,,religion ,,& ,,sci5ce ,,religion ,,& ,,sci5ce ,,f ,,galileo ,,to ,,b]gson ,,by ,,john ,,*>lton ,,h>dwick ,philosophy w always be h>d1 & :at x promises ev5 9 ! end is no cle> !ory nor any complete und]/&+ or vision4 ,b its c]ta9 rew>d is a cont9ual evid5ce & a height5$ appreh5sion ( ! ineffable my/]y ( life1 ( life 9 all its complexity & all its unity & wor?4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,bradley1 ,essays 9 ,tru? & ,reality1 p4 #ajf4 ,,london ,,society ,,= ,,promot+ ,,*ri/ian ,,k ,,new ,,york3 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 #aibj ,,to ,,my ,,fa!r ,,preface ,! *apt]s :i* foll[ are n int5d$ z ev5 a slight sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ,?\ght s9ce ! ,r5aissance4 ,_! object is m mode/1 i4e4 to illu/rate ! !sis t mank9d1 be+ incurably religi\s1 insi/s 7h[ev] hopeless ! ent]prise may sometimes seem7 ^u int]pret+ ! univ]se spiritually4 ,?us x is q natural t only a few typical names %\ld f9d _! places "h3 & (t5 no suffici5t reason may appe> = "o be+ includ$ r ?an ano!r4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! t5? *apt]1 ,t4 ,h4 ,gre51 ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley1 & ,a4 ,j4 ,balf\r are m5tion$1 :ile ,m>t9eau & ! ,cairds are pass$ ov]4 ,ne$less to say1 !re 0 no doctr9al prejudice "h4 ,aga91 9 ! f\r? *apt]1 ,pascal is dealt ) at "s l5g?1 b ,boehme1 an equally important ?9k]1 is ignor$4 ,& s on4 ,i %\ld l to ackn[l$ge "h my obligation to ,dr4 ,m]c]1 ,canon ( ,*e/]1 = 8 advice ^u books1 especially ) reg>d to mat]ial = ! f9al *apt]s4 ,also to ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,d4 ,a4 ,major1 ,pr9cipal ( ,ripon ,hall1 = sugge/ions ab\t ! g5]al plan ( ! book2 & to ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,h>vey 7a ma!matical graduate ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 at pres5t /udy+ m$ic9e7 = valuable in=mation ab\t ! pres5t position ( psy*ic rese>*4 ,j4 ,c4 ,h4 ,,altr+ham1 ,m>* #bcrd1 #aibj4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,,page ,religion & ,sci5ce def9$4 ,accurate & sy/ematic k necess>ily affects our attitude to life4 ,c our sy/ematis$ k sanction a religi\s attitude8 ,?is ! religi\s problem4 ,religi\s h>mony ( ,middle ,ages4 ,w x return8 #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,dissolution ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,syn!sis ,! old ,_w-,s*eme describ$4 ,aqu9as & ,s*ola/icism4 ,cusanus criticises conv5tional ideas ( space4 ,! ,new ,a/ronomy ( ,cop]nicus4 ,bruno & an inf9ite univ]se4 ,galileo's telescope4 ,! ,new ,physics & an automatic univ]se4 ,! ,new ,logic #h ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,me*anical ,,!ory ,! ,new ,sci5ce creates a ,new ,philosophy4 ,univ]sality ( ,me*anics4 ,importance ( ,h>vey's discov]y4 ,desc>tes ext5ds ! me*anical !ory to cov] physiology & psy*ology4 ,hobbes & a naturali/ic e?ic4 ,newton ext5ds ! op]ation ( law f ! e>? to ! heav5s4 ,religi\s attitude ( ^! ?9k]s4 ,significance ( _! ?\ght #ah ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,sev5te5?-,,c5tury ,,reactions ,a ,law ( ,?\ght4 ,sp9oza4 ,a ,me*anical ,univ]se spiritually int]pret$4 ,natura ,naturans1 :at x means4 ,! ,e?ics4 ,sp9oza's my/icism4 ,8 p]sonality4 ,leibniz & a philosophy ( p]sonality4 ,8 monads4 ,pascal4 ,8 significance4 ,! ,p5sees4 ,! et]nal prote/ ( religion4 ,man defies ! univ]se4 ,results #bh ,,*apt] ,v ,,rise ,,( ,,an ,,anti-,,religi\s ,,sci5ce ,anti-cl]icalism 9 eighte5?-c5tury ,france4 ,voltaire's propag&a4 ,did]ot & ! ,encyclopa$i/s4 ,holba*'s ,sy/em ( ,nature4 ,laplace's a/ronomy4 ,lavoisi] & ! ,new ,*emi/ry4 ,dalton's atomic !ory4 ,results = religion #db ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,rise ,,( ,,g]man ,,idealism ,importance1 = ! me*anical view1 ( ,locke's !ory ( k4 ,weakness ( speculative philosophy4 ,rise ( ! critical philosophy4 ,kant4 ,he seeks to solve ! problem3 ,h[ is k possible8 ,kant's view ( ! m9d's function 9 k4 ,me*anism a =m ( ?\ght1 subjective n objective4 ,kant's view ( reality4 ,c we "k reality8 ,! two worlds #eb ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,romantic ,,movem5t ,kant cle>s ! gr\nd = a new philosophy4 ,significance ( ,r\sseau4 ,8 attitude to culture4 ,! new philosophy 9 ,g]many1 its goal4 ,fi*te4 ,hegel a rationali/ic-romantici/4 ,8 me?od4 ,hegelianism4 ,significance = religi\s ?\ght ( ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,! autonomy ( religion & religi\s exp]i5ce #fb ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,me*anism ,,& ,,life ,rise ( bio-*emi/ry & bio-physics 9 ,g]many4 ,significance ( ^! movem5ts4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,lam>ck4 ,! new geology4 ,d>w94 ,results ( 8 !ory #gd ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,mat]ialism ,,& ,,agno/icism ,e>ly decl9e ( ,romanticism 9 ,g]many4 ,comte & ! positive philosophy4 ,mat]ialism 9 ,g]many4 ,d>w9ism & ! argum5t f design4 ,haeckel4 ,sp5c]ian evolutionism4 ,sp5c]'s moral idealism4 ,8 philosophy ( religion4 ,agno/icism4 ,rise ( philosophic pessimism4 ,significance ( ,nietzs*e #hd ,,*apt] ,x ,,reactions ,,9 ,,philosophy ,g]man idealism naturalis$ 9 ,engl& by ,col]idge & ,c>lyle4 ,^! writ]s describ$4 ,s>tor ,res>tus4 ,idealism at ,ox=d1 ,t4 ,h4 ,gre54 ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley4 ,balf\r's plea = a philosophy ( sci5ce4 ,revival ( ,idealism 9 ,g]many4 ,lotze4 ,8 view ( values & reality #ih ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,"s ,,rec5t ,,t5d5cies ,,9 ,,philosophy ,a new philosophy ( ,sci5ce4 ,ma* on ,economy ( ,?\ght4 ,ab/ractness & artificiality ( sci5tific me?od4 ,b\tr\x & natural law4 ,james' view ( ! m9d c>ri$ fur!r by ,b]gson4 ,8 view ( ! intellect4 ,:at x c1 & :at x _c1 d = u4 ,intuition4 ,indet]m9ism & ,pluralism4 ,leibniz reviv$4 ,w>d's philosophy ( p]sonality #aaj ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,"s ,,rec5t ,,t5d5cies ,,9 ,,sci5ce ,! ,new ,physics4 ,new !ories ( matt]4 ,! ,new ,biology4 ,dries* & neo-vitalism4 ,! ,new ,psy*ology4 ,spiritualism4 ,! outlook = ! future #abe ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,"s ,,f9al ,,consid]ations ,hi/ory ( ,?\ght supplies no mat]ial = dogmatis+4 ,yet a progress ( ideas is evid5t4 ,p]man5cy ( spiritual view ( reality4 ,its cont9ual revival4 ,sabati]'s say+4 ,ne$ ( fre$om1 alike = religion & = sci5ce #acg ,,religion ,,& ,,sci5ce ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory4 ,,religion ,,& ,,sci5ce ,num]\s attempts to def9e religion h made x evid5t t religion is indef9able4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 say ?is mu* ab\t x1 t religion is an attitude t[>ds life3 a way ( look+ at exi/5ce4 ,x is true t ?is def9ition is too wide1 & includes ?+s :i* are n religion--!re are c]ta9 attitudes to life :i* are def9itely anti-religi\s--t ( ! mat]iali/1 = in/ance4 ,h[ev]1 x w s]ve a purpose1 & we c improve ^u x z we proce$4 ,x is a mi/ake to put too mu* fai? 9 def9itions3 at any rate x is bett] to h our def9itions 7if h !m we mu/7 too wide ?an too n>r[4 ,sci5ce is1 =tunately1 mu* easi] to def9e4 ,accurate & sy/ematic k is :at we mean by sci5ce--k ab\t any?+1 provid$ t ! facts are 7s f> z possible7 accurately describ$ & sy/ematically classifi$4 ,pr(essor ,k>l ,pe>son1 ! highe/ au?ority on ! pr9ciples ( sci5tific me?od & !ory1 writes3 ,! man :o classifies facts ( any k9d :atev]1 :o sees _! mutual relation & describes _! sequ5ces1 is apply+ ! sci5tific me?od & is a man ( sci5ce4 ,! facts may belong to ! pa/ hi/ory ( mank9d1 to ! social /ati/ics ( our great cities1 to ! atmosph]e ( ! mo/ di/ant />s1 to ! dige/ive organs ( a worm1 or to ! life ( a sc>cely visible bacillus4 ,x is n facts !mselves :i* make sci5ce1 b ! me?od by :i* !y are dealt )4 ,! mat]ial ( sci5ce is co-ext5sive ) ! :ole physical univ]se1 n only t univ]se z x n[ exi/s1 b ) its pa/ hi/ory & ! pa/ hi/ory ( all life !re94 ,:5 e fact1 e pres5t or pa/ ph5om5on ( t univ]se1 e phase ( pres5t or pa/ life !re91 has be5 classifi$1 & co-ord9at$ ) ! re/1 !n ! mission ( sci5ce w be complet$4#a ,sci5ce1 !n1 is sy/ematic & accurate k2 & :5 we h sy/ematic & accurate k ab\t ev]y?+ !re is to be kn[n1 ! programme ( sci5ce w be complete4 ,?is is only to say t ! task x has set itself is "o t w nev] end4 ,s mu*1 !n1 = our def9itions4 ,religion is an attitude to life3 sci5ce is sy/ematic & accurate k4 ,h[ does ! "o affect ! o!r8 ,:at are ! relations betwe5 ! two8 ,t is ! topic :i* w occupy our att5tion dur+ ! *apt]s t foll[4 ,to answ] ! "q prop]ly w involve a c]ta9 am\nt ( acqua9tance ) ! hi/ory ( ideas4 ,we mu/ fir/ put ! prelim9>y "q3 ,h[1 z a matt] ( fact1 h m5's sci5tific ideas affect$ _! religi\s ideas 7or vice v]sa7 9 times pa/8 ,hav+ tri$ to answ] ?is "q1 we %all be 9 a bett] position to approa* ! religi\s problem z x pres5ts itself to-day4 ,mean:ile a few rem>ks ( a g5]al "* w n be out ( place4 ,x is evid5t t sci5ce c h>dly fail to affect religion4 ,sy/ematis$ k necess>ily affects an individual's 7or a society's7 attitude to life--ei!r by broad5+ & elevat+ t attitude1 or by debas+ x4 ,our k1 or :at we believe to be su*1 t5ds to create c]ta9 preconceptions :i* make our m9ds ho/ile to c]ta9 beliefs or ideas4 ,a man re>$ f 8 cradle on me*anical sci5ce w t5d to reg>d miracles ) suspicion2 if he be logical 7z he g5]ally is n7 fre$om ( ! w1 ev5 9 ! mo/ limit$ s5se1 w appe> *im]ical4 ,nor w 8 g5]al attitude to life rema9 unaffect$ by 8 views on ^! po9ts4 ,sy/ematis$ k may ?us conceivably come into conflict ) ! presuppositions or ! ideals ( "s p>ticul> religion4 ,x is !n t a religi\s problem arises4 ,a religion indissolubly associat$ ) a geoc5tric conception ( ! univ]se w\ld t5d to become discr$it$ z soon z t conception _h be5 dispos$ ( by sy/ematic k4 ,sci5ce may ev5 t5d to produce an attitude to life ho/ile n only to a p>ticul> religion b to all religion4 ,if mat]ialism %\ld ultimately be f\nd to be consi/5t ) sy/ematic & accurate k1 x is difficult to see h[ any attitude to life :i* c\ld be appropriately describ$ z religion c\ld survive4 ,! religi\s problem w\ld !n1 at any rate1 cease to tr\ble u4 ,! religi\s apologi/s w\ld be free to turn _! att5tion to matt]s ( m mom5t4 ,b x is n only ) ! cessation ( religion t ! religi\s problem slumb]s4 ,!re are c]ta9 happy p]iods :5 religion fl\ri%es undi/urb$ by ob/9ate que/ion+s4 ,^! classical ages ( religion exi/ :5 sy/ematis$ k seems to support ! contempor>y religi\s outlook--:5 sci5ce & religion speak ) "o voice4 ,su* unanimity seems to u to-day too good to be possible1 b t is only because our own age is exceptional--n because ^? happi] ages 7 exceptional2 !y1 9 fact--if we trace hi/ory backw>ds--w\ld seem r to h be5 ! rule4 ,primitive man1 x w\ld seem1 0 tr\bl$ by no discords ( ! k9d :i* di/urb our peace4 ,8 sy/ematic k--su* z x 0--0 entirely 9 accord ) 8 religion1 ! two 71 9 fact1 9 8 case practically "o4 ,8 sci5ce 0 8 religion4 ,x may n h be5 v s\nd sci5ce1 nor v elevat$ religion1 b x s]v$ 8 purpose admirably4 ,he 0 too busy ) ! /ruggle = survival to indulge 9 speculation4 ,8 religion 0 sev]ely practical1 & he 0 fai?ful to x because exp]i5ce seem$ to indicate t x paid4 ,b ! ,/one ,age h>dly des]ves 79 spite ( its fre$om f religi\s difficulties7 to be describ$ z "o ( ! classical ages ( religion2 abs5ce ( /ruggle does n necess>ily mean ri*ness ( life4 ,!re are ages :i* bett] des]ve t appellation4 ,!re are times :5 all exi/+ culture--ev5 ( a high level--is closely associat$ ) ! curr5t religion1 endorses its ideals1 sanctions its hopes1 puts ! /amp ( f9ality ^u its fai?4 ,su* an age _c p]haps hope to be p]man5t2 = life means movem5t1 & movem5t upsets equilibrium1 & human k t5ds to increase fa/] ?an ! human m9d c adapt itself to x or dige/ x4 ,b su* ages are look$ back ^u ) regret :5 !y are pa/1 !y %$ a gold5 radiance ov] hi/ory1 _! tradition l+]s1 !y ev5 leave beh9d !m monum5ts ( art & lit]ature :i* are ! wond]1 & ! inimitable models1 ( succe$+ g5]ations4 ,su* an epo* 0 t :i* left to u our ,go?ic ca!drals4 ,^! are ! creation ( "o ( ^? classic ages :5 all exi/+ culture is ca/ or b5t 9 ob$i5ce to ! religi\s idea4 ,:5 sci5ti/1 s*ol> & ecclesia/ic spoke ) "o voice & li/5$ to "o message2 :5 pr9ce & peasant wor%ipp$ toge!r ! same div9ities2 :5 to be outside ! religi\s community 0 to be cut (f f ! bro!rhood ( mank9d4 ,! ,*ur* 0 !n co-ext5sive ) civilisation3 ^? )\t ! fold 7 b>b>ians1 h>dly wor?y ( ! "n ( man4 ,t "t ( spl5did h>mony1 h[ev]1 is n[ pa/2 no lam5tations w re/ore x4 ,we h rea*$ ano!r _w4 ,b x ne$ n rema9 only a memory2 x ought also to s]ve z an inspiration4 ,! conditions ( affairs dur+ ! classic ages ( religion1 h[ev] impossible at ! mom5t1 mu/ rema9 our ideal4 ,head & he>t mu/ "s day speak aga9 ) "o voice1 our hopes & beliefs mu/ be consi/5t ) our k4 ,sci5ce mu/ sanction t attitude t[>ds exi/5ce :i* our highe/ in/9cts dictate4 ,x is only too likely t ?is consummation is yet di/ant4 ,yet ev5 if our g5]ation has to reconcile itself to spiritual & moral discord1 x %\ld nev] ov]look ! exi/5ce ( a happi] ideal1 & ev5 ! possibility ( its fulfilm5t4 ,=tunately = ! int]e/s ( religion1 m5 feel !y mu/ effect "s k9d ( a reconciliation betwe5 ! oppos+ dem&s :i* proce$ f diff]5t sides ( _! nature4 ,ea* = himself tries to approximate sci5ce & religion1 & ! /ruggle to d ?is creates 9 ea* individual spiritual life4 ,t5sion sometimes creates light1 & /ruggle eng5d]s life4 ,s long z !re are m5 suffici5tly int]e/$ 9 religion to ask = a solution ( its problems1 religion w rema9 sup]ior to ! dis9tegration t[>ds :i* all discord1 if un*eck$1 proce$s4 ,x is sometimes said t ! religi\s h>mony ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ( :i* we h spok51 hav+ be5 due to imp]fect k1 is nev] likely to repeat itself1 unless we s9k back into ! ignorance ( b>b>ism3 & 7x is urg$7 we "k too mu* to be at peace4 ,hav+ ta/$ ( ! fruits ( k1 ! human race is ca/ =? f its ,p>adise4 ,?is view is unduly pessimi/ic4 ,!re is no valid reason = exclud+ ! possibility t our k ( reality & ^? ideal hopes :i* con/itute our religion may actually co9cide4 ,religion & sci5ce1 approa*+ ! problem ( exi/5ce f contr>y directions1 may indep5d5tly arrive at an id5tical solution4 ,t ! two actually d attack ! enigma f diff]5t sides has l$ _m p to reg>d ! two z ho/ile =ces4 ,su* is n ! case4 ,religion & sci5ce reg>d reality f diff]5t angles1 b x is ! same reality t is ! object ( _! vision1 & ! goal ( _! se>*4 ,religion looks at exi/5ce z a :ole1 & attempts to det]m9e its mean+ & value = mank9d4 ,religion1 we may say1 /&s at ! c5tre ( exi/5ce1 & reg>ds reality f a c5tral position4 ,! prov9ce ( sci5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 is n to take s wide a survey1 b to ga9 k piece-meal3 to locate po9ts inductively1 & ?us to plot out ! curve :i* we believe exi/5ce con/itutes4 ,if ! loci1 z !y are successively fix$1 seem to indicate t ! curve is id5tical ) ! circle :i* religion has already intuitively po/ulat$1 ! problem ( exi/5ce w\ld h be5 solv$4 ,sci5ce & religion work+ by diff]5t me?ods w\ld h describ$ ! same circle4 ,:5 sci5ce has complet$ its circle1 its c5tre may be f\nd to /& j at ! po9t :]e religion has always confid5tly decl>$ x to be4 ,k & fai? w !n1 & n till !n1 be "o4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,dissolution ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,syn!sis ,we h se5 t !re are classic religi\s p]iods :5 fai? & k h seem$ to approximate to "o ano!r4 ,! ,middle ,ages 9 ,europe con/itut$ su* a p]iod2 no ,religion v4 ,sci5ce controv]sy c\ld !n be said to exi/2 ! be/ sci5tific k ( ! "t seem$ to sanction ! popul> religi\s notions4 ,le>n$ & lay ?\ght 9 ! same t]ms2 ! wolf lay d[n ) ! lamb4 ,,! ,,old ,,_w-,,s*eme4--,x is important to grasp ! ma9 features ( a _w-s*eme :i* z late z ! fifte5? c5tury pass$ ev]y:]e )\t criticism4 ,! fa!r ( x 0 ,ari/otle4 ,8 conception ( ! univ]se re/$ ^u ! pla9 contra/1 :i* /rikes ! unsophi/icat$ obs]v]1 betwe5 ! unemb>rass$ & regul> movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies & ! disord]$ agitations ( sublun>y ?+s4 ,h5ce ! heav5ly region 0 et]nal1 & ! region ( e>? transitory3 yond]1 ! motions t take place are et]nal & regul>2 "h1 motion & re/ alt]nate1 no?+ cont9ue? 9 "o /ay4 ,at ! c5tre ( ! univ]se /&s ,e>?3 h5ce we m\nt ?r\gh ?ree sublun>y /rata to ! region ( ! cele/ial e!r1 :i* is pur] z di/ance f ! ,e>? increases4 ,^! /rata =m ?ree conc5tric sph]es :i*1 solid yet transp>5t 7l cry/al71 revolve ar\nd ! e>?4 ,! fir/ conta9s ! moon--l a fly 9 amb]2 ! second1 ! sun2 ! ?ird1 ! fix$ />s2 :i* la/ sph]e is also ! fir/ ( sev]al successive heav5s1 ! highe/ ( :i* is ! seat ( ,deity4 ,?is ,ari/otelio-,ptolemaic sy/em#b =m$ a coh]5t framework = biblical _w-notions4 ,"h too1 e>? /&s /ill :ile sun & />s revolve2 "h1 too1 ! seat ( ,deity is ! highe/ heav54 ,?is 0 an univ]se :]e m5 c\ld feel _! feet on firm gr\nd2 _! m9ds f\nd re/ 9 ^? simple & def9ite notions :i* make religi\s conceptions easy to und]/& & accept2 _! imag9ations 7 n yet di/urb$ & disquiet$ by ?\ghts ( space & "t )\t end & )\t beg9n+4 ,,aqu9as4--,su* 0 ! _w ( nature1 ! !atre = t _w ( grace :i* ,revelation spoke (1 & :i* l$ ev5tually to ! et]nal _w ( glory 9 :i* ! fai?ful %\ld h _! portion4 ,natura1 gratia1 gloria 0 ! asc5d+ s]ies 7l ano!r set ( cele/ial sph]es71 & ! :ole economy 0 elaborat$ into a logical sy/em1 kn[n to ! hi/orians ( ?\ght z ,s*ola/icism3 a philosophy :i* f\nd its mo/ p]fect & memorable expression 9 ,?omas ,aqu9as 7#abbg-gd71 ! doctor angelicus ( ,ca?olic !ology1 canonis$ less ?an fifty ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,! ,summa ,philosophica1 :]e ,aqu9as deals ) ! rational f\ndations ( a ,*ri/ian ,!ism1 & ! ,summa ,!ologica1 :]e he erects 8 elaborate /ructure ( !ology & e?ics1 toge!r con/itute "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t monum5ts ( ! human intellect1 dw>f+ all o!r bodies ( !ology into insignificance4#c ,9 him ! erudition ( an epo* f\nd its spokesman2 he 0 ! p]sonification ( an intellectual ideal4 ,to 8 contempor>ies he /ood beyond ! range ( criticism4 ,9 ! ,p>adiso 7x4#h4b7 x is ,/4 ,?omas :o speaks 9 heav54 ,nev]!less1 ! ,s*ola/ic _w-s*eme1 ?\gh bas$ on ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses1 ! inve/igations ( antiquity1 & ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 & ?\gh ,aqu9as _h set ! seal ( f9ality ^u x1 0 de/9$ to gradual discr$it & ultimate ext9ction4 ,,dis9tegration ,,beg9s4--,x 0 op5 to attack on two sides4 ,ei!r obs]vations or calculations might be br\ght =w>d1 conflict+ ) x1 or mak+ ano!r conception possible or probable3 ,or ! validity ( conv5tional ideas ( space might be disput$4 ,! latt] type ( criticism 0 ! fir/ to occur4 ,ni*olas ,cusanus 7#adja-adfd71 an inhabitant ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 subsequ5tly bi%op & c>d9al1 develop$ unconv5tional notions ab\t ,space4 ,he sugge/$ t :]ev] man f9ds himself--on e>?1 sun1 or />--he w always reg>d himself z /&+ at ! c5tre ( exi/5ce4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 no po9t 9 ! univ]se :i* might n appropriately be call$ its c5tre1 & to say t ! e>? /&s at ! c5tre is only 7:at we %\ld n[ call x7 an an?ropomorphism4 ,s mu* = place2 & simil>ly ) motion4 ,"h1 too1 !re is no absolute /&>d to apply3 motion may exi/1 b be unnotic$ if !re be no spot at absolute re/ f :i* to take be>+s4 ,we are l a man 9 a boat sail+ ) ! /ream1 :o does n "k t ! wat] is fl[+1 & :o _c see ! banks3 h[ is he to discov] :e!r ! boat is mov+8 ,cusanus1 9 fact1 d5ies ! fundam5tal ,ari/otelian dogma t ! e>? is ! c5tral po9t ( ! univ]se1 because1 on g5]al gr\nds1 !re c be no absolute c5tral po9t4 ,?is gave a %ock to ! geoc5tric !ory f :i* x nev] recov]$4 ,worse %ocks1 h[ev]1 7 to come4 ,! "n ( ! man :o actually 7z ,lu!r compla9$7 turn$ ! _w upside d[n1 is notori\s en\gh4 ,poles & ,g]mans alike h claim$ ! nationality ( ,nicolaus ,cop]nicus 7#adgc-aedc72 :o1 hav+ be5 a /ud5t at ,crac[ & 9 ,italy1 became a preb5d>y 9 ,frau5burg ,ca!dral4 ,,! ,,new ,,a/ronomy4--,! g5]al criticisms ( ,cusanus 7 elaborat$ by ,cop]nicus4 ,! s5ses _c in=m u 7:5 any motion takes place7 :at x is t moves4 ,x may be ! ?+ p]ceiv$ t moves1 or ! p]cipi5t--or bo?4 ,& x w\ld be possible to acc\nt = ! movem5ts ( cele/ial bodies by ! supposition t x is ! e>? t moves1 & n !y4 ,cop]nicus' :ole "w consi/$ 9 ! ma!matical demon/ration t ?is hypo!sis c\ld acc\nt = ! ph5om5a z we obs]ve !m4 ,9 fact1 :5 ^! demon/rations 7 ev5tually publi%$ 7x 0 only on 8 dea?-b$ t ,cop]nicus receiv$ a copy ( 8 book--& he _h already lo/ consci\sness7 !y 7 introduc$ by a discreet preface1 :i* intimat$ t ! :ole ?+ might safely be reg>d$ z a jeu d'esprit on ! "p ( an ecc5tric ma!matician4 ,& ?is editorial caveto1 ?\gh writt5 by ano!r h&1 pres]v$ ! ,cop]nican !ories f ! notoriety t might o!rwise h att5d$1 & aft]w>ds did att5d1 !m4 ,cop]nican conceptions 7 semi-traditional4 ,! sun displaces ! e>? z ! c5tral po9t ( ! univ]se3 ar\nd x revolve ! planets--includ+ ! e>?2 &1 at an immeasurable di/ance1 is ! immovable heav5 ( ! fix$ />s4 ,cop]nicus left x an op5 "q :e!r or no ! univ]se 0 inf9ite4 ,x rema9$ = 8 successor1 ! greate/ ( ! ,r5aissance ?9k]s1 ,giordano ,bruno 7#aedh-afjj7 to decl>e x to be limitless1 & to conta9 an inf9ity ( worlds l our own4 ,! fix$ />s became1 = him1 suns surr\nd$ by planets4 ,! traditional di/9ction betwe5 ! cele/ial & sublun>y sph]es _h vani%$4 ,! bewild]m5t & indignation excit$ by ^! ideas1 revolt+ to ! consci5ce ( 8 "t1 co/ _! au?or 8 life4 ,,galileo4--,! criticism ( ! old _w-conceptions 01 h[ev]1 to be bas$ on yet m sure gr\nd by "o :o reli$1 n on g5]al consid]ations1 b on obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,galileo 7#aefd-afdb7 /udi$ philosophy1 physics1 & ma!matics at ,pisa2 & z pr(essor exp\nd$ ! old a/ronomy long aft] he _h ceas$ to reg>d x z adequate4 ,n until #afaj1 aft] he _h con/ruct$ a telescope & obs]v$ ! satellites ( ,jupit]1 did he op5ly confess 8 adh]5ce to ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus4 ,! obs]vation ( sun-spots & ! phases ( ,v5us confirm$ 8 op9ion4 ,ari/otelian a/ronom]s decl9$ to witness ^! ph5om5a ?r\gh 8 telescope1 & p]haps ,galileo 0 "r 9 obs]v+ ) a sigh t 7 ! />s !mselves to desc5d f heav5 to be> him witness 8 critics w\ld rema9 obdurate4#d ,x 0 n until #afcb t a complete exposition ( ! conflict betwe5 ! two _w-sy/ems 0 produc$ by ,galileo4 ,x took ! =m ( a dialogue betwe5 ?ree speak]s--cons]vative1 m$iat+1 & extreme4 ,! views ( ! au?or1 h[ev]1 7 n suffici5tly conceal$1 ! book 0 prohibit$1 & ,galileo summon$ to ,rome1 & ^u ?reat ( torture1 subdu$ into a recantation & a promise n to (f5d 9 ! future4 ,t ,galileo p]jur$ himself is n op5 to d\bt1 nor did he *ange 8 convictions4 ,a subsequ5t "w1 surreptiti\sly pr9t$ 9 ,holl&1 conta9$ ! same h]esies express$ ) less res]ve4 ,,! ,,new ,,physics4--,x might be said1 !n1 t ! fabric ( ! univ]se _h be5 recon/ruct$ by ! ?9k]s ^: explorations we h hi!rto foll[$4 ,?is a*ievem5t1 h[ev]1 ?\gh suffici5tly />tl+ 9 itself1 0 n ! only1 & p]haps n ! mo/ important1 ( _! p]=mances4 ,! "q /ill await$ solution3 ,by :at =ces & laws is ! new _w-sy/em ma9ta9$ 9 activity8 ,! traditional reply _h be5 t ! univ]se 0 kept 9 motion by ! op]ation ( ! ,deity4 ,:ile ! tru? ( ?is reply 0 n que/ion$ by ! advocates ( ! new sci5ce1 x did n seem to !m to dispel ! obscurity surr\nd+ c]ta9 po9ts ab\t :i* !y requir$ in=mation4 ,x 0 ,galileo :o obs]v$ t ! appeal to ! div9e w expla9s no?+ j because x expla9s ev]y?+4 ,x takes ! inquir] back too f>--beh9d ^? details ( me?od :i* ar\se 8 speculative int]e/4 ,?is desire to und]/& ^? me?ods ( op]ation :i* natural objects appe> to foll[1 l$ philosoph]s to enunciate c]ta9 laws ab\t !m4 ,^! s]v$ z explanations ( p>ticul> classes ( ph5om5a4 ,x 0 ! ph5om5a ( motion t especially attract$ _! att5tion2 & _m +5i\s exp]im5ts 7 p]=m$ by ,galileo1 9 p>ticul>1 :i* l$ him to conclusions :i* !n seem$ p>adoxical1 b n[ s]ve z axioms ( physical sci5ce2 = ! laws ( motion conta9 ! key to all sci5tific k ( mat]ial nature4 ,:5 ,galileo1 aft] c>eful exp]im5t1 e/abli%$ ! proposition t a body c nei!r *ange its motion ( itself1 nor pass f motion to re/1 ! fundam5tal law ( in]tia--( su* incalculable importance to ! developm5t ( mod]n physics--_h be5 e/abli%$4 ,,an ,,automatic ,,univ]se4--,a proposition ( ?is k9d may n at fir/ seem to involve important philosophical or !ological consequ5ces4 ,b we only h to consid] t x provid$ a natural explanation ( ! cont9u$ & untir+ motion ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,x did n1 x is true1 expla9 h[ t motion arose2 b ! motion be+ giv51 x _h n[ be5 %[n h[ x w\ld1 9 ! abs5ce ( ob/ructions1 be p]petual4 ,9 fact1 speculations ( ?is k9d op5$ up ! way to ! me*anical explanation ( nature1 a !ory :i* _h be5 already speculatively held by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 :o is already conv9c$ t necessity is ! et]nal bond1 ! et]nal rule ( ,nature4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,ma!matics4--,x 0 n only1 h[ev]1 ! spectacle ( a sy/em runn+ automatically t sugge/$ to obs]v]s a me*anical !ory to expla9 x4 ,!re 0 also ! fact t ph5om5a 7 obs]v$ to occur 9 accordance ) c]ta9 simple ma!matical laws4 ,galileo's exp]im5ts ) fall+ bodies l$ him to =e%ad[ pr9ciples :i* 7 aft]w>ds elaborat$ & fully demon/rat$ by ,newton1 :o may be said to h be5 ! fir/ to con/ruct a me*anical univ]se4 ,! pr9ciple _h already be5 =mulat$ by a contempor>y ( ,galileo--,johannes ,kepl]--9 ! axiom ubi mat]ia1 ibi geometria4 ,,results4--,! ?9k]s ^: speculations h engag$ u 7 inde$ responsible = creat+ a revolution 9 ideas4 ,= a f9ite univ]se ^: c5tre 0 ! e>?1 & :i* 0 kept 9 motion by ! op]ation ( ! ,deity1 !y _h sub/itut$ ! conception ( illimitable space s[n ) innum]able sy/ems l our own2 & _h creat$ ! beg9n+ ( a me*anical conception ( nature4 ,,! ,,new ,,logic4--,b x 0 n only ! sci5tific dogmas ( ! old sy/em t _h be5 s rudely ov]?r[n--! v pr9ciples ^u :i* ^? dogmas re/$ _h be5 submitt$ to a de/ructive criticism4 ,! new sci5ce produc$ a new logic4 ,?is ord] ( ev5ts is n unusual3 fir/1 ! new sci5tific discov]ies1 & !n 9 ! wake ( ! discov]]s1 comes ! innovat+ critic :o sy/ematises ! logical or sci5tific me?ods to :i* ! new k seems to h be5 due4 ,fir/1 ,kepl] & ,galileo1 :o us$ ! inductive me?od1 & !n ,"l ,bacon ( ,v]ulam 7#aefa-afbf71 :o discov]$ ! inductive logic1 & e/abli%$ x z a sy/em4 ,,francis ,,bacon4--,bacon's doctr9e may be summ>is$ by 8 own epigram1 ,if a man beg9 ) c]ta9ties1 he %all end 9 d\bts2 b if he be cont5t to beg9 ) d\bts1 he %all end 9 c]ta9ties4 ,:i* is really a criticism ( :at is kn[n z ! a priori me?od1 :]eby ! inquir] />ts ) c]ta9 pr$ef9$ !ories to :i* all ph5om5a mu/ con=m1 & :i* all exp]i5ce mu/ v]ify4 ,if facts w n suit ! p>ticul> !ory1 s mu* ! worse = ! facts3 "o c\ld always disreg>d !m1 & apply a bl9d eye to ,galileo's telescope4 ,su* is always ! proc$ure ( ! dogmatic m9d1 :i* is already s c]ta9 ( ! tru? ( its notions t no evid5ce c p]suade x to ! contr>y4 ,b x is n by su* means t k is advanc$1 & x 0 = a rev]sal ( ^! t ,bacon plead$4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci _h already anticipat$ ! ,baconian logic 7:i* did n wait = ,bacon until x 0 appli$7 :5 he laid d[n ! proposition t wisdom 0 ! daught] ( exp]i5ce1 & reject$ all speculations :i* exp]i5ce1 ! common "m ( all sci5ces1 c\ld n confirm4 ,h5ce1 k 0 ! product ( "t2 ! process ( collect+ mat]ial = a judgm5t mu/ (t5 be sl[1 b ! results 7 wor? ! lab\r--^! w\ld n be speculative1 b true4 ,nor ne$ x be suppos$ t ,bacon exclud$ imag9ation f play+ a "p 9 increas+ k1 he did n plead only = a me*anical collection ( mat]ial4 ,x is imag9ation :i* 9 face ( abundant mat]ial creates ! hypo!sis :i* acc\nts = x be+ :at x is4 ,& he 0 prep>$ to admit ! value ( prelim9>y hypo!ses :i* might be replac$ z fur!r facts 7 collect$1 or z insight became m cle>4 ,"h1 too1 ,bacon describes ! me?od foll[$ by mod]n sci5ce4 ,,pre/ige ,,( ,,new ,,me?ods4--,& s1 by ! "t :5 ,bacon _h laid d[n 8 p5 aft] writ+ ! ,new ,logic1 ! "w ( discr$it+ ! old sy/em1 elaborat$ ) su* +5i\s indu/ry by ,aqu9as1 0 tol]ably complete4 ,! new sci5ce _h begun already to be fruitful 9 results1 bo? practical & speculative4 ,! successors ( ,galileo & ( ,bacon appli$ ! new pr9ciples ) vig\r1 & rea*$ a/oni%+ results4 ,ju/ifi$ by ^!1 ! new me?ods secur$ a pre/ige :i* has n decreas$ = ?ree c5turies4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,me*anical ,,!ory ,,decl9e ,,( ,,s*ola/icism4--,by ! "t ( ,"l ,bacon1 ! ,s*ola/ic philosophy might h be5 describ$ z ext9ct2 x no long] surviv$ z a liv+ sy/em4 ,! loss 0 a s]i\s "o to mank9d1 :i* 0 poor] by ! discr$it+ ( an au?oritative body ( ?\ght1 a possession x seems ill able to disp5se )4 ,! ,baconian philosophy 0 an imp]fect sub/itute2 x 0 little m ?an a sy/em ( enquiry1 a manual ( sci5tific proc$ure1 = ,bacon himself 0 n 9 ! philosophical s5se a pr(\nd or con/ructive ?9k]1 ?\gh he 0 "o ( ^? m5 ( tal5t :o c give utt]ance to ! t5d5cies ( an epo*4 ,,! ,,new ,,philosophy4--,! task1 h[ev]1 ( con/ruct+ a new philosophy ( ! univ]se 0 c\rage\sly tak5 9 h& by a succession ( ?9k]s1 & ! en]gy ( ?\ght :i* ! great problem g5]at$ is *>act]i/ic ( p]haps ! mo/ vigor\s c5tury ( ,european hi/ory--! sev5te5?4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! new discov]ies 9 sci5ce _h n be5 obscure1 & ,mod]n ,philosophy />ts ) an attempt to repres5t ! univ]se z a self-work+ ma*9e--a co-ord9at$ :ole1 ?r\gh\t :i* ! pr9ciples ( ma!matics are univ]sally valid4 ,! tr5d ( ideas set 9 motion by ! new discov]ies 9 a/ronomy seem$ to po9t 9 ?is direction4 ,b to introduce me*anics into ! cele/ial regions1 ?\gh an important /ep1 0 b a beg9n+4 ,me*anics mu/ be univ]sally valid--ev5 9 ! human body--or ! new tea*+ 0 va94 ,exceptions may prove a rule1 b !y de/roy a philosophy4 ,,! ,,subjugation ,,( ,,physiology4--,x 0 an ,engli%man :o provid$ ! necess>y facts to fill ! grave/ gap 9 ! me*anical !ory4 ,x 0 already kn[n 9 ! previ\s c5tury t ! blood ( animals circulat$ ?r\gh\t ! body2 ! exi/5ce & use ( ve9s & he>t-valves 0 also kn[n1 b x 0 ,william ,h>vey 7#aegh-afeg7 :o discov]$ ! he>t to be ! organ responsible = ma9ta9+ ! circulation ( ! blood1 by purely me*anical means4 ,?is 0 a fact ( ! utmo/ significance4 ,9 ! sph]e ( physiology1 :]e !ories ab\t my/]i\s p[]s ( blood or s\l _h be5 hi!rto au?oritative1 x effect$ a revolution4 ,inde$ x is true to say t ,h>vey is to physiology :at ,galileo 0 to physics4 ,he prov$ t ! g5]al laws ( motion are valid )9 z well z )\t ! organism--an important ext5sion ( ! me*anical !ory4 ,,desc>tes4--,among ! lead+ m5 :o accept$ ,h>vey's !ory1 "o ( ! fir/ 0 ,r5e ,desc>tes 7#aeif-afej74 ,well might ?is ?9k] welcome x1 = x 0 a mo/ important contribution to ! impos+ philosophic fabric = :i* he 0 indu/ri\sly collect+ mat]ials4 ,desc>tes1 ap>t f 8 philosophical speculations1 is an int]e/+ "*1 be+ a ,fr5*man ( noble bir? :o 0 educat$ by ! ,jesuits1 saw some?+ ( contempor>y life 9 ,p>is1 s]v$ z a milit>y (fic] 9 ,holl& & ,g]many1 & made "s orig9al discov]ies 9 ma!matics4 ,! ma!matical m9d1 accu/om$ z x is to deal ) highly ab/ract ideas1 takes k9dly to metaphysics4 ,& x v (t5 solves ! my/]y ( ! univ]se by express+ all its cont5ts 9 ma!matical t]ms4 ,su*1 at lea/1 0 ,desc>tes' me?od4 ,! simple/ & cle>e/ ideas :i* we c h ( any?+ are ma!matical1 i4e4 ext5sion & mobility4 ,& x is by conc5trat+ our att5tion ^u ?is simple & ma!matical aspect ( ?+s t we %all arrive at a prop] und]/&+ ( all t goes on 9 ! mat]ial _w4 ,,univ]sality ,,( ,,ma!matics4--,a ph5om5on 01 9 ,desc>tes' eyes1 expla9$ only :5 a cause :i* is its exact ma!matical equival5t1 has be5 indicat$4 ,! cause & ! effect are two sides ( a ma!matical equation 7,causa aequat effectum74 ,any?+ t happ5s 9 ! mat]ial _w 7! fall ( a /one1 ! beat ( a he>t1 ! ris+ ( ! sun7 is really no?+ m ?an a r$i/ribution ( portions ( t sum ( motion :i*1 once g5]at$ at ! ,creation1 has rema9$ unalt]$1 & unalt]able1 9 ! univ]se ev] s9ce4 ,! sum ( motion is con/ant1 !re c be no addition to or subtraction f x4 ,9 ?is s5se x w\ld be true t !re is no?+ new "u ! sun3 only ev]-new di/ributions ( ! old4 ,,! ,,univ]se ,a ,,ma*9e4--,once assume t all ph5om5a c be int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( motion1 & add ! proposition 7already enunciat$ by ,galileo7 t motion once set go+ w proce$ = ev]1 unless "s imp$im5t f outside int]v5es1 & ! me*anical view ( ! univ]se is complete4 ,! univ]se is a ma*9e1 i4e4 a ?+ t works 7#a7 accord+ to ma!matical pr9ciples1 7#b7 automatically4 ,,elaborations ,,( ,,! ,,me*anical ,,!ory4--,! importance ( ,desc>tes lies n 9 8 hav+ inv5t$ ?is conception 7we h already se5 x 9 ! h&s ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,galileo1 & o!rs71 b 9 8 hav+ elaborat$ x4 ,?is he did 9 two directions3 7#a7 he attempt$ to supply a me*anical !ory ( ! evolution ( ! _w-sy/em2 i4e4 to %[ h[ ! heav5ly bodies came into be+ by natural & me*anical processes2 7#b7 he appli$ ! me*anical !ory to organisms2 animals & m5 7 complex ma*9es4 7,"h1 z we h se51 ! discov]y ( ,h>vey 0 ( prime importance47 ,x is h>dly necess>y to describe at l5g? ,desc>tes' me*anical !ory ( ! evolution ( ! _w-sy/em1 ?\gh an int]e/ atta*es to x z be+ ! ance/or ( ! mod]n nebul> hypo!sis4 ,matt] 9 :irl+ motion ar\nd fix$ c5tres is ! orig9al datum f :i* ,desc>tes evokes ! univ]se4 ,) reg>d to ! me*anical !ory ( organisms1 ,desc>tes develop$ x at "s l5g? 9 v>i\s treatises4 ,all ! functions & actions ( animals 7 reg>d$ by him z entirely involunt>y & me*anical4 ,t ! lamb flees at ! sight ( a wolf happ5s because ! rays ( light f ! body ( ! wolf /rike ! eye ( ! lamb1 & set ! muscles 9 motion by means ( ! 'reflex' curr5ts ( ! animal spirits4 ,9 ! case ( human be+s1 ow+ to ! ph5om5on ( consci\sness1 ,desc>tes felt compell$ to assume a s\l--a ?9k+ sub/ance 9 reciprocal action ) ! mat]ial sub/ance 7( ! bra974 ,?is1 too1 is an anticipation ( ! mod]n !ory ( psy*o-physical p>allelism4 ,,c>tesianism4--,! ideas ( ,desc>tes _h consid]able influ5ce among 8 contempor>ies1 & ,c>tesianism1 z x 0 call$1 became fa%ionable 9 intellectual circles4 ,x develop$ a t5d5cy t[>ds free enquiry & indep5d5t ?\ght2 & x 0 ev5 m significant z an atmosph]e ?an z a sy/em ( ideas4 ,?\gh 9 ?is respect too1 x 0 bo? important & vital2 z we h obs]v$1 mod]n me*anical !ories f9d _! p>5t 9 ,desc>tes4 ,nor 0 x only1 we may rem>k1 among philosoph]s & m5 ( sci5ce t ,c>tesian ideas 7 popul>2 !y 7 accept$ & elaborat$ by ! religi\s ?9k]s :o hop$ to h>monise & humanise !ology & sci5ce4 ,pascal1 ,bossuet & ,f5elon1 ! f9e/ m9ds 9 ! ,fr5* ,*ur*1 7 eag] ,c>tesians4#e ,?is aspect ( ! matt]1 i4e4 ! significance ( ,c>tesianism = religion1 we c = ! pres5t po/pone4 ,,results ,,s ,,f>4--,successive brea*es 9 ! ,s*ola/ic sy/em h n[ be5 not$4 ,cop]nicus _h introduc$ a new a/ronomy1 ,galileo a new physics1 ,desc>tes 7) ! help ( ,h>vey7 a new physiology1 & ! beg9n+s ( a new psy*ology4 ,,contributions ,,( ,,hobbes4--,! /ep t rema9$ 0 tak5 by an ,engli%man1 ,?omas ,hobbes 7#aehh-afgi71 :o attempt$ to provide a sy/em ( e?ics & a !ory ( politics ^u a purely naturali/ic basis4 ,hobbes 0 a p>ticul>ly en]getic ?9k]4 ,he work$ out a psy*ology ( ! feel+s1 :i* r$uc$ ev]y?+ to ! impulse ( self-pres]vation & ! in/9ct = p[]4 ,m5 7 induc$ by ^! in/9cts to agree to c]ta9 rules ( conduct1 = ! sake ( exp$i5cy4 ,social life seems ess5tial if m5 are to live toge!r--! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation dem&s x--& social life 9 turn dem&s c]ta9 r5unciations3 ?us fidelity1 gratitude1 =be>ance1 ju/ice1 etc41 mu/ be practis$4 ,?us ,hobbes attempt$ to bani% all my/]i\s or obscure =ces f morality1 :i* 0 ! *>act]i/ic & inevitable product ( human nature & human circum/ances4 ,?is way ( look+ at ?+s seem$ /range to all1 & ev5 revolt+ to "s1 ( ,hobbes' contempor>ies4 ,z ! my/ical p[]s ( motion :i* ! ,s*ola/ics _h believ$ 9 7 bani%$ by ! new physics & ! new physiology1 s ! new psy*ology c\ld all[ ( no my/ical faculty :i* c decide 9 all problems ( good & evil4 ,) ,hobbes1 !n1 a naturali/ic view ( ! univ]se may be said to h be5 tol]ably complete3 x embraces physics1 psy*ology1 & e?ics4 ,!re /ill rema9$1 ( c\rse1 a numb] ( gaps 9 sci5tific k1 & consequ5tly any philosophy bas$ !reupon c\ld n yet be reg>d$ z secure4 ,^! gaps1 h[ev]1 z rese>* proce$$ & successive discov]ies 7 made1 t5d$ to dim9i% bo? 9 size & quantity4 ,,newton4--,! sev5te5? & ! e>ly eighte5? c5turies 7 fruitful 9 revelations ( ?is k9d1 & natural k /eadily & ev5 rapidly progress$4 ,& "o ?9k]1 :o may be reg>d$ z a l9k betwe5 ! sev5te5? c5tury & t :i* succe$$ x1 may n[ claim our att5tion4 ,! "n ( ,newton 7#afdb-agbg7 is z famili> to ,engli%m5 z t ( ,%akespe>e1 & ! discov]y by him ( ! law ( gravitation is "o ( ^? scraps ( in=mation :i* we acquire1 & p]haps fail to und]/&1 9 e>ly *ildhood4 ,newton's sci5tific me?od is a no less important aspect ( 8 "w ?an its results4 ,! ,pr9cipia1 9 :i* he gave 8 discov]y to ! _w1 is a model = all sci5tific inve/igations :i* has nev] be5 surpass$4 ,x 01 inde$1 a brilliant application ( ! pr9ciple ( inf]r+ ! unkn[n f ! already kn[n1 )\t any dogmatic leaps 9 ! d>k4 ,! pr9ciple ) :i* he began 0 t :at is true 9 ! n>r[] sph]es ( exp]i5ce 7e4g4 9 ! case ( an apple fall+7 is true also 9 ! wid] sph]es 7e4g4 9 ! movem5ts ( ! cele/ial bodies74 ,he !n made a c>eful ma!matical d$uction ( :at w\ld happ5 9 ! case ( ! planets1 assum+ t ! laws ( fall+ bodies on ! e>? 7 applicable to !m also4 ,& he conclud$ by %[+ t :at w\ld happ5 accord+ to ma!matics "u ?is assumption actually does happ54 ,! conclusion foll[s t ! same =ce1 i4e4 attraction1 op]ates 9 bo? cases4 ,x is no wond] t ?is f9al & successful op]ation 0 p]=m$ by ,newton 9 a /ate ( excitem5t s great t he c\ld h>dly see 8 figures4 ,,significance ,,( ,,8 ,,discov]y4--,! philosophic importance ( ! discov]y t ! motions ( ! planets may be expla9$ by ! law ( gravitation 0 tw(old4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x n[ became possible to und]/& h[ ! univ]se held toge!r 7a problem :i* ! new a/ronomy _h n solv$72 & 9 ! second place1 ! !ory con/itut$ a l>ge ext5sion ( ! me*anical view4 ,x demon/rat$ t ! physical laws :i* hold good on ! surface ( ! e>? are valid ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 s f> z we c "k any?+ ( x4 ,?us ! area ( exi/5ce 9 :i* physical law held good 0 at once inf9itely wid5$4 ,! me*anical !ories ( ,galileo1 ,desc>tes1 & o!rs1 n only receiv$ confirmation1 b became m compreh5sive ?an be=e4 ,s t ,newton may be said to h put ! f9i%+ t\* ^u ! a*ievem5ts ( 8 pr$ecessors1 & to h cr[n$ _! lab\rs ) success4 ,& 8 "w has ! *>act]i/ic ( p]man5cy3 8 gravitation =mula has /ood ! te/ ( "t4 ,x /ill /&s !re1 says a c>eful & au?oritative writ]1 z almo/ ! only firmly e/abli%$ ma!matical relation1 expressive ( a prop]ty ( all matt]1 to :i* ! progress ( m ?an two c5turies has add$ no?+1 & f :i* x has tak5 no?+ away4#f ,,religi\s ,,coroll>ies4--,x w\ld be a pr(\nd mi/ake to assume t ! creators ( ! me*anical view1 z x has hi!rto met u1 7 animat$ by any ho/ility to religion4 ,nor did !y believe _! !ories to involve any disa/r\s consequ5ces 9 t sph]e4 ,! new a/ronomy ( ,cop]nicus _h actually be5 made ! basis ( a spiritual view ( ! univ]se by ! pr(\nd g5ius 7bo? philosophical & religi\s7 ( ,giordano ,bruno4 ,& ! fact t ! ecclesia/ical au?orities reject$ 8 view ne$ n dive/ x ( importance or ( value 9 our eyes4 ,bruno's own fai? 0 n di/urb$ by ! infidelity ( 8 p]secutors4 ,ye :o pass judgm5t ^u me feel1 maybe1 great] fe> ?an ,i ^u :om x is pass$1 7 8 la/ words to !m4 ,_h !y believ$1 !y ne$ n h be5 afraid1 & might h be5 cont5t ) ! policy ( ,gamaliel4 ,z = ,desc>tes & ,hobbes1 _! notions 7 no d\bt di/a/eful to cons]vative m9ds 7! ,jesuits 7 no fri5ds to ei!r71 b ,desc>tes reg>d$ himself1 & w\ld fa9 h be5 reg>d$ by o!rs1 z a good ,ca?olic2 & ,hobbes1 !ologically1 0 :at 9 ^! days we might call a ,lib]al ,prote/ant4 ,c>tesianism1 z we h se51 came to be a "n = a type ( ?\ght :i* /udi$ to h>monise sci5ce & !ology1 & "o ( ! mo/ pr(\nd religi\s g5iuses ( any age--,pascal1 0 7z we h se57 a ,c>tesian4 ,z = ,newton1 8 view ( ! univ]se 0 ess5tially a religi\s "o1 ?\gh he did n all[ !ological speculations to intrude ^u 8 /rictly sci5tific "w4 ,8 attitude is indicat$ by a reply to ! inquiry ( a contempor>y !ologian z to h[ ! movem5ts & /ructure ( ! sol> sy/em 7 to be acc\nt$ =4 ,to y\r qu]y ,i answ] t ! motions :i* ! planets n[ h c\ld n spr+ f any natural cause alone4444 ,to comp>e & adju/ all ^! ?+s toge!r 7i4e4 quantities ( matt] & gravitat+ p[]s1 etc47 9 s great a v>iety ( bodies1 argues ! cause to be n bl9d & =tuit\s1 b v well skill$ 9 me*anism & geometry4#g ,/ill1 ! me*anical view conta9$ )9 x s9i/] possibilities2 & ! in/9cts ( cons]vative ?9k]s 7 n altoge!r at fault4 ,! me*anical view 9 itself ne$ n be ho/ile to a spiritual & rational religion 7?\gh x is fatal to mo/ =ms ( sup]/ition72 & yet t view c be us$ 9 ! int]e/s ( anti-religi\s prejudice--&1 z we %all see1 x 0 s us$1 & ) consid]able effect4 ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 we %all pass on to consid] ! "w ( ?ree ?9k]s :o are typical ( a revolt f :at 0 9 dang] ( becom+ ! all-absorb+ tyranny ( me*anics4 ,?is reaction 7= s x may be t]m$7 we %all proce$1 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 to exam9e4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,sev5te5?-,,c5tury ,,reactions ,a ,,law ,,( ,,?\ght4--,:5ev] a t5d5cy ( ?\ght has be5 vigor\sly prosecut$ = any l5g? ( "t1 a reaction inv>iably displays itself4 ,?is rule is illu/rat$ by ! hi/ory ( ?\ght 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,me*anical categories1 z we h se51 _h be5 /eadily ext5d+ !mselves = ! bett] "p ( two c5turies1 & ) ! mat]ialism ( ,hobbes ! process seem$ fairly complete4 ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 human ?\ght began to explore o!r av5ues4 ,?\gh reaction f me*anical ways ( ?9k+ did n 7at any rate1 9 ! circles ) :i* we are conc]n$7 take ! =m ( an obscuranti/ retreat into prejudice or sup]/ition1 ! results ( ! new sci5ce & its att5dant me*ani/ic philosophy s]v$ z a base = fur!r explorations4 ,! pr9ciples :i* ,desc>tes & ,hobbes _h laid d[n 7 criticis$ by be+ c>ri$ out to _! logical conclusions4 ,,sp9oza4--,! philosoph] ) :om we %all fir/ conc]n ourselves 0 a ,jew ( ,spani% extraction1 liv+ 9 :at 0 !n ! free/ c\ntry 9 ,europe--,holl&4 ,sp9oza 7#afcb-afgg7 0 und\bt$ly ! greate/ ?9k] ( 8 own age1 :i* 0 highly f]tile 9 t respect1 & he /ill /&s z "o ( ! mo/ notable figures 9 ! long hi/ory ( ,european ?\ght4 ,n only is 8 outlook compreh5sive1 & 8 ?\ght _m-sid$1 b 8 /&po9t 0 deta*$ to a degree hi!rto unkn[n4 ,he 0 unta9t$1 s f> z a human be+ ev] c be1 by an?ropomorphism2 he endeav\r$ to transc5d ! m]ely human outlook4 ,"h is always ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! great & ! m]ely m$iocre ?9k]4 ,,sp9oza',s ,,me?od4--,sp9oza's philosophical ance/ry may be trac$ back to ,bruno1 ^: acqua9tance we made 9 a previ\s *apt]1 b 9 ^: company we did n long rema94 ,?is highly orig9al m9d _h already1 by ! doctr9e ( ! inf9itude & ! div9ity ( nature1 %[n h[ ! concept ( ,god & ! concept ( nature might be closely b\nd up toge!r4 ,by simil> means1 ,sp9oza hop$ to indicate ! reality ( ! spiritual1 )\t di/urb+ ! me*anical _w-conception :i* ! new sci5ce & new philosophy _h creat$ betwe5 !m4 ,he wi%$ someh[ to f9d ,god n outside1 b 9 ,nature2 n 9 di/urbances ( ! ord] ( ,nature1 b 9 t ord] itself4 ,,! ,,t]m ,,nature4--,x w\ld be a misappreh5sion to suppose t ! t]ms ,god & ,nature are reg>d$ by ,sp9oza z int]*angeable1 ?\gh 8 num]\s critics 7 accu/om$ to decl>e t ?is 0 ! case4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,sp9oza1 9 ord] to anticipate ! misund]/&+ :i* he saw might arise on ?is po9t1 re9troduc$ into philosophy a pair ( t]ms :i* ! ,s*ola/ics _h long be=e br\ght into curr5cy1 b :i* _h s9ce fall5 out ( fa%ion--,natura naturans & ,natura naturata4 ,we might p]haps translate ! =m] ( ^!1 ,creative ,nature1 & ! latt]1 ,creat$ ,nature4 ,natura naturans is equival5t to ,nature z a creative p[]1 or ,! creative p[] imman5t 9 ,nature4 ,natura naturata is equival5t to ,nature z x is :5 creat$1 or ,! results ( ! creative p[] imman5t 9 ,nature4 ,& ! ,natura naturans is active 9 ! ,natura naturata at all po9ts3 ! creative p[] is imman5t 9 creation4 ,z ,sp9oza puts x 9 "o ( 8 lett]s3 ,i ass]t t ,god is 7z x is call$7 ! imman5t1 n ! ext]nal cause ( all ?+s4 ,t is to say1 ,i ass]t ) ,paul1 t 9 ,god all ?+s live & move4444 ,b if any "o ?9ks t ! ,!ologico-,political ,treatise 7"o ( 8 works7 assumes t ,god & ,nature are "o & ! same1 he is entirely mi/ak54#h ,?us1 = ,sp9oza1 ! ord] ( nature1 :i* _h seem$ to s _m ( 8 contempor>ies1 f ! religi\s po9t ( view1 su* a deva/at+ conception1 z leav+ no room = ! spiritual1 0 itself only explicable if int]pret$ spiritually4 ,:atev] is1 is 9 ,god1 & no?+ c exi/ or be conceiv$ )\t ,god 7,e?ics i4 #ae7 sums up 8 attitude4 ,all ?+s may be1 z ! new sci5ce taught1 'det]m9$' b !y are det]m9$ by ! necessity ( ! div9e nature 7,e?ics i4 #bi74 ,,! ,,e?ics4--,sp9oza may rightly be t]m$ a man ( "o book4 ,9 8 ,e?ics is to be f\nd a complete & f9al expression ( 8 philosophy4 ,h[ b\ndless1 says ,goe! ( ?is great book1 is ! dis9t]e/$ness conspicu\s 9 e s5t5ce1 h[ exalt$ ! resignation :i* submits itself once = all to ! great laws ( exi/5ce1 in/ead ( try+ to get ?r\gh life ) ! help ( trivial consolations2 & :at an atmosph]e ( peace brea!s ?r\gh ! :ole6 ,accord+ to its tea*+ ! true happ9ess & highe/ activity ( m5 is to be f\nd 9 :at ,sp9oza t]ms ! intellectual love ( ,god4 ,! phrase seems to h be5 us$ to designate t full & cle>] k :i* is aw>e t we ourselves & all ! conditions ( our life are det]m9$ by ! inf9ite ,nature1 by ,god ,himself1 :o moves 9 u z well z 9 all ?+s act+ ^u u4 ,! initiat$ no long] reg>d !mselves z s+le1 isolat$1 impot5t be+s1 b z includ$ 9 ! div9e nature4 ,!mselves & all ?+s are se5 "u ! =m ( et]nity4 ,?is ?\ght is1 accord+ to ,sp9oza1 ! fruit ( ! highe/ activity ( ! human m9d2 ?is is ! amor intellectualis dei2 & ! supreme good = man4 ,8 doctr9e ( immortality is b\nd up ) ?is intellectual =m ( religi\s my/icism--k ( ,god involves p>ticipation 9 ,8 immortality3 ,dea? is ! less h>mful ! m ! m9d's k is cle> & di/9ct1 & ! m ! m9d loves ,god4444 ,! human m9d may be ( su* a nature t ! "p ( x :i* we %[$ to p]i% ) ! body may be ( no mom5t to x 9 respect to :at rema9s4 ,he :o is affect$ ) love t[>ds ,god has a m9d ( :i* ! great] "p is et]nal4 ,?us ! s\l a*ieves its emancipation by id5tify+ itself ) ,god--:o is ! object ( its k & love4 ,! pa? is ardu\s1 & ! clos+ passage ( ! ,e?ics admits ?is3 ,if ! road ,i h %[n is v difficult1 x c yet be discov]$4 ,& cle>ly x mu/ be v h>d :5 x is s seldom f\nd4444 ,b all excell5t ?+s are z difficult z !y are r>e4 ,,sp9oza ,,& ,,religion4--,x is int]e/+ to note t ,sp9oza1 ?\gh a free-?9k+ ,jew1 adopts t[>ds ! fundam5tal dogma ( ,*ri/ianity an attitude :i* approximates to ! classical expression ( x 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,he held t ,god's et]nal wisdom1 :i* reveals itself 9 all ?+s1 & especially 9 ! human m9d1 has giv5 a special revelation ( itself 9 ,*ri/4 ,p]haps 8 e?ic1 l t ( ! ,/oics1 ) :om he _h s mu* 9 common1 0 bett] adapt$ to satisfy ! ne$s ( ! philosoph] ?an ( ! ord9>y man4 ,b1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 x 0 ! philosoph]s & le>n$ m5 t 7 9 ne$ ( a spiritual int]pretation ( ! univ]se2 common m5 _h !irs already1 9 ! traditional pietism :i* philosoph]s are (t5 too ready to despise4 ,to ,sp9oza--& ?is is "o ( ! _m indications ( ! g5u9e pr(undity ( 8 ?\ght--! simple believ]s seem$ already to be 9 possession ( too mu* ( ! tru? = x to be desirable or pr(itable = !m to indulge 9 speculation4 ,to ! "q ( 8 l&lady at ! ,hague z to :e!r %e c\ld be sav$ by ! religion :i* %e pr(ess$1 8 reply 0 t h] religion 0 good1 t %e %\ld seek no o!r1 & t %e w\ld c]ta9ly be sav$ by x if %e l$ a quiet & pi\s life4 ,,sp9oza',s ,,p]sonality4--,! figure ( ,sp9oza /&s z "o ( ! mo/ impos+ & attractive 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( philosophy1 & 8 0 an unworldl9ess1 a simplicity1 & a humility purely ,franciscan4 ,l all ,jews !n1 he knew a trade--t ( l5s gr9d+--& by ?is he 0 able to live frugally1 :ile he elaborat$ 8 ?\ght4 ,he d$icat$ 8 life to ! lab\r ( quiet contemplation2 nor 0 he ambiti\s ( recognition1 :i* inde$ g5]ally came to him 9 ! =m ( abuse4 ,he did n escape ! exquisite ranc\r ( !ological hatr$1 b x 0 8 belief1 & ! conviction inspir$ 8 life1 t-- ,nei!r ri*es1 nor s5su\s enjoym5t1 nor hon\rs1 c be a true good = man2 b on ! contr>y1 t ! only ?+ :i* is able to fill ! m9d ) ev]-new satisfaction is ! /riv+ aft] k1 by means ( :i* ! m9d is unit$ ) t :i* rema9s con/ant :ile all else *anges4 ,! ,god-intoxicat$1 0 ! "n giv5 to ,sp9oza long aft]w>ds 9 ,g]many4 ,he di$ 7l ,/4 ,francis7 at =ty-five1 worn out ) ! toil ( ?\ght4 ,& x r5ews "o's fai? 9 ! p]spicacity ( commonplace p to le>n t 8 b>b]1 s5d+ 9 a bill aft] ! dea? ( ! philosoph]1 allud$ to 8 late cu/om] z ,mr4 ,sp9oza ( bless$ memory4 ,x 0 left to a contempor>y !ologian to describe him z an unclean & f\l a!i/4 ,,leibniz4--,sp9oza _h tak5 ov] f ,desc>tes & ,hobbes _! me*anical & det]m9i/ conception ( nature1 ?\gh he gave to x1 z we h se51 an int]pretation ( 8 own4 ,8 attitude 0 a bl5d ( t rationalism & my/icism :i* 7 *>act]i/ic ( s mu* sev5te5? c5tury ?\ght4 ,a f> m complete reaction1 h[ev]1 displays itself 9 ! sy/em ( a contempor>y ( ,sp9oza's--,gottfri$ ,wilhelm ,leibniz 7#afdf-agaf72 :o1 :5 already a y\?1 _h become an en?usia/ic devotee ( ! new sci5ce2 ! /udy ( ,kepl]1 ,galileo & ,desc>tes caus$ him to feel z ?\gh transport$ into a diff]5t _w4 ,?\gh a ,g]man by bir?1 ,leibniz liv$ cont9u\sly 9 ,france1 & wrote habitually 9 ! language ( t c\ntry4 ,,contra/ ,,to ,,sp9oza4--,sp9oza & ,leibniz /& z examples ( two di/9ct me?ods ( elud+ ! despotism ( me*anics--me?ods :i* w meet u aga9 9 ! c\rse ( our survey4 ,sp9oza accepts ! me*anical view z be+ inevitable & ev5 desirable1 b subjects x to a spiritual int]pretation--he reg>ds x z ! way 9 :i* ! ,natura naturans works4#i ,leibniz1 on ! o!r h&1 view$ exi/5ce f an entirely diff]5t /&po9t4 ,he 0 bold en\gh to reject ! me*anical view altoge!r2 or r he pref]r$ to reg>d x z a conv5i5t ab/raction1 or a useful =mula1 :i* might reflect c]ta9 aspects ( reality1 b c\ld n d ju/ice to its concrete ri*ness & complexity4 ,a ,,philosophy ,,( ,,individuals4--,leibniz's criticism ( ,desc>tes & ! me*anical s*ool proce$$ along diff]5t l9es f t ( ,sp9oza1 :o1 z we h se51 accept$ ! me*anical view z ! basis ( 8 speculation4 ,an axiom ( t view 0 7z we "k7 ! cons]vation ( motion4 ,= ?is cons]vation ( motion1 ,leibniz sub/itutes ! cons]vation ( =ce z be+ logically ! m fundam5tal concept4 ,true reality1 accord+ to him1 is n motion itself1 b ! =ce :i* is its cause4 ,=ce & exi/5ce became = him id5tical t]ms2 to "w & to exi/ 7 ! same4 ,t =ce is ! true reality1 ,leibniz express$ 9 ! language ( 8 "t by say+1 ,=ce is sub/ance1 & all sub/ance is =ce--a proposition :i* w\ld n be repudiat$ by mod]n sci5ce--& ^u ?is /atem5t 8 philosophy is built4 ,b x 0 n =ce 9 g5]al or "s univ]sal =ce t 0 reg>d$ by him z ! f9al reality3 ,leibniz 0 n a =]unn] ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,reality = him consi/$ 9 individual c5tres ( =ce--a multitude ( individual & indep5d5t be+s1 ea* ) its own idiosyncrasy1 & foll[+ its own l9es4 ,exi/5ce 01 9 fact1 = him1 individual4 ,x 0 ! individual c5tres ( =ce--n g5]al pr9ciples1 univ]sal sub/ances1 laws or =ces--t make up reality4 ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,monads4--,?is view ( reality 0 =mulat$ by ,leibniz 9 8 fam\s doctr9e ( monads4 ,monad 0 ! te*nical "n appli$ by him to ^? absolute individuals :i* he reg>d$ z con/itut+ true reality4 ,! ^w1 mean+ unity1 0 simple & appropriate4 ,& he decl>$ t ! monad1 to be rightly und]/ood1 mu/ be reg>d$ z analog\s to our own s\ls4 ,?is pr9ciple ( analogy 0 describ$ by ,leibniz z mon gr& pr9cipe des *oses naturelles4 ,?us reality 0 int]pret$ by him n 9 physical b 9 psy*ical t]ms1 or if ! expression be pref]r$1 9 t]ms ( p]sonality4#aj ,( ^! monads !re exi/1 accord+ to ?is view1 inf9itely _m degrees4 ,9 fact all exi/5ce diff]s only 9 degree f our own4 ,ev5 betwe5 m9d & matt] !re is only a quantitative & n a qualitative gulf4 ,= !re are sleep+1 dream+1 & m or less wak+ monads2 & matt] is a =m ( unconsci\s m9d2 ! monads :i* compose mat]ial objects be+ m9ds )\t memory1 mom5t>y m9ds4 ,let ,leibniz speak = himself3-- ,ea* portion ( matt] is n only inf9itely divisible1 b is also actually subdivid$ )\t end4444 ,:5ce x appe>s t 9 ! smalle/ p>ticle ( matt] !re is a _w ( creatures1 liv+ be+s1 animals1 entele*ies1 s\ls4 ,ea* portion ( matt] may be conceiv$ z l a g>d5 full ( plants1 or l a pond full ( fi%es4444 ,?us !re is no?+ fall[1 no?+ /]ile1 no?+ dead 9 ! univ]se4444#aa ,leibniz may inde$ be said to h be5 ! fir/ to outl9e a !ory ( panpsy*ism 7z x is t]m$71 accord+ to :i* !re is no?+ t is n1 9 its degree1 alive4 ,z we %all h occasion to obs]ve1 ,leibniz 0 "h 7z else:]e7 a =]unn] ( mu* rec5t philosophy4 ,! significance ( ! ,sp9ozi/ & ,leibnizian sy/ems ( ?\ght1 ?\gh reg>d+ exi/5ce f su* div]se /&po9ts1 01 = practical purposes ! same4 ,bo? alike l$ out1 ?\gh by diff]5t pa?s1 beyond ! me*anical !ory ( ! univ]se4 ,!y1 inde$1 repres5t two types ( ?\ght :i* attempt to rea* ! same end by diff]5t me?ods4 ,_! c\nt]p>ts w meet u aga9 z ?is hi/ory proce$s4 ,,pascal4--,b be=e pass+ out f ! sev5te5? c5tury1 "o ?9k] ought to deta9 u2 = f m ?an "o po9t ( view he 0 a notable p]sonality1 & ( fir/-rate importance 9 ! hi/ory ( religi\s1 z di/9ct f purely philosophical ?\ght4 ,he 0 inde$ "o ( ^? figures :o are di/+ui%$ among di/+ui%$ m5 ( all times4 ,blaise ,pascal 0 born 9 #afbc1 & 0 a boy ( precoci\s ma!matical ability4 ,by ! age ( twelve he is said to h work$ out indep5d5tly mo/ ( ! fir/ & second books ( ,euclid2 at sixte5 he wrote a treatise on ,conics :i* attract$ ! att5tion ( ,desc>tes2 at n9ete5 he complet$ a calculat+ ma*9e--a device t _h nev] be5 dreamt ( be=e4 ,at ?is po9t x is n surpris+ to le>n t 8 heal? broke d[n4 ,pascal is n a sy/ematic philosoph]2 b 8 acute intellect 0 unit$ to an inn] re/lessness ( s\l4 ,nei!r sci5ce nor philosophy c\ld br+ him peace1 = 8 ne$s 7 f> deep] ?an any m]ely rational sy/ematisation ( ideas c\ld satisfy4 ,"s h said ( him t he 0 fundam5tally a sceptic1 b "o = :om religi\s fai? 0 ess5tial2 c]ta9ly 9 him 7 unit$ an acute critical faculty & an int5se religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,p]haps ! two are n s incompatible aft] all4 ,,! ,,p5sees4--,pascal is *iefly fam\s = two works1 ! ,lettres ,prov9ciales & ! ,p5sees4 ,! =m] is controv]sial lit]ature1 b yet a classic ( ! ,fr5* language3 9 sum1 x is an attack on ! ,jesuits2 b x ne$ n "h deta9 u1 = ) !ology1 z su*1 we are n conc]n$1 & /ill less ) ecclesia/ical sy/ems4 ,! ,p5sees is a collection ( fragm5ts1 ! mat]ial = an ,apology = ,*ri/ianity :i* 0 nev] writt54 ,! autograph ,,ms4 pres]v$ 9 ! ,biblio!que ,nationale at ,p>is is made up ( scraps ( pap] ( all %apes & sizes1 writt5 (t5 on bo? sides 444 & deal+ ) all sorts ( subjects4 ,"o is rem9d$ ( ! my?ical scraps ( manuscript f :i* ! g5ius ( ,c>lyle di/ill$ ! philosophy ( ! sagaci\s ,teufelsdroe*4 ,b x is 9 ^! deta*$ fragm5ts t ,pascal has express$ 8 spiritual & intellectual /ruggles2 !y conta9 8 philosophy ( life4 ,&1 h[ev] unsy/ematic 9 arrangem5t1 !y d reveal a fairly def9ite temp] & attitude ( m9d4 ,,pascal',s ,,philosophy4--,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,?\ghts voice a reaction aga9/ ! ,c>tesian intellectualism :i* 0 !n ! preval5t t5d5cy 9 sci5tific & philosophical circles4 ,! la/ atta9m5t ( reason is to recognise t !re is an inf9ity ( ?+s beyond x might p]haps h be5 publi%$ by ,pascal's pr$ecessors4 ,to laugh at philosophy is to be a true philosoph] w\ld h seem$ l blasphemy or nons5se to mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies1 b x 0 nei!r ( ^!4 ,beh9d say+s ( ?is description lay ! /rong conviction t m]e logic 0 incapable ( prob+ ! dep?s ( exi/5ce4 ,! he>t has its reasons ( :i* reason kn[s no?+1 is s\nd psy*ology1 & n scepticism or obscurantism4 ,( c\rse x all dep5ds :at "o means by reason4 ,too _m ( ,pascal's contempor>ies appli$ ! ^w to a m or less %all[ rationalism utt]ly oppos$ to a spiritual view ( ?+s1 :]eas reason prop]ly und]/ood is ! logic ( ! :ole p]sonality4#ab ,t ,pascal 0 no m]e n>r[ anti-rational obscuranti/ is evid5t1 n only f 8 own extraord9>y insight1 b f 8 cont9ual reit]ation ( 8 idea t ! ess5tial dignity ( man lies 9 8 ?\ght3 ,all bodies1 ! firmam5t1 ! />s1 ! e>? & its k+doms1 are n wor? ! smalle/ m9d1 = a m9d kn[s !m1 & itself1 & bodies "k no?+4 ,"h lies ! true greatness ( man4 ,9 respect ( mat]ial bulk he is no?+1 b 8 ?\ght _c be measur$4 ,man is only a re$1 ! feeble/ re$ 9 nature1 b he is a ?9k+ re$4 ,! say+ has become fam\s1 & ! words t foll[ are h>dly less s2 !y remove ! ov]p[]+ & cru%+ incubus ( man's illimitable mat]ial environm5t1 :i*1 s9ce ,cop]nicus1 _h weigh$ ^u ?9k]s l a nightm>e3 ,7 ! univ]se to cru% him1 man w\ld /ill be m noble ?an t :i* slays him1 because he kn[s t he dies1 & ! advantage t ! univ]se has ov] him3 ( ?is ! univ]se kn[s no?+4 ,?us all man's dignity lies 9 8 ?\ght4#ac ,,pascal',s ,,pessimism4--,x has be5 said t an unbridgeable gulf lies betwe5 ^? :o believe & ^? :o disbelieve 9 mank9d4 ,x is to ! latt] category t ,pascal belongs4 ,8 fai? 9 ! dignity ( man is p>adoxically associat$ ) a realisation ( 8 weakness & imbecility3 ,:at a *im]a1 !n1 is man6 ,:at an oddity1 :at a mon/]1 :at a *aos1 :at a subject ( contradiction1 :at a prodigy6 ,judge ( all ?+s1 s5seless e>?-worm2 depository ( tru?1 cloaca ( unc]ta9ty & error2 ! glory & ! refuse ( ! univ]se4 ,we desire tru?1 & f9d 9 ourselves only unc]ta9ty2 we seek happ9ess1 & f9d only mis]y & dea?4 ,we are unable n to wi% = tru? & happ9ess1 & incapable ei!r ( c]ta9ty or felicity4 ,9 fact1 we may say t ,pascal 0 ! fir/1 9 an age ( exagg]at$ rev]5ce = logic 7! damnosa h]$itas ( ! ,s*ola/ic !ologians7 to und]/& t ! be/ argum5ts = religion are ! facts ( human exp]i5ce1 & ! conditions ( human life4 ,9 va91 ,o m51 d ye seek )9 y\rselves ! cure = y\r tr\bles6 ,all y\r k c only tea* y t x is n )9 y\rselves t ye f9d ! true or good6 ,"h we h ! language ( religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,! result ( ,augu/9e's m$itation ^u life 0 ! same3 ,inquietum cor no/rum dum requiescat 9 te4 ,x is a tongue t ! psy*ic man c nev] und]/&2 x seems to him affectation2 su* language is =eign to ! easy optimism ( an age ( confid5ce4 ,inde$ ,pascal1 ?\gh s int5sely mod]n1 is a /rang]1 & 8 words (t5 enigmas to our "t4 ,vanitas vanitatum is ?us ! v]dict t he passes ^u human exp]i5ce4 ,! la/ act is tragic1 h[ev] f9e ! com$y ( all ! re/4 ,,significance ,,( ,,pascal4--,x is n z a sy/ematic ?9k] t ,pascal is ( importance to ! hi/orian ( ?\ght4 ,he typifies t m or less in>ticulate & unreason$ revolt :i* ! arrogance & optimism ( a new sci5ce or a new philosophy ar\se aga9/ !mselves4 ,he voices ! et]nal prote/ t x is n by bread alone t m5 live4 ,z is g5]ally ! case ) su* prote/s1 ! pessimism ( ,pascal 0 no d\bt exagg]at$2 b exagg]ation is necess>y if m9ds are to be impress$2 & ^? :o feel /rongly see only "o side ( a "q4 ,,results4--,?us 9 ! ?ree figures t h pass$ be=e u1 we see a ?reefold prote/ aga9/ t exclusion ( ! spiritual f ! human view ( life4 ,sp9oza1 ! pan!i/1 sees ,god ev]y:]e2#ad ,leibniz f9ds 9 e recess ( nature ! pr9ciple ( p]sonality2 ,pascal f9ds ! only cure = human frailty & mis]y 9 religion4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,rise ,,( ,,an ,,anti-,,religi\s ,,sci5ce ,,atmosph]ic ,,conditions4--,z we h se51 a me*anical view ( ! univ]se 0 n felt by ?9k]s l ,desc>tes or ,newton1 or ev5 ,hobbes1 to involve any consequ5ces t 7 necess>ily ho/ile to religion4 ,! new sci5ce sometimes might be anti-!ological1 because ! curr5t !ology /ill seem$ too mu* infect$ ) ,s*ola/icism1 b x 0 n1 9 ! h&s ( its mo/ notable expon5ts1 anti-religi\s4 ,sci5ce _h no qu>rel ) religion z su*1 nor ev5 ) a rational type ( !ology4 ,( c\rse ! new views ar\s$ _m suspicions1 & did n escape criticism at ! h&s ( ,*ur* au?orities1 bo? ,prote/ant & ,ca?olic4 ,& 7z we h se57 "s e>ly sci5ti/s paid v de>ly = _! allegiance to ! _s ( sci5tific enquiry2 b z "t w5t on1 actual p]secution became impossible1 morally & practically4 ,b !ologians 7 nev]1 dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury at lea/1 q reconcil$ to a sci5ce & a philosophy :i* seem$ to !m to be lead+ m5 t[>ds areas q un9habitable = religion4 ,b 9 spite ( suspicions on ei!r side1 & ! preval5ce ( "s measure ( intol]ance1 x _c be said t relations betwe5 ! sci5ti/s or philosoph]s & ! !ologians 7 v s]i\sly /ra9$ until well on 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,,anti-,,religi\s ,,propag&a4--,t ?is comp>atively pacific /ate ( affairs came to an end 0 ! fault1 prim>ily1 at lea/1 nei!r ( ! !ologians nor ( ! sci5ti/s4 ,a diff]5t atmosph]e gradually began to envelop & to embitt] ! controv]sy4 ,or?odox religion1 especially 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries1 came to be associat$ ) political reaction1 & ! mo/ env5om$ onslaughts began to be made ^u :at seem$ to be ! *ief /ronghold ( a discr$it$ regime4 ,especially 0 ?is ! case 9 ,france1 :]e corrupt political conditions 7 aggravat$ by ! int5se social mis]y :i* !y _h creat$4 ,?us ,france became ! cradle ( ! ph5om5on kn[n z anti-cl]icalism1 :i* is ! product n s mu* ( disbelief 9 a cre$ z ( hatr$ ( a sy/em2 x 0 ! correlative ( a ,*ur* 9 :i* religion 0 ext9ct1 = g5u9e ,ca?olicism _h be5 root$ out ( ,france e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 j z ,prote/antism _h be5 dr[n$ 9 blood a c5tury be=e4#ae ,,sci5ce ,,popul>is$4--,9 two respects ,france1 dur+ ! second half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 0 f> 9 advance ( o!r c\ntries4 ,no o!r lit]ature ( t age c be comp>$ ) ! ,fr5* = ! skill & *>m ) :i* sci5tific views 7 express$4 ,!re 0 no lack ( fir/-rate propag&i/s4 ,& n only 9 ! popul>isation1 b 9 ! sy/ematic tea*+ ( sci5ce1 ,france = a long p]iod l$ ! way4#af ,:]eas ! hi/ory ( ,engli% or ,g]man lit]ature ( ! eighte5? c5tury c\ld be writt5 almo/ )\t ref]5ce to sci5ce1 x is ) sci5tific problems t ! names ( "s ( ! mo/ brilliant ,fr5* litt]ateurs are associat$4 ,& :]eas 9 ,engl&1 sci5tific m5 work$ 79 spite ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,royal ,society7 m or less 9 isolation1 9 ,france ! savants h always be5 a bro!rhood4#ag ,,voltaire4--,"o ( ! mo/ notori\s names associat$ ) ! type ( propag&a ref]r$ to is t ( ,voltaire 7#afid-aggh74 ,voltaire's polemic _c be describ$ z anti-religi\s1 = he himself 0 a !i/4 ,x 01 r1 political 9 "*4 ,! object ( 8 attack 0 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* z exi/+ 9 ,france 9 8 day1 :i* he reg>d$ z ! *ief surviv+ ob/acle to human progress4 ,ecrasez l'infame 0 8 motto2 & if ?is seems a trifle fanatical1 let u n =get1 z an acute critic has obs]v$1 t :at ,ca?olicism 0 accompli%+ 9 ,france 9 ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 n any?+ less mom5t\s ?an ! sl[ /rangl+ ( ,fr5* civilisation4#ah ,voltaire 0 an indu/ri\s & prolific writ] 78 works are numb]$ by scores71 b he 0 also a ma/] ( ,fr5* prose1 & he 0 univ]sally read4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! hi/ory ( ,european ?\ght 8 importance lies 9 8 popul>isation 9 ,france ( ! ,newtonian physics4#ai ,newtonisme 0 a ^w co9$ by him1 & became associat$ ) a me*anical view ( nature4 ,he also conduct$ a vigor\s polemic aga9/ c]ta9 religi\s notions1 !n curr5t1 b n[ out-(-date1 & :i* ne$ n "h deta9 u4 ,voltaire 0 an anti-cl]ical1 b he 0 n ho/ile to religion2 he 0 *iefly reg>d$ z an expon5t ( ,engli% 7i4e4 progressive7 ideas4 ,,la ,,mettrie4--,an advance 9 ! mat]iali/ic direction 0 tak51 h[ev]1 by ,la ,mettrie 7#agji-agea71 :o approa*$ ! problem f ! side ( physiology 7he 0 a physician by pr(ession74 ,8 two important contributions 7 ,hi/oire naturelle de l'ame 7#agde71 & ,l',homme ,ma*9e 7#agdh74 ,! titles are suffici5t to indicate ! scope ( ^! works4 ,t ( ! latt] po9ts back to ,desc>tes1 :o _h appli$ ! me*anical !ory to animals only1 & n to man4 ,la ,mettrie ext5d$ 8 application to include man4 ,! implications ( ?is !ory did n escape ,la ,mettrie's contempor>ies4 ,,did]ot ,,& ,,8 ,,encyclopa$ia4--,a def9ite p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght is c]ta9ly m>k$ by ! successful attempt on ! "p ( a gr\p ( progressive ?9k]s1 to ext5d ! circle op5 to sci5tific ideas by ! publication ( an ,encyclopa$ia :i* %\ld conta9 all ! late/ k & speculation4 ,! cr$it = ?is notable p]=mance 0 due to ,did]ot1 :o 9 spite ( imm5se difficulties1 :i* 7 aggravat$ by ! ecclesia/ical au?orities & ! support]s ( reaction 9 g5]al1 c>ri$ ! "w ?r\gh to a triumphant conclusion4 ,! fir/ volume appe>$ 9 #agea4 ,! "w 0 compos$ ) an eye to curr5t prejudices2 ! language 0 gu>d$1 b ! anti-cl]ical t5d5cy ( ! :ole 0 by no means obscure4 ,did]ot1 h[ev]1 did n obtrude 9 ! ,encyclopa$ia ! def9itely anti-religi\s op9ions :i* he _h develop$ & :i* are reveal$ 9 8 correspond5ce4 ,,holba*4--,a disciple ( ! ,encyclopa$i/--,holba*1 a "y ,g]man settl$ 9 ,p>is--0 bold] ?an 8 ma/]1 & publi%$1 "u ! "n ( a savant :o _h rec5tly di$1 a book :i* became widely notori\s1 & has be5 call$ ! ,bible ( mat]ialism--! ,sy/eme de la ,nature 7#aggj74 ,l ,voltaire's ,elem5s1 & ,la ,mettrie's ,l',homme ,ma*9e1 x 0 publi%$ 9 ,holl&4 ,! book is mat]ialism r$uc$ to a sy/em4 ,x conta9s no really new ?\ghts4 ,its significance lies 9 ! en]gy & indignation ) :i* e spirituali/ic & duali/ic view 0 run to e>? on acc\nt ( its injuri\sness bo? 9 practice & 9 !ory1#bj is ! e/imate ( a di/+ui%$ & imp>tial writ]4 ,rum\r gave ! cr$it ( its au?or%ip to ,did]ot1 :o 0 s di/urb$ by ! complim5t z ha/ily to leave ,p>is = ! fronti]4 ,8 admiration ( x is1 h[ev]1 record$4 ,aft] proclaim+ 8 disgu/ at ! contempor>y fa%ion ( mix+ up incr$ulity & sup]/ition1 he obs]ves t no su* fault is to be f\nd 9 ! ,sy/em ( ,nature4 ,! au?or is n an a!i/ 9 "o page1 & a dei/ 9 ano!r4 ,8 philosophy is all ( a piece4 ,c]ta9ly to ^? ) an appetite = negative dogmatism ! "w left no?+ to be desir$4 ,! foll[+ passage indicates ! attitude & me?od ( ! au?or1 :o1 9 ! matt] ( /yle1 did n fall %ort ( ! ,fr5* tradition3 ,if we g back to ! beg9n+1 we %all always f9d t ignorance & fe> h creat$ gods2 fancy1 en?usiasm or deceit has adorn$ or disfigur$ !m2 weakness wor%ips !m2 cr$ulity pres]ves !m 9 life2 cu/om reg>ds !m1 & tyranny supports !m 9 ord] to make ! bl9dness ( m5 s]ve its own ends4 ,! philosophy ( religion :i* inspir$ ^! s5t5ces may appe> to u suffici5tly crude4 ,& inde$ an imp>tial read] w h to confess t mu* ( ?is eighte5? c5tury polemic aga9/ religion1 h[ev] well-int5tion$1 is s+ul>ly wide ( ! m>k4 ,x is all *>act]is$ by an imp]fect k ( ! psy*ological f\ndations ( religion1 & q devoid ( :at is n[ t]m$ ! hi/oric s5se4 ,! faults ( ,voltaire & ,holba*1 h[ev]1 7 ^? ( _! age1 :i* 0 (t5 %ort-sight$ 9 its recognition ( facts1 & sup]ficial 9 its reason+ f !m4 ,ev5 ,dr4 ,johnson1 :o f\nd ?is section ( contempor>y ,fr5* lit]ature s di/a/eful1 nev] laid 8 f+] ^u its real weakness2 ! fundam5tal fallacies ^u :i* x re/$ escap$ him4 ,he1 l ,voltaire & ! re/1 0 a *ild ( ! age4 ,,propag&a ,,n ,,sci5ce4--,x is v d\btful :e!r ! g5u9e sci5ti/s1 :o devot$ !mselves n to propag&a b to rese>*1 c\ld h be5 ready to sanction ! uses to :i* _! own discov]ies 7 put4 ,f ! exhau/ive ref]5ces ( ,lange 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism 7,engl4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #di-abc71 x is evid5t t ! extreme views ( ,la ,mettrie1 ,did]ot1 & ,holba* _c be fa!r$ on any ( ! great sci5ti/s or philosoph]s1 b 7 an attempt to supply sci5tific pr9ciples to ! solution ( philosophical1 e?ical1 or religi\s que/ions1 frequ5tly = practical & political purposes4#ba ,!re are c]ta9ly risks atta*$ to ! popul>isation ( ! results ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,!ories h to be pres5t$ ) an appe>ance ( f9ality :i* does n legitimately belong to !m1 & sometimes 9 a some:at />tl+ aspect1 o!rwise ! read] is left cold1 = x is excitem5t r ?an g5u9e in=mation t attracts ! majority4 ,z a judici\s writ] has obs]v$3 ,no ideas l5d !mselves to su* easy1 b likewise to su* %all[ g5]alisations z ^? ( sci5ce4 ,once let out ( ! h& :i* uses !m 9 ! /rict & cauti\s mann] by :i* alone !y lead to valuable results1 !y are apt to "w mis*ief4 ,because ! tool is s %>p1 ! object to :i* x is appli$ seems to be s easily h&l$4 ,! correct use ( sci5tific ideas is only le>nt by pati5t tra9+1 & %\ld be gov]n$ by ! n easily acquir$ habit ( self-re/ra9t4#bb ,,sci5tific ,,progress4--,alongside ( ?is rigor\s propag&a1 :i* prep>$ ! way = ! upheaval ( #aghi1 g5u9e sci5tific progress 0 be+ made1 especially 9 ! regions ( ,a/ronomy1 ,botany & ,*emi/ry4 ,! ideas ( ,newton 7 tak5 up & elaborat$ by means ( m effici5t ma!matical processes--especially ! !ory ( inf9itesimals--by ! di/+ui%$ a/ronom]1 ,laplace1 9 8 ,sy/eme du ,monde 7#agif71 & 9 ! successive volumes ( 8 ,me*anique ,cele/e 7#agii-ahbe71 :i* has be5 call$ a new ,pr9cipia4 ,important advances 9 *emi/ry are associat$ ) ! "n ( ,lavoisi] 7#agdc-agid71 :o introduc$ into t sci5ce a pr9ciple :i* has become axiomatic1 & :i* to-day rema9s ! f\ndation ( all "w 9 ! laboratory4 ,to ,lavoisi] belongs ! m]it ( introduc+ :at is kn[n z ! quantitative me?od into *emi/ry1 & ?us e/abli%+ t sci5ce ^u ! exact--t is to say ma!matical--basis1 :]e x n[ re/s & putt+ exact rese>* 9 ! place ( vague reason+4 ,8 pr9ciple 0 t 9 all *emical comb9ations & reactions1 ! total weight ( ! v>i\s +r$i5ts rema9s un*ang$2 !re is 79 spite ( appe>ances7 nei!r loss nor ga9 ( actual matt]4 ,! quantity ( matt] is ! same at ! end z at ! beg9n+ ( e op]ation4 ,x 0 ,lavoisi] :o f9ally e/abli%$ ! correct !ory ( combu/ion2 t x consi/$ 9 ! comb9ation ( a special elem5t call$ oxyg51 ) o!r bodies or elem5ts4 ,,! ,,atomic ,,!ory4--,lavoisi] _h op5$ a door to rese>*es :i* naturally l$ ! way to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! atomic !ory ( matt] on an exp]im5tal1 & n m]ely a !oretical basis4 ,t !ory is inde$ no?+ m ?an ! elaboration ( ,lavoisi]'s own pr9ciple4 ,john ,dalton 7#agff-ahdd71 a ,man*e/] quak]1 publi%$ 9 #ahaj 8 ,new ,sy/em ( ,*emical ,philosophy1 :]e highly important conclusions are drawn bo? f ,lavoisi]'s facts & f exp]im5tal results ( o!r *emi/s4 ,( ^!1 ,dalton gave an acc\nt & an explanation :i* has ev] s9ce be5 ! s\l ( all *emical reason+4 ,?is explanation is kn[n z 8 ,atomic !ory4 ,! two facts ( :i* ,dalton's !ory is an explanation are z foll[s4 ,fir/ 7,lavoisi]'s fact71 t ! total weight ( sub/ances rema9s always ! same1 be !y comb9$ 9 ev] s _m diff]5t ways4 ,second1 t all sub/ances1 be !y 9 l>ge or 9 small quantities1 comb9e ) ea* o!r1 or sep>ate f ea* o!r1 9 def9ite & fix$ proportions4 ,! !ory ( ,dalton 0 t ^! comb9ations take place betwe5 indep5d5t p>ticles ( matt]1 :i* are inde/ructible & indivisible4 ,^! atoms ( ! v>i\s elem5ts h def9ite weights :i* are responsible = ! proportion 9 :i* !y are f\nd to comb9e4 ,^! facts ( proportion 9 comb9ation1 or *emical aff9ity1 c\ld n be acc\nt$ = by ! !ory :i* reg>ds matt] z cont9u\s1 b only by ! opposite !ory t x is discrete 7i4e4 divid$ up into p>ticles74 ,,philosophical ,,coroll>ies4--,^! /rictly sci5tific !ories associat$ ) ! "n ( ,laplace1 ,lavoisi]1 & ,dalton t5d$ to /r5g!n 9 ! popul> e/imation1 ! philosophical conclusions ( writ]s l ,holba*4 ,! sci5ti/s !mselves rema9$ agno/ic ) reg>d to que/ions t lay outside _! scope3 !y ma9ta9$ "h ! correct attitude = sci5tific rese>*4 ,! "q put by ,napoleon to ,laplace1 :y he _h n introduc$ ! "n ( ,god into ! ,me*anique ,cele/e1 0 out ( place1 & des]v$ ! cru%+ reply x receiv$4 ,sci5tific rese>* is n conc]n$ ) que/ions ( philosophy4 ,/ill1 x did n escape popul> att5tion t ! old pill> ( a me*ani/ic view ( ! univ]se n[ seem$ to be re9=c$ by ano!r4 ,! !ory ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy 0 n[ supplem5t$ by t ( ! inde/ructibility ( matt] 7,lavoisi]74 ,& to cr[n all1 ! old atomic !ory1 :i* ,lucretius _h made ! f\ndation ( 8 dogmatic mat]ialism1 0 n[ re-e/abli%$ on an exp]im5tal basis4 ,s f> z physical sci5ce 0 conc]n$1 ! situation seem$ m5ac+ to a religi\s view ( life4 ,m5 felt t !y inhabit$ a _w ( inde/ructible matt]1 mov$ by a c]ta9 measure ( =ce1 un*angeable & fix$4 ,! prison ( det]m9ism & matt] 0 clos+ ar\nd !m4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,rise ,,( ,,g]man ,,idealism ,,an ,,un/emm$ ,,tide4--,9 spite ( ^? important reactions ( ?\ght :i* we h associat$ ) ! "n ( ,sp9oza1 ,leibniz1 & ,pascal1 ! me*anical view _h n ceas$1 z ! la/ *apt] has %[n u1 to ext5d itself dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 x became highly fa%ionable 9 progressive circles4 ,,common-,,s5se ,,philosophy4--,! /r5g? ( ?is me*anical view lies 9 ! fact t x /&s on ! %\ld]s ( a natural sci5ce :i* itself has its feet firmly plant$ on ! irrefragible rock ( s5se-exp]i5ce4 ,! me*anical view ?us re/s1 9 ! la/ resort1 ^u ! belief 7:i* is held ev]y:]e ) confid5ce by pla9 m57 t s5se-exp]i5ce is a s\nd f\ndation = k4 ,! importance ( ?is belief _h be5 recognis$ by ! ,engli% philosoph]1 ,locke 7#afcb-agjd71 :o 9 8 ,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+ 7#afij71 lays x d[n t all human k is bas$1 ultimately1 ^u s5se-exp]i5ce4 ,?is highly important "w _h an imm5se influ5ce1 &1 "u ,locke's tutelage1 _m ?9k]s reg>d$ ) suspicion any k :i* might seem n to be d]ivable1 9 "o way or ano!r1 f t s\rce4 ,z ! /r5g? ( ,samson lay 9 8 un%orn hair1 s ! /r5g? ( ! me*anical !ory lay1 & /ill lies1 9 ! acceptance ( ,locke's !ory ( human k1 i4e4 t x is all d]iv$ f ! s5ses4 ,& ! ,delilah :o c %e> away ,locke's conclusions1 leaves ,samson helpless2 me*anical mat]ialism becomes a discr$it$ !ory4 ,h5ce ! tru? ( ! say+ t ! problem ( k is ! prelim9>y "q = philosophy4 ,,weakness ,,( ,,speculative ,,philosophy4--,sp9oza & ,leibniz may be said to h disp5s$ ) ?is f\ndation4 ,tak+ ! sci5tific k ( _! "t = grant$1 !y drew c]ta9 conclusions !refrom2 b _! results1 h[ev] impos+1 7 felt to be ! result r ( speculation ?an ( reason4 ,su* 0 ! m or less unexpress$ e/imate ( _! "w4 ,x 0 und]valu$1 = bo? ,sp9oza & ,leibniz 7 ?9k]s ( ! fir/ calibre2 & yet !re 0 "s ju/ice 9 ! *>ge4 ,by ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! days ( m]ely speculative philosophy 7 pa/4 ,,! ,,critical ,,philosophy4--,! "t 0 ripe = a new metaphysic--= a fre% /ep =w>d 9 philosophic me?od4 ,t /ep 0 tak5 by ! celebrat$ ,immanuel ,kant1 :o is ! orig9ator ( :at is kn[n1 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 z ! ,critical ,philosophy4 ,! ^w critical signifies a p>ticul> me?od ( approa*+ ! problem ( exi/5ce1 a me?od :i* mu/ be contra/$ ) t ( ! speculative philosophy1 ( :i* ,sp9oza & ,leibniz are examples4 ,! critical philosophy1 be=e attempt+ 7z ,sp9oza _h done7 to tackle ! problem ( exi/5ce1 fir/ attack$ ! problem ( k4 ,be=e ask+ ,:at is ! tru?8 x put ! prelim9>y "q1 ,:at are ! means at man's disposal = rea*+ ! tru?8 ,x prefac$ all philosophical enquiry by an exam9ation into ! nature & scope ( human ?\ght4 ,su* 0 ! prep>atory inve/igation :i* 0 to place metaphysics ^u a secure & sci5tific f\ndation4 ,= ! new philosophy1 ! gateway to all s\nd k is ! reflection ( ! human m9d ^u itself4 ,"k ?yself1 is its advice to ! inquir+ _s ( man4 ,"h1 if any:]e1 is to be f\nd ! philosoph]'s /one4 ,,immanuel ,,kant4--,! celebrat$ ,immanuel ,kant 0 born at ,ko5igsb]g 9 #agbd1 & di$ 9 8 native t[n 9 #ahjd4 ,betwe5 ^? dates he liv$ ! indu/ri\s & unev5tful life ( a univ]sity pr(essor4 ,! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w> & ! ,fr5* ,revolution left him undi/urb$1 ?\gh n unmov$4 ,he 0 a man ( quiet1 regul> habits1 & 8 fell[-t[nsm5 w\ld set _! clocks by 8 daily prom5ade4#bc ,b ! adv5tur\s orig9ality ( 8 ?\ght s]ves z a contra/ to ?is peaceful picture4 ,kant1 inde$1 laid ! f\ndations ( philosophy afre%4 ,) *>act]i/ic insight1 he w5t to ! v root problem ( all1 & *all5g$ human ?\ght itself4 ,be=e we c "k any?+1 we mu/ fir/ ( all dem& ! cr$5tials ( ! in/rum5t by :i* k is ga9$4 ,be=e ask+1 ,:at d ,i "k8 ! prelim9>y "q %\ld be1 ,h[ d ,i "k8 ,o!rwise we _c say :e!r we are 9 a position to give any answ] to ^? ultimate problems1 ! answ]s to :i* con/itute philosophy4 ,x is f> f easy to pres5t ,kant's criticism ( k at once simply & accurately4 ,?is philosoph] has a n undes]v$ reputation = obscurity1 & _h he writt5 9 any o!r language ?an ,g]man1 he w\ld p]haps h f\nd no read]s4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,k4--,x _h already be5 realis$ by ! pr$ecessors ( ,kant t :at is call$ s5se-exp]i5ce is a less simple process ?an x seems1 & t our s5ses _c be said to reveal to u any object z x actually is4 ,john ,locke himself 0 n ! fir/ to po9t out t ! s-call$ second>y qualities ( any mat]ial object 7i4e4 col\r1 ta/e1 etc47 are produc$ j z mu* by ! p]son :o p]ceives1 z by ! object :i* is p]ceiv$4 ,galileo1 ,desc>tes1 & ,hobbes1 besides o!rs1 _h be5 aw>e ( ?is fact1 :i* inde$ becomes evid5t to ! mo/ sup]ficial analysis ( s5se-exp]i5ce4 ,! prim>y qualities1 i4e4 d5sity1 ext5sion1 etc41 cont9u$ to be reg>d$ z subsi/+ 9 ! objects !mselves1 & indep5d5tly ( any p]ceiv+ consci\sness4 ,b ev5 ?is view did n prove p]man5t1 & x 0 ! episcopal philosoph]1 ,george ,b]keley 7#afhe-agec7 :o demon/rat$ 9 8 ,new ,!ory ( ,vision t n ev5 ^! qualities c\ld rightly be reg>d$ z subsi/+ indep5d5tly4 ,?us x _h already be5 realis$1 long be=e ,kant wrote 8 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason 7publi%$1 #agha71 t our s5ses are f> f reveal+ to u ?+s z !y are2 x is only ! appe>ances ( ?+s & n ! ?+s !mselves t ! s5ses pres5t to u4 ,inde$1 z is well kn[n1 ! ,scot* philosoph] ,david ,hume 7#agaa-aggf71 :o 0 a ma/] 9 ! art ( rais+ problems1 ext5d$ ?is l9e ( criticism until x rea*$ to pure scepticism4 ,he put ! "q1 ,if all our k is d]iv$ f s5se-exp]i5ce1 & if s5se-exp]i5ce only supplies u ) appe>ance & n reality1 :at degree ( tru/wor?9ess c !re be 9 human k8 ,& he 0 n afraid to give ! logical answ]--,none4 ,hume may ?us be said to h br\ght ?+s to an impasse4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 :at he _h done 0 to refute ,locke's !ory ( k 7i4e4 t x is d]iv$ entirely f s5se-exp]i5ce7 by means ( a r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,,! ,,kantian ,,criticism4--,kant says t x 0 ,hume :o awoke him f 8 dogmatic slumb]s4 ,by ?is he meant t ,hume made him realise t x 0 no use indulg+ 9 philosophic speculation g5]ally1 or li/5+ to ! speculations ( o!rs1 until ! ,problem ( ,k 0 satisfactorily solv$4 ,to ?is problem ,kant appli$ himself4 ,& recognis+ ,locke to be ! fons et origo malorum1 he subject$ 8 !ory ( human k to a close analysis1 & expos$ x z be+ fallaci\s4 ,f> f s5se-exp]i5ce be+ responsible = all our k1 ,kant prov$ t important elem5ts ( k are q indep5d5t ( s5se-exp]i5ce2 especially 0 ?is s 9 ! case ( c]ta9 ma!matical propositions4 7,h5ce ! "q1 ,h[ is pure ma!matics possible8 0 put by ,kant at ! beg9n+ ( 8 philosophy47 ,b x is nei!r necess>y nor desirable to ent] into ! argum5ts by means ( :i* ,kant prov$ 8 !sis1 :i* 0 t ! human m9d conta9s 9 itself c]ta9 pr9ciples ( k 7e4g4 ! idea ( cause & effect1 ! ideas ( ma!matics1 & s on7 :i* x does n owe to s5se-exp]i5ce4 ,,kant',s ,,cop]nican ,,hypo!sis4--,kant call$ ^! pr9ciples ( k1 =ms ( ?\ght or categories4 ,! "n1 p]haps1 is irrelevant to our purpose2 all t we ne$ to und]/& is t ,kant turn$ ! tables ^u ,locke4 ,locke said t ! m9d 0 a tabula rasa :i* passively receiv$ impressions f outside4 ,kant said t ! m9d is no?+ ( ! k9d2 x is n passive1 b active2 x does n receive :atev] is (f]$1 x selects :at x wants2 & x imposes its own =ms ( ?\ght ^u ! outside _w4 ,photography _h n be5 inv5t$ at ! "t ( ?is controv]sy1 b ,kant might h said3 ,! m9d is n a photographic plate receiv+ impressions f )\t1 x r resembles ! l5s :i* impressions mu/ pass ?r\gh1 & be trans=m$ by1 be=e !y c create a picture4 ,kant _h1 9 fact1 by ?is !ory1 in/itut$ a revolution4 ,8 new dogma 03 ,! m9d is ! m\ld into :i* all our k mu/ be ca/2 & ! con/itution ( our m9d pr$et]m9es ! %ape t our k takes4 ,?us ,kant _h discov]$ t n only s5su\s p]ception1 b rational und]/&+ also1 has its =ms & presuppositions4 ,j z we become aw>e ( objects only by means ( s5ses :i* p]haps hide or di/ort z mu* z !y reveal2 s also our rational k is condition$ by ! nature ( our und]/&+1 :i* dictates to reality ! =ms "u :i* x c be und]/ood & kn[n4 ,,me*anism ,,und]m9$4--,h[ did ?is affect ! me*anical !ory8 ,! connection is obvi\s4 ,me*anism is no?+ b "o ( ! =ms ( ?\ght t ! m9d imposes on ph5om5a4 ,j z ,cop]nicus _h discov]$ t x is due to our position on ! e>? t ! heav5ly bodies appe> to move r\nd u1 s ,kant _h discov]$ t x is due to ! nature ( our s5ses & und]/&+ t we p]ceive ?+s 9 space & "t1 & und]/& !m z be+ me*anically det]m9$4 ,! space & "t1 & ! me*anical det]m9ism are n 9 ! ?+s1 b 9 our m9ds4 ,! fact is t we c only grasp ?+s "u ^! =ms4 ,space1 "t1 me*anical causation are =ms & laws1 n ( nature1 b ( ! human intellect1 :i* is s con/itut$ z to see ?+s 9 ?is way4 ,?us ^? axioms ( sci5ce & ( ma!matics :i* lie at ! base ( all exact k1 & :i* _h hi!rto be5 reg>d$ z objective1 i4e4 z inh]5t 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 7 %ewn by ,kant to be1 z a matt] ( fact1 subjective1 t is 79 ,kant's own phrase7 !y express ! conditions "u :i* alone we are able to appreh5d or und]/& ! object4 ,?us all k is condition$ by our nature1 by ! framework1 s to speak1 n only ( our s5ses b ( our m9ds4 ,9 ?is way ! me*anical view 0 outflank$2 t view c]ta9ly seems to u inevitable & c]ta91 b ?is is due to ! con/itution ( our m9ds2 ! _w seems to u to be det]m9$1 j z x seems blue to a p]son we>+ blue spectacles4 ,b !re is no suffici5t reason = suppos+ t x is ei!r det]m9$ or blue4 ,! law ( me*anical causation is an axiom1 b x is a subjective axiom4 ,,appe>ance ,,& ,,reality4--,?is may n seem mu* ( an advance on ,hume's position4 ,human k /ill seems prec>i\s1 if we assume ! m9d to be a k9d ( dictator :i* imposes its own laws ^u nature4 ,& ,kant inde$ frankly admitt$ t nei!r our s5ses nor our reason 7 able to reveal to u ?+s z !y are1 b only ?+s z !y seem2 we grasp appe>ance1 n reality1 & 7to use ,kant's phraseology7 ph5om5a n n\m5a4 ,?us ,kant cut away ! gr\nd f "u all rationali/ic dogmatism2 he %ew$ its presumptu\s futility4 ,,! ,,pa?way ,,to ,,reality4--,kant1 h[ev]1 did n rema9 satisfi$ ) ! negative results ( 8 critical philosophy1 valuable z ^! 74 ,reality1 x is true1 lies out ( range ( ! human reason1 b x is n entirely inaccessible to u1 & scepticism ab\t ! ultimate nature ( ?+s is n ! necess>y coroll>y ( ,kant's1 z x 0 ( ,hume's1 philosophy4 ,kant drew a di/9ction betwe5 ! ,!oretical ,reason1 :i* 8 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason _h dealt )1 & ! ,practical ,reason1 :i* he discusses 9 8 ,critique ( ,practical ,reason 7#aghh74 ,,! ,,practical ,,reason4--,by ! practical reason ,kant meant ! moral consci\sness1 & ! law ( ! practical reason is ! moral law1 ! fulfilm5t ( :i* con/itutes duty4 ,?is law spr+s nei!r f outside au?ority nor f exp]i5ce2 x is autonom\s4 ,& x is ^u ! exi/5ce ( ?is autonom\s moral consci\sness t ,kant plants 8 foo?old 9 8 endeav\r to f9d a refuge f ! philosophic agno/icism to :i* 8 analysis ( ! !oretical reason _h l$2 & ^u ?is rock he f\nd$ 8 belief 9 ,god1 ,fre$om1 & ,immortality4 ,by means ( 8 practical reason1 man gets into t\* ) t real _w1 :i* 8 !oretical reason is unable to rea*4 ,9 fact1 ! practical reason itself 7or moral consci\sness7 is an elem5t 9 man's nature :i* belongs to ! real1 z oppos$ to ! ph5om5al _w4 ,= man himself is a citiz5 ( bo? worlds1 & has 7s to speak7 a dual nature1 a foot on ei!r %ore4 ,he is an inhabitant bo? ( ! _w ( me*anical ph5om5a1 & ( ! timeless _w ( fre$om1 :i* lies altoge!r outside ( all me*anical conceptions4 ,,kant ,,& ,,religion4--,religion we mu/ seek 9 ourselves1 n outside ourselves1 is a say+ ( ,kant's t gives ! clue to 8 g5]al attitude4 ,x is only 9 t _w :i* _c be int]pret$ me*anically 7i4e4 ! inn] _w ( fre$om ( :i* we nev] cease to be consci\s7 t we may seek1 or c hope to f9d ! s\rce ( religion4 ,x is n ! spectacle ( ! me*anically det]m9$ _w ( nature1 b ! dem&s ( ! moral consci\sness t create religion4 ,= in/ance1 x is ! gulf t yawns betwe5 ! ideal comm&s ( ! moral law1 & ! actual possibilities 7s poor & meagre7 ( fulfill+ & satisfy+ !m1 t creates1 9 ! view ( ,kant1 ! ne$ ( ,god & immortality4 ,^! alone c gu>antee ! realisation ( ! ideal claims ( ! moral consci\sness4 ,,religi\s ,,fai?4--,?us ! practical reason leads on to convictions conc]n+ :at lies beyond ! limits def9$ by ! !oretical reason4 ,! nature ( ! dem&s ( ! moral consci\sness give u an insight into ! nature ( ! sup]-ph5om5al 7transc5d5tal1 n\m5al7 _w4 ,t _w mu/ be ( su* a k9d z to sanction & gu>antee our moral ideals2 x mu/ be fri5dly & n ho/ile or indiff]5t to ^? ideals :i* man *]i%es1 b :i* 8 ph5om5al exp]i5ce seems to contradict4 ,?us we see ! tru? ( ! say+ t ,! univ]se z a moral sy/em is ! la/ ^w ( ! ,kantian philosophy4#bd ,,kant',s ,,influ5ce4--,kant 0 "o ( ^? ?9k]s :o are responsible = turn+ ! /ream ( ?\ght into fre% *annels4 ,?r\gh 8 rese>*es into ! nature ( human k1 he discov]$ ! conditions ^u :i* x re/s1 & def9$ ! limits beyond :i* x _c pass4 ,?us1 once = all1 he put an end to dogmatism4 ,& to ,kant also belongs ! cr$it ( hav+ e/abli%$ ! reality & validity ( inn] exp]i5ce4 ,! rock ^u :i* 8 philosophy is built is no ext]nal fact or ev5t--no?+ 9 "t or space--b ! moral consci\sness itself4 ,& ?us he re/ores1 z ! c5tral int]e/ ( philosophy1 ! human individual1 ) all 8 exp]i5ces ( ne$1 ( hope1 & ( insight4 ,p]sonality is ! pr9ciple ( 8 philosophy4 ,9 ?is he is ! true successor ( ! ,re=mation4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,romantic ,,movem5t ,,kant ,,& ,,aft]4--,) ,kant ! hey-day ( rationalism t]m9at$4 ,he _h put an end to ! sup]ficial psy*ology ^u :i* x re/$4 ,= ! rationali/s1 ! life ( ! m9d _h consi/$ 9 intellectual ideas2 b a m c>eful analysis indicat$ ! pres5ce ( deep]-ly+ elem5ts1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 disreg>d$2 !re exi/$ o!r important con/itu5ts besides ! intellectual4 ,kant's criticism ( pure reason did mu* to discr$it ! old view2 & by f\nd+ 8 philosophy ^u ! non-intellectual moral consci\sness1 he height5$ ! pre/ige ( feel+ z aga9/ reason 79 ! n>r[ & limit$ s5se ( t ^w74 ,?us ,kant is n undes]v$ly call$ ! fa!r ( a philosophy :i* succe$$ him1 & :i* 0 bas$ ^u ! idea ( ! supremacy ( feel+4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 t title is m accurate z an e/imate ( ano!r philosoph] ( r diff]5t *>act]i/ics4 ,,r\sseau4--,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau 7#agab-aggh7 0 a man ( unique g5ius ^: figure occupies a prom95t position n only 9 ! annals ( philosophy1 b 9 social1 political1 & lit]>y hi/ory4 ,ev5 m ?an ,voltaire 0 he responsible = s[+ se$s ( ?\ght :i* bore fruit 9 ! ev5ts ( ! ,revolution4 ,& inde$1 x is z ! au?or ( ! notori\s ,contrat ,social t he is mo/ widely kn[n4 ,,r\sseau',s ,,s5sibility4--,r\sseau 0 "o ( ^? philosoph]s ^: "* is ! =mative elem5t :i* gives %ape to _! doctr9es4 ,8 0 a pr(\ndly emotional temp]am5t4 ,he left beh9d him an invaluable docum5t :i* lays b>e all ! psy*ological s\rces ( 8 philosophy4 ,! ,confessions reveal to u a man highly s5sitive & morbidly introspective1 ! slave ( unreason+ impulses & passions4 ,9 ! eyes ( "s %ort-sight$ p]sons1 ^! fir/-h& revelations w obscure or ca/ d\bt ^u ! capacity & g5ius ( ! man1 = !y d little to prejudice op9ion 9 8 fav\r4 ,,he ,,defies ,,! ,,zeitgei/4--,r\sseau's pr(\nd orig9ality lies 9 8 hav+ d>$ to dispute a dogma to :i* ! pre/ige ( an axiom !n atta*$4 ,he endeav\r$ to und]m9e ! popul> fai? 9 sci5tific & philosophic culture4 ,he w5t "r back to ,pascal1 :o1 a c5tury be=e1 _h rais$ ! "q z to ! value ( sci5tific k = p]sonal life1 by proclaim+ ,! :ole ( philosophy is n wor? an h\r's /udy4 ,r\sseau's fir/ philosophical "w 0 occasion$ by ! (f] ( a prize on ! "p ( a prov9cial academy = a !sis on ! problem ,:e!r ! re/oration ( ! sci5ces & arts has contribut$ to purify mann]s8 ,! "q pi]c$ ,r\sseau's s\l l a fla% ( lightn+4 ,he felt 7he tells u7 t he saw a new _w1 & felt a new man2 he saw no long] ! _w ( culture1 ( sci5ce1 ( philosophy 7:i* he felt to be z artificial z x 0 ineffective & va971 b ! real _w ( p]sonality1 ( liv+ feel+1 ( ! inn] life4 ,x fla%$ ^u him t x 0 ! primitive & elem5t>y feel+s1 ! great & simple relations ( life1 :i* gave to exi/5ce its value4 ,! re/ 0 sup]ficial & irrelevant4 ,,r\sseau ,,& ,,religion4--,! intellectuali/ is ev] ! ari/ocrat4#be ,voltaire & ! philosoph]s ( ! enlight5m5t spoke ( ! un5light5$ multitude z la canaille4 ,its beliefs 7 sup]/itions4 ,r\sseau knew t ! ?+s :i* m5 h 9 common are m vital ?an ^? 9 :i* !y diff]1 & ! primitive in/9cts ( ! race :i* we all %>e1 are ! mo/ important "p ( our nature4 ,among ^! primitive in/9cts1 indomitable & irrepressible1 is ! in/9ct ( religion4 ,?us ,r\sseau transf]r$ ! religi\s problem f ! sph]e ( ext]nal obs]vation & explanation ( ! _w 7to :i* ! rationali/s _h promot$ or degrad$ x71 back to inn] p]sonal feel+4 ,?is m>k$ an epo* 9 ! philosophy ( religion4 ,moreov]1 ,r\sseau 0 able to write 9 a conv9c+ fa%ion ( religion1 because 7& "h he diff]$ f ! intellectuals ( 8 day7 he _h p]sonal exp]i5ce ( :at x meant4 ,h5ce :]ev] he alludes to religion 8 language has ! r+ ( s9c]ity2 x is always spontane\s1 & sometimes x is passionate & poetic4 ,8 religi\s exp]i5ce took ! =m ( nature-my/icism1 undogmatic 7because non-intellectuali/71 b ri* & deep3 ,i c f9d no m wor?y adoration ( ,god ?an ! sil5t admiration :i* ! contemplation ( ,8 works begets 9 u1 & :i* _c be express$ by any prescrib$ acts4444 ,9 my room ,i pray seldom] & m coldly2 b ! sight ( a beautiful l&scape moves me1 ,i _c tell :y4 ,i once read ( a c]ta9 bi%op1 :o1 :5 visit+ 9 8 diocese1 enc\nt]$ an old woman ^: only pray]s consi/$ 9 a sigh ',oh6' ,! bi%op said to h]1 ',good "m1 always pray l t2 y\r pray] is wor? m ?an ours4' ,my pray] is ( t k9d4#bf ,"h we h "o =m ( ! religi\s _s2 = ! my/ic x is always true t !re is nei!r spee* nor language4 ,! my/ic & ! dogmati/ /& at opposite poles1 = dogmatism is always an attempt at def9ition ev5 :5 t :i* is to be def9$ is indef9able2 & "h is to be f\nd ! common d5om9ator betwe5 ,kant & ,r\sseau4 ,! =m]1 by 8 analysis ( reason1 discr$it$ dogmatism3 ! latt]1 by 8 apo!osis ( feel+1 contribut$ t[>ds ! same result4 ,,romanticism ,,9 ,,g]many4--,?is /rong movem5t ( feel+1 creat$ on ! "o h& by ,kant's ,critique1 & by ! my/icism ( ,r\sseau1 took diff]5t =ms 9 ! two c\ntries to :i* ^! two philosoph]s belong$4 ,9 ,france ! new philosophy became ! hot-b$ ( revolution>y ideas2 :]eas 9 ,g]many x f\nd v5t 9 a f]m5t ( speculative sy/ems1 & 9 an outcrop ( arti/ic production4 ,x produc$ ! philosophies ( ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 & ,hegel1 & ! prose & poetry ( ,goe! & ,s*ill]4 ,x 0 ! age ( 'beautiful s\ls' & ( 'noble he>ts'2 m5 believ$ !mselves capable ( ! highe/ ?+s2 ! imm$iate ne$s ( ! he>t 7 set ov] aga9/ reason 444 "u _m successive =ms ,romanticism prevail$ 9 lit]ature1 effect+ ! re-bir? ( human fancy aft] ! long lab\r ( intellect4#bg ,,! ,,goal ,,( ,,philosophy4--,philosophic "y ,g]many _h set itself an ambiti\s programme4 ,kant1 inde$1 _h cle>$ ! gr\nd = !m1 b 8 w>n+s t an eagle _c so> beyond ! atmosph]e :i* supports x1 7 disreg>d$4 ,! philosophy ( ,kant himself 0 felt by ! successors to be lack+ 9 ! idea ( totality--9 ! conception ( a :ole4 ,8 division ( exi/5ce into ,appe>ance & ,reality seem$ to indicate a c]ta9 lack ( f9i% 9 8 philosophy2 & !y set !mselves to explore ! root ( reality :i* to ,kant seem$ undiscov]able1 b 9 :i* ! s5su\s & sup]-s5su\s worlds are unit$1 & f :i* !y h em]g$4 ,?is task became & rema9$ ! gr& problem ( philosophy = a :ole g5]ation ( ?9k]s4 ,all ext]nality1 isolation1 & division 7 to disappe>1 all exi/5ce mu/ be %[n to be b degrees & phases ( ! "o inf9ite reality4 ,sp9oza's "w _h to be done aga9 9 ! light ( increas$ psy*ological k4 ,,fi*te4--,( ! ?9k]s :o address$ !mselves to ?is ambiti\s task1 only two ne$ be consid]$ "h2 & ^! are *os5 because !y attack$ ! problem f diff]5t directions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,johann ,gottlieb ,fi*te 7#agfb-ahad71 :o _h be5 ! fir/ to lay d[n ! programme ( ?\ght ) explicitness1 realis$ & admitt$ t ! task :i* philosophy _h set itself 0 beyond ! p[]s ( any logical tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,! high] unity ( exi/5ce1 ! demon/ration ( :i* 0 ! goal ( philosophy1 c\ld be rea*$ only by a process ( intellectual intuition1#bh x mu/ be guess$ or div9$2 = x pres5ts itself 7& ?is is a *>act]i/ically ,romantici/ idea7 to ! human m9d 9 ! imm$iacy ( feel+1 & n by discursive ?\ght4 ,x 0 ( ! ess5ce ( ,fi*te's philosophy1 z x _h be5 ( ,sp9oza's1 t a po9t may be atta9$ :]e ! m9d feels itself to be at "o ) ! truly real1 & only :5 ?is po9t is rea*$--i4e4 sub specie aet]nitatis1 w x arrive at & reta9 ! conviction ( ! univ]sal ord] & unity ( exi/5ce4 ,f ?is /&po9t1 & f ?is alone1 does x become possible to grasp ! mean+ ( ^? dualities & contra/s :i* we f9d ar\nd & 9 u1 ! diff]5ces ( self & n-self1 ( m9d & matt]1 ( subject & object1 ( appe>ance & reality1 ( tru? & semblance4 ,,hegel4--,x has be5 said1 p]haps ) ju/ice1 t philosophy is ! f9d+ ( bad reasons = :at we believe ^u in/9ct4 ,! rem>k might seem1 at lea/ 9 ! eyes ( "s1 to be p>ticul>ly applicable to ! "w ( ,georg ,wilhelm ,fri$ri* ,hegel 7#aggj-ahca74 ,n because 8 argum5ts are bad1 b because he attempt$ to e/abli% by /rict logic ! conclusions :i* ,fi*te s\ght to rea* by means ( intuition1 & :i* p]haps are only atta9able by t me?od4 ,hegel attempt$ to climb1 by a /rict process ( reason+1 to ! position f :i* ! ,fi*tean l&scape might spread itself bel[ z a logical :ole3 he claim$ to be a reason] z well z a se]4 ,& !reby he may be said to h furni%$ ! programme ( ?\ght = a c]ta9 class ( intellects :i* w nev] die out4 ,?us ,hegel 0 some?+ ( a hybrid1 & may be describ$ z a rationali/ic-romantici/4 ,nor are 8 argum5ts ! easie/ to und]/&4 ,! only ?+ t is c]ta91 writes a comm5tator :o /&s at an opposite philosophical pole1 is t :atev] y may say ( 8 proc$ure1 "s "o w accuse y ( misund]/&+ x4 ,i make no claim to und]/&+ x2 ,i treat x m]ely impressioni/ically4#bi ,& ?is is all we c d "h4 ,,hegel',s ,,me?od4--,hegel proce$s by means ( :at he calls ! ,dialectical ,me?od4 ,he und]/&s by dialectic 7#a7 a prop]ty ( all our ?\ghts 9 virtue ( :i*1 ea* p>ticul> ?\ght necess>ily passes ov] into ano!r2 & also 7#b7 a prop]ty ( ?+s1 9 virtue ( :i* e p>ticul> ?+ necess>ily belongs to1 or is relat$ to1 all o!r ?+s4 ,a ?+ by itself is no?+4 ,h5ce a simil>ity or p>allelism betwe5 ! me?od ( ?\ght & ! nature ( ?+s4 ,logic is ( ! nature ( ?+s4 ,! way 9 :i* ?\ght rea*es tru? is also ! way 9 :i* ?+s exi/4 ,hegel express$ ?is 9 8 well-kn[n say+ ! real is ! rational1 & ! rational is ! real4 ,p]haps m poetically or obscurely ! same proposition is express$ by decl>+3 ,:5 we ?9k exi/5ce1 exi/5ce ?9ks 9 u1 & ,! pulse ( exi/5ce itself beats 9 our ?9k+4 ,hegel's logic may1 9 fact1 be describ$ z an attempt to conceive ! movem5t ( ?\ght z be+ at ! same "t ! law ( ! univ]se4 ,logic 7to repeat :at we said be=e7 is ( ! nature ( ?+s3 reality is rational1 & :at is rational is real4 ,?us logic = ,hegel did n mean 7z x meant = ,kant7 ! =ms or laws ( ?\ght3 x signifi$ ! v core ( reality4 ,= all t ,kant knew1 reality might or might n be rational3 all he ass]t$ 0 t ! human m9d rationalis$ reality 7or p>ts ( x74 ,= ,hegel1 logic or reason 0 ! liv+ & mov+ _s ( ! _w4 ,! ess5ce ( reality & ! ess5ce ( ?\ght 7 "o4 ,! absolute reality 0 _s4#cj ,,hegelianism4--,hegel's philosophy may be describ$ z an attempt to rea* ! /&po9t ( religi\s my/icism by means ( purely rational processes4 ,x is ! f9d+ ( rational gr\nds = supra-rational intuitions4 ,! attempt is laudable1 &1 9 ! eyes ( _m1 x 0 successful4 ,&1 z we %all see1 ,hegelianism _h an important future1 especially 9 ,engl&2 nor1 z a sy/em ( ?\ght1 is x yet ext9ct4 ,its c5tral conception is t :i*1 9 "o %ape or ano!r1 w nev] cease to appeal to mank9d--t exi/5ce is1 at bottom1 spiritual 9 "*--t _s is ! only ultimate reality4 ,t ,hegelianism provides a rational basis = a spiritual religion is obvi\s en\gh2 nor is x necess>y to indicate ! possibilities ( l9k+ up ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! ,logos ) a philosophy = :i* ,reason 0 ! v core & gr\nd ( exi/5ce4 ,hegel may inde$ be said to h laid ! f\ndation ( ,*ri/ian !ology afre%2 or r to h re/or$ :at 0 be/ 9 ! old !ology1 & giv5 x ! pre/ige ( mod]nity4 ,,religion ,,& ,,philosophy4--,9 fact1 = ,hegel z = all rationali/s ^: attitude is also religi\s1 religion & philosophy 7 two =ms ( ! same ?+4 ,religion conta9s philosophic tru?s "u ! =m ( imag9ation3 philosophy conta9s religi\s tru? "u ! =m ( reason4 ,! diff]5ce is "o ( =m only1 n ( cont5t4 ,?is _h n be5 ! view ( ,r\sseau1 nor is x ! deepe/ view2 & x 0 n ! view ( a ?9k] ( ! ,romantic s*ool :o did m ?an any individual among 8 pr$ecessors to br+ ! religi\s problem to ! po9t :]e x n[ /&s4 ,,s*lei]ma*]4--,:ile ! sun ( ,romanticism 0 at its z5i?1 ! _s ( ,kant's critical philosophy 0 kept alive by a ?9k] ( z deep spiritual & intellectual insight z ,hegel himself4 ,fri$ri* ,ern/ ,daniel ,s*lei]ma*] 7#agfh-ahcd7 br\ght ! religi\s problem d[n f ^? altitudes to :i* ,romantici/ metaphysics _h rais$ x1 to :at ,kant _h call$ ! f]tile ba?os ( exp]i5ce4 ,he approa*$ religion f ! side ( inn] exp]i5ce1 ! po9t ( view ( psy*ology4 ,! pr(\nd insight ( ,kant _h already %[n t ?is 0 ! direction on :i* future ?\ght w\ld travel1 by trac+ back ! religi\s problem to a p]sonal ne$ m cle>ly & p5etrat+ly ?an ev] be=e--a ne$ set up by ! incongruity ( ! real & ! ideal4 ,,8 ,,view ,,( ,,religi\s ,,ideas4--,j z ,r\sseau1 ow+ to 8 own religi\s exp]i5ce1 0 9 a bett] position to attack ! religi\s problem ?an ! philosoph]s ( ! enlight5m5t1 s ,s*lei]ma*] _h ! advantage ( "s ,romantici/s4 ,z a boy1 he _h be5 put to s*ool ) ! ,moravians1 & ?r\gh\t 8 own life he nev] ceas$ to decl>e t ! ye>s sp5t among !m _h be5 ( vital importance to ! developm5t ( 8 views4 ,9 #ahja he writes3 ,my way ( ?9k+ has inde$ no o!r f\ndation ?an my own peculi> "*1 my inborn my/icism1 my education z x has be5 det]m9$ f )94 ,& 8 own exp]i5ce ( religion e/abli%$ 9 him ! conviction t ! inn]mo/ life ( m5 mu/ be liv$ 9 feel+1 & t ?is alone c br+ man into imm$iate relation to ! highe/4 ,8 acceptance ( ,kant's criticism ( reason l$ him to und]/& t intellectual concepts1 9 ! religi\s sph]e1 7i4e4 dogmas7 mu/ always be ( second>y importance3 exp]i5ce comes fir/4 ,& 8 pr(\nd orig9ality lies j "h1 & x is j "h t ,s*lei]ma*] /&s out z ! =]unn] ( ! mod]n view4 ,he x 0 :o fir/ made x evid5t t religi\s ideas d]ive _! validity f t inn] exp]i5ce :i* !y are an attempt to describe4 ,if a dogma is an expression ( an exp]i5ce felt by man 9 8 inn]mo/ life1 x is a valid dogma1 ev5 if philosophic criticism hesitates to sanction x4#ca ,,:at ,,is ,,religion8--,! di/ance ( ?is position f t ( ! eighte5? c5tury intellectualism :i* reg>d$ religion ei!r z a =m ( philosophy or ( sup]/ition1 is obvi\s4 ,s*lei]ma*] attacks two intellectuali/ prejudices 9 p>ticul>3 7#a7 ,t accord+ to :i* religion is conceiv$ ( prim>ily z a doctr9e 7ei!r reveal$1 or gr\nd$ on reason71 & 7#b7 ,t :i* reg>ds religion z m]ely a means t[>ds morality4 ,religion1 accord+ to ,s*lei]ma*]1 has an exi/5ce indep5d5t ( 7?\gh1 no d\bt1 associat$ )7 philosophy1 sup]/ition1 or morality4 ,its ess5ce consi/s nei!r 9 speculation nor 9 action1 b 9 a c]ta9 type ( feel+1 ( inn] exp]i5ce4 ,s*lei]ma*] *>act]is$ ?is p>ticul> type ( feel+ z a feel+ ( dep5d5ce3 ! imm$iate consci\sness t ev]y?+ f9ite exi/s 9 & ?r\gh ! inf9ite1 ev]y?+ temporal 9 & ?r\gh ! et]nal4 ,t ,s*lei]ma*] %\ld h describ$ ! specifically religi\s feel+ 9 ?is p>ticul> way is comp>atively irrelevant s f> z our pres5t purpose is conc]n$4 ,! po9t ( importance is t he 0 ! fir/ to recognise ! indep5d5ce ( religion1 to see 9 x a legitimate & natural =m ( human activity1 :i* exi/s1 n = ! sake ( k or ( morality1 b = its own sake1 & on its own acc\nt4 ,"h1 ?\gh ,hegel took a diff]5t view1 ,s*lei]ma*] is "o 9 _s ) ! ,romantic s*ool2 inde$1 he may be said to h drawn ! logical conclusions ( ,romanticism4 ,! indep5d5ce & orig9ality ( religion is ! necess>y consequ5ce ( a philosophy :i* set itself aga9/ ! unbalanc$ intellectualism ( ! enlight5m5t4 ,! p]man5t significance ( ,romanticism lies "h3 ,t x discr$it$ once = all ! notion t !re is only "o road to reality--t ( logic4 ,x is n only philosophy1 b religion & art t remove ! veil :i* hides ! supra-s5sible _w f u4 ,& to close our eyes to ! facts ( religi\s exp]i5ce1 or to attempt to discr$it !m by ! application ( irrelevant t]ms su* z sup]/ition1 is n only to display ourselves z phili/9es1 b also to =sake ! highe/ traditions ( sci5ce--v5]ation = exp]i5ce1 & ! realms ( fact4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,me*anism ,,& ,,life ,,recapitulatory4--,we h already obs]v$ ! me*anical !ory1 9 ! h&s ( ,desc>tes1 exp&+ itself to cov] organisms & ! ph5om5a ( life1 & 9 ,la ,mettrie's ,l',homme ,ma*9e1 r$uc+ ev5 human be+s to ! /atus ( automata4 ,^! !ories 71 h[ev]1 kn[n to be insecurely bas$ ^u some:at ha/y g5]alisations1 =1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! sci5ce ( biology 0 z yet 9 its infancy2 ! data = a complete v9dication ( ! me*anical position 7 z yet want+4 ,,advance ,,( ,,biology4--,biological sci5ce1 h[ev]1 dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury made consid]able advances1 & rese>* cont9ually kept br++ to light facts :i* seem$ to sub/antiate ! brilliant1 if premature1 hypo!sis ( ,desc>tes4 ,x w n be necess>y = u to d m ?an take ha/y note ( c]ta9 important developm5ts4 ,x 0 9 #ahbh t ! ,g]man *emi/ ,:oel] 7#ahjj-ahhb7 = ! fir/ "t 9 biological hi/ory prep>$ an organic comp\nd 7urea7 f inorganic mat]ials--an a*ievem5t univ]sally recognis$ to be ( ! utmo/ significance4 ,z a di/+ui%$ hi/orian ( ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry puts x3 ,?is discov]y de/roy$ ! diff]5ce :i* 0 !n consid]$ to exi/ betwe5 organic & inorganic bodies1 viz4 t ! =m] c\ld only be =m$ "u ! influ5ce ( vegetable or animal vital =ces1 :]eas ! latt] c\ld be artificially produc$4#cb ,t5 ye>s lat] ano!r ,g]man1 ,s*leid] 7#ahjd-ahha7 prop\nd$ ! cellul> !ory ( ! /ructure & gr[? ( plants1 a !ory :i* 0 soon ext5d$ to animal organisms by ,s*wann 7#ahaj-ahhb74 ,! publication ( ?is fam\s !ory 0 describ$ by a contempor>y z a bur/ ( daylight2 x inde$ illum9at$ :at _h hi!rto be5 buri$ 9 my/]y & my?ology--! /ructure & me?od ( gr[? ( plants & animals4 ,x seem$ to r5d] sup]flu\s any =m ( ! old conception ( a vital =ce to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( gr[?1 if x c\ld n[ be assum$ t ! cells automatically absorb$ outside mat]ial1 increas$ 9 numb] by ! division ( individuals1 & built up ! organism by cont9ual repetition ( ?is process4 ,s*wann 0 also responsible = initiat+ a numb] ( m9ute physiological inve/igations :i* l$ to a f> m intimate k ( ! action ( n]ves & muscles1 & int]pret$ ^! 9 me*anical t]ms4 ,inve/igations :i* 7 c>ri$ on ) all ! res\rces ( mod]n physics reg>d+ ! ph5om5a ( animal movem5ts1 gradually sub/itut$ = ! miracles ( ! 'vital =ces' a molecul> me*anism1 complicat$1 inde$1 & likely to baffle our ef=ts = a long "t to come1 b intelligible1 nev]!less1 z a me*anism4#cc ,subsequ5t rese>*es1 notably ( ,helmholtz 7#ahba-ahie7 & ,mey]1 l5t /rong support to ?is int]pretation4 ,! conception ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy 7an important axiom ( ! me*anical !ory7 0 successfully appli$ by !m to ! economy ( organisms4 ,! organism 0 f\nd n to create en]gy1 b only to conta9 rem>kably effici5t means ( d]iv+ x f mat]ials absorb$ z food4 ,?us animal w>m? & ! p[] ( motion are orig9ally sunlight trans=m$ 9 ! organism ( ! plant1 & aft]w>ds appropriat$ by ! animal4 ,! p[] ) :i* we move our limbs is z mu* ! product ( combu/ion z is ! p[] ( a /eam eng9e1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! organism is1 ( ! two1 ! m effici5t conv]t] ( en]gy4 ,,! ,,me*anical ,,!ory ,,sub/antiat$4--,?us1 :e!r biologi/s 7 consid]+ ! /ructure or ! behavi\r ( organisms1 !y 7 arriv+ at ! same conclusions4 ,! /ructure 0 reveal$ z physical & *emical /ructure1 & ! behavi\r z ! resultant ( famili> physical & *emical processes4 ,h5ce biology came to be reg>d$ z a comp>tm5t ( physics & *emi/ry1 = life itself 0 no?+ b a complex physical or *emical ph5om5on4 ,life c\ld ?us be satisfactorily express$ 9 t]ms ( matt] & en]gy4 ,! speculations ( ,desc>tes seem$ to be e/abli%$ by exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,,! ,,f9al ,,ob/acle4--,! situation1 already satisfactory to ^? ^: hope x 0 to see ! me*anical !ory impregnably e/abli%$1 0 m>r$1 h[ev]1 by "o unt[>d circum/ance4 ,! ph5om5a ( organic /ructure1 gr[?1 & behavi\r hav+ be5 r$uc$ to ord]1 & express$ 9 t]ms ( physics & *emi/ry1 c]ta9 important facts /ill resi/$ explanation1 & /ood out z a la/ /ronghold ( ! old] view4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,species4--,! exi/5ce ( def9ite =ms ( animal & vegetable life1 ^: inf9ite v>iety & complexity 0 cont9ually be+ increas$ by rese>*#cd--/ill rema9$ a my/]y4 ,h[ did ^! innum]able species naturally & automatically come into be+8 0 ! "q t mu/ be satisfactorily answ]$ be=e ! me*anical view c\ld be held to cov] all ! facts4 ,! direction 9 :i* to look = a reply _h be5 indicat$ by a numb] ( ?9k]s4 ,! ,fr5* naturali/ ,buffon1 ! philosoph] ,kant1 & ! poet ,goe!--besides o!r ?9k]s--_h already 9 ! eighte5? c5tury famili>is$ ! idea t species are n immutable1 b t1 by "s means or o!r1 new =ms ( life are d]iv$ f pre-exi/+ ones4 ,! conception _h ga9$ a firm foo?old 9 ,engl&1 :]e x 0 hospitably ent]ta9$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & :]e x =m$ ! /aple ( a book :i* caus$ a good deal ( controv]sy 9 its day1 & :i* is n yet =gott54#ce ,,lam>ck4--,! evolution>y idea1 h[ev]1 ?\gh attractive to philosoph]s1 & ev5 to m5 ( sci5ce1 0 insuffici5t z an explanation ( ! orig9 ( species s long z ! processes ( trans=mation rema9$ obscure4 ,naturali/s c\ld n accept an hypo!sis = :i* !re seem$ to be su* imp]fect evid5ce4 ,an +5i\s ,fr5* sci5ti/1 ,j4 ,bapti/e de ,lam>ck 7#agdd-ahbi7 _h inde$1 9 #ahji1 prop\nd$ ! !ory--ev] s9ce kn[n by 8 "n--t ! use or disuse ( p>ticul> organs might1 aft] a long s]ies ( g5]ations1 result 9 ! =mation ( new species4 7,! ideas d5ot$ by ! words environm5t1 adaptation1 acquir$ habits--n[ s famili>--may be said to h be5 introduc$ by him74 ,b ! sci5tific prejudices ( ! "t 7 aga9/ ,lam>ck's !ories1 & he _h to lam5t _! inhospitable reception4 ,inde$ ,lam>ck's critics did n hesitate to ex]cise _! p[]s ( ridicule1 or to make fun ( ! giraffe :o d]iv$ 8 long neck f ! attempts ( 8 ance/ors to br[se on high trees4 ,d>w9 himself talks ( ,lam>ck's nons5se1 & ( 8 v]itable rubbi%--language1 h[ev]1 :i* he 0 subsequ5tly able to retract4 ,,! ,,new ,,geology4--,p]haps ! mo/ /ubborn ob/acle :i* ,lam>ckian !ories _h to meet 0 ! curr5t prejudice z to ! age 7or y\?7 ( ! e>?4 ,contempor>y geologi/s 7 by no means prep>$ to grant ,lam>ck ! illimitable p]iods ( "t :i* 8 trans=mation processes seem$ to require4 ,consequ5tly x is n surpris+ t ! new !ories1 p]haps = ! fir/ "t1 receiv$ a measure ( ju/ice at ! h&s ( "o :o himself became responsible = a revolution 9 ! sci5ce ( geology4 ,i dev\r$ ,lam>ck en voyage1 writes ,*>les ,lyell1 describ+ a j\rney f ,ox=d 9 #ahbg4 ,8 !ories delight$ me m ?an any novel ,i ev] read1 & mu* 9 ! same way1 = !y address !mselves to ! imag9ation4444 ,t ! e>? is q z old z he supposes1 has long be5 my cre$4#cf ,9 spite ( ! fasc9ation ( ^! !ories1 h[ev]1 ,lyell 0 n c>ri$ away by !m1 & x 0 n = "s ye>s t he e/imat$ !m at _! true value4 ,mean:ile ! new geology made its appe>ance ) ! publication ( ! ?ree volumes ( 8 own ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 betwe5 #ahbi & #ahcc4 ,! significance ( ! book = biological speculation--= !ories ( ! orig9 ( species--lay 9 its !sis t ! pres5t condition ( ! e>? is ! product ( geological processes incalculably long4 ,hi!rto ! cata/rophic !ory _h be5 dom9ant--! notion t a s]ies ( imm5se cata/rophic ev5ts 7l ! ,deluge7 _h be5 responsible = ! pres5t condition ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,= ?is ,lyell sub/itut$ 8 ,evolution>y ,!ory1 accord+ to :i* ! almo/ invisibly sl[ geological processes :i* we may n[ see op]at+ ar\nd u1 are typical ( ! behavi\r ( ! cru/ ( ?is planet = incalculable p]iods ( "t2 = ev5 ! sl[e/ *anges1 if suffici5t "t is all[$ !m1 are capable ( produc+ ! mo/ /up5d\s results4 ,lyell may be said to h ext5d$ ! age ( ! e>? ad inf9itum4 ,j z ,galileo remov$ all b>ri]s ( space1 ,lyell remov$ ^? ( "t4 ,_! jo9t a*ievem5t 0 to pres5t to humanity a univ]se inf9ite bo? 9 space & "t--a /agg]+ conception4 ,,results ,,( ,,lyell',s ,,!ory4--,?\gh ,lyell's boldness di/urb$ a good _m ( 8 contempor>ies1 ^? biologi/s :o 7 engag$ ^u seek+ ! orig9 ( species 7 ?ankful to "o :o _h remov$ ! *ief ob/acle to ! solution ( _! difficulties4 ,!y 7 n[ reliev$ ( "o emb>rassm5t3 ,lyell gave !m ! p[] to draw on ! ,bank ( ,"t to any ext5t2 bankruptcy 0 no long] possible4#cg ,inde$1 ,lyell seems himself to h be5 conv9c$ ( ! evolution>y orig9 ( species 7?\gh ! mode ( its op]ation /ill rema9$ a my/]y = him no less ?an = ! biologi/s !mselves74 ,9 fact1 x became q evid5t t ! idea ( cont9uity :i* ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology _h e/abli%$ 9 ! inorganic _w1 mu/ be equally applicable to ! organic _w4 ,,d>w94--,! !ory ( a common desc5t ( species _h occurr$1 z e>ly z #ahcg1 to an en?usia/ic /ud5t ( ,lyell's writ+s1 :o 0 also a p]sonal fri5d4 ,*>les ,d>w9 _h collect$ mu* geological1 botanical1 & zoological matt] on 8 voyage ) ! ,beagle r\nd ! _w1 & cont9u$ = tw5ty ye>s to accumulate an imm5se volume ( data to sub/antiate a !ory :i* _h fir/ sudd5ly sugge/$ itself to him 9 #ahch z ! result ( read+ = amusem5t ,mal?us' ,essay on ! ,pr9ciple ( ,population4 ,?is celebrat$ book1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #agih1 _h attempt$ to describe ! =ces :i* ensure ! multiplication1 or *eck ! increase ( population4 ,! proposition laid d[n by ,mal?us 0 t population t5ds to v>y ) ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,he _h /udi$ 8 problem f a social or political po9t ( view1 b ! same pr9ciple 0 se5 by ,d>w9 to apply to all liv+ creatures4 ,two =ces are se5 ev]y:]e 9 conflict3 7a7 ! luxuriant p[]s ( reproduction possess$ by & ex]cis$ by ea* species2 7b7 ! difficulties & ob/acles by :i* ! species t5d to be elim9at$4 ,! conte/ betwe5 ! p[]s ( reproduction & ^? ( elim9ation--?is ov]-production & cr[d+-out--is :at 0 aft]w>ds t]m$ ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,,natural ,,selection4--,d>w9's mom5t\s !ory 0 t ?is /ruggle1 proce$+ = untold ages1 _h result$ 9 ! cont9ual =mation ( new species4 ,grant$ t ! num]\s (fspr+ ( any individual memb] ( a species t5d to v>y1 ^? v>iations survive :i* happ5 to be be/ fitt$ to cope ) ! environm5t4 ,^! 9 _! turn leave (fspr+1 ! v>iations & ! selections are repeat$1 & s on ad inf9itum2 & ! result is t entirely new species are =m$ by a long process ( insignificant *anges4 ,?is1 briefly put1 is ! celebrat$ !ory ( ,natural ,selection4 ,! habit ( sci5tific caution 0 *>act]i/ic ( ,d>w91 :o at fir/ w\ld n write d[n ev5 ! briefe/ sket* ( 8 hypo!sis1 b devot$ ne>ly tw5ty ye>s to ! accumulation ( evid5tial data4 ,8 fri5ds cont9ually w>n$ him t he w\ld be =e/all$1 & ?is actually occurr$1 z is well kn[n1 9 #aheh1 :5 ! book :i* 0 to give ! new !ory to ! _w 0 already half writt54 ,! naturali/1 ,alfr$ ,russell ,wallace1 on a collect+ exp$ition 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 9 a fla% ( insight :ile sick ) fev]1 f\nd ! same solution ( ! my/]y t _h puzzl$ biologi/s s long4 ,wallace's lett] to ,d>w91 conta9+ ! ab/ract ( 8 !ory1 came l a bolt f ! blue4 ,! behavi\r ( ! two m5 0 wor?y ( ! highe/ traditions ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,! matt] 0 put into ! h&s ( ,lyell1 & ,wallace's pap]1 toge!r ) c]ta9 extracts f ,d>w9's unpubli%$ notes1 7 read be=e ! ,l9nean ,society1 & ! prep>ation ( ,d>w9's book 0 hurri$ on4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahei1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species 0 publi%$4 ,,results ,,( ,,d>w9',s ,,!ory4--,! importance 7= ! g5]al tr5d ( ?\ght7 ( ?is jo9t a*ievem5t ( ,d>w9 & ,wallace 0 consid]able1 & c\ld n b be reg>d$ z an ext5sion ( ! me*anical !ory4 ,! orig9 ( species might /ill to "s ext5t rema9 my/]i\s 7= natural selection 0 soon realis$ to be only "o ( _m factors at "w 9 evolution71 yet ! area ( my/]y 0 pat5tly r$uc$1 & ! inexplicable driv5 fur!r back4 ,a =mula _h be5 provid$1 :i* seem$ to be z valid1 & likely to prove z p]man5t & fruitful 9 biological rese>* z ,newton's law ( gravity _h be5 9 ! realm ( physics4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ,d>w9 _h only sub/itut$ new problems ( v>iation & h]$ity = ! old "o ( ! div]sity ( species2 b an impression 0 creat$ by ! new discov]ies t a purely me*anical explanation ( ! orig9 ( life & ev5 ( m9d 0 )9 rea*4 ,,! ,,desc5t ,,( ,,man4--,) reg>d to m9d1 ! impression 0 re-in=c$ by ,d>w9's next book--! ,desc5t ( ,man1 :]e ! gap betwe5 man & ! animals 0 f9ally bridg$4 ,! "w 0 m]ely an ext5sion ( ! pr9ciples previ\sly appli$ by him1 & z a !ory x _h be5 pres5t to ,d>w9's m9d z f> back z #ahcg4 ,z soon z he _h become conv9c$ t species 7 mutable productions1 he c\ld n avoid ! belief t man mu/ come "u ! same law4#ch ,inde$ ! ,desc5t 0 no?+ m ?an a coroll>y to ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,! e>li] "w conta9s ! :ole ( ,d>w9ism4 ,,! ,,position ,,rea*$4--,& ) ! full publication ( ,d>w9's !ories a po9t 0 rea*$ :5 a m or less consi/5tly mat]iali/ic position seem$ possible4 ,! f\ndations ( su* a position _h be5 /r5g!n$ by ! sci5tific atomism ( ,dalton1 & ! results ( ,g]man rese>* 9 ! field ( organic *emi/ry seem$ to op5 up possibilities ( express+ ev5 life 9 t]ms ( matt]4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! evolution>y hypo!sis _h r$uc$ "s ( ! mo/ obscure biological problems to manageable proportions4 ,! prospects = a purely naturali/ic philosophy 7 ph5om5ally bright4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,mat]ialism ,,& ,,agno/icism ,,f ,,sci5ce ,,to ,,philosophy4--,! record ( c]ta9 important sci5tific discov]ies has occupi$ u 9 two rec5t *apt]s1 & x is n[ "t to exam9e ! philosophic results t 7 drawn f !m4 ,x is true t ! g5]alisations drawn f ! results ( sci5tific rese>* 7 sometimes ha/y1 & n always sanction$ by ! gift$ m9ds to :om ^! results 7 due2 yet !y 7 assur$ a popul> reception1 & ex]cis$ an imm5se influ5ce4 ,x is n always ! mo/ accurate ?9k]s ^: ideas ga9 ! wide/ curr5cy4 ,,discr$it ,,( ,,romanticism4--,! ,ideali/ic movem5t 9 philosophy :i* we h se5 fl\ri%+ 9 ,g]many at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 _h begun1 aft] ! lapse ( a g5]ation1 to decl9e4#ci ,! causes ( decl9e1 z (t5 happ5s1 7 9 "p1 at lea/1 o!r ?an intellectual4 ,hegelianism _h become associat$ ) political reaction1 & a philosophy has lo/ its *>m :5 x ent]s ! s]vice ( absolutism4 ,& a ris+ _s ( ent]prise 9 comm]ce & indu/ry also contribut$ to a *ange ( attitude1 = z mat]ial int]e/s develop1 m5 h less leisure = speculation1 & (t5 lose _! ta/e = ideals4 ,probably !re %\ld also be tak5 into acc\nt ! s5tim5tality t _h atta*$ itself to ,romanticism & ) :i* m5 7 sat$4 ,?is revolt has its mo/ po9t$ expression 9 ! prose writ+s ( ! poet ,he9e1 :o attacks ) satiric bitt]ness ! new tr\bad\rs1 s morbid & somnambuli/ic1 s high-fl[n & ari/ocratic1 & altoge!r s unnatural4 ,,metaphysics ,,reject$4--,! reaction aga9/ ! philosophy ( ,romanticism took ! =m ( a complete revolt aga9/ speculative philosophy4 ,b in/ead ( go+ back to ,kant1 & tak+ up a vigor\sly critical attitude1 x took refuge 9 ! prejudices ( common s5se4 ,! new movem5t mu/ be associat$ 9 ! fir/ place ) a ,fr5* ?9k]1 ,augu/e ,comte 7#agih-aheg71 :o made ! attempt to sub/itute sci5tific & positive k = ! vague speculations :i* _h hi!rto pass$ = philosophy4 ,he 01 9 fact1 ! f\nd] ( t sy/em ( ideas kn[n z ,positivism1 :i* 7z we %all see7 ga9$ great vogue lat]1 especially 9 ,engl&4 ,comte's doctr9e 0 t1 all sph]es ( ,nature n[ be+ br\ght "u ! sway ( positive sci5ce1 ! "t _h arriv$ = m51 :5 con/ruct+ _! conceptions ( life & ! _w1 to reject all b su* ideas z positive sci5ce c accept4 ,! age ( !ology & speculation 0 pa/2 ! new age ( positive sci5ce1 :]e bo? imag9ation & argum5tation %\ld be subord9ate to obs]vation1 0 at h&4 ,comte1 z is well kn[n1 became ! f\nd] ( :at he hop$ might develop into a new ,ca?olicism--! ,religion ( ,humanity1 & an atmosph]e ( moral idealism p]meates 8 ?\ght4 ,,g]man ,,extremi/s4--,9 ,g]many1 ! home ( ,romanticism1 ! revolt took a radical %ape 9 ! h&s ( writ]s l ,ludwig ,feu]ba* 7#ahjd-gb7 & ,bue*n]4 ,i unconditionally repudiate absolute1 self-suffic+ speculation--speculation :i* draws its mat]ial f )91 says ! =m]1 9 ! ,introduction to 8 ,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity#dj 7#ahda7 & ass]ts t he places philosophy 9 ! negation ( philosophy4 ,bue*n]1 a f> less acute ?9k] ?an ,feu]ba*1 adopts a simil> attitude1 prote/s aga9/ p$antry1 & appeals 7! appeal is always dang]\s7 to common s5se3 ,expositions :i* are n intelligible to an educat$ man are sc>cely wor? ! ink !y are pr9t$ )4 ,:atev] is cle>ly conceiv$ c be cle>ly express$4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! book ,=ce & ,matt] 7#ahee7--;9 ! preface to :i* ^! s5tim5ts are express$--w5t ?r\gh sixte5 editions 9 ?irty ye>s & 0 translat$ into mo/ ,european languages4 ,x is an extreme expression ( ! mo/ ?or\gh-go+ mat]ialism1 & ! circum/ance t its conclusions 7 acceptable nei!r to cauti\s sci5ti/s nor to critical philosoph]s1 did n compromise its au?ority ) ! g5]al public4 ,z 0 only natural1 = mat]ialism is a cre$ = :i* ! evid5ce is all on ! surface1 & to :i* ! objections1 be+ less obvi\s1 escape notice4 ,& ,bue*n]'s pleas = intelligibility & cle>ness1 ?\gh 9 "s s5se ju/ifi$ by ! inconceivable p$antry ( mu* ,g]man metaphysics1 01 9 po9t ( fact1 only a =m ( cant2 = !re are difficulties ly+ 9 ! subject-matt] itself :i* _c be bani%$ f ! sph]e ( philosophy4 ,appeals to popul> prejudices are n a m legitimate =m ( philosophic1 ?an ( sci5tific controv]sy2 s]i\s ?9k]s d n ?us /oop to ! exp$i5ts ( ! politician4 ,,effects ,,( ,,d>w9',s ,,!ory4--,x w\ld be a s]i\s mi/ake1 !n1 to imag9e t mat]iali/ic naturalism _h to wait = ! publication ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species 7#ahei7 be=e x c\ld become a =midable !ory4 ,& yet ! appe>ance ( ,d>w9's book _h important effects1 & among ^! is to be reckon$ a c]ta9 weak5+ ( ! old ,argum5t f ,design1 accord+ to :i* ! complexity & delicacy evid5t ev]y:]e 9 ! _w ( nature1 c\ld n be attribut$ to *ance1 b po9t$ to ! exi/5ce & activity ( a div9e ,design]4 ,paley1 dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 _h elaborat$ ! argum5t ) a weal? ( detail$ in/ances ( contrivance3 ,! pivot ^u :i* ! head turns1 ! ligam5t )9 ! socket ( ! hip-jo9t1 ! pulley or tro*le> muscles ( ! eye2 ! epiglottis1 ! b&ages :i* tie d[n ! t5dons ( ! wri/ & in/ep1 & s on4 ,& x 0 n s mu* ! d\bt ca/ by x ^u ! sep>ate creation ( p>ticul> species t 0 ! di/urb+ elem5t 9 ,d>w9's hypo!sis 7few m5 n[ reg>d$ ! book ( ,g5esis z a manual ( natural sci5ce1 or fai? 9 x1 z su*1 z a matt] ( religi\s obligation72 x 0 r t ! new doctr9e ( natural selection seem$ to invalidate ! argum5t f design4 ,design or *ance _h be5 ! alt]natives (f]$ by ,paley1 & *ance only _h to be m5tion$ to be reject$2 b ,d>w9 made x possible to escape f ! dilemma4 ,he %[$ h[1 if c]ta9 conditions 7 grant$1 ! :ole process ( ! manufacture ( species w\ld naturally & inevitably foll[4 ,nei!r design nor *ance 0 ! explanation3 !re 0 ano!r alt]native1 ! influ5ce ( environm5t4 ,?us ,paley's in/ances ( elaborate contrivance 7 expla9$ by ,d>w9 z in/ances ( adaptation4 ,! environm5t "u :i* ^! organs _h develop$ _h made !m :at !y 72 !y c\ld n1 "u ! giv5 circum/ances1 h be5 diff]5t4 ,z a v lucid writ] puts x3 ,be=e ,d>w9's great discov]y1 ^? :o d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( a ,contriv] 7 h>d put to x to expla9 ! appe>ance ( contrivance4 ,d>w91 )9 c]ta9 limits & on c]ta9 suppositions1 provid$ an explanation4 ,he %[$ h[ ! mo/ complicat$ & purposeful organs1 if only !y 7 useful to ! species1 might gradually arise out ( r&om v>iations1 cont9u\sly we$$ by an un?9k+ process ( elim9ation4#da ,,d>w9ism ,,exploit$4--,9 fact1 x became evid5t t popul> mat]ialism _h be5 /rongly re9=c$ by ! new biology2 & ?\gh ,d>w9 himself 0 cauti\s 9 add+ philosophic or religi\s coroll>ies to 8 own propositions1 "s ( 8 m eag] disciples did n hesitate to fill 9 8 blanks1 & to draw conclusions :i* ! ma/] 0 too cons]vative1 too bl9d1 or p]haps too sci5tific to sanction4 ,! di/+ui%$ zoologi/ ,haeckel 7#ahcd-aiai7 may be reckon$ ! mo/ notable among/ ^!4 ,he 0 "o ( ! fir/ ,g]man sci5ti/s to give 8 adh]5ce to ,d>w91 :o seems to h consid]$ him too zeal\s a disciple4 ,y\r boldness sometimes makes me tremble1 he wrote 7,novemb] #ai1 #ahfh74 ,x is n e sci5ti/ :o c p]ceive ! limits ( an hypo!sis1 or :o insi/s s consci5ti\sly z ,d>w9 did1 ^u ! necessity = its v]ification4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4--,?\gh !re 7 n want+ 9 ,engl& writ]s to exploit ,d>w9ian !ories 9 ! int]e/s ( a n>r[ secul>ism1 _! "w 0 n ( fir/-rate importance1 & ne$ n deta9 u4 ,a new evolution>y philosophy 01 h[ev]1 work$ out by a consci5ti\s ?9k] ( a diff]5t calibre--,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,he inde$ may be describ$ z ! ,ari/otle ( a new _w-view4 ,he attempt$ to co-ord9ate & unify all human k1 & to pres5t ! _w ) a f9al philosophy bas$ ^u ! data suppli$ by natural sci5ce4 ,to ?is ambiti\s task he devot$ a lifetime ( pati5t "w1 brok5 by int]vals ( ill-heal?4 ,9 #ahej ! ,sy/em ( ,syn!tic ,philosophy 0 project$2 its ,fir/ ,pr9ciples 7 publi%$ 9 #ahfb1 b x 0 n until #ahif t ! gigantic ent]prise 0 complete4 ,sp5c] 0 inspir$ nei!r by ho/ility to religion 9 g5]al1 nor to ,*ri/ianity 9 p>ticul>4 ,! motive ( 8 "w 0 a m hon\rable "o4 ,he felt1 ) _m ( 8 contempor>ies1 t ! f\ndations ( ! old religion 7 no long] secure1 & t ! old sanctions ( morality 7 already gravely compromis$2 & he wi%$ to supply a new cre$ & a new discipl9e 9 ! place ( ^!4 ,8 pr9cipal objects 7 social & e?ical4 ,& 9 ?is important respect he may be associat$ ) ,comte4 ,bo? 7 sociologi/s & morali/s be=e !y 7 philosoph]s1 :i* acc\nts = _! ov]look+ & und]e/imat+ v>i\s important philosophic difficulties4 ,a few rem>ks ab\t ,sp5c]'s sy/em are "h n out ( place4 ,he attempt$ to r$uce exp]i5ce to a unity by seek+ evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( a s+le & univ]sal law4 ,?is unify+ pr9ciple he f\nd 9 a g5]al law ( evolution4 ,he =mulat$ ?is law 9 language :i* is p]haps less obscure ?an x seems1 & :i* practically am\nts to ?is1 t !re is a p]petual process go+ on :i* r$uces disord] to ord]1 undiff]5tiat$ sam5ess to specialis$ v>iety4#db ,! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples 0 publi%$ be=e ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 & ! confirmation :i* ,d>w9's "w suppli$ to ,sp5c]'s !ory mu/ h recomm5d$ ! latt] to ! m9ds ( sci5tifically tra9$ ?9k]s4 ,moreov]1 ,sp5c] sanction$ a hopeful outlook2 evolution>y optimism 0 an attractive & an ideali/ic1 z well z a reasonable philosophy4 ,x dem&$ ! subord9ation ( ! individual to society1 x urg$ ! necessity ( self-discipl9e & ( indu/ry1 & po9t$ 7if ^! conditions 7 fulfill$7 to a bright] future1 & to a new humanity4 ,! g5]\s idealism ( ! foll[+ passage is *>act]i/ic ( ,sp5c]'s outlook1 & ( ^? :o ?\ght--& hop$--) him2 x occurs at ! end ( 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics3 ,! highe/ ambition ( ! b5efic5t w be to h a %>e--ev5 ?\gh an utt]ly inappreciable & unkn[n %>e--9 '! mak+ ( ,man4'444 ,z "t goes on1 !re w be m & m ( ^? ^: unselfi% end w be ! fur!r evolution ( ,humanity4 ,:ile contemplat+ f ! heights ( ?\ght t f>-(f life ( ! race nev] to be enjoy$ by !m1 b only by a remote po/]ity1 !y w feel a calm pleasure 9 ! consci\sness ( hav+ aid$ ! advance t[>ds x4 ,sp5c]1 !n1 evid5tly des]ves ! important place t he occupies 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,= ?\gh he 0 =c$1 = lack ( ^? f9al sci5tific results :i* he va9ly hop$ might soon be =?com+1 to leave "s vital gaps 9 8 s*eme1#dc he _h made an impos+ attempt to sy/ematise & unify all human exp]i5ce4 ,& 8 attempt to base an ideali/ic morality ^u sure gr\nds ( natural sci5ce 0 valuable & important4 ,,sp5c]',s ,,philosophy ,,( ,,religion4--,at ! same "t1 ,sp5c] c\ld n rema9 satisfi$ ) a m]e description ( natural ph5om5a1 h[ev] complete & compreh5sive su* description might seem2 he desir$ to (f]1 besides ?is1 an explanation ( ^! ph5om5a--h[ did !y come to be1 & h[ d !y cont9ue to exi/8 ,to provide ?is explanation1 ,sp5c] po/ulat$ ! exi/5ce ( an ,unkn[n ,p[] :i* is at once ! orig9 & ! su/a9+ gr\nd ( ev]y?+4 ,?is p[] he reg>d$ z ly+ q out ( range n only ( ! human s5ses1 b ( ! human intellect4 ,x 0 n only unkn[n b unkn[able4 ,?is celebrat$ doctr9e ( ! ,unkn[able is n ! lea/ int]e/+ or important "p ( ,sp5c]'s sy/em1 & x is p]haps m g]mane ?an any o!r speculation ( 8 to our pres5t subject1 z ?is t]ra incognita 0 allott$ by him to religion z its peculi> prov9ce4 ,he hop$ t ! undisput$ possession & occupation by religion ( ?is t]ritory might put an end to its p]petual conflict ) sci5ce1 & sub/itute = ?is a reasonable1 if n cordial1 und]/&+4 ,sci5ce might cont5t$ly appropriate ! sph]e ( ! kn[able1 & leave to religion ! undef9$ & p]haps inf9ite area ( ! unkn[able2 & he hop$ ?is division ( lab\r w\ld be bo? fruitful & p]man5t4 ,,! ,,victorian ,,agno/ics4--,?r\gh ?is doctr9e ( ! ,unkn[able1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 0 ! fa!r ( t =m ( belief or disbelief :i* 0 p]t95tly nam$ ,agno/icism by ! mo/ celebrat$ ( its expon5ts--,huxley4 ,?is comb9ation ( ,positivism 9 sci5ce ) ,agno/icism 9 religion & philosophy1 became highly popul> 9 a wide circle 9 ,engl& dur+ ! la/ ?ird ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 especially among ! sci5tifically educat$4 ,leslie ,/eph51 ) ! pride ( a disciple & ! p>donable zeal ( a propag&i/1 claim$ = x ! di/9ction ( be+ ! religion ( all s5sible m54 ,?is au/]e fai? ow$ mu* to ! qualities ( ^? :o prea*$ x4 ,_! wide culture1 _! p[] ( lit]>y expression1#dd _! intellectual vig\r1 & above all _! moral e>ne/ness & social en?usiasm recomm5d$ :at _h o!rwise seem$ a b>r5 & unpromis+ cre$4 ,! g5]\s humanit>ian sympa?ies ( ,comte suppli$ ! ideali/ic elem5ts )\t :i* no fai? c become popul>1 & ! app>5t /ability ( its sci5tific basis seem$ to ^? impati5t ( speculative d\bt1 a great rock 9 a des]t ( %ift+ s&4 ,?is new sci5tific ,humanism _h an imm5se vogue1 & its effects ^u national life 71 on ! :ole1 ( a q heal?y "*4 ,occasional lapses into intol]ance1 no d\bt1 occurr$2 b mu* may be excus$ 9 ! self-confid5ce ( a new fai?1 n yet te/$ by ! exp]i5ces & ! criticisms ( ye>s4 ,,!ological ,,polemics4--,! attacks ( or?odox apologi/s ^u ?is new ori5tation1 ?\gh c>ri$ ?r\gh ) ! be/ int5tions1 7 too (t5 conduct$ on mi/ak5 l9es & c]ta9ly on too n>r[ a front4 ,a p>ticul> !ory ( scriptural inspiration 7n[ widely ab&on$71 & ( ! miracul\s1 seem$ to obsess ! controv]siali/s4 ,nor 7 ! ,agno/ics 7x mu/ be confess$7 any m alive to ! real issues4 ,h5ce1 to ! mod]n /ud5t1 an oppressive atmosph]e ( deadness & /]ility seems to brood ov] ^! vigor\s b sup]annuat$ polemics2 & h5ce ! complete oblivion into :i* ?is lit]ature has fall54 ,! say+ is pr(\ndly true t no?+ s quickly waxes old z apologetics4 ,ev5 ! contributions to ! subject by s accompli%$ a j\rnali/ z ,huxley--8 ,essays on ,sci5ce & ,*ri/ian ,tradition--c only be read by ^? :om an almo/ ,teutonic indu/ry *>act]ises4 ,once s eag]ly p]us$ & e>ne/ly pond]$1 ! controv]sial lit]ature ( ?is int]e/+ epo* 7:i* n[ seems s remote7 reposes on ! high] %elves ( libr>ies1 accumulat+ ! peaceful du/ ( oblivion4 ,^! projectiles h1 9 fact1 done _! "w1 & if !y h prov$ less fatal ?an 0 hop$ by ^? :o laun*$ !m1 !y 7 dispat*$ ) good int5tions1 & _! explosion cle>$ ! air4 ,! mo/ effective me?od ( attack w\ld h be5 to sugge/ t :at 0 good 9 ! new sy/em 0 z old z ,*ri/ianity1 & t ! re/ 0 disputable sci5ce & /ill m disputable philosophy4 ,! latt] half ( ?is task 01 z we %all subsequ5tly f9d1 cr$itably p]=m$ by an important s*ool ( critical ?9k]s4 ,b its =m] half1 i4e4 ! task ( prov+ t :at 0 valuable 9 ! new ,humanism1 0 ,*ri/ian--might1 "o w\ld suppose1 h be5 m successfully p]=m$ by ! (ficial *ampions ( or?odoxy4 ,^! might h left sci5ce to ! sci5ti/s1 to h left (f adv]tis+ _! own incompet5ce 9 t sph]e by passages ( arms su* z took place betwe5 ,bi%op ,wilb]=ce & ,huxley at ! ,ox=d meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahfj1 :i* are nev] v desirable1 & always discr$itable to ! discomfit$ p>ty4#de ,,illogicality ,,( ,,naturali/ic ,,idealism4--,9 po9t ( fact1 ! religion ( all s5sible m5 79 spite ( its philosophic weakness7 0 equival5t to ,*ri/ian /oicism2 its social en?usiasm1 its humanit>ianism1 its consci5ti\s tru?fulness1 7 ! fruit ( a /ock gr[n on ,*ri/ian soil4 ,its e?ical presuppositions 7 entirely ,*ri/ian1 nor 7 !y sanction$ 79 spite ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s elaborate apologetic7 by ! new biology4 ,nietzs*e 0 a f> m legitimate *ild ( ,d>w9ism ?an 0 ,huxley4 ,inde$1 t[>ds ! close ( 8 life1 "s d\bts invad$ ! m9d ( ! latt]1 & he 0 con/ra9$ by an intellectual s9c]ity :i* does him & 8 s*ool ! highe/ cr$it1 to utt] a ^w ( w>n+4 ,we ref] to 8 fam\s ,romanes ,lecture ( #ahid4 ,! !sis ( ?is important utt]ance 0 t ! field ( human int]e/s is a n>r[ h]itage c>v$ out f a ho/ile environm5t into :i* x is de/9$ "o day to relapse4 ,x is a cultivat$ g>d5 ) ! wild]ness all ar\nd2 creat$ only at ! co/ ( inf9ite sacrifice & p]petual toil1 & pres]v$ only ) difficulty4 ,! implacable jungle seeks ev]y:]e to encroa* on ! bord]s ( ! cle>+1 ^: ultimate engulfm5t c only be po/pon$1 n prev5t$4 ,two quotations may suffice3 ,let u und]/&1 once = all1 t ! e?ical progress ( society dep5ds1 n on imitat+ ! cosmic process1 /ill less 9 runn+ away f x1 b 9 combat+ x4 ,! !ory ( evolution enc\rages no mill5nial expectations4 ,if1 = millions ( ye>s1 our globe has tak5 ! upw>d road1 yet1 sometime1 ! summit w be rea*$1 & ! d[nw>d r\te w be comm5c$4 ,! mo/ d>+ imag9ation w h>dly v5ture ^u ! sugge/ion t ! p[] & intellig5ce ( man c ev] arre/ ! procession ( ! great ye>4#df ,,pessimism4--,com+1 z x did1 at ! end ( a g5]ation ( dogmatic optimism1 ?is pron\ncem5t is symptomatic ( a c]ta9 disillusionm5t :i* _h already begun to m> ! fair picture ( ,positivi/ prophecy4 ,! human race seem$ de/9$ to an ambigu\s future2 ! p>abola ( progress w\ld "o day rea* its summit1 & ! fall beg94 ,at la/ ^u our planet ! episode ( ,life w\ld pass1 & be nei!r =gott5 nor rememb]$2 ! _w w\ld s9k into ! et]nal sil5ce1 f :i* = "o transitory & insignificant mom5t1 x _h awak5$4#dg ,,nietzs*e4--,z might h be5 expect$1 x 0 9 ,g]many t ! logical conclusions ( a naturali/ic outlook 7 drawn4 ,"h1 philosophic pessimism _h already be5 introduc$ by ,s*op5hau] 7#aghh-ahfj71 & 8 disciple ,nietzs*e 0 n afraid to =mulate a s*eme ( e?ics bas$ on ! conception ( ! survival ( ! fitte/1 & equival5t to an apo!osis ( b>b>ism4 ,! virtues ( self-ass]tion1 ru?lessness1 & pride 7 to eradicate ! vices ( abnegation1 pity1 & humility4 ,*ri/ian morality 0 a disease2 ,*ri/ianity itself 0 ! appropriate product ( ! deg5]ate epo*1 & ( ! loa?some environm5t t gave x bir?4 ,?is radical ?9k]1 free f ,engli% compromise1 c\ld be satisfi$ ) no morality :i* 0 p>asitic ^u ,*ri/ianity4 ,he _h cle>ness ( vision to see :i!r ! naturali/ic road w\ld c>ry its pi\s wayf>]s4 ,to him ! moral idealism ( ,sp5c] 0 moon%9e or /upidity--! milk ( pi\s s5tim5t4 ,,significance ,,( ,,nietzs*e4--,nietzs*e has come 9 = a fair %>e ( abuse1 b x is only j to say t philosophy /&s heavily endebt$ to ?is ?9k]4 ,he 0 n afraid to draw logical conclusions1 & to put que/ions :i* m conv5tional philosoph]s _h pref]r$ %\ld rema9 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,x is well = a morali/ to arise1 once 9 a g5]ation1 :o w cle> 8 own m9d ( cant &1 )\t undue respect = ! conv5tions1 approa* ! really fundam5tal que/ions 9 a _s ( s9c]ity4 ,! extravagant impieties ( ,nietzs*e may h %ock$ 8 he>]s1 b !y h cle>$ ! air4 ,he expos$1 p]haps ) too little f9esse1 ! nak$ness ( ,naturalism1 & tore (f t mantle ( idealism "u :i* x _h be5 masqu]ad+4 ,& he may be said1 by s do+1 to h writt5 f9is at ! foot ( a *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,reactions ,,9 ,,philosophy ,,vicissitudes ,,( ,,idealism4--,at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ *apt] we notic$ ! e>ly collapse ( idealism 9 ,g]many4 ,b ! prophets ( ,romanticism1 :5 !y 7 no long] hon\r$ at home1 f\nd an hospitable reception else:]e1 & especially 9 ,engl&4 ,inde$1 ev5 be=e ! pre/ige ( idealism _h begun to decl9e 9 ,g]many1 ,engli%m5 _h be5 introduc$ to x by ! writ+s & translations ( ,s4 ,t4 ,col]idge 7#aggb-ahcd7 & ,?omas ,c>lyle 7#agie-ahha74 ,^! two popul>is]s ( ,g]man ideas 7 litt]ateurs r ?an pr(essional philosoph]s1 b = t v reason _! vogue & influ5ce 7 ! wid]4 ,,col]idge4--,col]idge 0 9 _s a g5u9e ,romantici/2 be+1 z 7 "s ( ! mo/ notable ( ! ,g]man s*ool--e4g41 ,goe! & ,s*ill]--a poet z well z a philosoph]4 ,9 8 ,biographia ,lit]>ia he has left beh9d ! /ory ( 8 intellectual & spiritual developm5t4 ,he ackn[l$ges 8 debt to ,kant1 to ! ,romantici/s1 & 9 p>ticul> to ,s*ell+1 ^: intuitionism 0 naturally cong5ial to him4 ,col]idge 0 nev] able to embody 8 philosophical cre$ 9 any s+le "w2 he does n seem to h possess$ ! necess>y p[] ( application4 ,he 0 un=tunate 9 be+ a man ( weak "*1 & 8 ineffectiv5ess /ruck 8 contempor>ies4 ,b 9 spite ( ^! disadvantages--8 s5tim5tality1 ! lack ( cle>ness ( 8 ?\ght1 8 weakness = opium--he c]ta9ly ex]cis$ an important influ5ce1 especially 9 ! realm ( !ology4 ,8 ideas1 ?\gh vague1 7 calculat$ to awak5 ! speculative habit1 &1 introduc$ z !y 71 to a wide circle1 7 fruitful & /imulat+4 ,engli% !ology _h be51 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ( an arid k9d1 & ! ,engli% philosophical tradition lack$1 = ! mo/ "p1 appreciation ( ^? deep] aspects ( reality :i* _h appeal$ to ,g]man ?9k]s4 ,col]idge1 by introduc+ ,g]man speculation to 8 c\ntrym51 0 able to free !ology ( "s ( its n>r[ness1 & to deep5 & enl>ge ! spiritual outlook ( 8 age4#dh ,,?omas ,,c>lyle4--,c>lyle 0 a man ( a v diff]5t temp]1 ^: attitude t[>ds ,col]idge 0 half contemptu\s1 half compassionate4 ,a typically ,c>lylean *>act]isation ( him may be f\nd 9 ! ,life ( ,/]l+3 ,he 0 ?\ght to hold--he alone 9 ,engl&--! key ( ,g]man & o!r ,transc5d5talisms4444 ,a sublime man1 :o alone 9 ^? d>k days escap$ f black mat]ialisms & revolution>y deluges ) ,god1 ,fre$om1 ,immortality1 /ill 84 ,! practical intellects ( ! _w did n mu* he$ him1 or c>elessly reckon$ him a metaphysical dream]2 b to ! ris+ spirits ( ! "y g5]ation he sat !re z a k9d ( ,magus1 girt 9 my/]y & enigma4444 ,! good man 444 gave y ! idea ( a life t _h be5 full ( suff]+s 444 ! deep eyes1 ( a light hazel1 7 z full ( sorr[ z inspiration2 confus$ pa9 look$ mildly f !m1 z 9 a k9d ( mild a/oni%m5t4 ,! :ole figure & air1 good & amiable o!rwise1 might be call$ flabby & irresolute2 expressive ( weakness "u possibility ( /r5g?4444 ,he spoke z if prea*+--prea*+ e>ne/ly & hopelessly ! weightie/ ?+s4 ,c>lyle himself _h all ! "* & indu/ry t ,col]idge lack$1 & x 0 ano!r side ( ,g]man idealism t _h appeal$ to him4 ,! ,scot*man 0 ( ! same fibre & /ock z t o!r half-,scot*man1 ,kant4 ,"h 0 ! s\rce f :i* he _h drawn 8 inspiration4 ,we see 9 ,c>lyle ! same moral e>ne/ness1 ! same t\ghness ( ?\ght1 ! same abs5ce ( s5tim5tal moon%9e4 ,f ,kant1 too1 he d]ives a vigor\s indep5d5ce ( ?\ght1 a religi\s respect = individuality1 a horror ( %ams & affectation4 ,kant 0 a true *ild ( ! ,re=mation1 & ,c>lyle is a g5u9e disciple4 ,9 a s+le important respect1 h[ev]1 he diff]$ f 7& improv$ ^u7 8 ma/]4 ,kant lack$1 or at lea/ did n display1 ! sav+ grace ( hum\r2 9 ,c>lyle ?is quality looks out f e page--ke51 satirical1 sometimes bitt]1 sometimes grotesque2 he ridicul$ 8 own g5]ation1 its vices1 its prejudices1 its sup]/itions4 ,,s>tor ,,res>tus4--,= our purpose1 ,s>tor ,res>tus--t pr(\nd & humor\s book--is ,c>lyle's ma/]piece3 "h all ! *>act]i/ic ,kantian doctr9es may be f\nd4 ,! philosophy ( clo!s--:i* is ! qua9t title beh9d :i* ,kantian idealism is made to masqu]ade--/>ts f ! ?\ght t j z an acqua9tance ) 8 clo!s w n reveal to u ! man1 s an acqua9tance ) ph5om5a 7:i* is all t sci5ce c claim to give u7 _c reveal to u ! real gr\nd ( exi/5ce1 :i* rema9s an inscrutable my/]y4 ,we mu/ look on clo!s till !y become transp>5t1 if we c\ld und]/& reality4 ,to ! eye ( vulg> ,logic :at is man8 ,an omnivor\s bip$ t we>s bree*es4 ,to ! eye ( pure ,reason :at is he8 ,a ,s\l1 a ,_s1 & div9e ,app>ition4 ,& s ) ,nature2 to sci5ce x is a me*anism1 to ! und]/&+ he>t x is ! liv+ g>m5t ( ,god4 ,x is writt51 ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? %all fade away l a ,ve/ure2 :i* inde$ !y are3 ! ,"t-,ve/ure ( ! ,et]nal4444 ,! :ole ,ext]nal ,univ]se & :at x holds is b ,clo?+4444 ,! visible _w is b a symbol ( a pr(\nd & awful reality2 & all ,nature's products1 9 _! degree1 symbols z well3 b ( ^!1 man is ! highe/4 ,! true ,,%ek9ah is ,man3 :]e else is ! ,,god',s ,,pres5ce manife/$1 n to our eyes only1 b to our he>ts1 z 9 our fell[-man8 ,?is leads up to ! ess5tial doctr9e ( ! ,kantian sy/em3 t man is a creature ( two worlds1 :o has a foot 9 ei!r2 h5ce 9 ! ph5om5al _w he c nev] f9d satisfaction4 ,man's ,unhapp9ess1 z ,i con/rue1 comes ( 8 ,greatness2 x is because !re is an inf9ite 9 him1 :i*1 ) all 8 cunn+1 he _c q bury "u ! ,f9ite4 ,w ! :ole ,f9ance ,m9i/]s & ,uphol/]]s & ,confection]s ( mod]n ,europe und]take1 9 jo9t/ock company1 to make "o ,%oeblack ,happy8 ,!y _c accompli% x1 above an h\r or two1 = ! ,%oeblack also has a ,s\l q o!r ?an 8 ,/oma*4444 ,!re is 9 man a ,,high] ?an ,love ( happ9ess3 he c d )\t happ9ess & in/ead !re( f9d ,bless$ness6 has x n be5 to prea* =? ?is same ,,high] t sages & m>tyrs 444 h spok5 & suff]$2 be>+ te/imony to ! ,god-l t is 9 man8 ,,c>lyle',s ,,influ5ce4--,9 spite ( ,c>lyle's /range lit]>y mann]isms & 8 grotesquely ,g]manic phrases1 8 writ+s _h great attractiv5ess = ^? ( 8 contempor>ies :o felt !mselves smo!r$ by ! mat]ialism & utilit>ianism ( e>ly ,victorian ,engl&4 ,he 0 able to re-vitalise idealism among/ !m4 ,moreov] he appeal$ /rongly to ^? to :om ! ,col]idgean speculations 7 uncong5ial4 ,! /rongly develop$ moral elem5t1 bo? 9 8 writ+s & 9 8 own some:at /]n & au/]e p]sonality--:at ,ta9e call$ 8 puritanism--appeal$ /rongly to a c]ta9 side ( ,engli% feel+4 ,8 c\ntrym5 felt t 8 0 a native g5ius t !y c\ld und]/&4 ,9 fact we may say t ! influ5ce ( ,c>lyle1 especially among ! "y & g5]\s m9d$1 has be5 incalculable 9 ext5t & invaluable 9 quality4 ,spiritual life 9 ,engl& /&s "u a deep obligation to him4 ,,romanticism ,,at ,,ox=d4--,engli%m5 7 ?us n entire /rang]s to ,g]man idealism1 :i* _h possess$ its int]pret]s 9 ! e>li] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,n1 h[ev]1 until x _h exp]i5c$ a decl9e 9 ,g]many 7a reaction :i* occupi$ our att5tion 9 ! la/ *apt]71 did ,romanticism become naturalis$ 9 ,engl& by be+ adopt$ 9 academic circles4 ,among ! mo/ notable ( ,engli% ideali/s 0 ,t4 ,h4 ,gre5--fell[ & tutor ( ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,9 ?is ?9k] we h a widely diff]5t type ( m9d f t ( ei!r ,col]idge or ,c>lyle4 ,he 0 a ?9k] r ?an a poet or a prophet1 & he belong$ to :at we h notic$ z ! intellectuali/--i4e4 ,hegelian--w+ ( ,romanticism4 ,gre5's *ief "w 0 8 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics 7publi%$ po/hum\sly 9 #ahhc71 :]e argum5ts1 :i* 7 famili> to ^? acqua9t$ ) ,hegel1 pres5t$ !mselves4 ,gre5 beg9s ) an analysis ( exp]i5ce1 & leads to ! conclusion t ,nature--if by x we mean ! connect$ ord] ( exp]i5ce--implies some?+ o!r ?an itself1 z ! condition ( its be+ :at x is4 ,& ( t 'some?+' we are entitl$ to say1 positively1 t x is a self-di/+ui%+ consci\sness 7section #eb74 ,if ^! conclusions be valid1 ! bottom falls out ( ,naturalism1 = if nature implies some?+ o!r ?an itself1 x does n /& alone2 & t nature does /& alone is ! beg9n+ & end ( all naturali/ !ory4 ,&1 fur!rmore1 ?is some?+ o!r ?an itself1 :i* ,nature involves1 is a self-di/+ui%+ consci\sness2 i4e4 some?+ to :i* we c attribute p]sonality4 ,,gre5 ,,& ,,sp5c] ,,contra/$4--,?is !ory has only to be comp>$ ) t ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] = a fundam5tal diff]5ce to decl>e itself4 ,! two sy/ems d inde$ adopt z axiomatic ! conception ( ! uni=mity & unity ( nature1 :i* works 9 accordance ) a s+le law4 ,b ,sp5c] saw 9 t law ! expression ( a bl9d =ce1 an unkn[able p[]1 ( :i* x w\ld be no m & no less true to say t x 0 spiritual ?an t x 0 mat]ial4 ,b = ,gre5 ! law 0 ! expression ( a spiritual pr9cipal analog\s to our own intellig5ce--a manife/ation 7to use !ological language7 ( ,god4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,bradley4--,und\bt$ly ! mo/ notable ( ,engli% ,hegelians is ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley1 ^: metaphysical essay1 ,appe>ance & ,reality1 0 a "w ( g5u9e orig9ality4 ,! book is n ( a type to make mu* appeal outside academic circles1 ?\gh x is writt5 9 an easy & attractive /yle3 its results may seem1 to ! unsophi/icat$ read]1 some:at too ambigu\s4 ,ultimate ,d\bts is ! title ( ! la/ *apt]1 & ,x co/s u little to f9d t 9 ! end ,reality is inscrutable1 is a rem>k n un*>act]i/ic ( ! au?or4 ,yet ?is really pr(\nd ?9k] & acute reason] play$ an important "p 9 help+ to discr$it t negative dogmatism :i* 0 s mu* 9 vogue dur+ 8 own lifetime4 ,he po9t$ out ! limits beyond :i* natural sci5ce c\ld n transgress )\t laps+ into dogmatic sup]/ition4 ,too (t5 ! sci5ce ( m]e ,nature1 =gett+ its own limits & false to its true aims1 attempts to speak ab\t fir/ pr9ciples4 ,x becomes transc5d5t1 & (f]s u a dogmatic & uncritical metaphysics 7p4 #bhd74 ,?\gh ! fault has n always be5 on ! side ( ! sci5ti/s3 ,metaphysics itself1 by its int]f]5ce ) physical sci5ce1 has induc$ t to act1 z x ?9ks1 9 self-def5ce1 & has l$ x1 9 s do+1 to become metaphysical4 ,& ?is int]f]5ce ( metaphysics ,i w\ld admit & deplore1 z ! result & ! p>5t ( mo/ injuri\s misund]/&+4444 ,s long z natural sci5ce keeps m]ely to ! sph]e ( ph5om5a & ! laws ( _! occurr5ce1 metaphysics has no "r to a s+le ^w ( criticism 7p4 #bhe74 ,?is critical h&l+ ( ! problem ( ! relations ( sci5ce & philosophy did mu* to draw att5tion to ! confusion ( ?\ght ly+ at ! base ( mu* popul> mat]ialism4 ,x began to be realis$ t ! pr9ciples ( physical sci5ce are only fruitful ( good results 9 ! sph]e prop]ly belong+ to !m2 & t ! uncritical use ( ^! pr9ciples results 9 a hybrid philosophy1 :i* is nei!r s\nd sci5ce nor rational metaphysics4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,balf\r4--,be=e ,bradley's essay 0 publi%$1 a some:at simil> l9e ( criticism _h be5 develop$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,balf\r 9 8 ,def5ce ( ,philosophic ,d\bt 7#ahgi74 ,its title s\nds unpromis+1 b ! book voic$ a dem& = a rational philosophy ( sci5ce :i* 0 practically non-exi/5t at t "t2 & consequ5tly1 9 ! abs5ce ( any adequate exam9ation ( ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 uncritical dogmatism fl\ri%$ q un*all5g$4 ,balf\r1 else:]e1 indicates ! objects ) :i* he wrote ! book--to elicit f ! disciples ( natural sci5ce a rationale ( _! me?od3 ,a full & sy/ematic attempt1 fir/ to enum]ate1 & !n to ju/ify1 ! presuppositions on :i* all sci5ce f9ally re/s1 has1 x seems to me1 /ill to be made4 ,aft] ! critical exam9ation :i* ,i desid]ate has be5 ?or\ghly c>ri$ out1 x may appe> t at ! v root ( our sci5tific sy/em ( belief lie problems ( :i* no satisfactory solution has yet be5 devis$4#di ,?us ,balf\r drew att5tion to ! fact t ! common-s5se philosophy ( naturalism re/$ ^u a tacit agreem5t to ov]look c]ta9 important problems :i* are ! indisp5sable prelim9>ies to any ?9k+ :i* c be call$ critical1 or lay claim to be reg>d$ z philosophy 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,t "s ( ^! problems seem artificial1 & ! que/ions rais$ by !m gratuit\s1 to ! eye ( common s5se is an irrelevant consid]ation1 = no?+ /&s m 9 ne$ ( demon/ration ?an ! obvi\s4 ,,naturalism ,,*eck$4--,?us ,bradley & ,balf\r betwe5 !m1 m]ely by adopt+ a critical attitude1 creat$ an emb>rass+ situation = naturalism4 ,betwe5 !m ^! writ]s adm9i/]$ a s]i\s *eck to t naively uncritical dogmatism :i*1 back$ by ! pre/ige ( natural sci5ce1 _h s\ght to impose itself on ! _w z a new or?odoxy less lib]al1 9 "s ways1 ?an ! old4 ,nor did !y /op %ort at negative criticism1 b sub/itut$ 7accord+ to ! ideali/ic tradition7 a spiritual view ( reality = ! me*ani/ic mat]ialism t _h become s popul>4 ,appe>ance & ,reality is a book ( :i* ! tr5d might seem too obscure1 b x ends ) a note t is def9ite en\gh3 ,outside ( _s !re is n1 & !re _c be1 any reality2 &1 ! m t any?+ is spiritual1 s mu* ! m is x v]itably real1 are ,bradley's clos+ words4 ,z = ,balf\r1 he leads 8 read]s up to a po9t :i* he describes z ! ?re%old ( ,*ri/ian ,!ology4 ,& hav+ prop\nd$ ! p]plexities 9 :i* ! common s5se philosophy 7on :i* naturalism dep5ds7 is involv$1 he says3 ,i d n believe t any escape f !m 7! p]plexities7 is possible1 unless we are prep>$ to br+ to ! /udy ( ! _w ! presupposition t x 0 ! "w ( a rational ,be+1 :o made x intelligible1 & at ! same "t made u1 9 h[ev] feeble a fa%ion1 able to und]/& x4#ej ,,revival ,,( ,,idealism ,,9 ,,g]many4 ,,lotze4--,we h p]haps dwelt at too great l5g? ^u ! backwa% ( ! ideali/ic wave 9 ,engl&1 = idealism is n a native philosophy among/ u2 possibly1 because we are n metaphysically-m9d$ 9 ! same s5se z are ! pur] ,teutonic bre$4 ,& x is "t to pass on to pay a brief tribute to ! "w ( a ,g]man philosoph] :o accept$ ! me*anical !ory 9 its totality1 )\t sacrific+ :at we may call ! spiritual values ( exi/5ce4 ,h]mann ,lotze 7#ahag-ahha7 0 incl9$ to feel t ! weakness ( ,romanticism lay 9 a t5d5cy to despise or ov]look :at ,kant _h call$ ! f]tile ba?os ( exp]i5ce4 ,! ,romantici/s _h too (t5 neglect$ natural sci5ce1 :i*1 9 ! %ape ( naturali/ic mat]ialism1 _h its rev5ge by de/roy+ !m4 ,bue*n] 0 ! ,nemesis ( an idealism :i* 0 at once vague & s5tim5tal4 ,,lotze',s ,,microcosmos4--,lotze's attitude & me?od are conspicu\s 9 8 well-kn[n "w1 :i* took him eight ye>s to complete 7#ahef-ahfd7--! ,microcosmos4 ,aft] guid+ 8 read]s ?r\gh ! realms ( natural ph5om5a & hi/orical evolution1 ?us con/ruct+ a suffici5tly /able basis out ( facts--he leads !m on to an ideal _w compos$ ( :at he calls values4 ,8 position may ?us be summ>is$3 ,! _w pres5ts itself to ! obs]v] 9 ?ree aspects--7#a7 ,! _w ( individual ?+s1 :i* are bewild]+ & intricate2 7#b7 ! laws 7i4e41 laws ( nature7 :i* ! human intellect has discov]$ among !m1 ?us f9d+ regul>ity & ord]2 7#c7 ! values :i* ! human s\l applies to ?+s1 & :i* x is ! human task to cultivate4 ,?is _w ( ideals or values 7#c7 is t = ! sake ( :i* ! worlds ( ph5om5a & law 7#a & #b7 exi/4 ,^! 7#a & #b7 con/itute respectively ! mat]ial 9 :i*1 & ! =ms ?r\gh :i*1 ! _w ( values is to be realis$4#ea ,?us ph5om5a & law are ! raw mat]ial out ( :i* values are creat$2 & ^! values !mselves con/itute 79 ! eyes ( ,lotze7 a high] reality4 ,?us ! c5tral doctr9e ( 8 sy/em is t ! truly ,real is :at has supreme wor?3 x is wor? t creates reality4 ,! p>adoxicality ( ?is may make x difficult to accept2 b ,lotze is only express+ 9 8 own way ! fundam5tal !sis ( all =ms ( idealism1 t ! ideal is ! real2 t ! _w ( ph5om5a is second>y to & dep5d5t ^u a _w ( _s1 or an ideal _w4 ,lotze himself 9 ! introduction to ! ,microcosmos1 expresses :at is at once ! f\ndation & ! k]nel ( 8 sy/em3 he says x is 8 purpose to %[ h[ absolutely univ]sal is ! ext5t1 & at ! same "t h[ completely subord9ate ! significance1 ( ! mission :i* me*anism has to fulfil 9 ! /ructure ( ! _w4 7,e4,t41 p4 xvi47 ,me*anism is univ]sal1 because x is ! raw mat]ial1 s to speak1 out ( :i* reality is to be made4 ,t reality c be express$ 9 t]ms ( me*anism is true1 j z a poem c be describ$ z a scrap ( pap] scrat*$ ^u ) a p52 b ?is r$uction ( reality to its l[e/ t]ms1 ends by empty+ reality ( cont5t4 ,me*anism is a univ]sal feature1 b x is a subord9ate feature1 ( reality4 ,nature requires1 if we are to arrive at ! tru? ab\t x1 n only to be describ$ & analys$1 b also int]pret$ 9 ! light ( ! idea ( value or wor?4 ,,lotze ,,& ,,!ology4--,lotze's !ories ex]cis$ an important influ5ce ^u ! developm5t 9 ,g]many & else:]e ( a type ( !ology kn[n z ,rits*lianism4 ,albre*t ,rits*l1 a disciple ( ,lotze1 attempt$ to dissociate religion f metaphysics1 & to base x ^u judgm5ts ( value4 ,*ri/ian dogma1 = in/ance1 is an attempt to express1 9 philosophical t]ms1 ! unique value to humanity ( ! moral & religi\s consci\sness ( ,*ri/4 ,s f> z a dogma is fai?ful to t c5tral idea1 & makes a g5u9e attempt to express x1 s f>--& s f> only--is x true4 ,?is type ( !ology1 unit+ itself ) c]ta9 philosophical t5d5cies :i* w engage our att5tion lat]1 became ! basis ( :at 0 kn[n z ! ,mod]ni/ movem5t 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,,conclusions4--,?us 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 9 ,engl& 7& inde$ on ! cont95t also7 ! ideali/ic attitude1 ?\gh x sometimes might seem compromis$1 0 nev] subm]g$2 9 spite ( ! mat]iali/ic outlook ( an age only too preoccupi$ ) sci5tific discov]y & comm]cial expansion4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,"s ,,rec5t ,,t5d5cies ,,9 ,,philosophy ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,sci5ce4--,9 ! la/ *apt] we he>d ,a4 ,j4 ,balf\r compla9+ ( ! abs5ce ( a full & sy/ematic attempt1 fir/ to enum]ate1 & !n to ju/ify1 ! presuppositions on :i* all sci5ce f9ally re/s4 ,& ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley also drew att5tion to ! abs5ce ( any critical philosophy ( sci5ce 9 ,engl&4 ,! ne$ 0 = sci5tific /&po9ts to be inve/igat$ de novo2 & ! process _h1 z a matt] ( fact1 already be5 begun on ! ,cont95t4 ,,ma*4--,ern/ ,ma*1 ,pr(essor ( ,physics at ,prague1 & subsequ5tly ,pr(essor ( ,physics at ,vi5na 7?us comb9+ ! roles ( sci5ti/ & metaphysician--always a highly in/ructive & fruitful comb9ation7 _h z e>ly z #ahfc laid x d[n z ! task ( sci5ce to give an economic pres5tation ( ! facts4 ,by :i* phrase he meant t sci5ce takes acc\nt only ( ! sali5t features ( ph5om5a1 select+ only ^? :i* seem /rictly s]viceable to its own purpose4 ,,sci5ce ,,ab/ract ,,or ,,selective4--,ma!matical sci5ce 7:i* is ! pure sci5ce p> excell5ce7 deals n--z is g5]ally suppos$--) ?+s1 b ) c]ta9 select$ aspects ( ?+s4 ,= example1 = purposes ( ari?metic1 e leaf on a tree is an unit 7i4e4 all are id5tical72 b1 9 po9t ( fact1 !re exi/ no two leaves t are alike1 z ,leibniz1 long ago1 po9t$ out4 ,aga91 = geometrical purposes two fields may be reg>d$ z ( l area2 b no two fields are1 or ev] h be51 s4 ,?us ma!matics--:]e sci5tific me?od is se5 at its pure/--proce$s by delib]ately disreg>d+ individuality2 x reg>ds ! diff]5ces betwe5 individuals z non-ess5tial1 & irrelevant to its purpose4 ,,economy ,,( ,,?\ght4--,& ma!matical sci5ce is ju/ifi$ 9 act+ 9 ?is way4 ,?is me?od1 highly ab/ract z x is--9 fact1 j because x is highly ab/ract--leads to invaluable results4 ,x's ju/ification is t x is economical ( ?\ght2 disreg>d+ all irrelevant consid]ations1 x is able1 by us+ a %ort-cut1 to rea* its goal4 ,did ! ma!matician h to take into consid]ation all ! manifold & complex aspects ( ea* concrete ?+ 7:e!r x be leaf1 or field1 or lev]1 or :at n7 ) :i* he deals1 he w\ld nev] be able to cut 8 way ?r\gh ! jungle4 ,8 me?od ( ab/raction c>ries him at once to 8 goal4 ,,ma* ,,on ,,! ,,me*anical ,,view4--,ma*'s criticism ( ! me*anical view ( nature proce$$ ^u simil> l9es4 ,he t]m$ t view analogical1 by :i* he meant t me*anical laws ( nature s]ve u z =mal patt]ns to :i* ! processes ( nature may 7= conv5i5ce sake7 be repres5t$ z con=m+4 ,a cle> acc\nt1 ?\gh n a complete acc\nt1 ( all physical processes may be giv5 9 t]ms ( me*anical law4 ,& 9 fact x rema9s a "q1 ,ma* obs]v$1 :e!r ! me*anical view ( ?+s1 in/ead ( be+ ! pr(\nde/1 is n 9 po9t ( fact1 ! %all[e/ ( all4#eb ,,sci5ce ,,n ,,invalid ,,b ,,incomplete4--,?is l9e ( criticism ( sci5tific me?od--i4e4 t x deals ) ab/ractions & analogies r ?an ) ?+s1 = ! sake ( economy & conv5i5ce ( ?\ght--does n deprive sci5ce ( validity1 b only invalidates t sup]ficial dogmatism :i* _h crept into s _m inve/igations4 ,a critical e/imate ( sci5tific me?ods makes x evid5t h[ mu* & h[ little we h ! "r to expect f !m4 ,!y w enable u to give a simple description ( ph5om5a z !y are se5 :5 r$uc$ to _! simple/ t]ms ( matt] & motion2 b ( ultimate & f9al causes !y w tell u no?+4 ,! sy/em ( conceptions by :i* ! exact sci5ces try to describe ! ph5om5a ( nature 444 is symbolic1 a k9d ( %or?&1 unconsci\sly inv5t$ & p]fect$ = ! sake ( conv5i5ce & = practical use 444 ! lead+ pr9ciple is t ( ,economy ( ,?\ght 7,m]z1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #egi74 ,,b\tr\x4--,?is criticism ( ! me*anical me?od ( deal+ ) reality 0 second$ by ,b\tr\x's criticism ( ! pr9ciple ( ,natural ,law4 ,emile ,b\tr\x 7#ahde-aiah7--,pr(essor at ! ,sorbonne--9 two important treatises1 exam9es ) great m9ut5ess ?is aspect ( ! sci5tific me?od4 ,9 ! e>li] ( ^! works1 ,! ,cont+5cy ( ! ,laws ( ,nature 7#ahgi7 he sugge/s t ^! laws only give1 s to speak1 ! habits :i* ?+s display4 ,!y con/itute1 z x 71 ! b$ 9 :i* ! /ream ( occurr5ce fl[s1 :i* ! /ream itself _h holl[$ out1 al?\gh its c\rse has come to be det]m9$ by ?is b$ 7,hoeffd+1 ,mod]n ,philosoph]s1 p4 #aja74 ,9 8 ,natural ,law 9 ,sci5ce & ,philosophy 7#ahie71 ,b\tr\x lays x d[n t ! laws ( nature1 z sci5ce describes !m1 may inde$ repres5t1 b are by no means id5tical )1 ! laws ( nature z !y really are4 ,! laws ( sci5ce are true1 n absolutely b relatively1 i4e4 are n elem5ts 91 b symbols (1 reality4 ,! notion t ev]y?+ is det]m9$ 7i4e4 ! opposite ( cont+5t71 ?\gh absolutely indisp5sable to ! me*anical !ory1 is nev]!less a way ( look+ at ?+s r ?an a fai?ful picture ( reality--a way 9 :i* we see ?+s r ?an ! way ?+s exi/ 9 !mselves4 ,z ,b\tr\x himself puts x 9 8 f9al *apt]3 ,t :i* we call ! 'laws ( nature' is ! sum total ( ! me?ods we h discov]$ = adapt+ ?+s to ! m9d1 & subject+ !m to be m\ld$ by ! w4 ,,results4--,"h we h ,b\tr\x approa*+ v closely to ! /&po9t ( ,ma*2 inde$ ! !ories ( ! two m5 are complem5t>y to "o ano!r4 ,= ,ma*1 ! me*anical view is a way ( look+ at ?+s1 di/9ctly useful = und]/&+ & us+ !m--an economy ( ?\ght4 ,= ,b\tr\x1 ! det]m9i/ view is also a way ( look+ at ?+s t is useful = ! same purposes4 ,?us ! int]pretation ( reality 9 t]ms ( ma!matics & unalt]able law1 is artificial2 an ab/ract way ( ?9k+ :i* deals n ) reality itself b ) c]ta9 delib]ately select$ aspects ( x4 ,,rise ,,( ,a ,,new ,,philosophy4--,?is exam9ation ( ! pr9ciples ( natural sci5ce 0 ! beg9n+ ( :at aft]w>ds prov$ to be a revolution 9 ?\ght4 ,:at _h be5 m or less negative criticism 9 ,ma* & ,b\tr\x1 became ! basis ( a new philosophy 9 ! h&s ( ,william ,james & ,b]gson4 ,! names1 & ev5 ! ideas1 ( ^! two orig9al ?9k]s are famili> f> outside /rictly philosophical circles1 & x w almo/ be possible to presume ^u a c]ta9 acqua9tance ) !m on ! "p ( our read]s4 ,,william ,,james4--,james himself1 l ,ma*1 0 l$ to philosophy by ! road ( sci5tific inve/igation4 ,he 0 a psy*ologi/1 & x is z ! au?or ( 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology t 8 "n w be rememb]$4 ,?is "w is notable z conta9+ ! fir/ complete application ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory to ! evolution ( m9d4 ,m5tal action is !re repres5t$ z a capacity develop$ by ! organism to enable x to deal ) its environm5t4 ,z an expon5t ( ,james puts x3 ,! m9d1 l an ant5na1 feels its way = ! organism4 ,x gropes ab\t1 advances & recoils1 mak+ _m r&om ef=ts & _m failures2 always urg$ into tak+ ! initiative & doom$ to success or failure 9 "s h\r ( trial4#ec ,! coroll>y :i* atta*es to propositions ( ?is k9d is t k 9 all its v>ieties & developm5ts arises f practical ne$s4 ,& ! m9d 7"h is an e*o ( ,ma*7 selects ^? aspects ( reality :i* conc]n x1 & out ( t select$ mat]ial makes up a new 7m5tal7 _w ( its own4 ,:i* _w is f> f be+ a picture ( reality1 b :i* is symbolic ( x 7"h is ano!r memory ( ,ma*74#ed ,?is view obvi\sly cuts ! gr\nd f "u dogmatic mat]ialism4 ,! _w :i* t philosophy reg>ds z reality1 is1 to ! critical eye1 a collection ( ab/ractions1 a m5tal creation aris+ out ( ! practical ne$s ( life4 ,,h5ri ,,b]gson4--,?is l9e ( criticism1 t ( ! evolution>y psy*ologi/1 op5$ up by ,james1 has be5 c>ri$ to extreme l5g?s by ! ,fr5* philosoph] ,b]gson4 ,dig to ! v roots ( nature & ( m9d is 8 advice4 ,he beg9s by ask+1 ,h[1 z a matt] ( hi/ory1 has human intellect develop$8 ,he !n1 & !n only1 proce$s to put ! "q 7:i* uncritical ?9k]s always put fir/71 ,:at c ! intellect d = u8 ,8 !ory ( ! orig9 ( intellect is ! same z t ( ,william ,james4 ,life 7?r\gh ! evolution>y process7 has produc$ x4 ,b ! conclusion t he draws f ?is hypo!sis is t ! intellect1 be+ itself a product ( life1 or a =m ( life1 _c und]/& ! :ole ( life4 ,?is !sis is elaborat$ ) a weal? ( illu/ration & erudition1 bo? sci5tific & philosophic1 & ) a lit]>y grace & *>m possible only = a ,fr5*man1 9 ! fam\s "w ,evolution ,creatrice 7#aijg74 ,,b]gson',s ,,advance ,,on ,,ma* ,,& ,,james4--,^? ?9k]s :o _h made a s]i\s attempt at a philosophy ( sci5ce1 _h demon/rat$ t ! me*anical view ( nature 0 a m5tal ab/raction1 & n a complete repres5tation ( reality4 ,su* is ! debt ( philosophy to ! rese>*es ( ,ma*1 ,b\tr\x1 ,james1 & o!rs :o work$ along _! l9es4 ,b x rema9$ = ,b]gson to demon/rate t ! me*anical view 0 ! inevitable product ( ! m5tal processes :i* we describe by ! ^w intellect4 ,! pa? :i* l$ ,b]gson to ?is goal w h to be briefly indicat$ by u4 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,intellect4--,:at is ! intellect1 to :i* we look 9 va9 = any complete explanation ( exi/5ce8 ,?is is ! prelim9>y "q4 ,our intellect is1 z ,james _h taught1 a faculty develop$ by ! evolution>y process 9 our species to enable x to deal ) its mat]ial environm5t4 ,& ,b]gson 0 ! fir/ to po9t out t z a consequ5ce ( its hav+ be5 develop$ = ?is p>ticul> purpose 7i4e41 deal+ ) a mat]ial environm5t71 intellect is nev] q at its ease1 nev] entirely at home1 except :5 x is work+ ^u in]t matt]4 ,if x has to deal ) liv+ matt]1 x treats x z in]t1 )\t tr\bl+ ab\t ! life t animat$ x4 ,su* is ! fir/ *>act]i/ic ( ! intellect3 x feels at home 9 deal+ ) dead matt]1 & liv+ matt] x pref]s to treat z in]t4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( intellect is t1 j z x treats ! liv+ z if x 7 non-liv+1 s x pref]s to treat ! mobile z ?\gh x 7 motionless4 ,motion is a ?+ :i* ! intellect simply _c grasp2 x has to treat x artificially1 & repres5t a process :i* 9 reality is cont9u\s & indivisible1 z discont9u\s & divisible--a succession ( po9ts1 out ( :i* no magic c conjure motion4 ,philosophy became aw>e ( ?is z soon z x op5$ its eyes4 ,h5ce ! p>adox ( ,z5o1 t ,a*illes w nev] ov]take ! tortoise1 if ! latt] once gets a />t4 ,= if space & "t are inf9itely divisible 7z intellect holds !m to be71 by ! "t ,a*illes has rea*$ ! tortoise's />t+ po9t1 ! tortoise has already got ahead ( t />t+ po9t1 & s on ad inf9itum2 ! int]val betwe5 !m be+ endlessly dim9i%$1 b nev] disappe>+4 ,z5o's p>adox arises because ( an innate fault 9 ! intellectual me?od ( deal+ ) motion2 a me?od :i* ,b]gson calls c9ematographical1 because x reg>ds a s+le movem5t z a succession ( inf9itely small motions4 ,t me?od is hopeless2 & if we expect to und]/& motion by its means1 ,y w always exp]i5ce ! disappo9tm5t ( ! *ild1 :o tries1 by clapp+ its h&s toge!r to cru% ! smoke4 ,! movem5t slips ?r\gh ! int]val1 because e attempt to recon/itute *ange out ( /ates implies ! absurd proposition t movem5t is made up ( immobilities4#ee ,s t ! intellect is be/ fitt$ to deal1 n ) liv+ & mov+1 b ) dead & motionless matt]4 ,( ! latt] x c =m a cle> idea2 b 9 deal+ ) ! =m]1 x f9ds itself at a loss2 x has to ab/ract ! life & ! motion f :at lives or moves1 & :at x _c grasp1 x mu/ treat z non-exi/5t4 ,,b]gson',s ,,anti-,,intellectualism4--,a p5etrat+ rem>k ( ,james' w help u1 at ?is po9t1 to und]/& ! significance = philosophy ( ^! new !ories4 ,9 spite ( sceptics & empirici/s1 9 spite ( ,protagoras1 ,hume1 & ,james ,mill1 rationalism has nev] be5 s]i\sly que/ion$1 = its %>pe/ critics h always _h a t5d] place = x 9 _! he>ts1 & h obey$ "s ( its m&ates4 ,!y h n be5 consi/5t1 !y h play$ fa/ & loose ) ! enemy1 & ,b]gson alone has be5 radical4#ef ,b]gson's philosophy is1 9 fact1 a reaction aga9/ intellectualism or rationalism2 by :i* is meant ! !ory t pure reason is compet5t by its nature to give a complete & exhau/ive acc\nt ( reality4 ,b accord+ to ,b]gson1 intellect1 :i* is a faculty develop$ to enable m5 to subdue & turn to advantage _! mat]ial environm5t1 & :i* is1 z x 71 fasc9at$ by ! contemplation ( in]t matt]1 w n reveal ! true mean+ & nature ( exi/5ce2 x gives u a translation ( life 9 t]ms ( in]tia1 & c d no m4 ,?is criticism ( ! intellect 7if x be s\nd71 ?\gh x does n invalidate ! "w ( t faculty 9 its own prop] sph]e1 necess>ily involves its discr$it z a key to ! unlock+ ( ! f9al my/]ies ( life & ( be+4 ,^! ?+s lie outside its prov9ce4 ,:e!r x wants to treat ( ! life ( ! body1 or ! life ( ! m9d1 x proce$s ) ! rig\r1 ! /iffness1 & ! brutality ( an in/rum5t n design$ = su* use4#eg ,,intellect ,,& ,,in/9ct4--,s9ce intellect1 by its me?ods1 has induc$ m5 to turn _! backs on reality1 & to look on ab/ractions in/ead1 ! only hope ( rea*+ reality is ?r\gh an entire *ange ( me?od & direction4 ,!re is1 accord+ to ,b]gson1 a non-intellectual v>iety ( k1 :i* 7f 8 po9t ( view7 x 0 a k9d ( orig9al s9 ev] to dep>t f2 an orig9al s9 :i* has vitiat$ all our philosophic ?9k+ f ! days ( ,plato4 ,?is v>iety ( k is m orig9al & fundam5tal ?an any :i* ! processes ( ! intellect1 vitiat$ z ^! are by c]ta9 inh]5t p]v]sions1 c give u4 ,intellect _c correct itself2 we mu/ call 9 ! aid ( "s o!r faculty if we w\ld und]/& reality4 ,b]gson f9ds ?is faculty 9 :at he calls in/9ct4 ,accord+ to him1 consci\sness has develop$ 9 two div]g5t directions--in/9ct & intellect2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! is n "o ( int5sity or degree1 b ( k9d4#eh ,!y are two div]g5t developm5ts ( ! same orig9al consci\sness1 ( :i* common orig9 !y bo? reta9 traces1 = !y are n entirely dissimil>1 nor is ei!r ( !m ev] f\nd 9 a pure /ate4 ,intellect is *>act]i/ic ( man4 ,in/9ct is mo/ highly develop$ among c]ta9 insects1 notably ! hym5opt]ae 7i4e41 bees & ants74#ei ,,bl9dness ,,( ,,intellect4--,& ! difficulty ( ! philosophical problem = man arises f ! anomalies ( 8 own con/itution 7z int]pret$ by ,b]gson 9 ! light ( 8 !ory ( in/9ct & intellect74 ,z he puts x3 ,!re are ?+s t ,intellig5ce 7or intellect7 alone is able to seek1 b :i*1 by itself1 x w nev] f9d4 ,^! ?+s in/9ct alone c\ld f9d2 b x w nev] seek !m4 7,creative ,evolution1 p4 #aei74 ,if ! consci\sness :i* slumb]s 9 in/9ct 7 to wake up 444 if we knew h[ to "q x1 & if x knew h[ to reply1 x w\ld deliv] to our keep+ ! mo/ intimate secrets ( life4 ,?us ,b]gson reg>ds x z impossible t intellect %\ld ev] supply u ) ! complete tru? ab\t reality2 !re are ?+s1 e4g4 life itself--:i* altoge!r elude its grasp4 ,,intuition4--,! situation1 h[ev]1 is n entirely hopeless4 ,man possesses "s measure ( in/9ct1 :i*1 :5 x has become dis9t]e/$1 self-consci\s1 & capable ( reflect+ ^u its object1 ,b]gson calls intuition4 ,by means ( ?is faculty1 man is able1 d>kly p]haps b n ineffectually1 to grope 8 way t[>ds an und]/&+ ( reality4 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,philosophy4--,j z ! criticisms ( ,cusanus & o!rs fre$ ?\ght f an incubus :i* seem$ likely to prev5t its fur!r developm5t1 s ! movem5t initiat$ by ,ma* & culm9at+ 7= ! pres5t7 9 ,b]gson1 has done mu* to discr$it a c]ta9 new s*ola/icism t has gr[n up dur+ ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ar\nd ! physics ( ,galileo1 z ! old s*ola/icism grew up ar\nd ,ari/otle4#fj ,me*anical det]m9ism 0 *>act]i/ic ( mu* n9ete5?-c5tury ?\ght 9 ,europe1 n only among/ mat]iali/s1 b also1 9 c]ta9 cases1 among/ ideali/s z well4 ,aga9/ ?is aspect ( contempor>y philosophy1 ! "w ( ,james & ,b]gson has be5 a revolt4 ,indet]m9ism1 i4e4 a belief 9 ! reality ( fre$om & spontaneity1 is an ess5tial "p ( _! sy/em4 ,_! indet]m9ism is inde$ ! necess>y & logical accompanim5t ( _! anti-intellectualism4 ,= det]m9ism is a fabrication ( ! intellect1 a device :i* makes reality m manageable1 m am5able to logic1 m easily sy/ematis$4 ,fre$om1 l life & motion1 eludes ! categories ( ! intellect4 ,,! ,,me*anical ,,view ,,assail$4--,su* are ! l9es ^u :i* ! new criticism ( ! me*anical view 7! mo/ radical criticism x has _h to meet s9ce ,kant7 proce$s4 ,t view1 & ! idea ( pr$et]m9$ human action :i* x involves1 is an inevitable product ( an intellect naturally incapable ( und]/&+ fre$om & spontaneity4 ,^!1 z !y de/roy its s*eme ( ?\ght1 x ca/s out z an illusion4 ,incorrigibly presumptu\s1 x insi/s on int]pret+ fre$om by means ( ^? notions :i* suit in]t matt] alone1 & !re=e always p]ceives x z necessity4 ,s t all life1 f> f be+ subject$ to me*anical necessity1 z _h seem$ ! inevitable conclusion ( naturali/ic philosophy1 0 spontaneity 7s to speak7 mat]ialis$ & embodi$3 ,all ! liv+ hold toge!r1 & all yield to ! same trem5d\s pu%4 ,! animal takes its /& on ! plant1 man be/rides animality1 & ! :ole ( humanity 444 is "o imm5se army gallop+ beside & be=e & beh9d ea* ( u 9 an ov]:elm+ *>ge1 able to beat d[n e resi/ance & cle> ! mo/ =midable ob/acles1 p]haps ev5 dea?4#fa ,we h inde$ travell$ a long way f ! au/]e ab/ractions ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,! new evolutionism is v diff]5t f ! old4 ,x sub/itutes = me*anism ano!r conception--t ( dynamism1 accord+ to :i* ! process ( evolution is some?+ undet]m9$ & impr$ictable--creative1 9 fact4 ,! _w ( organic life is embodi$ creative activity1 & :at ?is creative activity is1 we ourselves exp]i5ce e "t we act freely4 ,,pluralism4--,! philosophy ( ,b]gson is a reaction aga9/ ! me*anical evolutionism 7i4e4 naturalism7 ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,closely alli$ ) x is ano!r movem5t ( ?\ght1 kn[n z pluralism4 ,?is1 too1 is a reaction1 n s mu* aga9/ naturalism1 z aga9/ c]ta9 =ms ( idealism4 ,idealism1 x w be rememb]$1 seeks to int]pret reality 9 t]ms ( m9d or _s4 ,& x does ?is 9 c]ta9 cases--notably 9 ! case ( ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley--by reg>d+ all ph5om5a z =ms or aspects ( ! "o absolute m9d or _s4 ,?is has seem$ to _m ?9k]s a philosophy too ab/ract & too remote f ! _w ( exp]i5ce4 ,h5ce ! "q arose :e!r x might n be possible to int]pret nature 9 t]ms ( m9d )\t be+ compell$ to take refuge 9 ! ab/ractions ( absolutism4 ,& pluralism is an attempt to solve ! problem4 ,,leibniz ,,reviv$4--,leibniz' sy/em ( monads1 ! nature ( :i* w h>dly h be5 =gott51 has be5 ! model to :i* philosoph]s h look$ 9 con/ruct+ _! new sy/em4 ,& ! ,monadology may be tak5 z ! type to :i* all mod]n attempts to con/ruct a plurali/ic philosophy m or less con=m4 ,! ess5ce ( pluralism--:e!r ,leibnizian or o!r--lies 9 ! proposition t !re exi/s an indef9ite v>iety ( be+s1 "s high]1 "s l[] ?an ourselves4 ,! plurali/ agrees ) ! ideali/ 9 decl>+ t ! ess5ce ( reality is _s1 b diff]s f him 9 decl9+ to all[ indep5d5t spirits to be absorb$ by an all-dev\r+ ,absolute4 ,,pluralism ,,& ,,!ism4--,william ,james himself1 9 a "w ,a ,plurali/ic ,univ]se 7#aiji7 outl9$ a philosophy ( _s radically oppos$ to ,absolute ,idealism1 :i* he subjects to a good deal ( criticism4 ,ano!r important "w1 writt5 f a simil> po9t ( view1 is ,pr(essor ,james ,w>d's ,pluralism & ,!ism 7#aiaa74fb ,) reg>d to mod]n pluralism1 ! notable features are two4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is a philosophy ( p]sonality1 :i* x reg>ds z ! mo/ fundam5tal =m ( reality2 & also1 t x is !i/ic 9 a s5se peculi> to itself4 ,x believes 9 a ,god :o may be t]m$ ! supreme monad1 i4e4 ! head ( a sy/em ( monads2 b ^: p[] may be said1 9 c]ta9 respects1 to be limit$4 ,& inde$ "s su* position seems to be ! logical conclusion t foll[s f ! premises ) :i* plurali/s />t1 & also 7we may add7 f ! facts ( exp]i5ce4#fc ,plurali/s unite 9 affirm+ t _! ,god is 7:at !y d5y ! ideali/ic ,absolute to be7 ! ,god ( ! religi\s consci\sness4 ,james elaborates ?is !sis ) 8 usual res\rcefulness & skill4 ,! controv]sy1 h[ev]1 is "o into :i* x does n seem necess>y = u to ent]4 ,pluralism & idealism are or may be bo? def9itely spiritual philosophies1 & p]haps !y appeal to diff]5t types ( m9d4 ,we1 at any rate1 %all n und]take to judge betwe5 !m4 ,bo? alike are pref]able to dogmatic naturalism4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,"s ,,rec5t ,,t5d5cies ,,9 ,,sci5ce ,,sci5tific ,,me?od4--,9 ! la/ *apt]1 att5tion 0 drawn to "s important attempts to supply sci5ce ) a s\nd philosophy ( me?od1 i4e4 to give a critical acc\nt ( ^? processes1 logical & o!rwise1 :i* issue 9 :at is call$ sci5tific k4 ,! g5]al results ( ^! attempts 0 to re-en=ce ! validity ( s\nd sci5tific me?od )9 its own sph]e4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 x 0 felt likely to prove an unreliable guide else:]e4 ,,! ,,new ,,physics4--,mean:ile1 :ile ! logic ( sci5ce 0 be+ scrut9is$ by philosoph]s1 sci5tific rese>* 0 itself go+ /eadily =w>d1 & fre% discov]ies ( a highly important nature 7 com+ to light4 ,9 ! sph]e ( physical sci5ce1 m especially1 revolutions ( ,cop]nican proportions quietly took place4 ,! :ole subject ( physics is ( a highly te*nical nature1 q unsuitable = discussion "h1 &1 inde$1 entirely beyond ! range ( ! pres5t writ]4 ,to indicate ! nature ( ! discov]ies :i* 7 made1 h[ev]1 involves few te*nicalities3 ?\gh ! me?od by :i* ^! 7 demon/rat$ & e/abli%$ mu/ rema9 obscure to all b ma!matical speciali/s4 ,,collapse ,,( ,,! ,,atomic ,,!ory4--,dalton's !ory ( atoms 0 describ$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,x is h>dly possible to exagg]ate ! importance atta*$ by mat]iali/s1 ev] s9ce ,lucretius1 to ! conception ( indivisible & inde/ructible atoms4 ,x 0 reg>d$ z integral to mat]ialism1 & nev] 0 ! pre/ige ( ?is !ory high] ?an dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :i* w g d[n 9 sci5tific hi/ory z ! era ( ! atomic !ory ( matt]4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! c5tury1 ! !ory collaps$4 ,atoms 7 f\nd to be nei!r indivisible nor inde/ructible2 & ! process ( ! break+ up ( ! atom has actually be5 obs]v$4 ,z is v g5]ally kn[n1 x is 9 ! case ( a p>ticul> elem5t1 radium1 t ?is ph5om5on occurs4 ,t sub/ance1 :]ev] x occurs1 is und]go+ a cont9ual process ( dis9tegration2 radium atoms are cont9ually break+ up into m elem5t>y bodies4 ,7 x n = ! fact t radium itself is ! product ( ! dis9tegration ( ano!r elem5t1 x w\ld be impossible to acc\nt = its survival4 ,x cont9ually evaporates 7! life ( radium is only #bejj ye>s7 b x is z cont9ually r5ew$ by ! inf9itely sl[] dis9tegration ( uranium4 ,,electrons4--,! p>ticles into :i* ! radium atom dis9tegrates are kn[n z electrons4 ,& accord+ to ! new !ory ( matt]1 n only radium atoms1 b ! atoms ( all ! o!r elem5ts 7hi!rto reg>d$ z irr$ucible7 are compos$ ( electrons1 diff]5tly gr\p$4 ,! radium atom is inf9itely m un/able ?an ! atoms ( ! o!r elem5ts2 b x is possible to conceive ( ! dis9tegration ( ^! also4 ,!y are all alike compos$ ( ! same elem5t>y p>ticles--diff]5t comp\nds ( ! same primitive sub/ance4 ,,matt] ,a ,,=m ,,( ,,electricity4--,& ! mo/ rem>kable "p ( ! new !ory is t ^! primitive p>ticles ( :i* mat]ial atoms are compos$1 are !mselves ! units :i* con/itute :at we call electricity4 ,?us matt] & electricity are n[ express$ 9 common t]ms--!y are reg>d$ z diff]5t manife/ations ( ! same sub/ance4 ,& ( ! two conceptions--matt] & electricity--x is ! latt] t is ! m simple & fundam5tal4 ,z a high au?ority puts x3 ,:]eas ?r\gh ! great] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 'matt]' 0 ! concept :i* 0 look$ ^u z fundam5tal 9 physical sci5ce1 & ( :i* !re 0 a curi\s accid5tal prop]ty call$ electricity1 x n[ appe>s t electricity mu/ be m fundam5tal ?an matt]1 9 ! s5se t our m elem5t>y matt] mu/ n[ be conceiv$ z a manife/ation ( extremely complex electrical ph5om5a4#fd ,z to :e!r ! electrons !mselves1 9 _! turn1 are irr$ucible units1 !re may be room = d\bt4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,j4 ,l>mor ! electron is a nucleus ( intr9sic /ra9 9 ! e!r4#fe ,if ?is view be s\nd1 matt] may be reg>d$ z a manife/ation ( ! e!r2 a p]si/5t /ra9-=m flitt+ ?r\gh an univ]sal sea ( e!r4 ,z to ! nature ( ! e!r1 t is a subject ( speculation among physici/s4 ,x is v>i\sly describ$ z an ela/ic fluid1 & z a fairly close pack$ conglom]ate ( m9ute gra9s 9 cont9ual oscillation4#ff ,x may inde$ be said t mod]n physical !ories h succe$$ 9 r$uc+ matt]1 :i* seems comp>atively kn[able1 to a sub/ance ( :i* little is kn[n &1 !re=e1 ( :i* mu* c be po/ulat$2 x c be call$ sub-natural1 or sup]-natural1 accord+ to ta/e4 ,we may1 p]haps1 satisfy ourselves ) ! words ( ,pr(essor ,tait3 ,we d n "k1 & are probably incapable ( discov]+1 :at matt] is2 & ,! discov]y ( ! ultimate nature ( matt] is probably beyond ! range ( human intellig5ce4#fg ,& yet we c agree ) ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,balf\r :5 he says#fh we "k too mu* ab\t matt] to be mat]iali/s4 ,t1 9 itself1 a g5]ation ago w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z a l>ge admission f ! /&po9t ( physical sci5ce4 ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,physics4--,! r$uction ( kn[able & tangible matt] to intangible electricity or unkn[able e!r may n seem to be mu* ( an advance f ! po9t ( view ( ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 e/abli%+ a spiritual !ory ( ! univ]se4 ,b electricity is a species ( en]gy :i* c be express$ 9 t]ms ( w--:i* is ! only k9d ( en]gy t we are acqua9t$ ) at fir/ h&4 ,:at is objectively en]gy is subjectively w2 or1 9 o!r words1 manife/$ en]gy is ! visibility ( w4#fi ,& s f> z ! unkn[able e!r is conc]n$1 x gives less scope to ^? p[]s ( dogmatism1 ! ex]cise ( :i* *>act]is$ sci5ti/s ( ! old mat]iali/ic s*ool2 & x is ! habit ( oracul> pron\ncem5ts :i* does ! h>m1 by r5d]+ any intellectual or spiritual progress impossible4 ,9 any case1 :atev] be ! sub/itute :i* is to replace ! old !ory1 we may congratulate ourselves1 ) ,pr(essor ,j4 ,s4 ,haldane1 t we h p>t$ once = all ) ! notion ( a real & self-exi/5t ,mat]ial univ]se2 & we mu/ rememb] :]e we n[ are4#gj ,,! ,,new ,,biology4--,b if ! results ( ! new physics h be5 di/urb+ to ^? :o _h hop$ t mat]ialism 0 a f9ally e/abli%$ !ory1 ! results ( rec5t biological rese>* h be5 equally emb>rass+ to !m4 ,! anti-me*ani/ic tr5d ( rec5t biological !ory is only too evid5t4 ,! organism is reg>d$ no long] by ! majority ( biologi/s z fully explicable 9 t]ms ( me*anics & *emi/ry4 ,to quote ,pr(essor ,haldane aga91 ,! ma9 out/&+ fact is t ! me*ani/ic acc\nt ( ! univ]se breaks d[n completely 9 connection ) ! ph5om5a ( life4444 ,9 ! case ( life1 ! facts are inconsi/5t ) ! physical & *emical acc\nt ( ph5om5a4#ga ,! organism c no long] be reg>d$ z ev5 an extremely complex k9d ( ma*9e2 t ^w w n cov] ! facts1 & biologi/s are compell$ to look else:]e = a less mislead+ t]m9ology4 ,to describe ! organism z a ma*9e1 is to give to t ^w a v compreh5sive connotation4 ,= ! organism is a ma*9e diff]5t 9 k9d f any t has be5 con/ruct$ by man2 x is a self-/ok+1 self-repair+1 self-pres]vative1 self-adju/+1 self-increas+1 self-produc+ eng9e4#gb ,,! ,,rese>*es ,,( ,,dries*4--,j z mod]n physics is conc]n$ ) ! inf9itely small--! ultra-microscopic1 9 fact--s mod]n biologi/s are conc5trat+ att5tion ^u microscopic organisms1 :]e life is se5 at its l[e/ t]ms1 & :]e 7if any:]e7 !y may expect to discov] :at are ! diff]5tia ( life1 i4e4 :at are ! qualities t di/+ui% liv+ organic f inorganic matt]4 ,p]haps ! mo/ notable ( ! rese>*es conduct$ 9 ?is sph]e1 ( rec5t ye>s1 h be5 ^? ( ,pr(essor ,dries*1 :o exp\nd$ 8 results 9 ! ,gif=d ,lectures = #aijg-aijh 7,! ,sci5ce & ,philosophy ( ! ,organism74 ,! ph5om5a ^u :i* ,dries* lays consid]able /ress are ^? :i* occur ^u a division ( c]ta9 liv+ embryos4 ,an embryo1 :5 cut 9 half1 displays rem>kable p[]s ( self-adju/m5t & cont9u$ developm5t4 ,ea* half c1 z x 71 regulate itself1 & make a fre% />t2 a process :i* results 9 two self-conta9$ organisms1 ?\gh ( small] size ?an w\ld h result$ f a s+le undivid$ organism4 ,! cells :i* compose ! organism seem able to adapt !mselves to :atev] dem&s are made ^u !m4 ,l workm5 build+ a bridge1 all ( !m c d e s+le act--if ne$ arise--& ! result ( _! lab\rs is a p]fect bridge1 ev5 if "s ( ! workm5 fall sick or are kill$ or injur$ 9 an accid5t4 ,dries* sums up ! results ( 8 rese>*es by say+3 ,!re is some?+ 9 ! organism's behavi\r--9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w--:i* is oppos$ to an inorganic resolution ( ! same 7i4e4 to its complete expression 9 t]ms ( *emi/ry & physics71 & :i* %[s t ! liv+ organism is m ?an a sum or aggregate ( its p>ts2 t x is insuffici5t to call ! organism 'a typically comb9$ body' 7i4e41 a ma*9e71 )\t fur!r explanation4#gc ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,life4--,! problem is3 ,:at is x 9 an organism :i* causes x to behave 9 a fa%ion s impossible = any ma*9e8 ,to answ] ?is "q satisfactorily w\ld be to h solv$ ! my/]y ( life4 ,biologi/s d n answ] ! "q2 !y d n say :at ?is peculi> pot5cy is1 b !y give x a "n4 ,dries* calls x entele*y1 i4e4 purposiv5ess1 & he also speaks ( psy*oids1 i4e4 primitive m9ds4 ,names d n c>ry u v f>2 b ! m]e fact t biologi/s h gone to ! tr\ble ( provid+ a "n1 is important4 ,x con/itutes an admission on _! "p t !re is some?+ my/]i\s ab\t ! organism2 = x has be5 a pr9ciple ( mod]n sci5ce s9ce ! days ( ,galileo nev] to appeal to my/]i\s causes if kn[n ones c be f\nd4 ,! deus ex ma*9a me?od seems to !m fundam5tally uns\nd1 & s x is4 ,if e difficulty 7 consid]$ solv$ m]ely by ! ^w my/]y1 k w\ld nev] advance4 ,labell$ ignorance is /ill ignorance4 ,x is n names1 b ?+s t are important4 ,b 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance ! application ( ! "n entele*y indicates t1 9 ! op9ion ( su* an au?ority z ,dries*1 at any rate1 some?+ exi/s :i* no m]ely physical or *emical t]m c completely describe4 ,& ,dries* is typical ( ! tr5d ( mu* mod]n biology4 ,x is only ! v extreme optimi/s :o n[ look = a f9al explanation ( ! liv+ organism 9 t]ms ( physics & *emi/ry4 ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,biology4--,b if life resi/s all attempts to r$uce x to matt] & motion1 we are confront$ ) ! breakd[n ( ! me*anical !ory ( ! univ]se1 :i* has be5 sl[ly b progressively elaborat$ s9ce ! days ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 & appli$ imp>tially to ! organic & ! inorganic sph]es4 ,b ?is ultra-dogmatic !ory n[ seems too cramp$ to conta9 ! facts2 ev5 sci5ti/s res5t ! claims ( mat]iali/-me*anical or?odoxy4 ,"s inde$ adopt n m]ely a critical1 b a provocative attitude1 & seek to discr$it ! pre/ige ( me*anics4 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,s4 ,haldane n only v9dicates ! fre$om1 b prophesies ! spe$y advance ( biology to a position ( pre-em95ce4 ,n only are biological ph5om5a irr$ucible to t]ms ( me*anics1 b x is me*anics t w h to be re-int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( biology4 ,x is at lea/ evid5t t ! ext5sion ( biological conceptions to ! :ole ( nature may be mu* ne>] ?an seem$ conceivable ev5 a few ye>s ago4 ,:5 ! day ( t ext5sion comes1 ! physical & *emical _w z we n[ conceive x--! _w ( atoms & en]gy--w be recognis$ z no?+ b an appe>ance 444 x w /& confess$ z a _w ( ab/ractions l t ( ! pure ma!maticians4#gd ,,! ,,new ,,psy*ology4--,n only physical & biological1 b psy*ological sci5ce w contribute v l>gely to ! recon/ruction ( view :i* is n[ tak+ place4 ,p>ticul> att5tion is due to ^? bran*es ( psy*ology :i* deal exp]im5tally ) ! subconsci\s1 ) in/9cts1 ) ! ph5om5a ( ?\ght transf]5ce1 psy*o!rapy1 & ( s-call$ spiritualism4 ,9 none ( ^! sph]es c rese>* yet be said to h proce$$ f> en\gh to ju/ify ! luxury ( dogmatis+ ov] results4 ,consid]able confusion ( op9ion may /ill exi/1 b x is n[ g5]ally recognis$ t !re is a wide sph]e ( rese>* 9 psy*ical regions :i* is practically a t]ra incognita4 ,& ^? mo/ compet5t to judge ( results seem to be mo/ cauti\s 9 _! /atem5ts4 ,we are 9 ! position ( n kn[+ :at a day may br+ =?2 & an expectant agno/icism ) reg>d to _m problems is p]haps ! "r attitude to adopt4 ,! some:at arrogant negations ( ! la/ g5]ation are n[ out ( place2 !y 7 nev]1 9 ! /rict s5se1 sci5tific1 & !y are n[ demodes4 ,x is extremely difficult to imag9e a return to ! view :i* dismisses m9d f ! univ]se z be+ an obscure by-product ( matt]1 or a comp>atively insignificant epiph5om5on accompany+ c]ta9 obscure *emical or me*anical processes4 ,! old !ories1 gratify+ 9 _! simplicity1 w no long] cov] ! facts4 ,,psy*ical ,,rese>*4--,"o p>ticul> bran* ( exp]im5tal psy*ology1 :i* has attract$ a l>ge measure ( public att5tion1 calls = a few rem>ks4 ,! attempt has be5 made to give exp]im5tal pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( disembodi$ spirits1 human or o!rwise4 ,! :ole subject1 exceptionally expos$ z x is to ! influ5ce ( prejudices ( v>i\s k9ds1 requires to be treat$ ) great caution1 & x is inadvisable1 9 ! pres5t condition ( ! problem1 to make dogmatic /atem5ts 9 any direction4 ,:at appe>s to be c]ta9 is t ! occurr5ce is well e/abli%$ ( v>i\s ph5om5a :i* x is extremely difficult to expla9 9 accordance ) our pres5t k ( matt]1 ( space1 or ( m5tal action4 ,! occurr5ce ( su* ph5om5a is no long] disput$2 b x is ov] ! explanation ( !m t controv]sy is active4 ,& x seems q c]ta9 t ! v lea/ 9 ! way ( concessions t ^! new facts w =ce f cons]vative sci5ti/s is a radical revision ( curr5t notions ( ! range ( human m5tal action4 ,! m9d is evid5tly capable ( produc+ c]ta9 effects--ev5 ^u matt]--:i* w\ld h seem$ incr$ible a %ort :ile ago4 ,s mu* is ! lea/ t may be expect$4 ,b 9 ! view ( _m compet5t & highly sci5tific obs]v]s1 "s f> m radical revision ( our notions may be necess>y4 ,"s sci5ti/s ( good repute 7e4g4 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge1 9 ,engl&1 & ,flamm>ion & o!rs on ! ,cont95t7 are conv9c$ t ! facts c only adequately be expla9$ by ref]5ce to ano!r _w--int]lock$1 z x 71 ) ?is4#ge ,& x has to be admitt$ t ?is1 :at may be call$ m advanc$ explanation1 is m 9 accordance ?an ! o!r ) a r univ]sal tradition or assumption ( mank9d 9 all ages4 ,x w be easily se5 t ! :ole subject is "o ( ! mo/ extreme difficulty4 ,!re is a g5]al hesitancy 9 accept+ :at is call$ ! _s hypo!sis1 s long z any o!r c be f\nd2 a hesitancy ju/ifi$ 9 view ( ! extreme complexity ( ! _w we live 9 7:]e s mu* is ev5 yet unkn[n71 & 9 view ( ! great difficulty :i* !re seems to be 9 adduc+ exact pro(s ( ! _s !ory4 ,a ,,reasonable ,,attitude4--,we %all1 no d\bt1 be wise at pres5t to refuse to cry ,prov51 & :il/ admitt+ t all ?+s are possible--p]haps ev5 probable--to await ) pati5ce ! results ( fur!r inve/igation4 ,x has to be admitt$ t1 :ile _m p are sup]/iti\s & easily attract$ by picturesque !ories1 !re are o!rs :o are z prejudic$1 9 _! way1 aga9/ new ideas1 z 7 ^? a/ronom]s :o1 be+ committ$ to ,ptolemaic views1 refus$ to look ?r\gh ,galileo's telescope4 ,x is n only !ologians :o h1 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 be5 guilty ( obscurantism4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( hypnotic exp]im5ts ! sci5tific _w 9 g5]al pooh-pooh$ ! idea ( hypnotism2 & x took a consid]able "t be=e x w\ld all[ itself to be conv9c$ t su* a ?+ 0 possible4 ,facts1 9 ! end1 7 too /rong ev5 = prejudice4 ,x is facts1 ev5tually1 t decide matt]s2 &1 no d\bt1 be=e a v long p]iod has elaps$1 suffici5t facts w h accumulat$ to all[ ! sci5tific _w to =m m def9ite & bett]-gr\nd$ op9ions ?an are possible to-day4 ,mean:ile1 ! ord9>y man w d well to rememb] t ! univ]se is really a v wond]ful place1 & t ! k ( ! wise/ ( u ab\t x c only be describ$ z inf9itesimal4 ,! traditions ( n9ete5?-c5tury mat]ialism are /ill /rong among/ u1 ev5 ) ^? :o are lea/ consci\s ( !m4 ,b !re are m ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? ?an are dreamt ( 9 t philosophy4 ,,results4--,^! new conceptions ( matt]1 ( life1 & ( m9d1 :i* are ! products ( ! new physics1 ! new biology1 & ! new psy*ology respectively1 may be confid5tly left to !mselves to "w out _! own salvation4 ,!y h ! /r5g? ( y\?4 ,:at is evid5t is t we h cross$ ! ?re%old ( a new era 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,! outlook ( ! future w be z diff]5t f t ( ! rec5t pa/ z 0 ! new sci5ce ( ,galileo1 ,desc>tes1 & ,newton f ! dogmatic b fanciful notions :i* ! ,s*ola/ic !ologians _h borr[$ f ,ari/otle1 & s\ght to impose z a p]man5t revelation4 ,! curr5t ( ?\ght is nev] /ay$4 ,! future is obscure1 b "o ?+ is c]ta91 t ! com+ g5]ations w see cata/rophic *anges 9 ! outlook ( sci5ce2 & ! mat]iali/ic & me*ani/ic weltans*auung1 :i* lately seem$ s =midable1 may soon become z sup]annuat$ z a/rology4 ,! !ory :i* ov]%ad[$ ! religi\s life ( a c5tury1 & :i* _h become m & m m5ac+ z sci5tific k increas$ 9 ext5t & popul>ity1 has fall5 into discr$it4 ,its pre/ige w n revive4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,"s ,,f9al ,,consid]ations ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,philosophy4--,x may p]haps be felt t our protract$ excursion has n advanc$ u f> beyond ! position at :i* we /ood 9 ! op5+ *apt]4 ,inde$1 ! hi/ory ( philosophy may seem n to e/abli% any v def9ite conclusions2 & ^? :o /udy ! subject 9 ! hope t x w supply !m ) mat]ial = dogmatis+ are likely to be disappo9t$4 ,we h to reconcile ourselves to ! fact t ! riddle ( ! univ]se has z yet receiv$ no f9al solution at ! h&s ( ! metaphysicians4 ,x is only too evid5t t1 z ! poet says3 ,our little sy/ems h _! day1 ,!y h _! day1 & cease to be4 ,& yet x w\ld be an error to suppose t ?is lack ( f9ality ab\t philosophical op9ion1 or ! want ( unanimity among philosoph]s1 indicates t no progress has be5 made4 ,!re are c]ta9 l&m>ks 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy--su* z ,kant's ,critique ( ,pure ,reason--:i* m>k a po9t beh9d :i* we %all n aga9 regress 7assum+ t our culture & civilisation is pres]v$74 ,ev5 if we h n grasp$ ! :ole tru? ab\t ?+s yet1 we are /ill ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t we are gradually1 if pa9fully1 gett+ ne>] to ! goal4 ,b surely we are entitl$ to believe t x is n ! crude appetite = metaphysical dogma t attracts m5 to ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,its fasc9ation r resembles t ( ! hi/ory ( religion3 bo? are1 z x 71 ,odysseys ( ! human _s2 nor is !re any activity ( man t has n its appeal to ! human he>t3 = cor ad cor loquitur4 ,&1 aga91 we %\ld reflect t ^? :o ask = f9al conclusions1 =get t ! se>* = tru? may be1 9 & = itself1 ( ! highe/ spiritual value4 ,! be/ />t+-po9t = ! hi/ory ( philosophy is a fam\s passage f ,less+4 ,n ! tru? :i* is at ! disposal ( e man1 b ! hone/ pa9s he has tak5 to come at ! tru? make ! wor? ( a man4 ,= n ?r\gh ! possession1 b ?r\gh ! pursuit ( tru? d 8 p[]s increase1 & 9 ?is alone consi/s 8 ev]-increas+ p]fection4 ,possession makes u quiet1 indol5t1 pr\d4444 ,if ,god ) all tru? 9 ,8 "r h&1 & 9 ,8 left ! s+le1 unceas+ /riv+ aft] tru?1 ev5 ?\gh c\pl$ ) ! condition t ,i %\ld ev] & always err1 came to me & said1 ',*oose6' ,i w\ld 9 all humility clasp ?is left h& & say1 ',fa!r1 give me ?is6 ,is n pure tru? = ,!e alone8'#gf ,b !re is ano!r respect 9 :i* "s k ( ! hi/ory ( ?\ght may be an important advantage4 ,x may n be/[ ^u u ! lib]ty ( dogmatis+ ourselves1 b x does be/[ ^u u a c]ta9 imp]turbability 9 ! face ( ! dogmatisms ( o!rs4 ,airs ( sy/ematic omnisci5ce1 ! pride ( a pret5d$ k1 w leave u unimpress$ & undismay$4 ,! late/ pret5ti\s product ( popul> philosophy w1 9 ! majority ( cases1 be recognis$ z an old h]esy 9 a new g>b2 new ?\ght w n impress 7at lea/1 by its novelty7 ^? :o "k t x is old4 ,b x is aga9/ ! crudities ( mat]iali/ic naturalism t ev5 a slight acqua9tance ) ! hi/ory ( ideas w =m an antidote4 ,! v>i\s exposures ( x1 f ,hume & ,kant to ,b]gson1 w be to "s ext5t famili>2 & x w be a recognis$ fact t its *ief popul> attraction is at ! same "t its *ief philosophic weakness2 & ?is is t x is no?+ m or less ?an a sy/ematisation ( ! prejudices ( common s5se4 ,z a !ory ( fir/ pr9ciples1 ! be/ t c be said ( its pret5sions is t !y are ridicul\s4#gg ,,"s ,,d$uctions ,,f ,,hi/ory4--,b1 x may be ask$1 :at def9ite conclusions h ! =ego+ *apt]s to (f]8 ,"s1 if we are n mi/ak51 ( a g5u9ely positive "*4 ,x w be necess>y to recall c]ta9 facts & reflections to ! m9ds ( our read]s4 ,9 ! e>ly *apt]s we not$ ! rise ( an indep5d5t sci5ce1 & ! collapse ( ! m$ieval _w view ) :i* popul> religi\s notions 7 associat$ s closely1 t _m cons]vative ?9k]s expect$ to see bo? involv$ 9 a common ru94 ,sci5ce seem$ to ?reat5 ! exi/5ce ( a religion b\nd up ) conceptions ( space & ( =ce :i* 7 be+ br\ght into discr$it4 ,^! misgiv+s turn$ out1 h[ev]1 to be ill-f\nd$4 ,c]ta9 advantages1 no d\bt1 ( simplicity & def9it5ess1 :i* _h belong$ to ! old notions1 _h be5 irrecov]ably lo/2 b ?9k]s l ,giordano ,bruno %[$ t ! conception ( an inf9ite univ]se 0 by no means ho/ile to religion2 b t1 on ! contr>y1 x might be a conception ( ! highe/ spiritual value4 ,su* are ! s5tim5ts express$ 9 "s sonnets :i* prec$e ,bruno's dialogue ,on ! ,inf9ite ,univ]se4 ,x seem$ to ,bruno z if he _h nev] brea!d freely until ! limits ( ! univ]se _h be5 ext5d$ to inf9ity1 & ! fix$ sph]es _h disappe>$4 ,no long] n[ 0 !re a limit to ! flight ( ! _s1 no 's f> & no fur!r'2 ! n>r[ prison 9 :i* ! old beliefs _h conf9$ m5's spirits _h n[ to op5 its gates & let 9 ! pure air ( a new life4#gh ,! sci5tific did n seem to him incompatible ) a fundam5tally religi\s conception ( ! _w1 at lea/ = ^? :o 7 n afraid to take %ip ^u ! seas ( ! inf9ite4 ,,dang]s ,,( ,,! ,,me*anical ,,view4--,?us x 0 n sci5ce t 0 ho/ile to religion4 ,?is 0 n ! case until sci5ce began to be associat$ ) a c]ta9 fairly def9ite philosophy ( a me*ani/ic1 & lat] ( a mat]iali/1 description4 ,religion c\ld n h surviv$ ! f9al e/abli%m5t ( su* a philosophy z ?is1 = ! indisp5sable elem5t 9 a religi\s attitude ( life is ! idea t someh[ !re lies beh9d ?+s a p[] or ess5ce t has some?+ 9 common ) our own natures--some?+ t c1 )\t an abuse ( language1 be call$ p]sonal4 ,any philosophy t rules out ?is idea creates an atmosph]e 9 :i* religion _c brea!4 ,& x 0 j ?is atmosph]e t ! me*ani/ic view1 unless amplifi$ by consid]ations ( ano!r k9d 7z x 0 e4g4 9 ! case ( ,sp9oza7 t5d$ to create4 ,,! ,,me*anical ,,view ,,nev] ,,un*all5g$4--,& ) reg>d to ?is me*ani/ic philosophy1 we h to obs]ve t x nev] seems to h comm5d$ itself1 z a f9al & complete solution1 to ! be/ m9ds4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 x w be rememb]$1 ! me*anical conception 0 transc5d$ 7?\gh 9 entirely diff]5t ways7 by ,sp9oza & by ,leibniz1 & ! religi\s consci\sness ( ! age1 9 ! p]son ( ,pascal1 prote/$ aga9/ x4 ,& al?\gh1 dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 ?is philosophy p]si/$1 & 0 consid]ably re9=c$ 7) ! help ( fur!r discov]ies 9 ! realm ( physics7 by ! s*ool ( ,holba* & ,did]ot1 yet x _h /ill to face ! radical criticism ( ,kant4 ,?is criticism1 z we %all rememb]1 indicat$ t ! me*anical view is a way 9 :i* ! human m9d--ow+ to its con/itution--reg>ds ph5om5a4 ,if x is to und]/& !m1 ! human m9d _c help view+ !m 9 t fa%ion2 x mu/ subject ?+s to ! m\ld 9 :i* all its ?\ght is ca/4 ,me*anism is ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! m9d und]/&s ph5om5a4 ,x belongs n to ! ?+s 9 !mselves1 b to our way ( und]/&+ !m4 ,& atta*$ to ?is radical criticism ( me*anical notions1 0 an ideali/ic philosophy ( ! mo/ g5u9ely religi\s & spiritual "*4 ,kantian idealism is "o ( ^? contributions to human ?\ght beh9d :i* we %all n aga9 regress4 ,x is a ph5om5on ( incalculable value & importance4 ,! imm$iate results ( ,kant's critical idealism 0 a luxuriant gr[? ( a spiritual type ( philosophy ^u ! gr\nd he _h cle>$ & prep>$4 ,romanticism may be reg>d$ z a revolt ( ^? sides ( human nature ^u :i* ! tyranny ( me*anism press$ h>de/--religion1 speculation1 poetry1 music1 art4 ,y may expel nature ) a pit*=k1 b %e p]si/s 9 return+4 ,! ,horatian rem>k is true also ( ! human m9d2 y may try to we$ out religion & poetry1 b y\r success w only be tempor>y2 = nature h]self is m p]si/5t ?an ! mo/ e>ne/ ( mat]iali/s & 7:at is m7 %e outlives him4 ,& ) reg>d to ! mat]iali/ or me*ani/ic view1 x is highly int]e/+ to note t its greate/ attraction has consi/$ 9 some?+ :i*1 /rictly speak+1 is n its own prop]ty4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ,france1 & 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 ,g]many & ,engl&1 ! popul>ity ( ?is view 0 d]iv$ f its altoge!r illegitimate association ) a high moral & social idealism1 :i* 7x is only too evid5t7 _h be5 borr[$--)\t suffici5t ackn[l$gm5t--f ! ,*ri/ian tradition4 ,! r self-consci\s a!ism 7= in/ance7 ( ,%elley or ,byron--:i* !y _h presumably d]iv$ f ,did]ot & 8 contempor>ies--0 less a d5ial ( ,god ?an an affirmation ( ! rights ( humanity4 ,?is g5]\s philosophy ( revolt f contempor>y tyranny & ph>isaism is a!i/ic only 9 "n4 ,! call\s & cynical p[]s1 bo? political & ecclesia/ical1 t 7 ! object ( _! bitt] attacks 7 ! embodim5ts ( a!ism1 = ,he alone is ! true a!i/ to :om ! pr$icates ( ! ,div9e ,be+1 e4g4 love1 wisdom1 ju/ice1 are no?+4#gi ,,! ,,pres5t ,,situation4--,dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury ! me*anical view receiv$ "s accession ( /r5g? ow+ to ! r$uction ( biology to :at seem$ l subjection4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 an ideali/ic philosophy _h tak5 a /rong hold 9 ,engl&1 & t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury critical /ud5ts ( sci5tific me?od ca/ d\bt ^u ! f9ality ( ! me*anical view4 ,!y reg>d$ x z artificial1 ab/ract1 & symbolic only ( reality4 ,?is critical movem5t may be associat$ ) ! names ( ,ma*1 ,b\tr\x1 & 7p]haps above all7 ( ,b]gson4 ,moreov]1 t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury1 a numb] ( new facts 9 physics1 biology1 & psy*ology came to light & t5d$ to discr$it ! me*anical view z a f9al explanation ( reality4 ,! inde/ructibility ( matt]1 ev5 ! cons]vation ( en]gy & ( mass 7corn] /ones ( ! me*anico-mat]iali/ view7 began op5ly to be que/ion$1 n by metaphysicians1 b by m5 ( sci5ce !mselves4 ,! foes ( mat]ialism 7 ^? ( its own h\sehold4#hj ,?us assail$ f )\t by ! philosoph]s1 & f )9 by ! sci5ti/s !mselves1 ! me*anical view1 aft] a reign ( ?ree c5turies 7di/urb$ ?\gh ^! may h be5 by successive rebellions7 seems de/9$ to disappe>4 ,x may inde$ subsi/ z an approximate & conv5i5t way ( reg>d+ reality1 ( :i* x w no long] pret5d to give an absolute & complete acc\nt4 ,x w cont9ue to reign z a con/itutional mon>*1 b ! days ( its tyranny are at an end4 ,& x is n unlikely t future g5]ations w look ) surprise ^u our respect = a !ory :i* to !m w we> some?+ ( ! same aspect z m$ieval a/rology n[ pres5ts to ourselves4 ,,"s ,,d$uctions4--,if ! hi/ory ( ?\ght %[$ no o!r results ?an ! impair$ pre/ige ( naturalism1 x w\ld be wor? att5tion & /udy4 ,! facts und\bt$ly compromise t pre/ige1 = hi/ory indicates t at no p]iod has naturalism be5 able to impose itself p]man5tly4 ,if !re has be5 a movem5t 9 t direction1 x has elicit$ a correspond+ reaction4 ,! human m9d seems unable to rema9 satisfi$ ) ! negations :i* sy/ematis$ common s5se seeks to impose ^u x4 ,!re is an in/9ctive appetite 9 humanity = a spiritual view ( ?+s1 & ,sabati] 0 und\bt$ly "r 9 obs]v+ t mank9d is incurably religi\s4 ,nei!r ,hobbes1 nor ,holba*1 nor ,bue*n]1 ) ! be/ w 9 ! _w1 c exorcise f ! human he>t t in/9ct :i* seeks = itself p]sonal relations ) ! univ]se--:i* sees a m9d beh9d ph5om5a4 ,?is is "o ( ^? in/9cts ( :i* x is true t ! m y repress !m ! m insurg5t !y become--!y w h _! way 9 ! end4 ,?us naturalism1 bl9d to ! mutilation ( our nature ( :i* x is guilty1 is psy*ologically uns\nd4 ,& yet1 our nature is n s easily mutilat$ aft] all4 ,naturali/ic dogmatism has x 9 its p[] to create an atmosph]e :i* is unheal?y = religion1 b t gr[? has its roots too deep = x to be easily de/roy$4 ,spr++ z x does f ! dep?s ( our nature1 x w prove z p]man5t z humanity itself4 ,?is is n to d5y t ?is type ( dogmatism may d1 z x actually has done1 a great deal ( h>m4 ,a plant may be /rong & vigor\s1 b "u unceas+ bitt] wea!r1 x w t5d to become disc\rag$4 ,o!rwise x w\ld n be wor? :ile to write criticisms ( naturalism4 ,,fre$om4--,p]haps ! be/ s]vice we c d is to prote/ aga9/ indulg+ an appetite = negative dogmatism4 ,su* an attitude is a negation ( ! fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,& x is 9 an atmosph]e ( fre$om t bo? religion & sci5ce fl\ri% be/4 ,a h>d & fa/ naturali/ic outlook may prove1 & actually has prov$1 an incubus f :i* ev5 sci5ti/s !mselves may pray to be deliv]$4 ,nor has religion always enjoy$ t full measure ( fre$om :i* is indisp5sable to its vigor\s life4 ,! curi\s & sad fact is t ! human m9d seems to delight 9 creat+ prisons = itself4 ,! sci5tific _s creat$ a me*anico-mat]iali/ic s*eme :i* has end$ by becom+ ! enemy ( sci5tific rese>*1 & :i* 7besides ?is7 asks1 z a sacrifice1 ! mutilation ( our spiritual in/9cts4 ,& s ) religion4 ,! religi\s in/9ct 7l ! sci5tific7 t5ds to create its prisons4 ,! pride (1 a pret5d$ k r$uces to a me*anical s*eme ! my/]ies ( life & dea?2 x provides sup]ficial /&>dis$ solutions = ! problems ( exi/5ce4 ,( c\rse1 x is cle> en\gh1 t 9 religion z 9 sci5ce1 we _c1 ev5 if we w\ld1 />t ea* ( u f ! beg9n+4 ,we h to accept & to rev]e ! ri*es ( k & exp]i5ce accumulat$ by ^? :o h gone be=e4 ,& yet1 9 religion z 9 sci5ce1 life consi/s 9 movem5t2 we mu/ g =w>d4 ,! pa/ may be an inspiration1 b x mu/ n be ! limit ( our ?\ght1 or x becomes an incubus4 ,! glance mu/ be =w>d n backw>d2 ! /ream fl[s1 & we are borne on its bosom4 ,humanity1 l an explor]1 has its face set t[>ds ! unkn[n4 ,bo? sci5ce & religion are *ildr5 ( fre$om1 )\t :i* ! creative _s 9 man is cru%$4 ,& "h1 ) ?is note ( w>n+ 7?\gh p]haps r ( enc\ragem5t7 we may close4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! ,gramm> ( ,sci5ce1 pp4 #ab1 #ac4 #b ,ptolemy ( ,alex&ria3 #abg-aea ,a4,d4 #c ,j4 ,m4 ,heald 9 art4 ,aqu9as 9 ,encyclopa$ia ( ,religion & ,e?ics4 #d ,monks & !ologians 7 betray$ into "s controv]sial asp]ities4 ,ye m5 ( ,galilee1 :y /& ye gaz+ up into heav5 =m$ ! appropriate text = a s]mon by a ,dom9ican4 #e ,9 spite ( ?is1 h[ev]1 ,desc>tes' works1 9 #affc1 appe>$ 9 ! ,index ( =bidd5 books3 & 8 doctr9es 7 bann$ by ,royal decree f ! ,fr5* univ]sities4 ,jesuit influ5ces1 :i* 7 n at all fav\rable to native religion 9 ,france 7or else:]e671 may h be5 responsible = ?is obscuranti/ policy4 #f ,m]z1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,?\ght 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #chd4 #g ,quot$ by ,w>d1 ,naturalism & ,agno/icism1 p4 #d4 #h ,hoeffd+1 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,philosophy1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cae4 ,x may set ! scruples ( "s at re/ to be rem9d$ t ,aqu9as himself appli$ ! t]m ,natura ,naturans to ,god z ! cause ( all exi/5ce4 ,eckh>t & ,bruno _h made a simil> application ( x 7cf4 ,m>t9eau1 ,/udy ( ,sp9oza1 p4 #bbf74 #i ,"h we may note1 by way ( an anticipation1 a tru? t ,kant aft]w>ds 0 ! fir/ to grasp cle>ly3 t x is only :5 ! me*anism ( ph5om5a is prov$1 t religion c be purg$ ( mat]ialism4 #aj ,cf4 lett] to ,arnauld1 quot$ by ,hoeffd+1 ,i1 p4 #cdg3 ,! sub/antial unity presupposes a complete1 indivisible be+4 ,no?+ ( ?is k9d is to be f\nd 9 figure or motion 444 b only 9 a s\l or a sub/antial =m simil> to t :i* we call an ',i4' #aa ,! ,monadology 7quot$ by ,pattison1 ,idea ( ,god1 p4 #ahj74 #ab ,+e1 ,*ri/ian ,my/icism1 p4 #ai4 #ac ,cf4 ,) space ! univ]se encloses me & engulfs me l an atom1 b ) ?\ght ,i enclose ! univ]se4 ,a great say+4 #ad ,novalis call$ him ! ,god-intoxicat$3 a bold phrase4 #ae ,we ref]1 ( c\rse1 to ! promulgation ( ! ,bull ,unig5itus1 procur$ f ,pope ,clem5t ,,xi by ! ,jesuits2 :5 _! oppon5ts1 ! ,jans5i/s ( all pr(essions & classes1 7 subject$ to imprisonm5t1 confiscation1 & e species ( oppression 7,j]vis1 ,/ud5t's ,hi/ory ( ,france1 p4 #dae74 ,! manoeuvre is *>act]is$ by ano!r hi/orian z a /ruggle ( n>r[-m9d$ fanaticism1 alli$ to absolutely unscrupul\s political ambition1 aga9/ all ! le>n+ & virtue :i* ! ,fr5* cl]gy /ill possess$ 7,*amb]la91 ,f\ndations ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cgi74 #af ,ev5 be=e ! age ( ! ,revolution1 ,p>is possess$ _m great s*ools4 ,! ,college de ,france 0 f\nd$ 9 #aecj2 !re 0 ! ,college et ,ecole de ,*irurgie1 ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes1 ! ,ecole royale des ,m9es1 etc4 7cf4 ,m]z1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,?\ght1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ajg74 #ag ,m]z says ( ,newton3 ,9 8 own c\ntry t fruitful co-op]ation :i* c only be secur$ by an academic organisation & by end[m5t ( rese>* 0 want+ 7,i1 p4 #ii74 ,z late z #agdj ! :ole rev5ue ( ! ,royal ,society 0 only ,l#bcb p] annum4 #ah ,morley1 ,voltaire1 p4 #da4 #ai ,he publi%$ 8 ,elem5s de la ,philosophie de ,newton 9 #agch4 #bj ,hoeffd+1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dha4 #ba ,see note 9 ,m]z1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ade4 #bb ,m]z1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #adc4 #bc ,! receipt & p]usal ( ,r\sseau's ,emile1 are said to h int]rupt$ ! walk on "o occasion1 to ! great a/oni%m5t ( ! ,ko5igsb]g]s4 #bd ,pr+le ,pattison1 ,idea ( ,god1 p4 #bf4 #be ,a!ism is ari/ocratic1 0 ! reply ( ,robespi]re to "o :o mock$ at 8 ,etre ,supreme4 #bf ,confessions1 ,book ,,xii4 #bg ,hoeffd+1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #i4 #bh ,fi*te's ^w is ,ans*auung1 = :i* ! ,engli% language possesses no exact equival5t4 ,x implies some?+ ak91 ?\gh p]haps sup]ior to1 see+ or p]ceiv+ by means ( ! s5ses1 & x approa*es less closely to inspiration ?an does ! ,engli% ^w intuition4 ,! t]m acquir$ a mean+ some:at ak9 to ! amor intellectualis ,dei ( ,sp9oza1 :i* we h met be=e4 7,see note 9 ,m]z1 ,,iii1 p4 #dde47 #bi ,william ,james1 ,a ,plurali/ic ,univ]se1 p4 #ib4 #cj ,"h aga9 a c]ta9 ambiguity surr\nds ! ,g]man ^w4 ,gei/ is inadequately translat$ by ei!r m9d or _s3 x comprises ! mean+ ( bo? words 7cf4 ,m]z1 ,,iii1 p4 #dff74 #ca ,?is does n mean t :at is n good en\gh = philosophy is good en\gh = religion4 ,! idea beh9d ,s*lei]ma*] is t :at philosophy _c sanction1 religi\s exp]i5ce c sanction4 ,& x has to be rememb]$ t1 z a foll[] ( ,kant1 he assign$ v def9ite limits to ! p[]s ( philosophy4 ,he 0 n an ,hegelian--,hegel's & ,s*lei]ma*]'s views ( ! religi\s problem are q incompatible--! "o believ$1 ! o!r did n believe1 t reason c\ld solve t problem4 #cb ,kopp1 ,ges*i*te d] ,*emie1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ddb 7quot$ by ,m]z1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aia74 #cc ,m]z1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bah4 #cd ,accord+ to "o au?ority 7,judd1 9 8 ,com+ ( ,evolution7 ! numb] ( kn[n species ( plants & animals mu/ be plac$ at #fjj1jjj 7p4 #aj74 #ce ,ve/iges ( ,creation1 publi%$ anonym\sly 9 #ahdd1 pass$ ?r\gh n9e l>ge editions by #ahec4 ,! au?or 0 ,rob]t ,*amb]s 7#ahjb-ga71 a geologi/4 #cf ,life & ,lett]s1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #afh 7vide ,judd1 ,com+ ( ,evolution1 p4 #hi74 #cg ,z a matt] ( fact1 biologi/s soon dem&$ m ?an ev5 ,lyell's geology c\ld give !m4 ,rec5t discov]ies ab\t ! nature ( matt] h1 h[ev]1 fur!r ext5d$ ! possible age ( our planet4 #ch ,d>w91 ,life1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ic4 #ci ,if we wi% to fix a def9ite po9t to describe z ! end ( ! ideali/ic p]iod 9 ,g]many1 no su* di/9ctive ev5t (f]s itself z ! ,fr5* ,revolution ( ,july1 #ahcj 7,lange1 ,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism1 ,e4,t41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bde74 #dj ,a fam\s book :i*1 ?\gh negative 9 its conclusions1 places its au?or alongside ,s*lei]ma*] z "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! mod]n sci5ce ( ,religi\s ,psy*ology4 #da ,balf\r1 ,!ism & ,humanism1 p4 #cf4 #db ,evolution is an integration ( matt] & concomitant dissipation ( motion1 dur+ :i* ! matt] passes f an indef9ite incoh]5t homog5eity to a def9ite coh]5t het]og5eity1 & dur+ :i* ! reta9$ motion und]goes a p>allel trans=mation4 #dc ,sp5c] confess$ t ( ! ,syn!tic ,philosophy two volumes are miss+1 ! two important volumes on ,inorganic ,evolution1 lead+ to ! evolution ( ! liv+ & ( ! non-liv+ 7cf4 criticisms by ,pr(essor ,james ,w>d 9 8 ,naturalism & ,agno/icism1 ,lecture ,,ix74 #dd ,= an in/ance ( ! ma/]ly "w turn$ out by ?is s*ool & ( ! attractiv5ess ( _! propag&a1 read ,huxley's lecture1 ,on a ,piece ( ,*alk1 deliv]$ to ! work+ m5 ( ,norwi* dur+ ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahfh4 #de ,= ?is fam\s enc\nt]1 see ,life ( ,huxley1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #agi-hi1 & ,life ( ,j4 ,r4 ,gre51 pp4 #dd1 #de4 #df ,z we %all subsequ5tly f9d1 ?is cosmic pessimism is less well gr\nd$ ?an ,huxley believ$4 ,/ill1 ,sp5c]'s own sci5tific presuppositions 7 ! same z ,huxley's1 s t ! passage rema9s a p]t95t criticism ( ! ,evolution>y ,philosophy z elaborat$ by him4 #dg ,x is in/ructive to obs]ve t a simil> note ( lat5t pessimism is /ruck by ! la/ notable survivor ( ! ,s*ool we h endeav\r$ to describe4 ,visc\nt ,morley at ! end ( 8 ,recollections 7#aiag71 que/ion$ z to ! outcome ( ^? g5]\s hopes ent]ta9$ ) su* confid5ce by 8 contempor>ies1 is compell$ to ejaculate ) philosophic brevity1 circumspice1 z he contemplates a spectacle ( unp>allel$ horror4 #dh ,/orr1 ,developm5t ( ,engli% ,!ology 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 p4 #cbi4 ,see :i* book = a valuable *apt] ^u ,col]idge4 #di ,f\ndations ( ,belief1 p4 #ih4 #ej ,f\ndations ( ,belief1 p4 #cji4 #ea ,= ?is summ>y ( ,lotze's doctr9e1 see ,m]z1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #fae & ff4 #eb ,quot$ by ,w>d 9 ,pluralism & ,!ism1 p4 #ajc4 ,= a brief yet adequate treatm5t ( ,ma*'s criticisms see ,hoeffd+'s ,mod]n ,philosoph]s1 pp4 #aae-ba4 #ec ,r4 ,b4 ,p]ry1 ,pres5t ,philosophical ,t5d5cies1 p4 #cea4 #ed ,x is impossible to g deep] into ,james' !ory ( k )\t us+ te*nical language4 ,a few ( 8 own phrases1 h[ev]1 may help to elucidate ?+s4 ,ab/ract concepts 444 are sali5t aspects ( our concrete exp]i5ces :i* we f9d x useful to s+le out 7,mean+ ( ,tru?1 p4 #bdf74 ,else:]e he speaks ( !m z ?+s we h le>n$ to cut out f exp]i5ce1 z fl[]s ga!r$1 & z mom5ts dipp$ out f ! /ream ( "t 7,a ,plurali/ic ,univ]se1 p4 #bce74 ,i owe ^! quotations to ,p]ry1 op4 cit4 #ee ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #cbe4 #ef ,a ,plurali/ic ,univ]se1 p4 #bcg4 #eg ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #agd4 #eh i4e4 ,intellect is n 7z x is g5]ally repres5t$ to be7 a develop$ =m ( in/9ct1 nor in/9ct an embryonic =m ( intellect4 #ei ,! extraord9>y & miracul\s ph5om5a ( in/9ct--especially z celebrat$ by ! di/+ui%$ ,fr5* sci5ti/ ,fabre--_c be rightly und]/ood by try+ to int]pret !m 9 t]ms ( intellect4 ,?is is to misread !m completely4 #fj ,b]gson's *>act]isation ( ,sp5c]ian ,evolutionism 7,creative ,evolution1 p4 #cia74 #fa ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #bhf4 #fb ,o!r notable plurali/s 9 ,engl& are ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,s*ill] & ,dr4 ,mac,taggart4 #fc ,! logical conclusion1 we say1 ?\gh ?is may n be ! ultimate tru? ab\t ! matt]4 ,! mo/ attractive !ories are (t5 ! mo/ sup]ficial4 #fd ,pr(essor ,cunn+ham 9 ,pe>son's ,gramm> ( ,sci5ce1 ,"p ,i1 p4 #cef4 #fe ,quot$ by ,w4 ,c4 ,d4 ,:e?am 9 8 ,rec5t ,developm5t ( ,physical ,sci5ce1 p4 #bhj4 ,no ref]5ce is giv5 by him4 #ff ,"o !ory attributes ! exi/5ce ( matt] to occasional misfits among ^! gra9s4 #fg ,quot$ by ,bi%op ,m]c]4 ,problem ( ,creation1 ,app5dix ,b4 #fh ,9 ,!ism & ,humanism4 #fi ,m]c]1 op4 cit41 p4 #ajf4 #gj ,me*anism1 ,life1 & ,p]sonality 7#aiac71 p4 #ha4 #ga ,op4 cit4 pp4 #fd1 #ff4 #gb ,pr(essor ,j4 ,ar?ur ,?omson1 9 an article entitl$1 ,is !re "o ,sci5ce ( ,nature8 7,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,oct41 #aiaa74 #gc ,! ,sci5ce & ,philosophy ( ! ,organism1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cch4 #gd ,op4 cit4 p4 #aja4 #ge ,o!r names ( di/+ui%$ sci5ti/s hold+ ?is view are3 ,sir ,w4 ,crookes ! ,physici/ & ,sir ,w4 ,f4 ,b>rett1 ,f4,r4,s41 9 ,engl&1 ,dr4 ,hodgson & ,pr(4 ,james ,hyslop 9 ,am]ica1 ,lombroso 9 ,italy1 ,ri*et 9 ,france4 #gf ,f 8 ,duplik4 ,quot$ by ,hoeffd+1 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ba4 #gg ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley on ,ph5om5alism 7,appe>ance & ,reality1 p4 #abf74 #gh ,hoeffd+1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #abi4 #gi ,feu]ba*1 ,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #ba4 #hj ,we n[ le>n t conceptions ( space ( a highly unor?odox "* are ent]ta9$ by physici/s & ma!maticians1 z ! result ( rec5t rese>*es 9 ! sph]e ( ! gravitation ( light4 ,,index ,agno/icism1 #ib ,anti-cl]icalism1 #dc ,aqu9as1 #i f41 #cj n4 ,ari/otle1 #h1 #acf ,atomic !ory1 !1 #di collapse (1 #abf ,bacon1 ,"l1 #af f4 ,balf\r1 ,a4 ,j41 #aje f41 #aaj1 #abh ,b]gson1 #aae-aba1 #adc ,b]keley1 #ee ,b\tr\x1 #aab f41 #adc ,bradley1 ,f4 ,h41 #ajd f41 #aaj1 #abb1 #aci ,bruno1 #ab1 #be1 #bi f41 #adj ,bue*n]1 #hf1 #add ,buffon1 #gg ,c>lyle1 ,?omas1 #ch1 #ii-ajb ,col]idge1 ,s4 ,t41 #ih f4 ,comte1 #he1 #hi1 #ib ,cop]nicus1 #aa1 #bb1 #be1 #eh ,cunn+ham1 ,pr(41 #abg ,cusanus1 #aj ,dalton1 #di1 #hc1 #abf ,d>w91 #hj-hc1 #hg f4 ,desc>tes1 #ai-bb1 #bf1 #cg1 #dc1 #ee1 #gd1 #acf ,design1 ,argum5t f1 #hg f4 ,did]ot1 #de f41 #dh1 #ada1 #add ,dries*1 #acj f4 ,eckh>t1 #cj n4 ,encyclopa$ia1 ,!1 #de ,electrons1 #abf ,feu]ba*1 #he1 #ie ,fi*te1 #fe-fg ,galileo1 #ab-ae1 #bb1 #ee1 #gi1 #acf ,goe!1 #cj1 #fe ,gre51 ,t4 ,h41 #ajc f4 ,haeckel1 #hh ,haldane1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,s41 #abi1 #acb ,h>vey1 ,william1 #ai1 #bb ,hegel1 #fg-gj ,he9e1 #he ,helmholtz1 #ge ,hobbes1 #bb1 #bf1 #dc1 #ee1 #add ,holba*1 #df-dh1 #ada1 #add ,hume1 #ee f41 #eh ,huxley1 #ib f41 #ie ,+e1 #ch n4 ,james1 ,william1 #aad f41 #abc ,jans5i/s1 !1 #dc n4 ,jesuits1 !1 #bb n41 #bf1 #cg1 #dc n4 ,johnson1 ,dr41 #dg ,kant1 #ec-fa1 #ff1 #gj1 #gg1 #he1 #acg1 #ada & ,hegel comp>$1 #fi & ,locke comp>$1 #eg & ,r\sseau comp>$1 #fe ,kepl]1 #ae ,lam>ck1 #gg ,la ,mettrie1 #de1 #dh1 #gd ,lange1 #dg1 #hd ,laplace1 #dh f4 ,l>mor1 ,pr(4 ,j41 #abg ,lavoisi]1 #di f4 ,leibniz1 #cc-cf1 #da1 #eb f41 #abb1 #ada ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #ad1 #af1 #acb ,less+1 #ach ,locke1 #eb f41 #ee f4 ,lodge1 ,sir ,o41 #acd ,lotze1 #ajg-aji ,lyell1 #gh-hj ,ma*1 #aaj-aad1 #adc ,mal?us' ,essay on ,population1 #hj ,mey]1 #ge ,mc,taggart1 #abc n4 ,mod]nism1 #aji ,monads1 #ce f41 #abb ,natural ,selection1 #ha1 #hg ,newton1 #bc-bf1 #dc1 #dd n41 #dh1 #hb1 #acf ,nietzs*e1 #id1 #if f4 ,paley1 #hg ,pascal1 #bb1 #cf-da ,pe>son1 ,pr(4 ,k>l1 #a ,pessimism1 #ie ,positivism1 #he1 #ie ,rits*l1 #aji ,r\sseau1 #ed n41 #fb-fe1 #hj ,s>tor ,res>tus1 #ajj ,s*ell+1 #fe ,s*ill]1 #fe ,s*ill]1 ,f4 ,c4 ,s41 #abc n4 ,s*leid]1 #ge ,s*lei]ma*]1 #gj-gb ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 #ce1 #gg1 #hi-ib1 #abb ,sp9oza1 #bh-cc1 #da1 #eb f41 #fg1 #ada ,spiritualism1 #acc-acf ,/eph51 ,leslie1 #ib ,tait1 ,pr(41 #abh ,?omson1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,a41 #acj n4 ,voltaire1 #dd f4 ,wallace1 ,alfr$ ,russell1 #ha f4 ,w>d1 ,pr(4 ,james1 #bf n41 #ia n41 #abc ,:oel]1 #gd ,z5o's p>adox1 #aag ,pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 at ,! ,mayfl[] ,press1 ,plym\?4 ,william ,br&on ,son1 ,ltd4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 ,passages 9 italics are indicat$ by italics4 ,punctuation has be5 correct$ )\t note4 ,spell+1 grammatical & typographical errors h be5 correct$ 9 ! text3 ,page #fh3 und]/& *ang$ to und]/&s ,page #gj3 fom *ang$ to f ,page #abh3 subjectly *ang$ to subjectively ,page #ach3 ,odyssies *ang$ to ,odysseys ,inconsi/5cies 9 spell+ & hyph5ation h be5 reta9$ f ! orig9al4