,illustration    ,,macmillan ,,and      
,,co41 ,,limited   ,,london 4 ,,bombay 4
 ,,calcutta   ,,melbourne    ,,the      
,,macmillan ,,company   ,,new ,,york 4  
,,boston 4 ,,chicago   ,,atlanta 4 ,,san
 ,,francisco    ,,the ,,macmillan ,,co4 
,,of ,,canada1 ,,ltd4   ,,toronto       
,illustration3 ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley          
,,aphorisms   ,,and   ,,reflections     
,from the ,works of   ,t4 ,h4 ,,huxley  
,selected by   ,,henrietta ,a4 ,,huxley 
,,macmillan ,,and ,,co41 ,,limited      
,,st4 ,,martin',s ,,street1 ,,london    
#aijh     ,,richard ,,clay ,,and ,,sons1
 ,,limited1   ,,bread ,,street ,,hill1  
,e4,c41 ,,and   ,,bungay1 ,,suffolk4    
,first ,edition1 #aijg4   ,reprinted1   
#aijh4     ,,preface   ,although a man  
by his works and personality shall have 
made his mark upon the age he lives in1 
yet when he has passed away and his     
influence with him1 the next generation1
 and still more the succeeding one1 will
 know little of this work1 of his ideals
 and of the goal he strove to win1      

although for the student his scientific 
work may always live4  ,thomas ,henry   
,huxley may come to be remembered by the
 public merely as the man who held that 
we were descended from the ape1 or as   
the apostle of ,darwinism1 or as the man
 who worsted ,bishop ,wilberforce at    
,oxford4  ,to prevent such limitation1  
and to afford more intimate and valuable
 reasons for remembrance of this man of 
science and lover of his fellow-men1 ,i 
have gathered together passages1 on     
widely differing themes1 from the nine  
volumes of his ,essays1 from his        
,scientific ,memoirs and his ,letters1  
to be published in a small volume1      
complete in itself and of a size that   
can be carried in the pocket4  ,some of 
the passages were picked out for their  
philosophy1 some for their moral        
guidances1 some for their scientific    
exposition of natural facts1 or for     
their insight into social questions2    
others for their charms of imagination  
or genial humour1 and many--not the     

least--for their pure beauty of lucid   
,english writing4  ,in so much wealth of
 material it was difficult to restrict  
the gathering4  ,my great wish is that  
this small book1 by the easy method of  
its contents1 may attract the attention 
of those persons who are yet            
unacquainted with my husband's writings2
 of the men and women of leisure1 who1  
although they may have heard of the     
,essays1 do not care to work their way  
through the nine volumes2 of others who 
would like to read them1 but who have   
either no time to do so or coin         
wherewith to buy them4 ,more especially 
do ,i hope that these selections may    
attract the attention of the working    
man1 whose cause my husband so ardently 
espoused1 and to whom he was the first  
to reveal1 by his free lectures1 the    
loveliness of ,nature1 the many         
rainbow-coloured rays of science1 and to
 show forth to his listeners how all    
these glorious rays unite in the one    
pure white light of holy truth4  ,i am  

most grateful to our son ,leonard       
,huxley for weeding out the overgrowth  
of my extracts1 for indexing the text of
 the book and seeing it through the     
press for me4      ,,hodeslea1          
,,eastbourne1         ,june #bith1      
#aijg4     ,,aphorisms ,,and            
,,reflections   ,i  ,there is no        
alleviation for the sufferings of       
mankind except veracity of thought and  
of action1 and the resolute facing of   
the world as it is when the garment of  
make-believe by which pious hands have  
hidden its uglier features is stripped  
off4   ,,ii  ,natural knowledge1 seeking
 to satisfy natural wants1 has found the
 ideas which can alone still spiritual  
cravings4 ,i say that natural knowledge1
 in desiring to ascertain the laws of   
comfort1 has been driven to discover    
those of conduct1 and to lay the        
foundations of a new morality4   ,,iii  
,the improver of natural knowledge      
absolutely refuses to acknowledge       
authority1 as such4 ,for him1 scepticism

 is the highest of duties2 blind faith  
the one unpardonable sin4   ,,iv  ,the  
man of science has learned to believe in
 justification1 not by faith1 but by    
verification4   ,v  ,no delusion is     
greater than the notion that method and 
industry can make up for lack of        
motherwit1 either in science or in      
practical life4   ,,vi  ,nothing great  
in science has ever been done by men1   
whatever their powers1 in whom the      
divine afflatus of the truth-seeker was 
wanting4   ,,vii  ,in science1 as in    
art1 and1 as ,i believe1 in every other 
sphere of human activity1 there may be  
wisdom in a multitude of counsellors1   
but it is only in one or two of them4   
,,viii  ,nothing can be more incorrect  
than the assumption one sometimes meets 
with1 that physics has one method1      
chemistry another1 and biology a third4 
,,ix  ,anyone who is practically        
acquainted with scientific work is aware
 that those who refuse to go beyond     
fact1 rarely get as far as fact2 and    

anyone who has studied the history of   
science knows that almost every great   
step therein has been made by the       
anticipation of ,nature4   ,x  ,there   
are three great products of our time4444
 ,one of these is that doctrine         
concerning the constitution of matter   
which1 for want of a better name1 ,i    
will call molecular2 the second is the  
doctrine of the conservation of energy2 
the third is the doctrine of evolution4 
,,xi  ,m4 ,comte's philosophy1 in       
practice1 might be compendiously        
described as ,catholicism minus         
,christianity4   ,,xii  ,fact ,i know2  
and ,law ,i know2 but what is this      
,necessity1 save an empty shadow of my  
own mind's throwing8   ,,xiii  ,we live 
in a world which is full of misery and  
ignorance1 and the plain duty of each   
and all of us is to try to make the     
little corner he can influence somewhat 
less miserable and somewhat less        
ignorant than it was before he entered  
it4   ,,xiv  ,the man of science1 who1  

forgetting the limits of philosophical  
inquiry1 slides from these formulae and 
symbols into what is commonly understood
 by materialism1 seems to me to place   
himself on a level with the             
mathematician1 who should mistake the   
x's and y's with which he works his     
problems for real entities--and with    
this further disadvantage1 as compared  
with the mathematician1 that the        
blunders of the latter are of no        
practical consequence1 while the errors 
of systematic materialism may paralyse  
the energies and destroy the beauty of a
 life4   ,,xv  ,there are some men who  
are counted great because they represent
 the actuality of their own age1 and    
mirror it as it is4 ,such an one was    
,voltaire1 of whom it was               
epigrammatically said1 he expressed     
everybody's thoughts better than        
anybody4 ,but there are other men who   
attain greatness because they embody the
 potentiality of their own day1 and     
magically reflect the future4 ,they     

express the thoughts which will be      
everybody's two or three centuries after
 them4 ,such an one was ,descartes4     
,,xvi  ,learn what is true1 in order to 
do what is right1 is the summing up of  
the whole duty of man1 for all who are  
unable to satisfy their mental hunger   
with the east wind of authority4        
,,xvii  ,when ,i say that ,descartes    
consecrated doubt1 you must remember    
that it was that sort of doubt which    
,goethe has called the active           
scepticism1 whose whole aim is to       
conquer itself2 and not that other sort 
which is born of flippancy and          
ignorance1 and whose aim is only to     
perpetuate itself1 as an excuse for     
idleness and indifference4   ,,xviii    
,what1 then1 is certain8444 ,why1 the   
fact that the thought1 the present      
consciousness1 exists4 ,our thoughts may
 be delusive1 but they cannot be        
fictitious4 ,as thoughts1 they are real 
and existent1 and the cleverest deceiver
 cannot make them otherwise4   ,,xix    

,thought is existence4 ,more than that1 
so far as we are concerned1 existence is
 thought1 all our conceptions of        
existence being some kind or other of   
thought4   ,,xx  ,it is enough for all  
the practical purposes of human         
existence if we find that our trust in  
the representations of consciousness is 
verified by results2 and that1 by their 
help1 we are enabled to walk            
sure-footedly in this life4   ,,xxi  ,it
 is because the body is a machine that  
education is possible4 ,education is the
 formation of habits1 a superinducing of
 an artificial organisation upon the    
natural organisation of the body2 so    
that acts1 which at first required a    
conscious effort1 eventually became     
unconscious and mechanical4   ,,xxii  ,i
 protest that if some great ,power would
 agree to make me always think what is  
true and do what is right1 on condition 
of being turned into a sort of clock and
 wound up every morning before ,i got   
out of bed1 ,i should instantly close   

with the offer4   ,,xxiii  ,the only    
freedom ,i care about is the freedom to 
do right2 the freedom to do wrong ,i am 
ready to part with on the cheapest terms
 to anyone who will take it of me4      
,,xxiv  ,whatever evil voices may rage1 
,science1 secure among the powers that  
are eternal1 will do her work and be    
blessed4   ,,xxv  ,there is assuredly no
 more effectual method of clearing up   
one's own mind on any subject than by   
talking it over1 so to speak1 with men  
of real power and grasp1 who have       
considered it from a totally different  
point of view4   ,,xxvi  ,the parallax  
of time helps us to the true position of
 a conception1 as the parallax of space 
helps us to that of a star4   ,,xxvii   
,if animals are conscious automata with 
souls the soul stands related to the    
body as the bell of a clock to the      
works1 and consciousness answers to the 
sound which the bell gives out when it  
is struck4   ,,xxviii  ,logical         
consequences are the scarecrows of fools

 and the beacons of wise men4   ,,xxix  
,the only question which any wise man   
can ask himself1 and which any honest   
man will ask himself1 is whether a      
doctrine is true or false4   ,,xxx  ,of 
all the senseless babble ,i have ever   
had occasion to read1 the demonstrations
 of these philosophers who undertake to 
tell us all about the nature of ,god    
would be the worst1 if they were not    
surpassed by the still greater          
absurdities of the philosophers who try 
to prove that there is no ,god4   ,,xxxi
  ,that which is to be lamented1 ,i     
fancy1 is not that society should do its
 utmost to help capacity to ascend from 
the lower strata to the higher1 but that
 it has no machinery by which to        
facilitate the descent of incapacity    
from the higher strata to the lower4    
,,xxxii  ,time1 whose tooth gnaws away  
everything else1 is powerless against   
truth4   ,,xxxiii  ,misery is a match   
that never goes out4   ,,xxxiv  ,genius 
as an explosive power beats gunpowder   

hollow2 and if knowledge1 which should  
give that power guidance1 is wanting1   
the chances are not small that the      
rocket will simply run amuck among      
friends and foes4   ,,xxxv              
,thoughtfulness for others1 generosity1 
modesty1 and self-respect1 are the      
qualities which make a real gentleman1  
or lady1 as distinguished from the      
veneered article which commonly goes by 
that name4   ,,xxxvi  ,the higher the   
state of civilisation1 the more         
completely do the actions of one member 
of the social body influence all the    
rest1 and the less possible is it for   
any one man to do a wrong thing without 
interfering1 more or less1 with the     
freedom of all his fellow-citizens4     
,,xxxvii  ,i take it that the good of   
mankind means the attainment1 by every  
man1 of all the happiness which he can  
enjoy without diminishing the happiness 
of his fellow men4   ,,xxxviii          
,education promotes peace by teaching   
men the realities of life and the       

obligations which are involved in the   
very existence of society2 it promotes  
intellectual development1 not only by   
training the individual intellect1 but  
by sifting out from the masses of       
ordinary or inferior capacities1 those  
who are competent to increase the       
general welfare by occupying higher     
positions2 and1 lastly1 it promotes     
morality and refinement1 by teaching men
 to discipline themselves1 and by       
leading them to see that the highest1 as
 it is the only permanent1 content is to
 be attained1 not by grovelling in the  
rank and steaming valleys of sense1 but 
by continual striving towards those high
 peaks1 where1 resting in eternal calm1 
reason discerns the undefined but bright
 ideal of the highest ,good--a cloud by 
day1 a pillar of fire by night4         
,,xxxix  ,missionaries1 whether of      
philosophy or of religion1 rarely make  
rapid way1 unless their preachings fall 
in with the prepossessions of the       
multitude of shallow thinkers1 or can be

 made to serve as a stalking-horse for  
the promotion of the practical aims of  
the still larger multitude1 who do not  
profess to think much1 but are quite    
certain they want a great deal4   ,,xl  
,proclaim human equality as loudly as   
you like1 ,witless will serve his       
brother4   ,,xli  ,there is no sea more 
dangerous than the ocean of practical   
politics--none in which there is more   
need of good pilotage and of a single1  
unfaltering purpose when the waves rise 
high4   ,,xlii  ,the doctrine that all  
men are1 in any sense1 or have been1 at 
any time1 free and equal1 is an utterly 
baseless fiction4   ,,xliii  ,for the   
welfare of society1 as for that of      
individual men1 it is surely essential  
that there should be a statute of       
limitations in respect of the           
consequences of wrong-doing4   ,,xliv   
,musst immer thun wie neu geboren is the
 best of all maxims for the guidance of 
the life of ,states1 no less than of    
individuals4   ,,xlv  ,the population   

question is the real riddle of the      
sphinx1 to which no political ,oedipus  
has as yet found the answer4 ,in view of
 the ravages of the terrible monster1   
over-multiplication1 all other riddles  
sink into insignificance4   ,,xlvi  ,the
 ,law of ,nature is not a command to do1
 or to refrain from doing1 anything4 ,it
 contains1 in reality1 nothing but a    
statement of that which a given being   
tends to do under the circumstances of  
its existence2 and which1 in the case of
 a living and sensitive being1 it is    
necessitated to do1 if it is to escape  
certain kinds of disability1 pain1 and  
ultimate dissolution4   ,,xlvii         
,probably none of the political         
delusions which have sprung from the    
natural rights doctrine has been more   
mischievous than the assertion that all 
men have a natural right to freedom1 and
 that those who willingly submit to any 
restriction of this freedom1 beyond the 
point determined by the deductions of a 
priori philosophers1 deserve the title  

of slave4 ,but to my mind1 this delusion
 is incomprehensible except as the      
result of the error of confounding      
natural with moral rights4   ,,xlviii   
,the very existence of society depends  
on the fact that every member of it     
tacitly admits that he is not the       
exclusive possessor of himself1 and that
 he admits the claim of the polity of   
which he forms a part1 to act1 to some  
extent1 as his master4   ,,xlix  ,surely
 there is a time to submit to guidance  
and a time to take one's own way at all 
hazards4   ,l  ,individualism1 pushed to
 anarchy1 in the family is as           
ill-founded theoretically and as        
mischievous practically as it is in the 
,state2 while extreme regimentation is a
 certain means of either destroying     
self-reliance or of maddening to        
rebellion4   ,,li  ,a man in his        
development runs for a little while     
parallel with1 though never passing     
through1 the form of the meanest worm1  
then travels for a space beside the     

fish1 then journeys along with the bird 
and the reptile for his fellow          
travellers2 and only at last1 after a   
brief companionship with the highest of 
the four-footed and four-handed world1  
rises into the dignity of pure manhood4 
,,lii  ,not only does every animal live 
at the expense of some other animal or  
plant1 but the very plants are at       
war4444 ,the individuals of a species   
are like the crew of a foundered ship1  
and none but good swimmers have a chance
 of reaching the land4   ,,liii  ,when  
we know that living things are formed of
 the same elements as the inorganic     
world1 that they act and react upon it1 
bound by a thousand ties of natural     
piety1 is it probable1 nay is it        
possible1 that they1 and they alone1    
should have no order in their seeming   
disorder1 no unity in their seeming     
multiplicity1 should suffer no          
explanation by the discovery of some    
central and sublime law of mutual       
connection8   ,,liv  ,the student of    

,nature wonders the more and is         
astonished the less1 the more conversant
 he becomes with her operations2 but of 
all the perennial miracles she offers to
 his inspection1 perhaps the most worthy
 of admiration is the development of a  
plant or of an animal from its embryo4  
,,lv  ,matter and force are the two     
names of the one artist who fashions the
 living as well as the lifeless4   ,,lvi
  ,there is not throughout ,nature a law
 of wider application than this1 that a 
body impelled by two forces takes the   
direction of their resultant4   ,,lvii  
,orthodoxy is the ,bourbon of the world 
of thought4 ,it learns not1 neither can 
it forget4   ,,lviii  ,who shall number 
the patient and earnest seekers after   
truth1 from the days of ,galileo until  
now1 whose lives have been embittered   
and their good name blasted by the      
mistaken zeal of ,bibliolaters8 ,who    
shall count the host of weaker men whose
 sense of truth has been destroyed in   
the effort to harmonise                 

impossibilities--whose life has been    
wasted in the attempt to force the      
generous new wine of ,science into the  
old bottles of ,judaism1 compelled by   
the outcry of the same strong party8    
,,lix  ,when ,astronomy was young the   
morning stars sang together for joy1 and
 the planets were guided in their       
courses by celestial hands4 ,now1 the   
harmony of the stars has resolved itself
 into gravitation according to the      
inverse squares of the distances1 and   
the orbits of the planets are deducible 
from the laws of the forces which allow 
a schoolboy's stone to break a window4  
,,lx  ,the lightning was the angel of   
the ,lord2 but it has pleased           
,providence1 in these modern times1 that
 science should make it the humble      
messenger of man1 and we know that every
 flash that shimmers about the horizon  
on a summer's evening is determined by  
ascertainable conditions1 and that its  
direction and brightness might1 if our  
knowledge of these were great enough1   

have been calculated4   ,,lxi  ,why     
should the souls of philosophers be     
deeply vexed8 ,the majesty of ,fact is  
on their side1 and the elemental forces 
of ,nature are working for them4 ,not a 
star comes to the meridian at its       
calculated time but testifies to the    
justice of their methods--their beliefs 
are one with the falling rain and with  
the growing corn4 ,by doubt they are    
established1 and open inquiry is their  
bosom friend4   ,,lxii  ,harmonious     
order governing eternally continuous    
progress--the web and woof of matter and
 force interweaving by slow degrees1    
without a broken thread1 that veil which
 lies between us and the ,infinite--that
 universe which alone we know or can    
know2 such is the picture which science 
draws of the world1 and in proportion as
 any part of that picture is in unison  
with the rest1 so may we feel sure that 
it is rightly painted4   ,,lxiii  ,mix  
salt and sand1 and it shall puzzle the  
wisest of men1 with his mere natural    

appliances1 to separate all the grains  
of sand from all the grains of salt2 but
 a shower of rain will effect the same  
object in ten minutes4   ,,lxiv         
,elijah's great question1 ,will you     
serve ,god or ,baal8 ,choose ye1 is     
uttered audibly enough in the ears of   
every one of us as we come to manhood4  
,let every man who tries to answer it   
seriously ask himself whether he can be 
satisfied with the ,baal of authority1  
and with all the good things his        
worshippers are promised in this world  
and the next4 ,if he can1 let him1 if he
 be so inclined1 amuse himself with such
 scientific implements as authority     
tells him are safe and will not cut his 
fingers2 but let him not imagine he is1 
or can be1 both a true son of the       
,church and a loyal soldier of science4 
,,lxv  ,ecclesiasticism in science is   
only unfaithfulness to truth4   ,,lxvi  
,if the blind acceptance of authority   
appears to him in its true colours1 as  
mere private judgment in excelsis1 and  

if he have the courage to stand alone1  
face to face with the abyss of the      
eternal and unknowable1 let him be      
content1 once for all1 not only to      
renounce the good things promised by    
,infallibility1 but even to bear the bad
 things which it prophesies2 content to 
follow reason and fact in singleness and
 honesty of purpose1 wherever they may  
lead1 in the sure faith that a hell of  
honest men will1 to him1 be more        
endurable than a paradise full of       
angelic shams4   ,,lxvii  ,history warns
 us that it is the customary fate of new
 truths to begin as heresies and to end 
as superstitions4   ,,lxviii  ,the      
struggle for existence holds as much in 
the intellectual as in the physical     
world4 ,a theory is a species of        
thinking1 and its right to exist is     
coextensive with its power of resisting 
extinction by its rivals4   ,,lxix  ,the
 scientific spirit is of more value than
 its products1 and irrationally held    
truths may be more harmful than reasoned

 errors4   ,,lxx  ,every belief is the  
product of two factors3 the first is the
 state of the mind to which the evidence
 in favour of that belief is presented2 
and the second is the logical cogency of
 the evidence itself4   ,,lxxi  ,science
 commits suicide when it adopts a creed4
   ,,lxxii  ,the method of scientific   
investigation is nothing but the        
expression of the necessary mode of     
working of the human mind4 ,it is simply
 the mode in which all phenomena are    
reasoned about1 rendered precise and    
exact4   ,,lxxiii  ,there are men 7and  
,i think ,priestley was one of them7 to 
whom the satisfaction of throwing down a
 triumphant fallacy is as great as that 
which attends the discovery of a new    
truth2 who feel better satisfied with   
the government of the world1 when they  
have been helping ,providence by        
knocking an imposture on the head2 and  
who care even more for freedom of       
thought than for mere advance of        
knowledge4 ,these men are the ,carnots  

who organise victory for truth1 and they
 are1 at least1 as important as the     
generals who visibly fight her battles  
in the field4   ,,lxxiv  ,material      
advancement has its share in moral and  
intellectual progress4 ,becky ,sharp's  
acute remark that it is not difficult to
 be virtuous on ten thousand a year1 has
 its application to nations2 and it is  
futile to expect a hungry and squalid   
population to be anything but violent   
and gross4   ,,lxxv  ,if the twentieth  
century is to be better than the        
nineteenth1 it will be because there are
 among us men who walk in ,priestley's  
footsteps4 ,but whether ,priestley's lot
 be theirs1 and a future generation1 in 
justice and in gratitude1 set up their  
statues2 or whether their names and fame
 are blotted out from remembrance1 their
 work will live as long as time endures4
 ,to all eternity1 the sum of truth and 
right will have been increased by their 
means2 to all eternity1 falsehood and   
injustice will be the weaker because    

they have lived4   ,,lxxvi  ,science is1
 ,i believe1 nothing but trained and    
organised common sense1 differing from  
the latter only as a veteran may differ 
from a raw recruit3 and its methods     
differ from those of common sense only  
so far as the guardsman's cut and thrust
 differ from the manner in which a      
savage wields his club4   ,,lxxvii  ,the
 vast results obtained by ,science are  
won by no mystical faculties1 by no     
mental processes1 other than those which
 are practised by every one of us1 in   
the humblest and meanest affairs of     
life4 ,a detective policeman discovers a
 burglar from the marks made by his     
shoe1 by a mental process identical with
 that by which ,cuvier restored the     
extinct animals of ,montmartre from     
fragments of their bones4   ,,lxxviii   
,there is no side of the human mind     
which physiological study leaves        
uncultivated4 ,connected by innumerable 
ties with abstract science1 ,physiology 
is yet in the most intimate relation    

with humanity2 and by teaching us that  
law and order1 and a definite scheme of 
development1 regulate even the strangest
 and wildest manifestations of          
individual life1 she prepares the       
student to look for a goal even amidst  
the erratic wanderings of mankind1 and  
to believe that history offers something
 more than an entertaining chaos--a     
journal of a toilsome1 tragi-comic march
 nowhither4   ,,lxxix  ,i cannot but    
think that he who finds a certain       
proportion of pain and evil inseparably 
woven up in the life of the very worms1 
will bear his own share with more       
courage and submission2 and will1 at any
 rate1 view with suspicion those weakly 
amiable theories of the ,divine         
government1 which would have us believe 
pain to be an oversight and a           
mistake1--to be corrected by and by4 ,on
 the other hand1 the predominance of    
happiness among living things--their    
lavish beauty--the secret and wonderful 
harmony which pervades them all1 from   

the highest to the lowest1 are equally  
striking refutations of that modern     
,manichean doctrine1 which exhibits the 
world as a slave-mill1 worked with many 
tears1 for mere utilitarian ends4       
,,lxxx  ,to a person uninstructed in    
natural history1 his country or sea-side
 stroll is a walk through a gallery     
filled with wonderful works of art1     
nine-tenths of which have their faces   
turned to the wall4 ,teach him something
 of natural history1 and you place in   
his hands a catalogue of those which are
 worth turning round4 ,surely our       
innocent pleasures are not so abundant  
in this life that we can afford to      
despise this or any other source of     
them4 ,we should fear being banished for
 our neglect to that limbo where the    
great ,florentine tells us are those    
who1 during this life1 wept when they   
might be joyful4   ,,lxxxi  ,no slavery 
can be abolished without a double       
emancipation1 and the master will       
benefit by freedom more than the        

freed-man4   ,,lxxxii  ,compare the     
average artisan and the average country 
squire1 and it may be doubted if you    
will find a pin to choose between the   
two in point of ignorance1 class        
feeling1 or prejudice4 ,it is true that 
the ignorance is of a different         
sort--that the class feeling is in      
favour of a different class--and that   
the prejudice has a distinct savour of  
wrong-headedness in each case--but it is
 questionable if the one is either a bit
 better1 or a bit worse1 than the other4
 ,the old protectionist theory is the   
doctrine of trades unions as applied by 
the squires1 and the modern trades      
unionism is the doctrine of the squires 
applied by the artisans4 ,why should we 
be worse off under one regime than under
 the other8   ,,lxxxiii  ,the life1 the 
fortune1 and the happiness of every one 
of us1 and1 more or less1 of those who  
are connected with us1 do depend upon   
our knowing something of the rules of a 
game infinitely more difficult and      

complicated than chess4 ,it is a game   
which has been played for untold ages1  
every man and woman of us being one of  
the two players in a game of his or her 
own4 ,the chessboard is the world1 the  
pieces are the phenomena of the         
universe1 the rules of the game are what
 we call the laws of ,nature4 ,the      
player on the other side is hidden from 
us4 ,we know that his play is always    
fair1 just and patient4 ,but also we    
know1 to our cost1 that he never        
overlooks a mistake1 or makes the       
smallest allowance for ignorance4 ,to   
the man who plays well1 the highest     
stakes are paid1 with that sort of      
overflowing generosity with which the   
strong shows delight in strength4 ,and  
one who plays ill is checkmated--without
 haste1 but without remorse4   ,,lxxxiv 
,education is the instruction of the    
intellect in the laws of ,nature1 under 
which name ,i include not merely things 
and their forces1 but men and their     
ways2 and the fashioning of the         

affections and of the will into an      
earnest and loving desire to move in    
harmony with those laws4   ,,lxxxv  ,to 
every one of us the world was once as   
fresh and new as to ,adam4 ,and then1   
long before we were susceptible of any  
other mode of instruction1 ,nature took 
us in hand1 and every minute of waking  
life brought its educational influence1 
shaping our actions into rough          
accordance with ,nature's laws1 so that 
we might not be ended untimely by too   
gross disobedience4 ,nor should ,i speak
 of this process of education as past   
for any one1 be he as old as he may4    
,for every man the world is as fresh as 
it was at the first day1 and as full of 
untold novelties for him who has the    
eyes to see them4 ,and ,nature is still 
continuing her patient education of us  
in that great university1 the universe1 
of which we are all members--,nature    
having no ,test-,acts4   ,,lxxxvi       
,those who take honours in ,nature's    
university1 who learn the laws which    

govern men and things and obey them1 are
 the really great and successful men in 
this world4 ,the great mass of mankind  
are the ,poll1 who pick up just enough  
to get through without much discredit4  
,those who won't learn at all are       
plucked2 and then you can't come up     
again4 ,nature's pluck means            
extermination4   ,,lxxxvii  ,ignorance  
is visited as sharply as wilful         
disobedience--incapacity meets with the 
same punishment as crime4 ,nature's     
discipline is not even a word and a     
blow1 and the blow first2 but the blow  
without the word4 ,it is left to you to 
find out why your ears are boxed4       
,,lxxxviii  ,all artificial education   
ought to be an anticipation of natural  
education4   ,,lxxxix  ,that man1 ,i    
think1 has had a liberal education who  
has been so trained in youth that his   
body is the ready servant of his will1  
and does with ease and pleasure all the 
work that1 as a mechanism1 it is capable
 of2 whose intellect is a clear1 cold1  

logic engine1 with all its parts of     
equal strength and in smooth working    
order2 ready1 like a steam engine1 to be
 turned to any kind of work1 and spin   
the gossamers as well as forge the      
anchors of the mind2 whose mind is      
stored with a knowledge of the great and
 fundamental truths of ,nature and of   
the laws of her operations2 one who1 no 
stunted ascetic1 is full of life and    
fire1 but whose passions are trained to 
come to heel by a vigorous will1 the    
servant of a tender conscience2 who has 
learned to love all beauty1 whether of  
,nature or of art1 to hate all vileness1
 and to respect others as himself4      
,,xc  ,the only medicine for suffering1 
crime1 and all the other woes of        
mankind1 is wisdom4   ,,xci  ,next to   
being right in this world1 the best of  
all things is to be clearly and         
definitely wrong1 because you will come 
out somewhere4 ,if you go buzzing about 
between right and wrong1 vibrating and  
fluctuating1 you come out nowhere2 but  

if you are absolutely and thoroughly and
 persistently wrong1 you must1 some of  
these days1 have the extreme good       
fortune of knocking your head against a 
fact1 and that sets you all straight    
again4   ,,xcii  ,no man ever           
understands ,shakespeare until he is    
old1 though the youngest may admire him1
 the reason being that he satisfies the 
artistic instinct of the youngest and   
harmonises with the ripest and richest  
experience of the oldest4   ,,xciii  ,it
 is not a question whether one order of 
study or another should predominate4 ,it
 is a question of what topics of        
education you shall select which will   
combine all the needful elements in such
 due proportion as to give the greatest 
amount of food1 support1 and            
encouragement to those faculties which  
enable us to appreciate truth1 and to   
profit by those sources of innocent     
happiness which are open to us1 and1 at 
the same time1 to avoid that which is   
bad1 and coarse1 and ugly1 and keep     

clear of the multitude of pitfalls and  
dangers which beset those who break     
through the natural or moral laws4      
,,xciv  ,writing is a form of drawing2  
therefore if you give the same attention
 and trouble to drawing as you do to    
writing1 depend upon it1 there is nobody
 who cannot be made to draw1 more or    
less well4444 ,i do not say for one     
moment you would make an artistic       
draughtsman4 ,artists are not made2 they
 grow4444 ,you can teach simple drawing1
 and you will find it an implement of   
learning of extreme value4 ,i do not    
think its value can be exaggerated1     
because it gives you the means of       
training the young in attention and     
accuracy1 which are the two things in   
which all mankind are more deficient    
than in any other mental quality        
whatever4   ,,xcv  ,if a man cannot get 
literary culture of the highest kind out
 of his ,bible1 and ,chaucer1 and       
,shakespeare1 and ,milton1 and ,hobbes1 
and ,bishop ,berkeley1 to mention only a

 few of our illustrious writers--,i say1
 if he cannot get it out of those       
writers1 he cannot get it out of        
anything2 and ,i would assuredly devote 
a very large portion of the time of     
every ,english child to the careful     
study of the models of ,english writing 
of such varied and wonderful kind as we 
possess1 and1 what is still more        
important and still more neglected1 the 
habit of using that language with       
precision1 with force1 and with art4    
,,xcvi  ,i fancy we are almost the only 
nation in the world who seem to think   
that composition comes by nature4 ,the  
,french attend to their own language1   
the ,germans study theirs2 but          
,englishmen do not seem to think it is  
worth their while4   ,,xcvii  ,many of  
the faults and mistakes of the ancient  
philosophers are traceable to the fact  
that they knew no language but their    
own1 and were often led into confusing  
the symbol with the thought which it    
embodied4   ,,xcviii  ,if the time given

 to education permits1 add ,latin and   
,german4 ,latin1 because it is the key  
to nearly one-half of ,english and to   
all the ,romance languages2 and ,german1
 because it is the key to almost all the
 remainder of ,english1 and helps you to
 understand a race from whom most of us 
have sprung1 and who have a character   
and a literature of a fateful force in  
the history of the world1 such as       
probably has been allotted to those of  
no other people1 except the ,jews1 the  
,greeks1 and ourselves4   ,,xcix  ,in an
 ideal ,university1 444 the force of    
living example should fire the student  
with a noble ambition to emulate the    
learning of learned men1 and to follow  
in the footsteps of the explorers of new
 fields of knowledge4 ,and the very air 
he breathes should be charged with that 
enthusiasm for truth1 that fanaticism of
 veracity1 which is a greater possession
 than much learning2 a nobler gift than 
the power of increasing knowledge2 by so
 much greater and nobler than these1 as 

the moral nature of man is greater than 
the intellectual2 for veracity is the   
heart of morality4   ,c  ,do what you   
can to do what you ought1 and leave     
hoping and fearing alone4   ,,ci  ,on   
the face of the matter1 it is absurd to 
ask whether it is more important to know
 the limits of one's powers2 or the ends
 for which they ought to be exerted2 or 
the conditions under which they must be 
exerted4 ,one may as well inquire which 
of the terms of a ,rule of ,three sum   
one ought to know in order to get a     
trustworthy result4 ,practical life is  
such a sum1 in which your duty          
multiplied into your capacity1 and      
divided by your circumstances1 gives you
 the fourth term in the proportion1     
which is your deserts1 with great       
accuracy4   ,,cii  ,books are the money 
of ,literature1 but only the counters of
 ,science4   ,,ciii  ,medicine was the  
foster-mother of ,chemistry1 because it 
has to do with the preparation of drugs 
and the detection of poisons2 of        

,botany1 because it enabled the         
physician to recognise medicinal herbs2 
of ,comparative ,anatomy and            
,physiology1 because the man who studied
 ,human ,anatomy and ,physiology for    
purely medical purposes was led to      
extend his studies to the rest of the   
animal world4   ,,civ  ,a thorough study
 of ,human ,physiology is1 in itself1 an
 education broader and more             
comprehensive than much that passes     
under that name4 ,there is no side of   
the intellect which it does not call    
into play1 no region of human knowledge 
into which either its roots1 or its     
branches1 do not extend2 like the       
,atlantic between the ,old and the ,new 
,worlds1 its waves wash the shores of   
the two worlds of matter and of mind2   
its tributary streams flow from both2   
through its waters1 as yet unfurrowed by
 the keel of any ,columbus1 lies the    
road1 if such there be1 from the one to 
the other2 far away from that           
,north-west ,passage of mere            

speculation1 in which so many brave     
souls have been hopelessly frozen up4   
,,cv  ,you know that among the ,bees1 it
 depends on the kind of cell in which   
the egg is deposited1 and the quantity  
and quality of food which is supplied to
 the grub1 whether it shall turn out a  
busy little worker or a big idle queen4 
,and1 in the human hive1 the cells of   
the endowed larvae are always tending to
 enlarge1 and their food to improve1    
until we get queens1 beautiful to       
behold1 but which gather no honey and   
build no comb4   ,,cvi  ,examination1   
like fire1 is a good servant1 but a bad 
master2 and there seems to me to be some
 danger of its becoming our master4 ,i  
by no means stand alone in this opinion4
 ,experienced friends of mine do not    
hesitate to say that students whose     
career they watch appear to them to     
become deteriorated by the constant     
effort to pass this or that examination1
 just as we hear of men's brains        
becoming affected by the daily necessity

 of catching a train4 ,they work to     
pass1 not to know2 and outraged ,science
 takes her revenge4 ,they do pass1 and  
they don't know4   ,,cvii  ,a man's     
worst difficulties begin when he is able
 to do as he likes4   ,,cviii  ,there is
 but one right1 and the possibilities of
 wrong are infinite4   ,,cix  ,it is    
given to few to add to the store of     
knowledge1 to strike new springs of     
thought1 or to shape new forms of       
beauty4 ,but so sure as it is that men  
live not by bread1 but by ideas1 so sure
 is it that the future of the world lies
 in the hands of those who are able to  
carry the interpretation of nature a    
step further than their predecessors4   
,,cx  ,size is not grandeur1 and        
territory does not make a nation4       
,,cxi  ,whatever practical people may   
say1 this world is1 after all1          
absolutely governed by ideas1 and very  
often by the wildest and most           
hypothetical ideas4 ,it is a matter of  
the very greatest importance that our   

theories of things1 and even of things  
that seem a long way apart from our     
daily lives1 should be as far as        
possible true1 and as far as possible   
removed from error4   ,,cxii  ,all      
truth1 in the long run1 is only common  
sense clarified4   ,,cxiii  ,you may    
read any quantity of books1 and you may 
be almost as ignorant as you were at    
starting1 if you don't have1 at the back
 of your minds1 the change for words in 
definite images which can only be       
acquired through the operation of your  
observing faculties on the phenomena of 
nature4   ,,cxiv  ,the saying that a    
little knowledge is a dangerous thing   
is1 to my mind1 a very dangerous adage4 
,if knowledge is real and genuine1 ,i do
 not believe that it is other than a    
very valuable possession1 however       
infinitesimal its quantity may be4      
,indeed1 if a little knowledge is       
dangerous1 where is the man who has so  
much as to be out of danger8   ,,cxv    
,patience and tenacity of purpose are   

worth more than twice their weight of   
cleverness4   ,,cxvi  ,the body is a    
machine of the nature of an army4444 ,of
 this army each cell is a soldier1 an   
organ a brigade1 the central nervous    
system headquarters and field telegraph1
 the alimentary and circulatory system  
the commissariat4 ,losses are made good 
by recruits born in camp1 and the life  
of the individual is a campaign1        
conducted successfully for a number of  
years1 but with certain defeat in the   
long run4   ,,cxvii  ,so far as the laws
 of conduct are determined by the       
intellect1 ,i apprehend that they belong
 to science1 and to that part of science
 which is called morality4 ,but the     
engagement of the affections in favour  
of that particular kind of conduct which
 we call good1 seems to me to be        
something quite beyond mere science4    
,and ,i cannot but think that it1       
together with the awe and reverence1    
which have no kinship with base fear1   
but arise whenever one tries to pierce  

below the surface of things1 whether    
they be material or spiritual1          
constitutes all that has any            
unchangeable reality in religion4       
,,cxviii  ,just as ,i think it would be 
a mistake to confound the science1      
morality1 with the affection1 religion2 
so do ,i conceive it to be a most       
lamentable and mischievous error1 that  
the science1 theology1 is so confounded 
in the minds of many--indeed1 ,i might  
say1 of the majority of men4   ,,cxix   
,my belief is1 that no human being1 and 
no society composed of human beings1    
ever did1 or ever will1 come to much1   
unless their conduct was governed and   
guided by the love of some ethical      
ideal4   ,,cxx  ,perhaps the most       
valuable result of all education is the 
ability to make yourself do the thing   
you have to do1 when it ought to be     
done1 whether you like it or not2 it is 
the first lesson that ought to be       
learned2 and1 however early a man's     
training begins1 it is probably the last

 lesson that he learns thoroughly4      
,,cxxi  ,the great end of life is not   
knowledge1 but action4 ,what men need   
is1 as much knowledge as they can       
assimilate and organise into a basis for
 action2 give them more and it may      
become injurious4 ,one knows people who 
are as heavy and stupid from undigested 
learning as others are from over-fulness
 of meat and drink4   ,,cxxii  ,there is
 no mode of exercising the faculty of   
observation and the faculty of accurate 
reproduction of that which is observed1 
no discipline which so readily tests    
error in these matters1 as drawing      
properly taught4 ,and by that ,i do not 
mean artistic drawing2 ,i mean figuring 
natural objects4 ,i do not wish to      
exaggerate1 but ,i declare to you that1 
in my judgment1 the child who has been  
taught to make an accurate elevation1   
plan and section of a pint pot has had  
an admirable training in accuracy of eye
 and hand4   ,,cxxiii  ,accuracy is the 
foundation of everything else4   ,,cxxiv

  ,anybody who knows his business in    
science can make anything subservient to
 that purpose4 ,you know it was said of 
,dean ,swift that he could write an     
admirable poem upon a broomstick1 and   
the man who has a real knowledge of     
science can make the commonest object in
 the world subservient to an            
introduction to the principles and      
greater truths of natural knowledge4    
,,cxxv  ,my experience of the world is  
that things left to themselves don't get
 right4   ,,cxxvi  ,i remember somewhere
 reading of an interview between the    
poet ,southey and a good ,quaker4       
,southey was a man of marvellous powers 
of work4 ,he had a habit of dividing his
 time into little parts each of which   
was filled up1 and he told the ,quaker  
what he did in this hour and that1 and  
so on through the day until far into the
 night4 ,the ,quaker listened1 and at   
the close said1 ,well1 but1 friend      
,southey1 when dost thee think8         
,,cxxvii  ,the knowledge which is       

absolutely requisite in dealing with    
young children is the knowledge you     
possess1 as you would know your own     
business1 and which you can just turn   
about as if you were explaining to a boy
 a matter of everyday life4   ,,cxxviii 
,you may develop the intellectual side  
of people as far as you like1 and you   
may confer upon them all the skill that 
training and instruction can give2 but1 
if there is not1 underneath all that    
outside form and superficial polish1 the
 firm fibre of healthy manhood and      
earnest desire to do well1 your labour  
is absolutely in vain4   ,,cxxix  ,our  
sole chance of succeeding in a          
competition1 which must constantly      
become more and more severe1 is that our
 people shall not only have the         
knowledge and the skill which are       
required1 but that they shall have the  
will and the energy and the honesty1    
without which neither knowledge nor     
skill can be of any permanent avail4    
,,cxxx  ,it is a great many years since1

 at the outset of my career1 ,i had to  
think seriously what life had to offer  
that was worth having4 ,i came to the   
conclusion that the chief good1 for me1 
was freedom to learn1 think1 and say    
what ,i pleased1 when ,i pleased4 ,i    
have acted on that conviction1 and have 
availed myself of the rara temporum     
felicitas ubi sentire quae velis1 et    
quae sentias dicere licet1 which is now 
enjoyable1 to the best of my ability2   
and though strongly1 and perhaps wisely1
 warned that ,i should probably come to 
grief1 ,i am entirely satisfied with the
 results of the line of action ,i have  
adopted4   ,,cxxxi  ,the scientific     
imagination always restrains itself     
within the limits of probability4       
,,cxxxii  ,it is a law of nature1       
verifiable by everyday experience1 that 
our already formed convictions1 our     
strong desires1 our intent occupation   
with particular ideas1 modify our mental
 operations to a most marvellous extent1
 and produce enduring changes in the    

direction and in the intensity of our   
intellectual and moral activities4      
,,cxxxiii  ,men can intoxicate          
themselves with ideas as effectually as 
with alcohol or with bang1 and produce1 
by dint of intense thinking1 mental     
conditions hardly distinguishable from  
monomania4   ,,cxxxiv  ,demoniac        
possession is mythical2 but the faculty 
of being possessed1 more or less        
completely1 by an idea is probably the  
fundamental condition of what is called 
genius1 whether it show itself in the   
saint1 the artist1 or the man of        
science4 ,one calls it faith1 another   
calls it inspiration1 a third calls it  
insight2 but the intending of the mind1 
to borrow ,newton's well-known phrase1  
the concentration of all the rays of    
intellectual energy on some one point1  
until it glows and colours the whole    
cast of thought with its peculiar light1
 is common to all4   ,,cxxxv  ,whatever 
happens1 science may bide her time in   
patience and in confidence4   ,,cxxxvi  

,the only people1 scientific or other1  
who never make mistakes are those who do
 nothing4   ,,cxxxvii  ,the most        
considerable difference ,i note among   
men is not in their readiness to fall   
into error1 but in their readiness to   
acknowledge these inevitable lapses4    
,,cxxxviii  ,quite apart from deliberate
 and conscious fraud 7which is a rarer  
thing than is often supposed71 people   
whose mythopoeic faculty is once stirred
 are capable of saying the thing that is
 not1 and of acting as they should not1 
to an extent which is hardly imaginable 
by persons who are not so easily        
affected by the contagion of blind      
faith4 ,there is no falsity so gross    
that honest men and1 still more1        
virtuous women1 anxious to promote a    
good cause1 will not lend themselves to 
it without any clear consciousness of   
the moral bearings of what they are     
doing4   ,,cxxxix  ,this modern         
reproduction of the ancient prophet1    
with his ,thus saith the ,lord1 ,this is

 the work of the ,lord1 steeped in      
supernaturalism and glorying in blind   
faith1 is the mental antipodes of the   
philosopher1 founded in naturalism and a
 fanatic for evidence1 to whom these    
affirmations inevitably suggest the     
previous question3 ,how do you know that
 the ,lord saith it8 ,how do you know   
that the ,lord doeth it8 and who is     
compelled to demand that rational ground
 for belief1 without which1 to the man  
of science1 assent is merely an immoral 
pretence4  ,and it is this rational     
ground of belief which the writers of   
the ,gospels1 no less than ,paul1 and   
,eginhard1 and ,fox1 so little dream of 
offering that they would regard the     
demand for it as a kind of blasphemy4   
,,cxl  ,to quarrel with the uncertainty 
that besets us in intellectual affairs  
would be about as reasonable as to      
object to live one's life1 with due     
thought for the morrow1 because no man  
can be sure he will be alive an hour    
hence4   ,,cxli  ,i verily believe that 

the great good which has been effected  
in the world by ,christianity has been  
largely counteracted by the pestilent   
doctrine on which all the ,churches have
 insisted1 that honest disbelief in     
their more or less astonishing creeds is
 a moral offence1 indeed a sin of the   
deepest dye1 deserving and involving the
 same future retribution as murder and  
robbery4 ,if we could only see1 in one  
view1 the torrents of hypocrisy and     
cruelty1 the lies1 the slaughter1 the   
violations of every obligation of       
humanity1 which have flowed from this   
source along the course of the history  
of ,christian nations1 our worst        
imaginations of ,hell would pale beside 
the vision4   ,,cxlii  ,agnostioism1 in 
fact1 is not a creed1 but a method1 the 
essence of which lies in the rigorous   
application of a single principle4 ,that
 principle is of great antiquity2 it is 
as old as ,socrates2 as old as the      
writer who said1 ,try all things1 hold  
fast by that which is good2 it is the   

foundation of the ,reformation1 which   
simply illustrated the axiom that every 
man should be able to give a reason for 
the faith that is in him2 it is the     
great principle of ,descartes2 it is the
 fundamental axiom of modern science4   
,positively the principle may be        
expressed3 ,in matters of the intellect1
 follow your reason as far as it will   
take you1 without regard to any other   
consideration4 ,and negatively3 ,in     
matters of the intellect do not pretend 
that conclusions are certain which are  
not demonstrated or demonstrable4 ,that 
,i take to be the agnostic faith1 which 
if a man keep whole and undefiled1 he   
shall not be ashamed to look the        
universe in the face1 whatever the      
future may have in store for him4       
,,cxliii  ,the best men of the best     
epochs are simply those who make the    
fewest blunders and commit the fewest   
sins4   ,,cxliv  ,that one should       
rejoice in the good man1 forgive the bad
 man1 and pity and help all men to the  

best of one's ability1 is surely        
indisputable4 ,it is the glory of       
,judaism and of ,christianity to have   
proclaimed this truth1 through all their
 aberrations4 ,but the worship of a ,god
 who needs forgiveness and help1 and    
deserves pity every hour of his         
existence1 is no better than that of any
 other voluntarily selected fetish4 ,the
 ,emperor ,julian's project was hopeful 
in comparison with the prospects of the 
,comtist ,anthropolatry4   ,,cxlv  ,the 
,cleric asserts that it is morally wrong
 not to believe certain propositions1   
whatever the results of a strict        
scientific investigation of the evidence
 of these propositions4 ,he tells us    
that religious error is1 in itself1 of  
an immoral nature4 ,he declares that he 
has prejudged certain conclusions1 and  
looks upon those who show cause for     
arrest of judgment as emissaries of     
,satan4 ,it necessarily follows that1   
for him1 the attainment of faith1 not   
the ascertainment of truth1 is the      

highest aim of mental life4 ,and1 on    
careful analysis of the nature of this  
faith1 it will too often be found to be1
 not the mystic process of unity with   
the ,divine1 understood by the religious
 enthusiast2 but that which the candid  
simplicity of a ,sunday scholar once    
defined it to be4 ,faith1 said this     
unconscious plagiarist of ,tertullian1  
is the power of saying you believe      
things which are incredible4   ,,cxlvi  
,the science1 the art1 the              
jurisprudence1 the chief political and  
social theories1 of the modern world    
have grown out of those of ,greece and  
,rome--not by favour of1 but in the     
teeth of1 the fundamental teachings of  
early ,christianity1 to which science1  
art1 and any serious occupation with the
 things of this world1 were alike       
despicable4   ,,cxlvii  ,all that is    
best in the ethics of the modern world1 
in so far as it has not grown out of    
,greek thought1 or ,barbarian manhood1  
is the direct development of the ethics 

of old ,israel4 ,there is no code of    
legislation1 ancient or modern1 at once 
so just and so merciful1 so tender to   
the weak and poor1 as the ,jewish law2  
and1 if the ,gospels are to be trusted1 
,jesus of ,nazareth himself declared    
that he taught nothing but that which   
lay implicitly1 or explicitly1 in the   
religious and ethical system of his     
people4   ,,cxlviii  ,the first-recorded
 judicial murder of a scientific thinker
 was compassed and effected1 not by a   
despot1 nor by priests1 but was brought 
about by eloquent demagogues1 to whom1  
of all men1 thorough searchings of the  
intellect are most dangerous and        
therefore most hateful4   ,,cxlix       
,platonic philosophy is probably the    
grandest example of the unscientific use
 of the imagination extant2 and it would
 be hard to estimate the amount of      
detriment to clear thinking effected1   
directly and indirectly1 by the theory  
of ideas1 on the one hand1 and by the   
unfortunate doctrine of the baseness of 

matter1 on the other4   ,,cl  ,the      
development of exact natural knowledge  
in all its vast range1 from physics to  
history and criticism1 is the           
consequence of the working out1 in this 
province1 of the resolution to take     
nothing for truth without clear         
knowledge that it is such2 to consider  
all beliefs open to criticism2 to regard
 the value of authority as neither      
greater nor less than as much as it can 
prove itself to be worth4 ,the modern   
spirit is not the spirit which always   
denies1 delighting only in destruction2 
still less is it that which builds      
castles in the air rather than not      
construct2 it is that spirit which works
 and will work without haste and without
 rest1 gathering harvest after harvest  
of truth into its barns and devouring   
error with unquenchable fire4   ,,cli   
,in truth1 the laboratory is the        
forecourt of the temple of philosophy2  
and whoso has not offered sacrifices and
 undergone purification there has little

 chance of admission into the sanctuary4
   ,,clii  ,the memorable service       
rendered to the cause of sound thinking 
by ,descartes consisted in this3 that he
 laid the foundation of modern          
philosophical criticism by his inquiry  
into the nature of certainty4   ,,cliii 
,there is no question in the mind of    
anyone acquainted with the facts that1  
so far as observation and experiment can
 take us1 the structure and the         
functions of the nervous system are     
fundamentally the same in an ape1 or in 
a dog1 and in a man4 ,and the suggestion
 that we must stop at the exact point at
 which direct proof fails us1 and refuse
 to believe that the similarity which   
extends so far stretches yet further1 is
 no better than a quibble4 ,robinson    
,crusoe did not feel bound to conclude1 
from the single human footprint which he
 saw in the sand1 that the maker of the 
impression had only one leg4   ,,cliv   
,descartes1 as we have seen1 illustrates
 what he means by an innate idea1 by the

 analogy of hereditary diseases or      
hereditary mental peculiarities1 such as
 generosity4 ,on the other hand1        
hereditary mental tendencies may justly 
be termed instincts2 and still more     
appropriately might those special       
proclivities1 which constitute what we  
call genius1 come into the same         
category4   ,,clv  ,the child who is    
impelled to draw as soon as it can hold 
a pencil2 the ,mozart who breaks out    
into music as early2 the boy ,bidder who
 worked out the most complicated sums   
without learning arithmetic2 the boy    
,pascal who evolved ,euclid out of his  
own consciousness3 all these may be said
 to have been impelled by instinct1 as  
much as are the beaver and the bee4 ,and
 the man of genius is distinct in kind  
from the man of cleverness1 by reason of
 the working within him of strong innate
 tendencies--which cultivation may      
improve1 but which it can no more create
 than horticulture can make thistles    
bear figs4 ,the analogy between a       

musical instrument and the mind holds   
good here also4 ,art and industry may   
get much music1 of a sort1 out of a     
penny whistle2 but1 when all is done1 it
 has no chance against an organ4 ,the   
innate musical potentialities of the two
 are infinitely different4   ,,clvi  ,it
 is notorious that1 to the unthinking   
mass of mankind1 nine-tenths of the     
facts of life do not suggest the        
relation of cause and effect2 and they  
practically deny the existence of any   
such relation by attributing them to    
chance4 ,few gamblers but would stare if
 they were told that the falling of a   
die on a particular face is as much the 
effect of a definite cause as the fact  
of its falling2 it is a proverb that the
 wind bloweth where it listeth2 and even
 thoughtful men usually receive with    
surprise the suggestion1 that the form  
of the crest of every wave that breaks1 
wind-driven1 on the sea-shore1 and the  
direction of every particle of foam that
 flies before the gale1 are the exact   

effects of definite causes2 and1 as     
such1 must be capable of being          
determined1 deductively1 from the laws  
of motion and the properties of air and 
water4 ,so again1 there are large       
numbers of highly intelligent persons   
who rather pride themselves on their    
fixed belief that our volitions have no 
cause2 or that the will causes itself1  
which is either the same thing1 or a    
contradiction in terms4   ,,clvii  ,to  
say that an idea is necessary is simply 
to affirm that we cannot conceive the   
contrary2 and the fact that we cannot   
conceive the contrary of any belief may 
be a presumption1 but is certainly no   
proof1 of its truth4   ,,clviii  ,it is 
remarkable that ,hume does not refer to 
the sentimental arguments for the       
immortality of the soul which are so    
much in vogue at the present day2 and   
which are based upon our desire for a   
longer conscious existence than that    
which nature appears to have allotted to
 us4 ,perhaps he did not think them     

worth notice4 ,for indeed it is not a   
little strange1 that our strong desire  
that a certain occurrence should happen 
should be put forward as evidence that  
it will happen4 ,if my intense desire to
 see the friend1 from whom ,i have      
parted1 does not bring him from the     
other side of the world1 or take me     
thither2 if the mother's agonised prayer
 that her child should live has not     
prevented him from dying2 experience    
certainly affords no presumption that   
the strong desire to be alive after     
death1 which we call the aspiration     
after immortality1 is any more likely to
 be gratified4 ,as ,hume truly says1    
,all doctrines are to be suspected which
 are favoured by our passions2 and the  
doctrine1 that we are immortal because  
we should extremely like to be so1      
contains the quintessence of            
suspiciousness4   ,,clix  ,if every man 
possessed everything he wanted1 and no  
one had the power to interfere with such
 possession2 or if no man desired that  

which could damage his fellow-man1      
justice would have no part to play in   
the universe4   ,,clx  ,to fail in      
justice1 or in benevolence1 is to be    
displeased with one's self4 ,but        
happiness is impossible without inward  
self-approval2 and1 hence1 every man who
 has any regard to his own happiness and
 welfare1 will find his best reward in  
the practice of every moral duty4       
,,clxi  ,virtue is undoubtedly          
beneficent2 but the man is to be envied 
to whom her ways seem in anywise        
playful4 ,and though she may not talk   
much about suffering and self-denial1   
her silence on that topic may be        
accounted for on the principle ca va    
sans dire4   ,,clxii  ,if mankind cannot
 be engaged in practices full of        
austerity and rigour1 by the love of    
righteousness and the fear of evil1     
without seeking for other compensation  
than that which flows from the          
gratification of such love and the      
consciousness of escape from debasement1

 they are in a bad case4 ,for they will 
assuredly find that virtue presents no  
very close likeness to the sportive     
leader of the joyous hours in ,hume's   
rosy picture2 but that she is an awful  
,goddess1 whose ministers are the       
,furies1 and whose highest reward is    
peace4   ,,clxiii  ,under its           
theological aspect1 morality is         
obedience to the will of ,god2 and the  
ground for such obedience is two-fold3  
either we ought to obey ,god because ,he
 will punish us if we disobey ,him1     
which is an argument based on the       
utility of obedience2 or our obedience  
ought to flow from our love towards     
,god1 which is an argument based on pure
 feeling and for which no reason can be 
given4 ,for1 if any man should say that 
he takes no pleasure in the             
contemplation of the ideal of perfect   
holiness1 or1 in other words1 that he   
does not love ,god1 the attempt to argue
 him into acquiring that pleasure would 
be as hopeless as the endeavour to      

persuade ,peter ,bell of the witchery of
 the soft blue sky4   ,,clxiv  ,in      
whichever way we look at the matter1    
morality is based on feeling1 not on    
reason2 though reason alone is competent
 to trace out the effects of our actions
 and thereby dictate conduct4 ,justice  
is founded on the love of one's         
neighbour2 and goodness is a kind of    
beauty4 ,the moral law1 like the laws of
 physical nature1 rests in the long run 
upon instinctive intuitions1 and is     
neither more nor less innate and        
necessary than they are4 ,some people   
cannot by any means be got to understand
 the first book of ,euclid2 but the     
truths of mathematics are no less       
necessary and binding on the great mass 
of mankind4 ,some there are who cannot  
feel the difference between the ,sonata 
,appassionata and ,cherry ,ripe2 or     
between a grave-stone-cutter's cherub   
and the ,apollo ,belvidere2 but the     
canons of art are none the less         
acknowledged4 ,while some there may be1 

who1 devoid of sympathy1 are incapable  
of a sense of duty2 but neither does    
their existence affect the foundations  
of morality4 ,such pathological         
deviations from true manhood are merely 
the halt1 the lame1 and the blind of the
 world of consciousness2 and the        
anatomist of the mind leaves them aside1
 as the anatomist of the body would     
ignore abnormal specimens4  ,and as     
there are ,pascals and ,mozarts1        
,newtons and ,raffaelles1 in whom the   
innate faculty for science or art seems 
to need but a touch to spring into full 
vigour1 and through whom the human race 
obtains new possibilities of knowledge  
and new conceptions of beauty3 so there 
have been men of moral genius1 to whom  
we owe ideals of duty and visions of    
moral perfection1 which ordinary mankind
 could never have attained3 though1     
happily for them1 they can feel the     
beauty of a vision1 which lay beyond the
 reach of their dull imaginations1 and  
count life well spent in shaping some   

faint image of it in the actual world4  
,,clxv  ,the horror of ,materialism     
which weighs upon the minds of so many  
excellent people appears to depend1 in  
part1 upon the purely accidental        
connexion of some forms of materialistic
 philosophy with ethical and religious  
tenets by which they are repelled2 and1 
partly1 on the survival of a very       
ancient superstition concerning the     
nature of matter4  ,this superstition1  
for the tenacious vitality of which the 
idealistic philosophers who are1 more or
 less1 disciples of ,plato and the      
theologians who have been influenced by 
them1 are responsible1 assumes that     
matter is something1 not merely inert   
and perishable1 but essentially base and
 evil-natured1 if not actively          
antagonistic to1 at least a negative    
dead-weight upon1 the good4   ,,clxvi   
,judging by contemporary literature1    
there are numbers of highly cultivated  
and indeed superior persons to whom the 
material world is altogether            

contemptible2 who can see nothing in a  
handful of garden soil1 or a rusty nail1
 but types of the passive and the       
corruptible4  ,to modern science1 these 
assumptions are as much out of date as  
the equally venerable errors1 that the  
sun goes round the earth every          
four-and-twenty hours1 or that water is 
an elementary body4 ,the handful of soil
 is a factory thronged with swarms of   
busy workers2 the rusty nail is an      
aggregation of millions of particles1   
moving with inconceivable velocity in a 
dance of infinite complexity yet perfect
 measure2 harmonic with like            
performances throughout the solar       
system4 ,if there is good ground for any
 conclusion1 there is such for the      
belief that the substance of these      
particles has existed and will exist1   
that the energy which stirs them has    
persisted and will persist1 without     
assignable limit1 either in the past or 
the future4 ,surely1 as ,heracleitus    
said of his kitchen with its pots and   

pans1 ,here also are the gods4 ,little  
as we have1 even yet1 learned of the    
material universe1 that little makes for
 the belief that it is a system of      
unbroken order and perfect symmetry1 of 
which the form incessantly changes1     
while the substance and the energy are  
imperishable4   ,,clxvii  ,of all the   
dangerous mental habits1 that which     
schoolboys call cocksureness is probably
 the most perilous2 and the inestimable 
value of metaphysical discipline is that
 it furnishes an effectual counterpoise 
to this evil proclivity4 ,whoso has     
mastered the elements of philosophy     
knows that the attribute of             
unquestionable certainty appertains only
 to the existence of a state of         
consciousness so long as it exists2 all 
other beliefs are mere probabilities of 
a higher or lower order4 ,sound         
metaphysic is an amulet which renders   
its possessor proof alike against the   
poison of superstition and the          
counter-poison of shallow negation2 by  

showing that the affirmations of the    
former and the denials of the latter    
alike deal with matters about which1 for
 lack of evidence1 nothing can be either
 affirmed or denied4   ,,clxviii  ,if   
the question is asked1 ,what then do we 
know about matter and motion8 there is  
but one reply possible4 ,all that we    
know about motion is that it is a name  
for certain changes in the relations of 
our visual1 tactile1 and muscular       
sensations2 and all that we know about  
matter is that it is the hypothetical   
substance of physical phenomena1 the    
assumption of the existence of which is 
as pure a piece of metaphysical         
speculation as is that of the existence 
of the substance of mind4  ,our         
sensations1 our pleasures1 our pains1   
and the relations of these1 make up the 
sum total of the elements of positive1  
unquestionable knowledge4 ,we call a    
large section of these sensations and   
their relations matter and motion2 the  
rest we term mind and thinking2 and     

experience shows that there is a certain
 constant order of succession between   
some of the former and some of the      
latter4  ,this is all that just         
metaphysical criticism leaves of the    
idols set up by the spurious metaphysics
 of vulgar common sense4 ,it is         
consistent either with pure             
,materialism1 or with pure ,idealism1   
but it is neither4 ,for the ,idealist1  
not content with declaring the truth    
that our knowledge is limited to facts  
of consciousness1 affirms the wholly    
unprovable proposition that nothing     
exists beyond these and the substance of
 mind4 ,and1 on the other hand1 the     
,materialist1 holding by the truth that1
 for anything that appears to the       
contrary1 material phenomena are the    
causes of mental phenomena1 asserts his 
unprovable dogma1 that material         
phenomena and the substance of matter   
are the sole primary existences4 ,strike
 out the propositions about which       
neither controversialist does or can    

know anything1 and there is nothing left
 for them to quarrel about4 ,make a     
desert of the ,unknowable1 and the      
divine ,astraea of philosophic peace    
will commence her blessed reign4        
,,clxix  ,magna est veritas et          
praevalebit6 ,truth is great1 certainly1
 but1 considering her greatness1 it is  
curious what a long time she is apt to  
take about prevailing4   ,,clxx  ,to my 
observation1 human nature has not       
sensibly changed through the last thirty
 years4 ,i doubt not that there are     
truths as plainly obvious and as        
generally denied1 as those contained in 
,man's ,place in ,nature1 now awaiting  
enunciation4 ,if there is a young man of
 the present generation1 who has taken  
as much trouble as ,i did to assure     
himself that they are truths1 let him   
come out with them1 without troubling   
his head about the barking of the dogs  
of ,st4 ,ernulphus1 ,veritas            
praevalebit--some day2 and1 even if she 
does not prevail in his time1 he himself

 will be all the better and the wiser   
for having tried to help her4 ,and let  
him recollect that such great reward is 
full payment for all his labour and     
pains4   ,,clxxi  ,ancient traditions1  
when tested by the severe processes of  
modern investigations1 commonly enough  
fade away into mere dreams3 but it is   
singular how often the dream turns out  
to have been a half-waking one1         
presaging a reality4 ,ovid foreshadowed 
the discoveries of the geologist3 the   
,atlantis was an imagination1 but       
,columbus found a western world3 and    
though the quaint forms of ,centaurs and
 ,satyrs have an existence only in the  
realms of art1 creatures approaching man
 more nearly than they in essential     
structure1 and yet as thoroughly brutal 
as the goat's or horse's half of the    
mythical compound1 are now not only     
known1 but notorious4   ,,clxxii  ,it is
 a truth of very wide1 if not of        
universal1 application1 that every      
living creature commences its existence 

under a form different from1 and simpler
 than1 that which it eventually attains4
  ,the oak is a more complex thing than 
the little rudimentary plant contained  
in the acorn2 the caterpillar is more   
complex than the egg2 the butterfly than
 the caterpillar2 and each of these     
beings1 in passing from its rudimentary 
to its perfect condition1 runs through a
 series of changes1 the sum of which is 
called its development4 ,in the higher  
animals these changes are extremely     
complicated2 but1 within the last half  
century1 the labours of such men as ,von
 ,baer1 ,rathke1 ,reichert1 ,bischoff1  
and ,remak1 have almost completely      
unravelled them1 so that the successive 
stages of development which are         
exhibited by a dog1 for example1 are now
 as well known to the embryologist as   
are the steps of the metamorphosis of   
the silkworm moth to the schoolboy4 ,it 
will be useful to consider with         
attention the nature and the order of   
the stages of canine development1 as an 

example of the process in the higher    
animals generally4   ,,clxxiii  ,exactly
 in those respects in which the         
developing ,man differs from the ,dog1  
he resembles the ape1 which1 like man1  
has a spheroidal yelk-sac and a         
discoidal1 sometimes partially lobed1   
placenta4 ,so that it is only quite in  
the later stages of development that the
 young human being presents marked      
differences from the young ape1 while   
the latter departs as much from the dog 
in its development1 as the man does4    
,startling as the last assertion may    
appear to be1 it is demonstrably true1  
and it alone appears to me sufficient to
 place beyond all doubt the structural  
unity of man with the rest of the animal
 world1 and more particularly and       
closely with the apes4  ,thus1 identical
 in the physical processes by which he  
originates--identical in the early      
stages of his formation--identical in   
the mode of his nutrition before and    
after birth1 with the animals which lie 

immediately below him in the            
scale--,man1 if his adult and perfect   
structure be compared with theirs1      
exhibits1 as might be expected1 a       
marvellous likeness of organisation4 ,he
 resembles them as they resemble one    
another--he differs from them as they   
differ from one another4   ,,clxxiv  ,if
 a man cannot see a church1 it is       
preposterous to take his opinion about  
its altar-piece or painted window4      
,,clxxv  ,perhaps no order of mammals   
presents us with so extraordinary a     
series of gradations as this#a--leading 
us insensibly from the crown and summit 
of the animal creation down to          
creatures1 from which there is but a    
step1 as it seems1 to the lowest1       
smallest1 and least intelligent of the  
placental ,mammalia4 ,it is as if nature
 herself had foreseen the arrogance of  
man1 and with ,roman severity had       
provided that his intellect1 by its very
 triumphs1 should call into prominence  
the slaves1 admonishing the conqueror   

that he is but dust4    #a ,this alludes
 to a foregoing enumeration of the seven
 families of   ,,primates headed by the 
,,anthropini containing man alone4      
,,clxxvi  ,if ,man be separated by no   
greater structural barrier from the     
brutes than they are from one           
another--then it seems to follow that if
 any process of physical causation can  
be discovered by which the genera and   
families of ordinary animals have been  
produced1 that process of causation is  
amply sufficient to account for the     
origin of ,man4   ,,clxxvii  ,the whole 
analogy of natural operations furnishes 
so complete and crushing an argument    
against the intervention of any but what
 are termed secondary causes1 in the    
production of all the phenomena of the  
universe2 that1 in view of the intimate 
relations between ,man and the rest of  
the living world1 and between the forces
 exerted by the latter and all other    
forces1 ,i can see no excuse for        
doubting that all are co-ordinated terms

 of ,nature's great progression1 from   
the formless to the formed--from the    
inorganic to the organic--from blind    
force to conscious intellect and will4  
,,clxxviii  ,science has fulfilled her  
function when she has ascertained and   
enunciated truth4   ,,clxxix            
,thoughtful men1 once escaped from the  
blinding influences of traditional      
prejudice1 will find in the lowly stock 
whence ,man has sprung the best evidence
 of the splendour of his capacities2 and
 will discern in his long progress      
through the ,past a reasonable ground of
 faith in his attainment of a nobler    
,future4444  ,and after passion and     
prejudice have died away1 the same      
result will attend the teachings of the 
naturalist respecting that great ,alps  
and ,andes of the living world--,man4   
,our reverence for the nobility of      
manhood will not be lessened by the     
knowledge that ,man is1 in substance and
 in structure1 one with the brutes2 for 
he alone possesses the marvellous       

endowment of intelligible and rational  
speech1 whereby1 in the secular period  
of his existence1 he has slowly         
accumulated and organised the experience
 which is almost wholly lost with the   
cessation of every individual life in   
other animals2 so that1 now1 he stands  
raised upon it as on a mountain top1 far
 above the level of his humble fellows1 
and transfigured from his grosser nature
 by reflecting1 here and there1 a ray   
from the infinite source of truth4      
,,clxxx  ,ethnology1 as thus defined1 is
 a branch of ,anthropology1 the great   
science which unravels the complexities 
of human structure2 traces out the      
relations of man to other animals2      
studies all that is especially human in 
the mode in which man's complex         
functions are performed2 and searches   
after the conditions which have         
determined his presence in the world4   
,and ,anthropology is a section of      
,zoology1 which again is the animal half
 of ,biology--the science of life and   

living things4  ,such is the position of
 ethnology1 such are the objects of the 
ethnologist4 ,the paths or methods1 by  
following which he may hope to reach his
 goal1 are diverse4 ,he may work at man 
from the point of view of the pure      
zoologist1 and investigate the          
anatomical and physiological            
peculiarities of ,negroes1 ,australians1
 or ,mongolians1 just as he would       
inquire into those of pointers1         
terriers1 and turnspits1--persistent    
modifications of man's almost universal 
companion4 ,or he may seek aid from     
researches into the most human          
manifestation of humanity--,language2   
and assuming that what is true of speech
 is true of the speaker--a hypothesis as
 questionable in science as it is in    
ordinary life--he may apply to mankind  
themselves the conclusions drawn from a 
searching analysis of their words and   
grammatical forms4  ,or1 the ethnologist
 may turn to the study of the practical 
life of men2 and relying upon the       

inherent conservatism and small         
inventiveness of untutored mankind1 he  
may hope to discover in manners and     
customs1 or in weapons1 dwellings1 and  
other handiwork1 a clue to the origin of
 the resemblances and differences of    
nations4 ,or1 he may resort to that kind
 of evidence which is yielded by        
,history proper1 and consists of the    
beliefs of men concerning past events1  
embodied in traditional1 or in written1 
testimony4 ,or1 when that thread breaks1
 ,archaeology1 which is the             
interpretation of the unrecorded remains
 of man's works1 belonging to the epoch 
since the world has reached its present 
condition1 may still guide him4 ,and1   
when even the dim light of archaeology  
fades1 there yet remains ,palaeontology1
 which1 in these latter years1 has      
brought to daylight once more the exuvia
 of ancient populations1 whose world was
 not our world1 who have been buried in 
river beds immemorially dry1 or carried 
by the rush of waters into caves1       

inaccessible to inundation since the    
dawn of tradition4   ,,clxxxi  ,the     
rapid increase of natural knowledge1    
which is the chief characteristic of our
 age1 is effected in various ways4 ,the 
main army of science moves to the       
conquest of new worlds slowly and       
surely1 nor ever cedes an inch of the   
territory gained4 ,but the advance is   
covered and facilitated by the ceaseless
 activity of clouds of light troops     
provided with a weapon--always          
efficient1 if not always an arm of      
precision--the scientific imagination4  
,it is the business of these enfants    
perdus of science to make raids into the
 realm of ignorance wherever they see1  
or think they see1 a chance2 and        
cheerfully to accept defeat1 or it may  
be annihilation1 as the reward of error4
 ,unfortunately the public1 which       
watches the progress of the campaign1   
too often mistakes a dashing incursion  
of the ,uhlans for a forward movement of
 the main body2 fondly imagining that   

the strategic movement to the rear1     
which occasionally follows1 indicates a 
battle lost by science4 ,and it must be 
confessed that the error is too often   
justified by the effects of the         
irrepressible tendency which men of     
science share with all other sorts of   
men known to me1 to be impatient of that
 most wholesome state of mind--suspended
 judgment2 to assume the objective truth
 of speculations which1 from the nature 
of the evidence in their favour1 can    
have no claim to be more than working   
hypotheses4  ,the history of the ,aryan 
question affords a striking illustration
 of these general remarks4   ,,clxxxii  
,language is rooted half in the bodily  
and half in the mental nature of man4   
,the vocal sounds which form the raw    
materials of language could not be      
produced without a peculiar conformation
 of the organs of speech2 the           
enunciation of duly accented syllables  
would be impossible without the nicest  
co-ordination of the action of the      

muscles which move these organs2 and    
such co-ordination depends on the       
mechanism of certain portions of the    
nervous system4 ,it is therefore        
conceivable that the structure of this  
highly complex speaking apparatus should
 determine a man's linguistic           
potentiality2 that is to say1 should    
enable him to use a language of one     
class and not of another4 ,it is further
 conceivable that a particular          
linguistic potentiality should be       
inherited and become as good a race mark
 as any other4 ,as a matter of fact1 it 
is not proven that the linguistic       
potentialities of all men are the same4 
,,clxxxiii  ,community of language is no
 proof of unity of race1 is not even    
presumptive evidence of racial identity4
 ,all that it does prove is that1 at    
some time or other1 free and prolonged  
intercourse has taken place between the 
speakers of the same language4          
,,clxxxiv  ,the capacity of the         
population of ,europe for independent   

progress while in the copper and early  
bronze stage--the palaeo-metallic stage1
 as it might be called--appears to me to
 be demonstrated in a remarkable manner 
by the remains of their architecture4   
,from the crannog to the elaborate      
pile-dwelling1 and from the rudest      
enclosure to the complex fortification  
of the terramare1 there is an advance   
which is obviously a native product4 ,so
 with the sepulchral constructions2 the 
stone cist1 with or without a           
preservative or memorial cairn1 grows   
into the chambered graves lodged in     
tumuli2 into such megalithic edifices as
 the dromic vaults of ,maes ,how and    
,new ,grange2 to culminate in the       
finished masonry of the tombs of        
,mycenae1 constructed on exactly the    
same plan4 ,can anyone look at the      
varied series of forms which lie between
 the primitive five or six flat stones  
fitted together into a mere box1 and    
such a building as ,maes ,how1 and yet  
imagine that the latter is the result of

 foreign tuition8 ,but the men who built
 ,maes ,how1 without metal tools1 could 
certainly have built the so-called      
treasure-house of ,mycenae1 with them4  
,,clxxxv  ,reckoned by centuries1 the   
remoteness of the quaternary1 or        
pleistocene1 age from our own is        
immense1 and it is difficult to form an 
adequate notion of its duration4        
,undoubtedly there is an abysmal        
difference between the ,neanderthaloid  
race and the comely living specimens of 
the blond longheads with whom we are    
familiar4 ,but the abyss of time between
 the period at which ,north ,europe was 
first covered with ice1 when savages    
pursued mammoths and scratched their    
portraits with sharp stones in central  
,france1 and the present day1 ever      
widens as we learn more about the events
 which bridge it4 ,and1 if the          
differences between the ,neanderthaloid 
men and ourselves could be divided into 
as many parts as that time contains     
centuries1 the progress from part to    

part would probably be almost           
imperceptible4   ,,clxxxvi  ,i have not 
been one of those fortunate persons who 
are able to regard a popular lecture as 
a mere hors d'oeuvre1 unworthy of being 
ranked among the serious efforts of a   
philosopher2 and who keep their fame as 
scientific hierophants unsullied by     
attempts--at least of the successful    
sort--to be understanded of the people4 
,on the contrary1 ,i found that the task
 of putting the truths learned in the   
field1 the laboratory and the museum1   
into language which1 without bating a   
jot of scientific accuracy shall be     
generally intelligible1 taxed such      
scientific and literary faculty as ,i   
possessed to the uttermost2 indeed my   
experience has furnished me with no     
better corrective of the tendency to    
scholastic pedantry which besets all    
those who are absorbed in pursuits      
remote from the common ways of men1 and 
become habituated to think and speak in 
the technical dialect of their own      

little world1 as if there were no other4
  ,if the popular lecture thus1 as ,i   
believe1 finds one moiety of its        
justification in the self-discipline of 
the lecturer1 it surely finds the other 
half in its effect on the auditory4 ,for
 though various sadly comical           
experiences of the results of my own    
efforts have led me to entertain a very 
moderate estimate of the purely         
intellectual value of lectures2 though  
,i venture to doubt if more than one in 
ten of an average audience carries away 
an accurate notion of what the speaker  
has been driving at2 yet is that not    
equally true of the oratory of the      
hustings1 of the ,house of ,commons1 and
 even of the pulpit8  ,yet the children 
of this world are wise in their         
generation2 and both the politician and 
the priest are justified by results4    
,the living voice has an influence over 
human action altogether independent of  
the intellectual worth of that which it 
utters4 ,many years ago1 ,i was a guest 

at a great ,city dinner4 ,a famous      
orator1 endowed with a voice of rare    
flexibility and power2 a born actor1    
ranging with ease through every part1   
from refined comedy to tragic unction1  
was called upon to reply to a toast4    
,the orator was a very busy man1 a      
charming conversationalist and by no    
means despised a good dinner2 and1 ,i   
imagine1 rose without having given a    
thought to what he was going to say4    
,the rhythmic roll of sound was         
admirable1 the gestures perfect1 the    
earnestness impressive2 nothing was     
lacking save sense and1 occasionally1   
grammar4 ,when the speaker sat down the 
applause was terrific and one of my     
neighbours was especially enthusiastic4 
,so when he had quieted down1 ,i asked  
him what the orator had said4 ,and he   
could not tell me4  ,that sagacious     
person ,john ,wesley is reported to have
 replied to some one who questioned the 
propriety of his adaptation of sacred   
words to extremely secular airs1 that he

 did not see why the ,devil should be   
left in possession of all the best      
tunes4 ,and ,i do not see why science   
should not turn to account the          
peculiarities of human nature thus      
exploited by other agencies3 all the    
more because science1 by the nature of  
its being1 cannot desire to stir the    
passions1 or profit by the weaknesses1  
of human nature4 ,the most zealous of   
popular lecturers can aim at nothing    
more than the awakening of a sympathy   
for abstract truth1 in those who do not 
really follow his arguments2 and of a   
desire to know more and better in the   
few who do4  ,at the same time it must  
be admitted that the popularisation of  
science1 whether by lecture or essay1   
has its drawbacks4 ,success in this     
department has its perils for those who 
succeed4 ,the people who fail take their
 revenge1 as we have recently had       
occasion to observe1 by ignoring all the
 rest of a man's work and glibly        
labelling him a mere populariser4 ,if   

the falsehood were not too glaring1 they
 would say the same of ,faraday and     
,helmholtz and ,kelvin4   ,,clxxxvii    
,of the affliction caused by persons who
 think that what they have picked up    
from popular exposition qualifies them  
for discussing the great problems of    
science1 it may be said1 as the ,radical
 toast said of the power of the ,crown  
in bygone days1 that it has increased1  
is increasing1 and ought to be          
diminished4 ,the oddities of ,english as
 she is spoke might be abundantly       
paralleled by those of ,science as she  
is misunderstood in the sermon1 the     
novel1 and the leading article2 and a   
collection of the grotesque travesties  
of scientific conceptions1 in the shape 
of essays on such trifles as the ,nature
 of ,life and the ,origin of ,all       
,things1 which reach me1 from time to   
time1 might well be bound up with them4 
,,clxxxviii  ,the essay on ,geological  
,reform unfortunately brought me1 ,i    
will not say into collision1 but into a 

position of critical remonstrance with  
regard to some charges of physical      
heterodoxy1 brought by my distinguished 
friend ,lord ,kelvin1 against ,british  
,geology4 ,as ,president of the         
,geological ,society of ,london at that 
time 7#ahfi71 ,i thought ,i might       
venture to plead that we were not such  
heretics as we seemed to be2 and that1  
even if we were1 recantation would not  
affect the question of evolution4  ,i am
 glad to see that ,lord ,kelvin has just
 reprinted his reply to my plea1 and ,i 
refer the reader to it4 ,i shall not    
presume to question anything1 that on   
such ripe consideration1 ,lord ,kelvin  
has to say upon the physical problems   
involved4 ,but ,i may remark that no one
 can have asserted more strongly than ,i
 have done1 the necessity of looking to 
physics and mathematics1 for help in    
regard to the earliest history of the   
globe4  ,and ,i take the opportunity of 
repeating the opinion that1 whether what
 we call geological time has the lower  

limit assigned to it by ,lord ,kelvin1  
or the higher assumed by other          
philosophers2 whether the germs of all  
living things have originated in the    
globe itself1 or whether they have been 
imported on1 or in1 meteorites from     
without1 the problem of the origin of   
those successive ,faunae and ,florae of 
the earth1 the existence of which is    
fully demonstrated by palaeontology1    
remains exactly where it was4  ,for ,i  
think it will be admitted1 that the     
germs brought to us by meteorites1 if   
any1 were not ova of elephants1 nor of  
crocodiles2 not cocoa-nuts nor acorns2  
not even eggs of shell-fish and corals2 
but only those of the lowest forms of   
animal and vegetable life4 ,therefore1  
since it is proved that1 from a very    
remote epoch of geological time1 the    
earth has been peopled by a continual   
succession of the higher forms of       
animals and plants1 these either must   
have been created1 or they have arisen  
by evolution4 ,and in respect of certain

 groups of animals1 the well-established
 facts of palaeontology leave no        
rational doubt that they arose by the   
latter method4  ,in the second place1   
there are no data whatever1 which       
justify the biologist in assigning any1 
even approximately definite1 period of  
time1 either long or short1 to the      
evolution of one species from another by
 the process of variation and selection4
 ,in the essay on ,geological           
,contemporaneity and ,persistent ,types 
of ,life ,i have taken pains to prove   
that the change of animals has gone on  
at very different rates in different    
groups of living beings2 that some types
 have persisted with little change from 
the palaeozoic epoch till now1 while    
others have changed rapidly within the  
limits of an epoch4 ,in #ahfb 7see      
,coll4 ,ess4 viii4 pp4 #cjc1 #cjd7 in   
#ahfc 7vol4 ii41 p4 #dfa7 and again in  
#ahfd 7ibid41 pp4 #hi-ia7 ,i argued1 not
 as a matter of speculation1 but from   
palaeontological facts1 the bearing of  

which ,i believe1 up to that time1 had  
not been shown1 that any adequate       
hypothesis of the causes of evolution   
must be consistent with progression1    
stationariness and retrogression1 of the
 same type at different epochs2 of      
different types in the same epoch2 and  
that ,darwin's hypothesis fulfilled     
these conditions4  ,according to that   
hypothesis1 two factors are at work1    
variation and selection4 ,next to       
nothing is known of the causes of the   
former process2 nothing whatever of the 
time required for the production of a   
certain amount of deviation from the    
existing type4 ,and1 as respects        
selection1 which operates by            
extinguishing all but a small minority  
of variations1 we have not the slightest
 means of estimating the rapidity with  
which it does its work4 ,all that we are
 justified in saying is that the rate at
 which it takes place may vary almost   
indefinitely4 ,if the famous paint-root 
of ,florida1 which kills white pigs but 

not black ones1 were abundant and       
certain in its action1 black pigs might 
be substituted for white in the course  
of two or three years4 ,if1 on the other
 hand1 it was rare and uncertain in     
action1 the white pigs might linger on  
for centuries4   ,,clxxxix  ,a great    
chapter of the history of the world is  
written in the chalk4 ,few passages in  
the history of man can be supported by  
such an overwhelming mass of direct and 
indirect evidence as that which         
testifies to the truth of the fragment  
of the history of the globe1 which ,i   
hope to enable you to read1 with your   
own eyes1 to-night4 ,let me add1 that   
few chapters of human history have a    
more profound significance for          
ourselves4 ,i weigh my words well when  
,i assert1 that the man who should know 
the true history of the bit of chalk    
which every carpenter carries about in  
his breeches-pocket1 though ignorant of 
all other history1 is likely1 if he will
 think his knowledge out to its ultimate

 results1 to have a truer1 and therefore
 a better1 conception of this wonderful 
universe1 and of man's relation to it1  
than the most learned student who is    
deep-read in the records of humanity and
 ignorant of those of ,nature4   ,,cxc  
,the examination of a transparent slice 
gives a good notion of the manner in    
which the components of the chalk are   
arranged1 and of their relative         
proportions4 ,but1 by rubbing up some   
chalk with a brush in water and then    
pouring off the milky fluid1 so as to   
obtain sediments of different degrees of
 fineness1 the granules and the minute  
rounded bodies may be pretty well       
separated from one another1 and         
submitted to microscopic examination1   
either as opaque or as transparent      
objects4 ,by combining the views        
obtained in these various methods1 each 
of the rounded bodies may be proved to  
be a beautifully-constructed calcareous 
fabric1 made up of a number of chambers1
 communicating freely with one another4 

,the chambered bodies are of various    
forms4 ,one of the commonest is         
something like a badly-grown raspberry1 
being formed of a number of nearly      
globular chambers of different sizes    
congregated together4 ,it is called     
,globigerina1 and some specimens of     
chalk consist of little else than       
,globigerinae and granules4 ,let us fix 
our attention upon the ,globigerina4 ,it
 is the spoor of the game we are        
tracking4 ,if we can learn what it is   
and what are the conditions of its      
existence1 we shall see our way to the  
origin and past history of the chalk4   
,,cxci  ,it so happens that calcareous  
skeletons1 exactly similar to the       
,globigerinae of the chalk1 are being   
formed1 at the present moment1 by minute
 living creatures1 which flourish in    
multitudes1 literally more numerous than
 the sands of the sea-shore1 over a     
large extent of that part of the earth's
 surface which is covered by the ocean4 
,the history of the discovery of these  

living ,globigerinae1 and of the part   
which they play in rock building1 is    
singular enough4 ,it is a discovery     
which1 like others of no less scientific
 importance1 has arisen1 incidentally1  
out of work devoted to very different   
and exceedingly practical interests4    
,when men first took to the sea1 they   
speedily learned to look out for shoals 
and rocks2 and the more the burthen of  
their ships increased1 the more         
imperatively necessary it became for    
sailors to ascertain with precision the 
depth of the waters they traversed4 ,out
 of this necessity grew the use of the  
lead and sounding line2 and1 ultimately1
 marine-surveying1 which is the         
recording of the form of coasts and of  
the depth of the sea1 as ascertained by 
the sounding-lead1 upon charts4         
,,cxcii  ,lieut4 ,brooke1 of the        
,american ,navy1 some years ago invented
 a most ingenious machine1 by which a   
considerable portion of the superficial 
layer of the sea-bottom can be scooped  

out and brought up from any depth to    
which the lead descends4 ,in #ahec1     
,lieut4 ,brooke obtained mud from the   
bottom of the ,north ,atlantic1 between 
,newfoundland and the ,azores1 at a     
depth of more than #aj1jjj feet1 or two 
miles1 by the help of this sounding     
apparatus4 ,the specimens were sent for 
examination to ,ehrenberg of ,berlin1   
and to ,bailey of ,west ,point1 and     
those able microscopists found that this
 deep-sea mud was almost entirely       
composed of the skeletons of living     
organisms--the greater proportion of    
these being just like the ,globigerinae 
already known to occur in the chalk4    
,thus far1 the work had been carried on 
simply in the interests of science1 but 
,lieut4 ,brooke's method of sounding    
acquired a high commercial value1 when  
the enterprise of laying down the       
telegraph-cable between this country and
 the ,united ,states was undertaken4    
,for it became a matter of immense      
importance to know1 not only the depth  

of the sea over the whole line along    
which the cable was to be laid1 but the 
exact nature of the bottom1 so as to    
guard against chances of cutting or     
fraying the strands of that costly rope4
 ,the ,admiralty consequently ordered   
,captain ,dayman1 an old friend and     
shipmate of mine1 to ascertain the depth
 over the whole line of the cable1 and  
to bring back specimens of the bottom4  
,in former days1 such a command as this 
might have sounded very much like one of
 the impossible things which the young  
,prince in the ,fairy ,tales is ordered 
to do before he can obtain the hand of  
the ,princess4 ,however1 in the months  
of ,june and ,july1 #aheg1 my friend    
performed the task assigned to him with 
great expedition and precision1 without1
 so far as ,i know1 having met with any 
reward of that kind4 ,the specimens of  
,atlantic mud which he procured were    
sent to me to be examined and reported  
upon4   ,,cxciii  ,the result of all    
these operations is1 that we know the   

contours and the nature of the          
surface-soil covered by the ,north      
,atlantic for a distance of #a1gjj miles
 from east to west1 as well as we know  
that of any part of the dry land4 ,it is
 a prodigious plain--one of the widest  
and most even plains in the world4 ,if  
the sea were drained off1 you might     
drive a waggon all the way from         
,valentia1 on the west coast of         
,ireland1 to ,trinity ,bay in           
,newfoundland4 ,and1 except upon one    
sharp incline about #bjj miles from     
,valentia1 ,i am not quite sure that it 
would even be necessary to put the skid 
on1 so gentle are the ascents and       
descents upon that long route4 ,from    
,valentia the road would lie down-hill  
for about #bjj miles to the point at    
which the bottom is now covered by      
#a1gjj fathoms of sea-water4 ,then would
 come the central plain1 more than a    
thousand miles wide1 the inequalities of
 the surface of which would be hardly   
perceptible1 though the depth of water  

upon it now varies from #aj1jjj to      
#ae1jjj feet2 and there are places in   
which ,mont ,blanc might be sunk without
 showing its peak above water4 ,beyond  
this1 the ascent on the ,american side  
commences1 and gradually leads1 for     
about #cjj miles1 to the ,newfoundland  
shore4   ,,cxciv  ,when we consider that
 the remains of more than three thousand
 distinct species of aquatic animals    
have been discovered among the fossils  
of the chalk1 that the great majority of
 them are of such forms as are now met  
with only in the sea1 and that there is 
no reason to believe that any one of    
them inhabited fresh water--the         
collateral evidence that the chalk      
represents an ancient sea-bottom        
acquires as great force as the proof    
derived from the nature of the chalk    
itself4 ,i think you will now allow that
 ,i did not overstate my case when ,i   
asserted that we have as strong grounds 
for believing that all the vast area of 
dry land1 at present occupied by the    

chalk1 was once at the bottom of the    
sea1 as we have for any matter of       
history whatever2 while there is no     
justification for any other belief4  ,no
 less certain it is that the time during
 which the countries we now call        
south-east ,england1 ,france1 ,germany1 
,poland1 ,russia1 ,egypt1 ,arabia1      
,syria1 were more or less completely    
covered by a deep sea1 was of           
considerable duration4 ,we have already 
seen that the chalk is1 in places1 more 
than a thousand feet thick4 ,i think you
 will agree with me that it must have   
taken some time for the skeletons of    
animalcules of a hundredth of an inch in
 diameter to heap up such a mass as     
that4   ,,cxcv  ,if the decay of the    
soft parts of the sea-urchin2 the       
attachment1 growth to maturity1 and     
decay of the ,crania2 and the subsequent
 attachment and growth of the coralline1
 took a year 7which is a low estimate   
enough71 the accumulation of the inch of
 chalk must have taken more than a year3

 and the deposit of a thousand feet of  
chalk must1 consequently1 have taken    
more than twelve thousand years4        
,,cxcvi  ,there is a writing upon the   
wall of cliffs at ,cromer1 and whoso    
runs may read it4 ,it tells us1 with an 
authority which cannot be impeached1    
that the ancient sea-bed of the chalk   
sea was raised up1 and remained dry     
land1 until it was covered with forest1 
stocked with the great game the spoils  
of which have rejoiced your geologists4 
,how long it remained in that condition 
cannot be said2 but the whirligig of    
time brought its revenges in those days 
as in these4 ,that dry land1 with the   
bones and teeth of generations of       
long-lived elephants1 hidden away among 
the gnarled roots and dry leaves of its 
ancient trees1 sank gradually to the    
bottom of the icy sea1 which covered it 
with huge masses of drift and boulder   
clay4 ,sea-beasts1 such as the walrus1  
now restricted to the extreme north1    
paddled about where birds had twittered 

among the topmost twigs of the          
fir-trees4 ,how long this state of      
things endured we know not1 but at      
length it came to an end4 ,the upheaved 
glacial mud hardened into the soil of   
modern ,norfolk4 ,forests grew once     
more1 the wolf and the beaver replaced  
the reindeer and the elephant2 and at   
length what we call the history of      
,england dawned4   ,,cxcvii  ,direct    
proof may be given that some parts of   
the land of the northern hemisphere are 
at this moment insensibly rising and    
others insensibly sinking2 and there is 
indirect1 but perfectly satisfactory1   
proof1 that an enormous area now covered
 by the ,pacific has been deepened      
thousands of feet1 since the present    
inhabitants of that sea came into       
existence4 ,thus there is not a shadow  
of a reason for believing that the      
physical changes of the globe1 in past  
times1 have been effected by other than 
natural causes4   ,,cxcviii  ,a small   
beginning has led us to a great ending4 

,if ,i were to put the bit of chalk with
 which we started into the hot but      
obscure flame of burning hydrogen1 it   
would presently shine like the sun4 ,it 
seems to me that this physical          
metamorphosis is no false image of what 
has been the result of our subjecting it
 to a jet of fervent1 though nowise     
brilliant1 thought to-night4 ,it has    
become luminous1 and its clear rays1    
penetrating the abyss of the remote     
past1 have brought within our ken some  
stages of the evolution of the earth4   
,and in the shifting without haste1 but 
without rest of the land and sea1 as in 
the endless variation of the forms      
assumed by living beings1 we have       
observed nothing but the natural product
 of the forces originally possessed by  
the substance of the universe4   ,,cxcix
  ,in certain parts of the sea bottom in
 the immediate vicinity of the ,british 
,islands1 as in the ,clyde district1    
among the ,hebrides1 in the ,moray      
,firth1 and in the ,german ,ocean1 there

 are depressed areae1 forming a kind of 
submarine valleys1 the centres of which 
are from #hj to #ajj fathoms1 or more1  
deep4 ,these depressions are inhabited  
by assemblages of marine animals1 which 
differ from those found over the        
adjacent and shallower region1 and      
resemble those which are met with much  
farther north1 on the ,norwegian coast4 
,forbes called these ,scandinavian      
detachments ,northern outliers4  ,how   
did these isolated patches of a northern
 population get into these deep places8 
,to explain the mystery1 ,forbes called 
to mind the fact that1 in the epoch     
which immediately preceded the present1 
the climate was much colder 7whence the 
name of glacial epoch applied to it72   
and that the shells which are found     
fossil1 or sub-fossil1 in deposits of   
that age are precisely such as are now  
to be met with only in the              
,scandinavian1 or still more ,arctic1   
regions4 ,undoubtedly1 during the       
glacial epoch1 the general population of

 our seas had1 universally1 the northern
 aspect which is now presented only by  
the northern outliers2 just as the      
vegetation of the land1 down to the     
sea-level1 had the northern character   
which is1 at present1 exhibited only by 
the plants which live on the tops of our
 mountains4 ,but1 as the glacial epoch  
passed away1 and the present climatal   
conditions were developed1 the northern 
plants were able to maintain themselves 
only on the bleak heights1 on which     
southern forms could not compete with   
them4 ,and1 in like manner1 ,forbes     
suggested that1 after the glacial epoch1
 the northern animals then inhabiting   
the sea became restricted to the deeps  
in which they could hold their own      
against invaders from the south1 better 
fitted than they to flourish in the     
warmer waters of the shallows4 ,thus    
depth in the sea corresponded in its    
effect upon distribution to height on   
the land4   ,,cc  ,among the scientific 
instructions for the voyage#b drawn up  

by a committee of the ,royal ,society1  
there is a remarkable letter from ,von  
,humboldt to ,lord ,minto1 then ,first  
,lord of the ,admiralty1 in which1 among
 other things1 he dwells upon the       
significance of the researches into the 
microscopic composition of rocks1 and   
the discovery of the great share which  
microscopic organisms take in the       
formation of the crust of the earth at  
the present day1 made by ,ehrenberg in  
the years #ahcf-ci4 ,ehrenberg1 in fact1
 had shown that the extensive beds of   
rotten-stone or ,tripoli which occur in 
various parts of the world1 and notably 
at ,bilin in ,bohemia1 consisted of     
accumulations of the silicious cases and
 skeletons of ,diatomaceae1 sponges1 and
 ,radiolaria2 he had proved that similar
 deposits were being formed by          
,diatomaceae1 in the pools of the       
,thiergarten in ,berlin and elsewhere1  
and had pointed out that1 if it were    
commercially worth while1 rotten-stone  
might be manufactured by a process of   

diatom-culture4 ,observations conducted 
at ,cuxhaven1 in #ahci1 had revealed the
 existence1 at the surface of the waters
 of the ,baltic1 of living ,diatoms and 
,radiolaria of the same species as those
 which1 in a fossil state1 constitute   
extensive rocks of tertiary age at      
,caltanisetta1 ,zante1 and ,oran1 on the
 shores of the ,mediterranean4    #b ,of
 the ,challenger4  ,moreover1 in the    
fresh-water rotten-stone beds of ,bilin1
 ,ehrenberg had traced out the          
metamorphosis1 effected apparently by   
the action of percolating water1 of the 
primitively loose and friable deposit of
 organized particles1 in which the silex
 exists in the hydrated or soluble      
condition4 ,the silex1 in fact1         
undergoes solution and slow             
redeposition1 until1 in ultimate result1
 the excessively fine-grained sand1 each
 particle of which is a skeleton1       
becomes converted into a dense opaline  
stone1 with only here and there an      
indication of an organism4  ,from the   

consideration of these facts1           
,ehrenberg1 as early as the year #ahci1 
had arrived at the conclusion that      
rocks1 altogether similar to those which
 constitute a large part of the crust of
 the earth1 must be forming1 at the     
present day1 at the bottom of the sea2  
and he threw out the suggestion that    
even where no trace of organic structure
 is to be found in the older rocks1 it  
may have been lost by metamorphosis4    
,,cci  ,it is highly creditable to the  
ingenuity of our ancestors that the     
peculiar property of fermented liquids1 
in virtue of which they make glad the   
heart of man1 seems to have been known  
in the remotest periods of which we have
 any record4 ,all savages take to       
alcoholic fluids as if they were to the 
manner born4 ,our ,vedic forefathers    
intoxicated themselves with the juice of
 the soma2 ,noah1 by a not unnatural    
reaction against a superfluity of water1
 appears to have taken the earliest     
practicable opportunity of qualifying   

that which he was obliged to drink2 and 
the ghosts of the ancient ,egyptians    
were solaced by pictures of banquets in 
which the wine-cup passes round1 graven 
on the walls of their tombs4 ,a         
knowledge of the process of             
fermentation1 therefore1 was in all     
probability possessed by the prehistoric
 populations of the globe2 and it must  
have become a matter of great interest  
even to primaeval wine-bibbers to study 
the methods by which fermented liquids  
could be surely manufactured4 ,no doubt 
it was soon discovered that the most    
certain1 as well as the most            
expeditious1 way of making a sweet juice
 ferment was to add to it a little of   
the scum1 or lees1 of another fermenting
 juice4 ,and it can hardly be questioned
 that this singular excitation of       
fermentation in one fluid1 by a sort of 
infection1 or inoculation1 of a little  
ferment taken from some other fluid1    
together with the strange swelling1     
foaming1 and hissing of the fermented   

substance1 must have always attracted   
attention from the more thoughtful4     
,nevertheless1 the commencement of the  
scientific analysis of the phenomena    
dates from a period not earlier than the
 first half of the seventeenth century4 
,at this time1 ,van ,helmont made a     
first step1 by pointing out that the    
peculiar hissing and bubbling of a      
fermented liquid is due1 not to the     
evolution of common air 7which he1 as   
the inventor of the term gas1 calls gas 
ventosum71 but to that of a peculiar    
kind of air such as is occasionally met 
with in caves1 mines1 and wells1 and    
which he calls gas sylvestre4  ,but a   
century elapsed before the nature of    
this gas sylvestre1 or1 as it was       
afterwards called1 fixed air1 was       
clearly determined1 and it was found to 
be identical with that deadly chokedamp 
by which the lives of those who descend 
into old wells1 or mines1 or brewers'   
vats1 are sometimes suddenly ended2 and 
with the poisonous aeriform fluid which 

is produced by the combustion of        
charcoal1 and now goes by the name of   
carbonic acid gas4  ,during the same    
time it gradually became evident that   
the presence of sugar was essential to  
the production of alcohol and the       
evolution of carbonic acid gas1 which   
are the two great and conspicuous       
products of fermentation4 ,and finally1 
in #aghg1 the ,italian chemist1         
,fabroni1 made the capital discovery    
that the yeast ferment1 the presence of 
which is necessary to fermentation1 is  
what he termed a vegeto-animal          
substance2 that is1 a body which gives  
off ammoniacal salts when it is burned1 
and is1 in other ways1 similar to the   
gluten of plants and the albumen and    
casein of animals4   ,,ccii  ,the living
 club-mosses are1 for the most part1    
insignificant and creeping herbs1 which1
 superficially1 very closely resemble   
true mosses1 and none of them reach more
 than two or three feet in height4 ,but1
 in their essential structure1 they very

 closely resemble the earliest          
,lepidodendroid trees of the coal3 their
 stems and leaves are similar2 so are   
their cones2 and no less like are the   
sporangia and spores2 while even in     
their size1 the spores of the           
,lepidodendron and those of the existing
 ,lycopodium1 or club-moss1 very closely
 approach one another4  ,thus1 the      
singular conclusion is forced upon us1  
that the greater and the smaller sacs of
 the ,better-,bed and other coals1 in   
which the primitive structure is well   
preserved1 are simply the sporangia and 
spores of certain plants1 many of which 
were closely allied to the existing     
club-mosses4 ,and if1 as ,i believe1 it 
can be demonstrated that ordinary coal  
is nothing but saccular coal which has  
undergone a certain amount of that      
alteration which1 if continued1 would   
convert it into anthracite2 then1 the   
conclusion is obvious1 that the great   
mass of the coal we burn is the result  
of the accumulation of the spores and   

spore-cases of plants1 other parts of   
which have furnished the carbonized     
stems and the mineral charcoal1 or have 
left their impressions on the surfaces  
of the layer4   ,,cciii  ,the position  
of the beds which constitute the        
coal-measures is infinitely diverse4    
,sometimes they are tilted up           
vertically1 sometimes they are          
horizontal1 sometimes curved into great 
basins2 sometimes they come to the      
surface1 sometimes they are covered up  
by thousands of feet of rock4 ,but1     
whatever their present position1 there  
is abundant and conclusive evidence that
 every under-clay was once a surface    
soil4 ,not only do carbonized           
root-fibres frequently abound in these  
under-clays2 but the stools of trees1   
the trunks of which are broken off and  
confounded with the bed of coal1 have   
been repeatedly found passing into      
radiating roots1 still embedded in the  
under-clay4 ,on many parts of the coast 
of ,england1 what are commonly known as 

submarine forests are to be seen at low 
water4 ,they consist1 for the most part1
 of short stools of oak1 beech1 and     
fir-trees1 still fixed by their long    
roots in the bed of blue clay in which  
they originally grew4 ,if one of these  
submarine forest beds should be         
gradually depressed and covered up by   
new deposits1 it would present just the 
same characters as an under-clay of the 
coal1 if the ,sigillaria and            
,lepidodendron of the ancient world were
 substituted for the oak1 or the beech1 
of our own times4  ,in a tropical       
forest1 at the present day1 the trunks  
of fallen trees1 and the stools of such 
trees as may have been broken by the    
violence of storms1 remain entire for   
but a short time4 ,contrary to what     
might be expected1 the dense wood of the
 tree decays1 and suffers from the      
ravages of insects1 more swiftly than   
the bark4 ,and the traveller1 setting   
his foot on a prostrate trunk finds that
 it is a mere shell1 which breaks under 

his weight1 and lands his foot amidst   
the insects1 or the reptiles1 which have
 sought food or refuge within4   ,,cciv 
,the coal accumulated upon the area     
covered by one of the great forests of  
the carboniferous epoch would1 in course
 of time1 have been wasted away by the  
small1 but constant1 wear and tear of   
rain and streams1 had the land which    
supported it remained at the same level1
 or been gradually raised to a greater  
elevation4 ,and1 no doubt1 as much coal 
as now exists has been destroyed1 after 
its formation1 in this way4   ,,ccv     
,once more1 an invariably-recurring     
lesson of geological history1 at        
whatever point its study is taken up3   
the lesson of the almost infinite       
slowness of the modification of living  
forms4 ,the lines of the pedigrees of   
living things break off almost before   
they begin to converge4   ,,ccvi  ,yet  
another curious consideration4 ,let us  
suppose that one of the stupid1         
salamander-like ,labyrinthodonts1 which 

pottered1 with much belly and little    
leg1 like ,falstaff in his old age1     
among the coal-forests1 could have had  
thinking power enough in his small brain
 to reflect upon the showers of spores  
which kept on falling through years and 
centuries1 while perhaps not one in ten 
million fulfilled its apparent purpose1 
and reproduced the organism which gave  
it birth3 surely he might have been     
excused for moralizing upon the         
thoughtless and wanton extravagance     
which ,nature displayed in her          
operations4  ,but we have the advantage 
over our shovelheaded predecessor--or   
possibly ancestor--and can perceive that
 a certain vein of thrift runs through  
this apparent prodigality4 ,nature is   
never in a hurry1 and seems to have had 
always before her eyes the adage1 ,keep 
a thing long enough1 and you will find a
 use for it4 ,she has kept her beds of  
coal many millions of years without     
being able to find much use for them2   
she has sent them down beneath the sea1 

and the sea-beasts could make nothing of
 them2 she has raised them up into dry  
land1 and laid the black veins bare1 and
 still1 for ages and ages1 there was no 
living thing on the face of the earth   
that could see any sort of value in     
them2 and it was only the other day1 so 
to speak1 that she turned a new creature
 out of her workshop1 who by degrees    
acquired sufficient wits to make a fire1
 and then to discover that the black    
rock would burn4  ,i suppose that       
nineteen hundred years ago1 when ,julius
 ,caesar was good enough to deal with   
,britain as we have dealt with ,new     
,zealand1 the primaeval ,briton1 blue   
with cold and woad1 may have known that 
the strange black stone1 of which he    
found lumps here and there in his       
wanderings1 would burn1 and so help to  
warm his body and cook his food4 ,saxon1
 ,dane1 and ,norman swarmed into the    
land4 ,the ,english people grew into a  
powerful nation1 and ,nature still      
waited for a full return of the capital 

she had invested in the ancient         
club-mosses4 ,the eighteenth century    
arrived1 and with it ,james ,watt4 ,the 
brain of that man was the spore out of  
which was developed the modern          
steam-engine1 and all the prodigious    
trees and branches of modern industry   
which have grown out of this4 ,but coal 
is as much an essential condition of    
this growth and development as carbonic 
acid is for that of a club-moss4        
,wanting coal1 we could not have smelted
 the iron needed to make our engines1   
nor have worked our engines when we had 
got them4 ,but take away the engines1   
and the great towns of ,yorkshire and   
,lancashire vanish like a dream4        
,manufactures give place to agriculture 
and pasture1 and not ten men can live   
where now ten thousand are amply        
supported4  ,thus1 all this abundant    
wealth of money and of vivid life is    
,nature's interest upon her investment  
in club-mosses1 and the like1 so long   
ago4 ,but what becomes of the coal which

 is burnt in yielding this interest8    
,heat comes out of it1 light comes out  
of it2 and if we could gather together  
all that goes up the chimney1 and all   
that remains in the grate of a          
thoroughly-burnt coal-fire1 we should   
find ourselves in possession of a       
quantity of carbonic acid1 water1       
ammonia1 and mineral matters1 exactly   
equal in weight to the coal4 ,but these 
are the very matters with which ,nature 
supplied the club-mosses which made the 
coal4 ,she is paid back principal and   
interest at the same time2 and she      
straightway invests the carbonic acid1  
the water1 and the ammonia in new forms 
of life1 feeding with them the plants   
that now live4 ,thrifty ,nature6 ,surely
 no prodigal1 but most notable of       
housekeepers6   ,,ccvii  ,here1 then1 is
 a capital fact4 ,the movements of the  
lobster are due to muscular             
contractility4 ,but why does a muscle   
contract at one time and not at another8
 ,why does one whole group of muscles   

contract when the lobster wishes to     
extend his tail1 and another group when 
he desires to bend it8 ,what is it      
originates1 directs1 and controls the   
motive power8  ,experiment1 the great   
instrument for the ascertainment of     
truth in physical science1 answers this 
question for us4 ,in the head of the    
lobster there lies a small mass of that 
peculiar tissue which is known as       
nervous substance4 ,cords of similar    
matter connect this brain of the        
lobster1 directly or indirectly1 with   
the muscles4 ,now1 if these             
communicating cords are cut1 the brain  
remaining entire1 the power of exerting 
what we call voluntary motion in the    
parts below the section is destroyed2   
and1 on the other hand1 if1 the cords   
remaining entire1 the brain mass be     
destroyed1 the same voluntary mobility  
is equally lost4 ,whence the inevitable 
conclusion is1 that the power of        
originating these motions resides in the
 brain and is propagated along the      

nervous cords4  ,in the higher animals  
the phenomena which attend this         
transmission have been investigated1 and
 the exertion of the peculiar energy    
which resides in the nerves has been    
found to be accompanied by a disturbance
 of the electrical state of their       
molecules4  ,if we could exactly        
estimate the signification of this      
disturbance2 if we could obtain the     
value of a given exertion of nerve force
 by determining the quantity of         
electricity1 or of heat1 of which it is 
the equivalent2 if we could ascertain   
upon what arrangement1 or other         
condition of the molecules of matter1   
the manifestation of the nervous and    
muscular energies depends 7and doubtless
 science will some day or other         
ascertain these points71 physiologists  
would have attained their ultimate goal 
in this direction2 they would have      
determined the relation of the motive   
force of animals to the other forms of  
force found in nature2 and if the same  

process had been successfully performed 
for all the operations which are carried
 on in1 and by1 the animal frame1       
physiology would be perfect1 and the    
facts of morphology and distribution    
would be deducible from the laws which  
physiologists had established1 combined 
with those determining the condition of 
the surrounding universe4   ,,ccviii    
,the object of lectures is1 in the first
 place1 to awaken the attention and     
excite the enthusiasm of the student2   
and this1 ,i am sure1 may be effected to
 a far greater extent by the oral       
discourse and by the personal influence 
of a respected teacher than in any other
 way4 ,secondly1 lectures have the      
double use of guiding the student to the
 salient points of a subject1 and at the
 same time forcing him to attend to the 
whole of it1 and not merely to that part
 which takes his fancy4 ,and lastly1    
lectures afford the student the         
opportunity of seeking explanations of  
those difficulties which will1 and      

indeed ought to1 arise in the course of 
his studies4   ,,ccix  ,what books shall
 ,i read8 is a question constantly put  
by the student to the teacher4 ,my reply
 usually is1 ,none3 write your notes out
 carefully and fully2 strive to         
understand them thoroughly2 come to me  
for the explanation of anything you     
cannot understand2 and ,i would rather  
you did not distract your mind by       
reading4 ,a properly composed course of 
lectures ought to contain fully as much 
matter as a student can assimilate in   
the time occupied by its delivery2 and  
the teacher should always recollect that
 his business is to feed and not to cram
 the intellect4 ,indeed1 ,i believe that
 a student who gains from a course of   
lectures the simple habit of            
concentrating his attention upon a      
definitely limited series of facts1     
until they are thoroughly mastered1 has 
made a step of immeasurable importance4 
,,ccx  ,however good lectures may be1   
and however extensive the course of     

reading by which they are followed up1  
they are but accessories to the great   
instrument of scientific                
teaching--demonstration4 ,if ,i insist  
unweariedly1 nay fanatically1 upon the  
importance of physical science as an    
educational agent1 it is because the    
study of any branch of science1 if      
properly conducted1 appears to me to    
fill up a void left by all other means  
of education4 ,i have the greatest      
respect and love for literature2 nothing
 would grieve me more than to see       
literary training other than a very     
prominent branch of education3 indeed1  
,i wish that real literary discipline   
were far more attended to than it is2   
but ,i cannot shut my eyes to the fact  
that there is a vast difference between 
men who have had a purely literary1 and 
those who have had a sound scientific1  
training4   ,,ccxi  ,in the world of    
letters1 learning and knowledge are one1
 and books are the source of both2      
whereas in science1 as in life1 learning

 and knowledge are distinct1 and the    
study of things1 and not of books1 is   
the source of the latter4   ,,ccxii     
,all that literature has to bestow may  
be obtained by reading and by practical 
exercise in writing and in speaking2 but
 ,i do not exaggerate when ,i say that  
none of the best gifts of science are to
 be won by these means4 ,on the         
contrary1 the great benefit which a     
scientific education bestows1 whether as
 training or as knowledge1 is dependent 
upon the extent to which the mind of the
 student is brought into immediate      
contact with facts--upon the degree to  
which he learns the habit of appealing  
directly to ,nature1 and of acquiring   
through his senses concrete images of   
those properties of things1 which are1  
and always will be1 but approximatively 
expressed in human language4 ,our way of
 looking at ,nature1 and of speaking    
about her1 varies from year to year2 but
 a fact once seen1 a relation of cause  
and effect1 once demonstratively        

apprehended1 are possessions which      
neither change nor pass away1 but1 on   
the contrary1 form fixed centres1 about 
which other truths aggregate by natural 
affinity4  ,therefore1 the great        
business of the scientific teacher is1  
to imprint the fundamental1 irrefragable
 facts of his science1 not only by words
 upon the mind1 but by sensible         
impressions upon the eye1 and ear1 and  
touch of the student1 in so complete a  
manner1 that every term used1 or law    
enunciated1 should afterwards call up   
vivid images of the particular          
structural1 or other1 facts which       
furnished the demonstration of the law1 
or the illustration of the term4        
,,ccxiii  ,what is the purpose of       
primary intellectual education8 ,i      
apprehend that its first object is to   
train the young in the use of those     
tools wherewith men extract knowledge   
from the ever-shifting succession of    
phenomena which pass before their eyes2 
and that its second object is to inform 

them of the fundamental laws which have 
been found by experience to govern the  
course of things1 so that they may not  
be turned out into the world naked1     
defenceless1 and a prey to the events   
they might control4  ,a boy is taught to
 read his own and other languages1 in   
order that he may have access to        
infinitely wider stores of knowledge    
than could ever be opened to him by oral
 intercourse with his fellow men2 he    
learns to write1 that his means of      
communication with the rest of mankind  
may be indefinitely enlarged1 and that  
he may record and store up the knowledge
 he acquires4 ,he is taught elementary  
mathematics1 that he may understand all 
those relations of number and form1 upon
 which the transactions of men1         
associated in complicated societies1 are
 built1 and that he may have some       
practice in deductive reasoning4  ,all  
these operations of reading1 writing1   
and ciphering are intellectual tools1   
whose use should1 before all things1 be 

learned1 and learned thoroughly2 so that
 the youth may be enabled to make his   
life that which it ought to be1 a       
continual progress in learning and in   
wisdom4   ,,ccxiv  ,in addition1 primary
 education endeavours to fit a boy out  
with a certain equipment of positive    
knowledge4 ,he is taught the great laws 
of morality2 the religion of his sect2  
so much history and geography as will   
tell him where the great countries of   
the world are1 what they are1 and how   
they have become what they are4  ,but if
 ,i regard it closely1 a curious        
reflection arises4 ,i suppose that1     
fifteen hundred years ago1 the child of 
any well-to-do ,roman citizen was taught
 just these same things2 reading and    
writing in his own1 and1 perhaps1 the   
,greek tongue2 the elements of          
mathematics2 and the religion1 morality1
 history1 and geography current in his  
time4 ,furthermore1 ,i do not think ,i  
err in affirming that1 if such a        
,christian ,roman boy1 who had finished 

his education1 could be transplanted    
into one of our public schools1 and pass
 through its course of instruction1 he  
would not meet with a single unfamiliar 
line of thought2 amidst all the new     
facts he would have to learn1 not one   
would suggest a different mode of       
regarding the universe from that current
 in his own time4  ,and yet surely there
 is some great difference between the   
civilisation of the fourth century and  
that of the nineteenth1 and still more  
between the intellectual habits and tone
 of thought of that day and this8  ,and 
what has made this difference8 ,i answer
 fearlessly--,the prodigious development
 of physical science within the last two
 centuries4   ,,ccxv  ,modern           
civilisation rests upon physical        
science2 take away her gifts to our own 
country1 and our position among the     
leading nations of the world is gone    
to-morrow2 for it is physical science   
only that makes intelligence and moral  
energy stronger than brute force4       

,,ccxvi  ,the whole of modern thought is
 steeped in science2 it has made its way
 into the works of our best poets1 and  
even the mere man of letters1 who       
affects to ignore and despise science1  
is unconsciously impregnated with her   
spirit1 and indebted for his best       
products to her methods4 ,i believe that
 the greatest intellectual revolution   
mankind has yet seen is now slowly      
taking place by her agency4 ,she is     
teaching the world that the ultimate    
court of appeal is observation and      
experiment1 and not authority2 she is   
teaching it to estimate the value of    
evidence2 she is creating a firm and    
living faith in the existence of        
immutable moral and physical laws1      
perfect obedience to which is the       
highest possible aim of an intelligent  
being4  ,but of all this your old       
stereotyped system of education takes no
 note4 ,physical science1 its methods1  
its problems1 and its difficulties1 will
 meet the poorest boy at every turn1 and

 yet we educate him in such a manner    
that he shall enter the world as        
ignorant of the existence of the methods
 and facts of science as the day he was 
born4 ,the modern world is full of      
artillery2 and we turn out our children 
to do battle in it1 equipped with the   
shield and sword of an ancient          
gladiator4   ,,ccxvii  ,posterity will  
cry shame on us if we do not remedy this
 deplorable state of things4 ,nay1 if we
 live twenty years longer1 our own      
consciences will cry shame on us4  ,it  
is my firm conviction that the only way 
to remedy it is to make the elements of 
physical science an integral part of    
primary education4 ,i have endeavoured  
to show you how that may be done for    
that branch of science which it is my   
business to pursue2 and ,i can but add1 
that ,i should look upon the day when   
every schoolmaster throughout this land 
was a centre of genuine1 however        
rudimentary1 scientific knowledge as an 
epoch in the history of the country4    

,but let me entreat you to remember my  
last words4 ,addressing myself to you1  
as teachers1 ,i would say1 mere book    
learning in physical science is a sham  
and a delusion--what you teach1 unless  
you wish to be impostors1 that you must 
first know2 and real knowledge in       
science means personal acquaintance with
 the facts1 be they few or many4        
,,ccxviii  ,the first distinct          
enunciation of the hypothesis that all  
living matter has sprung from           
pre-existing living matter came from a  
contemporary1 though a junior1 of       
,harvey1 a native of that country1      
fertile in men great in all departments 
of human activity1 which was to         
intellectual ,europe1 in the sixteenth  
and seventeenth centuries1 what ,germany
 is in the nineteenth4 ,it was in       
,italy1 and from ,italian teachers1 that
 ,harvey received the most important    
part of his scientific education4 ,and  
it was a student trained in the same    
schools1 ,francesco ,redi--a man of the 

widest knowledge and most versatile     
abilities1 distinguished alike as       
scholar1 poet1 physician and            
naturalist--who1 just two hundred and   
two years ago1#c published his          
,esperienze intorno alla ,generazione   
degl' ,insetti1 and gave to the world   
the idea1 the growth of which it is my  
purpose to trace4 ,redi's book went     
through five editions in twenty years2  
and the extreme simplicity of his       
experiments1 and the clearness of his   
arguments1 gained for his views and for 
their consequences1 almost universal    
acceptance4    #c ,these words were     
written in #ahgj4  ,redi did not trouble
 himself much with speculative          
considerations1 but attacked particular 
cases of what was supposed to be        
spontaneous generation experimentally4  
,here are dead animals1 or pieces of    
meat1 says he2 ,i expose them to the air
 in hot weather1 and in a few days they 
swarm with maggots4 ,you tell me that   
these are generated in the dead flesh2  

but if ,i put similar bodies1 while     
quite fresh1 into a jar1 and tie some   
fine gauze over the top of the jar1 not 
a maggot makes its appearance1 while the
 dead substances1 nevertheless1 putrefy 
just in the same way as before4 ,it is  
obvious1 therefore1 that the maggots are
 not generated by the corruption of the 
meat2 and that the cause of their       
formation must be a something which is  
kept away by gauze4 ,but gauze will not 
keep away aeriform bodies1 or fluids4   
,this something must therefore1 exist in
 the form of solid particles too big to 
get through the gauze4 ,nor is one long 
left in doubt what these solid particles
 are2 for the blow-flies1 attracted by  
the odour of the meat1 swarm round the  
vessel1 and1 urged by a powerful but in 
this case misleading instinct1 lay eggs 
out of which maggots are immediately    
hatched1 upon the gauze4 ,the           
conclusion1 therefore1 is unavoidable2  
the maggots are not generated by the    
meat1 but the eggs which give rise to   

them are brought through the air by the 
flies4  ,these experiments seem almost  
childishly simple1 and one wonders how  
it was that no one ever thought of them 
before4 ,simple as they are1 however1   
they are worthy of the most careful     
study1 for every piece of experimental  
work since done1 in regard to this      
subject1 has been shaped upon the model 
furnished by the ,italian philosopher4  
,as the results of his experiments were 
the same1 however varied the nature of  
the materials he used1 it is not        
wonderful that there arose in ,redi's   
mind a presumption that1 in all such    
cases of the seeming production of life 
from dead matter1 the real explanation  
was the introduction of living germs    
from without into that dead matter4 ,and
 thus the hypothesis that living matter 
always arises by the agency of          
pre-existing living matter1 took        
definite shape2 and had1 henceforward1 a
 right to be considered and a claim to  
be refuted1 in each particular case1    

before the production of living matter  
in any other way could be admitted by   
careful reasoners4 ,it will be necessary
 for me to refer to this hypothesis so  
frequently1 that1 to save               
circumlocution1 ,i shall call it the    
hypothesis of ,biogenesis2 and ,i shall 
term the contrary doctrine--that living 
matter may be produced by not living    
matter--the hypothesis of ,abiogenesis4 
,in the seventeenth century1 as ,i have 
said1 the latter was the dominant view1 
sanctioned alike by antiquity and by    
authority2 and it is interesting to     
observe that ,redi did not escape the   
customary tax upon a discoverer of      
having to defend himself against the    
charge of impugning the authority of the
 ,scriptures2 for his adversaries       
declared that the generation of bees    
from the carcase of a dead lion is      
affirmed1 in the ,book of ,judges1 to   
have been the origin of the famous      
riddle with which ,samson perplexed the 
,philistines3--      ,out of the eater  

came forth meat1     ,and out of the    
strong came forth sweetness   ,,ccxix   
,the great tragedy of ,science--the     
slaying of a beautiful hypothesis by an 
ugly fact4   ,,ccxx  ,it remains yet in 
the order of logic1 though not of       
history1 to show that among these solid 
destructible particles there really do  
exist germs capable of giving rise to   
the development of living forms in      
suitable menstrua4 ,this piece of work  
was done by ,m4 ,pasteur in those       
beautiful researches which will ever    
render his name famous2 and which1 in   
spite of all attacks upon them1 appear  
to me now1 as they did seven years ago1 
to be models of accurate experimentation
 and logical reasoning4 ,he strained air
 through cotton-wool1 and found1 as     
,schroeder and ,dusch had done1 that it 
contained nothing competent to give rise
 to the development of life in fluids   
highly fitted for that purpose4 ,but the
 important further links in the chain of
 evidence added by ,pasteur are three4  

,in the first place he subjected to     
microscopic examination the cotton-wool 
which had served as strainer1 and found 
that sundry bodies clearly recognisable 
as germs were among the solid particles 
strained off4 ,secondly1 he proved that 
these germs were competent to give rise 
to living forms by simply sowing them in
 a solution fitted for their            
development4 ,and1 thirdly1 he showed   
that the incapacity of air strained     
through cotton-wool to give rise to life
 was not due to any occult change       
effected in the constituents of the air 
by the wool1 by proving that the        
cotton-wool might be dispensed with     
altogether1 and perfectly free access   
left between the exterior air and that  
in the experimental flask4 ,if the neck 
of the flask is drawn out into a tube   
and bent downwards2 and if1 after the   
contained fluid has been carefully      
boiled1 the tube is heated sufficiently 
to destroy any germs which may be       
present in the air which enters as the  

fluid cools1 the apparatus may be left  
to itself for any time and no life will 
appear in the fluid4 ,the reason is     
plain4 ,although there is free          
communication between the atmosphere    
laden with germs and the germless air in
 the flask1 contact between the two     
takes place only in the tube2 and as the
 germs cannot fall upwards1 and there   
are no currents1 they never reach the   
interior of the flask4 ,but if the tube 
be broken short off where it proceeds   
from the flask1 and free access be thus 
given to germs falling vertically out of
 the air1 the fluid1 which has remained 
clear and desert for months1 becomes1 in
 a few days1 turbid and full of life4   
,,ccxxi  ,in autumn it is not uncommon  
to see flies motionless upon a          
window-pane1 with a sort of magic       
circle1 in white1 drawn round them4 ,on 
microscopic examination1 the magic      
circle is found to consist of           
innumerable spores1 which have been     
thrown off in all directions by a minute

 fungus called ,empusa muscae1 the      
spore-forming filaments of which stand  
out like a pile of velvet from the body 
of the fly4 ,these spore-forming        
filaments are connected with others     
which fill the interior of the fly's    
body like so much fine wool1 having     
eaten away and destroyed the creature's 
viscera4 ,this is the full-grown        
condition of the ,empusa4 ,if traced    
back to its earliest stages1 in flies   
which are still active1 and to all      
appearance healthy1 it is found to exist
 in the form of minute corpuscles which 
float in the blood of the fly4 ,these   
multiply and lengthen into filaments1 at
 the expense of the fly's substance2 and
 when they have at last killed the      
patient1 they grow out of its body and  
give off spores4 ,healthy flies shut up 
with diseased ones catch this mortal    
disease1 and perish like the others4 ,a 
most competent observer1 ,m4 ,cohn1 who 
studied the development of the ,empusa  
very carefully1 was utterly unable to   

discover in what manner the smallest    
germs of the ,empusa got into the fly4  
,the spores could not be made to give   
rise to such germs by cultivation2 nor  
were such germs discoverable in the air1
 or in the food of the fly4 ,it looked  
exceedingly like a case of ,abiogenesis1
 or1 at any rate1 of ,xenogenesis2 and  
it is only quite recently that the real 
course of events has been made out4 ,it 
has been ascertained that when one of   
the spores falls upon the body of a fly1
 it begins to germinate1 and sends out a
 process which bores its way through the
 fly's skin2 this1 having reached the   
interior cavities of its body1 gives off
 the minute floating corpuscles which   
are the earliest stage of the ,empusa4  
,the disease is contagious1 because a   
healthy fly coming in contact with a    
diseased one1 from which the            
spore-bearing filaments protrude1 is    
pretty sure to carry off a spore or two4
 ,it is infectious because the spores   
become scattered about all sorts of     

matter in the neighbourhood of the slain
 flies4  ,silkworms are liable to many  
diseases2 and1 even before #ahec1 a     
peculiar epizootic1 frequently          
accompanied by the appearance of dark   
spots upon the skin 7whence the name of 
,pebrine which it has received71 had    
been noted for its mortality4 ,but in   
the years following #ahec this malady   
broke out with such extreme violence1   
that1 in #aheh1 the silk-crop was       
reduced to a third of the amount which  
it had reached in #ahec2 and1 up till   
within the last year or two1 it has     
never attained half the yield of #ahec4 
,this means not only that the great     
number of people engaged in silk growing
 are some thirty millions sterling      
poorer than they might have been2 it    
means not only that high prices have had
 to be paid for imported silkworm eggs1 
and that1 after investing his money in  
them1 in paying for mulberry-leaves and 
for attendance1 the cultivator has      
constantly seen his silkworms perish and

 himself plunged in ruin2 but it means  
that the looms of ,lyons have lacked    
employment1 and that1 for years1        
enforced idleness and misery have been  
the portion of a vast population which1 
in former days1 was industrious and     
well-to-do4  ,in reading the ,report    
made by ,m4 de ,quatrefages in #ahei1 it
 is exceedingly interesting to observe  
that his elaborate study of the ,pebrine
 forced the conviction upon his mind    
that1 in its mode of occurrence and     
propagation1 the disease of the silkworm
 is1 in every respect1 comparable to the
 cholera among mankind4 ,but it differs 
from the cholera1 and so far is a more  
formidable malady1 in being hereditary1 
and in being1 under some circumstances1 
contagious as well as infectious4  ,the 
,italian naturalist1 ,filippi1          
discovered in the blood of the silkworms
 affected by this strange disorder a    
multitude of cylindrical corpuscles1    
each about #a_/fjjjth of an inch long4  
,these have been carefully studied by   

,lebert1 and named by him               
,panhistophyton2 for the reason that in 
subjects in which the disease is        
strongly developed1 the corpuscles swarm
 in every tissue and organ of the body1 
and even pass into the undeveloped eggs 
of the female moth4 ,but are these      
corpuscles causes1 or mere concomitants1
 of the disease8 ,some naturalists took 
one view and some another2 and it was   
not until the ,french ,government1      
alarmed by the continued ravages of the 
malady1 and the inefficiency of the     
remedies which had been suggested1      
despatched ,m4 ,pasteur to study it1    
that the question received its final    
settlement2 at a great sacrifice1 not   
only of the time and peace of mind of   
that eminent philosopher1 but1 ,i regret
 to have to add1 of his health4  ,but   
the sacrifice has not been in vain4 ,it 
is now certain that this devastating1   
cholera-like ,pebrine is the effect of  
the growth and multiplication of the    
,panhistophyton in the silkworm4 ,it is 

contagious and infectious1 because the  
corpuscles of the ,panhistophyton pass  
away from the bodies of the diseased    
caterpillars1 directly or indirectly1 to
 the alimentary canal of healthy        
silkworms in their neighbourhood2 it is 
hereditary because the corpuscles enter 
into the eggs while they are being      
formed1 and consequently are carried    
within them when they are laid2 and for 
this reason1 also1 it presents the very 
singular peculiarity of being inherited 
only on the mother's side4 ,there is not
 a single one of all the apparently     
capricious and unaccountable phenomena  
presented by the ,pebrine1 but has      
received its explanation from the fact  
that the disease is the result of the   
presence of the microscopic organism1   
,panhistophyton4   ,,ccxxii  ,i         
commenced this ,address by asking you to
 follow me in an attempt to trace the   
path which has been followed by a       
scientific idea1 in its long and slow   
progress from the position of a probable

 hypothesis to that of an established   
law of nature4 ,our survey has not taken
 us into very attractive regions2 it has
 lain1 chiefly1 in a land flowing with  
the abominable1 and peopled with mere   
grubs and mouldiness4 ,and it may be    
imagined with what smiles and shrugs1   
practical and serious contemporaries of 
,redi and of ,spallanzani may have      
commented on the waste of their high    
abilities in toiling at the solution of 
problems which1 though curious enough in
 themselves1 could be of no conceivable 
utility to mankind4  ,nevertheless1 you 
will have observed that before we had   
travelled very far upon our road1 there 
appeared1 on the right hand and on the  
left1 fields laden with a harvest of    
golden grain1 immediately convertible   
into those things which the most solidly
 practical men will admit to have       
value--viz41 money and life4  ,the      
direct loss to ,france caused by the    
,pebrine in seventeen years cannot be   
estimated at less than fifty millions   

sterling2 and if we add to this what    
,redi's idea1 in ,pasteur's hands1 has  
done for the wine-grower and for the    
vinegar-maker1 and try to capitalise its
 value1 we shall find that it will go a 
long way towards repairing the money    
losses caused by the frightful and      
calamitous war of this autumn 7#ahgj74  
,and as to the equivalent of ,redi's    
thought in life1 how can we overestimate
 the value of that knowledge of the     
nature of epidemic and epizootic        
diseases1 and consequently of the means 
of checking1 or eradicating them1 the   
dawn of which has assuredly commenced8  
,looking back no further than ten years1
 it is possible to select three 7#ahfc1 
#ahfd1 and #ahfi7 in which the total    
number of deaths from scarlet-fever     
alone amounted to ninety thousand4 ,that
 is the return of killed1 the maimed and
 disabled being left out of sight4 ,why1
 it is to be hoped that the list of     
killed in the present bloodiest of all  
wars will not amount to more than this6 

,but the facts which ,i have placed     
before you must leave the least sanguine
 without a doubt that the nature and the
 causes of this scourge will1 one day1  
be as well understood as those of the   
,pebrine are now2 and that the          
long-suffered massacre of our innocents 
will come to an end4  ,and thus mankind 
will have one more admonition that the  
people perish for lack of knowledge2 and
 that the alleviation of the miseries1  
and the promotion of the welfare1 of men
 must be sought1 by those who will not  
lose their pains1 in that diligent1     
patient1 loving study of all the        
multitudinous aspects of ,nature1 the   
results of which constitute exact       
knowledge1 or ,science4   ,,ccxxiii  ,i 
find three1 more or less contradictory1 
systems of geological thought1 each of  
which might fairly enough claim these   
appellations1 standing side by side in  
,britain4 ,i shall call one of them     
,catastrophism1 another                 
,uniformitarianism1 the third           

,evolutionism2 and ,i shall try briefly 
to sketch the characters of each1 that  
you may say whether the classification  
is1 or is not1 exhaustive4  ,by         
,catastrophism ,i mean any form of      
geological speculation which1 in order  
to account for the phenomena of geology1
 supposes the operation of forces       
different in their nature1 or           
immeasurably different in power1 from   
those which we at present see in action 
in the universe4  ,the ,mosaic cosmogony
 is1 in this sense1 catastrophic1       
because it assumes the operation of     
extranatural power4 ,the doctrine of    
violent upheavals1 debacles1 and        
cataclysms in general1 is catastrophic1 
so far as it assumes that these were    
brought about by causes which have now  
no parallel4 ,there was a time when     
catastrophism might1 pre-eminently1 have
 claimed the title of ,british popular  
geology2 and assuredly it has yet many  
adherents1 and reckons among its        
supporters some of the most honoured    

members of this ,society4  ,by          
,uniformitarianism ,i mean especially   
the teaching of ,hutton and of ,lyell4  
,that great though incomplete work1 ,the
 ,theory of the ,earth1 seems to me to  
be one of the most remarkable           
contributions to geology which is       
recorded in the annals of the science4  
,so far as the not-living world is      
concerned1 uniformitarianism lies there1
 not only in germ1 but in blossom and   
fruit4  ,if one asks how it is that     
,hutton was led to entertain views so   
far in advance of those prevalent in his
 time1 in some respects2 while1 in      
others1 they seem almost curiously      
limited1 the answer appears to me to be 
plain4  ,hutton was in advance of the   
geological speculation of his time1     
because1 in the first place1 he had     
amassed a vast store of knowledge of the
 facts of geology1 gathered by personal 
observation in travels of considerable  
extent2 and because1 in the second      
place1 he was thoroughly trained in the 

physical and chemical science of his    
day1 and thus possessed1 as much as any 
one in his time could possess it1 the   
knowledge which is requisite for the    
just interpretation of geological       
phenomena1 and the habit of thought     
which fits a man for scientific inquiry4
  ,it is to this thorough scientific    
training that ,i ascribe ,hutton's      
steady and persistent refusal to look to
 other causes than those now in         
operation for the explanation of        
geological phenomena4  ,the internal    
heat of the earth1 the elevation and    
depression of its crust1 its belchings  
forth of vapours1 ashes1 and lava1 are  
its activities1 in as strict a sense as 
are warmth and the movements and        
products of respiration the activities  
of an animal4 ,the phenomena of the     
seasons1 of the trade winds1 of the     
,gulf-stream1 are as much the results of
 the reaction between these inner       
activities and outward forces as are the
 budding of the leaves in spring and    

their falling in autumn the effects of  
the interaction between the organisation
 of a plant and the solar light and     
heat4 ,and1 as the study of the         
activities of the living being is called
 its physiology1 so are these phenomena 
the subject-matter of an analogous      
telluric physiology1 to which we        
sometimes give the name of meteorology1 
sometimes that of physical geography1   
sometimes that of geology4 ,again1 the  
earth has a place in space and in time1 
and relations to other bodies in both   
these respects1 which constitute its    
distribution4 ,this subject is usually  
left to the astronomer2 but a knowledge 
of its broad outlines seems to me to be 
an essential constituent of the stock of
 geological ideas4   ,,ccxxiv  ,all that
 can be ascertained concerning the      
structure1 succession of conditions1    
actions1 and position in space of the   
earth1 is the matter of fact of its     
natural history4 ,but1 as in biology1   
there remains the matter of reasoning   

from these facts to their causes1 which 
is just as much science as the other1   
and indeed more2 and this constitutes   
geological aetiology4   ,,ccxxv  ,i     
suppose that it would be very easy to   
pick holes in the details of ,kant's    
speculations1 whether cosmological1 or  
specially telluric1 in their            
application4 ,but for all that1 he seems
 to me to have been the first person to 
frame a complete system of geological   
speculation by founding the doctrine of 
evolution4  ,i have said that the three 
schools of geological speculation which 
,i have termed ,catastrophism1          
,uniformitarianism1 and ,evolutionism1  
are commonly supposed to be antagonistic
 to one another2 and ,i presume it will 
have become obvious that in my belief1  
the last is destined to swallow up the  
other two4 ,but it is proper to remark  
that each of the latter has kept alive  
the tradition of precious truths4  ,to  
my mind there appears to be no sort of  
necessary theoretical antagonism between

 ,catastrophism and ,uniformitarianism4 
,on the contrary1 it is very conceivable
 that catastrophes may be part and      
parcel of uniformity4 ,let me illustrate
 my case by analogy4 ,the working of a  
clock is a model of uniform action2 good
 time-keeping means uniformity of       
action4 ,but the striking of the clock  
is essentially a catastrophe2 the hammer
 might be made to blow up a barrel of   
gunpowder1 or turn on a deluge of water2
 and1 by proper arrangement1 the clock1 
instead of marking the hours1 might     
strike at all sorts of irregular        
periods1 never twice alike1 in the      
intervals1 force1 or number of its      
blows4 ,nevertheless1 all these         
irregular1 and apparently lawless1      
catastrophes would be the result of an  
absolutely uniformitarian action2 and we
 might have two schools of              
clock-theorists1 one studying the hammer
 and the other the pendulum4   ,,ccxxvi 
,mathematics may be compared to a mill  
of exquisite workmanship1 which grinds  

your stuff of any degree of fineness2   
but1 nevertheless1 what you get out     
depends upon what you put in2 and as the
 grandest mill in the world will not    
extract wheat-flour from peascods1 so   
pages of formulae will not get a        
definite result out of loose data4      
,,ccxxvii  ,the motive of the drama of  
human life is the necessity1 laid upon  
every man who comes into the world1 of  
discovering the mean between            
self-assertion and self-restraint suited
 to his character and his circumstances4
 ,and the eternally tragic aspect of the
 drama lies in this3 that the problem   
set before us is one the elements of    
which can be but imperfectly known1 and 
of which even an approximately right    
solution rarely presents itself1 until  
that stern critic1 aged experience1 has 
been furnished with ample justification 
for venting his sarcastic humour upon   
the irreparable blunders we have already
 made4   ,,ccxxviii  ,that which endures
 is not one or another association of   

living forms1 but the process of which  
the cosmos is the product1 and of which 
these are among the transitory          
expressions4 ,and in the living world1  
one of the most characteristic features 
of this cosmic process is the struggle  
for existence1 the competition of each  
with all1 the result of which is the    
selection1 that is to say1 the survival 
of those forms which1 on the whole1 are 
best adapted to the conditions which at 
any period obtain2 and which are        
therefore1 in that respect1 and only in 
that respect1 the fittest4 ,the acme    
reached by the cosmic process in the    
vegetation of the downs is seen in the  
turf1 with its weed and gorse4 ,under   
the conditions1 they have come out of   
the struggle victorious2 and1 by        
surviving1 have proved that they are the
 fittest to survive4   ,,ccxxix  ,as a  
natural process1 of the same character  
as the development of a tree from its   
seed1 or of a fowl from its egg1        
evolution excludes creation and all     

other kinds of supernatural             
intervention4 ,as the expression of a   
fixed order1 every stage of which is the
 effect of causes operating according to
 definite rules1 the conception of      
evolution no less excludes that of      
chance4 ,it is very desirable to        
remember that evolution is not an       
explanation of the cosmic process1 but  
merely a generalized statement of the   
method and results of that process4     
,and1 further1 that1 if there is proof  
that the cosmic process was set going by
 any agent1 then that agent will be the 
creator of it and of all its products1  
although1 supernatural intervention may 
remain strictly excluded from its       
further course4   ,,ccxxx  ,all plants  
and animals exhibit the tendency to     
vary1 the causes of which have yet to be
 ascertained2 it is the tendency of the 
conditions of life1 at any given time1  
while favouring the existence of the    
variations best adapted to them1 to     
oppose that of the rest and thus to     

exercise selection2 and all living      
things tend to multiply without limit1  
while the means of support are limited2 
the obvious cause of which is the       
production of offspring more numerous   
than their progenitors1 but with equal  
expectation of life in the actuarial    
sense4 ,without the first tendency there
 could be no evolution4 ,without the    
second1 there would be no good reason   
why one variation should disappear and  
another take its place2 that is to say1 
there would be no selection4 ,without   
the third1 the struggle for existence1  
the agent of the selective process in   
the state of nature1 would vanish4      
,,ccxxxi  ,the faith which is born of   
knowledge finds its object in an eternal
 order1 bringing forth ceaseless change1
 through endless time1 in endless space2
 the manifestations of the cosmic energy
 alternating between phases of          
potentiality and phases of explication4 
,,ccxxxii  ,with all their enormous     
differences in natural endowment1 men   

agree in one thing1 and that is their   
innate desire to enjoy the pleasures and
 escape the pains of life2 and1 in      
short1 to do nothing but that which it  
pleases them to do1 without the least   
reference to the welfare of the society 
into which they are born4 ,that is their
 inheritance 7the reality at the bottom 
of the doctrine of original sin7 from   
the long series of ancestors1 human and 
semi-human and brutal1 in whom the      
strength of this innate tendency to     
self-assertion was the condition of     
victory in the struggle for existence4  
,that is the reason of the aviditas     
vitae--the insatiable hunger for        
enjoyment--of all mankind1 which is one 
of the essential conditions of success  
in the war with the state of nature     
outside2 and yet the sure agent of the  
destruction of society if allowed free  
play within4   ,,ccxxxiii  ,the check   
upon this free play of self-assertion1  
or natural liberty1 which is the        
necessary condition for the origin of   

human society1 is the product of organic
 necessities of a different kind from   
those upon which the constitution of the
 hive depends4 ,one of these is the     
mutual affection of parent and          
offspring1 intensified by the long      
infancy of the human species4 ,but the  
most important is the tendency1 so      
strongly developed in man1 to reproduce 
in himself actions and feelings similar 
to1 or correlated with1 those of other  
men4 ,man is the most consummate of all 
mimics in the animal world2 none but    
himself can draw or model2 none comes   
near him in the scope1 variety1 and     
exactness of vocal imitation2 none is   
such a master of gesture2 while he seems
 to be impelled thus to imitate for the 
pure pleasure of it4 ,and there is no   
such another emotional chameleon4 ,by a 
purely reflex operation of the mind1 we 
take the hue of passion of those who are
 about us1 or1 it may be1 the           
complementary colour4 ,it is not by any 
conscious putting one's self in the     

place of a joyful or a suffering person 
that the state of mind we call sympathy 
usually arises2 indeed1 it is often     
contrary to one's sense of right1 and in
 spite of one's will1 that              
fellow-feeling makes us wondrous kind1  
or the reverse4 ,however complete may be
 the indifference to public opinion1 in 
a cool1 intellectual view1 of the       
traditional sage1 it has not yet been my
 fortune to meet with any actual sage   
who took its hostile manifestations with
 entire equanimity4 ,indeed1 ,i doubt if
 the philosopher lives1 or ever has     
lived1 who could know himself to be     
heartily despised by a street boy       
without some irritation4 ,and1 though   
one cannot justify ,haman for wishing to
 hang ,mordecai on such a very high     
gibbet1 yet1 really1 the consciousness  
of the ,vizier of ,ahasuerus1 as he went
 in and out of the gate1 that this      
obscure ,jew had no respect for him1    
must have been very annoying4  ,it is   
needful only to look around us1 to see  

that the greatest restrainer of the     
anti-social tendencies of men is fear1  
not of the law1 but of the opinion of   
their fellows4 ,the conventions of      
honour bind men who break legal1 moral1 
and religious bonds2 and1 while people  
endure the extremity of physical pain   
rather than part with life1 shame drives
 the weakest to suicide4  ,every forward
 step of social progress brings men into
 closer relations with their fellows1   
and increases the importance of the     
pleasures and pains derived from        
sympathy4 ,we judge the acts of others  
by our own sympathies1 and we judge our 
own acts by the sympathies of others1   
every day and all day long1 from        
childhood upwards1 until associations1  
as indissoluble as those of language1   
are formed between certain acts and the 
feelings of approbation or              
disapprobation4 ,it becomes impossible  
to imagine some acts without            
disapprobation1 or others without       
approbation of the actor1 whether he be 

one's self or anyone else4 ,we come to  
think in the acquired dialect of morals4
 ,an artificial personality1 the man    
within1 as ,adam ,smith calls           
conscience1 is built up beside the      
natural personality4 ,he is the watchman
 of society1 charged to restrain the    
anti-social tendencies of the natural   
man within the limits required by social
 welfare4   ,,ccxxxiv  ,i have termed   
this evolution of the feelings out of   
which the primitive bonds of human      
society are so largely forged1 into the 
organized and personified sympathy we   
call conscience1 the ethical process4   
,so far as it tends to make any human   
society more efficient in the struggle  
for existence with the state of nature1 
or with other societies1 it works in    
harmonious contrast with the cosmic     
process4 ,but it is none the less true  
that1 since law and morals are          
restraints upon the struggle for        
existence between men in society1 the   
ethical process is in opposition to the 

principle of the cosmic process1 and    
tends to the suppression of the         
qualities best fitted for success in    
that struggle4   ,,ccxxxv  ,moralists of
 all ages and of all faiths1 attending  
only to the relations of men towards one
 another in an ideal society1 have      
agreed upon the golden rule1 ,do as you 
would be done by4 ,in other words1 let  
sympathy be your guide2 put yourself in 
the place of the man towards whom your  
action is directed2 and do to him what  
you would like to have done to yourself 
under the circumstances4 ,however much  
one may admire the generosity of such a 
rule of conduct2 however confident one  
may be that average men may be          
thoroughly depended upon not to carry it
 out to its full logical consequences2  
it is nevertheless desirable to         
recognise the fact that these           
consequences are incompatible with the  
existence of a civil state1 under any   
circumstances of this world which have  
obtained1 or1 so far as one can see1 are

 likely to come to pass4  ,for ,i       
imagine there can be no doubt that the  
great desire of every wrongdoer is to   
escape from the painful consequences of 
his actions4 ,if ,i put myself in the   
place of the man who has robbed me1 ,i  
find that ,i am possessed by an         
exceeding desire not to be fined or     
imprisoned2 if in that of the man who   
has smitten me on one cheek1 ,i         
contemplate with satisfaction the       
absence of any worse result than the    
turning of the other cheek for like     
treatment4 ,strictly observed1 the      
golden rule involves the negation of law
 by the refusal to put it in motion     
against law-breakers2 and1 as regards   
the external relations of a polity1 it  
is the refusal to continue the struggle 
for existence4 ,it can be obeyed1 even  
partially1 only under the protection of 
a society which repudiates it4 ,without 
such shelter the followers of the golden
 rule may indulge in hopes of heaven1   
but they must reckon with the certainty 

that other people will be masters of the
 earth4  ,what would become of the      
garden if the gardener treated all the  
weeds and slugs and birds and           
trespassers as he would like to be      
treated if he were in their place8      
,,ccxxxvi  ,in a large proportion of    
cases1 crime and pauperism have nothing 
to do with heredity2 but are the        
consequence1 partly1 of circumstances   
and1 partly1 of the possession of       
qualities1 which1 under different       
conditions of life1 might have excited  
esteem and even admiration4 ,it was a   
shrewd man of the world who1 in         
discussing sewage problems1 remarked    
that dirt is riches in the wrong place2 
and that sound aphorism has moral       
applications4 ,the benevolence and      
open-handed generosity which adorn a    
rich man may make a pauper of a poor    
one2 the energy and courage to which the
 successful soldier owes his rise1 the  
cool and daring subtlety to which the   
great financier owes his fortune1 may   

very easily1 under unfavourable         
conditions1 lead their possessors to the
 gallows1 or to the hulks4 ,moreover1 it
 is fairly probable that the children of
 a failure will receive from their other
 parent just that little modification of
 character which makes all the          
difference4 ,i sometimes wonder whether 
people1 who talk so freely about        
extirpating the unfit1 ever             
dispassionately consider their own      
history4 ,surely1 one must be very fit  
indeed not to know of an occasion1 or   
perhaps two1 in one's life1 when it     
would have been only too easy to qualify
 for a place among the unfit4           
,,ccxxxvii  ,in the struggle for the    
means of enjoyment1 the qualities which 
ensure success are energy1 industry1    
intellectual capacity1 tenacity of      
purpose1 and1 at least as much sympathy 
as is necessary to make a man understand
 the feelings of his fellows4 ,were     
there none of those artificial          
arrangements by which fools and knaves  

are kept at the top of society instead  
of sinking to their natural place at the
 bottom1 the struggle for the means of  
enjoyment would ensure a constant       
circulation of the human units of the   
social compound1 from the bottom to the 
top and from the top to the bottom4 ,the
 survivors of the contest1 those who    
continued to form the great bulk of the 
polity1 would not be those fittest who  
got to the very top1 but the great body 
of the moderately fit1 whose numbers and
 superior propagative power enable them 
always to swamp the exceptionally       
endowed minority4  ,i think it must be  
obvious to every one that1 whether we   
consider the internal or the external   
interests of society1 it is desirable   
they should be in the hands of those who
 are endowed with the largest share of  
energy1 of industry1 of intellectual    
capacity1 of tenacity of purpose1 while 
they are not devoid of sympathetic      
humanity2 and1 in so far as the struggle
 for the means of enjoyment tends to    

place such men in possession of wealth  
and influence1 it is a process which    
tends to the good of society4 ,but the  
process1 as we have seen1 has no real   
resemblance to that which adapts living 
beings to current conditions in the     
state of nature2 nor any to the         
artificial selection of the             
horticulturist4   ,,ccxxxviii  ,even    
should the whole human race be absorbed 
in one vast polity1 within which        
absolute political justice reigns1 the  
struggle for existence with the state of
 nature outside it1 and the tendency to 
the return of the struggle within1 in   
consequence of over-multiplication1 will
 remain2 and1 unless men's inheritance  
from the ancestors who fought a good    
fight in the state of nature1 their dose
 of original sin1 is rooted out by some 
method at present unrevealed1 at any    
rate to disbelievers in supernaturalism1
 every child born into the world will   
still bring with him the instinct of    
unlimited self-assertion4 ,he will have 

to learn the lesson of self-restraint   
and renunciation4 ,but the practice of  
self-restraint and renunciation is not  
happiness1 though it may be something   
much better4  ,that man1 as a political 
animal1 is susceptible of a vast amount 
of improvement1 by education1 by        
instruction1 and by the application of  
his intelligence to the adaptation of   
the conditions of life to his higher    
needs1 ,i entertain not the slightest   
doubt4 ,but1 so long as he remains      
liable to error1 intellectual or moral2 
so long as he is compelled to be        
perpetually on guard against the cosmic 
forces1 whose ends are not his ends1    
without and within himself2 so long as  
he is haunted by inexpugnable memories  
and hopeless aspirations2 so long as the
 recognition of his intellectual        
limitations forces him to acknowledge   
his incapacity to penetrate the mystery 
of existence2 the prospect of attaining 
untroubled happiness1 or of a state     
which can1 even remotely1 deserve the   

title of perfection1 appears to me to be
 as misleading an illusion as ever was  
dangled before the eyes of poor         
humanity4 ,and there have been many of  
them4  ,that which lies before the human
 race is a constant struggle to maintain
 and improve1 in opposition to the      
,state of ,nature1 the ,state of ,art of
 an organized polity2 in which1 and by  
which1 man may develop a worthy         
civilization1 capable of maintaining and
 constantly improving itself1 until the 
evolution of our globe shall have       
entered so far upon its downward course 
that the cosmic process resumes its     
sway2 and1 once more1 the ,state of     
,nature prevails over the surface of our
 planet4   ,,ccxxxix  ,from very low    
forms up to the highest--in the animal  
no less than in the vegetable           
kingdom--the process of life presents   
the same appearance of cyclical         
evolution4 ,nay1 we have but to cast our
 eyes over the rest of the world and    
cyclical change presents itself on all  

sides4 ,it meets us in the water that   
flows to the sea and returns to the     
springs2 in the heavenly bodies that wax
 and wane1 go and return to their       
places2 in the inexorable sequence of   
the ages of man's life2 in that         
successive rise1 apogee1 and fall of    
dynasties and of states which is the    
most prominent topic of civil history4  
,,ccxl  ,as no man fording a swift      
stream can dip his foot twice into the  
same water1 so no man can1 with         
exactness1 affirm of anything in the    
sensible world that it is4 ,as he utters
 the words1 nay1 as he thinks them1 the 
predicate ceases to be applicable2 the  
present has become the past2 the is     
should be was4 ,and the more we learn of
 the nature of things1 the more evident 
is it that what we call rest is only    
unperceived activity2 that seeming peace
 is silent but strenuous battle4 ,in    
every part1 at every moment1 the state  
of the cosmos is the expression of a    
transitory adjustment of contending     

forces2 a scene of strife1 in which all 
the combatants fall in turn4 ,what is   
true of each part is true of the whole4 
,natural knowledge tends more and more  
to the conclusion that all the choir of 
heaven and furniture of the earth are   
the transitory forms of parcels of      
cosmic substance wending along the road 
of evolution1 from nebulous             
potentiality1 through endless growths of
 sun and planet and satellite2 through  
all varieties of matter2 through        
infinite diversities of life and        
thought2 possibly1 through modes of     
being of which we neither have a        
conception1 nor are competent to form   
any1 back to the indefinable latency    
from which they arose4 ,thus the most   
obvious attribute of the cosmos is its  
impermanence4 ,it assumes the aspect not
 so much of a permanent entity as of a  
changeful process1 in which naught      
endures save the flow of energy and the 
rational order which pervades it4       
,,ccxli  ,man1 the animal1 in fact1 has 

worked his way to the headship of the   
sentient world1 and has become the      
superb animal which he is in virtue of  
his success in the struggle for         
existence4 ,the conditions having been  
of a certain order1 man's organization  
has adjusted itself to them better than 
that of his competitors in the cosmic   
strife4 ,in the case of mankind1 the    
self-assertion1 the unscrupulous seizing
 upon all that can be grasped1 the      
tenacious holding of all that can be    
kept1 which constitute the essence of   
the struggle for existence1 have        
answered4 ,for his successful progress1 
throughout the savage state1 man has    
been largely indebted to those qualities
 which he shares with the ape and the   
tiger2 his exceptional physical         
organization2 his cunning1 his          
sociability1 his curiosity1 and his     
imitativeness2 his ruthless and         
ferocious destructiveness when his anger
 is roused by opposition4  ,but1 in     
proportion as men have passed from      

anarchy to social organization1 and in  
proportion as civilization has grown in 
worth1 these deeply ingrained           
serviceable qualities have become       
defects4 ,after the manner of successful
 persons1 civilized man would gladly    
kick down the ladder by which he has    
climbed4 ,he would be only too pleased  
to see the ape and tiger die4 ,but they 
decline to suit his convenience2 and the
 unwelcome intrusion of these boon      
companions of his hot youth into the    
ranged existence of civil life adds     
pains and griefs1 innumerable and       
immeasurably great1 to those which the  
cosmic process necessarily brings on the
 mere animal4 ,in fact1 civilized man   
brands all these ape and tiger          
promptings with the name of sins2 he    
punishes many of the acts which flow    
from them as crimes2 and1 in extreme    
cases1 he does his best to put an end to
 the survival of the fittest of former  
days by axe and rope4   ,,ccxlii  ,in   
,hindostan1 as in ,ionia1 a period of   

relatively high and tolerably stable    
civilization had succeeded long ages of 
semi-barbarism and struggle4 ,out of    
wealth and security had come leisure and
 refinement1 and1 close at their heels1 
had followed the malady of thought4 ,to 
the struggle for bare existence1 which  
never ends1 though it may be alleviated 
and partially disguised for a fortunate 
few1 succeeded the struggle to make     
existence intelligible and to bring the 
order of things into harmony with the   
moral sense of man1 which also never    
ends1 but1 for the thinking few1 becomes
 keener with every increase of knowledge
 and with every step towards the        
realization of a worthy ideal of life4  
,two thousand five hundred years ago the
 value of civilization was as apparent  
as it is now2 then1 as now1 it was      
obvious that only in the garden of an   
orderly polity can the finest fruits    
humanity is capable of bearing be       
produced4 ,but it had also become       
evident that the blessings of culture   

were not unmixed4 ,the garden was apt to
 turn into a hothouse4 ,the stimulation 
of the senses1 the pampering of the     
emotions1 endlessly multiplied the      
sources of pleasure4 ,the constant      
widening of the intellectual field      
indefinitely extended the range of that 
especially human faculty of looking     
before and after1 which adds to the     
fleeting present those old and new      
worlds of the past and the future1      
wherein men dwell the more the higher   
their culture4 ,but that very sharpening
 of the sense and that subtle refinement
 of emotion1 which brought such a wealth
 of pleasures1 were fatally attended by 
a proportional enlargement of the       
capacity for suffering2 and the divine  
faculty of imagination1 while it created
 new heavens and new earths1 provided   
them with the corresponding hells of    
futile regret for the past and morbid   
anxiety for the future4   ,,ccxliii     
,one of the oldest and most important   
elements in such systems is the         

conception of justice4 ,society is      
impossible unless those who are         
associated agree to observe certain     
rules of conduct towards one another2   
its stability depends on the steadiness 
with which they abide by that agreement2
 and1 so far as they waver1 that mutual 
trust which is the bond of society is   
weakened or destroyed4 ,wolves could not
 hunt in packs except for the real1     
though unexpressed1 understanding that  
they should not attack one another      
during the chase4 ,the most rudimentary 
polity is a pack of men living under the
 like tacit1 or expressed1              
understanding2 and having made the very 
important advance upon wolf society1    
that they agree to use the force of the 
whole body against individuals who      
violate it and in favour of those who   
observe it4 ,this observance of a common
 understanding1 with the consequent     
distribution of punishments and rewards 
according to accepted rules1 received   
the name of justice1 while the contrary 

was called injustice4 ,early ethics did 
not take much note of the animus of the 
violator of the rules4 ,but civilization
 could not advance far without the      
establishment of a capital distinction  
between the case of involuntary and that
 of wilful misdeed2 between a merely    
wrong action and a guilty one4  ,and1   
with increasing refinement of moral     
appreciation1 the problem of desert1    
which arises out of this distinction1   
acquired more and more theoretical and  
practical importance4 ,if life must be  
given for life1 yet it was recognized   
that the unintentional slayer did not   
altogether deserve death2 and1 by a sort
 of compromise between the public and   
the private conception of justice1 a    
sanctuary was provided in which he might
 take refuge from the avenger of blood4 
,the idea of justice thus underwent a   
gradual sublimation from punishment and 
reward according to acts1 to punishment 
and reward according to desert2 or1 in  
other words1 according to motive4       

,righteousness1 that is1 action from    
right motive1 not only became synonymous
 with justice1 but the positive         
constituent of innocence and the very   
heart of goodness4   ,,ccxliv  ,everyday
 experience familiarizes us with the    
facts which are grouped under the name  
of heredity4 ,every one of us bears upon
 him obvious marks of his parentage1    
perhaps of remoter relationships4 ,more 
particularly1 the sum of tendencies to  
act in a certain way1 which we call     
character1 is often to be traced through
 a long series of progenitors and       
collaterals4 ,so we may justly say that 
this character--this moral and          
intellectual essence of a man--does     
veritably pass over from one fleshy     
tabernacle to another1 and does really  
transmigrate from generation to         
generation4 ,in the new-born infant the 
character of the stock lies latent1 and 
the ,ego is little more than a bundle of
 potentialities4 ,but1 very early1 these
 become actualities2 from childhood to  

age they manifest themselves in dullness
 or brightness1 weakness or strength1   
viciousness or uprightness2 and with    
each feature modified by confluence with
 another character1 if by nothing else1 
the character passes on to its          
incarnation in new bodies4   ,,ccxlv    
,only one rule of conduct could be based
 upon the remarkable theory of which ,i 
have endeavoured to give a reasoned     
outline4 ,it was folly to continue to   
exist when an overplus of pain was      
certain2 and the probabilities in favour
 of the increase of misery with the     
prolongation of existence1 were so      
overwhelming4 ,slaying the body only    
made matters worse2 there was nothing   
for it but to slay the soul by the      
voluntary arrest of all its activities4 
,property1 social ties1 family          
affections1 common companionship1 must  
be abandoned2 the most natural          
appetites1 even that for food1 must be  
suppressed1 or at least minimized2 until
 all that remained of a man was the     

impassive1 extenuated1 mendicant monk1  
self-hypnotised into cataleptic trances1
 which the deluded mystic took for      
foretastes of the final union with      
,brahma4   ,,ccxlvi  ,if the cosmos is  
the effect of an immanent1 omnipotent1  
and infinitely beneficent cause1 the    
existence in it of real evil1 still less
 of necessarily inherent evil1 is       
plainly inadmissible4 ,yet the universal
 experience of mankind testified then1  
as now1 that1 whether we look within us 
or without us1 evil stares us in the    
face on all sides2 that if anything is  
real1 pain and sorrow and wrong are     
realities4  ,it would be a new thing in 
history if a priori philosophers were   
daunted by the factious opposition of   
experience2 and the ,stoics were the    
last men to allow themselves to be      
beaten by mere facts4 ,give me a        
doctrine and ,i will find the reasons   
for it1 said ,chrysippus4 ,so they      
perfected1 if they did not invent1 that 
ingenious and plausible form of         

pleading1 the ,theodicy2 for the purpose
 of showing firstly1 that there is no   
such thing as evil2 secondly1 that if   
there is1 it is the necessary correlate 
of good2 and1 moreover1 that it is      
either due to our own fault1 or         
inflicted for our benefit4   ,,ccxlvii  
,unfortunately1 it is much easier to    
shut one's eyes to good than to evil4   
,pain and sorrow knock at our doors more
 loudly than pleasure and happiness2 and
 the prints of their heavy footsteps are
 less easily effaced4   ,,ccxlviii  ,in 
the language of the ,stoa1 ,nature was a
 word of many meanings4 ,there was the  
,nature of the cosmos1 and the ,nature  
of man4 ,in the latter1 the animal      
nature1 which man shares with a moiety  
of the living part of the cosmos1 was   
distinguished from a higher nature4     
,even in this higher nature there were  
grades of rank4 ,the logical faculty is 
an instrument which may be turned to    
account for any purpose4 ,the passions  
and the emotions are so closely tied to 

the lower nature that they may be       
considered to be pathological1 rather   
than normal1 phenomena4 ,the one        
supreme1 hegemonic1 faculty1 which      
constitutes the essential nature of man1
 is most nearly represented by that     
which1 in the language of a later       
philosophy1 has been called the pure    
reason4 ,it is this nature which holds  
up the ideal of the supreme good and    
demands absolute submission of the will 
to its behests4 ,it is this which       
commands all men to love one another1 to
 return good for evil1 to regard one    
another as fellow-citizens of one great 
state4 ,indeed1 seeing that the progress
 towards perfection of a civilised      
state1 or polity1 depends on the        
obedience of its members to these       
commands1 the ,stoics sometimes termed  
the pure reason the political nature4   
,unfortunately1 the sense of the        
adjective has undergone so much         
modification that the application of it 
to that which commands the sacrifice of 

self to the common good would now sound 
almost grotesque4   ,,ccxlix  ,the      
majority of us1 ,i apprehend1 profess   
neither pessimism nor optimism4 ,we hold
 that the world is neither so good1 nor 
so bad1 as it conceivably might be2 and1
 as most of us have reason1 now and     
again1 to discover that it can be4      
,those who have failed to experience the
 joys that make life worth living are1  
probably1 in as small a minority as     
those who have never known the griefs   
that rob existence of its savour and    
turn its richest fruits into mere dust  
and ashes4   ,,ccl  ,there is another   
fallacy which appears to me to pervade  
the so-called ethics of evolution4 ,it  
is the notion that because1 on the      
whole1 animals and plants have advanced 
in perfection of organization by means  
of the struggle for existence and the   
consequent survival of the fittest2     
therefore men in society1 men as ethical
 beings1 must look to the same process  
to help them towards perfection4 ,i     

suspect that this fallacy has arisen out
 of the unfortunate ambiguity of the    
phrase survival of the fittest4 ,fittest
 has a connotation of best2 and about   
best there hangs a moral flavour4 ,in   
cosmic nature1 however1 what is fittest 
depends upon the conditions4 ,long      
since1 ,i ventured to point out that if 
our hemisphere were to cool again1 the  
survival of the fittest might bring     
about1 in the vegetable kingdom1 a      
population of more and more stunted and 
humbler and humbler organisms1 until the
 fittest that survived might be nothing 
but lichens1 diatoms1 and such          
microscopic organisms as those which    
give red snow its colour2 while1 if it  
became hotter1 the pleasant valleys of  
the ,thames and ,isis might be          
uninhabitable by any animated beings    
save those that flourish in a tropical  
jungle4 ,they1 as the fittest1 the best 
adapted to the changed conditions1 would
 survive4   ,,ccli  ,the practice of    
that which is ethically best--what we   

call goodness or virtue--involves a     
course of conduct which1 in all         
respects1 is opposed to that which leads
 to success in the cosmic struggle for  
existence4 ,in place of ruthless        
self-assertion it demands               
self-restraint2 in place of thrusting   
aside1 or treading down1 all            
competitors1 it requires that the       
individual shall not merely respect1 but
 shall help his fellows2 its influence  
is directed1 not so much to the survival
 of the fittest1 as to the fitting of as
 many as possible to survive4 ,it       
repudiates the gladiatorial theory of   
existence4 ,it demands that each man who
 enters into the enjoyment of the       
advantages of a polity shall be mindful 
of his debt to those who have           
laboriously constructed it2 and shall   
take heed that no act of his weakens the
 fabric in which he has been permitted  
to live4 ,laws and moral precepts are   
directed to the end of curbing the      
cosmic process and reminding the        

individual of his duty to the community1
 to the protection and influence of     
which he owes1 if not existence itself1 
at least the life of something better   
than a brutal savage4   ,,cclii  ,the   
theory of evolution encourages no       
millennial anticipations4 ,if1 for      
millions of years1 our globe has taken  
the upward road1 yet1 some time1 the    
summit will be reached and the downward 
route will be commenced4 ,the most      
daring imagination will hardly venture  
upon the suggestion that the power and  
the intelligence of man can ever arrest 
the procession of the great year4       
,moreover1 the cosmic nature born with  
us and1 to a large extent1 necessary for
 our maintenance1 is the outcome of     
millions of years of severe training1   
and it would be folly to imagine that a 
few centuries will suffice to subdue its
 masterfulness to purely ethical ends4  
,ethical nature may count upon having to
 reckon with a tenacious and powerful   
enemy as long as the world lasts4 ,but1 

on the other hand1 ,i see no limit to   
the extent to which intelligence and    
will1 guided by sound principles of     
investigation1 and organized in common  
effort1 may modify the conditions of    
existence1 for a period longer than that
 now covered by history4 ,and much may  
be done to change the nature of man     
himself4 ,the intelligence which has    
converted the brother of the wolf into  
the faithful guardian of the flock ought
 to be able to do something towards     
curbing the instincts of savagery in    
civilized men4  ,but if we may permit   
ourselves a larger hope of abatement of 
the essential evil of the world than was
 possible to those who1 in the infancy  
of exact knowledge1 faced the problem of
 existence more than a score of         
centuries ago1 ,i deem it an essential  
condition of the realization of that    
hope that we should cast aside the      
notion that the escape from pain and    
sorrow is the proper object of life4    
,,ccliii  ,we have long since emerged   

from the heroic childhood of our race1  
when good and evil could be met with the
 same frolic welcome2 the attempts to   
escape from evil1 whether ,indian or    
,greek1 have ended in flight from the   
battle-field2 it remains to us to throw 
aside the youthful over-confidence and  
the no less youthful discouragement of  
nonage4 ,we are grown men1 and must play
 the man                                
strong in will     ,to strive1 to seek1 
to find1 and not to yield1  cherishing  
the good that falls in our way1 and     
bearing the evil1 in and around us1 with
 stout hearts set on diminishing it4 ,so
 far1 we all may strive in one faith    
towards one hope3      ,it may be that  
the gulfs will wash us down1     ,it may
 be we shall touch the ,happy ,isles1   
444 but something ere the end1     ,some
 work of noble note may yet be done4    
,,ccliv  ,i do not suppose that ,i am   
exceptionally endowed because ,i have   
all my life enjoyed a keen perception of
 the beauty offered us by nature and by 

art4 ,now physical science may and      
probably will1 some day1 enable our     
posterity to set forth the exact        
physical concomitants and conditions of 
the strange rapture of beauty4 ,but if  
ever that day arrives1 the rapture will 
remain1 just as it is now1 outside and  
beyond the physical world2 and1 even in 
the mental world1 something superadded  
to mere sensation4 ,i do not wish to    
crow unduly over my humble cousin the   
orang1 but in the aesthetic province1 as
 in that of the intellect1 ,i am afraid 
he is nowhere4 ,i doubt not he would    
detect a fruit amidst a wilderness of   
leaves where ,i could see nothing2 but  
,i am tolerably confident that he has   
never been awestruck1 as ,i have been1  
by the dim religious gloom1 as of a     
temple devoted to the earthgods1 of the 
tropical forests which he inhabits4 ,yet
 ,i doubt not that our poor long-armed  
and short-legged friend1 as he sits     
meditatively munching his durian fruit1 
has something behind that sad ,socratic 

face of his which is utterly beyond the 
bounds of physical science4 ,physical   
science may know all about his clutching
 the fruit and munching it and digesting
 it1 and how the physical titillation of
 his palate is transmitted to some      
microscopic cells of the gray matter of 
his brain4 ,but the feelings of         
sweetness and of satisfaction which1 for
 a moment1 hang out their signal lights 
in his melancholy eyes1 are as utterly  
outside the bounds of physics as is the 
fine frenzy of a human rhapsodist4      
,,cclv  ,when ,i was a mere boy1 with a 
perverse tendency to think when ,i ought
 to have been playing1 my mind was      
greatly exercised by this formidable    
problem1 ,what would become of things if
 they lost their qualities8 ,as the     
qualities had no objective existence1   
and the thing without qualities was     
nothing1 the solid world seemed whittled
 away--to my great horror4 ,as ,i grew  
older1 and learned to use the terms     
matter and force1 the boyish problem was

 revived1 mutato nomine4 ,on the one    
hand1 the notion of matter without force
 seemed to resolve the world into a set 
of geometrical ghosts1 too dead even to 
jabber4 ,on the other hand1 ,boscovich's
 hypothesis1 by which matter was        
resolved into centres of force1 was very
 attractive4 ,but when one tried to     
think it out1 what in the world became  
of force considered as an objective     
entity8 ,force1 even the most           
materialistic of philosophers will agree
 with the most idealistic1 is nothing   
but a name for the cause of motion4 ,and
 if1 with ,boscovich1 ,i resolved things
 into centres of force1 then matter     
vanished altogether and left immaterial 
entities in its place4 ,one might as    
well frankly accept ,idealism and have  
done with it4   ,,cclvi  ,tolerably     
early in life ,i discovered that one of 
the unpardonable sins1 in the eyes of   
most people1 is for a man to presume to 
go about unlabelled4 ,the world regards 
such a person as the police do an       

unmuzzled dog1 not under proper control4
 ,i could find no label that would suit 
me1 so1 in my desire to range myself and
 be respectable1 ,i invented one2 and1  
as the chief thing ,i was sure of was   
that ,i did not know a great many things
 that the-ists and the-ites about me    
professed to be familiar with1 ,i called
 myself an ,agnostic4 ,surely no        
denomination could be more modest or    
more appropriate2 and ,i cannot imagine 
why ,i should be every now and then     
haled out of my refuge and declared     
sometimes to be a ,materialist1         
sometimes an ,atheist1 sometimes a      
,positivist1 and sometimes1 alas and    
alack1 a cowardly or reactionary        
,obscurantist4   ,,cclvii  ,lastly1 with
 respect to the old riddle of the       
freedom of the will4 ,in the only sense 
in which the word freedom is            
intelligible to me--that is to say1 the 
absence of any restraint upon doing what
 one likes within certain               
limits--physical science certainly gives

 no more ground for doubting it than the
 common sense of mankind does4 ,and if  
physical science1 in strengthening our  
belief in the universality of causation 
and abolishing chance as an absurdity1  
leads to the conclusion of determinism1 
it does no more than follow the track of
 consistent and logical thinkers in     
philosophy and in theology1 before it   
existed or was thought of4 ,whoever     
accepts the universality of the law of  
causation as a dogma of philosophy1     
denies the existence of uncaused        
phenomena4 ,and the essence of that     
which is improperly called the freewill 
doctrine is that occasionally1 at any   
rate1 human volition is self-caused1    
that is to say1 not caused at all2 for  
to cause oneself one must have anteceded
 oneself--which is1 to say the least of 
it1 difficult to imagine4   ,,cclviii   
,if the diseases of society consist in  
the weakness of its faith in the        
existence of the ,god of the            
theologians1 in a future state1 and in  

uncaused volitions1 the indication1 as  
the doctors say1 is to suppress         
,theology and ,philosophy1 whose        
bickerings about things of which they   
know nothing have been the prime cause  
and continual sustenance of that evil   
scepticism which is the ,nemesis of     
meddling with the unknowable4           
,cinderella is modestly conscious of her
 ignorance of these high matters4 ,she  
lights the fire1 sweeps the house1 and  
provides the dinner2 and is rewarded by 
being told that she is a base creature1 
devoted to low and material interests4  
,but in her garret she has fairy visions
 out of the ken of the pair of shrews   
who are quarrelling downstairs4 ,she    
sees the order which pervades the       
seeming disorder of the world2 the great
 drama of evolution1 with its full share
 of pity and terror1 but also with      
abundant goodness and beauty1 unrolls   
itself before her eyes2 and she learns1 
in her heart of hearts1 the lesson1 that
 the foundation of morality is to have  

done1 once and for all1 with lying2 to  
give up pretending to believe that for  
which there is no evidence1 and         
repeating unintelligible propositions   
about things beyond the possibilities of
 knowledge4  ,she knows that the safety 
of morality lies neither in the adoption
 of this or that philosophical          
speculation1 or this or that theological
 creed1 but in a real and living belief 
in that fixed order of nature which     
sends social disorganisation upon the   
track of immorality1 as surely as it    
sends physical disease after physical   
trespasses4 ,and of that firm and lively
 faith it is her high mission to be the 
priestess4   ,,cclix  ,the first act of 
a new-born child is to draw a deep      
breath4 ,in fact1 it will never draw a  
deeper1 inasmuch as the passages and    
chambers of the lungs1 once distended   
with air1 do not empty themselves again2
 it is only a fraction of their contents
 which passes in and out with the flow  
and the ebb of the respiratory tide4    

,mechanically1 this act of drawing      
breath1 or inspiration1 is of the same  
nature as that by which the handles of a
 bellows are separated1 in order to fill
 the bellows with air2 and1 in like     
manner1 it involves that expenditure of 
energy which we call exertion1 or work1 
or labour4 ,it is1 therefore1 no mere   
metaphor to say that man is destined to 
a life of toil3 the work of respiration 
which began with his first breath ends  
only with his last2 nor does one born in
 the purple get off with a lighter task 
than the child who first sees light     
under a hedge4  ,how is it that the     
new-born infant is enabled to perform   
this first instalment of the sentence of
 life-long labour which no man may      
escape8 ,whatever else a child may be1  
in respect of this particular question1 
it is a complicated piece of mechanism1 
built up out of materials supplied by   
its mother2 and in the course of such   
building-up1 provided with a set of     
motors--the muscles4 ,each of these     

muscles contains a stock of substance   
capable of yielding energy under certain
 conditions1 one of which is a change of
 state in the nerve-fibres connected    
with it4 ,the powder in a loaded gun is 
such another stock of substance capable 
of yielding energy in consequence of a  
change of state in the mechanism of the 
lock1 which intervenes between the      
finger of the man who pulls the trigger 
and the cartridge4 ,if that change is   
brought about1 the potential energy of  
the powder passes suddenly into actual  
energy1 and does the work of propelling 
the bullet4 ,the powder1 therefore1 may 
be appropriately called work-stuff1 not 
only because it is stuff which is easily
 made to yield work in the physical     
sense1 but because a good deal of work  
in the economical sense has contributed 
to its production4 ,labour was necessary
 to collect1 transport1 and purify the  
raw sulphur and saltpetre2 to cut wood  
and convert it into powdered charcoal2  
to mix these ingredients in the right   

proportions2 to give the mixture the    
proper grain1 and so on4 ,the powder    
once formed part of the stock1 or       
capital1 of a powder-maker3 and it is   
not only certain natural bodies which   
are collected and stored in the         
gunpowder1 but the labour bestowed on   
the operations mentioned may be         
figuratively said to be incorporated in 
it4   ,,cclx  ,in principle1 the        
work-stuff stored in the muscles of the 
new-born child is comparable to that    
stored in the gun-barrel4 ,the infant is
 launched into altogether new           
surroundings2 and these operate through 
the mechanism of the nervous machinery1 
with the result that the potential      
energy of some of the work-stuff in the 
muscles which bring about inspiration is
 suddenly converted into actual energy2 
and this1 operating through the         
mechanism of the respiratory apparatus1 
gives rise to an act of inspiration4 ,as
 the bullet is propelled by the going   
off of the powder1 as it might be said  

that the ribs are raised and the midriff
 depressed by the going off of certain  
portions of muscular work-stuff4 ,this  
work-stuff is part of a stock or capital
 of that commodity stored up in the     
child's organism before birth1 at the   
expense of the mother2 and the mother   
has made good her expenditure by drawing
 upon the capital of food-stuffs which  
furnished her daily maintenance4  ,under
 these circumstances1 it does not appear
 to me to be open to doubt that the     
primary act of outward labour in the    
series which necessarily accompany the  
life of man is dependent upon the       
pre-existence of a stock of material    
which is not only of use to him1 but    
which is disposed in such a manner as to
 be utilisable with facility4 ,and ,i   
further imagine that the propriety of   
the application of the term capital to  
this stock of useful substance cannot be
 justly called in question2 inasmuch as 
it is easy to prove that the essential  
constituents of the work-stuff          

accumulated in the child's muscles have 
merely been transferred from the store  
of food-stuffs1 which everybody admits  
to be capital1 by means of the maternal 
organism to that of the child1 in which 
they are again deposited to await use4  
,every subsequent act of labour1 in like
 manner1 involves an equivalent         
consumption of the child's store of     
work-stuff--its vital capital2 and one  
of the main objects of the process of   
breathing is to get rid of some of the  
effects of that consumption4 ,it        
follows1 then1 that1 even if no other   
than the respiratory work were going on 
in the organism1 the capital of         
work-stuff1 which the child brought with
 it into the world1 must sooner or later
 be used up1 and the movements of       
breathing must come to an end2 just as  
the see-saw of the piston of a          
steam-engine stops when the coal in the 
fireplace has burnt away4  ,milk1       
however1 is a stock of materials which  
essentially consists of savings from the

 food-stuffs supplied to the mother4    
,and these savings are in such a        
physical and chemical condition that the
 organism of the child can easily       
convert them into work-stuff4 ,that is  
to say1 by borrowing directly from the  
vital capital of the mother1 indirectly 
from the store in the natural bodies    
accessible to her1 it can make good the 
loss of its own4 ,the operation of      
borrowing1 however1 involves further    
work2 that is1 the labour of sucking1   
which is a mechanical operation of much 
the same nature as breathing4 ,the child
 thus pays for the capital it borrows in
 labour2 but as the value in work-stuff 
of the milk obtained is very far greater
 than the value of that labour1         
estimated by the consumption of         
work-stuff it involves1 the operation   
yields a large profit to the infant4    
,the overplus of food-stuff suffices to 
increase the child's capital of         
work-stuff2 and to supply not only the  
materials for the enlargement of the    

buildings and machinery which is        
expressed by the child's growth1 but    
also the energy required to put all     
these materials together1 and to carry  
them to their proper places4 ,thus1     
throughout the years of infancy1 and so 
long thereafter as the youth or man is  
not thrown upon his own resources1 he   
lives by consuming the vital capital    
provided by others4   ,,cclxi  ,let us  
now suppose the child come to man's     
estate in the condition of a wandering  
savage1 dependent for his food upon what
 he can pick up or catch1 after the     
fashion of the ,australian aborigines4  
,it is plain that the place of mother1  
as the supplier of vital capital1 is now
 taken by the fruits1 seeds1 and roots  
of plants and by various kinds of       
animals4444 ,the savage1 like the child1
 borrows the capital he needs1 and1 at  
any rate1 intentionally1 does nothing   
towards repayment2 it would plainly be  
an improper use of the word produce to  
say that his labour in hunting for the  

roots1 or the fruits1 or the eggs1 or   
the grubs and snakes1 which he finds and
 eats1 produces or contributes to       
produce them4 ,the same thing is true of
 more advanced tribes1 who are still    
merely hunters1 such as the ,esquimaux4 
,they may expend more labour and skill2 
but it is spent in destruction4         
,,cclxii  ,when we find set forth as an 
absolute truth the statement that the   
essential factors in economic production
 are land1 capital and labour--when this
 is offered as an axiom whence all sorts
 of other important truths may be       
deduced--it is needful to remember that 
the assertion is true only with a       
qualification4 ,undoubtedly vital       
capital is essential2 for1 as we have   
seen1 no human work can be done unless  
it exists1 not even that internal work  
of the body which is necessary to       
passive life4 ,but1 with respect to     
labour 7that is1 human labour7 ,i hope  
to have left no doubt on the reader's   
mind that1 in regard to production1 the 

importance of human labour may be so    
small as to be almost a vanishing       
quantity4   ,,cclxiii  ,the one thing   
needful for economic production is the  
green plant1 as the sole producer of    
vital capital from natural inorganic    
bodies4 ,men might exist without labour 
7in the ordinary sense7 and without     
land2 without plants they must          
inevitably perish4   ,,cclxiv  ,since no
 amount of labour can produce an ounce  
of food-stuff beyond the maximum        
producible by a limited number of       
plants1 under the most favourable       
circumstances in regard to those        
conditions which are not affected by    
labour1 it follows that1 if the number  
of men to be fed increases indefinitely1
 a time must come when some will have to
 starve4 ,that is the essence of the    
so-called ,malthusian doctrine2 and it  
is a truth which1 to my mind1 is as     
plain as the general proposition that a 
quantity which constantly increases     
will1 some time or other1 exceed any    

greater quantity the amount of which is 
fixed4   ,,cclxv  ,virtually is apt to  
cover more intellectual sins than       
charity does moral delicts4   ,,cclxvi  
,the notion that the value of a thing   
bears any necessary relation to the     
amount of labour 7average or otherwise7 
bestowed upon it1 is a fallacy which    
needs no further refutation than it has 
already received4 ,the average amount of
 labour bestowed upon warming-pans      
confers no value upon them in the eyes  
of a ,gold-,coast negro2 nor would an   
,esquimaux give a slice of blubber for  
the most elaborate of ice-machines4     
,,cclxvii  ,who has ever imagined that  
wealth which1 in the hands of an        
employer1 is capital1 ceases to be      
capital if it is in the hands of a      
labourer8 ,suppose a workman to be paid 
thirty shillings on ,saturday evening   
for six days' labour1 that thirty       
shillings comes out of the employer's   
capital1 and receives the name of wages 
simply because it is exchanged for      

labour4 ,in the workman's pocket1 as he 
goes home1 it is a part of his capital1 
in exactly the same sense as1 half an   
hour before1 it was part of the         
employer's capital2 he is a capitalist  
just as much as if he were a            
,rothschild4   ,,cclxviii  ,i think it  
may be not too much to say that1 of all 
the political delusions which are       
current in this queer world1 the very   
stupidest are those which assume that   
labour and capital are necessarily      
antagonistic2 that all capital is       
produced by labour and therefore1 by    
natural right1 is the property of the   
labourer2 that the possessor of capital 
is a robber who preys on the workman and
 appropriates to himself that which he  
has had no share in producing4  ,on the 
contrary1 capital and labour are        
necessarily1 close allies2 capital is   
never a product of human labour alone2  
it exists apart from human labour2 it is
 the necessary antecedent of labour2 and
 it furnishes the materials on which    

labour is employed4 ,the only           
indispensable form of capital--vital    
capital--cannot be produced by human    
labour4 ,all that man can do is to      
favour its formation by the real        
producers4 ,there is no intrinsic       
relation between the amount of labour   
bestowed on an article and its value in 
exchange4 ,the claim of labour to the   
total result of operations which are    
rendered possible only by capital is    
simply an a priori iniquity4   ,,cclxix 
,the vast and varied procession of      
events1 which we call ,nature1 affords a
 sublime spectacle and an inexhaustible 
wealth of attractive problems to the    
speculative observer4 ,if we confine our
 attention to that aspect which engages 
the attention of the intellect1 nature  
appears a beautiful and harmonious      
whole1 the incarnation of a faultless   
logical process1 from certain premisses 
in the past to an inevitable conclusion 
in the future4 ,but if it be regarded   
from a less elevated1 though more human1

 point of view2 if our moral sympathies 
are allowed to influence our judgment1  
and we permit ourselves to criticize our
 great mother as we criticize one       
another2 then our verdict1 at least so  
far as sentient nature is concerned1 can
 hardly be so favourable4  ,in sober    
truth1 to those who have made a study of
 the phenomena of life as they are      
exhibited by the higher forms of the    
animal world1 the optimistic dogma1 that
 this is the best of all possible       
worlds1 will seem little better than a  
libel upon possibility4 ,it is really   
only another instance to be added to the
 many extant1 of the audacity of a      
priori speculators who1 having created  
,god in their own image1 find no        
difficulty in assuming that the         
,almighty must have been actuated by the
 same motives as themselves4 ,they are  
quite sure that1 had any other course   
been practicable1 ,he would no more have
 made infinite suffering a necessary    
ingredient of ,his handiwork than a     

respectable philosopher would have done 
the like4  ,but even the modified       
optimism of the time-honoured thesis of 
physico-theology1 that the sentient     
world is1 on the whole1 regulated by    
principles of benevolence1 does but ill 
stand the test of impartial             
confrontation with the facts of the     
case4 ,no doubt it is quite true that   
sentient nature affords hosts of        
examples of subtle contrivances directed
 towards the production of pleasure or  
the avoidance of pain2 and it may be    
proper to say that these are evidences  
of benevolence4 ,but if so1 why is it   
not equally proper to say of the equally
 numerous arrangements1 the no less     
necessary result of which is the        
production of pain1 that they are       
evidences of malevolence8  ,if a vast   
amount of that which1 in a piece of     
human workmanship1 we should call skill1
 is visible in those parts of the       
organization of a deer to which it owes 
its ability to escape from beasts of    

prey1 there is at least equal skill     
displayed in that bodily mechanism of   
the wolf which enables him to track1 and
 sooner or later to bring down1 the     
deer4 ,viewed under the dry light of    
science1 deer and wolf are alike        
admirable2 and1 if both were            
non-sentient automata1 there would be   
nothing to qualify our admiration of the
 action of the one on the other4 ,but   
the fact that the deer suffers1 while   
the wolf inflicts suffering1 engages our
 moral sympathies4 ,we should call men  
like the deer innocent and good1 men    
such as the wolf malignant and bad2 we  
should call those who defended the deer 
and aided him to escape brave and       
compassionate1 and those who helped the 
wolf in his bloody work base and cruel4 
,surely1 if we transfer these judgments 
to nature outside the world of man at   
all1 we must do so impartially4 ,in that
 case1 the goodness of the right hand   
which helps the deer1 and wickedness of 
the left hand which eggs on the wolf1   

will neutralize one another3 and the    
course of nature will appear to be      
neither moral nor immoral1 but          
non-moral4  ,this conclusion is thrust  
upon us by analogous facts in every part
 of the sentient world2 yet1 inasmuch as
 it not only jars upon prevalent        
prejudices1 but arouses the natural     
dislike to that which is painful1 much  
ingenuity has been exercised in devising
 an escape from it4   ,,cclxx  ,from the
 point of view of the moralist the      
animal world is on about the same level 
as a gladiator's show4 ,the creatures   
are fairly well treated1 and set to     
fight--whereby the strongest1 the       
swiftest1 and the cunningest live to    
fight another day4 ,the spectator has no
 need to turn his thumbs down1 as no    
quarter is given4 ,he must admit that   
the skill and training displayed are    
wonderful4 ,but he must shut his eyes if
 he would not see that more or less     
enduring suffering is the meed of both  
vanquished and victor4 ,and since the   

great game is going on in every corner  
of the world1 thousands of times a      
minute2 since1 were our ears sharp      
enough1 we need not descend to the gates
 of hell to hear--          sospiri1    
pianti1 ed alti guai4         99        
99       99       99       99      ,voci
 alte e fioche1 e suon di man con elle  
--it seems to follow that1 if this world
 is governed by benevolence1 it must be 
a different sort of benevolence from    
that of ,john ,howard4   ,,cclxxi  ,this
 may not be the best of all possible    
worlds1 but to say that it is the worst 
is mere petulant nonsense4 ,a worn-out  
voluptuary may find nothing good under  
the sun1 or a vain and inexperienced    
youth1 who cannot get the moon he cries 
for1 may vent his irritation in         
pessimistic moanings2 but there can be  
no doubt in the mind of any reasonable  
person that mankind could1 would1 and in
 fact do1 get on fairly well with vastly
 less happiness and far more misery than
 find their way into the lives of nine  

people out of ten4 ,if each and all of  
us had been visited by an attack of     
neuralgia1 or of extreme mental         
depression1 for one hour in every       
twenty-four--a supposition which many   
tolerably vigorous people know1 to their
 cost1 is not extravagant--the burden of
 life would have been immensely         
increased without much practical        
hindrance to its general course4 ,men   
with any manhood in them find life quite
 worth living under worse conditions    
than these4   ,,cclxxii  ,there is      
another sufficiently obvious fact1 which
 renders the hypothesis that the course 
of sentient nature is dictated by       
malevolence quite untenable4 ,a vast    
multitude of pleasures1 and these among 
the purest and the best1 are            
superfluities1 bits of good which are to
 all appearance unnecessary as          
inducements to live1 and are1 so to     
speak1 thrown into the bargain of life4 
,to those who experience them1 few      
delights can be more entrancing than    

such as are afforded by natural beauty1 
or by the arts1 and especially by music2
 but they are products of1 rather than  
factors in1 evolution1 and it is        
probable that they are known1 in any    
considerable degree1 to but a very small
 proportion of mankind4   ,,cclxxiii    
,the conclusion of the whole matter     
seems to be that1 if ,ormuzd has not had
 his way in this world1 neither has     
,ahriman4 ,pessimism is as little       
consonant with the facts of sentient    
existence as optimism4 ,if we desire to 
represent the course of nature in terms 
of human thought1 and assume that it was
 intended to be that which it is1 we    
must say that its governing principle is
 intellectual and not moral2 that it is 
a materialized logical process1         
accompanied by pleasures and pains1 the 
incidence of which1 in the majority of  
cases1 has not the slightest reference  
to moral desert4 ,that the rain falls   
alike upon the just and the unjust1 and 
that those upon whom the ,tower of      

,siloam fell were no worse than their   
neighbours1 seem to be ,oriental modes  
of expressing the same conclusion4      
,,cclxxiv  ,in the strict sense of the  
word nature1 it denotes the sum of the  
phenomenal world1 of that which has     
been1 and is1 and will be2 and society1 
like art1 is therefore a part of nature4
 ,but it is convenient to distinguish   
those parts of nature in which man plays
 the part of immediate cause1 as        
something apart2 and therefore1 society1
 like art1 is usefully to be considered 
as distinct from nature4 ,it is the more
 desirable1 and even necessary1 to make 
this distinction1 since society differs 
from nature in having a definite moral  
object2 whence it comes about that the  
course shaped by the ethical man--the   
member of society or                    
citizen--necessarily runs counter to    
that which the non-ethical man--the     
primitive savage1 or man as a mere      
member of the animal kingdom--tends to  
adopt4 ,the latter fights out the       

struggle for existence to the bitter    
end1 like any other animal2 the former  
devotes his best energies to the object 
of setting limits to the struggle4      
,,cclxxv  ,the first men who substituted
 the state of mutual peace for that of  
mutual war1 whatever the motive which   
impelled them to take that step1 created
 society4 ,but1 in establishing peace1  
they obviously put a limit upon the     
struggle for existence4 ,between the    
members of that society1 at any rate1 it
 was not to be pursued a outrance4 ,and 
of all the successive shapes which      
society has taken1 that most nearly     
approaches perfection in which the war  
of individual against individual is most
 strictly limited4 ,the primitive       
savage1 tutored by ,istar1 appropriated 
whatever took his fancy1 and killed     
whosoever opposed him1 if he could4 ,on 
the contrary1 the ideal of the ethical  
man is to limit his freedom of action to
 a sphere in which he does not interfere
 with the freedom of others2 he seeks   

the common weal as much as his own2 and1
 indeed1 as an essential part of his own
 welfare4 ,peace is both end and means  
with him2 and he founds his life on a   
more or less complete self-restraint1   
which is the negation of the unlimited  
struggle for existence4 ,he tries to    
escape from his place in the animal     
kingdom1 founded on the free development
 of the principle of non-moral          
evolution1 and to establish a kingdom of
 ,man1 governed upon the principle of   
moral evolution4 ,for society not only  
has a moral end1 but in its perfection1 
social life1 is embodied morality4      
,,cclxxvi  ,i was once talking with a   
very eminent physician#d about the vis  
medicatrix naturae4 ,stuff6 said he2    
nine times out of ten nature does not   
want to cure the man3 she wants to put  
him in his coffin4    #d ,the late ,sir 
,w4 ,gull4   ,,cclxxvii  ,let us look at
 home4 ,for seventy years peace and     
industry have had their way among us    
with less interruption and under more   

favourable conditions than in any other 
country on the face of the earth4 ,the  
wealth of ,croesus was nothing to that  
which we have accumulated1 and our      
prosperity has filled the world with    
envy4 ,but ,nemesis did not forget      
,croes3 has she forgotten us8           
,,cclxxviii  ,judged by an ethical      
standard1 nothing can be less           
satisfactory than the position in which 
we find ourselves4 ,in a real1 though   
incomplete1 degree we have attained the 
condition of peace which is the main    
object of social organization2 and1 for 
argument's sake1 it may be assumed that 
we desire nothing but that which is in  
itself innocent and                     
praiseworthy--namely1 the enjoyment of  
the fruits of honest industry4 ,and lo6 
in spite of ourselves1 we are in reality
 engaged in an internecine struggle for 
existence with our presumably no less   
peaceful and well-meaning neighbours4   
,we seek peace and we do not ensue it4  
,the moral nature in us asks for no more

 than is compatible with the general    
good2 the non-moral nature proclaims and
 acts upon that fine old ,scottish      
family motto1 ,thou shalt starve ere ,i 
want4 ,let us be under no illusions1    
then4 ,so long as unlimited             
multiplication goes on1 no social       
organization which has ever been        
devised1 or is likely to be devised1 no 
fiddle-faddling with the distribution of
 wealth1 will deliver society from the  
tendency to be destroyed by the         
reproduction within itself1 in its      
intensest form1 of that struggle for    
existence the limitation of which is the
 object of society4 ,and however        
shocking to the moral sense this eternal
 competition of man against man and of  
nation against nation may be2 however   
revolting may be the accumulation of    
misery at the negative pole of society1 
in contrast with that of monstrous      
wealth at the positive pole2 this state 
of things must abide1 and grow          
continually worse1 so long as ,istar    

holds her way unchecked4 ,it is the true
 riddle of the ,sphinx2 and every nation
 which does not solve it will sooner or 
later be devoured by the monster itself 
has generated4   ,,cclxxix  ,it would be
 folly to entertain any ill-feeling     
towards those neighbours and rivals who1
 like ourselves1 are slaves of ,istar2  
but if somebody is to be starved1 the   
modern world has no ,oracle of ,delphi  
to which the nations can appeal for an  
indication of the victim4 ,it is open to
 us to try our fortune2 and1 if we avoid
 impending fate1 there will be a certain
 ground for believing that we are the   
right people to escape4 ,securus judicat
 orbis4  ,to this end1 it is well to    
look into the necessary conditions of   
our salvation by works4 ,they are two1  
one plain to all the world and hardly   
needing insistence2 the other seemingly 
not so plain1 since too often it has    
been theoretically and practically left 
out of sight4 ,the obvious condition is 
that our produce shall be better than   

that of others4 ,there is only one      
reason why our goods should be preferred
 to those of our rivals--our customers  
must find them better at the price4     
,that means that we must use more       
knowledge1 skill1 and industry in       
producing them1 without a proportionate 
increase in the cost of production2 and1
 as the price of labour constitutes a   
large element in that cost1 the rate of 
wages must be restricted within certain 
limits4 ,it is perfectly true that cheap
 production and cheap labour are by no  
means synonymous2 but it is also true   
that wages cannot increase beyond a     
certain proportion without destroying   
cheapness4 ,cheapness1 then1 with1 as   
part and parcel of cheapness1 a moderate
 price of labour1 is essential to our   
success as competitors in the markets of
 the world4  ,the second condition is   
really quite as plainly indispensable as
 the first1 if one thinks seriously     
about the matter4 ,it is social         
stability4 ,society is stable when the  

wants of its members obtain as much     
satisfaction as1 life being what it is1 
common sense and experience show may be 
reasonably expected4 ,mankind1 in       
general1 care very little for forms of  
government or ideal considerations of   
any sort2 and nothing really stirs the  
great multitude to break with custom and
 incur the manifest perils of revolt    
except the belief that misery in this   
world1 or damnation in the next1 or     
both1 are threatened by the continuance 
of the state of things in which they    
have been brought up4 ,but when they do 
attain that conviction1 society becomes 
as unstable as a package of dynamite1   
and a very small matter will produce the
 explosion which sends it back to the   
chaos of savagery4   ,,cclxxx           
,intelligence1 knowledge1 and skill are 
undoubtedly conditions of success2 but  
of what avail are they likely to be     
unless they are backed up by honesty1   
energy1 goodwill1 and all the physical  
and moral faculties that go to the      

making of manhood1 and unless they are  
stimulated by hope of such reward as men
 may fairly look to8 ,and what dweller  
in the slough of want1 dwarfed in body  
and soul1 demoralized1 hopeless1 can    
reasonably be expected to possess these 
qualities8   ,,cclxxxi  ,i am as        
strongly convinced as the most          
pronounced individualist can be1 that it
 is desirable that every man should be  
free to act in every way which does not 
limit the corresponding freedom of his  
fellow-man4 ,but ,i fail to connect that
 great induction of political science   
with the practical corollary which is   
frequently drawn from it3 that the      
,state--that is1 the people in their    
corporate capacity--has no business to  
meddle with anything but the            
administration of justice and external  
defence4 ,it appears to me that the     
amount of freedom which incorporate     
society may fitly leave to its members  
is not a fixed quantity1 to be          
determined a priori by deduction from   

the fiction called natural rights2 but  
that it must be determined by and vary  
with1 circumstances4 ,i conceive it to  
be demonstrable that the higher and the 
more complex the organization of the    
social body1 the more closely is the    
life of each member bound up with that  
of the whole2 and the larger becomes the
 category of acts which cease to be     
merely self-regarding1 and which        
interfere with the freedom of others    
more or less seriously4  ,if a squatter1
 living ten miles away from any         
neighbour1 chooses to burn his house    
down to get rid of vermin1 there may be 
no necessity 7in the absence of         
insurance offices7 that the law should  
interfere with his freedom of action2   
his act can hurt nobody but himself4    
,but1 if the dweller in a street chooses
 to do the same thing1 the ,state very  
properly makes such a proceeding a      
crime1 and punishes it as such4 ,he does
 meddle with his neighbour's freedom1   
and that seriously4 ,so it might1       

perhaps1 be a tenable doctrine1 that it 
would be needless1 and even tyrannous1  
to make education compulsory in a sparse
 agricultural population1 living in     
abundance on the produce of its own     
soil2 but1 in a densely populated       
manufacturing country1 struggling for   
existence with competitors1 every       
ignorant person tends to become a burden
 upon1 and1 so far1 an infringer of the 
liberty of1 his fellows1 and an obstacle
 to their success4 ,under such          
circumstances an education rate is1 in  
fact1 a war tax1 levied for purposes of 
defence4   ,,cclxxxii  ,that ,state     
action always has been more or less     
misdirected1 and always will be so1 is1 
,i believe1 perfectly true4 ,but ,i am  
not aware that it is more true of the   
action of men in their corporate        
capacity than it is of the doings of    
individuals4 ,the wisest and most       
dispassionate man in existence1 merely  
wishing to go from one stile in a field 
to the opposite1 will not walk quite    

straight--he is always going a little   
wrong1 and always correcting himself2   
and ,i can only congratulate the        
individualist who is able to say that   
his general course of life has been of a
 less undulatory character4 ,to abolish 
,state action1 because its direction is 
never more than approximately correct1  
appears to me to be much the same thing 
as abolishing the man at the wheel      
altogether1 because1 do what he will1   
the ship yaws more or less4 ,why should 
,i be robbed of my property to pay for  
teaching another man's children8 is an  
individualist question1 which is not    
unfrequently put as if it settled the   
whole business4 ,perhaps it does1 but ,i
 find difficulties in seeing why it     
should4 ,the parish in which ,i live    
makes me pay my share for the paving and
 lighting of a great many streets that  
,i never pass through2 and ,i might     
plead that ,i am robbed to smooth the   
way and lighten the darkness of other   
people4 ,but ,i am afraid the parochial 

authorities would not let me off on this
 plea2 and ,i must confess ,i do not see
 why they should4   ,,cclxxxiii  ,i     
cannot speak of my own knowledge1 but ,i
 have every reason to believe that ,i   
came into this world a small reddish    
person1 certainly without a gold spoon  
in my mouth1 and in fact with no        
discernible abstract or concrete rights 
or property of any description4 ,if a   
foot was not set upon me at once1 as a  
squalling nuisance1 it was either the   
natural affection of those about me1    
which ,i certainly had done nothing to  
deserve1 or the fear of the law which1  
ages before my birth1 was painfully     
built up by the society into which ,i   
intruded1 that prevented that           
catastrophe4 ,if ,i was nourished1 cared
 for1 taught1 saved from the vagabondage
 of a wastrel1 ,i certainly am not aware
 that ,i did anything to deserve those  
advantages4 ,and1 if ,i possess anything
 now1 it strikes me that1 though ,i may 
have fairly earned my day's wages for my

 day's work1 and may justly call them my
 property--yet1 without that            
organization of society1 created out of 
the toil and blood of long generations  
before my time1 ,i should probably have 
had nothing but a flint axe and an      
indifferent hut to call my own2 and even
 those would be mine only so long as no 
stronger savage came my way4  ,so that  
if society1 having1 quite gratuitously1 
done all these things for me1 asks me in
 turn to do something towards its       
preservation--even if that something is 
to contribute to the teaching of other  
men's children--,i really1 in spite of  
all my individualist learnings1 feel    
rather ashamed to say no4 ,and1 if ,i   
were not ashamed1 ,i cannot say that ,i 
think that society would be dealing     
unjustly with me in converting the moral
 obligation into a legal one4 ,there is 
a manifest unfairness in letting all the
 burden be borne by the willing horse4  
,,cclxxxiv  ,it is impossible to insist 
too strongly upon the fact that         

efficient teachers of science and of    
technology are not to be made by the    
processes in vogue at ordinary training 
colleges4 ,the memory loaded with mere  
bookwork is not the thing wanted--is1 in
 fact1 rather worse than useless--in the
 teacher of scientific subjects4 ,it is 
absolutely essential that his mind      
should be full of knowledge and not of  
mere learning1 and that what he knows   
should have been learned in the         
laboratory rather than in the library4  
,,cclxxxv  ,the attempt to form a just  
conception of the value of work done in 
any department of human knowledge1 and  
of its significance as an indication of 
the intellectual and moral qualities of 
which it was the product1 is an         
undertaking which must always be beset  
with difficulties1 and may easily end in
 making the limitations of the appraiser
 more obvious than the true worth of    
that which he appraises4 ,for the       
judgment of a contemporary is liable to 
be obscured by intellectual             

incompatibilities and warped by personal
 antagonisms2 while the critic of a     
later generation1 though he may escape  
the influence of these sources of error1
 is often ignorant1 or forgetful1 of the
 conditions under which the labours of  
his predecessors have been carried on4  
,he is prone to lose sight of the fact  
that without their clearing of the      
ground and rough-hewing of the          
foundation-stones1 the stately edifice  
of later builders could not have been   
erected4   ,,cclxxxvi  ,the vulgar      
antithesis of fact and theory is founded
 on a misconception of the nature of    
scientific theory1 which is1 or ought to
 be1 no more than the expression of fact
 in a general form4 ,whatever goes      
beyond such expression is hypothesis2   
and hypotheses are not ends1 but means4 
,they should be regarded as instruments 
by which new lines of inquiry are       
indicated2 or by the aid of which a     
provisional coherency and               
intelligibility may be given to         

seemingly disconnected groups of        
phenomena4 ,the most useful of servants 
to the man of science1 they are the     
worst of masters4 ,and when the         
establishment of the hypothesis becomes 
the end1 and fact is alluded to only so 
far as it suits the ,idee1 science has  
no longer anything to do with the       
business4   ,,cclxxxvii  ,scientific    
observation tell us that living birds   
form a group or class of animals1       
through which a certain form of skeleton
 runs2 and that this kind of skeleton   
differs in certain well-defined         
characters from that of mammals4 ,on the
 other hand1 if anyone utterly ignorant 
of osteology1 but endowed with the      
artistic sense of form1 were set before 
a bird skeleton and a mammalian         
skeleton1 he would at once see that the 
two were similar and yet different4     
,very likely he would be unable to give 
clear expression to his just sense of   
the differences and resemblances2       
perhaps he would make great mistakes in 

detail if he tried4 ,nevertheless1 he   
would be able to draw from memory a     
couple of sketches1 in which all the    
salient points of likeness and          
unlikeness would be reproduced with     
sufficient accuracy4 ,the mere          
osteologist1 however accurately he might
 put the resemblances and differences   
into words1 if he lacked the artistic   
visualising faculty1 might be hopelessly
 incompetent to perform any such feat2  
lost in details1 it might not even occur
 to him that it was possible2 or1 still 
more probably1 the habit of looking for 
differences might impair the perception 
of resemblances4  ,under these          
circumstances1 the artist might be led  
to higher and broader views1 and thus be
 more useful to the progress of science 
than the osteological expert4 ,not that 
the former attains the higher truth by a
 different method2 for the way of       
reaching truth is one and indivisible4  
,whether he knows it or not1 the artist 
has made a generalization from two sets 

of facts1 which is perfectly scientific 
in form2 and trustworthy so far as it   
rests upon the direct perception of     
similarities and dissimilarities4 ,the  
only peculiarity of the artistic        
application of scientific method lies in
 the artist's power of visualizing the  
result of his mental processes1 of      
embodying the facts of resemblance in a 
visible type1 and of showing the manner 
in which the differences may be         
represented as modifications of that    
type2 he does1 in fact1 instinctively1  
what an architect1 who desires to       
demonstrate the community of plan in    
certain ancient temples1 does by the    
methodical construction of plans1       
sections1 and elevations1 the comparison
 of which will furnish him with the type
 of such temples4  ,thus1 what ,i may   
term the artistic fashion of dealing    
with anatomy is not only perfectly      
legitimate1 but has been of great       
utility4 ,the harm of it does not begin 
until the attempt is made to get more   

out of this visual projection of thought
 than it contains2 until the origin of  
the notion of type is forgotten and the 
speculative philosopher deludes himself 
with the supposition that the           
generalization suggested by fact is an  
,idea of the ,pure ,reason1 with which  
fact must1 somehow or other1 be made to 
agree4   ,,cclxxxviii  ,flowers are the 
primers of the morphologist2 those who  
run may read in them uniformity of type 
amidst endless diversity1 singleness of 
plan with complex multiplicity of       
detail4 ,as a musician might say1 every 
natural group of flowering plants is a  
sort of visible fugue1 wandering about a
 central theme which is never forsaken1 
however it may1 momentarily1 cease to be
 apparent4   ,,cclxxxix  ,like all the  
really great men of literature1 ,goethe 
added some of the qualities of the man  
of science to those of the artist1      
especially the habit of careful and     
patient observation of ,nature4 ,the    
great poet was no mere book-learned     

speculator4 ,his acquaintance with      
mineralogy1 geology1 botany and         
osteology1 the fruit of long and wide   
studies1 would have sufficed to satisfy 
the requirements of a professoriate in  
those days1 if only he could have       
pleaded ignorance of everything else4   
,unfortunately for ,goethe's credit with
 his scientific contemporaries1 and1    
consequently1 for the attention         
attracted by his work1 he did not come  
forward as a man of science until the   
public had ranged him among the men of  
literature4 ,and when the little men    
have thus classified a big man1 they    
consider that the last word has been    
said about him2 it appears to the       
thought hardly decent on his part if he 
venture to stray beyond the speciality  
they have assigned to him4 ,it does not 
seem to occur to them that a clear      
intellect is an engine capable of       
supplying power to all sorts of mental  
factories2 nor to admit that1 as ,goethe
 somewhere pathetically remarks1 a man  

may have a right to live for himself as 
well as for the public2 to follow the   
line of work that happens to interest   
him1 rather than that which interests   
them4  ,on the face of the matter it is 
not obvious that the brilliant poet had 
less chance of doing good service in    
natural science than the dullest of     
dissectors and nomenclators4 ,indeed1 as
 ,i have endeavoured to indicate1 there 
was considerable reason1 a hundred years
 ago1 for thinking that an infusion of  
the artistic way of looking at things   
might tend to revivify the somewhat     
mummified body of technical zoology and 
botany4 ,great ideas were floating      
about2 the artistic apprehension was    
needed to give these airy nothings a    
local habitation and a name2 to convert 
vague suppositions into definite        
hypotheses4 ,and ,i apprehend that it   
was just this service which ,goethe     
rendered by writing his essays on the   
intermaxillary bone1 on osteology       
generally1 and on the metamorphoses of  

plants4   ,,ccxc  ,all this is mere     
justice to ,goethe2 but1 as it is the   
unpleasant duty of the historian to do  
justice upon1 as well as to1 great men1 
it behoves me to add that the germs of  
the worst faults of later speculative   
morphologists are no less visible in his
 writings than their great merits4 ,in  
the artist-philosopher there was1 at    
best1 a good deal more artist than      
philosopher2 and when ,goethe ventured  
into the regions which belong to pure   
science1 this excess of a virtue had all
 the consequences of a vice4 ,trennen   
und zahlen lag nicht in meiner ,natur1  
says he2 but the mental operations of   
which analysis and numeration are       
partial expressions are indispensable   
for every step of progress beyond happy 
glimpses1 even in morphology2 while1 in 
physiology and in physics1 failure in   
the most exact performance of these     
operations involves sheer disaster1 as  
indeed ,goethe was afforded abundant    
opportunity of learning4 ,yet he never  

understood the sharp lessons he         
received1 and put down to malice1 or    
prejudice1 the ill-reception of his     
unfortunate attempts to deal with purely
 physical problems4   ,,ccxci  ,there   
was never any lack of the scientific    
imagination about the great anatomist2  
and the charge of indifference to       
general ideas1 sometimes brought against
 him1 is stupidly unjust4 ,but ,cuvier  
was one of those happily endowed persons
 in whom genius never parts company with
 common-sense2 and whose perception of  
the importance of sound method is so    
great that they look at even a truth1   
hit upon by those who pursue an         
essentially vicious method1 with the    
sort of feeling with which an honest    
trader regards the winnings of a        
gambler4 ,they hold it better to remain 
poor than obtain riches by the road     
that1 as a rule1 leads to ruin4         
,,ccxcii  ,the irony of history is      
nowhere more apparent than in science4  
,here we see the men1 over whose minds  

the coming events of the world of       
biology cast their shadows1 doing their 
best to spoil their case in stating it2 
while the man who represented sound     
scientific method is doing his best to  
stay the inevitable progress of thought 
and bolster up antiquated traditions4   
,the progress of knowledge during the   
last seventy years enables us to see    
that neither ,geoffroy1 nor ,cuvier1 was
 altogether right nor altogether wrong2 
and that they were meant to hunt in     
couples instead of pulling against one  
another4 ,science has need of servants  
of very different qualifications2 of    
artistic constructors no less than of   
men of business2 of people to design her
 palaces and of others to see that the  
materials are sound and well-fitted     
together2 of some to spur investigators1
 and of others to keep their heads cool4
 ,the only would-be servants1 who are   
entirely unprofitable1 are those who do 
not take the trouble to interrogate     
,nature1 but imagine vain things about  

her2 and spin1 from their inner         
consciousness1 webs1 as exquisitely     
symmetrical as those of the most        
geometrical of spiders1 but alas6 as    
easily torn to pieces by some           
inconsidered bluebottle of a fact4      
,,ccxciii  ,there is always a ,cape     
,horn in one's life that one either     
weathers or wrecks one's self on4       
,,ccxciv  ,a ,local ,museum should be   
exactly what its name implies1 viz41    
,local--illustrating local ,geology1    
local ,botany1 local ,zoology1 and local
 ,archaeology4  ,such a museum1 if      
residents who are interested in these   
sciences take proper pains1 may be      
brought to a great degree of perfection 
and be unique of its kind4 ,it will tell
 both natives and strangers exactly what
 they want to know1 and possess great   
scientific interest and importance4     
,whereas the ordinary lumber-room of    
clubs from ,new ,zealand1 ,hindoo idols1
 sharks' teeth1 mangy monkeys1          
scorpions1 and conch shells--who shall  

describe the weary inutility of it8 ,it 
is really worse than nothing1 because it
 leads the unwary to look for the       
objects of science elsewhere than under 
their noses4 ,what they want to know is 
that their ,america is here1 as ,wilhelm
 ,meister has it4   ,,ccxcv  ,a man who 
speaks out honestly and fearlessly that 
which he knows1 and that which he       
believes1 will always enlist the        
goodwill and the respect1 however much  
he may fail in winning the assent1 of   
his fellow men4   ,,ccxcvi  ,science and
 literature are not two things1 but two 
sides of one thing4   ,,ccxcvii  ,i     
neither deny nor affirm the immortality 
of man4 ,i see no reason for believing  
in it1 but1 on the other hand1 ,i have  
no means of disproving it4  ,i have no a
 priori objections to the doctrine4 ,no 
man who has to deal daily and hourly    
with nature can trouble himself about a 
priori difficulties4 ,give me such      
evidence as would justify me in         
believing anything else1 and ,i will    

believe that4 ,why should ,i not8 ,it is
 not half so wonderful as the           
conservation of force1 or the           
indestructibility of matter4  ,whoso    
clearly appreciates all that is implied 
in the falling of a stone can have no   
difficulty about any doctrine simply on 
account of its marvellousness4 ,but the 
longer ,i live1 the more obvious it is  
to me that the most sacred act of a     
man's life is to say and to feel1 ,i    
believe such and such to be true4 ,all  
the greatest rewards and all the        
heaviest penalties of existence cling   
about that act4 ,the universe is one and
 the same throughout2 and if the        
condition of my success in unravelling  
some little difficulty of anatomy or    
physiology is that ,i shall rigorously  
refuse to put faith in that which does  
not rest on sufficient evidence1 ,i     
cannot believe that the great mysteries 
of existence will be laid open to me on 
other terms4   ,,ccxcviii  ,i cannot    
conceive of my personality as a thing   

apart from the phenomena of my life4    
,when ,i try to form such a conception  
,i discover that1 as ,coleridge would   
have said1 ,i only hypostatize a word1  
and it alters nothing if1 with ,fichte1 
,i suppose the universe to be nothing   
but a manifestation of my personality4  
,i am neither more nor less eternal than
 ,i was before4   ,,ccxcix  ,i do not   
know whether the animals persist after  
they disappear or not4 ,i do not even   
know whether the infinite difference    
between us and them may not be          
compensated by their persistence and my 
cessation after apparent death1 just as 
the humble bulb of an annual lives1     
whilst the glorious flowers it has put  
forth die away4   ,,ccc  ,my business is
 to teach my aspirations to confirm     
themselves to fact1 not to try and make 
facts harmonize with my aspirations4    
,,ccci  ,science seems to me to teach in
 the highest and strongest manner the   
great truth which is embodied in the    
,christian conception of entire         

surrender to the will of ,god4 ,sit down
 before fact as a little child1 be      
prepared to give up every preconceived  
notion1 follow humbly wherever and to   
whatever abysses nature leads1 or you   
shall learn nothing4 ,i have only begun 
to learn content and peace of mind since
 ,i have resolved at all risks to do    
this4   ,,cccii  ,there are1 however1   
other arguments commonly brought forward
 in favour of the immortality of man1   
which are to my mind not only delusive  
but mischievous4 ,the one is the notion 
that the moral government of the world  
is imperfect without a system of future 
rewards and punishments4 ,the other is3 
that such a system is indispensable to  
practical morality4 ,i believe that both
 these dogmas are very mischievous lies4
  ,with respect to the first1 ,i am no  
optimist1 but ,i have the firmest belief
 that the ,divine ,government 7if we may
 use such a phrase to express the sum of
 the customs of matter7 is wholly just4 
,the more ,i know intimately of the     

lives of other men 7to say nothing of my
 own71 the more obvious it is to me that
 the wicked does not flourish nor is the
 righteous punished4 ,but for this to be
 clear we must bear in mind what almost 
all forget1 that the rewards of life are
 contingent upon obedience to the whole 
law--physical as well as moral--and that
 moral obedience will not atone for     
physical sin1 or vice versa4   ,,ccciii 
,the ledger of the ,almighty is strictly
 kept1 and every one of us has the      
balance of his operations paid over to  
him at the end of every minute of his   
existence4  ,life cannot exist without a
 certain conformity to the surrounding  
universe--that conformity involves a    
certain amount of happiness in excess of
 pain4 ,in short1 as we live we are paid
 for living4   ,,ccciv  ,it is to be    
recollected in view of the apparent     
discrepancy between men's acts and their
 rewards that ,nature is juster than we4
 ,she takes into account what a man     
brings with him into the world1 which   

human justice cannot do4 ,if ,i1 born a 
bloodthirsty and savage brute1          
inheriting these qualities from others1 
kill you1 my fellow-men will very justly
 hang me1 but ,i shall not be visited   
with the horrible remorse which would be
 my real punishment if1 my nature being 
higher1 ,i had done the same thing4     
,,cccv  ,the absolute justice of the    
system of things is as clear to me as   
any scientific fact4 ,the gravitation of
 sin to sorrow is as certain as that of 
the earth to the sun1 and more so--for  
experimental proof of the fact is within
 reach of us all--nay1 is before us all 
in our own lives1 if we had but the eyes
 to see it4   ,,cccvi  ,not only do ,i  
disbelieve in the need for compensation1
 but ,i believe that the seeking for    
rewards and punishments out of this life
 leads men to a ruinous ignorance of the
 fact that their inevitable rewards and 
punishments are here4   ,,cccvii  ,if   
the expectation of hell hereafter can   
keep me from evil-doing1 surely a       

fortiori the certainty of hell now will 
do so8 ,if a man could be firmly        
impressed with the belief that stealing 
damaged him as much as swallowing       
arsenic would do 7and it does71 would   
not the dissuasive force of that belief 
be greater than that of any based on    
mere future expectations8   ,,cccviii   
,as ,i stood behind the coffin of my    
little son the other day1 with my mind  
bent on anything but disputation1 the   
officiating minister read1 as a part of 
his duty1 the words1 ,if the dead rise  
not again1 let us eat and drink1 for    
to-morrow we die4 ,i cannot tell you how
 inexpressibly they shocked me4 ,paul   
had neither wife nor child1 or he must  
have known that his alternative involved
 a blasphemy against all that was best  
and noblest in human nature4 ,i could   
have laughed with scorn4 ,what6 because 
,i am face to face with irreparable     
loss1 because ,i have given back to the 
source from whence it came1 the cause of
 a great happiness1 still retaining     

through all my life the blessings which 
have sprung and will spring from that   
cause1 ,i am to renounce my manhood1    
and1 howling1 grovel in bestiality8     
,why1 the very apes know better1 and if 
you shoot their young the poor brutes   
grieve their grief out and do not       
immediately seek distraction in a gorge4
   ,,cccix  ,he had intellect to        
comprehend his highest duty distinctly1 
and force of character to do it2 which  
of us dare ask for a higher summary of  
his life than that8 ,for such a man     
there can be no fear in facing the great
 unknown1 his life has been one long    
experience of the substantial justice of
 the laws by which this world is        
governed1 and he will calmly trust to   
them still as he lays his head down for 
his long sleep4   ,,cccx  ,whether      
astronomy and geology can or cannot be  
made to agree with the statements as to 
the matters of fact laid down in        
,genesis--whether the ,gospels are      
historically true or not--are matters of

 comparatively small moment in the face 
of the impassable gulf between the      
anthropomorphism 7however refined7 of   
theology and the passionless            
impersonality of the unknown and        
unknowable which science shows          
everywhere underlying the thin veil of  
phenomena4   ,,cccxi  ,i am too much a  
believer in ,butler and in the great    
principle of the ,analogy that there is 
no absurdity in theology so great that  
you cannot parallel it by a greater     
absurdity of ,nature 7it is not commonly
 stated in this way71 to have any       
difficulties about miracles4 ,i have    
never had the least sympathy with the a 
priori reasons against orthodoxy1 and ,i
 have by nature and disposition the     
greatest possible antipathy to all the  
atheistic and infidel school4   ,,cccxii
  ,this universe is1 ,i conceive1 like  
to a great game being played out1 and we
 poor mortals are allowed to take a     
hand4 ,by great good fortune the wiser  
among us have made out some few of the  

rules of the game1 as at present played4
 ,we call them ,laws of ,nature1 and    
honour them because we find that if we  
obey them we win something for our      
pains4 ,the cards are our theories and  
hypotheses1 the tricks our experimental 
verifications4 ,but what sane man would 
endeavour to solve this problem3 given  
the rules of a game and the winnings1 to
 find whether the cards are made of     
pasteboard or gold-leaf8 ,yet the       
problem of the metaphysicians is to my  
mind no saner4   ,,cccxiii  ,i have not 
the smallest sentimental sympathy with  
the negro2 don't believe in him at all1 
in short4 ,but it is clear to me that   
slavery means1 for the white man1 bad   
political economy2 bad social morality2 
bad internal political organisation1 and
 a bad influence upon free labour and   
freedom all over the world4   ,,cccxiv  
,at the present time the important      
question for ,england is not the        
duration of her coal1 but the due       
comprehension of the truths of science1 

and the labours of her scientific men4  
,,cccxv  ,it is better for a man to go  
wrong in freedom than to go right in    
chains4   ,,cccxvi  ,a good book is     
comparable to a piece of meat1 and fools
 are as flies who swarm to it1 each for 
the purpose of depositing and hatching  
his own particular maggot of an idea4   
,,cccxvii  ,children work a greater     
metamorphosis in men than any other     
condition of life4 ,they ripen one      
wonderfully and make life ten times     
better worth having than it was4        
,,cccxviii  ,teach a child what is wise1
 that is morality4 ,teach him what is   
wise and beautiful1 that is religion6   
,,cccxix  ,people may talk about        
intellectual teaching1 but what we      
principally want is the moral teaching4 
,,cccxx  ,we are in the midst of a      
gigantic movement greater than that     
which preceded and produced the         
,reformation1 and really only the       
continuation of that movement4 ,but     
there is nothing new in the ideas which 

lie at the bottom of the movement1 nor  
is any reconcilement possible between   
free thought and traditional authority4 
,one or other will have to succumb after
 a struggle of unknown duration1 which  
will have as side issues vast political 
and social troubles4 ,i have no more    
doubt that free thought will win in the 
long run than ,i have that ,i sit here  
writing to you1 or that this free       
thought will organize itself into a     
coherent system1 embracing human life   
and the world as one harmonious whole4  
,but this organization will be the work 
of generations of men1 and those who    
further it most will be those who teach 
men to rest in no lie1 and to rest in no
 verbal delusions4   ,,cccxxi  ,make up 
your mind to act decidedly and take the 
consequences4 ,no good is ever done in  
this world by hesitation4   ,,cccxxii   
,the world is neither wise nor just1 but
 it makes up for all its folly and      
injustice by being damnably sentimental4
   ,,cccxxiii  ,without seeing any      

reason to believe that women are1 on the
 average1 so strong physically1         
intellectually1 or morally1 as men1 ,i  
cannot shut my eyes to the fact that    
many women are much better endowed in   
all these respects than many men1 and ,i
 am at a loss to understand on what     
grounds of justice or public policy a   
career which is open to the weakest and 
most foolish of the male sex should be  
forcibly closed to women of vigour and  
capacity4   ,,cccxxiv  ,we have heard a 
great deal lately about the physical    
disabilities of women4 ,some of these   
alleged impediments1 no doubt1 are      
really inherent in their organization1  
but nine-tenths of them are             
artificial--the products of their modes 
of life4 ,i believe that nothing would  
tend so effectually to get rid of these 
creations of idleness1 weariness1 and   
that over stimulation of the emotions   
which1 in plainer-spoken days1 used to  
be called wantonness1 than a fair share 
of healthy work1 directed towards a     

definite object1 combined with an       
equally fair share of healthy play1     
during the years of adolescence2 and    
those who are best acquainted with the  
acquirements of an average medical      
practitioner will find it hardest to    
believe that the attempt to reach that  
standard is like to prove exhausting to 
an ordinarily intelligent and           
well-educated young woman4   ,,cccxxv   
,the only good that ,i can see in the   
demonstration of the truth of           
,spiritualism is to furnish an          
additional argument against suicide4    
,better live a crossing-sweeper than die
 and be made to talk twaddle by a medium
 hired at a guinea a seance4   ,,cccxxvi
  ,i ask myself--suppose you knew that  
by inflicting prolonged pain on #ajj    
rabbits you could discover a way to the 
extirpation of leprosy1 or consumption1 
or locomotor ataxy1 or of suicidal      
melancholia among human beings1 dare you
 refuse to inflict that pain8 ,now ,i am
 quite unable to say that ,i dare4 ,that

 sort of daring would seem to me to be  
extreme moral cowardice1 to involve     
gross inconsistency4  ,for the advantage
 and protection of society1 we all agree
 to inflict pain upon man--pain of the  
most prolonged and acute character--in  
our prisons1 and on our battlefields4   
,if ,england were invaded1 we should    
have no hesitation about inflicting the 
maximum of suffering upon our invaders  
for no other object than our own good4  
,but if the good of society and of a    
nation is a sufficient plea for         
inflicting pain on men1 ,i think it may 
suffice us for experimenting on rabbits 
or dogs4  ,at the same time1 ,i think   
that a heavy moral responsibility rests 
on those who perform experiments of the 
second kind4  ,the wanton infliction of 
pain on man or beast is a crime2 pity is
 that so many of those who 7as ,i think 
rightly7 hold this view1 seem to forget 
that the criminality lies in the        
wantonness and not in the act of        
inflicting pain per se4   ,,cccxxvii    

,the one condition of success1 your sole
 safeguard1 is the moral worth and      
intellectual clearness of the individual
 citizen4 ,education cannot give these1 
but it can cherish them and bring them  
to the front in whatever station of     
society they are to be found1 and the   
universities ought to be and may be1 the
 fortresses of the higher life of the   
nation4   ,,cccxxviii  ,as a matter of  
fact1 men sin1 and the consequences of  
their sins affect endless generations of
 their progeny4 ,men are tempted1 men   
are punished for the sins of others     
without merit or demerit of their own2  
and they are tormented for their evil   
deeds as long as their consciousness    
lasts4   ,,cccxxix  ,i find that as a   
matter of experience1 erroneous beliefs 
are punished1 and right beliefs are     
rewarded--though very often the         
erroneous belief is based upon a more   
conscientious study of the facts than   
the right belief4   ,,cccxxx  ,if we are
 to assume that anybody has designedly  

set this wonderful universe going1 it is
 perfectly clear to me that he is no    
more entirely benevolent and just in any
 intelligible sense of the words1 than  
that he is malevolent and unjust4       
,infinite benevolence need not have     
invented pain and sorrow at             
all--infinite malevolence would very    
easily have deprived us of the large    
measure of content and happiness that   
falls to our lot4 ,after all1 ,butler's 
,analogy is unassailable1 and there is  
nothing in theological dogmas more      
contradictory to our moral sense1 than  
is to be found in the facts of nature4  
,from which1 however1 the ,bishop's     
conclusion that the dogmas are true     
doesn't follow4   ,,cccxxxi  ,it appears
 to me that if every person who is      
engaged in an industry had access to    
instruction in the scientific principles
 on which that industry is based2 in the
 mode of applying these principles to   
practice2 in the actual use of the means
 and appliances employed2 in the        

language of the people who know as much 
about the matter as we do ourselves2 and
 lastly1 in the art of keeping accounts1
 ,technical ,education would have done  
all that can be required of it4         
,,cccxxxii  ,though under-instruction is
 a bad thing1 it is not impossible that 
over-instruction may be worse4          
,,cccxxxiii  ,there are two things ,i   
really care about--one is the progress  
of scientific thought1 and the other is 
the bettering of the condition of the   
masses of the people by bettering them  
in the way of lifting themselves out of 
the misery which has hitherto been the  
lot of the majority of them4 ,posthumous
 fame is not particularly attractive to 
me1 but1 if ,i am to be remembered at   
all1 ,i would rather it should be as a  
man who did his best to help the people 
than by other title4   ,,cccxxxiv  ,i am
 of opinion that our ,indian ,empire is 
a curse to us4 ,but so long as we make  
up our minds to hold it1 we must also   
make up our minds to do those things    

which are needful to hold it            
effectually1 and in the long-run it will
 be found that so doing is real justice 
both for ourselves1 our subject         
population1 and the ,afghans themselves4
   ,,cccxxxv  ,the great thing in the   
world is not so much to seek happiness  
as to earn peace and self-respect4      
,,cccxxxvi  ,the more rapidly truth is  
spread among mankind the better it will 
be for them4 ,only let us be sure that  
it is truth4   ,,cccxxxvii  ,your       
astonishment at the tenacity of life of 
fallacies1 permit me to say1 is         
shockingly unphysiological4 ,they1 like 
other low organisms1 are independent of 
brains1 and only wriggle the more1 the  
more they are smitten on the place where
 the brains ought to be4   ,,cccxxxviii 
,i don't know what you think about      
anniversaries4 ,i like them1 being      
always minded to drink my cup of life to
 the bottom1 and take my chance of the  
sweets and bitters4   ,,cccxxxix  ,of   
the few innocent pleasures left to men  

past middle life--the jamming           
common-sense down the throats of fools  
is perhaps the keenest4   ,,cccxl  ,life
 is like walking along a crowded        
street--there always seem to be fewer   
obstacles to getting along on the       
opposite pavement--and yet1 if one      
crosses over1 matters are rarely mended4
   ,,cccxli  ,the great thing one has to
 wish for as time goes on is vigour as  
long as one lives1 and death as soon as 
vigour flags4   ,,cccxlii  ,whether     
motion disintegrates or integrates is1  
,i apprehend1 a question of conditions4 
,a whirlpool in a stream may remain in  
the same spot for any imaginable time4  
,yet it is the effect of the motion of  
the particles of the water in that spot 
which continually integrate themselves  
into the whirlpool and disintegrate     
themselves from it4 ,the whirlpool is   
permanent while the conditions last1    
though its constituents incessantly     
change4 ,living bodies are just such    
whirlpools4 ,matter sets into them in   

the shape of food1--sets out of them in 
the shape of waste products4 ,their     
individuality lies in the constant      
maintenance of a characteristic form1   
not in the preservation of material     
identity4   ,,cccxliii  ,most of us are 
idolators1 and ascribe divine powers to 
the abstractions ,force1 ,gravity1      
,vitality1 which our own brains have    
created4 ,i do not know anything about  
inert things in nature4 ,if we reduce   
the world to matter and motion1 the     
matter is not inert1 inasmuch as the    
same amount of motion affects different 
kinds of matter in different ways4 ,to  
go back to my own illustration4 ,the    
fabric of the watch is not inert1 every 
particle of it is in violent and rapid  
motion1 and the winding-up simply       
perturbs the whole infinitely           
complicated system in a particular      
fashion4 ,equilibrium means death1      
because life is a succession of changes1
 while a changing equilibrium is a      
contradiction in terms4 ,i am not at all

 clear that a living being is comparable
 to a machine running down4 ,on this    
side of the question the whirlpool      
affords a better parallel than the      
watch4 ,if you dam the stream above or  
below1 the whirlpool dies2 just as the  
living being does if you cut off its    
food1 or choke it with its own waste    
products4 ,and if you alter the sides or
 bottom of the stream you may kill the  
whirlpool1 just as you kill the animal  
by interfering with its structure4 ,heat
 and oxidation as a source of heat      
appear to supply energy to the living   
machine1 the molecular structure of the 
germ furnishing the sides and bottom of 
the stream1 that is1 determining the    
results which the energy supplied shall 
produce4   ,,cccxliv  ,i believe that   
history might be1 and ought to be1      
taught in a new fashion so as to make   
the meaning of it as a process of       
evolution--intelligible to the young4   
,,cccxlv  ,government by average opinion
 is merely a circuitous method of going 

to the devil2 those who profess to lead 
but in fact slavishly follow this       
average opinion are simply the fastest  
runners and the loudest squeakers of the
 herd which is rushing blindly down to  
its destruction4   ,,cccxlvi  ,it's very
 sad to lose your child just when he was
 beginning to bind himself to you1 and  
,i don't know that it is much           
consolation to reflect that the longer  
he had wound himself up in your         
heart-strings the worse the tear would  
have been1 which seems to have been     
inevitable sooner or later4 ,one does   
not weigh and measure these things while
 grief is fresh1 and in my experience a 
deep plunge into the waters of sorrow is
 the hopefullest way of getting through 
them on to one's daily road of life     
again4 ,no one can help another very    
much in these crises of life2 but love  
and sympathy count for something4       
,,cccxlvii  ,there is amazingly little  
evidence of reverential care for        
unoffending creation in the arrangements

 of nature1 that ,i can discover4 ,if   
our ears were sharp enough to hear all  
the cries of pain that are uttered in   
the earth by men and beasts1 we should  
be deafened by one continuous scream6   
,and yet the wealth of superfluous      
loveliness in the world condemns        
pessimism4 ,it is a hopeless riddle4    
,,cccxlviii  ,a man who has only half as
 much food as he needs is indubitably   
starved1 even though his short rations  
consist of ortolans and are served upon 
gold plate4   ,,cccxlix  ,economy does  
not lie in sparing money1 but in        
spending it wisely4   ,,cccl  ,we men of
 science1 at any rate1 hold ourselves   
morally bound to try all things and hold
 fast to that which is good2 and among  
public benefactors1 we reckon him who   
explodes old error1 as next in rank to  
him who discovers new truth4   ,,cccli  
,whatever ,linnaeus may say1 man is not 
a rational animal--especially in his    
parental capacity4   ,,ccclii  ,the     
inquiry into the truth or falsehood of a

 matter of history is just as much a    
question of pure science as the inquiry 
into the truth or falsehood of a matter 
of geology1 and the value of evidence in
 the two cases must be tested in the    
same way4 ,if anyone tells me that the  
evidence of the existence of man in the 
miocene epoch is as good as that upon   
which ,i frequently act every day of my 
life1 ,i reply that this is quite true1 
but that it is no sort of reason for    
believing in the existence of miocene   
man4  ,surely no one but a born fool can
 fail to be aware that we constantly1   
and in very grave conjunctions1 are     
obliged to act upon extremely bad       
evidence1 and that very often we suffer 
all sorts of penalties in consequence4  
,and surely one must be something worse 
than a born fool to pretend that such   
decision under the pressure of the      
enigmas of life ought to have the       
smallest influence in those judgments   
which are made with due and sufficient  
deliberation4   ,,cccliii  #a4 ,the     

,church founded by ,jesus has not made  
its way2 has not permeated the          
world--but did become extinct in the    
country of its birth--as ,nazarenism and
 ,ebionism4  #b4 ,the ,church that did  
make its way and coalesced with the     
,state in the #dth century had no more  
to do with the ,church founded by ,jesus
 than ,ultramontanism has with          
,quakerism4 ,it is ,alexandrian ,judaism
 and ,neoplatonistic mystagogy1 and as  
much of the old idolatry and demonology 
as could be got in under new or old     
names4  #c4 ,paul has said that the ,law
 was schoolmaster to ,christ with more  
truth than he knew4 ,throughout the     
,empire the synagogues had their cloud  
of ,gentile hangers-on--those who feared
 ,god--and who were fully prepared to   
accept a ,christianity1 which was merely
 an expurgated ,judaism and the belief  
in ,jesus as the ,messiah4  #d4 ,the    
,christian ,sodalitia were not merely   
religious bodies1 but friendly          
societies1 burial societies1 and guilds4

 ,they hung together for all            
purposes--the mob hated them as it now  
hates the ,jews in ,eastern ,europe1    
because they were more frugal1 more     
industrious1 and lived better lives than
 their neighbours1 while they stuck     
together like ,scotchmen4  ,if these    
things are so--and ,i appeal to your    
knowledge of history that they are      
so--what has the success of             
,christianity to do with the truth or   
falsehood of the story of ,jesus8       
,,cccliv  ,it is ,baur's great merit to 
have seen that the key to the problem of
 ,christianity lies in the ,epistle to  
the ,galatians4 ,no doubt he and his    
followers rather overdid the thing1 but 
that is always the way with those who   
take up a new idea4   ,,ccclv  ,if a man
 cannot do brain work without stimulants
 of any kind1 he had better turn to hand
 work--it is an indication on ,nature's 
part that she did not mean him to be a  
head worker4   ,,ccclvi  ,it is not to  
be forgotten that what we call rational 

grounds for our beliefs are often       
extremely irrational attempts to justify
 our instincts4   ,,ccclvii  ,even the  
best of modern civilisations appears to 
me to exhibit a condition of mankind    
which neither embodies any worthy ideal 
nor even possesses the merit of         
stability4 ,i do not hesitate to express
 my opinion that1 if there is no hope of
 a large improvement of the condition of
 the greater part of the human family2  
if it is true that the increase of      
knowledge1 the winning of a greater     
dominion over ,nature which is its      
consequence1 and the wealth which       
follows upon that dominion1 are to make 
no difference in the extent and the     
intensity of ,want1 with its concomitant
 physical and moral degradation1 among  
the masses of the people1 ,i should hail
 the advent of some kindly comet1 which 
would sweep the whole affair away1 as a 
desirable consummation4 ,what profits it
 to the human ,prometheus that he has   
stolen the fire of heaven to be his     

servant1 and that the spirits of the    
earth and of the air obey him1 if the   
vulture of pauperism is eternally to    
tear his very vitals and keep him on the
 brink of destruction8   ,,ccclviii  ,no
 induction1 however broad its basis1 can
 confer certainty--in the strict sense  
of the word4 ,the experience of the     
whole human race through innumerable    
years has shown that stones unsupported 
fall to the ground1 but that does not   
make it certain that any day next week  
unsupported stones will not move the    
other way4 ,all that it does justify is 
the very strong expectation1 which      
hitherto has been invariably verified1  
that they will do just the contrary4    
,only one absolute certainty is possible
 to man--namely1 that at any given      
moment the feeling which he has exists4 
,all other so-called certainties are    
beliefs of greater or less intensity4   
,,ccclix  ,of moral purpose ,i see no   
trace in ,nature4 ,that is an article of
 exclusively human manufacture--and very

 much to our credit4   ,,ccclx  ,there  
is nothing of permanent value 7putting  
aside a few human affections71 nothing  
that satisfies quiet reflection--except 
the sense of having worked according to 
one's capacity and light1 to make things
 clear and get rid of cant and shams of 
all sorts4 ,that was the lesson ,i      
learned from ,carlyle's books when ,i   
was a boy1 and it has stuck by me all my
 life4  ,you may make more of failing to
 get money1 and of succeeding in getting
 abuse--until such time in your life 7if
 you are teachable7 you have ceased to  
care much about either4   ,,ccclxi  ,the
 doctrine of the conservation of energy 
tells neither one way nor the other on  
the doctrine of immortality4 ,energy is 
the cause of movement of body1 i4e4     
things having mass4 ,states of          
consciousness have no mass1 even if they
 can be conceded to be movable4         
,therefore even if they are caused by   
molecular movements1 they would not in  
any way affect the store of energy4     

,physical causation need not be the only
 kind of causation1 and when ,cabanis   
said that thought was a function of the 
brain1 in the same way as bile secretion
 is a function of the liver1 he         
blundered philosophically4 ,bile is a   
product of the transformation of        
material energy4 ,but in the            
mathematical sense of the word function1
 thought may be a function of the brain4
 ,that is to say1 it may arise only when
 certain physical particles take on a   
certain order4  ,by way of a coarse     
analogy1 consider a parallel-sided piece
 of glass through which light passes4   
,it forms no picture4 ,shape it so as to
 be a bi-convex1 and a picture appears  
in its focus4  ,is not the formation of 
the picture a function of the piece of  
glass thus shaped8  ,so1 from your own  
point of view1 suppose a                
mind-stuff--,greek3 logos--a noumenal   
cosmic light such as is shadowed in the 
fourth gospel4 ,the brain of a dog will 
convert it into one set of phenomenal   

pictures1 and the brain of a man into   
another4 ,but in both cases the result  
is the consequence of the way in which  
the respective brains perform their     
function4   ,,ccclxii  ,the actions we  
call sinful are as much the consequence 
of the order of nature as those we call 
virtuous4 ,they are part and parcel of  
the struggle for existence through which
 all living things have passed1 and they
 have become sins because man alone     
seeks a higher life in voluntary        
association4  ,therefore the instrument 
has never been marred2 on the contrary1 
we are trying to get music out of harps1
 sacbuts1 and psalteries1 which never   
were in tune and seemingly never will   
be4   ,,ccclxiii  ,i have always been1  
am1 and propose to remain a mere        
scholar4 ,all that ,i have ever proposed
 to myself is to say1 this and this ,i  
have learned2 thus and thus have ,i     
learned it3 go thou and learn better2   
but do not thrust on my shoulders the   
responsibility for your own laziness if 

you elect to take1 on my authority1     
conclusions1 the value of which you     
ought to have tested for yourself4      
,,ccclxiv  ,there is endless            
backwoodsman's work yet to be done4 ,if 
those also serve who only stand and     
wait1 still more do those who sweep and 
cleanse2 and if any man elect to give   
his strength to the weeder's and        
scavenger's occupation1 ,i remain of the
 opinion that his service should be     
counted acceptable1 and that no one has 
a right to ask more of him than faithful
 performance of the duties he has       
undertaken4 ,i venture to count it an   
improbable suggestion that any such     
person--a man1 let us say1 who has      
well-nigh reached his threescore years  
and ten1 and has graduated in all the   
faculties of human relationships2 who   
has taken his share in all the deep joys
 and deeper anxieties which cling about 
them2 who has felt the burden of young  
lives entrusted to his care1 and has    
stood alone with his dead before the    

abyss of the eternal--has never had a   
thought beyond negative criticism4 ,it  
seems to me incredible that such an one 
can have done his day's work1 always    
with a light heart1 with no sense of    
responsibility1 no terror of that which 
may appear when the factitious veil of  
,isis--the thick web of fiction man has 
woven round nature--is stripped off4    
,,ccclxv  ,if the doctrine of a         
,providence is to be taken as the       
expression1 in a way to be understanded 
of the people1 of the total exclusion of
 chance from a place even in the most   
insignificant corner of ,nature1 if it  
means the strong conviction that the    
cosmic process is rational1 and the     
faith that1 throughout all duration1    
unbroken order has reigned in the       
universe1 ,i not only accept it1 but ,i 
am disposed to think it the most        
important of all truths4 ,as it is of   
more consequence for a citizen to know  
the law than to be personally acquainted
 with the features of those who will    

surely carry it into effect1 so this    
very positive doctrine of ,providence1  
in the sense defined1 seems to me far   
more important than all the theorems of 
speculative theology4 ,if1 further1 the 
doctrine is held to imply that1 in some 
indefinitely remote past aeon1 the      
cosmic process was set going by some    
entity possessed of intelligence and    
foresight1 similar to our own in kind1  
however superior in degree1 if1         
consequently1 it is held that every     
event1 not merely in our planetary      
speck1 but in untold millions of other  
worlds1 was foreknown before these      
worlds were1 scientific thought1 so far 
as ,i know anything about it1 has       
nothing to say about that hypothesis4   
,it is1 in fact1 an anthropomorphic     
rendering of the doctrine of evolution4 
,it may be so1 but the evidence         
accessible to us is1 to my mind1 wholly 
insufficient to warrant either a        
positive or a negative conclusion4      
,,ccclxvi  ,it may be well to remember  

that the highest level of moral         
aspiration recorded in history was      
reached by a few ancient ,jews--,micah1 
,isaiah1 and the rest--who took no count
 whatever of what might or what might   
not happen to them after death4 ,it is  
not obvious to me why the same point    
should not by and by be reached by the  
,gentiles4   ,,ccclxvii  ,belief in     
majorities is not rooted in my breast1  
and if all the world were against me the
 fact might warn me to revise and       
criticise my opinions1 but would not in 
itself supply a ghost of a reason for   
forsaking them4 ,for myself ,i say      
deliberately1 it is better to have a    
millstone tied round the neck and be    
thrown into the sea than to share the   
enterprises of those to whom the world  
has turned1 and will turn1 because they 
minister to its weaknesses and cover up 
the awful realities which it shudders to
 look at4   ,,ccclxviii  ,moral duty    
consists in the observance of those     
rules of conduct which contribute to the

 welfare of society1 and by implication1
 of the individuals who compose it4     
,the end of society is peace and mutual 
protection1 so that the individual may  
reach the fullest and highest life      
attainable by man4 ,the rules of conduct
 by which this end is to be attained are
 discoverable--like the other so-called 
laws of ,nature--by observation and     
experiment1 and only in that way4  ,some
 thousands of years of such experience  
have led to the generalisations1 that   
stealing and murder1 for example1 are   
inconsistent with the ends of society4  
,there is no more doubt that they are so
 than that unsupported stones tend to   
fall4 ,the man who steals or murders1   
breaks his implied contract with        
society1 and forfeits all protection4   
,he becomes an outlaw1 to be dealt with 
as any other feral creature4 ,criminal  
law indicates the ways which have proved
 most convenient for dealing with him4  
,all this would be true if men had no   
moral sense at all1 just as there are   

rules of perspective which must be      
strictly observed by a draughtsman1 and 
are quite independent of his having any 
artistic sense4   ,,ccclxix  ,the moral 
sense is a very complex                 
affair--dependent in part upon          
associations of pleasure and pain1      
approbation and disapprobation formed by
 education in early youth1 but in part  
also on an innate sense of moral beauty 
and ugliness 7how originated need not be
 discussed71 which is possessed by some 
people in great strength1 while some are
 totally devoid of it--just as some     
children draw1 or are enchanted by music
 while mere infants1 while others do not
 know ,cherry ,ripe from ,rule          
,britannia1 nor can represent the form  
of the simplest thing to the end of     
their lives4  ,now for this last sort of
 people there is no reason why they     
should discharge any moral duty1 except 
from fear of punishment in all its      
grades1 from mere disapprobation to     
hanging1 and the duty of society is to  

see that they live under wholesome fear 
of such punishment short1 sharp1 and    
decisive4  ,for the people with a keen  
innate sense of moral beauty there is no
 need of any other motive4 ,what they   
want is knowledge of the things they may
 do and must leave undone1 if the       
welfare of society is to be attained4   
,good people so often forget this that  
some of them occasionally require       
hanging almost as much as the bad4  ,if 
you ask why the moral inner sense is to 
be 7under due limitations7 obeyed2 why  
the few who are steered by it move the  
mass in whom it is weak8 ,i can only    
reply by putting another question--,why 
do the few in whom the sense of beauty  
is strong--,shakespeare1 ,raffaele1     
,beethoven1 carry the less endowed      
multitude away8 ,but they do1 and always
 will4 ,people who overlook that fact   
attend neither to history nor to what   
goes on about them4  ,benjamin ,franklin
 was a shrewd1 excellent1 kindly man4 ,i
 have great respect for him4 ,the force 

of genial common-sense respectability   
could no further go4 ,george ,fox was   
the very antipodes of all this1 and yet 
one understands how he came to move the 
world of his day1 and ,franklin did not4
   ,,ccclxx  ,as to whether we can      
fulfil the moral law1 ,i should say     
hardly any of us4 ,some of us are       
utterly incapable of fulfilling its     
plainest dictates4 ,as there are men    
born physically cripples1 and           
intellectually idiots1 so there are some
 who are moral cripples and idiots1 and 
can be kept straight not even by        
punishment4 ,for these people there is  
nothing but shutting up1 or extirpation4
   ,,ccclxxi  ,the cardinal fact in the 
,university questions appears to me to  
be this3 that the student to whose wants
 the mediaeval ,university was adjusted1
 looked to the past and sought          
book-learning1 while the modern looks to
 the future and seeks the knowledge of  
things4  ,the mediaeval view was that   
all knowledge worth having was          

explicitly or implicitly contained in   
various ancient writings2 in the        
,scriptures1 in the writings of the     
greater ,greeks1 and those of the       
,christian ,fathers4 ,whatever apparent 
novelty they put forward1 was           
professedly obtained by deduction from  
ancient data4  ,the modern knows that   
the only source of real knowledge lies  
in the application of scientific methods
 of enquiry to the ascertainment of the 
facts of existence2 that the            
ascertainable is infinitely greater than
 the ascertained1 and that the chief    
business of the teacher is not so much  
to make scholars as to train pioneers4  
,from this point of view1 the           
,university occupies a position         
altogether independent of that of the   
copingstone of schools for general      
education1 combined with technical      
schools of ,theology1 ,law1 and         
,medicine4 ,it is not primarily an      
institution for testing the work of     
schoolmasters1 or for ascertaining the  

fitness of young men to be curates1     
lawyers1 or doctors4  ,it is an         
institution in which a man who claims to
 devote himself to ,science or ,art1    
should be able to find some one who can 
teach him what is already known1 and    
train him in the methods of knowing     
more4   ,,ccclxxii  ,the besetting sin  
of able men is impatience of            
contradiction and of criticism4 ,even   
those who do their best to resist the   
temptation1 yield to it almost          
unconsciously and become the tools of   
toadies and flatterers4 ,authorities1   
disciples1 and schools are the curse of 
science2 and do more to interfere with  
the work of the scientific spirit than  
all its enemies4   ,,ccclxxiii  ,people 
never will recollect1 that mere learning
 and mere cleverness are of next to no  
value in life1 while energy and         
intellectual grip1 the things that are  
inborn and cannot be taught1 are        
everything4   ,,ccclxxiv  ,in my opinion
 a man's first duty is to find a way of 

supporting himself1 thereby relieving   
other people of the necessity of        
supporting him4 ,moreover1 the learning 
to do work of practical value in the    
world1 in an exact and careful manner1  
is of itself a very important education1
 the effects of which make themselves   
felt in all other pursuits4 ,the habit  
of doing that which you do not care     
about when you would much rather be     
doing something else1 is invaluable4    
,,ccclxxv  ,success in any scientific   
career requires an unusual equipment of 
capacity1 industry and energy4 ,if you  
possess that equipment you will find    
leisure enough after your daily         
commercial work is over1 to make an     
opening in the scientific ranks for     
yourself4 ,if you do not1 you had better
 stick to commerce4  ,nothing is less to
 be desired than the fate of a young    
man1 who1 as the ,scotch proverb says1  
in 'trying to make a spoon spoils a     
horn1' and becomes a mere hanger-on in  
literature or in science1 when he might 

have been a useful and a valuable member
 of ,society in other occupations4      
,,ccclxxvi  ,playing ,providence is a   
game at which one is very apt to burn   
one's fingers4   ,,ccclxxvii  ,i        
conceive that the leading characteristic
 of the nineteenth century has been the 
rapid growth of the scientific spirit1  
the consequent application of scientific
 methods of investigation to all the    
problems with which the human mind is   
occupied1 and the correlative rejection 
of traditional beliefs which have proved
 their incompetence to bear such        
investigation4   ,,ccclxxviii  ,science 
reckons many prophets1 but there is not 
even a promise of a ,messiah4           
,,ccclxxix  ,i have not the slightest   
doubt about the magnitude of the evils  
which accrue from the steady increase of
 ,european armaments2 but ,i think that 
this regrettable fact is merely the     
superficial expression of social forces1
 the operation of which cannot be       
sensibly affected by agreements between 

,governments4  ,in my opinion it is a   
delusion to attribute the growth of     
armaments to the exactions of           
militarism4 ,the exactions of           
industrialism1 generated by             
international commercial competition1   
may1 ,i believe1 claim a much larger    
share in prompting that growth4 ,add to 
this the ,french thirst for revenge1 the
 most just determination of the ,german 
and ,italian peoples to assert their    
national unity2 the ,russian            
,panslavonic fanaticism and desire for  
free access to the western seas2 the    
,papacy steadily fishing in the troubled
 waters for the means of recovering its 
lost 7,i hope for ever lost7 temporal   
possessions and spiritual supremacy2 the
 sick man1 kept alive only because each 
of his doctors is afraid of the other   
becoming his heir4  ,when ,i think of   
the intensity of the perturbing agencies
 which arise out of these and other     
conditions of modern ,european society1 
,i confess that the attempt to          

counteract them by asking ,governments  
to agree to a maximum military          
expenditure1 does not appear to me to be
 worth making2 indeed ,i think it might 
do harm by leading people to suppose    
that the desires of ,governments are the
 chief agents in determining whether    
peace or war shall obtain in ,europe4   
,,ccclxxx  ,i am not afraid of the      
priests in the long-run4 ,scientific    
method is the white ant which will      
slowly but surely destroy their         
fortifications4 ,and the importance of  
scientific method in modern practical   
life--always growing and increasing--is 
the guarantee for the gradual           
emancipation of the ignorant upper and  
lower classes1 the former of whom       
especially are the strength of the      
priests4   ,,ccclxxxi  ,there is such a 
thing as a science of social life1 for  
which1 if the term had not been so      
helplessly degraded1 ,politics is the   
proper name4  ,men are beings of a      
certain constitution1 who1 under certain

 conditions1 will as surely tend to act 
in certain ways as stones will tend to  
fall if you leave them unsupported4 ,the
 laws of their nature are as invariable 
as the laws of gravitation1 only the    
applications to particular cases offer  
worse problems than the case of the     
three bodies4  ,the ,political          
,economists have gone the right way to  
work--the way that the physical         
philosopher follows in all complex      
affairs--by tracing out the effects of  
one great cause of human action1 the    
desire of wealth1 supposing it to be    
unchecked4  ,if they1 or other people1  
have forgotten that there are other     
potent causes of action which may       
interfere with this1 it is no fault of  
scientific method but only their own    
stupidity4  ,hydrostatics is not a      
dismal science1 because water does not  
always seek the lowest level--e4g4 from 
a bottle turned upside down1 if there is
 a cork in the neck6  ,there is much    
need that somebody should do for what is

 vaguely called ,ethics just what the   
,political ,economists have done4       
,settle the question of what will be    
done under the unchecked action of      
certain motives1 and leave the problem  
of ought for subsequent consideration4  
,for1 whatever they ought to do1 it is  
quite certain the majority of men will  
act as if the attainment of certain     
positive and negative pleasures were the
 end of action4  ,we want a science of  
,eubiotics to tell us exactly what will 
happen if human beings are exclusively  
actuated by the desire of well-being in 
the ordinary sense4 ,of course the      
utilitarians have laid the foundations  
of such a science1 with the result that 
the nicknamer of genius called this     
branch of science pig philosophy1 making
 just the same blunder as when he called
 political economy dismal science4      
,moderate well-being may be no more the 
worthiest end of life than wealth4 ,but 
if it is the best to be had in this     
queer world--it may be worth trying for4

   ,,ccclxxxii  ,those who wish to      
attain to some clear and definite       
solution of the great problems which    
,mr4 ,darwin was the first person to set
 before us in later times must base     
themselves upon the facts which are     
stated in his great work1 and1 still    
more1 must pursue their inquiries by the
 methods of which he was so brilliant an
 exemplar throughout the whole of his   
life4 ,you must have his sagacity1 his  
untiring search after the knowledge of  
fact1 his readiness always to give up a 
preconceived opinion to that which was  
demonstrably true1 before you can hope  
to carry his doctrines to their ultimate
 issue2 and whether the particular form 
in which he has put them before us may  
be such as is finally destined to       
survive or not is more1 ,i venture to   
think1 than anybody is capable at this  
present moment of saying4 ,but this one 
thing is perfectly certain--that it is  
only by pursuing his methods1 by that   
wonderful single-mindedness1 devotion to

 truth1 readiness to sacrifice all      
things for the advance of definite      
knowledge1 that we can hope to come any 
nearer than we are at present to the    
truths which he struggled to attain4    
,,ccclxxxiii  ,dean ,stanley told me he 
thought being made a bishop destroyed a 
man's moral courage4 ,i am inclined to  
think that the practice of the methods  
of political leaders destroys their     
intellect for all serious purposes4     
,,ccclxxxiv  ,it is one of the most     
saddening things in life that1 try as we
 may1 we can never be certain of making 
people happy1 whereas we can almost     
always be certain of making them        
unhappy4   ,,ccclxxxv  ,men1 my dear1   
are very queer animals1 a mixture of    
horse-nervousness1 ass-stubbornness and 
camel-malice--with an angel bobbing     
about unexpectedly like the apple in the
 posset1 and when they can do exactly as
 they please1 they are very hard to     
drive4     ,,indexes     ,,index ,i     
,,references ,,of ,,quotations ,,to     

,,their ,,sources     ,c4 ,e4           
,collected ,essays4                     
,i4 ,method and ,results4               
,,ii4 ,darwiniana4                      
,,iii4 ,science and ,education4         
,,iv4 ,science and ,hebrew ,tradition4  
,v4 ,science and ,christian ,tradition4 
,,vi4 ,hume1 with ,helps to the ,study  
of ,berkeley4                           
,,vii4 ,man's ,place in ,nature4        
,,viii4 ,discourses1 ,biological and    
,geological4                            
,,ix4 ,evolution and ,ethics1 and other 
,essays4    ,s4 ,m4  ,scientific        
,memoirs4    ,l4 ,l4  ,life and         
,letters1 three volume edition4         
,,no4 ,,in ,,text4     ,,vol4    ,,page 
,i           ,c4 ,e4     i4   #af       
,,ii                   i4   #ca         
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,,ccclxxx            iii4  #ccj         
,,ccclxxxi           iii4  #ccg         
,,ccclxxxii          iii4  #cde         
,,ccclxxxiii         iii4  #cef         
,,ccclxxxiv          iii4  #cie         
,,ccclxxxv           iii4  #dja         
,,index ,,ii  ,,subject ,,index         
,abiogenesis1 defined1 ,,ccxviii1       
,,ccxx1 ,,ccxxi          ,able men1     
besetting sin of1 ,,ccclxxii            
,abstractions1 ,,cccxliii               
,accuracy1 ,,cxxiii                     
,agnosticism defined1 ,,cxlii2          
cf4 ,,cl          ---- origin of the    
term1 ,,cclvi          ,aim of life1    
,,cxxi1 ,,cccxxxv          ,alcohol and 

brain work1 ,,ccclv          ,analogies1
 scope of1 ,,cliii          ,analogy1   
,butler's1 ,,cccxi1 ,,cccxxx            
,animals1 mind in1 ,,cliii          ----
 immortality1 ,,ccxcix                  
,anniversaries1 ,,cccxxxviii            
,ant1 white1 scientific method compared 
to1 ,,ccclxxx                           
,anthropomorphism1 ,,cccx               
,antiquity of man1 ,,clxxxii            
,architecture1 prehistoric1 ,,clxxxiii  
,armaments1 cause of modern1 ,,ccclxxix 
,arrogance1 a check to1 ,,clxxv         
,art3 the teaching of drawing1 ,,xciv   
---- and ,christianity1 ,,cxlvi         
,aryan question1 ,,clxxxi               
,ascent of man1 ,,li1 ,,clxxix          
,aspiration and immortality1 ,,clviii   
---- and fact1 ,,ccc          ,atheism1 
,,cccxi          ,atlantic ,ocean1      
comparison with physiology1 ,,civ       
---- bed of1 ,,clxxii                   
,authority1 ,,iii1 ,,xiii1 ,,xiv1       
,,lxiv1 ,,lxvi1 ,,lxvii1 ,,cl           
---- a worthless1 ,,clxxiv2             

its struggle with freethought1 ,,cccxx1 
,,ccclxxii           7cf4 ,scepticism7  
,automata and the soul1 ,,xxii          
,automatic virtue1 ,,xxii               
,average opinion1 government by1        
,,cccxlv           ,backwoodsman's work 
in science is acceptable1 ,,ccclxiv     
,baur1 merits of as a critic1 ,,cccliv  
,beauty1 the sense of1 ,,ccliv          
,becky ,sharp1 ,,lxxiv          ,bees1  
comparison with1 ,,cv          ,being1  
impermanence of1 ,,ccxl          ----   
the ultimate1 ,,cclv          ,belief1  
the bases of1 ,,lxx          ---- and   
morality1 ,,clxi1 ,,cxlv1 ,,ccxcvii     
---- and rational grounds for1 ,,cxxxix2
           cf4 ,,ccclvi          ----   
consequences of right and wrong1        
,,cccxxix          ,benevolence in      
nature1 ,,cclxix1 ,,cccxxx              
,best men1 the1 ,,cxliii                
,biblical criticism1 the key to1        
,,cccliv          ,biogenesis1 defined1 
,,ccxviii1 ,,ccxx1 ,,ccxxi              
,bishops and moral courage1 ,,ccclxxxiii

          ,body1 compared to an ,army1  
,,cxvi          ---- ---- to a loaded   
gun1 ,,cclix          ,book-learning1   
,,cxiii1 ,,ccxvii          ---- sought  
by the ancient ,university1 ,,ccclxxi   
,books1 ,,cii          ---- good1 and   
fools1 ,,cccxvi          ,brahma and the
 rule of life1 ,,ccxlv          ,brain  
work and stimulants1 ,,ccclv            
,brutes1 mental analogies with1 ,,cliii 
,butler's ,analogy1 ,,cccxi1 ,,cccxxx   
,cabanis1 ,,ccclxi          ,cant and   
shams1 ,,ccclx          ,capacity and   
incapacity1 ,,xxxi          ,cape ,horn 
of life1 the1 ,,ccxciii                 
,capital1 vital1 ,,cclix1 ,,cclxii      
---- lately wages1 ,,cclxvii            
---- supposed antagonism to labour1     
,,cclxviii          ,capitalist nature1 
,,ccvi          ,carlyle1 the lesson of1
 ,,ccclx          ,catholicism minus    
,christianity1 ,,xi          ,causation1
 its universality1 ,,clvi               
,causes1 natural1 vast effects of1      
,,cxcvii          ---- secondary1       

,,clxxxvii          ,certainty lies in  
thought1 ,,xviii1 ,,xix1 ,,clii         
---- absolute1 the only1 ,,ccclviii2    
not given by induction1 ,,ccclviii      
---- limits of1 ,,clxvii                
,chalk1 the significance of1 ,,clxxxix  
---- antiquity of1 ,,cxcvi          ----
 deep sea origin of1 ,,cxciv            
---- parentage of1 ,,cxc          ----  
present day formation of1 ,,cxci        
---- rate of formation1 ,,cxcv          
---- the lesson of1 ,,cxcviii           
,chance1 ,,clvi          ,character and 
heredity1 ,,ccxliv                      
,chessplayer1 the hidden1 ,,lxxxiii2    
cf4 ,game          ,child1 death of a1  
,,cccxlvi2           cf4 ,,ccclxiv      
,children1 influence of1 ,,cccxvii1     
,,cccli          ,christianity and      
,creeds1 ,,cxli1 ,,cxliv          ----  
and the intellectual world1 ,,cxlvi     
---- its success alleged as proof of the
 story of ,jesus1           ,,cccliii   
---- primitive and later1 ,,cccliii     
,church1 the primitive and later1       

,,cccliii          ,cinderella1 the role
 of science1 ,,cclviii                  
,civilisation and suffering1 ,,ccxlii1  
,,ccclvii          ,class-feeling1 high 
and low1 ,,lxxxii          ,classical   
education1 ,,ccxiv          ,clearness  
of thought1 ,,xxv          ,clericalism 
and science1 ,,lviii                    
,cleverness1 ,,cxv          ---- is of  
small intrinsic value1 ,,ccclxxiii      
,coal and club-mosses1 ,,ccii           
---- less important than education1     
,,cccxiv          ---- the preservation 
of1 ,,cciv1 ,,ccvi                      
,cocksureness1 ,,clxvii          ,comet1
 a kindly1 ,,ccclvii          ,commerce 
and science1 ,,clxxiii          ,common 
facts and great principles1 ,,cxxiv     
,common sense and science1 ,,lxxvi2     
and truth1 ,,cxii          ,comte1 ,,xi1
 ,,cxliv          ,conduct1 laws of1 how
 discoverable1 ,,ccclxviii              
,conscience and sympathy1 ,,ccxxxiii    
,consequences1 logical1 ,,xxviii        
,conservation of energy and immortality1

 ,,ccclxi          ,cosmic process and  
ethical process1 ,,ccli                 
,creation and evolution1 ,,ccxxix       
,creeds1 ,,lxxi          ---- disbelief 
in as a sin1 ,,cxli1 ,,cxlv             
,crime and heredity1 ,,ccxxxvi          
,crowded street1 life is like a1 ,,cccxl
          ,culture and ,english         
literature1 ,,xcv          ,cultured    
idleness1 ,,cv          ,cuvier and     
common sense1 ,,ccxci          ,cyclical
 evolution1 ,,ccxxxix           ,dante1 
,,lxxx          ,darwin1 his work and   
methods1 ,,ccclxxxii          ,death of 
a child1 ,,cccxlvi2           cf4       
,,ccclxiv          ,deep sea soundings1 
,,cxcii          ---- ---- glacial      
survivors in1 ,,cxcix                   
,demagogues caused ,socrates' death1    
,,cxlviii          ,demonstration1 the  
essence of modern teaching1 ,,ccix      
,descartes1 ,,xv1 ,,xvii          ----  
his chief service1 ,,clii1 ,,cliv       
,determinants of mental and moral       
activities1 ,,cxxxii                    

,development1 ,,clxxii                  
,disciples not sought for1 ,,ccclxiii   
---- the curse of science1 ,,ccclxxii   
,dismal science1 the1 ,,ccclxxxi        
,do as you would be done by1 ,,ccxxxv   
,dogmatism1 the nemesis of1 ,,cclviii   
,doubt 7cf4 scepticism71 ,,xvii2        
cf4 ,unbelief and ,creeds               
,drawing1 the teaching of1 ,,xciv       
---- as a discipline1 ,,cxxii           
,duty1 ,,xiii1 ,,xvi          ---- and  
happiness1 ,,clx1 ,,clxi          ---- a
 man's first1 ,,ccclxxiv                
,economical ,problem1 in physiological  
terms1 ,,cclix          ,economy1 true1 
,,cccxlix          ,education1          
mechanical basis of1 ,,xxi          ----
 a liberal1 ,,lxxxix          ----      
ancient and modern1 ,,ccxv 7cf4 ,,ccxii7
          ---- and conflict of studies1 
,,xciii          ---- and examinations1 
,,cvi          ---- and fine buildings1 
,l          ---- by nature1 ,,lxxxv1    
,,lxxxvi2           compared with       
artificial education1 ,,lxxxviii        

---- classical1 the same for ancient    
,rome and modern ,england1              
,,ccxiv          ---- defined1 ,,lxxxiv 
---- effects of1 ,,xxxviii          ----
 ,english1 and culture1 ,,xcv           
---- ,english untaught1 ,,xcvi          
---- foreign languages in1 ,,xcvii      
---- ,latin and ,german in1 ,,xcviii    
---- more important than coal1 ,,cccxiii
          ---- of the young1 knowledge  
requisite for1 ,,cxxvi          ----    
technical1 ,,cccxxxi          ---- the1 
of practical work1 ,,ccclxxiv           
---- the purpose of primary1 ,,ccxiii   
,eginhard1 ,,cxxxix          ,emotional 
chameleon 7man71 ,,ccxxxiii             
,empusa muscae1 ,,ccxxi          ,end of
 life1 the great1 ,,cxxi1 ,,cccxxxv     
,english literature and culture1 ,,xcv  
---- untaught1 ,,xcvi                   
,equality1 ,,xl1 ,,xlii          ,error 
7cf4 ,mistakes71 ,,cxxxvi          ---- 
advantage of consistent1 ,,xci          
---- acknowledgment of1 ,,cxxxvii       
---- and faith1 ,,cxxxviii          ----

 old1 the explosion of1 ,,cccl          
---- religious1 ,,cxli1 ,,cxlv          
,eternal order1 the1 ,,ccxxxi           
,ethical ideals necessary1 ,,cxix       
,ethical process1 the1 ,,ccxxxiv        
---- ---- and cosmic process1 ,,ccli    
---- ---- and the survival of the       
fittest1 ,,ccl          ,ethics1 modern1
 and old ,israel1 ,,cxlvii              
,ethnology1 methods and results of1     
,,clxxx          ,eubiotics1 ,,ccclxxxi 
,evidence1 judgment1 and action1        
,,ccclii          ,evil1 the existence  
of1 ,,ccxlvi          ---- the          
insistence of1 ,,ccxlvii                
,evolution and man1 ,,clxxvi            
---- and the millennium1 ,,cclii        
---- cyclical1 ,,ccxxxix          ----  
described1 ,,ccxxix          ----       
formulated by ,kant1 ,,ccxxv            
---- in history1 ,,cccxliv          ----
 slowness of1 ,,ccv          ----       
variation and selection are the bases   
of1 ,,ccxxx          ,examinations1     
,,cvi          ,existence and thought1  

,,xviii1 ,,xix          ,expectation and
 verification1 ,,ccclviii               
,fact and hypothesis1 ,,ix1 ,,ccxix     
---- and aspiration1 ,,ccc          ----
 and theory1 ,,cclxxxvi          ,faith1
 blind1 effects of1 ,,cxxxviii1 ,,cxxxix
          ---- moral aspect of1 ,,cxli1 
,,cxlv          ---- which is born of   
knowledge1 ,,ccxxxi          ,fall1     
doctrine of the1 baseless1 ,,ccclxii    
,fallacies1 the destruction of1 ,,lxxiii
          ---- their tenacity of life1  
,,cccxxxvii          ,fame1 posthumous1 
,,cccxxxiii2           cf4 ,,ccclxiii   
,feeling and morality1 ,,clxiii1 ,,clxiv
          ,ferments1 the first knowledge
 of1 ,,cci          ,florida paint-root1
 ,,clxxxviii          ,fly and silkworm 
disease1 ,,ccxxi          ,fools and    
common-sense1 ,,cccxxxix                
,force1 ,,cccxliii          ,foreign    
languages1 value of1 ,,xcvii            
,forests1 records of ancient1 ,,cciii   
,forms1 the permanence of1 ,,ccxxviii   
,fox1 ,george1 ,,cxxxix                 

,frankness1 reception of honest1 ,,ccxcv
          ,fraud1 unconscious1          
,,cxxxviii          ,freedom1 ,,xxiii   
---- dangers of1 ,,cvii          ----   
its struggle with tradition1 ,,cccxx    
---- of the will1 ,,cclvii          ----
 of thought1 ,,cxxx          ---- to go 
wrong in1 ,,cccxv          ,fugue1      
,nature's great1 ,,cclxxxviii           
,function of the brain1 thought as a1   
,,ccclxi          ,future of the world1 
,,cix          ---- retribution1        
,,cccii1 ,,ccciii1 ,,ccciv1 ,,cccv      
---- ---- dangers of the doctrine1      
,,cccvi1 ,,cccvii           ,galatians1 
,epistle to1 the key to ,christianity1  
,,cccliv          ,game1 life compared  
to a1 ,,lxxxiii2           cf4 ,,cccxii 
,genius1 ,,xxxiv1 ,,cliv1 ,,clv         
---- a faculty for possession1 ,,cxxxiv 
---- as motherwit1 ,v                   
,gentleman1 qualities of a1 ,,xxxv      
,geological theories1 ,,ccxxiii2        
reconciliation of1 ,,ccxxv          ----
 fact and theory1 ,,ccxxiv          ----

 time1 ,,clxxxviii          ,glacial    
survivors in the deep sea1 ,,clxxvii    
,god and no ,god1 ,,xxx          ----   
the love of1 ,,clxiii          ,goethe  
and science1 ,,cclxxxix          ----   
defects of his scientific qualities1    
,,ccxc          ,golden rule1 the1      
,,ccxxxv          ,good of mankind1     
,,xxxvii          ,graduates in all the 
faculties of human relationships have   
thoughts beyond negative criticism1     
,,ccclxiv          ,greatness1 ,,xv     
---- national1 ,,cx          ,guide to  
life1 ,,xx           ,habit1 an         
invaluable1 ,,ccclxxiv          ,haman  
and ,modecai1 ,,ccxxxiii                
,happiness and moral duty1 ,,clx        
---- is in excess of pain1 ,,ccciii     
---- we are never certain of conferring 
it on others1 ,,ccclxxxiv               
,henslow1 character of1 ,,cccix         
,heredity and crime1 ,,ccxxxvi          
---- and character1 ,,ccxliv            
,heresies 7cf4 ,authority71 ,,lxvii     
,hesitation1 no good done by1 ,,cccxxi  

,historical truth a matter of science1  
,,ccclii          ,history and          
physiology1 ,,lxxviii          ----     
possible new teaching of1 ,,cccxliv     
,human nature1 no recent change in1     
,,clxx          ,humanity1 religion of1 
,,cxliv          ,hume1 ,,clviii        
,hutton1 ,,ccxxiii          ,hypothesis 
and fact1 ,,ix1 ,,ccxix                 
,ideal1 necessity of ethical1 ,,cxix    
,idealism and materialism1 ,,clxviii    
,ideas1 men live by1 ,,cix1 ,,cxi       
---- innate1 ,,cliv          ----       
necessary1 ,,clvii          ----        
struggle for existence among1 ,,lxviii  
,idleness1 cultured1 in society1 ,,cv   
,idolatry1 intellectual1 ,,cccxliii     
,ignorance1 how treated by nature1      
,,lxxxvii          ,imagination1        
scientific1 ,,cxxxi1 ,,clxxxi           
---- unscientific1 ,,cxlix              
,immortality1 aspirations after1        
,,clviii          ---- and conservation 
of energy1 ,,ccclxi          ---- and   
grief1 ,,cccviii          ---- and      

probability1 ,,ccxcvii          ----    
animal1 ,,ccxcix          ----          
disregarded by the highest ancient moral
 aspiration1           ,,ccclxvi        
,impermanence of being1 ,,ccxl          
,incapacity1 ,,xxxi1 ,,lxxxvii          
,indian ,empire1 a curse1 ,,cccxxxiv    
---- how to hold it1 ib4                
,individual and society1 ,,xlviii1 ,,lii
          ---- his debt to society1     
,,cclxxxiii          ---- not           
infallible1 ,,cclxxxii          ----    
worth1 the safeguard of society1        
,,cccxxvii          ,individualism1     
,,xlix1 ,l          ---- limits of1     
,,cclxxxi          ,induction1 does not 
confer absolute certainty1 ,,ccclviii   
,industrialism and militarism1          
,,ccclxxix          ,inert matter1      
,,ccclxiii          ,innate ideas1      
,,cliv1 ,,clv          ,innocent        
pleasure of advancing years1 ,,cccxxxix 
,instinct1 ,,cliv1 ,,clv                
,intellectual instruction1 merely1      
,,cxxviii2           less needful than  

moral1 ,,cccxix          ---- matters1  
reason the guide in1 ,,cxlii            
---- uncertainty1 ,,cxl          ----   
world and ,christianity1 ,,cxlvi        
,intoxication1 mental1 ,,cxxxiii        
,irony of history in science1 ,,ccxcii  
,israel and modern ethics1 ,,cxlvii     
,italy1 intellectual position of1       
,,ccxviii           ,jesus1 the story   
of2           its truth or falsehood as 
based on the success of                 
,christianity1 ,,cccliii          ,jews1
 persecution of1 in ,eastern ,europe1   
compared to that of         early       
,christians1 ,,cccliii                  
,judaism1 old and modern ethics of1     
,,cxlvii          ,julian1 the ,emperor1
 ,,cxliv          ,justice satisfied1   
,,clix          ---- and desert1        
,,ccxliii          ---- of nature1      
,,cccii1 ,,ccciv1 ,,cccv           ,kant
 and evolution1 ,,ccxxv                 
,kelvin1 ,lord1 ,,clxxxviii             
,knowledge1 a little1 ,,cxiv            
---- and faith1 ,,ccxxxi          ----  

of teachers1 ,,cxxvii          ---- the 
people perish for want of1 ,,ccxxii     
,laboratory1 the forecourt to the temple
 of philosophy1 ,,cli          ,labour1 
vital1 dependent on vital capital1      
,,cclix          ---- and value1        
,,cclxvi          ---- savage1 a        
borrowing from nature1 ,,cclxi          
---- supposed antagonism to capital1    
,,cclxviii          ,language and       
racemarks1 ,,clxxxii1 ,,clxxxiii        
,latin1 ,,xcviii          ,law of       
nature1 ,,xlvi1 ,,liii1 ,,lvi1 ,,cccxii 
---- the1 as schoolmaster to ,christ1   
,,cccliii          ,learning inferior to
 character1 ,,ccclxxiii                 
,leaving things to themselves1 ,,cxxv   
,lectures1 value of1 ,,ccviii1 ,,ccix1  
,,ccx          ---- dangers of1         
,,clxxxvii          ---- popular1       
,,clxxxvi          ,ledger of the       
,almighty1 ,,ccciii          ,lessons1  
the first and last of1 ,,cxx            
,let us eat and drink for to-morrow we  
die1 ,,cccviii          ,life guided by 

verification1 ,,xx          ---- a rule 
of1 ,c          ---- as a game of chess1
 ,,lxxxiii2           cf4 ,,cccxii      
---- as a rule of three sum1 ,,ci       
---- is worth living1 even on hard      
terms1 ,,cclxxi          ---- its great 
end1 ,,cxxi1 ,,cccxxxv          ---- its
 uncertainty1 ,,cxl          ---- like a
 crowded street1 ,,cccxl          ----  
like a whirlpool1 ,,cccxlii1 ,,cccxliii2
           less like a machine running  
down1 ib4          ---- the best thing  
it offers1 ,,cxxx1 ,,ccclx          ----
 the ,cape ,horn of1 ,,ccxciii          
---- the cup of1 ,,cccxxxviii           
---- the mother of the rocks1 ,,cc      
---- the tragic thread of1 ,,ccxxvii    
---- one of the most saddening things   
in1 ,,ccclxxxiv          ,literature and
 science1 ,,ccxcvi2           hangers on
 in1 ,,ccclxxv          ---- the money  
of1 ,,cii          ,literatures1 the    
four great1 ,,xcviii          ,lobster1 
,,ccvii          ,logical consequences1 
,,xxviii           ,majorities and      

opinion1 ,,ccclxvii                     
,malevolence in nature1 ,,cclxix1       
,,cccxxx          ,malthusian doctrine1 
the1 ,,cclxiv          ,man1 structural 
unity of1 with animals1 ,,clxxiii       
---- a queer animal1 ,,ccclxxxv         
---- antiquity of1 ,,clxxxv             
---- ascent of1 ,,li1 ,,clxxix          
---- not a rational animal1 ,,cccli     
---- the mimic1 ,,ccxxxiii          ----
 and the common process of evolution1   
,,clxxvi          ,man's arrogance1 a   
check to1 ,,clxxv          ,mankind1 the
 good of1 ,,xxxvii          ,material   
prosperity1 value of1 ,,lxxiv           
---- world1 dignity of1 ,,clxv1 ,,clxvi 
,materialism1 ,,xiv          ---- and   
idealism1 ,,clxviii          ---- the   
horror of1 ,,clxv          ,mathematical
 mill1 the1 ,,ccxxvi          ,matter   
and force1 ,,lv          ---- dignity   
of1 ,,clxv1 ,,clxvi          ---- inert1
 ,,cccxliii          ---- its existence 
a metaphysical assumption1 ,,cxlviii    
,means and ends1 political1 ,,cccxxxiv  

,mechanism and education1 ,,xxi         
,medicine the foster-mother of the      
sciences1 ,,ciii          ,mental and   
moral activities1 determinants of1      
,,cxxxii          ---- analogies with   
the brutes1 ,,cliii          ----       
intoxication1 ,,cxxxiii                 
,messiah1 science has none1 ,,ccclxxviii
          ,metaphysics and matter1      
,,clxviii          ---- and the limits  
of certainty1 ,,clxvii          ---- the
 problem of1 ,,cccxii          ,method  
of science1 ,,viii          ---- ----   
spread of1 ,,ccclxxvii                  
,middle-age1 chief pleasure of1         
,,cccxxxix          ,militarism and     
industrialism1 ,,ccclxxix               
,millennium1 the1 and evolution1 ,,cclii
          ,ministers to the world's     
weaknesses1 ,,ccclxvii          ,miracle
 of nature1 ,,liv          ,miracles1 no
 a priori objection to1 ,,cccxi         
,misery1 ,,xxxiii                       
,missionaries1 ,,xxxix                  
,mistakes1 ,,cxxxvi2           cf4      

,error          ---- and acknowledgment 
of them1 ,,cxxxvii1 ,,cxli              
,modern teaching1 essence of1 ,,ccix    
,moral activities1 determinants of1     
,,cxxxii          ---- aspects of faith1
 ,,cxxxviii1 ,,cxxxix1 ,,cxli1 ,,cxlv   
---- cripples and idiots1 ,,ccclxx      
---- conditions of success1 ,,cclxxx    
---- duty defined1 ,,ccclxviii          
---- law1 how far it can be fulfilled1  
,,ccclxx          ---- laws true1 even  
if moral sense non-existent1 ,,ccclxviii
          ---- purpose1 no sign of1 in  
nature1 ,,ccclix2            of human   
origin1 ib4          ---- sanction1 how 
far based on pure feeling1 ,,clxiii1    
,,clxiv          ---- sense1 ,,ccclxix  
---- teaching more needful than         
intellectual1 ,,cccxix                  
,morality and religion1 ,,cxvii2        
cf4 ,,clxiii1 ,,clxiv2                  
distinguished1 ,,cccxviii          ---- 
is embodied in society1 ,,cclxxv        
,mordecai and ,haman1 ,,ccxxxiii        
,mother wit 7cf4 ,genius71 ,v2          

cf4 ,,cliv1 ,,clv          ,motion1     
integrating or disintegrating1 ,,cccxlii
          ,museums1 local1 ,,ccxciv     
,myth and science1 ,,lix                
,names1 idolatry of1 ,,cccxliii         
,national greatness1 ,,cx               
,native talent1 ,,clv          ,natural 
causes1 great effects of1 ,,cxcvii      
---- ,history and ,life's ,picture      
,gallery1 ,,lxxx          ---- knowledge
 and truth1 ,,cl2           a forecourt 
to philosophy1 ,,cli          ----      
rights1 ,,xlvii          ,nature1 laws  
of1 ,,xlvi1 ,,liii1 ,,lvi1 ,,cccxii     
---- as opposed to society1 ,,cclxxiv   
---- benevolence and malevolence in1    
,,cclxix1 ,,cclxxii1 ,,cccxlvii         
---- deafening cries of pain in1        
,,cccxlvii          ---- defined1       
,,ccxlviii          ---- gladiatorial   
aspect of1 ,,cclxx          ---- her    
great ,fugue1 ,,cclxxxviii          ----
 her vis medicatrix1 ,,cclxxvi          
---- is non-moral1 ,,cclxxiii1          
,,ccclviii          ---- justice of1    

,,cccii1 ,,ccciv1 ,,cccv          ----  
justifies neither optimism nor          
pessimism1 ,,cclxxiii1 ,,cccxxx         
---- matter and force1 ,,lv             
---- no reverential care for unoffending
 creation1 ,,cccxlvii          ----     
perennial miracle of1 ,,liv             
---- selection by1 ,,lxiii          ----
 self-surrender to1 ,,ccci          ----
 the bonus in her account1 ,,cclxxii1   
,,cccxlviii          ---- the           
capitalist1 ,,ccv          ---- the     
educator1 ,,lxxxv1 ,,lxxxvi1 ,,lxxxvii  
---- the unity of1 ,,clxxvii            
---- treatment of ignorance by1         
,,lxxxvii          ---- war of1 ,,lii   
,necessity1 ,,xii1 ,,clvii              
,negative criticism is not all after a  
full life1 ,,ccclxiv          ,negro1 no
 sentimental sympathy with1 ,,cccxiii   
---- effect of slavery1 ib4             
,nerve force1 the equivalent of1 ,,ccvii
          ,nineteenth century1 leading  
characteristic of1 ,,ccclxxvii          
,old age1 the best hope for1 ,,cccxli   

,optimism and pessimism1 ,,ccxlix1      
,,cclxix1 ,,cclxxi1 ,,cclxxii1          
,,cclxxiii1 ,,cccxxx          ,oratory1 
,,cclxxxvi          ,order1 the eternal1
 ,,ccxxxi          ,original sin1       
,,ccxxxii1 ,,ccxli          ,orthodoxy1 
,,lvii2           cf4 ,creeds1          
,clericalism1 ,ecclesiasticism          
,over-instruction1 ,,cccxxxii           
,pain1 ,,lxxix          ---- and wisdom1
 ,,xc          ---- inevitable1 ,,cclii 
---- is less than happiness1 ,,ccciii   
,paint-root1 ,,clxxxviii                
,palace1 substituted for a ,university1 
,l          ,papacy1 temporal claims of1
 a disturbing force1 ,,ccclxxix         
,parallax of time1 ,,xxvi               
,parents not always rational animals1   
,,cccli          ,pasteur1 ,,ccxx1      
,,ccxxi1 ,,ccxxii          ,paul1 ,st41 
,,cxxxix          ,pauperism1 the       
vulture of1 ,,ccclvii          ,peace1  
the state of1 breeds a new state of     
strife1 ,,cclxxviii          ---- not   
dependent on governments1 ,,ccclxxix    

,pebrine1 ,,ccxxi1 ,,ccxxii             
,pecca ,fortiter1 ,,xci                 
,people1 the1 perish for want of        
knowledge1 ,,ccxxii          ---- to    
better their condition1 a chief aim1    
,,cccxxxiii          ,permanence of     
forms1 the1 ,,ccxxviii                  
,personal aims1 ,,ccclxiii              
,personality1 ,,ccxcviii                
,pessimism1 ,,ccxlix2           cf4     
,optimism          ,philosophy1 ,,xiv1  
,,lxi2           cf4 ,science           
---- the laboratory is the forecourt to1
 ,,cli          ---- political1 ,,xliv  
,physiology1 its interest in human life1
 ,,lxxviii          ---- compared to the
 ,atlantic1 ,,civ          ---- applied 
to ,political ,economy1 ,,cclix1 ,,cclx 
,picture ,gallery of ,life1 ,,lxxx      
,pig philosophy1 ,,ccclxxxi             
,pigs1 selected by the paint-root1      
,,clxxxviii          ,plants1 green1 the
 real producers1 ,,cclxiii1 ,,cclxiv    
,plato and the unscientific imagination1
 ,,cxlix          ,pleasure of middle   

age1 the chief1 ,,cccxxxix              
,political philosophy1 ,,xliv           
---- economists1 their method1          
,,ccclxxxi          ,politicians1       
intellect of1 ,,ccclxxxiii              
,politics1 the sea of1 ,,xl             
---- proper name for ,social ,science1  
,,ccclxxxi          ,popular ,lectures  
and ,popular ,science1 ,,clxxxvi        
---- dangers of1 ,,clxxxvii             
,population question1 ,,xlv             
,positivism 7cf4 ,comte71 ,,xi1 ,,cxliv 
,possession and genius1 ,,cxxxiv        
,practical work1 educative value of1    
,,ccclxxiv          ,prehistoric        
architecture1 ,,clxxxiv                 
,present day formation of chalk1 ,,cxci2
           of rocks1 ,,cci              
,priestley1 ,,lxxiii1 ,,lxxv            
,priests and scientific method1         
,,ccclxxx          ,primary education1  
,,ccxiii          ,principles1 great1   
can be illustrated by the commonest     
facts1         ,,cxxiv                  
,producer1 the sole1 ,,cclxiii          

,production1 the chief factor in1       
,,cclxii          ,prometheus1 the      
human1 ,,ccclvii          ,prophets and 
rational belief1 ,,cxxxix               
,prosperity 7material7 and morals1      
,,lxxiv          ,protection and ,trades
 ,unions1 ,,lxxxii          ,providence1
 doctrine of1 ,,ccclxv          ----    
playing at1 ,,ccclxxvi          ,public 
opinion1 influence of1 ,,ccxxxiii       
,punishment1 future1 ,,ccc              
,quantity and quality1 ,,cx             
,queen bees in the human hive1 ,,cv     
,rational animal1 man is not1 ,,cccli   
---- grounds for belief1 ,,cxxxix2      
are often irrational attempts to justify
 instincts1 ,,ccclvi          ,reason   
the guide in intellectual matters1      
,,cxlii          ,redi1 ,,ccxviii       
,religion and morality1 ,,cxvii2        
distinguished1 ,,cccxviii          ---- 
and theology1 ,,cxviii                  
,religious error1 ,,cxli1 ,,cxlv        
,remorse1 ,,ccciv          ,renascence1 
the new1 ,,cccxx          ,resolution1  

,,cccxxi          ,retribution1 future1 
,,cccii          ---- moral and         
physical1 ib41 ,,iii1 ,,iv1 ,v          
---- is here1 ,,cccvi          ----     
certainty of present1 ,,cccvii          
---- of sin1 ,,cccxxviii          ----  
of beliefs1 ,,cccxxix          ,right   
and wrong1 ,,cviii2           to go     
right in chains1 ,,cccxv                
,rights1 natural1 ,,xlvii               
,robinson ,crusoe1 his inferences1      
,,cliii          ,rocks1 the offspring  
of life1 ,,cc          ---- present day 
formation of1 ,,cci          ,rule of   
life1 ,c          ---- of three sum1 and
 life1 ,,ci           ,sanction1 the    
moral1 and feeling1 ,,clxiii1 ,,clxiv   
,scepticism 7cf4 ,doubt and ,authority71
 ,,iii1 ,,xvii1 ,,cl          ,schools  
of thought1 ,,ccclxiii          ---- a  
curse to science1 ,,ccclxxii            
,science1 ,,xxiv          ---- and      
aspiration1 ,i          ---- and belief1
 ,,iv          ---- and ,christianity1  
,,cxlvi          ---- and clericalism1  

,,lviii          ---- and commerce1     
,,cxcii          ---- and common sense1 
,,lxxvi1 ,,cxii          ---- and       
investigation1 ,,lxxii          ---- and
 literature1 ,,ccxcvi          ---- and 
myth1 ,,lix1 ,,lx          ---- and     
philosophy1 ,,lxi          ---- and the 
priests1 ,,ccclxxx          ---- as     
,cinderella1 ,,cclviii          ---- can
 afford to wait1 ,,cxxxv          ----  
counters of1 ,,cii          ----        
fostered by medicine1 ,,ciii            
---- function of1 ,,clxxviii            
---- ,goethe's work in1 ,,cclxxxix1     
,,ccxc          ---- growth of1         
,,ccclxxvii          ---- hangers on in1
 ib4          ---- has many prophets but
 no ,messiah1 ,,ccclxxviii          ----
 irony of history in1 ,,ccxcii          
---- limits of1 ,,xiv          ----     
method of1 ,,viii1 ,,lxxvii             
---- motto of1 ,,cccl          ----     
picture it draws of the world1 ,,lxii   
---- popularisation of1 ,,clxxxvi       
---- spirit of1 ,,lxix1 ,,cl1           

,,ccclxxvii          ---- success in1   
,,ccclxxv          ---- tragedy of1     
,,ccxix          ,scientific            
imagination1 ,,cxxxi1 ,,cxlix2          
and the ,aryan question1 ,,clxxxi       
---- idea1 growth and efficacy of1      
,,ccxxii          ,secondary causes1    
,,clxxxvii          ,selection1 social1 
,,xxxi2           the basis of          
evolution1 ,,ccxxx2           may be    
rapid1 ,,clxxxviii                      
,self-surrender to nature1 ,,ccci       
,shakespeare1 ,,xcii          ,shams1   
,,ccclx          ,silkworm disease1     
,,ccxxi          ,sin gravitates to     
sorrow1 ,,cccv          ---- lasting    
punishment of1 ,,cccxxviii          ----
 origin of1 ,,ccclxii          ,size and
 greatness1 ,,cx          ,skill1 a     
greater than1 ,,cxxix          ,slavery1
 the double emancipation1 ,,lxxxi       
---- effects of1 ,,cccxiii              
,slowness of evolution1 ,,ccv           
,social selection1 ,,xxxi2           cf4
 ,,ccxxxv          ---- life is embodied

 morality1 ,,cclxxv          ----       
science1 ,,ccclxxxi2           nicknamed
 ,dismal1 ib42           value of its   
method1 ib4          ---- tendency1 the1
 ,,ccxxxiii          ,socially unfit1   
the1 ,,ccxxxvi          ,society1       
complexity of1 ,,xxxvi          ---- a  
limitation of the struggle for          
existence1 ,,cclxxv          ---- and   
individualism1 ,,xlix1 ,l1 ,,ccclxviii  
---- and the individual1 ,,xlviii       
---- as opposed to nature1 ,,cclxxiv    
---- conditions of its stability1       
,,cclxxix          ---- internal        
struggle1 ,,ccxxxvii2                   
permanence of1 ,,ccxxxviii          ----
 moral conditions of success1 ,,cclxxx  
---- population question1 ,,xlv         
---- statute of limitations needed in1  
,,xliii          ---- the end of1       
,,ccclxviii          ---- the           
individual's debt to1 ,,cclxxxiii       
,socrates put to death by the           
demagogues1 ,,cxlviii          ,sorrow1 
inevitable1 ,,cclii          ---- deep  

plunge into1 ,,cccxlvi          ,soul in
 automata1 ,,xxvii          ,soundings1 
deep sea1 ,,cxcii          ,southey and 
the ,quaker1 ,,cxxvi                    
,spallanzani1 ,,ccxxii          ,sphinx1
 the true riddle of the1 ,,cclxxviii    
,spiritualism1 its only use if true1    
,,cccxxv          ,stanley1 ,dean1 on   
being made a bishop1 ,,ccclxxxiii       
,starvation on ortolans1 ,,cccxlviii    
,starve1 who shall first8 ,,cclxxix     
,state not infallible1 ,,cclxxxii       
,stimulants and brain work1 ,,ccclv     
,structural unity of men and animals1   
,,clxxii          ,struggle for         
existence1 among ideas1 ,,lxviii2       
modified within society1 ,,ccxxxvii2    
but permanent1 ,,ccxxxviii2             
limited by society1 ,,cclxxv            
---- and original sin1 ,,ccxxxii1       
,,ccxli          ---- the serious1      
,,cclii          ---- two-fold1 in      
civilisation1 ,,ccxlii                  
,studies1 the conflict of1 ,,xciii      
,success1 moral conditions of1          

,,cclxxxi1 ,,cccxxvii                   
,suffering and wisdom1 ,,xc             
---- and civilisation1 ,,ccxlii         
---- and virtue1 ,,clxi                 
,survival of the fittest1 and ethical   
process1 ,,ccl          ,sweepers and   
cleansers1 the work of1 ,,ccclxiv       
,sympathy and conscience1 ,,ccxxxiii    
---- as a rule of life1 ,,ccxxxv        
,teachers1 knowledge of1 ,,cxxvii       
---- training of1 ,,cclxxxiv            
,teaching1 essence of modern1 ,,ccxi1   
,,ccxii1 ,,ccxv         7cf4 ,education7
          ---- and the things that are  
inborn1 ,,ccclxxiii          ,technical 
education1 ,,cccxxxi          ,theology 
and religion1 ,,cxviii                  
,theories1 three great modern1 ,x       
,theory and fact1 ,,cclxxxvi            
,things in themselves1 ,,cclv           
,thinking1 time for1 ,,cxxvi            
,thought1 ,,xviii1 ,,xix          ----  
as a function of the brain1 ,,ccclxi    
---- freedom of1 ,,cxxx          ----   
struggle for existence in1 ,,lxviii     

,time and truth1 ,,xxxii                
,trades ,unions and ,protection1        
,,lxxxii          ,traditional          
authority1 its struggle with free       
thought1 ,,cccxx          ,traditions   
and realities1 ,,clxxi          ----    
rejection of1 ,,ccclxxvii               
,tragic thread of life1 ,,ccxxvii       
,truth 7cp4 ,authority1 ,veracity71     
,,xxix1 ,,xxxii1 ,,lxv1 ,,cccxx         
---- and common sense1 ,,cxii           
---- and error1 ,,xci          ---- and 
its reward1 ,,clxx          ---- and the
 function of science1 ,,clxxviii        
---- and types1 ,,cclxxxvii             
---- seeker1 ,,vi          ---- the     
search for1 ,,cl1 ,,clxix          ---- 
the spread of1 ,,cccxxxvi          ,try 
all things and hold fast to that which  
is good1 the         motto of science1  
,,cccl          ,types and truth1       
,,cclxxxvii           ,unbelief in      
creeds1 ,,cxli1 ,,cxlv                  
,uncertainty1 intellectual1 ,,cxl       
,under-instruction1 ,,cccxxxii          

,unfit1 the1 ,,ccxxxvi                  
,unhappiness1 too easy to confer1       
,,ccclxxxiv          ,universe compared 
to a great game1 ,,cccxii               
,university of ,nature1 ,,lxxxvi        
---- an ideal1 ,,xcix          ---- a   
palace substituted for1 ,l          ----
 ancient and modern1 ,,ccclxxi          
,utilitarians1 founders of the science  
of ,eubiotics1 ,,ccclxxxi          ---- 
their nickname1 ib4           ,value and
 labour1 ,,cclxvi          ,variation1  
the basis of evolution1 ,,clxxxviii1    
,,ccxxx          ,veracity1 ,i1 ,,xcix2 
cf4 ,error1 ,mistakes1 esp4 ,,cxxxvii   
,verification the guide of life1 ,,xx   
---- and expectation1 ,,ccclviii        
,virtually1 ,,cclxv          ,virtue1   
automatic1 ,,xxii          ---- and     
austerity1 ,,clxii          ---- on     
,l#aj1jjj a year1 ,,lxxiv          ---- 
the ways of1 ,,clxi          ,vis       
medicatrix naturae1 ,,cclxxvi           
,vitality1 ,,cccxliii                   
,vivisection1 ,,cccxxvi          ,voice1

 power of the human1 ,,clxxxvi          
,wages received are capital possessed1  
,,cclxvii          ,want1 see ,wealth   
,war of ,nature1 ,,lii          ,wealth 
and ,nemesis1 ,,cclxxvii          ---- a
 want1 ,,ccclvii          ,wesley1      
,john1 ,,clxxxvi          ,whirlpool1   
life compared to1 ,,cccxlii1 ,,cccxliii 
,will1 freedom of the1 ,,cclvii         
,wisdom in many counsellors1 ,,vii      
---- and suffering1 ,,xc                
,women1 their powers compared to those  
of men1 ,,cccxxiii          ---- medical
 education of1 ,,cccxxiv          ----  
physical disabilities and occupation1   
,,cccxxiv          ,work1 valuation of a
 man's1 ,,cclxxxv          ---- effect  
on women1 ,,cccxxiv          ,world1    
future of the1 ,,cix          ----      
judgments of the1 ,,cccxxii             
---- ministers to the weaknesses of the1
 ,,ccclxxvii          ,wrong1 infinite  
possibilities of1 ,,cviii     ,r4 ,,clay
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,treasury ,series4   ,uniformly printed 
in ,pott #hvo41 with ,vignette ,titles  
by ,sir ,,noel ,,patton1 ,t4 ,,woolner1 
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,,millais1 ,,arthur ,,hughes1 etc4      
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cloth4 ,pott #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net each4 
,,presentation ,,editions4    ,the      
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net4      99 ,the ,golden ,treasury of  
the best ,songs and ,lyrical ,poems in  
the         ,english ,language4         
,selected and arranged1 with ,notes1 by 
,,francis ,,turner ,,palgrave4      99  
,the ,golden ,treasury of the best      
,songs and ,lyrical ,poems in the       
,english ,language4 ,selected and       
arranged1 with ,notes1 by               
,,francis ,,turner ,,palgrave4 ,second  

,series4 ,the ,two ,series1 in          
cloth box4 #es4 net4      ,lyric ,love4 
,an ,anthology4 ,edited by ,w4 ,,watson4
      99 ,poet's ,walk4 ,an             
,introduction to ,english ,poetry4      
,chosen and         arranged by         
,,mowbray ,,morris4      99 ,the        
,children's ,garland from the best      
,poets4 ,selected and         arranged  
by ,,coventry ,,patmore4      99 ,the   
,children's ,treasury of ,lyrical       
,poetry4 ,selected and         arranged 
by ,f4 ,t4 ,,palgrave4      ,the ,ballad
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,british ,ballads4         ,edited by   
,,william ,,allingham4      ,the ,song  
,book4 ,words and ,tunes from the best  
,poets and         ,musicians4 ,selected
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,the ,jest ,book4 ,the choicest         
,anecdotes and ,sayings4 ,selected and  
arranged by ,,mark ,,lemon4      ,the   
,fairy ,book2 the best ,popular ,fairy  
,stories4 ,selected and         rendered
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,,halifax1 ,,gentleman4      ,a ,book of
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,,attwell1 ,knight of the         ,order
 of the ,oak ,crown4      ,a ,book of   
,golden ,deeds of ,all ,times and ,all  
,lands4 ,gathered and         narrated4 
,by the ,author of ,,the ,,heir ,,of    
,,redclyffe4      ,a ,book of ,worthies4
 ,gathered from the ,old ,histories and 
now         written anew by the ,author 
of ,,the ,,heir ,,of ,,redclyffe4       
,the ,sunday ,book of ,poetry4 ,selected
 and arranged by ,c4 ,f4                
,,alexander4      ,golden ,treasury     
,psalter4 ,being an ,edition with       
,briefer ,notes of         the ,psalms  
,chronologically arranged4 ,by ,,four   
,,friends4      ,the ,book of ,praise4  
,from the best ,english ,hymn ,writers4 
,selected         and arranged by the   
,,earl ,,of ,,selborne4      ,la ,lyre  
,francaise4 ,selected and arranged1 with
 ,notes1 by ,,gustave         ,,masson4 
,theologia ,germanica4 ,translated from 
the ,german by ,,susanna                

,,winkworth4 ,with a ,preface by        
,,charles ,,kingsley4      ,balladen und
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the ,best ,german         ,ballads and  
,romances4 ,selected and arranged by    
,dr4 ,,buchheim4      ,deutsche ,lyrik4 
,the ,golden ,treasury of the ,best     
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,selected and arranged1 with ,notes and 
,literary         ,introduction1 by ,dr4
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99       99       99      99 ,essays of 
,joseph ,addison4 ,chosen and ,edited by
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,,ll4,d4      99 ,selected ,poems of    
,matthew ,arnold4      99 ,bacon's      
,essays and ,colours of ,good and ,evil4
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,index4 ,by ,w4 ,,aldis ,,wright1 ,m4,a4
      ,lyrical ,poems of ,t4 ,e4 ,brown4
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,g4         ,,dakyns4      99 ,poetry of
 ,byron4 ,chosen and arranged by        
,,matthew ,,arnold4      99 ,poems of   
,thomas ,campbell4 ,selected and        

arranged by ,,lewis         ,,campbell4 
,selections from the ,poems of ,arthur  
,hugh ,clough4      99 ,selections from 
,cowper's ,poems4 ,with ,introduction1  
by ,mrs4         ,,oliphant4            
,letters of ,william ,cowper4 ,edited   
with ,introduction1 by ,rev4 ,w4        
,,benham1 ,b4,d41 ,f4,s4,a4      99     
,rubaiyat of ,omar ,khayyam1 the        
,astronomer-,poet of ,persia4           
,rendered into ,english ,verse4         
,euphranor1 and other ,miscellanies4 ,by
 ,,edward ,,fitzgerald4      ,balthazar 
,gracian's ,art of ,worldly ,wisdom4    
,translated by ,,joseph                 
,,jacobs4      ,heine's ,lieder und     
,gedichte4 ,selected and ,edited1 with  
an         ,introduction and ,notes1 by 
,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,buchheim4                
,chrysomela3 a ,selection from the      
,lyrical ,poems of ,robert              
,herrick4 ,arranged with ,notes1 by ,f4 
,t4 ,,palgrave4      ,the ,autocrat of  
the ,breakfast ,table4 ,by ,o4 ,w4      
,,holmes4 ,with         ,introduction by

 ,sir ,,leslie ,,stephen4      ,tom     
,brown's ,school ,days4 ,by ,,thomas    
,,hughes4      ,aphorisms and           
,reflections from the ,works of ,thomas 
,henry ,huxley4         ,selected by    
,,henrietta ,a4 ,,huxley4      99 ,the  
,poetical ,works of ,john ,keats4       
,reprinted from the original            
,editions1 with ,notes by ,f4 ,t4       
,,palgrave4      99 ,the ,christian     
,year4 ,thoughts in ,verse for the      
,sundays and ,holy         ,days        
throughout the ,year4 ,with             
,introduction by ,c4 ,m4 ,,yonge4       
99 ,tales from ,shakespeare4 ,by        
,,charles and ,,mary ,,lamb4 ,edited by 
the ,rev4 ,a4 ,,ainger1 ,m4,a4          
,walter ,savage ,landor4 ,selections    
from the ,writings of4 ,arranged        
and ,edited by ,,sidney ,,colvin4       
99 ,london ,lyrics4 ,by ,,frederick     
,,locker-,,lampson4      ,poetry of     
,thomas ,moore4 ,selected and arranged  
by ,c4 ,,litton         ,,falkiner4     
99 ,select ,poems of ,christina ,g4     

,rossetti4 ,edited by ,w4 ,m4           
,,rossetti4      ,songs and ,sonnets by 
,william ,shakespeare4 ,edited by ,f4   
,t4         ,,palgrave4      99 ,poems  
from ,shelley4 ,selected and ,arranged  
by ,,stopford ,a4         ,,brooke1     
,m4,a4      99 ,poems by ,robert        
,southey4 ,chosen and arranged by ,e4   
,,dowden4      ,essays of ,richard      
,steele4 ,selected and ,edited by ,l4   
,,edward         ,,steele4      ,lyrical
 ,poems4 ,by ,,alfred1 ,,lord           
,,tennyson4 ,selected and ,annotated    
by ,f4 ,t4 ,,palgrave4      99 ,in      
,memoriam4 ,by ,,alfred1 ,,lord         
,,tennyson4      99 ,the ,princess4 ,by 
,,alfred1 ,,lord ,,tennyson4      99    
,the ,idylls of the ,king4 ,by ,,alfred1
 ,,lord ,,tennyson4      99 ,poems of   
,wordsworth4 ,chosen and edited by      
,,matthew ,,arnold4      ,the ,story of 
the ,christians and ,moors in ,spain4   
,by ,c4 ,m4 ,,yonge1         ,author of 
,,the ,,heir ,,of ,,redclyffe4      ,sir
 ,thomas ,browne's ,religio ,medici3    

,letter to a ,friend1 etc41         and 
,christian ,morals4 ,edited by ,w4 ,a4  
,,greenhill1 ,m4,d41 ,oxon4      ,sir   
,thomas ,browne's ,hydriotaphia and the 
,garden of ,cyrus4 ,edited         by   
,w4 ,a4 ,,greenhill1 ,m4,d41 ,oxon4     
,the ,pilgrim's ,progress from this     
,world to that which is to ,come4       
,by ,,john ,,bunyan4      ,the          
,adventures of ,robinson ,crusoe4       
,edited after the ,original             
,edition1 by ,j4 ,w4 ,,clark1 ,m4,a4    
,mohammed4 ,the ,speeches and ,table    
,talk of the ,prophet4 ,chosen and      
,translated1 with ,introduction and     
,notes1 by ,,stanley ,,lane             
,,poole4      ,the ,cavalier and his    
,lady4 ,selections from the ,works of   
the         ,first ,duke and ,duchess of
 ,newcastle4 ,with an ,introductory     
,essay by ,,edward ,,jenkins1 ,author of
 ,,ginx',s ,,baby1 etc4      ,the ,house
 of ,atreus3 being the ,agamemnon1      
,libation-,bearers1 and         ,furies 
of ,a,eschylus4 ,translated into        

,english verse by ,e4 ,d4         ,a4   
,,morshead1 ,m4,a4      ,two ,essays on 
,old ,age and ,friendship4 ,translated  
from the ,latin         of ,cicero1 with
 ,introduction1 by ,e4 ,s4 ,,shuckburgh4
      ,golden ,sayings of ,epictetus4   
,translated and ,arranged by ,,hastings 
,,crossley1 ,m4,a41 ,litt4 ,d4      99  
,marcus ,aurelius ,antoninus to         
,himself4 ,an ,english ,version of      
the ,works of ,marcus ,aurelius4 ,by    
,rev4 ,dr4 ,,gerald ,,henry             
,,rendall1 ,head ,master of             
,charterhouse4      99 ,the ,republic of
 ,plato4 ,translated into ,english1 with
 ,notes1 by         ,j4 ,,ll4 ,,davies1 
,m4,a41 and ,d4 ,j4 ,,vaughan1 ,m4,a4   
,the ,trial and ,death of ,socrates4    
,being the ,euthyphron1 ,apology1       
,crito1 and ,phaedo of ,plato4          
,translated into ,english by ,f4 ,j4    
,,church4      ,phaedrus1 ,lysis1 and   
,protagoras of ,plato4 ,a ,new and      
,literal         ,translation1 by ,j4   
,,wright4      ,theocritus1 ,bion1 and  

,moschus4 ,rendered into ,english ,prose
 by         ,,andrew ,,lang1 ,m4,a4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,,macmillan  ,,co41 ,,ltd41 ,,london    
#aj4aa4jg