,a ,,philosophical ,,diction>y ,,volume ,,iii ,by ,,voltaire ,,edition ,,de ,,la ,,pacification ,,! ,,works ,,( ,,voltaire ,a ,,contempor>y ,,v]sion ,) ,notes by ,tobias ,smollett1 ,revis$ & ,mod]niz$ ,new ,translations by ,william ,f4 ,flem+1 & an ,introduction by ,oliv] ,h4,g4 ,leigh ,a ,,critique ,,& ,,biography ,,by ,,! ,,rt4 ,,hon4 ,,john ,,morley ,,=ty-,,?ree ,,volumes ,"o hundr$ & sixty-eight designs1 compris+ reproductions ( r>e old engrav+s1 /eel plates1 photogravures1 & curi\s facsimiles ,,volume ,,vii ,e4,r4 ,du,m,o,n,t ,,p>is--,,london--,,new ,,york--,,*icago ,! ,,works ( ,,voltaire ,betwe5 two s]vants ( ,humanity1 :o appe>$ eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ap>t1 !re is a my/]i\s relation4 99 99 99 99 ,let u say x ) a s5tim5t ( pr(\nd respect3 ,,jesus ,,wept3 ,,voltaire ,,smil$4 ,( t div9e te> & ( t human smile is compos$ ! sweetness ( ! pres5t civilization4 ,,victor ,,hugo4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates--,,vol4 ,,iii ,,voltaire',s ,,reception ,,( ,,madame ,d',,p9ay ,,at ,,les ,d,,lices ,frontispiece ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,coligny ,,ca!r9e ,,ii4 ,,( ,,russia ,,! ,,almon] ,,& ,,! ,,anabapti/ ,illu/ration3 ,voltaire receives ,mme4 d'p9ay at ,les ,dlices4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,voltaire ,a ,,philosophical ,,diction>y ,,9 ,,t5 ,,volumes ,,vol4 ,,iii ,,cannibals--,,c\ncils 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cannibals4 ,,section ,i4 ,we h spok5 ( love4 ,x is h>d to pass f p kiss+ to p eat+ "o ano!r4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 b too true t !re h be5 cannibals4 ,we h f\nd !m 9 ,am]ica2 !y are1 p]haps1 /ill to be f\nd2 & ! ,cyclops 7 n ! only individuals 9 antiquity :o sometimes f$ on human fle%4 ,juv5al relates t among ! ,egyptians--t wise p1 s r5[n$ = _! laws--^? pi\s wor%ipp]s ( crocodiles & onions--! ,t5tyrites ate "o ( _! enemies :o _h fall5 into _! h&s4 ,he does n tell ?is tale on he>say2 ! crime 0 committ$ almo/ be=e 8 eyes2 he 0 !n 9 ,egypt1 & n f> f ,t5tyra4 ,on ?is occasion he quotes ! ,gascons & ! ,sagunt9es1 :o =m]ly f$ on ! fle% ( _! c\ntrym54 ,9 #agbe f\r savages 7 br\ght f ! ,mississippi to ,fonta9ebleau1 ) :om ,i _h ! honor ( conv]s+4 ,!re 0 among !m a lady ( ! c\ntry1 :om ,i ask$ if %e _h eat5 m52 %e answ]$1 ) great simplicity t %e _h4 ,i appe>$ some:at sc&aliz$2 on :i* %e excus$ h]self by say+ t x 0 bett] to eat "o's dead enemy ?an to leave him to be dev\r$ by wild bea/s1 & t ! conqu]ors des]v$ to h ! pref]5ce4 ,we kill our neighbors 9 battles1 or skirmi%es2 &1 = ! meane/ consid]ation1 provide meals = ! cr[s & ! worms4 ,!re is ! horror2 !re is ! crime4 ,:at matt]s x1 :5 a man is dead1 :e!r he is eat5 by a soldi]1 or by a dog & a cr[8 ,we h m respect = ! dead ?an = ! liv+4 ,x w\ld be bett] to respect bo? ! "o & ! o!r4 ,! nations call$ poli%$ h done "r 9 n putt+ _! vanqui%$ enemies on ! spit2 = if we 7 all[$ to eat our neighbors1 we %\ld soon eat our c\ntrym51 :i* w\ld be r un=tunate = ! social virtues4 ,b poli%$ nations h n always be5 s2 !y 7 all = a long "t savage2 &1 9 ! inf9ite numb] ( revolutions :i* ?is globe has und]gone1 mank9d h be5 sometimes num]\s & sometimes sc>ce4 ,x has be5 ) human be+s z x n[ is ) elephants1 lions1 or tig]s1 ! race ( :i* has v mu* decreas$4 ,9 times :5 a c\ntry 0 b ?9ly inhabit$ by m51 !y _h few arts2 !y 7 hunt]s4 ,! cu/om ( eat+ :at !y _h kill$ easily l$ !m to treat _! enemies l _! /ags & _! bo>s4 ,x 0 sup]/ition t caus$ human victims to be immolat$2 x 0 necessity t caus$ !m to be eat54 ,:i* is ! great] crime--to assemble pi\sly toge!r to plunge a knife into ! he>t ( a girl adorn$ ) fillets1 or to eat a wor?less man :o has be5 kill$ 9 our own def5ce8 ,yet we h _m m in/ances ( girls & boys sacrific$ ?an ( girls & boys eat54 ,almo/ e nation ( :i* we "k any?+ has sacrific$ boys & girls4 ,! ,jews immolat$ !m4 ,?is 0 call$ ! ,ana!ma2 x 0 a real sacrifice2 & 9 ,leviticus x is orda9$ t ! liv+ s\ls :i* %all be devot$ %all n be sp>$2 b x is n 9 any mann] prescrib$ t !y %all be eat52 ?is is only ?reat5$4 ,moses tells ! ,jews t unless !y obs]ve 8 c]emonies !y %all n only h ! it*1 b ! mo!rs %all eat _! *ildr54 ,x is true t 9 ! "t ( ,ezekiel ! ,jews mu/ h be5 accu/om$ to eat human fle%2 =1 9 8 ?irty-n9? *apt]1 he =etells to !m t ,god w cause !m to eat1 n only ! horses ( _! enemies1 b moreov] ! horsem5 & ! re/ ( ! w>riors4 ,&1 inde$1 :y %\ld n ! ,jews h be5 cannibals8 ,x 0 ! only ?+ want+ to make ! p ( ,god ! mo/ abom9able p ^u e>?4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,9 ! essay on ! ,mann]s & ,_s ( ,nations we read ! foll[+ s+ul> passage3 ,h]r]a assures u t ! ,mexicans ate ! human victims :om !y immolat$4 ,mo/ ( ! fir/ travell]s & mission>ies say t ! ,brazilians1 ! ,c>ibbees1 ! ,iroquois1 ! ,hurons1 & "s o!r tribes1 ate _! captives tak5 9 w>2 & !y d n consid] ?is z ! practice ( "s individuals alone1 b z a national usage4 ,s _m writ]s1 anci5t & mod]n1 h spok5 ( cannibals1 t x is difficult to d5y _! exi/5ce4 ,a hunt+ p1 l ! ,brazilians or ! ,canadians1 n always hav+ a c]ta9 subsi/5ce1 may sometimes become cannibals4 ,fam9e & rev5ge accu/om$ !m to ?is k9d ( food2 & :ile 9 ! mo/ civiliz$ ages we see ! p ( ,p>is dev\r+ ! ble$+ rema9s ( ,m>%al d',ancre1 & ! p ( ,! ,hague eat+ ! he>t ( ! gr& p5sion>y1 ,de ,witt1 we ought n to be surpris$ t a mom5t>y outrage among u has be5 cont9ual among savages4 ,! mo/ anci5t books we h leave no room to d\bt t hung] has driv5 m5 to ?is excess4 ,! prophet ,ezekiel1 accord+ to "s comm5tators1 promises to ! ,hebrews f ,god t if !y def5d !mselves well aga9/ ! k+ ( ,p]sia1 !y %all eat ( '! fle% ( horses & ( mighty m54' ,m>co ,polo says t 9 8 "t 9 a "p ( ,t>t>y ! magicians or prie/s--x 0 ! same ?+--_h ! privilege ( eat+ ! fle% ( crim9als condemn$ to dea?4 ,all ?is is %ock+ to ! feel+s2 b ! picture ( humanity mu/ (t5 h ! same effect4 ,h[ c x h be5 t nations con/antly sep>at$ f "o ano!r h unit$ 9 s horrible a cu/om8 ,mu/ we believe t x is n s absolutely oppos$ to human nature z x appe>s to be8 ,x is c]ta9 t x has be5 r>e1 b x is equally c]ta9 t x has exi/$4 ,x is n kn[n t ! ,t>t>s & ! ,jews (t5 ate _! fell[ creatures4 ,dur+ ! sieges ( ,sanc]re & ,p>is1 9 our religi\s w>s1 hung] & despair compell$ mo!rs to fe$ on ! fle% ( _! *ildr54 ,! *>itable ,las ,casas1 bi%op ( ,*iapa1 says t ?is horror 0 committ$ 9 ,am]ica1 only by "s nations among :om he _h n travell$4 ,dampi]re assures u t he nev] met ) cannibals2 & at ?is day !re are n1 p]haps1 any tribes :i* reta9 ?is horrible cu/om4 ,am]icus ,vespucius says 9 "o ( 8 lett]s t ! ,brazilians 7 mu* a/oni%$ :5 he made !m und]/& t = a long "t ! ,europeans _h n eat5 _! prison]s ( w>4 ,accord+ to ,juv5al's fifte5? satire1 ! ,gascons & ! ,spani>ds _h be5 guilty ( ?is b>b>ity4 ,he himself witness$ a simil> abom9ation 9 ,egypt dur+ ! consulate ( ,junius4 ,a qu>rel happ5+ betwe5 ! inhabitants ( ,t5tyra & ^? ( ,ombi1 !y f\ght2 & an ,ombian hav+ fall5 into ! h&s ( ! ,t5tyrians1 !y _h him cook$1 & ate him1 all b ! b>e bones4 ,b he does n say t ?is 0 ! usual cu/om2 on ! contr>y1 he speaks ( x z an act ( m ?an ord9>y fury4 ,! ,jesuit ,*>levoix1 :om ,i knew v well1 & :o 0 a man ( great v]acity1 gives u cle>ly to und]/& 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,canada1 9 :i* c\ntry he resid$ ?irty ye>s1 t all ! nations ( nor!rn ,am]ica 7 cannibals2 s9ce he rem>ks1 z a ?+ v extraord9>y1 t 9 #agaa ! ,acadians did n eat m54 ,! ,jesuit ,brebeuf relates t 9 #afdj ! fir/ ,iroquois t 0 conv]t$1 hav+ un=tunately got drunk ) br&y1 0 tak5 by ! ,hurons1 !n at w> ) ! ,iroquois4 ,! prison]1 baptiz$ by ,fa!r ,brebeuf by ! "n ( ,joseph1 0 condemn$ to dea?4 ,he 0 put to a ?\s& tortures1 :i* he endur$1 s++ all ! :ile1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( 8 c\ntry4 ,!y f9i%$ by cutt+ (f a foot1 a h&1 & la/ly 8 head2 aft] :i* ! ,hurons put all ! memb]s into a cauldron1 ea* "o p>took ( !m1 & a piece 0 (f]$ to ,fa!r ,brebeuf4 ,*>levoix speaks 9 ano!r place ( tw5ty-two ,hurons eat5 by ! ,iroquois4 ,x _c1 !n1 be d\bt$1 t 9 m c\ntries ?an "o1 human nature has rea*$ ?is la/ pit* ( horror2 & ?is execrable cu/om mu/ be ( ! highe/ antiquity2 = we see 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures t ! ,jews 7 ?reat5$ ) eat+ _! *ildr5 if !y did n obey _! laws4 ,! ,jews are told n only t !y %all h ! it*1 & t _! wives %all give !mselves up to o!rs1 b also t !y %all eat _! sons & daught]s 9 angui% & deva/ation2 t !y %all cont5d ) "o ano!r = ! eat+ ( _! *ildr52 & t ! husb& w n give to 8 wife a morsel ( h] son1 because1 he w say1 he has h>dly en\gh = himself4 ,"s v bold critics d inde$ ass]t t ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy 0 n compos$ until aft] ! siege ( ,sam>ia by ,b5hadad1 dur+ :i*1 x is said 9 ! ,second ,book ( ,k+s1 t mo!rs ate _! *ildr54 ,b ^! critics1 9 consid]+ ,deut]onomy z a book writt5 aft] ! siege ( ,sam>ia1 d b v]ify ?is t]rible occurr5ce4 ,o!rs ass]t t x c\ld n happ5 z x is relat$ 9 ! ,second ,book ( ,k+s4 ,x is !re said3 ,& z ! k+ ( ,israel 0 pass+ by ^u ! wall ( ,sam>ia1 !re cri$ a woman unto him1 say+1 ',help1 my "l1 ,o k+4' ,& he said1 ',if ! ,"l d n help !e1 :5ce %all ,i help !e8 out ( ! b>n floor8 or out ( ! w9e-press8' ,& ! k+ said unto h]1 ',:at aile? !e8' ,& %e answ]$1 ',?is woman said unto me1 give ?y son1 t we may eat him to-day1 & we %all eat my son to-morr[4 ,s we boil$ my son1 & did eat him2 & ,i said unto h] on ! next day1 ',give ?y son1 t we may eat him1' & %e ha? hid h] son4' ,^! c5sors ass]t t x is n likely t :ile ,k+ ,b5hadad 0 besieg+ ,sam>ia1 ,k+ ,joram pass$ quietly by ! wall1 or ^u ! wall1 to settle diff]5ces betwe5 ,sam>itan wom54 ,x is /ill less likely t "o *ild %\ld n h satisfi$ two wom5 = two days4 ,!re mu/ h be5 en\gh to fe$ !m = f\r days at lea/4 ,b let ^! critics reason z !y may1 we mu/ believe t fa!rs & mo!rs ate _! *ildr5 dur+ ! siege ( ,sam>ia1 s9ce x is expressly =etold 9 ,deut]onomy4 ,! same ?+ happ5$ at ! siege ( ,j]usalem by ,nebu*adnezz>2 & ?is1 too1 0 =etold by ,ezekiel4 ,j]emiah exclaims1 9 8 ,lam5tations3 ,%all ! wom5 eat _! fruit1 & *ildr5 ( a span long8 ,& 9 ano!r place3 ,! h&s ( ! pitiful wom5 h sodd5 _! own *ildr54 ,"h may be add$ ! words ( ,b>u*3 ,man has eat5 ! fle% ( 8 son & ( 8 daught]4 ,?is horror is repeat$ s (t5 t x _c b be true4 ,la/ly1 we "k ! /ory relat$ 9 ,josephus1 ( ! woman :o f$ on ! fle% ( h] son :5 ,titus 0 besieg+ ,j]usalem4 ,! book attribut$ to ,eno*1 cit$ by ,/4 ,jude1 says t ! giants born f ! comm]ce ( ! angels ) ! daught]s ( m5 7 ! fir/ cannibals4 ,9 ! eigh? homily attribut$ to ,/4 ,clem5t1 ,/4 ,pet]1 :o is made to speak 9 x1 says t ^! same giants qu5*$ _! ?ir/ ) human blood & ate ! fle% ( _! fell[ creatures4 ,h5ce result$1 adds ! au?or1 maladies until !n unkn[n2 mon/]s ( all k9ds sprung up on ! e>?2 & !n x 0 t ,god resolv$ to dr[n all human k9d4 ,all ?is %[s u h[ univ]sal 0 ! reign+ op9ion ( ! exi/5ce ( cannibals4 ,:at ,/4 ,pet] is made to say 9 ,/4 ,clem5t's homily has a palpable aff9ity ) ! /ory ( ,lycaon1 "o ( ! olde/ ( ,greek fables1 & :i* we f9d 9 ! fir/ book ( ,ovid's ,metamorphoses4 ,! ,relations ( ! ,indies & ,*9a1 writt5 9 ! eigh? c5tury by two ,arabs1 & translat$ by ! ,abb ,r5audot1 is n a book to :i* implicit cr$it %\ld be atta*$2 f> f x2 b we mu/ n reject all ^! two travell]s say1 especially :5 _! te/imony is corroborat$ by t ( o!r au?ors :o h m]it$ "s belief4 ,!y tell u t !re are 9 ! ,indian ,sea isl&s peopl$ ) blacks :o ate m52 !y call ^! isl&s ,ramni4 ,m>co ,polo1 :o _h n read ! works ( ^! two ,arabs1 says ! same ?+ f\r hundr$ ye>s aft] !m4 ,ar*bi%op ,nav>ette1 :o 0 aft]w>ds a voyag] 9 ! same seas1 confirms ?is acc\nt3 ,los ,europeos que cog51 es con/ante que vivos se los van comi5do4 ,texeira ass]ts t ! p ( ,java ate human fle%1 :i* abom9able cu/om !y _h n left (f m ?an two hundr$ ye>s be=e 8 "t4 ,he adds t !y did n le>n mild] mann]s until !y embrac$ ,mahometanism4 ,! same ?+ has be5 said ( ! p ( ,pegu1 ( ! ,kaffirs1 & ( sev]al o!r ,african nations4 ,m>co ,polo1 :om we h j n[ cit$1 says t 9 "s ,t>t> hordes1 :5 a crim9al _h be5 condemn$ to dea? !y made a meal ( him3 ,hanno co/oro un be/iale e orribile co/ume1 *e qu&o alcuno e guidicato a morte1 lo tolgono1 e cuocono1 e mangian' selo4 ,:at is m extraord9>y & incr$ible is t ! two ,arabs attribut$ to ! ,*9ese :at ,m>co ,polo says ( "s ( ! ,t>t>s3 t1 9 g5]al1 ! ,*9ese eat all :o h be5 kill$4 ,?is abom9ation is s repugnant to ,*9ese mann]s1 t x _c be believ$4 ,fa!r ,p>5n9 has refut$ x by say+ t x is unwor?y ( refutation4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ t ! eigh? c5tury1 ! "t :5 ^! ,arabs wrote _! travels1 0 "o ( ^? mo/ disa/r\s to ! ,*9ese4 ,two hundr$ ?\s& ,t>t>s pass$ ! great wall1 plund]$ ,pek91 & ev]y:]e spread ! mo/ horrible desolation4 ,x is v likely t !re 0 !n a great fam9e1 = ,*9a 0 z popul\s z x is n[2 & "s poor creatures among ! l[e/ ( ! p might eat dead bodies4 ,:at int]e/ c\ld ^! ,arabians h 9 inv5t+ s disgu/+ a fable8 ,p]haps !y1 l mo/ o!r travell]s1 took a p>ticul> in/ance = a national cu/om4 ,n to g s f> = examples1 we h "o 9 our own c\ntry1 9 ! v prov9ce 9 :i* ,i write2 x is atte/$ by our conqu]or1 our ma/]1 ,julius ,cs>4 ,he 0 besieg+ ,alexia1 9 ! ,auxois4 ,! besieg$ be+ resolv$ to def5d !mselves to ! la/ extremity1 & want+ provisions1 a great c\ncil 0 assembl$1 9 :i* "o ( ! *iefs1 nam$ ,critognatus1 propos$ t ! *ildr5 %\ld be eat5 "o aft] ano!r to su/a9 ! /r5g? ( ! combatants4 ,8 proposal 0 c>ri$ by a majority ( voices4 ,nor is ?is all2 ,critognatus 9 8 h>angue tells !m t _! ance/ors _h _h rec\rse to ! same k9d ( su/5ance 9 ! w> ) ! ,cimbri & ,teutones4 ,we w conclude ) ! te/imony ( ,montaigne4 ,speak+ ( :at 0 told him by ! companions ( ,villegagnon1 return$ f ,brazil1 & ( :at he _h se5 9 ,france1 he c]tifies t ! ,brazilians ate _! enemies kill$ 9 w>1 b m>k :at foll[s3 ,is x m b>b>\s to eat a man :5 dead ?an to h him roa/$ by a sl[ fire1 or torn to pieces by dogs & sw9e1 z is yet fre% 9 our memories--& t n betwe5 anci5t enemies1 b among neighbors & fell[-citiz5s--&1 :i* is worse1 on pret5ce ( piety & religion8 ,:at a "q = a philosoph] l ,montaigne6 ,!n1 if ,anacreon & ,tibullus _h be5 ,iroquois1 !y w\ld h eat5 m56 ,alas6 alas6 ,,section ,,iii4 ,well2 two ,engli%m5 h sail$ r\nd ! _w4 ,!y h discov]$ t ,new ,holl& is an isl& l>g] ?an ,europe1 & t m5 /ill eat "o ano!r !re1 z 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,:5ce come ?is race8 suppos+ t !y exi/4 ,are !y desc5d$ f ! anci5t ,egyptians1 f ! anci5t p ( ,e?iopia1 f ! ,africans1 f ! ,indians--or f ! vultures1 or ! wolves8 ,:at a contra/ betwe5 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 or ,epictetus1 & ! cannibals ( ,new ,zeal&6 ,yet !y h ! same organs1 !y are alike human be+s4 ,we h already treat$ on ?is prop]ty ( ! human race2 x may n be amiss to add ano!r p>agraph4 ,! foll[+ are ,/4 ,j]ome's own words 9 "o ( 8 lett]s3 ,quid loqu> de ct]is nationibus1 quum ipse adolesc5tulus 9 ,gallia vid]im ,scotos1 g5tem ,britannicam1 humanis vesci c>nibus1 et quum p] silvas porcorum greges pecudumque rep]iant1 tam5 pa/orum nates et fm9>um papillas sol]e absc9d]e et has solas ciborum delicias arbitr>i8--,:at %all ,i say ( o!r nations2 :5 ,i myself1 :5 "y1 h se5 ,scot*m5 9 ,gaul1 :o1 ?\gh !y might h f$ on sw9e & o!r animals ( ! =e/1 *ose r to cut (f ! po/]iors ( ! y\?s & ! brea/s ( ! "y wom51 & consid]$ !m z ! mo/ delici\s food4 ,pell\ti]1 :o s\ght = ev]y?+ t might d honor to ! ,celts1 took ! pa9s to contradict ,j]ome1 & to ma9ta9 t 8 cr$ulity _h be5 impos$ on4 ,b ,j]ome speaks v gravely1 & ( :at he saw4 ,we may1 ) def]5ce1 dispute ) a fa!r ( ! *ur* ab\t :at he has he>d2 b to d\bt ( :at he has se5 is go+ v f>4 ,aft] all1 ! safe/ way is to d\bt ( ev]y?+1 ev5 ( :at we h se5 ourselves4 ,"o ^w m on cannibalism4 ,9 a book :i* has _h consid]able success among ! well-dispos$ we f9d ! foll[+1 or words to ! same effect3 ,9 ,cromwell's "t a woman :o kept a tall[ *&l]'s %op 9 ,dubl9 sold excell5t c&les1 made ( ! fat ( ,engli%m54 ,aft] "s "t "o ( h] cu/om]s compla9$ t ! c&les 7 n s good4 ',sir1' said ! woman1 'x is because we are %ort ( ,engli%m54' ,i ask :i* 7 ! mo/ guilty--^? :o assass9at$ ! ,engli%1 or ! poor woman :o made c&les ( _! fat8 ,& fur!r1 ,i ask :i* 0 ! greate/ crime--to h ,engli%m5 cook$ = d9n]1 or to use _! tall[ to give light at supp]8 ,x appe>s to me t ! great evil is ! be+ kill$2 x matt]s little to u :e!r1 aft] dea?1 we are roa/$ on ! spit or are made into c&les4 ,inde$1 no well-dispos$ man c be unwill+ to be useful :5 he is dead4 ,,ca/+ 7,,9 ,,metal74 ,!re is n an anci5t fable1 n an old absurdity :i* "s simpleton w n revive1 & t 9 a magi/]ial tone1 if x be b au?oriz$ by "s classical or !ological writ]4 ,lycophron 7if ,i rememb] rightly7 relates t a horde ( robb]s :o _h be5 ju/ly condemn$ 9 ,e?iopia by ,k+ ,actisanes to lose _! e>s & noses1 fl$ to ! cat>acts ( ! ,nile & f !nce p5etrat$ into ! ,s&y ,des]t1 :]e !y at l5g? built ! temple ( ,jupit] ,ammon4 ,lycophron1 & aft] him ,!opompus1 tells u t ^! b&itti1 r$uc$ to extreme want1 hav+ nei!r %oes1 nor clo!s1 nor ut5sils1 nor bread1 be?\ght !mselves ( rais+ a /atue ( gold to an ,egyptian god4 ,?is /atue 0 ord]$ "o ev5+ & made 9 ! c\rse ( ! night4 ,a memb] ( ! univ]sity mu* atta*$ to ,lycophron & ! ,e?iopian robb]s ass]ts t no?+ 0 m common 9 ! v5]able ages ( antiquity ?an to ca/ a /atue ( gold 9 "o night1 & aft]w>ds ?r[ x into a fire to r$uce x to an impalpable p[d]1 9 ord] to be swall[$ by a :ole p4 ,b :]e did ^! poor devils1 )\t bree*es1 f9d s mu* gold8 ,:at1 sir6 says ! man ( le>n+1 d y =get t !y _h /ol5 en\gh to buy all ,africa & t _! daught]s' e>r+s alone 7 wor? n9e millions five hundr$ ?\s& livres ( our curr5cy8 ,be x s4 ,b = ca/+ a /atue a little prep>ation is necess>y4 ,m4 ,le ,mo9e employ$ ne>ly two ye>s 9 ca/+ t ( ,l\is ,,xv4 ,oh6 b ?is ,jupit] ,ammon 0 at mo/ b ?ree feet high4 ,g to any pewt]]2 w he n make y half a doz5 plates 9 a day8 ,sir1 a /atue ( ,jupit] is h>d] to make ?an pewt] plates1 & ,i ev5 d\bt :e!r y\r ?ieves _h :]e) to make plates s quickly1 clev] z !y might be at pilf]+4 ,x is n v likely t !y _h ! necess>y app>atus2 !y _h m ne$ to provide !mselves ) meal4 ,i respect ,lycophron mu*1 b ?is pr(\nd ,greek & 8 yet m pr(\nd comm5tators "k s little ( ! arts--!y are s le>n$ 9 all t is useless1 & s ignorant 9 all t conc]ns ! necess>ies & conv5i5ces ( life1 pr(essions1 trades1 & daily occupations t we w take ?is opportunity ( in=m+ !m h[ a metal figure is ca/4 ,?is is an op]ation :i* !y w f9d nei!r 9 ,lycophron1 nor 9 ,mane?o1 nor ev5 9 ,/4 ,?omas's dream4 ,i omit _m o!r prep>ations :i* ! encyclopdi/s1 especially ,m4 ,did]ot1 h expla9$ mu* bett] ?an ,i c\ld d1 9 ! "w :i* mu/ immortalize _! glory z well z all ! arts4 ,b to =m a cle> idea ( ! process ( ?is art ! arti/ mu/ be se5 at "w4 ,no "o c ev] le>n 9 a book to weave /ock+s1 nor to poli% diamonds1 nor to "w tape/ry4 ,arts & trades are le>n$ only by example & practice4 ,,cato4 ,,on ,,suicide1 ,,& ,,! ,,abbe ,,/4 ,,cyran's ,,book ,,legitimat+ ,,suicide4 ,! +5i\s ,la ,motte says ( ,cato1 9 "o ( 8 philosophical r ?an poetical odes3 ,caton1 d'une me plus gale1 ,s\s l'heureux va9queur de ,ph>sale1 ,et s\ff]t que ,rome plit2 ,mais1 incapable de se r5dre1 ,il n'eut pas la =ce d'att5dre ,un p>don qui l'humilit4 ,/]n ,cato1 ) m equal s\l1 ,_h b[$ to ,cs>'s wide control-- ,) ,rome _h to ! conqu]or b[$-- ,b t 8 _s1 r\gh & pr\d1 ,_h n ! c\rage to await ,a p>don$ foe's too humbl+ fate4 ,x 01 ,i believe1 because ,cato's s\l 0 always equal1 & reta9$ to ! la/ its love = 8 c\ntry & h] laws t he *ose r to p]i% ) h] ?an to cr\* to ! tyrant4 ,he di$ z he _h liv$4 ,incapable ( surr5d]+6 ,& to :om8 ,to ! enemy ( ,rome--to ! man :o _h =cibly robb$ ! public treasury 9 ord] to make w> ^u 8 fell[-citiz5s & enslave !m by means ( _! own money4 ,a p>don$ foe6 ,x seems z if ,la ,motte-,h\d>t 7 speak+ ( "s revolt$ subject :o might h obta9$ 8 maje/y's p>don by lett]s 9 *anc]y4 ,x seems r absurd to say t ,cato slew himself ?r\gh weakness4 ,none b a /rong m9d c ?us surm\nt ! mo/ p[]ful in/9ct ( nature4 ,?is /r5g? is sometimes t ( fr5zy1 b a frantic man is n weak4 ,suicide is =bidd5 among/ u by ! canon law4 ,b ! decretals1 :i* =m ! jurisprud5ce ( a "p ( ,europe1 7 unkn[n to ,cato1 to ,brutus1 to ,cassius1 to ! sublime ,arria1 to ! ,emp]or ,o?o1 to ,m>k ,antony1 & ! re/ ( ! h]oes ( true ,rome1 :o pref]r$ a volunt>y dea? to a life :i* !y believ$ to be ignom9i\s4 ,we1 too1 kill ourselves1 b x is :5 we h lo/ our money1 or 9 ! v r>e excess ( fooli% passion = an unwor?y object4 ,i h kn[n wom5 kill !mselves = ! mo/ /upid m5 imag9able4 ,& sometimes we kill ourselves :5 we are 9 bad heal?1 :i* action is a real weakness4 ,disgu/ ) our own exi/5ce1 we>9ess ( ourselves is a malady :i* is likewise a cause ( suicide4 ,! rem$y is a little ex]cise1 music1 hunt+1 ! play1 or an agreeable woman4 ,! man :o1 9 a fit ( melan*oly1 kills himself to-day1 w\ld h wi%$ to live _h he wait$ a week4 ,i 0 almo/ an eye-witness ( a suicide :i* des]ves ! att5tion ( all cultivators ( physical sci5ce4 ,a man ( a s]i\s pr(ession1 ( mature age1 ( regul> conduct1 )\t passions1 & above indig5ce1 kill$ himself on ,oct4 #ag1 #agfi1 & left to ! t[n c\ncil ( ! place :]e he 0 born1 a writt5 apology = 8 volunt>y dea?1 :i* x 0 ?\ght prop] n to publi% le/ x %\ld enc\rage m5 to quit a life ( :i* s mu* ill is said4 ,?us f> !re is no?+ extraord9>y2 su* in/ances are almo/ e day to be met )4 ,! a/oni%+ "p ( ! /ory is ?is3 ,8 bro!r & 8 fa!r _h ea* kill$ himself at ! same age4 ,:at secret disposition ( organs1 :at sympa?y1 :at concurr5ce ( physical laws1 occasions a fa!r & 8 two sons to p]i% by _! own h&s1 & by ! same k9d ( dea?1 precisely :5 !y h atta9$ su* a ye>8 ,is x a disease :i* unfolds itself successively 9 ! diff]5t memb]s ( a family--z we (t5 see fa!rs & *ildr5 die ( smallpox1 consumption1 or any o!r compla9t8 ,?ree or f\r g5]ations h become deaf or bl9d1 g\ty or scorbutic1 at a pr$et]m9$ p]iod4 ,physical organization1 ( :i* moral is ! (fspr+1 transmits ! same "* f fa!r to son ?r\gh a succession ( ages4 ,! ,appii 7 always haughty & inflexible1 ! ,catos always sev]e4 ,! :ole l9e ( ! ,guises 7 bold1 ra%1 facti\s2 comp\nd$ ( ! mo/ insol5t pride1 & ! mo/ s$uctive polit5ess4 ,f ,francis de ,guise to him :o alone & 9 sil5ce w5t & put himself at ! head ( ! p ( ,naples1 !y 7 all1 9 figure1 9 c\rage1 & 9 turn ( m9d1 above ord9>y m54 ,i h se5 :ole l5g? portraits ( ,francis de ,guise1 ( ! ,balafr1 & ( 8 son3 !y are all six feet high1 ) ! same features1 ! same c\rage & boldness 9 ! =ehead1 ! eye1 & ! attitude4 ,?is cont9uity1 ?is s]ies ( be+s alike is /ill m obs]vable 9 animals1 & if z mu* c>e 7 tak5 to p]petuate f9e races ( m5 z "s nations /ill take to prev5t ! mix+ ( ! bre$s ( _! horses & h\nds ! g5ealogy w\ld be writt5 9 ! c\nt5ance & display$ 9 ! mann]s4 ,!re h be5 races ( crook$ & ( six-f+]$ p1 z we see r$-hair$1 ?ick-lipp$1 long-nos$1 & flat-nos$ races4 ,b t nature %\ld s dispose ! organs ( a :ole race t at a c]ta9 age ea* individual ( t family w h a passion = self-de/ruction--?is is a problem :i* all ! sagacity ( ! mo/ att5tive anatomi/s _c resolve4 ,! effect is c]ta9ly all physical1 b x belongs to occult physics4 ,inde$1 :at pr9ciple is n occult8 ,we are n in=m$1 nor is x likely t 91 ! "t ( ,cs> & ! emp]ors ! inhabitants ( ,great ,brita9 kill$ !mselves z delib]ately z !y n[ d1 :5 !y h ! vapors :i* !y d5om9ate ! sple54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,romans1 :o nev] _h ! sple51 did n hesitate to put !mselves to dea?4 ,!y reason$1 !y 7 philosoph]s1 & ! p ( ! isl& ( ,brita9 7 n s4 ,n[1 ,engli% citiz5s are philosoph]s & ,roman citiz5s are no?+4 ,! ,engli%man quits ?is life pr\dly & disda9fully :5 ! :im takes him1 b ! ,roman mu/ h an indulg5tia 9 articulo mortis2 he c nei!r live nor die4 ,sir ,william ,temple says t a man %\ld dep>t :5 he has no long] any pleasure 9 rema9+4 ,s di$ ,atticus4 ,"y wom5 :o hang & dr[n !mselves = love %\ld !n li/5 to ! voice ( hope1 = *anges are z frequ5t 9 love z 9 o!r affairs4 ,an almo/ infallible means ( sav+ y\rself f ! desire ( self-de/ruction is always to h some?+ to d4 ,cree*1 ! comm5tator on ,lucretius1 m>k$ ^u 8 manuscripts3 ,n4,b4 ,mu/ hang myself :5 ,i h f9i%$4 ,he kept 8 ^w ) himself t he might h ! pleasure ( end+ l 8 au?or4 ,if he _h und]tak5 a comm5t>y ^u ,ovid he w\ld h liv$ long]4 ,:y h we few] suicides 9 ! c\ntry ?an 9 ! t[ns8 ,because 9 ! fields only ! body suff]s2 9 ! t[n x is ! m9d4 ,! labor] has n "t to be melan*oly2 none kill !mselves b ! idle--!y :o1 9 ! eyes ( ! multitude1 are s happy4 ,i %all "h relate "s suicides t h happ5$ 9 my own "t1 sev]al ( :i* h already be5 publi%$ 9 o!r works4 ,! dead may be made useful to ! liv+3 ,a ,brief ,acc\nt ( ,"s ,s+ul> ,suicides4 ,philip ,mordaunt1 c\s9-g]man to ! celebrat$ e>l ( ,pet]bor\gh--s well kn[n 9 all ! ,european c\rts1 & :o boa/$ ( hav+ se5 m po/illions & k+s ?an any o!r man--0 a "y man ( tw5ty-sev51 h&some1 well made1 ri*1 ( noble blood1 ) ! highe/ pret5sions1 &1 :i* 0 m ?an all1 ador$ by 8 mi/ress1 yet ,mordaunt 0 seiz$ ) a disgu/ = life4 ,he paid 8 debts1 wrote to 8 fri5ds1 & ev5 made "s v]ses on ! occasion4 ,he dispat*$ himself ) a pi/ol )\t hav+ giv5 any o!r reason ?an t 8 s\l 0 tir$ ( 8 body & t :5 we are dissatisfi$ ) our abode we ought to quit x4 ,x seem$ t he wi%$ to die because he 0 disgu/$ ) 8 good =tune4 ,9 #agbf ,ri*>d ,smi? exhibit$ a /range spectacle to ! _w f a v diff]5t cause4 ,ri*>d ,smi? 0 disgu/$ ) real mis=tune4 ,he _h be5 ri*1 & he 0 poor2 he _h be5 9 heal?1 & he 0 infirm2 he _h a wife ) :om he _h naught b 8 mis]y to %>e2 _! only rema9+ prop]ty 0 a *ild 9 ! cradle4 ,ri*>d ,smi? & ,bridget ,smi?1 ) common cons5t1 hav+ embrac$ ea* o!r t5d]ly & giv5 _! infant ! la/ kiss began ) kill+ ! poor *ild1 aft] :i* !y hang$ !mselves to ! po/s ( _! b$4 ,i d n "k any o!r act ( cold-blood$ horror s /rik+ z ?is4 ,b ! lett] :i* ^! un=tunate p]sons wrote to _! c\s91 ,mr4 ,br9dley1 be=e _! dea?1 is z s+ul> z _! dea? itself4 ,we believe1 say !y1 t ,god w =give u4444 ,we quit ?is life because we are mis]able--)\t res\rce1 & we h done our only son ! s]vice ( kill+ him1 le/ he %\ld become z un=tunate z ourselves4444 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t ^! p1 aft] kill+ _! son ?r\gh p>5tal t5d]ness1 wrote to recomm5d _! dog & cat to ! c>e ( a fri5d4 ,x seems !y ?\ght x easi] to make a cat & dog happy 9 ?is life ?an a *ild1 & !y w\ld n be a burd5 to _! fri5ds4 ,"l ,sc>bor\gh quitt$ ?is life 9 #agbg1 ) ! same coolness z he _h quitt$ 8 (fice ( ,ma/] ( ! ,horse4 ,he 0 reproa*$1 9 ! ,h\se ( ,pe]s1 ) tak+ ! k+'s "p because he _h a good place at c\rt4 ,my lords1 said he1 to prove to y t my op9ion is indep5d5t ( my place1 ,i resign x ?is mom5t4 ,he aft]w>ds f\nd himself 9 a p]plex+ dilemma betwe5 a mi/ress :om he lov$1 b to :om he _h promis$ no?+1 & a woman :om he e/eem$1 & to :om he _h promis$ m>riage4 ,he kill$ himself to escape f 8 emb>rassm5t4 ,^! tragical /ories :i* sw>m 9 ! ,engli% newspap]s1 h made ! re/ ( ,europe ?9k t1 9 ,engl&1 m5 kill !mselves m will+ly ?an else:]e4 ,h[ev]1 ,i "k n b !re are z _m madm5 or h]oes to be f\nd 9 ,p>is z 9 ,london4 ,p]haps1 if our newspap]s kept an exact li/ ( all :o _h be5 s infatuat$ z to seek _! own de/ruction1 & s lam5tably c\rage\s z to effect x1 we %\ld1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 h ! mis=tune to rival ! ,engli%4 ,b our j\rnals are m discreet4 ,9 su* ( !m z are ackn[l$g$ by ! gov]nm5t private occurr5ces are nev] expos$ to public sl&]4 ,all ,i c v5ture to say ) assurance is t !re is no reason to appreh5d t ?is rage = self-murd] w ev] become an epidemical disord]4 ,aga9/ ?is1 nature has too well provid$4 ,hope & fe> are ! p[]ful ag5ts :i* %e (t5 employs to /ay ! h& ( ! unhappy individual ab\t to /rike at 8 own brea/4 ,c>d9al ,dubois 0 once he>d to say to himself3 ,kill ?yself6 ,c[>d1 ?\ d>e/ n6 ,x is said t !re h be5 c\ntries 9 :i* a c\ncil 0 e/abli%$ to grant ! citiz5s p]mission to kill !mselves :5 !y _h good & suffici5t reasons4 ,i answ] ei!r t x 0 n s or t ^? magi/rates _h n mu* to d4 ,x might1 inde$1 a/oni% u1 & does1 ,i ?9k1 m]it a s]i\s exam9ation1 t almo/ all ! anci5t ,roman h]oes kill$ !mselves :5 !y _h lo/ a battle 9 ! civil w>s4 ,b ,i d n f9d1 nei!r 9 ! "t ( ! ,league1 nor 9 t ( ! ,frond1 nor 9 ! tr\bles ( ,italy1 nor 9 ^? ( ,engl&1 t any *ief ?\ght prop] to die by 8 own h&4 ,^! *iefs1 x is true1 7 ,*ri/ians1 & !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! pr9ciples ( a ,*ri/ian w>rior & ^? ( a ,pagan h]o4 ,b :y 7 ^! m5 :om ,*ri/ianity re/ra9$ :5 !y w\ld h put !mselves to dea?1 re/ra9$ by no?+ :5 !y *ose to poison1 assass9ate1 & br+ _! conqu]$ enemies to ! scaffold8 ,does n ! ,*ri/ian religion =bid ^! murd]s mu* m ?an self-murd]1 ( :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t makes no m5tion8 ,! apo/les ( suicide tell u t x is q all[able to quit "o's h\se :5 "o is tir$ ( x4 ,agre$1 b mo/ m5 w\ld pref] sleep+ 9 a mean h\se to ly+ 9 ! op5 air4 ,i once receiv$ a circul> lett] f an ,engli%man1 9 :i* he (f]$ a prize to any "o :o %\ld mo/ satisfactorily prove t !re are occasions on :i* a man might kill himself4 ,i made no answ]3 ,i _h no?+ to prove to him4 ,he _h only to exam9e :e!r he lik$ bett] to die ?an to live4 ,ano!r ,engli%man came to me at ,p>is 9 #agbd2 he 0 ill1 & promis$ me t he w\ld kill himself if he 0 n cur$ by ,july #bj4 ,he accord+ly gave me 8 epitaph 9 ^! words3 ,valet curia6 ,f>ewell c>e6 & gave me tw5ty-five l\is to get a small monum5t erect$ to him at ! end ( ! ,faub\rg ,/4 ,m>t94 ,i return$ him 8 money on ,july #bj1 & kept 8 epitaph4 ,9 my own "t ! la/ pr9ce ( ! h\se ( ,c\rt5ai1 :5 v old1 & ! la/ bran* ( ,lorra9e-,h>c\rt1 :5 v "y1 de/roy$ !mselves almo/ )\t its be+ he>d (4 ,^! occurr5ces cause a t]rible upro> ! fir/ day1 b :5 ! prop]ty ( ! deceas$ has be5 divid$ !y are no long] talk$ (4 ,! foll[+ mo/ rem>kable ( all suicides has j occurr$ at ,lyons1 9 ,june1 #aggj3 ,a "y man well kn[n1 :o 0 h&some1 well made1 clev]1 & amiable1 fell 9 love ) a "y woman :om h] p>5ts w\ld n give to him4 ,s f> we h no?+ m ?an ! op5+ sc5e ( a com$y1 ! a/oni%+ trag$y is to foll[4 ,! lov] broke a blood-vessel & ! surgeons in=m$ him !re 0 no rem$y4 ,8 mi/ress engag$ to meet him1 ) two pi/ols & two dagg]s 9 ord] t1 if ! pi/ols miss$ ! dagg]s might ! next mom5t pi]ce _! he>ts4 ,!y embrac$ ea* o!r = ! la/ "t3 rose-color$ ribbons 7 ti$ to ! trigg]s ( ! pi/ols2 ! lov] hold+ ! ribbon ( 8 mi/ress's pi/ol1 :ile %e held ! ribbon ( 84 ,bo? fir$ at a signal giv51 & bo? fell at ! same in/ant4 ,( ?is fact ! :ole city ( ,lyons is witness4 ,ptus & ,arria1 y set ! example1 b y 7 condemn$ by a tyrant1 :ile love alone immolat$ ^! two victims4 ,laws ,aga9/ ,suicide4 ,has any law1 civil or religi\s1 ev] =bidd5 a man to kill himself1 on pa9 ( be+ hang$ aft] dea?1 or on pa9 ( be+ damn$8 ,x is true t ,virgil has said3 ,proximo1 de9de t55t m/i loca1 qui sibi le?um ,insontes pep]]e manu1 lucemque p]osi ,projec]e animas4 ,quam vell5t !re 9 alto ,nunc et paup]iem et duros p]f]re labores6 ,fata ob/ant1 tri/ique palus inamabilis unda ,alligat1 et novies ,/yx int]fusa co]cet4 --,,neis1 lib4 vi4 v4 #dcd et seq4 ,! next 9 place1 & puni%m5t1 are !y ,:o prodigally ?r[ _! s\ls away-- ,fools1 :o rep9+ at _! wret*$ /ate1 ,& loa?+ anxi\s life1 suborn _! fate2 ,) late rep5tance n[ !y w\ld retrieve ,! bodies !y =sook1 & wi% to live2 ,_! pa9s & pov]ty desire to be>1 ,to view ! light ( heav5 & brea! ! vital air2-- ,b fate =bids1 ! ,/ygian floods oppose1 ,&1 ) n9e circl+ /reams1 ! captive s\ls inclose4 --,,dryd54 ,su* 0 ! religion ( "s ( ! pagans1 yet1 not)/&+ ! we>9ess :i* await$ !m 9 ! next _w x 0 an honor to quit ?is by kill+ !mselves--s contradictory are ! ways ( m54 ,& among u is n duell+ un=tunately /ill honorable1 ?\gh =bidd5 by reason1 by religion1 & by e law8 ,if ,cato & ,cs>1 ,antony & ,augu/us1 7 n duelli/s x 0 n t !y 7 less brave ?an our ,fr5*m54 ,if ! duke ( ,montmor5cy1 ,m>%al de ,m>illac1 de ,?\1 ,c9q-,m>s1 & s _m o!rs1 *ose r to be dragg$ to execution 9 a wagon1 l highwaym51 ?an to kill !mselves l ,cato & ,brutus1 x 0 n t !y _h less c\rage ?an ^? ,romans1 nor less ( :at is call$ honor4 ,! true reason is t at ,p>is self-murd] 9 su* cases 0 n !n ! fa%ion2 b x 0 ! fa%ion at ,rome4 ,! wom5 ( ! ,malab> coa/ ?r[ !mselves1 liv+1 on ! fun]al piles ( _! husb&s4 ,h !y1 !n1 m c\rage ?an ,cornelia8 ,no2 b 9 t c\ntry x is ! cu/om = ! wives to burn !mselves4 ,9 ,japan x is ! cu/om = a man ( honor1 :5 he has be5 insult$ by ano!r man ( honor1 to rip op5 8 belly 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 enemy & say to him3 ,d y likewise if ?\ ha/ ! he>t4 ,! aggressor is di%onor$ = ev] if he does n imm$iately plunge a great knife into 8 belly4 ,! only religion 9 :i* suicide is =bidd5 by a cle> & positive law is ,mahometanism4 ,9 ! f\r? sura x is said3 ,d n kill y\rself1 = ,god is m]ciful unto y1 & :osoev] kille? himself ?r\gh malice & wick$ness %all assur$ly be burn$ 9 hell fire4 ,?is is a lit]al translation4 ,! text1 l _m o!r texts1 appe>s to want common s5se4 ,:at is meant by ,d n kill y\rself = ,god is m]ciful8 ,p]haps we are to und]/&--,d n s9k "u y\r mis=tunes1 :i* ,god may alleviate3 d n be s fooli% z to kill y\rself to-day s9ce y may be happy to-morr[4 ,& :osoev] kille? himself ?r\gh malice & wick$ness4 ,?is is yet m difficult to expla94 ,p]haps1 9 all antiquity1 ?is nev] happ5$ to any "o b ! ,phrdra ( ,euripides1 :o hang$ h]self on purpose to make ,!seus believe t %e _h be5 =cibly violat$ by ,hippolytus4 ,9 our own times a man %ot himself 9 ! head1 aft] arrang+ all ?+s to make ano!r man suspect$ ( ! act4 ,9 ! play ( ,george ,d&91 8 jade ( a wife ?reat5s him ) kill+ h]self to h him hang$4 ,su* cases are r>e4 ,if ,mahomet =esaw !m he may be said to h se5 a great way4 ,! fam\s ,duv]g] de ,haurane1 abbot ( ,/4 ,cyran1 reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( ,port ,royal1 wrote1 ab\t ! ye> #afjh1 a treatise on ,suicide1 :i* has become "o ( ! sc>ce/ books 9 ,europe4 ,! ,decalogue1 says he1 =bids u to kill4 ,9 ?is precept self-murd] seems no less to be compris$ ?an murd] ( our neighbor4 ,b if !re are cases 9 :i* x is all[able to kill our neighbor !re likewise are cases 9 :i* x is all[able to kill ourselves4 ,we mu/ n make an attempt ^u our lives until we h consult$ reason4 ,! public au?ority1 :i* holds ! place ( ,god1 may dispose ( our lives4 ,! reason ( man may likewise hold ! place ( ! reason ( ,god3 x is a ray ( ! et]nal light4 ,/4 ,cyran ext5ds ?is argum5t1 :i* may be consid]$ z a m]e sophism1 to great l5g?1 b :5 he comes to ! explanation & ! details x is m difficult to answ] him4 ,he says3 ,a man may kill himself = ! good ( 8 pr9ce1 = t ( 8 c\ntry1 or = t ( 8 relations4 ,we d n1 inde$1 see h[ ,codrus or ,curtius c\ld be condemn$4 ,no sov]eign w\ld d>e to puni% ! family ( a man :o _h devot$ himself to dea? = him2 nay1 !re is n "o :o w\ld d>e neglect to recomp5se x4 ,/4 ,?omas1 be=e ,/4 ,cyran1 _h said ! same ?+4 ,b we ne$ nei!r ,/4 ,?omas1 nor ,c>d9al ,bonav5tura1 nor ,duv]g] de ,haurane to tell u t a man :o dies = 8 c\ntry is des]v+ ( praise4 ,! abbot ( ,/4 ,cyran concludes t x is all[able to d = ourselves :at x is noble to d = o!rs4 ,all t is advanc$ by ,plut>*1 by ,s5eca1 by ,montaigne1 & by fifty o!r philosoph]s1 9 favor ( suicide is suffici5tly kn[n2 x is a hackney$ topic--a worn\t commonplace4 ,i seek n to apologize = an act :i* ! laws condemn1 b nei!r ! ,old ,te/am5t1 nor ! ,new has ev] =bidd5 man to dep>t ?is life :5 x has become insupportable to him4 ,no ,roman law condemn$ self-murd]2 on ! contr>y1 ! foll[+ 0 ! law ( ! ,emp]or ,anto9e1 :i* 0 nev] revok$3 ,if y\r fa!r or y\r bro!r n be+ accus$ ( any crime kill himself1 ei!r to escape f grief1 or ?r\gh we>9ess ( life1 or ?r\gh despair1 or ?r\gh m5tal d]angem5t1 8 w %all be valid1 or1 if he die inte/ate 8 heirs %all succe$4 ,not)/&+ ?is humane law ( our ma/]s we /ill drag on a sl$ge & drive a /ake ?r\gh ! body ( a man :o has di$ a volunt>y dea?2 we d all we c to make 8 memory infam\s2 we di%onor 8 family z f> z we are able2 we puni% ! son = hav+ lo/ 8 fa!r1 & ! wid[ = be+ depriv$ ( h] husb&4 ,we ev5 confiscate ! prop]ty ( ! deceas$1 :i* is robb+ ! liv+ ( ! patrimony :i* ( "r belongs to !m4 ,?is cu/om is d]iv$ f our canon law1 :i* deprives ( ,*ri/ian burial su* z die a volunt>y dea?4 ,h5ce x is conclud$ t we _c inh]it f a man :o is judg$ to h no inh]itance 9 heav54 ,! canon law1 "u ! head ,de ,pnit5tia1 assures u t ,judas committ$ a great] crime 9 /rangl+ himself ?an 9 sell+ our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,,celts4 ,among ^? :o h _h ! leisure1 ! means1 & ! c\rage to seek = ! orig9 ( nations1 !re h be5 "s :o h f\nd t ( our ,celts1 or at lea/ w\ld make u believe t !y _h met ) x4 ,?is illusion be+ ! only recomp5se ( _! imm5se travail1 we %\ld n envy !m its possession4 ,if we wi% to "k any?+ ab\t ! ,huns--:o1 inde$1 are sc>cely wor? kn[+ any?+ ab\t1 = !y h r5d]$ no s]vice to mank9d--we f9d "s slight notices ( ^? b>b>ians among ! ,*9ese--t mo/ anci5t ( all nations1 aft] ! ,indians4 ,f !m we le>n t1 9 c]ta9 ages1 ! ,huns w5t l fami%+ wolves & ravag$ c\ntries :i*1 ev5 at ?is day are reg>d$ z places ( exile & ( horror4 ,?is is a v melan*oly1 a v mis]able sort ( k4 ,x is1 d\btless1 mu* bett] to cultivate a useful art at ,p>is1 ,lyons1 or ,bordeaux1 ?an s]i\sly to /udy ! hi/ory ( ! ,huns & ! be>s4 ,nev]!less we are aid$ 9 ^! rese>*es by "s ( ! ,*9ese ar*ives4 ,b = ! ,celts !re are no ar*ives4 ,we "k no m ( _! antiquities ?an we d ( ^? ( ! ,samoy$s or ! ,au/ralasians4 ,we h le>n$ no?+ ab\t our ance/ors except f ! few words :i* _! conqu]or1 ,julius ,cs>1 condesc5d$ to say ( !m4 ,he beg9s 8 ,comm5t>ies by divid+ ! ,gauls into ! ,belgians1 ,aquitanians1 & ,celts4 ,:5ce "s ( ! d>+ among ! erudite h conclud$ t ! ,celts 7 ! ,scy?ians1 & !y h made ^! ,scy?io-,celts include all ,europe4 ,b :y n include ! :ole e>?8 ,:y /op %ort 9 s f9e a c>e]8 ,we h also be5 duly told t ,noah's son1 ,japhet1 came out ( ! ,ark1 & w5t ) all spe$ to p all ^? va/ regions ) ,celts1 :om he gov]n$ m>vell\sly well4 ,b au?ors ( great] mode/y ref] ! orig9 ( our ,celts to ! t[] ( ,babel--to ! confusion ( tongues--to ,gom]1 ( :om no "o ev] he>d until ! v rec5t p]iod :5 "s wise m5 ( ! ,we/ read ! "n ( ,gom] 9 a bad translation ( ! ,septuag9t4 ,bo*>t1 9 8 ,sacr$ ,*ronology--:at a *ronology6--takes q a diff]5t turn4 ,( ^! innum]able hordes ( ,celts he makes an ,egyptian colony1 skilfully & easily l$ by ,h]cules f ! f]tile banks ( ! ,nile into ! =e/s & morasses ( ,g]many1 :i!r1 no d\bt1 ^! coloni/s c>ri$ ! arts & ! language ( ,egypt & ! my/]ies ( ,isis1 no trace ( :i* has ev] be5 f\nd among !m4 ,i ?9k !y are /ill m to be congratulat$ on _! discov]ies1 :o say t ! ,celts ( ! m\nta9s ( ,dauph9y 7 call$ ,cottians1 f _! ,k+ ,cottius2 t ! ,bri*ons 7 nam$ f _! ,k+ ,betri*2 ! ,wel%1 or ,gauli%1 f _! ,k+ ,wallus1 & ! ,belgians f ,balgem1 :i* means qu>relsome4 ,a /ill f9] orig9 is t ( ! ,celto-,pannonians1 f ! ,lat9 ^w pannus1 clo?1 =1 we are told !y dress$ !mselves 9 old pieces ( clo? badly sewn toge!r1 mu* resembl+ a h>lequ9's jacket4 ,b ! be/ orig9 ( all is1 und5iably1 ! t[] ( ,babel4 ,,c]emonies--,,titles--,,prec$5ce4 ,all ^! ?+s1 :i* w\ld be useless & imp]t95t 9 a /ate ( pure nature1 are1 9 our corrupt & ridicul\s /ate1 ( great s]vice4 ,( all nations1 ! ,*9ese are ^? :o h c>ri$ ! use ( c]emonies to ! greate/ l5g?2 !y c]ta9ly s]ve to calm z well z to we>y ! m9d4 ,! ,*9ese port]s & c>t]s are oblig$1 :5ev] !y occasion ! lea/ h9drance 9 ! /reets1 to fall on _! knees & ask "o ano!r's p>don accord+ to ! prescrib$ =mula4 ,?is prev5ts ill language1 bl[s & murd]s4 ,!y h "t to gr[ cool & are !n will+ to assi/ "o ano!r4 ,! m free a p are1 ! few] c]emonies1 ! few] o/5tati\s titles1 ! few] demon/rations ( annihilation 9 ! pres5ce ( a sup]ior1 !y possess4 ,to ,scipio m5 said ,scipio2 to ,cs>1 ,cs>2 b 9 aft] times !y said to ! emp]ors1 y\r maje/y1 y\r div9ity4 ,! titles ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul 7 ,pet] & ,paul4 ,_! successors gave "o ano!r ! title ( y\r hol9ess1 :i* is n to be f\nd 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 nor 9 ! writ+s ( ! disciples4 ,we read 9 ! hi/ory ( ,g]many t ! dauph9 ( ,france1 aft]w>ds ,*>les ,v41 w5t to ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,,iv4 at ,metz & 0 pres5t$ aft] ,c>d9al de ,prigord4 ,!re has s9ce be5 a "t :5 *ancellors w5t be=e c>d9als2 aft] :i* c>d9als aga9 took prec$5ce ( *ancellors4 ,9 ,france ! pe]s prec$$ ! pr9ces ( ! blood1 go+ 9 ! ord] ( _! creation1 until ! consecration ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 ,! dignity ( pe] 01 until t "t1 s exalt$ t at ! c]emony ( ! consecration ( ,elizabe?1 wife to ,*>les ,,ix41 9 #aegb1 describ$ by ,simon ,b\quet1 *ev9 ( ,p>is1 x is said t ! que5's dames & demoiselles hav+ h&$ to ! dame d'honneur ! bread1 w9e & wax1 ) ! silv]1 = ! (f]+ to be pres5t$ to ! que5 by ! said dame d'honneur1 ! said dame d'honneur1 be+ a du*ess1 comm&$ ! dames to g & c>ry ! (f]+ to ! pr9cesses !mselves1 etc4 ,?is dame d'honneur 0 ! wife ( ! con/able ,montmor5cy4 ,! arm*air1 ! *air ) a back1 ! /ool1 ! "r h& & ! left 7 = sev]al ages important political matt]s4 ,i believe t we owe ! anci5t etiquette conc]n+ arm*airs to ! circum/ance t our b>b>ians ( ance/ors _h at mo/ b "o 9 a h\se1 & ev5 ?is 0 us$ only by ! sick4 ,9 "s prov9ces ( ,g]many & ,engl& an arm*air is /ill call$ a sick-*air4 ,long aft] ! times ( ,attila & ,dagob]t1 :5 luxury f\nd its way into our c\rts & ! great m5 ( ! e>? _h two or ?ree arm*airs 9 _! donjons1 x 0 a noble di/9ction to sit ^u "o ( ^! ?rones2 & a ca/ella9 w\ld place among 8 titles h[ he _h gone half a league f home to pay 8 c\rt to a c\nt1 & h[ he _h be5 receiv$ 9 an easy-*air4 ,we see 9 ! ,memoirs ( ,mademoiselle t t augu/ pr9cess pass$ "o-f\r? ( h] life amid ! mortal agonies ( disputes = ! back-*air4 ,7 y to sit 9 a c]ta9 ap>tm5t1 9 a *air1 or on a /ool1 or n to sit at all8 ,"h 0 en\gh to involve a :ole c\rt 9 intrigue4 ,mann]s are n[ m easy2 ladies may use c\*es & s(as )\t occasion+ any di/urbance 9 society4 ,:5 ,c>d9al de ,ri*elieu 0 treat+ ) ! ,engli% ambassadors = ! m>riage ( ,h5riette ( ,france ) ,*>les ,i41 ! affair 0 on ! po9t ( be+ brok5 (f on acc\nt ( a dem& made by ! ambassadors ( two or ?ree /eps m t[>ds a door2 b ! c>d9al remov$ ! difficulty by tak+ to 8 b$4 ,hi/ory has c>efully h&$ cl[n ?is preci\s circum/ance4 ,i believe t1 if x _h be5 propos$ to ,scipio to get betwe5 ! %eets to receive ! visit ( ,hannibal1 he w\ld h ?\ght ! c]emony some?+ l a joke4 ,= a :ole c5tury ! ord] ( c>riages & tak+ ! wall 7 te/imonials ( greatness & ! s\rce ( pret5sions1 disputes1 & conflicts4 ,to procure ! pass+ ( "o c>riage be=e ano!r 0 look$ ^u z a signal victory4 ,! ambassadors w5t along ! /reets z if !y 7 cont5d+ = ! prize 9 ! circus2 & :5 a ,spani% m9i/] _h succe$$ 9 mak+ a ,portuguese coa*man pull up1 he s5t a c\ri] to ,madrid to apprise ! k+1 8 ma/]1 ( ?is great advantage4 ,our hi/ories regale u ) fifty pugili/ic combats = prec$5ce--z t ( ! p>liam5t ) ! bi%ops' cl]ks at ! fun]al ( ,h5ry ,,iv41 ! *ambre des comptes ) ! p>liam5t 9 ! ca!dral :5 ,l\is ,,xiii4 gave ,france to ! ,virg91 ! duke ( ,ep]non ) ! keep] ( ! seals1 ,du ,vair1 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,g]ma94 ,! presid5ts ( ! enqutes buffet$ ,sav>e1 ! doy5 ( ! conseill]s de gr&' *ambre1 to make him quit 8 place ( honor 7s mu* is honor ! s\l ( mon>*ical gov]nm5ts671 & f\r ar*]s 7 oblig$ to lay hold ( ! ,presid5t ,b>illon1 :o 0 beat+ ! poor doy5 )\t m]cy4 ,we f9d no conte/s l ^! 9 ! ,areopagus1 nor 9 ! ,roman s5ate4 ,9 proportion to ! b>b>ism ( c\ntries or ! weakness ( c\rts1 we f9d c]emony 9 vogue4 ,true p[] & true polit5ess are above vanity4 ,we may v5ture to believe t ! cu/om w at la/ be giv5 up :i* "s ambassadors /ill reta91 ( ru9+ !mselves 9 ord] to g along ! /reets 9 procession ) a few hir$ c>riages1 fre% pa9t$ & gild$1 & prec$$ by a few footm54 ,?is is call$ mak+ _! entry2 & x is a f9e joke to make y\r entry into a t[n sev5 or eight mon?s be=e y arrive4 ,?is important affair ( punctilio1 :i* con/itutes ! greatness ( ! mod]n ,romans--?is sci5ce ( ! numb] ( /eps t %\ld be made 9 %[+ 9 a monsignor1 9 draw+ or half draw+ a curta91 9 walk+ 9 a room to ! "r or to ! left--?is great art1 :i* nei!r ,fabius nor ,cato c\ld ev] imag9e1 is beg9n+ to s9k2 & ! tra9-be>]s to ! c>d9als compla9 t ev]y?+ indicates a decl9e4 ,a ,fr5* colonel1 be+ at ,brussels a ye> aft] ! tak+ ( t place by ,m>%al de ,saxe1 & hav+ no?+ to d1 resolv$ to g to ! t[n assembly4 ,x is held at a pr9cess'1 said "o to him4 ,be x s1 answ]$ ! o!r1 :at matt]s x to me8 ,b only pr9ces g !re2 are y a pr9ce8 ,p%aw6 said ! colonel1 !y are a v good sort ( pr9ces2 ,i _h a doz5 ( !m 9 my ant]oom la/ ye>1 :5 we _h tak5 ! t[n1 & !y 7 v polite4 ,9 turn+ ov] ! leaves ( ,horace ,i obs]ve ?is l9e 9 an epi/le to ,mc5as1 ,te1 dulcis amice revisam4--,i w come & see y1 my good fri5d4 ,?is ,mc5as 0 ! second p]son 9 ! ,roman ,empire2 t is1 a man ( great] p[] & influ5ce ?an ! greate/ mon>* ( mod]n ,europe4 ,look+ into ! works ( ,corneille1 ,i obs]v$ t 9 a lett] to ! great ,scud]i1 gov]nor ( ,notre ,dame de la ,g>de1 etc41 he uses ?is expression 9 ref]5ce to ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu3 ,monsieur ! c>d9al1 y\r ma/] & m9e4 ,x is1 p]haps1 ! fir/ "t t su* language has be5 appli$ to a m9i/]1 s9ce !re h be5 m9i/]s1 k+s & flatt]]s 9 ! _w4 ,! same ,pet] ,corneille1 ! au?or ( ,c9na1 humbly d$icates t "w to ! ,sieur de ,montauron1 ! k+'s treasur]1 :om 9 direct t]ms he comp>es to ,augu/us4 ,i regret t he did n give ,montauron ! title ( monseigneur or my "l4 ,an anecdote is relat$ ( an old (fic]1 b little conv]sant ) ! prec$5ts & =mulas ( vanity1 :o wrote to ! ,m>quis ,l\vois z pla9 monsieur1 b receiv+ no answ]1 next address$ him "u ! title ( monseigneur1 /ill1 h[ev]1 )\t effect1 ! unlucky monsieur cont9u+ to rankle 9 ! m9i/]'s he>t4 ,he f9ally direct$ 8 lett] to my ,god1 my ,god ,l\vois2 comm5c+ x by ! words1 my ,god1 my ,creator4 ,does n all ?is suffici5tly prove t ! ,romans 7 magnanim\s & mode/1 & t we are frivol\s & va98 ,h[ d'ye d1 my de> fri5d8 said a duke & pe] to a g5tleman4 ,at y\r s]vice1 my de> fri5d1 repli$ he2 & f t in/ant 8 de> fri5d became 8 implacable enemy4 ,a gr&ee ( ,portugal 0 once conv]s+ ) a ,spani% hidalgo & address+ him e mom5t 9 ! t]ms1 y\r excell5cy4 ,! ,ca/ilian z frequ5tly repli$1 y\r c\rtesy 7vue/ra m]c$71 a title be/[$ on ^? :o h none by "r4 ,! irritat$ ,portuguese 9 return retort$ y\r c\rtesy on ! ,spani>d1 :o !n call$ ! ,portuguese y\r excell5cy4 ,! ,portuguese1 at l5g? we>i$ out1 dem&$1 ,h[ is x t y always call me y\r c\rtesy1 :5 ,i call y y\r excell5cy1 & y\r excell5cy :5 ,i call y y\r c\rtesy8 ,! reason is1 says ! ,ca/ilian ) a b[1 t all titles are equal to me1 provid$ t !re is no?+ equal betwe5 y & me4 ,! vanity ( titles 0 n introduc$ into our nor!rn climes ( ,europe till ! ,romans _h become acqua9t$ ) ,asiatic magnific5ce4 ,! great] "p ( ! sov]eigns ( ,asia 71 & /ill are1 c\s9s g]man ( ! sun & ! moon2 _! subjects d>e n make any pret5sion to su* high aff9ity2 & _m a prov9cial gov]nor1 :o /yles himself nutmeg ( consolation & rose ( delight w\ld be empal$ alive if he 7 to claim ! slighte/ relation%ip to ! sun & moon4 ,con/ant9e 01 ,i ?9k1 ! fir/ ,roman emp]or :o ov]:elm$ ,*ri/ian humility 9 a page ( pomp\s titles4 ,x is true t be=e 8 "t ! emp]ors bore ! title ( god1 b ! t]m impli$ no?+ simil> to :at we und]/& by x4 ,divus ,augu/us1 ,divus ,trajanus1 meant ,/4 ,augu/us1 ,/4 ,trajan4 ,x 0 ?\ght only con=mable to ! dignity ( ! ,roman ,empire t ! s\l ( its *ief %\ld1 aft] 8 dea?1 asc5d to heav52 & x frequ5tly ev5 happ5$ t ! title ( sa9t1 ( god1 0 grant$ to ! emp]or by a sort ( anticipat$ inh]itance4 ,ne>ly = ! same reason ! fir/ patri>*s ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* 7 all call$ y\r hol9ess4 ,!y 7 ?us nam$ to rem9d !m ( :at 9 fact !y ought to be4 ,m5 sometimes take ^u !mselves v humble titles1 provid$ !y c obta9 f o!rs v honorable ones4 ,_m an abb :o calls himself bro!r exacts f 8 monks ! title ( monseigneur4 ,! pope /yles himself s]vant ( ! s]vants ( ,god4 ,an hone/ prie/ ( ,hol/e9 once address$ a lett] to ,pius ,,iv41 s]vant ( ! s]vants ( ,god4 ,he aft]w>ds w5t to ,rome to urge 8 suit1 & ! inquisition put him 9 prison to tea* him h[ to address lett]s4 ,=m]ly ! emp]or alone _h ! title ( maje/y4 ,o!r sov]eigns 7 call$ y\r highness1 y\r s]5ity1 y\r grace4 ,l\is ,,xi4 0 ! fir/ 9 ,france :o 0 g5]ally call$ maje/y1 a title c]ta9ly n less suitable to ! dignity ( a p[]ful h]$it>y k+dom ?an to an elective pr9cipality4 ,b long aft] him ! t]m highness 0 appli$ to k+s ( ,france2 & "s lett]s to ,h5ry ,,iii4 are /ill extant 9 :i* he is address$ by t title4 ,! /ates ( ,orleans object$ to ,que5 ,ca!r9e de ,m$ici be+ call$ maje/y4 ,b ?is la/ d5om9ation gradually prevail$4 ,! "n is indiff]5t2 x is ! p[] alone t is n s4 ,! ,g]man *anc]y1 ev] un*angeable 9 its /ately =malities1 has pret5d$ d[n to our own times t no k+s h a "r to a high] title ?an s]5ity4 ,at ! celebrat$ treaty ( ,we/phalia1 9 :i* ,france & ,sw$5 dictat$ ! law to ! holy ,roman ,empire1 ! emp]or's pl5ipot5ti>ies cont9ually pres5t$ ,lat9 memorials1 9 :i* 8 mo/ sacr$ imp]ial maje/y negotiat$ ) ! mo/ s]5e k+s ( ,france & ,sw$52 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,fr5* & ,sw$es fail n to decl>e t _! sacr$ maje/ies ( ,france & ,sw$5 _h _m subjects ( compla9t aga9/ ! mo/ s]5e emp]or4 ,s9ce t p]iod1 h[ev]1 ! great sov]eigns h1 9 reg>d to rank1 be5 consid]$ z equals1 & he alone :o beats 8 neighbor is adjudg$ to h ! pre-em95ce4 ,philip ,,ii4 0 ! fir/ maje/y 9 ,spa91 = ! s]5ity ( ,*>les ,v4 0 conv]t$ into maje/y only on acc\nt ( ! empire4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,philip ,,ii4 7 ! fir/ highnesses2 & aft]w>ds !y 7 royal highnesses4 ,! duke ( ,orleans1 bro!r ( ,l\is ,,xiii41 did n take up ! title ( royal highness till #afca2 !n ! pr9ce ( ,cond claim$ t ! mo/ s]5e highness1 :i* ! ,dukes de ,v5dme did n v5ture to assume4 ,! duke ( ,savoy1 at t "t royal highness1 aft]w>ds sub/itut$ maje/y4 ,! gr& duke ( ,flor5ce did ! same1 except+ z to maje/y2 & f9ally ! cz>1 :o 0 kn[n 9 ,europe only z ! gr& duke1 decl>$ himself emp]or1 & 0 recogniz$ z su*4 ,=m]ly !re 7 only two m>quises 9 ,g]many1 two 9 ,france & two 9 ,italy4 ,! m>quis ( ,br&5burg has become a k+1 & a great k+4 ,b at pres5t our ,italian & ,fr5* m>quises are ( a some:at diff]5t species4 ,if an ,italian citiz5 has ! honor ( giv+ a d9n] to ! legate ( 8 prov9ce1 & ! legate1 :5 dr9k+1 says to him1 ,monsieur le m>quis1 to y\r good heal?1 he sudd5ly becomes a m>quis1 he & 8 heirs aft] him1 =ev]4 ,if ! inhabitant ( any prov9ce ( ,france1 ^: :ole e/ate consi/s ( a qu>t] "p ( a little decay$ ca/le-w>d1 goes to ,p>is1 makes some?+ ( a =tune1 or c>ries ! air ( hav+ made "o1 he is /yl$ 9 ! de$s & legal in/rum5ts 9 :i* he is conc]n$ high & mighty seigneur1 m>quis & c\nt1 & 8 son w be d5om9at$ by 8 not>y v high & v mighty seigneur1 & z ?is frivol\s ambition is 9 no way injuri\s to gov]nm5t or civil society1 x is p]mitt$ to take its c\rse4 ,"s ,fr5* lords boa/ ( employ+ ,g]man b>ons 9 _! /ables2 "s ,g]man lords say !y h ,fr5* m>quises 9 _! kit*5s2 x is n a long "t s9ce a =eign] at ,naples made 8 coa*man a duke4 ,cu/om 9 ^! cases has m p[] ?an royal au?ority4 ,if y are b little kn[n at ,p>is1 y may !re be a c\nt or a m>quis z long z y please2 if y are connect$ ) ! law ( f9ance1 ?\gh ! k+ %\ld conf] on y a real m>quisate1 y w n1 !re=e1 be monsieur le m>quis4 ,! celebrat$ ,samuel ,b]n>d 01 9 tru?1 m a c\nt ?an five hundr$ su* z we (t5 see n possess+ f\r acres ( l&4 ,! k+ _h conv]t$ 8 e/ate ( ,c\b]t into a f9e c\nty2 yet if on any occasion he _h ord]$ himself to be ann\nc$ z ,c\nt ,b]n>d1 etc41 he w\ld h excit$ bur/s ( laught]4 ,9 ,engl& x is diff]5t2 if ! k+ conf]s ! title ( e>l or b>on on a m]*ant1 all classes address him ) ! designation suitable to x )\t ! slighte/ hesitation4 ,by p]sons ( ! highe/ bir?1 by ! k+ himself1 he is call$ my "l4 ,x is ! same 9 ,italy2 !re is a regi/] kept !re ( monsignori4 ,! pope himself addresses !m "u t title2 8 physician is monsignor1 & no "o objects4 ,9 ,france ! title ( monseigneur or my "l is a v s]i\s bus9ess4 ,be=e ! "t ( ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu a bi%op 0 only a mo/ rev]5d fa!r 9 ,god4 ,be=e ! ye> #afce bi%ops did n only n assume ! title ( monseigneur !mselves1 b !y did n ev5 give x to c>d9als4 ,^! two cu/oms 7 introduc$ by a bi%op ( ,*>tres1 :o1 9 full canonicals ( lawn & purple1 w5t to call ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu monseigneur1 on :i* occasion ,l\is ,,xiii4 obs]v$ t ,*>tra9 w\ld n m9d salut+ ! c>d9al au d]rire4 ,x is only s9ce t p]iod t bi%ops h mutually appli$ to ea* o!r ! title ( monseigneur4 ,! public made no objection to ?is application ( x2 b1 z x 0 a new title1 n conf]r$ on bi%ops by k+s1 !y cont9u$ to be call$ sieurs 9 edicts1 decl>ations1 ord9ances & all (ficial docum5ts2 & :5 ! c\ncil wrote to a bi%op !y gave him no high] title ?an monsieur4 ,! dukes & pe]s h enc\nt]$ m difficulty 9 acquir+ possession ( ! title ( monseigneur4 ,! gr&e noblesse1 & :at is call$ ! gr& robe1 decid$ly refuse !m t di/9ction4 ,! highe/ gratification ( human pride consi/s 9 a man's receiv+ titles ( honor f ^? :o conceive !mselves 8 equals2 b to atta9 ?is is exce$+ly difficult2 pride always f9ds pride to cont5d )4 ,:5 ! dukes insi/$ on receiv+ ! title ( monseigneur f ! class ( g5tlem51 ! presid5ts ( ! p>liam5ts requir$ ! same f advocates & proctors4 ,a c]ta9 presid5t actually refus$ to be bl$ because 8 surgeon ask$3 ,9 :i* arm w y be bl$1 monsieur8 ,an old c\nsellor treat$ ?is matt] some:at m gayly4 ,a plead] 0 say+ to him1 ,monseigneur1 monsieur1 y\r secret>y4444 ,he /opp$ him %ort3 ,y h utt]$ ?ree blund]s1 says he1 9 z _m words4 ,i am n monseigneur2 my secret>y is n monsieur2 he is my cl]k4 ,to put an end to ?is gr& conflict ( vanity x w ev5tually be f\nd necess>y to give ! title ( monseigneur to e individual 9 ! nation2 z wom51 :o 7 =m]ly cont5t ) mademoiselle1 are n[ to be call$ madame4 ,9 ,spa91 :5 a m5dicant meets a bro!r begg>1 he ?us acco/s him3 ,has y\r c\rtesy tak5 *ocolate8 ,?is polit5ess ( language elevates ! m9d & keeps up ! dignity ( ! species4 ,cs> & ,pompey 7 call$ 9 ! s5ate ,cs> & ,pompey4 ,b ^! m5 knew no?+ ( life4 ,!y end$ _! lett]s ) vale--adieu4 ,we1 :o possess m exalt$ notions1 7 sixty ye>s ago affectionate s]vants2 !n v humble & v ob$i5t2 & n[ we h ! honor to be s4 ,i really grieve = po/]ity1 :i* w f9d x extremely difficult to add to ^! v beautiful =mulas4 ,! ,duke d'p]non1 ! fir/ ( ,gascons 9 pride1 ?\gh f> f be+ ! fir/ ( /atesm51 wrote on 8 dea?b$ to ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu & end$ 8 lett] )3 ,y\r v humble & v ob$i5t4 ,recollect+1 h[ev]1 t ! c>d9al _h us$ only ! phrase v affectionate1 he despat*$ an express to br+ back ! lett] 7= x _h be5 actually s5t (f71 began x anew1 sign$ v affectionate1 & di$ 9 ! b$ ( honor4 ,we h made _m ( ^! obs]vations else:]e4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to repeat !m1 7 x only to correct "s pomp\s peacocks1 :o w\ld /rut away _! lives 9 contemptibly display+ _! plumes & _! pride4 ,,c]ta9--,,c]ta9ty4 ,i am c]ta92 ,i h fri5ds2 my =tune is secure2 my relations w nev] ab&on me2 ,i %all h ju/ice done me2 my "w is good1 x w be well receiv$2 :at is ow+ to me w be paid2 my fri5d w be fai?ful1 he has sworn x2 ! m9i/] w advance me--he has1 by ! way1 promis$ x--all ^! are words :i* a man :o has liv$ a %ort "t 9 ! _w erases f 8 diction>y4 ,:5 ! judges condemn$ ,l',anglade1 ,le ,brun1 ,calas1 ,sirv51 ,m>t91 ,montbailli1 & s _m o!rs1 s9ce ackn[l$g$ to h be5 innoc5t1 !y 7 c]ta91 or !y ought to h be5 c]ta91 t all ^! unhappy m5 7 guilty2 yet !y 7 deceiv$4 ,!re are two ways ( be+ deceiv$2 by false judgm5t & self-bl9dness--t ( err+ l a man ( g5ius1 & t ( decid+ l a fool4 ,! judges deceiv$ !mselves l m5 ( g5ius 9 ! affair ( ,l',anglade2 !y 7 bl9d$ by dazzl+ appe>ances & did n suffici5tly exam9e ! probabilities on ! o!r side4 ,_! wisdom made !m believe x c]ta9 t ,l',anglade _h committ$ a !ft1 :i* he c]ta9ly _h n committ$2 & on ?is mis]able unc]ta9 c]ta9ty ( ! human m9d1 a g5tleman 0 put to ! ord9>y & extraord9>y "q2 subsequ5t ?r[n1 )\t succor1 into a dungeon & condemn$ to ! galleys1 :]e he di$4 ,8 wife 0 %ut up 9 ano!r dungeon1 ) h] daught]1 ag$ sev5 ye>s1 :o aft]w>ds m>ri$ a c\nsellor ( ! same p>liam5t :i* _h condemn$ h] fa!r to ! galleys & h] "m to bani%m5t4 ,x is cle> t ! judges w\ld n h pron\nc$ ?is s5t5ce _h !y be5 really c]ta94 ,h[ev]1 ev5 at ! "t ?is s5t5ce 0 pass$ sev]al p]sons knew t ! !ft _h be5 committ$ by a prie/ nam$ ,gagnat1 associat$ ) a highwayman1 & ! innoc5ce ( ,l',anglade 0 n recogniz$ till aft] 8 dea?4 ,!y 7 9 ! same mann] c]ta9 :51 by a s5t5ce 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 !y condemn$ to ! :eel ! innoc5t ,le ,brun1 :o1 by an arrt pron\nc$ on 8 appeal1 0 brok5 on ! rack1 & di$ "u ! torture4 ,! examples ( ,calas & ,sirv5 are well kn[n1 t ( ,m>t9 is less s4 ,he 0 an hone/ agriculturi/ ne> ,b> 9 ,lorra9e4 ,a villa9 /ole 8 dress & 9 ?is dress murd]$ a travell] :om he knew to h money & ^: r\te he _h wat*$4 ,m>t9 0 accus$1 8 dress 0 a witness aga9/ him2 ! judges reg>d$ ?is evid5ce z a c]ta9ty4 ,n ! pa/ conduct ( ! prison]1 a num]\s family :om he _h br\ght up virtu\sly1 nei!r ! little money f\nd on him1 nor ! extreme probability ( 8 innoc5ce--no?+ c\ld save him4 ,! subalt]n judge made a m]it ( 8 rigor4 ,he condemn$ ! innoc5t victim to be brok5 on ! :eel1 &1 by an unhappy fatality ! s5t5ce 0 execut$ to ! full ext5t4 ,! s5ior ,m>t9 is brok5 alive1 call+ ,god to witness 8 innoc5ce to 8 la/ brea?2 8 family is disp]s$1 8 little prop]ty is confiscat$1 & sc>cely are 8 brok5 memb]s expos$ on ! great road :5 ! assass9 :o _h committ$ ! murd] & !ft is put 9 prison = ano!r crime1 & confesses on ! rack1 to :i* he is condemn$ 9 8 turn1 t he only 0 guilty ( ! crime = :i* ,m>t9 _h suff]$ torture & dea?4 ,montbailli1 :o slept ) 8 wife1 0 accus$ ) hav+1 9 conc]t ) h]1 kill$ 8 "m1 :o _h evid5tly di$ ( apoplexy4 ,! c\ncil ( ,arras condemn$ ,montbailli to expire on ! rack1 & 8 wife to be burnt4 ,_! innoc5ce 0 discov]$1 b n until ,montbailli _h be5 tortur$4 ,let u cease adv]t5ce to ^! melan*oly adv5tures1 :i* make u groan at ! human condition2 b let u cont9ue to lam5t ! pret5d$ c]ta9ty ( judges1 :5 !y pass su* s5t5ces4 ,!re is no c]ta9ty1 except :5 x is physically or morally impossible t ! ?+ c be o!rwise4 ,:at6 is a /rict demon/ration necess>y to enable u to ass]t t ! surface ( a sph]e is equal to f\r times ! area ( its great circle2 & is n "o requir$ to w>rant tak+ away ! life ( a citiz5 by a disgraceful puni%m5t8 ,if su* is ! mis=tune ( humanity t judges mu/ be cont5t$ ) extreme probabilities1 !y %\ld at lea/ consult ! age1 ! rank1 ! conduct ( ! accus$--! int]e/ :i* he c\ld h 9 committ+ ! crime1 & ! int]e/ ( 8 enemies to de/roy him4 ,e judge %\ld say to himself3 ,w n po/]ity1 w n entire ,europe condemn my s5t5ce8 ,%all ,i sleep tranquilly ) my h&s ta9t$ ) innoc5t blood8 ,let u pass f ?is horrible picture to o!r examples ( a c]ta9ty :i* leads directly to error4 ,:y art ?\ load$ ) *a9s1 fanatical & unhappy ,santon8 ,:y ha/ ?\ add$ a l>ge iron r+ on ?y mis]able sc\rge8 ,x is because ,i am c]ta9 ( be+ "o day plac$ 9 ! fir/ heav51 by ! side ( our great prophet4 ,alas1 my fri5d1 come ) me to ! neighborhood ( ,m\nt ,a?os & ?\ wilt see ?ree ?\s& m5dicants :o are z c]ta9 t ?\ wilt g to ! gulf :i* is "u ! n>r[ bridge1 z t !y w all g to ! fir/ heav56 ,/op1 mis]able ,malab> wid[1 believe n ! fool :o p]suades y t y %all be reunit$ to y\r husb& 9 all ! delights ( ano!r _w1 if y burn y\rself on 8 fun]al pile6 ,no1 ,i p]si/ 9 burn+ myself because ,i am c]ta9 ( liv+ 9 felicity ) my husb&2 my brahm9 told me s4 ,let u att5d to less frightful c]ta9ties1 & :i* h a little m appe>ance ( tru?4 ,:at is ! age ( y\r fri5d ,*ri/oph]8 ,tw5ty-eight ye>s4 ,i h se5 8 m>riage contract1 & 8 baptismal regi/]2 ,i knew him 9 8 infancy2 he is tw5ty-eight--,i am c]ta9 ( x4 ,sc>cely h ,i he>d ! answ] ( ?is man1 s sure ( :at he said1 & ( tw5ty o!rs :o confirm$ ! same ?+1 :5 ,i le>n t = secret reasons1 & by a s+ul> circum/ance ! baptismal regi/] ( ,*ri/oph] has be5 ant$at$4 ,^? to :om ,i _h spok5 z yet "k no?+ ( x1 yet !y h /ill ! same c]ta9ty ( t :i* is n4 ,if y _h ask$ ! :ole e>? be=e ! "t ( ,cop]nicus3 has ! sun ris58 has x set to-day8 all m5 w\ld h answ]$3 ,we are q c]ta9 ( x4 ,!y 7 c]ta9 & !y 7 9 error4 ,wit*craft1 div9ations1 & possessions 7 = a long "t ! mo/ c]ta9 ?+s 9 ! _w 9 ! eyes ( society4 ,:at an innum]able cr[d ( p :o h se5 all ^! f9e ?+s & :o h be5 c]ta9 ( !m6 ,at pres5t ?is c]ta9ty is a little %ak54 ,a "y man :o is beg9n+ to /udy geometry comes to me2 he is only at ! def9ition ( triangles4 ,are y n c]ta91 said ,i to him1 t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r angles8 ,he answ]$ t n only 0 he n c]ta9 ( x1 b t he _h n ! slighte/ idea ( ! proposition4 ,i demon/rat$ x to him4 ,he !n became v c]ta9 ( x1 & w rema9 s all 8 life4 ,?is is a c]ta9ty v diff]5t f ! o!rs2 !y 7 only probabilities & ^! probabilities1 :5 exam9$1 h turn$ out errors1 b ma!matical c]ta9ty is immutable & et]nal4 ,i exi/1 ,i ?9k1 ,i feel grief--is all t z c]ta9 z a geometrical tru?8 ,yes1 skeptical z ,i am1 ,i av[ x4 ,:y8 ,x is t ^! tru?s are prov$ by ! same pr9ciple t x is impossible = a ?+ to exi/ & n exi/ at ! same "t4 ,i _c at ! same "t feel & n feel4 ,a triangle _c at ! same "t conta9 a hundr$ & eighty degrees1 :i* are ! sum ( two "r angles1 & n conta9 !m4 ,! physical c]ta9ty ( my exi/5ce1 ( my id5tity1 is ( ! same value z ma!matical c]ta9ty1 al?\gh x is ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,x is n ! same ) ! c]ta9ty f\nd$ on appe>ances1 or on ! unanim\s te/imony ( mank9d4 ,b h[1 y w say to me1 are y n c]ta9 t ,pek9 exi/s8 ,h y n m]*&ise f ,pek98 ,p ( diff]5t c\ntries & diff]5t op9ions h vehem5tly writt5 aga9/ "o ano!r :ile prea*+ ! tru? at ,pek92 !n are y n assur$ ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is t[n8 ,i answ] t x is extremely probable t !re may be a city ( ,pek9 b ,i w\ld n wag] my life t su* a t[n exi/s1 & ,i w\ld at any "t wag] my life t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r angles4 ,9 ! ,dictionnaire ,encyclopdique a v pleasant ?+ appe>s4 ,x is !re ma9ta9$ t a man ought to be z c]ta9 t ,m>%al ,saxe rose f ! dead1 if all ,p>is tells him s1 z he is sure t ,m>%al ,saxe ga9$ ! battle ( ,font5oy1 ^u ! same te/imony4 ,pray obs]ve ! beauty ( ?is reason+3 z ,i believe all ,p>is :5 x tells me a ?+ morally possible1 ,i ought to believe all ,p>is :5 x tells me a ?+ morally & physically impossible4 ,app>5tly ! au?or ( ?is article has a disposition to be risible2 z to ourselves :o h only und]tak5 ?is little diction>y to ask a few que/ions1 we are v f> f possess+ ?is v ext5sive c]ta9ty4 ,,*a9 ,,( ,,creat$ ,,be+s4 ,! gradation ( be+s ris+ f ! l[e/ to ! ,great ,supreme--! scale ( inf9ity--is an idea t fills u ) admiration1 b :5 /eadily reg>d$ ?is phantom disappe>s1 z app>itions 7 wont to vani% at ! cr[+ ( ! cock4 ,! imag9ation is pleas$ ) ! imp]ceptible transition f brute matt] to organiz$ matt]1 f plants to zoophytes1 f zoophytes to animals1 f animals to m51 f m5 to g5ii1 f ^! g5ii1 clad 9 a light arial body1 to immat]ial sub/ances ( a ?\s& diff]5t ord]s1 ris+ f beauty to p]fection1 up to ,god ,himself4 ,?is hi]>*y is v pleas+ to "y m5 :o look ^u x z ^u ! pope & c>d9als1 foll[$ by ! ar*bi%ops & bi%ops1 aft] :om are ! vic>s1 curates & prie/s1 ! deacons & subdeacons1 !n come ! monks1 & ! capu*9s br+ up ! re>4 ,b !re is1 p]haps1 a some:at great] di/ance betwe5 ,god & ,8 mo/ p]fect creatures ?an betwe5 ! holy fa!r & ! dean ( ! sacr$ college4 ,! dean may become pope1 b c ! mo/ p]fect g5ii creat$ by ! ,supreme ,be+ become ,god8 ,is !re n inf9ity betwe5 !m8 ,nor does ?is *a91 ?is pret5d$ gradation1 any m exi/ 9 vegetables & animals2 ! pro( is t "s species ( plants & animals h be5 entirely de/roy$4 ,we h no murex4 ,! ,jews 7 =bidd5 to eat griff9 & ixion1 ^! two species1 :atev] ,bo*>t may say1 h probably disappe>$ f ! e>?4 ,:]e1 !n1 is ! *a98 ,suppos+ t we _h n lo/ "s species1 x is evid5t t !y may be de/roy$4 ,lions & rh9oc]oses are becom+ v sc>ce1 & if ! re/ ( ! nations _h imitat$ ! ,engli%1 !re w\ld n n[ h be5 a wolf left4 ,x is probable t !re h be5 races ( m5 :o are no long] to be f\nd4 ,:y %\ld !y n h exi/$ z well z ! :ites1 ! blacks1 ! ,kaffirs1 to :om nature has giv5 an apron ( _! own sk91 hang+ f ! belly to ! middle ( ! ?igh2 ! ,samoy$s1 ^: wom5 h nipples ( a beautiful jet4 ,is !re n a manife/ void betwe5 ! ape & man8 ,is x n easy to imag9e a two-legg$ animal )\t fea!rs hav+ intellig5ce )\t our %ape or ! use ( spee*--"o :i* we c\ld tame1 :i* w\ld answ] our signs1 & s]ve u8 ,& aga91 betwe5 ?is species & man1 _c we imag9e o!rs8 ,beyond man1 div9e ,plato1 y place 9 heav5 a /r+ ( cele/ial sub/ances1 9 "s ( :i* we believe because ! fai? s tea*es u4 ,b :at reason _h y to believe 9 !m8 ,x does n appe> t y _h spok5 ) ! g5ius ( ,socrates1 & ?\gh ,h]es1 good man1 rose aga9 on purpose to tell y ! secrets ( ! o!r _w1 he told y no?+ ( ^! sub/ances4 ,9 ! s5sible univ]se ! pret5d$ *a9 is no less int]rupt$4 ,:at gradation1 ,i pray y1 is !re among ! planets8 ,! moon is =ty times small] ?an our globe4 ,travell+ f ! moon ?r\gh space1 y f9d ,v5us1 ab\t z l>ge z ! e>?4 ,f !nce y g to ,m]cury1 :i* revolves 9 an ellipsis v diff]5t f ! circul> orbit ( ,v5us2 x is tw5ty-sev5 times small] ?an ! e>?1 ! sun is a million times l>g]1 & ,m>s is five times small]4 ,! latt] goes 8 r\nd 9 two ye>s1 8 neighbor ,jupit] 9 twelve1 & ,saturn 9 ?irty2 yet ,saturn1 ! mo/ di/ant ( all1 is n s l>ge z ,jupit]4 ,:]e is ! pret5d$ gradation8 ,& !n1 h[1 9 s _m empty spaces1 d y ext5d a *a9 connect+ ! :ole8 ,!re c c]ta9ly be no o!r ?an t :i* ,newton discov]$--t :i* makes all ! globes ( ! planet>y _w gravitate "o t[>ds ano!r 9 ! imm5se void4 ,oh1 mu* admir$ ,plato6 ,i fe> t y h told u no?+ b fables1 t y h spok5 to u only z a sophi/6 ,oh1 ,plato6 y h done m mis*ief ?an y are aw>e (4 ,h[ s8 y w ask4 ,i w n tell y4 ,,*a9 ,,or ,,g5]ation ,,( ,,ev5ts4 ,! pres5t1 we say1 is pregnant ) ! future2 ev5ts are l9k$ "o ) ano!r by an inv9cible fatality4 ,?is is ! fate :i*1 9 ,hom]1 is sup]ior to ,jupit] himself4 ,! ma/] ( gods & m5 expressly decl>es t he _c prev5t 8 son ,s>p$on f dy+ at ! "t appo9t$4 ,s>p$on 0 born at ! mom5t :5 x 0 necess>y t he %\ld be born1 & c\ld n be born at any o!r2 he c\ld n die else:]e ?an be=e ,troy2 he c\ld n be buri$ else:]e ?an 9 ,lycia2 8 body mu/1 9 ! appo9t$ "t1 produce vegetables1 :i* mu/ *ange into ! sub/ance ( "s ( ! ,lycians2 8 heirs mu/ e/abli% a new ord] ( ?+s 9 8 /ates2 t new ord] mu/ influ5ce neighbor+ k+doms2 !nce mu/ result a new arrangem5t 9 w> & 9 peace ) ! neighbors ( ,lycia4 ,s t1 f l9k to l9k1 ! de/9y ( ! :ole e>? dep5d$ on ! elopem5t ( ,hel51 :i* _h a necess>y connection ) ! m>riage ( ,hecuba1 :i*1 asc5d+ to high] ev5ts1 0 connect$ ) ! orig9 ( ?+s4 ,_h any "o ( ^! occurr5ces be5 ord]$ o!rwise1 ! result w\ld h be5 a diff]5t univ]se4 ,n[1 x 0 n possible = ! actual univ]se n to exi/2 !re=e x 0 n possible = ,jupit]1 ,jove z he 01 to save ! life ( 8 son4 ,we are told t ?is doctr9e ( necessity & fatality has be5 inv5t$ 9 our own times by ,leibnitz1 "u ! "n ( suffic+ reason4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( great antiquity4 ,x is no rec5t discov]y t !re is no effect )\t a cause & t (t5 ! smalle/ cause produces ! greate/ effects4 ,"l ,bol+broke ackn[l$ges t he 0 indebt$ to ! petty qu>rels betwe5 ! du*ess ( ,m>lbor\gh & ,mrs4 ,ma%am = an opportunity ( conclud+ ! private treaty betwe5 ,que5 ,anne & ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,?is treaty l$ to ! peace ( ,utre*t2 ! peace ( ,utre*t secur$ ! ?rone ( ,spa9 to ,philip ,v42 ,philip took ,naples & ,sicily f ! h\se ( ,au/ria4 ,?us ! ,spani% pr9ce1 :o is n[ k+ ( ,naples1 evid5tly owes 8 k+dom to ,mrs4 ,ma%am2 he w\ld n h _h x1 nor ev5 h be5 born1 if ! du*ess ( ,m>lbor\gh _h be5 m complaisant t[>ds ! que5 ( ,engl&2 8 exi/5ce at ,naples dep5d$ on "o folly m or less at ! c\rt ( ,london4 ,exam9e ! situations ( e p ^u e>?2 !y are 9 l mann] f\nd$ on a tra9 ( occurr5ces seem+ly )\t connection1 b all connect$4 ,9 ?is imm5se ma*9e all is :eel1 pulley1 cord1 or spr+4 ,x is ! same 9 physical ord]4 ,a w9d bl[+ f ! s\!rn seas & ! remote/ p>ts ( ,africa br+s ) x a portion ( ! ,african atmosph]e1 :i*1 fall+ 9 %[]s 9 ! valleys ( ! ,alps1 f]tilizes our l&s2 on ! o!r h& our nor? w9d c>ries our vapors among ! negroes2 we d good to ,gu9ea1 & ,gu9ea to u4 ,! *a9 ext5ds f "o end ( ! univ]se to ! o!r4 ,b ! tru? ( ?is pr9ciple seems to me to be /rangely abus$2 = x is !nce conclud$ t !re is no atom1 h[ev] small1 ! movem5t ( :i* has n influ5c$ ! actual arrangem5t ( ! :ole _w2 t ! mo/ trivial accid5t1 :e!r among m5 or animals1 is an ess5tial l9k 9 ! great *a9 ( de/9y4 ,let u und]/& "o ano!r4 ,e effect evid5tly has its cause1 asc5d+ f cause to cause1 into ! abyss ( et]nity2 b e cause has n its effect1 go+ d[n to ! end ( ages4 ,i grant t all ev5ts are produc$ "o by ano!r2 if ! pa/ 0 pregnant ) ! pres5t1 ! pres5t is pregnant ) ! future2 ev]y?+ is begott51 b ev]y?+ does n beget4 ,x is a g5ealogical tree2 e h\se1 we "k1 asc5ds to ,adam1 b _m ( ! family h di$ )\t issue4 ,! ev5ts ( ?is _w =m a g5ealogical tree4 ,x is indisputable t ! inhabitants ( ,spa9 & ,gaul are desc5d$ f ,gom]1 & ! ,russians f 8 y\ng] bro!r ,magog1 = 9 h[ _m great books is ?is g5ealogy to be f\nd6 ,x _c !n be d5i$ t ! gr& ,turk1 :o is also desc5d$ f ,magog1 is oblig$ to him = ! good beat+ giv5 him 9 #agfi by ! ,empress ,ca!r9e ,,ii4 ,?is occurr5ce is evid5tly l9k$ ) o!r great ev5ts2 b :e!r ,magog spat to ! "r or to ! left ne> ,m\nt ,caucasus--made two or ?ree circles 9 a well--or :e!r he lay on 8 "r side or 8 left1 ,i d n see t x c\ld h mu* influ5ce on pres5t affairs4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 because x is prov$ by ,newton1 t nature is n a pl5um1 & t motion is n communicat$ by collision until x has made ! t\r ( ! univ]se4 ,?r[ a body ( a c]ta9 d5sity into wat]1 y easily calculate t at ! end ( su* a "t ! movem5t ( ?is body1 & t :i* x has giv5 to ! wat]1 w cease2 ! motion w be lo/ & re/ w be re/or$4 ,s ! motion produc$ by ,magog 9 spitt+ into a well _c h influ5c$ :at is n[ pass+ 9 ,moldavia & ,walla*ia4 ,pres5t ev5ts1 !n1 are n ! (fspr+ ( all pa/ ev5ts1 !y h _! direct l9es1 b ) a ?\s& small collat]al f9es !y h no?+ to d4 ,once m be x obs]v$ t e be+ has a p>5t b e "o has n an (fspr+4 ,,*anges ,,t ,,h ,,occurr$ ,,9 ,,! ,,globe4 ,:5 we h se5 ) our own eyes a m\nta9 advanc+ into a pla9--t is1 an imm5se rock deta*$ f t m\nta91 & cov]+ ! fields1 an entire ca/le buri$ 9 ! e>?1 or a swall[$-up riv] bur/+ f bel[1 indubitable m>ks ( an imm5se mass ( wat] hav+ once inundat$ a c\ntry n[ inhabit$1 & s _m traces ( o!r revolutions1 we are ev5 m dispos$ to believe 9 ! great *anges t h alt]$ ! face ( ! _w ?an a ,p>isian lady :o kn[s t ! squ>e 9 :i* h] h\se /&s 0 =m]ly a cultivat$ field1 b a lady ( ,naples :o has se5 ! ru9s ( ,h]culaneum und]gr\nd is /ill less en?rall$ by ! prejudice :i* leads u to believe t ev]y?+ has always be5 z x n[ is4 ,0 !re a great burn+ ( ! _w 9 ! "t ( ,phae?on8 ,no?+ is m likely1 b ?is cata/rophe 0 no m caus$ by ! ambition ( ,phae?on or ! ang] ( ,jupit] ! ,?und]] ?an at ,lisbon1 9 #agee1 ! ,div9e v5geance 0 drawn d[n1 ! subt]rane\s fires k9dl$1 & half ! city de/roy$ by ! fires s (t5 light$ !re by ! inquisition--besides1 we "k t ,mequ9ez1 ,tetuan & consid]able hordes ( ,arabs h be5 treat$ ev5 worse ?an ,lisbon1 ?\gh !y _h no inquisition4 ,! isl& ( ,/4 ,dom+o1 entirely deva/at$ n long ago1 _h no m displeas$ ! ,great ,be+ ?an ! isl& ( ,corsica2 all is subject to et]nal physical laws4 ,sulphur1 bitum51 nitre1 & iron1 enclos$ )9 ! b[els ( ! e>? h ov]turn$ _m a city1 op5$ _m a gulf1 & we are con/antly liable to ^! accid5ts atta*$ to ! way 9 :i* ?is globe is put toge!r1 j z1 9 _m c\ntries dur+ w9t]1 we are expos$ to ! attacks ( fami%+ wolves & tig]s4 ,if fire1 :i* ,h]aclitus believ$ to be ! pr9ciple ( all1 has alt]$ ! face ( a "p ( ! e>?1 ,?ales's fir/ pr9ciple1 wat]1 has op]at$ z great *anges4 ,"o-half ( ,am]ica is /ill inundat$ by ! anci5t ov]fl[+s ( ! ,m>anon1 ,rio de la ,plata1 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ! ,mississippi1 & all ! riv]s p]petually swell$ by ! et]nal sn[s ( ! highe/ m\nta9s 9 ! _w1 /ret*+ f "o end ( t cont95t to ! o!r4 ,^! accumulat$ floods h almo/ ev]y:]e produc$ va/ m>%es4 ,! neighbor+ l&s h become un9habitable1 & ! e>?1 :i* ! h&s ( man %\ld h made fruitful1 has produc$ only pe/il5ce4 ,! same ?+ happ5$ 9 ,*9a & 9 ,egypt3 a multitude ( ages 7 necess>y to dig canals & dry ! l&s4 ,add to ^! l5g!n$ disa/]s ! irruptions ( ! sea1 ! l&s x has invad$ & des]t$1 ! isl&s x has deta*$ f ! cont95t & y w f9d t f ea/ to we/1 f ,japan to ,m\nt ,atlas1 x has deva/at$ m ?an eighty ?\s& squ>e leagues4 ,! swall[+ up ( ! isl& ,atlantis f ! ocean may1 ) z mu* reason1 be consid]$ hi/orical1 z fabul\s4 ,! %all[ness ( ! ,atlantic z f> z ! ,can>ies might be tak5 z a pro( ( ?is great ev5t & ! ,can>ies !mselves = fragm5ts ( ! isl& ,atlantis4 ,plato tells u 9 8 ,timu1 t ! ,egyptian prie/s1 among :om he _h travell$1 _h 9 _! possession anci5t regi/]s :i* c]tifi$ t isl&'s go+ "u wat]4 ,plato says t ?is cata/rophe happ5$ n9e ?\s& ye>s be=e 8 "t4 ,no "o w believe ?is *ronology on ,plato's ^w only1 b nei!r c any "o adduce aga9/ x any physical pro(1 nor ev5 a hi/orical te/imony f any pr(ane writ]4 ,pl9y1 9 8 ?ird book1 says t f "t immemorial ! p ( ! s\!rn coa/s ( ,spa9 believ$ t ! sea _h =c$ a passage betwe5 ,calpe & ,abila3 ,indig5 columnas ,h]culis vocant1 cr$untque p] fossas exclusa antea admisisse m>ia1 et r]um natur mutasse faciem4 ,an att5tive travell] may conv9ce himself by 8 own eyes t ! ,cyclades & ! ,sporades 7 once "p ( ! cont95t ( ,greece1 & especially t ,sicily 0 once jo9$ to ,apulia4 ,! two volcanos ( ,etna & ,vesuvius hav+ ! same basis 9 ! sea1 ! little gulf ( ,*>ybdis1 ! only deep "p ( t sea1 ! p]fect resemblance ( ! two soils are incontrov]tible te/imonies4 ,! floods ( ,deucalion & ,ogyges are well kn[n1 & ! fables f\nd$ ^u ?is tru? are /ill m ! talk ( all ! ,we/4 ,! anci5ts h m5tion$ sev]al deluges 9 ,asia4 ,! "o spok5 ( by ,b]osus happ5$ 7z he tells u7 9 ,*alda1 ab\t f\r ?\s& ?ree1 or f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & ,asia 0 z mu* inundat$ ) fables ab\t ?is deluge z x 0 by ! ov]fl[+s ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates1 & all ! riv]s t fall into ! ,eux9e4 ,x is true t su* ov]fl[+s _c cov] ! c\ntry ) m ?an a few feet ( wat]1 b ! consequ5t /]ility1 ! wa%+ away ( h\ses1 & ! de/ruction ( cattle are losses :i* x requires ne>ly a c5tury to repair4 ,we "k h[ mu* !y h co/ ,holl&1 m ?an ! half ( :i* has be5 lo/ s9ce ! ye> #ajej4 ,%e is /ill oblig$ to ma9ta9 a daily conflict ) ! ev]-?reat5+ ocean4 ,%e has nev] employ$ s _m soldi]s 9 resi/+ h] enemies z %e employs labor]s 9 cont9ually def5d+ h] aga9/ ! assaults ( a sea always ready to swall[ h]4 ,! road f ,egypt to ,phnicia1 along ! bord]s ( ,lake ,s]bo1 0 once q practicable1 b x has long ceas$ to be s2 x is n[ no?+ b a quicks&1 moi/5$ by /agnant wat]4 ,9 %ort1 a great portion ( ! e>? w\ld be no o!r ?an a va/ poison\s m>% inhabit$ by mon/]s1 b = ! assidu\s labor ( ! human race4 ,we %all n "h speak ( ! univ]sal deluge ( ,noah4 ,let x suffice to read ! ,holy ,scriptures ) submission4 ,noah's flood 0 an incompreh5sible miracle sup]naturally work$ by ! ju/ice & goodness ( an ineffable ,provid5ce ^: w x 0 to de/roy ! :ole guilty human race & =m a new & innoc5t race4 ,if ! new race 0 m wick$ ?an ! =m]1 & became m crim9al f age to age1 f re=mation to re=mation1 ?is is b ano!r effect ( ! same ,provid5ce1 ( :i* x is impossible = u to fa?om ! dep?s1 ! inconceivable my/]ies transmitt$ to ! nations ( ! ,we/ = _m ages1 9 ! ,lat9 translation ( ! ,septuag9t4 ,we %all nev] ent] ^! awful sanctu>ies2 our que/ions w be limit$ to simple nature4 ,,"*4 ,f ! ,greek ^w signify+ ,impression1 ,engrav+4--,x is :at nature has engrav$ 9 u4 ,c we *ange our "*8 ,yes1 if we *ange our body4 ,a man born turbul5t1 viol5t1 & inflexible1 may1 ?r\gh fall+ 9 8 old age into an apoplexy1 become l a silly1 weak1 timid1 pul+ *ild4 ,8 body is no long] ! same1 b s long z 8 n]ves1 8 blood1 & 8 m>r[ rema9 9 ! same /ate 8 disposition w n *ange any m ?an ! in/9ct ( a wolf or a polecat4 ,! ,engli% au?or ( ,! ,disp5s>y1 a poem mu* sup]ior to ! ,italian ,capitoli & p]haps ev5 to ,boileau's ,lutr91 has1 z x seems to me1 well obs]v$4 ,h[ matt]1 by ! v>i$ %ape ( pores1 ,or idiots frames1 or solemn s5ators4 ,! "* is =m$ ( our ideas & our feel+s4 ,n[ x is q cle> t we nei!r give ourselves feel+s nor ideas1 !re=e our "* _c dep5d on ourselves4 ,if x did s dep5d1 e "o w\ld be p]fect4 ,we _c give ourselves ta/es1 nor tal5ts1 :y1 !n1 %\ld we give ourselves qualities8 ,:5 we d n reflect we ?9k we are ma/]s ( all3 :5 we reflect we f9d t we are ma/]s ( no?+4 ,if y w\ld absolutely *ange a man's "* purge him ) dilu5ts till he is dead4 ,*>les ,,xii41 9 8 illness on ! way to ,b5d]1 0 no long] ! same man2 he 0 z tractable z a *ild4 ,if ,i h a wry nose & cat's eyes ,i c hide !m beh9d a mask1 & c ,i d m ) ! "* t nature has giv5 me8 ,a man born viol5t & passionate pres5ts himself be=e ,francis ,i41 k+ ( ,france1 to compla9 ( a trespass4 ,! c\nt5ance ( ! pr9ce1 ! respectful behavior ( ! c\rti]s1 ! v place he is 9 make a p[]ful impression ^u ?is man4 ,he me*anically ca/s d[n 8 eyes1 8 rude voice is s(t5$1 he pres5ts 8 petition ) humility1 y w\ld ?9k him z mild z 7at t mom5t at lea/7 ! c\rti]s appe> to be1 among :om he is (t5 disconc]t$1 b if ,francis ,i4 kn[s any?+ ( physiognomy1 he w easily discov] 9 8 eye1 ?\gh d[nca/1 gli/5+ ) a sull5 fire1 9 ! ext5d$ muscles ( 8 face1 9 8 fa/-clos$ lips1 t ?is man is n s mild z he is =c$ to appe>4 ,! same man foll[s him to ,pavia1 is tak5 prison] along ) him & ?r[n into ! same dungeon at ,madrid4 ,! maje/y ( ,francis ,i4 no long] awes him z be=e1 he becomes famili> ) ! object ( 8 rev]5ce4 ,"o day1 pull+ on ! k+'s boots1 & happ5+ to pull !m on ill1 ! k+1 s\r$ by mis=tune1 gr[s angry1 on :i* our man ( c\rtesy wi%es 8 maje/y at ! devil & ?r[s 8 boots out ! w9d[4 ,sixtus ,v4 0 by nature petulant1 ob/9ate1 haughty1 impetu\s1 v9dictive1 arrogant4 ,?is "*1 h[ev]1 seems to h be5 s(t5$ by ! trials ( 8 novitiate4 ,b see him beg9n+ to acquire "s influ5ce 9 8 ord]2 he flies into a passion aga9/ a gu>dian & knocks him d[n4 ,behold him an inquisitor at ,v5ice1 he ex]cises 8 (fice ) insol5ce4 ,behold him c>d9al2 he is possess$ della rabbia papale2 ?is rage triumphs ov] 8 natural prop5sities2 he buries 8 p]son & 8 "* 9 obscurity & c\nt]feits humility & infirmity4 ,he is elect$ pope1 & ! spr+ :i* policy _h held back n[ acts ) all ! =ce ( its long-re/ra9$ ela/icity2 he is ! pr\de/ & mo/ despotic ( sov]eigns4 ,naturam expellas furea1 tam5 usque recurret4 ,h[e'er expell$1 nature w /ill return4 ,religion & morality curb ! /r5g? ( ! disposition1 b !y _c de/roy x4 ,! drunk>d 9 a cloi/]1 r$uc$ to a qu>t] ( a p9t ( cid] ea* meal w nev] m get drunk1 b he w always be fond ( w9e4 ,age weak5s ! "*2 x is z an old tree produc+ only a few deg5]ate fruits1 b always ( ! same nature1 :i* is cov]$ ) knots & moss & becomes worm-eat51 b is ev] ! same1 :e!r oak or pe> tree4 ,if we c\ld *ange our "* we c\ld give ourselves "o & become ! ma/] ( nature4 ,c we give ourselves any?+8 d n we receive ev]y?+8 ,to /rive to animate ! indol5t man ) p]sev]+ activity1 to freeze ) apa?y ! boil+ blood ( ! impetu\s1 to inspire a ta/e = poetry into him :o has nei!r ta/e nor e> 7 z futile z to attempt to give sight to "o born bl9d4 ,we p]fect1 we ameliorate1 we conceal :at nature has plac$ 9 u1 b we place no?+ !re ourselves4 ,an agriculturi/ is told3 ,y h too _m fi% 9 ?is pond2 !y w n ?rive1 "h are too _m cattle 9 y\r mead[s2 !y w want grass & gr[ lean4 ,aft] ?is exhortation ! pikes come & eat "o-half ?is man's c>ps1 ! wolves "o-half ( 8 %eep1 & ! re/ fatt54 ,& w y applaud 8 economy8 ,?is c\ntryman is y\rself2 "o ( y\r passions dev\rs ! re/ & y ?9k y h ga9$ a triumph4 ,d we n almo/ all resemble ! old g5]al ( n9ety1 :o1 hav+ f\nd "s "y (fic]s behav+ 9 a r disord]ly mann] ) "s "y wom51 said to !m 9 ang]3 ,g5tlem51 is ?is ! example t ,i set y8 ,,*>ity4 ,,*>itable ,,& ,,b5efic5t ,,in/itutions1 ,,alms-,,h\ses1 ,,hospitals1 ,,etc4 ,cic]o frequ5tly speaks ( univ]sal *>ity1 *>itas humani g5]is2 b x does n appe> t ! policy or ! b5efic5ce ( ! ,romans ev] induc$ !m to e/abli% *>itable in/itutions1 9 :i* ! indig5t & ! sick might be reliev$ at ! exp5se ( ! public4 ,!re 0 a receptacle = /rang]s at ! port ( ,o/ia1 call$ ,x5odokium1 ,/4 ,j]ome r5d]s ?is ju/ice to ! ,romans4 ,alm%\ses seem to h be5 unkn[n 9 anci5t ,rome4 ,a m noble usage prevail$--t ( supply+ ! p ) corn4 ,!re 7 9 ,rome ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 public gran>ies4 ,?is con/ant lib]ality preclud$ any ne$ ( alms-h\ses4 ,!y 7 /rang]s to necessity4 ,nei!r 0 !re any occasion among ! ,romans = f\nd+ *>ities4 ,none expos$ _! own *ildr54 ,^? ( slaves 7 tak5 c>e ( by _! ma/]s4 ,*ildbir? 0 n deem$ disgraceful to ! daught]s ( citiz5s4 ,! poore/ families1 ma9ta9$ by ! republic & aft]w>ds by ! emp]ors1 saw ! subsi/5ce ( _! *ildr5 secur$4 ,! expression1 *>itable e/abli%m5t1 maison de *>it1 implies a /ate ( indig5ce among mod]n nations :i* ! =m ( our gov]nm5ts has n be5 able to preclude4 ,! ^w hospital1 :i* recalls t ( hospitality1 rem9ds u ( a virtue 9 high e/imation among ! ,greeks1 n[ no long] exi/+2 b x also expresses a virtue f> sup]ior4 ,!re is a mighty diff]5ce betwe5 lodg+1 ma9ta9+1 & provid+ 9 sickness = all afflict$ applicants :atev]1 & ent]ta9+ 9 y\r own h\se two or ?ree travell]s by :om y might claim a "r to be ent]ta9$ 9 return4 ,hospitality1 aft] all1 0 b an ex*ange4 ,hospitals are monum5ts ( b5efic5ce4 ,x is true t ! ,greeks 7 acqua9t$ ) *>itable in/itutions "u ! "n ( ,x5odokia1 = /rang]s1 ,nosocomeia1 = ! sick1 & ,ptokia1 = ! indig5t4 ,9 ,diog5es ,la]tius1 conc]n+ ,bion1 we f9d ?is passage3 ,he suff]$ mu* f ! indig5ce ( ^? :o 7 *>g$ ) ! c>e ( ! sick4 ,hospitality among fri5ds 0 call$ ,idiox5ia1 & among /rang]s ,prox5ia4 ,h5ce1 ! p]son :o receiv$ & ent]ta9$ /rang]s 9 8 h\se1 9 ! "n ( ! :ole city1 0 call$ ,prox5os4 ,b ?is in/itution appe>s to h be5 exce$+ly r>e4 ,at ! pres5t day !re is sc>cely a city 9 ,europe )\t its hospitals4 ,! ,turks h !m ev5 = bea/s1 :i* seems to be c>ry+ *>ity r too f>1 x w\ld be bett] to =get ! bea/s & ?9k m ab\t m54 ,?is prodigi\s multitude ( *>itable e/abli%m5ts cle>ly proves a tru? des]v+ ( all our att5tion--t man is n s deprav$ z he is /at$ to be1 & t1 not)/&+ all 8 absurd op9ions1 not)/&+ all ! horrors ( w> :i* trans=m him into a f]oci\s bea/1 we h reason to consid] him z a creature naturally well dispos$ & k9d1 & :o1 l o!r animals1 becomes vici\s only 9 proportion z he is /ung by provocation4 ,! mis=tune is t he is provok$ too (t54 ,mod]n ,rome has almo/ z _m *>itable in/itutions z anci5t ,rome _h triumphal ar*es & o!r monum5ts ( conque/4 ,! mo/ consid]able ( !m all is a bank :i* l5ds money at two p] c5t4 ^u pl$ge1 & sells ! prop]ty if ! borr[] does n r$eem x by an appo9t$ "t4 ,?is e/abli%m5t is call$ ! ,ar*iosp$ale1 or *ief hospital4 ,x is said always to conta9 )9 its walls ne>ly two ?\s& sick1 :i* w\ld be ab\t ! fiftie? "p ( ! population ( ,rome = ?is "o h\se alone1 )\t includ+ ! *ildr5 br\ght up1 & ! pilgrims lodg$ !re4 ,:]e are ! computations :i* d n require abatem5t8 ,has x n be5 actually publi%$ at ,rome t ! hospital ( ! ,tr9ity _h lodg$ & ma9ta9$ = ?ree days f\r hundr$ & =ty ?\s& five hundr$ male & tw5ty-five ?\s& female pilgrims at ! jubilee 9 #afjj8 ,has n ,misson himself told u t ! hospital ( ! ,annunciation at ,naples possesses a r5tal ( two millions 9 our money8 7,ab\t f\r hundr$ ?\s& doll>s47 ,h[ev]1 to return1 p]haps a *>itable e/abli%m5t = pilgrims :o are g5]ally m]e vagabonds1 is r an enc\ragem5t to idl5ess ?an an act ( humanity4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a decisive evid5ce ( humanity t ,rome conta9s fifty *>itable e/abli%m5ts includ+ all descriptions4 ,^! b5efic5t in/itutions are q z useful & respectable z ! ri*es ( "s mona/]ies & *apels are useless & ridicul\s4 ,to disp5se food1 clo?+1 m$ic9e1 & aid ( e k9d1 to our bre?r51 is truly m]itori\s1 b :at ne$ c a sa9t h ( gold & diamonds8 ,:at b5efit results to mank9d f our ,lady ( ,loretto possess+ m gorge\s treasures ?an ! ,turki% sultan8 ,loretto is a h\se ( vanity1 & n ( *>ity4 ,london1 reckon+ its *>ity s*ools1 has z _m b5efic5t e/abli%m5ts z ,rome4 ,! mo/ beautiful monum5t ( b5efic5ce ev] erect$ is ! ,htel des ,invalides1 f\nd$ by ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,( all hospitals1 t 9 :i* ! greate/ numb] ( indig5t sick are daily receiv$ is ! ,htel ,dieu ( ,p>is4 ,x frequ5tly conta9s f\r or five ?\s& inmates at a "t4 ,x is at once ! receptacle ( all ! dreadful ills to :i* mank9d are subject & ! temple ( true virtue1 :i* consi/s 9 reliev+ !m4 ,x is impossible to avoid frequ5tly draw+ a contra/ betwe5 a fte at ,v]sailles or an op]a at ,p>is1 9 :i* all ! pleasures & all ! spl5dors ( life are comb9$ ) ! mo/ exquisite art1 & a ,htel ,dieu1 :]e all t is pa9ful1 all t is loa?some1 & ev5 dea? itself are accumulat$ 9 "o mass ( horror4 ,su* is ! composition ( great cities6 ,by an admirable policy pleasures & luxury are r5d]$ subs]vi5t to mis]y & pa94 ,! !atres ( ,p>is pay on an av]age ! ye>ly sum ( a hundr$ ?\s& cr[ns to ! hospital4 ,x (t5 happ5s 9 ^! *>itable in/itutions t ! inconv5i5ces c\nt]balance ! advantages4 ,"o pro( ( ! abuses atta*$ to !m is t pati5ts dread ! v idea ( be+ remov$ to !m4 ,! ,htel ,dieu1 = example1 0 =m]ly well situat$1 9 ! middle ( ! city1 ne> ! bi%op's palace4 ,! situation n[ is v bad1 = ! city has become ov]gr[n2 f\r or five pati5ts are cr[d$ into e b$1 ! victim ( scurvy communicates x to 8 neighbor & 9 return receives f him smallpox1 & a pe/il5tial atmosph]e spreads incurable disease & dea?1 n only ?r\gh ! build+ de/9$ to re/ore m5 to heal?ful life b ?r\gh a great "p ( ! city :i* surr\nds x4 ,m4 de ,*am\sset1 "o ( ! mo/ valuable & active ( citiz5s1 has comput$1 f accurate au?orities1 t 9 ! ,htel ,dieu1 a f\r? "p ( ! pati5ts die1 an eigh? 9 ! hospital ( ,*>ity1 a n9? 9 ! ,london hospitals1 & a ?irtie? 9 ^? ( ,v]sailles4 ,9 ! great & celebrat$ hospital ( ,lyons1 :i* has long be5 "o ( ! be/ conduct$ 9 ,europe1 ! av]age mortality has be5 f\nd to be only "o-fifte5?4 ,x has be5 (t5 propos$ to divide ! ,htel ,dieu ( ,p>is into small] e/abli%m5ts bett] situat$1 m airy1 & salubri\s1 b money has be5 want+ to c>ry ! plan into execution4 ,curtae nescio quid semp] abe/ rei4 ,money is always to be f\nd :5 m5 are to be s5t to ! fronti]s to be de/roy$1 b :5 ! object is to pres]ve !m x is no long] s4 ,yet ! ,htel ,dieu ( ,p>is has a rev5ue am\nt+ to m ?an a million 7=ty ?\s& p\nds71 & e day increas+1 & ! ,p>isians h rivall$ ea* o!r 9 _! end[m5ts ( x4 ,we _c help rem>k+ 9 ?is place t ,g]ma9 ,brice1 9 8 ,description ( ,p>is1 speak+ ( "s legacies bequea!d by ! fir/ presid5t1 ,bellievre1 to ! hall ( ! ,htel ,dieu1 nam$ ,/4 ,*>les1 says3 ,e "o ought to read ! beautiful inscription1 engrav$ 9 lett]s ( gold on a gr& m>ble tablet1 & compos$ by ,oliv] ,patru1 "o ( ! *oice/ spirits ( 8 "t1 "s ( ^: plead+s are extant & 9 v high e/eem4 ,:oev] ?\ art t ent]e/ ?is sacr$ place ?\ wilt almo/ ev]y:]e behold traces ( ! *>ity ( ! great ,pomponne4 ,! gold & silv] tape/ry & ! exquisite furniture :i* =m]ly adorn$ 8 ap>tm5ts are n[1 by a happy metamorphosis1 made to m9i/] to ! necessities ( ! sick4 ,t div9e man1 :o 0 ! ornam5t & delight ( 8 age1 ev5 9 8 conflict ) dea?1 consid]$ h[ he might relieve ! afflict$4 ,! blood ( ,bellievre 0 manife/$ 9 e action ( 8 life4 ,! glory ( 8 embassies is full well kn[n1 etc4 ,! useful ,*am\sset did bett] ?an ,g]ma9 ,brice1 or ?an ,oliv] ,patru1 "o ( ! *oice/ spirits ( 8 "t4 ,he (f]$ to und]take at 8 own exp5se1 back$ by a responsible company1 ! foll[+ contract3 ,! adm9i/rators ( ! ,htel ,dieu e/imat$ ! co/ ( e pati5t1 :e!r kill$ or cur$1 at fifty livres4 ,m4 ,*am\sset & ! company (f]$ to und]take ! bus9ess1 on receiv+ fifty livres on recov]y only4 ,! dea?s 7 to be ?r[n out ( ! acc\nt1 ( :i* ! exp5ses 7 to be borne by himself4 ,! proposal 0 s v advantage\s t x 0 n accept$4 ,x 0 fe>$ t he w\ld n be able to accompli% x4 ,e abuse attempt$ to be re=m$ is ! patrimony ( ^? :o h m influ5ce ?an ! re=m]s4 ,a circum/ance no less s+ul> is t ! ,htel ,dieu alone has ! privilege ( sell+ meat 9 ,l5t1 = its own advantage & x loses money !reby4 ,m4 ,*am\sset propos$ to ent] into a contract by :i* ! e/abli%m5t w\ld ga92 8 (f] 0 reject$ & ! but*]1 :o 0 ?\ght to h sugge/$ x to him1 0 dismiss$4 ,a9si *ez les huma9s1 p> un abus fatal1 ,le bi5 le plus p>fait e/ la s\rce du mal4 ,?us s]i\s ill1 if ta9t$ by abuse1 ,! noble/ works ( man w (t produce4 ,,*>les ,,ix4 ,*>les ,,ix41 k+ ( ,france1 01 we are told1 a good poet4 ,x is q c]ta9 t :ile he liv$ 8 v]ses 7 admir$4 ,brantme does n1 inde$1 tell u t ?is k+ 0 ! be/ poet 9 ,europe1 b he assures u t he made v g5teel quatra9s impromptu1 )\t ?9k+ 7= he _h se5 sev]al ( !m71 & :5 x 0 wet or gloomy wea!r1 or v hot1 he w\ld s5d = ! poets into 8 cab9et & pass 8 "t !re ) !m4 ,_h he always pass$ 8 "t ?us1 &1 above all1 _h he made good v]ses1 we %\ld n h _h a ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 he w\ld n h fir$ ) a c>b9e ?r\gh 8 w9d[ ^u 8 own subjects1 z if !y _h be5 a covey ( p>tridges4 ,is x n impossible = a good poet to be a b>b>ian8 ,i am p]suad$ x is4 ,^! l9es1 address$ 9 8 "n to ,rons>d1 h be5 attribut$ to him3 ,la lyre1 qui ravit p> de si d\x accords1 ,te s\mets les esprits dont je n'ai que les corps2 ,le matre elle t'en r5d1 et te fait introduire ,o le plus fi] tyran ne peut avoir d'empire4 ,! lyre's delightful s(tly swell+ lay ,subdues ! m9d1 ,i b ! body sway2 ,make !e its ma/]1 ?y sweet art c b9d ,:at haughty tyrants _c rule--! m9d4 ,^! l9es are good4 ,b are !y 88 ,are !y n 8 preceptor's8 ,"h are "s ( 8 royal imag9+s1 :i* are some:at diff]5t3 ,il faut suivre ton roi qui t'aime p> sur t\s ,p\r les v]s qui de toi c\l5t braves et d\x2 ,et crois1 si tu ne vi5s me tr\v] ,pontoise1 ,qu'entre n\s advi5dra une trs-gr&e noise4 ,"k1 ?\ mu/ foll[ close ?y k+1 :o (t ,ha? he>d1 & loves !e =1 ?y v]se s s(t2 ,unless ?\ come & meet me at ,pontoise1 ,believe me1 ,i %all make no little noise4 ,^! are wor?y ! au?or ( ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew4 ,cs>'s l9es on ,t]5ce are writt5 ) r m _s & ta/e2 !y brea! ,roman urbanity4 ,9 ^? ( ,francis ,i4 & ,*>les ,,ix4 we f9d ! b>b>ism ( ! ,celts4 ,w\ld to ,god t ,*>les ,,ix4 _h writt5 m v]ses1 ev5 ?\gh bad ones6 ,= con/ant application to ! f9e arts s(t5s ! mann]s & dispels f]ocity3 ,emollit mores1 nec s9it esse f]os4 ,besides1 ! ,fr5* languages sc>cely began to take any =m until long aft] ,*>les ,,ix4 ,see su* ( ,francis ,i4's lett]s z h be5 pres]v$3 ,t\t e/ p]du hors l'honneur--,all is lo/ save honor--0 wor?y ( a *evali]4 ,b ! foll[+ is nei!r 9 ! /yle ( ,cic]o nor 9 t ( ,cs>3 ,illu/ration ,t\t a fleure ynsi que je me volois mettre o lit e/ arriv ,laval qui m'a aport la s]t5et du lvem5t du siege4 ,all 0 go+ s well t1 :5 ,i 0 go+ to b$ ,laval arriv$1 & br\ght me ! c]ta9ty ( ! siege be+ rais$4 ,we h lett]s f ! h& ( ,l\is ,,xiii41 :i* are no bett] writt54 ,x is n requir$ ( a k+ to write lett]s l ,pl9y1 or v]ses l ,virgil2 b no "o c be excus$ f express+ himself ) propriety 9 8 own tongue4 ,e pr9ce t writes l a lady's maid has be5 ill educat$4 ,,*9a4 ,,section ,i4 ,we h frequ5tly obs]v$ else:]e1 h[ ra% & injudici\s x is to controv]t ) any nation1 su* z ! ,*9ese1 its au!ntic pret5sions4 ,!re is no h\se 9 ,europe1 ! antiquity ( :i* is s well prov$ z t ( ! ,empire ( ,*9a4 ,let u figure to ourselves a le>n$ ,m>onite ( ,m\nt ,a?os que/ion+ ! nobility ( ! ,moroz9i1 ! ,tiepolo1 & o!r anci5t h\ses ( ,v5ice2 ( ! pr9ces ( ,g]many1 ( ! ,montmor5cys1 ! ,*atillons1 or ! ,talleyr&s1 ( ,france1 "u ! pret5ce t !y are n m5tion$ 9 ,/4 ,?omas1 or ,/4 ,bonav5ture4 ,we mu/ impea* ei!r 8 s5se or 8 s9c]ity4 ,_m ( ! le>n$ ( our nor!rn climes h felt conf\nd$ at ! antiquity claim$ by ! ,*9ese4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 is n "o ( le>n+4 ,leav+ all ! ,*9ese lit]ati1 all ! m&>9s1 all ! emp]ors1 to ackn[l$ge ,fo-hi z "o ( ! fir/ :o gave laws to ,*9a1 ab\t two ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s be=e our vulg> era2 admit t !re mu/ be p be=e !re are k+s4 ,all[ t a long p]iod ( "t is necess>y be=e a num]\s p1 hav+ discov]$ ! necess>y arts ( life1 unite 9 ! *oice ( a common gov]nor4 ,b if y d n make ^! admissions1 x is n ( ! slighte/ consequ5ce4 ,:e!r y agree ) u or n1 we %all always believe t two & two make f\r4 ,9 a we/]n prov9ce1 =m]ly call$ ,celtica1 ! love ( s+ul>ity & p>adox has be5 c>ri$ s f> z to induce "s to ass]t t ! ,*9ese 7 only an ,egyptian1 or r p]haps a ,phnician colony4 ,x 0 attempt$ to prove1 9 ! same way z a ?\s& o!r ?+s h be5 prov$1 t a k+ ( ,egypt1 call$ ,m5es by ! ,greeks1 0 ! ,*9ese ,k+ ,yu2 & t ,atoes 0 ,ki1 by ! *ange ( c]ta9 lett]s4 ,9 addition to :i*1 ! foll[+ is a specim5 ( ! reason+ appli$ to ! subject3 ,! ,egyptians sometimes light$ tor*es at night4 ,! ,*9ese light lant]ns3 ! ,*9ese are1 !re=e1 evid5tly a colony f ,egypt4 ,! ,jesuit ,p>5n9 :o _h1 at ! "t1 resid$ five & tw5ty ye>s 9 ,*9a1 & 0 ma/] bo? ( its language & its sci5ces1 has reject$ all ^! fancies ) a happy mixture ( elegance & s>casm4 ,all ! mission>ies1 & all ! ,*9ese1 on receiv+ ! intellig5ce t a c\ntry 9 ! extremity ( ! we/ 0 develop+ a new =mation ( ! ,*9ese ,empire1 treat$ x ) a contemptu\s ridicule4 ,fa!r ,p>5n9 repli$ ) some:at m s]i\sness3 ,y\r ,egyptians1 said he1 :5 go+ to p ,*9a1 mu/ evid5tly h pass$ ?r\gh ,india4 ,0 ,india at t "t peopl$ or n8 ,if x 01 w\ld x p]mit a =eign army to pass ?r\gh x8 ,if x 0 n1 w\ld n ! ,egyptians h /opp$ 9 ,india8 ,w\ld !y h cont9u$ _! j\rney ?r\gh b>r5 des]ts1 & ov] almo/ impracticable m\nta9s1 till !y rea*$ ,*9a1 9 ord] to =m colonies !re1 :5 !y might s easily h e/abli%$ !m on ! f]tile banks ( ! ,indus or ! ,ganges8 ,! compil]s ( a univ]sal hi/ory1 pr9t$ 9 ,engl&1 h also %[n a disposition to dive/ ! ,*9ese ( _! antiquity1 because ! ,jesuits 7 ! fir/ :o made ! _w acqua9t$ ) ,*9a4 ,?is is unque/ionably a v satisfactory reason = say+ to a :ole nation--,y are li>s4 ,x appe>s to me a v important reflection1 :i* may be made on ! te/imony giv5 by ,confucius1 to ! antiquity ( 8 nation2 & :i* is1 t ,confucius _h no int]e/ 9 falsehood3 he did n pret5d to be a prophet2 he claim$ no inspiration3 he taught no new religion2 he us$ no delusions2 flatt]$ n ! emp]or "u :om he liv$3 he did n ev5 m5tion him4 ,9 %ort1 he is ! only f\nd] ( in/itutions among mank9d :o 0 n foll[$ by a tra9 ( wom54 ,i knew a philosoph] :o _h no o!r portrait ?an t ( ,confucius 9 8 /udy4 ,at ! bottom ( x 7 writt5 ! foll[+ l9es3 ,)\t assumption he explor$ ! m9d1 ,unveil$ ! light ( reason to mank9d2 ,spoke z a sage1 & nev] z a se]1 ,yet1 /range to say1 8 c\ntry held him de>4 ,i h read 8 books ) att5tion2 ,i h made extracts f !m2 ,i h f\nd 9 !m no?+ b ! pure/ morality1 )\t ! slighte/ t+e ( *>latanism4 ,he liv$ six hundr$ ye>s be=e our vulg> era4 ,8 works 7 comm5t$ on by ! mo/ le>n$ m5 ( ! nation4 ,if he _h falsifi$1 if he _h introduc$ a false *ronology1 if he _h writt5 ( emp]ors :o nev] exi/$1 w\ld n "s "o h be5 f\nd1 9 a le>n$ nation1 :o w\ld h re=m$ 8 *ronology8 ,"o ,*9ese only has *os5 to contradict him1 & he met ) univ]sal execration4 ,7 x wor? our :ile1 we might "h comp>e ! great wall ( ,*9a ) ! monum5ts ( o!r nations1 :i* h nev] ev5 approa*$ x2 & rem>k1 t1 9 comp>ison ) ?is ext5sive "w1 ! pyramids ( ,egypt are only pu]ile & useless masses4 ,we might dwell on ! ?irty-two eclipses calculat$ 9 ! anci5t *ronology ( ,*9a1 tw5ty-eight ( :i* h be5 v]ifi$ by ! ma!maticians ( ,europe4 ,we might %[1 t ! respect ent]ta9$ by ! ,*9ese = _! ance/ors is an evid5ce t su* ance/ors h exi/$2 & repeat ! obs]vation1 s (t5 made1 t ?is rev]5tial respect has 9 s small degree imp$$1 among ?is p1 ! progress ( natural philosophy1 geometry1 & a/ronomy4 ,x is suffici5tly kn[n1 t !y are1 at ! pres5t day1 :at we all 7 ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 v ignorant reason]s4 ,! mo/ le>n$ ,*9ese is l "o ( ! le>n$ ( ,europe 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 9 possession ( 8 ,ari/otle4 ,b x is possible to be a v bad natural philosoph]1 & at ! same "t an excell5t morali/4 ,x is1 9 fact1 9 morality1 9 political economy1 9 agriculture1 9 ! necess>y arts ( life1 t ! ,*9ese h made su* advances t[>ds p]fection4 ,all ! re/ !y h be5 taught by u3 9 ^! we might well submit to become _! disciples4 ,( ! ,expulsion ( ! ,mission>ies f ,*9a4 ,humanly speak+1 indep5d5tly ( ! s]vice :i* ! ,jesuits might conf] on ! ,*ri/ian religion1 are !y n to be reg>d$ z an ill-fat$ class ( m51 9 hav+ travell$ f s remote a di/ance to introduce tr\ble & discord into "o ( ! mo/ ext5d$ & be/-gov]n$ k+doms ( ! _w8 ,& does n _! conduct involve a dreadful abuse ( ! lib]ality & indulg5ce %[n by ! ,ori5tals1 m p>ticul>ly aft] ! torr5ts ( blood %$1 ?r\gh _! means1 9 ! empire ( ,japan8 ,a sc5e ( horror1 to prev5t ! consequ5ce ( :i* ! gov]nm5t believ$ x absolutely indisp5sable to %ut _! ports aga9/ all =eign]s4 ,! ,jesuits _h obta9$ p]mission ( ! emp]or ( ,*9a1 ,cam-hi1 to tea* ! ,ca?olic religion4 ,!y made use ( x1 to in/il into ! small portion ( ! p "u _! direction1 t x 0 incumb5t on !m to s]ve no o!r ma/] ?an him :o 0 ! vic]eg5t ( ,god on e>?1 & :o dwelt 9 ,italy on ! banks ( a small riv] call$ ! ,tib]2 t e o!r religi\s op9ion1 e o!r wor%ip1 0 an abom9ation 9 ! sight ( ,god1 & :oev] did n believe ! ,jesuits w\ld be puni%$ by ,him to all et]nity2 t _! emp]or & b5efactor1 ,cam-hi1 :o c\ld n ev5 pron\nce ! "n ( ,*ri/1 z ! ,*9ese language possesses n ! lett] r1 w\ld suff] et]nal damnation2 t ! ,emp]or ,yont*9 w\ld exp]i5ce1 )\t m]cy1 ! same fate2 t all ! ance/ors1 bo? ( ,*9ese & ,t>t>s1 w\ld incur a simil> p5alty2 t _! desc5dants w\ld und]go x also1 z well z ! re/ ( ! _w2 & t ! rev]5d fa!rs1 ! ,jesuits1 felt a s9c]e & pat]nal commis]ation = ! damnation ( s _m s\ls4 ,!y1 at l5g?1 succe$$ 9 mak+ conv]ts ( ?ree pr9ces ( ! ,t>t> race4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! ,emp]or ,cam-hi di$1 t[>ds ! close ( ! ye> #agbb4 ,he bequea!d ! empire to 8 f\r? son1 :o has be5 s celebrat$ ?r\gh ! :ole _w = ! ju/ice & ! wisdom ( 8 gov]nm5t1 = ! affection ent]ta9$ = him by 8 subjects1 & = ! expulsion ( ! ,jesuits4 ,!y began by baptiz+ ! ?ree pr9ces1 & _m p]sons ( _! h\sehold4 ,^! neophytes _h ! mis=tune to displease ! emp]or on "s po9ts :i* m]ely respect$ milit>y duty4 ,ab\t ?is v p]iod ! indignation ( ! :ole empire aga9/ ! mission>ies broke out into a flame4 ,all ! gov]nors ( prov9ces1 all ! ,colaos1 pres5t$ memorials aga9/ !m4 ,! accusations aga9/ !m 7 urg$ s f> t ! ?ree pr9ces1 :o _h become disciples ( ! ,jesuits1 7 put into irons4 ,x is cle> t !y 7 n treat$ ) ?is sev]ity simply = hav+ be5 baptiz$1 s9ce ! ,jesuits !mselves ackn[l$ge 9 _! lett]s1 t !y exp]i5c$ no viol5ce1 & t !y 7 ev5 admitt$ to an audi5ce ( ! emp]or1 :o honor$ !m ) "s pres5ts4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! ,emp]or ,yon*9 0 no p]secutor2 &1 if ! pr9ces 7 conf9$ 9 a prison on ! bord]s ( ,t>t>y1 :ile ^? :o _h conv]t$ !m 7 treat$ s lib]ally1 x is a decid$ pro( t !y 7 /ate prison]s1 & n m>tyrs4 ,! emp]or1 soon aft] ?is1 yield$ to ! supplications ( all 8 p4 ,!y petition$ t ! ,jesuits might be s5t away1 z _! abolition has be5 s9ce pray$ = 9 ,france & o!r c\ntries4 ,all ! tribunals ( ,*9a urg$ _! be+ imm$iately s5t to ,macao1 :i* is consid]$ z a place )\t ! limits ( ! empire1 & ! possession ( :i* has always be5 left to ! ,portuguese1 ) a ,*9ese g>rison4 ,yon*9 _h ! humanity to consult ! tribunals & gov]nors1 :e!r any dang] c\ld result f convey+ all ! ,jesuits to ! prov9ce ( ,canton4 ,:ile await+ ! reply1 he ord]$ ?ree ( !m to be introduc$ to 8 pres5ce1 & address$ !m 9 ! foll[+ words1 :i* ,fa!r ,p>5n91 ) great +5u\sness1 records3 ,y\r ,europeans1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,fo-,ki51 int5d$ to aboli% our laws1 & di/urb$ our p4 ,! tribunals h d5\nc$ !m be=e me4 ,x is my positive duty to provide aga9/ su* disord]s3 ! good ( ! empire requires x4444 ,:at w\ld y say 7 ,i to s5d ov] to y\r c\ntry a company ( bonzes & lamas to prea* _! law8 ,h[ w\ld y receive !m8444 ,if y deceiv$ my fa!r1 hope n also to deceive me4444 ,y wi% to make ! ,*9ese ,*ri/ians3 y\r law1 ,i well "k1 requires ?is ( y4 ,b 9 case y %\ld succe$1 :at %\ld we become8 ! subjects ( y\r k+s4 ,*ri/ians believe none b y3 9 a "t ( confusion !y w\ld li/5 to no voice b y\rs4 ,i "k t1 at pres5t1 !re is no?+ to fe>2 b on ! arrival ( a ?\s&1 or p]haps t5 ?\s& vessels1 great di/urbances might ensue4 ,*9a1 on ! nor?1 jo9s ! k+dom ( ,russia1 :i* is by no means contemptible2 to ! s\? x has ! ,europeans1 & _! k+doms1 :i* are /ill m consid]able2 & to ! we/1 ! pr9ces ( ,t>t>y1 ) :om we h be5 at w> eight ye>s4444 ,laur5ce ,lange1 companion ( ,pr9ce ,ismail(f1 ambassador f ! cz>1 reque/$ t ! ,russians might h p]mission to e/abli% factories 9 ea* ( ! prov9ces4 ,! p]mission 0 conf9$ to ,pek91 & )9 ! limits ( ,calcas4 ,9 l mann] ,i p]mit y to rema9 "h & at ,canton z long z y avoid giv+ any cause ( compla9t4 ,%\ld y give any1 ,i w n suff] y to rema9 ei!r "h or at ,canton4 ,9 ! o!r prov9ces _! h\ses & *ur*es 7 levell$ to ! gr\nd4 ,at l5g? ! clamor aga9/ !m r$\bl$4 ,! *>ges mo/ /r5u\sly insi/$ ^u aga9/ !m 71 t !y weak5$ ! respect ( *ildr5 = _! p>5ts1 by n pay+ ! honors due to ance/ors2 t !y indec5tly br\ght toge!r "y m5 & wom5 9 retir$ places1 :i* !y call$ *ur*es2 t !y made girls kneel be=e !m1 & enclos$ !m ) _! legs1 & conv]s$ ) !m1 :ile 9 ?is po/ure1 9 und]tones4 ,to ,*9ese delicacy1 no?+ appe>$ m revolt+ ?an ?is4 ,_! emp]or1 ,yon*91 ev5 condesc5d$ to in=m ! ,jesuits ( ?is fact2 aft] :i* he s5t away ! great] "p ( ! mission>ies to ,macao1 b ) all t polite att5tion :i* p]haps ! ,*9ese alone are capable ( display+4 ,"s ,jesuits1 possess$ ( ma!matical sci5ce1 7 reta9$ at ,pek92 & among o!rs1 t same ,p>5n9 :om we h m5tion$2 & :o1 be+ a p]fect ma/] bo? ( ! ,*9ese & ( ! ,t>t> language1 _h be5 frequ5tly employ$ z an int]pret]4 ,_m ( ! ,jesuits conceal$ !mselves 9 ! di/ant prov9ces2 o!rs ev5 9 ,canton itself2 & ! affair 0 conniv$ at4 ,at l5g?1 aft] ! dea? ( ! ,emp]or ,yon*91 8 son & successor1 ,ki5-,lung1 complet$ ! satisfaction ( ! nation by compell+ all ! mission>ies :o 7 9 concealm5t ?r\gh\t 8 empire to remove to ,macao3 a solemn edict prev5t$ !m f ev] return+4 ,if any appe>1 !y are civilly reque/$ to c>ry _! tal5ts some:]e else4 ,!re is no?+ ( sev]ity1 no?+ ( p]secution4 ,i h be5 told t1 9 #agfj1 a ,jesuit hav+ gone f ,rome to ,canton1 & be5 in=m$ aga9/ by a ,dut* factor1 ! ,colao gov]nor ( ,canton _h him s5t away1 pres5t+ him at ! same "t ) a piece ( silk1 "s provisions1 & money4 ,( ! pret5d$ ,a!ism ( ,*9a4 ,! *>ge ( ,a!ism1 alleg$ by our !ologians ( ! we/1 aga9/ ! ,*9ese gov]nm5t at ! o!r end ( ! _w1 has be5 frequ5tly exam9$1 & is1 x mu/ be admitt$1 ! meane/ excess ( our follies & p$antic inconsi/5cies4 ,x 0 sometimes pret5d$1 9 "o ( our le>n$ faculties1 t ! ,*9ese tribunals or p>liam5ts 7 idolatr\s2 sometimes t !y ackn[l$g$ no div9ity :atev]3 & ^! reason]s occasionally pu%$ _! logic s f> z to ma9ta9 t ! ,*9ese 71 at ! same "t1 a!i/s & idolat]s4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,octob]1 #agjj1 ! ,sorbonne decl>$ e proposition :i* ma9ta9$ t ! emp]or & ! ,colaos believ$ 9 ,god to be h]etical4 ,bulky volumes 7 compos$ 9 ord] to demon/rate1 con=mably to ! sy/em ( !ological demon/ration1 t ! ,*9ese ador$ no?+ b ! mat]ial heav54 ,nil praet] nubes et coeli num5 adorant4 ,!y wor%ip cl\ds & firmam5t alone4 ,b if !y did adore ! mat]ial heav51 t 0 _! ,god4 ,!y resembl$ ! ,p]sians1 :o are said to h ador$ ! sun3 !y resembl$ ! anci5t ,arabians1 :o ador$ ! />s3 !y 7 nei!r wor%ipp]s ( idols nor a!i/s4 ,b a le>n$ doctor1 :5 x is an object to d5\nce f 8 tripod any proposition z h]etical or obnoxi\s1 does n di/+ui% ) mu* cle>ness4 ,^? contemptible creatures :o1 9 #agjj1 creat$ su* a di/urbance ab\t ! mat]ial heav5 ( ! ,*9ese1 did n "k t1 9 #afhi1 ! ,*9ese1 hav+ made peace ) ! ,russians at ,nicpt*\1 :i* divides ! two empires1 erect$1 9 ,septemb] ( ! same ye>1 a m>ble monum5t1 on :i* ! foll[+ memorable words 7 engrav$ 9 ! ,*9ese & ,lat9 languages3 ,%\ld any ev] det]m9e to rek9dle ! flames ( w>1 we pray ! sov]eign reign ( all ?+s1 :o kn[s ! he>t1 to puni% _! p]fidy1 etc4 ,a v small portion ( mod]n hi/ory is suffici5t to put an end to ^! ridicul\s disputes3 b ^? :o believe t ! duty ( man consi/s 9 writ+ comm5t>ies on ,/4 ,?omas1 or ,scotus1 _c condesc5d to in=m !mselves ( :at is go+ on among ! great empires ( ! _w4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,we travel to ,*9a to obta9 clay = porcela91 z if we _h none ourselves2 /uffs1 z if we 7 de/itute ( /uffs2 & a small h]b to be infus$ 9 wat]1 z if we _h no simples 9 our own c\ntries4 ,9 return = ^! b5efits1 we are desir\s ( conv]t+ ! ,*9ese4 ,x is a v comm5dable zeal2 b we mu/ avoid controv]t+ _! antiquity1 & also call+ !m idolat]s4 ,%\ld we ?9k x well ( a capu*91 if1 aft] hav+ be5 hospitably ent]ta9$ at ! *teau ( ! ,montmor5cys1 he endeavor$ to p]suade !m t !y 7 new nobility1 l ! k+'s secret>ies2 or accus$ !m ( idolatry1 because he f\nd two or ?ree /atues ( con/ables1 = :om !y *]i%$ ! mo/ pr(\nd respect8 ,! celebrat$ ,wolf1 pr(essor ( ma!matics 9 ! univ]sity ( ,halle1 once deliv]$ an excell5t disc\rse 9 praise ( ! ,*9ese philosophy4 ,he prais$ t anci5t species ( ! human race1 diff]+1 z x does1 9 respect to ! be>d1 ! eyes1 ! nose1 ! e>s1 & ev5 ! reason+ p[]s !mselves2 he prais$ ! ,*9ese1 ,i say1 = _! adoration ( a supreme ,god1 & _! love ( virtue4 ,he did t ju/ice to ! emp]ors ( ,*9a1 to ! tribunals1 & to ! lit]ati4 ,! ju/ice done to ! bonzes 0 ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,x is necess>y to obs]ve1 t ?is ,pr(essor ,wolf _h attract$ ar\nd him a ?\s& pupils ( all nations4 ,9 ! same univ]sity !re 0 also a pr(essor ( !ology1 :o attract$ no "o4 ,?is man1 madd5$ at ! ?\ght ( freez+ to dea? 9 8 own des]t$ hall1 =m$ ! design1 :i* und\bt$ly 0 only "r & reasonable1 ( de/roy+ ! ma!matical pr(essor4 ,he scrupl$ n1 accord+ to ! practice ( p]sons l himself1 to accuse him ( n believ+ 9 ,god4 ,"s ,european writ]s1 :o _h nev] be5 9 ,*9a1 _h pret5d$ t ! gov]nm5t ( ,pek9 0 a!i/ical4 ,wolf _h prais$ ! philosoph]s ( ,pek92 !re=e ,wolf 0 an a!i/4 ,envy & hatr$ seldom con/ruct ! be/ syllogisms4 ,?is argum5t ( ,lange1 support$ by a p>ty & by a protector1 0 consid]$ conclusive by ! sov]eign ( ! c\ntry1 :o despat*$ a =mal dilemma to ! ma!matician4 ,?is dilemma gave him ! option ( quitt+ ,halle 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 or ( be+ hang$2 & z ,wolf 0 a v accurate reason]1 he did n fail to quit4 ,8 )draw+ depriv$ ! k+ ( two or ?ree hundr$ ?\s& cr[ns a ye>1 :i* 7 br\ght into ! k+dom 9 consequ5ce ( ! weal? ( ?is philosoph]'s disciples4 ,?is case %\ld conv9ce sov]eigns t !y %\ld n be ov] ready to li/5 to calumny1 & sacrifice a great man to ! madness ( a fool4 ,b let u return to ,*9a4 ,:y %\ld we conc]n ourselves1 we :o live at ! extremity ( ! we/--:y %\ld we dispute ) abuse & fury1 :e!r !re 7 f\rte5 pr9ces or n be=e ,fo-hi1 emp]or ( ,*9a1 & :e!r ! said ,fo-hi liv$ ?ree ?\s&1 or two ?\s& n9e hundr$ ye>s be=e our vulg> era8 ,i %\ld l to see two ,iri%m5 qu>rell+ at ,dubl91 ab\t :o 0 ! own]1 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 ( ! e/ate ,i am n[ 9 possession (4 ,is x n cle>1 t !y %\ld ref] to me1 :o possess ! docum5ts & titles relat+ to x8 ,to my m9d1 ! case is ! same ) respect to ! fir/ emp]ors ( ,*9a1 & ! tribunals ( t c\ntry are ! prop] resort ^u ! subject4 ,dispute z long z y please ab\t ! f\rte5 pr9ces :o reign$ be=e ,fo-hi1 y\r v int]e/+ dispute _c possibly fail to prove t ,*9a 0 at t p]iod popul\s1 & t laws 7 9 =ce !re4 ,i n[ ask y1 :e!r a p's be+ collect$ toge!r1 "u laws & k+s1 involves n ! idea ( v consid]able antiquity8 ,reflect h[ long a "t is requisite1 be=e by a s+ul> concurr5ce ( circum/ances1 ! iron is discov]$ 9 ! m9e1 be=e x is appli$ to purposes ( agriculture1 be=e ! inv5tion ( ! %uttle1 & all ! arts ( life4 ,"s :o multiply mank9d by a da% ( ! p51 h produc$ v curi\s calculations4 ,! ,jesuit ,petau1 by a v s+ul> computation1 gives ! _w1 two hundr$ & tw5ty-five ye>s aft] ! deluge1 "o hundr$ times z _m inhabitants z c be easily conceiv$ to exi/ on x at pres5t4 ,! ,cumb]l&s & ,:i/ons h =m$ calculations equally ridicul\s2 _h ^! wor?ies only consult$ ! regi/]s ( our colonies 9 ,am]ica1 !y w\ld h be5 p]fectly a/oni%$1 & w\ld h p]ceiv$ n only h[ sl[ly mank9d increase 9 numb]1 b t frequ5tly in/ead ( increas+ !y actually dim9i%4 ,let u !n1 :o are m]ely ( ye/]day1 desc5dants ( ! ,celts1 :o h only j f9i%$ cle>+ ! =e/s ( our savage t]ritories1 suff] ! ,*9ese & ,indians to enjoy 9 peace _! f9e climate & _! antiquity4 ,let u1 especially1 cease call+ ! emp]or ( ,*9a1 & ! s\ba ( ! ,deccan1 idolat]s4 ,!re is no necessity = be+ a zealot 9 e/imat+ ,*9ese m]it4 ,! con/itution ( _! empire is ! only "o entirely e/abli%$ ^u pat]nal au?ority2 ! only "o 9 :i* ! gov]nor ( a prov9ce is puni%$1 if1 on quitt+ 8 /ation1 he does n receive ! acclamations ( ! p2 ! only "o :i* has in/itut$ rew>ds = virtue1 :ile1 ev]y:]e else1 ! sole object ( ! laws is ! puni%m5t ( crime2 ! only "o :i* has caus$ its laws to be adopt$ by its conqu]ors1 :ile we are /ill subject to ! cu/oms ( ! ,burgundians1 ! ,franks1 & ! ,go?s1 by :om we 7 conqu]$4 ,yet1 we mu/ confess1 t ! common p1 guid$ by ! bonzes1 are equally knavi% ) our own2 t ev]y?+ is sold enorm\sly de> to =eign]s1 z among ourselves2 t1 ) respect to ! sci5ces1 ! ,*9ese are j :]e we 7 two hundr$ ye>s ago2 t1 l u1 !y labor "u a ?\s& ridicul\s prejudices2 & t !y believe 9 talismans & judicial a/rology1 z we long did ourselves4 ,we mu/ admit also1 t !y 7 a/oni%$ at our !rmomet]1 at our me?od ( freez+ fluids by means ( saltpetre1 & at all ! exp]im5ts ( ,torricelli & ,otto von ,gu]icke2 z we 7 also1 on see+ = ! fir/ "t ^? curi\s processes4 ,we add1 t _! physicians d n cure mortal diseases any m ?an our own2 & t m9or diseases1 bo? "h & 9 ,*9a1 are cur$ by nature alone4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 does n int]f]e ) ! fact1 t ! ,*9ese1 = f\r ?\s& ye>s1 :5 we 7 unable ev5 to read1 knew ev]y?+ ess5tially useful ( :i* we boa/ at ! pres5t day4 ,i mu/ aga9 repeat1 ! religion ( _! le>n$ is admirable1 & free f sup]/itions1 f absurd leg5ds1 f dogmas insult+ bo? to reason & nature1 to :i* ! bonzes give a ?\s& diff]5t mean+s1 because !y really (t5 h none4 ,! mo/ simple wor%ip has appe>$ to !m ! be/1 = a s]ies ( =ty c5turies4 ,!y are1 :at we conceive ,se?1 ,eno*1 & ,noah to h be52 !y are cont5t$ to adore "o ,god 9 communion ) ! sages ( ! _w1 :ile ,europe is divid$ betwe5 ,?omas & ,bonav5ture1 betwe5 ,calv9 & ,lu!r1 betwe5 ,jans5ius & ,mol9a4 ,,*ri/ianity4 ,e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 its ,civil & ,political ,/ate4--,section ,i4 ,god =bid t we %\ld d>e to mix ! sacr$ ) ! pr(ane6 ,we seek n to fa?om ! dep?s ( ! ways ( ,provid5ce4 ,we are m51 & we address m5 only4 ,:5 ,antony1 & aft] him ,augu/us1 _h giv5 ,juda to ! ,arabian1 ,h]od--_! creature & _! tribut>y--t pr9ce1 a /rang] among ! ,jews1 became ! mo/ p[]ful ( all k+s4 ,he _h ports on ! ,m$it]ranean--,ptolemais & ,ascalon2 he built t[ns2 he erect$ a temple to ,apollo at ,rhodes1 & "o to ,augu/us 9 ,cs>ea2 he rebuilt t ( ,j]usalem f ! f\ndation1 & conv]t$ x into a /rong citadel4 ,"u 8 rule1 ,pale/9e enjoy$ pr(\nd peace4 ,9 %ort1 b>b>\s z he 0 to 8 family1 & tyrannical t[>ds 8 p1 ^: sub/ance he consum$ 9 ! execution ( 8 projects1 he 0 look$ ^u z a ,messiah4 ,he wor%ipp$ only ,cs>1 & he 0 also wor%ipp$ by ! ,h]odians4 ,! sect ( ! ,jews _h long be5 spread 9 ,europe & ,asia2 b its t5ets 7 entirely unkn[n4 ,no "o knew any?+ ( ! ,jewi% books1 al?\gh we are told t "s ( !m _h already be5 translat$ into ,greek1 9 ,alex&ria4 ,! ,jews 7 kn[n only z ! ,arm5ians are n[ kn[n to ! ,turks & ,p]sians1 z brok]s & trad]s4 ,fur!r1 a ,turk nev] takes ! tr\ble to inquire1 :e!r an ,arm5ian is a ,euty*ian1 a ,jacobite1 "o ( ,/4 ,john's ,*ri/ians1 or an ,arian4 ,! !ism ( ,*9a1 & ! mu* to be respect$ books ( ,confucius1 7 /ill less kn[n to ! nations ( ! we/1 ?an ! ,jewi% rites4 ,! ,arabians1 :o furni%$ ! ,romans ) ! preci\s commodities ( ,india1 _h no m idea ( ! !ology ( ! ,brahm9s ?an our sailors :o g to ,pondi*]ry or ,madras4 ,! ,indian wom5 _h f "t immemorial enjoy$ ! privilege ( burn+ !mselves on ! bodies ( _! husb&s2 yet ^! a/oni%+ sacrifices1 :i* are /ill practis$1 7 z unkn[n to ! ,jews z ! cu/oms ( ,am]ica4 ,_! books1 :i* speak ( ,gog & ,magog1 nev] m5tion ,india4 ,! anci5t religion ( ,zoroa/] 0 celebrat$2 b n !re=e ! m und]/ood 9 ! ,roman ,empire4 ,x 0 only kn[n1 9 g5]al1 t ! magi admitt$ a resurrection1 a hell1 & a p>adise2 :i* doctr9e mu/ at t "t h made its way to ! ,jews bord]+ on ,*alda2 s9ce1 9 ,h]od's "t1 ,pale/9e 0 divid$ betwe5 ! ,ph>isees1 :o began to believe ! dogma ( ! resurrection1 & ! ,sadducees1 :o reg>d$ x only ) contempt4 ,alex&ria1 ! mo/ comm]cial city 9 ! :ole _w1 0 peopl$ ) ,egyptians1 :o wor%ipp$ ,s]apis1 & consecrat$ cats2 ) ,greeks1 :o philosophiz$2 ) ,romans1 :o rul$2 & ) ,jews1 :o amass$ weal?4 ,all ^! p 7 eag]ly engag$ 9 money-gett+1 imm]s$ 9 pleasure1 infuriate ) fanaticism1 mak+ & unmak+ religi\s sects1 especially dur+ ! ext]nal tranquillity :i* !y enjoy$ :5 ,augu/us _h %ut ! temple ( ,janus4 ,! ,jews 7 divid$ into ?ree pr9cipal factions4 ,( ^!1 ! ,sam>itans call$ !mselves ! mo/ anci5t1 because ,sam>ia 7!n ,seba/e7 _h subsi/$1 :ile ,j]usalem1 ) its temple1 0 de/roy$ "u ! ,babylonian k+s4 ,b ^! ,sam>itans 7 a mixture ( ! p ( ,p]sia ) ^? ( ,pale/9e4 ,! second1 & mo/ p[]ful faction1 0 t ( ! ,hi]osolymites4 ,^! ,jews1 prop]ly s call$1 dete/$ ! ,sam>itans1 & 7 dete/$ by !m4 ,_! int]e/s 7 all opposite4 ,!y wi%$ t no sacrifices %\ld be (f]$ b 9 ! temple ( ,j]usalem4 ,su* a re/riction w\ld h br\ght a deal ( money into _! city2 &1 = ?is v reason1 ! ,sam>itans w\ld sacrifice n[h]e b at home4 ,a small p1 9 a small t[n1 may h b "o temple2 b :5 a p h ext5d$ !mselves ov] a c\ntry sev5ty leagues long1 by tw5ty-?ree wide1 z ! ,jews _h done--:5 _! t]ritory is almo/ z l>ge & popul\s z ,langu$oc or ,norm&y1 x w\ld be absurd to h b "o *ur*4 ,:at w\ld ! good p ( ,montpelli] say1 if !y c\ld att5d mass n[h]e b at ,t\l\se8 ,! ?ird faction 7 ! ,hell5ic ,jews1 consi/+ *iefly ( su* z 7 engag$ 9 trade or h&icraft 9 ,egypt & ,greece4 ,^! _h ! same int]e/s ) ! ,sam>itans4 ,onias1 ! son ( a high prie/1 wi%+ to be a high prie/ l 8 fa!r1 obta9$ p]mission f ,ptolemy ,philometor1 k+ ( ,egypt1 & 9 p>ticul> f ! k+'s wife1 ,cleopatra1 to build a ,jewi% temple ne> ,buba/is4 ,he assur$ ,que5 ,cleopatra t ,isaiah _h =etold t ! ,"l %\ld "o day h a temple on t spot2 & ,cleopatra1 to :om he made a h&some pres5t1 s5t him ^w t1 s9ce ,isaiah _h said x1 x mu/ be4 ,?is temple 0 call$ ! ,onion2 & if ,onias 0 n a great sacrific]1 he comm&$ a troop ( militia4 ,x 0 built "o hundr$ & sixty ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! ,jews ( ,j]usalem always held ?is ,onion 9 abhorr5ce1 z !y did ! translation call$ ! ,septuag9t4 ,!y ev5 in/itut$ an expiatory fea/ = ^! two pret5d$ sacrileges4 ,! rabbis ( ! ,onion1 m+l+ ) ! ,greeks1 became m le>n$ 79 _! way7 ?an ! rabbis ( ,j]usalem & ,sam>ia2 & ! ?ree factions began to dispute on controv]sial que/ions1 :i* necess>ily make m5 subtle1 false1 & unsocial4 ,! ,egyptian ,jews1 9 ord] to equal ! au/]ity ( ! ,ess5es1 & ! ,judates ( ,pale/9e1 e/abli%$1 "s "t be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! sect ( ! ,!rapeut1 :o1 l !m1 devot$ !mselves to a sort ( mona/ic life1 & to mortifications4 ,^! diff]5t societies 7 imitations ( ! old ,egyptian1 ,p]sian1 ,?racian1 & ,greek my/]ies1 :i* _h fill$ ! e>?1 f ! ,euphrates & ! ,nile to ! ,tib]4 ,at fir/1 su* z 7 initiat$ into ^! frat]nities 7 few 9 numb]1 & 7 look$ ^u z privileg$ m52 b 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us1 _! numb] 0 v consid]able2 s t no?+ b religion 0 talk$ (1 f ,syria to ,m\nt ,atlas & ! ,g]man ,ocean4 ,amid/ all ^! sects & wor%ips1 ! s*ool ( ,plato _h e/abli%$ itself1 n 9 ,greece alone1 b also 9 ,rome1 & especially 9 ,egypt4 ,plato _h be5 consid]$ z hav+ drawn 8 doctr9e f ! ,egyptians1 :o ?\ght t1 9 turn+ ,plato's ideas to acc\nt1 8 ^w1 & ! sort ( tr9ity discov]able 9 "s ( 8 works1 !y 7 b claim+ _! own4 ,?is philosophic _s1 spread at t "t ov] all ! kn[n c\ntries ( ! we/1 seems to h emitt$1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,pale/9e1 at lea/ a few sp>ks ( ! _s ( reason+4 ,x is c]ta9 t1 9 ,h]od's "t1 !re 7 disputes on ! attributes ( ! div9ity1 on ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & ! resurrection ( ! body4 ,! ,jews relate1 t ,que5 ,cleopatra ask$ !m :e!r we 7 to rise aga9 dress$ or nak$8 ,! ,jews1 !n1 7 reason]s 9 _! way4 ,! exagg]at+ ,josephus 01 = a soldi]1 v le>n$4 ,su* be+ ! case ) a milit>y man1 !re mu/ h be5 _m a le>n$ man 9 civil life4 ,8 contempor>y1 ,philo1 w\ld h _h reputation1 ev5 among ! ,greeks4 ,/4 ,paul's ma/]1 ,gamaliel1 0 a great controv]siali/4 ,! au?ors ( ! ,mi%na 7 polyma?i/s4 ,! ,jewi% populace disc\rs$ on religion4 ,z1 at ! pres5t day1 9 ,switz]l&1 at ,g5eva1 9 ,g]many1 9 ,engl&1 & especially 9 ! ,cv5nes1 we f9d ev5 ! meane/ ( ! inhabitants deal+ 9 controv]sy4 ,nay1 m2 m5 f ! dregs ( ! p h f\nd$ sects3 z ,fox1 9 ,engl&2 ,mnz]1 9 ,g]many2 & ! fir/ re=m]s 9 ,france4 ,inde$1 ,mahomet himself1 sett+ ap>t 8 great c\rage1 0 no?+ m ?an a camel-driv]4 ,add to ^! prelim9>ies t1 9 ,h]od's "t1 x 0 imag9$1 z is else:]e rem>k$1 t ! _w 0 soon to be at an end4 ,9 ^? days1 prep>$ by div9e provid5ce1 x pleas$ ! et]nal ,fa!r to s5d ,8 ,son ^u e>?--an adorable & incompreh5sible my/]y1 :i* we presume n to approa*4 ,we only say1 t if ,jesus prea*$ a pure morality2 if ,he ann\nc$ ! k+dom ( heav5 z ! rew>d ( ! j2 if ,he _h disciples atta*$ to ,8 p]son & ,8 virtues2 if ^? v virtues drew ^u ,him ! p]secutions ( ! prie/s2 if1 ?r\gh calumny1 ,he 0 put to a %ameful dea?2 ,8 doctr9e1 con/antly prea*$ by ,8 disciples1 w\ld necess>ily h a great effect 9 ! _w4 ,once m let me repeat x--,i speak only aft] ! mann] ( ?is _w1 sett+ ! multitude ( miracles & prophecies entirely aside4 ,i ma9ta9 x1 t ,*ri/ianity 0 m likely to proce$ by ,8 dea?1 ?an if ,he _h n be5 p]secut$4 ,y are a/oni%$ t ,8 disciples made o!r disciples4 ,i %\ld h be5 mu* m a/oni%$1 if !y _h n br\ght ov] a great _m to _! p>ty4 ,sev5ty individuals1 conv9c$ ( ! innoc5ce ( _! lead]1 ! purity ( ,8 mann]s1 & ! b>b>ity ( ,8 judges1 mu/ influ5ce _m a feel+ he>t4 ,/4 ,paul1 alone1 became 7= :atev] reason7 ! enemy ( 8 ma/] ,gamaliel1 mu/ h _h x 9 8 p[] to br+ ,jesus a ?\s& adh]5ts1 ev5 suppos+ ,jesus to h be5 only a wor?y & oppress$ man4 ,paul 0 le>n$1 eloqu5t1 vehem5t1 indefatigable1 skill$ 9 ! ,greek tongue1 & second$ by zealots mu* m int]e/$ ?an himself 9 def5d+ _! ,ma/]'s reputation4 ,/4 ,luke 0 an ,alex&rian ,greek1 & a man ( lett]s1 = he 0 a physician4 ,! fir/ *apt] ( ,john displays a ,platonic sublimity1 :i* mu/ h be5 gratify+ to ! ,platoni/s ( ,alex&ria4 ,& inde$ !re 0 ev5 =m$ 9 t city a s*ool f\nd$ by ,luke1 or by ,m>k 7ei!r ! evangeli/ or "s o!r71 & p]petuat$ by ,a!nagoras1 ,pantnus1 ,orig51 & ,clem5t--all le>n$ & eloqu5t4 ,?is s*ool once e/abli%$1 x 0 impossible = ,*ri/ianity n to make rapid progress4 ,greece1 ,syria1 & ,egypt1 7 ! sc5es ( ^? celebrat$ anci5t my/]ies1 :i* en*ant$ ! m9ds ( ! p4 ,! ,*ri/ians1 too1 _h _! my/]ies1 9 :i* m5 w\ld eag]ly seek to be initiat$2 & if at fir/ only ?r\gh curiosity1 ?is curiosity soon became p]suasion4 ,! idea ( ! approa*+ end ( all ?+s 0 especially calculat$ to induce ! new disciples to despise ! transitory goods ( ?is life1 :i* 7 s soon to p]i% ) !m4 ,! example ( ! ,!rapeut 0 an incitem5t to a solit>y & mortifi$ life4 ,all ^! ?+s1 !n1 p[]fully concurr$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,! diff]5t flocks ( ?is great ris+ society c\ld n1 x is true1 agree among !mselves4 ,fifty-f\r societies _h fifty-f\r diff]5t gospels2 all secret1 l _! my/]ies2 all unkn[n to ! ,g5tiles1 :o nev] saw our f\r canonical gospels until ! end ( two hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,^! v>i\s flocks1 ?\gh divid$1 ackn[l$g$ ! same pa/or4 ,ebionites1 oppos$ to ,/4 ,paul2 ,naz>5es1 disciples ( ,hym5eos1 ,alex&res1 & ,h]mog5es2 ,c>pocratians1 ,basilidians1 ,val5t9ians1 ,m>cionites1 ,sabellians1 ,gno/ics1 ,montani/s--a hundr$ sects1 ris+ "o aga9/ ano!r1 & ca/+ mutual reproa*es1 7 nev]!less all unit$ 9 ,jesus2 all call$ ^u ,jesus2 all made ,jesus ! great object ( _! ?\ghts1 & rew>d ( _! travails4 ,! ,roman ,empire1 9 :i* all ^! societies 7 =m$1 at fir/ paid no att5tion to !m4 ,!y 7 kn[n at ,rome only by ! g5]al "n ( ,jews1 ab\t :om ! gov]nm5t gave itself no conc]n4 ,! ,jews _h1 by _! money1 acquir$ ! "r ( trad+4 ,9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius f\r ?\s& ( !m 7 driv5 out ( ,rome2 9 t ( ,n]o ! p *>g$ !m & ! new demi-,*ri/ian ,jews ) ! burn+ ( ,rome4 ,!y 7 aga9 expell$ 9 ! reign ( ,claudius1 b _! money always procur$ !m re-admission2 !y 7 quiet & despis$4 ,! ,*ri/ians ( ,rome 7 n s num]\s z ^? ( ,greece1 ,alex&ria & ,syria4 ,! ,romans 9 ! e>li] ages _h nei!r fa!rs ( ! *ur* nor h]esi>*s4 ,! f>!r !y 7 f ! bir?place ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! few] doctors & writ]s 7 to be f\nd among !m4 ,! *ur* 0 ,greek2 s mu* s1 t e my/]y1 e rite1 e t5et1 0 express$ 9 ! ,greek tongue4 ,all ,*ri/ians1 :e!r ,greek1 ,syrian1 ,roman1 or ,egyptian1 7 consid]$ z half ,jewi%4 ,?is 0 ano!r reason = conceal+ _! books f ! ,g5tiles1 t !y might rema9 unit$ & imp5etrable4 ,_! secret 0 m inviolably kept ?an t ( ! my/]ies ( ,isis or ( ,c]es2 !y 7 a republic ap>t--a /ate )9 ! /ate4 ,!y _h no temples1 no alt>s1 no sacrifice1 no public c]emony4 ,!y elect$ _! secret sup]iors by a majority ( voices4 ,^! sup]iors1 "u ! title ( anci5ts1 prie/s1 bi%ops1 or deacons1 manag$ ! common purse1 took c>e ( ! sick & pacifi$ qu>rels4 ,among !m x 0 a %ame & a crime to plead be=e ! tribunals or to enli/ 9 ! arm$ =ce2 & = a hundr$ ye>s !re 0 n a s+le ,*ri/ian 9 ! armies ( ! empire4 ,?us1 retir$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! _w & unkn[n ev5 :5 !y appe>$1 !y escap$ ! tyranny ( ! proconsuls & prtors & 7 free amid ! public slav]y4 ,x is n kn[n :o wrote ! fam\s book entitl$ 7! ,apo/olical ,con/itutions71 z x is unkn[n :o 7 ! au?ors ( ! fifty reject$ gospels1 ( ! ,acts ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ( ! ,te/am5t ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s1 & ( s _m o!r writ+s ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ians2 b x is likely t ! ,con/itutions are ( ! second c5tury4 ,?\gh falsely attribut$ to ! apo/les1 !y are v valuable4 ,!y %[ u :at 7 ! duties ( a bi%op *os5 by ! ,*ri/ians1 h[ !y 7 to rev]5ce him1 & :at tribute !y 7 to pay him4 ,! bi%op c\ld h b "o wife1 :o 0 to take good c>e ( 8 h\sehold3 4 ,ri* ,*ri/ians 7 exhort$ to adopt ! *ildr5 ( poor ones4 ,collections 7 made = ! wid[s & orphans2 b ! money ( s9n]s 0 reject$2 &1 nom9ally1 an innkeep] 0 n p]mitt$ to give 8 mite4 ,x is said t !y 7 reg>d$ z *eats2 = :i* reason v few tav]n-keep]s 7 ,*ri/ians4 ,?is also prev5t$ ! ,*ri/ians f frequ5t+ ! tav]ns2 ?us complet+ _! sep>ation f ! society ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,! dignity ( deaconess be+ atta9able by ! wom51 !y 7 ! m atta*$ to ! ,*ri/ian frat]nity4 ,!y 7 consecrat$2 ! bi%op ano9t+ !m on ! =ehead1 z ( old ! ,jewi% k+s 7 ano9t$4 ,by h[ _m indissoluble ties 7 ! ,*ri/ians b\nd toge!r6 ,! p]secutions1 :i* 7 nev] m ?an transitory1 did b s]ve to r$\ble _! zeal & inflame _! f]vor2 s t1 "u ,diocletian1 "o-?ird ( ! empire 0 ,*ri/ian4 ,su* 7 a few ( ! human causes t contribut$ to ! progress ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,if to ^! we add ! div9e causes1 :i* are to ! =m] z inf9ity to unity1 !re is only "o ?+ :i* c surprise u2 t a religion s true did n at once ext5d itself ov] ! two hemisph]es1 n except+ ! mo/ savage islet4 ,god ,himself came d[n f heav5 & di$ to r$eem mank9d & extirpate s9 =ev] f ! face ( ! e>?2 & yet he left ! great] "p ( mank9d a prey to error1 to crime1 & to ! devil4 ,?is1 to our weak intellects1 appe>s a fatal contradiction4 ,b x is n = u to "q ,provid5ce2 our duty is to humble ourselves 9 ! du/ be=e x4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,sev]al le>n$ m5 h te/ifi$ _! surprise at n f9d+ 9 ! hi/orian1 ,flavius ,josephus1 any m5tion ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 = all m5 ( true le>n+ are n[ agre$ t ! %ort passage relative to him 9 t hi/ory has be5 int]polat$4 ,! fa!r ( ,flavius ,josephus mu/1 h[ev]1 h be5 witness to all ! miracles ( ,jesus4 ,josephus 0 ( ! sac]dotal race & ak9 to ,h]od's wife1 ,m>iamne4 ,he gives u long details ( all t pr9ce's actions1 yet says n a ^w ( ! life or dea? ( ,jesus2 nor does ?is hi/orian1 :o disguises none ( ,h]od's cruelties1 say "o ^w ( ! g5]al massacre ( ! infants ord]$ by him on he>+ t !re 0 born a k+ ( ! ,jews4 ,! ,greek cal5d> e/imates ! numb] ( *ildr5 murd]$ on ?is occasion at f\rte5 ?\s&4 ,?is is1 ( all actions ( all tyrants1 ! mo/ horrible4 ,!re is no example ( x 9 ! hi/ory ( ! :ole _w4 ,yet ! be/ writ] ! ,jews h ev] _h1 ! only "o e/eem$ by ! ,greeks & ,romans1 makes no m5tion ( an ev5t s s+ul> & s frightful1 he says no?+ ( ! appe>ance ( a new /> 9 ! ea/ aft] ! bir? ( our ,savi\r--a brilliant ph5om5on1 :i* c\ld n escape ! k ( a hi/orian s enlight5$ z ,josephus4 ,he is also sil5t respect+ ! d>kness :i*1 on our ,savi\r's dea?1 cov]$ ! :ole e>? = ?ree h\rs at midday--! great numb] ( graves t op5$ at t mom5t1 & ! multitude ( ! j t rose aga94 ,! le>n$ are con/antly ev9c+ _! surprise t no ,roman hi/orian speaks ( ^! prodigies1 happ5+ 9 ! empire ( ,tib]ius1 "u ! eyes ( a ,roman gov]nor & a ,roman g>rison1 :o mu/ h s5t to ! emp]or & ! s5ate a detail$ acc\nt ( ! mo/ miracul\s ev5t t mank9d _h ev] he>d (4 ,rome itself mu/ h be5 plung$ = ?ree h\rs 9 imp5etrable d>kness2 su* a prodigy w\ld h _h a place 9 ! annals ( ,rome1 & 9 ^? ( e nation4 ,b x 0 n ,god's w t ^! div9e ?+s %\ld be writt5 d[n by _! pr(ane h&s4 ,! same p]sons also f9d "s difficulties 9 ! gospel hi/ory4 ,!y rem>k t1 9 ,mat!w1 ,jesus ,*ri/ tells ! scribes & ph>isees t all ! innoc5t blood t has be5 %$ ^u e>?1 f t ( ,abel ! ,j d[n to t ( ,za*>y1 son ( ,b>ac1 :om !y slew betwe5 ! temple & ! alt>1 %all be ^u _! heads4 ,!re is n 7say !y7 9 ! ,hebrew hi/ory any ,za*>y sla9 9 ! temple be=e ! com+ ( ! ,messiah1 nor 9 ,8 "t1 b 9 ! hi/ory ( ! siege ( ,j]usalem1 by ,josephus1 !re is a ,za*>y1 son ( ,b>ac1 sla9 by ! faction ( ! ,zelotes4 ,?is is 9 ! n9ete5? *apt] ( ! f\r? book4 ,h5ce !y suspect t ! gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,mat!w 0 writt5 aft] ! tak+ ( ,j]usalem by ,titus4 ,b e d\bt1 e objection ( ?is k9d1 vani%es :5 x is consid]$ h[ great a diff]5ce !re mu/ be betwe5 books div9ely inspir$ & ! books ( m54 ,x 0 ,god's pleasure to envelop alike 9 awful obscurity ,8 bir?1 ,8 life1 & ,8 dea?4 ,8 ways are 9 all ?+s diff]5t f ours4 ,! le>n$ h also be5 mu* torm5t$ by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two g5ealogies ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,/4 ,mat!w makes ,joseph ! son ( ,jacob1 ,jacob ( ,mat?an1 ,mat?an ( ,eleaz>4 ,/4 ,luke1 on ! contr>y1 says t ,joseph 0 ! son ( ,heli1 ,heli ( ,mat?at1 ,mat?at ( ,levi1 ,levi ( ,mel*i1 etc4 ,!y w n reconcile ! fifty-six prog5itors up to ,abraham1 giv5 to ,jesus by ,luke1 ) ! =ty-two o!r =efa!rs up to ! same ,abraham1 giv5 him by ,mat!w2 & !y are q /agg]$ by ,mat!w's giv+ only =ty-"o g5]ations1 :ile he speaks ( =ty-two4 ,!y />t o!r difficulties ab\t ,jesus be+ ! son1 n ( ,joseph1 b ( ,m>y4 ,!y moreov] raise "s d\bts respect+ our ,savi\r's miracles1 quot+ ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,/4 ,hil>y1 & o!rs1 :o h giv5 to ! acc\nts ( ^! miracles a my/ic or allegorical s5se2 z1 = example1 to ! fig tree curs$ & bla/$ = n hav+ borne figs :5 x 0 n ! fig season2 ! devils s5t into ! bodies ( sw9e 9 a c\ntry :]e no sw9e 7 kept2 ! wat] *ang$ into w9e at ! end ( a fea/1 :5 ! gue/s 7 already too mu* heat$4 ,b all ^! le>n$ critics are conf\nd$ by ! fai?1 :i* is b ! pur] = _! cavils4 ,! sole design ( ?is article is to foll[ ! hi/orical ?read & give a precise idea ( ! facts ab\t :i* !re is no dispute4 ,fir/1 !n1 ,jesus 0 born "u ! ,mosaic law2 ,he 0 circumcis$ accord+ to t law2 ,he fulfill$ all its precepts2 ,he kept all its fea/s2 ,he did n reveal ! my/]y ( ,8 inc>nation2 ,he nev] told ! ,jews ,he 0 born ( a virg92 ,he receiv$ ,john's bless+ 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,jordan1 a c]emony to :i* v>i\s ( ! ,jews submitt$2 b ,he nev] baptiz$ any "o2 ,he nev] spoke ( ! sev5 sacram5ts2 ,he in/itut$ no ecclesia/ical hi]>*y dur+ ,8 life4 ,he conceal$ f ,8 contempor>ies t ,he 0 ! ,son ( ,god1 begott5 f all et]nity1 consub/antial ) ,8 ,fa!r2 & t ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$$ f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son4 ,he did n say t ,8 p]son 0 compos$ ( two natures & two wills4 ,he left ^! my/]ies to be ann\nc$ to m5 9 ! c\rse ( "t by ^? :o 7 to be enlight5$ by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,s long z ,he liv$1 ,he dep>t$ 9 no?+ f ! law ( ,8 fa!rs4 ,9 ! eyes ( m5 ,he 0 no m ?an a j man1 pleas+ to ,god1 p]secut$ by ! envi\s & condemn$ to dea? by prejudic$ magi/rates4 ,he left ,8 holy *ur*1 e/abli%$ by ,him1 to d all ! re/4 ,let u consid] ! /ate ( religion 9 ! ,roman ,empire at t p]iod4 ,my/]ies & expiations 7 9 cr$it almo/ ?r\gh\t ! e>?4 ,! emp]ors1 ! great1 & ! philosoph]s1 _h1 x is true1 no fai? 9 ^! my/]ies2 b ! p1 :o1 9 religi\s matt]s1 give ! law to ! great1 impos$ on !m ! necessity ( con=m+ 9 appe>ance to _! wor%ip4 ,to succe$ 9 *a9+ ! multitude y mu/ seem to we> ! same fett]s4 ,cic]o himself 0 initiat$ 9 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies4 ,! k ( only "o ,god 0 ! pr9cipal t5et inculcat$ 9 ^! my/]ies & magnific5t fe/ivals4 ,x is und5iable t ! pray]s & hymns h&$ d[n to u z belong+ to ^! my/]ies are ! mo/ pi\s & mo/ admirable ( ! relics ( paganism4 ,! ,*ri/ians1 :o likewise ador$ only "o ,god1 _h !reby great] facility 9 conv]t+ "s ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,"s ( ! philosoph]s ( ,plato's sect became ,*ri/ians2 h5ce 9 ! ?ree fir/ c5turies ! fa!rs ( ! *ur* 7 all ,platoni/s4 ,! inconsid]ate zeal ( "s ( !m 9 no way detracts f ! fundam5tal tru?s4 ,/4 ,ju/91 "o ( ! primitive fa!rs1 has be5 reproa*$ ) hav+ said1 9 8 comm5t>y on ,isaiah1 t ! sa9ts %\ld enjoy1 dur+ a reign ( a ?\s& ye>s on e>?1 e s5sual pleasure4 ,he has be5 *>g$ ) crim9ality 9 say+1 9 8 ,apology = ,*ri/ianity1 t ,god1 hav+ made ! e>?1 left x 9 ! c>e ( ! angels1 :o1 hav+ fall5 9 love ) ! wom51 begot *ildr51 :i* are ! devils4 ,lactantius1 ) o!r fa!rs1 has be5 condemn$ = hav+ suppos$ oracles ( ! sibyls4 ,he ass]t$ t ! sibyl ,ery?rea made f\r ,greek l9es1 :i* r5d]$ lit]ally are3 ,) five loaves & two fi%es ,he %all fe$ five ?\s& m5 9 ! des]t2 ,&1 ga!r+ up ! fragm5ts t rema91 ,) !m he %all fill twelve baskets4 ,! primitive ,*ri/ians h be5 reproa*$ ) inv5t+ "s acro/ic v]ses on ! "n ,jesus ,*ri/ & attribut+ !m to an anci5t sibyl4 ,!y h also be5 reproa*$ ) =g+ lett]s f ,jesus ,*ri/ to ! k+ ( ,edessa1 dat$ at a "t :5 !re 0 no k+ 9 ,edessa2 ) hav+ =g$ lett]s ( ,m>y1 lett]s ( ,s5eca to ,paul1 false gospels1 false miracles1 & a ?\s& o!r impo/ures4 ,we h1 moreov]1 ! hi/ory or gospel ( ! nativity & m>riage ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y2 :]e9 we are told t %e 0 br\ght to ! temple at ?ree ye>s old & walk$ up ! /airs by h]self4 ,x is relat$ t a dove came d[n f heav5 to give notice t x 0 ,joseph :o 0 to esp\se ,m>y4 ,we h ! protogospel ( ,james1 bro!r ( ,jesus by ,joseph's fir/ wife4 ,x is !re said t :5 ,joseph compla9$ ( ,m>y's hav+ become pregnant 9 8 abs5ce1 ! prie/s made ea* ( !m dr9k ! wat] ( jeal\sy1 & bo? 7 decl>$ innoc5t4 ,we h ! gospel ( ! ,infancy1 attribut$ to ,/4 ,?omas4 ,accord+ to ?is gospel1 ,jesus1 at five ye>s ( age1 amus$ himself1 l o!r *ildr5 ( ! same age1 ) m\ld+ clay1 & mak+ x1 among o!r ?+s1 into ! =m ( little birds4 ,he 0 reprov$ = ?is1 on :i* he gave life to ! birds1 & !y flew away4 ,ano!r "t1 a little boy hav+ beat5 him1 0 /ruck dead on ! spot4 ,we h also ano!r gospel ( ! ,infancy 9 ,arabic1 :i* is mu* m s]i\s4 ,we h a gospel ( ,nicodemus4 ,?is "o seems m wor?y ( att5tion1 = we f9d 9 x ! names ( ^? :o accus$ ,jesus be=e ,pilate4 ,!y 7 ! pr9cipal m5 ( ! synagogue--,ananias1 ,caiaphas1 ,sommas1 ,damat1 ,gamaliel1 ,judah1 ,neph?alim4 ,9 ?is hi/ory !re are "s ?+s t are easy to reconcile ) ! receiv$ gospels1 & o!rs :i* are n else:]e to be f\nd4 ,we "h f9d t ! woman cur$ ( a flux 0 call$ ,v]onica4 ,we also f9d all t ,jesus did 9 hell :5 ,he desc5d$ ?i!r4 ,!n we h ! two lett]s suppos$ to h be5 writt5 by ,pilate to ,tib]ius conc]n+ ! execution ( ,jesus2 b _! bad ,lat9 pla9ly %[s t !y are spuri\s4 ,to su* a l5g? 0 ?is false zeal c>ri$ t v>i\s lett]s 7 circulat$ attribut$ to ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! lett] is /ill pres]v$ :i* he is said to h writt5 to ,abg>us1 k+ ( ,edessa2 b1 z already rem>k$1 !re _h at t "t ceas$ to be a k+ ( ,edessa4 ,fifty gospels 7 fabricat$ & 7 aft]w>ds decl>$ apocryphal4 ,/4 ,luke himself tells u t _m p]sons _h compos$ gospels4 ,x has be5 believ$ t !re 0 "o call$ ! ,et]nal ,gospel1 conc]n+ :i* x is said 9 ! ,apocalypse1 *ap1 xiv41 ,& ,i saw ano!r angel fly 9 ! mid/ ( heav51 hav+ ! ev]la/+ gospel44444 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! ,cordeli]s1 abus+ ^! words1 compos$ an et]nal gospel1 by :i* ! reign ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 to be sub/itut$ = t ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,b nev] 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! *ur* did any book appe> ) ?is title4 ,lett]s ( ! ,virg9 7 likewise inv5t$1 writt5 to ,ignatius ! m>tyr1 to ! p ( ,mess9a1 & o!rs4 ,abdias1 :o imm$iately succe$$ ! apo/les1 wrote _! hi/ory1 ) :i* he mix$ up su* absurd fables t 9 "t ^! hi/ories became :olly discr$it$1 al?\gh !y _h at fir/ a great reputation4 ,to ,abdias we are indebt$ = ! acc\nt ( ! conte/ betwe5 ,/4 ,pet] & ,simon ! magician4 ,!re 0 at ,rome1 9 reality1 a v skilful me*anic nam$ ,simon1 :o n only made ?+s fly across ! /age1 z we /ill see done1 b moreov] reviv$ 9 8 own p]son ! prodigy attribut$ to ,ddalus4 ,he made himself w+s2 he flew2 &1 l ,ic>us1 he fell4 ,s say ,pl9y & ,suetonius4 ,abdias1 :o 0 9 ,asia & wrote 9 ,hebrew1 tells u t ,pet] & ,simon met at ,rome 9 ! reign ( ,n]o4 ,a "y man1 ne>ly relat$ to ! emp]or1 di$1 & ! :ole c\rt begg$ t ,simon w\ld raise him to life4 ,/4 ,pet] pres5t$ himself to p]=m ! same op]ation4 ,simon employ$ all ! p[]s ( 8 art1 & he seem$ to h succe$$1 = ! dead man mov$ 8 head4 ,?is is n en\gh1 cries ,pet]2 ! dead man mu/ speak2 let ,simon leave ! b$side & we %all see :e!r ! "y man is alive4 ,simon w5t aside & ! deceas$ no long] /irr$1 b ,pet] br\ght him to life ) a s+le ^w4 ,simon w5t & compla9$ to ! emp]or t a mis]able ,galilean _h tak5 ^u himself to "w great] wond]s ?an he4 ,simon 0 confront$ ) ,pet] & !y made a trial ( skill4 ,tell me1 said ,simon to ,pet]1 :at ,i am ?9k+ (8 ,if1 return$ ,pet]1 ! emp]or w give me a b>ley loaf1 ?\ %alt f9d :e!r or n ,i "k :at ?\ ha/ 9 ?y he>t4 ,a loaf 0 giv5 him2 ,simon imm$iately caus$ two l>ge dogs to appe> & !y want$ to dev\r x4 ,pet] ?rew !m ! loaf1 & :ile !y 7 eat+ x he said3 ,well1 did ,i n "k ?y ?\ghts8 ?\ w\ld/ h _h ?y dogs dev\r me4 ,aft] ?is fir/ sitt+ x 0 propos$ t ,simon & ,pet] %\ld make a fly+-mat*1 & try :i* c\ld raise himself highe/ 9 ! air4 ,simon tri$ fir/2 ,pet] made ! sign ( ! cross & d[n came ,simon & broke 8 legs4 ,?is /ory 0 imitat$ f t :i* we f9d 9 ! ,seph] toldos ,jes*ut1 :]e x is said t ,jesus ,himself flew1 & t ,judas1 :o w\ld h done ! same1 fell headlong4 ,n]o1 vex$ t ,pet] _h brok5 8 favorite1 ,simon's1 legs1 _h him crucifi$ ) 8 head d[nw>ds4 ,h5ce ! notion ( ,/4 ,pet]'s resid5ce at ,rome1 ! mann] ( 8 execution & 8 sepul*re4 ,! same ,abdias e/abli%$ ! belief t ,/4 ,?omas w5t & prea*$ ,*ri/ianity 9 ,india to ,k+ ,gondaf]1 & t he w5t ?i!r z an ar*itect4 ,! numb] ( books ( ?is sort1 writt5 9 ! e>ly ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 is prodigi\s4 ,/4 ,j]ome1 & ev5 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 tell u t ! lett]s ( ,s5eca & ,/4 ,paul are q au!ntic4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! lett]s ,s5eca hopes 8 bro!r ,paul is well3 ,b5e te val]e1 frat]1 cupio4 ,paul does n write q s good ,lat9 z ,s5eca3 ,i receiv$ y\r lett]s ye/]day1 says he1 ) joy4--,litt]as tuas hil>is accepi4--,& ,i w\ld h answ]$ !m imm$iately _h ,i _h ! pres5ce ( ! "y man :om ,i w\ld h s5t ) !m4--,si prs5tiam juv5is habuissem4 ,un=tunately ^! lett]s1 9 :i* "o w\ld look = in/ruction1 are no?+ m ?an complim5ts4 ,all ^! falsehoods1 =g$ by ill-in=m$ & mi/ak5ly-zeal\s ,*ri/ians1 7 9 no degree prejudicial to ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity2 !y ob/ruct$ n its progress2 on ! contr>y1 !y %[ u t ! ,*ri/ian society 0 daily increas+ & t ea* memb] 0 desir\s ( ha/5+ its gr[?4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les d n tell u t ! apo/les agre$ on a symbol4 ,inde$1 if !y _h put toge!r ! symbol 7! cre$1 z we n[ call x71 ,/4 ,luke c\ld n 9 8 hi/ory h omitt$ ?is ess5tial basis ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,! sub/ance ( ! cre$ is scatt]$ ?r\gh ! gospels2 b ! articles 7 n collect$ until long aft]4 ,9 %ort1 our cre$ is1 indisputably1 ! belief ( ! apo/les2 b x 0 n writt5 by !m4 ,ruf9us1 a prie/ ( ,aquileia1 is ! fir/ :o m5tions x2 & a homily attribut$ to ,/4 ,augu/9e is ! fir/ record ( ! suppos$ way 9 :i* ?is cre$ 0 made2 ,pet] say+1 :5 !y 7 assembl$1 ,i believe 9 ,god ! ,fa!r ,almighty--,&rew1 & 9 ,jesus ,*ri/--,james1 :o 0 conceiv$ by ! ,holy ,gho/2 & s ( ! re/4 ,?is =mula 0 call$ 9 ,greek symbolos2 & 9 ,lat9 collatio4 ,only x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! ,greek v]sion has x3 ,i believe 9 ,god ! ,fa!r1 mak] ( heav5 & e>?4 ,9 ! ,lat91 mak]1 =m]1 is r5d]$ by creatorem4 ,b aft]w>ds1 9 translat+ ! symbol ( ! ,fir/ ,c\ncil ( ,nice1 x 0 r5d]$ by factorem4 ,con/ant9e assembl$ at ,nice1 opposite ,con/ant9ople1 ! fir/ ecum5ical c\ncil1 ov] :i* ,ozius presid$4 ,! great "q t\*+ ! div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* s mu* agitat$ ! *ur*1 0 !re decid$4 ,"o p>ty held ! op9ion ( ,orig51 :o says 9 8 six? *apt] aga9/ ,celsus1 ,we (f] our pray]s to ,god ?r\gh ,*ri/1 :o holds ! middle place betwe5 natures creat$ & uncreat$2 :o leads u to ! grace ( ,8 ,fa!r & pres5ts our pray]s to ! great ,god 9 quality ( our high prie/4 ,^! disputants also re/ ^u _m passages ( ,/4 ,paul1 "s ( :i* !y quote4 ,!y dep5d p>ticul>ly ^u ^! words ( ,jesus ,*ri/3 ,my ,fa!r is great] ?an ,i2 & !y reg>d ,jesus z ! fir/-born ( ! creation2 z a pure emanation ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 b n precisely z ,god4 ,! o!r side1 :o 7 or?odox1 produc$ passages m con=mable to ! et]nal div9ity ( ,jesus2 z1 = example1 ! foll[+3 ,my ,fa!r & ,i are "o2 words :i* _! oppon5ts int]pret z signify+3 ,my ,fa!r & ,i h ! same object1 ! same int5tion2 ,i h no o!r w ?an t ( ,my ,fa!r4 ,alex&]1 bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 & aft] him ,a?anasius1 7 at ! head ( ! or?odox2 & ,eusebius1 bi%op ( ,nicom$ia1 ) sev5te5 o!r bi%ops1 ! prie/ ,arius1 & _m m prie/s1 l$ ! p>ty oppos$ to !m4 ,! qu>rel 0 at fir/ exce$+ly bitt]1 z ,/4 ,alex&] treat$ 8 oppon5ts z s _m anti-*ri/s4 ,at la/1 aft] mu* disputation1 ! ,holy ,gho/ decid$ 9 ! c\ncil1 by ! m\?s ( two hundr$ & n9ety-n9e bi%ops1 aga9/ eighte51 z foll[s3 ,jesus is ! only ,son ( ,god2 begott5 ( ! ,fa!r2 light ( light2 v ,god ( v ,god2 ( "o sub/ance ) ! ,fa!r4 ,we believe also 9 ! ,holy ,gho/1 etc4 ,su* 0 ! decision ( ! c\ncil2 & we p]ceive by ?is fact h[ ! bi%ops c>ri$ x ov] ! simple prie/s4 ,two ?\s& p]sons ( ! latt] class 7 ( ! op9ion ( ,arius1 accord+ to ! acc\nt ( two patri>*s ( ,alex&ria1 :o h writt5 ! annals ( ,alex&ria 9 ,arabic4 ,arius 0 exil$ by ,con/ant9e1 z 0 ,a?anasius soon aft]1 :5 ,arius 0 recall$ to ,con/ant9ople4 ,^u ?is ev5t ,/4 ,mac>ius pray$ s vehem5tly to ,god to t]m9ate ! life ( ,arius be=e he c\ld ent] ! ca!dral1 t ,god he>d 8 pray]--,arius dy+ on 8 way to *ur* 9 #ccj4 ,! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e end$ 8 life 9 #ccg4 ,he plac$ 8 w 9 ! h&s ( an ,arian prie/ & di$ 9 ! arms ( ! ,arian lead]1 ,eusebius1 bi%op ( ,nicom$ia1 n receiv+ baptism until on 8 dea?b$1 & leav+ a triumphant1 b divid$ *ur*4 ,! p>tisans ( ,a?anasius & ( ,eusebius c>ri$ on a cruel w>2 & :at is call$ ,arianism 0 = a long "t e/abli%$ 9 all ! prov9ces ( ! empire4 ,julian ! philosoph]1 surnam$ ! apo/ate1 wi%$ to /ifle _! divisions1 b c\ld n succe$4 ,! second g5]al c\ncil 0 held at ,con/ant9ople 9 #acha4 ,x 0 !re laid d[n t ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice _h n decid$ q correctly 9 reg>d to ! ,holy ,gho/2 & x add$ to ! ,nic5e cre$ t ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 ! giv] ( life & proce$$ f ! ,fa!r1 & ) ! ,fa!r & ,son is to be wor%ipp$ & glorifi$4 ,x 0 n until t[>ds ! n9? c5tury t ! ,lat9 *ur* decre$ t ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$$ f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son4 ,9 ! ye> #dca1 ! ?ird c\ncil-g5]al1 held at ,ephesus1 decid$ t ,jesus _h two natures & "o p]son4 ,ne/orius1 bi%op ( ,con/ant9ople1 :o ma9ta9$ t ! ,virg9 ,m>y %\ld be entitl$ ,"m ( ,*ri/1 0 call$ ,judas by ! c\ncil2 & ! two natures 7 aga9 confirm$ by ! c\ncil ( ,*alc$on4 ,i pass lightly ov] ! foll[+ c5turies1 :i* are suffici5tly kn[n4 ,unhappily1 all ^! disputes l$ to w>s1 & ! *ur* 0 uni=mly oblig$ to combat4 ,god1 9 ord] to ex]cise ! pati5ce ( ! fai?ful1 also all[$ ! ,greek & ,lat9 *ur*es to sep>ate 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,he likewise p]mitt$ 9 ! ea/ no less ?an tw5ty-n9e horrible s*isms ) ! see ( ,rome4 ,if !re be ab\t six hundr$ millions ( m5 ^u e>?1 z c]ta9 le>n$ p]sons pret5d1 ! holy ,roman ,ca?olic *ur* possesses sc>cely sixte5 millions ( !m--ab\t a tw5ty-six? "p ( ! inhabitants ( ! kn[n _w4 ,,*ri/mas4 ,e "o kn[s t ?is is ! fea/ ( ! nativity ( ,jesus4 ,! mo/ anci5t fea/ kept 9 ! *ur*1 aft] ^? ( ,ea/] & ,p5teco/1 0 t ( ! baptism ( ,jesus4 ,!re 7 only ^! ?ree fea/s1 until ,/4 ,*ryso/om deliv]$ 8 homily on ,p5teco/4 ,we "h make no acc\nt ( ! fea/s ( ! m>tyrs1 :i* 7 ( a v inf]ior ord]4 ,t ( ! baptism ( ,jesus 0 nam$ ! ,epiphany1 an imitation ( ! ,greeks1 :o gave t "n to ! fea/s :i* !y held to commemorate ! appe>ance or manife/ation ( ! gods ^u e>?--s9ce x 0 n until aft] 8 baptism t ,jesus began to prea* ! gospel4 ,we "k n :e!r1 ab\t ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 ?is fea/ 0 solemniz$ 9 ! ,isle ( ,cyprus on ! #f? ( ,novemb]2 b ,/4 ,epiphanius ma9ta9$ t ,jesus 0 born on t day4 ,/4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria tells u t ! ,basilidians held ?is fea/ on ! #ae? ( ! mon? tybi1 :ile o!rs held x on ! #ae? ( ! same mon?2 t is1 x 0 kept by "s on ! #aj? ( ,janu>y1 & by o!rs on ! #f?2 ! latt] op9ion is ! "o n[ adopt$4 ,z = ! nativity1 z nei!r ! day nor ! mon? nor ! ye> ( x 0 kn[n1 x 0 n celebrat$4 ,accord+ to ! rem>ks :i* we f9d app5d$ to ! works ( ! same fa!r1 !y :o h be5 ! mo/ curi\s 9 _! rese>*es conc]n+ ! day on :i* ,jesus 0 born1 "s said t x 0 on ! #be? ( ! ,egyptian mon? pa*on1 answ]+ to ! #bj? ( ,may2 o!rs t x 0 ! #bd? or #be? ( ph>mu?i1 correspond+ to ! #ai? & #bj? ( ,april4 ,! le>n$ ,m4 de ,beausobre says t ^! latt] 7 ! days ( ,/4 ,val5t9e4 ,be ?is z x may1 ,egypt & ! ,ea/ kept ! fea/ ( ! bir? ( ,jesus on ! #f? ( ,janu>y1 ! same day z t ( ,8 baptism2 )\t x be+ kn[n 7at lea/ ) c]ta9ty7 :51 or = :at reason1 ?is cu/om comm5c$4 ,! op9ion & practice ( ! we/]n nations 7 q diff]5t f ^? ( ! ea/4 ,! c5turiators ( ,magdeburg repeat a passage 9 ,!ophilus ( ,cs>ea1 :i* makes ! *ur*es ( ,gaul say3 ,s9ce ! bir? ( ,*ri/ is celebrat$ on ! #be? ( ,decemb]1 on :atev] day ( ! week x may fall1 s also %\ld ! resurrection ( ,jesus be celebrat$ on ! #be? ( ,m>*1 :atev] day ( ! week x may be1 ! ,"l hav+ ris5 aga9 on t day4 ,if ?is be true1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ! bi%ops ( ,gaul 7 v prud5t & v reasonable4 ,be+ p]suad$1 z all ! anci5ts 71 t ,jesus _h be5 crucifi$ on ! #bc;d ( ,m>*1 & _h ris5 aga9 on ! #be?1 !y commemorat$ ,8 dea? on ! #bc;d & ,8 resurrection on ! #be?1 )\t pay+ any reg>d to ! obs]vance ( ! full moon1 :i* 0 orig9ally a ,jewi% c]emony1 & )\t conf9+ !mselves to ! ,sunday4 ,_h ! *ur* imitat$ !m1 %e w\ld h avoid$ ! long & sc&al\s disputes :i* ne>ly sep>at$ ! ,ea/ f ! ,we/1 & 7 n t]m9at$ until ! ,fir/ ,c\ncil ( ,nice4 ,"s ( ! le>n$ conjecture t ! ,romans *ose ! w9t] sol/ice = hold+ ! bir? ( ,jesus1 because ! sun !n beg9s aga9 to approa* our hemisph]e4 ,9 ,julius ,cs>'s "t ! civil & political sol/ice 0 fix$ = ! #be? ( ,decemb]4 ,?is at ,rome 0 a fe/ival 9 celebration ( ! return+ sun4 ,pl9y tells u t x 0 call$ bruma2 &1 l ,s]vius1 places x on ! #h? ( ! cal5ds ( ,janu>y4 ,?is association might h "s connection ) ! *oice ( ! day1 b x 0 n ! orig9 ( x4 ,a passage 9 ,josephus 7evid5tly =g$71 ?ree or f\r errors ( ! anci5ts1 & a v my/ical explanation ( a say+ ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 det]m9$ ?is *oice1 z ,joseph ,scalig] is ab\t to in=m u4 ,x pleas$ ! anci5ts 7says t le>n$ critic7 to suppose--fir/1 t ,za*>ias 0 sov]eign sacrific] :5 ,jesus 0 born4 ,b no?+ is m untrue2 x is no long] believ$ by any "o1 at lea/ among ^? ( any in=mation4 ,secondly--! anci5ts suppos$ t ,za*>ias 0 9 ! holy ( holies1 (f]+ inc5se1 :5 ! angel appe>$ to him & ann\nc$ ! bir? ( a son4 ,?irdly--z ! sov]eign sacrific] ent]$ ! temple b once a ye>1 on ! day ( expiation1 :i* 0 ! #aj? ( ! ,jewi% mon? rifri1 p>tly answ]+ to ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 ! anci5ts suppos$ t x 0 ! #bg?2 & t aft]w>ds1 on ! #bc;d or #bd?1 ,za*>ias hav+ return$ home aft] ! fea/1 ,elizabe?1 8 wife1 conceiv$ ,john ! ,bapti/2 :5 ! fea/ ( ! conception ( t sa9t 0 fix$ = ^? days4 ,z wom5 ord9>ily g ) *ild = two hundr$ & sev5ty or two hundr$ & sev5ty-f\r days1 x foll[$ t ! nativity ( ,john 0 fix$ = ! #bd? ( ,june4 ,su* 0 ! orig9 ( ,/4 ,john's day1 & ( ,*ri/mas day1 :i* 0 regulat$ by x4 ,f\r?ly--x 0 suppos$ t !re 7 six entire mon?s betwe5 ! conception ( ,john ! ,bapti/ & t ( ,jesus2 al?\gh ! angel simply tells ,m>y t ,elizabe? 0 !n 9 ! six? mon? ( h] pregnancy2 consequ5tly ! conception ( ,jesus 0 fix$ = ! #be? ( ,m>*2 & f ^! v>i\s suppositions x 0 conclud$ t ,jesus mu/ h be5 born on ! #be? ( ,decemb]1 precisely n9e mon?s aft] 8 conception4 ,!re are _m wond]ful ?+s 9 ^! arrangem5ts4 ,x is n "o ( ! lea/ wor?y ( admiration1 t ! f\r c>d9al po9ts ( ! ye>--! equ9oxes & ! sol/ices1 z !y 7 !n fix$--7 m>k$ by ! conceptions & bir?s ( ,john ! ,bapti/ & ,jesus4 ,b x is yet m m>vell\s & wor?y ( rem>k1 t ! sol/ice :5 ,jesus 0 born is t at :i* ! days beg9 to increase2 :ile t on :i* ,john ! ,bapti/ came into ! _w 0 ! p]iod at :i* !y beg9 to %ort54 ,! holy =]unn] _h intimat$ ?is 9 a v my/ical mann]1 :5 speak+ ( ,jesus1 9 ^! words3 ,he mu/ gr[1 & ,i mu/ become less4 ,prud5tius alludes to ?is 9 a hymn on ! nativity ( our ,"l4 ,yet ,/4 ,leo says t 9 8 "t !re 7 p]sons 9 ,rome :o said ! fea/ 0 v5]able1 n s mu* on acc\nt ( ! bir? ( ,jesus z ( ! return1 &1 z !y express$ x1 ! new bir? ( ! sun4 ,/4 ,epiphanius assures u x 0 fully e/abli%$ t ,jesus 0 born on ! #f? ( ,janu>y2 b ,/4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 mu* m anci5t & m le>n$ ?an he1 fixes ! bir? on ! #ah? ( ,novemb]1 ( ! tw5ty-eigh? ye> ( ,augu/us4 ,?is is d$uc$1 accord+ to ! ,jesuit ,petau's rem>k on ,/4 ,epiphanius1 f ^! words ( ,/4 ,clem5t3 ,! :ole "t f ! bir? ( ,jesus ,*ri/ to ! dea? ( ,commodus 0 a hundr$ & n9ety-f\r ye>s1 "o mon? & ?irte5 days4 ,n[ ,commodus di$1 accord+ to ,petau1 on ! la/ ( ,decemb]1 9 ! ye> #aib ( our era2 !re=e1 accord+ to ,/4 ,clem5t1 ,jesus 0 born "o mon? & ?irte5 days be=e ! la/ ( ,decemb]2 consequ5tly1 on ! #ah? ( ,novemb]1 9 ! tw5ty-eigh? ye> ( ! reign ( ,augu/us4 ,conc]n+ :i* x mu/ be obs]v$ t ,/4 ,clem5t dates ! reign ( ,augu/us only f ! dea? ( ,antony & ! capture ( ,alex&ria1 because x 0 n until !n t ,augu/us 0 left ! sole ma/] ( ! empire4 ,?us we are no m assur$ ( ! ye> ( ?is bir? ?an we are ( ! mon? or ! day4 ,?\gh ,/4 ,luke decl>es1 t ,he _h p]fect und]/&+ ( all ?+s f ! v fir/1 he cle>ly %[s t he did n "k ! exact age ( ,jesus :5 ,he says t1 :5 baptiz$1 ,he began to be ab\t ?irty ye>s old4 ,inde$1 ?is evangeli/ makes ,jesus born 9 ! ye> ( ! numb]+ :i*1 accord+ to him1 0 made by ,cyr5us or ,cyr5ius1 gov]nor ( ,syria2 :ile1 accord+ to ,t]tullian1 x 0 made by ,s5tius ,saturn9us4 ,b ,saturn9us _h quitt$ ! prov9ce 9 ! la/ ye> ( ,h]od1 &1 z ,tacitus in=ms u1 0 succe$$ by ,qu9tilius ,v>us2 & ,publius ,sulpicius ,quir9us or ,quir9ius1 ( :om x w\ld seem ,/4 ,luke means to speak1 did n succe$ ,qu9tilius ,v>us until ab\t t5 ye>s aft] ,h]od's dea?1 :5 ,ar*elaus1 k+ ( ,juda1 0 bani%$ by ,augu/us1 z ,josephus tells u 9 8 ,jewi% ,antiquities4 ,x is true t ,t]tullian1 & ,/4 ,ju/9 be=e him1 ref]r$ ! pagans & ! h]etics ( _! "t to ! public ar*ives conta9+ ! regi/]s ( ?is pret5d$ numb]+2 b ,t]tullian likewise ref]r$ to ! public ar*ives = ! acc\nt ( ! d>kness at noonday at ! "t ( ! passion ( ,jesus1 z w be se5 9 ! article on ,eclipse2 :]e we h rem>k$ ! want ( exactness 9 ^! two fa!rs1 & 9 simil> au?orities1 9 our obs]vations on a /atue :i* ,/4 ,ju/9--:o assures u t he saw x at ,rome--says 0 d$icat$ to ,simon ! magician1 b :i* 0 9 reality d$icat$ to a god ( ! anci5t ,sab9es4 ,^! unc]ta9ties1 h[ev]1 w excite no a/oni%m5t :5 x is recollect$ t ,jesus 0 unkn[n to ,8 disciples until ,he _h receiv$ baptism f ,john4 ,x is expressly1 beg9n+ ) ! baptism ( ,jesus1 t ,pet] w h ! successor ( ,judas te/ify conc]n+ ,jesus2 &1 accord+ to ! same ,acts1 ,pet] !reby und]/&s ! :ole "t t ,jesus _h liv$ ) !m4 ,,*ronology4 ,! _w has long disput$ ab\t anci5t *ronology2 b has !re ev] be5 any8 ,e consid]able p mu/ necess>ily possess & pres]ve au!ntic1 well-atte/$ regi/]s4 ,b h[ few p 7 acqua9t$ ) ! art ( writ+8 &1 among ! small numb] ( m5 :o cultivat$ ?is v r>e art1 are any to be f\nd :o took ! tr\ble to m>k two dates ) exactness8 ,we h1 inde$1 9 v rec5t times ! a/ronomical obs]vations ( ! ,*9ese & ! ,*aldans4 ,!y only g back ab\t two ?\s& ye>s1 m or less1 beyond our era4 ,b :5 ! e>ly annals ( a nation conf9e !mselves simply to communicat+ ! in=mation t !re 0 an eclipse 9 ! reign ( a c]ta9 pr9ce1 we le>n1 c]ta9ly1 t su* a pr9ce exi/$1 b n :at he p]=m$4 ,moreov]1 ! ,*9ese reckon ! ye> 9 :i* an emp]or dies z /ill con/itut+ a "p ( 8 reign1 until ! end ( x2 ev5 ?\gh he %\ld die ! fir/ day ( ! ye>1 8 successor dates ! ye> foll[+ 8 dea? ) ! "n ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,x is n possible to %[ m respect = ance/ors2 nor is x possible to compute "t 9 a mann] m injudici\s 9 comp>ison ) mod]n nations4 ,we may add t ! ,*9ese d n comm5ce _! sexag5>y cycle1 into :i* !y h introduc$ arrangem5t1 till ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,iao1 two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & fifty-sev5 ye>s be=e our vulg> era4 ,pr(\nd obscurity hangs ov] ! :ole p]iod ( "t :i* prec$es t epo*4 ,m5 are g5]ally cont5t$ ) an approximation--) ! pretty ne>ly 9 e case4 ,= example1 be=e ! inv5tion ( wat*es1 p c\ld le>n ! "t ( day or night only approximately4 ,9 build+1 ! /ones 7 pretty ne>ly hewn to a c]ta9 %ape1 ! timb] pretty ne>ly squ>$1 & ! limbs ( ! /atue pretty ne>ly *ipp$ to a prop] f9i%2 a man 0 only pretty ne>ly acqua9t$ ) 8 ne>e/ neighbors2 &1 not)/&+ ! p]fection we h ourselves atta9$1 su* is ! /ate ( ?+s at pres5t ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! _w4 ,let u n !n be a/oni%$ t !re is n[h]e to be f\nd a correct anci5t *ronology4 ,t :i* we h ( ! ,*9ese is ( consid]able value1 :5 comp>$ ) ! *ronological labors ( o!r nations4 ,we h none ( ! ,indians1 nor ( ! ,p]sians1 & sc>cely any ( ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,all our sy/ems =m$ on ! hi/ory ( ^! p are z contradictory z our sy/ems ( metaphysics4 ,! ,greek ,olympiads d n comm5ce till sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty-eight ye>s be=e our era ( reckon+4 ,until we arrive at !m1 we p]ceive only a few tor*es to light5 ! d>kness1 su* z ! era ( ,nabonass>1 ! w> betwe5 ,lac$mon & ,mess5e2 ev5 ^? epo*s !mselves are subjects ( dispute4 ,livy took c>e n to /ate 9 :at ye> ,romulus began 8 pret5d$ reign4 ,! ,romans1 :o well knew ! unc]ta9ty ( t epo*1 w\ld h ridicul$ him _h he und]tak5 to decide x4 ,x is prov$ t ! duration ( two hundr$ & =ty ye>s ascrib$ to ! sev5 fir/ k+s ( ,rome is a v false calculation4 ,! fir/ f\r c5turies ( ,rome are absolutely de/itute ( *ronology4 ,if f\r c5turies ( ! mo/ memorable empire ! _w ev] saw comprise only an undige/$ mass ( ev5ts1 mix$ up ) fables1 & almo/ )\t a date1 :at mu/ be ! case ) small nations1 %ut up 9 an obscure corn] ( ! e>?1 t h nev] made any figure 9 ! _w1 not)/&+ all _! attempts to comp5sate1 by prodigy & impo/ure1 = _! defici5cy 9 real p[] & cultivation8 ,( ! ,vanity ( ,sy/ems1 ,p>ticul>ly 9 ,*ronology4 ,! ,abb ,condillac p]=m$ a mo/ important s]vice to ! human m9d :5 he display$ ! false po9ts ( all sy/ems4 ,if we may ev] hope t we %all "o day f9d ! road to tru?1 x c only be aft] we h detect$ all ^? :i* lead to error4 ,x is at lea/ a consolation to be at re/1 to be no long] seek+1 :5 we p]ceive t s _m philosoph]s h s\ght 9 va94 ,*ronology is a collection ( bladd]s ( w9d4 ,all :o ?\ght to pass ov] x z solid gr\nd h be5 imm]s$4 ,we h1 at ! pres5t "t1 tw5ty-f\r sy/ems1 n "o ( :i* is true4 ,! ,babylonians said1 ,we reckon f\r hundr$ & sev5ty-?ree ?\s& ye>s ( a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,a ,p>isian1 address+ him1 says1 ,y\r acc\nt is correct2 y\r ye>s consi/$ ea* ( a sol> day2 !y am\nt to twelve hundr$ & n9ety-sev5 ( ours1 f ! "t ( ,atlas1 ! great a/ronom]1 k+ ( ,africa1 till ! arrival ( ,alex&] at ,babylon4 ,b1 :atev] our ,p>isian may say1 no p 9 ! _w h ev] conf\nd$ a day ) a ye>2 & ! p ( ,babylon /ill less ?an any o!r4 ,?is ,p>isian /rang] %\ld h cont5t$ himself ) m]ely obs]v+ to ! ,*aldans3 ,y are exagg]ators1 & our ance/ors 7 ignorant4 ,nations are expos$ to too _m revolutions to p]mit _! keep+ a s]ies ( f\r ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & ?irty-six c5turies ( a/ronomical calculations4 ,&1 ) respect to ,atlas1 k+ ( ! ,moors1 no "o kn[s at :at "t he liv$4 ,py?agoras might pret5d to h be5 a cock1 j z reasonably z y may boa/ ( su* a s]ies ( obs]vations4 ,! great po9t ( ridicule 9 all fanta/ic *ronologies is ! arrangem5t ( all ! great ev5ts ( a man's life 9 precise ord] ( "t1 )\t asc]ta9+ t ! man himself ev] exi/$4 ,l5glet repeats aft] o!rs1 9 8 *ronological compilation ( univ]sal hi/ory1 t precisely 9 ! "t ( ,abraham1 & six ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,s>ah1 :o 0 little kn[n to ! ,greeks1 ,jupit]1 at ! age ( sixty-two1 began to reign 9 ,!ssaly2 t 8 reign la/$ sixty ye>s2 t he m>ri$ 8 si/] ,juno2 t he 0 oblig$ to c$e ! m>itime coa/s to 8 bro!r ,neptune2 & t ! ,titans made w> aga9/ him4 ,b 0 !re ev] a ,jupit]8 ,x nev] occurr$ to him t ) ?is "q he %\ld h begun4 ,,*ur*4 ,summ>y ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,we %all n ext5d our views into ! dep?s ( !ology4 ,god pres]ve u f su* presumption4 ,humble fai? alone is en\gh = u4 ,we nev] assume any o!r "p ?an t ( m]e hi/orians4 ,9 ! ye>s t imm$iately foll[$ ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o 0 at once ,god & man1 !re exi/$ among ! ,hebrews n9e religi\s s*ools or societies--,ph>isees1 ,sadducees1 ,ess5ians1 ,judahites1 ,!rapeut1 ,re*abites1 ,h]odians1 ! disciples ( ,john1 & ! disciples ( ,jesus1 nam$ ! bre?r51 ! ,galileans1 ! believ]s1 :o did n assume ! "n ( ,*ri/ians till ab\t ! sixte5? ye> ( our era1 at ,antio*2 be+ direct$ to its adoption by ,god himself1 9 ways unkn[n to m54 ,! ,ph>isees believ$ 9 ! metempsy*osis4 ,! ,sadducees d5i$ ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & ! exi/5ce ( spirits1 yet believ$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,pl9y1 ! naturali/--rely+1 evid5tly1 on ! au?ority ( ,flavius ,josephus--calls ! ,ess5ians g5s t]na 9 qua nemo nascitur--a p]petual family1 9 :i* no "o is ev] born--because ! ,ess5ians v r>ely m>ri$4 ,! description has be5 s9ce appli$ to our monks4 ,x is difficult to decide :e!r ! ,ess5ians or ! ,judahites are spok5 ( by ,josephus 9 ! foll[+ passage3 ,!y despise ! evils ( ! _w2 _! con/ancy enables !m to triumph ov] torm5ts2 9 an honorable cause1 !y pref] dea? to life4 ,!y h und]gone fire & sword1 & submitt$ to hav+ _! v bones cru%$1 r ?an utt] a syllable aga9/ _! legislator1 or eat =bidd5 food4 ,x w\ld seem1 f ! words ( ,josephus1 t ! =ego+ portrait applies to ! ,judahites1 & n to ! ,ess5ians4 ,judas 0 ! au?or ( a new sect1 completely diff]5t f ! o!r ?ree2 t is1 ! ,sadducees1 ! ,ph>isees1 & ! ,ess5ians4 ,!y are1 he goes on1 ,jews by nation2 !y live 9 h>mony ) "o ano!r1 & consid] pleasure to be a vice4 ,! natural mean+ ( ?is language w\ld induce u to ?9k t he is speak+ ( ! ,judahites4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ^! ,judahites 7 kn[n be=e ! disciples ( ,*ri/ began to possess consid]ation & consequ5ce 9 ! _w4 ,"s weak p h suppos$ !m to be h]etics1 :o ador$ ,judas ,isc>iot4 ,! ,!rapeut 7 a society diff]5t f ! ,ess5ians & ! ,judahites4 ,!y resembl$ ! ,gymnosophi/s & ,brahm9s ( ,india4 ,!y possess1 says ,philo1 a pr9ciple ( div9e love :i* excites 9 !m an en?usiasm l t ( ! ,bac*antes & ! ,corybantes1 & :i* =ms !m to t /ate ( contemplation to :i* !y aspire4 ,?is sect orig9at$ 9 ,alex&ria1 :i* 0 entirely fill$ ) ,jews1 & prevail$ greatly ?r\gh\t ,egypt4 ,! ,re*abites /ill cont9u$ z a sect4 ,!y v[$ nev] to dr9k w9e2 & x is1 possibly1 f _! example t ,mahomet =bade t liquor to 8 foll[]s4 ,! ,h]odians reg>d$ ,h]od1 ! fir/ ( t "n1 z a ,messiah1 a mess5g] f ,god1 :o _h rebuilt ! temple4 ,x is cle> t ! ,jews at ,rome celebrat$ a fe/ival 9 honor ( him1 9 ! reign ( ,n]o1 z appe>s f ! l9es ( ,p]sius3 ,h]odis v5]e dies1 etc4 7,sat4 v4 #ahj47 ,k+ ,h]od's fea/1 :5 ea* ,judaan vile1 ,trims up 8 lamp ) tall[ or ) oil4 ,! disciples ( ,john ! ,bapti/ _h spread !mselves a little 9 ,egypt1 b pr9cipally 9 ,syria1 ,arabia1 & t[>ds ! ,p]sian gulf4 ,!y are recogniz$1 at ! pres5t day1 "u ! "n ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ,/4 ,john4 ,!re 7 "s also 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 7*ap1 xix47 t ,paul met ) _m ( !m at ,ephesus4 ,h y receiv$1 he ask$ !m1 ! holy _s8 ,!y answ]$ him4 ,we h n he>d ev5 t !re is a holy _s4 ,:at baptism1 !n1 says he1 h y receiv$8 ,!y answ]$ him1 ,! baptism ( ,john4 ,9 ! meantime ! true ,*ri/ians1 z is well kn[n1 7 lay+ ! f\ndation ( ! only true religion4' ,he :o contribut$ mo/ to /r5g!n ?is ris+ society1 0 ,paul1 :o _h himself p]secut$ x ) ! greate/ viol5ce4 ,he 0 born at ,t>sus 9 ,cilicia1 & 0 educat$ "u "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ pr(essors among ! ,ph>isees--,gamaliel1 a disciple ( ,hillel4 ,! ,jews pret5d t he qu>rell$ ) ,gamaliel1 :o refus$ to let him h 8 daught] 9 m>riage4 ,"s traces ( ?is anecdote are to be f\nd 9 ! sequel to ! ,acts ( ,/4 ,!kla4 ,^! acts relate t he _h a l>ge =ehead1 a bald head1 unit$ eye-br[s1 an aquil9e nose1 a %ort & clumsy figure1 & crook$ legs4 ,lucian1 9 8 dialogue ,philopatres1 seems to give a v simil> portrait ( him4 ,x has be5 d\bt$ :e!r he 0 a ,roman citiz51 = at t "t ! title 0 n giv5 to any ,jew2 !y _h be5 expell$ f ,rome by ,tib]ius2 & ,t>sus did n become a ,roman colony till ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds1 "u ,c>acalla2 z ,cell>ius rem>ks 9 8 ,geography 7book iii471 & ,grotius 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,acts1 to :om alone we ne$ ref]4 ,god1 :o came d[n ^u e>? to be an example 9 x ( humanity & pov]ty1 gave to 8 *ur* ! mo/ feeble infancy1 & conduct$ x 9 a /ate ( humiliation simil> to t 9 :i* he _h himself *os5 to be born4 ,all ! fir/ believ]s 7 obscure p]sons4 ,!y labor$ ) _! h&s4 ,! apo/le ,/4 ,paul himself ackn[l$ges t he ga9$ 8 livelihood by mak+ t5ts4 ,/4 ,pet] rais$ f ! dead ,dorcas1 a semp/ress1 :o made clo!s = ! bre?r54 ,! assembly ( believ]s met at ,joppa1 at ! h\se ( a tann] call$ ,simon1 z appe>s f ! n9? *apt] ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,! believ]s spread !mselves secretly 9 ,greece3 & "s ( !m w5t f ,greece to ,rome1 among ! ,jews1 :o 7 p]mitt$ by ! ,romans to h a synagogue4 ,!y did n1 at fir/1 sep>ate !mselves f ! ,jews4 ,!y practis$ circumcision2 &1 z we h else:]e rem>k$1 ! fir/ fifte5 obscure bi%ops ( ,j]usalem 7 all circumcis$1 or at lea/ 7 all ( ! ,jewi% nation4 ,:5 ! apo/le ,paul took ) him ,timo?y1 :o 0 ! son ( a hea!n fa!r1 he circumcis$ him himself1 9 ! small city ( ,ly/ra4 ,b ,titus1 8 o!r disciple1 c\ld n be induc$ to submit to circumcision4 ,! bre?r51 or ! disciples ( ,jesus1 cont9u$ unit$ ) ! ,jews until ! "t :5 ,/4 ,paul exp]i5c$ a p]secution at ,j]usalem1 on acc\nt ( 8 hav+ introduc$ /rang]s into ! temple4 ,he 0 accus$ by ! ,jews ( endeavor+ to de/roy ! law ( ,moses by t ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,x 0 ) a view to 8 cle>+ himself f ?is accusation t ! apo/le ,/4 ,james propos$ to ! apo/le ,paul t he %\ld %ave 8 head1 & g & purify himself 9 ! temple1 ) f\r ,jews1 :o _h made a v[ ( be+ %av$4 ,take !m ) y1 says ,james to him 7,acts ( ! ,apo/les xxi471 purify y\rself ) !m1 & let ! :ole _w "k t :at has be5 report$ conc]n+ y is false1 & t y cont9ue to obey ! law ( ,moses4 ,?us1 !n1 ,paul1 :o _h be5 at fir/ ! mo/ summ>y p]secutor ( ! holy society e/abli%$ by ,jesus--,paul1 :o aft]w>ds endeavor$ to gov]n t ris+ society--,paul ! ,*ri/ian1 ,judaizes1 t ! _w may "k t he is calumniat$ :5 he is *>g$ ) no long] foll[+ ! law ( ,moses4 ,/4 ,paul 0 equally *>g$ ) impiety & h]esy1 & ! p]secution aga9/ him la/$ a long "t2 b x is p]fectly cle>1 f ! nature ( ! *>ges1 t he _h travell$ to ,j]usalem 9 ord] to fulfil ! rites ( ,judaism4 ,he address$ to ,fau/us ^! words3 ,i h nev] (f5d$ aga9/ ! ,jewi% law1 nor aga9/ ! temple4 7,acts xxv47 ,! apo/les ann\nc$ ,jesus ,*ri/ z a j man wick$ly p]secut$1 a prophet ( ,god1 a son ( ,god1 s5t to ! ,jews = ! re=mation ( mann]s4 ,circumcision1 says ! apo/le ,paul1 is good1 if y obs]ve ! law2 b if y violate ! law1 y\r circumcision becomes uncircumcision4 ,if any uncircumcis$ p]son keep ! law1 he w be z if circumcis$4 ,! true ,jew is "o t is s inw>dly4 ,:5 ?is apo/le speaks ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 8 epi/les1 he does n reveal ! ineffable my/]y ( 8 consub/antiality ) ,god4 ,we are deliv]$ by him1 says he1 f ! wra? ( ,god4 ,! gift ( ,god ha? be5 %$ ^u u by ! grace be/[$ on "o man1 :o is ,jesus ,*ri/4444 ,dea? reign$ ?r\gh ! s9 ( "o man2 ! j %all reign 9 life by "o man1 :o is ,jesus ,*ri/4 7,romans v47 ,&1 9 ! eigh? *apt]3 ,we are heirs ( ,god1 & jo9t-heirs ( ,*ri/2 & 9 ! sixte5? *apt]3 ,to ,god1 :o is ! only wise1 be honor & glory ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/444 ,y are ,jesus ,*ri/'s1 & ,jesus ,*ri/ is ,god's4 7#a ,cor4 *ap4 iii47 ,&1 9 #a ,cor4 xv4 #bg3 ,ev]y?+ is made subject to him1 und\bt$ly1 except+ ,god1 :o made all ?+s subject to him4 ,"s difficulty has be5 f\nd 9 expla9+ ! foll[+ "p ( ! ,epi/le ( ! ,philippians3 ,d no?+ ?r\gh va9 glory4 ,let ea* humbly ?9k o!rs bett] ?an himself4 ,be ( ! same m9d ) ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o1 be+ 9 ! lik5ess ( ,god1 assum$ n to equal himself to ,god4 ,?is passage appe>s exce$+ly well inve/igat$ & elucidat$ 9 a lett]1 /ill extant1 ( ! *ur*es ( ,vi5na & ,lyons1 writt5 9 ! ye> #aag1 & :i* is a valuable monum5t ( antiquity4 ,9 ?is lett] ! mode/y ( "s believ]s is prais$4 ,!y did n wi%1 says ! lett]1 to assume ! l(ty title ( m>tyrs1 9 consequ5ce ( c]ta9 tribulations2 aft] ! example ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o1 be+ 9 ! lik5ess ( ,god1 did n assume ! quality ( be+ equal to ,god4 ,orig51 also1 9 8 comm5t>y on ,john1 says3 ,! greatness ( ,jesus %9es out m spl5didly 9 consequ5ce ( 8 self-humiliation ?an if he _h assum$ equality ) ,god4 ,9 fact1 ! opposite int]pretation w\ld be a solecism4 ,:at s5se w\ld !re be 9 ?is exhortation3 ,?9k o!rs sup]ior to y\rselves2 imitate ,jesus1 :o did n ?9k x an assumption to be equal to ,god8 ,x w\ld be an obvi\s contradiction2 x w\ld be putt+ an example ( full pret5sion = an example ( mode/y2 x w\ld be an (f5ce aga9/ logic4 ,?us did ! wisdom ( ! apo/les e/abli% ! ris+ *ur*4 ,t wisdom did n *ange its "* 9 consequ5ce ( ! dispute :i* took place betwe5 ! apo/les ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,john1 on "o side1 & ,paul on ! o!r4 ,?is conte/ occurr$ at ,antio*4 ,! apo/le ,pet]--=m]ly ,cephas1 or ,simon ,b> ,jona--ate ) ! conv]t$ ,g5tiles1 & among !m did n obs]ve ! c]emonies ( ! law & ! di/9ction ( meats4 ,he & ,b>nabas1 & ! o!r disciples1 ate indiff]5tly ( pork1 ( animals :i* _h be5 /rangl$1 or :i* _h clov5 feet1 or :i* did n *ew ! cud2 b _m ,jewi% ,*ri/ians hav+ arriv$1 ,/4 ,pet] jo9$ ) !m 9 ab/95ce f =bidd5 meats1 & 9 ! c]emonies ( ! ,mosaic law4 ,?is conduct appe>$ v prud5t2 he wi%$ to avoid giv+ (f5ce to ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 8 companions2 b ,/4 ,paul attack$ him on ! subject ) consid]able sev]ity4 ,i )/ood him1 says he1 to 8 face1 because he 0 blamable4 7,gal4 *ap4 ii47 ,?is qu>rel appe>s mo/ extraord9>y on ! "p ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,hav+ be5 at fir/ a p]secutor1 he might h be5 expect$ to h act$ ) mod]ation2 especially z he _h gone to ,j]usalem to sacrifice 9 ! temple1 _h circumcis$ 8 disciple ,timo?y1 & /rictly compli$ ) ! ,jewi% rites1 = :i* v compliance he n[ reproa*$ ,cephas4 ,/4 ,j]ome imag9es t ?is qu>rel betwe5 ,paul & ,cephas 0 a pret5d$ "o4 ,he says1 9 8 fir/ homily 7vol4 iii47 t !y act$ l two advocates1 :o _h work$ !mselves up to an appe>ance ( great zeal & exasp]ation aga9/ ea* o!r1 to ga9 cr$it ) _! respective cli5ts4 ,he says t ,pet]--,cephas--be+ appo9t$ to prea* to ! ,jews1 & ,paul to ! ,g5tiles1 !y assum$ ! appe>ance ( qu>rell+--,paul to ga9 ! ,g5tiles1 & ,pet] to ga9 ! ,jews4 ,b ,/4 ,augu/9e is by no means ( ! same op9ion4 ,i grieve1 says he1 9 8 epi/le to ,j]ome1 t s great a man %\ld be ! patron ( a lie4--7patronum m5dacii74 ,?is dispute betwe5 ,/4 ,j]ome & ,/4 ,augu/9e ought n to dim9i% our v5]ation = !m1 & /ill less = ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,pet]4 ,z to :at rema9s1 if ,pet] 0 de/9$ = ! ,jews1 :o 71 aft] _! conv]sion1 likely to ,judaize1 & ,paul = /rang]s1 x appe>s probable t ,pet] nev] w5t to ,rome4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les makes no m5tion ( ,pet]'s j\rney to ,italy4 ,h[ev] t may be1 x 0 ab\t ! sixtie? ye> ( our era t ,*ri/ians began to sep>ate f ! ,jewi% communion2 & x 0 ?is :i* drew ^u !m s _m qu>rels & p]secutions f ! v>i\s synagogues ( ,rome1 ,greece1 ,egypt1 & ,asia4 ,!y 7 accus$ ( impiety & a!ism by _! ,jewi% bre?r51 :o excommunicat$ !m 9 _! synagogues ?ree times e ,sabba?-day4 ,b 9 ! mid/ ( _! p]secutions ,god always support$ !m4 ,by degrees _m *ur*es 7 =m$1 & ! sep>ation betwe5 ,jews & ,*ri/ians 0 complete be=e ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,?is sep>ation 0 unkn[n to ! ,roman gov]nm5t4 ,nei!r ! s5ate nor ! emp]ors ( ,rome int]e/$ !mselves 9 ^? qu>rels ( a small flock ( mank9d1 :i* ,god _h hi!rto guid$ 9 obscurity1 & :i* he exalt$ by ins5sible gradations4 ,*ri/ianity became e/abli%$ 9 ,greece & at ,alex&ria4 ,! ,*ri/ians _h !re to cont5d ) a new set ( ,jews1 :o1 9 consequ5ce ( int]c\rse ) ! ,greeks1 _h become philosoph]s4 ,?is 0 ! sect ( gnosis1 or gno/ics4 ,among !m 7 "s ( ! new conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity4 ,all ^! sects1 at t "t1 enjoy$ complete lib]ty to dogmatize1 disc\rse1 & write1 :5ev] ! ,jewi% c\rti]s1 settl$ at ,rome & ,alex&ria1 did n br+ any *>ge aga9/ !m be=e ! magi/rates4 ,b1 "u ,domitian1 ,*ri/ianity began to give "s umbrage to ! gov]nm5t4 ,! zeal ( "s ,*ri/ians1 :i* 0 n accord+ to k1 did n prev5t ! ,*ur* f mak+ t progress :i* ,god de/9$ f ! beg9n+4 ,! ,*ri/ians1 at fir/1 celebrat$ _! my/]ies 9 seque/]$ h\ses1 & 9 caves1 & dur+ ! night4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to ,m9ucius ,felix1 ! title giv5 !m ( lucifugaces4 ,philo calls !m ,gessens4 ,! names mo/ frequ5tly appli$ to !m by ! hea!ns1 dur+ ! fir/ f\r c5turies1 7 ,galileans & ,naz>5es2 b t ( ,*ri/ians has prevail$ above all o!rs4 ,nei!r ! hi]>*y1 nor ! s]vices ( ! *ur*1 7 e/abli%$ all at once2 ! apo/olic times 7 diff]5t f ^? :i* foll[$4 ,! mass n[ celebrat$ at mat9s 0 ! supp] p]=m$ 9 ! ev5+2 ^! usages *ang$ 9 proportion z ! *ur* /r5g!n$4 ,a m num]\s society requir$ m regulations1 & ! prud5ce ( ! pa/ors accommodat$ itself to times & places4 ,/4 ,j]ome & ,eusebius relate t :5 ! *ur*es receiv$ a regul> =m1 five diff]5t ord]s might be soon p]ceiv$ to exi/ 9 !m--sup]9t5d5ts1 episcopoi1 :5ce orig9ate ! bi%ops2 eld]s ( ! society1 presbyt]oi1 prie/s1 diaconoi1 s]vants or deacons2 pi/oi1 believ]s1 ! initiat$--t is1 ! baptiz$1 :o p>ticipat$ 9 ! supp]s ( ! agape1 or love-fea/s2 ! cate*um5s1 :o 7 await+ baptism2 & ! en]gum5s1 :o await$ _! be+ exorcis$ ( demons4 ,9 ^! five ord]s1 no "o _h g>m5ts diff]5t f ! o!rs1 no "o 0 b\nd to celibacy2 witness ,t]tullian's book1 d$icat$ to 8 wife2 & witness also ! example ( ! apo/les4 ,no pa9t+s or sculptures 7 to be f\nd 9 _! assemblies dur+ ! fir/ two c5turies2 no alt>s2 &1 mo/ c]ta9ly1 no tap]s1 inc5se1 & lu/ral wat]4 ,! ,*ri/ians c>efully conceal$ _! books f ! ,g5tiles2 !y intru/$ !m only to ! initiat$4 ,ev5 ! cate*um5s 7 n p]mitt$ to recite ! ,"l's pray]4 ,( ! ,p[] ( ,expell+ ,devils1 ,giv5 to ! ,*ur*4 ,t :i* mo/ di/+ui%$ ! ,*ri/ians1 & :i* has cont9u$ ne>ly to our own times1 0 ! p[] ( expell+ devils ) ! sign ( ! cross4 ,orig51 9 8 treaties aga9/ ,celsus1 decl>es--at ,no4 #acc--t ,ant9\s1 :o _h be5 defi$ by ! emp]or ,adrian1 p]=m$ miracles 9 ,egypt by ! p[] ( *>ms & magic2 b he says t ! devils came out ( ! bodies ( ! possess$ on ! m]e utt]ance ( ! "n ( ,jesus4 ,t]tullian goes f>!r2 & f ! recesses ( ,africa1 :]e he resid$1 he says1 9 8 ,apology--*ap4 xxiii4--,if y\r gods d n confess !mselves to be devils 9 ! pres5ce ( a true ,*ri/ian1 we give y full lib]ty to %$ t ,*ri/ian's blood4 ,c any demon/ration be possibly cle>]8 ,9 fact1 ,jesus ,*ri/ s5t out 8 apo/les to expel demons4 ,! ,jews1 likewise1 9 8 "t1 _h ! p[] ( expell+ !m2 =1 :5 ,jesus _h deliv]$ "s possess$ p]sons1 & s5t ! devils into ! bodies ( a v num]\s h]d ( sw9e1 & _h p]=m$ _m o!r simil> cures1 ! ,ph>isees said3 ,he expels devils ?r\gh ! p[] ( ,beelzebub4 ,jesus repli$3 ,by :om d y\r sons expel !m8 ,x is inconte/able t ! ,jews boa/$ ( ?is p[]4 ,!y _h exorci/s & exorcisms4 ,!y invok$ ! "n ( ,god1 ( ,jacob1 & ( ,abraham4 ,!y put consecrat$ h]bs into ! no/rils ( ! demoniacs4 ,josephus relates a "p ( ^! c]emonies4 ,?is p[] ov] devils1 :i* ! ,jews h lo/1 0 transf]r$ to ! ,*ri/ians1 :o seem likewise to h lo/ x 9 _! turn4 ,! p[] ( expell+ demons compreh5d$ t ( de/roy+ ! op]ations ( magic2 = magic has be5 always preval5t 9 e nation4 ,all ! fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* be> te/imony to magic4 ,/4 ,ju/91 9 8 ,apology--book iii4--ackn[l$ges t ! s\ls ( ! dead are frequ5tly evok$1 & !nce draws an argum5t 9 favor ( ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,lactantius1 9 ! sev5? book ( 8 ,div9e ,in/itutions1 says t if any "o v5tur$ to d5y ! exi/5ce ( s\ls aft] dea?1 ! magician w\ld conv9ce him ( x by mak+ !m appe>4 ,ir5u1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,t]tullian1 ,cyprian ! bi%op1 all affirm ! same4 ,x is true t1 at pres5t1 all is *ang$1 & t !re are n[ no m magicians ?an !re are demoniacs4 ,b ,god has ! sov]eign p[] ( admoni%+ mank9d by prodigies at "s p>ticul> seasons1 & ( discont9u+ ^? prodigies at o!rs4 ,( ! ,m>tyrs ( ! ,*ur*4 ,:5 ,*ri/ians became some:at num]\s1 & _m array$ !mselves aga9/ ! wor%ip e/abli%$ 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 ! magi/rates began to ex]cise sev]ity aga9/ !m1 & ! p m p>ticul>ly p]secut$ !m4 ,! ,jews1 :o possess$ p>ticul> privileges1 & :o conf9$ !mselves to _! synagogues1 7 n p]secut$4 ,!y 7 p]mitt$ ! free ex]cise ( _! religion1 z is ! case at ,rome at ! pres5t day4 ,all ! diff]5t k9ds ( wor%ip scatt]$ ov] ! empire 7 tol]at$1 al?\gh ! s5ate did n adopt !m4 ,b ! ,*ri/ians1 decl>+ !mselves enemies to e o!r wor%ip ?an _! own1 & m especially s to t ( ! empire1 7 (t5 expos$ to ^! cruel trials4 ,"o ( ! fir/ & mo/ di/+ui%$ m>tyrs 0 ,ignatius1 bi%op ( ,antio*1 :o 0 condemn$ by ! ,emp]or ,trajan himself1 at t "t 9 ,asia1 & s5t to ,rome by 8 ord]s1 to be expos$ to wild bea/s1 at a "t :5 o!r ,*ri/ians 7 n p]secut$ at ,rome4 ,x is n kn[n precisely :at *>ges 7 alleg$ aga9/ him be=e t emp]or1 o!rwise s r5[n$ = 8 clem5cy4 ,/4 ,ignatius mu/1 necess>ily1 h _h viol5t enemies4 ,:atev] 7 ! p>ticul>s ( ! case1 ! hi/ory ( 8 m>tyrdom relates t ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 f\nd engrav$ on 8 he>t 9 lett]s ( gold2 & f ?is circum/ance x 0 t ,*ri/ians1 9 "s places1 assum$ ! "n ( ,!ophorus1 :i* ,ignatius _h giv5 himself4 ,a lett] ( 8 has be5 pres]v$ 9 :i* he entreats ! bi%ops & ,*ri/ians to make no opposition to 8 m>tyrdom1 :e!r at ! "t !y might be /rong en\gh to effect 8 deliv]ance1 or :e!r any among !m might h influ5ce en\gh to obta9 8 p>don4 ,ano!r rem>kable circum/ance is t :5 he 0 br\ght to ,rome ! ,*ri/ians ( t capital w5t to visit him2 :i* w\ld prove cle>ly t ! individual 0 puni%$ & n ! sect4 ,! p]secutions 7 n cont9u$4 ,orig51 9 8 ?ird book aga9/ ,celsus1 says3 ,! ,*ri/ians :o h suff]$ dea? on acc\nt ( _! religion may easily be numb]$1 = !re 7 only a few ( !m1 & m]ely at int]vals4 ,god 0 s m9dful ( 8 ,*ur* t1 not)/&+ its enemies1 he s ord]$ circum/ances t x held five c\ncils 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 sixte5 9 ! second1 & ?irty 9 ! ?ird2 t is1 includ+ bo? secret & tol]at$ ones4 ,^? assemblies 7 sometimes =bidd51 :5 ! weak prud5ce ( ! magi/rates fe>$ t !y might become tumultu\s4 ,b few g5u9e docum5ts ( ! proce$+s be=e ! proconsuls & prtors :o condemn$ ! ,*ri/ians to dea? h be5 deliv]$ d[n to u4 ,su* w\ld be ! only au?orities :i* w\ld enable u to asc]ta9 ! *>ges br\ght aga9/ !m1 & ! puni%m5ts !y suff]$4 ,we h a fragm5t ( ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria1 9 :i* he gives ! foll[+ extract ( a regi/]1 or ( records1 ( a proconsul ( ,egypt1 "u ! ,emp]or ,val]ian3 ,dionysius1 ,fau/us ,maximus1 ,m>cellus1 & ,*remon1 hav+ be5 admitt$ to ! audi5ce1 ! prefect milianus ?us address$ !m3 ',y are suffici5tly in=m$ ?r\gh ! conf]5ces :i* ,i h _h ) y1 & all t ,i h writt5 to y1 ( ! good-w :i* our pr9ces h ent]ta9$ t[>ds y4 ,i wi% ?us to repeat x to y once aga94 ,!y make ! cont9uance ( y\r safety to dep5d ^u y\rselves1 & place y\r de/9y 9 y\r own h&s4 ,!y require ( y only "o ?+1 :i* reason dem&s ( e reasonable p]son--namely1 t y adore ! gods :o protect _! empire1 & ab&on t diff]5t wor%ip1 s contr>y to s5se & nature4' ,dionysius repli$1 ,all h n ! same gods2 & all adore ^? :om !y ?9k to be ! true ones4 ,! prefect milianus repli$3 ,i see cle>ly t y ungratefully abuse ! goodness :i* ! emp]ors h %[n y4 ,?is be+ ! case1 y %all no long] rema9 9 ?is city2 & ,i n[ ord] y to be convey$ to ,cephro1 9 ! he>t ( ,libya4 ,agreeably to ! comm& ,i h receiv$ f y\r emp]or1 t %all be ! place ( y\r bani%m5t4 ,z to :at rema9s1 ?9k n to hold y\r assemblies !re1 nor to (f] up y\r pray]s 9 :at y call cemet]ies4 ,?is is positively =bidd54 ,i w p]mit x to none4 ,no?+ be>s a /rong] impress ( tru? ?an ?is docum5t4 ,we see f x t !re 7 times :5 assemblies 7 prohibit$4 ,?us ! ,calv9i/s 7 =bidd5 to assemble 9 ,france4 ,sometimes m9i/]s or prea*]s1 :o held assemblies 9 violation ( ! laws1 h suff]$ ev5 by ! alt> & ! rack2 & s9ce #agde six h be5 execut$ on ! gall[s4 ,?us1 9 ,engl& & ,irel&1 ,roman ,ca?olics are =bidd5 to hold assemblies2 &1 on c]ta9 occasions1 ! del9qu5ts h suff]$ dea?4 ,not)/&+ ^! prohibitions decl>$ by ! ,roman laws1 ,god inspir$ _m ( ! emp]ors ) indulg5ce t[>ds ! ,*ri/ians4 ,ev5 ,diocletian1 :om ! ignorant consid] z a p]secutor--,diocletian1 ! fir/ ye> ( ^: reign is /ill reg>d$ z con/itut+ ! comm5cem5t ( ! era ( m>tyrdom1 01 = m ?an eighte5 ye>s1 ! decl>$ protector ( ,*ri/ianity1 & _m ,*ri/ians held (fices ( high consequ5ce ab\t 8 p]son4 ,he ev5 m>ri$ a ,*ri/ian2 &1 9 ,nicom$ia1 ! place ( 8 resid5ce1 he p]mitt$ a spl5did *ur* to be erect$ opposite 8 palace4 ,! ,cs> ,gal]ius hav+ un=tunately tak5 up a prejudice aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 ( :om he ?\ght he _h reason to compla91 influ5c$ ,diocletian to de/roy ! ca!dral ( ,nicom$ia4 ,"o ( ! ,*ri/ians1 ) m zeal ?an prud5ce1 tore ! edict ( ! emp]or to pieces2 & h5ce arose t fam\s p]secution1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* m ?an two hundr$ p]sons 7 execut$ 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 )\t reckon+ ^? :om ! rage ( ! common p1 always fanatical & always cruel1 de/roy$ )\t ev5 ! =m ( law4 ,s great has be5 ! numb] ( actual m>tyrs t we %\ld be c>eful h[ we %ake ! tru? ( ! hi/ory ( ^? g5u9e confessors ( our holy religion by a dang]\s mixture ( fables & ( false m>tyrs4 ,! ,b5$ict9e ,prior 7,dom7 ,ru9>t1 = example1 a man o!rwise z well in=m$ z he 0 respectable & dev\t1 %\ld h select$ 8 g5u9e records1 8 actes s9c]es1 ) m discretion4 ,x is n suffici5t t a manuscript1 :e!r tak5 f ! abbey ( ,/4 ,b5oit on ! ,loire1 or f a conv5t ( ,cele/9es at ,p>is1 corresponds ) a manuscript ( ! ,feuillans1 to %[ t ! record is au!ntic2 ! record %\ld possess a suitable antiquity2 %\ld h be5 evid5tly writt5 by contempor>ies2 &1 moreov]1 %\ld be> all ! *>act]s ( tru?4 ,he might h disp5s$ ) relat+ ! adv5ture ( "y ,romanus1 :i* occurr$ 9 #cjc4 ,?is "y ,romanus _h obta9$ ! p>don ( ,diocletian1 at ,antio*4 ,h[ev]1 ,ru9>t /ates t ! judge ,asclepiades condemn$ him to be burnt4 ,! ,jews :o 7 pres5t at ! spectacle1 d]id$ ! "y sa9t & reproa*$ ! ,*ri/ians1 t _! ,god1 :o _h deliv]$ ,%adra*1 ,me%a*1 & ,ab$nego out ( ! furnace1 left !m to be burn$2 t imm$iately1 al?\gh ! wea!r _h be5 z calm z possible1 a trem5d\s /orm arose & ext+ui%$ ! flames2 t ! judge !n ord]$ "y ,romanus's tongue to be cut out2 t ! pr9cipal surgeon ( ! emp]or1 be+ pres5t1 eag]ly act$ ! "p ( execution]1 & cut (f ! tongue at ! root2 t in/antly ! "y man1 :o1 be=e _h an imp$im5t 9 8 spee*1 spoke ) p]fect fre$om2 t ! emp]or 0 a/oni%$ t any "o c\ld speak s well )\t a tongue2 & t ! surgeon1 to repeat ! exp]im5t1 directly cut out ! tongue ( "s by/&]1 :o di$ on ! spot4 ,eusebius1 f :om ! ,b5$ict9e ,ru9>t drew 8 n>rative1 %\ld h s f> respect$ ! real miracles p]=m$ 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t--:i* no "o c ev] d\bt--z n to h associat$ ) !m relations s suspici\s1 & s calculat$ to give (f5ce to weak m9ds4 ,?is la/ p]secution did n ext5d ?r\gh ! empire4 ,!re 0 at t "t "s ,*ri/ianity 9 ,engl&1 :i* soon eclips$1 to reappe> aft]w>ds "u ! ,saxon k+s4 ,! s\!rn di/ricts ( ,gaul & ,spa9 ab\nd$ ) ,*ri/ians4 ,! ,cs> ,con/antius ,*lorus af=d$ !m great protection 9 all 8 prov9ces4 ,he _h a concub9e :o 0 a ,*ri/ian1 & :o 0 ! "m ( ,con/ant9e1 kn[n "u ! "n ( ,/4 ,hel5a2 = no m>riage 0 ev] prov$ to h tak5 place betwe5 !m2 he ev5 divorc$ h] 9 ! ye> #bib1 :5 he m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,maximilian ,h]cules2 b %e _h pres]v$ great asc5d5cy ov] 8 m9d1 & _h inspir$ him ) a great atta*m5t to our holy religion4 ,( ! ,e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ur* ,"u ,con/ant9e4 ,?us did div9e ,provid5ce prep>e ! triumph ( its *ur* by ways app>5tly con=mable to human causes & ev5ts4 ,con/antius ,*lorus di$ 9 #cjf1 at ,york1 9 ,engl&1 at a "t :5 ! *ildr5 he _h by ! daught] ( a ,cs> 7 ( t5d] age1 & incapable ( mak+ pret5sions to ! empire4 ,con/ant9e boldly got himself elect$ at ,york1 by five or six ?\s& soldi]s1 ! great] "p ( :om 7 ,fr5* & ,engli%4 ,!re 0 no probability t ?is election1 effect$ )\t ! cons5t ( ,rome1 ( ! s5ate & ! armies1 c\ld /&2 b ,god gave him ! victory ov] ,max5tius1 :o _h be5 elect$ at ,rome1 & deliv]$ him at la/ f all 8 colleagues4 ,x is n to be dissembl$ t he at fir/ r5d]$ himself unwor?y ( ! favors ( heav51 by murd]+ all 8 relations1 & at l5g? ev5 8 own wife & son4 ,we may be p]mitt$ to d\bt :at ,zosimus relates on ?is subject4 ,he /ates t ,con/ant9e1 "u ! tortures ( remorse f ! p]petration ( s _m crimes1 inquir$ ( ! pontiffs ( ! empire1 :e!r x 7 possible = him to obta9 any expiation1 & t !y in=m$ him t !y knew ( none4 ,x is p]fectly true t none 0 f\nd = ,n]o1 & t he did n v5ture to assi/ at ! sacr$ my/]ies 9 ,greece4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,taurobolia 7 /ill obs]v$1 & x is difficult to believe t an emp]or1 supremely p[]ful1 c\ld n obta9 a prie/ :o w\ld will+ly indulge him 9 expiatory sacrifices4 ,p]haps1 inde$1 x is less easy to believe t ,con/ant9e1 occupi$ z he 0 ) w>1 politic ent]prises1 & ambition1 & surr\nd$ by flatt]]s1 _h "t = remorse at all4 ,zosimus adds t an ,egyptian prie/1 :o _h access to 8 gate1 promis$ him ! expiation ( all 8 crimes 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,x has be5 suspect$ t ?is prie/ 0 ,ozius1 bi%op ( ,cordova4 ,h[ev] ?is might be1 ,god res]v$ ,con/ant9e = ! purpose ( enlight5+ 8 m9d1 & to make him ! protector ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is pr9ce built ! city ( ,con/ant9ople1 :i* became ! c5tre ( ! empire & ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,! ,*ur* !n assum$ a =m ( spl5dor4 ,& we may hope t1 be+ purifi$ by 8 baptism1 & p5it5t at 8 dea?1 he may h f\nd m]cy1 al?\gh he di$ an ,arian4 ,x w\ld be n a little sev]e1 7 all ! p>tisans ( bo? ! bi%ops ( ! "n ( ,eusebius to incur damnation4 ,9 ! ye> #cad1 be=e ,con/ant9e resid$ 9 8 new city1 ^? :o _h p]secut$ ! ,*ri/ians 7 puni%$ by !m = _! cruelties4 ,! ,*ri/ians ?rew ,max5tius's wife into ! ,orontes2 !y cut ! ?roats ( all 8 relations1 & !y massacr$1 9 ,egypt & ,pale/9e1 ^? magi/rates :o _h mo/ /r5u\sly decl>$ aga9/ ,*ri/ianity4 ,! wid[ & daught] ( ,diocletian1 hav+ conceal$ !mselves at ,!ssalonica1 7 recogniz$1 & _! bodies ?r[n into ! sea4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 desirable t ! ,*ri/ians %\ld h foll[$ less eag]ly ! cry ( v5geance2 b x 0 ! w ( ,god1 :o puni%es accord+ to ju/ice1 t1 z soon z ! ,*ri/ians 7 able to act )\t re/ra9t1 _! h&s %\ld be dy$ 9 ! blood ( _! p]secutors4 ,con/ant9e summon$ to meet at ,nice1 opposite ,con/ant9ople1 ! fir/ ecum5ical c\ncil1 ( :i* ,ozius 0 presid5t4 ,"h 0 decid$ ! gr& "q t agitat$ ! ,*ur*1 relat+ to ! div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,x is well kn[n h[ ! ,*ur*1 hav+ cont5d$ = ?ree hundr$ ye>s aga9/ ! rights ( ! ,roman ,empire1 at l5g? cont5d$ aga9/ itself1 & 0 always militant & triumphant4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t almo/ ! :ole ( ! ,greek *ur* & ! :ole ,african *ur* became slaves "u ! ,arabs1 & aft]w>ds "u ! ,turks1 :o erect$ ! ,mahometan religion on ! ru9s ( ! ,*ri/ian4 ,! ,roman *ur* subsi/$2 b always reek+ ) blood1 ?r\gh m ?an six c5turies ( discord betwe5 ! we/]n empire & ! prie/hood4 ,ev5 ^! qu>rels r5d]$ h] v p[]ful4 ,! bi%ops & abbots 9 ,g]many all became pr9ces2 & ! popes gradually acquir$ absolute dom9ion 9 ,rome1 & ?r\gh\t a consid]able t]ritory4 ,?us has ,god prov$ 8 *ur*1 by humiliations1 by afflictions1 by crimes1 & by spl5dor4 ,?is ,lat9 *ur*1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 lo/ half ( ,g]many1 ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 ,irel&1 & ! great] "p ( ,switz]l& & ,holl&4 ,%e ga9$ m t]ritory 9 ,am]ica by ! conque/s ( ! ,spani>ds ?an %e lo/ 9 ,europe2 b1 ) m t]ritory1 %e has few] subjects4 ,div9e ,provid5ce seem$ to call ^u ,japan1 ,siam1 ,india1 & ,*9a to place !mselves "u ob$i5ce to ! pope1 9 ord] to recomp5se him = ,asia ,m9or1 ,syria1 ,greece1 ,egypt1 ,africa1 ,russia1 & ! o!r lo/ /ates :i* we m5tion$4 ,/4 ,francis ,xavi]1 :o c>ri$ ! holy gospel to ! ,ea/ ,indies & ,japan1 :5 ! ,portuguese w5t ?i!r ^u m]cantile adv5ture1 p]=m$ a great numb] ( miracles1 all atte/$ by ! ,r4,r4,p4,p4 ,jesuits4 ,"s /ate t he resuscitat$ n9e dead p]sons4 ,b ,r4,p4 ,ribad5eira1 9 8 ,fl[] ( ! ,sa9ts1 limits himself to ass]t+ t he resuscitat$ only f\r4 ,t is suffici5t4 ,provid5ce 0 desir\s t1 9 less ?an a hundr$ ye>s1 !re %\ld h be5 ?\s&s ( ,ca?olics 9 ! isl&s ( ,japan4 ,b ! devil s[$ 8 t>es among ! good gra94 ,! ,jesuits1 accord+ to :at is g5]ally believ$1 ent]$ into a conspiracy1 foll[$ by a civil w>1 9 :i* all ! ,*ri/ians 7 ext]m9at$ 9 #afch4 ,! nation !n clos$ its ports aga9/ all =eign]s except ! ,dut*1 :o 7 consid]$ m]*ants & n ,*ri/ians1 & 7 fir/ compell$ to trample on ! cross 9 ord] to ga9 leave to sell _! w>es 9 ! prison 9 :i* !y are %ut up1 :5 !y l& at ,nagasaki4 ,! ,ca?olic1 ,apo/olic1 & ,roman religion has become proscrib$ 9 ,*9a 9 our own "t1 b ) circum/ances ( less cruelty4 ,! ,r4,r4,p4,p4 ,jesuits _h n1 inde$1 resuscitat$ ! dead at ! c\rt ( ,pek92 !y 7 cont5t$ ) tea*+ a/ronomy1 ca/+ cannon1 & be+ m&>9s4 ,_! un=tunate disputes ) ! ,dom9icans & o!rs gave su* (f5ce to ! great ,emp]or ,yon*9 t t pr9ce1 :o 0 ju/ice & goodness p]sonifi$1 0 bl9d en\gh to refuse p]mission any long] to tea* our holy religion1 9 respect to :i* our mission>ies s little agre$4 ,he expell$ !m1 b ) a k9dness truly pat]nal1 supply+ !m ) means ( subsi/5ce1 & conveyance to ! conf9es ( 8 empire4 ,all ,asia1 all ,africa1 ! half ( ,europe1 all t belongs to ! ,engli% & ,dut* 9 ,am]ica1 all ! unconqu]$ ,am]ican tribes1 all ! s\!rn climes1 :i* con/itute a fif? portion ( ! globe1 rema9 ! prey ( ! demon1 9 ord] to fulfil ^? sacr$ words1 _m are call$1 b few are *os54--,matt4 xx41 #af4 ,( ! ,signification ( ! ,^w ,*ur*4 ,picture ( ! ,primitive ,*ur*4 ,its ,deg5]acy4 ,exam9ation into ^? ,societies :i* h ,attempt$ to ,re-e/abli% ! ,primitive ,*ur*1 & ,p>ticul>ly into t ( ! ,primitives call$ ,quak]s4 ,! t]m *ur* among ! ,greeks signifi$ ! assembly ( ! p4 ,:5 ! ,hebrew books 7 translat$ into ,greek1 synagogue 0 r5d]$ by *ur*1 & ! same t]m 0 employ$ to express ! ,jewi% society1 ! political congregation1 ! ,jewi% assembly1 ! ,jewi% p4 ,?us x is said 9 ! ,book ( ,numb]s1 ,:y ha/ ?\ conduct$ ! *ur* into ! wild]ness2 & 9 ,deut]onomy1 ,! eunu*1 ! ,moabite1 & ! ,ammonite1 %all n ent] ! *ur*2 ! ,idumans & ! ,egyptians %all n ent] ! *ur*1 ev5 to ! ?ird g5]ation4 ,jesus ,*ri/ says1 9 ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,if ?y bro!r h s9n$ aga9/ !e h (f5d$ !e rebuke him1 betwe5 y\rselves4 ,take ) y "o or two witnesses1 t1 f ! m\? ( two or ?ree witnesses1 ev]y?+ may be made cle>2 &1 if he he> n !m1 compla9 to ! assembly ( ! p1 to ! *ur*2 &1 if he he> n ! *ur*1 let him be to !e z a hea!n or a publican4 ,v]ily1 ,i say unto y1 s %all x come to pass1 :atsoev] ye %all b9d on e>? %all be b\nd 9 heav51 & :atsoev] ye %all loose on e>? %all be loos$ 9 heav5--an illusion to ! keys ( doors :i* close & unclose ! lat*4 ,! case is "h1 t ( two m51 "o ( :om has (f5d$ ! o!r1 & p]si/s4 ,he c\ld n be made to appe> 9 ! assembly1 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 z !re 0 none2 ! p]son aga9/ :om 8 companion compla9$ c\ld n be judg$ by a bi%op & prie/s :o 7 n 9 exi/5ce2 besides :i*1 x is to be obs]v$1 t nei!r ,jewi% prie/s nor ,*ri/ian prie/s ev] became judges 9 qu>rels betwe5 private p]sons4 ,x 0 a matt] ( police4 ,bi%ops did n become judges till ab\t ! "t ( ,val5t9ian ,,iii4 ,! comm5tators h !re=e conclud$ t ! sacr$ writ] ( ?is gospel makes our ,"l speak 9 ?is passage by anticipation--t x is an allegory1 a pr$iction ( :at w\ld take place :5 ! ,*ri/ian *ur* %\ld be =m$ & e/abli%$4 ,seld5 makes an important rem>k on ?is passage1 t1 among ! ,jews1 publicans or collectors ( ! royal moneys 7 n excommunicat$4 ,! populace might dete/ !m1 b z !y 7 indisp5sable (fic]s1 appo9t$ by ! pr9ce1 ! idea _h nev] occurr$ to any "o ( sep>at+ !m f ! assembly4 ,! ,jews 7 at t "t "u ! adm9i/ration ( ! proconsul ( ,syria1 ^: jurisdiction ext5d$ to ! conf9es ( ,galilee1 & to ! isl& ( ,cyprus1 :]e he _h deputies4 ,x w\ld h be5 highly imprud5t 9 any to %[ publicly _! abom9ation ( ! legal (fic]s ( ! proconsul4 ,inju/ice1 ev51 w\ld h be5 add$ to imprud5ce1 = ! ,roman knights--eque/rians--:o f>m$ ! public doma9 & collect$ ,cs>'s money1 7 au?oriz$ by ! laws4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 9 8 eighty-fir/ s]mon1 may p]haps sugge/ reflections = compreh5d+ ?is passage4 ,he is speak+ ( ^? :o reta9 _! hatr$1 :o are sl[ to p>don4 ,cepi/i hab]e fratrem tuum tanquam publicanum4 ,ligas ilium 9 t]ra2 s$ ut ju/e alliges vide2 nam inju/a v9cula dirsumpit ju/itia4 ,cum autem correx]is et concordav]is cum fratre tuo solvi/i eum 9 t]ra4 ,y began to reg>d y\r bro!r z a publican2 t is1 to b9d him on ! e>?4 ,b be cauti\s t y b9d him ju/ly1 = ju/ice breaks unju/ bonds4 ,b :5 y h correct$1 & aft]w>ds agre$ ) y\r bro!r1 y h loos$ him on e>?4 ,f ,/4 ,augu/9e's int]pretation1 x seems t ! p]son (f5d$ %ut up ! (f5d] 9 prison2 & t x is to be und]/ood t1 if ! (f5d] is put 9 bonds on e>?1 he is also 9 heav5ly bonds2 b t if ! (f5d$ p]son is inexorable1 he becomes b\nd himself4 ,9 ,/4 ,augu/9e's explanation !re is no?+ :atev] relat+ to ! ,*ur*4 ,! :ole matt] relates to p>don+ or n p>don+ an injury4 ,/4 ,augu/9e is n speak+ "h ( ! sac]dotal p[] ( remitt+ s9s 9 ! "n ( ,god4 ,t is a "r recogniz$ 9 o!r places2 a "r d]iv$ f ! sacram5t ( confession4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 pr(\nd z he is 9 types & allegories1 does n consid] ?is fam\s passage z allud+ to ! absolution giv5 or refus$ by ! m9i/]s ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 9 ! sacram5t ( p5ance4 ,( ! ,*ur* 9 ,*ri/ian ,societies4 ,9 ! great] "p ( ,*ri/ian /ates we p]ceive no m ?an f\r *ur*es--! ,greek1 ! ,roman1 ! ,lu!ran1 & ! re=m$ or ,calv9i/ic4 ,x is ?us 9 ,g]many4 ,! ,primitives or ,quak]s1 ! ,anabapti/s1 ! ,soc9ians1 ! ,memnoni/s1 ! ,pieti/s1 ! ,moravians1 ! ,jews1 & o!rs1 d n =m a *ur*4 ,! ,jewi% religion has pres]v$ ! designation ( synagogue4 ,! ,*ri/ian sects :i* are tol]at$ h only private assemblies1 conv5ticles4 ,x is ! same 9 ,london4 ,we d n f9d ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ,sw$51 nor 9 ,d5m>k1 nor 9 ! nor? ( ,g]many1 nor 9 ,holl&1 nor 9 ?ree qu>t]s ( ,switz]l&1 nor 9 ! ?ree k+doms ( ,great ,brita94 ,( ! ,primitive ,*ur*1 & ( ,^? ,:o ,h ,endeavor$ to ,re-e/abli% ,x4 ,! ,jews1 z well z all ! diff]5t p ( ,syria1 7 divid$ into _m diff]5t congregations1 z we h already se54 ,all 7 aim$ at a my/ical p]fection4 ,a ray ( pur] light %one ^u ! disciples ( ,/4 ,john1 :o /ill subsi/ ne> ,mosul4 ,at la/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 ann\nc$ by ,/4 ,john1 appe>$ on e>?1 ^: disciples 7 always on a p]fect equality4 ,jesus _h expressly enjo9$ !m1 ,!re %all n be any ( y ei!r fir/ or la/4444 ,i came to s]ve1 n to be s]v$4 ,he :o /rives to be ma/] ov] o!rs %all be _! s]vant4 ,"o pro( ( equality is t ! ,*ri/ians at fir/ took no o!r designation ?an t ( bre?r54 ,!y assembl$ 9 expectation ( ! _s4 ,!y prophesi$ :5 !y 7 inspir$4 ,/4 ,paul1 9 8 fir/ lett] to ! ,cor9?ians1 says to !m1 ,if1 9 y\r assembly1 any "o ( y h ! gift ( a psalm1 a doctr9e1 a revelation1 a language1 an int]pretation1 let all be done = edification4 ,if any speak languages1 z two or ?ree may d 9 succession1 let !re be an int]pret]4 ,let two or ?ree prophets speak1 & ! o!rs judge2 & if any?+ be reveal$ to ano!r :ile "o is speak+1 let ! latt] be sil5t2 = y may all prophesy "o by "o1 t all may le>n & all exhort2 ! _s ( prophecy is subject to ! prophets2 = ! ,"l is a ,god ( peace4444 ,?us1 !n1 my bre?r51 be all ( y desir\s ( prophesy+1 & h9d] n ! speak+ ( languages4 ,i h translat$ lit]ally1 bo? out ( rev]5ce = ! text1 & to avoid any disputes ab\t words4 ,/4 ,paul1 9 ! same epi/le1 admits t wom5 may prophesy2 al?\gh1 9 ! f\rte5? *apt]1 he =bids _! speak+ 9 ! assemblies4 ,e woman1 says he1 pray+ or prophesy+ )\t hav+ a veil ov] h] head1 di%onore? h] head1 = x is ! same z if %e 7 %av54 ,x is cle>1 f all ^! passages & f _m o!rs1 t ! fir/ ,*ri/ians 7 all equal1 n m]ely z bre?r5 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 b z hav+ equal gifts4 ,! _s 0 communicat$ to !m equally4 ,!y equally spoke diff]5t languages2 !y _h equally ! gift ( prophesy+1 )\t di/9ction ( rank1 age1 or sex4 ,! apo/les :o in/ruct$ ! neophytes possess$ ov] !m1 unque/ionably1 t natural pre-em95ce :i* ! preceptor has ov] ! pupil2 b ( jurisdiction1 ( temporal au?ority1 ( :at ! _w calls honors1 ( di/9ction 9 dress1 ( emblems ( sup]iority1 assur$ly nei!r !y1 nor ^? :o succe$$ !m1 _h any4 ,!y possess$ ano!r1 & a v diff]5t sup]iority1 t ( p]suasion4 ,! bre?r5 put _! money into "o common /ock4 ,sev5 p]sons 7 *os5 by !mselves out ( _! own body1 to take *>ge ( ! tables1 & to provide = ! common wants4 ,!y *ose1 9 ,j]usalem itself1 ^? :om we call ,/eph51 ,philip1 ,procorus1 ,nicanor1 ,timon1 ,p>m5as1 & ,ni*olas4 ,x is rem>kable t1 among sev5 p]sons *os5 by a ,jewi% community1 six 7 ,greeks4 ,aft] ! "t ( ! apo/les we f9d no example ( any ,*ri/ian :o possess$ any o!r p[] ov] o!r ,*ri/ians ?an t ( in/ruct+1 exhort+1 expell+ demons f ! bodies ( en]gum5s1 & p]=m+ miracles4 ,all is spiritual2 no?+ savors ( worldly pomp4 ,x 0 only 9 ! ?ird c5tury t ! _s ( pride1 vanity1 & int]e/1 began to be manife/$ among ! believ]s on e side4 ,! agap _h n[ become spl5did fe/ivals1 & attract$ reproa* = ! luxury & pr(usion :i* att5d$ !m4 ,t]tullian ackn[l$ges x4 ,yes1 says he1 we make spl5did & pl5tiful ent]ta9m5ts1 b 0 n ! same done at ! my/]ies ( ,a!ns & ( ,egypt8 ,:atev] le>n+ we display1 x is useful & pi\s1 z ! poor b5efit by x4 ,quantiscumque sumptibus con/et1 lucrum e/ pietatis1 si quidem inopes refrig]io i/o juvamus4 ,ab\t ?is v p]iod1 c]ta9 societies ( ,*ri/ians1 :o pron\nc$ !mselves m p]fect ?an ! re/1 ! ,montani/s1 = example1 :o boa/$ ( s _m prophecies & s au/]e a morality2 :o reg>d$ second nuptials z absolute adult]ies1 & flight f p]secution z apo/asy2 :o _h exhibit$ 9 public holy convulsions & ec/asies1 & pret5d$ to speak ) ,god face to face1 7 convict$1 x 0 said1 ( mix+ ! blood ( an infant1 a ye> old1 ) ! bread ( ! eu*>i/4 ,!y br\ght ^u ! true ,*ri/ians ?is dreadful reproa*1 :i* expos$ !m to p]secutions4 ,_! me?od ( proce$+1 accord+ to ,/4 ,augu/9e1 0 ?is3 !y prick$ ! :ole body ( ! infant ) p9s &1 knead+ up fl\r ) ! blood1 made bread ( x4 ,if any "o di$ by eat+ x1 !y honor$ him z a m>tyr4 ,mann]s 7 s corrupt$ t ! holy fa!rs 7 incessantly compla9+ ( x4 ,he> :at ,/4 ,cyprian says1 9 8 book conc]n+ tombs3 ,e prie/1 says he1 seeks = weal? & honor ) insatiable avidity4 ,bi%ops are )\t religion2 wom5 )\t mode/y2 knav]y is g5]al2 pr(ane swe>+ & p]jury ab\nd2 animosities divide ,*ri/ians asund]2 bi%ops ab&on _! pupils to att5d ! ex*ange1 & obta9 opul5ce by m]*&ise2 9 %ort1 we please ourselves alone1 & excite ! disgu/ ( all ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,be=e ! occurr5ce ( ^! sc&als1 ! prie/ ,novatian _h be5 ! cause ( a v dreadful "o to ! p ( ,rome4 ,he 0 ! fir/ anti-pope4 ,! bi%opric ( ,rome1 al?\gh secret1 & liable to p]secution1 0 an object ( ambition & av>ice1 on acc\nt ( ! lib]al contributions ( ! ,*ri/ians1 & ! au?ority atta*$ to t high situation4 ,we w n "h describe aga9 :at is conta9$ 9 s _m au!ntic docum5ts1 & :at we e day he> f ! m\?s ( p]sons correctly in=m$--! prodigi\s numb] ( s*isms & w>s2 ! six hundr$ ye>s ( fi]ce ho/ility betwe5 ! empire & ! prie/hood2 ! weal? ( nations1 fl[+ ?r\gh a ?\s& *annels1 sometimes into ,rome1 sometimes into ,avignon1 :5 ! popes1 = two & sev5ty ye>s toge!r1 fix$ _! resid5ce 9 t place2 ! blood ru%+ 9 /reams ?r\gh\t ,europe1 ei!r = ! int]e/ ( a ti>a utt]ly unkn[n to ,jesus ,*ri/1 or on acc\nt ( un9telligible que/ions :i* ,he nev] m5tion$4 ,our religion is n less sacr$ or less div9e = hav+ be5 s defil$ by guilt & /eep$ 9 c>nage4 ,:5 ! fr5zy ( dom9ation1 t dreadful passion ( ! human he>t1 _h rea*$ its greate/ excess2 :5 ! monk ,hildebr&1 elect$ bi%op ( ,rome aga9/ ! laws1 wre/$ t capital f ! emp]ors1 & =bade all ! bi%ops ( ! we/ f be>+ ! "n ( pope1 9 ord] to appropriate x to himself alone2 :5 ! bi%ops ( ,g]many1 foll[+ 8 example1 made !mselves sov]eigns1 :i* all ^? ( ,france & ,engl& also attempt$2 f ^? dreadful times d[n ev5 to our own1 c]ta9 ,*ri/ian societies h aris5 :i*1 "u a hundr$ diff]5t names1 h endeavor$ to re-e/abli% ! primitive equality 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,b :at _h be5 practicable 9 a small society1 conceal$ f ! _w1 0 no long] s 9 ext5sive k+doms4 ,! *ur* militant & triumphant c\ld no long] be ! *ur* humble & unkn[n4 ,! bi%ops & ! l>ge1 ri*1 & p[]ful mona/ic communities1 unit+ "u ! /&>ds ( ! new pontificate ( ,rome1 f\ght at t "t pro aris et focis1 = _! he>?s & alt>s4 ,crusades1 armies1 sieges1 battles1 rap9e1 tortures1 assass9ations by ! h& ( ! execution]1 assass9ations by ! h&s ( prie/s ( bo? ! cont5d+ p>ties1 poison+s1 deva/ations by fire & sword--all 7 employ$ to support & to pull d[n ! new ecclesia/ical adm9i/ration2 & ! cradle ( ! primitive *ur* 0 s hidd5 z to be sc>cely discov]able "u ! blood & bones ( ! sla94 ,( ! ,primitives call$ ,quak]s4 ,! religi\s & civil w>s ( ,great ,brita9 hav+ desolat$ ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&1 9 ! un=tunate reign ( ,*>les ,i41 ,william ,p5n1 son ( a vice-admiral1 resolv$ to g & e/abli% :at he call$ ! primitive ,*ur* on ! %ores ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 a climate :i* appe>$ to him to be mild & cong5ial to 8 own mann]s4 ,8 sect w5t "u ! d5om9ation ( ,quak]s1 a ludicr\s designation1 b :i* !y m]it$1 by ! trembl+ ( ! body :i* !y affect$ :5 prea*+1 & by a nasal pronunciation1 su* z peculi>ly di/+ui%$ "o species ( monks 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*1 ! ,capu*9s4 ,b m5 may bo? snuffle & %ake1 & yet be meek1 frugal1 mode/1 j1 & *>itable4 ,no "o d5ies t ?is society ( ,primitives display$ an example ( all ^? virtues4 ,p5n saw t ! ,engli% bi%ops & ! ,presbyt]ians _h be5 ! cause ( a dreadful w> on acc\nt ( a surplice1 lawn sleeves1 & a liturgy4 ,he w\ld h nei!r liturgy1 lawn1 nor surplice4 ,! apo/les _h none ( !m4 ,jesus ,*ri/ _h baptiz$ none4 ,! associates ( ,p5n decl9$ baptism4 ,! fir/ believ]s 7 equal2 ^! new com]s aim$ at be+ s1 z f> z possible4 ,! fir/ disciples receiv$ ! _s1 & spoke 9 ! assembly2 !y _h no alt>s1 no temples1 no ornam5ts1 no tap]s1 inc5se1 or c]emonies4 ,p5n & 8 foll[]s flatt]$ !mselves t !y receiv$ ! _s1 & !y r5\nc$ all pomp & c]emony4 ,*>ity 0 9 high e/eem ) ! disciples ( ! ,savi\r2 ^? ( ,p5n =m$ a common purse = assi/+ ! poor4 ,?us ^! imitators ( ! ,ess5ians & fir/ ,*ri/ians1 al?\gh 9 error ) respect to doctr9es & c]emonies1 7 an a/oni%+ model ( ord] & morals to e o!r society ( ,*ri/ians4 ,at l5g? ?is s+ul> man w5t1 ) five hundr$ ( 8 foll[]s1 to =m an e/abli%m5t 9 :at 0 at t "t ! mo/ savage di/rict ( ,am]ica4 ,que5 ,*ri/9a ( ,sw$5 _h be5 desir\s ( f\nd+ a colony !re1 :i*1 h[ev]1 _h n prosp]$4 ,! ,primitives ( ,p5n 7 m successful4 ,x 0 on ! banks ( ! ,delaw>e1 ne> ! =tie? degree ( latitude4 ,?is c\ntry belong$ to ! k+ ( ,engl& only because !re 7 no o!rs :o claim$ x1 & because ! p :om we call savages1 & :o might h cultivat$ x1 _h always rema9$ f> di/ant 9 ! recesses ( ! =e/s4 ,if ,engl& _h possess$ ?is c\ntry m]ely by "r ( conque/1 ,p5n & 8 ,primitives w\ld h held su* an asylum 9 horror4 ,!y look$ ^u ! pret5d$ "r ( conque/ only z a violation ( ! "r ( nature1 & z absolute robb]y4 ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii4 made ,p5n sov]eign ( all ?is wild c\ntry by a *>t] grant$ ,m>* #d1 #afha4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,p5n promulgat$ 8 code ( laws4 ,! fir/ 0 complete civil lib]ty1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* e coloni/ possess+ five acres ( l& became a memb] ( ! legislature4 ,! next 0 an absolute prohibition aga9/ advocates & attorneys ev] tak+ fees4 ,! ?ird 0 ! admission ( all religions1 & ev5 ! p]mission to e inhabitant to wor%ip ,god 9 8 own h\se1 )\t ev] tak+ "p 9 public wor%ip4 ,?is is ! law la/ m5tion$1 9 ! t]ms ( its enactm5t3 ,lib]ty ( consci5ce be+ a "r :i* all m5 h receiv$ f nature ) _! v be+1 & :i* all peaceable p]sons ought to ma9ta91 x is positively e/abli%$ t no p]son %all be compell$ to jo9 9 any public ex]cise ( religion4 ,b e "o is expressly all[$ full p[] to engage freely 9 ! public or private ex]cise ( 8 religion1 )\t incurr+ !reby any tr\ble or imp$im5t1 "u any pretext2 provid$ t he ackn[l$ge 8 belief 9 "o only et]nal ,god ,almighty1 ! creator1 pres]v]1 & gov]nor ( ! univ]se1 & t he fulfil all ! duties ( civil society :i* he is b\nd to p]=m to 8 fell[ citiz5s4 ,?is law is ev5 m indulg5t1 m humane1 ?an t :i* 0 giv5 to ! p ( ,c>ol9a by ,locke1 ! ,plato ( ,engl&1 s sup]ior to ! ,plato ( ,greece4 ,locke p]mitt$ no public religions except su* z %\ld be approv$ by sev5 fa!rs ( families4 ,?is is a diff]5t sort ( wisdom f ,p5n's4 ,b t :i* reflects immortal honor on bo? legislators1 & :i* %\ld op]ate z an et]nal example to mank9d1 is1 t ?is lib]ty ( consci5ce has n occasion$ ! lea/ di/urbance4 ,x might1 on ! contr>y1 be said t ,god _h %[]$ d[n ! mo/ di/+ui%$ bless+s on ! colony ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,x consi/$1 9 #afhb1 ( five hundr$ p]sons1 & 9 less ?an a c5tury its population _h increas$ to ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ?\s&4 ,"o half ( ! coloni/s are ( ! primitive religion2 tw5ty diff]5t religions comprise ! o!r half4 ,!re are twelve f9e *apels 9 ,philadelphia1 & 9 o!r places e h\se is a *apel4 ,?is city has des]v$ its "n3 ,bro!rly ,love4 ,sev5 o!r cities1 & innum]able small t[ns1 fl\ri% "u ?is law ( concord4 ,?ree hundr$ vessels leave ! port 9 ! c\rse ( e ye>4 ,?is /ate1 :i* seems to des]ve p]petual duration1 0 v ne>ly de/roy$ 9 ! fatal w> ( #agee1 :5 ! ,fr5*1 ) _! savage allies on "o side1 & ! ,engli%1 ) !irs1 on ! o!r1 began ) disput+ ab\t "s froz5 di/ricts ( ,nova ,scotia4 ,! ,primitives1 fai?ful to _! pacific sy/em ( ,*ri/ianity1 decl9$ to take up arms4 ,! savages kill$ "s ( _! coloni/s on ! fronti]2 ! ,primitives made no reprisals4 ,!y ev5 refus$1 = a long "t1 to pay ! troops4 ,!y address$ ! ,engli% g5]al 9 ^! words3 ,m5 are l pieces ( clay1 :i* are brok5 to pieces "o aga9/ ano!r4 ,:y %\ld we aid 9 break+ "o ano!r to pieces8 ,at la/1 9 ! g5]al assembly ( ! legislature ( ,p5nsylvania1 ! o!r religions prevail$2 troops 7 rais$2 ! ,primitives contribut$ money1 b decl9$ be+ arm$4 ,!y obta9$ _! object1 :i* 0 peace ) _! neighbors4 ,^! pret5d$ savages said to !m1 ,s5d u a desc5dant ( ! great ,p5n1 :o nev] deceiv$ u2 ) him we w treat4 ,a gr&son ( t great man 0 deput$1 & peace 0 conclud$4 ,_m ( ! ,primitives _h negro slaves to cultivate _! e/ates4 ,b !y blu%$ at hav+1 9 ?is in/ance1 imitat$ o!r ,*ri/ians4 ,!y gave lib]ty to _! slaves 9 #agfi4 ,at pres5t all ! o!r coloni/s imitate !m 9 lib]ty ( consci5ce1 & al?\gh !re are among !m ,presbyt]ians & p]sons ( ! high *ur* p>ty1 no "o is mole/$ ab\t 8 cre$4 ,x is ?is :i* has r5d]$ ! ,engli% p[] 9 ,am]ica equal to t ( ,spa91 ) all its m9es ( gold & silv]4 ,if any me?od c\ld be devis$ to en]vate ! ,engli% colonies x w\ld be to e/abli% 9 !m ! ,inquisition4 ,! example ( ! ,primitives1 call$ ,quak]s1 has giv5 rise 9 ,p5nsylvania to a new society1 9 a di/rict :i* x calls ,euphrates4 ,?is is ! sect ( ,dunk]s or ,dump]s1 a sect mu* m seclud$ f ! _w ?an ,p5n's2 a sort ( religi\s hospitall]s1 all clo!d uni=mly4 ,m>ri$ p]sons are n p]mitt$ to reside 9 ! city ( ,euphrates3 !y reside 9 ! c\ntry1 :i* !y cultivate4 ,! public treasury supplies all _! wants 9 times ( sc>city4 ,?is society adm9i/]s baptism only to adults4 ,x rejects ! doctr9e ( orig9al s9 z impi\s1 & t ( ! et]nity ( puni%m5t z b>b>\s4 ,! purity ( _! lives p]mits !m n to imag9e t ,god w torm5t ,8 creatures cruelly or et]nally4 ,gone a/ray 9 a corn] ( ! new _w1 f> f ! great flock ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 !y are1 up to ! pres5t h\r1 not)/&+ ?is un=tunate error1 ! mo/ j & mo/ inimitable ( m54 ,qu>rel betwe5 ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,*ur*es 9 ,asia & ,europe4 ,x has be5 a matt] ( lam5tation to all good m5 = ne>ly f\rte5 c5turies t ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,*ur*es h always be5 rivals1 & t ! robe ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* 0 )\t a seam1 has be5 cont9ually r5t asund]4 ,?is opposition is p]fectly natural4 ,rome & ,con/ant9ople hate ea* o!r4 ,:5 ma/]s *]i% a mutual av]sion1 _! dep5d5ts ent]ta9 no mutual reg>d4 ,! two communions h disput$ on ! sup]iority ( language1 ! antiquity ( sees1 on le>n+1 eloqu5ce1 & p[]4 ,x is c]ta9 t1 = a long "t1 ! ,greeks possess$ all ! advantage4 ,!y boa/$ t !y _h be5 ! ma/]s ( ! ,lat9s1 & t !y _h taught !m ev]y?+4 ,! ,gospels 7 writt5 9 ,greek4 ,!re 0 n a doctr9e1 a rite1 a my/]y1 a usage1 :i* 0 n ,greek2 f ! ^w baptism to ! ^w eu*>i/ all 0 ,greek4 ,no fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* 7 kn[n except among ! ,greeks till ,/4 ,j]ome1 & ev5 he 0 n a ,roman1 b a ,dalmatian4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o fl\ri%$ soon aft] ,/4 ,j]ome1 0 an ,african4 ,! sev5 great ecum5ical c\ncils 7 held 9 ,greek cities3 ! bi%ops ( ,rome 7 nev] pres5t at !m1 because !y 7 acqua9t$ only ) _! own ,lat9 language1 :i* 0 already exce$+ly corrupt$4 ,! ho/ility betwe5 ,rome & ,con/ant9ople broke out 9 #deb1 at ! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on1 :i* _h be5 assembl$ to decide :e!r ,jesus ,*ri/ _h possess$ two natures & "o p]son1 or two p]sons ) "o nature4 ,x 0 !re decid$ t ! ,*ur* ( ,con/ant9ople 0 9 e respect equal to t ( ,rome1 z to honors1 & ! patri>* ( ! "o equal 9 e respect to ! patri>* ( ! o!r4 ,! pope1 ,/4 ,leo1 admitt$ ! two natures1 b nei!r he nor 8 successors admitt$ ! equality4 ,x may be obs]v$ t1 9 ?is dispute ab\t rank & pre-em95ce1 bo? p>ties 7 9 direct opposition to ! injunction ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 record$ 9 ! ,gospel3 ,!re %all n be among y fir/ or la/4 ,sa9ts are sa9ts1 b pride w ins9uate itself ev]y:]e4 ,! same disposition :i* made a mason's son1 :o _h be5 rais$ to a bi%opric1 foam ) rage because he 0 n address$ by ! title ( my "l1 has set ! :ole ,*ri/ian _w 9 flames4 ,! ,romans 7 always less addict$ to disputation1 less subtle1 ?an ! ,greeks1 b !y 7 mu* m politic4 ,! bi%ops ( ! ea/1 :ile !y argu$1 yet rema9$ subjects3 ! bi%op ( ,rome1 )\t argum5ts1 contriv$ ev5tually to e/abli% 8 p[] on ! ru9s ( ! we/]n empire4 ,& :at ,virgil said ( ! ,scipios & ,cs>s might be said ( ! popes3 ,romanos r]um dom9os g5temque togatam--neid1 i4 #bhf4 ,?is mutual hatr$ l$1 at l5g?1 to actual division1 9 ! "t ( ,photius1 papa or ov]se] ( ! ,byzant9e ,*ur*1 & ,ni*olas ,i41 papa or ov]se] ( ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,z1 un=tunately1 an ecclesia/ical qu>rel sc>cely ev] occurs )\t some?+ ludicr\s be+ atta*$ to x1 x happ5$1 9 ?is in/ance1 t ! conte/ began betwe5 two patri>*s1 bo? ( :om 7 eunu*s3 ,ignatius & ,photius1 :o disput$ ! *air ( ,con/ant9ople1 7 bo? emasculat$4 ,?is mutilation depriv+ !m ( ! p[] ( becom+ natural fa!rs1 !y c\ld become fa!rs only ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x is obs]v$ t p]sons ( ?is un=tunate description are m$dl+1 malignant1 & plott+4 ,ignatius & ,photius kept ! :ole ,greek c\rt 9 a /ate ( turbul5ce4 ,! ,lat91 ,ni*olas ,i41 hav+ tak5 ! "p ( ,ignatius1 ,photius decl>$ him a h]etic1 on acc\nt ( 8 admitt+ ! doctr9e t ! brea? ( ,god1 or ! ,holy ,_s1 proce$$ f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 contr>y to ! unanim\s decision ( ! :ole ,*ur*1 :i* _h decid$ t x proce$$ f ! ,fa!r only4 ,besides ?is h]etical doctr9e respect+ ! procession1 ,ni*olas ate1 & p]mitt$ to be eat51 eggs & *eese 9 ,l5t4 ,9 f9e1 z ! v climax ( unbelief1 ! ,roman papa _h 8 be>d %av$1 :i*1 to ! ,greek papas1 0 no?+ less ?an d[nright apo/asy2 z ,moses1 ! patri>*s1 & ,jesus ,*ri/ 7 always1 by ! ,greek & ,lat9 pa9t]s1 pictur$ ) be>ds4 ,:51 9 #hgi1 ! patri>* ,photius 0 re/or$ to 8 seat by ! eigh? ecum5ical c\ncil--consi/+ ( f\r hundr$ bi%ops1 ?ree hundr$ ( :om _h condemn$ him 9 ! prec$+ c\ncil--he 0 ackn[l$g$ by ,pope ,john z 8 bro!r4 ,two legates1 despat*$ by him to ?is c\ncil1 jo9$ ! ,greek ,*ur*1 & decl>$ t :oev] ass]t$ ! ,holy ,_s proce$$ f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son 0 a ,judas4 ,b ! practice ( %av+ ! *9 & eat+ eggs 9 ,l5t be+ p]si/$ 91 ! two *ur*es always rema9$ divid$4 ,! s*ism 0 complet$ 9 #ajec & #ajed1 :5 ,mi*ael ,c]ul>ius1 patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 publicly condemn$ ! bi%op ( ,rome1 ,leo ,,ix41 & all ! ,lat9s1 add+ to all ! reproa*es aga9/ !m by ,photius t1 contr>y to ! practice ( ! apo/les1 !y d>$ to make use ( unleav5$ bread 9 ! eu*>i/2 t !y wick$ly ate blood pudd+s1 & twi/$ ! necks1 in/ead ( cutt+ (f ! heads1 ( pigeons int5d$ = ! table4 ,all ! ,lat9 *ur*es 9 ! ,greek empire 7 %ut up1 & all int]c\rse ) ^? :o ate blood pudd+s 0 =bidd54 ,pope ,leo ,,ix4 ent]$ into s]i\s negotiation on ?is matt] ) ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e ,monoma*us1 & obta9$ "s mitigations4 ,x 0 precisely at ?is p]iod t ^? celebrat$ ,norman g5tlem51 ! sons ( ,tancr$ de ,hauteville1 despis+ at once ! pope & ! ,greek emp]or1 plund]$ ev]y?+ !y c\ld 9 ,apulia & ,calabria1 & ate blood pudd+s ) ! utmo/ h>dihood4 ,! ,greek emp]or favor$ ! pope z mu* z he 0 able2 b no?+ c\ld reconcile ! ,greeks ) ! ,lat9s4 ,! ,greeks reg>d$ _! adv]s>ies z b>b>ians1 :o did n "k a s+le ^w ( ,greek4 ,! irruption ( ! ,crusad]s1 "u pret5ce ( deliv]+ ! ,holy ,l&1 b 9 reality to ga9 possession ( ,con/ant9ople1 complet$ ! hatr$ ent]ta9$ aga9/ ! ,romans4 ,b ! p[] ( ! ,lat9 ,*ur* increas$ e day1 & ! ,greeks 7 at l5g? gradually vanqui%$ by ! ,turks4 ,! popes1 long s9ce1 became p[]ful & weal?y sov]eigns2 ! :ole ,greek ,*ur* became slaves f ! "t ( ,mahomet ,,ii41 except ,russia1 :i* 0 !n a b>b>\s c\ntry1 & 9 :i* ! ,*ur* 0 ( no acc\nt4 ,:oev] is b slightly in=m$ ( ! /ate ( affair 9 ! ,levant kn[s t ! sultan conf]s ! patri>*ate ( ! ,greeks by a cross & a r+1 )\t any appreh5sion ( be+ excommunicat$1 z "s ( ! ,g]man emp]ors 7 by ! popes1 = ?is same c]emony4 ,x is c]ta9ly true t ! *ur* ( ,/amb\l has pres]v$1 9 appe>ance1 ! lib]ty ( *oos+ its ar*bi%op2 b nev]1 9 fact1 *ooses any o!r ?an ! p]son po9t$ out by ! ,ottoman c\rt4 ,?is pref]m5t co/s1 at pres5t1 ab\t eighty ?\s& francs1 :i* ! p]son *os5 contrives to get refund$ f ! ,greeks4 ,if any canon ( influ5ce & weal? comes =w>d1 & (f]s ! gr& vizi] a l>ge sum1 ! titul> possessor is depriv$1 & ! place giv5 to ! la/ bidd]2 precisely z ! see ( ,rome 0 dispos$ (1 9 ! t5? c5tury1 by ,m>ozia & ,!odora4 ,if ! titul> patri>* resi/s1 he receives fifty bl[s on ! soles ( 8 feet1 & is bani%$4 ,sometimes he is behead$1 z 0 ! case ) ,lucas ,cyrille1 9 #afch4 ,! ,gr& ,turk disposes ( all ! o!r bi%oprics1 9 ! same mann]1 = money2 & ! price *>g$ = e bi%opric "u ,mahomet ,,ii4 is always /at$ 9 ! pat5t2 b ! additional sum paid is n m5tion$ 9 x4 ,x is n exactly kn[n :at a ,greek prie/ gives = 8 bi%opric4 ,^! pat5ts are r div]t+ docum5ts3 ,i grant to ,n----1 a ,*ri/ian prie/1 ?is ord]1 = ! p]fection ( 8 felicity4 ,i comm& him to reside 9 ! city h]e9 nam$1 z bi%op ( ! infidel ,*ri/ians1 accord+ to _! anci5t usage1 & _! va9 & extravagant c]emonies1 will+ & orda9+ t all ,*ri/ians ( t di/rict %all ackn[l$ge him1 & t no monk or prie/ %all m>ry )\t 8 p]mission4 ,t is to say1 )\t pay+ = ! same4 ,! slav]y ( ?is ,*ur* is equal to its ignorance4 ,b ! ,greeks h only :at !y des]ve4 ,!y 7 :olly absorb$ 9 disputes ab\t ! light on ,m\nt ,tabor1 & ! umbilical cord1 at ! v "t ( ! tak+ ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,:ile record+ ^! melan*oly tru?s we ent]ta9 ! hope t ! ,empress ,ca!r9e ,,ii4 w give ! ,greeks _! lib]ty4 ,w\ld %e c\ld re/ore to !m t c\rage & t intellect :i* !y possess$ 9 ! days ( ,miltiades & ,!mi/ocles2 & t ,m\nt ,a?os suppli$ good soldi]s & few] monks4 ,( ! ,pres5t ,greek ,*ur*4 ,! ,greek ,*ur* has sc>cely des]v$ ! tol]ation :i* ! ,mussulmans grant$ x4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations are f ,mr4 ,port]1 ! ,engli% ambassador 9 ,turkey3 ,i am incl9$ to draw a veil ov]1 ^? sc&al\s disputes betwe5 ! ,greeks & ,romans1 on ! subject ( ,be?lehem & ! holy l&1 z !y d5om9ate x4 ,! unju/ & odi\s proce$+s :i* ^! h occasion$ betwe5 !m are a disgrace to ! ,*ri/ian "n4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! debates ! ambassador appo9t$ to protect ! ,romi% communion becomes1 ) all high dignity1 an object ( s9c]e compassion4 ,9 e c\ntry :]e ! ,roman ,ca?olic prevails1 imm5se sums are levi$ 9 ord] to support aga9/ ! ,greek's equivocal pret5sions to ! prec>i\s possession ( a corn] ( ! _w reput$ holy2 & to pres]ve 9 ! h&s ( ! monks ( ! ,lat9 communion ! rema9s ( an old /able at ,be?lehem1 :]e a *apel has be5 erect$1 & :]e on ! d\btful au?ority ( oral tradition1 x is pret5d$ t ,*ri/ 0 born2 z also a tomb1 :i* may be1 & mo/ probably may n be1 :at is call$ 8 sepul*re2 = ! precise situation ( ^! two places is z little asc]ta9$ z t :i* conta9s ! a%es ( ,cs>4 ,:at r5d]s ! ,greeks yet m contemptible 9 ! eyes ( ! ,turks is ! miracle :i* !y p]=m e ye> at ,ea/]4 ,! poor bi%op ( ,j]usalem is inclos$ 9 a small cave1 :i* is pass$ (f = ! tomb ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 ) packets ( small wax tap]s2 he /rikes fire1 lights "o ( ^! little tap]s1 & comes out ( 8 cave exclaim+3 ,! fire is come d[n f heav51 & ! holy tap] is light$4 ,all ! ,greeks imm$iately buy up ^! tap]s1 & ! money is divid$ betwe5 ! ,turki% comm&] & ! bi%op4 ,! deplorable /ate ( ?is ,*ur*1 "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,turk1 may be judg$ f ?is s+le trait4 ,! ,greek ,*ur* 9 ,russia has ( late assum$ a mu* m respectable consi/5cy1 s9ce ! ,empress ,ca!r9e ,,ii4 has deliv]$ x f its secul> c>es2 %e has tak5 f x f\r hundr$ ?\s& slaves1 :i* x possess$4 ,x is n[ paid out ( ! imp]ial treasury1 entirely dep5d5t on ! gov]nm5t1 & re/rict$ by wise laws2 x c effect no?+ b good1 & is e day becom+ m le>n$ & useful4 ,x possesses a prea*] ( ! "n ( ,plato1 :o has compos$ s]mons :i* ! ,plato ( antiquity w\ld n h disda9$4 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,engl&4 ,engl& is ! c\ntry ( sects2 mult sunt mansiones 9 domo patris mei3 an ,engli%man1 l a free man1 goes to heav5 :i* way he pleases4 ,h[ev]1 al?\gh e "o c s]ve ,god 9 8 own way1 ! national religion--t 9 :i* =tunes are made--is ! ,episcopal1 call$ ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 or emphatically1 ,! ,*ur*4 ,no "o c h employm5t ( any consequ5ce1 ei!r 9 ,engl& or ,irel&1 )\t be+ memb]s ( ! e/abli%m5t4 ,?is reason+1 :i* is highly demon/rative1 has conv]t$ s _m noncon=mi/s t at pres5t !re is n a tw5tie? "p ( ! nation out ( ! bosom ( ! dom9ant *ur*4 ,illu/ration3 ,empress ,ca!r9e4 ,! ,engli% cl]gy h reta9$ _m ,ca?olic c]emonies1 & above all t ( receiv+ ti!s1 ) a v scrupul\s att5tion4 ,!y also possess ! pi\s ambition ( rul+ ! p1 = :at village rector w\ld n be a pope if he c\ld8 ,) reg>d to mann]s1 ! ,engli% cl]gy are m decor\s ?an ^? ( ,france1 *iefly because ! ecclesia/ics are br\ght up 9 ! univ]sities ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 f> f ! corruption ( ! metropolis4 ,!y are n call$ to ! dignities ( ! ,*ur* until v late1 & at an age :5 m51 hav+ no o!r passion ?an av>ice1 _! ambition is less aspir+4 ,employm5ts are1 9 ,engl&1 ! recomp5se ( long s]vice 9 ! *ur*1 z well z 9 ! army4 ,y d n !re see "y m5 become bi%ops or colonels on leav+ college2 &1 moreov]1 almo/ all ! prie/s are m>ri$4 ,! p$antry & awkw>dness ( mann]s1 acquir$ 9 ! univ]sities1 & ! little comm]ce !y h ) wom51 g5]ally oblige a bi%op to be cont5t$ ) ! "o :i* belongs to him4 ,! cl]gy g sometimes to ! tav]n1 because cu/om p]mits x1 & if !y get ,bac*i pl5um x is 9 ! college /yle1 gravely & ) due decorum4 ,t indef9able "* :i* is nei!r ecclesia/ical nor secul>1 :i* we call abb1 is unkn[n 9 ,engl&4 ,! ecclesia/ics !re are g5]ally respect$1 & = ! great] "p p$ants4 ,:5 ! latt] le>n t 9 ,france "y m5 di/+ui%$ by _! debau*]ies1 & rais$ to ! prelacy by ! intrigues ( wom51 publicly make love2 vie ) ea* o!r 9 ! composition ( love songs2 give luxuri\s supp]s e day1 f :i* !y arise to implore ! light ( ! ,holy ,_s1 & boldly call !mselves ! apo/les' successors--!y ?ank ,god !y are ,prote/ants4 ,b :at !n8 ,!y arc vile h]etics1 & fit only = burn+1 z ma/] ,francis ,rabelais says1 ) all ! devils4 ,h5ce ,i drop ! subject4 ,,*ur* ,,prop]ty4 ,! ,gospel =bids ^? :o w\ld atta9 p]fection to amass treasures1 & to pres]ve _! temporal goods3 ,lay n up = y\rselves treasures ^u e>?1 :]e mo? & ru/ do? corrupt1 & :]e ?ieves break ?r\gh & /eal4 ,if ?\ wilt be p]fect1 g & sell t ?\ ha/1 & give to ! poor4 ,& e "o t ha? =sak5 h\ses1 or bre?r51 or si/]s1 or fa!r1 or "m1 or wife1 or *ildr51 or l&s1 = my "n's sake1 %all receive an hundr$-fold1 & %all inh]it ev]la/+ life4 ,! apo/les & _! fir/ successors w\ld n receive e/ates2 !y only accept$ ! value1 &1 aft] hav+ provid$ :at 0 necess>y = _! subsi/5ce1 !y di/ribut$ ! re/ among ! poor4 ,sapphira & ,ananias did n give _! goods to ,/4 ,pet]1 b !y sold !m & br\ght him ! price3 ,v5de qu habes et da paup]ibus4 ,! ,*ur* already possess$ consid]able prop]ty at ! close ( ! ?ird c5tury1 s9ce ,diocletian & ,maximian _h pron\nc$ ! confiscation ( x1 9 #cjb4 ,z soon z ,con/ant9e 0 ^u ! ?rone he p]mitt$ ! *ur*es to be end[$ l ! temples ( ! anci5t religion1 & f t "t ! ,*ur* acquir$ ri* e/ates4 ,/4 ,j]ome compla9s ( x 9 "o ( 8 lett]s to ,eu/o*ium3 ,:5 y see !m1 says he1 acco/ ! ri* wid[s :om !y meet ) a s(t & sanctifi$ air1 y w\ld ?9k t _! h&s 7 only ext5d$ to give !m _! bless+2 b x is1 on ! contr>y1 to receive ! price ( _! hypocrisy4 ,! holy prie/s receiv$ )\t claim+4 ,val5t9ian ,i4 ?\ght x "r to =bid ! ecclesia/ics f receiv+ any?+ f wid[s & wom51 by w or o!rwise4 ,?is law1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,!odosian code1 0 revok$ by ,m>cian & ,ju/9ian4 ,ju/9ian1 to favor ! ecclesia/ics1 =bade ! judges1 by 8 new code xviii4 *ap4 ii41 to annul ! wills made 9 favor ( ! ,*ur*1 ev5 :5 execut$ )\t ! =malities prescrib$ by ! laws4 ,ana/asius _h enact$1 9 #dga1 t *ur* prop]ty %\ld be held by a prescription1 or title1 ( =ty ye>s' duration4 ,ju/9ian ins]t$ ?is law 9 8 code2 b ?is pr9ce1 :o 0 cont9ually *ang+ 8 jurisprud5ce1 subsequ5tly ext5d$ ?is proscription to a c5tury4 ,imm$iately sev]al ecclesia/ics1 unwor?y ( _! pr(ession1 =g$ false titles1 & drew out ( ! du/ old te/am5ts1 void by ! anci5t laws1 b valid accord+ to ! new4 ,citiz5s 7 depriv$ ( _! patrimonies by fraud2 & possessions1 :i* until !n 7 consid]$ inviolable1 7 usurp$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,9 %ort1 ! abuse 0 s cry+ t ,ju/9ian himself 0 oblig$ to re-e/abli% ! dispositions ( ! law ( ,ana/asius1 by 8 novel cxxxi4 *ap4 vi4 ,! possessions ( ! ,*ur* dur+ ! fir/ five c5turies ( our era 7 regulat$ by deacons1 :o di/ribut$ !m to ! cl]gy & to ! poor4 ,?is community ceas$ at ! end ( ! fif? c5tury1 & ,*ur* prop]ty 0 divid$ into f\r p>ts--"o be+ giv5 to ! bi%ops1 ano!r to ! cl]gy1 a ?ird to ! place ( wor%ip1 & ! f\r? to ! poor4 ,soon aft] ?is division ! bi%ops alone took *>ge ( ! :ole f\r portions1 & ?is is ! reason :y ! inf]ior cl]gy are g5]ally v poor4 ,monks possess+ ,slaves4 ,:at is /ill m melan*oly1 ! ,b5$ict9es1 ,b]n>d9es1 & ev5 ! ,*>treux are p]mitt$ to h mortma9s & slaves4 ,"u _! dom9ation 9 sev]al prov9ces ( ,france & ,g]many are /ill recogniz$3 p]sonal slav]y1 slav]y ( prop]ty1 & slav]y ( p]son & prop]ty4 ,slav]y ( ! p]son consi/s 9 ! incapacity ( a man's dispos+ ( 8 prop]ty 9 favor ( 8 *ildr51 if !y h n always liv$ ) _! fa!r 9 ! same h\se1 & at ! same table1 9 :i* case all belongs to ! monks4 ,! =tune ( an inhabitant ( ,m\nt ,jura1 put into ! h&s ( a not>y1 becomes1 ev5 9 ,p>is1 ! prey ( ^? :o h orig9ally embrac$ evangelical pov]ty at ,m\nt ,jura4 ,! son asks alms at ! door ( ! h\se :i* 8 fa!r has built2 & ! monks1 f> f giv+ !m1 ev5 arrogate to !mselves ! "r ( n pay+ 8 fa!r's cr$itors1 & ( reg>d+ z void all ! mortgages on ! h\se ( :i* !y take possession4 ,9 va9 ! wid[ ?r[s h]self at _! feet to obta9 a "p ( h] d[ry4 ,?is d[ry1 ^! debts1 ?is pat]nal prop]ty1 all belong1 by div9e "r1 to ! monks4 ,! cr$itors1 ! wid[1 & ! *ildr5 are all left to die 9 begg>y4 ,real slav]y is t :i* is effect$ by resid5ce4 ,:oev] occupies a h\se )9 ! doma9 ( ^! monks1 & lives 9 x a ye> & a day1 becomes _! s]f = life4 ,x has sometimes happ5$ t a ,fr5* m]*ant1 & fa!r ( a family1 l$ by 8 bus9ess into ?is b>b>\s c\ntry1 has tak5 a h\se = a ye>4 ,dy+ aft]w>ds 9 8 own c\ntry1 9 ano!r prov9ce ( ,france1 8 wid[ & *ildr5 h be5 q a/oni%$ to see (fic]s1 arm$ ) writs1 come & take away _! furniture1 sell x 9 ! "n ( ,/4 ,claude1 & drive away a :ole family f ! h\se ( _! fa!r4 ,mix$ slav]y is t :i*1 be+ compos$ ( ! two1 is1 ( all t rapacity has ev] inv5t$1 ! mo/ execrable1 & beyond ! conception ev5 ( freeboot]s4 ,!re are1 !n1 ,*ri/ian p groan+ 9 a triple slav]y "u monks :o h tak5 ! v[ ( humility & pov]ty4 ,y w ask h[ gov]nm5ts suff] ^! fatal contradictions8 ,x is because ! monks are ri* & ! vassals are poor4 ,x is because ! monks1 to pres]ve _! ,hunni% rights1 make pres5ts to _! commiss>ies & to ! mi/resses ( ^? :o might int]pose _! au?ority to put d[n _! oppression4 ,! /rong always cru% ! weak2 b :y mu/ monks be ! /rong]8 ,,cic]o4 ,x is at a "t :51 9 ,france1 ! f9e arts are 9 a /ate ( decl9e2 9 an age ( p>adox1 & amid/ ! degradation & p]secution ( lit]ature & philosophy1 t an attempt is made to t>ni% ! "n ( ,cic]o4 ,& :o is ! man :o ?us endeavors to ?r[ disgrace ^u 8 memory8 ,x is "o :o l5ds 8 s]vices 9 def5ce ( p]sons accus$ l himself2 x is an advocate1 :o has /udi$ eloqu5ce "u t great ma/]2 x is a citiz5 :o appe>s to be1 l ,cic]o1 animat$ by devotion to ! public good4 ,9 a book entitl$ ,navigable ,canals1 a book ab\nd+ 9 gr& & patriotic r ?an practical views1 we feel no small a/oni%m5t at f9d+ ! foll[+ philippic aga9/ ,cic]o1 :o 0 nev] conc]n$ 9 digg+ canals3 ,! mo/ glori\s trait 9 ! hi/ory ( ,cic]o is ! de/ruction ( ,catil9e's conspiracy1 :i*1 reg>d$ 9 its true light1 produc$ little s5sation at ,rome1 except 9 consequ5ce ( 8 affect+ to give x importance4 ,! dang] exi/$ mu* m 9 8 disc\rses ?an 9 ! affair itself4 ,x 0 an ent]prise ( debau*ees :i* x 0 easy to disconc]t4 ,nei!r ! pr9cipal nor ! accomplices _h tak5 ! slighte/ measure to insure ! success ( _! guilty attempt4 ,!re 0 no?+ a/oni%+ 9 ?is s+ul> matt] b ! blu/]+ :i* att5d$ all ! proce$+s ( ! consul1 & ! facility ) :i* he 0 p]mitt$ to sacrifice to 8 self-love s _m scions ( illu/ri\s families4 ,besides1 ! life ( ,cic]o ab\nds 9 traits ( meanness4 ,8 eloqu5ce 0 z v5al z 8 s\l 0 pusillanim\s4 ,if 8 tongue 0 n guid$ by int]e/ x 0 guid$ by fe> or hope4 ,! desire ( obta9+ p>tisans l$ him to ! tribune1 to def5d1 )\t a blu%1 m5 m di%onorable1 & incalculably m dang]\s1 ?an ,catil9e4 ,8 cli5ts 7 ne>ly all miscreants1 &1 by a s+ul> ex]cise ( div9e ju/ice1 he at la/ met dea? f ! h&s ( "o ( ^? wret*es :om 8 skill _h extricat$ f ! fangs ( human ju/ice4 ,we answ] t1 reg>d$ 9 its true light1 ! conspiracy ( ,catil9e excit$ at ,rome some:at m ?an a slight s5sation4 ,x plung$ h] into ! greate/ di/urbance & dang]4 ,x 0 t]m9at$ only by a battle s bloody t !re is no example ( equal c>nage1 & sc>cely any ( equal valor4 ,all ! soldi]s ( ,catil9e1 aft] hav+ kill$ half ( ! army ( ,petrius1 7 kill$1 to ! la/ man4 ,catil9e p]i%$1 cov]$ ) w\nds1 ^u a heap ( ! sla92 & all 7 f\nd ) _! c\nt5ances /]nly gl>+ ^u ! enemy4 ,?is 0 n an ent]prise s wond]fully easy z to be disconc]t$4 ,cs> enc\rag$ x2 ,cs> le>n$ f x to conspire on a future day m successfully aga9/ 8 c\ntry4 ,cic]o def5d$1 )\t a blu%1 m5 m di%onorable1 & incalculably m dang]\s ?an ,catil9e6 ,0 ?is :5 he def5d$ 9 ! tribune ,sicily aga9/ ,v]res1 & ! ,roman republic aga9/ ,antony8 ,0 x :5 he exhort$ ! clem5cy ( ,cs> 9 favor ( ,lig>ius & ,k+ ,deiot>us8 or :5 he obta9$ ! "r ( citiz5%ip = ! poet ,ar*ias8 or :51 9 8 exquisite oration = ! ,manilian law1 he obta9$ e ,roman suffrage on behalf ( ! great ,pompey8 ,he plead$ = ,milo1 ! murd]] ( ,clodius2 b ,clodius _h des]v$ ! tragical end he met ) by 8 outrages4 ,clodius _h be5 involv$ 9 ! conspiracy ( ,catil9e2 ,clodius 0 8 mortal enemy4 ,he _h irritat$ ,rome aga9/ him1 & _h puni%$ him = hav+ sav$ ,rome4 ,milo 0 8 fri5d4 ,:at6 is x 9 our "t t any "o v5tures to ass]t t ,god puni%$ ,cic]o = hav+ def5d$ a milit>y tribune call$ ,popilius ,l5a1 & t div9e v5geance made ?is same ,popilius ,l5a ! in/rum5t ( 8 assass9ation8 ,no "o kn[s :e!r ,popilius ,l5a 0 guilty ( ! crime ( :i* he 0 acquitt$1 aft] ,cic]o's def5ce ( him ^u 8 trial2 b all "k t ! mon/] 0 guilty ( ! mo/ horrible +ratitude1 ! mo/ infam\s av>ice1 & ! mo/ dete/able cruelty to obta9 ! money ( ?ree wret*es l himself4 ,x 0 res]v$ = our times to hold up ! assass9ation ( ,cic]o z an act ( div9e ju/ice4 ,! triumvirs w\ld n h d>$ to d x4 ,e age1 be=e ! pres5t1 has dete/$ & deplor$ ! mann] ( 8 dea?4 ,cic]o is reproa*$ ) too frequ5tly boa/+ t he _h sav$ ,rome1 & ) be+ too fond ( glory4 ,b 8 enemies endeavor$ to /a9 8 glory4 ,a tyrannical faction condemn$ him to exile1 & raz$ 8 h\se1 because he _h pres]v$ e h\se 9 ,rome f ! flames :i* ,catil9e _h prep>$ = !m4 ,m5 are p]mitt$ & ev5 b\nd to boa/ ( _! s]vices1 :5 !y meet ) =getfulness or +ratitude1 & m p>ticul>ly :5 !y are conv]t$ into crimes4 ,scipio is /ill admir$ = hav+ answ]$ 8 accus]s 9 ^! words3 ,?is is ! anniv]s>y ( ! day on :i* ,i vanqui%$ ,hannibal2 let u g & return ?anks to ! gods4 ,! :ole assembly foll[$ him to ! ,capitol1 & our he>ts foll[ him ?i!r also1 z we read ! passage 9 hi/ory2 ?\gh1 aft] all1 x w\ld h be5 bett] to h deliv]$ 9 8 acc\nts ?an to extricate himself f ! attack by a bon mot4 ,cic]o1 9 ! same mann]1 excit$ ! admiration ( ! ,roman p :51 on ! day 9 :i* 8 consul%ip expir$1 be+ oblig$ to take ! cu/om>y oa?s1 & prep>+ to address ! p z 0 usual1 he 0 h9d]$ by ! tribune ,matellus1 :o 0 desir\s ( insult+ him4 ,cic]o _h begun ) ^! words3 ,i swe>1--! tribune int]rupt$ him1 & decl>$ t he w\ld n suff] him to make a spee*4 ,a great murmur+ 0 he>d4 ,cic]o paus$ a mom5t1 & elevat+ 8 full & melodi\s voice1 he exclaim$1 z a %ort sub/itute = 8 int5d$ spee*1 ,i swe> t ,i h sav$ ! c\ntry4 ,! assembly cri$ out ) delight & en?usiasm1 ,we swe> t he has spok5 ! tru?4 ,t mom5t 0 ! mo/ brilliant ( 8 life4 ,?is is ! true way ( lov+ glory4 ,i d n "k :]e ,i h read ^! unkn[n v]ses3 ,roma9s1 j'aime la gloire1 et ne veux po9t m'en taire ,des travaux des huma9s c'e/ le digne salaire1 ,ce n'e/ qu'en v\s qu'il la faut a*et]2 ,qui n'ose la v\loir1 n'ose la mrit]4 ,romans1 ,i own t glory ,i reg>d ,( human toil ! only j rew>d2 ,plac$ 9 y\r h&s ! immortal gu]don lies1 ,& he w ne'er des]ve :o slights ! prize4 ,c we despise ,cic]o if we consid] 8 conduct 9 8 gov]nm5t ( ,cilicia1 :i* 0 !n "o ( ! mo/ important prov9ces ( ! ,roman ,empire1 9 consequ5ce ( its contiguity to ,syria & ! ,p>?ian ,empire4 ,laodicea1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful cities ( ! ,ea/1 0 ! capital ( x4 ,?is prov9ce 0 !n z fl\ri%+ z x is at ! pres5t day degrad$ "u ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,turks1 :o nev] _h a ,cic]o4 ,he beg9s by protect+ ,ariob>zanes1 k+ ( ,cappadocia1 & he refuses ! pres5ts :i* t k+ desires to make him4 ,! ,p>?ians come & attack ,antio* 9 a /ate ( p]fect peace4 ,cic]o ha/ily m>*es t[>ds x1 comes up ) ! ,p>?ians by =c$ m>*es at ,m\nt ,taurus1 r\ts !m1 pursues !m 9 _! retreat1 & ,arsaces1 _! g5]al1 is sla91 ) a "p ( 8 army4 ,!nce he ru%es on ,p5d5issum1 ! capital ( a c\ntry 9 alliance ) ! ,p>?ians1 & takes x1 & ! prov9ce is r$uc$ to submission4 ,he in/antly directs 8 =ces aga9/ ! tribes ( p call$ ,tiburanians1 & defeats !m1 & 8 troops conf] on him ! title ( ,imp]ator1 :i* he pres]v$ all 8 life4 ,he w\ld h obta9$ ! honors ( a triumph at ,rome if he _h n be5 oppos$ by ,cato1 :o induc$ ! s5ate m]ely to decree public rejoic+s & ?anks to ! gods1 :51 9 fact1 !y 7 due to ,cic]o4 ,if we picture to ourselves ! equity & dis9t]e/$ness ( ,cic]o 9 8 gov]nm5t2 8 activity1 8 affability--two virtues s r>ely compatible2 ! b5efits :i* he accumulat$ ^u ! p ov] :om he 0 an absolute sov]eign2 x w be extremely difficult to )hold f su* a man our e/eem4 ,if we reflect t ?is is ! same man :o fir/ introduc$ philosophy into ,rome2 t 8 ,tusculan ,que/ions1 & 8 book ,on ! ,nature ( ! ,gods1 are ! two noble/ works t ev] 7 writt5 by m]e human wisdom1 & t 8 treatise1 ,de ,(ficiis1 is ! mo/ useful "o t we possess 9 morals2 we %all f9d x /ill m difficult to despise ,cic]o4 ,we pity ^? :o d n read him2 we pity /ill m ^? :o refuse to d him ju/ice4 ,to ! ,fr5* detractor we may well oppose ! l9es ( ! ,spani% ,m>tial1 9 8 epigram aga9/ ,antony 7book v41 epig4 #fi1 v4 #g73 ,quid prosunt sacr pretiosa sil5tia l+uae8 ,incipi5t omnes pro ,cic]one loqui4 ,:y /ill 8 tongue ) v5geance weak1 ,= ,cic]o all ! _w w speak6 ,see1 likewise1 :at is said by ,juv5al 7sat4 iv41 v4 #bdd73 ,roma patrem patriae ,cic]onem lib]a dixit4 ,fre$ ,rome1 him fa!r ( 8 c\ntry call$4 ,,circumcision4 ,:5 ,h]odotus n>rates :at he 0 told by ! b>b>ians among :om he travell$1 he n>rates fool]ies1 aft] ! mann] ( ! great] "p ( travell]s4 ,?us1 x is n to be suppos$ t he expects to be believ$ 9 8 recital ( ! adv5ture ( ,gyges & ,c&aules2 ( ,arion1 c>ri$ on ! back ( a dolph92 ( ! oracle :i* 0 consult$ on :at ,crsus 0 at ! "t do+1 t he 0 !n go+ to dress a tortoise 9 a /ew-pan2 ( ,d>ius' horse1 :i*1 be+ ! fir/ out ( a c]ta9 numb] to neigh1 9 fact proclaim$ 8 ma/] a k+2 & ( a hundr$ o!r fables1 fit to amuse *ildr51 & to be compil$ by rhetoricians4 ,b :5 he speaks ( :at he has se51 ( ! cu/oms ( p he has exam9$1 ( _! antiquities :i* he has consult$1 he !n addresses himself to m54 ,x appe>s1 says he1 9 8 book ,eut]pe1 t ! inhabitants ( ,col*is sprang f ,egypt4 ,i judge s f my own obs]vations r ?an f he>say2 = ,i f\nd t1 at ,col*is1 ! anci5t ,egyptians 7 m frequ5tly recall$ to my m9d ?an ! anci5t cu/oms ( ,col*is 7 :5 ,i 0 9 ,egypt4 ,^! inhabitants ( ! %ores ( ! ,eux9e ,sea /at$ !mselves to be a colony f\nd$ by ,seso/ris4 ,z = myself1 ,i %\ld ?9k ?is probable1 n m]ely because !y are d>k & woolly-hair$1 b because ! inhabitants ( ,col*is1 ,egypt1 & ,e?iopia are ! only p 9 ! _w :o1 f "t immemorial1 h practis$ circumcision2 = ! ,phnicians1 & ! p ( ,pale/9e1 confess t !y adopt$ ! practice f ! ,egyptians4 ,! ,syrians1 :o at pres5t inhabit ! banks ( ,!rmodon1 ackn[l$ge t x is1 comp>atively1 b rec5tly t !y h con=m$ to x4 ,x is pr9cipally f ?is usage t !y are consid]$ ( ,egyptian orig94 ,) respect to ,e?iopia & ,egypt1 z ?is c]emony is ( great antiquity 9 bo? nations1 ,i _c by any means asc]ta9 :i* has d]iv$ x f ! o!r4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probable t ! ,e?iopians receiv$ x f ! ,egyptians2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ! ,phnicians h aboli%$ ! practice ( circumcis+ new-born *ildr5 s9ce ! enl>gem5t ( _! comm]ce ) ! ,greeks4 ,f ?is passage ( ,h]odotus x is evid5t t _m p _h adopt$ circumcision f ,egypt1 b no nation ev] pret5d$ to h receiv$ x f ! ,jews4 ,to :om1 !n1 c we attribute ! orig9 ( ?is cu/om2 to a nation f :om five or six o!rs ackn[l$ge !y took x1 or to ano!r nation1 mu* less p[]ful1 less comm]cial1 less w>like1 hid away 9 a corn] ( ,arabia ,petra1 & :i* nev] communicat$ any "o ( its usages to any o!r p8 ,! ,jews admit t !y 71 _m ages s9ce1 receiv$ 9 ,egypt out ( *>ity4 ,is x n probable t ! less] p imitat$ a usage ( ! sup]ior "o1 & t ! ,jews adopt$ "s cu/oms f _! ma/]s8 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria relates t ,py?agoras1 :5 travell+ among ! ,egyptians1 0 oblig$ to be circumcis$ 9 ord] to be admitt$ to _! my/]ies4 ,x 01 !re=e1 absolutely necess>y to be circumcis$ to be a prie/ 9 ,egypt4 ,^? prie/s exi/$ :5 ,joseph arriv$ 9 ,egypt4 ,! gov]nm5t 0 ( great antiquity1 & ! anci5t c]emonies ( ! c\ntry 7 obs]v$ ) ! mo/ scrupul\s exactness4 ,! ,jews ackn[l$ge t !y rema9$ 9 ,egypt two hundr$ & five ye>s4 ,!y say t1 dur+ t p]iod1 !y did n become circumcis$4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t = two hundr$ & five ye>s ! ,egyptians did n receive circumcision f ! ,jews4 ,w\ld !y h adopt$ x f !m aft] ! ,jews _h /ol5 ! vessels :i* !y _h l5t !m1 &1 accord+ to _! own acc\nt1 fl$ ) _! plund] into ! wild]ness8 ,w a ma/] adopt ! pr9cipal symbol ( ! religion ( a robb+ & runaway slave8 ,x is n 9 human nature4 ,x is /at$ 9 ! ,book ( ,jo%ua t ! ,jews 7 circumcis$ 9 ! wild]ness4 ,i h deliv]$ y f :at con/itut$ y\r reproa* among ! ,egyptians4 ,b :at c\ld ?is reproa* be1 to a p liv+ betwe5 ,phnicians1 ,arabians1 & ,egyptians1 b some?+ :i* r5d]$ !m contemptible to ^! ?ree nations8 ,h[ effectually is t reproa* remov$ by ab/ract+ a small portion ( ! prepuce8 ,mu/ n ?is be consid]$ ! natural mean+ ( ! passage8 ,! ,book ( ,g5esis relates t ,abraham _h be5 circumcis$ be=e4 ,b ,abraham travell$ 9 ,egypt1 :i* _h be5 long a fl\ri%+ k+dom1 gov]n$ by a p[]ful k+4 ,!re is no?+ to prev5t ! supposition t circumcision 01 9 ?is v anci5t k+dom1 an e/abli%$ usage4 ,moreov]1 ! circumcision ( ,abraham l$ to no cont9uation2 8 po/]ity 0 n circumcis$ till ! "t ( ,jo%ua4 ,b1 be=e ! "t ( ,jo%ua1 ! ,jews1 by _! own ackn[l$gm5t1 adopt$ _m ( ! cu/oms ( ! ,egyptians4 ,!y imitat$ !m 9 _m sacrifices1 9 _m c]emonies2 z1 = example1 9 ! fa/s obs]v$ on ! eves ( ! fea/s ( ,isis2 9 ablutions2 9 ! cu/om ( %av+ ! heads ( ! prie/s2 9 ! inc5se1 ! bran*$ c&le-/ick1 ! sacrifice ( ! r$-hair$ c[1 ! purification ) hyssop1 ! ab/95ce f sw9e's fle%1 ! dread ( us+ ! kit*5 ut5sils ( =eign]s2 ev]y?+ te/ifies t ! little p ( ,hebrews1 not)/&+ its av]sion to ! great ,egyptian nation1 _h reta9$ a va/ numb] ( ! usages ( its =m] ma/]s4 ,! goat ,azazel1 :i* 0 despat*$ into ! wild]ness lad5 ) ! s9s ( ! p1 0 a visible imitation ( an ,egyptian practice4 ,! rabbis are agre$1 ev51 t ! ^w ,azazel is n ,hebrew4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 c\ld exi/ to h prev5t$ ! ,hebrews f imitat+ ! ,egyptians 9 circumcision1 z ! ,arabs1 _! neighbors1 did4 ,x is by no means extraord9>y t ,god1 :o sanctifi$ baptism1 a practice s anci5t among ! ,asiatics1 %\ld also h sanctifi$ circumcision1 n less anci5t among ! ,africans4 ,we h already rem>k$ t he has a sov]eign "r to atta* 8 favors to any symbol t he *ooses4 ,z to :at rema9s s9ce ! "t :51 "u ,jo%ua1 ! ,jewi% p became circumcis$1 x has reta9$ t usage d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,! ,arabs1 also1 h fai?fully adh]$ to x2 b ! ,egyptians1 :o1 9 ! e>li] ages1 circumcis$ bo? _! males & females1 9 ! c\rse ( "t ab&on$ ! practice entirely z to ! latt]1 & at la/ appli$ x solely to prie/s1 a/rolog]s1 & prophets4 ,?is we le>n f ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & ,orig54 ,9 fact1 x is n cle> t ! ,ptolemies ev] receiv$ circumcision4 ,! ,lat9 au?ors :o treat ! ,jews ) su* pr(\nd contempt z to apply to !m 9 d]ision ! expressions1 curtus ,apella1 cr$at ,judu ,apella1 curti ,judi nev] apply su* epi!ts to ! ,egyptians4 ,! :ole population ( ,egypt is at pres5t circumcis$1 b = ano!r reason ?an t :i* op]at$ =m]ly2 namely1 because ,mahometanism adopt$ ! anci5t circumcision ( ,arabia4 ,x is ?is ,arabian circumcision :i* has ext5d$ to ! ,e?iopians1 among :om males & females are bo? /ill circumcis$4 ,we mu/ ackn[l$ge t ?is c]emony appe>s at fir/ a v /range "o2 b we %\ld rememb] t1 f ! e>lie/ times1 ! ori5tal prie/s consecrat$ !mselves to _! deities by peculi> m>ks4 ,an ivy leaf 0 ind5t$ ) a grav] on ! prie/s ( ,bac*us4 ,lucian tells u t ^? devot$ to ! goddess ,isis impress$ *>act]s ^u _! wri/ & neck4 ,! prie/s ( ,cybele made !mselves eunu*s4 ,x is highly probable t ! ,egyptians1 :o rev]$ ! in/rum5t ( human production1 & bore its image 9 pomp 9 _! processions1 conceiv$ ! idea ( (f]+ to ,isis & ,osiris ?r\gh :om ev]y?+ on e>? 0 produc$1 a small portion ( t organ ) :i* ^! deities _h connect$ ! p]petuation ( ! human species4 ,anci5t ori5tal mann]s are s prodigi\sly diff]5t f our own t sc>cely any?+ w appe> extraord9>y to a man ( ev5 b little read+4 ,a ,p>isian is excessively surpris$ :5 he is told t ! ,hott5tots deprive _! male *ildr5 ( "o ( ! evid5ces ( virility4 ,! ,hott5tots are p]haps surpris$ t ! ,p>isians pres]ve bo?4 ,,cl]k--,,cl]gy4 ,!re may be some?+ p]haps /ill rema9+ = rem>k "u ?is head1 ev5 aft] ,du ,cange's ,diction>y & ! ,encyclopdia4 ,we may obs]ve1 = in/ance1 t s wond]ful 0 ! respect paid to le>n+1 ab\t ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies1 t a cu/om 0 introduc$ & foll[$ 9 ,france1 9 ,g]many1 & 9 ,engl&1 ( remitt+ ! puni%m5t ( ! halt] to e condemn$ crim9al :o 0 able to read4 ,s necess>y to ! /ate 0 e man :o possess$ su* an ext5t ( k4 ,william ! ,ba/>d1 ! conqu]or ( ,engl&1 c>ri$ ?i!r ?is cu/om4 ,x 0 call$ b5efit ( cl]gy--b5eficum cl]icorum aut cl]gicorum4 ,we h rem>k$1 9 m places ?an "o1 t old usages1 lo/ 9 o!r c\ntries1 are f\nd aga9 9 ,engl&1 z 9 ! isl& ( ,samo?race 7 discov]$ ! anci5t my/]ies ( ,orpheus4 ,to ?is day ! b5efit ( cl]gy subsi/s among ! ,engli%1 9 all its vigor1 = manslaught]1 & = any !ft n exce$+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( value1 & be+ ! fir/ (f5ce4 ,! prison] :o is able to read dem&s 8 b5efit ( cl]gy1 :i* _c be refus$ him4 ,! judge ref]s to ! *apla9 ( ! prison1 :o pres5ts a book to ! prison]1 ^u :i* ! judge puts ! "q to ! *apla91 ,legit8 ,does he read8 ,! *apla9 replies3 ,legit ut cl]icus4 ,he reads l a cl]gyman4 ,aft] ?is ! puni%m5t ( ! prison] is re/rict$ to ! application ( a hot br&+ iron to ! palm ( 8 h&4 ,( ! ,celibacy ( ! ,cl]gy4 ,x is ask$ :e!r1 9 ! fir/ ages ( ! ,*ur*1 m>riage 0 p]mitt$ to ! cl]gy1 & :5 x 0 =bidd58 ,x is unque/ionable t ! cl]gy ( ! ,jewi% religion1 f> f be+ b\nd to celibacy1 71 on ! contr>y1 urg$ to m>riage1 n m]ely by ! example ( _! patri>*s1 b by ! disgrace atta*$ to n leav+ po/]ity4 ,9 ! times1 h[ev]1 t prec$$ ! fir/ calamities :i* befell ! ,jews1 c]ta9 sects ( rigori/s arose--,ess5ians1 ,judaites1 ,!rapeut1 ,h]odians2 9 "s ( :i*--! ,ess5ians & ,!rapeut1 = examples--! mo/ dev\t ( ! sect ab/a9$ f m>riage4 ,?is cont95ce 0 an imitation ( ! *a/ity ( ! ve/als1 in/itut$ by ,numa ,pompilius2 ( ! daught] ( ,py?agoras1 :o f\nd$ a conv5t2 ( ! prie/s ( ,diana2 ( ! ,py?ia ( ,delphos2 &1 9 m remote antiquity1 ( ! prie/esses ( ,apollo1 & ev5 ( ! prie/esses ( ,bac*us4 ,! prie/s ( ,cybele n only b\nd !mselves by v[s ( *a/ity1 b1 to preclude ! violation ( _! v[s1 became eunu*s4 ,plut>*1 9 ! eigh? "q ( 8 ,table-talk1 in=ms u t1 9 ,egypt1 !re are colleges ( prie/s :i* r5\nce m>riage4 ,! fir/ ,*ri/ians1 al?\gh pr(ess+ to lead a life z pure z t ( ! ,ess5ians & ,!rapeut1 did n consid] celibacy z a virtue4 ,we h se5 t ne>ly all ! apo/les & disciples 7 m>ri$4 ,/4 ,paul writes to ,titus3 ,*oose = a prie/ him :o is ! husb& ( "o wife1 hav+ believ+ *ildr51 & n "u accusation ( dissolut5ess4 ,he says ! same to ,timo?y3 ,let ! sup]9t5d5t be ! husb& ( "o wife4 ,he seems to ?9k s highly ( m>riage t1 9 ! same epi/le to ,timo?y1 he says3 ,! wife1 not)/&+ h] prev>ication1 %all be sav$ 9 *ild-be>+4 ,! proce$+s ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice1 on ! subject ( m>ri$ prie/s1 des]ve great att5tion4 ,"s bi%ops1 accord+ to ! relations ( ,sozom5 & ,socrates1 propos$ a law comm&+ bi%ops & prie/s !nce=w>d to ab/a9 f _! wives2 b ,/4 ,paphnucius ! ,m>tyr1 bi%op ( ,!bes1 9 ,egypt1 /r5u\sly oppos$ x2 obs]v+1 t m>riage 0 *a/ity2 & ! c\ncil adopt$ 8 op9ion4 ,suidas1 ,gelasius1 ,cesic5us1 ,cassiodorus1 & ,nicephorus ,calli/us1 record precisely ! same ?+4 ,! c\ncil m]ely =bade ! cl]gy f liv+ ) agapet1 or female associates besides _! own wives1 except _! mo!rs1 si/]s1 aunts1 & o!rs ^: age w\ld preclude suspicion4 ,aft] t "t1 ! celibacy ( ! cl]gy 0 recomm5d$1 )\t be+ comm&$4 ,/4 ,j]ome1 a dev\t recluse1 01 ( all ! fa!rs1 highe/ 9 8 eulogiums ( ! celibacy ( prie/s2 yet he resolutely1 supports ! cause ( ,c>t]ius1 a ,spani% bi%op1 :o _h be5 m>ri$ twice4 ,7 ,i1 says he1 to enum]ate all ! bi%ops :o h ent]$ into second nuptials1 ,i %\ld "n z _m z 7 pres5t at ! ,c\ncil ( ,rim9i--,tantus num]us congregabitur ut ,rim95sis synodus sup]etur4 ,! examples ( cl]gym5 m>ri$1 & liv+ ) _! wives1 are innum]able4 ,sydonius1 bi%op ( ,cl]mont1 9 ,auv]gne1 9 ! fif? c5tury1 m>ri$ ,papianilla1 daught] ( ! ,emp]or ,avitus1 & ! h\se ( ,polignac claims desc5t f ?is m>riage4 ,simplicius1 bi%op ( ,b\rges1 _h two *ildr5 by 8 wife ,palladia4 ,/4 ,gregory ( ,nazianz5 0 ! son ( ano!r ,gregory1 bi%op ( ,nazianz51 & ( ,nonna1 by :om t bi%op _h ?ree *ildr5--,ces>ius1 ,gorgonia1 & ! sa9t4 ,9 ! ,roman decretals1 "u ! canon ,osius1 we f9d a v long li/ ( bi%ops :o 7 ! sons ( prie/s4 ,pope ,osius himself 0 ! son ( a sub-deacon ,/eph52 & ,pope ,boniface ,i41 son ( ! prie/ ,jocondo4 ,pope ,felix ,,iii4 0 ! son ( ,felix1 a prie/1 & 0 himself "o ( ! gr&fa!rs ( ,gregory ! ,great4 ,! prie/ ,projectus 0 ! fa!r ( ,john ,,ii42 & ,gordian1 ! fa!r ( ,agapet4 ,pope ,sylve/] 0 ! son ( ,pope ,hormisdas4 ,!odore ,i4 0 born ( a m>riage ( ,!odore1 patri>* ( ,j]usalem2 a circum/ance :i* %\ld produce ! reconciliation ( ! two ,*ur*es4 ,at l5g?1 aft] sev]al c\ncils _h be5 held )\t effect on ! subject ( ! celibacy1 :i* ought always to accompany ! prie/hood1 ,pope ,gregory excommunicat$ all m>ri$ prie/s2 ei!r to add respectability to ! ,*ur*1 by ! great] rigor ( its discipl9e1 or to atta* m closely to ! c\rt ( ,rome ! bi%ops & prie/s ( o!r c\ntries1 :o w\ld ?us h no o!r family ?an ! ,*ur*4 ,?is law 0 n e/abli%$ )\t great opposition4 ,x is a v rem>kable circum/ance t ! ,c\ncil ( ,basel1 hav+ depos$1 at lea/ nom9ally1 ,pope ,eug5ius ,,iv41 & elect$ ,amadeus ( ,savoy1 _m bi%ops hav+ object$ aga9/ t pr9ce t he _h be5 m>ri$1 neas ,sylvius1 :o 0 aft]w>ds pope1 "u ! "n ( ,pius ,,ii41 support$ ! election ( ,amadeus 9 ^! words3 ,non solum qui uxorem habuit1 s$ uxorem hab5s1 pote/ assum]e--,n only may he be made a pope :o has be5 m>ri$1 b also he :o is s4 ,?is ,pius ,,ii4 0 consi/5t4 ,p]use 8 lett]s to 8 mi/ress1 9 ! collection ( 8 works4 ,he 0 conv9c$1 t to defraud nature ( h] rights 0 absolute insanity1 & t x 0 ! duty ( man n to de/roy1 b to control h]4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 s9ce ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t !re has no long] be5 any dispute ab\t ! celibacy ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic cl]gy2 !re h be5 only desires4 ,all ,prote/ant communions are1 on ?is po9t1 9 opposition to ,rome4 ,9 ! ,greek ,*ur*1 :i* at pres5t ext5ds f ! fronti]s ( ,*9a to ,cape ,matapan1 ! prie/s may m>ry once4 ,cu/oms ev]y:]e v>y2 discipl9e *anges con=mably to "t & place4 ,we "h only record facts2 we ent] into no controv]sy4 ,( ,cl]ks ( ! ,closet1 ,s9ce ,d5om9at$ ,secret>ies ( ,/ate & ,m9i/]s4 ,cl]ks ( ! closet1 cl]ks ( ! k+1 m rec5tly d5om9at$ secret>ies ( /ate1 9 ,france & ,engl&1 7 orig9ally ! k+'s not>ies4 ,!y 7 aft]w>ds call$ secret>ies ( ord]s --secrtaires des comm&em5s4 ,?is we are in=m$ ( by ! le>n$ & labori\s ,pasqui]4 ,8 au?ority is unque/ionable1 z he _h "u 8 inspection ! regi/]s ( ! *amb] ( acc\nts1 :i*1 9 our own times1 h be5 de/roy$ by fire4 ,at ! un=tunate peace ( ,cateau-,cambrsis1 a cl]k ( ,philip ,,ii41 hav+ tak5 ! title ( secret>y ( /ate1 de l',aubesp9e1 :o 0 secret>y ( ord]s to ! k+ ( ,france1 & 8 not>y1 took t title likewise1 t ! honors ( bo? might be equal1 :atev] might be ! case ) _! emolum5ts4 ,9 ,engl&1 be=e ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 !re 0 only "o secret>y ( ! k+1 :o /ood :ile he pres5t$ memorials & petitions to ! c\ncil4 ,h5ry ,,viii4 appo9t$ two1 & conf]r$ on !m ! same titles & pr]ogatives z 9 ,spa94 ,! great nobles did n1 at t p]iod1 accept ^! situations2 b1 9 "t1 !y h become ( s mu* consequ5ce t pe]s ( ! realm & comm&]s ( armies are n[ inve/$ ) !m4 ,?us ev]y?+ *anges4 ,!re is at pres5t no relic 9 ,france ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,hugh ,capet1 nor 9 ,engl& ( ! adm9i/ration ( ,william ! ,ba/>d4 ,,climate4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! sun & atmosph]e m>k _! empire on all ! productions ( nature1 f man to mu%rooms4 ,9 ! gr& age ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 ! +5i\s ,font5elle rem>k$3 ,"o might imag9e t ! torrid & two frigid zones are n well suit$ to ! sci5ces4 ,d[n to ! pres5t day !y h n travell$ beyond ,egypt & ,mauritania1 on ! "o side1 nor on ! o!r beyond ,sw$54 ,p]haps x is n ow+ to m]e *ance t !y are reta9$ )9 ,m\nt ,atlas & ! ,baltic ,sea4 ,we "k n :e!r ^! may n be ! limits appo9t$ to !m by nature1 or :e!r we may ev] hope to see great au?ors among ,lapl&]s or negroes4 ,*>d91 "o ( ^? travell]s :o reason & inve/igate1 goes /ill fur!r ?an ,font5elle1 :5 speak+ ( ,p]sia4 ,! temp]ature ( w>m climates1 says he1 en]vates ! m9d z well z ! body1 & dissipates t fire :i* ! imag9ation requires = inv5tion4 ,9 su* climates m5 are incapable ( ! long /udies & int5se application :i* are necess>y to ! production ( fir/-rate works 9 ! lib]al & me*anic arts1 etc4 ,*>d9 did n consid] t ,sadi & ,lokman 7 ,p]sians4 ,he did n recollect t ,ar*im$es belong$ to ,sicily1 :]e ! heat is great] ?an 9 ?ree-f\r?s ( ,p]sia4 ,he =got t ,py?agoras =m]ly taught geometry to ! ,brahm9s4 ,! ,abb ,dubos support$ & develop$1 z well z he 0 able1 ! op9ion ( ,*>d94 ,"o hundr$ & fifty ye>s be=e !m1 ,bod9 made x ! f\ndation ( 8 sy/em 9 8 ,republic1 & 9 8 ,me?od ( ,hi/ory2 he ass]ts t ! influ5ce ( climate is ! pr9ciple bo? ( ! gov]nm5t & ! religion ( nations4 ,diodorus ( ,sicily 0 ( ! same op9ion long be=e ,bod94 ,! au?or ( ! ,_s ( ,laws1 )\t quot+ any au?ority1 c>ri$ ?is idea f>!r ?an ,*>d9 & ,bod94 ,a c]ta9 "p ( ! nation believ$ him to h fir/ sugge/$ x1 & imput$ x to him z a crime4 ,?is 0 q 9 "* ) t "p ( ! nation allud$ to4 ,!re are ev]y:]e m5 :o possess m zeal ?an und]/&+4 ,we might ask ^? :o ma9ta9 t climate does ev]y?+1 :y ! ,emp]or ,julian1 9 8 ,misopogon says t :at pleas$ him 9 ! ,p>isians 0 ! gravity ( _! *>act]s & ! sev]ity ( _! mann]s2 & :y ^! ,p>isians1 )\t ! slighte/ *ange ( climate1 are n[ l playful *ildr51 at :om ! gov]nm5t puni%es & smiles at ! same mom5t1 & :o !mselves1 ! mom5t aft]1 also smile & s+ lampoons ^u _! ma/]s4 ,:y are ! ,egyptians1 :o are describ$ z hav+ be5 /ill m grave ?an ! ,p>isians1 at pres5t ! mo/ lazy1 frivol\s1 & c[>dly ( p1 aft] hav+1 z we are told1 conqu]$ ! :ole _w = _! pleasure1 "u a k+ call$ ,seso/ris8 ,:y are !re no long] ,anacreons1 ,ari/otles1 or ,zeuxises at ,a!ns8 ,:5ce comes x t ,rome1 in/ead ( its ,cic]os1 ,catos1 & ,livys1 has m]ely citiz5s :o d>e n speak _! m9ds1 & a brutaliz$ populace1 ^: supreme happ9ess consi/s 9 hav+ oil *eap1 & 9 gaz+ at processions8 ,cic]o1 9 8 lett]s1 is occasionally v jocul> on ! ,engli%4 ,he desires 8 bro!r ,qu9tus1 ,cs>'s lieut5ant1 to in=m him :e!r he has f\nd any great philosoph]s among !m1 9 8 exp$ition to ,brita94 ,he little suspect$ t t c\ntry w\ld "o day produce ma!maticians :om he c\ld n und]/&4 ,yet ! climate has n at all *ang$1 & ! sky ( ,london is z cl\dy n[ z x 0 !n4 ,ev]y?+ *anges1 bo? 9 bodies & m9ds1 by "t4 ,p]haps ! ,am]icans w 9 "s future p]iod cross ! sea to in/ruct ,europeans 9 ! arts4 ,climate has "s influ5ce1 gov]nm5t a hundr$ times m2 religion & gov]nm5t comb9$ m /ill4 ,influ5ce ( ,climate4 ,climate influ5ces religion 9 respect to c]emonies & usages4 ,a legislator c\ld h exp]i5c$ no difficulty 9 induc+ ! ,indians to ba! 9 ! ,ganges at c]ta9 appe>ances ( ! moon2 x is a high gratification to !m4 ,_h any "o propos$ a l ba? to ! p :o inhabit ! banks ( ! ,dw9a1 ne> ,ar*angel1 he w\ld h be5 /on$4 ,=bid pork to an ,arab1 :o aft] eat+ ?is species ( animal food 7! mo/ mis]able & disgu/+ 9 8 own c\ntry7 w\ld be affect$ by leprosy1 he w obey y ) joy2 prohibit x to a ,we/phalian1 & he w be tempt$ to knock y d[n4 ,ab/95ce f w9e is a good precept ( religion 9 ,arabia1 :]e orange1 citron1 & lemon wat]s are necess>y to heal?4 ,mahomet w\ld n h =bidd5 w9e 9 ,switz]l&1 especially be=e go+ to battle4 ,!re are usages m]ely fanciful4 ,:y did ! prie/s ( ,egypt devise circumcision8 ,x 0 n = ! sake ( heal?4 ,cambyses1 :o treat$ z !y des]v$ bo? !m & _! bull ,apis1 ! c\rti]s ( ,cambyses1 & 8 soldi]s1 enjoy$ p]fectly good heal? )\t su* mutilation4 ,climate has no peculi> influ5ce ov] ?is p>ticul> portion ( ! p]son ( a prie/4 ,! (f]+ 9 "q 0 made to ,isis1 probably on ! same pr9ciple z ! fir/l+s ( ! fruits ( ! e>? 7 ev]y:]e (f]$4 ,x 0 typical ( an (f]+ ( ! fir/ fruits ( life4 ,religions h always turn$ on two pivots--=ms ( c]emonies1 & fai?4 ,=ms & c]emonies dep5d mu* on climate2 fai? n at all4 ,a doctr9e w be receiv$ ) equal facility "u ! equator or ne> ! pole4 ,x w be aft]w>ds equally reject$ at ,batavia & ! ,orcades1 :ile x w be ma9ta9$1 unguibus et ro/ro--) too? & nail--at ,salamanca4 ,?is dep5ds n on sun & atmosph]e1 b solely ^u op9ion1 t fickle empress ( ! _w4 ,c]ta9 libations ( w9e w be naturally enjo9$ 9 a c\ntry ab\nd+ 9 v9ey>ds2 & x w\ld nev] occur to ! m9d ( any legislator to in/itute sacr$ my/]ies1 :i* c\ld n be celebrat$ )\t w9e1 9 su* a c\ntry z ,norway4 ,x w be expressly comm&$ to burn inc5se 9 ! c\rt ( a temple :]e bea/s are kill$ 9 honor ( ! ,div9ity1 & = ! prie/s' supp]4 ,?is slaught]-h\se1 call$ a temple1 w\ld be a place ( abom9able infection1 if x 7 n cont9ually purifi$2 & )\t ! use ( aromatics1 ! religion ( ! anci5ts w\ld h introduc$ ! plague4 ,! int]ior ( ! temple 0 ev5 fe/oon$ ) fl[]s to sweet5 ! air4 ,! c[ w n be sacrific$ 9 ! burn+ t]ritory ( ! ,indian p59sula1 because x supplies ! necess>y article ( milk1 & is v r>e 9 arid & b>r5 di/ricts1 & because its fle%1 be+ dry & t\gh1 & yield+ b little n\ri%m5t1 w\ld af=d ! ,brahm9s b mis]able *e]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! c[ w be consid]$ sacr$1 9 consequ5ce ( its r>5ess & utility4 ,! temple ( ,jupit] ,ammon1 :]e ! heat is excessive1 w be ent]$ only ) b>e feet4 ,to p]=m 8 devotions at ,cop5hag51 a man requires 8 feet to be w>m & well cov]$4 ,x is n ?us ) doctr9e4 ,poly!ism has be5 believ$ 9 all climates2 & x is equally easy = a ,crim ,t>t> & an inhabitant ( ,mecca to ackn[l$ge "o only incommunicable ,god1 nei!r begott5 nor begett+4 ,x is by doctr9e1 m ?an by rites1 t a religion ext5ds f "o climate to ano!r4 ,! doctr9e ( ! unity ( ,god pass$ rapidly f ,m$9a to ,m\nt ,caucasus4 ,climate1 !n1 yields to op9ion4 ,! ,arabs said to ! ,turks3 ,we practic$ ! c]emony ( circumcision 9 ,arabia )\t v well kn[+ :y4 ,x 0 an anci5t usage ( ! prie/s ( ,egypt to (f] to ,o%iret1 or ,osiris1 a small portion ( :at !y consid]$ mo/ valuable4 ,we _h adopt$ ?is cu/om ?ree ?\s& ye>s be=e we became ,mahometans4 ,y w become circumcis$ l u2 y w b9d y\rself to sleep ) "o ( y\r wives e ,friday1 & to give two & a half p] c5t4 ( y\r income annually to ! poor4 ,we dr9k no?+ b wat] & %]bet2 all intoxicat+ liquors are =bidd5 u4 ,9 ,arabia !y are p]nici\s4 ,y w embrace ! same regim51 al?\gh y %\ld be passionately fond ( w9e2 & ev5 al?\gh1 on ! banks ( ! ,phasis & ,araxes1 x %\ld (t5 be necess>y = y4 ,9 %ort1 if y wi% to g to heav51 & to obta9 good places !re1 y w take ! road ?r\gh ,mecca4 ,! inhabitants nor? ( ! ,caucasus subject !mselves to ^! laws1 & adopt1 9 ! fulle/ ext5t1 a religion :i* 0 nev] fram$ = !m4 ,9 ,egypt ! emblematical wor%ip ( animals succe$$ to ! doctr9es ( ,?aut4 ,! gods ( ! ,romans aft]w>ds %>$ ,egypt ) ! dogs1 ! cats1 & ! crocodiles4 ,to ! ,roman religion succe$$ ,*ri/ianity2 t 0 completely bani%$ by ,mahometanism1 :i* w p]haps be sup]s$$ by "s new religion4 ,9 all ^! *anges climate has effect$ no?+2 gov]nm5t has done ev]y?+4 ,we are "h consid]+ only second causes1 )\t rais+ our unhall[$ eyes to t ,provid5ce :i* directs !m4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion1 :i* receiv$ its bir? 9 ,syria1 & grew up t[>ds its fulness ( /ature 9 ,alex&ria1 inhabits n[ ^? c\ntries :]e ,teutat & ,irm9sul1 ,freya & ,od91 7 =m]ly ador$4 ,!re are "s nations ^: religion is n ! result ei!r ( climate or ( gov]nm5t4 ,:at cause deta*$ ! nor? ( ,g]many1 ,d5m>k1 ?ree p>ts ( ,switz]l&1 ,holl&1 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&1 f ! ,romi% communion8 ,pov]ty4 ,indulg5ces1 & deliv]ance f purgatory = ! s\ls ( ^? ^: bodies 7 at t "t 9 possession ( v little money1 7 sold too de>4 ,! prelates & monks absorb$ ! :ole rev5ue ( a prov9ce4 ,p adopt$ a *eap] religion4 ,9 %ort1 aft] num]\s civil w>s1 x 0 conclud$ t ! pope's religion 0 a good "o = nobles1 & ! re=m$ "o = citiz5s4 ,"t w %[ :e!r ! religion ( ! ,greeks or ( ! ,turks w prevail on ! coa/s ( ! ,eux9e & gean seas4 ,,coh]5ce--,,cohesion--,,adhesion4 ,! p[] by :i* ! p>ts ( bodies are kept toge!r4 ,x is a ph5om5on ! mo/ common1 b ! lea/ und]/ood4 ,newton d]ides ! hook$ atoms1 by means ( :i* x has be5 attempt$ to expla9 coh]5ce2 = x /ill rema9$ to be kn[n :y !y are hook$1 & :y !y coh]e4 ,he treats ) no great] respect ^? :o h expla9$ cohesion by re/4 ,x is1 says he1 an occult quality4 ,he has rec\rse to an attraction4 ,b is n ?is attraction1 :i* may inde$ exi/1 b is by no means capable ( demon/ration1 itself an occult quality8 ,! gr& attraction ( ! heav5ly bodies is demon/rat$ & calculat$4 ,t ( adh]+ bodies is incalculable4 ,b h[ c we admit a =ce t is immeasurable to be ( ! same nature z "o t c be measur$8 ,nev]!less1 x is demon/rat$ t ! =ce ( attraction acts ^u all ! planets & all heavy bodies 9 proportion to _! solidity2 b x acts on all ! p>ticles ( matt]2 x is1 !re=e1 v probable t1 :ile x exi/s 9 e "p 9 ref]5ce to ! :ole1 x exi/s also 9 e "p 9 ref]5ce to cohesion2 coh]5ce1 !re=e1 may be ! effect ( attraction4 ,?is op9ion appe>s admissible till a bett] "o c be f\nd1 & t bett] is n easily to be met )4 ,,comm]ce4 ,s9ce ! fall ( ,c>?age1 no p _h be5 p[]ful 9 comm]ce & arms at ! same "t1 until ,v5ice set ! example4 ,! ,portuguese hav+ pass$ ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 71 = "s "t1 great lords on ! coa/ ( ,india1 & ev5 =midable 9 ,europe4 ,! ,unit$ ,prov9ces h only be5 w>riors 9 spite ( !mselves1 & x 0 n z unit$ betwe5 !mselves1 b z unit$ ) ,engl& t !y assi/$ to hold ! balance ( ,europe at ! comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,c>?age1 ,v5ice1 & ,am/]dam h be5 p[]ful2 b !y h act$ l ^? p among u1 :o1 hav+ amass$ money by trade1 buy lordly e/ates4 ,nei!r ,c>?age1 ,v5ice1 ,holl&1 nor any p1 h comm5c$ by be+ w>riors1 & ev5 conqu]ors1 to f9i% by be+ m]*ants4 ,! ,engli% only answ] ?is description2 !y _h f\ght a long "t be=e !y knew h[ to reckon4 ,!y did n "k1 :5 !y ga9$ ! battles ( ,ag9c\rt1 ,crcy1 & ,poiti]s1 t !y 7 able to deal l>gely 9 corn1 & make broadclo?1 :i* w\ld be ( mu* m value to !m ?an su* victories4 ,! k ( ^! arts alone has augm5t$1 enri*$1 & /r5g!n$ ! nation4 ,x is only because ! ,engli% h become m]*ants t ,london exce$s ,p>is 9 ext5t & numb] ( citiz5s2 t !y c spread two hundr$ %ips ( w> ov] ! seas1 & keep royal allies 9 pay4 ,:5 ,l\is ,,xiv4 made ,italy tremble1 & 8 armies1 already ma/]s ( ,savoy & ,pi$mont1 7 ready to take ,tur91 ,pr9ce ,eug5e 0 oblig$ to m>* to ! skirts ( ,g]many1 to ! succor ( ! duke ( ,savoy4 ,hav+ no money1 )\t :i* he c\ld nei!r take nor def5d t[ns1 he _h rec\rse to ! ,engli% m]*ants4 ,9 half an h\r !y advanc$ him ! sum ( five millions ( livres1 ) :i* he deliv]$ ,tur91 beat ! ,fr5*1 & wrote ?is little billet to ^? :o _h l5t x him3 ,g5tlem51 ,i h receiv$ y\r money1 & ,i flatt] myself t ,i h employ$ x to y\r satisfaction4 ,all ?is excites j pride 9 an ,engli% m]*ant1 & makes him v5ture to comp>e himself1 & n )\t reason1 to a ,roman citiz54 ,?us ! y\ng] sons ( a pe] ( ! realm disda9 n to be m]*ants4 ,"l ,t[ns5d1 m9i/] ( /ate1 _h a bro!r :o 0 cont5t$ ) be+ a m]*ant 9 ! city4 ,at ! "t t ,"l ,or=d gov]n$ ,engl&1 8 y\ng] bro!r 0 a factor at ,aleppo1 :5ce he w\ld n return1 & :]e he di$4 ,?is cu/om--:i*1 h[ev]1 beg9s to decl9e--appe>$ mon/r\s to ! petty ,g]man pr9ces4 ,!y c\ld n conceive h[ ! son ( a pe] ( ,engl& 0 only a ri* & p[]ful trad]1 :ile 9 ,g]many !y are all pr9ces4 ,we h se5 ne>ly ?irty highnesses ( ! same "n1 hav+ no?+ = _! =tunes b old armories & ari/ocratical hauteur4 ,9 ,france1 anybody may be a m>quis t likes2 & :oev] arrives at ,p>is f a remote prov9ce1 ) money to sp5d1 & a "n end+ 9 ac or ille1 may say3 ,a man l me6 ,a man ( my quality6 & sov]eignly despise a m]*ant2 :ile ! m]*ant s (t5 he>s 8 pr(ession spok5 ( ) disda9 t he is weak en\gh to blu% at x4 ,:i* is ! m useful to a /ate--a well-p[d]$ "l1 :o kn[s precisely at :at h\r ! k+ rises & retires1 & :o gives himself airs ( greatness1 :ile play+ ! "p ( a slave 9 ! ante*amb] ( a m9i/]2 or a m]*ant :o enri*es 8 c\ntry1 s5ds ord]s f 8 (fice to ,surat & ,aleppo1 & contributes to ! happ9ess ( ! _w8 ,,common ,,s5se4 ,!re is sometimes 9 vulg> expressions an image ( :at passes 9 ! he>t ( all m54 ,s5sus communis signifi$ among ! ,romans n only common s5se1 b also humanity & s5sibility4 ,z we are n equal to ! ,romans1 ?is ^w ) u conveys n half :at x did ) !m4 ,x signifies only good s5se--pla91 /raight=w>d reason+--! fir/ notion ( ord9>y ?+s--a m$ium betwe5 dulness & intellect4 ,to say1 t man has n common s5se1 is a gross insult2 :ile ! expression1 t man has common s5se1 is an affront also2 x w\ld imply t he 0 n q /upid1 b t he want$ intellect4 ,b :at is ! mean+ ( common s5se1 if x be n s5se8 ,m51 :5 !y inv5t$ ?is t]m1 suppos$ t no?+ ent]$ ! m9d except by ! s5ses2 o!rwise w\ld !y h us$ ! ^w s5se to signify ! result ( ! common faculty ( reason8 ,x is said1 sometimes1 t common s5se is v r>e4 ,:at does ?is expression mean8 ,t1 9 _m m51 dawn+ reason is arre/$ 9 its progress by "s prejudices2 t a man :o judges reasonably on "o affair w deceive himself grossly 9 ano!r4 ,! ,arab1 :o1 besides be+ a good calculator1 0 a le>n$ *emi/ & an exact a/ronom]1 nev]!less believ$ t ,mahomet put half ( ! moon into 8 sleeve4 ,h[ is x t he 0 s mu* above common s5se 9 ! ?ree sci5ces above m5tion$1 & b5ea? x :5 he proce$$ to ! subject ( half ! moon8 ,x is because1 9 ! fir/ case1 he _h se5 ) 8 own eyes1 & p]fect$ 8 own intellig5ce2 &1 9 ! second1 he _h us$ ! eyes ( o!rs1 by %utt+ 8 own1 & p]v]t+ ! common s5se )9 him4 ,h[ c\ld ?is /range p]v]sion ( m9d op]ate8 ,h[ c\ld ! ideas :i* _h s regul> & firm a foot+ 9 8 bra91 on _m subjects1 halt on ano!r a ?\s& times m palpable & easy to compreh5d8 ,?is man _h always ! same pr9ciples ( intellig5ce 9 him2 he mu/ h !re=e possess$ a vitiat$ organ1 z x sometimes happ5s t ! mo/ delicate epicure has a deprav$ ta/e 9 reg>d to a p>ticul> k9d ( n\ri%m5t4 ,h[ did ! organ ( ?is ,arab1 :o saw half ( ! moon 9 ,mahomet's sleeve1 become disord]$--,by fe>4 ,x _h be5 told him t if he did n believe 9 ?is sleeve 8 s\l1 imm$iately aft] 8 dea?1 9 pass+ ov] ! n>r[ bridge1 w\ld fall =ev] into ! abyss4 ,he 0 told mu* worse--if ev] y d\bt ?is sleeve1 "o d]vi% w treat y ) ignom9y2 ano!r w prove y mad1 because1 hav+ all possible motives = cr$ibility1 y w n submit y\r sup]b reason to evid5ce2 a ?ird w ref] y to ! little divan ( a small prov9ce1 & y w be legally impal$4 ,all ?is produces a panic 9 ! good ,arab1 8 wife1 si/]1 & all 8 little family4 ,!y possess good s5se 9 all ! re/1 b on ?is article _! imag9ation is diseas$ l t ( ,pascal1 :o cont9ually saw a precipice ne> 8 c\*4 ,b did our ,arab really believe 9 ! sleeve ( ,mahomet8 ,no2 he endeavor$ to believe x2 he said1 ,x is impossible1 b true--,i believe t :i* ,i d n cr$it4 ,he =m$ a *aos ( ideas 9 8 head 9 reg>d to ?is sleeve1 :i* he fe>$ to dis5tangle1 & he gave up 8 common s5se4 ,,confession4 ,rep5tance = "o's faults is ! only ?+ t c repair ! loss ( innoc5ce2 & to appe> to rep5t ( !m1 we mu/ beg9 by ackn[l$g+ !m4 ,confession1 !re=e1 is almo/ z anci5t z civil society4 ,confession 0 practis$ 9 all ! my/]ies ( ,egypt1 ,greece1 & ,samo?race4 ,we are told1 9 ! life ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 t :5 he deign$ to p>ticipate 9 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 he confess$ himself to ! hi]ophant1 ?\gh no man _h less ne$ ( confession ?an himself4 ,?is might be a v salut>y c]emony2 x might also become v detrim5tal2 = su* is ! case ) all human in/itutions4 ,we "k ! answ] ( ! ,sp>tan :om a hi]ophant w\ld h p]suad$ to confess himself3 ,to :om %\ld ,i ackn[l$ge my faults8 to ,god1 or to !e8 ,to ,god1 said ! prie/4 ,retire1 !n1 ,o man4 ,x is h>d to det]m9e at :at "t ?is practice 0 e/abli%$ among ! ,jews1 :o borr[$ a great _m ( _! rites f _! neighbors4 ,! ,mi%na1 :i* is ! collection ( ! ,jewi% laws1 says t (t51 9 confess+1 !y plac$ _! h& ^u a calf belong+ to ! prie/2 & ?is 0 call$ ! confession ( calves4 ,x is said1 9 ! same ,mi%na1 t e culprit "u s5t5ce ( dea?1 w5t & confess$ himself be=e witnesses1 9 "s retir$ spot1 a %ort "t be=e 8 execution4 ,if he felt himself guilty he said1 ,may my dea? atone = all my s9s6 ,if innoc5t1 he said1 ,may my dea? atone = all my s9s1 except+ t ( :i* ,i am n[ accus$4 ,on ! day ( ! fea/ :i* 0 call$ by ! ,jews ! solemn atonem5t1 ! dev\t among !m confess$ to "o ano!r1 specify+ _! s9s4 ,! confessor repeat$ ?ree times ?irte5 words ( ! sev5ty-sev5? ,psalm1 at ! same "t giv+ ! confess$ ?irty-n9e /ripes1 :i* ! latt] return$1 & !y w5t away quits4 ,x is said t ?is c]emony is /ill 9 use4 ,/4 ,john's reputation = sanctity br\ght cr[ds to confess to him1 z !y came to be baptiz$ by him ) ! baptism ( ju/ice2 b we are n in=m$ t ,/4 ,john gave 8 p5it5ts ?irty-n9e /ripes4 ,confession 0 n !n a sacram5t2 = ?is !re are sev]al reasons4 ,! fir/ is1 t ! ^w sacram5t 0 at t "t unkn[n1 :i* reason is ( itself suffici5t4 ,! ,*ri/ians took _! confession f ! ,jewi% rites1 & n f ! my/]ies ( ,isis & ,c]es4 ,! ,jews confess$ to _! associates1 & ! ,*ri/ians did also4 ,x aft]w>ds appe>$ m conv5i5t t ?is %\ld be ! privilege ( ! prie/s4 ,no rite1 no c]emony1 c be e/abli%$ b 9 process ( "t4 ,x 0 h>dly possible t "s trace %\ld n rema9 ( ! anci5t usage ( ! laity ( confess+ to "o ano!r4 ,9 ,con/ant9e's reign1 x 0 at fir/ ! practice publicly to confess public (f5ces4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury1 aft] ! s*ism ( ,novatus & ,novatian1 p5it5ti>ies 7 in/itut$ = ! absolution ( su* z _h fall5 into idolatry4 ,?is confession to p5it5ti>y prie/s 0 aboli%$ "u ! ,emp]or ,!odosius4 ,a woman hav+ accus$ h]self al\d1 to ! p5it5ti>y ( ,con/ant9ople1 ( ly+ ) ! deacon1 caus$ s mu* sc&al & di/urbance ?r\gh\t ! city t ,nect>ius p]mitt$ all ! fai?ful to approa* ! holy table )\t confession1 & to communicate 9 ob$i5ce to _! consci5ces alone4 ,h5ce ^! words ( ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om1 :o succe$$ ,nect>ius3 ,confess y\rselves cont9ually to ,god2 ,i d n br+ y =w>d on a /age to discov] y\r faults to y\r fell[-s]vants2 %[ y\r w\nds to ,god1 & ask ( ,him _! cure2 ackn[l$ge y\r s9s to ,him :o w n reproa* y be=e m52 x 7 va9 to /rive to hide !m f ,him :o kn[s all ?+s1 etc4 ,x is said t ! practice ( auricul> confession did n beg9 9 ! we/ until ab\t ! sev5? c5tury1 :5 x 0 in/itut$ by ! abbots1 :o requir$ _! monks to come & ackn[l$ge _! (f5ces to !m twice a ye>4 ,^! abbots x 0 :o inv5t$ ! =mula3 ,i absolve !e to ! utmo/ ( my p[] & ?y ne$4 ,x w\ld surely h be5 m respectful t[>ds ! ,supreme ,be+1 z well z m j1 to say3 ,may ,he =give bo? ?y faults & m9e6 ,! good :i* confession has done is t x has sometimes procur$ re/itution f petty ?ieves4 ,! ill is1 t1 9 ! int]nal tr\bles ( /ates1 x has sometimes =c$ ! p5it5ts to be consci5ti\sly rebelli\s & blood-?ir/y4 ,! ,guelph prie/s refus$ absolution to ! ,ghibell9es1 & ! ,ghibell9es to ! ,guelphs4 ,! c\nsellor ( /ate1 ,lnet1 relates1 9 8 ,memoirs1 t all he c\ld d 9 ,burgundy to make ! p rise 9 favor ( ! ,pr9ce ,cond1 deta9$ at ,v9c5nes by ,c>d9al ,maz>91 0 to let loose ! prie/s 9 ! confessionals--speak+ ( !m z bloodh\nds1 :o 7 to fan ! flame ( civil w> 9 ! privacy ( ! confessional4 ,at ! siege ( ,b>celona1 ! monks refus$ absolution to all :o rema9$ fai?ful to ,philip ,v4 ,9 ! la/ revolution ( ,g5oa1 x 0 intimat$ to all consci5ces t !re 0 no salvation = :osoev] %\ld n take up arms aga9/ ! ,au/rians4 ,?is salut>y rem$y has1 9 e age1 be5 conv]t$ into a poison4 ,:e!r a ,s=za1 a ,m$ici1 a ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 or a ,k+ ( ,france 0 to be assass9at$1 ! p>ricide always prep>$ himself by ! sacram5t ( confession4 ,l\is ,,xi41 & ! ,m>*ioness de ,br9villi]s always confess$ z soon z !y _h committ$ any great crime2 & !y confess$ (t51 z gluttons take m$ic9es to increase _! appetite4 ,! ,disclosure ( ,confessions4 ,jaurig9i & ,bal?az> ,gr>d1 ! assass9s ( ,william ,i41 ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 ! dom9ican ,jacques ,clm5t1 ,jean ,*tel1 ! ,feuillant ,ravaillac1 & all ! o!r p>ricides ( t day1 confess$ !mselves be=e committ+ _! crimes4 ,fanaticism1 9 ^? deplorable ages1 _h arriv$ at su* a pit* t confession 0 b an additional pl$ge = ! consummation ( villa9y4 ,x became sacr$ = ?is reason--t confession is a sacram5t4 ,/rada himself says3 ,jaurigni non ante fac9us aggr$i su/9uit1 quam expiatam noxis animam apud ,dom9icanum sac]dotem cle/i pane firmav]it4 ,jaurig9i did n v5ture ^u ?is act until he _h purg$ 8 s\l by confession at ! feet ( a ,dom9ican1 & =tifi$ x by ! cele/ial bread4 ,we f9d1 9 ! int]rogatory ( ,ravaillac1 t ! wret*$ man1 quitt+ ! ,feuillans1 & wi%+ to be receiv$ among ! ,jesuits1 appli$ to ! ,jesuit d',aubigny &1 aft] speak+ ( sev]al app>itions t he _h se51 %[$ him a knife1 on ! blade ( :i* 0 engrav$ a he>t & a cross1 & said1 ,?is he>t indicates t ! k+'s he>t mu/ be br\ght to make w> on ! ,hugu5ots4 ,p]haps1 if ?is d',aubigny _h be5 zeal\s & prud5t en\gh to h in=m$ ! k+ ( ^! words1 & giv5 him a fai?ful picture ( ! man :o _h utt]$ !m1 ! be/ ( k+s w\ld n h be5 assass9at$4 ,on ,augu/ #bj1 #afaj1 ?ree mon?s aft] ! dea? ( ,h5ry ,,iv41 ^: w\nds yet ble$ 9 ! he>t ( e ,fr5*man1 ! ,advocate-,g5]al ,sirv91 /ill ( illu/ri\s memory1 requir$ t ! ,jesuits %\ld be made to sign ! f\r foll[+ rules3 #a4 ,t ! c\ncil is above ! pope4 #b4 ,t ! pope _c deprive ! k+ ( any ( 8 rights by excommunication4 #c4 ,t ecclesia/ics1 l o!r p]sons1 are entirely subject to ! k+4 #d4 ,t a prie/ :o is made acqua9t$1 by confession1 ) a conspiracy aga9/ ! k+ & ! /ate1 mu/ disclose x to ! magi/rates4 ,on ! #bbnd1 ! p>liam5t pass$ a decree1 by :i* x =bade ! ,jesuits to in/ruct y\? be=e !y _h sign$ ^! f\r articles2 b ! c\rt ( ,rome 0 !n s p[]ful1 & t ( ,france s feeble1 t ?is decree 0 ( no effect4 ,a fact wor?y ( att5tion is1 t ?is same c\rt ( ,rome1 :i* did n *oose t confession %\ld be disclos$ :5 ! lives ( sov]eigns 7 endang]$1 oblig$ its confessors to d5\nce to ! inquisitors ^? :om _! female p5it5ts accus$ 9 confession ( hav+ s$uc$ & abus$ !m4 ,paul ,,iv41 ,pius ,,iv41 ,clem5t ,,viii41 & ,gregory ,,xv41 ord]$ ^! disclosures to be made4 ,?is 0 a v emb>rass+ sn>e = confessors & female p5it5ts2 x 0 mak+ ! sacram5t a regi/] ( in=mations1 & ev5 ( sacrileges4 ,=1 by ! anci5t canons1 & especially by ! ,lat]an ,c\ncil "u ,innoc5t ,,iii41 e prie/ t disclos$ a confession1 ( :atev] nature1 0 to be int]dict$ & condemn$ to p]petual imprisonm5t4 ,b ?is is n ! wor/2 "h are f\r popes1 ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 ord]+ ! disclosure ( a s9 ( impurity1 b n p]mitt+ t ( a p>ricide4 ,a woman1 9 ! sacram5t1 decl>es1 or pret5ds1 be=e a c>melite1 t a cordeli] has s$uc$ h]2 & ! c>melite mu/ d5\nce ! cordeli]4 ,a fanatical assass91 ?9k+ t he s]ves ,god by kill+ 8 pr9ce1 comes & consults a confessor on ?is case ( consci5ce2 & ! confessor commits a sacrilege if he saves 8 sov]eign's life4 ,?is absurd & horrible contradiction is "o un=tunate consequ5ce ( ! con/ant opposition exi/+ = s _m c5turies betwe5 ! civil & ecclesia/ical laws4 ,! citiz5 f9ds himself1 on fifty occasions1 plac$ )\t alt]native betwe5 sacrilege & high treason2 ! rules ( good & evil be+ n yet drawn f b5ea? ! *aos "u :i* !y h s long be5 buri$4 ,! ,jesuit ,coton's reply to ,h5ry ,,iv4 w endure long] ?an 8 ord]4 ,w\ld y reveal ! confession ( a man :o _h resolv$ to assass9ate me8 ,no2 b ,i w\ld ?r[ myself betwe5 him & y4 ,fa!r ,coton's maxim has n always be5 foll[$4 ,9 "s c\ntries !re are /ate my/]ies unkn[n to ! public1 ( :i* reveal$ confessions =m no inconsid]able "p4 ,by means ( suborn$ confessors ! secrets ( prison]s are le>n$4 ,"s confessors1 to reconcile _! consci5ce ) _! int]e/1 make use ( a s+ul> artifice4 ,!y give an acc\nt1 n precisely ( :at ! prison] has told !m1 b ( :at he has n told !m4 ,if1 = example1 !y are employ$ to f9d out :e!r an accus$ p]son has = 8 accomplice a ,fr5*man or an ,italian1 !y say to ! man :o employs !m1 ! prison] has sworn to me t no ,italian 0 in=m$ ( 8 designs2 :5ce x is conclud$ t ! suspect$ ,fr5*man is guilty4 ,bod9 ?us expresses himself1 9 8 book1 ,de la ,rpublique3 ,nor mu/ x be conceal$1 if ! culprit is discov]$ to h conspir$ aga9/ ! life ( ! sov]eign1 or ev5 to h will$ x only2 z 9 ! case ( a g5tleman ( ,norm&y1 :o confess$ to a monk t he _h a m9d to kill ,francis ,i4 ,! monk appris$ ! k+1 :o s5t ! g5tleman to ! c\rt ( p>liam5t1 :]e he 0 condemn$ to dea?1 z ,i le>n$ f ,m4 ,canage1 an advocate 9 p>liam5t4 ,! writ] ( ?is article 0 himself almo/ witness to a disclosure /ill m important & s+ul>4 ,x is kn[n h[ ! ,jesuit ,daub5ton betray$ ,philip ,v41 k+ ( ,spa91 to :om he 0 confessor4 ,he ?\ght1 f a v mi/ak5 policy1 t he %\ld report ! secrets ( 8 p5it5t to ! duke ( ,orleans1 reg5t ( ! k+dom1 & _h ! imprud5ce to write to him :at he %\ld n1 ev5 v]bally1 communicate to any "o4 ,! duke ( ,orleans s5t 8 lett] to ! k+ ( ,spa94 ,! ,jesuit 0 disc>d$1 & di$ a %ort "t aft]4 ,?is is an au!nticat$ fact4 ,x is /ill a grave & p]plex+ "q1 9 :at cases confessions %\ld be disclos$4 ,=1 if we decide t x %\ld be 9 cases ( human high treason1 ?is treason may be made to include any direct (f5ce aga9/ maje/y1 ev5 ! smuggl+ ( salt or musl9s4 ,mu* m %\ld high treasons aga9/ ! ,div9e ,maje/y be disclos$2 & ^! may be ext5d$ to ! smalle/ faults1 z hav+ miss$ ev5+ s]vice4 ,x w\ld1 !n1 be v important to come to a p]fect und]/&+ ab\t :at confessions %\ld be disclos$1 & :at %\ld be kept secret4 ,yet w\ld su* a decision be v dang]\s2 = h[ _m ?+s are !re :i* mu/ n be inve/igat$6 ,pontas1 :o1 9 ?ree folio volumes1 decides on all ! possible cases ( consci5ce 9 ,france1 & is unkn[n to ! re/ ( ! _w1 says t on no occasion %\ld confession be disclos$4 ,! p>liam5ts h decid$ ! contr>y4 ,:i* are we to believe8 ,pontas1 or ! gu>dians ( ! laws ( ! realm1 :o wat* ov] ! lives ( pr9ces & ! safety ( ! /ate8 ,:e!r ,laym5 & ,wom5 ,h ,be5 ,confessors8 ,z1 9 ! old law1 ! laity confess$ to "o ano!r2 s1 9 ! new law1 !y long _h ! same privilege by cu/om4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 let x suffice to cite ! celebrat$ ,jo9ville1 :o expressly says t ! con/able ( ,cyprus confess$ himself to him1 & he gave him absolution1 accord+ to ! "r :i* he _h s to d4 ,/4 ,?omas1 9 8 dream1 expresses himself ?us3 ,confessio ex defectu sac]dotis laico facta1 sacram5talis e/ quodam modo4 ,confession made to a layman1 9 default ( a prie/1 is 9 "s sort sacram5tal4 ,we f9d 9 ! life ( ,/4 ,burgundos>ius1 & 9 ! rule ( an unkn[n sa9t1 t ! nuns confess$ _! v grosse/ s9s to _! abbess4 ,! rule ( ,/4 ,donatus orda9s t ! nuns %all discov] _! faults to _! sup]ior ?ree times a day4 ,! capitul>s ( our k+s say t abbesses mu/ be =bidd5 ! ex]cise ( ! "r :i* !y h arrogat$ aga9/ ! cu/om ( ! holy *ur*1 ( giv+ b5$iction & impos+ h&s1 :i* seems to signify ! pron\nc+ ( absolution1 & supposes ! confession ( s9s4 ,m>cus1 patri>* ( ,alex&ria1 asks ,balzamon1 a celebrat$ canoni/ ( 8 "t1 :e!r p]mission %\ld be grant$ to abbesses to he> confessions1 to :i* ,balzamon answ]s 9 ! negative4 ,we h1 9 ! canon law1 a decree ( ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii41 enjo9+ ! bi%ops ( ,val5cia & ,burgos1 9 ,spa91 to prev5t c]ta9 abbesses f bless+ _! nuns1 f confess+1 & f public prea*+3 ,al?\gh1 says he1 ! bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y 0 sup]ior to all ! apo/les 9 dignity & 9 m]it1 yet x is n to h]1 b to ! apo/les1 t ! ,"l has confid$ ! keys ( ! k+dom ( heav54 ,s anci5t 0 ?is "r1 t we f9d x e/abli%$ 9 ! rules ( ,/4 ,basil4 ,he p]mits abbesses to confess _! nuns1 conjo9tly ) a prie/4 ,fa!r ,m>tne1 9 8 ,rights ( ! ,*ur*1 says t1 = a long "t1 abbesses confess$ _! nuns2 b1 adds he1 !y 7 s curi\s1 t x 0 f\nd necess>y to deprive !m ( ?is privilege4 ,! ex-,jesuit ,nonnotte %\ld confess himself & d p5ance2 n = hav+ be5 "o ( ! mo/ ignorant ( daub]s on pap]1 = t is no crime2 n = hav+ giv5 ! "n ( errors to tru?s :i* he did n und]/&2 b = hav+1 ) ! mo/ insol5t /upidity1 calumniat$ ! au?or ( ?is article1 & call$ 8 bro!r raca 7a fool71 :ile he d5i$ ^! facts & _m o!rs1 ab\t :i* he knew n "o ^w4 ,he has put himself 9 dang] ( hell fire2 let u hope t he w ask p>don ( ,god = 8 enorm\s folly4 ,we desire n ! dea? ( a s9n]1 b t he turn f 8 wick$ness & live4 ,x has long be5 debat$ :y m51 v fam\s 9 ?is "p ( ! _w :]e confession is 9 use1 h di$ )\t ?is sacram5t4 ,su* are ,leo ,x41 ,plisson1 & ,c>d9al ,dubois4 ,! c>d9al _h 8 p]9eum op5$ by ,la ,peyronie's bi/\ry2 b he might h confess$ & communicat$ be=e ! op]ation4 ,plisson1 :o 0 a ,prote/ant until he 0 =ty ye>s old1 became a conv]t t he might be made ma/] ( reque/s & h b5efices4 ,z = ,pope ,leo ,x41 :5 surpris$ by dea?1 he 0 s mu* occupi$ ) temporal conc]ns1 t he _h no "t to ?9k ( spiritual ones4 ,confession ,tickets4 ,9 ,prote/ant c\ntries confession is made to ,god2 9 ,ca?olic ones1 to man4 ,! ,prote/ants say y c hide no?+ f ,god1 :]eas man kn[s only :at y *oose to tell him4 ,z we %all nev] m$dle ) controv]sy1 we %all n ent] "h into ?is old dispute4 ,our lit]>y society is compos$ ( ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants1 unit$ by ! love ( lett]s2 we mu/ n suff] ecclesia/ical qu>rels to s[ diss5sion among u4 ,we w cont5t ourselves ) once m repeat+ ! f9e answ] ( ! ,greek already m5tion$1 to ! prie/ :o w\ld h _h him confess 9 ! my/]ies ( ,c]es3 ,is x to ,god1 or to !e1 t ,i am to address myself8 ,to ,god4 ,dep>t !n1 ,o man4 ,9 ,italy1 & 9 all ! c\ntries ( ob$i5ce1 e "o1 )\t di/9ction1 mu/ confess & communicate4 ,if y h a /ock ( enorm\s s9s on h&1 y h also gr& p5it5ti>ies to absolve y4 ,if y\r confession is wor? no?+1 s mu* ! worse = y4 ,at a v reasonable rate1 y get a pr9t$ receipt1 :i* admits y to communion2 & all ! receipts are ?r[n into a pix2 su* is ! rule4 ,^! be>]s' tickets 7 unkn[n at ,p>is until ab\t ! ye> #agej1 :5 an ar*bi%op ( ,p>is be?\ght himself ( introduc+ a sort ( spiritual bank1 to extirpate ,jans5ism & insure ! triumph ( ! bull ,unig5itus4 ,x 0 8 pleasure t extreme unction & ! viaticum %\ld be refus$ to e sick p]son :o did n produce a ticket ( confession1 sign$ by a con/itution>y prie/4 ,?is 0 refus+ ! sacram5t to n9e-t5?s ( ,p>is4 ,9 va9 0 he told3 ,?9k :at y are do+2 ei!r ^! sacram5ts are necess>y1 to escape damnation1 or salvation may be obta9$ )\t !m by fai?1 hope1 *>ity1 good works1 & ! m]its ( our ,savi\r4 ,if salvation be atta9able )\t ?is viaticum1 y\r tickets are useless2 if ! sacram5ts be absolutely necess>y1 y damn all :om y deprive ( !m2 y consign to et]nal fire sev5 hundr$ ?\s& s\ls1 suppos+ y live long en\gh to bury !m2 ?is is viol5t2 calm y\rself1 & let ea* "o die z well z he c4 ,9 ?is dilemma he gave no answ]1 b p]si/$4 ,x is horrible to conv]t religion1 :i* %\ld be man's consolation1 into 8 torm5t4 ,! p>liam5t1 9 ^: h&s is ! high police1 f9d+ t society 0 di/urb$1 oppos$--accord+ to cu/om--decrees to m&am5ts4 ,b ecclesia/ical discipl9e w\ld n yield to legal au?ority4 ,! magi/racy 0 "u ! necessity ( us+ =ce1 & to s5d ar*]s to obta9 = ! ,p>isians confession1 communion1 & int]m5t4 ,by ?is excess ( absurdity1 m5's m9ds 7 s\r$ & cabals 7 =m$ at c\rt1 z if !re _h be5 a f>m]-g5]al to be appo9t$1 or a m9i/] to be disgrac$4 ,9 ! discussion ( a "q !re are always incid5ts mix$ up t h no radical connection ) x2 & 9 ?is case s mu* s1 t all ! memb]s ( ! p>liam5t 7 exil$1 z 0 also ! ar*bi%op 9 8 turn4 ,^! confession tickets w\ld1 9 ! times prec$+1 h caus$ a civil w>1 b happily1 9 our days1 !y produc$ only civil cavils4 ,! _s ( philosophy1 :i* is no o!r ?an reason1 has become1 ) all hone/ m51 ! only antidote aga9/ ^! epidemic disord]s4 ,,confiscation4 ,x is well obs]v$1 9 ! ,dictionnaire ,encyclopdique1 9 ! article ,confiscation1 t ! fisc1 :e!r public1 or royal1 or seignorial1 or imp]ial1 or disloyal1 0 a small basket ( re$s or osi]s1 9 :i* 0 put ! little money t 0 receiv$ or c\ld be extort$4 ,we n[ use bags2 ! royal fisc is ! royal bag4 ,9 sev]al c\ntries ( ,europe x is a receiv$ maxim1 t :osoev] confiscates ! body1 confiscates ! goods also4 ,?is usage is e/abli%$ 9 ^? c\ntries 9 p>ticul> :]e cu/om holds ! place ( law2 & 9 all cases1 an entire family is puni%$ = ! fault ( "o man only4 ,to confiscate ! body1 is n to put a man's body into 8 sov]eign "l's basket4 ,?is phrase1 9 ! b>b>\s language ( ! b>1 means to get possession ( ! body ( a citiz51 9 ord] ei!r to take away 8 life1 or to condemn him to bani%m5t = life4 ,if he is put to dea?1 or escapes dea? by flight1 8 goods are seiz$4 ,?us x is n en\gh to put a man to dea? = 8 (f5ces2 8 *ildr51 too1 mu/ be depriv$ ( ! means ( liv+4 ,9 m c\ntries ?an "o1 ! rigor ( cu/om confiscates ! prop]ty ( a man :o has volunt>ily releas$ himself f ! mis]ies ( ?is life1 & 8 *ildr5 are r$uc$ to begg>y because _! fa!r is dead4 ,9 "s ,roman ,ca?olic prov9ces1 ! head ( a family is condemn$ to ! galleys = life1 by an arbitr>y s5t5ce1 = hav+ h>bor$ a prea*] 9 8 h\se1 or = hav+ he>d "o ( 8 s]mons 9 "s cav]n or des]t place1 & 8 wife & family are =c$ to beg _! bread4 ,?is jurisprud5ce1 :i* consi/s 9 depriv+ orphans ( _! food1 0 unkn[n to ! ,roman commonweal?4 ,sulla introduc$ x 9 8 proscriptions1 & x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t a rap9e inv5t$ by ,sulla 0 n an example to be foll[$4 ,nor 0 ?is law1 :i* seems to h be5 dictat$ by inhumanity & av>ice alone1 foll[$ ei!r by ,cs>1 or by ! good ,emp]or ,trajan1 or by ! ,anton9es1 ^: names are /ill pron\nc$ 9 e nation ) love & rev]5ce4 ,ev5 "u ,ju/9ian1 confiscations took place only 9 cases ( high treason4 ,^? :o 7 accus$ hav+ be51 = ! mo/ "p1 m5 ( great possessions1 x seems t ,ju/9ian made ?is ord9ance ?r\gh av>ice alone4 ,x also appe>s t1 9 ! times ( feudal an>*y1 ! pr9ces & lords ( l&s1 be+ n v ri*1 s\ght to increase _! treasure by ! condemnation ( _! subjects4 ,!y 7 all[$ to draw a rev5ue f crime4 ,_! laws be+ arbitr>y1 & ! ,roman jurisprud5ce unkn[n among !m1 _! cu/oms1 :e!r :imsical or cruel1 prevail$4 ,b n[ t ! p[] ( sov]eigns is f\nd$ on imm5se & assur$ weal?1 _! treasure ne$s no long] to be swoll5 by ! sl5d] wreck ( ! =tunes ( "s unhappy family4 ,x is true t ! goods s appropriat$ are ab&on$ to ! fir/ :o asks = !m4 ,b is x = "o citiz5 to fatt5 on ! rema9s ( ! blood ( ano!r citiz58 ,confiscation is n admitt$ 9 c\ntries :]e ! ,roman law is e/abli%$1 except )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! p>liam5t ( ,t\l\se4 ,x 0 =m]ly e/abli%$ at ,calais1 :]e x 0 aboli%$ by ! ,engli% :5 !y 7 ma/]s ( t place4 ,x appe>s v /range t ! inhabitants ( ! capital live "u a m rigor\s law ?an ^? ( ! small] t[ns2 s true is x1 t jurisprud5ce has (t5 be5 e/abli%$ by *ance1 )\t regul>ity1 )\t uni=mity1 z ! huts are built 9 a village4 ,! foll[+ 0 spok5 by ,advocate-,g5]al ,om] ,talon1 9 full p>liam5t1 at ! mo/ glori\s p]iod 9 ! annals ( ,france1 9 #afgc1 conc]n+ ! prop]ty ( "o ,mademoiselle de ,canillac1 :i* _h be5 confiscat$4 ,read]1 att5d to ?is spee*2 x is n 9 ! /yle ( ,cic]o's oratory1 b x is curi\s3 ,9 ! ?irte5? *apt] ( ,deut]onomy1 ,god says1 ',if ?\ %alt f9d a city :]e idolatry prevails1 ?\ %alt surely smite ! inhabitants ( t city ) ! edge ( ! sword1 de/roy+ x utt]ly1 & all t is !re94 ,& ?\ %alt ga!r all ! spoil ( x into ! mid/ ( ! /reet !re(1 & %alt burn ) fire ! city & all ! spoil !re(1 e :it1 = ! ,"l ?y ,god4' ,s1 9 ! crime ( high treason1 ! k+ seiz$ ! prop]ty1 & ! *ildr5 7 depriv$ ( x4 ,nabo? hav+ be5 proce$$ aga9/1 'quia mal$ix]at regi1' ,k+ ,ahab took possession ( 8 inh]itance4 ,david1 be+ appris$ t ,mephibo%e? _h tak5 "p 9 ! rebellion1 gave all 8 goods to ,%eba1 :o br\ght him ! news--',tibi sunt omnia qu fu]unt ,mephibo%e?4' ,! "q "h 01 :o %\ld inh]it ! prop]ty ( ,mademoiselle de ,canillac--prop]ty =m]ly confiscat$ f h] fa!r1 ab&on$ by ! k+ to a keep] ( ! royal treasure1 & aft]w>ds giv5 by ?is keep] ( ! royal treasure to ! te/atrix4 ,& 9 ?is case ( a woman ( ,auv]gne a lawy] ref]s u to t ( ,ahab1 "o ( ! petty k+s ( a "p ( ,pale/9e1 :o confiscat$ ,nabo?'s v9ey>d1 aft] assass9at+ its proprietor ) ! poni>d ( ,jewi% ju/ice--an abom9able act1 :i* has become a prov]b to inspire m5 ) a horror = usurpation4 ,assur$ly1 ,nabo?'s v9ey>d has no connection ) ,mademoiselle de ,canillac's inh]itance4 ,nor d ! murd] & confiscation ( ! goods ( ,mephibo%e?1 gr&son ( ,k+ ,saul1 & son ( ,david's fri5d ,jona?an1 be> a mu* great] aff9ity to ?is lady's w4 ,) ?is p$antry1 ?is rage = citations =eign to ! subject2 ) ?is ignorance ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( human nature2 ) ^! ill-conceiv$ & ill-adapt$ prejudices1 has jurisprud5ce be5 treat$ on by m5 :o1 9 _! sph]e1 h _h "s reputation4 ,,consci5ce4 ,,section ,i4 ,( ! ,consci5ce ( ,good & ( ,evil4 ,locke has demon/rat$--if we may use t t]m 9 morals & metaphysics--t we h no innate ideas or pr9ciples4 ,he 0 oblig$ to demon/rate ?is position at great l5g?1 z ! contr>y 0 at t "t univ]sally believ$4 ,x h5ce cle>ly foll[s t x is necess>y to in/il j ideas & good pr9ciples into ! m9d z soon z x acquires ! use ( its faculties4 ,locke adduces ! example ( savages1 :o kill & dev\r _! neighbors )\t any remorse ( consci5ce2 & ( ,*ri/ian soldi]s1 dec5tly educat$1 :o1 on ! tak+ ( a city by assault1 plund]1 slay1 & violate1 n m]ely )\t remorse1 b ) rapture1 honor1 & glory1 & ) ! applause ( all _! comrades4 ,x is p]fectly c]ta9 t1 9 ! massacres ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 & 9 ! autos-da-f ! holy acts ( fai? ( ! ,inquisition1 no murd]]'s consci5ce ev] upbraid$ him ) hav+ massacr$ m51 wom51 & *ildr51 or ) ! %rieks1 fa9t+s1 & dy+ tortures ( 8 mis]able victims1 ^: only crime consi/$ 9 keep+ ,ea/] 9 a mann] diff]5t f t ( ! inquisitors4 ,x results1 !re=e1 f :at has be5 /at$1 t we h no o!r consci5ce ?an :at is creat$ 9 u by ! _s ( ! age1 by example1 & by our own dispositions & reflections4 ,man is born )\t pr9ciples1 b ) ! faculty ( receiv+ !m4 ,8 natural disposition w incl9e him ei!r to cruelty or k9dness2 8 und]/&+ w 9 "t in=m him t ! squ>e ( twelve is a hundr$ & =ty-f\r1 & t he ought n to d to o!rs :at he w\ld n t o!rs %\ld d to him2 b he w n1 ( himself1 acquire ^! tru?s 9 e>ly *ildhood4 ,he w n und]/& ! fir/1 & he w n feel ! second4 ,a "y savage :o1 :5 hungry1 has receiv$ f 8 fa!r a piece ( ano!r savage to eat1 w1 on ! morr[1 ask = ! l meal1 )\t ?9k+ ab\t any obligation n to treat a neighbor o!rwise ?an he w\ld be treat$ himself4 ,he acts1 me*anically & irresi/ibly1 directly contr>y to ! et]nal pr9ciple4 ,nature has made a provision aga9/ su* horrors4 ,%e has giv5 to man a disposition to pity1 & ! p[] ( compreh5d+ tru?4 ,^! two gifts ( ,god con/itute ! f\ndation ( civil society4 ,?is is ! reason !re h ev] be5 b few cannibals2 & :i* r5d]s life1 among civiliz$ nations1 a little tol]able4 ,fa!rs & mo!rs be/[ on _! *ildr5 an education :i* soon r5d]s !m social1 & ?is education conf]s on !m a consci5ce4 ,pure religion & morality1 e>ly inculcat$1 s /rongly impress ! human he>t t1 f ! age ( sixte5 or sev5te51 a s+le bad action w n be p]=m$ )\t ! upbraid+s ( consci5ce4 ,!n ru% on ^? headlong passions :i* w> aga9/ consci5ce1 & sometimes de/roy x4 ,dur+ ! conflict1 m51 hurri$ on by ! tempe/ ( _! feel+s1 on v>i\s occasions consult ! advice ( o!rs2 z1 9 physical diseases1 !y ask x ( ^? :o appe> to enjoy good heal?4 ,?is x is :i* has produc$ casui/s2 t is1 p]sons :o decide on cases ( consci5ce4 ,"o ( ! wise/ casui/s 0 ,cic]o4 ,9 8 book ( ,(fices1 or ,duties ( man1 he inve/igates po9ts ( ! greate/ nicety2 b long be=e him ,zoroa/] _h appe>$ 9 ! _w to guide ! consci5ce by ! mo/ beautiful precept1 ,if y d\bt :e!r an action be good or bad1 ab/a9 f do+ x4 ,we treat ( ?is else:]e4 ,:e!r a ,judge ,%\ld ,decide accord+ to 8 ,consci5ce1 or accord+ to ! ,evid5ce4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 y are a great sa9t1 & a great div9e1 & no ,dom9ican has a great] v5]ation = y ?an ,i h2 b y h decid$1 9 y\r ,summ>y1 t a judge ought to give s5t5ce accord+ to ! evid5ce produc$ aga9/ ! p]son accus$1 al?\gh he kn[s t p]son to be p]fectly innoc5t4 ,y ma9ta9 t ! deposition ( witnesses1 :i* mu/ inevitably be false1 & ! pret5d$ pro(s result+ f ! process1 :i* are imp]t95t1 ought to weigh d[n ! te/imony ( 8 own s5ses4 ,he saw ! crime committ$ by ano!r2 & yet1 accord+ to y1 he ought 9 consci5ce to condemn ! accus$1 al?\gh 8 consci5ce tells him ! accus$ is innoc5t4 ,accord+ to y\r doctr9e1 !re=e1 if ! judge _h himself committ$ ! crime 9 "q1 8 consci5ce ought to oblige him to condemn ! man falsely accus$ ( x4 ,9 my consci5ce1 great sa9t1 ,i conceive t y are mo/ absurdly & mo/ dreadfully deceiv$4 ,x is a pity t1 :ile possess+ su* a k ( canon law1 y %\ld be s little acqua9t$ ) natural law4 ,! duty ( a magi/rate to be j1 prec$es t ( be+ a =mali/4 ,if1 9 virtue ( evid5ce :i* c nev] exce$ probability1 ,i 7 to condemn a man ^: innoc5ce ,i 0 o!rwise conv9c$ (1 ,i %\ld consid] myself a fool & an assass94 ,=tunately all ! tribunals ( ! _w ?9k diff]5tly f y4 ,i "k n :e!r ,f>9aceus & ,grill&us may be ( y\r op9ion4 ,h[ev] t may be1 if ev] y meet ) ,cic]o1 ,ulpian1 ,trebonian1 ,dem\l91 ! ,*ancellor de l',hpital1 or ! ,*ancellor d',aguesseau1 9 ! %ades1 be sure to ask p>don ( !m = fall+ into su* an error4 ,( a ,deceitful ,consci5ce4 ,! be/ ?+ p]haps t 0 ev] said ^u ?is important subject is 9 ! witty "w ( ,tri/ram ,%&y1 writt5 by a cl]gyman ( ! "n ( ,/]ne1 ! second ,rabelais ( ,engl&4 ,x resembles ^? small satires ( antiquity1 ! ess5tial _s ( :i* is s piquant & preci\s4 ,an old half-pay capta9 & 8 corporal1 assi/$ by ,doctor ,slop1 put a numb] ( v ridicul\s que/ions4 ,9 ^! que/ions ! ,fr5* div9es are n sp>$4 ,m5tion is p>ticul>ly made ( a memoir pres5t$ to ! ,sorbonne by a surgeon1 reque/+ p]mission to baptize unborn *ildr5 by means ( a cly/]-pipe1 :i* might be introduc$ into ! womb )\t injur+ ei!r ! "m or ! *ild4 ,at l5g? ! corporal is direct$ to read to !m a s]mon1 compos$ by ! same cl]gyman1 ,/]ne4 ,among _m p>ticul>s1 sup]ior ev5 to ^? ( ,rembr&t & ,calot1 x describes a g5tleman1 a man ( ! _w1 sp5d+ 8 "t 9 ! pleasures ( ! table1 9 gam+1 & debau*]y1 yet do+ no?+ to expose himself to ! reproa*es ( :at is call$ good company1 & consequ5tly nev] incurr+ 8 own4 ,8 consci5ce & 8 honor accompany him to ! !atres1 to ! gam+ h\ses1 & are m p>ticul>ly pres5t :5 he lib]ally pays 8 lady "u protection4 ,he puni%es sev]ely1 :5 9 (fice1 ! petty l>c5ies ( ! vulg>1 lives a life ( gayety1 & dies )\t ! slighte/ feel+ ( remorse4 ,doctor ,slop int]rupts ! read+ to obs]ve t su* a case 0 impossible ) respect to a foll[] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 & c\ld happ5 only among papi/s4 ,at la/ ! s]mon adduces ! example ( ,david1 :o sometimes possess$ a consci5ce t5d] & enlight5$1 at o!rs h>d5$ & d>k4 ,:5 he has x 9 8 p[] to assass9ate 8 k+ 9 a cav]n1 he scruples go+ beyond cutt+ (f a corn] ( 8 robe--"h is ! t5d] consci5ce4 ,he passes an entire ye> )\t feel+ ! slighte/ compunction = 8 adult]y ) ,ba?%eba & 8 murd] ( ,uriah--"h is ! same consci5ce 9 a /ate ( obduracy & d>kness4 ,su*1 says ! prea*]1 are ! great] numb] ( mank9d4 ,we conc$e to ?is cl]gyman t ! great ones ( ! _w are v (t5 9 ?is /ate2 ! torr5t ( pleasures & affairs urges !m almo/ irresi/ibly on2 !y h no "t to keep a consci5ce4 ,consci5ce is prop] en\gh = ! p2 b ev5 ! p disp5se ) x1 :5 ! "q is h[ to ga9 money4 ,x is judici\s1 h[ev]1 at times1 to endeavor to awak5 consci5ce bo? 9 mantua-mak]s & 9 mon>*s1 by ! inculcation ( a morality calculat$ to make an impression ^u bo?2 b1 9 ord] to make ?is impression1 x is necess>y to prea* bett] ?an mod]n prea*]s usually d1 :o seldom talk effectively to ei!r4 ,lib]ty ( ,consci5ce4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man4 ,we d n adopt ! :ole ( ! foll[+ article2 b1 z x conta9s "s tru?s1 we did n consid] ourselves oblig$ to omit x2 & we d n feel ourselves call$ ^u to ju/ify :at may be advanc$ 9 x ) too great ra%ness or sev]ity4--,au?or4 ,! almon] ( ,pr9ce ----1 :o is a ,roman ,ca?olic1 ?reat5$ an anabapti/ t he w\ld get him bani%$ f ! small e/ates :i* ! pr9ce gov]n$4 ,he told him t !re 7 only ?ree au?oriz$ sects 9 ! empire--t :i* eats ,jesus ,*ri/1 by fai? alone1 9 a morsel ( bread1 :ile dr9k+ out ( a cup2 t :i* eats ,jesus ,*ri/ ) bread alone2 & t :i* eats ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 body & 9 s\l1 )\t ei!r bread or w9e2 & t z = ! anabapti/ :o does n 9 any way eat ,god1 he 0 n fit to live 9 monseigneur's t]ritory4 ,at la/1 ! conv]sation k9dl+ into great] viol5ce1 ! almon] fi]cely ?reat5$ ! anabapti/ t he w\ld get him hang$4 ',s mu* ! worse = 8 highness1' repli$ ! anabapti/2 ',i am a l>ge manufactur]2 ,i employ two hundr$ workm52 ,i occasion ! influx ( two hundr$ ?\s& cr[ns a ye> into 8 t]ritories2 my family w g & settle some:]e else2 monseigneur w 9 consequ5ce be a los]4' ',b suppose monseigneur hangs up y\r two hundr$ workm5 & y\r family1' rejo9$ ! almon]1 '& gives y\r manufactory to good ,ca?olics8' ',i defy him to d x1' says ! old g5tleman4 ',a manufactory is n to be giv5 l a f>m2 because indu/ry _c be giv54 ,x w\ld be m silly = him to act s ?an to ord] all 8 horses to be kill$1 because1 be+ a bad horseman1 "o may h ?r[n him (f 8 back4 ,! int]e/ ( monseigneur does n consi/ 9 my swall[+ ! godhead 9 a waf]1 b 9 my procur+ some?+ to eat = 8 subjects1 & increas+ ! rev5ues by my indu/ry4 ,i am a g5tleman2 & al?\gh ,i _h ! mis=tune n to be born su*1 my occupation w\ld compel me to become "o2 = m]cantile transactions are ( a v diff]5t nature f ^? ( a c\rt1 & f y\r own4 ,!re c be no success 9 !m )\t probity4 ,( :at consequ5ce is x to y t ,i 0 baptiz$ at :at is call$ ! age ( discretion1 & y :ile y 7 an infant8 ,( :at consequ5ce is x to y t ,i wor%ip ,god aft] ! mann] ( my fa!rs8 ,7 y able to foll[ up y\r wise maxims1 f "o end ( ! _w to ! o!r1 y w hang up ! ,greek1 :o does n believe t ! _s proce$s f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son2 all ! ,engli%1 all ! ,holl&]s1 ,danes1 ,sw$es1 ,icel&]s1 ,prussians1 ,hanov]ians1 ,saxons1 ,hol/e9]s1 ,hessians1 ,wrtemb]g]s1 ,b]nese1 ,hamburg]s1 ,cossacks1 ,walla*ians1 & ,russians1 none ( :om believe ! pope to be infallible2 all ! ,mussulmans1 :o believe 9 "o ,god1 & :o give him nei!r fa!r nor "m2 ! ,indians1 ^: religion is m anci5t ?an ! ,jewi%2 & ! lett]$ ,*9ese1 :o1 = ! space ( f\r ?\s& ye>s1 h s]v$ "o only ,god )\t sup]/ition & )\t fanaticism4 ,?is1 !n1 is :at y w\ld p]=m _h y b ! p[]6' ',mo/ assur$ly1' says ! monk1 '= ! zeal ( ! h\se ( ! ,"l dev\rs me4' ',zelus domus su com$it me4' ',j tell me n[1 my good almon]1' resum$ ! anabapti/1 'are y a ,dom9ican1 or a ,jesuit1 or a devil8' ',i am a ,jesuit1' says ! o!r4 ',alas1 my fri5d1 if y are n a devil1 :y d y advance ?+s s utt]ly diabolical8' ',because ! rev]5d fa!r1 ! rector1 has comm&$ me to d s4' ',& :o comm&$ ! rev]5d fa!r1 ! rector1 to commit su* an abom9ation8' ',! prov9cial4' ',f :om did ! prov9cial receive ! comm&8' ',f our g5]al1 & all to please ! pope4' ,! poor anabapti/ exclaim$3 ',ye holy popes1 :o are at ,rome 9 possession ( ! ?rone ( ! ,cs>s--ar*bi%ops1 bi%ops1 & abbs1 become sov]eigns1 ,i respect & fly y2 b if1 9 ! recesses ( y\r he>t1 y confess t y\r opul5ce & p[] are f\nd$ only on ! ignorance & /upidity ( our fa!rs1 at lea/ enjoy !m ) mod]ation4 ,we d n wi% to de?rone y2 b d n cru% u4 ,enjoy y\rselves1 & let u be quiet4 ,if o!rwise1 tremble1 le/ at la/ p %\ld lose _! pati5ce1 & r$uce y1 = ! good ( y\r s\ls1 to ! condition ( ! apo/les1 ( :om y pret5d to be ! successors4' ',wret*6 y w\ld wi% ! pope & ! bi%op ( ,wrtemb]g to ga9 heav5 by evangelical pov]ty6' ',y1 rev]5d fa!r1 w\ld wi% to h me hang$6' ,illu/ration3 ,i'm a ,jesuit4 ,,consequ5ce4 ,:at is our real nature1 & :at sort ( a curi\s & contemptible und]/&+ d we possess8 ,a man may1 x appe>s1 draw ! mo/ correct & lum9\s conclusions1 & yet be de/itute ( common s5se4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 too true4 ,! ,a!nian fool1 :o believ$ t all ! vessels :i* came into ! port belong$ to him1 c\ld calculate to a nicety :at ! c>goes ( ^? vessels 7 wor?1 & )9 h[ _m days !y w\ld arrive f ,smyrna at ! ,piru4 ,we h se5 idiots :o c\ld calculate & reason 9 a /ill m extraord9>y mann]4 ,!y 7 n idiots1 !n1 y tell me4 ,i ask y\r p>don--!y c]ta9ly 74 ,!y re/$ _! :ole sup]/ructure on an absurd pr9ciple2 !y regul>ly /rung toge!r *im]as4 ,a man may walk well1 & g a/ray at ! same "t2 &1 !n1 ! bett] he walks ! f>!r a/ray he goes4 ,! ,fo ( ! ,indians 0 son ( an elephant1 :o condesc5d$ to produce (fspr+ by an ,indian pr9cess1 :o1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is species ( left-h&$ union1 0 br\ght to b$ ( ! god ,fo4 ,?is pr9cess 0 si/] to an emp]or ( ! ,indies4 ,fo1 !n1 0 ! nephew ( t emp]or1 & ! gr&son ( ! elephant & ! mon>* 7 c\s9s-g]man2 !re=e1 accord+ to ! laws ( ! /ate1 ! race ( ! emp]or be+ ext9ct1 ! desc5dants ( ! elephant become ! rightful successors4 ,admit ! pr9ciple1 & ! conclusion is p]fectly correct4 ,x is said t ! div9e elephant 0 n9e /&>d feet 9 height4 ,y reasonably suppose t ! gate ( 8 /able %\ld be above n9e feet 9 height1 9 ord] to admit 8 ent]+ ) ease4 ,he consum$ tw5ty p\nds ( rice e day1 & tw5ty p\nds ( sug>1 & drank tw5ty-five p\nds ( wat]4 ,y f9d1 by us+ y\r ari?metic1 t he swall[s ?irty-six ?\s& five hundr$ p\nds weight 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>2 x is impossible to reckon m correctly4 ,b did y\r elephant ev]1 9 fact1 exi/8 ,0 he ! emp]or's bro!r-9-law8 ,_h 8 wife a *ild by ?is left-h&$ union8 ,?is is ! matt] to be inve/igat$4 ,tw5ty diff]5t au?ors1 :o liv$ 9 ,co*9 ,*9a1 h successively writt5 ab\t x2 x is incumb5t on y to collate ^! tw5ty au?ors1 to weigh _! te/imonies1 to consult anci5t records1 to see if !re is any m5tion ( ?is elephant 9 ! public regi/]s2 to exam9e :e!r ! :ole acc\nt is n a fable1 :i* c]ta9 impo/ors h an int]e/ 9 sanction+4 ,y proce$ ^u an extravagant pr9ciple1 b draw f x correct conclusions4 ,logic is n s mu* want+ to m5 z ! s\rce ( logic4 ,x is n suffici5t = a madman to say six vessels :i* belong to me c>ry two hundr$ tons ea*2 ! ton is two ?\s& p\nds weight2 ,i h !re=e twelve hundr$ ?\s& p\nds weight ( m]*&ise 9 ! port ( ! ,piru4 ,! great po9t is1 are ^? vessels y\rs8 ,t is ! pr9ciple ^u :i* y\r =tune dep5ds2 :5 t is settl$1 y may e/imate & reckon up aft]w>ds4 ,an ignorant man1 :o is a fanatic1 & :o at ! same "t /rictly draws 8 conclusions f 8 premises1 ought sometimes to be smo!r$ to dea? z a madman4 ,he has read t ,ph9eas1 transport$ by a holy zeal1 hav+ f\nd a ,jew 9 b$ ) a ,midianiti% woman1 slew !m bo?1 & 0 imitat$ by ! ,levites1 :o massacr$ e h\sehold t consi/$ "o-half ( ,midianites & ! o!r ( ,jews4 ,he le>ns t ,mr4 ----1 8 ,ca?olic neighbor1 intrigu$ ) ,mrs4 ----1 ano!r neighbor1 b a ,hugu5ot1 & he w kill bo? ( !m )\t scruple4 ,x is impossible to act 9 great] consi/5cy ) pr9ciple2 b :at is ! rem$y = ?is dreadful disease ( ! s\l8 ,x is to accu/om *ildr5 betimes to admit no?+ :i* %ocks reason1 to avoid relat+ to !m hi/ories ( gho/s1 app>itions1 wit*es1 demoniacal possessions1 & ridicul\s prodigies4 ,a girl ( an active & susceptible imag9ation he>s a /ory ( demoniacal possessions2 h] n]ves become %ak51 %e falls into convulsions1 & believes h]self possess$ by a demon or devil4 ,i actually saw "o "y woman die 9 consequ5ce ( ! %ock h] frame receiv$ f ^! abom9able hi/ories4 ,,con/ant9e4 ,,section ,i4 ,! ,age ( ,con/ant9e4 ,among ! ages :i* foll[$ ! ,augu/an1 t ( ,con/ant9e m]its p>ticul> di/9ction4 ,x is immortaliz$ by ! great *anges :i* x u%]$ into ! _w4 ,x comm5c$1 x is true1 ) br++ back b>b>ism4 ,n m]ely 7 !re no ,cic]os1 ,horaces1 & ,virgils1 any long] to be f\nd1 b !re 0 n ev5 a ,lucan or a ,s5eca2 !re 0 n ev5 a philosophic & accurate hi/orian4 ,no?+ 0 to be se5 b equivocal satires or m]e r&om panegyrics4 ,x 0 at t "t t ! ,*ri/ians began to write hi/ory1 b !y took n ,titus ,livy1 or ,?ucydides z _! models4 ,! foll[]s ( ! anci5t religion wrote ) no great] eloqu5ce or tru?4 ,! two p>ties1 9 a /ate ( mutual exasp]ation1 did n v scrupul\sly inve/igate ! *>ges :i* !y heap$ ^u _! adv]s>ies2 & h5ce x arises t ! same man is sometimes repres5t$ z a god & sometimes z a mon/]4 ,! decl9e ( ev]y?+1 9 ! commone/ me*anical arts1 z well z 9 eloqu5ce & virtue1 took place aft] ! reign ( ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,he 0 ! la/ emp]or ( ! sect ( /oics1 :o elevat$ man above himself by r5d]+ him sev]e to himself only1 & compassionate to o!rs4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ?is emp]or1 :o 0 a g5u9e philosoph]1 !re 0 no?+ b tyranny & confusion4 ,! soldi]s frequ5tly dispos$ ( ! empire4 ,! s5ate _h fall5 into su* complete contempt t1 9 ! "t ( ,galli5us1 an express law 0 enact$ to prev5t s5ators f engag+ 9 w>4 ,?irty heads ( p>ties 7 se51 at "o "t1 assum+ ! title ( emp]or 9 ?irty prov9ces ( ! empire4 ,! b>b>ians already p\r$ 91 on e side1 9 ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury1 on ?is r5t & lac]at$ empire4 ,yet x 0 held toge!r by ! m]e milit>y discipl9e on :i* x _h be5 f\nd$4 ,dur+ all ^! calamities1 ,*ri/ianity gradually e/abli%$ itself1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,egypt1 ,syria1 & on ! coa/s ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,! ,roman ,empire admitt$ all sorts ( religions1 z well z all sects ( philosophy4 ,! wor%ip ( ,osiris 0 p]mitt$1 & ev5 ! ,jews 7 left 9 ! enjoym5t ( consid]able privileges1 not)/&+ _! revolts4 ,b ! p 9 ! prov9ces frequ5tly rose up aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! magi/rates p]secut$ !m1 & edicts 7 frequ5tly obta9$ aga9/ !m f ! emp]ors4 ,!re is no gr\nd = a/oni%m5t at ! g5]al hatr$ 9 :i* ,*ri/ians 7 at fir/ held1 :ile s _m o!r religions 7 tol]at$4 ,! reason 0 t nei!r ,egyptians nor ,jews1 nor ! wor%ipp]s ( ! goddess ( ,syria & s _m o!r =eign deities1 ev] decl>$ op5 ho/ility to ! gods ( ! empire4 ,!y did n array !mselves aga9/ ! e/abli%$ religion2 b "o ( ! mo/ imp]i\s duties ( ! ,*ri/ians 0 to ext]m9ate ! prevail+ wor%ip4 ,! prie/s ( ! gods rais$ a clamor on p]ceiv+ ! dim9ution ( sacrifices & (f]+s2 & ! p1 ev] fanatical & impetu\s1 7 /irr$ up aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 :ile 9 ! meantime _m emp]ors protect$ !m4 ,adrian expressly =bade ! p]secution ( !m4 ,m>cus ,aurelius comm&$ t !y %\ld n be prosecut$ on acc\nt ( religion4 ,c>acalla1 ,heliogabalus1 ,alex&]1 ,philip1 & ,galli5us left !m entire lib]ty4 ,!y _h1 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 public *ur*es num]\sly att5d$ & v opul5t2 & s great 0 ! lib]ty !y enjoy$ t1 9 ! c\rse ( t c5tury1 !y held sixte5 c\ncils4 ,! road to dignities 0 %ut up aga9/ ! fir/ ,*ri/ians1 :o 7 ne>ly all ( obscure condition1 & !y turn$ _! att5tion to comm]ce1 & "s ( !m amass$ great afflu5ce4 ,?is is ! res\rce ( all societies t _c h access to (fices 9 ! /ate4 ,su* has be5 ! case ) ! ,calv9i/s 9 ,france1 all ! ,noncon=mi/s 9 ,engl&1 ! ,ca?olics 9 ,holl&1 ! ,arm5ians 9 ,p]sia1 ! ,banians 9 ,india1 & ! ,jews all ov] ! _w4 ,h[ev]1 at la/ ! tol]ation 0 s great1 & ! adm9i/ration ( ! gov]nm5t s mild1 t ! ,*ri/ians ga9$ access to all ! honors & dignities ( ! /ate4 ,!y did n sacrifice to ! gods ( ! empire2 !y 7 n mole/$1 :e!r !y att5d$ or avoid$ ! temples2 !re 0 at ,rome ! mo/ p]fect lib]ty ) respect to ! ex]cises ( _! religion2 none 7 compell$ to engage 9 !m4 ,! ,*ri/ians1 !re=e1 enjoy$ ! same lib]ty z o!rs4 ,x is s true t !y atta9$ to honors1 t ,diocletian & ,gal]ius depriv$ no few] ?an ?ree hundr$ & ?ree ( !m ( ^? honors1 9 ! p]secution ( :i* we %all h to speak4 ,x is our duty to adore ,provid5ce 9 all its disp5sations2 b ,i conf9e myself to political hi/ory4 ,manes1 "u ! reign ( ,probus1 ab\t ! ye> #bgh1 =m$ a new religion 9 ,alex&ria4 ,! pr9ciples ( ?is sect 7 made up ( "s anci5t doctr9es ( ! ,p]sians & c]ta9 t5ets ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,probus1 & 8 successor1 ,c>us1 left ,manes & ! ,*ri/ians 9 ! enjoym5t ( peace4 ,num]i5 p]mitt$ !m entire lib]ty4 ,diocletian protect$ ! ,*ri/ians1 & tol]at$ ! ,mani*ans1 dur+ twelve ye>s2 b 9 #bif he issu$ an edict aga9/ ! ,mani*ans1 & proscrib$ !m z enemies to ! empire & adh]5ts ( ! ,p]sians4 ,! ,*ri/ians 7 n compreh5d$ 9 ! edict2 !y cont9u$ 9 tranquillity "u ,diocletian1 & made op5 pr(ession ( _! religion ?r\gh\t ! :ole empire until ! latt] ye>s ( t pr9ce's reign4 ,to complete ! sket*1 x is necess>y to describe ( :at at t p]iod ! ,roman ,empire consi/$4 ,not)/&+ int]nal & =eign %ocks1 not)/&+ ! incursions ( b>b>ians1 x compris$ all ! possessions ( ! gr& seignor at ! pres5t day1 except ,arabia2 all t ! h\se ( ,au/ria possesses 9 ,g]many1 & all ! ,g]man prov9ces z f> z ! ,elbe2 ,italy1 ,france1 ,spa91 ,engl&1 & half ( ,scotl&2 all ,africa z f> z ! des]t ( ,sah>a1 & ev5 ! ,can>y ,isles4 ,all ^! nations 7 reta9$ "u ! yoke by bodies ( milit>y less consid]able ?an w\ld be rais$ by ,g]many & ,france at ! pres5t day1 :5 9 actual w>4 ,?is imm5se p[] became m confirm$ & enl>g$1 f ,cs> d[n to ,!odosius1 z well by laws1 police1 & real s]vices conf]r$ on ! p1 z by arms & t]ror4 ,x is ev5 yet a matt] ( a/oni%m5t t none ( ^! conqu]$ nations h be5 able1 s9ce !y became _! own rul]s1 to =m su* highways1 & to erect su* amphi!atres & public ba?s1 z _! conqu]ors be/[$ ^u !m4 ,c\ntries :i* are at pres5t ne>ly b>b>\s & des]t$1 7 !n popul\s & well gov]n$4 ,su*1 7 ,epirus1 ,mac$onia1 ,!ssaly1 ,illyria1 ,pannonia1 ) ,asia ,m9or1 & ! coa/s ( ,africa2 b x mu/ also be admitt$ t ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,brita9 7 !n v diff]5t f :at !y are n[4 ,^! ?ree /ates are ^? :i* h mo/ b5efit$ by gov]n+ !mselves2 yet x requir$ ne>ly twelve c5turies to place ^? k+doms 9 ! fl\ri%+ situation 9 :i* we n[ behold !m2 b x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t all ! re/ h lo/ mu* by pass+ "u diff]5t laws4 ,! ru9s ( ,asia ,m9or & ,greece1 ! depopulation ( ,egypt & ! b>b>ism ( ,africa1 are /ill exi/+ te/imonials ( ,roman greatness4 ,! great numb] ( fl\ri%+ cities :i* cov]$ ^? c\ntries _h n[ become mis]able villages1 & ! soil _h become b>r5 "u ! h&s ( a brutaliz$ population4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,"* ( ,con/ant9e4 ,i w n "h speak ( ! confusion :i* agitat$ ! empire aft] ! abdication ( ,diocletian4 ,!re 7 aft] 8 dea? six emp]ors at once4 ,con/ant9e triumph$ ov] !m all1 *ang$ ! religion ( ! empire1 & 0 n m]ely ! au?or ( t great revolution1 b ( all ^? :i* h s9ce occurr$ 9 ! we/4 ,:at 0 8 "*8 ,ask x ( ,julian1 ( ,zosimus1 ( ,sozom51 & ( ,victor2 !y w tell y t he act$ at fir/ l a great pr9ce1 aft]w>ds z a public robb]1 & t ! la/ /age ( 8 life 0 t ( a s5suali/1 a trifl]1 & a prodigal4 ,!y w describe him z ev] ambiti\s1 cruel1 & sangu9>y4 ,ask 8 "* ( ,eusebius1 ( ,gregory ,nazianz51 & ,lactantius2 !y w in=m y t he 0 a p]fect man4 ,betwe5 ^! two extremes au!ntic facts alone c enable u to obta9 ! tru?4 ,he _h a fa!r-9-law1 :om he impell$ to hang himself2 he _h a bro!r-9-law :om he ord]$ to be /rangl$2 he _h a nephew twelve or ?irte5 ye>s old1 ^: ?roat he ord]$ to be cut2 he _h an elde/ son1 :om he behead$2 he _h a wife1 :om he ord]$ to be suffocat$ 9 a ba?4 ,an old ,gallic au?or said t he lov$ to make a cle> h\se4 ,if y add to all ^! dome/ic acts t1 be+ on ! banks ( ! ,rh9e 9 pursuit ( "s hordes ( ,franks :o resid$ 9 ^? p>ts1 & hav+ tak5 _! k+s1 :o probably 7 ( ! family ( our ,ph>amond or ,clodion le ,*evelu1 he expos$ !m to bea/s = 8 div]sion2 y may inf] f all ?is1 )\t any appreh5sion ( be+ deceiv$1 t he 0 n ! mo/ c\rte\s & accommodat+ p]sonage 9 ! _w4 ,let u exam9e1 9 ?is place1 ! pr9cipal ev5ts ( 8 reign4 ,8 fa!r1 ,con/antius ,*lorus1 0 9 ! he>t ( ,brita91 :]e he _h = "s mon?s assum$ ! title ( emp]or4 ,con/ant9e 0 at ,nicom$ia1 ) ! emp]or ,gal]ius4 ,he ask$ p]mission ( ! emp]or to g to see 8 fa!r1 :o 0 ill4 ,gal]ius grant$ x1 )\t difficulty4 ,con/ant9e set (f ) gov]nm5t relays1 call$ v]$>ii4 ,x might be said to be z dang]\s to be a po/-horse z to be a memb] ( ! family ( ,con/ant9e1 = he ord]$ all ! horses to be ham/rung aft] he _h done ) !m1 fe>ful le/ ,gal]ius %\ld revoke 8 p]mission & ord] him to return to ,nicom$ia4 ,he f\nd 8 fa!r at ! po9t ( dea?1 & caus$ himself to be recogniz$ emp]or by ! small numb] ( ,roman troops at t "t 9 ,brita94 ,an election ( a ,roman emp]or at ,york1 by five or six ?\s& m51 0 n likely to be consid]$ legitimate at ,rome4 ,x want$ at lea/ ! =mula ( ,s5atus populusque ,romanus4 ,! s5ate1 ! p1 & ! prtorian b&s unanim\sly elect$ ,max5tius1 son ( ! ,cs> ,maximilian ,h]cules1 :o _h be5 already ,cs>1 & bro!r ( t ,fau/a :om ,con/ant9e _h m>ri$1 & :om he aft]w>ds caus$ to be suffocat$4 ,?is ,max5tius is call$ a tyrant & usurp] by our hi/orians1 :o are uni=mly ! p>tisans ( ! successful4 ,he 0 ! protector ( ! pagan religion aga9/ ,con/ant9e1 :o already began to decl>e himself = ! ,*ri/ians4 ,be+ bo? pagan & vanqui%$1 he c\ld n b be an abom9able man4 ,eusebius tells u t ,con/ant9e1 :5 go+ to ,rome to fight ,max5tius1 saw 9 ! cl\ds1 z well z 8 :ole army1 ! gr& imp]ial /&>d call$ ! lab>um1 surm\nt$ ) a ,lat9 ,p4 or a l>ge ,greek ,r4 ) a cross 9 salti]1 & c]ta9 ,greek words :i* signifi$1 ,by ?is sign ?\ %alt conqu]4 ,"s au?ors pret5d t ?is sign appe>$ to him at ,besancon1 o!rs at ,cologne1 "s at ,tri] & o!rs at ,troyes4 ,x is /range t 9 all ^! places heav5 %\ld h express$ its mean+ 9 ,greek4 ,x w\ld h appe>$ m natural to ! weak und]/&+s ( m5 t ?is sign %\ld h appe>$ 9 ,italy on ! day ( ! battle2 b !n x w\ld h be5 necess>y t ! inscription %\ld h be5 9 ,lat94 ,a le>n$ antiqu>y1 ( ! "n ( ,loisel1 has refut$ ?is n>rative2 b he 0 treat$ z a reprobate4 ,x might1 h[ev]1 be wor? :ile to reflect t ?is w> 0 n a w> ( religion1 t ,con/ant9e 0 n a sa9t1 t he di$ suspect$ ( be+ an ,arian1 aft] hav+ p]secut$ ! or?odox2 &1 !re=e1 t !re is no v obvi\s motive to support ?is prodigy4 ,aft] ?is victory1 ! s5ate ha/5$ to pay its devotion to ! conqu]or1 & to express its dete/ation ( ! memory ( ! conqu]$4 ,! triumphal ar* ( ,m>cus ,aurelius 0 spe$ily dismantl$ to adorn t ( ,con/ant9e4 ,a /atue ( gold 0 prep>$ = him1 an honor :i* _h nev] be5 %[n except to ! gods4 ,he receiv$ x1 not)/&+ ! lab>um1 & receiv$ fur!r ! title ( ,pontifex ,maximus1 :i* he reta9$ all 8 life4 ,8 fir/ c>e1 accord+ to ,zosimus1 0 to ext]m9ate ! :ole race ( ! tyrant1 & 8 pr9cipal fri5ds2 aft] :i* he assi/$ v graci\sly at ! public spectacles & games4 ,! ag$ ,diocletian 0 at t "t dy+ 9 8 retreat at ,salonica4 ,con/ant9e %\ld n h be5 9 su* ha/e to pull d[n 8 /atues at ,rome2 he %\ld h recollect$ t ! =gott5 emp]or _h be5 ! b5efactor ( 8 fa!r1 & t he 0 indebt$ to him = ! empire4 ,al?\gh he _h conqu]$ ,max5tius1 ,lic9ius1 8 bro!r-9-law1 an ,augu/us l himself1 0 /ill to be got rid (2 & ,lic9ius 0 equally anxi\s to be rid ( ,con/ant9e1 if he _h x 9 8 p[]4 ,h[ev]1 _! qu>rels n hav+ yet brok5 out 9 ho/ility1 !y issu$ conjo9tly at ,milan1 9 #cac1 ! celebrat$ edict ( lib]ty ( consci5ce4 ,we grant1 !y say1 to all ! lib]ty ( foll[+ :atev] religion !y please1 9 ord] to draw d[n ! bless+ ( heav5 ^u u & our subjects2 we decl>e t we h grant$ to ! ,*ri/ians ! free & full p[] ( ex]cis+ _! religion2 x be+ und]/ood t all o!rs %all enjoy ! same lib]ty1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! tranquillity ( our gov]nm5t4 ,a volume might be writt5 on su* an edict1 b ,i %all m]ely v5ture a few l9es4 ,con/ant9e 0 n z yet a ,*ri/ian2 nor1 inde$1 0 8 colleague1 ,lic9ius1 "o4 ,!re 0 /ill an emp]or or a tyrant to be ext]m9at$2 ?is 0 a det]m9$ pagan1 ( ! "n ( ,maxim94 ,lic9ius f\ght ) him be=e he f\ght ) ,con/ant9e4 ,heav5 0 /ill m favorable to him ?an to ,con/ant9e himself2 = ! latt] _h only ! app>ition ( a /&>d1 b ,lic9ius t ( an angel4 ,?is angel taught him a pray]1 by means ( :i* he w\ld be sure to vanqui% ! b>b>ian ,maxim94 ,lic9ius wrote x d[n1 ord]$ x to be recit$ ?ree times by 8 army1 & obta9$ a complete victory4 ,if ?is same ,lic9ius1 ! bro!r-9-law ( ,con/ant9e1 _h reign$ happily1 we %\ld h he>d ( no?+ b 8 angel2 b ,con/ant9e hav+ _h him hang$1 & 8 son sla91 & become absolute ma/] ( ev]y?+1 no?+ has be5 talk$ ( b ,con/ant9e's lab>um4 ,x is believ$ t he put to dea? 8 elde/ son ,crispus1 & 8 own wife ,fau/a1 ! same ye> t he conv5$ ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice4 ,zosimus & ,sozom5 pret5d t1 ! hea!n prie/s hav+ told him t !re 7 no expiations = su* great crimes1 he !n made op5 pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity1 & demoli%$ _m temples 9 ! ,ea/4 ,x is n v probable t ! pagan pontiffs %\ld h omitt$ s f9e an opportunity ( gett+ back _! gr& pontiff1 :o _h ab&on$ !m4 ,h[ev]1 x is by no means impossible t !re might be among !m "s sev]e m52 scrupul\s & au/]e p]sons are to be f\nd ev]y:]e4 ,:at is m extraord9>y is1 t ,con/ant9e1 aft] becom+ a ,*ri/ian1 p]=m$ no p5ance = 8 p>ricide4 ,x 0 at ,rome t he ex]cis$ t cruelty1 & f t "t resid5ce at ,rome became hateful to him4 ,he quitt$ x =ev]1 & w5t to lay ! f\ndations ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,h[ d>$ he say1 9 "o ( 8 rescripts1 t he transf]r$ ! seat ( empire to ,con/ant9ople1 by ! comm& ( ,god himself8 ,is x any?+ b an impud5t mock]y ( ,god & man8 ,if ,god _h giv5 him any comm&1 w\ld x n h be5--n to assass9ate 8 wife & son8 ,diocletian _h already furni%$ an example ( transf]r+ ! empire t[>ds ,asia4 ,! pride1 ! despotism1 & ! g5]al mann]s ( ! ,asiatics disgu/$ ! ,romans1 deprav$ & slavi% z !y _h become4 ,! emp]ors _h n v5tur$ to require1 at ,rome1 t _! feet %\ld be kiss$1 nor to introduce a cr[d ( eunu*s into _! palaces4 ,diocletian began 9 ,nicom$ia1 & ,con/ant9e complet$ ! sy/em at ,con/ant9ople1 to assimilate ! ,roman c\rt to ! c\rts ( ! ,p]sians4 ,! city ( ,rome f t "t langui%$ 9 decay1 & ! old ,roman _s decl9$ ) h]4 ,con/ant9e ?us effect$ ! greate/ injury to ! empire t 0 9 8 p[]4 ,( all ! emp]ors1 he 0 unque/ionably ! mo/ absolute4 ,augu/us _h left an image ( lib]ty2 ,tib]ius1 & ev5 ,n]o1 _h humor$ ! s5ate & p ( ,rome2 ,con/ant9e humor$ none4 ,he _h at fir/ e/abli%$ 8 p[] 9 ,rome by disb&+ ^? haughty prtorians :o consid]$ !mselves ! ma/]s ( ! emp]ors4 ,he made an entire sep>ation betwe5 ! g[n & ! sword4 ,! depositories ( ! laws1 kept d[n "u milit>y p[]1 7 only juri/s 9 *a9s4 ,! prov9ces ( ! empire 7 gov]n$ ^u a new sy/em4 ,! gr& object ( ,con/ant9e 0 to be ma/] 9 ev]y?+2 he 0 s 9 ! ,*ur*1 z well z 9 ! ,/ate4 ,we behold him convok+ & op5+ ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice2 advanc+ into ! mid/ ( ! assembl$ fa!rs1 cov]$ ov] ) jewels1 & ) ! diadem on 8 head1 seat+ himself 9 ! highe/ place1 & bani%+ unconc]n$ly sometimes ,arius & sometimes ,a?anasius4 ,he put himself at ! head ( ,*ri/ianity )\t be+ a ,*ri/ian2 = at t "t baptism 0 ess5tial to any p]son's becom+ "o2 he 0 only a cate*um54 ,! usage ( wait+ = ! approa* ( dea? be=e imm]s+ 9 ! wat] ( reg5]ation1 0 beg9n+ to decl9e ) respect to private individuals4 ,if ,con/ant9e1 by delay+ 8 baptism till ne> ! po9t ( dea?1 ent]ta9$ ! notion t he might commit e act ) impunity 9 ! hope ( a complete expiation1 x 0 un=tunate = ! human race t su* an op9ion %\ld h ev] sugge/$ itself to ! m9d ( a man 9 possession ( uncontroll$ p[]4 ,,contradictions4 ,,section ,i4 ,! m we see ( ! _w1 ! m we see x ab\nd+ 9 contradictions & inconsi/5cies4 ,to beg9 ) ! ,gr& ,turk3 he ord]s e head t he dislikes /ruck (f1 & c v r>ely pres]ve 8 own4 ,if we pass f ! ,gr& ,turk to ! ,holy ,fa!r1 he confirms ! election ( emp]ors1 & has k+s among 8 vassals2 b he is n s p[]ful z a duke ( ,savoy4 ,he exp$ites ord]s = ,am]ica & ,africa1 yet c\ld n )hold ! slighte/ ( its privileges f ! republic ( ,lucca4 ,! emp]or is ! k+ ( ! ,romans2 b ! "r ( _! k+ consi/s 9 hold+ ! pope's /irrup1 & h&+ ! wat] to him at mass4 ,! ,engli% s]ve _! mon>* ^u _! knees1 b !y depose1 imprison1 & behead him4 ,m5 :o make a v[ ( pov]ty1 ga9 9 consequ5ce an income ( ab\t two hundr$ ?\s& cr[ns2 &1 9 virtue ( _! v[ ( humility1 !y become absolute sov]eigns4 ,! plurality ( b5efices ) c>e ( s\ls is sev]ely d5\nc$ at ,rome1 yet e day x despat*es a bull to "s ,g]man1 to enable him to hold five or six bi%oprics at once4 ,! reason1 we are told1 is t ! ,g]man bi%ops h no cure ( s\ls4 ,! *ancellor ( ,france is ! fir/ p]son 9 ! ,/ate1 b he _c sit at table ) ! k+1 at lea/ he c\ld n till lately1 al?\gh a colonel1 :o is sc>cely p]haps a g5tleman--g5til-homme --may enjoy t di/9ction4 ,! wife ( a prov9cial gov]nor is a que5 9 ! prov9ce1 b m]ely a citiz5's wife at c\rt4 ,p]sons convict$ ( ! crime ( noncon=mity are publicly roa/$1 & 9 all our colleges ! second eclogue ( ,virgil is expla9$ ) great gravity1 includ+ ,corydon's decl>ations ( love to ! beautiful ,alexis2 & x is rem>k$ to ! boys t1 al?\gh ,alexis be fair & ,amyntas br[n1 yet ,amyntas may /ill des]ve ! pref]5ce4 ,if an un=tunate philosoph]1 )\t int5d+ ! lea/ h>m1 takes x into 8 head t ! e>? turns r\nd1 or to imag9e t light comes f ! sun1 or to suppose t matt] may conta9 "s o!r prop]ties ?an ^? ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 he is cri$ d[n z a blasphem]1 & a di/urb] ( ! public peace2 & yet !re are translations 9 usum ,delph9i ( ! ,tusculan ,que/ions ( ,cic]o1 & ( ,lucretius1 :i* are two complete c\rses ( irreligion4 ,c\rts ( ju/ice no long] believe t p]sons are possess$ by devils1 & laugh at sorc]]s2 b ,gauffr$i & ,gr&i] 7 burn$ = sorc]y2 & "o-half ( a p>liam5t want$ to s5t5ce to ! /ake a monk accus$ ( hav+ bewit*$ a girl ( eighte5 by brea?+ ^u h]4 ,! skeptical philosoph] ,bayle 0 p]secut$1 ev5 9 ,holl&4 ,la ,motte le ,vay]1 m ( a skeptic1 b less ( a philosoph]1 0 preceptor ( ! k+ ,l\is ,,xiv41 & ( ! k+'s bro!r4 ,g\rville 0 hang$ 9 effigy at ,p>is1 :ile ,fr5* m9i/] 9 ,g]many4 ,! celebrat$ a!i/ ,sp9oza liv$ & di$ 9 peace4 ,van9i1 :o _h m]ely writt5 aga9/ ,ari/otle1 0 burn$ z an a!i/2 he has1 9 consequ5ce1 obta9$ ! honor ( mak+ "o article 9 ! hi/ories ( ! le>n$1 & 9 all ! diction>ies1 :i*1 9 fact1 con/itute imm5se repositories ( lies1 mix$ up ) a v small portion ( tru?4 ,op5 ^! books1 & y w !re f9d n m]ely t ,van9i publicly taught a!ism 9 8 writ+s1 b t twelve pr(essors ( 8 sect w5t ) him to ,naples ) ! int5tion ( ev]y:]e mak+ proselytes4 ,aft]w>ds1 op5 ! books ( ,van9i1 & y w be a/oni%$ to f9d 9 !m no?+ b pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,read ! foll[+ passage1 tak5 f 8 ,amphi!atrum1 a "w equally unkn[n & condemn$2 ,god is ,8 own orig9al & b\nd>y1 )\t end & )\t beg9n+1 requir+ nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r1 & fa!r ( all beg9n+ & end2 ,he ev] exi/s1 b n 9 "t2 to ,him !re has be5 no pa/1 & w be no future2 ,he reigns ev]y:]e1 )\t be+ 9 any place2 immovable )\t re/1 rapid )\t motion2 ,he is all1 & out ( all2 ,he is 9 all1 )\t be+ enclos$2 out ( ev]y?+1 )\t be+ exclud$ f any?+2 good1 b )\t quality2 entire1 b )\t p>ts2 immutable1 :ile *ang+ ! :ole univ]se2 ,8 w is ,8 p[]2 absolute1 !re is no?+ ( ,him ( :at is m]ely possible2 all 9 ,him is real2 ,he is ! fir/1 ! middle1 & ! la/2 f9ally1 al?\gh con/itut+ all1 ,he is above all be+s1 out ( !m1 )9 !m1 beyond !m1 be=e !m1 & aft] !m4 ,x 0 aft] su* a pr(ession ( fai? t ,van9i 0 decl>$ an a!i/4 ,^u :at gr\nds 0 he condemn$8 ,simply ^u ! deposition ( a man nam$ ,francon4 ,9 va9 did 8 books depose 9 favor ( him2 a s+le enemy depriv$ him ( life1 & /igmatiz$ 8 "n ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,! little book call$ ,cymbalum ,mundi1 :i* is m]ely a cold imitation ( ,lucian1 & :i* has n ! slighte/ or remote/ ref]5ce to ,*ri/ianity1 0 condemn$ to be burn$4 ,b ,rabelais 0 pr9t$ cum privilegio2 & a free c\rse 0 all[$ to ! ,turki% ,spy1 & ev5 to ! ,p]sian ,lett]s2 t volatile1 +5i\s1 & d>+ "w1 9 :i* !re is "o :ole lett] 9 favor ( suicide2 ano!r 9 :i* we f9d ^! words3 ,if we suppose su* a ?+ z religion2 a ?ird1 9 :i* x is expressly said t ! bi%ops h no o!r functions ?an disp5s+ ) ! obs]vance ( ! laws2 &1 f9ally1 ano!r 9 :i* ! pope is said to be a magician1 :o makes p believe t ?ree are "o1 & t ! bread we eat is n bread1 etc4 ,! ,abb ,/4 ,pi]re1 a man :o c\ld frequ5tly deceive himself1 b :o nev] wrote )\t a view to ! public good1 & ^: works 7 call$ by ,c>d9al ,dubois1 ,! dreams ( an hone/ citiz52 ! ,abb ,/4 ,pi]re1 ,i say1 0 unanim\sly expell$ f ! ,fr5* ,academy = hav+1 9 "s political "w1 pref]r$ ! e/abli%m5t ( c\ncils "u ! reg5cy to t ( secret>ies ( /ate "u ,l\is ,,xiv42 & = say+ t t[>ds ! close ( t glori\s reign ! f9ances 7 wret*$ly conduct$4 ,! au?or ( ! ,p]sian ,lett]s has n m5tion$ ,l\is ,,xiv4 9 8 book1 except to say t he 0 a magician :o c\ld make 8 subjects believe t pap] 0 money2 t he lik$ no gov]nm5t b t ( ,turkey2 t he pref]r$ a man :o h&$ him a napk9 to a man :o ga9$ him battles2 t he _h conf]r$ a p5sion on a man :o _h run away two leagues1 & a gov]nm5t ^u ano!r :o _h run away f\r2 t he 0 ov]:elm$ ) pov]ty1 al?\gh x is said1 9 ! same lett]1 t 8 f9ances are inexhau/ible4 ,obs]ve1 !n1 ,i repeat1 all t ?is writ]1 9 ! only "w !n kn[n to be 81 has said ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 ! patron ( ! ,fr5* ,academy4 ,we may add1 too1 z a climax ( contradiction1 t t society admitt$ him z a memb] = hav+ turn$ !m into ridicule2 =1 ( all ! books by :i* ! public h be5 ent]ta9$ at ! exp5se ( ! society1 !re is n "o 9 :i* x has be5 treat$ m disrespectfully ?an 9 ! ,p]sian ,lett]s4 ,see t lett] :]e9 he says1 ,! memb]s ( ?is body h no o!r bus9ess ?an incessantly to *att]2 panegyric comes & takes its place z x 7 spontane\sly 9 _! et]nal gabble1 etc4 ,aft] hav+ ?us treat$ ?is society1 !y praise him1 on 8 introduction1 = 8 skill 9 draw+ lik5esses4 ,7 ,i dispos$ to cont9ue ! rese>* into ! contr>ies to be f\nd 9 ! empire ( lett]s1 ,i might give ! hi/ory ( e man ( le>n+ or wit2 j 9 ! same mann] z1 if ,i 7 incl9$ to detail ! contradictions exi/+ 9 society1 x w\ld be necess>y to write ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,an ,asiatic1 :o %\ld travel to ,europe1 might well consid] u z pagans2 our week days be> ! names ( ,m>s1 ,m]cury1 ,jupit]1 & ,v5us2 & ! nuptials ( ,cupid & ,psy*e are pa9t$ 9 ! pope's palace2 b1 p>ticul>ly1 7 ?is ,asiatic to att5d at our op]a1 he w\ld n hesitate 9 conclud+ x to be a fe/ival 9 honor ( ! pagan deities4 ,if he endeavor$ to ga9 m precise in=mation respect+ our mann]s1 he w\ld exp]i5ce /ill great] a/oni%m5t2 he w\ld see1 9 ,spa91 t a sev]e law =bids any =eign] f hav+ ! slighte/ %>e1 h[ev] indirect1 9 ! comm]ce ( ,am]ica2 & t1 not)/&+1 =eign]s--?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,spani% factors--c>ry on a comm]ce ) x to ! ext5t ( fifte5 millions a ye>4 ,?us ,spa9 c be enri*$ only by ! violation ( a law always subsi/+ & always evad$4 ,he w\ld see t 9 ano!r c\ntry ! gov]nm5t e/abli%es & enc\rages a company = trad+ to ! ,indies1 :ile ! div9es ( t c\ntry h decl>$ ! receiv+ ( divid5ds ^u ! %>es (f5sive 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,he w\ld see t ! (fices ( a judge1 a comm&]1 a privy c\nsellor1 are pur*as$2 he w\ld be unable to compreh5d :y x is /at$ 9 ! pat5ts appo9t+ to su* (fices t !y h be5 be/[$ gratis & )\t pur*ase1 :ile ! receipt = ! sum giv5 = !m is atta*$ to ! commission itself4 ,w\ld n our ,asiatic be surpris$1 also1 to see com$ians sal>i$ by sov]eigns1 & excommunicat$ by prie/s8 ,he w\ld inquire :y a plebeian lieut5ant-g5]al1 :o _h won battles1 %\ld be subject to ! taille1 l a peasant2 & a %]iff %\ld be consid]$1 at lea/ 9 ref]5ce to ?is po9t1 z noble z a ,montmor5cy2 :y1 :ile regul> dramas are =bidd5 to be p]=m$ dur+ a week sacr$ to edification1 m]ry-&rews are p]mitt$ to (f5d ev5 ! lea/ delicate e>s ) _! ribaldry4 ,he w\ld almo/ ev]y:]e see our usages 9 opposition to our laws2 & 7 we to travel to ,asia1 we %\ld discov] ! exi/5ce ( exactly simil> contradictions4 ,m5 are ev]y:]e inconsi/5t alike4 ,!y h made laws by piecemeal1 z brea*es are repair$ 9 walls4 ,"h ! elde/ sons take ev]y?+ !y are able f ! y\ng] ones2 !re all %>e equally4 ,sometimes ! ,*ur* has ord]$ duels1 sometimes x has ana!matiz$ !m4 ,! p>tisans & ! oppon5ts ( ,ari/otle h be5 bo? excommunicat$ 9 _! turn2 z h also ! we>]s ( long hair & %ort hair4 ,!re has be5 b "o p]fect law 9 ! _w1 & t 0 design$ to regulate a species ( folly--t is to say1 play4 ,! laws ( play are ! only ones :i* admit ( no exception1 relaxation1 *ange or tyranny4 ,a man :o has be5 a lackey1 if he plays at lansqu5et ) k+s1 is paid ) p]fect read9ess :5 he w9s4 ,9 o!r cases ! law is ev]y:]e a sword1 ) :i* ! /ronge/ p>ty cuts 9 pieces ! weake/4 ,9 ! meantime ! _w goes on z if ev]y?+ 0 wisely arrang$2 irregul>ity is "p ( our nature4 ,our social _w is l ! natural globe1 rude & un%apely1 b possess+ a pr9ciple ( pres]vation2 x w\ld be folly to wi% t m\nta9s1 seas1 & riv]s 7 trac$ 9 regul> & f9i%$ =ms2 x w\ld be a /ill great] folly to expect f man ! p]fection ( wisdom2 x w\ld be z weak z to wi% to atta* w+s to dogs or horns to eagles4 ,examples ,tak5 f ,hi/ory1 f ,sacr$ ,scripture1 f ,num]\s ,au?ors1 etc4 ,we h j be5 in/anc+ a v>iety ( contradictions 9 our usages1 our mann]s1 & our laws1 b we h n said en\gh4 ,ev]y?+1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,europe1 has be5 made 9 ! same mann] z ,h>lequ9's habit4 ,8 ma/]1 :5 he want$ to h a dress made = him1 _h n a piece ( clo?1 & !re=e took old cutt+s ( all sorts ( colors4 ,h>lequ9 0 laugh$ at1 b !n he 0 clo!d4 ,! ,g]mans are a brave nation1 :om nei!r ! ,g]manicuses nor ! ,trajans 7 ev] able completely to subjugate4 ,all ! ,g]man nations t dwelt beyond ! ,elbe 7 inv9cible1 al?\gh badly arm$2 & f ^! gloomy climes issu$ =?1 9 "p1 ! av5g]s ( ! _w4 ,g]many1 f> f con/itut+ ! ,roman ,empire1 has be5 in/rum5tal 9 de/roy+ x4 ,?is empire _h f\nd a refuge at ,con/ant9ople1 :5 a ,g]man--an ,au/rasian--w5t f ,aix-la-,*apelle to ,rome1 to /rip ! ,greek ,cs>s ( ! rema9d] ( _! possessions 9 ,italy4 ,he assum$ ! "n ( ,cs> ,imp]ator2 b nei!r he nor 8 successors ev5 v5tur$ to reside at ,rome4 ,t capital c\ld n ei!r boa/ or regret t f ! "t ( ,augu/ulus1 ! f9al excrem5t ( ! g5u9e ,roman ,empire1 a s+le ,cs> _h liv$ & be5 buri$ )9 its walls4 ,x is difficult to suppose ! empire c be holy1 z x pr(esses ?ree diff]5t religions1 ( :i* two are decl>$ impi\s1 abom9able1 damnable1 & damn$1 by ! c\rt ( ,rome1 :i* ! :ole imp]ial c\rt consid]s 9 su* cases to be supreme4 ,x is c]ta9ly n ,roman1 s9ce ! emp]or has n any resid5ce at ,rome4 ,9 ,engl& p wait ^u ! k+ kneel+4 ,! con/ant maxim is1 ,! k+ c d no wrong2 8 m9i/]s only c des]ve blame2 he is z infallible 9 8 actions z ! pope 9 8 judgm5ts4 ,su* is ! fundam5tal1 ! ,salic law ( ,engl&4 ,yet ! p>liam5t sat 9 judgm5t on its k+1 ,edw>d ,,ii41 :o _h be5 vanqui%$ & tak5 prison] by 8 wife2 he 0 decl>$ to h done all possible wrong1 & depriv$ ( all 8 rights to ! cr[n4 ,sir ,william ,tressel w5t to him 9 prison1 & made him ! foll[+ complim5t>y address3 ,i1 ,william ,tressel1 z proxy = ! p>liam5t & ! :ole ,engli% nation1 revoke ! homage =m]ly paid y2 ,i put y to defiance1 & deprive y ( royal p[]1 & f ?is "t =? we w hold no allegiance to y4 ,! p>liam5t tri$ & s5t5c$ ,k+ ,ri*>d ,,ii41 gr&son ( ! great ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,?irty-"o articles ( accusation 7 br\ght aga9/ him1 among :i* two are n a little s+ul>--t he _h borr[$ money & n repaid x2 & t he _h ass]t$ be=e witnesses t he 0 ma/] ( ! lives & prop]ties ( 8 subjects4 ,! p>liam5t depos$ ,h5ry ,,vi41 :o1 und\bt$ly1 0 exce$+ly wrong1 b 9 a some:at diff]5t s5se3 he 0 imbecile4 ,! p>liam5t decl>$ ,edw>d ,,iv4 a traitor1 & confiscat$ 8 goods2 & aft]w>ds1 on 8 be+ successful1 re/or$ him4 ,z = ,ri*>d ,,iii41 he und\bt$ly committ$ m wrong ?an all ! o!rs2 he 0 a ,n]o1 b a bold "o2 & ! p>liam5t did n decl>e 8 wrongs till aft] he 0 sla94 ,! ,h\se ( ,commons imput$ to ,*>les ,i4 m wrong ?an he 0 ju/ly *>geable )1 & br\ght him to ! scaffold4 ,p>liam5t vot$ t ,james ,,ii4 _h committ$ v gross & flagrant wrongs1 & p>ticul>ly t ( )draw+ himself f ! k+dom4 ,x decl>$ ! ?rone vacant2 t is1 x depos$ him4 ,9 ! pres5t day1 ,junius writes to ! k+ ( ,engl& t he is faulty 9 be+ good & wise4 ,if ^! are n contradictions1 ,i "k n :]e to f9d !m4 ,contradictions 9 ,c]ta9 ,rites4 ,next to ^? great political contradictions1 :i* are subdivid$ into innum]able little ones1 no?+ m =cibly attracts our notice ?an ! contradiction app>5t 9 ref]5ce to "s ( our rites4 ,we hate ,judaism4 ,no long] ?an fifte5 ye>s ago ,jews 7 /ill burn$ at ! /ake4 ,we consid] !m z murd]]s ( our ,god1 & yet we assemble e ,sunday to *ant ,jewi% psalms & canticles2 x is only ow+ to our ignorance ( ! language t we d n recite !m 9 ,hebrew4 ,b ! fifte5 fir/ bi%ops1 ! prie/s1 deacons & congregation ( ,j]usalem1 :i* 0 ! cradle ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 always recit$ ! ,jewi% psalms 9 ! ,jewi% idiom ( ! ,syriac language2 &1 till ! "t ( ! ,caliph ,om>1 almo/ all ! ,*ri/ians1 f ,tyre to ,aleppo1 pray$ 9 t ,jewi% idiom4 ,at pres5t any "o recit+ ! psalms z !y 7 orig9ally compos$1 or *ant+ !m 9 ! ,jewi% language1 w\ld be suspect$ ( be+ a circumcis$ ,jew1 & might be burn$ z "o2 at lea/1 n m ?an tw5ty ye>s s9ce1 t w\ld h be5 8 fate1 al?\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 circumcis$1 z 7 also 8 apo/les & disciples4 ,i set aside ! my/]i\s doctr9es ( our holy religion--ev]y?+ t is an object ( fai?--ev]y?+ t we ought to approa* only ) awe & submission4 ,i look only at ext]nals2 ,i ref] simply to obs]vances2 ,i ask if any?+ 0 ev] m contradictory8 ,contradictions 9 ,?+s & ,m54 ,if any lit]>y society is incl9$ to und]take a hi/ory ( contradictions1 ,i w subscribe = tw5ty folio volumes4 ,! _w displays no?+ b contradictions4 ,:at w\ld be necess>y to put an end to !m8 ,to assemble ! /ates-g5]al ( ! human race4 ,b1 accord+ to ! nature & con/itution ( mank9d1 x w\ld be a new contradiction 7 !y to agree4 ,br+ toge!r all ! rabbits 9 ! _w1 & !re w\ld n be two diff]5t m9ds among !m4 ,i "k only two descriptions ( immovable be+s 9 ! _w--geometricians & brute animals2 !y are guid$ by two inv>iable rules--demon/ration & in/9ct4 ,"s disputes1 inde$1 h occurr$ betwe5 geometricians1 b brutes h nev] v>i$4 ,! contra/s1 ! lights & %ades1 9 :i* m5 are repres5t$ 9 hi/ory1 are n contradictions2 !y are fai?ful portraits ( human nature4 ,e day bo? c5sure & admiration are appli$ to ,alex&]1 ! murd]] ( ,clitus1 b ! av5g] ( ,greece2 ! conqu]or ( ,p]sia1 & ! f\nd] ( ,alex&ria2 to ,cs>1 ! debau*ee1 :o robb$ ! public treasury ( ,rome to enslave 8 c\ntry1 b ^: clem5cy 0 equal to 8 valor1 & ^: g5ius 0 equal to 8 c\rage2 to ,mahomet1 ! impo/or & robb]1 b ! only legislator ( religion t ev] display$ c\rage1 or f\nd$ a great empire2 to ! en?usia/1 ,cromwell1 at once knave & fanatic1 ! murd]] ( 8 k+ by =m ( law1 b equally pr(\nd z a politician1 & valiant z a w>rior4 ,a ?\s& contra/s frequ5tly pres5t !mselves at once to ! m9d1 & ^! contra/s are 9 nature4 ,!y are n m a/oni%+ ?an a f9e day foll[$ by a tempe/4 ,app>5t ,contradictions 9 ,books4 ,we mu/ accurately di/+ui% 9 books1 & p>ticul>ly ! sacr$ ones1 betwe5 app>5t & real contradictions4 ,x is said 9 ! ,p5tateu* t ,moses 0 ! meeke/ ( m51 & t he ord]$ tw5ty-?ree ?\s& ,hebrews to be sla9 :o _h wor%ipp$ ! gold5 calf1 & tw5ty-f\r ?\s& m1 :o _h1 l himself1 m>ri$ ,midianiti% wom54 ,b sagaci\s comm5tators h adduc$ solid pro(s t ,moses possess$ a mo/ amiable temp]1 & t he only execut$ ! v5geance ( ,god 9 massacr+ ^! =ty-sev5 ?\s& ,israelites1 z j /at$4 ,"s d>+ critics h pret5d$ to p]ceive a contradiction 9 ! n>rative 9 :i* x is said t ,moses *ang$ all ! wat]s ( ,egypt into blood1 & t ! magicians ( ,ph>aoh aft]w>ds p]=m$ ! same prodigy--! ,book ( ,exodus leav+ no int]val ( "t betwe5 ! miracle ( ,moses & ! magical op]ation ( ! en*ant]s4 ,x appe>s1 at fir/ view1 impossible t ^! magicians %\ld *ange to blood t :i* 0 already made su*2 b ! difficulty may be remov$ by suppos+ t ,moses _h all[$ ! wat]s to resume _! orig9al nature1 9 ord] to give ,ph>aoh "t = reflection4 ,?is supposition is ! m plausible1 inasmu* z1 if n expressly favor$ by ! text1 ! latt] is n contr>y to x4 ,! same skeptics inquire h[1 aft] all ! horses 7 de/roy$ by hail1 9 ! six? plague1 ,ph>aoh 0 able to pursue ! ,jewi% nation ) cavalry4 ,b ?is contradiction is n ev5 an app>5t "o1 s9ce ! hail :i* kill$ all ! horses t 7 out 9 ! fields1 c\ld n fall on ^? :i* 7 9 ! /ables4 ,"o ( ! greate/ contradictions :i* has be5 suppos$ to be f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( ! k+s is ! utt] sc>city ( (f5sive & def5sive arms among ! ,jews at ! "t ( ! accession ( ,saul1 comp>$ ) ! army ( ?ree hundr$ & ?irty ?\s& m51 :om he conduct$ aga9/ ! ,ammonites :o 7 besieg+ ,jabe% ,gilead4 ,x is a fact relat$ t1 !n1 & ev5 aft] t battle1 !re 0 n a lance1 n ev5 a s+le sword1 among ! :ole ,hebrew p2 t ! ,phili/9es prev5t$ ! ,hebrews f manufactur+ swords & lances2 t ! ,hebrews 7 oblig$ to h rec\rse to ! ,phili/9es = %>p5+ & repair+ _! pl[%>es1 mattocks1 axes1 & prun+-hooks4 ,?is ackn[l$gm5t seems to prove t ! ,hebrews consi/$ ( only a v small numb]1 & t ! ,phili/9es 7 a p[]ful & victori\s nation1 :o kept ! ,israelites "u ! yoke1 & treat$ !m z slaves2 9 %ort1 t x 0 impossible = ,saul to collect ?ree hundr$ & ?irty ?\s& fight+ m51 etc4 ,! rev]5d ,fa!r ,calmet says x is probable t !re is a little exagg]ation 9 :at is /at$ ab\t ,saul & ,jona?an2 b t le>n$ man =gets t ! o!r comm5tators ascribe ! fir/ victories ( ,saul & ,jona?an to "o ( ^? decid$ miracles :i* ,god s (t5 condesc5d$ to p]=m 9 favor ( 8 mis]able p4 ,jona?an1 ) 8 armor-be>] only1 at ! v beg9n+1 slew tw5ty ( ! enemy2 & ! ,phili/9es1 utt]ly conf\nd$1 turn$ _! arms aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,k+s positively decl>es t x 0 a miracle ( ,god3 ,accidit quasi miraculum a ,deo4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no contradiction4 ,! enemies ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 ! ,celsuses1 ! ,porphyrys1 & ! ,julians1 h exhau/$ ! sagacity ( _! und]/&+s ^u ?is subject4 ,! ,jewi% writ]s h avail$ !mselves ( all ! advantages !y d]iv$ f _! sup]ior k ( ! ,hebrew language to expla9 ^! app>5t contradictions4 ,!y h be5 foll[$ ev5 by ,*ri/ians1 su* z ,"l ,h]b]t1 ,wolla/on1 ,t9dal1 ,tol&1 ,coll9s1 ,%aftesbury1 ,wool/on1 ,gordon1 ,bol+broke1 & _m o!rs ( diff]5t nations4 ,frret1 p]petual secret>y ( ! ,academy ( ,belles ,lettres 9 ,france1 ! le>n$ ,le ,cl]c himself1 & ,simon ( ! ,oratory ?\ght !y p]ceiv$ "s contradictions :i* might be ascrib$ to ! copyi/s4 ,an imm5se numb] ( o!r critics h endeavor$ to remove or correct contradictions :i* appe>$ to !m inexplicable4 ,we read 9 a dang]\s little book1 compos$ ) mu* art3 ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,luke give ea* a g5ealogy ( ,*ri/ diff]5t f ! o!r2 & le/ x %\ld be ?\ght t ! diff]5ces are only slight1 su* z might be imput$ to neglect or ov]sight1 ! contr>y may easily be %[n by read+ ! fir/ *apt] ( ,mat!w & ! ?ird ( ,luke4 ,we %all !n see t fifte5 g5]ations m are enum]at$ 9 ! "o ?an 9 ! o!r2 t1 f ,david1 !y completely sep>ate2 t !y jo9 aga9 at ,sala?iel2 b t1 aft] 8 son1 !y aga9 sep>ate1 & d n reunite aga9 b 9 ,joseph4 ,9 ! same g5ealogy1 ,/4 ,mat!w aga9 falls into a manife/ contradiction1 = he says t ,uzziah 0 ! fa!r ( ,jo?am2 & 9 ! ,p>alipom5a1 book ,i1 *ap4 iii41 v4 ,,ii1 #ab1 we f9d ?ree g5]ations betwe5 !m--,joas1 ,amazias1 & ,az>ias--( :om ,luke1 z well z ,mat!w1 make no m5tion4 ,fur!r1 ?is g5ealogy has no?+ to d ) t ( ,jesus1 s9ce1 accord+ to our cre$1 ,joseph _h _h no int]c\rse ) ,m>y4 ,9 ord] to reply to ?is objection1 urg$ f ! "t ( ,orig51 & r5ew$ f age to age1 we mu/ read ,julius ,africanus4 ,see ! two g5ealogies reconcil$ 9 ! foll[+ table1 z we f9d x 9 ! repository ( ecclesia/ical writ]s3 ,,david4 ,solomon & 8 ,na?an & 8 desc5dants1 enum]at$ desc5dants1 enum]at$ by ,sa9t by ,sa9t ,mat!w4 ,luke4 ,,e/h]4 ,ma?an1 h] fir/ ,mel*i1 or r husb&4 ,ma?at1 h] second husb&4 ,! wife ( ^! two p]sons successively1 ,jacob1 son ( m>ri$ fir/ to ,heli1 ,heli4 ,ma?an1 ! by :om %e _h no fir/ husb&4 *ild1 & aft]w>ds to ,jacob1 8 bro!r4 ,joseph1 natural ,legitimate son ( son ( ,jacob4 ,heli4 ,!re is ano!r me?od to reconcile ! two g5ealogies1 by ,/4 ,epiphanius4 ,accord+ to him1 ,jacob ,pan!r1 desc5d$ f ,solomon1 is ! fa!r ( ,joseph & ( ,cleophas4 ,joseph has six *ildr5 by 8 fir/ wife--,james1 ,jo%ua1 ,simeon1 ,jude1 ,m>y1 & ,salome4 ,he !n esp\ses ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 ! "m ( ,jesus1 & ! daught] ( ,joa*im & ,anne4 ,!re are _m o!r me?ods ( expla9+ ^! two g5ealogies4 ,see ! ,diss]tation ( ,fa!r ,calmet1 9 :i* he endeavors to reconcile ,/4 ,mat!w ) ,/4 ,luke1 on ! g5ealogy ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! same le>n$ skeptics1 :o make x _! bus9ess to comp>e dates1 to explore books & m$als1 to collate anci5t au?ors1 & to seek = tru? by human skill & /udy1 & :o lose 9 _! k ! simplicity ( _! fai?1 reproa* ,/4 ,luke ) contradict+ ! o!r evangeli/s1 & 9 be+ mi/ak5 9 :at he advances on ! subject ( our ,"l's bir?4 ,! au?or ( ! ,analysis ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion ?us ra%ly expresses himself on ! subject 7p4 #bc73 ,/4 ,luke says t ,cyr5ius 0 ! gov]nor ( ,syria1 :5 ,augu/us ord]$ ! numb]+ ( all ! p ( ! empire4 ,we w %[ h[ _m decid$ falsehoods are conta9$ 9 ^! few words4 ,fir/1 ,tacitus & ,suetonius1 ! mo/ precise ( hi/orians1 say n a s+le ^w ( ! pret5d$ numb]+ ( ! :ole empire1 :i* c]ta9ly w\ld h be5 a v s+ul> ev5t1 s9ce !re nev] _h be5 "o "u any emp]or--at lea/1 no au?or m5tions su* a case4 ,secondly1 ,cyr5ius did n arrive 9 ,syria till t5 ye>s aft] ! "t fix$ by ,/4 ,luke2 x 0 !n gov]n$ by ,qu9tilius ,v>us1 z ,t]tullian relates1 & z is confirm$ by m$als4 ,we cont5d t 9 fact !re nev] 0 a numb]+ ( ! :ole ,roman empire1 b only a c5sus ( ,roman citiz5s1 accord+ to usage2 al?\gh x is possible t ! copyi/s may h writt5 numb]+ = c5sus4 ,) reg>d to ,cyr5ius1 :om ! copyi/s h made ,cir9us1 x is c]ta9 t he 0 n gov]nor ( ,syria at ! "t ( ! bir? ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! gov]nor be+ ,qu9tilius ,v>us2 b x is v probable t ,qu9tilius might s5d into ,juda ?is same ,cyr5ius1 :o t5 ye>s aft] succe$$ him 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,syria4 ,we _c dissemble1 h[ev]1 t ?is explanation /ill leaves "s difficulties4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! c5sus made "u ,augu/us does n correspond 9 "t ) ! bir? ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,secondly1 ! ,jews 7 n compris$ 9 t c5sus4 ,joseph & 8 wife 7 n ,roman citiz5s4 ,m>y1 !re=e1 x is said1 be+ "u no necessity1 0 n likely to g f ,naz>e?1 :i* is at ! extremity ( ,juda1 )9 a few miles ( ,m\nt ,tabor1 9 ! mid/ ( ! des]t1 to lie 9 at ,be?lehem1 :i* is eighty miles f ,naz>e?4 ,b x might easily happ5 t ,cir9us1 or ,cyr5ius1 hav+ be5 s5t to ,j]usalem by ,qu9tilius ,v>us to impose a poll-tax1 ,joseph & ,m>y 7 summon$ by ! magi/rate ( ,be?lehem to g & pay ! tax 9 ! t[n ( ,be?lehem1 ! place ( _! bir?4 ,9 ?is !re is no?+ contradictory4 ,! critics may endeavor to weak5 ?is solution by repres5t+ t x 0 ,h]od only :o impos$ taxes2 t ! ,romans at t "t levi$ no?+ on ,juda2 t ,augu/us left ,h]od completely 8 own ma/] = ! tribute :i* t ,idumean paid to ! empire4 ,b1 9 an em]g5cy1 x is n impossible to make "s arrangem5t ) a tribut>y pr9ce1 & s5d him an int5dant to e/abli% 9 conc]t ) him ! new tax4 ,we w n "h say1 l s _m o!rs1 t copyi/s h committ$ _m errors1 & t 9 ! v]sion we possess !re are to be f\nd m ?an t5 ?\s&2 we _h r say ) ! doctors ( ! ,*ur* & ! mo/ enlight5$ p]sons1 t ! ,gospels 7 giv5 u only to tea* u to live holily1 & n to criticise le>n$ly4 ,^! pret5d$ contradictions produc$ a dreadful impression on ! mu* lam5t$ ,john ,mesli]1 rector ( ,etrepigni & ,b 9 ,*ampagne4 ,?is truly virtu\s & *>itable1 b at ! same "t melan*oly1 man1 be+ possess$ ( sc>cely any o!r books ?an ! ,bible & "s ( ! fa!rs1 read !m ) a /udi\sness ( att5tion t became fatal to him4 ,al?\gh b\nd by ! duties ( 8 (fice to inculcate docility ^u 8 flock1 he 0 n suffici5tly docile himself4 ,he saw app>5t contradictions1 & %ut 8 eyes to ! means sugge/$ = reconcil+ !m4 ,he imag9$ t he p]ceiv$ ! mo/ frightful contradictions betwe5 ,jesus be+ born a ,jew & aft]w>ds be+ recogniz$ z ,god2 9 reg>d to t ,god kn[n f ! fir/ z ! son ( ,joseph ! c>p5t] & ! bro!r ( ,james1 yet desc5d$ f an empyrean :i* does n exi/1 to de/roy s9 ^u e>? t is /ill cov]$ ) crimes2 9 reg>d to t ,god1 ! son ( a common artisan & a desc5dant ( ,david on ! side ( 8 fa!r1 :o 0 n 9 fact 8 fa!r2 betwe5 ! creator ( all worlds1 & ! desc5dant ( ! adult]\s ,ba?%eba1 ! pruri5t ,ru?1 ! ince/u\s ,tam>1 ! pro/itute ( ,j]i*o1 ! wife ( ,abraham1 s suspici\sly attractive to a k+ ( ,egypt1 & aga9 at ! age ( n9ety ye>s to a k+ ( ,g]>4 ,mesli] expatiates ) an impiety absolutely mon/r\s on ^! pret5d$ contradictions1 z !y /ruck him1 = :i*1 h[ev]1 he might easily h f\nd an explanation1 _h he possess$ only a small portion ( docility4 ,at l5g? 8 gloom s grew ^u him 9 8 solitude t he actually became horror-/rick5 at t holy religion :i* x 0 8 duty to prea* & love2 &1 li/5+ only to 8 s$uc$ & w&]+ reason1 he abjur$ ,*ri/ianity by a w writt5 9 8 own h&1 ( :i* he left ?ree copies beh9d him at 8 dea?1 :i* took place 9 #agcb4 ,! copy ( ?is w has be5 (t5 pr9t$1 & exhibits1 9 tru?1 a mo/ cruel /umbl+-block4 ,a cl]gyman1 :o at ! po9t ( dea?1 asks p>don ( ,god & 8 p>i%ion]s = hav+ taught ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity2 a *>itable cl]gyman1 :o holds ,*ri/ianity 9 execration because _m :o pr(ess x are deprav$2 :o is %ock$ at ! pomp & pride ( ,rome1 & exasp]at$ by ! difficulties ( ! sacr$ volume2 a cl]gyman :o speaks ( ,*ri/ianity l ,porphyry1 ,jambli*us1 ,epictetus1 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 & ,julian6 ,& ?is j z he is to make 8 appe>ance be=e ,god6 ,h[ fatal a case = him1 & = all :o may be l$ a/ray by 8 example6 ,9 a simil> mann] ! un=tunate prea*] ,antony1 misl$ by ! app>5t contradictions :i* he imag9$ he saw betwe5 ! new & ! old law1 betwe5 ! cultivat$ olive & ! wild olive1 wret*$ly ab&on$ ! ,*ri/ian religion = ! ,jewi%2 &1 m c\rage\s ?an ,john ,mesli]1 pref]r$ dea? to recantation4 ,x is evid5t f ! w ( ,john ,mesli] t ! app>5t contradictions ( ! gospel 7 ! pr9cipal cause ( unsettl+ ! m9d ( t un=tunate pa/or1 :o 01 9 o!r respects1 a man ( ! /ricte/ virtue1 & :om x is impossible to ?9k ( )\t compassion4 ,mesli] is deeply impress$ by ! two g5ealogies1 :i* seem 9 direct opposition2 he _h n se5 ! me?od ( reconcil+ !m2 he feels agitat$ & provok$ to see t ,/4 ,mat!w makes ! fa!r & "m ( ! *ild travel into ,egypt1 aft] hav+ receiv$ ! homage ( ! ?ree ea/]n magi or k+s1 & :ile old ,k+ ,h]od1 "u ! appreh5sion ( be+ de?ron$ by an infant j born at ,be?lehem1 causes ! slaught] ( all ! infants 9 ! c\ntry1 9 ord] to prev5t su* a revolution4 ,he is a/oni%$ t nei!r ,/4 ,luke1 nor ,/4 ,m>k1 nor ,/4 ,john make any m5tion ( ?is massacre4 ,he is conf\nd$ at obs]v+ t ,/4 ,luke makes ,joseph1 & ! bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y1 & ,jesus our ,savi\r1 rema9 at ,be?lehem1 aft] :i* !y )draw to ,naz>e?4 ,he %\ld h se5 t ! ,holy ,fa!r might at fir/ g into ,egypt1 & "s "t aft]w>ds to ,naz>e?1 :i* 0 _! c\ntry4 ,if ,/4 ,mat!w alone makes m5tion ( ! ?ree magi1 & ( ! /> :i* guid$ !m to ,be?lehem f ! remote climes ( ! ,ea/1 & ( ! massacre ( ! *ildr52 if ! o!r evangeli/s take no notice ( ^! ev5ts1 !y d n contradict ,/4 ,mat!w2 sil5ce is n contradiction4 ,if ! ?ree fir/ evangeli/s--,/4 ,mat!w1 ,/4 ,m>k1 & ,/4 ,luke--make ,jesus ,*ri/ to h liv$ b ?ree mon?s f 8 baptism 9 ,galilee till 8 crucifixion at ,j]usalem2 & if ,/4 ,john ext5ds t "t to ?ree ye>s & ?ree mon?s1 x is easy to approximate ,/4 ,john to ! o!r evangeli/s1 z he does n expressly /ate t ,jesus ,*ri/ prea*$ 9 ,galilee = ?ree ye>s & ?ree mon?s1 b only leaves x to be inf]r$ f 8 n>rative4 ,%\ld a man r5\nce 8 religion ^u simple inf]5ces1 ^u po9ts ( controv]sy1 ^u difficulties 9 *ronology8 ,x is impossible1 says ,mesli]1 to h>monize ,/4 ,m>k & ,/4 ,luke2 s9ce ! fir/ says t ,jesus1 :5 he left ! wild]ness1 w5t to ,cap]naum1 & ! second t he w5t to ,naz>e?4 ,/4 ,john says t ,&rew 0 ! fir/ :o became a foll[] ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 ! ?ree o!r evangeli/s say t x 0 ,simon ,pet]4 ,he pret5ds1 also1 t !y contradict ea* o!r ) respect to ! day :5 ,jesus celebrat$ ! ,passov]1 ! h\r & place ( ,8 execution1 ! "t ( ,8 appe>ance & resurrection4 ,he is conv9c$ t books :i* contradict ea* o!r _c be inspir$ by ! ,holy ,_s2 b x is n an article ( fai? to believe t ! ,holy ,_s inspir$ e syllable2 x did n guide ! h& ( ! copyi/2 x p]mitt$ ! op]ation ( second>y causes2 x 0 suffici5t t x condesc5d$ to reveal ! pr9cipal my/]ies1 & t 9 ! c\rse ( "t x in/itut$ a *ur* = expla9+ !m4 ,all ^? contradictions1 ) :i* ! gospels h be5 s (t5 & s bitt]ly reproa*$1 are expla9$ by sagaci\s comm5tators2 f> f be+ injuri\s1 !y mutually cle> up ea* o!r2 !y pres5t reciprocal helps 9 ! concordances & h>mony ( ! f\r gospels4 ,& if !re are _m difficulties :i* we _c solve1 my/]ies :i* we _c compreh5d1 adv5tures :i* we _c cr$it1 prodigies :i* %ock ! weakness ( ! human und]/&+1 & contradictions :i* x is impossible to reconcile1 x is 9 ord] to ex]cise our fai? & to humiliate our reason4 ,contradictions 9 ,judgm5ts ,^u ,works ( ,lit]ature or ,art4 ,i h sometimes he>d x said ( a good judge on ^! subjects1 & ( exquisite ta/e1 t man decides accord+ to m]e caprice4 ,he ye/]day describ$ ,p\ss9 z an admirable pa9t]2 to-day he repres5ts him z an ord9>y "o4 ,! fact is1 t ,p\ss9 has m]it$ bo? praise & c5sure4 ,!re is no contradiction 9 be+ enraptur$ by ! delici\s sc5es ( ! ,horatii & ,curiatii1 ( ! ,cid1 ( ,augu/us & ( ,c9na1 & aft]w>ds 9 see+1 ) disgu/ & indignation1 fifte5 trag$ies 9 succession1 conta9+ no int]e/1 no beauty1 & n ev5 writt5 9 ,fr5*4 ,x is ! au?or himself :o is contradictory4 ,x is he :o has ! mis=tune to diff] entirely f himself4 ,! critic w\ld contradict himself1 if he equally applaud$ :at is excell5t & dete/able4 ,he w admire 9 ,hom] ! description ( ! girdle ( ,v5us2 ! p>t+ ( ,hector & ,&roma*e2 ! int]view betwe5 ,a*illes & ,priam4 ,b w he equally applaud ^? passages :i* describe ! gods z abus+ & fight+ ) "o ano!r2 ! uni=mity 9 battles :i* decide no?+2 ! brutal f]ocity ( ! h]oes1 & ! av>ice by :i* !y are almo/ all actuat$2 9 %ort1 a poem :i* t]m9ates ) a truce ( elev5 days1 unque/ionably excit+ an expectation ( ! cont9uation ( ! w> & ! tak+ ( ,troy1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are n relat$8 ,a good critic w frequ5tly pass f approbation to c5sure1 h[ev] excell5t ! "w may be :i* he is p]us+4 ,,contra/4 ,contra/1 opposition ( figures1 situations1 =tune1 mann]s1 etc4 ,a mode/ %eph]dess =ms a beautiful contra/ 9 a pa9t+ ) a haughty pr9cess4 ,! "p ( ! impo/or & t ( ,ari/es con/itute a v admirable contra/ 9 ,t>tuffe4 ,! little may contra/ ) ! great 9 pa9t+1 b _c be said to be contr>y to x4 ,opposition ( colors contra/s2 b !re are also colors contr>y to ea* o!r2 t is1 :i* produce an ill effect because !y %ock ! eye :5 br\ght v ne> x4 ,contradictory is a t]m to be us$ only 9 logic4 ,x is contradictory = any?+ to be & n to be2 to be 9 _m places at once2 to be ( a c]ta9 numb] or size1 & n to be s4 ,an op9ion1 a disc\rse1 or a decree1 we may call contradictory4 ,! diff]5t =tunes ( ,*>les ,,xii4 h be5 contr>y1 b n contradictory2 !y =m 9 hi/ory a beautiful contra/4 ,x is a /rik+ contra/--& ! two ?+s are p]fectly contr>y--b x is n contradictory1 t ! pope %\ld be wor%ipp$ 9 ,rome1 & burn$ 9 ,london on ! same day2 t :ile he 0 call$ ,god's viceg]5t 9 ,italy1 he %\ld be repres5t$ 9 ! /reets ( ,mosc[ z a hog1 = ! amusem5t ( ,pet] ! ,great4 ,mahomet1 /ation$ at ! "r h& ( ,god ov] half ! globe1 & damn$ ov] ! o!r half1 is ! greate/ ( contra/s4 ,travel f> f y\r own c\ntry1 & ev]y?+ w be contra/ = y4 ,! :ite man :o fir/ saw a negro 0 mu* a/oni%$2 b ! fir/ :o said t ! negro 0 ! (fspr+ ( a :ite pair a/oni%es me mu* m2 ,i d n agree ) him4 ,a pa9t] :o repres5ts :ite m51 negroes1 & olive-color$ p1 may display f9e contra/s4 ,,convulsion>ies4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agbd ! cemet]y ( ,/4 ,md>d ab\nd$ 9 amusem5t1 & _m miracles 7 p]=m$ !re4 ,! foll[+ epigram by ! du*ess ( ,ma9e gives a tol]able acc\nt ( ! "* ( mo/ ( !m3 ,un dcrotteur la ,royale1 ,du talon gau*e e/ropi1 ,obt9t1 p\r grce speciale1 ,d'tre tortueux de l'autre pi$4 ,a ,port-,royal %oe-black1 :o _h "o lame leg1 ,to make bo? alike ! ,"l's favor did beg2 ,heav5 li/5$1 & /raightway a miracle came1 ,= quickly he rose up1 ) bo? 8 legs lame4 ,! miracles cont9u$1 z is well kn[n1 until a gu>d 0 /ation$ at ! cemet]y4 ,de p> le roi1 df5se ,dieu ,de faire miracles en ce lieu4 ,l\is to ,god3--,to keep ! peace1 ,"h miracles mu/ h5ce=? cease4 ,x is also well kn[n t ! ,jesuits1 be+ no long] able to p]=m simil> miracles1 9 consequ5ce ( ,xavi] hav+ exhau/$ _! /ock ( grace & miracul\s p[]1 by resuscitat+ n9e dead p]sons at "o "t1 resolv$ 9 ord] to c\nt]act ! cr$it ( ! ,jans5i/s1 to engrave a pr9t ( ,jesus ,*ri/ dress$ z a ,jesuit4 ,! ,jans5i/s1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ord] to give a satisfactory pro( t ,jesus ,*ri/ _h n assum$ ! habit ( a ,jesuit1 fill$ ,p>is ) convulsions1 & attract$ great cr[ds ( p to witness !m4 ,! c\nsellor ( p>liam5t1 ,c>r de ,montg]on1 w5t to pres5t to ! k+ a qu>to collection ( all ^! miracles1 atte/$ by a ?\s& witnesses4 ,he 0 v prop]ly %ut up 9 a *teau1 :]e attempts 7 made to re/ore 8 s5ses by regim52 b tru? always prevails ov] p]secution1 & ! miracles la/$ = ?irty ye>s toge!r1 )\t int]ruption4 ,si/] ,rose1 ,si/] ,illum9e1 & ! si/]s ,promise & ,comfitte1 7 sc\rg$ ) great en]gy1 )\t1 h[ev]1 exhibit+ any appe>ance ( ! :ipp+ next day4 ,!y 7 ba/9ado$ on _! /oma*s )\t injury1 & plac$ be=e a l>ge fire2 b1 be+ def5d$ by c]ta9 pomades & prep>ations1 7 n burn$4 ,at l5g?1 z e art is con/antly advanc+ t[>ds p]fection1 _! p]secutors conclud$ ) actually ?ru/+ swords ?r\gh _! *airs1 & ) crucify+ !m4 ,a fam\s s*oolma/] _h also ! b5efit ( crucifixion2 all :i* 0 done to conv9ce ! _w t a c]ta9 bull 0 ridicul\s1 a fact t might h be5 easily prov$ )\t s mu* tr\ble4 ,h[ev]1 ,jesuits & ,jans5i/s all unit$ aga9/ ! ,_s ( ,laws1 & aga9/1 & aga9/4444 & aga9/4444 &4444 ,& aft] all ?is we d>e to ridicule ,lapl&]s1 ,samoy$s1 & negroes6 ,,corn4 ,!y mu/ be skeptics inde$ :o d\bt t pa9 comes f panis4 ,b to make bread we mu/ h corn4 ,! ,gauls _h corn 9 ! "t ( ,cs>2 b :5ce did !y take ! ^w bl8 ,x is pret5d$ t x is f bladum1 a ^w employ$ 9 ! b>b>\s ,lat9 ( ! middle age by ! ,*ancellor ,desvignes1 or ,de ,erneis1 ^: eyes1 x is said1 7 torn out by ord] ( ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ,b ! ,lat9 words ( ^! b>b>\s ages 7 only anci5t ,celtic or ,teutonic words ,lat9iz$4 ,bladum !n comes f our blead1 & n our blead f bladum4 ,! ,italians call x bioda1 & ! c\ntries 9 :i* ! anci5t ,roman language is pres]v$1 /ill say blia4 ,?is k is n inf9itely useful2 b we are curi\s to "k :]e ! ,gauls & ,teutons f\nd corn to s[8 ,we are told t ! ,tyrians br\ght x into ,spa91 ! ,spani>ds into ,gaul1 & ! ,gauls into ,g]many4 ,& :]e did ! ,tyrians get ?is corn8 ,probably f ! ,greeks1 9 ex*ange = _! alphabet4 ,:o made ?is pres5t to ! ,greeks8 ,x 0 ! goddess ,c]es1 )\t d\bt2 & hav+ asc5d$ to ,c]es1 we c sc>cely g any high]4 ,c]es mu/ h desc5d$ f heav5 expressly to give u :eat1 rye1 & b>ley4 ,h[ev]1 z ! cr$it ( ,c]es1 :o gave corn to ! ,greeks1 & t ( ,i%et1 or ,isis1 :o gratifi$ ! ,egyptians ) x1 are at pres5t v mu* decay$1 we may /ill be said to rema9 9 unc]ta9ty z to ! orig9 ( corn4 ,san*onia?on tells u t ,dagon or ,dagan1 "o ( ! gr&sons ( ,?aut1 _h ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! corn 9 ,phnicia4 ,n[ 8 ,?aut 0 ne> ! "t ( our ,j>$2 f :i* x appe>s t corn is v anci5t1 & t x is ( ! same antiquity z grass4 ,p]haps ?is ,dagon 0 ! fir/ :o made bread1 b t is n demon/rat$4 ,:at a /range ?+ t we %\ld "k positively t we are oblig$ to ,noah = w9e1 & t we d n "k to :om we owe ! inv5tion ( bread4 ,& :at is /ill m /range1 we are /ill s ungrateful to ,noah t1 :ile we h m ?an two ?\s& songs 9 honor ( ,bac*us1 we sc>cely s+ "o 9 honor ( our b5efactor1 ,noah4 ,a ,jew assur$ me t corn came )\t cultivation 9 ,mesopotamia1 z apples1 wild pe>s1 *e/nuts1 & m$l>s1 9 ! we/4 ,x is z well to believe him1 until we are sure ( ! contr>y2 = x is necess>y t corn %\ld gr[ spontane\sly some:]e4 ,x has become ! ord9>y & indisp5sable n\ri%m5t 9 ! f9e/ climates1 & 9 all ! nor?4 ,! great philosoph]s ^: tal5ts we e/imate s highly1 & ^: sy/ems we d n foll[1 h pret5d$1 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ! dog 7page #aie71 t m5 creat$ corn2 & t our ance/ors1 by means ( s[+ t>es & c[-grass toge!r1 *ang$ !m into :eat4 ,z ^! philosoph]s are n ( our op9ion on %ells1 !y w p]mit u to diff] f !m on corn4 ,we d n ?9k t tulips c\ld ev] h be5 produc$ f jasm9e4 ,we f9d t ! g]m ( corn is q diff]5t f t ( t>es1 & we d n believe 9 any transmutation4 ,:5 x %all be prov$ to u1 we w retract4 ,we h se51 9 ! article ,breadtree1 t 9 ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! e>? bread is n eat54 ,x is pret5d$ t ! ,e?iopians laugh$ at ! ,egyptians1 :o liv$ on bread4 ,b s9ce corn is our *ief n\ri%m5t1 x has become "o ( ! greate/ objects ( comm]ce & politics4 ,s mu* has be5 writt5 on ?is subject1 t if a labor] s[$ z _m p\nds ( :eat z we h volumes on ?is commodity1 he might expect a m ample h>ve/1 & become ri*] ?an ^? :o1 9 _! pa9t$ & gild$ saloons1 are ignorant ( ! excess ( 8 oppression & mis]y4 ,egypt became ! be/ c\ntry 9 ! _w = :eat :51 aft] sev]al ages1 :i* x is difficult to reckon exactly1 ! inhabitants f\nd ! secret ( r5d]+ a de/ructive riv]--:i* _h always inundat$ ! c\ntry1 & 0 only useful to ! rats1 insects1 reptiles1 & crocodiles ( ,egypt--s]viceable to ! fecundity ( ! soil4 ,its wat]s1 mix$ ) a black mud1 7 nei!r useful to qu5* ! ?ir/ ( ! inhabitants1 nor = ablution4 ,x mu/ h requir$ a long "t & prodigi\s labor to subdue ! riv]1 to divide x into canals1 to f\nd t[ns on l&s =m]ly movable1 & to *ange ! cav]ns ( ! rocks into va/ build+s4 ,all ?is is m a/oni%+ ?an ! pyramids2 = be+ accompli%$1 behold a p sure ( ! be/ corn 9 ! _w1 )\t ! necessity ( labor6 ,x is ! inhabitant ( ?is c\ntry :o raises & fatt5s p\ltry sup]ior to t ( ,caux1 :o is habit$ 9 ! f9e/ l95 9 ! mo/ temp]ate climate1 & :o has none ( ! real wants ( o!r p4 ,t[>ds ! ye> #agej1 ! ,fr5* nation1 surfeit$ ) trag$ies1 com$ies1 op]as1 romances1 & romantic hi/ories--) moral reflections /ill m romantic1 & ) !ological disputes on grace & on convulsion>ies1 began to reason ^u corn4 ,!y ev5 =got ! v9e1 9 treat+ ( :eat & rye4 ,useful ?+s 7 writt5 on agriculture1 & ev]ybody read !m except ! labor]s4 ,! good p imag9$1 z !y walk$ out ( ! comic op]a1 t ,france _h a prodigi\s quantity ( corn to sell1 & ! cry ( ! nation at la/ obta9$ ( ! gov]nm5t1 9 #agfd1 ! lib]ty ( exportation4 ,accord+ly !y export$4 ,! result 0 exactly :at x _h be5 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,iv41 !y sold a little too mu*1 & a b>r5 ye> succe$+1 ,mademoiselle ,b]n>d 0 oblig$1 = ! second "t1 to sell h] necklace to get l95 & *emises4 ,n[ ! compla9ants pass$ f "o extreme to ! o!r1 & compla9$ aga9/ ! exportation t !y _h s rec5tly dem&$1 :i* %[s h[ difficult x is to please all ! _w & 8 wife4 ,able & well-mean+ p1 )\t int]e/1 h writt51 ) z mu* sagacity z c\rage1 9 favor ( ! unlimit$ lib]ty ( ! comm]ce 9 gra94 ,o!rs1 ( z mu* m9d1 & ) equally pure views1 h writt5 9 ! idea ( limit+ ?is lib]ty2 & ! ,neapolitan ,abb ,gagliana amus$ ! ,fr5* nation on ! exportation ( corn1 by f9d+ out ! secret ( mak+1 ev5 9 ,fr5*1 dialogues z amus+ z our be/ romances1 & z in/ructive z our good s]i\s books4 ,if ?is "w did n dim9i% ! price ( bread1 x gave great pleasure to ! nation1 :i* 0 :at x valu$ mo/4 ,! p>tisans ( unlimit$ exportation answ]$ him sm>tly4 ,! result 0 t ! read]s no long] knew :]e !y 71 & ! great] "p took to read+ romances1 expect+ t ! ?ree or f\r foll[+ ye>s ( abundance w\ld enable !m to judge4 ,! ladies 7 no long] able to di/+ui% :eat f rye1 :ile hone/ devotees cont9u$ to believe t gra9 mu/ lie & rot 9 ! gr\nd 9 ord] to spr+ up aga94 ,,c\ncils4 ,meet+s ( ,ecclesia/ics1 ,call$ ,toge!r to ,resolve ,d\bts or ,que/ions on ,po9ts ( ,fai? or ,discipl9e4 ,! use ( c\ncils 0 n unkn[n to ! foll[]s ( ! anci5t religion ( ,z]du%t1 :om we call ,zoroa/]4 ,ab\t ! ye> #bjj ( our era1 ,arde%ir ,babecan1 k+ ( ,p]sia1 call$ toge!r =ty ?\s& prie/s1 to consult !m t\*+ "s ( 8 d\bts ab\t p>adise & hell1 :i* !y call ! geh5--a t]m adopt$ by ! ,jews dur+ _! captivity at ,babylon1 z !y did ! names ( ! angels & ( ! mon?s4 ,erdoviraph1 ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ! magi1 hav+ drunk ?ree glasses ( a soporific w9e1 _h an ec/asy :i* la/$ sev5 days & sev5 nights1 dur+ :i* 8 s\l 0 transport$ to ,god4 ,:5 ! p>oxysm 0 ov]1 he reassur$ ! fai? ( ! k+1 by relat+ to him ! great _m wond]ful ?+s he _h se5 9 ! o!r _w1 & hav+ !m writt5 d[n4 ,we "k t ,jesus 0 call$ ,*ri/1 a ,greek ^w signify+ ano9t$2 & 8 doctr9e ,*ri/ianity1 or gospel1 i4e41 good news1 because hav+1 z 0 8 cu/om1 ent]$ "o ,sabba? day ! synagogue ( ,naz>e?1 :]e he 0 br\ght up1 ,he appli$ to ,himself ?is passage ( ,isaiah1 :i* ,he _h j read3 ,! _s ( ! ,"l is on me1 because ,he ha? ano9t$ me to prea* ! gospel to ! poor4 ,!y ( ! synagogue did1 to be sure1 drive ,him out ( _! t[n1 & c>ry ,him to a po9t ( ! hill1 on :i* x 0 built1 9 ord] to ?r[ ,him headlong f x2 & ,8 relatives w5t out to lay hold on ,him1 = !y 7 told1 & !y said1 t ,he 0 beside ,himself4 ,nor is x less c]ta9 t ,jesus con/antly decl>$ ,he _h come n to de/roy ! law or ! prophecies1 b to fulfil !m4 ,b1 z ,he left no?+ writt51 ,8 fir/ disciples 7 divid$ on ! fam\s "q1 :e!r ! ,g5tiles 7 to be circumcis$ & ord]$ to keep ! ,mosaic law4 ,! apo/les & ! prie/s1 !re=e1 assembl$ at ,j]usalem to exam9e ?is po9t1 &1 aft] _m conf]5ces1 !y wrote to ! bre?r5 among ! ,g5tiles1 at ,antio*1 9 ,syria1 & 9 ,cilicia1 a lett] ( :i* we give ! sub/ance3 ,x has seem$ good to ! ,holy ,gho/ & to u1 n to impose ^u y any obligations b ^? :i* are necess>y1 viz41 to ab/a9 f meats (f]$ up to idols1 f blood1 f ! fle% ( *ok$ animals1 & f =nication4 ,! decision ( ?is c\ncil did n prev5t ,pet]1 :5 at ,antio*1 f cont9u+ to eat ) ! ,g5tiles1 be=e "s ( ! circumcis$1 :o came f ,james1 _h arriv$4 ,b ,paul1 see+ t he did n walk /raight 9 ! pa? ( gospel tru?1 resi/$ him to ! face1 say+ to him be=e !m all4 ,if ?\1 be+ a ,jew1 live/ aft] ! mann] ( ,g5tiles1 & n z d ! ,jews1 :y compelle/ ?\ ! ,g5tiles to live z d ! ,jews8 ,inde$ ,pet] _h liv$ l ! ,g5tiles ev] s9ce he _h se51 9 a trance1 heav5 op5$1 & a c]ta9 vessel desc5d+ unto him1 z x _h be5 a great %eet1 knit at ! f\r corn]s1 & let d[n to ! e>?2 :]e9 7 all mann] ( f\r-foot$ bea/s ( ! e>?1 & wild bea/s1 & creep+ ?+s1 & f[ls ( ! air4 ,& !re came a voice to him1 ,rise1 ,pet]1 kill & eat4 ,paul1 :o s l\dly reprov$ ,pet] = us+ ?is dissimulation to make !m believe t he /ill obs]v$ ! law1 _h himself rec\rse to a simil> fe9t at ,j]usalem4 ,be+ accus$ ( tea*+ ! ,jews :o 7 among ! ,g5tiles to r5\nce ,moses1 he w5t & purifi$ himself 9 ! temple = sev5 days1 9 ord] t all might "k t :at !y _h he>d ( him 0 false1 & t he cont9u$ to obs]ve ! law2 ?is1 too1 0 done by ! advice ( all ! prie/s1 assembl$ at ! h\se ( ,james--:i* prie/s 7 ! same :o _h decid$ ) ! ,holy ,gho/1 t ^! obs]vations 7 unnecess>y4 ,c\ncils 7 aft]w>ds di/+ui%$ into g5]al & p>ticul>4 ,p>ticul> c\ncils are ( ?ree k9ds--national1 convok$ by ! pr9ce1 ! patri>*1 or ! primate2 prov9cial1 assembl$ by ! metropolitan or ar*bi%op2 & diocesan1 or synods held by ea* bi%op4 ,! foll[+ is a decree ( "o ( ! c\ncils held at ,macon3 ,:5ev] a layman meet a prie/ or a deacon on ! road1 he %all (f] him 8 arm2 if ! prie/ & ! layman are bo? on horseback1 ! layman %all /op & salute ! prie/ rev]5tly2 & if ! prie/ be on foot1 & ! layman on horseback1 ! layman %all dism\nt1 & %all n m\nt aga9 until ! ecclesia/ic be at a c]ta9 di/ance2 all on pa9 ( int]diction = z long a "t z x %all please ! metropolitan4 ,! li/ ( ! c\ncils1 9 ,morri's ,diction>y1 occupies m ?an sixte5 pages1 b z au?ors are n agre$ conc]n+ ! numb] ( g5]al c\ncils1 we %all "h conf9e ourselves to ! results ( ! fir/ eight t 7 assembl$ by ord] ( ! emp]ors4 ,two prie/s ( ,alex&ria1 seek+ to "k :e!r ,jesus 0 ,god or creature1 n only did ! bi%ops & prie/s dispute b ! :ole p 7 divid$1 & ! disord] arriv$ at su* a pit* t ! ,pagans ridicul$ ,*ri/ianity on ! /age4 ,! emp]or ,con/ant9e fir/ wrote 9 ^! t]ms to ,bi%op ,alex&] & ! prie/ ,arius1 ! au?ors ( ! diss5sion3 ,^! que/ions1 :i* are unnecess>y1 & spr+ only f unpr(itable idl5ess1 may be discuss$ 9 ord] to ex]cise ! intellect2 b !y %\ld n be repeat$ 9 ! he>+ ( ! p4 ,be+ divid$ on s small a matt]1 x is n j t y %\ld gov]n1 accord+ to y\r ?\ghts1 s great a multitude ( ,god's p4 ,su* conduct is mean & pu]ile1 unwor?y ( ! prie/ly (fice1 & ( m5 ( s5se4 ,i d n say ?is to compel y entirely to agree on ?is frivol\s "q1 :atev] x is4 ,y may1 ) a private diff]5ce1 pres]ve unity1 provid$ ^! subtleties & diff]5t op9ions rema9 secret 9 y\r inmo/ ?\ghts4 ,! emp]or1 hav+ le>n$ t 8 lett] 0 )\t effect1 resolv$1 by ! advice ( ! bi%ops1 to convoke an ecum5ical c\ncil--i4e41 a c\ncil ( ! :ole habitable e>?1 & *ose = ! place ( meet+ ! t[n ( ,nica1 9 ,bi?ynia4 ,!re came ?i!r two ?\s& & =ty-eight bi%ops1 :o1 z ,euty*ius relates1 7 all ( diff]5t s5tim5ts & op9ions4 ,?is pr9ce1 hav+ _h ! pati5ce to he> !m dispute on ?is po9t1 0 mu* surpris$ at f9d+ among !m s little unanimity2 & ! au?or ( ! ,arabic preface to ?is c\ncil says t ! records ( ^! disputes am\nt$ to =ty volumes4 ,?is prodigi\s numb] ( bi%ops w n appe> incr$ible :5 x is recollect$ t ,u%]1 quot$ by ,seld51 relates t ,/4 ,patrick1 :o liv$ 9 ! fif? c5tury1 f\nd$ ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five *ur*es1 & orda9$ ! l numb] ( bi%ops2 :i* proves t !n ea* *ur* _h its bi%op1 t is1 its ov]look]4 ,9 ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice !re 0 read a lett] f ,eusebius ( ,nicom$ia1 conta9+ manife/ h]esy1 & discov]+ ! cabal ( ,arius's p>ty4 ,9 x 0 said1 among o!r ?+s1 t if ,jesus 7 ackn[l$g$ to be ! ,son ( ,god uncreat$1 ,he mu/ also be ackn[l$g$ to be consub/antial ) ! ,fa!r4 ,!re=e x 0 t ,a?anasius1 a deacon ( ,alex&ria1 p]suad$ ! fa!rs to dwell on ! ^w consub/antial1 :i* _h be5 reject$ z improp] by ! ,c\ncil ( ,antio*1 held aga9/ ,paul ( ,samosata2 b he took x 9 a gross s5se1 m>k+ division2 z we say1 t sev]al pieces ( money are ( ! same metal3 :]eas ! or?odox expla9$ ! t]m consub/antial s well1 t ! emp]or himself compreh5d$ t x involv$ no corporeal idea--signifi$ no division ( ! absolutely immat]ial & spiritual sub/ance ( ! ,fa!r--b 0 to be und]/ood 9 a div9e & ineffable s5se4 ,!y moreov] %[$ ! inju/ice ( ! ,arians 9 reject+ ?is ^w on pret5ce t x 0 n 9 ! ,scriptures--!y :o employ s _m words :i* are n !re to be f\nd2 & :o say t ! ,son ( ,god 0 br\ght out ( no?+1 & _h n exi/$ f all et]nity4 ,con/ant9e !n wrote two lett]s at ! same "t1 to give publicity to ! ord9ances ( ! c\ncil1 & make !m kn[n to su* z _h n att5d$ x4 ,! fir/1 address$ to ! *ur*es 9 g5]al1 says1 9 s _m words1 t ! "q ( ! fai? has be5 exam9$1 & s well cle>$ up1 t no difficulty rema9s4 ,9 ! second1 among o!rs1 ! *ur* ( ,alex&ria is ?us address$3 ,:at ?ree hundr$ bi%ops h orda9$ is no o!r ?an ! se$ ( ! only ,son ( ,god2 ! ,holy ,gho/ has decl>$ ! w ( ,god ?r\gh ^! great m51 :om he inspir$4 ,n[1 !n1 let none d\bt--let none dispute1 b ea* "o return ) all 8 he>t into ! way ( tru?4 ,! ecclesia/ical writ]s are n agre$ z to ! numb] ( bi%ops :o subscrib$ to ! ord9ances ( ?is c\ncil4 ,eusebius reckons only two hundr$ & fifty2 ,eu/a?ius ( ,antio*1 cit$ by ,!odoret1 two hundr$ & sev5ty2 ,/4 ,a?anasius1 9 8 epi/le to ! ,solit>ies1 ?ree hundr$1 l ,con/ant9e2 :ile1 9 8 lett] to ! ,africans1 he speaks ( ?ree hundr$ & eighte54 ,yet ^! f\r au?ors 7 eye-witnesses1 & wor?y ( great fai?4 ,?is numb] #cah1 :i* ,pope ,/4 ,leo calls my/]i\s1 has be5 adopt$ by mo/ ( ! fa!rs ( ! *ur*4 ,/4 ,ambrose assures u t ! numb] ( #cah bi%ops 0 a pro( ( ! pres5ce ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 8 ,c\ncil ( ,nica1 because ! cross designates ?ree hundr$1 & ! "n ( ,jesus eighte54 ,/4 ,hil>y1 9 8 def5ce ( ! ^w consub/antial1 approv$ 9 ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice1 ?\gh condemn$ fifty-five ye>s be=e 9 ! ,c\ncil ( ,antio*1 reasons ?us3 ,eighty bi%ops reject$ ! ^w consub/antial1 b ?ree hundr$ & eighte5 h receiv$ x4 ,n[ ?is latt] numb] seems to me a sacr$ numb]1 = if is t ( ! m5 :o accompani$ ,abraham1 :51 aft] 8 victory ov] ! impi\s k+s1 he 0 bless$ by him :o is ! type ( ! et]nal prie/hood4 ,& ,seld5 relates t ,doro!us1 metropolitan ( ,monembasis1 said !re 7 precisely ?ree hundr$ & eighte5 fa!rs at ?is c\ncil1 because ?ree hundr$ & eighte5 ye>s _h elaps$ s9ce ! inc>nation4 ,all *ronologi/s place ?is c\ncil 9 ! ye> #cbe ( our mod]n era2 b ,doro!us d$ucts sev5 ye>s1 to make 8 comp>ison complete2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is a m]e trifle4 ,besides1 x 0 n until ! ,c\ncil ( ,le/9es1 9 #gdc1 t ! ye>s began to be c\nt$ f ! inc>nation ( ,jesus4 ,dionysius ! ,less _h imag9$ ?is epo* 9 8 sol> cycle ( ! ye> #ebf1 & ,b$e _h made use ( x 9 8 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory4 ,x w n be a subject ( a/oni%m5t t ,con/ant9e adopt$ ! op9ion ( ! ?ree hundr$ or ?ree hundr$ & eighte5 bi%ops :o held ! div9ity ( ,jesus1 :5 x is borne 9 m9d t ,eusebius ( ,nicom$ia1 "o ( ! pr9cipal lead]s ( ! ,arian p>ty1 _h be5 an accomplice 9 ! cruelty ( ,lic9ius1 9 ! massacres ( ! bi%ops1 & ! p]secutions ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,( ?is ! emp]or himself accuses him1 9 ! private lett] :i* he wrote to ! *ur* ( ,nicom$ia3 ,he s5t spies ab\t me1 says he1 9 ! tr\bles1 & did ev]y?+ b take up arms = ! tyrant4 ,i h pro(s ( ?is f ! prie/s & deacons ( 8 tra91 :om ,i took4 ,dur+ ! ,c\ncil ( ,nica1 ) :at eag]ness & :at impud5ce he ma9ta9$1 aga9/ ! te/imony ( 8 consci5ce1 ! error explod$ on e side6 repeat$ly implor+ my protection1 le/1 be+ convict$ ( s great a crime1 he %\ld lose 8 dignity4 ,he %amefully circumv5t$ & took me by surprise1 & c>ri$ ev]y?+ z he *ose4 ,aga91 see :at has be5 done b lately by him & ,!og5es4 ,con/ant9e "h alludes to ! fraud :i* ,eusebius ( ,nicom$ia & ,!og5es ( ,nica resort$ to 9 subscrib+4 ,9 ! ^w omo\sios1 !y ins]t$ an iota1 mak+ x omoi\sios1 mean+ ( l sub/ance2 :]eas ! fir/ means ( ! same sub/ance4 ,we h]eby see t ^! bi%ops yield$ to ! fe> ( be+ displac$ or bani%$2 = ! emp]or _h ?reat5$ ) exile su* z %\ld n subscribe4 ,! o!r ,eusebius1 too1 bi%op ( ,cs>ea1 approv$ ! ^w consub/antial1 aft] condemn+ x ! day be=e4 ,h[ev]1 ,!onas ( ,m>m>ica1 & ,secundus ( ,ptolemais cont9u$ ob/9ately atta*$ to ,arius2 &1 ! c\ncil1 hav+ condemn$ !m ) him1 ,con/ant9e bani%$ !m1 & decl>$ by an edict t :osoev] %\ld be convict$ ( conceal+ any ( ! writ+s ( ,arius in/ead ( burn+ !m1 %\ld be puni%$ ) dea?4 ,?ree mon?s aft]1 ,eusebius ( ,nicom$ia & ,!og5es 7 likewise exil$ into ,gaul4 ,x is said t1 hav+ ga9$ ov] ! individual :o1 by ! emp]or's ord]1 kept ! acts ( ! c\ncil1 !y _h eras$ _! signatures1 & begun to tea* 9 public t ! ,son mu/ n be believ$ to be consub/antial ) ! ,fa!r4 ,happily1 to replace _! signatures & pres]ve entire ! my/]i\s numb] ?ree hundr$ & eighte51 ! exp$i5t 0 tri$ ( lay+ ! book1 9 :i* ! acts 7 divid$ into sessions1 on ! tomb ( ,*rysan?us & ,mysonius1 :o _h di$ :ile ! c\ncil 0 9 session2 ! night 0 pass$ 9 pray] & ! next morn+ x 0 f\nd t ^! two bi%ops _h sign$4 ,x 0 by an exp$i5t ne>ly simil>1 t ! fa!rs ( ! same c\ncil di/+ui%$ ! au!ntic f ! apocryphal books ( ,scripture4 ,hav+ plac$ !m altoge!r ^u ! alt>1 ! apocryphal books fell to ! gr\nd ( !mselves4 ,two o!r c\ncils1 assembl$ by ! emp]or ,con/ant9e1 9 ! ye> #cei1 ! "o1 ( upw>ds ( f\r hundr$ bi%ops1 at ,rim9i1 ! o!r1 ( m ?an a hundr$ & fifty1 at ,seleucia2 aft] long debates1 reject$ ! ^w consub/antial1 already condemn$1 z we h be=e said1 by a ,c\ncil ( ,antio*4 ,b ^! c\ncils are recogniz$ only by ! ,soc9ians4 ,! ,nic5e fa!rs _h be5 s mu* occupi$ ) ! consub/antiality ( ! ,son1 t !y _h made no m5tion ( ! *ur* 9 _! symbol1 b cont5t$ !mselves ) say+1 ,we also believe 9 ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,?is omission 0 suppli$ 9 ! second g5]al c\ncil1 convok$ at ,con/ant9ople1 9 #cha1 by ,!odosius4 ,! ,holy ,gho/ 0 !re decl>$ to be ! ,"l & giv] ( life1 proce$+ f ! ,fa!r1 :o ) ! ,fa!r & ,son is wor%ipp$ & glorifi$1 :o spake by ! prophets4 ,aft]w>ds ! ,lat9 *ur* w\ld h ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$ f ! ,son also2 & ! filioque 0 add$ to ! symbol3 fir/ 9 ,spa91 9 #ddg2 !n 9 ,france1 at ! ,c\ncil ( ,lyons1 9 #abgd2 & la/ly at ,rome1 not)/&+ ! compla9ts made by ! ,greeks aga9/ ?is innovation4 ,! div9ity ( ,jesus be+ once e/abli%$1 x 0 natural to give to 8 "m ! title ( ,"m ( ,god4 ,h[ev]1 ,ne/orius1 patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 ma9ta9$ 9 8 s]mons t ?is w\ld be ju/ify+ ! folly ( ! ,pagans1 :o gave mo!rs to _! gods4 ,!odosius ! y\ng]1 to h ?is great "q decid$1 assembl$ ! ?ird g5]al c\ncil at ,ephesus1 9 ! ye> #dca1 & 9 x ,m>y 0 ackn[l$g$ to be ! "m ( ,god4 ,ano!r h]esy ( ,ne/orius1 likewise condemn$ at ,ephesus1 0 t ( admitt+ two p]sons 9 ,jesus4 ,nev]!less1 ! patri>* ,photius subsequ5tly ackn[l$g$ two natures 9 ,jesus4 ,a monk nam$ ,euty*es1 :o _h already exclaim$ l\dly aga9/ ,ne/orius1 affirm$1 ! bett] to contradict !m bo?1 t ,jesus _h also b "o nature4 ,b ?is "t ! monk 0 wrong2 al?\gh1 9 #ddi1 8 op9ion _h be5 ma9ta9$ by bl[s 9 a num]\s c\ncil at ,ephesus4 ,euty*es 0 nev]!less ana!matiz$1 two ye>s aft]w>ds1 by ! f\r? g5]al c\ncil1 held "u ! emp]or ,m>cian at ,*alc$on1 9 :i* two natures 7 assign$ to ,jesus4 ,x 0 /ill to be det]m9$1 ) "o p]son & two natures1 h[ _m wills ,jesus 0 to h4 ,! fif? g5]al c\ncil1 :i* 9 ! ye> #eec quell$1 by ,ju/9ian's ord]1 ! cont5tions ab\t ! doctr9e ( ?ree bi%ops1 _h no leisure to settle ?is important po9t4 ,x 0 n until ! ye> #fhj t ! six? g5]al c\ncil1 also conv5$ at ,con/ant9ople by ,con/ant9e ,pogonatus1 in=m$ u t ,jesus _h precisely two wills4 ,?is c\ncil1 9 condemn+ ! ,mono!lites1 :o admitt$ only "o1 made no exception f ! ana!ma 9 favor ( ,pope ,honorius ,i41 :o1 9 a lett] giv5 by ,b>onius1 _h said to ! patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople3 ,we confess 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ "o only w4 ,we d n see t ei!r ! c\ncils or ! ,scriptures au?orize u to ?9k o!rwise4 ,b :e!r1 f ! works ( div9ity & ( humanity :i* are 9 him1 we are to look = two op]ations1 is a po9t ( little importance1 & "o :i* ,i leave x to ! gramm>ians to decide4 ,?us1 9 ?is in/ance1 ) ,god's p]mission1 ! acc\nt betwe5 ! ,greek & ,lat9 *ur*es 0 balanc$4 ,z ! patri>* ,ne/orius _h be5 condemn$ = ackn[l$g+ two p]sons 9 ,jesus1 s ,pope ,honorius 0 n[ condemn$ = admitt+ b "o w 9 ,jesus4 ,! sev5? g5]al c\ncil1 or ! second ( ,nice1 0 assembl$ 9 #ghg1 by ,con/ant9e1 son ( ,leo & ,ir5e1 to re-e/abli% ! wor%ip ( images4 ,! read] mu/ "k t two ,c\ncils ( ,con/ant9ople1 ! fir/ 9 #gcj1 "u ! emp]or ,leo1 ! o!r tw5ty-f\r ye>s aft]1 "u ,con/ant9e ,copronymus1 _h ?\ght prop] to proscribe images1 con=mably to ! ,mosaic law & to ! usage ( ! e>ly ages ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,s1 also1 ! ,nic5e decree1 9 :i* x is said t :osoev] %all n r5d] s]vice & adoration to ! images ( ! sa9ts z to ! ,tr9ity1 %all be deem$ ana!matiz$1 at fir/ enc\nt]$ "s opposition4 ,! bi%ops :o introduc$ x1 9 a ,c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople1 held 9 #ghi1 7 turn$ out by soldi]s4 ,! same decree 0 also reject$ ) scorn by ! ,c\ncil ( ,frank=t 9 #gid1 & by ! ,c>ol9e books1 publi%$ by ord] ( ,*>lemagne4 ,b ! second ,c\ncil ( ,nice 0 at l5g? confirm$ at ,con/ant9ople "u ! emp]or ,mi*ael & 8 "m ,!odora1 9 ! ye> #hdb1 by a num]\s c\ncil1 :i* ana!matiz$ ! enemies ( holy images4 ,be x "h obs]v$1 x 0 by two wom51 ! empresses ,ir5e & ,!odora1 t ! images 7 protect$4 ,we pass on to ! eigh? g5]al c\ncil4 ,"u ! emp]or ,basilius1 ,photius1 orda9$ patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople 9 place ( ,ignatius1 _h ! ,lat9 *ur* condemn$ = ! filioque & o!r practices1 by a c\ncil ( ! ye> #hff3 b ,ignatius be+ recall$ ! foll[+ ye>1 ano!r c\ncil remov$ ,photius2 & 9 ! ye> #hfi ! ,lat9s1 9 _! turn1 condemn$ ! ,greek *ur* 9 :at !y call$ ! eigh? g5]al c\ncil--:ile ^? 9 ! ,ea/ gave ?is "n to ano!r c\ncil1 :i*1 t5 ye>s aft]1 annull$ :at ! prec$+ "o _h done1 & re/or$ ,photius4 ,^! f\r c\ncils 7 held at ,con/ant9ople2 ! o!rs1 call$ g5]al by ! ,lat9s1 hav+ be5 compos$ ( ! bi%ops ( ! ,we/ only1 ! popes1 ) ! aid ( false decretals1 gradually arrogat$ ! "r ( convok+ !m4 ,! la/ ( ^! :i* assembl$ at ,tr5t1 f #aede to #aefc1 nei!r s]v$ to conv]t ! enemies ( papacy nor to subdue !m4 ,its decrees1 9 discipl9e1 h be5 sc>cely admitt$ into any "o ,ca?olic nation3 its only effect has be5 to v]ify ^! words ( ,/4 ,gregory ,nazianz53 ,i h n se5 "o c\ncil t has act$ ) good fai?1 or t has n augm5t$ ! evils compla9$ ( r ?an cur$ !m4 ,ambition & ! love ( disputation1 beyond ! p[] ( words to express1 reign 9 e assembly ( bi%ops4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance1 9 #adae1 hav+ decid$ t a c\ncil-g5]al receives its au?ority imm$iately f ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* au?ority e p]son1 ( :atev] rank or dignity1 is b\nd to obey 9 all t conc]ns ! fai?2 & ! ,c\ncil ( ,basel hav+ aft]w>ds confirm$ ?is decree1 :i* x holds to be an article ( fai? :i* _c be neglect$ )\t r5\nc+ salvation1 x is cle> h[ deeply e "o is int]e/$ 9 pay+ submission to c\ncils4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,notice ( ! ,g5]al ,c\ncils4 ,assembly1 c\ncil ( /ate1 p>liam5t1 /ates-g5]al1 =m]ly signifi$ ! same ?+4 ,9 ! primitive ages no?+ 0 writt5 9 ,celtic1 nor 9 ,g]man1 nor 9 ,spani%4 ,! little t 0 writt5 0 conceiv$ 9 ! ,lat9 tongue by a few cl]ks1 :o express$ e meet+ ( l5des1 h]r51 or ricohombres1 by ! ^w concilium4 ,h5ce x is t we f9d 9 ! six?1 sev5?1 & eigh? c5turies s _m c\ncils :i* 7 no?+ m ?an c\ncils ( /ate4 ,we %all "h speak only ( ! great c\ncils call$ g5]al1 :e!r by ! ,greek or by ! ,lat9 *ur*4 ,at ,rome !y 7 call$ synods1 z !y 7 9 ! ,ea/ 9 ! primitive ages--= ! ,lat9s borr[$ names z well z ?+s f ! ,greeks4 ,9 #cbe !re 0 a great c\ncil 9 ! city ( ,nica1 convok$ by ,con/ant9e4 ,! =m ( its decision 0 ?is3 ,we believe t ,jesus is ( "o sub/ance ) ! ,fa!r1 ,god ( ,god1 light ( light1 begott51 n made4 ,we also believe 9 ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,nicephorus affirms t two bi%ops1 ,*rysan?us & ,mysonius1 :o _h di$ dur+ ! fir/ sitt+s1 rose aga9 to sign ! condemnation ( ,arius1 & incont95tly di$ aga91 z ,i h already obs]v$4 ,b>onius ma9ta9s ?is fact1 b ,fleury says no?+ ( x4 ,9 #cei ! emp]or ,con/antius assembl$ ! great c\ncils ( ,rim9i & ( ,seleucia1 consi/+ ( six hundr$ bi%ops1 ) a prodigi\s numb] ( prie/s4 ,^! two c\ncils1 correspond+ toge!r1 undo all t ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice did1 & proscribe ! consub/antiality4 ,b ?is 0 aft]w>ds reg>d$ z a false c\ncil4 ,9 #cha 0 held1 by ord] ( ! emp]or ,!odosius1 a great c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople1 ( "o hundr$ & fifty bi%ops1 :o ana!matize ! ,c\ncil ( ,rim9i4 ,/4 ,gregory ,nazianz5 presides1 & ! bi%op ( ,rome s5ds deputies to x4 ,n[ is add$ to ! ,nic5e symbol3 ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 inc>nate1 by ! ,holy ,gho/1 ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,he 0 crucifi$ = u "u ,pontius ,pilate4 ,he 0 buri$1 & on ! ?ird day he rose aga91 accord+ to ! ,scriptures4 ,he sits at ! "r h& ( ! ,fa!r4 ,we also believe 9 ! ,holy ,gho/1 ! ,"l & giv] ( life1 :o proce$s f ! ,fa!r4 ,9 #dca a great c\ncil 0 convok$ at ,ephesus1 by ! emp]or ,!odosius ,,ii4 ,ne/orius1 bi%op ( ,con/ant9ople1 hav+ viol5tly p]secut$ all :o 7 n ( 8 op9ion on !ological po9ts1 und]goes p]secution 9 8 turn1 = hav+ ma9ta9$ t ! ,holy ,virg9 ,m>y1 "m ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 0 n "m ( ,god2 because said he1 ,jesus ,*ri/ be+ ! ^w1 ! ,son ( ,god1 consub/antial ) ,8 ,fa!r1 ,m>y c\ld n1 at ! same "t1 be "m ( ,god ! ,fa!r & ( ,god ! ,son4 ,/4 ,cyril exclaims l\dly aga9/ him4 ,ne/orius dem&s an ecum5ical c\ncil1 & obta9s x4 ,ne/orius is condemn$2 b ,cyril is also displac$ by a committee ( ! c\ncil4 ,! emp]or rev]ses all t has be5 done 9 ?is c\ncil1 !n p]mits x to re-assemble4 ,! deputies f ,rome arrive v late4 ,! tr\bles increas+1 ! emp]or has ,ne/orius & ,cyril arre/$4 ,at la/ he ord]s all ! bi%ops to return1 ea* to 8 *ur*1 & aft] all no conclusion is rea*$4 ,su* 0 ! fam\s ,c\ncil ( ,ephesus4 ,9 #ddi ano!r great c\ncil1 aft]w>d call$ ! b&itti1 met at ,ephesus4 ,! numb] ( bi%ops assembl$ is a hundr$ & ?irty2 & ,dioscorus1 bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 presid$4 ,!re are two deputies f ! *ur* ( ,rome1 & sev]al abbots4 ,! "q is1 :e!r ,jesus ,*ri/ has two natures4 ,! bi%ops & all ! monks ( ,egypt exclaim t all :o w\ld divide ,jesus ,*ri/ ought !mselves to be torn 9 two4 ,! two natures are ana!matiz$2 & !re is a fight 9 full c\ncil1 z at ! little ,c\ncil ( ,cirta 9 #cee1 & at ! m9or ,c\ncil ( ,c>?age4 ,9 #deb1 ! great ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on 0 convok$ by ,pul*]ia1 :o m>ri$ ,m>cian on condition t he %\ld be only ! highe/ ( h] subjects4 ,/4 ,leo1 bi%op ( ,rome1 hav+ great influ5ce1 takes advantage ( ! tr\bles :i* ! qu>rel ab\t ! two natures has occasion$ 9 ! empire1 & presides at ! c\ncil by 8 legates--( :i* we h no =m] example4 ,b ! fa!rs ( ! c\ncil1 appreh5d+ t ! *ur* ( ! ,we/ w1 f ?is prec$5t1 pret5d to ! sup]iority ov] t ( ! ,ea/1 decide by _! tw5ty-eigh? canon1 t ! see ( ,con/ant9ople1 & t ( ,rome1 %all enjoy alike ! same advantages & ! same privileges4 ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! long enmity :i* prevail$1 & /ill prevails1 betwe5 ! two *ur*es4 ,?is ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on e/abli%$ ! two natures 9 "o only p]son4 ,nicephorus relates t1 at ?is same c\ncil1 ! bi%ops1 aft] a long dispute on ! subject ( images1 laid ea* 8 op9ion 9 writ+ on ! tomb ( ,/4 ,euphemia1 & pass$ ! night 9 pray]4 ,! next morn+ ! or?odox writ+s 7 f\nd 9 ! sa9t's h&1 & ! o!rs at h] feet4 ,9 #eec1 a great c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople 0 convok$ by ,ju/9ian1 :o 0 an amateur !ologian1 to discuss ?ree small writ+s1 call$ ! ?ree *apt]s1 ( :i* no?+ is n[ kn[n4 ,!re 7 also disputes on "s passages ( ,orig54 ,vigilius1 bi%op ( ,rome1 w\ld h gone ?i!r 9 p]son2 b ,ju/9ian _h him put 9 prison1 & ! ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople presid$4 ,no memb] ( ! ,lat9 *ur* att5d$2 = at t "t ,greek 0 no long] und]/ood 9 ! ,we/1 :i* _h become entirely b>b>\s4 ,9 #fhj1 ano!r g5]al c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople 0 convok$ by ,con/ant9e ! be>d$4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ c\ncil call$ by ! ,lat9s 9 trullo1 because x 0 held 9 an ap>tm5t ( ! imp]ial palace4 ,! emp]or1 himself1 presid$2 on 8 "r h& 7 ! patri>*s ( ,con/ant9ople & ,antio*2 on 8 left1 ! deputies f ,rome & ,j]usalem4 ,x 0 !re decid$ t ,jesus ,*ri/ _h two wills2 & ,pope ,honorius ,i41 0 condemn$ z a ,mono!lite1 i4e41 z wi%+ ,jesus ,*ri/ to h b "o w4 ,9 #ghg1 ! second ,c\ncil ( ,nice 0 convok$ by ,ir5e1 9 ! "n ( ! emp]or ,con/ant9e1 h] son1 :om %e _h depriv$ ( 8 eyes4 ,h] husb&1 ,leo1 _h aboli%$ ! wor%ip ( images1 z contr>y to ! simplicity ( ! primitive ages1 & lead+ to idolatry4 ,ir5e re-e/abli%$ ?is wor%ip2 %e h]self spoke 9 ! c\ncil1 :i* 0 ! only "o held by a woman4 ,two legates f ,pope ,adrian ,v41 att5d$1 b did n speak1 = !y did n und]/& ,greek3 ! patri>* did all4 ,sev5 ye>s aft]1 ! ,franks1 hav+ he>d t a c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople _h orda9$ ! adoration ( images1 assemble1 by ord] ( ,*>les1 son ( ,pep91 aft]w>ds nam$ ,*>lemagne1 a v num]\s c\ncil at ,frank=t4 ,"h ! second ,c\ncil ( ,nice is spok5 ( z an imp]t95t & arrogant synod1 held 9 ,greece = ! wor%ipp+ ( pictures4 ,9 #hdb1 a great c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople 0 convok$ by ! empress ,!odora4 ,! wor%ip ( images 0 solemnly e/abli%$4 ,! ,greeks h /ill a fea/ 9 honor ( ?is c\ncil1 call$ ! or?odoxia4 ,!odora did n preside4 ,9 #hfa1 a great c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople1 consi/+ ( ?ree hundr$ & eighte5 bi%ops1 0 convok$ by ! emp]or ,mi*ael4 ,/4 ,ignatius1 patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 is depos$1 & ,photius elect$4 ,9 #hff1 ano!r great c\ncil 0 held at ,con/ant9ople1 9 :i* ,pope ,ni*olas ,,iii4 is depos$ = contumacy1 & excommunicat$4 ,9 #hfi 0 ano!r great c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople1 9 :i* ,photius1 9 turn1 is depos$ & excommunicat$1 & ,/4 ,ignatius re/or$4 ,9 #hgi1 ano!r great c\ncil assembl$ at ,con/ant9ople1 9 :i* ,photius1 already re/or$1 is ackn[l$g$ z true patri>* by ! legates ( ,pope ,john ,,viii4 ,"h ! great ecum5ical c\ncil1 9 :i* ,photius 0 depos$1 receives ! appellation ( conciliabulum4 ,pope ,john ,,viii4 decl>es all ^? to be ,judases :o say t ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son4 ,9 #aabb-c1 a great c\ncil at ,rome 0 held 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,john ( ,lat]an by ,pope ,calixtus ,,ii4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ g5]al c\ncil convok$ by ! popes4 ,! emp]ors ( ! ,we/ _h n[ sc>cely any au?ority2 & ! emp]ors ( ! ,ea/ press$ by ! ,mahometans & by ! ,crusad]s1 held none b wret*$ little c\ncils4 ,x is n precisely kn[n :at ?is ,lat]an 04 ,"s small c\ncils _h be=e be5 assembl$ 9 ! ,lat]an4 ,"s say t x 0 a h\se built by "o ,lat]an 9 ,n]o's "t2 o!rs1 t x 0 ,/4 ,john's *ur* itself1 built by ,bi%op ,sylve/]4 ,9 ?is c\ncil1 ! bi%ops compla9$ heavily ( ! monks4 ,!y possess1 said !y1 ! *ur*es1 ! l&s1 ! ca/les1 ! ti!s1 ! (f]+s ( ! liv+ & ! dead2 !y h only to take f u ! r+ & ! crosi]4 ,! monks rema9$ 9 possession4 ,9 #aaci 0 ano!r great ,c\ncil ( ,lat]an1 by ,pope ,innoc5t ,,ii4 ,x is said !re 7 pres5t a ?\s& bi%ops4 ,a great _m1 c]ta9ly4 ,"h ! ecclesia/ical ti!s are decl>$ to be ( div9e "r1 & all laym5 possess+ any ( !m are excommunicat$4 ,9 #aagi 0 ano!r great ,c\ncil ( ,lat]an1 by ,pope ,alex&] ,,iii4 ,!re 7 ?ree hundr$ bi%ops & "o ,greek abbot4 ,! decrees are all on discipl9e4 ,! plurality ( b5efices is =bidd54 ,9 #abae 0 ! la/ g5]al ,c\ncil ( ,lat]an1 by ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii41 compos$ ( f\r hundr$ & twelve bi%ops1 & eight hundr$ abbots4 ,at ?is "t1 :i* is t ( ! ,crusades1 ! popes h e/abli%$ a ,lat9 patri>* at ,j]usalem1 & "o at ,con/ant9ople4 ,^! patri>*s att5d ! c\ncil4 ,?is great c\ncil says t1 ,god hav+ giv5 ! doctr9e ( salvation to m5 by ,moses1 at l5g? caus$ ,8 son to be born ( a virg91 to %[ ! way m cle>ly1 & t no "o c be sav$ out ( ! ,ca?olic *ur*4 ,! transub/antiation 0 n kn[n until aft] ?is c\ncil4 ,x =bade ! e/abli%m5t ( new religi\s ord]s2 b1 s9ce t "t1 no less ?an eighty h be5 in/itut$4 ,x 0 9 ?is c\ncil t ,raymond1 c\nt ( ,t\l\se1 0 /ripp$ ( all 8 l&s4 ,9 #abde a great c\ncil assembl$ at ! imp]ial city ( ,lyons4 ,innoc5t ,,iv4 br+s ?i!r ! emp]or ( ,con/ant9ople1 ,john ,palologus1 & makes him sit beside him4 ,he deposes ! emp]or ,fr$]ick z a felon1 & gives ! c>d9als r$ hats1 z a sign ( ho/ility to ,fr$]ick4 ,?is 0 ! s\rce ( ?irty ye>s ( civil w>4 ,9 #abgd ano!r g5]al c\ncil 0 held at ,lyons4 ,five hundr$ bi%ops1 sev5ty great & a ?\s& less] abbots4 ,! ,greek emp]or1 ,mi*ael ,palologus1 t he may h ! protection ( ! pope1 s5ds 8 ,greek patri>*1 ,!ophanes1 to unite1 9 8 "n1 ) ! ,lat9 *ur*4 ,b ! ,greek *ur* dis[ns ^! bi%ops4 ,9 #acaa1 ,pope ,clem5t ,v4 assembl$ a g5]al c\ncil 9 ! small t[n ( ,vi5ne1 9 ,dauph9y1 9 :i* he aboli%es ! ,ord] ( ! ,templ>s4 ,x is "h orda9$ t ! ,bg>es1 ,begu9s1 & ,bgu9es %all be burn$4 ,^! 7 a species ( h]etics1 to :om 0 imput$ all t _h =m]ly be5 imput$ to ! primitive ,*ri/ians4 ,9 #adad1 ! great ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance 0 convok$ by an emp]or :o resumes 8 rights1 viz43 by ,sigismund4 ,"h ,pope ,john ,,xxiii41 convict$ ( num]\s crimes1 is depos$2 & ,john ,huss & ,j]ome ( ,prague1 convict$ ( ob/9acy1 are burn$4 ,9 #adca1 a great c\ncil 0 held at ,basel1 :]e !y 9 va9 depose ,pope ,eug5e ,,iv41 :o is too clev] = ! c\ncil4 ,9 #adch1 a great c\ncil assembl$ at ,f]r>a1 transf]r$ to ,flor5ce1 :]e ! excommunicat$ pope excommunicates ! c\ncil1 & decl>es x guilty ( high treason4 ,"h a feign$ union is made ) ! ,greek *ur*1 cru%$ by ! ,turki% synods held sword 9 h&4 ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 w\ld h _h 8 ,c\ncil ( ,lat]an1 9 #aeab1 pass = an ecum5ical c\ncil4 ,9 x t pope solemnly excommunicat$ ,l\is ,,xii41 k+ ( ,france1 laid ,france "u an int]dict1 summon$ ! :ole p>liam5t ( ,prov5ce to appe> be=e him1 & excommunicat$ all ! philosoph]s1 because mo/ ( !m _h tak5 "p ) ,l\is ,,xii4 ,yet ?is c\ncil 0 n1 l t ( ,ephesus1 call$ ! ,c\ncil ( ,robb]s4 ,9 #aecg1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t 0 convok$1 fir/ at ,mantua1 by ,paul ,,iii41 aft]w>ds at ,tr5t 9 #aedc1 & t]m9at$ 9 ,decemb]1 #aefa1 "u ,pius ,,vi4 ,ca?olic pr9ces submitt$ to x on po9ts ( doctr9e1 & two or ?ree ( !m 9 matt]s ( discipl9e4 ,x is ?\ght t h5ce=w>d !re w be no m g5]al c\ncils ?an !re w be /ates-g5]al 9 ,france or ,spa94 ,9 ! ,vatican !re is a f9e picture1 conta9+ a li/ ( ! g5]al c\ncils1 9 :i* are inscrib$ su* only z are approv$ by ! c\rt ( ,rome4 ,e "o puts :at he *ooses 9 8 own ar*ives4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,infallibility ( ,c\ncils4 ,all c\ncils are1 d\btless1 infallible1 be+ compos$ ( m54 ,x is n possible t ! passions1 t intrigues1 t ! _s ( cont5tion1 t hatr$ or jeal\sy1 t prejudice or ignorance1 %\ld ev] influ5ce ^! assemblies4 ,b :y1 x w be said1 h s _m c\ncils be5 oppos$ to "o ano!r8 ,to ex]cise our fai?4 ,!y 7 all "r1 ea* 9 its "t4 ,at ?is day1 ! ,roman ,ca?olics believe 9 su* c\ncils only z are approv$ 9 ! ,vatican2 ! ,greek ,ca?olics believe only 9 ^? approv$ at ,con/ant9ople2 & ! ,prote/ants make a je/ ( bo? ! "o & ! o!r3 s t e "o ought to be cont5t4 ,we %all "h exam9e only ! great c\ncils3 ! less] ones are n wor? ! tr\ble4 ,! fir/ 0 t ( ,nice1 assembl$ 9 ! ye> #cbe ( ! mod]n era1 aft] ,con/ant9e _h writt5 & s5t by ,osius 8 noble lett] to ! r turbul5t cl]gy ( ,alex&ria4 ,x 0 debat$ :e!r ,jesus 0 creat$ or uncreat$4 ,?is 9 no way conc]n$ morality1 :i* is ! only ?+ ess5tial4 ,:e!r ,jesus 0 9 "t or be=e "t1 x is n ! less our duty to be hone/4 ,aft] mu* alt]cation1 x 0 at la/ decid$ t ! ,son 0 z old z ! ,fa!r1 & consub/antial ) ! ,fa!r4 ,?is decision is n v easy ( compreh5sion1 :i* makes x b ! m sublime4 ,sev5te5 bi%ops prote/$ aga9/ ! decree2 & an old ,alex&rian *ronicle1 pres]v$ at ,ox=d1 says t two ?\s& prie/s likewise prote/$4 ,b prelates make n mu* acc\nt ( m]e prie/s1 :o are 9 g5]al poor4 ,h[ev]1 !re 0 no?+ said ( ! ,tr9ity 9 ?is fir/ c\ncil4 ,! =mula runs ?us3 ,we believe ,jesus to be consub/antial ) ! ,fa!r1 ,god ( ,god1 light ( light1 begott51 n made2 we also believe 9 ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 treat$ v cavali]ly4 ,we h already said1 t 9 ! supplem5t to ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice x is relat$ t ! fa!rs1 be+ mu* p]plex$ to f9d out :i* 7 ! au!ntic & :i* ! apocryphal books ( ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t1 laid !m all ^u an alt>1 & ! books :i* !y 7 to reject fell to ! gr\nd4 ,:at a pity t s f9e an ordeal has be5 lo/6 ,aft] ! fir/ ,c\ncil ( ,nice1 compos$ ( ?ree hundr$ & sev5te5 infallible bi%ops1 ano!r c\ncil 0 held at ,rim9i2 on :i* occasion ! numb] ( ! infallible 0 f\r hundr$1 )\t reckon+ a /rong deta*m5t1 at ,seleucia1 ( ab\t two hundr$4 ,^! six hundr$ bi%ops1 aft] f\r mon?s ( cont5tion1 unanim\sly took f ,jesus 8 consub/antiality4 ,x has s9ce be5 re/or$ to him1 except by ! ,soc9ians3 s no?+ is amiss4 ,"o ( ! great c\ncils 0 t ( ,ephesus1 9 #dca4 ,!re1 z already /at$1 ,ne/orius1 bi%op ( ,con/ant9ople1 a great p]secutor ( h]etics1 0 himself condemn$ z a h]etic1 = hav+ ma9ta9$ t1 al?\gh ,jesus 0 really ,god1 yet ,8 "m 0 n absolutely "m ( ,god1 b "m ( ,jesus4 ,/4 ,cyril procur$ ! condemnation ( ,ne/orius2 b ! p>tisans ( ,ne/orius also procur$ ! deposition ( ,/4 ,cyril1 9 ! same c\ncil2 :i* put ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 consid]able p]plexity4 ,"h1 g5tle read]1 c>efully obs]ve1 t ! ,gospel says n "o syllable ( ! consub/antiality ( ! ,^w1 nor ( ,m>y's hav+ _h ! honor ( be+ "m ( ,god1 no m ?an ( ! o!r disput$ po9ts :i* br\ght toge!r s _m infallible c\ncils4 ,euty*es 0 a monk1 :o _h cri$ out /urdily aga9/ ,ne/orius1 ^: h]esy 0 no?+ less ?an suppos+ two p]sons 9 ,jesus2 :i* is q frightful4 ,! monk1 ! bett] to contradict 8 adv]s>y1 affirm$ t ,jesus _h b "o nature4 ,"o ,flavian1 bi%op ( ,con/ant9ople1 ma9ta9$ aga9/ him1 t !re mu/ absolutely be two natures 9 ,jesus4 ,!reupon1 a num]\s c\ncil 0 held at ,ephesus 9 #ddi1 & ! argum5t made use ( 0 ! cudgel1 z 9 ! less] c\ncil ( ,cirta1 9 #cee1 & 9 a c]ta9 conf]5ce held at ,c>?age4 ,flavian's nature 0 well ?ra%$1 & two natures 7 assign$ to ,jesus4 ,at ! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on1 9 #dea1 ,jesus 0 aga9 r$uc$ to "o nature4 ,i pass by c\ncils held on less weighty que/ions1 & come to ! six? g5]al ,c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople1 assembl$ to asc]ta9 precisely :e!r ,jesus--:o1 aft] hav+ = a long p]iod _h b "o nature1 0 !n possess$ ( two--_h also two wills4 ,x is obvi\s h[ important ?is k is to do+ ! w ( ,god4 ,?is c\ncil 0 convok$ by ,con/ant9e ! ,be>d$1 z all ! o!rs _h be5 by ! prec$+ emp]ors4 ,! legates f ! bi%op ( ,rome 7 on ! left h&1 & ! patri>*s ( ,con/ant9ople & ,antio* on ! "r4 ,! tra9-be>]s at ,rome may1 = aught ,i "k1 ass]t t ! left h& is ! place ( honor4 ,h[ev]1 ! result 0 t ,jesus obta9$ two wills4 ,! ,mosaic law =bade images4 ,pa9t]s & sculptors _h nev] made _! =tunes among ! ,jews4 ,we d n f9d t ,jesus ev] _h any pictures1 except+ p]haps t ( ,m>y1 pa9t$ by ,luke4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t ,jesus ,*ri/ n[h]e recomm5ds ! wor%ip ( images4 ,nev]!less ! primitive ,*ri/ians began to wor%ip !m ab\t ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 :5 !y _h become famili> ) ! f9e arts4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury ?is abuse _h arriv$ at su* a pit* t ,con/ant9e ,copronymus assembl$1 at ,con/ant9ople1 a c\ncil ( ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty bi%ops1 :o ana!matiz$ image-wor%ip1 & decl>$ x to be idolatry4 ,! empress ,ir5e1 ! same :o aft]w>ds _h h] son's eyes torn out1 convok$ ! second ,c\ncil ( ,nice 9 #ghg1 :5 ! adoration ( images 0 re-e/abli%$4 ,b 9 #gid ,*>lemagne _h ano!r c\ncil held at ,frank=t1 :i* decl>$ ! second ( ,nice idolatr\s4 ,pope ,adrian ,,iv4 s5t two legates to x1 b he did n convoke x4 ,! fir/ great c\ncil convok$ by a pope 0 ! fir/ ( ,lat]an1 9 #aaci2 !re 7 ab\t a ?\s& bi%ops assembl$2 b sc>cely any?+ 0 done1 except t all ^? 7 ana!matiz$ :o said t ! ,*ur* 0 too ri*4 ,9 #aagi1 ano!r great c\ncil ( ,lat]an 0 held by ,alex&] ,,iii41 9 :i* ! c>d9als1 = ! fir/ "t1 took prec$5ce ( ! bi%ops4 ,! discussions 7 conf9$ to matt]s ( discipl9e4 ,9 ano!r great c\ncil ( ,lat]an1 9 #abae1 ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii4 /ripp$ ! c\nt ( ,t\l\se ( all 8 possessions1 by virtue ( 8 excommunication4 ,x 0 !n t ! fir/ m5tion 0 made ( transub/antiation4 ,9 #abde1 0 held a g5]al c\ncil at ,lyons1 !n an imp]ial city1 9 :i* ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iv4 excommunicat$ ! emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 & consequ5tly depos$ him1 & =bade him ! use ( fire & wat]4 ,on ?is occasion1 a r$ hat 0 giv5 to ! c>d9als1 to rem9d !m t !y mu/ imbrue _! h&s 9 ! blood ( ! emp]or's p>tisans4 ,?is c\ncil 0 ! cause ( ! de/ruction ( ! h\se ( ,suabia1 & ( ?irty ye>s ( an>*y 9 ,italy & ,g]many4 ,9 a g5]al c\ncil held at ,vi5ne1 9 ,dauph9y1 9 #acaa1 ! ,ord] ( ! ,templ>s 0 aboli%$3 its pr9cipal memb]s hav+ be5 condemn$ to ! mo/ horrible dea?s1 on *>ges mo/ imp]fectly e/abli%$4 ,! great ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance1 9 #adad1 cont5t$ itself ) dismiss+ ,pope ,john ,,xxiii41 convict$ ( a ?\s& crimes1 b _h ,john ,huss & ,j]ome ( ,prague burn$ = be+ ob/9ate2 ob/9acy be+ a mu* m griev\s crime ?an ei!r murd]1 rape1 simony1 or sodomy4 ,9 #adcj 0 held ! great c\ncil ( ,basel1 n recogniz$ at ,rome because x depos$ ,pope ,eug5ius ,,iv41 :o w\ld n be depos$4 ,! ,romans reckon among ! g5]al c\ncils ! fif? ,c\ncil ( ,lat]an1 convok$ aga9/ ,l\is ,,xii41 k+ ( ,france1 by ,pope ,julius ,,ii42 b t w>like pope dy+1 ! c\ncil _h no result4 ,la/ly1 we h ! great ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 :i* is n receiv$ 9 ,france 9 matt]s ( discipl9e2 b its doctr9e is indisputable1 s9ce1 z ,fra ,paolo ,s>pi tells u1 ! ,holy ,gho/ arriv$ at ,tr5t f ,rome e week 9 ! c\ri]'s bag4 ,b ,fra ,paolo ,s>pi 0 a little ta9t$ ) h]esy4