,,:at ,i ,,"k ,,( ,,f>m+3 ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,brief ,,& ,,pla9 ,,expositions ,,( ,,practical ,,agriculture ,,z ,,an ,,art ,,bas$ ,,^u ,,sci5ce3 ,,by ,,horace ,,greeley4 ,i "k ,t :]e ! spade is deepe/ driv51 ,! be/ fruits gr[4 ,,john ,g4 ,,:itti]4 ,,new-,,york3 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,tribune ,,association4 #ahga4 ,ent]$1 accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahgj1 by ,,horace ,,greeley1 at ! ,(fice ( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress1 at ,wa%+ton4 ,,to ,,! ,,man ,,( ,,our ,,age1 ,,:o ,,%all ,,make ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pl[ ,,propell$ ,,by ,,/eam1 ,,or ,,o!r ,,me*anical ,,p[]1 ,,:]eby ,,n ,,less ,,?an ,,t5 ,,acres ,,p] ,,day ,,%all ,,be ,,?or\ghly ,,pulv]iz$ ,,to ,a ,,dep? ,,( ,,two ,,feet1 ,,at ,a ,,co/ ,,( ,,n ,,m ,,?an ,,two ,,doll>s ,,p] ,,acre1 ,,?is ,,"w ,,is ,,admir+ly ,,d$icat$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,cont5ts ,,by ,,*apt]s4 ,,page ,i4 ,w ,f>m+ ,pay8 #ac ,,ii4 ,good & ,bad ,husb&ry #ah ,,iii4 ,:]e to ,f>m #bc ,,iv4 ,prep>+ to ,f>m #bi ,v4 ,buy+ a ,f>m #cd ,,vi4 ,lay+ (f a ,f>m2 ,pa/ur+ #ci ,,vii4 ,trees2 ,woodl&s2 ,=e/s #dd ,,viii4 ,gr[+ ,timb]2 ,tree-,plant+4 #di ,,ix4 ,plant+ & ,gr[+ ,trees #ef ,x4 ,dra9+2 ,my ,own #fb ,,xi4 ,dra9+ ,g5]ally #fi ,,xii4 ,irrigation2 ,means & ,ends #gd ,,xiii4 ,possibilities ( ,irrigation #gi ,,xiv4 ,pl[+1 ,deep or ,%all[ #he ,,xv4 ,pl[+1 ,good & ,bad #ia ,,xvi4 ,?or\gh ,tillage #if ,,xvii4 ,comm]cial ,f]tiliz]s--,gypsum4 #ajb ,,xviii4 ,alkalis--,salt1 ,a%es1 ,lime4 #ajg ,,xix4 ,soils & ,f]tiliz]s #aab ,,xx4 ,bones1 ,phosphates1 ,guano #aah ,,xxi4 ,muck--,h[ to ,utilize ,x #abd ,,xxii4 ,insects2 ,birds #abi ,,xxiii4 ,ab\t ,tree-,plant+ #acd ,,xxiv4 ,fruit-,trees--,! ,apple #aci ,,xxv4 ,m ab\t ,apple-,trees #ade ,,xxvi4 ,hay & ,hay-,mak+ #aej ,,xxvii4 ,pea*es1 ,pe>s1 ,*]ries1 ,grapes #aef ,,xxviii4 ,gra9-,gr[+--,ea/ & ,we/ #afb ,,xxix4 ,escul5t ,roots--,potatoes #agj ,,xxx4 ,roots--,turnips1 ,beets1 ,c>rots #agh ,,xxxi4 ,! ,f>m]s' ,call+ #ahc ,,xxxii4 ,a ,lesson ( ,to-day #ahi ,,xxxiii4 ,intellect 9 ,agriculture #aie ,,xxxiv4 ,%eep & ,wool-,gr[+ #bjj ,,xxxv4 ,acc\nts 9 ,f>m+ #bjg ,,xxxvi4 ,/one on a ,f>m #bab ,,xxxvii4 ,f5ces & ,f5c+ #bai ,,xxxviii4 ,agricultural ,exhibitions #bbe ,,xxxix4 ,sci5ce 9 ,agriculture #bca ,,xl4 ,f>m ,implem5ts #bcg ,,xli4 ,/eam 9 ,agriculture #bda ,,xlii4 ,co-op]ation 9 ,f>m+ #bdh ,,xliii4 ,f>m]s' ,clubs #bed ,,xliv4 ,we/]n ,irrigation4 #bfj ,,xlv4 ,sewage #bff ,,xlvi4 ,m ( ,irrigation #bgd ,,xlvii4 ,undevelop$ ,s\rces ( ,p[] #bhj ,,xlviii4 ,rural ,depopulation #bhf ,,xlix4 ,l>ge & ,small ,f>ms #bib ,l4 ,ex*ange & ,di/ribution4 #big ,,li4 ,w9t] ,"w #cjc ,,lii4 ,summ+ up #cjh ,,preface4 ,m5 h writt5 wisely & usefully1 9 illu/ration & aid ( ,agriculture1 f ! plat=m ( pure sci5ce4 ,acqua9t$ ) ! laws ( vegetable gr[? & life1 !y s exp\nd$ & elucidat$ ^? laws t f>m]s appreh5d$ & pr(itably obey$ !m4 ,o!rs h writt51 to equally good purpose1 :o knew little ( sci5ce1 b 7 adepts 9 practical agriculture1 accord+ to ! maxims & usages ( ^? :o h successfully foll[$ & dignifi$ ! f>m]'s call+4 ,i rank ) nei!r ( ^! honor$ classes4 ,my practical k ( agriculture is meag]1 & ma9ly acquir$ 9 a *ildhood long bygone2 :ile1 ( sci5ce1 ,i h b a smatt]+1 if ev5 t4 ,!y are "r1 !re=e1 :o urge t my qualifications = writ+ on agriculture are sl5d] inde$4 ,i only lay claim to an inv9cible will+ness to be made wis] to-day ?an ,i 0 ye/]day1 & a lively fai? 9 ! possibility--nay1 ! feasibility1 ! urg5t necessity1 ! imm95ce--( v great improvem5ts 9 our ord9>y deal+s ) ! soil4 ,i "k t a majority ( ^? :o w\ld live by its tillage fe$ x too sp>+ly & /ir x too slightly & grudg+ly4 ,i "k t we d too little = x1 & expect x1 !reupon1 to d too mu* = u4 ,i "k t1 9 o!r pursuits1 x is only "w ?or\ghly well done t is lib]ally comp5sat$2 & ,i see no reason :y f>m+ %\ld prove an exception to ?is /]n b salut>y law4 ,i may be1 inde$1 defici5t 9 k ( :at con/itutes good f>m+1 b n 9 fai? t ! v be/ f>m+ is t :i* is morally sure ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ c]ta9 rew>d4 ,i hope to be g5]ally accord$ ! m]it ( hav+ set =? ! little ,i pret5d to "k 9 language t few c fail to und]/&4 ,i h avoid$1 s f> z ,i c\ld1 ! use ( t]ms & di/9ctions unfamili> to ! g5]al e>4 ,! little ,i "k ( oxyg51 hydrog51 nitrog51 c41 ,i h kept to myself2 s9ce :atev] ,i might say ( !m w\ld be useless to ^? already acqua9t$ ) ! elem5t>y tru?s ( ,*emi/ry1 & only p]plex+ to o!rs4 ,if !re is a p>agraph 9 ! foll[+ pages :i* w n be readily & fully und]/ood by an av]age s*ool-boy ( fifte5 ye>s1 !n ,i h fail$ to make t p>agraph z simple & lucid z ,i int5d$4 ,_m f>m]s are dissuad$ f foll[+ ! sugge/ions ( writ]s on agriculture by ! consid]ation ( exp5se4 ,!y urge t1 ?\gh m5 ( l>ge weal? may 7p]haps7 pr(itably d :at is recomm5d$1 _! means are utt]ly inadequate3 !y might z well be urg$ to "w _! ox5 9 a silv] yoke ) gold b[s4 ,i h aim$ to comm5d ma9ly1 if n uni=mly1 su* improvem5ts only on our gr&fa!rs' husb&ry z a f>m] wor? #a1jjj1 or ov]1 may adopt--n all at once1 b gradually1 & f ye> to ye>4 ,i hope ,i %all ?us conv9ce "s f>m]s t dra9+1 irrigation1 deep pl[+1 heavy f]tiliz+1 c41 are n beyond _! p[]1 z s _m h too readily presum$ & pron\nc$ !m4 ,t ,i %\ld say v little1 & t little vaguely1 ( ! bre$+ & rais+ ( animals1 ! prop] "t to s[ or plant1 c41 c41 c ne$ no explanation4 ,by f> ! l>g] numb] ( ^? ^: days h ma9ly be5 giv5 to f>m+1 "k m ?an ,i d ( ^! details1 & are bett] au?ority ?an ,i am ) reg>d to !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i h travel$ ext5sively1 & n he$lessly1 & h se5 & pond]$ c]ta9 broad] features ( ! e>?'s improvem5t & tillage :i* _m /ay-at-home cultivators h _h little or no opportunity to /udy or ev5 obs]ve4 ,by re/rict+ ! topics ) :i* ,i deal1 ! probability ( treat+ "s ( !m to ! av]age f>m]'s pr(it is increas$4 ,&1 :atev] may be 8 judgm5t on ?is slight "w1 ,i "k t1 if ,i c\ld h p]us$ "o ( l t5or half a c5tury ago1 :5 ,i 0 a pati5t work] & an eag] read] 9 my fa!r's humble home1 my subsequ5t c>e] w\ld h be5 less anxi\s & my labors less exhau/+ ?an !y h be54 ,c\ld ,i !n h caught b a glimpse ( ! b5efic5t possibilities ( a f>m]'s life--c\ld ,i h realiz$ t he is habitually 7ev5 ?\gh bl9dly7 deal+ ) problems :i* require & rew>d ! ample/ k ( ,nature's laws1 ! fulle/ comm& ( sci5ce1 ! noble/ ef=ts ( ! human intellect1 ,i %\ld h s9ce pursu$ ! peaceful1 unobtrusive r\nd ( an en?usia/ic & devot$1 ev5 ?\gh n an em95t or =tunate1 till] ( ! soil4 ,ev5 ! little t is unfold$ 9 ! ensu+ pages w\ld h suffic$ to give me a f> l>g]1 tru]1 nobl] conception ( :at ! f>m] ( mod]ate means might & %\ld be1 ?an ,i !n atta9$4 ,i ne$$ to realize t obs]vation & reflection1 /udy & m5tal acquisition1 are z ess5tial & z s]viceable 9 8 pursuit z 9 o!rs1 & t no man c h acquir$ s mu* g5]al k t a f>m]'s exig5cies w n af=d scope & use = x all4 ,i ab&on$ ! f>m1 because ,i fanci$ t ,i _h already p]ceiv$1 if ,i _h n z yet cle>ly compreh5d$1 all !re 0 9 ! f>m]'s call+2 :]eas1 ,i _h n really le>n$ mu* m ( x ?an a good pl[-horse ought to und]/&4 ,&1 ?\gh great progress has be5 made s9ce !n1 !re are /ill ?\s&s ( boys1 9 ?is enlight5$ age & conceit$ g5]ation1 :o h sc>cely a m adequate & j conception ( agriculture ?an ,i !n _h4 ,if ,i c\ld hope to rea* ev5 "o 9 e hundr$ ( ?is class1 & induce him to pond]1 imp>tially1 ! cont5ts ( ?is slight volume1 ,i "k t ,i %all n h writt5 x 9 va94 ,we ne$ to m+le m ?\ght ) our "w4 ,"s ?9k till _! heads a*e int5sely2 o!rs "w till _! backs are crook$ to ! semblance ( half an iron hoop2 b ! work]s & ! ?9k]s are apt to be di/9ct classes2 :]eas1 !y %\ld be ! same4 ,admit t x has always be5 ?us1 x by no means foll[s t x always %\ld or %all be4 ,9 an age :5 e labor]'s son may be fairly educat$ if he w1 !re %\ld be m fruit ga!r$ f ! tree ( k to ju/ify ! magnific5t promise ( its foliage & its bloom4 ,i rejoice 9 ! belief t ! graduates ( our common s*ools are bett] dit*-digg]s1 :5 !y c no o!rwise employ !mselves to bett] advantage1 ?an ?\gh !y knew n h[ to read2 b t is n en\gh4 ,if ! untaught peasantry ( ,russia or ,hung>y gr[ m :eat p] acre ?an ! comp>atively educat$ f>m]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 our education is f\nd want+4 ,t is a vici\s & defective if n radically false m5tal tra9+ :i* leaves its subject no bett] qualifi$ = any useful call+ ?an ?\gh he 7 unlett]$4 ,b ,i =be> to pursue ?is ev]-fruitful !me4 ,i look back1 on ?is day complet+ my sixtie? ye>1 ov] a life1 :i* mu/ n[ be ne> its close1 ( con/ant ef=t to a*ieve ends :]e( _m seem 9 ! long retrospect to h be5 transitory & unimportant1 h[ev] !y may h loom$ ^u my vision :5 9 _! imm$iate pres5ce4 ,"o a*ievem5t only ( our age & c\ntry--! bani%m5t ( human *attelhood f our soil--seems n[ to h be5 wor? all ! requisite ef=ts1 ! agony & bloody sweat1 ?r\gh :i* x 0 accompli%$4 ,b ano!r re=m1 n s palpably dem&$ by ju/ice & humanity1 yet equally conducive to ! well-be+ ( our race1 presses h>d on its heels1 & insi/s t we %all accord x in/ant & e>ne/ consid]ation4 ,x is ! elevation ( ,labor f ! plane ( drudg]y & s]vility to "o ( self-respect1 self-guidance1 & g5u9e indep5d5ce1 s z to r5d] ! human work] no m]e cog 9 a va/1 revolv+ :eel1 ^: motion he c nei!r modify nor arre/1 b a p>tn] 9 ! ent]prise :i* 8 toil is freely contribut$ to promote1 a %>] 9 ! outlay1 ! risk1 ! loss & ga91 :i* x involves4 ,?is end c be atta9$ ?r\gh ! tra9+ ( ! g5]ation :o are to succe$ u to obs]ve & reflect1 to live = o!r & high] ends ?an ^? ( pres5t s5sual gratification1 & to feel t no a*ievem5t is beyond ! rea* ( _! wisely comb9$ & ably self-direct$ ef=ts4 ,to t "p ( ! g5]ation ( f>m]s j com+ ^u ! /age ( responsible action1 :o h intellig5tly resolv$ t ! future ( ,am]ican agriculture %all ev9ce decid$ & cont9u\s improvem5t on its pa/1 ?is little book is respectfully comm5d$4 ,h4 ,g4 ,new ,york1 ,feb4 #c1 #ahga4 ,,:at ,i ,,"k ,,( ,,f>m+4 ,i4 ,,w ,,f>m+ ,,pay8 ,i comm5ce my essays ) ?is "q1 because1 :5 ,i urge ! sup]ior advantages ( a rural life1 ,i am (t5 met by ! objection t ,f>m+ doesn't pay4 ,t1 if true1 is a s]i\s matt]4 ,let u consid]3 ,i d n und]/& x to be urg$ t ! f>m] :o owns a l>ge1 f]tile e/ate1 well-f5c$1 well-/ock$1 ) good /ore ( effective implem5ts1 _c live & ?rive by f>m+4 ,:at is meant is1 t he :o has little b two br[n h&s to dep5d ^u _c make money1 or c make v little1 by f>m+4 ,i ?9k ^? :o urge ?is po9t h a v inadequate conception ( ! difficulty enc\nt]$ by e poor "y man 9 secur+ a good />t 9 life1 no matt] 9 :at pursuit4 ,i came to ,new-,york :5 n q ( age1 ) a good con/itution1 a fair common-s*ool education1 good heal?1 good habits1 & a pretty fair trade--7t ( pr9t]47 ,i ?9k my outfit = a campaign aga9/ adv]se =tune 0 decid$ly bett] ?an ! av]age2 yet t5 long ye>s elaps$ be=e x 0 settl$ t ,i c\ld rema9 "h & make any decid$ headway4 ,meantime1 ,i drank no liquors1 us$ no tobacco1 att5d$ no balls or o!r exp5sive ent]ta9m5ts1 work$ h>d & long :5ev] ,i c\ld f9d "w to d1 lo/ less ?an a mon? altoge!r by sickness1 & did v little 9 ! way ( help+ o!rs4 ,i judge t q z _m did worse ?an ,i z did bett]2 & t1 ( ! "y lawy]s & doctors :o try to e/abli% !mselves "h 9 _! pr(essions1 q z _m e>n less z e>n m ?an _! b>e bo>d dur+ ! fir/ t5 ye>s ( _! /ruggle4 ,john ,jacob ,a/or1 ne> ! close ( a long1 dilig5t1 prosp]\s c>e]1 :]e9 he amass$ a l>ge =tune1 is said to h rem>k$ t1 if he 7 to beg9 life aga91 & _h to *oose betwe5 mak+ 8 fir/ ?\s& doll>s ) no?+ to />t on1 or ) t ?\s& mak+ all t he _h actually accumulat$1 he w\ld deem ! latt] ! easi] task4 ,dep5d ^u x1 "y m51 x is & mu/ be h>d "w to e>n hone/ly y\r fir/ ?\s& doll>s4 ,! burgl>1 ! =g]1 ! blackleg 7:e!r he play ) c>ds1 ) dice1 or ) /ocks71 may seem to h a quick & easy way ( mak+ a ?\s& doll>s2 b :oev] makes t sum hone/ly1 ) no?+ b 8 own capacities & en]gies z capital1 does a v good five-ye>s' "w1 & may deem himself =tunate if he f9i%es x s soon4 ,i h kn[n m5 d bett]1 ev5 at f>m+4 ,i recollect "o :o1 ) no capital b a good wife & f\r or five hundr$ doll>s1 b\ght 7ne> ,bo/on7 a f>m ( two hundr$ ma9ly r\gh acres1 = #b1ejj1 & paid = x out ( its products )9 ! next five ye>s1 dur+ :i* he _h ne>ly d\bl$ its value4 ,i lo/ sight ( him !n2 b ,i h n a d\bt t1 if he liv$ fifte5 ye>s long] & _h no v bad luck1 he 0 wor?1 z ! net result ( tw5ty ye>s' ef=t1 at lea/ #ajj1jjj4 ,b ?is man w\ld rise at f\r o'clock ( a w9t] morn+1 h>ness 8 span ( horses & hit* !m to 8 l>ge m>ket-wagon 7load$ ov] night71 drive t5 miles into ,bo/on1 unload & load back aga91 be home at fair breakfa/-"t1 &1 ha/ily swall[+ 8 meal1 be fre% z a daisy = 8 day's "w1 9 :i* he w\ld lead 8 hir$ m51 keep+ !m cle> ( ! lea/ dang] ( fall+ asleep4 ,su* m5 are r>e1 b !y /ill exi/1 prov+ sc>cely any?+ impossible to an indomitable w4 ,i w\ld n advise any to "w s unm]cifully2 ,i seek only to en=ce ! tru? t great a*ievem5ts are )9 ! rea* ( :oev] w pay _! price4 ,an en]getic f>m] b\ght1 "s tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 a l>ge graz+ f>m 9 ,nor!rn ,v]mont1 consi/+ ( "s #aej acres1 & co/+ him ab\t #c1jjj4 ,he _h a small /ock ( cattle1 :i* 0 all 8 l& w\ld c>ry2 b he resolv$ to increase t /ock by at lea/ t5 p] c5t4 p] annum1 & to s improve 8 l& by cultivation1 f]tiliz+1 clov]1 c41 t x w\ld amply c>ry t increase4 ,fifte5 ye>s lat]1 he sold out f>m & /ock = #de1jjj1 & migrat$ to ! ,we/4 ,i did n und]/& t he 0 a specially h>d work]1 b only a good manag]1 :o kept 8 eyes wide op51 let no?+ g to wa/e1 & /eadily devot$ 8 en]gies & means to ! improvem5t ( 8 /ock & 8 f>m4 ,walk+ "o day ov] ! f>m ( ! late ,pr(4 ,mapes1 he %[$ me a field ( r less ?an t5 acres1 & said1 ,i b\ght t field = #b1djj1 a ye> ago la/ ,septemb]4 ,!re 0 !n a light crop ( corn on x1 :i* ! sell] res]v$ & took away4 ,i und]dra9$ ! field t ,fall1 pl[$ & sub-soil$ x1 f]tiliz$ x lib]ally1 & plant$ x ) cabbage2 &1 :5 ^! matur$1 ,i sold !m = en\gh to pay = l&1 labor1 & f]tiliz]s1 altoge!r4 ,! field 0 n[ wor? f> m ?an :5 he b\ght x1 & he _h cle>$ x )9 fifte5 mon?s f ! date ( its pur*ase4 ,i consid] t a good op]ation4 ,ano!r ye>1 ! crop might h be5 poor1 or might h sold mu* l[]1 s z h>dly to pay = ! labor2 b !re are risks 9 o!r pursuits z well z 9 f>m+4 ,a fruit-f>m]1 on ! ,hudson above ,newburg1 %[$ me1 ?ree ye>s s9ce1 a field ( eight or t5 acres :i* he _h nicely set ) ,grapes1 9 r[s t5 feet ap>t1 ) b$s ( ,/rawb]ries betwe5 ! r[s1 f :i* he assur$ me t 8 sales p] acre exce$$ #gjj p] annum4 ,i presume 8 outlay = labor1 includ+ pick+1 0 less ?an #cjj p] annum2 b x _h co/ some?+1 to make ?is field :at x !n 04 ,say t he _h sp5t #a1jjj p] acre 9 und]dra9+1 enri*+ & till+ ?is field1 to br+ x to ?is condition1 includ+ ! co/ ( 8 plants1 & /ill !re mu/ h be5 a cle> pr(it "h ( at lea/ #cjj p] acre4 ,i might multiply illu/rations2 b let ! =ego+ suffice4 ,i readily admit t %iftless f>m+ doesn't pay--t poor crops don't pay--t x is h>d "w to make money by f>m+ )\t "s capital--t fro/1 or hail1 or dr\?1 or floods1 or insects1 may bla/ ! f>m]'s hopes1 aft] he has done 8 be/ to des]ve & a*ieve success2 b ,i insi/ t1 z a g5]al proposition1 ,,good ,f>m+ ,,does pay--t few pursuits af=d z good a prospect1 z full an assurance1 ( rew>d = intellig5t1 en]getic1 p]si/5t ef=t1 z ?is does4 ,i am n argu+ t e man %\ld be a f>m]4 ,o!r vocations are useful & necess>y1 & _m pursue !m ) advantage to !mselves & to o!rs4 ,b ^? pursuits are apt to be modifi$ by "t1 & "s ( !m may yet be entirely disp5s$ )1 :i* ,f>m+ nev] c be4 ,x is ! fir/ & mo/ ess5tial ( human pursuits2 x is e "o's int]e/ t ?is call+ %\ld be honor$ & prosp]\s4 ,if n adequately recomp5s$1 ,i judge t is because x is n wisely & en]getically foll[$4 ,my aim is to %[ h[ x may be pursu$ ) satisfaction & pr(it4 ,,ii4 ,,good ,,& ,,bad ,,husb&ry4 ,necessity is ! ma/] ( u all4 ,a f>m] may be z /r5u\s = deep pl[+ z ,i am--may firmly believe t ! soil %\ld be ?or\ghly brok5 up & pulv]iz$ to a dep? ( fifte5 to ?irty in*es1 accord+ to ! crop2 b1 if all ! team he c mu/] is a yoke ( ?91 light /e]s1 or a span ( old1 spav9$ horses1 :i* h n ev5 a speak+ acqua9tance ) gra91 :at %all he d8 ,s he may he>tily wi% he _h a ?\s& loads ( b>n-y>d manure1 & "k h[ to make a good use ( e ounce ( x2 b1 if he has x n1 & is n able to buy x1 he c't always af=d to =be> s[+ & plant+1 & s1 because he _c secure great crops1 d )\t any crops at all4 ,if he does ! be/ he c1 :at bett] c he d8 ,aga93 ,_m f>m]s h fields t mu/ await ! pleasure ( ,nature to fit !m = ?or\gh cultivation4 ,"h is a field--sometimes a :ole f>m--:i*1 if p>tially dive/$ ( ! primitive =e/1 is /ill ?ickly dott$ ) ob/9ate /umps & fill$ ) gre51 t5aci\s roots1 :i* c\ld only be remov$ at a heavy1 p]haps ru9\s1 co/4 ,a ri* man might ord] !m all dug out 9 a mon?1 & see 8 ord] fully obey$2 b1 except to cle> a spot = a g>d5 or "u v peculi> circum/ances1 x w\ld n pay2 & a poor man _c af=d to incur a heavy exp5se m]ely = appe>ance's sake1 or to make a !atrical display ( en]gy4 ,9 ! great majority ( cases1 he :o f>ms = a liv+ c't af=d to pull gre5 /umps1 b mu/ put 8 newly-cle>$ l& into grass at ! e>lie/ day1 m[ ! smoo!r1 pa/ure ! r\gh] portions ( x1 & wait = ra9 & dr\?1 heat & fro/1 to rot 8 /umps until !y c easily be pull$ or burn$ out z !y /&4 ,s ) reg>d to a process ,i dete/1 kn[n z ,pa/ur+4 ,i d firmly believe t ! "t is at h& :5 ne>ly all ! food ( cattle w1 9 our ,ea/]n & ,middle ,/ates1 be cut & f$ to !m--t we c't af=d mu* long]1 ev5 if we c at pres5t1 to let ?an roam at w ov] hill & dale1 ?r\gh mead[ & =e/1 bit+ (f ! bett] plants & lett+ ! worse g to se$2 (t5 poa*+ up ! s(t1 wet soil1 especially 9 ,spr+1 s t _! ho(s de/roy z mu* z !y eat2 nipp+ & (t5 kill+ 9 _! infancy ! f9e/ trees1 su* z ! ,sug> ,maple1 & leav+ only su* z ,hemlock1 ,r$ ,oak1 ,bee*1 c41 to atta9 maturity4 ,our race g5]ally em]g$ f savageism & squalor into indu/ry1 com=t & ?rift1 ?r\gh ! ,pa/oral condition--! h]d+1 tam+1 re>+ & tra9+ ( animals be+ t dep>tm5t ( husb&ry to :i* b>b>ians are mo/ easily attract$3 h5ce1 we cl+ to ,pa/ur+ long aft] ! reason = x has vani%$4 ,! radical1 incurable vice ( ,pa/ur+--t ( dev\r+ ! bett] plants & leav+ ! worse to rip5 & diffuse se$--c nev] be :olly obviat$2 & ,i deem x safe to e/imate t almo/ any f>m w c>ry twice z mu* /ock if _! food be ma9ly cut & f$ to !m z x w if !y are requir$ to pick x up :]e & z x gr[s or grew4 ,i am sure t ! g5]al adoption ( ,soil+ in/ead ( ,pa/ur+ w add imm5sely to ! annual product1 to ! weal?1 & to ! population1 ( our old] ,/ates4 ,& yet1 ,i "k "r well t _m f>ms are n[ s r\gh & o!rwise s unsuit$ to ,soil+ z to preclude its adoption !reon = _m ye>s to come4 ,let me indicate :at ,i mean by ,good ,f>m+1 ?r\gh an illu/ration drawn f ! ,great ,we/3 ,all ov] ! settl$ portions ( ! ,valley ( ! ,upp] ,mississippi & ! ,miss\ri1 !re are l>ge & small h]ds ( cattle t are provid$ ) little or no %elt]4 ,! lee ( a f5ce or /ack1 ! p>tial protection ( a "y & leafless wood1 !y may *ance to enjoy2 b t x is a ru9\s wa/e to leave ?an a prey to bit+ fro/s & pi]c+ nor?-we/]s1 _! own]s seem n to compreh5d4 ,_m f>m]s f> above want w ?is ,w9t] fe$ out fields ( ,corn & /acks ( ,hay to h]ds ( cattle t w n be "o p\nd heavi] on ! #a/ ( next ,may ?an !y 7 on ! #a/ ( la/ ,decemb]--:o w h requir$ t fodd] m]ely to pres]ve _! vitality & escape freez+ to dea?4 ,x has ma9ly be5 employ$ z fuel r ?an z n\ri%m5t1 & has s]v$1 n to put on fle%1 b to keep out fro/4 ,n[ ,i am famili> ) ! excuses = ?is wa/e2 b !y d n satisfy me4 ,! poore/ pione] might h built = 8 "o c[ a rude %elt] ( /akes1 & poles1 & /raw or prairie-grass1 if he _h realiz$ its importance1 simply 9 ! light ( economy4 ,he :o has _m cattle is r>ely )\t bo? /raw & timb]1 & might %elt] 8 /ock abundantly if he only w\ld4 ,nay1 he c\ld n h neglect$ or omitt$ x if he _h cle>ly und]/ood t 8 bea/s mu/ someh[ be suppli$ ) heat1 & t he c f> *eap] w>m !m f )\t ?an f )94 ,! broad1 g5]al1 unque/ionable tru?s1 on :i* ,i insi/ 9 behalf ( ,good ,f>m+ are ^!2 & ,i d n admit t !y are subject to exception3 ,i4 ,x is v r>ely impracticable to gr[ good crops1 if y are will+ to "w = !m4 ,if y\r l& is too poor to gr[ ,:eat or ,corn1 & y are n yet able to enri* x1 s[ ,rye or ,buck:eat2 if y _c coax x to gr[ a good crop ( any?+1 let x alone2 &1 if y _c run away f x1 "w out by ! day or mon? = y\r m =tunate neighbors4 ,! "t & means squ&]$ 9 try+ to gr[ crops1 :]e only half or qu>t] crops c be made1 con/itute ! heavie/ item on ! wrong side ( our f>m]s' balance-%eets2 tax+ !m m ?an _! ,national1 ,/ate1 & local gov]nm5ts toge!r d4 ,,ii4 ,good crops r>ely fail to yield a pr(it to ! gr[]4 ,i "k !re are exceptions1 b !y are v few4 ,keep y\r eye on ! f>m] :o almo/ uni=mly has great ,grass1 good ,:eat1 heavy ,corn1 c41 &1 unless he dr9ks1 or has "s o!r bad habit1 y w f9d him gr[+ ri*4 ,i am confid5t t :ite blackbirds are ne>ly z abundant z f>m]s :o h become poor :ile usually gr[+ good crops4 ,,iii4 ,! faire/ s+le te/ ( good f>m+ is ! increas+ productiv5ess ( ! soil4 ,t f>m :i* av]ag$ tw5ty bu%els ( gra9 to ! acre tw5ty ye>s ago1 tw5ty-five bu%els t5 ye>s ago1 & w measure up ?irty bu%els to ! acre f ?is ye>'s crop1 has be5 & is 9 good h&s4 ,i "k no o!r t\*/one ( ,f>m+ s un]r+ z t ( ! increase or decrease f ye> to ye> ( its aggregate product4 ,if y w\ld conv9ce me t ,x4 is a good f>m]1 d n tell me ( "s great crop he has j gr[n1 b %[ me t 8 crop has regul>ly increas$ f ye> to ye>1 & ,i am satisfi$4 --,i %all h m to say on ^! po9ts z ,i proce$4 ,x suffices = ! pres5t if ,i h cle>ly indicat$ :at ,i mean by ,good & :at by ,bad ,f>m+4 ,,iii4 ,,:]e ,,to ,,f>m4 ,:5 my fa!r 0 ov] sixty ye>s old1 & _h liv$ "s tw5ty ye>s 9 ,erie ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 he said to me3 ,i h sev]al times remov$1 & always t[>d ! ,we/2 ,i %all nev] remove aga92 b1 7 ,i to d s1 x w\ld be t[>d ! ,ea/4 ,exp]i5ce has taught me t ! advantages ( e section are c\nt]balanc$ by disadvantages1 & t1 :]e any crop is easily produc$1 !re x sells l[1 & sometimes _c be sold at all4 ,i %all live & die "r "h2 b1 7 ,i to remove aga91 x w\ld n be t[>d ! ,we/4 ,?is is b "o side ( a tru?1 & ,i give x = :atev] x may be wor?4 ,_h my fa!r plung$ into ! primitive =e/ 9 8 tw5ty-fif? r ?an 8 =ty-fif? ye>1 he w\ld d\btless h become m reconcil$ to pione] life ?an he ev] did4 ,i w\ld advise no "o ov] =ty ye>s ( age to und]take1 ) scanty means1 to dig a f>m out ( ! d5se =e/1 :]e great trees mu/ be cut d[n & cut up1 roll$ into log-heaps1 & hurri$ to a%es :]e !y grew4 ,:]e half ! timb] c be sold = en\gh to pay ! co/ ( cutt+1 ! case is diff]5t2 b ,i "k "r well t digg+ a f>m out ( ! high woods is1 to any b a man ( weal?1 a sl[1 h>d task4 ,mak+ "o out ( nak$ prairie1 five to t5 miles f timb]1 is less difficult1 b n mu*4 ,he :o c locate :]e he has good timb] on "o side & ri* prairie on ! o!r is =tunate1 & may hope1 if 8 heal? be sp>$1 to surr\nd himself ) e ne$$ com=t )9 t5 ye>s4 ,/ill1 ! pione]'s life is a rugg$ "o1 especially = wom5 & *ildr52 & ,i %\ld advise any man :o is wor? #b1jjj & has a family1 to buy out an improvem5t 7:i*1 9 mo/ cases1 badly ne$s improv+7 on ! outskirt ( civilization1 r ?an plunge into ! pa?less =e/ or pu% out ^u ! unbrok5 prairie4 ,i rejoice t our ,public ,l&s are free to actual settl]s2 ,i believe t _m are !reby enabl$ to make = !mselves homes :o o!rwise w\ld h no?+ to leave _! *ildr52 yet ,i mu* pref] a home )9 ! b\nd>ies ( civilization to "o cle>ly beyond !m4 ,!re is a class ( dr9k+1 hunt+1 frolick+1 r>ely work+1 fronti]sm51 :o seem to h be5 creat$ on purpose to erect log cab9s & break pa?s 9 advance ( a diff]5t class ( settl]s1 :o regul>ly come 9 to buy !m out & />t !m along aft] a few ye>s4 ,i %\ld "h pref] to foll[ r ?an lead4 ,if ,co-op]ation %all ev] be successfully appli$ to ! improvem5t ( wild l&s1 ,i tru/ x may be o!rwise4 ,he :o has a f>m already1 & is cont5t ) x1 has no reason to ask1 ,:i!r %all ,i g8 & he may re/ assur$ t ?or\ghly good f>m+ w pay z well 9 ,new ,engl& z 9 ,kansas or 9 ,m9nesota4 ,i advise no man :o has a good f>m any:]e1 & is able to keep x1 to sell & migrate4 ,i "k m5 :o make money by gr[+ food )9 tw5ty miles ( ?is city q z fa/ z !y c\ld 9 ! ,we/4 ,if y h money to buy & "w x1 & "k h[ to make ! mo/ ( x1 ,i believe y may f9d l& really z *eap1 all ?+s consid]$1 9 ,v]mont z 9 ,wiscons9 or ,arkansas4 ,& yet ,i believe 9 migration--believe t !re are ?\s&s 9 ! ,ea/]n & ! ,middle ,/ates :o w\ld improve _! circum/ances & prospects by migrat+ to ! *eap] l&s & broad] opportunities ( ! ,we/ & ,s\?4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 mo/ m5 are by migration r5d]$ m en]getic & aspir+2 ?r[n among /rang]s1 !y feel ! necessity ( ex]tion z !y nev] felt x be=e4 ,ne$+ almo/ ev]y?+1 & oblig$ to rely :olly on !mselves1 !y "w 9 _! new homes z !y nev] did 9 _! old2 & ! consequ5ces are soon visible all ar\nd !m4 ,a /]n *ase is a long *ase1 say ! sailors2 & he :o buys a f>m ma9ly on cr$it1 int5d+ to pay = x out ( its proce$s1 f9ds int]e/1 taxes1 sickness1 bad seasons1 hail1 fro/1 dr\?1 tornadoes1 floods1 c41 c41 d]ang+ 8 calculations & imp$+ 8 progress1 until he is (t5 impell$ to give up 9 despair4 ,!re are m5 :o c surm\nt e ob/acle & defy disc\ragem5t--^! ne$ no advice2 b !re are ?\s&s :o1 hav+ little means & l>ge families1 c gr[ into a good f>m m easily & f> m surely ?an !y c pay = x2 & ^! may wisely seek homes :]e population is yet sp>se & l& is consequ5tly *eap4 ,d\btless1 "s migrate :o might bett] h =borne2 yet ! in/9ct :i* draws our race t[>d sunset is nev]!less a true "o4 ,! ,ea/ w n be depopulat$2 b ! ,we/ w gr[ m rapidly 9 ! c\rse ( ! next tw5ty ye>s ?an ev] 9 ! pa/4 ,! ,railroads :i* h br\ght ,kansas & ,m9nesota )9 ?ree days1 & ,cali=nia )9 a week ( u1 h r5d]$ ?is inevitable4 ,b ! ,s\? also invites immigration z %e nev] did till n[4 ,h] l&s are /ill v *eap2 %e is bett] timb]$1 9 ! av]age1 ?an ! ,we/2 h] climate attracts2 h] unop5$ m9es & unus$ wat]-p[] call l\dly = ent]prise1 labor & skill4 ,x is absurd to insi/ t h] soil is exhau/$ :5 n "o-?ird ( x has ev] yet be5 pl[$4 ,i d n advise solit>y migration to ! ,s\?1 because %e ne$s s*ools1 mills1 roads1 bridges1 *ur*es1 c41 c41 :i* ! solit>y immigrant c nei!r provide nor well d )\t3 & ,i h no assurance t he1 if oblig$ to "w out = pres5t bread1 w\ld f9d ^? ready to employ & will+ to pay him2 b let a hundr$ ,nor!rn f>m]s & me*anics wor? #a1jjj to #c1jjj ea* comb9e to select 7?r\gh *os5 ag5ts7 & buy t5 or tw5ty ?\s& acres 9 "s ,s\!rn ,/ate1 embrac+ hill & vale1 timb] & tillage1 wat]-p[] & m9]als1 & divide x equitably among !mselves1 aft] lay+ x out ) roads1 a p>k1 a village-plat1 sites = *ur*es1 s*ools1 c41 & ,i am confid5t t !y c ?us make pleasant homes m *eaply & spe$ily !re ?an almo/ any:]e else4 ,good f>m+ l&1 improv$ or unimprov$1 is ?is day *eap] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 all ?+s consid]$1 ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry--*eap] ?an x c long rema94 ,s _m are int5t on %ort cuts to ri*es t ! soil is g5]ally neglect$1 & may be b\ght amaz+ly *eap 9 p>ts ( ,connecticut z well z 9 ,i[a or ,nebraska4 ,:5 ,i 0 la/ 9 ,ill9ois1 ,i rode = "s h\rs beside a gray-coat$ f>m] ( "s sixty ye>s1 :o told me ?is3 ,i came "h ?irty ye>s ago1 & took up1 at #a-a_/d p] acre1 a good tract ( l&1 ma9ly 9 timb]4 ,i am n[ sell+ (f ! timb] at #ajj p] acre1 res]v+ ! l&4 ,t seems to me a good op]ation--n s quick z a corn] 9 ! /ock-m>ket1 b f> saf]4 ,&1 :ile ,i w\ld advise no man to incur debt1 ,i say mo/ e>ne/ly to all :o h means1 ,look out ! place :]e y w\ld pref] to live & die2 take "t to suit y\rself ?or\ghly2 *oose x ) ref]5ce to y\r means1 y\r call+1 y\r expectations1 &1 if y c pay = x1 buy x4 ,d n imag9e t l& is *eap 9 ! ,we/ or ! ,s\? only2 x is to be f\nd *eap 9 e ,/ate by ^? :o are able to own & :o "k h[ to use x4 ,i e>ne/ly tru/ t ! obvi\s advantages ( settl+ 9 colonies are to be widely & rapidly improv$ by our p1 ne>ly z foll[s3 ,"o ?\s& heads ( families unite to =m a colony1 contribute #ajj to #ejj ea* to defray ! co/ ( seek+ out & secur+ a suitable location1 & s5d out two or ?ree ( ! mo/ capable & tru/wor?y ( _! numb] to f9d & pur*ase x2 & n[ let _! l&s be survey$ & divid$ into village or city lots at or ne> ! c5t]1 l>g] allotm5ts 7= me*anics' & m]*ants' homes7 surr\nd+ t c5t]1 & f> l>g] 7= f>ms7 outside ( ^!2 & let ea* memb]1 on or soon aft] 8 arrival1 select a village-lot1 out-lot1 f>m1 or "o ( ea* if he *ooses & c pay = !m4 ,let ample res]vations ( ! be/ sites = *ur*es1 s*ool-h\ses1 a t[n hall1 public p>k1 etc41 be made 9 lay+ out ! village1 & let ea* pur*as] ( a lot or f>m be requir$ to plant %ade-trees along ! highways :i* skirt or trav]se x4 ,if irrigation by common ef=t be deem$ necess>y1 let provision be made = t4 ,run up a l>ge1 roomy /ructure = a family hotel or bo>d+-h\se2 & n[ invite ea* /ockhold] to come on1 select 8 l&1 pay = x1 & get up "s sort ( a dwell+1 leav+ 8 family to foll[ :5 ?is %all h be5 r5d]$ habitable2 b1 if !y insi/ on com+ on ) him & tak+ _! *ances1 s be x4 ,,iv4 ,,prep>+ ,,to ,,f>m4 ,i write ma9ly = beg9n]s--= "y p]sons1 & "s n s "y1 :o are look+ to f>m+ z ! vocation to :i* _! future ye>s are to be giv51 by :i* _! liv+ is to be ga9$4 ,9 ?is *apt]1 ,i w\ld c\nsel "y m51 :o1 n hav+ be5 re>$ 9 p]sonal contact ) ! daily & ye>ly r\nd ( a f>m]'s c>es & duties1 purpose h5ce=? to live by f>m+4 ,to ^! ,i w\ld e>ne/ly say1 ,no ha/e6 ,our boys are 9 too great a hurry to be m54 ,!y want to be bosses be=e !y h qualifi$ !mselves to be effici5t j\rneym54 ,i h p]sonally kn[n sev]al in/ances ( "y m51 fre% f s*ool or f "s city vocation1 buy+ or hir+ a f>m & und]tak+ to "w x2 & ,i _c n[ recall a s+le in/ance 9 :i* ! attempt has succe$$2 :ile spe$y failure has be5 ! usual result4 ,! assumption t f>m+ is a rude1 simple matt]1 requir+ little intellect & less exp]i5ce1 has buri$ _m a well-mean+ y\? "u debts :i* ! be/ ef=ts ( _m subsequ5t ye>s w b>ely enable him to pay (f4 ,9 my op9ion1 half our f>m]s n[ liv+ w\ld say1 if que/ion$1 t !y might bett] h wait$ long] be=e buy+ or hir+ a f>m4 ,:5 ,i 0 t5 ye>s old1 my fa!r took a job ( cle>+ (f ! ma9ly fall5 & p>tially rott5 timb]--l>gely ,:ite ,p9e & ,black ,a%--f fifty acres ( level & !n swampy l&2 & he & 8 two boys gave mo/ ( ! two ensu+ ye>s 7#ahba-b7 to ! rugg$ task4 ,:5 x 0 f9i%$1 ,i--a boy ( twelve ye>s--c\ld h tak5 j su* a tract ( half-burn$ primitive =e/ z t 0 :5 we took hold ( x1 & cle>$ x by an exp5diture ( sev5ty to eighty p] c5t4 ( ! labor we actually be/[$ ^u t4 ,i _h le>n$1 9 cle>+ ?is1 h[ to economize labor 9 any future und]tak+ ( ! k9d2 & s e "o le>ns by exp]i5ce :o /eadily obs]ves & reflects4 ,he mu/ h be5 a v good f>m] at ! />t1 or a v poor "o aft]w>d1 :o _c gr[ a ?\s& bu%els ( gra9 mu* *eap] at ?irty ye>s ( age ?an he c\ld at tw5ty4 ,to e "y man :o has _h no f>m+ exp]i5ce1 or v little1 yet :o means to make f>m+ 8 vocation1 ,i say1 ,hire out1 = ! com+ ye>1 to ! v be/ f>m] :o w give y any?+ l ! value ( y\r labor4 ,buy a v few *oice books1 7if y h !m n already17 :i* treat ( ,geology1 ,*emi/ry1 ,botany1 & ! application ( _! tru?s 9 ,practical ,agriculture2 give to ^! ! close & ?\ghtful att5tion ( y\r few leisure h\rs2 keep y\r eyes wide op51 & set d[n 9 a note-book or pocket-di>y ea* night a m9ute ( :atev] has be5 done on ! f>m t day1 mak+ a note ( ea* /orm1 %[]1 fro/1 hail1 etc41 & also ( ! date at :i* ea* plant$ crop requires tillage or is ripe en\gh to h>ve/1 & asc]ta9+1 s f> z possible1 :at ea* crop produc$ on ! f>m has co/1 & :i* ( !m all are produc$ at a pr(it & :i* at a loss4 ,at ! ye>'s end1 hire aga9 to ! same or ano!r good f>m] & pursue ! same c\rse2 & s d till y %all be tw5ty-f\r or tw5ty-five ye>s ( age1 :i* is "y en\gh to m>ry1 & q "y en\gh to und]take ! managem5t ( a f>m4 ,by ?is "t1 if y h c>efully sav$ & wisely inve/$ y\r e>n+s1 y w h sev]al hundr$ doll>s2 &1 if y d n *oose to migrate to "s region :]e l& is v *eap1 y w h f\nd "s "o will+ to sell y a small f>m on cr$it1 tak+ a long mortgage z security4 ,y\r money--assum+ t y h only :at y w h e>n$--w all be want$ to fix up y\r build+1 buy a team & c[1 ) ! few implem5ts ne$$1 & supply y ) provisions till y c gr[ "s4 ,if y c />t ?us exp]i5c$ & full-h&$1 y may1 by dilig5ce1 comb9$ ) good =tune1 beg9 to make paym5ts on y\r mortgage at ! close ( y\r second ye>4 ,i hate debt z pr(\ndly z any "o c1 b ,i d n consid] ?is really runn+ into debt4 ,"o has m l& ?an he ne$s1 & does n ne$ 8 pay = x =?)2 ano!r wants l&1 b lacks ! means ( pres5t paym5t4 ,!y two ent] into an agreem5t mutually advantage\s1 :]eby ! poor] has ! pres5t use & ultimate fee-simple ( ! f>m 9 "q1 9 consid]ation ( ! paym5t ( c]ta9 sums z duly /ipulat$4 ,te*nically1 ! buy] becomes a debtor2 practically1 ,i d n reg>d him z su*1 until paym5ts fall due :i* he is unable promptly to meet4 ,let him rigor\sly avoid all o!r debt1 & he ne$ n %r9k f nor be a%am$ ( ?is4 ,i h a high reg>d = sci5tific atta9m5ts2 ,i wi% e "y man 7 ?or\ghly in/ruct$ 9 ! sci5ces :i* und]lie ! art ( f>m+4 ,b all ! le>n+ on e>?1 ?\gh x may p[]fully help to make a good f>m]1 w\ld n ( itself make "o4 ,:5 a "y man has le>n$ all t sem9>ies & lectures1 books & cab9ets1 c tea* him1 he /ill ne$s practice & exp]i5ce to make him a good f>m]4 --,b w\ldn't y h a "y man /udy 9 ord] t he may become a good f>m]8 --,if he has money1 ,yes4 ,i believe a y\? wor? f\r or five ?\s& doll>s may wisely sp5d a t5? ( 8 means 9 att5d+ lectures1 & ev5 c\rses ( /udy1 at any good sem9>y :]e ,natural ,sci5ce is taught & appli$ to ,agriculture4 ,b life is %ort at be/2 & he :o has no means1 or v little1 _c really af=d to att5d ev5 an ,agricultural ,college4 ,he c acquire s mu* ( ,sci5ce z is indisp5sable 9 ! *eap] way ,i h indicat$4 ,he _c wisely cons5t to sp5d ! be/ ye>s ( 8 life 9 gett+ ready to live4 ,he :o has already ma/]$ ! art ( f>m+1 & has adequate means1 may ( c\rse buy a f>m to-morr[1 ?\gh he be b>ely or n q ( age4 ,he has little to le>n f me4 ,yet ,i ?9k ev5 su* h (t5 conclud$1 9 aft] ye>s1 t !y 7 too ha/y 9 buy+ l&--t !y might pr(itably h wait$1 & delib]at$1 & g>n]$ ! treasures ( exp]i5ce1 be=e !y took ! grave /ep ( buy+ _! future home2 ) reg>d to :i* ,i %all make "s sugge/ions 9 my next *apt]4 ,b ,i prote/ aga9/ a "y man's decl9+ or po/pon+ ! pur*ase ( a f>m m]ely because he is n able to buy a great "o4 ,tw5ty acres ( arable soil ne> a city or manufactur+ village1 =ty acres 9 a rural di/rict ( any old ,/ate1 or eighty acres 9 a region j beg9n+ to be peopl$ by ,:ite m51 is an ample area = any "o :o is wor? less ?an #b1jjj4 ,if he und]/&s 8 bus9ess1 he w f9d pr(itable employm5t h]eon = e work+ h\r3 if he does n und]/& f>m+1 he w buy 8 exp]i5ce de> en\gh on ?is1 yet m *eaply ?an he w\ld on a wid] area4 ,until he %all h m money ?an he ne$s1 let him bew>e ( buy+ m l& ?an he absolutely wants4 ,v4 ,,buy+ ,a ,,f>m4 ,no "o ne$ be told at ?is day t good l& is *eap] ?an poor--t ! =m] may be b\ght at less co/ ?an x c be made4 ,yet ?is1 l mo/ tru?s1 may be giv5 undue emphasis4 ,x %\ld be consid]$ 9 ! light ( ! less obvi\s tru? t ,e f>m] may make advantage\s use ( ,,"s poor l&4 ,! smalle/ f>m %\ld h its /rip or belt ( =e/2 ! l>g] %\ld h an abundance & v>iety ( trees2 & /]ile1 /ony l& gr[s _m if n mo/ trees ?riftily3 ,ev5 at ! risk ( ar\s+ ,we/]n prejudice1 ,i ma9ta9 t ,new-,engl&1 & all brok51 hilly1 rocky c\ntries1 h a decid$ advantage 7abundantly c\nt]balanc$1 no d\bt7 ov] regions ( great f]tility & ne>ly uni=m facility1 9 t human /upidity & mole-ey$ gre$ c nev] :olly dive/ !m ( =e/s--t _! /]ile crags & /eep acclivities mu/ ma9ly be left to wood =ev]4 ,av>ice may /rip !m ( _! cov]+ ( to-day2 b1 defy+ ! pl[ & ! spade1 !y _c be s d5ud$ t !y w n be spe$ily reclo!d ) trees & foliage4 ,i am n a believ] t ,five ,acres or ,t5 ,acres suffice = a f>m4 ,i "k :]e money is made on ev5 few] ?an five acres2 b !y :o d x are few1 & m5 ( exceptional capacity & dilig5ce4 ,_! a*ievem5ts are necess>ily conf9$ to ! vic9age ( cities or manufactur+ villages4 ,! great majority ( all :o live by ,agriculture want room to turn ^u--want to gr[ grass & keep /ock--&1 = su*1 no m]e g>d5 or potato-pat* w answ]4 ,!y want g5u9e f>ms4 ,yet1 g :]e y may 9 ?is c\ntry1 y w he> a f>m] say+ ( 8 neighbor1 ,he has too mu* l&1 ev5 :]e ! criticism might ju/ly be reciprocat$4 ,we _c all be mi/ak5 on ?is head4 ,!re are m5 :o c ea* manage ?\s&s ( acres ( tillage1 j z !re are ^? :o c skillfully wield an army ( a hundr$ ?\s& m54 ,napoleon said !re 7 two ( ?is class 9 ! ,europe ( 8 day4 ,!re are o!rs :o _c h&le a hundr$ acres s t no?+ is lo/ ?r\gh neglect or ov]sight4 ,rules mu/ be adapt$ to av]age capacities & circum/ances4 ,he :o expects to live by cattle-re>+ ne$s _m m acres ?an he :o is int5t on gra9-gr[+2 :ile he :o contemplates vegetable1 root1 & fruit culture1 ne$s few] acres /ill4 ,z to ! direction ( 8 ef=ts1 ea* "o w be a law unto himself4 ,if ,i 7 ask$1 by a "y man int5t on f>m+1 to indicate ! prop] area = him1 ,i w\ld say1 ,buy j s l>ge a f>m z half y\r means w pay =4 ,9 o!r words1 ,if y are wor? #bj1jjj1 inve/ half ( x 9 l&1 ! residue 9 /ock1 tools1 etc42 & obs]ve ! same rule ( proportion1 :e!r y be wor? #a1jjj1jjj or only #a1jjj4 ,if y are wor? j no?+ at all1 ,i w\ld inve/ 9 l& ! half ( t1 & no m4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i w\ld ei!r wait to e>n #ejj or ov]1 or pu% ,we/w>d till ,i f\nd l& t co/s practically no?+4 ,?is1 !n1 ,i take to be ! gi/ ( ! popul> criticism on our f>m]s z hav+ unduly enl>g$ _! bord]s3 ,!y h m l& ?an !y h capital to /ock & till to ! be/ advantage4 ,he :o has b fifty acre has too mu* if he lets "p ( 8 l& lie idle & unproductive = lack ( team or h&s to till x effici5tly2 :ile he :o has a ?\s& acres has none too mu* if he has ! means & tal5ts :]e) to make ! be/ ( x all4 ,i h said t ,i consid] ! soil ( ,new ,engl& z *eap1 all ?+s consid]$1 = him :o is able to buy & "w x1 z t ( ,m9nesota or ,arkansas--t ,i urge migration to ! ,we/ only ^u ^? :o _c pay = f>ms 9 ! old ,/ates4 ,i d\bt :e!r ! f>m]s ( any o!r section h1 9 ! av]age1 done bett]1 ?r\gh\t ! la/ t5 ye>s1 ?an ! butt]-mak]s ( ,v]mont1 ! *eese-dairym5 ( ?is ,/ate4 ,& yet !re is1 9 ! ridgy1 rocky1 pat*y "* ( mo/ ( our ,ea/]n f>ms1 an insup]able b>ri] to ! mo/ economic1 effective cultivation4 ,if ! ridges 7 fur!r ap>t--if ea* rocky or gravelly knoll 7 n 9 close proximity to a /rip ( bog or morass--x w\ld be diff]5t4 ,b ! g5ius ( our age po9ts unmi/akably to cultivation by /eam or "s o!r me*anical application ( p[]2 & ?is requires spaci\s fields1 ) few or no ob/acles to ! equable progress ( ! pl[4 ,i appreh5d t1 = ?is reason1 ! gr[? ( bread-corn ea/w>d ( ! ,hudson c nev] m be consid]ably ext5d$1 s long z ! b\ndless1 f]tile prairies c s easily p\r _! exhau/less supplies ^u u4 ,fruits1 ,vegetables1 ,roots & ,grass1 we mu/ cont9ue to gr[1 probably 9 ev]-increas+ abundance2 b we ( ! ,ea/ w buy our bread-corn l>gely if n ma9ly f ! ,we/4 ,he1 !re=e1 :o bays l& 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates %\ld reg>d prim>ily its capacity to produce ^? crops 9 :i* ! ,ea/ c nev] be supplant$--,grass1 ,fruits1 ,vegetables1 ,timb]4 ,if a f>m w also produce good ,corn or ,:eat1 t is a recomm5dation2 b let him place a high] value on ^? capacities :i* w be m g5]ally requir$ & drawn ^u4 ,9 ! ,we/1 ! case is diff]5t2 =1 ?\gh ,:eat-culture /ill rec$es be=e ! foot/eps ( advanc+ population1 & ,m9nesota may soon cease to gr[ = o!rs1 z ,we/]n ,new-,york1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 & ,nor!rn ,ill9ois1 h already done1 yet ,indian ,corn1 be+ ! basis ( bo? ,beef & ,pork1 w long hold its own 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,ohio & 9 t ( ! ,upp] ,mississippi4 ,z x rec$es sl[ly ,we/w>d1 ,clov] & ,timo?y1 ,butt] & ,*eese1 w press closely on its foot/eps4 ,good neighbors1 good roads1 good s*ools1 good me*anics at h&1 & a good *ur* )9 rea*1 w always be valu$ & s\ght3 few f>m]s are likely to disreg>d !m4 ,let :oev] buys a f>m :]eon to live1 resolve to buy once = all1 & let him n =get t heal? is n only weal? b happ9ess--t an eligible location & a beautiful prospect are elem5ts ( enjoym5t n only = ourselves b our fri5ds2 let him n fancy t all ! l& w soon be gobbl$ up & held at exorbitant prices1 b believe t money w almo/ always comm& money's wor? ( :atev] may be ne$$1 s t he ne$ n emb>rass himself to-day ?r\gh fe> t he may n be able to f9d sell]s to-morr[1 & he c h>dly fail to buy judici\sly1 & ?us escape t wor/ species ( home-sickness--sickness ( home4 ,,vi4 ,,lay+ ,,(f ,a ,,f>m--,,pa/ur+4 ,:oev] f9ds himself ! newly in/all$ own] & occupant ( a f>m1 %\ld1 be=e do+ mu* beyond gr[+ a crop 9 ! ord9>y way1 /udy well its "*1 det]m9e its capacities1 make himself well acqua9t$ ) its peculi>ities ( soil & surface1 ) int5t to make ! mo/ ( x 9 8 future op]ations4 ,i w\ld devote at lea/ a ye> to ?is ?\ghtful obs]vation & /udy4 ,to "o re>$ amid ! rugg$ sc5]y ( ,new-,engl&2 or on ei!r slope ( ! ,allegh5y ridge1 all prairie f>ms look alike1 j z a ,european supposes ?is to be ! case ) all negroes4 ,a bett] acqua9tance w %[ ! av]age prairie qu>t]-section by no means an unbrok5 mead[1 level z a h\se-floor1 b div]sifi$ by wat]-c\rses1 sl\ghs1 & g5tle acclivities--sometimes by consid]able rav9es & b>r5s or elevat$ swales1 ?9ly cov]$ ) timb]1 or bru%1 or bo?4 ,b ,i w contemplate m especially a ,nor!rn f>m1 made up ( hill & vale or glade1 rocky ridge & skirt+ bog or o!r l[ l&1 ) a wood-lot on ! re> or n f> di/ant1 & clumps or belts ( timb] irregul>ly l9+ brook & rav9e1 or lurk+ 9 ! angles & s9uosities ( walls & wood5 f5ces1 & a ragg$1 mossy or*>d %elt]$ 9 "s quiet nook1 or sprawl+ ov] "s gravelly hill-side4 ,a brook1 ne>ly dry 9 ,augu/1 gurgles d[n ! hill-side or w9ds ?r\gh ! swamp2 :ile fields1 mod]ately slop+ "h & ne>ly level !re1 int]pos$ z !y c be1 h sev]ally be5 devot$1 = a g5]ation or m1 alt]nately to ,gra9 & ,grass--! latt] l>gely prepond]at+4 ,we w suppose ?is f>m to measure f #ej to #aej acres4 ,n[1 ! "y man :o has b\ght or inh]it$ ?is f>m may be :olly & consci\sly unable to ent] ^u any exp5sive sy/em ( improvem5t = ! next t5 ye>s--may fully realize t f\r or five days ( ea* week mu/ meantime be giv5 to ! gr[+ or e>n+ ( pres5t bread--yet he %\ld none ! less /udy well ! capacities & adaptations ( ea* acre1 & mature a compreh5sive plan = ! ultimate br++ ( ea* field into ! be/ & mo/ useful condition :]e( x is susceptible1 be=e he cuts a liv+ tree or digs a solit>y dra94 ,he is morally c]ta9 ( do+ some?+--p]haps _m ?+s--t he w sadly wi% undone1 if he fails to /udy peculi>ities & mature a plan be=e he beg9s to improve or to fit 8 sev]al fields = pr(itable cultivation4 ,& ! fir/ selection to be made is t ( a pa/ure1 s9ce ,i am compell$ to use an old1 famili> "n = :at %\ld be ess5tially a new ?+4 ,?is pa/ure %\ld be z ne> ! c5t] ( ! f>m z may be1 & conv5i5t to ! b>ns & b>n-y>d t are to be4 ,x %\ld h "s %ade1 b no v "y trees2 %\ld be dry & roll+1 ) an abundance ( ! pure/ liv+ wat]4 ,! small] ?is pa/ure-lot may be1 ! bett] ,i %all l x1 provid$ y f5ce x v /\tly1 connect x ) ! b>n-y>d by a lane if !y are n 9 close proximity1 & firmly resolve t1 outside ( ?is lot1 ?is lane1 ?is y>d & ! adjac5t /able1 y\r cattle %all nev] be se51 unless on ! road to m>ket4 ,v possibly1 ! day may come :]e9 y w decide to disp5se ) pa/ur+ altoge!r2 b t is1 = ! pres5t1 improbable4 ,"o pa/ure y w h2 if y live 9 ! broad ,we/1 & purpose to graze ext5sively1 x w d\btless be a l>ge "o2 b p]mitt+ y\r /ock to ramble 9 ,spr+ & ,fall all ov] y\r own fields--7& p]haps y\r neighbors' also7--9 que/ ( _! ne$ful food1 bit+ (f ! tops ( ! f9] "y trees1 trampl+ d[n or break+ (f "s t are old]1 rubb+ ! b>k (f ( y\r gr[+ fruit-trees1 & do+ damage t ye>s w be requir$ to repair1 ,i mo/ vehem5tly prote/ aga9/4 ,! "o great error t misleads & corrupts mank9d is ! presumption t some?+ may be _h = no?+4 ,! av]age f>m] imag9es t :atev] ( fle% or ( milk may accrue to him f ! food 8 cattle obta9 by br[s+ ov] 8 fields or ?r\gh 8 woods1 is s mu* cle> ga9--t !y d ! ne$ful "w1 :ile he pockets ! net proce$s4 ,b ! univ]se 0 fram$ on a plan :i* requires s mu* = s mu*2 & ?is law w n submit to defiance or evasion4 ,"u ! unnatural1 exceptional conditions :i* environ ! lone squatt] on a va/ prairie1 some?+ may be made by turn+ cattle loose & lett+ !m %ift = !mselves2 b ?is is at be/ transitory1 & at w> ) ! exig5cies ( civilization4 ,:oev] lives )9 sight ( a s*ool-h\se1 or )9 he>+ ( a *ur*-bell1 is "u ! dom9ion ( a law alike inexorable & b5efic5t--! law t requires ea* to pay = all he gets1 & reap only :]e he has s[n4 ,y c h>dly h a pa/ure s small t x w n af=d hospitality to we$s & prove a s\rce ( multi=m infe/ations4 ,! plants t %\ld mature & be diffus$ w be kept d[n to ! e>?2 ^? :i* %\ld be w>r$ ^u & eradicat$ w fl\ri% unt\*$1 rip5 _! se$1 & diffuse x f> & wide4 ,?i/les1 ,:ite ,daisy1 & e plant t imp$es tillage & dim9i%es crops1 are n\ri%$ & diffus$ by means ( pa/ures4 ,i hold1 !re=e1 t ! good f>m] w run a m[+-ma*9e ov] 8 pa/ure twice ea* ,summ]--say e>ly 9 ,june1 & !n late 9 ,july--or1 if 8 lot be too r\gh = ?is1 w h x clipp$ at lea/ once ) a scy!4 ,cutt+ all mann] ( wor?less if n noxi\s plants 9 ! blossom1 w b5efit ! soil :i* _! se$+ w\ld tax2 x w r5d] ! eradication ( we$s f y\r tillage a f> easi] task2 & x w prev5t y\r be+ a nuisance to y\r neighbors4 ,i am confid5t t no "o :o has =m$ ! habit ( keep+ d[n ! we$s 9 8 pa/ure w ev] ab&on x4 ,i ?9k ea* pa/ure %\ld h 7?\gh m9e1 z yet1 has n7 a rude %$ or o!r %elt] :]eto ! cattle may resort 9 case ( /orm or o!r inclem5cy4 ,h[ mu* !y %r9k z well z suff] f "o cold1 pelt+ ra91 few fully realize2 b ,i am sure t ! m]ciful man :o 7z ! ,scripture says7 is m]ciful to 8 bea/1 f9ds 8 humanity a good pay+ inve/m5t4 ,i d\bt t ! rule w\ld fail1 ev5 9 ,texas2 b ,i am contemplat+ civiliz$ husb&ry1 n ! rude conditions ( tropical semi-b>b>ism4 ,if only by means ( /akes & /raw1 give cattle a *ance to keep dry & w>m :5 !y mu/ o!rwise %iv] ?r\gh a ra9y1 w9dy day & night on ! cold1 wet gr\nd1 & ,i am sure !y w pay = x4 ,9 conf9+ a h]d ( cattle to su* n>r[ limits1 ,i d n int5d t !y %all be /9t$ to :at gr[s !re4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i expect !m to be f$ on ,w9t] ,rye1 on ,cut ,grass1 on ,s[$ ,corn1 ,sorghum1 ,/alks1 ,roots1 etc41 etc41 z ea* %all be 9 season4 ,) a good m[]1 x is a light h\r's "w be=e breakfa/ to cut & c>t to a doz5 or tw5ty head z mu* grass or corn z !y w eat dur+ ! day4 ,b let t po9t /& ov] = ! pres5t4 ,,vii4 ,,trees--,,woodl&--,,=e/s4 ,i am n at all s5tim5tal--mu* less mawki%--reg>d+ ! de/ruction ( trees4 ,desc5d$ f sev]al g5]ations ( timb]-cutt]s 7= my pat]nal ance/ors came to ,am]ica 9 #afdj71 & myself engag$ = ?ree ye>s 9 l&-cle>+1 ,i realize t trees exi/ = use r ?an = ornam5t1 & h no m scruple z to cutt+ timb] 9 a =e/ ?an z to cutt+ grass 9 a mead[4 ,utility is ! reason & end ( all vegetable gr[?--( a hickory's no less ?an a corn-/alk's4 ,i h always consid]$ ,woodman1 sp>e t tree1 j ab\t ! mo/ mawki% bit ( badly v]sifi$ prose 9 our language1 & nev] c\ld guess h[ x %\ld t\* ! s5sibilities ( any "o4 ,und]/&1 !n1 t ,i urge ! plant+ ( trees ma9ly because ,i believe x w pay1 & ! pres]vation1 improvem5t1 & ext5sion1 ( =e/s1 = precisely t reason4 ,yet ,i am n ins5sible to ! beauty & grace l5t by woods1 & groves1 & clumps or r[s ( trees1 to ! l&scape !y div]sify4 ,i feel ! =ce ( ,em]son's av]m5t1 t ,beauty is its own excuse = be+1 & "k t a home/ead emb[]$ 91 belt$ by1 /ately1 graceful elms1 maples1 & ev]gre5s1 is really wor? m1 & w sell = m1 ?an if x 7 nak$ field & mead[4 ,i consid] x "o positive advantage 7to balance _m disadvantages7 ( our rocky1 hilly1 rugg$ ,ea/]n c\ntry1 t x w nev]1 9 all probability1 be s d5ud$ ( =e/s z ! ri*1 facile prairies & swales ( ! ,great ,valley may be4 ,our w9ds are less pi]c+1 our tornadoes less de/ructive1 ?an ^? ( ! ,great ,we/4 ,i d\bt :e!r !re is ano!r equal area ( ! e>?'s surface :]eon s _m k9ds ( valuable trees gr[ spontane\sly & rapidly1 defy+ eradication1 z ?r\gh\t ,new ,engl& & on ei!r slope ( ! ,allegh5ies2 & ?is pr(usion ( timb] & foliage may well atone =1 or may be fairly weigh$ aga9/1 _m defici5cies & drawbacks4 ,! ,yankee1 :o has be5 accu/om$ to see trees spr+ up spontane\sly :]ev] !y 7 n kept d[n by ax1 or pl[1 or scy!1 & to cross runn+ wat] e half mile ( a ,summ] day's j\rney1 may well be made homesick1 by two ?\s& miles ( nak$1 du/y1 w9d-swept ,pla9s1 :]eon he f9ds no wat] = fifty to a hundr$ miles1 & kn[s x impossible to cut an ax-helve1 mu* m an axle-tree1 9 ! c\rse ( a we>y+ j\rney4 ,no ,ea/]n f>m] ev] realiz$ ! bless$ness ( abundant & excell5t wood & wat] until he _h w&]$ f> f 8 boyhood's home4 ,no "o may yet be able fully to expla9 ! int]-dep5d5ce ( ^! two bless+s2 b ! fact rema9s4 ,all ov] ! ,pla9s1 !re is evid5ce t trees grew & fl\ri%$ :]e none are n[ f\nd1 & t spr+s & /reams 7 !n frequ5t & abid+ :]e none n[ exi/4 ,a prom95t citiz5 ( ,nevada1 :o explor$ s\?w>d f ,au/9 to ! ,colorado1 assur$ me t 8 p>ty travel$ = days 9 ! b$ ( :at _h once be5 a consid]able riv]1 b 9 :i* x 0 evid5t t no wat] _h fl[$ = ye>s4 ,& ,i h he>d t s9ce ! ,mormons h plant$ trees ov] consid]able sections ( ,utah1 ra9s 9 ,summ] are no long] r>e1 & ,salt ,lake ev9ces1 by a con/ant ?\gh mod]ate increase ( h] volume ( wat]s1 t ! equilibrium ( ra9-fall ) evaporation 9 ! ,great ,bas9 has be5 fully re/or$--or r1 t ! ra9-fall is n[ tak+ ! lead4 ,i h a firm fai? t all ! great des]ts ( ! ,temp]ate & ,torrid ,zones w yet be reclaim$ by irrigation & tree-plant+4 ,! bill :i* ,congress did n pass1 nor really consid]1 :]eby x 0 propos$1 "s ye>s s9ce1 to give a section ( ! woodless ,public ,l&s remote f settlem5t to e "o :o1 9 a sep>ate t[n%ip1 w\ld plant & *]i% a qu>t]-section ( *oice =e/-trees1 ought to h be5 pass$--) modifications1 p]haps1 b pres]v+ ! c5tral idea4 ,_h t5 ?\s& qu>t]-sections1 9 s _m diff]5t t[n%ips ( ! ,pla9s1 be5 ?us plant$ to timb] t5 to tw5ty ye>s ago1 & protect$ f fire & deva/ation till n[1 ! value ( ^? ,pla9s = settlem5t w\ld h be5 ne>ly or q d\bl$4 ,a capital mi/ake1 x seems to me1 is be+ made by "s ( ! dairy f>m]s ( our own ,/ate4 ,"o :o has a hundr$ acres ( good soil1 :]e( tw5ty or ?irty are wood$1 cuts (f 8 timb] entirely1 calculat+ t ! additional grass t he may gr[ 9 its /ead w pay = all ! coal he ne$s = fuel1 s t he w make a net ga9 ( ! "t he has hi!rto devot$ ea* ,w9t] to cutt+ & haul+ wood4 ,he does n consid] h[ mu* 8 soil w lose 9 ,summ] moi/ure1 h[ 8 spr+s & runnels w be dri$ up1 nor h[ ! sweep ( h>% w9ds w be int5sifi$1 by b>+ 8 hill-tops & rav9es to sun & breeze s utt]ly4 ,9 my delib]ate judgm5t1 a f>m ( "o hundr$ acres w yield m fe$1 ) f> great] uni=mity ( product f ye> to ye>1 if tw5ty acres ( its ridge-cre/s1 rav9e-sides1 & rocky places1 are ?ickly cov]$ ) timb]1 ?an if x be swept clean ( trees & all devot$ to grass4 ,h5ce1 ,i insi/ t ! f>m] :o sweeps (f 8 wood & resolves to dep5d on coal = fuel1 hop+ to increase p]man5tly ! product ( 8 dairy1 makes a sad miscalculation4 ,spa91 ,italy1 & portions ( ,france1 are n[ suff]+ f ! improvid5ce t dev\r$ _! =e/s1 leav+ ! future to take c>e ( itself4 ,i presume ! great empires ( antiquity suff]$ f ! same folly1 ?\gh to a mu* great] ext5t4 ,! rema9s ( n[ ext9ct races :o =m]ly peopl$ & till$ ! c5tral valleys ( ?is cont95t1 & especially ! ,t]ritory ( ,arizona1 probably be> witness to a simil> recklessness1 :i* is p>allel$ by our fa!rs' & our own ext]m9ation ( ! magnific5t =e/s ( ,:ite ,p9e :i*1 b>ely a c5tury ago1 cov]$ s l>ge a portion ( ! soil ( our ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,v]mont sold ,:ite ,p9e abundantly to ,engl& ?r\gh ,canada )9 my day3 %e is n[ supply+ h] own wants f ,canada at a co/ ( n less ?an five times ! price %e sold =2 & %e w be pay+ /ill high] rates be=e ! close ( ?is c5tury4 ,i entreat our f>m]s n to pres]ve e tree1 good1 bad1 or indiff]5t1 t may happ5 to be gr[+ on _! l&s--b1 outside ( ! limit$ di/ricts :]e9 ! primitive =e/ mu/ /ill be cut away 9 ord] t l& may be obta9$ = cultivation1 to plant & re> at lea/ two bett] trees = e "o !y may be impell$ to cut d[n4 ,h[ ?is may1 9 ! av]age1 be mo/ judici\sly done1 ,i w try to indicate 9 ! succe$+ *apt]4 ,,viii4 ,,gr[+ ,,timb]--,,tree-,,plant+4 ,9 my judgm5t1 ! proportion ( a small f>m t %\ld be con/antly devot$ to trees 7o!r ?an fruit7 is n less ?an "o-f\r?2 :ile1 ( f>ms exce$+ "o hundr$ acres 9 area1 t proportion %\ld be n less ?an "o-?ird1 & may (t5 be pr(itably increas$ to "o-half4 ,i am ?9k+ ( su* z are 9 good "p sup]ficially rugg$ & rocky1 or s&y & /]ile1 su* z ,new-,engl&1 ea/]n ,new-,york1 nor!rn ,new-,j]sey1 ) bo? slopes ( ! ,allegh5ies1 z well z ! we/]n ?ird ( our cont95t1 ab\nd 94 ,x may be t x is advisable to be cont5t ) a small] proportion ( timb] 9 ! ,prairie ,/ates & ! broad1 f]tile int]vales :i* embosom mo/ ( our great riv]s = at lea/ a "p ( _! c\rse2 b ,i d\bt x4 ,& !re is sc>cely a f>m 9 ! :ole c\ntry1 outside ( ! great primitive =e/s 9 :i* op5+s h b rec5tly be5 made1 9 :i* "s tree-plant+ is n urg5tly requir$4 ,too mu* l&1 y w he> assign$ on e side z a reason = poor f>m+ & meag] crops4 ,ask an av]age f>m] 9 ,new-,engl&1 9 ,virg9ia1 9 ,k5tucky1 or 9 ,alabama1 :y ! crops ( 8 section are 9 ! av]age no bett]1 & ! answ]1 ?ree times 9 f\r1 w be1 ,our f>m]s h too mu* l&--t is1 n too mu* absolutely1 b too mu* relatively to _! capital1 /ock1 & g5]al ability to till effectively4 ,! habitual gr[] ( poor crops w pr(f] ?is explanation q z freely & frequ5tly z 8 m ?rifty neighbor4 ,& :at e "o ass]ts mu/ h a basis ( tru?4 ,n[1 ,i d n mean to qu>rel ) ! in/9ct :i* prompts my c\ntrym5 to buy & hold too mu* l&4 ,!y feel1 z ,i d1 t l& is /ill *eap almo/ any:]e 9 ?is c\ntry--*eap1 if n 9 view ( ! income n[ d]iv$ f x1 c]ta9ly 9 contemplation ( ! price x mu/ soon comm& & ! income x might1 "u bett] managem5t1 be made to yield4 ,"u ?is conviction--or1 if y please1 impression--e "o is int5t on hold+ on to m l& ?an he c pr(itably till1 if n m ?an he c promptly pay =4 ,:at ,i d object to is simply ?is--t ?\s&s1 :o h m l& ?an !y h capital to "w pr(itably1 w p]si/ 9 half-till+ _m acres1 in/ead ( ?or\ghly f>m+ "o-half or "o ?ird s _m1 & gett+ ! re/ into wood s fa/ z may be4 ,i am confid5t t two-?irds ( all our f>m]s w\ld improve _! circum/ances & increase _! incomes by conc5trat+ _! ef=ts1 _! means1 _! f]tiliz]s1 ^u half to two-?irds ( ! area !y n[ skim & sk91 & giv+ ! residue back to timb]-gr[+4 ,9 my own hilly1 rocky1 (t5 boggy1 ,we/*e/]--probably )9 six ( be+ ! olde/ ,agricultural ,c\nty 9 ! ,union--,i am confid5t t t5 ?\s& acres might to-morr[ be giv5 back to =e/ ) pr(it to ! own]s & advantage to all its inhabitants4 ,x is a fruit-gr[+1 milk-produc+1 truck-f>m+ c\nty1 closely adjo9+ ! greate/ city ( ! ,new ,_w2 h5ce1 "o :]e9 l& c be cultivat$ z pr(itably z almo/ any:]e else--yet ,i am satisfi$ t half its surface may be m advantage\sly devot$ to timb] ?an to grass or tillage4 ,nay2 ,i d\bt t "o acre 9 a hundr$ ( rocky l&--t is1 l& ribb$ or dott$ ) rocks t ! b> or ! rock-hook _c lift f _! b$s1 & :i* x w n z yet pay to bla/--is n[ till$ to pr(it1 or ev] w be until x %all be f\nd advisable to cle> !m utt]ly ( /one break+ ?r\gh or ris+ )9 two feet ( ! surface4 ,! "t w d\btless arrive 9 :i* _m fields w pay = cle>+ ( /one t w\ld n to-day2 ^!1 ,i urge1 %\ld be giv5 up to wood n[1 & kept wood$ until ! h\r %all h /ruck = ridd+ !m ( e imp$im5t to ! /eady progress ( bo? ! surface & ! subsoil pl[4 ,7 all ! rocky cre/s & rugg$ acclivities ( ?is ,c\nty b\nte\sly wood$ once m1 & kept s = a g5]ation1 our floods w\ld be less injuri\s1 our spr+s unfail+1 & our /reams m con/ant & equable2 our bla/s w\ld be less bitt]1 & our gales less de/ructive to fruit2 we %\ld h va/ly m birds to delight u by _! melody & aid u 9 our n v successful w> ) dev\r+ insects2 we %\ld gr[ pea*es1 *]ries1 & o!r delicate fruits1 :i* ! viol5t caprices ( our seasons1 ! remorseless deva/ations ( our visible & invisible insect enemies1 h all b annihilat$2 & we %\ld keep m c[s & make m milk on two-?irds ( ! l& n[ devot$ to grass ?an we actually d f ! :ole ( x4 ,& :at is true ( ,we/*e/] is measurably true ( e rural c\nty 9 ! ,union4 ,i h said t ,i believe 9 cutt+ trees z well z 9 gr[+ !m2 ,i h n said1 & d n mean to say1 t ,i believe 9 cutt+ ev]y?+ clean z y g4 ,t 0 once prop] 9 ,we/*e/]2 x is /ill advisable 9 =e/-cov]$ regions1 :]e ! sun mu/ be let 9 be=e crops c be gr[n2 b1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 timb] %\ld be ?9n$ or cull$ out r ?an cut (f2 &1 = e tree tak5 away1 at lea/ two %\ld be plant$ or set out4 ,we h pretty well outgr[n ! folly ( lett+ e apple-tree be> su* fruit z x w2 ?\gh 9 ! or*>d ( my fa!r's little f>m 9 ,amh]/1 ,n4 ,h41 :]eon ,i 0 born1 no tree _h ev] be5 graft$ :5 ,i bade adieu to x 9 #ahbj2 & ,i presume none has be5 to ?is day4 ,by ?is "t1 almo/ e f>m] realizes t he c't af=d to gr[ little1 gn>ly1 villa9\sly s\r or dete/ably bitt]-sweet apples1 :51 by duly sett+ a graft at a co/ ( two dimes1 he may make t id5tical tree yield ,gre5+s or ,pipp9s at lea/ z b\nte\sly4 ,i presume ! cumulative exp]i5ce ( fifty or sixty g5]ations ( apple-gr[]s has rip5$ ?is conclusion4 ,:y d !y n inf] readily & g5]ally t gr[+ indiff]5t timb] :]e ! be/ & mo/ valu$ w\ld gr[ z rapidly1 is a /upid1 co/ly blund]8 ,x seems to me t :oev] has atta9$ ! conviction t apple-trees %\ld be graft$ ought to "k t x is wa/eful to gr[ ,r$ ,oak1 ,bee*1 ,:ite ,maple1 & ,ald]1 :]e ,:ite ,oak1 ,hickory1 ,locu/1 & ,:ite ,p9e1 might be gr[n ) equal facility1 9 equal luxuriance1 provid$ ! "r se$s 7 plant$1 & a little pa9s tak5 to keep d[n1 = a ye> or two1 ! %oots spontane\sly s5t up by ! wrong ones4 ,nor? ( ! ,potomac1 & ea/ ( ! ,ohio1 & 7,i presume7 9 limit$ di/ricts else:]e1 rocky1 /]ile woodl&s1 co/+ #b to #ej p] acre accord+ to location1 etc41 are to-day ! *eape/ prop]ty to be b\ght 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ev5 ?\gh no?+ 7 done ) !m b keep out fire & cattle1 & let ! "y trees gr[ z !y w1 money c be m pr(itably & safely inve/$ 9 l&s cov]$ by "y timb] ?an 9 any?+ else4 ,! p>5t1 :o w\ld inve/ a few ?\s&s = ! b5efit ( *ildr5 or gr&*ildr5 /ill "y1 may buy woodl&s :i* w be wor? tw5ty times _! pres5t co/ )9 ! next tw5ty ye>s4 ,b bett] ev5 ?an ?is w\ld x be to buy up rocky1 craggy1 nak$ hill-sides & em95ces :i* h be5 pa/ur$ to dea?1 &1 %utt+ out cattle inflexibly1 scrat* ^! ov] ) pl[1 mattock1 hoe1 or pick1 z circum/ances %all dictate1 plant !m ?ickly ) ,*e/nut1 ,walnut1 ,hickory1 ,:ite ,oak1 & ! se$s ( ,locu/ & ,:ite ,p9e4 ,i say ,locu/1 ?\gh n yet c]ta9 t ?is tree mu/ n be />t$ 9 g>d5 or nurs]y-b$s & transplant$ :5 two or ?ree ye>s old1 s puny & feeble is x at ! outset1 & s likely to be smo!r$ "u leaves or kill$ out by its m favor$ neighbors4 ,i h exp]im5ts 9 progress n yet matur$1 :i* may %$ light on ?is po9t be=e ,i f9i% ^! essays4 ,plant ?ickly1 & ( div]se k9ds1 s z to cov] ! gr\nd promptly & *oke out we$s & %rubs1 ) full purpose to ?9 & prune z circum/ances %all dictate4 ,_m f>m]s are av]se to plant+ timb]1 because 7!y ?9k7 no?+ c be realiz$ !refrom = ! next tw5ty or ?irty ye>s1 :i* is z long z !y expect to live4 ,b ?is is a grave miscalculation4 ,let u suppose a rocky1 hilly pa/ure-lot ( t5 or tw5ty acres rudely scrat*$ ov] z ,i h sugge/$1 & ?ickly se$$ ) hickory nuts & :ite oak acorns only3 )9 five ye>s1 x w yield abundantly ( hoop poles1 ?\gh ! bett]1 m promis+ half be left to mature1 z !y %\ld be2 two ye>s lat]1 ano!r & l>g] crop ( hoop-poles may be cut1 /ill sp>+ ! be/2 & !nce=? a valuable crop ( timb] may be tak5 f t l&2 =1 if cut at ! prop] season1 at lea/ two ?rifty spr\ts w />t f e /ump2 & s t wood w yield a cle> income ea* ye> :ile its be/ trees are /eadily gr[+ & matur+4 ,i d n advise re/riction to ^? two species ( timb]2 b ,i insi/ t a "y plantation ( =e/-trees may & %\ld yield a cle> income 9 e ye> aft] its f\r?4 ,z to ! ,f> ,we/--! ,pla9s1 ! ,p>ks1 & ! ,great ,bas9--!re is m money to be made by dott+ !m ) groves ( *oice timb] ?an by work+ ! ri*e/ ve9s ( ! adjac5t m\nta9s4 ,:oev] w promptly />t1 ne> a pres5t or prospective railroad1 =ty acres ( *oice trees--,hickory1 ,:ite ,oak1 ,locu/1 ,*e/nut1 & ,:ite ,p9e--)9 a circuit ( ?ree hundr$ miles f ,d5v]1 on l& :i* he has made or is mak+ provision to irrigate--may beg9 to sell trees !refrom two ye>s h5ce1 & p]si/ 9 sell+ annually h5ce=? = a c5tury--at fir/1 = transplant+2 v soon1 = a v>iety ( uses 9 addition to t4 99 99 99 99 99 --,b ?is pap] gr[s too long1 & ,i mu/ po/pone to ! next my m especial sugge/ions to "y f>m]s ) reg>d to tree-plant+4 ,,ix4 ,,plant+ ,,& ,,gr[+ ,,trees4 ,:oev] has rec5tly b\ght1 inh]it$1 or o!rwise become ! own] ( a f>m1 has usually f\nd "s "p or p>ts ( x devot$ to wood2 & ?is1 if n 9 excess1 he w ma9ly pres]ve1 :ile he /udies & plans ) a view to ! ultimate devotion to timb] ( j ^? portions ( 8 l& t are be/ adapt$ to t use4 ,9 locat+ t timb]1 ,i w\ld h him consid] ^! sugge/ions3 ,i4 ,l& wisely plant$ ) trees1 & f5c$ s f> z ne$ be to keep out cattle1 co/s no?+4 ,:atev] else y gr[ involves labor & exp5diture2 trees gr[ ( _! own accord4 ,y may neglect !m utt]ly--may w&] ov] ! e>? & be abs5t = t5 or tw5ty ye>s1 :ile y\r f5ces decay & y\r fields are ov]cropp$ to exhau/ion2 ev5 y\r mead[s may be run out by late m[+ & close fe$+ at bo? ends ( ! season1 till a doz5 acres w h>dly subsi/ a span ( horses & a c[2 b y\r woods ne$ only to be let alone to insure t _! value %all h decid$ly increas$ dur+ y\r abs5ce4 ,!y w ri*ly rew>d labor & c>e 9 ?9n+1 trimm+1 & transplant+--y may pr(itably employ 9 !m any "t t y c sp>e !m--b !y w d v well if simply let alone4 ,&1 unlike any o!r product ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 y may take crop aft] crop ( wood f ! same lot1 & ! soil w be ri*] & m productive aft] ! la/ ?an x 0 be=e ! fir/4 ,:e!r :olly because _! roots p]meate & break up ! soil dur+ _! life & enri* x 9 _! decay1 or = div]se reasons1 x is c]ta9ly true t l&--& especially poor l&--is enri*$ by gr[+ ^u x a crop ( almo/ any timb]1 ! ev]gre5s possibly except$4 ,s1 %\ld y ev] h l& t y _c till to pr(it1 :e!r because x is too poor1 or because y h a suffici5cy t is bett]1 y %\ld at once devote x to wood4 ,,ii4 ,y\r spr+s & /reams w be r5d]$ m equable & endur+ by increas+ ! area & ! luxuriance ( y\r timb]4 ,!y may h become scanty & caprici\s "u a policy ( reckless1 :olesale de/ruction ( trees2 !y w be re5=c$ & re9vigorat$ by d\bl+ ! area ( y\r woods1 :ile quadrupl+ ! numb]1 & increas+ ! av]age size1 ( y\r trees4 ,,iii4 ,all rav9es & /eep hill-sides %\ld be devot$ to trees4 ,e acre too rocky to be ?or\ghly cle>$ ( /one & pl[$ %\ld be set ap>t = tree-gr[+4 ,:]ev] ! soil w be gulli$ or wa%$ away by viol5t ra9s if "u tillage1 x %\ld be exclud$ f cultivation & giv5 up to trees4 ,m5 (t5 d\bt ! pr(it ( heavy manur+2 & well !y may1 if ?ree-f\r?s ( ! f]tiliz]s appli$ are soak$ out & swept away by flood+ ra9s or sudd5 ?aws & float$ (f to "s di/ant sea or bay2 b let all t is appli$ to ! soil only rema9 !re till x is c>t$ away 9 crops1 & x w h>dly be possible to manure too highly = pr(it4 ,,iv4 ,trees1 especially ev]gre5s1 may be s dispos$ z to modify agreeably ! av]age temp]ature ( y\r f>m1 or at lea/ ( ! mo/ important p>ts ( x4 ,:5 ,i b\ght my place--or r ! fir/ in/allm5t ( x--! be/ spot ,i c\ld select = a g>d5 lay at ! foot ( a hill :i* half surr\nd$ x on ! s\? & ea/1 leav+ x expos$ to ! full sweep ( nor? & nor?-we/ w9ds2 s t1 ?\gh ! soil 0 gravelly & w>m1 my g>d5 0 likely to be cold & backw>d4 ,to rem$y ?is1 ,i plant$ f\r r[s ( ev]gre5s 7,balsam ,fir1 ,p9e1 ,r$ ,c$>1 & ,hemlock71 along a l[ ridge b\nd+ x on ! nor?1 foll[+ an inw>d curve ( ! ridge at its we/ end2 & ^? ev]gre5s h 9 sixte5 ye>s gr[n into v consid]able trees1 =m+ a %ady1 cleanly1 invit+ b[]1 or sylvan retreat1 da9tily c>pet$ ) ! fall5 leaves ( ! ov]hang+ firs4 ,i judge t ! av]age temp]ature ( ! soil = "s y>ds s\?w>d ( ?is w9d-break is at lea/ five degrees high]1 ?r\gh\t ! gr[+ season1 ?an x =m]ly 0 or w\ld n[ be if ^! ev]gre5s 7 swept away2 :ile ! aspect ( ! place is agreeably div]sifi$1 & ev5 beautifi$1 by _! appe>ance4 ,i believe x w\ld sell = "s hundr$s ( doll>s m ) ?an )\t t ?rifty1 gr[+ clump ( ev]gre5s4 ,v4 ,i h already urg$1 ?\gh n /rongly en\gh1 t crops1 z well z spr+s1 w be improv$ by keep+ ! cre/s ( ridges ?ickly wood$1 ?us deposit+ moi/ure 9 ,w9t] & ,spr+1 to be sl[ly yield$ to ! adjac5t slopes dur+ ! heat & dr\? ( ,summ]4 ,i firmly believe t ! slopes ( a hill ^: cre/ is heavily wood$ w yield l>g] av]age crops ?an slope & cre/ toge!r w\ld d if bo? 7 b>e ( trees4 ,,vi4 ,! banks ( consid]able /reams1 ponds1 etc41 may (t5 be s plant$ ) trees t ^! w %ade m wat] ?an l&1 to ! com=t & satisfaction ( ! fi%1 & ! protection ( ^? banks f abrasion by floods & rapid curr5ts4 ,sycamore1 ,elm1 & ,will[1 d well "h2 if *oice ,grape-,v9es are set beside & all[$ to run ov] "s ( !m1 ! effect is good1 & ! grapes acceptable to man & bird4 ,,vii4 ,nev] =get t a good tree gr[s z ?riftily & surely z a poor "o4 ,_m a f>m] has to-day t5 to =ty acres ( indiff]5t cord-wood :]e he might1 at a v slight co/1 h _h in/ead an equal quantity ( *oice timb]1 wor? t5 times z mu*4 ,hickory1 ,*e/nut1 & ,walnut1 :ile !y yield nuts t c be eat5 or sold1 are wor? f> m z timb] ?an an equal bulk ( ,bee*1 ,bir*1 ,hemlock1 or ,r$ ,oak4 ,*e/nut has m ?an d\bl$ 9 value )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 ma9ly because x has be5 f\nd excell5t = ! inside wood-"w ( dwell+s4 ,locu/ also seems to be increas+ 9 value4 ,t5 acres ( l>ge1 ?rifty ,locu/ ne> ?is ,city w\ld n[ buy a pretty good f>m2 z ,i presume x w\ld1 if locat$ ne> any ( our great cities4 ,,viii4 ,:]e sev]al good v>ieties ( ,timb] are gr[n toge!r1 "s insect or atmosph]ic tr\ble may bla/ "o ( !m1 yet leave ! residue alive & he>ty4 ,&1 if all cont9ue ?rifty1 "s may be cut out & sold1 leav+ o!rs m room to gr[ & rapidly atta9 a vigor\s maturity4 ,,ix4 ,:]ev] timb] has become sc>ce & valuable1 a wood-lot %\ld be ?9n$ out1 nev]more cle>$ (f1 unless x is to be devot$ to a diff]5t use4 ,x seems to me t de/roy+ a =e/ because we want timb] is l smo!r+ a hive ( bees because we want honey4 ,x4 ,timb] %\ld be cut ) intellig5t ref]5ce to ! future4 ,locu/ & o!r valuable trees t x is desirable %\ld ?r[ up %oots f ! /ump1 & rapidly reproduce _! k9d1 %\ld be cut 9 ,m>* or ,april2 :ile trees t y want to ext]m9ate %\ld be cut 9 ,augu/1 s t !y may n spr\t4 ,!re may be exceptions to ?is rule2 b ,i d n happ5 to recollect any4 ,ev]gre5s d n spr\t2 & ,i ?9k ^! %\ld be cut 9 ,w9t]--at all ev5ts1 n 9 ,spr+1 :5 full ( sap & ?us prone to rapid decay4 ,,xi4 ,y\r plantation w furni% pleasant & pr(itable employm5t at almo/ any season4 ,i d\bt t any "o 9 ?is c\ntry has ev] yet be/[$ s mu* labor & c>e on a "y =e/ z x w amply rew>d4 ,s[ y\r se$s ?ickly2 beg9 to ?9 ! "y trees :5 !y are a foot high1 & to trim !m s soon z !y are ?ree feet1 & y may h ?\s&s ?riv+ on a f]tile acre1 & pu%+ _! gr[? upw>d ) a rapidity & to an altitude outrunn+ all preconception4 ,,xii4 ,spr+s & /reams w soon appe> :]e none h appe>$ & endur$ = g5]ations1 :5 we %all h reclo!d ! nak$ness ( ! ,pla9s ) adequate =e/s4 ,ra9s w become mod]ately frequ5t :]e !y are n[ r>e1 & conf9$ to ! season :5 !y are ( lea/ use to ! husb&man4 ,i may h m to say ( trees by-&-by1 b re/ "h = ! pres5t4 ,! importance ( ! topic c h>dly be ov]rat$4 ,x4 ,,dra9+--,,my ,,own4 ,my f>m is 9 ! t[n%ip ( ,newca/le1 ,we/*e/] ,c\nty1 ,n4 ,y41 #ce miles f our ,city ,hall1 & a little ea/w>d ( ! hamlet kn[n z ,*appaqua1 call$ into exi/5ce by a /ation on ! ,h>lem ,railroad4 ,x embraces ! s\?-ea/]ly half ( ! m>% :i* ! railroad "h trav]ses f s\? to nor?--my "p measur+ "s fifte5 acres1 ) five acres m ( slightly elevat$ dry l& betwe5 x & ! foot ( ! r rugg$ hill :i* rises !nce on ! ea/ & on ! s\?1 & ( :i* ,i n[ own "s fifty acres1 ly+ :olly ea/w>d ( my l[ l&1 & 9 good "p cov]$ ) =e/4 ,( ?is1 ,i b\ght m ?an half 9 #ahec1 & ! residue 9 bits f "t to "t z ,i c\ld af=d x4 ,! av]age co/ 0 betwe5 #acj & #adj p] acre3 "o small & poor old cottage be+ ! only build+ ,i f\nd on ! tract1 :i* consi/$ ( ! ragg$ edges ( two adjac5t f>ms1 betwe5 ! we/]n portions ( :i* m9e is n[ int]pos$1 :ile !y /ill adjo9 ea* o!r beyond ! nor? & s\? road1 half a mile f ! railroad1 on :i* _! build+s are locat$ & :i* =ms my ea/]n b\nd>y4 ,my /ony1 gravelly upl& ma9ly slopes to ! we/2 b two acres on my ea/ l9e incl9e t[>d ! road :i* b\nds me 9 t direction1 :ile two m on my s\?-ea/ corn] desc5d to ! little brook :i*1 ent]+ at t corn]1 keeps irregul>ly ne> my s\? l9e1 until x em]ges1 swell$ by a small] runnel t ent]s my l[l& f ! nor? & trav]ses x to meet & pass (f ) ! l>g] brooklet a=esaid4 ,i h done "s dra9+1 to no great purpose1 on ! m level portions ( my upl&2 b my l[l& has *all5g$ my be/ ef=ts 9 ?is l9e1 & ,i %all "h expla9 !m1 = ! enc\ragem5t & possible guidance ( novices 9 dra9+4 ,let me speak fir/ ( ,my ,difficulties4--,?is m>% or bog consi/$1 :5 ,i fir/ grappl$ ) x1 ( "s ?irty acres1 :]e( ,i !n own$ less ?an a ?ird4 ,to dra9 x to advantage1 "o p]son %\ld own x all1 or ! diff]5t own]s %\ld coop]ate2 b ,i _h to g x alone1 ) no o!r aid ?an a freely accord$ privilege ( /raight5+ z well z deep5+ ! brook :i* w\nd its way ?r\gh ! dry] mead[ j bel[ me1 =m+ "h ! b\nd>y ( two adjac5t f>ms4 ,i sp5t #ajj on ?is job1 :i* is /ill imp]fect2 b ! fir/ decid$ fall 9 ! /ream occurs ne>ly a mile bel[ me2 & y tire easily ( do+ at y\r own co/ "w :i* b5efits sev]al o!rs z mu* z y\rself4 ,my dra9age w nev] be p]fect till ?is brook1 ) t f> l>g] "o 9 :i* x is m]g$ sixty rods bel[ me1 %all h be5 sunk ?ree or f\r feet1 at a fur!r exp5se ( at lea/ #ejj4 ,?is bog or swamp1 :5 ,i fir/ b\ght into x1 0 ma9ly d$icat$ to ! use ( frogs1 muskrats & snapp+-turtles4 ,a few small wat]-elms & s(t maples grew ^u x1 ) swamp ald] p>tly fr++ ! we/]n base ( ! hill ea/ ( x1 :]e ! rocks :i* _h1 ?r\gh ?\s&s ( ye>s1 roll$ f ! hill1 ?ickly cov]$ ! surface1 ) spr+s bubbl+ up ar\nd & among !m4 ,decay+ /umps & imb$d$ fragm5ts ( trees argu$ t timb] =m]ly cov]$ ?is m>% z well z ! encircl+ hills4 ,a tall1 d5se gr[? ( blackb]ry bri]s1 ?or\ghwort1 & all mann] ( m>%-we$s & grasses1 cov]$ ! c5t] ( ! swamp ea* ,summ]2 b my orig9al portion ( x1 be+ too wet = ^!1 0 ma9ly addict$ to hassocks or tussocks ( wiry1 wor?less grass2 _! matt$ roots ris+ 9 h>d bun*es a few in*es above ! s(t1 b>e1 encircl+ mud4 ,! bog rang$ 9 dep? f a few in*es to five or six feet1 & 0 compos$ ( black1 peaty1 vegetable mold1 div]sifi$ by occasional /reaks ( clay or s&1 all re/+ on a sub/ratum ( h>d1 co>se gravel1 out ( :i* two or ?ree spr+s bubbl$ up1 9 addition to ! half a doz5 :i* p\r$ 9 f ! ea/1 & a t9y rivulet :i* 7except 9 a v dry1 hot "t7 add$ ! tribute ( ?ree or f\r m1 :i* sprang f ! base ( a high] %elf ( ! hill ne> ! middle ( :at is n[ my f>m4 ,add to ^! t ! brook :i* brawl$ & foam$ d[n my hill-side ne> my s\? l9e z a=esaid1 _h br\ght along an imm5sity ( pebbles & gravel ( :i* x _h ma9ly =m$ my five acres ( dry] l[l&1 _h ?us built up a pretty swale1 :]eon x _h ! bad habit ( fill+ up "o *annel1 & !n cutt+ ano!r1 m devi\s & ecc5tric1 if possible1 ?an any ( its pr$ecessors--& y h "s idea ( ! ob/acles ,i enc\nt]$ & resolv$ to ov]come4 ,"o ( my fir/ sub/antial improvem5ts 0 ! cutt+ ( a /raight *annel = ?is curr5t &1 by wall+ x ) l>ge /ones1 compell+ ! brook to respect necess>y limitations4 ,x 0 n my fault t "s ( ^? /ones 7 set ne>ly upright1 s z to v5e] ! brook r ?an ?or\ghly con/ra9 x3 h5ce1 "s ( ! /ones1 und]m9$ by /rong curr5ts1 7 pit*$ =w>d into ! brook by high ,spr+ fre%ets1 s z to require resett+ m c>efully4 ,?is 0 a mi/ake1 b1 n "o ( ,my ,blund]s4--,^!1 ! natural results ( inexp]i5ce & ha/e1 7 v grave4 ,n only _h ,i _h no real exp]i5ce 9 dra9+ :5 ,i began1 b ,i c\ld hire no =eman :o "k mu* m ( x ?an ,i did4 ,i ought to h begun by secur+ an ample & sure fall :]e ! wat] left my l&1 & next cut d[n ! brooklet or op5 dit* into :i* ,i int5d$ to dra9 to ! l[e/ practicable po9t--s l[1 at lea/1 t no dra9 runn+ into x %\ld ev] be tr\bl$ ) back-wat]4 ,no?+ c be m useless ?an a dra9 9 :i* wat] /agnates1 *ok+ x ) mud4 ,!n ,i %\ld h b\ght hundr$s ( ,hemlock or o!r *eap bo>ds1 slit !m to a wid? ( f\r or five in*es1 &1 hav+ op5$ ! ne$$ dra9s1 laid ^! 9 ! bottom & ! tile !reupon1 tak+ c>e to break jo9t1 by cov]+ ! meet+ ends ( two bo>ds ) ! middle ( a tile4 ,lay+ tile 9 ! s(t mud ( a bog1 ) no?+ b5ea? to prev5t _! s9k+1 is simply ?r[+ away labor & money4 ,i _c wond] t tile-dra9+ seems to _m a humbug1 see+ t s _m tile are laid s t !y c nev] d any good4 ,hav+1 by successive pur*ases1 become own] ( fully half ( ?is swamp1 & by repeat$ blund]s discov]$ t mak+ /one dra9s 9 a bog1 :ile x is a capital mode ( gett+ rid ( ! /one1 is no way at all to dry ! soil1 ,i clos$ my s]ies ( exp]im5ts two ye>s s9ce by c>efully relay+ my g5]ally useless tile on good /rips ( bo>d1 s9k+ !m j z deep z ,i c\ld p]suade ! wat] to run (f freely1 &1 in/ead ( all[+ !m to dis*>ge into a brooklet or op5 dit*1 connect+ ea* ) a cov]$ ma9 ( f\r to six-in* tile2 ^! ma9s dis*>g+ into ! runn+ brook :i* dra9s all my f>m & ?ree or f\r ( ^? above x j :]e x runs swiftly (f f my l&4 ,if a ?aw or heavy ra9 swells ! brook 7z x sometimes w7 s t x rises above my outlet a=esaid1 ! /rong curr5t =m$ by ! conc5tration ( ! cle> cont5ts ( s _m dra9s w n all[ ! muddy wat] ( ! brook to back into x s _m z ?ree feet at mo/2 & any mud or s$im5t t may be deposit$ !re w be swept out clean :5ev] ! brook %all h fall5 to ! dra9age level4 ,= ?is & simil> excell5t devices1 ,i am indebt$ to ! capital eng9e]+ & ?or\gh execution ( ,messrs4 ,*ick]+ ,gall1 ^: "w on my place has seldom requir$ m5d+1 & nev] call$ = recon/ruction4 ,my ,success4--,i judge t !re are n _m tracts m difficult to dra9 ?an m9e 01 consid]+ all ! circum/ances1 except ^? :i* are frequ5tly fl[$ by tides or ! wat]s ( "s lake1 or riv]4 ,_h ,i own$ ! entire swamp1 or _h !re be5 a fall 9 ! brook j bel[ me1 _h ,i _h any prior exp]i5ce 9 dra9+1 or _h o!rs equally int]e/$ coop]at$ 9 ! good "w1 my task w\ld h be5 comp>atively light4 ,z x 01 ,i made mi/akes :i* increas$ ! co/ & po/pon$ ! success ( my ef=ts2 b ?is is at l5g? complete4 ,i _h sev5 acres ( ,indian ,corn1 "o ( ,corn ,fodd]1 two ( ,oats1 & sev5 or eight acres ( ,grass1 on my l[l& 9 #ahfi2 &1 ?\gh ! ,spr+ mon?s 7 q ra9y1 & ! latt] "p ( ,summ] r dry1 my crops 7 all good4 ,i did n see bett] 9 ,we/*e/] ,c\nty2 & ,i %all be q cont5t ) z good h]eaft]4 ,( my sev5 hundr$ bu%els ( ,corn 7e>s17 ,i judge t two-?irds w\ld be acc\nt$ fit = se$ any:]e2 my ,grass 0 cut twice1 & yield$ "o l>ge crop & ano!r heavi] ?an ! av]age fir/ crop ?r\gh\t our ,/ate4 ,my dra9age w require "s c>e h5ce=?2 b ! fifte5 acres ,i h reclaim$ f utt] uselessness & ob/ructions are decid$ly ! be/ "p ( my f>m1 ,upl&s may be exhau/$2 ^! nev] c be4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ano!r season 7#ahgj7 ( protract$ dr\? has fully ju/ifi$ my mo/ sangu9e expectations4 ,i _h ?is ye> f\r acres ( ,corn1 & z _m ( ,oats1 on my swamp1 ) ! residue 9 ,grass2 & !y 7 all good4 ,i e/imate my fir/ ,hay-crop at ov] two & a half tuns p] acre1 :ile ! r[5 or aft]ma? b>ely exce$$ half a tun p] acre1 because ( ! sev]ity ( ! dr\?1 :i* began 9 ,july & la/$ till ,octob]4 ,my ,oats 7 good1 b n rem>kably s2 & ,i _h #haj bu%els ( e>s ( s\nd1 ripe ,corn f f\r acres ( dra9$ swamp & two & a half ( upl&4 ,i e/imate my upl& ,corn at sev5ty 7%ell$7 bu%els1 & my l[l& at fifty-five 7%ell$7 bu%els p] acre4 ,o!rs1 d\btless1 _h m1 despite ! unpropiti\s season2 b my crop 0 a fair "o1 & ,i am cont5t ) x4 ,my upl& ,corn 0 heavily manur$2 my l[l& b mod]ately4 ,!re are _m to tell y h[ mu* ,i lose by my f>m+2 ,i only say t1 z yet1 no "o else has lo/ a f>?+ by x1 & ,i d n compla94 ,,xi4 ,,dra9+ ,,g5]ally4 ,hav+ n>rat$ my own exp]i5ce 9 dra9+ ) entire unres]ve1 ,i "h submit ! g5]al conclusions to :i* x has l$ me3 ,i4 ,:ile ,i d\bt t !re is any l& above wat] t w\ld n be improv$ by a good sy/em ( und]dra9s1 ,i am sure t !re is a great deal t c\ld n at pres5t be dra9$ to pr(it4 ,=e/s1 hill-side pa/ures1 & mo/ dry gravelly or s&y tracts1 ,i place 9 ?is category4 ,p]haps "o-?ird ( ,new-,engl&1 half ( ! ,middle ,/ates1 & ?ree-f\r?s ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 may ultimately be dra9$ ) pr(it4 ,,ii4 ,all swamp l&s )\t exception1 ne>ly all clay soils1 & a majority ( ! flat or g5tly roll+ l&s ( ?is c\ntry1 mu/ ev5tually be dra9$1 if !y are to be till$ ) ! be/ results4 ,i d\bt t !re is a g>d5 on e>? t w\ld n be 7unless x already _h be57 improv$ by ?or\gh und]dra9+4 ,,iii4 ,! uses ( und]dra9s are _m & div]se4 ,to c>ry (f surplus wat]1 ?\gh ! mo/ obvi\s1 /&s by no means alone4 #a4 ,und]dra9$ l& may be pl[$ & s[$ consid]ably e>li] 9 ,spr+ ?an undra9$ soil ( l quality4 #b4 ,dra9$ fields lose f> less ?an o!rs ( _! f]tility by wa%+4 #c4 ,!y are n s liable to be gulli$ by sudd5 ?aws or flood+ ra9s4 #d4 ,:]e a field has be5 deeply subsoil$1 ,i am confid5t t x w rema9 mell[ & p]meable by roots long] ?an if undra9$4 #e4 ,less wat] be+ evaporat$ f dra9$ ?an f undra9$ l&1 ! soil w be w>m] ?r\gh\t ! gr[+ season2 h5ce1 ! crop w be heavi]1 & w mature e>li]4 #f4 ,be+ m por\s & less compact1 ,i ?9k ! soil ( a dra9$ field reta9s m moi/ure 9 a season ( dr\?1 & its gr[+ plants suff] less !refrom1 ?an if x 7 undra9$4 ,9 %ort1 ,i ?or\ghly believe 9 und]dra9+4 ,,iv4 ,yet ,i advise no man to run into debt = dra9+1 z ,i c imag9e a mortgage on a f>m s heavy & press+ z to be ev5 a great] nuisance ?an /agnant wat] 9 its soil4 ,labor & tile are de> ) u2 ,i d n expect t ei!r w ev] be s *eap "h z 9 ,engl& or ,belgium4 ,:at ,i w\ld h ea* f>m] 9 mod]ate circum/ances d is to dra9 8 wette/ field next ,fall--t is1 aft] f9i%+ 8 hay+ & be=e cutt+ up 8 corn--tak+ c>e to secure abundant fall to c>ry (f ! wat] 9 "t ( flood1 & do+ 8 "w ?or\ghly4 ,hav+ done ?is1 let him subsoil deeply1 f]tilize amply1 till c>efully1 & wat* ! result4 ,i ?9k x w soon satisfy him t su* dra9+ pays4 ,v4 ,i d n insi/ on tile z mak+ ! only good dra92 b ,i h _h no success ) any o!r4 ,! use ( /one1 9 my op9ion1 is only ju/ifi$ :]e ! field to be dra9$ ab\nds 9 !m & no o!r use c be made ( !m4 ,to make a good dra9 ) ord9>y b\ld]s or cobble-/ones requires twice ! excavation & involves twice ! labor necess>ily exp5d$ on tile-dra9+2 & x is nei!r s effective nor s durable4 ,e>? w be c>ri$ by wat] into a /one dra92 rats & o!r v]m9 w burr[ 9 x & dig 7or enl>ge7 holes !nce to ! surface2 9 %ort1 x is n ! ?+4 ,bett] dra9 ) /one :]e !y are a nuisance ?an n at all2 b ,i pr$ict t y w dig !m up aft] giv+ !m a fair trial & replace !m ) tile4 ,9 a wood$ c\ntry1 :]e tile 7 sc>ce & de>1 ,i %\ld try dra9+ ) slabs or *eap bo>ds dress$ to a uni=m wid? ( six or eight in*es1 & laid 9 a dit* dug ) banks incl9$ or slop$ to ! bottom1 s z to =m a sort ( ,v2 ! l[] edge ( ! two side-slabs com+ toge!r at ! bottom1 & a ?ird be+ laid widely across _! upp] edges1 s z to =m a p]fect cap or cov]4 ,9 firm1 h>d soil1 ?is w\ld prove an effici5t dra91 &1 if well made1 w\ld la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,uni=mity ( temp]ature & ( moi/ure w\ld keep ! slabs tol]ably s\nd = at lea/ s long2 &1 if ! top ( ?is dra9 7 two feet bel[ ! surface1 no pl[+ or trampl+ ov] x w\ld h>m x4 ,,vi4 ,z to dra9+ by :at is call$ a ,mole ,pl[1 :i* simply makes a wat]way ?r\gh ! subsoil at a dep? ( ?ree feet or !reab\t1 ,i h no acqua9tance ) x b by he>say4 ,x seems to me morally impossible t dra9s s made %\ld n be l[] at "s po9ts ?an at o!rs1 s z to reta9 _! fill ( wat] in/ead ( c>ry+ x rapidly (f2 & ,i am sure t pl[+1 or ev5 c>t+ heavy loads ov] !m1 mu/ gradually *oke & de/roy !m4 ,yet ?is k9d ( dra9+ is comp>atively s *eap1 & may1 ) a /rong team1 be effect$ s rapidly1 t ,i c acc\nt = its popul>ity1 especially 9 prairie regions4 ,:]e ! subsoil is rocky1 x is impracticable2 :]e x is h>d-pan1 x mu/ be v difficult2 :]e x is loose s&1 x _c endure2 b 9 clays or heavy loams1 x may1 = a few ye>s1 r5d] excell5t s]vice4 ,i wi% ! heavy clays ( ,v]mont1 m especially ( ! ,*ampla9 bas91 7 well furr[$ or pi]c$ by ev5 su* dra9s2 = ,i am confid5t t !y w\ld tempor>ily improve bo? soil & crop2 &1 if !y soon gave out1 !y w\ld probably be replac$ by o!rs m durable4 --,i %all n attempt to give in/ructions 9 dra9-mak+2 b ,i urge e novice 9 ! art to procure ,w>+'s or "s o!r "w on ! subject & /udy x c>efully3 !n1 if he c obta9 at a fair price ! s]vices ( an exp]i5c$ dra9]1 hire him to sup]vise ! "w4 ,"o po9t only d ,i insi/ on--t is1 dra9+ into a ma9 r ?an an op5 dit* or brook2 = x is difficult 9 ?is or any h>%] climate to prev5t ! crumbl+ ( y\r outlet tile by fro/4 ,bel[ ! ,potomac or ! ,arkansas1 ?is may n be appreh5d$2 & !re x may be be/ to h y\r dra9s sep>ately dis*>ge f a road-side bank or into an op5 dit*1 z !y w ?us inhale m air1 & s help 79 ,summ]7 to w>m & moi/5 ! soil above !m2 b 9 our climate ,i believe x bett] to let y\r dra9s dis*>ge into a cov]$ ma9 or ma9s z a=esaid1 ?an into an op5 dit* or brook4 ,tile & labor are de> ) u2 ,i presume labor w rema9 s4 ,b1 9 our old ,/ates1 !re are (t5 labor]s lack+ employm5t 9 ,novemb] & ! ,w9t] mon?s2 & x is ! wise/ & true/ *>ity to pr(f] !m pay = "w4 ,"s w reject x unless ! price be exorbitant2 b !re are scores ( ! des]v+ poor 9 almo/ e rural c\nty1 :o w\ld r e>n a doll> p] day ?an hang ar\nd ! grog-%ops wait+ = ,spr+4 ,get y\r tiles :5 y c1 or d n get !m at all1 b let x be widely kn[n t y h "w = ^? :o w d x = ! wages y c af=d1 & y w soon h somebody to e>n y\r money4 ,hav+ /ak$ out y\r dra9s1 set ^! to "w at digg+ !m1 ev5 ?\gh y %\ld n be able to tile !m = a ye>4 ,cut y\r outlet deep1 & y\r l& w pr(it by a ye> ( op5 dra9s4 ,,xii4 ,,irrigation--,,means ,,& ,,ends4 ,:ile few c h fail$ to realize ! important "p play$ by ,wat] 9 ! economy ( vegetation1 ,i judge t ! "q--,h[ c ,i secure to my gr[+ plants a suffici5cy ( moi/ure at all times8--has n always pres5t$ itself to ! f>m]'s m9d z dem&+ ( him a practical solution4 ,to rid 8 soil & keep x free ( sup]flu\s1 b especially ( /agnant wat]1 he may or may n accept z a necessity2 b t1 hav+ provid$ = dra9+ away :atev] is excessive1 he %\ld turn a %ort corn] & beg9 at once to provide t wat] %all be suppli$ to 8 fields & plants :5ev] !y may ne$ x1 he is (t5 sl[ to appreh5d4 ,yet ?is provision is b ! c\nt]p>t & complem5t ( ! o!r4 ,i _h sp$ across ,europe to ,v5ice1 & not$ ) int]e/ ! admirable1 effective irrigation ( ! great pla9 ( ,lomb>dy1 be=e ,i c\ld call any l& my own4 ,i saw !re a region p]haps ?irty miles wide by "o hundr$ & fifty along ! ea/ bank ( ! ,po1 ris+ v g5tly !nce to ! foot ( ! ,au/rian ,alps1 :i* ,provid5ce seems to h specially adapt$ to be improv$ by irrigation4 ,! torr5ts ( melt$ sn[ :i* 9 ,spr+ leap & foam ad[n ! s\!rn face ( ! ,alps1 br++ ) !m ! f9] p>ticles ( soil1 are sudd5ly arre/$ & =m lakes 7,g>da1 ,maggiore1 ,como1 etc47 j z !y em]ge ^u ! pla94 ,^! lakes1 sl[ly ris+1 (t5 ov]fl[ _! banks1 ) ^? ( ! small riv]s t be> _! wat]s we/w>d to ! ,po2 & ?is ov]fl[ 0 a natural s\rce ( abid+ f]tility4 ,to dam ^! outlets1 & ?us control _! curr5ts1 0 a v simple & obvi\s device ( long ago1 & 0 probably begun by a v few individuals 7if by m ?an "o71 ^: success incit$ emulation1 until ! pres5t ext5sive & co/ly sy/em ( irrigat+ dams & canals 0 gradually develop$4 ,:5 ,i trav]s$ ,lomb>dy 9 ,july1 #ahea1 ! b$s ( /reams naturally z l>ge z ! ,pemigewasset1 ,batt5kill1 ,canada ,creek1 or ,humboldt1 7 utt]ly dry2 ! wat] :i* w\ld naturally h fl[$ !re9 be+ :olly transf]r$ to an irrigat+ canal 7or to canals7 (t5 two or ?ree miles di/ant4 ,! res]voirs ?us creat$ 7 fill$ 9 ,spr+1 :5 ! /reams 7 fulle/ & _! wat] ri*e/1 & gradually drawn ^u ?r\gh\t ! lat] gr[+ season to cov] ! c>efully level$ & grad$ fields on ei!r side to ! dep? ( an in* or two at a "t4 ,if any fail$ to be soon absorb$ by ! soil1 x 0 drawn (f z "h sup]flu\s1 & add$ to ! curr5t employ$ to moi/5 & f]tilize ! field next bel[ x2 & s field aft] field 0 refre%$ & enri*$1 to ! husb&man's satisfaction & pr(it4 ,x may be t ! ri* glades ( ,engli% ,lanca%ire be> heavi] av]age crops2 b ^? ( ,lomb>dy are r>ely excell$ on ! globe4 ,:y %\ld n our ,atlantic slope h its ,lomb>dy8 ,utah1 ,nevada1 & ,cali=nia1 exhibit raw1 crude sugge/ions ( su* a sy/em2 b :y %\ld ! irrigation ( ! ,new ,_w be conf9$ to regions :]e x is indisp5sable1 :5 t ( ! ,old is n8 ,i "k no good reason :atev] = leav+ an ,am]ican field unirrigat$ :]e wat] to fl[ x at w c be _h at a mod]ate co/4 ,:5 ,i fir/ b\ght l& 79 #ahec7 ,i fully purpos$ to provide = irrigat+ my ne>ly level acres at w1 & ,i con/ruct$ two dams across my upl& /ream ) t view2 b !y 7 s badly plann$ t !y w5t (f 9 ! flood caus$ by a trem5d\s ra9 ! next ,spr+2 &1 ?\gh ,i rebuilt "o ( !m1 ,i submitt$ to a miscalculation :i* provid$ = tak+ ! wat]1 by means ( a syphon1 out ( ! pond at ! top & ov] ! bank t rose fifte5 or tw5ty feet above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,( c\rse1 air w\ld "w into ! pipe aft] x _h c>ri$ a /ream unexceptionably = two or ?ree days1 & !n ! wat] w\ld run no long]4 ,_h ,i tak5 x f ! bottom ( ! pond ?r\gh my dam1 x w\ld h run =ev]1 7or s long z !re 0 wat] cov]+ its inlet 9 ! pond27 b bad eng9e]+ flung me2 & ,i h nev] s9ce _h ! he>t 7or ! means7 to revise & correct its errors4 ,my next attempt 0 on a mu* humbl] scale1 & ,i eng9e]$ x myself4 ,t[>d ! nor? end ( my f>m1 ! hill-side :i* rises ea/ ( my l[l& is brok5 by a swale or t]race1 :i* gives me ?ree or f\r acres ( tol]ably level upl&1 along ! upp] edge ( :i* five or six spr+s1 :i* nev] :olly fail1 bur/ f ! rocks above & unite to =m a petty runnel1 :i* dries up 9 v hot or dry wea!r1 b :i* usually pres]v$ a t9y /ream to be lo/ 9 ! swamp bel[4 ,nor? ( ! gully cut d[n ! l[] hill-side by ?is /reamlet1 ! hill-side ( "s ?ree acres is q /eep1 /ill p>tially wood$1 & :olly devot$ to pa/urage4 ,mak+ a petty dam across ?is runnel at ! top ( ! l[] acclivity1 ,i turn$ ! /ream aside1 s t x %\ld h5ce=? run along ! cre/ ( ?is l[] hill1 fall+ (f gradually s z to secure a free curr5t1 & los+ its cont5ts at int]vals ?r\gh v>iable depressions 9 its l[] bank4 ,dam & artificial wat]-c\rse toge!r co/ me #ij1 :i* 0 ab\t twice :at x %\ld h be54 ,t rude & petty contrivance has n[ be5 t5 ye>s 9 op]ation1 & may h co/ #e p] annum = ov]sight & repairs4 ,its effect has be5 to d\ble ! grass gr[n on ! two acres x con/antly irrigates1 = :i* ,i paid #bhj1 or m ?an ?rice ! co/ ( my irrigation4 ,b m3 my hill-side1 :ile x 0 well grass$ 9 ,spr+1 always gave out directly aft] ! fir/ dry1 or hot week2 s t1 :5 ,i mo/ ne$$ fe$1 x af=d$ none2 its h]bage be+ p>*$ up & dead1 & ?us rema9+ till refre%$ by g5]\s ra9s4 ,i judge1 !re=e1 t my irrigation has m ?an d\bl$ ! product ( ^? two acres1 & t ^! are likely to lose no?+ 9 yield or value s long z t petty irrigat+ dit* %all be ma9ta9$4 ,i "k ?is is small bus9ess4 ,b suppose ea* ( ! hundr$ ?\s& ,new-,engl& f>ms1 :]e( five to t5 acres might be ?us irrigat$ at a co/ n exce$+ #ajj p] f>m1 _h be5 simil>ly prep>$ to fl[ ^? acres la/ ,spr+ & e>ly ,summ]1 ) an av]age increase !refrom ( b>ely "o tun ( ,hay 7or its equival5t 9 pa/urage7 p] acre4 ,! #ejj1jjj tuns ( ,hay ?us realiz$ w\ld h sav$ #bjj1jjj head ( cattle f be+ s5t to ! but*] :ile too ?9 = good beef1 :ile e "o ( !m 0 requir$ = fur!r use1 & w h to be replac$ at a heavy co/4 ,%all n ^! ?+s be consid]$8 ,%all n all :o c d s at mod]ate co/ resolve to te/ on _! own f>ms ! advantages & b5efits t may be secur$ by ,irrigation8 ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,possibilities ,,( ,,irrigation4 ,i h giv5 an acc\nt ( my poor1 little exp]im5t 9 ,irrigation1 because x is "o :i* almo/ e f>m] c imitate & improve ^u1 h[ev] n>r[ 8 doma9 & sl5d] 8 =tune4 ,i presume !re are ,half a ,million home/eads 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* h natural facilities = ,irrigation at lea/ equal to m9e2 _m ( !m f> great]4 ,along ei!r slope ( ! ,allegh5ies1 ?r\gh\t a di/rict at lea/ a ?\s& miles long by ?ree hundr$ wide1 ne>ly e f>m might be at lea/ p>tially irrigat$ by means ( a dam co/+ f tw5ty-five to "o hundr$ doll>s2 s might at lea/ half ! f>ms 9 ,new-,engl& & our own ,/ate4 ,on ! prairies1 ! plans mu/ be diff]5t1 & ! exp5se probably great]1 b ! results obta9$ w\ld b\nte\sly rew>d ! outlay4 ,i %all n see ! day1 b !re are ^? n[ liv+ :o w see x1 :5 ,artesian wells w be dug at po9ts :]e _m acres may be fl[$ f a g5tle swell 9 ! mid/ ( a va/ pla91 or at ! head ( a f]tile valley1 expressly1 or at lea/ ma9ly1 t its wat]s may be l$ across t pla91 ad[n t valley1 9 irrigat+ /reams & dit*es1 until !y h be5 :olly drank up by ! soil4 ,i h se5 s+le wells 9 ,cali=nia t might be made to irrigate suffici5tly hundr$s ( acres1 by ! aid ( a res]voir into :i* _! wat]s c\ld be dis*>g$ :5 ! soil did n require !m1 & !re reta9$ until ! ?ir/y e>? dem&$ !m4 ,an old & successful f>m] 9 my neighborhood affirms t ,wat] is ! *eape/ & be/ f]tiliz] ev] appli$ to ! soil4 ,if ?is 7 und]/ood to mean t no o!r is ne$$ or c be pr(itably appli$1 x w\ld be errone\s4 ,/ill1 ,i ?9k x cle>ly true t ! annual product ( mo/ f>ms c be increas$1 & ! dang] ( failure av]t$1 m *eaply by ! skillful application ( wat] ?an by t ( any o!r f]tiliz] :atev]1 ,pla/] 7,gypsum7 possibly except$4 ,i took a run ?r\gh ,virg9ia la/ ,summ]1 n f> f ! #a/ ( ,augu/4 ,t ,/ate 0 !n suff]+ int5sely f dr\?1 z %e cont9u$ to d = "s weeks !reaft]4 ,i am q sure t ,i saw on h] ?ir/y pla9s & hillsides n less ?an ?ree hundr$ ?\s& acres plant$ ) ,indian ,corn1 :]e( ! av]age product c\ld n exce$ t5 bu%els p] acre1 :ile mo/ ( x w\ld fall f> bel[ t yield1 & !re 7 ?\s&s ( acres t w\ld n produce "o s\nd e>6 ,e "o deplor$ ! failure1 correctly attribut+ x to ! prevail+ dr\?4 ,& yet1 ,i pass$ hundr$s if n ?\s&s ( places :]e a v mod]ate outlay w\ld h suffic$ to dam a /ream or brooklet issu+ f betwe5 two spurs ( ! ,blue ,ridge1 or ! ,allegh5ies1 s t a refre%+ curr5t ( ! copi\s & f]tiliz+ floods ( ,w9t] & ,spr+1 w>m$ by ! f]vid suns ( ,june & ,july1 c\ld h be5 l$ ov] broad fields ly+ bel[1 s z to vanqui% dr\? & insure g5]\s h>ve/s4 ,nay2 ,i feel confid5t t ,i c\ld 9 _m places h con/ruct$ rude works 9 a week1 aft] t dr\? began to be felt1 t w\ld h sav$ & made ! ,corn on at lea/ a portion ( ! plant$ acres ?r\gh :i* ! n[ %runk5 brooks danc$ & laugh$ idly d[n to ! l>g] /reams 9 ! wid] & equally ?ir/y valleys4 ,( c\rse1 ,i "k t ?is w\ld h be5 imp]fect irrigation--a m]e /op-gap--t ! cold spr+-wat] ( a p>*$ ,summ] _c f]tilize z ! hill-wa% ( ,w9t] & ,spr+1 if ?riftily g>n]$ & w>m$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh = sultry weeks1 w\ld d2 yet ,i believe t v _m f>m]s might1 ev5 !n1 h secur$ p>tial crops by su* irrigation z 0 /ill possible1 _h !y1 ev5 at ! elev5? h\r1 done _! be/ to retrieve ! errors ( ! pa/4 ,= ! pres5t1 ,i w\ld only c\nsel e f>m] to give 8 l& a c>eful scrut9y ) a view to irrigation 9 ! future4 ,no "o is oblig$ to d any fa/] ?an 8 means w ju/ify2 & yet x may be well to h a cle> compreh5sion ( all t may ultimately be done to pr(it1 ev5 ?\gh mu* ( x mu/ long rema9 unattempt$4 ,9 _m cases1 a /ream may be damm$ = ! p[] :i* x w af=d = two or ?ree mon?s ( ea* ye>1 if x %all appe> t ?is use is q consi/5t ) its employm5t to irrigation1 :5 ! =m] alone w\ld n ju/ify ! requisite outlay4 ,x is by ?us mak+ "o exp5se subs]ve two q indep5d5t b n inconsi/5t purposes t success is atta9$ 9 o!r pursuits2 & s x may be 9 f>m+4 ,z yet1 ea* f>m] mu/ /udy 8 own res\rces ) int5t to make ! mo/ ( !m4 ,if a manageable /ream crosses or issues f 8 l&1 he mu/ measure its fall !reon1 /udy ! lay ( ! l&1 & det]m9e :e!r he c or _c1 at a tol]able co/1 make t /ream available 9 ! irrigation ( at lea/ a portion ( 8 gr[+ crops :5 !y %all ne$ wat] & ! skies decl9e to supply x4 ,on _m1 ,i ?9k on mo/1 f>ms situat$ among hills1 or ^u ! slopes ( m\nta9s1 some?+ may be done 9 ?is way--done at once1 & ) imm$iate pr(it4 ,b ?is is rudim5t>y1 p>tial1 fragm5t>y1 :5 comp>$ ) ! irrigation :i* yet %all be4 ,i am confid5t t !re are po9ts on ! ,c>son1 ! ,humboldt1 ! ,web]1 ! ,s\? ,platte1 ! ,ca*e-le-,p\dre1 & _m less not$ /reams :i* ?rid ! c5tral plateau ( our cont95t1 :]e an exp5diture ( #aj1jjj to #ej1jjj may be judici\sly made 9 a dam1 locks & canals1 = ! purposes ( irrigation & mill+ comb9$1 ) a moral c]ta9ty ( realiz+ fifty p] c5t4 annually on ! outlay1 ) a /eady increase 9 ! value ( ! prop]ty4 ,if my eye did n deceive me1 !re is "o po9t on ! ,c>son :]e a dam t ne$ n co/ #ej1jjj w\ld irrigate "o hundr$ squ>e miles ( ri* pla9 :i*1 :5 ,i saw x elev5 ye>s ago1 grew n\ght b ! wor?less %rubs ( ! des]t1 simply because no?+ else c\ld endure ! int5se1 abid+ dr\? ( ea* ,nevada ,summ]4 ,su* palpable invitations to ?rift _c rema9 =ev] unimprov$4 ,9 regions l ?is1 :]e ,summ] ra9s are ! rule r ?an ! exception1 ! ne$ ( irrigation is n s palpable1 s9ce we d or may secure dec5t av]age crops 9 its abs5ce4 ,yet !re is no f>m 9 our c\ntry t w\ld n yield consid]ably m gra9 & m grass1 m fruit & m vegetables1 if its own] _h wat] at comm& :i* he c\ld apply at pleasure & to any ext5t he %\ld deem requisite4 ,mo/ m51 ?us emp[]$1 w\ld at fir/ irrigate too (t5 & too copi\sly2 b exp]i5ce w\ld soon temp] _! zeal1 & tea* !m ,! preci\s art ( ,n too mu*2 & !y w\ld !nce=? be c>eful to give _! soil dr9k yet1 n dr[n x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:oev] lives beyond ! close ( ?is c5tury1 & %all !n trav]se our prairie ,/ates1 w see !m :it5$ at int]vals by ! broad sails ( w9dmills erect$ ov] wells1 :5ce e gale or breeze w be employ$ 9 pump+ wat] into ! ponds or res]voirs s locat$ t wat] may be drawn !refrom at w & diffus$ 9 g5tle /reamlets ov] ! surr\nd+ fields to invigorate & impel _! gr[+ crops4 ,&1 :5 all has be5 done t ?is pap] fa9tly =e%ad[s1 our p w h b>ely indicat$1 n by any means exhau/$1 ! b5efic5t possibilities ( irrigation4 ,! difficulty is 9 mak+ a beg9n+4 ,too _m f>m]s w\ld fa9 conceal a pov]ty ( ?\ght beh9d an affectation ( dislike or contempt = novelties4 ,humbug6 is _! /]eotyp$ comm5t on e sugge/ion t !y might wisely & pr(itably d some?+ o!rwise ?an z _! gr&fa!rs did4 ,!y assume t ^? respect$ ance/ors did v well )\t ,irrigation2 :]e=e1 x _c n[ be ess5tial4 ,b ! circum/ances h mat]ially *ang$4 ,! disappe>ance ( ! d5se1 high woods t =m]ly almo/ or q surr\nd$ ea* f>m has giv5 a sweep to ! heat$1 p>*+ w9ds ( ,summ]1 to :i* our ance/ors 7 /rang]s4 ,our spr+s1 our /reams1 d n hold out z !y once did4 ,our ,summ] dr\?s are long] & fi]c]4 ,ev5 ?\gh our gr&fa!rs did n1 we d ne$ & may pr(it by ,irrigation4 ,,xiv4 ,,pl[+--,,deep ,,or ,,%all[4 ,rules absolutely )\t exception are r>e2 & !y :o imag9e t ,i insi/ on pl[+ all l&s deeply are wrong = ,i hold t mu* l& %\ld nev] be pl[$ at all4 ,9 fact1 ,i h se5 9 my life ne>ly z l>ge an area t ought n z ,i h t ought to be pl[$1 by :i* ,i mean t half ! l& ,i h se5 may s]ve mank9d bett] if devot$ to timb] ?an if subject$ to tillage4 ,i p]sonally "k f>m]s :o w\ld ?rive f> bett] if !y till$ b half ! area !y d1 be/[+ on ?is all ! labor & f]tiliz]s !y spread ov] ! :ole1 ev5 ?\gh !y ?rew ! residue into common & left x !re4 ,i judge t a majority ( our f>m]s c\ld increase ! recomp5se ( _! toil by cultivat+ few] acres ?an !y n[ d4 ,nor d ,i d5y t !re are soils :i* x is n advisable to pl[ deeply4 ,pr(4 ,mapes told me he _h se5 a tract 9 ,we/ ,j]sey :]e( ! soil 0 b eight in*es deep1 re/+ on a /ratum ( copp]as 7sulphate ( iron17 :i*1 be+ upturn$ by ! pl[ & m+l$ ) ! soil1 poison$ ! crops plant$ !reon4 ,& ,i saw1 la/ ,summ]1 on ! int]vale ( ,new ,riv]1 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,old ,virg9ia1 _m acres ( ,corn :i* 7 ?rifty & luxuriant 9 spite ( %all[ pl[+ & int5se dr\?1 because ! ri*1 black loam :i* _h !re be5 deposit$ by semi-annual inundations1 until its dep? rang$ f two to tw5ty feet1 0 s invit+ & p]meable t ! corn-roots ran bel[ ! bottom ( ! furr[ ab\t z readily z above t l9e4 ,i d n d\bt t !re are _m millions ( acres ( su* l& t w\ld produce tol]ably1 & sometimes b\nte\sly1 ?\gh simply scrat*$ ov] by a bru% h>r[ & nev] pl[$ at all4 ,9 ! infancy ( our race1 :5 !re 7 few m\?s to fill & :5 f>m+ implem5ts 7 v rude & ineffective1 cultivation 0 all b conf9$ to ^! facile /rips & pat*es1 s t ! utility1 ! ne$1 ( deep tillage 0 n app>5t4 ,& yet1 we "k ! crops (t5 fail$ utt]ly 9 ^? days1 plung+ :ole nations into ! mis]ies ( fam9e4 ,! primitive pl[ 0 a =k$ /ick or tree-top1 :]e( "o prong =m$ ! c\lt]1 ! o!r & long] ! beam2 & he :o fir/ %>p5$ ! c\lt]-prong ) a /one hat*et 0 ! ,:itney or ,mc,cormick ( 8 day4 ,! pl[ 9 common use to-day 9 ,spa9 or ,turkey is an improvem5t on ?is1 = x has an iron po9t2 /ill1 x is a mis]able tool4 ,:51 at five ye>s old1 ,i fir/ rode ! horse :i* drew my fa!r's pl[ 9 furr[+ = or cultivat+ 8 corn1 x _h an iron c\lt] & an iron %>e2 b x 0 ma9ly compos$ ( wood4 ,9 ! h>d1 rocky soil ( ,new-,hamp%ire1 z full ( b[ld]s & pebbles z a ,*ri/mas pudd+ is ( plums1 pl[+ ) su* an implem5t 0 a sorry bus9ess at be/4 ,my fa!r hit*$ eight ox5 & a horse to 8 pl[ :5 he broke up pebbly gre5-sw>d1 & f\nd an acre ( x a v long day's "w4 ,i h>dly ne$ add t subsoil+ 0 out ( ! "q1 & t six in*es 0 ! av]age dep? ( 8 furr[4 ,i judge t ! be/ ,/eel ,pl[s n[ 9 use d twice ! execution t 8 did ) a l exp5diture ( p[]--t we c1 ) equal p[]1 pl[ twelve in*es z easily & rapidly z he pl[$ six4 ,ought we to d x8 ,w x pay8 ,i fir/ f>m$ = myself 9 #ahde on a plat ( eight acres1 9 :at 0 !n ! op5 c\ntry skirt+ ! ,ea/ ,riv] ne>ly abrea/ ! l[] po9t ( ,blackwell's ,isl&1 ne> ,fiftie?-/41 on a little ind5tation ( ! %ore kn[n z ,turtle ,bay4 ,none ( ! ,av5ues ea/ ( ,?ird 0 !n op5$ above ,?irtie?-/42 & ! neighborhood1 ?\gh n[ p]=at$ by /reets & cov]$ ) h\ses1 0 z rural & seclud$ z he>t c\ld wi%4 ,"o f9e ,spr+ morn+1 a neighbor call$ & (f]$ to pl[ = #e my acre ( tillage n cut up by r[s ( box & o!r %rubs2 & ,i told him to g ahead4 ,i came home next ev5+1 j z he 0 f9i%+ ! job1 :i* ,i contemplat$ mo/ ruefully4 ,8 pl[ 0 a pocket edition2 8 team a s+le horse2 8 furr[s at mo/ five in*es deep4 ,i paid him1 b told him pla9ly t ,i w\ld h pref]r$ to give ! money = no?+4 ,he insi/$ t he _h pl[$ = me z he pl[$ = o!rs all ar\nd me4 ,i w tell y1 ,i rejo9$1 exactly h[ ?is w "w4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,spr+ & e>ly ,summ]1 we %all h frequ5t ra9s & mod]ate heat3 ?us f>1 my crops w d well4 ,b !n w come hot weeks1 ) little or no ra92 & !y w dry up ?is %all[ soil & e ?+ plant$ !reon4 ,! result signally ju/ifi$ my pr$iction4 ,we _h frequ5t ra9s & cl\dy1 mild wea!r1 till ! #a/ ( ,july1 :5 ! cl\ds vani%$1 ! sun came out int5sely hot1 & we _h sc>cely a spr9kle till ! #a/ ( ,septemb]1 by :i* "t my ,corn & ,potatoes _h ab\t giv5 up ! gho/4 ,l ! se$ :i* fell on /ony gr\nd 9 ! ,p>able ( ! ,s[]1 t :i* ,i _h plant$ _h )]$ away because !re 0 no root2 & my prospect = a h>ve/ 0 utt]ly blight$1 :]e1 ) twelve in*es ( loose1 f]tile1 well pulv]iz$ e>? at _! roots1 my crops w\ld h be5 at lea/ respectable4 ,:5 ,i became once m a f>m] 9 a small way on my pres5t place1 ,i _h n =gott5 ! lesson1 & ,i tri$ to h pl[$ deeply & ?or\ghly s mu* l& z ,i _h pl[$ at all4 ,my fir/ ,summ] "h 7#ahec7 0 a v dry "o1 & crops fail$ 9 consequ5ce ar\nd me & all ov] ! c\ntry2 yet m9e 7 at lea/ fair2 & ,i 0 l>gely indebt$ = !m to relatively deep pl[+4 ,i h s9ce suff]$ f fro/ 7on my l[ l&71 f ! rott+ ( se$ 9 ! gr\nd1 f ! ravages ( insects1 etc42 b nev] by dr\?2 & ,i am entirely confid5t t ,deep ,pl[+ has done me excell5t s]vice4 ,my only tr\ble has be5 to get x done2 = !re are apt to be reasons8--7ha/e1 lat5ess 9 ! season1 etc47--= pl[+ %all[ly = j ?is "t1 ) full int5t to d h5ce=? bett]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i close ?is pap] ) a /atem5t made to me by an intellig5t ,briti% f>m] liv+ at ,maid/one1 s\? ( ,engl&4 ,he said3 ,a few ye>s ago !re came into my h&s a field ( twelve acres1 :i* _h be5 an or*>d2 b ! trees 7 hopelessly 9 _! dotage4 ,!y mu/ be cut d[n2 !n _! roots mu/ be grubb$ out2 s ,i resolv$ to make a clean job ( x1 & give ! field a ?or\gh tr5*+4 ,*oos+ a "t 9 ,autumn or e>ly ,w9t] :5 labor 0 abundant & *eap1 ,i _h x turn$ ov] ?ree spits 7#bg in*es7 deep2 ! l[e/ be+ m]ely rev]s$2 ! next rev]s$ & plac$ at ! top2 ! surface be+ rev]s$ & plac$ bel[ ! second4 ,! soil 0 /rong & deep1 z t ( an or*>d %\ld be2 ,i plant$ ! field to ,g>d5 ,peas1 & my fir/ pick+ 0 v abundant4 ,ab\t ! "t t peas usually beg9 to )] & die1 ! roots ( m9e /ruck ! ri* soil :i* _h be5 ! fir/ /ratum1 b 0 n[ ! second1 & at once ! /alks ev9c$ a new life--?rew out new blossoms1 :i* 7 foll[$ by pods2 & s kept on blossom+ & =m+ peas = weeks1 until ?is fir/ crop f> m ?an paid ! co/ ( tr5*+ & cultivation4 ,?us f> my ,engli% fri5d4 ,:o w ?is ye> try a pat* ( ,peas on a plat made ri* & mell[ = a dep? ( at lea/ two feet1 & frequ5tly moi/5$ 9 ,summ] by "s rude k9d ( irrigation8 ,! fi]c5ess ( our ,summ] suns1 :5 n c\nt]act$ by frequ5t %[]s1 %ort5s deplorably ! productiv5ess ( _m ,vegetables & ,b]ries4 ,our ,/rawb]ries be> well1 b too briefly2 our ,peas )] up & cease to blossom aft] !y h be5 two or ?ree weeks plump en\gh to pick4 ,our ,raspb]ries1 ,blackb]ries1 etc41 fruit well1 b are out ( be>+ too soon aft] !y beg9 to yield _! treasures4 ,i am confid5t t ?is ne$ n be4 ,) a deep1 ri* soil1 kept moi/5$ by a p]iodical fl[ ( wat]1 !re ne$ n & %\ld n be any su* ha/e to give ov] bloom+ & be>+4 ,! fruit is ,nature's atte/ation ( ! g5iality ( ! season1 ! ri*ness & abundance ( ! elem5ts inh]+ 9 ! soil or suppli$ to x by ! wat]4 ,d\ble ! supply ( ^!1 & /]ility %\ld be po/pon$ to a f> lat] day ?an t 9 :i* x is n[ inaugurat$4 ,,xv4 ,,pl[+--,,good ,,& ,,bad4 ,!re are s _m wrong ways to d a ?+ to b "o "r "o t !re is no reason 9 ! impati5ce too (t5 ev9c$ ) ^? :o contrive to swall[ ! tru? wrong end =emo/1 & !reupon insi/ t x won't d4 ,= in/ance3 ,a f>m] he>s some?+ said ( deep pl[+1 &1 )\t any cle> und]/&+ ( or firm fai? 9 x1 resolves to give x a trial4 ,s he buys a great pl[1 makes up a /rong team1 & proce$s to turn up a field hi!rto pl[$ b six in*es to a dep? ( a foot3 9 o!r words1 to bury its soil "u six in*es ( cold1 /]ile clay1 s&1 or gravel4 ,on ?is1 he plants or s[s gra91 & is lucky inde$ if he realizes half a crop4 ,h]eupon1 he reports to 8 neighbors t ,deep ,pl[+ is a humbug1 z he suspect$ all along2 b n[ he kn[s1 = he has tri$ x4 ,!re are sev]al o!r wrong ways1 :i* ,i w hurry ov]1 9 ord] to set =? t :i* ,i reg>d z ! "r "o4 ,"h is a middl+ f>m] ( ! old s*ool1 :o walks c>efully 9 ! foot/eps ( 8 respect$ gr&fa!r1 b ) inf]ior success1 because sixty annual h>ve/s1 ?\gh n p>ticul>ly luxuriant1 h p>tially exhau/$ ! productive capacity ( ! acres he inh]it$4 ,he n[ g>n]s f fifte5 to ?irty bu%els p] acre ( ,corn1 f t5 to tw5ty ( ,:eat1 f fifte5 to tw5ty ( ,rye1 f tw5ty to ?irty ( ,oats1 & f a tun to a tun & a half ( ,hay1 z ! season proves m or less propiti\s1 & j contrives to draw f 8 sixty to "o hundr$ acres a dec5t subsi/5ce = 8 family2 pl[+1 z 8 fa!r & gr&fa!r did1 to a dep? ( five to sev5 in*es3 ,:at c ,deep ,pl[+ d = him8 ,i answ]--,by itself1 no?+ :atev]4 ,if 9 e o!r respect he is to p]si/ 9 do+ j z 8 fa!r & 8 gr&fa!r did1 ,i d\bt ! exp$i5cy ( d\bl+ ! dep? ( 8 furr[s4 ,true1 ! wor/ effects ( ! *ange w\ld be realiz$ at ! outset1 & ,i feel confid5t t 8 six in*es ( subsoil1 hav+ be5 made to *ange places ) t :i* =m]ly re/$ ^u x1 mu/ gradually be wr\ght ^u by air1 & ra91 & fro/1 until conv]t$ into a tol]ably productive soil1 ?r\gh :i* ! roots ( mo/ plants w\ld easily & spe$ily make _! way d[n to ! ri*] /ratum :i*1 orig9ally surface1 has be5 transpos$ into subsoil4 ,b ?is ex*ange ( positions betwe5 ! orig9al surface & subsoil is n :at ,i mean by ,deep ,pl[+1 nor any?+ l x4 ,:at ,i d mean is ?is3 ,hav+ ?or\ghly und]dra9$ a field1 s t wat] w n /& ^u any "p ( its surface1 no matt] h[ mu* may !re be deposit$1 ! next /ep 9 ord] is to increase ! dep? ( ! soil4 ,to ?is end1 procure a regul> sub-soil pl[ ( ! mo/ approv$ patt]n1 atta* to x a /rong team1 & let x foll[ ! break+-pl[ 9 its furr[1 lift+ & pulv]iz+ ! sub-soil to a dep? ( n less ?an six in*es1 b leav+ x 9 position exactly :]e x 04 ,! surface-pl[ turns ! next furr[ ^u ?is loos5$ sub-soil1 & s on till ! :ole field is ?us pulv]iz$ to a dep? ( n less ?an twelve in*es1 or1 bett] /ill1 fifte54 ,n[1 please rememb] t y h twice z mu* soil p] acre to f]tilize z !re 0 be=e2 h5ce1 t x consequ5tly requires twice z mu* manure1 & y w h laid a good f\ndation = increas$ crops4 ,i d n say t all ! additional outlay w be return$ to y 9 ! increase ( y\r next crop1 = ,i d n believe any?+ ( ! sort2 b ,i d believe t ?is crop w be consid]ably l>g] = ?is g5]\s treatm5t1 especially if ! season prove rem>kably dry or uncommonly wet2 & t y w h insur$ bett] crops 9 ! ye>s to come1 includ+ heavi] grass1 aft] t field %all once m be laid d[n2 & t1 9 case ( ! plant+ ( t field to fruit or o!r trees1 !y w gr[ fa/]1 resi/ disease bett]1 & ?rive long]1 ?an if ! soil 7 /ill pl[$ z ( old4 7,i %all insi/ h]eaft] on ! advantage & importance ( subsoil+ or*>ds47 ,take ano!r aspect--t ( subsoil+ hill-sides to prev5t _! abrasion by wat]3 ,i h two bits ( w>m1 gravelly hill-side1 :i* b\ntifully yield ,corn1 ,:eat & ,oats1 b :i* are addict$ to wa%+4 ,i presume "o ( ^! bits1 at ! s\?-ea/ corn] ( my f>m1 has be5 pl[$ & plant$ n less ?an "o hundr$ times1 & t at lea/ half ! f]tiliz]s appli$ to x h be5 wa%$ into ! brook1 & h5ce into ! ,hudson4 ,to say t #a1jjj h ?us be5 squ&]$ on t pat* ( gr\nd1 w\ld be to keep f> )9 ! tru?4 ,&1 along ) ! f]tiliz]s1 a l>ge portion ( ! f9] & bett] elem5ts ( ! orig9al soil h ?us be5 swept into ! brook1 & s lavi%$ ^u ! wat]s ( our bay4 ,b1 s9ce ,i _h ^? lots ?or\ghly subsoil$1 all ! wat] t falls ^u !m :5 9 tillage s9ks into ! soil1 & rema9s !re until dra9$ away by filtration or evaporation2 & ,i nev] saw a p>ticle ( soil wa%$ f ei!r save once1 :5 a ?aw ( "o or two in*es on ! surface1 leav+ ! gr\nd solidly froz5 b5ea?1 be+ quickly foll[$ by a p\r+ ra91 wa%$ away a few bu%els ( ! loos5$ & sodd5 surface1 prov+ t ! law by virtue ( :i* ^! fields 7 =m]ly d5ud$ :ile 9 cultivation is /ill active1 & t ,deep ,pl[+ is an effective & all b unfail+ antidote = ! evil x t5ds to incite4 ,we pl[ too _m acres annually1 & d n pl[ !m s ?or\ghly z we ought4 ,9 ! good "t com+1 :5 ,/eam %all h be5 s h>ness$ to a gang ( six to twelve pl[s t1 ) "o man guid+ & fir+1 x w move z fa/ z a man ought to walk1 /eam+ on & ?or\ghly pulv]iz+ f twelve to tw5ty-five acres p] day1 ,i believe we %all pl[ at lea/ two feet deep1 & pl[ n less ?an twice be=e putt+ 9 any crop :atev]4 ,!n we may lay d[n a field 9 ! confid5t tru/ t x w yield f two & a half to ?ree tuns ( good hay p] annum = ! next t5 or twelve ye>s2 :ile1 by ! help ( irrigation & occasional top-dress+1 x may be made to av]age at lea/ ?ree tuns = a life-"t1 if n =ev]4 ,:5 my ,grass-l& requires break+ up--z x sometimes does--,i und]/& t x 0 n prop]ly laid d[n1 or has n be5 well treat$ s9ce4 ,a good graz+ f>m] once insi/$ 9 my he>+ t grass-l& %\ld nev] be pl[$--t ! vegetable mold =m+ ! surface1 :5 ! timb] 0 fir/ cut (f2 %\ld rema9 on ! surface =ev]4 ,consid]+ h[ unev5 ! /umps & roots & cradle-knolls ( a primitive =e/ are apt to leave ! gr\nd1 ,i judge t ?is is an extreme /atem5t4 ,b l& once ?or\ghly pl[$ & subsoil$ ought !reaft] to be kept 9 grass by lib]al applications ( ,gypsum1 well-cur$ ,muck1 & b>n-y>d ,manure to its surface1 )\t ne$+ to be pl[$ aga9 & rese$$4 ,put back 9 ,manure :at is tak5 ( 9 ,hay1 & ! ,grass %\ld hold its own4 ,,xvi4 ,,?or\gh ,,tillage4 ,my little1 hilly1 rocky f>m tea*es lessons ( ?or\ghness :i* ,i w\ld gladly imp>t to ! boys ( to-day :o are de/9$ to be ! f>m]s ( ! la/ qu>t] ( ?is c5tury4 ,i am sure !y w f9d pr(it 9 f>m+ bett] ?an _! gr&fa!rs did1 & especially 9 putt+ _! l& into ! be/ possible condition = effective tillage4 ,!re 7 /ones 9 my fields v>y+ 9 size f t ( a brass kettle up to t ( a hay-cock--"s ( !m rais+ _! heads above ! surface1 o!rs burr[+ j bel[ x--:i* _h be5 pl[$ ar\nd & ov] p]haps a hundr$ times1 till ,i w5t at !m ) team & b>1 or 7:]e necess>y7 ) drill & bla/1 turn$ or blew !m out1 & haul$ !m away1 s t !y w int]f]e ) cultivation nev]more4 ,i insi/ t ?is is a pr(itable op]ation--t a field :i* w n pay = su* cle>+ %\ld be plant$ ) trees & ?r[n out ( cultivation conclusively4 ,dodg+ & skulk+ f rock to rock is h>d ^u team1 pl[1 & pl[man2 & x c r>ely pay4 ,l& ribb$ & spott$ ) fa/ rocks w pay if judici\sly plant$ ) ,timb]--possibly if well set 9 ,fruit--b till+ x f ye> to ye> is a ?ankless task2 & its own] may bett] "w by ! day = 8 neighbors ?an try to make 8 bread by su* tillage4 ,s ) fields soak$ by spr+s or sodd5 ) /agnant wat]4 ,if y say y _c af=d to dra9 y\r wet l&1 ,i respond t y c /ill less af=d to till x )\t dra9+4 ,if y really _c af=d to fit x = cultivation1 y\r next be/ c\rse is to let x sev]ely alone4 ,a poor man :o has a r\gh1 rugg$1 /]ile f>m1 :i* he is unable to br+ to its be/ possible condition at once1 yet :i* he cl+s to & mu/ live f1 %\ld resolve t1 if life & heal? be sp>$ him1 he w reclaim "o field ea* ye> until all t is n devot$ to timb] %all h be5 br\ght into high condition4 ,:5 8 ,summ] h>ve/ is ov]1 & 8 ,fall crops h receiv$ _! la/ cultivation1 !re w g5]ally be f "o to two ,autumn mon?s :i* he c devote ma9ly to ?is "w4 ,let him take hold ( x ) resolute purpose to improve e available h\r1 n by runn+ ov] ! l>ge/ possible area1 b by deal+ ) "o field s ?or\ghly t x w ne$ no m dur+ a long life-"t4 ,if x has /one t ! pl[ w rea*1 dig !m out2 if x ne$s dra9+1 dra9 x s ?or\ghly t x may h]eaft] be pl[$ 9 ,spr+ s soon z ! fro/ leaves x2 & n[ let soil & subsoil be s loos5$ & pulv]iz$ t roots may freely p5etrate !m to a dep? ( fifte5 to tw5ty in*es1 f9d+ n\ri%m5t all ! way1 ) incitem5t to g fur!r if ev] fail+ moi/ure %all r5d] ?is necess>y4 ,dr\? habitually %ort5s our ,fall crops f t5 to fifty p] c5t42 x is sure to injure u m gravely z our =e/s are swept away by ax & fire2 &1 :ile mu* may be done to mitigate its ravages by enri*+ ! soil s z to give y\r crops an e>ly />t1 & a rank1 luxuriant gr[?1 ! f>m]'s *ief reliance mu/ /ill be a dep? ( soil adequate to )/& weeks ( ! fi]ce/ sun%9e4 ,i h consid]$ :at is urg$ z to ! *oice ( roots to run j b5ea? ! surface1 & x does n signify4 ,roots seek at once heat & moi/ure2 if ! moi/ure awaits !m close to ! surface1 ( c\rse !y ma9ly run !re1 because ! heat is !re greate/4 ,if moi/ure fails !re1 !y mu/ desc5d to seek x1 ev5 at ! co/ ( f9d+ ! heat inadequate--?\gh heat increases & desc5ds "u ! f]vid suns :i* rob ! surface ( moi/ure4 ,make ! soil ri* & mell[ ev] s f> d[n1 & y ne$ n fe> t ! roots w desc5d an in* l[] ?an !y %\ld4 ,!y und]/& _! bus9ess2 x is y\r sagacity t may possibly prove defici5t4 ,i suspect t ! av]age f>m] does f> too little pl[+--by :i* ,i mean1 n t he pl[s too few acres1 = he (t5 pl[s too _m1 b t he %\ld pl[ (t5] z well z deep] & m ?or\ghly4 ,i sp5t ?ree or f\r ( my boyi% ,summ]s plant+ & till+ ,corn & ,potatoes on fields brok5 up j be=e !y 7 plant$1 nev] cross-pl[$1 & ( c\rse t\gh & intractable ?r\gh\t ! season4 ,! yield ( ,corn 0 middl+1 consid]+ ! season2 t ( ,potatoes m ?an middl+2 yet1 if ^? fields _h be5 well pl[$ 9 ! previ\s ,autumn1 cross-pl[$ e>ly 9 ! ,spr+2 & ?or\ghly h>r[$ j be=e plant+-"t1 ,i am confid5t t ! yield w\ld h be5 f> great]1 & ! labor 7save 9 h>ve/+7 r less--! co/ ( ! ,fall pl[+ be+ ov]-balanc$ by ! sav+ ( half ! "t necess>ily giv5 to ! plant+ & hoe+4 ,fall ,pl[+ has ?is recomm5dation--x light5s labor at ! busi] season1 by transf]r+ x to "o ( comp>ative dullness4 ,i may h said t ,i consid] him a good f>m] :o kn[s h[ to make a ra9y day equally effective ) "o t is dry & fair2 &1 9 ! same _s1 ,i c\nt him my ma/] 9 ?is art :o c make a day's "w 9 ,autumn or ,w9t] save a day's "w 9 ,spr+ or ,summ]4 ,%[ me a f>m] :o has no l& pl[$ :5 ,may op5s1 & is j wak+ up to a consci\sness t 8 f5ces ne$ m5d+ & 8 trees want trimm+1 & ,i w guess t ! %]iff w be aft] him be=e ,may comes r\nd aga94 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is no sup]/ition 9 ! belief t l& is 7or may be7 enri*$ by ,fall ,pl[+4 ,! ,autumn gales are freight$ ) ! m volatile elem5ts ( decay+ vegetation4 ,^!1 tak5 up :]ev] !y are giv5 ( 9 excess1 are waft$ to & deposit$ 9 ! soils be/ fitt$ = _! reception4 ,reg>d$ simply z a me?od ( f]tiliz+1 ,i d n say t ,fall ,pl[+ is ! *eape/2 ,i d say t any poor field1 if well pl[$ 9 ! ,fall1 w be 9 bett] he>t ! next ,spr+1 = :at w9d & ra9 w meantime h deposit$ !reon4 ,fro/1 too1 9 any region :]e ! gr\nd freezes1 & especially :]e x freezes & ?aws repeat$ly1 plays an important & b5eficial "p 9 a]at+ & pulv]iz+ a fre%ly pl[$ soil1 especially "o ?r[n up into ridges1 s z to be mo/ ?or\ghly expos$ to ! action ( ! m volatile elem5ts4 ,! f>m] :o has a good team may pr(itably keep ! pl[ runn+ 9 ,autumn until e rood t he means to till next season has be5 ?or\ghly pulv]iz$4 ,9 ?is section1 our m9ute *equ]-"w ( f5ces op]ates to ob/ruct & imp$e ,pl[+4 ,our pr$ecessors wi%$ to cle> _! fields1 at lea/ sup]ficially1 ( ! loose1 tr\blesome b[ld]s ( granite :]e) !y 7 s ?ickly s[n2 !y mi/ak5ly fanci$ t !y c\ld light5 _! own toil by s5d+ _! cattle to graze1 br[se1 & gnaw1 :]ev] a crop 0 n actually on ! gr\nd2 s !y f5c$ _! f>ms into pat*es ( two or t5 acres1 & ?\ght !y _h !reby increas$ _! value6 ,t 0 a sad miscalculation4 ,we$s1 bri>s & bu%es 7 %elt]$1 & n\ri%$ by ^! walls2 weasels1 rats & o!r de/ructive animals1 f\nd protection & impunity !re92 a wide belt on ei!r side 0 made useless or worse2 :ile ,pl[+ 0 r5d]$ labori\s1 difficult1 & ineffici5t1 by ! necessity ( turn+ aft] e few hundr$ /eps4 ,we are gr[+ sl[ly wis]1 & bury+ a "p ( ^! walls1 or build+ !m into concrete b>ns or o!r useful /ructures2 b !y are /ill f> too pl5tiful1 & ne$ to be dealt ) m /]nly4 ,o squatt] on a wide prairie1 on ! bleak ,pla9s1 or 9 a broad ,pacific valley1 :]e wood mu/ be haul$ = miles & loose /one are r>ely visible1 ?ank ,god = ! b5ignant disp5sation :i* has preclud$ y f half spoil+ y\r f>m by a multiplicity ( ob/ruct+1 de=m+1 f5ces1 & s left its soil free & op5 to be ev]y:]e p]vad$1 loos5$1 p]meat$1 by ! r5ovat+ ,pl[6 ,,xvii4 ,,comm]cial ,,f]tiliz]s--,,gypsum4 ,prices v>y s widely 9 diff]5t localities t no f]tiliz] c be pron\nc$ ev]y:]e *eape/ or be/ wor? buy+2 & yet ,i d\bt t !re is a rood ( our c\ntry's surface 9 fit condition to be cultivat$ to :i* ,gypsum 7,pla/] ( ,p>is7 might n be appli$ ) pr(it4 ,:]e x co/s #aj or ov] p] tun1 ,i w\ld apply x sp>+ly--say1 "o bu%el p] acre--:ile ,i judge ?ree bu%els p] acre none too mu* 9 regions :]e x may be b\ght mu* *eap]4 ,ev5 ! poor man :o has b "o c[1 %\ld buy a b>rel ( x1 & du/ 8 /able !re) aft] clean+ x ea* day4 ,he :o has a /ock ( cattle %\ld nev] be )\t x1 & %\ld freely use x1 alike 9 /able & y>d1 to keep d[n ! noisome odors1 & ?us reta9 ! volatile elem5ts ( ! manure4 ,e mead[1 e pa/ure1 %\ld be s[n ) x at lea/ tri5nially2 :]e x is abundant & *eap1 z 9 ,c5tral ,new-,york1 ,i w\ld apply x ea* ye>1 unless c>eful obs]vation %\ld satisfy me t x no long] subs]v$ a good purpose4 ,z to ! "t ( application1 :ile ,i judge any season w d1 my pres5t impression is t x w d mo/ good if appli$ :5 ! ,summ] is hotte/ & ! gr\nd drie/4 ,if1 = in/ance1 y close y\r hay+ 9 mid-,summ]1 hav+ be5 hurri$ by ! rapid rip5+ ( ! grass1 & f9d y\r mead[s bak$ & crack$ by ! int5se heat1 ,i reckon t y may proce$ to du/ ^? mead[s ) ,gypsum ) a moral c]ta9ty t none ( x w be wa/$4 ,s if y\r ,corn & o!r ,fall crops are suff]+ f & likely to be /unt$ by dr\?1 ,i advise ! application ( ,gypsum broadca/1 z ev5ly z may be & z b\nte\sly z its price & y\r means w all[4 ,i d n believe x s well to apply x specially to ! gr[+ /alks1 a spoon-full or s p] hill2 & ,i d\bt t x is ev] judici\s to plant x 9 ! hill ) ! se$4 ,! readie/ & quicke/ mode ( application is also1 ,i believe1 ! be/4 ,h[ ,gypsum impels & invigorates vegetable gr[?1 ,i d n pret5d to "k2 b t x does s 0 demon/rat$ by ,nature long be=e ,man took ! h9t t %e freely gave4 ,! city ( ,p>is & a consid]able adjac5t di/rict re/ on a b$ ( ,gypsum1 rang+ f five to tw5ty feet bel[ ! surface1 & consid]ably decompos$ 9 its upp] portion by ! action ( wat]4 ,?is region produces ,:eat mo/ luxuriantly1 & ,i presume has done s f "t immemorial4 ,at l5g? x crawl$ ?r\gh ! hair ( ! till]s ( ?is soil t ! sub/ance :i* did s mu* good =tuit\sly1 & 7z x 77 because x c\ld n d o!rwise1 might d /ill m if appli$ to ! soil1 ) delib]ate int5t to te/ its value z a f]tiliz]4 ,! result we all und]/&4 ,gypsum is a *emical comp\nd ( ,sulphur & ,lime--s mu* is agre$2 & ! !ory ( *emi/s has be5 t2 z ! w9ds pass ov] a surface s[n ) x1 ! ,ammonia :i* has be5 exhal$ by a ?\s& b>n-y>ds1 bogs1 c41 hav+ a /rong] aff9ity = ,sulphur ?an ,lime has1 dissolves ! ,gypsum1 comb9es ) ! ,sulphur1 =m+ a ,sulphate ( ,ammonia1 & leaves ! ,lime to get on z x may4 ,i accept ?is !ory1 hav+ no reason to di/ru/ x2 &1 kn[+ t ,sulphate ( ,ammonia is a p[]ful /imulant ( vegetable gr[? 7z any "o may be assur$ by buy+ a little ( x f "s druggi/ & mak+ ! necess>y application71 ,i c readily see h[ ! desir$ result might 9 ?is way be produc$4 ,= our purpose1 h[ev]1 let x suffice t x is produc$1 ( :i* almo/ any "o may be conv9c$ by s[+ ) ,gypsum & pass+ by alt]nate /rips or belts ( ! same clov] field4 ,i suspect t n _m f]tiliz]s repay _! co/ out ( ! fir/ crop2 b ,i acc\nt ,gypsum "o ( !m2 & ,i submit t no f>m] c af=d n to try x4 ,t its good effect is dim9i%$ by _m & frequ5t applications1 is highly probable2 b !re is no hill or slope to :i* ,gypsum has nev] yet be5 appli$ :i* ought n to make its acqua9tance ?is v ye>4 ,i am confid5t t !re are pa/ures :i* might be made to increase _! yield ( ,grass "o-?ird by a mod]ate dress+ ( x4 ,i h he>d ,&rew ,b4 ,dick9son1 late ( ,/eub5 ,c\nty1 & "o ( ! be/ unsci5tific1 unle>n$ f>m]s ev] produc$ by our ,/ate1 ma9ta9 t he c n only enri* 8 own f>m b impov]i% 8 neighbors' by ! free use ( ,gypsum on 8 woodless hills4 ,! *emi/'s explanation ( ?is effect is above indicat$4 ,! pla/]$ l& attracts & absorbs n only its own fair proportion ( ! breeze-borne ,ammonia1 b mu* t1 if ! equilibrium _h n be5 di/urb$ by su* application1 w\ld h be5 deposit$ on ! adjac5t hills4 ,z ,mr4 ,d4 makes n ! smalle/ pret5sions to sci5ce1 ! co9cid5ce betwe5 8 dictum & ! *emi/'s !ory is notewor?y4 ,n[ t our c\ntry is completely gridiron$ ) ,canals & ,railroads1 br++ :atev] has a m]cantile value v ne> e "o's door1 ,i sugge/ t no t[n%ip %\ld g )\t ,gypsum4 ,five doll>s w buy at lea/ two b>rels ( x almo/ any:]e2 & two b>rels may be s[n ov] five or six acres4 ,let x be s[n s t its effect 7or non-effect7 may be palpable2 give x a fair1 c>eful trial1 & await ! result4 ,if x seem to subs]ve no good purpose1 be n too swift to ent] up judgm5t2 b buy two b>rels m1 v>y y\r "t & me?od ( application1 & try aga94 ,if ! result be /ill null1 let x be giv5 up t ,gypsum is n ! f]tiliz] ne$$ j !re--t "s ill-und]/ood peculi>ity ( soil or climate r5d]s x !re ineffective4 ,!n let its use be !re ab&on$2 b x w /ill rema9 true t1 9 _m localities & 9 c\ntless in/ances1 ,gypsum has be5 fully prov$ "o ( ! be/ & *eape/ comm]cial f]tiliz]s kn[n to mank9d4 ,i nev] tri$1 b on ! /r5g? ( o!rs' te/imony believe 9 ! improvem5t ( soils by means ( calc9$ clay or e>?4 ,mr4 ,&rew ,b4 ,dick9son %[$ me :]e he _h1 dur+ a dry ,autumn pl[$ up ! road-sides ?r\gh 8 f>m1 />t$ fires ) a few roots or /icks1 & !n pil$ on sods ( ! upturn$ clay & grass-roots till ! fire 0 ne>ly smo!r$1 :5 ea* heap smok$ & sm\ld]$ l a little coal-pit till all ( x t 0 combu/ible 0 r$uc$ to a%es1 :5 a%es & burn$ clay 7 %ovel$ into a c>t & /rewn ov] 8 fields1 to ! decid$ improvem5t ( _! crops4 ,:oev] has a clay sod to pl[ up1 & is defici5t 9 manure1 may repeat ?is exp]im5t ) a moral c]ta9ty ( lib]al returns4 ,,xviii4 ,,alkalis 444 ,,salt--,,a%es--,,lime4 ,i d n "k a rood ( our c\ntry's surface s ri* 9 all ! mat]ials :i* ent] into ! production ( ! ,gra9s1 ,grasses1 ,fruits1 & ,vegetables1 :i* are ! objects & rew>ds ( cultivation1 t x c\ld n be improv$ by ! application ( f]tiliz]s2 if !re be su*1 ,i he>tily congratulate ! own]s1 & advise !m n to sell4 ,nor d ,i believe t !re are _m acres s f]tile t !y w\ld n produce m ,indian ,corn1 m ,hemp1 m ,cotton1 & m ( :atev] may be _! appropriate /aple1 if judici\sly f]tiliz$4 ,if !re be f>ms or fields orig9ally s good t manure w\ld n increase _! yield1 ,i am confid5t t ! fir/ half-doz5 crops w h tak5 t conceit out ( !m4 ,prairies & riv]-bottoms may yield ev] s b\nte\sly2 b t v luxuriance ( gr[? insures _! gradual exhau/ion ( c]ta9 elem5ts ( crops1 :i* mu/ ne$s be replac$ or _! product w dw9dle4 ,:oev] has sold a ?\s& bu%els ( gra91 or its equival5t 9 meat1 f 8 f>m1 has !reby impov]i%$ t f>m1 unless he has appli$ some?+ t balances its loss4 ,i p]ceive t virtue has gone out ( me1 obs]v$ ! ,savi\r1 because ! hem ( 8 g>m5t _h be5 t\*$2 & e field t _h be5 cropp$ might make a simil> report :5ev] its annual loss by ab/raction has n be5 balanc$ by "s k9d ( f]tiliz]4 ,! f>m] :o gr[s ! l>ge/ crops is ! mo/ m]ciless exhau/] ( ! soil1 unless he balances 8 annual drafts 7z good f>m]s r>ely fail to d7 by at lea/ equal re5=cem5ts ( ! productive capacity ( 8 fields4 ,! good f>m] beg9s by inquir+1 ,:]e9 0 my soil orig9ally defici5t8 & ( :at has x be5 exhau/$ by subsequ5t crops8 ,i judge t my gravelly hill-sides w\ld rew>d ! application ( two hundr$ loads 7or tuns7 ( pure clay p] acre1 z ,i ?9k ! clay flats :i* bord] ,lake ,*ampla9 w\ld pay = a l application ( s& or f9e gravel :]e t mat]ial is f\nd 9 conv5i5t proximity2 & yet1 ,i "k v well t1 on at lea/ ?ree-f\r?s ( our c\ntry's area1 su* application w\ld co/ f> m ?an x w\ld be wor?4 ,e f>m] mu/ act on 8 k ( 8 soil & its peculi> ne$s1 & n bl9dly foll[ ! dictum ( ano!r4 ,yet ,i "k few f>ms :i*1 7 !y m9e1 ,i w\ld n consid] enhanc$ 9 value by a vigor\s application ( "s alkal9e sub/ance--,lime1 ,salt1 ,a%es1 or "s ( ! *eap] ,nitrates4 ,i %\ld be v glad to apply "o ?\s& bu%els ( good h\se-made1 h>d-wood ,a%es to my tw5ty acres ( arable upl&1 if ,i c\ld buy !m1 deliv]$1 at tw5ty five c5ts p] bu%el2 b !y are n to be _h4 ,i d\bt t !re are a hundr$ acres ( w>m1 dry1 gravelly or s&y soil ea/ ( ! ,alleghanies t w\ld n amply rew>d a simil> application4 ,b ,a%es 9 quantity are unatta9able1 s9ce no good f>m] sells !m1 & ,coal is ! *ief fuel ( cities & villages4 ,! ,m>ls ( ,new-,j]sey ,i judge fully equal 9 av]age value to ,a%es :i* h be5 ne>ly depriv$ ( _! pota% by lea*+1 b n q half equal1 bu%el = bu%el1 to unlea*$ ,a%es4 ,i judge t av]age ,m>l is wor? #aj c5ts p] bu%el :]e ,a%es may be _h = #be4 ,b ,m>l is f\nd only 9 a few localities1 & a mat]ial wor? b #aj c5ts p] bu%el w n be> transportation beyond #dj miles by wagon or #bjj by wat]4 ,salt is only f\nd or made at a few po9ts1 & is too de> = g5]al use z a f]tiliz]4 ,:]e ! refuse product ( ,salt-,works c be *eaply b\ght1 good f>m]s w eag]ly compete = x1 if _! l&s at all resemble m9e4 ,i judge ! tun ( ,pota% ,i ord]$ fifte5 ye>s ago f ,syracuse1 pay+ #ej & transportation1 0 ! *eape/ f]tiliz] ,i ev] b\ght4 ,x 0 s impregnat$ ) ,salt 7f ! boil+ ov] ( ! salt-kettles into ! a%es7 z to be wor?less = o!r ?an agricultural purposes2 b ,i mix$ x ) a l>ge pile ( ,muck t ,i _h rec5tly dug1 &1 six or eight mon?s !reaft]1 appli$ ! product to a v poor1 gravelly hill-side :i* ,i _h j brok5 up2 & ! imm$iate result 0 a noble crop ( ,corn4 ,t hill-side has n yet =gott5 ! application4 --,if ,i %\ld try to expla9 j h[ & :y ,lime is a f]tiliz]1 ,i %\ld probably fail2 & ,i am well assur$ t lim+ has 9 "s cases be5 ov]done2 yet ,i ?9k mo/ obs]v]s w concur 9 my /atem5t t any region :i* has be5 lim$ ye> aft] ye> produces crops ( noticeable excell5ce4 ,i cite z examples ,*e/] & ,lanca/] ,c\nties1 ,p5nsylvania1 ) ,/>k & adjac5t c\nties ( ,ohio4 ,possibly1 results equally gratify+ might be secur$ by apply+ "s o!r sub/ance2 ,i only "k t frequ5tly lim$ l&s are g5]ally good l&s1 z _! crops d te/ify4 ,i he>tily wi% t ! flat clay int]vales ( ,we/]n ,v]mont c\ld h a fair trial ( ! virtues ( lim+4 ,i %\ld expect to see !m !reby r5d]$ friable & arable2 no long] *ang+ spe$ily f ! semblance ( t> to t ( brick1 b readily pl[$ & till$1 & yield+ lib]ally ( ,gra9 z well z ,grass4 ,i am confid5t t mo/ f>ms 9 our c\ntry w pay = lim+ to ! ext5t ( fifty bu%els p] acre :]e ! co/ ( quick-lime does n exce$ t5 c5ts p] bu%el2 & mo/ f>m]s1 by tak+1 hot f ! kiln1 ! refuse lime t is deem$ unfit = build+ purposes1 c obta9 x *eap] ?an t4 ,i wi% "s f>m] :o gives con/ant p]sonal att5tion to 8 "w--z ,i _c--w\ld make "s c>eful te/s ( ! practical value ( alkalis4 ,= in/ance3 ! abundance & t5acity ( our common sorrel is suppos$ to indicate an acid condition ( ! soil2 & all :o h tri$ x "k t sorrel is h>d to kill by cultivation4 ,i sugge/ t :oev] is tr\bl$ ) x %\ld cov] two squ>e rods ) "o bu%el ( quick-lime j aft] pl[+ & h>r[+ ?is ,spr+2 !n apply ano!r bu%el to f\r squ>e rods adjac5t2 !n make simil> applications ( a%es to two & f\r squ>e rods respectively1 tak+ c>eful note ( ! b\nd>ies ( ea* pat*1 & leav+ ! re/ ( ! field de/itute ( ei!r application4 ,i w n anticipate ! result3 m ?an "o ye> may be requir$ to evolve x2 b ,i am confid5t t a few su* exp]im5ts w\ld supply data :]e( ,i am 9 ne$2 & !re are d\btless o!rs ^: ignorance is ne>ly equal to m9e4 ,_m h appli$ ,lime to _! fields )\t realiz+ any advantage !refrom4 ,9 "s cases1 !re 0 already a suffici5cy ( ?is +r$i5t 9 ! soil1 & ! application ( m 0 "o ( ^? _m wa/eful blund]s induc$ by our ignorance ( ,*emi/ry4 ,b mu* ,lime is naturally adult]at$ ) o!r m9]als1 especially ) ,manganese1 s t its application to mo/ if n to all soils subs]ves no good end4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( exact1 sci5tific k1 ,i w\ld buy fifty bu%els ( quick-lime1 apply !m to "o acre runn+ ?r\gh a field1 & wat* ! effect4 ,if x doesn't pay1 y h a bad article1 or y\r soil is n defici5t 9 ,lime4 ,,xix4 ,,soils ,,& ,,f]tiliz]s4 ,a f>m] is a manufactur] ( articles :]efrom mank9d are f$ & clad2 8 raw mat]ials are ! soil & ! v>i\s sub/ances he m+les !re) or adds !reto 9 ord] to increase its productive capacity4 ,8 art consi/s 9 trans=m+ by cultivation crude1 comp>atively wor?less1 & ev5 noxi\s1 (f5sive mat]ials into sub/ances grateful to ! s5ses1 n\ri%+ to ! body1 & sometimes invigorat+1 ev5 /r5g!n+1 to ! m9d4 ,i h he>d ( l&s t 7 naturally ri* en\gh2 ,i nev] 0 s lucky or p]*ance s disc]n+ z to f9d !m4 ,yet ,i h se5 ,ill9ois bottoms :]e( ,i 0 assur$ t ! soil 0 fully sixte5 feet deep1 & a ri*1 black alluvium f top to bottom2 & ,i d n "q ! /atem5ts made to me f p]sonal obs]vation t portions ( ! /rongly alkal9e pla9 or swale on :i* ,salt ,lake ,city is built1 be+ = ! fir/ "t pl[$1 irrigat$1 & s[n to ,:eat1 yield$ n9ety bu%els ( good gra9 p] acre4 ,i nev] saw1 yet on evid5ce believe1 t pione] settl]s ( ! ,miami ,valley1 wi%+1 "s ye>s aft] settl+ !re1 to sell _! f>ms1 adv]tis$ !m z peculi>ly desirable 9 t ! b>ns /ood ov] a creek or bran*1 :i* swept away ! manure ea* ,w9t] or ,spr+ )\t tr\ble to ! own]2 & ,i h myself gr[n bo? ,:eat & ,oats t 7 v rank & heavy 9 /raw1 yet :i* fell s flat & lay s dead t ! heads sc>cely bore a k]nel4 ,_h ,i be5 a wis]1 bett] f>m]1 ,i %\ld h kn[n h[ to /iff5 ! /raw & make x d its (fice1 9 spite ( w9d & /orm4 ,& let me "h say1 le/ ,i =get x 9 its appropriate place1 t ,i am confid5t t mo/ f>m]s s[ gra9 too ?ickly = any b v poor l&4 ,if "o ?9ks x necess>y to scatt] ?ree bu%els ( ,oats p] acre1 ,i tell him t he %\ld apply m manure & less se$--t l& :i* requires ?ree bu%els ( se$ is n ri* en\gh to be> ,oats4 ,he might bett] conc5trate 8 manure on half s mu* l&1 & save two-?irds ( 8 se$4 ,i d n hold t ! rem>kably ri* soils ,i h in/anc$ ne$$ f]tiliz+ :5 fir/ pl[$2 ,i w presume t !y did n4 ,yet1 hav+ nev] yet succe$$ 9 manur+ a corn-field s high t a few loads m w\ld n 7,i judge7 h increas$ ! crop1 ,i d\bt :e!r ev5 ! ri*e/ ,ill9ois bottoms w\ld n yield m ,corn1 ye> by ye>1 if re5=c$ ) ! cont5ts ( a good b>n-y>d4 ,&1 :5 ! fir/ heavy crop ( ,corn has be5 tak5 f a field1 t field--no matt] h[ deep & f]tile its soil--is less ri* 9 corn-=m+ elem5ts ?an x 0 be=e4 ,j s sure z t !re is no depletion or %r9kage :5 no?+ is tak5 f no?+1 s sure is x t some?+ _c be tak5 f some?+ )\t dim9i%+ its capacity to yield some?+ at ! next call4 ,rotation ( crops is an excell5t plan2 = "o may fl\ri% on t :i* ano!r has reject$2 b ?is does n ov]be> ,nature's inflexible exaction ( s mu* = s mu*4 ,h5ce1 if !re ev] 0 a field s ri* t no?+ c\ld be add$ t w\ld increase its productive capacity1 ! fir/ exact+ crop !reaft] tak5 f x dim9i%$ t capacity1 & r5d]$ a fre% application ( "s f]tiliz] desirable4 ,ye>s ago1 a ,we/]n man exhibit$ at our ,f>m]s' ,club a specim5 ( ! soil ( 8 region :i* 0 ju/ly deem$ v ri*1 tak5 f a field :]eon ,corn _h be5 repeat$ly gr[n )\t app>5t exhau/ion4 ,a *emical analysis _h be5 made ( x1 :i* 0 submitt$ ) ! soil4 ,x 0 claim$ t no?+ c\ld improve its capacity = produc+ ! great ,ill9ois /aple4 ,pr(4 ,mapes diss5t$ f ?is conclusion4 ,?is soil1 said he1 :ile v ri* 9 ne>ly e elem5t :i* ent]s into ! composition ( ,corn1 gives b>ely a trace ( ,*lor9e1 ! base ( ,salt4 ,h5ce1 if five bu%els p] acre ( ,salt be appli$ to t field1 & x does n !reupon yield five bu%els m p] annum ( ,corn1 ,i w agree to eat ! field4 ,_m m5 f]tilize _! poor l&s only1 suppos+ t ! bett] c d )\t4 ,i judge t to be a mi/ake4 ,my rule w\ld be to plant ! poore/ ) su* *oice trees z ?rive )\t manure1 & pile ! f]tiliz]s ^u ! bett]4 ,x seems to me pla9 t ( two fields1 "o ( :i* has a soil conta9+ n9e-t5?s ( ! elem5ts ( ! desir$ crop1 :ile ! o!r %[s b "o to ?ree-t5?s1 x is a m hopeful & less ?ankless task to enri* ! =m] ?an ! latt]4 ,if y are requir$ to supply to a field ne>ly ev]y?+ t y\r propos$ crop w )draw f x1 ,i d n see :]e ! pr(it comes 92 b if y are requir$ to supply b a t5?1 because ! soil z y f\nd x /ood ready to contribute ! rema9+ n9e-t5?s1 x seems to me t ! m>g9 = pr(it is "h decid$ly ! great]4 ,h[ _m tuns ( e>? ought a f>m] to be oblig$ to turn ov] & ov] 9 ord] to obta9 !refrom a hundr$ bu%els ( ,corn8 ,two hundr$8 ,five hundr$8 ,a ?\s&8 ,five ?\s&8 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 no "o w d\bt t1 if he c make ! ,corn f "o hundr$ tuns ( soil1 x 7 bett] to d s ?an to employ five hundr$ or five ?\s&4 ,x seems cle> to my m9d t1 ?\gh o!r conditions be unequal1 x is g5]ally well to endeavor to produce ! requir$ quantity f ! small] r ?an ! l>g] area4 ,i fully %>e ! av]age f>m]'s p>tiality = b>n-y>d manure 9 pref]5ce to mo/1 if n all1 comm]cial f]tiliz]s4 ,9 my judgm5t1 almo/ any f>m] :o has cattle1 ) fit %elt] & ,w9t] fodd]1 c make f]tiliz]s f> *eap] ?an he c buy !m4 ,i judge t almo/ e f>m] :o has paid #ajj or ov] = ,guano 7= in/ance71 might h m consid]ably enri*$ 8 f>m by draw+ muck f "s conv5i5t bog or pond into 8 b>n-y>d 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb] & c>t+ x !nce to 8 fields ! next ,fall4 ,if he c get no muck )9 a mile1 let him cut1 :5 !y are 9 blossom1 all ! we$s t gr[ ne> him1 especially by ! road-side1 c>t !m at once into 8 b>n-y>d1 & !re conv]t !m into f]tiliz]s4 ,9 ,autumn1 replace ! hay-rack on ! wagon or c>t1 & pile load aft] load ( fre%ly-fall5 leaves into y\r y>d2 tak+ !m1 if y may1 f ! sides ( roads & f5ces1 & f any place :]e !y may h be5 lodg$ or heap$ by ! w9ds1 y\r own wood-lot except$4 ,pl[ ! turf (f ( any scurvy lot or road-side1 & pile x into ! b>n-y>d2 nay1 dig a hundr$ loads ( pure clay1 & place x !re1 if y c get x at a small exp5se1 & y\r av]age soil is gravelly or s&y4 ,! f>m] :o is unable or reluctant to buy comm]cial f]tiliz]s %\ld apply 8 :ole =ce e ,autumn to repl5i%+ 8 b>n-y>d ) t mat]ial :i* he c obta9 mo/ easily :i* ! trampl+ ( 8 cattle may readily conv]t into manure4 ,a mon? is too little1 two mon?s w\ld n be too mu*1 to devote to ?is good "w4 ,"s may seem oblig$ to po/pone x to ,w9t]2 b t is to run ! risk ( emb>rassm5t by fro/ or sn[1 & enc\nt] ! c]ta9ty t y\r mat]ial w be inf]ior 9 quality1 or n s well fitt$ to apply to gra9-crops ! ensu+ ,fall4 --,all ?is1 y may say1 is n in/ruction4 ,we ought to "k exactly :at l&s are enri*$ by ,gypsum1 & :at1 if any1 are n2 :y ^! are f]tiliz$1 :y ^? are n1 by a common application2 h[ great is ! pr(it ( su* application 9 any case2 & :at sub/itute c mo/ ne>ly subs]ve ! same ends :]e ,gypsum is n to be _h4 ,i admit all y claim1 & d n d\bt t !re %all yet be a ,sci5tific ,agriculture t w fully answ] y\r requirem5ts4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 x exi/s b 9 sugge/ions & fragm5ts2 & attempts to complete x by nak$ ass]tions & sweep+ g5]alizations t5d r to mislead & disgu/ ! "y f>m] ?an really to enlight5 & guide him4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,i %all aim to set =? z true no m ?an ,i "k1 or ) good reason confid5tly believe4 ,i close by reit]at+ my belief t no f>m] ev] yet impov]i%$ himself by mak+ too mu* manure or by apply+ too mu* ( 8 own manufacture4 ,i _c speak s confid5tly ( buy+ comm]cial f]tiliz]s2 b ^! ,i w discuss 9 my next *apt]4 ,,xx4 ,,bones--,,phosphates--,,guano4 ,i hate to *eck improvem5t or *ill ! gl[ ( ,fai?2 yet ,i d s ke5ly appreh5d t _m ( our p1 especially among ! ,s\!rn cotton-gr[]s1 are squ&]+ money on ,comm]cial ,f]tiliz]s1 t ,i am b\nd to utt] my note ( w>n+1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld pass :olly unhe$$4 ,let me make my position z cle> z ,i c4 ,i live 9 a section :i* has be5 cultivat$ = m ?an two c5turies1 :ile its proximity to a great city has tempt$ to crop x incessantly1 exhau/ively4 ,:eat :ile its orig9al surface soil ( six to twelve in*es ( vegetable mold 7ma9ly compos$ ( decay$ =e/-leaves7 rema9$2 !n ,corn & ,oats2 at l5g?1 ,milk1 ,beef1 & ,apples--h exhau/$ ! hill-sides & g5tl] slopes ( ,we/*e/] ,c\nty1 except :]e !y h be5 kept 9 he>t by judici\s culture & lib]al f]tiliz+2 &1 ev5 "h1 t subtle elem5t1 ,phosphorus1 :i* ent]s m9utely b necess>ily into ! composition ( e animal & ne>ly e vegetable /ructure has be5 gradually drawn away 9 ,gra91 9 ,milk1 9 ,bones1 & n re/or$ to ! soil by ! application ( ord9>y manures4 ,i am conv9c$ t a field may be s manur$ z to give ?ree tuns ( ,hay p] acre1 yet s de/itute ( ,phosphorus t a s\nd1 heal?y animal _c be gr[n !refrom4 ,= two c5turies1 ! till]s ( ,we/*e/] ,c\nty knew no?+ ( ,*emi/ry or ,phosphorus1 & all[$ ! unvalu$ bones ( _! animals to be export$ to fatt5 ,briti% mead[s1 )\t an ef=t to reta9 !m4 ,h5ce1 x has become absolutely ess5tial t we buy & apply ,phosphates1 ev5 ?\gh ! price be high2 = our l& c no long] d )\t !m4 ,:]ev] a /e] or heif] c occasionally be caught gnaw+ or mumbl+ ov] an old bone1 !re ,phosphates are indisp5sable1 no matt] at :at co/4 ,bett] pay #ajj p] tun = a dress+ ( "o hundr$ p\nds ( ,bone p] acre ?an try to d )\t4 ,b no l&s rec5tly br\ght into cultivation--no l&s :]e ! bones ( ! animals f$ !reon h be5 all[$1 = unnumb]$ ye>s pa/1 to m+le ) ! soil--c be equally hungry = ,phosphates2 & ,i d\bt t any cotton-field 9 ! ,s\? w ev] return an outlay ( ev5 #ej p] tun = any ,phosphatic f]tiliz] :atev]4 ,t any prep>ation ( ,bone1 or :]e( ,bone is a pr9cipal elem5t1 w increase ! succe$+ crops1 is und\bt$2 b t x w ev] return its co/ & a dec5t m>g9 ( pr(it1 is yet to be demon/rat$ to my satisfaction4 ,no d\bt1 !re are special cases 9 :i* ! application ev5 ( ,p]uvian ,guano at #ij p] tun is advisable4 ,a compo/ ( ,muck1 ,lime1 c41 equally effici5t1 might be f> *eap]2 b mon?s w\ld be requir$ to prep>e & p]fect x1 & meantime ! f>m] w\ld lose 8 crop1 or fail to make "o4 ,if a tun ( ,guano1 or ( "s exp5sive ,phosphate1 w give him six or eight acres ( ,clov] :]e he w\ld o!rwise h little or none1 & he ne$s t ,clov] to fe$ ! team :]e) he is break+ up & fitt+ 8 f>m to gr[ a good crop next ye>1 he may wisely make ! pur*ase & application1 ev5 ?\gh he may be able to compo/ = next ye>'s use twice ! value ( f]tiliz]s = ! precise co/ ( ?is4 ,b ,i am s ?or\gh 9 my devotion to home indu/ry1 t ,i hold him an unskillful f>m] :o _c1 n9e times 9 t51 make1 ma9ly f mat]ials to be f\nd on or ne> 8 f>m1 a pile ( compo/ = #ajj t w add m to ! endur+ f]tility ( 8 f>m ?an any?+ he c br+ f a di/ance at a co/ ( #aej4 ,und]/& t ?is is a g5]al rule1 & subject1 l all g5]al rules1 to exceptions4 ,gypsum1 ,i ?9k e f>m] %\ld buy2 ,lime also1 if 8 soil ne$s x2 ,phosphates 9 "s %ape1 if pa/ ignorance or folly has all[$ t soil to be despoil$ ( !m2 ,wood ,a%es1 if any "o c be f\nd s bra9less z to sell !m2 ,m>l1 ( c\rse1 :]e x is f\nd )9 t5 miles2 ,guano v r>ely1 & ma9ly :5 some?+ is ne$$ to make a crop be=e co>s] & cold] f]tiliz]s c be br\ght into a condition ( fitness = use2 b ! g5]al rule ,i insi/ on is ?is3 ,a good f>m] w1 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty or ?irty ye>s1 make at lea/ #aj wor? ( f]tiliz]s = e doll>'s wor? he buys f any deal]1 unless x be ! sweep+s or o!r excretions ( "s n di/ant city4 ,i h us$ ,guano frequ5tly1 &1 ?\gh x has g5]ally made its m>k1 ,i nev] yet felt sure t x return$ me a pr(it ov] its co/4 ,phosphates h done bett]1 especially :]e appli$ to ,corn 9 ! hill1 ei!r at ! "t ( plant+ or lat]2 yet my /rong impression is t ,fl\r ( ,bone1 appli$ broadca/ & freely1 especially :5 ,:eat or ,oats are s[n on a field t is to be laid d[n to ,grass1 pays bett] & m surely ?an any?+ else ,i ord] f ! ,city1 ,gypsum1 & possibly ,oy/]-,%ell ,lime1 except$4 ,my exp]i5ce c be no safe guide = o!rs1 s9ce x is n prov$ t ! ant]ior condition & ne$s ( _! soils are precisely l ^? ( m9e4 ,i appreh5d t ,guano has n _h a fair trial on my place--t c>elessness 9 pulv]iz+ or 9 application has caus$ x to wa/e its sweetness on ! des]t air1 or t a dr\? foll[+ its application has prev5t$ ! due developm5t ( its virtues4 ,& /ill my impression t ,guano is ! br&y ( vegetation1 supply+ to plants /imulus r ?an nutrition1 is s cle> & /rong t x may n easily be effac$4 ,x seems to me pla9ly absurd to s5d t5 ?\s& miles = ?is /imulant1 :5 ?is or any o!r great city annually poisons its own atmosph]e & ! adjac5t wat]s ) excretions :i* are ( v simil> "* & value1 & :i* ,sci5ce & ,capital might comb9e to utilize at less ?an half ! co/ ( l elem5ts 9 ! =m ( ,guano4 ,my object 9 ?is pap] is to incite exp]im5t & c>eful obs]vation4 ,no f>m] %\ld absolutely tru/ aught b 8 own s5ses4 ,a ,rhode ,isl&] once assur$ me t he appli$ to f\r acres ( ?91 slaty gravel "o hundr$ p\nds p] acre ( ,nitrate ( ,soda :i* co/ him #d p] hundr$1 & obta9$ !refrom f\r additional tuns ( good ,hay1 wor? #ae p] tun3 ,net pr(it 7aft] all[+ = ! co/ ( mak+ ! ,hay71 say #cj4 ,he might n be s =tunate on a second trial1 & !re may n be ano!r f\r acres ( ! e>?'s surface :]e ,nitrate ( ,soda w\ld d s well2 b1 %\ld ,i ev] h a fair opportunity1 ,i mean to see :at a little ( t ,nitrate w d = me4 ,& ,i hope f>m]s may m & m be induc$ to con=m 9 practice to ! ,apo/olic precept1 ,prove all ?+s3 ,hold fa/ t :i* is good4 ,no "o's success or failure 9 a p>ticul> in/ance %\ld be conclusive ) o!rs1 because ( ! inf9ite div]sity ( antec$5t & att5dant circum/ances2 b if e ?rifty f>m] w\ld give to ea* ( ! comm]cial f]tiliz]s--,lime1 ,gypsum1 ,guano1 ,raw ,bone1 ,phosphates1 ,a%es1 ,salt1 ,m>l1 etc4--su* a c>eful trial z he might1 obs]v+ closely & record+ c>efully ! results1 we %\ld soon h a mass ( facts & results1 :]efrom d$uctions might be drawn ( signal practical value to ! pres5t & to future g5]ations4 ,i firmly believe t great results ( signal b5efic5ce are to be sl[ly b surely a*iev$ by means ( ! h\sehold conv5i5ce kn[n z ! ,e>?-,closet1 & by k9dr$ devices = r5d]+ in(f5sive & utiliz+ ! mo/ p[]ful f]tiliz] produc$ on e f>m & 9 e h\sehold4 ,t is a vulg> squeami%ness :i* leaves x to poison ! atmosph]e & (f5d ! s5ses on ! assumption t x is too noisome to be dealt ) or utiliz$4 ,a true ref9em5t c\nsels t x be daily cov]$1 & its odor absorb$ or suppress$ by e>?1 or muck1 or a%es1 & ?us prep>$ = removal to & incorporation ) ! soil4 ,x is f> )9 ! tru? to e/imate our ,national loss by ! wa/e ( ?is mat]ial at #a p] head1 or #dj1jjj1jjj 9 all p] annum3 a wa/e :i* is /eadily dim9i%+ ! productive capacity ( our soil4 ,?is _c1 mu/ n1 be all[$ to cont9ue4 ,we mu/ devise or adopt "s mode ( secur+ & apply+ ?is p[]ful f]tiliz]2 & ,i def] to t :i* is already 9 ext5sive & daily exp&+ use4 ,let :oev] c d bett]2 b meantime let u welcome & diffuse ! ,e>? ,closet4 ,,xxi4 ,,muck--,,h[ ,,to ,,utilize ,,x4 ,! "t w be1 ,i _c d\bt1 :5 *emi/s c tell u ! exact positive or relative value ( a cord ( ,muck--h[ ?is swamp or t pond af=ds a *oice article1 :ile ! product ( ano!r w h>dly pay = digg+4 ,!re may be *emi/s ^: judgm5t on ^! po9ts is n[ wor? f> m ?an m9e1 s9ce m9e is wor? exactly no?+4 ,i d "k1 h[ev]1 t ,muck is a valuable f]tiliz]1 & t digg+ & compo/+ x does pay4 ,i judge t ,i h transf]r$ at lea/ ?ree ?\s& loads ( x f my swamp to my upl&2 & ! effect _h be5 all t ,i expect$4 ,let me speak ( ,muck g5]ally1 9 ! light1 ( my own exp]i5ce4 ,:]ev] rocks 9 ridges come to ! surface ( a valley1 pla91 or g5tle slope1 wat] is apt to be collect$ or reta9$ by !m1 =m+ ponds or %all[] pools1 :i* may or may n dry up 9 ,summ]1 b :i* are seldom dry late 9 ,autumn1 :5 plants are dy+ & leaves are fall+4 ,! latt]1 caught 9 _! desc5t by ! h>% w9ds ( ! season1 are swept along ! b>e1 dry gr\nd1 till !y /rike ! wat]1 :i* arre/s _! progress & soon engulfs !m4 ,?us an acre ( wat]y surface w (t5 collect1 & reta9 ! dead foliage ( five to t5 acres ( =e/2 & next ,fall w r5d] its k9dr$ tribute1 & ! next1 & ! next1 = ev]4 ,!re _c be less ?an fifty millions ( acres ( ,swamps 9 our old ,/ates 7includ+ ,ma9e72 :]e( ,i presume ! l>g] area 0 cov]$ ) wat] until ! sl[ contributions ( leaves & we$s fill$ !m above ! level at :i* wat] is no long] reta9$ on ! surface4 ,& /ill1 !y are s moi/ & boggy1 & _! rank vegetation is s ret5tive1 t ! leaves swept 9 f ! adjac5t hills & glades are firmly reta9$ & aid to increase ! dep? ( _! vegetable mold1 :i* v>ies f a few in*es to tw5ty & ev5 ?irty feet4 ,9 my old ,c\nty ( ,we/*e/]1 ,i r\ghly e/imate t !re are at lea/ five ?\s& acres ( bog1 :]e( b a v few hundr$s h yet be5 subdu$ to ! uses ( cultivation4 ,:oev] digs a quantity ( ,swamp ,muck & applies x directly to 8 fields or g>d51 w d]ive little or no imm$iate b5efit !refrom4 ,x is gre51 s\r1 cold1 & m likely to cov] 8 f>m ?ickly & p]si/5tly ) ,sorrel1 ,eye-sm>t1 ,rag-we$1 ,p>sley1 & o!r infe/ations1 ?an to add a bu%el p] acre to 8 crop ( ,gra9 or ,roots4 ,& ?us _m h tri$ ,muck1 &1 on trial1 pron\nc$ x a pe/il5t humbug4 ,b let any f>m] turn 8 :ole =ce into a bog or m>% directly aft] f9i%+ 8 ,summ] h>ve/ 7:5 x is apt to be drie/ & w>me/71 &1 hav+ fre$ x ( wat] to ! be/ ( 8 ability1 dig & draw out "o hundr$ cords ( its black1 oozy sub/ance1 & he w "k bett] ?an to unite 9 t ha/y judgm5t4 ,if ! bog be ne> 8 f>m-y>d1 let ! ,muck be %ovel$ at once into a c>t & drawn ?i!r2 b1 if n1 let x be simply br\ght out 9 :eel-b>r[s & deposit$1 n m ?an two feet deep1 on ! mo/ conv5i5t bank t is well dra9$ & p]fectly dry4 ,"h let x dry & dra9 till aft] ,fall h>ve/1 & !n beg9 to draw x gradually into ! y>ds1 & especially :]e x may be work$ ov] by sw9e & scrat*$ ov] = se$s & insects by f[ls4 ,assum+ t ! f>m-y>d is l[e/ 9 ! c5tre & all[s no liquid to escape save by evaporation1 ! ,muck may well be dump$ on ! dri] sides2 !nce1 aft] be+ work$ ov] & trampl$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 to be %ovel$ into ! c5tre & replac$ by fre% arrivals4 ,a hundr$ cords may ?us be s mix$ & rip5$ z to be fit to draw out next ,may & us$ z a f]tiliz] = ,gra9 or ,roots1 ?\gh1 if n s treat$1 x %\ld lie expos$ to sun & w9d a full ye>2 be+ appli$ 9 ! ,fall to crops ( ,w9t] gra9 or spread ^u ! fields to be plant$ or s[$ next ,spr+4 ,all ! manure made dur+ ! ,w9t] %\ld be spread ov] t :i* lies 9 ! y>d at lea/ mon?ly2 & !n new ,muck drawn 91 to be root$ or scrat*$ ov]1 trampl$ into ! und]ly+ /rata1 & ov]spread 9 its turn4 ,?us treat$1 ,i am confid5t t ea* hundr$ cords ( ,muck w be equal 9 value to an equal quantity ( manure1 ?\gh x may n give up its f]tiliz+ prop]ties s freely to ! fir/ crop t foll[s its application4 ,i h l& t did n yield 79 pa/ure7 ! equival5t ( half a tun ( hay pet annum :5 ,i b\ght x1 t n[ yields at lea/ ?ree tuns ( good hay p] annum2 & its r5ovation is ma9ly due to a free application ( ,swamp ,muck4 ,to ^? :o h a good /ock ( animals1 ) ,muck conv5i5t to _! y>ds1 ,i w\ld n recomm5d any o!r treatm5t ?an ! =ego+2 b !re are _m :o keep few animals1 or ^: muck-b$s lie at ! back ( _! f>ms1 two or ?ree hundr$ rods f _! b>ns2 :ile !y wi% to f]tilize ! fields 9 ?is qu>t]1 :i* h be5 slight$ 9 =m] applications1 because ( ! di/ance ov] :i* manure _h to be haul$4 ,if ^! possess or c buy good h>d-wood1 h\se-made ,a%es at tw5ty-five c5ts or less p] bu%el1 ,i w\ld say1 ,mix ^! well1 at ! rate ( two or ?ree bu%els to ! c>d1 ) y\r ,muck z y dig x2 "w x ov] ! next ,spr+1 & apply x ! ensu+ ,fall1 s z to give x a full ye> to rip5 & sweet51 & x w be all "r4 ,b1 if y h n & _c get ! ,a%es1 & c procure dirty1 refuse ,salt f "s meat-pack] or :olesale groc]1 apply ?is z y w\ld h appli$ ! ,a%es1 b 9 r l>g] quantity2 &1 if y c get nei!r ,a%es nor ,salt1 use quick ,lime1 z fre% & hot f ! kiln z y c apply x4 ,! be/ ,lime is t f burn$ ,oy/]-,%ells2 ,i consid] ?is1 if n[ise slak$1 ne>ly equal to refuse ,salt2 b ,oy/]-,%ell ,lime is too de> at mo/ inl& po9ts2 & "h ! refuse ( ! kilns--t :i* is n good en\gh = mason-"w--mu/ be us$4 ,usually1 ! lime-burn] has a load or m ( ?is at ! cle>+ out ( e kiln1 :i* he w sell q *eap if x be tak5 out ( 8 way at once2 & ?is %\ld be look$ = & secur$4 ,be+ inf]ior 9 quality 7(t5 because imp]fectly burn$71 x %\ld be appli$ 9 l>g] quantity--n less ?an f\r bu%els to ea* cord ( ,muck4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i w n "h describe ! process ( mix+ ,salt ) ,lime comm5d$ by ,pr(4 ,mapes1 because x is n easy to br+ ^! two +r$i5ts toge!r s z to mix !m ) ! ,muck z x is dug3 &1 ?\gh ,i h us$ !m aft] ,pr(4 ,mapes's recipe1 & purpose to d s h]eaft]1 ,i d n feel c]ta9 t any positive advantage results f _! bl5d$ application z a ,*loride ( ,lime4 ,if ,i %\ld ga9 fur!r light on ?is po9t be=e complet+ ?is s]ies1 ,i %all n fail to imp>t x4 ,,xxii4 ,,insects--,,birds4 ,if ,i 7 to e/imate ! av]age absolute loss ( ! f>m]s ( ?is c\ntry f ,insects at #ajj1jjj1jjj p] annum1 ,i %\ld d\btless be f> bel[ ! m>k4 ,! loss ( fruit alone by ! deva/ations ( insects1 )9 a radius ( fifty miles f ?is ,city1 mu/ am\nt 9 value to ,millions4 ,9 my neighborhood1 ! ,pea* once fl\ri%$1 b fl\ri%es no m1 & ,*]ries h be5 all b annihilat$4 ,apples 7 till lately our mo/ pr(itable & p]haps our mo/ important product2 b ! worms take half our av]age crop & sadly damage :at !y d n utt]ly de/roy4 ,plums we h ceas$ to gr[ or expect2 our ,pe>s are g5]ally /ung & (t5 blight$2 ev5 ! ,currant has at la/ its fruit-de/roy+ worm4 ,we mu/ fight our paltry adv]s>ies m effici5tly1 or all[ !m to drive u :olly f ! field4 ,n[1 ,i h no d\bt t our be/ allies 9 ?is +lori\s w>f>e are ! ,birds4 ,!y w\ld save u1 if we did n de/roy !m4 ,! ,briti% pl[man1 turn+ 8 sod ) a myriad ( cr[s1 blackbirds1 etc41 *as+ 8 /eps & all b gett+ "u 8 feet 9 _! eag] que/ ( grubs1 bugs1 etc41 is a spectacle to be dev\tly ?ankful =4 ,:5ev] cl\ds ( birds %all habitually d>k5 our fields 9 ,may & 7less notably7 ?r\gh\t ! ,summ] mon?s1 we may reasonably hope to gr[ fair crops ( our favorite ,fruits f ye> to ye>1 & realize t we owe !m to ! con/ant1 & zeal\s1 ?\gh n q dis9t]e/$1 ef=ts ( our fri5ds1 ! ,birds4 ,b ,i d n reg>d ! ravages ( ,insects z entirely due to ! reckless de/ruction & consequ5t sc>city ( our ,birds4 ,i hold t _! multiplication & _! deva/ations are l>gely incit$ by ! deg5]acy ( our plants caus$ by ! badness ( our culture4 ,on ?is po9t1 consid] a /atem5t made to me1 "s fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s ago1 by ! late ,gov4 ,william ,f4 ,pack]1 ( ,p5nsylvania3 ,i "k 7said ,gov4 ,p47 ! n>r[ valley ( a /ream t runs into ! we/ bran* ( ! ,susquehanna1 :i* 0 cle>$ ( ! primitive =e/ "s =ty or fifty ye>s s9ce1 & has ev] s9ce be5 alt]nately 9 tillage & grass4 ,a road ran ?r\gh ! middle ( x1 divid+ x into two n>r[ fields4 ,a few ye>s ago1 ?is road 0 ab&on$1 & ! :ole ( ?is little valley1 includ+ ! road-way1 ?r[n into a s+le field1 :i* 0 !reupon s[n to ,:eat4 ,at h>ve/-"t1 ?is rem>kable ph5om5on 0 pres5t$3 ,a good crop ( s\nd gra9 on ! /rip f\r or fire rods wide =m]ly cov]$ by ! road2 :ile ne>ly e b]ry on ei!r side ( x 0 de/roy$ by ! weevil or midge4 ,n[ ,i d n inf] f ?is fact t insect ravages are :olly due to our abuse & exhau/ion ( ! soil4 ,i presume t ,:eat & o!r crops w\ld be deva/at$ by insects if !re 7 no slov5ly1 nigg>d1 exhau/+ tillage4 ,b ,i d firmly hold t at lea/ half our losses by insects w\ld be preclud$ if our fields 7 habitually kept 9 bett] he>t by deep culture1 lib]al f]tiliz+1 & a judici\s rotation ( crops4 ,i he>d little ( insect ravages 9 ! :eat-fields ( ,we/]n ,new-,york ?r\gh\t ! fir/ ?irty ye>s ( ?is c5tury2 b1 :5 crop aft] crop ( ,:eat _h be5 tak5 f ! same fields until !y _h be5 well nigh exhau/$ ( _! ,:eat-=m+ elem5ts1 we began to he> ( ! desolation wr\ght by insects2 & ^? ravages increas$ 9 magnitude until ,:eat-culture _h to be ab&on$ = ye>s4 ,i believe t we %\ld h he>d little ( insects _h ,:eat be5 gr[n on ^? fields b "o ye> 9 ?ree s9ce _! r$emption f ! primal =e/4 ,b1 :atev] might once h be51 ! ,phili/9es are ^u u4 ,we are doom$1 = at lea/ a g5]ation1 to wage a rel5tless w> aga9/ insects multipli$ beyond reason by ! neglect & %ort-com+s ( our pr$ecessors4 ,we are 9 l condition ) ! inhabitants ( ! ,briti% isles a ?\s& ye>s ago1 ^: =efa!rs _h s long endur$ & s unskillfully resi/$ invasion & spoliation by ! ,nor?m5 t !y _h come to be reg>d$ z ! sea-k+s' natural prey4 ,= g5]ations1 x has be5 cu/om>y h]eab\t to slaught] )\t remorse ! birds1 & let cat]pill>s1 worms1 gras%opp]s1 etc41 multiply & ravage unresi/$4 ,we mu/ pay = pa/ errors by pres5t loss & ye>s ( extra ef=t4 ,&1 precisely because ! task is s ardu\s1 we ought to lose no "t 9 address+ ourselves to its execution4 ,! fir/ /ep to be tak5 is v simple4 ,let e f>m] :o realizes ! importance & b5efic5ce ( ,birds tea* 8 own *ildr5 & hirel+s t1 except ! ,hawk1 !y are to be sp>$1 protect$1 k9dly treat$1 & 7:5 necess>y7 f$4 ,!y are to be valu$ & *]i%$ z ! volunt>y police ( our fields & g>d5s1 con/antly employ$ 9 fight+ our battles aga9/ our ru?less foes4 ,! boy :o robs a bird's ne/ is robb+ ! f>m] ( a "p ( 8 crops4 ,he :o trav]ses a f>m %oot+ & mangl+ its fea!r$ s5t9els dim9i%es its future product ( ,gra9 & ne>ly de/roys t ( ,fruit4 ,! f>m] might z well cons5t t any /roll+ ruffian %\ld %oot 8 ,horses or ,cattle z 8 ,birds4 ,beg9 at home to make ?is tru? felt & respect$1 & x w be ! easi] to impress x also on y\r neighbors4 ,next1 !re %\ld be neighborhood or t[n%ip associations = ! protection ( insect-eat+ birds4 ,we mu/ n m]ely agree to let !m live--we mu/ *]i% & protect !m4 ,i believe t v simple cups or b[ls ( ca/-iron1 hav+ ea* a hole 9 its c5tre ( suitable size1 t ne$ n co/ sixp5ce ea*1 & c\ld be fa/5$ to ! side ( a tree ) "o nail lightly driv51 w\ld 9 "t be adopt$ by _m birds z ne/+ /rongholds1 :5ce !y might laugh to scorn _! pr$aci\s enemies4 ,if e h>mless bird c\ld build its ne/ among u 9 a place :]e its eggs w\ld be safe f hawks1 cr[s1 cats1 boys1 & o!r robb]s1 ! numb] ( su* birds w\ld quickly be d\bl$ & quadrupl$4 ,& we mu/ summon ! law to our aid4 ,?\gh law c d little or no?+ aga9/ /eal?y1 skulk+ ne/-plund]]s1 x c help u mat]ially 9 our w>f>e ) ! c[>dly vagabonds :o trav]se our fields ) musket or rifle1 blaz+ away at e unsuspect+ rob9 or ?ru% t !y c discov]4 ,make x trespass1 puni%able ) f9e & imprisonm5t1 to %oot on ano!r's l& )\t 8 express p]mission1 & ! c[>dly massacre ( ! f>m]s' humble allies w\ld be *eck$ at once1 &1 :5 public s5tim5t _h be5 prop]ly enlight5$1 might1 9 civiliz$ regions1 be arre/$ altoge!r4 ,,xxiii4 ,,ab\t ,,tree-,,plant+4 ,i h _h s little exp]i5ce 9 ,tree-,plant+ t ,i %\ld h pref]r$ to say no m ab\t x2 b lett]s t h rea*$ me imply t ! ignorance ( o!rs is ev5 d5s] ?an m9e4 ,= ! sake ( ^? only :o are consci\s t !y "k no?+1 yet are n unwill+ to le>n1 ,i v5ture a few timid sugge/ions ) reg>d to ,tree-,plant+4 ,i4 ,t5 or twelve ye>s ago1 ,i b\ght a p\nd or m ( ,locu/ se$ r late 9 ! ,spr+1 scald$ x by plung+ = a mom5t ! little cotton bag :i* held x into a pot ( boil+ wat]1 & lett+ ! se$ /eep & /eam 9 ! bag till next morn+1 :5 ! se$ 0 plant$ 9 r[s 9 a newly brok5 bit ( poor old pa/ure-l&4 ,?is 0 a mi/ake2 ,i %\ld h giv5 t se$ ! ri*e/ available spot 9 my g>d51 to say no?+ ( plant+ x z e>ly z ,april #bj?4 ,my locu/s came up sl[ly & grew feebly t ye>1 n to speak ( ! _m se$s t did n spr\t at all4 ,/ill _m came up & surviv$1 & my place is ?is day ! ri*] = !m4 ,x might h be5 /ill ri*] _h ,i seasonably kn[n m4 ,,ii4 ,:at ,i w\ld n[ advise z to ,locu/ & mo/ o!r trees is t ! be/ se$ be procur$ 9 ! ,fall1 or s soon z x drops f ! trees2 t "p ( x be s[n 9 drills1 two feet ap>t1 ) two in*es betwe5 se$s 9 ! drills1 & t ! ri*e/ ( dry1 w>m g>d5-soil be devot$ to ?is purpose4 ,fill a l>ge box ) ri* loam1 /ir f\r ounces ( se$ into ?is1 & set ! box 9 a cool cell> :]e fro/ does n ent]1 & "h let x rema9 till ,april2 !n take out ! se$ & e>? toge!r1 & s[ 9 drills z above4 ,if "s "o :o cuts ,locu/ dur+ ! ,w9t] or ,spr+ w all[ y to trace ! small] surface-roots f ! new-made /umps & cut or dig !m up1 cut fifty or a hundr$ pieces ( root ! size ( y\r f+] ea* two feet long1 & plant ^!1 ab\t ,may #a1 9 ! places :]e y want ,locu/s to come =w>d mo/ rapidly4 ,"s ( !m may n gr[1 b ,i ?9k _m w2 &1 f all ^! s\rces1 ,i judge t y w obta9 a good supply ( "y trees4 ,let ^? y />t f ! se$ get two ye>s' gr[? be=e y take !m up & set !m :]e y want trees1 :e!r 9 y\r pres5t woods1 9 rugg$1 rocky pa/ures1 on ! sides ( /eep rav9es1 or ar\nd y\r build+s4 ,y _c fail to obta9 "s trees if y foll[ ^! directions4 ,,iii4 ,beg9 e>ly ?is ,fall to ga!r ,*e/nuts1 ,hickory ,nuts1 ,walnuts1 ,:ite ,oak1 ,acorns1 etc41 to plant4 ,select ! l>ge/ & f9e/ nuts1 giv+ ! pref]5ce to ^? :i* rip5 & fall e>lie/4 ,keep !m 9 cool1 damp e>? 9 "s b>n or cell> :]e rats & mice _c rea* !m1 & p]si/ 9 collect+ till ,decemb]4 ,!n plant a "p 9 y\r g>d5 or 9 any ri* gr\nd :]e !y are n likely to be di/urb$2 lett+ ! residue rema9 9 ! boxes ( moi/ e>? :]e y fir/ plac$ !m till e>ly ,spr+2 !n plant ^!1 l ! =m]1 9 r[s two feet ap>t1 ) six in*es betwe5 se$ & se$ 9 ea* r[1 & give ! r[s c>eful culture = two ye>s2 aft] :i*1 set !m :]e y wi% !m to gr[4 ,i v5ture to sugge/ t he :o has a ragg$1 /ony hill or o!r lot :i* he wi%es to surr5d] to =e/ %\ld pl[ x1 if x c be pl[$1 next ,septemb] or ,octob]2 if too rocky to be ev5 imp]fectly pl[$1 dig up ! e>? ) pick & spade1 & s[ x ?ickly ) hickory nuts1 walnuts1 *e/nuts1 locu/ & o!r tree-se$s1 expect+ t "s w be dug up & c>ri$ (f by squirrels1 etc41 & t o!rs w fail to g]m9ate4 ,g ov] x ) hoes ! ensu+ ,june or ,july1 kill+ all we$s & o!r infe/ations2 &1 ne>ly a ye> lat]1 repeat ! op]ation1 tak+ up "y trees f y\r g>d5 or nurs]y1 & fill+ !m 9 :]ev] !re is room4 ,plant ?ickly 9 ord] to =ce an upw>d r ?an a scraggy gr[?2 & s t y may beg9 to cut out ! sup]flu\s sapl+s = bean-poles1 hoop-poles1 etc41 ?ree or f\r ye>s !reaft]4 ,cut late 9 ,w9t] or e>ly 9 ,spr+1 s t ! /umps w ea* ?r[ up two or m %oots or spr\ts1 :i* usually gr[ mu* fa/] ?an ! orig9al tree did4 ,& ! process ( ?9n+ may ?us be cont9u$ indef9itely1 :ile ! *oic] trees are all[$ to atta9 _! /atelie/ proportions4 ,& ?us a rocky1 /]ile hill-side or knoll may be made to yield a crop annually aft] ! fir/ two or ?ree ye>s f plant+1 :ile gr[+ trees ( decid$ value4 ,i judge t almo/ any l& )9 fifty miles ( a great city & n m ?an two miles f a railroad depot or f navigable wat] may ?us be made to e>n a good int]e/ on #ajj p] acre1 aft] meet+ all ! co/ ( break+ up & plant+4 ,i confid5tly ass]t t _m ?\s&s ( /]ile1 rocky acres1 :i* n[ yield less ?an #e p] acre annually 9 pa/urage1 w\ld net at lea/ d\ble t sum to ! own] if wisely devot$ to =e/-trees4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h a he>ty love ( =e/s4 ,!y pr(f] g5tle companion%ip to ! ?\ghtful & re/ to ! ov]work$1 fev]$ bra94 ,our /reams w be full] & less caprici\s1 our gales less de/ructive1 our climate m equable1 :5 we %all h reclo!d our rugg$ slopes & rocky cre/s ) trees4 ,timb] gr[s ye>ly sc>c] & de>]1 :5 x ought to be becom+ m pl5tiful & accessible1 & w\ld be if we devot$ to trees all ! l& :i* we cultivate at a loss or fail to cultivate at all4 ,let our boys be incit$ to ga!r se$s & plant nurs]ies2 let "y trees be b\ght by ! ?\s& :]e !y n[ are by ! doz51 & let u all coop]ate 9 cov]+ our unsightly rocks & mak+ glad our wa/e places by a sup]abundance ( *oice1 ?rifty1 heal?y trees4 ,_m ( our "y m5 h a ta/e = adv5ture & excitem5t :i* leads !m to ! ocean1 ! m9es1 to ,au/ralia or "s o!r f>-(f l& rec5tly & scantily peopl$ by civiliz$ be+s4 ,i w n qu>rel ) _! ta/e2 b ,i judge t !re are op5+s = _! ent]prise & d>+ )9 ! area ( our own c\ntry4 ,let "o ?\s& ( !m resolve to devote ! next five ye>s to plant+ =e/s on ! treeless pla9s & virtual des]ts ( ! ,great ,bas9 & on ei!r side ( x2 let !m select locations :]e "s acres may *eaply & surely be irrigat$1 &1 hav+ c>efully provid$ !mselves ) an abundance ( ! be/ se$s1 let !m />t pat*es ( woodl& at po9ts ! mo/ remote f pres5t timb]1 until a ?\s& diff]5t =e/s--"o to ea* ( ! associates--%all h be5 />t$ & gu>d$ till _! roots h tak5 firm hold ( ! e>?4 ,i presume ,congress w\ld grant !m preemptions to ea* section on :i* !y ?us plant$ at lea/ =ty acres ( =e/1 & t mo/ ( ^! preemption rights c\ld1 )9 t5 ye>s1 be sold to settl]s = _m times _! orig9al co/4 ,,xxiv4 ,,fruit-,,trees--,,! ,,apple4 ,if ,i 7 ask$ to say :at s+le aspect ( our economic condition mo/ /rik+ly & favorably di/+ui%$ ! p ( our ,nor!rn ,/ates f ^! ( mo/ if n all o!r c\ntries :i* ,i h trav]s$1 ,i w\ld po9t at once to ! fruit-trees :i* s g5]ally div]sify e little z well z l>g] f>m ?r\gh\t ^! ,/ates1 & are q commonly f\nd ev5 on ! petty hold+s ( ! poor] me*anics & workm5 9 e village & 9 ! suburbs & outskirts ( e city4 ,i c recall no?+ l x abroad1 save 9 two or ?ree ( ! lea/ m\nta9\s & mo/ f]tile di/ricts ( nor!rn ,switz]l&4 ,italy has "s approa* to x 9 ! v5]able olive-trees :i* surr\nd or flank _m1 p]haps mo/1 ( h] f>m-h\ses1 uphold+ grape-v9es z anci5t & ne>ly z l>ge z !mselves2 b ! av]age ,new-,engl& or ,middle ,/ate home/ead1 ) its ample ,apple-or*>d & its clu/] ( ,pe>1 ,*]ry & ,plum-trees surr\nd+ its h\se & dott+ or belt+ its g>d51 has an air ( com=t & mode/ ?rift1 :i* ,i h n[h]e else se5 fairly equal$4 ,upl& ,virg9ia & ! m\nta9\s portion ( ! ,/ates s\?w>d ( h] may 9 "t surpass ! mo/ favor$ regions ( ! ,nor? 9 ! abundance1 v>iety & excell5ce ( _! fruits2 = ! ,pea* & ! ,grape f9d "h a cong5ial climate1 :ile !y are gr[n ) difficulty1 :]e !y c be gr[n at all1 9 ! ,nor?2 b1 up to ?is h\r1 ,i judge t our c\ntry nor? ( ! ,potomac is bett] suppli$ ) :olesome & palatable tree-fruits ?an any o!r portion ( ! e>?'s surface ( equal or ne>ly equal area4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i deem x a mis=tune t our ,nor!rn ,/ates 7 s admirably adapt$ to ! ,apple & k9dr$ fruit-trees t our pione] =efa!rs _h little m to d ?an bury ! se$s 9 ! gr\nd & wait a few ye>s = ! result+ fruit4 ,! soil1 =m$ ( decay$ trees & _! foliage1 ?ickly cov]$ ) ! a%es ( ! primitive =e/1 0 z g5ial z soil c\ld be2 :ile ! rema9+ woods1 :i* /ill cov]$ sev5-eigh?s ( ! c\ntry1 %ut out or s(t5$ ! cold w9ds ( ,w9t] & ,spr+1 r5d]+ x less difficult1 a c5tury ago1 to gr[ f9e pea*es 9 s\!rn ,new-,hamp%ire ?an x n[ is 9 s\!rn ,new-,york4 ,deva/at+ insects 7 preclud$ by ^? great1 d5se woods f diffus+ !mselves f or*>d to or*>d z !y n[ d4 ,sn[s fell m heavily & lay long] !n ?an n[1 protect+ ! roots f heavy fro/s1 & keep+ back buds & blossoms 9 ,spr+1 to ! signal advantage ( ! husb&man4 ,i e/imate t my apple-trees w\ld be> at lea/ "o-?ird m fruit if ,i c\ld ret>d _! blossom+ a =tnight1 s z to avoid ! cold ra9s & cutt+ w9ds1 (t5 succe$$ by fro/s1 :i* are apt to pay _! unwelcome f>ewell visits j :5 my trees are 9 bloom or :5 ! fruit is =m+ directly !reaft]4 ,h5ce1 ,i say to e "o :o %all h]eaft] set an or*>d1 ,give x ! nor?w>d slope ( a hill if t be possible4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! or*>d :i* blossoms late/ w1 9 a s]ies ( ye>s1 yield mo/ fruit1 & w be mo/ likely to be> :5 ! ,apple-crop ( y\r vic9ity proves a failure4 ,i d n recomm5d /or+ ice to plant or bury "u ! trees 9 ,april1 = t involves too mu* labor & exp5se2 yet ,i h no d\bt t ev5 t has be5 & sometimes might be done ) pr(it4 ,9 ! av]age1 h[ev]1 ,i judge t x w\ld n pay4 ,9 locat+ & sett+ an or*>d1 ! v fir/ consid]ation is ?or\gh dra9age4 ,no?+ %ort ( a de/ructive fire c be m injuri\s to an apple-tree ?an compell+ x to /& ?r\gh\t ,w9t] & ,spr+ 9 s\r1 /agnant wat]4 ,b>r5ness1 dead bran*es1 & premature g5]al decay1 are ! natural & righte\s consequ5ces ( su* cry+ abuse4 ,!re are _m reasons = *oos+ slop+ or brok5 gr\nd = an apple-or*>d1 :]e( comp>ative exemption f fro/ & natural facility ( dra9age are ! mo/ obvi\s4 ,a level field1 ?or\ghly undra9$ to-day1 may1 ?r\gh neglect & ! mis*iefs wr\ght by burr[+ animals1 h become little bett] ?an a morass ?irty ye>s h5ce2 b an or*>d set on a tol]ably /eep hillside is reasonably secure aga9/ wet feet to ! close ( its natural life4 ,a gravelly or s&y loam is g5]ally pref]r$ = or*>ds2 yet ,i h kn[n !m to fl\ri% & be> g5]\sly on heavy clay4 ,:oev] has a gravelly field w wisely pref] ?is = ,apples1 n m]ely to clay b to s& z well4 ,&1 :ile _m "y or*>ds h d\btless be5 injur$ by immod]ate applications ( rank1 gre5 manures1 ,i d\bt t any man has ev] yet be/[$ too mu* c>e & exp5se on ! prep>ation ( 8 gr\nd = fruit-trees4 ,:]e ridges or plateaus ( fa/ /one d n =bid1 ,i w\ld say1 ,turn ov] ! soil to a dep? ( at lea/ fifte5 in*es ) a l>ge pl[ & a /rong team2 !n lift & pulv]ize ! subsoil to a dep? ( n less ?an n9e in*es2 apply all ! ,wood-a%es y c get1 ) "o ?\s& bu%els ( ,m>l if y are 9 a ,m>l region2 if n1 use in/ead f ?irty to fifty bu%els ( quick ,lime 7oy/]-%ell if t is to be _h7 ) "o hundr$ loads p] acre ( ,swamp ,muck :i* has la9 a ye> on dry upl&1 bak+ 9 ! sun & w9d2 & n[ y may ?9k ( sett+ y\r trees4 ,if y\r soil 0 ri* ,we/]n prairie or ,middle-,/ate g>d5 to beg9 )1 y c disp5se ) all ^! f]tiliz]s2 yet ,i d\bt t !re is an acre ( ,we/]n prairie t w\ld n be improv$ by ! ,lime or 7p]haps bett] /ill7 a small] quantity ( refuse ,salt f a pack+-h\se or meat retail+ groc]y4 ,!re are n _m f>ms t w\ld n repay ! application ( five bu%els p] acre ( refuse ,salt at tw5ty-five c5ts p] bu%el4 ,y\r trees once set--7& he :o sets tw5ty trees p] day z !y %\ld be set1 ) ea* root 9 its natural position1 & ! e>? press$ firmly ar\nd its trunk1 b no high] ?an z x orig9ally grew1 is a fai?ful1 effici5t work]71 ,i w\ld cultivate ! l&1 7= ! trees' sake71 gr[+ crops successively ( ,ruta ,bagas1 ,c>rots1 ,beets1 & e>ly ,potatoes1 b no gra9 :atev]1 = six or sev5 ye>s1 di/urb+ ! roots ( ! trees z little z may be1 & gu>d+ _! trunks f tug1 or trace1 or :iffle-tree1 by ?ree /akes set firmly 9 ! gr\nd ab\t ea* tree1 n s ne> x z to preclude con/ant cultivation ) ! hoe inside z well z outside ( ! /akes1 s z to let no we$ mature 9 ! field4 ,apply f ye> to ye> well-rott$ compo/ to ! field 9 quantity suffici5t fully to c\nt]balance ! annual ab/raction by y\r crops4 ,make x a law inflexible & rel5tless t no animal %all be let into ?is or*>d to =age1 or = any purpose :atev] b to draw on manures1 to till ! soil1 & to draw away ! crops4 ,?us until ! fir/ blossoms beg9 to appe> on ! trees2 !n lay d[n to grass )\t gra91 unless x be a crop ( ,rye or ,oats to be cut & c>ri$ (f = fe$ :5 n m ?an half gr[n1 leav+ ! gr\nd to ! "y grass4 ,let ! grass be m[$ = ! next two or ?ree ye>s1 & !nce=w>d devote x to ! pa/urage ( ,sw9e1 runn+ ov] x ) a scy! once or twice ea* ,summ] to cle> x ( we$s1 & tak+ out ! ,sw9e a few days be=e beg9n+ to ga!r ! ,apples1 b putt+ !m back aga9 ! day aft] ! h>ve/ is complet$4 ,let ! ,sw9e be suffici5tly num]\s & hungry to eat e apple t falls )9 a few h\rs aft] x is dropp$1 & to insure _! root+ out e grub or worm t burr[s 9 ! e>? b5ea? ! trees1 ready to spr+ up & apply himself to mis*ief at ! v season :5 y c\ld be/ excuse 8 abs5ce4 ,i d n comm5d ?is z all1 or ne>ly all1 t %\ld be done 9 resi/ance to ! pe/ ( insect ravage2 b ,i beg9 ) ! ,hog z ! or*>di/'s readie/1 *eape/1 mo/ effective ally or s]vitor 9 ! w>f>e he is doom$ unceas+ly to wage aga9/ ! spoil]s ( 8 h]itage4 ,i w indicate "s fur!r def5sive eng9]y 9 my next *apt]4 ,,xxv ,,m ,,ab\t ,,apple-,,trees4 ,9 my op9ion1 ,apple-trees1 9 mo/ or*>ds1 are plant$ too f> ap>t & all[$ to gr[ tall] & spread _! limbs m widely ?an is pr(itable4 ,i judge t a prun] or pick] %\ld be able to rea* ! topmo/ twig ( any tree ) a t5-foot pole1 & t no limb %\ld be all[$ to ext5d m ?an eight feet f ! trunk :5ce x spr+s4 ,our ,autumnal ,equ9ox occurs be=e our ,apples are g5]ally ripe = h>ve/1 &1 f9d+ our be/ trees b5d+ "u a heavy burd5 ( fruit1 its fi]ce gales are apt to make bad "w ) trees z well z apples4 ,! be/ tree ,i _h1 ) sev]al o!rs1 0 ?us ru9$ by an equ9octial tempe/ a few ye>s s9ce4 ,b>r5 trees escape unh>m$1 :ile ^? heavily lad5 ) l>ge fruit are wr5*$ & twi/$ into fragm5ts4 ,&1 ev5 ap>t f ?is p]il1 a hundr$ weight ( fruit at or ne> ! extremity ( limbs :i* ext5d t5 or twelve feet horizontally f ! trunk1 tax & /ra9 a tree m ?an f\r times t weight gr[+ )9 f\r or five feet ( ! trunk1 & on limbs t ma9ta9 a semi-erect position4 ,i diffid5tly sugge/1 !re=e1 t no apple-tree be all[$ to exce$ fifte5 feet 9 height1 nor to s5d a limb m ?an eight feet f its trunk1 & t trees be set 7diamond-fa%ion7 tw5ty-f\r feet ap>t ea* way1 in/ead ( ?irty-two1 z "s ( m9e 74 ,i judge t ! l>g] numb] ( trees 7#gb p] acre7 w produce m fruit 9 ! av]age ?an ! l>g] b few] trees gr[n on squ>es ( two by two rods to ea*1 t !y w ?rive & be> long]1 & t n "o w be de/roy$ or s]i\sly h>m$ by w9ds :]e a doz5 w\ld if all[$ to gr[ z high & spread z f> z !y c\ld4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e apple-tree %\ld be prun$ ea* ye> ( its life3 t is1 x %\ld be c>efully exam9$ ) int5t to prune if t be f\nd necess>y4 ,x %\ld be prun$ ) a c>eful eye to giv+ x ! prop] %ape1 :i*1 f ! po9t :]e x fir/ =ks upw>d1 %\ld be t ( a tea-cup1 v ne>ly4 ,i h se5 "y trees s mal=m$ t !y c\ld r>ely1 if ev]1 be> fruit en\gh to r5d] !m pr(itable4 ,& ! prun+ %\ld be s c>efully1 judici\sly done f ! outset t no wood two ye>s old %\ld ev] be cut away4 ,) old1 mal=m$1 diseas$1 worm-eat51 decay+ trees1 ! be/ mu/ be done t c be2 b he :o1 prun+ a tree t he set & has hi!rto c>$ =1 f9ds himself oblig$ to cut (f a limb ?ick] ?an 8 ?umb1 may ju/ly suspect himself ( lack+ a ma/]y ( ! art ( fruit-gr[+4 ,spr\ts f ! root ( an apple-tree rem9d me ( *ildr5 :o habitually play truant or are kept out ( s*ool4 ,!y n m]ely c nev] come to good1 b !y are a nuisance to ! neighborhood & br+ reproa* on ! community4 ,! apple-gr[] %\ld nev] =get t e produc] ne$s to be f$ 9 proportion to 8 product4 ,if a c[ gives tw5ty qu>ts ( milk p] day1 %e ne$s m grass or o!r food ?an if %e gave b two qu>ts2 & an acre ( or*>d t yields a hundr$ b>rels ( ,apples p] annum ne$s some?+ giv5 to ! soil to balance ! draft made ^u x4 ,nature (f]s u good b>ga9s2 b %e does n tru/ & w n be *eat$4 ,:5 %e (f]s a bu%el ( ,corn = a bu%el ( dirty ,salt1 ,%ell ,lime1 or ,wood-,a%es1 a load ( ,hay = a load ( ,muck1 we ought n to /9t ! measure1 b pay h] dem& ungrudg+ly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[ a la/ ^w on ,insects4 ,my t[n%ip 7,newca/le7 is said to h =m]ly gr[n m ,apples p] annum ?an any o!r t[n%ip 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 its apple-trees are /ill z num]\s z ev]1 b _! product has fall5 (f deplorably4 ,i e/imate ! av]age yield ( ! la/ ?ree ye>s at less ?an a bu%el p] annum = ea* full-gr[n tree2 ,i ?9k a majority ( ! trees h n borne a bu%el ea* 9 all ^! ?ree ye>s4 ,unseasonable fro/s1 /orms1 etc41 h borne ! blame ( ?is b>r5ness--p]haps ju/ly1 if we consid] only imm$iate causes--b ! cat]pill> & o!r v]m9 are1 9 my view1 our m pot5t1 ?\gh remot]1 afflictions4 ,n less ?an f\r times )9 ! la/ sixte5 ye>s h our trees be5 cov]$ ) ne/s & worms2 & ,i h se5 :ole or*>ds /ripp$ ( ne>ly e leaf till !y 7 z b>e 7( e ?+ b cat]pill>s7 9 ,july z !y %\ld h be5 9 ,decemb]4 ,aft] ! sc\rge _h pass$1 ! trees reclad !mselves ) leaves2 b !y grew old "u t visitation fa/] 9 "o ye> ?an !y w\ld h done 9 t5 ( heal?ful fruit-be>+2 & !y are n[ prematurely gray & moss-cov]$ because ( ! t]rible infliction4 ,i lay d[n ! g5]al proposition t no man :o h>bors cat]pill>s has any moral "r to ,apples--t ea* gr[] %\ld be requir$ to make 8 *oice betwe5 !m4 ,slov5ly f>m]s say1 ,o !re are s _m ( !m t ,i _c kill half s fa/ z !y multiply4 ,!n ,i say1 cut d[n & burn up ! trees y c be/ sp>e1 until y h no m left ?an y c keep cle> ( worms4 ,if x 7 ! law ( ! l& t :oev] all[$ cat]pill>s to ne/ & bre$ 9 8 fruit-trees %\ld pay a heavy f9e = ea* ne/1 we %\ld soon be comp>atively cle> ( ! sc\rges4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( su* salut>y regulation1 "o man fights !m ) p]si/5t resolution1 only to see 8 or*>d aga9 & aga9 invad$ & ravag$ by ! pe/s hat*$ & h>bor$ by 8 c>eless neighbors4 ,he ?us pays & repays ! p5alty ( o!rs' neglig5ce & misdo+ until1 disc\rag$ & demoraliz$1 he ab&ons ! hopeless /ruggle1 & !nce=? repels ! enemy f a few favorite trees ar\nd 8 dwell+1 & surr5d]s 8 or*>d to its fate4 ,?us bad laws 7or no laws7 are con/antly mak+ bad f>m]s4 ,! birds t w\ld help u to make head aga9/ our insect foes are slaught]$ by reckless boys--_m ( !m big en\gh to "k bett]--& our p]ils & losses f enemies :o w\ld be contemptible if _! numb]s did n r5d] !m =midable increase f ye> to ye>4 ,we mu/ *ange all ?is2 & ! fir/ requisite ( our situation is a firm alliance ( ! entire f>m+ & fruit-gr[+ int]e/ def5sive z to birds1 (f5sive t[>d _! de/roy]s1 & t[>d ! v]m9 multipli$ & %ield$ by ! ru?less massacre ( our fea!r$ fri5ds4 ,s9ce ! =ego+ 0 writt5 we h _h 79 #ahgj7 ! greate/ ,apple-crop ?r\gh\t our section t m9e eyes did ev] yet behold4 ,x 0 s abundant t ,i c\ld n sell all my cid]-apples to ! v9eg>-mak]s1 ev5 at fitly c5ts p] b>rel4 ,?is e/abli%es ! cont9u$ capacity ( our region to be> ,apples1 & %\ld invite to ! plant+ ( new or*>ds & ! f]tilization & r5ovation ( old ones4 ,,xxvi4 ,,hay ,,& ,,hay-,,mak+ ,! ,grass-crop ( ?is1 z ( _m1 if n mo/1 o!r c\ntries1 is und\bt$ly ! mo/ important ( its annual products2 requir+ by f> ! l>ge/ area ( its soil1 & furni%+ ! pr9cipal food ( its ,cattle1 & ?us contribut+ ess5tially to ! subsi/5ce ( its work+ animals & to ! production ( ^? ,meats :i* =m a l>ge & con/antly increas+ proportion ( ! food ( e civiliz$ p4 ,b ,i propose to speak 9 ?is essay ( t proportion ( ! ,grass-crop--say #be to #ce p] c5t4 ( ! :ole--:i* is cut1 cur$ & h\s$ 7or /ack$7 = ,hay1 & :i* is ma9ly f$ out to animals 9 ,w9t] & ,spr+1 :5 fro/ & sn[ h dive/$ ! e>? ( h]bage or r5d]$ x inaccessible4 ,! ,sev5? ,c5sus 7#ahej7 return$ ! ,hay-crop ( ! prec$+ ye> at #ac1hch1fdb tuns1 :i* ! ,eigh? ,c5sus increas$ to #ai1abi1abh tuns z ! product ( #ahei4 ,confid5t t mo/ f>m]s und]e/imate _! ,hay-crops1 & t hundr$s ( ?\s&s :o d n consid] !mselves f>m]s1 b :o own or r5t little home/eads ( two to t5 acres ea*1 keep+ !reon a c[ or two & (t5 a horse1 fail to make returns ( ! two to five tuns ( ,hay !y annually produce1 consid]+ !m too trivial1 ,i e/imate ! actual ,hay-crop ( all our ,/ates & ,t]ritories = ! curr5t ye> at #dj1jjj1jjj tuns1 or ab\t a tun to ea* inhabitant1 al?\gh ,i d n expect ! new ,c5sus to place x mu*1 if any1 above #be1jjj1jjj tuns4 ,! e/imat$ av]age value ( ?is crop is #aj 7gold7 p] tun1 mak+ its aggregate value1 at my e/imate ( its am\nt1 #djj1jjj1jjj--;& ! quantity is con/antly & rapidly increas+4 ,t quantity %\ld be l>g] f ! area devot$ to mead[s1 & ! quality a great deal bett]4 ,i e/imate t #cj1jjj1jjj acres are annually m[$ to obta9 ^! #dj1jjj1jjj tuns ( ,hay1 giv+ an av]age yield ( #a-a_/c tuns p] acre1 :ile ! av]age %\ld c]ta9ly n fall bel[ two tuns p] acre4 ,my upl& has a gravelly1 rocky soil1 n natural to grass1 & _h be5 pa/ur$ to dea? = at lea/ a c5tury be=e ,i b\ght x2 yet x has yield$ me an av]age ( n less ?an #b-a_/b tuns to ! acre = ! la/ sixte5 ye>s1 & w n yield less :ile ,i am all[$ to f>m x4 ,my l[l& 7bog :5 ,i b\ght x7 is b\nd h5ce=? to yield m2 b1 :ile imp]fectly or n at all dra9$1 x 0 ( c\rse a poor reliance--yield+ b\nte\sly 9 spots1 9 o!rs1 little or no?+4 ,9 no?+ else is %iftless1 slov5ly f>m+ s apt to betray itself z 9 ! culture ( ,grass & ! managem5t ( grass l&s4 ,pa/ures ov]gr[n ) bu%es & *equ]$ by quak+1 miry bogs2 mead[s f\l ) e we$1 f :ite daisy up to ! ranke/ brakes1 ) hill-sides t may once h be5 productive1 b f :i* crop aft] crop has be5 tak5 & no?+ return$ to !m1 until _! yield has %runk to half or ?ree-f\r?s ( a tun ( poor hay1 ^! are ! av]age indications ( a f>m ne>ly run out by ! poore/ sort ( f>m+4 ,su* f>ms 7 common 9 ! ,new ,engl& ( my boyhood2 ,i tru/ !y are less s to-day2 yet ,i seldom travel t5 miles 9 any region nor? or ea/ ( ! ,delaw>e )\t see+ "o or m ( !m4 ,fifty ye>s ago1 ,i judge t ! great] "p ( ! hay made 9 ,new-,engl& 0 cut f s\r1 boggy l&1 t 0 devot$ to grass simply because no?+ else c\ld be done ) x4 ,i h help$ to c>ry ! crop (f on poles f consid]able tracts on :i* ox5 c\ld n v5ture )\t mir+4 ,x 7 sup]flu\s to add t no well-br$ animal w\ld eat su* /uff1 unless ! *oice 7 betwe5 x & absolute />vation4 ,9 _m cases1 a v little "w done 9 op5+ ! rude/ surface-dra9s w\ld h trans=m$ ^! bogs into dec5t mead[s1 & ! product1 by ! help ( pl[+ or se$+1 into unexceptionable hay4 ,!re are n _m f>m]s1 ap>t f our wise & skillful dairym51 :o use half en\gh grass-se$2 m5 o!rwise ?rifty (t5 fail 9 ?is respect4 ,if half our ord9>y f>m]s w\ld ?or\ghly se$ d[n a full ?ird ( ! area !y usually cultivate1 & devote to ! residue ! "t & ef=ts !y n[ give to ! :ole1 !y w\ld gr[ m gra9 & vegetables1 :ile ! additional grass w\ld be s mu* cle> aga94 ,we s[ almo/ exclusively ,timo?y & ,clov]1 :5 !re are at lea/ #bj diff]5t grasses requir$ by our great div]sity ( soils1 & ( ^! ?ree or f\r might (t5 be s[n toge!r ) pr(it2 especially 9 se$+ d[n fields int5d$ = pa/ure1 we might advantage\sly use a great] v>iety & abundance ( se$4 ,i believe t !re are grasses n yet adopt$ & h>dly recogniz$ by ! great body ( our f>m]s--! buffalo-grass ( ! prairies = "o--t w yet be gr[n & priz$ ov] a great "p ( our c\ntry4 ,z = ,hay-,mak+1 my conviction is /rong t our grass is cut 9 ! av]age f two to ?ree weeks too late1 & t n only is our hay greatly damag$ !reby1 b our mead[s ne$lessly impov]i%$ & exhau/$4 ,! =mation & p]fection ( se$ always draw heavily ^u ! soil4 ,a crop ( grass cut :5 ! e>lie/ blossoms beg9 to drop--:i*1 9 my judgm5t1 is ! only "r "t--w n impov]i% ! soil half s mu* z w ! same crop cut ?ree weeks lat]2 :ile ! roots ( ! e>li] cut grass w reta9 _! vitality at lea/ ?rice z long z ?\gh half ! se$ _h rip5$ be=e ! crop 0 h>ve/$4 ,grass t 0 fully ripe :5 cut has lo/ at lea/ half its nutrim5t1 :i* no *emi/ry c ev] re/ore4 ,hay alone is dry fodd] = a long ,w9t]1 especially = "y /ock2 b hay cut aft] x 0 dead ripe1 is prop] nutrim5t = no animal :atev]--n ev5 = old horses1 :o are popul>ly suppos$ to l & ?rive ^u x4 ,! fact t our f>m]s are too g5]ally %ort-h&$ ?r\gh\t ! season ( ! ,summ] h>ve/1 :ile x seems to expla9 ! error ,i combat1 r5d]s x none ! less disa/r\s & deplorable4 ,i e/imate ! depreciation 9 ! value ( our hay-crop1 by reason ( late cutt+1 z n less ?an "o-fif?2 &1 :5 we consid] t a full half ( our f>m]s turn out _! cattle to ravage & poa* up _! fields 9 que/ ( fodd] a full mon? e>li] ?an !y %\ld1 because _! hay is ne>ly or q exhau/$1 ! consequ5ces ( ?is error are se5 to diffuse !mselves ov] ! :ole economy ( ! f>m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ! h\r 9 :i* grass falls "u ! ,m[]1 x ought to be kept 9 motion until laid at re/ 9 ! /ack or ! b>n2 keep /irr+ x ) ! t$d] until x is ready to be rak$ into light w9r[s1 & turn ^! ov] & ov] until !y w answ] to g ^u ! c>t4 ,9 any bright1 hot day1 ! grass m[$ 9 ! morn+ %\ld be /ack$ be=e ! dew falls at night2 :ile1 if any is m[$ aft] noon1 x %\ld be cock$ & capp$ by sunset1 ev5 ?\gh x be necess>y to op5 x out ! next fair morn+4 ,i h a dream ( hay-mak+1 especially ) reg>d to clov]1 )\t all[+ x to be scald$ by fi]ce sun%9e4 ,9 my dream1 ! grass is rak$ & load$ ne>ly z fa/ z cut1 drawn to ! b>n-y>d1 & !re pit*$ ^u an endless apron1 on :i* x is c>ri$ sl[ly ?r\gh a dry+-h\se1 heat$ to "s #bjj deg4 ,fahr5heit by /eam or by *>coal 9 a furnace bel[1 some:at aft] ! mann] ( a hop-kiln4 ,:ile pass+ sl[ly ?r\gh ?is heat$ atmosph]e1 ! grass is cont9ually =k$ up & %ak5 s z to expose e lock ( x to ! dry+ heat1 until x passes (f !reby depriv$ ( its moi/ure & is precipitat$ into a m[ or ^u a /ack-bottom at ! opposite side2 load aft] load be+ pit*$ ^u ! apron cont9u\sly1 & ! dry+ process go+ /eadily =w>d by night z well z by day1 & )\t reg>d to ! wea!r outside4 ,i d n ass]t t ?is vision w ev] be realiz$2 b ,i h kn[n dreams z wild z ?is trans=m$ by "t & ?\ght into b5efic5t realities4 ,i ask no "o to %>e my dreams or sympa?ise ) _! drift & purpose4 ,i only insi/ t ,hay-mak+1 z x is manag$ all ar\nd me1 is rud] 9 its processes & m unc]ta9 9 its results ?an x %\ld or ne$ be4 ,we cut our grass rapidly & well2 we ga!r & h\se x ) tol]able effici5cy2 b we cure mu* ( x imp]fectly & wa/efully4 ,! fact t mo/ ( x is ov]-ripe :5 cut aggravates ! p]nici\s effects ( its subsequ5t exposure to dew & ra92 & ! net result is damag$ fodd] :i* is at once unpalatable & innutriti\s4 ,,xxvii4 ,,pea*es--,,pe>s--,,*]ries--,,grapes4 ,our h>%1 caprici\s climate nor? ( ! latitudes ( ,philadelphia1 ,c9c9nati1 & ,/4 ,l\is--s mu* sev]] ?an t ( correspond+ latitudes 9 ,europe--is unfavorable1 or at lea/ v try+1 to all ! m delicate & lusci\s ,fruits1 b]ries except$4 ,except on our ,pacific coa/1 ( :i* ! ,w9t] temp]ature is at lea/ t5 degrees mild] ?an t ( ! ,atlantic1 ! f9] ,pea*es & ,grapes are gr[n ) difficulty nor? ( ! =tie? degree ( latitude1 save 9 a few specially favor$ localities1 :]e( ! s\!rn %ore ( ,lake ,erie is mo/ not$1 ?\gh "p ( t ( ,lake ,ont>io & ( ! we/ coa/ ( ,lake ,mi*igan are likewise well adapt$ to ! ,pea*4 ,x is n ! m]e fact t ! m]cury 9 ,fahr5heit's !rmomet] sometimes ranges bel[ z]o1 & ! e>? is deeply froz51 b ! sudd5ness :]e) su* rigor succe$s & is succe$$ by a temp]ature above ! freez+ po9t1 t proves s inhospitable to ! mo/ valu$ ,tree-,fruits4 ,&1 z ! d5se =e/s :i* =m]ly clo!d ! ,allegh5ies & ! ,atlantic slope1 are ye> by ye> swept away1 ! sev]ity ( our cold snaps1 & ! cel]ity ) :i* !y appe> & disappe>1 are con/antly aggravat$4 ,a *ange ( #fj deg41 or f #ej deg4 above to #aj deg4 bel[ z]o1 betwe5 morn+ & ! foll[+ midnight1 soon foll[$ by an equally rapid return to an av]age ,novemb] temp]ature1 (t5 proves fatal ev5 to h>dy =e/-trees4 ,i h _h ! ,r$ ,c$> 9 my woods kill$ by scores dur+ an op51 caprici\s ,w9t]2 & my obs]vation indicates ! w>me/ spots 9 a =e/ z ^? :]e trees are mo/ likely to be ?us de/roy$4 ,aft] an ,arctic night1 9 :i* !y are froz5 solid1 a bright sun s5ds its rays into ! w>me/ nooks1 :5ce ! w9d is exclud$1 & :olly or p>tially ?aws out ! small] trees2 :i* are sudd5ly froz5 solid aga9 s soon z ! sun%9e is )drawn2 & ?is p>tly expla9s to my m9d ! fact t pea*-buds are (t5 kill$ 9 l[] & level portions ( an or*>d1 :ile !y reta9 _! vitality on ! hill-side & at its cre/1 n #hj rods di/ant f ^? de/roy$4 ,! fact t ! cold] air desc5ds into & rema9s 9 ! valleys ( a roll+ di/rict contributes also to ! correct explanation ( a ph5om5on :i* has puzzl$ "s obs]v]s4 ,unless 9 a favor$ locality1 x seems to ! unadvisable = a f>m] :o expects to ?rive ma9ly by ! production ( ,gra9 & ,cattle1 to attempt ! gr[+ ( ! f9] ,fruits1 except = ! use ( 8 own family4 ,9 a majority ( cases1 a multiplicity ( c>es & labors precludes 8 giv+ to 8 ,pea*es & ,grapes1 8 ,plums & ,qu9ces1 ! seasonable & p]si/5t att5tion :i* !y absolutely require4 ,q commonly1 a f>m] visits a gr& nurs]y1 sees ) admiration its trees & v9es load$ ) ! mo/ lusci\s ,fruits1 & ra%ly inf]s t he has only to buy a good /ock ( l ,trees & ,v9es to insure himself an abundance ( delici\s fruit4 ,s he buys & sets2 b ) no su* prep>ation ( ! soil1 & no su* c>e to keep x mell[ & free f we$s1 or to baffle & de/roy pr$atory insects1 z ! nurs]yman employs4 ,h5ce ! utt] disappo9tm5t ( 8 hopes2 bor]s1 slugs1 cat]pill>s1 & e kn[n or unkn[n species ( insect enemies1 prey ^u 8 neglect$ favorites4 ,at int]vals1 "s dome/ic animal or animals get among !m1 & break d[n a doz5 9 an h\r4 ,s1 ! f> great] numb] come to grief1 )\t hav+ _h "o fair *ance to %[ :at !y c\ld d1 & ! f>m] jumps to ! conclusion t ! nurs]yman 0 a sw9dl]1 & ! trees he sells sc>cely relat$ to ^? ^: abundant & excell5t fruits tempt$ him to buy4 ,i c\nsel e f>m] to consid] ?\ghtfully ! treatm5t absolutely requir$ = ! production ( ! f9] ,fruits be=e he all[s a nurs]yman to make a bill aga9/ him1 & n expect to gr[ ,du*esse ,pe>s z easily z ,blackb]ries1 or ,ionas & ,catawbas z readily z he does ,fox-grapes on ! will[s :i* ov]hang 8 brook2 = if he does he w surely be disappo9t$4 ,"s ( our h>di] & co>s] ,grapes--! ,concord preem95t among !m--are gr[n ) consid]able facility ov] a wide ext5t ( our c\ntry2 & _m f>m]s1 hav+ plant$ !m 9 cong5ial soil1 & t5d$ !m well ?r\gh\t _! infancy1 are rew>d$ by a b\nte\s product = two or ?ree ye>s4 ,believ+ _! success assur$1 !y imag9e t _! v9es may h5ce=? be neglect$1 & 9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree m ye>s !y are (t5 utt]ly ru9$4 ,i "k t !re are wild grapes ( "s value1 9 ! abs5ce ( bett]1 :i* ?rive & be> )\t att5tion2 b ,i d n believe t any grape :i* w sell 9 a m>ket :]e good fruit 0 ev] se51 c be gr[n nor? ( ,philadelphia b by con/ant c>e & labor1 or at a co/ ( less ?an five c5ts p] p\nd1 "u ! mo/ judici\s & skillful treatm5t4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 & ,i presume 9 mo/ ( our ,/ates s\? ( ! ,potomac & ,ohio1 *oice grapes may be gr[n m abundantly & m *eaply4 ,yet ,i ?9k ! localities are few & f> betwe5 9 :i* a tun ( good grapes c be gr[n z *eaply z a tun ( :eat1 "u ! mo/ judici\s cultivation 9 ei!r case4 ,i d n mean to disc\rage grape-gr[+2 on ! contr>y1 ,i w\ld h e f>m]1 ev5 s f> nor? z ,v]mont & ,wiscons91 exp]im5t cauti\sly ) a doz5 ( ! mo/ promis+ v>ieties1 includ+ always ! m h>dy1 9 ! hope ( f9d+ "s "o or m adapt$ to 8 soil1 & capable ( endur+ 8 climate4 ,ev5 9 ,france1 ! l& ( ! v9e1 "o f>m w produce a grape :i* ! v next w n3 no man c satisfactorily say :y4 ,! f>m]1 :o has tri$ half a doz5 grapes & fail$ ) all1 %\ld n be det]r$ f fur!r exp]im5ts1 = ! v next may prove a success4 ,i w\ld only say1 ,be mod]ate 9 y\r expectations & c>eful 9 y\r exp]im5ts2 & nev] risk ev5 #ajj on a v9ey>d1 till y h asc]ta9$1 at a co/ ( #e or "u1 :e!r ! species y are te/+ w ?rive & be> on y\r soil4 ,9 my own case1 my upl& ma9ly slop+ to ! we/1 ) a hill ris+ directly s\? ( x1 ,i h _h no luck ) ,grapes1 & ,i h wa/$ little "t or means ^u !m4 ,i h done en\gh to %[ t !y c be gr[n1 ev5 9 su* a locality1 b n to pr(it or satisfaction4 ,i w\ld advise ! f>m] :o proposes to gr[ ,pe>1 ,pea*es1 & ,qu9ces1 = home use only or ma9ly1 to select a piece ( dry1 gravelly or s&y loam1 und]dra9 x ?or\ghly1 pl[ or tr5* x v deeply1 & f]tilize x g5]\sly1 9 good "p ) a%es & ) leaf-mold f 8 woods4 ,locate ! pig-p5 on "o side ( x1 f5ce x /rongly1 & let ! pigs h ! run ( x = a good portion ( ea* ye>4 ,9 ?is plat or y>d1 plant half a doz5 ,*]ry & z _m ,pe> trees ( *oice v>ieties1 ! ,b>tlett =emo/ among !m2 keep cle> ( all dw>fs1 & let y\r *oice/ trees h a *ance to run "u ! pig-p5 if !y w4 ,plant "h also1 if y\r climate does n =bid1 a doz5 well-*os5 ,pea*-trees1 & two ea* ye> !reaft] to replace ^? t w soon be dy+ out2 & give half a doz5 ,qu9ces moi/ & ri* locations by ! side ( y\r f5ces2 surr\nd+ ea* tree ) /akes or pickets t w preclude too great famili>ity on ! "p ( ! sw9e1 & w n prev5t a %>p scrut9y = bor]s 9 _! season4 ,d n =get t a fruit-tree is l a c[ ti$ to an immovable /ake1 f :i* y _c cont9ue to draw a pail ( milk p] day unless y c>ry h] a lib]al supply ( food2 & e ,fall c>t 9 half a doz5 loads ( muck f "s conv5i5t swamp or pond = y\r pigs to turn ov]3 ,%\ld !y leave any we$s1 cut !m ) a scy! z (t5 z !y seem to ne$ x2 nev] all[+ "o to rip5 se$4 ,!re may be easi] & sur] ways to obta9 *oice fruits2 b ?is "o comm5ds itself to my judgm5t z n surpass$ by any o!r4 ,i ?9k few h gr[n fruits to pr(it b ^? :o make ?is a specialty2 & ,i feel t disappo9tm5t 9 fruit-culture is by no means ne> ! end4 ,y c gr[ ,plums1 or ,grapes1 or ,pea*es1 outside ( ! climate mo/ cong5ial to !m1 b ?is is a "w :]e9 success is likely to co/ m ?an its wor?4 ,try x fir/ on a small scale1 if y w try x2 & be sure y d x ?or\ghly4 ,,xxviii4 ,,gra9-,,gr[+--,,ea/ ,,& ,,we/4 ,i disclaim all pret5sions to ability to tea* ,we/]n f>m]s h[ to gr[ ,indian ,corn abundantly & pr(itably1 :ile ,i *e]fully admit t !y h taught me some:at ?or\ghly wor? kn[+4 ,9 my boyhood1 ,i ho$ ,corn dilig5tly = weeks at a "t1 draw+ ! e>? f betwe5 ! r[s up ab\t ! /alks to a dep? ( ?ree or f\r in*es2 ?us =m+ hills :i* ! ,we/ has s9ce taught me to be ( no use1 b r a detrim5t1 emb>rass+ ! ef=ts ( ! gr[+1 hungry plants to ?r[ out _! roots ext5sively 9 e direction1 & subject+ !m to ne$less injury f dr\?4 ,i am ?or\ghly conv9c$ t ,corn1 prop]ly plant$1 w1 l ,:eat & all o!r gra9s1 root itself j deep en\gh 9 ! gr\nd1 & t to keep d[n all we$s & leave ! surface ( ! corn-field op51 mell[ & p]fectly flat1 is ! be/ z well z ! *eape/ way to cultivate ,corn4 ,& ,i d n believe t s mu* human food1 ) s little labor1 is produc$ else:]e on e>? z 9 ! spaci\s fields ( ,:eat & ,corn 9 our gr& ,mississippi valley4 ,& yet ,i h se5 9 t valley _m ample /ret*es cov]$ ) ,corn1 :]e( ! tillage seem$ susceptible ( improvem5t4 ,rid+ betwe5 ^! great corn-fields 9 ,octob]1 aft] ev]y?+ /&+ !reon _h be5 kill$ by fro/1 x seem$ to my obs]vation t1 :ile ! corn-crop 0 fair1 ! we$-crop 0 f> m luxuriant2 s t1 if ev]y?+ _h be5 cut clean f ! gr\nd1 & ! corn & ! we$s plac$ 9 opposite scales1 ! latt] w\ld h weigh$ d[n ! =m]4 ,i _c d\bt t ! cultivation1 or lack ( cultivation1 :i* produces or p]mits su* results1 is n m]ely slov5ly1 b un?rifty4 ,! ,we/ is = ! pres5t1 z = a g5]ation %e has be51 ! gran>y ( ! ,ea/4 ,9 my judgm5t1 %e w n long be cont5t to rema9 s4 ,fifty ye>s ago1 ! ,g5esee valley suppli$ mo/ ( ! :eat & fl\r import$ into ,new-,engl&2 t5 ye>s lat]1 ,nor!rn ,ohio 0 our pr9cipal res\rce2 t5 ye>s lat] /ill1 ,mi*igan1 ,indiana1 nor!rn ,ill9ois1 & ea/]n ,wiscons91 _h be5 add$ to our gra9-gr[+ t]ritory4 ,ano!r decade1 & our fl\r manufactur]s _h cross$ ! ,mississippi1 lay+ ,i[a & ,m9nesota "u lib]al contributions1 :ile we/]n ,new-,york _h ceas$ to gr[ ev5 h] own bread/uffs1 & ,ohio to produce "o bu%el m ?an %e ne$$ = home consumption4 ,c we d\bt t ?is /eady recession ( our ,egypt1 our ,hung>y1 is de/9$ to cont9ue8 ,tw5ty-?ree ye>s ago1 :5 ,i fir/ rode out f ! !n ris+ village ( ,*icago to see ! ,ill9ois prairies1 ne>ly e wagon ,i met 0 load$ ) :eat1 go+ into ,*icago1 to be sold = ab\t fifty c5ts p] bu%el1 & ! proce$s load$ back 9 ! =m ( lumb]1 groc]ies1 & almo/ ev]y?+ else1 gra9 except$1 ne$$ by ! pione]s1 !n dott+1 ?9ly & irregul>ly1 t :ole region ) _! cab9s4 ,n[1 ,i presume ! di/rict ,i !n trav]s$ produces h>dly m gra9 ?an x consumes2 tak+ ,ill9ois altoge!r1 ,i d\bt t %e w gr[ h] own bread/uffs aft] #ahhj2 n t %e w be unable to produce a l>ge surplus1 b t h] f>m]s w h decid$ t !y c use _! l&s o!rwise to great] advantage4 ,i[a & ,m9nesota w cont9ue to export gra9 = p]haps tw5ty ye>s long]2 b ev5 _! "t w come = say+1 ,new-,york & ,new-,engl& 7n to speak ( ,old ,engl&7 are too f> away to furni% pr(itable m>kets = su* bulky products2 ! co/ ( transportation absorbs ! l>g] "p ( ! c>go4 ,we mu/ export in/ead ,wool1 ,meat1 ,l>d1 ,butt]1 ,*eese1 ,hops1 & v>i\s ,manufactures1 :]e( ! freight w range f #b up to n m ?an #be p] c5t4 ( ! value4 ,!y ?us save _! soil f ! trem5d\s exaction made by tak+ gra9-crop aft] gra9-crop p]si/5tly1 :i* long ago exhau/$ mo/ ( ,new-,engl& & ea/]n ,new-,york ( :eat-=m+ mat]ial1 & has s9ce wr\ght ! same deplorable result 9 our ri* ,g5esee valley2 :ile ea/]n ,p5nsylvania1 ?\gh settl$ ne>ly two c5turies ago1 hav+ pursu$ a m rational & provid5t sy/em ( husb&ry1 gr[s excell5t :eat-crops to ?is day4 ,i insi/ t ! ,/ates ?is side ( ! ,delaw>e2 ?\gh !y w draw mu* gra9 f ! ,canadas aft] ! political *ange t _c be f> di/ant1 w be compell$ to gr[ a v consid]able %>e ( _! own bread/uff2 t ! ,we/ w cease to supply !m unless at prices :i* !y w deem exorbitant2 & t gra9-gr[+ ea/w>d ( a l9e drawn f ,baltimore ?is nor? to ! ,lakes w h to be v consid]ably ext5d$4 ,let u see1 !n1 :e!r ?is might n be done ) pr(it ev5 n[1 & :e!r ! ,ea/ is n unwise 9 hav+ s g5]ally ab&on$ gra9-gr[+4 ,i leave out ( ! acc\nt mo/ ( ,new-,engl&1 z well z ( ,ea/]n ,new-,york1 & ! m rugg$ portions ( ,new-,j]sey & ,p5nsylvania1 :]e ! rocky1 hilly1 swampy face ( ! c\ntry seems to =bid any b t pat*y cultivation1 :]e9 ma*9]y & me*anical p[] c sc>cely be made available1 & :i* seem1 !re=e1 p]man5tly fat$ to p]sev]e 9 a sy/em ( agriculture & horticulture n ess5tially unlike t !y n[ exhibit4 ,9 ! valleys ( ! ,p5obscot1 ! ,k5nebec1 ! ,hudson1 & ( our small] riv]s1 !re are consid]able tracts absolutely free f ^! natural imp$im5ts1 :]eon a l>g] & m effici5t husb&ry is p]fectly practicable1 ev5 n[2 b ^! int]vales are g5]ally ! prop]ty ( _m own]s2 are cut up by roads & f5ces2 & are held at high prices3 s t ,i w simply pass !m by1 & take = illu/ration ! ,p9e ,b>r5s ( ,s\!rn ,new-,j]sey1 m]ely obs]v+ t :at ,i say ( !m is equally applicable1 ) slight modifications1 to l>ge portions ( ,long ,isl&1 ,delaw>e1 ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia1 & ! ,c>ol9as4 ,! ,p9e ,b>r5s ( ,new-,j]sey are a m>9e deposit ( sev]al hundr$ feet 9 dep?1 ma9ly s&1 ) :i* m or less clay is g5]ally int]m+l$1 :ile !re are b$s & ev5 broad] /ret*es ( ?is mat]ial ne>ly or q pure2 ! clay sometimes und]ly+ ! s& at a dep? ( #aj to #cj or #dj in*es4 ,va/ deposits ( muck or leaf-mold1 (t5 ( _m acres 9 ext5t & f two to tw5ty feet 9 dep?1 are v common2 s t h>dly any portion ( ! dry or s&y l& is two miles di/ant f "o or m ( !m1 :ile "s is usually mu* ne>]2 & half ! entire region is und]laid by at lea/ "o /ratum ( ! fam\s m>l 7=m$ ( ! decompos$ bones ( gigantic m>9e mon/]s long ago ext9ct7 :i* has already play$ s important & b5efic5t a "p 9 ! r5ovation & f]tilization ( l>ge di/ricts 9 ,monm\?1 ,burl+ton1 ,salem1 & o!r c\nties4 ,let u suppose n[ t a f>m] ( ample means & g5]\s capacity %\ld pur*ase f\r hundr$ acres ( ^! b>r5s1 ) int5t to produce !refrom1 n sweet potatoes1 melons1 & ! truck to :i* ,s\!rn ,j]sey is s l>gely devot$1 b sub/antial ,gra9 & ,meat2 & let u see :e!r ! ent]prise w\ld probably pay4 ,let u n /9t ! outlay1 b1 presum+ ! tract to be eligibly locat$ on a railroad n too di/ant f "s good m>l-b$1 e/imate z foll[s3 ,pur*ase-money ( #djj acres at #be p] acre #aj1jjj ,cle>+1 grubb+1 f5c+ & break+ up ditto at #bj p] acre1 ov] & above ! proce$s ( ! wood #h1jjj ,"o ?\s& bu%els ( be/ ,m>l p] acre1 at #f c5ts p] bu%el deliv]$ #bd1jjj ,"o hundr$ loads ( ,swamp ,muck1 p] acre1 at #ej c5ts p] load #bj1jjj ,fifty bu%els 7unslak$7 ( ,oy/]-%ell ,lime 7to compo/ ) ! ,muck71 p] acre1 at #be c5ts p] bu%el1 deliv]$ #e1jjj ,"o hundr$ tuns ( ,bone ,fl\r at #ej p] tun #e1jjj ------- ,net co/1 #ahj p] acre4 ,total #gb1jjj ,i believe t ?is tract1 divid$ by light f5ces into f\r fields ( #ajj acres ea*1 & se$$ 9 rotation to ,corn1 ,:eat1 ,clov] & o!r grasses1 w\ld produce fully #fj bu%els ( ,corn & #cj ( ,:eat p] acre1 ) n less ?an #c tuns ( good ,hay2 & t by cutt+1 /eam+1 & fe$+ ! /alks & /raw on ! place1 n pa/ur+1 b keep+ up ! /ock1 & fe$+ !m1 z indicat$ 9 a =m] *apt] ( ^! essays1 & sell+ _! product 9 ! =m ( ,milk1 ,butt]1 ,*eese & ,meat1 a great] pr(it w\ld be realiz$ ?an c\ld be f a l inve/m5t 9 ,i[a or ,kansas4 ,! soil is w>m1 readily frees itself1 or is fre$1 f surplus wat]2 is n addict$ to we$s2 may be pl[$ at lea/ #bjj days 9 a ye>2 may be s[$ or plant$ 9 ! ,spr+1 :5 ,m9nesota is yet solidly froz52 :ile ! crop1 e>ly matur$1 is on h& to take advantage ( any sudd5 advance 9 ! ,european or our own seabo>d m>kets4 ,labor1 also1 is *eap] & m rapidly procur$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ?is great focus ( immigration ?an x is or c be 9 ! ,we/2 & our capable f>m]s may take _! pick ( ! work]s ?rong+ hi!r f ,europe1 at ! mom5t ( _! l&+ on our %ore4 ,( c\rse1 ! own] ( su* an e/ate z ,i h r\ghly outl9$1 w\ld be likely to keep a "p ( 8 pur*ase 9 timb]1 prov+ ! quality !re( by cutt+ out ! less desirable trees1 trimm+ up ! re/1 & plant+ new ones among !m2 & he w\ld be almo/ c]ta9 to devote "s "p ( 8 f>m annually to ! gr[? ( ,roots1 ,vegetables1 & ,fruits4 ,b ,i h aim$ to %[ only t he w\ld gr[ gra9 "h at a pr(it1 & ,i ?9k ,i h succe$$4 ,8 #fj bu%els ( corn 7%ell$7 p] acre c\ld be sold at 8 crib1 "o ye> ) ano!r1 = #fj silv] doll>s2 & he ne$ seldom wait a mon? aft] husk+ x = cu/om]s :o w\ld gladly take 8 gra9 & pay ! money = x4 ,?is w\ld be j ab\t d\ble :at ! ,i[a or ,miss\ri f>m] c expect to av]age = 8 ,corn4 ,! abundant fodd] w\ld also be wor? 9 ,new-,j]sey at lea/ d\ble its value 9 ,i[a2 & ,i judge t ! f>m] able to buy1 prep>e1 f]tilize1 & cultivate #a1bjj acres ( ! ,j]sey b>r5s1 c\ld make m ?an ?rice ! pr(it to be realiz$ by ! own] ( #djj acres4 ,he w\ld pl[ & se$ z well z ?ra%1 %ell1 cut /alks & /raw1 & prep>e ! food ( 8 animals1 :olly by /eam-p[]1 & w\ld soon le>n to cultivate a squ>e mile at no great] exp5se ?an is n[ involv$ 9 ! z p]fect tillage ( #bjj acres4 ,?is essay is n int5d$ to prove t ,gra9 is n or may n be pr(itably cultivat$ at ! ,we/1 nor t x is unadvisable = ,ea/]n f>m]s to migrate ?i!r 9 ord] s to cultivate x4 ,:at ,i ma9ta9 is1 t ,:eat1 ,indian ,corn1 & ne>ly all our great food /aples1 may also be pr(itably produc$ on ! seabo>d1 & t ?\s&s ( squ>e miles1 n[ ne>ly or q unproductive1 may be wisely & pr(itably devot$ to su* production4 ,let u reg>d1 !re=e1 )\t al>m1 ! prospect ( su* a developm5t & div]sification ( ,we/]n ,indu/ry z w r5d] necess>y a l>ge & p]man5t ext5sion 7or r revival7 ( ,ea/]n gra9-gr[+4 ,,xxix4 ,,escul5t ,,roots--,,potatoes4 ,9 no o!r =m c s l>ge an am\nt & value ( human food be obta9$ f an acre ( gr\nd z 9 t ( edible roots or tub]s2 & ( ^! ! ,potato is by f> ! mo/ acceptable1 & 9 mo/ g5]al use4 ,our ance/ors1 x is settl$1 7 de/itute & ignorant ( ! ,potato prior to ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 ?\gh ,europe w\ld n[ f9d x difficult to subsi/ h] teem+ millions )\t x4 ,9 travell+ pretty widely ov] t cont95t1 ,i _c rememb] t ,i f\nd1 any consid]able di/rict 9 :i* ! ,potato 0 n cultivat$1 ?\gh ,irel&1 we/]n ,engl&1 & nor!rn ,switz]l&1 ) a small portion ( nor!rn ,italy1 are impress$ on my m9d z ! mo/ addict$ to ! gr[? ( ?is escul5t4 ,o!r roots are eat5 occasionally1 by way ( v>iety1 or z giv+ a reli% to ord9>y food2 b ! ,potato alone =ms "p ( ! e day diet alike ( pr9ce & peasant4 ,x is an almo/ indisp5sable +r$i5t ( ! fea/s ( ,dives1 :ile x is ! *eape/ & commone/ resort = satiat+ or mod]at+ ! hung] ( ,laz>us4 ,i recollect he>+ my p>5ts1 fifty ye>s ago1 relate h[1 9 _! *ildhood & y\?1 ! poor ( ,new-,engl&1 :5 ! gra9-crop ( t region 0 cut %ort1 z x (t5 01 7 oblig$ to subsi/ ?r\gh ! foll[+ ,w9t] ma9ly on ,potatoes & ,milk2 & ,i !n accord$ to ^? un=tunates ( ! prec$+ g5]ation a sympa?y :i* ,i %\ld n[ consid]ably abate1 provid$ ! ,potatoes 7 ( good quality4 ,roa/$ ,potatoes1 season$ ) salt & butt] & wa%$ d[n ) b\nte\s draughts ( fre% butt]milk1 us$ 9 ^? days to be ! regul> supp] s]v$ up 9 f>m]s' homes aft] a *urn+ ( cream into butt]2 & ,i h s9ce eat5 co/ly supp]s t 7 n half s good4 ,! ,potato1 say "s accr$it$ acc\nts1 0 fir/ br\ght to ,europe f ,virg9ia1 by ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh 9 #aehf or #aehg2 b ,i d n believe ! /ory4 ,au!ntic tradition affirms t ! ,potato 0 utt]ly unkn[n 9 ,new-,engl&1 or at all ev5ts ea/ ( ! ,connecticut1 :5 ! ,scot*-,iri% :o fir/ settl$ ,londond]ry1 ,n4 ,h41 came ov] f old ,londond]ry1 ,irel&1 br++ ! ,potato ) !m4 ,!y sp5t ! ,w9t] ( #agai 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,massa*usetts & ,ma9e--q a numb] ( !m at ,hav]hill1 ,mass41 :]e !y gave away a few ,potatoes = se$1 on leav+ = _! own *os5 location 9 ! ,spr+2 & !y aft]w>d le>n$ t ! ,engli% coloni/s1 :o receiv$ !m1 tri$ h>d to f9d or make ! se$-balls edible ! next ,fall b 7 oblig$ to give x up z a bad job2 leav+ ! tub]s unt\*$ & unsuspect$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,i d\bt t ! ,potato 0 f\nd gr[+ by ,europeans 9 any "p ( ?is c\ntry1 unless x be 9 t we h acquir$ f ,mexico4 ,x is ess5tially a *ild ( ! m\nta9s1 & ,i presume x grew wild n[h]e else ?an on ! sides ( ! great *a9 :i* trav]s$ ,spani% ,am]ica1 at a height ( f #e1jjj to #h1jjj feet above ! surface ( ! ocean4 ,"h x f\nd a climate cool$ by ! elevation & moi/5$ by melt+ sn[s f above & by frequ5t %[]s1 yet "o :i* seldom all[$ ! gr\nd to be froz5 to any consid]able dep?1 :ile ! pure & brac+ atmosph]e 0 cong5ial to its nature & requirem5ts4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 ! ,potato is h>die/ & ?riftie/ among ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s ( ,new-,hamp%ire1 ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s ( ,v]mont1 on ! ,catskills & k9dr$ elevations 9 our own ,/ate1 & 9 simil> regions ( ,p5nsylvania & ! ,/ates fur!r ,s\? & ,we/4 ,my own place is at lea/ #ae miles f1 & #ejj feet above1 ,long ,isl& ,s\nd2 yet ,i _c make ! ,potato1 by ! mo/ g5]\s treatm5t1 s prolific z x 0 9 ,new-,hamp%ire 9 my boyhood1 :]e ,i dug a bu%el f #ad hills1 gr[n on r\gh1 h>d gr\nd1 b :i*1 hav+ j be5 cle>$ ( a ?ick gr[? ( bu%es & bri>s1 0 probably bett] adapt$ to ?is crop ?an ?\gh x _h be5 cov]$ an in* deep ) b>n-y>d manure4 ,he :o has a tol]ably dry1 w>m s&y soil1 cov]$ two or ?ree in*es deep ) decay$ or decay+ leaves & bru%1 may c\nt ) confid5ce on rais+ f x a good crop ( ,potatoes1 provid$ 8 se$ be s\nd & heal?y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all au?orities agree t animal manures1 unless v ?or\ghly rott$ & intimately mix$ ) ! soil1 are injuri\s to ! quality ( ,potatoes gr[n !reon1 /imulat+ any t5d5cy to disease1 if !y d n orig9ally produce su* disease4 ,i believe t ,swamp ,muck1 dug 9 ,summ] or ,autumn1 deposit$ on a dry bank or glade1 & cur$ ( its acidity by an admixture ( ,wood-,a%es1 ( ,lime1 or ( ,salt 7bett] /ill1 ( ,lime & ,salt *emically comp\nd$ by dissolv+ ! ,salt 9 ! lea/ possible quantity ( ,wat]1 & slak+ ! lime ) t ,wat]71 =ms an excell5t f]tiliz] = ,potatoes1 if adm9i/]$ ) a lib]al h&4 ,a bu%el ( ei!r ( ^! alkalies to a cord ( muck is too little2 ! dose %\ld be d\bl$ if possible2 b1 if ! quantity be small1 mix x m c>efully1 & give x all ! "t y c :]e9 to op]ate ^u ! muck be=e apply+ ! mixture to y\r fields4 ,:]e ! muck is n easily to be _h1 yet ! soil is ?9 & poor1 ,i w\ld place consid]able reliance on deep pl[+ & subsoil+ 9 ! ,fall1 & cross-pl[+ j be=e plant+ 9 ! ,spr+4 ,give a good dress+ ( ,pla/]1 n less ?an #bjj lbs4 to ! acre1 directly aft] ! ,fall pl[+2 if y h ,a%es1 scatt] !m lib]ally 9 ! drill or hill z y plant2 &1 if y h !m n1 supply _! place ) ,sup]phosphate or ,bone-du/4 ,i ?9k _m f>m]s w be agreeably surpris$ by ! additional yield :i* w accrue f ?is treatm5t ( _! soil4 ,^? :o h no swamp muck1 & feel t !y c af=d ! outlay1 may1 by pl[+ or subsoil+ e>ly 9 ! ,fall1 se$+ heavily ) rye1 & turn+ ?is "u :5 ! "t comes = plant+ 9 ! ,spr+1 improve bo? crop & soil mat]ially4 ,b ev5 to ^! ,i w\ld say3 ,apply ! ,gypsum 9 ! ,fall1 & ! ,a%es or ,lime & ,salt mixture 9 ! ,spr+2 & n[1 ) good se$ & good luck1 y w be reasonably sure ( a b\nte\s h>ve/4 ,if a f>m]1 hav+ a poor worn-out field ( s&y loam1 wants to d 8 v be/ by x1 let him pl[1 subsoil1 s[ rye & pla/] 9 ! ,fall1 z above indicat$1 turn ?is "u1 & s[ buck:eat late 9 ! next ,spr+2 pl[ ?is "u 9 turn :5 x has atta9$ its gr[?1 & s[ to clov]2 turn ?is d[n ! foll[+ ,spr+1 & ,plant to late potatoes1 & he w n m]ely obta9 a l>ge crop1 b h 8 l& 9 admirable condition = :atev] way foll[4 ,i am q well aw>e t su* an outlay ( labor & se$1 ) an entire loss ( crop = "o season1 w seem to _m too co/ly4 ,i d n advise x except "u peculi> circum/ances2 & yet ,i am confid5t t !re are _m fields t w\ld be d\bl$ 9 value by su* treatm5t1 :i* w\ld ri*ly repay all its co/4 ,t mo/ f>m]s c\ld n af=d ?us to treat _! entire f>ms at once1 is v true2 yet x does n foll[ t !y might n deal ) field aft] field ?us ?or\ghly1 liv+ on ! products ( #dj or #ej acres1 :ile !y devot$ five or six annually to ! "w ( ?or\gh r5ovation4 ,a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 we 7 ?reat5$ ) a complete ext9ction ( ! ,potato1 z an article ( food3 ! /alks1 :5 approa*+ or j atta9+ maturity1 7 sudd5ly smitt5 ) fatal disease--usually1 aft] a w>m ra9 foll[$ by scald+ sun%9e--! gr[+ tub]s 7 spe$ily affect$2 !y rott$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & !y rott$ ne>ly z badly if dug2 & :ole t[n%ips c\ld h>dly %[ a bu%el ( s\nd ,potatoes4 ,a desolat+ fam9e 9 ,irel&1 :i* swept away or drove into exile ne>ly two millions ( h] p1 0 ! mo/ /rik+ & memorable result ( ?is wide-spread disa/]4 ,= sev]al succe$+ seasons1 ! ,potato 0 simil>ly1 ?\gh n s ext5sively1 affect$2 & ! fe>s widely express$ t ! day ( its usefulness 0 ov]1 seem$ to h ample ju/ification4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! ,potato has nev] s9ce be5 s h>dy or prolific z x 0 half a c5tury ago2 x has gradually recov]$1 h[ev]1 f its l[ e/ate1 &1 ?\gh ! malady /ill l+]s1 & f "t to "t r5ews its ravages 9 diff]5t localities1 ! f>m] n[ plants judici\sly & on fit gr\nd1 ) a reasonable hope t 8 labor w be duly rew>d$4 ,x seems to be g5]ally agre$ t clayey soils are n adapt$ to its gr[?2 t1 if ! quantity ( ! crop be n /9t$1 its quality is pretty sure to be inf]ior2 & ,i c p]sonally te/ify t ! plant+ ( ,potatoes on wet soil--t is1 on swampy or spongy l& :i* has n be5 ?or\ghly dra9$ & sweet5$--is a hopeless1 ?riftless labor--t ! crop w seldom be wor? ! se$4 ,z to ! t5 or a doz5 diff]5t insects to :i* ! ,potato-rot has be5 attribut$1 ,i reg>d !m all z consequ5ces1 n causes2 attract$ to prey on ! plant by its sickly1 weakly condition1 & n really responsible = t condition4 ,if any c>e = my reasons1 let him ref] to :at ,i h said ( ! ,:eat-plant & its insect enemies4#a ,!re has be5 mu* discussion z to ! k9d ( se$ to be plant$2 & ,i ?9k ! result has be5 a pretty g5]al conviction t x is bett] to cut ! tub] into pieces hav+ two or ?ree eyes ea*1 ?an to plant x :ole1 s9ce ! :ole ,potato s5ds up a sup]fluity ( /alks1 ) a l effect on ! crop to t ( putt+ six or eight k]nels ( corn 9 ea* hill4 ,small ,potatoes are immature1 unripe1 & ( c\rse %\ld nev] be plant$1 s9ce _! prog5y w be feeble & sickly4 ,select = se$ none b ?or\ghly ripe ,potatoes1 & ! l>g] ! bett]4 ,my own judgm5t favors plant+ 9 drills r ?an hills1 ) ample space = work+ betwe5 !m2 n less ?an #cj in*es3 ! se$ be+ dropp$ ab\t #f in*es ap>t 9 ! drill4 ,! soil mu/ be deep & mell[1 = ! ,potato suff]s f dr\? mu* soon] ?an ,indian ,corn or almo/ any o!r crop usually gr[n among u4 ,i believe 9 cov]+ ! se$ f #b to #b-a_/b in*es2 & ,i hold to flat or level culture = ?is z = ev]y?+ else4 ,plant+ on a ridge made by turn+ two furr[s toge!r may be advisable :]e ! l& is wet2 b !n wet l& nev] c be made fit = cultivation1 except by und]dra9+4 ,& ,i insi/ ^u sett+ ! r[s or drills well ap>t1 because ,i hold t ! soil %\ld (t5 be loos5$ & /irr$ to a good dep? ) ! subsoil pl[2 & t ?is process %\ld be p]sev]$ 9 till ! plant is 9 blossom4 ,h>dly any plant w pay bett] = p]si/5t cultivation ?an ! ,potato4 ,z to v>ieties1 ,i w only say t plant+ ! tub]s = se$ is an unnatural process1 :i* t5ds & mu/ t5d to deg5]acy4 ,! new v>ieties n[ mo/ priz$ w c]ta9ly run out 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty or ?irty ye>s at fur!/1 & mu/ be replac$ f "t to "t by /ill new]1 gr[n f ! se$4 ,?is creation ( new species is1 & mu/ be1 a sl[1 exp5sive process2 s9ce n "o 9 a hundr$ ( ^! v>ieties possess any value4 ,i don't q believe 9 sell+--,i mean 9 buy+--,potatoes at #a p] p\nd2 b he :o orig9ates a really valuable new ,potato des]ves a recomp5se = 8 indu/ry1 pati5ce1 & good =tune2 & ,i %all be glad to le>n t he receives x4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see ,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,xxx4 ,,roots--,,turnips--,,beets--,,c>rots ,if !re be any :o /ill hold t ?is c\ntry mu/ ultimately rival t magnific5t ,turnip-culture :i* has s l>gely trans=m$ ! agricultural indu/ry ( ,engl& & ,scotl&1 :ile signally & b5efic5tly increas+ its annual product1 ,i judge t "t w prove !m mi/ak54 ,! /rik+ div]sity ( climate betwe5 ! opposite coa/s ( ! ,atlantic =bids ! realization ( _! hopes4 ,! ,briti% ,isles1 ) a consid]able portion ( ! adjac5t coa/ ( ,cont95tal ,europe1 h a climate s modifi$ by ! ,gulf ,/ream & ! ocean t _! ,summ]s are usually moi/ & cool1 _! ,autumns /ill m s1 & _! ,w9t]s r>ely s cold z to freeze ! e>? consid]ably2 :ile our ,summ]s & ,autumns1 are comp>atively hot & dry2 our ,w9t]s 9 "p int5sely cold1 s z to freeze ! e>? solid = a foot or m4 ,h5ce1 e v>iety ( turnip is expos$ "h 9 its t5d]] /ages to ! ravages ( e dev\r+ insect2 :ile ! #a/ ( ,decemb] (t5 f9ds ! soil ( all b our ,s\!rn & ,pacific ,/ates s froz5 t cannon-:eels w\ld h>dly track x1 & roots n previ\sly dug up mu/ rema9 fa/ 9 ! e>? = weeks & (t5 = mon?s4 ,h5ce1 ! turnip c nev] gr[ s luxuriantly1 nor be c\nt$ on ) su* c]ta9ty1 "h z 9 ,great ,brita92 nor c animals be f$ on x 9 ,w9t]1 except at ! heavy co/ ( pull+ or digg+1 cutt+ (f ! tops & c>efully h\s+ 9 ,autumn1 & !n slic+ & fe$+ out 9 ,w9t]4 ,x is manife/ t turnips ?us h&l$1 h[ev] economically1 _c compete ) hay & corn-fodd] 9 our ,ea/]n & ,middle ,/ates2 nor ) ^! & ! *eap] species ( gra9 9 ! ,we/1 z ! daily ,w9t] food ( cattle4 ,/ill1 ,i hold t our /ock-gr[+ f>m]s pr(itably may1 & ultimately w1 gr[ "s turnips to be f$ out to _! gr[+ & work+ animals4 ,a good meal ( turnips giv5 twice a week1 if n (t5]1 to ^!1 w agreeably & usefully break ! monotony ( liv+ exclusively on dry fodd]1 & w give a reli% to _! hay or cut /alks & /raw1 :i* _c fail to tell ^u _! appetite1 gr[? & ?rift4 ,let our cattle-bre$]s beg9 ) gr[+ an acre or two ea* ( ,sw$es p] annum1 s z to give _! /ock a good fe$ ( !m1 slic$ ?9 9 an effective ma*9e1 at lea/ once 9 ea* week1 & ,i feel confid5t t !y w cont9ue to gr[ turnips1 & w gr[ m & m ( !m ?r\gh\t future ye>s4 ,! ,beet seems to me bett] adapt$ to our climate1 especially s\? ( ! =tie? degree ( nor? latitude1 ?an any v>iety ( ! ,turnip ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 & de/9$1 9 ! good "t com+1 :5 we %all h at lea/ d\bl$ ! av]age dep? ( our soil1 to v ext5sive cultivation among u4 ,i am n reg>d+ ei!r ( ^! roots ) ref]5ce to its use z human food1 s9ce our f>m]s g5]ally und]/& t use at lea/ z well z ,i d2 nor w ,i "h consid] at l5g? ! use ( ! ,beet 9 ! production ( ,sug>4 ,i value t use highly1 believ+ t millions ( ! poor] classes ?r\gh\t ,europe h be5 enabl$ to enjoy ,sug> ?r\gh its manufacture f ! ,beet :o w\ld r>ely or nev] h ta/$ t luxury 9 ! abs5ce ( ?is manufacture4 ,! p ( ,europe ?us made famili> ) ,sug> c h>dly be few] ?an #ajj1jjj1jjj2 & ! numb] is annually increas+4 ,! co/ ( ,sug> to ^! is consid]ably less 9 money1 :ile immeasurably less 9 labor1 ?an x w\ld or c\ld h be5 _h ! tropical ,cane be5 /ill reg>d$ z ! only plant available = ! production ( ,sug>4 ,b ! ,we/ ,indies1 :]e9 ! ,cane fl\ri%es luxuriantly & r5ews itself p]5nially1 lie at our doors4 ,!y look to u = mo/ ( _! daily bread1 & = _m o!r necess>ies ( life2 :ile sev]al1 if n all ( !m1 are manife/ly de/9$1 9 ! natural progress ( ev5ts1 to invoke ! protection ( our flag4 ,i d n1 !re=e1 feel confid5t t ,beet ,sug> n[ promises to become an important /aple de/9$ to take a high rank among ! products ( our national indu/ry4 ,) *eap labor1 ,i believe x might to-day he manufactur$ ) pr(it 9 ! ri*1 deep valleys ( ,cali=nia1 & p]haps 9 ^? ( ,utah & ,colorado z well4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ,i _c deem ! prospect enc\rag+ = ! ,am]ican promot]s ( ! manufacture ( ,beet ,sug>4 ,b :5 we %all h deep5$ ess5tially ! soil ( our arable acres1 f]tiliz$ x abundantly1 & cur$ x by fai?ful cultivation ( its vici\s addiction to we$-gr[+1 ,i believe we %all devote millions ( ^? acres to ! gr[? ( ,beets = cattle-food1 &1 hav+ le>n$ h[ to h>ve/ z well z till !m ma9ly by ma*9]y1 ) little help f h& labor1 we %all produce !m ) em95t pr(it & satisfaction to ! gr[]4 ,on soil fully two feet deep1 ?or\ghly und]dra9$ & amply f]tiliz$1 ,i believe we %all (t5 produce "o ?\s& bu%els ( ,beets to ! acre2 & s mu* acceptable & valuable food = cattle c h>dly be obta9$ f an acre 9 any o!r =m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s ) reg>d to ,c>rots4 ,i h nev] a*iev$ em95t success 9 gr[+ ^!1 nor ,beets2 ma9ly because ! soil on :i* ,i attempt$ to gr[ !m 0 n adapt$ to1 or r n yet 9 condition =1 su* culture4 ,b1 %\ld ,i live a few ye>s long]1 until my reclaim$ swamp %all h become ?or\ghly sweet5$ & civiliz$1 ,i mean to gr[ on "s "p !re( #a1jjj bu%els ( ,c>rots p] acre1 & a /ill l>g] product ( ,beets2 & ! ,c>rot1 9 my judgm5t1 ought n[ to be ext5sively gr[n 9 ! ,s\? & ,we/1 z well z 9 ?is section1 = fe$+ to horses4 ,i hold t #fj bu%els ( ,c>rots & #ej ( ,oats1 f$ 9 alt]nate meals1 are ( at lea/ equal value z horse-fe$ ) #ajj bu%els ( ,oats alone1 :ile m easily gr[n 9 ?is climate4 ,! ,oat-crop makes heavy drafts ^u ! soil1 :ile our hot ,summ]s are n cong5ial to its ?rift or p]fection4 ,s9ce we mu/ gr[ ,oats1 we mu/ be cont5t to import new se$ e #aj or #ae ye>s f ,scotl&1 ,norway1 & o!r c\ntries :i* h cool]1 moi/] ,summ]s ?an our own2 = ! ,oat w inevitably deg5]ate "u su* suns z blaz$ ?r\gh ! latt] half ( our rec5t ,june4 ,believ+ t ! ,c>rot may pr(itably replace at lea/ half ! ,oats n[ gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,i look =w>d ) confid5ce to its m & m ext5sive cultivation4 ,! advantage ( fe$+ ,roots to /ock is n to be measur$ & b\nd$ by _! ess5tial value4 ,bea/s1 l m51 require a v>iety ( food1 & ?rive be/ ^u a regim5 :i* involves a *ange ( diet4 ,admit t hay is _! *eape/ ,w9t] food2 /ill1 an occasional meal ( some?+ m succul5t w prove b5eficial1 & ?is is be/ af=d$ by ,roots4 ,,xxxi ,,! ,,f>m]',s ,,call+4 ,if any "o fancies t he ev] he>d me flatt]+ f>m]s z a class1 or say+ any?+ :i* impli$ t !y 7 m virtu\s1 upright1 unselfi%1 or des]v+1 ?an o!r p1 ,i am sure he mu/ h misund]/ood or t he n[ misrecollects me4 ,i d n ev5 jo9 9 ! cant1 :i* speaks ( f>m]s z support+ ev]ybody else--( f>m+ z ! only indisp5sable vocation4 ,y may say if y w t mank9d c\ld n subsi/ if !re 7 no till]s ( ! soil2 b ! same is true ( h\se-build]s1 & ( "s o!r classes4 ,a ?or\ghly good f>m] is a useful1 valuable citiz53 s is a good m]*ant1 doctor1 or lawy]4 ,x is n ess5tial to ! true nobility & g5u9e wor? ( ! f>m]'s call+ t any o!r %\ld be assail$ or disp>ag$4 ,/ill1 if "o ( my ?ree sons _h be5 sp>$ to atta9 manhood1 ,i %\ld h advis$ him to try to make himself a good f>m]2 & ?is )\t any romantic or poetic notions ( ,agriculture z a pursuit4 ,i "k well1 f p]sonal ?\gh y\?ful exp]i5ce1 t ! f>m]'s life is "o ( labor1 anxiety1 & c>e2 t hail1 & flood1 & hurricane1 & untimely fro/s1 ov] :i* he c ex]t no control1 w (t5 de/roy 9 an h\r ! net results ( mon?s ( 8 p]si/5t1 well-direct$ toil2 t disease w sometimes sweep away 8 animals1 9 spite ( ! mo/ judici\s treatm5t1 ! mo/ ?\ghtful provid5ce1 on 8 "p2 & t insects1 blight1 & ru/1 w (t5 bla/ 8 well-gr\nd$ hopes ( a g5]\s h>ve/1 :5 !y seem on ! v po9t ( realization4 ,i "k t he is necess>ily expos$1 m ?an mo/ o!r m51 to ! caprices & inclem5cies ( wea!r & climate2 & t1 if he beg9s responsible life )\t o!r means ?an ^? he f9ds 9 8 own cle> head & /rong arms1 ) ^? ( 8 helpmeet1 he mu/ expect to /ruggle ?r\gh ye>s ( pov]ty1 frugality1 & resolute1 p]si/5t1 indu/ry1 be=e he c reasonably hope to atta9 a position ( indep5d5ce1 com=t1 & comp>ative leisure4 ,i "k t mu* ( 8 "w is rugg$1 & "s ( x absolutely repulsive2 ,i "k t he w seem1 ev5 ) unbrok5 good =tune1 to be mak+ money mu* m sl[ly ?an 8 neighbor1 ! m]*ant1 ! brok]1 or eloqu5t lawy]1 :o fills ! g5]al eye :ile he prosp]s1 &1 :5 he fails1 s9ks out ( sight & is soon =gott52 & yet1 ,i %\ld h advis$ my sons to *oose f>m+ z _! vocation1 = ^! among o!r reasons3 ,i4 ,!re is no o!r bus9ess 9 :i* success is s ne>ly c]ta9 z 9 ?is4 ,( "o hundr$ m5 :o emb>k 9 trade1 a c>eful obs]v] reports t n9ety-five fail2 &1 :ile ,i ?9k ?is proportion too l>ge1 ,i am sure t a l>ge majority d1 & mu/ fail1 because competition is s eag] & traffic s enorm\sly ov]done4 ,if t5 m5 endeavor to support _! families by m]*&ise 9 a t[n%ip :i* af=ds adequate bus9ess = b ?ree1 x is c]ta9 t a majority mu/ fail2 no matt] h[ judici\s _! managem5t or h[ frugal _! liv+4 ,b y may d\ble ! numb] ( f>m]s 9 any agricultural c\nty ,i ev] trav]s$1 )\t necess>ily doom+ "o to failure1 or ev5 abridg+ 8 ga9s4 ,if half ! trad]s & pr(essional m5 9 ?is c\ntry 7 to betake !mselves to f>m+ to-morr[1 !y w\ld n r5d] t pursuit "o :it less pr(itable1 :ile !y w\ld l>gely increase ! com=t & weal? ( ! entire community2 &1 :ile a good m]*ant1 lawy]1 or doctor1 may be />v$ out ( any t[n%ip1 simply because ! "w he c\ld d well is already confid$ to o!rs1 ,i nev] yet he>d ( a temp]ate1 indu/ri\s1 intellig5t1 frugal1 & en]getic f>m] :o fail$ to make a liv+1 or :o1 unless pro/rat$ by disease or disabl$ by casualty1 0 preclud$ f secur+ a mode/ indep5d5ce be=e age & decrepitude dive/$ him ( ! ability to labor4 ,,ii4 ,i reg>d f>m+ z t vocation :i* conduces mo/ directly & palpably to a rev]5ce = ,hone/y & ,tru?4 ,! "y lawy] is (t5 con/ra9$1 or at lea/ tempt$1 by 8 necessities1 to d ! dirty pr(essional "w ( a rascal int5t on *eat+ 8 neighbor out ( 8 righte\s dues4 ,! "y doctor may be likewise incit$ to resort to a quack]y he despises 9 ord] to secure in/ant bread2 ! unkn[n au?or is (t5 impell$ to write :at w sell r ?an :at ! public ought to buy2 b ! "y f>m]1 act+ z a f>m]1 mu/ realize t 8 success dep5ds ^u 8 absolute v]ity & integrity4 ,he deals directly ) ,nature1 :i* nev] 0 & nev] w be *eat$4 ,he has no temptation to s[ bea* s& = pla/]1 dock-se$ = clov]1 or /oop to any trick or juggle :atev]4 ,:atsoev] a man s[e? t %all he also reap1 :ile true1 9 ! long run1 ( all m51 is in/antly & palpably true z to him4 ,:5 he1 hav+ gr[n 8 crop1 %all attempt to sell x--9 o!r words1 :5 he ceases to be a f>m] & becomes a trad]--he may possibly be tempt$ into "o ( ! _m devi\s ways ( rascality2 b1 s long z he is act+ simply z a f>m]1 he c h>dly be lur$ f ! broad1 /raight highway ( integrity & righte\sness4 ,,iii4 ,! f>m]'s call+ seems to me t mo/ conducive to ?or\gh manl9ess ( "*4 ,nobody expects him to cr+e1 or smirk1 or curry favor1 is ord] to sell 8 produce4 ,no m]*ant refuses to buy x because 8 politics are dete/$ or 8 religi\s op9ions het]odox4 ,he may be a ,mormon1 a ,rebel1 a ,mill]ite1 or a ,communi/1 yet 8 ,gra9 or 8 ,pork w sell = exactly :at x is wor?--n a fraction less or m ?an ! price comm&$ by ! k9dr$ product ( l quality & intr9sic value ( 8 neighbor1 ^: op9ions on all po9ts are faultlessly or?odox & popul>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m]*ant1 ! lawy]1 ! doctor1 especially if "y & /ill /ruggl+ dubi\sly = a position1 are cont9ually tempt$ to sacrifice or suppress _! pr(\nde/ convictions 9 def]5ce to ! vehem5t & (t5 irrational prepossessions ( ! community1 ^: favor is to !m ! brea? ( life4 ,%e w f9d t t won't g d[n "h1 0 ! comm5t ( an old woman on a ,mississippi /eamboat1 :5 told t ! pla91 deaf /rang]1 :o seem$ ! focus ( g5]al int]e/1 0 ,miss ,m>t9eau1 ! celebrat$ ,unit>ian2 & 9 s say+ %e gave expression to a feel+ :i* p]vades & gov]ns _m if n mo/ communities4 ,i d\bt :e!r ! social intol]ance ( adv]se op9ions is m vehem5t any:]e else ?an ?r\gh\t ! l>g] portion ( our own c\ntry4 ,i h repeat$ly be5 /ung by ! receipt ( lett]s gravely in=m+ me t my c\rse & views on a curr5t topic 7 adv]se to public op9ion3 ! writ]s evid5tly assum+1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t ,i 0 a m]e jump+-jack1 :o only ne$$ to "k :at o!r p ?\ght to insure my in/ant & abject con=mity to _! prejudices4 ,v (t51 9 o!r days1 ,i 0 favor$ ) lett]s f indignant subscrib]s1 :o1 diss5t+ f my views on "s "q1 took ?is me?od ( in=m+ me t !y %\ld no long] take my j\rnal--a sup]flu\s tr\ble1 :i* c\ld only h meant dictation or insult1 s9ce !y _h only to refra9 f r5ew+ _! subscriptions1 & _! ,tribune w\ld /op com+1 :5ev] !y %\ld h receiv$ :at we ow$ !m2 & x w\ld 9 no case /op till !n4 ,t a j\rnali/ 0 9 any s5se a public tea*]--t he necess>ily _h convictions1 & 0 n likely to suppress !m because !y 7 n %>$ by o!rs--9 %ort1 t 8 call+ 0 o!r & high] ?an t ( a wait] at a re/aurant1 expect$ to furni% :atev] 0 call$ =1 s long z ! pay 0 =?com+--^! ex-subscrib]s _h evid5tly n = "o mom5t suspect$4 ,t su* p]sons h little or no capacity to insult1 is v true2 & yet1 a man is some:at degrad$ 9 8 own reg>d by le>n+ t 8 vocation is held 9 su* l[ e/eem by o!rs4 ,! true f>m] is pr\dly aw>e t x is q o!rwise ) 8 pursuit--t no "o expects him to swall[ any cre$1 support any p>ty1 or def] to any prejudice1 z a condition prec$5t to ! sale ( 8 products4 ,h5ce1 ,i feel t x is easi] & m natural 9 8 pursuit ?an 9 any o!r = a man to "w = a liv+1 & aspire to success & consid]ation1 )\t sacrific+ self-respect1 compromis+ integrity1 or ceas+ to be ess5tially & ?or\ghly a g5tleman4 ,,xxxii4 ,a ,,lesson ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,! curr5t season is q commonly *>act]iz$ z ! colde/1 ! hotte/1 ! wette/1 or ! drye/1 t 0 ev] kn[n4 ,m5 und\bt+ly ass]t t !y nev] knew a ,summ] s hot1 or a ,w9t] s cold1 :5 9 fact sev]al su* h occurr$ )9 ! cycle ( _! exp]i5ce4 ,h>dly any?+ else is s easily or s spe$ily =gott5 z extremes ( temp]ature or inclem5cies ( wea!r1 aft] !y h pass$ away4 ,i presume !re h be5 six to t5 ,summ]s1 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 z hot & z dry z t ( #ahgj2 yet ! fact rema9s t1 ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/]n section ( our c\ntry1 to say no?+ ( ! re/1 ! heat & dr\? ( ! curr5t ,summ] h be5 q rem>kable4 ,= two mon?s pa/1 c\nt+ f ! #aj? ( ,june1 ne>ly e day has be5 a hot "o1 ) blaz+ sun%9e ?r\gh\t1 r>ely int]rupt$ & slightly modifi$ by infrequ5t & inadequate %[]s2 &1 z a g5]al result ( ?is tropical f]vor1 ! e>? is p>*$ & bak$ f t5 to =ty in*es f ! surface2 /reams & ponds are dri$ up or %runk to _! l[e/ dim5sions2 =e/s are (t5 ravag$ & desolat$ by fires2 our pa/ures are dry & br[n2 :ile crops ( ,hay1 ,oats1 ,potatoes1 ,buck:eat1 etc41 ei!r h prov$1 or c]ta9ly mu/ prove1 a disappo9tm5t to ! hopes ( ! gr[]s4 ,i e/imate ! av]age product = #ahgj ( ! f>ms ( ,new-,engl&1 ea/]n ,new-,york & ,new-,j]sey1 z n m ?an two-?irds ( a full h>ve/2 :ile ! e>? rema9s at ?is mom5t s bak$ & incru/$ t sev]al days' ra9 is ne$$ to fit x = ,fall pl[+ & ! s[+ ( ,w9t] gra94 ,su* seasons mu/ n be reg>d$ z extraord9>y4 ,! ,summ] ( #ahed 0 ne>ly or q z dry z ?is2 & ,i presume "o or two su* h int]v5$ s9ce t "t4 ,! heat ( #ahgj is rem>kable = its p]si/5ce r ?an its int5sity4 ,e ,summ] has its heat$ t]m2 t ( #ahgj has be5 long] 9 ?is region ?an any be=e x t ,i c rememb]1 ?\gh d\btless ! recollection ( o!rs might supply its p]fect c\nt]p>t4 ,ne>ly e ,summ] has its dr\?2 ! pres5t is peculi> r = its e>ly comm5cem5t ?an its extreme duration4 ,z our c\ntry is m & m d5ud$ ( its primitive =e/s1 dr\?s long] & sev]] ev5 ?an ?is may naturally be expect$4 ,:at our f>m]s h to d is1 to prep>e = & provide aga9/ !m4 ,su* seasons are disa/r\s to ^? only :o f>m z if none su* 7 to be expect$4 ,^? :o pl[ deeply1 f]tilize b\ntifully1 & cultivate ?or\ghly1 ne$ n fe> !m1 z fields ( ,hay & ,oats already h>ve/$1 & ( ,corn & ,potatoes n[ ha/5+ to maturity 9 almo/ e t[n%ip ( ! suff]+ region1 abundantly atte/4 ,i d\bt t m luxuriant crops ( ,corn1 ,tobacco1 or ,onions1 7 ev] gr[n on ! bottom-l&s ( ! ,connecticut ,valley ?an may be se5 !re to-day1 ) failures all ab\t !m1 & "u dr\? s fi]ce t ,blackb]ries & ,:ortleb]ries are )]$ :5 half gr[n2 ev5 ! bu%es 9 "s cases p]i%+ = lack ( moi/ure4 ,my la/ trip took me along ! banks ( ! upp] ,hudson1 ?r\gh ! rugg$ c\nty ( ,w>r51 ,n4 ,y4 ,! n>r[1 irregul> int]vale ( ?is m\nta9 /ream appe> to h be5 cultivat$ = ! la/ fifty or sixty ye>s by a h>dy race1 :o look ma9ly to ! timb] ( ! wild region nor? ( !m = a subsi/5ce4 ,9 su* a di/rict1 :atev] m9i/]s to ! su/5ance ( man or bea/ be>s a high price2 & ,corn1 ,rye1 ,oats1 ,buck:eat1 ,apples & ,grass1 are gr[n :]ev] ! soil is n too rugg$ or too /]ile = culture4 ,i presume half a crop ( ,hay has be5 secur$ ?r\gh\t ?is valley1 ) p]haps a full crop ( ,rye :]e ,rye 0 s[n2 b ( ,oats ! yield w be consid]ably less ?an t1 :ile ( ,corn & ,buck:eat x w range f t5 bu%els p] acre d[n to no?+4 ,:5 ,i1 la/ ,summ]1 pass$ ?r\gh spaci\s field aft] field ( ,corn 9 ,virg9ia t w\ld n mature a s+le e>1 ,i spoke ( x z some?+ unkn[n at ! ,nor?2 b !re are fields plant$ to ,corn1 9 ! upp] valley ( ! ,hudson1 t w n produce a s+le s\nd e>1 nor "o bu%el ev5 ( ! %orte/ & poore/ nubb9s2 & alongside ( ^! are acres ( ,buck:eat1 blossom+ at an av]age hight ( f\r in*es1 & n likely to get two in*es high]4 ,n[1 if ?is l& 7 s poor or s rocky t good crops c\ld n be extract$ f x1 f> be x f me to disp>age ! agriculture :]e( ! results are s meagre2 b ,i am speak+ ( a riv] int]vale ( consid]able natural f]tility1 f :i* deep & ?or\gh cultivation w\ld insure ample h>ve/s1 subject only to ! cont+5cy ( e>ly fro/s 9 ,autumn4 ,7 ^! l&s f]tiliz$ & cultivat$ z !y might be1 & z m9e are1 !y w\ld yield #cj bu%els ( ,rye or #fj ( ,indian ,corn p] acre1 & w\ld ri*ly repay ! husb&man's outlay & ef=ts4 ,n[1 ,i v5ture to say t all ! gra9 ,i saw gr[+ 9 ! valley ( ! ,hudson ?r\gh ,w>r5 ,c\nty w n return ! f>m] #ge c5ts = ea* day's labor exp5d$ !reon1 all[+ no?+ = ! use ( ! l&4 ,b h[ %all we obta9 f]tiliz]s8 ,i am (t5 ask$4 ,we are poor2 we c af=d to keep b few cattle2 ,guano1 ,phosphate1 ,bones1 ,lime1 etc41 are beyond our means4 ,ev5 if we c\ld pay = !m1 ! co/ ( transportation to our out-(-!-way nooks w\ld be heavy4 ,we _c deal ) our l&s s b\ntifully z y d1 b mu/ be cont5t to d z we c4 ,to all :i* ,i make answ]3 ,no man ev] lack$ f]tiliz]s :o kept 8 eyes wide op5 & devot$ two mon?s ( ea* ,fall & ,w9t] to collect+ & prep>+ !m4 ,:]ev] swamp muck may be _h1 :]ev] bogs exi/ or flags or ru%es gr[1 !re are mat]ials :i*1 c>t$ into ! b>n-y>d 9 ,autumn or ,w9t]1 may be drawn out f]tiliz]s 9 season = ,corn-plant+ next ,spr+4 ,:]ev] a pond or sl\gh dries up 9 ,summ] or ,autumn1 !re is mat]ial t may be pr(itably trans=m$ into next ye>'s grass or gra94 ,9 ! abs5ce ( all ^!--& !y are seldom v f> f "o :o kn[s h[ to look = !m--rank we$s ( all sorts1 if cut :ile gre5 & t5d]1 or =e/ leaves1 ga!r$ 9 ! ,fall1 us$ = litt] 9 ! /able1 & !nce ?r[n into ! y>d1 w s]ve an excell5t purpose4 ,nay1 m3 ,i am confid5t t ! f>m] :o lacks ^!1 b has access to a b$ or bank ( simple clay1 may c>t #bjj loads ( x 9 ,novemb] into an ord9>y f>m-y>d1 h x trampl$ into & mix$ ) 8 manure 9 ! ,w9t]1 & draw x out 9 ! ,spr+1 excell5tly fitt$ to enri* 8 s&y or gravelly l&1 & insure him1 9 connection ) deep & ?or\gh culture1 a g5]\s yield ( ,corn1 ev5 9 su* a season z ! pres5t4 ,dr4 ,george ,b4 ,lor+1 ! mo/ successful f>m] 9 ,massa*usetts1 uses nak$ bea* s& 9 abundance z litt] = 8 #hj c[s1 mixes x ) 8 manure ?r\gh\t ! ,w9t]1 & draws out ! comp\nd to f]tilize 8 clay mead[s 9 ! ,spr+1 ) mo/ satisfactory results4 ,dep5d on x1 no man ne$ lack f]tiliz]s :o beg9s 9 season & is will+ to "w = !m4 ,& yet once m3 ,f ! hills :i* inclose ?is valley ( ! upp] ,hudson 7& f ev] s _m o!r valleys z well71 brooks & rivulets1 copi\s 9 ,spr+1 :5 _! wat]s are sur*>g$ & discolor$ by ! ri*e/ juices ( ! upl&s1 p\r d[n 9 frequ5t cascades & dance across ! int]vale to be lo/ 9 ! riv]4 ,!re is sc>cely an acre ( t int]vale :i* might n be irrigat$ f ^! /reams at a v mod]ate outlay ( "w at ! season :5 "w is lea/ press+3 ! wat] ?us held back by dams be+ all[$ to fl[ !nce g5tly & equably across ! int]vale1 convey+ n moi/ure only1 b f]tility also1 to e plant gr[+ !reon4 ,i am confid5t t ,i pass$ _m places on ! upp] ,hudson1 z well z on ! ,connecticut & ,ammonoosuc1 :]e #ajj fai?ful days' "w provid+ = irrigation w\ld h giv5 #ajj bu%els ( gra91 or #aj tuns ( hay additional ?is ye>1 & z mu* p] annum h5ce=?1 at a co/ ( n m ?an two days' "w 9 ea* ye> h]eaft]4 ,f>m]s1 b above all f>m]s' sons1 ?9k ( ^! ?+s4 ,,xxxiii4 ,,intellect ,,9 ,,agriculture4 ,if a man ^: capital consi/s ( ! clo!s on 8 back1 #e 9 8 pocket1 & an ax ov] 8 "r %\ld]1 und]takes to hew = himself a f>m out ( ! primitive =e/1 he mu/ ( c\rse devote "s ye>s to rugg$ manual labor1 or he w fail ( success4 ,x is inde$ possible t he %\ld f9d o!rs1 ev5 on ! rude outpo/s ( civilization1 :o w hire !m to tea* s*ool1 or s]ve z c\nty cl]k1 or survey l&s1 or d some?+ else ( l nature3 ?us enabl+ him to d 8 *opp+ trees1 & roll+ logs1 & break+ up 8 /umpy acres1 by proxy2 b ! fair presumption is t he w h to *op & log1 & burn (f & f5ce1 & break up1 by ! use ( 8 own prop] muscle2 & he mu/ be en]getic & frugal1 z well z =tunate1 if he gets a com=table h\se ov] 8 head1 ) =ty arable acres ab\t him1 at ! end ( fifte5 ye>s' h>d "w4 ,if he has bra9s1 & has be5 well educat$1 he may possibly %ort5 ?is ordeal to t5 ye>s2 b1 %\ld he beg9 by fancy+ h>d "w b5ea? him1 or 8 abilities too great to be squ&]$ 9 bu%:ack+1 he is v likely to come out at ! little end ( ! horn1 &1 /raggl+ back to "s popul\s settlem5t1 m ne$y & se$y ?an :5 he set =? to wre/ a f>m f ! wild]ness1 decl>e ! pione]'s life "o ( su* dre>y1 hopeless privation t no "o :o c read or cyph] ought ev] to attempt x4 ,a poor man1 :o und]takes to live by 8 wits on a f>m t he has b\ght on cr$it1 is n likely to a*ieve a brilliant success2 b ! f>m] ^: h& & bra9 "w 9 conc]t w nev] f9d nor fancy 8 intellect or 8 education too good = 8 call+4 ,he may v (t5 discov] t he wa/$ mon?s ( 8 s*ool-days on :at 0 ill-adapt$ to 8 ne$s1 & ( little use 9 fight+ ! actual battle ( life2 b he w at ! same "t h ample reason to lam5t ! meag]ness & ! defici5cy ( 8 k4 ,i hold our av]age ,common ,s*ools defective1 9 t !y fail to tea* ,geology & ,*emi/ry1 :i* 9 my view are ! natural bases ( a s\nd1 practical k ( ?+s--k :i* ! f>m]1 ( all m51 c lea/ af=d to miss4 ,h[ev] x may be ) o!rs1 he vitally ne$s to und]/& ! "* & con/itution ( ! soil he mu/ cultivate1 ! elem5ts ( :i* x is compos$1 & ! laws :i* gov]n _! relations to ea* o!r4 ,in/ruct him 9 ! high] ma!matics if y w1 9 logic1 9 meteorology1 9 ev] s _m languages2 b n till he %all h be5 ?or\ghly gr\nd$ 9 ! sci5ces :i* unlock = him ! arcana ( ,nature2 = ^! are intimately relat$ to all he mu/ d1 & devise1 & direct1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( 8 active c>e]4 ,:atev] he may le>n or disp5se )1 a k ( ^! sci5ces is among ! mo/ urg5t ( 8 life-long ne$s4 ,h5ce1 ,i w\ld sugge/ t a simple1 lucid1 lively1 accurate dige/ ( ! lead+ pr9ciples & facts 9 ,geology & ,*emi/ry1 & _! application to ! practical managem5t ( a f>m1 ought to con/itute ! ,read] ( ! highe/ class 9 e ,common ,s*ool1 especially 9 rural di/ricts4 ,leave out details & recipes1 ) directions :5 to plant or s[1 etc42 = ^! mu/ v>y ) climates1 circum/ances1 & ! progress ( k2 b let ! body & bones1 s to speak1 ( a prim>y agricultural education be taught 9 e s*ool1 9 su* t]ms & ) su* cle>ness z to comm5d !m to ! und]/&+ ( e pupil4 ,i nev] yet visit$ a s*ool 9 :i* some?+ 0 n taught :i* might be omitt$ or po/pon$ 9 favor ( ?is4 ,out ( s*ool & aft] s*ool1 let ! "y f>m] delight 9 ! lit]ature illu/rative ( 8 call+--,i mean ! v be/ ( x4 ,let him h few agricultural books2 b let ^! treat ( pr9ciples & laws r ?an ( me?ods & applications4 ,let him le>n f ^! h[ to asc]ta9 by exp]im5t :at are ! actual & press+ ne$s ( 8 soil1 & he w readily det]m9e by reflection & inquiry h[ ^? ne$s may be mo/ readily & *eaply satisfi$4 ,all ! books 9 ! _w nev] ( !mselves made "o good f>m]2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 no man 9 ?is age c be a ?or\ghly good f>m] )\t ! k :i* is m easily & rapidly acquir$ f books ?an o!rwise4 ,books are no sub/itute = op5-ey$ obs]vation & practical exp]i5ce2 b !y enable "o famili> ) _! cont5ts to obs]ve ) an accuracy1 & exp]im5t ) an intellig5ce1 t are unatta9able )\t !m4 ,! v f>m] :o tells y t he nev] op5$ a book :i* treats ( ,agriculture1 & nev] wants to see "o1 w ask 8 neighbor h[ to gr[ or cure tobacco1 or hops1 or sorgho1 or any crop ) :i* he is yet unacqua9t$1 :5 ! *ances are a hundr$ to "o t ?is p>ticul> neighbor _c advise him s well z ! volume :i* embodies ! exp]i5ce ( a ?\s& cultivators ( ?is v plant in/ead ( b>ely "o4 ,a good book treat+ practically ( ,agriculture1 or ( "s dep>tm5t !re91 is simply a comp5dium ( ! exp]i5ce ( pa/ ages comb9$ ) su* k z ! pres5t g5]ation h be5 enabl$ to add !reto4 ,x may be faulty or defective on "s po9ts2 x is n to be bl9dly confid$ 91 nor slavi%ly foll[$--x is to be ma/]$1 discuss$1 criticis$1 & foll[$ s f> z its tea*+s co9cide ) ! dictates ( sci5ce1 exp]i5ce1 & common s5se4 ,its true (fice is sugge/ion2 ! good f>m] w lean ^u & tru/ x z an oracle only :]e 8 own prop] k proves entirely defici5t4 ,by-&-by1 x w be g5]ally realiz$ t few m5 live or h liv$ :o _c f9d scope & pr(itable employm5t = all _! intellect on a two-hundr$-acre f>m4 ,& !n ! f>m] w select ! brighte/ ( 8 sons to foll[ him 9 ! managem5t & cultivation ( ! pat]nal acres1 leav+ ^? ( inf]ior ability to seek =tune 9 pursuits = :i* a limit$ & special capacity w s]ve1 if n suffice4 ,& !n we %all h an ,agriculture wor?y ( our c\ntry & ! age4 ,meantime1 let u make ! mo/ ( :at we h1 by diffus+1 /udy+1 discuss+1 criticiz+1 ,liebig's ,agricultural ,*emi/ry1 ,dana's ,muck ,manual1 ,w>+'s ,elem5ts1 & ! books t ea* treat m especially ( "s dep>tm5t ( ! f>m]'s art1 & s mak+ ourselves famili>1 fir/1 ) ! pr9ciples1 !n ) ! me?ods1 ( sci5tific1 effici5t1 successful husb&ry4 ,let u1 :o love x1 treat ,agriculture z ! elevat$1 ennobl+ pursuit x might & %\ld be1 & ?us exalt x 9 ! e/imation ( ! entire community4 ,we may1 at all ev5ts1 be sure ( ?is3 ,j s fa/ & s f> z f>m+ is r5d]$ an intellectual pursuit1 x w attract & reta9 ! /ronge/ m9ds1 ! be/ abilities1 ( ! human race4 ,x has be5 widely %unn$ & escap$ f1 ma9ly because x has seem$ a call+ 9 :i* only inf]ior capacities 7 requir$ or w\ld be rew>d$4 ,let ?is error give place to ! tru?1 & ,agriculture w w9 vot>ies f among ! brighte/ intellects ( ! race4 ,,xxxiv4 ,,%eep ,,& ,,wool-,,gr[+4 ,ours is em95tly an agricultural c\ntry4 ,we produce mo/ ( our ,food1 & export mu* m ?an we import ( bo? ,gra9 & ,meat4 ,( ,cotton1 we gr[ "s ,?ree ,millions ( bales annually1 :]e( we export fully two-?irds4 ,b ( ?is we reimport a portion 9 ! %ape ( ,fabrics & ( ,?read2 & yet1 :ile we are l>gely clo!d 9 ,wool5s1 & ext5sive sections ( our c\ntry are admirably adapt$ to ! re>+ ( ,%eep & ! production ( ,wool1 we n only import a consid]able %>e ( ! ,wool5s 9 :i* we are clad1 b we also import a consid]able proportion ( ! ,wool :]efrom we manufacture ! ,wool5s fabricat$ on our own soil4 ,9 o!r words3 :ile we are a nation ( f>m]s & h]dsm51 we fail to gr[ s mu* ,wool z is ne$$ to %ield u aga9/ ! caprices & inclem5cies ( our div]se b g5]ally fitful climates4 ,!re is a seem+ excuse = ?is 9 ! fact t ext5sive regions 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & ,au/ralia1 are devot$ to ,%eep-gr[+ :]e animals are nei!r h\s$ nor h]d$1 & :]e !y are exclusively f$1 at all seasons1 on ^? native grasses :i* are ! spontane\s products ( ! soil4 ,i presume ,wool is 9 ^? regions produc$ *eap] ?an x c p]man5tly be on any consid]able area ( our own soil2 & yet ,i believe t ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld1 & pr(itably might1 gr[ z mu* ,wool z is ne$$ = _! own l>ge annual consumption4 ,"h are my reasons3 ,i4 ,:5 ! pr$om9ant int]e/ ( ,briti% ,manufactures con/ra9$ ! entire repeal ( ! duties on import$ ,wool1 :]eby ,%eep-gr[+ _h previ\sly be5 protect$1 ! f>m]s appreh5d$ t !y mu/ ab&on t dep>tm5t ( _! indu/ry2 b ! ev5t prov$ ?is calculation a mi/ake4 ,!y gr[ m ,%eep & at bett] pr(it to-day ?an !y did :5 _! ,wool br\ght a high] price "u ! influ5ce ( ,protective duties1 because ! l>gely increas$ price ( _! ,mutton m ?an makes up to !m _! loss by ! r$uc$ prices ( _! ,wool4 ,s1 :ile ,i d n expect t ,am]ican ,wool w ev] aga9 comm& su* high prices z x has done at "s p]iods 9 ! pa/1 ,i am confid5t t ! g5]al appreciation 9 ! prices ( ,meat1 :i* has occurr$ )9 ! la/ t5 or fifte5 ye>s1 & :i* seems likely to be endur+1 w r5d] ,%eep-gr[+ m pr(itable 9 ! future ?an x has be5 9 ! pa/4 ,at all ev5ts1 :ile our f>m]s are g5]ally oblig$ to sell _! ,gra9 & ,meat at prices some:at bel[ ! range ( ! ,briti% m>kets1 x is h>dly conceivable t !y %\ld n af=d to gr[ ,wool1 = :i* !y receive high] av]age prices ?an ! ,briti% f>m]s d1 :o fe$ _! ,%eep on ! produce ( l&s wor? f #cjj to #ejj 7gold7 p] acre4 ,,ii4 ,int]e/ be+ relatively high 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ,capital ) mo/ f>m]s defici5t1 x is a s]i\s objection to cattle-gr[+ t ! f>m] mu/ wait ?ree or f\r ye>s be=e receiv+ a return = 8 outlay4 ,if he beg9s poor1 ) b a few c[s & a team1 he naturally wants to re> & keep all 8 calves = sev]al ye>s 9 ord] to adequately /ock 8 f>m1 s t little or no income is meantime realiz$ f 8 h]d2 :]eas a flock ( ,%eep yields a fleece p] head ea* ye>1 ?\gh n ev5 a lamb is sold1 :ile its increase 9 numb]s is f> m rapid ?an t ( a h]d ( cattle4 ,,iii4 ,almo/ e f>m]1 at lea/ 9 ! old ,/ates1 f9ds "s "p ( 8 l& infe/$ ) bu%es & bri]s1 :i* seem to fl\ri% by cutt+1 if he f9ds "t to cut !m1 & :i* ! rugg$ness ( 8 soil precludes 8 ext]m9at+ by ! pl[4 ,9 e su* case1 ,%eep are 8 natural allies--8 unpaid police--8 vigilant & ?or\gh-go+ assi/ants4 ,give !m an ev5 />t 9 ,spr+ ) ! bu%es & bri]s2 let _! numb] be suffici5t2 & !y are v sure to come out ahead 9 ! ,fall4 ,,iv4 ,our f>m]s 9 ! av]age are too mu* conf9$ 9 ,summ] & ,autumn to salt meats1 & especially to ,pork4 ,h[ev] excell5t 9 quality ^! may be1 _! exclusive use is nei!r heal?ful nor palatable4 ,) a good flock ( ,%eep1 ! mo/ seclud$ f>m] may h fre% meat e week 9 hay+ & h>ve/-"t if he *ooses2 & he w f9d ?is bett] = 8 family1 & m satisfactory to 8 workm51 ?an a diet :]efrom fre% meat is exclud$4 ,v4 ,n[1 ,i d n insi/ t e f>m] %\ld gr[ ,%eep1 = ,i "k t _m are s situat$ t !y _c4 ,9 /ony regions1 :]e walls are v g5]ally reli$ on = f5ces1 ,i am aw>e t ,%eep are ) difficulty kept )9 b\nds2 & ?is is a s]i\s objection4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( cities & l>ge villages1 :]e ,fre% ,meat may be b\ght f day to day1 "o valid reason = keep+ !m has no application2 yet ,i hold t twice z _m ( our f>m]s z n[ h flocks ought to h !m1 & w\ld !reby increase _! pr(its z well z ! com=t ( _! families4 ,! mo/ s]i\s ob/acle to ,%eep husb&ry 9 ?is c\ntry is ! abundance & depr$ations ( dogs4 ,f>m]s by t5s ( ?\s&s h sold (f1 or kill$ (f1 _! flocks1 ma9ly because !y c\ld n o!rwise protect !mselves aga9/ _! frequ5t decimation by pr[l+ curs1 :i* 7 n wor? ! p[d] requir$ to %oot !m4 ,x seems to me t a f>m] ?us despoil$ is p]fectly ju/ifiable 9 plac+ poison$ food :]e ^! cut-?roats w be apt to f9d x :ile mak+ _! next raid on 8 ,%eep4 ,i %\ld h no scruple 9 s do+1 provid$ ,i c\ld gu>d effectually aga9/ ! poison+ ( any o!r ?an ! culprits4 ,9 a well-settl$1 ?rifty region1 :]e ample b>ns are provid$1 ,i judge t ! losses ( ,%eep by dogs may be r$uc$ to a m9imum by prop] precautions4 ,else:]e ?an 9 wild1 new fronti] settlem5ts1 e flock ( ,%eep %\ld h a place ( refuge b5ea? ! hay-floor ( a good b>n1 & be tra9$ to sp5d e night !re1 z well z to seek ?is %elt] aga9/ e pelt+ /orm4 ,ev5 if s5t "s di/ance to pa/ure1 an unb>r$ lane %\ld connect su* pa/ure ) _! fold2 & !y %\ld be driv5 home = a few nights1 if necess>y1 until !y _h acquir$ ! habit ( com+ home at nightfall2 & ,i am assur$ t ,%eep ?us lodg$ w v r>ely be attack$ by dogs or wolves4 ,z yet1 our f>m]s h n g5]ally realiz$ t enhancem5t ( ! value ( ,mutton1 :]eby _! ,briti% rivals h pr(it$ s l>gely4 ,_! fa!rs began to bre$ ,%eep :5 a fleece sold = mu* m ?an a c>case1 & :5 f95ess & abundance ( ,wool 7 ! ma9 consid]ation4 ,b su* is no long] ! fact1 at lea/ 9 ! ,ea/]n & ,middle ,/ates4 ,to-day1 l>ge & long-wool$ ,%eep ( ! ,cotswold & simil> bre$s are gr[n ) f> great] pr(it 9 ?is section ?an ! f9e-wool$ ,m]9o & ,saxony1 except :]e *oice specim5s ( ! latt] c be sold at high prices = removal to ,texas & ! ,f> ,we/4 ,! gr[+ ( ^! high-pric$ animals mu/ necess>ily be conf9$ to few h&s4 ,! av]age f>m] _c expect to sell bucks at #a1jjj1 & ev5 at #e1jjj1 z "s h be5 sold1 or at lea/ report$4 ,he mu/ calculate t 8 ,%eep are to be sold1 :5 sold at all1 at prices rang+ f #aj d[n to #e1 if n l[]1 s t me*anics & m]*ants may buy & eat !m )\t absolute ru92 & he mu/ realize t #ajj p\nds ( ,mutton at #aj c5ts1 ) #f p\nds ( ,wool at #cj c5ts1 am\nt to m ?an #fj p\nds ( ,mutton at #h c5ts1 & #aj p\nds ( ,wool at #fj c5ts4 ,f>m]s :o gr[ ,%eep = ,mutton 9 ?is vic9ity1 & manage to h lambs ( good size = sale 9 ,june or ,july1 assure me t _! pr(it on ^! is great] ?an on almo/ any?+ else _! f>ms w produce2 & !y say :at !y "k4 ,! satisfactory exp]i5ce ( ?is class may be repeat$ to-day 9 ! neighborhood ( any consid]able city 9 ! ,union4 ,%eep-gr[+ is no exp]im5t2 x is an assur$ & gratify+ success ) all :o und]/& & are fitly plac$ = its prosecution4 ,wool may nev] aga9 be s high z we h kn[n x1 s9ce ! ,f> ,we/ & ,texas c gr[ x v *eaply1 :ile its transportation co/s less ?an five p] c5t4 ( its value1 :]e t ( ,gra9 w\ld be #ge p] c5t42 b ,mutton is a :olesome & g5]ally acceptable meat1 :]e( ! use & popul>ity1 are daily increas+2 s t its m>ket value w d\btless be great] 9 ! future ?an x has be5 9 ! pa/4 ,i w\ld gladly incite ! f>m]s ( our c\ntry to compreh5d ?is fact1 & act s z to pr(it by x4 ,b ! new region op5$ to ,%eep-gr[+ by ! pione]s ( ,colorado1 & o!r ,t]ritories1 is de/9$ to play a great "p 9 ! satisfaction ( our ne$ ( ,wool4 ,! elevat$ ,pla9s & ,valleys :i* enfold & embrace ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s are exce$+ly favorable to ! *eap production ( ,wool4 ,_! pure1 dry1 brac+ atmosph]e2 ! r>ity ( _! dr5*+ /orms2 ! fact t _! soil is seldom or nev] sodd5 ) wat]2 & ! excell5ce ( _! %ort1 ?9 grasses1 ev5 9 ,w9t]1 r5d] !m admirably adapt$ to ! wants ( ! %eph]d & 8 flocks4 ,i d n believe 9 ! wisdom or humanity1 :ile ,i admit ! possibility1 ( keep+ ,%eep )\t cur$ fodd] on ! ,pla9s or else:]e2 on ! contr>y1 ,i w\ld h ample & effective %elt] aga9/ cold & wet provid$ = e flock1 ) ,hay1 or ,gra91 or ,roots1 or some:at ( ea* ( !m1 = at lea/ two mon?s ( ea* ye>2 b1 ev5 ?us1 ,i judge t f9e ,wool c be gr[n 9 ,colorado or ,wyom+ f> *eap] ?an 9 ,new ,engl& or ev5 ,m9nesota1 & ( bett] quality ?an 9 ,texas or ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,& ,i am griev\sly mi/ak5 if ,%eep husb&ry is n ab\t to be develop$ on ! ,pla9s ) a rapidity & success :i* h no ,am]ican prec$5t4 ,,xxxv4 ,,acc\nts ,,9 ,,f>m+4 ,f>m]s1 x is urg$1 sometimes fail2 & ?is is un=tunately true ( !m1 z ( all o!rs4 ,"s fail 9 integrity2 o!rs 9 sobriety2 _m 9 capacity2 mo/ 9 dilig5ce2 b n a few 9 me?od or sy/em4 ,q a numb] fail because !y und]take too mu* at ! outset2 t is1 !y run into debt = m l& ?an !y h capital to /ock or means to f]tilize1 & are =c$ into bankruptcy by ! int]e/ ev]-accru+ ^u l& :i* !y are unable to cultivate4 ,if !y %\ld get ahead a little by active ex]tion ?r\gh\t ! day1 ! int]e/ w\ld ov]take & pass !m dur+ ! ensu+ night4 ,few ( ! unsuccessful realize ! ext5t to :i* _! ill =tune is fairly attributable to _! own wa/e ( "t4 ,m5 n naturally lazy squ&] h\rs weekly 9 ! village1 or at ! railroad /ation1 )\t a suspicion t !y are ?us de/roy+ _! *ances ( success 9 life4 ,to-day is giv5 up to a monkey-%[2 half ( to-morr[ is lo/ 9 att5dance on an auction2 "p ( next day is sp5t at a caucus or a jury trial2 & s on until "o-?ird ( ! ye> is virtually wa/$4 ,n[1 ! m5 :o h a*iev$ em95t success1 )9 my obs]vation1 h all be5 rigid economi/s ( "t4 ,!y manag$ to transact _! bus9ess at ! c\nty-seat :ile s]v+ !re z gr& or petit jurors1 or deta9$ "u subpo5a z witnesses2 !y nev] att5d$ an auction unless !y really ne$$ some?+ :i* 0 !re to be sold1 & !n !y began _! day's "w e>li] & end$ x lat] 9 ord] to r$eem ! "t :i* !y borr[$ = ! sale4 ,i d n believe t any ,am]ican f>m] :o c\ld c\nt up ?ree hundr$ full days' "w 9 e ye> betwe5 8 tw5ty-fir/ & 8 ?irtie? ev] yet fail$1 except z a result ( speculation1 or endors+1 or inord9ate runn+ into debt4 ,i w\ld1 !re=e1 urge e f>m] to keep a rigid acc\nt curr5t ( ! disposal ( 8 "t1 s z to be able to see at ! ye>'s end exactly h[ _m days !re( he _h giv5 to productive labor2 h[ _m to su* abid+ improvem5ts z f5c+ & dra9+2 & h[ _m to objects :i* nei!r increas$ 8 crop nor improv$ 8 f>m4 ,i am sure _m w\ld be amaz$ at ! ext5t ( ?is la/ category4 ,if e y\? :o expects to live by f>m+ w\ld buy a *eap pocket-book or wallet :i* conta9s a di>y :]e9 a page is allott$ to ea* day ( ! ye>1 & w\ld1 at ! close ( t day1 or at lea/ :ile its incid5ts 7 /ill fre% 9 8 m9d1 set d[n "u its prop] head :atev] incid5ts 7 mo/ notewor?y--z1 = in/ance1 a soak+ ra92 a light or heavy %[]2 a slight or kill+ fro/2 a fall ( sn[2 a hurricane2 a hail-/orm2 a gale2 a decid$ly hot or notably cold temp]ature2 ! turn+ out ( cattle to pa/ure or %elt]+ !m aga9/ ! sev]ity ( ,w9t]2 also ! plant+ or s[+ ( ea* crop or field1 & :e!r h>m 0 done to x by fro/ 9 its infancy or :5 x approa*$ maturity--he w\ld ?us provide himself ) annual volumes ( fact :i* w\ld prove in/ructive & valuable ?r\gh\t 8 matur] ye>s4 ,! good f>m] w ( c\rse keep acc\nts ) su* ( 8 neighbors z he sees fit to deal )2 & he ought to *>ge a l5t or cr$it a borr[$ pl[1 h>r[1 reap]1 log-*a91 or o!r implem5t1 precisely z ?\gh x 7 meal or meat ( an equal value4 ,i judge t borr[$ implem5ts1 if regul>ly *>g$ at co/1 & cr$it$ at _! actual value :5 return$1 w\ld g5]ally come home soon] & 9 bett] condition4 ,b ! f>m]1 l e "o else1 %\ld be mo/ c>eful to keep debt & cr$it ) himself & 8 f>m4 ,if a doll> is sp5t or l5t1 8 books %\ld %[ x2 & let items & sum total />e him 9 ! face :5 he /rikes a balance at ! close ( ! ye>4 ,if !re has be5 no leakage ei!r ( dimes or ( h\rs1 he w seldom be poor] on ! #ca/ ( ,decemb] ?an he 0 on ! #a/ ( ! prec$+ ,janu>y4 ,mo/ f>m]s fail to keep acc\nts ) _! sev]al fields & crops2 yet :at c\ld be m in/ructive ?an ^!8 ,"h are t5 acres ( ,corn1 ) a yield ( #bj to #dj bu%els p] acre--a l area & l yield ( ,oats2 a small] or l>g] ( ,rye1 ,buck:eat1 or ,beans1 z ! case may be4 ,if ! produce is sold1 mo/ f>m]s "k h[ mu* x br+s2 b h[ _m "k h[ mu* x co/8 ,say ! ,corn br+s #ge c5ts p] bu%el1 & ! ,oats #ej c5ts3 0 ei!r or bo? produc$ at a pr(it8 ,if s1 at :at pr(it8 ,"h is a f>m] :o has gr[n f #ajj to #hjj bu%els ( ,corn p] annum = ! la/ #bj ye>s2 ought he n to "k by ?is "t :at ,corn co/s him 9 ! av]age1 & :e!r x c\ld or c\ld n ) pr(it give place to some?+ else8 ,mo/ f>m]s gr[ "s crops at a pr(it1 o!rs at a loss2 ought !y n to "k1 aft] an exp]i5ce ( five or t5 ye>s1 :at crops h put money into _! pockets1 & :at h made !m poor] = ! gr[+8 ,( c\rse1 !re is complication & "s degree ( unc]ta9ty 9 all su* acc\nt-keep+2 = e "o is aw>e t "s crops take m f ! soil ?an o!rs1 & s leave x 9 a worse condition = ^? t are to foll[1 & t "s exact l>ge re5=cem5ts ( f]tiliz]s1 :]e( a "p only is fairly *>geable to ! fir/ ensu+ product1 :ile a l>ge %>e inures to ! subsequ5t h>ve/s4 ,ea* mu/ judge = himself h[ mu* is to be cr$it$ = su* improvem5t1 & h[ mu* *>g$ aga9/ o!r crops = det]ioration4 ,he1 = example1 ^: mead[s w cut f two to ?ree tuns p] acre ( good ,engli% ,hay may g5]ally sell t ,hay = twice if n ?rice ! imm$iate co/ ( its production1 & s seem to be realiz+ a l>ge pr(it2 b1 if he gives no?+ to ! soil 9 return = ! heavy draft ?us made ^u x1 8 crop w dw9dle ye> by ye>1 until x w h>dly pay = cutt+2 & ! dim9ution 9 value ( 8 mead[s w ne>ly or q balance ! seem+ pr(it accru+ f 8 ,hay4 ,b acc\nt-keep+ 9 e bus9ess involves ess5tially id5tical calculations2 & ! m]*ant :o ?is ye> makes no net pr(it on 8 goods1 b d\bles ! numb] ( 8 cu/om]s & ! ext5t ( 8 trade1 has ?riv5 precisely z has ! f>m] ^: pr(it on 8 crops has all be5 inve/$ 9 dra9s p]meat+ 8 bogs1 & 9 ,lime1 ,pla/]1 & o!r f]tiliz]s1 appli$ to & p]man5tly enri*+ 8 dry] fields4 ,to make ea* day a critic on ! la/1 0 ! aspiration ( a wise man1 if n a great poet4 ,s ! f>m] :o w keep c>eful & c&id acc\nts ,) himself1 annually correct+ 8 e/imates by ! light ( exp]i5ce1 w soon le>n :at crops he may reasonably expect to gr[ at a pr(it1 & to reject su* z are likely to involve him 9 loss2 & he :o1 hav+ done ?is1 %all bl5d common s5se ) indu/ry1 w h no reason to compla9 !reaft] t !re is no pr(it 9 f>m+1 & no *ance ( a*iev+ weal? by pursu+ x4 ,,xxxvi4 ,,/one ,,on ,a ,,f>m4 ,?is e>?1 geologi/s say1 0 once an imm5se expanse ( heat$ vapor1 :i*1 gradually cool+ at its surface1 z x :irl$ & sp$ ?r\gh space1 contract$ & =m$ a cru/1 :i* we "k z ,rock or ,/one4 ,?is cru/ has s9ce be5 brok5 ?r\gh1 & tilt$ up into ranges ( m\nta9s & hills1 by ! action ( int]nal fires1 by ! transmutation ( solid bodies into m expansive gases2 & ! fragm5ts torn away f ! %>p] edges ( upheav$ masses ( granite1 qu>tz1 or s&/one1 hav+ be5 froz5 into iceb]g1 float+1 or soon to be s1 h be5 c>ri$ all ov] ! surface ( our planet1 & dropp$ ^u ! great] "p1 z ^? iceb]gs 7 ultimately resolv$1 by a mild] temp]ature1 into fl[+ wat]4 ,:5 ! seas 7 aft]w>d r$uc$ ne>ly or q to _! pres5t limits1 & ! iceb]gs re/rict$ to ! frigid zones & _! vic9ity1 /reams _h to make _! way d[n ! sides ( ! m\nta9s & hills to ! subjac5t valleys & pla9s1 sweep+ along n m]ely s& & gravel1 b b[ld]s also1 ( e size & =m1 & sometimes great rocks z well1 by ! =ce ( _! impetu\s curr5ts4 ,&1 z a v l>ge1 if n ! l>g] portion ( our e>?'s surface be>s te/imony to ! exi/5ce & p[]ful action ?r\gh ages1 ( l>g] & small] wat]-c\rses1 a wide & g5]al diffusion ( /ones1 n 9 place1 b m or less triturat$1 smoo!d1 & r\nd$1 by ! action ( wat]1 0 among ! inevitable results4 ,^! /ones are sometimes a facility1 b (t5] an imp$im5t1 to effici5cy 9 agriculture4 ,:5 heat$ by f]vid sun%9e ?r\gh\t ! day1 !y reta9 a portion ( t heat ?r\gh a "p ( ! succe$+ night1 !reby rais+ ! temp]ature ( ! soil1 & increas+ ! deposit ( dew on ! plants !re gr[+4 ,:5 g5]ally brok5 s f9ely z to (f] no imp$im5t to cultivation1 !y n m]ely absorb heat by day1 to be giv5 (f by night1 b1 by r5d]+ ! soil op5 & por\s1 secure a mu* m ext5sive diffusion ( air ?r\gh x ?an w\ld o!rwise be possible4 ,?us d slaty soils a*ieve & ma9ta9 a w>m? unique 9 _! respective latitudes1 s z to rip5 grapes fur!r ,nor?1 & at high] elevations1 ?an w\ld o!rwise be possible4 ,! great ,prairies ( ! ,we/1 ) a consid]able portion ( ! valleys & pla9s ( ! ,atlantic slope1 expose no rock at _! surfaces1 & little b5ea? !m1 until ! soil has be5 trav]s$1 & ! vic9ity ( ! und]ly+ rock 9 place fairly atta9$4 ,to f>m]s inur$ to ! p]petual /one-pick+ ( ,new-,engl&1 & o!r hilly regions1 ?is is a mo/ welcome *ange2 b :5 ! pione] comes to look ab\t him = /one to wall 8 cell> & 8 well1 to und]p9 8 b>n1 & =m ! f\ndations ( 8 dwell+1 he realizes t ! b[ld]s he _h exult$ 9 leav+ beh9d him 7 n :olly & absolutely a nuisance2 glad z he 0 to be rid ( !m =ev]1 he w\ld l n[ to call "s ( !m back aga94 ,yet1 ! ,ea/]n f>m] ( to-day has few] uses = /one ?an 8 gr&fa!r _h4 ,he does n want 8 f>m cut up into two or ?ree-acre pat*es1 by broad-bas$1 unsightly walls1 :i* fro/ is apt to heave ye> aft] ye> into great] de=mity & less effici5cy2 nor does he c>e long] to use !m 9 dra9+1 s9ce he mu/ excavate & replace ?rice z mu* e>? 9 mak+ a /one z 9 mak+ a tile dra92 :ile ! =m] af=ds %elt] & impunity to rats1 mice1 & o!r mis*iev\s1 pr$atory animals1 ^: burr[+ !re9 t5ds con/antly to /imulate its natural t5d5cy to become *ok$ ) s& & e>?4 ,( ! /one dra9s1 con/ruct$ ?r\gh p>ts ( my f>m by =em5 ^: wills prov$ /rong] ?an my own1 b two rema9 9 p>tial op]ation1 & ,i %all rejoice :5 ^! %all h fill$ !mselves up & be5 c\nt$ out ev]more4 ,happily1 !y 7 sunk s l[ t ! subsoil pl[ w nev] di/urb !m4 ,/ill1 my confid5ce t no?+ 0 made 9 va9 is sc>cely %ak5 by ! preval5ce & abundance ( /one on our ,ea/]n f>ms4 ,we may n h pres5t use = !m all2 b our gr&sons w be wis] ?an we1 & h uses = !m :i* we h>dly suspect4 ,i re9si/ t l& :i* is v /ony 0 ma9ly creat$ ) an eye to timb]-gr[+1 & t millions ( acres ( su* ought =?) to be plant$ ) ,hickory1 ,:ite ,oak1 ,locu/1 ,*e/nut1 ,:ite ,p9e1 & o!r valuable =e/-trees4 ,e acre ( ?or\ghly dry l&1 ly+ ne> a railroad1 9 ! ,ea/]n or ,middle ,/ates1 may be made to pay a good int]e/ on f #ej up to #ajj1 provid$ !re be soil en\gh above its rocks to af=d a dec5t foo?old = trees2 & h[ little w answ] ?is purpose none c imag9e :o h n se5 ! exp]im5t tri$4 ,s[ ?ickly1 t y may beg9 to cut out poles six to t5 feet long )9 ?ree or f\r ye>s1 & keep cutt+ out 7b nev] cutt+ (f7 !nce=w>d1 until "t %all be no m1 & y\r rocky cre/s1 /eep hillsides & rav9es1 w take rank ) ! mo/ productive portions ( y\r f>m4 ,9 ! edges ( ^! woods1 y may deposit ! surplus /ones ( ! adjac5t cultivat$ fields1 9 full assurance t mo? & ru/ w n corrupt nor ?ieves break ?r\gh & /eal1 b t y & y\r sons & gr&sons w f9d !m !re :5ev] !y %all be ne$$1 z well z ^? y f\nd !re :5 y came into possession ( ! f>m4 ,i am fur!r confid5t t we %all build m & m ) r\gh1 un%ap5 /one1 z we gr[ old] & wis]4 ,9 our h>%1 caprici\s climate1 walls ( /one-concrete af=d ! *eape/ & be/ protection alike aga9/ heat & fro/1 = our animals c]ta9ly1 &1 ,i ?9k1 also = ourselves4 ,let ! f>m] beg9 8 b>n by mak+ ( /one1 laid 9 ?9 mort>1 a sub/antial basem5t /ory2 let into a hillside1 = 8 manure & 8 root-cell>2 let him build ^u ?is a second /ory ( l mat]ials = ! /alls ( 8 cattle2 & n[ he may add a ?ird /ory & ro( ( wood = 8 bay & gra91 if he sees fit4 ,8 son or gr&son w1 probably1 take ?is (f1 & replace x ) concrete walls & a slate ro(2 or ?is may be po/pon$ until ! orig9al wood5 /ructure has rott$ (f2 b ,i feel sure t1 ultimately1 ! dwell+s z well z b>ns ( ?rifty f>m]s1 9 /ony di/ricts1 w ma9ly be built ( r\gh /one1 ?r[n into a box & firmly cem5t$ by a ?9 mort> compos$ ( mu* s& & little lime2 & t ?us at lea/ t5 ?\s& tuns ( /one to ea* f>m w be dispos$ (4 ,x may be some:at lat] /ill be=e our b>n-y>ds1 f[l inclosures1 g>d5s1 pig-p5s1 etc41 w be %ut 9 by cem5t$ walls2 b ! o!r sort af=ds su* ample & p]petual lurk+ places = rats1 m9ks1 weasels1 & all mann] ( de/ructive v]m91 t !y are c]ta9 to g out ( fa%ion be=e ! close ( ! next c5tury4 ,z to bla/+ out ,/one1 too l>ge or too firmly fix$ to be o!rwise h&l$1 ,i w\ld solve ! problem by ask+1 ,d y mean to keep ?is lot 9 cultivation8 ,if y d1 cle> x ( /one f ! surface upw>d1 & = at lea/ two feet d[nw>d1 ?\gh !y be z l>ge z haycocks1 & z fix$ z ! ev]la/+ hills4 ,cle> y\r field ( e /one bigg] ?an a goose egg1 t ! ,pl[ or ! ,m[] may /rike 9 do+ its "w1 or give x up to timb]1 plant x ?or\ghly1 & leave its /ones unmole/$ until y or y\r desc5dants %all h a pay+ use = !m4 ,a fri5d deeply engag$ 9 lumb]+ gives me a h9t1 :i* ,i ?9k "s own]s ( /ony f>ms w f9d useful4 ,he is oblig$ to run 8 logs d[n %all[1 /ony creeks1 f ! bottom ( :i* l>ge rocks (t5 protrude1 arre/+ ! d[nw>d progress ( 8 lumb]4 ,:5 ! b$s ( ^! creeks are ne>ly dry 9 ,summ]1 he goes 91 ) two or ?ree /\t1 /rong assi/ants1 arm$ ) cr[b>s & lev]s1 & rolls ! /ones to ?is side & t1 s z to leave a cle> passage = 8 logs4 ,occasionally1 he is confront$ by a big fell[1 :i* defies 8 utmo/ =ce2 :51 in/ead ( drill+ & bla/+1 he ga!rs dead tree-tops1 & o!r dry wood ( no value1 f ! banks1 & builds a hot fire on ! top ( ea* giant b[ld]4 ,:5 ! fire has burn$ out1 & ! rock has cool$1 he f9ds x s(t5$1 &1 z x 71 rott51 on ! top1 (t5 split1 & e way s demoraliz$ t he c deal ) x z ?\gh x 7 *alk or *eese4 ,he e/imates 8 sav+ by ?is process1 z comp>$ ) drill+ & bla/+ z mu* m ?an fifty p] c5t4 ,i tru/ f>m]s ) :om wood is abundant1 & big /ones sup]abundant1 w give ?is simple device a trial4 ,p[d] & drill+ co/ money1 "p ( :i* may be sav$ by ?is exp$i5t4 ,i h built "s /one walls--at fir/1 n v well2 b = ! la/ t5 ye>s my rule has be53 ,v little f5ce on a f>m1 b t little ( a k9d t asks no =be>ance ( ! wilde/ bull t ev] wore a horn4 ,! la/ wall ,i built co/ me at lea/ #e p] rod2 & x is wor? ! money4 ,beg9n+ by pl[+ its b$ & turn+ ! two furr[s toge!r1 s z to raise ! gr\nd a foot1 & make a %all[ dit* on ei!r side1 ,i built a wall !reon :i* w outla/ my y\ng] *ild4 ,an ord9>y wall divid+ a wood on ! nor? f an op5 field ( sunny1 gravelly loam on ! s\?1 w\ld h be5 p>tly ?r[n d[n & :olly twi/$ out ( %ape 9 a few ye>s1 by ! ?aw+ ( ! e>? "u its sunny side1 :ile x rema9$ firm z a rock on ! nor?2 b ! gr\nd is always dry "u my entire wall2 s no?+ freezes !re1 & !re is consequ5tly no?+ to ?aw & let d[n my wall4 ,i %all be sorely disappo9t$ if t wall does n outla/ my memory1 & be kn[n z a ?or\gh b>ri] to rov+ cattle long aft] ! "n ( its orig9al own] %all h be5 =gott54 ,,xxxvii4 ,,f5ces ,,& ,,f5c+4 ,?\gh ,i h already indicat$1 incid5tally1 my decid$ objections to our preval5t sy/em ( ,f5c+1 ,i deem ! subject ( su* importance t ,i *oose to discuss x directly4 ,excessive ,f5c+ is peculi>ly an ,am]ican abuse1 :i* urg5tly cries = re=m4 ,solon ,rob9son says ! f5ce-tax is ! heavie/ ( our f>m]'s taxes4 ,i add1 t x is ! mo/ ne$less & indef5sible4 ,highways we mu/ h1 & p mu/ trav]se !m2 b ?is gives !m no "r to trample d[n or o!rwise injure ! crops gr[+ on ei!r side4 ,9 ,france1 & o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 y see grass & gra9 gr[+ luxuriantly up to ! v edge ( ! beat5 tracks1 ) no?+ l a f5ce betwe5 !m4 ,yet ^? crops are n[ise injur$ or di/urb$ by wayf>]s4 ,:oev] *ooses to impel animals along ^! roads mu/ take c>e to h !m completely "u subjection1 & mu/ see t !y d no h>m to :atev] gr[s by ! wayside4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 cattle-driv+1 except on a small scale1 & = %ort di/ances1 has ne>ly be5 sup]c$$ by railroads4 ,! great droves =m]ly rea*+ ! ,atlantic seabo>d on foot1 f ,ohio or fur!r ,we/1 are n[ huddl$ into c>s & hurri$ ?r\gh 9 f> less "t1 & ) less wa/e ( fle%2 b !y rea* u fev]$1 bruis$1 & e way un:olesome4 ,e animal %\ld be turn$ out to grass1 aft] a railroad j\rney ( m ?an twelve h\rs1 & left !re a full mon? be=e he is tak5 to ! slaught]-p54 ,we mu/ h _m m dea?s p] annum 9 ?is city ?an if ! animals on :i* we subsi/ 7 kill$ 9 a condition :i* r5d]$ !m fit = human food4 ,ultimately1 our fre% ,beef1 ,mutton & ,pork1 w come to u f ! ,prairies 9 refrig]at+ c>s3 ea* animal hav+ be5 kill$ :ile 9 p]fect heal?1 unfev]$ & untortur$ by days ( cramp$1 gall$1 & ?ir/y suff]+1 on ! c>s4 ,?is w leave _! (fal1 includ+ a l>ge portion ( _! bones1 to enri* ! fields :5ce _! su/5ance 0 drawn & f :i* !y %\ld nev] be tak54 ,! co/ ( transport+ ! meat1 hides1 & tall[1 9 su* c>s1 w\ld be less ?an t ( br++ ?r\gh ! animals on _! legs2 :ile ! dang] ( putrefaction might be utt]ly preclud$4 ,b to return to ,f5c+3 ,our gr[+ plants mu/ be pres]v$ f animal ravage2 b x is mo/ unju/ to impose ! co/ ( ?is protection on ! gr[]s4 ,:oev] *ooses to re> or buy animals mu/ take c>e t !y d n infe/ & despoil 8 neighbors4 ,:oev] sees fit to turn animals into ! /reet1 %\ld s5d "s "o ) !m :o w be sure to keep !m out ( mis*ief1 :i* br[s+ "y trees 9 a =e/ cle>ly is4 ,if ! inhabitants ( a settlem5t or village surr\nd$ by op5 prairie1 see fit to pa/ure _! cattle !reon1 !y %\ld s5d !m out ea* morn+ 9 ! *>ge ( a well-m\nt$ h]dsm51 ^: duty %\ld be summ$ up 9 keep+ !m f evildo+ by day & br++ !m safely back to _! y>d or y>ds at nightfall4 ,f5c+ be>s ) special sev]ity on ! pione] class1 :o are lea/ able to af=d ! outlay4 ,! cle>+ ( ! pione]'s fir/ ye> 9 ! wild]ness1 be+ enl>g$ by ax & fire1 ne$s a new & f> long] environm5t next ye>2 & s ?r\gh subsequ5t ye>s until cle>+ is at an end4 ,_m a pione] is ?us impell$ to devote a l>ge %>e ( 8 "t to ,f5c+2 & yet 8 crops (t5 come to grief ?r\gh ! depr$ations ( 8 own or 8 neighbor's brea*y cattle4 ,f5ces produce no?+ b unwelcome bu%es1 bri]s & we$s4 ,s f> z !y may be necess>y1 !y are a deplorable necessity4 ,:5 con/ruct$ :]e !y are n really ne$$1 !y ev9ce co/ly folly4 ,i ?9k ,i c\ld po9t out f>ms :i* w\ld n sell to-day = ! co/ ( rebuild+ _! pres5t f5ces4 ,we _c make op5 dra9s or dit*es s]ve = f5ces 9 ?is c\ntry1 z !y sometimes d 9 mild] & m equable climates1 because our sev]e fro/s w\ld heave & crumble _! banks if ne>ly p]p5dicul>1 slop+ !m at l5g? 9 places s t animals might cross !m at leisure4 ,nor h we1 s f> nor? z ?is city1 _h mu* success ) h$ges1 = a l reason4 ,!re is sc>cely a h$ge-plant at once effici5t 9 /opp+ animals & s h>dy z to defy ! sev]ity1 or r ! caprice1 ( our ,w9t]s4 ,i sc>cely "k a h$ge :i* is n ei!r ineffici5t or too co/ly = ! av]age f>m]2 & !n a h$ge is a fixture2 :]eas we (t5 ne$ to move or demoli% our f5ces4 ,wire ,f5ces are lea/ obnoxi\s to ?is objection2 !y are v easily remov$2 b a c>eless team/]1 a /upid animal1 or a clumsy fri5d1 easily makes a brea* 9 "o1 :i* is n s easily repair$4 ,( ! few ,wire ,f5ces )9 my k1 h>dly "o has rema9$ entire & effici5t aft] /&+ two or ?ree ye>s4 ,/one ,walls1 well built1 on rais$ f\ndations ( dry e>?1 are endur+ & q effective1 b v co/ly4 ,my be/ h co/ me at lea/ #e p] rod1 ?\gh ! raw mat]ial 0 abundant & accessible4 ,i d\bt t any good wall is built1 ) labor at pres5t prices1 = less ?an #e p] rod4 ,p]haps ,i %\ld acc\nt ?is co/l9ess a m]it1 s9ce x mu/ impel f>m]s to /udy h[ to make few f5ces s]ve _! turn4 ,rail ,f5ces w be con/ruct$ only :]e timb] is v abundant1 ( little value1 & easily split4 ,:5ev] ! burn+ ( timb] to be rid ( x has ceas$1 !re ! mak+ ( rail f5ces mu/ be ne> its end4 ,:]e f5ces mu/ /ill be ma9ta9$1 ,i appreh5d t po/s & bo>ds are ! *eape/ mat]ial4 ,?\gh ,p9e lumb] gr[s de>1 ,hemlock /ill ab\nds2 & ! rapid de/ruction ( trees = _! b>k to be us$ 9 tann+ mu/ give u *eap hemlock bo>ds ?r\gh\t _m ensu+ ye>s4 ,spruce1 ,tam>ack1 & o!r ev]gre5s f our ,nor!rn swamps1 w come into play aft] ,hemlock %all h be5 exhau/$4 ,z = po/s1 ,r$ ,c$> is a g5]al favorite2 & ?is tree seems to be rapidly multiply+ h]eab\t4 ,i judge t f>m]s :o h x n1 might wisely ord] x f a nurs]y & give x an exp]im5tal trial4 ,x is h>dy2 x is clean2 x makes b little %ade2 & x seems to fe> no insect :atev]4 ,x fl\ri%es on rocky1 ?9 soils2 & a grove ( x is pleasant to ! sight--at lea/1 to m9e4 ,locu/ is m widely kn[n & e/eem$2 b ! bor] has prov$ de/ructive to x on v _m f>ms1 ?\gh n on m9e4 ,i l x well1 & mean to multiply x ext5sively by drill+ ! se$ 9 ri* g>d5 soil & transplant+ to rocky woodl& :5 two ye>s old4 ,s[+ ! se$ among rocks & bu%es ,i h tri$ r ext5sively1 ) poor success4 ,if x g]m9ates at all1 ! "y tree is s t9y & feeble t bu%es1 we$s1 & grass1 ov]top & smo!r x4 ,t a po/ set top-end d[n w la/ _m ye>s long] ?an if set z x grew1 ,i d firmly believe1 ?\gh ,i _c atte/ x f p]sonal obs]vation4 ,i und]/& ! reason to be ?is3 ,trees absorb or suck up moi/ure f ! e>?2 & ! p>ticles :i* compose !m are s comb9$ & adju/$ z to facilitate ?is op]ation4 ,plant a po/ deeply & firmly 9 ! gr\nd1 butt-end d[nw>d1 & x w cont9ue to absorb moi/ure f ! e>? z x did :5 alive2 & ! po/1 ?us moi/5$ to-day & dri$ by w9d & sun to-morr[1 is !reby subject$ to m rapid dis9tegration & decay ?an :5 rev]s$4 ,my g5]al conclusion is1 t ! good f>m] w h few] & bett] f5ces ?an 8 ?riftless neighbor1 & t he w /udy & plan to make few] & few] rods ( f5ce s]ve 8 ne$s1 tak+ c>e t all he reta9s %all be p]fect & conclusive4 ,brea*y cattle are a sad affliction alike to _! own] & 8 neighbor2 & %aky1 rott+1 tumble-d[n f5ces1 are ju/ly responsible = _! p]v]se education4 ,let u ea* resolve to take good c>e t 8 own cattle %all 9 no case afflict 8 neighbors1 & we %all all ne$ few] f5ces h5ce=? & ev]more4 ,,xxxviii4 ,,agricultural ,,exhibitions4 ,i mu/ h att5d$ n less ?an fifty ,/ate or ,c\nty ,fairs = ! exhibition 7ma9ly7 ( ,agricultural ,ma*9es & ,products4 ,f all ^!1 ,i %\ld h le>n$ some?+1 & presume ,i did2 b ,i _c n[ say :at4 ,h5ce1 ,i conclude t ^! ,fairs are n :at !y might & %\ld be4 ,9 o!r words1 !y %\ld be improv$4 ,b h[8 ,z ! p compose mu* ! l>ge/ & be/ "p ( ^! %[s1 ! re=m mu/ beg9 ) !m4 ,two-?irds ( !m g to a ,fair ) no desire to le>n !refrom--no belief t !y c !re be taught any?+4 ,( c\rse1 n seek+1 !y d n f9d4 ,if !y c\ld b realize t a ,f>m]'s ,fair might & %\ld tea* f>m]s some:at t w\ld s]ve !m 9 _! vocation1 a great po9t w\ld be ga9$4 ,b !y g 9 que/ ( ent]ta9m5t1 & f9d ?is ma9ly 9 horse-rac+4 ,( all human opportunities = in/ruction 9 humility & self-depreciation1 ! av]age public speak]'s is ! be/4 ,he hurries to a place :]e he has be5 told t 8 pres5ce & utt]ance are e>ne/ly & g5]ally desir$--p]haps to f9d t 8 invitation came f an insignificant & odi\s h&ful1 :o _h "s private ax to gr9d s repugnant to ! great majority t !y refuse to c\nt5ance ! proc$ure1 no matt] h[ great ! temptation4 ,ev5 :]e !re is no su* feud1 _m1 hav+ satiat$ _! curiosity by a long />e at him1 walk :i/l+ (f1 )\t wait+ or wi%+ to he> him4 ,b ! speak] at a ,fair mu/ compete ) a ?\s& c\nt]-attractions1 ! lea/ ( !m f> m popul> & w9n+ ?an he c hope to be4 ,he is he>d1 s f> z he is he>d at all1 9 pres5ce ( & competition ) all ! bell[+ bulls1 bray+1 jacks1 & squeal+ /allions1 9 ! c\nty2 if he holds1 nev]!less1 a qu>t] ( ! cr[d1 he does well3 b let two jockeys />t a buggy-race ar\nd ! conv5i5t track1 & ! la/ auditor %uts 8 e>s & runs (f to enjoy ! spectacle4 ,decid$ly1 ,i insi/ t a ,fair-gr\nd is poorly adapt$ to ! diffusion ( ,agricultural k--t ! p pres5t acquire v little in=mation !re1 ev5 :5 !y get all !y want4 ,:at is ne$$ to r5d] our annual ,fairs useful & in/ructive f> beyond prec$5t1 ,i sum up z foll[s3 ,i4 ,ea* f>m] 9 ! c\nty or t[n%ip %\ld hold himself b\nd to make "s contribution !reto4 ,if only a good hill ( ,corn1 a peck ( ,potatoes1 a bun* ( ,grapes1 a ,squa%1 a ,melon1 let him s5d t4 ,if he c s5d all ( ^!1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,!re is v r>ely a ?rifty f>m] :o c\ld n add to ! attractions & m]its ( a ,fair if he w\ld try4 ,if he c\ld s5d a coop ( sup]ior ,f[ls1 a likely ,calf1 or a fir/-rate ,c[1 bett] yet2 b n9e-t5?s ( our f>m]s reg>d a ,fair z some?+ :]e) !y h no?+ to d1 except z spectators4 ,:5 x is half ov]1 !y l\nge into x ) h&s 9 _! pockets1 />e ab\t = an h\r1 & g home prote/+ t !y c\ld beat ne>ly ev]y?+ !y saw !re4 ,!n :y did !y n try8 ,h[ c we h good ,fairs1 if ^? :o might make ! be/ display ( products save !mselves ! tr\ble by n mak+ any8 ,! av]age meag]ness ( our ,fairs1 s g5]ally & ju/ly compla9$ (1 is n ! fault ( ^? :o s5t :at !y _h1 b ( ^? :o1 hav+ bett]1 7 too lazy to s5d any?+4 ,until ?is is radically *ang$1 & ! blame fa/5$ on ^? :o might h contribut$1 b did n1 our ,fairs _c help be+ g5]ally meag] & poor4 ,,ii4 ,x seems to me t !re is great ne$ ( an int]e/+ & fai?ful runn+ comm5t>y on ! v>i\s articles exhibit$4 ,a compet5t p]son %\ld be employ$ to give an h\r's (f-h& talk on ! cattle & horses on h&1 expla9+ ! div]se m]its & faults ( ! sev]al bre$s !re exhibit$1 & ( ! repres5tatives ( ^? bre$s !n pres5t4 ,if any are peculi>ly adapt$ to ! locality1 let t fact be duly set =?1 ) ! simple object ( enabl+ f>m]s to bre$ m intellig5tly1 & m pr(itably4 ,!n let ! implem5ts & ma*9]y on exhibition be likewise expla9$ & discuss$1 & let _! sup]iority 9 :atev] respect to ^? !y h sup]s$$ or are design$ to sup]s$e be cle>ly po9t$ out4 ,s1 if !re be any new ,gra91 ,vegetable1 or ,fruit1 on ! tables1 let x be made ! subject ( capable & ?or\ghly imp>tial discussion1 be=e su* only z *oose to li/51 & )\t putt+ ! m]e sightse]s to grave inconv5i5ce4 ,a lecture-room %\ld always be atta*$ to a ,fair-gr\nd1 yet s seclud$ z to %ut out ! noise insep>able f a cr[d$ exhibition4 ,"h1 meet+s %\ld be held ea* ev5+1 = g5]al discussion2 e "o be+ enc\rag$ to /ate concisely ! impressions made on him1 & ! improvem5ts sugge/$ to him1 by :at he _h se54 ,d let u try to reflect & consid] m at ^! ga!r+s1 ev5 ?\gh at ! co/ ( see+ less4 ,,iii4 ,! well support$ ,agricultural ,society ( a ri* & popul\s c\nty mu/ be able1 or %\ld be able1 to give two or ?ree lib]al premiums = g5]al pr(ici5cy 9 f>m+4 ,if #ajj c\ld be pr(f]$ to ! own] or manag] ( ! be/ till$ f>m 9 ! c\nty1 #ej to ! own] ( ! be/ or*>d1 & #ej to ! boy "u #ah ye>s ( age :o grew ! be/ acre ( ,corn or ,roots t ye>1 ,i am confid5t t an impulse w\ld !reby be giv5 to agricultural progress4 ,our premiums are too num]\s & too petty1 because s few1 are will+ to contribute ) no expectation ( p]sonal b5efit or di/9ction4 ,if we _h b ! "r _s ar\s$1 we might disp5se ) mo/ ( our petty premiums1 or replace !m by m$als ( no great co/1 & devote ! money ?us sav$ to high] & nobl] ends4 ,,iv4 ,mu* ( ! speak+ at ,fairs seems to me insult+ to ! intellig5ce ( ! ,f>m]s pres5t1 :o are grossly flatt]$ & eulogiz$1 :5 !y (t5 ne$ to be admoni%$ & incit$ to m5d _! ways4 ,:at use or s5se c !re be 9 a lawy]1 doctor1 brok]1 or editor1 talk+ to a cr[d ( f>m]s z if !y 7 ! mo/ favor$ ( mortals & _! life ! noble/ & happie/ kn[n to mank9d8 ,:atev] x might be1 & may yet become1 we all "k t ! av]age f>m]'s life is n :at x is ?us repres5t$3 =1 if x 71 ?\s&s w\ld be ru%+ into x :]e b>ely hundr$s left x3 :]eas we all see t ! fact is q o!rwise4 ,no good c result f su* ins9c]e & extravagant praises ( a call+ :i* s few freely *oose1 & s _m gladly %un4 ,grant t ! f>m]'s ought to be ! mo/ enviable & envi$ vocation1 we "k t 9 fact x is n &1 agree+ t x %\ld be1 ! bus9ess 9 h& is to make x s4 ,!re mu/ be ob/acles to surm\nt1 mi/akes to set "r1 imp$im5ts to ov]come1 be=e f>m+ c be 9 all respects ! idoliz$ pursuit :i* poets are s ready to proclaim x & orators s delight to repres5t x4 ,let u /ruggle to make x all t fancy has ev] pa9t$ x2 b1 s long z x is n1 let u respect und5iable facts1 & *>act]ize x exactly z x is4 ,v4 ,if our c\nties 7 ?or\ghly canvass$ by t[n%ip committees1 & ea* till] ( ! soil ask$ to pl$ge himself 9 writ+ to exhibit some?+ at ! next ,c\nty ,fair1 we %\ld soon witness a decid$ improvem5t4 ,_m w\ld be incit$ to att5d :o n[ /ay away2 :ile ! v g5]al compla9t t !re is no?+ wor? com+ to see w\ld be he>d no m4 ,z yet1 a majority ( f>m]s reg>d ! ,fair mu* z !y d a circus or travel+ m5ag]ie1 tak+ no int]e/ 9 x except z x may af=d !m ent]ta9m5t = ! pass+ h\r4 ,we mu/ *ange ?is ess5tially2 & ! fir/ /ep is to induce1 by conc]t$ solicitation1 at lea/ half ! f>m]s 9 ! c\nty to pl$ge !mselves ea* to exhibit some?+ at ! next annual ,fair1 or pay #e t[>d increas+ its premiums4 ,,vi4 ,9 %ort1 we mu/ all realize t ! ,c\nty or ,t[n%ip ,fair is our ,fair--n got up by o!rs to invite our patronage or criticism1 b some?+ :]eto x is incumb5t on u to contribute1 & :i* mu/ be bett] or worse z we *oose to make x4 ,realiz+ ?is1 let u /op c>p+ & give a %\ld] to ! :eel4 ,,xxxix4 ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,agriculture4 ,i am n a sci5tific f>m]2 x is n probable t ,i ev] %all be4 ,i h no su* k ( ,*emi/ry & ,geology z any man ne$s to make him a ?or\ghly good f>m]4 ,i am q aw>e t m5 h rais$ good crops--a good _m ( !m--:o knew no?+ ( sci5ce1 & did n consid] any acqua9tance ) x conducive to effici5cy or success 9 _! vocation4 ,i h no d\bt t m5 w cont9ue to gr[ su* crops1 & to make money by agriculture1 :o h>dly "k :at is meant by ,*emi/ry or ,geology2 & yet ,i feel sure t1 z ! ye>s roll by1 ,sci5ce w m & m be recogniz$ & accept$ z ! true1 sub/antial base ( effici5t & pr(itable cultivation4 ,let me "h give briefly ! gr\nds ( ?is conviction3 ,e plant is compos$ ( elem5ts :]e( a v small portion is drawn f ! soil1 :ile ! ampl] residue1 s long z ! plant cont9ues gre5 & gr[+1 is ma9ly wat]1 ?\gh a v>iable & (t5 consid]able proportion is imbib$ or absorb$ f ! atmosph]e1 :i* is und]/ood to yield freely ne>ly all ! elem5ts requir$ ( x1 provid$ ! plants are o!rwise 9 heal?ful & ?rifty condition4 ,wat] is suppli$ f ! sky1 or f spr+s & /reams2 & little m ?an ! mo/ ord9>y capacity = obs]vation is requir$ to det]m9e :5 x is pres5t 9 suffici5t quantity1 :5 9 baleful excess4 ,b :o1 unaid$ by ,sci5ce1 c decide :e!r ! soil does or does n conta9 ! elem5ts requisite = ! luxuriant gr[? & p]fect developm5t ( ,:eat1 or ,fruit1 or ,grass1 or ,beets1 or ,apples8 ,:o kn[s1 save z he bl9dly inf]s f results1 :at m9]al +r$i5ts ( ?is or t crop are defici5t 9 giv5 field1 & :at are pres5t 9 excess8 ,& h[ %all any "o be enlight5$ & assur$ on ! po9t1 unless by ! aid ( ,sci5ce8 ,i h b\ght & appli$ to my f>m "s two ?\s& bu%els ( ,lime1 & t5 or a doz5 tuns ( ,pla/]2 & ,i inf]1 f :at seem$ to be results1 t ea* ( ^! m9]als has be5 appli$ ) pr(it2 b ,i d n "k x4 ,! increas$ product :i* ,i h attribut$ to "o or bo? ( ^! elem5ts may h _h a v diff]5t orig9 & impulse4 ,i only grope my way 9 d>kness :5 ,i %\ld cle>ly & surely see4 ,an agricultural essayi/ 9 ,ma9e has rec5tly put =? a canon :i*1 if well gr\nd$1 is ( great value to f>m]s4 ,he ass]ts t ! gr[? ( acid plants l ,sorrel1 ,dock1 etc41 9 a field1 results f s\rness 9 ! soil1 & t1 :]e ?is exi/s1 ,lime--t is1 ! ord9>y ,c>bonate ( ,lime--is urg5tly requir$2 :]eas ! application ( ,pla/] or ,gypsum 7,sulphate ( ,lime7 to t field mu/ be useless & wa/eful4 ,if su* be ! tru?1 a k ( x w\ld be wor? millions ( doll>s to our f>m]s4 ,b ,i lack ! sci5tific atta9m5t ne$$ to qualify me = pass+ judgm5t !reon4 ,!re is great div]sity ( op9ion among f>m]s ) reg>d to ! value ( ,swamp ,muck4 ,"o has appli$ x to 8 l& to good purpose2 s he holds ,muck1 if conv5i5t1 ! *eape/ & be/ f]tiliz] a f>m] c add to 8 ord9>y b>n-y>d manure2 ano!r has appli$ cords ^u cords ( ,muck1 & says he has d]iv$ !refrom no b5efit :atev]4 ,n[1 ?is contr>iety ( conclusion may result f imp]fect judgm5t on "o side or ! o!r1 or f ! condition prec$5t ( ! div]se soils3 "o ( !m requir+ :at ,muck c\ld supply1 :ile ! o!r requir$ some?+ v diff]5t f t2 or x may be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! ,muck appli$ 9 "o case 0 ( sup]ior quality1 & 9 ! o!r good = no?+4 ,:]e ,muck is compos$ almo/ :olly ( ! leaves ( =e/-trees :i*1 ?r\gh ?\s&s ( ye>s1 h be5 bl[n into a bog1 or %all[ pond1 & !re be5 gradually trans=m$ into a f9e1 black du/ or e>?1 ,i d n see h[ x c possibly be appli$ to an upl&1 especially a s&y or gravelly soil1 )\t conduc+ to ! subsequ5t production ( b\nte\s crops4 ,true1 x may be s\r :5 fir/ drawn f ! /agnant pool or bog 9 :i* x has la9 s long1 & may ne$ to be mix$ ) ,lime1 or ,salt1 or ,a%es1 & subject$ to ! action ( sun & fro/1 to rip5 & sweet5 x4 ,b x seems to me impossible t su* ,muck %\ld be appli$ to almo/ any reasonably dry l&1 )\t improv+ its consi/5cy & increas+ its f]tility4 ,b all ,muck is n ! product ( decay$ =e/-leaves2 & t :i* 0 =m$ ( co>se1 rank we$s & brakes1 ( rott5 wood & flags1 or skunk cabbage1 may be ( v inf]ior quality1 s z h>dly to repay ! co/ ( digg+ & apply+ x4 ,sci5ce w yet enable u to fix1 at lea/ approximately1 ! value ( ea* deposit ( ,muck1 & s give a pref]5ce to ! be/4 ,! ,analysis ( ,soils1 :]e( mu* 0 he>d & :5ce mu* 0 hop$ a few ye>s s9ce1 seems to h fall5 into utt] discr$it1 s t e w\ld-be popul> writ] gives x a pass+ fl+ or kick4 ,t any analysis yet made 0 & is wor?less1 ,i c readily conc$e1 )\t %ak+ 9 ! lea/ my conviction t soils w yet be analyz$1 "u ! guidance ( a tru]1 pr(\nd] ,sci5ce1 to ! signal enlight5m5t & pr(it ( _! cultivators4 ,"h is a retir$ m]*ant1 bank]1 doctor1 or lawy]1 :o has b\ght a spaci\s & naturally f]tile b worn-out1 run-d[n f>m1 on :i* he proposes to sp5d ! rema9d] ( 8 days4 ,( c\rse1 he mu/ improve & enri* x2 b ) :at8 & h[8 ,all ! manure he f9ds1 or1 = ! pres5t1 c make on x1 w h>dly put ! fir/ acre 9 high condition1 :ile he gr[s old & is unwill+ to wait =ev]4 ,he is able & ready to buy f]tiliz]s1 & does buy "r & left1 )\t kn[+ :e!r 8 l& ne$s ,lime1 or ,phosphate1 or ,pota%1 or some?+ v diff]5t f ei!r4 ,say he pur*ases #b1jjj wor? ,( "o or m ( ^! f]tiliz]s3 x is highly probable t #a1ejj might h s]v$ him bett] if inve/$ 9 due proportion 9 j :at 8 l& mo/ urg5tly ne$s2 & ,i unfl9*+ly believe t we %all yet h an analysis ( soils t w tell him j :at f]tiliz]s he ought to apply1 & :at quantity ( ea* ( !m4 ,sci5ce has already taught u t e load ( ,hay or ,gra9 drawn f a field ab/racts !refrom a consid]able quantity ( c]ta9 m9]als--say ,pota%1 ,lime1 ,soda1 ,magnesia1 ,*lor9e1 ,silica1 ,phosphorus--& t ! soil is !reby impov]i%$ until !y be replac$1 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,z no deposit 9 a bank 0 ev] s l>ge t cont9ual drafts w\ld n ultimately exhau/ x1 s no soil 0 ev] s ri* t tak+ crop aft] crop f x annually1 yet giv+ no?+ back1 w\ld n r5d] x /]ile or wor?less4 ,sun & ra9 & w9d w d _! "p 9 ! "w ( r5ovation2 b all ( !m toge!r _c re/ore to ! soil ! m9]al elem5ts :]e( ea* crop takes a portion1 & :i*1 be+ once completely exhau/$1 c only be replac$ at a heavy co/4 ,sci5ce tea*es u to =esee & prev5t su* exhau/ion--9 "p1 by a rotation ( crops1 & 9 "p by a con/ant replacem5t ( ! m9]als annually borne away3 ! subtraction be+ great] 9 proportion z ! crop is m exact+ & luxuriant4 ,:at ,i "k ( ,sci5ce applicable to ,f>m+ is little inde$2 b ,i "k t !re is su* ,sci5ce1 & t ea* succe$+ ye> enl>ges1 improves1 & p]fects x4 ,i "k t ,i %\ld ?us f> h f>m$ to f> bett] purpose1 if ,i _h be5 ma/] ev5 ( s mu* ,sci5ce z already exi/s4 ,und]/& t ,i am n a tea*] ( ?is ,sci5ce--,i /& v l[ 9 ! class ( le>n]s4 ,i began to le>n too late 9 life1 & h be5 too incessantly h>ass$ by a multiplicity ( c>es1 to make any satisfactory progress4 ,any tol]ably educat$ boy ( fifte5 may "k f> m ( ,agricultural ,sci5ce by ! "t he has pass$ 8 eighte5? bir?day ?an ,i d4 ,:at ,i "k 9 ?is respect c help him v little2 my fai? t !re is mu* to be kn[n1 & t he may ma/] x if he w1 is all t is ( mu* importance4 ,if ,i c conv9ce a consid]able numb] ( our y\? t !y may surely acquire a compet5ce by ! "t !y %all h pass$ _! =tie? ye>1 )\t excessive labor or p5uri\s frugality1 by means ( t k ( pr9ciples & laws subs]vi5t to ,agriculture :i* _! fa!rs c\ld n1 b :i* !y easily may atta91 ,i %all h r5d]$ a sub/antial s]vice alike to !m & to our c\ntry4 ,,xl4 ,,f>m ,,implem5ts4 ,a good workman1 x is said1 does n qu>rel ) 8 tools--:i*1 if true1 ,i judge is due to ! fact t he g5]ally manages to h good ones4 ,to "w h>d ?r\gh\t a long day "u a burn+ sun1 is suffici5tly try+1 )\t r5d]+ ! labor d\bly repugnant by ! use ( ill-contriv$1 imp]fect1 ineffici5t implem5ts4 ,! half-c5tury :i* ne>ly b\nds my recollection has witness$ great improvem5ts 9 ?is respect4 ,! ,pl[1 ma9ly ( wood1 :]e) my fa!r broke up 8 /ony1 hide-b\nd acres ( ,new-,hamp%ire pebbles & gravel1 9 my e>ly boyhood1 w\ld n[ be spurn$ if (f]$ z a gift to ! poore/ & mo/ ?riftless f>m] among u2 & ! ,hoes :i* 7 allott$ to u boys 9 ^? days1 aft] ! new] & bett] _h be5 assign$ to ! m51 w\ld be reject$ ) disda9 by ! /upide/ negro 9 ,virg9ia4 ,?\gh !re is /ill room = improvem5t1 we use f> bett] implem5ts ?an our gr&fa!rs did1 ) a correspond+ increase 9 ! effici5cy ( our labor2 b ! cultivators ( ,spa91 ,portugal1 & ! great] "p ( ,europe1 /ill l+] 9 ! d>k ages 9 ?is respect4 ,_! pl[s are little bett] ?an ! =k$ /icks :i* s]v$ _! b>b>ian ance/ors1 & _! implem5ts g5]ally are b5ea? contempt4 ,) su* implem5ts1 deep & ?or\gh culture is simply impossible1 unless by ! use ( ! spade2 & he mu/ be a h>d work] :o produces a peck ( ,:eat or half a bu%el ( ,indian ,corn p] day by ! exclusive use ( ?is tool4 ,! soil ( ,france is s cut up & subdivid$ into little /rips ( two or ?ree roods up to z _m acres ea*--ea* /rip =m+ ! entire patrimony ( a family--t agricultural advancem5t or effici5cy is1 ) ! great mass ( ,fr5* cultivators1 out ( ! "q4 ,h5ce1 ,i judge t1 outside ( ,great ,brita9 & ,au/ralia1 !re is no c\ntry :]e9 an av]age ye>'s "w produces half s mu* gra9 z 9 our own1 9 spite ( our slov5ly tillage1 our neglect & wa/e ( f]tiliz]s1 & ! frequ5t failures ( our h>ve/s4 ,belgium1 ,holl&1 & nor!rn ,france1 c tea* u neatness & ?or\ghness ( cultivation2 ! ,briti% isles may fairly boa/ ( l>g] & sur] crops ( ,:eat1 ,oats1 ,potatoes1 & ,grass1 ?an we are accu/om$ to secure2 b1 9 ! selection ( implem5ts1 & 9 ! av]age effici5cy ( labor1 our be/ f>m]s are ahead ( !n all4 ,be> ) me1 !n1 :ile ,i int]pose a timid plea = our inv5tors & pat5tees ( implem5ts1 ^: solicitations t a trial1 or at lea/ an inspection1 be accord$ to _! sev]al contrivances1 are too (t5 repell$ ) *urli% rud5ess4 ,i realize t our ?riv+ f>m]s are g5]ally absorb$ 9 _! own plans & ef=ts1 & t ! ag5t or salesman :o insi/s on an exam9ation ( 8 new h>r[1 or pit*=k1 or potato-digg]1 is (t5 extravagant 9 8 assumptions1 & sometimes a bore4 ,/ill1 :5 ,i recollect h[ t$i\s & h[ back-break+ 7 ! me?ods ( m[+ ,grass & reap+ ,gra9 ) ! ,scy! & ,sickle1 :i* held un*all5g$ sway 9 my e>ly boyhood1 ,i entreat ! f>m] :o is petition$ to accord t5 or fifte5 m9utes to ! sett+ =?1 by "s errant /rang]1 ( ! m]its ( 8 new horse-hoe or t$d]1 to give ! "t1 if he c2 & t )\t s\r looks or a mi5 ( /olid incr$ulity4 ,! ,biblical monition t1 9 ev9c+ a g5]\s hospitality1 we may sometimes ent]ta9 angels unaw>es1 seems to me 9 po9t4 ,a new implem5t may be defective & wor?less1 & yet conta9 ! g]m or sugge/ ! =m ( a ?or\ghly good "o4 ,give ! inv5tor or 8 repres5tative a c\rte\s he>+ if y c1 ev5 ?\gh ?is %\ld con/ra9 y to make up ! "t s lo/ aft] ! day's "w w\ld o!rwise h end$4 ,i suspect t ! av]age f>m] ( our completely rural di/ricts w\ld be surpris$1 if n in/ruct$1 by a day's c>eful scrut9y ( ! cont5ts ( "o ( our great implem5t w>eh\ses4 ,s _m & su* v>i\s & +5i\s devices = pulv]iz+ ! e>? apply+ f]tiliz]s to ! soil1 plant+ or s[+ rapidly1 eradicat+ we$s1 economiz+ labor 9 h>ve/+1 etc41 w probably transc5d n m]ely 8 exp]i5ce1 b 8 imag9ation2 & e "o ( ^! myriad implem5ts is useful 9 its place1 ?\gh no s+le f>m] c af=d to buy all or half ( !m4 ,x w yet1 ,i ?9k1 be f\nd necess>y by ! f>m]s ( a s*ool-di/rict1 if n ( a t[n%ip1 to meet & agree among !mselves t "o w buy ?is implem5t1 ano!r t1 & s on1 until tw5ty or ?irty su* devices z a ,/ump or ,rock-,pull]1 a ,clod-,cru%]1 ,?ra%+-,ma*9e1 ,fann+-,mill1 etc41 %all be own$ 9 ! neighborhood--ea* by a sep>ate f>m]1 will+ to live & let live--) an und]/&+ t ea* %all be us$ 9 turn by him :o ne$s x2 & s e "o %all be ne>ly z well accommodat$ z ?\gh he own$ !m all4 ,= ! numb] & v>iety ( useful implem5ts increase s rapidly1 :ile _! usefulness is s palpable1 t1 ?\gh x is difficult to f>m effici5tly )\t _m if n mo/ ( !m1 x is impossible t ! "y f>m] ( mod]ate means %\ld buy & keep !m all4 ,true1 he might hire :5 he ne$$1 if :at he want$ 7 always at h&2 b ?is c only be assur$ by "s su* arrangem5t z ,i h sugge/$1 :]e9 ea* und]takes to provide & keep t :i* he w mo/ ne$2 agree+ to l5d x :5ev] x c be sp>$ to any o!r memb] ( ! comb9ation1 :o und]takes to m9i/] 9 l mann] to 8 ne$ 9 return4 ,i ?9k few w d\bt t ! inv5tions 9 aid ( ,agriculture dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s w be f> surpass$ by ^? ( ! =ty ye>s j be=e u4 ,! magnific5t =tunes :i*1 x is curr5tly und]/ood1 h rew>d$ ! inv5tors ( ! m popul> ,m[]s1 ,reap]s1 etc41 ( our day1 are sure to /imulate alike ! +5uity & ! av>ice ( clev] m5 ?r\gh\t ! com+ ye>s1 & to call into exi/5ce t5 ?\s& pat5ts1 :]e( a hundr$ w be valuable1 & t5 or twelve em95tly useful4 ,pl[+ l& free f /umps & /ones _c long be ! t$i\s1 pati5ce-try+ process we h kn[n x4 ,! ma*9]y :i* w at once pulv]ize ! soil to a dep? ( two feet1 f]tilize & se$ x1 n requir+ x to be trampl$ by ! ho(s ( animals employ$ 9 subsoil+ & h>r[+1 w soon be 9 g5]al use1 especially on ! spaci\s1 deep1 invit+ prairies ( ! ,great ,we/4--,b ,i mu/ def] :at ,i h to say ( ,/eam & its uses 9 ,agriculture to ano!r *apt]4 ,,xli4 ,,/eam ,,9 ,,agriculture4 ,z yet1 ! great body ( our f>m]s h be5 sl[ 9 avail+ !mselves ( ! natural =ces 9 op]ation ar\nd !m4 ,va9ly = !m does ! w9d bl[ across _! fields & ov] _! hill-tops4 ,x nei!r ?ra%es nor gr9ds _! gra92 x has ceas$ ev5 to sep>ate x f ! *aff4 ,! brook brawls & foams idly ad[n ! precipice or hillside3 ! f>m] gr9ds 8 gra91 *urns 8 cream1 & turns 8 gr9d/one1 j z ?\gh fall+ wat] did n embody p[]4 ,he draws 8 ,logs to "o mill1 & 8 ,:eat1 ,corn1 or ,rye to ano!r1 & returns 9 due season ) 8 bo>ds or 8 meal2 b ! lesson :i* ! mill s pla9ly tea*es rema9s1 by him unread4 ,:]e runn+ or leap+ wat] is n1 !re brisk breezes & fi]c] gales are apt to be4 ,b ! av]age f>m] ignores ! me*anical use ( /ream & breeze alike1 tax+ 8 own muscle to a*ieve t :i* ! bl9d =ces ( ,nature /& ready to d at 8 comm&4 ,x may n1 & ,i ?9k x w n1 be always ?us4 ,/eam1 z a *eap s\rce ( practically limitless p[]1 is h>dly a c5tury old2 yet x has already revolutioniz$ ! me*anical & manufactur+ indu/ry ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,x weaves ! f> great] "p ( all ! ,textile ,fabrics t clo! & %elt] & beautify ! human family4 ,x fa%ions e b> & e rail ( ,iron or ( ,/eel2 x impels ! ma*9]y ( ne>ly e manufactory ( w>es or ( implem5ts2 & x is v rapidly supplant+ w9d 9 ! propulsion ( vessels on ! high seas1 z x has already done on riv]s & on mo/ inl& wat]s4 ,wat] is1 h[ev]1 /ill employ$ z a p[] 9 c]ta9 cases1 b ma9ly because its adaptation to ?is end has co/ _m ?\s&s ( doll>s :i* its disuse w\ld r5d] wor?less4 ,i am q )9 b\nds 9 e/imat+ t n9e-t5?s ( all ! mat]ial =ce employ$ by man 9 ,manufactures1 ,me*anics1 & ,navigation1 is suppli$ by ,/eam1 & t ?is disproportion w be increas$ to n9ety-n9e hundr$?s be=e ! close ( ?is c5tury4 ,= ,agriculture1 ,/eam has done v mu*1 9 ! transportation ( crops & ( f]tiliz]s1 b v little 9 ! prep>ation or cultivation ( ! soil4 ,( /eam-wagons = roads or fields1 /eam-pl[s = pulv]iz+ & deep5+ ! soil1 & /eam-cultivators = keep+ we$s d[n & r5d]+ tillage m effici5t1 we h _h _m h]ald$ 9 sangu9e bullet9s ?r\gh\t ! la/ =ty ye>s1 b ,i am n aw>e t "o ( !m has fulfill$ ! sangu9e hopes ( its au?or4 ,?\gh a doz5 ,/eam-,pl[s h be5 inv5t$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & sev]al import$ f ,europe1 ,i d\bt t a s+le squ>e mile ( our c\ntry's surface has be5 pl[$ :olly by /eam d[n to ?is h\r4 ,if x has1 ,l\isiana--a ,/ate :i* "o w\ld n naturally expect to f9d 9 ! van ( indu/rial progress--has enjoy$ ! b5efit & e>n$ ! cr$it ( ! a*ievem5t4 ,( :at ,/eam has yet accompli%$ 9 direct aid ( ,agriculture1 ,i h little to say1 ?\gh 9 ,great ,brita9 q a numb] ( /eam-pl[s are actually at "w 9 ! fields1 & 7,i am assur$71 ) fair success4 ,until some?+ breaks or gives out1 "o ( ^! pl[s does its appo9t$ "w bett] & *eap] ?an su* "w is or c be done by animal p[]2 b all ! /eam-pl[s :]e( ,i h any k seem too bulky1 too complicat$1 too co/ly1 ev] to w9 _! way into g5]al use4 ,i value !m only z h9ts & incitem5ts t[>d some?+ bett] suit$ to ! purpose4 ,:at our f>m]s ne$ is n a /eam-pl[ z a specialty1 b a locomotive t c travel ) facility1 n only on common wagon-roads1 b across ev5 fre%ly-pl[$ fields1 )\t emb>rassm5t1 & prove z docile to its manag]'s t\* z an av]age span ( horses4 ,su* a locomotive %\ld n co/ m !n #ejj1 nor weigh m ?an a tun :5 lad5 ) fuel & wat] = a half-h\r's /eady "w4 ,x %\ld be s contriv$ t x may be hit*$ 9 a m9ute to a pl[1 a h>r[1 a wagon1 or c>t1 a saw or gri/-mill1 a m[] or reap]1 a ?re%] or /alk-cutt]1 a /ump or rock-pull]1 & made useful 9 pump+ & dra9+ op]ations1 digg+ a cell> or lay+ up a wall1 z also 9 dit*+ or tr5*+4 ,we may h to wait "s ye>s yet = a s]vant s dext]\s & docile1 yet ,i feel confid5t t our *ildr5 w enjoy & appreciate 8 h&iwork4 ,! f>m] (t5 ne$s f> m p[] at "o season ?an at ano!r1 & is compell$ to reta9 & subsi/ work+ animals at high co/ ?r\gh mon?s 9 :i* he has no use = !m1 because he mu/ h !m :5 ^? mon?s h transpir$4 ,if he c\ld replace ^? animals by a ma*9e :i*1 :5 its season ( usefulness 0 ov]1 c\ld be clean$1 oil$1 & put away "u a tight ro( until next se$+-"t1 ! sav+ alike ( co/ & tr\ble w\ld be v consid]able4 ,:5 our ,am]ican reap]s fir/ *all5g$ att5tion 9 ,great ,brita91 ! g5]al skepticism z to _! effici5cy 0 c\nt]act$ by ! sugge/ion t1 ev5 ?\gh reap+ by ma*9]y %\ld prove m exp5sive ?an reap+ by h&1 ! ability to cut & save ! gra9-crop m rapidly ?an hi!rto w\ld ov]-balance t enhancem5t ( co/4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 day aft] day ( *ill+ w9d & ra9 is (t5 enc\nt]$ 9 h>ve/-"t3 ! /&+ ,:eat or ,oats or ,b>ley becom+ draggl$1 or lodg$1 or beat5 out1 :ile ! own] impati5tly awaits ! recurr5ce ( sunny days4 ,:5 ^! at l5g? arrive1 he is anxi\s to h>ve/ _m acres at once1 s9ce 8 ,gra9 is wa/+ & he kn[s n h[ soon cl\d & tempe/ may aga9 be 8 portion4 ,b all 8 neighbors are 9 l pr$icam5t ) himself1 & all equally int5t on hurry+ ! h>ve/2 s t little extra help is atta9able4 ,if n[ ! aid ( a ma*9e may be comm&$1 :i* w cut #ae or #bj acres p] day1 he c>es less h[ mu* t "w w co/ ?an h[ soon x c be effect$4 ,h5ce1 ev5 ?\gh cutt+ by horse-p[] _h prov$ m co/ly ?an cutt+ by h&1 x w\ld /ill h be5 welcome4 ,s x is ) ,pl[+1 "h & almo/ ev]y:]e4 ,our f>m]s h ?is ye> be5 unable to beg9 ,pl[+ = ,w9t] ,gra9 s e>ly z !y desir$1 by reason ( ! int5se heat & dr\?1 :]eby _! fields 7 bak$ to ! consi/5cy ( half-burn$ brick4 ,mu* se$ w 9 consequ5ce h be5 s[n too late1 :ile mu* se$+ w h be5 preclud$ altoge!r1 by inability to prep>e ! gr\nd 9 due season4 ,if a ma*9e _h be5 at h& :]eby #ae or #bj acres p] day c\ld h be5 pl[$ & h>r[$1 ?\s&s w\ld h invok$ its aid to enable !m to s[ _! ,gra9 9 tol]able season1 ev5 ?\gh ! co/ _h be5 ess5tially heavi] ?an t ( old-fa%ion$ pl[+4 ,i trav]s$ ,ill9ois on ! #ac? & #ad? ( ,may1 #ahei1 :5 its entire soil seem$ soak$ & sodd5 ) incessant ra9s1 :i* _h n yet ceas$ p\r+4 ,inevitably1 !re _h be5 little or no pl[+ yet = ! va/ ,corn-crop ( t ,/ate2 yet b>ely two weeks w\ld int]v5e be=e ! close ( ! prop] season = ,corn-plant+4 ,ev5 if ^! %\ld be :olly favorable1 ! pl[+ c\ld n be effect$ 9 season1 & mu* gr\nd mu/ be plant$ too late or n plant$ at all4 ,9 e su* case1 a ma*9e t w\ld pl[ six or eight furr[s z fa/ z a man ought to walk1 w\ld add imm5sely to ! ye>'s h>ve/1 & be hail$ z a g5]al bless+4 ,i recollect t a ,g]man obs]v] ( ,we/]n cultivation--a man ( decid$ p]spicacity & wide obs]vation--recomm5d$ t ea* f>m] :o _h n ! requisite "t or team = gett+ 9 8 ,corn-crop 9 due season %\ld pl[ s+le furr[s ?r\gh 8 field at int]vals ( #c to #c-a_/b feet1 plant 8 ,corn on ! e>? ?us turn$1 & proce$1 s soon z 8 plant+ 0 f9i%$1 to pl[ out ! spaces z yet undi/urb$ betwe5 ! spr++ r[s ( ,corn4 ,i d n "k t ?is recomm5dation 0 ev] widely foll[$2 b ,i judge t1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 x might be1 to decid$ advantage & pr(it4 ,i h n attempt$ to indicate all ! b5efits :i* ,/eam is to conf] directly on ,agriculture1 )9 ! next half-c5tury4 ,t ,irrigation mu/ become g5]al1 ,i confid5tly believe2 & ,i anticipate a v ext5sive s9k+ ( wells1 at favorable po9ts1 9 ord] t wat] %all be drawn !refrom by w9d or /eam to moi/5 & enri* ! slopes & pla9s ar\nd !m4 ,su* a locomotive z ,i h =e%ad[$ might be tak5 f well to well1 pump+ f ea* 9 an h\r or two suffici5t wat] to irrigate sev]al ( ! adjac5t acres2 ?us />t+ a second crop ( ,hay on fields :5ce ! fir/ _h be5 tak51 & r5ew+ v]dure & gr[? :]e we n[ see vegetation susp5d$ = weeks1 if n mon?s4 ,i feel sure t ! mass ( our f>m]s h n yet realiz$ ! importance & b5efic5ce ( ,irrigation1 nor ! facility :]e) its advantages may be secur$4 ,,xlii4 ,,co-,,op]ation ,,9 ,,f>m+4 ,! ^w ( hope & *e] = ,labor 9 our days is ,,coop]ation--t is1 ! comb9ation by _m ( _! means & ef=ts to a*ieve results b5eficial to !m all4 ,x diff]s radically f ,communism1 :i* proposes t ea* %\ld receive f ! aggregate product ( human labor en\gh to satisfy 8 wants1 or at lea/ 8 ne$s1 :e!r he %all h contribut$ to t aggregate mu*1 or little1 or no?+ at all4 ,coop]ation insi/s t ea* %all receive f ! jo9t product 9 proportion to 8 contributions !reto1 :e!r 9 capital1 skill1 or labor4 ,if "o associate has t5 *ildr5 & ano!r none1 ,communism w\ld apportion to ea* accord+ to ! size ( 8 family alone2 :ile ,coop]ation w\ld give to ea* :at he _h e>n$1 reg>dless ( ! numb] dep5d5t ^u him4 ,?us ! two sy/ems are radical antagoni/s1 & only ! grossly ignorant or willfully bl9d w conf\nd !m4 ,a "y f>m]1 ^: total e/ate is less ?an #ejj1 n c\nt+ a priceless wife & *ild1 resolves to migrate f "o ( ! old ,/ates to ,kansas1 ,m9nesota1 or "o ( ! ,t]ritories3 he has he>d t he w !re f9d public l& :]eon he may make a home ( a qu>t]-section1 pay+ !re= #bj or less = ! co/ ( survey & ( ! necess>y pap]s4 ,s he may3 b1 on rea*+ ! ,l& ( ,promise1 :e!r ) or )\t 8 family1 he f9ds a v l>ge belt ( /ill vacant l& beyond ! settlem5ts already trans=m$ into private prop]ty1 & ei!r n = sale at all or held on speculation1 q out ( 8 rea*4 ,! public l& :i* he may take "u ! ,home/ead law lies a full day's j\rney beyond ! bord] settlem5ts1 to :i* he mu/ look = ,mills1 ,/ores1 ,s*ools1 & ev5 ,highways4 ,if he p]si/s 9 squatt+1 ) int5t to e>n 8 qu>t]-section by settlem5t & cultivation1 he mu/ take a long day's j\rney across unbridg$ /reams & sl\ghs1 ov] unmade roads1 to f9d bo>ds1 or brick1 or meal1 or glass1 or groc]ies2 :ile he mu/ po/pone ! education ( 8 *ildr5 to an indef9ite future day4 ,gradually1 ! region w be settl$1 & ! conv5i5ces ( civilization w f9d _! way to 8 door1 b n till aft] he w h suff]$ ?r\gh sev]al ye>s = want ( !m2 (t5 compell$ to make a j\rney to get a pl[ or yoke m5d$1 a gri/ ( gra9 gr\nd1 or to m9i/] to "s o!r trivial b inexorable want4 ,he :o ?us acquires 8 qu>t]-section mu/ fairly e>n x1 & may be ?ankful if 8 *ildr5 d n gr[ up rude1 co>se1 & illit]ate4 ,b suppose "o ?\s& j su* "y f>m]s z he is1 ) no m means & no great] effici5cy ?an 81 7 to set =? toge!r1 resolv$ to f9d a suitable location :]eon !y might all settle on adjo9+ qu>t]-sections1 ?us appropriat+ ! soil ( five or six embryo t[n%ips3 :o c fail to see t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! ob/acles & disc\ragem5ts :i* confront ! solit>y pione] w\ld vani% at ! outset8 ,roads1 ,bridges1 ,mills1--nay1 ev5 ,s*ools & ,*ur*es--w\ld be !irs almo/ imm$iately2 :ile me*anics1 m]*ants1 doctors1 etc41 w\ld fairly ov]run _! settlem5t & solicit _! patronage at e road-cross+4 ,)9 a ye> aft] ! location ( _! sev]al claims1 !y w\ld h a*iev$ m progress & m com=t ?an 9 five ye>s "u ! sy/em ( /raggl+ & isolat$ settlem5t :i* has hi!rto prevail$4 ,! *ange ,i "h indicate appeals to ! common s5se & daily exp]i5ce ( our :ole p4 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev] desirable1 t ! pione]s %\ld be giants 9 wisdom1 9 integrity1 or 9 piety1 to secure its b5efits4 ,a knave or a fool may be deem$ an undesirable neighbor2 b a doz5 su* 9 ! t[n%ip w\ld n preclude1 & c\ld h>dly dim9i%1 ! advantages naturally result+ f settlem5t by ,coop]ation4 ,nor are ^! conf9$ to pione]s transc5d+ ! b\nd>ies ( civilization4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld induce a ?\s& ( our color$ m5 n[ prec>i\sly subsi/+ by s]vile labor 9 ! cities1 to /rike out boldly = homes ( _! own1 & = lib]ty to direct _! own labor1 :e!r !y %\ld settle on ! fronti] 9 ! mann] j outl9$1 or %\ld buy a tract ( *eap l& on ,long ,isl&1 9 ,new-,j]sey1 ,m>yl&1 or "s ,/ate fur!r ,s\?4 ,i _c d\bt t ! majority ( !m w\ld "w _! way up to indep5d5ce2 & ?is v mu* soon]1 & aft] und]go+ f> less privation1 ?an almo/ e pione] :o has plung$ alone into ! primitive =e/ or /ruck out ^u ! broad prairie & !re made himself a f>m4 ,! insatiable dem& = f5c+ is "o ( ! pione]'s _m trials4 ,?\gh he has cle>$ (f b ?ree acres ( =e/ dur+ 8 fir/ ,fall & ,w9t]1 he mu/ surr\nd ^? acres ) a /\t f5ce1 or all he gr[s w be dev\r$ by hungry cattle--8 own1 if no o!rs4 ,:e!r he adds two or t5 acres to 8 cle>+ dur+ ! next ye>1 !y mu/ 9 turn be surr\nd$ by a f5ce2 & no?+ %ort ( a v /\t "o w answ]3 s he goes on cle>+ & f5c+1 usually burn+ up a "p ( 8 f5ce :5ev] he burns ov] 8 new cle>+2 !n build+ a new "o ar\nd ?is1 :i* w h to be sacrific$ 9 its turn4 ,i believe t _m pione]s h devot$ z mu* "t to f5c+ _! fields z to till+ !m ?r\gh\t _! fir/ six or eight ye>s4 ,x is diff]5t ) ^? :o settle on broad prairies1 b n ess5tially bett]4 ,ea* pione] mu/ f5ce 8 pat* ( tillage ) mat]ial :i* co/s him m1 & is procur$ ) great] difficulty1 ?an ?\gh he 7 cutt+ a hole 9 ! =e/4 ,(t51 :5 he ?9ks he has f5c$ suffici5tly1 ! hungry1 brea*y cattle1 :o roam ! op5 prairies ar\nd him1 judge 8 h&iwork less favorably2 & he wakes "s ,augu/ morn+1 :5 fe$ is poore/ outside & mo/ luxuriant )9 8 inclosure1 to f9d t tw5ty or ?irty cattle h brok5 ?r\gh 8 def5ses & half de/roy$ 8 gr[+ crop4 ,if1 in/ead ( ?is wa/eful lack ( sy/em1 a ?\s& or ev5 a hundr$ f>m]s w\ld comb9e to f5ce sev]al squ>e miles into "o gr& inclosure = cultivation1 erect+ _! sev]al habitations )9 or )\t its limits1 z to ea* %\ld be conv5i5t-- apportion+ x = cultivation1 or own+ x 9 sev]alty1 z !y %\ld see fit--an imm5se economy w\ld be secur$1 j :51 because ( _! pov]ty1 sav+ is mo/ important4 ,_! /ock might range ! op5 prairie unwat*$2 & !y might all sleep at night 9 s]5e confid5ce t _! corn & cabbages 7 n 9 dang] ( ru?less de/ruction4 ,among ! settl]s 9 our great primitive =e/s1 ! sy/em ( ,coop]ative ,f>m+ w\ld h to be modifi$ 9 details1 :ile x w\ld be 9 ess5ce ! same4 ,&1 once adopt$ ) reg>d to f5c+1 o!r adaptations z obvi\s & b5efic5t w\ld f day to day sugge/ !mselves4 ,ea* pione] w\ld le>n h[ to advance 8 own prosp]ity by comb9+ 8 ef=ts ) ^? ( 8 neighbors4 ,he w\ld p]ceive t ! common wants ( a hundr$ may be suppli$ by a comb9$ ef=t at less ?an half ! co/ ( satisfy+ !m :5 ea* is provid$ = alone4 ,he w\ld gr[ ye> by ye> into a cle>] & firm] conviction t %ort-sight$ selfi%ness is ! g]m ( half ! evils t afflict ! human race1 & t ! true & sure way to a b\nte\s satisfaction ( ! wants ( ea* is a g5]\s & ?\ghtful consid]ation = ! ne$s ( all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& "h let me pay my e>ne/ & ?ankful tribute to ,mr4 ,e4 ,v4 de ,boissi]e1 a philan?ropic ,fr5*man1 :o has pur*as$ #c1cjj acres ( ma9ly roll+ prairie-l& 9 ,kansas1 ne> ,pr9ceton1 ,frankl9 ,c\nty1 & is c>efully1 cauti\sly1 lay+ !reon ! f\ndations ( a great coop]ative f>m1 :]e1 9 addition to ! usual crops1 x is expect$ t ,silk & o!r exotics w 9 due "t be ext5sively gr[n & trans=m$ into fabrics1 & t v>i\s manufactures w vie ) ,agriculture 9 af=d+ attractive & pr(itable employm5t to a consid]able population4 ,i h n be5 accu/om$ to look ) favor on our new ,/ates & unpeopl$ ,t]ritories z an ar5a = su* exp]im5ts1 s9ce s _m ( _! e>ly settl]s are int5t on gett+ ri* by l&-speculation--at all ev5ts1 ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( "s o!rs' muscles ?an _! own--:ile ! opportunities = & incitem5ts to migration & relocation are s multi=m & p[]ful4 ,d\btless1 ,m4 de ,boissi]e w be (t5 tri$ by /amp$es ( 8 volunte] associates1 :o1 aft] ! novelty ( coop]ative ef=t has worn (f1 w f9d life on 8 doma9 too tame & humdrum = _! excitable & high-/rung natures4 ,i tru/1 h[ev]1 t he w p]sev]e ?r\gh e disc\ragem5t1 & triumph ov] e ob/acle2 t ! "r m5 = associates w gradually ga!r ab\t him2 t 8 ent]prise & devotion w at l5g? be cr[n$ by a signal & inspir+ success2 & t ?\s&s w be awak5$ by x to a l>g] & nobl] conception ( ! mission ( ,indu/ry1 & ! possibilities ( a*ievem5t :i* /ud ! pa? ( simple1 hone/1 fai?ful1 p]si/5t ,"w4 ,,xliii4 ,,f>m]s' ,,clubs4 ,f>m]s1 l o!r m51 divide naturally into two classes--^? :o d too mu* "w1 & ^? :o d too little4 ,i "k m5 :o are no f>m]s at all1 only by virtue ( ! fact t ea* ( !m inh]it$1 or someh[ acquir$1 a f>m1 & h s9ce liv$ ^u & out ( x1 9 good "p ^u t :i* x c\ld n help produc+--!y n do+ s mu* z "o hundr$ fair days' "w ea* p] annum4 ,"o ( ?is class nev] takes a p]iodical devot$ to f>m+2 ev9ces no int]e/ 9 c\nty fairs or t[n%ip clubs1 save z !y may af=d him an excuse = great] idl5ess2 & insi/s t !re is no pr(it 9 f>m+4 ,z l& /eadily depreciates 9 quality "u 8 managem5t1 he is apt to sell out :5ev] ! increase ( population or progress ( improvem5t has giv5 additional value to 8 f>m1 & move (f 9 que/ ( t undiscov]$ c\ntry :]e idl5ess is compatible ) ?rift1 pr(its are realiz$ f light crops1 & m5 gr[ ri* by do+ no?+4 ,! opposite class ( w&]]s f ! gold5 mean is h>dly s num]\s z ! idl]s1 yet x is q a l>ge "o4 ,its lead+ embodim5t1 to my m9d1 is "o :om ,i knew f *ildhood1 :o1 born poor & n[ise favor$ by =tune1 0 rat$ z a tireless work] f e>ly boyhood1 & :o a*iev$ an indep5d5ce be=e he 0 =ty ye>s old 9 a rural ,new-,engl& t[n%ip1 simply by rugg$1 p]si/5t labor--9 y\? on ! f>ms ( o!r m52 9 manhood1 on "o ( 8 own4 ,?is man 0 old] at =ty ?an 8 fa!r1 !n sev5ty1 & di$ at fifty1 worn out ) excessive & un9t]mitt$ labor1 leav+ a wid[ :o greatly pref]r$ him to all 8 ample weal?1 & an only son :o1 s soon z he c get hold ( x1 w squ&] ! prop]ty mu* fa/]1 & ev5 m unwisely1 ?an 8 fa!r acquir$ x4 ,to ! class ( :i* ?is man 0 a fair repres5tative1 ,f>m]s' ,clubs mu/ prove ( signal value4 ,?\gh !re %\ld be no?+ else ?an a ,f>m]s' ,club 9 8 neighborhood1 x c h>dly fail 9 "t to make su* a "o realize t life ne$ n & %\ld n be all drudg]y2 t !re are o!r ?+s wor? liv+ = beside accumulat+ weal?4 ,let 8 wife & 8 neighbor succe$ 9 draw+ su* a "o into two or ?ree successive meet+s1 & he c h>dly fail to p]ceive t ?rift is a product ( bra9 z well z ( muscle2 t he may gr[ ri* by le>n+ & kn[+ z well z by delv+1 & t1 ev5 ?\gh he %\ld n1 !re are _m ?+s desirable & laudable beside ! accumulation ( weal?4 ,a true ,f>m]s' ,club %\ld consi/ ( all ! families resid+ 9 a small t[n%ip1 s f> z !y c be induc$ to att5d x1 ev5 ?\gh only half _! memb]s %\ld be pres5t at any "o meet+4 ,x %\ld limit spee*es to t5 m9utes1 except+ only ^? addresses or essays :i* em95tly qualifi$ p]sons are reque/$ to specially prep>e & read4 ,x %\ld h a presid5t1 ready & able to repress all ill-natur$ p]sonalities1 all irrelevant talk1 & especially all /ray+ into ! =bidd5 regions ( political or !ological disputation4 ,at ea* meet+1 ! subject %\ld be *os5 = ! next1 & n less ?an f\r memb]s pl$g$ to make "s obs]vations !reon1 ) lib]ty to read !m if unus$ to speak+ 9 public4 ,^? hav+ be5 he>d1 ! topic %\ld be op5 to discussion by all pres5t3 ! humble/ & y\nge/ be+ specially enc\rag$ to /ate any facts )9 _! k :i* !y deem p]t95t & cog5t4 ,let e p]son att5d+ be ?us incit$ to say some?+ calculat$ to %$ light on ! subject1 to say ?is 9 ! fewe/ words possible1 & ) ! utmo/ c>e n to annoy or (f5d o!rs1 & x is h>dly possible t "o ev5+ p] week devot$ to ^! meet+s %\ld n be sp5t ) equal pleasure & pr(it4 ,! *ief end to be a*iev$ ?r\gh su* meet+s is a developm5t ( ! faculty ( obs]vation & ! habit ( reflection4 ,too _m ( u pass ?r\gh life ess5tially bl9d & deaf to ! wond]s & glories manife/ to cle>] eyes all ar\nd u4 ,! magnific5t ph5om5a ( ! ,seasons1 ev5 ! awak5+ ( ,nature f dea? to life 9 ,spr+-"t1 make little impression on _! s5ses1 /ill less on _! und]/&+s4 ,!re are m5 :o h pass$ =ty times ?r\gh a =e/1 & yet c\ld n "n1 )9 half a doz51 ! v>i\s species ( trees :i* compose x2 & s ) ev]y?+ else to :i* !y are accu/om$4 ,!y ne$ ev5 m ?an k an intellectual awak5+2 & ?is !y c\ld h>dly fail to receive f ! discussions ( an intellig5t & e>ne/ ,f>m]s' ,club4 ,a g5u9e & lively int]e/ 9 _! vocation is ne$$ by _m f>m]s1 & by mo/ f>m]s' sons4 ,too _m ( ^! reg>d _! home/eads z a prison1 9 :i* !y mu/ rema9 until "s av5ue ( escape into ! great _w %all op5 be=e !m4 ,! f>m to su* is b ! holl[ log into :i* a be> crawls to we> out ! rigors ( ,w9t] & await ! adv5t ( ,spr+4 ,too _m ( our boys fancy t !y "k too mu* = f>m]s1 :5 9 fact !y "k f> too little4 ,a good ,f>m]s' ,club1 fai?fully att5d$1 w\ld take ?is conceit out ( !m1 imbu+ !m in/ead ) a realiz+ s5se ( _! ignorance & incompet5cy1 & a he>ty desire = practical wisdom4 ,a record+ secret>y1 able to /ate 9 ! fewe/ words ea* important sugge/ion or fact elicit$ 9 ! c\rse ( an ev5+'s discussion1 w\ld be h>dly less valuable or less honor$ ?an a capable presid5t4 ,a s+le page w\ld (t5 suffice = all t des]ves su* record out ( an ev5+'s discussion2 & ?is1 be+ transf]r$ to a book & pres]v$1 might be consult$ ) int]e/ & pr(it ?r\gh\t _m succe$+ ye>s4 ,no o!r duty %\ld be requir$ ( ! memb] :o r5d]$ ?is s]vice1 ! correspond5ce ( ! ,club be+ devolv$ ^u ano!r secret>y4 ,! habit ( br++ grafts1 or plants1 or se$s1 to ,club meet+s1 = gratuit\s di/ribution1 has be5 f\nd to increase ! int]e/1 & enl>ge ! att5dance ( ^? =m]ly indiff]5t4 ,almo/ e good f>m] or g>d5] w sometimes h *oice se$s or grafts to sp>e1 :i* he does n c>e or _c expect to sell1 & ^! be+ di/ribut$ to ! ,club w n only increase its popul>ity1 b give him a "r to %>e :5 ano!r's surplus is 9 l mann] di/ribut$4 ,if "o has *oice fruits to give away1 ! ,club w af=d him an excell5t opportunity2 b ,i w\ld r n attract p]sons to its meet+s by a prospect ( hav+ _! appetites ?us gratifi$ at o!rs' exp5se4 ,a ,fl[]-,%[ once 9 ea* ye>1 & an ,exhibition ( ,fruits & o!r *oice products at an ev5+ meet+ 9 ,septemb] or ,octob]1 %\ld suffice = fe/ivals4 ,let ea* memb] consid] himself pl$g$ to br+ to ! ,exhibition ! be/ mat]ial result ( 8 ye>'s ef=ts1 & ! aggregate w be satisfactory & in/ructive4 ,! organization ( a ,f>m]s' ,club is its *ief difficulty4 ,! l>g] numb] ( ^? :o ought to p>ticipate usually pref] to /& back1 n committ+ !mselves to ! ef=t until aft] its success has be5 assur$4 ,to obviate ?is emb>rassm5t1 let a pap] be circulat$ = signatures1 pl$g+ ea* sign] to att5d ! introductory meet+ & br+ at lea/ a "p ( 8 family4 ,:5 =ty h sign$ su* a call1 success w be well-nigh assur$4 ,,xliv4 ,,we/]n ,,irrigation4 ,i h already set =? my belief t ,irrigation is ev]y:]e practicable1 is de/9$ to be g5]ally adopt$1 & to prove signally b5efic5t4 ,i d n mean t e acre ( ! ,/ates ?is side ( ! ,miss\ri w ev] be ?us suppli$ ) wat]1 b t "s acres ( e t[n%ip1 & ( ne>ly e f>m1 %\ld & w be4 ,i propose h]e9 to speak ) direct ref]5ce to t l>ge portion ( our c\ntry :i* _c be cultivat$ to any purpose )\t ,irrigation4 ,?is region1 :i* is practically ra9less 9 ,summ]1 may be r\ghly indicat$ z ext5d+ f ! =ks ( ! ,platte we/w>d1 & z includ+ all our pres5t ,t]ritories1 a portion ( ,we/]n ,texas1 ! entire ,/ate ( ,nevada1 & at lea/ n9e-t5?s ( ,cali=nia4 ,on ?is va/ area1 no ra9 ( consequ5ce falls betwe5 ,april & ,novemb]1 :ile its soil1 p>*$ by f]vid1 cl\dless suns1 & swept by int5sely dry w9ds1 is utt]ly dive/$ ( moi/ure to a dep? ( ?ree or f\r feet2 & ,i h se5 ! tree kn[n z ,buckeye gr[+ 9 x1 at lea/ six in*es 9 diamet]1 :]eon e leaf 0 )]$ & utt]ly dead be=e ! end ( ,augu/1 ?\gh ! tree /ill liv$1 & w\ld r5ew its foliage next ,spr+4 ,mo/ ( ?is broad area is usually spok5 ( z des]t1 because treeless1 except on ! slopes ( its m\nta9s1 :]e c]ta9 ev]gre5s w\ld seem to disp5se ) moi/ure1 & on ! br9k ( infrequ5t & scanty /reams1 :]e ! all b wor?less ,cotton-wood is (t5 f\nd gr[+ luxuriantly4 ,a v little l[ ,gamma ,grass on ! ,pla9s1 "s /raggl+ ,bun*-grass on ! m\nta9s1 ) an endless pr(usion ( two poor %rubs1 popul>ly kn[n z ,sage-bru% & ,grease-wood1 compose ! vegetation ( ne>ly or q a million squ>e miles4 ,i w conf9e myself 9 ?is essay to ! readie/ means ( irrigat+ ! ,pla9s1 by :i* ,i mean ! all b treeless plateau t /ret*es f ! base ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 #cjj to #djj miles ea/w>d1 slop+ imp]ceptibly t[>d ! ,miss\ri1 & dra9$ by ! afflu5ts ( ! ,platte1 ! ,kansas1 & ! ,arkansas riv]s4 ,! ,nor? ,platte has its s\rces 9 ! we/]n1 z ! ,s\? ,platte has 9 ! ea/]n1 slopes ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,ea* ( !m pursues a g5]ally nor?-ea/ c\rse = "s #cjj miles1 & !n turns %>ply to ! ea/w>d1 unit+ "s #cjj miles ea/w>d ( ! m\nta9s1 :]e ! ,pla9s melt into ! ,prairies4 ,betwe5 ^! two riv]s & ! ea/]n base ( ! m\nta9s lies an irregul> delta or triangle1 :i* seems susceptible ( irrigation at a small] co/ ?an ! residue4 ,! location ( ,union ,colony may be tak5 z a fair illu/ration ( ! process1 & ! facilities !re= af=d$ by nature4 ,among ! /reams :i*1 tak+ rise 9 ! ea/]n gorges ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 run into ! ,s\? ,platte1 ! mo/ consid]able has someh[ acquir$ ! ,fr5* "n ( ,ca*e la ,p\dre4 ,x heads 9 & ab\t ,long's ,peak1 &1 aft] em]g+ f ! m\nta9s1 runs "s #bj to #be miles ne>ly due ea/1 ) a desc5t 9 t di/ance ( ab\t #ajj feet4 ,its wat]s are v l[ 9 ,autumn & ,w9t]1 & highe/ 9 ,may1 ,june & ,july1 f ! melt+ ( sn[ & ice on ! l(ty m\nta9s :i* fe$ x4 ,l all ! /reams ( ?is region1 x is broad & %all[1 ) its b$ b ?ree to f\r feet bel[ ! pla9s on ei!r side4 ,greeley1 ! nucleus ( ,union ,colony1 is locat$ at ! cross+ ( ! ,ca*e la ,p\dre by ! ,d5v]-,pacific ,railroad1 ab\t midway ( its c\rse f ! ,kansas ,pacific at ,d5v] nor?w>d to ! ,union ,pacific at ,*ey5ne4 ,"h a village ( "s #djj to #ejj h\ses has sudd5ly gr[n up dur+ ! pa/ ,summ]4 ,! fir/ irrigat+ canal ( ,union ,colony leaves ! ,ca*e la ,p\dre six or eight miles above ,greeley1 on ! s\? side1 & is c>ri$ gradually fur!r & fur!r f ! /ream until x is fully a mile di/ant at ! village1 :5ce x is cont9u$ to ! ,platte4 ,bran*es or dit*es lead !nce nor?w>d1 convey+ rills ?r\gh ! /reets ( ! village1 ! g>d5s or plats ( its inhabitants1 & ! public squ>e1 or plaza1 :i* is design$ to be its *ief ornam5t4 ,o!r bran*es lead to ! f>ms & five-acre allotm5ts :]eby ! village is surr\nd$2 z /ill o!rs w d 9 "t to all ! l& betwe5 ! canal & ! riv]4 ,9 due "t1 ano!r canal w be tak5 out f a po9t fur!r up ! /ream1 & w irrigate ! l&s ( ! colony ly+ s\? ( ! pres5t canal1 & :i* are meantime devot$ to pa/urage 9 common4 ,tak+ ! wat] out ( ! riv] is "h a v simple matt]4 ,at ! head ( an isl&1 a rude dam ( bru% & /ones & e>? is ?r[n across ! b$ ( ! /ream1 s z to raise ! surface two or ?ree feet :5 ! wat] is l[e/1 & v mu* less :5 x is highe/4 ,?us deflect$1 a portion ( ! wat] fl[s easily into ! canal4 ,a v mu* l>g] & long] canal1 leav+ ! ,ca*e la ,p\dre close to ! m\nta9s1 & gradually increas+ its di/ance f t /ream to f\r or five miles1 is n[ 9 progress by sections1 & is to be complet$ ?is ,w9t]4 ,its l5g? w be ?irty miles1 & x w irrigate1 :5 ! necess>y sub-canals %all h be5 con/ruct$1 n less ?an #dj1jjj acres4 ,b x may be t5 ye>s be=e all ?is "w is complet$ or ev5 requir$4 ,! l&s mo/ easily wat]$ f ! ma9 canal w be fir/ br\ght into cultivation2 ! sub-canals w be dug z !y %all be want$4 ,at fir/1 memb]s ( ! ,colony arriv+ at its location1 hesitat$ to take f>m allotm5ts & build ^u !m1 f di/ru/ ( ! capacities ( ! soil4 ,!y saw no?+ ( value gr[+ ^u x2 ! little grass f\nd ^u x 0 %ort1 ?91 & br[n4 ,x 0 n black1 l ! prairies & bottoms ( ,ill9ois & ,kansas1 b ( a light yell[ snuff-color1 & deem$ /]ile by _m4 ,b a few took hold1 & plant$ & s[$ resolutely2 &1 ?\gh x 0 too late 9 ! season = mo/ gra9s1 ! results 7 mo/ satisfactory4 ,:eat s[n 9 ,june produc$ #cj bu%els to ! acre2 ,oats did z well2 :ile ,potatoes1 ,beets1 ,turnips1 ,squa%es1 ,cabbages1 etc41 yield$ b\nte\sly2 ,tomatoes did likewise1 b ! plants 7 obta9$ f ,d5v]4 ,little 0 done ) ,indian ,corn1 b t little turn$ out well1 ?\gh ,i judge t ! ,summ] nights are too cold "h to ju/ify sangu9e expectations ( a ,corn-crop--! altitude be+ #e1jjj feet above ! sea1 ) sn[-cov]$ m\nta9s always visible 9 ! we/4 ,= o!r ,gra9s1 & = all ,vegetables & ,grasses1 ,i believe !re is no bett] soil 9 ! _w4 ,to _m1 ! co/ ( ,irrigation w\ld seem s mu* add$ to ! exp5se ( cultivat+ )\t irrigation2 b ?is is a mi/ake4 ,"h is l& entirely free f /ump1 or /ick1 or /one1 :i* may easily & surely be pl[$ or se$$ 9 ,m>* or ,april1 & :i* w produce great crops ( ne>ly e gra91 grass or vegetable1 ) a v mod]ate outlay ( labor to subdue & till x4 ,! f>m] ne$ n lose ?ree days p] annum by ra9s 9 ! gr[+ season1 & ne$ n fe> /orm or %[] :5 he seeks to h>ve/ 8 grass or gra94 ,no?+ l ague or any mal>i\s disease exhau/s 8 vitality or p>alyzes 8 /r5g?4 ,i saw m5 break+ up = ! fir/ "t tracts :i* _h receiv$ no wat]1 us+ b a s+le span ( horses z team2 :]eas1 break+ up 9 ! ,prairie ,/ates involves a mu* l>g] outlay ( p[]4 ,! advantage ( e>ly s[+ is v great2 t ( a long plant+ season h>dly less s4 ,i believe a f>m] 9 ?is colony may keep 8 pl[ runn+ ?r\gh ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 & a good portion ( ,decemb]2 />t x aga9 by ! #a/ ( ,m>*1 & comm5ce se$+ ) ,:eat1 ,oats1 & ,b>ley1 & keep se$+1 includ+ plant+ & g>d5+1 until ! fir/ ( ,june1 :i* is soon en\gh to plant potatoes = ,w9t] use4 ,!nce=?1 he may keep ! we$s out ( 8 ,corn1 ,roots1 & ,vegetables1 = six ,weeks or two mon?s2 &1 z e day is a bright work+-day1 he c get on mu* fa/] ?an he c\ld if liable to frequ5t int]ruptions by ra9s4 ,i e/imate ! co/ ( br++ wat] to ea* f>m at #e p] acre1 & t ( lead+ x ab\t 9 sub-dit*es1 s t x %all be available & applicable on e acre ( t f>m1 at some:at less2 b let u suppose t ! fir/ co/ ( hav+ wat] ev]y:]e & always at comm& is #aj p] acre1 & t x w co/ !reaft] #a p] acre to apply x1 ,i ma9ta9 t x is ri*ly wor? hav+1 & t ne>ly e f>m product c be gr[n *eap] by its help ?an on l&s :]e irrigation is presum$ unnecess>y4 ,!re are n _m acres laid d[n to grass 9 ,new-,engl&1 :e!r = hay or pa/ure1 t w\ld n h ju/ifi$ an outlay ( #aj p] acre to secure _! ?or\gh irrigation simply = ?is ye> alone4 ,,xlv4 ,,sewage4 ,! great empires ( antiquity 7 doom$ to c]ta9 decay & dissolution by a radical vice inh]5t 9 _! political & social con/itution4 ,p[] rapidly built up a great capital1 :]eto population 0 attract$ f e qu>t]2 & t capital became a focus ( luxury & consumption4 ,gra91 ,meat1 & ,vegetables--! fat ( ! l& & ! spoils ( ! sea--7 con/antly absorb$ by x 9 enorm\s quantities2 :ile no?+1 or1 at be/1 v little1 0 return$ !refrom to ! cont9ually exhau/$ & impov]i%$ soil4 ,?us1 a few ages1 or at mo/ a few c5turies1 suffic$ to dive/ a va/ surr\nd+ di/rict1 fir/1 ( its f]tility1 ultimately ( its capacity = production4 ,& s ,n9eveh1 ,!bes1 ,babylon1 successively ceas$ to be capitals1 & became ru9s amid des]ts4 ,rome impov]i%$ ,italy s\? ( ! ,ap5n9es2 !n ,sicily2 &1 at la/1 ,egypt3 h] sceptre f9ally dep>t+1 because h] millions c\ld no long] be f$ )\t disp]sion4 ,t "s means mu/ be devis$ :]eby to return to ! soil ^? elem5ts :i* ! removal ( crop aft] crop inevitably exhau/s1 is a tru? :i* has b rec5tly begun to be cle>ly und]/ood4 ,unluckily1 ! difficulty ( su* re/oration is s]i\sly augm5t$ by ! fact t cities1 & all consid]able aggregations ( human be+s1 t5d /rongly 9 our day to locations by ! sea-side1 9 valleys1 & by ! m>g9s ( riv]s4 ,anci5tly1 cities & villages 7 (t5 built on hill-tops1 or at consid]able elevations1 because foes c\ld be exclud$ or repell$ f su* locations m surely1 & ) small] =ce1 ?an else:]e4 ,f su* elevations1 x ne$ n h be5 difficult to diffuse1 by means ( wat]1 all t c\ld be gladly sp>$ :i* w\ld aid to f]tilize ! adjac5t f>ms & g>d5s4 ,a k9dr$ di/ribution ( ! exuviae ( our mod]n cities is a f> m difficult & co/ly und]tak+1 & involves bold & skillful eng9e]+4 ,yet ! problem1 ?\gh difficult1 mu/ be solv$1 or our great cities w be de/roy$ by _! own physical impurities4 ,! gr[? & expansion ( cities1 ?r\gh\t ! pres5t c5tury1 h be5 :olly beyond prec$5t2 & ?us ! difficulty ( mak+ a satisfactory disposition ( _! (fal has be5 fe>fully augm5t$4 ,! sew]age ( our /reets & h\ses modifies ! problem1 b does n solve x4 ,desolat+ epidemics1 l ! ,plague1 ,yell[ ,fev]1 & ! ,*ol]a1 w (t5 visit our great cities1 & decimate _! p1 unless means c be f\nd to cleanse !m :olly & incessantly ( :atev] t5ds to pollute & r5d] noisome _! atmosph]e4 ,,sewage is ! t]m us$ 9 ,engl& to designate wat] :i*1 hav+ be5 slightly impregnat$ ) ! fecul5ce & ordure ( a city or village1 is diffus$ ov] a f>m or f>ms adjac5t1 9 ord] to imp>t at once f]tility & moi/ure to its soil4 ,to secure an equable & ?or\gh dissem9ation ( ,sewage1 x is ess5tial t ! l& to :i* x is appli$1 if n orig9ally level or ne>ly s1 %all be br\ght into su* condition t ! impregnat$ wat] may be appli$ to its entire surface1 & %all !nce settle into1 moi/51 & f]tilize1 ea* cubic in* ( ! soil4 ,?is involves a v consid]able initial outlay2 b ! luxuriance ( ! crops unfail+ly produc$1 "u ! influ5ce ( ?is vivify+ irrigation1 abundantly ju/ifies & rew>ds t outlay4 ,z yet1 ! application ( ,sewage is 9 its infancy2 s9ce ! p]fect & total conv]sion ( all t a great city excretes into ! mo/ available food = plants1 requires n only imm5se ma9s & res]voirs1 ) a co/ly network ( di/ribut+ dykes or dit*es1 b novel appliances 9 eng9e]+1 & a l>ge inve/m5t ( "t z well z money4 ,ye>s mu/ yet elapse be=e all ! excretions ( a great city l ,london or ,new-,york c ?us be transmut$ into ! means ( f]tiliz+ :ole c\nties 9 _! vic9ity4 ,b ! "w is already well begun1 & ano!r g5]ation w see x all b complet$4 ,meantime1 _m small] cities1 m eligibly locat$ = ! purpose1 are already enri*+ by _! ,sewage ! rural di/ricts adjac5t1 :i* !y _h previ\sly t5d$ /rongly to impov]i%4 ,ed9burgh1 ! capital ( ,scotl&1 is among !m4 ,! little village ( ,rom=d1 ,engl&1 is "o ( ^? :i* h rec5tly be5 made to contribute by ,sewage to ?is b5efic5t end2 & a visit ( inspection paid to x1 on ! #ae? ( ,octob] la/1 by ! ,london ,bo>d ( ,works1 elicit$ acc\nts ( ! process & its results1 9 ! ,london j\rnals1 :i* af=d$ h9ts = & incitem5t to simil> und]tak+s 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries--und]tak+s :i* may be po/pon$1 b ! only "q is "o ( "t4 ,! ,daily ,news ( ,oct4 #ag?1 says3 ,breton's ,f>m consi/s ( #aba acres ( light & poor gravelly soil2 & x n[ receives ! :ole available sewage ( ! t[n ( ,rom=d--t is1 ( ab\t #g1jjj p]sons4 ,?is is convey$ to ! l& by an iron pipe ( #ah in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* is laid "u gr\nd1 & dis*>ges its cont5ts into an op5 tank4 ,f ?is tank1 ! sewage is pump$ to a height ( #bj feet1 & is !n di/ribut$ ov] ! l& by iron or concrete tr\ghs1 or 'c>ri]s1' fitt$ ) sluices & taps1 s t ! am\nt ( sewage appli$ to any giv5 portion ( ! field c be regulat$ ) ! greate/ facility & nicety4 ,to insure ! regul> & ev5 fl[ ( ! sewage :5 dis*>g$ f ! c>ri]s1 x 0 necess>y to lay out ! l& ) ma!matical accuracy2 & x has be5 level$ & =m$ by ! !odolite into rectil9e> b$s ( uni=m wid? ( ?irty feet1 slightly incl9+ f ! c5tres1 along :i* ! sewage is appli$4 ,! c>ri]s or op5 tr\ghs1 by :i* ! sewage is convey$1 run along ! top ( ea* s]ies ( ^! b$s or /rikes2 & at ! bottom !re is 9 e case a good road1 by means ( :i* free access is provid$ = a horse & c>t1 or = ! /eam pl[--! use ( :i* is 9 contemplation--to e b$ & crop4 ,^! arrangem5ts--! c>ry+ out ( :i* involv$ ! removal ( six hundr$ trees & a great l5g? ( heavy f5ces1 ! fill+ up ( a numb] ( dit*es & no less ?an n9e ponds1 z well z ! complete und]dra9+ ( ! :ole f>m--7 ma9ly effect$ la/ ye>2 b x 0 n until ! middle ( ,april1 #ahgj1 t ,mr4 ,hope receiv$ any ( ?is sewage f ! t[n ( ,rom=d1 & n until ! foll[+ mon? t he obta9$ bo? ! day & night supply4 ,satisfactory1 !re=e1 z h be5 ! results ( ! pres5t season's op]ations1 !y h be5 obta9$ "u disadvantage\s circum/ances1 & _c be reg>d$ z af=d+ complete evid5ce ( ! b5efits :i* may be d]iv$ f ! application ( sewage to ev5 a poor & ?9 soil1 :i* _h already ru9$ m ?an "o ( ^? :o _h attempt$ to cultivate x4 ,to m5tion only "o drawback :i* arose f ! lat5ess ( ! p]iod at :i* ! sewage 0 fir/ receiv$1 ,mr4 ,hope _h n ! advantage ( be+ able to apply x to 8 se$-b$s3 & ?us _m1 if n all 8 plants 7 n ready = sett+ out s e>ly z !y w\ld be 9 a future ye>1 & "s ( ! crops h suff]$ 9 consequ5ce--t is to say1 h suff]$ 9 a comp>ative s5se4 ,speak+ positively1 !y h 9 all in/ances be5 mu* l>g]1 n only ?an any t c\ld h be5 gr[n ^u ! same l& )\t ! use ( sewage1 b ?an any :i* h be5 rais$ f mu* sup]ior l& 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood4 ,! crops :i* h be5 or are be+ rais$ on diff]5t p>ts ( ! firm1 are ( div]se "*2 b1 ) all1 ! me?od ( cultivation adopt$ has be5 att5d$ ) almo/ equal success4 ,italian rye-grass1 beans1 peas1 mangolds1 c>rots1 broccoli1 cabbages1 savoys1 beet-root1 ,batavia yams1 ,j]sey cabbages1 & ,indian corn1 h all gr[n ) wond]ful rapidity & yield$ abundant h>ve/s "u ! /imulat+ & n\ri%+ influ5ce ( ! ,rom=d sewage4 ,! visitors ( ,saturday la/1 z !y tramp$ ov] ! f>m "u ! guidance ( its en]getic proprietor1 _h an opportunity ( witness+ ! abundance & excell5ce ( _m ( ^! crops4 ,ev5 :]e ! mangolds1 f be+ plant$ late1 _h n atta9$ any extraord9>y size1 x 0 noticeable t ! plants 7 especially vigor\s1 & t !re 0 n a vacant space 9 any ( ! r[s4 ,all ! plants :i* _h be5 plac$ 9 ! gr\nd _h ?riv51 & w\ld give a good return4 ,:]e ?is crop _h be5 specially treat$ ) a view to =?com+ %[s1 ! roots _h atta9$ an enorm\s size1 &1 l "s ( ! cabbages1 _h assum$ almo/ gigantic proportions4 ,! c>rots 7 v f9e & well-gr[n1 & ! heads ( ! ,wal*]5 broccoli 7 z :ite1 & firm1 & crispy1 z ! f9e/ caulifl[]s2 :ile ! savoys1 ( unusual size & weight1 7 z r\nd & h>d z cannon balls2 & "s ( ! drumhead cabbages1 al?\gh equally di/+ui%$ = clos5ess & firmness1 7 l>ge en\gh 9 ! he>t to hold a good-siz$ *ild1 & might1 z 0 sugge/$ ^u ! gr\nd1 v well be introduc$ into "s pantomimic sc5e repres5t+ ! k+dom ( ,brobd+nag4 ,! ,indian corn _h rea*$ ! respectable height ( "s eight feet1 &1 ) few exceptions1 ea* /alk c>ri$ a good-siz$ & well-fill$ cob or e>4 ,^!1 unless we %\ld h ano!r spell ( exceptionally hot wea!r1 w n rip52 b 9 _! gre5 /ate !y are readily eat5 by horses & cattle1 & prove excell5t fodd]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( _! p]egr9ations1 ,mr4 ,hope's gue/s ( c\rse paid a visit to ! tank 9 :i* ! sewage is receiv$ be=e x is pump$ on ! l&4 ,we ne$ h>dly say t ! appe>ance ( ?is m9iature lake ( na/9ess 0 any?+ b agreeable2 b its odor 0 by no means ov]p[]+1 nor1 inde$1 v (f5sive4 ,! rill ( bright1 cle> wat] :i* fl[$ 9 at "o corn]1 & "s ( :i* 0 h&$ ab\t 9 tumbl]s1 look+ z pure z ! limpid /ream :i* fl[s f ! mo/ effective filt]s t are to be se5 9 ! w9d[s ( ,london deal]s1 _h only a %ort "t be=e fl[$ out ( ?is hide\s res]voir 9 a v diff]5t /ate4 ,we _h met x 9 ! c>ri]s fl[+ along 9 a d>k1 inky /ream1 n smell+ mu*1 b cov]$ ) an ugly gray fro? :i* rem9d$ "o ( "s ( ! mo/ disagreeable details 9 ! manufacture ( sug> & rum1 or sugge/$ ! idea t x _h be5 us$ = a v f\l wa% inde$4 ,) ^! rem9isc5ces fre% 9 "o's memory1 x requir$ "s c\rage to comply ) ! press+ invitations to ta/e ?is 'efflu5t wat]4' ,!re 71 h[ev]1 _m ( ! p>ty :o brav$ ! attempt2 &1 by all :o ta/$ x1 ! wat] 0 pron\nc$ to be de/itute ( any except a slightly m9]al flavor4 ,9 dry wea!r1 ?is efflu5t wat]1 :i* has pass$ ?r\gh ! l& & be5 collect$ by ! dra9s1 aft] mix+ ) ! sewage1 is aga9 pump$ ov] ! fields2 9 wet wea!r1 x c be turn$ into ! brook :i* is dignifi$ ) ! "n ( ! riv] ,rom4 99 99 99 ,we h omitt$ to m5tion t ! r5t paid by ,mr4 ,hope is ,l#c p] acre1 & ! co/ ( ! sewage 7at #bs4 p] head7 ,l#f m4 --,i ?9k few ?\ghtful read]s w d\bt t "h is ! g]m ( a great movem5t 9 advance = ! ,agriculture ( all old & d5sely peopl$ communities1 & t our y\nge/ cities & manufactur+ villages may wisely consid] x deeply1 ) a view to its ultimate if n e>ly imitation4 ,t we are n prep>$ to incur ! inevitable exp5se ( a ?or\gh sy/em ( sew]age ) ref]5ce to ! application to ! soil ( all ! f]tiliz+ elem5ts t a city w\ld gladly sp>e1 by no means proves t we %\ld n consid] & plan ) a view to ! ultimate creation & utilization ( ,sewage4 ,,xlvi4 ,,m ,,( ,,irrigation4 ,i h ?us f> consid]$ ,irrigation ) special ref]5ce to ^? limit$1 yet v consid]able di/ricts1 :i* are trav]s$ or bord]$ by liv+ /reams1 &1 hav+ a level or slightly roll+ surface1 pres5t obvi\s facilities = & incitem5ts to ! op]ation4 ,su* are ! valleys ( ! ,platte1 & ( ne>ly or q all its afflu5ts aft] !y leave ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s2 su* is ! valley ( ! upp] ,arkansas2 su* ! valleys ( ! ,smoky ,hill & ! ,republican1 s f> d[n z ,irrigation may be consid]$ necess>y4 ,irrigation on all ^! seems to me inevitable1 & c]ta9 to be spe$ily1 ?\gh caprici\sly1 effect$4 ,i believe a dam across ei!r =k ( ! ,platte1 at any favorable po9t above _! junction1 rais+ ! surface ( ! /ream six feet1 at a co/ n exce$+ #aj1jjj1 w\ld suffice to irrigate completely n less ?an fifty squ>e miles ( ! valley bel[ x1 :ile s]v+ at ! same "t to furni% p[] = mills & factories to a v consid]able ext5t2 = ! ne$ ( ,irrigation is n incessant1 b g5]ally conf9$ to two or ?ree mon?s p] annum1 & all ( ! volume ( ! /ream n ne$$ = ,irrigation c\ld be utiliz$ z p[]4 ,?us ! valleys ( ! few con/ant wat]-c\rses ( ! ,pla9s may come at an e>ly day to employ & subsi/ a d5se & en]getic population1 engag$ 9 ! successful prosecution alike ( agriculture & manufactures1 :ile belts1 groves1 & =e/s1 ( *oice1 luxuriant timb]1 w div]sify & embelli% regions n[ b>e ( trees1 & b ?9ly cov]$ ) dead h]bage f ,june until ! foll[+ ,april4 ,b1 :5 we rise above ! bluffs1 & look (f across ! blank1 bleak areas :]e no liv+ wat] exi/s1 ! problem becomes m difficult1 & its solution w d\btless be mu* long] po/pon$4 ,to a /rang]1 ^! bleak upl&s seem /]ile2 &1 ?\gh su* is n g5]ally ! fact1 ! presumption w repel exp]im5ts :i* involve a l>ge initial outlay4 ,! railroad companies1 :i* n[ own l>ge tracts ( ^! l&s1 w be oblig$ ei!r to demon/rate _! value1 or to incite individuals & coloni/s to d x by lib]al concessions4 ,z ! case /&s to-day1 mo/ ( ^! l&s1 :i* w\ld h be5 de> at five c5ts p] acre be=e ! roads 7 built1 c\ld n be sold at any price to actual settl]s1 ev5 ) ! railroad 9 pla9 sight1 because ( ! de>? ( fuel & timb]1 & because also ! means ( r5d]+ !m fruitful & _! cultivation pr(itable are out ( rea* ( ! ord9>y pione]4 ,h5ce1 s long z ! valleys ( ! liv+ /reams pr(f] su* obvi\s invitations to settlem5t & tillage1 by ! aid ( ,irrigation1 ,i judge t ! high] & dry] pla9s w ma9ly be left to ! half-savage h]dsm5 :o re> cattle & %eep )\t fe$+ & %elt]+ !m1 by giv+ !m ! range ( a qu>t]-section to ea* bullock1 & submitt+ to ! loss ( a hundr$ head or s aft] ea* great & cold sn[-/orm1 z an unavoidable disp5sation ( ,provid5ce4 ,b 9 process ( "t ev5 ! wild h]dsm5 w be s(t5$ into or replac$ by regul> f>m]s1 pl[+ & se$+ = vegetables & small gra9s1 %elt]+ _! habitations ) trees1 & s5d+ _! *ildr5 to s*ool4 ,?is *ange involves ,irrigation2 & ! foll[+ are among ! ways 9 :i* x w be effect$3 ,! ,pla9s are n[h]e absolutely flat 7z ,i presume ! des]t ( ,sah>a is n71 b div]sifi$ by slopes1 & swells1 & g5tle ridges or divides1 af=d+ abundant facilities = ! di/ribution ( wat]4 ,a well1 sunk on ! cre/ ( "o ( ^! divides1 w be fill$ ) liv+ wat] at a dep? rang+ f #ej to #ajj feet4 ,a w9dmill ( mode/ dim5sions plac$ ov] ?is well w be r>ely /opp$ = want ( impell+ p[]3 ,w9d be+1 next to space1 ! ?+ mo/ abundant on ! ,pla9s4 ,a res]voir or pond cov]+ ?ree or f\r acres may be made adjac5t to ! well at a small co/ ( labor1 by excavat+ slightly & us+ ! e>? to =m an embankm5t on ! l[] side4 ,! w9dmill1 left alone1 w fill ! res]voir dur+ ! w9dy ,w9t] & ,spr+ mon?s ) wat] soon w>m$ 9 ! sun1 & ready to be drawn (f z want$ ?r\gh\t ! ?ir/y season ( vegetable gr[? & maturity4 ,c>efully sav$1 ! product ( "o well w s]ve to moi/5 & vivify a good _m acres ( grass or tillage4 ,su* is ! retail plan applicable to ! wants ( solit>y f>m]s2 b ,i hope to see x supplem5t$ & invigorat$ by ! ext5sive introduction ( ,artesian wells1 :]e( two1 by way ( exp]im5t1 are n[ 9 progress at ,d5v] & ,kit ,c>son respectively4 ,i ne$ n "h describe ! ,artesian well1 f>!r ?an to say t x is made by bor+ to a dep? rang+ f #gjj to m ?an a #ajjj feet1 tub+ regul>ly f ! top d[nw>d until a /ream is rea*$ :i* w rise to & above ! surface1 fl[+ ov] ! top ( ! tube 9 a /ream (t5 z l>ge z an av]age /ove-pipe4 ,su* a well1 aft] supply+ a settlem5t or mode/ village ) wat]1 may be made to fill a res]voir t w suffici5tly irrigate a ?\s& cultivat$ acres4 ,its wat] w usually be w>m] ?an ?\gh obta9$ f ne> ! surface1 & h5ce bett] adapt$ to ,irrigation4 ,( c\rse1 ! ,artesian well is co/ly1 & w n soon be con/ruct$ = uses purely agricultural2 b ! railroads trav]s+ ! ,pla9s & ! ,great ,bas9 w sometimes be compell$ to resort to "o )\t hav+ use = a tw5tie? "p ( ! wat] !y ?us entice f ! b[els ( ! e>?2 & t :i* !y _c use !y w be glad to sell = a mod]ate price1 ?us creat+ oases ( v]dure & b\nte\s production4 ,! palpable int]e/ ( railroads 9 dott+ _! long l9es ( desolation ) su* *e]+ contra/s ( field & mead[ & wav+ trees1 r5d] n[ise d\btful _! he>ty coop]ation ) any ent]pris+ pione] :o %all br+ ! requisite capital1 en]gy1 k1 & fai?1 to ! prosecution ( ! "w4 ,^! are b ha/y sugge/ions ( me?ods :i* w d\btless be multipli$1 v>i$1 & improv$ ^u1 9 ! light ( future exp]i5ce & /udy4 ,& :5 ! v be/ & mo/ effective me?ods ( subdu+ ! ,pla9s to ! uses ( civiliz$ man %all h be5 discov]$ & adopt$1 !re w /ill rema9 va/ areas z free commons = ! h]dsm5 & sport+-gr\nds = ! hunt] ( ! ,elk & ! ,antelope1 aft] ! ,buffalo %all h utt]ly disappe>$4 ,i d n d\bt ! ass]tion ( ! pla9sm5 t ra9 increases z settlem5ts are multipli$4 ,cross+ ! ,pla9s 9 #ahei1 ,i not$ indications t timb] _h =m]ly ab\nd$ :]e none n[ gr[s2 & ,i presume t1 z "y trees are multipli$ 9 ! wake ( civilization1 f9ally ?ick5+ into clumps ( timb] & beg9n+ a =e/1 m ra9 w fall1 & ! ext5sion ( woodl&s become comp>atively easy4 ,b1 relatively to ! c\ntry ea/w>d ( ! ,miss\ri1 ! ,pla9s w always be arid & ?ir/y1 ) a pure1 brac+ atmosph]e t w =m a *ief attraction to ?\s&s suff]+ f or ?reat5$ ) pulmon>y afflictions4 ,a million ( squ>e miles1 :]eon is f\nd no s+le swamp or bog1 & n "o lake t )/&s ! dr\? ( ,summ]1 c nev] h a moi/ climate1 & nev] fail to realize ! ne$ ( ,irrigation4 ,! ,pla9s w 9 "t give lessons1 :i* ev5 ! well-wat]$ & v]dur\s ,ea/ may read ) pr(it4 ,su* level & ?ir/y clays z l>gely bord] ,lake ,*ampla91 = example1 trav]s$ by /reams f m\nta9 ranges on ei!r h&1 w n always be own$ & cultivat$ by m5 ins5sible to ! pr(it ( ,irrigation4 ,nor w su* ri* valleys z ^? ( ! ,connecticut1 ! ,k5nebec1 ! ,susquehanna1 be left to suff] ye> aft] ye> f dr\?1 :ile ! wat] :i* %\ld refre% !m runs idly & uselessly by4 ,agriculture repels innovation1 & loves ! beat5 track2 b su* lessons z ,new-,engl& has receiv$ 9 ! great dr\? ( #ahgj w n always be giv5 & endur$ 9 va94 ,,xlvii4 ,,undevelop$ ,,s\rces ,,( ,,p[]4 ,! m ,i consid] ! pres5t /ate ( our ,agriculture1 ! m emphatic is my discont5t ) ! f>m]'s pres5t s\rces & comm& ( p[]4 ,! subjugation & tillage ( a f>m1 l ! runn+ ( a factory or furnace1 involves a cont9ual use ( ,p[]2 b ! manufactur] obta9s 8 f s\rces :i* supply x *eaply & 9 great abundance1 :ile ! f>m] has be5 cont5t ) an inf]ior article1 9 limit$ supply1 at a f> heavi] co/4 ,yet ! /ream :i* turns ! factory's :eels & sets all its ma*9]y 9 motion trav]ses or skirts _m f>ms z well1 &1 if prop]ly h>ness$1 is j z ready to spe$ ! pl[ z to impel ! %uttles ( a wool5-mill1 or revolve ! cyl9d]s ( a calico-pr9t]y4 ,nature is imp>tially k9d to all h] *ildr52 b "s ( !m "k h[ to pr(it by h] good-w f> m ?an o!rs4 ,no d\bt1 we all h mu* yet to le>n1 & our gr&*ildr5 w m>vel at ! pro(s ( /upidity ev9c$ 9 our highe/ a*ievem5ts2 b ,i am n mi/ak5 9 ass]t+ t1 z yet1 ! f>m]s' control ( ,nature's free gifts ( p[] is v f> inf]ior to t ( ne>ly e o!r class ( produc]s4 ,i h be5 hav+ mu* pl[+ done ?is ,fall--9 my or*>ds1 = :at ,i presume to be ! good ( ! trees2 on my dra9$ swamp1 because x is n yet fully subdu$ & sweet5$1 & ,i judge t ! ,w9t]'s freez+ & ?aw+ w aid to br+ x into condition4 ,& !n my swamp lies s l[ & absolutely flat t ! ?aws & ra9s ( ,spr+ r5d] pl[+ x 9 season = ,oats1 or any o!r crop t requires e>ly se$+1 a matt] ( d\bt & difficulty4 ,all ! l& ,i n[ cultivate1 or seek to cultivate1 has already be5 well pl[$ m ?an once2 no /ump or /one imp$es progress 9 ! tracts ,i h pl[$ ?is ,fall2 yet a good pl[1 drawn by two /rong yoke ( ox51 r>ely breaks up half an acre p] day2 & ,i e/imate two acres p] week ab\t :at has be5 av]ag$1 at a co/ ( #ah = ! pl[man & driv]2 (fsett+ ! ox5's labor aga9/ ! "w done by ! m5 at ! b>n & else:]e ap>t f pl[+4 ,9 o!r words3 ,i am confid5t t my pl[+ has co/ me1 f fir/ to la/1 at lea/1 #aj p] acre1 & w\ld h co/ /ill m if x _h be5 done z ?or\ghly z x ought4 ,i am q aw>e t ?is is high--t s&y soils & dry loams are pl[$ mu* *eap]2 & t f>m]s :o pl[ wall 7) :om ,i d n rank ^? :o scrat* ! e>? to a dep? ( f\r or five in*es7 d x at a mu* l[] rate4 ,/ill1 ,i e/imate ! av]age co/ 9 ?is c\ntry ( pl[+ l& twelve in*es deep at #e p] acre2 & ,i am confid5t t x does n co/ "o c5t less4 ,nor is co/ ! only disc\ragem5t4 ,!re is n half s mu* nor s ?or\gh pl[+ among u1 especially 9 ! ,fall2 z !re %\ld be4 ,! soil is1 = a good "p ( ! "t1 too dry or too wet2 ! wea!r is inclem5t1 or ! gr\nd is froz53 s ! pl[ mu/ /& /ill4 ,at l5g?1 ! signs are auspici\s2 ! gr\nd is 9 j ! "r condition2 & we w\ld gladly pl[ t51 tw5ty1 fifty acres dur+ ! brief p]iod :]e9 x rema9s s2 b ?is is impossible4 ,o!rs want to improve ! opportunity z well z we2 extra teams are r>ely to be _h at any price2 & our own sl[-mov+ ox5 refuse to be hurri$4 ,/&+ half a mile (f1 y c see !m move2 if y\r eye-sight is ke51 & y h "s /ation>y object int]pos$ :]eby to take an obs]vation2 b x is z mu* z ev]4 ,if y\r soil is su* t y c use horses1 y get on1 ( c\rse1 mu* fa/]2 b all t y ga9 9 bread? y are apt to lose 9 dep?4 ,!re may be spans t w take ! pl[ "r along ?\gh y s9k x to ! beam2 b !y are sure to be sl[ travel]s4 ,i nev] knew a span t w\ld pl[ an acre p] day z ,i ?9k x %\ld be pl[$2 ?\gh1 if y\r only object be to get ov] z mu* gr\nd z possible1 y may afflict & titillate two acres1 or z mu* m z y please4 ,n[1 ,i h be=e me a lett] to ,! ,times 7,london7 by ,mr4 ,william ,smi?1 ( ,wool/on1 ,bucks1 :o /ates t he has j h>ve/$ 8 fifte5? annual crop cultivat$ by /eam-p[]1 & has prep>$ 8 l& = ! sixte5?2 & he gives details1 %[+ t he breaks up & ridges heavy clay soils at ! rate ( six acres p] day1 & pl[s l&s already 9 tillage at ! rate ( fully n9e acres p] day4 ,he gives ! total co/1 7includ+ we> & te>17 ( break+ up a foot deep & ridg+ #fe acres 9 ,septemb] & ,octob] 9 ?is ye>1 #ahgj1 at ,l#bj #fs4 #f;d4 or ab\t #ajj 9 gold3 call x #aab 9 our gre5backs1 & /ill x falls consid]ably bel[ #b 7gre5backs7 p] acre4 ,say t labor & fuel are twice z de> 9 ?is c\ntry z 9 ,engl&1 & ?is w\ld make ! co/ ( ?or\ghly pulv]iz+ by /eam-p[] a heavy clay soil to a dep? ( twelve in*es less ?an #d p] acre "h4 ,i d n believe ?is c\ld be done by animal p[] at #aj p] acre1 n consid]+ ! difficulty ( gett+ x ?or\ghly done at all4 ,mr4 ,smi? p]t95tly says3 ,horse-p[] c\ld n give at any co/ su* valuable "w z ?is /eam-p[] ridg+ & subsoil+ is4 ,he tills #aff acres 9 all1 mak+ ! co/ ( /eam-pl[+ 8 /ubble-l& #ds4 #h-a_/b;d4 p] acre 7say #a4cj gre5back74 ,& he gives ?is int]e/+ item3 ,no4 #e1 light l&1 #ab acres1 0 ridge-pl[$ & subsoil$ la/ ye> = beans3 t op]ation left ! l&1 aft] ! bean-crop came (f1 9 s nice a /ate1 t cultivat+ once ov] ) horses1 at a co/ ( #bs4 p] acre1 0 all t 0 ne$$ ?is ,autumn = :eat next ye>4 ,! :eat 0 drill$ f\r days back4 --,n[ ,i am n comm5d+ ,/eam z ! be/ s\rce ( p[] 9 aid ( ,agriculture4 ,i hope we %all be able to d bett] ere long4 ,i recognize ! enorm\s wa/e involv$ 9 ! movem5t ( an eng9e1 boil]1 etc41 weigh+ sev]al tons1 back & =? across our fields1 & appreh5d t x mu/ be difficult to avoid a compression ( ! soil !refrom4 ,a /ation>y eng9e & boil] at ei!r end ( ! field1 haul+ a gang ( pl[s ?is way & t by means ( ropes & pulleys1 mu/ involve a v heavy outlay = ma*9]y & a consid]able co/ 9 its removal f f>m to f>m1 or ev5 f field to field4 ,ei!r ( ^! may be ! be/ device yet p]fect$2 b we are b\nd to d bett] 9 "t4 ,precisely h[ & :5 ! w9ds :i* sweep ov] our fields %all be employ$ to pulv]ize & till ! soil1 are among ! _m ?+s ,i d n "k2 b1 t ! end w yet be a*iev$1 ,i und\bt+ly tru/4 ,i "k some:at--n mu*--( :at has be5 done & is do+1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 to ext5d & div]sify ! utilization ( w9d z a s\rce ( p[]1 & to compress & reta9 x s t ! gale :i* sweeps ov] a f>m to-night may af=d a res]ve or fund ( p[] = its cultivation on ! morr[ or !reaft]4 ,i "k a little ( :at has be5 devis$ & done t[>d conv]t+ & transmitt+1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( compress$ air1 ! p[] g5]at$ by a wat]fall--say ,niag>a or ,m9nehaha--s t x may be exp5d$ & utiliz$ at a di/ance ( miles f its s\rce1 impell+ ma*9]y ( all k9ds at half ! co/ ( /eam4 ,i "k vaguely ( :at is be+ done ) ,electricity1 ) an eye to its employm5t 9 ! production ( p[]1 by means ( eng9]y n a t5? s weighty & cumbr\s z t requir$ = ! g5]ation & utilization ( ,/eam1 & by means ( a consumption 7t is1 trans=mation7 ( mat]ials n a hundr$? "p s bulky & heavy z ! wat] & /eam :i* fill ! boil]s ( our factories & locomotives4 ,i am no me*anician1 & w n ev5 guess f :at s\rce1 ?r\gh :at ag5cies1 ! new p[] w be v\*-saf$ u :i* is 9 "t to pulv]ize our fields to any requir$ dep? ) a rapidity1 p]fection1 & economy1 n n[ anticipat$ by ! great body ( our f>m]s4 ,b my fai? 9 its a*ievem5t is und\bt+2 &1 ?\gh ,i may n live to see x1 ,i pr$ict t !re are read]s ( ?is essay :o w f9d ! =ces abundantly g5]at$ all ar\nd u by ! spontane\s movem5t ( ,w9d1 ,wat]1 & ,electricity--"o or m1 & probably by all ( !m--s utiliz$ & wield$ z to light5 imm5sely ! f>m]'s labor1 :ile quadrupl+ its effici5cy 9 produc+ all by :i* our ,e>? m9i/]s to ! su/5ance & com=t ( man4 ,,xlviii4 ,,rural ,,depopulation4 ,compla9t is widely made ( a decrease 9 ! relative population ( our rural di/ricts2 & n )\t reason1 or1 at lea/1 plausibility4 ,i presume ! ,c5sus ( #ahgj w return no m f>m]s 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 & probably "s few] 9 ,new ,engl&1 ?an 7 %[n by ! ,c5sus ( #ahfj4 ,! v consid]able augm5tation ( ! numb] ( _! p w be f\nd liv+ :olly 9 ! cities & incorporat$ villages4 ,i d\bt :e!r !re are m f>m]s 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york to-day ?an !re 7 9 #ahdj1 ?\gh ! total population has meantime d\bl$4 ,_m f>ms h be5 trans=m$ into c\ntry-seats = city bank]s1 m]*ants1 & lawy]s2 o!rs h be5 consolidat$1 s t :at 7 =m]ly two or ?ree1 n[ con/itute b "o2 &1 ?\gh e body says1 ,our f>ms are too l>ge = our capital1 ,we run ov] too mu* l&1 etc41 etc41 yet1 ,i c he> ( few f>ms t h be51 or are expect$ to be1 divid$1 except into village or city lots2 :ile ! preval5t t5d5cy is /ill ! o!r way4 ,an ineffici5t f>m] dies heavily 9 debt1 or is sold out by ! %]iff3 8 f>m is r>ely divid$ betwe5 two pur*as]s1 :ile x is q (t5 absorb$ into ! e/ate ( "s ?rifty neighbor2 & ?us small f>m]s are sell+ out & mov+ we/w>d mu* (t5] ?an l>ge ones4 ,su* are ! obvi\s facts3 n[ = "s ( ! reasons3 ,i4 ,our ,/ate1 l ,new ,engl&1 0 orig9ally all b cov]$ by a heavy gr[? ( =e/4 ,! removal ( ?is timb] involv$ v mu* h>d "w1 mo/ ( :i* has be5 done 9 ?is c5tury1 & mu* ( x by ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,:5 ,i fir/ trav]s$ ,*autauqua ,c\nty1 =ty-?ree ye>s ago1 f two-?irds to ?ree-f\r?s ( h] acres mu/ h be5 /ill cov]$ ) ! primeval =e/--a tall1 heavy gr[? ( ,bee*1 ,maple1 ,hemlock1 ,:ite ,p9e1 etc41 :i* yield$ v sl[ly to ! ef=ts ( ! av]age *opp]4 ,_m a pione] gave half 8 work+ h\rs = tw5ty ye>s to ! cle>+ (f ( ,timb]1 ,f5c+1 cutt+ out roads1 etc41 & _h n sixty acres 9 arable condition at ! la/4 ,outside ( ! villages1 ! population ( t c\nty 0 probably z great 9 #ahcj z x is to-day1 ?\gh ! annual production ( h] tillage 0 n half :at x n[ is4 ,h] f>ms are n[ made2 h] rema9+ woodl&s are wor? ab\t z mu* p] acre z h] tillage2 !re is n[ comp>atively little timb]-cutt+1 or l&-cle>+2 & two-?irds ( ! pione]s1 or _! sons :o inh]it$ _! f>ms1 h sold out1 or be5 sold out1 & pu%$ fur!r we/w>d4 ,meantime1 ,graz+ & ,dairy+ h ext5sively supplant$ ,gra9-gr[+2 & f>m]s :o f\nd m "w ?an !y c\ld d on #fj or #hj acres1 n[ manage #afj to #cbj acres ) ease4 ,i d n say t !y ought n to f>m bett]2 ,i only /ate ! facts t !y ?rive by ?is dairy-f>m+1 & are n exhau/+ _! l&s4 ,& :at is true ( ,*autauqua is measurably true ( half ! rural ,c\nties 9 our ,/ate4 ,,ii4 ,=m]ly1 ,wood 0 ! only fuel kn[n to our f>m]s1 :ile imm5se quantities ( x 7 burn$ 9 our cities1 at ! salt-works1 etc4 ,at pres5t1 wood is sc>cely us$ = fuel1 except z k9dl+1 9 any ( our cities1 villages1 or manufactories1 :ile ! consumption ( ,coal by our f>m]s is already v l>ge1 & rapidly ext5d+4 ,all ?is r$uces ! dem& = labor on our f>ms & 9 our =e/s1 :ile increas+ ! correspond+ dem& 9 ! ,coal ,m9es1 & on ! railroads4 ,luz]ne ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 has d\bl$ h] population )9 ! la/ twelve or f\rte5 ye>s2 & ?is at ! exp5se ( our rural di/ricts4 ,,iii4 ,our agricultural implem5ts & ma*9]y gr[ annually m effective1 & at ! same "t m co/ly4 ,! outfit ( a good f>m co/s five-fold :at x did =ty ye>s ago4 ,! f>m] makes & secures 8 ,hay f> m rapidly & effectively ?an 8 fa!r did1 b pays f> m = ,reap]s1 ,m[]s1 ,rak]s1 etc42 9 o!r words1 he makes ,w9t] "w abridge t ( ,summ]--makes a hundr$ days' "w 9 "s village or city save ?rice z _m days' "w on 8 f>m4 ,?is enhances 8 pr(its1 b swells our urban1 :ile x dim9i%es our rural population4 ,,iv4 ,mu* has be5 said ( ! deg5]acy & increas+ /]ility ( ! ,new ,engl& ,puritan /ock4 ,all ?is is %all[ & absurd4 ,!re nev] be=e 7 s _m p :o pr\dly trac$ _! orig9 to a ,new ,engl& ance/ry z n[4 ,:at is true 9 ! premises is ?is3 ,! ,new ,engl& /ock is becom+ v widely diffus$1 & is giv+ place1 to a consid]able ext5t1 to o!r elem5ts 9 its orig9al home4 ,=ty ye>s ago1 at lea/ sev5-eigh?s ( ! inhabitants ( ,bo/on 7 ( ,new ,engl& bir? & l9eage2 n[1 h>dly half are s4 ,! desc5dants ( ! ,pilgrims are scatt]$ all ov] our wide c\ntry2 :ile hundr$s ( ?\s&s h fl[$ 9 f ,irel&1 f ,g]many1 f ,canada1 to fill ! places ?us rel9qui%$2 &1 s9ce mo/ ( ! immigrants1 :e!r into or out ( ,new ,engl&1 seek _! future homes 9 ! spr+-"t ( life1 _! *ildr5 are ma9ly born to !m aft] r ?an be=e _! migration4 ,! ,yankees h no few] *ildr5 ?an =m]ly2 b !y are n[ born 9 ,m9nesota1 9 ,ill9ois1 9 ,kansas2 :ile ^? born 9 ,new ,engl& are1 = id5tical reasons1 9 l>ge proportion ( ,iri% or ( ,canadian p>5tage4 ,!re are ,new ,engl& t[n%ips1 :]e( mo/ ( ! heads ( families are long pa/ ! prime ( life2 _! *ildr5 hav+ left !m = m attractive localities1 & ! "w on _! f>ms be+ n[ done ma9ly by =eign-born employes4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! boys fir/ w&]$ (f2 leav+ ! girls only ! alt]native ( foll[+1 or dy+ 9 maid5hood4 ,m>k$ div]sities ( race1 ( cre$1 & ( education1 h ?us f> prev5t$ any consid]able int]m+l+ ( ! ,yankee ) ! =eign elem5t by m>riage4 ,& :at is true ( ,new ,engl& is measurably true ( our own ,/ate4 ,i h n int5d$ by ^! obs]vations to combat ! assumption t our p too g5]ally pref] o!r employm5ts to f>m+4 ,! ob/acles to effective mod]n ,agriculture--t is1 to agriculture prosecut$ by ! help ( effici5t ma*9]y--pres5t$ by t incessant alt]nation ( rock & bog1 :i* *>act]izes ,new ,engl& & "s p>ts ( ,new ,york1 ,i h already not$2 & !y int]pose a s]i\s1 disc\rag+ imp$im5t to agricultural progress4 ,a f>m int]sect$ by two or ?ree swamps & brooks1 sep>at$ by /eep1 rocky1 ridges1 & dott$ ov] ) pebbly knolls1 sometimes giv+ place to a /rip ( /]ile s&1 is f> m repulsive to ! capable1 intellig5t f>m] ( to-day ?an x 0 to 8 gr&fa!r4 ,s f> z my obs]vation ext5ds1 !re are m ,new ,engl& f>ms on :i* y _c1 ?an on :i* y c1 f9d t5 acres 9 "o unbrok5 area suitable = plant+ to ,corn1 or s[+ to ,w9t] ,gra94 ,h5ce1 ,agriculture 9 ! ,ea/ w always seem petty & irregul> :5 br\ght into contra/ ) ! prairie cultivation ( ! ,we/4 ,gra9 c nev] be gr[n "h s *eaply nor s abundantly z !re2 :ile ! t5d5cy ( our pa/ures to cov] !mselves ov] ) moss & wor?less %rubs1 unless frequ5tly brok5 up & rese$$1 makes ev5 dairy+ m difficult & co/ly 9 ,new ,engl& & along its we/]n bord] ?an 9 almo/ any o!r "p ( our c\ntry4 ,yet1 ^! disc\ragem5ts are balanc$ by comp5sations4 ,timb] spr+s luxuriantly & gr[s rapidly ?r\gh\t ?is region2 :ile our h>%1 caprici\s climate gives to our ,hickory1 ,:ite ,oak1 ,:ite ,a%1 & o!r v>ieties1 qualities unkn[n to su* gr[n else:]e1 :ile priz$ ev]y:]e4 ,apples1 & mo/ fruits ( ! ,temp]ate ,zone1 d well ) u2 :ile our cities & manufactur+ villages pr(f] mo/ capaci\s m>kets4 ,potatoes & o!r edible roots produce lib]ally1 & g5]ally comm& good prices4 ,hay sells = #ab to #cj p] ton1 is easily gr[n1 & is 9 eag] & increas+ dem&4 ,we ought to produce twice our pres5t crop f ! same area1 & h ne$ ( e p\nd ( x2 = nei!r our cattle nor our %eep are ne>ly s num]\s nor s well f$ z !y %\ld be4 ,9 %ort1 !re is money to be made1 by ^? :o h means & "k h[1 by buy+ ,new ,engl& f>ms1 till+ !m bett]1 & gr[+ mu* l>g] crops ?an _! pres5t occupants h done4 ,!re are _m :o c d bett] 9 ! ,we/2 b ! "r m5 c /ill make money by f>m+ ?is side ( ! ,susquehanna & ! ,g5esee2 & ,i w\ld gladly incite "s ?\s&s m ( !m to try4 ,,xlix4 ,,l>ge ,,& ,,small ,,f>ms4 ,!re is fasc9ation = mo/ m9ds 9 nak$ magnitude4 ,! "y colonel1 :o c h>dly h&le a brigade effectively 9 battle1 w\ld l ( all ?+s to comm& a great army2 & ! till] ( fifty rugg$ acres has 8 ravi%+ dreams ( ! delights inh]5t 9 a great ,we/]n f>m1 ) its squ>e miles ( corn-fields1 & its ?\s&s ( cattle4 ,ea* ( !m is p>tly "r & p>tly wrong4 ,!re are g5]als capable ( comm&+ #ajj1jjj m51 ,napoleon says !re 7 two su* 9 8 day--himself & ano!r3 & ^! g5]ally f9d ! "w !y are fit =1 )\t special ef=t or aspiration4 ,s !re are m51 ea* ( :om c really f>m a t[n%ip1 n m]ely let a h]d ( cattle roam ov] x unf$ & un%elt]$1 liv+ & dy+ z may *ance3 ! own]s expect+ to gr[ ri* by _! natural increase4 ,?is ran*+ is n prop]ly f>m+ at all1 b a v diff]5t & f> rud] art4 ,i judge t ! f>m]s :o c really till--or ev5 graze--sev]al ?\s& acres ( l&1 s z to realize a fair int]e/ on its value1 are ev5 sc>c] ?an ! f>ms s capaci\s4 ,b !re is su* a ?+ z f>m+ on a l>ge scale2 & x is a good bus9ess = ^? :o und]/& x1 & h all ! means x requires4 ,! f>m] :o annually gr[s a ?\s& acres ( good ,gra91 & takes reasonable c>e ( a ?\s& head ( ,cattle1 is to be held 9 all honor4 ,he w usually gr[ bo? 8 ,gra9 & 8 ,beef *eap] ?an a small f>m] c\ld d x1 & w g5]ally f9d a good balance on ! "r side :5 he makes up & squ>es 8 acc\nts ( a ye>'s op]ations4 ,i c\ld recomm5d no man to run into debt = a great f>m1 expect+ t f>m to "w him out ( x b he :o inh]it$ or has acquir$ a l>ge f>m1 well /ock$1 & kn[s h[ to make x pay1 may well cl+ to x1 & c\nt himself =tunate 9 its possession4 ,b ! great f>m] is already reg>d$ ) suffici5t envy4 ,mo/ boys w\ld gladly be su* z he is2 ! difficulty 9 ! case is t !y lack ! en]gy1 p]si/5cy1 resolution1 & self-d5ial1 requisite = its a*ievem5t4 ,we w leave l>ge f>ms & f>m+ to recomm5d !mselves1 :ile we consid] m directly ! opportunities & reasonable expectations ( ! small f>m]4 ,! impression widely curr5t t money _c be made on a small f>m--t1 9 f>m+1 ! great fi% eat up ! little ones--is d$uc$ f v imp]fect data4 ,i h admitt$ t ,gra9 & ,beef c usually be produc$ at less co/ on great ?an on small f>ms1 ?\gh ! rule is n )\t exceptions4 ,i only insi/ t !re are room & hope = ! small f>m] also1 & t l>ge f>m+ c nev] absorb nor enable u to disp5se ) small f>ms4 ,i4 ,& fir/ ) reg>d to ,fruit4 ,"s ,tree-,fruits1 z well z ,grapes1 are gr[n on a l>ge scale 9 ,cali=nia--x is said1 ) pr(it4 ,b ne>ly all our ,pe>s1 ,apples1 ,*]ries1 ,plums1 etc41 are gr[n by small f>m]s or g>d5]s1 & are n likely to be gr[n o!rwise4 ,all ( !m ne$ at p>ticul> seasons a p]sonal att5tion & a vigilance :i* c seldom or nev] be accord$ by ! own]s or r5t]s ( l>ge f>ms4 ,%\ld small f>ms be g5]ally absorb$ into l>g]1 our ,fruit-culture w\ld !nce=? /eadily decl9e4 ,,ii4 ,! same is ev5 m true ( ! production ( ,eggs & ! re>+ ( ,f[ls4 ,i h _h k ( sev]al attempts at produc+ ,eggs & ,f[ls on a l>ge scale 9 ?is c\ntry1 b ,i h no tru/wor?y acc\nt ( a s+le decid$ success 9 su* an ent]prise4 ,on ! contr>y1 _m attempts to multiply ,f[ls by ?\s&s h brok5 d[n1 j :5 _! success seem$ secure4 ,"s contagi\s disease1 "s un=ese5 disa/]1 bla/$ ! sangu9e expectations ( ! exp]im5t]1 & transmut$ 8 gold into dross4 ,yet1 ,i judge t !re is no indu/ry m capable ( indef9ite ext5sion1 ) fair returns1 ?an ,f[l-bre$+ on a mod]ate scale4 ,eggs & ,*ick5s are 9 univ]sal dem&4 ,!y are luxuries appreciat$ alike by ri* & poor2 & !y might be d\bl$ 9 quantity )\t mat]ially depress+1 ! m>ket4 ,our ?rong$ & fa%ionable wat]+-places are nev] adequately suppli$ ) !m2 our cities habitually take all !y c get & look ar\nd = m4 ,i believe t twice ! l>ge/ numb] ( ,*ick5s ev] yet produc$ 9 "o ye> might be re>$ 9 #ahga1 ) pr(it to ! bre$]s4 ,ev5 if o!rs %\ld fail1 ! home m>ket f\nd 9 ea* family w\ld prove signally ela/ic4 ,?is indu/ry %\ld especially comm5d itself to poor wid[s1 /ruggl+ to reta9 & re> _! *ildr5 9 frugal indep5d5ce4 ,a wid[ :o1 9 ! neighborhood ( a city or ( a manufactur+ village1 c r5t a cottage ) half an acre ( s\?w>d-slop+1 sunny l&1 :i* %e may f5ce s tightly z to conf9e h] ,h5s !re91 :5ev] _! roam+ abroad w\ld injure or annoy h] neighbors1 & :o c incur ! exp5se ( con/ruct+ !reon a w>m1 commodi\s ,h5-h\se1 may almo/ c]ta9ly make ! production ( ,eggs & ,f[ls a s\rce ( cont9u\s pr(it4 ,if %e c obta9 *eaply ! refuse ( a slaught]-h\se = fe$1 giv+ ) x meal or gra9 9 mod]ate quantities1 & accord+ t con/ant1 p]sonal1 intellig5t sup]vision1 )\t :i* ,f[l-bre$+ r>ely prosp]s1 %e may reasonably expect x to pay1 :ile af=d+ h] an occupation n subject to ! caprices ( an employ]1 & n requir+ h] to sp5d h] days away f home4 ,,iii4 ,?\gh ! ord9>y ,m>ket ,vegetables may be gr[n on l>ge f>ms1 ! fact t !y seldom are is significant4 ,cabbages1 ,peas1 ,pol$ ,beans1 ,tomatoes1 & ev5 ,potatoes1 are ma9ly gr[n on small f>ms1 z !y always h be54 ,!re are sections :]e9 no ca% m>ket = ,vegetables exi/s or c be reli$ on2 & "h !y w cont9ue to be gr[n to ! ext5t only ( ! gr[]s' respective ne$s2 b :]ev] ! preval5ce ( manufactures or ! neighborhood ( a great city gives reasonable assurance ( a m>ket1 !y are gr[n at a pr(it p] acre :i* is r>ely realiz$ f a ,gra9-crop4 ,no less ?an #ajj p] acre is (t51 if n g5]ally1 a*iev$ by ! gr[]s ( ,cabbage ar\nd ?is city2 & ?is n f ri*1 deep g>d5-mold1 b f fair f>m+ l&1 und]dra9$1 subsoil$1 & lib]ally manur$4 ,! c>eless1 slip%od f>m] may d bett]--t is1 he w n fail s signally--9 ,gra9 cultivation2 b !re are few m decid$ or brilliant successes ?an h be5 a*iev$ )9 ! la/ few ye>s )9 sight ( ?is ,city1 & :olly 9 ! tillage ( small f>ms4 ,i tru/ ,i h "h said en\gh to %[ t !re is a legitimate & promis+ field = agricultural ent]prise & ef=t1 o!r ?an t :i* contemplates ! acquisition & rule ( a t[n%ip1 & t1 :ile f>m+ on a l>ge area is to _m attractive & inspir+1 !re are scope & incitem5t also = tillage on a humbl] scale--= tillage t p]mits no we$ to rip5 se$1 & no ne/ ( cat]pill>s to fl\ri% a mon? undi/urb$--= tillage t a*ieves l>ge crops & pr(its f small areas1 & rejoices 9 t neatness & p]fection ( culture atta9able only 9 ! managem5t ( small f>ms4 ,l4 ,,ex*ange ,,& ,,di/ribution4 ,! ma*9]y :]eby ! f>m] ( our day conv]ts into ca% or o!r values t portion ( 8 products :i* is n consum$ 9 8 h\se or on 8 f>m1 seems to me lam5tably imp]fect4 ,let me illu/rate my mean+3 ,aft] ?ree all b fruitless ye>s1 we h ?is ye> a b\ntiful ,apple-crop1 9 ?is ,/ate & 7,i believe7 ?r\gh\t ! ,nor?4 ,our old or*>ds be+ /ill1 = ! mo/ "p1 pres]v$ & 9 be>+ condition1 :ile a good _m "y ones1 plant$ t5 to tw5ty ye>s ago1 beg9 to fruit consid]ably1 we _h1 ?r\gh\t ! ?ree ,fall mon?s1 a sup]abundance ( ?is homely1 :olesome1 palatable fruit4 ,x %\ld h be5 *eap = ! great body ( our me*anics & labor]s to provide _! families ) all ! ripe1 good ,apples t !y c\ld consume )\t injur+ !mselves by gluttony4 ,good ,apples %\ld h be5 con/antly display$ on e work+man's table1 to be eat5 raw z a dess]t1 or bak$ & eat5 ) bread & milk = breakfa/ or supp]4 ,ea* provid5t h\sewife %\ld n[ h h] tub ( applesauce1 h] b>rel ( dri$ apples1 or bo?1 = ,w9t] use2 :ile a doz5 bu%els ( good keep]s %\ld be /or$ 9 e cell>1 to be drawn ^u f day to day dur+ ! next f\r or five mon?s4 ,9 %ort1 ,apples %\ld h be5 & be1 f la/ ,augu/ to next ,may1 z common z bread & potatoes1 & %\ld h be5 & be z freely eat5 9 e h\sehold & by e fireside4 ,h[ ne>ly h we realiz$ ?is8 ,i w n guess h[ _m millions ( bu%els h rott$ "u ! trees t bore !m1 be5 eat5 by animals to little or no pr(it1 or turn$ into cid] t did n sell = s mu* z x co/1 c\nt+ ! ,apples ( no value4 ,liv+ imm$iately on a railroad t rims into ?is ,city1 :]efrom my place is #ce miles di/ant1 ,i %\ld be able to d bett] ) ,apples ?an mo/ gr[]s2 & yet ,i judge t half my ,apples 7 ( no use to me4 ,_m ( !m sold 9 ?is ,city = #a p] b>rel1 includ+ ! cask1 :i* co/ me #dj c5ts2 &1 :5 y h add$ ! co/ ( transportation1 y c guess t ,i _h no surplus1 aft] pay+ m5 #a4ej p] day = pick+ & b>rel+ !m4 ,i sold all ,i c\ld to v9eg>-mak]s at fifty c5ts p] bu%el = cid]-apples--! casks be+ return$4 ,b !y c\ld n take all ,i wi%$ to sell !m1 !re be+ s _m sell]s press+ to get rid ( _! w9dfalls be=e !y rott$ on _! h&s t ev5 ?is m>ket 0 glutt$4 ,t x 0 mu* worse = ! f>m] a doz5 miles f a railroad & a hundr$ f ! ne>e/ city1 none c d\bt4 ,i h he>d t1 9 p>ts ( ,connecticut1 cid] 0 sold = fifty c5ts p] b>rel to :oev] w\ld furni% casks1 & t _! size 0 h>dly consid]$4 ,manife/ly1 ?is left no?+ = ! apples4 ,if ,apples c\ld h be5 daily suppli$ to our poor] citiz5s 9 su* quantities z !y c\ld conv5i5tly take1 at f fifty to sev5ty-five c5ts p] bu%el1 accord+ to quality & comel9ess1 ,i am confid5t t ?is ,city & its suburbs w\ld h tak5 ,two or ,?ree ,millions ( bu%els m ?an !y h done2 & ! same is true ( o!r cities4 ,b ! poor r>ely buy a b>rel ( ,apples at once2 & !y h be5 requir$ to pay z mu* = half a peck z ,i c\ld get = a bu%el j l !m4 ,9 o!r words3 ! huck/]s & middlem5 set s high a price on _! respective s]vices 9 divid+ up a b>rel ( ,apples & convey+ !m f ! rural produc] to ! urban consum] t a l>ge portion ( ! f>m]'s apples mu/ rot on 8 h&s or be sold by him = less ?an ! co/ ( h>ve/+1 :ile ! poor ( ! cities f9d !m too de> to be freely eat54 ,nor are ,apples s+ul> 9 ?is respect4 ,i w\ld l to gr[ a ?\s& bu%els ( ,engli% 7r\nd7 & ,fr5* or ,sw$e ,turnips p] annum if ,i c\ld be sure ( gett+ #a p] b>rel = !m deliv]$ at ! railroad4 ,if ! poor ( ?is ,city c\ld buy su* ,turnips ?r\gh\t _! season by ! half peck at ! rate ( #b p] b>rel1 ,i believe !y w\ld buy & eat _m m ?an !y d4 ,b !y are usually ask$ tw5ty-five c5ts p] half peck1 :i* is at ! rate ( #e p] b>rel2 & at ?is rate !y hold !m too de> = e-day use4 ,s ! ,turnips are n gr[n1 or ! cattle are invit$ to cle> !m (f be=e !y rot & become wor?less & nuisance4 ,q (t51 a gre5 y\? und]takes to get ri* by f>m+ ne> "s great city4 ,he has he>d & believes t ,cabbages br+ f #e to #h & ev5 #aj p] hundr$1 ,squa%es f #aj to #be p] hundr$1 ,wat]melons f #bj to #ej1 & s on4 ,he has made 8 calculations on ?is basis1 & sangu9ely expects to make money rapidly4 ,b 8 products1 9 ! fir/ place1 fall %ort ( 8 e/imates2 !y are n ready = m>ket s soon z he expect$ !y w\ld be2 &1 :5 at l5g? !y are ready1 e "o else seems to h ru%$ 9 ahead ( him4 ,! m>ket is glutt$2 no "o seems to want 8 truck at any figure2 he sells x = a song1 & quits f>m+ disgu/$ & bankrupt4 ,may be1 8 /uff w\ld h sold mu* bett] next week or ! week aft]2 b he c\ld n af=d to br+ x to m>ket & take x back day aft] day1 on ! *ance t ! dem& = x w\ld improve by-&-by4 ,i judge t m "y m5 h on ?is acc\nt turn$ _! backs on f>m+1 aft] a brief trial1 ?an on any o!r4 ,!y might h borne up aga9/ ! %ortness ( _! crops1 hop+ = bett] luck next "t2 b ! necessity = sell+ !m = a price t w\ld n h reimburs$ _! co/1 _h !y be5 ev] s luxuriant1 utt]ly di%e>t5s & ali5ates !m4 ,i prea* no crusade aga9/ huck/]s & middlem54 ,i hold !m1 9 ! actual /ate ( ?+s1 b5efactors to bo? produc]s & consum]s4 ,9 s f> z !y deal hone/ly & meet promptly _! obligations1 !y des]ve comm5dation r ?an reproa*4 ,:at ,i urge is1 t m economical & effici5t ma*9]y ( ex*ange & di/ribution ought to be devis$ & set at "w--ma*9]y t w\ld d all t is requir$ at a mod]ate1 reasonable co/4 ,i w\ld l to see "o ( our solv5t1 well-manag$ ,railroads adv]tise t x w\ld h5ce=? buy at any ( its /ations all ! f>m]s' produce t might be (f]$1 & pay ! highe/ prices t ! /ate ( ! m>kets w\ld ju/ify4 ,let its ag5ts pur*ase :atev] came along--a basket ( eggs1 a coop ( *ick5s1 a b>rel ( apples1 a sack ( beans1 a pail ( currants--any?+ t c\ld be sold 9 ! city to :i* x runs1 & :i* w\ld conduce to human su/5ance or com=t4 ,its object %\ld be ,freight--! rapid & va/ increase ( its transportations1 n extra pr(it on ! articles transport$4 ,b let its ag5ts be ready to buy at fair prices :atev] 0 (f]$1 pay+ ca% d[n1 & pu%+ ev]y?+ pur*as$ directly into m>ket1 s z to h ! money back to buy m ) directly4 ,! ,railroad ,company1 ?us own+ ne>ly ev]y?+ edible x br\ght into m>ket1 w\ld buy & sell at uni=m prices1 & n bid aga9/ itself1 z a cr[d ( huck/]s & middlem5 w (t5 d4 ,i am confid5t t a ,railroad t w\ld inaugurate ?is sy/em on a "r basis1 say+ to e f>m] liv+ ne> x1 ,gr[ :atev] y\r soil is be/ adapt$ to1 & br+ x to our /ation3 !re1 y %all h ca% d[n = x1 at ! highe/ price we c af=d to give1 w\ld rapidly d\ble & quadruple its freights1 & w\ld ?us build up a bus9ess :i* has no p>allel "u ! pres5t sy/em4 ,x is urg$1 9 opposition to ?is proposal1 t a ,railroad s manag$ w\ld monopolize m>kets1 & deal on its own t]ms ) ! produc] & consum]4 ,if !re 7 b "o railroad ent]+ a great city1 & no o!r mode ( rea*+ x1 ?is objection w\ld be plausible1 b n 9 ! actual case4 ,:oev] *ose w\ld be at lib]ty to />t an opposition1 & to use ! railroad or disp5se ) x z he f\nd advisable4 ,,li4 ,,w9t] ,,"w4 ,,! de>? ( employm5t 9 ,w9t] = f>m labor]s is a great & gr[+ evil4 ,?\s&s1 be+ dismiss$ f "w on ! f>ms 9 ,novemb]1 drift away to "s city1 "u a vague1 mi/ak5 impression t !re mu/ be "w at "s rate :]e s mu* is be+ done & s _m require s]vice1 & squ&] _! means & damage _! morals 9 fruitless que/ ( :at is n !re to be _h4 ,:5 ,spr+ at l5g? arrives1 !y sneak back to ! rural di/ricts1 ragg$1 p5niless1 debau*$1 (t5 diseas$1 & e way det]iorat$1 by _! ,w9t] plunge4 ,= _! sakes n only1 b = ! sakes also ( ^? :o w employ & ^? :o mu/ "w ) !m h]eaft]1 ?is drift+ to ! cities %\ld be /opp$4 ,9 its pres5t magnitude1 x is a v mod]n evil4 ,f> )9 my recollection1 !re 0 timb] to cut & haul to ! saw-mill1 wood to cut1 draw1 & prep>e = ! ye>'s fuel1 ) =e/-l& to be cle>$ & fitt$ = future cultivation1 ev5 9 ,new-,engl&4 ,^? :o *ose to "w ) ax or team 7 seldom idle 9 ,w9t]4 ,n[1 !re is little timb] to cut1 little l& to cle>1 & coal is rapidly supplant+ wood z fuel4 ,s a l>g] & l>g] numb] ( f>m labor]s is annually turn$ (f :5 ! gr\nd freezes to live z !y may = ! next ?ree or f\r mon?s4 ,i recognize ! "r ( ! f>m]1 :o has giv5 twelve or m h\rs p] day to ! tillage ( 8 acres & ! sav+ ( 8 crops ?r\gh\t ! g5ial mon?s1 to take ! _w m easily 9 ,w9t]4 ,he %\ld n[ h leisure to return visits1 to po/ & balance 8 books1 & to improve 8 m9d by /udy & reflection4 ,hav+ work$ h>d :5 he mu/1 he ought to re/ & recup]ate :5 he c4 ,b he gravely errs :o supposes t1 ! gr\nd be+ froz51 !re is no long] "w to be done on ! f>m until ! gr\nd is fit to pl[ aga94 ,on ! contr>y1 he :o realizes t ! f>m] is a manufactur] ( food & fibr\s sub/ances f raw mat]ials ( f> inf]ior value mu/ see t1 s soon z "o h>ve/ has be5 secur$1 ! cultivator %\ld devote 8 att5tion to ! collection & utilization ( ! elem5ts :]efrom a l>g] crop may be obta9$ f ! same acres next season4 ,& fir/ z to ,muck4 ,no "o :o has n valu$ & s\ght x is likely to "k h[ g5]ally abundant & accessible ?is mat]ial is4 ,i h f\nd x 9 inexhau/ible supply on ! l& ( a pretty good cultivator :o1 aft] work+ a fair f>m t5 ye>s1 sold x because 7z he suppos$7 x 0 de/itute ( ?is basis ( ext5sive f]tilization4 ,seek1 & ye %all f9d1 implies t ^? :o d n seek w r>ely f9d2 & su* is ! fact4 ,:]e rock ab\nds1 ,muck is r>ely want+4 ,x cov]s _m ?\s& acres ( ,j]sey s&s1 :]e rock is unkn[n2 b %[ me a region ridg$ or ribb$ ) rock1 & ,i %all confid5tly expect to f9d ,muck on x1 ?\gh none has be5 kn[n or suppos$ to exi/ !re4 ,& he :o ei!r has or c buy a b$ ( ,muck )9 half a mile ( 8 b>n1 8 /y1 8 h5-h\se1 may dig & draw f x all ,w9t] ) a moral c]ta9ty t x w g5]\sly rew>d 8 outlay4 ,beg9 z soon aft] hay+ z y c sp>e ! "t1 & cut an outlet s deep t y may !reaft] "w dry%od2 !nce=?1 dig & pile on ! ne>e/ accessible spot ( dry gr\nd1 to be drawn away to ! b>n-y>d & out-h\ses z opportunity pres5ts itself4 ,b1 ev5 ?\gh y h done no?+ till ! gr\nd freezes1 d n say x is n[ too late1 b set to "w4 ,y c (t5 team 9 ,w9t] :]e y c\ld n at any o!r season2 &1 9 digg+ ,muck f a swamp or bog well froz5 ov]1 y are n apt to be tr\bl$ ) wat]4 ,draw all y c2 b dig mu* m2 = no money at lawful int]e/ pays s well z ,muck left to dry & cure = mon?s be=e y draw x4 ,i ?9k ,i d n ov]-e/imate ! av]age value ( a cubic y>d ( ,muck1 well cur$ & mix$ ) w>m] f]tiliz]s be=e application to ! soil1 at "o doll>2 & ,i ?9k !re are few f>m]s 9 ! ,old ,?irte5 ,/ates :o _c obta9 x = less ?an t4 ,:]e ,muck is n to be _h1 ,i believe ! till] ( a s&y or gravelly f>m :o c get access to a b$ or bank ( clay may pr(itably dig & draw ?is1 to be us$ z he w\ld use ,muck if he _h x1 & ev5 = direct application to ! soil4 ,i d n ?9k ?is me?od ! mo/ advisable2 yet ,i feel sure t clay spread ov] a s&y or gravelly field t has be5 laid d[n to grass is wor? fifty c5ts p] cubic y>d :]ev] ,hay is wor? #ab p] tun2 b ,i w\ld wi% to apply x n lat] ?an ,decemb]4 ,he :o has fit places ( deposit %\ld draw all 8 ,lime1 ,pla/]1 & o!r comm]cial f]tiliz]s1 9 ,w9t]1 s z to be ready = use :5 requir$4 ,mix y\r ,lime :ile fre% f ! kiln ) ,muck1 at ! rate ( a bu%el ( ! =m] to a cubic y>d ( ! latt]1 & ! ,muck w be ready = use f> soon] ?an x o!rwise w\ld be4 ,be c>eful n to mix ,lime ) animal manures 9 any case1 s9ce x expels ,ammonia1 :]eas ! sulphur ( ,pla/] comb9es ) t volatile elem5t & fixes x4 ,!re are "s f>m]s :o d1 b tw5ty times z _m :o d n1 use ,pla/] en\gh ab\t _! /ables & pig-p5s4 ,!y ought to realize t a bad smell implies a wa/e ( ,ammonia1 :i* a f>m]1 unless v ri*1 c h>dly af=d4 ,f5ces %\ld all be scrut9iz$ z ,w9t] goes (f1 & put into ?or\gh condition = next season's s]vice4 ,fruit-trees %\ld be reliev$ ( all dead or dy+ bran*es1 all suck]s1 & cut back :]e t[]+ to high1 or spread+ too wide4 ,x may be bett] = ! trees to d all prun+ 9 ,may or ,june2 b ! f>m] :o def]s x to t season is v likely to be hurri$ into po/pon+ x to ano!r ye>--& ano!r4 ,!re is sc>cely a =e/ ( second or lat] gr[? :i* w\ld n pay = ?9n+ & trimm+1 if well done4 ,t :i* is out may be turn$ to good acc\nt z bean-poles1 pea-bru%1 ,summ] fuel1 etc41 :ile t :i* is left w gr[ fa/]1 tall]1 & m %apely1 to rew>d y d\bly = y\r pa9s4 --,^! are b sugge/ions4 ,any f>m] c add to or improve ^u !m if he w give an h\r's ?\ght to ! subject4 ,! be/ labor]s c be hir$ = a full ye> at a price n v mu* exce$+ t :i* w secure _! s]vices = eight or n9e mon?s4 ,9 ! int]e/ alike ( good crops & good morals1 ,i urge e "o :o c to resolve t he w h5ce=? hire by ! ye>1 or 9 "s way manage to employ 8 labor]s 9 ,w9t] z well z 9 ,summ]4 ,,lii4 ,,summ+ ,,up4 ,9 ! =ego+ essays1 ,i h set =?1 z cle>ly z ,i c\ld1 ! facts )9 my k :i* seem calculat$ to ca/ light ^u ! f>m]'s vocation1 & ! pr9ciples or rules ( action :i* !y h sugge/$ to my m9d4 ,i h be5 c>eful n to ?r[ any false1 delusive halo ov] ?is indisp5sable call+1 & by no means to induce ! belief t ! f>m]'s lot is necess>ily & uni=mly a happy "o4 ,i "k t 8 is n ! royal road to rapid acquisition1 & t few m5 are likely to amass great weal? by quietly till+ ! soil4 ,i "k1 moreov]1 t :at passes = f>m+ among u is n s noble1 s intellectual1 s attractive1 a pursuit z x might & %\ld be--t mo/ f>m]s might f>m bett] & live to bett] purpose ?an !y d4 ,( all ! false tea*+1 ,i mo/ condemn t :i* flatt]s f>m]s z ?\gh !y 7 demigods & _! call+ ! gr&e/ & ! happie/ ev] foll[$ by mortals1 :5 ! he>]1 unless v gre51 mu/ feel t ! speak] doesn't believe "o ^w ( all be utt]s2 =1 if he did1 he w\ld be f>m+1 in/ead ( liv+ by "s pr(ession1 & talk+ z ?\gh 8 auditors did n "k :eat f *aff4 ,i reg>d ! ,agriculture ( ?is c\ntry z v f> bel[ ! /&>d :i*1 x %\ld ere ?is h rea*$3 ,i hold t ! great mass ( our cultivators might & %\ld f>m bett] ?an !y d1 & t bett] f>m+ w\ld r5d] _! sons bett] citiz5s & bett] m54 ,if a s+le l9e ( ?is little "w %\ld seem calculat$ to cajole its read]s into self-complac5cy r ?an in/ruct !m1 ,i beg !m to believe t _! impression wrongs my purpose4 ,i am fully aw>e t o!rs h treat$ my !me ) full] k & f> great] ability ?an ,i br\ght to its discussion4 ,!n :y n leave !m ! field8 ,simply because1 :5 all h writt5 :o c elucidate my !me1 at lea/ ?ree-f\r?s ( ^? :o ought to /udy & pond] x w n h read any treatise :atev] ^u ,agriculture--w h>dly h yet reg>d$ x z a !me :]eon books %\ld be writt5 & read4 ,&1 s9ce !re may be "s :o w read ?is treatise = its writ]'s sake--w read x :5 !y c\ld n be p]suad$ to d l honor to a m elaborate & erudite "w--,i h writt5 9 ! hope ( ar\s+ 9 "s brea/s a _s ( inquiry ) reg>d to ,agriculture z an art bas$ on ,sci5ce--a _s :i*1 hav+ be5 awak5$1 w n fall aga9 into torpor1 b :i* w lead on to ! p]usal & /udy ( pr(\nd] & bett] books4 ,9 ! =ego+ essays1 ,i h s\ght to e/abli% ! foll[+ propositions3 #a4 ,t good f>m+ is & mu/ ev] be a pay+ bus9ess1 subject1 l all o!rs1 to mis*ances & pull-backs1 & to ! g5]al law t ! /ruggle up f no?+ to some?+ is ev] an ardu\s & almo/ always a sl[ process4 ,9 ! few in/ances :]e weal? & di/9ction h be5 swiftly won1 !y h r>ely prov$ abid+4 ,!re are pursuits :]e9 success is m envi$ & dazzl+ ?an 9 ,agriculture2 b !re is none :]e9 effici5cy & frugality are m c]ta9 to secure com=t & compet5ce4 #b4 ,?\gh ! poor man mu/ (t5 g sl[ly1 :]e weal? may atta9 p]fection at a b\nd1 & ?\gh he may sometimes seem compell$ to till fields n half s amply f]tiliz$ z !y %\ld be1 x is nev]!less inflexibly true t b\nte\s crops are gr[n at a pr(it1 :ile half & qu>t] crops are produc$ at a loss4 ,a ri* man may af=d to gr[ poor crops1 because he c af=d to lose by 8 ye>'s f>m+1 :ile ! poor man _c4 ,he ought1 !re=e1 to till no m acres ?an he c br+ into good condition--to s[ no se$1 pl[ no field1 :]e he is n ju/ifi$ 9 expect+ a good crop4 ,bett] five acres amply f]tiliz$ & ?or\ghly till$ ?an tw5ty acres :i* c at be/ make b a meag] return1 & :i* a dry or a wet season mu/ doom to p>tial if n absolute failure4 #c4 ,9 *oos+ a location1 ! f>m] %\ld resolve to *oose once = all4 ,roam+ f ,/ate to ,/ate1 f section to section1 is a sad & f> too common mi/ake4 ,n m]ely is x true t ,! roll+ /one ga!rs no moss1 b ! f>m] :o w&]s f place to place nev] acquires t intimate k ( soil & climate :i* is ess5tial to excell5ce 9 8 vocation4 ,he _c read ! cl\ds & le>n :5 to expect ra91 :5 he may look = days ( sun%9e1 z he c\ld if he _h liv$ tw5ty ye>s on ! same place4 ,*oose y\r home 9 ! ,ea/1 ! ,s\?1 ! ,c5t]1 ! ,we/1 if y w 7& ea* section has its peculi> advantages72 b *oose once = all1 &1 hav+ *os51 reg>d t *oice z f9al4 #d4 ,our "y m5 are apt to plunge into responsibilities too ha/ily4 ,!y buy f>ms :ile !y lack at once exp]i5ce & means1 incur losses & debts by consequ5t miscalculations1 & drag ?r\gh life a we>y load1 :i* s\rs !m aga9/ _! pursuit1 :5 ! fault is entirely _! own4 ,no y\? %\ld und]take to manage a f>m until aft] sev]al ye>s ( tra9+ = t task "u ! eye ( a capable ma/] ( ! art ( till+ ! soil4 ,if he has enjoy$ ! requisite advantages on 8 fa!r's home/ead1 he may possibly be qualifi$ to manage a f>m at tw5ty-"o2 b !re are few :o might n pr(itably wait & le>n1 9 ! pay ( "s successful cultivator1 = sev]al ye>s long]2 :ile ,i _c recall an in/ance ( a y\? ru%+ out ( s*ool or a city c\nt+-h\se to %[ old f>m]s h[ _! "w ought to be done1 t did n result 9 disa/]4 ,x is v well to "k :at ,sci5ce tea*es ) reg>d to f>m+2 b no man 0 ev] a ?or\ghly good f>m] :o _h n sp5t "s ye>s 9 actual contact ) ! soil4 #e4 ,:ile e "o says ( 8 neighbor1 ,he f>ms too mu* l&1 ! gre$ ( acquisition does n seem at all *a/5$4 ,m5 /agg] "u loads ( debt to-day1 :o might relieve !mselves by sell+ (f s mu* ( _! l& z !y _c pr(itably use2 b e "o seems int5t on hold+ all he c1 z if 9 expectation ( a great advance 9 its m>ket value4 ,& yet y c buy f>ms 9 e old ,/ate 9 ! ,union z *eaply p] acre z !y c\ld h be5 b\ght 9 l condition sixty ye>s ago2 & ,i d\bt _! sell+ high] sixty ye>s h5ce ?an !y d n[4 ,no d\bt1 !re are l&s1 9 ! vic9age ( gr[+ cities or villages1 t h greatly advanc$ 9 value2 b ^! are exceptions3 & ,i c\nsel e "y f>m]1 e poor f>m]1 to buy no m l& ?an he c cultivate ?or\ghly1 save su* z he ne$s = timb]4 ,nev] fe> t !re w n be m l& = sale :5 y %all h ! money :]e) to buy x2 b %un debt z y w\ld ! plague1 & pref] =ty acres all y\r own to a squ>e mile heavily mortgag$4 ,i nev] lift$ a mill-/one2 b ,i h und]tak5 to c>ry debts1 & !y are fe>fully heavy4 #f4 ,i "k t mo/ ,am]ican f>ms ea/ ( ! ,roanoke & ! ,waba% h too _m fields & f5ces1 & t ! too preval5t cu/om ( all[+ cattle to pr[l ov] mead[1 tillage & =e/1 f ,septemb] to ,may1 pick+ up a prec>i\s & inadequate subsi/5ce by br[s+ & =ag+ at l>ge1 is slov5ly1 un?rifty1 & h>dly consi/5t ) ! requirem5ts ( good neighborhood4 ,x is at be/ a mis$ucation ( y\r cattle into lawless habits4 ,i d n "k j :]e & :5 all pa/ur+ becomes wa/eful & improvid5t2 b ,i d "k t pa/ur+ fo/]s ?i/les1 bri]s1 & e noxi\s we$1 & s is inconsi/5t ) cleanly & ?or\gh tillage4 ,i "k t ! same acres w fe$ f> m /ock1 & keep !m 9 bett] condition1 if _! food be cut & f$ to !m1 ?an if !y are s5t out to ga!r x = !mselves4 ,i "k t ! co/ ( cutt+ _! grass & o!r fodd] ) mod]n ma*9]y ne$ n greatly exce$ t ( driv+ !m to remote pa/ures 9 ! morn+ & hunt+ !m up at nightfall4 ,i "k t p5n+ !m t5 h\rs ( ea* tw5ty-f\r 9 a fil?y y>d1 :]e !y h nei!r food nor dr9k1 is unwise2 & ,i feel confid5t t x is already high "t1 :]ev] good grass-l& is wor? #ajj p] acre1 to limit pa/urage to "o small field1 z ne> ! c5t] ( ! f>m z may be1 :]e9 %ade & good wat] ab\nd1 into :i* gre5 rye1 clov]1 timo?y1 oats1 s[$ corn1 /alks1 etc41 etc41 may successively be ?r[n f e side1 & :]e %elt] f a cold1 driv+ /orm1 is provid$2 & t1 if c[s c\ld be milk$ "h & left ?r\gh night z well z day1 x w\ld be f\nd good economy4 #g4 ,i "k t mo/ ( u are sla%+ d[n our trees mo/ improvid5tly1 & ?us compell+ our *ildr5 to buy timb] at ?rice ! co/ at :i* we might & %\ld h gr[n x4 ,i "k t x is wa/eful to let ,:ite ,bir*1 ,hemlock1 ,scrub ,oak1 ,pit* ,p9e1 ,dogwood1 etc41 />t up & gr[ on l&s :i* might be *eaply s[n ) ! se$s ( ,locu/1 ,:ite ,oak1 ,hickory1 ,sug> ,maple1 ,*e/nut1 ,black ,walnut1 & ,:ite ,p9e4 ,i "k t no f>m 9 a settl$ region is s l>ge t its own] c really af=d to surr5d] a consid]able portion ( x to gr[+ indiff]5t cord-wood :5 x w\ld z freely gr[ *oice timb] if se$$ !re=2 & ,i feel sure t !re are few f>ms s small t a portion ( ea* might n be pr(itably devot$ to ! gr[+ ( valuable trees4 ,i "k t ! common presumption t l& s devot$ w yield no return = a life-"t is wrong--"k t1 if ?ickly & prop]ly se$$1 x w beg9 to yield bean-poles1 hoop-poles1 etc41 ! fif? or six? ye> f plant+1 & !nce=? w yield m & m abundantly =ev]4 ,i "k t good timb]1 9 any well-peopl$ region1 %\ld n be cut (f1 b cut out--?9n$ judici\sly b mod]ately & trimm$ up1 s t x %all gr[ tall & run to trunk in/ead ( bran*es2 & ,i "k t !re are all ab\t u millions ( acres ( rocky cre/s & acclivities1 /eep rav9es & /]ile s&s1 t ought to be se$$ to timb] =?)1 kept cle> ( cattle1 & devot$ to tree-gr[+ ev]more4 #h4 ,i d n "k t all l&s may be pr(itably und]dra9$4 ,wood$ upl&s1 ,i "k1 c\ld n be4 ,fields :i* slope consid]ably1 & s regul>ly t wat] nev] /agnates ^u or ne> _! surface1 d v well )\t4 ,light1 lea*y s&s1 l ^? ( ,long ,isl&1 ,s\!rn ,j]sey1 ,ea/]n ,m>yl&1 & ! ,c>ol9as1 seem to d fairly )\t4 ,yet my conviction is /rong t ne>ly all l& :i* is to be p]si/5tly cultivat$ w 9 "t be und]dra9$4 ,i w\ld urge no f>m] to plunge up to 8 neck into debt 9 ord] to und]dra9 8 f>m4 ,b ,i w\ld press e "o :o has no exp]i5ce on ?is head to select 8 wette/ field1 or ! wette/ "p ( su* field1 &1 hav+ c>efully read & dige/$ ,w>+'s1 ,fr5*'s1 or "s o!r approv$ "w on ! subject1 procure file & proce$ next ,fall to dra9 t field or "p ( a field ?or\ghly1 tak+ especial precautions aga9/ back-wat]1 & wat* ! effect until satisfi$ t x w or w n pay to dra9 fur!r4 ,i ?9k few1 h dra9$ "o acre ?or\ghly1 & at no unnecess>y co/1 )\t be+ impell$ by ! result to dra9 m & fa/] until !y _h til$ at lea/ half _! respective f>ms4 #i4 ,z to irrigation1 ,i d\bt t !re is a f>m 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e some?+ might n be pr(itably done =?) to secure advantage f ! artificial ret5tion & application ( wat]4 ,:]ev] a brook or runnel crosses or skirts a f>m1 ! "q--,c ! wat] "h runn+ uselessly by be reta9$1 & 9 due season equably diffus$ ov] "s portion ( ?is l&8--at once pres5ts itself4 ,"o :o has nev] look$ ) ?is n[ w be a/oni%$ at ! facility ) :i* "s acres ( ne>ly e f>m may be irrigat$4 ,(t51 a dam t ne$ n co/ #bj w suffice to hold back t5 ?\s& b>rels ( wat]1 s t x may be l$ (f along ! upp] edge ( a slope or glade1 fall+ (f j en\gh to ma9ta9 a g5tle1 /eady curr5t1 & s provid+ = ! application ( two or ?ree in*es ( wat] to sev]al acres ( tillage or grass j :5 ! exig5cies ( crop & season mo/ urg5tly require su* irrigation4 ,any f>m] ea/ ( ! ,hudson c tell :]e su* an application w\ld h d\bl$ ! crop ( #ahgj1 & preclud$ ! h>d necessity ( sell+ or kill+ cattle n easily replac$4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is b a rude beg9n+4 ,9 "t1 we %all dam v consid]able /reams ma9ly to ?is end1 & irrigate hundr$s & ?\s&s ( acres f a s+le pond or res]voir4 ,wells w be sunk on pla9s & g5tle swells n[ comp>atively arid & /]ile1 & w9d or /eam employ$ to raise wat] into res]voirs :5ce wide areas ( surr\nd+ or subjac5t l& w be refre%$ at ! critical mom5t1 & ?us r5d]$ b\nte\sly productive4 ,on ! va/1 bleak1 treeless ,pla9s ( ! wild ,we/1 ev5 ,artesian wells w be sunk = ?is purpose2 & ! wat] ?us obta9$ w prove a s\rce ( f]tility z well z refre%m5t1 enri*+ ! soil by ! m9]als :i* x holds 9 solution1 & insur+ b\nte\s crops f wide /ret*es ( n[ b>r5 & wor?less des]t4 ,immigration w yet ?ickly dot ! great ,sah>a ) oases ( v]dure & pl5ty2 b x w1 long ere t1 h cov]$ ! valleys ( our ,great ,bas9 & ^? :i* skirt ! afflu5ts ( ! savage & desolate ,colorado ) a beauty & ?rift surpass+ ! dreams ( poets4 ,& yet1 its easie/ & readie/ triumphs are to be won "r "h--9 ! valleys ( ! ,connecticut1 ! ,hudson1 ! ,susquehanna1 & ! ,potomac4 #aj4 ,z to ,comm]cial ,f]tiliz]s1 ,i ?9k ,i h be5 well paid = ! application ( ,gypsum 7,pla/] ( ,p>is7 to my upl& grass at ! rate ( "o bu%el p] acre p] annum1 :ile my tillage has be5 suppli$ ) x by du/+ my /ables ) x aft] ea* clean+1 & s apply+ x m+l$ ) b>n-y>d manures4 ,lime 7unslak$7 f burn$ oy/]-%ells1 co/+ me f #be to #cj c5ts p] bu%el deliv]$1 ,i h appli$ lib]ally1 & ,i judge1 ) pr(it4 ,bones1 gr\nd1 7! f9] ! bett]7 ,i h l>gely & ,i ?9k advantage\sly us$2 b my l& _h be5 ma9ly pa/ur$ = ne>ly two c5turies be=e ,i b\ght x1 & ?us cont9ually dra9$ ( ,phosphates1 yet nev] repl5i%$3 s my exp]i5ce does n prove t ! f>m]s ( new] l&s ought to buy bones1 ?\gh ,i advise !m to apply all !y c save or pick up at small co/4 ,p\nd !m v f9e ) a beetle or ax-head on a flat /one1 & give !m to y\r f[ls3 if !y refuse a "p ( !m1 y\r soil w prove less da9ty4 ,i am n sure t x pays to buy any manufactur$ ,phosphate :5 y c get ,raw ,bone2 ?\gh ,i d\bt n t1 = in/ant effect1 ! ,phosphate is f> sup]ior4 ,z to ,guano1 x has n paid me2 b t may be ! fault ( c>eless or unskillful application4 ,i judge t any "o :o has to deal ) /]ile s&s t w n br+ ,clov]1 may wisely apply #djj p\nds ( ,guano p] acre1 provid$ he has no?+ else t w answ] ! purpose4 ,aft] he has produc$ "o good /& ( ,clov]1 ,i d\bt t he c af=d to buy m ,guano1 unless he c apply x to bett] purpose ?an ,i h yet done4 ,i h a /rong impression t mo/ f>m]s c d bett] at mak+ & sav+ f]tiliz]s ?an by buy+ !m4 ,lime & ,sulphur 7,gypsum71 if y\r soil lacks !m1 y mu/ buy2 b a good f>m] :o keeps ev5 a span ( horses1 ?ree or f\r c[s1 z _m pigs1 & a score ( f[ls1 c make = #ajj f]tiliz]s :i* ,i w\ld r h ?an two tuns ( ,guano1 co/+ him #ahj to #bjj4 ,if he has a pat* ( bog or a miry pond on 8 f>m--any place :]e frogs w live--he c dig !nce1 9 ! drye/ "t next ,fall1 two or ?ree hundr$ loads ( ,muck1 :i*1 hav+ be5 left to dry on ! ne>e/ high gr\nd till ,novemb] or lat]1 & !n drawn up & dump$ into 8 b>n-y>d1 pig-p51 & f[l-h\se1 w be ready to come out next ,spr+ 9 season = corn-plant+1 &1 be+ lib]ally appli$1 w d z mu* = 8 crop z two tons ( ,guano w\ld1 & w /r5g!n 8 l& f> m4 ,if he has no ,muck1 & no neighbor :o c sp>e x z well z n1 let him at midsumm] cut all ! we$s gr[+ on & ar\nd 8 f>m1 & 9 ! ,fall ga!r all ! leaves t c be imp\nd$1 us+ ^! z litt] = 8 cattle & b$s = 8 pigs1 & he w be agreeably surpris$ at ! bulk ( 8 heap next ,spr+4 ,i am an int5se believ] 9 ,home ,production4 ,we s5d t5 ?\s& miles = ,guano1 & suff] ! equally valuable excretions ( our cities to run to wa/e 9 riv]s & bays1 poison+ or driv+ away ! fi%1 & fill+ ! air ) /5* & pe/il5ce4 ,no f>m] ev] yet intellig5tly tri$ to enri* 8 l& & 0 defeat$ by lack ( mat]ial4 ,he may n be able to d all he w\ld l to at fir/2 b p]si/5t ef=t _c be baffl$4 #aa4 ,%all[ culture is ! mo/ cry+ defect ( our av]age f>m+4 ,pov]ty may sometimes excuse x2 b ! excuse is /ret*$ q too f>4 ,if a f>m] has b a poor span ( horses1 or a light yoke ( ?9 /e]s1 he _c pl[ l& z x %\ld be pl[$2 b let him d\ble teams ) 8 neighbor1 & pl[ alt]nate clays on ei!r f>m2 or1 if ?is may n be1 let him buy or borr[ a sub-soil pl[1 & g once ar\nd ) 8 surface pl[1 !n hit* on to ! sub-soil1 & run ano!r furr[ 9 ! bottom ( ! =m]4 ,!re are a few int]vales ( ri*1 mell[ soil1 deposit$ by ! inundations ( c\ntless ages1 :]e %all[ culture w answ]1 because ! roots ( ! plants run freely ?r\gh f]tile e>? nev] yet di/urb$ by ! pl[2 b ^! m>k$ & meagre exceptions d n invalidate ! tru? t n9e-t5?s ( our tillage is nei!r s deep nor s ?or\gh z x %\ld be4 ,z a rule1 ! fe$+-roots ( plants d n run bel[ ! bottom ( ! furr[s1 ?\gh 9 "s in/ances !y d2 & he :o fancies t five or six in*es ( soil w1 "u our f]vid suns1 ) our ,summ]s (t5 ra9less = weeks1 produce z b\nte\s & z sure a crop z twelve to eighte5 in*es1 is imp]vi\s to fact or reason4 ,he might z s5sibly ma9ta9 t y c\ld draw z long & z heavily aga9/ a deposit 9 bank ( #ejj z aga9/ "o ( #a1ejj4 #ab4 ,f9ally1 & z ! sum ( my convictions1 we ne$ m ?\ght1 m /udy1 m intellect1 infus$ into our ,agriculture1 ) less bl9d devotion to a r\t9e :i*1 if ev] judici\s1 has long s9ce ceas$ to be s4 ,! tillage :i* a pione]1 fight+ s+le-h&$ & all b empty-h&$ ) a d5se =e/ ( giant trees1 :i* he c d no bett] ?an to cut d[n & burn1 f\nd indisp5sable among _! /umps & roots1 is n adapt$ to ! alt]$ circum/ances ( 8 gr&*ildr54 ,if our mo/ en]getic f>m]s w\ld ab/ract t5 h\rs ea* p] week f _! incessant drudg]y1 & devote !m to read+ & reflection ) reg>d to _! noble call+1 !y w\ld live long]1 live to bett] purpose1 & bequea? a bett] example1 ) m prop]ty1 to _! *ildr54 99 99 99 99 99 ,my self-impos$ task is done4 ,i und]took to tell ,:at ,i ,"k ( ,f>m+ ?r\gh "o brief essay = ea* week 9 #ahgj2 &1 9 ! face ( multif>i\s & press+ duties1 & 9 despite ( a sev]e1 protract$ illness1 ! "w has be5 prosecut$ to completion4 ,_h ,i n kept ahead ( x :ile 9 heal?1 !re 7 weeks :5 ,i mu/ h left x unaccompli%$1 z ,i 0 too ill to write or ev5 /&4 ,i close ) ! av[al ( my joyful tru/ t ^! essays1 slight & imp]fect z !y are1 w incite ?\s&s ( "y f>m]s to feel a l(ti] pride 9 _! call+ & take a liveli] int]e/ 9 its improvem5t1 & t _m w be induc$ by !m to read abl] & bett] works on ,agriculture & ! sci5ces :i* m9i/] to its effici5cy & impel its progress t[>d a p]fection :i* few z yet h ev5 fa9tly =ese54 ,,index4 ,,acc\nts--,,acc\nts ,,9 ,,f>m+1 *ap4 xxxv1 #bjg2 ! causes ( pecuni>y failure1 #bjg2 loss f wa/e ( "t1 #bjg2 ! au?or has f\nd all successful f>m]s rigid economi/s ( "t1 #bjh2 f>m]s urg$ to keep a rigid acc\nt ( h[ !y dispose ( _! "t1 #bjh2 keep+ a di>y recomm5d$1 #bjh2 :at x %\ld conta91 #bji2 acc\nts ) neighbors1 #bji2 ! f>m] %\ld keep an acc\nt ( ! exp5ses ( 8 f>m1 & ! receipts !refrom1 #bji2 importance ( keep+ an acc\nt ) ! sev]al fields & crops1 #baj2 complication & unc]ta9ty 9 acc\nt-keep+ consid]$1 #baj-baa2 ! advantage ( keep+ c>eful acc\nts1 #baa4 ,,agriculture4 ,see ,,f>m+3 books on practical1 ref]r$ to1 #cj4 ,,alabama1 #ej4 ,,ald]1 #ec4 ,,alkalis1 z f]tiliz]s4 ,see ,,f]tiliz]s1 ,,comm]cial4 ,,alleghany ,,ridge1 #ci4 ,,alleghanies1 !1 #de1 #di1 #gi1 #ha1 #aef4 ,,alps1 #ge4 ,,alps1 ,,au/rian1 #ge4 ,,am]ica1 #dd1 #agj4 ,,amh]/4 ,n4 ,h41 #eb4 ,,ammonia1 #ajd1 #cjf4 ,,ammonoosuc1 ! riv]1 #aid4 ,,antelope1 #bgh4 ,,ap5n9es1 #bfg4 ,,apple1 !1 #ec1 #aah1 #abi4 ,,fruit-,,trees4 ,,! ,,apple1 *ap4 xxix1 #aci2 fruit-trees =m a di/+ui%+ feature ( ,nor!rn f>ms & hold+s1 #aci2 unequal$ 9 t respect else:]e1 #adj2 our c\ntry nor? ( ! ,potomac excels1 9 its supply ( tree-fruits1 all o!r portions ( ! e>?'s surface ( equal area1 #adj2 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates admirably adapt$ to ! apple & k9dr$ fruit-trees1 #adj2 effects ( su* adaptability1 #adj2 give an or*>d ! nor!rn slope ( a hill :]e possible1 #adj2 ! "o :i* blossoms late/1 yields1 on ! av]age1 mo/ fruit1 #ada2 /or+ ice to place "u trees1 n recomm5d$1 #ada2 importance ( dra9age1 #ade2 "s reasons = *oos+ slop+ gr\nd = an apple-or*>d1 #ada2 ! soil = su*1 #adb2 prep>ation ( ! soil1 #adb-c2 treatm5t & c>e ( ! l& devot$ to an or*>d1 #adc-d2 ,,m ,,ab\t ,,apple ,,trees1 *ap4 xxv1 #ade2 apple trees are plant$ too f> ap>t1 & all[$ to gr[ too tall1 #ade2 consequ5ces1 #ade-f2 trees %\ld be set diamond fa%ion1 #adf2 prun+ %\ld be att5d$ to annually1 #adf2 spr\ts valueless1 #adg2 ! dem&s :i* apple-trees make on ! soil %\ld be suppli$1 #adg2 apple-trees 9 ! t[n%ip ( ,newca/le1 ,we/*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 #adg2 causes ( _! unproductiv5ess1 #adg-h2 cat]pill>s & _! ravages1 #adh2 duties ( f>m]s & fruit gr[]s1 #adi2 ! abundant apple-crop ( #ahgj1 #adi2 e/abli%es ! capacity ( our regions to be> ,apples1 #adi1 #aia1 #bcb1 #bia1 #bid2 ! apple-crop ( #ahgj1 z an illu/ration ( ! imp]fect means ( ex*ang+ f>m products1 #big-h-i2 loss to consum]s & produc]s1 #bii-cjj4 ,,arizona1 #dh4 ,,arkansas1 ,/ate (1 #be1 #cf2 ! riv]1 #gc1 #bfa2 ! upp] riv]1 #bgd4 ,,artesian ,,wells1 #gg1 #bgg-h1 #caf4 ,,a%es z f]tiliz]s1 #ajh-i1 #abg1 #abh2 use 9 prep>+ = an or*>d1 #adb1 #agd4 ,see also ,,f]tiliz]s1 ,,comm]cial4 ,,atlantic1 ! coa/1 #aef1 #agh2 seabo>d1 #bbj2 slope1 #gf1 #aeg1 #bac4 ,,au/91 #df4 ,,au/ralia1 #ach1 #bjj1 #bch4 ,,autumn1 #hi1 #ig1 #ii1 #aaf1 #abd1 #agc1 #agh1 #agi1 #aib1 #aic1 #bjb1 #bfb4 ,,babylon1 #bff4 ,,balsam ,,fir1 #eh4 ,,baltimore1 #afe4 ,,b>ley1 #bde1 #bfe4 ,,b>n1 ! use ( /one recomm5d$ 9 build+ a1 #baf ,,batavia ,,yams1 #bga4 ,,batt5kill1 #ge4 ,,beans1 #baj1 #bga1 #bif4 ,,bee*1 #ai1 #ec1 #fj1 #bhg4 ,,beef1 #cg1 #aah1 #bbj1 #bid4 ,,beets4 see ,,roots1 also #adc1 #bcb1 #bfd1 #bga4 ,,belgium1 #gj1 #bch4 ,,b]ries1 #ij4 ,,bir*1 #fj4 ,,birds--,,insects1 ,,birds1 *ap4 xxii1 #abi2 birds our be/ allies aga9/ insects1 #abi2 ! de/ruction ( birds n ! sole cause ( insect ravages1 #acj2 birds %\ld be protect$ & k9dly treat$1 #acb2 associations %\ld be =m$ to d s1 #acb2 artificial ne/s1 #acc2 legal measures to protect birds1 #acc4 ,,black ,,a%1 #cj4 ,,blackb]ries1 #ij1 #aeh4 ,,black ,,walnut1 #cad4 ,,blackwell',s ,,isl&1 #hg4 ,,blue ,,ridge ,,m\nta9s1 #ha4 ,,bo>d ,,( ,,works 7,london71 #bfi4 ,,boissi]e1 ,e4 ,v1 ,,de1 #bec-d4 ,,bones4 ,see ,,comm]cial ,,f]tiliz]s1 also #aah1 #aai1 #aib1 #cag4 ,,bone-,,du/1 #agd4 ,,bones1 fl\r (1 #aba4 ,,bone ,,fl\r1 #afg4 ,,bones1 raw1 #cag4 ,,bo/on1 f>m ne>1 #ae1 #bhi4 ,,botany1 #cj4 ,,buckeye1 #bfj4 ,,buck:eat1 #ba1 #ahi1 #aia1 #baj4 ,,buffalo1 #bgh4 ,,buffalo ,,grass1 #aec4 ,,burl+ton1 ,n4 ,j41 #aff4 ,,butt]1 #ch1 #afd1 #afg4 ,,bridges1 #bej4 ,,briti% ,,isles1 #agh1 #bde4 ,,broccoli1 #bga4 ,,cabbages1 #bfd1 #bga1 #bif1 #cjj4 ,,ca*e-,,la-,,p\dre1 ! riv]1 #hb1 #bfb1 #bfc4 ,,cali=nia1 #bf1 #gf1 #hj1 #aei1 #aha1 #bfj4 ,,canada1 #dh1 #afe1 #bhi2 creek1 #ge4 ,,canals1 #aje4 ,,c>ol9as1 !1 #aff1 #cae4 ,,c>rots4 ,see ,,roots1 also #adc1 #bga4 ,,c>son1 ! riv]1 #ha1 #hc4 ,,cattle1 #ae2 ,pa/ur+1 #ai-bj2 ,soil+1 #bj2 treatm5t ( h]ds (1 9 ! ,mississippi & ,miss\ri ,valleys1 #bj2 re>+ (1 ref]r$ to1 #ce1 #acb1 #aej1 #aeg1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbd1 #bic4 ,,catskills1 !1 #agb4 ,,c5sus3 ! ,sev5?1 #aej2 ! ,eigh?1 #aej2 !1 ( #ahgj1 #bhf4 ,,*ampla91 !1 bas91 #gb2 lake1 #bgi4 ,,*appaqua1 #fb4 ,,*autauqua ,co41 ,n4 ,y41 #bhg1 #bhh4 ,,*eese1 #ch1 #afd1 #afg4 ,,*emi/ry1 #cj1 #aai1 #aif1 #bca4 ,,*]ries4 ,see ,,fruits1 also #abi1 #aci1 #bid4 ,,*e/] ,,co41 ,p5n41 #aaj4 ,,*e/nut1 #ed1 #ee1 #fj1 #ace1 #acf1 #bae1 #cad4 ,see also1 ,,trees4 ,,*ey5ne1 #bfb4 ,,*icago1 #afd4 ,,*ick5s1 #bie4 ,see ,,f[ls4 ,,*lor9e1 #aad1 #bce4 ,,*loride ,,( ,,lime1 #abh4 ,,*ol]a1 #bfh4 ,,*ur*es1 #bej4 ,,c9c9nati1 #aef4 ,,climates1 ,am]ican1 = ! f9] fruits1 #aef4 ,,clov]1 #abj1 #aec1 #afg1 #cah4 ,,clubs4 ,see ,,f>m]s' ,,clubs4 ,,coal1 #aji1 #bhh4 ,,colonies1 advantage ( settl+ 91 #bh2 ! c\rse to adopt 9 organiz+ "o1 #bh2 ,union ,colony1 #bfb2 its location1 #bfb2 ! ,city ( ,greeley1 its nucleus1 #bfb2 irrigation canals (1 #bfb-d2 f]tility ( ! soil at1 #bfd4 ,,coloni/s1 ,engli%1 #aga4 ,,colorado1 #aha1 #bjf1 #cag2 riv]1 #df4 ,,congress1 #df4 ,,connecticut1 #bg1 #aga1 #bii2 riv]1 #aid1 #bgi2 valley ( !1 #cag4 ,,como1 lake1 #ge4 ,,common ,,s*ools1 #aif-g4 ,,communism3 ,diff]s radically f ,co-op]ation1 #bdh4 ,,conclusions1 ,g5]al1 ,,summ+ ,,up1 *ap4 lli1 #cjh2 ! facts set =? 9 ! essays1 #cjh2 common misrepres5tations1 #cjh-i2 object ( ! au?or 9 writ+ ^! essays1 #cji2 ! propositions s\ght to be e/abli%$ !re91 #caj2 good f>m+ mu/ ev] be a pay+ bus9ess1 #caj2 ?or\gh tillage advocat$1 #caj2 a location %\ld be p]man5t1 #caj2 ! too great ha/e 9 incurr+ responsibilities1 #caa2 ! gre$ = l&1 #caj2 common abuses 9 f5c+ & cattle-rais+1 #cab-ac2 tree-cutt+ & tree-plant+1 #cad-ae2 und]dra9+1 #cae2 irrigation1 #caf2 comm]cial f]tiliz]s1 #cag-h-i2 %all[ culture1 #cai-bj2 ! ne$ = /udy & inquiry1 #cbj-ba2 conclud+ rem>ks1 #cba4 ,,co-,,op]ation1 ref]5ce to1 9 reg>d to wild l&s1 #bd2 ,,co-,,op]ation ,,9 ,,f>m+1 ,,*ap4 ,,xlii1 #bdh2 ,co-op]ation is ! ^w ( hope & *e] = labor1 #bdh2 its mean+1 #bdh2 diff]s radically f communism1 #bdh2 ! difficulties ( a "y f>m] :o migrates to ,kansas1 ,m9nesota or "o ( ! ,t]ritories1 #bdh-i2 ! diff]5t circum/ances consequ5t on settlem5t by co-op]ation1 #bej2 advantages ( co-op]ation n limit$ to coloniz+ di/ant tracts1 #bej2 w\ld b5efit color$ m51 #bej-a2 f5c+ z an illu/ration ( ! loss consequ5t on want ( co-op]ation1 #bea-b2 h[ co-op]ation w\ld rem$y x1 #beb2 fur!r application ( ! sy/em1 #beb-c2 ,mr4 ,e4 ,v4 de ,boissi]e's co-op]ative f>m+1 #bed-e4 ,,corn1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb gr[+ ( bread-corn ea/w>d ( ! ,hudson1 #cg1 #dc1 #fg1 #fh1 #ha1 #hf1 #hh1 #ib1 #id1 #ii1 #ajc1 #ajg1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae1 #aah1 #adg4 ,,gra9 ,,gr[+--,,ea/ ,,& ,,we/--*ap4 xxviii1 #afb2 hoe+ is ( no use to ,corn1 #afb2 ! be/ & *eape/ way to cultivate corn1 #afb2 ! fields ( ! ,mississippi ,valley are ! mo/ productive 9 ! _w1 #afc2 ! tillage1 9 "s places1 seem$ susceptible ( improvem5t1 #afc2 ! ,we/ is ! gran>y ( ! ,ea/1 #afc2 a *ange imm95t1 #afc2 *anges s9ce tw5ty-?ree ye>s ago :5 ! au?or visit$ ,ill9ois1 #afd2 ! c\rse ! ,we/ w ultimately adopt1 #afd2 exhau/ion ( ! soil 9 ,new ,engl& & ,ea/]n ,new ,york1 #afd2 9 ! ,g5esee ,valley1 #afe2 ,ea/]n ,p5nsylvania pr(its by a provid5t sy/em ( husb&ry1 #afe2 ! ,/ates ?is side ( ! ,delaw>e w yet h to gr[ a l>ge %>e ( _! bread/uffs1 #afe2 c x be done ) pr(it n[1 consid]+1 also1 if ! ,ea/ has wisely1 s l>gely ab&on$ gra9-gr[+1 #afe-i2 ! places n tak5 into acc\nt1 #afe2 ! ,p9e ,b>r5s ( ,new ,j]sey select$ to illu/rate ! pr(its ( gra9-gr[+ 9 ! ,ea/1 #afh2 _! nature1 #afh2 e/imate ( exp5ses !reon1 #afg2 ! product anticipat$1 #afg2 ! favorable conditions ! cultivator w\ld enjoy1 #afh2 ! money value ( 8 crop1 #afh2 great economy c\ld be a*iev$ 9 ! co/ ( cultivat+1 #afi2 conclusions1 #afi2 also #agg1 #aia1 #aib1 #aic1 #baj1 #bbh1 #bch1 #bdb1 #bdf-g1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bga-b1 #bij4 ,,cotton1 #ajg1 #bjj4 ,,cotton-,,gr[]s1 ,s\!rn1 #aah4 ,,cottonwood1 #bfa4 ,,cr$it1 buy+ a f>m on1 #be4 ,,crops1 ,fall1 #ig4 ,,currants1 #abi4 ,,dairy+1 #bhh4 ,,dana',s ,,muck ,,manual1 #aii4 ,,delaw>e1 ! ,/ate (1 #afe2 ! riv]1 #aeb1 #afe4 ,,d5v]1 #bfd1 #bgg2 ,pacific ,railroad1 !1 #bfb4 ,,depopulation1 7,,rural7--,,rural ,,depopulation1 *ap4 xlviii1 #bhf2 ! alleg$ decrease 9 ! relative population ( rural di/ricts1 #bhf2 no increase s9ce #ahei 9 ! numb] ( f>m]s 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 #bhf2 probable slight decrease 9 t ( ,new ,engl&1 #bhf2 consolidat+ f>ms1 #bhf2 small f>m]s are sell+ out & migrat+1 #bhg2 reasons !re=e1 #bhg2 ! *ang$ "* ( ! tillage1 #bhg-h2 ! g5]al use ( coal has r$uc$ ! dem& = lab\r1 #bhh2 lab\r-sav+ implem5ts1 #bhh-i2 ! suppos$ deg5]acy ( ! ,new ,engl& ,puritan /ock1 #bhi2 ! migration f ,new ,engl&1 #bhi-ij2 ! assumption t ,am]icans pref] o!r pursuits to f>m+1 #bia2 ! rock & bog ( ,new ,engl& =m a disc\rag+ imp$im5t to agricultural progress1 #bij2 comp5sation !re=1 #bia4 ,,di>y1 ! keep+ ( "o recomm5d$1 #ca4 ,,dick9son1 ,&rew ,b41 #aje1 #ajf4 ,,di/ribution 7( f>m products74 ,see ,,ex*ange4 ,,dock1 #bcb4 ,,dogwood1 #cad4 ,,dogs2 _! depr$ations on %eep1 #bjc-d4 ,,dra9+-- ,,dra9+--,,my ,,own1 *ap4 x1 #fb2 ! au?or's f>m1 #fb2 situation ( ! l& !reon requir+ dra9age1 #fb-c2 difficulties x pres5t$1 #fc2 blund]s1 #ff2 h[ repair$1 #ff2 condition ( ! m>% be=e dra9+ x1 #fa2 h[ success 0 ret>d$1 #fg2 evid5ce ( success1 #fg2 ! crops ( #ahgj on ! reclaim$ l&1 #fh2 ,,dra9+ ,,g5]ally1 *ap4 xi1 #fi2 g5]al conclusions f ! au?or's exp]i5ce1 #fi2 ext5t ( l& to be dra9$1 #fi2 all swamp l&s & ne>ly all ( "s o!r k9ds mu/ be dra9$ to be well till$1 #fi2 ! _m uses ( und]dra9s1 #fi-gj2 no "o %\ld run into debt = dra9+1 #gj2 tile & /one dra9s1 #ga2 dra9+ by a ,mole ,pl[1 #gb2 g5]al direction1 #gb-c2 cov]$ ma9s recomm5d$1 #gc2 ! "q ( labor1 #gc2 a case :]e ! rude/ surface dra9s w\ld h *ang$ bog into dec5t mead[s1 #aeb2 ! /one dra9s on ! au?or's f>m1 #bad2 ! au?or's summ+ up on1 #cae4 ,,dr\?--habitually %ort5s our ,fall crops1 #ih2 ,a ,,lesson ,,( ,,to-,,day 7#ahgj71 *ap4 xxxii1 #ahi2 ! popul> view ( hot & cold seasons1 #ahi2 ! ,summ] ( #ahgj1 effects ( ! dr\?1 #ahi-aij2 g5]al "* ( ea* ,summ]1 #aij2 pro( t dr\? ne$ n be fe>$ by ^? :o f>m prud5tly1 #aij2 ! au?or's obs]vations dur+ a trip ?r\gh ,w>r5 ,co41 ,n4 ,y41 #aia-b2 results to be atta9$ !re by "r cultivation1 #aib2 ! inquiry3 h[ are ! p !re to obta9 f]tiliz]s8 #aib2 answ]$1 #aic2 irrigation might be appli$ pr(itably1 #aid4 ,,e>? ,,closet1 #abc4 ,,ea/]n ,,/ates1 pa/ur+ 91 #ai4 ,,ea/]n ,,/ates1 !1 #bc1 #be-f1 #cg1 #agi1 #ahi1 #bjd1 #bae1 #bgi1 #caa4 ,,ed9burgh1 #bfi4 ,,eggs1 #bid-e4 ,,egypt1 #afd1 #afg4 ,,electricity1 #bhe4 ,,elk1 #bgh4 ,,elm1 #ei4 ,,em]son1 ,r4 ,w41 #dd4 ,,engl&1 #gj1 #hi1 #afd2 7,we/]n7 #agj1 #agh1 #bfh4 ,,erie ,co41 ,pa41 #bc4 ,,europe1 #ce1 #gd1 #aef1 #afc1 #agj1 #aga1 #agh1 #ahj1 #bai1 #bch4 ,,ex*ange3 ,,ex*ange ,,& ,,di/ribution1 *ap4 l1 #big2 ! ma*9]y = dispos+ ( surplus f>m products imp]fect1 #big2 ! abundant apple crop ( #ahgj z an illu/ration !re(1 #big-h-i2 apples %\ld h be5 z common z bread or potatoes1 #bih2 ! actual facts1 #bih2 cause ( bo? ! wa/e & de>ness ( apples1 #bii-cjj2 consequ5t loss to produc]s & consum]s1 #bii-cjj2 turnips z a fur!r illu/ration1 #cjj2 disappo9tm5ts ( inexp]i5c$ f>m]s1 #cjj-a2 huck/]s & middlem51 #cja2 sugge/ion to h a railroad pur*ase & sell f>m products1 #cja-b2 results to be expect$1 #cjb2 an objection answ]$1 #cjb4 ,,exhibitions 7,,agricultural7--,,agricultural ,,exhibitions1 *ap4 xxxviii1 #bbe2 au?or has att5d$ at lea/ fifty1 #bbe2 concludes !y 7 n :at !y might & %\ld be1 #bbe2 ! re=m mu/ beg9 ) ! p1 #bbe2 ! lot ( ! public speak]1 #bbe-f2 :at is ne$$ to r5d] our annual ,fairs useful & in/ructive detail$1 #bbf2 ea* f>m] %\ld hold himself b\nd to make "s contribution to 81 #bbf2 an int]e/+ & runn+ comm5t>y %\ld giv51 #bbg-h2 lib]al premiums %\ld be giv5 = pr(ici5cy 9 f>m+1 #bbh-i2 ne$ = improvem5t 9 ! "* ( ! public speak+1 #bbi2 c\nties %\ld be canvass$ to enrol exhibitors1 #bcj2 all 9 a locality %\ld feel a common int]e/ 9 _! fair1 #bcj4 ,,eye-,,sm>t1 #abe4 ,,fabrics1 #bjj4 ,,fairs4 ,see ,,exhibitions4 ,,fall1 !1 #abf1 #agc1 #agd1 #aic1 #cah4 ,,f>m+-- ,,w ,,f>m+ ,,pay1 *ap4 i1 #ac2 w x pay consid]$1 #ac2 ! case ( a man )\t capital1 #ac2 difficulties common to all pursuits1 #ac-d2 ,a/or ref]r$ to1 #ad2 e>n+ ! fir/ ?\s& doll>s1 #ad2 in/ance ( rem>kable success 9 f>m+1 ne> ,bo/on1 #ae2 case ( a f>m] 9 ,nor!rn ,v]mont1 #ae-f2 ,pr(essor ,mapes's success1 #ad2 pr(itable return f a fruit f>m on ! ,hudson1 #ae-f2 t %iftless f>m+ don't pay admitt$1 #ag2 good f>m+ pr(itable1 #ag2 f>m+ n recomm5d$ z a pursuit to e man1 #ag2 x c nev] be disp5s$ )1 #ag2 x is ! fir/1 & mo/ ess5tial ( human pursuits1 #ag2 all are int]e/$ 9 hav+ x honor$ & prosp]\s1 #ag2 if unpr(itable1 x is f mismanagem5t1 #ag2 ! au?or's aim 9 ^! essays1 #ag4 ,,good ,,& ,,bad ,,husb&ry1 *ap4 ii1 #ah2 good & bad f>m+ consid]$1 #ah2 necessity ma/] ( u all1 #ah2 dictates ! l9e to foll[ 9 f>m+1 #ah-i2 application ( ! pr9ciple to pa/ur+1 #ai-bj2 illu/ration ( good f>m+1 #bj-ba2 excuses = wa/e insuffici5t1 #ba2 tru?s on :i* good f>m+ dep5d1 #ba2 good crops inv>iably practicable1 #ba-b2 r>ely fail to pay1 #bc2 increas+ productiv5ess ( ! soil ! faire/ s+le te/1 #bb2 :]e to f>m consid]$1 #bc2 exp]i5ce ( ! au?or's fa!r reg>d+ ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 #bc2 circum/ances qualify+ x1 #bc2 ! difficulties ( ! pione]'s life1 #bc-d2 pur*ase ( an improvem5t recomm5d$ 9 c]ta9 cases1 #bd2 civiliz$ places are to be pref]r$ = settlem5t1 #bd2 co-op]ation may *ange matt]s1 #bd2 good f>m+ w pay ev]y:]e1 #be2 no "o hav+ a good f>m advis$ to migrate1 #be2 money is made by f>m+ ne> ,new ,york z fa/ z 9 ! ,we/1 #be2 :]e migration is advis$1 & its advantages1 #be2 tr\bles att5dant on buy+ on cr$it1 #be2 ! ,we/ w gr[ m rapidly ?an ! ,ea/ dur+ ! next tw5ty ye>s1 #bf2 ! ,s\? invites immigration1 #bf2 great inducem5ts (f]$1 #bf2 comb9$ ef=t recomm5d$1 #bf2 good f>m+ l& *eape/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bg2 an incid5t 9 ,ill9ois f>m+1 #bg2 c\nsel to int5d+ pur*as]s1 #bg2 l& *eap 9 e ,/ate1 #bh2 advantages ( settl+ 9 colonies1 #bh2 ! fir/ /eps t[>d do+ s1 #bh2 division ( ! l&s1 #bh2 lay+ out ! t[n1 #bh2 ! progress x ought to make1 #bh2 economy ( capital accompli%$1 #bh2 ,,prep>+ ,,to ,,f>m1 *ap4 iv1 #bi2 c\nsel int5d$ = "y m5 unaccu/om$ to f>m+1 #bi2 pati5ce recomm5d$1 #bi2 p5alties ( ov] ha/e1 #bi2 value ( exp]i5ce illu/rat$1 #cj2 an inexp]i5c$ "y man advis$ to hire out1 #cj2 procure books1 #cj2 g5]al c\nsel1 #ca2 h[ ! c\rse advis$ diff]s f runn+ into debt1 #ca-b2 exp]i5ce & practice ess5tial1 #cb2 circum/ances :]e !oretical /udy is approv$1 #cb2 qualify+ rem>ks1 #cb-c2 he :o has ma/]$ f>m+ is compet5t to buy a f>m1 #cc2 exceptions1 #cc2 a "y man %\ld n wait until he c buy a l>ge f>m1 #cc2 tw5ty acres ample = #b1jjj capital1 #cc2 t ext5t is suffici5t to te/ 8 aptitude1 #cc2 ,,buy+ ,a ,,f>m1 *ap4 v1 #cd2 x is bett] to buy good l& ?an poor1 #cd2 poor l& c be turn$ to acc\nt1 #cd2 ! smalle/ f>m %\ld h its /rip ( =e/1 #cd2 advantage ( ,new ,engl& & c\ntries ( l surface ov] v f]tile regions1 #cd2 _c be dive/$ ( =e/1 #cd2 ,five ,acres or ,t5 ,acres n suffici5t1 #ce2 exceptions1 #ce2 g5u9e f>ms1 ! g5]al want1 #ce2 ! rem>k he has too mu* l&1 #ce2 "s m5 specially adapt$ = l>ge f>ms1 #ce2 individual circum/ances control1 #ce2 c\nsel to a "y man int5t on buy+ a f>m1 #cf2 means ( buy+ to be ! ma9 guide1 #cf2 capital ! true limit1 #cf2 ,new ,engl& f>ms comp>atively z *eap z ,we/]n1 #cf2 migration urg$ only = ^? :o _c buy f>ms 9 ! ,old ,/ates1 #cf2 success ( ! butt]-mak]s ( ,v]mont1 #cf2 also ( ,new ,york *eese dairym51 #cf2 insup]able b>ri]s 9 ! ,ea/ to effective cultivation1 #cg2 cultivation by /eam mu/ r5d] l>ge f>ms necess>y1 #cg2 gra9 gr[+ n likely to be ext5d$ 9 ! ,ea/1 #cg2 ! ,we/ to be ! s\rce ( supply ( bread-corn to ! ,ea/1 #cg2 ma9 consid]ations 9 buy+ l& 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 #cg2 9 ! ,we/ ! case is diff]5t1 #cg2 social consid]ations1 #ch2 make a p]man5t inve/m5t1 #ch2 h confid5ce t indu/ry w be rew>d$1 #ch2 ,,lay+ ,,(f ,a ,,f>m1 *ap4 vi1 #ci2 ! surface & soil ( a f>m %\ld be c>efully /udi$1 #ci2 misconception ( ! simil>ity ( prairie f>ms1 #ci2 a ,nor!rn f>m select$ = illu/ration1 #dj2 prep>atory /eps 9 lay+ (f1 #dj2 c>e necess>y1 #dj2 a pa/ure to be fir/ select$1 #dj2 :at x %\ld be1 #da2 ! "o great error 9 relation to ?is matt]1 #da2 we$s insep>able f pa/ure1 #db2 treatm5t ( a pa/ure1 #db-c2 x %\ld h a rude %$1 #dc2 fodd] to be br\ght to cattle1 #dc2 too mu* l& & tree plant+1 #ej2 f>m+ 9 ,we/*e/] ,c\nty1 ,n4 ,y41 #ea2 managem5t ( grass l&s a te/ ( f>m+1 #aeb2 ,,! ,,f>m]',s ,,call+3 *ap4 xxxi1 #ahc2 m]its ( f>m]s z a class1 #ahc2 ! au?or w\ld h advis$ "o ( 8 sons if sp>$ to atta9 manhood to become a good f>m]1 #ahc2 difficulties att5d+ ! f>m]'s call+1 #ahd2 au?or's reason = recomm5d+ f>m+ z a vocation to 8 son1 #ahd2 no o!r bus9ess 9 :i* success is s ne>ly c]ta9 z x1 #ahd-e2 f>m+ conduces to a rev]5ce = hone/y & tru?1 #ahe-f2 x is conducive to ?or\gh manl9ess ( "*1 #ahf-g2 advantages ! f>m] enjoys 9 t respect ov] p]sons 9 o!r pursuits1 #ahg2 incid5ts ( ! au?or's exp]i5ce z a j\rnali/ 9 ?is reg>d1 #ahg-h2 indep5d5t position ( ! true f>m]1 #ahh2 difficulties a "y f>m] enc\nt]s z a pione]1 #bdh-i2 consid]ably obviat$ be co-op]ation1 #bej2 co-op]ation admits ( wid] application1 #bej-a2 f5c+ z an illu/ration ( ! want ( co-op]ation1 #bea-b2 wide adaptability ( co-op]ation1 #beb-c2 ,mr4 ,e4 ,v4 de ,boissi]e's co-op]ative f>m1 #bec-d2 f>m+ 9 ,colorado1 #bfe2 mi/ak5 calculations ( inexp]i5c$ f>m]s1 #bii-cjj2 summ+ up3 ! f>m]'s call+1 #cjh2 ,am]ican f>m+1 #cji2 good f>m+ is & mu/ ev] be a pay+ bus9ess1 #caj2 ?or\gh tillage1 #caj2 *oos+ a location1 #caa2 prud5ce enjo9$1 #caa-b2 ! gre$ = l&1 #cab-c2 %all[ culture1 #cai2 ne$ = /udy & inquiry1 #cbj4 ,,f>ms3 ,,l>ge ,,& ,,small ,,f>ms1 *ap4 xlix1 #bib2 nak$ magnitude has fasc9ation = mo/ m9ds1 #bib2 "s m5 c f>m a t[n%ip1 #bib2 l>ge f>m]s1 #bic2 ! opportunities & expectations ( ! small f>m]1 #bic2 mak+ money f small f>ms1 #bic-d2 l>ge f>m+ c nev] enable u to disp5se ) small f>ms1 #bid2 evid5ce !re(1 #bid2 fruit culture1 #bid2 ! production ( eggs & ! re>+ ( f[ls1 #bid2 ! inducem5ts (f]$ to f[l-bre$]s1 #bie2 ?is indu/ry %\ld comm5t itself to poor wid[s1 #bie2 ! gr[+ ( m>ket vegetables1 #bif2 ! pr(its realiz$ !re92 #bif2 g5]al conclusions1 #bif-g4 ,,f>m]s' ,,clubs--,,f>m]s' ,,clubs1 *ap4 xliii1 #bed2 f>m]s divide into two classes1 #bed2 *>act]i/ics ( ^? :o d too little "w1 #bee2 ! f>m]s :o "w too mu*1 #bee2 illu/ration !re(1 #bee2 value ( ! club to !m1 #bef2 :o %\ld =m ! club1 #bef2 its rules1 #bef-g2 ! *ief end to be atta9$1 #beg2 habits ( obs]vation & reflection1 #beg2 evid5ce ( ! ne$ !re(1 #beg2 a g5u9e int]e/ 9 _! vocation is ne$$ by f>m]s1 #beg-h2 false fancies to be remov$1 #beh2 ! (fic]s ( ! club1 #beh2 grafts1 plants or se$s = gratuit\s di/ribution1 #beh2 an annual fl[] %[1 #bei2 an exhibition ( fruits1 #bei2 ! organization ( a f>m]s' club is ! *ief difficulty1 #bei2 h[ remov$1 #bei4 ,,f>m ,,implem5ts--,,f>m ,,implem5ts1 *ap4 xli1 #bcg2 labor ardu\s en\gh )\t add+ ineffici5t implem5ts1 #bcg2 improvem5ts !re9 dur+ fifty ye>s1 #bcg2 pro(s !re(1 #bcg2 ! inf]ior implem5ts us$ 9 ! great] "p ( ,europe1 #bcg-h2 ! claim ( inv5tors or _! ag5ts to att5tion1 #bch-i2 ! /ock ( an implem5t w>eh\se1 #bci2 a co-op]ative plan w be f\nd necess>y to secure ! ne$ful implem5ts1 #bdj2 reasons !re=1 #bdj2 great] inv5tions are c]ta9 to be made1 #bda2 inv5tions = pl[+1 #bda4 ,,f5ces1 #ajj-a4 ,,f5ces ,,& ,,f5c+1 *ap4 xxxvii1 #bai2 excessive f5c+ g5]al1 #bai2 f5ces are commonly disp5s$ ) 9 ,france & o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 #bai2 driv]s mu/ !re keep _! cattle f injur+ ! wayside crops1 #bai2 ,am]ican railroads h l>gely sup]s$$ cattle-driv+1 #bbj2 fre% meat w ultimately come f ! ,prairies1 9 refrig]at+ c>s1 #bbj2 own]s ( animals %\ld be responsible = _! c>e1 #bbj-bba2 f5c+ be>s ) special sev]ity on ! pione]1 #bba2 f5ces1 :]e necess>y1 are a deplorable necessity1 #bba2 ob/acles to introduc+ dit*es & h$ges1 #bba-b2 wire f5ces1 #bbb2 /one walls1 #bbb2 rail f5ces1 #bbb-c2 po/s & bo>ds are ! *eape/ mat]ial = f5ces1 #bbc2 ,r$ ,c$> po/s1 #bbc2 ,locu/ po/s1 #bbc2 po/s set top-end d[n la/ longe/1 #bbd2 g5]al conclusions1 #bbd2 =ms "o ( ! pione]'s _m trials1 #bea2 x is diff]5t1 b n bett]1 ) settl]s on broad prairies1 #bea2 co-op]ation w\ld secure an imm5se economy 91 #beb1 #bhg2 %\ld be scrut9iz$ 9 w9t]1 #cjf2 mo/ ,am]ican f>ms ea/ ( ! ,roanoke & ,waba% h too _m f5ces1 #cac4 ,,f]tiliz]s1 ,comm]cial4 ,,comm]cial ,,f]tiliz]s--,,gypsum1 *ap4 xvii1 #ajb2 ,gypsum might be g5]ally appli$ to cultivat$ l&1 ) pr(it1 #ajb2 ! case :]e x co/s #aj1 or ov]1 p] ton1 consid]$1 #ajb2 x %\ld be us$ 9 all /ables & y>ds1 #ajb2 on mead[s & pa/ures1 #ajb2 "t & mode ( application1 #ajc2 h[ ,gypsum impels & invigorates vegetable gr[?1 ref]r$ to1 #ajc2 its value practically demon/rat$ 9 & ar\nd ,p>is1 #cjc-d2 ! nature ( ,gypsum1 #ajd2 ! *emi/s' !ory ( x1 #ajd2 its actual effect assum$ z ! basis ( ^! rem>ks1 #ajd2 ,gypsum ought to be ext5sively appli$ to pa/ures & slopes1 #ajd-e2 a f>m]'s obs]vations on its effects1 #aje2 x may be easily procur$1 #aje2 its trial reque/$1 #aje-f2 soils c be improv$ by means ( calc9$ clay1 #aje2 a successful trial !re(1 #ajf4 ,,alkalis 444 ,,salt--,,a%es--,,lime1 *ap4 xvii1 #ajg2 all our c\ntry's surface might be improv$ by ! use ( suitable f]tiliz]s1 #ajg2 n _m acres b might be made m f]tile by _! use1 #ajg2 comp>ative exhau/ion ( ! soil soon r5d]s !m necess>y1 #ajg-h2 ! good f>m]'s inquiry on ! subject1 #ajh2 ! /ate ( ea* soil respectively1 ! true guide 9 us+ f]tiliz]s1 #ajh2 alkal9e sub/ances might be univ]sally appli$ ) pr(it1 #ajh2 ! use ( a%es consid]$1 #ajh-i ,m>ls ( ,new ,j]sey1 #aji2 ,salt1 #aji2 ,pota%1 #aji2 ! au?or's trial (1 #aji-aj2 ,lime z a f]tiliz]1 #aaj2 c>eful te/s ( ! value ( ,alkalis sugge/$1 #aaj-aa4 ,,soil ,,& ,,f]tiliz]s1 *ap4 xix1 #aab2 ! f>m] a manufactur]1 #aab2 ! op9ion t "s l&s are naturally ri* en\gh1 #aab2 ! great :eat product at ! ,salt ,lake ,city ,pla91 #aab2 ! au?or's exp]i5ce reg>d+ ! imp]fect manur+ ( l&1 #aac2 m manure & less se$ %\ld be appli$ by mo/ f>m]s1 #aac2 ! ri*e/ soils det]iorate aft] successive crops1 #aad2 ,nature's law ( inflexible exaction1 #aad2 ri* soil f ! ,we/ exhibit$ at ! ,n4 ,y4 ,f>m]s' ,club1 #aad2 *emical analysis made ( same1 #aad2 ,pr(essor ,mapes' rem>k !reon1 #aad2 ! mi/ake ( f]tiliz+ poor l&s only1 #aae2 bett] to produce ! same quantity ( ,corn f a small ?an a l>ge area 9 c]ta9 cases1 #aae2 b>n-y>d manure1 & its use1 #aae-f2 no f>m] ev] impov]i%$ by mak+ & us+ manure ( 8 own manufacture1 #aag2 ,lime has be5 us$ )\t advantage1 #aaa2 reasons !re=1 #aaa2 adult]ation ( ,lime1 #aaa2 f>m]s advis$ to be discrim9at+1 #aaa2 exp]im5t recomm5d$ :]e !re is d\bt1 #aaa2 ,,bones--,,phosphates--,,guano1 *ap4 xx1 #aah2 wa/eful outlay = f]tiliz]s1 #aah2 f]tiliz]s ne$$ & us$ 9 ,we/*e/] ,co41 ,n4 ,y41 #aah2 :]e n ne$$1 #aai2 unpr(itable use ( ,guano1 #abj2 exceptions to ! g5]al rule1 #abj2 ! o!r f]tiliz]s1 #abj2 au?or's trial ( ,guano1 #aba2 n ( g5]al application1 #aba2 exp]im5ts & c>eful obs]vation recomm5d$1 #abb2 results t may be expect$1 #abc2 ! e>? closet1 #abc2 importance ( x & k9dr$ devices1 #abc2 oy/]-%ell lime is ! be/1 #abh2 ! f]tiliz]s to be us$ 9 prep>+ = an or*>d1 #adb-c2 treatm5t ( swamp muck = potatoes1 #agc2 f]tiliz]s = potatoes :5 muck _c be _h1 #agc-d2 suppos$ inquiry ( ! p ( ,w>r5 ,co41 ,n4 ,y1 ,h[ %all we obta9 f]tiliz]s8 #aib2 answ]$1 #aic2 a ,ma9e essayi/ on s\rness ( ! soil & its rem$y1 #bcb-c2 necessity = sci5tific k on ! effects (1 #bcb2 importance ( "s /&>d to g by 9 us+1 #bcd-e2 ! digg+ & draw+ ( clay z w9t] "w1 #cjf2 value ( clay = grass l&1 #cjf2 procur+ comm]cial f]tiliz]s1 z w9t] "w1 #cjf4 ,,fruit3 a pr(itable fruit f>m on ! ,hudson1 #ad2 culture (1 #ce1 #cg1 #ajg2 ravages ( insects on fruits1 #abi-cj4 ,,pea*es--,,pe>s--,,*]ries--,,grapes1 *ap4 xxvii1 #aef2 adaptability ( ,am]ican climates z reg>ds fruit-gr[+1 #aeg2 :y ! climates ( "s sections are unfavorable = ! mo/ valu$ tree fruits1 #aef-g2 au?or's p]sonal obs]vations1 #aeg2 difficulties att5d+ ! gr[+ ( f9] fruits1 #aeh2 c\nsel !reon to f>m]s ma9ly engag$ 9 ! production ( gra9 & cattle1 #aeg-h2 grape-gr[+1 #aei2 ! mi/ake ( neglect+ v9es1 #aei2 exp]im5t recomm5d$1 #aei2 necess>y precautions1 #afj2 ! c\rse recomm5d$ to a f>m] :o proposes to gr[ pe>s1 pea*es1 & qu9ces1 #afj-a1 #afh1 #bbh1 #bcb1 #bei2 ! descriptions ( fruit gr[n by small f>m]s1 #bid2 fruit culture w\ld decl9e %\ld small f>ms be g5]ally absorb$ into l>g]1 #bid2 treatm5t ( fruit-trees 9 w9t]1 #cjg4 ,,gamma ,,grass1 #bfa4 ,,g>da1 ,lake1 #ge4 ,,g5esee1 ,valley ( !1 #afc1 #afe1 #bib4 ,,geology1 #cj1 #aij1 #bca4 ,,g]many1 #bhi4 ,,gra91 #bb1 #ce1 #dj1 #ajg1 #aaj1 #aah1 #abe1 #abf1 #acb1 #aeg1 #afg1 #ahf1 #bjf1 #bbh1 #bce1 #bci1 #bfd1 #bff1 #bia1 #bic1 #bid1 #bif4 ,see also ,,corn4 ,,grapes1 #af1 #ei1 #adj1 #bbf1 #bid4 ,see also ,,fruits4 ,,great ,,bas91 !1 #ach1 #bgh1 #cag4 ,,great ,,brita91 #agi1 #bch4 ,,grass1 #bb1 #dj1 #dc1 #fg1 #fh1 #ie1 #ajg1 #aaj1 #aba1 #aeb-c1 #aia1 #bcb1 #bch1 #bci1 #bfd4 ,see also ,,pa/ur+ ,,& ,,hay4 ,,greeley1 ,horace--,arrival 9 ,new ,york1 #ac-d2 own exp]i5ce ( ! difficulties ( secur+ a good />t 9 life1 #ad2 rem>k ( 8 fa!r to1 on migration t[>d ! ,we/1 #bc2 own evid5ce ( ! value ( exp]i5ce1 #cj2 is desc5d$ f sev]al g5]ations ( tree-cutt]s1 #dd2 engag$ = ?ree ye>s 9 l& cle>+1 #dd2 ref]5ce to ,amh]/1 ,n4 ,h41 8 bir?place1 #eb2 description ( 8 f>m1 #fb2 dra9age !re(4 #fc-h2 obs]vations 9 ,italy1 #gd-f2 exp]im5ts 9 irrigation1 #gf-g2 obs]vations 9 ,virg9ia1 #hj2 exp]i5ce ( ! pl[+ ( 8 plat 9 ,new ,york city1 #hg-h2 tries deep pl[+1 #hh2 pl[+ ( ! hill-sides on 8 f>m1 #id2 b5efits !re(1 #id2 judges t ! gravelly hill-sides ( 8 f>m w\ld repay apply+ #bjj tons p] acre ( pure clay1 #ajh2 exp]i5ce ( guano1 #aba2 rais+ locu/ f se$1 #acd2 hay product ( 8 f>m1 #aea2 helps 9 hay-mak+ f swamps1 #aeb2 ho$ corn 9 8 boyhood1 #afb2 obs]vations on ! corn-fields ( ! ,mississippi valley1 #afc2 obs]vations at ,*icago tw5ty-?ree ye>s ago1 #afd2 f9ds potatoes less prolific on 8 f>m ?an 9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 #agc2 speaks z a j\rnali/'s & f>m]'s call+1 #ahg2 obs]vations 9 ,w>r5 c\nty1 ,n4 ,y41 #aia2 ! /one wall on 8 f>m1 #bah2 exp]i5ce ( agricultural exhibitions1 #bbe2 ! pl[+ on 8 f>m1 #bha2 m5tions ! sale ( 8 apples z an illu/ration ( ! imp]fect means ( ex*ang+ f>m products1 #bih4 ,,greeley1 ! city (1 #bfb4 ,,guano1 #aaf1 #abj1 #aba1 #aib1 #cah4 ,,gulf ,,/ream1 #agh4 ,,gypsum1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb1 #agd1 #bcc1 #cag1 #cah4 ,see also ,,f]tiliz]s1 ,,comm]cial4 ,,h>lem ,,railroad1 #fb4 ,,hawk1 !1 #acb4 ,,hay1 #bj1 #fh1 #gh1 #ie1 #aai1 #abb1 #adg4 ,,hay ,,& ,,hay-,,mak+1 *ap4 xxvi1 #aej2 importance ( ! grass crop1 #aej2 ! portion made into hay1 #aej2 its quantity1 #aej2 ! product & quality %\ld be bett]1 #aea2 au?or's exp]i5ce1 #aea2 ! managem5t ( grass l&s is a crit]ion ( f>m+1 #aej2 hay-mak+ 9 ,new ,engl& fifty ye>s ago1 #aeb2 too little grass-se$ is n[ us$1 #aeb2 too little discrim9ation us$ 9 s[+ grass se$s1 #aec2 ! v>iety ( good grasses w be increas$1 #aec2 grass is cut 9 ! av]age too late1 #aec2 consequ5ces1 #aec-ed2 ! plea t our f>m]s are %ort-h&$ 9 ! summ] h>ve/1 #aed2 treatm5t ( grass :5 cut1 #aed2 ! au?or's anticipation ( h[ hay-mak+ w yet be c>ri$ on1 #aee2 ! ne$ = improvem5t 9 hay-mak+ insi/$ on1 #aee2 explanation !re(1 #aee4 ,also #afg1 #ahi1 #aia1 #baa1 #bce1 #bhh1 #bia1 #cjf4 ,see also ,,grass4 ,,hay-,,mak+1 ,see ,,hay4 ,,hemlock1 #ai1 #eh1 #fj1 #ff1 #bbc1 #bhg1 #cad4 ,,hickory1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee1 #ei1 #ace1 #acf1 #bae1 #bia1 #cad4 ,,highways1 #bdi4 ,,hoes1 #bcg4 ,,hogs1 #adc4 ,,holl&1 #bch4 ,,home/ead ,,law1 #bdi4 ,,hops1 #afd4 ,,horses1 #acb2 c>rots z food =1 #ahb4 ,,hudson1 !1 #af2 a fruit f>m] on !1 #af2 ! valley ( !1 #afe2 banks ( ! upp]1 #aia2 ! valley ( ! upp]1 #aij1 #aia1 #cag4 ,,humboldt1 ! riv]1 #ha4 ,,humboldt1 !1 or ,canada ,creek1 #ge4 ,,hung>y1 #afd4 ,,ill9ois1 ,/ate (1 #cg2 ,nor!rn1 #afc1 #afd2 prairies (1 #afd1 #bdf1 #bfd1 #bhi4 ,,indiana1 #cg1 #afc4 ,,insects--,,insects--,,birds1 *ap4 xxii1 #abi2 ! s]i\s loss to f>m]s f insects1 #abi2 birds our be/ allies1 #abi2 :at good !y c d1 #acj2 ravages ( insects n entirely due to ! sc>city ( birds1 #acj2 deg5]acy ( our plants l>gely causes _! ravages1 #acj2 ,gov4 ,pack] ( ,p5nsylvania's obs]vations !reon1 #acj-ca2 ! case ( :eat & o!r plants1 #aca2 a w> aga9/ insects mu/ cont9ue = a g5]ation1 #aca2 ! de/ruction ( birds1 #acb2 ! measures to be adopt$ aga9/ insects1 #acb2 birds %\ld be pres]v$1 #acb2 associations %\ld be =m$ to d s1 #acb2 artificial po/s1 #acc2 legal measures propos$1 #acc2 _! ravages 9 ,newca/le t[n%ip1 ,we/*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 #adg-h2 cat]pill>s1 #adh2 num]\s f neglect1 #adh2 duties ( f>m]s & fruit gr[]s1 #adi4 ,,intellect 79 ,agriculture7--,,intellect ,,9 ,,agriculture1 *ap4 xxxiii1 #aie2 ye>s ( rugg$ manual labor ess5tial to success 9 hew+ a f>m out ( ! =e/1 #aie2 value ( education to ! f>m]1 #aif2 our av]age common s*ools defective 9 n tea*+ geology & *emi/ry1 #aif2 ! lead+ pr9ciples & facts ( ^! sci5ces ought to con/itute ! read] ( ! highe/ class 9 ! common s*ools1 #aif2 c\nsel to ! "y f>m] on agricultural books1 #aig2 _! value demon/rat$1 #aih2 a two-hundr$ acre f>m w be f\nd to give ample scope1 #aii2 in/ructions reg>d+ p>ticul> books1 #aii2 m5 ( ! /ronge/ m9ds & be/ abilities w be attract$ to f>m+ s fa/ & s f> z x becomes intellectual1 #aii4 ,,int]e/1 relatively high 9 ?is c\ntry1 #bjb4 ,,i[a1 #bg1 #afc1 #afd1 #afh4 ,,irel&1 #agj1 #age1 #bhi4 ,,irrigation-- ,,irrigation--,,means ,,& ,,ends1 *ap4 xii4 #gd2 ne$ ( wat] = crops n (t5 kept 9 view1 #gd2 ! au?ors obs]vations 9 ,lomb>dy 7,italy71 #gd-e2 ! ,atlantic ,slope & ,irrigation1 #gf2 au?or's exp]i5ce 9 irrigation1 #gf-g2 results1 #gf2 irrigation ( ,new ,engl& f>ms1 #gh2 advantages t w\ld result !refrom1 #gh4 ,,possibilities ,,( ,,irrigation1 *ap4 xiii1 #gi2 natural facilities = irrigation g5]al1 #gi2 artesian wells on ! prairies1 #gi2 wells 9 ,cali=nia1 #hj2 wat] z a f]tiliz]1 #hj2 crops 9 ,virg9ia suff]+ f want ( irrigation1 #hj-a2 c\nsel to f>m]s on irrigation1 #ha-b2 great pr(its to be realiz$ by irrigation1 #hb-c2 ne$ ( irrigation 9 ! ,ea/]n & ,middle ,/ates consid]$1 #hc2 ! prairie ,/ates aft] #aijj1 #hc2 common objections to irrigation1 #hd2 x mu/ become g5]al1 #bdg2 wells w be sunk = ! purpose1 #bdg2 a /eam locomotive = ! purpose ref]r$ to1 #bdg2 irrigation w become g5]al1 #bdg2 ,,we/]n ,,irrigation1 *ap4 xliv1 #bfj2 irrigation is practicable ev]y:]e1 #bfj2 ! portion ( our c\ntry :i* _c be cultivat$ )\t irrigation1 #bfj2 its ext5t1 #bfj2 its climate1 #bfj2 x is spok5 ( z des]t1 #bfa2 ! readie/ means ( irrigat+ ! pla9s1 #bfa2 _! ext5t1 #bfa2 ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,platte riv]s1 #bfa2 ,union ,colony1 #bfb2 its location1 #bfb2 location ( ,greeley1 #bfb2 ! fir/ irrigat+ canal ( ,union ,colony1 #bfb2 bran*es & dit*es !refrom1 #bfb-c2 h[ ! wat] is deflect$ to x1 #bfc2 ! l>g] & long] canal1 #bfc2 d\bts at fir/ ent]ta9$ respect+ ! capacities ( ! soil1 #bfd2 prov$ baseless1 #bfd2 products ( ! soil1 #bfd2 ! co/ ( irrigation is n 9 excess ( cultivat+ )\t x1 #bfd2 demon/ration !re(1 #bfe2 x w\ld pay to exp5d #aj p] acre = irrigat+ ,new ,engl& grass l&s1 #bff2 ,,m ,,( ,,irrigation1 *ap4 xlvi1 #bgd2 irrigation ( places bord]$ by /reams ref]r$ to1 #bgd2 ! facilities ! ,platte (f]s = irrigation1 #bgd-e2 results t may be atta9$1 #bge2 ! ,pla9s1 #bge2 ob/acles to _! cultivation1 #bge-f2 ! *ange t w be yet effect$1 #bgf2 h[ ! pla9s w be irrigat$1 #bgf-g2 artesian wells1 #bgg-h2 ! co-op]ation ( railroad companies anticipat$1 #bgh2 ra9 increases z settlem5ts are multipli$1 #bgh2 ! p]man5t "* ( ! ,pla9s1 #bgi2 tracts ne$+ irrigation 9 ! ,ea/1 #bgi2 summ+ up ( ! au?or's views on1 #cae-f-g4 ,,iron1 #bdb4 ,,italy 7,nor!rn71 #aga4 ,,kansas1 #be1 #bf1 #afg1 #bdi1 #bfa1 #bfd1 #bhi4 ,,kansas ,,pacific1 ! railroad1 #bfb4 ,,k5nebec1 ! valley ( !1 #afe2 ! riv]1 #bgi4 ,,k5tucky1 #ej4 ,,kit ,,c>son1 !1 #bgg4 ,,labor]s1 ,f>m--,de>? ( employm5t =1 9 w9t]1 a great & gr[+ evil1 #cjc4 ,,lakes1 ! ,nor!rn1 #afe4 ,,lanca/] ,,c\nty1 ,p5n41 #aaj4 ,,lanca%ire 7,engl&71 #gf4 ,,l&4 ,see ,,f>m+4 ,,l&s1 public1 #df4 ,,l>d1 #afd4 ,,liebig',s agricultural *emi/ry1 #aii4 ,,lime1 #ajd2 z a f]tiliz]1 see ,,f]tiliz]s1 ,,comm]cial2 also1 #ajd1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #abj2 oy/] %ell1 #aba1 #abb1 #abh2 use 9 prep>+ = an or*>d1 #adb1 #adc1 #adg1 #afg1 #agd1 #aib1 #baa1 #bcb-c1 #bce1 #cjf1 #cag1 #cah4 ,,locu/1 !1 tree1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee1 #fj1 #acd1 #bae1 #bbc1 #cad4 ,,lomb>dy1 #gd1 #ge1 #gf4 ,,london1 #bfi4 ,,londond]ry 7,irel&71 #aga2 ,new ,hamp%ire1 #aga4 ,,long ,,isl&1 ,n4 ,y41 #aff1 #bea1 #cae2 ,s\nd1 #agb4 ,,long',s ,,peak1 #bfb4 ,,lor+1 ,dr4 ,george ,b4 7( ,mass471 #aic4 ,,lumb]+--,h[ rocks 9 creeks are remov$ by a lumb]man1 #bag4 ,,ma*9es1 agricultural1 #bbe4 ,,maggiore1 ,lake1 #ge4 ,,magnesia1 #bce4 ,,maid/one 7,engl&71 #hi4 ,,ma9e1 #abe1 #aga1 #bcb4 ,,manganese1 #aaa4 ,,mangolds1 #bga4 ,,manufactures1 #afd1 #bdc4 ,,manure1 #ie4 ,,maple1 #bhg4 ,,mapes1 ,pr(essor1 #af1 #he1 #aad1 #abh4 ,,m>l1 #aji1 #abj1 #abb1 #adb1 #afg4 ,see also ,,f]tiliz]s1 ,,comm]cial4 ,,m>t9eau1 ,miss41 #ahg4 ,,m>yl&1 #aff1 #bea2 ,ea/]n1 #cae4 ,,massa*usetts1 #aga1 #aic4 ,mc,c,o,r,m,i,c,k1 ,c41 #hf4 ,,meats1 #aej1 #afd1 #afg1 #bjj1 #bja2 meat w be ultimately convey$ 9 refrig]at+ c>s1 #bbj1 #bff4 ,,me*anics1 #bdc4 ,,melon1 #bbf4 ,,mexico1 #agb4 ,,mi*igan1 ,/ate (1 #afc2 ,lake1 #aef4 ,,middle ,,/ates1 #aci4 ,,milk1 #aae1 #afg1 #aga4 ,,mills1 #bdi1 #bej4 ,,m9nehaha1 !1 #bhe4 ,,m9nesota1 #be1 #bf1 #cf1 #cg1 #afc1 #afd1 #afh1 #bjf1 #bdi1 #bhi4 ,,miss\ri1 valley ( !1 #bj2 ,/ate (1 #afh2 ! riv]1 #bfj1 #bfa1 #bgi4 ,,mississippi1 valley ( ! upp]1 #bj1 #ch2 valley ( !1 #de1 #fi1 #afc2 ! riv]1 #afc4 ,,mole ,,pl[1 !1 #gb4 ,,monm\?1 ,n4 ,j41 #aff4 ,,mormons1 tree plant+ by1 #df4 ,,mortgage1 buy+ l& on1 #ca4 ,,middle ,,/ates1 pa/ur+ 91 #ai1 #be1 #fi1 #adb1 #agi1 #bjd1 #bae4 ,,muck1 #ie1 #aji1 #aaf1 #abj2 use 9 prep>+ = an or*>d1 #adb4 ,,muck--,,h[ ,,to ,,utilize ,,x1 *ap4 xxi1 #abd2 *emi/s w yet be able to det]m9e ! value ( all k9ds1 #abd2 use ( muck pr(itable1 #abd2 ! au?or's trial ( x1 #abd2 h[ swamp muck =ms1 #abd-e2 its va/ ext5t1 #abe2 little b5efit d]iv$ f apply+ x directly1 #abe2 ! true c\rse to adopt to secure good returns1 #abf-g2 practical evid5ce ( its value1 #abg2 ! c\rse to be adopt$ by f>m]s hav+ few animals1 #abg-h2 mix+ salt ) lime1 #abh1 #adg1 #afg2 div]sity ( op9ion ab\t1 #bcc2 z an illu/ration ( ! ne$ = m sci5tific k1 #bcc-d2 z an illu/ration ( w9t] "w1 #cjd2 x is abundant & accessible1 #cjd2 pro( !re(1 #cje-f2 value ( muck1 #cje2 :]e to procure1 #cah4 ,,mutton4 ,see ,,%eep2 also1 #bjj1 #bbj4 ,,napoleon ,i1 #cc1 #bib4 ,,nevada1 #df1 #gf1 #hc1 #bfj4 ,,newburg1 ,n4 ,y41 a fruit f>m above1 on ! ,hudson1 #af4 ,,newca/le 7t[n%ip71 ,we/*e/] ,co41 ,n4 ,y41 #fb1 #adg4 ,,new ,,engl&1 #be1 #cd1 #cf1 #ci1 #de1 #ej1 #fi1 #gh1 #gi1 #aci1 #aeb1 #afc1 #afd1 #afe1 #aga1 #aij1 #bjf1 #bad1 #bff1 #bgi1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #bhi1 #bij1 #bia1 #cjc4 ,,new ,,hamp%ire1 #hg1 #adj1 #agb1 #bcg4 ,,new ,,j]sey1 #di1 #he1 #aji1 #afe2 ,s\!rn1 #aff1 #afg1 #afh1 #afi1 #aij1 #bea1 #cje1 #cae4 ,,new ,,riv]1 ,va41 #hf4 ,,new ,,york 7city71 #ac1 #fj1 #hg1 #abi1 #bfi4 ,,new ,,york ,,/ate1 #cg1 #di2 *eese dairym5 (1 #cf1 #dg1 #fb1 #fh1 #gi1 #ajb1 #aca1 #adj1 #afd2 ,we/]n1 #afc2 ,ea/]n1 #afd1 #afe1 #aij1 #bhf1 #bij4 ,,niag>a1 ! falls (1 #bhe4 ,,n9eveh1 #bff4 ,,nitrates4 ,see ,,f]tiliz]s4 ,,nitrate ,,( ,,soda1 #abb4 ,,nor!rn ,,/ates1 #dh1 #aci1 #adj1 #aib1 #big4 ,,oats1 #fg1 #ib1 #id1 #aac1 #aah1 #aba1 #adc1 #ahi1 #aia1 #baj1 #bch1 #bde1 #bfd1 #bfe4 ,,ohio1 ,/ate (1 #cg1 #afc1 #bbj2 valley ( ! riv]1 #ch2 ! riv]1 #ec1 #aei4 ,,old ,,/ates1 !1 #gc1 #bdi1 #cjf4 ,,onions1 #aia4 ,,ont>io1 ,lake1 #aef4 ,,pacific ,,/ates1 #agh4 ,,pacific1 ! coa/1 #aef2 valley1 a broad1 #aja4 ,,pack]1 ,gov4 ,william ,f41 ( ,p5n41 #acj4 ,,p>is1 #ajc4 ,,pa/ures--,pa/ur+ w soon disappe> 9 ! ,ea/]n & ,middle ,/ates1 #ai2 its p]nici\s effects1 #ai2 soil+ is pref]able to pa/ur+1 #bj2 a pa/ure %\ld be ! fir/ field select$ on a new f>m1 #dj2 :]e x %\ld be plac$1 #da2 misconceptions respect+ indiscrim9ate pa/ur+1 #da2 treatm5t ( a pa/ure1 #db-c2 %\ld h a %$1 #dc2 appe>ance ( pa/ures :]e !re is bad f>m+1 #aeb2 summ+ up ( ! au?or's views on pa/ur+1 #cac-d4 ,see also ,,hay4 ,,pea*-,,trees4 ,see ,,fruits1 also #abi1 #adj1 #afa4 ,,pe>s4 ,see ,,fruits1 also #abi1 #aci1 #aef1 #bjd4 ,,peas1 #hi1 #ij1 #bga1 #bif4 ,,p5nsylvania1 #bc2 ,ea/]n1 #afe1 #agb1 #bhh4 ,,pemigewasset1 ! riv]1 #ge4 ,,philadelphia1 #aef1 #aei4 ,,phosphates4 ,see ,,comm]cial ,,f]tiliz]s1 also #aai1 #aba1 #abb1 #aib4 ,,phosphorus1 #aah1 #aai1 #bce4 ,,pipp9s1 #ec4 ,,pit*-,,p9e1 #cad4 ,,pilgrims1 ! desc5dants ( !1 #bhi4 ,,p9e1 #eh1 #bbc4 ,,p9e ,,b>r5s1 #aff4 ,,plague1 !1 #bfh4 ,,pla9s1 !1 #df1 #aja1 #bfa2 irrigation (1 #bge-i1 #caf4 ,,pla/] 7,gypsum74 ,see ,,comm]cial ,,f]tiliz]s1 also #hj1 #agc1 #baa1 #bcb1 #bcc4 ,,platte1 ! riv]1 #hb1 #bfj1 #bfa1 #bfb2 valley ( !1 #bgd4 ,,pl[s1 /eel1 #hg4 ,,pl[+3 ,,pl[+1 ,,deep ,,or ,,%all[1 *ap4 xiv1 #hg2 ! ,deep ,pl[+ ( all l&s1 n advocat$1 #he2 reasons !re=1 #he2 in/ances :]e ,deep ,pl[+ 0 unadvisable1 #he-f2 ! primitive pl[1 #hf2 pl[+ 9 ,new ,hamp%ire 9 ! au?or's boyhood1 #hg2 w ,deep ,pl[+ pay8 #hg2 au?or's exp]i5ce ( ! pl[+ ( a plat 9 ,new ,york city1 #hg-h2 pl[s deeply ) pr(it1 #hh-i2 an ,engli% f>m]'s trial ( ,deep ,pl[+1 #hi-ij2 ! imp]ative reasons = ,deep ,pl[+1 #ij4 ,,pl[+--,,good ,,& ,,bad1 *ap4 xv1 #ia2 misconceptions reg>d+ ,deep ,pl[+1 #ia2 ! "r conditions = ,deep ,pl[+1 #ia2 case ( a f>m] ( ! old s*ool cit$1 #ia-b2 h[ ,deep ,pl[+ w prove pr(itable to him1 #ib-c2 h[ he %\ld proce$1 #ib-c2 subsoil+ hill-sides1 #id2 au?or's own exp]i5ce1 #id2 ! revolution t /eam-pl[+ w cause1 #ie2 pl[+ ( ,grass l& consid]$1 #ie2 treatm5t ( ,grass l& t has be5 pl[$1 #ie2 pl[+ ( a poor man's rugg$ /]ile f>m1 #ig-i2 ,fall-pl[+1 #ii-ajj2 f5ces imp$e pl[+1 #ajj2 favor$ lot ( ! squatt] on ! prairie 9 reg>d to pl[+1 #aja2 ! pl[s ( sixty ye>s ago1 #bcg2 ! pl[s us$ 9 ! great] "p ( ,europe1 #bch2 improvem5t 9 pl[+ inevitable1 #bda2 ! improv$ sy/em w\ld be adopt$ 9 ! ,we/1 #bda2 /eam pl[s & _! inv5tors1 #bdc2 at "w 9 ,great ,brita91 #bdc-d2 ! locomotive t is ne$$ = /eam-pl[+1 #bdd2 losses f want ( su*1 #bdd-e2 necessity = great] rapidity 9 pl[+ demon/rat$1 #bdf2 advice ( a ,g]man obs]v] on pl[+ = ,corn1 #bdf-g2 au?or's exp]i5ce ( ! co/ & delay ( pl[+1 #bha-b2 n half s mu* or s ?or\gh pl[+ done z !re %\ld be1 #bhb2 ! imp]fect means ( pl[+1 #bhb2 /eam-pl[+ 9 ,engl&1 #bhc-d-e2 application ( ! facts to ?is c\ntry1 #bhd4 ,see also ,,/eam4 ,,plum-,,trees4 ,see ,,fruits1 also #abi1 #aci1 #bid4 ,,po1 ! riv]1 #gd-e4 ,,pork1 #cg1 #ii1 #adc1 #ahf1 #aia1 #bbj1 #bch1 #bia4 ,,pota%4 ,see ,,f]tiliz]s1 ,,comm]cial1 also #aji4 ,,potatoes1 #hh1 #ii4 ,,escul5t ,,roots--,,potatoes1 *ap4 xxix1 #agj2 _! productiv5ess1 #agj2 cultivat$ univ]sally 9 ,europe1 #agj2 !y alone =m "p ( ! e-day food ( pr9ce & peasant1 #agj2 ! poor ( ,new ,engl& dep5d$ on !m :5 ! gra9 crop 0 cut %ort1 #aga2 =m$ "p ( ! regul> supp] 9 f>m]s' homes1 #aga2 ! hi/ory ( ! ,potato1 #aga2 x is ess5tially a m\nta9\s plant1 #agb2 x may h gr[n wild on ! sides ( ! great *a9 trav]s+ ,spani% ,am]ica1 #agb2 ev]y?+ !re cong5ial to x1 #agb2 results atta9$ by ! au?or 9 gr[+ potatoes1 #agb2 conditions :i* insure a good crop1 #agb-c2 swamp muck treat$ z describ$1 makes an excell5t f]tiliz] =1 #agc2 h[ to act :]e su* is n to be _h1 #agc-d2 in/ructions to a f>m] hav+ a poor1 worn-out field ( s&y loam1 #agd2 objections !reto consid]$1 #agd-e2 ! potato blights1 #age-f2 ! k9d ( se$ to plant1 #agf2 drills are pref]able1 9 ! au?or's judgm5t1 #agf-g2 prep>ation ( ! soil1 #agg2 v>ieties consid]$1 #agg2 gr[+ f tub]s t5ds to deg5]acy1 #agg2 ! orig9ator ( a valuable new potato entitl$ to a recomp5se1 #agg2 also1 #ahi1 #bfd1 #bif4 ,,potomac riv]1 !1 #ec1 #gc1 #adj1 #aei2 valley ( !1 #cag4 ,,portugal1 #bcg4 ,,p[]--,,undevelop$ ,,s\rces ,,( ,,p[]1 *ap4 xlvii1 #bhj2 ! f>m]'s s\rces & comm& ( p[] less ?an ! manufactur]'s1 #bhj2 bo? h ! same opportunities1 #bhj2 au?or's exp]i5ce ( ! delay & co/ ( pl[+1 #bha-b2 fur!r illu/rations ( ! imp]fect means ( pl[+1 #bhb2 /eam pl[+ 9 ,engl&1 #bhb-c-d2 /eam n comm5d$ z a s\rce ( p[] to ! f>m]1 #bhd2 reasons !re=1 #bhd2 w9d z a s\rce ( p[]1 #bhd-e2 ! fur!r anticipat$ s\rces1 #bhe2 ! triumphs ( ! future1 #bhe4 ,,prairie1 #bd2 prairies1 !1 ( ! ,we/1 #bac2 !1 #bfa4 ,,prairie ,,/ates1 #df1 #hc4 ,,prun+1 #adf4 ,,public ,,l&s1 #bd1 #df4 ,,pursley1 #abe4 ,,qu9ces4 ,see ,,fruits4 ,,rag-,,we$1 #abe4 ,,railroads1 _! influ5ce on ! progress ( ! ,we/1 #bf1 #aje2 sugge/ions to h "o act z factor ( f>m products1 #cja-b4 ,,raleigh1 ,sir ,walt]1 #aga4 ,,ran*+1 #bib4 ,,raspb]ries1 #ij4 ,,reap]s1 ,am]ican1 #bde4 ,,r$ ,,c$>1 #eh1 #aeg1 #bbc4 ,,r$ ,,oak1 #ai1 #ec1 #fj4 ,,republican1 valleys ( !1 #bgd4 ,,roads1 #bej4 ,,rob9son1 ,,solon1 on f5c+1 #bai4 ,,rock4 ,see ,,/one4 ,,rocky ,,m\nta9s1 #bjf1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bgd4 ,,rom=d1 ,engl&1 #bfi-gj4 ,,roots1 culture (1 #ce1 #dc2 all seek heat & moi/ure1 #ih1 #abf1 #afh1 #bjf1 #bbh1 #bdb1 #bfe2 ,,f]tiliz]s1 ,,comm]cial2 also #aji1 #aad1 #abb1 #abg1 #abh1 #adc1 #adg1 #agd4 ,,salt ,,lake1 #df4 ,,salt ,,lake ,,city1 #aab4 ,,savoys1 #bga4 ,,s*ools1 #bdi1 #bej4 ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,agriculture1 #cb2 ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,agriculture1 *ap4 xxxix1 #bca2 au?or disclaims be+ a sci5tific f>m]1 #bca2 m5 h rais$ good crops1 :o knew no?+ ( sci5ce1 #bca2 sci5ce is ! true base ( effici5t cultivation1 #bca2 ! elem5ts ( e plant1 #bca2 necessity = sci5tific k1 #bcb2 au?or's p]sonal exp]i5ce1 #bcb2 ! ass]tion ( a ,ma9e essayi/1 z an illu/ration ( ! ne$ ( sci5tific in=mation1 #bcc2 ! div]sity ( op9ion z to ! value ( swamp muck z a fur!r illu/ration1 #bcc-d2 analysis ( soils consid]$1 #bcd2 ! necessity = "s /&>d to g by 9 manur+ l&1 #bcd2 illu/ration !re(1 #bcd-e2 sci5ce expla9s ! impov]i%m5t ( soils1 #bce2 au?or's te/imony on ! value ( sci5ce1 f p]sonal exp]i5ce1 #bcf2 a compet5ce is res]v$ = "y m5 fully conv]sant ) agriculture1 #bcf4 ,,scot*-,,iri%1 !1 #aga4 ,,scotl&1 #agh1 #bfi4 ,,scrub ,,oak1 #cad4 ,,scy!s1 #bci4 ,,seasons1 ,dry4 ,see ,,dr\?4 ,,sewage--,,sewage1 *ap4 xlv1 #bff2 causes :i* doom$ anci5t empires to decay1 #bff2 illu/rations !re(1 #bff-g2 ! soil mu/ receive back ! elem5ts tak5 f x1 #bfg2 ob/acles !reto1 #bfg2 location ( anci5t & mod]n cities1 #bfg2 imp]ative necessity = cleans+ treat cities1 #bfg-h2 mean+ giv5 to sewage 9 ,engl&1 #bfh2 conditions necess>y = its equable diffusion ov] ! soil1 #bfh2 application ( sewage1 #bfh2 difficulties ( utiliz+ x1 #bfh-i2 ! progress made1 #bfi2 ! measures tak5 to utilize sewage at ,rom=d1 ,engl&1 #bfi2 f>m :]eon x 0 us$1 & ! results atta9$1 #bfi-gj-a-b-c2 conclusion !refrom1 #bgc-d4 ,,%eep--,,%eep ,,& ,,wool ,,gr[+1 *ap4 xxxiv1 #bjj2 production ( wool 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates insuffici5t1 #bjj2 !y might pr(itably gr[ z mu* z !y consume1 #bja2 reasons !re=e1 #bja2 ! increas$ price ( mutton w make up = ! r$uction on wool1 #bja2 %eep-gr[+ 9 ,engl& z an illu/ration1 #bja2 %eep soon make a return = ! outlay on !m1 #bjb2 !y successfully cont5d ) bu%es & bri>s1 #bjc2 m mutton %\ld be consum$1 #bjb-c2 all f>m]s are n c\nsel$ to gr[ %eep1 #bjc2 depr$ations ( dogs1 #bjc-d2 precautions aga9/ !m1 #bjd2 ! *ange 9 ! relative values ( mutton & wool1 #bjd2 ! relative prices & product ! f>m] mu/ expect 9 ! future1 #bje2 gr[+ %eep = mutton ne> ,new ,york1 #bje2 pr(it !re(1 #bje2 %eep-gr[+ is no exp]im5t1 #bje2 enc\ragem5t !reto1 #bje-f2 %eep gr[+ 9 ,colorado & o!r ,t]ritories1 & its future1 #bjf4 ,,sicily1 #bfg4 ,,sickle1 #bci4 ,,silica1 #bce4 ,,smi?1 ,,william 7,wool/on1 ,eng471 #bhc4 ,,society1 ,agricultural1 an1 #bbh4 ,see ,,f>m]s' ,,clubs4 ,,soda1 #bce4 ,,soils1 analysis (1 #bcd4 ,,sorghum1 /alks (1 #dc4 ,,sorrel1 #abe1 #bcb4 ,,s\?1 #be2 invit+ immigration1 #bf2 ! inducem5ts %e (f]s1 #bf-g-h1 #agh1 #caa4 ,,s\? ,,am]ica1 #bjj1 #bjf4 ,,spa91 #hf1 #bcg4 ,,spani% ,,am]ica1 #agb4 ,,spr+1 #fg1 #gj1 #gc1 #ge1 #gf1 #gh1 #ha1 #hg1 #hh1 #ii1 #aaa1 #abf1 #abg1 #acd1 #ace1 #acf1 #acg1 #adj1 #ada1 #aej1 #afh1 #aga1 #agc1 #agd1 #aic1 #aid1 #bjb1 #beh1 #cjc1 #cai4 ,,spruce1 #bbc4 ,,squa%1 #bbf1 #bfd4 ,,/>k ,,c\nty1 ,ohio1 #aaj4 ,,/eam ,,9 ,,agriculture1 cultivation by1 #cg2 application ( /eam to pl[+1 #ie4 ,,/eam ,,9 ,,agriculture1 *ap4 xli1 #bda2 f>m]s h be5 sl[ 9 utiliz+ ! natural =ces ar\nd !m1 #bda2 evid5ce !re(1 #bdb2 /eam z a s\rce ( p[] is h>dly a c5tury old1 #bdb2 ! revolution x has effect$1 #bdb2 x w effect /ill great]1 #bdc2 /eam has contribut$ v little to prep>+ ! soil1 #bdc2 disappo9tm5ts ( inv5tors ( /eam pl[s1 #bdc2 /eam pl[+ 9 ,l\isiana1 #bdc2 /eam pl[s 9 ,great ,brita91 #bdc-d2 ! locomotive t is ne$$ = /eam pl[+1 #bdd2 ! sav+ x w\ld effect1 #bdd-e2 ,am]ican reap]s 9 ,engl&1 _! value appreciat$1 #bde2 ne$ = a ma*9e to pl[ rapidly demon/rat$1 #bdf2 recomm5dation ( a ,g]man obs]v] reg>d+ pl[+1 #bdf2 irrigation w become g5]al1 #bdg2 ! locomotive ref]r$ to above c\ld be us$ = s9k+ wells1 #bdg2 /eam pl[+ 9 ,engl&1 #bhc-d-e4 ,,/eam ,,pl[s4 ,see ,,/eam4 ,,/eel1 #bdb4 ,,/eub5 ,,c\nty1 ,n4 ,y41 #aje4 ,,/one--,,/one ,,on ,a ,,f>m1 *ap4 xxxvi1 #bac2 =mation ( ! e>?1 #bab2 diffusion ( /ones ov] ! surface1 #bac2 ^! are sometimes a facility1 b (t5] an imp$im5t to effici5t agriculture1 #bac2 no rock on ! surface ( ! great prairies ( ! ,we/1 & a portion ( ! valleys & pla9s ( ! ,atlantic slope1 #bac2 advantages & disadvantages !re( to ! pione]1 #bad2 less use = /one n[ ?an =m]ly1 #bad2 ! /one on ,ea/]n f>ms to be yet utiliz$1 #bad-e2 v /ony l& %\ld be plant$ ) trees1 #bae2 r\gh1 un%ap5 /ones w be m & m us$ = build+1 #bae-f2 in/ructions = build+ a b>n p>tly ) /one concrete1 #baf2 its advantages1 #baf2 bla/+ out /one consid]$1 #baf-g2 ! mode a lumb]man employs to remove rocks 9 creeks1 #bag2 ! au?or's exp]i5ce reg>d+ ! f5c+ ( 8 f>m1 #bah2 8 /one walls1 #bah4 ,,/ones1 #bdi4 ,,/rawb]ries1 #af1 #ij4 ,,sug>1 production (1 f ! beet1 #ahj2 maple1 #ai1 #cad4 ,,sulphur1 #ajd4 ,,summ]1 #dg1 #ei1 #fd1 #fg1 #gh1 #hc1 #hd1 #hf1 #hh1 #ii1 #ajc1 #abd1 #abf1 #acj1 #aed1 #agc1 #agh1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aia1 #bjb1 #bfj1 #bfd1 #bgi1 #bhh4 ,,sup]-,,phosphate1 #agd4 ,,susquehanna1 !1 #bgi1 #bib2 ! valley ( !1 #cag4 ,,swamp ,,l&3 ab\t #ej1jjj1jjj acres (1 9 ! old ,/ates 7includ+ ,ma9e71 #abe2 ,see ,,dra9+4 ,,sw9e1 #adc4 ,,switz]l&1 #aci2 ,nor!rn1 #aga4 ,,sycamore1 #ei4 ,,tam>ack1 #bbc4 ,,t]ritories1 !1 #bjf1 #bdi4 ,,texas1 #dc1 #bje1 #bjf2 7,we/]n71 #bfj4 ,,textile ,,fabrics1 #bdb4 ,,!bes1 #bff4 ,,?i/les1 #db4 ,,?read1 #bjj4 ,,tillage3 ,,?or\gh ,,tillage1 *ap4 xvi1 #if2 rocky "* ( ! au?or's own fields1 #if2 cle>+ (f /ones pr(itable1 #if2 cultivat+ wet l&s )\t dra9+ unpr(itable1 #ig2 ! c\rse a poor man ) a rugg$1 /]ile f>m %\ld adopt1 #ig2 %\ld reclaim "o field ea* ye>1 #ig2 %\ld pl[ (t51 deeply & ?or\ghly1 #ih-i2 reasons !re=1 #ii2 ,fall pl[+1 #ii2 enri*es ! soil1 #ii-ajj2 f5ces1 #ajj2 ! favor$ lot ( ! squatt] on ! prairie1 #aja4 ,see also1 ,,pl[+--,,dra9+--,,f>m+4 ,,! ,,times 7,london71#bhb ,,timb]4 ,see ,,trees4 ,,timo?y ,,grass1 #ch1 #aec4 ,,tobacco1 #aia4 ,,tomatoes1 #bfd1 #bif4 ,,tribune1 !1 ,new ,york1 #ahh4 ,,turkey1 #hf4 ,,turnips4 ,see ,,roots1 also #agh1 #bfd1 #cjj4 ,,trees3 cle>+ (f timb]1 #cj2 ,new ,engl& mu/ always be well wood$1 #cd1 #cg2 ,,trees--,,woodl&s--,,=e/s1 *ap4 vii2 ! au?or n s5tim5tal reg>d+ ! de/ruction (1 #dd2 utility ! reason & end ( vegetable gr[?1 #dd2 pr(it ! ma9 consid]ation1 #dd2 ! beauty & grace ( trees1 #dd2 ,new ,engl& a favor$ section 9 reg>d to tree-gr[+1 #de2 disadvantage ( prairie l& 9 t respect1 #de2 trees once grew on ! ,pla9s1 #df2 tree-plant+ 9 ,utah1 & its climatic influ5ce1 #df2 failure ( congress to pass a bill enc\rag+ tree plant+1 #df2 mi/ake ( ! ,new ,york dairy f>m]s 9 de/roy+ trees1 #dg2 ,spa91 ,italy1 & portions ( ,france suff]+ f ! de/ruction ( _! =e/s1 #dg2 o!r illu/rations ( improvid5ce1 #dh4 ,,gr[+ ,,timb]--,,tree-,,plant+1 *ap4 viii1 #ej2 proportion ( a f>m t %\ld be devot$ to trees1 #di2 ! "q ( too mu* l& & tree-gr[+1 #ea-b2 its g5]al application1 #eb2 timb] %\ld be cull$ out r ?an cut (f1 #eb2 ! c>e ( apple trees applicable to all trees1 #eb2 "s woodl&s1 ! *eape/ prop]ty 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ec2 ano!r pr(itable field ( labor1 #ed2 plant ?ickly1 #ed2 a common objection answ]$1 #ed2 ! ,f> ,we/ & tree-plant+1 #ee4 ,,plant+ ,,& ,,gr[+ ,,trees1 *ap4 ix1 #ef2 timb] g5]al on mo/ f>ms1 #ef2 sugge/ions = locat+ trees1 #ef2 trees once plant$ co/ no?+ = cultivation1 #ef2 ! soil is ri*] ev5 aft] repeat$ crops ( wood1 #eg2 poor l& improv$ by gr[+ timb] on x1 #eg2 spr+s & /reams w be r5d]$ m equable & endur+ by tree-gr[+1 #eg2 trees %\ld be set on all hill-sides & rav9es1 #eg2 trees accumulate manure1 #eh2 !y c be plac$ s z to modify agreeably ! temp]ature ( a f>m1 #eh2 au?or's exp]i5ce1 #eh2 trees on ! cre/ ( a hill improve ! crops on ! slope1 #ei2 trees may be plac$ ) advantage on banks ( riv]s1 c41 #ei2 a good tree gr[s z ?riftily z a poor "o1 #ei2 evid5ce !re(1 #fj2 div]sity pr(itable1 #fj2 wood-lot %\ld be ?9n$ out1 n cle>$1 #fj2 ! future %\ld be consid]$ :5 cutt+1 #fj2 evid5ce !re(1 #fj2 a plantation furni%es employm5t at all seasons1 #fa2 tree-gr[+ w make spr+s appe>1 & cause ra91 #fa1 #ig4 ,,ab\t ,,tree-,,plant+1 *ap4 xxiii1 #acd2 au?or's exp]i5ce 9 rais+ ,locu/ plants1 #acd2 g5]al c\nsel on ! rais+ ( locu/ & mo/ o!r trees1 #ace2 s[+ se$ & rais+ plants !refrom1 #ace2 ! rais+ ( ,*e/nut1 ,hickory1 ,:ite ,oak1 #ace-f2 h[ a f>m]1 hav+ a rugg$1 /ony hill %\ld act1 #acf2 pr(its :i* c be realiz$1 #acg2 ! utility ( =e/s1 #acg-h2 tree-plant+ z a field = adv5tur\s "y m51 #ach2 h[ !y %\ld proce$1 #ach2 ! great pr(its to be realiz$1 #ach2 dr\?s may be expect$ z ! c\ntry is m & m d5ud$ ( its =e/s1 #ajj2 h[ /ony l& may be advantage\sly us$ = tree-plant+1 #bae2 treatm5t ( =e/s 9 w9t]1 #cjg2 summ+ up ( au?or's views on1 #cad4 ,,tree-,,fruits4 ,see ,,apples ,,& ,,fruits4 ,,tree-,,plant+4 ,see ,,trees4 ,,union ,,colony--,its location1 #bfb2 ! city ( ,greeley its nucleus1 #bfb2 irrigat+ canals ( ,union ,colony1 #bfb-d2 d\bts ( ! f]tility ( ! soil ( its location1 #bfd2 prov$ gr\ndless1 #bfd4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 #bg1 #ec2 ! annual hay crop (1 #aej1 #aea1 #cae4 ,,utah1 #df1 #gf1 #aha4 ,,vegetables1 culture (1 #ce1 #cg1 #ij1 #ajg1 #afh1 #bbh1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bff2 ! gr[+ ( m>ket1 z a s\rce ( pr(it1 #bif4 ,,v5ice1 #gd4 ,,v]mont--,a graz+ f>m 9 ,nor!rn ,v]mont1 #ae1 #be1 #cf1 #dh1 #aaj1 #aei1 #agb4 ,,v9es4 ,see ,,fruit4 ,,virg9ia1 #ej1 #hj1 #hf1 #adj1 #aff1 #aia1 #bcg4 ,,walnut1 #ed1 #fj1 #ace1 #acf4 ,,w>r5 ,,c\nty1 ,n4 ,y41 #aia1 #aib4 ,,w>+1 on dra9age1 #gb2 elem5ts ( agriculture by1 #aii2 on dra9age1 #cae4 ,,wat]1 #bca-b4 ,see also ,,irrigation4 ,,wat] ,,melons1 #cjj ,,web]1 ! riv]1 #ha4 ,,we$s1 9 pa/ures1 #dc4 ,,we/1 !1 a f>m] :o migrat$ to1 #af2 illu/ration ( good f>m+ drawn f1 #bj1 #bc1 #be1 #bf1 #bg1 #cf1 #cg1 #da2 reg>ds tree gr[+1 #de1 #ee1 #adb2 ! gran>y ( ! ,ea/1 #afc1 #afe1 #afh1 #afi1 #agi2 ! ,f>1 #bje2 ! ,great1 #bda1 #bia1 #caa4 ,,we/*e/] ,,c\nty1 ,n4 ,y41 #di1 #eb1 #fb1 #fg1 #aah1 #aai1 #abe4 ,,we/]n ,,irrigation4 ,see ,,irrigation4 ,,:eat1 #ba1 #bb1 #cg1 #ib1 #id1 #aab1 #aac1 #aba1 #aca1 #afb1 #afg1 #afi1 #bch1 #bdb1 #bde1 #bfd1 #bfe4 ,see also ,,corn4 ,,:ite ,,a%1 #bia4 ,,:ite ,,bir*1 #cad4 ,,:ite ,,daisy1 #db4 ,,:ite ,,maple1 #ec4 ,,:ite ,,m\nta9s1 ,n4 ,h41 #agb4 ,,:ite ,,oak1 #ed1 #ee1 #ace1 #bae1 #bia1 #cad4 ,,:ite ,,p9e1 #cj1 #dh1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee1 #bae1 #bhg1 #cad4 ,,:itney1 ,eli1 #hf4 ,,will[1 #ei4 ,,w9dmill1 #bgf-g4 ,,w9ds--,utiliz+ ! ,w9ds = p[]1 #bhd4 ,,w9t]1 #dg1 #ei1 #gc1 #ha1 #hi1 #aac1 #abf1 #ace1 #adj1 #ada1 #aej1 #aed1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aga1 #agh1 #agi1 #aic1 #bjf1 #bji1 #bbb1 #beh1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bhh1 #bih4 ,,w9t]4 ,see ,,"w1 ,,w9t]4 ,,wiscons91 #be1 #aei2 ,ea/]n1 #afc4 ,,wood ,,a%es1 #abj1 #adg1 #agc4 ,,wool1 #afd4 ,see ,,%eep4 ,,wool ,,gr[+4 ,see ,,%eep4 ,,"w1 ,,w9t]--,,w9t] ,,"w1 *ap4 li4 #cjc2 de>? ( w9t] "w a great & gr[+ evil4 #cjc2 consequ5ces !re(1 #cjc2 x is q a mod]n evil1 #cjc-d2 ! h>d-work+ f>m]'s claim to leisure1 #cjd2 he errs 9 suppos+ t !re is no w9t] "w to be done1 #cjd2 ! draw+ & prep>+ ( muck z an illu/ration1 #cjd-e-f2 ! "w to be sub/itut$ :]e muck is n to be _h1 #cjf2 procur+ comm]cial f]tiliz]s1 #cjf2 f5ces1 #cjf2 fruit trees1 #cjf2 =e/s1 #cjg2 g5]al c\nsel1 #cjg4 ,,wyom+1 #bjf4 ,,zone1 temp]ate1 #df2 torrid1 #df4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,horace ,,greeley',s ,,autobiography4 ,,recollections ,,( ,a ,,busy ,,life3 ,includ+ ,,rem9isc5ces ,,( ,,am]ican ,,politics ,,& ,,politicians1 ,f ! ,op5+ ( ! ,miss\ri ,conte/ to ! ,d[nfall ( ,slav]y4 ,by ,,horace ,,greeley4 ,9 "o elegant octavo volume4 ,beautifully pr9t$ & h&somely b\nd4 ,illu/rat$ ) a f9e ,/eel ,portrait ( ,mr4 ,greeley1 also ) ,wood ,engrav+s ( ,! ,cot :]e ,i 0 ,born1 ,my ,fir/ ,s*ool ,h\se1 ,portrait ( ,m>g>et ,fall]1 ,my ,ev]gre5 ,h$ge1 ,my ,h\se 9 ! ,woods1 ,my ,pres5t ,home1 ,my ,b>n4 ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,,our ,,am]ican ,,boys ,,:o1 ,,born ,,9 ,,pov]ty1 ,,cradl$ ,,9 ,,obscurity1 ,,& ,,e>ly ,,call$ ,,f ,,s*ool ,,to ,,rugg$ ,,labor1 ,,are ,,seek+ ,,to ,,conv]t ,,ob/acle ,,into ,,opportunity1 ,,& ,,wre/ ,,a*ievem5t ,,f ,,difficulty1 ,,^! ,,recollections ,,are ,,reg>dfully ,,inscrib$ ,,by ,,_! ,,au?or4 ,mr4 ,greeley himself gives ! be/ indication ( _! nature1 :5 he says3 ,i %all nev] write any?+ else into :i* ,i %all put s mu* ( myself1 my exp]i5ces1 notions1 convictions1 & modes ( ?\ght z ^! ,recollections4 ,i give1 ) small res]ve1 my m5tal ,hi/ory4 ,9 8 ,apology1 ,mr4 ,greeley says3 99 99 99 ,if my fri5ds w accept ! essays :i* conclude ?is volume z a "p ( my m5tal biography1 ,i respectfully pr(f] ?is book z my acc\nt ( all ( myself t is wor? _! consid]ation2 & ,i w *]i% ! hope t "s portion1 at lea/1 ( its cont5ts embody lessons ( p]si/5ce & pati5ce1 :i* w n h be5 set =? 9 va94 ,,prices3--,,extra ,,clo?1 #b4ej4 ,,libr>y ,,/yle 7%eep71 #c4ej4 ,,half ,,morocco1 #d4jj4 ,,half ,,calf1 ,,elegant1 #e4jj4 ,,morocco ,,antique1 #g4jj4 ,s5t by ,mail1 free1 on receipt ( ,price4 ,address ,,! ,,tribune1 ,new ,york4 ,,! ,,tribune ,,almanac1 ,two ,vols4 ( ,important ,/ati/ics = #aj4 7,ab\t #a1hjj pages ( closely pr9t$ matt]74 ,,volume ,i4 ,,conta9s ,,f #ahch ,,to #ahdd1 ,,bo? ,,ye>s ,,inclusive4 ,,volume ,,ii4 ,,conta9s ,,f #ahde ,,to #ahfh1 ,,bo? ,,ye>s ,,inclusive4 ,9 ! ,fall ( #ahcg--ye>s be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( ,,! ,,tribune--! ,octob] elections hav+ develop$ a popul> upris+ aga9/ ! ,,jackson-,,van ,,bur5 dyna/y1 :i* _h = t5 ye>s seem$ inv9cible1 ,i 0 mov$ to issue a ,,political ,,regi/] = #ahch1 int5d$ ma9ly to embody ! election returns ( t ye>1 & comp>e !m ) ^? ( "s prec$+ ye>4 ,! reception ( t little annual 0 su* z to ju/ify its reproduction = ea* succe$+ ye>--t ( #ahdb only except$--until ! issue = #ahfh complet$ a s]ies ( ?irty ,annual ,regi/]s ( ,election ,returns1 ) o!r useful political & /ati/ical matt]4 ,?is annual has be5 kn[n successively z ,! ,politician's ,regi/]1 ,:ig ,almanac1 & ,tribune ,almanac1 "u :i* la/ "n x has be5 issu$ = sev]al ye>s pa/4 ,! /]eotyp$ plates ( ! e>li] issues hav+ be5 consum$ 9 ! fire :i* de/roy$ ! ,tribune ,build+ 9 #ahde1 x has = "s ye>s pa/ be5 impossible to procure full sets ( ! "w at any rate1 & ! imp]fect sets f "t to "t ?r[n ^u ! m>ket h comm&$ fabul\s prices4 ,,horace ,,greeley4 ,! complete sets ( ! ,regi/] & ,almanac are compris$ 9 two neatly-b\nd volumes1 & are n[ ready4 ,price1 = ! two volumes1 #aj4 ,ea* ord] mu/ be accompani$ ) ! ca%4 ,address ,,! ,,tribune1 ,new ,york4 ,,political ,,economy1 ,,by ,,horace ,,greeley4 ,! ,essays on ,protection to ,home ,indu/ry1 publi%$ 9 ,! ,tribune dur+ ! ye> #ahfi1 h be5 republi%$ 9 a h&some volume ( #chd pages4 ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,labor--,production4 ,,ii4 ,comm]ce--,ex*anges4 ,,iii4 ,capital--,skill--,inv5tion--,intellectu al ,prop]ty4 ,,iv4 ,money--,! ,balance ( ,trade4 ,v4 ,pap] ,money--,int]e/--,usury4 ,,vi4 ,slav]y--,hir$ ,labor--,proportion--,co-op]ation4 ,,vii4 ,monopoly--,! ,law ( ,prices--,effect ( ,duties on ,co/4 ,,viii4 ,agriculture z affect$ by ,protection--,views ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,,ix4 ,! ,/ate--,its ,legitimate ,sph]e--,p[]s & ,duties--,free ,trade ,axioms consid]$4 ,x4 ,protection = ,agriculture4 ,,xi4 ,manufactur]s & _! ,ne$s4 ,,xii4 ,! ,labor+ ,class--,its ,rights1 ,int]e/s1 ,duties1 & ,ne$s4 ,,xiii4 ,! ,int]e/ ( ,consum]s--,iron4 ,,xiv4 ,protection ,illu/rat$--,sug>4 ,,xv4 ,! ,h>mony ( ,int]e/s--,! ,sug> ,indu/ry ( ,france invigorat+ o!r ,indu/ries--,beet ,sug> on its ,triumphal ,m>*4 ,,xvi4 ,am]ican ,%ip-,build+1 ,%ipp+1 & ,=eign ,comm]ce4 ,,xvii4 ,cr$it--,its ,uses & ,abuses--,=eign ,indebt$ness--,our ,national ,debt4 ,,xviii4 ,:at has be5 elucidat+ :at %all be4 ,,xix4 ,taxation1 ,direct & ,indirect4 ,,xx4 ,co-op]ation4 ,,xxi4 ,wool & ,wool5s4 ,,xxii4 ,immigration4 ,,xxiii4 ,specific--,ad ,valorem--,m9imum4 ,,xxiv4 ,conclusions4 ,analytical ,app5dix4 ,= sale at ,,! ,,tribune ,,(fice4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,s5t by ,mail1 po/paid1 on receipt ( ,price4 ,address ,,! ,,tribune1 ,new ,york4 ,,ewbank',s ,hydraulics ,me*anics ,a descriptive & hi/orical acc\nt ( ,hydraulic & o!r ,ma*9es = ,rais+ ,wat]4 ,also1 ,obs]vations on ,me*anic ,arts & ! ,/eam ,eng9e4 ,illu/rat$ by ne>ly ,?ree ,hundr$ ,engrav+s1 #af? edition1 ) additional matt]4 ,by ,,?omas ,,ewbank1 late ,commission] ( ,pat5ts4 ,dur+ tw5ty ye>s ?is "w has be5 recogniz$ z a /&>d au?ority1 & ne>ly z _m editions h be5 call$ =1 sev]al ( ! e>li] hav+ be5 issu$ f ! ,tribune ,(fice4 ,by frequ5t additions & *anges x has be5 kept fairly abrea/ ( ! progress ( inv5tion & sci5ce4 ,"o l>ge octavo vol41 b\nd 9 clo?4 ,price #e4 ,s5t by mail en receipt ( price4 ,address ,,! ,,tribune1 ,new ,york1 ,pe> ,culture = ,pr(it4 ,an illu/rat$ "w 7#b;d edition71 by ,p4 ,t4 ,,qu9n1 a ,practical ,horticulturi/1 = _m ye>s a successful gr[] ( ,pe>s = m>ket4 ,! subject is simply & ?or\ghly treat$ "u ! foll[+ heads3 ,v>ieties1 ,aspect1 ,prep>ation ( ! ,soil1 ,di/ance ,ap>t1 ,select+ ,trees1 ,dw>fs & ,/&>ds1 ,"t ( ,plant+1 ,plant+1 ,digg+ trees f ! ,nurs]y-,r[ & ,pack+ ,v>ieties to ,plant1 ,prun+1 ,or*>d ,record4 ,?is ,"w w be f\nd a complete ,practical ,manual = ! ,pe> ,gr[]1 :e!r = pleasure or pr(it4 #a vol41 h&somely b\nd 9 clo?4 ,price #a4 ,s5t free by mail on receipt ( price4 ,,! ,,tribune1 ,new ,york4 ,money 9 ! ,g>d54 ,a ,new ,book by ! au?or ( ,pe> ,culture = ,pr(it4 ,a ,complete ,manual ( ,g>d5+4 ,illu/rat$ ) ne>ly #ajj f9e ,wood ,engrav+s %[+ ! lead+ v>ieties ( ,vegetables1 & ! improv$ labor-sav+ implem5ts us$ 9 _! culture1 entitl$3 ,money 9 ! ,g>d51 a ,vegetable ,manual1 prep>$ ) a view to ,economy & ,pr(it1 by ,p4 ,t4 ,,qu9n1 ,practical ,horticulturi/4 ,price #a4ej4 ,address ,,! ,,tribune1 ,new ,york4 ,,! ,elem5ts ( ,agriculture ,a ,book = ,"y ,f>m]s1 by ,,geo4 ,e4 ,,w>+1 ,jr41 =m]ly ,agricultural ,eng9e] ( ! ,c5tral ,p>k 9 ,new ,york4 ,au?or ( ,dra9+ = ,pr(it & ,dra9+ = ,heal?4 #b;d edition1 c>efully revis$4 ,! ,plant1 ,! ,soil1 ,manures1 ,me*anical ,cultivation1 ,analysis4 ,! =ego+ subjects are all discuss$ 9 pla9 & simple language t any f>m]'s boy may und]/&4 ,! book is writt5 by a successful practical f>m]1 & is full ( in=mation1 good advice1 & s\nd doctr9e4 ,price #a4 ,s5t by mail1 po/paid4 ,dra9+ = ,pr(it & ,dra9+ = ,heal?4 ,by ,,geo4 ,e4 ,,w>+1 ,jr41 ,eng9e] ( ,dra9+ ( ,c5tral ,p>k1 ,new ,york4 ,conta9+--,l& to be ,dra9$1 & reasons :y2 ,h[ ,dra9s act1 & h[ !y affect ! soil2 ,h[ to lay out a ,sy/em ( ,dra9s2 ,h[ to make ! ,dra9s2 ,c>e ( ,dra9s & ,dra9$ l&2 ,:at ,dra9+ co/s4 ,w x ,pay8 ,h[ to make ,dra9 ,tiles2 ,reclaim+ ,salt ,m>%es2 ,mal>ial ,diseases2 ,h\se ,dra9age & ,t[n ,sew]age1 & ,! ,public ,heal?4 ,pr(usely illu/rat$4 ,price #a4ej ,s5t by mail on receipt ( price4 ,e>? ,closets & ,e>? ,sewage4 ,a ,new ,pamphlet ( ,great ,int]e/ to ,all4 ,by ,,geo4 ,e4 ,,w>+1 ,jr4 7( ,ogd5 ,f>m74 ,cont5ts--,! ,e>? ,sy/em 7details71 ,! ,manure ,"q1 ,sewage & ,cess-,pool ,diseases1 ,! ,dry ,e>? ,sy/em = cities & ,t[ns1 ! ,details ( ,e>? ,sewage1 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,e>? ,sy/em1 ,te/imony 9 ,favor ( ! ,e>? ,closet4 ,sev5te5 ,illu/rations1 #ajd pages1 #hvo4 ,price #ej cts4 ,s5t by mail on receipt ( price4 ,address ,,! ,,tribune1 ,new ,york4 ,new-,york ,tribune #ahga4 ,,daily1 ,,semi-,,weekly ,,& ,,weekly4 #ahga4 ,,! ,,weekly ,,tribune4 ,! ,pap] ( ! ,p4 ,,! ,,tribune aims to be pre-em95tly a ,news-pap]4 ,its correspond5ts trav]se e ,/ate1 are pres5t on e important battle-field1 are e>ly advis$ ( e notable ,cab9et decision1 obs]ve ! proce$+s ( ,congress1 ( ,legislatures1 & ( ,conv5tions1 & report to u by telegraph all t seems ( g5]al int]e/4 ,we h paid = "o day's mom5t\s advices f ,europe by ,cable f> m t our entire receipts = ! issue 9 :i* ^? advises rea*$ our read]s4 ,if lavi% outlay1 unsleep+ vigilance1 & unb\nd$ fai? 9 ! lib]ality & disc]nm5t ( ! read+ public1 w enable u to make a j\rnal :i* has no sup]ior 9 ! accuracy1 v>iety1 & fre%ness ( its cont5ts1 ,,! ,,tribune %all be su* a j\rnal4 ,to ,agriculture & ! subs]vi5t arts1 we h devot$1 & %all p]si/5tly devote1 m means & space ?an any ( our rivals4 ,we aim to make ,,! ,,weekly ,,tribune su* a pap] z no f>m] c af=d to d )\t1 h[ev] widely 8 politics may diff] f ours4 ,our reports ( ! ,cattle1 ,horse1 ,produce1 & ,g5]al ,m>kets1 are s full & accurate1 our essays 9 elucidation ( ! f>m]'s call+ & our regul> reports ( ! ,f>m]s' ,club & k9dr$ ga!r+s1 are s int]e/+1 t ! poore/ f>m] w f9d !re9 a m9e ( sugge/ion & ,c\nsel1 ( :i* he _c rema9 ignorant )\t positive & s]i\s loss4 ,,z ,a ,,family ,,newspap]1 ,,! ,,weekly ,,tribune is pre-em95t4 ,9 addition to ,reviews1 ,notices ( ,new ,books1 ,poetry1 c41 we publi% ,%ort ,/ories1 orig9al or select$1 :i* w g5]ally be conclud$ 9 a s+le issue1 or at mo/ 9 two or ?ree4 ,we int5d t ,,! ,,tribune %all keep 9 ! advance 9 all t conc]ns ! ,agricultural1 ,manufactur+1 ,m9+1 & o!r int]e/s ( ! c\ntry2 & t1 = v>iety & complet5ess1 x rema9 altoge!r ! mo/ valuable1 int]e/+ & in/ructive ,,newspap] publi%$ 9 ! _w4 ,no newspap] s l>ge & complete z ,,! ,,weekly ,,tribune 0 ev] be=e (f]$ at s l[ a price4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,! ,,weekly ,,tribune4 ,to ,mail ,subscrib]s4 ,"o copy1 "o ye>1 #eb issues1 #b4 ,five copies #i4 ,to ,,"o ,,address1 all at "o ,po/ ,(fice4 ,t5 ,copies #a4ej ea*4 ,tw5ty ,copies #a4be ,fifty ,copies #a4jj ,& ,"o ,extra ,copy to ea* ,club4 ,to ,,names ,,( ,,subscrib]s1 all at "o ,po/ ,(fice4 ,t5 ,copies #a4fj ea*4 ,tw5ty ,copies #a4ce ,fifty ,copies #a4aj ,& ,"o ,extra ,copy to ea* ,club4 ,p]sons entitl$ to an extra copy c1 if pref]r$1 h ei!r ( ! foll[+ books1 po/age prepaid3 ,political ,economy1 by ,horace ,greeley2 ,pe> ,culture = ,pr(it1 by ,p4 ,t4 ,qu9n2 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,agriculture1 by ,geo4 ,e4 ,w>+4 ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,semi-,,weekly ,,tribune is publi%$ e ,,tuesday end ,,friday1 ,,! ,,semi-,,weekly ,,tribune gives1 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 ,?ree or ,f\r ( ! ,be/ & ,late/ ,popul> ,novels1 by liv+ au?ors4 ,n[h]e else c s mu* curr5t intellig5ce & p]man5t lit]>y matt] be _h at s *eap a rate z 9 ,,! ,,semi-,,weekly ,,tribune4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,! ,,semi-,,weekly ,,tribune4 ,"o copy1 "o ye>--#ajd ,no's #d4jj ,two copies #g4jj ,five copies1 or ov]1 ea* copy #c4jj ,an extra copy w be s5t = e club ( t5 s5t = at "o "t2 or1 if pref]r$1 a copy ( ,recollections ( a ,busy ,life1 by ,mr4 ,greeley4 ,,daily ,,tribune4 ,mail ,subscrib]s #aj p] annum4 ,address ,,! ,,tribune1 ,new ,york4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation & spell+ 9 ! orig9al docum5t h be5 pres]v$4 ,typographical errors correct$ 9 ! text3 ,page #bj lea *ang$ to lee ,page #ii transf]+ *ang$ to transf]r+ ,page #bbd bree*y *ang$ to brea*y ,page #bbd b *ang$ to butt ,page #bgb ,brobdignag *ang$ to ,brobd+dag ,page #bhc consid]aby *ang$ to consid]ably ,page #cbd ,,brocoli *ang$ to ,,broccoli ,page #cbf ,mape's *ang$ to ,mapes's ,page #cbg ,bolsal]e's *ang$ to ,boissi]e's ,page #ccb ot *ang$ to ( ---------------------------------------- --------