,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cali=nia              
,,publications ,,am]ican ,,ar*aeology   
,,& ,,e?nology  ,vol4 #d        ,no4 #f 
,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,indians ,,(    
,,cali=nia    ,,by  ,a4 ,l4 ,,kroeb]    
,,b]keley ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press       
,,septemb]1 #aijg   ,facsimile ,repr9t  
by  ,coyote ,press ,p4,o4 ,box #ccgg    
,sal9as1 ,,ca #iciab                    
http3_/_/www4,coyote,press4com          
,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cali=nia              
,,publications ,,9 ,,am]ican            
,,ar*aeology ,,& ,,e?nology  ,,vol4 #d  
,,no4 #f     ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,!     
,,indians ,,( ,,cali=nia#a  ,,by  ,a4   
,l4 ,,kroeb]4   ,fundam5tally ! religion
 ( ! ,indians ( ,cali=nia 0 v simil> to 
t ( savage & unciviliz$ races ! _w ov]4 
,l all su* peoples1 ! ,cali=nia ,indians
 7 9 an animi/ic /ate ( m9d1 9 :i* !y   
attribut$ life1 intellig5ce1 &          
especially sup]natural p[]1 to virtually
 all liv+ & lifeless ?+s4 ,!y lack$ no  
less ! ideas & practices ( %amanism1 !  
univ]sal accompanim5t ( animism3 namely1

 ! belief t c]ta9 m51 ?r\gh             
communication ) ! animate sup]natural   
_w1 _h ! p[] to accompli% :at 0 contr>y 
to1 or r above1 ! ev5ts ( daily ord9>y  
exp]i5ce1 :i* latt] 9 s f> z !y 7       
di/+ui%$ f ! happ5+s caus$ by           
sup]natural ag5cies1 7 ( natural1       
mean+less1 &1 z x 71 accid5tal orig94 ,z
 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w1 belief 9 %amani/ic  
p[] 0 c5t]$ mo/ /rongly ab\t disease &  
dea?1 :i* among mo/ tribes 7 n only     
believ$ to be dispellable b to be       
entirely caus$ by %amans4 ,9 common ) ! 
o!r ,am]ican ,indians1 ^? ( ,cali=nia   
made danc+1 & ) x always s++1 a         
conspicu\s "p ( ne>ly all _! c]emonies t
 7 ( a public or tribal nature4 ,!y     
diff]$ f almo/ all o!r tribes ( ,nor?   
,am]ica 9 %[+ a mu* weak] developm5t ( !
 ritualism1 & symbolism %ad+ into       
pictography1 t con/itute p]haps ! mo/   
di/9ctive feature ( ! religion ( !      
,am]icans z a :ole4 ,practically all !  
approa*es to a sy/em ( writ+ devis$ 9   
,nor? ,am]ica1 :e!r 9 ,mexico1 ,yucatan1

 or among ! tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates &  
,canada1 are ! direct outcome ( a desire
 ( religi\s expression4 ,! ,cali=nia    
,indians h[ev] 7 rem>kably free f ev5   
traces ( ?is t5d5cy1 equally 9 _!       
religion & 9 ! m practical aspects ( _! 
life4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & m   
(t5 :]e ! culture 0 consid]ably develop$
 ?an :]e x 0 rude1 !re 0 a consid]able  
am\nt ( feti%ism1 n ( ! crass & s to    
speak sup]/iti\s type ( ,africa1 b r z  
an accompanim5t & result (              
ov]-symbolism4 ,?is feti%i/ic t5d5cy 0 v
 slightly develop$ 9 ,cali=nia1 & ?is 9 
spite (--or z an ,am]icani/ c\ld m      
prop]ly say on acc\nt (--! g5]ally rude 
& primitive condition ( culture4 ,by    
contra/1 z ! action & ! visible symbol 7
 a less important means ( religi\s      
expression1 ! ^w1 bo? spok5 & sung1 0 ( 
great] significance 9 ,cali=nia4 ,!     
weakness ( ! rituali/ic t5d5cy is h[ev] 
aga9 m>k$ 9 ! circum/ance t ! exact =m (
 religi\s spee* 0 frequ5tly less reg>d$ 
?an its sub/ance4 ,9 ?is aspect !       

,indians ( ,cali=nia diff]$ widely f su*
 nations z ! ,egyptians & ! peoples (   
,asia1 :]e ! efficacy ( ! ^w & spee* us$
 = a religi\s purpose 0 usually directly
 dep5d5t ^u ! accuracy ( _! ext]nal &   
audible r5d]+1 ev5 to _! pronunciation &
 intonation4        #a ,?is pap] may be 
cit$ z ,univ4 ,calif4 ,publ4 ,am4 ,ar*4 
,e?n41 ,vol4 #d1 ,no4 #f4  ,z an        
e?nographic prov9ce ! great] "p (       
,cali=nia pla9ly =ms a unit4 ,!re are1  
h[ev]1 two portions ( ! pres5t political
 /ate t %[$ mu* cultural di/9ctness 9   
times ( native life & t mu/ usually be  
kept ap>t 9 all matt]s ( e?nological &  
religi\s consid]ation4 ,"o ( ^! div]g5t 
culture areas compris$ ! extreme        
nor?we/]n corn] ( ! /ate1 9 ! dra9age ( 
! l[] ,klama? & ab\t ,humboldt ,bay4 ,! 
o!r consi/$ ( :at is n[ usually kn[n z  
,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 ext5d+ f ! ,teha*api  
pass & m\nta9s 9 ! int]ior1 & f ,po9t   
,conception on ! coa/1 s\?w>d to !      
,mexican b\nd>y4 ,! religion ( !        
,indians ( ! p59sula ( ,l[] ,cali=nia is

 v little kn[n f lit]ature1 & ! p       
!mselves are almo/ ext9ct4 ,x is        
probable t x 0 m or less diff]5t f ! =ms
 ( religion occurr+ 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 
t is to say1 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,am]ican    
/ate ( ,cali=nia4 ,e?nographically      
,s\!rn ,cali=nia 0 consid]ably          
div]sifi$4 ,! tribes ( ! pla9s & m\nta9s
 ne> ! sea mu/ be di/+ui%$ on ! "o h& f 
^? ( ! des]t int]ior & ( ! valley ( !   
,colorado riv]1 & on ! o!r f ^? ( !     
,santa ,b>b>a ar*ipelago & ! adjac5t    
coa/ ( ! ma9l& to ! nor?4 ,! latt] isl& 
gr\p ( tribes has become entirely ext9ct
 )\t leav+ m ?an ! m]e/ trace ( records 
( its religion4 ,! two o!r gr\ps1 !     
sea-w>d & ! int]ior1 app>5tly pres5t$ a 
mu* great] uni=mity 9 religion ?an 9 _! 
mat]ial & social life1 s mu* s t 9 !    
pres5t connection all ! tribes ( ,s\!rn 
,cali=nia ( :om any?+ is kn[n may be    
reg>d$ z con/itut+ a s+le e?nographic   
prov9ce4 ,! culture ( ! small ,nor?we/]n
 area 0 9 e way1 & t ( ! l>g] ,s\!rn    
prov9ce at lea/ 9 "s respects1 m highly 

organiz$ & complex ?an t ( ! /ill l>g] &
 pr9cipal ,c5tral region1 :i* compris$  
at lea/ two-?irds ( ! /ate & :i*1 if su*
 a selection is to be made1 mu/ be      
consid]$ z ! mo/ typically ,cali=nian4  
,! religi\s practices ( ! ,indians (    
,cali=nia fall into ?ree well m>k$      
divisions3 7#a7 su* obs]vances z are    
foll[$ & execut$ by individuals1 al?\gh 
_! p]petuation is tradition>y & tribal2 
t is to say1 cu/om>y obs]vances2 7#b7   
individual practices re/+ ^u a direct   
p]sonal communication ( an individual ) 
! sup]natural _w2 9 o!r words1 %amanism2
 7#c7 obs]vances & practices :i* are n  
only ! common prop]ty ( ! tribe by      
tradition1 b 9 :i* ! entire tribe or    
community directly or indirectly        
p>ticipates2 9 o!r words1 c]emonies4    
,,cu/om>y ,,obs]vances ,,by             
,,individuals4  ,cu/om>y obs]vances are 
z /rongly develop$ z f>!r nor? along !  
,pacific slope4 ,?is entire we/]n coa/  
region ?us =ms a unit t diff]s f !      
int]ior & ea/]n p>ts ( ! cont95t1 9 :i* 

su* obs]vances are usually a less       
conspicu\s feature ?an public & tribal  
c]emonies4 ,by f> ! mo/ important ( !   
cu/om>y obs]vances 9 ,cali=nia are ^?   
relat+ to dea?4 ,next come ^? connect$ )
 bir? & sexual functions4 ,beliefs &    
practices c5t]+ ab\t ! individual's "n  
are ( importance p>ticul>ly 9 s f> z !y 
are connect$ ) ! cu/oms relat+ to dea?4 
,!re are re/rictions & sup]/itions z to 
food1 b ^! are n m num]\s ?an seems     
g5]ally to h be5 ! case among ! ,nor?   
,am]ican ,indians1 & c]ta9ly ( mu* less 
importance ?an 9 ! ,pacific isl& _w &   
,au/ralia4  ,dea? 0 consid]$ to cause   
defilem5t & almo/ ev]y:]e br\ght aft] x 
purification c]emonies4 ,9 ! ,nor?we/]n 
region ^! 7 p>ticul>ly important1 &     
among su* tribes z ! ,hupa & ,yurok !   
obs]vance ( religi\s purification f     
contact ) ! dead1 ! mo/ ess5tial "p (   
:i* 0 ! recitation ( a c]ta9 =mula1 0 ! 
mo/ /r+5tly exact$ religi\s cu/om4 ,!   
me?od ( dispos+ ( ! dead v>i$ locally   
betwe5 burial & cremation1 cremation be+

 practic$ ov] at lea/ half ( ! /ate4    
,air burial & sea burial 7 n[h]e f\nd4  
,m\rn+1 :i* consi/$ prim>ily ( s++ &    
wail+1 began imm$iately ^u dea? &       
cont9u$ = ab\t a day1 sometimes long] by
 ! imm$iate relatives ( ! deceas$4      
,among "s tribes ?is m\rn+ comm5c$ )    
full vigor "s "t be=e imp5d+ dea?1 (t5  
dur+ ! full consci\sness ( ! pati5t & ) 
8 approval4 ,mutilations on ! "p ( !    
m\rn]s 7 n practic$ to any great degree1
 except t ! hair 0 almo/ univ]sally cut 
m or less1 especially by ! wom54 ,among 
_m tribes ! wid[1 b %e only1 cut or     
burn$ (f all h] hair4 ,m\rn+ obs]vances 
7 almo/ always c>ri$ fur!r by ! wom5 ?an
 m54 ,among "s tribes ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada
 ! wid[ did n speak f ! "t ( h] husb&'s 
dea? until ! foll[+ annual tribal m\rn+ 
c]emony1 except to "o att5dant1 or1 9   
cases ( actual necessity1 to wom5 only4 
,9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada 0 f\nd also ! cu/om 
( ! wid[ sme>+ h] face & brea/ ) pit*1  
:i* 0 n wa%$ or remov$ until ?is annual 
c]emony4 ,except 9 ! case ( ! ,nor?we/]n

 tribes1 :o possess$ m elaborately      
con/ruct$ h\ses ( wood1 ! h\se 9 :i* a  
dea? _h occurr$ 0 n us$ aga91 b 0 burn$4
 ,objects t _h be5 9 p]sonal contact or 
associat$ ) ! deceas$ 7 simil>ly %unn$ &
 de/roy$4 ,! "n ( ! dead 0 n spok54 ,ev5
 ! ^w :i* con/itut$ 8 "n 0 n us$ 9      
ord9>y disc\rse1 a circumlocution or    
newly co9$ ^w be+ employ$4 ,x is c]ta9 t
 ?is /r+5tly obs]v$ cu/om has be5 a     
factor 9 ! m>k$ dialectic diff]5tiation 
( ! languages ( ,cali=nia4 ,! m5tion ( !
 "n ( ! dead1 :e!r int5tionally or      
accid5tally1 9 "s cases ar\s$ feel+s (  
fe> connect$ ) 8 _s1 b m g5]ally 0      
object$ to z caus+ grief1 :i* appe>s to 
h be5 actually & (t5 int5sely felt on   
su* occasions4 ,9 ,nor?we/]n ,cali=nia !
 nam+ ( ! dead c\ld be comp5sat$ = only 
by ! paym5t ( a consid]able sum4        
,practically ! only =m ( curse or       
mal$iction kn[n1 o!r ?an an occasional  
indirect allusion to ! object ( !       
mal$iction z be+ 9 ! condition ( a      
corpse1 0 a ref]5ce to 8 dead relatives4

 ,"s prop]ty1 b m r>ely food1 0 buri$ ) 
! dead4 ,! idea t su* articles 7 = 8 use
 9 ! _w ( ! dead 0 n s /rong a motive = 
su* acts z1 on ! "o h&1 ! feel+ t !     
objects _h be5 defil$ by association )  
him1 & on ! o!r1 ! desire to give       
expression to ! s9c]ity ( ! m\rn+ by !  
de/ruction ( valuables4 ,on ! :ole1     
h[ev]1 ! imm$iate obs]vances ( dea? pal$
 9 importance be=e ! annual communal    
m\rn+ c]emony1 :i* 0 ev]y:]e1 except 9 !
 ,nor?we/]n region1 "o ( ! mo/ deeply   
root$ & spectacul> acts ( wor%ip4       
,obs]vances connect$ ) sexual functions1
 includ+ bir?1 are next 9 importance    
aft] ^? relat+ to dea?4 ,! m5/ruat+     
woman 0 ev]y:]e reg>d$ z unclean1 &     
exclud$ especially f acts ( wor%ip4 ,n  
infrequ5t 0 ! conception t %e contam9at$
 food1 especially meat2 9 o!r words ^?  
v>ieties ( food :i* 7 at once m highly  
priz$ & at ! same "t1 ?r\gh be+ obta9$ )
 less regul>ity & only ?r\gh special &  
skill$ ex]tions1 reg>d$ z mo/ directly  
"u ! control & influ5ce ( sup]natural   

p[]s4 ,among _m tribes1 z else:]e 9     
,am]ica & o!r cont95ts1 %e 0 exclud$ f !
 liv+-h\se z well z f ! c]emonial *amb]1
 & conf9$ to ! m5/rual hut4 ,z else:]e 9
 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! cu/om 9 ?is reg>d     
h[ev] v>i$ f tribe to tribe1 ! m5/rual  
hut n hav+ be5 us$ 9 "s localities ev5 9
 purely aborig9al times4 ,n only 0      
seclusion1 z a means ( prev5t+ contact &
 association1 frequ5tly requir$ ( !     
woman = ! protection ( o!rs1 b h]       
refra9+ f all b ! mo/ necess>y activity 
0 sometimes deem$ ess5tial = h] own     
good4  ,all ^! obs]vances 7 greatly     
int5sifi$ at ! "t ( a girl's fir/       
m5/ruation1 a condition = :i* mo/ ( !   
languages ( ,cali=nia possess a         
di/9ctive & (t5 unanalyz$ ^w4 ,! girl at
 ?is p]iod 0 ?\ght to be possess$ ( a   
p>ticul> degree ( sup]natural p[]1 & ?is
 0 n always reg>d$ z entirely defil+ or 
malevol5t4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 !re 0 a /rong   
feel+ ( ! p[] ( evil inh]5t 9 h]        
condition4 ,n only 0 %e seclud$ f h]    
family & ! community1 b an attempt 0    

made to seclude ! _w f h]4 ,"o ( !      
injunctions mo/ /rongly laid ^u h] 0 n  
to look ab\t h]4 ,%e kept h] head b[$ & 
0 =bidd5 to see ! _w & ! sun4 ,"s tribes
 cov]$ h] ) a blanket4 ,_m ( ! cu/oms 9 
?is connection resembl$ ^? ( ! ,nor?    
,pacific ,coa/ mo/ /rongly1 su* z !     
prohibition to ! girl to t\* or scrat*  
h] head ) h] h&1 a special implem5t be+ 
furni%$ h] = ! purpose4 ,sometimes %e   
c\ld eat only :5 f$ & 9 o!r cases fa/$  
altoge!r4 ,"s =m ( public c]emony1 (t5  
accompani$ by a dance & sometimes by a  
=m ( ordeal = ! girl1 0 practic$ ne>ly  
ev]y:]e4 ,su* c]emonies 7 well develop$ 
9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 :]e a numb] (       
actions symbolical ( ! girl's maturity &
 subsequ5t life 7 p]=m$4 ,c]ta9 tribes1 
h[ev]1 includ+ at lea/ "o 9 ! ,nor?we/]n
 area & c]ta9 ( ^? 9 ! ,si]ra region1   
did n practice public c]emonies ( ?is   
type4  ,religi\s cu/oms connect$ ) bir? 
consi/$ 9 "p ( obs]vances be=e ! bir? ( 
! *ild1 9 "p ( obs]vances relat+ to x   
aft] bir?1 & especially ( re/rictions   

impos$ on "o or bo? ( its p>5ts aft]    
bir?4 ,practices affect+ ! *ild itself1 
or ! "m be=e its bir?1 relat$ 9 great "p
 to food4 ,9 ! ,nor?we/ ! newly born    
*ild 0 f$ = a numb] ( days only on a s\p
 ( vegetable sub/ance resembl+ milk4 ,! 
newly born *ild 0 wa%$1 (t5 repeat$ly1  
among _m tribes4 ,! "m aft] a bir? 0    
reg>d$ z m or less defil$1 ?\gh ?is     
feel+ usually did n approa* 9 int5sity  
^? connect$ ) ei!r dea? or ! woman's    
p]iodical functions4 ,ei!r ! "m or bo?  
fa!r & "m 7 usually enjo9$ f activity = 
"s "t aft] a bir?1 ! motive be+ n only  
protection ( ! *ild b ( !mselves4 ,?is  
idea is especially develop$ among !     
,yokuts ( ! s\!rn ,san ,joaqu9 valley4  
,! c\vade 9 its /rict =m1 ) re/rictions 
& obs]vances :i* are impos$ entirely ^u 
! fa!r to ! exclusion ( ! "m1 does n    
seem to be f\nd4  ,obs]vances regulat+  
or re/rict+ ! use ( food 7 9 ! ma9      
connect$ ) ! cu/oms relat+ to dea?1     
sexual functions1 & bir?4 ,t is to say x
 0 prim>ily ! p]sons affect$ by ^!      

occurr5ces1 & next to ^! su* z 7 engag$ 
9 acts ( int5se wor%ip or %amani/ic     
practices1 :o 7 prohibit$ f us+ c]ta9 or
 all foods4 ,z already /at$1 animal food
 r ?an vegetable1 & meat r ?an fi%1 &   
among meat t ( ! de] & elk1 ! l>ge/ ( ! 
game animals1 7 p>ticul>ly subject$ to  
re/riction4 ,9 ,nor?we/]n ,cali=nia !   
idea 0 v deeply root$ t ! de] :5 kill$ &
 eat5 are n de/roy$1 b come to life aga9
 & report to _! fell[s _! treatm5t 9 !  
h&s ( ! hunt]4 ,any violation ( ! num]\s
 /r+5t obs]vances reg>d+ de] meat are   
!re=e kn[n to all ! de]1 :o1 z _!       
capture is always a volunt>y act on _!  
"p1 are 9 position to utt]ly de/roy 8   
luck 9 ! *ase if n placat$ by c]ta9     
spok5 =mulae4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia "y p1 
or 9 "s cases ! hunt] himself1 mu/ n eat
 8 game4 ,fa/+ is less frequ5tly & less 
rigor\sly practic$ by ! ,cali=nia tribes
 ?an by ^? ( mo/ o!r p>ts ( ,nor?       
,am]ica4 ,?is is 9 keep+ ) ! g5]ally l[]
 pit* ( int5sity ( _! religi\s feel+4   
,_m public c]emonies are n accompani$ by

 any requirem5t ( ab/5tion f food4 ,9 ! 
,nor?we/]n region x is only ! pr9cipal  
prie/1 9 :om ! mo/ sacr$ "p ( ! c]emony 
is ve/$1 :o fa/s4 ,on ! o!r h& !re is a 
g5]al feel+ 9 ?is region t n only acts (
 a religi\s nature b ord9>y "w _c be    
well p]=m$ aft] eat+4 ,among ! m5 (     
,nor?we/]n ,cali=nia breakfa/ 0 !re=e   
habitually slight or entirely omitt$4   
,p]haps ! greate/ developm5t ( !        
practice ( fa/+ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica occurs 9
 connection ) ! acquisition ( %amani/ic 
p[]4 ,%amanism is fully z important     
among ! ,cali=nia ,indians z else:]e1 b 
diff]s 9 t x is m frequ5tly reg>d$ z an 
obsession1 some?+ t ( its own accord    
comes ^u a man r ?an some?+ t x is s\ght
 to acquire by actions4 ,mu* ( !        
inc5tive = fa/+ among o!r ,indians is   
!re=e lack+1 & :5 ! practice is obs]v$ x
 is usually less rigor\s4 ,9 ,nor?we/]n 
,cali=nia1 = in/ance1 a p]son engag$ 9  
almo/ any sup]natural or religi\s       
practice ab/a9s f dr9k+ wat]2 b z to    
practical effect ?is provision is done  

away ) ?r\gh 8 be+ all[$ to dr9k ?9     
acorn s\p at w4  ,9 ,nor?we/]n ,cali=nia
 !re is a special developm5t ( spok5    
=mulae1 ^: cont5t is little else ?an a  
my? & :i* con/itute n only ! basis &    
ess5tial elem5t ( public c]emonies b are
 connect$ ) almo/ all cu/om>y           
obs]vances4 ,to su* an ext5t h ^!       
=mulae1 locally call$ m$ic9es1 gr[n into
 ! m9d ( ^! ,indians z be+ :at is mo/   
sacr$ & mo/ efficaci\s 9 all aspects (  
religion1 t !y p>tly supplant %amanism1 
:i* is a less important feature (       
religi\s life "h ?an else:]e 9 ! /ate1  
:]e ! *>act]i/ic features ( ?is peculi> 
ritual by =mula are almo/ abs5t4 ,n only
 purification f dea? & o!r defilem5t1 b 
luck 9 hunt+ & fi%+1 9 gambl+1 escape f 
dang]1 success 9 fell+ trees & mak+     
baskets1 9 ! acquisition ( weal?1 9 %ort
 ! prop] a*ievem5t ( e human wi%1 7     
?\ght to be accompani$ by ! prop] k &   
recitation ( ^! traditional my?-=mulae1 
usually accompani$ by only ! smalle/    
am\nt ( rituali/ic action4   ,,%amanism4

  ,%amanism1 ! suppos$ individual       
control ( ! sup]natural ?r\gh a         
p]sonally acquir$ p[] ( communication ) 
! _s _w1 re/s ^u mu* ! same basis 9     
,cali=nia z else:]e 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,9 
g5]al among unciviliz$ tribes ! simpl] !
 /age ( culture ! m important ! %aman4  
,x is z if he con/itut$ an elem5t t     
rema9$ ne>ly con/ant 9 quantity (       
effect1 z x is fundam5tally unv>y+ 9 =m1
 ?r\gh all successive p]iods (          
civilization to ! highe/2 b t z increase
 9 degree ( civilization br\ght ) x ev] 
m & m new elem5ts1 religi\s & o!rwise1 &
 ^! unfold$ 9 ev] exp&+ complexity1 he  
became1 relatively to ! total mass (    
?\ght & action ( a p1 less & less       
important4 ,c]ta9ly ! diff]5ce is m>k$  
betwe5 ! ,eskimo1 ^: religion consi/s ( 
little else ?an %amanism1 & ! mu* m     
highly organiz$ ,indians ( ! ,nor?      
,pacific ,coa/1 :]e %amanism is b "o (  
sev]al & by no means ! mo/ important    
religi\s factor1 ev5 ?\gh x may be ! mo/
 deep seat$4 ,! same contra/ is f\nd    

betwe5 ! rude simple-m9d$ ,indians (    
,cali=nia z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,pla9s & ( !
 ,s\?we/1 :]e ! supremacy ( ! %aman is r
 obscur$ by t ( ! prie/ conv]sant ) a   
c]emony4 ,ev5 )9 ,cali=nia ! diff]5ce   
holds good4 ,9 ! ,nor?we/1 :]e ! native 
civilization rea*$ on ! :ole its greate/
 complexity1 ! %aman is less prom95t ?an
 any:]e else 9 ! /ate4 ,9 ! s\?1 :]e !  
culture is also m develop$ ?an 9 !      
,c5tral "p ( ! /ate1 ! %aman is c]ta9ly 
z mu* dread$ z !re2 b t 8 prov9ce is m  
re/rict$ is %[n by ! fact t 9 ,s\!rn    
,cali=nia ! %amans 9 _! capacity z su* d
 n seem to =m associations1 p]=m public 
c]emonies1 or directly p>ticipate 9 !   
tribal dances4  ,! p[] ( ! %aman be+    
directly dep5d5t ^u 8 p]sonal           
acquisition ( a connection ) !          
sup]natural _w1 an und]/&+ ( ! me?od by 
:i* ?is acquisition takes place g5]ally 
furni%es also a pretty accurate idea ( !
 nature ( 8 functions & influ5ce4 ,! mo/
 common way ( acquir+ %amani/ic p[] 9   
,cali=nia1 z 9 s _m o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 is 

by dream+4 ,a _s1 be x t ( an animal1 a 
place1 ! sun or ano!r natural object1 a 
deceas$ relative1 or an entirely        
unimbodi$ _s1 visits ! future m$ic9e-man
 9 8 dreams1 & ! connection ?us e/abli%$
 betwe5 !m is ! s\rce & basis ( !       
latt]'s p[]4 ,?is _s becomes 8 gu>dian  
_s or p]sonal4 ,f x he receives ! song  
or rite or k ( ! *>m & ! und]/&+ :i*    
enable him to cause or remove disease & 
to d & endure :at o!r m5 _c4 ,9         
,cali=nia1 ) a few special exceptions1 !
 idea does n seem s preval5t z else:]e t
 ?is gu>dian _s is an animal4           
,occasionally x is ! gho/ ( a p]son :o  
has once liv$1 usually a relative4      
,p]haps mo/ frequ5tly x is m]ely a _s z 
su*1 n connect$ ) any tangible embodim5t
 or =m1 ei!r human1 animate1 or         
inanimate4 ,! belief t ! %aman acquires 
! spirits mo/ frequ5tly 9 dream+ is     
preval5t ?r\gh ! :ole ,si]ra ,nevada    
region & 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! /ate4  ,9    
c]ta9 regions ano!r important me?od1 t (
 ! wak+ vision & trance1 is recogniz$4  

,! p]son is 9 a wild desolate place1    
p]haps hunt+4 ,sudd5ly !re is an        
appe>ance be=e him4 ,he becomes         
unconsci\s & :ile 9 ?is /ate receives 8 
sup]natural p[]4 ,on 8 return to 8 p he 
is = a "t dem5t$ or physically affect$4 
,aft] he aga9 becomes normal he has     
control ( 8 sup]natural influ5ces4 ,su* 
beliefs prevail 9 "p among ! ,yuki &    
,a?abascans ( ! ,coa/ ,range & ! ,maidu 
( ! ,sacram5to valley1 & no d\bt occur m
 or less sporadically 9 o!r regions4    
,f9ally1 ! %aman sometimes acquires 8   
p[]s ?r\gh seek+ = !m r ?an by hav+ !m  
?ru/ ^u him dur+ a dream or vision4 ,?is
 ( c\rse is a common proc$ure 9 ! ,pla9s
 & 9 "p on ! ,nor? ,pacific ,coa/4      
,among ! ,yurok ( ! l[] ,klama?1 =      
in/ance1 ! p]son :om ! spirits h visit$ 
9 dreams1 asc5ds high peaks :]e he sp5ds
 "o or m nights until he has acquir$ 8  
p[]s4 ,among ! ,wiyot ( ,humboldt ,bay  
!re are simil> beliefs4 ,9 ! same       
,nor?we/]n region a man :o wi%es to be  
fi]ce1 /rong1 & invuln]able swims at    

night 9 lakes inhabit$ by mon/]s or     
?und]s4 ,f ^!1 if 8 c\rage is suffici5t 
to await & endure _! pres5ce1 he        
receives ! desir$ p[]s4 ,?is practice ( 
ba?+ 9 lonely lakes closely recalls !   
cu/om preval5t along ! ,pacific slope = 
"s di/ance nor?w>d1 & )9 ,cali=nia x is 
probably n /rictly conf9$ to !          
,nor?we/]n culture area4 ,on ! :ole1    
h[ev]1 ?is delib]ate me?od ( acquir+    
%amani/ic p[] is n common1 nor1 z has   
already be5 /at$1 w\ld x be 9 accord ) !
 g5]ally l[] int5sity ( religi\s feel+  
among ! ,cali=nia ,indians z comp>$ ) ^?
 ( mo/ o!r p>ts ( ! cont95t4  ,!        
,nor?we/]n area is n only exceptional 9 
be+ ! pr9cipal "o )9 ! /ate :]e ?is     
delib]ate seek+ ( %amani/ic p[] is      
preval5t4 ,! conception ( a gu>dian _s  
is mu* less cle>ly def9$ among !        
,nor?we/]n tribes1 ) :om ! possession ( 
pa9s1 ! small mat]ial objects :i* cause 
disease1 r ?an ( true spirits1 seems to 
be :at is g5]ally associat$ ) %amani/ic 
p[]4 ,z already /at$1 %amanism =ms a mu*

 less important "p ( religion z a :ole 9
 ! ,nor?we/]n area ?an else:]e1 & x is 9
 accord ) ?is fact t ! majority ( !     
%amans1 & ^? suppos$ to be mo/ p[]ful1  
are wom54  ,9 p>ts ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia   
also ! idea ( ! gu>dian _s does n seem  
to be well develop$4 ,"h ! me?od (      
acquir+ %amani/ic p[] is almo/          
exclusively by dreams2 b among ! ,mohave
 & probably o!r ,colorado riv] tribes1  
my?s1 & n a p]sonal meet+ or communion )
 an individual _s1 con/itute ! subject (
 ! dreams4 ,! ,mohave %amans believe t  
!y 7 pres5t at ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 be=e    
mank9d _h sep>at$ into tribes4 ,!y 7 ) !
 great lead] & almo/ creator1 ,ma/amho4 
,!y saw him s++1 bl[+1 & rubb+ ov] !    
body ( a sick man1 if _! own p[] be t ( 
cur+ disease1 & f ,ma/amho !y ?us le>n$ 
! actions & spee*es :i* con/itute _!    
p[]4 ,be=e him !y %[$ :at !y _h le>n$ f 
him1 & by him 7 designat$ ^? :o _h se5 &
 le>n$ mo/ & ^? ( less p[]4 ,ea* man saw
 only ! %amani/ic actions relat+ to 8   
p>ticul> p[]1 :e!r ^! _h ref]5ce to !   

cur+ ( disease1 to love1 to w>1 or to "s
 o!r activity4 ,! ,mohave univ]sally    
speak ( hav+ dream$ ^! sc5es1 j z ea*   
n>rator affirms 8 k ( non-%amani/ic my?s
 & ( c]emonies to h be5 individually    
d]iv$ f dream+ !m4 ,x is probable t to a
 c]ta9 ext5t ?is is true4 ,t x is n     
entirely true becomes evid5t :5 !       
,mohave ) equal unanimity /ate t ^!     
dreams 7 dream$ by !m be=e bir?4 ,9 o!r 
words1 _! /atem5t t !y h dream$ su*     
exp]i5ces is to be int]pret$ ma9ly z a  
belief t !y z individuals 7 pres5t 9 _s 
=m at ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 at ! "t :5 x took
 %ape & ev]y?+ 0 orda9$1 & :5 all p[]1  
%amani/ic & o!rwise1 0 e/abli%$ &       
allott$4 ,x is obvi\s t ) ?is conception
 z ! basis ( _! :ole religion1 !re is b 
little room = any beliefs z to gu>dian  
spirits ( ! usual =m4  ,( c\rse !re is  
no?+ t limits ! %aman to "o _s1 & among 
_m or mo/ tribes1 su* z ! ,maidu1 a     
p[]ful m$ic9e-man may possess a great   
numb]4  ,frequ5tly 9 ,c5tral &          
,nor?we/]n ,cali=nia !re is "s m or less

 public c]emony at :i* a new %aman is1 s
 to speak1 initiat$ be=e he practices 8 
p[]s4 ,! body ( initiat$ %amans d n =m a
 def9ite society or association4 ,!     
c]emony is r an occasion t m>ks ! fir/  
public appe>ance ( ! novice1 9 :i* he   
receives = 8 own good1 & presumably = t 
( ! community also1 ! assi/ance ( ! m   
exp]i5c$ p]sons ( 8 pr(ession4 ,commonly
 x is ?\ght t ! novice _c receive &     
ex]cise ! full use ( 8 p[]s )\t ?is     
assi/ance4 ,! c]emony is usually held 9 
! c]emonial *amb] & is accompani$ by    
danc+4 ,! ef=ts ( ! old] %amans are     
direct$ t[>d giv+ ! initiate a firm &   
p]man5t control ( ! spirits :i* h only  
half atta*$ !mselves to him & :i* are   
?\ght to be /ill m or less rebelli\s4 ,(
 c\rse exhibitions ( magic & ( !        
physical effects ( ! pres5ce ( ! spirits
 are a prom95t feature ( ^! c]emonies4  
,?is initiation ( doctors is f\nd among 
! ,nor?we/]n tribes & 9 ! ,c5tral region
 among ! ,maidu & ,w9tun & probably o!r 
gr\ps4  ,a special class ( %amans f\nd  

to a great] or less ext5t among probably
 all ! ,c5tral tribes1 ?\gh !y are want+
 bo? 9 ! ,nor?we/ & ! ,s\?1 are !       
s-call$ be> doctors1 %amans :o h receiv$
 p[] f grizzly be>s1 (t5 by be+ tak5    
into ! abode ( ^! animals--:i* appe> !re
 9 human =m1--& :o aft] _! return to    
mank9d possess _m ( ! qualities ( !     
grizzly be>1 especially 8 app>5t        
invuln]ability to fatal attack4 ,! be>  
%amans c n only assume ! =m ( be>s1 z !y
 d 9 ord] to inflict v5geance on _!     
enemies1 b x is believ$ t !y c be kill$ 
an indef9ite numb] ( times :5 9 ?is =m &
 ea* "t return to life4 ,9 "s regions1 z
 among ! ,pomo & ,yuki1 ! be> %aman 0 n 
?\ght z else:]e to actually become a    
be>1 b to rema9 a man :o clo!d himself 9
 ! sk9 ( a be> to 8 complete            
disguisem5t1 & by 8 malevol5ce1         
rapidity1 fi]c5ess1 & resi/ance to w\nds
 to be capable ( inflict+ great] injury 
?an a true be>4 ,:e!r any be> %amans    
actually attempt$ to disguise !mselves 9
 ?is way to accompli% _! ends is        

d\btful4 ,x is c]ta9 t all ! memb]s ( "s
 tribes believ$ x to be 9 _! p[]4  ,!   
rattlesnake doctor1 :o cur$ or prev5t$ !
 bite ( ! rattlesnake1 0 usually di/9ct 
f o!r m$ic9e-m54 ,among ! ,yuki 8 p[]1 z
 t ( ! rattlesnake1 0 associat$ ) ! sun2
 among ! ,maidu ) ! ?und]4 ,among !     
,yokuts ! rattlesnake %amans annually   
held a public c]emony design$ to prev5t 
rattlesnake bites among ! tribe4 ,on ?is
 occasion !y display$ _! p[] ov] !      
snakes by h&l+ !m 9 a mann] analog\s to 
t ( ! ,hopi1 & by ev5 all[+ !mselves to 
be bitt54  ,z ev]y:]e else1 ! practice (
 %amanism 9 ,cali=nia c5t]s ab\t disease
 & dea?4 ,x is probably m n>r[ly limit$ 
to ?is phase ?an 9 mo/ o!r portions (   
,nor? ,am]ica4 ,be+ an ess5tially       
unw>like ev5 ?\gh a rev5geful p1 x is   
natural t ! sup]natural p[] p]sonally   
acquir$ by ! ,cali=nia ,indian %\ld n   
(t5 be direct$ t[>d success 9 battle4   
,success 9 love is also less (t5 !      
result ( su* p]sonal p[] ?an = in/ance  
on ! ,pla9s1 p]haps because 9 ! latt]   

region ! cu/om :i* made virtually e "y  
man seek %amani/ic p[]1 result$ 9 a     
condition :]e ^? ^: proclivities 7 n    
t[>d m$ic9e or w>1 desir$ & receiv$ _!  
p[]s 9 ?is direction4 ,influ5ce ov] game
 & ov] nature's yield ( vegetable       
products 0 sometimes attribut$ to %amans
 9 ,cali=nia1 b on ! :ole _! p[]s 9 ?is 
respect 7 n v mu* insi/$ ^u except 9    
,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 favorable or adv]se   
conditions ( ?is k9d be+ attribut$ r to 
! tribal c]emonies1 & 9 ! ,nor?we/      
connect$ ) ! all-important =mulae4 ,!   
caus+ & prev5tion ( disease & dea? 7    
!re=e ev5 m l>gely ! pr$om9ant functions
 ( ! p]son :o _h acquir$ p]sonal        
sup]natural p[] 9 ,cali=nia ?an else:]e 
9 ,am]ica4  ,t ! m$ic9e-m5 :o c\ld cure 
diseases 7 also ! ones :o mu/ cause x1  
unless x 7 ! direct consequ5ce ( an     
infraction ( "s religi\s obs]vance or   
prohibition1 0 ! almo/ univ]sal belief1 
:i* 0 probably adh]$ to ) great]        
def9it5ess ?an 9 mo/ portions ( ,nor?   
,am]ica4 ,! kill+ ( m$ic9e-m5 0 !re=e ( 

frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,among "s tribes1 z !
 ,yokuts1 ! m$ic9e-man :o _h lo/ sev]al 
pati5ts 0 held responsible = _! dea? by 
_! relatives4 ,among ! ,mohave also     
murd] seems to h be5 ! normal end ( !   
m$ic9e-man4 ,9 ! ,nor?we/]n region !    
%aman :o fail$ to cure 0 =c$ to return !
 fee receiv$ 9 advance4 ,if he refus$ to
 att5d a pati5t :5 summon$1 he 0        
compell$ to pay1 9 ! ev5t ( ! latt]'s   
dea?1 an am\nt ( prop]ty equal t pr(f]$ 
him = 8 s]vices4 ,s completely 0 ! %aman
 reg>d$ z ! cause ( disease & dea?1 z   
well z ( _! prev5tion1 t "o he>s v      
little among ! ,cali=nia ,indians (     
wit*craft1 t is to say1 ( malevol5t     
practices p]=m$ by p]sons1 (t5 v old or 
v "y p1 :o are n believ$ to be end[$ ) !
 %aman's p[] ( cur+4  ,disease1 z among 
mo/ primitive peoples ! _w ov]1 0       
usually held to be caus$ by small       
mat]ial objects :i* _h 9 a sup]natural  
way be5 caus$ to ent] ! body4 ,!        
det]m9ation & extraction ( ^! 0 !       
pr9cipal (fice ( ! m$ic9e-man &1 also z 

else:]e1 0 mo/ frequ5tly accompli%$ by  
suck+4 ,9 c]ta9 regions1 especially !   
,s\?1 ! tubul> pipe 0 br\ght into       
requisition = ?is purpose1 !            
disease-object be+ suppos$ to be suck$  
into ! doctor's m\? ?r\gh x4 ,among su* 
tribes ! pipe 0 also smok$ by !         
m$ic9e-man z "p ( 8 ritual4 ,9 o!r cases
 ! suck+ 0 p]=m$ directly ) ! m\?1 b1 j 
z ! disease-caus+ object _h by          
sup]natural means ent]$ ! body )\t caus+
 or leav+ an op5+1 s x 0 extract$ by !  
m$ic9e-man )\t an incision or a trace ( 
its passage4 ,?is object might be a bit 
( hair1 a /ick1 an insect or small      
reptile1 a piece ( bone1 de] s9ew1 or   
almo/ any o!r mat]ial4 ,9 ! great] "p ( 
nor!rn ,cali=nia1 includ+ ! ,nor?we/]n  
region1 x 0 n an ord9>y physical object 
work+ mis*ief by its m]e pres5ce 9 !    
body or by ! sup]natural prop]ties ) :i*
 ! %aman or 8 spirits _h end[$ x1 b an  
object itself sup]natural & call$ a pa94
 ,^! pa9s are v>i\sly describ$1         
frequ5tly z be+ %>p at bo? ends & cle> z

 ice4 ,!y possess$ ! p[] ( mov+ ev5 aft]
 extract$1 & 7 able to fly ?r\gh ! air  
to ! int5d$ victim at ! comm& ( ! p]son 
:o _h s5t !m4 ,! m$ic9e-man aft]        
extract+ ! disease-object or pa9 almo/  
always exhibit$ x4 ,x 0 !n ei!r de/roy$ 
by him or kept by him = 8 own use4 ,9   
,nor?we/]n ,cali=nia he sometimes       
swall[$ x1 ! degree ( 8 p[] be+ ?\ght to
 be dep5d5t ^u ! numb] ( pa9s he kept 9 
8 body1 bo? ^? :i* he receiv$ ^u 8      
becom+ a %aman1 :5 !y 7 cook$ be=e a    
great fire 9 ! doctor-initiation dance1 
& ^? :i* he subsequ5tly secur$ 9 doctor+
 8 pati5ts4 ,! rattlesnake's bite 0     
reg>d$ z be+ dang]\s on acc\nt ( its    
injection into ! victim's body ( a      
mat]ial animate object1 :i* !           
rattlesnake %aman mu/ extract if dea? 0 
n to ensue4 ,among ! ,yuki ?is object 0 
a small snake2 among ! ,yokuts a rod5t's
 too? or o!r object suppos$ to h =m$ "p 
( ! animals ^u :i* ! snake subsi/$4 ,9  
"s cases two classes ( m$ic9e-m5 7      
di/+ui%$1 "o diagnos+1 ! o!r treat+ !   

pati5t4 ,among ! ,wiyot or ,wi%osk ! =m]
 by danc+ be=e ! pati5t saw 9 a vision !
 nature & location ( ! disease-object & 
det]m9$ :at _h caus$ x to ent] ! body4  
,some:at simil> ?\gh v>y+ di/9ctions    
betwe5 %amans ^: p[] consi/s ( k1 & ^?  
:o h practical capacity z well1 occurr$ 
among o!r tribes4 ,suck+ is n always    
resort$ to4 ,! ,mohave pr9cipally bl[ or
 spit ov] _! pati5ts & /roke or rub or  
knead _! bodies1 :i* actions are suppos$
 by !m to drive out ! disease4 ,m$ic9es 
& drugs are b little us$1 or if s1 9 a  
mann] t gives no opportunity = _!       
physiological efficacy4 ,f\r or five    
drops--! numb] v>y+ accord+ to !        
c]emonial numb] ( ! tribe--( a weak     
decoction may be giv5 to ! pati5t or ev5
 only appli$ to him ext]nally4 ,x is    
natural t :]e ! magic effect ( ! drug z 
us$ 9 a c]ta9 ritual is believ$ 91 !    
quantity s us$ is n an ess5tial         
consid]ation4 ,x is ! sup]natural       
qualities connect$ ) ! plant t br+ ab\t 
! desir$ result1 & ^! are z inh]5t 9 a  

drop plac$ ^u ! =ehead z 9 a basketful  
tak5 int]nally4 ,p]haps ! mo/-us$       
m$ic9al plant ?r\gh\t ! /ate is !       
angelica root1 probably pr9cipally on   
acc\nt ( its fragrance4 ,tobacco is     
consid]ably employ$ by %amans1 b is (   
equal importance 9 o!r aspects (        
religion4   ,,public ,,c]emonies4  ,aft]
 ! exclusion ( su* public obs]vances z !
 %aman initiation1 m5/rual dance1 &     
victory celebration1 :i*1 :ile g5]ally  
p>ticipat$ 91 are p]=m$ prim>ily = !    
b5efit ( individuals1 ! c]emonies ( !   
,cali=nia ,indians :i* are ( a really   
public or communal purpose & "* fall    
into ?ree classes3 7#a7 m\rn+ c]emonies2
 7#b7 initiation c]emonies connect$ ) a 
secret society2 & 7#c7 a m v>i$ gr\p (  
dances & o!r obs]vances :i* all1 h[ev]1 
h 9 common ! b5efit ei!r ( ! community  
or ( ! _w at l>ge1 9 t !y cause a good  
crop ( acorns & natural products1 make !
 avoidance ( rattlesnake bites possible1
 or prev5t ! occurr5ce ( disease1       
e>?quake1 flood1 & o!r calamities4  ,(  

^! ?ree classes ( c]emonies ! m\rn+     
c]emonies are at lea/ z important z !   
o!rs & by f> ! mo/ di/9ctive ( ! /ate z 
an e?nographic prov9ce1 al?\gh nei!r !y 
nor ! secret society are f\nd 9 !       
specializ$ ,nor?we/]n area4 ,! m\rn+    
c]emonies fur!r d n occur among !       
,a?abascan1 ,yuki1 & ,pomo tribes to !  
s\? ( ! ,nor?we/]n tribes z f> z ! bay (
 ,san ,francisco2 b outside ( ?is /rip 9
 ! nor!rn coa/ region !y are univ]sal 9 
! /ate4 ,among ! ,maidu !y are usually  
kn[n z burn+1 among ! ,miwok z cry4     
,among ! ,yokuts !y h be5 call$ dance ( 
! dead1 & among ! ,mohave & ,yuma       
annual4 ,^! c]emonies are usually       
p>ticipat$ 9 by a numb] ( visit+        
communities or villages4 ,!y la/ = "o or
 m nights1 dur+ :i* cry+ & wail+1       
sometimes accompani$ by s++ &           
exhortation1 are indulg$ 91 & f9d _!    
climax 9 a great de/ruction ( prop]ty4  
,:ile ^? :o h rec5tly lo/ relatives     
naturally take a prom95t "p1 ! c]emony z
 a :ole is n a p]sonal b a tribal "o4   

,among ! ,yokuts & probably o!r gr\ps x 
is imm$iately foll[$ by a dance ( a     
fe/ive nature1 & usually !re is a       
def9itely express$ idea t ?is g5]al     
c]emony puts an end to all individual   
m\rn+ among ! p>ticipants4 ,a typical =m
 ( ! m\rn+ c]emony is f\nd among !      
,maidu1 :o call x oe/u4 ,ea* village or 
political unit possesses its burn+      
gr\nd4 ,p>ticipation 9 ! c]emony is     
effect$ by receipt ( a memb]%ip-/r+ or  
necklace1 bo? ! receipt & return ( :i*  
are m>k$ by paym5ts or pres5ts4 ,!      
c]emony is held 9 autumn 9 a circul>    
bru% enclosure4 ,prop]ty to be de/roy$  
is ti$ to poles :i* are erect$ on !     
gr\nd4 ,aft] an op5+ exhortation by !   
*ief or %aman 9 *>ge ( ! c]emony1 !     
wail+ beg9s1 to cont9ue ?r\gh\t ! night1
 _m exclamations to ! dead be+ utt]$4   
,t[>d morn+ ! num]\s articles display$  
on ! poles are tak5 d[n & burn$4 ,:5    
ev]y?+ has be5 de/roy$ ! assembly breaks
 up = gambl+ & fea/+4 ,! purpose ( !    
c]emony is to supply ! gho/s ( ! dead ) 

clo?+1 prop]ty1 & food4 ,al?\gh its     
g5]al t5or is communal1 ea* family (f]s 
only to its own relatives4 ,9 "s cases  
elaborate images ( /uff$ sk9s ornam5t$ )
 danc+ app>el are made to repres5t      
important p :o h di$4 ,^! are burn$ ) ! 
prop]ty (f]$ to ! dead4  ,initiation    
c]emonies :i* result 9 some?+ analog\s  
to a secret society are f\nd 9 ! :ole   
/ate except 9 ! ,nor?we/]n region &     
among ! agricultural tribes at ! extreme
 s\!a/ 9 ! ,colorado valley4 ,!y are    
app>5tly z well develop$ among ! ,yuki &
 ,pomo1 :o d n practice tribal m\rn+    
c]emonies1 z among _! neighbors :o d4 ,9
 a /rict s5se !re is no secret society1 
ev5 ?\gh ! precepts taught boys at      
initiation are n made public4 ,!re are  
usually no p>aph]nalia or insignia ( a  
society1 no degrees or ranks1 no        
memb]%ip or o!r organization1 nor is !re
 a def9ite purpose = ! society4 ,! great
 majority ( ! males ( ! tribes are made 
to und]go ! initiation1 & 9 _m cases !re
 is a di/9ct desire to =ce x ^u e man1  

:e!r he be will+ or unwill+4 ,9 s f> z a
 society may !re=e be said to exi/ at   
all1 its pr9cipal purpose & public      
function are ! initiation ( new memb]s4 
,!re is h[ev] (t5 a special "n = ^? :o h
 be5 initiat$1 su* z yeponi among !     
,maidu & pumal among ! ,luis5o1 & to a  
c]ta9 ext5t ! initiates are reg>d$ z a  
class or c\ncil hav+ a m or less        
indef9ite decision ov] religi\s matt]s  
affect+ ! community4 ,! precepts imp>t$ 
to ! initiates1 o!r ?an ! rituali/ic k  
relat+ to ! initiation c]emony itself1  
seems to be ( ! mo/ g5]al k9d & p]ta9s  
pr9cipally to daily life & ! mo/ obvi\s 
maxims ( native morality4 ,9 "s ways ?is
 initiation is a pub]ty c]emony = boys  
correspond+ to ! fir/-m5/ruation-c]emony
 ( girls4 ,! initiates are h[ev] n      
limit$ z to age1 m5 be+ sometimes       
includ$4 ,among at lea/ ! ,yokuts 9     
,c5tral ,cali=nia & ! ,mission ,indians 
( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia ! initiation 0       
accompani$ by ! dr9k+ ( toloa*e or      
jimson-we$1 datura meteloides1 ! /upor &

 visions produc$ by :i* 7 reg>d$ z      
sup]natural4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia ! idea 
( an ordeal & in/ruction 0 specially    
develop$4 ,boys 7 made to und]go sev]e  
te/s ( pa9 & endurance & 7 giv5 num]\s  
injunctions reg>d+ _! adult life4 ,among
 ! ,maidu ( ! ,sacram5to valley         
in/ruction bo? 9 ! my?s ( ! tribe & 9 ! 
m important c]emonies 0 imp>t$4 ,among  
c]ta9 ( ! ,maidu ! secret society1 9 s  
f> z x comprises ! m adult m51 is       
difficult to di/+ui% f an association ( 
%amans4  ,! public c]emonies o!r ?an    
m\rn+ & initiation obs]vances1 9 o!r    
words ! tribal dances ( ,cali=nia1 diff]
 ?or\ghly 9 ! ?ree culture regions1 :i* 
mu/ !re=e be consid]$ sep>ately4  ,9    
,c5tral ,cali=nia ^! dances1 l !        
initiation c]emonies1 h disappe>$ to a  
mu* great] ext5t ?an ! m\rn+ c]emonies1 
& :]e !y survive h (t5 be5 m or less    
influ5c$ by mod]n ideas4 ,z a rule !y 7 
held 9 ! l>ge assembly or c]emonial     
*amb]1 m (t5 at night ?an dur+ ! day1 & 
ei!r la/$ = a numb] ( nights or consi/$ 

( a s]ies ( successive dances ext5d+ ov]
 a consid]able p]iod4 ,"s ( ! dances1   
?\gh a m9ority1 7 nam$ aft] animals1 & 9
 su* !re 0 usually "s imitation ( !     
actions ( animals4 ,sometimes rude      
p>aph]nalia 7 us$ to repres5t ! animal  
itself1 b ?is 0 n v common & masks 7    
nev] employ$4 ,at lea/ 9 ! ,sacram5to   
valley & nor!rn ,coa/ ,range region !re 
0 "s imp]sonation ( my?ical *>act]s1 z (
 ,taikomol1 creator among ! ,yuki1 & ( !
 my?ical be+ ,kuksu among ! ,pomo &     
,maidu4 ,su* imp]sonators usually wore  
ei!r ! big head1 an enorm\s head-dress (
 fea!rs atta*$ to radiat+ /icks1 or a   
l>ge cape ( fea!rs fa/5$ to a network1  
:i* conceal$ bo? body & face1 or bo?    
pieces ( app>el4 ,!re seems to h be5    
no?+ correspond+ to an alt>4 ,! danc]s 7
 pa9t$ b crudely1 & su* symbolism z 0   
d5ot$ by ! pa9t+ 0 ( ! simple/4 ,"o or m
 ( ! po/s t support$ ! ro( ( ! assembly 
*amb] 7 usually ( c]emonial importance4 
,! danc]s frequ5tly ent]$ & left ! h\se 
by a hole above in/ead ( ! door at !    

gr\nd4 ,a rude drum consi/+ ( a holl[   
slab plac$ on ! gr\nd & /amp$ ) ! feet 0
 (t5 us$4 ,an important "* 9 mo/        
c]emonies 0 ! cl[n or buffoon1 "p ( ^:  
duties 0 to c>icature ! m s]i\s         
p]=mance4 ,9 "s cases %amani/ic         
exhibitions ( magic 7 includ$ 9 !       
c]emony4 ,at times an ex*ange or        
compulsory giv+ ( prop]ty =m$ "p ( !    
c]emony4 ,! p>ticipants 7 r>ely if ev]  
call$ ^u to und]go sev]e trials (       
endurance1 pa91 or c\rage1 z among s _m 
o!r ,indians4 ,! :ole ritual 0          
comp>atively simple4  ,! exact nature & 
relation ( ! v>i\s dances are v little  
kn[n among mo/ ( ! tribes ( ! ,c5tral   
region4 ,probably a typical example ( ^!
 dances is furni%$ by ! ,maidu ( !      
,sacram5to valley1 :o decl>e t _!       
c]emonies 7 obta9$ f _! neighbors1 !    
,w9tun4 ,?is /atem5t is borne out by    
indirect evid5ce4 ,among ! ,maidu !     
c]emonies 7 p]=m$ 9 w9t] & con/itut$ a  
s]ies ( fifte5 or m di/9ct dances1 com+ 
= ! mo/ "p 9 a def9ite ord]4 ,s f> z    

kn[n !y 7 ! foll[+3 ,hesi1 ,luyi1 ,loli1
 ,salalu-ngkasi1 ,duck1 ,be>1 ,coyote1  
,creep]1 ,turtle1 ,aloli-ngkasi1        
,yokola-ngkasi1 ,moloko-ngkasi1 ,de]1   
,aki1 ,hesi4 ,! majority ( ^! dances 7  
p]=m$ by m51 b "s by wom5 only4 ,!re is 
no evid5ce t p>ticipation 9 ^! dances 0 
dep5d5t ^u any?+ l memb]%ip 9 an        
association4 ,ea* _h its *>act]i/ic     
p>aph]nalia or comb9ations (            
p>aph]nalia4 ,9 sev]al !re are          
p>ticipants ) special app>el & ) a      
di/9ctive "n4 ,at lea/ "s ( ^! seem to  
repres5t my?ical *>act]s4 ,9 sev]al     
in/ances ^! p]=m]s enact c]emonial      
op]ations1 l>gely 9 ! nature ( complex  
approa*es & dep>tures :i* take place    
outside ! assembly *amb]4 ,! names (    
sev]al ( ^! c]emonies occur also among  
neighbor+ ,indians speak+ entirely      
diff]5t languages1 & ?us give pro( ( !  
transmission ( ! c]emonies f "o locality
 to ano!r4 ,! ,hesi1 ! mo/ important ( !
 ,maidu s]ies1 is danc$ also by !       
,w9tun4 ,! ,loli is an important c]emony

 among ! ,maidu1 ,miwok1 & ,pomo4 ,!    
p]=m] call$ ,kuksu1 :o ref]s to         
important my?s1 is f\nd among ! ,maidu1 
,w9tun1 ,pomo1 & ei!r ! ,miwok or       
,co/anoan ,indians =m]ly at ,mission    
,san ,jose4 ,!re is e reason to believe 
t a full] acqua9tance ) ! tribes ^:     
c]emonies are z yet lea/ kn[n w reveal  
o!r in/ances ( c]emonies held 9 common &
 kn[n "u ! same "n4 ,f>!r to ! s\?1     
among ! ,yokuts ( ! ,tul>e bas91 ^!     
c]emonies d n seem to h p5etrat$4 ,"h ! 
majority ( ! public c]emonies1 l !      
rattlesnake c]emony t has be5 m5tion$1 7
 ( ! nature ( %amani/ic p]=mances4      
,?r\gh\t ! ,c5tral region ! dances1 :ile
 !y might be held only 9 /ructures (    
c]ta9 k9ds1 7 nev] rigor\sly atta*$ to a
 specific locality4  ,9 ,nor?we/]n      
,cali=nia ! m important c]emonies c     
always be held only at c]ta9 spots1 & ! 
p]=mance ( c]emonies ( ! same "n always 
v>ies some:at at diff]5t places4 ,!     
p]=m]s d n repres5t my?ological or o!r  
*>act]s & d n imitate animals4 ,! m     

important dances la/ at lea/ a numb] (  
days1 n infrequ5tly z _m z t54 ,! dances
 are held ei!r out-doors or 9 c]ta9     
sacr$ h\ses1 :i* are h[ev] n diff]5t f !
 ord9>y liv+-h\se ( ! region except     
?r\gh _! tradition>y & c]emonial        
associations4 ,! ess5tial religi\s      
portion ( ! c]emony consi/s ( ! actions 
gone ?r\gh by a prie/1 ) sometimes "o or
 two assi/ants4 ,! m important "p ( 8   
proc$ure is ! recital ( "o ( ! sacr$    
=mulae s *>act]i/ic ( ! region4 ,?is    
=mula relates specifically to ! exact   
locality at :i* ! dance is held1 & !re=e
 (t5 v>ies consid]ably f spot to spot4  
,! =mula is reg>d$ z x 7 z private      
prop]ty1 & its k is suffici5t to        
in/itute ! prie/ 9 8 capacity4 ,! public
 portions ( ! c]emony1 su* z ! danc+1   
are practically dissociat$ f ?is purely 
religi\s elem5t4 ,! danc]s are mo/ly "y 
m5 )\t any k ( ! c]emony o!r ?an ( !    
simple dance-/ep & songs4 ,! p>aph]nalia
 :i* !y we> belong nei!r to !m nor to ! 
prie/s1 b to weal?y m5 ( ! tribe1 = :om 

! occasion is an all-important          
opportunity = ! display ( _! weal?1 :i* 
consi/s 9 l>ge "p ( ! danc+ regalia1 & !
 possession ( :i* is ! *ief factor t[>d 
_! social prom95ce4 ,! danc]s appe> 9 f 
two to five p>ties1 repres5t+ neighbor+ 
villages1 ea* ( :i* is aid$ by ! weal?y 
m5 ( o!r villages2 & ^! p>ties vie ) ea*
 o!r prim>ily 9 ! display ( _! regalia4 
,! mo/ important c]emonies are ! ,de]sk9
 dance & ! ,jump+ dance1 :i* are held   
ei!r annually or bi5nially1 ! =m] always
 out-doors1 ! latt] at "s places        
out-doors1 sometimes 9 boats1 at o!rs   
9-doors4 ,! purpose ( bo? dances1 :i*   
:]e bo? are practic$ are usually giv5 9 
close succession1 is ! good ( ! _w4     
,e>?quake & disease are prev5t$ & a food
 supply insur$4 ,v little ( ! sacr$     
=mulae & accompany+ ritual1 & no?+ 9 !  
rema9d] ( ! dance1 has h[ev] any        
specific ref]5ce to ?is purpose4 ,a     
?ird1 m9or c]emony1 ! ,bru% dance1      
completes ! s]ies ( public c]emonies 9  
?is region1 ! rema9+ dances be+ held    

only on occasion ( w>1 a girl's pub]ty1 
or ! initiation ( a %aman4 ,ev5 ! ,bru% 
dance is n fully ( a tribal "*1 inasmu* 
z x is p]=m$ = ! b5efit ( a s+le        
individual1 a sick *ild1 al?\gh x is    
p>ticipat$ 9 by an entire village ) !   
assi/ance ( visitors f o!rs1 & ?\gh !re 
seems to be a desire to p]=m ! c]emony  
at lea/ once a ye> 9 ea* ( ! l>g]       
villages4  ,9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia m\rn+    
c]emonies are ev]y:]e ! mo/ prom95t4 ,9 
! coa/ region1 among ! v>i\s gr\ps (    
,mission ,indians1 initiation c]emonies 
make up mo/ ( ! public rituals t are n  
connect$ ) m\rn+4 ,9 ! int]ior ! ,mohave
 possess no initiation c]emonies4 ,9 bo?
 regions su* c]emonies z p>take nei!r ( 
! nature ( m\rn+ nor initiation are     
conspicu\s by ! prom95ce ( ! my? elem5t4
 ,!y consi/ ess5tially ( long s]ies (   
songs1 occupy+ "o or m nights 9 !       
recital1 :i* rec\nt1 9 "p directly b m  
(t5 by allusion1 an important my?4 ,at  
times ! my? is actually relat$ 9 !      
int]vals betwe5 ! songs4 ,9 "s cases    

danc+ by m5 or wom5 accompanies ! s++1 b
 ?is is nev] spectacul> & 9 _m cases is 
entirely lack+4 ,be+ only c]emonial     
recitations ( my?s1 ^! c]emonies are n  
atta*$ 9 _! p]=mance to specific        
localities1 & :5 danc+ regalia are us$  
!y are ( ! simple/ "*2 nor is !re       
opportunity = ei!r alt> or ritual4 ,!   
pr$om9ance ( ! m\rn+ elem5t 9 !         
c]emonies ( ?is region is fur!r %[n by !
 fact t among "s tribes1 z ! ,mohave1 ^!
 same s++ c]emonies1 besides be+ p]=m$  
indep5d5tly1 are also sung = _m h\rs at 
e dea?4 ,! s]ies ( songs select$ = ea*  
individual on ?is occasion is t ) :i* he
 is acqua9t$4 ,9 accord ) :at has be5   
said ( ! dream z ! basis ( ,mohave      
religi\s life1 ^! s++ c]emonies are     
almo/ always believ$ by ea* p]son to h  
be5 dream$ by himself4   ,,c]emonial    
,,/ructures ,,& ,,p>aph]nalia4  ,!      
c]emonial *amb] is also ( di/9ctive "* 9
 ! ?ree culture areas4 ,9 ! ,c5tral     
region x is a l>ge1 circul>1 dome-%ap$  
/ructure1 p>tly und]gr\nd & ) a cov]+ ( 

e>?4 ,x s]ves also z place ( assembly & 
at lea/ at times z sudatory1 :5ce its   
popul> "n ( sweat-h\se4 ,9 ! ,nor?we/ ! 
sweat-h\se is q small1 almo/ entirely   
und]gr\nd1 & its ro( consi/s ( bo>ds )\t
 a cov]+ ( e>?4 ,x is con/antly us$ =   
sweat+ & is ! regul> sleep+ place ( all 
adult males4 ,x is n us$ = public       
c]emonies except 9 ! case ( ! dance     
initiat+ %amans4 ,9 ! ,s\? ! c]emonial  
/ructure is n a h\se1 b ei!r a m]e      
enclosure ( bru%1 z among ! ,mission    
tribes1 or a simple %ade ( bru% on      
upright po/s1 z among ! ,mohave4 ,?is   
type ( c]emonial /ructure is also f\nd 9
 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,c5tral region among !  
,yokuts4  ,9 ! matt] ( danc+ app>el !   
,nor?we/ diff]s fundam5tally f all !    
rema9d] ( ! /ate4 ,"s ( ! mo/ important 
( ! regalia1 su* z long obsidian knives 
& alb9o de]sk9s1 are n worn on ! body or
 us$ ritually b m]ely c>ri$ = display1  
be+ prim>ily objects ( great value4     
,l>ge =ehead-b&s entirely cov]$ )       
brilliant r$ woodpeck] fea!rs m ne>ly   

resemble ord9>y danc+ app>el1 b are also
 articles ( value1 ! unm\nt$ woodpeck]  
fea!rs virtually con/itut+ "o =m (      
curr5cy4 ,o!r objects us$ 9 danc+ are   
dresses1 cloaks1 & head-b&s ( sk9 & fur1
 head-dresses ( network1 & c>efully     
ornam5t$ plumes & head fea!rs4 ,all ^!1 
:ile worn on ! body1 & decorative1 also 
possess consid]able comm]cial value4 ,! 
drum is n us$1 ! :i/le employ$ at times1
 & ! rattle1 :i* consi/s ( de] ho(s1 b  
sp>+ly4  ,9 ! ,c5tral region objects    
made ( fea!rs greatly pr$om9ate ov] all 
o!rs1 & are mo/ly made to be worn       
actually on ! body4 ,head-dresses are   
p>ticul>ly conspicu\s & ( _m =ms4 ,9 !  
,sacram5to & ,san ,joaqu9 valleys & !   
adjac5t region cloaks ( l>ge fea!rs     
atta*$ to a network are worn4 ,9 !      
,tul>e bas9 ^! are replac$ by skirts    
consi/+ ( /r+s ( eagle-d[n4 ,) ^!       
d[n-skirts are worn l>ge upright        
head-dresses ( cr[ & magpie fea!rs4 ,?is
 comb9ation ( co/ume 0 us$ also by !    
,mission ,indians 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia &  

by ! ,wa%o ( ,nevada1 & at lea/ !       
head-dress is f\nd z f> nor? z !        
,sacram5to valley4 ,network caps fill$ )
 d[n1 & =ehead b&s ( d[n1 are frequ5t 9 
v>i\s p>ts4 ,p]haps ! mo/ typical s+le  
object ( c]emonial app>el is a flat b&1 
usually worn on ! =ehead1 & consi/+ ( ! 
trimm$ r$ quills ( ! yell[-hamm] sew$   
side by side4 ,?is head-b& occurs ?r\gh 
! :ole ( ,c5tral ,cali=nia & is us$ also
 by ! tribes ea/ ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 9 !
 /ate ( ,nevada1 & s\? ( ,teha*api pass 
9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,! l>ge foot drum ( 
! ,c5tral region has already be5        
m5tion$4 ,:i/les are also us$ & !re are 
two =ms ( rattle1 "o consi/+ ( silk     
cocoons conta9+ gravel1 ! o!r ( a split 
/ick4 ,! cocoon rattle is usually       
associat$ ) ! %aman1 ! clap-/ick )      
danc+4  ,9 ! ,s\?1 especially among !   
,mission ,indians1 ! danc+ app>el1 z is 
evid5t f ! in/ances already m5tion$1 is 
( mu* ! same type z 9 ! ,c5tral area4   
,on ! ,colorado riv] fea!r ornam5ts ( ! 
same g5]al "* are us$1 ?\gh !y are ( a  

simpl] type & head-dresses pr$om9ate4 ,!
 :i/le is b little us$ 9 ! ,s\?1 ! drum 
occasionally1 baskets & o!r objects be+ 
*iefly employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,! rattle 
is ! all-important musical in/rum5t 9   
?is region4 ,x is made mo/ frequ5tly f a
 g\rd or a turtle-%ell4   ,,my?ology ,,&
 ,,beliefs4  ,9 my?ology a deep-go+     
diff]5ce betwe5 ! ?ree culture areas    
aga9 appe>s4 ,! ,nor?we/]n my?ologies   
are *>act]iz$ prim>ily by a v deeply    
impress$ conception ( a previ\s1 n[     
vani%$1 race1 :o by fir/ liv+ ! life &  
p]=m+ ! actions ( mank9d 7 ! produc]s ( 
all human in/itutions & arts z well z ( 
"s ( ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,second 9      
importance 9 ! ,nor?we/ are my?s deal+ )
 culture-h]oes m or less ( ! trick/]    
type famili> f s _m o!r p>ts ( ,nor?    
,am]ica4  ,9 ,c5tral ,cali=nia !re is   
always a true creation ( ! _w1 ( mank9d1
 & ( its in/itutions4 ,! conception ( ! 
creator is (t5 q l(ty1 & tricky exploits
 or defeats are usually n connect$ )    
him4 ,(t5 !re is an anti!sis betwe5 ?is 

b5efic5t & truly div9e creator & a      
second "*1 usually ! ,coyote1 :o 9 "p   
cooep]ates ) ! creator b 9 "p ?w>ts him1
 be+ responsible = ! dea? ( mank9d & o!r
 imp]fections 9 ! _w-s*eme4 ,9 ! nor!rn 
half ( ! ,c5tral region ! creator is    
g5]ally an?ropomorphic2 if n1 he is m]g$
 into "o p]sonage ) ! m or less tricky  
,coyote4 ,9 ! s\!rn half ( ! region !   
creators seem always to be animals ) !  
dignifi$ & wise eagle z ! *ief4 ,! my?s 
( ! ,c5tral region n directly conc]n$ ) 
creation are mo/ly /ories ( adv5ture1 ( 
mu* ! same type z ,european folk & fairy
 tales4 ,!y d n expla9 ! orig9 ( ph5om5a
 except 9 a casual1 isolat$ way1 & b    
r>ely are ( c]emonial import4  ,9 ,s\!rn
 ,cali=nia !re is no creation4 ,! v>i\s 
animate & inanimate exi/5ces 9 ! _w are 
born f heav5 & e>? z ! fir/ p>5ts4      
,sometimes heav5 & e>? are reg>d$ z !   
fir/ concrete exi/5ces1 :o 71 h[ev]1    
prec$$ by a s]ies ( psy*ic be+s gr\p$ 9 
pairs4 ,! bulk ( ! ,s\!rn orig9 my?     
consi/s ( a hi/ory ( mank9d1 at fir/ z a

 s+le tribe & lat] c5t]$ 9 ! tribe :i*  
tells ! /ory4 ,9 ! successive exp]i5ces 
( ?is body ( p1 :i* are accompani$ by m 
or less j\rney+1 ! _w is gradually      
br\ght to its pres5t /age1 & all !      
in/itutions ( mank9d1 p>ticul>ly ( !    
n>rat+ tribe b also ( o!rs1 are         
develop$4 ,! p are "u ! lead]%ip ( "o or
 two great lead]s1 at lea/ "o ( :om     
always dies or dep>ts aft] 8 b5efic5t   
directions4 ,! ?or\ghly ,s\?we/]n &     
,pueblo "* ( ?is long orig9 my? is      
obvi\s4 ,x is usually foll[$ to a great]
 or less ext5t by migration leg5ds      
rec\nt+ ! w&]+ & conflicts ( diff]5t    
tribes or clans4 ,! rema9+ my?s are 9   
plot ess5tially n v diff]5t f ! adv5ture
 /ories ( ! ,c5tral region1 b bo? mu*   
long] & m elaborate1 & at ! same "t     
di/9ctively rituali/ic 9 t !y =m ! basis
 or framework ( ! s++ c]emonies t h be5 
describ$4 ,z ^! c]emonies !mselves are  
no?+ b my?s1 !re is nei!r ne$ nor room =
 tradition>y acc\nts expla9+ ! orig9 ( !
 c]emonies4  ,an id5tification ( my? &  

c]emony t is 9 _m ways simil> to t      
preval5t 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia is          
*>act]i/ic also ( ! ,nor?we/]n region1  
:]e ! =mulae :i* con/itute ! ess5tial   
religi\s elem5ts1 z well z be+ ! direct 
means1 ( mo/ sup]natural accompli%m5t1  
are no?+ b my?s4 ,! ,nor?we/]n =mula is 
a my?1 r>ely a direct pray]1 &          
practically e m s]i\s my? is ei!r 9 :ole
 or 9 "p a also a =mula4 ,9 purpose1    
h[ev]1 z well z 9 r5d]+1 ! spok5        
my?-=mulae ( ! ,nor?we/ & ! sung        
my?-c]emonies ( ! ,s\? are diff]5t1 !   
=m] hav+ always a def9ite practical     
result 9 view1 :]eas ! latt] h no aim   
o!r ?an _! own recital4  ,?us ! my?ology
 ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia resembles t ( !     
,s\?we/ r ?an t ( ! rema9d] ( ! /ate4 ,t
 ( ! ,nor?we/]n region %[s aff9ities to 
! ,nor? ,pacific ,coa/ 9 its preval5ce (
 ! culture-h]o & trick/] ov] ! creator4 
,! mo/ m>k$ special *>act]i/ic ( !      
,nor?we/]n my?ology1 o!r ?an its        
practical use ( my?s = religi\s purposes
 9 ! %ape ( =mulas1 is its /rong &      

def9ite1 ?\gh inconsi/5tly c>ri$ out1   
idea ( ! previ\s race :i* is p>allel to 
b di/9ct f mank9d1 & :i* is ! orig9ator1
 n by any act ( creation b by m]ely liv+
 its life1 ( ev]y?+ human except mank9d 
itself1 ! orig9 ( :i* is nev] acc\nt$ =4
 ,?is idea ( a previ\s sup]natural race 
analog\s to mank9d crops out to "s ext5t
 9 almo/ all ,nor? ,am]ican my?ologies1 
& p>ticul>ly 9 o!r p>ts ( ,cali=nia3 b x
 seems n[h]e to be s deep-seat$ & s     
freely express$ z 9 ?is region4 ,!      
memb]s ( ?is vani%$ race are almo/      
always /rictly human1 9 ,nor?we/]n      
,cali=nia1 & n animals or               
p]sonifications4 ,!y are no?+ b m51 liv+
 ! life ( ! ,indians1 transpos$ into a  
my?ic sup]natural age1 & by ! fact ( _! 
m]e exi/5ce reg>d$ z ! orig9ators ( !   
pres5t condition ( ! _w4 ,!y !re=e leave
 no room = a creator1 & b little = !    
culture h]o1 ^: exploits1 :5 n ( purely 
p]sonal significance1 consequ5tly consi/
 ma9ly ( ! de/ruction ( evil be+s4  ,if 
! my?ology ( ,nor?we/]n ,cali=nia 9     

spite ( its p>tial nor!rn aff9ities     
accord+ly has a dom9ant "* all its own1 
! same is also true ( ! l>g]1 m         
repres5tative ,c5tral region4 ,a true   
creator1 & a full & consi/5t attempt at 
an acc\nt ( ! creation1 are f\nd n[h]e  
else 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 or at lea/ only   
sporadically & c>ri$ out ) an app>5tly  
mu* less degree ( ?or\ghness4 ,! rema9d]
 ( ! ,c5tral ,cali=nian my?ology h[ev]  
sc>cely pres5ts any unique qualities1   
ev5 "s ( ! specific my?-episodes1 su* z 
! favorite "o ( ! be> & de] *ildr51 be+ 
f\nd ov] consid]able t]ritories outside 
( ,cali=nia4 ,ev5 ! important *>act]i/ic
 ( ! pres5ce ( creation-my?s is 9 a     
measure a negative "o1 = f a _w view "s 
approa* to su* a my? may be expect$     
among mo/ peoples1 :e!r primitive or    
civiliz$1 & x is prim>ily only 9 ,am]ica
 t special b5ts ( m9d & ( religi\s ?\ght
 h supplant$ ! idea ( creation by !     
culture h]o1 ! tribal hi/ory1 & o!r     
conceptions4 ,we are !re=e n f> f "r if 
we reg>d ! unique developm5t ( creation 

my?s ov] ! great] "p ( ,cali=nia z m]ely
 a "p ( a g5]al t5d5cy ( ! ,cali=nia    
,indians t[>ds simplicity & lack (      
/rongly m>k$ peculi> & ,am]ican         
qualities 9 any "o direction1 a t5d5cy  
:i* has already be5 emphasiz$ 9 o!r     
aspects ( _! religion1 & :i* mu/ be said
 to *>act]ize _! :ole life & culture4   
,ideas z to ! _w & ! exi/5ce ( ! dead   
v>y f tribe to tribe b pres5t no?+      
specially di/9ctive4 ,! _w is usually   
reg>d$ z surr\nd$ by wat]1 sometimes z  
float+ ^u x4 ,x is (t5 secur$ by f\r or 
five pill>s1 ropes1 or o!r supports4    
,beyond :]e e>? & sky meet !re is (t5   
ano!r l&4 ,! dead sometimes g bel[1     
sometimes above1 sometimes across !     
ocean to ! we/1 & sometimes to m or less
 di/ant p>ts ( ?is e>?4 ,! entrance to !
 _w ( ! dead is po9t$ out by "s tribes4 
,p :o h tempor>ily di$ h be5 !re &      
return$ to describe x4 ,dances con/itute
 ! pr9cipal occupation ( ! dead4 ,no    
ideas ( future rew>ds & puni%m5ts bas$  
on conduct 9 ?is life h yet be5 f\nd4   

,if su* ideas exi/ !y mu/ be v scantily 
develop$4 ,z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 !re are 
occasional ideas ( transmigration ( s\ls
 into animals1 b ^! conceptions are     
n[h]e sy/ematically work$ out or ( any  
religi\s importance4   ,,special        
,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,tribes4   
,su* are ! pr9cipal *>act]i/ics ( !     
religion ( ! ,indians ( ,cali=nia z a   
:ole1 & ( ! l>g] e?nographical areas ( !
 /ate4 ,x is obvi\s t ) s great a       
l+ui/ic & political div]sification z    
exi/$ among ^! ,indians1 !re mu/ h be5  
_m local modifications ( ! s*eme :i* has
 be5 outl9$4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s or be/   
kn[n ( ^! special modifications x is !  
purpose ( ! rema9d] ( ?is pap] to       
consid]4 ,9 ?is review ! gr\ps to be    
tak5 up w1 = ! sake ( greate/ conv5i5ce 
( classification1 be ! l+ui/ic families4
 ,^! num]\s families are t]ritorially s 
re/rict$1 & usually s small 9 numb]s1 t 
!y almo/ =m ! equival5t ( ! tribe 9 o!r 
regions ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 t is to say1 ( 
a subdivision ( ! family4 ,/rictly !re  

are no tribes 9 ! great] "p ( ,cali=nia4
 ,! families or /ocks are ! l>ge/       
l+ui/ic units1 usually subdivid$ into   
sev]al dialectic areas1 ea* ( :i*       
conta9s a numb] ( small village         
communities t are ! only units (        
political or social organization4  ,9 ! 
,nor?we/]n region1 9 spite ( ! excessive
 limitation ( ?is t]ritory1 a di/9ction 
mu/ be made betwe5 ?ree tribes :i*      
occupy ! he>t ( ! region & %[ ! culture 
9 its mo/ extreme =m1 & a fr+e (        
surr\nd+ tribes :]e ! ,nor?we/]n culture
 is ei!r less develop$ or subject to    
great] extrane\s influ5ces4 ,! ?ree m   
*>act]i/ic gr\ps are ! ,yurok & ,k>ok1  
small indep5d5t l+ui/ic families1 & !   
,hupa division ( ! ,a?abascan family4   
,^! alone practice ! ,de]sk9 dance & !  
,new ,ye>'s or _w-mak+ c]emonies4 ,) !m 
also ! peculi> my?ological & %amani/ic  
conceptions typical ( ! region are f\nd 
9 ! pure/ =m4 ,! surr\nd+ tribes are !  
,wi%osk or ,wiyot1 p]haps ! ,*im>iko &  
"s ( ! ,%a/a1 ! ,a?abascan ,tol[a1 & !  

,a?abascans s\?we/ ( ! ,hupa4  ,! ,yurok
 held ! ,de]sk9 & ,jump+ dances at ?ree 
places along ! ,klama? riv]1 & ! ,jump+ 
dance alone at ?ree po9ts on ! coa/1 to 
! s\?4 ,at ! m\? ( ! riv] an annual spr+
 c]emony to cause or regulate ! asc5t ( 
! salmon 0 made4 ,until ?is c]emony _h  
be5 made salmon 7 n eat54 ,! %amans ( ! 
,yurok 7 almo/ all wom54 ,alone ( all ! 
tribes 9 ! ,nor?we/]n region ! ,yurok   
held no dance or public c]emony on !    
occasion ( a girl's pub]ty4 ,_!         
traditions seem to h ! peculi>          
,nor?we/]n qualities p]haps m deeply    
impress$ ^u !m ?an ev5 ^? ( _!          
neighbors1 ! ,k>ok & ,hupa1 especially 9
 reg>d to ! und]ly+ conception ( a      
previ\s race & its function4 ,9 accord )
 ! developm5t ( ?is conception1 !       
my?ical h]oes ( ! ,yurok %[ less        
approximation to be+ creators ?an ^? ( !
 o!r tribes1 & animals are m5tion$ 9 !  
my?ology surpris+ly little4  ,! ,k>ok1  
:o live imm$iately up/ream f ! ,yurok on
 ! ,klama?1 held ! ,de]sk9 & ,jump+     

dances at ?ree places4 ,at ea* ( ^! !   
dances 7 conduct$ 9 connection ) a sacr$
 c]emony call$ ,new ,ye>'s by ! :ites & 
mak+ ! _w by ! ,indians4 ,?is c]emony 0 
p]=m$ e>ly 9 autumn1 practically by "o  
man1 ! prie/ :o knew ! =mula & ritual4  
,a simil> c]emony 0 held at a f\r?      
locality 9 spr+1 9 connection ) ! com+ (
 ! salmon4 ,! ,k>ok reg>d ! ,de]sk9 &   
,jump+ dances ( ! ,yurok & ,hupa z !    
equival5ts ( ^! c]emonies ( _! own1     
reckon+ altoge!r t5 places 9 ! _w at :i*
 !y are p]=m$4 ,k>ok my?ology is ( !    
,nor?we/]n type1 b %[s m animal *>act]s 
?an t ( ! ,yurok4  ,! t]ritory held by !
 ,hupa 0 mu* less ext5d$ ?an t ( _!     
neighbors1 & ?is 0 no d\bt ! occasion ( 
_! mak+ only "o ,de]sk9 & ,jump+ dance 9
 _! valley4 ,!y held a ,new ,ye>'s      
c]emony 9 autumn :i* _h di/9ct ref]5ce  
to ! acorn crop4 ,c]emonials &          
re/rictions connect$ ) m5/ruation 7     
consid]ably develop$1 mu* m ?an among ! 
neighbor+ ,yurok4 ,x 0 ?\ght dang]\s to 
speak to a dog1 z he might be provok$ to

 answ]1 :i* w\ld be a fatal port5t4  ,! 
religion ( ! o!r ,a?abascans 9 ?is "p ( 
! /ate is v little kn[n1 b x is c]ta9 t 
be=e ! s\!rn end ( ,humboldt c\nty is   
rea*$1 9 o!r words1 9 ! ,eel riv]       
dra9age1 a totally di/9ct set (         
conceptions & practices is enc\nt]$1 :i*
 are alli$ to ^? ( ! ,c5tral region4  ,!
 ,wiyot or ,wi%osk1 :o adjo9 ! ,yurok on
 ! s\?1 did n practice ! ,jump+ dance1  
o!r c]emonies1 :i* are v little kn[n1   
tak+ its place among !m4 ,"o dance 0    
p]=m$ by wom5 /&+ up to ! hips 9 wat]4  
,%amanism is ( m prom95ce among !m ?an )
 _! neighbors ! ,yurok1 & m5 z well z   
wom5 are affect$ ) sup]natural p[]s4 ,! 
sex ( ! gu>dian _s is usually ! opposite
 ( t ( ! %aman4 ,x is possible t on     
acc\nt ( ! almo/ complete disappe>ance (
 _! tribal life & communal religi\s     
practices1 %amanism1 :i* has be5 reta9$ 
) great] vigor among ! ,wiyot1 n[ appe>s
 relatively m important1 z ! only       
remnant ( ! religi\s side ( _! culture4 
,an elaborate hang+ fea!r head-dress1 a 

belt1 a pipe = smok+1 & ano!r = suck+1  
are ! con/ant p>aph]nalia ( !           
m$ic9e-man4 ,two %amans (t5 support ea* 
o!r 9 cur+ disease1 "o diagnos+1 ! o!r  
remov+ ! pa94 ,! my?ology ( ! ,wiyot    
resembles t ( ! ,yurok *iefly ?r\gh     
possess+ c]ta9 specific n>rative        
episodes 9 common ) x4 ,b ! idea ( a    
previ\s p>allel race is v little        
develop$1 & !re is a true creator1      
,above-,old-,man4 ,mo/ ( ! o!r my?ical  
*>act]s are animals4 ,! :ole my?ology   
!re=e is ( ! ,c5tral r ?an ( !          
,nor?we/]n type4  ,) ! ,yuki ( ,m5doc9o 
c\nty a pure =m ( ! ,c5tral culture     
obta9s4 ,! creator is ,taikomol1 he :o  
goes alone4 ,8 companion1 :o supplem5ts 
8 "w1 especially z reg>ds ! culture (   
man1 is ,coyote4 ,!re is a ,taikomol    
c]emony 9 :i* ?is "* is imp]sonat$1 &   
:i* is %amani/ic at lea/ to ! degree (  
be+ p]=m$ to cure an individual (       
sickness4 ,!re is no trace ( ! sacr$    
=mulae ( ! ,nor?we/4 ,! %aman1 :o is    
usually a man1 receives 8 p[] ei!r by   

dream+ or 9 a vision 9 a desolate place4
 ,8 p[] is n s\ght by him & he possesses
 def9ite gu>dian spirits4 ,be> %amans   
are mu* fe>$4 ,all ! ,yuki possess a    
sacr$ society initiation c]emony1 9 :i* 
p]=mances ( magic are prom95t4 ,among ! 
nor!rn ,yuki & neighbor+ ,wailaki ?is is
 call$ ,fl9t c]emony1 & ! initiates     
display magic p[]s 9 h&l+ & swall[+ fl9t
 po9ts4 ,among ! s\!rn ,yuki1 z among ! 
neighbor+ ,pomo & ,a?abascan ,kato1 !   
c]emony relates to gho/s & is popul>ly  
kn[n z ,devil dance4 ,! memb]s possess  
p[] ( caus+ sickness & cont5d aga9/ ea* 
o!r mu* l ! %amans ( ! ,maidu & ,yokuts4
  ,"o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s features ( !   
religion ( ! ,pomo1 :o are s\? ( !      
,yuki1 is _! %amani/ic feti%es4 ,!      
m$ic9e-man possesses a numb] ( objects1 
/ones1 p>ts ( animals1 & o!r articles1  
:i* he treasures & ) :i* 8 p[] is l>gely
 b\nd up4 ,pomo my?ology is *>act]iz$ by
 ! importance ( ,coyote1 :o comes ne>]  
?an any o!r p]sonage to play+ ! "p (    
creator4 ,9 c]ta9 c]emonies !re are     

exhibitions ( fire-eat+ & ! cl[n occurs4
  ,! ,w9tun occupy a t]ritory :i* is (  
mu* great] ext5t f nor? to s\? ?an f ea/
 to we/4 ,! nor!rn & s\!rnmo/ memb]s ( !
 family !re=e diff] consid]ably4 ,9 !   
nor? !re is a well def9$ conception ( a 
creator :o dwells above1 & to :om       
,coyote =ms an anti!sis4 ,9 ! s\?1 :]e  
ev]y?+ %[s ! ,w9tun & ,pomo to h        
influ5c$ ea* o!r consid]ably1 he is     
replac$ by ,coyote4 ,9 bo? regions a    
_w-fire is prom95t 9 ! my?ology4 ,9 !   
nor? ! %aman is inaugurat$ 9 8 c>e] 9 a 
c]emony 9 :i* he is assi/$ by 8 old]    
colleagues4 ,! s\!rn ,w9tun may prove to
 h be5 ! p :o l>gely develop$ ! dances &
 c]emonies *>act]i/ic ( a l>ge "p ( !   
,sacram5to valley4 ,!y %[ mu* 9 common )
 _! we/]n neighbors ! ,pomo1 & ) !      
,maidu :o adjo9 !m on ! ea/ & :o        
!mselves decl>e t !y h d]iv$ ! ,hesi &  
o!r dances f !m4  ,none ( ! gr\ps s f>  
discuss$1 ) ! possible exception ( "p ( 
! ,w9tun1 practic$ any di/9ct m\rn+     
c]emony4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all t foll[1 ) ! 

possible d\btful exception ( "o or two  
tribes on ! outskirts ( ! /ate1 held    
m\rn+ c]emonies z among ! mo/ important 
( all _! religi\s practices4  ,! ,maidu 
ev]y:]e possess$ a secret society4 ,_!  
sy/em ( dances becomes less & less      
develop$ z "o proce$s f>!r f ,w9tun     
influ5ce4 ,among ! m\nta9 tribes almo/  
all c]emonies 7 mu* less develop$ ?an 9 
! ,sacram5to valley4 ,%amani/ic beliefs 
& practices also v>i$1 al?\gh !re 0     
ev]y:]e a cle> idea ( spirits p]sonally 
acquir$ & controll$ by ! m$ic9e-man4    
,among ! nor!a/]n ,maidu e %aman's son  
inv>iably became a %aman1 al?\gh only   
?r\gh 8 own acquisition ( spirits1 :i*  
might be ^? ( 8 fa!r4 ,9 ! ,sacram5to   
valley spirits 7 acquir$ by involunt>y  
dream+ )\t mu* reg>d to h]$ity4 ,pub]ty 
c]emonies = girls 7 p]=m$ bo? among !   
nor?we/]n & nor!a/]n ,maidu1 p]haps     
among ^? ( ! s\? also4 ,! my?ology ( !  
sev]al ,maidu divisions is mu* m uni=m  
?an _! religi\s practices4 ,! creator is
 always oppos$ & 8 b5efic5t "w r5d]$    

incomplete by ,coyote4 ,x is cle> t !   
my?ology ( ! ,maidu is di/9ctive & mu*  
less "u ,w9tun influ5ce ?an _!          
c]emonies4  ,among ! ,miwok ! ,coyote   
l>gely takes ! place ( ! creator4 ,z    
among _! nor!rn neighbors ! ,maidu1 !   
m\rn+ c]emony 0 important1 & ! two /ocks
 held at lea/ c]ta9 dances 9 common4 ,! 
individual m\rn+ practices & re/rictions
 ( ! wid[ 7 elaborate & sev]e4 ,no?+ is 
z yet kn[n ( a secret society1 b z bo? !
 s\!rn & nor!rn neighbors ( ! ,miwok    
p]=m$ initiation c]emonies1 x is likely 
t !y also possess$ !m4  ,among !        
,yokuts1 :o occupi$ ! head ( ! ,san     
,joaqu9-,tul>e valley s\? ( ! ,miwok1   
!re are no traces ( ! c]emonial sy/em ( 
! ,sacram5to valley1 :i* is replac$ by  
public %amani/ic c]emonies1 9 :i*       
conte/s & exhibitions ( magic 7         
conspicu\s4 ,! annual rattlesnake       
c]emony :i* has be5 describ$ is ( ?is   
type1 z is ! ,oh[i%1 a c]emony 9 :i*    
m$ic9e-m5 f diff]5t villages or         
di/ricts2 direct$ _! p[]s aga9/ ea* o!r4

 ,!re seem to h be5 also c]ta9 animal   
dances among ! ,yokuts4 ,m$ic9e-m5      
usually acquir$ _! p[] by dream+1       
sometimes by visions :ile alone4 ,be>   
%amans 7 kn[n1 b 7 n s mu* dread$ z f>!r
 nor?4 ,ra9 doctors1 :o c\ld control !  
wea!r1 7 important4 ,_! p[] 0 b\nd up ) 
c]ta9 /one amulets evid5c+ a feti%i/ic  
developm5t4 ,=mulae1 "s ) rituali/ic    
accompanim5t1 7 spok51 b diff]$ f ^? ( !
 ,nor?we/ 9 be+ %ort direct pray]s or   
supplications in/ead ( my?ical          
n>ratives4 ,! creators 9 ,yurok my?ology
 are sev]al animals1 ! *ief ( :om is !  
eagle & among :om ,coyote always f9ds a 
place4 ,a favorite my?ological p]sonage 
is ! prairie-falcon1 & a my? :i* has    
f\nd a p>ticul> developm5t relates !    
visit ( a husb& to ! _w ( ! dead 9      
pursuit ( 8 wife4  ,v little is kn[n ( !
 e?nology ( ! coa/ tribes we/ ( ! ,miwok
 & ,yokuts4 ,among ! ,s\!rn ,co/anoan   
peoples creation my?s resembl+ ^? ( !   
,yokuts are f\nd4 ,coyote is at once a  
trick/] & a giv] ( civilization & arts  

to man4 ,simil> ideas probably prevail$ 
among ! ,sal9an tribes4 ,z reg>ds !     
,essel5 & ,*uma% no?+ is kn[n4  ,tribes 
belong+ to ! great ,%o%onean family held
 almo/ all ! ea/]n bord] ( ! /ate z well
 z a l>ge "p ( ! s\!rn des]t & coa/     
region4 ,! =m] inhabit$ ! ,great ,bas91 
& are culturally entirely di/9ct f ^? ( 
,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 ( :om alone is !re any
 consid]able k extant z reg>ds religion4
 ,c]ta9 ( ! nor!rn gr\ps1 su* z ! ,mono1
 liv$ on ! we/]n or ,cali=nia slope ( ! 
,si]ra ,nevada1 9 contact ) ! ,yokuts & 
,miwok1 & p>took m l>gely ( ! culture & 
presumably religion ( ^! p ?an ( !      
tribes ( ! ,bas94  ,among ! ,%o%oneans (
 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 su* z ! ,gabriel9o & 
,luis5o1 ! s-call$ ,mission ,indians1   
m\rn+ c]emonies 7 m important ?an any   
o!rs1 & 7 held bo? on ! dea? ( a p]son1 
sometime aft]w>ds1 & aga9 9 a /ill m    
public mann] at l>ge ga!r+s4 ,at "s ( ^!
 c]emonies images repres5t+ ! dead1 &   
recall+ ^? ( ! ,maidu f> to ! nor?1 7   
burn$4 ,"o =m ( m\rn+ c]emony 0 ! ,eagle

 dance1 p]=m$ ) an eagle t 0 sl[ly kill$
 z ! c]emony w5t on ?r\gh ! night4 ,_m (
 ! songs ( ! m\rn+ c]emonies are (      
my?ological cont5t1 ref]r+ to ! great   
lead] or culture-h]o ,wiyot4 ,! pub]ty  
c]emonial = girls 0 elaborate & conta9$ 
symbolic actions4 ,! initiation ( males 
0 int5d$ = boys1 & !re=e also took on   
l>gely ! "* ( a pub]ty c]emony4 ,?is "* 
0 height5$ by ! pres5ce ( num]\s        
ordeals4 ,"p ( ! initiation ( boys      
consi/$ ( ! dr9k+ ( jimson-we$4 ,s&     
pa9t+s ( a v simple type1 evid5tly      
influ5c$ by basket patt]ns1 b ?or\ghly  
symbolic 9 mean+ & !re=e ess5tially ( ! 
same nature z ^? ( ! ,pueblos & ,navaho1
 7 made 9 connection ) ?is initiation4  
,on ! :ole religi\s symbolism 0 m       
develop$ ?an 9 ,c5tral ,cali=nia or ev5 
among ! ,yuman tribes to ! ea/1 :o are  
geographically s mu* ne>] ! ,indians ( !
 ,s\?we/4 ,! %aman acquir$ 8 p[] by     
dream+1 & ! pipe ) :i* he suck$ z well z
 smok$ 0 ( ! utmo/ importance to him4   
,p>aph]nalia 7 mu* us$ by ! %amans1     

especially bo>ds or wood5 swords1 :i* 7 
swall[$ & worn z head-dresses4 ,^!1     
h[ev]1 7 n purely feti%i/ic objects1 b (
 pot5cy r ?r\gh symbolism & association4
 ,! my?ology ( ! ,%o%onean ,mission     
,indians 0 n ess5tially diff]5t f t ( ! 
o!r ,indians ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia4  ,!    
,yuman family1 :i* is s mu* repres5t$ 9 
,arizona & ,l[] ,cali=nia1 occupi$ !    
s\!rnmo/ portion ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,! 
,diegu5o 9 ! coa/ m\nta9s & on ! coa/ 7 
culturally simil> to ! ,%o%onean        
,luis5o1 ) :om !y are g5]ally includ$ z 
! pres5t ,mission ,indians4 ,along !    
,colorado riv] ! physical & e?nic       
environm5t 0 q diff]5t1 b z has already 
be5 said1 !re 0 mu* clos] resemblance to
 ! ,mission ,indians 9 matt]s ( religion
 ?an 9 almo/ any o!r phase ( culture4 ,!
 pr9cipal ,yuman tribes 9 ?is ,colorado 
region are ! ,mohave & ! ,yuma4 ,!      
religion ( only ! =m] is kn[n1 b ! two  
give e evid5ce ( hav+ be5 v simil>4 ,!  
religion ( ! ,%o%onean ,paiute or       
,*emehuevi 9 ! des]t adjo9+ ! ,mohave   

has be5 l>gely color$ by ! influ5ce ( ! 
latt]4 ,! mo/ di/9ctive feature (       
,mohave religion is ! insi/5ce ^u dream+
 z ! s\rce ( ev]y?+ religi\s1 al?\gh ?is
 dream+ mu/ be int]pret$ r z a belief 9 
! pres5ce ( ! individual 9 _s =m at !   
great ev5ts ( my?ic times4 ,all my?s t  
are at all ( sacr$ "* are believ$ n to  
be h&$ d[n by tradition1 b to be dream$ 
by ea* n>rator4 ,! %aman receives 8 p[] 
by dream+ rituali/ic my?s1 :i* reveal to
 him 8 practices4 ,! l5g?y s]ies ( songs
 :i* are ! ess5ce ( all c]emonies1 & !  
my?ical n>ratives connect$ ) !m1 are    
also le>n$ 9 dreams4 ,x is probably a   
result ( ?is importance ( ! dream-_w & (
 ! id5tification ( my? & c]emony1 (     
religi\s belief & religi\s practice1 t  
ritualism is s slightly develop$ among !
 ,mohave4 ,_! geographical ne>ness &    
int]c\rse ) ! ,hopi & o!r s\?we/]n      
tribes1 among :om ritualism & symbolism 
f9d p]haps _! highe/ developm5t on !    
cont95t nor? ( ,mexico1 w\ld c]ta9ly    
ju/ify a contr>y expectation4 ,bo?      

c]emonial actions & c]emonial           
p>aph]nalia & dress are develop$ only to
 a v slight ext5t4 ,!re is no initiation
 or society4 ,! s++ c]emonies1 :i* ) !  
exception ( a few m9or obs]vances su* z 
t = a girl's pub]ty1 con/itute all !    
,mohave c]emonies o!r ?an m\rn+         
c]emonies1 are q num]\s1 m ?an tw5ty be+
 kn[n4 ,"s ( ^! c]emonies are ackn[l$g$ 
to h be5 borr[$ f o!r ,yuman tribes1    
especially ! ,yuma1 & ^! ,indians no    
d\bt h also acquir$ ,mohave c]emonies4  
,"s ( ! c]emonies are prim>ily my?ical 9
 "*1 o!rs some:at %amani/ic4 ,all are   
also sung 9 m\rn+4 ,9 addition !re is a 
di/9ctive m\rn+ c]emony held annually = 
important m54   ,,bibliography4  ,mu* ( 
! mat]ial on :i* ! /atem5ts 9 ! prec$+  
essay are bas$ is in=mation collect$ by 
! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia's ,e?nological 
& ,ar*aeological ,survey ( ,cali=nia    
s9ce #aija & z yet unpubli%$4 ,( old    
acc\nts deal+ ) ! religion ( ! ,indians 
( ,cali=nia1 ! be/ is by ! ,franciscan  
mission>y ,boscana1 entitl$ ,*9ig*9i* & 

publi%$ 9 ! #ahdf edition ( a volume by 
,a4 ,rob9son call$ ,life 9 ,cali=nia4 ,x
 deals ) ! ,%o%onean ,indians ( ,mission
 ,san ,juan ,capi/rano4 ,an occasional  
ref]5ce ( value may be f\nd 9 o!r works1
 su* z ,v5egas' ,hi/ory ( ,cali=nia4 ,! 
s]ies ( translations & republications ( 
e>ly explor]s 9 ,cali=nia & ! ,s\?we/1  
publi%$ 9 ! ,l& ( ,sun%9e1 lat] ,out    
,we/1 beg9n+ 9 #ahii1 is also conv5i5t1 
?\gh naturally x deals b incid5tally )  
religion4 ,reid's acc\nt ( ! ,indians ( 
,los ,angeles c\nty1 publi%$ 9 an e>ly  
,los ,angeles newspap] & republi%$ by   
,alex&] ,taylor 9 ! f\rte5? volume (    
,cali=nia ,f>m] 9 #ahfa1 is p>ticul>ly  
good1 ?\gh less s on ! side ( religion  
?an on mo/ o!rs4 ,/eph5 ,p[]s' ,tribes (
 ,cali=nia1 issu$ 9 #ahgg z ! ?ird      
volume ( ! ,contributions to ,nor?      
,am]ican ,e?nology1 a gov]nm5t s]ies1   
deals ) ! ,indians ( ! great] "p ( !    
/ate & conta9s _m ref]5ces to _!        
religi\s life4 ,p[]s is h[ev] (t5 v     
inexact1 & ! value ( 8 "w is 9 its      

compreh5siv5ess r ?an 9 its reliability4
 ,an important "w is ,creation ,my?s (  
,primitive ,am]ica1 by ,j]emiah ,curt91 
:i* consi/s ( a collection ( my?s f !   
,w9tun & ,yana ( ,nor!rn ,cali=nia4 ,!  
diff]5ces ( =m :i* ^! my?s %[ f mo/     
,indian my?s t h be5 publi%$ 9          
translation are app>5tly *iefly due to !
 me?od ( _! pres5tation by ! au?or4     
,curt9's introduction is v sugge/ive b  
exagg]at$4 ,pr(essor ,r4 ,b4 ,dixon has 
br\ght out a pap] on ,maidu ,my?s1 &    
ano!r1 a great "p ( :i* is devot$ to    
religion1 on ! ,nor!rn ,maidu1 bo? 9 !  
sev5te5? volume ( ! ,bullet9 ( !        
,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,^!
 two contributions are among ! mo/      
c>eful /udies z yet made by a tra9$     
obs]v] 9 any "p ( ! /ate4 ,! same au?or 
has also publi%$ brief] articles on ,"s 
,coyote ,/ories f ! ,maidu ,indians (   
,cali=nia1 ,sy/em & ,sequ5ce 9 ,maidu   
,my?ology1 & ,"s ,%amans ( ,nor!rn      
,cali=nia1 9 rec5t volumes ( ! ,j\rnal (
 ,am]ican ,folk-,lore1 & on ,! ,my?ology

 ( ! ,%a/a-,a*omawi 9 ! ,am]ican        
,an?ropologi/ = #aije4 ,pr(essor ,p4 ,e4
 ,godd>d has publi%$ ,life & ,culture ( 
! ,hupa1 ! la/ portion ( :i* ref]s to   
religion2 & ,hupa ,texts 7) bo? int]l9e>
 & curr5t translations71 almo/ all ( :i*
 are religi\s 9 "*4 ,^! two pap]s       
con/itute ,volume ,i ( ! ,univ]sity (   
,cali=nia ,publications 9 ,am]ican      
,ar*aeology & ,e?nology4 ,9 ! ,j\rnal ( 
,am]ican ,folk-,lore = #aijf is a pap]  
by ! same au?or on ,lassik ,tales4 ,miss
 ,con/ance ,godd>d ,du,bois has publi%$ 
a numb] ( valuable pap]s on ! ,mission  
,indians1 ma9ly conc]n+ ! my?ology ( !  
,diegu5o1 9 ! volumes ( ! ,j\rnal (     
,am]ican ,folk-,lore = #aija1 #aijd1 &  
#aijf4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/ =    
#aije ,miss ,du,bois has an article on !
 ,religi\s ,c]emonies & ,my?s ( !       
,mission ,indians1 :ile ano!r pap] on ,!
 ,my?ology ( ! ,diegu5os appe>s 9 !     
,proce$+s ( ! ,?irte5? ,int]national    
,congress ( ,am]icani/s4 ,f ! pres5t    
au?or !re h appe>$1 9 ! second & f\r?   

volumes ( ! s]ies ( ,am]ican ,ar*aeology
 & ,e?nology1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia
 ,publications1 ,types ( ,indian        
,culture 9 ,cali=nia1 9 "p treat+ (     
religion1 & ,indian ,my?s f ,s\?-,c5tral
 ,cali=nia2 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,am]ican      
,folk-,lore betwe5 #aijd & #aijf1 ,a    
,gho/ ,dance 9 ,cali=nia1 ,wi%osk ,my?s1
 & ,two ,my?s ( ! ,mission ,indians2 9 !
 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/ = #aijb1 ,a     
,prelim9>y ,sket* ( ! ,mohave ,indians4 
,9 ! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/ = #aije &   
#aijf ! late ,major ,h4 ,n4 ,ru/ has two
 brief articles on ,! ,obsidian ,blades 
( ,cali=nia & ,a ,pub]ty ,c]emony ( !   
,mission ,indians4 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,am]ican
 ,folk-,lore has conta9$ a r confus$    
article on ,! ,cosmogony & ,!ogony ( !  
,mojave ,indians1 by ,capt4 ,j4 ,g4     
,b\rke1 9 #ahhi1 & o!rs by ,g4 ,w4      
,james1 on my?s ( ! ,mission ,indians ( 
,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 9 #aijb & #aijc4 ,9 ! 
same ,j\rnal appe>$ 9 #aijb ,an ,indian 
,my? f ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,bas9 by ,j4 ,w4  
,hudson1 & ,a ,composite ,my? ( ! ,pomo 

,indians by ,s4 ,a4 ,b>rett 9 #aijf4    
,s9ce #aijf ! ,j\rnal has conta9$ a     
s]ies ( ,notes on ,cali=nia ,folk-,lore4