,,second ,,edition ,,christian ,,phrenology1 ,a ,,guide ,,to ,,self-,,knowledge4 ,,by ,,joseph ,,bunney ,greek3 ,,gnothi ,,seauton4 ,a4 ,,drewett ,,and ,co1 ,,public ,,library1 #fb1 ,,regent ,,street4 ,,mdcccxxxix4 ,illustration ,,introduction ,,to ,,the ,,study ,,of ,,phrenology4 ,phrenology is a system of ,mental ,philosophy4 ,it enquires into the quality and condition of the mind1 estimating the faculties1 sentiments1 and propensities of the individual1 without being deceived by personal esteem or the voice of partial praise2 for as it too frequently occurs that minds of the highest order are more or less under the influence of self love1 or a desire for the admiration of others1 so are they blinded to their own weaknesses and in some measure rendered incapable of acknowledging their faults even to themselves4 ,this defect1 a defect of the race rather than of the individual1 presents an effectual barrier to all mental improvement1 for minds however highly gifted are always in some measure led astray by self gratulation or the flattering commendations of others1 and thus they are led to overlook their own errors1 or to congratulate themselves that they are not as other men are1 and the mental eye becomes blinded to what is wrong in its own intellectual organization although sensitively awake to the erroneous feelings and propensities of others4 ,it is the province of ,,phrenology to measure the external features of the mind's agent1 and to facilitate the study of ,,man without diverging into metaphysical error on the one hand1 or materialism on the other4 ,phrenology then is one of those beautiful revelations of applicable science which could only have been made known in an aera of intellectual cultivation4 ,it is in accordance with man's advancement in civilization and refinement4--,it was not needed in the days of ,high emprise or priestly power4 for when men were measured by their prowess1 and when might was right1 a standard of intellect would have been of little value2 but amidst the discoveries of the #aith century it comes to us as a monitor and a friend2 ,its developement forms a striking fact in the philosophy of history--for as we trace the long and varied records of physical discovery from the time of ,archimedes to the coronation of ,victoria1--we invariably find that whatever science1 or whatever art has been made known to us1 it has always been the forerunner of new chapters in the history of man3 thus ,astronomy led the way to magnetism--,magnetism led to the scientific principles of navigation1--and the steam engine1 mighty as its power appears1 is but in accordance with the advanced wants of mankind2 and so with every other instance1 in proportion to the discoveries of intellect1 has man advanced in the scale of intelligence and humanity1--with mind1 so has matter progressed1 until from the unlettered savage1 he has arrived at the gates of that scientific temple whose lessons teach him1 that now1 having laid out the earth for his sustenance1 peopled the ocean with his race1 and proved his mastery over all things1 it is time that he should arise and conquer self1-- ,know then thyself1 and seek not ,god to scan1 ,the proper study of mankind is man6 ,,pope4 ,to do this1 man must be studied in his moral1 social1 and religious condition2 thus only is he enabled to gratify that inward yearning after what is great and good which is the basis of all improvement4 ,it is necessary however to learn what is imperfect before improvement can be attempted4 ,we must learn our own mental constitution and compare it with a standard of excellence1 and what standard can we have1 but that all surpassing goodness that created man in his own image8 ,,he in whom even ,pilate found no fault--who said ,i am the vine1 and ye are the branches1--who went about doing good1 and who said to his disciples1 ,be ye therefore perfect1 even as your father which is in heaven is perfect4 ,this is the standard that we should look up to--to the ,author of all good2--to ,his life upon earth as the line of our conduct here--to his sufferings in our day of tribulation--to ,his glory as the end that we would one day share in4 ,such is the object that forces itself upon the mind1 when liberated from the baser passions of humanity1 the spirit can indulge in its own lofty aspirations--it feels a noble elevation of purpose in contemplating the improvement of its being--and it feels capable of following out a design so beautiful1--there is a dimly revealed pleasure in devoting every energy to the acquisition of an end so glorious1 and the pleasure is pure1 elevated1 and ennobling1 it is neither transient nor violent1 but it seems to be breathed into the heart1 making it wiser1 better1 and happier--,it is not the pleasure that we have sought for in life1 but the calm and quiet enjoyment that is referred to the mind1 as the seat of all pure and rational delight3 and to the brain1 as a pleasure that will endure and increase1 and fade not away like the momentary intoxications of animal delight3 the pleasure of a good object is referrible to the mind1 and to the brain as the seat of that mind1 and we ask1 ,is the mind the offspring of that brain8 or1 ,is the brain the organ through which the mind acts8 a moment's thought answers the question2 in a few short years that brain will be mouldering away in the silent tomb1 whilst the mind that animated it1 can never die2 thus then we arrive at the seat of the mind1 a fact universally allowed by all philosophers1 in all places1 and at all times1 and by reasoning upon this simple fact1 we are led through progressive stages of induction1 until we have arrived at a knowledge of that most valuable but most difficultly exercised faculty1 ,self-control4 ,now1 we know well that the eye and the ear receive their faculties from the brain1 through the medium of the nerves4 ,thus1 the eye may be delighted by gazing on an extended view of nature2 the ear by listening to the sublime cadences of sacred music2 but if we sever the delicate filament that conveys the sense of enjoyment to the brain1 as the seat of all pleasure1 resulting from the exercise of the eye or the ear1 so do we immediately sever the sentient being from the perception of beauty in form or landscape1 or of harmony in sound4 ,so it is with a limb1 if we divide the fibre or nerve connecting the muscles of that limb with the brain1 we immediately deprive the organ of feeling and volition4 ,thus1 then1 the feelings1 the senses1 and the enjoyments are referred to the brain as the seat of the mind1 and it would be as irrational to suppose that the brain in its entirety is influenced by every sensation1 perception1 or impulse1 as to suppose that the whole body is required for an operation affecting only a part3 so by analogy we learn1 that as the eye is given us to see with1 the ear to hear with1 the tongue to speak with2 when neither eye1 ear1 or tongue is adapted to any other use1 so1 in like manner we are led to infer1 that particular parts of the brain are endowed with powers1 peculiar to themselves2 for it would be equally rational to suppose that a man could in some measure read with the ear1 smell with the eye1 or see with the nose1 as to assert that the same portion of brain could be directed by the mind at will1 to study poetry1 or sculpture1 the arts of money getting1 or direct to the enjoyments of love4 ,such operations of the mind are essentially different2 the poet1 the sculptor1 the man of this world1 and the lover of pleasure have portions of the brain1 individually adapted to the various operations of the mind1 and as the mind is developed by natural circumstances1 by hereditary prejudices1--the effects of early training1--the results of education1--the influence of good or bad example1 or the untoward events that occur in life1--so is the effect of each and every one of these duly registered upon the mind1 and upon the brain1 as the organ of that mind1 so that at any and every period of existence an external examination of the brain points out what propensities1 sentiments1 and faculties are at that period in existence1 and as a due cultivation or improper neglect of the mental powers is invariably recorded through the mind itself acting upon the brain with more or less energy in those individual parts most generally exercised1 so does ,phrenology--the science of the brain1 as an unbiassed friend1 point out what errors of the imagination are to be shunned--what propensities to be conquered1 what faculties to be cultivated1 what sentiments to be given up4 ,so does it present itself as a means whereby we may know our own weaknesses and conquer them--our strength1 and be enabled to exert it4 ,so does it point out whatever may be predominant in our nature for good or for evil1 teaching us by a monitor far more true than even the heart itself1 how to remedy our faults in this life1 and gradually by severe and constant practice1 teaching us how to become more fitted for the life to come4 ,,historical ,,account ,,of ,,phrenology4 ,in examining the history1 or the progress of discovery in any particular science1 we are irresistibly led to enquire why a series of facts like those which constitute its basis should have remained so long hidden from the eye of man4 ,we know that the doctrines we are investigating are founded upon facts1 and if those facts are in operation at this moment1 they must have been equally so a thousand years ago1 or our enquiries cannot be based upon ,truth1 since ,truth is eternal4 ,if1 then1 in perusing the records of phrenology1 we are led to wonder at the long ages of human ignorance1 ,are we not equally surprised that all physical science should have existed so many ages1 without the cognizance of man8 ,do we not wonder that thousands of years floated down the stream of ,time1 before man discovered why the lightning flashed across the heavens1 or why the needle pointed to the pole1 and are we not even now unable to tell why the polar ,aurora diffuses its ethereal light8 ,why then single out ,phrenology for disbelief1 because it is new1 is gold the less gold because fresh from the mine8 or truth less true because recently revealed8 ,we cannot tell why phrenology has so long remained unknown1 but we may refer the reason to the wisdom of that ,almighty ,intelligence who placed his bow in the heavens1 and fashioned that wonderful cycle of events that in every age has been suited to the wants and capacities of man4 ,phrenology could not have existed in any age but one wherein mind had asserted its mastery over matter1 and although the understanding was in some measure prepared for the reception of new truths by the physiognomy of ,lavater1 and the facial line introduced by ,camper1 yet experience proved that ,lavater's theories were not generally applicable1 and the means proposed by ,camper at the best times uncertain4 ,anatomists and physiologists toiled at discovering the seat of the mind1 they dissected and drew conclusions--but so vague and unsatisfactory was the knowledge communicated1 that the more the anatomist dissected1 the more he became entangled in a mass of conjecture and perplexity4 ,the metaphysician failed too2 he studied the mind chiefly through himself and by recording his own knowledge of his faculties1 was led into error3 like the nautilus he retreated into his own shell and thus sought to learn what was without1 and as may be supposed men of different minds arrived at different results3--such was the state of mental knowledge about #agfj4 ,the method pursued by ,dr4 ,gall1 was essentially different2 at an early period he was led to notice the difference of talents and disposition in his schoolmates and companions1 he found one with a retentive memory1 another with a talent for languages1 one was remarkable for elegance of style1 another for dullness1 and a third for close reasoning2 he found their dispositions equally different1 and this diversity appeared to regulate their partialities and aversions2 some showed a liking for play1 others for books1 and a third class for mechanical handiwork4 ,in this manner every one presented an individual character2 some years after he found that persons with a great talent for learning by heart were those with whom it was most difficult for him to compete1 and he noticed that all these had prominent eyes1 he then recollected that his early companions had the same feature prominent1 and when he entered the ,university he directed his attention to this fact1 and found that all those who had prominent eyes possessed a great facility of learning by heart1 even in cases where they possessed no particular talent4 ,although this connexion between talent and external appearance was not sufficiently established to be considered as a certain circumstance1 ,dr4 ,gall could not divest himself of a belief in the relationship of the one fact to the other1 and after much reflection he conceived that if memory for words had an external indication1 the same circumstance might be traced to the other intellectual powers2 looking therefore only at general indications he believed he could trace the existence of talents for painting1 music and mechanics1 he marked also the external features of individuals possessing great determination of character1 this suggested to him the idea of looking to the head for all the moral sentiments1 referring the state of the skull to the influence of the ,brain4 ,here then commenced the difficulties which appeared as soon as ,dr4 ,gall compared his own observations from nature1 with the opinions of ,physiologists and ,metaphysicians2 he found that while some placed the sentient soul or intellectual faculties in the brain1 others placed it in the heart1 or the cerebellum1 or even in the viscera1 so that he hesitated about the correctness of his conclusions1 he observed also that the principal difference of mental faculty was not owing to difference of education or accidental circumstances1--if the difference were accidental1 the project he now contemplated would be hopeless1 but he recollected that his brothers1 and sisters1 and schoolfellows had all received a similar education and equal care1 yet many upon whom the teachers had bestowed great attention were still far behind their companions4 ,often1 says ,dr4 ,,gall1 we were accused of want of will1 or deficiency in zeal2 but many of us could not1 even with the most ardent desire1 followed out by the most obstinate efforts1 attain1 in some pursuits1 even to mediocrity2 while in some other points1 some of us surpassed our schoolfellows without an effort1 and almost1 it might be said1 without perceiving it ourselves4 ,but1 in point of fact1 our masters did not appear to attach much faith to the system which taught equality of mental faculties3 for they thought themselves entitled to exact more from one scholar1 and less from another4 ,they spoke frequently of natural gifts1 or of the gifts of ,god1 and consoled their pupils in the words of the ,gospel1 by assuring them that each would be required to render an account1 only in proportion to the gifts he had received4 ,convinced by this1 that there is a diversity of talent and of disposition1 he encountered another obstacle in the conventional terms used to express the actions of the mind4 ,metaphysicians spoke of judgment1 perception1 thought1 memory and imagination1 but ,gall wished to express a faculty for music1 for painting and for mechanics1 he therefore abandoned the theories and opinions of others resolving to learn by direct observation from nature2 he visited prisons1 schools and lunatic asylums1 was introduced to courts1 to colleges and the seats of justice2 and wherever he heard of persons distinguished for any particular endowment or deficiency1 he observed and studied the external features of those particular heads4 ,in this manner by degrees of induction he felt himself warranted in his belief that the configurations of the head indicate the mental powers2 in addition to this examination during life1 whenever any of the persons died with whose peculiarities he had become acquainted during life1 he used every means to be allowed to examine their brain after death1 and thus he succeeded in arriving at the first outlines of those facts which time afterwards developed4 ,in these researches he found that the brain covered by the dura mater presented a form exactly corresponding to that which the skull had exhibited during life3 and being confident in the correctness of his system he announced it to the world at ,vienna1 in #agif4 ,the successive steps that he passed over1 were1 #a4 ,he observed the relationship between particular talents and particular forms of the head4 #b4 ,he ascertained that the figure and size of the brain corresponded in every point with the skull4 #c4 ,he dissected the brain minutely so as to investigate its structure4 ,dr4 ,spurzheim studied under ,gall1 in #ahjj1 and in #ahjd became associated with him in his labours2 since that period many new and valuable discoveries were made by them in the anatomy and physiology of the brain2 the truths thus elucidated mere formed into a system of mental philosophy4 ,it was impossible to foresee what results would follow the exposition of this doctrine4 ,dr4 ,gall's mode of enquiry was plain and simple2 thus he found that a desire for gain bore relation to the size of one part of the brain--he called it the organ of theft1 because he found it largest in thieves2 the propensity to destroy1 he called murder1 because he found it largest in individuals condemned for that crime--in like manner benevolence and other organs1 for as ,dr4 ,gall had not laid out any arrangement1 a series of disjointed facts was all that could be arrived at1 leaving their value to be determined at a future period1 when the multitude of facts should require some arrangement4 ,as soon1 therefore1 as the value of the materials had been ascertained by time and further investigation1 the eye of philosophy at once detected the materials for a system of mental elucidation1 and phrenological facts were arranged into a scientific system1 whose importance has been universally recognized3 facts that had hitherto appeared isolated were soon connected with others and the obloquy that had been thrown upon it by public ridicule1 was overpowered by the presence of truth4 ,the doctrines which at first were a rude and undigested mass of unconnected facts1 whose apparent results were neither promising nor inviting1 now became changed in character1--it was recognized to be the science of mind and its value was apparent1 the new opinions had been doubted1 simply because they were new1 but they bore upon them the impress of truth3 those who were adverse to its doctrines1 were those who had not studied its principles2 and those who doubt it now are those who have never examined the volume of nature1 from which the page of science has been torn4 ,those who consider its relative bearing1 both upon individuals and the human race1 will be convinced that ,phrenology carries in its train the most valuable assistance in furthering the cause of education1 morality1 and religion4 ,we cannot conclude this chapter better than by quoting the annexed extract by a popular writer from the ,foreign ,quarterly ,review2-- ,nothing that ever was devised by man has put in his hands so powerful an instrument to know himself1 as that which we 7phrenologists7 have given him2 for1 if he believes in us1 he cannot deny the evidence of his own organization4 ,the first key to unlock the hearts of others is that which opens our own2 and to know whether we judge our neighbour fairly or not1 we should measure the quantity of our own feelings which we mix up in the judgment4 ,but from this acquaintance with ourselves and others may result the greatest benefit that could accrue to social intercourse1 mutual indulgence4 ,when we recollect that each has his own particular organization1 as we have ours2 that it is not easy to controul the dispositions which nature has thus implanted in our minds2 that we have defects as insupportable1 perhaps1 as any that we encounter1 we shall be more disposed to bear with others' foibles1 that they may pardon ours2 and mutual necessity will make us tolerant4 ,a still higher function of phrenology1 as it relates to mankind at large1 not merely to the few unfortunates who labour under malady1 is its empire over education4 ,the vast error1 that men are alike fitted for all professions1 that all can turn their mental powers to the same account and profit1 has done much injury to the education of individuals1 and consequently to the general progress of the world4 ,but our science 7continue ,drs4 ,gall and ,spurzheim7 shows that all men are not alike fitted for all purposes2 that1 in one1 a receptiveness for musical1 in another for mathematical instruction predominates2 that some are endowed with the power of prompt perception1 and others with that of abstruse induction2 in short1 that every walk of social life has its destined votaries4 ,now1 it is to be hoped1 that when parents have the authority of phrenology for the talents and disposition of their children1 they will cultivate those which nature has made the most salient in their cranium1 and not torment them with studies for which they have no sufficient organ4 ,should one of their boys1 in defiance of birch-rods and ferulas1 neglect his vocabulary to carve his taw1 or cut out waggon-wheels with his penknife1 let them consult one of us1 and we will tell them that all the betula of ,windsor forest will not make a scholar of him2 we will show that1 not being one of the ox-eyed1 he can but ill remember words1 but that having a fulness in the frontal bone just above the spheno-temporal suture1 he may become an expert mechanic1 an engineer1 a mill-wright1 or a ,watt2 that it is in vain to thrust in through the gluteus maximus what cannot penetrate the head2 and that flog him as they may1 his propria quae maribus will always be covered with chips and chisels4 ,in the same manner we will teach them to oppose the bad propensities of youth1 by withholding aliment from self-love1 from obstinacy1 from cruelty1 and by cherishing benevolence1 justice1 piety2 and correcting levity by gently stimulating the reflecting faculties4 ,we can tell1 too1 why many a school-boy1 who has carried away prizes and rewards1 sinks into an ordinary adult2 and why more than one dunce has burst out like a luminary in later years2 for we can show the organs which make a brilliant infant and a dull man1 and those which are of little use at ,eton1 but most essential to a statesman or a philosopher4 ,neither shall we allow ourselves to be imposed upon by any urchin's cunning1 or mistake ill will and idleness for inability4 ,the marks by which we judge are registered by nature1 indelible1 immutable1 and clear to every eye4 ,but individual education is a very small portion of the good which we aspire to teach--7these people really are mad2 their ambition is unbounded674 ,we will educate nations2 and nothing can prevent us from fulfilling this mission1 but the destruction of the human race4 ,we will tell the men of every country their faults and their vices1 their virtues and their talents1 and hold them up as clearly as size and form can be held up1 to the notice of mankind4 ,none shall escape us4 ,already1 not only ,europeans1--,english1 ,french1 ,germans1 ,italians1--the most enlightened1 the most refined of men1 have we scrutinized1 but ,asiatics under every latitude1 ,africans thirsting on both sides of the ,equator1 ,americans as wild as ,africans1 as civilized as ,europeans4 ,we have told truths to all1 and pointed out the means of improvement4 ,at this moment1 indeed1 they may not listen to us1 but the day will come when they will advance but by us4 ,to us is given to decide the great question of original national propensities1 as of individual propensities1 and to show how they may be expanded or repressed4 ,we shall instruct rulers how to govern1 and subjects how to submit1 and strike the just balance--as various as the races and the regions of the earth--between the sovereign and the people2 and the first time that we inspire oppressed reason to demand her rights1 and to demand no more--that we teach men how much liberty they can bear1 how much privation they must yet endure1 we shall have our full reward4 ,so much for the practical pretensions of our science4 ,the reader must now hear our claims to speculative superiority4 ,dr4 ,spurzheim has said1 and been most heartily abused for saying--and1 if the science be false1 most heartily deserves to be abused for saying1--that the whole philosophy of the mind must be entirely changed2 that the study of man in this respect will become a new study1 c4 ,in this dictum--most noble or most arrogant1 according to events--we 7phrenologists7 concur1 with the loudest cheers2 and in this1 do we say1 lies the stupendous monument of our science4 ,since the earliest records of philosophy1 sages have speculated on the heart1 the mind1 the passions1 and the understanding4 ,for more than three thousand years systems have flashed1 and disappeared without leaving a trace4 ,some of these1 indeed1 were abundantly ingenious2 but were defective in that which alone can make them lasting1 truth4 ,it would be curious to examine the hypotheses which have grown up1 one after the other1 in the fertile soil of fancy1 ,arabian1 ,chinese1 ,persian1 ,egyptian1 ,greek1 ,roman1 and modern ,european1 and to see how specious and how futile all have been4 ,not one of them was founded on any thing but conjecture2 and1 until ,gall appeared1 it was not supposed that mental philosophy1 that psychology1 ever could have any other basis4 ,but ,gall proceeded entirely upon fact2 and those who accuse his system as imaginative1 will probably call the ',faerie ,queene' an historical poem1 and ',lear' an algebraical tragedy4 ,he stalked from brain to brain1 from organ to organ1 and trampled conjecture under foot4 ',the man of skulls'--aye1 ,mr4 ,edinburgh ,reviewer1 the boy of skulls--endowed in truth1 with not less imagination than his predecessors1 had yet more love of fact than they had2 and this single faculty has placed him above them all4 ,it is1 indeed1 most wonderous1 that the catalogue of the innate faculties of man should have escaped the grey-haired philosophers of every age and climate1 and that its first-fold should have been opened to a child of nine years old1 who in maturity unrolled it all1 except a leaf or two1 which he left to his followers4 ,such a discovery1 had it been made by a man after so long concealment1 and so many attempts to accomplish it1 would have been wonderful2 but let it never be forgotten that it was the work1 and not the accidental work1 of an infant4 ,,advantages ,,and ,,objects ,,of ,,phrenology4 ,in proportion as any branch of study leads to important and useful results--in proportion as it tends to overthrow prevailing errors--in the same degree it may be expected to call forth angry declamation from those who are trying to despise what they will not learn1 and wedded to prejudices which they cannot defend4--,,archbishop ,,whately4 ,having pointed out in the introductory chapter the great end and aim of all learning--,,the ,,advancement ,,of ,,mankind ,,in ,,religion1 ,,morality1 ,,and ,,virtue1 we shall proceed to point out the advantages of ,phrenology1 in enabling man to become wiser1 better1 and happier4 ,it will be universally conceded1 that this life is a state of probation1 that if we do well--that is1 if we become ,god's people1 we shall enter into the kingdom of heaven2 but if we do evil1 we shall have our portion in the lake which burneth with everlasting fire2 for this reason ,st4 ,paul exhorts us to press forward to the prize of our high calling4 ,let us go on unto perfection1 says he1 and again1 let us lay aside every weight1 and the sin which doth so easily beset us--and in another place he tells us1 that it is appointed unto men once to die1 and after that the judgment4 ,such then1 being our situation1 how imperative is the command to1 cease to do evil1 and learn to do well4 ,we must first learn what is imperfect and then strive to improve1--we must look upon ,,self ,,improvement1 as something possible1 something allied to the better portion of human nature1 something worthy of the noblest care and the mightiest efforts that human beings1 aiming at perfection1 can even hope to aspire to4 ,we must recall the past1 watch over the present1 and strengthen ourselves against the future1--we must learn what we are and what we may be1 for we have in ourselves the power of controlling as well as of watching our passions and our energies1 and it is this prerogative that causes human responsibility4 ,phrenology teaches us that mental energy is invariably accompanied by an increase of the brain1 in the portion which is acted on by that energy2 if the intellect be expanded1 the perceptive faculties in active operation1 the nobler energies of charity and veneration employed for good1 it is at once apparent2 so too with the baser passions1 the sensualist1 the ignorant1 and the depraved alike reveal by their organization the spirit that moves within them1 and as we know by endless facts that the brain alters in proportion to the use or disuse of faculties1 sentiments1 or passions2 so if we are right-minded we must infer that ,god created no such master-piece of unerring workmanship without designing it for our good2 and if so1 how culpable1 how criminal must they be1 who dare to doubt the hand of a nobler being in a design so beautiful1--how culpable must they be who neglect to use the means laid down for their advancement1--how criminal1 when they know1 yet slight or scorn to employ it8 ,but it may be asked1 how can the brain enlarge or decrease by the action of the mind8 ,can an invisible1 immaterial principle enlarge or lessen the organ through which it operates8 most certainly it can1--what but use developes the muscular system--what but the amount of exertion makes the right arm of the gold beater nearly twice the size of his left8 or why does active exertion give strength and tone to the limbs1 whilst indolence renders them effeminate and small1--and if any one doubt the parallel1 they cannot have examined and enquired for truth1 on which alone enquiry can be based4 ,muscular power1 considered abstractedly1 is to the full as invisible and deep seated as the powers of the mind1--the mind must first direct the motions of animal power through the medium of the nerves1 and the exertion of their power forms the muscles1 or if the power be not exerted1 the muscles1 however fully developed previously1 must quickly decrease2 so it is with the brain1 the index of the mind3 and as no one can behold the brawny frame of the laborious artisan without being led to consider the exertion of muscular force as the cause of that powerful form1 so no one ought to dispute the identical operation in another part of the human system1 simply because they are familiar with one and will not be familiar with the other4 ,taking it for granted then1 7and surely no one will deny rashly what countless facts have proved1 and what is only proved the more as the number of facts increase7 that the brain is the organ of the mind1 we are led to the following principles4 #a4 ,the brain is the organ through which the mind operates4 #b4 ,in proportion to the developement of any part of the brain will be the power of that corresponding faculty1 sentiment1 or passion1 because that faculty1 sentiment1 or passion1 by its anterior action1 has developed the brain4 #c4 ,the increase or decrease of mental passions1 affections1 or sentiments1 is accompanied by a corresponding increase or decrease of the brain4 #d4 ,the brain like the muscle1 is only the agent through which the immaterial spirit acts1 for as muscular power resides not in a muscle1 so neither does the mind dwell in the brain2--and as all connection between the muscle and life1 or vital energy is destroyed by severing the connection of the nerve communicating power to that muscle1 so might the mind and brain be severed1 but for the beautiful design of ,providence1 in so carefully protecting the brain lest any mental organ be impaired1 as well as by the formation of duplicates to those organs most exposed to injury2 for as in common life1 the accident that deprives man of a limb1 does not render him incapable of his higher and loftier duties1 so is it proportionably necessary that the organ through which those higher and nobler functions are performed should have been rendered most secure from harm4 #e4 ,that the different parts of the brain having been found by long experience to be appropriated to different functions1 those parts are and have the same design1 and are produced by the same faculties in all human beings4 ,under one of these heads all phrenological facts must fall4 ,from these principles also1 it must be evident that the brain is dependant for its form and character on the developement of the mind in any individual1 and in this manner phrenology ascertains the natural bias of the mind1 so as to direct education2--it ascertains similarity of pursuits and dispositions so as to improve social intercourse2--it ascertains at any time of life what faculties require to be cultivated or to be checked1 what sentiments or passions preponderate in the individual1 for good or for evil1 what should be repressed1 as well as those parts wherein increase should be aimed at1 it points out the persons with whom we sympathize1 or towards whom we may have an antipathy1--in the treatment of mental disease1 its use is obvious4 ,no more satisfactory proof of this can be referred to1 than the extraordinary success of the experiments at the ,hanwell ,lunatic ,asylum under the direction of ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,ellis4 ,regarding the brain not as an entire organized mass1 but as an assemblage of organs1 some of which may come into a morbid condition while the rest remain comparatively healthy1 the course pursued at that excellent institution has been1 by kindness and by engaging the attention of the patient1 to exercise those organs which are sound1 and1 by diminishing the action of those which are in a diseased state1 to restore them to the healthy performance of their functions4 ,the success which has attended the experiment stands without precedent in the annals of insanity4 ,from this treatment we learn that cures have averaged ninety in a hundred4 ,phrenology teaches us how to aim at self-improvement1 that is1 the duty which every man owes to himself1 so as to improve and render more perfect whatsoever is wrong in his nature4--,improvement is the end and object2--it demands a vigorous well regulated exertion of all the energies of thought and feeling4--,phrenology teaches where it is most required--whether it be moral1 intellectual or religious1 and whichever it may be1 we must make it the great end of our endeavours1 and use solemnly and deliberately the great powers that ,,god has given to us1--without this resolution of purpose the best means are worthless3 but with it the poorest may become mighty in moral and intellectual powers1 the progression of our nature to the perfection pointed at by ,st4 ,paul1 must not be regarded as a fiction1 but a reality1--we must look coolly and rationally upon the vast amount of ignorance--intemperance1 sensuality and selfishness that dwell with and around us1--we must think what an immense field of mind is lost--how many might be cheered with intelligence1 disinterestedness and refinement1 that now are lost in voluptuous extravagance or the exercise of worthless and depraved passions2--we must learn the dignity of our station as men--that we shall be made partakers of ,,christ1 if we be stedfast unto the end1--and that if we keep this object in view stedfastly and zealously1 we shall inherit a crown of righteousness that fadeth not away--and that too in a kingdom of everlasting happiness where the wicked shall cease from troubling and the weary be at rest4 ,,on ,,the ,,structure ,,and ,,anatomy ,,of ,,the ,,brain4 ,the ,,brain is admitted by physiologists1 to be the organ of the mind1 although dissection furnishes no clue to its functions1 but the same may be said of the eye1 the tongue or the ear4 ,the phrenologist compares developement of brain with manifestation of mental power1 and by its classification of organs arranges those instruments through which the mind manifests its power during life4 ,a brief description of the brain therefore will be advantageous4 ,it is a mass of soft matter not homogeneous1 but presenting different appearances2 part of it white in colour1 and fibrous in texture is named the medullary substance and abounds in the interior2 the other matter is of a grey colour and not fibrous in appearance1 this forms the outer-portion of brain1 they do not blend together1 but have a perfect line of distinction4 ,there is no adipose or fatty matter in the skull4 ,the brain is divided into two hemispheres1 separated by a strong membrane termed the ,falciform process of the ,dura ,mater1 and each hemisphere is divided into three lobes1 anterior1 middle and posterior3 the two hemispheres and the organs of each side are brought into communication by fibres running transversely4 ,the cerebellum and brain are only slightly and indirectly connected4 ,the greater portion of the brain is destitute of sensibility1 ,sir ,c4 ,bell imagines from this that it possesses a higher office than that of sensual perception4 ,the external substance of the brain is arranged in convolutions or folds2 these appear to be intended for the purpose of increasing its superficial extent with the least enlargement of size1--in the inferior classes of animals there are no convolutions1 but they increase in number and extent as we ascend in the scale of being4 ,each side of the brain and also of the cerebellum1 is supplied with separate arteries conveying blood to it1 while the sinuses or canals which return the blood to the heart are common to all4 ,the ,,cerebellum is composed of matter similar to that of the brain in appearance1 but different in arrangement1--it is separated from the brain by a strong membrane called the tentorium3 its fibres originate in the medulla oblongata where the organs of the propensities take their rise1 so that the brain and cerebellum although separated by the tentorium are both connected together4 ,the brain and ,cerebellum are protected by the skull1 and the brain is formed before the bones which invest it4 ,the process of ossification is gradual1 the principal portion at birth being strong membranes in which the points of ossification begin and continue increasing in extent and strength till about the age of nine years3 between the substance of the brain and the skull are the pia mater and the dura mater1 two integuments which enclose the peripheral extent of the brain and convey blood-vessels to its several parts1 the brain with these membranes exactly fills the interior of the skull4 ,the skull fully formed is composed of eight bones which are connected by indented edges3 the internal and external surfaces are1 from their smooth surface called the plates and the intermediate part1 diploe1 which is of a loose cellular texture2 as this diploe is nearly equally thick in every part1 the two tables are nearly parallel to each other1 and the variations where they occur do not exceed the eighth or tenth part of an inch2 the integuments being an exact form of the brain1 and the bony matter fitting them exactly1 it follows that there is no obstacle of importance to prevent our observing the form of the brain by the form of the skull4 ,disease and old age alone oppose obstacles to this proceeding2 for by these causes the skull may be increased or diminished in volume1 and it is generally irregular in thickness in old age3 the sutures also interrupt absolute parallelism1 but their situation is known and allowed for1 and the frontal sinus1 or cavity at the top of the nose1 in the frontal bone1 7which is often enlarged and covered by the schneiderian membrane giving great power to the nerves of smell7 is so remotely connected that it can only affect a few organs1--five at the most4 ,these few objections are so fully overruled by practice and observation1 that they can never lead to error if the student exercise a proper degree of caution4--,we may conclude then1 that if men manifest their true nature in their actions1 7and men cannot always be dissemblers17 the mind influencing the brain1 and thereby the skull1 must present a developement corresponding to their real character--and that ,,phrenology or external examination leads to the results sought for when we examine human nature for the purpose of self improvement1 or for moral and religious elevation of character4 ,,on ,,temperament4 ,the ,temperaments are commonly stated to be four only1 and their sub-divisions2 as these are united in the same individual4 ,these are1 the ,nervous1 ,sanguine1 the ,bilious1 and the ,lymphatic2 they are however rarely met with in a separate state1 the greater number of persons presenting a mixed temperament1 the most predominant of which are the ,sanguine-,bilious and the ,sanguine-,nervous1 a milder form of ,lymphatic and the ,lymphatic with the ,sanguine1 ,bilious and ,nervous1 may be stated as producing twelve varieties4 ,temperament may be defined as the natural constitutional tendency of the individual1 producing a disposition to exert certain faculties more than others3 for this reason they must be carefully studied1 that their active and passive influence upon the mind may be ascertained4 ,their action is chiefly manifested in the energy or apathy1 of the individual's character2 for when properly balanced1 by their equal influence on a well cultivated mind1 they produce the beautiful harmony of feeling1 that leads to a right estimation of things whether moral1 intellectual1 or physical2 by their combined influence in the physical man1 that is on the passions and affections1 or1 on the intellectual being1 that is1 the perceptives actives1 and the reflectives passive1--or upon the higher sentiments1 when the moral energy is active1 and the spiritual zeal passive1--they produce the noblest developement of character that can actuate human nature--the disunity of these produces but a heathen morality on the one hand1 or religious fanaticism on the other3 in the mind too1 while there is an active perception of facts1 without due reflection on causes1 or the reverse of these1 the mind may be led into an excess of its favourite pursuit1 to the ultimate loss of much mental power4 ,when rightly exercised however1 the spiritual unity of body1 mind and soul1 produces a vigorous pursuit of whatever is great and good in human nature4 ,the ,temperaments may be generally referred to some particular constitution of the organic system--whole families are sometimes of a similar temperament1 and at others no two members are alike3 a great portion probably depends upon parental causes1 in the same way that family likenesses are often observed1 probably they may be referred to the blood as a chief cause1 the active circulation producing great action on the brain and nerves originating the nervous3 a fulness of the circulating medium may produce the sanguine2 a muscular developement the bilious2 a sluggish system the lymphatic4 ,the classification of the temperaments1 and their combined influence upon the three-fold nature of man may be best understood from careful observation3 when pure they present the following appearances2-- #a4 ,a ,,nervous ,,temperament is indicated by a pale complexion1 features sharp and angular1 delicate texture of the muscular system1 fine silky hair1 delicate health1 quickness of perception and great susceptibility2 persons under the influence of this temperament are very sensitive1--act more from impulse and feeling than from principle1 and feel great languor when exhausted4 #b4 ,the ,,lymphatic ,,temperament1 is marked by a full fleshy outline1--round features1--pale complexion1 light straightish hair1--pulse slow1 muscles soft and the disposition lukewarm and indolent3 the circulation being feeble1 the mental manifestations are proportionately sluggish and weak4 #c4 ,the ,,bilious ,,temperament is distinguished by dark hair1 skin of a yellow hue and coarse angular features1 eyes active1 and often with a severe expression1 the muscles firm and well developed2--the pulsations partake of great energy which extends also to the brain4 #d4 ,the ,,sanguine ,,temperament is evident from a clear florid complexion1--features well formed and fleshy1--the muscles full and tolerably firm1 mild expression in the eye1--auburn or brown hair1 eyes blue or sometimes hazel1--disposition lively and cheerful4 ,these1 with their combinations will produce all the common varieties1 and where they are well united in a single individual the union generally improves the character4 ,,on ,,the ,,varieties ,,of ,,the ,,human ,,race4 ,when we regard the different quarters of the globe1--the distinct and permanent features of national character that stamp races of men as races1 we are immediately struck with the great mental and natural dissimilarity of these varieties of the human race4--,the ,briton bowing in worship to the one true and ever living ,god1--the wild ,indian revelling in the uncontrolled sublimities of a wild and unconquered waste1--the ,brahmin1 prostrate at the blood stained relics of human sacrifice1 or the ignorant ,african1 worshipping the carved effigy of some mis-shapen and hideous monster2--each present characters which indicate some strongly marked feature of individual and national constitution4 ,the millions that dwell around the ,ganges have a national and characteristic feature in their mental constitution1 and this distinguishing mark is as decidedly evident in the form of the brain as it is in the customs of the people1--the same remark applies to all other races2--the ,european who has long dwelt in a high state of civilization1 and mental culture1--,the ,asiatic1 whose ancient customs1 moderns vainly seek to improve1--,the ,american1 in his native forest1 surrounded by civilization1 remains even yet in the state of rude and ancient barbarism4--,these differences of national character1 must have a great influence upon the individual3 the unvarying customs produce a sameness in the organization--the people as a whole are intellectual1 ignorant1 or barbarian4 ,these national differences have been attributed to the influence of soil and climate3--but although these exercise some influence1 they are inadequate to explain the whole--climate would materially affect the customs of the people1 and these customs would influence the organization of those parts of the brain influenced by the operations of the mind in procuring animal comforts1--the developement of constructiveness is greatly affected by the cause4 ,but when we remember how certainly the same causes produce the same results throughout the works of nature1 we are often unable to explain much of this influence1 the ,europeans and native ,indians have lived for centuries under the influence of the same physical causes--the one has progressed like their brethren of the old continent1--the other remains stationary in savage and uncivilized wildness4 ,religious and political institutions again1 have been brought forward as the causes of these differences2 but this is a superficial view of the matter1 because it will be granted that all our institutions have been framed as the minds of man require them1 not anteriorly3 and when we except institutions like that of christianity1 the direct gift of ,god himself1 from what cause do we consider human institutions to emanate except from the minds of those who legislate for the wants of a people1 or who impose institutions upon them by right of arbitrary power4 ,that national character accords with ,phrenological rules1 is true as far as we have opportunities of judging2 but at present our collections of national skulls are not sufficiently extensive to draw any very remarkable conclusions2 the most prejudiced observer cannot fail to remark the great difference among the skulls of different people--thus1 the ancient ,greek with ,ideality and ,constructiveness large1 when opposed to the deficient skull of the ,new ,hollander1 shews as striking a contrast1 as the hovels of the one1 do to the architectural remains of the other4#a ,to estimate national peculiarities properly1 travellers competent to examine heads1 and classify temperaments are much wanted3 the size of individual organs and their combinations are also required3 the skulls that we possess shew that the brain is in exact agreement with the characters given to their various people by travellers of observation and experience4--,the subjugation of a free people to a foreign yoke1--the introduction of new customs by conquerors1--the revolutions of states and empires1 and the intercourse of nations1 with many other matters to be gathered from the history of the world1 all aid in assisting us to determine national character and from this to deduce the natural tendencies of individuals4 ,,mental ,,faculties4 ,,division ,i4 ,,feelings ,,and ,,propensities4 ,common to man and the inferior animals4 #a4 ,,amativeness4 ,,love4 ,this organ is situated in the cerebellum1 about half way between the centre of the occipital bone and the large long process behind the ear4 ,it manifests itself by the thickness or width of the back part of the head2 it is produced as the human frame approaches full developement1 being small in children1 and generally on the increase between the ages of sixteen and twenty four1--it frequently diminishes in old age4 ,,use1--,this organ is properly exercised in virtuous affection3--the endearments of a domestic circle1 and the society of those we love2--it softens the proud1 irascible1 anti-social principles of human nature1 and aids the benevolent affections1--it causes a respectful1 and honourable deference to the softer sex2--inspires the poet in his best conceptions of the purity1 and self devotedness of ,love1 and produces that quiet but effectual influence in society1 which is shown in the kind interest taken by either sex in the proceedings of the other4 ,when abused1 or allowed only to act as an animal propensity1 the absence of the higher feature is a very unamiable trait in the human character1--no deference is paid to age or sex and woman regarded only as the minister to illicit lust4 ,love to ,god is shown by overcoming these baser feelings1 they who love me1 are such as follow my commands were the words of the ,christian's pattern1 and the exercise of this mental faculty is best shown by those who practise charity or universal love without which we are but as a sounding brass or tinkling cymbal4 ,,abuse4--,an encouragement of animal and debasing sensuality which soon leads to a loss of modesty1 and personal respect1 and virtue3 the worship due to the ,creator is lavished on the creature2 ,jealousy and its myriad evil attendants originate chiefly in the abuse of this faculty4 #b4 ,,philoprogenitiveness1 ,,love ,,of ,,offspring4 ,in animals this organ is termed instinct1 and instinct means an original propensity impelling an animal to a particular action without intention or purpose4 ,this organ is situated over the cerebellum1 and corresponds to the protuberance of the occiput1 rather above and between the duplex organ of amativeness4 ,as a faculty inherent in the human race it is beautifully shown in parental affection2 women have it larger than men1 and it is found to be larger in the female1 than in the male skulls of animals4 ,the interest of this feeling is often proportionate to the helplessness of infancy2--a mother doats on her infant in the earliest months of existence when few beside herself can see any attractions in it3 it is generally manifested in large families where the youngest is invariably the favourite1 unless when sickness causes another to share in maternal tenderness4 ,it seems probable that the fondness lavished by maiden ladies on animals1 originates in this faculty3 for they often nurse and pamper their pets quite as excessively as parents do children4 ,the mutual love or affection for the same offspring is the bond of union in marriage--a step-parent seldom exhibits any thing more than regard towards the child of another3 it has been observed by ,spurzheim that he found it small in #bi infanticides whom he had been able to examine3 but as the faculty in its proper use produces feelings of the most delightful and exquisite character so is it the more liable to ,,abuse4 ,children are thus spoiled by indulgence1 their prospects are raised by a parent's mistaken affection2 and instead of protection and happiness to children and attention and deference from them1 it too often terminates in a spoiled child on the one side1 and disrespect towards the other4 ,through mistaken opinions parents often prefer to make their children rich rather than good thus sacrificing their temporal and eternal welfare1 leading them to put their trust in things which the moth and rust doth corrupt and where thieves do break in and steal1 rather than in that ,rock of ages without whose knowledge not one sparrow dies4 #c4 ,,adhesiveness1 ,,attachment4 ,this organ is located at the middle of the posterior edge of the parietal lobe1 or each side of ,concentrativeness1 higher than ,philoprogenitiveness1 and just above the lambdoidal suture4 ,,use--,this faculty is marked in those individuals who exhibit permanent attachment to beings and objects around them--it gives a permanence to friendship1 a steady adherence to opinions1 and a dislike to change whether of objects or persons3 a person with this faculty well developed will manifest friendship to another even in the greatest depression of fortune when friendship is most severely tried3 it is on the average larger in females than in men1 and this is shewn in the permanence of their attachments1 ,man1 it is said may love1 but it is too often with a view to his own gratification1 but when a woman loves1 she does so with all her soul4--,the absence of this organ shews an individual to be of a cold1 indifferent character in his friendship1 and one not to be depended upon in the hour of misfortune1 it is only where the organ is well developed that an attachment is sustained through evil report and good report3 when regulated by judgment rather than passion1 it produces the noblest examples of disinterestedness and devotion4--,the ,,abuse of this organ is shown in the unworthy attachment of man to the fleeting things of this life--he places not his affections upon high1 but on the conections of party1 the interests1 the advantages of this life--he loves life to an erroneous extent1 perhaps degenerates into a recluse1 shews a devoted attachment to the good things of this life and but little for him who was the true friend as the way1 the truth1 and the life4 #d4 ,,inhabitiveness4--,,love ,,of ,,home4 ,inhabitiveness is by many persons considered as a modification of the preceding organ or of ,concentrativeness3 it can hardly be considered a definite organ1 or a distinct mental faculty3 it is observed particularly in the attachment of individuals to some particular spot1--their home1 country1 or abode of those whom they love2--as the ,swiss have been known to pine for the mountain heights of their father land1 or1 as all men desire their ashes to repose at the side of their dearest kin4 ,dr4 ,spurzheim in his late work published in ,america is inclined to attribute a more extensive sphere of action to this organ than can be yet decided2 and in fact1 it is a decided manifestation of mental energy in many persons--a dislike of change1 especially of abode2 a disinclination to travel1 an attachment to the place of birth1 of long residence1 or the spot where life has been spent1 leads many persons to live and die in the same spot where their fathers lived and died before them2--it is this organ that gives a ,home to ,englishmen1 ,home1 for which some languages have not even an expression1 ,home1 in defence of which1 ,englishmen have so bravely fought1 so nobly died4 ,many animals are attached to peculiar situations1 the chamois1 on the ,alpine cliff1--the eagle1 soaring to his eyrie1--and the beaver located by some unfrequented stream1 give evidence of a similar tendency4 ,the faculty when ,,abused1 or allowed to be excessive leads to peculiarity of disposition1 an avoidance of strangers1 a dislike to necessary duties that interfere with domestic arrangements1 nervous ideas1 susceptibility of insult1 and in some cases1 by the neglect of external objects1 the mind dwelling upon its own internal emotions only1 has declined to monomania or even temporary alienation4 #e4 ,,combativeness4 ,combativeness is situated on each side of ,philoprogenitiveness1 a little behind1 and up from the ear2 being the result of great mental energy1 it is indicative of physical courage2 it enables an individual to contend with difficulty and danger1 prompts to repel whatever is inimical1 and opposed to his exertions4 ,the instinctive tendency is doubtless to oppose1 and thus produce courage2 in its lowest activity it leads simply to resistance2 in a higher degree to attack the measures1 sentiments1 or opinions of others2 it is generally more developed in men than in women1 although individual instances occur among women with this organ largely developed3 the name given to this faculty originally by ,dr4 ,gall was1 the instinct of self defence1 and defence of property1 but the definition was regarded by ,spurzheim as too limited2 and its operation in connection with other faculties is very extensive indeed--because courage when properly directed is useful to preserve the right1 and ,dr4 ,johnson speaking of courage1 says1 it is a quality so necessary for maintaining virtue that it is respected even when associated with vice4--,on this account it lends energy of character1 and is necessary to all great actions2 for even in the most virtuous designs1 how frequently is opposition manifested1 which it requires every energy to subdue2 those who fight for virtue1 require courage as much1 or more than those who fight for vice2--when this organ is deficient1 the individual is unfitted for the bustles and fatigues of active life1 he shrinks from hostility and from any course that opposes the feelings1 the prejudices or even the vices of human society4 ,it is very powerful in combination1 lending its aid to the designs of a ,howard1 lending energy to the application of talent1 or courage to the opponent of sin2--the most perfect and useful member of society1 is formed by the full developement of moral sentiments1 due allowance of reflective power1 and a stimulative degree of this organ4 ,useful1 however as it is1 when well used1 so is its action dangerous when unchecked1 and in abuse4 ,it inspires a love of contention1 and controversy1 so that the social hours become embittered by strife2 a tendency to anger and provocation by irritating conduct2 to rashness in designs from miscalculation of their effects4 ,an individual knowing this organ to be large1 should always think before he acts1 and always keep before him the illustrious example of ,him1 who being reviled1 reviled not again4--,the energy given him1 should be employed well1 he should never be weary of well doing1 but remember that the fruit of the spirit1 is love1 joy1 and peace4 #f4 ,,destructiveness4 ,the organ of destructiveness is immediately over the external opening of the ear1 being more or less forward as the developement is more or less intellectual4 ,the faculty is indispensable to all animals who live on flesh1 and it differs from the preceding organ in being more permanent4 ,combativeness gives courage to meet danger1 or oppose it without terror4 ,destructiveness lends a constant power of overcoming and destroying as long as the object of opposition remains2 its energy is thus a permanent stimulus to exertion1 so as to overcome whatever object is in view--if learning1 indefatigable perseverance2 if riches1 a constant plodding in the pursuit2 if virtue1 a firm and unvarying opposition to the myriad phases of sin4 ,combativeness is the active momentary stimulus that requires excitement4 ,destructiveness1 the passive energy that supports continued exertion4 ,the organ is thus valuable when rightly used1 but unfortunately it lends its energy to evil pursuits as well as good ones--it is found in the hardened and unrepentant sinner1 as well as in the noble and energetic patriot2 it is thus highly dangerous in persons whose organization is not under the government of moral principle2 a good endowment is indispensable for a proper discharge of duty1 as the sword1 the emblem of destructiveness is often combined with the scales of justice1 the one to measure the offence1 the other to punish the contemners of the law2 those who have the organ small1 are deficient of energy1 incapable of fighting with the turmoils of the world4--on the other hand the abuse of it is recognised in petty tyranny1 a desire to trample on those beneath us2 a carelessness to the happiness of others1 and a severity of punishment for the minutest fault2 ,in common life we may trace the operation of this faculty2 a preacher1 with the organ large and benevolence small1 would hold out the threatenings of the ,gospel1 a preacher of the opposite organization would dwell upon its promise of pardon2 the ill-treatment of animals and children1 results from this faculty1 uncontrolled by moral sentiments2 the crowds of ignorant persons who assemble at bull-baits1 cock fights1 and other species of cruelty are led to gratify the organ from a want of moral principle3 the dreadful practice of swearing1 uttering threats of vengeance far beyond human power1 and calling down imprecations on the heads of others1 arises from the same cause1 and how rarely are these seen 7to any extent7 in educated society--where the energy of character has been directed by moral training into useful channels2--,the abuse of this organ is therefore to be earnestly cautioned against1 because1 lending its energy to evil1 it is productive of the worst results4 ,destructiveness itself is rarely found as a principle of destruction1 but the various degrees of vice and crime are often persevered in till they become more evil than this organ4 ,a person therefore should endeavour to break off rooted habits 7if bad ones7 by directing the energy of the mind into other channels1 they must walk in the ,spirit1 and not fulfil the lusts of the flesh1 knowing that1 they that are ,christ's crucify the flesh and the affections1 and lusts that belong to it4 ,let them put on the whole armour of ,god1 so that they may stand against the wiles of the devil1 let them take the helmet of salvation and the sword of the spirit1 which is the ,,word ,,of ,,god4 #g4 ,,secretiveness4 ,this organ is situated immediately above ,destructiveness1 in the lateral portion of the brain2 when both organs are fully developed1 it becomes difficult without practice to distinguish them1 it may therefore be mentioned that ,secretiveness is higher and more forward than the other4 ,it seems to result from some instinctive tendency existing in the mind1 to conceal from the public eye1 its own emotions and ideas4 ,it is essential to a prudent character1 for as ,solomon says1 ,a fool uttereth all his mind2 but a wise man keepeth it in till afterwards4--,in the lower order of animals the same faculty is termed cunning1 and it not only aids them in their pursuit of food1 but also enables them to combat force by prudence4 ,it enforces a salutary restraint against undue manifestation of other propensities which are best maintained within an individual's own bosom1 and it serves likewise to guard against the prying curiosity of others2 those persons in whom it is deficient are blunt and unrestrained in their opinions1 exhibit great want of tact in society1 expressing their sentiments without regard to propriety of time1 or place1 or person4 ,when properly employed1 this organ tends to shew a reserved disposition1 it suspects the secret design of others1 and exhibits the secrecy which is indispensable to prudent conduct and success3 a deficiency of this organ is shown among tale bearers1 gossips1 and newsmongers1 and to the want of it some portion of scandal may be attributed4 ,secretiveness is necessary for the confidence of friendship1 it is an essential element of politeness1 much of which consists in avoiding the expression of what is disagreeable4 ,it is however liable to ,,abuse1 and then it leads to much evil3 a love for concealment1 intrigue1 cunning1 and mystery in the details of every day life2 hypocrisy and dissimulation to hide what has been done on the sly2 persons with overweening ,self ,esteem always conceal their affairs from the eye of the world1 are anxious to support appearances1 and maintain a fair character outwardly even if their private acts are of the grossest kind2 if associated with want of moral sentiment it leads to lying and theft3 it is often manifest to a surprising extent among the insane4 ,persons having the organ large will do well to keep a check upon any unnatural reserve3 and they should always see that they do nothing that requires concealment3 if the organ must be exercised1 let them lay up the word of ,god in their hearts which is the seed1 that sown in an honest and good heart1 brings forth fruit to perfection4 #h4 ,,alimentiveness4 ,this organ is only a probable one3 a love for food hardly appears to be a natural function of the mind1 and most of the known instances of enormous appetite appear to have resulted from organic disease 7in nearly every instance that is quoted by ,phrenologists47 ,there appears to be some grounds for supposing that this part of the brain is connected with the sensations of hunger and thirst1 and perhaps also with the sense of taste4 ,spurzheim says of it1 ,this organ though indicated by reason and comparative anatomy1 is merely probable and can be confirmed or rejected like every other1 according to direct observations alone1 in comparing cerebral developement to the special propensity4 ,i possess many facts in confirmation4 #i4 ,,constructiveness1 ,,mechanical ,,skill4 ,it requires some little experience to tell the precise spot of this organ1 it is situated in the frontal bone above the spheno-temporal suture1 but its position varies with the developement2 and it is somewhat covered by the temporal muscle1 so that it is difficult to judge except from experience4 ,constructiveness is the application of the inventive faculty1 and since necessity is the mother of invention1 ,constructiveness is that talent possessed by man for constructing and fabricating whatever his wants or his desires may originate4 ,it is this organ that is exercised by the architect1 the painter and the poet in refined life1 by the artisan of humble life1 by the beaver in their huts1 birds in their nests and even spiders in their webs3 it is a most valuable faculty3 and to it we are indebted for the ability to carry out what the mere intellectual faculties have conceived3 it depends for its value upon the organs wherewith it is associated1 with language and ,ideality1 it gives poetical ability2 with form1 the art of sculpture2 or with colour1 painting--where the organ is in excess it determines to ,,abuse2 such as1 the attempting to do what an acquaintance with philosophy would prove impossible2 the construction of ingenious1 but useless or even mischievous articles2 the application of constructive ability in imitating valuables for base purposes2 throwing away great labour on articles of curiosity1 and innumerable other ways in which mis-application of ability is productive of injury3 it should be remembered that ability in any way is a talent1 for us to improve against the time when our ,lord comes to require it of us1 and we should remember that misapplication will be a more serious fault1 than that of the servant who hid his lord's talent in a napkin1 or of him who buried it in the ground4 #aj4 ,,acquisitiveness4 ,this organ is situated at the inferior range of the parietal bone4 ,the faculty of the mind is a tendency to acquire whatever is regarded valuable and whether riches or learning or articles of vertu be the object of acquisition1 there appears to be little doubt1 that such a faculty is natural to the nature of man4 ,although such an instinctive desire presents the aspect of meanness we must in some measure look at its effects2 what would ,england or any civilized country be1 if there had never been a desire for storing up the products of intellect and philosophy1--and the wealth that enables ,england to send out millions in spreading the word of ,god over a benighted and barbarous world8--,if industry were to be limited by present wants1 man would always continue the creature of mere impulse2 it is the faculty of acquisitiveness that directs a systematic aim at supplying the comforts and elegancies of life1 and to this1 accumulation is necessary3 when however the pursuit of wealth becomes the chief business of life the moral sentiments are deadened1 the intellect and the nobler faculties of the mind become engrossed in a debasing pursuit1 the sympathy that characterizes a true christian is lost sight of4 ,to provide for immediate wants of ourselves and those dependant upon us1 to furnish the means of some repose for the body so as to enable the mind to enjoy cultivation1 and to provide for the education of offspring3--to give a natural tendency for learning1 for religious instruction1 or the acquisition of that knowledge which is power1 may be set down as the proper objects of this faculty3 where the faculty of acquisitiveness is unduly exercised1 and the propensity to acquire is not balanced by veneration and conscientiousness1 the character is often influenced to dishonesty4 ,in ,,abuse2 a miserly hoarding and total neglect of charity is evident1 covetousness which ,st ,paul condemns as idolatry1 avarice and selfishness1 a total disregard of distress1 of conscientious principle1 and of honour and duty are first and foremost2--from this organ1 the weak fall a prey to the strong1 the poor to the avarice of the lovers of mammon as they are called1 that riches are valued more than public virtue or private integrity--that riches are pursued to the total ruin of the loftier principles of human nature1 and to this prostitution of spirit and of soul is owing the difficulty of a rich man's entering the kingdom of heaven4 ,if there be such an instinctive tendency of the human mind1 no better advice can ever be offered than that of the christian's pattern seek ye first the kingdom of ,god and his righteousness and all other things shall be added unto you4 ,for what shall it profit a man1 if he gain the whole world1 and lose his own soul8-- ,besides these organs of the propensities1 phrenologists have imagined the existence of a peculiar instinct termed ,vitativeness1 or love of life3 the fact is probable but requires much caution and much experience before it can be definitely decided3 the existence of a few isolated facts does not necessarily include the whole human race as being like a few individuals1 and there is great necessity for not increasing the number of organs without due confirmation1 because the simplicity of arrangement and the plainness of the science is thereby disturbed4 ,of this organ ,spurzheim says ,i look for this organ at the basis1 where the middle and posterior lobes of the brain meet each other1 at the internal border of ,combativeness4 ,,division ,,ii4 ,,intellectual ,,and ,,perceptive ,,faculties ,,of ,,the ,,mind4 #aa4 ,,language4 ,it was owing to this organ1 a full prominent eye1 that ,dr ,gall first directed his attention to a scientific investigation of the faculties of the mind4 vide ,page4 #ac ,a large developement is indicated by the prominence and depression of the eye1 this appearance being produced by convolutions of the brain situated in the posterior and transverse part of the orbitary plate1 pressing downward and outward in proportion to its convolutions4 ,a full developement of this organ indicates a faculty for the acquisition and employment of words1 or artificial signs1 expressing our ideas2 the meaning of the signs must be determined by other faculties1 exactly as force or power of any kind requires to be guided and directed3 from this reason may originate the very different significations given to the same abstract word1 a different organization producing a difference in the meaning attached to it in spite of every effort to give an accurate definition2 this will be self evident1 if we merely quote the three leading features of ,christianity1 ,faith1 ,hope1 and ,charity1 and refer to different degrees of moral and intellectual elevation or turpitude1 for the vague1 unsatisfactory1 and degraded meaning that we find frequently attached to them4 ,persons with a large endowment of this faculty1 abound in words2 in conversation they pour forth with volubility1 but when excited they pour forth a torrent2 this should be moderated by good sense1 and appropriate language rather than verbosity will be employed in their speaking efforts as well as in their writings3 when the organ is deficient1 the individual wants a command of expression1 he writes and speaks with great poverty of style1 and when possessed of ideas is unable to clothe them in elegant or even appropriate language4 ,the talent for1 or facility of learning foreign languages originates in the same faculty1 taken connectedly with the mental capacity for entering into the style and combinations of other countries4 ,some individuals in whom the organ is large do not necessarily possess a ready memory1 which usually occurs when the faculty that apprehends the primitive idea 7of which words only pronounce the name7 is more than ordinarily small4 ,the organ abused generally makes a speechifier of small worth1 a talker for the mere sake of talking1 who frequently loses sight of reason and subject as well as his own good sense4--,its best use is a felicity of diction in describing the sentiments and opinions of the individual so that they may be exactly comprehended by others4 #ab4 ,,form4 ,this organ is situated in the corner of the eye next the nose1 and when large there is a considerable breadth across the nose at that place3 its chief use is in the accurate knowledge of form1 whether of persons or objects1 and disposes the mind to give a definite form to objects even when unseen3 it is to this the acute observation of objects1 by which means we compare them one with another1 or personal identity after absence and probable change in the form of features3 to this organ many distinguished sculptors and architects owe much of their excellence1 as its necessary action in connection with other organs would be to express an accuracy of outline3 it is to an excessive use of this organ that painters study correctness of form in drawing1 and neglect colouring2 useful to architects for this reason4 #ac4 ,,size4 ,the organ of size is situated at the corner of the eyebrow1 next to individuality1 and appears to influence the capability of the eye and mind in its motions of dimension3 instances are known where persons deficient in this faculty have been unable to manage perspective in drawings1 or even to copy the plainest figure without error in the size3 others on the contrary measure size by the eye almost as accurately as by a rule1 and are especially accurate in judging about dimensions--the organ is necessary for some professions1 but not of great general importance4 #ad4 ,,weight4 ,this faculty like the preceding1 is shewn only in particular persons3 the absence of it is rarely noticed1 and the presence of it quite unseen except in some particular walks of life4 ,it gives a power of measuring1 and comprehending the resistance of bodies to forces applied to them1 is useful in philosophic enquiry1 engineering1 architecture c4 #ae4 ,,colouring4 ,the sensation of colour on the eye is very different in different persons2 many persons having an acute sense of vision readily perceive the qualities of objects but are incapable of judging about the agreement or disagreement of particular colours1 and when the faculty is small they confound them and are incapable of perceiving their effect4 ,when prominent the individual possesses a taste for gaudy colours1 careless about their arrangement or harmony with others4 ,it is situated in the centre of the eyebrow giving it a prominent aspect such as may be witnessed in the portraits of ,titian1 ,rubens1 and many celebrated artists3 ,the organ of colour well developed gives harmony and excellence in colouring and is useful to botanists1 dyers1 mercers1 and all artists3 ,that the faculty is abused1 or rather wanting may be witnessed by the numberless facts that we meet with constantly1 where people dress in gaudy colours and appear quite regardless of their being suitable or otherwise4 #af4 ,,space4 ,this hardly appears a positive faculty1 we have noticed it from its being mentioned by phrenologists2 it appears to be of a similar kind to form1 size1 and weight1 all of which organs are connected with the organ of vision2 the persons who have the organ well developed are persons of wide views in every thing1 they are enraptured with extensive prospects1 mountains1 and every thing of a large size--if proved to exist1 such a faculty would be valuable to painters4 #ag4 ,,order4 ,the tendency of this faculty is to produce a love of order and arrangement in every thing2 they are distressed by confusion1 and are highly pleased with a regular arrangement of their furniture1 books and other property4 ,the organ is located in the superciliary ridge1 and from its general small developement1 much fact is still necessary before the organ and its value can be definitely determined3 there is certainly well marked in some persons1 a love of order1 and in others a carelessness to disorder1 the one often degenerating into precision in trifles that produces great discomfort to other persons1 the latter often inducing a disregard of necessary care and attention3 the medium is to be sought for by all who detect either in their own character4 #ah4 ,,number4 ,the organ of the faculty of ,,number is situated above and outside the external angle of the eye1 a little below the external angle of the frontal bone4 ,the special function seems to be calculation in general3 it does not seem to extend to any faculty of computation beyond that of numbers1 although from the tact that it associates with it1 it facilitates the study of mathematics4 ,many instances are adduced of its large size in good calculators1 particularly in ,george ,bidder1 the calculating boy4 ,this organ1 like the other perceptives requires cultivation4 #ai4 ,,tune4 ,the organ of ,,tune bears the same relation to the ears that the organ of ,colouring does to the eyes4 ,a large developement of the organ enlarges the lateral parts of the forehead1 and great practice is always necessary before the organ can be successfully observed3 but if two persons are placed together1 the one having it largely1 the other smally developed1 the superior one will be perceptible at a glance4 ,the faculty gives the perception of melody1 which is only one of the ingredients of musical talent2 the organs of the mind must be well developed in accordance with this1 so that the soul and expression of music may be felt and appreciated1 before the organs are perfectly developed2 the fingers indeed may be trained to great expertness1 but it is only the real lover of harmonious sounds who devotes all his powers to its cultivation that can arrive at any thing like perfect skill4 ,as a natural faculty of nature1 this organ is particularly pleasing in calming the passions1 and producing pleasure by means perfectly innocent4 ,persons cannot obtain a scientific knowledge of music in whom the organ is deficient1 and when abused as this faculty often is1 it should be remembered that the line between pleasure and pain is so indefinite1 that where one terminates the other begins2--music carried beyond an agreeable pitch1 leads the possessor into society1 and too frequently into pleasures more enervating and sensual--these are to be dreaded1 and the musician should remember that as the noblest employment of his faculty is to ,praise ,god in the highest1--so1 nothing can be more debasing than the prostitution of it to unworthy purposes4 #bj4 ,,time4 ,the organ of ,,time seems to be related to that of order in its effects1 it is essential to music and versification1 form some source of pleasure in dancing1 and seems to give a power of judging time and intervals of duration in general4 ,the value of time renders this faculty more than usually necessary2 it leads to a right estimation of punctuality as well as punctuality in engagements3 persons with the organ large are fevered by delay1 they become irritated about trifles of time that they may be kept waiting by others and thus incur a charge of bad temper4 ,the organ is especially useful in persons studying history as it tends to give a faculty of remembering dates and other periods of time1 the succession of events1 c4 #ba4 ,,locality4 ,dr4 ,gall was led to infer the position of this organ from witnessing the memory of particular persons in their relation of places they had visited1 and the strong impression made upon them by surrounding objects1 so that he regarded this to be a primitive faculty4 ,spurzheim says1 the special faculty of this organ and the sphere of its activity1 remains to be determined4 ,it makes the traveller1 geographer and landscape painter1 recollects localities and gives notions of perspective4 ,persons in whom the organ is large1 form vivid and distinct conceptions of situations and scenery which they have seen or heard described1 and have great power in recalling such conceptions4--,the organ is large in all eminent navigators and travellers1 also in great astronomers and geographers4 ,persons who have this organ large1 are passionately fond of travelling3 and where firmness is small1 it influences to restlessness1 and love of change2 to physical pleasure as a gratification of this organ1 in the neglect of other duties1 and thus often exerts a baneful influence on the mind when allowed to operate without control4 #bb4 ,,individuality4 ,the tendency of this organ is1 the examination of fact as the only foundation of truth2 it is situated in the middle of the lower part of the forehead1 immediately above the top of the nose1 it produces breadth and projection between the eyebrows4 ,this faculty renders us observant of outward objects1 and gives a desire to know1 and to examine2 it prompts to observation and general information1 and is necessary for the acquisition of facts as a basis of science4 ,spurzheim says1 ,persons endowed with this faculty in a high degree are attentive to all that happens around them1 to every object1 to every phenomenon1 to every fact3 it desires to know all by experience1 and consequently puts every other organ into action3 is fond of instruction1 collects facts1 and leads to practical knowledge4--,to the influence of this organ we may trace the knowledge of individuals by animals1 and even wild beasts in which this organ is large may be tamed to the will of a keeper4 ,it puts into active exertion the perceptive faculties round the eyebrow1 and thus influences the quality of the faculty 7language7 which lies in that portion of brain2 so that a person with this organ large1 and language small1 will say but a few words and those to the purpose1 or with individuality small and language large1 he will utter ten thousand neatly turned sentences of the meanest commonplace1 alike destitute of information or science4 ,persons in whom the organ is large1 are alive to every thing that passes around them1 they look at facts and events1 leaving it to others to reason upon them1 and many great discoveries have been made by persons with this organ large who have not been celebrated for their powers of reasoning4 ,when the organ is small1 the individual fails to observe things that are going on around him1 he will walk in the streets1 or the country and see or rather observe literally nothing2 he may visit a house without observing any one object beyond the immediate purpose of his visit4 ,,abuses4 ,this organ is often employed in the affairs of other people1 in petty knowledge that tends to no real purpose2 a superficiality of observation that leads to erroneous inferences1 and when largely developed with the reflective and philosophic faculties1 it leads to peculiarity of studies and pursuits to the exclusion of all others1 and by breaking the unity of learning which points all things to ,him who gave1 it is too often the cause1 of mistaken opinion or downright error4 #bc4 ,,eventuality4 ,enquires into events and takes notice of occurrences2 it gives prominence1 or a rounded fulness to the middle of the forehead4 ,dr4 ,gall comprised this organ and the preceding one in one faculty1 but it is now known that the one takes cognizance of objects1 the other the relationship and actions of those objects4 ,it seems to unite the reflectives with the perceptives1 so that it recognizes the activity of other faculties and directs them to strict action2 it desires to know by experience1 and thus produces what is termed the good sense of a matter1 and by recognizing the functions of the other powers of the brain and the operations of the external senses1 it reduces those impressions into conceptions1 ideas and opinions4--,eventuality is shewn when we review the past for comparison with the future1 it examines the effects of ,god's government in the universe and brings home the truths of the gospel to the heart of every one4 ,eventuality is the intellectual door to the threefold nature of man directing facts to his perceptive1 reflective and moral being1 thus pointing out the truth of ,christianity in the fulfilment of prophecy1 the mercy of the ,creator and the punishment entailed upon sin2 without this faculty the mind acquires a false conception of things1 unsound opinions1 and a tendency to the doctrines of materialism and infidelity from the animal rather than the intellectual nature being appealed to4 ,persons distinguished in professional pursuits have this organ large1 since they possess readiness of observation as well as talent in the detail1 whereby previously acquired knowledge is brought to bear upon present emergencies2 where the organ is only partially and imperfectly developed1 he will feel great difficulty in commanding his knowledge or appealing to it with any certainty1 the organ should therefore be assiduously cultivated4 ,in ,,abuse it tends to promote a love of trifles1 detailed events1 scandal and abuse1 the minutest particulars in preference to general information and individual aggrandizement rather than general good4 #bd4 ,,comparison4 ,the organ of comparison lies upon the upper and middle portion of the frontal bone4 ,the aim of the faculty seems to be to form abstract ideas1 generalizations and establish harmony among the operations of the other faculties2 thus comparing and establishing analogies among the objects of which a knowledge has been obtained by the perceptives3 and it not only traces real resemblances1 but the relations which things have to one another2 persons with this organ large illustrate their ideas by similies drawn from other objects and thus render them plainer to the understanding of another person1 and the comparisons thus drawn will be derived from those objects which most commonly engage the attention of the person making them3 it is generally large in poets1 even when they write prose2 #b1ejj similies are found in ,moore's ,life of ,sheridan2 these comparisons please1 because they address themselves to the multitude and produce clearness and force of illustration4 ,spurzheim says of this organ1 ,in order to persuade and to affect1 the speaker or orator must speak by analogy1 he must bring spiritual things close to terrestrial objects and compare them with each other2 the activity of this faculty is very important1 it compares the sensations and ideas of all the other faculties and points out their difference1 analogy1 similitude1 or identity4 ,by comparison1 man is enabled to judge whether his own life is what it ought to be1 whether he has lived for time or for eternity3 by comparison he is enabled to determine how far his life agrees with the ,christian's pattern1 knowing that as he sows1 so will he reap2 the propensities incline to evil1 as a necessary sequence to the fall1 the moral sentiments urge on to good1 a foreshadowing of immortality1 the reflectives teach him how to be good1 how to compare the truth as it is in ,christ ,jesus1 with his own sinful heart1 and learn wherein he errs4 ,this is the proper and should be the only true aim of the ,christian4 ,in ,,abuse this faculty frequently leads to false reasoning on account of the inactivity of the perceptives1 in examining the subjects compared1 it gives a love for similies and analogies1 not always caring for their applicability1 and unless duly regulated by the nobler instincts of fallen humanity1 it degenerates to sophistry and a blindness to error4 #be4 ,,causality4 ,this organ lies immediately at the sides of ,comparison and is found large in men distinguished for profound metaphysical talent4 ,we have shown how ,individuality and ,eventuality take cognizance of things evident to the senses2 ,causality looks to the cause of the phenomena observed by other faculties3 it expresses the irresistible conviction that every phenomenon and change around us emanates from a mighty1 an unseen1 an ,,eternal ,,god2 it looks to ,,him as the cause of our joys1 and our possessions here1 as the omniscient and ever merciful ,father who gave his ,son to die for our transgressions1 it seeks ,him as the cause of our hopes of everlasting bliss1 and it bids us to acknowledge and adore4 ,it is the faculty that considers the relation of cause and effect and prompts the question1 ,why8 to whatever is unknown1 or imperfectly understood2 and for this reason requires to be watched lest the matter of enquiry be placed beyond the limited faculties of man1 and infinite subjects be thus reasoned upon by finite capacity4 ,if this organ be in unity with ,veneration1 ,conscientiousness1 and ,comparison1 the individual will be of steady1 and rational ,christian principles1 but if without them1 impious doubts and atheistical surmises will tend to require a visible cause for what must be invisible and the germ of error being planted1 it may take root and abound to the ruin of nobler and more elevating opinions4 ,in ,,abuse1 this organ produces a mania for possibilities1 denying the existence of causes not evident to the senses1 a disbelief in whatever is spiritual1 and a direct influence to intellectual pride1 sophistry1 and error4 #bf4 ,,gaiety4 ,the organ of ,gaiety is sometimes called ,,wit2 and has been defined by ,spurzheim as a sentiment which disposes men to view every thing in a gay1 joyful1 and mirthful manner2--given to man to render him merry and gay1--feelings not to be confounded with satisfaction and contentment4 ,the faculty appears to give a characteristic tendency to view every thing that occurs in a light manner1 simply as far as it gratifies1 and pleases1 not in proportion to its intrinsic value1 combined with the higher faculties1 it produces wit1 in common events humour2 with the animal propensities1 sarcasm and satire1 or caricature and excess2 with language1 punning and double meanings1 and in all cases it tends to a levity that is often misplaced4 ,it is situated between ,ideality and ,causality at the upper part of the side of the forehead4 ,in ,,abuse1 or when not counteracted by reason and reflection1 it tends to severity and satirical remarks on the failings and weaknesses of others3 a too easy regard for sin when not positively offensive1 a love of pleasure1 often leading to vicious excess2 and frequently the faculty to gratify itself1 offends friends by ill timed remarks and a system of practical jokes4 ,this organ acting upon the intellect leads to unsound and hasty judgments1 because the mind being influenced more by ,ideality than ,causality1 7between which two organs ,gaiety is situated7 it becomes an enemy to self discipline1 and study1 and leads the possesser into a physical love of pleasure1 c4--it opposes also the operation of the higher intellectual faculties from its close approximation to the true organ of analogy which is situated between the duplex organ of ,causality in the centre of the forehead1 and by a vain influence on the imagination it leads to delusive analogies as regards truth1 overcoming the careful study of fact by the perceptive faculties and diverting the current of conscious inquiry by a regard for self and its pleasures rather than the true and correct analogies of truth4 #bg4 ,,imitation4 ,imitation leads us to imitate what we see deserving to be copied in others1 and thus lies at the foundation of all art1 because it is necessary to copy before any skill can be arrived at4 ,it is a necessary ingredient in the character of actors1 sculptors1 architects1 painters and engravers3 it influences the style of the author1 the manner of the poet1 the correctness of the dramatist4 ,it is always active in children and thus forms a natural education in them1 taken from the persons around them3 it is for this reason essentially and imperatively necessary that good models are presented to children in their youth2 it gives a talent of acquiring the peculiarity of foreign languages2 and when deficient1 it produces a stiffness and uncomfortable mannerism that causes a person to appear like a fish out of water4 ,it may be misused by being employed for mimicry and buffoonery especially for defects--in vice this is the real facilis descensus averni1--,the situation of the faculty on either side of ,benevolence1 and above the reflective faculties teaches the proper use of ,imitation2 to copy what is good and above all the prominent features of our ,lord's character1 charity and universal love4 #bh4 ,,caution4 ,caution tends naturally to circumspection1 and it produces a cautious and considerate disposition of mind2 persons so organized are continually on their guard1 they look forward from fear of what may happen and are anxious to anticipate every occurence1 they ask advice1 take opinions and are still undecided2 thus it produces doubt1 irresolution1 and wavering1 which prevents vigorous and decisive conduct3 when the organ is deficient in mature age1 the individual is rash and precipitate1 never apprehensive of the results of his conduct and thus he adopts rash resolutions and enters on hazardous enterprizes without foreseeing what must necessarily follow3 to a due influence of this faculty we may trace the moral virtue that regulates the impulses of passion--looks to the future1 and keeps the end of all things steadily in view4 ,in ,,abuse the faculty occasions fear and anxiety of the future1 timid and desponding sentiments2 no reliance upon ,providence1 too much thought about the morrow1 forgetting that sufficient for the day is the evil thereof--,let a wise man1 ,fear ,god and have no other fear1 for this will lead him to be cautious against offences against ,him1 and if a man keeps this steadily in view1 he will never violate the laws of man4 #bi4 ,,temperance4 ,temperance is allied to caution1 it is to the animal portion of man what caution is to the intellectual3 its existence is identified with the preceding organ by many phrenologists1 and probably the developement of that organ1 as it is closer too1 and more active upon the animal passions may be coincident with this4 ,in this way ,temperance tends to present as cautiousness to future prudence1 it gives mind the mastery over matter1 overcomes ,combativeness and the lower feelings1 and teaches temperance in all things3 carried into an erroneous action it produces meanness and almost avariciousness2 the wise man whose animal nature predominates will learn the difference between use1 and abuse1 by exercising ,temperance not by the abuse of the goodness and gifts of his ,creator4 #cj4 ,,conscientiousness4 ,located between ,cautiousness and ,firmness4 ,this faculty produces a feeling of duty1 a desire of justice1 and a love of truth2 it is the organ that leads men to do as they would be done unto1 and is the most elevated principle of human action3 the faculty does not determine what is just or unjust1 but causes a desire to do whatever the reflective faculties determine to be right and becoming4 ,it is a portion of the organization that cannot be too much cultivated1 as it is of the highest importance in guiding and directing1 regulating and controlling the actions of the other faculties3 it leads to a conviction of individual error1 and the truth when asserted by others3 it influences the whole being to exercise prudence1 temperance and fortitude1 in opposition to the baser desires of the propensities2 it tends to overcome the energy of passion1 to regulate and direct the affections1 to root out prejudice1 and give the sense of moral rectitude1 that supports an honest man under distress and affliction3 when the sentiment is not well developed1 the ideas of right and wrong are weak1 and injustice if in accordance with interest or inclination easily committed2 and when the lower propensities are active1 an individual with this organ small1 will call that justice1 which a person differently organized would at once condemn2 these are they of whom the apostles spoke1 ,unto the pure all things are pure3 but unto them that are defiled and unbelieving1 there is nothing pure3 but even their mind and conscience is defiled3 remorse and repentance spring from this faculty3 it should however be exerted before1 not after an action--neither should it descend into immoderate personal chastisement2 for no punishment of the body can wash out sin from the soul2 the sentiment will never be abused if it be directed to preserve the conscience1 void of offence4 #ca4 ,,firmness4 ,firmness1 is a tendency to persist in conduct1 opinion1 and purpose3 the immediate emotion is termed ,resolution4 ,the organ is situated at the posterior part of the coronal region1 close upon the middle line4 ,this faculty seems to bear no relation to external objects1 its influence adds a particular quality to other manifestations3 whatever may be the predominant pursuit it seems to give perseverance in that pursuit2 it contributes greatly to the success of an individual in a particular object1 as he keeps steadily in one course4 ,a person without the faculty may manifest equal desire1 but will1 perhaps1 try a dozen methods of success without following out any one1 thus fortitude and patience are the results of this organization3 when duly exercised1 it gives stability of character2 a person who is not led by the accident of the moment1 but one who aims at perfection1 and duly keeps to the high road to arrive there3 when combined with conscientiousness it gives moral courage1 supports the martyr at the stake1 and enables a man to go on through evil report and good report without turning to the right hand or the left3 without this endowment1 the most splendid talents are thrown away1 as they never reach the summit of what is good1 because like ,reuben1 unstable as water they cannot excel4--,in ,,abuse this faculty leads to obstinacy1 stubbornness1 infatuation in evil courses1 or a constant aim at what is good1 without perseverance to arrive at it4 #cb4 ,,ideality4 ,the operation of this faculty is beautifully described by ,shakspeare2-- ,the poet's eye in a fine frenzy rolling1 ,doth glance from heaven to earth1 from earth to heaven1 ,and as imagination bodies forth ,the forms of things unknown1 the poet's pen ,turns them to shapes1 and gives to airy nothing ,a local habitation and a name4 ,the organ is situated nearly on the temporal ridge of the frontal bone4 ,gall called it1 the organ of poetry1 because in every kind of poetry the sentiments are exalted1 the expressions warm2 and there must be rapture1 inspiration1 what is commonly called imagination or fancy4 ,it is this faculty that produces the aspiration after perfection1 it aims at endowing every object with the highest degree of perfection which it is capable of assuming1 and is thus very valuable to man in his progressive changes towards a more virtuous and perfect existence4 ,it gives a peculiar tinge to other faculties1 making them aspire to exquisiteness1 thus giving an expansion to the mental powers1 which carries onwards1 forwards1 and upwards1 makes them aim to be happy and form schemes for its attainment3 it gives a keener relish to other faculties1 in short1 its operation is intellectually ennobling4 ,in ,,abuse it produces a finical and sickly refinement1 fanciful opinions1 love of show more than utility2 it leads to novel reading1 extravagant notions1 and this gives a fictitious and unsteady character1 unfitted for the severer walks of life4 #cc4 ,,wonder4 ,this organ is situated immediately above ,ideality2 and the faculty gives faith in spiritual agency1 in what is beyond the sphere of human vision1 and which nevertheless requires to be believed2 it inspires a love of the marvellous1 the wonderful1 the grand2 a seeking for extraordinary events even in the most unlikely concerns1 and a tinging of common-place with the emotions of superstition and romance4 ,in the end of man's tyranny1 ,god prophesies through the mouth of ,isaiah that he will make all men drunk with the wine of astonishment4 ,in ,,abuse1 this faculty leads into much error1 it inspires a love of what is novel and marvellous1 a tendency to believe in magic1 witchcraft1 and other unlawful and unchristian arts1 and when uncontrolled by the higher sentiments1 to the pursuit of occult subjects2 when united with the moral sentiments and due perception and reflection1 it searches deep into the truth1 tests spiritual causes and prophecies by research and belief1 considering that nothing is impossible to ,god and that ,his goodness is sufficient for all4 #cd4 ,,faith ,,or ,,veneration4 ,situated in the middle of the coronal region of the brain2 gives an innate disposition to religious truth2 a veneration for things sacred2 belief in the word of ,god1 and hope in ,christ ,jesus2 it is this innate principle that bids the savage bow down to stocks and stones1 to graven idols1 and the works of his own hands2 it is this that inspires the missionaries of ,god's word1 and leads others to bestow their wealth in furthering the good cause2 and to pray for the time when the knowledge of the ,lord shall cover the earth1 as the waters cover the sea2 when abused1 this organ leads to superstition1 an undue reverence for the material portion of ,christianity1 to the depreciation of the spiritual1 thus producing fanaticism1 fear1 and mystery2 this organ requires to be guided by conscientiousness1 and the light of ,god's word1 as the only true guide to religion1 as composed of its elements1 ,faith1 ,hope and ,charity4 #ce4 ,,hope4 ,the organ of ,hope lies on each side of ,veneration2 the mental faculty being altogether different from desire1 led phrenologists to seek for a primitive organ1 and thus the faculty has been identified with this portion of the brain4 ,in well formed characters1 this faculty leads to sanguine expectation in the goodness of ,god1 it produces the blessed hope of everlasting life1 the perfect love that casteth out fear1 through hope and belief in ,christ2 it gives confidence in all undertakings commenced and carried on in a ,christian spirit2 it is the true staff of moral and religous courage1 buoying up the soul amid the darkest terrors of distress or desolation4 ,hope supports ,faith1 and perfects ,charity1 since without it1 the religion of man would be dark1 gloomy1 and desponding2 in abuse1 the faculty is directed to hopes of this world only2 it creates too sanguine expectations1 leading to disappointment that is often the bitter but wholesome fruit of experience2 it often leads to vain and foolish speculations1 and sometimes to want of exertion from a hope of good happening2 hope deferred maketh the heart sick4 ,when in unity with faith1 benevolence1 and the higher sentiments1 it is productive of ,theosophy1 the knowledge of ,god from his works of love1 and by a warm hope of everlasting life1 leads men to subdue the lusts of the flesh1 to be humble in their own wisdom1 and to hope for the accomplishment of the great promise1 to be heirs of glory1 and joint heirs with ,jesus ,christ4 #cf4 ,,benevolence4 ,benevolence is the noblest sentiment that man is enabled fully to exercise3 it is in the coronal bone1 central and immediately before the fontanel1 it produces the generous and forgiving ,christian1 and the faculty is always delighted in doing good1 and in ministering to the happiness of others2 it compassionates distress1 communicating a warmth of generous feeling that overcomes acquisitiveness and selfishness3 it disposes to mildness of disposition1 general kindness1 charity1 sympathy and love2 it is the foundation of ,christian charity and tends to relieve the wants and necessities of others4 ,the higher sentiment is that of charity to the weaknesses of others1 and a due regard to their opinions and errors2 if too freely exercised it becomes abused that is1 it inclines to generous extravagance1 and alms-giving without regard to necessity in the object2 it may thus be used to effect injustice to others1 and although one of the noblest virtues of the human character it is useless unless exercised in a right way3 for as ,st4 ,paul says--though ,i give all my goods to feed the poor1 and my body to be burned1 and have not ,charity1 it profiteth me nothing4 #cg4 ,,self ,,esteem4 ,self ,esteem rightly exercised confers self respect1 a due regard to rank or station1 and induces confidence in one's own abilities2 the organ is placed just at the top or crown of the head4 ,when exercised in a right way1 it imparts a degree of self-satisfaction1 and enables us to apply our powers to the best advantage in whatever station we are placed2 it leads to self esteem1 so that the individual contemns every action that is base and unworthy of an exalted mind2 it restrains from forming improper connections1 and this too when the moral qualities are not sufficient4 ,when the organ is too small1 the individual is bashful1 has no reliance on himself1 and from rating his abilities too low1 gets them rated less4 ,when large1 it produces egotism1 pride1 hauteur1 and self conceit4 ,combined with good moral sentiments1 it is a valuable organ4 ,in ,,abuse it tends to self-love1 self-will1 and uncharitableness2 and towards others contempt1 disdain1 and tyranny2 it is a mortal enemy to ,christian love and peace4 #ch4 ,,love ,,of ,,approbation4 ,this faculty regards the opinion that other persons form of us3 the organ is situated on each side of ,self esteem about half an inch from the lambdoidal suture3 it produces the desire of approbation1 admiration1 praise and fame3 it renders us anxious to please those whose approval we esteem1 and to excel in whatever pursuit our associates admire4 ,if well balanced by conscientiousness and veneration1 it seeks the approval of the ,great ,judge of all things1 by becoming worthy of eternal life3 a due endowment is indispensable to an amiable character4 ,in ,,abuse it tends to vanity1 a thirst for praise and flattery1 a dread of the world's opinion1 and a too easy giving way to the ways of the world to obtain the applause of the worthless2--the faculty is cultivated by the system of rewards for merit offered in youth1--it is not often the abstract value of the object so much as the approbation of those who know us4 ,this organ causes bashfulness or ,mauvaise ,honte1 and produces the fear of doing wrong1 which it often originates by over anxiety to do well2 it requires to be closely watched1 as it leads to envy1 one of the most subtle and dangerous passions1 that afflict man in his fallen state2 it stirs up the animal propensities and the earthly affections1 overcoming the superior sentiments2 the man who endeavours to seek the applause of others should remember that his ,redeemer said1 ,and whosoever of you be the chief1 let him be the servant of all4 ,the faculty requires to be cultivated and regulated by conscientiousness1 guided by the understanding to seek the applause of the good1 and influenced by the spirit to seek the applause that is all in all to the christian1 ,well done thou good and faithful servant1 enter thou into the joy of thy ,lord4 #ci4 ,,sophistry4 ,this organ1 called by the ,french authors1 ,ottin1 ,tete ,philosophie1--is situated on the top of the forehead above ,comparison and causality1 and gives an intense love of philosophy and metaphysical research3 when well supported by the moral sentiments and perceptive faculties1 it gives a great power of reasoning well1 but if the perceptives are deficient1 it gives a love of theory without sufficient regard to facts1 so that the process of induction is lost sight of3 its greatest abuse causes the light of wisdom1 which is ,truth1 to be darkened by spiritual delusion or wilful perversion of revelation3 or it produces intellectual sophistry1 which tends to support party prejudices1 and clothe error in the vestments of truth--actuated by the moral sentiments1 this faculty produces the power of detecting sophistry in the arguments of another and teaches the christian to be as subtle as the serpent1 and as harmless as the dove4 #dj4 ,,prophecy4 ,this organ lies between ,conscientiousness1 ,hope1 ,caution and ,wonder2 it produces a desire to compare the past with the future and judge of what will be2 it influences to a study of prophetic writings and as the organ is actuated by wonder1 or a desire of truth1 so is the prophet true or false2 and as the animal or moral and spiritual creature prevails1 so will the person be dangerous or useful4 ,st4 ,paul tells us1 despise not prophesying4--and he calls it a gift and adds prophecy shall cease1 but ,charity and ,love never faileth2--and again he exhorts us above all things to seek to prophecy1 which in the greek text signifies to teach the truth1 and thus it tends to perfect ,christian peace and establishes for ever the eternal power of love2 this faculty teaches us to perfect the faculties by pointing their evil tendency and looking forward to the teaching of the ,divine spirit1 to perfect what is out of unity in the threefold nature of man1 as a physical1 intellectual1 and spiritual being3 it teaches us to wait for the time when the ,great ,teacher ,christ shall come as the ,spirit of ,truth and teach us all things4 ,the abuse of this faculty makes men become false prophets and teachers2 history affords abundant instances of men acting under diseased organs who have thus become deluding fanatics4 ,the humble ,christian who follows his anointed master will strive to overcome all that is vicious1 so that he may be able to inherit all things1 and understand the great truth that the testimony of ,christ ,jesus is the spirit of prophecy4 ,,conclusion4 ,this little work having extended to a greater length than was originally intended1 it is purposed to continue the subject in another volume of similar size1 to which this is the text book4--,in that work we design to point out the influence of the organs in combination1--the harmony of ,scripture with ,phrenology--and a text book for perfecting the organization by means of ,holy writ--our object in so doing1 is to make ,christians the true ,phrenologists1 and to make this science one of the great army of ,,truths1 now advancing to the battle of ,armageddon4 ,our aim in this volume has been simply to point out the uses of ,phrenology1 and the truths whereon it is founded2 in the next we purpose to consider the means1 whereby the pious and humble reader of ,scripture may be enabled to perfect his organization1 so as to overcome the world1--to fight the good fight1--and indeed to be born again4 ,,the ,,end4 ,,index4 ,introduction to the ,study of ,phrenology #e ,historical ,account of ,phrenology #aa ,advantages and ,objects of ,phrenology #ba ,on the ,structure and ,anatomy of the ,brain #bh ,on ,temperament #cb ,on the ,varieties of the ,human ,race #ce ,amativeness4 ,love #ch ,philoprogenitiveness1 ,love of ,offspring #ci ,adhesiveness4 ,attachment #dj ,inhabitiveness1 ,love of ,home #da ,combativeness #dc ,destructiveness #dd ,secretiveness #dg ,alimentiveness #dh ,constructiveness1 ,mechanical ,skill #di ,acquisitiveness #ej ,language #eb ,form #ed ,size #ee ,weight #ee ,colouring #ee ,shape #ef ,order #eg ,number #eg ,tune #eh ,time #ei ,locality #ei ,individuality #fj ,eventuality #fb ,comparison #fc ,causality #fe ,gaiety #ff ,imitation #fg ,caution #fh ,temperance #fi ,conscientiousness #fi ,firmness #gj ,ideality #ga ,wonder #gb ,faith or ,veneration #gc ,hope #gd ,benevolence #ge ,self ,esteem #gf ,love of ,approbation #gg ,sophistry #gh ,prophecy #gh ,conclusion #gi ,,phrenology4 ,public attention is solicited to this ,science as practised on ,christian principles1 by ,,mr4 ,,bunney1 #fb1 ,,regent',s ,,quadrant4 ,phrenology is emphatically the ,science of ,mind2 and it enables persons to ascertain what points of their character are defective without being deceived by self-love or flattery1 because1 the ,brain being the agent through which the mind operates1 acts as an index to the general state of the mind at any particular period3 and since ,unhappiness--,ill success in life--,monomania--,nervousness--,erroneo us or ,evil ,actions--are all the results of mis-directed mental energy--so ,phrenology is1 under ,divine ,providence1 the means of detecting those slight wanderings of the intellectual faculties into particular channels1 which frequently terminate in permanent estrangement1 or lasting mental misery and discontent4 ,phrenological ,advice1 as practised by ,mr4 ,bunney1 is an examination of the state of the mind1 through its agent the brain1 and a recommendation of those pursuits which are calculated to restore a disarranged unity or an unequal balance among the organs or dispositions of the mind4 ,mr4 ,bunney having examined many thousand heads during the last ten years1 and witnessed the very great success attending ,phrenological advice when rightly administered and properly followed1 desires to announce that he is at home from ,ten till ,five daily1 at his ,lecture ,room1 #fb1 ,regent's ,quadrant1 where he will be happy to examine and advise persons as his long experience in accordance with the ,holy ,scriptures may render necessary4 ,mr4 ,b4 is well aware that many persons are deterred from visiting him by pecuniary reasons1 but he begs to add that his invitation is for public good only1 and that he expects no remuneration unless it is perfectly agreeable to the wishes and circumstances of the inquirer4 ,having examined one-half the members of our leading ,universities1 ,oxford and ,cambridge with valuable results to the parties themselves1 ,mr4 ,b4 must consider any further comment unnecessary4 ,,drewett ,,co41 ,,printers1 #fb1 ,,regent',s ,,quadrant4 ,,footnote3 #a ,no one will doubt how much influence ,christianity has had in producing the high moral and intellectual developement of ,europeans1 to this also we may trace their great intellectual superiority as nations4 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,passages in italics are indicated by italics4 ,the original text includes ,greek characters on the first page4 ,for this text version these letters have been replaced with transliterations4