,,war ,,posters ,,british ,,war ,,fronts ,,volumes ,,illustrated ,,by ,,martin ,,hardie1 ,a4,r4,e4 ,,our ,,italian ,,front ,described by ,h4 ,,warner ,,allen4 ,with #ej full-page illustrations in colour1 and a sketch map4 ,square demy #hvo41 cloth4 ,price #bes4 net4 ,,boulogne3 ,a ,,war ,,base ,,in ,,france ,containing #cb reproductions--#h in colour and #bd in sepia--from drawings completed on the spot4 ,square demy #hvo41 cloth4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,other ,,volumes ,,the ,,salonika ,,front ,painted by ,,william ,t4 ,,wood1 ,r4,w4,s4 ,described by ,,captain ,a4 ,j4 ,,mann1 ,r4,a4,f4 ,with #cb full-page illustrations in colour1 and #h in black and white2 also a sketch map4 ,square demy #hvo41 cloth4 ,price #bes4 net4 ,,the ,,naval ,,front ,a ,book dealing with the world-wide front held by the ,british ,navy throughout the war4 ,by ,,lieut4 ,,gordon ,s4 ,,maxwell1 ,r4,n4,v4,r4 ,illustrated in colour by ,,lieut4 ,,donald ,,maxwell1 ,r4,n4,v4,r4 ,containing #cb full-page illustrations1 #af of them in colour1 ,square demy #hvo41 cloth4 ,in ,preparation4 ,,the ,,immortal ,,gamble ,and the part played in it by ,h4,m4,s4 ,cornwallis4 ,by ,a4 ,t4 ,,stewart1 ,acting-,commander1 ,r4,n41 and the ,,rev4 ,c4 ,j4 ,e4 ,,peshall1 ,chaplain1 ,r4,n4 ,with #cb illustrations and a map4 ,price #fs4 net2 now offered at #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,merchant ,,adventurers1 #aiad-aiah ,by ,f4 ,a4 ,,hook4 ,with a ,foreword by the ,rt4 ,hon4 ,,lord ,,inchcape ,,of ,,strathnafer1 ,g4,c4,m4,c41 ,g4,c4,s4,i41 etc4 ,containing #cb full-page illustrations from photographs1 and appendixes4 ,large crown #hvo41 cloth4 ,in the ,press4 ,,published ,,by ,a4 ,,and ,c4 ,,black1 ,,ltd41 #d1 #e ,,and #f ,,soho ,,square ,,london1 ,w4 #a4 ,illustration3 #a ,a4 ,,wohlfeld4 ,,frauen ,,und ,m,ae,d,c,h,e,n6 ,,sammelt ,,frauenhaar6 7,women and girls6 collect women's hair67 ,poster appealing for gifts of women's hair1 issued from the office of the ,collecting ,committee1 ,berlin4 ,,war ,,posters ,,issued ,,by ,,belligerent ,,and ,,neutral ,,nations #aiad-aiai ,,selected ,,edited ,,by ,,martin ,,hardie ,,and ,,arthur ,k4 ,,sabin ,a4 ,c4 ,,black1 ,,ltd4 ,,soho ,,square1 ,,london1 ,w4 #aibj ,,to ,,frank ,,pick1 ,,esq4 ,,of ,,the ,,underground ,,electric ,,railways ,,company1 ,,in ,,honour ,,of ,,his ,,brave ,,and ,,successful ,,effort ,,to ,,link ,,art ,,with ,,commerce ,,contents ,,pages ,,chapter ,i4 ,,posters ,,and ,,the ,,war #a ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,great ,,britain #g ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,france #ae ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,germany--,,austria-,,hungary #ba ,,chapter ,v4 ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america #bh ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,other ,,countries #cf ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,arranged ,,under ,,the ,,names ,,of ,,artists ,,and ,,grouped ,,under ,,the ,,countries ,,of ,,issue ,illustrations marked with an asterisk 7997 are in colour4 ,,germany #a4 99,a4 ,,wohlfeld4 ,,frauen ,,und ,,madchen6 ,,sammelt ,,frauenhaar6 7,women and girls6 ,collect your hair67 ,a poster appealing for gifts of women's hair1 issued from the office of the collecting ,committee1 ,berlin4 ,,great ,,britain #b4 99,,bernard ,,partridge4 ,,take ,,up ,,the ,,sword ,,of ,,justice4 ,issued by the ,parliamentary ,recruiting ,committee4 ,no4 #ajf of their posters4 ,also issued as a poster stamp and as a ,flag ,day souvenir4 #c4 99,f4 ,,ernest ,,jackson4 ,,song ,,to ,,the ,,evening ,,star4 ,this poster was one of a group of four which were sent out by the ,underground ,electric ,railways ,company of ,london for use in dug-outs in ,france and other places abroad1 ,christmas1 #aiaf4 #d4 99,t4 ,,gregory ,,brown4 ,,their ,,home1 ,,belgium4 ,war ,loan ,poster1 published in #aiah4 #e4 ,,frank ,,brangwyn1 ,r4,a4 ,,britain',s ,,call ,,to ,,arms4 ,recruiting poster published by the ,underground ,electric ,railways ,company of ,london1 #aiad4 #f4 ,j4 ,,walter ,,west4 ,,harvest-,,time1 #aiaf3 ,,women',s ,,work ,,on ,,the ,,land4 ,issued by the ,underground ,electric ,railways ,company of ,london1 ,ltd4 #g4 ,,frank ,,brangwyn1 ,r4,a4 ,,orphelinat ,,des ,,armees4 7,,army ,,orphanage74 7,to ensure that the little orphans shall have a home and motherly care1 education in the country1 a career suited to each child1 and the religion of their fathers47 ,poster for a ,french ,flag ,day4 ,issued in ,london4 #h4 ,,gerald ,,spencer ,,pryse4 ,,the ,,only ,,road ,,for ,,an ,,englishman4 ,,through ,,darkness ,,to ,,light2 ,,through ,,fighting ,,to ,,triumph4 ,the first war poster by ,spencer ,pryse4 ,published by the ,underground ,electric ,railways ,company of ,london1 #aiad4 #i4 ,,gerald ,,spencer ,,pryse4 ,,belgian ,,refugees ,,in ,,england4 ,issued by the ,belgian ,red ,cross ,fund in ,london1 #aiae4 #aj4 ,,george ,,clausen1 ,r4,a4 ,,mine ,,be ,a ,,cot ,,beside ,,the ,,hill4 ,this poster was one of a group of four which were sent out by the ,underground ,electric ,railways ,company of ,london for use in dug-outs1 huts1 etc41 in ,france and other places abroad1 ,christmas1 #aiaf4 ,the drawing was the gift of the artist4 #aa4 ,l4 ,,raven-,,hill4 ,,the ,,watchers ,,of ,,the ,,seas4 ,recruiting poster for the ,british ,navy1 #aiae4 #ab4 ,,bernard ,,partridge4 ,,kossovo ,,day ,,is ,,the ,,serbian ,,national ,,day4 ,poster of a ,british ,flag ,day1 ,june #be1 #aiaf4 #ac4 ,,john ,,hassall4 ,,belgian ,,canal ,,boat ,,fund4 ,for relief of the civil population behind the firing lines4 #ad4 ,,john ,,hassall4 ,,music ,,in ,,war-,,time3 ,,grand ,,patriotic ,,concert1 ,,albert ,,hall4 ,poster of the ,professional ,classes ,war ,relief ,council4 #ae4 ,,bernard ,,partridge4 ,,haven4 ,,star ,,and ,,garter ,,home4 ,poster of the ,british ,women's ,hospital ,fund1 appealing for subscriptions toward the expense of converting the ,star and ,garter ,hotel1 ,richmond1 into a home for men incurably disabled in the ,war4 #af4 ,,paul ,,nash4 ,poster of an ,exhibition of ,war ,paintings and ,drawings at the ,leicester ,galleries1 ,london1 ,may1 #aiah4 #ag4 ,,sir ,,william ,,orpen1 ,r4,a4 ,poster of an ,exhibition of ,war ,paintings and ,drawings1 executed on the ,western ,front by ,major ,william ,orpen4 ,at ,agnew's ,galleries1 ,london1 #aiai4 #ah4 ,,norman ,,wilkinson4 ,,the ,,dardanelles4 ,,war ,,sketches ,,in ,,gallipoli4 ,poster of an ,exhibition at the ,fine ,art ,society1 ,london1 #aiae4 #ai4 ,,frank ,,brangwyn1 ,r4,a4 ,,at ,,neuve ,,chapelle4 ,,your ,,friends ,,need ,,you3 ,,be ,a ,,man4 ,british ,recruiting ,poster4 ,,france #bj4 99,,poulbot4 ,,pour ,,que ,,papa ,,vienne ,,en ,,permission1 ,s',,il ,,vous ,,plait4 7,so that papa may come home on leave1 if you please47 ,poster issued by the ,comite ,central d',organisation de la ,journee du ,poilu--,french ,flag ,days in ,paris1 ,christmas-time1 #aiae4 #ba4 99,,auguste ,,roll4 ,,pour ,,les ,,blesses ,,de ,,la ,,tuberculose4 7,for those wounded by tuberculosis47 ,poster of the ,national ,day for the ,benefit of ex-,soldiers suffering from ,tuberculosis4 #bb4 99,d4 ,,charles ,,fouqueray4 ,,le ,,cardinal ,,mercier ,,protege ,,la ,,belgique4 7,cardinal ,mercier protects ,belgium47 ,published in ,paris1 #aiaf4 #bc4 ,,jules ,,abel ,,faivre4 ,,on ,,les ,,aura6 7,we shall get them67 ,poster of the ,second ,war ,loan1 #aiaf4 #bd4 ,,jules ,,abel ,,faivre4 ,,sauvons-,,les4 7,let us save them47 ,poster of the ,national ,day for the ,benefit of ex-,soldiers suffering from ,tuberculosis4 ,issued in ,paris1 #aiaf4 #be4 ,d4 ,,charles ,,fouqueray4 ,,la ,,journee ,,serbe1 #be ,,juin1 #aiaf4 ,poster of a ,french ,flag ,day for the ,serbian ,relief ,fund1 on the anniversary of the ,battle of ,kossovo1 #achi4 ,issued in ,paris4 #bf4 ,g4 ,,capon4 ,,la ,,femme ,,francaise ,,pendant ,,la ,,guerre4 7,french women during the war47 ,poster of the ,kinematograph ,section of the ,french ,army4 ,issued in ,paris4 #bg4 ,,sem4 ,,pour ,,le ,,dernier ,,quart ,d',,heure 444 ,,aidez-,,moi6 7,for the last quarter-of-an-hour 444 help me67 ,french ,war ,loan ,poster1 #aiah4 ,issued in ,paris4 #bh4 ,,theophile ,,alexandre ,,steinlen4 ,,journee ,,du ,,poilu1 #aiae4 ,poster of the ,french ,flag ,days1 ,december #be and #bf1 #aiae4 ,organised by ,parliament4 #bi4 ,,maurice ,,neumon4 ,,journee ,,du ,,poilu1 #aiae4 ,poster of the ,french ,flag ,days1 ,december #be and #bf1 #aiae4 ,organised by ,parliament4 #cj4 ,,jules ,,abel ,,faivre4 ,,pour ,,la ,,france ,,versez ,,votre ,,or4 ,l',,or ,,combat ,,pour ,,la ,,victoire4 7,pour out your gold for ,france4 ,gold fights for victory47 ,poster of the ,french ,war ,loan1 #aiae4 #ca4 ,,adolphe ,,willette4 ,,enfin ,,seuls4446 ,,journee ,,du ,,poilu4 7,by ourselves at last67 ,poster of the ,french ,flag ,days1 ,december #be and #bf1 #aiae4 ,organised by ,parliament4 #cb4 ,,jules ,,adler4 ,,eux ,,aussi6 ,,font ,,leur ,,devoir4 7,they1 too1 are doing their duty47 ,poster of the ,french ,war ,loan1 #aiae4 #cc4 ,,auguste ,,leroux4 ,,souscrivez ,,pour ,,la ,,france ,,qui ,,combat6 ,,pour ,,celle ,,que ,,chaque ,,jour ,,grandit4 7,subscribe for the sake of ,france who is fighting1 and for that little one who grows bigger every day47 ,poster of the ,third ,french ,war ,loan4 ,,germany ,,and ,,austria-,,hungary #cd4 99,,plontke4 ,f,ue,r ,,die ,,kriegsanleihe6 7,for the ,war ,loan47 ,german ,war ,loan ,poster1 issued in ,berlin4 #ce4 99,,otto ,,lehmann4 ,,stutzt ,,unsre ,,feldgrauen4 ,,zereisst ,,englands ,,macht4 ,,zeichnet ,,kriegsanleihe4 7,support our ,field ,greys4 ,rend ,england's ,might4 ,subscribe to the ,war ,loan47 ,issued in ,cologne4 #cf4 99,,erwin ,,puchinger4 ,,zeichnet #e-a_/b ,,dritte ,,kriegsanleihe4 7,subscribe to the #e-a_/b third ,war ,loan47 ,issued in ,vienna4 #cg4 ,,erler4 ,,der #i,,te ,,pfeil4 ,,zeichnet ,,kriegsanleihe4 7,the ninth arrow4 ,subscribe to the ,war ,loan47 ,german ,war ,loan ,poster4 #ch4 ,,leonard4 ,,der ,,hauptfeind ,,ist ,,england6 7,the arch-enemy is ,england67 ,german ,propaganda ,poster4 7,when still compelled to fight and bleed1 ,when1 suffering deprivation everywhere1 ,you go without the coal and warmth you need1 ,with ration-cards and darkness for your share ,with peace-time work no longer to be done1-- ,someone guilty there must be-- ,england1 the ,arch-enemy6 ,stand then united1 steadfastly6 ,for ,germany's sure cause will thus be won47 #ci4 ,h4 ,r4 ,,erdt4 ,,soll ,,und ,,haben ,,des ,,kriegs-,,jahres1 #aiag4 7,losses and gains of the ,war ,year1 #aiag47 ,german ,propaganda ,poster4 #dj4 ,,osward ,,polte4 ,,dem ,,vaterlande6 ,,pommersche ,,juwelen--,,und ,,goldankaufswoche4 7,advertising the ,pomeranian ,sale ,week for ,gold and ,jewels47 ,issued in ,berlin4 #da4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,zeichnet ,f,ue,n,f,t,e ,oe,s,t,e,r,r,e,i,c,h,i,s,c,h,e ,,kriegsanleihe4 7,subscribe to the ,fifth ,austrian ,war ,loan47 ,poster issued in ,vienna4 #db4 ,,segitsetek ,a ,,diadalmas ,,bekehez4 7,help the victorious peace47 ,war ,loan ,poster4 ,published in ,budapest1 #aiag4 #dc4 ,f4 ,k4 ,,engelhard4 ,,nein6 ,,niemals6 7,no6 ,never67 #dd4 ,,gerd ,,paul4 ,,es ,,gilt ,,die ,,letzen ,s,c,h,l,ae,g,e1 ,,den ,,sieg ,,zu ,,vollenden6 ,,zeichnet ,,kriegsanleihe6 7,it takes the last blow to make ,victory complete6 ,subscribe to the ,war ,loan67 #de4 ,m4 ,,lenz4 ,,zeichnet ,,achte ,,kriegsanleihe4 7,subscribe to the ,eighth ,war ,loan47 ,issued in ,vienna4 #df4 ,,olaf ,,gulbrannson4 ,,ludendorff-,,spende ,f,ue,r ,k,r,i,e,g,s,b,e,s,c,h,ae,d,i,g,t,e4 7,ludendorff ,fund for the ,disabled47 ,issued in ,munich1 #aiah4 #dg4 ,,esposizione ,,di ,,guerra1 ,,trieste1 #aiag4 7,war ,exhibition1 ,trieste1 #aiag47 #dh4 ,,ziechnet ,,vierte ,oe,s,t,e,r,r,e,i,c,h,i,s,c,h,e ,,kriegsanleihe4 7,subscribe to the ,fourth ,austrian ,war ,loan47 #di4 ,oe,s,t,e,r,r-,,ungar4 ,k,r,i,e,g,s,g,r,ae,b,e,r ,,ausstellung4 7,austro-,hungarian ,war ,graves' ,exhibition47 ,poster of an ,exhibition in ,berlin4 #ej4 ,,danko4 ,,be ,a ,v,oe,r,oe,s ,,hadseregbe6 7,for the conquering army67 ,hungarian ,war ,loan ,poster4 #ea4 ,,franke4 ,,willst ,,du ,,den ,,frieden ,,ernten1 ,,musst ,,du ,s,ae,e,n,d,a,r,u,m4 7,if you would reap peace1 ,you must sow to that end47 ,poster of the ,eighth ,austrian ,war ,loan4 #eb4 ,p4 ,,plontke4 ,,annahmestelle ,,und ,,sammelbeutelausgabe4 7,collection among girls in the schools at ,mainz47 ,poster of the ,german ,women's ,hair ,collection ,committee for ,magdeburg4 #ec4 ,,kaiser- ,,und ,,volksdank ,f,ue,r ,,heer ,,und ,,flotte4 7,kaiser and people's thank-offering for ,army and ,navy47 ,poster for the ,frankfort ,christmas ,offering1 #aiag4 #ed4 ,,helft6 ,,den ,,braven ,,soldaten4444 7,help6 for the brave ,soldiers44447 ,poster of the ,soldiers' ,aid ,committee1 ,berlin4 #ee4 ,,roland ,,krafter4 ,the ,troops ,home-,coming for ,christmas4 #ef4 ,f4 ,k4 ,,engelhard4 ,,elend ,,und ,,untergang ,,folgen ,,der ,,anarchie4 7,misery and ,destruction follow ,anarchy47 ,poster of the ,german ,revolution1 #aiah4 #eg4 ,,biro4 ,poster depicting the ,russian ,invasion4 #eh4 ,a4 ,k4 ,,arpellus4 ,,zeichnet #g4 ,,kriegsanleihe4 7,subscribe to the ,seventh ,war ,loan47 #ei4 ,k,ue,r,t,h,y4 ,war ,loan ,poster4 ,issued in ,budapest1 #aiag4 #fj4 ,,faragogez4 ,war ,loan ,poster4 ,issued in ,budapest4 #fa4 ,,biro4 ,war ,loan ,poster4 ,issued in ,budapest1 #aiag4 #fb4 ,k,ue,r,t,h,y4 ,war ,loan ,poster4 ,issued in ,budapest1 #aiag4 ,,american #fc4 99,,raleigh4 ,,must ,,children ,,die ,,and ,,mothers ,,plead ,,in ,,vain8 ,,buy ,,more ,,liberty ,,bonds4 #fd4 99,,books ,,wanted ,,for ,,our ,,men ,,in ,,camp ,,and ,,over ,,there4 ,poster of the ,american ,association of ,libraries for supplying books to the troops on service4 #fe4 99,,ellsworth ,,young4 ,,remember ,,belgium4 ,,buy ,,bonds4 ,poster of the ,american ,fourth ,liberty ,loan1 #aiah4 #ff4 ,,adolph ,,treidler4 ,,for ,,every ,,fighter ,a ,,woman ,,worker4 ,,care ,,for ,,her ,,through ,,the ,y4,w4,c4,a4 ,poster of the ,united ,war ,work ,campaign1 ,american ,y4,w4,c4,a4 #fg4 ,,joseph ,,pennell4 ,,that ,,liberty ,,shall ,,not ,,perish ,,from ,,the ,,earth4 ,poster of the ,fourth ,american ,war ,loan1 #aiah4 #fh4 ,l4 ,,jonas4 ,,four ,,years ,,in ,,the ,,fight--,,the ,,women ,,of ,,france3 ,,we ,,owe ,,them ,,houses ,,of ,,cheer4 ,poster of the ,united ,war ,work ,campaign1 ,american ,y4,w4,c4,a41 #aiah4 #fi4 ,,america ,,calls4 ,,enlist ,,in ,,the ,,navy4 ,recruiting poster for the ,u4,s4 ,,navy1 #aiag4 #gj4 ,,morgan4 ,,feed ,a ,,fighter4 ,,eat ,,only ,,what ,,you ,,need4 ,american ,food ,economy ,poster4 #ga4 ,,louis ,,raemaekers4 ,,enlist ,,in ,,the ,,navy4 ,,americans6 ,,stand ,,by ,,uncle ,,sam ,,for ,,liberty ,,against ,,tyranny6--,,theodore ,,roosevelt4 ,recruiting ,poster for the ,u4,s4 ,navy4 ,,anglo-,,indian #gb4 ,,cecil ,l4 ,,burns4 ,,victory ,,to ,,the ,,marathas4 ,unite1 ye men1 ,and from his strongholds drive the foe6 ,nothing but deeds like these can win ,a fame that shall endure4 ,recruiting ,poster1 issued in ,bombay1 #aiae4 ,,other ,,countries ,,dutch #gc4 99,a4 ,o4 ,,in ,,belgie ,,by ,,de ,,zorg4 7,the ,home of ,distress in ,belgium47 ,belgian art for ,belgian distress4 ,la ,fraternelle ,belge4 ,poster of an ,exhibition at ,tilburg1 #aiag4 ,published in ,amsterdam1 #aiag4 ,,canadian #gd4 99,,keep ,,all ,,canadians ,,busy4 ,,buy #aiah ,,victory ,,bonds4 ,,italian #ge4 99,,louis ,,raemaekers4 ,,neutral ,,america ,,and ,,the ,,hun4 ,poster of an ,exhibition of ,raemaekers' ,cartoons in ,milan4 ,,czecho-,,slovak #gf4 99,v4 ,,preissig4 ,,czecho-,,slovaks6 ,,join ,,our ,,free ,,colours4 ,one ,of ,six posters issued by the ,czecho-slovak ,recruiting ,office1 ,new ,york1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,printed at the ,wentworth ,institute1 ,boston1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,russian #gg4 ,,europe ,,and ,,the ,,idol4 ,,how ,,much ,,longer ,,shall ,,we ,,sacrifice ,,our ,,sons ,,to ,,this ,,accursed ,,idol8 7,the inscription on the idol is ,anglia47 ,revolutionary ,poster4 8 ,german propaganda4 ,,german #gh4 ,,gipkins4 ,,bringt ,,euren ,,goldschmuck ,,den ,,goldankaufsstellen4 7,bring your gold ornaments to the ,gold-purchasing ,depot67 ,,austrian #gi4 ,,alfred ,,offner4 ,,zeichet #g4 ,,kriegsanlenihe4 7,subscribe to the ,seventh ,war ,loan47 ,,american #hj4 ,,babcock4 ,,join ,,the ,,navy--,,the ,,service ,,for ,,fighting ,,men4 ,recruiting ,poster for the ,u4,s4 ,navy4 ,i4--,,posters ,,and ,,the ,,war ,never in the history of the world have the accessories of ordinary civilised life met with so searching a test of their essential quality as during the ,war4 ,all national effort throughout the belligerent countries was organised and directed to serve a single purpose of supreme importance4 ,this purpose in its turn served as a touchstone to sort out whatever was useful and valuable in everyday things1 and shaped the selected elements into weapons of immense power4 ,the poster1 hitherto the successful handmaid of commerce1 was immediately recognised as a means of national propaganda with unlimited possibilities4 ,its value as an educative or stimulative influence was more and more appreciated4 ,in the stress of war its function of impressing an idea quickly1 vividly1 and lastingly1 together with the widest publicity1 was soon recognised4 ,while humble citizens were still trying to evade a stern age-limit by a jaunty air and juvenile appearance1 the poster was mobilised and doing its bit4 ,activity in poster production was not confined to ,great ,britain4 ,france1 as in all matters where ,art is concerned1 triumphantly took the field1 and soon had hoardings covered with posters1 many of which will take a lasting place in the history of ,art4 ,germany and ,austria1 from the very outset of the ,war1 seized upon the poster as the most powerful and speedy method of swaying popular opinion4 ,even before the ,war1 we had much to learn from the concentrated power1 the force of design1 the economy of means1 which made ,german posters sing out from a wall like a defiant blare of trumpets4 ,their posters issued during the ,war are even more aggressive2 but it is the function of a poster to act as a mailed fist1 and our illustrations will show that1 whatever else may be their faults1 the posters of ,germany have a force and character that make most of our own seem insipid and tame4 ,here in ,great ,britain the earliest days of the ,war saw available spaces everywhere covered with posters cheap in sentiment1 and conveying childish and vulgar appeals to a patriotism already stirred far beyond the conception of the artists who designed them or the authorities responsible for their distribution4#a ,this1 perhaps1 was inevitable in a country such as ours4 ,the grimness of the world-struggle was not realised in its intensity until driven home by staggering blows at our very life as a nation4 ,then1 and not till then1 a ,government which was always halting to wait and see1 or moving slowly behind the nation1 at last got into its stride4 ,artists understood the call and responded4 ,the poster1 inspired by an enthusiasm unknown before1 became the one form of ,art answering to the needs of the moment1 an instrument driving home into every mind its emphatic moral and definite message4 ,it is characteristic that the first truly impassioned posters we saw in ,england were in aid of ,belgian refugees or the ,belgian ,red ,cross4 ,they dealt with the violation of ,belgium2 and the stirring appeal of the work done by ,g4 ,spencer ,pryse and ,frank ,brangwyn1 ,r4,a41 in those early days will always linger in the memory4 ,so numerous were the posters issued in every country1 both by the ,governments concerned and the various committees dealing with relief work and other aspects of the ,war1 that the international collection acquired by the ,imperial ,war ,museum exceeds twenty thousand4 ,large numbers of these1 many of them consisting of letterpress only1 are outside the scope of the present volume1 which is intended to make accessible to the public in a convenient form reproductions of a small selection distinguished for their artistic merit4 ,the collection of original ,war posters acquired by the ,victoria and ,albert ,museum has provided most of the illustrations4 ,it comprises several hundred posters from ,germany1 ,austria1 ,hungary1 and other countries1 in addition to those issued by ,great ,britain and her ,allies2 and it illustrates1 in a compact form1 the finest artistic uses to which colour-lithography was put as a weapon in the ,world ,war4 ,the small collection made for this volume is necessarily arbitrary4 ,our illustrations are often about one-twelfth the size of the originals1 and the limit in size may perhaps be considered to detract from the value of the reproductions4 ,this1 however1 has been considered1 as far as possible1 in selecting the examples chosen4 ,a strong1 impulsive design does not depend entirely upon size for the force of its appeal1 nor does it change in character from being reduced2 but a poster badly designed1 though passable on a large scale1 may be an unintelligible jumble in a small illustration4 ,in many cases a design is knit together by its reduction1 and so viewed as a whole more compactly4 ,its publication in book form gives it also a permanence and ultimately a wider audience than the original can hope to gain4 ,this thought of the ephemeral character of the poster as such has1 in the first instance1 prompted the publication of this volume4 ,a poster serving the purposes of a war1 even of such a world cataclysm as that during which we have passed during the last five years1 is by its nature a creation of the moment1 its business being to seize an opportunity as it passes1 to force a sentiment into a great passion1 to answer an immediate need1 or to illuminate an episode which may be forgotten in the tremendous sequence of a few days' events4 ,in its brief existence the poster is battered by the rain or faded by the sun1 then pasted over with another message more urgent still4 ,save for the very limited number of copies that wise collectors have preserved1 the actual posters of the ,great ,war will be lost and forgotten in fifty years4 ,but we must not forget that in every country concerned the poster played its part as an essential munition of war4 ,look through any collection of them1 and you will see portrayed1 in picture and in legend1 which he who runs may read1 the whole history of the ,great ,war in its political and economical aspects4 ,the posters of #aiad-aiah illustrate every phase and difficulty and movement--recruiting for naval1 military1 and air forces2 munition works2 war loans2 hospitals2 ,red ,cross2 ,y4,m4,c4,a42 ,church ,army2 food economy2 land cultivation2 women's work of many kinds2 prisoners' aid--and hundreds of problems and activities in connection with the country's needs4 ,the same sequence of needs can be traced in the posters of ,germany and ,austria1 where a stress even greater than our own is revealed1 not merely in the urgent appeals for contributions to war loans1 but in the sale by ,german women of their jewels and their hair4 ,for obvious reasons only a limited number of the posters could be reproduced in colour1 the main portion of the plates in the book being in black and white4 ,but since the primary element counting for success in the poster is design1 it follows that excellent colouring will not save a badly-designed poster from failure1 however much it enhances the power of one already successful4 ,indeed1 we may go further and claim that ineffective or quite bad colouring often fails to mar entirely the success of a good design4 ,the examples selected are not heavy losers by being reproduced mostly in monotone2 for they are essentially posters depending on design and not merely pictorial advertisements4 ,their purpose is innate in their structure2 they have their story to tell and message to deliver2 it is their business to waylay and hold the passer-by1 and to impose their meaning upon him4 ,the best of them have done this brilliantly4 ,,ii4--,,great ,,britain ,shortly after the ,war began1 an ,exhibition of ,german and ,austrian ,articles typifying ,design was arranged at the ,goldsmiths' ,hall1 to show the directions in which we had lessons to learn from ,german trade-competitors as to the combination of ,art and economy applied to ordinary articles of commerce4 ,the walls were hung with ,german posters1 and one felt at once that while our average poster cost perhaps six times as much to produce1 it was inferior to its ,german rival in just those vital qualities of concentrated design1 whether of colour or form1 and those powers of seizing attention1 which are essential to the very nature of a poster4 ,while we have had individual poster artists1 such as ,nicholson1 ,pryde1 and ,beardsley1 whose work has touched perhaps a higher level than has ever been reached on the ,continent1 our general conception of what is good and valuable in a poster has been almost entirely wrong4 ,the advertising agent and the business firm rarely get away from the popular idea that a poster must be a picture1 and that the purpose of every picture is to point a moral and adorn a tale4 ,they seldom realise that poster art and pictorial art have essentially different aims4 ,if a ,british firm wishes to advertise beer1 it insists on an artist producing a picture of a publican's brawny and veined arm holding out a pot of beer during closed hours to a policeman2 or a ,gargantuan bottle towering above the houses and dense crowds of a market-place2 or a fox-terrier climbing on to a table and wondering what it is master likes so much--all in posters produced at great expense with an enormous range of colour4 ,the ,german1 on the other hand--there was an example at the ,goldsmiths' ,hall--designs a single pot of amber1 foaming beer1 with the name of the firm in one good spot of lettering below4 ,it is printed at small cost1 in two or three flat colours2 but it shouts beer at the passer-by4 ,it would make even ,mr4 ,pussyfoot thirsty to glance at it4 ,our ,british love for a story in a picture has accounted for an immense amount of ingenious artistry falling into amorphous ineffectiveness4 ,it is the essence of the poster that it should compel attention2 grip by an instantaneous appeal2 hit out1 as it were1 with a straight left4 ,it must convey an idea rather than a story4 ,from its very nature it must be simple1 not complex1 in its methods4 ,if it has something eccentric or bizarre about it1 so long as it is good in design1 that is a good quality rather than a fault4 ,even about the best of our war posters one feels that they are too often enlarged drawings1 excellent as lithographs to preserve in a collector's portfolio1 but ineffective when valued in relation to the essential services that a poster is required to render4 ,we must regretfully admit that when it comes to choosing illustrations for a volume such as this on their merits as posters1 not as pictures1 it is difficult not to give a totally disproportionate space to posters made in ,germany4 ,our ,british war posters are too well known and too recent in our memory to require any lengthy introduction or comment4 ,the first official recognition of their value to the nation was during the recruiting campaign which began towards the close of #aiad4 ,the ,parliamentary ,recruiting ,committee gave commissions for more than a hundred posters1 of which two and a half million copies were distributed throughout the ,british ,isles4 ,we hope it is not true that1 in their wisdom and aloofness1 they refused the offer of a free gift of a six-sheet poster by ,mr4 ,frank ,brangwyn1 ,r4,a4 ,it is1 at any rate1 certain that they possessed a poor degree of artistic perception1 and1 added to this1 a very low notion of the mentality of the ,british public4 ,hardly one of the early posters had the slightest claim to recognition as a product of fine art2 most of them were examples of what any art school would teach should be avoided in crude design and atrocious lettering4 ,among the best and most efficient1 however1 may be mentioned ,alfred ,leete's ,kitchener4 ,but if one compares ,leete's head of ,kitchener1 ,your ,country ,needs ,you1 with ,louis ,oppenheim's ,hindenburg1 the latter1 with its rugged force and reserve of colour1 stands as an example of the direction in which ,germany tends to beat us in poster art4 ,while these early official posters perhaps served their purpose--and if they did1 it was thanks to the good spirit of the ,british public and not to the artistic merit of the posters themselves--a series of recruiting posters was issued by the ,london ,electric ,railways ,company4 ,even before the ,war1 this ,company1 or rather their business manager1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,pick 7for in regard to posters ,mr4 ,pick might well say ,l'etat1 c'est moi71 was setting an example in poster work by securing the services of the best artists of the day4 ,their recruiting posters were a real contribution to modern art4 ,they served their purpose1 and at the same time were dignified in conception1 design1 and draughtsmanship4 ,standing high among them in nobility of appeal and power of drawing were ,brangwyn's ,britain's ,call to ,arms1 and ,spencer ,pryse's ,only ,road for an ,englishman4 ,though they were not issued till #aiaf1 we might mention here the series published by the ,london ,electric ,railways ,company at the time when the restrictions regarding paper prevented the general distribution of posters at home4 ,it was then that the ,company thought of the friendly idea of sending to our troops overseas a greeting of the kind so many of them had been familiar with in old days in ,london4 ,four posters1 to awaken thoughts of pleasant homely things1 were sent out for use in dug-outs and huts in ,france and other places abroad4 ,each was headed with the words3 ,the ,underground ,railways of ,london1 knowing how many of their passengers are now engaged on important business in ,france and other parts of the world1 send out this reminder of home4 ,the drawings were the free gifts of the artists who designed them--,george ,clausen1 ,r4,a41 ,charles ,sims1 ,r4,a41 ,f4 ,ernest ,jackson1 and ,j4 ,walter ,west4 ,it was a most admirable idea1 admirably carried out1 and1 as were their recruiting posters1 a pronounced testimony to the patriotic and disinterested attitude of a great business institution4 ,everyone who served abroad knows how much these posters were appreciated as a decoration in ,army messes1 ,y4,m4,c4,a4 huts1 and elsewhere4 ,to return to the official use of posters1 very much better work was produced in #aiae by the ,parliamentary ,recruiting ,committee1 and also under the auspices of the ,ministry of ,information1 the authorities having learned at last that1 at home1 a poster might be a work of art1 and that1 abroad1 an official artist might be deemed worthy of a subaltern's rank1 rations1 and emoluments4 ,among good posters for which the ,government was at this time responsible may be mentioned ,bernard ,partridge's ,take up the ,sword of ,justice1 ,guy ,lipscombe's ,our ,flag1 ,doris ,hatt's ,st4 ,george1 ,caffyn's ,come along1 ,boys1 and ,ravenhill's ,the ,watchers of the ,seas4 ,in this connection it is amusing to recall a wireless message circulated from ,berlin on ,october #b1 #aiae1 in which appeared the statement3 ,to-day the exhibition of all ,english recruiting posters published up to the present was opened for the benefit of the ,german ,aeronautic ,fund4 ,the exhibition is a great material success1 notwithstanding the general disappointment at the poor and inartistic designs4 ,it is1 of course1 an essential part of national propaganda to decry the quality of whatever is produced by the enemy2 but we must admit that in this instance some truth was embodied in the judgment of these hostile critics4 ,it came as a wholesome counterblast to the probably inspired laudatory articles which a little before this date had appeared in our own ,press telling us of several million of forceful and often fine posters1 and that the hoardings of ,england have never borne a better message conveyed in a better manner4 ,that many of the posters were comparative failures goes without saying3 and there was one real blunder4 ,in connection with the ,war ,savings ,campaign the ,ministry had the excellent idea of using as a poster ,whistler's famous masterpiece--his ,portrait of the ,artist's ,mother1 now in the ,louvre4 ,nothing could have been better3 but then they got someone to write across the beautiful background1 in paltry lettering1 ,old age must come4 ,there could be no better example of our ,british idea of enforcing a moral4 ,it was an act of vandalism--impossible in ,france--almost as cruel as the firing of a shell into ,rheims ,cathedral4 ,and ,whistler1 who spent hours in considering where he should place his dainty little butterfly signature1 must have turned in his grave1 or wished that he could have returned to earth to produce a new edition of his ,gentle ,art of ,making ,enemies4 ,to ,mr4 ,g4 ,spencer ,pryse belongs the honour of first realising in actual productions the needs of the time4 ,mr4 ,pryse was in ,antwerp at the outbreak of war1 and thus was an eye-witness of much of the tragedy which overtook ,belgium4 ,on the actual scenes of the evacuation were founded his pathetic lithograph of the ,belgian refugees struggling into steamers to escape from the advancing terror4 ,shortly after1 he obtained a commission to act as a despatch-rider for the ,belgian ,government1 in which capacity he visited all parts of the front line both in ,belgium and in ,france1 and saw a good deal of desultory fighting4 ,before he was wounded1 he drew several of the series of nine lithographs entitled ,the ,autumn ,campaign1 #aiad1 which were published early in #aiae4 ,his poster ,the ,only ,road for an ,englishman was of the same period1 followed soon afterwards by his powerful pictorial appeal on behalf of the ,belgian ,red ,cross ,fund4 ,it is interesting to know that even under the most difficult conditions1 and under fire1 his drawings were made1 not on paper1 but on actual lithographic stones carried for the purpose in his motor-car4 ,the outstanding figure among poster artists1 both in quantity and for technical accomplishment1 was ,mr4 ,frank ,brangwyn1 ,r4,a4 ,his ,britain's ,call to ,arms was produced in #aiad by the ,underground ,railways ,company1 and circulated in large numbers4 ,the huge lithographic stone upon which this was drawn was subsequently presented1 as the joint gift of ,sir ,charles ,cheers ,wakefield1 ,lord ,mayor of ,london1 and the artist1 to the ,victoria and ,albert ,museum1 where it is preserved and exhibited4 ,his invention and activity as a designer of war posters were very considerable4 ,the number of poster designs from his hand produced during the ,war is at least fifty1 without taking into account such additional work as the propaganda lithographs published by the ,ministry of ,information4 ,though ,mr4 ,brangwyn's first war poster was prepared in conjunction with the ,underground ,railways1 he was always willing and eager to make designs for any deserving cause1 and among the committees he assisted by his vigorous work may be named the #aiad ,war ,society1 the ,belgian and ,allies' ,aid ,league1 the ,national ,institute for the ,blind1 and the ,daily ,mail ,red ,cross ,fund4 ,practically all these posters were done as a free gift by the artist2 and their number and quality stand as a splendid record of national service4 ,heaven preserve ,mr4 ,brangwyn from an ,o4,b4,e46 ,but one wonders whether the ,government has no suitable reward for one who spared no effort and sacrificed himself and his time and talent in a purely impersonal desire to serve his country4 ,,iii4--,,france ,before the ,beggarstaff ,brothers initiated the reform movement in ,british poster art--the early phase of which1 despite the effective colour sense of ,walter ,crane1 passed away all too soon with the death of ,aubrey ,beardsley--,cheret1 ,steinlen1 and ,mucha were already at work in ,france1 the first and eldest of these masters being practically the creator of the modern poster in its more individual characteristics4 ,a good deal of the ,victorian heaviness was still with us in the eighteen-nineties3 we liked good solid meals2 our theatres offered us feasts of ponderous sentimentality2 and so the ,british merchant and advertising agent1 employing a poster artist1 bade him tell us of the things we liked best--sauces1 soaps1 melodramas1 tea1 and stout4 ,for still the idea was prevalent that the successful advertiser appealed to his public most when he told them about something they already knew and liked3 a sweet domestic scene to linger in the memory after dinner and remind them of ,tompkins' pills2 or a pleasant landscape executed with a kaleidoscopic richness of colour to persuade one to buy ,fishville ,sauce4 ,there were1 of course1 many striking exceptions to this2 but it was generally true enough to justify the ,american observer's criticism that ,british posters mostly depicted things to eat1 or soap4 ,but ,france1 being by temperament1 by environment1 and by tradition a far more artistic nation1 with a much higher standard of general taste1 responded more readily to the lighter and more fascinating touch of those artists who chose the street and the theatre entrance as their gallery4 ,it is more than fifty years since ,cheret started on his flamboyant comet-like career1 setting ,paris aflame 7so to speak7 with joyously wild1 irresponsible visions of colour and line1 delicate and fantastic4 ,steinlen1 ,mucha1 ,grasset1 ,toulouse-,lautrec1 ,willette1 ,bonnard1 ,guillaume1 and others worked with him in more recent days1 and among these are artists who have done masterly posters for ,france during the ,war4 ,it is still with the greatest reluctance that a drawing1 even when it conveys a definite suggestion clearly1 is accepted in ,england unless it is finished3 the value of a work of art is reckoned in accordance with the amount of patient craftsmanship which it displays4 ,the ,french poster artist1 on the contrary--and he obviously has the public as his supporter1 or his vogue would cease--is often content to throw upon the space at his command what1 on this side of the ,channel1 any advertising agent would scoff at and reject as a mere sketch4 ,if the ,french artist can convey his suggestion1 his idea1 in a few hasty lines or brilliant touches of colour1 he knows that his work is done1 and is well content4 ,looking at the ,french war posters as a whole1 one feels that in no other country has there been the same poignant appeal1 the same presence of a deeply-felt emotion4 ,and these have been transferred to the posters with a spontaneity1 a lightness1 and an expressive sufficiency that make the ,french poster stand alone4 ,take the posters of ,steinlen1 ,faivre1 ,willette1 ,poulbot1 and that versatile master1 ,roll1 whose death occurred while these notes were being prepared4 ,they each have the brilliant quality of a sketch by a man who is master of his material4 ,they are drawn with the fine1 free gesture of the born narrator4 ,all the balance and compactness of the ,french conte are there1 with every line inducing to intensity of expression4 ,in the figures there is nothing of ,english photographic precision1 nothing of ,germany's force and brutality1 but always a note of intense sympathy1 of something subtly human4 ,rapid1 slight1 they may be2 but there is a greatness and endurance in their design and their appeal4 ,the poilu1 in the trenches or en permission1 the gamin of the streets1 the worker in the field or hospital1 the invalid who has been smitten by the heavy blows of war1 are alive in these swift chalk-drawn studies4 ,the whole difference between the ,british and the ,french outlook is summed up in ,jules ,abel ,faivre's poster for the ,journee ,nationale des ,tuberculeux1 with the poignant appeal of the figure in its luminous envelopment of sea and sky4 ,there is no need for any vandal to write his descriptive note across the face of this to drive its message home4 ,the sad tale is told at a glance2 and its brief legend--,sauvons-les 7,let us save them7--is not necessary to make the meaning clear1 but rather it delivers an additional message--a note of resolution and purpose--to the awakened sympathy when the picture has done its work4 ,here everything necessary is said3 not a superfluous touch to mar its purpose1 nor a touch too little4 ,yet an ,english advertiser would never have been content with those two comforting hands which pathetically suggest so much4 ,the suggestion to him would have been totally inadequate1 and he would have insisted on a full-length nurse in uniform1 or a hospital ward1 and medicine bottles1 and all sorts of needless detail4 ,in the earliest months of the ,war ,france was perhaps too heavily shocked by the onslaught1 and too busily engaged in material organisation1 to give much attention to the subject of posters4 ,but for the ,journee du ,poilu at ,christmas-time1 #aiae ,steinlen1 ,faivre1 ,neumon1 ,poulbot1 and ,willette contributed designs which immediately set upon ,french war posters the stamp of genuine understanding of the purpose in view and appreciation of the material at disposal4 ,so1 through a long series of ,war ,loan posters1 ,flag-day appeals1 and posters relating to every phase of life where advertisement could be a valuable thing till the welcome end was reached1 ,french artists produced an incomparable variety of brilliant designs1 in which gaiety1 pathos1 humour1 and tragedy were touched with a characteristic lightness of hand1 and often touched with true greatness of conception4 ,among those who have done the most distinguished work the artists named above have contributed a large proportion4 ,jules ,abel ,faivre1 whose ,sauvons-les has already been referred to at length1 has perhaps earned more individual fame by his designs than any other ,french poster artist during the ,war4 ,several of his lithographs approach greatness1 and two--the ,sauvons-les and ,on les aura6 both of which are illustrated in this book--can be said confidently to attain it4 ,in its way nothing could be better also than ,poulbot's sketch of children collecting for the ,journee du ,poilu--,pour que papa vienne en permission1 s'il vous plait4 ,this artist has done several other very excellent posters1 showing an intense understanding and appreciation of child life4 ,the humour of ,willette1 exemplified in the delightful ,enfin seuls44461 reproduced here as illustration ,no4 #ca1 and the dramatic sense of ,charles ,fouqueray1 find ample material for expression1 and in their hands it is finely used4 ,roll1 the more complete artist1 versatile and subtle in his work1 master of many styles1 proved that he1 too1 could design an appealing poster1 as the fifth plate in this book testifies4 ,the poster artists of ,france were not to the same degree overshadowed by one great executant as were those of ,england by ,brangwyn4 ,but for all that1 a figure stands out before the rest1 both by his power as a craftsman and the weight and strength of his individual characteristics4 ,theophile ,alexandre ,steinlen was at work upon posters twenty-five years ago1 and even then he ranked among the first three or four leaders of this branch of art4 ,like ,brangwyn in ,england1 he is a master of the medium he uses--a great lithographer1 whose consummate sense of draughtsmanship and design serves him in the expression of noble thought and in portraying the emotions of a profound1 large-hearted patriot4 ,mention must also be made of the posters by the distinguished ,alsatian artist ,hansi--a keen patriot1 who was willing to spend himself generously in the service of an ,alsace longing for freedom from the yoke of ,germany4 ,the ,german ,government offered a reward for information that should lead to his arrest1 and issued proclamations to that effect1 ostensibly on the plea that he had evaded service in their army1 but actually because of the pen and brush that in his hands were powerful weapons which they could not afford to despise4 ,his posters depict the fraternisation of ,french soldiers with the people of ,alsace1 and one of them the raising of the victorious tricolour once more over the ,cathedral of ,strasbourg4 ,all honour to the artist1 who1 in the face of danger1 and a fugitive from death1 remained the supporter of a cause still far off from victory--a patriot whose work was full of courage and hope for an oppressed people4 ,,iv4--,,germany3 ,,austro-,,hungary4 ,though we are dealing in this volume with pictorial posters1 it is difficult to refrain from mentioning the poster proclamations issued by the ,germans on their occupation of ,belgium4 ,many of these proclamations1 of great historical interest1 are in the possession of the ,imperial ,war ,museum4 ,one of the earliest1 posted at ,hasselt on ,august #ag1 #aiad1 immediately after the occupation of the town1 threatens to kill a third of the male inhabitants should the ,german troops be fired upon4 ,another1 posted in ,andenne on ,august #ba1 #aiad1 states that by order of the ,german authorities about three hundred inhabitants had been massacred or burnt alive1 and that those of the men who were unscathed were taken as hostages and the women made to clear away the pools of blood and remove the corpses4 ,the most poignant of these poster proclamations are two in regard to the executions of ,nurse ,cavell and ,captain ,fryatt4 ,the bill1 signed by ,general von ,bissing1 ,october #ab1 #aiae1 issued at ,brussels and printed in ,french on blue paper1 announces that ,nurse ,cavell has been shot1 with others4 ,captain ,fryatt had also been shot before the publication of the proclamation relative to him4 ,this document1 signed by ,admiral von ,schroeder1 dated at ,bruges1 ,july #bg1 #aiaf1 and printed in ,german1 ,flemish1 and ,french1 in parallel sections1 reads3 ,charles ,fryatt1 of ,southampton1 captain in the ,english ,merchant ,service1 who1 although not enrolled in the armed forces of the enemy1 attempted on ,march #bh1 #aiae1 to destroy a ,german submarine by ramming4 ,for this act he was condemned to death by the ,naval ,council of ,war and executed4 ,a perverse act thus received its just1 if tardy1 chastisement4 ,the only known copy of this poster is in the possession of the ,french ,government1 as evidence of ,german iniquity for which reparation must be exacted4 ,it is worth noting that all these proclamations are rude specimens of typography1 a fact indicating the difficulty which the ,germans had in getting them printed4 ,when we pass to the pictorial posters of ,germany and ,austro-,hungary1 we find that the ,central ,empires1 like ourselves and our ,allies1 found the necessity for a constant stream of posters appealing to their peoples for aid in men and money for the prosecution of the ,war and for stimulating love of country as expressed in the resolution and determination to hold out to the last4 ,but though the nature of the national appeals are akin1 the posters of ,germany and ,austro-,hungary 7we need scarcely continue to distinguish between them7 disclose the varying national temperament and idiosyncrasy4 ,since the days of ,duerer and ,holbein1 ,germany has been barren in pictorial art4 ,in all her applied arts1 as well as in her graphic arts1 she has followed a policy of skilful adaptation1 borrowing and remoulding on more economic lines the best products of other countries4#b ,on the one hand--in the years before the war--the sanest ,british methods of typography and book production were deliberately imported into ,germany2 on the other hand1 the most freakish of cubist and vorticist paintings found in ,germany their principal buyers4 ,if any note was added to what she adapted1 it was that of an additional violence--the open assertion of ,germany's idea that force is beauty4 ,the war posters of ,germany act as a mirror to ,german mentality4 ,they dwell chiefly on one thing--force4 ,subjects and treatment are often crude and brutal1 marked by a scorn and avoidance of human sympathy4 ,here and there we find a certain sensuous beauty1 but1 as a rule1 they look on life with a coldness that is almost cynicism1 an impassiveness that is nearer cruelty than pity4 ,the remotest student could deduce a clear idea of the enormous gulf that lies between the national temperament of ,germany and of ,france by a comparison of the posters of ,engelhard1 ,leonard1 and ,erler with those of ,steinlen1 ,faivre1 ,roll1 ,poulbot1 and ,willette4 ,but when all that is said1 one has to admit that the ,german1 above all others1 does grasp the essential value of the poster as a means to an end4 ,he realises that in the best poster there must be something of what was aimed at in the ,post-,impressionist movement in painting1 a desire for summarised form1 strong and simplified line1 and the reduction of tones to an arbitrary convention4 ,and though we have used the word ,post-,impressionism1 we are only suggesting that the poster should accomplish what the stained-glass window at its best--with a religious instead of propagandist or commercial purpose--accomplished five hundred years ago4 ,while the ,british poster must see everything in the round1 must try to reproduce all that is intensely obvious in the varied texture and material pageantry and inexhaustible colouring of life1 ,germany is rightly content to be deliberately abstract1 to seek the common factors from what is large and general1 and to endeavour to find symbols to express ideas4 ,she is not concerned with the pursuit of spiritual or physical beauty1 but with a striking novelty or decorative composition4 ,the colour schemes of the ,german posters are more curious and insistent than attractive1 but they do possess that knock-down force which1 after all1 is the object of a poster4 ,its pictorial quality is a secondary matter2 if it is a fine piece of wall decoration that one would like to live with1 so much the better2 but its function is to arrest and to make itself remembered4 ,indeed1 the poster must be like a beacon set on a hill to which all eyes must go1 all roads must seem inevitably to lead4 ,the beacon is a flare in the night2 the poster must act as a flare in the day4 ,the famous sentence from the ,academy discourses of ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds1 which is inscribed as a motto over the entrance to the ,victoria and ,albert ,museum--a sentence much quoted during the ,victorian era1 but in these latter days perhaps little regarded--may be applied to the poster equally as to more durable and delightful works3 ,the excellence of every art must consist in the complete accomplishment of its purpose4 ,if the poster which accomplishes its purpose is indeed the most artistic1 then ,germany excels in the artistic poster4 ,it may be brutal1 it may be ugly1 it may even shock and repel2 but there is always in the best examples1 instinct in their very conception1 a definite purpose which gains full expression1 because the artist has been trained to limit himself to what he has to say1 and to say that with all his might4 ,the illustrations to this volume include work by several of the ,german poster artists1 which1 symptomatic of the whole1 will serve to illustrate the foregoing remarks4 ,mention has already been made in the section dealing with ,british posters of the strong1 rugged simplicity of ,louis ,oppenheim's ,hindenburg4 ,the artist has in this most successfully imposed upon the spectator1 not the bolstered-up individual of real life1 but the strong1 massive calm we seek for in the ideal leader1 the man in whom we can place entire confidence4 ,it is thus1 in addition to being a successful poster1 a piece of successful propaganda4 ,but as its strength is in its reserve and the quiet it imposes1 so in ,engelhard you get passion released and surging over the onlooker with its flood of hatred4 ,his ,nein6 ,niemals6 7illustration ,no4 #dc7 is a powerful instance of this4 ,it is almost impossible to look at the grasping1 claw-like hands and ravenous face without a fury of hate1 and a realisation of how ,germany mastered her people4 ,elend und ,untergang folgen der ,anarchie 7,misery and ,destruction follow ,anarchy71 a poster of the ,german ,revolution by the same artist1 is another example of intense force1 but this time1 for all the brutality of the bestial gorilla figure1 wonderfully held in reserve and simple4 ,bearing a curious comparison with the ,czecho-,slovak posters by ,preissig1 published in ,new ,york during the last stages of the ,war1 is the ,german ,war ,loan poster 7illustration ,no4 #ce1 used also as a design for the back of the cover7 by ,otto ,leonard1 ,zereisst ,englands ,macht 7,rend ,england's ,might74 ,wohlfeld's poster appealing for women's hair1 which is reproduced as a frontispiece1 and the poster of the ,ludendorff ,fund for those disabled by the ,war 7illustration ,no4 #df71 show other phases of strength and reserve equally good in their way4 ,the poster used for the front cover of this book is1 apart from its own intrinsic merit1 a matter of historical interest1 insomuch as it served as a figure in the notorious speech to the ,german ,national ,assembly at ,berlin on ,may #ab1 #aiai1 when the peace terms had been handed to the plenipotentiaries at ,versailles4 ,herr ,scheidemann in the course of his denunciation of the ,allies' terms said3 ,ladies and ,gentlemen1--,all over ,berlin we see posters which are intended to arouse a practical love for our brothers in captivity2 sad1 hopeless faces behind prison bars4 ,that is the proper frontispiece for the so-called ,peace ,treaty2 that is the true portrait of ,germany's future3 sixty millions behind barbed wire and prison bars2 sixty millions at hard labour1 for whom the enemy will make their own land a prison camp4 ,the ,austrian poster artists1 ,krafter1 ,arpellus1 and ,puchinger1 did important work1 examples of which are reproduced in this book2 but several of the ,hungarian artists1 in particular1 did distinguished posters1 as will be seen by a reference to illustration ,no4 #da1 that by ,biro1 ,no4 #eg1 and the little group by ,biro and ,kurthy1 ,nos4 #ei1 #fa1 and #fb4 ,v4--,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america ,it is a commonplace to say that ,america is the true home of the advertisement agent2 but in considering the history of poster art in the ,united ,states1 one is surprised to find that so small a proportion of work done in the past shows any striking originality or real grip4 ,in a country whose special capacity has seemed to consist in beating a very large drum repeatedly1 often without much provocation1 it was to be expected that the very bones and sinews of a poster should be understood1 and that results of the highest order should have been obtained4 ,contrary to this expectation1 only a small group of artists doing important work can be named as illustrating the best ability of the revival which1 awaking with ,cheret1 ,steinlen1 and the others in ,france1 spread to ,england1 and thence normally to ,america4 ,of this group1 the most able and important exponents of the art were often frankly derivative in their work4 ,will ,h4 ,bradley designed a number of posters which1 with those of ,penfield1 may be said to have brought about the birth of poster art in the ,united ,states2 but his most successful designs were openly based on the work of ,aubrey ,beardsley1 the originality1 charm1 and extravagance of whose genius had recently taken the whole art world by storm4 ,and ,edward ,penfield1 whose pronounced ability seemed largely directed to the assimilation of different styles1 produced posters excellent in their order1 but most of them obvious work by a devoted and imaginative disciple of half a dozen schools varying during the long process of his development4 ,we find him1 for instance1 producing an admirable ,american ,steinlen in #ahig1 so clearly and frankly in ,steinlen's spirit1 yet with such artistic ability and undoubted personality that it could be placed beside the great ,french master's work1 be identified with it1 and yet retain its own character4 ,this1 while excellent in its way1 is of course by no means provocative of a real national school1 but rather serves to cramp the steps of later exponents of the art1 and render their work lifeless2 and one is not surprised to find that1 after the days of ,penfield1 ,bradley1 and ,gould1 a good many years passed without any striking development in poster art in ,america4 ,the last ten years1 however1 have discovered artists of pronounced originality and genius1 and the posters of ,robert ,wildhack1 ,adolph ,treidler1 and ,maxfield ,parrish--to mention only three of the most eminent of their designers of the days immediately before the ,war--testified to the existence of a genuine national school1 and led one to expect vital results in the production of posters inspired by the great world upheaval4 ,in this1 indeed1 were the very elements needed to call out the utmost ability of the national artists4 ,the ,united ,states--we say it with all respect--has a keener eye for advertisement than any other nation4 ,let the ,american loose on a whirlwind campaign--whether in aid of church funds1 an enormous commercial enterprise1 or a world war--and he is in his element4 ,all the possibilities of sign-boards1 hoardings1 flashlights1 and every novelty and contrivance for catching the public eye1 have been carried to their farthest limit1 either of invention or of human endurance1 on the other side of the ,atlantic2 and behind all this is the driving power of an intense1 restless energy4 ,it is not our place to speak here of the battlefields of ,europe1 and of how that energy and activity were thrown into the scale to weigh down the balance which had been trembling for so long4 ,but in the ,united ,states1 as elsewhere1 it was inevitable that posters should be among the first munitions of war1 and it was to be anticipated that1 learning their lesson from the experiences of countries engaged in the struggle whilst their own yet remained in the position of a spectator1 the ,state departments would improve upon the machinery which ,europe had produced in this particular cause4 ,to some extent this was done4 ,as regards the magnitude of output1 never was there such facility in the production of posters4 ,immediately on the outbreak of war1 the ,army1 the ,navy1 and the ,treasury ,departments plunged into an orgy of advertisement1 and employed not only their national artists1 but men among the ,allies and neutrals who had done distinguished work in the cause of universal freedom4 ,that these artists were not slow to avail themselves of this new field for their restless energies is witnessed by the work done by ,brangwyn and ,raemaekers1 who1 like knights-errant1 plunged with enthusiasm into this new campaign4 ,jonas1 too1 the ,french lithographer1 was among the artists of other nations employed by the ,united ,states1 and one of his posters--,four ,years in the ,fight--aiming to provide houses of cheer for the women of ,france1 is reproduced in illustration ,no4 #fh4 ,we cannot1 however1 too often reiterate the fact that it is not enough to have a pronounced conviction and a definite purpose in doing things of this kind to do them well4 ,the best poster artists--and here again we may instance ,steinlen1 ,brangwyn and ,pryse--are generally craftsmen of the highest order1 having a very true sense of the historical development1 and a perfect acquaintance with the mechanism and technique1 of their art4 ,this knowledge counts enormously1 and is visible in the whole structure of the work produced4 ,the bureaucrat who sits in his office conducting a hurried campaign on the telephone1 and patronising art when at length it proves necessary to the community1 fails on account of his ignorance of the real roots of the matter4 ,the nation needed posters1 so the ,american bureaucrat1 like his brother in ,whitehall1 issued orders for posters to be designed--in much the same way as the ,british ,food ,controller ordered bacon to be provided1 without a staff of provision experts to see that it was first properly cured4 ,it is1 perhaps1 a pity that ,mr4 ,joseph ,pennell's book on his own ,liberty ,loan poster#c was not written as a textbook for the use of ,government ,departments earlier in the day4 ,the writing of an elaborate treatise on a single war poster may seem at first sight to be giving altogether disproportionate importance even to an admirable example of this type of art1 and it is in danger of placing the exponent under the accusation of appreciating his own labours at an excessively high value4 ,but when all things like this have been said1 the fact remains that the volume is a serious and dignified exposition of a fine poster by a craftsman who considers that due weight should be given to all that pertains to its actual production1 from the original conception of the design to the satisfactory register and inking of the final stone4 ,it should act as a wholesome corrective of the usual slipshod treatment accorded to the artist4 ,mr4 ,pennell is at least an enthusiastic lithographer4 ,he knows the business right through2 and his little series of essays should leave his reader convinced that a poster grows in power and influence upon the spectator just in accordance with the genuine craftsmanship displayed in it4 ,the total effect of a poster is cumulative3 we feel its design2 but we feel its design more strongly for its fitting colour scheme2 and still more strongly when the designer knows and works upon all the subtle qualities and texture of the stone he uses4 ,for its maximum influence the poster must be designed by a skilled lithographic artist 7if lithography should be the medium chosen71 executed upon stone by him1 and printed either by him or under his direct supervision4 ,it is the failure to appreciate this which has marred so many of the ,united ,states posters1 and made them of little importance4 ,anyone who could draw has been considered suitable for the task of designing2 anyone who could print has been considered equal to printing their posters4 ,and so we have a great mass of work1 some lithographed1 some photo-lithographed1 some produced from photo-process blocks in colour on varieties of glazed1 unsuitable papers2 but very few which leave one with the cool1 satisfied feeling that here is good work well done4 ,the influence of a work of art is an elusive thing1 easily lost2 and to a full understanding of it years of special training are necessary4 ,the passer in the street may be unaware of the causes of his admiration or sympathy1 but the effects upon him have been proved times without number4 ,necessarily1 however1 there are many exceptions to this general failure in craftsmanship1 cases in which artists triumphed over all mechanical obstacles1 and instances of great lithographic firms1 with contracts from the ,government1 who were skilled in poster production and able to act in genuine consonance with the designers4 ,if we set up a well-defined standard1 and place in the front rank men like ,raleigh1 ,treidler1 ,pennell1 and ,young1 who are very able lithographic artists1 producing posters of a high order1 there still remains a large group of designers whose work may be characterised as possessing1 in a pronounced degree1 what has been described as the poster sense4 ,they may not have the craftsmanship to make the poster all that--viewed as a complete artistic production--it should be2 but there is punch in their sure and speedy way of conveying a message1 in the pithiness and wit of their legends4 ,above all1 they possess a great humanity--that sense of human suffering to be relieved1 human wrongs to be righted1 which kept the ,united ,states a beneficent neutral so long1 and at length called her into the ,war4 ,this is exemplified in their very best work4 ,raleigh's ,must ,children ,die1 and ,mothers ,plead in ,vain8 reproduced in ,no4 #fc1 nobly illustrates it4 ,several other fine posters by this artist1 in a style perhaps reminiscent of ,brangwyn1 yet full of original energy and stirred by genuine passion1 deal with the same or similar sentiments4 ,a large number of posters of varying merit follow this lead3 ,america the ,home of ,all who ,suffer1 the ,dread of ,all who ,wrong1 runs the legend on a poster by ,paus2 ,remember ,belgium--,buy ,bonds1 says another2 and it is a general strain4 ,the recruiting posters in particular have a freedom of design1 a vigour and grip1 which really tell4 ,for when ,america came into the ,war1 she started to hustle with all the feverish pent-up energy characteristic of the race4 ,posters like ,christy's pretty girl in naval uniform exclaiming1 ,gee6 ,i wish ,i were a ,man4 ,i'd join the ,navy2 ,bancroft's ringing ,to ,arms6 and ,whitehead's ,come on6 show a vigour and freshness which our official ,british recruiting posters never possessed4 ,there was an air of glad youth in them which came like a ,spring wind over our war-weary spirits4 ,in ,america1 as elsewhere1 all forms of activity were announced by posters--,recruiting1 ,food ,economy1 ,red ,cross ,work1 ,homes for ,women in ,france1 ,war ,loans1 the organising of ,polish and ,czecho-,slovak citizens1#d all kinds of propaganda1 were advertised by this means4 ,it is unnecessary to draw further attention to ,mr4 ,pennell's poster1 ,that ,liberty shall not ,perish from the ,earth4 ,he states his own intention in designing it3 ,my idea was ,new ,york ,city bombed1 shot down1 burning1 blown up by an enemy1 and this idea ,i have tried to carry out4 ,he conveys1 in an effective colour scheme1 the impression of a purely imaginary air-raid--a raid that never was on sea or land--with results highly picturesque and impossible4 ,it is to be reckoned1 however1 as one of the successful posters of the ,war4 ,adolph ,treidler in several designs has justified the expectations founded on his pre-war work1 as will be seen from one of his posters here reproduced 7illustration ,no4 #ff74 ,the work of ,young and ,morgan is worthy of the highest commendation2 and for ,raleigh's steady craftsmanship and noble designs there can be nothing but praise4 ,,vi4--,,other ,,countries ,to make a comprehensive survey of posters related to the ,war in all countries where they were issued would be a formidable task1 not so much on account of the quantity of work of outstanding artistic merit1 but because the range and variety of mediocre posters1 which probably answered their purpose with tolerable efficiency at the moment1 is so very extensive4 ,all the nations engaged in the combat had something to proclaim in this manner1 often a message of life or death1 and others had much to display in propaganda posters all over the world4 ,of the chief belligerents not yet mentioned1 it is notable that ,italy1 the native home of the arts1 produced few posters of the ordinary type that possessed either originality or definite individual character4 ,the journalistic cartoon1 always a powerful means of propaganda in ,italy1 had a great vogue in the earliest months of the war2 and the most popular and able artists of the country fought for the ,allied cause with an abandon and self-denial that one remembers with the warmest gratitude4 ,in ,june and ,july1 #aiaf1 an exhibition of drawings was held at the ,leicester ,galleries1 entitled ,italian ,artists and the ,war4 ,there were several actual poster designs1 but by far the larger proportion of the drawings exhibited consisted of war cartoons and caricatures akin to those of ,raemaekers and ,dyson1 though prints from them were extensively displayed upon newspaper bills and walls in ,rome and other ,italian cities4 ,serving a double purpose1 they were to this extent small posters1 and cannot be dismissed without some word of the high praise due to them4 ,such an incessant and effective war was waged upon ,germany and ,german ideals by these cartoons that1 before ,italy threw in her lot with the ,allies1 the ,embassies of the ,central ,powers sought to stay their issue1 and to that end prosecuted the most prolific and merciless of the cartoonists1 ,gabriele ,galantara4 ,cynicism1 scorn1 contempt1 and an utter abhorrence of ,germany and all her acts are expressed in these impulsive sketches2 and it is no wonder that they acted as a powerful spur upon the ,italian people1 showing which way led towards freedom and humanity4 ,it would seem1 however1 that this great campaign1 begun so early by the ,italian artists before their nation was ready to participate in the struggle1 and continued with a violent energy during the earliest months of ,italian fighting1 exhausted their resources to a considerable extent4 ,moreover1 many of the most eminent among them--,sachetti1 ,oppo1 ,ventura1 ,codognato1 and others--at once joined the ,italian forces1 mostly as combatants1 and a few older men1 like ,pogliaghi1 accompanied the armies to illustrate1 in thrilling terms1 the formidable achievements of their country amid the mighty fastnesses of the ,tyrol4 ,when the time arrived for the ,italian ,government to issue ,war ,loan and other posters1 the most capable of her designers were no longer accessible4 ,the experience of other nations shows that really noble posters have been produced through artists being inspired by the cause rather than as a result of their employment by the ,state4 ,italy proved no exception to this4 ,such of her best designers as were left still devoted their energies to the production of cartoons2 and in due time others returned to their previous work1 wounded1 like ,oppo1 cartoonist of the ,idea ,nationale1 who1 when the #acjth ,infantry ,regiment was annihilated in ,july1 #aiae1 was one of the five survivors1 and came back to his paper with a useless arm1 to wage war as of old for land and liberty4 ,the cartoon being thus the most natural means of propaganda in ,italy1 such posters of the ordinary type as were produced were1 in consequence1 of an extremely secondary order2 so much so that1 in making a selection to exhibit at the ,grafton ,galleries in ,june1 #aiai1 the ,imperial ,war ,museum chose only eight to represent ,italy1 and of the eight three were posters advertising ,raemaekers' cartoons4 ,one of these1 ,neutral ,america and the ,hun1 is reproduced in illustration #ge4 ,among the actual ,italian examples1 ,barchi's ,sotto-scrivete and ,mauzan's ,fate tutti il vostro dovere alone were notable4 ,greece1 on the contrary1 showed a considerable facility in the production of war posters4 ,but anxious as one is to consider in a favourable light whatever artistic creation emanates from the land which inspired and nourished ,western art in its infancy1 it is impossible to regard their war posters with anything more than an indulgent eye4 ,mr4 ,pennell1 in his little book to which we have already referred1 has claimed all notable productions in decorative art through the ages as posters1 and would bid us look on the frieze of the ,parthenon as an excellent piece of ,greek poster art4 ,it is a wild application1 not to be taken too seriously4 ,modern art is not necessarily a development from the art of other ages2 and even where the form is comparable1 the purpose is widely divergent4 ,for a vital modern art is for ever the expression of a new spirit1 the revelation of a fresh aspect of life1 another facet of a many-sided jewel2 and it is this unexpected quality1 the surprise of this revelation1 which is so valuable to the world4 ,nothing new1 nothing fresh1 appeared in the ,greek posters3 tame and poor in line1 meagre in their quality as reproductions1 we must regard them as a brave attempt rather than applaud their achievement4 ,japanese posters issued during the ,war attracted some attention1 and favourable comment has been made from time to time upon their merits2 but it seems probable that the quaint ,english inscriptions many of them bore1 rather than their intrinsic qualities as posters1 beguiled the critics into taking a genial and generous view of their worth4 ,such sentences as ,the severe battle at the ,kuragaw--,german troops are extremely defeated1 ,our troops attack on ,tsingau ,retreat ,german ,army and ,affrighted1 and a very happy mis-spelling1 ,the ,gritish ,sydney forced the ,german ,emden to fight and the sharp action that ensued1 are naturally attractive and amusing4 ,the ,japanese1 in their colour-printing from wood blocks1 invented the most perfect poster technique in the world for use on a small scale4 ,the theatrical posters they produced in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries could not be surpassed4 ,they contain in miniature all the qualities we most value in this branch of art1 and are at the present day as fresh and enthralling as if they referred to matters of contemporary interest4 ,the ,japanese have proved themselves a wonderfully adaptable race3 they have utilised our modern engines of war with an amazing application1 and avoided errors1 not always obvious1 into which other nations have fallen4 ,but while this has its admirable side in the mechanical things of life1 imitation in the processes of art proves altogether a failure4 ,the old ,japanese spirit has departed4 ,one is tempted to think that the ,japanese understanding of their native art is on the wane4 ,for their posters very little can be said4 ,the curse of ,european influence is apparent in the modern cheap lithographs1 crude in colour and design1 which they have produced4 ,we have not been fortunate in finding one that would worthily serve the purpose of an illustration4 ,of the ,british ,colonies1 ,australia1 ,canada1 and ,south ,africa produced posters of quite a high standard4 ,the eminence attained by the artists of the ,sydney ,bulletin led one to expect some notable examples from ,new ,south ,wales2 but that province1 noble as its achievements were through the fighting qualities of its sons1 contributed little to poster art4 ,the ,canadian poster reproduced in illustration #gd1 simple in idea and design1 with its fitting legend1 shows what promise there is1 and indeed attainment1 among the ,western children of our race4 ,a poster from ,india 7illustration ,no4 #gb7 is interesting1 since it makes an appeal to the ,marathas in their own tongue1 and in what we are given to understand is tolerably good native verse4 ,the designer1 however1 is an ,englishman resident in ,india4 ,a few ,russian posters made their appearance previous to the ,revolution in that unhappy country4 ,others have occasionally been issued since1 though we have seen none of any outstanding merit4 ,we reproduce1 in illustration ,no4 #gg1 a poster which1 when exhibited1 was described as a ,bolshevist cartoon2 but there seems more reason to regard it as an example of ,german propaganda in ,russia1 of the period following the so-called ,peace of ,brest-,litovsk4 ,europe1 a sad and worn woman1 stands with a youth before an idol which bears the name ,anglia2 below is the inscription1 in ,russian characters3 ,how much longer shall we sacrifice our sons to this accursed idol8 ,it is at best a poor thing1 and1 if ,german1 most carefully designed to bear the impress of a ,russian product4 ,a series of six eminently successful posters was issued as an appeal to the ,czecho-,slovak people in the ,united ,states4 ,for consistent merit1 alike in design1 colour1 and general conception1 they take a high place among the posters of the ,war4 ,the artist1 ,v4 ,preissig1 is a ,bohemian living in ,america1 who did the work for the sake of recruiting his fellow-countrymen there4 ,perhaps the best of them is that shown in our coloured illustration1 ,no4 #gf1 ,czecho-,slovaks6 ,join our free colours6 with its flags of the four ,bohemian ,states as its main feature1 carried by marching men whose heads come in dark silhouette along the bottom of the design4 ,the poster is admirably planned1 and the lettering on this and the whole series is simple and distinguished4 ,many of us in ,england recall with amusement the various spy stories which went the rounds among otherwise perfectly reliable people in the early days of the ,war4 ,we all seemed for a time to have an intimate friend or relation whose nursery governess1 butler1 or confidential clerk had been discovered in a wanton act of espionage4 ,it was on the most unimpeachable authority4 ,happily it was left for ,brazil to embody its attack of this spy-fever in the form of a poster4 ,keep your eyes open and your mouth shut1 runs its legend4 ,the poster shows representations of the different disguises under which spies are probably concealing themselves--as nursemaids1 schoolboys1 tramps1 and so on--and warns the public to avoid them4 ,life in ,brazil would doubtless be exciting for an innocent stranger whilst the mania lasted4 ,holland1 living in dangerous proximity to our principal enemy1 sought generally to avoid material of an inflammatory nature in her posters4 ,very few of them are notable4 ,we illustrate in colour1 on ,plate #gc1 the poster of an exhibition at ,tilburg of the ,fraternelle ,belge1 one of the most satisfactory examples of this class produced in the country4 ,such institutions as this and the ,dutch ,anti-,war ,society are typical sources of inspiration for their posters during the ,war4 ,but a word must be said of the one exception1 the ,dutch artist whose force of character and definiteness of aim made him1 though a neutral1 a protagonist in the cause for which our country's blood was being shed4 ,louis ,raemaekers1 cartoonist of the ,amsterdam ,telegraaf1 fearless knight-errant for the sake of humanity1 who toiled with a pencil of flame against the outragers and oppressors of prostrate ,belgium1 was worth an invincible battalion to the ,allies4 ,his posters were few1 and not usually issued in ,holland4 ,it is by his cartoons that he will be remembered1 a great universal figure1 with an irresistible passion for freedom which found full expression in his numberless masterly drawings4 ,,index ,,to ,,artists' ,,names ,,note4--,the heavy black numerals indicate pictures in the book2 the number of the picture is given in this case4 ,adler1 ,jules1 #cb ,arpellus1 ,a4 ,k41 #bg1 #eh ,babcock1 --1 #hj ,bancroft1 --1 #ce ,barchi1 --1 #ch ,beardsley1 ,aubrey1 #g1 #ae1 #bh ,beggarstaff ,brothers1 #ae ,biro1 --1 #bg1 #eg1 #fa ,bonnard1 ,pierre1 #af ,bradley1 ,will ,h41 #bh1 #bi ,brangwyn1 ,frank1 #c1 #i1 #aj1 #ac1 #ad1 #ai1 #bj1 #ca1 #cd1 #e1 #g1 #ai ,brown1 ,t4 ,g41 #d ,burns1 ,cecil ,l41 #gb ,caffyn1 --1 #aa ,capon1 ,g41 #bf ,cheret1 ,jules1 #ae1 #af1 #bh ,christy1 ,h4 ,c41 #cd ,clausen1 ,george1 #aa1 #aj ,codognato1 ,plinio1 #cg ,crane1 ,walter1 #ae ,danko1 --1 #ej ,dyson1 ,will1 #cg ,engelhard1 ,f4 ,k41 #bc1 #bf1 #dc1 #ef ,erdt1 ,h4 ,r41 #ci ,erler1 --1 #bc1 #cg ,faivre1 ,jules ,abel1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bd1 #bc1 #cj ,faragogez1 --1 #fj ,fouqueray1 ,d4 ,charles1 #ai1 #bb1 #be ,franke1 --1 #ea ,galantara1 ,gabriele1 #cg ,gipkins1 --1 #gh ,gould1 ,j4 ,j41 #bi ,grasset1 ,eugene1 #af ,guillaume1 --1 #af ,gulbransson1 ,olaf1 #df ,hansi1 --1 #bj ,hassall1 ,john1 #ac1 #ad ,hatt1 ,doris1 #aa ,jackson1 ,f4 ,ernest1 #aa1 #c ,jonas1 ,l41 #ca1 #fh ,krafter1 ,roland1 #bg1 #ee ,kuerthy1 --1 #bg1 #ei1 #fb ,leete1 ,alfred1 #i ,lehmann1 ,otto1 #ce ,lenz1 ,m41 #de ,leonard1 ,otto1 #bc1 #bf1 #ch ,leroux1 ,auguste1 #cc ,lipscombe1 ,guy1 #aa ,mauzan1 --1 #bh ,morgan1 --1 #ce1 #gj ,mucha1 ,alphonse1 #ae1 #af ,nash1 ,paul1 #af ,neumon1 ,maurice1 #ah1 #bi ,nicholson1 ,w41 #g ,o4 ,a41 #gc ,offner1 ,alfred1 #gi ,oppenheim1 ,louis1 #i1 #be ,oppo1 --1 #cg1 #ch ,orpen1 ,sir ,w41 #ag ,parrish1 ,maxfield1 #bi ,partridge1 ,bernard1 #aa1 #b1 #ab1 #ae ,paul1 ,gerd1 #dd ,paus1 --1 #cd ,penfield1 ,edward1 #bh1 #bi ,pennell1 ,joseph1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 #ce1 #ci1 #fg ,plontke1 ,p41 #cd1 #eb ,pogliaghi1 ,ludovico1 #cg ,polte1 ,oswald1 #dj ,poulbot1 --1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bd1 #bj1 #gf ,preissig1 ,v41 #bf1 #db1 #gf ,pryde1 --1 #g ,pryse1 ,g4 ,spencer1 #c1 #aj1 #ac1 #ca1 #h1 #i ,puchinger1 ,erwin1 #bg1 #cf ,raemaekers1 ,louis1 #bc1 #ca1 #cg1 #ch1 #dc1 #ga1 #ge ,raleigh1 --1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #fc ,raven-,hill1 ,l41 #aa ,roll1 ,auguste1 #ai1 #bd1 #ba ,s4 ,a41 #da ,sachetti1 ,e41 #cg ,sem1 --1 #bg ,sims1 ,charles1 #aa ,steinlen1 ,theophile ,alexandre1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #bj1 #bd1 #bh1 #bi1 #ca1 #bh ,toulouse-,lautrec1 ,h4 de1 #af ,treidler1 ,adolph1 #bi1 #cc1 #ce1 #ff ,ventura1 --1 #cg ,west1 ,j4 ,walter1 #aa1 #f ,whistler1 ,j4 ,a4 ,mc,neill1 #ab ,whitehead1 ,walter1 #cc ,wildhack1 ,robert ,j41 #bi ,wilkinson1 ,norman1 #ah ,willette1 ,adolphe1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bd1 #ca ,wohlfeld1 --1 #bf1 ,frontispiece ,young1 ,ellsworth1 #cc1 #ce1 #fe ,,printed ,,in ,,great ,,britain ,,by ,,billing ,,and ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,,guildford ,,reproductions ,,of ,,posters ,,grouped ,,under ,,the ,,countries ,,of ,,issue #b4 ,,bernard ,,partridge4 ,,take ,,up ,,the ,,sword ,,of ,,justice4 ,issued by the ,parliamentary ,recruiting ,committee3 ,no4 #ajf of their posters4 ,illustration3 #b #c4 ,f4 ,,ernest ,,jackson4 ,,song ,,to ,,the ,,evening ,,star4 ,this poster was one of a group of four which were sent out by the ,underground ,electric ,railways ,company of ,london for use in dug-outs1 etc41 in ,france and other places abroad1 ,christmas1 #aiaf4 ,the drawing was the gift of the artist4 ,illustration3 #c #d4 ,t4 ,,gregory ,,brown4 ,,their ,,home1 ,,belgium1 #aiah4 ,british ,war ,loan poster4 ,illustration3 #d #e4 ,,frank ,,brangwyn1 ,r4 ,a4 ,,britain',s ,,call ,,to ,,arms4 ,recruiting poster1 published by the ,underground ,electric ,railways ,company of ,london1 #aiad4 ,the stone upon which ,mr4 ,brangwyn drew this lithograph--the first great poster of the ,war--was subsequently presented to the ,victoria and ,albert ,museum4 ,illustration3 #e #f4 ,j4 ,,walter ,,west4 ,,harvest-,,time1 #aiaf3 ,,women',s ,,work ,,on ,,the ,,land4 ,issued by the ,underground ,electric ,railways ,company of ,london4 ,illustration3 #f #g4 ,,frank ,,brangwyn1 ,r4,a4 ,poster for the ,french ,army ,orphanage4 ,to ensure that the little orphans shall have a home and motherly care1 education in the country1 a career suited to each child1 and the religion of their fathers4 ,illustration3 #g #h4 ,,gerald ,,spencer ,,pryse4 ,,the ,,only ,,road ,,for ,,an ,,englishman4 ,,through ,,darkness ,,to ,,light2 ,,through ,,fighting ,,to ,,triumph4 ,published by the ,underground ,railways ,company of ,london1 ,ltd41 #aiad4 #i4 ,,gerald ,,spencer ,,pryse4 ,,belgium ,,refugees ,,in ,,england4 ,poster of the ,belgian ,red ,cross ,fund in ,london1 #aiae4 ,illustration3 #h ,illustration3 #i #aj4 ,,george ,,clausen1 ,r4,a4 ,,mine ,,be ,a ,,cot ,,beside ,,the ,,hill4 ,this poster was one of a group of four which were sent out by the ,underground ,electric ,railways ,company of ,london1 for use in dug-outs1 huts1 etc41 in ,france and other places abroad1 ,christmas1 #aiaf4 ,the drawing was the gift of the artist4 #aa4 ,l4 ,,raven-,,hill4 ,,the ,,watchers ,,of ,,the ,,seas4 ,recruiting poster for the ,british ,navy1 #aiae4 ,illustration3 #aj ,illustration3 #aa #ab4 ,,bernard ,,partridge4 #achi-aiaf4 ,,kossovo ,,day ,,is ,,the ,,serbian ,,national ,,day4 ,poster of a ,british ,flag ,day4 #beth ,june1 #aiaf4 #ac4 ,,john ,,hassall4 ,poster of the ,belgian ,canal ,boat ,fund4 #ad4 ,,john ,,hassall4 ,,music ,,in ,,war-,,time4 ,grand ,patriotic ,concert1 ,albert ,hall4 ,poster of the ,professional ,classes ,war ,relief ,council4 #ae4 ,,bernard ,,partridge4 ,,haven4 ,poster of the ,british ,women's ,hospital ,fund1 appealing for subscriptions toward the ,star and ,garter home for men disabled by the ,war4 ,illustration3 #ab ,illustration3 #ac ,illustration3 #ad ,illustration3 #ae #af4 ,,paul ,,nash4 ,poster of an ,exhibition of ,war ,paintings and ,drawings by ,paul ,nash at the ,leicester ,galleries1 ,london1 ,may1 #aiaf4 #ag4 ,,sir ,,william ,,orpen1 ,r4,a4 ,poster of an ,exhibition of ,war ,paintings and ,drawings executed by ,major ,william ,orpen on the ,western ,front1 at ,agnew's ,galleries1 ,london1 #aiah4 #ah4 ,,norman ,,wilkinson4 ,,the ,,dardanelles4 ,war ,sketches in ,gallipoli4 ,poster of an ,exhibition at the ,fine ,art ,society1 ,london1 #aiae4 #ai4 ,,frank ,,brangwyn1 ,r4,a4 ,,at ,,neuve ,,chapelle4 ,,your ,,friends ,,need ,,you4 ,,be ,a ,,man4 ,british ,recruiting ,poster4 ,illustration3 #af ,illustration3 #ag ,illustration3 #ah ,illustration3 #ai #bj4 ,,poulbot4 ,,pour ,,que ,,papa ,,vienne ,,en ,,permission1 ,s',,il ,,vous ,,plait4 7,so that papa may come on leave1 if you please47 ,poster of the ,french ,flag ,days in ,paris1 #beth and #bfth ,december1 #aiae4 ,illustration3 #bj #ba4 ,,auguste ,,roll4 ,,pour ,,les ,,blesses ,,de ,,la ,,tuberculose4 7,for those wounded by tuberculosis47 ,poster of the ,national ,day for the ,benefit of ex-,soldiers suffering from ,tuberculosis4 ,paris1 #aiaf4 ,illustration3 #ba #bb4 ,d4 ,,charles ,,fouqueray4 ,,le ,,cardinal ,,mercier ,,protege ,,la ,,belgique4 7,cardinal ,mercier protects ,belgium47 ,poster published in ,paris1 #aiaf4 ,illustration3 #bb #bc4 ,,jules ,,able ,,faivre4 ,,on ,,les ,,aura6 7,we shall get them67 ,subscribe4 ,poster of the ,second ,national ,defence ,loan4 ,illustration3 #bc #bd4 ,,jules ,,abel ,,faivre4 ,,sauvons-,,les6 7,let us save them67 ,poster of the ,national ,day for the benefit of ex-,soldiers suffering from tuberculosis4 ,illustration3 #bd #be4 ,d4 ,,charles ,,fouqueray4 ,,la ,,journee ,,serbe1 #be ,,juin1 #aiaf4 ,poster of a ,french ,flag ,day for the ,serbian ,relief ,fund1 on the ,anniversary of the ,battle of ,kossovo4 ,illustration3 #be #bf4 ,g4 ,,capon4 ,,la ,,femme ,,francaise ,,pendant ,,la ,,guerre4 7,french ,women during the ,war47 ,poster of the ,kinematograph ,section of the ,french ,army4 ,illustration3 #bf #bg4 ,,sem4 ,,pour ,,le ,,dernier ,,quart ,d',,heure 444 ,,aidez-,,moi6 7,for the last quarter of the hour 444 help me67 ,poster of the ,french ,war ,loan1 #aiah4 ,illustration3 #bg #bh4 ,,theophile ,,alexandre ,,steinlen4 ,poster of the ,french ,flag ,days1 #beth and #bfth ,december1 #aiae4 ,organized by ,parliament4 #bi4 ,,maurice ,,neumon4 ,poster of the ,french ,flag ,days1 #beth and #bfth ,december1 #aiae4 ,organized by ,parliament4 ,illustration3 #bh ,illustration3 #bi #cj4 ,,jules ,,abel ,,faivre4 ,,pour ,,out ,,your ,,gold ,,for ,,france4 ,,gold ,,fights ,,for ,,victory4 ,poster of the ,french ,war ,loan1 #aiae4 #ca4 ,,adolphe ,,willette4 ,,by ,,ourselves ,,at ,,last6 ,poster of the ,french ,flag ,days1 #beth and #bfth ,december1 #aiaf4 ,organized by ,parliament4 ,illustration3 #cj ,illustration3 #ca #cb4 ,,jules ,,adler4 ,,they1 ,,too1 ,,are ,,doing ,,their ,,duty4 ,poster of the ,french ,war ,loan1 #aiae4 #cc4 ,,auguste ,,leroux4 ,,subscribe ,,for ,,france ,,who ,,is ,,fighting6 ,,and ,,for ,,that ,,little ,,one ,,who ,,grows ,,bigger ,,every ,,day4 ,poster of the third ,french ,war ,loan4 ,illustration3 #cb ,illustration3 #cc #cd4 ,,plontke4 ,f,ue,r ,,die ,,kriegsanleihe6 7,for the ,war ,loan47 ,german ,war ,loan poster issued in ,berlin4 ,illustration3 #cd #ce4 ,,otto ,,lehmann4 ,,stutzt ,,unsre ,,feldgrauen4 ,,zereisst ,,englands ,,macht4 ,,zeichnet ,,kriegsanleihe4 7,support our ,field ,greys4 ,rend ,england's might4 ,subscribe to the ,war ,loan47 ,issued in ,cologne4 ,illustration3 #ce #cf4 ,,erwin ,,puchinger4 ,,zeichnet #e-a_/b ,,dritte ,,kriegsanleihe4 7,subscribe to the #e-a_/b ,third ,war ,loan47 ,issued in ,vienna4 ,illustration3 #cf #cg4 ,,erler4 ,,der #i,,te ,,pfeil4 ,,zeichnet ,,kriegsanleihe4 7,the ninth arrow4 ,subscribe to the ,war ,loan47 ,german ,war ,loan poster4 ,illustration3 #cg #ch4 ,,leonard4 ,,der ,,hauptfeind ,,is ,,england4 ,when1 still compelled to fight and bleed1 ,when1 suffering deprivation everywhere1 ,you go without the coal and warmth you need1 ,with ration-cards and darkness for your share1 ,with peace-time work no longer to be done1-- ,someone guilty there must be-- ,england1 the arch-enemy6 ,stand then united1 steadfastly6 ,for ,germany's sure cause will thus be won4 ,illustration3 #ch #ci4 ,h4 ,r4 ,,erdt4 ,,soll ,,und ,,haben ,,des ,,kriegs-,,jahres #aiag4 7,losses and gains of the ,war year #aiag47 ,german propaganda poster4 ,illustration3 #ci #dj4 ,,oswald ,,polte4 ,,dem ,,vaterlande6 ,,pommersche ,,juwelen ,,und ,,goldankaufswoche #cj ,,juni-#f ,,juli4 7,for the ,fatherland47 ,poster advertising the ,pommeranian sale week for jewels and gold1 #cj ,june-#fth ,july4 ,issued in ,berlin4 ,illustration3 #dj #da4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,zeichnet ,f,ue,n,f,t,e ,oe,s,t,e,r,r,e,i,c,h,i,s,c,h,e ,,kriegsanleihe4 7,subscribe to the fifth ,austrian ,war ,loan47 ,poster issued in ,vienna4 ,illustration3 #da #db4 ,,segitestek ,a ,,diadalmas ,,beketez4 ,hungarian ,war ,loan ,poster--,help the ,victorious ,peace4 ,issued in ,budapest1 #aiag4 ,illustration3 #db #dc4 ,f4 ,k4 ,,engelhard4 ,,nein6 ,,niemals6 7,no6 ,never67 ,german poster4 #dd4 ,,gerd ,,paul4 ,,es ,,gilt ,,die ,,letzen ,s,c,h,l,ae,g,e1 ,,den ,,sieg ,,zu ,,vollenden6 ,,zeichnet ,,kriegsanleihe6 7,it takes the last blow to make victory complete4 ,subscribe to the ,war ,loan67 ,illustration3 #dc ,illustration3 #dd #de4 ,m4 ,,lenz4 ,,zeichnet ,,achte ,,kriegsanleihe4 7,subscribe to the eighth ,war ,loan47 ,austrian poster1 issued in ,vienna4 #df4 ,,olaf ,,gulbransson4 ,poster of the ,ludendorff ,fund for the ,disabled4 ,published #aiah4 ,illustration3 #de ,illustration3 #df #dg4 ,,esposizione ,,de ,,guerra1 ,,trieste1 #aiag4 7,war ,exhibition1 ,trieste1 #aiag47 ,austrian poster4 #dh4 ,,zeichnet ,,vierte ,oe,s,t,e,r,r,e,i,c,h,i,s,c,h,e ,,kriegsanleihe4 7,subscribe to the fourth ,austrian ,war ,loan47 #di4 ,oe,s,t,e,r,r-,,ungar4 ,k,r,i,e,g,s,g,r,ae,b,e,r ,,ausstellung4 7,austrian-,hungarian ,war ,graves ,exhibition47 ,poster of an ,exhibition in ,berlin4 #ej4 ,,danko4 ,,be ,a ,v,oe,r,oe,s ,,hadseregbe6 7,for the conquering army67 ,hungarian ,war ,loan poster4 ,illustration3 #dg ,illustration3 #dh ,illustration3 #di ,illustration3 #ej #ea4 ,,franke4 ,,willst ,,du ,,den ,,frieden ,,ernten ,,musst ,,du ,s,ae,e,n--,,darum4 7,if you would reap peace1 ,you must sow to that end47 ,poster of the eighth ,austrian ,war ,loan4 #eb4 ,p4 ,,plontke4 ,,annahmestelle ,,und ,,sammelbeutelausgabe3 ,s,c,h,ue,l,e,r-,,sammeldienst ,,der ,,stadt ,,mainz4 7,collection among girls in the schools of ,mainz47 ,poster of the ,german ,women's ,hair ,collection ,committee for ,magdeburg4 #ec4 ,,kaiser- ,,und ,,volksdank ,f,ue,r ,,heer ,,und ,,flotte4 7,kaiser and people's thanksoffering for ,army and ,navy47 ,poster for the ,frankfort ,christmas offering1 #aiag4 #ed4 ,,helft6 ,,den ,,braven ,,soldaten4444 7,help6 for the brave soldiers44447 ,poster of the ,soldiers' ,aid ,committee1 ,berlin4 ,illustration3 #ea ,illustration3 #eb ,illustration3 #ec ,illustration3 #ed #ee4 ,,roland ,,krafter4 ,the troops home-coming for ,christmas4 ,austrian poster4 #ef4 ,f4 ,k4 ,,engelhard4 ,,elend ,,und ,,untergang ,,folgen ,,der ,,anarchie4 7,misery and destruction follow anarchy47 ,german poster of the ,revolution1 #aiah4 #eg4 ,,biro4 ,hungarian poster depicting the ,russian invasion4 ,issued in ,budapest4 #eh4 ,a4 ,k4 ,,arpellus4 ,,zeichnet #g4 ,,kriegsanleihe4 ,subscribe to the seventh ,war ,loan4 ,austrian poster1 issued in ,vienna4 ,illustration3 #ee ,illustration3 #ef ,illustration3 #eg ,illustration3 #eh #ei4 ,k,ue,r,t,h,y4 ,hungarian ,war ,loan poster4 ,issued in ,budapest1 #aiag4 #fj4 ,,faragogez4 ,hungarian ,war ,loan poster4 ,issued in ,budapest4 #fa4 ,,biro4 ,hungarian ,war ,loan poster4 ,issued in ,budapest1 #aiag4 #fb4 ,k,ue,r,t,h,y4 ,hungarian ,war ,loan poster4 ,issued in ,budapest1 #aiag4 ,illustration3 #ei ,illustration3 #fj ,illustration3 #fa ,illustration3 #fb #fc4 ,,raleigh4 ,,must ,,children ,,die ,,and ,,mother ,,plead ,,in ,,vain8 ,,buy ,,more ,,liberty ,,bonds4 ,american ,war ,loan poster4 ,illustration3 #fc #fd4 ,,books ,,wanted ,,for ,,our ,,men ,,in ,,camp ,,and ',,over ,,there4' ,poster of the ,american ,association of ,libraries for supplying books to the troops on service4 ,illustration3 #fd #fe4 ,,ellsworth ,,young4 ,,remember ,,belgium4 ,,buy ,,bonds3 ,,fourth ,,liberty ,,loan4 ,american poster1 #aiah4 ,illustration3 #fe #ff4 ,,adolph ,,treidler4 ,,for ,,every ,,fighter ,a ,,woman ,,worker1 ,,care ,,for ,,her ,,through ,,the ,y4,w4,c4,a4 ,poster of the ,united ,war ,work ,campaign1 ,american ,y4,w4,c4,a4 ,illustration3 #ff #fg4 ,,joseph ,,pennell4 ,,that ,,liberty ,,shall ,,not ,,perish ,,from ,,the ,,earth4 ,poster of the fourth ,american ,war ,loan1 #aiah4 #fh4 ,l4 ,,jonas4 ,,four ,,years ,,in ,,the ,,fight-- ,,the ,,women ,,of ,,france4 ,,we ,,owe ,,them ,,houses ,,of ,,cheer4 ,american poster4 ,illustration3 #fg ,illustration3 #fh #fi4 ,,america ,,calls4 ,,enlist ,,in ,,the ,,navy4 ,recruiting poster for the ,u4,s4 ,navy1 #aiag4 #gj4 ,,morgan4 ,,feed ,a ,,fighter4 ,american ,food ,economy poster4 #ga4 ,,louis ,,raemaekers4 ,,enlist ,,in ,,the ,,navy4 ,,americans6 ,,stand ,,by ,,uncle ,,sam ,,for ,,liberty ,,against ,,tyranny4 --,,theodore ,,rooseveld4 ,recruiting poster for the ,u4,s4 ,navy4 #gb4 ,,cecil ,l4 ,,burns4 ,,victory ,,to ,,the ,,marathas6 ,unite1 ye men1 ,and from his strongholds drive the foe4 ,nothing but deeds like these can win ,a fame that shall endure4 ,anglo-,indian recruiting poster4 ,issued in ,bombay1 #aiae4 ,illustration3 #fi ,illustration3 #gj ,illustration3 #ga ,illustration3 #gb #gc4 ,a4 ,o4 ,,in ,,belgie ,,by ,,de ,,zorg4 7,the home of distress in ,belgium47 ,,belgian ,,art ,,for ,,belgian ,,distress4 ,poster of an ,exhibition at ,tilburg1 ,holland1 #aiag4 ,la ,fraternelle ,belge4 ,illustration3 #gc #gd4 ,,keep ,,all ,,canadians ,,busy4 ,,buy #aiah ,,victory ,,bonds4 ,canadian poster4 ,illustration3 #gd #ge4 ,,louis ,,raemaekers4 ,,neutral ,,america ,,and ,,the ,,hun4 ,poster of an ,exhibition of ,raemaekers cartoons in ,milan4 ,illustration3 #ge #gf4 ,v4 ,,preissig4 ,,czechoslovaks6 ,,join ,,our ,,free ,,colours4 ,one of six recruiting posters issued by the ,czechoslovak ,recruiting ,office1 ,new ,york1 ,u4,s4,a41 #aiah4 ,printed at the ,wentworth ,institute1 ,boston1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,illustration3 #gf #gg4 ,,europe ,,and ,,the ,,idol4 ,,how ,,much ,,longer ,,shall ,,we ,,sacrifice ,,our ,,sons ,,to ,,this ,,accursed ,,idol8 ,revolutionary poster in ,russia4 8 ,german propaganda4 7,the inscription on the idol is ,anglia47 #gh4 ,,gipkens4 ,,bringt ,,euren ,,goldschmuck ,,den ,,goldankaufsstellen6 7,bring your gold ornaments to the gold-purchase depot67 ,german poster4 #gi4 ,,alfred ,,offner4 ,,zeichnet #g4 ,,kriegsanleihe4 7,subscribe to the seventh ,war ,loan47 ,austrian poster1 issued in ,vienna4 #hj4 ,,babcock4 ,,join ,,the ,,navy3 ,,the ,,service ,,for ,,fighting ,,men4 ,recruiting poster for the ,u4,s4 ,navy4 ,illustration3 #gg ,illustration3 #gh ,illustration3 #gi ,illustration3 #hj ,footnotes3 #a ,while this is being written1 our authorities are again placarding our walls with indifferent posters showing the advantages of life in the ,army as compared with the disadvantages of civil life1 and embodying an undignified appeal to ,britons to join the ,army for the sake of playing cricket and football and seeing the world for nothing6 #b ,it is worth noting that1 after ,germany had set a value on ,raemaeker's head1 her authorities did not disdain to employ his genius1 when it suited their purpose1 borrowing his famous cartoon ,the ,dance of ,death for denunciation of ,berlin's mad craze for gaiety1 with the words ,sein ,tanzer ist ,tod4 #c ,joseph ,pennell's ,liberty ,loan ,poster4 ,a textbook for artists and amateurs1 ,governments and teachers and printers4 #aiah4 #d ,the ,czecho-,slovak posters are referred to in the following chapter4