,,*apt]s ,,( ,,bible ,,/udy   ,,or   ,a 
,,popul> ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,/udy 
,,( ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,scriptures   ,,by  ,,!
 ,,rev4 ,,h]man ,j4 ,,heus]  ,,pr(4 ,,( 
,,scriptural ,,introduction ,,&         
,,exegesis1 ,,/4 ,,*>les ,,sem9>y1      
,,ov]brook1 ,,pa4     ,,! ,,ca!dral     
,,libr>y ,,association  #abc ,e4 #ej?   
,/reet  ,new ,york  #ahie     ,nihil    
,ob/at3   ,d4 ,j4 ,mc,m,a,h,o,n1        
,c5sor ,librorum4    ,imprimatur3       
,,mi*ael ,,augu/9e1     ,ar*bi%op ( ,new
 ,york4     ,,copyright ,,by ,,joseph   
,h4 ,,mcmahon1 #ahie4     ,,preface4  ,!
 foll[+ pages are pr9t$ f notes us$ 9 a 
s]ies ( lectures be=e ! ,ca?olic ,summ] 
,s*ool ( ,am]ica at ,pittsburgh4  ,!y   
are nei!r an exhau/ive nor a sci5tific  
exposition1 b are meant z a sugge/ive   
introduction1 9 popul> =m1 to !         
intellig5t read+ ( ! ,bible4  ,"s ( !   
answ]s to que/ions propos$ by memb]s ( !
 ,s*ool dur+ ! c\rse h be5 ins]t$ :]e x 
seem$ mo/ suitable4  ,i take occasion "h
 to express my deep appreciation ( !    

c\rtesy %[n to its visitors by !        
,directors ( ! ,ca?olic ,summ] ,s*ool4  
,_! self-sacrific+ _s has secur$ to !   
organization ! e>ne/ co-op]ation ( _m   
gift$ m5 & wom5 animat$ by t ref9$      
,ca?olic feel+ :i* con/itutes ! highe/  
type ( a truly cultur$ society4  ,no?+  
c\ld h plac$ ! in/itution on a firm]    
basis1 or c\ld bett] h giv5 x t gu>antee
 ( success to :i* ! la/ session has     
borne witness4  ,h4 ,j4 ,h4             
,,cont5ts4       ,i4 ,! ,anci5t ,scroll 
,,ii4 ,/range ,witnesses    ,,iii4 ,!   
,te/imony ( a ,confession     ,,iv4 ,!  
,/ones ,cry ,out      ,v4 ,heav5ly      
,wisdom     ,,vi4 ,! ,vici\s ,circle    
,,vii4 ,! ,sacr$ ,p5   ,,viii4 ,!       
,melody & ,h>mony ( ! ,vox ,coele/is    
,,ix4 ,! ,voice f ! ,rock      ,x4 ,a   
,s\rce ( ,culture     ,,xi4 ,! ,creation
 ( ,new ,lett]s    ,,xii4 ,engli% ,/yle 
,,xiii4 ,fri5ds ( ,god    ,,xiv4 ,! ,art
 ( ,prospect+     ,,xv4 ,us+ ! ,kodak   
,,xvi4 ,! ,int]pretation ( ! ,image     
,,xvii4 ,deus ,illum9atio ,mea  ,,xviii4

 ,bu%-,lights    ,,xix4 ,! ,use & !     
,abuse ( ! ,bible     ,,xx4 ,! ,vulgate 
& ! ,revis$ ,v]sion    ,,xxi4 ,!        
,position ( ! ,*ur*   ,,xxii4 ,my/]i\s  
,*>act]s  ,,xxiii4 ,conclusion   ,,xxiv4
 ,app5dix     ,,*apt]s ,,( ,,bible      
,,/udy4    ,i4  ,,! ,,anci5t ,,scroll4  
,if a my/]i\sly-writt5 docum5t 7 br\ght 
to y1 & its be>] assur$ y t x conta9$ a 
secret putt+ y 9 possession ( a great   
inh]itance by e/abli%+ y\r relation%ip  
to an anci5t race ( k+s1 ( :i* y _h no  
previ\s k1 h[ w\ld y reg>d su* a        
docum5t8  ,y w\ld exam9e its age1 ! "* (
 ! manuscript1 ! quality ( ! pap] or    
p>*m5t2 y w\ld ask h[ x _h come to y1 & 
by :om x _h be5 transmitt$ ?r\gh        
successive g5]ations be=e x rea*$ y4  ,&
 :51 aft] c>eful inquiry1 y _h e/abli%$ 
! age & au!nticity ( ! docum5t1 !n y    
w\ld /udy its cont5ts1 exam9e ! nature (
 its provisions1 &1 hav+ cle>ly und]/ood
 its mean+1 ask y\rself3 ,h[ c ,i c>ry  
out ! conditions laid d[n 9 ?is te/am5t1
 9 ord] t ,i may obta9 ! full b5efit ( !

 g5]\s beque/ left by my noble ance/or8 
,x is on simil> l9es t ,i propose to    
treat our subject4  ,we %all take up !  
,bible j z we w\ld take up any o!r      
writt5 "w1 requir+1 = ! "t be+1 simply s
 mu* fai?--no m1 b also no less ?an we  
w\ld exact 9 ! fair exam9ation ( any o!r
 "w1 :e!r ( fact or ( fiction4  ,:5 we h
 assur$ ourselves t ! ,bible is really z
 old & z tru?ful a record ( hi/ory z x  
pret5ds to be1 & t x has = x su* human  
te/imony z leads u to admit hi/oric     
facts 9 g5]al1 we %all occupy ourselves 
) its cont5ts1 ) ! influ5ce :i* ?is     
wond]ful book1 ?is anci5t te/am5t ( our 
royal ,sire1 ex]cises ^u ! he>t1 ! m9d1 
! g5]al culture1 by :i* x leads u to our
 inh]itance1 & enables u to assume our  
place 9 our de/9$ home4  ,! ,bible1     
look+ ^u x z a m]ely human production1  
is a collection ( docum5ts ( v>i\s      
antiquity1 conta9+ hi/oric records (    
successive g5]ations1 go+ back to a v   
remote p]iod4 ,x relates ! valiant de$s 
( valiant m5 & wom51 writt5 ei!r by     

!mselves or by m5 ( _! own race4  ,x    
conta9s1 fur!rmore1 a great numb] (     
pr9ciples1 doctr9es1 rules1 & laws = !  
moral & ext]nal gov]nm5t ( individuals &
 communities1 p>ticul>ly ( ! families & 
tribes ( ! ,hebrew nation4  ,f9ally1 we 
f9d 9 ?is anci5t scroll c]ta9 pr$ictions
 & prophecies :i*1 if we c %[ t !y 7    
def9itely made long 9 advance ( ! ev5ts 
=etold by !m1 become a /rong argum5t 9  
favor ( ! sup]natural orig9 ( ! "w4     
,h[ev]1 ?is la/ po9t we %all leave      
entirely out ( view = ! pres5t4  ,x is v
 cle> t ! book :i* we h 9 our h&s1 & :i*
 we call ! ,bible1 or ,! ,book p>       
excell5ce1 has be5 pr9t$ & repr9t$ dur+ 
f\r hundr$ ye>s1 9 millions ( copies1   
all ( :i* agree sub/antially1 n except+ 
! ,bible ( ! s-call$ re=m]s1 ) :om1 on !
 :ole1 we diff] r 9 ! int]pretation ?an 
9 ! word+ ( its cont5ts4  ,!re are inde$
 "s disagreem5ts on subjects t\*+       
religi\s doctr9es1 :i*1 :il/ v important
 if we accept ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures z !  
inspir$ ^w ( ,god1 h>dly c\nt = any?+ 9 

a m]ely hi/orical "w2 & ?is is ! light 9
 :i* we reg>d ! ,bible j at pres5t4  ,! 
,bibles :i* are pr9t$ to-day are        
practically & sub/antially ! same z ^?  
:i* 7 pr9t$ f\r hundr$ ye>s ago4  ,a    
great numb] ( copies ( fir/ editions 9  
diff]5t languages may /ill be f\nd 9    
public & private libr>ies4  ,! ,new     
,te/am5t v]sion1 f :i* ,lu!r pr9cipally 
made 8 translation1 0 an edition by !   
well-kn[n humani/1 ,erasmus4  ,all !    
mod]n ,european translations1 includ+ t 
made into ,engli% five hundr$ ye>s ago  
by ,wiclif1 _h = _! orig9al an anci5t   
,lat9 v]sion :i* 0 employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( 
! *ur*es1 & ( :i* copies 9 manuscript1  
made ov] a ?\s& ye>s ago1 are /ill      
extant4  ,"o ( ! olde/ uncial ,lat9     
manuscripts is ! ,v]celli ,gospels1     
attribut$ to ! h& ( ,eusebius4  ,!      
,corpus ,*ri/i ,college ,libr>y at      
,cambridge has a manuscript copy said to
 h be5 made by ,/4 ,augu/9e4  ,( ,greek 
copies we h a v fam\s "o 9 ! ,vatican   
,libr>y1 probably ! olde/ pres]v$ 9 !   

_w--ab\t #cej2 ano!r manuscript1 call$ !
 ,codex ,s9aiticus1 is 9 ! ,imp]ial     
,libr>y ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg2 & a ?ird1 (   
ne>ly ! same age 7,,iv4 c5tury71 is !   
,codex ,alex&r9us1 at pres5t 9 ! ,briti%
 ,museum4  ,manuscripts old] ?an ^! are 
want+1 n only ( ! ,bible1 b ( any o!r   
book1 except fragm5ts ( writ+s on p>*m5t
 & c]ta9 manuscripts rescu$ f ,egyptian 
tombs1 & pap]s discov]$ 9 ! rec5t       
excavations ( ,h]culaneum1 ne> ,naples1 
9 ,italy4  ,p>*m5t1 on acc\nt ( !       
exp5sive prep>ation requir$ to make x   
suitable mat]ial = writ+1 0 sp>+ly us$  
by ! anci5ts at any "t4 ,!y pref]r$ to  
employ ! s-call$ papyrus1 made ( !      
fibr\s pi? ( a k9d ( ru% gr[+ abundantly
 9 ,egypt1 & br\ght to ,europe by ,ea/]n
 m]*ants4  ,?is1 & o!r k9ds ( vegetable 
fibre f :i* pap] suitable = writ+ 0     
prep>$ s9ce ! days :5 ,moses1 z we mu/  
presume1 practis$ ! art ( writ+ 9 !     
s*ools ( ,egypt1 d n )/& ! de/ructive   
influ5ce ( "t4 ,exp]i5ce proves t !     
ord9>y atmosph]e has completely corrod$ 

cotton pap] ( n9e hundr$ ye>s ago2 !    
same is true ( ! l95 pap] made 9 ! "t ( 
,alb]tus ,magnus & ,/4 ,?omas4  ,^?     
exceptional treasures ( ,egyptian       
papyrus ref]r$ to above1 :i* h be5 f\nd 
( late ye>s1 owe _! pres]vation to !    
fact t !y 7 enclos$ 9 almo/ air-tight   
tombs1 9 a s+ul>ly dry climate2 ! same  
is ! case ) reg>d to ! manuscripts      
discov]$ 9 ,h]culaneum1 :i* h be5 kept  
h]metically seal$ by ! tight lava-cov] f
 ,m\nt ,vesuvius = a space ( m ?an      
sev5te5 hundr$ ye>s4  ,h[ev]1 among su* 
manuscripts z h be5 pres]v$ "u ord9>y   
conditions1 by f> ! greate/ numb] are   
copies1 9 v>i\s tongues1 ( ! ,bible1 &  
"s ( ^! c>ry u back to ! f\r? c5tury4   
,we h ,bible manuscripts writt5 on pap] 
9 ,hebrew1 ,syriac1 ,greek1 ,lat91 9 !  
dialects ( ! ,copts1 ! ,arabs1 !        
,arm5ians1 ! ,p]sians1 ! ,e?iopians1 !  
,slavs1 & ! ,go?s1 :o 7 among ! e>lie/  
nations conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity4  ,n[ all
 ^! manuscript ,bibles1 m ?an f\rte5    
c5turies old1 sub/antially correspond to

 our ,ca?olic ,bibles ( ?is day4  ,!    
e>ly ,*ri/ian mission>ies :o introduc$ !
 ^w ( ,god to ! pagan nations speak+ a  
/range tongue mu/ h _h "s uni=m s\rce   
:5ce to make _! translations4  ,s _m    
p]sons 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 unacqua9t$
 ) "o ano!r's language1 c\ld n1 except  
by "s incr$ible miracle1 h compos$ out (
 _! fancy s l>ge a book1 agree+ page =  
page1 nay1 l9e = l9e4 ,!y mu/ h _h "s   
orig9al at _! disposal :5ce to make a   
uni=m copy4  ,! fact is1 we f9d t       
orig9al book 9 ! *ur*es ( ,italy1       
,greece1 ,asia1 & ,africa4  ,! apo/olic 
,fa!rs speak ( x z kn[n to ev]ybody2 !y 
read f x on ,sundays & fe/ivals2 !y     
quote long passages1 & ! "y c&idates =  
,holy ,ord]s are taught1 l ! ,hebrew    
levites ( old1 to memorize ! psalms &   
moral books ( ! ,bible4  ,among ^!      
witnesses is ,/4 ,clem5t ( ,ko9e4       
,accord+ to ,t]tullian1 :o liv$ ne> 8   
"t1 he 0 orda9$ by ,/4 ,pet] ! ,apo/le2 
at any rate1 ,/4 ,paul speaks ( him 9 8 
,epi/le to ! ,philippians4  ,o!r        

disciples ( ! ,apo/les 7 ,/4 ,ignatius1 
,bi%op ( ,antio*1 ,/4 ,polyc>p1 ! fri5d 
( ,/4 ,john4  ,^! are foll[$ by ,/4     
,ju/91 :o wrote a fam\s def5ce ( !      
,ca?olic fai? call$ ! ,apology1 :i* he  
pres5t$ to ! ,emp]or ,anton9us4  ,!     
latt]1 conv9c$ ( ! "y conv]t's s9c]ity1 
put a /op to ! cruel p]secutions :i* 7  
!n go+ on aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians4  ,! ,emp]or
 ,m>cus ,aurelius also receiv$ a copy ( 
! ,apology f ,/4 ,ju/94  ,9 ?is         
well-kn[n "w ! ,sa9t /ates t ! ,gospels1
 toge!r ) ! writ+s ( ! prophets1 are    
publicly read 9 ! assemblies ( !        
,*ri/ians4#a ,he also affirms t !y 7    
writt5 9 "p by ! ,apo/les !mselves &    
p>tly by _! disciples4  ,?is 0 %ortly   
aft] ! ye> #ach1 :5 m5 7 /ill alive :o  
_h conv]s$ ) ,/4 ,paul1 & :o c\ld well  
rememb] ! sweet admonitions ( bro!rly   
love giv5 by ! ag$ ,/4 ,john1 :o tells u
 t he _h se5 ) 8 own eyes ! ?+s :i* he  
writes4#b  ,! *a9 ( apo/olic writ]s f   
,/4 ,pet] to ,/4 ,augu/9e1 i4e41 f !    
fir/ c5tury to ! f\r? or fif?1 be>s     

witness t ?is wond]ful book 0 us$ 9 e   
,*ri/ian community f ! regions ( !      
,jordan1 :5ce ,/4 ,ju/9 came1 to !      
conf9es ( ,spa91 :]e ,isidore ( ,cordova
 wrote 8 comm5t>ies2 f ! nor!rnmo/ "p ( 
,dalmatia1 :]e ,titus _h prea*$ !       
doctr9e deliv]$ him by ,/4 ,paul1 to !  
limit ( ! ,african des]t1 :5ce "o ( !   
olde/ ,lat9 v]sions ( ! ,scriptures 0   
br\ght to ,/4 ,ambrose4  ,x is int]e/+  
to be able to cite ! te/imony ( pagan z 
well z ( ,jewi% writ]s conc]n+ ! great  
ev5ts :i* ! ,*ri/ian ,gospels record4   
,we h ! hi/oric fact ( ,*ri/'s p]son &  
"w atte/$ 9 ! ,annals ( ,tacitus1 !     
greate/ ( ,roman hi/orians1#c :o 0      
consul ( ,rome 9 #ig4  ,8 /atem5ts are  
corroborat$ by ,suetonius1 secret>y to !
 ,emp]or ,adrian1 by ,pl9y1 ! ,vic]oy ( 
,bi?ynia & fri5d ( ! ,emp]or ,trajan1 by
 ! ,jewi% writ]s ,philo ( ,alex&ria1 a  
contempor>y ( ,*ri/1 & ! hi/orian       
,flavius ,josephus1 & by ! rabbis :o    
collat$ ! traditions ( ! ,talmud4  ,all 
^!1 :il/ !y wrote b briefly ( ! subject1

 be> indirect witness to ! belief & to !
 practice by ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ians ( !     
,gospel precepts1 al?\gh ! books ( !    
,new ,te/am5t _h n at t "t be5 =m$ into 
a def9ite canon4  ,?us ! unbrok5 evid5ce
 ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures   
goes back to ! v "t ( _! fir/           
composition4  ,we come to ! ,old        
,te/am5t4  ,t ! ,jews 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/    
possess$ a collection ( sacr$ books is  
record$ on e page ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 (  
^: au!ntic s\rce !re c be no reasonable 
d\bt4  ,!re are altoge!r ab\t two hundr$
 & sev5ty passages 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t    
books :i* are quotations f ! ,old       
,te/am5t4 ,!re are innum]able ref]5ces 9
 ! ,gospels & ,epi/les1 & 9 ! e>ly      
,*ri/ian writ]s1 to ! sacr$ law ( !     
,jews1 among :om ! fir/ conv]ts 7 made2 
= ^! conv]ts cont9u$ to use ! ,mosaic   
writ+s & ! prophetical books4  ,*ri/    
,himself _h beautifully illu/rat$ ?is   
practice1 f ! fir/1 9 ,8 tea*+4 ,he came
 to ,naz>e?1 ,/4 ,luke tells u1 :]e ,he 
0 br\ght up2 & ,he w5t into ! synagogue1

 accord+ to ,8 cu/om1 on ! sabba? day2 &
 ,he rose up to read4  ,& ! ,book (     
,isaias ! ,prophet 0 deliv]$ unto ,him4 
,& z ,he unfold$ ! book ,he f\nd ! place
 :]e x 0 writt53 ,! _s ( ! ,"l is ^u me1
 :]e=e ,he ha? ano9t$ me2 to prea* !    
gospel to ! poor ,he ha? s5t me2 to heal
 ! contrite ( he>t4  ,to prea*          
deliv]ance to ! captives1 & sight to !  
bl9d2 to set at lib]ty !m t are bruis$2 
to prea* ! acceptable ye> ( ! ,"l1 & !  
day ( rew>d4  ,& :5 ,he _h fold$ ! book 
,he re/or$ x to ! m9i/] & sat d[n4  ,& !
 eyes ( all 9 ! synagogue 7 fix$ on     
,him4  ,& ,he began to say to !m3 ,?is  
day is fulfill$ ?is ,scripture 9 y\r    
e>s4  ,& all gave te/imony to ,him4#d   
,any attempt to corrupt ! ,old ,te/am5t 
writ+s1 or to *ange & de/roy !m1 ev5 9  
"p1 became impossible aft] ! ,gospels _h
 be5 writt54  ,x w\ld at once h ar\s$   
m>k$ att5tion among bo? ,jews &         
,*ri/ians1 :o ) equal rev]5ce reg>d$ !  
,book z ! sacr$ & inviolable ^w ( ,god1 
h[ev] mutually ho/ile _! feel+s 7 reg>d+

 ! int]pretation ( its mean+4  ,= if ev]
 !re exi/$ a docum5t ^: au?ority 0      
sanction$ & ^: pres]vation 0 gu>ante$ by
 ! sev]e/ laws & mo/ m9ute precautions1 
x 0 ! code ( sacr$ writ+s kn[n to !     
,jews z ! ,law & ! ,prophets4  ,x 0 read
 9 e synagogue on ! sabba? & fe/ival    
days4  ,e ,jew above ! age ( twelve 0   
oblig$ to repeat c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,sacr$  
,book ea* day1 morn+ & night4  ,?rice   
disp]s$ among ! ,g5tile nations1 nor?1  
we/1 & s\?1 ! ,jews c>ri$ ) !m ! book ( 
! ,law & ! ,prophets1 & we f9d !m repeat
 its sweet words ( hope & tru/ 9        
,jehovah by ! riv]s ( ,babylon z "u !   
glimm] ( ! tor*lights 9 ! cav]ns (      
,sam>ia or rocky ,arabia4  ,_! faces 7  
=ev] turn+ t[>ds ,j]usalem4  ,nay1 :5 ! 
language ( _! fa!rs _h ceas$ to be spok5
 dur+ g5]ations ( en=c$ exile1 ! *ildr5 
/ill repeat$ ! ,hebrew words ( ! ,law 9 
! temple1 ev5 ?\gh !y _h v]sions made = 
! p by rabbis :o 7 "u sacr$ v[ n to     
*ange an iota ( ! ,"l's writt5 ^w4 ,we h
 9 ! pres5t ,hebrew ,bibles "s remnant (

 ! traditional c>e ) :i* ! ,jew gu>d$ ! 
lett] ( ! ,law1 :atev] might be ! _s 9  
:i* he int]pret$ x4  ,9 ord] t ! ,sacr$ 
,text might nev] be tamp]$ )1 ev5 by !  
addition or omission ( a s+le lett] or  
^w1 ! scribes 7 oblig$ to c\nt ! v]ses1 
words1 & *>act]s ( ea* book4  ,!y knew  
by he>t e peculi>ity ( grammatical or   
phonetic expression4  ,?us ! "y rabbi   
mu/ v]ify t ! ,book ( ,g5esis conta9s   
#a1ecd v]ses2 t ! exact middle ( ! book1
 c\nt+ e lett] f ! beg9n+ & f ! end1    
occurs 9 *apt] xxvii4 #dj4  ,he knew t  
!re 7 t5 v]ses 9 ! ,scriptures beg9n+ & 
end+ ) ! lett] ,hebrew3 nun 7nun7 7z 9  
,lev4 xiii4 #i72 two 9 :i* e ^w ends ) !
 lett] ,hebrew3 f9al mem 7mem74  ,!     
lett] ,hebrew3 ay9 7ay971 9 ,ps4 lxxx4  
#ad1 is ! exact middle ( ! ,psalt]4 ,!  
lett] ,hebrew3 aleph 7aleph7 occurs     
#db1cgg times1 ,hebrew3 be? 7be?7       
#ch1bah times1 ,hebrew3 ghimel 7ghimel7 
#bi1ecg times1 & s ( e lett] 9 !        
alphabet4  ,^!1 & a ?\s& o!r            
peculi>ities :i* made ! corruption ( !  

,hebrew text an almo/ absolute          
impossibility1 7 9 lat] ages collect$   
into a gloss>y call$ ! ,masorah1 :i* =ms
 a sort ( sep>ate comm5t>y to ! ,bible4 
,if y op5 ! ,hebrew volume ( ! ,old     
,te/am5t1 j z x is pr9t$ to-day1 y w f9d
 _m ( ^! w>n+s ins]t$ 9 ! v text4  ,?us 
at ! end ( ! ,book ( ,*ronicles we h ?is
 s5t5ce3 ,! pr9t] is n at fault1 = ! sum
 total ( v]ses 9 ! :ole ,book (         
,*ronicles is #afej4  ,!n1 le/ ! read]  
might =get ?is numb]1 a v]se is atta*$  
:i* conta9s ! lett]s repres5t+ ! same   
numb]4  ,! v]se1 :i* is tak5 f ! ,i4    
,samuel vi4 #ac1 reads3 ,!y saw ! ark & 
rejoic$ 9 see+ x4 ,j z ! words          
,me,di,ca,l ,v,irtue might /& 9 ,engli% 
= ! same numb]4  ,_m o!r peculi>ities 9 
! mann] ( copy+ ! ,hebrew text h be5    
transmitt$ = ages )\t *ange4  ,?us 9 !  
,book ( ,numb]s xi4 #a we f9d ! lett]   
,hebrew3 nun 7nun7 writt5 backw>d       
,hebrew3 rev]s$ nun1 to express m       
emphatically ! mean+ ( p]v]sity1 m5tion$
 9 ! v]se4  ,9 ,job xxxviii4 #ac ! lett]

 ,hebrew3 ay9 7ay97 9 ! ^w ,hebrew3 f9al
 mem1 yod1 ay91 %91 khaf 7re%a*im71     
ungodly1 is rais$ above ! l9e1 to       
indicate h[ ,god w %ake up into ! air1 l
 *aff1 ! ungodly ( :om ! ,prophet       
speaks4  ,b x is ne$less to po9t out 9  
detail all ! odd precautions :i* 7      
inv5t$ by ! rabbis t !y might ex]cise a 
mo/ rigor\s control ov] ! ,hebrew text2 
& al?\gh ^! me?ods are ! results ( a    
lat] s*ool ( ,hebrai/s1 !y g to %[ !    
s5se ( responsibility :i* ! ,jews mu/   
always h felt reg>d+ ! pres]vation ( !  
anci5t ,te/am5t4  ,ev5 at ?is day y c   
h>dly discov] a sub/antial dep>ture f ! 
orig9al 9 ! num]\s manuscript copies    
extant4  ,k5nicott1 an ,engli% ,biblical
 s*ol>1 br\ght toge!r five hundr$ &     
eighty ,hebrew manuscripts ( ! ,bible   
:i*1 aft] c>eful /udy & comp>ison1      
reveal$ sc>cely any diff]5ces ( ! text4 
,an ,italian1 ,pr(4 de ,rossi1 :o di$ 9 
#ahca1 _h collect$ sev5 hundr$ & t5     
manuscripts1 & _h se5 9 v>i\s libr>ies  
"o hundr$ & ?irty-f\r m1 all ( :i* he   

exam9$ critically )\t f9d+ any notable  
diff]5ces4  ,i am speak+1 rememb]1 ( su*
 diff]5ces z w\ld affect ! hi/orical    
id5tity ( ^! manuscript copies ) _!     
orig9al4  ,x w\ld be folly to ass]t t ^!
 manuscripts1 :i* rea*$ ! numb] ( ov]   
#a1fjj1 are copies made by ! same       
scribes2 = "s ( !m 7 discov]$ 9 ,arabia1
 o!rs 9 old ,jewi% settlem5ts 9 ,*9a2   
"o1 ! olde/ 9 exi/5ce1 z "s believe1 0  
f\nd 9 a synagogue 9 ! ,crimea1 by a    
,jewi% rabbi nam$ ,abraham ,firke[icz4  
#a ,apolog41 i4 #fg4  #b ,ep4 ,/4 ,john1
 *ap4 i4 #a4  #c ,tacit41 ,annal41 xv4  
#ch-dd4  #d ,/4 ,luke iv4 #af-bb4       
,,ii4  ,,/range ,,witnesses4  ,if !re   
rema9$ no trace ( ! orig9al writ+s ( !  
,old ,te/am5t books pres]v$ = u 9 !     
,hebrew tongue1 we %\ld /ill possess v  
reliable witnesses ( anci5t date to     
te/ify to _! exi/5ce 9 sub/antially !   
same =m 9 :i* we h !m2 = ! *ildr5 (     
,jewi% exiles1 :o 7 =c$ gradually to    
sub/itute ! language ( _! conqu]ors = _!
 "m tongue1 _h well au!nticat$          

translations = _! use 9 ! synagogues4   
,! mo/ rem>kable ( su* translations is !
 s-call$ ,greek ,septuag9t1 commonly    
believ$ to h be5 made = ! ,alex&rian    
,libr>y by sev5ty ,jewi% rabbis at !    
reque/ ( ,k+ ,ptolemy ,philadelphus4    
,we %all h occasion1 lat] on1 to rev]t  
to ! significance ( ?is ,greek v]sion4  
,= ! pres5t x is only necess>y to m5tion
 t x 0 s highly e/eem$ by ! ,jews       
!mselves t !y us$ x = sev]al c5turies 9 
_! read+ to ! p1 _m ( :om und]/ood only 
! ,greek4  ,ev5 ! enemies ( ! ,jews be> 
witness to ! un*ang$ "* ( ! olde/       
portion ( ! ,hebrew ,bible = c5turies   
be=e ! com+ ( our ,"l4  ,ab\t ! ye> #ecf
 ,b4,c41 on ! return ( ! ,jewi% exiles f
 ,babylon1 ! ,sam>itans1 a mix$ race (  
,jewi% & ,aramaic /ock1 s\ght f ! temple
 au?orities at ,j]usalem ! privilege (  
wor%ipp+ ) ! re/ ( ! ,jews 9 ! holy     
city4  ,?is 0 refus$4  ,%ortly aft]w>ds 
"o ( ! prie/s at ,j]usalem 0            
excommunicat$ = hav+ m>ri$ ! daught] ( a
 ,sam>itan pr9ce4 ,he s\ght refuge 9    

,sam>ia1 & hav+ built a temple on ,m\nt 
,g>izim1 induc$ ! p to wor%ip accord+ to
 ! ,mosaic ,law4 ,!y 7 f\nd to possess a
 copy ( ! ,p5tateu*1 :i* !y _h          
transcrib$ 9 ,sam>itan *>act]s2 & :il/ !
 ,jews ( ,s\!rn ,pale/9e held no        
communication ) !m1 & ! ,sam>itans on _!
 "p look$ ^u ! ,jews z s*ismatics :o _h 
*ang$ ! anci5t obs]vances ( ! ,law1 yet 
bo? recogniz$ ! same sacr$ code z ! rule
 ( _! conduct & religion4  ,a copy ( ?is
 valuable v]sion1 :i* at a lat] date 0  
translat$ into ! actual ,sam>itan       
dialect1 0 discov]$ at ,damascus 9      
#afaf1 & has s9ce be5 pr9t$ 9 sev]al    
editions at ,p>is & ,london4  ,x is (   
great importance1 z x e/abli%es a p]fect
 accord ) ! read+ ( ! ,jewi% ,hebrew    
text4  ,^! v]sions1 made at diff]5t     
times1 9 places widely ap>t1 & by m5 :o 
7 decid$ly ho/ile to ea* o!r on religi\s
 z well z on national gr\nds1 =ce u to  
admit a well-fix$1 univ]sally kn[n1 &   
tru/$ orig9al ( ! books ( ,moses2 = :]e 
!re is a copy !re mu/ be some?+ copi$ f1

 j z :5 we see ! well-def9$ %ad[ ( an   
object we "k t ! object itself exi/s4   
,! antiquity ( ! ,hebrew ,bible is inde$
 atte/$ by _m no less conclusive        
argum5ts ?an ^? we h giv51 :i*1 f !     
hi/orian's po9t ( view1 /amp x z ! mo/  
important monum5t ( antiquity :i* we h1 
& ^: g5u9e "* is prov$ by ! mo/         
tru/wor?y docum5t>y evid5ce4  ,!re is no
 page ( hi/orical acc\nt 9 exi/5ce      
to-day t has su* ov]:elm+ te/imony 9    
favor ( its au!ntic orig9 z ^! books ( !
 ,bible4  ,kn[n by g5]ations z !        
inviolable law ( ,god1 gu>d$ ) scrupul\s
 solicitude z _! greate/ religi\s       
treasure1 read sabba? aft] sabba? 9 !   
synagogues1 n alone ( ,pale/9e1 b (     
,arabia1 ,assyria1 ,egypt1 ,asia ,m9or1 
,greece1 & ,rome--9 %ort1 :]ev] ! sons (
 ,abraham _h be5 disp]s$ 9 ! c\rse ( m  
?an tw5ty c5turies--:o 0 x1 fri5d or    
foe1 t c\ld h d>$ to *ange ?is royal    
m&ate ( ! ,mo/ ,high to ,8 *os5 p6  ,if 
a man 7 to-day to pr9t a copy ( !       
,con/itution1 or a hi/ory ( ! =mation ( 

! ,am]ican ,republic1 introduc+ "s      
hi!rto unhe>d-( /atem5ts1 or omitt+ "s  
important words or facts1 h[ long w\ld  
su* imposition rema9 unnotic$ or        
un*all5g$8  ,yet x w\ld be inf9itely    
easi] 9 our times1 & "u our conditions1 
= su* *ange to pass unnotic$ ?an x w\ld 
h be5 among ! ,jews4 ,! ,ori5tal races  
are int5sely av]se to any?+ t ?reat5s to
 alt] _! traditions4  ,! cu/oms ( !     
,ea/]n peoples to-day are ! same z !y   
are describ$ by ,isaias sev5 hundr$ ye>s
 be=e ,*ri/1 & ! ,jew ( ,isaiah's "t    
reflects 9 e act ! mann]s ( ano!r sev5  
hundr$ ye>s be=e1 :5 ,moses describes 8 
p z imitat+ ! dome/ic virtues & habits (
 ,abraham's day1 a "t :i* c>ries u back 
/ill ano!r sev5 c5turies4  ,a ?\s& ye>s 
make no p]ceptible *ange 9 ,ori5tal     
civilization4  ,y may see x e day4      
,take z a ready in/ance ,alg]ia1 visit$ 
annually by _m ,am]icans1 :o g to       
,europe by ! s\!rn r\te4  ,x is a coa/  
city1 ly+ 9 ! full gl>e ( ,european     
civilization2 nay1 mod]n life has =c$   

itself ^u ?is t[n ) ! captivat+         
aggressiv5ess ( ,fr5* mann]s1 ,fr5*     
magnific5ce1 ,fr5* soldi]y1 & a sy/em ( 
comm]ce :i*1 )9 ! la/ sixty ye>s1 has   
caus$ ! ,european population to outnumb]
 ! orig9al ,arab inhabitants ( ,algi]s  
by two-?irds4  ,yet ! daily & =c$       
contact1 = two :ole g5]ations1 betwe5 ! 
,arab & ! ,european has produc$ h>dly   
any *ange 9 ! habits ( ! =m]4  ,!       
,mussulman passes ?r\gh ! spl5did /reets
 ( ! ,fr5* portion ( ! t[n :5 necessity 
urges him1 9 sil5ce & ) app>5t disda94  
,he pref]s 8 cav]n-l habitation1 ) small
 squ>e holes = w9d[s1 & an iron grat+   
in/ead ( glass1 to ! spaci\s & lightsome
 palaces built by ! ,fr5* & ,engli%     
coloni/s4  ,! ,arab woman feels no      
desire = ! pretty vanities ( mod]n      
fa%ion1 = ! graceful fre$om &           
intellectual int]c\rse ) m52 %e conceals
 h] =m 9 ! traditional wide robe ( !    
,ea/1 ) a veil ov] h] head1 a r[ ( %9+  
co9s or beads hang+ d[n f ! =ehead1 & a 
k]*ief ov] h] face hid+ all b !         

gazelle-l eyes4  ,y see 9 t "o city1 op5
 to ! con/ant *anges aris+ f !          
innum]able relations ( travel & comm]ce1
 two worlds ( m53 "o busy1 fitful1 gay1 
& spl5didly mod]n2 ! o!r sil5t1         
immovable1 almo/ scornful1 & 9 dwell+ & 
dress1 9 mann] & language1 j ! same z y 
might h obs]v$ !m ages ago4  ,su*       
precisely 7 ! p :o gu>d$ & deliv]$ to u 
! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4  ,_!         
religi\s1 civil1 & dome/ic practices1   
ev]y:]e & at all times ( _! hi/ory1     
correspond s p]fectly ) :at we read 9   
any "p ( ?is volume t1 ev5 if portions (
 ! ,bible 7 lo/1 we %\ld h ! liv+       
tradition to witness to ! omission1 s9ce
 we "k t ! life ( ! ,hebrew 0 ev]       
subject to ! regulations ( ! law (      
,jehovah1 :i* 0 to him ! supreme        
expression ( all t is great & good &    
wise4 ,uni=mity ( belief & ritual       
practice1 says ! ,prote/ant ,geikie1#a 0
 ! "o gr& design ( ! f\nd]s ( ,judaism2 
! m\ld+ ! :ole religi\s life ( ! nation 
to su* a ma*9e-l discipl9e z w\ld make  

any v>iation f ! cu/oms ( ! pa/         
well-nigh impossible4  ,a univ]sal1     
dea?-l cons]vatism1 p]mitt+ no *ange 9  
successive ages1 0 e/abli%$ z ! gr&     
security = a sep>ate national           
exi/5ce4444  ,= ?is end1 n only 0 t "p (
 ! ,law :i* conc]n$ ! common life ( !   
p--_! sabba?s1 fea/-days1 jubilees1     
(f]+s1 sacrifices1 ti!s1 ! ,temple &    
,synagogue wor%ip1 civil & crim9al law1 
m>riage1 & ! l--expla9$1 comm5t$ on1 &  
m9utely ord]$ by ! ,rabbis1 b also t    
portion ( x :i* relat$ only to ! private
 duties ( individuals 9 _! daily        
religi\s life4  ,& to ?is day ! or?odox 
,jew obs]ves ! same rites & c]emonies   
:i* m>k$ ! s]vice ( 8 =efa!rs1 :e!r 9   
,judea or ,sam>ia1 on ! banks ( ! ,nile 
"u ! ,ptolemies1 at ,babylon "u !       
,seleucides1 or at ,n9iveh "u           
,nabu*odonos]4  ,:at ev5t ( pr(ane      
hi/ory1 writes ! ,abbe ,ga9et1 c boa/ ( 
an unbrok5 succession ( #c1ejj          
anniv]s>ies su* z ^? ( :i* we h         
assurance 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews8#b    #a 

,life ( ,*ri/1 *ap4 xvii4  #b ,la ,bible
 sans la ,bible1 vol4 ,i41 ,etude       
prelim9aire4     ,,iii4  ,,! ,,te/imony 
,,( ,a ,,confession4  ,! argum5t ( ! la/
 *apt] leads u to ano!r evid5ce :i*     
po9ts to ! hi/orical au!nticity ( !     
,hebrew ,bible4  ,x is pla91 ev5 ^u     
sup]ficial exam9ation ( ?is book1 t x   
conta9s1 beside ! sev]e/ p5alties = s91 
! mo/ /++ accusations ( infidelity aga9/
 ! p ( ,god1 & ! mo/ scor*+ rebukes ( _!
 crimes2 x relates ! transgressions ( _!
 k+s & pr9ces & prie/s2 9 %ort1 x       
records ev]y?+ :i* ! ,jewi% nation & _! 
rul]s mu/ h be5 anxi\s to keep sil5t1 or
 to mitigate :]e x 0 necess>y to write x
 d[n4  ,e reason ( prud5ce & national   
self-love mu/ h sugge/$ to !m to de/roy 
su* records :]e !y exi/$1 because !y    
made _! vaunt$ glory a /ory ( ev]la/+   
%ame4  ,comp>e ?is hi/orical record ( ! 
,jewi% p ) ! contempor>y annals ( !     
,assyrian1 ,p]sian1 ,greek1 or ,roman   
mon>*s4  ,^! are full ( extravagant     
laudations1 ( royal de$s ( valor1 ( !   

spl5dor ( _! victories ov] o!r nations2 
:]eas ! /atem5ts ( ! ,bible are simple1 
! n>rative ( h]oic acts & signal div9e  
favors is con/antly m+l$ ) incid5ts     
deeply self-humiliat+ = a race t call$  
itself *os5 ( ,god above all ! ,g5tiles4
  ,! ,jews record num]\s defeats1       
%ameful trea*]ies1 & errors ( _! mo/    
belov$ k+s4  ,!y rebel1 !y commit e     
crime =bidd5 by ! ,law2 yet :il/ !y kill
 ! prophets :o *>ge !m ) +ratitude1 !y  
pati5tly suff] ! record ( x all to g    
into ! books :i* !y "k w be read to all 
! p = _! %ame4 ,!y make no attempt to   
m9imize or to excuse !mselves to _!     
*ildr51 h[ev] mu* !y love ! glory (     
,israel & ! spl5dor ( ,j]usalem z ! "o  
nation & city wor?y ( ! mo/ exalt$      
patriotic praise4  ,o!r nations made    
!mselves a religion 9 h>mony ) _!       
passions1 s z to soo! ! consci5ce4  ,b !
 ,jew f9ds a law ( life giv5 him 9 !    
great book ( ,moses4  ,he may fall f 8  
ideals1 he may wor%ip idols1 b he nev]  
ceases to recognize t ?is is wrong      

because x is contr>y to ! law (         
,jehovah4     ,,iv4  ,,! ,,/ones ,,cry  
,,out4  ,! *a9 ( docum5t>y &            
circum/antial evid5ce :i* po9ts to !    
pres]vation1 sub/antially intact1 ( !   
,bible z an hi/oric record ( ! highe/   
possible tru/wor?9ess is complet$ by !  
daily increas+ /ore ( monum5ts :i* are  
br\ght to light1 especially 9 ,pale/9e1 
,assyria1 & ,egypt4  ,up to ! middle ( !
 pres5t c5tury ! l>ge/ "p ( our k ( !   
anci5t nations 0 drawn f ! ,bible4  ,x 0
 ! "o great treasure-h\se :]e9 ! hi/ory 
( ! ,ea/ 0 to be f\nd4  ,we _h ,greek & 
,roman & "s ,egyptian hi/orians1 b _! k 
0 conf9$ to _! own p1 & ne$$ to be      
supplem5t$ by ! details relat$ 9 !      
,p5tateu*1 9 ,josue1 ,judges1 ,ru?1 !   
two ,books ( ,samuel1 ! ,books ( ,k+s1  
,p>alipom5on1 ,esdras1 ,tobias1 ,judi?1 
,e/h]1 & ! ,ma*abees1 all ( :i* are     
hi/orical books conta9+ facts1 /ati/ics1
 con/itutions1 & dyna/ic l9es1 )\t :i*  
pr(ane hi/ory w\ld /ill be a d\btful &  
b>r5 field ( /udy4  ,b1 lately1 ! /udi\s

 indu/ry ( s*ol>ly m5 has gone ov] !    
gr\nd ( ! old ev5ts1 to te/ ) !         
in/rum5ts ( hi/oric criticism ! v]acity1
 &1 incid5tally1 ! au!nticity ( ! ,bible
 record4  ,aid$ by ! royal munific5ce ( 
gov]nm5ts & private corporations1 s*ol>s
 w5t to se>* out & exam9e ! monum5ts (  
antiquity 9 ^? p>ts :]e ! ,jewi% race _h
 dwelt dur+ ! p]iods rec\nt$ 9 ! ,bible4
  ,!y f\nd1 mo/ly bel[ ! e>?1 &         
sometimes b5ea? ! flood-b$s ( /reams &  
lakes1 traces 9 /one or clay or metal   
:i* po9t$ to _! conta9+ valuable        
in=mation reg>d+ ! ,p]sian1 ,assyrian1  
,egyptian1 & o!r nations ) :om ! ,hebrew
 p _h come 9 contact4  ,^! traces 7     
sometimes 9 signs & languages n und]/ood
 or :olly unkn[n 9 our le>n$ _w1 b )    
assidu\s /udy ! my/]ies came1 9 c\rse ( 
"t1 to be unravell$4  ,! /ory ( ^!      
discov]ies is 9 v>i\s ways extremely    
int]e/+1 & we %all speak ( !m m 9 detail
 lat] on4  ,besides ! primitive         
inscriptions j ref]r$ to1 a numb] (     
cities h be5 discov]$ :i* lay buri$ = _m

 c5turies b5ea? ! gr\nd ^u :i* aft]w>ds 
o!r races dwelt & built _! homes4       
,excavations 9 ,pale/9e g1 day by day1  
to expla91 :]e !y d n simply            
corroborate1 ! /atem5ts ( ! ,bible4  ,! 
digg+s ab\t ! suppos$ anci5t site (     
,n9eveh1 9 ,babylonia1 h une>!d ! ru9s (
 an imm5se libr>y4  ,sir ,a4 ,h4 ,lay>d1
 & subsequ5tly ,mr4 ,george ,smi? &     
,hormuzd ,rassam1 h br\ght toge!r a     
numb] ( clay tablets :i* op5 an imm5se  
_w ( ,assyrian & ,babylonian lit]ature1 
^: exi/5ce 0 hi!rto kn[n only by !      
indications giv5 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel &  
o!r hi/orical portions ( ! ,bible       
conc]n+ ! conqu]ors ( ! ,jews4  ,^!     
discov]ies1 z ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce rem>ks
 9 8 ,fre% ,lights f ,anci5t ,monum5ts  
7page #ag71 h n only %$ a flood ( light 
on ! hi/ory & antiquity ( ! ,old        
,te/am5t1 b !y h s]v$ to illu/rate &    
expla9 ! language ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z   
well4  ,! evid5ce br\ght to light by ^! 
monum5ts has left no d\bt 9 ! m9ds (    
sci5tific m5 z to ! facts t occurr$ ?ree

 & f\r ?\s& ye>s ago4  ,we read !       
inscriptions :i* be> witness to ! "w ( !
 ,*aldean k+ ,nimrod1 to ,zoroa/] !     
,elamite1 to ,khamu-rabi1 ! ,arab ( !   
days ( ,moses2 we treasure z ( prim>y   
hi/orical importance ! acc\nt (         
,h]odotus1 :o visit$ ,babylon at ! "t :5
 ,esdras & ,nehemias1 :o 7 bo? m9i/]s at
 ! c\rt ( ,artax]xes1 wrote _!          
cont9uation ( ! ,book ( ,*ronicles = !  
,jewi% bre?r5 9 ,pale/9e4  ,:5 we read !
 works ( ,tacitus & ,suetonius1 ( ,cic]o
 & ,virgil1 all ( :om indicate t !y _h  
"s k ( ! ,jewi% sacr$ books1#a we       
ent]ta9 no d\bt z to _! exi/5ce or !    
au!nticity ( _! writ+s2 yet m5 "u !     
guise ( sci5tific criticism h s\ght to  
ca/ d\bts ^u ! ,biblical records :i* h 9
 _! favor a docum5t>y evid5ce a hundr$  
times m accurate & tru/wor?y ?an any "w 
( antiquity )\t exception 9 ! :ole range
 ( hi/ory4  ,if apologi/s 7 sil5t1 ! v  
/ones w\ld beg9 to cry out 9 behalf ( ! 
au!nticity & antiquity ( ! ,biblical    
records4  ,e day is br++ ?is tru? into  

/rong] relief4  ,discov]y aft] discov]y1
 says ,pr(4 ,sayce1 has be5 p\r+ 9 ^u u 
f ,ori5tal l&s1 & ! acc\nts giv5 only t5
 ye>s ago ( ! results ( ,ori5tal rese>* 
are already beg9n+ to be antiquat$4444  
,! anci5t _w has be5 reawak5$ to life by
 ! spade ( ! explor] & ! pati5t skill ( 
! deciph]]1 & we n[ f9d ourselves 9 !   
pres5ce ( monum5ts :i* be> ! names or   
rec\nt ! de$s ( ! h]oes ( ,scripture4   
#a ,cf4 ,hett+]-,b[d51 ,reveal$         
,religion1 page #aeh4     ,v4  ,,heav5ly
 ,,doctr9e4    ,:5ce b f heav5 c\ld m51 
unskill$ 9 arts1   ,9 sev]al ages born1 
9 sev]al p>ts1   ,weave su* agree+      
tru?s8             7,dryd51 ,religio    
,laici47   ,! ,bible1 reg>d$ z a "w (   
hi/ory :i* (f]s u pro(s ( cr$ibility    
beyond ^? ( any secul> "w ( ! same k9d1 
has 9 its composition & /yle a ref9em5t 
& l(t9ess ( tone f> sup]ior to o!r      
writ+s ( equal age :i* h come d[n to u4 
,! ,jews attribut$ to ^! books1 "o & all
 ( !m1 a "* :i* at once di/+ui%es !m f  
all o!r books1 & caus$ ! collection ( !m

 to be reg>d$ 9 _! eyes z "o individual 
:ole4  ,?is di/+ui%+ "* 0 ! div9e       
au?ority ( e "o ( ^? books & ( e "p ( e 
book4#a  ,?is belief ( ! ,jews 0 s      
/rong1 s univ]sal1 s un*ang+ t1 z has   
already be5 said1 x p]vad$ & regulat$ _!
 entire religi\s1 political1 & social   
life dur+ all ! ev5tful c5turies (      
,israeliti% hi/ory4  ,t our ,"l knew (  
?is belief1 t ,he endors$ x1 prea*$ &   
emphasiz$ x repeat$ly1 is v evid5t f !  
au!ntic n>rative ( ! ,gospels4          
,expressions indicat+ ?is are to be f\nd
 ev]y:]e 9 ! writ+s ( ! evangeli/s3 ,h y
 nev] read 9 ! ,scriptures8  ,he says to
 ! ,scribes 9 ref]r+ to ! words ( !     
,psalmi/ 7cxvii4 #bb73 ,! /one :i* !    
build]s reject$1 etc4 7,/4 ,mat!w xxi4  
#db47 ,aga91 a little lat] on1 ,he *>ges
 ! ,sadducees :o say !re is no          
resurrection3 ,y err1 n kn[+ !          
,scriptures 7,ibid4 xxii4 #bi74 ,9 !    
,g>d5 ( ,olives ,he be>s witness to !   
prophetic "* ( ! ,book ( ,isaiah3 ,h[ !n
 %all ! ,scriptures be fulfill$ 7,ibid4 

xxvi4 #ed78  ,& ! hi/orian1 a fri5d &   
,apo/le ( ,*ri/1 adds3 ,n[ all ?is 0    
done t ! ,scriptures ( ! prophets might 
be fulfill$ 7,ibid4 #ef74  ,/4 ,john's  
,gospel1 especially1 ab\nds 9 ref]5ces l
 ! =ego+1 :i* po9t to ! intimate        
relation betwe5 ! ,messianic adv5t (    
,*ri/ & ! figures ( ! ,old ,law1 &      
assure u t ! books ( ! ,prophets1 z well
 z ! accompany+ hi/oric acc\nts ( !     
,scriptural books g5]ally1 7 reg>d$ z ! 
sacr$ ^w ( ,god1 n only by ! ,jews1 b by
 ! disciples ( ,*ri/4  ,?is sacr$       
collection 0 g5]ally spok5 ( z consi/+ (
 ?ree p>ts1 namely1 ! ,law1 ! ,prophets1
 & ! ,psalms4  ,philo & ,josephus1 bo?  
tra9$ 9 ! s*ools ( ! ,ph>isees1 m5tion !
 division z "o well und]/ood among !    
,jews ( _! "t4  ,*ri/ ,himself speaks ( 
! ,sacr$ ,scriptures1 9 diff]5t places1 
) ?is same di/9ction4  ,n[ ! te/imony ( 
,*ri/1 :o prov$ ,himself to be ! ,son ( 
,god1 & !re=e un]r+ tru?1 is explicit 9 
s f> z x appeals ) a supreme &          
infallible au?ority to ! ,jewi%         

,scriptures z to a te/imony n human1 b  
div9e4  ,h y n read t :i* 0 spok5 by    
,god8 ,he says1 ref]r+ to ! ,mosaic ,law
 9 ,exodus iii4 #f 7,/4 ,matt4 xxii4    
#ca74  ,_m times ,he speaks ( !         
,scriptures t !y may be fulfill$1 ?us   
indicat+ t !y conta9 t :i* lay 9 !      
future1 & ^: =ekn[l$ge mu/ h come f     
,god4 ,?is te/imony ( ,our ,"l is       
/r5g!n$ by ! int]pretation ( ,8 ,apo/les
 9 ! same s5se4  ,yet al?\gh ! te/imony 
( ,*ri/ & ! ,apo/les reg>d+ ! fact t !  
,books ( ! ,law & ! ,prophets & !       
,psalms are div9ely inspir$1 is v       
explicit1 we h n[h]e a cle> /atem5t or a
 catalogue :i* might assure u :at books 
& p>ts ( books are actually compris$ 9  
?is collection ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures ( 
:i* our ,"l speaks4  ,*ri/ approves z ! 
^w ( ,god ^? writ+s :i* 7 accept$ z su* 
among ! ,jews ( ,8 day1 b ,he does n    
give u any def9ite security by ?is g5]al
 endorsem5t t e *apt]1 e v]se1 mu* less 
e ^w ( ! ,bible1 z we h receiv$ x1 is   
actually inspir$4  ,we are n !re=e q    

sure f ! evid5ce ?us f> giv5 t ! ,old   
,te/am5t1 z we h x1 has 9 e "p ( x !    
sanction ( ,*ri/'s te/imony to its be+  
truly ! ^w ( ,god4  ,z to ! ,new        
,te/am5t1 we "k t1 h[ev] accurate &     
tru/wor?y z a hi/ory ( ! times 9 :i* x 0
 compos$ x may be1 yet x c\ld n h _h !  
explicit approval ( our ,"l1 simply     
because x _h n be5 writt5 & 0 n complet$
 = ab\t a hundr$ ye>s aft] ,8 dea? &    
glori\s resurrection4  ,yet we accept ! 
,new ,te/am5t z also inspir$ 9 j ! same 
au?oritative way z we receive ! ,hebrew 
writ+s ( ! ,old ,law4 ,& no?+ b a div9e 
te/imony1 su* z t ( ,*ri/1 c\ld assure u
 suffici5tly t 9 ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures we
 h ! ^w ( ,god4  ,:at crit]ion h we by  
:i* to det]m9e precisely :at books &    
p>ts belong to ?is collection ( ,old    
,te/am5t writ+s ( :i* ,*ri/ speaks z !  
^w ( ,god8  ,:at au?ority h we1 moreov]1
 = believ+ ! entire ,new ,te/am5t       
inspir$1 s9ce x 0 writt5 aft] ! "t (    
,*ri/8  ,if ,lu!r & o!r re=m]s1 s-call$1
 ?rew out "s portions ( ! sacr$ text1 by

 :at /&>d or crit]ion 7 !y guid$8  ,"s h
 answ]$ t we ne$ n ! te/imony ( ,*ri/ or
 any o!r equally explicit pro( to       
det]m9e :at p>ts belong to ?is          
collection ( writ+s repres5t+ ! inspir$ 
^w ( ,god4  ,!y hold1 ) ,calv91 t a     
c]ta9 spiritual unction inh]5t 9 !      
,sacr$ ,scriptures det]m9es _! s\rce1 & 
produces 9 ! dev\t read] an int]ior     
s5sation :i* gives him an absolute      
conviction ( ! tru?4  ,b common exp]i5ce
 tea*es t dev\t feel+s may be produc$ by
 books :i* are n inspir$1 nay1 by       
positively irreligi\s books1 :i* appeal 
to our bett] s5sitive nature 9 "s       
passages :il/ !y de/roy a prop] reg>d = 
virtue 9 o!rs4  ,moreov]1 ! absolute    
conviction ( ! tru? to be d$uc$ f !     
read+ ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures is beli$ by
 a simil> exp]i5ce1 s9ce v>i\s sects    
draw oppos+ conclusions f ! same texts4 
,z tru? _c contradict itself1 & z ,*ri/ 
pray$ t ,8 foll[]s all be ( "o m9d1 we d
 n feel safe 9 admitt+ m]e subjective   
feel+ & judgm5t z a te/ ( :at is ,god's 

^w4  ,!re=e we mu/ look = "s o!r        
crit]ion4  ,inde$1 if our ,"l wi%$ u to 
accept ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures1 includ+ !  
,new ,te/am5t1 :i* 0 writt5 _m ye>s aft]
 ,8 "t1 & = a long "t 0 kn[n only to v  
mu* sep>at$ portions ( ! fai?ful1 we may
 be q sure t ,he provid$ a means1 an    
au?oritative & cle> me?od1 :i* w\ld lead
 u to an un]r+ conclusion 9 reg>d to :at
 is & :at is n ! inspir$ ^w ( ,god4     
,?is w\ld be all ! m necess>y = ^? :o   
reg>d ! ,bible z ! pr9cipal rule & s\rce
 ( _! fai?4  ,x is a well-e/abli%$      
hi/orical fact t ,*ri/ taught "s new    
doctr9es1 z !y 7 call$1 & t ,he gave a  
commission to ,8 foll[]s1 :i* !y repeat$
 & c>ri$ out at ! sacrifice ( _! lives4 
,!re is no obscurity :atev] ab\t c]ta9  
words & precepts giv5 by our ,"l1       
hi/orically record$ by six ( ,8 ,apo/les
 & by _m ( ,8 disciples :o _h he>d & se5
 ,him1 :o hone/ly & intellig5tly believ$
 9 ,him1 & :o 7 prep>$ to die1 & 9 "s   
cases actually did suff] m>tyrdom = !   
ass]tions !y made4  ,he bade !m tea* all

 nations ! ?+s ,he _h taught !m4  ,he   
did n give !m a book1 z ,he might h     
done1 nor did ,he tell !m to write      
books2 = "s ( ! ,apo/les nev] wrote     
any?+2 & ( ^? :o did write 9 lat] days1 
"s _h actually nev] se5 our ,"l4  ,su*  
is ! common belief reg>d+ ,/4 ,paul1 :o 
wrote m ?an any o!r ( ! evangelical     
writ]s4  ,/4 ,luke1 9 ! v op5+ ( 8      
,gospel1 tells u t he wrote :at _h be5  
deliv]$ to him by ^? :o 7 eye-witnesses 
& m9i/]s ( ! ^w4  ,our ,"l did n1 !re=e1
 give ,8 disciples a book1 b ,he 0 v    
explicit 9 mak+ !m und]/& & feel t ,he  
gave !m an un]r+ ,_s1 :o w\ld be j !    
same z ,himself1 v]ily id5tical ) _!    
liv+ ,ma/] & ,tea*]1 ,*ri/1 :o w\ld     
abide ) !m to ! end ( "t4  ,behold1 ,i  
am ) y all days1 ev5 to ! consummation (
 ! _w4  ,to ! consummation ( ! _w8 ,& 7 
!y nev] to die8  ,7 !y actually to g1 z 
"s believ$ ( ,/4 ,john1 to p]petuate !  
k+dom ( ,*ri/1 w&]+ ov] ! e>? until all 
! nations 7 conv]t$8  ,n s4  ,!y 7 to   
deliv] ,8 doctr9e to _! successors1 & ! 

,holy ,_s1 ! ,p>aclete1 w\ld wat* ov] x 
until ! end ( ages4  ,/4 ,pet] w\ld     
live1 9 ?is s5se1 =ev]1 & all ! oppos+  
=ces ( error1 ! mighty gates ( hell1    
w\ld n ov]come t ,_s any m ?an !y w\ld  
triumph ov] ,*ri/1 :o _h ov]come ! _w4  
,to ,/4 ,pet] ,he said3 ,to !e ,i give !
 keys ( ! k+dom ( heav52 ,confirm ?\ ?y 
bre?r54  ,all ?is 0 to g on & on1 s t e 
human creature c\ld come into possession
 ( tru? ?r\gh ?is un]r+ ,_s t presid$   
ov] ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e4  ,& ?is p]petual
 transmission ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ! ,_s (    
,tru?1 :o w\ld guide ! future tea*]s &  
preside ov] _! c\ncils z at ! fir/      
c\ncils ( ,antio* & ,j]usalem1--?is     
p]petual transmission ?r\gh a body l !  
apo/olic body1 ev] liv+1 ev] gu>d$ f    
error1 ev] triumphant amid humiliations1
 :at else is x b ! ,*ur*1 t glori\s     
h]itage ( ages1 :i* we recognize ?r\gh  
all "t 9 e l&1 hold+ e class & condition
 ) ! wondr\s p[] ( its unity ( doctr9e &
 discipl9e6  ,n[ x is ?is body1 ?is     
ev]-liv+ & un*ang+ organism1 ?is gr&    

apo/olic tribunal1 :i* ,*ri/ e/abli%$1 &
 )\t :i* ,8 mission to m5 w\ld really h 
rema9$ incomplete1 t tells u t ! ?+s :i*
 "s ( ! ,apo/les & "s ( ! disciples     
wrote = our in/ruction & edification are
 inspir$ by ! same holy & infallible ,_s
 :i* guid$ ! ,apo/les 9 _! oral tea*+4  
,n all ?+s 7 writt5 !re1 z ,/4 ,john    
tells u1 b _m ?+s :i* !y _h taught1 &   
:i* w\ld keep ! p1 ) :om ! ,apo/les c\ld
 n be ev] pres5t1 9 m9d ( t doctr9e4 ,! 
writt5 ?+s 7 n int5d$ to replace ! spok5
 ^w ( doctr9al jurisdiction1 = !        
evangelical tea*+ ( ! spok5 ^w 0 to g on
 to ! end2 besides1 !re 7 _m :o c\ld n  
read1 & _m :o might li/5 b w\ld n read4 
,fur!rmore1 !re w\ld be ne$ ( a liv+    
apo/olic tribunal1 s9ce a writt5        
doctr9e1 l a writt5 law1 is liable to   
v>i\s & sometimes contradictory         
int]pretations4  ,we h con/itutions &   
laws1 b we ne$ judges & c\rts to decide 
! mean+ & application1 & if x 7 n t m5  
=get ! ord] ( ju/ice1 or are too remote 
f ! c5tres ( jurisdiction1 we %\ld n ne$

 any writt5 laws at all4 ,communities   
may be gov]n$ by a wise sup]ior )\t any 
writt5 laws1 & 9 no case does ! writt5  
law disp5se ) ! necessity ( a           
discretion>y liv+ au?ority4  ,x is q    
evid5t t 9 ! matt] ( tru? ,god wi%$ ,8  
,apo/les to use all ! in/rum5ts by :i* t
 tru? might be safely & rightly         
communicat$1 & ?us ! writt5 ^w 0 add$ to
 ! liv+ tea*+ :i* ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 ev] to
 direct & safegu>d4  ,i repeat3 ,*ri/   
did n give ,8 disciples a book1 b a     
liv+1 infallible _s1 abid+ ) !m to ! end
 ( "t1 z ,he said2 & s9ce ! ,apo/les 7 n
 to rema9 on e>? to ! end ( ! _w1 :at   
else c\ld our ,"l h meant b t o!rs w\ld 
take _! place on ! same conditions1 ) ! 
same pr]ogatives6  ,t ,he wi%$ & said   
?is is writt5 ov] & ov] aga9 9 ! sacr$  
volume1 & by m5 :o1 if !y _h held ?is   
gr& tru/ only = !mselves1 w\ld h _h e   
reason to say s4  ,b !y /ate ! contr>y4 
,/4 ,pet] orda9s ,/4 ,paul2 ,/4 ,paul   
s5ds ,timo?y & ,titus to ! new conv]ts  
on ! same conditions1 bidd+ !m to       

pres]ve intact ! grace t is 9 !m ?r\gh !
 imposition ( h&s4 ,& ! successive      
g5]ations ( ,pontiffs :o take ! place ( 
,pet] & ,paul & ,timo?y & ,titus are !  
gr& tribunal = ! transmission ( ,*ri/'s 
doctr9e4  ,t tribunal1 f ,/4 ,pet] d[n  
to ,leo ,,xiii41 is ! au?ority3 ,*ri/   
hav+ s5t !m1 ev5 z ! ,fa!r _h s5t ,him1 
:i* tells u t ! books ( ! ,sacr$        
,scriptures1 su* z we h !m1 & z !y are  
s+ly def9$ 9 :at is call$ ! ,ca?olic    
,canon ( ,biblical ,books1 are truly &  
really ! ^w ( ,god1 & 7 writt5 "u !     
impulsion ( ! ,holy ,_s4    #a ,! ,sacr$
 ,scriptures1 ,humphrey4     ,,vi4  ,,! 
,,vici\s ,,circle4  ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] x 
0 said t ! ,sacr$ ,scripture ( ! ,new   
,te/am5t conta9s ,*ri/'s /atem5ts       
accord+ to :i* ,he f\nd$ an ev]-liv+    
tribunal ( doctr9e :i* decid$ ! "q ( :at
 books are1 & :at books are n inspir$1  
:5ev] !re is any d\bt ab\t su* books4   
,p]haps y w say3 ,b is ?is n argu+ 9 a  
circle--a vici\s circle1 z philosoph]s  
say8  ,y prove ! exi/5ce ( ! ,*ur* z !  

tribunal to det]m9e :at books belong to 
! ,sacr$ ,scriptures f ! words ( !      
,bible2 & !n y turn ab\t & prove !      
inspiration ( ! ,bible f ! au?ority ( ! 
,*ur*4  ,n[ m>k ! diff]5ce4  ,:5 9 my   
fir/ argum5t ,i ref] to ! ,bible z      
conta9+ ,*ri/'s /atem5t & ! commission  
giv5 to ,8 ,apo/les1 ,i am tak+ !       
te/imony ( ! ,bible1 n z an inspir$ or  
div9e book1 b simply z a tru/wor?y      
hi/orical record :i* tells u ! fact1    
repeat$ by sev]al eye-witnesses & s9c]e 
m51 su* z ! evangeli/s & apo/olical     
writ]s1 t ,*ri/1 ( ^: div9ity !y 7      
conv9c$1 _h said & emphasiz$ ! fact t   
,he meant to f\nd a ,*ur*4  ,& z t ,*ur*
 0 to h ! div9e _s abid+ 9 x1 guid+ its 
decisions1 x came naturally )9 ! prov9ce
 ( t ,*ur* to def9e :e!r c]ta9 books 7  
to be reg>d$ z really inspir$ by t ,holy
 ,_s4  ,?us ! ,*ur* plac$ ^u ^! books ! 
m>k & sign-manual ( t commission :i* %e 
_h unque/ionably receiv$4  ,b ,i am     
con/ra9$1 = ! sake ( complet+ our pres5t
 aspect ( ! subject1 to say some?+ on ! 

"* & ext5t ( t div9e elem5t :i* ,jews & 
,*ri/ians recognize :5 !y accept !      
,sacr$ ,scriptures z ! ^w ( ,god4       
,,vii4  ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,p54  ,we h se5 t !
 ,biblical writ+s be> ! unmi/akable     
impress ( a div9e purpose4  ,! nature ( 
t purpose is likewise cle>ly enunciat$  
on e page ( ,holy ,writ4  ,man 9 8 fall5
 condition /&s 9 ne$ ( law & example1 ( 
precept & promise4  ,^! ,god gives him4 
,we read 9 ,exodus 7,*ap4 iii47 t ,he   
fir/ speaks to ,moses1 giv+ him ,8      
comm&s reg>d+ ! lib]ation & conduct ( ,8
 p out ( ,egypt4  ,lat] on1 9 ! des]t on
 ,m\nt ,s9ai1 ,moses spoke1 & ,god      
answ]$ him 7,*ap4 xix4 #ai72 & ,moses   
w5t d[n to ! p & told !m all 7,ibid4    
#be74  ,next we read 7,*ap4 xxiv4 #ab7 t
 ! ,"l said to ,moses3 ,i w give !e     
tables ( /one1 & ! law1 & ! comm&m5ts   
:i* ,i h writt51 t ?\ maye/ tea* !m4    
,"h ,god ann\nces ,himself z ! writ] ( !
 ,law & ! ,comm&m5ts1 al?\gh we receive 
!m 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,moses4 ,is ,moses a   
m]e amanu5sis1 writ+ "u dictation8  ,no4

  ,he is ! intellig5t1 free in/rum5t1   
writ+ "u ! direct inspiration ( ,god4   
,9 ?is s5se ,god is ! true au?or or     
writ] ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures1 mak+ ,8   
action pla9 to ! s5se & und]/&+ ( ,8    
*ildr5 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a man :om ,he    
inspires to execute ,8 "w4  ,h[ does ?is
 inspiration act on ! writ] :o o/5sibly 
executes ! div9e "w8  ,we answ]3 ,god   
moves ! w ( ! writ]1 & illum9es 8       
intellect1 po9t+ out to him at ! same "t
 ! subject-matt] :i* he is to write d[n1
 & pres]v+ him f error 9 ! completion ( 
8 committ$ task4  ,look+ att5tively at  
?is def9ition ( ,scriptural inspiration1
 a numb] ( que/ions arise at once 9 our 
m9ds4  ,god moves ! w1 enlight5s ! m9d1 
& po9ts out ! subject-matt] :i* !       
inspir$ writ] commits to pap]4  ,is !   
writ] "u ! influ5ce ( ! div9e impulsion 
s possess$ by ! inspir$ virtue t he acts
 )\t any fre$om1 ei!r z reg>ds ! mann] (
 8 expression or ! use ( previ\sly      
acquir$ k conc]n+ ! subject ( :i* he    
writes8  ,i answ]3 ,no4  ,god moves ! w 

( ! writ]2 ,he does n annihilate x or   
absorb x1 unless 9 ! s5se t ,he br+s x1 
by a c]ta9 illum9ation ( ! intellect1 to
 a con=mity ) ,8 own4  ,h5ce ! mann] &  
me?od ( expression reta9 ! traces ( !   
individuality ( ! writ]1 t is to say1 ( 
8 views & feel+s z det]m9$ by ! ord9>y  
habits ( life & ! range ( 8 previ\s k4  
,! idea ( ! div9e au?or%ip ( ! ,sacr$   
,scriptures by no means requires t !    
tru?s :i* ,god will$ to be conta9$ !re9 
c\ld n or %\ld n h be5 o!rwise kn[n to !
 inspir$ writ]s3 ,_! use ( /udy1 _!     
inve/igation ( docum5ts1 _! int]rogation
 ( witnesses & o!r evid5ce1 & _! excuses
 = ru/icity ( /yle & pov]ty ( language  
%[ ?is only1 t !y 7 n inanimate1 b liv+1
 intellig5t1 & rational in/rum5ts--t !y 
7 m51 & n ma*9es4444  ,!y 7 employ$ 9 a 
mann] :i* correspond$ to1 & :i* became !
 nature1 ! mode1 & ! conditions ( _!    
be+4  ,previ\s k ( c]ta9 tru?s by m5 c  
be no reason :y ,god %\ld n conceive & w
 su* tru?s to be communicat$ by means ( 
,scripture to ,8 ,*ur*4444  ,h5ce ! idea

 ( inspiration does n exclude human     
indu/ry1 /udy1 ! use ( docum5ts &       
witnesses1 & o!r aids 9 ord] to !       
conceiv+ ( su* tru?s1 s long z x        
includes a sup]natural op]ation &       
direction ( ,god1 :i* effects t ! m9d ( 
! inspir$ writ] %\ld conceive all ^?    
tru?s1 & ^? only :i* ,god w\ld h him    
communicate4#a  ,& h]e9 lies ! diff]5ce 
betwe5 inspiration & revelation1 ! latt]
 be+ ! manife/ation ( some?+ previ\sly  
unkn[n to ! writ]4  ,! second "q1 :i*   
naturally occurs 9 connection ) ! "o j  
answ]$1 is :e!r we are to consid] t !   
words1 j z we read !m 9 ! ,bible1 are   
inspir$ 9 su* wise t we may n conceive (
 ! sacr$ text hav+ any o!r mean+ ?an t  
to :i* its v]bal expression limits x4   
,!re are _m reasons :y we ne$ n feel    
b\nd to accept ! !ory ( lit]al or v]bal 
inspiration ( ! ,bible1 al?\gh su*      
op9ion has be5 def5d$ by em95t          
!ologians1 :o wi%$ !reby to def5d !     
integrity ( ! sacr$ volume aga9/ !      
wanton int]f]5ce ) ! receiv$ text on !  

"p ( innovators & s-call$ religi\s      
re=m]s4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! !ory ( v]bal
 inspiration is n ess5tial to !         
ma9t5ance ( ! absolute integrity ( a    
writt5 revelation4 ,t revelation        
proposes tru?s & facts1 & :il/ ! t]ms   
employ$ = ! expression ( ^! tru?s &     
facts mu/ fit adequately to convey !    
s5se1 !y admit ( a c]ta9 v>iety )\t     
!reby 9 ! lea/ injur+ ! accuracy (      
/atem5ts4  ,?is is applicable n only to 
s+le words1 b to phrases & =ms (        
diction1 & to figures ( illu/ration4    
,secondly1 ! sacr$ writ]s !mselves      
abundantly indicate ! fre$om :i* may be 
ex]cis$ or all[$ 9 ! v]bal decl>ation ( 
div9ely inspir$ tru?s4  ,_m ( !m repeat 
! same facts & doctr9es 9 diff]5t words4
  ,?is is ! case ev5 ) reg>d to ev5ts ( 
! grave/ "*1 su* z ! in/itution ( !     
,bless$ ,eu*>i/1 9 :i* !re c be no room 
= a diff]5ce ( int]pretation z to ! true
 s5se4  ,/4 ,mat!w 7xxvi4 #bf-bh71 =    
example1 records ! act ( consecration by
 ,our ,"l on ! eve ( ,8 passion 9 !     

foll[+ words3 ,take ye & eat3 ,?is is   
,my ,body4444  ,dr9k ye all ( ?is1 = ?is
 is ,my ,blood ( ! new ,te/am5t1 :i*    
%all be %$ = _m = ! remission ( s9s4    
,/4 ,m>k 7xiv4 #bb-bd7 writes3 ,take ye4
  ,?is is ,my ,body4444  ,?is is ,my    
,blood ( ! new ,te/am5t1 :i* %all be %$ 
= _m4  ,/4 ,luke 7xxii4 #ai-bj7 says3   
,?is is ,my ,body1 :i* is giv5 = y4444  
,?is is ! *alice1 ! new ,te/am5t 9 ,my  
,blood1 :i* %all be %$ = y4  ,/4 ,paul  
7,i4 ,cor4 xi4 #bd-be7 has x3 ,?is is   
,my ,body1 :i* %all be deliv]$ = y4444  
,?is *alice is ! new ,te/am5t 9 ,my     
,blood4  ,^! f\r witnesses cite v       
important words spok5 by our ,"l on a   
mo/ solemn occasion4  ,/4 ,mat!w 0      
pres5t at ! ,la/ ,supp]4  ,he wrote 9 ! 
v language employ$ by our ,"l1 & we h e 
reason to believe t he c\ld rememb] &   
wi%$ to rememb] exactly :at our ,"l _h  
said on s important a subject1          
especially :5 he1 ) ! o!r ,apo/les1 0   
told to d ! same act 9 remembrance ( _! 
,ma/] :5 ,he %\ld be no long] ) !m 9    

visible human =m4  ,/4 ,m>k1 ,/4 ,luke1 
& ,/4 ,paul nev]!less v>y ! expression (
 ?is trem5d\s my/]y 9 all b ! words3    
,?is is ,my ,body4  ,!y drew _! k ( ! =m
 ( ! in/itution ( ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t f 
,/4 ,pet]2 at lea/ we "k t ,/4 ,pet]    
revis$ & approv$ ( ,/4 ,m>k's ,gospel1#b
 & ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,luke evid5tly obta9$
 _! k ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? f a common      
s\rce1 :i* ! *ief ( ! ,apo/les          
controll$4  ,!y _h e opportunity to     
consult ,/4 ,m>k1 & !re might h be5     
reason = do+ s s9ce !y wrote 9 ,greek1  
:]eas ,/4 ,mat!w reta9$ ! ,hebrew idiom1
 b evid5tly nei!r !y nor ,/4 ,pet] deem$
 a lit]al or v]bal r5d]+ ( ! sacram5tal 
=m ess5tial1 provid$ ! true v]sion ( our
 ,"l's action 0 fai?fully giv54         
,fur!rmore1 ! claim ( v]bal inspiration 
implies a necessity ( hav+ rec\rse to ! 
orig9al language 9 :i* ! inspir$ writ]s 
compos$ _! works1 s9ce x is q impossible
 t translations c 9 e case adequately   
r5d] ! exact mean+ convey$ by an idiom  
no long] liv+4  ,b ! necessity ( ref]r+ 

to ! ,hebrew1 ,*aldee1 or ,greek text 9 
ord] to v]ify ! true s5se ( an          
expression w\ld place ! ,bible beyond ! 
rea* ( all b a few s*ol>s1 = ^:         
exclusive b5efit ! g5]ally popul> /yle (
 ! ,bible =bids u to ?9k !y 7 prim>ily  
int5d$4  ,f9ally1 we h ! indication by  
writ]s ( bo? ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts t  
:at !y wrote 0 n convey$ to !m by way ( 
dictation1 b t ! div9e ?\ght conceiv$ 9 
_! own m9ds 0 r5d]$ by !m ) su*         
imp]fections ( expression z belong$     
:olly to ! human elem5t ( ! in/rum5t :i*
 ,god employ$1 & c\ld 9 n[ise be        
attribut$ to ! ,holy ,gho/1 :o p]mitt$  
,8 revelation to be communicat$ ?r\gh   
*annels ( v>i\s k9ds & degrees ( mat]ial
 =m4  ,?us ! writ] ( ! sacr$ ,book (    
,ma*abees 7,,ii4 ,ma*4 ii4 #bd1 etc47   
apologizes = 8 /yle ( writ+4 ,/4 ,paul  
7,i4 ,cor4 ii4 #ac2 ,,ii4 ,cor4 xi4 #f7 
gives u to und]/& t 8 words fall %ort ( 
! requirem5ts ( ! rhetorician1 b t he is
 satisfi$ to convey ! doctr9e ( ! ,_s4  
#a ,vid4 ,! ,sacr$ ,scriptures2 or1 ,!  

,writt5 ,^w ( ,god4  ,by ,william       
,humphrey1 ,s4 ,j4--,london1 ,art &     
,book ,co41 #ahid4  #b ,clem5t          
,alex4--,euseb41 ,h4,e41 ,,ii4 xv4 #a2  
,,vi4 xiv4 #f2 ,,xx4 clxxii4 #eeb4      
,also ,hi]on41 ,de ,vir4 ,ill41 ,,viii4 
xxiii4 #fba1 etc4     ,,viii4  ,,!      
,,melody ,,& ,,h>mony ,,( ,,! ,,vox     
,,coele/is4  ,b1 y w say1 :il/ x is pla9
 t we ne$ n adh]e to ! text ( ,holy     
,writ s /rictly z to suppose t ea* s+le 
^w is ! only exact repres5tation ( !    
?\ght or tru? ) :i* ,god inspir$ !      
writ]1 x seems difficult to see :]e y c 
draw ! l9e betwe5 ! tea*+ ( ,god & its  
int]pretation by man :o is n b\nd by    
def9ite words4  ,9 o!r words1 if v]bal  
inspiration is n to be admitt$1 h[ f>   
does inspiration actually ext5d 9 !     
=mation ( ! writt5 text8  ,i %\ld answ] 
t inspiration ext5ds to ! tru?s & facts 
conta9$ 9 ! ,bible1 absolutely2 t x     
ext5ds to ! t]ms 9 :i* ^! tru?s & facts 
are express$1 relatively4  ,! =m] _c    
v>y2 ! latt] may v>y accord+ to !       

disposition or ! circum/ances ( ! writ]4
  ,x may be all[able to express ?is     
di/9ction by a comp>ison ( ,biblical )  
musical inspiration4 ,tak+ music1 n z a 
me*anical art1 b z an expression ( !    
s\l1 or1 z ,milton puts x1 (    ,/ra9s t
 might create a s\l1  we di/+ui% betwe5 
! conception ( ! melody & its           
accompanim5t ( h>moni\s *ords4  ,! =m]  
con/itutes1 s to speak1 ! !me1 ! tru?1  
or motive ( ! arti/ic conception1 :i* ! 
compos] seizes "u 8 inspiration4  ,:5 he
 goes to communicate ! expression ( ?is 
musical tru? or melody ?r\gh ! in/rum5t 
he at once & in/9ctively avails himself 
( ! *ords :i*1 by way ( accompanim5t1   
emphasize ! musical tru? :i* 8 s\l utt]s
 ?r\gh ! in/rum5t1 accord+ to ! peculi> 
nature or =m ( ! latt]4  ,^! *ords ( !  
accompanim5t are n ! lead+ motive or    
tru? ( 8 !me1 b !y are equally true ) x4
  ,!y may v>y1 ev5 :il/ he uses ! same  
in/rum5t1 b ! melody mu/ ev] obs]ve !   
exact di/ances betwe5 ! s\nds 9 its     
f9i%$ =m1 & _c be alt]$ )\t *ang+ !     

motive ( ! piece4  ,! inspiration ( !   
,sacr$ ,text (f]s an analogy to t ( !   
arti/ musician4  ,! div9e melody ( tru?s
 & facts is def9itely communicat$ to !  
inspir$ compos] ( ! ,sacr$ ,books4      
,sometimes he s+s l\d & ) /rong         
emphasis1 sometimes he b>ely brea!s 8   
heav5ly tones1 yet !y are no unc]ta9    
notes2 !y all[ ( no alt]ation1 addition1
 or omission4  ,b 9 ! accompany+ *ords  
he takes n[ "o set1 n[ ano!r1 rema9+ 9 !
 same clef1 ev] true to ! melody1 yet   
manifold 9 ! v>iety ( express+ t tru?4  
,ev5 ! seem+ discords1 :i*1 tak5 by     
!mselves1 look l errors1 prove to be "p 
( ! great !me2 :5 rightly und]/ood !y   
are b transition *ords :i* prep>e u = ! 
complete realization ( ! succe$+ h>mony 
into :i* !y resolve !mselves4     ,,ix4 
,,! ,,voice ,,f ,,! ,,rock4  ,does !    
,*ur* indorse ! def9ition ( ,scriptural 
inspiration :i* has be5 giv5 9 ! two    
prec$+ *apt]s8  ,! ,*ur* has said v     
little on ! subject ( ! inspiration ( ! 
,sacr$ ,scriptures1 b en\gh to s]ve u z 

a def9ition & z an expression ( its     
limitations4  ,! ,c\ncils ( ,flor5ce &  
,tr5t simply /ate t ! ,sacr$            
,scriptures1 hav+ be5 writt5 "u !       
inspiration ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 h ,god = _!
 au?or4  ,h[ mu* may be d$uc$ f ?is 0   
made cle> by ! late ,vatican ,c\ncil    
7,con/it41 de ,fide1 cap4 ii471 :i*     
holds t ! ,*ur* reg>ds ^! books         
7enum]at$ 9 ! ,trid5t9e ,canon71 z sacr$
 & canonical1 n because1 hav+ be5       
compos$ ?r\gh ! c>e & indu/ry ( m51 !y 7
 aft]w>ds approv$ by ! au?ority ( !     
,*ur*1 nor simply because !y conta9     
reveal$ tru? )\t error1 b because !y 7  
writt5 "u ! inspiration ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 
9 su* a way z to h ,god = _! au?or4444#a
  ,by ?is def9ition two di/9ct !ories ( 
inspiration are c5sur$ z contr>y to     
,ca?olic tea*+4  ,! fir/ is t :i* has   
be5 call$ subsequ5t inspiration1 accord+
 to :i* a book might be writt5 :olly    
?r\gh human indu/ry1 b receiv+ aft]w>ds 
! te/imony ( express div9e approval1    
might become ! writt5 ^w ( ,god4  ,?is  

tea*+ is n admissible inasmu* z x       
excludes ! div9e au?or%ip ( !           
,scriptures4  ,a second !ory condemn$ by
 ! above clause ( ! ,vatican ,c\ncil z  
unt5able on ,ca?olic pr9ciples is t :i* 
is call$ negative inspiration4  ,its    
def5d]s hold t ! ext5t ( ! div9e action 
9 ! composition ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures  
is limit$ to ! exclusion ( errors f !   
sacr$ volume4  ,?is w\ld re/rict ! value
 ( ! tru? reveal$ 9 ! ,bible to a m]e   
exposition ( human k conta9+ no actual  
mis/atem5ts ( fact4    #a ,see on ?is   
subject ,p4 ,bruck]'s rec5tly publi%$ "w
 ,que/ions ,actuelles d',ecriture       
,sa9te1 p> le ,r4 ,p4 ,jos4 ,bruck]1 ,s4
 ,j43 ,p>is1 ,victor ,retaux1 :i* treats
 admirably ?is "p ( our subject4     ,x4
  ,a ,,s\rce ,,( ,,g5]al ,,in=mation ,,&
 ,,culture4  ,among ! _m int]e/+ lett]s 
:i* ,/4 ,j]ome has left u !re is "o to  
,laeta1 a noble lady ( ,rome1 reg>d+ !  
education ( h] little daught]1 ,paula4  
,an aunt ( ! *ild 0 at ! "t 9 ,be?lehem1
 :]e1 amid ! v sc5es :]e our ,"l 0 born1

 %e /udi$ ! ,holy ,scriptures 9 !       
,hebrew & ,greek tongues1 z 0 !n ! habit
 ( educat$ ,*ri/ian ladies4  ,/4 ,j]ome 
w\ld h ! *ild ,paula tra9$ 9 all ! arts 
& sci5ces t c\ld ref9e h] m9d & lead x  
to its highe/ ex]cise 9 t s+ul>ly gift$ 
nature4  ,to ?is end he bids ,laeta     
cultivate 9 ! *ild an e>ly k ( ! ,sacr$ 
,scriptures4  ,) a t\*+ simplicity ! ag$
 ,sa9t ent]s into m9ute details ( !     
daily tra9+1--h[ ! *ildi% h&s are to =m 
! ivory lett]s1 :i* s]ve h] z play?+s1  
into ! names ( ! prophets & sa9ts ( !   
,old ,te/am5t2 h[ lat] %e is to commit  
to memory1 ea* day1 *oice say+s1 fl[]s (
 wisdom cull$ f ! sacr$ writ]s1 & h[1   
f9ally1 he ,transcrib]'s note3 %e8 is to
 come to ! ,holy ,l& & le>n f h] aunt ! 
l(ty erudition & und]/&+ ( ! ,bible1 a  
book :i* conta9s & unfolds to him :o    
kn[s h[ to read x rightly all ! wisdom (
 ages1 practical & 9 pr9ciple1 surpass+ 
! classic beauty ( ^? r5[n$ ,roman      
writ]s ( ^: works ,/4 ,j]ome himself _h 
be5 once s passionately fond t !y haunt$

 him 9 8 dreams4  ,x mu/ n be suppos$1  
h[ev]1 t ! judgm5t ( s erudite a man z  
,/4 ,j]ome 9 plac+ ! /udy ( ! ,sacr$    
,scriptures above all o!r bran*es ( a   
high] education 0 bas$ ^u a purely      
spiritual view4  ,he realiz$ :at escapes
 ! sup]ficial read] ( ! inspir$ writ+s3 
t !y are n only a libr>y ( religi\s     
?\ght1 b1 9 e true/ s5se ( ! ^w1 a      
comp5dium ( g5]al k4  ,! sacr$ volumes  
are a code & dige/ ( law1 ( political1  
social1 & dome/ic economy2 a book (     
hi/ory ! mo/ compreh5sive & be/         
au!nticat$ ( all writt5 records back to 
! remote/ ages2 a summ>y ( practical    
lessons & maxims = e sph]e ( life2 a    
treasury ( beautiful ?\ghts &           
reflections1 :i* in/ruct at once &      
elevate1 & ?us s]ve z a mo/ effective   
means ( education4  ,t ?is is no        
exagg]ation is atte/$ by m5 l ! pagans (
 old1 :o1 becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! sacr$     
books1 valu$ !m1 ?\gh !y saw 9 !m no?+ (
 t special div9e revelation :i* ! ,jew &
 ,*ri/ian recognize4  ,we read 9 hi/ory 

h[1 ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e our ,"l1
 ,ptolemy ,philadelphia1 ! mo/ cultur$ (
 all ! ,egyptian k+s1 & f\nd] ( ! fam\s 
,alex&rian ,univ]sity1 :i* = c5turies   
out%one e o!r in/itution ( le>n+ by !   
r5[n ( its tea*]s1 s5t a magnific5t     
embassy to ! ,high-prie/ ,eleaz> at     
,j]usalem to ask him = a copy ( ! ,sacr$
 ,law ( ! ,jews4  ,s greatly did he     
e/eem its possession t he (f]$ = ! "r ( 
translat+ ! ,p5tateu* alone six hundr$  
tal5ts ( gold 7#egf1jjj71 & lib]ty to   
all ! ,jewi% captives 9 8 dom9ion1 to ! 
numb] ( ab\t #aej1jjj 7"s hi/orians give
 ! numb] at #ajj1jjj1 o!rs at #bjj1jjj74
  ,!re exi/s a spuri\s acc\nt1 ascrib$  
to ,ari/eas1 "o ( ,ptolemy's m9i/]s1 :o 
is said to h accompani$ ! royal embassy 
to ,j]usalem = ! purpose ( urg+ ! k+'s  
reque/4  ,accord+ to ?is /ory1 :i* is 9 
=m ( a lett] writt5 by ,ari/eas to 8    
bro!r ,philocrates1 six rabbis1 equally 
well v]s$ 9 ! ,hebrew & ,greek          
languages1 7 select$ by ! high-prie/ f  
ea* ( ! twelve tribes4  ,! sev5ty-two   

rabbis 7 invit$ to ! palace ( ! k+1 :o1 
:il/ ent]ta9+ !m = "s "t1 publicly ask$ 
!m que/ions relat+ to civil gov]nm5t &  
moral philosophy1 s t by ?is means he   
might te/ _! k & judgm5t4  ,_m ( ^!     
que/ions1 curi\s & qua9t1 h be5 pres]v$1
 & are int5d$ to %[ ! wisdom ( ,ptolemy 
& 8 desire to raise 8 gov]nm5t to a high
 level ( moral & political p]fection4   
,among ! gue/s :o 7 pres5t at ! k+'s    
table we f9d ,demetrius ,phal]eus1 !    
fam\s libr>ian1 ,euclid1 ! ma!matician1 
,!ocritus1 ! ,greek poet philosoph]1 &  
,mane?o1 ! ,egyptian hi/orian1 toge!r ) 
o!r equally le>n$ & illu/ri\s s*ol>s &  
lit]>y arti/s4  ,lat] on ! sev5ty-two   
translators1 accord+ to ! same          
tradition1 :i* has come to u ?r\gh "s ( 
! old ecclesia/ical writ]s1 7 br\ght to 
! isl& ( ,ph>os1 :]e !y w5t to "w 9     
sep>ate cells1 undi/urb$ & liv+ accord+ 
to a uni=m rule1 until ! entire "w (    
translation _h be5 accompli%$4  ,!n !   
results 7 comp>$1 & x 0 f\nd t !        
translations ( all agre$ 9 a wond]ful   

mann]1 & ! ,jews accept$ x z a "w done  
"u ! special protection ( ,jehovah4     
,:atev] we may hold z to ! accuracy ( ! 
above acc\nt & its pret5d$ orig91 x is  
c]ta9 t ! /ory 0 curr5t be=e ! "t (     
,*ri/1 x be+ cr$it$ by ,philo1 :o       
repeats x 9 8 ,life ( ,moses1 & by      
,josephus1 z well z by ,/4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 
& o!rs ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs4  ,all  
agree t ! ,septuag9t translation 0 made 
ab\t ! "t ( ,ptolemy1 & t ! ,jews (     
,alex&ria & ,pale/9e held x 9 equal     
v5]ation z a fai?ful copy ( ! ,mosaic   
books1 :il/ ! pagans reg>d$ x 9 ! light 
( a wond]fully complete code (          
laws--civil1 dome/ic1 & moral4  ,ref]5ce
 has already be5 made to ! ,sacr$       
,scriptures z con/itut+ ! olde/ &       
be/-au!nticat$ record ( anci5t hi/ory4  
,f x we draw ! ma9 /ore ( our in=mation 
reg>d+ ! beg9n+s ( human society 9 !    
,ea/]n c\ntries ( ,mesopotamia1 e>ly    
,*aldea1 ,assyria1 ,p]sia1 ,arabia1 &   
,egypt1 all ( :i* are gr\p$ ar\nd !     
common c5tre1 ,pale/9e1 :]e ! pr9cipal  

sc5es ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t n>rative 
are laid4  ,b x is n only 9 ! dep>tm5ts 
( hi/ory & geography t ! ,bible         
repres5ts ! mo/ ext5sive & reliable     
s\rce ( in=mation hi!rto op5 to ! /ud5t 
( m5tal culture4  ,! sacr$ books1 al?\gh
 nev] int5d$ to s]ve a purely sci5tific 
purpose1 h )9 rec5t ye>s become         
recogniz$ indicators :i* ?r[ light ^u   
d\btful pa?s 9 ! inve/igation ( c]ta9   
sci5tific facts4  ,sir ,william ,dawson1
 "o ( ! lead+ inve/igators ( our day1   
has lately publi%$ 8 ,l[ell lectures1 9 
:i* he %[s h[ sci5ce at la/ confirms &  
illu/rates ! tea*+ ( ,holy ,writ reg>d+ 
geology & ! creation ( man4#a  ,simil>  
conclusions are be+ daily rea*$ 9       
diff]5t fields ( sci5tific rese>*1 & !  
words ( ,jean ,paul reg>d+ ! fir/ page (
 ! ,mosaic record1 z conta9+ m real k   
?an all ! folios ( m5 ( sci5ce &        
philosophy1 are prov+ !mselves true 9   
o!r respects also4  ,we may be all[$ to 
cite "h f ,geikie's ,h\rs ,) ! ,bible ! 
te/imony ( ! late ,dr4 ,mc,caul1 :o     

gives u a legitimate view ( ! late/     
results ( sci5ce z comp>$ ) ! ,mosaic   
record ( ! ,bible4  ,moses1 he says1    
relates h[ ,god creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>? 
at an indef9itely remote p]iod1 be=e !  
e>? 0 ! habitation ( man3 ,geology has  
lately discov]$ ! exi/5ce ( a long      
prehuman p]iod4  ,a comp>ison ) o!r     
,scriptures 7i4e41 ^? writt5 aft] !     
,p5tateu*1 or ,mosaic acc\nt7 %[s t !   
heav5s ( ,moses include ! abode ( angels
 & ! place ( ! fix$ />s1 :i* exi/$ be=e 
! e>?3 ,a/ronomy po9ts out remote       
worlds1 ^: light began its j\rney long  
be=e ! exi/5ce ( man4  ,moses decl>es t 
! e>? 0 or became cov]$ ) wat]1 & 0     
desolate & empty3 ,geology has f\nd by  
inve/igation t ! primitive globe 0 cov]$
 ) a uni=m ocean1 & t !re 0 a long azoic
 p]iod1 dur+ :i* nei!r plant nor animal 
c\ld live4 ,moses /ates t !re 0 a "t :5 
! e>? 0 n dep5d5t on ! sun = light or   
heat2 :51 !re=e1 !re c\ld be no climatic
 diff]5ces3 ,geology has lately v]if$   
?is /atem5t by f9d+ tropical plants &   

animals scatt]$ ov] all places ( ! e>?4 
,moses affirms t ! sun1 z well z ! moon1
 is only a light hold]3 ,a/ronomy       
decl>es t ! sun is a non-lum9\s body1   
dep5d5t = its light on a lum9\s         
atmosph]e4  ,moses ass]ts t ! e>? exi/$ 
be=e ! sun 0 giv5 z a lum9>y3 ,mod]n    
sci5ce proposes a !ory :i* expla9s h[   
?is 0 possible4  ,moses ass]ts t !re is 
an expanse ext5d+ f e>? to di/ant       
heights1 9 :i* ! heav5ly bodies are     
plac$3 ,rec5t discov]ies lead to !      
supposition ( "s subtile fluid m$ium 9  
:i* !y move4  ,moses describes ! process
 ( creation z gradual1 & m5tions ! ord] 
9 :i* liv+ ?+s appe>$3 plants1 fi%es1   
f[ls1 l& animals1 man3 ,by ! /udy (     
nature1 geology has arriv$ indep5d5tly  
at ! same conclusion4  ,:5ce did ,moses 
get all ?is k8  ,h[ 0 x t he word$ 8    
rapid sket* ) su* sci5tific accuracy8   
,if he 9 8 day possess$ ! k :i* g5ius & 
sci5ce h atta9$ only rec5tly1 t k is    
sup]human4  ,if he did n possess ! k1 !n
 8 p5 mu/ h be5 guid$ by sup]human      

wisdom 7,aids to ,fai?1 p4 #bcb74  ,"s  
ye>s ago mu* ado 0 made by c]ta9        
sceptics ab\t ! *ronology ( ! ,bible1 z 
if ! discrepancies ( a few figures c\ld 
undo ! manife/ au!nticity ( ! va/ /ore (
 facts v\*$ 9 ! gr& collection (        
,biblical books4  ,^! discrepancies are 
be+ gradually expla9$4  ,x may be t we  
err 9 prop]ly und]/&+ ! ,ori5tal habits 
( c\nt+ g5ealogies1 or t ! me?od ( !    
fir/ transcrib]s l$ to inaccuracy1      
despite ! c>e us$ 9 ! copy+ &           
pres]vation ( ! text4  ,:5 we rememb] t 
,hebrew signs1 v closely resembl+ ea*   
o!r1 d5ote (t5 great diff]5ces1 cle>    
en\gh1 no d\bt1 at fir/1 b becom+       
indi/9ct 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 we _c wond] t  
"s words & expressions pres5t to !      
ord9>y read] a my/]y1 or ev5 seem+      
contradiction4  ,x is n necess>y to     
und]/& ! anci5t tongue 9 ord] to realize
 ?is fact4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! simil>ity
 ( ,hebrew *>act]s :i* repres5t great   
num]ical diff]5ces mu/ h easily l$ to   
errors by ! copyi/s1 :i* caus$          

difficulty to ! lat] transcrib]s unless 
!y _h a reliable tradition to correct ! 
mi/ake4  ,?us ! lett] ,hebrew3 ,be?     
7,be?7 repres5ts two1 :il/ ,hebrew3     
,kaph 7,kaph7 repres5ts tw5ty4  ,by     
plac+ two small dots above ei!r ( ^! two
 *>act]s y multiply !m by a ?\s&1       
,hebrew3 ,be? ) two dots repres5t+ two  
?\s& & ,hebrew3 ,kaph ) two dots tw5ty  
?\s&4  ,! lett] ,hebrew3 ,vav 7,vav7 is 
equival5t to six1 ano!r lett] v l x 9   
=m1 ,hebrew3 ,zay9 7,zay971 is sev51    
:il/ bo? ( ^! *>act]s repres5t a v>iety 
( mean+s3 (t5e/ ,hebrew3 ,vav 7,vav7 is 
a copula1 at o!r times x /&s at ! beg9n+
 ( a disc\rse1 or introduces ! apodosis1
 or is simply an int5sive1 or           
adv]sative2 sometimes x is prefix$ to a 
future t5se1 & turns x into an imp]fect1
 etc4  ,aga91 !re are special reasons :y
 c]ta9 comb9ations ( lett]s /& =        
num]als1 contr>y to ! ord9>y rule4  ,?us
 fifte5 is express$ by ,hebrew3 vav1    
tet#if1 in/ead ( ,hebrew3 tav1 vav1 he1 
yod1 because ! "n ( ,god comm5ces ) !   

latt] *>act]s ,hebrew3  7,jehovah71 etc4
  ,fur!rmore1 _m ( ! signs us$ z num]als
 _h fix$ symbolical significations1 & 7 
n meant to be tak5 z lit]al quantities4 
,moreov]1 9 all ! old ,hebrew writ+s !  
consonants only are express$4  ,?us x   
happ5s t ! same writt5 *>act]s may d5ote
 diff]5t ?+s1 sometimes contradictory1  
unless liv+ tradition c\ld supply ! true
 signification4  ,?us ! ^w ,hebrew3 re%1
 kaf means son 7,ps4 ii4 #ab71 or x may 
be an adjective signify+ *os5 7,cant4   
vi4 #i71 or1 aga91 cle> 7,cant4 vi4     
#aj71 or empty 7,prov4 xiv4 #d74        
,besides ^! prim>y mean+s x /&s = corn  
or gra91 = op5 fields or c\ntry1 = a    
pit1 = salt ( lye 7vegetable salt71 & = 
pur5ess4  ,! true signification 9 ea*   
passage is n always cle> f ! context1 & 
critics are frequ5tly at a loss to div9e
 ! s5se int5d$ by ! writ]4  ,b :il/ ^!  
discrepancies & obscurities are a       
mom5t>y s\rce ( di/raction1 !y ar\se n  
only zeal = ! /udy ( ! sacr$ languages1 
by :i* means philological my/]ies are   

frequ5tly cle>$ up1 b !y give u (t5 an  
insight into ! wond]ful g5ius ( !       
,semitic languages1 ) _! peculi> imag]y1
 :i* associates ideas & feel+s app>5tly 
:olly di/9ct f ea* o!r accord+ to ! use 
( mod]n t]ms4  ,! la/-made reflection   
sugge/s ano!r advantage1 9 an           
educational po9t ( view1 :i* ! /udy ( ! 
,sacr$ ,scriptures op5s to ^? :o possess
 suffici5t tal5t & opportunity = its    
pursuit4  ,i mean ! p[] ( ?\ght &       
reflection :i* comes ) ! /udy ( a =eign 
language4  ,!re are portions ( ! ,old   
,te/am5t :i* we _c rightly read & und]/&
 )\t "s k ( ! tongue 9 :i* !y 7         
orig9ally writt54  ,?is is "o ( ! sev]al
 reasons :i* ! ,*ur* has = n sanction+1 
)\t c]ta9 cautions1 ! indiscrim9ate     
read+ ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures 9 ! =m (   
translation4  ,let me give y a v good   
au?ority = ?is4  ,ab\t ! v "t :5        
,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 ( :om ,i h spok5
 9 ! beg9n+1 s5t to ,j]usalem 9 ord] to 
procure ! ,greek translation ( ! ,?orah1
 or ,hebrew law 7,p5tateu*71 a holy     

,jewi% scribe 0 inspir$ to write "o ( ! 
lat] ,scriptural books4  ,x appe>s t ,he
 0 among ! sev5ty le>n$ scribes :o _h   
be5 s5t by ! ,high-prie/ to ,alex&ria = 
! purpose ( mak+ ! translation = ! k+1 &
 t aft]w>ds1 :il/ /ill !re1 he compos$ !
 sacr$ book kn[n z ,ecclesia/icus4  ,?is
 book he wrote 9 ! ,hebrew tongue4  ,_m 
ye>s aft]1 a gr&son ( ?is inspir$ writ]1
 :o is call$ ,jesus son ( ,sira*1 came  
^u ! book & resolv$ to translate x into 
,greek1 9 ord] t x might be read by _m (
 8 bre?r5 9 ! =eign l&1 :o no long]     
spoke ! ,hebrew language1 ?\gh !y       
believ$ 9 ! law ( _! =efa!rs4 ,to ?is   
translation he wrote a %ort preface :i*1
 ?\gh x does n belong to ! inspir$      
portions ( ! text1 has be5 pres]v$ & is 
f\nd 9 our ,bibles4  ,let me read x to  
y1 because x demon/rates ! tru? ( :at ,i
 h j said1 namely1 t our und]/&+ ( !    
,bible is r5d]$ difficult :5 we are     
oblig$ to dep>t f ! orig9al language 9  
:i* x 0 writt54  ,! y\ng] ,jesus ,sira*1
 :o spoke bo? ! ,hebrew & ,greek tongues

 equally well1 at a "t :5 !y 7 /ill liv+
 languages1 writes z foll[s ab\t !      
translation ( 8 gr&fa!r's "w3   ,! k (  
_m & great ?+s ha? be5 %[n u by ! ,law &
 ! ,prophets1 & o!rs t h foll[$ !m1 =   
:i* ?+s ,israel is to be comm5d$ =      
doctr9e & wisdom2 because n only !y t   
speak mu/ ne$s be skilful1 b /rang]s    
also1 bo? speak+ & writ+1 may by _!     
means become mo/ le>n$4  ,my gr&fa!r    
,jesus1 aft] he _h mu* giv5 himself to a
 dilig5t read+ ( ! ,law & ! ,prophets1 &
 o!r books t 7 deliv]$ to u f our fa!rs1
 _h a m9d also to write some?+ himself  
p]ta9+ to doctr9e & wisdom2 t su* z are 
desir\s to le>n & are made kn[+ 9 ^! ?+s
 may be m & m att5tive 9 m9d1 & be      
/r5g!n$ to live accord+ to ! ,law4  ,i  
entreat y1 !re=e1 to come ) b5evol5ce1 &
 to read ) att5tion1 & to p>don u = ^?  
?+s :]e9 we may seem1 :ile we foll[ !   
image ( wisdom1 to come %ort 9 !        
composition ( words3 = ! ,hebrew words h
 n ! same =ce 9 !m :5 translat$ into    
ano!r tongue4  ,& n only ^!1 b ! ,law   

also itself1 & ! ,prophets & ! re/ ( !  
books1 h no small diff]5ce :5 !y are    
spok5 9 _! own language4  ,= 9 ! eigh? &
 ?irtie? ye> com+ into ,egypt1 :5       
,ptolemy ,eu]getes 0 k+1 & cont9u+ !re a
 long "t1 ,i f\nd ^! books left1 ( no   
small & contemptible le>n+4  ,!re=e ,i  
?\ght x good & necess>y = me to be/[ "s 
dilig5ce & labor to int]pret ?is book2 &
 ) mu* wat*+ & /udy1 9 "s space ( "t1 ,i
 br\ght ! book to an end1 & set x =? = !
 s]vice ( !m t are will+ to apply _!    
m9d1 & to le>n h[ !y ought to conduct   
!mselves1 :o purpose to lead _! life    
accord+ to ! ,law ( ! ,"l 7,prologue to 
,ecclesia/icus74    #a ,meet+-place (   
,geology & ,hi/ory1 #ahid4  ,flem+ ,h4  
,revell ,co41 ,new ,york4     ,,xi4  ,,!
 ,,creation ,,( ,,new ,,lett]s4  ,x is a
 fact n g5]ally kn[n or realiz$ t if x 7
 n = ! ,bible "s ( ! ri*e/ & mo/        
beautiful languages ( antiquity w\ld n[ 
be entirely lo/ to u2 nay1 m1 !re are   
:ole nations :o w\ld 9 all probability  
nev] h _h a writt5 language or lit]ature

 except = ! ,bible4  ,( ! anci5t        
,semitic tongues only two rema9 liv+    
languages1 t is1 ! ,arabian1 &1 9 a     
modifi$ =m1 ! ,syrian4  ,! ,*aldee1 !   
,sam>itan1 ! ,assyrian1 ! ,pho5ician1 ! 
,e?iopia are dead & w\ld h>dly be kn[n  
to u except = ! remnants ( !m :i* we    
trace ?r\gh ! sacr$ books ( !           
,scripture4  ,we h no relic ( ! ,hebrew 
tongue b ! ,bible2 & ?is language1 ) all
 its wondr\s musical =ms1 its /range    
capacity ( elicit+ & express+ ! deepe/  
feel+s ( ! human he>t1 & its *>m+ t\*es 
( ,ori5tal g5ius1 w\ld be entirely dead 
outs1 if we _h n ! ,bible4  ,our own    
,engli% tongue be>s ! traces ( ano!r    
writt5 language1 n[ entirely dead1 b :i*
 0 actually creat$ by ! /udy ( ! ,bible4
  ,i mean ! ,go?ic1 ( :i* no o!r writt5 
docum5t exi/s to-day except "s portion (
 ! ,holy ,scriptures translat$ by       
,ulfilas 9 ! f\r? c5tury4  ,:5 he came z
 a mission>y among ! ,go?s he f\nd !m   
ignorant ( ! art ( writ+4  ,9 ord] to   
,*ri/ianize ! rude p he inv5t$ = !m an  

alphabet1 ga!r$ _! *ildr5 into ,*ri/ian 
s*ools1 & taught !m to write & to read4 
,! fir/ book1 & ! la/1 too1 ( t once    
p[]ful race 0 a ,bible4  ,:5 ! ,go?s _h 
di$ out 9 ! n9? c5tury1 _! writt5 copy (
 ! inspir$ ^w ( ,god /ill cont9u$ to    
live1 & we c trace 9 our unabridg$      
diction>ies to-day ! orig9al mean+ ( _m 
a ,saxon ^w by ref]5ce to ?is solit>y   
copy ( a "p ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures4     
,:at has be5 said ( ! ,go?ic is equally 
true ( ! writt5 language ( ! ,arm5ians  
7= :om ! an*orite ,miesrop devis$ an    
alphabet & translat$ ! ,bible72 also ( !
 ,slavonic nations 7= :om ,,ss4 ,cyril &
 ,me?odius made an alphabet & ,bible    
translation72 & o!rs--races :o1 l our   
own ,indian tribes1 liv$ only long en\gh
 z repres5tatives ( a sep>ate language  
to le>n ! rudim5ts ( ,*ri/ianity4  ,all 
?is mu/ conv9ce u t ^? :o h ! requir$   
means %\ld seek to ma/] "o or sev]al ( !
 ,biblical languages1 s9ce ! anci5t     
tongues1 less subject to ! caprice (    
political *anges ?an ^? ( lat] ages1 op5

 to ! m9d av5ues ( orig9al ?\ght &      
s5tim5t :i* mod]n lit]ature & education 
h n be5 capable ( reta9+ )\t !m4  ,y w  
say t x is impossible = mo/1 or p]*ance 
ne>ly all ( y to give y\rselves to !    
/udy ( ,hebrew or ,greek or ,lat9 9 ord]
 to ga9 t pr(it f ! intellig5t read+ ( !
 ,bible :i* x yields to ! man ( le>n+4  
,v well2 if s1 ! fact ( our defici5cy   
mu/ caution u 9 read+ & ra%ly int]pret+ 
accord+ to our fancy :at c only be      
det]m9$ by ! wisdom ( ^? :o act !       
legitimate "p ( div9ely-appo9t$ judges4 
,z 9 ! ,old ,law ! ,high-prie/ & ! great
 c\ncil ( ! ,sanh$r9 7 ! infallible     
int]pret]s ( ! div9e decrees1 s ! ,*ur*1
 :i* is ! cont9uation & p]fection ( !   
,synagogue1 completes ! ,messianic      
mission by int]pret+ = ea* succe$+      
g5]ation ! mean+ ( ! inspir$ words      
writt5 9 ! sacr$ volume4     ,,xii4     
,,engli% ,,/yle4  ,b !re /ill rema9s =  
all ( u ! read+ ( ! ,engli% ,bible1 ) ! 
aids ( int]pretation :i* r5d] x         
intelligible = a practical purpose1 & 9 

s f> z x is an expression ( ! natural   
moral law4  ,?is ( itself contributes v 
l>gely to ! p]fection ( our use ( ! "m  
tongue4  ,= x is always true ( ?is sacr$
 book1 z ,dryd5 says1 t 9               
444 ,/yle1 maje/ic & div9e1   ,x speaks 
no less ?an ,god 9 e l9e2   ,comm&+     
words6 ^: =ce is /ill ! same   ,z ! fir/
 fiat t produc$ our frame4              
7,dryd51 ,relig4 ,laic41 i4 #aeb47      
,yes1 its frequ5t read+ helps mu* to !  
=mation ( good ,engli%4 ,?is is n simply
 fancy1 b ! v]dict ( ^? :o h exp]i5c$ & 
prov$ ! b5efit ( frequ5t use ( ! ,bible 
z a means ( fa%ion+ & improv+ a         
beautiful /yle ( ,engli% writ+4  ,"s    
ye>s ago ,mr4 ,ba9ton1 a lov] ( ,engli% 
lit]ature1 reque/$ ! be/ ( liv+ writ]s  
to give _! op9ion z to :at class ( read+
 _h mo/ contribut$ to _! atta9+ !       
elegance or =ce ( beauty = :i* _! writ+s
 7 g5]ally admir$4  ,to ! surprise ( _m 
x appe>$ 9 ! answ]s t ! read+ ( ! ,bible
 0 consid]$ ! secret ( a *>m+ /yle1 ev5 
by au?ors :o wrote 9 t light]1 sp>kl+   

ve9 :i* seems s remote f ! gravity &    
solidity ( ! sacr$ books4  ,to give "o  
example ( ?is let me quote ! words (    
,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,gilb]t1 ! au?or ( !       
delightful ,bab ,ballads1 & a long s]ies
 ( light op]as & sp>kl+ plays4  ,aft]   
ref]r+ to ! advantage ( /udy+ ! ,engli% 
( ! late ,tudor & e>ly ,/u>t p]iods1 he 
adds3 ,b = simplicity1 directness1 &    
p]spicuity1 !re is1 9 my op9ion1 no     
exi/+ "w to be comp>$ ) ! hi/orical     
books ( ! ,bible4  ,mr4 ,m>ion ,craw=d1 
mu* read ( late1 & criticiz$ = fo/]+ a  
faulty ideal1 b ^: vigor\s expression1  
p[] ( analysis1 & correct del9eation (  
"* w h>dly be d5i$ by any "o capable (  
judg+1 gives 8 ideas ( atta9+ to good   
,engli% /yle 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,!       
greate/ lit]>y production 9 our language
 is ! translation ( ! ,bible1 & ! m a   
man reads x ! bett] he w write ,engli%4 
,he adds3 ,i am n a p>ticul>ly dev\t    
p]son1 ?\gh ,i am a good ,roman         
,ca?olic1 & ,i d n recomm5d ! ,bible f  
any religi\s reason4  ,i di/9ctly       

dislike ! practice ( le>n+ texts )\t any
 reg>d to ! context4444 ,b if we 7      
,engli% ,brahmans1 & believ$ no?+       
conta9$ !re91 ,i %\ld /ill ma9ta9 t !   
,bible %\ld be ! fir/ /udy ( a lit]>y   
man4  ,!n ! great poets1 ,%akespe>e1    
,milton1 etc4  ,i h quot$ ,mr4 ,craw=d  
because he is n m]ely a good ,engli%    
writ]1 b a real s*ol>1 famili> ) _m     
languages1 classic & mod]n1 & !re=e all 
! bett] qualifi$ to judge ( our subject4
  ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 in/ances 9 ! ,bible
 :5 ! grammatical rules ( ,br[n &       
,murray =bid satisfactory p>s+4  ,!     
reason ( ?is is ! natural wi% ( !       
translators1 anxi\s to pres]ve ! lit]al 
=m ( ! orig9al1 n to sacrifice accuracy 
to ! nicety ) :i* !y might r\nd _!      
phrases4  ,!y 7 int5t alone ^u tru?2 & x
 is precisely 9 ?is elem5t t eloqu5ce   
f9ds its fir/ & mo/ p[]ful inc5tive4    
,beauty ( language has two s\rces (     
inspiration4  ,"o is t ( tru?1 :i*      
ar\ses 9 ! he>t a love lift+ ! m9d ) a  
burn+ en?usiasm into ! regions ( all t  

is fair & *a/e & gr&2 & ! language ( him
 :o has ma/]$ x assumes ! s\nd & =m ( ^!
 l(ty emotions4  ,!re is inde$ ano!r    
s\rce ( inspiration4  ,x is t f :i*     
emanates ! brilliant b ephem]al beauty (
 ! lit]ature ( ! day4  ,x is n love (   
un*ang+ tru?1 b ! captivat+ passion ( ! 
h\r1 :i*1 z someone has said1 acts ^u ! 
bra9 l ! foam+ grape ( ,ea/]n           
,france--pleasant to ! s5se ( ta/e1 yet 
s5d+ its subtle fumes to ! bra91 & /eal+
 away ! judgm5t4 ,tru? 9 lit]ature      
possesses a p[] ( eloqu5ce ( :i* fiction
 is b a %ad[ at be/1 v>y+ 9 size1 &     
dw>f$ or magnifi$ 9 proportion z x      
approa*es & rec$es f ! object :i*       
occasions x4     ,,xiii4  ,,fri5ds ,,(  
,,god4  ,& ) ?is /udy ( tru? !re is add$
 to k & p[] & beauty ( expression ano!r 
vital elem5t1 :i* gives ^! acquisitions 
an inf9ite value3 ,i mean ! gift (      
wisdom z di/9ct f k4  ,read ! ,sapi5tial
 book ( ,solomon1 & m>k :at he !re says4
  ,he _h le>nt all ?+s t human indu/ry  
c\ld sugge/1 b ! sci5ce ( ?+s e>?ly 0 z 

no?+ to ! wisdom :i*1 z he says1 w5t    
be=e me2 & ,i knew n t x 0 ! "m ( all4  
,& :5 he _h le>nt wisdom 9 li/5+ to !   
brea?+ ( t sacr$ voice ^: words he      
record$ = our in/ruction1 he describes x
 z a sacr$ fire ( g5ius1 holy1 "o1      
manifold1 subtle1 eloqu5t1 active1      
undefil$1 sure1 sweet1 lov+ t :i* is    
good1 quick1 :i* no?+ c oppose1         
b5efic5t1 g5tle1 k9d1 /eadfa/1 assur$--a
 brea? ( ! p[] ( ,god--mak+ fri5ds (    
,god1 & prophets1 = ,god love? none b   
him t dwelle? ) wisdom--m beautiful ?an 
! sun 7,sap4 vii4 #bb-bi74  ,surely1 x  
makes u fri5ds ( ,god & prophets4  ,b n 
only ?is4 ,x keeps high ideals be=e u1 &
 we become l to ! ?+s we love4  ,look on
 ,abraham1 :om ! ,arab calls ev5 to ?is 
day by no o!r "n b ,el ,khalil ,allah--t
 is1 ! fri5d ( ,god--*os5 ! fa!r ( a    
holy race :5ce ev5tually 0 to spr+ !    
,messias2 look on ,moses1 ! meeke/ ( m51
 z he is call$ 9 ,holy ,writ1 or on     
,david1 ! man accord+ to ,god's own     
he>t2 look on ! lat] prophets1 ^: words 

set ! nations aflame1 & made k+s tremble
 :o _h nev] felt fe> ( m5 or ,god4  ,we 
see ,j]emiah1 ! y\? at ,ana?o?1 g5tle1  
s5sitive1 yield+1 ye>n+ = peace & love1 
av]se by nature f /rife & controv]sy1   
/epp+ =? at ! urg+ ( motives su* z speak
 to ea* ( u f ^! pages ( ! ,bible4      
,boldly he ann\nces ! judgm5ts ( ,god to
 8 fai?less p4  ,dur+ t long m9i/ry (   
=ty ye>s1 says ,geikie1 no p]sonal      
int]e/1 com=t1 or ease1 no %r9k+ f      
ridicule1 contumely1 or hatr$1 c\ld turn
 him f ! task impos$ ^u him1 ) awful    
sanctions1 by ! lips ( ! ,et]nal ,god4#a
  ,or take ! noble wom5 ) ^: l(ty virtue
 ! inspir$ writ]s fill ! sacr$ volumes1 
& ^: names "s ( ! books be>4  ,!re is ! 
sacr$ ,book ( ,ru?1 %e :o is call$ fri5d
 or lov] 9 ! ,hebrew tongue1 fair image 
( filial affection z %e walks beside !  
ag$ ,noemi along ! we>y roads nor? f    
,moab1 to conduct h] "m to h] native l&4
  ,!re1 at noon & eve1 we see h] scan ! 
fre%-m[n fields = ! glean+s :i* ! law ( 
,moses all[$ ! poor1 9 ord] t %e might  

honorably keep ! humble home ( h] wid[$ 
p>5t4  ,ano!r sacr$ book we h :i* be>s !
 "n ( ,judi?1 ! woman :o1 /r5g!n$ 9 !   
loyal love ( h] fa!r's nation1 by       
valiant de$ set h]self to def5d ! *ildr5
 ( ,israel f ignom9i\s captivity4  ,9 ! 
,book ( ,e/h] we h ! hi/ory ( h] ^: "n  
signifies myrtle1 symbol among ! ,jews (
 joy\s gratitude4  ,full ( t mode/      
wisdom ( :i* ,ecclesia/icus tells u t x 
walke? ) *os5 wom5 7i4 #ag71 h] influ5ce
 is typical ( t :i* ! ,virg9 ,que51 fair
 ,"m ( ! ,*ri/1 9 lat] day did ex]cise  
^u ! *ildr5 ( ,eve4  ,ah1 truly1 ! ^w ( 
,god on high is ! f\nta9 ( wisdom1 & h] 
ways are ev]la/+ comm&m5ts              
7,ecclesia/ic474  ,b x w\ld be a l5g?y  
task to po9t out all ! details (        
manifold utility 9 ! intellectual &     
practical1 z well z ! moral ord]1 :i*   
come f ! /udy ( ! ,sacr$ ,scripture4    
,we h se5 9 a limit$ measure :at x does 
= hi/ory1 = language1 = ! sci5ce (      
gov]nm5t1 = ! developm5t ( g5]al k1 & ! 
cultivation ( a graceful & vigor\s /yle 

9 writ+4  ,^! books hold ! key to true  
wisdom4  ,all ,scripture1 writes ,/4    
,paul to ! "y bi%op ,timo?y1 :om he     
himself _h taught f ! day he took him to
 himself z a boy at ,ly/ra1 all         
,scripture1 inspir$ by ,god1 is         
pr(itable to tea*1 to reprove1 to       
correct1 to in/ruct4  ,yet !re are ^?1 !
 same ,apo/le says1 :o1 always le>n+1   
nev] atta9 to ! k ( tru? 7,,ii4 ,tim4   
iii4 #g74  ,:y8 ,because !y d n /udy    
rightly4    #a ,geikie1 ,h\rs ,) !      
,bible1 v4 #acd4     ,,xiv4             
,,prospect+4  ,man is ! p]fection (     
creation1 ! m9d is ! p]fection ( man1 ! 
he>t is ! p]fection ( ! m9d1 says ,/4   
,francis de ,sales4  ,our aim is to     
become p]fect 9 m9d & he>t1 9 "* &      
disposition4  ,books are ! readie/ means
 ( /udy to ?is end4  ,!y are at our     
comm& at all times4  ,:5 we h discov]$ a
 beautiful ?\ght1 a /rong *a9 ( reason+1
 :i*1 :il/ conv9c+1 attracts & leads u  
into ! doma9 ( tru?1 h[ev] p>tial1 we   
pond] x & make x our own1 & we feel     

/rong] 9 ! p]man5t possession ( x4  ,we 
desire tru?1 & we look = x 9 books1     
mo/ly4  ,yet we may be anxi\s = k1 &    
worry or dream out our days 9 a c\rse ( 
read+ )\t ga9+ any real advantage f x4  
,p]haps we fail 9 ! prop] *oice ( books1
 or else we d n obs]ve ! "r me?od 9     
read+ & /udy4  ,yet x is impossible =   
mo/ m5 to g 9 se>* ( & te/ ev]y?+ t is  
labell$ tru?4  ,is !re no rem$y provid$ 
aga9/ ! dang] ( (t go+ wrong 9 ord] to  
f9d ! "r8  ,yes4 ,god has giv5 u a      
comp5dium ( ev]y?+ t fo/]s true k &     
wisdom 9 a book consign$ to ! direction 
( an old1 exp]i5c$1 & wise tea*]4  ,t   
book is ! ,bible1 & ! tea*] is ! ,*ur* (
 ,*ri/4  ,9 ! book we f9d a /ore ( great
 tru?s1 ( all t is beautiful & ennobl+1 
an infallible manual 9 ! s*ool ( human  
p]fection1 :i* leads u s high t1 hav+   
ma/]$ its cont5ts1 we t\* ! v gates (   
heav51 :]e we may commune ) ! ,creator (
 wisdom & ( all t our s\ls are capable (
 kn[+4  ,!re are _m :o are ?or\ghly     
conv9c$ ( ?is4  ,!y believe t ! ,bible  

is ! mo/ p]fect book on e>?1 t x is !   
book ( books1 z x has be5 call$ f "t    
immemorial2 = ! ^w ,bible means simply a
 book1 ! book ( all o!rs by excell5ce1 z
 if !re 7 none s wor?y ( /udy1 & none   
:i* c\ld n be disp5s$ ) r ?an ?is4  ,& s
 x is4  ,x conta9s all k wor?y ( !      
highe/ aspirations & ( ! ex]cise ( ! be/
 tal5ts4  ,yet1 z a travell] 9 se>* (   
=tune may pass ov] seem+ly b>r5 tracts (
 des]t l& or m\nta9 ridge1 :i* treasure 
b5ea? ! surface ri*e/ m9es ( gold1 &    
cav]ns ( spl5did cry/al & r>e/ m>ble1 s 
! read] ( ! sacr$ books1 9 se>* ( k1 may
 we>ily tread along ! pa?s ( ,bible     
tru?s1 8 eye bewild]$ by endless        
repetitions ( precepts & monoton\s sc5es
 & seem+ly un9t]e/+ facts1 unconsci\s ( 
:at weal? & beauty lie b5ea? him4  ,& ! 
reason ( ?is li/less & tir+ s5se 9      
scann+ ov] ! pages ( ?is book1 :i* has f
 ! fir/ captivat$ ! admiration ( !      
noble/ m9ds ( e race & age1 is ! lack ( 
suffici5t prep>ation4  ,! travell] looks
 = m9es ( gold & diamonds1 b he has nev]

 le>nt ! art ( prospect+4 ,he /umbles   
ov] ! heavy1 d>k ore1 & ! clods (       
metallic s&1 & 8 feet toil along ! pa?  
l9$ ) pebbles t1 if poli%$1 w\ld rival !
 />s ( heav51 b !y are a h9drance to    
him1 = he does n "k t or h[ he %\ld     
exam9e & utilize _! preci\s cont5ts4    
,he requires ! previ\s tra9+ ( !        
prospector1 ! %>p eve ( ! skill$ m9+    
ma/]1 & ! unwe>i$ c\rage to g d[n to    
exam9e ! (t5 crude-look+ /ones4 ,)\t ^! 
qualities he n only fails 9 8 atta9m5t (
 weal?1 b becomes disc\rag$ & ev5       
sceptic ( its exi/5ce4  ,9 o!r words1   
!re are c]ta9 ess5tial conditions       
requir$ ^u :i* dep5ds ! acquisition ( t 
excell5t k :i* ! ,scriptures conta9 = e 
sph]e ( life4  ,!y are conditions :i*   
affect u 9 our entirety z m5--,i %\ld   
say z ! images ( ,god1 9 ^: lik5ess we 7
 creat$4  ,s9 has t>ni%$ ?is image1 & we
 are to re/ore x to its orig9al beauty  
by correct+ x4  ,our model is ,god      
,himself4  ,! ,bible is ! text-book     
conta9+ ! image ( ?is ,model1 drawn by  

,himself1 & ,he has provid$ ! preceptor 
to expla9 ! v>i\s mean+s ( l9es1 lights1
 & %ad[s1 & ! use ( ! in/rum5ts :i* mu/ 
be employ$ 9 complet+ ! process4 ,x is a
 little t$i\s1 z all art tra9+ is 9 its 
beg9n+4 ,sometimes we copy ) trac+-pap]1
 & ( late ! kodak has done mu* to help u
 by ! aid ( photography4     ,,xv4      
,,us+ ,,! ,,kodak4  ,y "k t ?r\gh ! art 
( photography a p]fect picture ( an     
object may be produc$ by ! action (     
light ^u a smoo? & s5sitive surface4  ,!
 light reflect$ f ! object :i* is to be 
photograph$ ent]s ?r\gh a l5s into ! d>k
 *amb] ( ! cam]a1 & makes an impression 
^u ! plate :i* is r5d]$ s5sitive by a   
film ( *loride 7or nitrate7 ( silv]4    
,to produce a good picture1 !re=e1 ?ree 
?+s are pr9cipally requir$3  #a4 ,a     
faultless s5sitiz$ plate on :i* !       
reflection ( ! object is to be made2    
#b4 ,a conc5trat$ light2 t is1 ! rays   
mu/ ent] ! cam]a ?r\gh a l5s1 b be      
exclud$ f e o!r "p2  #c4 ,! "r focus2 t 
is to say1 y mu/ get ! prop] di/ance (  

y\r object 9 ord] to pres]ve ! j        
proportions betwe5 x & its surr\nd+s4   
,! same requisites may be appli$ to     
ourselves :5 we wi% to image 9 our s\ls 
! object ( div9e tru?1 :i* is id5tical )
 ,god4  #a4 ,! s5sitive plate ( our     
he>ts & m9ds mu/ be clean1 )\t flaw1 s z
 to admit ! ray ( heav5ly light1 & let x
 take hold ^u its surface4  ,a t>ni%$   
mirror gives b a blurr$ & imp]fect      
reflection4  ,j s ! m9d occupi$ ) !     
follies & vanities ( worldl9ess1 ! he>t 
fill$ ) ! *ang+ idols ( unwor?y         
atta*m5ts1 is no fit surface = !        
delicate impressions ( ^? *a/e          
del9eations ( tru? :i* are no?+ else b !
 image ( ,god 9 ! human s\l4  ,to ,8    
lik5ess we 7 creat$1 & to ,8 lik5ess we 
mu/ aga9 con=m ourselves by a "r /udy ( 
tru?4  #b4 ,next1 9 ord] to obta9 a     
correct impression ( ! sublime tru?     
conta9$ 9 ! sacr$ volumes1 we mu/       
conc5trate our lights4  ,t is to say1 we
 mu/ read ) assiduity1 mu/ /udy )       
e>ne/ness1 & also ) pray]1 to obta9 !   

light ( ! ,div9e ,_s :o caus$ ^! pages (
 ! ,bible to be trac$ = our             
in/ruction--=1 z "o ( our greate/       
,engli% writ]s1 ?\gh n a ,ca?olic1 has  
beautifully said3    ,)9 t awful volume 
lies   ,! my/]y ( my/]ies6   ,happie/ !y
 ( human race   ,to :om ,god has grant$ 
grace   ,to read1 to fe>1 to hope1 to   
pray1   ,to lift ! lat* & =ce ! way2    
,& bett] _h !y ne'er be5 born1   ,:o    
read to d\bt1 or read to scorn4#a   ,?is
 implies t all side-lights :i* may      
di/ract ! m9d f ?is conc5trat$ att5tion 
& rev]5d attitude %\ld be exclud$4  ,to 
read ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures 9 a flippant  
mood1 or ev5 9 an irrev]5t po/ure1 & )\t
 hav+ previ\sly reflect$ on ! fact t x  
is ,god's ^w1 is to less5 immeasurably  
"o's *ance ( pr(it+ by ! read+4  ,!     
,mahometan or ,jew 9 ! ,ea/ rev]5tly    
lifts ea* piece ( pap] or p>*m5t :i* he 
f9ds ^u ! road1 = fe> t x might conta9 !
 "n ( ,allah or ,jehovah1 & be pr(an$ by
 be+ trodd5 "u foot4  ,we owe no less to
 ! inspir$ ^w ( ,god1 above all if we   

w\ld ga9 ! key to its intellig5ce4  ,!  
conc5tration into a focus is obta9$     
?r\gh a p]fectly-%ap$1 convex l5s4  ,n[ 
?is l5s1 :i* is capable n only ( br++   
into "o /rong po9t all ! scatt]$ rays ( 
light1 b "u circum/ances ga!rs !        
p>ticles to int5sity ( heat produc+ a   
flame1 is t c5tre ( ! affections        
commonly t]m$ ! he>t4 ,!re is a t5d5cy  
among ^? :o seek intellectual culture to
 und]value ?is quality ( ! he>t1 :i*    
nev]!less conta9s ! secret p[] ( g5]at+ 
supreme wisdom4  ,we are consid]+ true  
wisdom1 n sup]ficial1 exclusively human 
wisdom1 :i* is ! v opposite1 & :i*      
debases man to a m]e repository ( facts 
& impressions1 l an illu/rat$           
encyclop$ia1 or makes ( him a %rewd     
egoti/1 ^: clev]ness we may admire z we 
admire ! antics ( a danc+ s]p5t )\t wi%+
 to come 9 contact ) its slimy body or  
its poison\s fangs4  ,z 9 human ?+s1    
says ,pascal1 we mu/ fir/ "k an object  
be=e we c love x1 s 9 div9e ?+s1 :i*    
con/itute ! only real tru? at :i* man c 

wor?ily aim1 we mu/ love !m be=e we c "k
 !m1 = we _c atta9 to tru? except ?r\gh 
*>ity4  ,9 all our /udies & pursuits (  
k1 says ,watts1 let u rememb] t !       
con=mation ( our he>ts to true religion 
& morality are ?+s ( f> m consequ5ce ?an
 all ! furniture ( our und]/&+ & ! ri*e/
 treasures ( m]e speculative k4  ,if x  
be true t no?+ is s p[]ful to =m truly  
gr& *>act]s z m$itation on ! ^w ( ,god &
 on ,*ri/ian tru?s1 !n we mu/ suppose an
 incl9ation1 a love = ! l(ty ideals :i* 
,*ri/ianity sets be=e u4  ,to :om has ! 
root ( wisdom be5 reveal$8 asks t wise &
 noble old rabbi1 son ( ,sira*2 & he    
answ]s3 ,god has giv5 h] to !m t love   
,him4  ,if ! wise man 9 ! sacr$ book    
tells u t wisdom walke? ) *os5 wom51 may
 we n assume t x is because woman enjoys
 ! pr]ogative ( ^? qualities ( he>t :i* 
make h] c\nsels s (t5 f> sur] ?an !     
c>efully pond]$ reasons ( m58  ,if ! fe>
 ( ! ,"l is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom1 is n     
*>ity or love its consummation8  ,bless$
 is ! man t %all cont9ue 9 wisdom4  ,) !

 bread ( life & und]/&+ ,god's fe> %all 
fe$ him1 & give him ! wat] ( :olesome   
wisdom to dr9k1 & 444 %all heap ^u him a
 treasure ( joy & gladness1 & %all cause
 him to inh]it an ev]la/+ "n4  ,b 444   
fooli% m5 %all n see h]3 = %e is f> f   
pride & deceit4444  ,say n3 ,x is ?r\gh 
,god t %e is n ) me1 = d n ?\ ! ?+s t   
,he hate? 7,eccles41 *4 xiv4 & xv474  ,b
 !re is no ne$ ( multiply+ ^! say+s (   
,god4  ,! k we seek "h is ! k :i* comes 
f ! ,div9e ,_s1 s\rce ( all sci5ce z (  
all goodness & beauty4  ,:at ! fruits ( 
t _s are we are told by ,/4 ,paul3      
,*>ity1 joy1 peace1 pati5ce1 etc42 & we 
"k h[ ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles1 :o _h     
le>nt mu* 9 _m s*ools1 at ! feet (      
,gamaliel & 9 ! halls ( ! ,greek        
philosoph]s1 valu$ ^! fruits ( wisdom   
above all ! doctr9es ( m54  ,ca?olics   
are =tunate 9 ?is1 t !y may ga9 f ! /udy
 ( ! ,bible t pure/ light ( wisdom :i*  
is only p>tially communicat$ to ^? :o   
f9d no way1 ?r\gh ! sacram5ts1 ( cleans+
 _! s\ls1--t mirror 9 :i* ,god's image c

 %[ cle>ly only :5 x is poli%$ & purifi$
 f ! du/-/a9s ( our e>?ly fall4  ,:atev]
 opportunities = ?or\gh /udy ( ! ,bible 
we may h1 !re c be no d\bt t ?is is "o (
 ! mo/ important conditions = its prop] 
& fruitful appreciation1 because !      
intellig5ce is always w>p$ by s94  ,a   
correct k ( our fai?1 z ! prim>y rule ( 
our conduct1 is1 ( c\rse1 suppos$4  ,we 
_c und]/& ! writt5 ^w ( ,god unless we h
 become accu/om$ to ! language ,he      
speaks to ! he>t1 & t language is taught
 9 our cate*isms & textbooks ( religion4
  ,"s ne$ less ( ?is k ?an o!rs1 s f> z 
! difficulties & controv]sies ( religion
 are conc]n$4  ,! ,bible is a book (    
in/ruction = all1 & h5ce ! prep>atory k 
requir$ v>ies ) ! m5tal range & ability1
 & ! consequ5t dang] ( d\bts & false    
views ( ea* individual4  ,a *ild kn[s ! 
precepts & wi%es ( its p>5t (t5 by a    
look or ge/ure1 )\t receiv+ any explicit
 in/ruction1 because love & ! habit (   
fai? supply intellig5ce4  ,o!rs require 
a c]ta9 am\nt ( reason+ to move _! he>ts

 to ! ready acceptance ( div9e precepts4
  ,?is reason+ is suppli$ by ! /udy (   
popul> !ologies1 ( :i* we h a good numb]
 9 ,engli%4  #c4 ,la/ly1 we mu/ n only  
get a "r glass1 a good l5s1 b we mu/    
likewise get ! "r focus = our picture4  
,we mu/ "k ! di/ance ( our objects & _! 
surr\nd+s1 ! lights & %ades1 ! color+1  
natural & artificial4  ,9 o!r words1 we 
mu/ become famili> ) ! circum/ances (   
hi/ory1 ! dates1 ! places1 ! cu/oms &   
laws1 national & social1 :i* ?r[ light  
^u ! mean+ ( ! incid5ts relat$ 9 !      
,sacr$ ,scriptures1 & :i* (t5 aid u 9 ! 
int]pretation ( passages my/]i\s &      
prophetic4  ,h5ce we h to give "s       
att5tion to1 & /udy :at we c1 ( ! anci5t
 records & monum5ts br\ght to light by !
 ar*aeologi/ & ! hi/orian4  ,we mu/     
likewise inquire into ! orig91 hi/ory1  
au?ority1 purpose1 & g5]al argum5t ( ea*
 ( ! inspir$ books4  ,all ?is is !      
object ( :at is call$ ,introduction to !
 ,/udy ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures1 & is no?+
 else b a becom+ & ess5tial prep>ation =

 ! "r use ( ! ,bible4    ,ah1 may our   
und]/&+ ev] read   ,?is glori\s volume  
:i* ,god's wisdom made1   ,& 9 t *>t]   
humbly recognize   ,our title to a      
treasure 9 ! skies6    #a ,scott1 ,!    
,mona/]y1 c4 xii4     ,,xvi4  ,,!       
,,int]pretation ,,( ,,! ,,image4  ,!    
,bible is n only a text-book :i* leads u
 to ! acquisition ( ! highe/ ( arts--t (
 fulfill+ ! true purpose ( life--b x is 
itself1 z has already be5 sugge/$1 a "w 
( faire/ art inasmu* z x conta9s a      
p]fect del9eation ( ! div9e ,beauty     
drawn by ! sov]eign ,arti/ ,himself4    
,n[ true art ne$s1 z a rule1 an         
int]pretation2 = ! outw>d =m :i* appeals
 to ! s5ses may h its deep] & real mean+
 disguis$ b5ea? ! figure1 s z to be     
und]/ood only by ! f9] p]ceptions ( !   
intellect & he>t4  ,take1 = example1 a  
canvas su* z ,millet's popul> picture   
entitl$ ,! ,angelus4  ,x is a small1    
unpret5ti\s-look+ "w1 repres5t+ a y\? & 
a maid 9 a fall[ field1 a village *ur* 9
 ! di/ance1 all wrapt 9 ! gloom (       

ev5tide4  ,ask a *ild look+ at ! picture
 :at is ! mean+ ( x1 & x w probably     
answ]3 ,two poor p tir$ ( "w4  ,ask a   
c\ntryman1 )\t mu* education1 & he w    
say3 ,two poor lov]s ?9k+ ( home4  ,b to
 ! poet :o has p]*ance dwelt 9 "s       
village ( fair ,s\!rn ,france1 & kn[s ! 
simple habits ( devotion among ! peasant
 folk1 ! picture w awak5 memories ( !   
s\nd ( ! ,angelus3    ,ave ,m>ia1 bless$
 be ! h\r1   ,! "t1 ! clime1 ! spot :]e 
,i s (t   ,h felt t mom5t 9 its fulle/  
p[]   ,s9k o'er ! e>?1 s beautiful &    
s(t1   ,:ile swung ! deep bell 9 !      
di/ant t[]1   ,or ! fa9t dy+ day-hymn   
/ole al(t1   ,& n a brea? crept ?r\gh ! 
rosy air4   ,& ! reflect+1 dev\t        
,ca?olic w see 9 t picture ev5 m ?an !  
?\ghts x sugge/s to ! poet4  ,x w speak 
to him ( ! angelic salute to a ,virg9   
fair at ,naz>e?2 x w t\* a *ord ( t5d]  
confid5ce & hope 9 ! ,madonna's help &  
sympa?y2 x w ar\se a feel+ ( gratitude =
 ! my/]y ( ! ,r$emption4  ,& all ?is    
diff]5ce ( judgm5t arises f ! v>y+      

degrees ( intellig5ce & k ) :i* we      
approa* ! image4  ,n[ ! ,sacr$          
,scriptures pres5t j su* a picture1 only
 l>g]1 m compreh5sive1 tru]1 deep]1     
conta9+ all ! fair del9eation ( ,god's  
own image1 ! patt]n accord+ to :i* we   
are to correct ! same div9e lik5ess 9   
our s\ls1 spoil$ some:at & blurr$ by s94
  ,let u look at ! outl9e4  ,!re are    
words & a fact4  ,9 ! words tru? is     
enunciat$1 9 ! fact ^? words are        
exhibit$ z be+ a div9e utt]ance4  ,9 _! 
lit]al mean+ ! ^w affects u j z a       
picture w\ld at fir/ sight4  ,9 ! "o    
case we h a precept or an incid5t or a  
sc5e 9 ! life ( our ,"l2 9 ! o!r case we
 h an act ( pray] or a sc5e f ! daily   
life ( ,fr5* peasants4  ,b j z 9 !      
picture we may1 by reason ( arti/ic &   
spiritual culture1 recognize n simply an
 ord9>y sc5e ( peasant life1 b a poetic 
?\ght1 or a practical moral lesson call+
 = imitation1 or1 f9ally1 a my/]y (     
religion1 s 9 ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures we   
may see bel[ ! lit]al s5se "o t is      

int]nal1 hidd51 & 9 its "* ei!r simply  
figurative1 or moral1 or my/ically      
spiritual4  ,an old ecclesia/ical writ] 
has giv5 u a ,lat9 hexamet] :i* sugge/s 
^! v>i\s s5ses 9 :i* ! sacr$ text may at
 times be und]/ood3      ,lit]a ge/a    
docet1 quod cr$as allegoria2            
,moralis quid agas1 quo t5das anagogia4 
,an example ( ! f\r diff]5t s5ses       
7namely1 ! lit]al1 ! allegorical1 :i*   
appeals to our fai?1 ! moral1 & ! my/ic7
 9 :i* a ^w or passage ( ,holy ,writ may
 be int]pret$ is (f]$ 9 ! t]m ,j]usalem4
  ,if we read t !y w5t up to ,j]usalem e
 ye>1 we und]/& ! ^w ,j]usalem to       
repres5t ! *ief city ( ! ,hebrews1      
situat$ on ! conf9es ( ,judah & ,b5jam94
  ,if we happ5 ^u ! passage ( ,/4 ,john 
:]e he says3 ,i1 ,john1 saw a holy city1
 ! new ,j]usalem1 com+ d[n out ( heav5 f
 ,god2 444 behold ! tab]nacle ( ,god )  
m51 & ,he w dwell ) !m1 we "k t ?is new 
,j]usalem on e>? c be no o!r ?an !      
,*ur*1 :]e ,god has ,8 tab]nacle1 dwell+
 ) m54  ,! ^w is us$ allegorically1 t is

 to say1 x appeals to our fai?2 to !    
int]nal1 n to our ext]nal s5se4  ,aga91 
! ^w ,j]usalem may be us$ 9 ! s5se :i*  
its etymology sugge/s )\t ref]5ce to any
 city4  ,etymologically x consi/s ( two 
words1 signify+ f\ndation & peace4  ,a  
rabbi might1 !re=e1 bid 8 disciples to  
/rive to build up ,j]usalem1 mean+ t !y 
%\ld seek to lay solid f\ndations (     
peace by con=m+ _! lives to ! law (     
,jehovah4  ,?is w\ld give ! ^w ,j]usalem
 simply a moral signification4  ,f9ally1
 ! ^w is us$ z a synonyme = heav51 z 9  
,apoc4 xxi4 #aj3 ,& ,he took me up 9 _s1
 444 & ,he %[$ me ! holy city ,j]usalem1
 444 hav+ ! glory ( ,god4  ,"h we h !   
t]m 9 its anagogical s5se1 t is1 ref]r+ 
to ! future life4  ,)\t ent]+ into !    
v>i\s figures ( spee* ) :i* ! language (
 ! ,hebrews ab\nds1 let me sugge/ "s    
po9ts :i* mu/ be obs]v$ 9 ord] t ! true 
s5se ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures may n escape
 u s z to mislead ! m9d4  ,= ! discov]y 
( ! lit]al s5se we mu/1 ( c\rse1 be     
guid$ by ! rules ( ord9>y grammatical   

con/ruction4  ,:]e ?is proves           
insuffici5t we mu/ h rec\rse to !       
idiomatic use ( language1 ! habits (    
spee*1 :i* prevail$ among ! ,hebrews or 
^? ) ^: utt]ances or hi/ory we are      
conc]n$4  ,?is is v important 9 ord] t  
we may get a "r und]/&+ ( ! expressions 
employ$4  ,z an in/ance ( misconception 
9 ?is respect may be cit$ ! words ( our 
,"l to ,8 holy ,"m at ! nuptials (      
,cana1 :i* lit]ally s\nd l a repro(1 yet
 are f> f convey+ su* a s5se 9 _!       
orig9al signification4  ,! l is true ( !
 use ( c]ta9 comp>isons :i* to our s5se 
seem rude & cruel1 yet :i* 7 n s        
und]/ood 9 ! language 9 :i* !y 7        
orig9ally spok5 or writt54  ,?us :5 our 
,"l said to ! ,canaaniti% woman :o      
foll[$ ,him 9 ! regions ( ,tyre & ,sidon
 t x is n "r to give ! bread ( ! *ildr5 
to dogs1 ,he seem$ to spurn ! poor "m1  
:o pray$ ,him = ! recov]y ( h] *ild1 z a
 man spurns a cur4  ,yet su* is n ! s5se
 ( ! expression1 :i* h>dly means any?+ m
 ?an :at we w\ld convey by outside ( !  

pale ( fai?4  ,besides ! usage ( spee*  
peculi> to a p or di/rict or p]iod ( "t1
 we mu/ h reg>d to ! individuality ( !  
writ]4  ,8 subjective /ate1 8 temp]am5t1
 education1 p]sonal associations1 &     
habits ( ?\ght & feel+ necess>ily       
influ5ce ! /yle ( 8 writ+4  ,?us 9 !    
lett]s ( ,/4 ,paul we recognize a _s :i*
 ! =ms ( spee* seem :olly inadequate to 
conta9 or express4 ,he writes z he might
 speak1 impati5t ( words4  ,8 ?\ghts    
seem (t5 disconnect$2 he omits ?+s :i*  
he _h evid5tly meant to say1 & :i* !    
he>]s might h suppli$ f ! vividness ( ! 
image pres5t$1 b :i* become obscure to !
 read] :o only sees ! cold =m ( ! writt5
 page4  ,!re is no end ( p>5!tical      
clauses 9 8 disc\rses2 (t5 he beg9s a   
p]iod & leaves x unf9i%$4  ,sometimes   
!re appe>s a total abs5ce ( logical     
connection 9 :at he int5ds = pro(s &    
argum5ts2 !n1 aga91 !re is a weal? (    
imag]y1 :i* sugge/s ! quick s5se & p[] (
 comp>ison peculi> to ! ,ori5tal m9d1 b 
sl[ to impress itself on ! ,we/]n       

nations4  ,all ?is makes x necess>y to  
/udy ,/4 ,paul r ?an to read him1 if "o 
w\ld und]/& ! ,apo/le4 ,( ?is ,/4 ,pet] 
%[s himself consci\s :5 he writes t     
c]ta9 ?+s 9 ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul are  
h>d to be und]/ood1 :i* ! unle>n$ &     
un/able wre/1 z !y d also ! o!r         
,scriptures1 to _! own de/ruction 7,,ii4
 ,pet4 iii4 #af74  ,ano!r elem5t :i*    
contributes to ! "r int]pretation ( !   
,sacr$ ,text is ! k ( :at may be call$ !
 hi/orical backgr\nd ( a passage or     
book4  ,?is includes ! v>i\s relations (
 "t1 place1 p]sons address$1 & o!r      
circum/ances :i* ex]cise an influ5ce ^u 
! mat]ial1 intellectual1 & moral        
surr\nd+s ( ! writ]4  ,accord+ly1       
diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures     
require diff]5t treatm5t & diff]5t      
prep>ation on ! "p ( ! read]4  ,?us to  
compreh5d ! full significance ( ! ,book 
( ,exodus we mu/ /udy ! geographical &  
e?nographical condition ( ,egypt4  ,= a 
"r und]/&+ ( ! ,book ( ,daniel we %\ld  
fir/ h to become acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory (  

,*aldea & ,assyria1 especially z lit up 
by ! rec5t discov]ies ( monum5ts 9 !    
,ea/4  ,! ,canticle ( ,canticles        
presupposes = its j int]pretation a     
c]ta9 famili>ity ) ! details (          
,solomon's life dur+ ! gold5 p]iod ( 8  
reign4  ,! ,lett]s ( ,/4 ,paul1 9 ! ,new
 ,te/am5t1 reveal _! true be>+ only aft]
 we h read ! life ( ! ,apo/le z x is    
describ$ 9 ! ,acts2 & s on = o!r p>ts ( 
! ,sacr$ ,hi/ory4  ,f9ally1 a prop]     
und]/&+ & appreciation ( ! inspir$ books
 dep5d l>gely on our realization ( !    
proximate scope & purpose1 ! "* &       
quality1 ( ! subject treat$ by ! sacr$  
writ]4 ,! ,bible is a wondr\s comb9ation
 ( hi/oric1 didactic1 & prophetic       
elem5ts4  ,ea* ( ^! goes to support or  
emphasize ! o!r1 b ea* ( !m has its     
pr$om9ant functions 9 diff]5t p>ts ( !  
gr& /ructure4  ,h5ce we may n judge a   
prophecy z we judge ! hi/orical n>rative
 :i* introduces & supports x2 we may n  
int]pret 9 its lit]al s5se ! metaphor   
:i* is simply to convey a moral lesson  

to ! m9d4     ,,xvii4  ,,deus           
,,illum9atio ,,mea4  ,! subject-matt] ( 
! ,bible obliges u1 h[ev]1 to apply n   
only ! v>i\s cautions & me?ods (        
int]pretation :i* are requir$ = !       
und]/&+ ( ! classics g5]ally1 b x exacts
 m4 ,! ,sacr$ ,scriptures1 z a gr& "w ( 
art1 h n only a human1 b prim>ily a     
div9e conception = _! basis4  ,h5ce x   
does n suffice to h ma/]$ ! mean+ ( !   
words & ! outl9e ( ! subject1 or !      
individual g5ius & human ideal ( ! writ]
 :o act$ m]ely z ! in/rum5t execut+ a   
high] inspiration4  ,we mu/ ent] into ! 
conception ( ! div9e m9d4  ,if !        
pr9cipal & all-p]vad+ motive ( ! great  
,scriptural composition is a religi\s   
"o1 x /&s to reason t x c be compreh5d$ 
only :5 judg$ f a religi\s po9t ( view4 
,n[ ! div9e m9d is s f> above u t we c  
rea* x only if ,god ,himself br+s x d[n 
to u4  ,he has to desc5d1 to lift ! veil
 f ,8 imm5sity1 n by op5+ to u1 be=e !  
"t1 ^? sacr$ prec9cts :i* eye ha? nev]  
se51 b by emitt+ a ray ( light to cle>  

up our d>kness1 to give u a glimpse ( ! 
awful spl5dor :i* vibrates 9 ^? cele/ial
 realms :]e light & s\nd & w>m? ( et]nal
 *>ity m+le 9 ! sweet h>mony ( ! div9e  
,beauty ^: tones speak n[ to our s5ses 9
 sep>ate =ms4  ,god desc5ds to our      
humility to int]pret ,8 own image4      
,fir/ ,he came 9 human =m1 & told u all 
! ?+s we 7 to believe & d4  ,!n ,he s5t 
! ,p>aclete1 & "u ,8 direction m5 ( ,god
 taught ! same ?+s4  ,!n !y wrote !m1   
or1 z ,/4 ,john tells u1 "s ( !m4  ,!   
,p>aclete veils ,himself1 z our ,"l _h  
ann\nc$ to ,8 ,apo/les1 9 ! ,*ur*1 ^:   
div9ely con/itut$ e>?ly *ief 0 to be    
,pet]--to ! end ( "t4  ,! ,*ur*1 !re=e1 
f\nd$ by ,*ri/1 & an ev]-liv+ emanation 
( ! incessant activity ( ! ,holy ,_s1   
al?\gh necess>ily speak+ to m5 ?r\gh m51
 is ! fir/ & sure/ int]pret] ( ! purpose
 & mean+ ( ea* & e "p ( ,holy ,writ4  ,&
 because ,god _c contradict ,himself x  
foll[s t e tru? ( ! writt5 ^w mu/       
correspond ) e tru? ( ! spok5 ^w4  ,9   
d\btful cases1 !re=e1 z to ! mean+ ( a  

^w or text 9 ! ,sacr$ ,writ+s1 we h     
rec\rse to ! supreme1 div9ely-guid$     
judgm5t ( ! ,*ur*4  ,h] doctr9es1 def9$1
 are ! fir/ & mo/ important crit]ion (  
,scriptural tru?4  ,b ! ,*ur* has n     
def9$ e expression ( tru?1 ?\gh %e holds
 ! key to all tru?4  ,%e po9ts to !     
light :i* illum9es our night2 %e decl>es
 ! />s :5ce t light issues directly or  
by reflection2 b %e does n always       
indicate :]e ! rays ( ! "o body beg9 to 
m+le ) ^? ( ! o!r1 or :at precise       
elem5ts det]m9e ! motion or /ability (  
ea*4  ,only :5 !re are conflicts or     
?reat5$ di/urbances ( ! c5tres (        
attraction & repulsion %e rea*es out h] 
ano9t$ h&1 in=m$ ) ! magic p[] ( h]     
,creator & f\nd]1 & directs ! c\rses (  
bodies t o!rwise w\ld cla% unto mutual  
de/ruction4  ,h5ce ! fre$om (           
inve/igation all[$ ! ,ca?olic /ud5t ( ! 
,scriptures is limit$ only by ! rules ( 
fai? taught by ! same div9e ,tea*] :o   
wat*es ov] ! spok5 & writt5 revelation  
alike4  ,& z1 9 cases :]e we h n !      

express comm& ( a sup]ior1 we int]pret 8
 w by 8 kn[n desires & views 9 o!r      
respects1 s 9 ! int]pretation ( ^? p>ts 
( ,holy ,writ reg>d+ ! mean+ ( :i* we h 
no def9ite expression 9 ! doctr9al code 
( ! ,*ur*1 we foll[ ! analogy ( fai?2   
:i* is manife/ f ! g5]al cons5t ( !     
,*ri/ian ,fa!rs & ,doctors1 & f ! tea*+ 
( le>n$ & holy comm5tators4  ,^! we may 
safely foll[ 9 all d\btful cases1 t is  
to say1 :]e !re is no evid5ce to %[ t !y
 7 mi/ak51 ei!r ?r\gh want ( c]ta9      
s\rces ( in=mation or pro(s :i* we h at 
our comm& pres5tly1 or because !y       
accept$ ! views ( _! "t & p1 feel+ t any
 dep>ture f ! receiv$ tradition w\ld    
make di/urbance1 & fail ( its int5d$    
good effect4  ,x is safe to say t !     
conditions ( "o age & ! modes ( ?\ght & 
feel+ ( "o g5]ation are n a j /&>d by   
:i* to judge ! conditions & views (     
ano!r age or g5]ation4  ,?is is an      
important fact to rememb] = ^? :o are   
incl9$ to look 9 e "p ( ! ,sacr$        
,scriptures = a v]ification ( ! s5tim5ts

 :i* !y feel1 & ( ! views & op9ions (   
?+s :i* !y hold4     ,,xviii4           
,,ru%-,,lights4  ,!re is a me?od (      
int]pret+ ! ,bible :i*1 al?\gh x af=ds a
 tempor>y satisfaction to ! he>t1 is    
mislead+ to ! m9d4  ,i mean private     
int]pretation 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is       
g5]ally practis$ & def5d$ by our        
,prote/ant bre?r54  ,to take a good     
photograph y mu/ h sunlight2 c&les1 gas1
 ev5 electric lights1 unless !y be      
fla%-lights1 :i* don't suit all purposes
 ( accurate reproduction1 w n accompli% 
x4  ,= vegetable gr[? y ne$ sunlight2   
artificial light w give nei!r heal?y    
fruit nor ev5 color to ! plant4  ,s x is
 ) ! div9e image trac$ 9 ! ,sacr$       
,scriptures4  ,we _c reproduce x 9 our  
s\ls by any e>?ly light4  ,n[ human     
judgm5t is an e>?ly light1 because x is 
con/antly influ5c$ by feel+s1           
prejudices1 atta*m5ts1 & p>tial views ( 
?+s4  ,"s ( u accept an op9ion because x
 suits our conditions ( life1 is        
agreeable to our s5se ( ease or vanity1 

relieves u f c]ta9 responsibilities to  
,god & our neighbor :i* a sev]] /atem5t 
( ! case w\ld exact4  ,o!rs endorse a   
view because x is held by a p]son :om !y
 love or respect4  ,o!rs1 aga91 ma9ta9  
an op9ion because x is contr>y to ! "o  
held by a p]son :om !y dislike4  ,& !re 
is a va/ numb] ( p :o take a view simply
 because x is ! fir/ t pres5ts itself to
 !m1 & !y are z well pleas$ ) x z ) o!rs
 :i* !y don't "k4  ,x mu/ be rememb]$1  
moreov]1 t man is n naturally incl9$    
t[>d ! "r4  ,! _w loves d>kness s9ce its
 eyes 7 hurt by ! wanton ef=t to see    
,god & to be l ,him 9 a way :i* 0 aga9/ 
,8 law4  ,amid ?is d>kness1 intellectual
 & moral1 :i* surr\nds man1 & :i* = !   
mom5t pleases him because x relieves him
 ( a /ra91 we ne$ a guide4  ,we mu/     
foll[ a lead] :o kn[s all ! ways &      
enjoys ! full light ( heav54  ,! def5ce 
9 favor ( private int]pretation ( !     
,bible usually re/s 9 ! assumption (    
,god's goodness1 :o mu/ ne$s furni% an  
inw>d light to man le/ he g wrong 9 8   

se>* aft] tru?4  ,b ,god's goodness     
gives y a guide1 well accr$it$ )        
te/imonials f ,himself1 aga9/ ^:        
effici5cy ! inw>d light comp>es l a     
ru%-light aga9/ ! sun4  ,! r$ cross ( ! 
,alp9e ,club m>ks ! safe passage d[n !  
rocky m\nta9 pa?s ( ,switz]l&4  ,we     
recognize ! /ones :i* are l&m>ks because
 !y be> ! conv5tional sign ( an au?oriz$
 body ( m\nta9e]s4  ,!y lead our way1 & 
we foll[ )\t hesitation4 ,b if ! m>k ( !
 r$ cross ( ! ,alp9e ,club 7 n visible1 
if we _h to tru/ to ! inw>d light or to 
our in/9ct to guide u1 we %\ld run !    
risk ( los+ our way & lives1 ?\gh !     
/ones :i* m>k$ ! pa? ( =m] travell]s are
 /ill !re4  ,nor does x seem accord+ to 
! div9e wisdom to give man a writt5 law 
& !n to leave him to ,himself = its     
int]pretation4  ,no o!r writt5 law 0 ev]
 giv5 "u su* conditions by or to man4   
,x w\ld fru/rate ! fundam5tal purpose ( 
any writt5 law to all[ ! individual to  
int]pret x1 because x w\ld lead to      
contradictions & confusion1 :i* x is ! v

 object ( laws to prev5t4  ,t ! div9e   
,law1 9 its writt5 =m1 is no exception  
to ?is rule is prov$ f ! effects ( !    
!ory ( private int]pretation1 :i* h gr[n
 into a hi/ory ( _m sects1 consci5ti\sly
 prote/+ "o aga9/ ! o!r because ( !     
inf]5ces :i* ea* draws f ! "o sacr$ code
 ( ,*ri/ian law & doctr9e4  ,?us !      
writt5 ^w ( ,god w\ld fru/rate its own  
manife/ purpose1 nay1 give occasion to a
 ?\s& ju/ifications ( sep>ation &       
ho/ility1 :i* its fundam5tal canon1     
*>ity 9 ! union ( ,*ri/1 expressly      
=bids4  ,:at o!r conclusion1 !re=e1     
rema9s ?an to accept ! w>n+ ( ,/4 ,pet]1
 ,pr9ce ( ! ,apo/les1 :o1 speak+ ( !    
read+ ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures1 wi%es !   
conv]ts to und]/& ?is1 fir/1 t no       
prophecy ( ,scripture is made by private
 int]pretation1#a because ! holy m5 (   
,god spoke1 inspir$ by ! ,holy ,gho/    
7,,ii4 ,pet4 i4 #bj1 #ba74  ,& ?is      
disposes1 9 ! m9d ( ! s9c]e ,*ri/ian1 ( 
all ! !ories ( int]pretation advanc$ by 
rationali/ & naturali/ philosoph]s1 :o  

r5d] _! argum5ts a trifle m consi/5t ?an
 ,prote/ants by d5y+ f ! outset ! div9e 
inspiration ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures4     
#a ,! ,prote/ant 7,k+ ,james7 v]sion (  
?is passage reads3 ,t no prophecy ( !   
,scripture is ( any private             
int]pretation4  ,! late revision ( !    
,new ,te/am5t omits ! ^w any4    ,,xix4 
,,! ,,use ,,& ,,! ,,abuse ,,( ,,!       
,,bible4  ,revelation & a ,*ur* are     
practically id5tical4  ,revelation &    
,scripture are n4#a  ,?\gh revelation is
 necess>y to guide ! human m9d1 prone to
 error1 & to su/a9 ! human w1 weak by   
reason ( an h]$it>y fall1 we h se5 t !  
,bible is b "o *annel ( t revelation1 & 
t a complem5t>y1 second>y "o4 ,x nei!r  
conta9s all reveal$ tru?1 nor c ! tru?  
:i* x conta9s be cle>ly & completely    
und]/ood )\t ! guidance ( an intellig5t 
int]pretation4  ,a tea*] ( any sci5ce or
 art may give a book into ! h&s ( 8     
pupils to s]ve z a text1 z a rem9d] ( 8 
precepts1 z a comp5d ( 8 me?ods &       
practice2 b no book1 no matt] h[        

p]fectly writt51 w make u disp5se ) !   
tea*]4  ,! education1 9 any direction1  
:i* re/s ^u ! sole use ( books is       
ess5tially defective & mislead+4  ,?is  
is em95tly true ( ! ,bible z a text or  
guide 9 ! acquisition ( ! highe/ ( arts1
 ! pr(\nde/ ( sci5ces1 :i* leads u to ! 
recognition ( absolute tru?1 ) an       
ev]-increas+ appreh5sion1 because its   
scope is immeasurable1 et]nal4  ,! tea*]
 ( revelation1 9 its fir/ & mo/         
important signification1 is ,*ri/4  ,he 
is ! c5tral hi/orical figure1 ann\nc$ to
 man imm$iately aft] 8 fall 9 ,p>adise  
=e%ad[$ by ! prophets 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 
& complet+ ,8 mission 9 ! ,*ri/ian      
,*ur*4  ,z ! ,holy ,gho/ animat$ !      
prophets to =etell ,him1 & ! prie/s ( ! 
synagogue to ann\nce ,him 9 ! ,old ,law1
 s ! ,holy ,gho/ animates ! ,*ur* to    
cont9ue ,8 "w 9 ! ,new ,law4  ,z books 7
 writt5 by ! prophets ( old to p]petuate
 ! remembrance ( :at ,jehovah _h spok5  
?r\gh !m to ,8 p reg>d+ ! com+ ( !      
,messias1 s books 7 writt5 by ! ,apo/les

 & disciples ( ! ,new ,law to p]petuate 
! remembrance ( :at t ,messias _h said &
 done1 & ( :at ,he wi%$ u to d4 ,b z !  
old writt5 ,law 0 n to be a sub/itute = 
! commission ( tea*+ & guid+ ! p ?r\gh !
 ,jewi% ,synagogue1 s nei!r 0 ! new     
writt5 ,law int5d$ to be a sub/itute = !
 commission ( tea*+ & guid+ ^? :o seek  
salvation ?r\gh ,*ri/4  ,! ,bible alone1
 z we h already se51 _c satisfy u 9 su* 
a way z to supply ! full reason = our   
fai? 9 ,*ri/'s tea*+4  ,= ?is we h a    
,*ur* to :om ,*ri/1 z ,god1 gave a      
direct commission1 )\t add+ a book1 or  
an express comm& to write a book4  ,b a 
book 0 writt51 writt5 "u ! guidance ( ! 
div9e ,_s1 :o _h be5 promis$ to ! ,*ur* 
:5ev] x w\ld speak1 :e!r by ^w ( m\? or 
by epi/le & writt5 gospel4  ,& t book1  
?\gh n conta9+ all tru?1 conta9s tru?   
only4  ,!re=e x is useful1 z ,/4 ,paul  
says1 ,,ii4 ,tim4 iii4 #af3 ,all        
,scripture inspir$ ( ,god is pr(itable  
to tea*1 to reprove1 to correct1 to     
in/ruct 9 ju/ice1 t ! man ( ,god may be 

p]fect1 furni%$ to e good "w4  ,! use1  
!n1 ( ! ,bible is to tea*1 to in/ruct 9 
ju/ice1 prim>ily2 to make man p]fect1   
furni%$ to e good "w4  ,m>k ! tw(old    
t]m3 to tea* & to in/ruct2 bo? tea*+ &  
in/ruction to s]ve ! "o end--to make a  
p]fect man1 furni%$ to e good "w4  ,t ! 
pr9cipal purpose & scope ( ,scripture is
 to tea* ! tru?s ( religion has be5     
demon/rat$ 9 a =m] *apt]4  ,i h "h only 
to add t1 z an in/rum5t ( ,apologetics1 
& 9 discussion ) ,prote/ants :o admit ! 
div9ity ( ,*ri/ & ! inspir$ "* ( !      
,sacr$ ,scriptures1 ref]5ce to ! tea*+s 
( ! ,bible plays a v important "p4      
,:e!r we are def5d+ our fai? aga9/      
misrepres5tation1 or desir\s ( conv9c+  
o!r s9c]e & op5 m9ds ( ! ju/ness ( !    
claims :i* ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* makes z !   
only true repres5tative ( ,*ri/'s div9e 
mission to tea* ! nations1 ! ,bible is a
 safe & commonly recogniz$ meet+-gr\nd =
 a fair discussion ( ! subject4  ,ev5 :5
 we h to speak ( religion ) practical   
infidels1 :o read ! ,bible1 or h "s k ( 

its cont5ts1 t book w s]ve u z a p[]ful 
weapon ( def5ce & p]suasion4  ,few      
intellig5t m5 or wom5 ( to-day1         
especially if !y are e>ne/1 & h a real  
reg>d = virtue & tru?1 ?\gh !y may      
consid] !m z m]e gifts ( ! natural ord]1
 fail to recognize t ,*ri/ianity is a   
p[] = good1 & t ,*ri/1 its ,au?or1 is & 
ev] w be ! great tea*] ( mank9d1 9 ^:   
true foll[+ man becomes bett]1 nobl]1 & 
happi]4  ,to illu/rate ?is fact1 we may 
be p]mitt$ to quote at "s l5g? f an     
article by ,b>on ,von ,huegel 9 a rec5t 
numb] ( ! ,dubl9 ,review 7,april1       
#ahie74  ,speak+ ( ,*ri/1 he cites f    
v>i\s writ]s1 z foll[s3  ,?us ,erne/    
,r5an1 sceptical ev5 to 8 own           
scepticism1 addresses him & says3 ',a   
?\s& times m liv+1 a ?\s& times m lov$1 
s9ce ?y dea? ?an dur+ ?y passage ^u e>?1
 ?\ wilt become ! corn]-/one ( humanity1
 to su* a po9t1 t to blot out ?y "n out 
( ! _w w\ld be 9 v tru? to %ake its v   
f\ndations4'#b  ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 :o   
tells u ( himself3 ',i nev] lo/ fai?1 = 

,i nev] _h x1' proclaims at ! end ( 8   
long life's labors3 ',:atev] else may be
 tak5 f u by rational criticism1 ,*ri/  
is /ill left2 a unique figure1 n m      
unlike all 8 pr$ecessors ?an all 8      
foll[]s1 ev5 ^? :o _h ! direct b5efit ( 
8 p]sonal tea*+4  ,x is no use to say t 
,*ri/ 9 ! ,gospels is n hi/orical1 & t  
we "k n h[ mu* ( :at is admirable has   
be5 sup]add$ by ! tradition ( 8 foll[]s4
  ,= :o among 8 disciples or _!         
proselytes 0 capable ( inv5t+ ! say+s   
ascrib$ to ,jesus1 or ( imag9+ ! life & 
"* reveal$ 9 ! ,gospels8  ,c]ta9ly n !  
fi%]m5 ( ,galilee1 z c]ta9ly n ,/4      
,paul1 ^: "* & idiosyncrasy 7 ( a       
totally diff]5t sort2 /ill less ! e>ly  
,*ri/ian writ]s1 9 :om no?+ is m evid5t 
?an t ! good :i* 0 9 !m 0 all d]iv$1 z  
!y always pr(ess$ t x 0 d]iv$1 f ! high]
 s\rce4'#c  ,ev5 s purely ,dei/ic a     
critic z ,abraham ,ku55 decl>es3 ',!    
int]national religion :i* we call       
,*ri/ianity 0 f\nd$1 n by ! ,apo/le     
,paul1 b by ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 t ,jesus  

^: p]son & ^: tea*+ are sket*$ 9 !      
,synoptic ,gospels ) ! close/           
approximation ( tru?4'  ',! ne$ (       
,*ri/ianity is z ke5 z ev]4  ,x is n =  
less b = m ,*ri/ianity t ! age cries    
out4  ,ev5 ^? _m :o d n id5tify         
,*ri/ianity ) ! ecclesia/ical =m 9 :i*  
!y !mselves pr(ess x1 & :o h no         
confid5ce t ! _w w necess>ily con=m to  
!m--ev5 ^! may be at peace4  ,!         
univ]salism ( ,*ri/ianity is !          
%eet-an*or ( _! hope4  ,a hi/ory (      
eighte5 c5turies be>s mighty witness to 
x2 & ! cont5ts ( its evid5ce & ! high   
significance !y possess are br\ght into 
! cle>e/ light by ! comp>ison ) o!r     
religions4  ,we h good c\rage !n4'#d  ,s
 advanc$ a critic & s5sitively loyal a  
,jew z ,mr4 ,claud ,montefiore tells u3 
',"s ( ! say+s ascrib$ to ,jesus h sunk 
too deep into ! human he>t1 or %all ,i  
say into ! spiritual consci\sness (     
civiliz$ mank9d1 to make x probable t   
any religion :i* ignores or omits !m w  
ex]cise a consid]able influ5ce outside  

its own bord]s4  ,x may be t ^? :o dream
 ( a prophetic ,judaism1 :i* %all be z  
spiritual z ! religion ( ,jesus1 & ev5 m
 univ]sal ?an ! religion ( ,paul1 are ! 
victims ( a delusion4'#e  ,s l>gely     
naturali/ic a critic z ,julius          
,wellhaus5 writes ( our ,"l's tea*+ &   
p]son3 ',! miracul\s is impossible )    
man1 b ) ,god x is possible4  ,jesus has
 n only assur$ u ( ?is1 b he has prov$ x
 9 8 own p]son4  ,he _h inde$ lo/ 8 life
 & sav$ x1 he c\ld d z he w\ld4  ,he _h 
escap$ ! bonds ( human k9d & ! suff]+s (
 self-seek+ nature4  ,!re is 9 him no   
trace ( t eag]ness = action :i* seeks = 
peace 9 ! re/lessness ( its own         
activity4  ,! completely sup]-worldly   
/&po9t 9 :i* ,jesus f9ds /r5g? & love to
 devote himself to ! _w has no?+        
extravagant ab\t x4  ,he is ! fir/ to "k
 himself1 n simply 9 mom5ts ( emotion1 b
 9 complete/ re/fulness1 ! *ild ( ,god2 
be=e him no "o s felt or s describ$     
himself4'  ',jesus n only prophesies !  
k+dom ( ,god1 b br+s x out ( its        

transc5d5ce on to e>?2 he plants at lea/
 its g]m4  ,! new times already beg9 )  
him3 ! bl9d see1 ! deaf he>1 ! dead     
arise4  ,ev]y:]e he f\nd spaci\sness = 8
 s\l1 n[h]e 0 he cramp$ by ! little1 mu*
 z he put =w>d ! value ( ! great2 ?is we
 %\ld d1 & n leave t undone4  ,he 0 m   
?an a prophet2 9 him ! ^w _h become     
fle%4  ,! hi/oric ov]weight$ness1 to :i*
 ! ,jews 7 succumb+1 does n ev5 t\* him4
  ,a unit arises 9 ! dre>y mass1 a man f
 among ! rubbi% :i* ! dw>fs1 ! rabbis1  
_h heap$ up4  ,he upsets ! accid5tal1 ! 
c>icature1 ! dead1 & collects ! et]nally
 valid1 ! human div9e1 9 ! focus ( ,8   
individuality4  ,ecce homo1 a div9e     
wond] 9 ?is "t & ?is environm5t4'  ,su* 
be+ ! view ( religi\sly dispos$ p]sons  
outside ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* reg>d+ ! ,new
 ,te/am5t tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 x w\ld seem    
easy at fir/ sight to conv9ce !m ( !    
,ca?olic doctr9e by ref]5ce to ! words (
 ,*ri/ & ! ,gospels1 :i* conta9         
explicit1 if n complete te/imony 9      
behalf ( ! ,ca?olic tea*+4  ,!re is "o  

difficulty 9 ! way ( ?is1 & t is t      
,prote/ants !mselves di/ru/ ! mean+ ( ! 
,new ,te/am5t words except 9 s f> z x   
expresses _! own feel+s4  ,! pr9ciple ( 
private int]pretation necess>ily leads  
to ?is "o-sid$ view4  ,a hundr$ p]sons  
appeal to ! "o ,book z an infallible    
expression ( ,god's w & tru?4  ,n[1 "s (
 ^! infallible expressions manife/ly    
contradict "o ano!r z ,prote/ants       
int]pret !m4  ,yet ! consequ5ces ( su*  
contradictions are vital1 & involve     
et]nal life or dea?4  ,take ! doctr9e ( 
baptism by wat] z ess5tial to salvation1
 accord+ to ! read+ ( "s ,prote/ants2   
yet ! ,quak]1 no less s9c]e ?an 8       
,bapti/ neighbor1 & claim+ a special    
inw>d light1 consci\sly neglects        
baptism1 hold+ t ! tea*+ ( ! ,new       
,te/am5t is only meant 9 a spiritual    
s5se4 ,equally awful 9 _! consequ5ces   
are ! two contr>y doctr9es reg>d+ !     
,eu*>i/ic pres5ce ( ,*ri/ z decl>$ 9 !  
,new ,te/am5t1 "o believ] draw+ !       
conclusion t he mu/ adore ,god "u ! veil

 ( bread1 ! o!r equally conv9c$ f ! same
 ,scriptures t su* a view is %e]        
idolatry1 & t !re is no?+ div9e "u !    
appe>ance ( bread4  ,?is appeal to      
private judgm5t makes mo/ ,prote/ants   
sceptical if y attempt to prove to !m   
,ca?olic doctr9e f ! ,new ,te/am5t2 &   
unless y c fir/ conv9ce !m t ! ,*ur* has
 a great] claim to decl>e ! s5se ( !    
,bible ?an any private individual1 !y w 
consid] _! op9ion ( its mean+ & purpose 
j z good z y\rs4  ,b x is diff]5t if y  
appeal to ! ,old ,te/am5t = a           
confirmation ( ,ca?olic doctr9e4  ,& ,i 
w\ld /rongly urge ?is me?od = v>i\s     
reasons4  ,e ,prote/ant w admit t ! ,old
 ,te/am5t is n only inspir$ & div9e 9   
its orig91 b t 9 its hi/oric expression1
 ev5 ! deut]o-canonical portion1 conta9s
 ! application ( its mean+ & purpose4   
,9 o!r words1 t ,god n m]ely gave !     
,israelites a law1 b also %[s u h[ ,he  
meant !m to int]pret t law 9 _!         
lives--dome/ic1 social1 & religi\s4     
,"h1 !re=e1 we h little ne$1 or ev5     

opportunity1 = private int]pretation z  
to ,god's mean+4  ,t mean+ becomes cle> 
f ! action ( ,8 p4  ,at ! same "t x is  
also cle> & g5]ally admitt$ t ! ,old    
,te/am5t is a =e%ad[+ ( ! ,new ,law1    
h5ce t ! doctr9es & practices ( !       
,*ri/ian ,*ur* h _! c\nt]p>t 9 ! ,old   
,law4  ,prote/ants readily agree to ?is1
 9 pro( ( :i* fact ,i may be all[$ to   
quote ,pr(4 ,rob]tson ,smi?3            
,*ri/ianity c nev] sep>ate itself f its 
hi/orical basis1 or ! religion (        
,israel2 ! revelation ( ,god 9 ,*ri/ _c 
be divorc$ f ! e>li] revelation on :i*  
our ,"l built4  ,inde$1 ! hi/ory (      
,israel1 :5 rightly /udi$1 is ! mo/ real
 & vivid ( all hi/ories2 & ! pro(s (    
,god's work+ among ,8 p ( old may /ill  
be made1 :at !y 7 9 "t pa/1 "o ( !      
/ronge/ evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity4#f  ,dr4 
,a4 ,b4 ,bruce 9 8 ,apologetics1 #ahib1 
p4 #cbe1 says3 ,! ,bible1 in/ead ( be+ a
 dead rule1 to be us$ me*anically1 )    
equal value set on all its p>ts1 is r a 
liv+ organism1 :i*1 l ! butt]fly1 passes

 ?r\gh v>i\s trans=mations be=e arriv+  
at its highe/ & f9al =m4  ,we %\ld f9d  
,*ri/ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t z we f9d !      
butt]fly 9 ! cat]pill>4#g  ,h5ce if y c 
%[ to ! av]age intellig5t ,prote/ant t a
 doctr9e or practice di/9ctively ( !    
,ca?olic ,*ur* prevail$ 9 ! ,jewi%      
,*ur*1 y h e/abli%$ an a priori argum5t 
= its reasonabl5ess4  ,?is applies      
p>ticul>ly to su* doctr9es & practices z
 ,prote/ants condemn or c5sure 9 !      
,ca?olic ,*ur* f a m]e habit ( n f9d+ !m
 9 _! own *ur*es1 or f "s prejudice     
n\ri%$ by bigotry ( e>ly tea*]s1 or by !
 popul> lit]ature ( ! anti-,ca?olic     
type4  ,i only m5tion su* topics z      
,indulg5ces1 ,confession1 !             
,infallibility ( ! ,pope1 ,celibacy ( ! 
cl]gy & religi\s1 & su* l4  ,n[ all ^!  
?+s exi/$ 9 ! ,old ,law1 n s completely 
develop$ z 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 b        
suffici5tly pron\nc$ to e/abli% a motive
 ( cr$ibility = _! exi/5ce 9 ! ,*ur* (  
,*ri/4  ,?us we h ! reasonabl5ess ( !   
practice ( ,confession pla9ly indicat$ 9

 ! ,mosaic times3 ,& ! ,"l spoke to     
,moses1 say+3 ,say to ! *ildr5 (        
,israel1 :5 a man or woman %all h       
committ$ any ( all ! s9s t m5 are wont  
to commit1 & by neglig5ce %all h        
transgress$ ! comm&m5t ( ! ,"l1 & (f5d$1
 !y %all confess _! s91 & %all re/ore ! 
pr9cipal itself1 & ! fif? "p ov] &      
above1 to him aga9/ :om !y h s9n$ 7,num4
 v4 #f-g2 also #ac-ad74  ,!             
,infallibility ( ! ,pope f9ds its p]fect
 c\nt]p>t 9 ! oracul> responses giv5 by 
! ,jewi% high-prie/ :5 he wore ! ,urim &
 ,?ummim 9 8 brea/plate1 :i* cov]s !    
precise gr\nd ( ,papal decisions reg>d+ 
fai? & morals1 ! brea/plate be+ call$ ! 
rational ( judgm5t1 doctr9e1 & tru?     
7,see ,exod4 xxviii4 #cj2 ,levit4 viii4 
#h2 ,num4 xxvii4 #ba2 ,deut4 xxxiii4 #h1
 etc474  ,z to ! practice ( virg9ity1 we
 "k t x exi/$ among ! ,jews1 z an       
exceptional condition2 b z su* x _h !   
sanction ( ,god4  ,?us ! ,prophet       
,j]emias receives ! comm& ( virg9ity f  
,jehovah directly3 ,& ! ^w ( ! ,"l came 

to me1 say+3 ,?\ %alt n take !e a wife2 
nei!r %alt ?\ h sons & daught]s 9 ?is   
place 7,j]4 xvi4 #b74  ,?us practical   
argum5ts1 ( :i* ,i c "h only indicate a 
few1 may be f\nd = ea* & all ( ! usages 
( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4  ,& any c5sure ( !  
latt] w ca/ its reflection ^u ! ,jewi%  
disp5sation1 ( :i* ,god 0 ,himself !    
,au?or & ,gu>dian4  ,= if ,god sanction$
 c]emonies 9 wor%ip1 & infallibility 9 !
 high-prie/1 & virg9ity 9 ! ,prophet :om
 ,he selects = a special mission1 &     
confession1 ) p5ance & ! obligation (   
re/itution1 :y %\ld ,prote/ants ?9k x s 
/range to f9d u practise ! same ?+s :i* 
h ! seal ( div9e approbation6  ,?us !y  
may be incl9$ m readily to accept ! m   
explicit argum5ts 9 favor ( ,ca?olic    
doctr9e & discipl9e z giv5 9 ! ,new     
,te/am5t1 :i* is b ! fulfilm5t ( ! types
 sugge/$ 9 ! ,old ,law4  ,x is h>dly    
necess>y = me to po9t out 9 ?is         
connection ! advantages ( be+ able to   
disabuse ,prote/ants ( ! impression t   
,ca?olics d n honor ! ,bible z ! ^w (   

,god4  ,^? :o1 z ,prote/ants1 d n       
recognize any o!r s\rce ( div9e         
revelation ?an ! writt5 ^w are1 ( c\rse1
 oblig$ to occupy !mselves :olly &      
entirely ) its /udy1 :il/ ,ca?olics look
 ^u t same writt5 ^w1 n ) less rev]5ce1 
b ) less consci\sness ( hav+ to rely ^u 
x z ! only symbol & expon5t ( _! fai?4  
,if we refuse on g5]al pr9ciples to h ! 
,bible read to our ,ca?olic *ildr5 9 a  
public s*ool f a ,prote/ant translation1
 x is simply because ! admission ( su* a
 practice implies an admission ( a      
,prote/ant pr9ciple1 & might leave a    
wrong impression ^u our *ildr5 z to !   
value ( ! true v]sion ( _! religion4  ,!
 ,prote/ant translation ( ! ,bible      
conta9s a great deal ( tru?1 b "s errors
 :i* we _c admit 9 our tea*+4 ,to give x
 to our *ildr5 9 ! s*ools is some?+ l   
plant+ a ,s\!rn flag ^u "s public       
in/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,"s may  
say x is bett] ?an none1 because x      
begets patriotism1 & z !re is no        
diff]5ce 9 ! two flags except ! slight  

"o ( a few />s & /ripes1 mo/ p might    
nev] notice x4  ,b we "k t if !y did    
notice x1 x w\ld create consid]able     
di/urbance1 because x implies some?+ (  
disloyalty to ,old ,glory4  ,= a l      
reason ,ca?olics (t5 refuse to kiss !   
,prote/ant ,bible 9 c\rt4  ,!y pref]    
simply to affirm4  ,& 9 ?is !y are      
p]fectly "r1 al?\gh to atte/ "o's       
will+ness to tell ! tru? on su*         
occasions is n suppos$ to be a trial (  
"o's fai?1 & h5ce x does n involve any?+
 ( a d5ial ( ,ca?olic tru?4  ,b ,i mu/  
pass on to "o or two illu/rations to %[ 
9 :at fields ! ,bible is n to be us$4   
,= ?\gh x furni%es mo/ apt means =      
imp>t+ a k & incit+ to ! fur!r /udy (   
hi/ory1 languages1 ! pr9ciples (        
gov]nm5t & e?ics1 toge!r ) ! developm5t 
( a graceful & )al vigor\s /yle (       
,engli% writ+1 yet !re are limits to its
 use 9 "s directions4  ,?us ! ,bible _c 
be consid]$ z replac+ ! exact sci5ces4  
,we are q safe always 9 affirm+ t !     
,bible nev] contradicts sci5ce2 t :]e x 

does n incid5tally confirm ! results (  
sci5tific rese>* x ab/racts f ! tea*+ ( 
sci5ce4  ,its language relat+ to        
physical facts is popul>1 n sci5tific4  
,!re is no reason to ?9k t ! inspir$    
writ]s receiv$ any communication f heav5
 z to ! inw>d work+s ( nature4  ,!y _h  
simply ! k ( _! age1 & describ$ ?+s     
accord+ly4  ,leo ,,xiii4 9 8 rec5t      
,encyclical on ! /udy ( ! ,sacr$        
,scriptures /rongly reit]ates ?is       
doctr9e1 advanc$ by _m ,doctors ( !     
,*ur*1 namely1 t ! sacr$ writ]s _h no   
int5tion ( initiat+ u into ! secrets (  
nature or to tea* u ! inw>d con/itution 
( ! visible _w4  ,h5ce _! language ab\t 
! firmam5t1 & h[ ! sun /ood /ill1 z we  
/ill say ! sun rises4#h  ,if1 !n1 we are
 confront$ ) "s /atem5t by sci5ti/s     
affirm+ t !re is a sci5tific inaccuracy 
9 ! ,bible1 we h no rem>k to make b t ! 
,bible 0 n meant to be a text-book (    
exact sci5ce4  ,if x is urg$ t !re are  
contradictions betwe5 ! ,bible & sci5ce1
 !n ! case dem&s att5tion4  ,we "k t    

tru? _c contradict itself2 b we "k t we 
may err 9 appreh5d+ x1 & t sci5ce may   
err 9 its assumptions ( fact4  ,h5ce 9 !
 matt] ( ,biblical ,apology1 :5 deal+ ) 
sci5ce1 x is ( ! fir/ importance t we   
r5d] an exact acc\nt to ourselves ( :at 
sci5ce affirms & ( :at ! ,sacr$         
,scripture affirms4  ,x is important to 
note "h ! di/9ction :i* ,p4 ,bruck]     
po9ts out2 namely1 :at sci5ce affirms1 n
 :at sci5ti/s affirm4  ,! latt] (t5 m+le
 conjecture1 m or less probable1 ) !    
def9itely asc]ta9$ results ( sci5tific  
exp]im5t2 !y (t5 accept z facts c]ta9   
obs]vations & plausible conclusions :i* 
are n always d$uc$ f legitimate premises
 nor 9 a /rictly logical me?od4  ,!     
human m9d is always prone to accept !   
plausible = ! true1 ! appe>ance ( ?+s = 
_! sub/ance1 ! g5]al = ! univ]sal1 ! "p 
= ! :ole1 or ! probable = ! prov$4  ,?is
 is demon/rat$ by ! hi/ory ( sci5tific  
hypo!ses 9 ne>ly e dep>tm5t ( human k4  
,9 ! next place1 we mu/ be q sure to    
asc]ta9 :at ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures affirm4

  ,apologi/s place !mselves 9 a         
ne$lessly responsible position :51 9 !  
difficult task ( det]m9+ a d\btful read+
 ( ! ,sacr$ ,text1 !y assume an         
int]pretation :i* may be ga9said by     
sci5tific pro(4  ,! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,augu/9e
 & ,/4 ,?omas on ?is subject is t we are
 n to int]pret 9 any p>ticul> s5se any  
"p ( ,sacr$ ,scripture :i* admits ( a   
diff]5t int]pretation4  ,& "h ,leo      
,,xiii4 9 8 ,encyclical gives u an      
important po9t to consid] :5 he says t !
 def5d]s ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures mu/ n   
consid] t !y are oblig$ to def5d ea*    
s+le op9ion ( isolat$ ,fa!rs ( !        
,*ur*4#i  ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 a   
prud5t cons]vatism & a timid & slavi%   
repetition ( "t-honor$ views4  ,also    
betwe5 an intellig5t advance (          
well-f\nd$1 ?\gh new views1 & an        
excessive tem]ity1 :i* ra%ly replaces ! 
tradition ( ages by ! sugge/ions ( new  
sci5ce4  ,h5ce any attempt to prove t ! 
/atem5ts ( ! ,bible imply 9 e case exact
 con=mity ) ! late/ results ( sci5tific 

rese>* is a ne$less &1 "u circum/ances1 
a dang]\s exp]im5t2 = al?\gh !re are    
in/ances :]e 7z 9 *ap4 i4 ( ,g5esis7 !  
,bible /atem5ts anticipate ! exacte/    
results ( sci5tific inve/igation by _m  
c5turies1 yet x is n & ne$ n be s 9 all 
in/ances4  ,yet :il/ we may n consid]   
,moses z anticipat+ ! inve/igations ( a 
,newton1 a ,laplace1 or a ,cuvi]1 !re   
are cases :]e ! natural purpose &       
context ( ! sacr$ writ]s develop an     
exact h>mony ) ! facts ( sci5ce ( :i*   
=m] ages _h no "r conception4  ,su* are 
! creation by successive /ages1 ! unity 
( species1 & orig9 ( ! human race1 etc4 
,b ^! facts are n propos$ z sci5tific   
revelations4  ,9 all important que/ions 
z to ! agreem5t ( ! ,bible ) ! results (
 sci5tific rese>* we may h rec\rse )    
p]fect confid5ce to ! liv+ tea*+ ( !    
,*ur*2 :]e %e gives no decision !re we  
are at lib]ty to speculate1 provid$ !   
results ( our speculation d n conflict )
 explicit & impli$ doctr9es ( tru?1 t is
 to say1 !y mu/ be 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al   

analogy ( fai?4  ,!re is "o o!r topic   
:i* ,i w\ld t\* ^u 9 speak+ ( ! use &   
abuse ( ! ,bible2 x is a view :i* ! late
 ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes is suppos$ to h 
advocat$4  ,! au?or ( ,! ,pr(essor at ! 
,breakfa/ ,table believ$ t x w\ld be    
advantage\s if ! ,bible 71 z he t]ms x1 
depol>iz$1 t is to say1 if !            
translations or v]sions made f !        
orig9als 7 put 9 su* =m z to appeal to !
 imag9ation & feel+s ( ! pres5t g5]ation
 by sub/itut+ mod]n t]m9ology & figures 
( spee* = ! old "t-honor$ words (       
,scriptural comp>isons4  ,! aim w\ld be1
 z ,i und]/& x1 to d = ! writt5 ^w (    
,god :at ! ,salvation ,army lead]s are  
attempt+ to d = n9ete5? c5tury          
,*ri/ianity 9 g5]al4  ,9 answ] to ?is   
sugge/ion x may be said t ! attempt has 
be5 made 9 v>i\s ways1 & seem+ly always 
)\t result = ! bett]4  ,z we h v]sions (
 ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les 9 ,cic]onian      
,lat91 s we h _h trave/ies ( ! ,gospels 
int5d$ to popul>ize ! moral maxims !y   
conta94  ,if x is "q ( mak+ ! ,bible    

accessible to ! p = ! purpose ( gett+ !m
 to read x1 devices ( ?is k9d may succe$
 to a degree ) ^? :o look = novelty4  ,z
 to its ess5tial =m1 ! ,bible is        
popul>1--appeals to all m9ds &          
conditions4  ,?is is prov$ by ! exp]i5ce
 ( c5turies1 9 e clime & among all      
races4  ,^? p>ts :i* d n directly appeal
 to a popul> s5tim5t are ( a nature to  
=bid depol>ization z above sugge/$1 s9ce
 9 *ang+ !m !y w\ld necess>ily lose _!  
id5tity1 ! inh]5t pro(s ( _! orig91 & _!
 und]ly+ my/ic & spiritual mean+4  ,s f>
 z !y 7 writt51 ! tru?s conta9$ 9 !     
,bible 7 to s]ve all "t4  ,to *ange _!  
=m is to tamp] ) ! _s ( a div9e         
language1 :i*1 al?\gh x comes to u 9    
human s\nds1 v>iable accord+ to         
nationality & "t & place1 /ill has an   
unction1 a brea? ( heav5 accompany+ x   
:i* w\ld vani% z ! p]fume vani%es f !   
transplant$ fl[]4  ,!re are "s tru?s1 "s
 ideas & feel+s1 :i* _c be express$ 9   
popul> fa%ion )\t los+ _! ess5tial      
qualities4  ,"o might urge ! same       

reasons 9 behalf ( pa9t+ ! old ,greek   
/atues1 because ! common p w\ld f9d x   
possible to admire !m if gaudy color+   
help$ _! imag9ation to int]pret ! action
 ( ! figures 9 m>ble4 ,"s ?+s 9 ! ,bible
 7 n writt5 = all1 & appeal only to     
ref9$ & spiritual m9ds4  ,o!rs c be     
easily und]/ood & assimilat$1 & !re are 
prea*]s commission$ to make attractive &
 intelligible t :i* ( itself does n     
appeal to ! rude4 ,!re is su* a ?+ z    
accommodat+ ! words ( ! ,sacr$          
,scripture = ! purpose ( impress+ a tru?
 by analogy1 & ( ! use ( ?is me?od we h 
beautiful illu/rations 9 ! writ+s ( !   
,fa!rs & 9 ! ,(fices ( ! ,brevi>y4  ,b !
 s5se by accommodation1 z x is call$ by 
writ]s on h]m5eutics1 does n take       
lib]ties ) ! ,sacr$ ,text itself 9 !    
mann] sugge/$ by ! advocates (          
depol>ization4  ,= ! re/ !re is a       
diff]5ce1 !re always w be a diff]5ce1   
betwe5 ! qualities t call ^u ! s5ses &  
attract1 p]haps1 ! l>g] circle (        
admir]s1 & t *oic] _s :i* rea*es ! s\l4 

,y _c sub/itute "o = ! o!r2 _! doma9 is 
widely ap>t1 ?\gh !y may use ! same     
in/rum5t4    ,"o tunes 8 facile lyre to 
please ! e>1   ,& w9 ! buzz+ plaudits ( 
! t[n2   ,! o!r s+s 8 s\l out to ! />s1 
,& ! deep he>ts ( m54   ,y _c depol>ize1
 )\t de/roy+1 ,dante1 or ,milton1 or any
 ( our great poets2 no m c y depol>ize !
 great ma/]piece ( ! ,bible4  ,let u    
take x z we receive x "u ! gu>dian%ip ( 
! ,*ur*4  ,its app>5t imp]fections are l
 ! surr\nd+s & ext]ior ( its ,f\nd]3 a  
sc&al to ! ,greek1 a /umbl+-block to !  
,jew1 because !y c\ld n realize t a ,god
 0 hidd5 9 ! imp]fect guise ( poor fle%4
  ,:at we consid] imp]fections to be    
rem$i$ 9 ! ,bible 7 recogniz$ by !      
,apo/les1 & by ! *ief ( !m1 ,/4 ,pet]1  
:o writes1 ,,ii4 ,pet4 iii4 #af3 ,our   
de> bro!r ,paul1 accord+ to ! wisdom    
giv5 him1 has writt5 to y2 z also 9 all 
8 ,epi/les2 9 :i* are c]ta9 ?+s h>d to  
be und]/ood1 :i* ! unle>n$ & un/able    
wre/1 z !y d also ! o!r ,scriptures1 to 
_! own de/ruction4  ,"h 0 room =        

depol>ization1 yet ,/4 ,pet] did n take 
x 9 h&1 nei!r %\ld we desire s*ol>s (   
p]haps great] k b less wisdom to d s4   
#a ,humphrey1 ,! ,sacr$ ,scriptures1    
l4c4  #b ,vie de ,jesus1 #ahfd1 p4 #dbf4
  #c ,?ree ,essays on ,religion1 #ahgd1 
p4 #beh4  #d ,hibb]t ,lectures1 #ahhb1  
pp4 #aif1 #aig4  #e ,ibid41 #ahib1 p4   
#eea4  #f ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,jewi%   
,*ur*1 #ahib1 p4 #aa4  #g ,see ,dubl9   
,review1 article cit$ above4  #h ,see   
,humphrey1 ,! ,sacr$ ,scriptures2 also  
,que/ions ,actuelles d'-,ecriture       
,sa9te1 by ,bruck]1 ,s4 ,j4  #i ,see    
,app5dix4     ,,xx4  ,,! ,,vulgate ,,&  
,,! ,,revis$ ,,prote/ant ,,v]sion ,,(   
,,! ,,bible4  ,9 in/itut+ "h a comp>ison
 betwe5 ! two approv$ & typical ,engli% 
,v]sions ( ! ,bible z 9 use among       
,ca?olics & ,prote/ants respectively1 ,i
 h no int5tion to be aggressive or      
polemic4  ,z f ! fir/ we h tak5 :at may 
be call$ ! common-s5se po9t ( view 9    
judg+ ! ,bible z an hi/orical "w1 :i*   
v]ifies its claims to be reg>d$ z an    

organ communicat+ to u div9e k1 s we    
proce$ to make a brief sugge/ive        
exam9ation ( two ,engli% ,bibles3 "o    
f\nd 9 ! homes ( ,ca?olics1 ! o!r 9 ^? (
 our ,prote/ant fri5ds & neighbors1 _m (
 :om believe ) all s9c]ity t among !    
v>i\s d\bts & difficulties ( life !y c  
consult no tru] guide ?an t sacr$       
volume4  ,tak+ ! two volumes z a :ole1 &
 consid]+ only _! g5]al cont5ts1 !re is 
b little diff]5ce betwe5 !m4  ,i comp>$ 
!m 9 a =m] *apt] to ! two ,am]ican flags
 ( ,nor? & ,s\?3 view$ 9 !mselves1 ^!   
are bo? ( ! same orig91 copi$ f ! same  
patt]n1 & emblems1 bo?1 ( ,am]ican      
indep5d5ce4  ,?\gh !y diff] only 9 "s   
detail t might escape ! sup]ficial      
obs]v]1 !y nev]!less repres5t v widely  
diff]5t pr9ciples1 = :i* ! m5 ( ! ,s\? z
 ( ! ,nor? 7 will+ to /ake _! lives4    
,!y might meet 9 fri5dly int]c\rse 9 all
 ! walks ( daily life1 b if y ask a     
,union soldi] to c>ry ! ,s\!rn flag1 he 
w say3 ,no2 = ?\gh x looks v mu* l my   
own1 !re is a diff]5ce1 & t diff]5ce    

con/itutes a vital pr9ciple ) me4       
,ca?olics h to make mu* ! same answ] :5 
told t !y might accept ! ,prote/ant     
,bible 9 _! public relations ) ^? :o d n
 recognize ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4  ,!        
,ca?olic ,*ur* has ! old ,bible1 z x    
came d[n ! ages1 complete & )\t *anges4 
,%e has no reason to disc>d x1 & %e has 
good reason n to accept ano!r ,bible1   
?\gh its ,engli% be sweet] & its p]iods 
fall ^u ! e> l ! s(t cad5ces ( ,s\!rn   
army songs4  ,we _c s+ f its tuneful    
pages1 because x repres5ts ! pr9ciple ( 
opposition to its orig9al s\rce &       
p>5t-/ock1 & no union c be effect$      
except by ! elim9ation ( t pr9ciple4    
,ca?olics claim t _! ,bible1 9 po9t (   
fidelity to ! orig9al--& ?is is !       
ess5tial po9t :5 we speak ( a           
translation ( su* a book--,ca?olics     
claim t _! ,bible1 9 po9t ( fidelity to 
! orig9al1 is z sup]ior to ! ,prote/ant 
,engli% ,bible ( ,k+ ,james z x is1 we  
admit1 inf]ior 9 its ,engli%4  ,!       
translators ( ! ,ca?olic ,v]sion        

consid]$ x a less] (f5ce to violate "s  
rules ( gramm> ?an to risk ! s5se (     
,god's ^w = ! sake ( a f9e p]iod4#a     
,:at pro( h we = su* a claim8  ,i answ] 
t we h ! /ronge/ pro( 9 ! _w :i* we c\ld
 h on su* a subject outside ( a div9e   
revelation1 namely1 ! admission on ! "p 
( ! gu>dians & translators !mselves ( ! 
,prote/ant ,bible4  ,n[1 :5 ,i say      
gu>dians & translators ( ! ,prote/ant   
,bible1 ,i d n mean m]ely ! te/imony ( a
 few great au?orities 9 ! pa/ or pres5t 
:o may h express$ _! op9ion z to !      
faults & defects ( ! late/ ,engli%      
,prote/ant translation4  ,t w\ld n be   
fair4  ,b ,i mean t ! hi/ory itself (   
,prote/ant translations made s9ce ! days
 ( ,k+ ,james1 n to g back any f>!r1 is 
a /&+ argum5t ( ! sev]e/ k9d3  ,fir/1   
aga9/ ! correctness ( ! ,prote/ant      
,engli% ,v]sions2 &1  ,secondly1 = !    
correctness ( ! ,ca?olic ,engli%        
,v]sion4  ,= if we comp>e ! fir/        
,prote/ant ,engli% ,v]sion 7:i* dep>t$  
consid]ably f ! receiv$ ,ca?olic text ( 

! ,vulgate7 ) all ! succe$+ revisions   
made at v>i\s times by ! ,engli%        
,prote/ants1 we f9d t !y h /eadily      
return$ t[>ds ! old ,ca?olic ,v]sion4   
,?is is n only an improvem5t z an       
approa* to ! ,ca?olic tea*+1 b x is also
 a confession1 h[ev] reluctantly made1 (
 pa/ errors on ! "p ( =m] ,prote/ant    
translators4  ,at ! "t ( _! sep>ation f 
! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ! re=m]s1 s-call$1 _h  
to give reasons = _! defection4  ,!y    
f\nd fault ) "o doctr9e or ano!r 9 ! old
 ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 su* z ! supremacy ( !  
,roman ,pontiff1 ! jurisdiction (       
bi%ops1 ! ,holy ,sacrifice1 celibacy1   
confession1 etc4  ,to ju/ify ! rejection
 ( ^! doctr9es !y mu/ appeal to "s      
au?ority3 if n to ! ,pontiff1 !n to !   
k+1 or to ! ,bible1 or to bo?           
simultane\sly4 ,b ?\gh ! k+ might favor 
_! novelties ( doctr9e inasmu* z !y     
reliev$ 8 consci5ce ( ! reproa* (       
disob$i5ce to ! ,pontiff1 :o knew b "o  
law ( morals = ! pr9ce & ! peasant1 !   
,bible z hi!rto read 0 aga9/ !m4  ,n[1  

,lu!r _h giv5 di/ract$ ,g]many an       
example ( :at might be done 9 ! way (   
:ittl+ d[n ! sup]natural1 & elim9at+ "s 
( ! irksome duties impos$ by ! old      
,*ur*4  ,he _h made a new translation ( 
! ,bible1 ?rew out passages1 nay1 :ole  
books1#b :i* did n meet 8 views1 & add$ 
"h & !re a little ^w :i* did admirable  
s]vice by sett+ him "r ) a _w t = ! mo/ 
"p c\ld nei!r read ,hebrew nor ,lat9 nor
 ,greek1 & tru/$ him = a le>n$          
translator4  ,9 simil> fa%ion an ,engli%
 translation _h already be5 attempt$ by 
,wiclif ab\t #achj1 & almo/             
simultane\sly by ,nicolas ( ,h]e=d4 ,!re
 exi/$ 9 ,engl& at ! "t ( ,lu!r an      
edition ( ! ,scriptures call$ ! great   
,bible4  ,x 0 ,ca?olic up to its f\r?   
edition1 t ( #aeda4  ,!n1 z is g5]ally  
suppos$1 x 0 revis$ by ! ,elizabe?an    
bi%ops 9 #aejh1 & 9 #afaa1 aft] a m     
l5g!n$ revision1 x appe>$ z a ,k+ ,james
 ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion4 ,s9ce !n v>i\s      
revisions & corrections ( ?is ,bible h  
be5 pr9t$1 ea* succe$+ "o elim9at+ "s ( 

! previ\s errors4 ,mr4 ,?omas ,w>d has  
made up an int]e/+ book call$ ,errata--!
 tru? ( ! ,engli% translations ( !      
,bible exam9$1 or a treatise %[+ "s ( ! 
errors t are f\nd 9 ! ,engli%           
translation ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures us$  
by ,prote/ants aga9/ su* po9ts (        
religi\s doctr9e z are ! subject (      
controv]sy betwe5 !m & ! memb]s ( !     
,ca?olic ,*ur*4  ,dr4 ,w>d's book       
embraces a comp>ison betwe5 ! ,ca?olic  
,engli% translation & ! v>i\s ,prote/ant
 v]sions up to ! ye> #afhc1 = s9ce !n no
 *anges 7 made 9 ! ,engli% ,prote/ant   
,bible call$ ! au?oriz$ v]sion until    
#ahga1 :5 ! "w ( a new revision1 publi%$
 betwe5 #ahha-he1 0 und]tak51 :i* is n  
includ$ 9 ,dr4 ,w>d's ,errata4  ,:y 0   
?is la/ revision made8  ,0 n ! ,k+      
,james v]sion ( #afaa1 = ! mo/ "p1      
beautiful ,engli%8  ,z to ! re/1 0 x n =
 e ,prote/ant an absolute1 infallible   
rule ( fai?8  ,! language 0 good1 ! tru?
 /ill bett]2 :at ne$1 !n1 0 !re to      
revise8  ,! revis]s ( #ahha tell u t !  

language ( ! old ,engli% v]sion c\ld be 
improv$1 & t !y meant to improve x4  ,! 
old] translators1 !y say1 seem to h be5 
guid$ by ! feel+ t _! v]sion w\ld secure
 = ! words !y us$ a la/+ place 9 !      
language2 444 b x _c be d\bt$ t ! /udi$ 
avoidance ( uni=mity 9 ! r5d]+ ( ! same 
words1 ev5 :5 occurr+ 9 ! same context1 
is "o ( ! blemi%es 9 _! "w4  ,b are !   
*anges ( language or expression all t ! 
review]s ( ?is infallible text-book aim 
at8  ,no4  ,li/5 to :at ,dr4 ,ellicott 9
 ! ,preface to ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les says3
  ,x is va9 to *eat our s\ls ) ! ?\ght t
 ^! errors are ei!r insignificant or    
imag9>y4  ,!re are errors1 !re are      
inaccuracies1 !re are misconceptions1   
!re are obscurities1 n1 inde$1 s _m 9   
numb] or s grave 9 "* z "s ( ! =w>d     
spirits ( our day w\ld p]suade u2 b !re 
are misrepres5tations ( ! language ( !  
,holy ,gho/2 & t man :o1 aft] be+ 9 any 
degree satisfi$ ( ?is1 p]mits himself to
 b[ to ! c\nsels ( a timid or popul>    
ob/ructiv5ess1 or :o1 intellectually    

unable to te/ ! tru? ( ^! allegations1  
nev]!less p]mits himself to d5\nce or   
d5y !m1 w1 if !y be true1 mo/ surely at 
! dread day ( f9al acc\nt h to su/a9 !  
trem5d\s *>ge ( hav+ dealt deceitfully )
 ! inviolable ,^w ( ,god4#c  ,s ?is     
book1 ! infallible voice ( ,god reveal+ 
,8 ways1 ?is sole rule ( fai? = millions
 ( ,engli%m51 & by :i* millions _h liv$ 
& sworn & di$ dur+ m ?an two c5turies1  
_h to be revis$1 n only z to ! =m1 b 9 !
 matt] also4  ,two committees 7 =m$1    
ab\t fifty ( ! memb]s be+ f ,engl&1     
?irty f ,am]ica--,presbyt]ians1         
,bapti/s1 ,me?odi/s1 etc4 ,c>d9al       
,newman & ,dr4 ,pusey 7 invit$1 b decl9$
 to att5d4 ,mr4 ,vance ,smi?1 a         
,unit>ian1 a di/+ui%$ s*ol>1 b c]ta9ly  
no ,*ri/ian1 receiv$ a place 9 ! ,new   
,te/am5t committee4  ,^! g5tlem5 set to 
"w 9 e>ne/ to revise ! ,^w ( ,god &     
settle ! ,bible ( ! future4  ,!y _h to  
consid] ! advance made 9 textual        
criticism repres5t$ by ,la*mann1 ,s*olz1
 ,tregelles1 ,tis*5dorf1 & ,drs4        

,we/cott & ,hort4  ,!y labor$ t5 ye>s & 
a half1 z ,dr4 ,ellicott assures u1 )   
?or\ghness1 loyalty to ! au?oriz$       
v]sions1 & due recognition ( ! be/      
judgm5t ( antiquity4  ,"o ( _! rules1   
expressly laid d[n = _! common guidance1
 0 to introduce z few alt]ations z      
possible into ! text ( ! au?oriz$       
v]sion4  ,h[ _m corrections1 ?9k y1 7   
made 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t alone8 ,ab\t     
#bj1jjj1 ( :i* fifty p] c5t4 are        
textual1 t is #i to e five v]ses ( !    
,gospels1 & #ae to e five 9 ! ,epi/les4 
,besides ^! *anges1 :i* mu/ be a %ock to
 _m an ,engli% ,prote/ant :o has        
accu/om$ himself by long read+ ( !      
,bible to believe 9 v]bal inspiration1  
!re are a numb] ( omissions 9 ! ,new    
,revis$ ,text :i* 9 all am\nt to ab\t   
#dj entire v]ses4  ,x appe>s1 !n1 t !   
,k+ ,james ,bible ( "s ye>s ago has n   
be5 z mo/ ,prote/ants ( necessity claim$
 = x--! pure1 au!ntic1 unadult]at$ ,^w (
 ,god4  ,& if n1 :at gu>antee h we t !  
promiscu\s body ( rec5t translators1    

h[ev] le>n$1 )al n inspir$1 h giv5 u t  
pure1 au!ntic1 unadult]at$ ,^w ( ,god8  
,let u glance ov] a few pages ( ! ,new  
,te/am5t to see ( :at nature & ( :at    
importance1 f a doctr9al po9t ( view1   
are ! *anges made by ! late revis]s ( ! 
,au?oriz$ 7,prote/ant7 ,v]sion4  ,9 !   
fir/ place1 !y h ackn[l$g$ ! read+ ( ,i4
 ,cor4 xi4 #bg1 reg>d+ communion "u "o  
k9d1 by translat+ ! ,greek ,greek3 gamma
 by or1 & n by &1 an error :i* _h be5   
repeat$ 9 all ! ,prote/ant translations 
s9ce #aebe1 & :i* gave rise to endless  
abuse ( ! ,ca?olic practice ( giv+ !    
,bless$ ,sacram5t to ! laity "u only "o 
species4  ,:osoev] %all eat ! bread or  
dr9k ! cup is ! read+ 9 ! ,greek z well 
z 9 ! ,lat9 ,vulgate1 & no?+ b !ological
 fe> or p>tiality1 z ,dean ,/anley      
express$ x1 c\ld h w>rant$ ?is          
mi/ranslation1 :i* may be f\nd 9 all !  
editions ( #aebj1 #aech1 #aefb1 #aejh1  
#aegg1 #aegi1 #afaa1 etc4  ,b ?is is    
only "o ( _m acts ( ju/ice :i* ! le>n$  
revis]s h done to ,ca?olics by re/or+ ! 

true read+2 !y h giv5 u back ! alt> :i*1
 toge!r ) ! ,holy ,sacrifice &          
confession & celibacy1 _h become        
obnoxi\s to ! re=m]s4  ,we n[ read1 ,i4 
,cor4 x4 #ah1 t ^? t eat ! ho/s are 9   
communion ) ! alt>1 :]e =m]ly !y 7 only 
p>tak]s ( ! temple4  ,hav+ re/or$ !     
,ca?olic practice ( ,holy ,communion "u 
"o k9d1 & likewise ! alt>1 we are n     
surpris$ t ! ov]se]s ( ! ,k+ ,james     
v]sion %\ld h become bi%ops1 z 9 ,acts  
xx4 #bh1 al?\gh a good _m ( ! ov]se]s h 
be5 left 9 _! places1 possibly because !
 eld]s 7,acts xv4 #b2 ,tit4 i4 #e2 ,i4  
,tim4 v4 #ag & #ai1 etc47 h n yet become
 prie/s1 z !y are 9 ! ,rhemi% 7,ca?olic7
 translation4  ,h[ev]1 ! eld]s are      
likely to turn out prie/s at ! next     
revision1 because !y are n only orda9$1 
b also appo9t$1 :]eas 9 ! old ,engli%   
revisions ( #aefb & #aegi !y 7 orda9$   
eld]s by election 9 e congregation1 :i* 
is /ill done 9 ,prote/ant *ur*es :]e !re
 are no bi%ops1 & ev5 9 "s :i* h ov]se]s
 ) ! honor>y title ( bi%op4  ,z to !    

celibacy "q1 ! revis]s h n ?\ght fit to 
endorse x by translat+ ,greek3 adelph5  
gynai*a a woman1 a si/]2 b !y adh]e to !
 old wife1 z ,beza1 9 8 translation1    
makes ! ,apo/les g ab\t ) _! wives      
7,acts i4 #ad74  ,9 ! matt] ( confession
 we h got a degree ne>] to ! old        
,ca?olic v]sion & practice likewise4  ,!
 ,prote/ant re=m]s _h no s9s to confess2
 !y _h only faults4  ,h5ce !y translate 
,/4 ,james v4 #af by confess y\r faults4
  ,b ! revis]s ( #ahha f\nd out t ^!    
faults 7 d[nright s9s1 & s !y put x4    
,accord+ly we f9d t ! ,apo/les h p[]    
lit]ally to =give s9s1 :]eas =m]ly1 !   
s9s be+ only faults1 x 0 en\gh to h !m  
remitt$1 :i* means a sort ( passive     
yield+ or condon+ on ! "p ( ! ov]se]s 9 
favor ( rep5tant s9n]s1 b did n convey !
 idea ( a sacram5tal p[] b9d+ & loos5+ 9
 heav5 z on e>?4  ,our de> ,bless$ ,lady
 also receives "s ju/ice at ! h&s ( !   
new translators4  ,%e is n simply highly
 favor$ z 9 ! times ( ,k+ ,james & ev]  
s9ce1 b n[ is endu$ ) grace1 ?\gh only 9

 a footnote4  ,x 0 expect$1 says an     
anonym\s writ] 9 ! above cit$ article ( 
! ,dubl9 ,review1#d t ! revis]s1 9      
def]5ce to mod]n ref9em5t1 w\ld get rid 
( 'hell' & 'damnation1' l ! judge :o 0  
said to h dismiss$ hell ) co/s4         
',damnation' & k9dr$ words h gone4444   
,a new ^w1 ',hades1' ,pluto's ,greek "n1
 has be5 br\ght into our language to    
save ! old ^w 'hell' f ov]work4 ,! ,ri* 
,man is no long] 9 'hell1' he is n[ '9  
,hades2' b he is /ill '9 torm5t4'  ,s   
,hades mu/ be ,purgatory1 & ! revis]s h 
?us mov$ ,dives into ,purgatory1 &      
,purgatory into ! ,gospel4  ,dives w n  
object2 b :at w ,prote/ants say8  ,an   
important *ange has be5 introduc$ 9 _!  
treatm5t ( ! ,"l's ,pray]4  ,prote/ants1
 = ov] ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 h conclud$ t   
pray] ) ! words3 = ,?9e is ! k+dom & !  
p[] & ! glory =ev]4  ,^! words 7 to be  
f\nd 9 ,/4 ,matt4 vi4 #ac accord+ to !  
,prote/ant text4  ,!y 7 c]ta9ly want+ 9 
,/4 ,luke xi4 #b1 :o also gives u !     
words ( ! ,our ,fa!r ) a v slight *ange 

( =m4  ,ca?olics 7 reproa*$ = n add+ !  
'doxology1' :i* prov$ to be a cu/om 9 ! 
,greek ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 v mu* l our use (
 ! ,glory be to ! ,fa!r1 & to ! ,son1   
etc41 at ! end ( ea* psalm recit$ or    
sung at ,vesp]s4  ,exam9ation %[$ t !   
phrase = ,?9e is ! k+dom1 etc41 0 to be 
f\nd pr9cipally 9 v]sions made by & = ! 
,ca?olics ( ! ,greek ,*ur*1 & ?is       
expla9$ h[ ! same _h crept into !       
copyi/s' ,greek v]sion4  ,?is fact is   
recogniz$ at l5g? 9 ! late revision :]e 
! words are omitt$ f ! text ( ,/4       
,mat!w1 :il/ a footnote /ates t _m      
au?orities1 "s anci5t1 b ) v>iations1   
add3 '= ,?9e is ! k+dom & ! glory =ev]4'
  ,! ,am]ican revis]s _h made a numb] ( 
v s5sible sugge/ions1 :i* w\ld h br\ght 
! new ,prote/ant v]sion ( ! ,bible /ill 
ne>] to ! old ,ca?olic translation (    
,rheims & ,d\ay2 b _! voice 0 n consid]$
 weighty en\gh1 & ,mr4 ,vance ,smi?     
op5ly blames ! ,engli% committee on ?is 
score1 say+ t !y h n %[n t judicial     
fre$om f !ological bias :i* 0 c]ta9ly   

expect$ f !m4  ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,am]ican 
revis]s %[$ _! national _s & lib]ality  
to a degree :i* mu/ h horrifi$ ! or?odox
 memb]s ( ! ,anglican ,community4  ,!   
,am]icans sugge/$ ! removal ( all m5tion
 ( ! s9 ( h]esy--h]esies 9 _! eyes be+  
only 'factions4'  ,!y desir$ also t !   
,apo/les & ,evangeli/s %\ld drop _!     
title ( ,sa9t1 & be cont5t to be call$  
pla9 ,john1 & ,paul1 & ,?omas4 ,?is     
result$1 no d\bt1 f _! democratic ta/e =
 /rict equality1 & _! hatr$ ( titles ev5
 9 ! k+dom ( heav54#e  ,aft] all ?is !  
pr9ciple ( fai? 9 ! ,bible alone became 
some:at insecure1 & we f9d ! revis]s    
mak+ a sil5t concession on ?is po9t by  
all[+ some?+ to ! ,ca?olic pr9ciple ( a 
liv+1 p]petually transmitt$ tradition4  
,/4 ,paul1 :o speaks ( ! alt> & (       
bi%ops1 & :o all[s ,communion "u "o k9d1
 & :o _h no wife1 & want$ none 7,i4     
,cor4 vii471 praises ! ,cor9?ians1 n    
simply = keep+ 8 ord9ances1 z 9 ! "t (  
,k+ ,james1 b = keep+ ! traditions z he 
_h deliv]$ !m to ! ,greek *ur*es be=e he

 f\nd opportunity to write to !         
,cor9?ians4  ,!re is "o o!r po9t (      
diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant 
,bibles to :i* x is in/ructive to call  
att5tion4  ,x is 9 reg>d to ! writ+ (   
prop] names1 especially 9 ! ,old        
,te/am5t4  ,?us :]e we 9 ! ,ca?olic     
,bibles h ,nabu*odonosor = ! k+ (       
,babylon1 son ( ,nabopollass>1 !        
,prote/ant v]sion has ,nebu*adnezz>2 :]e
 we h ,elias & ,eliseus1 ! ,prote/ant   
v]sion has ,elijah & ,eli%a1 & s =?     
reg>d+ _m ,hebrew names ( p]sons &      
places4  ,y w ask :5ce ! diff]5ce1 & :i*
 is "r8  ,! diff]5ce arises f ! fact t !
 ,prote/ant ,v]sion foll[s ! pres5t     
,hebrew text ( ! ,bible1 :il/ ! ,ca?olic
 ,v]sion foll[s ! ,greek4  ,:i* is !    
saf] to foll[ on su* po9ts z !          
pronunciation ( prop] names--! ,hebrew  
or ! ,greek8  ,y w say ! ,hebrew1 b x is
 n s4  ,! old ,hebrew writ+ _h1 z ,i    
m5tion$ be=e1 no v[els4  ,h5ce x c\ld n 
be read by any "o :o _h n he>d x read 9 
! s*ools ( ! rabbis4  ,"s six c5turies  

aft] our ,"l1 c]ta9 ,jewi% doctors :o 7 
call$ ,masorets1 anxi\s to pres]ve !    
traditional s\nds ( ! ,hebrew language1 
suppli$ v[els 9 ! %ape ( po9ts1 :i* !y  
plac$ "u ! squ>e consonants1 )\t di/urb+
 ! latt]4  ,h5ce ! pres5t v[el sy/em 9  
,hebrew1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! pres5t      
pronunciation ( ,hebrew accord+ to !    
read+ ( ! ,bible1 is ! "w ( m5 :o reli$ 
= ! pronunciation ( words on a tradition
 :i* c>ri$ !m back ov] _m c5turies1 t   
is1 f ! "t :5 ,hebrew 0 a liv+ language 
to ab\t six hundr$ ye>s aft] ,*ri/4  ,x 
is n difficult to imag9e h[ 9 su* a l5g?
 ( "t ! true pronunciation may h be5 lo/
 or c]ta9ly modifi$ 9 "s cases2 = ?\gh !
 ,hebrew words 7 !re on ! pap]1 writt5 9
 consonants ( ! old =m1 ! pronunciation 
( ! v[els mu/ h be5 d\btful if re/+ on  
tradition alone1 s9ce ! ,hebrew _h      
already ceas$ to be a liv+ language = _m
 c5turies4  ,9 ! meantime1 ! true       
pronunciation ( ! ,hebrew prop] names   
c\ld h be5 pres]v$ 9 "s ( ! translations
 made long be=e ! ,masoretic doctors    

suppli$ _! v[el po9ts4  ,"o ( ^!        
translations f ! ,hebrew is ! ,greek    
,septuag9t4  ,x 0 made1 z we h se51 9 ! 
"t ( ,ptolemy1 i4e41 "s two & a half    
c5turies be=e ,*ri/4  ,! le>n$ ,jews :o 
made ?is translation knew p]fectly well 
h[ ! ,hebrew ( _! day 0 pron\nc$1 & we  
_c suppose t !y w\ld mutilate ! prop]   
names ( _! "m tongue 9 ! translation    
into ,greek :i*1 possess+ writt5 v[els1 
oblig$ !m to express ! full             
pronunciation ( ! p]sons & places :i* !y
 transcrib$4  ,accord+ly1 we h two      
s\rces = our pronunciation ( ,hebrew    
prop] names3 "o :i* dates f ab\t ! six? 
or sev5? c5tury ( ! pres5t era1 :5 !    
,hebrew _h become a dead language2 &    
ano!r1 made ab\t n9e hundr$ ye>s e>li]  
by ,jewi% rabbis1 :o spoke ! language   
p]fectly well1 & :o c\ld express !      
pronunciation ( prop] names accurately  
because !y wrote 9 a language :i* _h    
writt5 v[els1 & ) :i* !y 7 z conv]sant z
 ) _! own1 ! ,hebrew4  ,fur!rmore1 we h 
o!r v]sions1 made long be=e ! ,masoretic

 ,doctors inv5t$ _! v[el-po9ts 9 ord] to
 fix ! ,hebrew pronunciation z !y       
conceiv$ x4  ,among ^! is ! ,lat9       
,vulgate :i*1 l ! ,greek ( ! ,septuag9t1
 %\ld give u ! correct                  
pronunciation--because x 0 made by ,/4  
,j]ome1 :o _h /udi$ ! ,hebrew & ,*aldee 
9 ,pale/9e "u a ,jewi% rabbi4  ,he knew1
 !re=e1 ! pronunciation ( ! ,jews 9 8   
day 7#cca-dbj71 & !re 0 no reason :y he 
%\ld n give x to u 9 8 sev]al diff]5t   
translations1 :il/ !re might h be5 "s   
cause :y ! ,masoretic ,jews :o liv$ two 
or ?ree c5turies lat] %\ld dislike to   
accept ei!r ! ,greek or ! ,lat9 v]sions 
= an au?ority1 because bo? v]sions 7 us$
 & con/antly cit$ by ! ,*ri/ians z pro( 
t ! ,messiah _h come4  ,incid5tally1 !  
late ar*eological f9ds confirm ?is4     
,?us ! "n ( ,nabu*odonosor 7,,iv4 ,k+s  
xxiv4 #a7 7,prote/ant1 ,nebu*adnezz>71  
m5tion$ above z an example1 reads 9 !   
cunei=m inscription ( ! ,assyrian       
monum5t ,nebukudursur1 :i* is evid5tly !
 same =m ( v[el pronunciation z t       

employ$ 9 ! ,ca?olic v]sion4  ,9 comp>+ 
! two v]sions ?us f> little has be5 said
 z to ! peculi> "* or m]its ( ! ,engli% 
,ca?olic v]sion commonly call$ !        
,vulgate ,engli% or ,d\ay ,bible4  ,b ! 
ma9 purpose ( ! pres5t *apt] has be5    
atta9$ by ! necess>y inf]5ce :i* ! read]
 mu/ h drawn1 namely1 t ! old ,ca?olic  
v]sion is ! m fai?ful1 & t1 aft] all1 ! 
,bible is n a safe guide )\t a ,*ur* to 
gu>d its integrity & to int]pret its    
mean+4  ,b let me say j a ^w ab\t !     
,vulgate4  ,! ,ca?olic ,vulgate is      
practically ! "w ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 & our    
,engli% ,ca?olic edition is made z      
lit]ally z may be f ?is ,lat9 ,vulgate1 
dilig5tly comp>$ ) ! ,hebrew1 ,greek1 & 
o!r editions 9 div]s languages4  ,!     
copies1 mo/ 9 use n[1 7 made f an       
edition publi%$ by ! ,engli% ,college at
 ,rheims 9 #aehb1 & at ,d\ay 9 #afji1   
revis$ by ,dr4 ,*allon]4  ,! ne$ ( a new
 revision has be5 recogniz$1 & an ef=t  
to supply ! want 0 made by ! late       
,ar*bi%op ,k5rick1 ^: translation 0     

recomm5d$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,baltimore 9   
#aheh1 al?\gh x has n be5 g5]ally       
adopt$4  ,h[ev]1 ! *anges to be made 9 !
 translation ( ! ,ca?olic ,bible 9      
,engli% _c be v num]\s nor affect+      
doctr9es def9$ by ! ,*ur*2 nor is any   
accid5tal *ange ( words or expressions s
 vital a matt] to ! ,ca?olic m9d z x mu/
 be ) ^? :o h b ! ,bible z _! "o prim>y 
rule ( fai?4  ,s f> ,prote/ant revisions
 h done ,ca?olics a s]vice 9 remov+ by  
successive corrections "o error aft]    
ano!r f ! re=m$ ,bible1 ?us demon/rat+ !
 correctness ( ! old ,vulgate2 b !y h   
also l$ ,prote/ants to reflect s]i\sly1 
& to realize t ! ,bible only pr9ciple is
 prov$ to be false & dang]\s4  ,!y mu/  
see t ! ,scripture is p[]less )\t !     
,*ur* z ! witness to its inspiration1 ! 
safegu>d ( its integrity1 & ! expon5t ( 
its mean+4    #a ,cf4 a pap] on !       
subject ( ! ,new ,revision 9 ! ,dubl9   
,review1 #ahha1 vol4 ,,vi41 s]4 iii4  #b
 ,^! books h be5 mo/ly reta9$ 9 !       
,prote/ant ,bible "u ! "n ( ,apocryphal1

 i4e41 n inspir$4  ,! ,*ur* accepts &   
def9es _! inspiration1 & 9 ?is is       
support$ by ! /rong te/imony ( apo/olic 
tradition4  #c ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 p4    
#ac4  #d ,vol4 ,,vi41 s]4 iii4  #e      
,dubl9 ,review1 l4c4     ,,xxi4  ,,!    
,,position ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* ,,9 ,,!       
,,pres5t ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,sci5tific     
,,controv]sy ,,reg>d+ ,,! ,,bible4  ,9  
"o ( ! old *ur*es ( ,wales y may see !  
,t5 ,comm&m5ts writt5 ^u ! wall1 & b5ea?
 !m ! foll[+ inscription1 ! mean+ ( :i*1
 x is said1 _h = a long "t rema9$ a     
my/]y to ! p3    ,p ,r ,s ,v ,r ,y ,p ,r
 ,f ,c ,t ,m ,n1   ,v ,r ,k ,p ,t ,h ,s 
,p ,r ,c ,p ,t ,s ,t ,n4  ,"s "o suppli$
 ! key to ! int]pretation by sugge/+ !  
lett] ,e4  ,!n ev]ybody read ! l9es1 & !
 old folks told _! *ildr51 :o in=m !    
casual visitor t ! /range lett]s pla9ly 
mean3 ,p]sev]e ye p]fect m51 ev] keep ^!
 precepts t54  ,! inscription 9 ! old   
,wel% *ur* is a good illu/ration ( ! old
 text ( ! ,bible1 :i* _h no v[els1 no   
division ( words & s5t5ces4  ,god gave !

 key to its mean+ ?r\gh an intellig5t   
int]pret]1 & ! m5 ( le>n+ supply !      
divisions--ev5 9 ?is s5se t !y sometimes
 dispute ! place :]e to ins]t & :]e to  
omit ! ,e4  ,! orig9al obscurity has    
induc$ _m to /udy ! ,bible1 & ! gr&     
result ( ?is /udy 9 our day has be5 to  
lead ! great majority ( sci5tific m51   
:e!r !y are believ]s 9 ! div9e orig9 ( !
 ,book or n1 to ! conclusion t x is1 to 
say ! lea/1 an hi/orical monum5t ( !    
highe/ antiquity1 ! cont5ts ( :i* h come
 d[n to u 9 t g5u9e & au!ntic =m :i* is 
claim$ = x2 t is to say1 t x has n be5  
tamp]$ ) or falsifi$ to su* an ext5t z  
w\ld r5d] its /atem5ts mat]ially o!r ?an
 !y 7 f ! beg9n+4  ,tis*5dorf1 "o ( !   
lead+ ,biblical text critics 9 rec5t    
times1 all[s inde$ "s #cj1jjj v>iations 
= ! ,new ,te/am5t alone 9 ! diff]5t     
manuscripts ( :i* we possess any trace4 
,al?\gh ^! v>iations are on ! :ole v    
slight1 s z n to affect ! g5u95ess ( !  
,scripture docum5ts1 !y e/abli% ! fact t
 we d n possess ! text ( ! ,bible 9 !   

lit]al =m 9 :i* ! inspir$ writ]s        
orig9ally wrote x d[n4  ,:atev] *anges h
 crept into ! text ( ! ,bible1 ?r\gh    
inadv]t5ce ( copyi/s or defective       
translations into o!r languages1 x is a 
settl$ fact among ,ca?olic div9es t !y d
 n affect ! moral & dogmatic tea*+ ( !  
,ca?olic ,*ur*4  ,!y reg>d ei!r purely  
hi/orical incid5ts or sci5tific facts1  
nei!r ( :i* are ! object ( ! doctr9al   
def9itions or moral tea*+s ( ! ,*ur*4   
,!y are ! prop] subject = ! /udy ( human
 reason & inve/igation4  ,h5ce          
philological sci5ce may v becom+ly      
occupy itself ) ! v]bal criticism ( !   
language & ?\ght ( ! ,bible4  ,b !      
,ca?olic ,*ur*1 z a tea*] ( religi\s    
tru?1 has an int]e/ 9 ^! /udies ( v]bal 
criticism 9 s f> only z !y may become a 
help or a h9drance to h] legitimate     
activity ( prea*+ & pres]v+ ! tru? (    
,*ri/ianity4  ,z a rule1 ! ,*ur*        
anticipates ! dang]\s issues aris+ f !  
misuse ( su* /udies by delib]ately def9+
 n only ! "r use ( ! in/rum5ts employ$ =

 ! purpose ( criticism1 b also :at %e   
h]self deems ! subject-matt] ly+ outside
 ( ! doma9 ( su* criticism4  ,?us1 9 a  
negative way1 %e po9ts out ! field = !  
ex]cise ( !ories1 or r %e def9es ! l9es 
beyond :i* speculation may n safely g4  
,! ,*ur* w\ld h no end ( tasks if %e    
und]took to def5d h] position aga9/ !   
cont9u\sly propos$ hypo!ses by :i* any  
*ance com] might v5ture to *all5ge h]   
v]acity or au?ority4 ,mo/ !ories are    
ephem]al2 two1 succe$+ ea* o!r1 are (t5 
mutually de/ructive4  ,pr(4 ,h4 ,l4     
,ha/+s 9 8 ,high] ,criticism tells u t  
s9ce #ahej !re h be5 publi%$ #gdg       
!ories1 kn[n to him1 ab\t ! orig9 &     
au!nticity ( ! ,bible4  ,( ^! #gdg      
!ories he c\nts #fjh z n[ defunct1 & z !
 ,pr(essor wrote sev]al ye>s ago1 we may
 assume t ne>ly all ( ! rema9+ #aci are 
dead by ?is "t1 al?\gh a few new ones h 
come 9 to take _! place = a day4#a      
,:at1 !n1 is ! position ( ! ,ca?olic    
,*ur*1 z limit$  by positive def9ition1 
) reg>d to ! text ( ! ,bible1 by :i* %e 

limits ! aggressiv5ess ( ,biblical      
criticism8  ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* gives u a 
v anci5t & well-atte/$ text ( ! entire  
,bible 9 ! ,lat9 tongue1 & 9 virtue ( h]
 commission to tea*1 :i* includes ! "r &
 duty to appo9t ! text-book = t tea*+1  
%e says3 ,! sacr$ ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1      
believ+ t x w\ld be ( great advantage to
 ! ,*ur* ( ,god to h x kn[n :i* ( !     
v>i\s ,lat9 editions ( ! ,bible is to be
 held au!ntic1 h]eby decl>es t ! anci5t 
edition commonly kn[n z ! ,vulgate1 :i* 
has be5 approv$ by ! long-/&+ use ( ages
 9 ! ,*ur*1 is to be consid]$ z !       
au!ntic ,bible = (ficial uses ( tea*+   
7,tr5t1 vi4 #ab74  ,y notice t ! ,c\ncil
 ( ,tr5t does n say t ! ,vulgate        
corresponds exactly to ! lit]al orig9al 
text1 nor t x is ! be/ ( all kn[n       
translations4  ,! ,c\ncil /ates only1 b 
/ates explicitly1 t ! ,vulgate edition (
 ! ,bible is a reliable s\rce ( ! writt5
 revelation 9 matt]s ( fai? & morals4   
,& ! reason :i* ! ,c\ncil alleges = ?is 
pref]5ce ( ! ,vulgate ov] o!r editions  

is its con/ant use = c5turies 9 ! ,*ur*2
 9 o!r words1 t x repres5ts ! be/       
tradition ( ! receiv$ text-=m ( ! ,sacr$
 ,scriptures4  ,b ! def9ition ( !       
,c\ncil implies n only t ! cont5ts ( !  
,vulgate 9 _! entirety are reliable &   
au!ntic1 b t ea* ( its /atem5ts is      
au!ntic 9 its dogmatic cont5ts1 s9ce !  
:ole ,vulgate1 i4e41 9 all its p>ts1 is 
said to con/itute a m$ium or in/rum5t ( 
(ficial tea*+ 9 ! ,*ur*4  ,! decl>ation 
( ! ,c\ncil is reg>d+ ! ,lat9 ,vulgate2 
h5ce all translations mu/ con=m to its  
text1 t is to say1 ! correct$ text (    
#aeib1 call$ ! ,clem5t9e rec5sion4  ,x  
is notewor?y t1 :il/ ! ,*ur* po9ts out a
 text :i* is to be ! (ficial patt]n 9 h]
 liturgy & 9 ! def5ce ( ,ca?olic tea*+  
reg>d+ fai? & morals1 %e does n def9e   
any?+ reg>d+ o!r texts or v]sions ( !   
,bible4  ,nei!r ! ,hebrew nor ! ,greek  
texts are m5tion$1 al?\gh ! ,*ur* gives 
to !m1 & ! ,coptic1 ,syrian1 & ,arm5ian 
v]sions1 an impli$ approbation by       
tol]at+ _! liturgical use 9 ! ,ori5tal  

*ur*es4  ,:at ! ,*ur* has def9$1 !re=e1 
reg>d+ ! ,vulgate is ?is3 ,x has decl>$ 
its dogmatic integrity4  ,?is implies t 
! cont5ts ( ! ,vulgate give 9 _!        
entirety & 9 _! details a reliable      
v]sion ( ! inspir$ text z an in/rum5t ( 
tea*+ ,ca?olic tru? & morals4  ,f a     
sci5tific po9t ( view ! ,vulgate enjoys 
! advantage ( be+ ! olde/ ( all !       
,scriptural v]sions4  ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t
 x repres5ts a text m anci5t ?an !      
,hebrew ( ! ,masoretic doctors4  ,! ,new
 ,te/am5t is likewise old] ?an ! olde/  
,greek text extant1 z ,la*mann 9 8      
critical edition has demon/rat$4        
,moreov]1 its composition is ! result ( 
! be/ sci5tific app>atus ( e>ly ,*ri/ian
 times1 :i* ,/4 ,j]ome possess$ 9 a     
ph5om5al degree1 bo? z to 8 p]son & also
 z to ! circum/ances 9 :i* he 0 plac$4  
,f9ally1 x has an hi/orical support (   
unequall$ sup]iority1 inasmu* z x has   
be5 f ! beg9n+ ! means ( ,*ri/ianiz+ !  
nations ( ,europe4  ,all ?is is be+     
v]ifi$1 n only by textual critics1 b by 

! m rec5t discov]ies 9 ! /udy ( ,*ri/ian
 paleography4  ,su* is ! position 9 :i* 
sci5tific rese>* f9ds ! ,*ur*4 ,!       
multi=m !ories ab\t ! ,bible1 & ! v>i\s 
possible s5ses ( its words & passages1  
only affect h] 9 a limit$ degree4       
,ca?olic apologi/s are oblig$ to deal ) 
^! !ories s f> only z !y affect !       
positive tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* 9 fai? &       
morals1 al?\gh ! analogy ( fai? dem&s t 
! ,ca?olic sci5ti/ te/ 8 op9ions by     
weighty tradition & approv$ practice4   
,:il/ ! dogmatic integrity ( ! ,sacr$   
,scriptures is ?us secur$1 ! exam9ation 
( ! critical integrity ( individual p>ts
 leaves a wide field op5 to ,ca?olic    
,biblical /ud5ts4  ,! "w done by        
non-,ca?olic s*ol>s :o h exam9$ !       
,bible1 ei!r to br+ out ! v]bal mean+ ( 
its text1 or to v]ify "s hi/orical or   
philological hypo!sis1 is a/\nd+4       
,ca?olic /ud5ts owe a great debt to !   
fir/ glean]s 9 ?is field2 = ?\gh we h   
nei!r felt impell$ to look = ! rule (   
our fai? 9 ! ,bible exclusively1 nor    

always be5 incl9$ to accept ! dicta     
reg>d+ ! lit]al s5se ( s sacr$ a docum5t
 f ! pr(essors ( philological discipl9e1
 we h incid5tally pr(it$ by all ^!      
se>*+s4  ,!y h illu/rat$ ! excell5ce (  
our fai?1 bo? z a sy/em & z a moral     
pr9ciple4  ,!y h ?r[n light ^u problems 
( exegesis4  ,all ! doctr9es & practices
 ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* h f\nd _!           
confirmation 9 ! analysis ( ,biblical   
t]ms z ! result ( textual criticism4  ,!
 words ( ! ,bible h be5 ?r[n into !     
crucible1 & ! gold ( ,ca?olic doctr9e   
has be5 ! outcome--pur]1 bright]1 m     
ref9$1 & /ill weighty4  ,ea* v]ifi$ !ory
 reg>d+ ! s5se ( old =gott5 ,hebrew t]ms
 has receiv$ ! impress ( ,ca?olic       
approbation1 & s]v$ to give ! doctr9e ( 
! ,*ur* a m ready curr5cy4  ,sci5ti/s1  
(t5 reluctantly1 are po9t+ out gold5    
opportunities = ,ca?olic /ud5ts4  ,x    
does n come )9 our pres5t scope to speak
 ( ! v>i\s me?ods employ$ by ! sci5ce & 
art ( ,biblical criticism1 nor to retail
 ! sep>ate results to :i* ! inquiry into

 ! au!nticity 7,high] ,criticism7 & !   
integrity & purity ( ! text 7,l[]       
,criticism7 has l$4  ,! hi/ory ( ! ,new 
,te/am5t1 :i* is ! be/ witness to !     
au!nticity & integrity ( ! ,old ,te/am5t
 books1 provid$ we admit ! div9ity (    
,*ri/1 :i* 9 its turn re/s ^u ! /ronge/ 
hi/oric evid5ce1 has receiv$ an imm5se  
am\nt ( confirmatory argum5t 9 num]\s   
discov]ies ( anci5t docum5ts4  ,)9 ! la/
 =ty ye>s h be5 f\nd1 among o!r valuable
 writ+s1 ! fam\s ,codex ,s9aiticus by   
,tis*5dorf 7#ahei71 "o ( ! olde/ ,greek 
texts ( ! ,bible4  ,9 #ahge ,ar*bi%op   
,bri5nios f\nd 9 ,con/ant9ople ! ,,ms4  
,epi/les ( ,clem5t ( ,rome1 :i* n only  
confirm ! apo/olical writ+s & evangels z
 be+ receiv$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( 8 day1 b furni%
 ! olde/ liturgical pray] & s]mon (     
po/-apo/olic times4  ,ano!r docum5t ( ! 
same "*1 9 ,lat91 0 discov]$ by ,mor9 9 
#ahic4  ,next we h ! celebrat$          
,diatess>on ( ,tatian1 ! olde/ gospel   
h>mony 9 exi/5ce1 :i*1 kn[n to          
,eusebius1 b lo/ 9 ! meantime1 0 recov]$

 lately1 ) a p>allel manuscript f\nd 9  
,egypt1 & publi%$ la/ ye> 9 ,engli%4    
,?is takes u back to ! "t ( ,/4 ,ju/94  
,ano!r mo/ important f9d is ! ,,ms4 ( ! 
s-call$ ,tea*+ ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les4  ,!
 docum5t 0 discov]$ by ,bri5nios1 &     
publi%$ 9 #ahhc4  ,x ?r[s mu* light on !
 ecclesia/ical discipl9e ( ! e>ly       
,*ri/ian ,*ur* 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #abj71      
speaks ( ! writt5 ,gospels1 etc4  ,ano!r
 valuable ,,ms4 7,syriac7 0 f\nd 9 #ahhi
 by ,pr(essor ,h>ris4  ,x is ! ,apology 
( ,ari/ides1 br\ght f ! conv5t ( ,/4    
,ca?>9e on ,mt4 ,s9ai1 & dates ab\t !   
ye> #adj1 z x is address$ to ! ,emp]or  
,hadrian1 & (f]s him ! ,*ri/ian         
,scriptures to read4  ,i pass ov] a ho/ 
( o!r important f9ds ( ! same nature1 ( 
unque/ion$ au!nticity1 :i* c>ry u back  
to ! apo/olic age4    #a ,see ,hett9s]'s
 ,apologie1 ,preface xi4     ,,xxii4    
,,my/]i\s ,,*>act]s4  ,:il/ ,biblical   
criticism & con/antly increas+          
discov]ies ( new treasures1 su* z we    
m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 are add+ _!      

approv+ light to ! anci5t & un*ang$     
traditions ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* reg>d+ !  
,bible & its exegesis1 ! f9ds (         
ar*eology are confirm+ ! /atem5ts ( !   
,bible1 especially ! ,old ,te/am5t      
hi/ory1 ) an accuracy :i* =ces ev5 !    
infidel sci5ti/ to be> witness to !     
hi/orical tru? ( ! inspir$ records4  ,a 
c5tury ago ,biblical antiquity receiv$  
its side-lights1 = ! mo/ "p1 f rabb9ical
 lit]ature1 & f newly-discov]$ me?ods ( 
int]pret+ ^? classics :i* dealt ) !     
,ori5tal _w incid5tally4  ,b 9 mod]n    
times an imm5se lit]>y field has be5    
op5$ by ! discov]y ( anci5t monum5ts 9  
,egypt1 ,assyria1 ,babylonia1 ,syria1   
,asia ,m9or1 ,pale/9e1 & ! surr\nd+     
c\ntries4 ,^! monum5ts place u 9        
position to trace ! condition ( ^!      
nations to v remote p]iods1 & give u a  
key to ! explanation ( ! ,biblical      
docum5ts4  ,extraord9>y labor1 c\pl$ )  
all-sid$ k1 a ref9$ me?od ( obs]vation1 
& untir+ pati5ce1 h made x possible to  
read ! hi]oglyphics & ! s-call$ cunei=m 

inscriptions4  ,x is int]e/+ to trace ! 
gradual progress by :i* def9ite results 
7 atta9$ 9 deciph]+ c]ta9 inscriptions  
^: language 0 entirely unkn[n to any    
liv+ man4  ,i may be all[$ to give "h an
 illu/ration1 tak5 f ,mr4 ,sayce's      
excell5t little "w1 ,fre% ,lights on    
,anci5t ,monum5ts1 9 :i* he describes ! 
mann] ( unravell+ ! my/]i\s ?reads ( !  
old ,p]sian script3   ,travell]s _h     
discov]$ inscriptions engrav$ 9 cunei=m1
 or1 z !y 7 also t]m$1 arr[-head$1      
*>act]s on ! ru9$ monum5ts ( ,p]sepolis 
& o!r anci5t sites 9 ,p]sia4  ,"s ( ^!  
monum5ts 7 kn[n to h be5 erect$ by !    
,a*aem5ian pr9ces--,d>ius1 ! son (      
,hy/aspes1 & 8 successors--& x 0 !re=e  
inf]r$ t ! inscriptions also _h be5 c>v$
 by ord] ( ! same k+s4  ,! inscriptions 
7 9 ?ree diff]5t sy/ems ( cunei=m writ+2
 &1 s9ce ! ?ree k9ds ( inscription 7    
always plac$ side by side1 x 0 evid5t t 
!y repres5t$ diff]5t v]sions ( ! same   
text4  ,! subjects ( ! ,p]sian k+s      
belong$ to m ?an "o race1 &1 j z 9 !    

pres5t day a ,turki% pa%a 9 ! ,ea/ has  
to publi% an edict 9 ,turki%1 ,arabic1 &
 ,p]sian1 if x is to be und]/ood by all 
! populations "u 8 *>ge1 s ! ,p]sian k+s
 7 oblig$ to use ! language & sy/em (   
writ+ peculi> to ea* ( ! nations !y     
gov]n$ :5ev] !y wi%$ _! proclamations to
 be read & und]/ood by !m4  ,x 0 cle> t 
! ?ree v]sions ( ! ,a*aem5ian           
inscriptions 7 address$ to ! ?ree *ief  
populations ( ! ,p]sian empire1 & t ! "o
 t inv>iably came fir/ 0 compos$ 9      
anci5t ,p]sian1 ! language ( ! sov]eign 
himself4  ,n[ ?is ,p]sian v]sion happ5$ 
to (f] ! deciph]] less difficulties ?an 
! two o!rs :i* accompani$ x4  ,! numb] (
 di/9ct *>act]s employ$ 9 writ+ x did n 
exce$ =ty1 :ile ! words 7 divid$ f "o   
ano!r by a slant+ w$ge4  ,"s ( ! words  
conta9$ s _m *>act]s t x 0 pla9 t ^!    
latt] mu/ d5ote lett]s1 & n syllables1 &
 t consequ5tly ! ,p]sian cunei=m sy/em  
mu/ h consi/$ ( an alphabet1 & n ( a    
syllab>y4  ,x 0 fur!r pla9 t !          
inscriptions _h to be read f left to "r1

 s9ce ! ends ( all ! l9es 7 exactly     
und]nea? "o ano!r on ! left side1 :]eas 
!y t]m9at$ irregul>ly on ! "r2 inde$1 ! 
la/ l9e sometimes end$ at a consid]able 
di/ance f ! "r-h& extremity ( !         
inscription4  ,! clue to ! deciph]m5t ( 
! inscriptions 0 fir/ discov]$ by !     
successful guess ( a ,g]man s*ol>1      
,grotef5d4  ,grotef5d notic$ t !        
inscriptions g5]ally began ) ?ree or f\r
 words1 "o ( :i* v>i$1 :ile ! o!rs      
rema9$ un*ang$4  ,! v>iable ^w _h ?ree  
=ms1 ?\gh ! same =m always appe>$ on !  
same monum5t4  ,grotef5d1 !re=e1        
conjectur$ t ?is ^w repres5t$ ! "n ( a  
k+1 ! words :i* foll[$ x be+ ! royal    
titles4 ,"o ( ! suppos$ names appe>$ mu*
 (t5] ?an ! o!rs1 &1 z x 0 too %ort =   
,artax]xes & too long = ,cyrus1 x 0     
evid5t t x mu/ /& ei!r = ,d>ius or =    
,x]xes4  ,a /udy ( ! classical au?ors   
%[$ ,grotef5d t c]ta9 ( ! monum5ts on   
:i* x 0 f\nd _h be5 con/ruct$ by ,d>ius1
 & he accord+ly gave to ! *>act]s       
compos+ x ! values requir$ = spell+     

',d>ius' 9 its old ,p]sian =m4  ,9 ?is  
way he succe$$ 9 obta9+ conjectural     
values = six cunei=m lett]s4  ,he n[    
turn$ to ! second royal "n1 :i* also    
appe>$ on sev]al monum5ts1 & 0 ( mu* !  
same l5g? z t ( ,d>ius4  ,?is c\ld only 
be ,x]xes2 b if s1 ! fif? lett] compos+ 
x 7r7 w\ld necess>ily be ! same z ! ?ird
 lett] 9 ! "n ( ,d>ius4  ,?is prov$ to  
be ! case1 & ?us af=d$ ! be/ possible   
evid5ce t ! ,g]man s*ol> 0 on ! "r      
track4  ,! ?ird "n1 :i* 0 mu* long] ?an 
! o!r two1 diff]$ f ! second *iefly at !
 beg9n+1 ! latt] "p ( x resembl+ ! "n ( 
,x]xes4  ,cle>ly1 !re=e1 x c\ld be no?+ 
else ?an ,artax]xes1 & t x actually 0 s 
0 r5d]$ c]ta9 by ! fact t ! second "*   
compos+ x 0 t :i* _h ! value ( r4       
,grotef5d n[ possess$ a small alphabet1 
& ) ?is he proce$$ to read ! ^w :i*     
always foll[$ ! royal "n1 & !re=e       
probably meant 'k+4'  ,he f\nd t x      
closely resembl$ ! ^w :i* signifi$ 'k+' 
9 ,z5d1 ! old language ( ! ,ea/]n       
,p]sians1 :i* 0 spok5 9 "o "p ( ,p]sia  

at ! same "t t ,old ,p]sian1 ! language 
( ! ,a*aem5ian pr9ces1 0 spok5 9 ano!r4 
,!re c\ld1 consequ5tly1 be no fur!r room
 = d\bt t he _h really solv$ ! great    
problem1 & discov]$ ! key to !          
deciph]m5t ( ! cunei=m texts4  ,b he did
 little fur!r himself t[>ds ! completion
 ( ! "w1 & x 0 _m ye>s be=e any real    
progress 0 made ) x4 ,mean:ile1 ! /udy (
 ,z5d _h made great advances1 m         
especially 9 ! h&s ( ,burn\f1 :o        
ev5tually turn$ 8 att5tion to ! cunei=m 
inscriptions4  ,b x is to ,burn\f's     
pupil1 ,lass51 z well z to ,sir ,h5ry   
,rawl9son1 t ! deciph]m5t ( ^!          
inscriptions owes its f9al completion4  
,! discov]y ( ! li/ ( ,p]sian satrapies 
9 ! inscription ( ,d>ius at             
,nak%-i-,ru/em1 & above all ! copy ( !  
long inscription ( ,d>ius on ! rock (   
,behi/um1 made by ,sir ,h4 ,rawl9son1   
enabl$ ^! s*ol>s indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r 
to con/ruct an alphabet :i* diff]$ only 
9 ! value assign$ to a s+le "*1 &1 ) !  
help ( ! cognate ,z5d & ,sanskrit1 to   

translate ! language s curi\sly br\ght  
to light4 ,! deciph]m5t ( ! ,p]sian     
cunei=m texts ?us became an accompli%$  
fact2 :at 0 next ne$$ 0 to deciph] ! two
 v]sions :i* 7 inscrib$ at _! side4  ,b 
?is 0 no easy task4  ,! words 9 !m 7 n  
divid$ f "o ano!r1 & ! *>act]s ( :i* !y 
7 compos$ 7 exce$+ly num]\s4  ,) !      
assi/ance1 h[ev]1 ( frequ5tly recurr+   
prop] names1 ev5 ^! two v]sions         
gradually yield$ to ! pati5t skill ( !  
deciph]]2 & x 0 !n discov]$ t :ile "o ( 
!m repres5t$ an agglut9ative language1  
su* z t ( ! ,turks or ,f9s1 ! o!r 0 9 a 
dialect :i* closely resembl$ ! ,hebrew (
 ! ,old ,te/am5t4  ,! monum5ts f\nd     
almo/ imm$iately aft]w>ds 9 ,assyria &  
,babylonia by ,botta & ,lay>d soon made 
x cle> to :at p ?is dialect mu/ h       
belong$4  ,! inscriptions ( ,n9eveh     
turn$ out to be writt5 9 ! same language
 & =m ( cunei=m script2 & x mu/ !re=e h 
be5 = ! ,semitic population ( ,assyria &
 ,babylonia t ! k+s ( ,p]sia _h caus$ "o
 ( ! v]sions ( _! inscriptions to be    

drawn up4 ,?is v]sion s]v$ u a />t+-po9t
 = ! deciph]m5t ( ! texts :i* !         
excavations 9 ,assyria _h br\ght to     
light4   ,9 ?is way results :i* /ood !  
te/ ( sev]e criticism 7 obta9$ until !  
mo/ difficult inscriptions h become a   
comp>atively op5 book to ! hi/orian (   
to-day4  ,?us x has come ab\t t1 z ,pr(4
 ,ira ,price says3 ,s9ce #ahej ! ,old   
,te/am5t has be5 gradually appe>+ 9 !   
ev]-bright5+ & bright] light (          
contemporane\s hi/ory4  ,! new light n[ 
p\rs 9 ^u x f all sides4  ,x is ! "o    
hi/ory made ri* by t ( all its          
neighbors4 ,israel is ! "o p ^: "p 9 !  
drama ( anci5t nations is j beg9n+ to be
 und]/ood4444  ,! cunei=m lett]s        
discov]$ at ,tel el-,am>na 9 ,egypt1 9  
#ahhg1 h op5$ up new t]ritory 9 !       
fifte5? c5tury1 ,b4,c4  ,!y are         
despat*es & (ficial communications s5t  
by a l>ge numb] ( rul]s1 k+s1 &         
gov]nors1 ma9ly ( c\ntries & prov9ces & 
cities ( ,s\?we/]n ,asia1 to ! k+ (     
,egypt4  ,^! docum5ts disclose a        

m>vell\sly advanc$ /age ( developm5t1   
intellectually1 politically1 & socially1
 among ! p :o 7 soon to be ,israel's    
ne>e/ neighbors4  ,!y =m$ ! e>ly        
backgr\nd ( ,israel's settlem5t 9       
,canaan1 & prep>e u = no surprises 9    
,israel's gr[?4  ,9 fact1 we see t      
,jo%ua & 8 army actually settl$ 9 a l& (
 cities & =tresses1 already conta9+ _m (
 ! elem5ts ( civilization1 b sadly r$uc$
 by int]nal & ext]nal w>f>e4  ,! labor (
 ! excavator 9 ! ,biblical c\ntries1 su*
 z ! une>?+ ( ! imm5se libr>y ( brick   
tablets 9 ! neighborhood ( ,n9eveh1 & ! 
result ( new discov]ies :i* ! gr\nd (   
,pale/9e1 s long & /rangely neglect$1   
promises to yield1 wid5 ! field (       
,biblical rese>* imm5sely1 & f x all we 
may ) p]fect assurance look = fre%      
argum5ts 9 behalf ( ! au!nticity &      
sub/antial integrity ( ! ,sacr$         
,scriptures4  ,at ! same "t !           
int]pretation ( _m ( its passages1 n[   
obscure1 w become cle>] 9 ! light (     
contempor>y hi/ory4  ,surely ?is is a   

hopeful sign1 & %\ld enc\rage u 9 ! /udy
 ( ! ,bible1 :i* is on s _m acc\nts a   
s\rce ( intellectual pleasure1 ( abid+  
peace ( he>t1 & ( t high moral ref9em5t 
:i* comes f contact ) noble m9ds4  ,!re 
are none bett] on e>? ?an ! sacr$       
writ]s--m5 :o walk$ & spoke ) ,god1 & ^:
 liv+ contact we may enjoy 9 !          
p>ticipation ( t cele/ial inspiration   
:i* brea!s ?r\gh _! writ+s4             
,,conclusion4  ,! =ego+ *apt]s are no?+ 
m ?an a brief illu/ration ( ! pr9ciples 
laid d[n by ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff1 ,leo  
,,xiii41 9 8 ,encyclical ,lett] ,on !   
,/udy ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures4#a  ,!     
c>eful read+ ( ?is ,lett] mu/ conv9ce u 
h[ important a "p ! /udy ( ! ,bible has 
always play$ 9 ! ,*ur*4  ,! conclusions 
( ,leo ,,xiii4 are n ( ye/]day1 nor does
 he claim !m z ( 8 own inv5tion4  ,he   
cites ! ,fa!rs & ,doctors ( ! ,*ur*1 & !
 ,decrees ( ,c\ncils1 f ,antio* to ,tr5t
 & ! ,vatican1 z witnesses to ! fact t  
all ,ca?olic tea*+ re/s ^u ! ,sacr$     
,scriptures z "o ( ! two great f\ndation

 /ones :i* support ! gr& ar*way lead+   
into ! doma9 ( div9e tru?4 ,god1 9 ord] 
t ,he may reveal ,himself to man1 s5ds  
,8 mess5g]s1 ! ,prophets & ! ,apo/les1  
to ann\nce ) liv+ voice ,8 promises & ,8
 judgm5ts2 !n1 z if to confirm _!       
mission = all "t to come1 ,he bids !m   
take a lett]1 writt5 by ,himself1 &     
address$ to ! human race on its         
pilgrimage af> f its fa!rl& 7,encycl474 
,t lett] is ! ,holy ,scripture4  ,to    
und]/& & to expla9 x !re is always      
requir$ ! 'com+' ( ! same ,holy ,_s :o 0
 to abide ) ! ,*ur*4  ,& %e1 by h]      
admirable laws & regulations1 has always
 %[n h]self solicit\s t ! cele/ial      
treasure ( ! ,sacr$ ,book 444 %\ld n be 
neglect$ 7,ibid474  ,if m5 h gr[n remiss
 at any "t 9 ! use ( t heav5ly gift1 x  
_c be said t ! ,*ur* fail$ to keep be=e 
!m its admirable utility4  ,%e has      
arrang$ t a consid]able portion ( x %\ld
 be read1 & ) pi\s m9d consid]$ by all  
h] m9i/]s 9 ! daily (fice ( ! sacr$     
psalmody4  ,= c5turies pa/ ! solemn     

promise ( e orda9$ prie/ ?r\gh\t !      
,ca?olic _w to recite ea* day ! ,h\rs ( 
! ,brevi>y te/ifies to ! con/ant        
practice ( n only read+1 b m$itat+ a    
fix$ portion ( ! ,scriptures1 s t "u ?is
 /ricte/ ( 8 prie/ly obligations he has 
practically complet$ ! entire sacr$     
volume )9 ! limit ( ea* ecclesia/ical   
ye>4 ,%e has /rictly comm&$ t h] *ildr5 
%all be f$ ) ! sav+ ^w ( ! ,gospel1 at  
lea/ on ,sundays & on solemn fea/s4 ,if 
^! laws & ?is practice receive a fre%   
impulse f ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff 9 our    
day1 x is because !re h aris5 m5 :o tea*
 t ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures are ! "w ( m]e  
human indu/ry1 t !y conta9 only fables1 
:i* h no claim to be respect$ z com+ f  
,god4  ,!y d5y t !re is any su* ?+ z    
div9e revelation1 or inspiration1 or    
,holy ,scripture at all4  ,!y see 9 ^!  
hi/ories only =g]ies & falsehoods (     
m54444  ,! prophecies & ! oracles ( ,god
 are to !m ei!r pr$ictions made up aft] 
! ev5t1 or =eca/s =m$ by ! light (      
nature4  ,! miracles & manife/ations (  

,god's p[] are n :at !y pr(ess to be1 b 
are ei!r />tl+ effects :i* are n beyond 
! =ce ( nature1 or else m]e tricks &    
my?s4  ,! ,gospels & apo/olic writ+s are
 n1 !y say1 ! "w ( ! au?ors to :om !y   
are assign$ 7,ibid474  ,to confute ^!   
errors ,leo bids u engage voice & p54   
,9 ! limit$ space all[$ u we h only be5 
able to indicate ! argum5ts :i* prove ! 
hi/orical au!nticity & ! ess5tially     
div9e "* :i* po9ts to ! true orig9 ( !  
,sacr$ ,text1 & at ! same "t to lead !  
e>ne/ /ud5t into ! way ( read+ )        
pleasure & pr(it ! gr&e/ ( all writt5   
works4    #a ,litt]ae ,encyclicae1      
,provid5tissimus ,deus1 ,nov4 #ag1      
,a4,d4 #ahic4     ,,! ,,end4            
,,app5dix4  ,encyclical ,lett] ( ,leo   
,,xiii4  ,,on  ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,!       
,,sacr$ ,,scriptures4   ,to ,our        
,v5]able bre?r51 all ,patri>*s1         
,primates1 ,ar*bi%ops1 & ,bi%ops ( !    
,ca?olic ,_w1 9 grace & communion ) !   
,apo/olic ,see4  ,,leo ,p4 ,p4 ,,xiii4  
,,v5]able ,,bre?r51  ,heal? & ,apo/olic 

,b5$iction4  ,! ,god ( all ,provid5ce1  
:o 9 ! wondr\s c\nsel ( ,8 love rais$ ! 
human race 9 its beg9n+ to p>ticipation 
( ! div9e nature1 & aft]w>ds deliv]$ x f
 univ]sal guilt & ru91 re/or+ x to its  
primitive dignity1 has1 9 consequ5ce1   
be/[$ ^u man a s+ul> safegu>d--mak+ kn[n
 to him1 by sup]natural means1 ! hidd5  
my/]ies ( ,8 div9ity1 ,8 wisdom1 & ,8   
m]cy4 ,al?\gh 9 div9e revelation "s ?+s 
are compreh5d$ :i* are n beyond ! rea* (
 human reason1 !y are made ! objects (  
revelation 9 ord] t all may come to "k  
!m ) facility1 c]ta9ty1 & fre$om f all  
error4  ,x is n1 h[ev]1 on ?is acc\nt t 
revelation c be said to be absolutely   
necess>y2 b because ,god ( ,8 inf9ite   
goodness has orda9$ man to a sup]natural
 end4  ,?is sup]natural revelation1     
accord+ to ! belief ( ! univ]sal ,*ur*1 
is conta9$ bo? 9 unwritt5 ,tradition & 9
 writt5 ,books4  ,^! are call$ sacr$ &  
canonical because1 be+ writt5 "u !      
inspiration ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 !y h ,god =
 _! au?or1 & z su* h be5 deliv]$ to !   

,*ur*4  ,?is belief has be5 p]petually  
held & pr(ess$ by ! ,*ur* ) reg>d to !  
,books ( bo? ,te/am5ts4  ,!re are       
well-kn[n docum5ts ( ! grave/ "*1 com+  
d[n to u f ! e>lie/ times1 :i* proclaim 
t ,god1 :o spoke fir/ by ! ,prophets1 !n
 by ,himself1 & !reaft] by ! ,apo/les1  
compos$ ! ,canonical ,scriptures4  ,^!  
are div9e oracles & utt]ances--a ,lett]1
 writt5 by our heav5ly ,fa!r1 &         
transmitt$ by ! sacr$ writ]s to ! human 
race on its pilgrimage af> f its fa!rl&4
  ,if1 !n1 su* & s great is ! excell5ce 
& ! dignity ( ! ,scriptures t ,god      
,himself has1 z ! au?or ( !m1 compos$   
!m1 & t !y treat ( ,god's deepe/        
my/]ies1 c\nsels1 & works1 x foll[s t ! 
bran* ( sacr$ !ology :i* is conc]n$ ) ! 
def5ce & int]pretation ( ^! div9e books 
mu/ be mo/ excell5t & 9 ! highe/ degree 
pr(itable4  ,n[ ,we1 :o by ! help (     
,god1 & n )\t fruit1 h by frequ5t lett]s
 & exhortation endeavor$ to promote o!r 
bran*es ( /udy1 :i* seem$ well fitt$ =  
advanc+ ! glory ( ,god & contribut+ to !

 salvation ( s\ls1 h = a long "t *]i%$ !
 desire to give an impulse to ! mo/     
noble /udy ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures1 & to 
imp>t to x a direction :i* is suitable  
to ! ne$s ( ! pres5t day4  ,! solicitude
 ( ! ,apo/olic (fice naturally urges1 & 
ev5 compels ,u1 n only to desire t ?is  
gr& s\rce ( ,ca?olic revelation %\ld be 
made m safely & abundantly accessible to
 ! flock ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 b also to      
prev5t x f be+ 9 any way violat$1 on !  
"p ei!r ( ^? :o impi\sly & op5ly assail 
! ,scriptures1 or ( ^? :o are l$ a/ray  
into fallaci\s & imprud5t novelties4    
,we are n ignorant1 inde$1 ,v5]able     
,bre?r51 t !re are ,ca?olics n a few1 m5
 ab\nd+ 9 tal5t & le>n+1 :o d devote    
!mselves ) alacrity to ! def5ce ( !     
,div9e ,books1 & to mak+ !m bett] kn[n &
 und]/ood4  ,b :ile giv+ to ^! m5 !     
comm5dation :i* !y des]ve = _! labor & !
 fruits ( x1 ,we _c b e>ne/ly exhort    
o!rs also1 f ^: skill & piety & le>n+ we
 h a "r to expect ! v be/ results1 to   
give !mselves to ! same mo/ praisewor?y 

"w4  ,x is ,our wi% & f]v5t desire to   
see an increase 9 ! numb] ( approv$ &   
unwe>y+ labor]s 9 ! cause ( ,holy       
,scripture2 & m especially t ^? :om     
,div9e ,grace has call$ to ,holy ,ord]s 
%\ld1 day by day1 z is mo/ meet1 display
 great] dilig5ce & indu/ry 9 read+1     
m$itat+1 & expla9+ x4  ,among ! reasons 
= :i* ?is /udy is s wor?y (             
comm5dation--9 addition to its own      
excell5ce & to ! homage :i* we owe to   
,god's ^w--! *ief reason ( all is !     
manifold b5efit ( :i* x is ! s\rce4     
,?is we "k w fl[ !refrom on ! mo/ c]ta9 
te/imony ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ,himself1 :o   
says3 ,all ,scripture1 inspir$ ( ,god1  
is pr(itable to tea*1 to reprove1 to    
correct1 to in/ruct 9 ju/ice1 t ! man ( 
,god may be p]fect1 furni%$ to e good   
"w4  ,t su* 0 ! purpose ( ,god 9 giv+ ! 
,scriptures to m5 is %[n by ! example ( 
,*ri/ our ,"l & ( ,8 ,apo/les4  ,he :o  
obta9$ au?ority by miracles1 m]it$      
belief by au?ority1 & by belief drew to 
,himself ! multitude1 0 accu/om$ 9 !    

ex]cise ( ,8 ,div9e ,mission to appeal  
to ! ,scriptures4  ,he uses !m at times 
to prove t ,he 0 s5t by ,god1 & t ,he is
 ,god4  ,f !m ,he draws argum5ts = !    
in/ruction ( ,8 disciples & !           
confirmation ( ,8 doctr9e4  ,he         
v9dicates !m f ! calumnies ( objectors4 
,he quotes !m aga9/ ,sadducees &        
,ph>isees4  ,he retorts f !m ^u ,satan  
himself1 :5 he impud5tly d>es to tempt  
,him4  ,at ! close ( ,8 life ,8         
utt]ances are f ,holy ,scripture4  ,x is
 ! ,scripture :i* ,he exp\nds to ,8     
disciples aft] ,8 resurrection1 & dur+  
all ! "t till ,he asc5ds to ! glory ( ,8
 ,fa!r4  ,fai?ful to ,8 precepts1 !     
,apo/les1 al?\gh ,he ,himself grant$    
signs & wond]s to be done by _! h&s1    
nev]!less us$ ) ! greate/ efficacy !    
sacr$ writ+s1 9 ord] to p]suade !       
nations ev]y:]e ( ! wisdom (            
,*ri/ianity1 to break d[n ! ob/9acy ( ! 
,jews1 & to suppress ! outbur/s ( h]esy4
  ,?is is manife/ 9 _! disc\rses1       
especially 9 ^? ( ,/4 ,pet]4  ,^! 7     

almo/ wov5 f say+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1   
:i* made 9 ! /ronge/ mann] = ! new      
disp5sation4  ,we f9d ! same ?+ 9 !     
,gospels ( ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,john1 & 9 !
 ,ca?olic ,epi/les4 ,mo/ rem>kably ( all
 is x to be f\nd 9 ! words ( him :o     
boa/s t he le>n$ ! law at ! feet (      
,gamaliel1 9 ord] t1 be+ arm$ )         
spiritual weapons1 he might aft]w>ds say
 ) confid5ce3 ,! weapons ( our w>f>e are
 n c>nal1 b mighty unto ,god4  ,let all1
 !re=e1 especially ! novices ( !        
ecclesia/ical army1 und]/& h[ mu* !     
div9e ,books %\ld be e/eem$1 & ) :at    
det]m9ation & rev]5ce !y %\ld approa*   
?is great ars5al ( heav5ly arms4  ,^? ^:
 duty x is to h&le ,ca?olic doctr9e be=e
 ei!r ! le>n$ or ! unle>n$ w n[h]e f9d m
 ample matt] or m abundant exhortation1 
:e!r on ! subject ( ,god1 ! supreme &   
all p]fect ,good1 or ( ! works :i*      
display ,8 glory & ,8 love4  ,n[h]e is  
!re any?+ m full or m express on !      
subject ( ! ,savi\r ( ! human race ?an t
 :i* is to be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,bible4    

,/4 ,j]ome has rightly said ignorance ( 
! ,scripture is ignorance ( ,*ri/4  ,9  
its pages ,8 ,image /&s out z x 7 alive 
& brea?+2 diffus+ ev]y:]e consolation 9 
tr\ble1 enc\ragem5t to virtue1 &        
attraction to ! love ( ,god4 ,z reg>ds !
 ,*ur*1 h] in/itutions1 h] nature1 h]   
functions1 & h] gifts1 we f9d 9 ,holy   
,scripture s _m ref]5ces1 & s _m ready &
 conv9c+ argum5ts1 t1 z ,/4 ,j]ome aga9 
mo/ truly says3 ,a man :o is ?or\ghly   
gr\nd$ 9 ! te/imonies ( ! ,scriptures is
 a bulw>k ( ! ,*ur*4  ,if we come to    
moral =mation & to discipl9e1 an        
apo/olic man f9ds 9 ! sacr$ writ+s      
abundant & mo/ excell5t aid1 precepts   
full ( hol9ess1 exhortations fram$ )    
sweetness & =ce1 %9+ examples ( e k9d ( 
virtue1 &1 f9ally1 ! promise ( et]nal   
rew>d1 & ! ?reat ( et]nal puni%m5t1     
utt]$ 9 weightie/ t]ms1 9 ,god's "n & 9 
,god's own words4  ,?is peculi> & s+ul> 
p[] ( ! ,scriptures1 spr++ f !          
inspiration ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 adds to !  
au?ority ( ! sacr$ orator1 fills him )  

apo/olic lib]ty ( spee*1 & communicates 
to him a =cible & conv9c+ eloqu5ce4  ,^?
 :o infuse into _! spee* ! _s & /r5g? ( 
! ,^w ( ,god speak1 n 9 words only1 b 9 
p[] also1 & 9 ! ,holy ,gho/1 & 9 mu*    
fulness4 ,h5ce ^? prea*]s are fooli% &  
improvid5t :o1 9 prea*+ religion &      
proclaim+ ! precepts ( ,god1 use no     
words b ^? ( human sci5ce & human       
prud5ce1 tru/+ to _! own reason+s r ?an 
to ^? t are div9e4  ,_! disc\rses may be
 glitt]+ ) lights1 b !y mu/ be cold &   
feeble1 = !y are )\t ! fire ( ! utt]ance
 ( ,god4  ,!y mu/ fall f> %ort ( t p[]  
:i* ! spee* ( ,god possesses4  ,! ,^w ( 
,god is liv+ & effectual1 & m pi]c+ ?an 
any two-edg$ sword2 & rea*+ unto !      
division ( ! s\l & ! _s4  ,all ! m      
f>-see+ are agre$ t !re is 9 ! ,holy    
,scriptures an eloqu5ce t is m>vell\s 9 
its v>iety & ri*ness1 & t is wor?y ( !  
l(tie/ !mes4  ,?is ,/4 ,augu/9e ?or\ghly
 compreh5d$1 & ?is he has abundantly set
 =?4  ,x is confirm$ also by ! be/ ( !  
prea*]s ( all ages4  ,!y h gratefully   

ackn[l$g$ t !y ow$ _! repute *iefly to  
assidu\s famili>ity ) ! ,bible1 & to    
dev\t m$itation on ! tru?s :i* x        
conta9s4  ,! ,holy ,fa!rs well knew all 
?is by practical exp]i5ce4  ,!y nev]    
cease to extol ! ,sacr$ ,scripture & its
 fruits4  ,9 innum]able passages ( _!   
writ+s we f9d !m apply+ to x su* phrases
 z--an inexhau/ible treasury ( heav5ly  
doctr9e1 or an ov]fl[+ f\nta9 (         
salvation1 or z f]tile pa/ures & mo/    
lovely g>d5s1 9 :i* ! flock ( ! ,"l is  
m>vell\sly refre%$ & delight$4  ,let u  
li/5 to ! words ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 9 8       
,epi/le to ! cl]ic ,nepotian3 ,(t5 read 
! div9e ,scriptures2 yea1 let holy read+
 be always 9 ?y h&2 /udy t :i* ?\ ?yself
 mu/ prea*4444  ,let ! spee* ( ! prie/  
be ev] season$ ) ,scriptural read+4  ,/4
 ,gregory ! ,great1 ?an :om no man has m
 admirably describ$ ! functions ( !     
pa/ors ( ! ,*ur*1 writes 9 ! same s5se3 
,^?1 he says1 :o are zeal\s 9 ! "w (    
prea*+1 mu/ nev] cease f /udy ( ! writt5
 ^w ( ,god4  ,/4 ,augu/9e1 h[ev]1 w>ns u

 t va9ly does ! prea*] utt] ! ^w ( ,god 
ext]iorly unless he li/5s to x          
int]iorly4 ,/4 ,gregory in/ructs sacr$  
orators fir/1 to f9d 9 ,holy ,scripture 
! k ( !mselves1 & !n to c>ry x to o!rs1 
le/ 9 reprov+ o!rs !y =get !mselves4    
,?is _h already1 aft] ! example & tea*+ 
( ,*ri/ ,himself1 :o began to d & to    
tea*1 be5 utt]$ f> & wide by an apo/olic
 voice4  ,x 0 n to ,timo?y alone1 b to !
 :ole ord] ( ! cl]gy1 t ! comm& 0       
address$3 ,take he$ to ?yself & to      
doctr9e2 be e>ne/ 9 !m4 ,9 do+ ?is ?\   
%alt save bo? ?yself & !m t he> !e4 ,= !
 sav+ & = ! p]fection1 bo? ( ourselves &
 ( o!rs1 we h at h& ! v be/ ( aids 9 !  
,sacr$ ,scriptures1 & mo/ abundantly 9 !
 ,book ( ,psalms4  ,^? alone w1 h[ev]1  
f9d x :o br+ to ! div9e oracles n only a
 docile & att5tive m9d1 b a habit also (
 w :i* is bo? pi\s & )\t res]ve4 ,!     
,sacr$ ,scripture is n to be reg>d$ l an
 ord9>y book4 ,dictat$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1
 x conta9s matt]s ( ! mo/ grave         
importance1 :i* 9 _m in/ances are       

difficult & obscure4  ,to und]/& & to   
expla9 !m !re is always requir$ ! com+ (
 ! same ,holy ,_s2 t is to say1 ,8 light
 & ,8 grace4  ,^!1 z ! ,royal ,psalmi/ s
 frequ5tly insi/s1 are to be s\ght by   
humble pray]1 & to be pres]v$ by hol9ess
 ( life4  ,x is 9 ?is t ! wat*ful c>e ( 
! ,*ur* %9es =? conspicu\sly4  ,by h]   
admirable laws & regulations %e has     
always %[n h]self solicit\s t ! cele/ial
 treasure ( ! ,sacr$ ,books1 s          
b\ntifully be/[$ ^u man by ! ,holy ,_s1 
%\ld n lie neglect$4  ,%e has arrang$ t 
a consid]able portion ( !m %\ld be read1
 & ) pi\s m9d consid]$ by all h] m9i/]s 
9 ! daily (fice ( ! sacr$ psalmody4  ,%e
 has ord]$ t 9 ca!dral *ur*es1 9        
mona/]ies1 & 9 conv5ts ( o!r regul>s1   
:i* are places mo/ fit = /udy1 !y %all  
be exp\nd$ & int]pret$ by capable m54   
,%e has /rictly comm&$ t h] *ildr5 %all 
be f$ ) ! sav+ ^w ( ! ,gospel at lea/ on
 ,sundays & on solemn fea/s4  ,moreov]1 
x is ow+ to ! wisdom & ! dilig5ce ( !   
,*ur* t !re has always be51 cont9u$ f   

c5tury to c5tury1 t cultivation ( ,sacr$
 ,scripture :i* has be5 s rem>kable &   
:i* has borne su* ample fruit4  ,& "h1 9
 ord] to /r5g!n ,our tea*+ & ,our       
exhortations1 x is well to recall h[1 f 
! fir/ beg9n+s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 s 
_m :o h be5 r5[n$ = hol9ess ( life & =  
sacr$ le>n+ h giv5 _! deep & mo/ con/ant
 att5tion to ,holy ,scripture4  ,if we  
consid] ! imm$iate disciples ( !        
,apo/les1 ,/4 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ,/4      
,ignatius ( ,antio*1 & ,/4 ,polyc>p--or 
! ,apologi/s1 su* z ,/4 ,ju/9 & ,/4     
,ir5aeus1 we f9d t 9 _! lett]s & 9 _!   
books1 :e!r 9 def5ce ( ! ,ca?olic fai?  
or 9 comm5dation ( x1 !y draw fai? &    
/r5g? & unction ma9ly f ! ^w ( ,god4    
,:5 !re arose1 9 v>i\s ,episcopal ,sees1
 cate*etical & !ological s*ools1 ( :i* !
 mo/ celebrat$ 7 ^? ( ,alex&ria & (     
,antio*1 !re 0 little taught 9 ^? s*ools
 b :at consi/$ 9 ! read+1 ! unfold+1 & !
 def5ce ( ! div9e writt5 ^w4  ,f ^!     
s*ools came =? numb]s ( ,fa!rs & (      
writ]s ^: labori\s /udies & admirable   

writ+s h ju/ly m]it$ = ! ?ree foll[+    
c5turies ! appellation ( ! gold5 age (  
biblical exegesis4  ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*1 !
 greate/ "n ( all is ,orig54  ,he 0 a   
man rem>kable alike = quickness ( g5ius 
& = p]sev]+ labor4 ,f 8 num]\s writ+s & 
8 imm5se "w ( ! ,hexapla almo/ all :o   
came aft] him h drawn4  ,o!rs :o h wid5$
 ! field ( ?is sci5ce may also be nam$4 
,among ! m excell5t1 ,alex&ria c\ld boa/
 ( ,clem5t & ,cyril2 ,pale/9e1 (        
,eusebius & ! o!r ,cyril2 ,cappadocia1 (
 ,basil ! ,great & ! two ,gregories1    
,nazianz5 & ,nyss5e2 & ,antio*1 ( ,/4   
,john ,*ryso/om1 9 :om skill 9 ?is le>n+
 0 rivall$ by ! spl5dor ( 8 eloqu5ce4   
,9 ! ,we/]n ,*ur* !re 7 _m names z      
great3 ,t]tullian1 ,cyprian1 ,hil>y1    
,ambrose1 ,leo ! ,great1 ,gregory !     
,great2 mo/ fam\s ( all1 ,augu/9e &     
,j]ome4  ,( ^! two ! =m] 0 m>vell\sly   
acute 9 p5etrat+ ! s5se ( ,god's ^w1 &  
mo/ f]tile 9 ! use t he made ( x = !    
promotion ( ,ca?olic tru?4  ,! latt] has
 receiv$ f ! ,*ur*1 by reason ( 8       

pre-em95t k ( ,scripture & ! greatness (
 8 labors 9 promot+ its use1 ! "n ( !   
,great ,doctor4  ,f ?is p]iod1 d[n to ! 
elev5? c5tury1 al?\gh biblical /udies   
did n fl\ri% ) ! same vigor & ) ! same  
fruitfulness z be=e1 !y nev]!less did   
fl\ri%1 & t pr9cipally ?r\gh !          
in/rum5tality ( ! cl]gy4  ,x 0 _! c>e & 
solicitude t select$ ! mo/ fruitful ( ! 
?+s :i* ! anci5ts _h left beh9d !m1     
plac$ ^! 9 dige/$ ord]1 & publi%$ !m )  
additions ( _! own--z did ,isidore (    
,seville1 ,v5]able ,b$e1 & ,alcu91 among
 ! mo/ prom95t4  ,x 0 !y :o illu/rat$ ! 
sacr$ pages ) glosses1 or %ort          
comm5t>ies1 z we see 9 ,walafrid ,/rabo 
& ,anselm ( ,laon1 or :o exp5d$ fre%    
labor 9 secur+ _! integrity1 z did ,pet]
 ,damian & ,lanfranc4  ,9 ! twelf?      
c5tury _m took up ) great success !     
allegorical exposition ( ,scripture4  ,9
 ?is ,b]n>d is easily pre-em95t4  ,8    
writ+s1 x may be said1 are ,scripture   
all ?r\gh4  ,) ! age ( ! s*ola/ics !re  
came fre% & fruitful progress 9 ! /udy (

 ! ,bible4  ,t ! s*ola/ics 7 solicit\s  
ab\t ! g5u95ess ( ! ,lat9 v]sion is     
evid5t f ! ,correctoria ,biblica1 or li/
 ( em5dations1 :i* !y h left beh9d !m4  
,!y exp5d$1 h[ev]1 m ( _! /udy & ( _!   
indu/ry on int]pretation & on           
explanation4  ,to !m we owe ! accurate &
 cle> di/9ction1 su* z _h n be5 giv5    
be=e1 ( ! v>i\s s5ses ( ! sacr$ words2 !
 weight ( ea* ^w 9 ! balance ( !ology2 !
 division ( books into p>ts1 & !        
summ>ies ( ! v>i\s p>ts2 ! inve/igation 
( ! purpose ( ! writ]s1 & ! unfold+ ( ! 
necess>y connection ( "o s5t5ce ) ano!r4
  ,no man c fail to see ! am\nt ( light 
:i* 0 ?us %$ on ! m obscure passages4   
,! abundance ( _! ,scriptural le>n+ is  
to be se5 bo? 9 _! !ological treatises &
 9 _! comm5t>ies4  ,9 ?is ,?omas ( ,aqu9
 be>s ! palm4  ,:5 ,our pr$ecessor1     
,clem5t ,v41 e/abli%$ *airs ( ,ori5tal  
lit]ature 9 ! ,a!naeum at ,rome1 & 9 !  
pr9cipal ,univ]sities ( ,europe1 our    
/ud5ts began to labor m m9utely on !    
orig9al text ( ! ,bible1 z well z on !  

,lat9 v]sion4  ,! revival among/ u (    
,greek le>n+1 &1 mu* m1 ! happy inv5tion
 ( ! art ( pr9t+1 gave ! /ronge/ impetus
 to ! /udy ( ,holy ,scripture4  ,9 a    
brief space ( "t innum]able editions1   
especially ( ! ,vulgate1 p\r$ f ! press1
 & 7 spread ?r\gh\t ! ,ca?olic _w2 s    
honor$ & lov$ 7 ! div9e volumes dur+ t v
 p]iod aga9/ :i* ! enemies ( ! ,*ur*    
direct _! calumnies4  ,nor mu/ we =get  
h[ _m le>n$ m5 !re 71 *iefly among !    
religi\s ord]s1 :o did excell5t "w = !  
,bible betwe5 ! dates ( ! ,c\ncils (    
,vi5ne & ,tr5t4  ,^! m51 by employm5t ( 
mod]n means & appliances1 & by          
contribution ( _! own g5ius & le>n+1 n  
only add$ to ! ri* /ores ( anci5t times1
 b prep>$ ! way = ! pre-em95ce ( !      
succe$+ c5tury--! c5tury :i* foll[$ !   
,c\ncil ( ,tr5t4  ,x !n seem$ almo/ z if
 ! great age ( ! ,fa!rs _h return$4  ,x 
is well kn[n1 & ,we recall x ) pleasure1
 t ,our pr$ecessors f ,pius ,,iv4 to    
,clem5t ,,viii4 caus$ to be prep>$ !    
celebrat$ editions ( ! ,vulgate & !     

,septuag9t1 :i*1 hav+ be5 publi%$ by !  
comm& & au?ority ( ,sixtus ,v4 & ( !    
same ,clem5t1 are n[ 9 common use4 ,at  
?is "t1 moreov]1 7 c>efully br\ght out  
v>i\s o!r anci5t v]sions ( ! ,bible1 & !
 ,polyglots ( ,antw]p & ( ,p>is1 mo/    
important = ! inve/igation ( ! true     
mean+ ( ! text4  ,!re is n any "o ,book 
( ei!r ,te/am5t :i* did n f9d m ?an "o  
expositor1 nor is !re any grave "q :i*  
did n pr(itably ex]cise ! ability ( _m  
inquir]s4  ,among ^! !re are n a few--m 
especially ( ^? :o made mo/ /udy ( !    
,fa!rs--:o h made = !mselves names (    
r5[n4  ,f t "t =w>d ! labor & solicitude
 ( our /ud5ts h nev] be5 want+4  ,z "t  
has gone on1 em95t s*ol>s h c>ri$ on    
biblical /udy ) success4  ,!y h def5d$  
,holy ,scripture aga9/ ! cavils (       
rationalism ) ! same weapons ( philology
 & k9dr$ sci5ces ) :i* x _h be5 attack$4
  ,! calm & fair consid]ation ( :at has 
be5 said w cle>ly %[ t ! ,*ur* has nev] 
fail$ 9 any mann] ( provision = br++ !  
f\nta9s ( ! ,div9e ,scripture 9 a       

:olesome way )9 rea* ( h] *ildr51 & t %e
 has ev] held fa/ & ex]cis$ ! gu>dian%ip
 div9ely be/[$ ^u h] = its protection & 
glory4 ,%e has nev]1 !re=e1 requir$1 nor
 does %e n[ require1 any /imulation f   
)\t4  ,we mu/ n[1 ,v5]able ,bre?r51 z   
,our purpose dem&s1 imp>t to y su*      
c\nsels z seem be/ suit$ = c>ry+ on     
successfully ! /udy ( biblical sci5ce4  
,we mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 h a cle> idea (
 ! k9d ( m5 :om we h to oppose1 _!      
tactics & _! weapons4  ,9 e>li] times ! 
conte/ 0 *iefly ) ^? :o1 rely+ on       
private judgm5t & repudiat+ ! div9e     
tradition & ! tea*+ au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 
held ! ,scriptures to be ! "o & only    
s\rce ( revelation & ! f9al appeal 9    
matt]s ( ,fai?4  ,n[1 we h to meet !    
,rationali/s1 ! true *ildr5 & heirs ( ! 
old] h]etics4  ,tru/+ 9 _! turn to _!   
own judgm5t1 !y h reject$ ev5 ! scraps &
 remnants ( ,*ri/ian belief h&$ d[n to  
!m f _! fa!rs4  ,!y d5y t !re is any su*
 ?+ z div9e revelation1 or inspiration1 
or ,holy ,scripture at all4  ,!y see 9  

^! hi/ories only =g]ies & falsehoods (  
m54  ,!y set d[n ! ,scripture n>ratives 
z /upid fables or ly+ tales4  ,!        
prophecies & ! oracles ( ,god are to !m 
ei!r pr$ictions made up aft] ! ev5t1 or 
=eca/s =m$ by ! light ( nature4  ,!     
miracles & manife/ations ( ,god's p[]   
are n :at !y pr(ess to be1 b are ei!r   
/>tl+ effects :i* are n beyond ! =ces ( 
nature1 or else m]e tricks & my?s4  ,!  
,gospels & apo/olic writ+s are n1 !y    
say1 ! "w ( ! au?ors to :om !y are      
assign$4  ,^! dete/able errors1 :]eby !y
 ?9k to de/roy ! tru? ( ! div9e ,books1 
are obtrud$ on ! _w z ! p]emptory       
pron\ncem5ts ( a newly-inv5t$ free      
sci5ce4  ,?is sci5ce1 h[ev]1 is s f> f  
f9al t !y are p]petually modify+ &      
supplem5t+ x4  ,!re are "s ( !m :o1     
not)/&+ _! impi\s op9ions & utt]ances   
ab\t ,god & ,8 ,*ri/1 ! ,gospels1 & !   
re/ ( ,holy ,scripture1 w\ld fa9 be     
reg>d$ z be+ !ologians & ,*ri/ians & m5 
( ! ,gospel4  ,!y attempt to disguise "u
 su* names ( honor _! ra%ness & _!      

insol5ce4 ,to !m we mu/ add n a few     
pr(essors ( o!r sci5ces :o approve &    
su/a9 _! views1 & are egg$ on to attack 
! ,bible by intol]ance ( revelation4  ,x
 is deplorable to see ?is w>f>e becom+ f
 day to day m widespread & m ru?less4   
,x is sometimes m5 ( le>n+ & judgm5t :o 
are assail$2 b ^! h little difficulty 9 
/&+ on _! gu>d4  ,! ef=ts & ! arts ( !  
enemy are *iefly direct$ aga9/ ! m      
ignorant masses ( ! p4  ,^! m5 diffuse  
_! deadly poison by means ( books &     
pamphlets & newspap]s4  ,!y spread x by 
means ( addresses & ( conv]sations4  ,!y
 are f\nd ev]y:]e4  ,!y are 9 possession
 ( num]\s s*ools = ! "y1 wre/$ f !      
gu>dian%ip ( ! ,*ur*4  ,9 ^? s*ools1 by 
means ( ridicule & scurril\s je/+1 !y   
p]v]t ! cr$ul\s & un=m$ m9ds ( ! "y to  
contempt ( ,scripture4  ,%\ld n ^! ?+s1 
,v5]able ,bre?r51 /ir up & set on fire !
 he>t ( e ,pa/or1 s t to ?is k1 falsely 
s call$1 may be oppos$ ! anci5t & true  
sci5ce :i* ! ,*ur*1 ?r\gh ! ,apo/les1   
has receiv$ f ,*ri/1 & t ! ,sacr$       

,scriptures may f9d *ampions t are /rong
 = s great a /ruggle8  ,let our fir/    
c>e1 !n1 be to see t 9 ,sem9>ies &      
,academical f\ndations ! /udy ( ,holy   
,scripture is plac$ on su* a foot+ z bo?
 ! importance ( x & ! circum/ances ( !  
"t dem&4 ,) ?is view1 t :i* is ( fir/   
importance is a wise selection (        
pr(essors4  ,tea*]s ( ,sacr$ ,scripture 
are n to be appo9t$ at hap-haz>d out ( !
 cr[d4  ,!y mu/ be m5 ^: "* & fitness h 
be5 prov$ by great love (1 & long       
famili>ity )1 ! ,bible1 & by ! le>n+ &  
/udy :i* befits _! (fice4  ,x is ( equal
 importance to provide 9 due "t = a     
cont9u\s succession ( su* tea*]s4  ,x w 
be well1 :]ev] ?is c be done1 to select 
"y m5 ( promise1 :o h /udi$ _! !ology ) 
di/9ction1 & to set !m ap>t exclusively 
= ,holy ,scripture1 af=d+ !m "t &       
facilities = /ill full] /udy4           
,pr(essors ?us *os5 & appo9t$ may ent] )
 confid5ce on ! task t is set be=e !m4  
,t !y may be at _! be/1 & be> all !     
fruit t is possible1 !re are "s o!r h9ts

 :i* ,we may some:at m fully set be=e   
!m4  ,at ! comm5cem5t ( a c\rse ( ,holy 
,scripture1 let ! pr(essor /rive e>ne/ly
 to =m ! judgm5t ( ! "y beg9n]s1 s z to 
tra9 !m equally to def5d ! sacr$ writ+s 
& to p5etrate _! mean+4  ,?is is !      
object ( ! treatise :i* is call$        
,introduction to ! ,bible4  ,"h ! /ud5t 
is taught h[ to prove its integrity &   
au?ority1 h[ to inve/igate & asc]ta9 its
 true s5se1 & h[ to meet & refute all   
capti\s objections4  ,x is ne$less to   
insi/ on ! importance ( mak+ ^!         
prelim9>y /udies 9 an ord]ly & ?or\gh   
way1 9 ! company & ) ! aid ( ,!ology4   
,! :ole ( ! subsequ5t c\rse w re/ on !  
f\ndation ?us laid1 & w be lum9\s ) !   
light :i* has be5 ?us acquir$4  ,next1 !
 tea*] w turn 8 e>ne/ att5tion to t mo/ 
fruitful bran* ( ,scripture sci5ce :i*  
has to d ) int]pretation4 ,!re9 is      
imp>t$ ! me?od ( us+ ! ^w ( ,god = !    
promotion ( religion & ( piety4  ,we are
 well aw>e t nei!r ! ext5t ( ! matt] nor
 ! "t at disposal all[s e s+le ,book ( !

 ,bible to be sep>ately /udi$ 9 !       
s*ools4  ,! tea*+1 h[ev]1 %\ld result 9 
a def9ite & asc]ta9$ me?od (            
int]pretation4  ,h5ce ! pr(essor %\ld at
 once avoid giv+ a m]e ta/e ( e ,book1 &
 ! equal mi/ake ( dwell+ at too great   
l5g? on m]ely a "p ( "s "o ,book4  ,if  
mo/ s*ools _c d :at is done 9 ! l>g]    
in/itutions--t is1 take ! /ud5ts ?r\gh !
 :ole ( "o or two ,books cont9u\sly1 & )
 "s consid]able developm5t--yet at lea/ 
^? p>ts :i* are select$ = int]pretation 
%\ld be treat$ ) "s fulness4  ,9 ?is way
 ! /ud5ts may be attract$1 & le>n f !   
sample t is set be=e !m to love & read !
 re/ 9 ! c\rse ( _! aft] lives4  ,!     
pr(essor1 foll[+ ! tradition (          
antiquity1 w use ! ,vulgate z 8 text4   
,! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t has decre$ t 9 public
 lectures1 disputations1 prea*+1 &      
exposition1 ! ,vulgate is ! au!ntic     
v]sion2 & ?is is ! exi/+ cu/om ( !      
,*ur*4  ,at ! same "t1 ! o!r v]sions :i*
 ,*ri/ian antiquity has approv$ & us$   
%\ld n be neglect$1 m especially ! m    

anci5t ,,mss4  ,al?\gh ! mean+ ( !      
,hebrew & ! ,greek is sub/antially r5d]$
 by ! ,vulgate1 nev]!less1 :]ev] !re may
 be ambiguity or want ( cle>ness1 !     
exam9ation ( old] tongues1 to quote ,/4 
,augu/9e1 w be ( s]vice4  ,9 ?is matt]  
we ne$ h>dly say t ! greate/ prud5ce is 
requir$1 = ! (fice ( a comm5tator1 z ,/4
 ,j]ome says1 is to set =? n t :i* he   
himself w\ld pref]1 b t :i* 8 au?or     
says4  ,! "q ( read+s hav+ be51 :5      
necess>y1 c>efully discuss$1 ! next ?+  
is to inve/igate & exp\nd ! mean+4  ,!  
fir/ c\nsel to be "h giv5 is ?is3 t ! m 
our adv]s>ies /rive 9 ! contr>y         
direction1 s mu* ! m solicit\sly %\ld we
 adh]e to ! receiv$ & approv$ canons (  
int]pretation4  ,h5ce1 :ile weigh+ !    
mean+s ( words1 ! connection ( ideas1 ! 
p>allelism ( passages1 & ! l1 we %\ld by
 all means make use ( ext]nal           
illu/rations drawn f o!r cognate le>n+4 
,?is %\ld1 h[ev]1 be done ) caution1 s z
 n to be/[ on su* que/ions m labor & "t 
?an t :i* is sp5t on ! ,sacr$ ,books    

!mselves1 & n to ov]load ! m9ds ( !     
/ud5ts ) a mass ( in=mation :i* w be r a
 h9drance ?an a help4  ,! pr(essor may  
n[ safely pass on to ! use ( ,scripture 
9 matt]s ( ,!ology4  ,"h x mu/ be obs]v$
 t1 9 addition to ! usual reasons :i*   
make anci5t writ+s m or less difficult  
to und]/&1 !re are "s :i* are peculi> to
 ! ,sacr$ ,books4  ,! language ( !      
,bible is employ$ to express1 "u !      
inspiration ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 _m ?+s :i* 
are beyond ! p[]s & scope ( human       
reason--t is to say1 div9e my/]ies & _m 
matt]s :i* are relat$ to !m4  ,!re is   
sometimes 9 su* passages a full] & a    
deep] mean+ ?an ! lett] seems to express
 or ?an ! laws ( h]m5eutics indicate4   
,moreov]1 ! lit]al s5se itself frequ5tly
 admits o!r s5ses1 :i* ei!r illu/rate   
dogma or comm5d morality4 ,x mu/ !re=e  
be recogniz$ t ! sacr$ writ+s are wrapt 
9 a c]ta9 religi\s obscurity1 & t no "o 
c ent] into !m )\t a guide4  ,god has s 
dispos$ x t1 z ! ,holy ,fa!rs tea*1 m5  
may inve/igate ! ,scriptures ) great]   

ardor & e>ne/ness1 & t :at is atta9$ )  
difficulty may s9k m deeply into ! m9d &
 he>t4  ,f ?is also1 & ma9ly1 m5 may    
und]/& t ,god has deliv]$ ! ,scriptures 
to ! ,*ur*1 & t 9 read+ & treat+ ( ,8   
utt]ances !y mu/ foll[ ! ,*ur* z _!     
guide & tea*]4  ,/4 ,ir5aeus long s9ce  
laid x d[n t :]e ! ,*>ismata ( ,god 7   
plac$1 !re ! tru? 0 to be le>nt1 & t    
,scripture is exp\nd$ )\t p]il1 by ^? ) 
:om !re is apo/olic succession4  ,8     
tea*+1 & t ( o!r ,fa!rs1 is embrac$ by !
 ,c\ncil ( ! ,vatican :i*1 9 r5ew+ !    
decree ( ,tr5t1 decl>es its m9d to be   
?is--t 9 matt]s ( fai? & morals1 :i*    
belong to ! build+ up ( ,*ri/ian        
doctr9e1 t s5se is to be consid]$ ! true
 s5se ( ! ,sacr$ ,scripture :i* has be5 
held & is held by our ,holy ,"m ! ,*ur*1
 ^: place x is to judge ( ! true s5se & 
int]pretation ( ! ,scriptures2 & !re=e t
 x is p]mitt$ to no "o to int]pret !    
,sacr$ ,scripture contr>y to ?is s5se1  
or contr>y to ! unanim\s cons5t ( !     
,fa!rs4  ,by ?is law1 mo/ full ( wisdom1

 ! ,*ur* by no means prev5ts or re/ra9s 
! pursuit ( biblical sci5ce4  ,%e1 on ! 
contr>y1 provides = its fre$om f error1 
& greatly advances its real progress4   
,a wide field lies op5 to any tea*]1 9  
:i* 8 h]m5eutical skill may ex]cise     
itself ) signal effect & = ! welf>e ( ! 
,*ur*4  ,on ! "o h&1 9 ^? passages (    
,scripture :i* h n z yet receiv$ a c]ta9
 & def9itive int]pretation1 su* labors  
may1 9 ! sweetly ord]$ provid5ce ( ,god1
 s]ve z a prep>ation = br++ to maturity 
! judgm5t ( ! ,*ur*4  ,9 passages       
already def9$1 a private doctor may d "w
 equally valuable1 ei!r by sett+ !m =? m
 cle>ly to ! commonalty ( ! fai?ful1 or 
m le>n$ly be=e ! le>n$1 or by def5d+ !m 
m p[]fully f adv]s>ies4 ,:]e=e ! fir/ & 
mo/ sacr$ object ( ! ,ca?olic comm5tator
 %\ld be to int]pret ^? passages :i* h  
receiv$ an au!ntic int]pretation--ei!r f
 ! sacr$ writ]s !mselves1 "u !          
inspiration ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 7z 9 _m     
places ( ! ,new ,te/am5t71 or f ! ,*ur*1
 "u ! assi/ance ( ! same ,holy ,_s1 :e!r

 by h] solemn judgm5t or by h] ord9>y & 
univ]sal au?oritative tea*+--9 t        
id5tical s5se1 & to prove1 by all !     
res\rces ( le>n+1 t s\nd h]m5eutical    
laws admit ( no o!r ?an t int]pretation4
  ,9 ! o!r passages ! analogy ( fai?    
%\ld be foll[$1 & ! ,ca?olic doctr9e1 z 
au?oritatively propos$ by ! ,*ur*1 %\ld 
be held z ! supreme rule4  ,s9ce ! same 
,god is ! au?or bo? ( ! ,sacr$ ,books & 
( ! doctr9e committ$ to ! ,*ur*1 x is   
cle>ly impossible t any tea*+ c by      
legitimate int]pretation be extract$ f !
 =m] :i* %all 9 any respect be at       
v>iance ) ! latt]4  ,h5ce x foll[s t all
 int]pretation is unf\nd$ & false :i*   
ei!r makes ! sacr$ writ]s disagree "o ) 
ano!r1 or is oppos$ to ! doctr9e ( !    
,*ur*4  ,! pr(essor ( ,holy ,scripture1 
!re=e1 among/ o!r recomm5dations1 mu/ be
 well v]s$ 9 ! :ole ( ,!ology1 & deeply 
read 9 ! comm5t>ies ( ! ,holy ,fa!rs &  
,doctors1 & ! be/ ( o!r int]pret]s4     
,?is is inculcat$ by ,/4 ,j]ome1 & /ill 
m by ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o ?us ju/ly         

compla9s3 ,if !re is no bran* ( tea*+1  
h[ev] humble & easy to le>n1 :i* does n 
require a ma/]1 :at c be a great] sign (
 ra%ness & pride ?an to refuse to /udy !
 ,books ( ! div9e my/]ies by ! help ( ^?
 :o h int]pret$ !m8  ,o!r ,fa!rs h said 
! same1 & h confirm$ x by _! example4   
,!y endeavor$ to acquire und]/&+ ( !    
,holy ,scriptures1 n by _! own lights & 
ideas1 b f ! writ+s & au?ority ( !      
anci5ts1 :o 9 _! turn1 z we "k1 receiv$ 
! rule ( int]pretation 9 direct l9e f ! 
,apo/les4  ,! ,holy ,fa!rs1 to :om1 aft]
 ! ,apo/les1 ! ,*ur* owes its gr[?--:o  
plant$1 wat]$1 built1 f$1 & n\ri%$      
x--are ( supreme au?ority :5ev] !y all  
int]pret 9 "o & ! same mann] any text ( 
! ,bible z p]ta9+ to doctr9e ( fai? or  
morals4  ,_! unanimity cle>ly ev9ces t  
su* int]pretation has come d[n f !      
,apo/les z a matt] ( ,ca?olic fai?4  ,! 
op9ion ( ! ,fa!rs is also ( v great     
weight :5 !y treat ( ^! matt]s 9 _!     
capacity ( private tea*]s2 n only       
because !y excell$ 9 k ( reveal$ doctr9e

 & 9 acqua9tance ) _m ?+s useful = !    
und]/&+ ( ! apo/olic ,books1 b also     
because !y 7 m5 ( em95t sanctity & (    
ard5t zeal = ! tru?1 on :om ,god be/[$ a
 m ample measure ( ,8 light4  ,!        
comm5tator1 !re=e1 %\ld make x 8 c>e to 
foll[ 9 _! foot/eps ) rev]5ce1 & to     
avail himself ( _! labors ) intellig5t  
appreciation4  ,he mu/ n1 h[ev]1 on t   
acc\nt consid] t x is =bidd51 :5 j cause
 exi/s1 to pu% inquiry & exposition     
beyond :at ! ,fa!rs h done--provid$ he  
religi\sly obs]ves ! rule s wisely laid 
d[n by ,/4 ,augu/9e3 n to dep>t f !     
lit]al & obvi\s s5se1 except :]e reason 
makes t s5se unt5able or necessity      
requires4  ,?is is a rule to :i* x is ! 
m necess>y to adh]e /rictly 9 ^! times1 
:5 ! ?ir/ = novelty & unre/ra9$ lic5se (
 ?\ght make ! dang] ( error mo/ real &  
proximate4 ,nei!r %\ld ^? passages be   
neglect$ :i* ! ,fa!rs h und]/ood 9 an   
allegorical or figurative s5se1 m       
especially :5 su* int]pretation is      
ju/ifi$ by ! lit]al s5se1 & :5 x re/s on

 ! au?ority ( _m4  ,?is me?od (         
int]pretation has be5 receiv$ by ! ,*ur*
 f ! ,apo/les1 & has be5 approv$ by h]  
own practice1 z h] liturgy atte/s4  ,!  
,holy ,fa!rs did n !reby pret5d directly
 to demon/rate dogmas ( fai?1 b us$ x z 
a means ( promot+ virtue & piety1 su* z1
 by _! own exp]i5ce1 !y knew to be mo/  
valuable4  ,! au?ority ( o!r ,ca?olic   
int]pret]s is n s grave4  ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 
! /udy ( ,scripture has always cont9u$  
to advance 9 ! ,*ur*1 _! comm5t>ies also
 h _! own honorable place1 & are        
s]viceable 9 _m ways = ! refutation (   
assailants & ! unravell+ ( difficulties4
  ,x is1 moreov]1 mo/ unbecom+ to pass  
by1 9 ignorance or contempt1 ! spl5did  
works :i* our own s*ol>s h left beh9d !m
 9 abundance1 & to h rec\rse to ! works 
( ! het]odox1 & to seek 9 !m1 ) p]il to 
s\nd doctr9e & n seldom ) detrim5t to   
fai?1 ! explanation ( passages on :i*   
,ca?olics h long ago mo/ excell5tly     
exp5d$ _! tal5ts & _! labor4  ,al?\gh ! 
/udies ( ! het]odox1 us$ ) prud5ce1 may 

sometimes be ( use to ! ,ca?olic        
int]pret]1 he %\ld nev]!less be> well 9 
m9d ?is repeat$ te/imony ( ! anci5ts1--t
 ! s5se ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures c n[h]e  
be f\nd incorrupt outside ! ,*ur*1 & t x
 _c be deliv]$ by ^? :o1 be+ de/itute ( 
! true fai?1 only gnaw ! husk (         
,scripture & nev] rea* its m>r[4  ,mo/  
desirable x is1 & mo/ ess5tial1 t ! :ole
 c\rse ( ,!ology %\ld be p]vad$ by ! use
 ( ! ,div9e ,scripture1 :i* %\ld be1 z x
 71 ! s\l !re(4  ,?is is :at ! ,fa!rs & 
! greate/ !ologians ( all ages h pr(ess$
 & practis$4  ,x 0 *iefly out ( ! sacr$ 
writ+s t !y endeavor$ to proclaim &     
e/abli% ! ,articles ( ,fai? & ! tru?s   
:i* are _! consequ5ces4  ,x 0 9 !m1     
toge!r ) div9e tradition1 t !y f\nd !   
refutation ( h]etical error1 & !        
reasonabl5ess1 ! true mean+1 & ! mutual 
relation ( ! tru?s ( ! ,ca?olic fai?4   
,nor w any "o wond] at ?is :o consid]s t
 ! ,sacr$ ,books hold su* a pre-em95t   
position among ! s\rces ( ,revelation t 
)\t ! assidu\s /udy ( !m ,!ology _c be  

rightly treat$ z its dignity dem&s4     
,al?\gh x is "r & prop] t /ud5ts 9      
academical in/itutions & s*ools %\ld be 
*iefly ex]cis$ 9 acquir+ a sci5tific k (
 dogma by means ( reason+ f ! ,articles 
( ,fai? to _! consequ5ces1 accord+ to ! 
rules ( approv$ & solid philosophy1     
nev]!less a grave & le>n$ !ologian w by 
no means ov]look t me?od ( doctr9al     
demon/ration :i* draws its pro( f !     
au?ority ( ! ,bible4 ,!ology does n     
receive h] fir/ pr9ciples f o!r sci5ces1
 b imm$iately f ,god ?r\gh ,revelation4 
,& !re=e %e does n receive f o!r sci5ces
 z f sup]iors1 b uses !m z h] inf]iors &
 h] h&maids4  ,x is ?is view ( doctr9al 
tea*+ :i* is laid d[n & recomm5d$ by !  
pr9ce ( !ologians1 ,/4 ,?omas ( ,aqu94  
,he also %[s--su* be+ ! ess5tial "* (   
,*ri/ian ,!ology--h[ a !ologian c def5d 
8 own pr9ciples aga9/ attack4  ,if !    
adv]s>y1 he says1 d b grant any portion 
( ! div9e revelation1 we h an argum5t   
aga9/ him4  ,aga9/ a h]etic we c employ 
,scripture au?ority1 & aga9/ ^? :o d5y  

"o article we c use ano!r4  ,if our     
oppon5t rejects div9e revelation        
altoge!r1 !n !re is no way left to prove
 ! ,articles ( ,fai? by reason+4  ,we c 
only solve ! difficulties :i* are rais$ 
aga9/ ! fai?4  ,c>e mu/ be tak51 !n1 t  
beg9n]s approa* ! /udy ( ! ,bible well  
prep>$ & furni%$2 o!rwise1 j hopes w be 
fru/rat$1 or p]*ance--& ?is is worse--!y
 w un?9k+ly risk ! dang] ( error1 & fall
 an easy prey to ! sophisms & labor$    
erudition ( ! rationali/s4  ,! be/      
prep>ation w be a consci5ti\s           
application to philosophy & !ology "u ! 
guidance ( ,/4 ,?omas ( ,aqu91 & a      
?or\gh tra9+ !re9--z ,we ,ourselves h   
else:]e %[n & prescrib$4 ,by ?is means1 
bo? 9 biblical /udies & 9 t "p ( ,!ology
 :i* is call$ ,positive1 !y w pursue !  
"r pa? & make solid progress4  ,to      
prove1 to exp\nd1 to illu/rate ,ca?olic 
doctr9e by ! legitimate & skilful       
int]pretation ( ! ,bible is mu*2 b !re  
is a second "p ( ! subject ( equal      
importance & ( equal labori\sness1--!   

ma9t5ance 9 ! /ronge/ possible way ( !  
fulness ( its au?ority4  ,?is _c be done
 completely or satisfactorily except by 
means ( ! liv+ tea*+ au?ority ( ! ,*ur* 
h]self4  ,! ,*ur*1 by reason ( h]       
wond]ful propagation1 h] %9+ sanctity1 &
 h] inexhau/ible fecundity 9 good1 h]   
,ca?olic unity1 & h] un%ak5 /ability1 is
 h]self a great & p]petual motive (     
cr$ibility1 & an unassailable te/imony (
 h] own div9e mission4  ,b s9ce ! div9e 
& infallible tea*+ au?ority ( ! ,*ur*   
re/s also on ! au?ority ( ,holy         
,scripture1 ! fir/ ?+ to be done is to  
v9dicate ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! sacr$       
records at lea/ z human docum5ts4  ,f   
?is c cle>ly be prov$1 z f primitive &  
au!ntic te/imony1 ! div9ity & ! mission 
( ,*ri/ our ,"l1 ! in/itution ( a       
hi]>*ical ,*ur*1 & ! primacy ( ,pet] & 8
 successors4  ,x is mo/ desirable1      
!re=e1 t !re %\ld be _m memb]s ( ! cl]gy
 well prep>$ to ent] ^u a conte/ ( ?is  
nature1 & to repulse ! attacks ( !      
enemy1 *iefly tru/+ 9 t armor ( ,god :i*

 is recomm5d$ by ! ,apo/le1 b at ! same 
"t n unacqua9t$ ) ! m mod]n me?ods (    
attack4  ,?is is beautifully allud$ to  
by ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om4  ,describ+ !    
duties ( prie/s1 he says3 ,we mu/ use   
our e endeavor t ! '^w ( ,god may dwell 
9 u abundantly4'  ,n m]ely = "o k9d (   
light mu/ we be prep>$1 = ! conte/ is   
_m-sid$1 & ! enemy is ( e sort4  ,!y d n
 all use ! same weapons1 nor d all make 
_! onset 9 ! same way4 ,x is ne$ful t ! 
man :o has to cont5d aga9/ all %\ld h k 
( ! eng9es & ! arts ( all4  ,he mu/ be  
at once ar*] & sl+]1 comm&ant & (fic]1  
g5]al & private soldi]1 foot-soldi] &   
horseman1 skill$ 9 sea-fight & 9 siege4 
,unless he kn[s e trick & turn ( w>1 !  
devil is well able1 if only a s+le door 
be left op51 to get 9 8 f]oci\s b&its & 
to c>ry (f ! %eep4  ,! sophisms ( !     
enemy & ! manifold /rategy ( 8 attack   
,we h already t\*$ ^u4  ,let ,u n[ say a
 ^w ( advice on ! means ( def5ce4  ,!   
fir/ means is ! /udy ( ,ori5tal         
languages & ( ! art ( criticism4 ,^! two

 acquirem5ts are 9 ^! days held 9 high  
e/imation4  ,! cl]gy1 by mak+ !mselves m
 or less fully acqua9t$ ) !m1 z "t &    
place may dem&1 w ! bett] be able to    
dis*>ge _! (fice ) becom+ cr$it4  ,!y   
mu/ make !mselves all ?+s to all m51    
always ready to satisfy e "o t aske? !m 
a reason = ! hope t is 9 !m4  ,h5ce x is
 mo/ prop] t pr(essors ( ,sacr$         
,scripture & !ologians %\ld ma/] ^?     
tongues 9 :i* ! ,sacr$ ,books 7         
orig9ally writt54  ,x w\ld be well t    
,*ur* /ud5ts also %\ld cultivate !m1 m  
especially ^? :o aspire to academic     
degrees 9 ,!ology4  ,endeavors %\ld be  
made to e/abli% 9 all academic          
in/itutions--z has already be5 laudably 
done 9 _m--*airs ( ! o!r anci5t         
languages1 especially ! ,semitic1 & (   
subjects connect$ !re)1 = ! b5efit      
pr9cipally ( ^? :o are de/9$ to pr(ess  
sacr$ lit]ature4  ,^! latt]1 ) a simil> 
object 9 view1 %\ld make !mselves well  
acqua9t$ ) & ?or\ghly ex]cis$ 9 ! art ( 
true criticism4  ,!re has aris51 to !   

great damage ( religion1 an artificial  
me?od1 :i* is dignifi$ by ! "n ( ! high]
 criticism4  ,x pret5ds to judge ( !    
orig91 ! integrity1 & ! au?ority ( e    
,book f int]nal indications alone4  ,x  
is cle>1 on ! o!r h&1 t 9 hi/orical     
que/ions1 su* z ! orig9 & ! h&+ d[n (   
writ+s1 ! witness ( hi/ory is ( prim>y  
importance1 & t hi/orical inve/igation  
%\ld be made ) ! utmo/ c>e4  ,9 ?is     
matt] int]nal evid5ce is seldom ( great 
value1 except by way ( confirmation4    
,to look ^u x 9 any o!r light w be to   
op5 ! door to _m evil consequ5ces4  ,x w
 make ! enemies ( religion mu* m bold & 
confid5t 9 attack+ & endeavor+ to de/roy
 ! au!nticity ( ! ,sacr$ ,books4  ,?is  
vaunt$ high] criticism w resolve itself 
into ! reflection ( ! bias & ! prejudice
 ( ! critics4  ,x w n ?r[ on !          
,scriptures ! light :i* is s\ght1 or    
prove ( any advantage to doctr9e4  ,x w 
only give rise to disagreem5t &         
diss5sion1 ^? sure notes ( error1 :i* ! 
critics 9 "q s pl5tifully exhibit 9 _!  

own p]sons4  ,see+ t mo/ ( !m are ta9t$ 
) false philosophy & rationalism1 x mu/ 
lead to ! elim9ation f ! sacr$ writ+s ( 
all prophecy & all miracle1 & ( ev]y?+  
else t lies outside ! natural ord]4  ,9 
! second place1 we h to cont5d aga9/ ^? 
:o1 abus+ _! k ( physical sci5ce1       
m9utely scrut9ize ! ,sacr$ ,books1 9    
ord] to detect ! writ]s 9 a mi/ake1 & s 
to vilify ! books !mselves4  ,attacks ( 
?is k9d1 be>+ z !y d on matt]s (        
exp]i5ce ( ! s5ses1 are peculi>ly       
dang]\s to ! masses1 & also to ! "y1 :o 
are b beg9n+ _! lit]>y /udies4  ,! "y1  
if !y lose _! rev]5ce = div9e revelation
 on any "o po9t1 are b too easily l$ to 
give up believ+ 9 revelation altoge!r4  
,x ne$ sc>cely be po9t$ out h[ ! sci5ce 
( nature1 j z x is s admirably adapt$ to
 %[ =? ! glory ( ! ,great ,creator1     
provid$ x be rightly taught1 s1 if x be 
p]v]sely imp>t$ to ! y\?ful intellig5ce1
 x may prove mo/ fatal 9 de/roy+ !      
pr9ciples ( true philosophy1 & 9 !      
corruption ( morality4  ,h5ce to !      

pr(essor ( ,sacr$ ,scripture a k (      
natural sci5ce w be ( ! greate/ s]vice 9
 detect+ & meet+ su* attacks ^u ! ,sacr$
 ,books4  ,!re c nev]1 inde$1 be any    
real discrepancy betwe5 ! !ologian & !  
physici/1 z long z ea* conf9es himself  
)9 8 own l9es1 & s long z bo? are       
c>eful1 z ,/4 ,augu/9e w>ns u1 n to make
 ra% ass]tions1 or to ass]t t :i* is n  
kn[n z if x 7 really kn[n4  ,if         
diss5sion %\ld arise betwe5 !m1 "h is ! 
rule1 laid d[n by ,/4 ,augu/9e = !      
!ologian3 ,:atev] !y c really demon/rate
 to be true ( physical nature1 we mu/ %[
 to be n contr>y to our ,scriptures4    
,:atev] !y ass]t 9 _! treatises :i* is  
contr>y to ^! ,scriptures ( ours1 t is1 
to ,ca?olic fai?1 we mu/ ei!r prove x1 z
 well z we c1 to be entirely false1 or  
at all ev5ts we mu/1 )\t ! smalle/      
hesitation1 believe x to be s4  ,to     
und]/& h[ j is ! rule "h =mulat$ we mu/ 
rememb]1 fir/1 t ! sacr$ writ]s1 or1 to 
speak m accurately1 ! ,holy ,gho/1 :o   
spoke by means ( !m1 did n int5d to tea*

 m5 ^? ?+s 7t is to say1 ! ess5tial     
nature ( ! ?+s ( ! visible univ]se7--?+s
 :i* are 9 no way pr(itable unto        
salvation4  ,! sacr$ writ]s did n seek  
to p5etrate ! secrets ( nature4  ,!y r  
describ$ & dealt ) ?+s 9 m or less      
figurative language1 or 9 t]ms :i* 7    
commonly us$ at ! "t1 & t]ms :i* 9 _m   
in/ances are 9 daily use at ?is day1 ev5
 among/ ! mo/ em95t m5 ( sci5ce4 ,ord9>y
 spee* prim>ily & prop]ly describes t   
:i* falls "u ! s5ses4  ,some:at 9 ! same
 way ! sacr$ writ]s--z ! ,angelic       
,doctor rem9ds u--w5t by :at s5sibly    
appe>$1 or put d[n t :i* ,god1 speak+ to
 m51 signifi$ 9 a way :i* m5 c\ld       
und]/&1 & to :i* !y 7 accu/om$4  ,!     
/r5u\s def5ce ( ! ,holy ,scripture1     
h[ev]1 does n require t we %\ld equally 
uphold all ! op9ions :i* e "o ( !       
,fa!rs1 or :i* subsequ5t comm5tators h  
set =? 9 expla9+ x4  ,x may be t1 9     
comm5t+ on passages :]e physical matt]s 
are 9 "q1 !y h sometimes express$ !     
ideas ( _! own times1 & h ?us made      

/atem5ts :i* 9 ^! days h be5 ab&on$ z   
unf\nd$4  ,9 _! int]pretations1 !re=e1  
we mu/ c>efully note t :i* !y lay d[n z 
belong+ to fai?1 or z intimately        
connect$ ) fai?1 or t 9 :i* !y are      
unanim\s4 ,9 ^? ?+s :i* d n come "u !   
obligation ( fai?1 ! ,sa9ts 7 at lib]ty 
to hold div]g5t op9ions1 ev5 z we       
ourselves are1 says ,/4 ,?omas4  ,9     
ano!r place he says mo/ admirably3 ,:5  
philosoph]s are agre$ ^u a po9t1 & t    
po9t is n contr>y to fai?1 x is saf]1 9 
my op9ion1 nei!r to lay d[n su* a po9t z
 a dogma ( fai?1 ev5 ?\gh x is p]haps s 
pres5t$ by ! philosoph]s1 nor to reject 
x z aga9/ fai?1 le/ we ?us give to !    
wise ( ?is _w an occasion ( despis+ !   
doctr9e ( ! fai?4  ,! ,ca?olic          
comm5tator1 al?\gh he %\ld %[ t ^? facts
 ( natural sci5ce :i* inve/igators      
affirm to be n[ 9 ^! days absolutely    
c]ta9 are n contr>y to ,scripture       
rightly expla9$1 mu/ nev]!less always   
be> 9 m9d t mu* :i* has be5 held z prov$
 & c]ta9 has aft]w>ds be5 call$ 9 "q &  

reject$4  ,if writ]s on physics travel  
outside ! b\nd>ies ( _! own dep>tm5t1 & 
c>ry _! errone\s tea*+ into ! doma9 (   
philosophy1 let !m be h&$ ov] by !      
!ological comm5tator to philosoph]s =   
refutation4  ,! pr9ciples "h laid d[n w 
apply to cognate sci5ces1 & especially  
to hi/ory4  ,x is a lam5table fact t !re
 are _m m5 :o ) great labor make &      
publi% inve/igations on ! monum5ts (    
antiquity1 ! mann]s & in/itutions (     
nations1 & o!r illu/rative subjects1 &  
^: *ief purpose 9 all ?is is too (t5 to 
try to f9d mi/akes 9 ! sacr$ writ+s1 & s
 to %ake & weak5 _! au?ority4  ,"s ( ^! 
writ]s display n only extreme ho/ility1 
b also great unfairness4  ,9 _! eyes a  
pr(ane book or an anci5t docum5t is     
accept$ )\t hesitation4  ,scripture1 if 
!y c only f9d 9 x a suspicion ( error1  
is set d[n ) ! slighte/ possible        
discussion z be+ entirely untru/wor?y4  
,x is true1 no d\bt1 t copyi/s h made   
mi/akes 9 ! text ( ! ,bible4  ,?is "q1  
:5 x arises1 %\ld be c>efully consid]$  

on its m]its4  ,! fact1 h[ev]1 is n to  
be too easily admitt$1 b only 9 ^?      
passages :]e ! pro( is cle>4  ,x may    
also happ5 t ! s5se ( a passage rema9s  
ambigu\s4  ,9 ?is case1 s\nd h]m5eutical
 me?ods w greatly aid 9 cle>+ up        
obscurity4 ,x is absolutely wrong1      
h[ev]1 & x is =bidd51 ei!r to n>r[      
inspiration to c]ta9 p>ts only ( ,holy  
,scripture1 or to admit t ! sacr$ writ] 
has err$4  ,! sy/em ( ^? :o1 9 ord] to  
rid !mselves ( ^! difficulties1 d n     
hesitate to conc$e t div9e inspiration  
reg>ds matt]s ( fai? & morals1 & no?+   
beyond !m1 because 7z !y wrongly ?9k7 9 
a "q ( ! tru? or falsehood ( a passage  
we %\ld consid] n s mu* :at ,god has    
said z ! reason & purpose :i* ,he _h 9  
m9d 9 say+ x1 _c be tol]at$4  ,all !    
books :i* ! ,*ur* receives z sacr$ &    
canonical 7 writt5 :olly & entirely1 )  
all _! p>ts1 at ! dictation ( ! ,holy   
,gho/4  ,s f> is x f be+ possible t any 
error c co-exi/ ) inspiration1          
inspiration n only is ess5tially        

incompatible ) error1 b x excludes error
 z absolutely & necess>ily z x is       
impossible t ,god ,himself1 ! ,supreme  
,tru?1 c utt] t :i* is n true4  ,?is is 
! anci5t & un*ang+ fai? ( ! ,*ur*4  ,x 0
 solemnly def9$ 9 ! ,c\ncils ( ,flor5ce 
& ( ,tr5t4  ,x 0 f9ally confirm$ & m    
expressly =mulat$ by ! ,c\ncil ( !      
,vatican4  ,^! are ! words ( t ,c\ncil3 
,! ,books ( ! ,old & ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 
:ole & entire1 ) all _! p>ts1 z !y are  
enum]at$ 9 ! decree ( ! same ,c\ncil    
7,tr5t71 & z !y are conta9$ 9 ! old     
,lat9 ,vulgate edition1 are to be       
receiv$ z sacr$ & canonical4 ,! ,*ur*   
holds !m z sacr$ & canonical1 n because1
 hav+ be5 compos$ solely by human       
indu/ry1 !y 7 aft]w>ds approv$ by h]    
au?ority1 nor only because !y conta9    
revelation )\t error1 b because1 hav+   
be5 writt5 "u ! inspiration ( ! ,holy   
,gho/1 !y h ,god = _! ,au?or4  ,h5ce we 
_c say t1 because ! ,holy ,gho/ employ$ 
m5 z ,8 in/rum5ts1 x 0 ^! inspir$       
in/rum5ts :o1 p]*ance1 h fall5 into     

error1 & n ! prim>y ,au?or4  ,by        
sup]natural p[] ,he s mov$ & impell$ !m 
to write--,he 0 s pres5t to !m--t all ! 
?+s :i* ,he ord]$1 & ^? ?+s only1 !y    
fir/ rightly conceiv$1 !n will$         
fai?fully to write d[n1 & f9ally        
express$ 9 adequate words & ) infallible
 tru?4  ,o!rwise1 x c\ld n be said t ,he
 0 ! ,au?or ( ! :ole ( ! ,sacr$         
,scripture4  ,su* has always be5 !      
p]suasion ( ! ,fa!rs4  ,!re=e1 says ,/4 
,augu/9e1 s9ce !y wrote ! ?+s :i* ,he   
%[$ & said to !m1 x _c be said t ,he did
 n write !m4  ,8 memb]s execut$ t :i* _!
 ,head dictat$4  ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great  
ma9ta9s3 ,mo/ sup]flu\s x is to inquire 
:o wrote ^! ?+s2--we loyally believe !  
,holy ,gho/ to be ! ,au?or ( ! ,book4   
,he wrote x :o dictat$ x to be writt54  
,he wrote x :o inspir$ its execution4   
,x foll[s t ^? m5 :o ma9ta9 t an error  
is possible 9 any g5u9e passage ( !     
sacr$ writ+s1 ei!r p]v]t ! ,ca?olic     
notion ( inspiration1 or make ,god      
,himself to be ! ,au?or ( error4 ,s     

emphatically 7 all ! ,fa!rs & ,doctors  
agre$ t ! div9e writ+s1 z left by !     
hagiograph]s1 are entirely free f all   
error1 t !y labor$ e>ne/ly1 ) no less   
skill ?an rev]5ce1 to reconcile "o ) !  
o!r ^? num]\s passages :i* seem to be at
 v>iance--! v passages :i* 9 great      
measure h be5 tak5 up by ! high]        
criticism4  ,! ,fa!rs 7 unanim\s 9 lay+ 
x d[n t ^? writ+s1 9 _! entirety & 9 all
 _! p>ts1 7 equally f ! div9e afflatus1 
& t ,god ,himself1 speak+ ?r\gh ! sacr$ 
writ]s1 c\ld n set d[n any?+ t 0 n true4
  ,! words ( ,/4 ,augu/9e to ,/4 ,j]ome 
may sum up :at !y taught3 ,on my own "p1
 ,i confess to y\r *>ity t x is only to 
^? ,books ( ,scripture :i* are n[ call$ 
canonical t ,i h le>n$ to pay su* honor 
& rev]5ce z to believe mo/ firmly t no  
"o ( _! writ]s has fall5 into any error4
  ,if 9 ^! ,books ,i meet ) any?+ :i*   
seems contr>y to tru?1 ,i %all n        
hesitate to conclude ei!r t ! text is   
faulty1 or t ! translator has n express$
 ! mean+ ( ! passage1 or t ,i myself h n

 und]/ood x4  ,b ) all ! weapons ( ! be/
 ( arts1 fully & p]fectly to fight = !  
hol9ess ( ! ,bible is f> m ?an c be     
look$ = f ! ex]tions ( comm5tators &    
!ologians alone4  ,x is an ent]prise 9  
:i* we h a "r to expect ! co-op]ation ( 
all ,ca?olic m5 :o h acquir$ reputation 
9 o!r bran*es ( le>n+4  ,z 9 ! pa/1 s at
 ! pres5t "t ! ,*ur* is nev] )\t !      
graceful support ( h] accompli%$ *ildr54
  ,may _! s]vices to ! ,fai? ev] gr[ &  
increase6  ,!re is no?+ :i* ,we believe 
to be m ne$ful ?an t tru? %\ld f9d      
def5d]s m p[]ful & m num]\s ?an are !   
enemies :om x has to face4  ,!re is no?+
 :i* is bett] calculat$ to imbue !      
masses ) homage = ! tru? ?an to see x   
joy\sly proclaim$ by le>n$ m5 :o h ga9$ 
di/9ction 9 "s o!r faculty4  ,moreov]1 !
 bitt] tongues ( objectors w be sil5c$4 
,at lea/ !y w n d>e to insi/ s          
%amelessly t fai? is ! enemy ( sci5ce :5
 !y see t sci5tific m51 ( em95ce 9 _!   
own pr(ession1 %[ t[>ds ! fai? mo/ m>k$ 
honor & rev]5ce4  ,see+1 !n1 t ^? m5 c d

 s mu* = ! progress ( religion on :om ! 
goodness ( ,god has be/[$1 toge!r ) !   
grace ( ! fai?1 great natural tal5t1 let
 su* m51 9 ?is mo/ savage conflict ( :i*
 ! ,scriptures are n[ ! object1 select  
ea* ( !m ! bran* ( /udy :i* is be/      
adapt$ to 8 circum/ances1 & endeavor to 
excel !re91 & ?us be prep>$ to repel )  
effect & cr$it ! assaults on ! ^w (     
,god4  ,x is our pleas+ duty to give    
des]v$ praise to a "w :i* c]ta9         
,ca?olics h tak5 9 h&--t is to say1 !   
=mation ( societies1 & ! contribution ( 
consid]able sums ( money1 = ! purpose ( 
aid+ c]ta9 ( ! m le>n$ 9 ! pursuit ( _! 
/udy to its complet5ess4  ,truly1 an    
excell5t me?od ( inve/+ money6  ,x is an
 inve/m5t mo/ suit$ to ! times 9 :i* we 
live6  ,! less hope ( public patronage  
!re is = ,ca?olic /udy1 ! m ready & ! m 
abundant %\ld be ! lib]ality ( private  
p]sons4  ,^? to :om ,god has giv5 ri*es 
w ?us use !m to safegu>d ! treasure ( ,8
 reveal$ doctr9e4  ,9 ord] t su* labors 
may prove ( real s]vice to ! cause ( !  

,bible1 let s*ol>s keep /eadfa/ly to !  
pr9ciples :i* we h 9 ?is ,lett] laid    
d[n4  ,let !m loyally hold t ,god1 !    
,creator & ! ,rul] ( all ?+s1 is also ! 
,au?or ( ! ,scriptures--& t !re=e no?+ c
 possibly be prov$1 ei!r by physical    
sci5ce or by ar*eology1 :i* c be 9 real 
contradiction ) ! ,scriptures4 ,if      
app>5t contradicti\s %\ld be met )1 e   
ef=t %\ld be made to meet !m4           
,!ologians & comm5tators ( solid judgm5t
 %\ld be consult$ z to :at is ! true or 
! mo/ probable mean+ ( ! passage 9      
discussion4  ,adv]se argum5ts %\ld also 
be c>efully weigh$4  ,ev5 if !          
difficulty is n aft] all cle>$ up1 & !  
discrepancy seems to rema91 ! conte/ mu/
 n be ab&on$4 ,tru? _c contradict tru?4 
,we may be sure t "s mi/ake has be5     
made1 ei!r 9 ! int]pretation ( ! sacr$  
words1 or 9 ! polemical discussion      
itself4  ,if no mi/ake c be detect$1 we 
mu/ !n susp5d judgm5t = ! "t be+4  ,!re 
h be5 objections )\t numb] p]sev]+ly    
direct$ aga9/ ! ,scriptures = _m a long 

ye>4  ,^! h be5 prov$ to be futile1 & !y
 are n[ nev] he>d (4  ,int]pretations n 
a few h be5 put on c]ta9 passages (     
,scripture 7n belong+ to ! rule ( fai?  
or morals71 & ^! h be5 rectifi$ aft] a m
 c>eful inve/igation4  ,z "t goes on    
mi/ak5 views die & disappe>4  ,tru?     
rema9e? & gr[e? /rong] = ev] & ev]4     
,:]e=e1 z no "o %\ld be s presumptu\s z 
to ?9k t he und]/&s ! :ole ( !          
,scriptures--9 :i* ,/4 ,augu/9e himself 
confess$ t !re 0 m t he did n "k ?an t  
:i* he did "k--s1 if "o %\ld come ^u    
any?+ t seems incapable ( solution1 he  
mu/ take to he>t ! cauti\s rule ( ! same
 holy ,doctor3 ,x is bett] ev5 to be    
oppress$ by unkn[n b useful signs ?an to
 int]pret !m uselessly1 & ?us to ?r[ (f 
! yoke ( s]vitude only to be caught 9 ! 
nets ( error4  ,z reg>ds ^? m5 :o pursue
 ! subsidi>y /udies ( :i* ,we h spok51  
if !y hone/ly & mode/ly foll[ ! c\nsels 
& comm&s :i* ,we h giv5--if by p5 &     
voice !y make _! /udies fruitful aga9/ !
 enemies ( ! tru?1 & useful 9 sav+ ! "y 

f loss ( fai?--!y may ju/ly congratulate
 !mselves on wor?y s]vice to ! ,sacr$   
,writ+s1 & on _! hav+ af=d$ to !        
,ca?olic religion t aid :i* ! ,*ur* has 
a "r to expect f ! piety & f ! le>n+ (  
h] *ildr54   ,su*1 ,v5]able ,bre?r51 are
 ! admonitions & ! in/ructions :i*1 by !
 help ( ,god1 ,we h ?\ght x well1 at !  
pres5t mom5t1 to (f] to y on ! /udy ( ! 
,sacr$ ,scriptures4  ,x w n[ be = y to  
see t :at ,we h said be held & obs]v$ ) 
all due rev]5ce1 t s we may prove our   
gratitude to ,god = ! communication to  
man ( ! words ( ,8 wisdom1 & t all !    
good results :i* are s mu* to be desir$ 
may be realiz$1 especially z !y effect !
 tra9+ ( ! /ud5ts ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* is     
matt] ( ,our own great solicitude & ( ! 
,*ur*'s hope4  ,ex]t y\rselves ) glad   
alacrity1 & use y\r au?ority1 & y\r     
p]suasive p[]s1 9 ord] t ^! /udies may  
be held 9 j reg>d1 & t !y may fl\ri% 9 !
 sem9>ies & 9 ! educational in/itutions 
:i* are "u y\r jurisdiction4  ,may !y   
fl\ri% 9 ! complet5ess ( success1 "u !  

direction ( ! ,*ur*1 9 accordance ) !   
salut>y tea*+ & ! example ( ! ,holy     
,fa!rs1 & ! laudable traditions (       
antiquity4  ,z "t goes on1 let !m be    
wid5$ & ext5d$ z ! int]e/s & glory ( !  
tru? may require--! int]e/s ( t ,ca?olic
 ,tru? :i* comes d[n f above1 !         
nev]-fail+ s\rce ( ! salvation ( all    
peoples4  ,f9ally1 ,we admoni% ) pat]nal
 love all /ud5ts & m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur*     
always to approa* ! sacr$ writ+s ) ! mo/
 pr(\nd affection ( rev]5ce & ( piety4  
,x is impossible to atta9 to a pr(itable
 und]/&+ !re( unless1 lay+ aside !      
arrogance ( e>?ly sci5ce1 !re be excit$ 
9 ! he>t a holy desire = t wisdom :i* is
 f above4  ,9 ?is way ! m9d :i* has once
 ent]$ on ^! sacr$ /udies1 & :i* has by 
means ( !m be5 enlight5$ & /r5g!n$1 w   
acquire a m>vell\s facility 9 detect+ & 
avoid+ ! fallacies ( human sci5ce1 & 9  
ga!r+ & utiliz+ solid fruit = et]nal    
salvation4  ,! he>t w !n wax w>m1 & w   
/rive ) m ard5t long+ to advance 9      
virtue & 9 div9e love4  ,bless$ are !y  

:o exam9e ,8 te/imonies2 !y %all seek   
,him ) _! :ole he>t4  ,& n[1 fill$ )    
hope 9 ! div9e assi/ance1 & tru/+ to y\r
 pa/oral solicitude--z a pl$ge ( heav5ly
 graces & 9 witness ( ,our special good 
w--to all ( y1 & to ! cl]gy1 & to ! :ole
 flock :i* has be5 intru/$ to y1 ,we mo/
 lov+ly imp>t 9 our ,"l ! ,apo/olic     
,b5$iction4   ,giv5 at ,/4 ,pet]'s1 at  
,rome1 ! #ah? day ( ,novemb]1 #ahic1 !  
sixte5? ye> ( ,our ,pontificate4  ,,leo 
,,pp4 ,,xiii4