,,?ree ,,philosophical ,,poets ,,lucretius1 ,,dante1 ,,& ,,goe! ,,by ,,george ,,santayana ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity ,,h>v>d ,,/udies ,,9 ,,comp>ative ,,lit]ature ,,volume ,i ,,cambridge ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity #aiaj ,,preface ,! pres5t volume is compos$1 ) a few additions1 ( six lectures read at ,columbia ,univ]sity 9 ,febru>y1 #aiaj1 & repeat$ 9 ,april ( ! same ye>1 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94 ,^! lectures1 9 turn1 7 bas$ on a regul> c\rse :i* ,i _h be5 giv+ = "s "t at ,h>v>d ,college4 ,?\gh produc$ "u su* le>n$ auspices1 my book c make no great claims to le>n+4 ,x conta9s ! impressions ( an amateur1 ! appreciations ( an ord9>y read]1 conc]n+ ?ree great writ]s1 two ( :om at lea/ might furni% matt] en\gh = ! /udies ( a lifetime1 & actually h academies1 libr>ies1 & univ]sity *airs especially consecrat$ to _! memory4 ,i am no speciali/ 9 ! /udy ( ,lucretius2 ,i am n a ,dante s*ol> nor a ,goe! s*ol>4 ,i c report no facts & propose no hypo!ses ab\t ^! m5 :i* are n at h& 9 _! famili> works1 or 9 well-kn[n comm5t>ies ^u !m4 ,my excuse = writ+ ab\t !m1 not)/&+1 is m]ely ! human excuse :i* e new poet has = writ+ ab\t ! spr+4 ,!y h attract$ me2 !y h mov$ me to reflection2 !y h reveal$ to me c]ta9 aspects ( nature & ( philosophy :i* ,i am prompt$ by m]e s9c]ity to express1 if anybody seems int]e/$ or will+ to li/54 ,:at ,i c (f] ! b5evol5t read]1 !re=e1 is no le>n$ inve/igation4 ,x is only a piece ( lit]>y criticism1 toge!r ) a fir/ broad lesson 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy--&1 p]haps1 9 philosophy itself4 ,g4,s4 ,h>v>d ,college ,june1 #aiaj ,,cont5ts ,i ,,introduction ,lucretius1 ,dante1 & ,goe! sum up ! *ief phases ( ,european philosophy1--naturalism1 sup]naturalism1 & romanticism--,ideal relation betwe5 philosophy & poetry4 ,,ii ,,lucretius ,developm5t ( ,greek cosmology--,democritus--,epicurean moral s5tim5t--,*anges inspir$ by x 9 ! sy/em ( ,democritus--,accid5tal alliance ( mat]ialism ) h$onism--,imag9ative value ( naturalism3 ,! ,lucretian ,v5us1 or ! propiti\s movem5t 9 nature--,! ,lucretian ,m>s1 or ! de/ructive movem5t--,prepond]ant melan*oly1 & ! reason = x--,mat]iality ( ! s\l--,! fe> ( dea? & ! fe> ( life--,lucretius a true poet ( nature--,comp>ison ) ,%elley & ,wordswor?--,?+s he might h add$ consi/5tly3 ,indefeasible wor? ( 8 insight & s5tim5t4 ,,iii ,,dante ,"* ( ,platonism--,its cosmology a p>able--,comb9ation ( ?is ) ,hebraic philosophy ( hi/ory--,!ory ( ! ,papacy & ! ,empire adopt$ by ,dante--,8 judgem5t on ,flor5ce--,dante z a lyric poet--,beatrice ! woman1 ! symbol1 & ! reality--,love1 magic1 & symbolism con/itutive pr9ciples ( ,dante's univ]se--,idea ( ! ,div9e ,com$y--,! s*eme ( virtues & vices--,retributive !ory ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts--,esot]ic view ( ?is1 :i* makes ev5 puni%m5t intr9sic to ! s9s--,examples--,dantesque cosmography--,! g5ius ( ! poet--,8 univ]sal scope--,8 triumphant execution ( ! ,com$y--,8 defects1 9 spite ( :i* he rema9s ! type ( a supreme poet4 ,,iv ,,goe!',s ,,fau/ ,page ,! romantic _s--,! ideals ( ! ,r5aissance--,expression ( bo? 9 ! leg5d>y ,fau/--,m>l[e's v]sion--,t5d5cy to v9dicate ,fau/--,contra/ ) ,cald]on's 8,wond]-work+ ,magician0--,! orig9al ,fau/ ( ,goe!1--univ]sal ambition & et]nal dissatisfaction --,modifications--,! s]ies ( exp]im5ts 9 liv+--,! /ory ( ,gret*5 fitt$ 9--,goe!'s naturali/ic !ory ( life & rejuv5ation3 ,hel5--,! classic mann] & ! judgem5t on classicism--,fau/'s la/ ambition--,! conflict ov] 8 s\l & 8 asc5t to heav5 symbolical--,moral ( ! :ole4 ,v ,,conclusion ,comp>ison ( ! ?ree poets--,_! relative rank--,ideal ( a philosophic or compreh5sive poet--,untri$ possibilities ( art4 ,i ,,introduction ,! sole advantage 9 possess+ great works ( lit]ature lies 9 :at !y c help u to become4 ,9 !mselves1 z feats p]=m$ by _! au?ors1 !y w\ld h =feit$ none ( _! tru? or greatness if !y _h p]i%$ be=e our day4 ,we c nei!r take away nor add to _! pa/ value or inh]5t dignity4 ,x is only !y1 9 s f> z !y are appropriate food & n poison = u1 t c add to ! pres5t value & dignity ( our m9ds4 ,=eign classics h to be retranslat$ & re9t]pret$ = ea* g5]ation1 to r5d] _! old naturalness 9 a natural way1 & keep _! p]5nial humanity liv+ & capable ( assimilation4 ,ev5 native classics h to be reappreh5d$ by e read]4 ,x is ?is cont9ual dige/ion ( ! sub/ance suppli$ by ! pa/ t alone r5d]s ! insights ( ! pa/ /ill pot5t 9 ! pres5t & = ! future4 ,liv+ criticism1 g5u9e appreciation1 is ! int]e/ we draw f ye> to ye> on ! unrecov]able capital ( human g5ius4 ,reg>d$ f ?is po9t ( view1 z sub/ances to be dige/$1 ! poetic rema9s ( ,lucretius1 ,dante1 & ,goe! 7?\gh x is 8 ,fau/ only t ,i %all speak (7 af=d r a v>i$ fea/4 ,9 _! doctr9e & g5ius !y may seem to be too mu* oppos$ to be at all conv]g5t or comb9able 9 _! wisdom4 ,"s1 :o "k & c>e = "o1 p]haps1 ( ^! poets1 may be dispos$ to d\bt :e!r !y h any?+ vital to le>n f ! o!r two4 ,yet x is z a pupil--,i hope a discrim9at+ pupil--( ea* 9 turn t ,i mean to speak2 & ,i v5ture to ma9ta9 t 9 :at makes !m great !y are compatible2 t )\t any vagu5ess or d\bl5ess 9 "o's crit]ion ( ta/e "o may admire en?usia/ically ! poetry ( ea* 9 turn2 & t "o may accept ! ess5tial philosophy1 ! positive intuition1 ( ea*1 )\t lack ( def9ition or sy/em 9 "o's own ?9k+4 ,inde$1 ! div]sity ( ^! ?ree poets passes1 if ,i may use ! ,hegelian dialect1 into a unity ( a high] k9d4 ,ea* is typical ( an age4 ,tak5 toge!r !y sum up all ,european philosophy4 ,lucretius adopts ! mo/ radical & ! mo/ correct ( ^? cosmological sy/ems :i* ! g5ius ( e>ly ,greece _h devis$4 ,he sees ! _w to be "o great edifice1 "o great ma*9e1 all its p>ts react+ ^u "o ano!r1 & gr[+ out ( "o ano!r 9 ob$i5ce to a g5]al p]vasive process or life4 ,8 poem describes ! nature1 t is1 ! bir? & composition1 ( all ?+s4 ,x %[s h[ !y are comp\nd$ out ( elem5ts1 & h[ ^! elem5ts1 :i* he ?9ks are atoms 9 p]petual motion1 are be+ con/antly r$i/ribut$1 s t old ?+s p]i% & new ?+s arise4 ,into ?is view ( ! _w he fits a view ( human life z x ought to be l$ "u su* conditions4 ,8 mat]ialism is complet$ by an aspiration t[>ds fre$om & quietness ( _s4 ,all[$ to look once ^u ! wond]ful spectacle1 :i* is to repeat itself 9 ! _w = ev]1 we %\ld look & admire1 = to-morr[ we die2 we %\ld eat1 dr9k1 & be m]ry1 b mod]ately & ) mu* art1 le/ we die mis]ably1 & die to-day4 ,?is is "o complete sy/em ( philosophy1--mat]ialism 9 natural sci5ce1 humanism 9 e?ics4 ,su* 0 ! gi/ ( all ,greek philosophy be=e ,socrates1 ( t philosophy :i* 0 truly ,hell5ic & correspond$ ) ! movem5t :i* produc$ ,greek mann]s1 ,greek gov]nm5t1 & ,greek art--a movem5t t[>ds simplicity1 autonomy1 & reasonabl5ess 9 ev]y?+1 f dress to religion4 ,su* is ! gi/ also ( :at may be call$ ! philosophy ( ! ,r5aissance1 ! reass]tion ( sci5ce & lib]ty 9 ! mod]n _w1 by ,bacon1 by ,sp9oza1 by ! :ole contempor>y s*ool t looks to sci5ce = its view ( ! facts1 & to ! happ9ess ( m5 on e>? = its ideal4 ,?is sy/em is call$ naturalism2 & ( ?is ,lucretius is ! unrivall$ poet4 ,skip a ?\s& ye>s & m1 & a contra/+ spectacle is be=e u4 ,all m9ds1 all in/itutions1 are dom9at$ by a religion t repres5ts ! s\l z a pilgrim ^u e>?2 ! _w is fall5 & subject to ! devil2 pa9 & pov]ty are consid]$ normal1 happ9ess impossible "h & to be hop$ = only 9 a future life1 provid$ ! sn>es & pleasures ( ! pres5t life h n entrapp$ u4 ,meantime a sort ( ,jacob's ladd] /ret*es f ! /one on :i* ! wayf>] lays 8 head into ! heav5 he hopes =2 & ! angels he sees asc5d+ & desc5d+ ^u x are beautiful /ories1 wond]ful !ories1 & com=t+ rites4 ,?r\gh ^! he p>takes1 ev5 on e>?1 ( :at w be 8 heav5ly exi/5ce4 ,he p>tly und]/&s 8 de/9y2 8 own hi/ory & t ( ! _w are transfigur$ be=e him &1 )\t ceas+ to be sad1 become beautiful4 ,! raptures ( a p]fect con=mity ) ! w ( ,god1 & ( union ) ,him1 ov]take him 9 8 pray]s4 ,?is is sup]naturalism1 a sy/em repres5t$ 9 ,*ri/5dom *iefly by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 b adopt$ also by ! lat] pagans1 & widespread 9 ,asia f remote antiquity d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,little z ! mom5t>y temp] ( ,europe & ,am]ica may n[ incl9e to su* a view1 x is always possible = ! individual1 or = ! race1 to return to x4 ,its s\rces are 9 ! solitude ( ! _s & 9 ! disp>ity1 or ! opposition1 betwe5 :at ! _s feels x is fitt$ to d1 & :at1 9 ?is _w1 x is condemn$ to wa/e itself ^u4 ,! unmat*$ poet ( ?is sup]naturalism is ,dante4 ,skip aga9 "s five hundr$ ye>s1 & !re is ano!r *ange ( sc5e4 ,! ,teutonic races t _h previ\sly conqu]$ ,europe h begun to dom9ate & und]/& !mselves4 ,!y h become ,prote/ants1 or prote/]s aga9/ ! ,roman _w4 ,an inf9ite f\nta9 ( life seems to be unlock$ )9 _! bosom4 ,!y turn successively to ! ,bible1 to le>n+1 to patriotism1 to indu/ry1 = new objects to love & fre% worlds to conqu]2 b !y h too mu* vitality1 or too little maturity1 to re/ 9 any ( ^! ?+s4 ,a demon drives !m on2 & ?is demon1 div9e & immortal 9 its app>5t wayw>dness1 is _! inmo/ self4 ,x is _! insatiable w1 _! radical c\rage4 ,nay1 ?\gh ?is be a h>d say+ to ! un9itiat$1 _! w is ! creator ( all ^? objects by :i* x is sometimes amus$1 & sometimes baffl$1 b nev] tam$4 ,_! w summons all opportunities & dang]s out ( no?+ to fe$ its appetite = action2 & 9 t ideal function lies _! sole reality4 ,once atta9$1 ?+s are transc5d$4 ,l ! episodes ( a sp5t dream1 !y are to be smil$ at & =gott52 ! _s t feign$ & disc>d$ !m rema9s always /rong & undefil$2 x a*es = new conque/s ov] new fictions4 ,?is is romanticism4 ,x is an attitude (t5 f\nd 9 ,engli% poetry1 & *>act]i/ic ( ,g]man philosophy4 ,x 0 adopt$ by ,em]son & ought to be sympa!tic to ,am]icans2 = x expresses ! self-tru/ ( _w-build+ y\?1 & my/ical fai? 9 w & action4 ,! greate/ monum5t to ?is romanticism is ,goe!'s ,fau/4 ,c x be an accid5t t ! mo/ adequate & probably ! mo/ la/+ exposition ( ^! ?ree s*ools ( philosophy %\ld h be5 made by poets8 ,are poets1 at he>t1 9 se>* ( a philosophy8 ,or is philosophy1 9 ! end1 no?+ b poetry8 ,let u consid] ! situation4 ,if we ?9k ( philosophy z an inve/igation into tru?1 or z reason+ ^u tru?s suppos$ to be discov]$1 !re is no?+ 9 philosophy ak9 to poetry4 ,!re is no?+ poetic ab\t ! works ( ,epicurus1 or ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 or ,kant2 !y are leafless =e/s4 ,9 ,lucretius & 9 ,dante !mselves we f9d passages :]e no?+ is poetical except ! metre1 or "s incid5tal ornam5t4 ,9 su* passages ! =m ( poetry is ?r[n ov] ! sub/ance ( prose1 z ,lucretius himself confesses :]e he says3 8,z :5 physicians w\ld contrive to adm9i/] loa?some wormwood to little boys !y fir/ moi/5 ! rim ( ! cup r\nd ab\t ) sweet & gold5 honey1 t ! *ildr5's1 unsuspect+ y\? may be beguil$--to ! lips1 b no fur!r--:ile !y dr9k d[n ! bitt] potion1 by deception n betray$1 b r by t /ratagem made :ole & re/or$2444 s ,i h will$ to set =? our doctr9e be=e !e 9 sweet-s\nd+ ,pi]ian song1 & to sme> x1 z x 71 ) ! ,muses' honey40#a ,b poetry _c be spread ^u ?+s l butt]2 x mu/ play ^u !m l light1 & be ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* we see !m4 ,lucretius does himself an inju/ice4 ,if 8 philosophy _h be5 wormwood to him1 he c\ld n h said1 z he does j be=e ?is passage3 8,l a %>p bl[ ( ! ?yrsus1 a great hope ( praise vibrates ?r\gh my he>t & fills my brea/ ) t5d] love ( ! ,muses1 :]eby n[1 in/9ct ) fl[]+ fancy1 ,i trav]se pa?less haunts ( ! ,pi]ides1 by no man's foot trodd5 be=e4 ,x is joy to rea* undefil$ f\nta9s & quaff2 x is joy to ga!r fre% fl[]s & weave a mat*less cr[n = my head ( ^? bays ) :i* nev] yet ! ,muses veil$ ! br[ ( any man2 fir/1 9 t ,i tea* sublime tru?s & come to free ! s\l f ! /rangl+ knots ( sup]/ition2 !n1 9 t on s d>k a !me ,i p\r =? s cle> a song1 suffus+ all ) poetic beauty1444 if haply by su* means ,i might keep ?y m9d int5t ^u my v]ses1 until ?9e eye fa?oms ! :ole /ructure ( nature1 & ! fix$ =m t makes x beautiful40#b ,"h1 ,i ?9k1 we h ! solution to our d\bt4 ,! reason+s & inve/igations ( philosophy are ardu\s1 & if poetry is to be l9k$ ) !m1 x c be artificially only1 & ) a bad grace4 ,b ! vision ( philosophy is sublime4 ,! ord] x reveals 9 ! _w is some?+ beautiful1 tragic1 sympa!tic to ! m9d1 & j :at e poet1 on a small or on a l>ge scale1 is always try+ to cat*4 ,9 philosophy itself inve/igation & reason+ are only prep>atory & s]vile p>ts1 means to an end4 ,!y t]m9ate 9 insight1 or :at 9 ! noble/ s5se ( ! ^w may be call$ !ory1 1--a /eady contemplation ( all ?+s 9 _! ord] & wor?4 ,su* contemplation is imag9ative4 ,no "o c rea* x :o has n enl>g$ 8 m9d & tam$ 8 he>t4 ,a philosoph] :o atta9s x is1 = ! mom5t1 a poet2 & a poet :o turns 8 practis$ & passionate imag9ation on ! ord] ( all ?+s1 or on any?+ 9 ! light ( ! :ole1 is = t mom5t a philosoph]4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 if we grant t ! philosoph]1 9 8 be/ mom5ts1 is a poet1 we may suspect t ! poet has 8 wor/ mom5ts :5 he tries to be a philosoph]1 or r1 :5 he succe$s 9 be+ "o4 ,philosophy is some?+ reason$ & heavy2 poetry some?+ w+$1 fla%+1 inspir$4 ,take almo/ any longi% poem1 & ! p>ts ( x are bett] ?an ! :ole4 ,a poet is able to put toge!r a few words1 a cad5ce or two1 a s+le int]e/+ image4 ,he r5d]s 9 t way "s mom5t ( comp>atively high t5sion1 ( comp>atively ke5 s5tim5t4 ,b at ! next mom5t ! t5sion is relax$1 ! s5tim5t has fad$1 & :at succe$s is usually incongru\s ) :at w5t be=e1 or at lea/ inf]ior4 ,! ?\ght drifts away f :at x _h />t$ to be4 ,x is lo/ 9 ! s&s ( v]sification4 ,z man is n[ con/itut$1 to be brief is almo/ a condition ( be+ inspir$4 ,%all we say1 !n1--& ,i n[ broa* an idea by :i* ,i set "s /ore1--t poetry is ess5tially %ort-w9d$1 t :at is poetic is necess>ily int]mitt5t 9 ! writ+s ( poets1 t only ! fleet+ mom5t1 ! mood1 ! episode1 c be raptur\sly felt1 or raptur\sly r5d]$1 :ile life z a :ole1 hi/ory1 "*1 & de/9y are objects unfit = imag9ation to dwell on1 & repell5t to poetic art8 ,i _c ?9k s4 ,if x be a fact1 z x (t5 is1 t we f9d little ?+s pleas+ & great ?+s arid & =mless1 & if we are bett] poets 9 a l9e ?an 9 an epic1 t is simply due to lack ( faculty on our "p1 lack ( imag9ation & memory1 & above all to lack ( discipl9e4 ,?is might be %[n1 ,i ?9k1 by psy*ological analysis1 if we c>$ to rely on some?+ s ab/ract & s debatable4 ,= 9 :at does ! %ort-w9d$ poet himself excel ! common unimag9ative p]son :o talks or :o />es8 ,is x t he ?9ks ev5 less8 ,r1 ,i suppose1 9 t he feels m2 9 t 8 mom5t ( intuition1 ?\gh fleet+1 has a vision1 a scope1 a symbolic some?+ ab\t x t r5d]s x deep & expressive4 ,int5sity1 ev5 mom5t>y int5sity1 if x c be express$ at all1 comports fullness & sugge/ion compress$ into t int5se mom5t4 ,yes1 ev]y?+ t comes to u at all mu/ come to u at "s "t or o!r4 ,x is always ! fleet+ mom5t 9 :i* we live4 ,to ?is fleet+ mom5t ! philosoph]1 z well z ! poet1 is actually conf9$4 ,ea* mu/ enri* x ) 8 endless vi/as1 vi/as necess>ily focus$1 if !y are to be disclos$ at all1 9 ! eye ( ! obs]v]1 "h & n[4 ,:at makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 a mom5t ( poetic insight & a vulg> mom5t is t ! passions ( ! poetic mom5t h m p]spective4 ,ev5 ! %ort-w9d$ poet selects 8 words s t !y h a magic mom5tum 9 !m :i* c>ries u1 we "k n h[1 to m\nta9-tops ( intuition4 ,is n ! poetic quality ( phrases & images due to _! conc5trat+ & lib]at+ ! confus$ prompt+s left 9 u by a long exp]i5ce8 ,:5 we feel ! poetic ?rill1 is x n t we f9d sweep 9 ! concise & dep? 9 ! cle>1 z we might f9d all ! lights ( ! sea 9 ! wat] ( a jewel8 ,& :at is a philosophic ?\ght b su* an epitome8 ,if a %ort passage is poetical because x is pregnant ) sugge/ion ( a few ?+s1 :i* /ret*es our att5tion & makes u rapt & s]i\s1 h[ mu* m poetical ought a vision to be :i* 0 pregnant ) all we c>e =8 ,focus a little exp]i5ce1 give "s scope & dep? to y\r feel+1 & x gr[s imag9ative2 give x m scope & m dep?1 focus all exp]i5ce )9 x1 make x a philosoph]'s vision ( ! _w1 & x w gr[ imag9ative 9 a sup]lative degree1 & be supremely poetical4 ,! difficulty1 aft] hav+ ! exp]i5ce to symbolize1 lies only 9 hav+ en\gh imag9ation to hold & susp5d x 9 a ?\ght2 & fur!r to give ?is ?\ght su* v]bal expression t o!rs maybe able to deciph] x1 & to be /irr$ by x z by a w9d ( sugge/ion sweep+ ! :ole =e/ ( _! memories4 ,poetry1 !n1 is n poetical = be+ %ort-w9d$ or incid5tal1 b1 on ! contr>y1 = be+ compreh5sive & hav+ range4 ,if too mu* matt] r5d]s x heavy1 t is ! fault ( ! poet's weak intellect1 n ( ! out/ret*$ _w4 ,a quick] eye1 a m syn!tic imag9ation1 might grasp a l>g] subject ) ! same ease4 ,! picture t w\ld r5d] ?is l>g] subject w\ld n be flatt] & feebl] = its ext5t1 b1 on ! contr>y1 deep] & /rong]1 s9ce x w\ld possess z mu* unity z ! little "o ) great] volume4 ,z 9 a supreme dramatic crisis all our life seems to be focus$ 9 ! pres5t1 & us$ 9 col\r+ our consci\sness & %ap+ our decisions1 s = ea* philosophic poet ! :ole _w ( man is ga!r$ toge!r2 & he is nev] s mu* a poet z :51 9 a s+le cry1 he summons all t has aff9ity to him 9 ! univ]se1 & salutes 8 ultimate de/9y4 ,x is ! acme ( life to und]/& life4 ,! height ( poetry is to speak ! language ( ! gods4 ,b en\gh ( psy*ological analysis & ( reason+ 9 ! void4 ,?ree hi/orical illu/rations w prove my po9t m cle>ly & m conclusively4 99 99 99 99 99 #a ,lucretius1 ,i4 #icf-dg3 ,veluti pu]is abs9?ia tetra m$5tes ,cum d>e conantur1 prius oras pocula circura ,cont+unt mellis dulci flavoque liquore1 ,ut pu]orum aetas improvida ludificetur ,labrorum t5us1 int]ea p]potet am>um ,abs9?i laticem1 deceptaque non capiatur1 ,s$ potius tali pacto recreata valescat3 ,sic ego nunc 444 volui tibi suaviloqu5ti ,c>m9e ,pi]io rationem expon]e no/ram1 ,et quasi musaeo dulci cont+]e melle4 #b ,lucretius1 i4 #ibb-cd1 #idh-ej3 ,acri ,p]cussit ?yrso laudis spes magna meum cor ,et simul incussit suavem mi 9 pectus amorem ,mus>um1 quo nunc in/9ctus m5te vig5ti ,avia ,pi]idum p]agro loca nullius ante ,trita solo3 iuvat integros acc$]e fontes1 ,atque haurire2 iuvatque novos dec]p]e flores1 ,insignemque meo capiti pet]e inde coronam1 ,unde prius nulli vel>9t tempora musae4 ,primum1 quod magnis doceo de rebus1 et artis ,religionum animum nodis exsolv]e p]go3 ,de9de1 quod obscura de re tam lucida pango ,c>m9a1 musaeo cont+5s cuncta lepore4444 ,si tibi =te animum tali ratione t5]e ,v]sibus 9 no/ris possem1 dum p]spicis omnem ,naturam r]um1 qua con/et compta figura4 ,,ii ,,lucretius ,!re is p]haps no important poem ! antec$5ts ( :i* c be trac$ s exhau/ively z c ^? ( ! "w ( ,lucretius1 ,de ,r]um ,natura4 ,^! antec$5ts1 h[ev]1 d n lie 9 ! poet himself4 ,if !y did1 we %\ld n be able to trace !m1 s9ce we "k no?+1 or next to no?+1 ab\t ,lucretius ! man4 ,9 a *ronicon1 compil$ by ,/4 ,j]ome l>gely out ( ,suetonius1 9 :i* miscellane\s ev5ts are not$ :i* occurr$ 9 ea* successive ye>1 we read = ! ye> #id ,b4,c43 8,titus ,lucretius1 poet1 is born4 ,aft] a love-philtre _h turn$ him mad1 & he _h writt51 9 ! int]vals ( 8 insanity1 sev]al books :i* ,cic]o revis$1 he kill$ himself by 8 own h& 9 ! =ty-f\r? ye> ( 8 age40 ,! love-philtre 9 ?is report s\nds apocryphal2 & ! /ory ( ! madness & suicide attributes too edify+ an end to an a!i/ & ,epicurean n to be suspect$4 ,if any?+ l5ds col\r to ! /ory x is a c]ta9 consonance :i* we may feel betwe5 its tragic incid5ts & ! g5ius ( ! poet z reveal$ 9 8 "w1 :]e we f9d a /range scorn ( love1 a /range vehem5ce1 & a high melan*oly4 ,x is by no means incr$ible t ! au?or ( su* a poem %\ld h be5 at "s "t ! slave ( a pa?ological passion1 t 8 vehem5ce & inspiration %\ld h pass$ into mania1 & t he %\ld h tak5 8 own life4 ,b ! untru/wor?y au?ority ( ,/4 ,j]ome _c assure u :e!r :at he repeats is a tradition f\nd$ on fact or an +5i\s fiction4 ,our ignorance ( ! life ( ,lucretius is n1 ,i ?9k1 mu* to be regrett$4 ,8 "w pres]ves t "p ( him :i* he himself w\ld h wi%$ to pres]ve4 ,p]fect conviction ignores itself1 proclaim+ ! public tru?4 ,to rea* ?is no d\bt requires a peculi> g5ius :i* is call$ intellig5ce2 = intellig5ce is quickness 9 see+ ?+s z !y are4 ,b :]e intellig5ce is atta9$1 ! re/ ( a man1 l ! scaffold+ to a f9i%$ build+1 becomes irrelevant4 ,we d n wi% x to int]cept our view ( ! solid /ructure1 :i* alone 0 int5d$ by ! arti/--if he 0 build+ = o!rs1 & 0 n a coxcomb4 ,x is 8 intellectual vision t ! naturali/ 9 p>ticul> wi%es to h& d[n to po/]ity1 n ! %abby incid5ts t prec$$ t vision 9 8 own p]son4 ,^! incid5ts1 ev5 if !y 7 by *ance int]e/+1 c\ld n be repeat$ 9 u2 b ! vision into :i* ! ?9k] p\r$ 8 faculties1 & to :i* he devot$ 8 vigils1 is communicable to u also1 & may become a "p ( ourselves4 ,s9ce ,lucretius is ?us id5tical = u ) 8 poem1 & is lo/ 9 8 philosophy1 ! antec$5ts ( ,lucretius are simply ! /ages by :i* 8 conception ( nature fir/ %ap$ itself 9 ! human m9d4 ,to retrace ^! /ages is easy2 "s ( !m are only too famili>2 yet ! v trit5ess ( ! subject may bl9d u to ! gr&eur & audacity ( ! intellectual feat involv$4 ,a naturali/ic conception ( ?+s is a great "w ( imag9ation1--great]1 ,i ?9k1 ?an any dramatic or moral my?ology3 x is a conception fit to inspire great poetry1 & 9 ! end1 p]haps1 x w prove ! only conception able to inspire x4 ,we are told ( ! old ,x5ophanes t he look$ up into ! r\nd heav5 & cri$1 8,! ,all is ,"o40 ,:at is logically a truism may (t5 be1 imag9atively1 a great discov]y1 because no "o be=e may h ?\ght ( ! obvi\s analogy :i* ! truism regi/]s4 ,s1 9 ?is case1 ! unity ( all ?+s is logically an evid5t1 if b>r51 tru?2 = ! mo/ disp>ate & unrelat$ worlds w\ld /ill be a multitude1 & s an aggregate1 & s1 9 "s s5se1 a unity4 ,yet x 0 a great imag9ative feat to ca/ ! eye delib]ately r\nd ! entire horizon1 & to draw m5tally ! sum ( all reality1 discov]+ t reality makes su* a sum1 & may be call$ "o2 z any /one or animal1 ?\gh compos$ ( _m p>ts1 is yet call$ "o 9 common p>lance4 ,x 0 d\btless "s prehi/oric man ( g5ius1 long be=e ,x5ophanes1 :o fir/ appli$ 9 ?is way to all ?+s toge!r t notion ( unity & :ol5ess :i* ev]ybody _h ga9$ by obs]vation ( ?+s s+ly1 & :o fir/ v5tur$ to speak ( 8! _w40 ,to d s is to set ! problem = all natural philosophy1 & 9 a c]ta9 measure to anticipate ! solution ( t problem2 = x is to ask h[ ?+s hang toge!r1 & to assume t !y d hang toge!r 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,to cry 8,! ,all is ,"o10 & to p]ceive t all ?+s are 9 "o l&scape & =m a sy/em by _! juxtaposition1 is ! rude beg9n+ ( wisdom 9 natural philosophy4 ,b x is easy to g f>!r1 & to see t ?+s =m a unity 9 a f> deep] & m my/]i\s way4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s1 = in/ance1 t impresses ! poet1 ! man ( feel+ & reflection1 is t ^! objects t p ! _w all pass away1 & t ! place !re-( kn[s !m no m4 ,yet1 :5 !y vani%1 no?+ness does n succe$2 o!r ?+s arise 9 _! /ead4 ,nature rema9s always "y & :ole 9 spite ( dea? at "w ev]y:]e2 & :at takes ! place ( :at cont9ually disappe>s is (t5 rem>kably l x 9 "*4 ,univ]sal in/ability is n incompatible ) a great monotony 9 ?+s2 s t :ile ,h]aclitus lam5t$ t ev]y?+ 0 9 flux1 ,ecclesia/es1 :o 0 also entirely conv9c$ ( t tru?1 c\ld lam5t t !re 0 no?+ new "u ! sun4 ,?is d\ble exp]i5ce ( mutation & recurr5ce1 an exp]i5ce at once s5tim5tal & sci5tific1 soon br\ght ) x a v great ?\ght1 p]haps ! greate/ ?\ght t mank9d has ev] hit ^u1 & :i* 0 ! *ief inspiration ( ,lucretius4 ,x is t all we obs]ve ab\t u1 & ourselves also1 may be s _m pass+ =ms ( a p]man5t sub/ance4 ,?is sub/ance1 :ile rema9+ ! same 9 quantity & 9 inw>d quality1 is con/antly r$i/ribut$2 9 its r$i/ribution x =ms ^? aggregates :i* we call ?+s1 & :i* we f9d con/antly disappe>+ & reappe>+4 ,all ?+s are du/1 & to du/ !y return2 a du/1 h[ev]1 et]nally f]tile1 & de/9$ to fall p]petually into new1 & d\btless beautiful1 =ms4 ,?is notion ( sub/ance l5ds a mu* great] unity to ! outspread _w2 x p]suades u t all ?+s pass into "o ano!r1 & h a common gr\nd f :i* !y spr+ successively1 & to :i* !y return4 ,! spectacle ( inexorable *ange1 ! triumph ( "t1 or :atev] we may call x1 has always be5 a fav\rite !me = lyric & tragic poetry1 & = religi\s m$itation4 ,to p]ceive univ]sal mutation1 to feel ! vanity ( life1 has always be5 ! beg9n+ ( s]i\sness4 ,x is ! condition = any beautiful1 measur$1 or t5d] philosophy4 ,prior to t1 ev]y?+ is b>b>\s1 bo? 9 morals & 9 poetry2 = until !n mank9d has n le>n$ to r5\nce any?+1 has n outgr[n ! in/9ctive egotism & optimism ( ! "y animal1 & has n remov$ ! c5tre ( its be+1 or ( its fai?1 f ! w to ! imag9ation4 ,to discov] sub/ance1 !n1 is a great /ep 9 ! life ( reason1 ev5 if sub/ance be conceiv$ q negatively z a t]m t s]ves m]ely to m>k1 by contra/1 ! unsub/antiality1 ! vanity1 ( all p>ticul> mom5ts & ?+s4 ,t is ! way 9 :i* ,indian poetry & philosophy conceiv$ sub/ance4 ,b ! /ep tak5 by ,greek physics1 & by ! poetry ( ,lucretius1 passes beyond4 ,lucretius & ! ,greeks1 9 obs]v+ univ]sal mutation & ! vanity ( life1 conceiv$ beh9d appe>ance a great intelligible process1 an evolution 9 nature4 ,! reality became int]e/+1 z well z ! illusion4 ,physics became sci5tific1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 m]ely spectacul>4 ,"h 0 a mu* ri*] !me = ! poet & philosoph]1 :o 0 laun*$ ^u ! discov]y ( ! gr\nd & secret causes ( ?is gay or melan*oly flux4 ,! und]/&+ t enabl$ him to discov] ^! causes did = ! ,european :at no ,indian my/ic1 :at no despis] ( und]/&+ any:]e1 suff]s himself to d2 namely1 to dom9ate1 =etell1 & trans=m ?is *ang+ %[ ) a virile1 practical intellig5ce4 ,! man :o discov]s ! secret spr+s ( appe>ances op5s to contemplation a second positive _w1 ! work%op & busy dep?s ( nature1 :]e a prodigi\s me*anism is cont9ually support+ our life1 & mak+ ready = x f af> by ! mo/ exquisite adju/m5ts4 ,! m>* ( ?is me*anism1 :ile x produces life & (t5 fo/]s x1 yet z (t5 makes x difficult & condemns x to ext9ction4 ,?is tru?1 :i* ! conception ( natural sub/ance fir/ makes intelligible1 ju/ifies ! elegies :i* ! poets ( illusion & disillusion h always writt5 ^u human ?+s4 ,x is a tru? ) a melan*oly side2 b be+ a tru?1 x satisfies & exalts ! rational m9d1 t craves tru? z tru?1 :e!r x be sad or com=t+1 & wi%es to pursue a possible1 n an impossible1 happ9ess4 ,s f>1 ,greek sci5ce _h made out t ! _w 0 "o1 t !re 0 a sub/ance1 t ?is 0 a physical sub/ance1 di/ribut$ & mov+ 9 space4 ,x 0 matt]4 ,! "q rema9$1 ,:at is ! precise nature ( matt]1 & h[ does x produce ! appe>ances we obs]ve8 ,! only answ] t conc]ns u "h is t giv5 by ,lucretius2 an answ] he accept$ f ,epicurus1 8 ma/] 9 ev]y?+1 :o 9 turn _h accept$ x f ,democritus4 ,n[ ,democritus _h made a notable advance ov] ! sy/ems t select$ "o obvi\s sub/ance1 l wat]1 or collect$ all ! obvi\s sub/ances1 z ,anaxagoras _h done1 & tri$ to make ! _w out ( !m4 ,democritus ?\ght t ! sub/ance ( ev]y?+ ought n to h any ( ! qualities pres5t 9 "s ?+s & abs5t 9 o!rs2 x ought to h only ! qualities pres5t 9 all ?+s4 ,x %\ld be m]ely matt]4 ,mat]iality1 accord+ to him1 consi/$ ( ext5sion1 figure1 & solidity2 9 ! ?9ne/ e!r1 if we look$ %>p en\gh1 we %\ld f9d no?+ b p>ticles possess+ ^! prop]ties4 ,all o!r qualities ( ?+s 7 app>5t only1 & imput$ to !m by a conv5tion ( ! m9d4 ,! m9d 0 a born my?ologi/1 & project$ its feel+s into _! causes4 ,light1 col\r1 ta/e1 w>m?1 beauty1 excell5ce1 7 su* imput$ & conv5tional qualities2 only space & matt] 7 real4 ,b empty space 0 no less real ?an matt]4 ,consequ5tly1 al?\gh ! atoms ( matt] nev] *ang$ _! =m1 real *anges c\ld take place 9 nature1 because _! position might *ange 9 a real space4 ,unlike ! useless sub/ance ( ! ,indians1 ! sub/ance ( ,democritus c\ld (f] a calculable gr\nd = ! flux ( appe>ances2 = ?is sub/ance 0 di/ribut$ unequally 9 ! void1 & 0 con/antly mov+4 ,e appe>ance1 h[ev] fleet+1 correspond$ to a precise configuration ( sub/ance2 x arose ) t configuration & p]i%$ ) x4 ,?is sub/ance1 accord+ly1 0 physical1 n metaphysical4 ,x 0 no dialectical t]m1 b a sci5tific anticipation1 a prophecy z to :at an obs]v] :o %\ld be prop]ly equipp$ w\ld discov] 9 ! int]ior ( bodies4 ,mat]ialism is n a sy/em ( metaphysics2 x is a speculation 9 *emi/ry & physiology1 to ! effect t1 if analysis c\ld g deep en\gh1 x w\ld f9d t all sub/ance 0 homog5e\s1 & t all motion 0 regul>4 ,?\gh matt] 0 homog5e\s1 ! =ms ( ! ultimate p>ticles1 accord+ to ,democritus1 7 v>i\s2 & sundry comb9ations ( !m con/itut$ ! sundry objects 9 nature4 ,motion 0 n1 z ! vulg> 7& ,ari/otle7 suppos$1 unnatural1 & produc$ magically by "s moral cause2 x _h be5 et]nal & 0 native to ! atoms4 ,on /rik+1 !y reb\nd$2 & ! me*anical curr5ts or vortices :i* ^! contacts occasion$ =m$ a multitude ( /ell> sy/ems1 call$ worlds1 ) :i* inf9ite space 0 /udd$4 ,me*anism z to motion1 atomism z to /ructure1 mat]ialism z to sub/ance1 t is ! :ole sy/em ( ,democritus4 ,x is z wond]ful 9 its insight1 9 its s5se = ! ideal dem&s ( me?od & und]/&+1 z x is /range & audaci\s 9 its simplicity4 ,only ! mo/ conv9c$ rationali/1 ! bolde/ prophet1 c\ld embrace x dogmatically2 yet "t has l>gely giv5 x ! pro(4 ,if ,democritus c\ld look d[n ^u ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce1 he w\ld laugh1 z he 0 9 ! habit ( do+1 p>tly at ! confirmation we c furni% to portions ( 8 philosophy1 & p>tly at our /upidity t _c guess ! re/4 ,!re are two maxims 9 ,lucretius t suffice1 ev5 to ?is day1 to di/+ui% a ?9k] :o is a naturali/ f "o :o is n4 8,no?+10 he says1 8arises 9 ! body 9 ord] t we may use x1 b :at arises br+s =? its use40#a ,?is is t disc>d+ ( f9al causes on :i* all progress 9 sci5ce dep5ds4 ,! o!r maxim runs3 8,"o ?+ w gr[ pla9 :5 comp>$ ) ano!r3 & bl9d night %all n oblit]ate ! pa? = !e1 be=e ?\ ha/ ?or\ghly scann$ ! ultimate ?+s ( nature2 s mu* w ?+s ?r[ light on ?+s40#b ,nature is h] own /&>d2 & if %e seems to u unnatural1 !re is no hope = our m9ds4 ,! e?ics ( ,democritus1 9 s f> z we may judge f scanty evid5ce1 7 m]ely descriptive or satirical4 ,he 0 an ari/ocratic obs]v]1 a scorn] ( fools4 ,nature 0 laugh+ at u all2 ! wise man consid]$ 8 fate &1 by kn[+ x1 rais$ himself 9 a measure above x4 ,all liv+ ?+s pursu$ ! greate/ happ9ess !y c\ld see _! way to2 b !y 7 m>vell\sly %ort-sight$2 & ! bus9ess ( ! philosoph] 0 to =esee & pursue ! greate/ happ9ess t 0 really possible4 ,?is1 9 s r\gh a _w1 0 to be f\nd *iefly 9 ab/5tion & retr5*m5t4 ,if y ask$ = little1 x 0 m probable t ! ev5t w\ld n disappo9t y4 ,x 0 important n to be a fool1 b x 0 v h>d4 ,! sy/em ( ,democritus 0 adopt$ by ,epicurus1 b n because ,epicurus _h any ke5ness ( sci5tific vision4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,epicurus1 ! ,h]b]t ,sp5c] ( antiquity1 0 9 8 natural philosophy an encyclopa$ia ( second-h& k4 ,prolix & m9ute1 vague & inconsi/5t1 he ga!r$ 8 sci5tific miscellany ) an eye fix$ n on nature1 b on ! exig5cies ( an inw>d fai?1--a fai? accept$ on moral gr\nds1 deem$ necess>y to salvation1 & def5d$ at all co/s1 ) any available weapon4 ,x is in/ructive t mat]ialism %\ld h be5 adopt$ at t juncture on ! same irrelevant moral gr\nds on :i* x has usually be5 reject$4 ,epicurus1 /range z x may s\nd to ^? :o h he>d1 ) horror or envy1 ( wall[+ 9 8 /y1 ,epicurus 0 a sa9t4 ,! ways ( ! _w fill$ him ) dismay4 ,! ,a!ns ( 8 "t1 :i* "s ( u w\ld give our eyes to see1 reta9$ all its spl5d\r amid its political decay2 b no?+ !re int]e/$ or pleas$ ,epicurus4 ,!atres1 por*es1 gymnasiums1 & above all ! agora1 reek$1 to 8 s5se1 ) vanity & folly4 ,retir$ 9 8 private g>d51 ) a few fri5ds & disciples1 he s\ght ! ways ( peace2 he liv$ ab/emi\sly2 he spoke g5tly2 he gave alms to ! poor2 he prea*$ aga9/ weal?1 aga9/ ambition1 aga9/ passion4 ,he def5d$ free-w because he wi%$ to ex]cise x 9 )draw+ f ! _w1 & 9 n swimm+ ) ! curr5t4 ,he d5i$ ! sup]natural1 s9ce belief 9 x w\ld h a disquiet+ influ5ce on ! m9d1 & r5d] too _m ?+s compulsory & mom5t\s4 ,!re 0 no future life3 ! art ( liv+ wisely mu/ n be di/ort$ by su* wild imag9+s4 ,all ?+s happ5$ 9 due c\rse ( nature2 ! gods 7 too remote & too happy1 seclud$ l good ,epicureans1 to m$dle ) e>?ly ?+s4 ,no?+ ruffl$ :at ,wordswor? calls _! 8voluptu\s unconc]n40 ,nev]!less1 x 0 pleasant to frequ5t _! temples4 ,!re1 z 9 ! spaces :]e !y dwelt betwe5 ! worlds1 ! gods 7 sil5t & beautiful1 & wore ! human =m4 ,_! /atues1 :5 an unhappy man gaz$ at !m1 rem9d$ him ( happ9ess2 he 0 refre%$ & wean$ = a mom5t f ! s5seless tumult ( human affairs4 ,f ^? groves & hall[$ sanctu>ies ! philosoph] return$ to 8 g>d5 /r5g!n$ 9 8 wisdom1 happi] 9 8 isolation1 m fri5dly & m indiff]5t to all ! _w4 ,?us ! life ( ,epicurus1 z ,/4 ,j]ome be>s witness1 0 8full ( h]bs1 fruits1 & ab/95ces40 ,!re 0 a hu% 9 x1 z ( b]eavem5t4 ,8 0 a philosophy ( ! decad5ce1 a philosophy ( negation1 & ( flight f ! _w4 ,al?\gh sci5ce = its own sake c\ld n int]e/ s monki% a nature1 yet sci5ce might be useful 9 buttress+ ! fai?1 or 9 remov+ objections to x4 ,epicurus !re=e dep>t$ f ! res]ve ( ,socrates1 & look$ = a natural philosophy t might support 8 e?ics4 ,( all ! sy/ems extant--& !y 7 legion--he f\nd t ( ,democritus ! mo/ helpful & edify+4 ,bett] ?an any o!r x w\ld p]suade m5 to r5\nce ! madness t mu/ be r5\nc$ & to enjoy ! pleasures t may be enjoy$4 ,b1 s9ce x 0 adopt$ on ^! ext]nal & pragmatic gr\nds1 ! sy/em ( ,democritus did n ne$ to be adopt$ entire4 ,9 fact1 "o *ange at lea/ 0 imp]ative4 ,! motion ( ! atoms mu/ n be :olly regul> & me*anical4 ,*ance mu/ be admitt$1 t ,fate might be remov$4 ,fate 0 a t]rify+ notion4 ,x 0 spok5 ( by ! p ) sup]/iti\s unction4 ,*ance 0 some?+ humbl]1 m cong5ial to ! man 9 ! /reet4 ,if only ! atoms 7 all[$ to deflect a little n[ & !n f _! c\rses1 ! future might rema9 unpr$ictable1 & free-w might be sav$4 ,!re=e1 ,epicurus decre$ t ! atoms deflect$1 & fanta/ic argum5ts 7 add$ to %[ t ?is intrusion ( *ance w\ld aid 9 ! organization ( nature2 = ! decl5sion ( ! atoms1 z x is call$1 w\ld expla9 h[ ! orig9al p>allel d[np\r ( !m might h yield$ to vortices1 & s to organiz$ bodies4 ,let u pass on4 ,mat]ialism1 l any sy/em ( natural philosophy1 c>ries ) x no comm&m5ts & no advice4 ,x m]ely describes ! _w1 includ+ ! aspirations & consci5ces ( mortals1 & ref]s all to a mat]ial gr\nd4 ,! mat]iali/1 be+ a man1 w n fail to h pref]5ces1 & ev5 a consci5ce1 ( 8 own2 b 8 precepts & policy w express1 n ! logical implications ( 8 sci5ce1 b 8 human in/9cts1 z inh]itance & exp]i5ce may h %ap$ !m4 ,any sy/em ( e?ics might accord+ly coexi/ ) mat]ialism2 = if mat]ialism decl>es c]ta9 ?+s 7l immortality7 to be impossible1 x _c decl>e !m to be undesirable4 ,nev]!less1 x is n likely t a man s con/itut$ z to embrace mat]ialism w be s con/itut$ z to pursue ?+s :i* he consid]s unatta9able4 ,!re is !re=e a psy*ological1 ?\gh no logical1 bond betwe5 mat]ialism & a homely morality4 ,! mat]iali/ is prim>ily an obs]v]2 & he w probably be su* 9 e?ics also2 t is1 he w h no e?ics1 except ! emotion produc$ ^u him by ! m>* ( ! _w4 ,if he is an esprit =t & really dis9t]e/$1 he w love life2 z we all love p]fect vitality1 or :at /rikes u z su*1 9 gulls & porpoises4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 is ! e?ical s5tim5t psy*ologically consonant ) a vigor\s mat]ialism3 sympa?y ) ! movem5t ( ?+s1 int]e/ 9 ! ris+ wave1 delight at ! foam x bur/s into1 be=e x s9ks aga94 ,nature does n di/+ui% ! bett] f ! worse1 b ! lov] ( nature does4 ,he calls bett] :at1 be+ analog\s to 8 own life1 enhances 8 vitality & probably possesses "s vitality ( its own4 ,?is is ! e?ical feel+ ( ,sp9oza1 ! greate/ ( mod]n naturali/s 9 philosophy2 & we %all see h[ ,lucretius1 9 spite ( 8 fidelity to ! ascetic ,epicurus1 is c>ri$ by 8 poetic ec/asy 9 ! same direction4 ,b m>k ! crux ( ?is union3 ! mat]iali/ w love ! life ( nature :5 he loves 8 own life2 b if he %\ld hate 8 own life1 h[ %\ld ! life ( nature please him8 ,n[ ,epicurus1 = ! mo/ "p1 hat$ life4 ,8 moral sy/em1 call$ h$onism1 recomm5ds t sort ( pleasure :i* has no excitem5t & no risk ab\t x4 ,?is ideal is mode/1 & ev5 *a/e1 b x is n vital4 ,epicurus 0 rem>kable = 8 m]cy1 8 fri5dl9ess1 8 utt] horror ( w>1 ( sacrifice1 ( suff]+4 ,^! are n s5tim5ts t a g5u9e naturali/ w\ld be apt to %>e4 ,pity & rep5tance1 ,sp9oza said1 7 va9 & evil2 :at increas$ a man's p[] & 8 joy increas$ 8 goodness also4 ,! naturali/ w believe 9 a c]ta9 h>dness1 z ,nietzs*e did2 he w incl9e to a c]ta9 scorn1 z ! laught] ( ,democritus 0 scornful4 ,he w n c\nt too scrupul\sly ! co/ ( :at he a*ieves2 he w be an imp]iali/1 rapt 9 ! joy ( a*iev+ some?+4 ,9 a ^w1 ! moral hue ( mat]ialism 9 a =mative age1 or 9 an aggressive m9d1 w\ld be ari/ocratic & imag9ative2 b 9 a decad5t age1 or 9 a s\l t is r5\nc+ ev]y?+1 x w\ld be1 z 9 ,epicurus1 humanit>ian & timidly s5sual4 ,we h n[ be=e u ! antec$5ts & compon5ts ( ,lucretius' poem on nature4 ,!re rema9s ! g5ius ( ! poet himself4 ,! greate/ ?+ ab\t ?is g5ius is its p[] ( los+ itself 9 its object1 its imp]sonality4 ,we seem to be read+ n ! poetry ( a poet ab\t ?+s1 b ! poetry ( ?+s !mselves4 ,t ?+s h _! poetry1 n because ( :at we make !m symbols (1 b because ( _! own movem5t & life1 is :at ,lucretius proves once = all to mank9d4 ,( c\rse1 ! poetry we see 9 nature is due to ! emotion ! spectacle produces 9 u2 ! life ( nature might be z romantic & sublime z x *ose1 x w\ld be du/ & a%es to u if !re 7 no?+ sublime & romantic 9 ourselves to be /irr$ by x to sympa?y4 ,b our emotion may be +5u\s2 x may be conc]n$ ) :at nature really is & does1 has be5 & w d = ev]4 ,x ne$ n arise f a selfi% preoccupation ) :at ^! imm5se realities involve = our own p]sons or may be us$ to sugge/ to our self-indulg5t fancy4 ,no1 ! poetry ( nature may be disc]n$ m]ely by ! p[] ( intuition :i* x awak5s & ! und]/&+ :i* x employs4 ,^! faculties1 m1 ,i %\ld say1 ?an our mood9ess or /uffy dreams1 draw taut ! /r+s ( ! s\l1 & br+ out h] full vitality & music4 ,naturalism is a philosophy ( obs]vation1 & ( an imag9ation t ext5ds ! obs]vable2 all ! sights & s\nds ( nature ent] into x1 & l5d x _! directness1 pung5cy1 & co]cive /ress4 ,at ! same "t1 naturalism is an intellectual philosophy2 x div9es sub/ance beh9d appe>ance1 cont9uity beh9d *ange1 law beh9d =tune4 ,x !re=e atta*es all ^? sights & s\nds to a hidd5 backgr\nd t connects & expla9s !m4 ,s und]/ood1 nature has dep? z well z surface1 =ce & necessity z well z s5su\s v>iety4 ,be=e ! sublimity ( ?is insight1 all =ms ( ! pa!tic fallacy seem *eap & artificial4 ,my?ology1 t to a *ildi% m9d is ! only possible poetry1 s\nds l bad rhetoric 9 comp>ison4 ,! naturali/ic poet ab&ons fairy l&1 because he has discov]$ nature1 hi/ory1 ! actual passions ( man4 ,8 imag9ation has rea*$ maturity2 its pleasure is to dom9ate1 n to play4 ,poetic dom9ion ov] ?+s z !y are is se5 be/ 9 ,%akespe>e = ! ways ( m51 & 9 ,lucretius = ! ways ( nature4 ,unapproa*ably vivid1 rel5tless1 direct 9 detail1 he is unfl9*+ly gr& & s]i\s 9 8 gr\p+ ( ! facts4 ,x is ! tru? t absorbs him & c>ries him along4 ,he wi%es u to be conv9c$ & sob]$ by ! fact1 by ! ov]:elm+ evid5ce ( ?+ aft] ?+1 ra9+ d[n ^u u1 all be>+ witness ) "o voice to ! nature ( ! _w4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1--& x is a t5able supposition1--t ,lucretius is q wrong 9 8 sci5ce1 & t !re is no space1 no sub/ance1 & no nature4 ,8 poem w\ld !n lose its p]t95ce to our lives & p]sonal convictions2 x w\ld n lose its imag9ative gr&eur4 ,we c\ld /ill conceive a _w compos$ z he describes4 ,fancy :at emotions ^? :o liv$ 9 su* a _w w\ld h felt on ! day :5 a ,democritus or a ,lucretius reveal$ to !m _! actual situation4 ,h[ great ! bl9dness or ! madness dissipat$1 & h[ wond]ful ! vision ga9$6 ,h[ cle> ! future1 h[ intelligible ! pa/1 h[ m>vell\s ! sw>m+ atoms1 9 _! un9t5tional1 p]petual f]tility6 ,:at ! sky is to our eyes on a />ry night1 t e nook & cranny ( nature w\ld resemble1 ) "h & !re ! t5tative smile ( life play+ ab\t ^? con/ellations4 ,surely t univ]se1 = ^? :o liv$ 9 x1 w\ld h _h its poetry4 ,x w\ld h be5 ! poetry ( naturalism4 ,lucretius1 ?9k+ he liv$ 9 su* a _w1 he>d ! music ( x1 & wrote x d[n4 ,& yet1 :5 he set himself to make 8 poem out ( ! sy/em ( ,epicurus1 ! greatness ( t task seems to h ov]:elm$ him4 ,he 0 to unfold = ! fir/ "t1 9 sonor\s b unwieldy ,lat91 ! bir? & nature ( all ?+s1 z ,greek subtlety _h disc]n$ !m4 ,he 0 to dispel sup]/ition1 to refute antagoni/s1 to lay ! sure f\ndations ( sci5ce & ( wisdom1 to summon mank9d compell+ly f its cruel passions & follies to a life ( simplicity & peace4 ,he 0 himself combative & di/ract$ en\gh--z x is (t5 our tr\bles1 m ?an our atta9m5ts1 t det]m9e our ideals4 ,yet 9 h]ald+ ! adv5t ( human happ9ess1 & 9 pa9t+ t ( ! gods1 he 0 to atta9 8 own1 so>+ ^u ! /rong w+s ( 8 hexamet]s into an ec/asy ( contemplation & en?usiasm4 ,:5 x is s great an emotion to read ^! v]ses1 :at mu/ x h be5 to compose !m8 ,yet c\ld he succe$8 ,c\ld su* great ?+s fall to 8 lot8 ,yes1 !y might1 if only ! creative =ces ( nature1 always inf9ite & always at h&1 c\ld pass into 8 bra9 & into 8 _s2 if only ! se$s ( corruption & madness1 :i* 7 always c\rs+ ?r\gh ! air1 c\ld be bl[n back = a mom5t2 & if ! d9 ( civil conflicts c\ld be susp5d$ :ile he ?\ght & wrote4 ,to a =tunate conjunction ( atoms1 a *ild owes 8 fir/ be+4 ,to a propiti\s season & atmosph]e1 a poet owes 8 inspiration & 8 success4 ,consci\s t 8 und]tak+ hangs ^u ^! *ance conjunctions1 ,lucretius beg9s by invok+ ! p[]s he is ab\t to describe1 t !y may give him brea? & g5ius en\gh to describe !m4 ,& at once ^! p[]s s5d him a happy inspiration1 p]haps a happy rem9isc5ce ( ,emp$ocles4 ,!re are two great p]spectives :i* ! morali/ may di/+ui% 9 ! univ]sal drift ( atoms1--a creative movem5t1 produc+ :at ! morali/ values1 & a de/ructive movem5t1 aboli%+ ! same4 ,lucretius kn[s v well t ?is di/9ction is moral only1 or z p n[ say1 subjective4 ,no "o else has po9t$ out s (t5 & s cle>ly z he t no?+ arises 9 ?is _w n help$ to life by ! dea? ( "s o!r ?+2#c s t ! de/ructive movem5t creates & ! creative movem5t de/roys4 ,yet f ! po9t ( view ( any p>ticul> life or int]e/1 ! di/9ction betwe5 a creative =ce & a de/ructive =ce is real & all-important4 ,to make x is n to d5y ! me*anical /ructure ( nature1 b only to %[ h[ ?is me*anical /ructure is fruitful morally1 h[ ! outly+ p>ts ( x are fri5dly or ho/ile to me or to y1 its local & liv+ products4 ,?is d\ble col\r+ ( ?+s is supremely int]e/+ to ! philosoph]2 s mu* s t be=e 8 physical sci5ce has rea*$ ! me*anical /age1 he w d\btless reg>d ! d\ble aspect :i* ?+s pres5t to him z a dual pr9ciple 9 ^! ?+s !mselves4 ,s ,emp$ocles _h spok5 ( ,love & ,/rife z two =ces :i* respectively ga!r$ & disrupt$ ! elem5ts1 s z to c>ry on betwe5 !m ! ,p5elope's lab\r ( ! _w1 ! "o p]petually weav+ fre% =ms ( life1 & ! o!r p]petually undo+ !m4#d ,x ne$$ b a slight concession to traditional rhetoric 9 ord] to ex*ange ^! names1 ,love & ,/rife1 :i* designat$ div9e p[]s 9 ,emp$ocles1 into ! names ( ,v5us & ,m>s1 :i* designat$ ! same influ5ces 9 ,roman my?ology4 ,! ,m>s & ,v5us ( ,lucretius are n moral =ces1 incompatible ) ! me*anism ( atoms2 !y are ?is me*anism itself1 9 s f> z x n[ produces & n[ de/roys life1 or any preci\s ent]prise1 l ?is ( ,lucretius 9 compos+ 8 sav+ poem4 ,m>s & ,v5us1 l9k$ 9 ea* o!r's arms1 rule ! univ]se toge!r2 no?+ arises save by ! dea? ( "s o!r ?+4 ,yet :5 :at arises is happi] 9 itself1 or m cong5ial to u1 ?an :at is de/roy$1 ! poet says t ,v5us prevails1 t %e woos h] captive lov] to susp5d 8 unpr(itable rag+4 ,at su* times x is spr+ on e>?2 ! /orms rec$e 7,i p>aphrase ! op5+ passage71#e ! fields are cov]$ ) fl[]s1 ! sun%9e floods ! s]5e sky1 & all ! tribes ( animals feel ! mighty impulse ( ,v5us 9 _! he>ts4 ,! corn rip5s 9 ! pla9s1 & ev5 ! sea be>s 9 safety ! fleets t trav]se x4 ,n lea/1 h[ev]1 ( ^! works ( ,v5us is ! ,roman p4 ,nev] 0 ! =mative p[] ( nature bett] illu/rat$ ?an 9 ! vitality ( ?is race1 :i* conqu]$ s _m o!r races1 or ?an 9 its assimilative p[]1 :i* civiliz$ & pacifi$ !m4 ,leg5d _h made ,v5us ! "m ( ,a5eas1 & ,a5eas ! prog5itor ( ! ,romans4 ,lucretius seizes on ?is happy accid5t & id5tifies ! ,v5us ( fable ) ! true ,v5us1 ! propiti\s p[] 9 all nature1 ( :i* ,rome 0 inde$ a cr[n+ "w4 ,b ! poet's "w1 also1 if x is to be accompli%$ wor?ily1 mu/ look to ! same propiti\s movem5t = its happy issue & = its p[] to p]suade4 ,v5us mu/ be ! patron ( 8 art & philosophy4 ,%e mu/ keep ,memmius f ! w>s1 t he may read1 & be wean$ f frivol\s ambitions2 & %e mu/ /op ! tumult ( con/ant s$ition1 t ,lucretius may l5d 8 undivid$ m9d to ! precepts ( ,epicurus1 & 8 :ole he>t to a sublime fri5d%ip1 :i* prompts him to devote to int5se /udy all ! wat*es ( ! />ry night1 plott+ ! c\rse ( ea* invisible atom1 & m\nt+ almo/ to ! seat ( ! gods4#f ,?is imp]sonation 9 ! figure ( ,v5us ( :atev] makes = life w\ld n be legitimate--x w\ld really contradict a me*anical view ( nature--if x 7 n balanc$ by a figure repres5t+ ! opposite t5d5cy1 ! no less univ]sal t5d5cy t[>ds dea?4 ,! ,m>s ( ! op5+ passage1 subdu$ = a mom5t by ! bl&i%m5ts ( love1 is rag+ 9 all ! re/ ( ! poem 9 8 irrepressible fury4 ,^! are ! two sides ( e transmutation1 t 9 creat+1 "o ?+ de/roys ano!r2 & ?is transmutation be+ p]petual1--no?+ be+ durable except ! void1 ! atoms1 & _! motion1--x foll[s t ! t5d5cy t[>ds dea? is1 = any p>ticul> ?+1 ! f9al & victori\s t5d5cy4 ,! names ( ,v5us & ,m>s1 n be+ ess5tial to ! poet's ?\ght1 are all[$ to drop out1 & ! actual processes !y /& = are describ$ nak$ly2 yet1 if ! poem _h ev] be5 f9i%$1 & ,lucretius _h wi%$ to make ! end *ime ) ! beg9n+1 & repres5t1 z x 71 "o great cycle ( ! _w1 x is conceivable t he might h plac$ at ! close a my?ical passage to mat* t at ! beg9n+2 & we might h se5 ,m>s ar\s$ f 8 luxuri\s le?>gy1 reass]t+ 8 immortal nature1 & ru%+1 firebr& 9 h&1 f ! palace ( love to spread de/ruction ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 till all ?+s %\ld burn fi]cely1 & be consum$ toge!r4 ,yet n q all2 = ! goddess h]self w\ld rema91 m div9e & desirable ?an ev] 9 h] av]t$ beauty4 ,in/9ctively into h] bosom ! ,god ( ,w> w\ld s9k aga91 :5 we>y & drunk ) slaught]2 & a new _w w\ld arise f ! scatt]$ atoms ( ! old4 ,^! endless revolutions1 tak5 9 !mselves1 exactly balance2 & ,i am n sure t1 imp>tially consid]$1 x is any sadd] t new worlds %\ld arise ?an t ?is _w %\ld always cont9ue4 ,besides1 nature _c take f u m ?an %e has giv51 & x w\ld be capti\s & ?ankless 9 u to ?9k ( h] z de/ructive only1 or de/ructive ess5tially1 aft] ! unspeculative fa%ion ( mod]n pessimi/s4 ,%e de/roys to create1 & creates to de/roy1 h] int]e/ 7if we may express x s7 be+ n 9 p>ticul> ?+s1 nor 9 _! cont9uance1 b solely 9 ! movem5t t und]lies !m1 9 ! flux ( sub/ance b5ea?4 ,life1 h[ev]1 belongs to =m1 & n to matt]2 or 9 ! language ( ,lucretius1 life is an ev5tum1 a r$undant ideal product or incid5tal aspect1 involv$ 9 ! equilibration ( matt]2 z ! ?r[ ( sixes is an ev5tum1 a r$undant ideal product or incid5tal aspect1 occasionally involv$ 9 %ak+ a dice-box4 ,yet1 z ?is ?r[ makes ! acme & be/ possible issue ( a game ( dice1 s life is ! acme & be/ possible issue ( ! dance ( atoms2 & x is f ! po9t ( view ( ?is ev5tum t ! :ole process is view$ by u1 & is judg$4 ,n until t happy *ance has tak5 place1 d we exi/ morally1 or c we reflect or judge at all4 ,! philosoph] is at ! top ( ! wave1 he is ! foam 9 ! roll+ tempe/2 & z ! wave mu/ h ris5 be=e he bur/s into be+1 all t he lives to witness is ! fall ( ! wave4 ,! decad5ce ( all he lives by is ! only prospect be=e him2 8 :ole philosophy mu/ be a prophecy ( dea?4 ,( ! life t may come aft]1 :5 ! atoms come toge!r aga91 he c imag9e no?+2 ! life he kn[s & %>es1 all t is life to him1 is wan+ & almo/ sp5t4 ,!re=e ,lucretius1 :o is no?+ if n hone/1 is possess$ by a pr(\nd melan*oly4 ,vigor\s & ?robb+ z are 8 pictures ( spr+1 ( love1 ( ambition1 ( budd+ culture1 ( intellectual victory1 !y pale be=e ! vivid /rokes ) :i* he pa9ts ! approa* ( dea?--fatigue ( ! w1 lassitude 9 pleasure1 corruption & dis9tegration 9 society1 ! soil exhau/$1 ! wild animals tam$ or ext]m9at$1 pov]ty1 pe/il5ce1 & fam9e at h&2 & = ! individual1 almo/ at once1 ! f9al dissipation ( ! atoms ( 8 s\l1 escap+ f a relax$ body1 to m+le & lose !mselves 9 ! univ]sal fl[4 ,no?+ comes out ( no?+1 no?+ falls back into no?+1 if we consid] sub/ance2 b ev]y?+ comes f no?+ & falls back into no?+ if we consid] ?+s--! objects ( love & ( exp]i5ce4 ,"t c make no impression on ! void or on ! atoms2 nay1 "t is itself an ev5tum creat$ by ! motion ( atoms 9 ! void2 b ! triumph ( "t is absolute ov] p]sons1 & nations1 & worlds4#g ,9 treat+ ( ! s\l & ( immortality ,lucretius is an imp]fect psy*ologi/ & an arbitr>y morali/4 ,8 zeal to prove t ! s\l is mortal is inspir$ by ! wi% to dispel all fe> ( future puni%m5ts1 & s to lib]ate ! m9d = ! calm & tepid enjoym5t ( ?is _w4 ,!re is some?+ to be ga9$ 9 ?is direction1 und\bt$ly1 especially if tales ab\t div9e v5geance to come are us$ to sanction irrational practices1 & to prev5t poor p f improv+ _! lot4 ,at ! same "t1 x is h>dly fair to assume t hell is ! only prospect :i* immortality c\ld possibly op5 to any ( u2 & x is also unfair n to obs]ve t ! puni%m5ts :i* religi\s fables ?reat5 ! dead ) are1 = ! mo/ "p1 symbols = ! actual degradation :i* evil-do+ br+s ^u ! liv+2 s t ! fe> ( hell is n m det]r5t or repressive ?an exp]i5ce ( life w\ld be if x 7 cle>ly br\ght be=e ! m9d4 ,!re is ano!r elem5t 9 ?is polemic aga9/ immortality :i*1 :ile highly int]e/+ & *>act]i/ic ( a decad5t age1 betrays a v "o-sid$ &1 at bottom1 unt5able ideal4 ,?is elem5t is ! fe> ( life4 ,epicurus _h be5 a pure & t5d] morali/1 b pusillanim\s4 ,he 0 s afraid ( hurt+ & ( be+ hurt1 s afraid ( runn+ risks or tempt+ =tune1 t he wi%$ to prove t human life 0 a brief bus9ess1 n subject to any great trans=mations1 nor capable ( any great a*ievem5ts4 ,he taught accord+ly t ! atoms _h produc$ already all ! animals !y c\ld produce1 = ?\gh inf9ite 9 numb] ! atoms 7 ( few k9ds4 ,consequ5tly ! possible sorts ( be+ 7 f9ite & soon exhau/$2 ?is _w1 ?\gh on ! eve ( de/ruction1 0 ( rec5t date4 ,! worlds ar\nd x1 or to be produc$ 9 future1 c\ld n af=d any?+ ess5tially diff]5t4 ,all ! suns 7 mu* alike1 & !re 0 no?+ new "u !m4 ,we ne$ n1 !n1 fe> ! _w2 x is an explor$ & dome/ic sc5e1--a home1 a little g>d51 six feet ( e>? = a man to /ret* 94 ,if p rage & make a great noise1 x is n because !re is mu* to w91 or mu* to fe>1 b because p are mad4 ,let me n be mad1 ?\ght ,epicurus2 let me be reasonable1 cultivat+ s5tim5ts appropriate to a mortal :o inhabits a _w morally com=table & small1 & physically poor 9 its inf9ite monotony4 ,! well-kn[n l9es ( ,fitzg]ald e*o ?is s5tim5t p]fectly3 ,a ,book ( ,v]ses und]nea? ! ,b\gh1 ,a ,jug ( ,w9e1 a ,loaf ( ,bread--& ,?\ ,beside me s++ 9 ! ,wild]ness-- ,oh1 ,wild]ness 7 ,p>adise en[6 ,b :at if ! %ad[ ( incalculable possibilities %\ld fall across ?is sunny retreat8 ,:at if aft] dea? we %\ld awake 9 a _w to :i* ! atomic philosophy might n 9 ! lea/ apply8 ,obs]ve t ?is sugge/ion is n 9 ! lea/ oppos$ to any ( ! argum5ts by :i* sci5ce might prove ! atomic !ory to be correct4 ,all t ,epicurus taught ab\t ! univ]se n[ be=e u might be p]fectly true ( x2 b :at if to-morr[ a new univ]se %\ld h tak5 its place8 ,! sugge/ion is d\btless gratuit\s1 & no busy man w be mu* tr\bl$ by x2 yet :5 ! he>t is empty x fills itself ) su* att5uat$ dreams4 ,! muffl$ pleasures ( ! wise man1 z ,epicurus conceiv$ him1 7 really a provocation to sup]naturalism4 ,!y left a great void2 & be=e long sup]naturalism--we %all see x 9 ,dante--actually ru%$ 9 to quick5 ! pulses ( life ) fre% hopes & illusions1 or at lea/ 7:at may seem bett] ?an no?+7 ) t]rors & fanatical zeal4 ,) su* t5d5cies already afoot z ! my?s & dogmas ( ,plato _h betray$1 x 0 imp]ative = ,epicurus to bani% anxi\sly all ?\ght ( :at might foll[ dea?4 ,to ?is end are all 8 argum5ts ab\t ! mat]ial nature ( ! s\l & h] incapacity to survive ! body4 ,to say t ! s\l is mat]ial has a /range & b>b>\s s\nd to mod]n e>s4 ,we live aft] ,desc>tes1 :o taught ! _w t ! ess5ce ( ! s\l 0 consci\sness2 & to call consci\sness mat]ial w\ld be to talk ( ! blackness ( :ite4 ,b anci5t usage gave ! ^w s\l a r diff]5t mean+4 ,! ess5ce ( ! s\l 0 n s mu* to be consci\s z to gov]n ! =mation ( ! body1 to w>m1 move1 & guide x4 ,& if we ?9k ( ! s\l exclusively 9 ?is light1 x w n seem a p>adox1 x may ev5 seem a truism1 to say t ! s\l mu/ be mat]ial4 ,= h[ are we to conceive t preexi/+ consci\sness %\ld gov]n ! =mation ( ! body1 move1 w>m1 or guide x8 ,a _s capable ( su* a miracle w\ld 9 any case n be human1 b altoge!r div9e4 ,! s\l t ,lucretius calls mat]ial %\ld n1 !n1 be id5tifi$ ) consci\sness1 b ) ! gr\nd ( consci\sness1 :i* is at ! same "t ! cause ( life 9 ! body4 ,?is he conceives to be a sw>m ( v small & volatile atoms1 a sort ( e!r1 resid5t 9 all liv+ se$s1 brea!d 9 abundantly dur+ life & brea!d out at dea?4 ,ev5 if ?is !ory 7 accept$1 h[ev]1 x w\ld n prove ! po9t :i* ,lucretius has *iefly at he>t1 namely1 t an aft]-life is impossible4 ,! atoms ( ! s\l are inde/ructible1 l all atoms2 & if consci\sness 7 atta*$ to ! =tunes ( a small gr\p ( !m1 or ( "o only 7z ,leibniz aft]w>ds taught71 consci\sness w\ld cont9ue to exi/ aft] ^! atoms _h escap$ f ! body & 7 %oot+ ?r\gh new fields ( space4 ,inde$1 !y might be ! m ar\s$ by t adv5ture1 z a bee might f9d ! sky or ! g>d5 m excit+ ?an ! hive4 ,all t ,lucretius urges ab\t ! divisibility ( ! s\l1 its diffus$ bodily seat1 & ! p]ils x w\ld meet outside fails to remove ! om9\s possibility t tr\bles him4 ,to conv9ce u t we p]i% at dea? he has to rely on vulg> exp]i5ce & inh]5t probability3 :at *anges is n inde/ructible2 :at beg9s1 ends2 m5tal gr[?1 heal?1 sanity1 accompany ! =tunes ( ! body z a :ole 7n demon/rably ^? ( ! s\l-atoms72 ! passions are relevant to bodily life & to an e>?ly situation2 we %\ld n be ourselves "u a diff]5t mask or 9 a new sett+2 we rememb] no previ\s exi/5ce if we _h "o1 & s1 9 a future exi/5ce1 we %\ld n rememb] ?is4 ,^! reflections are impressive1 & !y are en=c$ by ,lucretius ) 8 usual vividness & smack ( reality4 ,no?+ is prov$ sci5tifically by su* a deliv]ance1 yet x is good philosophy & good poetry2 x br+s mu* exp]i5ce toge!r & passes a l(ty judgm5t ^u x4 ,! arti/ has 8 eye on ! model2 he is pa9t+ dea? to ! life4 ,if ^! consid]ations succe$ 9 bani%+ ! dread ( an aft]-life1 !re rema9s ! di/ress :i* _m feel at ! idea ( ext9ction2 & if we h ceas$ to fe> dea?1 l ,hamlet1 = ! dreams t may come aft] x1 we may /ill fe> dea? in/9ctively1 l a /uck pig4 ,aga9/ ?is in/9ctive horror ( dy+ ,lucretius has _m brave argum5ts4 ,fools1 he says to u1 :y d y fe> :at nev] c t\* y8 ,:ile y /ill live1 dea? is abs5t2 & :5 y are dead1 y are s dead t y _c "k y are dead1 nor regret x4 ,y w be z mu* at ease z be=e y 7 born4 ,or is :at tr\bles y ! *ildi% fe> ( be+ cold 9 ! e>?1 or feel+ its weight /ifl+ y8 ,b y w n be !re2 ! atoms ( y\r s\l--!mselves unconsci\s--w be danc+ 9 "s sunbeam f> away1 & y y\rself w be n[h]e2 y w absolutely n exi/4 ,dea? is by def9ition a /ate t excludes exp]i5ce4 ,if y fe> x1 y fe> a ^w4 ,to all ?is1 p]haps1 ,memmius1 or "s o!r recalcitrant read]1 might retort t :at he %rank f 0 n ! metaphysical /ate ( be+ dead1 b ! v real agony ( dy+4 ,dy+ is some?+ gha/ly1 z be+ born is some?+ ridicul\s2 &1 ev5 if no pa9 7 involv$ 9 quitt+ or ent]+ ?is _w1 we might /ill say :at ,dante's ,francesca says ( x3 ,il modo ancor m'(f5de1--8,i %udd] at ! way ( x40 ,lucretius1 = 8 "p1 makes no attempt to %[ t ev]y?+ is z x %\ld be2 & if our way ( com+ into ?is life is ignoble1 & our way ( leav+ x pitiful1 t is no fault ( 8 nor ( 8 philosophy4 ,if ! fe> ( dea? 7 m]ely ! fe> ( dy+1 x w\ld be bett] dealt ) by m$ic9e ?an by argum5t4 ,!re is1 or !re might be1 an art ( dy+ well1 ( dy+ pa9lessly1 will+ly1 & 9 season1--z 9 ^? noble p>t+s :i* ,attic grave/ones depict1--especially if we 7 all[$1 z ,lucretius w\ld all[ u1 to *oose our own "t4 ,b ! radical fe> ( dea?1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 is some?+ q diff]5t4 ,x is ! love ( life4 ,epicurus1 :o fe>$ life1 seems to h miss$ "h ! primordial & colossal =ce he 0 fight+ aga9/4 ,_h he p]ceiv$ t =ce1 he w\ld h be5 oblig$ to meet x 9 a m radical way1 by an envelop+ movem5t1 z x 71 & an attack f ! re>4 ,! love ( life is n some?+ rational1 or f\nd$ on exp]i5ce ( life4 ,x is some?+ antec$5t & spontane\s4 ,x is t ,v5us ,g5etrix :i* cov]s ! e>? ) its flora & fauna4 ,x tea*es e animal to seek its food & its mate1 & to protect its (fspr+2 z also to resi/ or fly f all injury to ! body1 & mo/ ( all f ?reat5$ dea?4 ,x is ! orig9al impulse by :i* good is discrim9at$ f evil1 & hope f fe>4 ,no?+ c\ld be m futile1 !re=e1 ?an to m>%al argum5ts aga9/ t fe> ( dea? :i* is m]ely ano!r "n = ! en]gy ( life1 or ! t5d5cy to self-pres]vation4 ,argum5ts involve premises1 & ^! premises1 9 ! giv5 case1 express "s p>ticul> =m ( ! love ( life2 :5ce x is impossible to conclude t dea? is 9 no degree evil & n at all to be fe>$4 ,= :at is mo/ dread$ is n ! agony ( dy+1 nor yet ! /range impossibility t :5 we d n exi/ we %\ld suff] = n exi/+4 ,:at is dread$ is ! defeat ( a pres5t w direct$ ^u life & its v>i\s und]tak+s4 ,su* a pres5t w _c be argu$ away1 b x may be weak5$ by contradictions aris+ )9 x1 by ! irony ( exp]i5ce1 or by ascetic discipl9e4 ,to introduce ascetic discipl9e1 to br+ out ! irony ( exp]i5ce1 to expose ! self-contradictions ( ! w1 w\ld be ! true means ( mitigat+ ! love ( life2 & if ! love ( life 7 ext+ui%$1 ! fe> ( dea?1 l smoke ris+ f t fire1 w\ld h vani%$ also4 ,inde$1 ! =ce ( ! great passage aga9/ ! fe> ( dea?1 at ! end ( ! ?ird book ( ,lucretius1 comes *iefly f ! picture x draws ( ! madness ( life4 ,8 philosophy deprecates covet\sness1 ambition1 love1 & religion2 x takes a long /ep t[>ds ! surr5d] ( life1 by surr5d]+ all 9 life t is ard5t1 on ! gr\nd t x is pa9ful 9 ! end & ignom9i\s4 ,to escape f x all is a great deliv]ance4 ,& s9ce g5ius mu/ be ard5t ab\t some?+1 ,lucretius p\rs out 8 en?usiasm on ,epicurus1 :o br\ght ?is deliv]ance & 0 ! savi\r ( mank9d4 ,yet ?is 0 only a beg9n+ ( salvation1 & ! same pr9ciples c>ri$ fur!r w\ld h deliv]$ u f ! ,epicurean life & :at x reta9$ t 0 ,greek & naturali/ic3 sci5ce1 fri5d%ip1 & ! heal?y pleasures ( ! body4 ,_h x r5\nc$ ^! ?+s also1 ,epicureanism w\ld h become altoge!r ascetic1 a ?or\gh sy/em ( mortification1 or ! pursuit ( dea?4 ,to ^? :o s9c]ely pursue dea?1 dea? is no evil1 b ! highe/ good4 ,no ne$ 9 t case ( elaborate argum5ts to prove t dea? %\ld n be fe>$1 because x is no?+2 = 9 spite ( be+ no?+--or r because x is no?+--dea? c be lov$ by a fatigu$ & disillusion$ _s1 j z 9 spite ( be+ no?+--or r because x is no?+--x mu/ be hat$ & fe>$ by e vigor\s animal4 ,"o m po9t1 & ,i h done ) ?is subject4 ,anci5t culture 0 rhetorical4 ,x ab\nd$ 9 ideas t are v]bally plausible1 & pass mu/] 9 a public spee*1 b t1 if we /op to criticize !m1 prove at once to be inexcusably false4 ,"o ( ^! rhetorical fallacies is ! maxim t m5 _c live = :at !y _c witness4 ,:at does x matt] to y1 we may say 9 debate1 :at happ5$ be=e y 7 born1 or :at may g on aft] y are buri$8 ,& ! orator :o puts su* a *all5ge may c>ry ! audi5ce ) him1 & raise a laugh at ! exp5se ( human s9c]ity4 ,yet ! v m5 :o applaud are pr\d ( _! ance/ors1 c>e = ! future ( _! *ildr51 & are v mu* int]e/$ 9 secur+ legally ! execution ( _! la/ w & te/am5t4 ,:at may g on aft] _! dea? conc]ns !m deeply1 n because !y expect to wat* ! ev5t f hell or heav51 b because !y are int]e/$ ideally 9 :at t ev5t %all be1 al?\gh !y are nev] to witness x4 ,lucretius himself1 9 8 sympa?y ) nature1 9 8 zeal = human enlight5m5t1 9 8 te>s = ,iphig5ia1 long s9ce dead1 is n mov$ by ! hope ( obs]v+1 or ! memory ( hav+ obs]v$1 :at excites 8 emotion4 ,he =gets himself4 ,he sees ! :ole univ]se spread out 9 its true movem5t & proportions2 he sees mank9d fre$ f ! incubus ( sup]/ition1 & f ! havoc ( passion4 ,! vision k9dles 8 en?usiasm1 exalts 8 imag9ation1 & swells 8 v]se into unmi/akable e>ne/ness4 ,if we foll[ ,lucretius1 !re=e1 9 n>r[+ ! sum ( our p]sonal =tunes to "o brief & p>tial glimpse ( e>?1 we mu/ n suppose t we ne$ n>r[ at all ! sph]e ( our moral int]e/s4 ,on ! contr>y1 j 9 proportion z we despise sup]/iti\s t]rors & s5tim5tal hopes1 & z our imag9ation becomes self-=getful1 we %all /r5g!n ! direct & primitive conc]n :i* we feel 9 ! _w & 9 :at may g on !re1 be=e u1 aft] u1 or beyond our k54 ,if1 l ,lucretius & e philosophical poet1 we range ov] all "t & all exi/5ce1 we %all =get our own p]sons1 z he did1 & ev5 wi% !m to be =gott51 if only ! ?+s we c>e = may subsi/ or arise4 ,he :o truly loves ,god1 says ,sp9oza1 _c wi% t ,god %\ld love him 9 return4 ,"o :o lives ! life ( ! univ]se _c be mu* conc]n$ = 8 own4 ,aft] all1 ! life ( ! univ]se is b ! locus & ext5sion ( ours4 ,! atoms t h once s]v$ to produce life rema9 fit to reproduce x2 & al?\gh ! body !y might animate lat] w\ld be a new "o1 & w\ld h a some:at diff]5t c>e]1 x w\ld n1 accord+ to ,lucretius1 be ( a totally new species2 p]haps n m unlike ourselves ?an we are unlike "o ano!r1 or ?an ea* ( u is unlike himself at ! v>i\s /ages ( 8 life4 ,! s\l ( nature1 9 ! elem5ts ( x1 is !n1 accord+ to ,lucretius1 actually immortal2 only ! human individuality1 ! *ance composition ( ^? elem5ts1 is transitory2 s t1 if a man c\ld c>e = :at happ5s to o!r m51 = :at befell him :5 "y or :at may ov]take him :5 old1 he might p]fectly well c>e1 on ! same imag9ative pr9ciple1 = :at may g on 9 ! _w = ev]4 ,! f9itude & inju/ice ( 8 p]sonal life w\ld be brok5 d[n2 ! illusion ( selfi%ness w\ld be dissipat$2 & he might say to himself1 ,i h imag9ation1 & no?+ t is real is ali5 to me4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ^w nature has _m s5ses2 b if we pres]ve ! "o :i* etymology ju/ifies1 & :i* is ! mo/ philosophical z well1 nature %\ld mean ! pr9ciple ( bir? or g5esis1 ! univ]sal "m1 ! great cause1 or sy/em ( causes1 t br+s ph5om5a to light4 ,if we take ! ^w nature 9 ?is s5se1 x may be said t ,lucretius1 m ?an any o!r man1 is ! poet ( nature4 ,( c\rse1 be+ an anci5t1 he is n p>ticul>ly a poet ( l&scape4 ,he runs deep] ?an t2 he is a poet ( ! s\rce ( l&scape1 a poet ( matt]4 ,a poet ( l&scape might try to sugge/1 by well-*os5 words1 ! s5sations ( light1 movem5t1 & =m :i* nature ar\ses 9 u2 b 9 ?is attempt he w\ld enc\nt] ! insup]able difficulty :i* ,less+ long ago po9t$ out1 & w>n$ poets (3 ,i mean ! unfitness ( language to r5d] :at is spatial & mat]ial2 its fitness to r5d] only :at1 l language itself1 is bodiless & fl[+1--action1 feel+1 & ?\ght4 ,x is noticeable1 accord+ly1 t poets :o are fasc9at$ by pure s5se & seek to write poems ab\t x are call$ n impressioni/s1 b symboli/s2 = 9 try+ to r5d] "s absolute s5sation !y r5d] r ! field ( association 9 :i* t s5sation lies1 or ! emotions & half-?\ghts t %oot & play ab\t x 9 _! fancy4 ,!y become--aga9/ _! w1 p]haps--psy*ological poets1 r+]s ( m5tal *imes1 & li/5]s = ! *ance ov]tones ( consci\sness4 ,h5ce we call !m symboli/s1 mix+ p]haps "s %ade ( disp>agem5t 9 ! t]m1 z if !y 7 symboli/s ( an empty1 sup]-subtle1 or fatu\s sort4 ,= !y play ) ?+s luxuri\sly1 mak+ !m symbols = _! ?\ghts1 in/ead ( m5d+ _! ?\ghts intellig5tly1 to r5d] !m symbols = ?+s4 ,a poet might be a symboli/ 9 ano!r s5se1--if he broke up nature1 ! object sugge/$ by l&scape to ! m9d1 & rev]t$ to ! elem5ts ( l&scape1 n 9 ord] to associate ^! s5sations lazily toge!r1 b 9 ord] to build out ( !m 9 fancy a diff]5t nature1 a bett] _w1 ?an t :i* !y reveal to reason4 ,! elem5ts ( l&scape1 *os51 emphasiz$1 & recomb9$ = ?is purpose1 w\ld !n be symbols = ! ideal _w !y 7 made to sugge/1 & = ! ideal life t might be l$ 9 t p>adise4 ,%elley is a symbolic l&scape poet 9 ?is s5se4 ,to ,%elley1 z ,francis ,?ompson has said1 nature 0 a toy-%op2 8 fancy took ! mat]ials ( ! l&scape & wove !m into a gossam] _w1 a bright e!real habitation = new-born irresponsible spirits4 ,%elley 0 ! musician ( l&scape2 he trac$ out its unrealiz$ sugge/ions2 trans=m$ ! ?+s he saw into ! ?+s he w\ld fa9 h se54 ,9 ?is idealization x 0 _s t guid$ him1 ! b5t ( 8 wild & exquisite imag9ation1 & he fanci$ sometimes t ! gross] l&scapes ( e>? 7 likewise ! "w ( "s half-spiritual /ress1 ( "s re/lessly dream+ p[]4 ,9 ?is s5se1 e>?ly l&scape seem$ to him ! symbol ( ! e>? _s1 z ! />lit cry/al l&scapes ( 8 v]se1 ) _! p5sive fl[]s1 7 symbols 9 :i* 8 own fev]$ _s 0 express$1 images 9 :i* 8 passion re/$4 ,ano!r sort ( l&scape poetry is to be f\nd 9 ,wordswor?1 = :om ! title ( poet ( nature might p]haps be claim$4 ,to him ! l&scape is an influ5ce4 ,:at he r5d]s1 beyond su* pictorial t\*es z language is capable (1 is ! moral inspiration :i* ! sc5e br+s to him4 ,?is moral inspiration is n drawn at all f ! real processes ( nature :i* e l&scape manife/s 9 "s aspect & = "o mom5t4 ,su* w\ld h be5 ! me?od ( ,lucretius2 he w\ld h pass$ imag9atively f ! l&scape to ! s\rces ( ! l&scape2 he w\ld h disclos$ ! poetry ( matt]1 n ( _s4 ,wordswor?1 on ! contr>y1 dwells on adv5titi\s human matt]s4 ,he is no poet ( g5esis1 evolution1 & natural =ce 9 its myriad manife/ations4 ,only a "p ( ! cosmic process engages 8 int]e/1 or t\*es 8 s\l--! /r5g!n+ or *a/5+ ( human purposes by ! influ5ces ( l&scape4 ,^! influ5ces are v real2 = z food or w9e keeps ! animal he>t beat+1 or quick5s x1 s l>ge spaces ( calm sky1 or m\nta9s1 or dells1 or solit>y /ret*es ( wat]1 exp& ! brea/1 disp]se ! obsessions t cramp a man's daily exi/5ce1 & ev5 if he be less contemplative & less virtu\s ?an ,wordswor?1 make him1 = ! mom5t1 a fri5d to all ?+s1 & a fri5d to himself4 ,yet ^! influ5ces are vague & = ! mo/ "p fleet+4 ,wordswor? w\ld h>dly h felt !m s di/9ctly & s con/antly _h he n f\nd a fur!r l9k to b9d l&scape to moral s5tim5t4 ,su* a l9k exi/s4 ,! l&scape is ! sc5e ( human life4 ,e spot1 e season1 is associat$ ) ! sort ( exi/5ce :i* falls to m5 9 t environm5t4 ,l&scape = ,wordswor?'s age & 9 8 c\ntry 0 seldom )\t figures4 ,at lea/1 "s visible trace ( man guid$ ! poet & set ! key = 8 moral m$itation4 ,c\ntry life 0 no less de> to ,wordswor? ?an l&scape 02 x fitt$ into e picture2 & :ile ! m>* ( ?+s1 z ,lucretius conceiv$ x1 0 n pres5t to ,wordswor?'s imag9ation1 ! revolutions ( society--! ,fr5* ,revolution1 = in/ance--7 con/antly 9 8 ?\ghts4 ,9 s f> z he 0 a poet ( human life1 ,wordswor? 0 truly a poet ( nature4 ,9 s f>1 h[ev]1 z he 0 a poet ( l&scape1 he 0 /ill fundam5tally a poet ( human life1 or m]ely ( 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,:5 he talk$ ( nature he 0 g5]ally moraliz+1 & altoge!r subject to ! pa!tic fallacy2 b :5 he talk$ ( man1 or ( himself1 he 0 unfold+ a "p ( nature1 ! upright human he>t1 & /udy+ x 9 its tru?4 ,lucretius1 a poet ( univ]sal nature1 /udi$ ev]y?+ 9 its tru?4 ,ev5 moral life1 ?\gh he felt x mu* m n>r[ly & coldly ?an ,wordswor? did1 0 bett] und]/ood & bett] sung by him = be+ se5 9 its natural sett+4 ,x is a fault ( ideali/s to misrepres5t idealism1 because !y d n view x z a "p ( ! _w4 ,idealism is a "p ( ! _w1 a small & dep5d5t "p ( x4 ,x is a small & dep5d5t "p ev5 9 ! life ( m54 ,?is fact is no?+ aga9/ idealism tak5 z a moral en]gy1 z a faculty ( idealization & a habit ( liv+ 9 ! famili> pres5ce ( an image ( :at w\ld1 9 ev]y?+1 be be/4 ,b x is ! ru9 ( idealism tak5 z a view ( ! c5tral & univ]sal p[] 9 ! _w4 ,= ?is reason ,lucretius1 :o sees human life & human idealism 9 _! natural sett+1 has a san] & matur] view ( bo? ?an has ,wordswor?1 = all 8 great] ref9em5t4 ,nature1 = ! ,lat9 poet1 is really nature4 ,he loves & fe>s h]1 z %e des]ves to be lov$ & fe>$ by h] creatures4 ,:e!r x be a w9d bl[+1 a torr5t ru%+1 a lamb bleat+1 ! magic ( love1 g5ius a*iev+ its purpose1 or a w>1 or a pe/il5ce1 ,lucretius sees ev]y?+ 9 its causes1 & 9 its total c>e]4 ,"o brea? ( lavi% creation1 "o iron law ( *ange1 runs ?r\gh ! :ole1 mak+ all ?+s k9 9 _! inmo/ elem5ts & 9 _! la/ end4 ,"h is ! t\* ( nature inde$1 h] l>g5ess & et]nity4 ,"h is ! true e*o ( ! life ( matt]4 ,any compreh5sive picture ( nature & de/9y1 if ! picture be cr$it$1 mu/ ar\se emotion1 & 9 a reflective & vivid m9d mu/ inspire poetry--= :at is poetry b emotion1 fix+ & col\r+ ! objects f :i* x spr+s8 ,! sublime poem ( ,lucretius1 exp\nd+ ! lea/ poetical ( philosophies1 proves ?is po9t beyond a d\bt4 ,yet ,lucretius 0 f> f exhau/+ ! inspiration :i* a poet might draw f mat]ialism4 ,9 ! philosophy ( ,epicurus1 ev51 :i* _h b a sickly hold on mat]ialism1 !re 7 two /ra9s :i* ,lucretius did n take up1 & :i* are naturally ri* 9 poetry1 ! /ra9 ( piety & ! /ra9 ( fri5d%ip4 ,x is usual &1 9 "o s5se1 legitimate to speak ( ! ,epicureans z a!i/s1 s9ce !y d5i$ provid5ce & any gov]nm5t ( ,god 9 ! _w4 ,yet !y admitt$ ! exi/5ce ( gods1 liv+ 9 ! quiet spaces betwe5 ^? cele/ial :irlpools :i* =m ! v>i\s worlds4 ,to ^! gods !y attribut$ ! human =m1 & ! s]5e life to :i* ,epicurus aspir$4 ,epicurus himself 0 s s9c]e 9 ?is belief1 & s mu* affect$ by x1 t he us$ to frequ5t ! temples1 keep ! fea/s ( ! gods1 & (t5 sp5d h\rs be=e _! images 9 contemplation & pray]4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 mu* else1 ,epicurus 0 c>ry+ out to its logical conclusion ! rational & re=m+ ess5ce ( ,hell5ism4 ,9 ,greek religion1 z 9 all o!r religions1 !re 0 a backgr\nd ( vulg> sup]/ition4 ,survivals & revivals ( totem-wor%ip1 taboo1 magic1 ritual b>t]1 & objectifi$ rhetoric are to be f\nd 9 x to ! v end2 yet if we consid] 9 ,greek religion its *>act]i/ic t5d5cy1 & :at r5d]$ x di/9ctively ,greek1 we see t x 0 its unprec$5t$ ideality1 dis9t]e/$ness1 & ae/heticism4 ,to ! ,greek1 9 s f> z he 0 a ,greek1 religion 0 an aspiration to gr[ l ! gods by invok+ _! companion%ip1 rehe>s+ _! /ory1 feel+ vic>i\sly ! gl[ ( _! spl5did pr]ogatives1 & plac+ !m1 9 ! =m ( beautiful & v human /atues1 con/antly be=e 8 eyes4 ,?is sympa!tic int]e/ 9 ! immortals took ! place1 9 ! typical ,greek m9d1 ( any vivid hope ( human immortality2 p]haps x made su* a hope seem sup]flu\s & inappropriate4 ,mortality belong$ to man1 z immortality to ! gods2 & ! "o 0 ! complem5t ( ! o!r4 ,imag9e a poet :o1 to ! fre$om & simplicity ( ,hom]1 %\ld h add$ ! m rev]5t idealism ( a lat] age2 & :at an inexhau/ible fund ( poetry might he n h f\nd 9 ?is conception ( ! immortals lead+ a human life1 )\t its sordid contr>ieties & limitations1 et]nally "y1 & frank1 & diff]5t6 ,h9ts ( su* poetry are to be f\nd 9 ,plato1 my?s t pres5t ! ideal sugge/ions ( human life 9 pictures4 ,^! he sometimes leaves g5]al & pale1 call+ !m ideas2 b at o!r times he embodies !m 9 deities1 or 9 detail$ imag9>y con/ructions1 l t ( 8 ,republic4 ,?is ,platonic habit ( m9d might h be5 c>ri$ fur!r by "s frank] & less reaction>y poet ?an ,plato 01 or t5d$ to become1 z ! ye>s turn$ 8 w9e into v9eg>4 ,b ! :ole _w 0 !n gett+ s\r4 ,imag9ation flagg$1 or 0 div]t$ f ! ,greek into ! ,hebrew *annel4 ,nev]!less1 ! hymns ( mod]n poets to ! anci5t gods1 & ! irrepressible e*oes ( classic my?ology 9 our lit]ature1 %[ h[ easy x w\ld h be5 = ! lat] anci5ts !mselves1 _h !y *os51 to make immortal poetry out ( _! dy+ sup]/itions4 ,! d5ials ( ,epicurus d n exclude ?is ideal use ( religion2 on ! contr>y1 by exclud+ all ! o!r uses ( x--! comm]cial1 ! mock-sci5tific1 & ! selfi%--!y leave ! moral int]pretative aspect ( religion /&+ alone1 ready to ! poet's h&1 if any poet c\ld be f\nd pure & f]tile en\gh to cat* & to r5d] x4 ,rationaliz$ paganism might h _h its ,dante1 a ,dante :o %\ld h be5 ! pupil n ( ,virgil & ,aqu9as1 b ( ,hom] & ,plato4 ,lucretius 0 too lit]al1 positivi/ic1 & insi/5t = su* a delicate task4 ,he 0 a ,roman4 ,moral my?ology & ideal piety1 ?\gh 8 philosophy _h room = !m1 =m$ no "p ( 8 poetry4 ,:at ! o!r neglect$ !me1 fri5d%ip1 might h suppli$1 we may see 9 ! tone ( ano!r ,epicurean1 ! poet ,horace4 ,fri5d%ip 0 highly hon\r$ 9 all anci5t /ates2 & ! ,epicurean philosophy1 9 bani%+ s _m traditional =ms ( s5tim5t1 c\ld only int5sify ! emphasis on fri5d%ip4 ,x taught m5 t !y 7 an accid5t 9 ! univ]se1 comrades afloat on ! same raft toge!r ) no fate n common to !m all1 & no possible help]s b "o ano!r4 ,lucretius does speak1 9 a passage to :i* ,i h already ref]r$1#h ab\t ! hope ( sweet fri5d%ip t supports him 9 8 lab\rs2 & else:]e#i he repeats ! ,epicurean idyl ab\t picnick+ toge!r on ! gre5 grass by a fl[+ brook2 b ! little ^w 8toge!r0 is all he v\*safes u to m>k :at mu/ be ! *ief +r$i5t 9 su* rural happ9ess4 ,horace1 usually s mu* slight] ?an ,lucretius1 is less cursory "h4 ,n only does he /rike mu* (t5] ! note ( fri5d%ip1 b 8 :ole m9d & temp] brea! ( fri5dl9ess & expect$ agreem5t4 ,!re is1 9 ! v *>m & artifice ( 8 l9es1 a sort ( confid5tial joy 9 ta/+ ) ! k9dr$ few ! sweet or pung5t sav\r ( human ?+s4 ,to be brief & g5tly ironical is to assume mutual intellig5ce2 & to assume mutual intellig5ce is to believe 9 fri5d%ip4 ,9 ,lucretius1 on ! o!r h&1 zeal is mighti] ?an sympa?y1 & scorn mighti] ?an hum\r4 ,p]haps x w\ld be ask+ too mu* ( 8 uncompromis+ f]v\r t he %\ld h unb5t n[ & !n & %[n u 9 "s detail :at ^? pleasures ( life may be :i* are )\t c>e & fe>4 ,yet1 if x 0 impossible = him n to be always s]i\s & au/]e1 he might at lea/ h not$ ! melan*oly ( fri5d%ip--= fri5d%ip1 :]e nature has made m9ds isolat$ & bodies mortal1 is ri* also 9 melan*oly4 ,?is aga9 we may f9d 9 ,horace1 :]e once or twice he lets ! 8some?+ bitt]0 bubble up f ! he>t ev5 ( ?is fl[]1 :5 he feels a vague ne$ t survives satiety1 & ye>ns p]v]sely = ! impossible4#aj ,poor ,epicureans1 :5 !y c\ld n le>n1 l _! ma/]1 to be sa9ts6 ,s f> ! decad5t mat]ialism ( ,epicurus might h c>ri$ a poet2 b a mat]iali/ 9 our days might f9d _m o!r poetic !mes to weave into 8 sy/em4 ,to ! picture :i* ,lucretius sket*es ( primitive civilization1 we might add ! :ole hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,to a consi/5t & vigor\s mat]ialism all p]sonal & national dramas1 ) ! beauties ( all ! arts1 are no less natural & int]e/+ ?an are fl[]s or animal bodies4 ,! moral pageantry ( ?is _w1 survey$ sci5tifically1 is calculat$ wond]fully to /r5g!n & ref9e ! philosophy ( ab/5tion sugge/$ to ,epicurus by ! flux ( mat]ial ?+s & by ! illusions ( vulg> passion4 ,lucretius /udies sup]/ition1 b only z an enemy2 & ! naturali/ic poet %\ld be ! enemy ( no?+4 ,8 animus bl9ds him to half ! object1 to its m beautiful half1 & makes u di/ru/ 8 v]sion ( ! mean] half he is aw>e (4 ,se5 9 its totality1 & surr\nd$ by all ! o!r products ( human imag9ation1 sup]/ition is n only mov+ 9 itself1 a capital subject = trag$y & = com$y1 b x re9=ces ! mat]iali/ic way ( ?9k+1 & %[s t x may be ext5d$ to ! mo/ complex & emotional sph]es ( exi/5ce4 ,at ! same "t1 a naturalism ext5d$ imp>tially ov] moral facts br+s home a lesson ( tol]ance1 scepticism1 & indep5d5ce :i*1 )\t contradict+ ,epicurean pr9ciples1 w\ld v mu* enl>ge & trans=m ,epicurean s5tim5t4 ,hi/ory w\ld h op5$ to ! ,epicurean poet a new dim5sion ( nature & a m v>i$ spectacle ( folly4 ,8 imag9ation w\ld h be5 enri*$ & 8 maxims =tifi$4 ,! emotions :i* ,lucretius associat$ ) 8 atoms & void1 ) 8 religi\s d5ials & 8 ab/5tions f action1 are emotions necess>ily involv$ 9 life4 ,!y w exi/ 9 any case1 ?\gh n necess>ily associat$ ) ! doctr9es by :i* ?is poet s\ght to cl>ify !m4 ,!y w rema9 /&+1 :atev] me*anism we put 9 ! place ( t :i* he believ$ 91--t is1 if we are s]i\s1 & n try+ to escape f ! facts r ?an to expla9 !m4 ,if ! ideas embodi$ 9 a philosophy repres5t a compreh5sive survey ( ! facts1 & a mature s5tim5t 9 ! pres5ce ( !m1 any new ideas adopt$ in/ead w h to acquire ! same values1 & no?+ w be *ang$ morally except ! language or euphony ( ! m9d4 ,( c\rse "o !ory ( ! _w mu/ be true & ! re/ false1 at lea/ if ! categories ( any !ory are applicable to reality2 b ! true !ory l ! false resides 9 imag9ation1 & ! tru? ( x :i* ! poet grasps is its tru? to life4 ,if !re are no atoms1 at lea/ !re mu/ be habits ( nature1 or laws ( evolution1 or dialectics ( progress1 or decrees ( provid5ce1 or intrusions ( *ance2 & be=e ^! equally ext]nal & gr\ndless p[]s we mu/ b[1 z ,lucretius b[$ to 8 atoms4 ,x w always be important & inevitable to recognize some?+ ext]nal1 some?+ t g5]ates or surr\nds u2 & p]haps ! only diff]5ce betwe5 mat]ialism & o!r sy/ems 9 ?is respect is t mat]ialism has /udi$ m scrupul\sly ! detail & me?od ( our dep5d5ce4 ,simil>ly1 ev5 if ,lucretius 0 wrong1 & ! s\l is immortal1 x is nev]!less /eadily *ang+ its int]e/s & its possessions4 ,our lives are mortal if our s\l is n2 & ! s5tim5t :i* reconcil$ ,lucretius to dea? is z mu* ne$$ if we are to face _m dea?s1 z if we are to face only "o4 ,! gradual los+ ( :at we h be5 & are1 ,em]son says3 ,?is los+ is true dy+2 ,?is is lordly m>is d[n-ly+1 ,?is 8 sl[ b sure recl9+1 ,/> by /> 8 _w resign+4 ,! maxim ( ,lucretius1 t no?+ arises save by ! dea? ( some?+ else1 meets u /ill 9 our crawl+ immortality4 ,& 8 art ( accept+ & enjoy+ :at ! conditions ( our be+ af=d also has a p]5nial application4 ,dante1 ! poet ( fai?1 w tell u t we mu/ f9d our peace 9 ! w t gives u our limit$ portion4 ,goe!1 ! poet ( romantic exp]i5ce1 w tell u t we mu/ r5\nce1 r5\nce p]petually4 ,?us wisdom clo!s ! same moral tru?s 9 _m cosmic p>ables4 ,! doctr9es ( philosoph]s disagree :]e !y are lit]al & arbitr>y1--m]e guesses ab\t ! unkn[n2 b !y agree or complete "o ano!r :]e !y are expressive or symbolic1 ?\ghts wrung by exp]i5ce f ! he>ts ( poets4 ,!n all philosophies alike are ways ( meet+ & record+ ! same flux ( images1 ! same vicissitudes ( good & evil1 :i* w visit all g5]ations1 :ile man is man4 99 99 99 99 99 #a ,lucretius1 iv4 #hcd1 #hce3 ,nil 444 natum/ 9 corpore1 ut uti ,possemus1 s$ quod natum/ id procreat usum4 #b ,ibid41 ,i4 #aaae-ah3 ,alid ex alio cl>escet1 nec tibi caeca ,nox it] eripiet1 qu9 ultima naturai ,p]videas3 ita res acc5d5t lum9a rebus4 #c ,lucretius1 i4 #bfd1 #bfe3 ,alid ex alio reficit natura1 nec ullam ,rem gigni patitur1 nisi morte adiuta ali5a4 #d ,an excell5t expression ( ?is view is put by ,plato into ! m\? ( ! physician ,eryxima*us 9 ! ,symposium1 pp4 #ahf-hh4 #e ,lucretius1 i4 #a-ac3 neadum g5etrix1 hom9um divomque voluptas1 ,alma ,v5us1 caeli subt] lab5tia signa ,quae m>e navig]um1 quae t]ras frugif]5tis ,concelebras2 p] te quoniam g5us omne animantum ,concipitur1 visitque exortum lum9a solis3 ,te1 dea1 te fugiunt v5ti1 te nubila caeli1 ,adv5tumque tuum3 tibi suaves da$ala tellus ,submittit flores2 tibi rid5t aequora ponti1 ,placatumque nitet diffuso lum9e caelum4 ,nam simul ac species patefacta/ v]na diei1 ,et res]ata viget g5itabilis aura favoni2 ,ariae primum volucres te1 diva1 tuumque ,significant initum1 p]culsae corda tua vi4 #f ,lucretius1 i4 #bd1 #bh-cj1 #da-dc1 #adj-dd3 ,te sociam /udeo scrib5dis v]sibus esse4444 ,quo magis aet]num da dictis1 diva1 leporem3 ,effice1 ut int]ea f]a mo5]a militiai ,p] m>ia ac t]ras omnes sopita quiescant4444 ,nam neque nos ag]e hoc patriai tempore iniquo ,possumus aequo animo1 nec ,memmi cl>a propago ,talibus 9 rebus communi desse saluti4444 ,s$ tua me virtus tam51 et sp]ata voluptas ,suavis amicitiae1 quemvis suff]re laborem ,suadet1 et inducit noctes vigil>e s]5as1 ,qua]5tem1 dictis quibus et quo c>m9e demum ,cl>a tuae possim praep&]e lum9a m5ti4 #g ,lucretius1 ii4 #aaci-da1 #aadh-di1 #aafd-gd3 ,omnia debet enim cibus integr>e nov&o1 ,et fulcire cibus1 cibus omnia su/5t>e4 ,nequidquam1444 ,sic igitur magni quoque circum mo5ia mundi ,expugnata dabunt labem putrisque ru9as4444 ,iamque caput quassans gr&is suspirat arator ,crebrius incassum manuum cecidisse laborem3 ,et cum tempora temporibus praes5tia conf]t ,praet]itis1 laudat =tunas saepe p>5tis1444 ,nec t5et1 omnia paulatim tabesc]e et ire ,ad capulum1 spatio aetatis defessa vetu/o4 #h ,cf4 pages #da1 #di4 #i ,lucretius1 ii4 #bi-cc3 ,int] se pro/rati 9 gram9e molli ,propt] aquae rivum1 sub ramis arboris altae1 ,non magnis opibus iucunde corpora curant3 ,praes]tim cum tempe/as arridet1 et anni ,tempa consp]gunt viridantis floribus h]bas4 #aj ,horace1 ,odes1 iv4 #a3 ,iam nec spes animi cr$ula mutui444 ,s$ cur1 heu6 ,ligur9e1 cur ,manat r>a meas lacrima p] g5as8 ,,iii ,,dante ,9 ! ,pha$o ( ,plato !re is an incid5tal passage ( supreme int]e/ to ! hi/orian4 ,x =e%ad[s1 & accurately def9es1 ! :ole transition f antiquity to ! middle age1 f naturalism to sup]naturalism1 f ,lucretius to ,dante4 ,socrates1 9 8 prison1 is address+ 8 disciples = ! la/ "t4 ,! g5]al subject is immortality2 b 9 a pause 9 ! argum5t ,socrates says3 8,9 my y\? 444 ,i he>d "s "o read+1 z he said1 f a book ( ,anaxagoras1 t ,reason 0 ! dispos] & cause ( all1 & ,i 0 delight$ at ?is notion1 :i* appe>$ q admirable1 & ,i said to myself3 #8,if ,reason is ! dispos]1 ,reason w dispose all = ! be/1 & put ea* p>ticul> 9 ! be/ place2' & ,i argu$ t if any desir$ to f9d out ! cause ( ! g5]ation or de/ruction or exi/5ce ( any?+1 he mu/ f9d out :at 444 0 be/ = t ?+4444 ,& ,i rejoic$ to ?9k t ,i _h f\nd 9 ,anaxagoras a tea*] ( ! causes ( exi/5ce su* z ,i desir$1 & ,i imag9$ t he w\ld tell me fir/ :e!r ! e>? is flat or r\nd2 & :i*ev] 0 true1 he w\ld proce$ 444 to %[ ! nature ( ! be/1 & %[ t ?is 0 be/2 & if he said t ! e>? 0 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 he w\ld fur!r expla9 t ?is position 0 ! be/1 & ,i %\ld be satisfi$ ) ! explanation giv51 & n want any o!r sort ( cause4444 ,= ,i c\ld n imag9e t :5 he spoke ( ,reason z ! dispos] ( ?+s1 he w\ld give any o!r acc\nt ( _! be+1 except t ?is 0 be/4444 ,^! hopes ,i w\ld n h sold = a l>ge sum ( money1 & ,i seiz$ ! books & read !m z fa/ z ,i c\ld1 9 my eag]ness to "k ! bett] & ! worse4 8,:at expectations ,i _h =m$ & h[ griev\sly 0 ,i disappo9t$6 ,z ,i proce$$1 ,i f\nd my philosoph] altoge!r =sak+ ,reason or any o!r pr9ciple ( ord]1 b hav+ rec\rse to air1 & e!r1 & wat]1 & o!r ecc5tricities4444 ,?us "o man makes a vortex all r\nd1 & /eadies ! e>? by ! heav52 ano!r gives ! air z a support to ! e>?1 :i* is a sort ( broad tr\gh4 ,any p[] :i* 9 arrang+ !m z !y are arranges !m = ! be/ nev] ent]s into _! m9ds2 & in/ead ( f9d+ any sup]ior /r5g? 9 x1 !y r expect to discov] ano!r ,atlas ( ! _w :o is /rong] & m ev]la/+ & m conta9+ ?an ! good2 ( ! obligatory & conta9+ p[] ( ! good !y ?9k no?+2 & yet ?is is ! pr9ciple :i* ,i w\ld fa9 le>n if anyone w\ld tea* me40#a ,"h we h ! programme ( a new philosophy4 ,?+s are to be und]/ood by _! uses or purposes1 n by _! elem5ts or antec$5ts2 z ! fact t ,socrates sits 9 8 prison1 :5 he might h escap$ to ,euboea1 is to be und]/ood by 8 allegiance to 8 notion ( :at is be/1 ( 8 duty to himself & to 8 c\ntry1 & n by ! composition ( 8 bones & muscles4 ,su* reasons z we give = our actions1 su* gr\nds z might move ! public assembly to decree ?is or t1 are to be giv5 9 explanation ( ! ord] ( nature4 ,! _w is a "w ( reason4 ,x mu/ be int]pret$1 z we int]pret ! actions ( a man1 by its motives4 ,& ^! motives we mu/ guess1 n by a fanciful dramatic my?ology1 su* z ! poets ( old _h inv5t$1 b by a consci5ti\s /udy ( ! bett] & ! worse 9 ! conduct ( our own lives4 ,= in/ance1 ! highe/ occupation1 accord+ to ,plato1 is ! /udy ( philosophy2 b ?is w\ld n be possible = man if he _h to be cont9ually fe$+1 l a graz+ animal1 ) its nose to ! gr\nd4 ,n[1 to obviate ! necessity ( eat+ all ! "t1 long inte/9es are useful2 !re=e ! cause ( long inte/9es is ! /udy ( philosophy4 ,aga91 ! eyes1 nose1 & m\? are 9 ! front ( ! head1 because 7says ,plato7 ! front is ! nobl] side1--z if ! back w\ld n h be5 ! nobl] side 7& ! front side7 _h ! eyes1 nose1 & m\? be5 !re6 ,?is me?od is :at ,molire ridicules 9 ,le ,malade ,imag9aire1 :5 ! *orus s+s t opium puts p to sleep because x has a dormitive virtue1 ! nature ( :i* is to make ! s5ses slumb]4 ,all ?is is ridicul\s physics en\gh2 b ,plato knew--?\gh he =got sometimes--t 8 physics 7 playful4 ,:at x is important = u n[ to rememb] is r t1 "u ?is *ildi% or metaphorical physics1 !re is a s]i\s morality4 ,aft] all1 ! use ( opium is t x is a n>cotic2 no matt] :y1 physically1 x is "o4 ,! use ( ! body is ! m9d1 :atev] ! orig9 ( ! body may be4 ,& x seems to dignify & v9dicate ^! uses to say t !y are ! 8causes0 ( ! organs t make !m possible4 ,:at is true ( p>ticul> organs or sub/ances is true ( ! :ole frame ( nature4 ,its use is to s]ve ! good--to make life1 happ9ess1 & virtue possible4 ,!re=e1 speak+ 9 p>ables1 ,plato says ) 8 :ole s*ool3 ,discov] ! "r pr9ciple ( action1 & y w h discov]$ ! rul+ =ce 9 ! univ]se4 ,evoke 9 y\r rapt aspiration ! ess5ce ( a supreme good1 & y w h und]/ood :y ! sph]es revolve1 :y ! e>? is f]tile1 & :y mank9d suff]s & exi/s4 ,obs]vation mu/ yield to dialectic2 political art mu/ yield to aspiration4 ,x took _m hundr$ ye>s = ! revolution to "w itself out2 ,plato _h a prophetic g5ius1 & look$ away f :at he 0 7= he 0 a ,greek7 to :at mank9d 0 to become 9 ! next cycle ( civilization4 ,9 ,dante ! revolution is complete1 n m]ely intellectually 7= x _h be5 complet$ intellectually long be=e1 9 ! ,neoplatoni/s & ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*71 b complete morally & poetically1 9 t all ! habits ( ! m9d & all ! sanctions ( public life _h be5 assimilat$ to x4 ,!re _h be5 "t to re9t]pret ev]y?+1 oblit]at+ ! natural l9es ( cleavage 9 ! _w1 & sub/itut+ moral l9es ( cleavage = !m4 ,nature 0 a comp\nd ( ideal purposes & in]t matt]4 ,life 0 a conflict betwe5 s9 & grace4 ,! environm5t 0 a battle-gr\nd betwe5 a ho/ ( angels & a legion ( demons4 ,! bett] & ! worse _h actually become1 z ,socrates desir$1 ! sole pr9ciples ( und]/&+4 ,hav+ become ,socratic1 ! ?9k+ "p ( mank9d devot$ all its en]gies h5ce=w>d to def9+ good & evil 9 all _! grades1 & 9 _! ultimate ess5ce2 a task :i* ,dante br+s to a p]fect conclusion4 ,s e>ne/ly & exclusively did !y speculate ab\t moral di/9ctions t !y saw !m 9 almo/ visible %apes1 z ,plato _h se5 8 ideas4 ,!y mat]ializ$ ! t]ms ( _! moral philosophy into exi/+ objects & p[]s4 ,! highe/ good--9 ,plato /ill *iefly a political ideal1 ! aim ( policy & art--became ,god1 ! creator ( ! _w4 ,! v>i\s /ages or elem5ts ( p]fection became p]sons 9 ! ,godhead1 or angelic intellig5ces1 or a]ial demons1 or l[] types ( ! animal s\l4 ,evil 0 id5tifi$ ) matt]4 ,! v>i\s /ages ( imp]fection 7 ascrib$ to ! grossness ( v>i\s bodies1 :i* weight$ & smo!r$ ! sp>k ( div9ity t animat$ !m4 ,?is sp>k1 h[ev]1 might be releas$2 !n x w\ld fly up aga9 to its p>5t fire & a s\l w\ld be sav$4 ,?is philosophy 0 n a s]i\s description ( nature or evolution2 b x 0 a s]i\s judgem5t ^u !m4 ,! good1 ! bett]1 ! be/1 _h be5 disc]n$2 & a my?ical bevy ( p[]s1 symboliz+ ^! degrees ( excell5ce1 _h be5 fir/ talk$ ( & !n believ$ 94 ,my?1 :5 ano!r man has inv5t$ x1 c pass = hi/ory2 & :5 ?is man is a ,plato1 & has liv$ long ago1 x c pass = revelation4 ,9 ?is way moral values came to be reg>d$ z =ces work+ 9 nature4 ,b if !y work$ 9 nature1 :i* 0 a comp\nd ( evil matt] & p]fect =m1 !y mu/ exi/ outside3 = ! ideal ( excell5ce beckons f af>2 x is :at we p9e = & are n4 ,! =ces t work$ 9 nature 7 accord+ly sup]natural virtues1 dom9ations1 & p[]s2 ea* natural ?+ _h its sup]natural incubus1 a gu>dian angel1 or a devil t possess$ x4 ,! sup]natural--t is1 some?+ moral or ideal reg>d$ z a p[] & an exi/5ce--0 all ab\t u4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! _w 0 an effect ( some?+ beyond ! _w2 ev]y?+ 9 life 0 a /ep to some?+ beyond life4 ,into ?is sy/em ,*ri/ianity fitt$ easily4 ,x enri*$ x by add+ miracul\s hi/ory to symbolic cosmology4 ,! ,platoni/s _h conceiv$ a cosmos 9 :i* !re 7 high] & l[] be+s1 m>%all$ 9 conc5tric circles1 ar\nd ?is vile b pivotal lump ( e>?4 ,! ,*ri/ians suppli$ a dramatic action = :i* t /age seem$ admirably fitt$1 a /ory 9 :i* ! :ole human race1 or ! s+le s\l1 pass$ successively ?r\gh ^! high] & l[] /ages4 ,!re _h be5 a fall1 & !re might be a salvation4 ,9 a s5se1 ev5 ?is conception ( desc5t f ! good1 & asc5t t[>ds x aga91 0 ,platonic4 ,accord+ to ! ,platoni/s1 ! good et]nally %$ its vital influ5ce1 l light1 & receiv$ 7?\gh unaw>es & )\t increase ( excell5ce to itself7 reflect$ rays t1 9 ! =m ( love & ?\ght1 rev]t$ to x f ! ends ( ! univ]se4 ,b accord+ to ! ,platoni/ ?is radiation ( life & focus+ ( aspiration 7 bo? p]petual4 ,! d\ble movem5t 0 et]nal4 ,! hi/ory ( ! _w 0 monoton\s2 or r ! _w _h no significant hi/ory1 b only a movem5t l t ( a f\nta9 play+ = ev]1 or l ! circulation ( wat] t is always fall+ f ! cl\ds 9 ra9 & always ris+ aga9 9 vap\r4 ,?is fall1 or emanation ( ! _w f ! deity1 0 ! orig9 ( evil = ! ,platoni/s2 evil consi/$ m]ely inf9itude1 mat]iality1 or o!rness f ,god4 ,if any?+ besides ,god 0 to exi/1 x _h to be imp]fect2 in/ability & conflict 7 ess5tial to f9itude & to exi/5ce4 ,salvation1 on ! o!r h&1 0 ! return curr5t ( aspiration on ! "p ( ! creature to rev]t to its s\rce2 an aspiration :i* 0 express$ 9 v>i\s types ( be+1 fix$ 9 ! et]nal1--types :i* l$ up1 l ! /eps ( a temple1 to ! ineffable good at ! top4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian sy/em ?is cosmic circulation became only a figure or symbol express+ ! true creation1 ! true fall1 & ! true salvation2 all ?ree be+ really episodes 9 a hi/orical drama1 occurr+ only once4 ,! mat]ial _w 0 only a sc5e1 a /age-sett+1 design$ expressly to be appropriate = ! play2 & ?is play 0 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 especially ( ,israel & ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! p]sons & ev5ts ( ?is hi/ory _h a philosophic import2 ea* play$ "s "p 9 a provid5tial plan4 ,ea* illu/rat$ creation1 s91 & salvation 9 "s degree1 & on "s p>ticul> level4 ,! ,jews _h nev] felt uncom=table at be+ mat]ial2 ev5 9 ! o!r _w !y hop$ to rema9 s1 & _! immortality 0 a resurrection ( ! fle%4 ,x did n seem plausible to !m t ?is excell5t frame ( ?+s %\ld be no?+ b a fa9t1 tr\bl$1 & un9t5d$ e*o ( ! good4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y ?\ght ?is _w s good1 intr9sically1 t !y 7 sure ,god mu/ h made x expressly1 & n by an unconsci\s efflu5ce ( 8 virtue1 z ! ,platoni/s _h believ$4 ,_! wond] at ! p[] & +5uity ( ! deity rea*$ its maximum :5 !y ?\ght ( him z ! cunn+ contriv] ( nature1 & ( !mselves4 ,nev]!less ! "w seem$ to %[ "s imp]fections2 inde$1 its moral excell5ce 0 pot5tial r ?an actual1 a sugge/ion ( :at might be1 r ?an an accompli%$ fact4 ,& s1 to expla9 ! unexpect$ flaws 9 a creation :i* !y ?\ght ess5tially good1 !y put back at ! beg9n+ ( ?+s an exp]i5ce !y _h daily 9 ! pres5t1 namely1 t tr\ble spr+s f bad conduct4 ,! ,jews 7 int5t wat*]s ( =tune & ( its vicissitudes4 ,! c>e]s ( m5 7 _! m$itation by day & by night2 & x takes little att5tion to p]ceive t frivolity1 indiff]5ce1 knav]y1 & debau*]y d n make = well-be+ 9 ?is _w4 ,& l o!r h>d-press$ peoples1 ! anci5t ,jews _h a pa!tic admiration = safety & pl5ty4 ,h[ little !y mu/ h kn[n ^! ?+s1 to ?9k ( !m s raptur\sly & s poetically6 ,n m]ely _! p]sonal prud5ce1 b _! corporate & religi\s zeal made !m abhor t bad conduct :i* defeat$ prosp]ity4 ,x 0 n m]e folly1 b wick$ness & ! abom9ation ( desolation4 ,) ! lessons ( conduct cont9ually 9 m9d1 !y fram$ ! !ory t all suff]+1 & ev5 dea?1 7 ! wages ( s94 ,f9ally !y w5t s f> z to attribute evil 9 all creation to ! casual s9 ( a fir/ man1 & to ! ta9t ( x transmitt$ to 8 desc5dants2 ?us pass+ ov] ! suff]+ & dea? ( all creatures t are n human ) an indiff]5ce t w\ld h a/oni%$ ! ,h9doos4 ,! imp]fection ( ?+s1 9 ! ,hebraic view1 0 due to accid5ts 9 _! op]ation2 n1 z 9 ! ,platonic view1 to _! ess5tial sep>ation f _! s\rce & _! end4 ,x is 9 h>mony ) ?is t salvation too %\ld come by virtue ( "s special act1 l ! inc>nation or dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,j s1 ! ,jews _h conceiv$ salvation z a revival ( _! national exi/5ce & greatness1 to be br\ght ab\t by ! pati5ce & fidelity ( ! elect1 ) trem5d\s miracles sup]v5+ to rew>d ^! virtues4 ,?us _! conception ( ! fall & ( ! r$emption 0 hi/orical4 ,& ?is 0 a great advantage to a man ( imag9ation inh]it+ _! sy/em2 = ! p]sonages & ! miracles t figur$ 9 _! sacr$ hi/ories af=d$ a ri* subject = fancy to "w ^u1 & = ! arts to depict4 ,! patri>*s f ,adam d[n1 ! k+s & prophets1 ! creation1 ,ed51 ! deluge1 ! deliv]ance out ( ,egypt1 ! ?und]s & ! law ( ,s9ai1 ! temple1 ! exile--all ?is & mu* m t fills ! ,bible 0 a ri* fund1 a famili> tradition liv+ 9 ! ,*ur*1 on :i* ,dante c\ld draw1 z he drew at ! same "t f ! p>allel classic tradition :i* he also inh]it$4 ,to l5d all ^! ,biblical p]sons & incid5ts a philosophical dignity he _h only to fit !m1 z ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* _h done1 into ! ,neoplatonic cosmology1 or1 z ! doctors ( 8 own "t 7 do+1 into ! ,ari/otelian e?ics4 ,s int]pret$1 sacr$ hi/ory acquir$ = ! philosoph] a new importance besides t :i* x _h seem$ to h to ,israel 9 exile1 or to ! ,*ri/ian s\l consci\s ( s94 ,e episode became ! symbol = "s moral /ate or "s moral pr9ciple4 ,e prea*] 9 ,*ri/5dom1 z he repeat$ 8 homily on ! gospel ( ! day1 0 invit$ to re> a /ructure ( spiritual int]pretations ^u ! lit]al s5se ( ! n>rative1 :i* nev]!less he 0 always to hold & pres]ve z a f\ndation = ! o!rs4#b ,9 a _w made by ,god = ! illu/ration ( 8 glory1 ?+s & ev5ts1 ?\gh real1 mu/ be also symbolical2 = !re is int5tion & propriety beh9d !m4 ,! creation1 ! deluge1 ! inc>nation1 crucifixion1 & resurrection ( ,*ri/1 ! com+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ) flames ( fire & ! gift ( tongues1 7 all hi/orical facts4 ,! ,*ur* 0 heir to ! *os5 p2 x 0 an hi/oric & political in/itution1 ) a de/9y 9 ?is _w1 9 :i* all h] *ildr5 %\ld %>e1 & = :i* !y %\ld fight4 ,at ! same "t all ^? facts1 7 my/]ies & sacram5ts = ! private s\l2 !y 7 *annels = ! same moral graces t 7 embodi$ 9 ! ord] ( ! heav5ly sph]es1 & 9 ! types ( moral life on e>?4 ,?us ! ,hebrew tradition br\ght to ,dante's m9d ! consci\sness ( a provid5tial hi/ory1 a great e>?ly task1--to be transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1--& a great hope4 ,! ,greek tradition br\ght him natural & moral philosophy4 ,^! contributions1 jo9$ toge!r1 _h made ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,al?\gh ?is !ology 0 ! guide to ,dante's imag9ation1 & 8 g5]al !me1 yet x 0 n 8 only int]e/2 or r he put into ! framework ( or?odox !ology !ories & visions ( 8 own1 fus+ all into "o moral unity & "o poetical en?usiasm4 ,! fusion 0 p]fect betwe5 ! p]sonal & ! traditional elem5ts4 ,he ?rew politics & love into ! melt+-pot1 & !y1 too1 lo/ _! impurities & 7 ref9$ into a philosophic religion4 ,!ology became1 to 8 m9d1 ! gu>dian ( patriotism1 &1 9 a /rangely lit]al s5se1 ! angel ( love4 ,! political !ory ( ,dante is a sublime & l>gely orig9al "o4 ,x suff]s only f its extreme ideality1 :i* makes x inapplicable1 & has caus$ x to be /udi$ less ?an x des]ves4 ,a man's c\ntry1 9 ! mod]n s5se1 is some?+ t arose ye/]day1 t is con/antly *ang+ its limits & its ideals2 x is some?+ t _c la/ = ev]4 ,x is ! product ( geographical & hi/orical accid5ts4 ,! div]sities betwe5 our diff]5t nations are irrational2 ea* ( !m has ! same "r1 or want ( "r1 to its peculi>ities4 ,a man :o is j & reasonable mu/ n[adays1 s f> z 8 imag9ation p]mits1 %>e ! patriotism ( ! rivals & enemies ( 8 c\ntry1--a patriotism z inevitable & pa!tic z 8 own4 ,nationality be+ an irrational accid5t1 l sex or complexion1 a man's allegiance to 8 c\ntry mu/ be conditional1 at lea/ if he is a philosoph]4 ,8 patriotism has to be subord9at$ to rational allegiance to su* ?+s z ju/ice & humanity4 ,v diff]5t 0 ! situation 9 ,dante's case4 ,= him ! love ( c\ntry c\ld be some?+ absolute1 & at ! same "t some?+ reasonable1 delib]ate1 & moral4 ,:at he f\nd claim+ 8 allegiance 0 a political body q ideal1 provid5tial1 & univ]sal4 ,?is political body _h two heads1 l ! h]aldic eagle1--! pope & ! emp]or4 ,bo? 71 by "r1 univ]sal pot5tates2 bo? %\ld h _! seat 9 ,rome2 & bo? %\ld direct _! gov]nm5t to ! same end1 al?\gh by diff]5t means & 9 diff]5t sph]es4 ,! pope %\ld wat* ov] ! fai? & discipl9e ( ! ,*ur*4 ,he %\ld be> witness1 9 all l&s & ages1 to ! fact t life on e>? 0 m]ely a prelim9>y to exi/5ce 9 ! o!r _w1 & %\ld be a prep>ation = t4 ,! emp]or1 on ! o!r h&1 %\ld gu>d peace & ju/ice ev]y:]e1 leav+ to free cities or pr9ces ! regulation ( local affairs4 ,^! two p[]s _h be5 e/abli%$ by ,god ?r\gh special miracles & commissions4 ,an evid5t provid5tial design1 culm9at+ 9 !m1 ran ?r\gh all hi/ory4 ,to betray or resi/ ^! div9e rights1 or to conf\nd !m1 0 accord+ly a s9 ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,! evils f :i* society suff]$ 7 ! consequ5ce ( su* transgressions4 ,! pope _h acquir$ temporal p[]1 :i* 0 ali5 to 8 purely spiritual (fice2 besides1 he _h become a tool ( ! ,fr5* k+1 :o 0 7:at no k+ %\ld be7 at w> ) ! emp]or1 & rebelli\s aga9/ ! supreme imp]ial au?ority2 inde$1 ! pope _h actually be5 se5 to ab&on ,rome = ,avignon1--an act :i* 0 a sort ( satanic sacram5t1 ! outw>d sign ( an inw>d disgrace4 ,! emp]or1 9 8 turn1 _h =gott5 t he 0 ,k+ ( ! ,romans & ,caes>1 & 0 fond ( loit]+ 9 8 native ,g]many1 among its =e/s & pr9cel+s1 z if ! :ole _w 7 n by "r 8 c\ntry1 & ! object ( 8 solicitude4 ,& "h ! l>g]1 !oretical patriotism ( ,dante1 z a ,ca?olic & a ,roman1 pass$ into 8 n>r[] & actual patriotism z a ,flor5t9e4 ,_h ,flor5ce be5 true to its duties & wor?y ( its privileges1 "u ! d\ble au?ority ( ! ,*ur* & ! ,empire8 ,flor5ce 0 a ,roman colony4 ,_h x ma9ta9$ ! purity ( its ,roman /ock1 & a ,roman simplicity & au/]ity 9 its laws8 ,alas1 ,etruscan immigrants _h contam9at$ its blood1 & ?is ta9t 0 responsible1 ,dante ?\ght1 = ! preval5t corruption ( mann]s4 ,all t has made ,flor5ce great 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w 0 !n only j beg9n+1--its indu/ry1 ref9em5ts1 arts1 & lit]ature4 ,b to ,dante t budd+ age seem$ "o ( decad5ce & moral ru94 ,he makes 8 ance/or1 ! crusad] ,cacciaguida1 praise ! "t :5 ! n>r[ circuit ( ! walls held only "o-fif? ( its lat] inhabitants4 8,!n ! city abid$ 9 peace1 sob] & *a/e40#c ,! wom5 pli$ ! di/aff1 or rock$ ! cradle1 & prattl$ to _! *ildr5 ( ! h]oic leg5ds ( ,troy1 ,fiesole1 & ,rome4 ,a woman c\ld turn f h] glass ) h] face unpa9t$2 %e wore no girdle f> m des]v+ ( admiration ?an h] own p]son4 ,! bir? ( a daught] did n fright5 a good burgh]2 h] d[ry w\ld n h to be excessive1 nor h] m>riage premature4 ,no h\ses 7 empty1 _! ma/]s be+ 9 exile2 none 7 disgrac$ by unm5tionable orgies4#d ,?is 0 n all2 = if luxury 0 a great curse to ,flor5ce1 faction 0 a great]4 ,flor5ce1 an imp]ial city1 f> f assi/+ 9 ! re/itution ( ! emp]ors to _! univ]sal rights1 _h f\ght aga9/ !m traitor\sly1 9 alliance ) ! ,fr5* invad] & ! usurp+ pontiff4 ,x _h ?us und]m9$ ! only possible f\ndation ( its own peace & dignity4 ,^! 7 ! !oretical sorr[s t loom$ beh9d ! p]sonal sorr[s ( ,dante 9 8 pov]ty & exile4 ,!y help$ him to p\r =? ! int5se bitt]ness ( 8 he>t ) ! brea? ( prophetic invective4 ,!y made 8 hatr$ ( ! actual popes & ( ! actual ,flor5ce s mu* f]vid zeal = :at ! popes & ,flor5ce ought to h be54 ,8 political passions & political hopes 7 fus$ ) a sublime political ideal2 t fusion sublimat$ !m1 & made x possible = ! expression ( !m to rise into poetry4 ,"h is "o iron /r+ on :i* ,dante play$1 & :i* gave a tragic /r5g? to 8 music4 ,he record$ ! villa9ies ( prie/s1 pr9ces1 & peoples4 ,he upbraid$ !m = _! infidelity to ! tasks assign$ to !m by ,god1--tasks :i* ,dante conceiv$ ) a ,biblical def9it5ess & simplicity4 ,he lam5t$ ! consequ5ces ( ?is iniquity1 wa/$ prov9ces1 corrupt$ cities1 & ! bodies ( h]oes roll+ unburi$ d[n pollut$ /reams4 ,^! vigor\s details 7 exalt$ by ! imm5se significance t ,dante infus$ into !m4 ,8 ev]-pres5t def9ite ideal quick5$ 8 eye = ! ebb & fl[ ( ?+s1 r5d]$ ! exp]i5ce ( !m s+ly m poignant1 & ! vision ( !m toge!r m su/a9$ & cumulative4 ,dante read contempor>y ,italy z ! ,hebrew prophets read ! signs ( _! times2 & :atev] all[ance our critical judgem5t may make = g5]\s illusions on ! "p ( ei!r1 !re c be no d\bt t _! :ol5ess ( s\l1 & ! prophetic absolut5ess ( _! judgem5ts1 made _! hold on p>ticul> facts v /rong1 & _! s5se = imp5d+ weal or woe q ov]-p[]+4 ,nor does x seem t at bottom ,dante's political philosophy1 any m ?an t ( ! ,hebrew prophets1 miss$ ! great causes & ! great aims ( human progress4 ,beh9d my?ical & n>r[ conceptions ( hi/ory1 he _h a true s5se = ! moral pr9ciples t really condition our well-be+4 ,a bett] sci5ce ne$ subtract no?+ f ! insight he _h into ! diff]5ce betwe5 political good & evil4 ,:at 9 8 day seem$ a dream--t mank9d %\ld be "o great commonweal?--is n[ obvi\s to ! ideali/1 ! sociali/1 ! m]*ant4 ,sci5ce & trade are giv+1 9 a v diff]5t =m1 to be sure1 a practical realization to t idea4 ,& ! o!r half ( 8 !ory1 t ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 is ma9ta9$ lit]ally by t *ur* itself to ?is day2 & ! outsid] might see 9 t ideal ( a univ]sal spiritual society a symbol or premonition ( ! "r ( ! m9d to fre$om f legal compulsions1 or ( ! common allegiance ( hone/ m9ds to sci5ce1 & to _! common spiritual h]itage & de/9y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! /+ ( ,dante's private wrongs1 l ! en?usiasm ( 8 private loves1 l5t a wond]ful w>m? & cle>ness to ! great objects ( 8 imag9ation4 ,we are too (t5 kept f feel+ great ?+s greatly = want ( p[] to assimilate !m to ! little ?+s :i* we feel ke5ly & s9c]ely4 ,dante _h1 9 ?is respect1 ! art ( a ,platonic lov]3 he c\ld enl>ge ! object ( 8 passion1 & keep ! w>m? & ard\r ( x undim9i%$4 ,he _h be5 bani%$ unju/ly--,flor5t9us exul imm]itus1 he lik$ to call himself4 ,t inju/ice rankl$1 b x did n fe/]1 9 8 he>t2 = 8 indignation spread to all wrong1 & ?und]$ aga9/ ,flor5ce1 ,europe1 & mank9d1 9 t !y 7 corrupt & p]fidi\s4 ,dante _h lov$4 ,! memory ( t passion rema9$ also1 b x did n deg5]ate into s5tim5tality2 = 8 adoration pass$ to a l>g] object & "o less accid5tal4 ,8 love _h be5 a sp>k ( t 8love :i* moves ! sun & ! o!r />s40#e ,he _h kn[n1 9 t revelation1 ! secret ( ! univ]se4 ,! sph]es1 ! angels1 ! sci5ces1 7 h5ce=? full ( sweetness1 com=t1 & light4 ,( ?is ,platonic expansion ( emotion1 till x suffuses all t des]ves to k9dle x1 we h a wond]ful v]sion 9 ,dante's ,vita ,nuova4 ,?is book1 on ! surface1 is an acc\nt ( ,dante's meet+1 at ! age ( n9e1 ) ,beatrice1 a *ild ev5 a little y\ng]2 ( ano!r meet+ ) h] at ! age ( eighte52 ( an ov]:elm+ my/ic passion :i* ! lov] wi%$ to keep secret1 s mu* s t he feign$ ano!r atta*m5t z a bl9d2 ( a consequ5t e/rangem5t2 & ( ! dea? ( ,beatrice1 :]eupon ! poet resolv$ n to speak publicly ( h] aga91 until he c\ld praise h] 9 su* wise z no woman _h ev] be5 prais$ be=e4 ,?is /ory is int]sp]s$ ) poems ( ! mo/ exquisite delicacy1 bo? 9 s5tim5t & 9 v]sification4 ,!y are dreamlike1 allegorical1 musical m$itations1 ambigu\s 9 _! veil$ mean+s1 b absolutely cle> & p]fect 9 _! artful /ructure1 l a "w ( trac]y & /a9$ glass1 geometrical1 my/ical1 & t5d]4 ,a s+ul> limpidity ( acc5t & image1 a s+ul> navet1 is /rangely comb9$ 9 ^! pieces ) s*ola/ic di/9ctions & a delight 9 hid+ & h9t+1 z 9 a *>ade4 ,! le>n$ w dispute = ev] on ! exact basis & mean+ ( ^! confessions ( ,dante4 ,! le>n$ are p]haps n ^? be/ fitt$ to solve ! problem4 ,x is a matt] = lit]>y tact & sympa!tic imag9ation4 ,x mu/ be left to ! delicate intellig5ce ( ! read]1 if he has x2 & if he has n1 ,dante does n wi% to op5 8 he>t to him4 ,8 enigmatical mann] is 8 protection aga9/ ! intrusion ( uncong5ial m9ds4 ,)\t pass+ beyond ! sph]e ( le>n$ criticism1 ,i ?9k we may say ?is3 ! v>i\s int]pretations1 9 ?is matt]1 are n mutually exclusive4 ,symbolism & lit]alness1 9 ,dante's "t1 & 9 8 practice1 are simultane\s4 ,= in/ance1 9 any hi/ory ( m$iaeval philosophy y may read t a great subject ( dispute 9 ^? days 0 ! "q :e!r univ]sal t]ms or natures1 su* z man1 or humanity1 exi/$ be=e ! p>ticul>s1 9 ! p>ticul>s1 or aft] ! p>ticul>s1 by ab/raction ( :at 0 common to !m all4 ,n[1 ?is matt] 0 und\bt$ly mu* disput$ ab\t2 b !re is "o compreh5sive & or?odox solution1 :i* repres5ts ! true m9d ( ! age1 above ! peculi> hobbies or h]esies ( individuals4 ,?is solution is t univ]sal t]ms or natures exi/ be=e ! p>ticul>s1 & 9 ! p>ticul>s1 & aft] ! p>ticul>s3 = ,god1 be=e he made ! _w1 knew h[ he int5d$ to make x1 & _h et]nally 9 8 m9d ! notions ( a p]fect man1 horse1 etc41 aft] :i* ! p>ticul>s 7 to be modell$1 or to :i*1 9 case ( accid5t1 !y 7 to be re/or$1 ei!r by ! heal+ & recup]ative =ce ( nature1 or by ! m9i/rations ( grace4 ,b univ]sal t]ms or natures exi/$ also 9 ! p>ticul>s1 s9ce ! p>ticul>s illu/rat$ !m1 %>$ 9 !m1 & 7 :at !y 7 by virtue ( t p>ticipation4 ,nev]!less1 ! univ]sals exi/$ also aft] ! p>ticul>s3 = ! discursive m9d ( man1 survey+ ! v>iety ( natural ?+s1 c\ld n help notic+ & ab/ract+ ! common types t (t5 recur 9 !m2 & ?is ex po/facto idea1 9 ! human m9d1 is a univ]sal t]m also4 ,to d5y any ( ! ?ree !ories1 & n to see _! consi/5cy1 is to miss ! m$iaeval po9t ( view1 :i*1 9 e s5se ( ! ^w1 0 ,ca?olic4 ,j su* a solution seems to me natural 9 ! case ( ,beatrice4 ,we h x on indep5d5t docum5t>y evid5ce t 9 ,dante's "t !re actually liv$ 9 ,flor5ce a c]ta9 ,bice ,port9>i2 & !re are _m incid5ts 9 ! ,vita ,nuova & 9 ! ,comm$ia :i* h>dly admit ( an allegorical int]pretation2 su* z ! dea? ( ,beatrice1 & especially t ( h] fa!r1 on :i* occasion ,dante writes a sympa!tic poem4#f c see no reason :y ?is lady1 z easily z any o!r p]son1 %\ld n h call$ =? ! dreamful passion ( our poet4 ,t he _h lov$ "s "o is c]ta94 ,mo/ p h2 & :y %\ld ,dante1 9 p>ticul>1 h f\nd ! language ( love a natural veil = 8 philosophy1 if ! passion & ! language ( love _h n be5 8 "m-tongue8 ,! language ( love is no d\bt usual 9 ! allegories ( my/ics1 & 0 curr5t 9 ! conv5tional poetry ( ,dante's "t2 b my/ics !mselves are commonly cross$ or pot5tial lov]s2 & ! tr\bad\rs h>p$ on ! /r+ ( love simply because x 0 ! mo/ responsive /r+ 9 _! own natures1 & t :i* c\ld mo/ easily be made to vibrate 9 _! he>]s4 ,dante 0 n less s5sitive ?an ! av]age man ( 8 g5]ation2 & if he foll[$ ! fa%ion ( m9/rels & my/ics1 x 0 because he %>$ _! disposition4 ,! beautiful1 ! unapproa*able1 ! div9e1 _h pass$ be=e him 9 "s visible =m2 x matt]s no?+ :e!r ?is vision came once only1 & 9 ! %ape ( ! actual ,beatrice1 or cont9u\sly1 & 9 e %ape ?r\gh :i* a div9e influ5ce may seem to come to a poet4 ,no "o w\ld des]ve ?is "n ( poet--& :o des]ves x m ?an ,dante8--if real sights & s\nds nev] impress$ him2 & he w\ld h>dly des]ve x ei!r1 if !y impress$ him only physically1 & = :at !y are 9 !mselves4 ,8 s5sibility creates 8 ideal4 ,if to d5y ! exi/5ce ( an hi/orical ,beatrice seems viol5t & gratuit\s1 x w\ld be a mu* worse misund]/&+ n to p]ceive t ,beatrice is also a symbol4 ,on "o occasion1 z we read 9 ! ,vita ,nuova1#g ,dante f\nd himself1 9 a *ur*1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,beatrice4 ,8 eyes 7 inevitably fix$ ^u h]2 b z he wi%$ to conceal 8 pr(\nd passion f ! gossip+ cr[d1 he *ose ano!r lady1 :o happ5$ to /& 9 ! direct l9e ( vision betwe5 him & ,beatrice1 & pret5d$ to be gaz+ at h]1 9 reality look+ beyond h] to ,beatrice4 ,?is int]v5+ lady1 la donna g5tile1 became ! scre5 to 8 true love4#h ,b 8 att5tions to h] 7 s assidu\s t !y 7 mis9t]pret$4 ,beatrice h]self obs]v$ !m1 & ?9k+ he 0 go+ too f> & n ) an hon\rable purpose1 %[$ h] displeasure by refus+ to greet him z he pass$4 ,?is s\nds real & e>?ly en\gh3 b :at is our surprise :5 we read expressly1 9 ! ,convito1 t ! donna g5tile1 ! scre5 to ,dante's true love1 is philosophy4#i ,if ! donna g5tile is philosophy1 ! donna g5tilissima1 ,beatrice1 mu/ be some?+ ( ! same sort1 only nobl]4 ,%e mu/ be !ology1 & !ology ,beatrice und\bt$ly is4 ,h] v "n is play$ ^u1 if n select$1 to mean t %e is :at r5d]s bless$1 :at %[s ! pa? ( salvation4 ,n[ ! sc5e 9 ! *ur* becomes an allegory ?r\gh\t4 ,! "y ,dante1 we are giv5 to und]/&1 0 at he>t a religi\s & dev\t s\l1 look+ = ! highe/ wisdom4 ,b int]v5+ betwe5 8 human reason & reveal$ tru? 7:i* he really 0 9 love )1 & wi%$ to w9 & to und]/&7 he f\nd philosophy or1 z we %\ld say1 sci5ce4 ,to sci5ce he gave 8 prelim9>y att5tion2 s mu* s t ! my/]ies ( !ology 7 mom5t>ily obscur$ 9 8 m9d2 & 8 fai?1 to 8 great sorr[1 refus$ to salute him z he pass$4 ,he _h fall5 into mat]iali/ic errors2 he _h int]pret$ ! spots on ! moon z if !y c\ld be due to physical1 n to ,socratic1 causes2 & 8 religi\s philosophy _h lo/ its w>m?1 ev5 if 8 religi\s fai? _h n actually be5 endang]$4 ,x is c]ta91 !n1 t ,beatrice1 besides be+ a woman1 0 also a symbol4 ,b ?is is n ! end4 ,if ,beatrice is a symbol = !ology1 !ology itself is n-f9al4 ,x1 too1 is an av5ue1 an int]pretation4 ,! eyes ( ,beatrice reflect a sup]nal light4 ,x is ! ineffable vision ( ,god1 ! beatific vision1 t alone c make u happy & be ! reason & ! end ( our loves & our pilgrimages4 ,a supreme ideal ( peace & p]fection :i* moves ! lov]1 & :i* moves ! sky1 is m easily nam$ ?an und]/ood4 ,9 ! la/ canto ( ! ,p>adiso1 :]e ,dante is attempt+ to describe ! beatific vision1 he says _m times ov] t our notion ( ?is ideal mu/ be vague & inadequate4 ,! value ( ! notion to a poet or a philosoph] does n lie 9 :at x conta9s positively1 b 9 ! attitude :i* x causes him to assume t[>ds real exp]i5ce4 ,or p]haps x w\ld be bett] to say t to h an ideal does n mean s mu* to h any image 9 ! fancy1 any ,utopia m or less articulate1 b r to take a consi/5t moral attitude t[>ds all ! ?+s ( ?is _w1 to judge & coord9ate our int]e/s1 to e/abli% a hi]>*y ( goods & evils1 & to value ev5ts & p]sons1 n by a casual p]sonal impression or in/9ct1 b accord+ to _! real nature & t5d5cy4 ,s und]/ood1 an ultimate ideal is no m]e vision ( ! philosophical dream]1 b a p[]ful & passionate =ce 9 ! poet & ! orator4 ,x is ! voice ( 8 love or hate1 ( 8 hope or sorr[1 idealiz+1 *all5g+1 or condemn+ ! _w4 ,x is "h t ! fev]i% s5sibility ( ! "y ,dante /ood him 9 good /ead2 x gave an unprec$5t$ vig\r & cle>ness to 8 moral vision2 x made him ! classic poet ( hell & ( heav54 ,at ! same "t1 x help$ to make him an upright judge1 a t]rible accus]1 ( ! e>?4 ,ev]y?+ & ev]ybody 9 8 day & g5]ation became to him1 on acc\nt ( 8 int5se loyalty to 8 inw>d vision1 an in/ance ( div9e graci\sness or ( devili% p]v]sity4 ,d\btless ?is ke5ness ( s\l 0 n :olly due to ! gift ( lov+1 or to ! discipl9e ( love2 x 0 due 9 "p also to pride1 to res5tm5t1 to !oretical prejudices4 ,b figures l t ( ,francesca di ,rim9i & ,manfr$1 & ! light & rapture vibrat+ ?r\gh ! :ole ,p>adiso1 c\ld h>dly h be5 evok$ by a m]ely irritat$ g5ius4 ,! backgr\nd & ! />t+-po9t ( ev]y?+ 9 ,dante is ! intelletto d'amore1 ! g5ius ( love4 ,ev]ybody has he>d t ,god is love & t love makes ! _w g r\nd2 & ^? :o h trac$ ?is latt] notion back to its s\rce 9 ,ari/otle may h "s notion ( :at x means4 ,x means1 z we saw 9 ! beg9n+1 t we %\ld n try to expla9 motion & life by _! natural antec$5ts1 = ^! run back 9 inf9itum4 ,we %\ld expla9 motion & life r by _! purpose or end1 by t unrealiz$ ideal :i* mov+ & liv+ ?+s seem to aspire to1 & may be said to love4 ,:at ju/ifies itself is n any fact or law2 = :y %\ld ^! n h be5 diff]5t8 ,:at ju/ifies itself is :at is good1 :at is z x ought to be4 ,b ?+s 9 motion1 ,ari/otle conceiv$1 decl>e1 z x 71 t !y are n satisfi$1 & ought to be 9 "s diff]5t condition4 ,!y look to a fulfilm5t :i* is z yet ideal4 ,?is fulfilm5t1 if x includ$ motion & life1 c\ld include !m inw>dly only2 x w\ld consi/ 9 a su/a9$ activity1 nev] laps+ nor suff]+ *ange4 ,su* an activity is ! un*ang+ goal t[>ds :i* life advances & by :i* its diff]5t /ages are measur$3 ,b s9ce ! purpose ( ?+s1 & n _! natural causes1 is t :i* expla9s !m1 we may call ?is ev5tual activity _! reason = be+4 ,x w be _! unmov$ mov]4 ,b h[1 we may ask1--h[ c ! un*ang+1 ! ideal1 ! ev5tual1 initiate any?+ or det]m9e ! disposition & t5d5cy ( :at actually lives & moves8 ,! answ]1 or r ! impossibility ( giv+ an answ]1 may be express$ 9 a s+le ^w3 magic4 ,x is magic :5 a good or int]e/+ result1 because x w\ld prove good or int]e/+1 is cr$it$ ) m>%all+ ! conditions & evok+ ! be+s t are to realize x4 ,x is natural t ,i %\ld be hungry1 & natural t !re %\ld be ?+s suitable = me to eat--= o!rwise ,i %\ld n be hungry long2 b if my hung]1 9 case x is %>p en\gh1 %\ld be able ( itself to produce ! food x calls =1 t w\ld be magic4 ,nature w\ld be evok$ by ! incantations ( ! w4 ,i d n =get t ,ari/otle1 ) ,dante aft] him1 ass]ts t ! goal ( life is a sep>ate be+ already exi/+1 namely1 ! m9d ( ,god1 et]nally realiz+ :at ! _w aspires to4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is m9d1 h[ev]1 ^u ! _w is no less magical ?an w\ld be t ( a non-exi/5t ideal4 ,= its op]ation is admitt$ly n transitive or physical4 ,x itself does n *ange 9 work+4 ,no virtue leaves x2 x does n1 accord+ to ,ari/otle & ,plot9us1 ev5 "k t x works4 ,inde$1 x works only because o!r ?+s are dispos$ to pursue x z _! ideal2 let ?+s keep ?is disposition1 & !y w pursue & frame _! ideal no less if x n[h]e has an actual exi/5ce1 ?an if by *ance x exi/s else:]e 9 its own p]son4 ,x works only 9 its capacity ( ideal2 !re=e1 ev5 if x exi/s1 x works only by magic4 ,! matt] b5ea? feels ! spell ( its pres5ce1 & cat*es some?+ ( its image1 z ! waves ( ! sea might receive & reflect trembl+ly ! light %$ by ! moon4 ,! _w accord+ly is mov$ & vivifi$ 9 e fibre by magic1 by ! magic ( ! goal to :i* x aspires4 ,b ?is magic1 on e>?1 bore ! "n ( love4 ,! life ( ! _w 0 a love1 produc$ by ! magic attraction ( a good x has nev] possess$ &1 s long z x rema9s a _w1 is incapable ( possess+4 ,actual ?+s 7 only sugge/ions ( :at ! elem5ts 9 t ult]ior exi/5ce ought to be3 !y 7 m]e symbols4 ,! acorn 0 a m]e prophecy--an exi/+ symbol--= ! ideal oak2 because :5 ! acorn falls into good gr\nd x w be corrupt$1 b ! idea ( ! oak w arise & be manife/$ 9 its place4 ,! acorn 0 a sort ( reliqu>y 9 :i* ! miracul\s p[] ( ! idea 0 someh[ en%r9$4 ,9 ! vulg> attribution ( causes we1 l ,anaxagoras1 resemble a sup]/iti\s relic-wor%ipp] :o %\ld =get t ! int]cession & m]its ( ! sa9t really "w ! miracle1 & %\ld attribute x in/ead to ! sa9t's bones & g>m5ts 9 _! mat]ial capacity4 ,simil>ly1 we %\ld attribute ! p[] :i* ?+s ex]t$ ov] u1 n to ! r>] or d5s] sub/ance1 b to ! et]nal ideas t !y exi/$ by express+1 & exi/$ to express4 ,?+s m]ely localiz$--l ! sa9t's relics--! influ5ces :i* fl[$ to u f above4 ,9 ! _w ( values !y 7 m]e symbols1 accid5tal *annels = div9e en]gy2 & s9ce div9e en]gy1 by its magic assimilation ( matt]1 _h creat$ ^! ?+s1 9 ord] to express itself1 !y 7 symbols altoge!r n m]ely 9 _! use1 b 9 _! orig9 & nature4 ,a m9d p]suad$ t x lives among ?+s t1 l words1 are ess5tially significant1 & t :at !y signify is ! magic attraction1 call$ love1 :i* draws all ?+s aft] x1 is a m9d poetic 9 its intuition1 ev5 if its language be prose4 ,! sci5ce & philosophy ( ,dante did n h to be put into v]se 9 ord] to become poetry3 !y 7 poetry fundam5tally & 9 _! ess5ce4 ,:5 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 foll[+ ! mom5t\s precept ( ,socrates1 decre$ t obs]vation ( nature %\ld /op & a moral int]pretation ( nature %\ld beg91 !y laun*$ into ! _w a new my?ology1 to take ! place ( ! ,hom]ic "o :i* 0 los+ its au?ority4 ,! p[] ! poets _h lo/ ( produc+ illusion 0 possess$ by ^! philosoph]s 9 a high degree2 & no "o 0 ev] m ?or\ghly "u _! spell ?an ,dante4 ,he became to ,platonism & ,*ri/ianity :at ,hom] _h be5 to ,paganism2 & if ,platonism & ,*ri/ianity1 l ,paganism1 %\ld ev] cease to be def5d$ sci5tifically1 ,dante w keep ! poetry & wisdom ( !m alive2 & x is safe to say t lat] g5]ations w envy m ?an !y w despise 8 philosophy4 ,:5 ! absurd controv]sies & facti\s passions t 9 "s measure obscure ! nature ( ?is sy/em h completely pass$ away1 no "o w ?9k ( reproa*+ ,dante ) 8 bad sci5ce1 & bad hi/ory1 & m9ute !ology4 ,^! w n seem blemi%es 9 8 poetry1 b integral p>ts ( x4 ,a ?\s& ye>s aft] ,hom]1 ,alex&rian critics 7 exp\nd+ 8 *>m+ my?s z if !y 7 a reveal$ treatise ( physics & morals4 ,a ?\s& ye>s aft] ,dante we may hope t 8 consci5ti\s vision ( ! univ]se1 :]e all is love1 magic1 & symbolism1 may *>m mank9d exclusively z poetry4 ,s conceiv$1 ! ,div9e ,com$y m>ks high noon 9 t long day-dream ( :i* ,plato's dialogues m>k ! beg9n+3 a pause ( two ?\s& ye>s 9 ! "w ( political reason1 dur+ :i* ! moral imag9ation spun out ( itself an allegorical philosophy1 z a boy1 kept at home dur+ a ra9y day ) books too h>d & lit]al = 8 ye>s1 might sp9 8 own romance out ( 8 fa!r's hi/ories1 & might def9e1 ) infantile precision1 8 ideal lady-love1 battles1 & k+doms4 ,! middle age saw ! good 9 a vision4 ,x is = ! new age to translate ^? delightful symbols into ! purposes ( manhood4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 a lett] :i* tradition assigns to ,dante1 address$ to 8 protector1 ,cangr&e della ,scala1 "l ( ,v]ona & ,vic5za1 are ^! words ab\t ! ,div9e ,com$y3 8,! subject ( ! :ole "w1 tak5 m]ely 9 its lit]al s5se1 is ! /ate ( s\ls aft] dea?1 consid]$ simply z a fact4 ,b if ! "w is und]/ood 9 its allegorical int5tion1 ! subject ( x is man1 accord+ z1 by 8 des]ts & dem]its 9 ! use ( 8 free-w1 he is ju/ly op5 to rew>ds & puni%m5ts40 ,?is by no means exhau/s1 h[ev]1 ! significations :i* we may look = 9 a "w ( ,dante's4 ,h[ _m ^! may be is po9t$ out to u 9 ! same lett]1 & illu/rat$ by ! beg9n+ ( ! "o hundr$ & f\rte5? ,psalm3 8,:5 ,israel w5t out ( ,egypt1 ! h\se ( ,jacob f a p ( /range language2 ,judah 0 8 sanctu>y1 & ,israel 8 dom9ion40 ,"h1 ,dante tells u1 8if we look to ! lett] only1 :at is convey$ to u is ! deliv]ance ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel out ( ,egypt 9 ! "t ( ,moses2 if we look to ! allegory ( x1 :at is signifi$ is our r$emption accompli%$ ?r\gh ,*ri/2 if we consid] ! moral s5se1 :at is signifi$ is ! conv]sion ( ! s\l f h] pres5t grief & wret*$ness to a /ate ( grace2 & if we consid] ! anagogical s5se t is1 ! revelation conta9$ conc]n+ our highe/ de/9y1 :at is signifi$ is ! pass+ ( ! sanctifi$ s\l f ! bondage ( e>?ly corruption to ! fre$om ( ev]la/+ glory40 ,:5 p brood$ s mu* ov] a simple text z to f9d all ^! mean+s 9 x1 we may expect t _! own works1 :5 meant to be pr(\nd1 %\ld h /age above /age ( allegorical application4 ,s 9 ! fir/ canto ( ! ,inf]no we f9d a lion t keeps ,dante f approa*+ a delectable m\nta92 & ?is lion1 besides :at he is 9 ! l&scape ( ! poem1 is a symbol = pride or p[] 9 g5]al1 = ! k+ ( ,france 9 p>ticul>1 & = :atev] political ambitions 9 ,dante's p]sonal life may h robb$ him ( happ9ess or di/ract$ him f fai? & f piety4 ,?us1 ?r\gh\t ! ,div9e ,com$y1 mean+ & mean+ lurk b5ea? ! lum9\s pictures2 & ! poem1 besides be+ a description ( ! o!r _w1 & ( ! rew>ds & puni%m5t met$ out to s\ls1 is a dramatic view ( human passions 9 ?is life2 a hi/ory ( ,italy & ( ! _w2 a !ory ( ,*ur* & ,/ate2 ! autobiography ( an exile2 & ! confessions ( a ,*ri/ian1 & ( a lov]1 consci\s ( 8 s9s & ( ! miracle ( div9e grace t int]v5es to save him4 ,! subject-matt] ( ! ,div9e ,com$y is accord+ly ! moral univ]se 9 all its levels1--romantic1 political1 religi\s4 ,to pres5t ^! moral facts 9 a graphic way1 ! poet p]=m$ a d\ble "w ( imag9ation4 ,fir/ he *ose "s hi/orical p]sonage t might plausibly illu/rate ea* condition ( ! s\l4 ,!n he pictur$ ?is p]son 9 "s *>act]i/ic & symbolic attitude ( m9d & ( body1 & 9 an appropriate1 symbolic environm5t4 ,to give mat]ial embodim5t to moral ideas by su* a me?od w\ld n[adays be v artificial1 & p]haps impossible2 b 9 ,dante's "t ev]y?+ 0 fav\rable to ! attempt4 ,we are accu/om$ to ?9k ( goods & evils z functions ( a natural life1 sp>ks /ruck out 9 ! *ance %ock ( m5 ) ?+s or ) "o ano!r4 ,= ,dante1 x 0 a matt] ( c\rse t moral di/9ctions might be disc]n$1 n m]ely z !y arise incid5tally 9 human exp]i5ce1 b also1 & m g5u9ely1 z !y are display$ 9 ! ord] ( creation4 ,! ,creator himself 0 a poet produc+ allegories4 ,! mat]ial _w 0 a p>able :i* he _h built out 9 space1 & ord]$ to be enact$4 ,hi/ory 0 a great *>ade4 ,! symbols ( e>?ly poets are words or images2 ! symbols ( ! div9e poet 7 natural ?+s & ! =tunes ( m54 ,!y _h be5 devis$ = a purpose2 & ?is purpose1 z ! ,koran1 too1 decl>es1 _h be5 precisely to %[ =? ! great diff]5ce !re is 9 ,god's sight betwe5 good & evil4 ,9 ,platonic cosmology1 ! conc5tric sph]es 7 bodies =m$ & animat$ by intellig5ces ( v>i\s ord]s4 ,! nobl] an intellig5ce1 ! m swift & outw>d1 or high]1 0 ! sph]e x mov$2 :5ce ! id5tification ( 8high]0 ) bett]1 :i* survives1 absurdly1 to ?is day4 ,& :ile ,dante c\ld n attribute lit]al tru? to 8 fancies ab\t hell1 purgatory1 & heav51 he believ$ t an actual heav51 purgatory1 & hell _h be5 fa%ion$ by ,god on purpose to receive s\ls ( v>y+ des]ts & complexion2 s t :ile ! poet's imag9ation1 unless x ree*o$ div9e revelation1 0 only human & n prophetic1 yet x 0 a g5u9e & plausible imag9ation1 mov+ on ! l9es ( nature1 & anticipat+ su* ?+s z exp]i5ce might v well realize4 ,dante's objectification ( morality1 8 art ( giv+ visible =ms & local habitations to ideal virtues & vices1 0 = him a ?or\ghly s]i\s & philosophical ex]cise4 ,god _h creat$ nature & life on t v pr9ciple4 ,! poet's me?od repeat$ ! magic ( ,g5esis4 ,8 symbolical imag9ation mirror$ ?is symbolical _w2 x 0 a s9c]e anticipation ( fact1 no m]e lab\r$ & wilful allegory4 ,?is situation has a curi\s consequ5ce4 ,probably = ! fir/ & la/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w a classification work$ out by a sy/ematic morali/ guid$ ! vision ( a great poet4 ,ari/otle _h di/+ui%$1 nam$1 & classifi$ ! v>i\s virtues1 ) _! opposites4 ,b obs]ve3 if ! o!r _w 0 made on purpose--z x 0--to express & r5d] palpable ^? moral di/9ctions :i* 7 et]nal1 & to express & r5d] !m palpable 9 great detail1 ) all _! possible t9ts & v>ieties2 & if ,ari/otle _h correctly classifi$ moral qualities1 z he _h--!n x foll[s t ,ari/otle 7)\t kn[+ x7 mu/ h suppli$ ! gr\nd-plan1 z x 71 ( hell & ( heav54 ,su* 0 ,dante's ?\ght4 ,) ,ari/otle's ,e?ics op5 be=e him1 ) a supplem5t>y h9t1 "h & !re1 drawn f ! cate*ism1 & ) an +ra9$ pref]5ce 7pi\s & almo/ philosophic7 = ! numb] ?ree & its multiples1 he ne$$ n to voyage )\t a *>t4 ,! mo/ vision>y ( subjects1 life aft] dea?1 c\ld be treat$ ) sci5tific sob]ness & deep s9c]ity4 ,?is vision 0 to be no wanton dream4 ,x 0 to be a sob] m$itation1 a philosophical prophecy1 a probable drama1--! mo/ poignant1 t]rible1 & consol+ ( all possible tru?s4 ,! good--?is 0 ! fundam5tal ?\ght ( ,ari/otle & ( all ,greek e?ics1--! good is ! end at :i* nature aims4 ,! dem&s ( life _c be radically p]v]se1 s9ce !y are ! judges ( e excell5ce4 ,no man1 z ,dante says1 c\ld hate 8 own s\l2 he c\ld n at once be1 & contradict1 ! voice ( 8 in/9cts & emotions4 ,nor c\ld a man hate ,god2 = if t man knew himself1 he w\ld see t ,god 01 by def9ition1 8 natural good1 ! ultimate goal ( 8 actual aspirations4#aj ,s9ce x 0 impossible1 accord+ to 8 insight1 t our faculties %\ld be intr9sically evil1 all evil _h to arise f ! disord] into :i* ^! faculties fall1 _! too great weakness or /r5g? 9 relation to "o ano!r4 ,if ! animal "p ( man 0 too /rong = 8 reason1 he fell into incont95ce1--t is1 into lu/1 gluttony1 av>ice1 wra?1 or pride4 ,incont95ce came f an excessive or ill-tim$ pursuit ( some?+ good1 ( a "p ( :at nature aims at2 = food1 *ildr51 prop]ty1 & "* are natural goods4 ,^! s9s are accord+ly ! mo/ excusable & ! lea/ odi\s4 ,dante puts ^? :o h s9n$ ?r\gh love 9 ! fir/ circle ( hell1 ne>e/ to ! sunlight1 or 9 ! topmo/ r\nd ( purgatory1 ne>e/ to ! e>?ly p>adise4 ,bel[ ! lov]s1 9 ea* case1 are ! gluttons1--:]e a nor!rn poet w\ld h be5 oblig$ to place 8 drunk>ds4 ,b5ea? ^! aga9 are ! mis]s1--worse because less op5 to ! excuse ( a m]ely *ildi% lack ( self-control4 ,! disord] ( ! faculties may arise1 h[ev]1 9 ano!r way4 ,! combative or spirit$ elem5t1 r ?an ! s5ses1 may get out ( h&1 & lead to crimes ( viol5ce4 ,viol5ce1 l incont95ce1 is spontane\s en\gh 9 its p]sonal orig91 & w\ld n be odi\s if x did n inflict1 & int5d to inflict1 h>m on o!rs2 s t besides incont95ce1 !re is malice 9 x4 ,ill-w to o!rs may arise f pride1 because "o loves to be sup]ior to !m1 or f envy1 because "o abhors t !y %\ld seem sup]ior to oneself2 or ?r\gh desire = v5geance1 because "o sm>ts "u "s injury4 ,s9s ( ^! k9ds are m s]i\s ?an ^? ( fooli% incont95ce2 !y complicate ! moral _w m2 !y introduce endless opposition ( int]e/s1 & p]petual1 self-propagat+ crimes4 ,!y are hateful4 ,dante feels less pity = ^? :o suff] by !m3 he rememb]s ! suff]+s ^! malefactors h !mselves caus$1 & he feels a sort ( joy 9 jo9+ ! div9e ju/ice1 & w\ld gladly la% !m himself4 ,worse /ill ?an viol5ce1 h[ev]1 is guile3 ! s9 ( ^? :o 9 ! s]vice ( _! intemp]ance or _! malice h abus$ ! gift ( reason4 ,corruptio optimi pessima2 & to turn reason1 ! faculty t e/abli%es ord]1 into a means ( organiz+ disord]1 is a p]v]sity truly satanic3 x turns evil into an art4 ,b ev5 ?is p]v]sity has /ages2 & ,dante di/+ui%es t5 sorts ( di%one/y or simple fraud1 z well z ?ree sorts ( trea*]y4 ,besides ^! positive transgressions !re is a possibility ( g5]al moral sluggi%ness & indiff]5ce4 ,?is ,dante1 ) 8 f]vid nature1 p>ticul>ly hates4 ,he puts ! ,laodiceans 9 ! fr+e ( 8 hell2 )9 ! gate1 t !y may be )\t hope1 b outside ( limbo1 t !y may h torm5ts to endure1 & be /ung by wasps & hornets into a belat$ activity4#aa ,to ^! vices1 kn[n to ,ari/otle1 ! ,ca?olic morali/ 0 oblig$ to add two o!rs3 orig9al s91 ( :i* spontane\s disbelief is "o consequ5ce1 & h]esy1 or misbelief1 aft] a revelation has be5 giv5 & accept$4 ,orig9al s91 & ! paganism t goes ) x1 if !y lead to no?+ worse1 are a m]e privation ( excell5ce & involve1 9 et]nity m]ely a privation ( joy3 !y are puni%$ 9 limbo4 ,!re sighs are he>d1 b no lam5tation1 & ! only sorr[ is to live 9 desire )\t hope4 ,?is fate is mo/ appropriately imput$ to ! noble & cle>-sight$ 9 ! h]eaft]1 s9ce x is s (t5 _! exp]i5ce "h4 ,dante 0 nev] ju/] ?an 9 ?is /roke4#ab ,h]esy1 on ! o!r h&1 is a k9d ( passion :5 hone/1 or a k9d ( fraud :5 politic2 & x is puni%$ z pride 9 fi]y tombs1#ac or z faction by p]petual gap+ w\nds & horrible mutilations4#ad ,s f>1 ) ^! slight additions1 ,dante is foll[+ ,ari/otle2 b "h a great div]g5ce sets 94 ,if a pagan poet _h conceiv$ ! idea ( illu/rat+ ! catalogue ( vices & virtues 9 poetic sc5es1 he w\ld h *os5 suitable episodes 9 human life1 & pa9t$ ! typical *>act]s t figur$ 9 !m 9 _! e>?ly environm5t2 = pagan morality is a plant ( e>?4 ,n s ) ,dante4 ,8 poem describes ?is _w m]ely 9 retrospect2 ! =egr\nd is occupi$ by ! et]nal consequ5ces ( :at "t _h br\ght =?4 ,^! consequ5ces are new facts1 n m]ely1 z = ! rationali/1 ! old facts conceiv$ 9 _! tru?2 !y (t5 rev]se1 9 _! emotional quality1 ! ev5ts !y repres5t4 ,su* a rev]sal is made possible by ! !ory t ju/ice is p>tly retributive2 t virtue is n its own suffici5t rew>d1 nor vice its own suffici5t puni%m5t4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ?is life conta9s a "p ( our exp]i5ce only1 yet det]m9es ! re/4 ,! o!r life is a second exp]i5ce1 yet x does n conta9 any novel adv5tures4 ,x is det]m9$ altoge!r by :at we h done on e>?2 z ! tree falle? s x lie?1 & s\ls aft] dea? h no fur!r initiative4 ,! !ory ,dante adopts m$iates betwe5 two e>li] views2 9 s f> z x is ,greek1 x conceives immortality ideally1 z some?+ timeless2 b 9 s f> z x is ,hebraic1 x conceives ( a new exi/5ce & a second1 diff]5t ta/e ( life4 ,dante ?9ks ( a second exp]i5ce1 b ( "o t is :olly retrospective & *angeless4 ,x is an epilogue :i* sums up ! play1 & is ! la/ episode 9 x4 ,! purpose ( ?is epilogue is n to c>ry on ! play indef9itely3 su* a romantic notion ( immortality nev] ent]$ ,dante's m9d4 ,! purpose ( ! epilogue is m]ely to v9dicate 79 a m unmi/akable fa%ion ?an ! play1 be+ ill act$1 itself c\ld d7 ! excell5ce ( goodness & ! mis]y ( vice4 ,7 ?is life all1 he ?9ks ! wick$ might laugh4 ,if n :olly happy1 at lea/ !y might boa/ t _! lot 0 no worse ?an t ( _m good m54 ,no?+ w\ld make an ov]:elm+ diff]5ce4 ,moral di/9ctions w\ld be l>gely imp]t95t & rem>kably jumbl$4 ,if ,i am a simple lov] ( goodness1 ,i may p]haps put up ) ?is situation4 ,i may say ( ! excell5ces ,i prize :at ,wordswor? says ( 8 ,lucy3 !re may be none to praise & few to love !m1 b !y make all ! diff]5ce to me4 ,dante1 h[ev]1 0 n m]ely a simple lov] ( excell5ce3 he 0 also a ke5 hat] ( wick$ness1 "o t took ! moral _w tragically & wi%$ to height5 ! di/9ctions he felt into some?+ absolute & inf9ite4 ,n[ any man :o is enrag 9 8 pref]5ces w probably say1 ) ,mohamm$1 ,t]tullian1 & ,calv91 t good is di%on\r$ if ^? :o contemn x c g scot-free1 & nev] rep5t ( _! neglig5ce2 t ! m horrible ! consequ5ces ( evil-do+1 ! m tol]able ! pres5ce ( evil-do+ is 9 ! _w2 & t ! ev]la/+ %rieks & contortions ( ! damn$ alone w make x possible = ! sa9ts to sit quiet1 & be conv9c$ t !re is p]fect h>mony 9 ! univ]se4 ,on ?is pr9ciple1 9 ! fam\s inscription :i* ,dante places ov] ! gate ( hell1 we read t primal love1 z well z ju/ice & p[]1 e/abli%$ t torture-h\se2 primal love1 t is1 ( t good :i*1 by ! extreme puni%m5t ( ^? :o scorn x1 is hon\r$1 v9dicat$1 & made to %9e l ! sun4 ,! damn$ are damn$ = ! glory ( ,god4 ,?is doctr9e1 ,i _c help ?9k+1 is a great disgrace to human nature4 ,x %[s h[ desp]ate1 at he>t1 is ! folly ( an egoti/ic or an?ropoc5tric philosophy4 ,?is philosophy beg9s by assur+ u t ev]y?+ is obvi\sly creat$ to s]ve our ne$s2 x !n ma9ta9s t ev]y?+ s]ves our ideals2 & 9 ! end1 x reveals t ev]y?+ s]ves our bl9d hatr$s & sup]/iti\s qualms4 ,because my in/9ct taboos some?+1 ! :ole univ]se1 ) insane int5sity1 %all taboo x = ev]4 ,?is infatuation 0 inh]it$ by ,dante1 & x 0 n uncong5ial to 8 bitt] & intemp]ate sple54 ,nev]!less1 he saw beyond x at times4 ,l _m o!r ,*ri/ian se]s1 he betrays "h & !re an esot]ic view ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 :i* makes !m simply symbols = ! intr9sic quality ( good & evil ways4 ,! puni%m5t1 he !n seems to say1 is no?+ add$2 x is :at ! passion itself pursues2 x is a fulfilm5t1 horrify+ ! s\l t desir$ x4 ,= in/ance1 spirits newly arriv$ 9 hell require no devil ) 8 prong to drive !m to _! puni%m5t4 ,!y flit t[>ds x eag]ly1 ( _! own accord4#ae ,simil>ly1 ! s\ls 9 purgatory are kept by _! own w at ! p5ance !y are do+4 ,no ext]nal =ce reta9s !m1 b until !y are q purg$ !y are n able1 because !y are n will+1 to absolve !mselves4#af ,! :ole m\nta91 we are told1 trembles & bur/s into psalmody :5 any "o frees himself & rea*es heav54 ,is x too mu* ( a gloss to say t ^! s\ls *ange _! prison :5 !y *ange _! ideal1 & t an inf]ior /ate ( s\l is its own purgatory1 & det]m9es its own duration8 ,9 "o place1 at any rate1 ,dante proclaims ! intr9sic nature ( puni%m5t 9 express t]ms4 ,among ! blasphem]s is a c]ta9 k+ ( ,!bes1 :o defi$ ! ?und]bolts ( ,jupit]4 ,he %[s himself indiff]5t to 8 puni%m5t & says3 8,su* z ,i 0 alive1 su* ,i am dead40 ,:]eupon ,virgil exclaims1 ) a =ce ,dante _h nev] f\nd 9 8 voice be=e3 8,9 t ?y pride is n mortifi$1 ?\ art puni%$ ! m4 ,no torture1 o!r ?an ?y own rage1 w\ld be woe en\gh to mat* ?y fury40#ag ,& inde$1 ,dante's imag9ation _c outdo1 x _c ev5 equal1 ! horrors :i* m5 h br\ght ^u !mselves 9 ?is _w4 ,if we 7 to *oose ! mo/ fe>ful ( ! sc5es 9 ! ,inf]no1 we %\ld h to *oose ! /ory ( ,ugol9o1 b ?is is only a pale recital ( :at ,pisa _h actually witness$4 ,a m subtle & int]e/+ in/ance1 if a less obvi\s "o1 may be f\nd 9 ! puni%m5t ( ,paolo & ,francesca di ,rim9i4 ,:at makes ^! lov]s s wret*$ 9 ! ,inf]no8 ,!y are /ill toge!r4 ,c an et]nity ( float+ on ! w9d1 9 ea* o!r's arms1 be a puni%m5t = lov]s8 ,t is j :at _! passion1 if left to speak = itself1 w\ld h *os54 ,x is :at passion /ops at1 & w\ld gladly prolong = ev]4 ,div9e judgem5t has only tak5 x at its ^w4 ,?is fate is precisely :at ,aucass91 9 ! well-kn[n tale1 wi%es = himself & 8 swee!>t ,nicolette1--n a heav5 to be won by r5unciation1 b ! possession1 ev5 if x be 9 hell1 ( :at he loves & fancies4 ,& a great romantic poet1 ,alfr$ de ,musset1 actually upbraids ,dante = n see+ t su* an et]nal de/9y z he has assign$ to ,paolo & ,francesca w\ld be n ! ru9 ( _! love1#ah b ! p]fect fulfilm5t ( x4 ,?is la/ seems to be v true2 b did ,dante ov]look ! tru? ( x8 ,if s1 :at in/9ct guid$ him to *oose j ! fate = ^! lov]s t !y w\ld h *os5 = !mselves8 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! appr5tices 9 life1 & ! ma/]s1--,aucass9 & ,alfr$ de ,musset 7 among ! appr5tices2 ,dante 0 "o ( ! ma/]s4 ,he c\ld feel ! fre% prompt+s ( life z ke5ly z any y\ng/]1 or any romantici/2 b he _h liv$ ^! ?+s ?r\gh1 he knew ! possible & ! impossible issue ( !m2 he saw _! relation to ! re/ ( human nature1 & to ! ideal ( an ultimate happ9ess & peace4 ,he _h discov]$ ! necessity ( say+ cont9ually to oneself3 ,?\ %alt r5\nce4 ,& = ?is reason he ne$$ no o!r furniture = hell ?an ! lit]al ideals & fulfilm5ts ( our absolute little passions4 ,! s\l t is possess$ by any "o ( ^! passions nev]!less has o!r hopes 9 abeyance4 ,love itself dreams ( m ?an m]e possession2 to conceive happ9ess1 x mu/ conceive a life to be %>$ 9 a v>i$ _w1 full ( ev5ts & activities1 :i* %all be new & ideal bonds betwe5 ! lov]s4 ,b unlawful love _c pass out into ?is public fulfilm5t4 ,x is condemn$ to be m]e possession--possession 9 ! d>k1 )\t an environm5t1 )\t a future4 ,x is love among ! ru9s4 ,& x is precisely ?is t is ! torm5t ( ,paolo & ,francesca--love among ! ru9s ( !mselves & ( all else !y might h _h to give to "o ano!r4 ,ab&on y\rself1 ,dante w\ld say to u1--ab&on y\rself altoge!r to a love t is no?+ b love1 & y are 9 hell already4 ,only an inspir$ poet c\ld be s subtle a morali/4 ,only a s\nd morali/ c\ld be s tragic a poet4 ,! same tact & f9e feel+ t appe> 9 ^! little moral dramas appe> also 9 ! sympa!tic l&scape 9 :i* ea* episode is set4 ,! poet actually accompli%es ! feat :i* he attributes to ! ,creator2 he evokes a mat]ial _w to be ! fit !atre = moral attitudes4 ,popul> imag9ation & ! prec$5ts ( ,hom] & ,virgil _h inde$ c>ri$ him halfway 9 ?is symbolic lab\r1 z tradition almo/ always c>ries a poet :o is successful4 ,mank9d1 f remote/ antiquity1 _h conceiv$ a d>k subt]ranean hell1 inhabit$ by unhappy gho/s4 ,9 ,*ri/ian times1 ^! %ades _h become lo/ s\ls1 torm5t$ by hide\s demons4 ,b ,dante1 ) ! ,ari/otelian *>t ( ! vices be=e him1 turn$ ^? vague w9dy cav]ns into a symmetrical labyr9?4 ,sev5 conc5tric t]races desc5d$1 /ep by /ep1 t[>ds ! wat]s ( ! ,/yx1 :i* 9 turn encircl$ ! braz5 walls ( ! ,city ( ,dis1 or ,pluto4 ,)9 ^! walls1 two m t]races l$ d[n to ! edge ( a prodigi\s precipice--p]haps a ?\s& miles deep--:i* =m$ ! pit ( hell4 ,at ! bottom ( ?is1 /ill s9k+ g5tly t[>ds ! c5tre1 7 t5 conc5tric furr[s or dit*es1 to hold t5 sorts ( rogues2 & f9ally a la/ %e] precipice fell to ! froz5 lake ( ,cocytus1 at ! v c5tre ( ! e>?1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ,lucif] 0 congeal$ among/ less] traitors4 ,precision & horror1 graphic & moral tru?1 7 nev] s wond]fully comb9$ z 9 ! description ( ?is hell4 ,yet ! conception ( purgatory is m orig9al1 & p]haps m poetical4 ,! v approa* to ! place is en*ant+4 ,we he> ( x fir/ 9 ! fatal adv5ture ascrib$ to ,ulysses by ,dante4 ,re/less at ,i?aca aft] 8 return f ,troy1 ! h]o _h summon$ 8 surviv+ companions = a la/ voyage ( discov]y4 ,he _h sail$ ) !m pa/ ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules1 skirt+ ! ,african %ore2 until aft] ?ree mon?s ( op5 sea1 he saw a colossal m\nta91 a great truncat$ cone1 loom+ be=e him4 ,?is 0 ! isl& & hill ( purgatory1 at ! v antipodes ( ,j]usalem4 ,yet be=e ,ulysses c\ld l& !re1 a squall ov]took him2 & 8 galley sank1 pr[ =emo/1 9 t untrav]s$ sea1 )9 sight ( a new _w4 ,s mu/ ! hea!n fail ( salvation1 ?\gh "s oracul> impulse br+ !m ne> ! goal4 ,h[ easy is success1 on ! o!r h&1 to ! m9i/]s ( grace6 ,f ! m\? ( ! ,tib]1 :]e ! s\ls ( ,*ri/ians congregate aft] dea?1 a light skiff1 pilot$ by an angel1 & propell$ only by 8 :ite w+s1 skims ! sea swiftly t[>ds ! m\nta9 ( purgatory1 !re deposits ! spirits x c>ries1 & is back at ! m\? ( ! ,tib] aga9 on ! same day4 ,s mu* = ! approa* to purgatory4 ,:5 a _s l&s x f9ds ! skirts ( ! m\nta9 broad & spread+1 b ! slope soon becomes h>d & precipit\s4 ,:5 he has pass$ ! n>r[ gate ( rep5tance1 he mu/ /ay ^u ea* ( ! l$ges t encircle ! m\nta9 at v>i\s heights1 until "o ( 8 s9s is purg$1 & !n ^u ! next l$ge above1 if he has be5 guilty also ( ! s9 t is aton$ = !re4 ,! m\nta9 is s high z to lift its head into ! sph]e ( ! moon1 above ! rea* ( t]re/rial tempe/s4 ,! top1 :i* is a broad circul> pla91 conta9s ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 wat]$ by ! riv]s ,le! & ,eunoe1 "o to heal all pa9ful memories1 & ! o!r to br+ all good ?\ghts to cle>ness4 ,f ?is place1 :i* lit]ally t\*es ! l[e/ heav51 ! upw>d flight is easy f sph]e to sph]e4 ,! a/ronomy ( ,dante's day fell 9 beautifully ) 8 poetic task4 ,x describ$ & measur$ a firmam5t t w\ld /ill be id5tifi$ ) ! po/hum\s heav5 ( ! sa9ts4 ,! :irl+ invisible sph]es ( t a/ronomy _h ! e>? = _! c5tre4 ,! sublime complexities ( ?is ,ptolemaic sy/em 7 day & night be=e ,dante's m9d4 ,he loves to tell u 9 :at con/ellation ! sun is ris+ or sett+1 & :at portion ( ! sky is !n ov] ! antipodes2 he c>ries 9 8 m9d an orr]y t %[s him1 at any giv5 mom5t1 ! position ( e />4 ,su* a con/ant dragg+ 9 ( a/ronomical lore may seem to u pu]ile or p$antic2 b = ,dante ! a/ronomical situation _h ! *>m ( a l&scape1 lit]ally full ( ! mo/ wond]ful lights & %ad[s2 & x also _h ! *>m ( a h>d-won discov]y t unveil$ ! secrets ( nature4 ,to ?9k /raight1 to see ?+s z !y are1 or z !y might naturally be1 int]e/$ him m ?an to fancy ?+s impossible2 & 9 ?is he %[s1 n want ( imag9ation1 b true imag9ative p[] & imag9ative maturity4 ,x is ^? ( u :o are too feeble to conceive & ma/] ! real _w1 or too c[>dly to face x1 t run away f x to ^? *eap fictions t alone seem to u f9e en\gh = poetry or = religion4 ,9 ,dante ! fancy is n empty or arbitr>y2 x is s]i\s1 f$ on ! /udy ( real ?+s4 ,x adopts _! t5d5cy & div9es _! true de/9y4 ,8 art is1 9 ! orig9al ,greek s5se1 an imitation or rehe>sal ( nature1 an anticipation ( fate4 ,= ?is reason curi\s details ( sci5ce or !ology ent] z a matt] ( c\rse into 8 v]se4 ,) ! /raight=w>d fai? & simplicity ( 8 age he dev\rs ^! int]e/+ images1 :i* help him to cl>ify ! my/]ies ( ?is _w4 ,!re is a k9d ( s5sualism or ae/heticism t has decre$ 9 our day t !ory is n poetical2 z if all ! images & emotions t ent] a cultivat$ m9d 7 n saturat$ ) !ory4 ,! preval5ce ( su* a s5sualism or ae/heticism w\ld alone suffice to expla9 ! impot5ce ( ! arts4 ,! life ( !ory is n less human or less emotional ?an ! life ( s5se2 x is m typically human & m ke5ly emotional4 ,philosophy is a m int5se sort ( exp]i5ce ?an common life is1 j z pure & subtle music1 he>d 9 retirem5t1 is some?+ ke5] & m int5se ?an ! h[l+ ( /orms or ! rumble ( cities4 ,= ?is reason philosophy1 :5 a poet is n m9dless1 ent]s inevitably into 8 poetry1 s9ce x has ent]$ into 8 life2 or r1 ! detail ( ?+s & ! detail ( ideas pass equally into 8 v]se1 :5 bo? alike lie 9 ! pa? t has l$ him to 8 ideal4 ,to object to !ory 9 poetry w\ld be l object+ to words !re2 = words1 too1 are symbols )\t ! s5su\s "* ( ! ?+s !y /& =2 & yet x is only by ! net ( new connections :i* words ?r[ ov] ?+s1 9 recall+ !m1 t poetry arises at all4 ,poetry is an att5uation1 a reh&l+1 an e*o ( crude exp]i5ce2 x is itself a !oretic vision ( ?+s at arm's l5g?4 ,nev] be=e or s9ce has a poet liv$ 9 s l>ge a l&scape z ,dante2 = our inf9ite times & di/ances are ( little poetic value :ile we h no graphic image ( :at may fill !m4 ,dante's spaces 7 fill$2 !y enl>g$ to ! limits ( human imag9ation1 ! habitations & de/9ies ( mank9d4 ,al?\gh ! sa9ts did n lit]ally inhabit ! sph]es1 b ! empyrean beyond1 yet ea* _s c\ld be manife/$ 9 t sph]e ! g5ius ( :i* 0 mo/ ak9 to 8 own4 ,9 ,dante's vision spirits appe> z po9ts ( light1 f :i* voices also fl[ sometimes1 z well z radiance4 ,fur!r ?an report+ _! words 7:i* are usually ab\t ! ?+s ( e>?7 ,dante tells u little ab\t !m4 ,he has inde$1 at ! end1 a vision ( a cele/ial rose2 ti] ^u ti] ( sa9ts are seat$ z 9 an amphi!atre1 & ! ,deity ov]>*es !m 9 ! =m ( a triple ra9b[1 ) a semblance ( man 9 ! mid/4 ,b ?is is av[$ly a m]e symbol1 a some:at conv5tional picture to :i* ,dante has rec\rse unwill+ly1 = want ( a bett] image to r5d] 8 my/ical int5tion4 ,:at may p]haps help u to div9e ?is int5tion is ! fact1 j m5tion$1 t accord+ to him ! cele/ial sph]es are n ! real seat ( any human s\l2 t ! pure rise ?r\gh !m ) increas+ ease & velocity1 ! ne>] !y come to ,god2 & t ! eyes ( ,beatrice--! revelation ( ,god to man--are only mirrors1 %$d+ m]ely reflect$ beauty & light4 ,^! h9ts sugge/ ! doctr9e t ! goal ( life is ! v bosom ( ,god2 n any f9ite =m ( exi/5ce1 h[ev] excell5t1 b a complete absorption & disappe>ance 9 ! ,godhead4 ,s ! ,neoplatoni/s _h ?\ght1 f :om all ?is heav5ly l&scape is borr[$2 & ! res]vations t ,*ri/ian or?odoxy requires h n always rema9$ pres5t to ! m9ds ( ,*ri/ian my/ics & poets4 ,dante broa*es ?is v po9t 9 ! memorable int]view he has ) ! _s ( ,picc>da1 9 ! ?ird canto ( ! ,p>adiso4 ,%e is 9 ! l[e/ sph]e ( heav51 t ( ! incon/ant moon1 because aft] %e _h be5 /ol5 f h] conv5t & =cibly m>ri$1 %e felt no prompt+ to r5ew h] e>li] v[s4 ,dante asks h] if %e nev] longs = a high] /ation 9 p>adise1 "o ne>] to ,god1 ! natural goal ( all aspiration4 ,%e answ]s t to %>e ! w ( ,god1 :o has e/abli%$ _m diff]5t mansions 9 8 h\se1 is to be truly "o ) him4 ,! wi% to be ne>] ,god w\ld actually c>ry ! s\l f>!r away1 s9ce x w\ld oppose ! ord] he has e/abli%$4#ai ,ev5 9 heav51 !re=e1 ! ,*ri/ian sa9t 0 to keep 8 ess5tial fidelity1 sep>ation1 & l[l9ess4 ,he 0 to feel /ill helpless & lo/ 9 himself1 l ,tobias1 & happy only 9 t ! angel ( ! ,"l 0 hold+ him by ! h&4 ,= ,picc>da to say t %e accepts ! w ( ,god means n t %e %>es x1 b t %e submits to x4 ,%e w\ld fa9 g high]1 = h] moral nature dem&s x1 z ,dante--incorrigible ,platoni/--p]fectly p]ceiv$2 b %e d>e n m5tion x1 = %e kn[s t ,god1 ^: ?\ghts are n h] ?\ghts1 has =bidd5 x4 ,! incon/ant sph]e ( ! moon does n af=d h] a p]fect happ9ess2 b1 *a/5$ z %e is1 %e says x br+s h] happ9ess en\gh2 all t a brok5 & a contrite he>t has ! c\rage to hope =4 ,su* are ! conflict+ inspirations b5ea? ! lovely h>monies ( ! ,p>adiso4 ,x 0 n ! poet's s\l t 0 9 conflict "h2 x 0 only 8 traditions4 ,! conflicts ( 8 own _s _h be5 left beh9d 9 o!r regions2 on t ?re%+-floor ( e>? :i*1 f ! height ( heav51 he look$ back ^u ) wond]1#bj surpris$ t m5 %\ld take s passionately ?is tr\ble ( ants1 :i* he judges be/1 says ,dante1 :o ?9ks lea/ ( x4 ,9 ?is say+ ! poet is p]haps consci\s ( a p]sonal fault2 = ,dante 0 f> f p]fect1 ev5 z a poet4 ,he 0 too mu* a man ( 8 own "t1 & (t5 wrote ) a passion n cl>ifi$ into judgem5t4 ,s mu* does ! purely p]sonal & dramatic int]e/ dom9ate u z we read ( a ,boniface or an ,ugol9o t we =get t ^! hi/orical figures are suppos$ to h be5 transmut$ into ! et]nal1 & to h become bits 9 ! mosaic ( ,platonic ess5ces4 ,dante himself almo/ =gets x4 ,! mod]n read]1 accu/om$ to insignificant1 wayw>d fictions1 & expect+ to be ent]ta9$ by images )\t ?\ghts1 may n notice ?is lack ( p]spective1 or may rejoice 9 x4 ,b1 if he is judici\s1 he w n rejoice 9 x long4 ,! ,bonifaces & ! ,ugol9os are n ! truly deep1 ! truly lovely figures ( ! ,div9e ,com$y4 ,!y are1 9 a relative s5se1 ! vulg>ities 9 x4 ,we feel too mu*1 9 ^! cases1 ! heat ( ! poet's prejudice or indignation4 ,he is n j1 z he usually is2 he does n /op to ?9k1 z he almo/ always does4 ,he =gets t he is 9 ! et]nal _w1 & dips = ! mom5t into a brawl 9 "s ,italian m>ket-place1 or into ! c\ncil-*amb] ( "s facti\s condotti]e4 ,! passages--su* z ^? ab\t ,boniface & ,ugol9o--:i* ,dante writes 9 ?is mood are p[]ful & vehem5t1 b !y are n beautiful4 ,!y br& ! object ( _! invective m ?an !y reveal x2 !y %ock m ?an !y move ! read]4 ,?is l[] k9d ( success--= x is /ill a success 9 rhetoric--falls to ! poet because he has ab&on$ ! ,platonic half ( 8 inspiration & has become = ! mom5t :olly hi/orical1 :olly ,hebraic or ,roman4 ,he w\ld h be5 a f> inf]ior m9d if he _h always mov$ on ?is level4 ,) ! ,platonic sph]es & ! ,ari/otelian e?ics tak5 out1 8 ,com$y w\ld n h be5 div9e4 ,p]sons & incid5ts1 to be truly memorable1 h to be r5d]$ significant2 !y h to be se5 9 _! place 9 ! moral _w2 !y h to be judg$1 & judg$ rightly1 9 _! dignity & value4 ,a casual p]sonal s5tim5t t[>ds !m1 h[ev] passionate1 _c take ! place ( ! sympa!tic insight t compreh5ds & ! wide exp]i5ce t judges4 ,aga9 7:at is fundam5tal ) ,dante7 love1 z he feels & r5d]s x1 is n normal or heal?y love4 ,x 0 d\btless real en\gh1 b too mu* re/ra9$ & express$ too mu* 9 fancy2 s t :5 x is ext5d$ ,platonically & id5tifi$ s easily ) ! grace ( ,god & ) reveal$ wisdom1 we feel ! suspicion t if ! love 9 "q _h be5 natural & manly1 x w\ld h (f]$ m resi/ance to s my/ical a trans=mation4 ,! poet :o wi%es to pass conv9c+ly f love to philosophy 7& t seems a natural progress = a poet7 %\ld accord+ly be a he>ty & complete lov]--a lov] l ,goe! & 8 ,fau/--r ?an l ,plato & ,dante4 ,fau/1 too1 passes f ,gret*5 to ,hel51 & p>tly back aga92 & ,goe! made ev5 m passages4 ,_h any ( !m l$ to some?+ :i* n only 0 lov$1 b des]v$ to be lov$1 :i* n only c\ld inspire a :ole life1 b :i* ought to inspire x--!n we %\ld h _h a g5u9e progress4 ,9 ! next place1 ,dante talks too mu* ab\t himself4 ,!re is a s5se 9 :i* ?is egotism is a m]it1 or at lea/ a gr\nd ( int]e/ = u mod]ns2 = egotism is ! di/9ctive attitude ( mod]n philosophy & ( romantic s5tim5t4 ,9 be+ egoti/ical ,dante 0 ahead ( 8 "t4 ,8 philosophy w\ld h lo/ an elem5t ( dep?1 & 8 poetry an elem5t ( pa?os1 _h he n plac$ himself 9 ! c5tre ( ! /age1 & describ$ ev]y?+ z 8 exp]i5ce1 or z a revelation made to himself & made = ! sake ( 8 p]sonal salvation4 ,b ,dante's egotism goes r fur!r ?an 0 requisite1 s t ! transc5d5tal insight might n fail 9 8 philosophy4 ,x ext5d$ s f> t he ca/ ! %ad[ ( 8 p]son n only ov] ! t]races ( purgatory 7z he is c>eful to tell u repeat$ly71 b ov] ! :ole ( ,italy & ( ,europe1 :i* he saw & judg$ "u ! evid5t influ5ce ( private passions & res5tm5ts4 ,moreov]1 ! p]sonality ?ru/ =w>d s obtrusively is n 9 e respect wor?y ( contemplation4 ,dante is v pr\d & v bitt]2 at ! same "t1 he is curi\sly timid2 & "o may tire sometimes ( 8 p]petual trembl+s & te>s1 ( 8 fa9t+ fits & 8 intricate d\bts4 ,a man :o kn[s he is "u ! special protection ( ,god1 & ( ?ree cele/ial ladies1 & :o has su* a sage & magician z ,virgil = a guide1 might h look$ ev5 ^u hell ) a little m confid5ce4 ,h[ f> is ?is %iv]+ & swoon+ philosoph] f ! laugh+ c\rage ( ,fau/1 :o sees 8 poodle swell into a mon/]1 !n into a cl\d1 & f9ally *ange into ,mephi/opheles1 & says at once3 ,das also w> des ,pudels ,k]n6 ,d\btless ,dante 0 m$iaeval1 & contrition1 humility1 & fe> ( ! devil 7 great virtues 9 ^? days2 b ! conclusion we mu/ come to is precisely t ! virtues ( ^? days 7 n ! be/ virtues1 & t a poet :o repres5ts t "t _c be a fair nor an ultimate spokesman = humanity4 ,p]haps we h n[ review$ ! *ief objects t peopl$ ,dante's imag9ation1 ! *ief objects into ! mid/ ( :i* 8 poetry transports u2 & if a poet's g5ius avails to transport u into 8 en*ant$ _w1 ! "* ( t _w w det]m9e ! quality & dignity ( 8 poetry4 ,dante transports u1 ) unmi/akable p[]1 fir/ into ! atmosph]e ( a vision>y love2 !n into ! hi/ory ( 8 conv]sion1 affect$ by ?is love1 or by ! div9e grace id5tifi$ ) x4 ,! supreme ideal to :i* 8 conv]sion br\ght him back is express$ = him by univ]sal nature1 & is embodi$ among m5 9 ! d\ble in/itution ( a reveal$ religion & a provid5tial empire4 ,to trace ! =tunes ( ^! in/itutions1 we are transport$ next into ! panorama ( hi/ory1 9 its great crises & its great m52 & p>ticul>ly into ! panorama ( ,italy 9 ! poet's "t1 :]e we survey ! crimes1 ! virtues1 & ! sorr[s ( ^? prom95t 9 fur!r+ or ?w>t+ ! ideal ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,^! num]\s p]sons are set be=e u ) ! sympa?y & brevity ( a dramati/2 yet x is no m]e c>nival1 no danse macabre3 = ?r\gh\t1 above ! confus$ /rife ( p>ties & passions1 we he> ! /eady voice1 ! implacable s5t5ce1 ( ! prophet t judges !m4 ,?us ,dante1 gift$ ) ! t5d]e/ s5se ( col\r1 & ! firme/ art ( design1 has put 8 :ole _w into 8 canvas4 ,se5 !re1 t _w becomes complete1 cle>1 beautiful1 & tragic4 ,x is vivid & tru?ful 9 its detail1 sublime 9 its m>* & 9 its h>mony4 ,?is is n poetry :]e ! p>ts are bett] ?an ! :ole4 ,"h1 z 9 "s great symphony1 ev]y?+ is cumulative3 ! movem5ts conspire1 ! t5sion gr[s1 ! volume r$\bles1 ! ke5 melody so>s high] & high]2 & x all ends1 n ) a bang1 n ) "s casual incid5t1 b 9 su/a9$ reflection1 9 ! s5se t x has n end$1 b rema9s by u 9 its totality1 a revelation & a res\rce = ev]4 ,x has taught u to love & to r5\nce1 to judge & to wor%ip4 ,:at m c\ld a poet d8 ,dante poetiz$ all life & nature z he f\nd !m4 ,8 imag9ation dom9at$ & focus$ ! :ole _w4 ,he !reby t\*$ ! ultimate goal to :i* a poet c aspire2 he set ! /&>d = all possible p]=mance1 & became ! type ( a supreme poet4 ,?is is n to say t he is ! 8greate/0 ( poets4 ,! relative m]it ( poets is a b>r5 ?+ to wrangle ab\t4 ,! "q c always be op5$ anew1 :5 a critic appe>s ) a fre% temp]am5t or a new crit]ion4 ,ev5 less ne$ we say t no great] poet c ev] arise2 we may be confid5t ( ! opposite4 ,b ,dante gives a successful example ( ! highe/ species ( poetry4 ,8 poetry cov]s ! :ole field f :i* poetry may be fet*$1 & to :i* poetry may be appli$1 f ! inmo/ recesses ( ! he>t to ! utt]mo/ b\nds ( nature & ( de/9y4 ,if to give imag9ative value to some?+ is ! m9imum task ( a poet1 to give imag9ative value to all ?+s1 & to ! sy/em :i* ?+s compose1 is evid5tly 8 greate/ task4 ,dante fulfill$ ?is task1 ( c\rse "u special conditions & limitations1 p]sonal & social2 b he fulfill$ x1 & he !reby fulfill$ ! conditions ( supreme poetry4 ,ev5 ,hom]1 z we are beg9n+ to p]ceive n[adays1 suff]$ f a c]ta9 conv5tionality & "o-sid$ness4 ,!re 0 mu* 9 ! life & religion ( 8 "t t 8 art ignor$4 ,x 0 a flatt]+1 a euphemi/ic art2 x _h a sort ( p]vasive bl&ness1 l t :i* we n[ associate ) a fa%ionable s]mon4 ,x 0 poetry address$ to ! rul+ ca/e 9 ! /ate1 to ! conqu]ors2 & x spread an int5tional glam\r ov] _! pa/ brutalities & pres5t self-deceptions4 ,no su* p>tiality 9 ,dante2 he pa9ts :at he hates z frankly z :at he loves1 & 9 all ?+s he is complete & s9c]e4 ,if any simil> adequacy is atta9$ aga9 by any poet1 x w n be1 presumably1 by a poet ( ! sup]natural4 ,h5ce=?1 = any wide & hone/ imag9ation1 ! sup]natural mu/ figure z an idea 9 ! human m9d1--a "p ( ! natural4 ,to conceive x o!rwise w\ld be to fall %ort ( ! insight ( ?is age1 n to express or to complete x4 ,dante1 h[ev]1 = ?is v reason1 may be expect$ to rema9 ! supreme poet ( ! sup]natural1 ! unrivall$ expon5t1 aft] ,plato1 ( t phase ( ?\ght & feel+ 9 :i* ! sup]natural seems to be ! key to nature & to happ9ess4 ,?is is ! hypo!sis on :i*1 z yet1 moral unity has be5 be/ atta9$ 9 ?is _w4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ! mo/ complete idealization & compreh5sion ( ?+s a*iev$ by mank9d hi!rto4 ,dante is ! type ( a consummate poet4 99 99 99 99 99 #a ,plato1 ,pha$o1#ig;,b-#ii;,c1 ,j[ett's translation4 ,i h *ang$ ! r5d]+ ( f 8m9d0 to 8reason40 #b 8,e/ pro fundam5to t55da v]itas hi/oriae et desup] spirituales expositiones fabric&ae40 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,summa ,!ologiae1 i4 quae/4 #ajb1 conclusio4 #c ,p>adiso1 xv4 #ig1 #ii3 ,fior5za d5tro dalla c]*ia antica444 ,si /ava 9 pace1 sobria e pudica4 #d ,ibid41 #ajj-bf3 ,non avea cat5ella1 non corona1 ,non donne contigiate1 non c9tura ,*e fosse a v$] p9 *e la p]sona4 ,non faceva nasc5do ancor paura ,la figlia al padre1 * il tempo e la dote ,non fuggan qu9ci e qu9di la misura4 ,non avea case di famiglia vote2 ,non v'era giunto ancor ,s>danapalo ,a mo/r> ci *e 9 cam]a si puote4444 ,o =tunate6 ,ciascuna era c]ta ,delia sua sepoltura1 ed ancor nulla ,era p] ,francia nel letto des]ta4 ,l' una vegghiava a /udio della culla1 ,e consol&o usava l' idioma ,*e prima i padri e le madri tra/ulla2 ,l' altra tra5do alia rocca la *ioma1 ,favoleggiava con la sua famiglia ,de' ,troiani1 di ,fiesole1 e di ,roma4 #e ,p>adiso1 xxxiii4 #adc-de3 ,volgeva il mio disiro e il velle1 ,si come rota *' egualm5te mossa1 ,l' amor *e move il sole e l' altre /elle4 #f ,vita ,nuova1 #bb3 ,secondo l' usanza della sopradetta cittade1 donne con donne1 e uom9i con uom9i si adun9o a cotale tri/izia2 molte donne s' adun>o col1 ove que/a ,beatrice piangea pietosam5te1 c4 ,also1 ,purgatorio1 xxxi4 #ej1 #ea3 ,le belle membra 9 *' io ,r9*iusa fui1 e sono 9 t]ra sp>te4 #g ,vita ,nuova1 v4 #h ,s*]mo della v]itade1--natural philosophy4 #i ,convito1 ,,ii4 cap4 #af3 ,faccia *e gli oc*i d' e/a ,donna miri2 gli oc*i di que/a ,donna sono le sue dimo/razioni1 le quali dritte negli oc*i dello intelletto inhamorano l' anima1 lib]a nelle condizioni4 ,oh dolcissimi ed ineffabili sembianti1 e rubatori subitani della m5te umana1 *e nelle dimo/razioni negli oc*i della ,filos(ia app>ite1 qu&o essa alli suoi drudi ragiona6 ,v]am5te 9 voi la salute1 p] la quale si fa beato *i vi gu>da1 e salvo dalla morte della ignoranza e delli vizi4444 ,e cosi1 9 f9e di que/o secondo ,trattato1 dico e aff]mo *e la ,donna1 di cui io innamorai appresso lo primo amore1 fu la bellissima e one/issima figlia dello ,imp]adore dell' univ]so1 alla quale ,pittagora pose nome ,filos(ia4 #aj ,purgatorio1 xvii4 #ajf-aa3 ,or p]* mai non pu dalla salute ,amor del suo suggetto volg] viso1 ,dall' odio proprio son le cose tute3 ,e p]* int5d] non si pu diviso1 ,e p] s /ante1 alcuno ess] dal primo1 ,da quello odi>e ogni affetto deciso4 #aa ,inf]no1 iii4 #fd-ff3 ,que/i sciaurati1 *e mai non fur vivi1 ,erano ignudi e /imolati molto ,da mosconi e da vespe *' erano ivi4 #ab ,ibid41 iv4 #da1 #db3 ,semo p]duti1 e sol di tanto (fesi ,*e s5za speme vivemo 9 disio4 ,cf4 ,purgatorio1 iii4 #cg-de1 :]e ,virgil says3 8,/ate cont5ti1 umana g5te1 al quia2 ,* se potuto ave/e v$] tutto1 ,me/i] non era p>torir ,m>ia2 ,e disi> v$e/e s5za frutto ,tai1 *e s>ebbe lor disio quetato1 ,*'et]nalm5te dato lor p] lutto4 ,io dico d',ari/otele e di ,plato1 ,e di molti altri40 ,e qui *9 la fronte2 ,e pi non disse1 e rimase turbato4 #ac ,inf]no1 ix4 #ajf-cc1 & x4 #ad ,ibid41 xxviii4 #ae ,inf]no1 iii4 #abd-bf3 ,e pronti sono a trapass> lo rio1 ,* la div9a giu/izia gli sprona ,si *e la tema si volge 9 disio4 #af ,purgatorio1 xxi4 #fa-fi3 ,della mondizia sol vol] fa prova1 ,*e1 tutta lib]a a mut> conv5to1 ,l'alma sorpr5de1 e di vol] le giova4444 ,ed io *e son giaciuto a que/a doglia ,c9quec5to anni e pi1 pur mo s5tii ,lib]a volont di miglior soglia4 #ag ,inf]no1 xiv4 #fc-ff3 8,o ,capaneo1 9 ci *e non s'ammorza ,la tua sup]bia1 se' tu pi punito3 ,nullo m>tirio1 fuor *e la tua rabbia1 ,s>ebbe al tuo furor dolor compito40 #ah ,alfr$ de ,musset1 ,posies ,n\velles1 ,s\v5ir3 ,dante1 p\rquoi dis-tu qu'il n'e/ pire misre ,qu'un s\v5ir heureux dans les j\rs de d\leur8 ,quel *agr9 t'a dict cette p>ole amre1 ,cette (f5se au malheur8 444 ,ce blasphme vant ne vi5t pas de ton cur4 ,un s\v5ir heureux e/ peut-tre sur t]re ,plus vrai que le bonheur4444 ,et c'e/ ta ,franoise1 ton ange de gloire1 ,que tu p\vais donn] ces mots prononc]1 ,elle qui s'int]rompt1 p\r cont] son hi/oire1 ,d'un t]nel bais]6 #ai ,p>adiso1 iii4 #gc-ij3 8,se disiassimo ess] pi sup]ne1 ,=an discordi li no/ri disiri ,dal vol] di colui *e qui ne c]ne1444 ,e la sua volontate no/ra pace2 ,ella quel m>e al qual tutto si move ,ci *'ella crea1 e *e natura face40 ,*i>o mi fu allor com' ogni dove ,9 cielo ,p>adiso1 e s la grazia ,del sommo b5 d'un modo non vi piove4 #bj ,p>adiso1 xxii4 #acc-ci3 ,col viso ritornai p] tutte e quante ,le sette sp]e1 e vidi que/o globo ,tal1 *'io sorrisi del suo vil sembiante2 ,e quel consiglio p] migliore approbo ,*e l'ha p] m5o2 e *i ad altro p5sa ,*iam> si puote v]am5te probo4 ,,iv4 ,,goe!',s ,,fau/ ,9 approa*+ ! ?ird ( our philosophical poets1 !re is a scruple t may cross ! m9d4 ,lucretius 0 und\bt$ly a philosophical poet2 8 :ole poem is devot$ to exp\nd+ & def5d+ a sy/em ( philosophy4 ,9 ,dante ! case is almo/ z pla94 ,! ,div9e ,com$y is a moral & p]sonal fable2 yet n only are _m passages explicitly philosophical1 b ! :ole is inspir$ & controll$ by ! mo/ def9ite ( religi\s sy/ems & ( moral codes4 ,dante1 too1 is unmi/akably a philosophical poet4 ,b 0 ,goe! a philosoph]8 ,& is ,fau/ a philosophical poem8 ,if we say s1 x mu/ be by giv+ a c]ta9 latitude to our t]ms4 ,goe! 0 ! wise/ ( mank9d2 too wise1 p]haps1 to be a philosoph] 9 ! te*nical s5se1 or to try to h>ness ?is wild _w 9 a bra9-spun t]m9ology4 ,x is true t he 0 all 8 life a foll[] ( ,sp9oza1 & t he may be t]m$1 )\t hesitation1 a naturali/ 9 philosophy & a pan!i/4 ,8 adh]5ce to ! g5]al attitude ( ,sp9oza1 h[ev]1 did n exclude a great pla/icity & fre$om 9 8 own views1 ev5 on ! mo/ fundam5tal po9ts4 ,?us ,goe! did n admit ! me*anical int]pretation ( nature advocat$ by ,sp9oza4 ,he also assign$1 at lea/ to privileg$ s\ls1 l 8 own1 a m p]sonal sort ( immortality ?an ,sp9oza all[$4 ,moreov]1 he h>b\r$ a g5]\s sympa?y ) ! dramatic explanations ( nature & hi/ory curr5t 9 ! ,g]many ( 8 day4 ,yet su* transc5d5tal idealism1 mak+ ! _w ! expression ( a spiritual endeav\r1 0 a total rev]sal ( t conviction1 s pr(\nd 9 ,sp9oza1 t all moral en]gies are resid5t 9 p>ticul> creatures1 !mselves sp>ks 9 an absolutely inf9ite & purposeless _w4 ,9 a ^w1 ,goe! 0 n a sy/ematic philosoph]4 ,8 feel+ = ! m>* ( ?+s & = ! significance ( great p]sonages & great ideas 0 inde$ philosophical1 al?\gh m romantic ?an sci5tific4 ,8 ?\ghts ^u life 7 fre% & miscellane\s4 ,!y voic$ ! g5ius & le>n+ ( 8 age4 ,!y did n express a firm p]sonal attitude1 radical & unifi$1 & transmissible to o!r times & p]sons4 ,= philosoph]s1 aft] all1 h ?is advantage ov] m5 ( lett]s1 t _! m9ds1 be+ m organic1 c m easily propagate !mselves4 ,!y scatt] less influ5ce1 b m se$s4 ,if f ,goe! we turn to ,fau/--& x is z ! au?or ( ,fau/ only t we %all consid] him--! situation is n less ambigu\s4 ,9 ! play1 z ! "y ,goe! fir/ wrote x1 philosophy appe>$ 9 ! fir/ l9e1--,hab nun a* die ,philosophey2 b x appe>$ !re1 & ?r\gh\t ! piece1 m]ely z a human exp]i5ce1 a passion or an illusion1 a fund ( images or an ambiti\s art4 ,lat]1 x is true1 "u ! spell ( fa%ion & ( ,s*ill]1 ,goe! surr\nd$ 8 orig9al sc5es ) o!rs1 l ! prologue 9 heav51 or ! apo!osis ( ,fau/1 9 :i* a philosophy ( life 0 indicat$2 namely1 t he :o /rives /rays1 yet 9 t /ray+ f9ds 8 salvation4 ,?is idea left /&+ all t satirical & ,mephi/ophelian wisdom ) :i* ! :ole poem ab\nds1 ! lat] p>ts no less ?an ! e>li]4 ,frankly1 x 0 a moral t adorn$ ! tale1 )\t hav+ be5 ! se$ ( x1 & )\t ev5 express+ fairly ! _s :i* x brea!s4 ,fau/ rema9$ an ess5tially romantic poem1 writt5 to give v5t to a pregnant & vivid g5ius1 to t\* ! he>t1 to bewild] ! m9d ) a c>nival ( images1 to amuse1 to ?rill1 to humanize2 &1 if we mu/ speak ( philosophy1 !re 7 _m express maxims 9 ! poem1 & _m insights1 half betray$1 t exce$$ 9 philosophic value ! belat$ & (ficial moral :i* ! au?or affix$ to x1 & :i* he himself w>n$ u n to take too s]i\sly4#a ,fau/ is1 !n1 no philosophical poem1 aft] an op5 or delib]ate fa%ion2 & yet x (f]s a solution to ! moral problem ( exi/5ce z truly z d ! poems ( ,lucretius & ,dante4 ,he>d philosophies are sweet1 b ^? unhe>d may be sweet]4 ,!y may be m unmix$ & m pr(\nd = be+ adopt$ unconsci\sly1 = be+ liv$ r ?an taught4 ,?is is n m]ely to say :at might be said ( e "w ( art & ( e natural object1 t x c\ld be made ! />t+-po9t = a *a9 ( inf]5ces t %\ld reveal ! :ole univ]se1 l ! fl[] 9 ! cranni$ wall4 ,x is to say1 r1 t ! vital /ra9+ t[>ds an ideal1 def9ite b lat5t1 :5 x dom9ates a :ole life1 may express t ideal m fully ?an c\ld ! be/-*os5 words4 ,n[ ,fau/ is ! foam on ! top ( two great waves ( human aspiration1 m]g+ & heap+ !mselves up toge!r1--! wave ( romanticism ris+ f ! dep?s ( nor!rn traditions & g5ius1 & ! wave ( a new paganism com+ f ,greece ov] ,italy4 ,^! are n philosophies to be read into ,fau/ by ! critic2 !y are passions see?+ 9 ! drama4 ,x is ! drama ( a philosophical adv5ture2 a rebellion aga9/ conv5tion2 a flight to nature1 to t5d]ness1 to beauty2 & !n a return to conv5tion aga91 ) a feel+ t nature1 t5d]ness1 & beauty1 unless f\nd !re1 w n be f\nd at all4 ,goe! nev] depicts1 z ,dante does1 ! object 8 h]o is pursu+2 he is satisfi$ ) depict+ ! pursuit4 ,l ,less+1 9 8 fam\s apologue1 he pref]s ! pursuit ( ! ideal to ! ideal itself2 p]haps1 z 9 ! case ( ,less+1 because ! hope ( realiz+ ! ideal1 & ! int]e/ 9 realiz+ x1 7 beg9n+ to =sake him4 ,! case is some:at z t ( ,dante w\ld h be5 if1 in/ead ( recogniz+ & lov+ ,beatrice at fir/ sight & ris+ into a vision ( ! et]nal _w1 ready-made & p]fectly ord]$1 ,dante _h pass$ f love to love1 f donna g5tile to donna g5tile1 always long+ = ! eyes ( ,beatrice )\t ev] meet+ !m4 ,! ,div9e ,com$y w\ld !n h be5 only human1 yet x might h sugge/$ & requir$ ! v consummation t ! ,div9e ,com$y depicts2 & )\t express+ ?is consummation1 our human com$y might h furni%$ mat]ials & mom5tum = x1 su* t1 if ev] t consummation came to be express$1 x w\ld be m deeply felt & m adequately und]/ood4 ,dante gives u a philosophical goal1 & we h to recall & retrace ! j\rney2 ,goe! gives u a philosophic j\rney1 & we h to div9e ! goal4 ,goe! is a romantic poet2 he is a noveli/ 9 v]se4 ,he is a philosoph] ( exp]i5ce z x comes to ! individual2 ! philosoph] ( life1 z action1 memory1 or soliloquy may put life be=e ea* ( u 9 turn4 ,n[ ! ze/ ( romanticism consi/s 9 tak+ :at y "k is an indep5d5t & anci5t _w z if x 7 mat]ial = y\r private emotions4 ,! savage or ! animal1 :o %\ld n be aw>e ( nature or hi/ory at all1 c\ld n be romantic ab\t !m1 nor ab\t himself4 ,he w\ld be bl&ly idiotic1 & take ev]y?+ q unsuspect+ly = :at x 0 9 him4 ,! romantici/1 !n1 %\ld be a civiliz$ man1 s t 8 primitiv5ess & egotism may h some?+ p>adoxical & consci\s ab\t !m2 & s t 8 life may conta9 a ri* exp]i5ce1 & 8 reflection may play ) all v>ieties ( s5tim5t & ?\ght4 ,at ! same "t1 9 8 inmo/ g5ius1 he %\ld be a b>b>ian1 a *ild1 a transc5d5tali/1 s t 8 life may seem to him absolutely fre%1 self-det]m9$1 un=ese51 & un=eseeable4 ,x is "p ( 8 inspiration to believe t he creates a new heav5 & a new e>? ) ea* revolution 9 8 moods or 9 8 purposes4 ,he ignores1 or seeks to ignore1 all ! conditions ( life1 until p]haps by liv+ he p]sonally discov]s !m4#b ,l ,fau/1 he fl\ts sci5ce1 & is m9d$ to make trial ( magic1 :i* r5d]s a man's w ma/] ( ! univ]se 9 :i* he seems to live4 ,he dis[ns all au?ority1 save t my/]i\sly ex]cis$ ov] him by 8 deep fai? 9 himself4 ,he is always hone/ & brave2 b he is always diff]5t1 & absolves himself f 8 pa/ z soon z he has outgr[n or =gott5 x4 ,he is incl9$ to be wayw>d & foolh>dy1 ju/ify+ himself on ! gr\nd t all exp]i5ce is int]e/+1 t ! spr+s ( x are inexhau/ible & always pure1 & t ! future ( 8 s\l is inf9ite4 ,9 ! romantic h]o ! civiliz$ man & ! b>b>ian mu/ be comb9$2 he %\ld be ! heir to all civilization1 &1 nev]!less1 he %\ld take life arrogantly & egoti/ically1 z if x 7 an absolute p]sonal exp]im5t4 ,?is s+ul> comb9ation 0 /rik+ly exemplifi$ 9 ,doctor ,johannes ,fau/us1 a figure half hi/orical1 half leg5d>y1 famili> to ,goe! 9 8 boyhood 9 puppet-%[s & *apbooks4 ,an adv5tur] 9 ! romantic z well z 9 ! vulg> s5se ( ! ^w1 some:at l ,p>acelsus or ,giordano ,bruno1 ,doctor ,fau/us _h felt ! my/]y ( nature1 _h scorn$ au?ority1 _h cr$it$ magic1 _h liv$ by impo/ure1 & _h fl$ f ! police4 ,8 blasphem\s boa/s & rascally conduct1 toge!r ) 8 magic arts1 _h made him ev5 9 8 lifetime a sc&al\s & int]e/+ p]sonage4 ,he 0 sc>cely dead :5 leg5ds ga!r$ ab\t 8 "n4 ,x 0 publi%$ abroad t he _h sold 8 s\l to ! devil1 9 ex*ange = tw5ty-f\r ye>s ( wild pleasures ^u e>?4 ,?is leg5d purport$ to (f] a t]rible & edify+ example1 a w>n+ to all ,*ri/ians to avoid ! sn>es ( sci5ce1 ( pleasure1 & ( ambition4 ,^! ?+s _h s5t ,doctor ,fau/us into hell-fire2 8 corpse1 f\nd face d[nw>d1 c\ld n be turn$ ov] ^u its back4 ,nev]!less1 we may suspect t ev5 at ! beg9n+ p recogniz$ 9 ,doctor ,fau/us a brav] bro!r1 a some:at enviable reprobate :o _h d>$ to reli% ! good ?+s ( ?is life above ! sad joys vaguely promis$ = ! o!r4 ,all t ! ,r5aissance valu$ 0 "h repres5t$ z 9 ! devil's gift2 & ! man 9 ! /reet might well d\bt :e!r x 0 religion or worldly life t 0 !reby made ! m unlovely4 ,d\btless ! ,lu!ran au?ors ( ! fir/ *apbook felt1 & felt rightly1 t ^? f9e ?+s :i* tempt$ ,fau/us 7 unevangelical1 pagan1 & popi%2 yet !y c\ld n cease altoge!r to admire & ev5 to covet !m1 especially :5 ! fir/ ard\rs ( ! ,old-,*ri/ian revival _h _h "t to cool4 ,m>l[e1 :o wrote only a few ye>s lat]1 made a beg9n+ 9 ! rehabilitation ( ! h]o4 ,8 ,fau/us is /ill damn$1 b he is trans=m$ into ! sort ( p]sonage t ,ari/otle approves ( = ! h]o ( trag$y1 ess5tially human & noble1 b l$ a/ray by "s excusable vice or error4 ,m>l[e's public w\ld see 9 ,doctor ,fau/us a man & a ,*ri/ian l !mselves1 c>ri$ a bit too f> by ambition & ! love ( pleasure4 ,he is no radical unbeliev]1 no natural mate = ! devil1 consci5celess & hea!n1 l ! typical villa9 ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,on ! contr>y1 he has become a good ,prote/ant1 & holds manfully to all ^? p>ts ( ! cre$ :i* express 8 spontane\s affections4 ,a good angel is (t5 ov]he>d :isp]+ 9 8 e>2 & if ! bad angel f9ally prevails1 x is 9 spite ( cont9ual remorse & hesitation on ! ,doctor's "p4 ,?is excell5t ,fau/us is damn$ by accid5t or by pr$e/9ation2 he is br[-beat5 by ! devil & =bidd5 to rep5t :5 he has really rep5t$4 ,! t]ror ( ! conclusion is !reby height5$2 we see an ess5tially good man1 because 9 a mom5t ( infatuation he _h sign$ away 8 s\l1 driv5 aga9/ 8 w to despair & damnation4 ,! alt]native ( a happy solution lies almo/ at h&2 & x is only a l+]+ ta/e = ! lurid & ! horrible1 +ra9$ 9 ?is sort ( melodrama1 t s5ds him %riek+ to hell4 ,:at makes ,m>l[e's conclusion ! m viol5t & ! m unphilosophical is ! fact t1 to any "o n dom9at$ by conv5tion1 ! good angel1 9 ! dialogue1 seems to h s mu* ! worse ( ! argum5t4 ,all he has to (f] is s\r admonition & ext]nal w>n+s3 ,o ,fau/us1 lay t damn$ book aside1 ,& gaze n on x le/ x tempt ?y s\l1 ,& heap ,god's heavy wra? ^u ?y head4 ,read1 read1 ! ,scriptures2 t is blasphemy4444 ,sweet ,fau/us1 ?9k ( heav51 & heav5ly ?+s4 ,to :i* ! evil angel replies3 ,no1 ,fau/us1 ?9k ( hon\r & ( weal?4 ,& 9 ano!r place3 ,g =w>d1 ,fau/us1 9 t fam\s art1 ,:]e9 all nature's treasure is conta9$4 ,be ?\ on e>? z ,jove is 9 ! sky1 ,"l & comm&] ( ^! elem5ts4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! devil "h repres5ts ! natural ideal ( ,fau/us1 or ( any *ild ( ! ,r5aissance2 he appeals to ! vague b heal?y ambitions ( a "y s\l1 t w\ld make trial ( ! _w4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is devil repres5ts ! true good1 & x is no wond] if ! hone/ ,fau/us _c resi/ 8 sugge/ions4 ,we l him = 8 love ( life1 = 8 tru/ 9 nature1 = 8 en?usiasm = beauty4 ,he speaks = u all :5 he cries3 ,0 ?is ! face t laun*$ a ?\s& %ips ,& burnt ! topless t[]s ( ,ilium8 ,ev5 8 irrev]5t pranks1 be+ direct$ aga9/ ! pope1 ende> him ! m to an anti-cl]ical public2 & he appeals to c\rti]s & cavali]s by 8 l(ty poetical scorn = su* crabb$ pr(essions z ! law1 m$ic9e1 or !ology4 ,9 a ^w1 ,m>l[e's ,fau/us is a m>tyr to ev]y?+ t ! ,r5aissance priz$1--p[]1 curi\s k1 ent]prise1 weal?1 & beauty4 ,h[ ?or\ghly ,m>l[e & ,goe! are on ! way t[>ds rev]s+ ! ,*ri/ian philosophy ( life may be se5 if we comp>e ,fau/ = a mom5t 7z1 9 o!r respects1 has (t5 be5 done7 ) ,! ,wond]-work+ ,magician ( ,cald]on4 ,?is e>li] h]o1 ,/4 ,cyprian ( ,antio*1 is l ,fau/ 9 be+ a s*ol>1 sign+ away 8 s\l to ! devil1 practis+ magic1 embrac+ ! gho/ ( beauty1 & be+ ultimately sav$4 ,"h ! analogy ends4 ,cyprian1 f> f be+ disgu/$ ) all !ory1 & p>ticul>ly ) !ology1 is a pagan philosoph] eag]ly seek+ ,god1 & work+ 8 way1 ) full fai? 9 8 me?od1 t[>d ,*ri/ian or?odoxy4 ,he floors ! devil 9 s*ola/ic argum5t ab\t ! unity ( ,god1 8 p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness4 ,he falls 9 love1 & sells 8 s\l m]ely 9 ! hope ( satisfy+ 8 passion4 ,he /udies magic *iefly = ! same reason2 b magic _c ov]rule ! free-w ( ! ,*ri/ian lady he loves 7a mod]n & v ,spani% "o1 ?\gh suppos$ to adorn anci5t ,antio*74 ,! devil c supply only a false phantasm ( h] p]son1 & z ,cyprian approa*es h] & lifts h] veil1 he f9ds a hide\s dea?'s-head b5ea?2 = ,god c "w miracles to cap ^? ( any magician1 & c beat ! devil at 8 own game4 ,?und]/ruck at ?is port5t1 ,cyprian becomes a ,*ri/ian4 ,half-nak$1 ec/atic1 tak5 = a madman1 he be>s witness l\dly & p]si/5tly to ! p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness ( ! "o true ,god2 &1 s9ce ! p]secution ( ,decius is !n go+ on1 he is hurri$ away to m>tyrdom4 ,8 lady1 s5t5c$ also = ! same cause1 enc\rages him by h] h]oic attitude & words4 ,_! e>?ly passion is dead2 b _! s\ls are unit$ 9 dea? & 9 immortality4 ,9 ?is drama we see magic *eckmat$ by miracles1 d\bt yield+ to fai?1 purity resi/+ temptation1 passion trans=m$ into zeal1 & all ! glories ( ! _w collaps+ be=e disillusion & asceticism4 ,^! glories are no?+1 ! poet tells u1 b du/1 a%es1 smoke1 & air4 ,! contra/ ) ,goe!'s ,fau/ c\ld n be m complete4 ,bo? poets take ! greate/ lib]ties ) _! *ronology1 yet ! _s ( _! dramas is rem>kably true to ! respective ages 9 :i* !y are suppos$ to occur4 ,cald]on glorifies ! movem5t f paganism to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! philosophy 9 :i* t movem5t culm9at$--,ca?olic or?odoxy--/ill dom9ates ! poet's m9d1 n 9 a p]functory way1 b s z to k9dle 8 imag9ation1 & r5d] 8 p]sonages sublime & 8 v]ses raptur\s4 ,goe!'s ,fau/1 on ! contr>y1 glorifies ! return f ,*ri/ianity to paganism4 ,x %[s ! _s ( ! ,r5aissance lib]at+ ! s\l1 & bur/+ ! bonds ( traditional fai? & traditional morals4 ,?is _s1 aft] manife/+ itself brilliantly at ! "t ( ! hi/orical ,fau/1 _h seem$ to be smo!r$ 9 ! great _w dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,m5's *>act]s & laws _h reaffirm$ _! old allegiance to ,*ri/ianity1 & ! ,r5aissance surviv$ only ab/ractly1 9 s*ol>%ip or ! f9e arts1 to :i* x cont9u$ to l5d a c]ta9 classic or pseudo-classic elegance4 ,9 ,goe!'s "t1 h[ev]1 a second ,r5aissance 0 tak+ place 9 ! s\ls ( m54 ,! love ( life1 primal & adv5tur\s1 0 ga!r+ head 9 _m an individual4 ,9 ! romantic movem5t & 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ?is love ( life fre$ itself f ! politic compromises & conv5tions t _h be5 /ifl+ x = two hundr$ ye>s4 ,goe!'s h]o embodies ?is second1 romantic emancipation ( ! m9d1 too long an unwill+ pupil ( ,*ri/ian tradition4 ,he cries = air1 = nature1 = all exp]i5ce4 ,cyprian1 on ! o!r h&1 an unwill+ pupil ( paganism1 _h ye>n$ = tru?1 = solitude1 & = heav54 ,su* 0 ! leg5d t1 to ! great good =tune ( mank9d1 fasc9at$ ! "y ,goe!1 & took root 9 8 fancy4 ,ar\nd x ga!r$ ! exp]i5ces & insights ( sixty well-fill$ ye>s3 ,fau/ became ! poetical autobiography & ! philosophic te/am5t ( ,goe!4 ,he /uff$ x ) e en?usiasm t div]sifi$ 8 own life1 f ! great alt]native ( romantic or classical art1 d[n to ! controv]sy betwe5 ,neptunism & ,vulcanism 9 geology1 & to 8 fa!rly admiration = ,"l ,byron4 ,yet 9 spite ( ! lib]ties he took ) ! leg5d1 & ! p]sonal turn he gave x1 no?+ 9 its hi/orical associations escap$ him4 ,8 life 9 ,frank=t & 9 ,/rassburg _h made ! m$iaeval sc5e famili> to 8 fancy2 ,h]d] _h communicat$ to him an imag9ative cult = all t 0 national & *>act]i/ic 9 art & mann]s2 ! spell ( ,go?ic ar*itecture _h fall5 on him2 & he _h le>n$ to feel 9 ,%akespe>e ! inf9ite /r5g? ( sugge/ion 9 details1 9 multitud9\s glimpses1 9 lifelike m$leys ( sadness & mir?1 9 a humble realism 9 ext]nals1 amid lyric & metaphysical outp\r+s ( ! passions4 ,! s5se = classic beauty :i* _h inspir$ ,m>l[e ) immortal l9es1 & 0 lat] to inspire 8 own ,hel5a1 0 z yet dormant2 b in/ead he _h caught ! humanit>ian craze1 !n preval5t1 = def5d+ & idealiz+ ! victims ( law & society1 among o!rs1 ! poor girl :o1 to escape disgrace1 did away ) h] new-born *ild4 ,su* a victim ( a selfi% s$uc] & a ,ph>isaical public 0 to add a desirable t\* ( fem99ity & pa?os to ! /ory ( ,fau/3 ,gret*5 0 to take ! place1 at lea/ = ! nonce1 ( ! covet$ ,hel54 ,?is ,gret*5 0 to be no common creature1 b "o end[$ ) all ! innoc5ce1 sweetness1 intellig5ce1 fire1 & =titude :i* ,goe! 0 f9d+1 or ?\ght he 0 f9d+1 9 8 own ,gret*5s1 ,kt*5s1 & ,fr$]ickes4 ,= ! "y ,goe!1 ?\gh v le>n$1 0 no m]e /ud5t ( books2 to 8 human compet5ce & p[] to succe$1 he jo9$ ! gu/s ( feel+1 ! irresponsible raptures1 ! sudd5 sorr[s1 ( a g5u9e poet4 ,he 0 a true lov]1 & a wayw>d "o4 ,he c\ld delve into magic ) awe1 9 a ,fau/-l _s ( adv5ture2 he c\ld burn (f]+s 9 8 attic to ! ris+ sun2 he c\ld plunge into ,*ri/ian my/icism2 & !re c\ld well up1 on occasion1 f ! deep /ore ( 8 unconsci\s m9d1 floods ( words1 ( images1 & ( te>s4 ,he 0 a g5ius1 if ev] !re 0 "o2 & ?is g5ius1 9 all its fre%ness1 0 p\r$ into ! composition ( ,fau/1--! mo/ k9dr$ ( !mes1 ! mo/ picturesque & magical ( romances4 ,9 ,goe!'s fir/ v]sion ( ! poem1 be=e ! /ory ( ,gret*51 we f9d ! /udi\s ,fau/1 z 9 ,m>l[e1 soliloquiz+ on ! vanity ( ! sci5ces4 ,!y grasp no?+ ( ! g5u9e tru?2 !y are v]bal %ams4 ,!y h n ev5 br\ght ,fau/ fame or ri*es4 ,p]haps magic might d bett]4 ,! air 0 full ( spirits2 c\ld !y be summon$ to our aid1 possibly ! secrets ( nature might be unlock$4 ,we might rea* true sci5ce1 & ?r\gh x undreamt-( p[] ov] ! mat]ial _w4 ,= ,nature1 accord+ to ,goe!1 really has secrets4 ,%e is n all op5 to ev5tual inspection2 %e is no m]e me*anism ( m9ute p>ts & /atable laws4 ,our la/ view ( h]1 l our fir/ glimpse1 mu/ be int]pret$2 f ! sum ( h] manife/ations we mu/ div9e h] s\l4 ,!re=e only a poetic & rhetorical art1 l magic1 has any *ance ( unveil+ h]1 & ( br++ u face to face ) ! tru?4 ,9 ?is invocation ( spirits1 z ,goe!'s ,fau/ makes x1 !re is no "q ( sell+1 or ev5 ( risk+1 ! s\l4 ,?is ,fau/1 unlike ,m>l[e's1 has no fai? & no fe>4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! *ur* he is damn$ already z an unbeliev]2 b1 z an unbeliev]1 he is look+ = salvation 9 ano!r qu>t]4 ,l ! bold] spirits ( ! ,r5aissance1 he is hop+ to f9d 9 univ]sal nature1 inf9ite1 placid1 non-c5sori\s1 an escape f ! prison-h\se ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e & ,*ri/ian law4 ,8 magic arts are ! sacram5t t w initiate him into 8 new religion1 ! religion ( nature4 ,he turns to nature also 9 ano!r s5se1 m *>act]i/ic ( ! age ( ,goe! ?an ( t ( ,fau/4 ,he longs = gr&iose solitudes4 ,he feels t moonlight1 caves1 m\nta9s1 driv+ cl\ds1 w\ld be 8 be/ m$ic9e & 8 be/ c\nsellors4 ,! s\ls ( ,r\sseau1 ,byron1 & ,%elley are pre-inc>nate 9 ?is ,fau/1 ! epitome ( all romantic rebellions4 ,!y coexi/ !re ) ! s\ls ( ,p>acelsus & ,giordano ,bruno4 ,! wild aspects ( nature1 he ?9ks1 w melt & r5ew 8 he>t1 :ile magic reveals ! my/]ies ( cosmic law & helps him to exploit !m4 ,full ( ^! hopes1 ,fau/ op5s 8 book ( magic at ! sign ( ! ,macrocosm3 x %[s him ! me*anism ( ! _w1 all =ces & ev5ts play+ into "o ano!r & =m+ an inf9ite *a94 ,! spectacle entrances him2 he seems to h atta9$ "o ( 8 de>e/ ambitions4 ,b "h he comes at once ^u ! o!r half1 or1 z ,hegel w\ld call x1 ! o!r mom5t1 ( ! romantic life4 ,e romantic ideal1 once realiz$1 dis5*ants4 ,no matt] :at we atta91 our dissatisfaction mu/ be p]petual4 ,?us ! vision ( ! univ]se1 :i* ,fau/ n[ has be=e him1 is1 he rememb]s1 only a vision2 x is a !ory or conception4#c ,x is n a r5d]+ ( ! inn] life ( ! _w z ,%akespe>e1 = in/ance1 feels & r5d]s x4 ,exp]i5ce1 z x comes to him :o lives & works1 is n giv5 by t !oretical vision2 9 sci5ce exp]i5ce is turn$ into s _m review$ ev5ts1 ! passage ( s mu* sub/ance ?r\gh s _m =ms4 ,b ,fau/ does n want an image or description ( reality2 he ye>ns to enact & to become ! reality itself4 ,9 ?is new se>*1 he fixes 8 eye on ! sign ( ! ,e>?-,_s1 :i* seems m propiti\s to 8 pres5t wi%4 ,?is sign is ! key to all exp]i5ce4 ,all exp]i5ce tempts ,fau/2 he %r9ks f no?+ t any mortal may h endur$2 he is ready to und]take ev]y?+ t any mortal may h done4 ,9 all m5 he w\ld live2 & ) ! la/ man he w be cont5t to die4#d ,s mighty is 8 ye>n+ = exp]i5ce t ! ,e>?-,_s is s(t5$ & appe>s at 8 bidd+4 ,9 a r$ flame he sees its mon/r\s visage1 & 8 en?usiasm is turn$ to horror4 ,outspread be=e him is ! furi\s1 indiscrim9ate cat>act ( life1 ! m]ciless flux1 ! inf9ite v>iety1 ! absolute incon/ancy ( x4 ,?is g5]al life is n = any individual to rehe>se2 x bur/s all b\nds ( p]sonality4 ,ea* man may assimilate t "p only :i* falls )9 8 und]/&+1 only t aspect :i* ?+s we> f 8 p>ticul> angle1 & to 8 p>ticul> int]e/s4 ,du glei*/1 ! ,e>?-,_s cries to him1--du glei*/ dem ,gei/ d5 du begreif/1 ni*t mir4 ,?is say+--t ! life possible & good = man is ! life ( reason1 n ! life ( nature--is a h>d "o to ! romantic1 un9tellectual1 insatiable ,fau/4 ,he ?9ks1 l _m ano!r philosoph] ( feel+1 t s9ce 8 is a "p ( ! sum ( exp]i5ce1 ! :ole ( exp]i5ce %\ld be ak9 to 84 ,b 9 fact ! opposite is f> ne>] ! tru?4 ,man is con/itut$ by 8 limitations1 by 8 /ation contra/$ ) all o!r /ations1 & 8 purposes *os5 f among/ all o!r purposes4 ,any great scope he c atta9 mu/ be due to 8 p[]s ( repres5tation4 ,8 und]/&+ may r5d] him univ]sal2 8 life nev] c4 ,fau/1 z he he>s ?is s5t5ce f ! dep>t+ ,e>?-,_s1 collapses "u x4 ,he feels impot5t to ga9say :at ! tumult ( ! _w is ?und]+ at him1 b he w n accept on au?ority s unwelcome & *a/5+ a tru?4 ,all 8 long exp]i5ce to come w sc>cely suffice to conv9ce him ( x4 ,^! are ! *ief philosophical ideas t appe> 9 ! two e>li] v]sions ( ,goe!'s ,fau/1--! ,urfau/ & ! ,fragm5t4 ,:at ,mephi/opheles says to ! "y /ud5t is only a clev] expansion ( :at ,fau/ _h said 9 8 fir/ monologue ab\t ! vanity ( sci5ce & ( ! le>n$ pr(essions4 ,mephi/opheles1 too1 f9ds !ory a%51 & ! tree ( life gre5 & full ( gold5 fruit2 only1 hav+ m exp]i5ce ?an ,fau/ ( ! second dis5*ant+ mom5t 9 ! romantic dialectic1 he =esees t ?is gold5 fruit also w turn to a%es 9 ! m\?1 z x did 9 ! g>d5 ( ,ed54 ,sci5ce is folly1 b life is no bett]2 = aft] all is n sci5ce a "p ( life8 ,:5 we turn to ! fir/ "p 9 its f9al %ape1 or to ! entire drama1 we f9d _m *anges & additions t seem to trans=m ! romantic picture ( ! op5+ sc5e1 & to (f] u a r\nd$ philosophy4 ,! *anges1 h[ev]1 are m 9 expression ?an 9 ultimate sub/ance1 & ! additions are *iefly new illu/rations ( ! anci5t !me4 ,critics :o /udy ! ,ent/ehungsges*i*te ( works ( art help u to analyze !m m intellig5tly & reproduce m accurately :at1 at v>i\s times1 may h be5 ! int5tion ( _! au?ors4 ,yet ^! bits ( in=mation w\ld be de>ly b\ght if we 7 di/ract$ by !m f :at gives poetic value & individual "* to ! result--its total idiosyncrasy1 its place 9 ! moral _w4 ,! place 9 ! moral _w ( ,goe!'s ,fau/ z a :ole is j ! place :i* ! op5+ sc5e gave x 9 ! beg9n+4 ,x fills m space1 x t\*es m hi/orical & poetic matt]s2 b its c5tre is ! old c5tre1 & its result ! old result4 ,x rema9s romantic 9 its pictures & 9 its philosophy4 ,! fir/ addition t promises to ?r[ new light on ! idea ( ! drama is ! ,prologue 9 ,heav54 ,9 imitation ( ,! ,book ( ,job1 we f9d ! morn+ />s--! ?ree ar*angels--s++ toge!r2 & !n foll[s a v agreeable & humor\s conv]sation betwe5 ! ,"l & ,mephi/opheles4 ,! sc5e is 9 ! /yle ( m$iaeval religi\s plays1 & ?is circum/ance might lead u to suppose t ! po9t at issue 0 ! salvation ( ,fau/'s s\l4 ,b t1 9 ! lit]al s5se1 is f> f be+ ! case4 ,z 9 ,job1 ! "q is :at s5tim5ts ! tempt$ mortal w ma9ta9 dur+ ?is life1 n :at fate w aft]w>ds ov]take 8 disembodi$ _s4 ,dead m51 ,mephi/opheles obs]ves1 d n int]e/ him4 ,he is n a devil f a subt]ranean hell1 conc]n$1 out ( pique or ambition1 to increase ! population ( tortur$ %ades 9 t fabul\s region4 ,he dwells 9 ! atmosph]e ( e>?2 he kn[s no?+ ( ! suns or ! worlds1 ! life ( man is 8 elem5t4#e ,he rema9s--:at he 0 9 ! fir/ v]sions ( ! play--a "p ( ! ,e>?-,_s1 "o ( its embodim5ts4 ,8 p>ticul> (fice1 z we %all see pres5tly1 is to precipitate t cont9ual de/ruction :i* is involv$ 9 ! cont9ual r5ewal ( life4 ,he f9ds x v fooli% ( ,fau/ to dem& ev]y?+ & be satisfi$ ) no?+2 & 8 wag] is t ,fau/ may be br\ght to dem& no?+ & be satisfi$ ) :at *ance ?r[s 9 8 way1 t he %all lick ! du/1 & lick x ) pleasure1#f t he %all r5\nce ! dignity ( will+ :at is n & _c be1 & crawl ab\t1 l ! s]p5t1 bask+ 9 ! com=ts ( ! mom5t4 ,aga9/ ?is1 ! ,"l pron\nces ,fau/ to be 8 s]vant1--! s]vant1 t is1 ( an ideal1--& decl>es t :oev] /rives aft] an ideal mu/ ne$s g a/ray2 yet 9 8 necess>y errors1 ! good man nev] misses ! "r road4#g ,9 o!r words1 to h an ideal to /rive =1 &1 l ,fau/1 nev] to be satisfi$1 is itself ! salvation ( man4 ,fau/ does n yet "k ?is4 ,he half believes !re is "s concrete & ultimate good beyond1 & s is bitt] & viol5t 9 8 dissatisfaction2 b 9 due season he w come to cle>ness on ?is subject1 & und]/& t only he des]ves fre$om & life :o mu/ daily w9 !m afre%4#h ,mephi/opheles himself1 ) 8 mock]ies & s$uctions1 helps to keep ! _w mov+ & m5 wide awake4#i ,imp]fection is all t is possible 9 ! _w ( action2 b ! angels may ga!r up & fix 9 ?\ght ! p]fect =ms approa*$ or sugge/$ by exi/5ce4#aj ,9 ! two e>li] v]sions ( ,fau/1 ,mephi/opheles appe>s )\t introduction2 we f9d him amus+ himself by giv+ ambigu\s advice to an innoc5t s*ol>1 & accompany+ ,fau/ 9 8 w&]+s4 ,8 mock+ tone & miracul\s p[]s m>k him at once z ! devil ( ! leg5d2 b sev]al passages prove t he is a deputy ( ! ,e>?-,_s evok$ by ,fau/ 9 ! beg9n+4 ,t he %\ld be bo? devil & _w-demon ought n to surprise ! le>n$4#aa ,! devils ( popul> m$iaeval religion 7 n cut out ( :ole clo?3 !y 7 simply ! ,neoplatonic demons ( ! air1 toge!r ) ! gods ( ,olympus & ! m anci5t *?onic deities1 black5$ by sect>ian zeal1 & degrad$ by a co>se & timid imag9ation4 ,_m ( ^! pagan sprites1 inde$1 _h be5 orig9ally impi% & mis*iev\s1 s9ce n all ! aspects ( nature are lovely or propiti\s1 nor all ! dreams ( m54 ,b z a :ole !y 7 )\t malice 9 _! irresponsible1 elem5tal life1--w+$ p[]s d>t+ ?r\gh space betwe5 ! e>? & ! moon4 ,!y 7 n dwell]s 9 a subt]ranean hell2 !y 7 n torm5tors nor torm5t$4 ,(t5 !y sw>m$ & sang bli!ly1 z !y d 9 ,fau/ & ev5 9 ! ,wond]-work+ ,magician2 & if at o!r times !y croak$ or hoot$1 x 0 l frogs & owls1 less lovely creatures ?an humm+-birds1 b n less natural4 ,"o ( ^! less amiable spirits ( ! atmosph]e1 especially ( its ambi5t fire1 is ! ,mephi/opheles ( ,goe!4 ,:y he delight$ 9 evil r ?an 9 good he himself expla9s 9 a pr(\nd & +5i\s fa%ion4 ,d>kness or no?+ness1 he says1 exi/$ alone be=e ! bir? ( light4 ,no?+ness or d>kness /ill rema9s ! fundam5tal &1 to 8 m9d1 ! bett] "p ( t mixture ( be+ & privation :i* we call exi/5ce4 ,no?+ t exi/s c be pres]v$1 nor does x des]ve to be2 !re=e x w\ld h be5 bett] if no?+ _h ev] exi/$4#ab ,to d5y ! value ( :atev] is1 & to wi% to de/roy x1 accord+ to him1 is ! only rational ambition2 he is ! _s t d5ies cont9ually1 he is ! ev]la/+ ,no4 ,?is _s--:i* we might comp>e ) ! ,m>s ( ,lucretius--has great p[] 9 ! _w2 e *ange1 9 "o ( its aspects1 expresses x1 s9ce 9 "o ( its aspects1 e *ange is ! de/ruction ( some?+4 ,?is _s is always will+ evil1 = x wills dea?1 ) all ! folly1 crime1 & despair t m9i/] to dea?4 ,b 9 will+ evil1 x is always accompli%+ good2 = ^! evils make = no?+ness1 & no?+ness is ! true good4 ,! fam\s c\plet-- ,e9 ,teil von j5] ,kraft ,die /ets das ,bse w1 und /ets das ,gute s*afft-- is f> f express+ ! ,hegelian commonplace ) :i* x is usually id5tifi$4 ,x does n mean t de/ruction s]ves a good purpose aft] all because x cle>s ! way = 8some?+ high]40 ,mephi/opheles is n "o ( ^? philosoph]s :o ?9k *ange & evolution a good 9 !mselves4 ,he does n admit t 8 activity1 :ile aim+ at evil1 contributes un9t5tionally to ! good4 ,x contributes to ! good int5tionally1 because ! evil x does is1 9 8 op9ion1 less ?an ! evil x cures4 ,he is ! cruel surgeon to ! disease ( life4 ,if he admitt$ ! o!r int]pretation1 he w\ld be ipso facto conv]t$ to ! view ( ! ,"l 9 ! ,prologue4 ,8 naught9ess w\ld become1 9 8 own eyes1 a ne$ful s]vice 9 ! cause ( life1--a condition ( life be+ really vital & wor? liv+4 ,he might !n cont9ue 8 sly op]ations & bit+ witticisms1 )\t "o drop m ( k9dness1 & yet be sanction$ 9 ev]y?+ by ! ,absolute1 & adopt ! smile & halo ( ! optimi/4 ,he w\ld h p]ceiv$ t he 0 ! spice ( life1 ! yea/ & r$ pepp] ( ! _w1 necess>y to ! p]fect sav\r ( ! provid5tial concoction4 ,z x is1 ,mephi/opheles is f> m mode/4 ,he says t he wills evil1 because :at he wills is contr>y to :at 8 victims w2 he is ! great contradictor1 ! bla/] ( "y hopes4 ,yet he does good1 because ^! "y hopes1 if let alone1 w\ld lead to mis]y & absurdity4 ,8 contradiction nips ! folly ( liv+ 9 ! bud4 ,to be sure1 z he goes on to ackn[l$ge1 ! de/ructive p[] nev] w9s a decisive victory4 ,:ile ev]y?+ falls successively b5ea? 8 sickle1 ! se$s ( life are be+ scatt]$ p]petually beh9d 8 back4 ,! ,lucretian ,v5us has h] inn+s1 z well z ! ,lucretian ,m>s4 ,! et]nal see-saw1 ! anci5t flux1 cont9ues )\t end & )\t abatem5t4 ,?us ,mephi/opheles has a philosophy1 & is ju/ifi$ & consi/5t 9 8 own eyes2 yet 9 ! c\rse ( ! drama he we>s v>i\s masks & has v>i\s moods4 ,all he says & does _c be made altoge!r compatible ) ! ess5ce ( 8 m9d1 z ,goe! f9ally conceiv$ x4 ,! dramatic figure ( ,mephi/opheles _h be5 fix$ long be=e 9 its graphic *>act]i/ics4 ,mephi/opheles1 = in/ance1 is extremely old2 he feels old] ?an ! univ]se4 ,!re is no?+ new = him2 he has no illusions4 ,8 feel+ = anyone he sees is *ok$1 z happ5s to old p1 by 8 feel+s = ! inf9ite numb] ( p]sons he rememb]s4 ,he is he>tless1 because he is imp]sonal & univ]sal4 ,he is altoge!r inhuman2 he has n ! %ames nor ! ta/es ( man4 ,he (t5 assumes ! =m ( a dog1--x is 8 fav\rite mask 9 ?is e>?ly c>nival4 ,he is n av]se to ! wit*es' kit*51 ) its s5seless d9 & obsc5ity4 ,he puts up good-natur$ly ) ! grotesque etiquette ( ! _s-_w1 obs]ves all ! rules ab\t sign+ contracts 9 blood1 knock+ ?rice1 & respect+ p5tagrams4 ,:y %\ld he n8 ,dogs & demons ( ! air are =ms ( ! ,e>?-,_s z mu* z man2 man has no special dignity t ,mephi/opheles %\ld respect4 ,man's morality is "o ( ! moralities1 8 conv5tions are n less absurd ?an ! conv5tions ( o!r monkeys4 ,mephi/opheles has no prejudice aga9/ ! snake2 he und]/&s & he despises 8 c\s91 ! snake1 also4 ,he und]/&s & he despises himself2 he has _h "t to "k himself ?or\ghly4 ,8 und]/&+1 h[ev]1 is n imp>tial1 because he is ! advocate ( dea?2 he _c sympa?ize ) ! o!r half ( ! ,e>?-,_s1 :i* he does n repres5t1--! creative1 propulsive1 enam\r$ side1 ! side t wor%ips ! ideal1 ! love t makes ! _w g r\nd4 ,:at en*ants an +5u\s s\l c only amuse ,mephi/opheles2 :at torm5ts x gives him a s>donic satisfaction4 ,?us he comes to be 9 fact a s\r & mock+ devil4 ,at o!r times1 :5 he opposes ! sill9ess & romanticism ( ,fau/1 he seems to be ! spokesman ( all exp]i5ce & reason2 z :5 he w>ns ,fau/ t to be at all y mu/ be some?+ 9 p>ticul>4 ,yet ev5 ?is he says by way ( *eck+ & d5y+ ,fau/'s passion = ! inf9ite4 ,! sob]e/ tru?1 :5 unwelcome1 may seem to ! s5tim5tal z diabolical z ! mo/ cynical lie2 s t 9 spite ( ! v unequal ju/ness ( 8 v>i\s s5tim5ts1 ,mephi/opheles reta9s 8 dramatic unity4 ,we recognize 8 tone &1 "u :atev] mask1 we ?9k him a villa9 & f9d him delightful4 ,su* is ! _s1 & su* are ! conditions1 9 :i* ,fau/ und]takes 8 adv5tures4 ,he ?ir/s = all exp]i5ce1 includ+ all exp]i5ce ( evil2 he fe>s no hell2 & he hopes = no happ9ess4 ,he tru/s 9 magic2 t is1 he believes1 or is will+ to make believe1 t ap>t f any settl$ conditions laid d[n by nature or ,god1 p]sonal w c evoke ! exp]i5ce x covets by its %e] =ce & assurance4 ,8 bond ) ,mephi/opheles is an expression ( ?is romantic fai?4 ,x is no b>ga9 to buy pleasures on e>? at ! co/ ( torm5ts h]eaft]2 = nei!r ,goe!1 nor ,fau/1 nor ,mephi/opheles believes t su* pleasures are wor? hav+1 or su* torm5ts possible4 ,! fir/ ta/e ,fau/ gets ( ! _w is 9 ,au]ba*'s cell>1 & he f9ds x at once unpalatable4 ,8 mature & disda9ful m9d _c be amus$ by ! sodd5 m]rim5t he sees !re4 ,he is )\t t simplicity & he>t9ess :i* might f9d ev5 drunk5 gaiety attractive2 to put up ) su* follies1 "o mu/ "k no?+1 l ,br&]1 or ev]y?+1 l ,mephi/opheles4 ,fau/ /ill feels ! 8pa?os ( di/ance20 he is acutely consci\s ( some?+ incomp>ably noble j out ( rea*4 ,9 ! wit*es' kit*51 :i* he next visits1 pleasure is /ill m ugly & %all[2 "h ! d9 is ev5 m nons5sical1 & ! fancy m obsc5e4 ,yet ,fau/ comes =? ) two po9ts ga9$ 9 8 romantic rehabilitation2 he has tak5 ! elixir ( y\? & he has se5 ! image ( ,hel5 9 a mirror4 ,he is h5ce=? 9 love ) ideal beauty1 & be+ "y aga91 he is able to f9d ideal beauty 9 ! fir/ woman he sees4 ,! great episode ( ,gret*5 foll[s2 & :5 he leaves h] 7aft] ! duel ) h] bro!r7 to view ! wild revels ( ! ,walpurgisna*t1 8 y\? = a mom5t cat*es ! contagion ( t orgy4 ,8 love ( ideal beauty1 :i* rema9s unsatisfi$1 saves him1 h[ev]1 f any la/+ illusion4 ,he sees a little r$ m\se runn+ out ( ! m\? ( a nymph he is pursu+1 & 8 mom5t>y incl9ation turns to av]sion4 ,:5 he goes back to ,gret*5 9 h] prison1 x is too late = him to d m ?an recognize ! ru9 he has br\ght ab\t1--,gret*5 di%on\r$1 h] "m poison$1 h] bro!r kill$1 h] *ild dr[n$ by h] 9 a pond1 & %e h]self ab\t to be execut$4 ,gret*51 :o is ! only true ,*ri/ian 9 ?is poem1 refuses to be rescu$1 because %e wi%es to (f] h] volunt>y dea? 9 propitiation = h] grave1 ?\gh almo/ involunt>y1 (f5ces4 ,?is is ! end ( ,fau/'s c>e] ?r\gh ! _w ( private int]e/s1--! little _w1--& we may well ask :at has be5 ! fruit ( 8 exp]im5ts s f>4 ,:at /r5g? or exp]i5ce has he amass$ = 8 fur!r adv5tures8 ,! answ] is to be f\nd 9 ! fir/ sc5e ( ! second "p1 :]e ,goe! rea*es 8 highe/ pot5cy z a poet & z a philosoph]4 ,we are transport$ to a remote1 magnific5t1 virg9 c\ntry4 ,x is ev5+1 & ,fau/ is ly+1 we>y b re/less1 on a fl[]+ hillside4 ,k9dly spirits ( nature are hov]+ above 8 head4 ,ariel1 _! lead]1 bids !m br+ solace to ! tr\bl$ h]o4 ,x is en\gh he 0 un=tunate--!y make no "q :e!r he 0 a sa9t or a s9n]4#ac ,! spirits 9 *orus !n s+ f\r lovely /anzas1 "o = ea* wat* ( ! night4 ,! fir/ invokes peace1 =getfulness1 surr5d] to ! heal+ influ5ce ( sleep4 ,pity & remorse1 !y seem to say1 9 ! words ( ,sp9oza1 are evil & va92 failure is incid5tal2 error is innoc5t4 ,nature has no memory2 =give y\rself1 & y are =giv54 ,! song ( ! second wat* m]ges ! unhappy s\l aga9 9 ! inf9ite incorruptible sub/ance ( nature4 ,! />s1 great or little1 tw9kl+ or pure1 fill ! sky ) _! ord]$ peace1 & ! sea ) _! trembl+ reflection4 ,9 ?is univ]sal circulation !re is no private w1 no p]man5t division4 ,9 ! next wat* we f9d ! pla/ic /ress ( nature beg9n+ to reass]t itself2 se$s swell1 sap m\nts up ! ?aw+ bran*es1 buds gr[ full2 ev]y?+ recov]s a fre% individuality & a t5d]1 untri$ w4 ,f9ally1 ! song ( ! f\r? wat* bids ! fl[]s op5 _! petals & ,fau/ 8 eyes4 ,=ces r5ew$ 9 repose %\ld tempt a new c>e]4 ,nature is op5 to ! brave1 to ! intellig5t2 all may be noble1 :o d>e to be s4#ad ,soo!d by ^! m9i/rations1 ,fau/ awakes full ( new /r5g? & ambition4 ,he wat*es ) rapture ! sunlight t\* ! m\nta9-tops & creep d[n gradually into ! valleys4 ,:5 x rea*es him1 he turns to look directly at ! sun2 b he is dazzl$4 ,he seems to rememb] ! ,e>?-,_s t _h once allur$ & !n reject$ him4 ,we wi%1 he says1 to k9dle our tor* ( life1 & we produce a conflagration1 a mon/r\s m$ley ( joy & sorr[1 love & hate4 ,let u turn our backs ^u ! sun1 ^u inf9ite =ce & inf9ite exi/5ce4 ,fitt] = our eyes ! wat]fall ov] aga9/ x1 ! torr5t ( human affairs1 brok5 into a myriad rills4 ,^u ! mi/s t rise f x ! sunlight pa9ts a ra9b[1 always vani%+1 b always re/or$4 ,?is is ! true image ( rational human a*ievem5t4 ,we h our life 9 ! iridesc5ce ( ! _w4#ae ,or1 z ,%elley has said x = u1-- ,life1 l a dome ( _m-col\r$ glass1 ,/a9s ! :ite radiance ( et]nity1 ,until dea? tramples x to fragm5ts4 ,?is dea?1 h[ev]1 is itself un/able4 ,! ,lucretian ,v5us1 by re%ap+ our s5ses & in/9cts1 builds t col\r$ dome once m4 ,! ra9b[ is r5ew$1 z ! mi/s rise aga9 or ! w9d dies d[n1 & creation is glori\s z on ! fir/ day4 ,?is is ,goe!'s !ory ( rejuv5ation & immortality4 ,x is ?or\ghly naturali/ic4 ,!re is a life aft] dea?1 b only = su* s\ls z h en\gh scope to id5tify !mselves ) ^? =ms :i* nature1 9 h] unc]ta9 oscillations1 always t5ds to reproduce4 ,a deep m9d has deep roots 9 nature1--x w bloom _m times ov]4 ,b :at a deep m9d c>ries ov] into its next inc>nation--p]haps 9 "s remote sph]e--is n its conv5tional m]its & dem]its1 its load ( remorse1 or its sordid memories4 ,^! are wa%$ away 9 its new baptism4 ,:at rema9s is only :at 0 deep 9 t deep m9d1 s deep t new situations may aga9 imply & admit x4 ,:51 aft] ! sc5e ) ! ,e>?-,_s1 ,fau/ ?\ght ( suicide1 he reg>d$ x z a means to escape f oppressive conditions & to beg9 a fre% life "u conditions :olly diff]5t & unkn[n4 ,x 0 z if a man 9 middle life1 disgu/$ ) 8 pr(ession1 %\ld ab&on x to take up ano!r4 ,su* a resolution is s]i\s4 ,x expresses a great dissatisfaction ) ?+s z !y /&1 b x also expresses a great hope4 ,dea?1 = ,fau/1 is an adv5ture1 l any o!r2 & if1 contr>y to 8 presumption1 ?is adv5ture %\ld prove ! la/1 t1 too1 is a risk he is will+ to run4 ,accord+ly1 z he lift$ ! poison to 8 lips1 he drank to ! dawn1 to a new spr+time ( exi/5ce4 ,x 0 by no means ! sadde/ nor ! weake/ mom5t ( 8 life4#af ,al?\gh ! s\nd ( an ,ea/] hymn *eck$ him1 br++ s5tim5tal memories ( a religion 9 :i* he no long] believ$1 ! trans=mation sc5e he look$ = 0 only po/pon$4 ,!re is n mu* diff]5ce betwe5 dy+ z he _h ?\ght to die & liv+ z he 0 ab\t to live4 ,v5om\s ess5ces1 artificially brew$1 7 h>dly necess>y to br+ him to a new life2 ! adv5tures he 0 ent]+ ^u 7 suicidal en\gh1 = he 0 to /rive )\t hope ( atta9m5t1 & to proce$ by passionate wilfulness or magic1 )\t accept+ ! discipl9e ( art or reason4 ,n[1 at ! close ( ! fir/ "p1 he has dra9$ ?is poison$ life to ! dregs1 & ! fev] into :i* he falls c>ries him ( itself into a new exi/5ce4 ,he is n gr[n bett] or m reasonable2 he is simply />t+ afre%1 l a new day or a new p]son4 ,x conta9s1 h[ev]1 ! fundam5tal "p ( 8 "*2 8 w rema9s wayw>d1 b indomitable1 & 8 a*ievem5ts rema9 fruitless4 ,only he w h5ce=? be romantic on a broad] /age1 t ( hi/ory & civilization2 & 8 magic w summon be=e him illusions some:at m intellectual1 c\nt]feits ( beauty & ( p[]4 ,8 old loves h bl[n ov]1 l ! /orms ( a bygone ye>2 & ) only a dreamlike memory ( 8 pa/ errors1 he goes =? to meet a new day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,among ! allurem5ts :i*1 9 ! old leg5d1 prompt$ ,fau/ to sell 8 s\l to ! devil1 "o 0 ! beauty ( woman4 ,! poor recluse1 gr[n gray among 8 p>*m5ts1 _h nev] notic$ real wom51 or _h n f\nd !m beautiful4 ,p$antic *ild t he 01 :5 he ?\ght ( ! beauty ( woman1 he ?\ght only ( ,hel5 ( ,troy4 ,& ,hel51 to ! ,fau/ ( ! leg5d1 0 simply :at ,v5us might be to ,tannhus]1--a woman m ravi%+ ?an o!r ravi%+ wom54 ,%e 0 ! supreme in/ance ( a vulg> ?+4 ,! "y ,goe!1 h[ev]1 :o 0 a poet & a true ,g]man1 & lov$ ) 8 s\l1 0 n attract$ by ?is ideal4 ,he gave 8 ,fau/ a t5d]] love1--a love ( ! he>t z well z ( ! s5ses4 ,lat]1 also1 :5 ,goe! took up ! old leg5d aga9 9 a m antiqu>ian _s1 & re/or$ ,hel5 to h] place 9 x1 he trans=m$ h] f a symbol ( fem99e beauty alone into a symbol = all beauty1 & especially = ! highe/ beauty1 t ( ,hellas4 ,! second love ( ,fau/ is ! passion = classicism4 ,?is passion 9 a romantic age is n s p>adoxical z x may s\nd4 ,w9ckelmann & ! philologians 7 re/or+ some?+ anci5t4 ,x 0 ! romantic passion = all exp]i5ce--= ! fad$ exp]i5ce ( ! anci5ts also--t made1 = !m1 ! poetry & ! *>m ( antiquity4 ,h[ dignifi$ ev]y?+ 0 9 ^? h]oic days6 ,h[ noble1 s]5e1 & ab/ract$6 ,h[ pure ! bl9d eyes ( /atues1 h[ *a/e ! :ite folds ( ! m>ble drap]y6 ,greece 0 a remote1 fasc9at+ vision1 ! mo/ romantic ?+ 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,! sad1 delici\s emotion "o felt be=e a ru9$ temple 0 z s5tim5tal z any?+ "o c\ld feel be=e a ru9$ ca/le1 b m elegant & m *oice4 ,x 0 s5tim5tality 9 m>ble4 ,! h]oes ( ! ,iliad 7 idealiz$ 9 ! same way z ! savages ( ,r\sseau 7 idealiz$1 or z ! robb]s ( ,s*ill]4 ,! romantic classicism ( ! ,napoleonic era lies betwe5 ! polite classicism ( ! ,fr5* sev5te5? c5tury & ! ar*aeological classicism ( our pres5t ,grecians4 ,fr5* classicism _h be5 q indiff]5t to ! picturesque aspects ( anci5t life2 x c\ld tol]ate on ! /age an ,a*illes 9 a p]iwig & laces4 ,:at ! ,fr5* trag$ians _h adopt$ f ! anci5ts 0 some?+ inw>d1 a /&>d ( "* & motive1 or a crit]ion ( ta/e4 ,!y /udi$ h>mony & re/ra9t1 n because ^! _h be5 ,greek qualities1 b because !y 7 qualities ess5tially reasonable & beautiful1 naturally belong+1 ev5 9 mod]n times1 to a cultivat$ society & a cultivat$ poet4 ,aga91 ! admiration = ,greece :i* is common 9 our "t among p ( judgem5t diff]s f t ( ,goe! & 8 age2 = if we admire ! arti/ic expression ( anci5t life 9 poetry or sculpture1 we "k t ^! manife/ations 7 made possible by a long political & moral discipl9e1 & t1 9 spite ( t discipl9e1 anci5t art rema9$ v mix$1 & (t5 grotesque & impure4 ,= ,goe!1 h[ev]1 z = ,byron1 ,greece 0 less a pa/ civilization1 to be /udi$ sci5tifically1 ?an a liv+ idea1 a summons to new =ms ( art & ( s5tim5t4 ,goe! 0 nev] s romantic z :5 he 0 classical4 ,8 di/i*s are l !atrical ge/ures2 he feels ! sweep ( 8 toga z he r\nds !m (f4 ,8 ,iphig5ia is a s5tim5tal dream--v]flu*t human1 z he himself came to feel2 & 8 ,hel5a is an evocation ( magic1 magical n m]ely by accid5t & 9 ! /ory1 b ess5tially s1 9 h] gho/ly semi-consci\sness & glassy beauty4 ,! app>5t incongruities ( ! sc5es 9 :i* %e appe>s1 surr\nd$ by ,g]man knights 9 ! c\rt ( a feudal ca/le1 are n real incongruities4 ,= ?is ,hel5 is n a ?+ ( ! pa/2 %e is ! pres5t dream & affectation ( ?+s classical 9 a romantic era4 ,fau/ & 8 vassals (f] ,hel5 ! mo/ *ivalr\s & exagg]at$ homage2 !y introduce h]1 z a play que51 into _! society4 ,fau/ retires ) h] to ,arcadia1--! l& ( int5tional & mid-summ] idl5ess4 ,"h a son1 ,euphorion1 is born to !m1 a "y g5ius1 classic 9 aspect1 b wildly romantic & ungov]nable 9 temp]4 ,he scales ! highe/ peaks1 pursues by pref]5ce ! nymphs t flee f him1 loves viol5ce & unreason1 & f9ally1 ?9k+ to fly1 falls headlong1 l ,ic>us1 & p]i%es4 ,8 la/ words call 8 "m aft] him1 & %e foll[s1 leav+ h] veil & mantle beh9d1 z ,euphorion _h left 8 lyre4 ,on ! mantle ( ,hel51 :i* swells into a cl\d1 ,fau/ is borne back aga9 to 8 native ,g]many2 its virtue1 z he le>ns1 is to lift him above all commonness4 ,?is long allegory is *>m+ en\gh1 z a s]ies ( pictures & melodies1 to leave ! read] cont5t n to int]pret x2 yet ! int5tion ( ! poet is cle>1 if we c>e to dis5tangle x4 ,by go+ d[n into ! b[els ( nature1 :]e ! e>? goddesses dwell1 :o are ! fir/ mo!rs ( all life & ( all civilizations alike1 we may ga!r intellig5ce to compreh5d ev5 ! mo/ ali5 exi/5ce4 ,greece1 aft] su* a rev]sion to ! elem5tal1 w appe> to u 9 h] unmat*$ simplicity & beauty4 ,! vision w be grant$ u1 al?\gh ! object we see belongs to a di/ant pa/2 & if our en?usiasm1 l t ( ,fau/1 is passionate & indomitable1 we may actually p]suade ! ,que5 ( ! ,dead to yield up ,hel5 t we may w$ h]4 ,our s*ol>%ip & philosophy1 our fai?ful imitation ( ,greek art & lit]ature1 may actually r5d] ! ,greek sc5e famili> to u4 ,yet ! sett+ ( ?is recov]$ g5ius w /ill be mod]n2 x w become half mod]n itself2 we %all h to tea* ,hel5 to rhyme4 ,! product ( ?is hybrid inspiration w be a romantic s\l 9 ! g>b ( classicism1 a lovely wild ?+1 fat$ to die "y4 ,:5 ?is en?usiasm has da%$ itself aga9/ ! h>d conditions ( life1 ! beauty ( ,greece1 t 0 its "m1 w also pale be=e our eyes4 ,we %all be1 p]=ce1 cont5t to let x return to ! realm ( irrevocable pa/ ?+s4 ,only its g>m5t1 ! monum5ts ( its art & ?\ght1 w rema9 to raise u1 if we h lov$ !m1 above all vulg>ity 9 ta/e & 9 moral allegiance4 ,x is an evid5ce ( ,goe!'s great wisdom t he felt t romantic classicism mu/ be subord9at$ or ab&on$2 t ,hel5 mu/ evaporate1 :ile ,fau/ return$ to ,g]many & to ! feel+ t aft] all ,gret*5 0 8 true love4#ag ,at ! same "t ! issue ( ?is wond]ful episode is a little disappo9t+4 ,at ! beg9n+1 ! vision ( ,hel5 9 a mirror _h inspir$ ,fau/ ) r5ew$ en?usiasm4 ,! sight ( h] aga91 9 ! magic play1 _h altoge!r enraptur$ & ov]:elm$ him2 & ?is inspiration _h come j :51 aft] ! dea? ( ,gret*51 he _h resolv$ to pursue n all exp]i5ce1 z at fir/1 b r ! be/1 exp]i5ce1#ah--;a h9t t ! trans=mations ( ,fau/'s w 7 expect$ someh[ to con/itute a real progress4 ,!re 01 inde$1 among mortals su* an inf9ite ne$ ( ?is incomp>able & symbolic ,hel51 t x c\ld move ! v gu>dians ( ! dead to m]cy & to te>s4 ,:5 we rememb] all ?is1 we h "s reason to expect t a great & p]man5t improvem5t 9 ! life & he>t ( our h]o %\ld foll[ on 8 obta9+ s r>e a boon4 ,b to live )9 ,arcadia ,hel5 0 n ne$$2 any ,phyllis w\ld h s]v$4 ,hel51 to be sure1 leaves "s relics beh9d1 by :i* we may und]/& t ! influ5ce ( ,greek hi/ory1 lit]ature1 & sculpture may /ill avail to cultivate ! m9d & give x an air ( di/9ction4 ,p]haps 9 ! commonweal? he is ab\t to f\nd1 ,fau/ w\ld wi% to e/abli% n only dykes & fre$om1 b also pr(essor%ips ( ,greek & ar*aeological museums4 ,& ! lyre ( ,euphorion1 :i* is also left u1 may signify t poems l ,byron's ,isles ( ,greece1 ,keats's ,grecian ,urn1 ,die ,gtt] ,grie*5l&s ( ,s*ill]1 & ,goe!'s own classical pieces w cont9ue to enri* ,european lit]ature4 ,?is is some?+1 b n en\gh to lift ,fau/'s imm5se en?usiasm = ,hel5 above a crass illusion4 ,t dream ( a p]fect beauty to be a*iev$1 ( a p]fect life to be liv$ accord+ to nature & reason1 w\ld h end$ 9 a little s*ol>%ip & a little p$antry4 ,fau/ w\ld h won ,hel5 9 ord] to h& h] ov] to ,wagn]4 ,hel5 0 que5 ( ,sp>ta2 & al?\gh ( c\rse ! ,doric ,sp>ta ( ,lycurgus 0 some?+ mu* lat]1 & _h no?+ to d ) ! ,sp>ta ( ,hom]1 yet tak5 symbolically x is ! happie/ accid5t t ,hel51 ! type ( ,greek p]fection 9 beauty1 %\ld h be5 que5 ( ,sp>ta1 ! type ( ,greek p]fection 9 discipl9e4 ,a ,fau/ t _h truly des]v$ & und]/ood ,hel5 w\ld h built h] an ,hell5ic city2 he w\ld h become himself an 1 a ma/] ( m51 "o ( ^? poets 9 ?+s1 ^? %ap]s ( well-br$ g5]ations & wise laws1 ( :i* ,plato speaks1 contra/+ !m ) ,hom] & o!r poets 9 words only4 ,= ! beauty ( m9d & body t fasc9ates ! romantic classici/1 & :i* inspir$ ! anci5t poets !mselves1 0 n a product ( idl5ess & s5tim5tality1 nor ( mat]ial & =c$ activity2 x 0 a product ( ord]ly w>1 religion1 gymna/ics1 & delib]ate self-gov]nm5t4 ,! next turn 9 ,fau/'s =tunes actually f9ds him a trad]1 a /atesman1 an empire-build]2 & if su* a roll+ /one c\ld ga!r any moss1 we %\ld expect to see "h1 if any:]e1 ! fruits ( t 8ae/hetic education ( mank9d0 :i* ,hel5 repres5t$4 ,we %\ld expect ,fau/1 :o _h la9 9 ! lap ( absolute beauty1 to und]/& its nature4 ,we %\ld expect him1 9 eag] se>* aft] p]fection1 to e/abli% 8 /ate on ! di/9ction betwe5 ! bett] & ! worse1--a di/9ction nev] to be aboli%$ or obscur$ = "o :o has lov$ beauty4 ,9 o!r words1 he might h e/abli%$ a moral society f\nd+ x on great r5unciations & on enlight5$ h]oisms1 s t ! highe/ beauty might really come d[n & dwell )9 t city4 ,b we f9d no?+ ( ! sort4 ,fau/ f\nds 8 k+dom because he mu/ d some?+2 & 8 only ideal ( :at he hopes to secure = 8 subjects is t !y %all always h some?+ to d4 ,?us ! w to live1 9 ,fau/1 is n 9 ! lea/ educat$ by 8 exp]i5ce4 ,x *anges its objects because x mu/2 ! passions ( y\? yield to ^? ( age2 & among all ! illusions ( 8 life ! mo/ fatu\s is ! illusion ( progress4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! absolute romantic _s t :5 x has f9i%$ ) some?+ x mu/ inv5t a new int]e/4 ,x beats ! bu% = fre% game2 x is always on ! v]ge ( be+ utt]ly bor$4 ,s n[ t ,hel5 is fl[n1 ,mephi/opheles mu/ come to ! rescue1 l an amiable nurse1 & propose all sorts ( pa/imes4 ,frank=t1 ,leipzig1 ,p>is1 ,v]sailles1 are describ$1 ) ! ent]ta9m5ts t life !re might af=d2 b ,fau/1 :o 0 always difficile1 has be5 r5d]$ m s by 8 rec5t spl5did adv5tures4 ,h[ev]1 a new impulse sudd5ly arises 9 8 brea/4 ,f ! m\nta9-top to :i* ,hel5's mantle has borne him1 he c see ! ,g]man ,ocean1 ) its tides daily cov]+ great /ret*es ( ! flat %ore1 & r5d]+ !m bracki% & un9habitable4 ,x w\ld be a f9e ?+ to reclaim ^? wa/es1 to plant !re a prosp]\s population4 ,aft] ,greece1 ,fau/ has a vision ( ,holl&4 ,?is la/ ambition ( ,fau/'s is z romantic z ! o!rs4 ,he feels ! prompt+ t[>ds political art1 z he _h felt ! prompt+ t[>ds love or beauty4#ai ,! notion ( trans=m+ ?+s by 8 w1 ( leav+ = ages 8 m>k ^u nature & ^u human society1 fasc9ates him2#bj b ?is passion = activity & p[]1 :i* "s simple-m9d$ comm5tators dignify ) ! "n ( altruism & ( liv+ = o!rs1 has no /eady purpose or /&>d ab\t x4#ba ,goe! is especially lavi% 9 details to prove ?is po9t4 ,magic1 ! ex]cise ( an untea*able w1 is /ill ,fau/'s in/rum5t4 ,mephi/opheles1 by v>i\s arts ( illusion1 secures ! triumph ( ! emp]or 9 a desp]ate w> :i* he is c>ry+ on aga9/ a ju/ifiable insurrection4 ,z a rew>d = ! aid r5d]$1 ,fau/ receives ! %ore m>*es 9 fief4 ,! necess>y dykes & canals are built by magic2 ! spirits t ,mephi/opheles comm&s dig & build !m ) /range incantations4 ,! comm]ce t spr+s up is also illegitimate3 piracy is involv$ 9 x4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,on "s s&-dunes t div]sifi$ ! orig9al bea*1 an old man & 8 wife1 ,philemon & ,baucis1 liv$ be=e ! adv5t ( ,fau/ & 8 improvem5ts4 ,on ! hillock1 besides _! cottage1 !re /ood a small *apel1 ) a bell :i* di/urb$ ,fau/ 9 8 newly built palace1 p>tly by its importunate s\nd1 p>tly by its ,*ri/ian sugge/ions1 & p>tly by rem9d+ him t he 0 n ma/] ( ! c\ntry altoge!r1 & t some?+ exi/$ 9 x n ! product ( 8 magical w4 ,! old p w\ld n sell out2 & 9 a fit ( impati5ce ,fau/ ord]s t !y %\ld be evict$ by =ce1 & transf]r$ to a bett] dwell+ else:]e4 ,mephi/opheles & 8 m9ions execute ^! ord]s some:at r\ghly3 ! cottage & *apel are set on fire1 & ,philemon & ,baucis are consum$ 9 ! flames1 or buri$ 9 ! ru9s4 ,fau/ regrets ?is accid5t2 b x is "o ( ^? inevitable developm5ts ( action :i* a brave man mu/ face1 & =get z soon z possible4 ,he _h regrett$ 9 ! same way ! unhapp9ess ( ,gret*51 &1 presumably1 ! dea? ( ,euphorion2 b su* is romantic life4 ,8 w1 ?\gh %ak51 is n ext+ui%$ by su* misadv5tures4 ,he w\ld cont9ue1 if life c\ld la/1 do+ ?+s t1 9 "s respect1 he w\ld be oblig$ to regret3 b he w\ld bani% t regret easily1 9 ! pursuit ( "s new int]e/1 &1 on ! :ole1 he w\ld n regret hav+ be5 oblig$ to regret !m4 ,o!rwise1 he w\ld n h %>$ ! :ole exp]i5ce ( mank9d1 b miss$ ! important exp]i5ce ( self-accusation & ( self-recov]y4 ,x is impossible to suppose t ! citiz5s he is e/abli%+ beh9d leaky dykes1 s t !y may always h some?+ to keep !m busy1 w\ld h giv5 him unmix$ satisfaction if he c\ld really h =ese5 _! c>e] 9 its concrete details4 ,holl& is an int]e/+ c\ntry1 b h>dly a spectacle :i* w\ld long entrance an ideali/ l ,fau/1 s exact+ t he has f\nd ! arts & sci5ces :olly va91 dome/icity impossible1 & kit*5s & be]-cell>s b5ea? consid]ation4 ,! c>e] ( ,fau/ himself _h be5 f> m free & active ?an t ( 8 indu/ri\s burgh]s c\ld ev] hope to be4 ,8 int]e/ 9 e/abli%+ !m is a ma/]ful1 irresponsible int]e/4 ,x is "o m arbitr>y passion1 "o m selfi% illusion4 ,z he _h no consci5ce 9 8 love1 & s\ght & secur$ nobody's happ9ess1 s he has no consci5ce 9 8 ambition & 9 8 political ar*itecture2 b if only 8 w is done1 he does n ask :e!r1 judg$ by its fruits1 x w be wor? do+4 ,z 8 imm5se dejection at ! beg9n+1 :5 he 0 a doctor 9 8 laboratory1 0 n f\nd$ on any real mis=tune1 b on re/lessness & a vague inf9ite ambition1 s 8 ultimate satisfaction 9 8 "w is n f\nd$ on any good done1 b on a passionate wilfulness4 ,he calls ! ?+ he wants = o!rs good1 because he n[ wants to be/[ x on !m1 n because !y naturally want x = !mselves4 ,incapable ( sympa?y1 he has a mom5t>y pleasure 9 policy2 & 9 ! la/ & 8highe/0 expression ( 8 w1 9 8 /atesman%ip & suppos$ public _s1 he rema9s romantic &1 if ne$ be1 aggressive & crim9al4 ,meantime1 8 end is approa*+4 ,! smoke f t poor little conflagration turns into %ad[y-%apes ( want1 guilt1 c>e1 & dea?1 :i* come & hov] ab\t him4 ,want is kept (f by 8 weal?1 & guilt is transc5d$ by 8 romantic c\rage4 ,b c>e slips ?r\gh ! keyhole1 brea!s ^u him1 & bl9ds him2 :ile dea?1 ?\gh he does n see x1 foll[s close ^u 8 heels4 ,nev]!less1 ! old man--,fau/ is 9 8 hundr$? ye>--is undaunt$1 & all 8 ?\ghts are int5t on ! future1 on ! "w to :i* he has set 8 h&4 ,he ord]s ! digg+ to proce$ on ! canals he is build+2 b ! spirits t seem to obey him are gett+ out ( h&1 & dig 8 grave in/ead4 ,:5 he feels dea? ^u him1 ,fau/ has "o ( 8 mo/ spl5did mom5ts ( self-ass]tion4 ,he has /orm$ ?r\gh ! _w1 he says1 tak+ ) equal ?anks ! buffets & rew>ds ( =tune2#bb & ! la/ ^w ( wisdom he has le>n$ is t no man des]ves life or fre$om :o does n daily w9 !m anew4 ,he w leave ! dykes he has ?r[n up aga9/ ! sea to protect ! nation he has e/abli%$2 a symbol t _! heal? & fre$om mu/ consi/ 9 p]petual /riv+ aga9/ an indomitable foe4 ,! ?\ght ( _m g5]ations liv+ 9 t :olesome dang] & lab\r fills him ) satisfaction2 he c\ld almo/ say to ?is mom5t1 9 :i* t prospect op5s be=e 8 m9d's eye1 8,/ay1 ?\ art s fair40#bc ,& ) ^! words--a la/ *all5ge & mock surr5d] to ,mephi/opheles--he s9ks into ! grave op5 at 8 feet4 ,:o has won ! wag]8 ,fau/ has almo/1 ?\gh n q1 pron\nc$ ! words :i* 7 to give ,mephi/opheles ! victory2 b ! s5se ( !m is new1 & ,mephi/opheles has n succe$$ 9 mak+ ,fau/ surr5d] 8 w to w1 8 indef9ite idealism4 ,s9ce :at satisfies ,fau/ is m]ely ! consci\sness t ?is w to w is to be ma9ta9$1 & t nei!r he1 nor ! coloni/s he has br\ght into be+1 w ev] lick ! du/1 & take com=t1 )\t any fur!r aspiration1 9 ! *ance pleasures ( ! mom5t4 ,fau/ has ma9ta9$ 8 en?usiasm = a /ormy1 difficult1 & endless life4 ,he has be5 true to 8 romantic philosophy4 ,he is !re=e sav$1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* salvation is def9$ 9 ! ,prologue 9 ,heav51 & pres5tly aga9 9 ! song ( ! angels t receive 8 s\l :5 !y say3 8,:osoev] is unflagg+ 9 8 /riv+ = ev]1 him we c r$eem40#bd ,?is salvation does n hang on any improvem5t 9 ,fau/'s "*1--he 0 s9ful to ! end1 & _h be5 ,god's unwitt+ s]vant f ! v beg9n+1--nor does x lie 9 any revolution 9 8 =tunes1 z if 9 heav5 he 7 to be diff]5tly employ$ ?an on e>?4 ,he is go+ to tea* life to ! s\ls ( "y boys1 :o h di$ too soon to h _h 9 _! own p]sons any exp]i5ce ( ,ra?skell]s1 ,gret*5s1 ,hel5s1 & ,walpurgisna*ts4#be ,tea*+ 7?\gh n exactly 9 ^! subjects7 _h be5 ,doctor ,fau/us' orig9al pr(ession2 & ! we>9ess ( x 0 :at _h driv5 him to magic & almo/ to suicide1 until he _h escap$ into ! great _w ( adv5ture outside4 ,c]ta9ly1 ) 8 new pupils he w n be m cont5t2 8 romantic re/lessness w n =sake him 9 heav54 ,"s f9e day he w ?r[ 8 cele/ial s*ool-books out ( ! w9d[1 & ) 8 pupils aft] him1 g =? to ta/e life 9 "s w9di] region ( ! cl\ds4 ,no1 ,fau/ is n sav$ 9 ! s5se ( be+ sanctifi$ or br\ght to a f9al1 et]nal /ate ( bliss4 ,! only improvem5t 9 8 nature has be5 t he has pass$1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! second "p1 f private to public activities4 ,if1 at ! end ( ?is "p1 he expresses a wi% to ab&on magic & to live l a man among m51 9 ! bosom ( real nature1 t wi% rema9s m]ely ,platonic4#bf ,x is a ?\ght t visit$ ,goe! (t5 dur+ 8 long c>e]1 t x is ! "p ( wisdom to accept life "u natural conditions r ?an to pret5d to evoke ! conditions ( life out ( ! w to live4 ,?is ?\ght1 7 x held /eadfa/ly1 w\ld con/itute an advance f transc5d5talism to naturalism4 ,b ! _s ( nature is itself romantic4 ,x lives spontane\sly1 bravely1 )\t prem$itation1 & = ! sake ( liv+ r ?an ( enjoy+ or atta9+ any?+ f9al4 ,& "u natural conditions1 ! vicissitudes ( an endless life w\ld be _m2 & !re c\ld be no "q ( an ultimate goal1 nor ev5 ( an endless progress 9 any p>ticul> direction4 ,! ve]+ ( life is "p ( its vitality1--x is ess5tial to romantic irony & to romantic pluck4 ,! secret ( :at is s]i\s 9 ! moral ( ,fau/ is to be look$ = 9 ,sp9oza1--! s\rce ( :at is s]i\s 9 ! philosophy ( ,goe!4 ,sp9oza has an admirable doctr9e1 or r insight1 :i* he calls see+ ?+s "u ! =m ( et]nity4 ,?is faculty is fundam5tal 9 ! human m9d2 ord9>y p]ception & memory are cases ( x4 ,!re=e1 :5 we use x to deal ) ultimate issues1 we are n ali5at$ f exp]i5ce1 b1 on ! contr>y1 end[$ ) exp]i5ce & ) its fruits4 ,a ?+ is se5 "u ! =m ( et]nity :5 all its p>ts or /ages are conceiv$ 9 _! true relations1 & !reby conceiv$ toge!r4 ,! complete biography ( ,caes> is ,caes> se5 "u ! =m ( et]nity4 ,n[ ! complete biography ( ,fau/1 ,fau/ se5 "u ! =m ( et]nity1 %[s =? 8 salvation4 ,god & ,fau/ himself1 9 8 la/ mom5t ( insight1 see t to h l$ su* a life1 9 su* a _s1 0 to be sav$2 x 0 to be ! sort ( man a man %\ld be4 ,! blots on t life 7 helpful & necess>y blots2 ! passions ( x 7 necess>y & creative passions4 ,to h felt su* p]petual dissatisfaction is truly satisfactory2 su* desire = univ]sal exp]i5ce is ! "r exp]i5ce4 ,y are sav$ 9 t y liv$ well2 sav$ n aft] y h /opp$ liv+ well1 b dur+ ! :ole process4 ,y\r de/9y has be5 to be ! s]vant ( ,god4 ,t ,god & y\r own consci5ce %\ld pron\nce ?is s5t5ce is y\r true salvation4 ,y\r wor?9ess is !reby e/abli%$ "u ! =m ( et]nity4 ,! play1 9 its philosophic developm5t1 ends "h2 b ,goe! add$ sev]al m details & sc5es1 ) t abundance1 t love1 ( symbolic pictures & poetic epigrams :i* *>act]izes ! :ole second "p4 ,z ,fau/ expires1 or r be=e he does s1 ,mephi/opheles po/s "o ( 8 little demons at ea* ap]ture ( ! h]o's body1 le/ ! s\l %\ld slip out )\t be+ caught4 ,at ! same "t a bevy ( angels desc5ds1 scatt]+ ! r$ roses ( love & s++ its praises4 ,^! roses1 if !y t\* ,mephi/opheles & 8 demons1 turn to balls ( fire2 & al?\gh fire is _! famili> elem5t1 !y are scor*$ & sc>$ away4 ,! angels are ?us enabl$ to cat* ! s\l ( ,fau/ at _! leisure1 & be> x away triumphantly4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ?is fight ( little boys ov] a flutt]+ butt]fly _c be :at really det]m9es ! issue ( ! wag] & ! salvation ( ,fau/2 b ,goe!1 9 8 conv]sations ) ,eck]mann1 ju/ifies ?is int]v5tion ( a sort ( me*anical accid5t1 by ! analogy ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,grace is ne$$1 besides virtue2 & ! int]cession ( ,gret*5 & ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 l t ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 ,lucia1 & ,beatrice1 9 ,dante's case1 & ! /ratagem ( ! balls ( fire1 all /& = ?is ext]nal condition ( salvation4 ,?is int]v5tion ( grace is1 at bottom1 only a new symbol = ! ess5tial ju/ification1 "u ! =m ( et]nity1 ( :at is imp]fect & insuffici5t 9 "t4 ,! *equ]$ & wilful life ( ,fau/ is n righte\s 9 any ( its p>ts2 yet righte\sness is imput$ to x z a :ole2 div9e love accepts x z suffici5t2 speculative reason decl>es t to be ! be/ possible life :i*1 to humdrum und]/&+1 seems a s]ies ( faults & ( failures4 ,if ! =eta/e ( 8 new ,holl& fills1 f a di/ance1 ! dy+ ,fau/ ) satisfaction1 h[ mu* m mu/ ! wond]ful c>e] ( ,fau/ himself des]ve to be accept$ & envi$1 & proclaim$ to be its own excuse = be+6 ,! faults ( ,fau/ 9 "t are n c\nt$ aga9/ him 9 et]nity4 ,8 crimes & follies 7 bless+s 9 disguise4 ,did !y n r5d] 8 life int]e/+ & fit to make a poem (8 ,0 x n by fall+ into !m1 & ris+ out ( !m1 t ,fau/ 0 ,fau/ at all8 ,?is insight is ! high] reason1 ! div9e love1 sup]v5+ to save him4 ,:at ought to be imp]fect 9 "t is1 because ( its v imp]fection !re1 p]fect :5 view$ "u ! =m ( et]nity4 ,to live1 to live j z we d1 t--if we c\ld only realize x--is ! purpose & ! cr[n ( liv+4 ,we mu/ seek improvem5t2 we mu/ be dissatisfi$ ) ourselves2 t is ! appo9t$ attitude1 ! hi/rionic pose1 t is to keep ! ball roll+4 ,b :ile we feel ?is dissatisfaction we are p]fectly satisfactory1 & :ile we play our game & con/antly lose x1 we are w9n+ ! game = ,god4 ,ev5 ?is sc5e1 h[ev]1 did n satisfy ! prolific fancy ( ! poet1 & he add$ a f9al "o1--! apo!osis or ,himmelfahrt ( ,fau/4 ,9 ! ,campo ,santo at ,pisa ,goe! _h se5 a fresco repres5t+ v>i\s an*orites dwell+ on ! flanks ( "s sacr$ m\nta91--,s9ai1 ,c>mel1 or ,a?os1--ea* 9 8 little cave or h]mitage2 & above !m1 9 ! l>ge space ( sky1 flights ( angels 7 se5 ris+ t[>ds ! ,madonna4 ,?r\gh su* a l&scape ! poet n[ %[s u ! s\l ( ,fau/ c>ri$ sl[ly upw>ds4 ,?is sc5e has be5 reg>d$ z inspir$ by ,ca?olic ideas1 :]eas ! ,prologue 9 ,heav5 0 ,biblical & ,prote/ant2 & ,goe! himself says t 8 8poetic int5tion0 c\ld be/ be r5d]$ by images borr[$ f ! tradition ( ! m$iaeval *ur*4 ,b 9 tru? !re is no?+ ,ca?olic ab\t ! sc5e1 except ! names or titles ( ! p]sonages4 ,:at !y say is all s5tim5tal l&scape-pa9t+ or vague my/icism1 su* z might g ) any some:at nebul\s piety2 & mu* is actually borr[$ f ,sw$5borg4 ,:at is ,sw$5borgian1 h[ev]1--su* z ! notion ( heav5ly in/ruction1 passage f sph]e to sph]e1 & look+ ?r\gh o!r p's eyes1--is 9 turn a m]e =m ( expression4 ,! 8poetic int5tion0 ( ! au?or is1 z we h se51 altoge!r ,sp9ozitic4 ,und\bt$ly he conceives t ! s\l ( ,fau/ is to pass1 9 ano!r _w1 ?r\gh "s new s]ies ( exp]i5ces4 ,b t de/9y is n 8 salvation2 x is ! cont9uance ( 8 trial4 ,! fam\s *orus at ! v end repeats1 ) an int]e/+ v>iation1 ! same contra/ we h se5 be=e betwe5 ! po9t ( view ( "t & t ( et]nity4 ,ev]y?+ transitory1 says ! my/ic *orus1#bg is only an image2 "h 7t is1 "u ! =m ( et]nity7 ! insuffici5t is turn$ into some?+ actual & complete2 & :at seem$ 9 exp]i5ce an endless pursuit becomes to speculation a p]fect fulfilm5t4 ,! ideal ( some?+ inf9itely attractive & ess5tially inexhau/ible--! et]nal fem99e1 z ,goe! calls x--draws life on f /age to /age4 ,gret*5 & ,hel5 _h be5 symbols ( ?is ideal2 ,goe!'s gre5 old age _h felt1 to ! v la/1 ! *>m ( woman1 ! sweetness & ! sorr[ ( lov+ :at he c\ld n hope to possess1 & :at1 9 its ideal p]fection1 necess>ily eludes possession4 ,he _h reconcil$ himself1 n )\t te>s1 to ?is desire )\t hope1 &1 l ,picc>da 9 ! ,p>adiso1 he _h bless$ ! h& t gave ! passion & d5i$ ! happ9ess4#bh ,?us1 9 dream+ ( "o satisfaction & r5\nc+ x1 he _h f\nd a satisfaction ( ano!r k9d4 ,fau/ ends on ! same philosophical level on :i* x began1--! level ( romanticism4 ,! wor? ( life lies 9 pursuit1 n 9 atta9m5t2 !re=e1 ev]y?+ is wor? pursu+1 & no?+ br+s satisfaction--save ?is endless de/9y itself4 ,su* is ! (ficial moral ( ,fau/1 & :at we may call its g5]al philosophy4 ,b1 z we saw j n[1 ?is moral is only an aft]?\ght1 & is f> f exhau/+ ! philosophic ideas :i* ! poem conta9s4 ,"h is a s*eme = exp]i5ce2 b exp]i5ce1 9 fill+ x out1 op5s up _m vi/as2 & "s ( ^! reveal deep] & high] ?+s ?an exp]i5ce itself4 ,! pa? ( ! pilgrim & ! inns he /ops at are nei!r ! :ole l&scape he sees z he travels1 nor ! true %r9e he is mak+ =4 ,& ! incid5tal philosophy or philosophies ( ,goe!'s ,fau/ are1 to my m9d1 (t5 bett] ?an its ultimate philosophy4 ,! fir/ sc5e ( ! second "p1 = in/ance1 is bett]1 poetically & philosophically1 ?an ! la/4 ,x %[s a deep] s5se = ! realities ( nature & ( ! s\l1 & x is m s9c]e4 ,goe! !re is int]pret+ nature ) ,sp9oza2 he is n dream+ ) ,sw$5borg1 nor talk+ equivocal p>adoxes ) ,hegel4 ,9 fact1 ! great m]it ( ! romantic attitude 9 poetry1 & ( ! transc5d5tal me?od 9 philosophy1 is t !y put u back at ! beg9n+ ( our exp]i5ce4 ,!y dis9tegrate conv5tion1 :i* is (t5 cumbr\s & confus$1 & re/ore u to ourselves1 to imm$iate p]ception & primordial w4 ,t1 z x w\ld seem1 is ! true & inevitable />t+-po9t4 ,_h we n be5 born1 _h we n peep$ into ?is _w1 ea* out ( 8 p]sonal egg%ell1 ?is _w might inde$ h exi/$ )\t u1 z a ?\s& undiscov]able worlds may n[ exi/2 b = u x w\ld n h exi/$4 ,?is obvi\s tru? w\ld n ne$ to be insi/$ on b = two reasons3 "o t conv5tional k1 su* z our notions ( sci5ce & morality af=d1 is (t5 top-heavy2 ass]ts & imposes on u mu* m ?an our exp]i5ce w>rants1--our exp]i5ce1 :i* is our only approa* to reality4 ,! o!r reason is ! rev]se or c\nt]p>t ( ?is2 = conv5tional k (t5 ignores & seems to suppress p>ts ( exp]i5ce no less actual & important = u z ^? p>ts on :i* ! conv5tional k itself is re>$4 ,! public _w is too n>r[ = ! s\l1 z well z too my?ical & fabul\s4 ,h5ce ! d\ble critical lab\r & reawak5+ :i* romantic reflection is good =1--to cut (f ! dead bran*es & fe$ ! />v+ %oots4 ,?is philosophy1 z ,kant said1 is a ca?>tic3 x is purgative & lib]at+2 x is int5d$ to make u />t afre% & />t "r4 ,x foll[s t "o :o has no sympa?y ) su* a philosophy is a comp>atively conv5tional p]son4 ,he has a second-h& m9d4 ,fau/ has a fir/-h& m9d1 a truly free1 s9c]e1 c\rage\s s\l4 ,x foll[s also1 h[ev]1 t "o :o has no philosophy b ?is has no wisdom2 he c say no?+ t is wor? c>ry+ away2 ev]y?+ 9 him is attitude & no?+ is a*ievem5t4 ,fau/1 & especially ,mephi/opheles1 d h o!r philosophies on top ( _! transc5d5talism2 = ?is is only a me?od1 to be us$ 9 rea*+ conclusions t %all be critically safegu>d$ & empirically gr\nd$4 ,su* outlooks1 su* vi/as into nature1 are scatt]$ lib]ally ?r\gh ! pages ( ,fau/4 ,words ( wisdom div]sify ?is c>e] ( folly1 z exquisite sc5es fill ?is tortu\s & ov]load$ drama4 ,! m9d has become free & s9c]e1 b x has rema9$ bewild]$4 ,! lit]>y m]its ( ,goe!'s ,fau/ correspond accurately ) its philosophical excell5ces4 ,9 ! prologue 9 ! !atre ,goe! himself has describ$ !m2 mu* sc5]y1 mu* wisdom1 "s folly1 great weal? ( incid5t & *>act]ization2 & beh9d1 ! s\l ( a poet s++ ) all s9c]ity & f]v\r ! visions ( 8 life4 ,"h is pr(undity1 inw>dness1 hone/y1 wayw>dness2 "h are ! mo/ t\*+ acc5ts ( nature1 & ! mo/ v>i$ assortm5t ( curi\s lore & grotesque fancies4 ,?is "w1 says ,goe! 79 a quatra9 int5d$ z an epilogue1 b n ultimately ins]t$ 9 ! play71--?is "w is l human life3 x has a beg9n+1 x has an end2 b x has no totality1 x is n "o :ole4#bi ,h[1 inde$1 %\ld we draw ! sum ( an inf9ite exp]i5ce t is )\t conditions to det]m9e x1 & )\t goals 9 :i* x t]m9ates8 ,evid5tly all a poet ( pure exp]i5ce c d is to repres5t "s snat*es ( x1 m or less prolong$2 & ! m prolong$ ! exp]i5ce repres5t$ is ! m x w be a collection ( snat*es1 & ! less ! la/ "p ( x w h to d ) ! beg9n+4 ,any "* :i* we may attribute to ! :ole ( :at we h survey$ w\ld fail to dom9ate x1 if t :ole _h be5 l>g]1 & if we _h _h memory or =esight en\gh to include o!r p>ts ( exp]i5ce diff]+ altoge!r 9 k9d f ! episodes we happ5 to h liv$ ?r\gh4 ,to be miscellane\s1 to be indef9ite1 to be unf9i%$1 is ess5tial to ! romantic life4 ,may we n say t x is ess5tial to all life1 9 its imm$iacy2 & t only 9 ref]5ce to :at is n life--to objects1 ideals1 & unanimities t _c be exp]i5c$ b may only be conceiv$--c life become rational & truly progressive8 ,h]e9 we may see ! radical & inali5able excell5ce ( romanticism2 its s9c]ity1 fre$om1 ri*ness1 & inf9ity4 ,h]e91 too1 we may see its limitations1 9 t x _c fix or tru/ any ( its ideals1 & bl9dly believes ! univ]se to be z wayw>d z itself1 s t nature & art are always slipp+ ?r\gh its f+]s4 ,x is ob/9ately empirical1 & w nev] le>n any?+ f exp]i5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 #a ,eck]mann1 ,conv]sation ( ,may #f1 #ahbg3 8,das i/ zw> e9 wirksam]1 man*es erklr5d]1 gut] ,g$anke1 ab] es i/ ke9e ,idee die dem ,ganz5 444 zugrunde liege40 #b ,fau/1 ,"p x-i4 ,act v4 #cge-hb3 ,i* b9 nur dur* die ,welt g]annt2 ,e9 j$' ,gel/ ergriff i* bei d5 ,ha>51 ,0 ni*t g5gte1 liess i* fahr51 ,0 mir entwis*te1 liess i* ziehn4 ,i* habe nur begehrt und nur vollbra*t ,und ab]mals gewns*t und s mit ,ma*t ,me9 ,leb5 dur*ge/rmt2 er/ gross und m*tig1 ,nun ab] geht es weise1 geht b$*tig4 #c ,fau/1 ,"p i41 ,/udi]zimm]1 i43 ,wel* ,s*auspiel6 ab]1 a*6 e9 ,s*auspiel nur6 ,wo fass' i* di*1 un5dli*e ,natur8 ,eu*1 ,br/e1 wo8 #d ,fau/1 ,"p i41 ,/udi]zimm]3 ,du1 ,gei/ d] ,erde1 bi/ mir nh]2 ,s*on fhl' i* me9e ,krfte hh]1 ,s*on glh' i* wie von neuem ,we92 ,i* fhle ,mut1 mi* 9 die ,welt zu wag51 ,d] ,erde ,weh1 d] ,erde ,glck zu trag51444 ,mit ,/rm5 mi* h]umzus*lag5 ,und 9 des ,s*iffbru*s ,knirs*5 ni*t zu zag54 #e ,fau/1 ,prolog im ,himmel3 ,mit d5 ,tot5 ,hab' i* mi* niemals g]n befang54 ,am mei/5 lieb' i* mir die voll51 fris*5 ,wang54 ,fr e95 ,lei*nam b9 i* ni*t zu ,haus2 ,mir geht es1 wie d] ,katze mit d] ,maus4444 ,von ,sonn' und ,welt5 weiss i* ni*ts zu sag51 ,i* sehe nur1 wie si* die ,m5s*5 plag54 #f ,fau/1 ,prolog im ,himmel3 ,/aub soll er fress51 und mit ,lu/4 #g ,ibid43 ,es irrt d] ,m5s*1 s lang' er /rebt4 ,e9 gut] ,m5s* 9 se9em dunkeln ,drange ,i/ si* des re*t5 ,weges wohl bewus/4 #h ,fau/1 ,"p ii4 ,act v43 ,ja6 diesem ,s9ne b9 i* ganz ergeb54 ,das i/ d] ,wei%eit letzt] ,s*luss3 ,nur d] v]di5t si* ,freiheit wie das ,leb51 ,d] tgli* sie erob]n muss4 #i ,ibid41 ,"p i41 ,prolog im ,himmel3 ,des ,m5s*5 ,?tigkeit kann allzu lei*t ers*laff51 ,er liebt si* bald die unb$+te ,ruh2 ,drum geb' i* gem ihm d5 ,gesell5 zu1 ,d] reizt und wirkt und muss als ,teufel s*aff54 #aj ,ibid43 ,das ,w]d5de1 das ewig wirkt und lebt1 ,umfass' eu* mit d] ,liebe hold5 ,s*rank51 ,und 0 9 s*wank5d] ,ers*e9ung s*webt1 ,befe/iget mit dau]nd5 ,g$ank56 #aa ,fau/1 ,"p i41 ,wald und ,hhle3 ,erhabn] ,gei/1 du gab/ mir1 gab/ mir alles1 ,w>um i* bat4 ,du ha/ mir ni*t umson/ ,de9 ,angesi*t im ,feu] zugew5det4444 ,o1 dass dem ,m5s*5 ni*ts ,vollkommnes wird1 ,empf9d' i* nun4 ,du gab/ zu dies] ,wonne1 ,die mi* d5 ,gtt]n nah und nh] br+t1 ,mir d5 ,gefhrt51 c4 ,also1 ibid41 ,trb] ,tag3 ,gross] h]rli*] ,gei/1 d] du mir zu ers*e95 wrdigte/1 d] du me9 ,h]z k5ne/ und me9e ,seele1 w>um an d5 ,s*&gesell5 mi* ,s*mi$51 d] si* am ,s*ad5 weidet und am ,v]d]b5 si* letzt8 #ab ,fau/1 ,"p i41 ,/udi]zimm]1 ii43 ,i* b9 d] ,gei/1 d] /ets v]ne9t6 ,und das mit ,re*t2 d5n alles1 0 ent/eht1 ,i/ w]t1 dass es zu ,grunde geht21 ,drum bess] wr's1 dass ni*ts ent/nde4444 ,i* b9 e9 ,teil des ,teils1 d] anfangs alles w>1 ,e9 ,teil d] ,f9/]nis1 die si* das ,li*t geb>4444 ,0 si* dem ,ni*ts entgeg5/ellt1 ,das ,etwas1 diese plumpe ,welt1 ,s viel als i* s*on unt]nomm51 ,i* wus/e ni*t ihr beizukomm54444 ,wie viele hab' i* s*on begrab56 ,und imm] cirkuli]t e9 neues1 fris*es ,blut4 ,s geht es =t1 man m*te ras5d w]d56 #ac ,fau/1 ,"p ii4 ,act i41 ,anmutige ,geg5d3 ,kle9] ,elf5 ,gei/]grsse ,eilet1 we sie helf5 kann2 ,ob er heilig1 ob er bse1 ,jamm]t sie d] ,unglcksmann4 #ad ,fau/1 ,"p ii4 ,act i41 ,anmutige ,geg5d3 ,alles kann d] ,edle lei/51 ,d] v]/eht und ras* ergreift4 ,! :ole sc5e w repay /udy4 #ae ,fau/1 ,"p ii4 ,act i41 ,anmutige ,geg5d3 ,des ,leb5s ,fackel wollt5 wir entznd51 ,e9 ,feu]me] ums*l+t uns1 wel* e9 ,feu]6444 ,s bleibe d5n die ,sonne mir im ,rck56 ,d] ,wass]/urz1 das ,fels5riff dur*braus5d1 ,ihn s*au' i* an mit wa*s5dem ,entzck54444 ,alle9 wie h]rli*1 diesem ,/urm erspriess5d1 ,wolbt si* des bunt5 ,bog5s ,we*seldau]1444 ,d] spiegelt ab das m5s*li*e ,be/reb54444 ,am f>big5 ,abglanz hab5 wir das ,leb54 #af ,fau/1 ,"p i41 ,/udi]zimm]3 ,ins hohe ,me] w]d' i* h9ausgewies51444 ,zu neu5 ,sphr5 re9] ,?tigkeit4444 ,hi] i/ es ,zeit1 dur* ,?at5 zu beweis51 ,dass ,manneswrde ni*t d] ,gtt]hhe wei*t1444 ,zu diesem ,s*ritt si* heit] zu ents*liess5 ,und w>' es mit ,gefahr1 ins ,ni*ts dah9 zu fliess54 #ag ,fau/1 ,"p ii4 ,act iv41 ,ho*gebirg3 ,! fir/ monologue4 #ah ,fau/1 ,"p i1 ,act ii41 ,anmutige ,geg5d3 ,du1 ,erde1444 reg/ und rhr/ e9 kraftiges ,bes*liess5 ,zum h*/5 ,dase9 imm]=t zu /reb54 #ai ,fau/1 ,"p ii4 ,act iv41 ,ho*gebirg3 ,er/aun5swrdiges soll g]at51 ,i* fhle ,kraft zu khnem ,fleiss4 ,h]rs*aft gew9n' i*1 ,eig5tum6 ,die ,t i/ alles1 ni*ts d] ,ruhm4 ,da wagt me9 ,gei/1 si* selb/ zu b]flieg52 ,hi] m*t' i* kmpf51 dies m*t' i* besieg54 #bj ,ibid41 ,act v41 ,gross] ,vorh( des ,pala/s3 ,es kann die ,spur von me95 ,erdetag5 ,ni*t 9 ,aeon5 unt]gehn4 #ba ,fau/1 ,"p ii4 ,act iv41 ,ho*gebirg3 ,w] befehl5 soll ,muss im ,befehl5 ,seligkeit empf9d54 ,ihm i/ die ,bru/ von hohem ,will5 voll1 ,do* 0 er w1 es d>f's ke9 ,m5s* ergrnd54 #bb ,fau/1 ,"p ii4 ,act v41 ,mitt]na*t3 ,i* b9 nur dur* die ,welt g]annt3 ,e9 j$' ,gel/ ergriff i* bei d5 ,ha>51 ,0 ni*t g5gte1 liess i* fahr51 ,0 mi* entwis*te1 liess i* ziehn4 #bc ,fau/1 ,"p ii4 ,act v41 ,gross] ,vorh( des ,pala/s3 ,sol* e9 ,gewimmel m*t i* sehn1 ,auf freiem ,grund mit freiem ,volke /ehn4 ,zum ,aug5blicke drft' i* sag53 ,v]weile do*1 du bi/ s s*n6 #bd ,fau/1 ,"p ii4 ,act v41 ,himmel3 ,w] imm] /reb5d si* bemht1 ,d5 konn5 wir erls54 #be ,ibid43 ,wir wurd5 frh entf]nt ,von ,lebe*r52 ,do* dies] hat gel]nt1 ,er wird uns lehr54 #bf ,fau/1 ,"p ii4 ,act v41 ,mitt]na*t3 ,no* hab' i* mi* ins ,freie ni*t gekmpft4 ,knnt i* ,magie von me9em ,pfad entf]n51 ,die ,zaub]spr*e ganz und g> v]l]n51 ,/nd' i*1 ,natur1 vor dir e9 ,mann alle94 ,da wr's d] ,mhe w]t1 e9 ,m5s* zu se94 #bg ,fau/1 ,"p ii1 ,act v41 ,himmel3 ,alles ,v]gngli*e ,i/ nur e9 ,glei*nis2 ,das ,unzulngli*e1 ,hi] wird's ,ereignis2 ,das ,unbes*reibli*e1 ,hi] i/ es ge?an2 ,das ,ewig-,weibli*e ,zieht uns h9an4 #bh ,cf4 ,trilogie d] ,leid5s*aft1 #ahbc3 ,mi* treibt umh] e9 unbezw+li* ,sehn52 ,da bleibt ke9 ,rat als gr5z5lose ,?rn54444 ,und s das ,h]z erlei*t]t m]kt beh5de ,dass es no* lebt und s*lgt und m*te s*lag51444 ,da fhlte si*--o1 dass es ewig bliebe6-- ,das ,doppelglck d] ,tne wie d] ,liebe4 #bi ,aus dem ,na*lass1 ,abkndigung3 ,des ,m5s*5 ,leb5 i/ e9 hnli*es ,g$i*t2 ,es hat wohl e95 ,anfang1 hat e9 ,ende1 ,alle9 e9 ,ganzes i/ es ni*t4 ,v ,,conclusion ,x may be possible1 aft] /udy+ ^! ?ree philosophical poets1 to e/abli% "s comp>ison betwe5 !m4 ,by a comp>ison is n meant a discussion z to :i* ( our poets is ! be/4 ,ea* is ! be/ 9 8 way1 & none is ! be/ 9 e way4 ,to express a pref]5ce is n s mu* a criticism z a p]sonal confession4 ,if x 7 a "q ( ! relative pleasure a man might get f ea* poet 9 turn1 ?is pleasure w\ld diff] accord+ to ! man's temp]am5t1 8 p]iod ( life1 ! language he knew be/1 & ! doctr9e t 0 mo/ famili> to him4 ,by a comp>ison is meant a review ( ! analysis we h already made ( ! type ( imag9ation & philosophy embodi$ 9 ea* ( ! poets1 to see :at !y h 9 common1 h[ !y diff]1 or :at ord] !y w fall into f diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,?us we h j se5 t ,goe!1 9 8 ,fau/1 pres5ts exp]i5ce 9 its imm$iacy1 v>iety1 & app>5t gr\ndlessness2 & t he pres5ts x z an episode1 be=e & aft] :i* o!r episodes1 diff]+ f x m & m z y rec$e1 may be conceiv$ to come4 ,!re is no possible totality 9 ?is1 = !re is no kn[n gr\nd4 ,turn to ,lucretius1 & ! diff]5ce is /rik+4 ,lucretius is ! poet ( sub/ance4 ,! gr\nd is :at he sees ev]y:]e2 & by see+ ! gr\nd1 he sees also ! possible products ( x4 ,exp]i5ce appe>s 9 ,lucretius1 n z ea* man comes ^u x 9 8 own p]son1 b z ! sci5tific obs]v] views x f )\t4 ,exp]i5ce = him is a natural1 inevitable1 monoton\s r\nd ( feel+s1 involv$ 9 ! op]ations ( nature4 ,! gr\nd & ! limits ( exp]i5ce h become evid5t toge!r4 ,9 ,dante1 on ! o!r h&1 we h a view ( exp]i5ce also 9 its totality1 also f above &1 9 a s5se1 f outside2 b ! ext]nal po9t ( ref]5ce is moral1 n physical1 & :at int]e/s ! poet is :at exp]i5ce is be/1 :at processes lead to a supreme1 self-ju/ify+1 inde/ructible sort ( exi/5ce4 ,goe! is ! poet ( life2 ,lucretius ! poet ( nature2 ,dante ! poet ( salvation4 ,goe! gives u :at is mo/ fundam5tal1--! turbid flux ( s5se1 ! cry ( ! he>t1 ! fir/ t5tative notions ( art & sci5ce1 :i* magic or %rewdness might hit ^u4 ,lucretius c>ries u "o /ep f>!r4 ,our wisdom ceases to be impressioni/ic & casual4 ,x re/s on und]/&+ ( ?+s1 s t :at happ9ess rema9s to u does n deceive u1 & we c possess x 9 dignity & peace4 ,k ( :at is possible is ! beg9n+ ( happ9ess4 ,dante1 h[ev]1 c>ries u mu* f>!r ?an t4 ,he1 too1 has k ( :at is possible & impossible4 ,he has collect$ ! precepts ( old philosoph]s & sa9ts1 & ! m rec5t examples pat5t 9 society ar\nd him1 & by _! help has di/+ui%$ ! ambitions t may be wisely indulg$ 9 ?is life f ^? :i* x is madness to fo/]1--! fir/ be+ call$ virtue & piety & ! second folly & s94 ,:at makes su* k preci\s is n only t x sket*es 9 g5]al ! scope & issue ( life1 b t x pa9ts 9 ! detail z well1--! detail ( :at is possible no less ?an t 7m famili> to tragic poets7 ( :at is impossible4 ,lucretius' notion1 = in/ance1 ( :at is positively wor? :ile or atta9able is v meagre3 fre$om f sup]/ition1 ) s mu* natural sci5ce z may secure t fre$om1 fri5d%ip1 & a few *eap & heal?ful animal pleasures4 ,no love1 no patriotism1 no ent]prise1 no religion4 ,s1 too1 9 :at is =bidd5 u1 ,lucretius sees only g5]alities1--! folly ( passion1 ! blight ( sup]/ition4 ,dante1 on ! contr>y1 sees ! v>i\s pitfalls ( life ) int5se di/9ctness2 & see+ !m cle>ly1 & h[ fatal ea* is1 he sees also :y m5 fall into !m1 ! dream t leads m5 a/ray1 & ! sweetness ( ^? goods t are impossible4 ,feel+1 ev5 9 :at we mu/ ultimately call evil1 ! s\l ( good t attracts u to x1 he feels1 9 good all its lovel9ess & v>iety4 ,:]e1 except 9 ,dante1 c we f9d s _m />s t diff] f o!r />s 9 glory2 s _m delightful habitations = excell5ces2 s _m di/9ct beauties ( =m1 acc5t1 ?\ght1 & int5tion2 s _m delicacies & h]oisms8 ,dante is ! ma/] ( ^? :o "k by exp]i5ce :at is wor? kn[+ by exp]i5ce2 he is ! ma/] ( di/9ction4 ,"h1 !n1 are our ?ree poets & _! messages3 ,goe!1 ) human life 9 its imm$iacy1 treat$ romantically2 ,lucretius1 ) a vision ( nature & ( ! limits ( human life2 ,dante1 ) spiritual ma/]y ( t life1 & a p]fect k ( good & evil4 ,y may /op at :at /age y w1 accord+ to y\r s5se ( :at is real & important2 = :at "o man calls high] ano!r man calls unreal2 & :at "o man feels to be /r5g? smells rank to ano!r4 ,9 ! end1 we %\ld n be satisfi$ ) any "o ( our poets if we _h to drop ! o!r two4 ,x is true t tak5 =mally1 & 9 respect to _! type ( philosophy & imag9ation1 ,dante is on a high] plane ?an ,lucretius1 & ,lucretius on a high] plane ?an ,goe!4 ,b ! plane on :i* a poet dwells is n ev]y?+2 mu* dep5ds on :at he br+s up ) him to t level4 ,n[ !re is a great deal1 a v great deal1 9 ,goe! t ,lucretius does n "k (4 ,n kn[+ ( x1 ,lucretius _c c>ry ?is fund ( exp]i5ce up to ! intellectual & naturali/ic level2 he _c transmute ?is abundant sub/ance ( ,goe!'s by 8 high] insight & cle>] fai?2 he has n wov5 s mu* into 8 poem4 ,s t :ile to see nature1 z ,lucretius sees x1 is a great] feat ?an m]ely to live h>d 9 a romantic fa%ion1 & produces a pur] & m exalt$ poem ?an ,goe!'s magical m$ley1 yet ?is m$ley is full ( images1 passions1 memories1 & introspective wisdom t ,lucretius c\ld n h dream$ (4 ,! intellect ( ,lucretius rises1 b rises comp>atively empty2 8 vision sees ?+s z a :ole1 & 9 _! "r places1 b sees v little ( !m2 he is q deaf to _! intricacy1 to _! birdlike multi=m little s\ls4 ,^! ,goe! kn[s admirably2 ) ^! he makes a natural conc]t1 all ! m natural = be+ sometimes discordant1 sometimes ov]load$ & dull4 ,x is necess>y to rev]t f ,lucretius to ,goe! to get at ! volume ( life4 ,s1 too1 if we rise f ,lucretius to ,dante1 !re is mu* left beh9d :i* we _c af=d to lose4 ,dante may seem at fir/ sight to h a view ( nature n less complete & cle> ?an t ( ,lucretius2 a view ev5 m efficaci\s ?an mat]ialism = fix+ ! limits ( human de/9y & m>k+ ! pa? to happ9ess4 ,b !re is an illusion "h4 ,dante's idea ( nature is n g5u9e2 x is n s9c]ely put toge!r out ( reason$ obs]vation4 ,x is a view ( nature int]cept$ by my?s & work$ out by dialectic4 ,consequ5tly1 he has no true idea ei!r ( ! pa? to happ9ess or ( its real conditions4 ,8 notion ( nature is an inv]t$ image ( ! moral _w1 ca/ l a gigantic %ad[ ^u ! sky4 ,x is a mirage4 ,n[1 :ile to "k evil1 & especially good1 9 all _! =ms & inw>d implications is a f> great] ?+ ?an to "k ! natural conditions ( good & evil1 or _! real di/ribution 9 space & "t1 yet ! high] philosophy is n safe if ! l[] philosophy is want+ or is false4 ,( c\rse x is n safe practically2 b x is n safe ev5 poetically4 ,!re is an att5uat$ texture & imag]y 9 ! ,div9e ,com$y4 ,! voice t s+s x1 f beg9n+ to end1 is a ?9 boy-treble1 all wond] & navet4 ,?is art does n smack ( life1 b ( somnambulism4 ,! reason is t ! intellect has be5 hypnotiz$ by a leg5d>y & v]bal philosophy4 ,x has be5 unmann$1 curi\sly en\gh1 by an excess ( humanism2 by ! fond delusion t man & 8 moral nature are at ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,dante is always ?9k+ ( ! div9e ord] ( hi/ory & ( ! sph]es2 he believes 9 controll+ & *a/5+ ! individual s\l2 s t he seems to be a cosmic poet1 & to h escap$ ! an?ropoc5tric conceit ( romanticism4 ,b he has n escap$ x4 ,=1 z we h se51 ?is gold5 cage 9 :i* 8 s\l s+s is artificial2 x is con/ruct$ on purpose to satisfy & glorify human di/9ctions & human pref]5ces4 ,! bird is n 9 8 native wilds2 man is n 9 ! bosom ( nature4 ,he is1 9 a moral s5se1 /ill at ! c5tre ( ! univ]se2 8 ideal is ! cause ( ev]y?+4 ,he is ! appo9t$ "l ( ! e>?1 ! d>l+ ( heav52 & hi/ory is a brief & pre>rang$ drama1 ) ,judea & ,rome = its *ief !atre4 ,"s ( ^! illusions are already ab&on$2 all are und]m9$4 ,sometimes1 9 mom5ts :5 we are unn]v$ & un9spir$1 we may regret ! ease ) :i* ,dante c\ld reconcile himself to a _w1 s imag9$ z to suit human fancy1 & flatt] human w4 ,we may envy ,dante 8 ignorance ( nature1 :i* enabl$ him to suppose t he dom9at$ x1 z an inf9ite & exub]ant nature _c be dom9at$ by any ( its p>ts4 ,9 ! end1 h[ev]1 k is good = ! imag9ation4 ,dante himself ?\ght s2 & 8 "w prov$ t he 0 "r1 by inf9itely excell+ t ( all ignorant contempor>y poets4 ,! illusion ( k is bett] ?an ignorance = a poet2 b ! reality ( k w\ld be bett] ?an ! illusion2 x w\ld /ret* ! m9d ov] a va/] & m /imulat+ sc5e2 x w\ld conc5trate ! w ^u a m atta9able1 di/9ct1 & cong5ial happ9ess4 ,! gr[? ( :at is kn[n increases ! scope ( :at may be imag9$ & hop$ =4 ,?r[ op5 to ! "y poet ! inf9ity ( nature2 let him feel ! prec>i\sness ( life1 ! v>iety ( purposes1 civilizations1 & religions ev5 ^u ?is little planet2 let him trace ! triumphs & follies ( art & philosophy1 & _! p]petual resurrections--l t ( ! d[nca/ ,fau/4 ,if1 "u ! /imulus ( su* a sc5e1 he does n "s day compose a natural com$y z mu* surpass+ ,dante's div9e com$y 9 sublimity & ri*ness z x w surpass x 9 tru?1 ! fault w n lie ) ! subject1 :i* is invit+ & magnific5t1 b ) ! halt+ g5ius t _c r5d] t subject wor?ily4 ,und\bt$ly1 ! univ]se s display$ w\ld n be )\t its d>k %ad[s & its p]petual trag$ies4 ,t is 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,dante's cosmos1 = all its my?ical idealism1 0 n s false z n to h a hell 9 x4 ,^? roll+ sph]es1 ) all _! lights & music1 circl$ = ev] ab\t hell4 ,p]haps 9 ! real life ( nature evil may n prove to be s c5tral z t4 ,x w\ld seem to be r a sort ( inevitable b incid5tal friction1 capable ( be+ dim9i%$ indef9itely1 z ! _w is bett] kn[n & ! w is bett] educat$4 ,9 ,dante's sph]es !re c\ld be no discord :atev]2 b at ! core ( !m 0 et]nal woe4 ,9 ! />-du/ ( our physics discords are ev]y:]e1 & h>mony is only t5tative & approximate1 z x is 9 ! be/ e>?ly life2 b at ! core !re is no?+ s9i/]1 only fre$om1 innoc5ce1 inexhau/ible possibilities ( all sorts ( happ9ess4 ,^! possibilities may tempt future poets to describe !m2 b meantime1 if we wi% to h a vision ( nature n fundam5tally false1 we mu/ rev]t f ,dante to ,lucretius4 ,obvi\sly1 :at w\ld be desirable1 :at w\ld con/itute a truly philosophical or compreh5sive poet1 w\ld be ! union ( ! insights & gifts :i* our ?ree poets h possess$4 ,?is union is n impossible4 ,! insights may be sup]pos$ "o on ! o!r4 ,exp]i5ce 9 all its ext5t1 :at ,goe! repres5ts1 %\ld be at ! f\ndation4 ,b z ! ext5t ( exp]i5ce is pot5tially inf9ite1 z !re are all sorts ( worlds possible & all sorts ( s5ses & habits ( ?\ght1 ! wide/ survey w\ld /ill leave ! poet1 :]e ,goe! leaves u1 ) a s5se ( an inf9ity beyond4 ,he w\ld be at lib]ty to summon f ! limbo ( pot5tiality any =m t int]e/$ him2 poetry & art w\ld recov] _! e>ly fre$om2 !re w\ld be no beauties =bidd5 & none prescrib$4 ,= x is a v lib]at+ & sublime ?+ to summon up1 l ,fau/1 ! image ( all exp]i5ce4 ,unless t has be5 done1 we leave ! enemy 9 our re>2 :atev] int]pretations we (f] = exp]i5ce w become imp]t95t & wor?less if ! exp]i5ce we "w ^u is no long] at h&4 ,nor w any con/ruction1 h[ev] broadly bas$1 h an absolute au?ority2 ! indomitable fre$om ( life to be m1 to be new1 to be :at x has n ent]$ into ! he>t ( man z yet to conceive1 mu/ always rema9 /&+4 ,) t fre$om goes ! mode/y ( reason1 bo? 9 physics & 9 morals1 t c lay claim only to p>tial k1 & to ! ord]+ ( a p>ticul> s\l1 or city1 or civilization4 ,poetry & philosophy1 h[ev]1 are civiliz$ arts2 !y are prop] to "s p>ticul> g5ius1 :i* has succe$$ 9 fl[]+ at a p>ticul> "t & place4 ,a poet :o m]ely swam out into ! sea ( s5sibility1 & tri$ to picture all possible ?+s1 real or unreal1 human or inhuman1 w\ld br+ mat]ials only to ! work%op ( art2 he w\ld n be an arti/4 ,to ! g5ius ( ,goe! he mu/ add t ( ,lucretius & ,dante4 ,!re are two directions 9 :i* x seems fitt+ t rational art %\ld proce$1 on ! basis :i* a limit$ exp]i5ce c give x4 ,art may come to buttress a p>ticul> =m ( life1 or x may come to express x4 ,all t we call indu/ry1 sci5ce1 bus9ess1 morality1 buttresses our life2 x in=ms u ab\t our conditions & adju/s u to !m2 x equips u = life2 x lays out ! gr\nd = ! game we are to play4 ,?is prelim9>y lab\r1 h[ev]1 ne$ n be s]vile4 ,to d x is also to ex]cise our faculties2 & 9 t ex]cise our faculties may gr[ free1--z ! imag9ation ( ,lucretius1 9 trac+ ! c\rse ( ! atoms1 dances & so>s mo/ cong5ially4 ,"o ext5sion ( art1 !n1 w\ld be 9 ! direction ( do+ arti/ically1 joyfully1 sympa!tically1 :atev] we h to d4 ,lit]ature 9 p>ticul> 7:i* is involv$ 9 hi/ory1 politics1 sci5ce1 affairs7 might be ?r\gh\t a "w ( art4 ,x w\ld become s n by be+ ornate1 b by be+ appropriate2 & ! s5se ( a great precision & ju/ness w\ld come ov] u z we read or wrote4 ,x w\ld delight u2 x w\ld make u see h[ beautiful1 h[ satisfy+1 is ! art ( be+ obs]vant1 economical1 & s9c]e4 ,! philosophical or compreh5sive poet1 l ,hom]1 l ,%akespe>e1 w\ld be a poet ( bus9ess4 ,he w\ld h a ta/e = ! _w 9 :i* he liv$1 & a clean view ( x4 ,!re rema9s a second =m ( rational art1 t ( express+ ! ideal t[>ds :i* we w\ld move "u ^! improv$ conditions4 ,= z we react we manife/ an inw>d pr9ciple1 express$ 9 t reaction4 ,we h a nature t selects its own direction1 & ! direction 9 :i* practical arts %all trans=m ! _w4 ,! out] life is = ! sake ( ! inn]2 discipl9e is = ! sake ( fre$om1 & conque/ = ! sake ( self-possession4 ,?is inn] life is wond]fully r$undant2 !re is1 namely1 v mu* m 9 x ?an a consci\sness ( ^? acts by :i* ! body adju/s itself to its surr\nd+s4 ,am f>big5 ,abglanz hab5 wir das ,leb52 ea* s5se has its arbitr>y quality1 ea* language its arbitr>y euphony & prosody2 e game has its creative laws1 e s\l its own t5d] rev]b]ations & secret dreams4 ,life has a m>g9 ( play :i* might gr[ broad]1 if ! su/a9+ nucleus 7 m firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! _w4 ,to ! art ( work+ well a civiliz$ race w\ld add ! art ( play+ well4 ,to play ) nature & make x decorative1 to play ) ! ov]tones ( life & make !m delightful1 is a sort ( art4 ,x is ! ultimate1 ! mo/ arti/ic sort ( art1 b x w nev] be practis$ successfully s long z ! o!r sort ( art is 9 a backw>d /ate2 = if we d n "k our environm5t1 we %all mi/ake our dreams = a "p ( x1 & s spoil our sci5ce by mak+ x fanta/ic1 & our dreams by mak+ !m obligatory4 ,! art & ! religion ( ! pa/1 z we see conspicu\sly 9 ,dante1 h fall5 into ?is error4 ,to correct x w\ld be to e/abli% a new religion & a new art1 bas$ on moral lib]ty & on moral c\rage4 ,:o %all be ! poet ( ?is d\ble insight8 ,he has nev] exi/$1 b he is ne$$ nev]!less4 ,x is "t "s g5ius %\ld appe> to recon/itute ! %att]$ picture ( ! _w4 ,he %\ld live 9 ! cont9ual pres5ce ( all exp]i5ce1 & respect x2 he %\ld at ! same "t und]/& nature1 ! gr\nd ( t exp]i5ce2 & he %\ld also h a delicate s5se = ! ideal e*oes ( 8 own passions1 & = all ! col\rs ( 8 possible happ9ess4 ,all t c inspire a poet is conta9$ 9 ?is task1 & no?+ less ?an ?is task w\ld exhau/ a poet's inspiration4 ,we may hail ?is ne$$ g5ius f af>4 ,l ! poets 9 ,dante's limbo1 :5 ,virgil returns among !m1 we may salute him1 say+3 ,onorate l'altissimo poeta4 ,hon\r ! mo/ high poet1 hon\r ! highe/ possible poet4 ,b ?is supreme poet is 9 limbo /ill4