' --',x has be5 pretty mu* ! same z y\rs1' ,i answ]$4 ',putt+ aside ! remote antiquity1 ,i w briefly tell y h[ x has be5 s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! *ivalric p]iod4 ,! sword 0 always our *ief weapon ( hon\r1 t y "k v well4 ,!n b[s & arr[s 7 also reg>d$ z hon\rable weapons1 s mu* s1 t ! families :i* made milit>y affairs _! con/ant occupation 7 call$ ! h\ses ( b[s & arr[s1 ,! phrase b[-h&l]s came to signify lead]s4 ,?us :5 ! fam\s ,tak$a ,%+51 t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 spoke ( ,iyeyasu1 8 junior contempor>y1 z ! fir/ b[-h&l] ( ! ,tokai prov9ces1 he meant by ! phrase fir/ b[-h&l] a g5]al ( great ability4 ,! spe> :i* 0 us$ by ! lead]s 0 also held 9 high e/eem4 ,?us di/9ction at ! po9t ( ! spe> 0 a phrase commonly us$ to d5ote di/+ui%$ de$s ( w>riors4 ,! sev5 spe>s ( ,%izugatake is a phrase con/antly us$ by p at l>ge4 ,x ref]s to ! gallant fight+ ( ! sev5 fam\s capta9s ( ,hideyo%i at ! battle ( ,%izugatake4 ,!y all us$ spe>s4 ,! ,nag9ata 0 a weapon ) a long curv$ blade1 ) a h&le a little %ort] ?an t ( a spe>3 x 0 consid]$ a prop] weapon = wom5 & monks1 & 0 n1 !re=e1 look$ ^u z be+ s hon\rable z a spe> = ord9>y w>riors to use4 ,! decisive battles 7 necess>ily h&-to-h& combats4 ,!re 0 ev5 "t-hon\r$ h]aldic etiquette1 t :5 two combatants 7 ab\t to fight !y ann\nc$ _! names & positions1 etc41 to ea* o!r4 ,i believe a some:at simil> cu/om exi/$ 9 ,europe also4 ,w>riors ( position consid]$ x a disgrace to be kill$ or captur$ by nameless common soldi]s1 z !y 7 call$4 ,! h&-to-h& combat1 be+ ! *ief feature ( battle1 x 0 natural t a p]son :o _h ov]come an enemy ( great] di/9ction or ( high] rank 0 reg>d$ z hav+ done a correspond+ly great] action2 h5ce ! cu/om ( br++ back ! enemies' heads by ! combatants1 & submitt+ !m to ! inspection ( _! lead]s1 came into exi/5ce1 & 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 ! modes ( su* inspections _h become an elaborate "p ( ! h]aldic c]emonies4 ,! measure ( ! boxes 9 :i* ! heads 7 put1 ! mann] 9 :i* to place !m & h[ to take !m out1 :at attitude to be assum$ by ! "o :o submitt$ ! heads = inspection1 & :at composure ! "o :o inspect$ %\ld assume1 & :at glance he %\ld give to ! head--all ^! matt]s _h f9e & m9ute rules1 ?\gh :5 tak+ place on ! actual spot at a ha/y h\r1 mu* ( ! =mality 0 necess>ily simplifi$4' --',h[ 0 x ) ! fire>ms8' ask$ "o4 --',! use ( fire>ms 9 ,japan1' ,i answ]$1 'dates back only ab\t ?ree & a half c5turies4 ,a ,portuguese trad+-vessel :i* arriv$ 9 #aedc at ! isl&s ( ,tanega%ima1 (f ! s\!rn coa/s ( ,kiusiu1 is reput$ to h br\ght a few fire>ms1 & x is said !y 7 ! fir/ fire>ms introduc$ into ,japan1 & t !y s]v$ z a model to u = mak+ o!rs4 ,h5ce ! "n ,tanega%ima _h come to signify sometimes fire>ms ev5 d[n to our own "t4 ,a few ye>s aft]w>ds m ,portuguese %ips arriv$ at ! prov9ce ( ,bungo1 9 ,kiusiu1 & br\ght ) !m m fire>ms4 ,at ! "t a great deal ( =eign trade 0 c>ri$ on 9 t prov9ce by ,*9ese & ,portuguese trad+-%ips4 ,otomo1 ! pr9ce ( ! prov9ce1 ev5 became a ,*ri/ian conv]t1 & x is said t he 0 "o ( ! conv]t$ feudal lords :o s5t missions to ,rome4 ,repute gives x t ^? fire>ms 7 br\ght by ! mission>ies1 & ! pr9ce took 8 fir/ fancy to !m on acc\nt ( _! br++ su* useful weapons4 ,9 no "t ! manufacture & use ( fire>ms made _! way into _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is said t at ! w> ( ,nagas9o1 :i* 0 f\ght 9 #aege betwe5 ,tak$a on "o side & ,oda & ,tokugawa on ! o!r1 !re 7 ?ree ?\s& fire>ms on ! latt] side1 :i* seems to h be5 ! w> 9 :i* ! l>ge/ numb] ( fire>ms 0 us$4 ,( c\rse1 ! fire>ms ( ^? days 7 all mat*locks1 &1 moreov]1 !y 7 n consid]$ arms ( hon\r4 ,fire>m companies 7 =m$ ( ! commone/ soldi]s1 & g5]ally us$ = skirmi%es be=e ! comm5cem5t ( regul> fight+4 ,cannon 7 also kn[n soon aft] ! introduction ( ord9>y fire>ms1 b !y d n seem to h be5 mu* 9 use4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 be=e mu* improvem5t _h be5 made 9 ! use ( fire>ms1 peace return$1 & la/$ ov] two hundr$ ye>s1 s t we _h little m ?an mat*locks1 :i* 7 *iefly us$ = %oot+ game4 ,s9ce ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ! ,we/]n %ips began to appe> on ! ,f> ,ea/]n seas1 ! coa/ def5ce "q _h ar\s$ public att5tion1 & ! necessity = hav+ /rong fire>ms pres5t$ itself4 ,cannon began to be ca/ & ord9>y guns also1 by ! diff]5t feudal lords4 ,x 0 !n t ! bells 9 mo/ ( ! temples 9 mo/ prov9ces 7 confiscat$1 to be ?r[n into ! furnace & reca/ z1 cannon4 ,p]haps y "k t ! ,japanese temple bells are _m times bigg] ?an ^? ord9>ily us$ 9 ! ,we/]n *ur*es & temples4 ,!y h no tongues1 b are s\nd$ by a l>ge wood5 p5dulum susp5d$ close to !m4 ,! s\nd1 !re=e1 is deep & sonor\s1 q diff]5t f ! t9kl+ noise ( ! ,we/]n bells4 ,^? bells us$ to report c]ta9 h\rs ( ! day1 & x 0 a *>m1 especially 9 c\ntry p>ts1 9 ! mid/ ( nature1 to li/5 to _! s(t clang4 ,^? *imes 7 fav\rite !mes 9 poetry1 b mo/ localities are n[ depriv$ ( t *>m = ! reason ,i h j giv54 ,z "t w5t on1 ! ,we/]n guns ( mod]n type began to make _! way into ! c\ntry4 ,!y 7 commonly kn[n z ! bayonet$ guns4 ,!y 7 a rude k9d ( gun comp>$ ) ! mod]n ones1 &1 ( c\rse1 n brea*-load]s4 ,9 ^? days ! mak+ ( guns 0 n mu* advanc$1 ev5 9 ,europe itself4 ,:5 ! ,engli% squadron bomb>d$ ,kago%ima1 ! ,engli% %ips f>$ r badly4 ,!y _h an*or$ too ne> ! =tress1 9 defiance ( our cannon1 & "o %ip left beh9d h] an*or 9 try+ to escape ! fir+ f ! l&4 ,our skill 9 ca/+ guns & cannon 0 n mu* advanc$ !n1 & yet1 z "o may p]ceive1 we 7 on ! road to success4 ,look+ back 9 g5]al at ! *anges 9 ! mode ( fight+1 ! latt] days ( ! ,tokugawa rgime 0 ! great epo*4 ,x 0 !n t w> recomm5c$1 aft] m ?an two c5turies ( peace1 & its mode _h entirely *ang$ f t ( times gone by1 & ! notion ( s+le combat 0 totally disc>d$4 ,at pres5t no "o rememb]s b[s & arr[s1 except p]haps = sporty & /ill less spe>s4 ,swords1 inde$1 we /ill value1 b r z a rem9isc5ce ( old times1 & n z an effective weapon4 ,we h made _m new guns & cannon1 improv$ on ! ,we/]n models1 & !y are our weapons ( to-day4' --',& all ^? re=ms1' said "o1 '9 polity1 9 f9ance1 9 ! army & navy1 7 effect$ ) ! p]fect concord ( ! :ole nation1 )\t a hit*8' ',n exactly4 ,on broad l9es ! bulk ( ! p 0 ) ! ,gov]nm5t & foll[$ its lead4 ,b we reap$ all ^! fruits at mu* exp5se ( blood & money4 ,y c\ld n b expect to see among ! p at l>ge "s :o did n exactly approve ! me?ods pursu$ by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,to !m ! policy ( ! ,gov]nm5t sometimes appe>$ too radical & haz>d\s1 & ?us "o gr\p or ano!r %[$ f "t to "t _! diss5t4 ,9 ^? days :5 p 7 det]m9$ to assume a diss5t+ attitude1 x g5]ally took ! %ape ( physical =ce1 9 o!r ^w1 revolt4 ,*osiu itself _h _h two su* revolts1 b !y _h be5 easily cru%$4 ,*osiu _h _h a civil /rife be=e ! re/oration1 & 9 consequ5ce ! elem5ts ( political diff]5ces )9 ! clan _h be5 almo/ ?or\ghly unifi$4 ,mo/ ( its able m5 devot$ _! s]vices to ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t4 ,! old t]ritory ( ! clan 0 "o ( ! prefectures :i* ?or\ghly submitt$ to ! ,imp]ial adm9i/ration ) p]fect confid5ce1 f ! v mom5t :5 ! feudal sy/em 0 aboli%$1 s mu* s1 t ! fir/ gov]nor despat*$ !re by ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t 0 orig9ally a reta9] ( ! ,%ogunate & _h f\ght aga9/ ! ,imp]iali/s4 ,! revolt]s _h !re=e n mu* sympa?y f ! p1 nor _h !y any means1 guns1 or ammunition1 to turn to _! advantage aga9/ ! ,imp]iali/s1 & yet x %[s t ev5 ! ,*osiu m5 !mselves 7 unable to get on altoge!r h>moni\sly4 ,! sadde/ & ! grave/ case1 h[ev]1 0 t ( ! ,satsuma w>1 :i* took place 9 #ahgg4 ,x 0 only aft] t w> t ! progressive adm9i/ration ( ! new ,gov]nm5t 0 plac$ on a firm & solid basis1 & ! surviv+ influ5ce ( ! old feudal "t disappe>$ altoge!r4' --',s9ce y\r explanation has rea*$ z f> z t /age1' said "o1 ',i am anxi\s to "k some?+ ab\t ! real cause & circum/ances :i* occasion$ t w>4' --',x requires "s explanation1' ,i repli$4 ',y already "k t ,satsuma 0 "o ( ! few mo/ p[]ful clans4 ,its hi/ory & organisation 7 diff]5t f o!r clans4 ,& also1 unlike ,*osiu1 x _h n _h an outbreak ( civil /rife )9 ! clan be=e ! ,re/oration p]iod4 ,its clansm5 f\ght _m battles1 b x nev] _h any occasion to =m volunt>y b&s z did ,*osiu1 & !re=e x _h _h no opportunity ( obs]v+ t ! troops recruit$ f all classes 7 equal1 if n sup]ior1 to ! ,samurai troops4 ,! two greate/ /atesm5 ( ! clan 7 ,saigo ! eld]1 & ,okubo1 b z ,i h indicat$ already1 !y diff]$ 9 ! c\rse ( _! c>e]1 z well z 9 _! natural prop5sity4 ,saigo _h be5 a dev\t ,imp]iali/ f ! beg9n+1 & !re 7 sev]al romantic episodes ab\t 8 life4 ,once1 9 despair1 he1 toge!r ) an ,imp]iali/ monk1 jump$ into ! sea4 ,he 0 rescu$1 & _h to sp5d ye>s on an isl& 9 bani%m5t4 ,okubo always play$ ! "p ( a politician4 ,8 imp]ialism _h n become q m>k$ & decisive until almo/ )9 ! la/ few ye>s prec$+ ! ,re/oration4 ,naturally1 !re=e1 !re 7 9 ,satsuma "s m5 :o 7 m p>tial to ,saigo & o!rs m incl9$ to ,okubo4 ,!re 0 ano!r gr\p ( m51 diff]+ f bo?1 namely1 ! p>tisans ( ! real fa!r ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,satsuma4 ,! late ,pr9ce ( ,satsuma1 ! pr$ecessor & uncle ( ! pr9ce 9 "q1 _h be5 an able & enlight5$ man1 almo/ unp>allel$ by any ( ! contempor>y feudal lords4 ,he _h _h mu* lean+ t[>ds ,we/]n enlight5m5t4 ,an incid5t is told ( 8 /r5g? ( "* 9 reg>d to ! visit ( a ,dut*man :om he _h invit$ to ,kago%ima1 ! capital ( ,satsuma4 ,he w5t to ! port & rode ) him side by side back to 8 resid5ce4 ,at ! "t an anti-=eign _s 0 /ill /rong among ! ,samurai1 & by 8 rid+ side by side ) ! ,dut*man he intimat$ t if ! ,satsuma ,samurai 7 det]m9$ to attack ! =eign]1 !y mu/ also at ! same "t attack him4' --',b /op1' said "o1 '0 n ! "t y are speak+ ( be=e ! bomb>dm5t ( ,kago%ima & ,simonoseki8 ,i h always und]/ood t ,satsuma & ,*osiu 7 fi]ce anti-=eign clans4' --',yes1 x 0 be=e ^? bomb>dm5ts4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,satsuma1 :om ,i h j spok5 (1 di$ some:]e ab\t #ahfj4 ,i d n rememb] ! exact date4 ,x is true ^? two clans 7 anti-=eign t[>ds ! latt] days ( ! ,tokugawa rgime1 b x does n foll[ t !y _h always be5 ! same4 ,! accel]ation ( ! idea 0 mu* due to ! circum/ances ( ! "t1 :i* require explanation4 ,at ! "t ( t pr9ce1 he & 8 gov]nm5t _h %[n mu* incl9ation t[>ds ,we/]n int]c\rse4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is ev5 said "s trade 0 secretly c>ri$ on betwe5 ,satsuma & ! ,dut*m5 at an isl& 9 ! ,s\!rn ,sea4 ,! old bottles m>k$ ,soy1 :i* "o sometimes f9ds 9 ,holl&1 are said to h be5 ! bottles :i* conta9$ our ,%oyu & to h be5 import$ into ,holl& at t "t4 ,ev5 ,*osiu 0 n at fir/ s fi]ce an anti-=eign clan z x became lat] on4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,*osiu _h a few m$ical reta9]s :o 7 well v]s$ 9 ! ,dut* language4 ,he us$ to collect in=mation ab\t ,europe f !m4 ,!y ev5 translat$ = him "s ,european extracts1 & compil$ !m into ! =m ( a p]iodical pamphlet1 :i* may be said to h be5 ! v beg9n+ ( ! ,japanese newspap]s4 ,he 0 "o ( ! few feudal lords :o fir/ introduc$ ! sy/em ( vacc9ation 9 _! t]ritory4 ,he e/abli%$ a glass factory 9 8 prov9ce4 ,he also made exp]im5ts 9 ! art ( photography4 ,all ?is took place be=e ! bomb>dm5t ( ,simonoseki4 ,x is1 !re=e1 wrong to suppose t ei!r ,satsuma or ,*osiu knew no?+ ( ! ,we/ be=e !y 7 bomb>d$4 ,besides1 ! fault :i* _h orig9at$ ! bomb>dm5t ( ,kago%ima lay 9 reality 9 ! miscalculation :i* _h be5 %[n by an ,anglo-,saxon4 ,nev]!less1 we _h to pay ! indemnity all ! same1 9 addition to hav+ be5 bomb>d$4 ,b to return to my subject4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,satsuma1 :o di$ some:]e ab\t #ahfj1 z ,i h j told y1 _h no heir ( 8 own1 & 0 succe$$ by ! "y son ( 8 bro!r1 :om he _h adopt$4 ,t bro!r 0 ! fam\s ,%imazu-,saburo1 :o act$ z reg5t = ! "y pr9ce4 ,= t reason1 he also ex]cis$ mu* influ5ce 9 ! clan1 & at "o "t play$ ! "p ( ! real rul] ( ,satsuma4 ,8 "*1 h[ev]1 diff]$ v mu* f t ( 8 deceas$ bro!r4 ,he 0 also a man ( ability1 b r cons]vative1 & 8 sympa?y 0 n mu* ) ! sweep+ re=ms ( ,japan on ,european l9es4 ,he sometimes held (fice 9 ! new ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t1 b sp5t m ( 8 "t 9 retirem5t 9 ,satsuma4 ,saigo ! eld]1 also 0 n a man :o c>$ to toil 9 ord9>y adm9i/rative affairs1 & aft] ! cab9et crisis 9 #ahgc on ! ,corean "q1 he retir$ to ,kago%ima4 ,f all ?is y c see t !re rema9$ 9 ,satsuma /rong cons]vative elem5t1 :i* c\ld n be look$ ^u z a negligible quantity4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,satsuma 0 ! only locality :]e ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t f\nd x n exp$i5t to en=ce rigor\sly all ! new progressive measures1 :i* x did 9 all o!r localities4 ,unlike ,*osiu1 ! gov]nor & 8 subord9ates1 ?\gh (ficially nom9at$ by ! c5tral ,gov]nm5t1 7 m5 belong+ to ! prov9ce & %>+ ^? cons]vative s5tim5ts1 & !re=e at he>t n ! fai?ful executors ( ! w ( ! c5tral ,gov]nm5t4 ,at la/ ! prov9ce rose 9 revolt aga9/ ! c5tral ,gov]nm5t 9 #ahgg4 --',to detail ! matt] a little fur!r1' ,i cont9u$1 ':5 ,saigo retir$ to ,kago%ima 9 #ahgc1 _m ( 8 admir]s & foll[]s1 especially ^? 9 ! army1 also resign$ _! (fices1 & retir$ to ,satsuma1 :il/ _m o!rs1 includ+ ,saigo ! y\ng]1 namely ! bro!r ( ! eld] ,saigo1 rema9$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,gov]nm5t ) ,okubo4 ,?us ,satsuma m5 7 practically divid$ into two p>ties1 _m ne> relatives & fri5ds hav+ tak5 diff]5t sides4 ,z "t w5t on ! di/ance betwe5 !m became great] & great]4 ,9 ,satsuma ! s-call$ private s*ools 7 organis$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! prov9ce by ! *ief foll[]s ( ,saigo ! eld]1 ?\gh he himself mo/ly indulg$ 9 hunt+4 ,^? s*ools 9 reality 7 utilis$ = ga!r+ toge!r "y m5 to s]ve lat5t designs ( ! organis]s4 ,x is a d\btful po9t ( hi/ory h[ f> ,saigo himself 0 cognisant ( ^? matt]s1 b "o ?+ is c]ta91 t he did n exactly disc\rage !m4 ,:5 "s "t back ,yamagata moot$ ! proposal = ! univ]sal s]vice sy/em1 ,saigo1 :o 0 !n fulfill+ an important position 9 ! army1 0 p]suad$ to agree4 ,aga91 :5 ! f9al abolition ( ! feudal sy/em 0 decid$ ^u1 he jo9$ ! cab9et almo/ = t special purpose1 & 8 weight w5t a long way 9 a*iev+ t aim4 ,x has always rema9$ d\btful :e!r ,%imazu ,saburo 0 9 accord ) ! s*eme1 b ! matt] 0 c>ri$ out by ,okubo & ,saigo 9 conjunction ) influ5tial /atesm5 ( o!r clans4 ,h5ce we c see t ,saigo 0 also 9 ! ma9 on ! l9es ( progressive policy4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be presum$ t1 intellig5t & well educat$ z he 0 9 ! ,ori5tal s5se1 he _h n any deep insight into ! ,european civilisation4 ,besides1 8 p]sonal "* & proclivity 7 n exactly fit to appreciate radical *anges1 :i* to him mu/ h appe>$ some:at frivol\s4 ,!n1 too1 aft] 8 retirem5t to ,kago%ima1 _m gov]nm5tal measures 7 (t5 misrepres5t$ to him z ! result ( ?\ghtless actions ( ,okubo & o!rs1 & x 0 also possible t _m p]sonal sc&al\s misrepres5tations 7 made ab\t ^? 9 p[]4 ,h5ce x is to be presum$ t ,saigo also felt "s desirability ( modify+ ! tr5d ( ! national policy4 ,:51 !re=e1 8 foll[]s committ$ an act :i* 0 irreconcilable ) ! peaceful obs]vation ( ! laws ( ! l& & :i* soon assum$ attitudes ( revolt1 ,saigo became _! head )\t any ov]t action & almo/ z a result ( ! natural c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,! revolt]s numb]$ =ty-five ?\s&4 ,individually1 ,saigo 0 ! mo/ popul> man 9 ! :ole empire4 ,! ,imp]ial army at ! "t did n numb] mu* m ?an ! revolt]s4 ,x 0 a mo/ critical "t = ! ,gov]nm5t1 :i* only succe$$ 9 suppress+ ! rebels aft] _m sangu9>y battles4 ,x is well wor? rememb]+ t 9 ! case ( ! ,satsuma m51 _m ne> relatives & close fri5ds _h to fight "o aga9/ ! o!r1 because a l>ge numb] ( !m 0 on ! side ( ! ,gov]nm5t z well4 ,casual obs]v]s ( ! outside _w may say x 0 b>b>\s t su* p %\ld fight "o aga9/ ! o!r1 b su* is (t5 ! case :5 a nation und]goes a great *ange4 ,i may reit]ate t x 0 a v critical "t = ,japan1 = if ! rebels _h be5 victori\s1 !re 0 a grave fe> t ! progressive policy w\ld h be5 s]i\sly h9d]$ & a milit>y despotism w\ld h reign$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x 0 absolutely necess>y to cru% ! rebels at ! po9t ( ! bayonet1 h[ev] great & popul> ,saigo might h be5 & h[ev] m]itori\s 8 antec$5ts4 ,i = "o h "s consolation 9 say+ t ,i h done "s little s]vice to my c\ntry by be+ ! fir/ to =mulate & publi% ! views ( ! situation ,i h j spok5 (1 & to lead ! public op9ion 9 t direction1 be=e any o!r d>$ to d s4 ,i receiv$ sev]al ?reat5+ lett]s at ! "t1 b suff]$ no actual attack4 ,t[>ds ! latt] "p ( t w> ,i 0 on ! battlefield1 & 0 "o ( ! few :o assi/$ at ! la/ h\r 9 wa%+ ,saigo's head1 :i* _h be5 f\nd & dug up4 ,! head _h be5 buri$ ha/ily 9 a small dit* by "o ( 8 capta9s1 :o1 :5 ,saigo _h be5 fatally w\nd$ 9 ! la/ battle1 cut x (f at 8 own reque/1 :ile ! fray 0 /ill rag+1 to prev5t x fall+ into ! h&s ( ! enemy4 ,i rememb] !re 7 pres5t ,m>%al ,yamagata1 ,m>%al ,oyama1 & ,g5]al ,nozu4' --',:at _h become ( ,%imazu ,saburo at ! "t ( ! w>8' ask$ ano!r4 --',he 0 9 ,kago%ima1' ,i answ]$1 'b he kept alo( toge!r ) "s devot$ foll[]s3 ! rebels also seem to h pref]r$ to leave him alone4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ye>s he di$ a natural & hon\rable dea?1 to ! great regret ( ! emp]or & ! nation4 ,okubo 0 assass9at$ a few ye>s aft] ! w> by a small gr\p ( "y m5 :o _h be5 zeal\s support]s ( ,saigo4 ,tak+ into consid]ation all t ,i h relat$1 y w cle>ly see t ! pres5t-day ,japan has by no means be5 built ^u a b$ ( roses4' --',h[ does ! social condition ( ,japan /& at pres5t8' ask$ ano!r2 'f ! political po9t ( view1 = in/ance1 :o is ! rul+ class8' --',! social condition ( ,japan1' ,i answ]$1 'is satisfactory4 ,we h ari/ocracy & commons1 z y "k1 b no class animosity4 ,! di/ance betwe5 !m is n great4 ,! comm]cial class also is mak+ its influ5ce felt3 _m p :o =m]ly belong$ to a class :i* despis$ bus9ess occupation are n[ engag$ 9 bus9ess4 ,! (ficial positions are occupi$ almo/ all by m5 ( ability belong+ mo/ly to ! middle class4 ,almo/ none ( ! old nobles occupy any (ficial positions4 ,y mu/ h he>d _m /atesm5 & g5]als call$ by "s titles ( nobility1 b !y are only new nobility1 giv5 by ! emp]or = m]itori\s s]vices r5d]$ to ! new ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t1 & !re=e _! modes ( ?\ght & _! incl9ations are n f> diff]5t f t ( ! ord9>y p at l>ge4 ,all ! ,gov]nm5t (ficials & (fic]s ( ! army & navy are tak5 by exam9ation )\t any di/9ction ( class or locality1 & !re=e "y m5 belong+ to any class ( society or to any prov9ce h equal *ance4 ,x is true t imm$iately aft] ! re/oration "s p[]ful clans1 especially t ( ,sat*o1 ex]cis$ m influ5ce 9 political circles1 b x 0 only natural z ! results ( ! great *ange4 ,ev5 at ?is mom5t !re are sev]al /atesm51 :o orig9ally belong$ to ^? clans1 :o ex]cise great influ5ce3 x is because _! s]vices to ! c\ntry h be5 great1 & consequ5tly !y enjoy great] pre/ige4 ,9 ! army & navy1 also1 ! majority ( ! g5]als ( ! high] class are 9 a simil> mann] m5 :o h ris5 f ^? clans4 ,) ! re/1 ! clanni% l&m>ks are already almo/ indi/+ui%able2 ev5 among/ ^? ( ! highe/ positions ! disappe>ance ( ! clanni% traces mu/ be only a "q ( "t1 = mo/ ( ! p]sonages occupy+ ^? positions are already f> advanc$ 9 age4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 fair = "s =eign]s to say t ! ,sat*o m5 plac$ !mselves 9 ! place ( ! ,%ogunate4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,sat*o /atesm5 !mselves h introduc$ _m important regulations = giv+ equal *ances to e class & prov9ce4 ,!n1 aga91 :at is mo/ wor? notic+ is p]haps ! fact t all public affairs are gov]n$ by laws & regulations1 & n by any arbitr>y w2 s mu* s1 t 9 "s in/ances p ?9k t !re are too _m laws & regulations4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i approve ! pres5t sy/em1 z e "o mu/1 because x leaves no room = class or bureaucratic oppression4' --',c y expla91' said "o1 'h[ all ^? psy*ological *anges h be5 br\ght ab\t8 ,p 9 ! ,we/ h always ?\ght t ! ,ori5tals little c>$ = laws & regulations1 _! modes ( gov]nm5t be+ bas$ ^u cu/oms & traditions4' --',y may ?9k s1' ,i answ]$2 'if y take ! g5]ality ( ! ,ori5tals1 b x is n ! case ) ,mod]n ,japan4 ,ev5 9 ,*9a ! matt] 0 nev] exactly z y h j said4 ,*9a has always be5 want+ 9 ! matt] ( civil law4 ,b !re is "o p>ticul> feature wor? notic+4 ,9 ! same way z ! ,romans 7 ri* 9 ! notions ( civil law1 ! ,*9ese 7 ri* 9 ! ideas ( crim9al law4 ,i d n1 ( c\rse1 say _! sy/em 0 good f ! ,we/]n po9t ( view1 b 9 its way x _h v good jurisprud5ce & codes1 :i* 7 h&$ d[n ) "s necess>y modifications f dyna/y to dyna/y4 ,!y knew ! importance ( sep>at+ e?ics f jurisprud5ce = m ?an a doz5 c5turies1 namely1 f ! ,tang dyna/y1 :5 a v good crim9al code1 :i* 0 an improvem5t & enl>gem5t ^u t o ! prec$+ dyna/y1 0 enact$4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 torture is look$ ^u by ! ,occid5tals simply z b>b>\s1 b x has its raison d'tre 9 ! ,*9ese jurisprud5ce4 ,accord+ to t jurisprud5ce1 no p]son is to be puni%$ on m]e circum/antial evid5ce1 or on ! words ( witnesses1 unless ! prison] himself makes confession ( 8 guilt4 ,! act ( confession is te*nically call$ ! completion ( self-ackn[l$gm5t4 ,! object ( ?is is to make sure t no innoc5t p]son %all ev] be puni%$4 ,9 "s cases1 if puni%m5ts be inflict$1 despite ! prison]'s /rong prote/ ( innoc5ce1 on m]e circum/antial evid5ce1 or on ! evid5ce ( witnesses1 great inju/ice may be done1 z 0 well illu/rat$ 9 ! ,beck incid5t1 :i* rec5tly creat$ s great a s5sation 9 ,engl&4 ,torture is resort$ to only 9 ! case :]e1 al?\gh ! evid5ce is conclusive1 yet ! prison] ob/9ately refuses to ackn[l$ge 8 guilt4 ,9 o!r words1 ! application ( torture is only to be resort$ to 9 ord] t a prison] ^: guilt is q evid5t might n be all[$ to escape unpuni%$ m]ely because he ob/9ately refuses to confess4 ,! raison d'tre ( ! torture1 !re=e1 is n s bad z casual obs]v]s imag9e4 ,! blame ( ! me?od lies 9 its abuse4 ,we ,japanese once foll[$ t jurisprud5ce1 b h giv5 x up because x is liable to misapplication1 & we h adopt$ ! ,european sy/em ( judgm5t by evid5ce1 n because we believ$ 9 ! infallibility ( t sy/em1 b because we believ$ t less inju/ice w\ld be committ$ by t sy/em ?an ! o!r4 ,*9a has also be5 v ri* 9 codes ( gov]nm5tal organisation1 n inde$ 9 ! ,we/]n /yle ( con/itutional laws2 b /ill1 f a lit]>y po9t ( view1 !y are all v good4 ,n[ to return to our subject4 ,if ,japan 7 a c\ntry :i* _h n kn[n ! usefulness ( laws & regulations1 & yet _h begun to imitate ! me?ods ( ,european legislation ) success z %e has done1 su* a result might inde$ be a matt] ( "s amazem5t4 ,%e _h1 h[ev]1 _h mu* exp]i5ce 9 mak+ laws & regulations dur+ ! anci5t ,imp]ial rgime :5 we _h frequ5t int]c\rse ) ! ,tang dyna/y ( ,*9a1 & !re=e1 :5 we began to =mulate new legislation on ,we/]n l9es1 x 0 only necess>y to grasp ! _s z to ! me?od1 & to make "s modification 9 =m ( :at we _h done previ\sly4 ,& besides1 s*ol>s well acqua9t$ ) ! ,*9ese codes 7 n want+1 & _! ability 0 ready to be utilis$ = new legislation4' --',x w\ld be v int]e/+1' said "o1 'if we c\ld obta9 a new book :i* w\ld sci5tifically treat ( ! hi/ory ( ! evolution ( all ^? great *anges :i* h tak5 place4 ,really1 we "k little conc]n+ ,japan4' --',t may be1' ,i answ]$1 'b !re are sev]al books1 especially 9 ,engli%1 f :i* "o c ga!r a good deal ( in=mation on ,japan1 ?\gh !y are n always correct to our eyes4 ,! ,fr5* are ! p :o int]e/ !mselves ! lea/ 9 su* matt]s1 & yet compla9 t !y are )\t any in=mation4' --',i d n c>e1' he repli$1 '= ^? unsci5tific books4 ,i am anxi\s t a good1 sci5tific1 & au!ntic book on ^? po9ts %\ld be writt5 at fir/ h& by "s compet5t ,japanese4' ,"h a compatriot ( m9e turn$ to me1 & said privately t ! g5tleman :o _h j made ! above rem>k 0 "o :o c\ld n be p]suad$ to believe t ,we/]n civilisation _h tak5 root 9 ,japan1 & :o did n until rec5tly believe t ,japan c\ld cope ) ! ,russians4 ,8 reason 0 n on acc\nt ( any bias aga9/ ,japan1 b because he c\ld n believe ,we/]n civilisation c\ld be transplant$ to an exotic soil 9 s %ort a "t1 z 9 ! case ( ,japan4 ,he _h only rec5tly begun to ?9k o!rwise1 aft] close obs]vation ( ! progress ( ! w>1 & !re=e wi%$ to "k ! true hi/ory ( ! evolution ( all ! important *anges :i* _h tak5 place 9 our c\ntry4 --',n[ y g5tlem5 h _h en\gh "t1' said a lady4 ',x is our turn n[4 ,i suppose1 b>on1 y w be go+ home be=e long1 :5 ! w> comes to an end4 ,%all y also be l "s ( ! ,japanese ,i h _h ! pleasure ( kn[+8 ,i mean to say t ! ,japanese are1 z a rule1 pleasant en\gh & fri5dly en\gh :ile ) u1 b aft] !y h gone back to _! c\ntry we seldom he> f !m4 ,b :5 !y happ5 to revisit ?is "p ( ! _w1 !y return to u & are z pleasant & fri5dly z be=e1 z ?\gh no?+ _h happ5$ 9 ! int]val4' --',ah6 ,i und]/&4 ,i am afraid ,i %all be l !m4 ,we ,japanese are n good correspond5ts4 ,9 t respect ,i ?9k ! ,engli% are ! be/4 ,x seems writ+ lett]s is a "p ( _! pleasure4 ,!y write s _m lett]s ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ha/y travell+4 ,our heads someh[ seem heavy :5 x comes to ! task ( lett]-writ+4 ,:5 we g back to ,japan1 unless we are engag$ 9 "s (fices :]e =eign languages are ne$$1 we h no occasion to ?9k or to write 9 !m1 & we soon =get ! ?read ( ! =eign /yle ( ?\ght & tongue1 &1 !re=e1 x is difficult ev5 to f9d good dicta = writ+ a simple lett]4 ,rememb]1 moreov]1 !re is no?+ s difficult z writ+ simple lett]s2 especially is x s ) u ,japanese4 ,!n1 aga91 ! pap]1 ink1 & p5s :i* we use = our own writ+ are totally diff]5t f y\rs1 & !y are useless = writ+ ,occid5tal *>act]s4 ,!re=e1 :5 we ?9k ( writ+ a lett] to an ,occid5tal fri5d1 we might f9d ! ink-bottle q dry1 nibs q rott51 & ! %eets ( writ+ pap] may be want+1 & p]haps we %\ld h to s5d = !m all anew4 ,! spell+ ( q common words may n be at our comm&1 & if we j wi%$ to ref] to a diction>y1 we %\ld p]haps f9d t x _h be5 mislaid some:]e among ! heaps ( ,japanese books1 or p]haps _h be5 tak5 away altoge!r by a "y /ud5t4 ,su* be+ ! case1 y c well imag9e t ! ,japanese _c be v good correspond5ts if !y wi%$4 ,! fact t !y d n write lett]s does n %[ t !y d n rememb] old fri5d%ips1 & !re=e1 if !y happ5 to revisit ! ,we/1 !y w\ld be1 z y say1 z fri5dly & pleasant z ?\gh no?+ _h happ5$ 9 ! int]val4' --',t expla9s ! matt] v well1' said %e4 ',i am sure y w be l "o ( ^?1 especially z y w h s mu* to d = y\r c\ntry1 p]haps 9 "s busy (fice 9 ! ,gov]nm5t4' --',y are q "r 9 ! fir/ "p ( y\r obs]vation4 ,i h no reputation = be+ a good correspond5t4 ,p]haps y "k t ! great ,m>lbor\gh always felt mu* difficulty 9 writ+ lett]s4 ,he us$ to say t he w\ld soon] fight a great battle1 & ) m ease1 ?an write a lett] ( fifte5 l9es to 8 wife1 s y w see ,i h "s consolation1 because ev5 among/ ! ,engli% !re are ^? :o are n p>ticul>ly fond ( writ+ lett]s4 ,z to ! second "p ( y\r obs]vation1 y are wrong4 ,i h no desire to seek (fice4 ,i d n c>e = ! hu/le & bu/le ( ! _w4 ,i pref] to sp5d my "t calmly & quietly 9 ! mid/ ( nature1 & !re=e1 aft] my return to ,japan1 y w he> ( me no m4 ,if y ev] happ5 to he> ( me1 x w only be :5 "s grave & exceptional circum/ance ( my c\ntry requires my s]vice1 :]eby ,i may be oblig$ to sacrifice my own incl9ation4 ,b ,i mu/ n[ say exit4' ,s say+1 ,i left ! gr\p4 ,on my way back home1 ,i dropp$ into ! c(fee-room ( an hotel & met !re accid5tally a ri* "y ,sc&9avian arti/1 :om ,i _h met be=e1 :5 once /ay+ at t hotel4 ,he 0 ) two ladies1 an op]atic s+] & h] "m1 bo? ( :om 7 ,am]ican by bir?4 ,f _! appe>ance1 & f :at ,i h s9ce he>d1 !y belong$ to a well-to-d family4 ,%e _h tak5 to h] pres5t pr(ession r on acc\nt ( a natural gift = s++ ?an f any necessity4 ,h] "m _h come ov] to ,p>is = a %ort "t to visit h] daught] & 0 /ay+ at ! hotel4 ,?r\gh ! ,sc&9avian we soon came to "k ea* o!r1 & z we took c(fee toge!r we _h "s conv]sation1 :i* naturally turn$ on ! ,japanese /age4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! conv]sation1 ,i furni%$ !m ) a numb] ( details 9 connection ) ! subject 9 answ] to _! que/ions3 ',on our /age "s actors act female p>ts1 z 0 ! case ) ! ,european /age f ! ,greeks d[n to rec5t c5turies 9 ,mod]n ,europe4 ,) u1 h[ev]1 unlike y\r anci5t /age1 gr[n-up actors1 n necess>ily y\?s1 act all important female p>ts1 & yet !y imitate real females s well1 t x is reg>d$ z almo/ a m>vel4 ,!y h a peculi> me?od ( mak+ use ( c]ta9 muscles & bones :i* make _! movem5ts resemble ^? ( wom54 ,x requires mu* tra9+ f boyhood1 & t is ! reason :y ! female *>act]s ( ! new s*ool1 ( :i* ,i %all speak pres5tly1 are n s reali/ic z ^? ( ! old s*ool4 ,our be/ actors are ^? :o c act well bo? male & female *>act]s1 b naturally !re are "s :o are m fitt$ ?an o!rs = act+ female p>ts4 ,%ikwan is "o ( ! be/ actors at ?is mom5t4 ,i read rec5tly a lett] writt5 by a ,new ,york lady1 :ile on a visit to ,japan1 :o is reput$ a great patron ( ! /age4 ,x 0 address$ to ,%ikwan1 & s5t1 toge!r ) a b\quet4 ,9 x %e says t x 0 almo/ amaz+ to h] to h se5 him act+ ! "p ( a great w>rior & soon aft] ! "p ( a delicate & noble lady1 & t %e consid]$ him ! fir/ actor 9 ! _w4 ,i ?9k !re is a great deal ( tru? 9 h] rem>ks4 ,mo/ =eign]s :o fir/ visit our !atre c h>dly be made to believe t ! female *>act]s are actually act$ by males4 ,! ar*itectural peculi>ities ( our /age are3--,fir/1 ! great] "p ( x is a l>ge1 r\nd1 movable plat=m on pivots1 & is us$ to great advantage = decorative prop]ties z well z = ! act+4 ,secondly1 we h ! s-call$ fl[] ways on bo? sides ( ! /alls4 ,!y c also be us$ ) great effectiv5ess = "s k9ds ( act+1 ?\gh x w\ld be r difficult to h !m 9 ! ,european /yle ( /age build+4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a v common mi/ake ( mo/ ,europeans to ?9k we h no actresses4 ,we h actresses z well z actors1 only !y =m diff]5t & sep>ate companies1 & x is only seldom & ( rec5t date t !y act toge!r4 ,danjiuro 0 ! greate/ actor we h _h 9 rec5t c5turies4 ,kikugoro & !n ,sadanji came next ,!y 7 reg>d$ z ! trio1 b all ?ree h di$ )9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,we d n ?9k we %all h ! same tal5t aga9 = _m ye>s to come4 ,a ,g>rick1 a ,h5ry ,irv+1 or a ,s>ah ,b]nh>dt is n a production ( e g5]ation4 ,danjiuro 9 p>ticul> 0 acc\nt$1 ev5 by ,occid5tal visitors1 among ! few ( ! greate/ actors ( ! _w4 ,curi\sly en\gh !re 0 mu* resemblance betwe5 ! p]sonal "* & /yle ( act+ ( ,danjiuro & ,sir ,h5ry ,irv+4 ,! =te ( ,danjiuro 0 hi/orical repres5tations1 & s x 0 ) ,irv+4 ,danjiuro act$ m 9 _s1 t is to say1 ) z little action & rhetoric z possible1 b ) m suppress$ b visible emotion4 ,:5 he began ?is /yle ( act+ 9 8 y\ng] days1 he 0 n popul> at fir/3 p ?\ght he lack$ !atrical display1 b he soon succe$$ 9 manife/+ 8 great ability4 ,n only did he "w out 8 own way1 b he elevat$ ! public ta/e4 ,he also mu* improv$ ! social & moral tone ( 8 pr(ession by ! =ce ( 8 "*4 ,9 all ^! respects1 ,i ?9k !re 0 mu* resemblance betwe5 him & ,sir ,h5ry ,irv+4 ,! old /age1 h[ev]1 is hamp]$ by mu* conv5tionality :i* is n entirely suit$ to mod]n ta/e4 ,?is has br\ght =w>d ! new s*ool4 ,oto ,kawakami1 ! husb& ( ,sada-,yakko1 0 ! pione] ( t s*ool4 ,sada-,yakko1 :o is kn[n v well to ! ,occid5tals1 & is highly appreciat$ by !m1 is no m ?an a gift$ amateur1 :o jo9$ h] husb&'s company ?r\gh 8 influ5ce4 ,9 ,japan x is call$ ! /ud5t plays1 because actors belong+ to t s*ool are mo/ly /ud5ts4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( t s*ool1 plays act$ by its actors 7 little else ?an m]e *>ades1 ( ! mo/ comical nature1 ev5 :5 ! mean+ 0 grave4 ,z "t w5t on1 !y h become m & m skilful1 s t ev5tually some?+ has be5 produc$ wor? see+1 m especially because !y are n hamp]$ by any old conv5tionality or tradition4 ,!y c produce on ! /age any incid5t :i* !y deem wor? %[+1 & !y c introduce any innovation :i* ! old s*ool w\ld n d>e to d4 ,besides1 ^! actors be+ /ud5ts !mselves1 !y h "o advantage ( hav+ m educational intellig5ce ?an ! great] numb] ( ! actors belong+ to ! old s*ool4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 mu* hope = ! future 9 ! new s*ool1 & x is mak+ rapid progress1 s mu* s1 t its influ5ce is be+ reflect$ on ! old s*ool4' ,dur+ ! conv]sation1 ,i 0 ask$ by ! g5tleman to witness ! "y s+]'s p]=mance1 9 :i* reque/ ! ladies jo9$4 ,i _h no o!r c\rse ?an to accept4 ,"t 9 ,dreaml& flies fa/1 & ,i soon f\nd myself at "o ( ! ,op]as toge!r ) ! ,sc&9avian g5tleman2 & !re1 to my surprise1 ,i f\nd ! "y s+] 0 a prima donna4 ,! act 0 ,m>itana2 %e act$ ! male "p ( ,don ,cs>4 ,! p]=mance w5t on spl5didly1 & ,act ,,ii4 0 rea*$4 ,i happ5$ to "k ! foll[+ declamation by ,don ,cs>1 & :5 %e sang x ,i 0 ?rill$1 because ea* ^w s\nd$ z ?\gh utt]$ by our own h]oes ( times gone by3 ',ah6 p] piet1 signor1 non raddoppiate ,l'aspro mio duol6 ,alm5 mi fosse dato ,p] grazia di morir come un soldato6 ,come sul campo il milite ,pugn&o suol morir1 ,conc$i a me da lib]o ,soldato i di f9ir6 ,to/o l'acci> fulm9eo ,decida omai di me6 ,dir ciascuno1 il mis]o ,da prode morto egli 1 ,dir ciascuno1 il mis]o ,da prode morto egli ,da prode morto egli 4 ,se di mia /irpe l'ultimo1 ,rampollo 9 me s5'va1 ,degli avi degno il pov]o ,don ,ces>e morr4 ,se fr$do avel m>moreo ,non si conc$e a me1 ,mi ba/a sol *e dicano3 ,da prode morto egli 4' ',ah6 sp>e1 oh sp>e my anci5t "n ,f su* f\l disgrace--"o boon1 ,x is ! la/ ,i %all ask !e1 ',tis to die1 e'en l a soldi]4 ,yes6 let me l a soldi] fall1 ,^u "s op5 pla91 ,?is brea/ exp&+ = ! ball ,to blot out ev'ry /a94 ,brave manly he>ts conf] my doom1 ,t g5tl] ones may tell1 ,h[e'er =got1 unkn[n my tomb1 ,i l a soldi] fell1 ,h[e'er =got1 unkn[n my tomb1 ,i l a soldi] fell1 ,i l a soldi] fell4 ,i only ask ( t pr\d race1 ,:i* ends its blaze 9 me1 ,to die ! la/1 & n disgrace ,its anci5t *ivalry4 ,?o' o'er my clay no bann] wave1 ,nor trumpet requiem swell1 ,en\gh1 !y murmur o'er my grave1 ,he l a soldi] fell4' ,! curta9 fell3 my companion ask$ me if ,i w\ld l to see ! /age room ( ! s+]4 ,i ass5t$1 we pass$ ?r\gh ! ,gre5 ,room1 & ent]$ h] room1 :]e %e 0 sitt+ on a *air1 h] "m ) h]4 ,aft] an ex*ange ( a few words1 %e pluck$ a few blossoms f a bran* ( or*ids 9 a vase on ! table ne> h]1 & put !m into my button-hole1 say+1 ',all[ me1' & !n1 pluck+ "s m1 simil>ly fav\r$ my companion4 ,at t mom5t ! /age-bell rang1 & z ,i ?\ght we 7 da%+ out ( ! room & d[n ! /airs1 ,i awoke1 & saw my "y secret>y /&+ be=e me4 ,he said3 ',! d9n]-bell has rung2 y h slept v long4' ,,f9is blank page ,,app5dix ,i ,,political ,,organism ,,( ,,japan ,?is article is int5d$ to expla9 ! sali5t po9ts ( ! political organism ( ! ,japanese ,empire1 a subject on :i* _m p h express$ to me _! wi%es to be in=m$4 ,! *ief s\rces ( my au?ority are1 ( c\rse1 ! ,imp]ial ,con/itution & ! ,imp]ial ,h\se ,law promulgat$ ,febru>y #aa1 #ahhi1 b ,i h also made use ( sev]al o!r important laws & kn[n facts be>+ on ! subject4 ,,! ,,emp]or ,! emp]or is sacr$ & inviolable accord+ to ! con/itution4 ,8 maje/y is ! sole depository ( sov]eignty4 ,legislative p[] is giv5 to ! ,imp]ial ,diet1 b ! !ory ( our con/itution is t ! emp]or himself ex]cises t p[] ) ! concurr5ce ( ! ,diet4 ,o!r attributes ( ! emp]or1 su* z ! au?ority = convok+ or dissolv+ ! ,diet1 sanction+ or veto+ laws1 promulgat+ ! same1 decl>+ w> or mak+ peace1 ord]+ amne/y or p>don1 or conf]r+ hon\rs1 su* z titles ( nobility1 etc41 are mu* ! same z ^? ( ! mo/ ( ! ,we/]n mon>*ical c\ntries4 ,"o important feature :i* is )\t a p>allel 9 ! con/itution ( almo/ all o!r c\ntries 7except p]haps "s resemblance 9 ! ,au/rian con/itution7 is t 9 ,japan ! emp]or has ! p[] to issue ',urg5cy ,ord9ances' :i* h ! same =ce z ! law :5 urg5cy requires su* enactm5ts 9 ord] to ma9ta9 public safety or to av]t public calamity1 & x happ5s t ! ,diet is n sitt+1 ?\gh su* ord9ances h to be submitt$ to ! ,diet & its ex-po/-facto cons5t obta9$ 9 ! next session1 & !y lose _! =ce 9 case su* cons5t is )held by ! ,diet4 ,ano!r important feature is t 9 ,japan1 unlike sev]al con/itutional c\ntries1 all matt]s relat+ to ! organisation ( ! army or navy or ! det]m9ation ( ! numb] ( ! /&+ army are entirely )9 ! sph]e ( ! ,imp]ial pr]ogative & beyond int]f]5ce by ! diet ?\gh ! latt] has an indirect voice by reason ( its p>ticipation 9 matt]s ( 'supply4' ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,succession ,! e/abli%$ usage 9 respect ( ! ,imp]ial succession ( ,japan has always be5 9 ! ma9 t ( primog5iture on male l9es4 ,!re _h be51 h[ev]1 no h>d-&-fa/ re/riction simil> to ! ,salic ,law be=e ! promulgation ( ! ,imp]ial ,h\se ,law ( #ahhi1 &1 accord+ly1 we h _h sev]al empresses on ! ?rone ( ,japan1 ?\gh !re 0 nev] an in/ance ( a reign+ empress hav+ a consort4 ,! ,imp]ial ,h\se ,law has prev5t$ = ev] any female succe$+ to ! ?rone4 ,we c !re=e sum up ! ord] ( succession to ! ,japanese ?rone z t ( ! male primog5iture1 viz41 f ! fa!r to ! elde/ son1 !n to ! elde/ gr&son & s on1 9 ! direct l9e1 9 default ( :i*1 to ! collat]al l9e4 ,! ord] ( all ^! is simil> to t :i* app]ta9s to ,european primog5iture4 ,! c]emony ( coronation is always to take place at ,kioto1 ! old capital1 s also is ! ,daijo-,sai1 ! gr& fe/ivity1 :i* is celebrat$ b once 9 a reign4 ,! full age ( ! emp]or1 ! cr[n pr9ce1 & ! elde/ son ( ! cr[n pr9ce1 :o has become direct heir to ! ?rone ow+ to ! e>ly dea? ( ! cr[n pr9ce1 is fix$ at full eighte5 ye>s1 :il/ ) all ! o!r memb]s ( ! ,imp]ial family x is full tw5ty ye>s1 l ord9>y subjects ( ! emp]or4 ,:5 ! emp]or is a m9or1 a reg5cy is to be in/itut$4 ,:5 ! emp]or is incapacitat$ by grave causes f dis*>g+ 8 functions1 ! same ?+ also takes place4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ! reg5cy may devolve ^u memb]s ( ! ,imp]ial family is z "u3 7#a7 ,! cr[n pr9ce4 7#b7 ,! ,imp]ial gr&son1 be+ already direct heir-app>5t4 7#c7 ,o!r pr9ces4 7#d7 ,! empress4 7#e7 ,! empress-d[ag]4 7#f7 ,! gr& empress-d[ag]4 7#g7 ,pr9cesses :o h actually no consorts4 ,prec$5ce among/ ! pr9ces is det]m9$ by ! ord] 9 :i* !y /& = succession to ! ?rone1 & t ( pr9cesses is det]m9$ 9 a simil> way4 ,dur+ ! m9ority ( ! emp]or1 a gr& gu>dian 7,taifu7 is appo9t$4 ,9 case no p]son = t (fice be nam$ by ! w ( ! dep>t$ emp]or1 he is to be appo9t$ by ! reg5t aft] hav+ consult$ ! ,imp]ial family c\ncil & ! ,privy ,c\ncil4 ,he _c be remov$ unless ! matt] fir/ be submitt$ to ! consid]ation ( ! above-nam$ c\ncils4 ,:5 a pr9ce or pr9cess is appo9t$ reg5t1 he or %e %all n1 dur+ ! t5ure1 abdicate 9 fav\r ( any "o except 9 ! case :]e ! cr[n pr9ce or 8 elde/ son1 :o _h already become direct heir to ! ?rone1 has become qualifi$ = ! function on acc\nt ( 8 atta9+ full age4 ,,! ,,gov]nm5t ,! adm9i/rative affairs ( ! empire are dis*>g$ by a m9i/]-presid5t ( /ate1 & a numb] ( ! m9i/]s ( /ate4 ,! m9i/]s ( /ate z !y /& at pres5t are3 7#a7 ,! ,int]ior4 7#b7 ,! ,=eign4 7#c7 ,f9ance4 7#d7 ,w>4 7#e7 ,navy4 7#f7 ,ju/ice4 7#g7 ,communications4 7#h7 ,education4 7#i7 ,comm]ce & ,agriculture4 ,! *iefs ( ^! m9i/ries1 viz41 ! m9i/]s ( /ate1 =m ! cab9et "u ! presid5cy ( ! m9i/]-presid5t4 ,! sy/em & actual work+ ( ! cab9et is simil> to ^? ( ! advanc$ ,we/]n nations4 ,a cab9et meet+ is held usually once a week1 & important affairs ( /ate are discuss$ !re94 ,! cab9et z a body is responsible to ! emp]or = ^? affairs1 ?\gh ea* m9i/] has great latitude ( action 9 matt]s :i* fall exclusively )9 ! sph]e ( 8 m9i/ry4 ,!re are _m matt]s :i* d n require p]sonal discussion4 ,^! are circulat$ among ! m9i/]s 9 ! =m ( docum5ts = _! signature4 ,matt]s discuss$ or consid]$ 9 docum5t by ! m9i/]s1 & :i* require ,imp]ial sanction are submitt$ to ! emp]or by docum5ts1 or p]sonally expla9$ to 8 maje/y by ! m9i/]-presid5t or o!r m9i/]s z ! case may be2 b :5 v important matt]s are discuss$ 9 ! cab9et1 x is always 9 ! actual pres5ce ( ! emp]or4 ,!re is a m9i/] = ! ,imp]ial h\sehold1 b nei!r he nor 8 m9i/ry h any?+ to d ) /ate affairs1 i4e4 politics2 consequ5tly1 ! m9i/] ( ! ,imp]ial h\sehold is n a memb] ( ! cab9et4 ,!re is a ,privy ,c\ncil1 :i* consi/s ( a presid5t1 vice-presid5t1 & ab\t two doz5 c\ncillors1 & ^! =m ! supreme consultative c\ncil ( ! emp]or4 ,x discusses & consid]s important /ate affairs :5 x is comm&$ by ! emp]or to pres5t its views on any giv5 matt]4 ,! ,m9i/ry ( ,ju/ice has control ( ! adm9i/rative sections ( judicial affairs1 b law c\rts h _! di/9ctive organisation1 & ! judges are q indep5d5t ( adm9i/rative int]f]5ce4 ,!y are appo9t$ = life & c be dismiss$ only = grave causes indicat$ by law4 ,besides ! ,w> ,m9i/ry1 !re is a ,g5]al ,/aff ,(fice1 & 9 addition to ! ,naval ,m9i/ry !re is ! ,naval ,g5]al ,/aff ,(fice4 ,! dem>cation ( ! sph]es ( _! compet5cy is t adm9i/rative affairs relat+ to ! army & navy are controll$ by ! m9i/ries1 & ^? relat+ to te*nical & /rategic matt]s1 or su* l1 are controll$ by ! /aff (fice4 ,bo? /aff (fices h a *ief & a vice-*ief4 ,!y are naturally n memb]s ( ! cab9et4 ,9 "t ( w> a special ,imp]ial headqu>t]s "u ! direct control ( ! emp]or is con/itut$4 ,all (ficials 9 ,gov]nm5t s]vice h be=e _! appo9tm5ts to und]go a requisite exam9ation1 except :5 ! appo9tm5t is = ! position ( ! ,m9i/]%ip ( ,/ate4 ,,! ,,diet ,! ,imp]ial ,diet consi/s ( two h\ses3 ! ,h\se ( ,pe]s & ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,!re is no diff]5ce ( privilege betwe5 ! two h\ses1 except t ! annual budget is to be fir/ submitt$ to ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 & t ! latt] may be dissolv$1 :ile no law exi/s = ! dissolution ( ! =m]2 fur!r1 t ! presid5t & vice-presid5t ( ! ,upp] ,h\se are appo9t$ by ! emp]or f among/ ! memb]s1 :il/ ^? ( ! ,l[] ,h\se are appo9t$ by ! emp]or out ( ?ree c&idates = ea* elect$ by ! ,h\se4 ,! ,repres5tatives are elect$ by direct votes ( electors4 ,until rec5t ye>s ! c\ntry 0 divid$ into _m small electoral di/ricts 7ne>ly ?ree hundr$1 9 fact74 ,ea* di/rict elect$ "o repres5tative1 & a few elect$ two repres5tatives1 ! diff]5ce hav+ aris5 f ! difficulty ( dem>k+ ! ,sph]e uni=mly1 on acc\nt ( ! local peculi>ities & ! numb] ( ! population4 ,! total numb] ( ! repres5tatives am\nt$ to j ?ree hundr$4 ,a great *ange 0 introduc$ 9 rec5t ye>s 9 ! sy/em ( election4 ,ea* prefecture n[ =ms "o l>ge electoral di/rict1 except t all ! cities1 al?\gh !y are all situat$ )9 ! prefecture1 =m sep>ate di/ricts1 ea* indep5d5tly4 ,ea* di/rict elects a c]ta9 numb] ( repres5tatives allott$ to x by law1 bas$ ^u ! numb] ( ! population ( su* di/rict4 7,9 cases ( extremely small cities ! allotm5t is only "o repres5tative47 ,ea* elector may vote = only "o c&idate :atev] may be ! numb] ( repres5tatives allott$ to t di/rict4 ,m5 :o h poll$ ! l>ge/ numb] ( votes are pick$ out to ! allott$ numb]1 & !y are reg>d$ z elect$1 b 9 all cases ! elect$ mu/ h poll$ "o-fif? ( ! numb] obta9$ by divid+ ! :ole numb] ( ! regi/]$ electors by ! numb] ( ! repres5tatives allott$ to ! di/rict4 ,?is mode ( election is call$ ! 'l>ge-di/rict s+le-vote-sy/em4' ,x easily enables ! m9ority ( ! di/rict to h !mselves repres5t$ 9 ! ,diet4 ,:5 any vacancy occurs )9 a ye> f ! election1 ! "o :o has poll$ ! l>ge/ numb] next to ! elect$ takes 8 seat1 provid$ t he _h also poll$ ! requisite quorum ( votes z above m5tion$4 ,! vot+ is by ballot 7anonym\s74 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 "s disqualifications = be+ an elector or a c&idate1 includ+ ! disability ( titl$ noblem5 = tak+ "p 9 ! matt]4 ,! actual numb] ( ! repres5tatives is ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-six4 ,! qualifications ( ! electors are t !y %all be male subjects ( tw5ty-five ye>s old or above1 pay+ t5 y5 7,m #bj7 ( direct taxes & hav+ a ye>'s resid5ce 9 ! di/rict4 ,! qualifications ( ! c&idates are t !y %all be male subjects ?irty ye>s old or above1 & _! t]ms are f\r ye>s4 ,! composition ( ! ,h\se ( ,pe]s is some:at complicat$4 ,! ,japanese "n = x is ',kizoku-94' ',kizoku' is g5]ally translat$ z pe]s1 & x c]ta9ly means noble or high families1 b n 9 ! /rict s5se ( titl$ p 9 ! ,we/4 ,= ! /rict equival5t ( pe]s or nobility1 9 ! ,we/]n s5se1 we h ano!r t]m ',kwazoku4' ,our ,h\se ( ,pe]s consi/s ( ! foll[+ memb]s1 :o mu/ always be males3 7#a7 ,male memb]s ( ! ,imp]ial family :o h atta9$ _! full age4 7#b7 ,pr9ces 7dukes7 & m>quises :o h atta9$ ! age ( tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,bo? ^! classes 7"o & two7 sit 9 ! ,h\se by _! inh]5t "r4 7#c7 ,repres5tatives elect$ by c\nts1 visc\nts1 & b>ons f among/ !mselves1 ea* grade sep>ately4 ,! numb]s ( su* repres5tatives is previ\sly det]m9$1 always n exce$+ "o-fif? ( ! total numb] ( ea* grade4 ,!y mu/ be tw5ty-five ye>s old1 & _! t]ms are sev5 ye>s4 7#d7 ,life memb]s appo9t$ by ! emp]or by virtue ( di/+ui%$ s]vices r5d]$ to ! /ate1 or ( intellectual di/9ction4 ,!y all ( !m mu/ be fully ?irty ye>s old2 ne>ly all ( ^? :o are ?us nom9at$ d n belong to ! nobility 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m4 7#e7 ,memb]s elect$1 "o = ea* prefecture1 by mutual election ( fifte5 highe/ direct-tax pay]s ( ea* ( ! respective prefectures4 ,su* tax pay]s mu/ be ?irty ye>s old1 & _! pay+ ! taxes mu/ be on acc\nt ( ! l&s !y hold or ( indu/ry or comm]ce4 ,!re=e1 "o :o simply lives on an income d]iv$ f /ate-bonds w\ld h>dly be entitl$ to claim ?is privilege4 ,! t]ms ( ^! memb]s are also sev5 ye>s4 ,! total numb] 9 classes f\r & five may n exce$ ! total numb] 9 classes two & ?ree1 viz41 memb]s belong+ purely to ! nobility4 ,! ,diet is to be convok$ once a ye> = an ord9>y session1 ! l5g? ( :i* is ?ree mon?s1 & c be prolong$ :5 necess>y4 ,special sessions may be in/itut$ :5 necess>y4 ,all memb]s ( bo? ,h\ses1 except ^? belong+ to classes numb] "o & numb] two ( ! ,upp] ,h\se1 or ^? :o are 9 ! gov]nm5t s]vice1 receive two ?\s& y5 7,m #djjj7 a ye>1 :il/ presid5ts & vice-presid5ts receive five ?\s& y5 & ?ree ?\s& y5 respectively4 ,,army ,,& ,,navy ,! recruit+ & organisation ( ! ,japanese army are v mu* l ^? ( ! ,european cont95tal p[]s1 especially ^? ( ,g]many1 f :om we h le>n$ mu*4 ,^? ( ! ,japanese navy are l ^? ( ,engl&1 except t our sailors are tak5 n only f volunte]s1 b also by obligatory s]vice2 9 o!r words1 y\?s :o h to s]ve z soldi]s by ! univ]sal s]vice sy/em may be tak5 = sailors1 consid]ations ( c\rse be+ giv5 to _! p]sonal incl9ation4 ,^! latt]1 i4e4 obligatory ones1 =m ab\t half ! total numb] 9 ! navy4 ,,local ,,adm9i/ration ,! :ole ( ,japan prop] is divid$ into =ty-five prefectures4 ,! prefectures ( ,tokio1 ,kioto1 & ,osaka are call$ ,fu1 :il/ all o!rs are call$ ,k54 ,! diff]5ce is m a matt] ( s5tim5t ?an any?+ else1 = !re is no diff]5ce :atev] = any practical purposes4 ,! adm9i/rative sy/ems ( ,hokkaido1 ,ok9awa1 & ,=mosa ea* div]ge f ^? ( ,japan prop] to "s ext5t1 ?\gh !y are gradually be+ made simil> to ^? ( ! ma9 isl&s4 ,i !re=e put ^? ?ree ,isl&s1 ,hokkaido1 ,ok9awa1 & ,=mosa1 outside ! scope ( ! pres5t pap] = ! sake ( conv5i5ce4 ,ea* prefecture is presid$ ov] by a gov]nor appo9t$ by ! c5tral ,gov]nm5t4 ,x is p>tly an adm9i/rative di/rict ( ! /ate & p>tly a communal di/rict hav+ its communal adm9i/ration support$ by local taxes4 ,= ?is latt] aspect ea* prefecture has a local assembly1 memb]s ( :i* are elect$ by direct votes ( electors ( ! prefecture4 ,ea* prefecture is divid$ into c\nties1 & ! c\nties 7,kreis7 into rural & urban village communities 7,geme9de74 ,l>g] urban communities are incorporat$ z cities & are made indep5d5t ( c\nties4 ,c\nties are prefectures on a small scale4 ,ea* ( !m is presid$ ov] by a ,gun-*o1 ^: (fice is v simil> to t ( a ,fr5* sub-prefect4 ,b c\nties also h _! communal sides l prefectures & h repres5tative assemblages4 ,! communal side ( c\nties1 h[ev]1 is n v important1 because communal affairs on a l>ge scale are dis*>g$ by prefectures1 & ord9>y communal affairs are mo/ly dis*>g$ by village communities4 ,cities & village communities are ! real 'self-gov]nm5ts' ( ! p4 ,ea* ( !m has a repres5tative assemblage1 & elects its own executive (ficials4 ,! composition ( ^! (ficials diff]s 9 cities & village communities2 t 9 ! cities is1 ( c\rse1 m complicat$4 ,ev5 among/ ! cities !re is a great diff]5ce 9 ! degree ( importance1 because !re are _m cities :i* are extremely small1 inasmu* z a t[n hav+ a population ov] tw5ty-five ?\s& c\ld z a rule be incorporat$ z a city4 ,! exi/+ ord9ances = ! con/itution ( ^! local gov]nm5ts are v mu* l ^? ( ,prussia--9 fact1 ! ord9ances = ^? ( ! cities & village communities are 9 a great measure f\nd$ ^u ^? ( ,prussia4 ,! *ief po9ts ( diff]5ce are t1 unlike ,prussia1 our prefectural gov]nm5ts subord9ate direct to ! c5tral ,gov]nm5t1 ) no int]m$i>y :i* repres5ts ! latt] & sup]9t5ds ! =m]1 & t1 unlike ,prussia1 !re is 9 ,japan no ',gutsbezirk' 7signorial community7 side by side ) ord9>y communities4 ,,! ,,conclusion ,su* is ! political organism ( ,japan4 ,my description1 h[ev]1 is only ! m]e/ skeleton ( x4 ,t su* a skeleton %\ld be end[$ ) ! prop] _s requires t ! :ole nation f ! sov]eign d[n to ! l[e/ memb] ( ! community %\ld be animat$ by s9c]ity & loyalty & support$ by a lib]al & tol]ant rgime4 ,t ,japan is do+ h] be/ 9 ^? respects1 ,i c only ask my read]s to inf] f _! own obs]vation ( ! admitt$ progress t %e has be5 =tunate en\gh to accompli% s f>4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 expla9 "s ( ! m important po9ts be>+ on ! "q4 ,! emp]or is extremely popul> among/ 8 p at l>ge4 ,i may say t x is n m]e popul>ity 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 b a popul>ity :i* is m ( ! nature ( rev]5ce4 ,?is rev]5ce = ! emp]or on ! "p ( ! p is manife/$ 9 _! extreme loyalty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! emp]or has n ! lea/ incl9ation to take advantage ( x & abuse x = selfi% purposes4 ,8 maje/y ent]ta9s ! ke5e/ s5se ( duty 9 reg>d to 8 position1 n z a p]son privileg$ to d :atev] he may *oose1 b r z a p]son to :om is intru/$ ! great task ( tak+ c>e ( ! p ov] :om he reigns4 ,?us !re exi/ betwe5 ! sov]eign & 8 subjects mutual confid5ce & love1 :i* _c fail to prove ! greate/ bless+ to ! c\ntry 9 any h\r ( national em]g5cy4 ,z to ! position ( ! ,diet v]sus ! ,gov]nm5t1 p>ty l&m>ks are n s /rong 9 ,japan z among mo/ ( ! ,we/]n nations4 ,true x is t 9 ,japan also !re are sev]al political p>ties1 b ! ,gov]nm5t is n 'a p>ty gov]nm5t' z x is 9 ,engl& or ,am]ica4 ,9 t respect ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,japan mo/ resembles t ( ,g]many4 ,accord+ to ! con/itution1 ! ,m9i/]s ( ,/ate are responsible only to ! ,emp]or1 b e practical /atesman kn[s t no gov]nm5t c be satisfactorily c>ri$ on )\t concurr5ce ( ! ,diet s long z !re is su* a body1 & !re=e 9 ,japan1 also1 e ,m9i/ry has to d its be/ to c\nt on su* good relations ) ! p>ties z x c secure2 b1 nev]!less1 p>ty feel+ does n run s high1 & p>ty /ruggles are n s sev]e z to make ! =mation ( a ,cab9et dep5d on p>ty issues4 ,! cause ( all ?is is pla9 s f> z we are conc]n$4 ,! emp]or does n int]f]e ) politics1 b :5 at ! h\r ( supreme necessity he manife/s 8 w1 8 subjects1 "o & all1 in/antane\sly obey x1 & rally ar\nd ! ?rone1 =gett+ = ! "t be+ any diff]5ces ( p]sonal op9ion4 ,x 0 s at ! "t ( ! ,s9o-,japanese w>1 & aga9 9 ! ,russo-,japanese w>4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s is due1 among/ o!rs1 to ! lib]al adm9i/ration ( ! ,imp]ial rgime4 ,! press1 spee*1 & "r ( meet+ are = all practical purposes entirely free4 ,p]sonal fre$om is gu>ante$ by ! con/itution4 ,taxes are levi$1 b no abuse ( au?ority is kn[n4 ,! p at l>ge h no real gr\nds ( compla9t or grievance aga9/ ! ,gov]nm5t z su*1 & h absolutely none aga9/ ! ,emp]or4 ,moreov]1 ,japan kn[s no difficulty 9 matt]s ( religion1 & consequ5tly no p>ty bas$ ^u religi\s notions exi/s to give tr\ble to ,gov]nm5t4 ,if ?is or t section ( ! p has any disputes ) ! ,gov]nm5t or betwe5 !mselves1 ^? are ess5tially que/ions ( "s tempor>y & pass+ "*4 ,h5ce 9 ,japan x is n a difficult matt] = ! p at l>ge to unite !mselves "u a common national policy 9 a "t ( national em]g5cy4 ,,ii ,,japanese ,,education#a ,9 ?is pap] ,i %all sket* some?+ ( ! sy/ems ( education 9 ,japan1 especially t ( elem5t>y education4 ,my read]s1 h[ev]1 mu/ n ?9k ,i h any?+ wond]ful to %[ to !m2 =1 z a matt] ( fact1 ,i h no?+ to take !m by surprise4 ,all t ,i c sum up is1 t we are do+ ^? ?+s ) ! utmo/ s9c]ity1 z we d o!r ?+s :i* are already manife/ to ! ,we/]n public ,9 days gone by1 t is to say1 dur+ ! feudal p]iod1 !re 0 "o college 9 ! capital t[n ( e feudal "l1 9 :i* ! *ildr5 ( ! reta9]s ( ,samurai 7 educat$4 ,!re 7 "s hundr$s ( su* lords1 "s great & "s petty4 ,_! ranks & importance diff]$ consid]ably1 & naturally ! numb] ( _! reta9]s diff]$2 9 consequ5ce ! scale & magnitude ( su* colleges also v>i$4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( !m 7 ^? ( ,mito1 ,*osiu1 ,kumamoto1 & o!rs belong+ to great lords4 ,above all1 !re 0 "o su* belong+ to ! ,%ogunate itself4 ,x may be "h not$ t in/itutions :]e ! "y ,samurai practis$ ! use ( swords1 or spe>s1 or fire>ms1 or ! art ( jiujitsu1 7 e/abli%$ sometimes 9 connection )1 & sometimes indep5d5tly (1 ^! colleges4 ,!re 7 also _m plebeian colleges 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! empire4 ,^! 7 mo/ly private in/itutions f\nd$ by savants4 ,! f\nd]s 7 g5]ally ( plebeian orig92 b !re 7 among !m _m :o 7 orig9ally ,samurai1 & :o betook !mselves to su* occupation f love ( indep5d5ce1 or "s o!r causes4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 ?\gh !y did n belong (ficially to ! cadre ( ,samurai1 yet ! social respect paid to !m 0 great4 ,9 su* a private in/itution1 ! f\nd] himself 0 ! ma/]1 assi/$ by ^? ( 8 pupils :o 7 m advanc$ ?an o!rs4 ,! ma/] taught ! advanc$ pupils1 or gave g5]al lectures = ! b5efit ( all2 & ! advanc$ taught & gave lectures to ! less advanc$4 ,! pupils 7 g5]ally y\?s ( plebeian g5try1 b n exclusively s1 because _m ( ! y\?ful ,samurai f all p>ts ( ! empire enli/$ !mselves z pupils1 especially :5 any su* in/itution _h become fam\s on acc\nt ( ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ma/] & ( ! g5]al "w ( ! in/itution4 ,! curricula ( su* colleges1 bo? ( ! (ficial ones ( feudal lords & ( private ones1 7 div]se1 b g5]ally compris$ elem5t>y z well z high] education4 ,!re 01 ( c\rse1 no uni=m c\rse ( /udy to re/ra9 ! me?od ( tea*+2 & e inv5tive faculty 0 employ$ 9 ea* college1 s t _m special *>act]i/ics 7 obs]vable4 ,b "o ?+ :i* is und5iable 01 t e?ical tra9+ =m$ "o ( ! mo/ important bran*es ev]y:]e4 ,! *ief feature ( ! college in/itutions ( ^? days1 especially ( private in/itutions1 0 en=c$ privation & h>d%ip4 ,i c nev] =get ! days :5 ,i1 9 common ) all o!rs1 ( c\rse1 ate meals only twice a day1 & ^?1 too1 ( ! simple/ diet4 ,! food (t5 consi/$ ( no?+ else ?an a little rice ) a v little salt1 or ! l4 ,we ourselves 7 cooks 9 turn4 ,we swept & wa%$ out1 n only our own rooms1 b ^? ( ! ma/] also4 ,we (t5 us$ cold wat] 9 ! dep? ( sev]e w9t]s = ! purpose ( wa%+1 & su*like4 ,we heat$ ! wat] 9 turn = ! ba?s ( our fell[ pupils4 ,we sometimes sat up :ole nights 9 w9t] ) sc>cely any fire to w>m u1 9 ord] to accu/om ourselves to rigid discipl9e4 ,9 ^? days no idea ( sanitation 9 ! mod]n s5se ent]$ ! m9ds ( ! ma/] or ( ourselves2 nei!r did any outw>d %[ ( appe>ance tr\ble u1 nay1 ! m "o 0 reg>dless ( ^? ?+s1 ! m 0 "o ?\ght /rong 9 "*4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 due to ! tra9+ ( ^? days t ,i1 p]sonally1 = in/ance1 _c be> ! tr\ble ( appe>+ l a gr&ee1 or a fa%ionable p]son4 ,?us1 = example1 ,i1 :o nev] us$ gloves 9 my boyhood1 _c endure ! discom=t ( we>+ !m1 ev5 on w9t] days4 ,among/ ! l[] classes 7peasants or %opkeep]s7 !re 0 g5]ally "o or o!r private p]son1 9 village or t[n1 :o c\ld tea* elem5t>y writ+ & read+1 & :o taught ! *ildr5 9 8 neighb\rhood by e/abli%+ a sort ( private s*ool4 ,?is 0 v commonly done by a prie/ ( ! ,buddhi/ or ,%9to temple ( ! place4 ,x seems t at "o "t ?is 0 done almo/ univ]sally by ! prie/s ( ,buddhi/ temples2 s mu* s1 t we h ! t]m ,t]a-ko-ya4 ,t]a means a ,buddhi/ temple1 ,ko means *ildr51 & ,ya means a h\se--,t]a-,ko came g5]ally to mean *ildr5 :o g to le>n elem5t>y writ+ & read+1 & ,t]a-ko-ya to mean ! place :]e su* *ildr5 7 taught4 ,we h a fam\s trag$y1 "o act ( :i* is call$ ,! ,sc5e ( ,t]akoya4 ,!re is a translation 9 ,g]man ( t act by a ,g]man s*ol>4 ,x is a sc5e :i* repres5ts a tragic incid5t tak+ place 9 ! t5? c5tury ,a4,d41 9 a private s*ool = *ildr5 op5$ by an old reta9] ( a nobleman4 ,x has no?+ to d ) a temple2 & yet x is call$ ,! ,sc5e ( ,t]akoya4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 only aft] ! inauguration ( ! ,meiji era t education became ?or\gh & univ]sal4 ,9 ! e>lie/ days ( ?is era !re 0 an (fic] call$ ,daigaku-,betto 7,*ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity71 :o 0 a function>y ( great dignity4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s a special ,m9i/ry 0 in/itut$ = education1 ) a ,m9i/] ( ,/ate1 :o1 ( c\rse1 _h a *air 9 ! ,cab9et2 & t sy/em has ev] rema9$ ! same4 ,! ,m9i/] ( ,education controls ! educational affairs ( ! :ole c\ntry4 ,at fir/ ! sph]e ( direct control ( ! c5tral ,gov]nm5t 0 naturally limit$ to high] education2 b1 ) ! abolition ( ! feudal sy/em & ! gradual consolidation ( local adm9i/ration1 ! sph]e has ext5d$ /ep by /ep1 & has culm9at$ 9 ! pres5t sy/em ( univ]sal education4 ,= ! sy/em ( education1 also1 we are indebt$ to ,europe & ,am]ica2 = ! me?od ( its practical work+ is1 l _m o!r new in/itutions1 borr[$ f ! ,occid5tal nations4 ,! only diff]5ce p]ceptible1 p]haps1 lies 9 ! fact t 9 ,japan ! mov+ =ce ( ! :ole sy/em is manipulat$ by ! c5tral ,gov]nm5t to a great] degree ?an x is 9 any o!r c\ntry--c]ta9ly f> m s ?an x is 9 ,engl&4 ,! "q ( h[ f> popul> education %\ld be int]f]$ ) by ! /ate1 or r :at diff]5ce ( advantage exi/s betwe5 ! sy/em :]eby ! /ate takes ^u itself f>-rea*+ responsibility & "o :]eby a great m>g9 is left to an indep5d5t developm5t ( private in/itutions1 is a matt] :i* admits _m pros & cons4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 my bus9ess to discuss ?is problem 9 ?is place4 ,! fact rema9s1 t ) u ! /ate ex]cises conspicu\s influ5ce 9 ! matt]4 ,almo/ all ! educational in/itutions ( ,japan are (ficial or public2 = !y belong ei!r directly to ! /ate or to ! local adm9i/rations 7,prefectural or ,communal71 & !y are all controll$1 directly or indirectly1 by ! ,m9i/ry ( ,education4 ,!re are "s private in/itutions also1 x is true2 b _! numb] is v small :5 comp>$ ) ! o!rs1 & ev5 ^? mu/ abide by ! g5]al direction ( ! /ate4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t private und]tak+s = elem5t>y education h to be simil> to ! compulsory education impos$ by ! /ate1 & su* simil>ity c only be acquir$ by foll[+ ! g5]al direction ( ! /ate4 ,9 ^? ( a high] /&>d1 x is because !re are _m ?+s 9 :i* c]ta9 privileges are giv5 to ^? p]sons :o possess c]ta9 educational qualifications4 ,= in/ance1 9 obta9+ a po/ponem5t ( actual enrolm5t = milit>y s]vice1 or 9 becom+ a c&idate = civil s]vice exam9ations1 su* educational qualifications are g5]ally measur$ by ! /&>d ( c]ta9 public in/itutions2 s t private in/itutions ( high] /&>d h to con=m !mselves to ! direction ( ! /ate1 if !y wi% to avail !mselves ( ! a=esaid privileges4 ,! *ief reason :y 9 ,japan ! /ate takes ^u itself s mu* responsibility 9 education is1 ap>t f ! intr9sic m]it p] se ( ! sy/em1 t ! c\ntry1 "u ! circum/ances ( ! p]iod1 c\ld n af=d to wait pati5tly ! natural gr[? ( ext5sive private ent]prises4 ,putt+ aside special & te*nical educational in/itutions1 z well z ^? ( a private nature1 ! grades ( our educational in/itutions are3 7#a7 ! ,univ]sities2 7#b7 ,high ,colleges1 :i* may be reg>d$ z prep>atory ,alm ,matres = univ]sities2 7#c7 ,middle ,s*ools2 7#d7 ,high] ,prim>y ,s*ools2 7#e7 ,common ,prim>y ,s*ools4 ,! fir/ two belong to ! /ate itself4 ,! la/ ?ree belong to local adm9i/rations--9 f9e1 !re is "o or m ( ! ,middle ,s*ools 9 ea* ,prefecture1 support$ by ! prefectural taxes1 ! numb] v>y+ accord+ to ! requirem5t ( ! locality2 & "o or m ,high] ,prim>y ,s*ools 9 ea* c\nty1 & "o or m ,common ,prim>y ,s*ools 9 ea* village-community1 all support$ by local rates4 ,! case ( cities is simil> to t ( a c\nty & its village-communities put toge!r4 ,! sy/em is ?or\ghly c>ri$ out ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry2 = ,i c say t !re is no community :]e a ,prim>y ,s*ool is n provid$4 ,9 popul\s t[ns !re are ,k9d]g>t5 = ! b5efit ( little boys & girls "u s*ool age1 ?\gh ! numb] ( su* ,g>t5 is /ill only a few hundr$s 9 all4 ,elem5t>y education is compulsory = bo? boys & girls3 ! s*ool age beg9s at six4 ,common ,prim>y ,s*ools are ! places :]e compulsory education is giv54 ,! c\rse is f\r ye>s4 ,excuses = abs5ce are tak5 only 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,accord+ to ! (ficial report ( ! s*ool ye> ( #aija-b1 ! p]c5tage ( ! boys receiv+ requisite elem5t>y education 0 #ic4gh1 & t ( ! girls #ha4hj1 ! av]age be+ #hh4je4 ,! pres5t sy/em ( our writ+1 :i* is m commonly us$ ?an ano!r :i* consi/s ( phonetic lett]s only1 is v cumb]some1 because x consi/s ( a mixture ( ,*9ese ideographs & our phonetic lett]s4 ,x is a great drawback to our education1 nay to our national life4 ,boys & girls1 h[ev]1 h to le>n x2 &1 !re=e1 ! poor *ildr5 ( ,japan h to take m pa9s ?an ^? ( o!r c\ntries1 :i* are bless$ ) ! common use ( a phonetic alphabet only4 ,boys & girls ( all classes att5d ! same s*ools--*ildr5 ( ri* m]*ants & c\nty g5try side by side ) ^? ( coolies or humble/ peasants4 ,our s*ools are ess5tially national in/itutions = all classes on an equal foot+4 ,no class di/9ction is to be f\nd 9 !m4 ,?is holds good ) high] in/itutions4 ,!re exi/1 ( c\rse1 no long] any colleges l ^? ( =m] days1 :i* belong$ to feudal lords1 & 7 m or less exclusively us$ by ! ,samurai class4 ,! emp]or & empress h e/abli%$1 out ( special int]e/ = ! education ( nobility1 a pe]s' s*ool & a pe]s' girls' s*ool 9 ,tokio4 ,b ev5 ^! s*ools are n exclusively att5d$ by boys & girls ( ! nobility2 = *ildr5 ( ! commons :o possess a satisfactory social /&>d are admitt$ to !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 too1 *ildr5 ( ! nobility d n necess>ily jo9 ^? s*ools only2 = _m su* *ildr5 are s5t to ord9>y s*ools1 f conv5i5ce ( locality or f "s p>ticul> incl9ation ( ! p>5ts4 ,! zeal = education has be5 c>ri$ to su* an ext5t1 t prim>y education 0 made univ]sally free1 by a recomm5dation ( ! ,diet4 ,)\t que/ion+ ! means ( ! family to :i* ! *ildr5 belong2 al?\gh1 "u "s special circum/ances1 trifl+ fees1 almo/ nom9al1 may be impos$ by special p]mission ( ! prop] au?orities4 ,! me?od ( tea*+ 9 ,prim>y ,s*ools has develop$ itself 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,a few ye>s aft] ! abolition ( ! feudal sy/em1 namely 9 #ahgb1 ! fir/ ,normal ,s*ool 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,tokio2 & "s sev5ty "y /ud5ts 7 collect$4 ,an ,am]ican s*ool tea*] 0 engag$ to tra9 ^! y\?s = ! purpose4 ,!y 7 divid$ into two classes1 ^? :o acquitt$ !mselves ) great] cr$it at ! entrance exam9ation hav+ be5 giv5 a place 9 ! fir/ class4 ,! ,am]ican tea*] taught ! fir/ ( ^! two classes exactly 9 ! same mann] z he did 9 ,am]ica1 ! /ud5ts hav+ become z m]e *ildr54 ,"o or o!r ( ! /ud5ts belong+ to ! class s taught1 taught 9 turn ! o!r class 9 a simil> mann]1 ?\gh some:at modifi$ to suit our requirem5ts4 ,9 conjunction ) ?is practice1 *>ts & simple text-books 7 prep>$ by "s (ficials ( ! ,m9i/ry ( ,education :o 7 atta*$ to ! s*ool4 ,?is 0 soon foll[$ by an e/abli%m5t ( five m ,gov]nm5t ,normal ,s*ools 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! empire1 & a ,wom5's ,normal ,s*ool 9 ,tokio4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s ea* ,prefecture came to e/abli% its own ,normal ,s*ool "u subsidy ( ! ,gov]nm5t2 & ! ,gov]nm5t ,normal ,s*ools 7 aboli%$1 except ^? e/abli%$ 9 ,tokio1 :i* 7 ma9ta9$ z be=e1 z a model = ! local ,normal ,s*ools4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ?is s*eme ! graduates ( ! fir/ ,normal ,s*ool inaugurat$ 9 ,tokio play$ an important "p1 ( c\rse4 ,s9ce !n ! sy/em has rema9$ ! same 9 ! ma92 b ! me?od ( tea*+ has be5 gradually improv$ by our inv5tions to meet our own requirem5ts1 supplem5t$ by new intellig5ce br\ght back f ! ,we/ by (ficials or /ud5ts s5t abroad = /udy+ su* matt]s4 ,! mode ( mak+ tea*]s at pres5t is z foll[s4 ,!re is a ,high ,normal ,s*ool & a ,high ,wom5's ,normal ,s*ool e/abli%$ 9 ,tokio by ! /ate2 & ano!r has be5 rec5tly e/abli%$ 9 ,hiro%ima1 also by ! /ate4 ,_! *ief object is to tra9 tea*]s = high] local in/itutions1 viz41 tea*]s ( ,prefectural ,normal ,s*ools1 ,middle ,s*ools1 & su*like4 ,9 ea* ,prefecture "o or m ,normal ,s*ools are e/abli%$4 ,! maximum ( accommodation ( ! ,prefectural ,normal ,s*ools1 toge!r ) ! numb]s ( ! /ud5ts to be tra9$ !re91 is det]m9$ by an ord9ance ( ! c5tral ,gov]nm5t1 & is made obligatory ^u ! ,prefectures4 ,! /ud5ts :o are tra9$ 9 ,normal ,s*ools1 bo? ,high & ,prefectural1 are support$ by ! ,/ate or by ! ,prefecture1 z ! case may be1 on condition t !y s]ve z tea*]s = a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s4 ,tea*]s ?us tra9$ 9 ,prefectural ,normal ,s*ools become tea*]s ( all elem5t>y s*ools4 ,tea*]s ( ?is k9d are n1 ( c\rse1 q suffici5t 9 numb] to fill up all ! positions 9 all s*ools2 s t ! want1 = in/ance1 ( assi/ants ( m9or importance is fill$ up by ^? to :om c]tificates are giv5 on c]ta9 exam9ation = qualification to take up su* position4 ,&1 moreov]1 tea*]s ( "s special subject1 = in/ance1 draw+1 or cutt+ & sew+1 are appo9t$ f among/ ^? :o hold special c]tificates f ! prop] au?orities4 ,i may "h add1 t a sy/em ( additional emolum5t = long s]vices & p5sions on retirem5t ( tea*]s1 to ! local funds ( :i* ! /ate contributes a c]ta9 quota1 0 promulgat$ "s fifte5 ye>s ago1 z an inducem5t = _! devotion4 ,rigidity ( physical tra9+1 9 ! way ( privation & h>d%ip1 has become a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,b 9 its place physical tra9+ ( a sportive & gymna/ic "*1 aft] ! ,we/]n /yle1 is mu* practis$4 ,to ?is1 9 ! case ( boys1 tra9+ ( a milit>y "* 7jiujitsu1 f5c+1 & milit>y drill & manuvre7 has be5 add$ 9 ! case ( high] grades4 ,?is beg9s f ,high] ,prim>y ,s*ools1 v>y+ accord+ to age4 ,! cr$it ( ! introduction ( milit>y drill & manuvres into our s*ools & colleges is due to ! late ,visc\nt ,mori1 :o 0 at "o "t ,japanese ,m9i/] 9 ,london4 ,moreov]1 s*ool *ildr5 are (t5 tak5 out by _! tea*]s = s-call$ 'di/ant excursions'2 &1 9 ! case ( ! high] grades1 ?is (t5 takes place dur+ summ] vacation = _m days or weeks1 9 ! %ape ( camp+ out & manuvr+1 or ( r\nd trips to places ( hi/oric int]e/1 some?+ l a pilgrimage4 ,su* trips ( ,l>ge numb]s ( /ud5ts1 :i* are call$ 'educational excursions1' are p]sonally conduct$ by ! ma/]s4 ,i d n propose "h to describe 9 detail ! curriculum ( ! ,prim>y ,s*ools1 /ill less ^? ( all in/itutions ( high] grades1 z ?is w\ld only we>y my read]s4 ,all ^! curricula are 9 ! ma9 simil> to ^? ( ! ,we/]n nations4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o bran* ( :i* !y w\ld l me to say some?+3 x is ! tea*+ ( morality4 ,9 =m] days 9 ,japan1 moral tea*+ meant m ?an half ( education4 ,ev5 "u ! alt]$ circum/ances ( rec5t "t1 ?is notion is /ill kept v vividly4 ,especial /ress 9 ?is respect1 h[ev]1 is laid 9 ,prim>y ,s*ools4 ,"o ?+ noticeable is1 t ) u ! morality taught 9 ! public s*ools is entirely secul>4 ,"s vague notion ( heav5 or ( a supreme be+ or gods1 9 a vague s5se1 might occur "h & !re 9 ! c\rse ( x2 b morality nev] has any col\r ( a religi\s1 /ill less ( a d5om9ational "*4 ,! ma9 pr9ciple ( morality is laid d[n 9 an ,imp]ial injunction commonly call$ ! ',imp]ial ,educational ,rescript1' :i* is rev]5c$ by tea*] & /ud5t alike2 b1 besides ?is1 !re are sev]al text-books1 bas$ ^u ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ! ,rescript1 & writt5 9 a /yle to suit ! requirem5ts ( ! grades1 inde$1 ( ea* class1 on a progressive me?od4 ,! entity ( ! ,rescript & ! text-books =m an embodim5t ( practical e?ics illu/rat$ by practical examples4 ,!y tea* h[ to be hone/1 h[ to be /raight=w>d1 h[ to be loyal1 h[ to be patriotic1 to hon\r "o's p>5ts1 to be tru?ful to fri5ds1 & su*like4 ,on ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ ref] my read]s to my article entitl$ ',moral ,tea*+ ( ,japan1' 9 :i* ,i h giv5 a detail$ acc\nt ( ! subject4#b ,nev]!less1 ,i may add a few words4 ,9 ,japan all virtues are ma9ly view$ z a po9t ( duty ( ^? ^u :om ! conduct ( ^? virtues is incumb5t4 ,?us to be loyal to ! emp]or is ! duty ( a subject2 to be patriotic is ! duty ( a citiz5 to 8 c\ntry2 tru?fulness is ! duty ( a fri5d2 & rev]5ce is ! duty ( a *ild to its p>5ts2 & s on4 ,9 tea*+ morality to *ildr51 ! s5se ( duty is con/antly kept 9 view4 ,!n aga91 9 ,ori5tal e?ics ! t]m '"n' has an important be>+4 ,x may (t5 be translat$ z 'fame'2 b x has 9 reality a wid] & m pi\s signification4 ,we h a prov]b3 ',tig]s leave sk9s beh9d :5 dead1 & m5 leave 7or %\ld leave7 names4' ,"h ! t]m '"n' may c]ta9ly be translat$ z 'fame'2 b we (t5 say t 'we mu/ n disgrace ! "n1' mean+ t we mu/ n disgrace ourselves or our family by committ+ any unwor?y action4 ,9 ,japan1 to acquire fame & n disgrace "o's family "n are concurr5t ?\ghts4 ,fame does n mean a satisfaction ( vanity4 ,! tr5d ( ?\ght is some?+ l ?is ',d n commit any bad act1 = x w disgrace y\r "n1 :i* is ! greate/ %ame to "o's self & to "o's family4 ,if y\r "n %9es out1 s mu* ! bett]1 z x is a sure sign t y h behav$ well or h done some?+ good1 some?+ wor?y ( y\rself1 y\r family1 or y\r ance/ors2 b to seek notoriety out ( m]e vanity is despicable1 = x is n good conduct & does n des]ve a good "n1' ,?is notion ( '"n' p]meates v widely 9 our idea ( morality1 :i* fact w expla9 _m cases :]e9 a ,japanese pref]s dea? to life4 ,p]haps ! ^w 'hon\r' may convey ! ne>] mean+ ( ! ^w '"n'2 9 fact1 ! ,we/]n ^w 'hon\r' is g5]ally translat$ 9 ,japanese by a comb9ation ( ! words "n & fame1 z ',meiyo4' ,?is notion ( '"n' is impress$ 9 "o way or o!r ^u ! m9ds ( our y\?s f *ildhood1 t is to say1 f _! days ( elem5t>y education2 & x ex]cises a great influ5ce 9 aft] life4 #a ,! ,indep5d5t ,review1 ,augu/ #aije4 #b ,see ,! ,ris5 ,sun4 ,,iii ,,anglo-,,fr5* ,,diplomacy ,,9 ,,japan ,,=ty ,,ye>s ,,ago#a ,x is n[ "s =ty ye>s ago s9ce !re took place 9 ,japan "s v int]e/+ episodes ( ,engli% & ,fr5* diplomacy1 :i* are little kn[n to ! ,we/]n public4 ,x 0 dur+ ! la/ days ( ! ,%ogunate & be=e ! re/oration ( ! ,imp]ial rgime4 ,! ,we/]n p[]s ) :om ,japan _h treaty relations 7 /ill few 9 numb] at t "t4 ,! pr9cipal ( !m 73 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ,engl& & ,france4 ,holl&1 ?\gh second>y1 z %e is1 _h "s semblance ( equality ) ! o!rs f ! fact t %e 0 a nation :i* _h _h comm]cial relations ) u = a long] "t ?an !y4 ,russia & ,g]many 7 already 9 treaty relations ) u also1 b 9 ! practical sph]e ( diplomacy !y _h n play$ mu* "p4 ,x 0 ,engl& & ,france :o display$ ! greate/ activity 9 t sph]e4 ,!y 7 bo? repres5t$ by v int]e/+ *>act]s3 ,engl& by ,sir ,h>ry ,p>kes & ,france by ,lon ,ro*es4 ,x is ne$less to comm5t on :at an int]e/+ "* ,sir ,h>ry ,p>kes 01 z d\btless 8 biography is well kn[n to my read]s4 ,i w give "h1 h[ev]1 a concise outl9e ( 8 life4 ,at ! e>ly age ( f\rte5 ye>s he 0 atta*$ to an ,engli% consulate 9 ,*9a4 ,he soon acquir$ ! ,*9ese tongue1 & 8 extraord9>y activity & ability gave him good *ances ( advanc+ 8 position4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,anglo-,fr5* exp$ition to ,pek+ he 0 atta*$ to ! ,engli% army1 & _m adv5tur\s & romantic incid5ts are told ab\t him 9 connection ) x4 ,aft] t exp$ition he 0 made ,engli% ,consul-,g5]al at ,%anghai1 & soon aft]w>ds transf]r$ to ,japan z m9i/]1 9 succession to ,sir ,rud=d ,alcock4 ,sir ,h>ry may be reg>d$ z an adv5tur]4 ,lon ,ro*es 0 ( a simil> "*2 he began 8 c>e] 9 ,alg]ia 9 a mo/ adv5tur\s & romantic mann]4 ,he 0 subsequ5tly made ,fr5* ag5t 9 ,tunis & !nce 0 transf]r$ to ,japan1 z m9i/]1 by ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,x 0 ?r\gh 8 influ5ce t ,france succe$$ 9 draw+ ! ,%ogun's gov]nm5t into h] confid5ce4 ,milit>y in/ructors 7 s5t f ,france1 ! ,yokosuka docky>d 0 con/ruct$ ) ,fr5* mat]ials1 a "y bro!r ( ! ,%ogun 0 s5t a little lat] on to ,p>is1 :]e he /ay$ = _m ye>s z ! fav\rite ( ! c\rt ( ,napoleon4 ,9 o!r words1 ,fr5* influ5ce 0 p>am\nt 9 ,y$o1 ! pres5t ,tokio1 ! site ( ! ,%ogun's gov]nm5t4 ,p>kes arriv$ 9 ,japan at t juncture4 ,9 ! ,crimean w>1 ,engl& & ,france1 ne$less to say1 7 allies2 s also 7 !y 9 ! ,*9ese w>4 ,at home ! ,c\rts ( ,/4 ,james' & t ( ! ,tuil]ies 7 on intimate t]ms4 ,besides1 9 ,japan1 _! int]e/s1 broadly speak+1 7 id5tical1 &1 !re=e1 _! policy did n div]ge v mu*1 z f> z _! national int]e/s 7 conc]n$1 & yet _! views conc]n+ ! dome/ic politics ( ,japan pres5t$ a m>k$ diff]5ce4 ,x 0 ! "t :51 z e "o kn[s1 ,japan 0 divid$ into two camps ( public op9ion4 ,on "o side ! ,%ogunate p>tisans & on ! o!r ! ,imp]iali/s1 among/ :om ,*osiu 0 ! mo/ prom95t4 ,france sid$ ) ! ,%ogunates1 :il/ ,engl& gradually gave h] sympa?y to ! ,imp]iali/s4 ,sev]al reasons seem to h exi/$ 9 connection !re)4 ,at home1 ?\gh ,napoleon 0 app>5tly /ill at ! height ( 8 p[]1 he seems to h felt ! necessity ( mak+ "s pomp\s display ( p[] abroad1 9 ord] to appease ! gr[+ discont5t among ! p4 ,lon ,ro*es 0 j ! sort ( man :o w\ld h done ?+s :i* w\ld suit ,napoleon's secret designs1 & !re=e1 :5 ! conflict betwe5 ! ,%ogunate & ! ,imp]iali/s rea*$ an acute /ate1 x is said t ,france (f]$ to help ! ,%ogunate ) h] money & ev5 ) h] milit>y =ces4 ,on ! o!r h& ,engl&1 or r ,h>ry ,p>kes1 ?\ght t ! ,imp]ial cause 0 m j1 &1 !re=e1 des]v$ m sympa?y4 ,x is n[ pretty well kn[n to ,we/]n read]s t1 ?\gh 9 ! adm9i/rative au?orities ! ,%ogunate appe>$ pot5t1 9 ! "q ( ! legitimacy ( ! title1 t is to say1 ! sov]eignty1 ! ,imp]ial c\rt 0 view$ z ! only lawful head by ! ,japanese 9 g5]al1 nay1 x 0 s 9 ! po9t ( fact4 ,b 9 ^? days1 =eign]s us$ to say & to ?9k t ! emp]or 0 only ! spiritual head & ! ,%ogun 0 ! temporal *ief ( ,japan1 & !y 7 unable to see :at turn+ movem5ts 7 approa*+1 ! result ( :i* w\ld be ! re/oration ( ! ,imp]ial au?ority & ! consolidation ( ! c\ntry "u "o s+le head 9 ! p]son ( ! emp]or1 z ! sov]eign de facto z well z de jure4 ,x 0 only natural = onlook]s to fail to p5etrate su* matt]s1 & ,lon ,ro*es1 sagaci\s z he 01 0 unable to diff] f o!rs4 ,) ,h>ry ,p>kes ! case 0 diff]5t4 ,he _h gr[n up 9 ! ,f> ,ea/3 he 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! ,*9ese ideographs2 he und]/ood ,ori5tal ?\ght conta9$ 9 books & docum5ts1 writt5 ) ^? ideographs4 ,besides1 sev]al ( 8 c\ntrym5 already 9 ,japan _h kept ke5 obs]vation ( ! true situation & _h int]c\rse ) sev]al ,imp]iali/ patriots1 & _! c\nsel c\ld n fail to be valuable to ,sir ,h>ry4 ,he 0 soon able to realise ! relative positions occupi$ 9 ! organic composition ( ,japan by ! ,imp]ial c\rt & ! ,%ogunate respectively4 ,?us ! ,engli% policy1 t is ,p>kes1 came to diff] f t ( ,france1 t is ,lon ,ro*es4 ,ro*es's sympa?y cont9u$ to be on ! side ( ! ,%ogunate1 ev5 aft] ! latt] _h suff]$ defeats1 :i* may be %[n by ! fact t :5 ,admiral ,enomoto left ! ,bay ( ,y$o ) 8 fleets aft] ! submission ( ! ,%ogun & w5t to ,hakodate1 sev]al ,fr5* milit>y in/ructors w5t ) him4 ,x is true !y left ! troops ( ,enomoto be=e ! latt] 0 br\ght to submission1 b !y w\ld n h gone ) him at all if ! ,fr5* repres5tative _h ceas$ to sympa?ise ) ! ,%ogunate's cause4 ,ro*es's influ5ce _h be5 gradually eclips$ by t ( ,p>kes4 ,x is imag9able1 h[ev]1 t %\ld ! advis]s ( ! ,%ogunate h accept$ ,ro*es's (f] z to money & =ces1 ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( ,japan might h pres5t$ "s diff]5ce1 al?\gh ! ultimate end w\ld h be5 j ! same4 ,nev]!less1 ?anks to ! loyalty & patriotism1 be=e :i* !re is no diff]5ce ( s5tim5t & op9ion among/ ! ,japanese1 no c\nt5ance _h be5 giv5 to ! policy ( ,ro*es by ! ,%ogunate1 :i* pref]r$ its own d[nfall r ?an an acceptance ( =eign assi/ance4 ,z to ,p>kes1 al?\gh 8 sympa?ies 7 else:]e ?an ) ! ,%ogunate f ! beg9n+1 (ficially speak+ he 0 a m9i/] accr$it$ to ! c\rt ( ! ,%ogunate4 ,nev]!less1 he _h suffici5t =esight h[ to protect ,engli% int]e/s1 &1 moreov]1 sev]al o!r causes made him incl9e t[>ds ! ,imp]ial c\rt4 ,a ye> or two be=e1 ,ito & ,in\y return$ f ,engl& to ,*osiu4 ,!y 7 ?or\ghly *ang$ f fi]ce anti-=eign p>tisans to pro-=eign propag&i/s4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is visit to & return f ,engl&1 !y became acqua9t$ ) sev]al ,engli%m5 :o 7 !n 9 ,japan1 su* z ,l[d]1 ,glov]1 & ,sat[4 ,:5 !y1 toge!r ) ,takasugi & ,yamagata & o!rs1 revolt$ aga9/ ! !n gov]nm5t ( ,*osiu1 :i* tempor>ily _h ga9$ ! p[] & fav\r$ m conciliatory policy ) ! ,%ogunate1 & e/abli%$ a new "o 9 defiance ( ! ,%ogunate1 ,takasugi held an op9ion t ! "t w\ld soon come :5 ! "q ( ,*osiu v]sus ! ,%ogunate w\ld become "o ( ,japan v]sus ,we/]n nations1 & t x w\ld be bett] = him to prep>e himself = ! future ev5tuality1 leav+ dome/ic affairs 9 ! h&s ( 8 fri5ds4 ,he communicat$ ?is idea to 8 intimate fri5ds1 ,ito & ,in\y1 :o agre$ ) him4 ,he ask$ ,ito to accompany him4 ,toge!r !y left _! homel& ( ,*osiu & w5t to ,nagasaki ) ! full int5tion ( go+ to ,europe1 :i* w\ld be ! second voyage = ,ito & ! fir/ = ,takasugi1 ?\gh ! latt] _h once be5 abroad z f> z ,%anghai a few ye>s be=e4 ,?is 0 j ! "t :5 ,p>kes 0 appo9t$ ,engli% m9i/] & expect$ to arrive at ,japan f ,%anghai be=e long4 ,at ,nagasaki1 ,takasugi & ,ito met ) ,glov] & ,l[d]4 ,!y 7 told by !m t ,p>kes 0 a p]son ( int]e/+ "*1 & t by effect+ communication ) him "s great "w might be done4 ,besides1 !y 7 told1 x 0 n "t = !m to leave _! home = ,europe4 ,"t 0 important1 & x w\ld be f> m int]e/+ if !y 71 = in/ance1 to take up a plan = op5+ ,%imonoseki to =eign trade4 ,!y agre$ & return$ to ,*osiu4 ,9 no "t ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,%ogun despat*$ ! second exp$ition to ,*osiu1 & w> comm5c$1 ! result ( :i* 0 a total repulse ( ! ,%ogunate troops4 ,"h ,i mu/ say some?+ ab\t ,satsuma4 ,kago%ima1 ! capital ( ,satsuma1 _h be5 bomb>d$ by ! ,engli% fleet a few ye>s be=e4 ,:5 peace 0 made1 "s k9d ( fri5d%ip began to be felt betwe5 ! ,engli% & ,satsuma m54 ,sev]al "y & promis+ ,samurai ( ,satsuma repeat$ly visit$ ,nagasaki1 & 9 "o way or ano!r !y 7 also acqua9t$ ) ! ,engli%m5 :om ,ito knew4 ,be=e ! w> ) ! ,%ogunate1 ,ito w5t to ,nagasaki sev]al times1 *iefly = pur*as+ w> mat]ials1 b x may be presum$ t a good deal ( diplomatic conv]sation took place betwe5 him & ! ,engli%m5 z well z ,satsuma m54 ,f ^! circum/ances1 & also f ! circum/ances :i* br\ght ,sakamoto ( ,tosa into close contact ) ,ito & 8 fri5ds1 an und]/&+ soon began to gr[ betwe5 ,satsuma & ,*osiu1 :i* ultimately result$ 9 _! secret alliance4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s ! tide ( ev5ts turn$ greatly 9 fav\r ( ! ,imp]iali/s1 & ! ,%ogunate at la/ came to an end4 ,soon aft] ! battle ( ,fu%imi no "t 0 lo/ 9 intimat+ at ! initiation ( ,ito ! re/oration ( ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t to =eign repres5tatives1 :o 7 at ! "t /ay+ at ,osaka4 ,x may be presum$ t an e>ly acceptance ( ?is situation 0 l>gely due to an und]/&+ exi/+ previ\sly betwe5 ! ,engli% repres5tative & ! ,*osiu & ,satsuma1 ?r\gh su* m5 z ,ito1 ,in\y ( ,*osiu & ,godai & ,komatsu ( ,satsuma :o 7 also frequ5t]s ( ,nagasaki4 ,soon aft] t ev5t ! fir/ audi5ce 0 giv5 at ! ,imp]ial ,palace ( ,kioto to ,engli% & ,fr5* m9i/]s4 ,at t "t !re 7 /ill _m anti-=eign fanatics3 on ! way tak5 by ,p>kes f 8 qu>t]s 9 a temple to ! ,imp]ial ,palace1 he 0 attack$ by a fanatic4 ,sev]al ( 8 m\nt$ ,engli% escort 7 injur$4 ,goto & ,nakai1 ^: names are well kn[n 9 ,japan1 7 escort+ ,p>kes4 ,!y did _! utmo/ 9 def5d+ him1 & kill$ ! assass9 on ! spot1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ,nakai receiv$ sev]e injuries on 8 =ehead4 ,p>kes return$ to 8 qu>t]s2 x 0 a critical mom5t = ! ,imp]ial cause4 ,ito 0 at ! ,palace3 x 0 8 duty to introduce ! m9i/]s to ! emp]or4 ,ro*es arriv$ at ! ,palace1 b n ,p>kes4 ,pres5tly a note address$ to ! ,fr5* m9i/] came f ,p>kes1 & also ! tid+s ( ! occurr5ce4 ,ito put ! note into 8 pocket = a mom5t & told ,ro*es to h 8 audi5ce fir/1 because x 0 no use to wait = ,p>kes4 ,! audi5ce end$ & ! note 0 h&$ to ,ro*es1 b x 0 too late = him to say any?+4 ,z to ,p>kes1 ,ito & o!rs f\nd no great difficulty 9 pacify+ him1 especially because ! s9c]ity ( ! ,gov]nm5t 0 demon/rat$ by ! action ( ,goto & ,nakai4 ,p>kes _h an audi5ce ( ! emp]or next day2 & ?us ! =eign relations betwe5 ! ,imp]ial c\rt & ^? ( ! ,treaty ,p[]s 7 =mally e/abli%$4 ,?us we see t ,france once back$ a wrong horse1 b x 0 n 9 any way due to h] fault4 ,we h soon entirely =giv5 & =gott51 nay m1 good fri5d%ip soon began to be felt betwe5 ! two nations4 ,milit>y in/ructors1 z well z juri/s1 7 invit$ f ,france4 ,! army 0 organis$ & di/ribut$ aft] ! ,fr5* sy/em4 ,! ,code ,napoleon 0 /udi$ & translat$ into ,japanese4 ,! ,fr5* language 0 /udi$ 9 ! s*ools4 ,ev5 a special s*ool 0 in/itut$ by ! ,gov]nm5t = /udy+ ! ,fr5* language & law4 ,( rec5t ye>s1 ,i am sorry to notice ?+s h n gone s satisfactorily4 ,"s sorts ( coldness ( feel+ h ent]$ betwe5 ! two c\ntries1 comp>$ ) ! ,anglo-,saxon races4 ,x is natural en\gh t !re %\ld exi/ m sympa?y betwe5 ,japan & ,engl& & ,am]ica1 because ! latt] two h a f> m ext5sive int]c\rse ) u--! greate/ numb] ( =eign resid5ts 9 ,japan be+ fir/ ,engli%1 next ,am]ican4 ,& yet ,i d n see :y ,fr5* & ,japanese fri5d%ip %\ld n be re/or$ to ! w>m? ( =m] days1 or inde$ be made w>m] ?an 9 ^? days4 ,let u hope ,france does n repeat too (t5 h] errors ( back+ wrong horses--= on our "p we h no ?\ght ( rememb]+ long o!r p's errors :i* may be committ$ aga9/ u4 #a ,l',europen1 ,july #ae1 #aije4 ,,iv ,,sket*es ,,( ,,"s ,,*ief ,,figures ,,( ,,actual ,,japan ,,ito1 ,,yamagata1 ,,in\y1 ,,matsukata1 ,,katsura1 ,,okuma1 ,,saionji ,x is impossible to give a compreh5sive acc\nt ( ! lives ( ^! p]sonages1 because to d s w\ld be to write a hi/ory ( ,japan ( ! la/ half c5tury4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 give y ! *ief po9ts4 ,m>quis ,ito is consid]$ by common cons5t ( ! ,japanese z ! greate/ /atesman ( ,japan at ?is mom5t2 !re is sc>cely a s+le political in/itution ( mod]n ,japan 9 :i* he has n %>$ ! initiation4 ,_m p 9 ! ,we/ call him ! ',mak] ( ,new ,japan1' & x is n f> f fact4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i may say t ! greate/ s]vice :i* he has r5d]$ to ,japan is h] ,europeanisation1 = x has be5 done m by 8 ef=ts ?an by ^? ( any o!r4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a rem>kable fact t he 0 9 8 y\? "o ( ! mo/ ard5t p>ticipators ( ! anti-=eign p>ty4 ,n q fifty ye>s ago1 :5 b a "y man ( sev5te5 or eighte51 ,japan 0 9 a /ate ( int]nal commotion2 ! c\ntry 0 divid$ into two camps ( op9ion1 "o pro-=eign1 & ! o!r anti-=eign4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,*osiu belong$ to ! latt]4 ,!re 7 _m "y m5 9 ,*osiu :o 7 ard5t 9 ! anti-=eign propag&a1 & "y ,ito 0 "o ( !m4 ,x 0 !y :o occasionally tri$ to attack =eign]s1 & on "o occasion actually set fire to ! build+s j complet$ to be us$ z =eign legations4 ,mo/ ( ^! "y m5 7 pupils ( ,yo%ida ,%o91 :o 0 kn[n z a pione] ( ! new ,imp]ial rgime :i* result$ 9 ! unification ( ,japan "u "o s+le sov]eign1 & !re=e is sometimes comp>$ ) ,mazz9i ( ,italy4 ,%o9 held anti-=eign s5tim5ts & imbu$ ! m5 ( 8 day ) 8 views4 ,b x mu/ n be und]/ood t ,%o9 0 an anti-=eign outrance1 because we c see f 8 writ+s t 8 views 7 n oppos$ to =eign int]c\rse altoge!r1 b he did n l ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,europeans =c$ _! way into ! ,f> ,ea/ 9 ^? days4 ,9 "o ( 8 essays he /ates 'let u fir/ consolidate ! empire & !n let u s5d our ambassador1 say1 = example1 to ,san ,francisco1 & !re conclude a treaty4' ,8 prim>y object 0 to re/ore ! ,imp]ial au?ority to its anci5t condition1 & ?us consolidate ! empire4 ,h[ev] x may be1 ! fact rema9s t ,*osiu 0 ! =emo/ ( ! feudal clans :o adopt$ ! anti-=eign action4 ,ev5 at t "t1 h[ev]1 !re 7 "s ev5 9 ,*osiu :o _h ! =esight to make "s 'live ma*9es1' z !y call$ ! "y m5 ( tal5t :o 7 to meet future necessities :5 ! empire might ultimately be op5$ to ! ,we/1 & "s ( ! "y m5 ref]r$ to above also saw ! necessity ( mak+ ( !mselves su* ma*9es4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 five "y m5 ( ,*osiu sail$ to ,engl& contr>y to ! !n exi/+ prohibition ( ! ,%ogun gov]nm5t ,two ( ^! five 7 ! pres5t ,m>quis ,ito & ,c\nt ,in\y4 ,!y got on bo>d an ,engli% %ip at ,yokohama1 ) "s difficulty & risk1 ( c\rse4 ,at ,%anghai !y sep>at$4 ,ito & ,in\y w5t on bo>d "o sail+ vessel & ! o!r ?ree on bo>d ano!r4 ,!y knew little ,engli% !n4 ,"o ( ! words !y knew 0 navigation4 ,on bo>d ! ,engli% %ip ,ito & ,in\y told ! capta9 ( ! vessel t !y wi%$ to le>n navigation1 & he set !m to "w z common sailors4 ,!y all rea*$ ,london aft] sev]al mon?s' voyage r\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,i may "h m5tion t ,yo%ida ,%o91 :5 ,commodore ,p]ry came to ! coa/ ( ,uraga1 _h tri$ to get on bo>d "o ( 8 %ips & be tak5 to ,am]ica 9 ord] t he might p]sonally see ! ,we/]n c\ntries1 b 0 refus$1 & 9 consequ5ce he suff]$ imprisonm5t on acc\nt ( 8 v5turesome attempt4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m5tion$ 9 ,p]ry's ,exp$ition1 comm5t+ on ,%o9's attempt v fav\rably1 t 'a nation :i* produces su* a y\? _h a great future be=e x4' ,( c\rse1 ,yo%ida's "n 0 n !n kn[n to ,am]icans1 & !y1 !re=e1 knew no?+ ( 8 "*4 ,reg>d+ ?is incid5t1 we may say t ! five y\?s :o left ,japan 9 ! above mann] 7 9 a measure fulfill+ ! *]i%$ desire ( ,%o94 ,ito & ,in\y soon p]ceiv$ :at k9d ( p ! ,we/]n nations 7 & :at k9d ( civilisation !y possess$4 ,9 ! meantime ! int]nal commotion ( ,japan accel]at$ to a v acute degree4 ,! troops ( ,*osiu bomb>d$ sev]al ,european m]*antm5 9 ! /rait ( ,%imonoseki f _! =tifications1 & soon aft]w>ds "s troops 7 s5t f ,*osiu to ,kioto1 :]e mu* political complication prevail$ at ! "t1 betwe5 ! p>tisans ( ! ,%ogunate & ,*osiu4 ,:5 ! news ( ! bomb>dm5t ( ,%imonoseki rea*$ ,engl&1 ,ito & ,in\y ?\ght t anti-=eign policy w\ld be futile1 & t x w\ld be bett] to devote ! national en]gy m to ! int]nal consolidation ( ! empire4 ,to ?is end !y det]m9$ to g back to ,japan 9 ord] to p]suade _! ,pr9ce & gov]nm5t to _! newly acquir$ views1 & on leav+ ! o!r ?ree beh9d 9 ,engl&1 !y told !m to f9i% _! education s t !y might realise _! hope ( becom+ 'live ma*9es4' ,! hi/ory ( :at !y did :5 !y rea*$ ,japan is record$ 9 ! contempor>y diplomatic docum5ts ( ,engl& & "s o!r c\ntries1 & also 9 "s ,engli% books on ,japan1 s ,i ne$ n dwell ^u x "h4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 /ate t !y ultimately rea*$ ,*osiu ) mu* difficulty1 hav+ be5 fir/ convey$ to an isl& ne> ,*osiu by an ,engli% man-(-w>4 ,j at t "t ! troops ( ,*osiu1 :i* _h be5 /ation$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,kioto = "s mon?s1 f\ght aga9/ ! troops "u ! ,%ogunate & 7 defeat$4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! comb9$ fleets ( ,engl&1 ,france1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,holl&1 made _! entry into ! /raits ( ,%imonoseki4 ,be=e ! y\?ful ,ito & ,in\y _h succe$$ 9 p]suad+ _! ,pr9ce & compatriots to adopt pro-=eign policy1 ,%imonoseki 0 bomb>d$4 ,peace 0 conclud$1 :i* 0 greatly due to ! endeav\rs ( ,ito & ,in\y & _! bosom fri5d ,takasugi4 ,soon aft] ! ,%ogun gov]nm5t decid$ on an invasion ( ,*osiu1 & surr\nd$ x on all sides ) ! troops ( ! ,%ogunate "u its imm$iate comm&1 & also ^? ( ! feudal lords :o 7 p>tisans ( ! ,%ogunate4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,*osiu und]w5t a crisis1 & a m mod]ate p>ty1 :i* did n approve ! d>+ policy ( ! previ\s gov]nm5t1 came into p[]4 ,_m memb]s & support]s ( ! previ\s gov]nm5t 7 ord]$ to put an end to _! lives1 & submission 0 made to ! ,%ogunate4 ,in\y _h be5 attack$ by assass9s %ortly be=e1 & lay 9 a dy+ condition result+ f sev]al w\nds :i* he _h receiv$4 ,takasugi1 :o 0 on ! po9t ( be+ arre/$1 fl$ to ,*ikuz54 ,ito rema9$ 9 ,%imonoseki1 :]e 8 s]vices 7 indisp5sable to ! gov]nm5t ( ! t[n on acc\nt ( ! con/ant calls ( =eign vessels1 b he 0 daily 9 dang] ( assass9ation4 ,9 ! meantime !re arose "s diff]5ce among/ ! p>tisans ( ! ,%ogunate1 by reason ( "o section ?9k+ t ! t]ms impos$ ^u ,*osiu = its submission 7 too l5i5t1 & !re=e w\ld be injuri\s to ! pre/ige ( ! ,%ogunate1 & !y insi/$ on recomm5c+ w> op]ations4 ,x 0 a critical "t = ,*osiu4 ,x 0 !n t ,takasugi return$ f ,*ikuz5 & det]m9$ to revolt op5ly aga9/ ! gov]nm5t ( ,*osiu4 ,at t mom5t ,kawas _h a gr\p ( volunt>y soldi]s "u 8 comm&4 ,ito also _h a c]ta9 numb] ( l troops /ation$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,%imonoseki1 & ^! ?ree ) _! troops unit+ 9 "o common cause1 took possession ( ,%imonoseki 9 op5 defiance ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,almo/ simultane\sly ,yamagata & o!rs1 :o _h ea* a simil> troop ( soldi]s "u _! comm&1 op5ly revolt$ aga9/ ! gov]nm5t4 ,! lead]s soon effect$ a junction & quickly defeat$ ! p>tisans ( ! gov]nm5t1 & ?us ,*osiu 0 made once m an op5 foe ( ! ,%ogunate4 ,at t "t ,in\y recov]$ f 8 w\nds1 & he also1 putt+ himself at ! head ( a l>ge b& ( volunte] troops1 took "p 9 ! civil /rife )9 ! clan :i* has j be5 m5tion$4 ,a little aft] ?is ! =ces ( ! ,%ogunate once m surr\nd$ ,*osiu1 b !y 7 all defeat$ by ! spirit$ troops ( ,*osiu4 ,! ,%ogunate n[ f\nd its position v prec>i\s4 ,be=e ! w> x _h ?\ght itself all-p[]ful1 & _h be5 ( ! op9ion t ,*osiu w\ld simply be fright5$ at ! sight ( its troops1 or if any battle 7 to be f\ght1 "o c\p de ma9 w\ld be en\gh to cru% ! :ole ( ,*osiu4 ,b z ev5ts turn$ out1 x 0 q ! contr>y4 ,!re 0 mu* hesitation on ! "p ( ! ,%ogunate :e!r to pu% on ! w> or to make peace4 ,x 0 p[]less to cont9ue fight+1 b at ! same "t ?\ght !y w\ld lose pre/ige by ask+ = peace4 ,affairs 7 !n all[$ to drift1 :i* brew$ discont5t among its own p>tisans4 ,9 ! meantime _m p[]ful feudal clans1 :i* ! ,%ogunate reg>d$ z fri5ds & support]s1 began to sympa?ise ) ,*osiu on acc\nt ( its s+l5ess ( purpose & fidelity to *ivalry4 ,among o!rs1 ,satsuma w5t s f> z to conclude a secret und]/&+ ) ,*osiu aga9/ ! ,%ogunate4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s ! ,%ogunate came to an end1 aft] ! battle ( ,fu%imi1 :i* 0 f\ght betwe5 ! ,imp]iali/s & ! p>tisans ( ! ,%ogunate4 ,9 ?is engagem5t ,*osiu & ,satsuma took ! mo/ important p>ts on ! ,imp]ial side4 ,w> /ill cont9u$ 9 ! ea/]n & nor!rn p>ts ( ,japan = "s "t1 ! ,imp]iali/s be+ always triumphant4 ,?us ! ,imp]ial rgime ( our days 0 inaugurat$4 ,dur+ ?is /ate ( transition1 ,ito1 ,in\y1 & ,yamagata play$ _! p>ts 9 diff]5t capacities1 ! latt] m z a soldi] & ! two =m] z politicians & diplomati/s1 ,i may "h add a few words4 ,takasugi di$ a little be=e ! battle ( ,fu%imi1 )\t see+ ! consummation ( 8 *]i%$ ideal1 be+ n q ?irty ye>s ( age4 ,yo%ida ,%o9 0 ! same age z 8 di/+ui%$ disciple :5 he 0 put to dea? "s ye>s be=e4 ,"y m5 did wond]ful ?+s 9 ^? days4 ,at ! v beg9n+ ( ! new gov]nm5t ,ito 0 gov]nor ( ,hiogo 7,kobe71 :i* 0 !n ) ,yokohama ! c5tre ( =eign relations4 ,x 0 !n t he =mulat$ & pres5t$ to ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t 8 plan = ! future policy ( ! empire1 ! *ief object ( :i* 0 ! unification ( all sy/ems1 namely milit>y1 educational1 economical1 & su*like4 ,8 views 7 reg>d$ z be+ too radical at ! "t1 b creat$ "s s5sation & gave rise to ! t]m ',hiogo op9ion4' ,ito has cont9u$ practically ev] s9ce to occupy "o or ano!r1 or ev5 sev]al high positions simultane\sly 9 ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,he made sev]al trips to ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,x 0 9 #ahga t he w5t to ,am]ica *iefly to inve/igate ! bank+ sy/ems ( ,am]ica1 because x 0 ?\ght t ! economical sy/em adopt$ by ,am]ica aft] its civil w> might be utilis$ by ,japan4 ,lat] on1 9 ! same ye>1 he visit$ ,am]ica & ,europe z "o ( ! ambassadors head$ by ,iwakura4 ,on _! return to ,japan ! ,korean "q 0 at a climax4 ,mo/ ( ! /atesm5 :o _h rema9$ at home 7 = w>1 :ile ^? :o _h return$ f ,europe 7 = peace4 ,z ! result ( ?is diff]5ce ( op9ion ! =mation ( ! cab9et 0 modifi$4 ,! great ,saigo & "s o!rs resign$1 :ile ,ito 0 appo9t$ a cab9et m9i/] ) ! portefeuille ( public works4 ,x 0 ! fir/ great trial :i* ! new ,gov]nm5t _h to und]go1 b x manag$ to tide ov] ! difficulties4 ,okubo 0 n[ ! backbone ( ! new ,gov]nm5t1 & ,ito 8 *ief collaborator4 ,! adm9i/ration ( ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t 0 n[ c>ri$ on m & m on ! l9es ( ,we/]n enlight5m5t4 ,9 #ahge a ,japanese gunboat 0 fir$ at (f ! ,korean coa/4 ,e>ly next ye> an embassy1 ) ! late ,c\nt ,kuroda z *ief & ,c\nt ,in\y z second1 0 s5t to ,korea to settle ! matt]4 ,x 0 !n t ,i accept$ = ! fir/ "t gov]nm5tal s]vice1 & w5t to ,korea z a memb] ( ! /aff4 ,we conclud$ a treaty ( peace ) ,korea & made h] op5 ! c\ntry to =eign trade3 we pref]r$ peace to w>4 ,9 #ahgg ! civil w> ( ,satsuma broke out1 9 :i* ! great ,saigo 0 made by ! rebels _! *ief4 ,dur+ ! /ruggle ,okubo & ,ito 7 ! /rong supports ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 :il/ ! comm& ( ! ,imp]ial troops at ! front 0 *iefly 9 ! h&s ( ,yamagata4 ,i may p]haps m5tion t dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! w> ,i contribut$ my s]vices to ! ,gov]nm5t 9 a pure civil capacity1 & dur+ ! latt] half ( ! w> 0 atta*$ to ,yamagata's /aff4 ,! w> la/$ ne>ly n9e mon?s1 ) ! result t ! rebellion 0 suppress$ & ! new rgime ( ! progressive adm9i/ration 0 plac$ on a firm] basis4 ,9 #ahgh ,okubo1 :o 0 !n ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior1 0 assass9at$1 & ,ito succe$$ to 8 place1 n only z ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior1 b 9 8 capacity ( be+ ! mov+ factor ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 #ahhb ,ito 0 despat*$ to ,europe to /udy ! con/itutional sy/ems ( ! v>i\s gov]nm5ts1 ) a view to prep>+ a con/itution = ,japan2 he return$ home ! next ye>4 ,9 #ahhd ano!r difficulty arose ) reg>d to ,korea & ,*9a4 ,e>ly 9 #ahhe ,c\nt ,in\y 0 despat*$ to ,korea1 :]e he conclud$ a new treaty1 & soon aft] ,ito 0 despat*$ to ,*9a1 :]e he conclud$ ! well-kn[n ,ti5ts9 treaty1 :i* _h a v important be>+ ^u ,korea4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( t ye> a great re=m 0 made 9 ! adm9i/rative sy/em1 & ,ito 0 appo9t$ ,m9i/] ,presid5t ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 #ahhh ,privy ,c\ncil 0 in/itut$1 & ,ito 0 appo9t$ its ,presid5t & 8 =m] (fice 0 tak5 by ,c\nt ,kuroda4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important task ! c\ncil _h be=e x 0 ! elaboration ( ! ,imp]ial ,con/itution4 ,! mat]ials :i* x _h to "w ^u 0 *iefly ^? :i* ,ito _h br\ght back f ,europe1 & :i* he _h be5 matur+ ev] s9ce 8 return4 ,e>ly next ye> ! ,imp]ial ,con/itution & ! ,imp]ial ,h\se ,law1 toge!r ) sev]al o!r laws 9 connection ) ! con/itutional rgime !n 9 contemplation1 7 promulgat$1 ) all solemnity & to ! great joy ( ! :ole nation4 ,9 #ahij ! fir/ session ( ! new ,diet in/itut$ by ! ,con/itution met 9 ,tokio1 & ,ito 0 appo9t$ ! fir/ ,presid5t ( ! ,h\se ( ,pe]s4 ,s9ce !n he has held ! po/ ( ,m9i/] ,presid5t ( ! ,/ate sev]al times4 ,x 0 dur+ 8 premi]%ip t ! ,s9o-,japanese w> took place t5 ye>s ago4 ,ito's pres5t po/ is ,presid5t ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil4 ,x may be said "h t ev5 :5 he is out ( ! cab9et1 8 influ5ce is felt & 8 s]vices are r5d]$ to ! /ate4 ,!re are a few p]sons :o are call$ 'eld] /atesm51' ,at pres5t !y are ,ito1 ,in\y1 ,yamagata1 ,oyama1 & ,matsukata4 ,eld] /atesman%ip is n an in/itution recognis$ by a writt5 law4 ,x is a unique position1 m ( a p]sonal nature1 & !re=e x _c be call$ a c\ncil or assembly1 b ! memb]s are collectively or individually tak5 into ! emp]or's confid5ce4 ,! privilege to ?is hon\r may only be look$ = by ^? ^: m]itori\s s]vices to ! /ate /& out above o!rs1 & ! fact ( _! occupy+ su* a position is cont5t$ly acquiesc$ 9 by ! g5]al public4 ,ito is ! pr9cipal ( ^! eld] /atesm54 ,ano!r ( ,ito's great s]vices1 0 8 con/ant endeav\r dur+ _m ye>s to keep h>mony1 9 o!r words1 prev5t ! (t-?reat5$ conflict betwe5 m5 ( diff]5t clans1 especially ^? ( ,sutsuma & ,*osiu1 ?\gh few p are aw>e ( t fact4 ,su*1 z ,i h giv5 x1 is a brief sket* ( ,m>quis ,ito's life1 :i* necess>ily br+s 9 "s ( ! g5]al hi/ory ( ! "t4 ,p>ticul>s x w\ld be impossible to give1 ow+ to ! fact t t p]iod ( our hi/ory be+ s ev5tful1 !y are f> too num]\s4 ,f :at ,i h n>rat$ above1 glimpses ( ,yamagata & ,in\y may be ga!r$4 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 add a little m4 ,yamagata is also a ,*osiu man1 & 0 at "o "t also a pupil ( ,yo%ida ,%o94 ,he is m ( a soldi]1 ?\gh he ranks also v high z a /atesman4 ,he f\ght ! battle ( ,%imonoseki at ! head ( a b& ( volunt>y soldi]s ( ,*osiu1 :5 bomb>d$ by ! comb9$ fleets ( ! f\r p[]s4 ,he took a v important "p 9 ! civil w> 9 ,*osiu1 & 9 ! w> :i* took place :5 ,*osiu 0 surr\nd$ by ! ,%ogun troops4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,fu%imi1 :5 ! ,imp]iali/s made ! exp$ition to ! nor!rn & ea/]n "p ( ,japan1 he comm&$ ! troops ( ,*osiu 9 ! prov9ce ( ,e*igo4 ,aft] t w> he visit$ ,europe1 & on 8 return initiat$ ! adoption ( ! ,european sy/em ( univ]sal s]vice4 ,at fir/1 ( c\rse1 !re 0 mu* difficulty 9 ! matt]1 b 8 en]gy & sagacity won ! po9t ,s9ce t "t he has almo/ always occupi$ "s position connect$ ) ! army1 ) ! exception ( occasional int]vals :5 he fulfill$ "s civil (fices4 ,he has be5 ,m9i/] ( ,w>1 ,*ief ( ! ,g5]al ,/aff1 & su*like4 ,r\ghly speak+1 we may say t ! completion ( ! organisation ( ! ,japanese army is due to him4 ,at ! "t ( ! civil w> ( ,satsuma he held ! *ief direction ( ! campaign1 ?\gh ! title ( ,comm&]-9-,*ief 0 intru/$ to a pr9ce ( ! ,imp]ial family4 ,9 t w> x 0 prov$ t ! new troops =m$ on ! sy/em ( univ]sal s]vice 7 m effici5t ) reg>d to discipl9e & cohesive p[] ?an ! ,samurai =ce ( "o ( ! /ronge/ feudal clans4 ,9 ! ,s9o-,japanese w> he comm&$ an army 9 ! ,liaotung ,p59sula1 ?\gh he _h 9 ! middle ( ! w> to return home on acc\nt ( illness by a press+ ord] ( ! emp]or4 ,at pres5t he is once m ! ,*ief ( ! ,g5]al ,/aff4 ,8 pr$ecessor 0 ,m>quis ,oyama1 b z ! latt]'s pres5ce z ,comm&]-9-,*ief 9 ,man*uria became necess>y1 ,yamagata took 8 place4 ,i may also add t ,yamagata 0 ,prime ,m9i/] sev]al times1 besides hold+ f "t to "t o!r m9i/]ial portfolios4 ,c\nt ,in\y is also a ,*osiu man1 b he 0 n a pupil ( ,%o91 z he 0 born 9 ,yamagu*i & n 9 ,hagi1 :]e ,%o9 liv$4 ,he 0 9 8 e>ly age atta*$ to ! c\rt ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,*osiu1 z a sort ( companion to ! heir ( ! ,pr9ce4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! political atmosph]e became heat$1 he 0 "o ( ! y\?s :o =m$ ! b&s ( ! anti-=eign p>ty1 & z su* became a bosom fri5d ( ,takasugi & ,ito4 ,he 0 "o ( ^? :o set fire to ! new build+s = ! legation4 ,we h already se5 h[ he visit$ ,engl& ) ,ito & o!rs1 & 9 :at circum/ances he w5t home4 ,_! exp]i5ce aft] return+ to ,*osiu 0 ( ! mo/ excit+ & v>i$ "*4 ,x is (t5 mo/ ?rill+ to rec\nt ! incid5ts connect$ !re)4 ,b ( c\rse ,i _c describe !m 9 ! space ( ?is article4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 say t ! political "p ( ! affairs 9 connection ) ,*osiu :i* result$ 9 turn+ ! attitude ( ,*osiu aga9/ ! ,%ogun & at la/ effect+ an alliance ) ,satsuma1 ) ! results ( ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,%ogunate1 are greatly due to ,takasugi1 ,ito1 & ,in\y1 :o 7 ev5tually support$ by ,kido1 ! great ,*osiu /atesman4 ,! decision :i* br\ght ab\t ! decisive battle ( ,fu%imi1 ?\gh ! ,imp]iali/s 7 inf]ior 9 numb] to ! ,%ogunate troops1 0 *iefly due to ! det]m9$ c\nsel :i* ,in\y (f]$ at ! ,imp]ial c\rt on behalf ( ,*osiu4 ,he held _m high po/s 9 ! ,gov]nm5t1 b n s _m z ,ito or ,yamagata1 :i* 0 p]haps due to 8 "* be+ m impetu\s ?an ! o!rs4 ,x 0 ,ito :o initiat$ ! abolition ( ! feudal sy/em1 :i* idea 0 tak5 up fir/ by ,kido & !n by ,okubo1 bo? ( :om 7 ! pr9cipal /atesm5 9 ! new ,imp]ial rgime2 & x 0 ,in\y :o1 :5 ! sy/em 0 f9ally aboli%$ a few ye>s aft]w>ds1 c>ri$ out ! measure & w\nd up ! mo/ complicat$ & difficult affairs ( all ! gov]nm5ts ( feudal lords1 :o numb]$ sev]al hundr$s1 !reby consolidat+ ! new rgime4 ,in\y 0 !n ! act+ ,m9i/] ( ,f9ance1 & ! ,m9i/] ( ,f9ance ( ^? days _h a f> wid] sph]e ( action ?an at ! pres5t "t1 z !re _h n be5 in/itut$ z yet ! ,m9i/ry ( ! ,int]ior4 ,he /ill ex]cises great influ5ce 9 ! political & economical affairs ( ! empire1 z "o may see f ! fact t he is "o ( ! few eld] /atesm54 ,! life ( ,matsukata is n s /rik+ z ^? ( ! prec$+ figures1 b he is also "o ( ,japan's able /atesm54 ,he is a ,satsuma man4 ,he took up civil s]vice f ! e>ly /age ( ! new ,imp]ial rgime1 & gradually advanc$ 8 position f a local gov]nor to ! rank ( cab9et m9i/]4 ,di/+ui%+ himself z a f9anci]1 he 0 ,m9i/] ( ,f9ance = a long "t1 & x 0 he :o succe$$ 9 adopt+ ! gold-/&>d sy/em 9 ,japan4 ,he also occupi$ premi]%ip sev]al times1 & has also be5 ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior4 ,he is n[ a privy c\ncillor & presid5t ( ! ,r$ ,cross ,society ( ,japan1 & z eld] /atesman is /ill r5d]+ valuable s]vices to ! /ate4 ,i may "h int]pose "s words ab\t ! pres5t premi]1 ,c\nt ,katsura1 :o is a ,*osiu man4 ,he 0 a boy soldi] at ! "t ( ! civil w> 9 ,*osiu4 ,:5 ! ,imp]iali/s 7 s5t to ! nor? & ea/ ( ,japan to suppress ! comb9ations ( ! feudal lords 9 ^? p>ts :o _h aris5 aga9/ ! new ,imp]ial rgime1 he1 ?\gh "u age1 0 plac$ at ! head ( a deta*m5t ( ! ,*osiu troops :i* escort$ an ,imp]ial envoy to p]suade "s ( ! lords to submit to ! ,imp]ial summons4 ,! lords1 h[ev]1 did n obey ! summons2 on ! contr>y1 !y assum$ an (f5sive attitude to ! ,imp]ial mess5g] & h>ass$ 8 escort4 ,katsura & 8 m51 z well z m5 ( "s o!r clans :o 7 among ! escort1 _h a v h>d "t1 hav+ be5 oblig$ to fight _! way out4 ,at la/ re9=cem5ts arriv$1 & ! fight+ 0 turn$ 9 _! fav\r4 ,dur+ t "t ,katsura di/+ui%$ himself & 0 an object ( admiration4 ,aft] a few ye>s he 0 made a milit>y atta* to our legation 9 ,b]l91 :]e he devot$ 8 en]gy to ! /udy ( milit>y sci5ce & organisation4 ,he /ay$ !re dur+ _m ye>s1 & !re=e 0 abs5t dur+ ! ,satsuma w>4 ,on 8 return he devot$ 8 s]vices to ! organisation ( ! army1 *iefly "u ,m>quis ,yamagata 9 ! m9i/ry ( w>1 9 :i* he 0 made vice-m9i/] 9 c\rse ( "t4 ,he 01 be=e ! outbreak ( ! ,s9o-,japanese w>1 *ief ( ! g>rison at ,nagoya1 & 9 t w> _h ! comm& ( a division 9 ,liaotung1 :]e he di/+ui%$ himself z a practical & /rategical g5]al4 ,he 0 at "o "t ,gov]nor-,g5]al ( ,=mosa1 at ano!r ,m9i/] ( ,w>1 & on ! resignation ( ! ,ito cab9et 9 #aija he 0 appo9t$ ,m9i/] ,presid5t ( ,/ate1 :i* (fice he n[ holds4 ,i w n[ give an acc\nt ( ,c\nt ,okuma4 ,he is a ,hiz5 man3 he talks well & is possess$ ( a good memory4 ,he is1 no d\bt1 "o ( ! able/ ,japanese 9 our day4 ,8 life has n be5 s /rik+ z t ( ,ito1 ,in\y1 or ,yamagata 9 ! pre-re/oration p]iod1 because ! clan to :i* he belong$ 0 a peaceful "o 9 ^? days1 & did n (f] any opportunities = adv5tur\s y\?4 ,a little be=e ! re/oration he 0 a /ud5t at ,nagasaki1 :]e he /udi$ ,engli% to "s ext5t4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t he 0 consid]$ clev] among 8 fell[-clansm54 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ! clans t did ! greate/ "w = ! re/oration1 & produc$ mo/ ( ! able m51 7 ,*osiu & ,satsuma & !n ,tosa4 ,!re=e we (t5 say ,sat*o1 :i* is a t]m made by a comb9ation ( ,satsuma & ,*osiu1 & sometimes ,sat*oto1 :i* is a t]m /&+ = ,satsuma--,*osiu--,tosa :5 ,tosa is add$ to !m4 ,b we sometimes include ,hiz51 :i* is ! prov9ce to :i* ,okuma belong$1 & say ,sat*otohi4 ,x came ab\t 9 ?is way4 ,saga 9 ! prov9ce ( ,hiz5 0 also "o ( ! great feudal clans4 ,soon aft] ! re/oration ! ,imp]iali/ p>ty1 ( :i* ! ,sat*oto 7 ! important elem5t1 enli/$ on _! side ! support ( ,saga1 :i* 0 only too glad to id5tify its cause ) t ( ! ,imp]iali/s4 ,besides1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,saga 0 an able man & 0 n likely to let ! *ances slip4 ,h5ce ,saga soon became a =ce 9 ! ,imp]ial politics ( ,japan1 & able m5 com+ !refrom f\nd _! way to ! c5tral political ar5a ( ,japan4 ,x 0 ?us t ,c\nt ,okuma 0 br\ght on to ! political /age4 ,8 natural ability soon made him conspicu\s among politicians1 & he rose to high positions4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,saga _h _h a pr$ilection = ,european civilisation ev5 be=e !n1 & ,european ideas _h already be5 introduc$ 9 ! clan previ\sly4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 an iron factory1 ?\gh n successful1 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! prov9ce4 ,su* surr\nd+s1 z well z 8 /ay at ,nagasaki1 _h made "y ,okuma famili> ) ,european ideas4 ,he 0 a great ga9 to m5 l ,ito & ,in\y4 ,!y soon =m$ a sort ( comb9ation among "y /atesm5 ( _! own type1 & ?us !y began ! "w ( introduc+ ,european ideas 9 ,japan4 ,! fir/ railway betwe5 ,tokio & ,yokohama1 = in/ance1 0 con/ruct$ *iefly ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,ito & ,okuma1 despite _m prejudicial objections :i* /ill exi/$4 ,okuma is a man ( great en]gy1 & also a man :o c /ir up y\? to d t :i* he wi%es to be done1 ?us qualify+ himself z a good p>ty lead]4 ,he is also a good f9anci]1 & has done mu* = ! /ate = _m ye>s1 side by side ) ,ito1 ?\gh = consummate ability & pr(\nd & con/ructive /atesman%ip great] cr$it is1 by common cons5t1 giv5 to ,ito4 ,9 #ahha s]i\s diff]5ces ( political op9ions arose 9 ! cab9et1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ,okuma resign$4 ,he !n organis$ a political p>ty call$ 'progressioni/s 9 opposition to ! ,gov]nm5t on "o h&1 & on ! o!r h& to ! ,lib]al p>ty :i* _h be5 organis$ by ,c\nt ,itagaki two ye>s previ\sly4 ,s9ce !n he has be5 out ( (fice = _m ye>s1 b has kept 8 p>ty toge!r 9 a cr$itable mann]4 ,9 #ahhh he 0 appo9t$ ,m9i/] = ,=eign ,affairs 9 ! ,kuroda cab9et4 ,9 ! next ye>1 on acc\nt ( ! revision ( ! treaties1 an attempt 0 made aga9/ 8 life1 & he lo/ "o ( 8 legs by ! explosion ( a bomb ?r[n at 8 c>riage4 ,he resign$ (fice2 8 p>ty rema9$ & /ill rema9s fai?ful to him1 ?\gh he has nev] be5 a memb] ( ! ,diet4 ,s9ce !n he has once m occupi$ ! position ( ,m9i/] = ,=eign ,affairs & also t ( ,premi]1 b ! t5ure ( 8 (fice on bo? occasions 0 %ort1 & 8 (ficial c>e] n p>ticul>ly brilliant4 ,he does n enjoy mu* popul>ity among o!r /atesm51 & 8 influ5ce 9 ! ,gov]nm5t circle is n great4 ,?is 01 p]haps1 ! *ief cause ( 8 failure 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,he ex]cises1 h[ev]1 great influ5ce among ! p at l>ge1 & 8 p]sonal ability is und\bt$4 ,8 patriotism is also n to be que/ion$1 because on any occasion ( em]g5cy he gives up 8 p]sonal prejudices & supports ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 s dur+ ! ,s9o-,japanese w>1 & also s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,russo-,japanese w>4 ,8 memory is almo/ wond]ful1 & 8 p]ception is v quick4 ,al?\gh he has nev] left ,japan1 he kn[s ,europe almo/ bett] ?an _m :o h made x _! special /udy4 ,he c also rememb] figures v well4 ,reg>d$ 9 ! light ( sonor\s tone & weighty argum5t1 he is n a great orator1 b he is a v flu5t speak] & an excell5t conv]sationali/4 ,i w n[ give y a sket* ( ! life ( ,m>quis ,saionji1 ! lead] ( ! ,con/itutional p>ty1 :i* is ! greate/ political organisation 9 & out ( ! ,diet4 ,8 "n also appe>s 9 ! ,we/]n pap]s f "t to "t4 ,he succe$$ ,m>quis ,ito 9 ! lead]%ip ( t p>ty :5 ! latt] _h accept$ ! ,presid5cy ( ,privy ,c\ncil1 & 0 oblig$ to give up ! lead]%ip ( ! p>ty :i* owes its creation to him4 ,m>quis ,saionji 0 a companion 9 8 boyhood to ! pres5t emp]or4 ,at ! "t ( ! re/oration1 :5 b fifte5 ye>s ( age1 he 0 despat*$ to ! nor!rn prov9ces ( ,japan1 at ! head ( an ,imp]ial army1 to subjugate ^? prov9ces4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds a resid5t 9 ,p>is = _m ye>s1 &1 !re=e1 he mu/ be rememb]$ by _m ,p>isians4 ,he 0 = "s ye>s our ,m9i/] 9 ,b]l91 & 0 also ,m9i/] ( ,education1 ,m9i/] = ,=eign ,affairs1 & ,presid5t ( ,privy ,c\ncil at diff]5t times4 ,he 0 ,m9i/] ,presid5t ( ,/ate ad int]im at "o "t4 ,?\gh a scion ( a high c\rt noble1 8 s5tim5ts conta9 a /rong democratic elem5t1 side by side ) ref9em5t & nobl5ess ( ari/ocracy4 ,9 ! above sket*es ,i h employ$ ! titles ( nobility :ile speak+ ( ^? celebrities1 b x may be obs]v$ t !y 71 except ,saionji1 orig9ally m5 ( comp>atively insignificant orig91 & _! titles are ! gift ( ! emp]or 9 recognition ( ! s]vices r5d]$ to _! ,imp]ial ma/] & _! belov$ c\ntry4 #a ,! pres5t ,visc\nt ,kawas1 :o 0 ,japanese ,m9i/] 9 ,london4 ,v ,,an ,,old ,,spee* ,,by ,,! ,,m>quis ,,ito ,9 a rec5t numb] ( ! ,japan ,times ,i came across ! foll[+ acc\nt ( a spee* made by ! ,m>quis ,ito 9 ,wa%+ton1 "s ?irty-f\r ye>s ago1 :5 he 0 !re on a mission4 ,! spee* gives a v good outl9e ( ! great *ange :i* _h !n already be5 effect$ 9 ,japan & ! broad =eca/ :i* 0 aim$ at by h] = h] future4 ,"o :o reads t spee* w\ld at once p]ceive :at ennobl+ aspirations ,japan _h !n on ! l9es ( occid5tal civilisation1 & h[ f> %e has succe$$ 9 t aspiration1 z has be5 %[n by ! w> betwe5 h] & ,russia4 ,i !re=e incorporate ! acc\nts ( x1 borr[$ v]batim f ! ,japan ,times1 :i* may also be reg>d$ 9 a measure z a supplem5t to ! prec$+ article4--,k4,s4 ,,m>quis ,,ito ,,9 ,,wa%+ton ,,?irty-,,f\r ,,ye>s ,,ago ,m>quis ,ito rec5tly receiv$ f ,mr4 ,hioki1 ,secret>y ( our legation at ,wa%+ton1 a package conta9+ int]e/+ rem9d]s ( 8 soj\rn 9 ! ,am]ican capital ?irty-f\r ye>s ago1 :5 he sp5t a few mon?s !re = ! /udy ( ! f9ancial sy/em ( ! ,republic4 ,9 8 "w ( inve/igation he receiv$ mo/ valuable assi/ance f ,mr4 ,h4,j4 ,saville1 ! ,*ief ,cl]k ( ! ,treasury1 & x 0 f ?is g5tleman t ^! int]e/+ relics ( ! di/+ui%$ /atesman's visit 7 orig9ally obta9$ by ,mr4 ,hioki4 ,mr4 ,saville is /ill liv+ 9 ,wa%+ton1 & pres]ves a mo/ vivid recollection ( ! ,m>quis's visit4 ,! docum5ts relate to a f>ewell d9n] giv5 by ,m>quis ,ito at ,welck]'s1 ,fifte5? ,/reet1 on ,april #bh1 #ahga4 ,among ! gue/s on ! occasion1 we f9d ! names ( ,presid5t ,grant1 ,vice-,presid5t ,s*uyl]1 ,speak] ,bla9e1 ,secret>y ,fi%1 & o!r memb]s ( ! cab9et1 & a numb] ( s5ators & congressm54 ,among ! ,japanese pres5t1 besides ! ho/1 7 ! late ,c\nt ,mutsu1 ! late ,visc\nt ,mori 7!n our ,m9i/] at ,wa%+ton71 ! late ,b>on ,naka%ima1 & ,mr4 ,g5i*iro ,fuku*i4 ,on t occasion ! ,m>quis deliv]$ a spee* 9 ,engli%1 :i*1 ap>t f ! int]e/ d]iv$ f ! p]sonality ( ! speak]1 des]ves att5tion on acc\nt ( ! light x ?r[s ^u ! lib]al aspirations ( ! mak]s ( ,new ,japan--aspirations :i* h s9ce be5 s successfully realis$4 ,we reproduce bel[ ! spee* exactly z x /&s 9 ! copy be=e u3-- ',tak+ advantage ( ! opportunity af=d$ me by ! assembl+ "h ( s _m ( ! g5tlem5 :o h assi/$ me to accompli% ! object ( my com+1 ,i desire to ext5d to !m my s9c]e ?anks = ! _m c\rtesies receiv$ at _! h&s1 & to assure !m t ,i return fully satisfi$ ) ! result ( my mission1 & ) an abid+ fai? t all !y h taught me w be> good fruit 9 due season4 ',x seems to me t an exam9ation ( ! pa/ z well z ! pres5t condition ( ! _w w %[ t civilisation has n rea*$ its highe/ developm5t1 b t progress 9 t z 9 o!r ?+s is possible 9 ! future4 ,z an evid5ce ( ?is ,i w\ld in/ance ! fact t ?is nation1 :i* less ?an "o hundr$ ye>s ago 0 unkn[n1 n[ ranks second to none 9 civilisation & 9 importance4 ,?is fact t5ds /rongly to enc\rage ! ori5tal nations to ef=ts t[>ds a high] civilisation ?an !y n[ possess4 ',! inquiry naturally is3 ,:at is ! reason ! ori5tal peoples h n rea*$ ! same degree ( civilisation z ! ,european8 ,are ! mat]ial res\rces ( ! ori5tal c\ntries insuffici5t8 ,is ! native =ce ( ! p defici5t8 ,no3 ^! que/ions we put aside1 & we f9d ! explanation ma9ly 9 ! "* ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,y ask :5ce came ?is peculi> "*8 ,i c only answ]1 ,i ?9k f education4 ,x seems to me t all ! highe/ ord] 9 mod]n civilisation d]ives its /r5g? f ! developm5t ( ! intellect1 & ! improvem5t ( ! sci5tific k & accompli%m5ts ( m54 ,x is fur!r /r5g!n$ by developm5t ( ! inh]5t pr9ciples ( natural law1 ! enc\ragem5t 9 ! p ( a high ideal ( "r & wrong1 & ! /rong political organisation made possible by su* a f\ndation2 s t we may conclude t ! highe/ degree ( civilisation belongs to t nation :i* has mo/ develop$ a high ord] ( g5]al education & broad pr9ciples ( political lib]ty4 ',i d\bt if ! "q ( /r5g? mat]ially influ5ces ! de/9y ( nations4 ,z an illu/ration ( ?is we "k t ! civilisation ( ,egypt1 ,india1 ,greece1 & ,rome has n be5 lo/1 b has be5 m]ely transf]r$ f ^? c\ntries to ! ,we/1 z ! /> ( ! empire travels4 ,! loss ( civilisation 9 ^! nations sprang n f ! fact t !y 7 physically weak1 b f ! m subtle "o t )9 !mselves !y conta9 an inh]5t weakness4 ',a m mod]n in/ance is ! late ,franco-,prussian w>4 ,none ( u d\bt ! /r5g? ( ! ,fr5* nation1 ! skill ( its g5]als & ability ( its soldi]s1 & yet h[ h our he>ts be5 wrung ) sympa?y = poor ,france :5 br\ght 9 contact ) ! m sup]ior =ce ( ,prussia--sup]ior n only 9 mat]ial /r5g?1 b 9 skilful soldi]s1 9 able g5]als1 & 9 wise c\nsellors4 ,s ,i say /r5g? has v little to d ) ! developm5t ( civilisation1 /r5g? is m]ely relative2 civilisation is ! quality :i* is nev] lo/1 & nev] c be conqu]$4 ',i f9d v errone\s ideas prevail 9 ,am]ica z well z 9 ,europe 9 relation to my c\ntry4 ,! ,empire ( ,japan consi/s ( num]\s isl&s 9 ! ,ori5tal ,sea1 along ! coa/ ( ! ,asian cont95t4 ,i ?9k ! record$ exi/5ce ( ! nation ext5ds ov] some?+ m ?an two ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t its int]c\rse ) =eign nations has be5 exce$+ly limit$4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury int]c\rse began ) ! ,portuguese1 ,spani%1 & "s o!r ,european nations1 b ! decl9e ( ^! l$ to its decay4 ,our p h n be5 ambiti\s4 ,!y h be5 satisfi$ :5 !y h rea*$ t compet5cy :i* gives support1 & z a result !y h n s\ght =eign int]c\rse4 ',sev5te5 ye>s ago ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t s5t an envoy to our c\ntry1 ) in/ructions to advise u to op5 our ports to =eign int]c\rse1 & ?is advice s k9dly giv5 0 act$ on4 ,s9ce t "t our int]c\rse ) =eign nations has be5 gr[+1 until at pres5t ,japan bids fair to be z well kn[n z ,am]ica4 ',) ! comm5cem5t ( ?is int]c\rse1 ! ,japanese p began to realise t !y _h n rea*$ ! highe/ /age ( civilisation1 & !y began ! inve/igation ( :at con/itut$ ,european & ,am]ican civilisation4 ,beg9n+ by ! introduction ( "s ( ! mo/ useful ( ! =eign arts1 sci5ces1 & me*anical inv5tions into _! c\ntry1 !y h s f> progress$ z to h at ?is "t rea*$ ! necessity = s5d+ missions abroad to obta9 a k ( ! =eign sy/ems ( f9ances1 & we h come to ,am]ica to /udy y\r f9ancial sy/em z well z to obta9 additional k 9 o!r bran*es ( civilis$ gov]nm5t1 :i* w be ( b5efit to u 9 our ef=ts to rea* t high e/ate :i* y h already atta9$4 ,& ?is we hold z /rong evid5ce ( ! progress ( ,japan 9 civilis$ ideas4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld express to y h[ great t advancem5t has be54 ',b to return to ! hi/ory ( my c\ntry4 ,ab\t sev5 hundr$ ye>s ago ! p[] ( ! comm&+ g5]al became s great t he 0 enabl$ to usurp ! au?ority ( ! emp]or prop]2 & f t "t1 desc5d+ ?r\gh fa!r & son1 ?is p[] became /rong]1 until at la/ ! gov]nm5t ( ,japan _h virtually fall5 into _! h&s2 & in/ead ( ! ,gov]nm5t be+ spok5 ( z ! ,mikado's gov]nm5t1 x came to be kn[n z ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,tycoon1 :o 0 9 reality ! p[]ful rul] ( ! p4 ',b no "o family enjoy$ ! p[] ( ! ,tycoonety 9 peace4 ,dur+ ! exi/5ce ( :at is kn[n z ! ,tycoon's gov]nm5t six ( ! pr9cipal ducal families ( ! empire cont5d$ = ! position ( ,tycoon1 & ea* 9 8 turn came into possession ( ! re9s ( gov]nm5t4 ',out ( ! qu>rels ( ^! ducal families grew a sy/em some:at resembl+ ! feudal sy/em ( ,europe4 ,! con/ant fight+ ( ^! antagoni/ic elem5ts made ?is possible4 ,ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago ! ,tokugawa family came into possession ( ! p[] & dignity ( ! ,tycoon4 ,f ?is "t ! feudal sy/em f\nd$ 9 ! necessities & /r5g!n$ by ! w>s ( ! _m z aspirants = p[] came to be a fix$ in/itution1 & ! reign ( ! ,tokugawa family prov+ to be a peaceful "o1 its hold on ! c\ntry became ?or\ghly well e/abli%$4 ',be=e ! usurpation ( ! ,tycoon ! =m ( gov]nm5t 0 absolutely mon>*ical1 ) no indep5d5t pr9ces or p[]s4 ',z a result ( ! ,tycoon's rule1 n alone ! ,tycoon's position became h]$it>y1 b also all ! highe/ gov]nm5tal positions--g5]als1 m9i/]s1 & pr9ces1 ! latt] be+ orig9ally m]ely gov]nors4 ,) ! e/abli%m5t ( int]c\rse ) =eign c\ntries1 & ! consequ5t developm5t ( ! progressive p ( ,japan1 !y began to realise _! unsatisfactory =m ( gov]nm5t "u :i* !y 7 liv+4 ,!y became dissatisfi$ ) ! rule ( an au?ority :i* did n enc\rage ability1 & ^: /r5g? lay 9 h]$it>y claims to p[]4 ,?is s5tim5t gr[+ /rong] & /rong]1 !y at la/ resolv$ to aboli% ! p[] & (fice ( ! ,tycoon & return ! real p[] to ! h&s ( ! emp]or4 ,?is resolution on _! "p has giv5 rise to ! /ories ( revolution 9 ,japan1 ! revolution be+ 9 reality only ! ef=ts ( ! bett] p to =m a /able & reliable ,gov]nm5t ) ! prop] & respect$ p[] at its head1 assi/$ 9 its control ( affairs by ability1 integrity1 & fai?fulness :]ev] f\nd4 ',?is came to be an accompli%$ fact f\r ye>s ago1 & to-day1 z a result1 we h ! =m] vassal & s]vant ( ! pr9ce sitt+ 9 ! high seats by 8 side1 & c\nsell+ ) him 9 ! affairs ( ! nation4 ',b ! ,japanese p d n mean to /op "h4 ,!re is n[ a gr[+ s5tim5t 9 ,japan :i* /rongly fav\rs con/itutional mon>*y1 a gr[+ feel+ aga9/ h]$it>y p[]1 h]$it>y rank1 & h]$it>y possessions4 ,x may be t ! bright hopes ( "s ( my p w n be realis$ at once1 b if ! pa/ is tak5 z an index ( :at is to come1 ,i am enc\rag$ to say t ! progress ( ! future w f9d ,japan1 9 a v few ye>s1 9 ! front rank ( advanc$ & civilis$ nations1 ) a ,gov]nm5t z lib]al 9 =m & g5]\s to its citiz5s z t ( any mon>*y "u ! sun4 ',9 ,japan1 z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 !re mu/ necess>ily be diff]5ces ( op9ion4 ,we h among our p radical & rapid progressi/s2 cons]vatives1 always mak+ ha/e sl[ly1 always /udy+ ! situation1 always mov+ ) great caution & circumspection1 (t5 unwisely wa/+ _! opportunities = advancem5t by too great caution or timid fe>2 o!rs timid because ( ! fe> t !y w lose _! prop]ty or position by any *ange2 o!rs1 ! selfi% ,utopian1 :o builds an impossible ca/le1 hop+ t ! f\ndation /ones may be preci\s jewels1 re/+ 9 8 l& only2 &1 la/ly1 !re are yet a few :o are oppos$ to =eign int]c\rse1 & :o believe t its /r5g? lies 9 clos$ ports & selfi% suffici5cy unto !mselves4 ',to ! outsid] 9 ,japan all ^! diff]5ces may appe> z elem5ts ( weakness1 :5 9 fact !y are elem5ts ( /r5g?2 &1 p]haps1 9 no c\ntry c ?is be s well appreciat$ z ,am]ica1 :]e ! /r5g? & success ( ! ,gov]nm5t dep5ds s mu* on ! agitation ( que/ions by ! p4 ,! "t is com+ :5 ,japan w /& among ! fir/ 9 its civilisation & progress4 ,! "q ) u is3 ,h[ c we mo/ rapidly rea* ?is high /ate ( developm5t8 ,to my m9d ! be/ answ] is by educat+ ! p & develop+ ! c\ntry4 ',we are grateful to realise t ! ,am]ican p und]/& our ef=ts1 & m especially t ! di/+ui%$ company ( g5tlem5 "h assembl$ und]/& !m4 ,! prevail+ s5tim5t 9 ,am]ica1 x seems to me1 is 9 fav\r ( ! bro!rhood ( nations2 & feel+ ?is :5 we left ,japan1 we felt t we 7 com+ among a p :o w\ld enc\rage & assi/ u 9 e way possible4 ,we h n be5 deceiv$4 ,e assi/ance has be5 r5d]$ u2 e facility = /udy af=d$ u1 & we w return to our c\ntry freight$ ) k1 &1 z we hope1 equal to ! te/1 :i* we confess is a great "o1 ( putt+ 9 motion su* re=ms & improvem5ts z %all place u ^u a foot+ equal to ! be/ ( nations4 ',9 ! ye>s to come x is to be hop$ t ! int]c\rse betwe5 ,japan & ,am]ica1 ! si/] nations on ea* side ( ! great ,pacific ,ocean1 may be f\nd$ ^u t /rong feel+ ( bro!rly love :i* s unite di/ant peoples1 t ?r\gh /orm & sun%9e !y w ev] be true fri5ds & e>ne/ assi/ants--co-work]s 9 ! great cause ( humanity & ! developm5t ( ! _w 9 its moral1 social1 intellectual1 & mat]ial aspects4 ',9 conclusion1 ,i desire to ext5d to all ( ! g5tlem5 "h pres5t1 & to ?\s&s :o are unavoidably abs5t1 my s9c]e ?anks = ! great c\rtesy & k9dness :i* ,i h receiv$ at _! h&s2 & if x %all ev] be my pleasure to meet any ( y 9 my c\ntry1 x w af=d me ! greate/ happ9ess imag9able to ext5d to y ! w>m h& ( fell[%ip1 & to give y su* a reception z w prove h[ entirely & truly ,i appreciate all y h done = me4' ,,vi ,,! ,,comm]cial ,,morality ,,( ,,! ,,japanese#a ,9 accordance ) y\r reque/ t ,i %\ld write an answ] to ,mr4 ,joseph ,h ,long=d on ! comm]cial morality' ( ! ,japanese1 :i* has appe>$ 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review1 ,i v5ture to write ^! l9es = y\r p]usal4 ,i d s r hesitat+ly1 z ,i h no desire to ent] ^u a dispute ) t di/+ui%$ writ]4 ,!re is1 x seems to me1 a great deal ( tru? 9 :at ,mr4 ,long=d says2 b1 at ! same "t1 x is1 ,i ?9k1 pa9t$ black] on ! side ( ! ,japanese & bright] on ! side ( ! =eign]s out !re ?an ! facts w>rant4 ,to beg9 )1 x is true t 9 ,japan we _h ! classification ( ! p into f\r1 viz4 soldi]s1 f>m]s1 artisans1 & trad]s1 & ?us trad]s /ood ! la/4 ,f ?is fact ord9>y critics make a ha/y conclusion t ,japanese trad]s--9 :i* t]m big m]*ants are includ$--occupi$ 9 e respect a position :i* 0 inf]ior ev5 to t ( common peasants2 b ?is is n fair4 ,9 social matt]s !y (t5 occupi$ v good positions2 9 fact1 !re 7 _m to :om special consid]ations simil> to ,samurai 7 accord$4 ,! above classification has mu* deep] mean+ ?an a m]e social caprice1 & x is d]iv$ f a !ory ( political economy ( ! classical ,*9a4 ,accord+ to t !ory1 agriculture is consid]$ ! f\ndation ( a nation1 & comm]ce is a m]e act ( transportation ( ?+s already made1 &1 !re=e1 comp>atively ( little value4 ,t su* a !ory %\ld h exi/$ 9 ,*9a is a matt] ( no surprise1 = ev5 9 ! ,europe ( a little m ?an "o hundr$ ye>s ago !re fl\ri%$ physiocracy1 ! doctr9e ( :i* 0 almo/ id5tical ) t ( ! ,*9ese4 ,! ,japanese classification ( ! =m] days 0 consid]ably due to ! influ5ce ( t !ory1 & !re=e ! relative positions ( ! ,samurai1 f>m]s1 artisans1 & trad]s 7 m ( !oretical notion ?an a social fact4 ,?is is a di/9ction v important to be kept 9 view :5 "o discusses ?+s ,japanese4 ,t ! ,samurai z a class despis$ deal+s 9 matt]s ( pr(it is an und\bt$ fact1 b a trad]'s position 0 n s degrad$ z ,mr4 ,long=d repres5ts4 ,he says3-- ',j z ! tra9+ & social prec$5ce ( 8 ance/ors = hundr$s ( ye>s & ( himself h made ! ,japanese soldi] a model )\t flaw ( loyalty1 devotion1 & c\rage1 ready to sacrifice at any "t life or prop]ty = 8 sov]eign & 8 c\ntry1 s h oppression & social degradation comb9$ to make ! m]*ant a no less /rik+ model ( di%one/y & timidity1 unwill+ & unable to make ! smalle/ monet>y sacrifice = 8 own or 8 c\ntry's fair fame4' ,surely ?is is sweep+ ass]tion4 ,if we take individual cases into acc\nt1 /rik+ *>act]s 9 ! ranks ( m]*ants are abundant 9 records & 9 memory4 ,ev5 9 ! movem5t :i* result$ 9 ! re/oration ( ! pres5t ,imp]ial rgime1 c\ntless m5 ^: orig9 belong$ to m]cantile circles may lay _! claim ( p>ticipation to x4 ,true1 !y 7 m5 :o g5]ally ca/ (f _! orig9al occupation & enroll$ !mselves 9 ! ranks ( patriots1 s t !y may be consid]$ z exceptions4 ,b ev5 z a class 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( m]*ants !y sc>cely des]ve t k9d ( condemnation4 ,osaka 9 =m] days _h "s resemblance to free cities ( ! ,we/1 & e "o well acqua9t$ ) ?+s ,japanese kn[s :at a well-develop$ m]cantile sy/em x possess$4 ,s also ! s-call$ ,omi m]*ants4 ,ev5 ) reg>d to m]*ants & tradesm5 ( all p>ts ( ! c\ntry !re 0 little room = !m to be s di%one/ z ! writ] describes4 ,"u ! feudal sy/em comm]cial occupations 7 almo/ h]$it>y4 ,!y _h almo/ no fre$om ( removal f _! accu/om$ abode4 ,_! cu/om]s 7 ! *ildr5 or gr&*ildr5 ( ^? :o 7 cu/om]s ( _! fa!rs or gr&fa!rs4 ,if a m]*ant "u su* circum/ances made di%one/y 8 cu/om>y trade1 & expect$ prosp]ity1 he w\ld surely be totally disappo9t$1 & w\ld suff] a des]v+ p5alty4 ,besides1 9 ^? days social sanction1 f ! v nature ( ! conditions "u :i* !y f\nd !mselves situat$1 0 mo/ sev]e4 ,yes6 ,m]*ants & trad]s ( ^? days 7 hone/1 f> beyond "o c imag9e4 ,if any di%one/y or any %ortcom+s 9 respect to comm]cial probity h become obs]vable1 x is necess>y evil produc$ by ! *ang$ circum/ances ( ! "t1 *iefly on acc\nt ( =eign int]c\rse4 ,mr4 ,long=d speaks ( ! e>ly ,japanese trad]s :o flock$ to ! newly op5$ ports z be+ ')\t exception adv5tur]s ) nei!r "n nor money to lose1 ) ke5 wits & ! det]m9ation to exploit to ! utmo/4' ,?is is1 9 a measure1 und\bt$ly true1 & acc\nts = ! lam5table condition :i* = a long "t exi/$ 9 ! trades at ! op5 ports4 ,b ?is is n ! only cause4 ,on ! p>ts ( =eign m]*ants :o came out !re to trade1 !re 0 mu* to be criticis$2 ,i mean to say1 !y 7 also mo/ly adv5tur]s 9 a measure2 !y 7 also inconsid]ate1 ev5 arrogant4 ,a ,we/]n m]*ant :o1 leav+ ,*9a1 0 pass+ ?r\gh ,japan1 violat$ int5tionally "t-hon\r$ etiquette aga9/ "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ',daimio1' say+1 ',i "k h[ to manage ^! ,ori5tals1' & 0 murd]$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,x is a good illu/ration ( ! k9d ( conduct ( ! ,europeans ( ^? days t[>ds u2 h5ce no sympa?y exi/$ betwe5 !m & our trad]s--! deal+s 7 view$1 naturally1 v diff]5tly f ^? :i* !y 7 wont to c>ry on ) _! native cu/om]s ( sev]al g5]ations' /&+4 ,bus9ess is bus9ess1 s ! common say+ goes1 b ev5 9 bus9ess mutual respect & fri5dly feel+ g a long way4 ,h[ c a model trade be expect$ to be creat$ "u su* circum/ances8 ,!n1 aga91 9 ,japan comm]cial goods 71 & are /ill1 to a great ext5t made by h& on small scales4 ,no big indu/rial factories exi/$ :]e "o c\ld ord] a l>ge numb] ( articles id5tical 9 e respect z "o c\ld d 9 ,europe4 ,=eign trad]s1 n tak+ ^! conditions into _! s]i\s consid]ation1 (t5 gave simil> ord]s z !y 7 us$ to d 9 ,europe1 & :5 articles deliv]$ to !m 7 f\nd to be n p]fectly id5tical1 !y (t5 took advantage ( t fact1 & gave mu* tr\ble to ! native contractors1 :o did n expect to meet ) s mu* sev]ity4 ,!re exi/$ also v bad cu/oms among =eign trad]s2 ! ess5ce ( ^? cu/oms 0 kn[n by ! "n ( ',haik51' or ',kankan4' ,^! t]ms1 lit]ally mean+ 'to see1' 7 us$ to veil ! facts ( deta9+ goods at _! /oreh\ses1 (t5 = an unreasonable l5g? ( "t2 9 ! meantime asc]ta9+ ! comm]cial conditions ( _! home1 & return+ ! goods :5 !y f\nd ! transaction 0 n likely to be b5eficial to !m4 ,native trad]s _h s]i\s gr\nds ( compla9t aga9/ ^? cu/oms4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 at "o "t ! matt] 0 br\ght to a v acute /ate1 & ! native trad]s began to try to get rid ( !m by comb9ation1 b ) little success4 ,i imag9e ,mr4 ,long=d w rememb] ! incid5ts :i* occurr$ 9 connection ) t matt] 9 ,yokohama ye>s ago4 ,i c also /ate on good au?ority t !re 7 ev5 "s cases :]e9 =eign trad]s !mselves practis$1 t[>d _! compatriot at home1 "s actions :i* appe> n to h be5 9 unison ) ,we/]n hone/y1 & tak+ advantage ( our un=tunate reputation attribut$ ! fault to ! ,japanese :5 matt]s 7 discov]$4 ,! notori\s case :]e9 a l>ge =eign firm deal+ 9 silk1 :o took (f ! labels ( native manufactur]s & *ang$ !m into a s+le k9d :i* he lik$1 0 boycott$ by !m :5 ! matt] came to broad daylight1 may also be recollect$ by him4 ,ano!r ?+ :i* =eign trad]s 7 wont to d 0 t !y (t5 ord]$ ?+s direct f small manufactur]s at a co/ f> less ?an _! real value4 ,japanese m]*ants (t5 said t !y c\ld n compete ) =eign trad]s1 inasmu* z =eign m]*ants (t5 got ?+s at less exp5se ?an !y !mselves c\ld4 ,?is is surely an extraord9>y ph5om5on4 ,b ! fact 0 t ^? =eign trad]s (t5 succe$$ 9 mak+ t k9d ( contract ei!r by giv+ "s tempt+ inducem5t at ! beg9n+ or canvass+ sev]al manufactur]s "o aft] ano!r1 always %[+ ! la/ mo/ advantage\s (f]1 & br++ d[n ! price by b>ga9+ 9 a skilful & cunn+ mann]4 ,"u su* circum/ances x 0 n surpris+ if ^? contracts 7 (t5 unfulfill$1 simply on acc\nt ( ! inability ( fulfilm5t by ! contractors4 ,!re 0 also ano!r circum/ance :i* caus$ commotion & disord] 9 all comm]cial deal+ 9 ,japan4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ! new ord] "u ! new sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 especially ! abolition ( ! feudal sy/em1 widely *ang$ ! accu/om$ occupations ( ! ,japanese at l>ge4 ,*ances = mak+ weal? & = ent]+ ^u v>i\s ent]prises almo/ entirely *ang$ _! h&4 ,besides1 f\r hundr$ ?\s& families 7#b1jjj1jjj capita7 ( ,samurai1 :o gave up _! h]$it>y all[ances1 n[ _h to make _! e>n+s *iefly by becom+ trad]s or sometimes agriculturi/s1 occupations to :i* !y 7 entirely unaccu/om$4 ,!y naturally exp]i5c$ failure aft] failure4 ,x 0 !n t a new t]m1 ',trades ( ,samurai1' mean+ !reby an und]tak+ :i* is prec>i\s or ev5 doom$ to failure1 came into exi/5ce4 ,9 "o s5se x 0 sad to ?9k ab\t1 b ! fact 0 s4 ,"u su* circum/ances "o c well imag9e t di%one/y1 or r failure ( fulfilm5t ( promise1 al?\gh aga9/ "o's consci5ce1 x maybe presum$1 0 (t5 exp]i5c$ ev5 among our own community4 ,?is also might h _h "s indirect effects ^u =eign trade4 ,critics say t comm]cial probity 9 ,*9a is bett] ?an 9 ,japan4 ,x may be true2 ,i %all n dispute4 ,! ,*9ese are excell5t trad]s1 & besides1 z e "o kn[s1 no su* social revolution1 z 0 ! case ) u ,japanese1 has ev] tak5 place4 ,t acc\nts = ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,*9ese & ,japanese trad]s 9 ! fir/ place1 b t is n all4 ,! ,*9ese are1 individually speak+1 v docile2 !y w\ld n ?9k ( qu>rell+ ) =eign trad]s1 "u :atev] humiliat+ circum/ances !y might f9d !mselves plac$1 s long z !y c\ld make "s pr(it4 ,b ?is is v diff]5t ) u ,japanese4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! case ( a ',riki%a' man2 if he 7 a ,japanese1 & suppose a =eign rid] :ipp$ him1 z !y (t5 d1 because he did n run quick en\gh1 ! probability is1 he w\ld ask to be excus$ c>ry+ ! rid] any fur!r1 or turn r\nd to ! rid] & ask = an explanation4 ,he w\ld d s no matt] :e!r or n he w\ld get 8 f>e2 b if x 7 a ,*9aman1 ! probability is t he w\ld calmly suff] ! treatm5t1 & proce$ j at ! rate he c\ld run1 8 ?\ghts be+ conc5trat$ on obta9+ z good a fee z he c\ld get1 & w\ld be look$ ^u z an hone/ man 9 consequ5ce4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s exi/s 9 ! matt] ( trade at l>ge4 ,*9ese tradesm5 w\ld suff] )\t ang]1 any arrogance or unreasonabl5ess ( =eign trad]s1 & ex]t su* wond]ful pati5ce 9 ord] ultimately to atta9 _! objects1 :il/ ,japanese m]*ants w\ld soon] break ! contract ?an suff] su* treatm5t ) su* pati5ce4 ,! consequ5ce is t ,japanese m]*ants are view$ 9 r a bad light4 ,! effects ( ! ,great ,*ange1 bo? political & social1 h be5 subsid+ already = "s "t1 & ! ord] ( ?+s at l>ge has also begun to settle d[n4 ,! condition ( our m]cantile circle is1 9 consequ5ce1 mu* *ang$2 s also ! attitude & *>act]s ( =eign trad]s h begun to alt] consid]ably4 ,i am1 !re=e1 mo/ sangu9e t all compla9ts ( =eign]s aga9/ our comm]cial probity w soon become a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,i am sorry to speak ab\t =eign]s 9 ?is mann]1 b ,i am sure imp>tial obs]v]s w admit t :at ,i say is n f> f fact4 ,at all ev5ts1 _! conditions 7 n s bright z ,mr4 ,long=d pleases to repres5t !m to h be54 ,unfair criticisms are n calculat$ to promote ! fri5dly feel+ ( nations1 & my /atem5ts1 :i* ,i believe no o!r ?an ^? ( true fact1 are h]eby made m = promot+ 9 future ! goodwill :i* has already begun to exi/ betwe5 u & ! ,we/]n trad]s ( late ye>s4#b ,,supplem5t ,!re appe>$ an int]e/+ lett]1 writt5 by ! ,manag] ( ! ,publication ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,times1 9 ! columns ( t pap]1 ,octob] #g1 #aije4 ,z x has important be>+ on ! prec$+ subject1 ,i take ! lib]ty ( subjo9+ x 9 full4--,k4,s4 ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,japanese ,,p ,,to ,,! ,,editor ,,( ,,! ,,times ,sir1--,9 la/ ,monday's issue ( ! ,times !re 0 a long lett] f ! ,"r ,rev4 ,william ,awdry1 ,bi%op ( ,s\? ,tokio1 ,japan1 9 :i* he says t '9 g5]al a ,japanese w\ld value ! promise ( an ,engli%man m ?an ! bond ( a ,japanese'2 & t ! ,japanese are defici5t 9 a c]ta9 gr\p ( qualities1 includ+ hone/y 9 trade4 ,x seems to me t x w\ld be unfair = ! ,times to all[ su* a *>ge aga9/ ,japanese integrity1 endors$ by a bi%op1 to g un*all5g$1 :5 ! ,times has1 9 its own (fice1 records t prove a promise made by a ,japanese to be at lea/ z tru/wor?y z a promise made by an ,engli%man4 ,dur+ ! pa/ eight ye>s ! ,times has sold1 9 almo/ e c\ntry 9 ! _w1 sets ( ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica on ! in/alm5t plan1 giv+ cr$it = p]iods ( two1 ?ree1 & f\r ye>s4 ,! regul>ity ) :i* su* paym5ts are made is c]ta9ly a fair te/ ( ! av]age hone/y ( any nation1 & a mu* m sev]e te/ 9 ! case ( ,japan ?an 9 ! case ( ,engl&1 because x is m difficult !re ?an "h to en=ce paym5t by legal proce$+s4 ,n9ety-five p] c5t4 ( ! encyclopdias sold 9 ,japan 7 sold to ,japanese1 n to =eign resid5ts1 & ! /atem5ts ,i am ab\t to make ref] exclusively to pur*ases made by ! ,japanese !mselves4 ,9 ,japan1 z else:]e1 ea* pur*as]1 :5 he signs 8 'ord]-=m1' promises to pay1 on c]ta9 dates1 c]ta9 sums ( money4 ,9 ,japan ! mon?ly paym5t 0 #aj y51 equal to ab\t a sov]eign1 :ile 9 ?is c\ntry ! am\nt 0 a gu9ea4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 less ?an half ! paym5ts arriv$ on ! day promis$4 ,9 ,japan less ?an #a p] c5t4 ( ! paym5ts 7 ev5 "o day late1 & m ?an "o-half ( ! paym5ts 7 made ! day be=e !y 7 due1 because ! ,japanese did n l to run ! risk ( any accid5tal delay t might make !m ev5 "o day late4 ,! co/ ( collect+ ^! in/alm5t paym5ts 9 ,japan is less ?an half z mu* z 9 ,engl&1 simply because ! ,japanese are s punctili\s t cl]ical lab\r & po/age are n exp5d$ 9 rem9d+ !m t _! paym5ts are ov]due4 ,!y seem to look ^u e debt z a debt ( hon\r1 :i* mu/ n be =gott5 = ev5 a day4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no su* delicacy ( feel+ 9 ?is c\ntry ab\t comm]cial transactions4 ,i f9d x difficult to believe t ! ,bi%op ( ,s\? ,tokio is "r :5 he says t ! ,japanese d n tru/ "o ano!r2 & ,i "k t he is wrong if he 9 himself believes1 z he implies1 t ! ,japanese are n 'hone/ 9 trade4' ,b ,i q admit t ,engli%m5 :o h long resid$ 9 ,japan did n believe t x w\ld be prud5t = ! ,times to adopt 9 ,japan ! in/alm5t sy/em ( sell+ books1 previ\sly unkn[n !re4 ,:5 ! repres5tative ( ! ,times arriv$ 9 ,japan to sell ! ,encyclopdia1 he naturally ask$ ,engli% resid5ts !re :at !y ?\ght ( ! project4 ,) "o exception ! answ] 03 ',y _c sell ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica "h because almo/ e ,engli% & ,am]ican resid5t has already obta9$ a copy f ,engl&1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! ,japanese w n buy--=tunately = y1 because if !y did !y w\ld n pay4' ,! only ,engli% resid5t :o did n say ?is said3 ',( c\rse y c sell any numb] ( ,encyclopdias to ! ,japanese1 b y w nev] be able to collect ! paym5ts :5 !y h once got ! books4 ,no ,japanese w pay = ! ,encyclopdia :5 he f9ds he c get x )\t paym5t4' ,9 ! face ( ?is advice1 ! in/alm5t plan ( sale 0 adopt$1 ) ! results above describ$4 ,i _m add t ! ,japanese b\ght five times z _m ,encyclopdias z 7 sold 9 ,france & ,g]many comb9$1 fifty times z _m z 9 ,russia1 m ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry except ,india1 ,au/ralia1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:5 ,i see a bi%op ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 :o has liv$ 9 ,japan s9ce #ahih1 write ) s little appreciation ( ! ,japanese1 ,i wond] :e!r "s ( our c\ntrym5 are n z bl9d z ! ,russian /atesm5 :o1 9 ! e>ly days ( ! w>1 describ$ ! ,japanese z 'yell[ monkeys1' & z bl9d z ! ,ambassador ( ! ,ts> :o made ! /atem5t 9 ,tokio1 be=e ! w>1 t ! mobilisation ( "o army corps 9 ,russia w\ld fright5 ! ,japanese into imm$iate submission4 ,no "o 9 ! ,times (fice1 at any rate1 c d\bt t ! /&>d ( integrity among ! ,japanese is s high t :5 "y m51 :o h b\ght ! ,encyclopdia1 ab&on$ _! employm5t to g to ! front1 _! families promptly paid ! in/alm5ts due1 "u circum/ances ( ! utmo/ difficulty4--,i am1 sir1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,! ,manag] ( ,y\r ,publication ,dep>tm5t4 ,pr9t+-h\se ,squ>e1 ,e4,c41 ,octob] #e4 #a ,! ,magaz9e ( ,comm]ce1 ,augu/ #aije4 #b ,see ! note at ! end ( ! volume4 ,,vii ,,japan ,,& ,,=eign ,,capital#a ,japan1 f> f becom+ antagoni/ic to ! occid5tal nations1 z x 0 progno/icat$ by "s ( ! ,cont95tal j\rnali/s1 has giv5 ano!r pro( ( h] read9ess = ! id5tification ( h] economic int]e/s ) ^? ( ! occid5tal p4 ,hi!rto 9 ,japan !re has be5 no law :i* regulat$ ! mortgag+ ( a railway1 or a m9+ ent]prise1 or a factory1 toge!r ) its work+ sy/em1 z a corporation1 t is to say1 mortgag+ ! :ole sy/em ( a railway1 a m9+ ent]prise1 or a factory z an economic :ole1 compris+ n only ea* p>ticul> mat]ial object b also all ! organic compon5ts ( its work+ sy/em z ! subject matt] ( mortgage4 ,a radical *ange has n[ be5 effect$ 9 ! matt]4 ,accord+ to ! ,japanese laws !re are two me?ods = a comm]cial company 9 contract+ a debt4 ,"o is ! ord9>y borr[+ ( money f a cr$itor1 & ! o!r is borr[+ 9 ! %ape ( deb5tures by public subscription4 ,n[ 9 ord9>y borr[+ ( money ! liability may be secur$ by mortgage1 b ! deb5tures c\ld n be secur$ by mortgage1 al?\gh ( c\rse ! liability ext5ds to ! :ole prop]ty ( ! company4 ,! fir/ effect ( ! new *ange is ! provision :i* enables companies to gu>antee deb5tures by mortgage1 & ! second effect is ! provisions :i* relate to ! creations ( economic corporations ( railways1 m9+ works1 or factories = ! special purpose ( in/itut+ mortgages ( _! economic entity4 ,to make ! matt] easi] to compreh5d1 ,i w fir/ expla9 x ) reg>d to railways4 ,! p]mission ( ! ,gov]nm5t orig9ally giv5 to ! company is 9 ! nature ( a lic5ce or concession :i* is to be view$ m 9 ! light ( a p]sonal matt] ( ! orig9al company1 & !re=e x c\ld n be a subject matt] ( a public auction1 & !re=e accord+ to ! old law1 if a railway company becomes bankrupt1 all ! mat]ial prop]ty1 ei!r movable or immovable1 w\ld g to new h&s1 b ! lic5ce itself _c b become ext9ct ) ! dissolution ( ! orig9al company1 viz4 ! orig9al grantee4 ,?is be+ s1 if a railway company fails to fulfil its liability = deb5ture & goes into bankruptcy1 ! ultimate result w\ld be t ! railway sy/em w\ld be brok5 up1 & ! cr$itors w\ld get _! satisfaction only f ! sale ( ea* piece ( ! mat]ial prop]ty sold by public auction4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( ord9>y debt1 :]eby all ! mat]ial prop]ty c be mortgag$1 ! result w\ld be practically ! same4 ,all ^! inconv5i5ces h n[ be5 remov$ by a s]ies ( new laws pass$ by ! la/ session ( ! ,imp]ial diet & promulgat$ on ,m>* #ac1 #aije1 by ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t4 ,! articles ( ! laws are v num]\s & m9ute1 s t x w\ld be unnecess>y to dwell ^u !m "h 9 detail1 b ! m important p>ts may be summ>is$ z foll[s3 7a7 ,! economic entity ( a railway company may be con/itut$ a special economic corporation = ! purpose ( mortgage4#b 7b7 ,9 default ( paym5t ( ! mortgage liability1 ! :ole1 i4e4 ! corporation1 may be subject$ to auction4 ,?is provides ! means = transf]r+1 toge!r ) ! mat]ial prop]ties1 ! orig9al p]mission ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 namely1 ! lic5ce1 to ! pur*as]1 viz4 a new company4 7c7 ,a company1 :i* 9 reality may be tak5 z a syndicate1 may be =m$ = advanc+ money by means ( deb5tures4 ,su* company may acquire legal recognition & may repres5t ! cr$itors ( deb5tures4 ,x =ms a p>ticul> k9d ( comm]cial company1 & is call$ 'tru/ company4' 7d7 ,at ! option ( ! cr$itors1 means ( compulsory control ( ! railway 9 ! int]e/ ( cr$itors are also provid$ = 9 ! laws4 7e7 ,special provisions are made to meet ! cases :]e ! syndicate & inve/ors are ( =eign nationality3 namely1 ! means ( recognis+ =eign syndicates by ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t1 & also ! means ( af=d+ conv5i5ce = =eign inve/ors4 7f7 ,fur!r provisions are made = facilitat+ ! regi/ration ( con/itut+ ! said corporation1 & ! regi/ration ( ! mortgage !re(1 = ^! affairs1 z f> z railways are conc]n$1 are n[ entru/$1 by ! new laws1 to ! ,m9i/] ( ,communications1 to ^: control ! railways belong1 & n to ! local c\rts ( law1 z is ! case ) all o!r k9ds ( mortgages4 ,?is *ange ( our laws gives v great facility to =eign inve/ors :o may be will+ to l5d money on railway securities4 ,! case ( m9+ ent]prises 7 simil> because !y are also bas$ on lic5ces4 ,= !m also mu* ! same *anges h be5 effect$ by ! new laws1 s t _! economic entity may n[ be mortgag$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ei!r an ord9>y cr$itor or inve/ors 9 deb5tures4 ,! cases ( ord9>y factories diff] 9 orig9 f ^? ( ! railways or m9es1 !y n be+ bas$ on a concession or lic5ce l railway or m9+ ent]prises4 ,b = !m also ! new laws h made provisions = ! means ( con/itut+ corporations = ! purpose ( gu>antee+ deb5ture by mortgage4 ,provisions h also be5 made = gu>antee+ deb5ture by mortgag+ %ips1 any def9ite prop]ty ei!r immovable or movable1 or any legal claims :i* are secur$ by writt5 in/rum5ts4 #a ,! ,outlook4 #b ,! law also p]mits ! companies con/itut+ su* a corporation ( a "p ( ! :ole = a simil> object4 ,b z its g5]al purport does n mat]ially diff]1 ,i omit its acc\nt 9 ord] to avoid confusion4--,! ,au?or4 ,,viii ,,! ,,languages ,,( ,,*9a ,,& ,,japan ,p (t5 ask me if !re is any aff9ity betwe5 ! ,*9ese language & ours4 ,i c at once say !re is no aff9ity :atev]1 b ?is requires mu* explanation be=e ,i c cle>ly %[ x4 ,! writt5 language ( ,*9a1 viz4 ideographs1 is ! same all ov] ! ext5sive sph]e ( ,*9a prop]1 b its pronunciation is diff]5t almo/ 9 e prov9ce4 ,! spok5 language ( ! ,*9ese is1 r\ghly speak+1 ! same z ! writt5 language1 z is ! case 9 ! ,we/]n nations4 ,!re=e1 ! ,*9ese resid+ 9 diff]5t prov9ces d n und]/& ea* o!r colloquially1 except ^? educat$ 9 ! ,m&>9e ,*9ese1 :i* is 9 fact ! pronunciation us$ 9 ,pek+ among/ ! ,m&>9s & /udi$ by all ,m&>9s 9 prov9ces z well z ^? 9 ,pek+4 ,! fir/ diff]5ce betwe5 ,*9ese & ,japanese is t ! =m] is monosyllabic1 :il/ ! latt] is polysyllabic4 ,! second diff]5ce1 :i* is a natural consequ5ce ( ! fir/1 is t 9 ,*9ese !re is no decl5sion ( n\ns or conjugation ( v]bs1 :il/ 9 ,japanese !re are conjugations ( v]bs & a me?od ( ! =mation ( ! cases ( n\ns :i* is 9 purport simil> to decl5sions4 ,! ?ird diff]5ce is ! position or ord] ( words 9 s5t5ces4 ,! f\r? diff]5ce is ! diff]5ce ( pronunciation ( ! ,*9ese ideographs1 viz4 *>act]s1 ev5 :5 !y are us$ 9 our writ+ 9 _! orig9al %apes4 ,i w n[ expla9 9 detail all ^! po9ts 9 ! succe$+ pages4 ,to beg9 )1 ,*9ese is monosyllabic1 z ,i said4 ,ea* ^w1 :i* always has "o signification1 be x a n\n or a v]b1 has only "o s\nd4 ,?us a h>b\r 9 ,*9ese is kong1 :il/ x is m9ato 9 ,japanese2 & a man 9 ,*9ese is j51 :il/ x is hito 9 ,japanese4 ,x is ! same ) v]bs4 ,! s\nd ( ea* ^w ( ,*9ese nev] *anges1 :atev] position x may /& 9 relation to o!r words 9 ! same s5t5ce1 t is to say1 !re is no decl5sion & no conjugation4 ,ea* ^w is repres5t$ by a di/9ct ideograph1 &1 f :at ,i h j said1 x foll[s t ! =m ( ! ideographs also nev] *anges1 9 ! same way z ! s\nds d n *ange4 ,9 ,*9ese diff]5t %ades ( mean+ z to ! actions & ag5ts are express$ by ! position ( ! words1 by addition ( "s o!r words4 ,9 simple s5t5ces1 !re=e1 x resembles ,engli% v mu*2 ?us1 = in/ance1 :5 a ,*9ese says3 ',john likes ,paul1' x is pla91 l ,engli%1 t he :o likes ,paul is ,john1 & he :o is lik$ is ,paul4 ,:5 a ,*9ese wi%es to express ! same idea 9 ! passive voice1 he w\ld say1 ',paul by ,john is lik$1' :i* is ! same z ',paul is lik$ by ,john1' ,nei!r has ,*9ese any preposition l ,engli% or ,fr5*1 nor any po/-position l ,japanese1 to designate ! cases1 except a few :i* resemble prepositions mean+ 'f1' 'to1' & 'by1' b ev5 ^! are v sp>+ly employ$ & by no means ) any regul>ity4 ,:5 a v]b is us$ z a sub/antive ! =m is /ill id5tical2 ?us "o id5tical ideograph1 'l1' may repres5t a v]b 'to l' or a sub/antive 'lik+4' ,( c\rse !re are _m t]ms designat+ "o ?+ or "o action consi/+ ( m ?an "o s\nd2 su* are1 h[ev]1 comb9ations ( two or ?ree di/9ct words1 l ! ,engli% ^w 'fire>ms' or 'seesaw1' & !re=e none ( !m c\ld prop]ly be call$ "o di/9ct polysyllabic ^w4 ,9 ,japanese1 unlike ,greek1 ,lat91 or ,g]man1 !re is no prop] decl5sion 9 n\ns4 ,9 ?is respect x is m l ,engli% or ,fr5*1 b x has a me?od ( =m+ ! cases1 s t 9 ?is respect x diff]s f ,*9ese4 ,our cases are =m$ by putt+ aft] !m ! s-call$ ga--no--ni--wo--?us3 ,hana ga saku 4 4 ,fl[]s blossom ,hana no ,kage 4 4 ,! %ade ( fl[]s ,hana ni *ikazuku 4 4 ,approa* ! fl[]s ,hana wo ,miyo 4 4 ,see ! fl[]s 7imp]ative74 ,ga is g5]ally omitt$ 9 writ+4 ,x is m l ! ,greek ,ge1 :i* is (t5 suffix$ to ! nom9ative sub/antives4 ,ni is equal to ! ,engli% to & ! ,fr5* 2 b su* ideas z ! ,engli% by or 91 or ! ,fr5* en or p>1 are g5]ally express$ by x4 ,!re is ano!r p>ticle wa = ! nom9ative1 its position is ! same4 ,made 7until1 jusqu'7 & yori or k>a 7f1 de7 are also put aft] ! sub/antives4 ,9 fact1 all equival5ts to ,engli% or ,fr5* prepositions are put aft] ! sub/antive1 & !re=e !y are m appropriate to be call$ ! po/-positions4 ,9 ,*9ese ! idea ( "t is g5]ally v vague1 x is mo/ly left to ! conjecture ( ! he>]s or read]s1 z ! case may be1 f ! context ( ! :ole s5t5ce4 ,b :5 x is necess>y to express x1 x is also done by addition ( "s words1 su* z 'already' or 'once4' ,?us a ,*9ese w\ld say1 ',john once l ,paul1' mean+ ',john once lik$ ,paul1' or ',john already come1' mean+ ',john has already come4' ,b ?is is v diff]5t 9 our language4 ,we h regul> decl5sions ( v]bs 9 bo? ! active voice & ! passive voice & _! =m is accord+ly *ang$4 ,?us1 = in/ance3 ,kit>u - come ,kit>an - %all come ,kit>i%i - has come ,kit>e - come 7imp]ative74 ,i %all "h develop my diss]tation a little fur!r1 & make "s comp>ison betwe5 our language & "s ( ! ,european languages4 ,9 ,japanese !re is no g5d] 9 n\ns1 = grammatical purposes1 al?\gh "s words f _! v nature signify male or female2 ?us1 = in/ance1 otoko man1 onna woman1 ondori cock1 & m5dori h54 ,to u x s\nds v odd t ! ,g]mans give fem99e g5d] to ! sun & mascul9e to ! moon1 :il/ ! ,fr5* d vice v]sa1 or t bo? ! ,fr5* & ,g]man give mascul9e g5d] to 'regim5t' or 'battalion1' b fem99e g5d] to 'company4' ,9 ?is respect ! ,engli% me?od ( divid+ into mascul9e1 fem99e1 & neutral1 all[+ only on r>e occasions1 = poetical purpose1 p]sonification ( inanimate objects1 s\nds m rational & compreh5sible to our e>s4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t our n\ns d n modify _! =ms on acc\nt ( ! g5d]1 & t x is m l ,engli% 9 ?is respect4 ,we h1 moreov]1 no numb] 9 ! n\ns4 ,:]eas 9 ,european languages n\ns :i* h no numb] are exceptions & v few1 all ! n\ns 9 ,japanese are )\t numb] )\t any exception4 ,:5 we wi% to express any p>ticul> num]ical idea1 we make use ( a num]ical adjective 9 a simil> mann] z ! ,engli% w\ld say 'a %eep1' 't5 %eep1' or 'num]\s %eep4' ,"h aga9 we c see t our n\ns nev] *ange _! =m on acc\nt ( ! numb]4 ,x is true1 we also put aft] ! n\ns ra1 ta*i1 or domo to signify plural1 b x is r>e1 & ! /yle becomes r clumsy unless x is done v c>efully4 ,fur!rmore1 !re is no g5d] or numb] 9 our v]bs4 ,all conjugations are ! same :atev] g5d] or numb] !y may relate to4 ,x goes )\t say+ t 9 ,*9ese also !re is nei!r g5d] nor numb] 9 its n\ns & v]bs4 ,x also goes )\t say+ t 9 ,japanese z well z ,*9ese !re is1 l ,engli%1 no g5d] or numb] 9 adjectives4 ,i may also add "h t1 l ,lat91 !re are no articles ei!r 9 ,*9ese or ,japanese4 ,z to ! adv]bs 9 ,*9ese1 !y are z a rule id5tical ) adjectives1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m be+ only p]ceiv$ by ! context1 al?\gh !re is a c]ta9 =m :i* always gives adv]bial signification1 & :i* is done by putt+ ano!r ^w aft] an adjective 7!re are ?ree or f\r words :i* are us$ = ! purpose ( ?us =m+ adv]bial t]ms74 ,9 ,japanese adv]bs are =m$ by suffix+ ni & to1 l ! ,engli% ly & ,fr5* m5t4 ,z %izukani 7sl[ly7 yuku 7goes71 & %izu%izu to 7sl[ly & sl[ly7 yuku 7goes74 ,to may be writt5 to%ite accord+ to euphony4 ,! use ( conjunctions 9 ,japanese & ,*9ese is mu* simil> to t ( ! ,we/]n languages1 except t 9 bo? ,*9ese & ,japanese x is v commonly und]/ood4 ,?us :]e ! ,europeans say1 ',ea/ & ,we/' or 'black & :ite1' we bo?1 ,*9ese & ,japanese1 w\ld simply say1 ',we/ ,ea/' or ':ite black1' unless we h "s p>ticul> reasons 9 giv+ emphasis to ! di/9ction4 ,9 ,*9ese ! pron\ns also h no g5d]1 s also 9 ,japanese4 ,:5 we p>ticul>ly wi% to designate g5d]1 we say1 't man' or '?is woman1' :i* 9 reality is no long] a pron\n4 ,z to ! numb] ( pron\ns1 x is =m$ by add+ ano!r ^w aft] x2 b 9 ,*9ese ?is is by no means uni=mly done1 = 9 mo/ cases :]e ! mean+ is pla9 en\gh1 ! same p]son z t ( ! s+ul> numb] is also us$ = ! plural4 ,x is s especially ) reg>d to ! ?ird p]son1 b ev5 9 ! fir/ p]son ?is occurs sometimes1 z = in/ance :5 two oppos+ objects1 "o ( :i* is on "o's own side1 are collectively spok5 (4 ,!re is some?+ simil> 9 ,engli% z f> z ! ?ird p]son is conc]n$1 b ! ,*9ese c>ry x ev5 into ! fir/ p]son4 ,?us 9 ,engli% may be writt51 ',:5 ! enemy attack$ u we h repuls$ him1' b a ,*9ese w\ld g fur!r & write1 ',:5 ! enemy attack$ me1 ,i h repuls$ him1' )\t mean+ t he1 ! writ] himself1 did x alone1 or did x at all1 b t ! army on 8 side did x4 ,9 ,japanese ! numb] ( ! pron\ns is f> m precise ?an x is 9 ,*9ese4 ,"o ?+ :i* may be novel to ! ,we/]n read]s is t 9 ,*9ese !re are _m diff]5t ,i's & y's1 & /ill m 9 ,japanese4 ,!y all signify1 :5 us$1 a c]ta9 diff]5ce 9 degree ( polit5ess4 ,x is "o ( ! difficult po9ts 9 our colloquial language4 ,i may "h note t 9 ! ,we/ x is almo/ impossible to c>ry on a conv]sation = a few m9utes )\t mak+ use ( s _m ,i's1 he's1 & y's1 b1 l ,lat91 pron\ns are us$ v sp>+ly 9 ,*9ese1 /ill less 9 ,japanese4 ,9 ,lat9 ! =m ( ! v]bs sugge/s v easily ! p]son :i* is ! sub/antive und]/ood4 ,9 ,*9ese ! context sugge/s x1 :ile 9 ,japanese ! con/ruction ( s5t5ces bas$ ^u conjugation does x4 ,relative pron\ns1 :o1 :i*1 qui1 que1 or dont1 d n exi/ bo? 9 ,*9ese & ,japanese4 ,?is is "o ( ! great difficulties :5 we translate ,we/]n books4 ,we mu/ write ! phrase gov]n$ by ! relative pron\ns z a di/9ct "o or else mu/ employ a clumsy me?od 9 r5d]+ ! :ole s5t5ce4 ,f :at ,i h /at$ above1 x w\ld appe> t ,*9ese is v simple z f> z ! analysis ( ! words is conc]n$1 = !y h no decl5sion & conjugation4 ,! difficulty ( ! /ud5ts ( ,*9ese does n lie 9 rememb]+ diff]5t =ms ( decl5sions & conjugations1 b fir/ 9 rememb]+ s _m ideographs1 "o by "o1 & secondly to make head & tail ( ! agglom]ation ( ideographs1 = "o c nev] tell f _! =m :i* is a n\n & :i* is a v]b1 or :i* is an objective or :i* is a possessive case4 ,def9ite mean+ ( ,*9ese s5t5ces c\ld only be appreciat$ by ^? :o h accu/om$ !mselves by long exp]i5ce4 ,b ev5 su* p (t5 diff] 9 _! int]pretation ( "s phrases1 by giv+ diff]5t attributive to "o or o!r p>ticul> ideograph 9 a s5t5ce1 n only 9 its mean+ b 9 its position z reg>ds ! "p ( spee*4 ,?is (t5 occurs 9 int]pretation ( classical books4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 does n signify t ,*9ese is a poor language1 because its lit]al /&>d is really v highly develop$4 ,! ,japanese language is also simple en\gh z f> z ! analysis ( words is conc]n$4 ,n\ns nev] *ange _! =ms "u any circum/ances1 except t _! cases are made by ! use ( ga1 no1 ni1 or wo1 :i* is only an addition4 ,v]bs are conjugat$1 b x is done simply to d5ote "t & voice1 & = no o!r reason4 ,9 a ^w1 we may say t ,japanese gramm> is v easy4 ,! real difficulty ( ,japanese is 9 ! prop] con/ruction ( phrases1 = x is by x t _m %ades ( mean+ are sugge/$4 ,true x is t ?is is m or less s ) all languages4 ,diff]5ce ( ! degree ( polit5ess or gracefulness is manipulat$ by diff]5ce ( con/ruction ev]y:]e1 b ! v>iety ( ?is diff]5ce is m complicat$ 9 ,japanese ?an 9 any o!r language1 & x c only be acquir$ by long practice & obs]vation4 ,?is is :y all =eign]s :o /udy ,japanese ?9k x is s easy at ! comm5cem5t & s difficult aft] !y h made a little progress4 ,nev]!less1 colloquial ,japanese is on ! :ole easy1 because "o c le>n x easily s long z he is n s5sitive ( nicety or grace4 ,!re is 9 op5 ports ev5 a new ,japanese spok5 betwe5 =eign]s & natives1 9 :i* no ga--no--ni--wo is us$1 or no conjugation ( v]bs employ$1 & yet x is p]fectly intelligible4 ,n[ z to ! diff]5ce ( ! ord] ( words betwe5 ,japanese & ,*9ese4 ,:]e 9 ,engli% "o says1 ',i _c g1' 9 ,*9ese "o w\ld say1 ',i n c g1' :il/ 9 ,japanese x w\ld be1 ',i g c n4' ,?is ord] ( ,japanese has a slight resemblance to ,g]man1 b ! diff]5ce lies 9 t1 :il/ 9 ,g]man x is *iefly s 9 subord9ate s5t5ces1 x is 9 ,japanese uni=mly s "u any circum/ances4 ,9 ,*9ese a v]b :i* gov]ns an object directly or indirectly always prec$es ! object2 ?us1 l ,engli%1 a ,*9ese w\ld say1 ',girls eat cakes1' or 'he goes to ,p>is1' b 9 ,japanese ! v]b succe$s2 ?us a ,japanese w\ld say1 ',girls cakes eat1' or 'he ,p>is to goes4' ,9 ?is respect ( ord] !re is "s resemblance betwe5 ,lat9 & ,japanese4 ,f all t ,i h said x is pla9 t !re is no aff9ity betwe5 ,*9ese & ,japanese s f> z con/ruction is conc]n$1 b ,i may g fur!r4 ,!re is no resemblance :atev] sugge/ive ( same orig9 betwe5 any ,*9ese & ,japanese ^w1 except ^? ^: introduction into ,japan at lat] ages is cle>ly kn[n4 ,9 speak+ ( ! ,japanese language 9 ! =ego+ pages1 ,i h made no diff]5ce betwe5 ! colloquial & ! writt5 "o1 b 9 fact !re is mu* diff]5ce betwe5 !m :i* requires "s notice "h4 ,ev5 9 ! ,we/ writt5 phrases c be1 & are (t51 mu* %ort5$ ?an spok5 ones2 b 9 ,japan ?is diff]5ce is c>ri$ almo/ to ! extreme1 s mu* s1 t !y assume almo/ entirely diff]5t %ape1 ! phrases ( ! spok5 language be+ unsp>+ly curtail$ 9 ^? ( ! writt5 "o4 ,( c\rse1 !re are "s old books :i* 7 writt5 l ! colloquial1 & ( late ye>s mu* movem5t is made = an assimilation ( ! writt5 & spok5 languages1 mak+ ! writt5 "o approa* ! spok5 "o4 ,b z ! matt] /&s at pres5t ! diff]5ce is /ill v great4 ,i am afraid my explanation is becom+ too m9ute & consequ5tly t$i\s1 b ,i presume ,i mu/ complete x4 ,9 ! writ+s1 too1 !re are 9 ,japan two sy/ems1 "o ( :i* consi/s ( our own phonetic lett]s1 & ! o!r consi/s ( a mixture ( our phonetic lett]s & ,*9ese ideographs4 ,un=tunately1 ! latt] sy/em is 9 common use4 ,x is done 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! ord] ( ! words is n *ang$1 b n\ns & v]bs1 = in/ance1 are writt5 9 ! orig9al ideographs ) ! significance ( ! cases or conjugations1 :i* are writt5 9 ! phonetic lett]s succe$+ ^! ideographs4 ,let me take an example 9 ! ,engli% ^w 'telegraph$' or 'telegraph+1' & let u write 'telegraph' 9 ! orig9al ,greek lett]s1 writ+ 'ed' or '+1' :i* is ! "p ( ! pure ,engli%1 9 ! ord9>y ,engli% lett]s4 ,?is w give y an idea ( our us+ ,*9ese ideographs 9 our s5t5ces4 ,b our me?od is /ill m complicat$4 ,besides ! above examples we read v (t5 ! ideographs ?us us$1 n accord+ to _! pronunciation b accord+ to s-call$ 'kun' ( ! ^w1 :i* is 9 reality a translation4 ,9 ,engli% books ! t]m 'viz4' is us$ & is read z 'namely4' ,"h 'namely' is n pronunciation b translation4 ,?is is an example simil> to our 'kun' ( a ^w4 ,:5 to read by pronunciation & :5 to read by 'kun' entirely dep5ds ^u ! con/ruction ( ! phrases1 b "o ?+ is c]ta91 & x is t 9 ,japan "o has to "k bo? ! pronunciation & 'kun' ( ,*9ese ideographs4 ,! ,japanese pronunciation ( ,*9ese ideographs is n ! same z any k9d ( ! mod]n ,*9ese pronunciation1 & !re=e ev5 "o simple ^w express$ by an ideograph is un9telligible betwe5 a ,*9ese & a ,japanese1 ?\gh !y und]/& :5 x is writt54 ,9 ,*9a ! pronunciation ( ideographs und]w5t mu* *ange2 besides x has v>i$ accord+ to localities4 ,9 ,japan ! pronunciation ( ^? ,*9ese ideographs1 :i* is comp>atively anci5t1 has be5 pres]v$ on acc\nt ( our possess+ phonetic lett]s1 by ! use ( :i* ! pres]vation has be5 effect$4 ,b !n !re are two k9ds ( pronunciation ( ^? ideographs1 on acc\nt ( its introduction into ,japan at diff]5t p]iods f ! diff]5t localities4 ,?is is an additional difficulty we h 9 read+ ,*9ese *>act]s us$ 9 ,japan1 ?\gh ! usual cu/oms :]e to use "o or :]e ! o!r are usually pla9 to educat$ p4 ,japanese phonetics consi/ ( fifty lett]s4#a ,five ( !m are v[els1 be+ equal to a1 e1 i1 o1 u1 & ea* ( ! re/ repres5ts ! s\nd ( two ,roman *>act]s1 i4e4 a consonant & a v[el2 ?us1 = in/ance1 ! s\nd ( ka or ke is repres5t$ by a s+le lett] )\t spell+4 ,i said above t ! mod]n ,*9ese pronunciation is diff]5t f ! anci5t "o4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ! /yle ( phraseology is mu* *ang$1 ev5 9 a great] measure ?an ! mod]n ,engli% writ+ is diff]5t f t ( ! ,elizabe?an epo*4 ,! ,*9ese1 :i* has be5 /udi$ 9 ,japan inde$ v commonly1 is ! anci5t "o1 i4e4 classical ,*9ese1 & we are famili> ) classical ,*9ese ev5 m ?an ! ,*9ese !mselves4 ,z a sy/em ( writ+1 t ( ! pure ,japanese1 :i* consi/s ( phonetic lett]s1 is 9 its quality f> sup]ior to ! o!r "o1 :i* is 9 our common use1 nay1 ev5 sup]ior to ! prop] ,*9ese sy/em itself4 ,our phonetic sy/em1 h[ev]1 has n made suffici5t progress on acc\nt ( ! introduction ( ! ,*9ese sy/em1 to :i* we _h paid too high value & devot$ too mu* att5tion1 ! result be+ ! mixture ( ,*9ese ideographs 9 our phonetic sy/em1 t is to say1 ! o!r sy/em j m5tion$4 ,ev5 9 ! ,we/ !re is "s simil>ity to ?is4 ,take1 = in/ance1 "s mod]n ,engli% books4 ,"o w\ld sc>cely f9d a few l9es 9 :i* a l>ge numb] ( words :i* are ,lat9 or sometimes ,greek 9 orig9 is n conta9$4 ,are !re n ev5 n[ names = new inv5tions co9$ f ,greek or at lea/ f ,lat98 ,& is n all ?is due to ! fact t su* words s\nd m s*ola/ic or else m concise or accurate8 ,if x 7 n s1 :y does "o call a horseless c>riage 'automobile' in/ead ( 'self-mov+ c>riage'8 ,=tunately = ! ,we/]n nations1 h[ev]1 !re is no difficulty 9 transcrib+ ,greek or ,lat9 words 9 _! mod]n lett]s1 inasmu* z ^? lett]s are simil> to1 9 fact evolv$ f1 ! ,greek & ,lat9 lett]s1 & !re=e1 :5 once a ,greek or ,lat9 ^w is employ$1 x is easy to get naturalis$1 z x 74 ,b1 un=tunately = u1 ! ,*9ese me?od is ideographs1 & our own is phonetic1 & "o _c be directly transcrib$ f ! o!r1 except t ei!r x be translat$ or m]ely phonetically repres5t$1 :i* 9 tru? pres5ts mu* ambiguity4 ,= ?is reason ! orig9al ideographs !mselves h come to be int]pos$ betwe5 ! phonetic lett]s z ,i h illu/rat$ above1 & ! ideographs s int]pos$ h nev] become ?or\ghly 'naturalis$1' f ! v nature ( ! case4 ,?us "o w\ld see t z f> z ! me*anical side is conc]n$1 ! deep /udy ( ,*9ese has giv5 mu* drawback to ,japan4 ,on ! m5tal side1 h[ev]1 ,i may say t x has help$ u 9 enri*+ our ?\ghts = _m c5turies1 inasmu* z !re is ri* treasure = e?ical tea*+ 9 ! classical ,*9ese1 al?\gh ?is is n ! place = me to dwell on t topic4 ,i may add a few words4 ,philological rese>*es ( diff]5t ,asiatic languages are /ill v incomplete1 b ,i und]/& f :at is /at$ by exp]ts t !re is "s resemblance betwe5 our language & ^? ( ,korea1 ,man*uria1 & inde$ ,mongolian tribes3 fir/1 9 t all ^? languages are monosyllabic l ours2 second1 9 ! ord] ( words 9 =m+ s5t5ces4 ,moreov]1 x is said t !re 7 already discov]$ sev]al words :i* are mu* simil> to ours4 ,no satisfactory /atem5t c\ld be made z yet1 b x w\ld be a matt] ( no common int]e/ if fur!r rese>*es be made4 ,x goes )\t say+ t !re is mu* simil>ity1 s x is said1 betwe5 ours & ! language ( ! ,inoes1 :o are rapidly disappe>+ f ! surface ( ! e>?1 despite our tak+ c>e ( !m4 ,!y once occupi$ ! great] "p ( ,japan & 7 a brave race4 ,x is no wond] t !re is t simil>ity 9 ! tongues1 ?\gh x is a matt] ( "q :e!r !y left _! words beh9d !m or we gave !m ^? words4 ,= example1 ,kami1 :i* 9 ! colloquial ,japanese means god1 sup]ior1 or upp] "p ( any?+1 is ,kamui 9 ,ino1 ! mean+ be+ ! same4 ,?is ^w1 !n1 mu/ surely belong to ! same orig94 ,!re are also _m names ( riv]s & m\nta9s 9 ,japan :i*1 beyond d\bt1 are ( ,ino orig94 #a ,^! phonetic lett]s 7 inv5t$ 9 ,japan betwe5 ! sev5? & eigh? c5turies ,a4,d41 dur+ :i* "t !y gradually became improv$4 ,z to _! =m !y are a simplification ( "s simple ,*9ese ideographs1 & z to ! pr9ciple ( _! =mation1 x is bas$ ^u1 ! ,sanscrit4 ,,ix ,,once ,,m ,,on ,,japan ,,& ,,france#a ,! ,fr5* & ! ,japanese h "s sort ( resemblance 9 _! "*1 & !re=e !y are n :olly antagoni/ic to ea* o!r by nature4 ,france once committ$ a great error1 x is true1 toge!r ) ano!r c\ntry1 9 back+ ,russia aga9/ ,japan aft] ! ,s9o-,japanese w>1 b ,japan has =giv5 h] = x1 & has ev5 =gott5 x long s9ce4 ,x !re=e ma9ly dep5ds on ,france if ! fri5dly relation%ip subsi/+ betwe5 h] & ,japan %all be ma9ta9$4 ,!re are two ?+s :i* we h to exam9e 9 ?is connection3 fir/1 ! "q ( ,indo-,*9a2 second1 ! effect ( ! ,franco-,russian alliance ^u ,f> ,ea/]n affairs4 ,mu* has be5 talk$ ab\t ,japan's hav+ designs ^u ,indo-,*9a4 ,x is1 9 tru?1 no?+ m ?an a resuscitation 9 "p ( ! old bogey ( ! ,yell[ ,p]il4 ,accord+ to t bogey1 ,japan is to pick qu>rels ) e civilis$ nation1 & is ultimately to swall[ up ! :ole _w4 ,no?+ c be m absurd ?an t2 b at times x has be5 made use ( by ! ,russians & ,russophiles ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( success4 ,to me x appe>s almo/ amaz+ t s great a psy*ological incongruity %\ld exi/ simultane\sly 9 ! m9ds ( "s ( ! ,occid5tals1 9 t1 :ile !y exhibit almo/ unreasonable contempt ( ! ,ori5tals on ! "o h&1 !y give cr$it = almo/ sup]human pot5tiality to ! same p on ! o!r4 ,:atev] ?is may be1 ! "q ( ,indo-,*9a resolves itself into ?is3 ,! yell[ p]il al>mi/s began to talk ab\t ,japan z be+ int5t ^u seiz+ ,indo-,*9a4 ,! ,colonial p>ty ( ,france has utilis$ ?is !me = ! promotion ( its own object1 & ! ,russophiles h utilis$ x = incit+ ! public to hate & dete/ ,japan 9 fav\r ( ,russia4 ,surely an act ( gross inju/ice & c[>dice6 ,=1 z a matt] ( fact1 on ! "p ( ,japan !re is no su* int5tion :atev]4 ,indo-,*9a is v diff]5t f ,korea & ,man*uria 9 respect ( its relative position to ,japan4 ,!re is no?+ wor? m5tion+ politically1 /rategically1 hi/orically1 or economically 9 ! mutual relations betwe5 ,japan & ,indo-,*9a4 ,all ?is ,i h %[n 9 ! utmo/ detail 9 an article :i* ,i h contribut$ & publi%$ 9 a well-kn[n ,fr5* review4 ,s5sible ,fr5* p h n[ begun to see ! tru? ( x1 s t !y h almo/ ceas$ to pay s]i\s att5tion to ! false al>ms ( ! yell[ p]il agitators4 ,inde$1 ! ,france ( to-day appe>s to be v diff]5t f ! ,france ( ?is "t la/ ye>4 ,! lapse ( "o ye> has be5 suffici5t to disclose _m falsehoods by :i* ! public 0 once tak5 94 ,x has also disclos$ ! relative m]it ( ,russia & ,japan 9 _m ?+s4 ,:i* gov]nm5t--! ,russian or ! ,japanese--is ! m enlight5$8 ,:i* troops--! ,russian or ! ,japanese--are m humane & ord]ly8 ,:i* p--,russia or ,japan--is m compact z a nation8 ,:i* ( !m--,russia or ,japan--has bett] e?ics & morality8 ,9 :i* ( !m--,russia or ,japan--are laws bett] adm9i/]$ & m loyally adh]$ to8 ,9 :i* ( !m--,russia or ,japan--are philan?ropical works1 su* z ! ,r$ ,cross ,society1 bett] organis$ & m hone/ly c>ri$ out8 ,above all1 9 :i* ( !m--,russia or ,japan--does ! ju/ice ( its cause 9 ! pres5t w> lie8 ,all ^! ?+s h n[ become v widely kn[n to ! public1 h5ce ! diff]5ce ( _! attitude4 ,i d n ?9k ,france ev] w be fooli% en\gh to /ret* =w>d h] fi/s aga9/ ,japan on acc\nt ( ! yell[ p]il bogey conc]n+ ,indo-,*9a4 ,i am r 9 hope t ! day w come :5 ^? ,russophiles w rep5t ! mi/ake !y made :5 !y abus$ ,japan contr>y to ! dictates ( ju/ice & equity4 ,! second "q1 namely1 ! effect ( ! ,franco-,russian alliance ^u ,f> ,ea/]n affairs1 is r a delicate "o to discuss4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ,i c say ?is3 ,consid]+ ! delicate position 9 :i* %e is plac$1 ,france has manag$ ?+s well to ! ext5t t we h n mu* to compla9 ( 7except "o important matt]1 :i* ,i w elucidate pres5tly74 ,true x is t %e has made _m unfair accusations aga9/ u ) reg>d to ! comm5cem5t ( ! w> & also ) reg>d to ! yell[ p]il bogey1 b !n ! same1 if n a h>%] ?+1 has also be5 done or said 9 "s o!r qu>t]s :]e we might h expect$ m imp>tiality4 ,h] g5]al conduct z a neutral has n be5 v satisfactory4 ,b !n we rememb] t 9 "s o!r qu>t]s also v bitt] pills 7 giv5 u to swall[1 altoge!r beyond our reasonable anticipation4 ,we put up ) all ?is unfairness1 because we are q confid5t t soon] or lat] ! "t w come :5 ! _w w cle>ly see h[ undes]v+ we are ( su* calumny4 ,! important exception ,i made above is ! "q ( ,fr5* neutrality conc]n+ ! treatm5t ( ! ,baltic ,fleet4 ,9 ?is respect ,japan has grave reasons to compla9 ( :at ,france has be5 do+4 ,z ! :ole _w kn[s1 ! ,russian ,fleet has be5 obta9+ abundant facilities f ,france all ! way along f ,european wat]s to ^? ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,x 0 abus+ ,fr5* hospitality 9 ,madagasc> = a v long p]iod4 ,japan repeat$ h] prote/1 or at lea/ call$ ,fr5* att5tion f "t to "t4 ,:5 ,france plead$ h] innoc5ce at ,madagasc> on ! pretext t ! fleet 0 outside ! t]ritorial wat]s ( ,france1 ,japan1 rely+ on inconte/able pro( to ! contr>y1 remon/rat$4 ,france 0 v t>dy 9 execut+ :at %e said %e w\ld d1 b ,japan %[$ mu* pati5ce1 almo/ beyond common endurance4 ,! same ?+ began to be repeat$ 9 ! wat]s ( ,indo-,*9a1 ! v door ( ! seat ( ! w>4 ,h[ev] mod]ate & good-natur$ ,japan may be1 ?is 0 m ?an %e c\ld endure4 ,?is 0 ! real cause ( ! /ra9 ( an ev5t :i* has be5 rec5tly ?reat5+ ! cont9uance ( fri5dly relations betwe5 ,france & ,japan4 ,accord+ to "s ,fr5* pap]s1 ! view is held t ,france has n infr+$ h] duty z a neutral1 b ,japan does n co9cide4 ,! ,fr5* cont5tion is t1 accord+ to ! ,fr5* law ( neutrality1 !re is no "t limit = af=d+ asylum to a bellig]5t %ip1 & !re=e1 :atev] l5g? ( "t ,russian %ips may sp5d 9 ,fr5* wat]s1 ,france is "u no obligation to tell !m to quit ! place 7s long z !y are n accompani$ by prizes71 & also !y may be suppli$ ) victuals & ev5 coals4 ,japan cont5ds t ?is is n a j int]pretation ( ! laws ( nations4 ,japan's view may be =mulat$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,! tw5ty-f\r h\rs rule may n be a condition univ]sally accept$1 b ju/ice & equity dem& t 9 its _s x %\ld be foll[$ by all nations4 ,x has already be5 adopt$ by _m nations1 includ+ ,russia h]self2 z a matt] ( fact1 ! _w has come to view x z ?\gh x 7 already a rule univ]sally accept$1 & x behoves e civilis$ nation to promote its adoption1 or at lea/ a practice simil> to x 9 _s1 = ! sake ( consolidat+ int]national morality1 viz4 ju/ice & equity4 ,at ! "t :5 ,russian %ips1 aft] ! sea-battle ( ,augu/ #aj? la/ ye>1 s\ght asylum 9 ! wat]s ( ,kiao-,*[ & ,saigon1 bo? ! ,g]man & ,fr5* au?orities respectively ha/5$ to dismantle !m1 because ! %ips w\ld n leave ! place indicat$ at ! prescrib$ "t2 ?is 0 done 9 exact accordance ) ! _s ( int]national law1 & 9 reality x am\nt$ almo/ to ! same ?+ z obs]v+ ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs rule4 ,:y %\ld ,france n[ say t no "t limit c be made 9 ! case ( ! ,baltic ,fleet1 :i* requires all ! m vigilance ?an w\ld ! case ( a few solit>y %ips8 #b4 ,! s-call$ ,fr5* law ( neutrality is n 9 fact a law 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m4 ,x is a sort ( an in/ruction issu$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t w> by ! ,fr5* ,m9i/] ( ,m>9e1 al?\gh bas$ ^u a simil> docum5t issu$ at ! "t ( ! ,spani%-,am]ican w>4 ,x is immat]ial :e!r or n x is a law 9 ! /rict s5se1 b we _c deem x has a j rule if x 7 to be int]pret$ z has be5 done by "s ( ! ,fr5* pap]s4 ,true x is t 9 t docum5t no "t is m5tion$1 b does x mean t ,france has to or mu/ all[ all bellig]5t %ips to /ay 9 h] wat]s :atev] l5g? ( "t !y l8 ,c]ta9ly n1 ,i %\ld ?9k4 ,if x is s1 :y %\ld ,france adh]e to t sort ( int]pretation ev5 :5 its adh]5ce is obvi\sly contr>y to ju/ice & equity8 #c4 ,ev5 if we admit = a mom5t t ! ,fr5* rule z int]pret$ by ^? pap]s be applicable to ! cases ( "s solit>y %ips seek+ asylum2 x is c]ta9ly n applicable to cases l t :i* we n[ h 9 view1 because no su* case z t ( ! ,baltic ,fleet has ev] be5 )9 ! contemplation ( ^? :o fram$ su* a rule4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 x w\ld be inapplicable ev5 to ! cases ( a few solit>y %ips if x 7 to be int]pret$ 9 ! way t 0 done by ^? j\rnals4 #d4 ,ev5 admitt+ = a mom5t t ! int]pretation ( ^? ,fr5* j\rnals is correct z f> z ! /rict lett] ( ! rule is conc]n$1 x does n give !m ! "r to say t _! do+s are int]nationally correct4 ,x mu/ be kn[n t 9 ! laws ( nations ! _s ( int]national morality1 namely1 ju/ice & equity1 has great] weight ?an municipal laws1 lex loci4 ,if ?is 7 n s1 h[ 0 x t ,engl& _h to apologise to ,russia a long "t ago = an act--p]sonal seizure ( an ambassador--:i* _h be5 done 9 a civil matt] p]fectly 9 accordance ) h] law8 ,!re=e ! m]e fact t ,france has h] own law ( neutrality 79 fact no law 9 a /rict s5se7 is no def5ce = h] do+s unless its ju/ice & equity c be ma9ta9$ 9 ! eyes ( ! law ( nations4 ,i may fur!r add t ! above is ! raison d'tre :y prize c\rts ( diff]5t c\ntries make x _! !ory1 unlike ord9>y civil or crim9al c\rts1 t !y adm9i/] prima facie ! law ( nations & n lex loci4 ,x is ano!r raison d'tre :y matt]s relat+ to neutrality1 prizes1 & cognate matt]s are g5]ally dealt ) 9 ! %ape ( in/ructions 79 o!r words1 int]pretations ( ! law ( nations71 & n 9 ! %ape ( a law ( ! l& 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,japan1 !re=e1 _c submit to ! rul+ ( ^? ,fr5* in/ructions z int]pret$ by ^? j\rnals1 inasmu* z %e does n ?9k x int]nationally j & equitable4 #e4 ,&1 moreov]1 t "p ( ! ,fr5* in/ruction :i* ^? j\rnals s habitually quote is n ! only "p :i* has an important be>+ on ! "q4 ,9 ! in/ruction x is also m5tion$ t no bellig]5t may use a ,fr5* port = purposes ( w> 7dans un b de gu]re72 & also t bellig]5ts soj\rn+ 9 su* ports may n make use ( !m z ! base ( op]ations ( any k9d aga9/ ! enemy4 ,japan's insi/5ce is t ,france %\ld adh]e to t _s4 ,my wond] is :y ^? ,fr5* pap]s :i* try to uphold "o "p ( ! in/ruction %\ld totally ignore o!r p>ts ( ! same in/ruction4 #f4 ,! !ory ( asylum 9 ! case ( ! %ips is n s rigid z ! case ( an army4 ,i admit x4 ,japan does n dem& t x %\ld be made on ! seas z rigid z x is on l&4 ,b x mu/ nev] be all[$ to g beyond ! limit :i* ju/ice & equity all[4 ,i take ! !ory ( asylum on ! seas to be ?is3 ,no neutral is ju/ifi$ 9 help+ ei!r ( ! combatants1 b ! nature ( ! seas is su* t ! neutral may give a c]ta9 grace ( "t to combatant vessels :i* seek %elt] 9 its neutral wat]s1 be=e x proce$s to dismantle1--7no imm$iate int]nm5t z 9 ! case ( ! l& =ce71--& x may also give !m c]ta9 victuals--ev5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( coals--z x w\ld also be contr>y to humanity if !y 7 to hang ab\t1 or to cause />vation ( ! m5 on bo>d 9 mid-voyage on acc\nt ( ! m]e lack ( coal or food4 ,beyond ?is1 ! _s ( ! law ( nations is t a neutral ought to all[ no?+4 ,c any "o boldly ass]t t ! !ory ( asylum c be appli$ ) fairness to a case l t ( ! ,baltic ,fleet1 :i* is f> f seek+ asylum1 b is delib]ately endeav\r+ to adm9i/] c\ps to its adv]s>y & proce$+ to ! v seat ( w>4 ,if he c d s1 :]e is ! ju/ice & equity ( ! s-call$ law ( nations1 :i* ! ,occid5tals boa/ (1 n )\t j title1 & claim t x =ms "o ( ! ess5tial p>ts ( ,*ri/ian morality8 #g4 ,z to ! talk ab\t ! ?ree-mile limit ( ! t]ritorial wat]s1 !re is already mu* div]g5cy ( op9ion ev5 among/ ! juri/s4 ,to put x =? z a def5ce 9 a case l t ( ! ,baltic ,fleet affairs seems to me too pu]ile4 ,! matt]1 h[ev]1 becomes all ! m grave :5 ev5 t limit is n obs]v$1 & x has be5 con/antly ignor$ by ! ,baltic ,fleet4 ,su* are ! views :i* we ,japanese h tak5 9 ! matt]4 ,"s ,fr5* j\rnals 7errone\sly bas+ _! ass]tions on ! views ,i h p]sonally express$7 say t ,japan has tak5 up ,engli% views ( int]national law 9 opposition to ! ,cont95tal views1 s t ,france ought n to yield to ,japan's prote/4 ,?is cont5tion is n correct4 ,we d n hold ^! views because !y are ,engli% ones3 we d s because !y are 9 our op9ion ! only views :i* are int]nationally j & equitable4 ,we are n[ fight+ aga9/ a foe s =midable1 z ! :ole _w kn[s1 t to u x is a matt] ( life & dea?4 ,we h suffici5t pati5ce & =titude1 b we _c run ! risk ( sacrific+ our v exi/5ce )\t "s prote/ :5 we ?9k t we are n be+ treat$ ) ju/ice & equity4 ,i am glad to add t ! views we hold seem to h come at la/ to be %>$ by ! m responsible "p ( ! ,fr5* among/ ! gov]nm5tal circle1 z well z by ! g5]al public4 ,! newspap]s :i* are /ill /ick+ to _! old cont5tion are v few 9 numb]1 & !y seem to h "s p>ticul> reasons ( _! own4 ,i c nev] ?9k a nation l ,france c\ld consci\sly & wilfully (f5d aga9/ ju/ice & equity1 & ! only ?+ we anxi\sly hope = is t ! decl>ation ( ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t may be hone/ly & effectually foll[$ up4 ,:atev] may be "o's int5tion1 ! drift ( ev5ts (t5 creates unlook$-= incid5ts1 & t too (t5 aga9/ "o's w1 :5 x is too late to avoid ! consequ5ces4 ,let all p>ties conc]n$ be c>eful 9 ?is matt] ( vital importance4 #a ,! ,deuts*e ,revue1 ,june #aije4 ,x ,,japan ,,& ,,europe#a ,y ask my op9ion on ! future ( ! ,yell[ ,p]il cry4 ,f an e?ical po9t ( view x is an unju/ & unreasonable accusation4 ,f a practical po9t ( view x is idle & useless talk4 ,i h spok5 & writt5 on ^! p>ticul> po9ts s (t5 t ,i d n feel incl9$ to reit]ate any m4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 consid] ! matt] f a diff]5t po9t ( view & solicit any answ] :i* may be advanc$ aga9/ my conviction4 ,i d n d ?is f any ?\ght ( vanity2 ,i %\ld be v sorry if x 7 ev] tak5 9 t s5se4 ,i w\ld simply ask ^? :o agitate & cry ! ,yell[ ,p]il1 ! means !y w\ld sugge/ = ! adopt+ ( _! propag&a1 if _! words are n to be empty ones4 ,suppose any c\ntry want$ to subjugate ,japan1 & %\ld want to s5d an army to fight on ! soil ( ,japan1 :at numb] ( m5 d !y ?9k w\ld suffice8 ,no g5]al 9 ! :ole _w w\ld1 ,i am sure1 be bold en\gh to und]take ! task ) "u "o million m54 ,i h reason to believe ev5 t numb] w\ld n suffice1 b = a mom5t let x be t numb]4 ,:at c\ntry 9 ! _w c s5d t numb] ov] ! broad ocean8 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,engl&1 or ,am]ica8 ,russia seems to h ! greate/ *ance1 be+ ne>] to ,japan4 ,b h] exp]i5ce is already kn[n4 ,suppose ! idea ( a l& campaign be ab&on$1 & only a fleet be s5t to intimidate ,japan by sea battles1 or by h>ass+ h] comm]ce4 ,!re w\ld c]ta9ly be a bett] *ance = any ( ! ,occid5tal fleets ?an = ! armies1 9 cop+ ) ! =ces ( ,japan4 ,above all1 ,i frankly admit t ,engl& w\ld be ! mo/ =midable foe 9 t respect4 ,b except+ ,engl&1 is !re any o!r c\ntry t c say ) c]ta9ty t x c easily cru% ! ,japanese navy8 ,is x ,g]many8 is x ,france8 or is x--,am]ica8 ,b suppos+ our navy 7 cru%$2 :at next8 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be a v ugly ?+ = u1 b x w\ld n mean ! subjection ( ,japan4 ,our sea-coa/ t[ns may be bomb>d$1 our comm]ce may be h>ass$1 b ,japan w /ill subsi/ )9 h] soil1 = %e c live )\t dep5d+ on any o!r c\ntry = food4 ,&1 besides1 di/urbance ( comm]ce w\ld n be a loss only to h]4 ,moreov]1 any c\ntry :i* %\ld emb>k on su* an ent]prise w\ld h ne$ to ?9k x ov] twice 7or1 inde$1 ?ree or f\r times7 be=e und]tak+ x1 & to calculate ! probable b5efit x c\ld get !refrom1 & ! probable exp5ses x w\ld incur2 n to speak ( ! result ( any possible failure4 ,x may be presum$ t ,japan w\ld n tamely be intimidat$ by any action und]tak5 by any c\ntry :i* is n bas$ on ju/ice & equity1 & :i*1 !re=e1 is n op5 to reason4 ,fur!r1 is !re any c\ntry :i* w\ld will+ly emb>k on su* an ent]prise s+le-h&$8 ,i ?9k n4 ,! reason is too obvi\s = me to elucidate4 ,putt+ aside altoge!r any "q ( ju/ice & equity1 if su* an ent]prise is to be emb>k$ ^u at all1 x w\ld h to be by common action ( all ! ,we/]n ,p[]s1 some:at simil> to t :5 ! comb9$ =ces ( ,europe rose aga9/ ,france "s hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,b let me ask if su* a ?+ is possible "u ! pres5t circum/ances8 ,! claims ( ,japan to ! k9d consid]ation ( humanity h already become s widely spread t %e c\ld no long] be trampl$ ^u easily4 ,man is1 aft] all1 a rational be+4 ,d ! writ]s ( ! articles on ! ,yell[ ,p]il 7articles :i* ev5 n[ repeat$ly make _! appe>ance7 n "k ! fact t ev5 9 ,france !re is a l>ge numb] ( p :o h rec5tly pur*as$ ,japanese bonds1 n to speak ( ,g]many1 :]e ^? bonds h be5 op5ly float$ by banks ( high /&+8 ,ev5 if all ! gov]nm5ts ( ! ,we/ %\ld be will+ to agree to su* an ent]prise1 ,i d n ?9k ! p at l>ge w\ld move ) !m4 ,japan is mode/ en\gh1 ,japan is hone/ en\gh4 ,:y does %e des]ve a g5]al o/racism8 ,%e might become1 x is possible1 a ,p[] ( ! _w4 ,%e might become1 x is possible1 m civilis$ on ! l9es ( occid5tal civilisation1 aft] :i* %e /rives s e>ne/ly4 ,are ^! to be blam$ z h] s9s8 ,to me ! ,yell[ ,p]il cry1 :i* is s (t5 reviv$ 9 "s qu>t]s ( ! ,cont95t1 is ei!r a sort ( :at we call 'gu*i1' t is to say1 useless repetition ( compla9t ( "s unreasonable disappo9tm5t1 or a p]petuation ( wick$ in/igation & selfi% int5tion4 ,9 ei!r case1 x is n at all a laudable action2 inde$1 ,i may say x is wa/eful calumny = no mat]ial good w come ( x inasmu* z its object c nev] be a*iev$ f ! v condition ( ! _w4 ,! p :o ent]ta9 t idea w\ld be do+ f> bett] s]vice to _! c\ntry1 to ! progress ( civilisation1 to ! g5]al cause ( humanity1 if only !y put aside su* a silly notion1 & busy !mselves 9 tea*+ _! fell[ c\ntry-folks to accu/om !mselves to ! *ang$ circum/ances ( ! "t4 ,x w\ld be a f> m manly & noble act if !y revis$ _! old notions1 :i* 9 a measure may be call$ prejudice4 ,z to ourselves1 ! ,japanese1 we %all only be glad if we c enjoy a peaceful & h>moni\s life 9 ! happy family ( ! _w1 z we are det]m9$ to d1 9 spite ( all ! ob/acles :i* may be laid be=e u4 #a ,writt5 = ! ,pot5tia ,organisation1 ,july #aije4 ,,xi ,,! ,,indo-,,*9a ,,"q#a ,,int]view ,,) ,,! ,,b>on ,,suyematsu ,! em95t /atesman1 ,b>on ,suyematsu1 k9dly dictat$ 9 ,engli% to "o ( our editors answ]s relat+ to c]ta9 que/ions ) reg>d to ! relation betwe5 ,japan & ,europe1 especially ,france & ,g]many4 ,) ! disclosure ( ! alleg$ ,kodama report 9 view1 h[ f> may "o give cr$it to ! alleg$ ,japanese plan ( invasion ( ,indo-,*9a8 ,i "k all t has be5 writt5 9 ,france on ! subject4 ,all ^? rum\rs appe> to me to h come orig9ally f ,russia1 & to h be5 put into circulation 9 ord] to excite ,fr5* op9ion aga9/ ,japan1 9 o!r words1 x is no?+ else ?an a m]e repetition ( ! ,yell[ ,p]il cry4 ,japan does n covet ,indo-,*9a4 ,i h %[n else:]e t ! ,fr5* colonies 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ h no p]ceptible influ5ce ^u ! situation ( ,japan1 ei!r f a political or an economical po9t ( view4 ,japan has suffici5t to d at home1 %e does n want to plunge into ext]nal adv5tures1 su* z m$dl+ ) ,indo-,*9a or pick+ a qu>rel ) a c\ntry l ,france4 ,y may be sure t x w\ld be m politic = ,france to cultivate amicable relations ) ,japan ?an irritate h] by su* accusations4 ,ev5 if ^? accusations hone/ly repres5t ! true s5tim5t ( ! ,fr5*1 ! ,japanese w\ld only take !m = malici\s manuvres direct$ to aid ,russia1 & !y c\ld n produce any good impression on ! m9ds ( ! ,japanese4 ,is !re any reason to believe t ! s-call$ ,kodama report 0 =g$ 9 ,russia r ?an 9 ,france8 ,i h demon/rat$ else:]e t ! docum5t :i* 0 rec5tly made public & attribut$ to ,kodama conta9+ "s milit>y indications on ! plan ( an invasion ( ,indo-,*9a is a p]fect =g]y4 ,i h expos$ else:]e sev]al te*nical errors !re9 :i* w\ld nev] appe> 9 an au!ntic (ficial docum5t4 ,b :e!r x is au!ntic or n1 ,i d n atta* any importance to ! matt]1 f a political po9t ( view at lea/4 ,x is ! duty ( all ! milit>y & naval au?orities to keep !mselves ready = any em]g5cy4 ,= example1 ,france ought to keep h]self always prep>$ = any possible difficulties :i* may arise on h] fronti]s 9 ! ea/1 & 9 ! s\?1 & on ! we/]n coa/s2 ! same ) ,g]many1 ) ,au/ria1 ) ,italy1 ev5 ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x appe>s to me t1 if ! g5]al /aff-(fice ( ,france or ( ,g]many1 or ! milit>y or naval au?orities ( any c\ntry :atev]1 7 to rema9 )\t ! lea/ k z to :at measure %\ld be tak5 9 case ( a dang]1 !y w\ld be neglect+ _! duty to _! c\ntry4 ,i c !n say t all ! ,japanese (fic]s1 bo? 9 ! army & 9 ! navy ought to /udy con/antly ! measures :i* ,japan %\ld take 9 any em]g5cy4 ,i believe x is ! same 9 e c\ntry 9 ,europe4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n belong to ! sph]e ( practical politics4 ,x is ! duty ( /atesm5 & politicians to ma9ta9 a fri5dly relation%ip ) all o!r c\ntries z f> z possible2 &1 consequ5tly1 to keep absolute control ov] _! armies & navies4 ,! army & navy ought to s]ve z in/rum5ts & ma*9es 9 _! h&s1 & n !y1 ! civilians1 become ! in/rum5ts ( ! army & navy4 ,y may be q assur$ t 9 ,japan ! army & navy are ! ma*9es ( ! /atesm51 & t ! /atesm5 are n _! ma*9es4 ,c ! fabrication ( ! s-call$ ,kodama report be demon/rat$ by a precise fact8 ,i %all n say :5ce ! docum5t emanat$4 ,i believe x 0 compos$ by "s "o :o does n lack a c]ta9 k ( ,japan1 b :o has drawn false d$uctions f 8 k ( simil> matt]s ( o!r c\ntries4 ,"h is ! be/ example4 ,! docum5t speaks ( ! native cont+5ts ( ,=mosa4 ,n[ !re exi/ no su* =ces 9 ,=mosa4 ,! g>risons ( ,=mosa are s5t !re f ,japan4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! colonies belong+ to o!r c\ntries !re are g5]ally troops =m$ ( native cont+5ts4 ,x is notably s 9 ,fr5* colonies4 ,! au?or ( ! docum5t 9 "q1 reason+ f ^! facts1 ?\ght t x ought to be ! same ) ,=mosa4 ,has ,japan any fe> ( ano!r alt]ation ( ! ,treaty ( ,%imonoseki be+ impos$ ^u h]8 ,! comb9$ action ( ,russia1 ,g]many & ,france1 = impos+ on ,japan an alt]ation ( ! ,treaty ( ,%imonoseki appe>s to u to h be5 a great error on _! p>ts4 ,i c positively say t !re are _m em95t p]sons 9 ,g]many & 9 ,france :o regret t action4 ,ev5 9 ,russia1 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s1 a belief seems to be ent]ta9$ t1 b = ! fault !n committ$1 ! pres5t mis=tunes w\ld n h happ5$4 ,z to ourselves1 we are n hypnotis$ by ! errors !n committ$ by ^? ?ree p[]s4 ,we int5d to rema9 fri5ds ( ,france1 ( ,g]many1 & ev5 ( ,russia1 9 spite ( ! inju/ice we h suff]$1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 ^? p[]s wi% to keep fri5d%ip4 ,we d n ov]look ! possibility ( ano!r comb9ation :i* ^? p[]s may h an idea ( =m+ aga9/ u1 & x behoves u to be wat*ful4 ,nev]!less1 to tell y my c&id op9ion1 x is sc>cely possible t a simil> int]v5tion %\ld be r5ew$4 ,i d n ?9k ,france w\ld pu% h] docility s f> z to foll[ ,g]many a second "t4 ,x w\ld be necess>y t ,g]many %\ld set ! example1 aid$ by ,russia & ,france1 to come out to ! ,f> ,ea/1 especially because ! ,russian fleets h ceas$ to exi/4 ,i admit t ! ,g]man fleet is /rong1 b ,i d n believe x is p[]ful en\gh = "o to say ) c]ta9ty t x c easily cru% ,japan4 ,at all ev5ts1 :at pretext has ,g]many to ent] into w> 9 ! ,f> ,ea/8 ,among o!r ?+s also %e w\ld h to c\nt on ! op9ion & s5tim5ts ( two c\ntries at lea/1 ,i mean ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i d n1 !re=e1 consid] a new comb9ation possible4 ,japan _c be intimidat$ by m]e b>k+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,europe %\ld *oose to take su* a c\rse1 we %\ld gravely reflect4 ,i d n believe y\r c\ntry = example w\ld ev] und]take an exp$ition aga9/ ,japan4 ,y h disapprov$ a small exp$ition to ,tonk9 & we are a little m s]i\s ?an ! ,tonk9ese4 ,france might no d\bt1 if h] hon\r dem&$ x1 judge x wor? ! pa9 to engage 9 a w> ) ,japan1 b "u no o!r circum/ance d ,i believe h] dispos$ to take su* a "p4 ,japan w always cont9ue to advance on ! l9es ( occid5tal civilisation4 ,i d n see ! reason :i* w prev5t ,japan f act+ 9 conc]t ) ,france or ,g]many1 provid$ ( c\rse ^! p[]s d n ent] ^u an action :i* may appe> to h] altoge!r unju/ or iniquit\s1 9 :i* case %e may n be able to m>* ) !m h&-9-h&4 ,w\ld ,japan be (f5d$ by ,france introduc+ civilisation into ,indo-,*9a8 ,we are n at all oppos$ to y\r introduc+ ,we/]n civilisation into y\r colonies4 ,on ! contr>y we %all be q cont5t$1 b 9 introduc+ y\r civilisation into y\r colonies y h to be prep>$ t x signifies an amelioration ( ! condition ( ! natives4 ,if x 7 s1 :y %\ld we make ! lea/ objection8 ,b 9 ! hypo!sis t ! introduction ( civilisation has 9 view nei!r amelioration ( ! condition ( ! natives nor progress ( comm]ce & indu/ry1 we might !n conceive a sort ( suspicion4 ,suppos+ t y augm5t ! g>risons1 ! =tifications1 ! naval =ces1 "o w\ld see 9 x no?+ b an expansion ( y\r milit>y p[] & n an introduction ( civilisation 9 ! s5se und]/ood 9 ,france4 ,ev5 9 t case we w\ld n raise objections1 unless x 7 done ) a view to m5ace u2 b "h ,i %all (f] y a sugge/ion4 ,is x really wor? y\r :ile to develop !re incessantly y\r milit>y & naval =ces 9 ord] to oppose ,japan8 ,w\ld n ! ent]prise be r co/ly8 ,w\ld x n be inf9itely bett] to employ y\r en]gy 9 cultivat+ a good und]/&+ betwe5 y\r c\ntry & ours in/ead ( rivall+ ea* o!r by cross+ armam5ts8 #a ,l',europen1 ,augu/ #e1 #aije4 ,,xii ,,! ,,au/ralian ,,"q#a ,,an ,,int]view ,b>on ,suyematsu gave a ,daily ,news repres5tative 8 op9ion ( ! ',spectre ( ,japan' z conceiv$ by _m ,europeans4 ,! ,japanese ,b>on1 a burly1 *e]ful man1 laugh$ he>tily z he dealt ) ! al>mi/ fe>s ( ! ',yell[ ,p]il4' ,our talk began ov] ,mr4 ,bruce ,smi?'s notice ( motion 9 ! ,au/ralian ,p>liam5t4 ',yes1 ,i h se5 ! proposal1' said ,b>on ,suyematsu1 '& ,i am v glad an ,au/ralian repres5tative has tak5 up ! "q4 ,he proposes to am5d ! ,immigration ,re/riction ,act s z to p]mit ,japanese to ent] ! ,commonweal?4 ,! reason giv5 is t ,japan has plac$ h]self 9 ! front rank ( nations1 has grant$ religi\s fre$om1 has e/abli%$ consulates1 & become ! hon\r$ ally ( ,great ,brita94 ,i und]/& t ,au/ralian pap]s are say+ !re is no *ance ( ! motion be+ c>ri$4 ,i c>e n :e!r ! motion is c>ri$ or n ?is "t4 ,( "o ?+ ,i am c]ta9--x w be c>ri$ ev5tually4 ',:at reason has ,au/ralia = %utt+ out ! ,japanese8' ',! dread ( *eap] lab\r & ( ! ,yell[ ,p]il1 z x is call$4 ,:atev] !re be 9 t1 x c]ta9ly does n apply to ! ,japanese4 ,?is is already be+ realis$ 9 ,au/ralia1 z ,mr4 ,bruce ,smi?'s motion %[s4 ,! ,japanese are mak+ x cle> t !y h to be reg>d$ by ,europeans 9 a diff]5t light f ! re/ ( ,asiatics4 ,europeans consid] !mselves sup]ior to all o!r races4 ,i d n blame !m = ?9k+ t1 = ( mod]n civilisations !irs is c]ta9ly ! be/4 ,b ) ! exception ( ! ,briti% p1 ,europeans h n yet realis$ t mod]n ,japan is built up on ,european me?ods4 ,%e has no m to d ) ! s-call$ ,yell[ ,p]il ?an ,am]ica has4 ,%e takes h] place by ! side ( ! o!r p[]s1 ) v mu* ! same civilisation z !irs4 ,engl& hav+ be5 ! fir/ to recognise ! new ,japan1 ,i am c]ta9 h] colonies w soon foll[4 ,t is :y ,i feel x is only a "q ( "t be=e ,au/ralia excludes ,japan f its ,re/riction ,act4' ,a ,,mi/ak5 ,,idea ',yet ,au/ralia has be5 talk+ freely en\gh ab\t ! ,japanese m5ace4' ',i "k4 ,x is q a mi/ak5 idea ( ! ,au/ralians t if ,japan triumphs 9 ! pres5t w> %e w\ld be a m5ace to ,au/ralia4 ,!y say t if we w9 we %all be ma/]s ( ! ,ea/ & ! p>am\nt p[] 9 ,ea/]n wat]s4 ,:at1 !y ask1 is to become ( ,au/ralia1 if we take x into our heads to make a desc5t ^u _! %ores8' ,b>on ,suyematsu aga9 laugh$ boi/]\sly1 z "o :o c af=d to make m]ry at an extravagant idea4 ',! :ole ?+ is s utt]ly prepo/]\s1' he w5t on1 't x w\ld n be wor? consid]+ 7 x n typical ( :at is be+ said all ov] ,europe4 ,our fight = national exi/5ce aga9/ ,russia has be5 miscon/ru$ ev]y:]e4 ,we seem to h fill$ ! ,we/]n _w ) all sorts ( vague fe>s1 ,france is say+ t we %all soon deprive h] ( ,indo-,*9a4 ,g]many decl>es we h designs on ,kiao-*au4 ,! ,dut* say t ,java is no long] safe f our ma*9ations4 ,nev] 0 su* nons5se talk$ ( a c\ntry :i*1 aft] all1 is b fight+ to pres]ve its national exi/5ce4' ',& y say ,japan has no int5tion ( arm+ ! ,asiatics aga9/ ! ,europeans8' ',! :ole idea is absurd4 ,japan wi%es to become "o ) ! ,european nations4 ,i might ev5 say %e aspires to become a memb] ( ! ,european family4 ,x is a mi/ake to ?9k t ,japan is go+ to =m a ,pan-,asiatic ,association4 ,japan is ! only c\ntry 9 ! ,ea/ t c rise on ,european l9es4 ,h] example c\ld n be foll[$ by o!r ,asiatic c\ntries4 ,we are said to be ! successors ( ! ,t>t>s1 at "o "t ! di/urb]s ( ! _w's peace4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,russia w\ld be m fitt+ly ! successor ( ! ,t>t>s4 ,! ,t>t> races h be5 m]g$ 9 ! ,russian ,empire4 ',i am sure1' add$ ,b>on ,suyematsu1 9 a f9al ^w1 't ,europe w soon f9d its fe>s ab\t ! spectre ( ,japan are all ill-f\nd$4 ,engl&1 ,i am glad to believe1 nev] _h ^? fe>s1 & be=e long ,i hope to see h] colonies 9 ! same frame ( m9d4 ,i hope ! ,commonweal? ,p>liam5t w lead ! way4' #a ,! ,daily ,news4 ,,xiii ,,! ,,anglo-,,japanese ,,alliance ,,& ,,am]ica#a ,,an ,,int]view ',our p1' said ,b>on ,suyematsu1 'l ! ,briti% p1 fav\r ! r5ewal ( ! ,anglo-,japanese alliance4 ,!y also fav\r its ext5sion4 ,! nature ( su* ext5sion dem&s c>eful ?\ght1 ( c\rse4 ,i w n g into details1 b ,i w say t a m effectual alliance is desirable f ! /&po9ts ( bo? ,engl& & ,japan1 & ,i also ?9k f ! /&po9t ( ,am]ica4 ,japan's int]e/ is too obvi\s to require m5tion2 b ,engl&'s int]e/1 9 my op9ion1 is equally real4 ,russia & ,engl& are 9 contact ?r\gh\t ,asia & friction is con/ant4 ,engl& ne$s /r5g!n+ aga9/ ,russia & also aga9/ o!r p[]s active 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,,monroe ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,! ,,pa/ ',am]ica's relation to ?is problem is m difficult4 ,monroeism is ?\ght to /& 9 ! way4 ,i appreciate ! delicacy ( v5tur+ to discuss ! policy ( a nation o!r ?an my own1 b ,i feel t ,am]icans are too s5sible to res5t an hone/ expression ( op9ion4 ,monroeism is n "p ( ! con/itution1 b ! dictum ( a /atesman4 ,?is dictum 0 made :5 our planet 0 v l>ge1 be=e ! developm5t ( /eam & electricity4 ,! nations 7 isolat$ & insulat$ by di/ance & non-communication4 ',at t "t ,am]ican !ory & practice relative to =eign affairs 7 9 h>mony4 ,am]ica 0 actually self-conta9$1 b to-day ! _w is a t9y ball & ,am]ica's flag & ,am]ica's int]e/s are on e sea4 ,am]ica is sov]eign 9 ,hawaii & ! ,philipp9es1 & yet ! ,am]ican p cl+ to ! idea ( leav+ di/ant matt]s alone4 ,nev]!less ! /ate dep>tm5t is widely & intellig5tly active4 ,,am]ican ,,int]e/ ,,_w-,,wide ',!oretically y d n p>ticipate1 actually y\r p>ticipation be>s ^u int]national ev5ts ev]y:]e4 ,witness ,secret>y ,hay's initiative respect+ ! ,jews1 z well z despat* aft] despat* aim$ at ,russian aggression 9 ,man*uria4 ,! _w's int]e/s are becom+ wov5 into a solid fabric4 ,great nations _c escape ! responsibility ?is involves4 ,am]ican !ory & practice1 9 my judgm5t1 w g on div]g+ until ! notion ( non-p>ticipation w be m]ely an antiquat$ ab/raction4 ',!re=e ,i refuse to reg>d z hopeless ! idea ( an ,am]ican-,anglo-,japanese alliance1 gu>antee+ ! peaceful developm5t ( ! va/ res\rces ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,su* an alliance exi/s ess5tially n[--an alliance spr++ f cognate ideas1 wi%es1 purposes & pr9ciples4 ,?is is ! be/ possible f\ndation = t =mal compact :i* ! evolution ( indu/ry & comm]ce seems to me unmi/akably to =e%ad[4' #a ,an extract f ! ,*icago ,daily ,news4 ,,note ,,to ,,dialogue ,v4 ,s9ce ! bulk ( ! pres5t "w w5t to press1 ,i came across ! foll[+ communication pr9t$ 9 ! ,outlook4 ,i take ! lib]ty ( subjo9+ x h]e)1 )\t any va9 int5tion ( flaunt+ ! virtues ( my c\ntrym54--,k4,s4 ,,japanese ,,"* ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,,outlook ,,sir1--,i h receiv$ dur+ ! la/ few weeks lett]s be>+ su* eloqu5t te/imony to ! nobility ( ,japanese "* t ,i am s5d+ y "s extracts 9 ! hope ( y\r publi%+ !m4 ,! lett]s are f a fri5d ( m9e1 :o ) h] husb& has liv$ 9 ,yokohama = _m ye>s1 & c !re=e speak ) consid]able au?ority4 ,! fir/ extract is ab\t ! soldi]s !mselves-- ,m9e y "k is a busy life1 & ,i f\nd "w among ! milit>y hospitals & also among ! brave wives ( ! soldi]s s fasc9at+ t f ! ,new ,ye> till e>ly ,june ,i let all social duties slip1 s mu* s t ,i _h a n]v\s breakd[n 9 ,june1 & s9ce !n h _h to g v sl[4 ,we _h a spl5did "t at our seaside cottage at ,negi%i ?is aft]noon1 any am\nt ( our de> br[n soldi]s r\nd u4 ,!re are five hundr$ qu>t]$ 9 t fi%+ village j n[2 !y 7 re/+1 ba?+1 boat+1 wa%+ _! clo!s or cook+ _! *[1 b nev] a rude ^w or an unc\? action2 no r[dyism1 b all z civil1 quiet1 good-temp]$1 & al]t z possible2 !y are a m>vel2 & my *ildr5 g 9 & out among !m & love !m1 l ,i d6 ,i c\ld kill :ite idiots :5 ,i he> !m speak ( ^? f9e fell[s z 'an inf]ior race4' ,ye gods6 'inf]ior' ) nev] a camp foll[] to _! "n1 & rap9e unkn[n ev5 aft] ! fi]ce/ fight6 ,:at ,european race c %[ a record l t8 ,i wi% ,i c\ld be home = six mon?s & tell :at ! soldi]s & _! wives are--:at miracles ( *e]ful pati5ce & manly dignity ! w\nd$ m5 are z !y lie hack$ & maim$1 sometimes till almo/ all semblance ( manhood is gone1 yet nev] a murmur does any "o he> f _! lips--no1 n if !y are armless1 legless1 & ev5 bl9d4 ,& y w\ld n d>e condole ) !m6 ,!y say & believe !y 'are greatly hon\r$4' ,:5 !y embrace ,*ri/ianity1 !y %ame ! brighte/ ,*ri/ian among u1 & ,i come away f visit+ ! hospitals feel+ s small1 s humble1 yet at peace ) all ! _w4 ,we h v1 v mu* to le>n f ?is great p4 ,?is second extract1 ab\t a soldi]'s wife1 may come home to y\r read]s ev5 m3-- ,i all[ two families a small sum ( money e week4 ,"o case is t ( a "y woman1 "u tw5ty ye>s ( age1 :o has a *ild & an ag$ p>5t to keep1 & h] husb& w5t to ! w> a few weeks ago1 leav+ h] p5niless & on ! v]ge ( hav+ ano!r baby4 ,a few days ago1 :5 ,i w5t to take h] weekly money1 %e refus$ to take x1 say+ %e _h got a little "w to d & c\ld n[ manage )\t any help1 z !re 7 s _m 9 mu* great] ne$ ( help ?an h]self2 & %e w\ld n take ! money1 ?\gh %e 0 e>n+ ev5 less ?an ,i 0 all[+ h]4 ,t is :at ,i call a real h]o9e4 ,h[ _m at "w among/ our poor la/ w9t] c\ld give su* evid5ce to "* z t8--,i am1 sir1 y\rs1 etc4 ,,engli%woman4 ,,note ,,to ,,dialogue ,,viii4 ,be=e ! prec$+ pages _h be5 pr9t$ two ev5ts wor? m5tion+ "h took place4 ,"o is ! lam5t$ dea? ( ,sir ,h5ry ,irv+4 ,! o!r is ! public discussion :i* took place "u ! auspices ( ! ,london ,%akespe>e ,league1 on ! be/ me?od ( pres5t+ ,%akespe>e's plays on ! mod]n /age4 ,on ! latt] subject p]haps ,i may add a ^w4 ,:ile 9 ,japan ! t5d5cy is to introduce wom5-play]s into ! company ( male play]s1 & improvem5t ( sc5]y is mu* s\ght aft] on ,european l9es1 bo? ( :i* are due to ! occid5tal influ5ce1 x is curi\s to notice t exactly rev]se movem5ts1 namely ! disp5s+ ) ! female play]s & ! return+ back to ! primitive simplicity ( /age prop]ties1 are advocat$ 9 ,engl& by compet5t p]sons ) reg>d to ! repres5tation ( ,%akespe>e4 ,i extract bel[ among o!rs a passage ( ! spee* ( ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw on ! occasion ( ! discussion ref]r$ to above3-- ,:5 ,mr4 ,gilb]t said t he w\ld l to see ! wom5's p>ts play$ by boys1 he 0 n utt]+ a je/4 ,9 "s ( ! p]=mances at ,we/m9/] ,s*ool1 he _h se5 boys 9 wom5's p>ts mu* m effective ?an any pr(essional actress4 ,if wom5 play]s _h be5 propos$ to ,%akespe>e1 he w\ld n only h be5 sc&alis$1 b he w\ld h po9t$ out t x 0 impossible to get ! =ce f wom5 t 0 obta9$ f boy actors4 ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,article ,,on ',,comm]cial ,,morality' ,9 ! ,octob] numb] ( ! ,anglo-,japanese ,gazette 7,london7 is publi%$ a criticism by ,mr4 ,curtis1 editor & proprietor ( ! ,kobe ,h]ald1 on '! ridicul\sly sweep+ ass]tions1' z he calls x1 made by ,mr4 ,long=d 9 8 article4 ,i subjo9 h]e) a passage :i* relates to ,mr4 ,long=d's ass]tion t a 'cordon' is drawn by ! ,japanese r\nd ! trad+ c5tres ( ,yokohama & ,kobe1 & t =eign m]*ants are suff]+ "u ! '?raldom'3-- ,well1 let me say t no sane1 fair-m9d$ man :o kn[s any?+ :atev] ( 8 subject w\ld ev] dream ( accus+ ! :ole ,japanese p ( a lack ( comm]cial morality4 ,all ?is talk ab\t a cordon be+ drawn r\nd ! treaty ports is rubbi%4 ,no su* b>ri] exi/s1 save p]haps 9 ! imag9ation ( a few :o _c %ake (f ! prejudices & disabilities ( ! pa/4 ,! idea s\nds absurd to me1 kn[+1 z ,i d "k1 t all ! g-ahead firms h be5 do+ _! utmo/ = "s "t pa/ to op5 up connections 9 ! pr9cipal cities4 ,mr4 ,long=d seems to ?9k t bus9ess is conduct$ 9 ,japan to-day j z x 0 tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,he app>5tly does n "k t "s =eign h\ses h tru/$ cl]ks or travell]s all ov] ! c\ntry2 t "s =eign bus9ess m5 run up to ,osaka & ,tokio daily2 & t bus9ess j\rneys to ,maidzuru--! great1 =tifi$ naval base on ! ,sea ( ,japan--,nagoya ,sasebo1 ,hiro%ima1 & o!r important c5tres1 are matt]s ( ev]yday exp]i5ce n[4 ,9 ! same numb] ( ! same j\rnal is also publi%$ an important article f ! p5 ( ,sir ,tollema*e ,s9clair1 ,b>t41 conc]n+ ,bi%op ,awdry's lett] publi%$ 9 ! ,times4 ,sir ,tollema*e /rongly repudiates ! accuracy ( ! bi%op's *>ge ( di%one/y & immorality aga9/ ! ,japanese1 :i* ,sir ,tollema*e calls ! bi%op's 'utt]ly errone\s accusations1' bas+ 8 cont5tion ^u an elaborate comp>ison ( ! /ati/ical facts ( ,japan & _m o!r nations relat+ to sev]al important subjects hav+ be>+ on ! "q4 ,among o!r ?+s1 he writes3-- ,?is cl]ical c5sor1 :o endeav\rs to f9d a mote 9 8 ,japanese bro!r's eye1 b does n see ! beam 9 8 ,engli% bro!r's eye1 cut ! gr\nd f "u 8 own feet on ! subject ( ! imag9>y di%one/y ( ,japanese trad]s1 = he tells u t a h\se 0 built = him by ,japanese tradesm5 admirably )\t any contract1 & at a mod]ate exp5se2 & ,i %\ld l to "k1 if any ,engli%man did ! same ?+ 9 ,engl&1 :e!r he w\ld n be unm]cifully fleec$4 ,bi%op ,awdry says he is a fri5d ( ! ,japanese1 b !y w probably say to him1 aft] read+ 8 lett]1 ',save u f our fri5ds1 z to our enemies we w take c>e ( !m ourselves4' ,& he w9ds up ! article ) ^! words3-- ,:at excuse has he to (f] = ! gross & discr$itable & unf\nd$ insults :i* he has heap$ on ! heads ( ^? "u ^: protection1 & 9 ! enjoym5t ( ^: hospitality1 he resides4444 ,9 %ort1 x may ju/ly be said ( ! lett] writt5 by ?is sup]flu\s bi%op1 ':at is true is n new1 & :at is new is n true4' ,,index ,adoption1 ! cu/om ( ,advance ,japan1 ,morris's ,age1 ways ( c\nt+ ,ada1 ! op]a ,a9slie1 ,dr4 ,daniel1 8 mission to ,nagasaki ,aizu1 ,"l ( ,am]ica's sympa?y = ,japan ,am]ican ,press1 views ( w> ) ,russia giv5 to ! ,anglo-,fr5*1 ,russo-,japanese ent5te ,anglo-,franco ,diplomacy 9 ,japan ,anglo-,japanese ,alliance & ,am]ica1 an int]view ,army1 ! ,japanese -- /ate (1 aft] fight+ ,army & ,navy1 organisation ( ,arisugawa1 ,pr9ce ,art1 ,japanese ,a%ikaga ,a/on1 ,dr4 ,au/ralian ,"q1 ! ,bank ( ,japan4 ',black ,room ,presid5t1' ,books on ,japan ,brack51 a talk ab\t ,briti% ,ea/ ,india ,company ,buddhi/ ,sects ,budha1 ,amida ,bukum ,bu%ido -- disc\rse on -- hi/ory ( ! t]m -- its lit]ature ,bu%iku ,bu%i-,zoku ,cal5d>1 ! ,japanese ,calumnies on ,japan ,c>d-play+ ,c>ds1 description ( ,"* ( ! ,japanese ,*a/ity ,*auv9ism1 fe> ( ,*ess-play+ 9 ,*9a -- 9 ,japan ,*iku-ba-%o ,*9a1 ! difficulty ( re=m 9 -- ! future ( -- & ,russia1 secret treaty betwe5 ,*9ese jurisprud5ce -- bank+ sy/em ,*ivalry1 ,japanese ,*okai1 ,gunboat ,*osiu -- troops ,*ri/ianity & ,japan ,*rysan!mums1 ! culture ( ,climate 9 ,japan ,code ( hon\r1 ! ,japanese ,comm]ce & indu/ry ( ,japan describ$ ,comm]cial morality ( ! ,japanese describ$ ,communication1 means (1 9 ,japan ,corea ,curr5cy1 ,japanese ,daidoji ,yiuzan ,daimio expla9$ -- & ,samurai1 diff]5ce betwe5 ,danjiuro ,deaf & dumb1 ! treatm5t ( ,dea?1 ! ,japanese conception ( ,deuts*e ,revue ,diet1 ! ,difficulty ( di/+ui%+ ,r & ,l ,duels ,dwell+s1 details ( ,e>r+s1 rem>ks on ,eat+ fruit )\t peel+ ,education 9 ,japan -- ! sy/em ( -- common & milit>y ,elem5t>y ,lessons on ,budo ,engl&1 h] political attitude4 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 relations betwe51 ) reg>d to ,japan ,engli% ,press views on ,japanese "* -- sympa?y = ,japan ,feel+ & s5tim5t 9 ,japan ,feudal sy/em 9 ,japan ,fiction1 ,japanese ,fight+1 modes ( ,f9ance ( ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,great ,*ange ,f9ancial & ,economical ,annual ,f9ancial sy/em1 progress ( ,fire>ms1 ! fir/ use (1 9 ,japan ,fl[]s1 art ( arrangem5t ( -- sale ( ,food1 ,japanese ,=eca/ on ! issue ( ! w> ,france & h] wom5 -- relations ) ,engl& ,fr5* ,nationali/s & ,sociali/s ) reg>d to ,japan ,fu%imi1 battle ( ,g>d51 a ,japanese1 describ$ ,gei%as1 _! life ,g]man policy ',g1' ! game ( ,gov]nm5t1 ! ,japanese -- describ$ ',great ,*ange1' ! ,greek & ,roman com$ies -- cu/oms ,greek inspiration ,griffis1 ! ,rev4 ,w4,e4 ,hakodate ,hana-k>uta ,hanawa ,he>n1 ,lafcadio -- life ( -- rem>ks on ,hetaira ,hideyo%i ,hiros1 ,comm&ant -- ,mrs41 h] lett] to an ,engli% ,admiral ,hiz5 ,hog5 ,monogat>i ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ,imp]ial ,army ,dep>tm5t -- ,gov]nm5t & milit>y re=m ,imp]ial ,japan ,imp]ial succession -- ,troops ,indep5d5t ,review ,indo-,*9a ,"q ,in\y1 ,c\nt -- a sket* ( 8 life ,int]m>riages1 ,japanese ,int]national ,conv5tions & ,japan ,irv+1 ,sir ,h5ry1 & ! ,japanese /age ,ito1 ,m>quis -- an old spee* by -- a sket* ( 8 life ,izawa ,hanrio%i ,jane ,eyre & ,japan ,japan aft] ! w> -- ,emp]or (1 8 p[]s -- & ,am]ica1 relations betwe5 -- & ,europe1 relations betwe5 -- & =eign capital -- & ,russia1 a prie/'s views on ,japan ,times ,japanese1 ! age ( -- z correspond5ts -- love tale1 a -- re=m1 h[ br\ght ab\t -- t>iff -- ,v5detta ,jiujitsu1 disc\rse on -- & wre/l+1 a comp>ison ( -- ! ,will[ ,m9d /yle ,kago%ima -- bomb>dm5t ( ,kaib>a ,yekk5 ,kataki-u*i ,katsura1 ,c\nt ,kawakami ,kawas1 ,kido ,kikugoro ,kiusiu ,kioto ,kite fly+ ,kites ,koizumi ,yakumo ,kokkwa1 a mon?ly on ,art ,komura1 ,b>on ,kumazawa ,banzan ,kuroda ,kuropatk91 ,g5]al ,kwanto1 pla9 ( ,lady's op9ion on ,japanese wom51 ,a ,languages1 rem>ks on ,languages ( ,*9a & ,japan ,lays ( ,anci5t ,rome ,le ,mat91 #ce4 ,lectures by ,yamaga ,soko ,legislation1 evolution ( ,l9es on hail/ones ,little1 ,ar*ibald ,local adm9i/ration ,loti1 ,pi]re ,macaulay ,m>itana1 ! op]a ,m>riage c]emonies1 description ( ,massage ,matoni1 ,monsieur ,matrimony1 prelim9>y inquiries 9 respect to ,matsukata1 c>e] ( ,mikado's ,empire ,milit>y organisation -- tra9+ -- = boys -- s]vice1 h]$it>y1 aboli%$ ,mongolian troops ,moon sc5es ,morality ( ,japan1 comp>$ ) o!r nations ,mo!rs & wives1 ,japanese ,music1 ,japanese ,nagasaki ,nakaodo1 a ,nakaye-toju ,names1 ,japanese ,napoleon ,national banks ,nationality1 abuse ( ,japanese ,navigation 9 ! ,japan ,sea ,navy1 ! ,japanese -- its hi/ory ,nelson ,neutrality "q1 ! ',new ,common]s1' & ! hi/ory ( _! emancipation ,night ftes 9 ,japan ,nobility1 ! ,japanese -- me?ods ( address+ ,nogi1 ,g5]al1 & religion's mean+ ,notions ( p>don & =giv+ ,nozu1 ,g5]al ,occid5tal ,civilisation -- vulg>ity ,okubo ,okuma1 ,c\nt -- a sket* ( ! life ( ,osaka ,oyama ,m>%al ,p>is -- a motor ride r\nd -- by night ,peace prospects1 obs]vations ( ,physique1 ! ,japanese ,political attitude ( ,engl& ,political organism ( ,japan ,port ,ar?ur ,press1 !1 & ! w> ,pr9t+1 ! art ( ,pronunciation ( ,japanese ,public ba?s ,que/ions & ,answ]s on ,bun & ,bu ,raffles1 ,sir ,/am=d1 8 appreciation ( ,japan ,railways1 con/ruction ( ,r$ ,cross ,society ,religion 9 ,japan -- discussions on ,religion1 ,japanese mean+ ( ,re/oration1 ! ,japanese ,rev5ge1 ,japanese ,revolution1 discussion on ! ,japanese ,ris5 ,sun1 ! ,rodje/v5sky1 ,admiral ,romance1 ,japanese ',ron91' ,roosevelt1 ,presid5t -- & jiujitsu -- 8 p>tiality t[>ds ,japan ,russia1 ,emp]or ( -- & ,japan1 a prie/'s views on ,russian defeat1 ! cause ( ,russian views ( ! ,japanese ,russo-,japanese ,w>1 outbreak ( ,russophile pap]s ,sada-,yakko ,sadanji ,saga1 pr9ce ( ,saigo ,saionji1 a sket* ( ! life ( ,samurai -- & ,daimio1 diff]5ce betwe5 -- & fight+ -- expla9$ -- discipl9e ( ! -- ! s\l ( -- "m illu/rat$ by a drama ,sat*o ,sat[1 ,sir ,e4 ,satsuma -- =mation ( ! -- w> -- ! cause ( ,sc5]y ( ,japan ,sekigah>a1 battle ( ,self-,help1 ,smiles's ,semitic sympa?y ,%ido1 ,%ikwan ,%imadai ,%imazu ,saburo ,%9toism1 its s5sitiv5ess to pollution ,%ipbuild+ y>ds1 orig9 ( ,%iwa ,yo%imasa ,%izoku1 ! title ,%ogun ,%ogunate -- f9ancial sy/em ( -- troops ,simonoseki1 treaty ( ,s++ insects ,s9o-,japanese w> ,sket*es ( "s *ief figures ( actual ,japan ,sn[ sc5es ,social morality1 discussion on ,social condition ( ,japan ,socialism & ,japan1 discussion on ,sotsuibu%i1 or ,police-ma/]-g5]al ,sports1 ,japanese ,/age1 ! ,japanese ',/&>d ( ,liv+1' an essay ,/oessel1 ,g5]al ,summ] resorts ( =eign]s ,sumoo ,sup]/ition1 ,japanese4 ,swords ,taira ,takasago ,takasugi ,tak$a ,%+5 ,telegraphs 9 ,japan ,telephones 9 ,japan ,?+s ,japanese 7#ahih7 ,togo1 ,admiral ,tokio -- ! hi/ory ( -- ! patois ( ,tokugawa -- rgime -- ,feudatories "u ,tol/oy1 ,c\nt ,leo ,trans-,sib]ian ,railway ,trip to ,japan1 details conc]n+ ,tsu-%ima1 battle ( ,uta-,k>uta ,utam>o ,wa%+ton1 ,george ,weapons1 ,japanese