,by!way1 ,jean-,mi*el ,c>t]1 ,byron ,cl>k1 ,b5 ,cr[d]1 ,m]idi? ,cr[d]1 ,tom ,de,forest1 ,eric ,heaps4 ,,! ,,great ,,apo/asy ,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,! ,,light ,,( ,,scriptural ,,& ,,secul> ,,hi/ory ,by ,,james ,e4 ,,talmage ,d4 ,sc4 ,d41 ,ph4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,e4 ,press ( ,zion's ,pr9t+ & ,publi%+ ,company ,indep5d5ce1 ,jackson ,c\nty1 ,miss\ri4 ,publi%$ by ! ,missions ( ! ,*ur* ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ( ,latt]-day ,sa9ts 9 ,am]ica ,,bureau ,,( ,,in=mation--,temple ,block1 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah4 ,,cali=nia ,,mission--#aec ,w4 ,adams ,/41 ,los ,angeles1 ,calif4 ,,canadian ,,mission--#cf ,f]ndale ,av5ue1 ,toronto1 ,ont>io1 ,canada4 ,,c5tral ,,/ates ,,mission--#cjb ,s4 ,pleasant ,/41 ,indep5d5ce1 ,mo4 ,,ea/]n ,,/ates ,,mission--#bgc ,gates ,ave41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,hawaiian ,,mission--,p4 ,o4 ,box #cbbh1 ,honolulu1 ,hawaii4 ,,mexican ,,mission--#ceca ,=t ,blvd41 ,el ,paso1 ,texas1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,nor!rn ,,/ates ,,mission--#beee ,n4 ,sawy] ,ave41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,nor?c5tral ,,/ates ,,mission--#bgbe #c;d ,ave4,s41 ,m9neapolis1 ,m9n4 ,,nor?we/]n ,,/ates ,,mission--#bfd ,ea/ #be? ,/41 ,portl&1 ,ore4 ,,s\!rn ,,/ates ,,mission--#cga ,e4 ,nor? ,ave41 ,atlanta4 ,ga4 ,,we/]n ,,/ates ,,mission--#ech ,ea/ #g? ,ave41 ,d5v]1 ,colo4 ,,preface4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ( ,latt]-day ,sa9ts proclaims ! re/oration ( ! ,gospel & ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ur* z ( old1 9 ?is1 ! ,disp5sation ( ! ,fulness ( ,times4 ,su* re/oration & re-e/abli%m5t1 ) ! mod]n be/[al ( ! ,holy ,prie/hood1 w\ld be unnecess>y & inde$ impossible _h ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ cont9u$ among m5 ) unbrok5 succession ( ,prie/hood & p[]1 s9ce ! m]idian ( "t4 ,! re/or$ ,*ur* affirms t a g5]al apo/asy develop$ dur+ & aft] ! apo/olic p]iod1 & t ! primitive ,*ur* lo/ its p[]1 au?ority1 & graces z a div9e in/itution1 & deg5]at$ into an e>?ly organization only4 ,! significance & importance ( ! great apo/asy1 z a condition prec$5t to ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ur* 9 mod]n times1 is obvi\s4 ,if ! alleg$ apo/asy ( ! primitive ,*ur* 0 n a reality1 ! ,*ur* ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ( ,latt]-day ,sa9ts is n ! div9e in/itution its "n proclaims4 ,! evid5ce ( ! decl9e & f9al ext9ction ( ! primitive ,*ur* among m5 is f\nd 9 scriptural record & 9 secul> hi/ory4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ! au?or has und]tak5 to pres5t a summ>y ( ! mo/ important ( ^! evid5ces4 ,9 s do+ he has drawn lib]ally f _m s\rces ( in=mation1 ) due ackn[l$gm5t ( all citations4 ,?is little "w has be5 writt5 9 ! hope t x may prove ( s]vice to our mission>y eld]s 9 ! field1 to classes & quorum organizations engag$ 9 ! /udy ( !ological subjects at home1 & to e>ne/ inve/igators ( ! tea*+s & claims ( ! re/or$ ,*ur* ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah1 ,,james ,e4 ,,talmage4 ,novemb] #a1 #aiji4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,! fir/ edition ( ,! ,great ,apo/asy 0 issu$ by ! ,des]et ,news1 ,salt ,lake ,city1 9 ,novemb]1 #aiji1 & compris$ t5 ?\s& copies4 ,! au?or has le>n$1 ) a pleasure t is p]haps p>donable1 ( ! favorable reception accord$ ! little "w by ! mission>y eld]s ( ! ,*ur*1 & by ! p among :om ^! devot$ s]vants are call$ to labor4 ,! pres5t issue ( tw5ty ?\s& copies con/itutes ! second edition1 & is publi%$ prim>ily = use 9 ! mission>y field4 ,! text ( ! second edition is practically id5tical ) t ( ! fir/4 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah1 ,,james ,e4 ,,talmage4 ,febru>y1 #aiaj4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,introduction3 ,! ,e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/4 ,conditions at beg9n+ ( ,*ri/ian era4--,religi\s sy/ems1 ,jewi%1 ,pagan1 & ,sam>itan4--,jewi% sects & p>ties4--,law ( ,moses fulfill$ & sup]s$$4--,apo/les *os5 & orda9$4-- ,apo/olic adm9i/ration4--,! ,*ur* e/abli%$ on ! we/]n hemisph]e4--,! m]idian ( "t4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,apo/asy ,pr$ict$4 ,! ,*ur* has n cont9u$ 9 unbrok5 succession4--,div9e =e-k4--,! div9e purposes n ?w>t$4--,apo/asy f ! ,*ur* comp>$ ) ! apo/asy ( ! ,*ur*4--,specific pr$ictions conc]n+ ! apo/asy4--,! ,law ( ,moses a tempor>y measure4--,isaiah's fateful prophecy4--,pr$ictions by ,jesus ,*ri/4--,by ,paul4--,by ,pet]4--,by ,jude4--,by ,john ! ,revelator4-- ,apo/asy on ! we/]n hemisph]e pr$ict$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,e>ly ,/ages ( ! ,apo/asy4 ,! apo/asy recogniz$ 9 apo/olic age4--,te/imony ( ,paul4--,my/]y ( iniquity4--,summ>y ( ,paul's utt]ances conc]n+ e>ly apo/asy4--,te/imony ( ,jude4--,( ,john ! ,revelator4--,messages to ! *ur*es ( ,asia4--,nicolaitanes d5\nc$4--,te/imonies ( ,hegesippus4--,e>ly s*isms 9 ! ,*ur*4--,decl5sion ( ! ,*ur* be=e close ( fir/ c5tury4--,apo/asy on ! we/]n hemisph]e4--,de/ruction ( ,nephite nation by ! ,lamanites4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,causes ( ! ,apo/asy4--,ext]nal ,causes ,consid]$4 ,causes ( ! apo/asy1 ext]nal & int]nal4--,p]secution z an ext]nal cause4--,judaism & ,paganism array$ aga9/ ! ,*ur*4--,judai/ic p]secution4--,pr$ictions ( ,judai/ic opposition4--,fulfillm5t ( ! same4--,de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,causes ( ! ,apo/asy4--,ext]nal ,causes1 ,cont9u$4 ,pagan p]secution4--,roman opposition to ,*ri/ianity1 explanation (4--,numb] ( p]secutions by ! ,romans4--,p]secution "u ,n]o4--,"u ,domitian4--,"u ,trajan4--,"u ,m>cus ,aurelius4--,lat] p]secutions4--,p]secutions "u ,diocletian4--,ext5t ( ! ,diocletian p]secution4--,diocletian boa/ t ,*ri/ianity 0 ext9ct4--,! ,*ur* tak5 "u /ate protection by ,con/ant9e ! ,great4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,causes ( ! ,apo/asy4--,int]nal ,causes4 ,div]se effect ( p]secution4--,imprud5t zeal ( "s4--,return to idolatry by o!rs4--,libels atte/+ individual apo/asy4--,sad condition ( ! ,*ur* 9 ?ird c5tury4--,te/imony z to conditions ( apo/asy at ?is p]iod4--,decl9e ( ! ,*ur* ant$ates ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e4--,dep>ture f ,*ri/ianity4--,specific causes ( ! gr[+ apo/asy4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,int]nal ,causes4--,cont9u$4 ,fir/ specific cause3 ,! corrupt+ ( ! simple pr9ciples ( ! gospel by ! admixture ( ! s-call$ philosophic sy/ems ( ! times4--,judai/ic p]v]sions4--,admixture ( ,gno/icism ) ,*ri/ianity4--,gno/icism unsatisfy+4--,new platonics4--,doctr9e ( ! ,logos4--,! ,_w4--,sibellianism4--,arianism4--,! ,c\ncil ( ,nice & its d5unciation ( ,arianism4--,! ,nic5e ,cre$4--,! ,cre$ ( ,a?anasius4--,p]v]t$ view ( life4--,disreg>d = tru?4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,int]nal ,causes4--,cont9u$4 ,second specific cause3 ,unau?oriz$ additions to ! c]emonies ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! introduction ( vital *anges 9 ess5tial ord9ances4--,simplicity ( e>ly =m ( wor%ip ridicul$4-- ,=malism & sup]/ition increase4--,adoration ( images1 etc4-- ,*anges 9 baptismal ord9ance4--,"t ( its adm9i/ration re/rict$4--,m9i/rations ( ! exorci/ introduc$4--,imm]sion sub/itut$ by spr9kl+4--,infant baptism introduc$4--,*anges 9 ! sacram5t ( ! ,"l's ,supp]4--,fallacy ( transub/antiation4--,adoration ( ! ho/4--,pro( ( apo/ate condition ( ! ,*ur*4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,int]nal ,causes4--,cont9u$4 ,?ird specific cause3 ,unau?oriz$ *anges 9 *ur* organization & gov]nm5t4--,e>ly =m ( *ur* gov]nm5t4--,equality ( ! bi%ops4--,orig9 ( synods or *ur* c\ncils4--,bi%ops ( ,rome claim$ supremacy4--,title ( ,pope assum$4--,secul> au?ority ass]t$ by ! ,pope4--,indulg5ces or p>dons4--,infam\s doctr9e ( sup]]ogation4--,! traffic 9 indulg5ces4--,tetzel ! papal ag5t4--,copy ( an indulg5ce4--,! s9 ( blasphemy4-- ,scripture-read+ =bidd5 to ! p4--,drap]'s arraignm5t ( ! papacy4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,results ( ! ,apo/asy4--,its ,sequel4 ,revolts aga9/ ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4--,john ,wickliffe 9 ,engl&4-- ,john ,huss & ,j]ome ( ,prague4--,! ,re=mation inaugurat$4-- ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 8 revolt2 8 excommunication2 8 def5se at ,worms4--,! ,prote/ants4--,zw+le & ,calv94--,! ,inquisition4-- ,zeal ( ! re=m]s4--,rise ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4--,div9e ov]-rul+ 9 ! ev5ts ( ! ,re=mation4--,! ,"m ,*ur* apo/ate4--,fallacy ( assum+ human orig9 ( div9e au?ority4-- ,prie/ly ord]s ( ,*ur* ( ,engl& decl>$ invalid by ,"m ,*ur*4--,! apo/asy admitt$ & affirm$4--,wesley's te/imony4--,decl>ation by ,*ur* ( ,engl&4--,div9e decl>ation ( ! apo/asy4--,! sequel4--,! ,revelator's vision ( ! ,re/oration4--,! ,*ur* re-e/abli%$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,,copyright by ,,james ,e4 ,,talmage4 #aiji4 ,! ,great ,apo/asy4 ,,*apt] ,i4 9999,introduction3 ,! ,e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/99994 #a4 ,a belief common to all sects & *ur*es pr(ess+ ,*ri/ianity is t ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,savior & ,r$eem] ( ! human race1 e/abli%$ ,8 ,*ur* ^u ! e>? by p]sonal m9i/ration 9 ! m]idian ( "t4 ,ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 z di/+ui%$ f secul> hi/ory1 deals ) ! exp]i5ces ( ! ,*ur* f ! "t ( its e/abli%m5t4 ,! conditions "u :i* ! ,*ur* 0 f\nd$ fir/ claim our att5tion4 #b4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! ,jews1 9 common ) mo/ o!r nations1 7 subjects ( ! ,roman empire4--7,see ,note #a1 end ( *apt]47 ,!y 7 all[$ a consid]able degree ( lib]ty 9 ma9ta9+ _! religi\s obs]vances & national cu/oms g5]ally1 b _! /atus 0 f> f t ( a free & indep5d5t p4 #c4 ,! p]iod 0 "o ( comp>ative peace1--a "t m>k$ by few] w>s & less diss5sion ?an ! empire _h kn[n = _m ye>s4 ,^! conditions 7 favorable = ! mission ( ! ,*ri/1 & = ! f\nd+ ( ,8 ,*ur* on e>?4 #d4 ,! religi\s sy/ems extant at ! "t ( ,*ri/'s e>?ly m9i/ry may be classifi$ 9 a g5]al way z ,jewi% & ,pagan1 ) a m9or sy/em--! ,sam>itan--:i* 0 ess5tially a mixture ( ! o!r two4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,israel alone proclaim$ ! exi/5ce ( ! true & liv+ ,god2 !y alone look$ =w>d to ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah1 :om mi/ak5ly !y await$ z a prospective conqu]or com+ to cru% ! enemies ( _! nation4 ,all o!r nations1 tongues1 & peoples b[$ to pagan deities1 & _! wor%ip compris$ naught b ! s5sual rites ( hea!n idolatry4 ,paganism--7,see ,note #b1 end ( *apt]47 0 a religion ( =m & c]emony1 bas$ on poly!ism--a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( a multitude ( gods1 :i* deities 7 subject to all ! vices & passions ( humanity1 :ile di/+ui%$ by immunity f dea?4 ,morality & virtue 7 unkn[n z elem5ts ( hea!n s]vice2 & ! dom9ant idea 9 pagan wor%ip 0 t ( propitiat+ ! gods1 9 ! hope ( av]t+ _! ang] & pur*as+ _! favor4 #e4 ,! ,israelites1 or ,jews1 z !y 7 collectively kn[n1 ?us /ood ap>t among ! nations z pr\d possessors ( sup]ior k1 ) a l9eage & a lit]ature1 ) a prie/ly organization & a sy/em ( laws1 t sep>at$ & di/+ui%$ !m z a p at once peculi> & exclusive4 ,:ile ! ,jews reg>d$ _! idolatr\s neighbors ) abhorr5ce & contempt1 !y 9 turn 7 treat$ ) d]ision z fanatics & inf]iors4 #f4 ,b ! ,jews1 :ile ?us di/+ui%$ z a p f ! re/ ( ! _w1 7 by no means a unit$ p2 on ! contr>y1 !y 7 divid$ among !mselves on matt]s ( religi\s pr(ession & practice4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re 0 a deadly enmity betwe5 ! ,jews prop] & ! ,sam>itans4 ,^! latt] 7 a mix$ p inhabit+ a di/9ct prov9ce mo/ly betwe5 ,judea & ,galilee1 l>gely made up ( ,assyrian coloni/s :o _h int]m>ri$ ) ! ,jews4 ,:ile affirm+ _! belief 9 ! ,jehovah ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 !y practic$ _m rites belong+ to ! paganism !y claim$ to h =sak51 & 7 reg>d$ by ! ,jews prop] z unor?odox & reprobate4 #g4 ,!n ! ,jews !mselves 7 divid$ into _m cont5d+ sects & p>ties1 among :i* ! pr9cipal 7 ! ,ph>isees & ! ,sadducees2 & beside ^! we read ( ,ess5es1 ,galileans1 ,h]odians1 etc4 #h4 ,! ,jews 7 liv+ "u ! ,law ( ,moses1 ! outw>d obs]vance ( :i* 0 en=c$ by prie/ly rule1 :ile ! _s ( ! law 0 v g5]ally ignor$ by prie/ & p alike4 ,t ! ,mosaic law 0 giv5 z a prep>ation = some?+ great] 0 aft]w>d affirm$ by ,paul1 9 8 epi/le to ! sa9ts at ,galatia3 ,:]e=e ! law 0 our s*oolma/] to br+ u unto ,*ri/4--7,galatians #c3bd47 ,& ! fact t a high] law 0 to sup]s$e ! l[] is abundantly %[n 9 ! ,savior's own tea*+s3 ,ye h he>d t x 0 said by !m ( old "t1 ,?\ %alt n kill2 & :osoev] %all kill %all be 9 dang] ( ! judgm5t3 ,b ,i say unto y1 t :osoev] is angry ) 8 bro!r )\t a cause %all be 9 dang] ( ! judgm5t3 99 99 99 ,ye h he>d t x 0 said by !m ( old "t1 ,?\ %alt n commit adult]y3 ,b ,i say unto y t :osoev] looke? on a woman to lu/ aft] h] ha? committ$ adult]y ) h] already 9 8 he>t4 99 99 99 ,aga91 ye h he>d t x ha? be5 said by !m ( old "t1 ,?\ %alt n =swe> ?yself1 b %all p]=m unto ! ,"l ?9e oa?s3 ,b ,i say unto y1 swe> n at all4 99 99 99 ,ye h he>d t x ha? be5 said1 ,an eye = an eye & a too? = a too?3 ,b ,i say unto y1 t ye resi/ n evil4 99 99 99 ,ye h he>d t x ha? be5 said1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor1 & hate ?9e enemy4 ,b ,i say unto y1 ,love y\r enemies1 bless !m t curse y1 d good to !m t hate y1 & pray = !m :i* despitefully use y & p]secute y4--7,mat!w #e3ba-dd2 read ! entire *apt]47 #i4 ,^! tea*+s1 bas$ on love1 s diff]5t f ! _s ( retaliation to :i* !y _h be5 accu/om$ "u ! law1 caus$ great surprise among ! p2 yet 9 affirmation ( ! fact t ! law 0 n to be ignor$1 & c\ld only be sup]s$$ by its fulfillm5t1 ! ,ma/] said3 ,?9k n t ,i am come to de/roy ! law1 or ! prophets3 ,i am n come to de/roy b to fulfill4 ,= v]ily ,i say unto y1 ,till heav5 & e>? pass1 "o jot or "o tittle %all 9 no wise pass f ! law1 till all be fulfill$4-- 7,matt4 #e3ag1 #ah47 #aj4 ,x is v evid5t ! ,ma/] _h come ) a great] doctr9e ?an 0 !n kn[n1 & t ! tea*+s ( ! day 7 insuffici5t4 ,= ,i say unto y1 t except y\r righte\sness %all exce$ ! righte\sness ( ! scribes & ,ph>isees1 ye %all 9 no case ent] into ! k+dom ( heav54--7,v]se #bj47 #aa4 ,jesus ,himself 0 /rict 9 comply+ ) all rightful requirem5ts "u ! law2 b ,he refus$ to recognize an obs]vance ( ! lett] alone1 h[ev] rigidly requir$1 z a sub/itute = compliance ) ! _s ( ! ,mosaic injunction4 #ab4 ,! excell5t tea*+s & precepts ( true morality inculcat$ by ! ,*ri/ prep>$ ! m9ds ( ^? :o believ$ ,8 words = ! introduction ( ! gospel 9 its purity1 & = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ z an e>?ly organization4 #ac4 ,f among ! disciples :o foll[$ ,him1 "s ( :om _h be5 honor$ by prelim9>y calls1 ,he *ose twelve m51 :om ,he orda9$ to ! apo/le%ip3--,& ,he orda9$ twelve1 t !y %\ld be ) ,him1 & t ,he might s5d !m =? to prea*4--7,m>k #c3ad47 ,aga93 ,& :5 x 0 day1 he call$ unto him 8 disciples3 & ( !m he *ose twelve :om also he nam$ apo/les4--7,luke #f3ac2 comp>e ,matt4 #aj3a1 #b47 ,! twelve special witnesses ( ,him & ,8 "w 7 s5t out to prea* 9 ! sev]al cities ( ! ,jews4 ,on ?is1 _! fir/ mission1 !y 7 in/ruct$ to conf9e _! m9i/rations to ! h\se ( ,israel1 & ! burd5 ( _! message 0 ,! k+dom ( heav5 is at h&4--7,matt4 #aj3g2 /udy ! entire *apt]47 ,!y 7 told to use ! p[] ) :i* !y _h be5 inve/$ by ord9ation1 9 prea*+1 9 heal+ ! sick1 9 rais+ ! dead ev51 & 9 subdu+ evil spirits2 ! ,ma/]'s admonition 01 ,freely ye h receiv$1 freely give4 ,!y 7 to travel )\t money or provisions1 rely+ ^u a high] p[] to supply _! ne$s ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ^? to :om !y w\ld (f] ! message ( tru?2 & !y 7 w>n$ ( ! possible h>d%ips await+ !m & ( ! p]secution :i* soon] or lat] w\ld surely befall !m4 #ad4 ,at a lat] date ,*ri/ call$ o!rs to ! "w ( ! m9i/ry1 & s5t !m out 9 pairs to prec$e ,him & prep>e ! p = ,8 com+4 ,?us we read ( ! sev5ty :o 7 in/ruct$ 9 t]ms almo/ id5tical ) ^? ( ! apo/olic commission4--7,luke #aj2 comp>e ) ,matt4 #aj47 ,t _! inve/iture 0 "o ( au?ority & p[] & no m]e =m is %[n by ! success att5d+ _! adm9i/rations2 =1 :5 !y return$ !y report$ triumphantly1 ,"l1 ev5 ! devils are subject to u ?r\gh ?y "n4--7,luke #aj3ag47 #ae4 ,! specific commission giv5 unto ! apo/les at ! "t ( _! ord9ation 0 aft]w>d emphasiz$4 ,!y 7 ! subjects ( ! p>ticul>ly solemn ord9ance spok5 ( z ! wa%+ ( feet1 s necess>y t 9 reply to ,pet]'s objection ! ,"l said3 ,if ,i wa% !e n1 ?\ ha/ no "p ) me4--7,john #ac3d-i47 ,& unto ! elev5 :o _h rema9$ fai?ful1 ! ,ris5 ,"l deliv]$ ,8 p>t+ in/ructions1 imm$iately be=e ! asc5sion3 ,g ye into all ! _w1 & prea* ! gospel to e creature4 ,aft] our ,"l's dep>ture ! apo/les ent]$ ^u ! m9i/ry ) vigor3 ,& !y w5t =?1 & prea*$ ev]y:]e1 ! ,"l work+ ) !m1 & confirm+ ! ^w ) signs foll[+4--7,m>k #af3ad-aj2 comp>e ,matt4 #bh3ai1 #bj47 #af4 ,^! scriptures indicate ! au?ority ( ! apo/les to adm9i/] ! affairs ( ! ,*ur* aft] ! asc5sion ( ! ,resurrect$ ,messiah4 ,t ,pet]1 ! s5ior memb] ( ! apo/olic c\ncil1 0 giv5 a position ( presid5cy1 appe>s f ! ,savior's special admonition & *>ge on ! %ores ( ! ,tib]ian sea4-- 7,john #ba3ae-ag47 #ag4 ,t ! apo/les realiz$ t ?\gh ! ,ma/] _h gone ,he _h left ) !m au?ority & comm& to build up ! ,*ur* z an e/abli%$ organization1 is abundantly prov$ by scripture4 ,!y fir/ proce$$ to fill ! vacancy 9 ! presid+ c\ncil or quorum ( twelve1 a vacancy occasion$ by ! apo/asy & dea? ( ,judas ,isc>iot2 & ! mode ( proc$ure 9 ?is (ficial act is in/ructive4 ,! in/allation ( a new apo/le 0 n det]m9$ by ! elev5 alone2 we read t ! disciples 7or memb]s ( ! ,*ur*7 7 ga!r$ toge!r--ab\t a hundr$ & tw5ty 9 numb]4 ,to !m ,pet] pres5t$ ! matt] requir+ action1 & emphasiz$ ! fact t ! man to be *os5 mu/ be "o :o _h p]sonal k & te/imony ( ! ,"l's m9i/ry1 & :o 0 !re=e qualifi$ to speak z a special witness ( ! ,*ri/1 :i* qualification is ! di/+ui%+ feature ( ! apo/le%ip4 ,:]e=e1 said ,pet]1 ( ^! m5 :i* h compani$ ) u all ! "t t ! ,"l ,jesus w5t 9 & out among u1 beg9n+ f ! baptism ( ,john1 unto t same day t he 0 tak5 up f u1 mu/ "o be orda9$ to be a witness ) u ( 8 resurrection4--7,acts #a3ba1 #bb2 read v]ses #ae-bf inclusive47 ,we are fur!r in=m$ t two m5 7 nom9at$1 & t ! div9e p[] 0 invok$ to %[ :e!r ei!r1 & if s1 :i*1 0 ! ,"l's *oice4 ,!n ! votes 7 ca/ & ! lot fell ^u ,mat?ias2 & he 0 numb]$ ) ! elev5 apo/les4 #ah4 ,x is evid5t t ! apo/les consid]$ _! c\ncil or quorum z def9itely organiz$ ) a memb]%ip limit ( twelve2 & t ! "w ( ! ,*ur* requir$ t ! organization be made complete4 ,nev]!less1 we read ( none o!rs subsequ5tly *os5 to fill vacancies 9 ! c\ncil ( twelve4 ,paul1 :o previ\s to 8 conv]sion 0 kn[n z ,saul ( ,t>sus1 receiv$ a special manife/ation1 9 :i* he he>d ! voice ( ! ,ris5 ,"l decl>+ ,i am ,jesus :om ?\ p]secute/1--7,acts #i3e2 read v]ses #a-bb7 & !reby he became a special witness ( ! ,"l ,jesus1 & z su* 0 9 tru? an apo/le1 ?\gh we h no def9ite scriptural record t he 0 ev] made a memb] ( ! c\ncil ( twelve4 ,z %[+ ! importance ( ord9ation to (fice "u ! h&s ( duly con/itut$ au?orities1 we h ! in/ance ( ,paul's ord9ation4 ,?\gh he _h conv]s$ ) ! ,resurrect$ ,jesus1 ?\gh he _h be5 ! subject ( a special manife/ation ( div9e p[] 9 ! re/oration ( 8 sight1 he _h nev]!less to be baptiz$2 & lat] he 0 commission$ = ! "w ( ! m9i/ry by ! au?oritative imposition ( h&s4--7,acts #ac3a-c47 #ai4 ,ano!r in/ance ( (ficial action 9 *oos+ & sett+ ap>t m5 to special (fice 9 ! ,*ur* arose soon aft] ! ord9ation ( ,mat?ias4 ,x appe>s t "o feature ( ! ,*ur* organization 9 e>ly apo/olic days 0 a common own]%ip ( mat]ial ?+s1 di/ribution be+ made accord+ to ne$4 ,z ! memb]s increas$1 x 0 f\nd impracticable = ! apo/les to devote ! necess>y att5tion & "t to ^! temporal matt]s1 s !y call$ ^u ! memb]s to select sev5 m5 ( hone/ report1 :om ! apo/les w\ld appo9t to take special *>ge ( ^! affairs4 ,^! m5 7 set ap>t by pray] & by ! lay+ on ( h&s4--7,acts #f3a-g47 ,! in/ance is in/ructive z %[+ t ! apo/les realiz$ _! possession ( au?ority to direct 9 ! affairs ( ! ,*ur* & t !y obs]v$ ) /rict fidelity ! pr9ciple ( common cons5t 9 ! adm9i/ration ( _! high (fice4 ,!y ex]cis$ _! prie/ly p[]s 9 ! _s ( love1 & ) due reg>d to ! rights ( ! p ov] :om !y 7 plac$ to preside4 #bj4 ,"u ! adm9i/ration ( ! apo/les1 & o!rs :o labor$ by _! direction 9 positions ( less] au?ority1 ! ,*ur* grew 9 numb]s & 9 influ5ce4--7,see ,note #c1 end ( *apt]47 ,= t5 or twelve ye>s aft] ! asc5sion ( ,*ri/1 ,j]usalem rema9$ ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,*ur*1 b bran*es1 or1 z designat$ 9 ! scriptural record1 sep>ate *ur*es1 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! outly+ prov9ces4 ,z su* bran*es 7 organiz$1 bi%ops1 deacons1 & o!r (fic]s 7 *os51 & d\btless orda9$ by au?ority1 to m9i/] 9 local affairs4--7,see ,philip4 #a3a2 comp>e ,i ,tim4 #c3a1b1h1aj47 #ba4 ,t ! commission ( ! ,"l ,jesus to ! apo/les1 in/ruct+ !m to prea* ! gospel widely1 0 execut$ ) promptness & zeal1 is evid5t f ! rapid gr[? ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! e>ly apo/olic times4--7,acts #f3g2 #ab3bd2 #ai3bj47 ,paul1 writ+ ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #fd--;approximately ?irty ye>s aft] ! asc5sion--decl>es t ! gospel _h already be5 c>ri$ to e nation--prea*$ to e creature "u heav51--7,col4 #a3bc2 comp>e v]se #f7 by :i* expression ! apo/le d\btless means t ! gospel message _h be5 s g5]ally proclaim$1 t all :o w\ld might le>n ( x4 #bb4 ,details z to ! organization ( ! ,*ur* 9 apo/olic days are n giv5 ) great fulness4 ,z already %[n1 ! presid+ au?ority 0 ve/$ 9 ! twelve apo/les2 & fur!rmore1 ! special call+ ( ! sev5ties has receiv$ att5tion2 b beside ^! !re 7 evangeli/s1 pa/ors1 & tea*]s2--7,eph4 #d3aa7 & 9 addition1 high prie/s1--7,heb4 #e3a-e7 eld]s1--7,acts #ad3bc2 #be3f2 ,i ,pet] #e3a7 bi%ops1--7,i ,tim4 #c3a2 ,titus #a3g7 etc4 ,! purpose ( ^! sev]al (fices is expla9$ by ,paul to be3--,= ! p]fect+ ( ! sa9ts1 = ! "w ( ! m9i/ry1 = ! edify+ ( ! body ( ,*ri/4--7,eph4 #d3ab2 read also v]ses #ac-af47 ,! ,*ur* ) its grad$ (fices & its spiritual gifts has be5 aptly comp>$ to a p]fect body ) its sep>ate organs & its individual memb]s1 ea* necess>y to ! welf>e ( ! :ole1 yet none indep5d5t ( ! re/4 ,z 9 ! human organism s 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/1 no "o ) propriety c say to ano!r1 ,i h no ne$ ( !e4--7,see ,i ,cor4 #ab4 ,see note #d1 end ( *apt]47 9999,! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ on ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e99994 #bc4 ,we h se51 on ! evid5ce ( ! ,jewi% scriptures1 h[ ! ,*ur* 0 e/abli%$ & made /rong 9 ,asia & ,europe 9 & imm$iately foll[+ ! m]idian ( "t4 ,! scriptures cit$ are su* z appeal to all e>ne/ ,*ri/ians2 ! au?ority is t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,we h n[ to consid] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ur* among/ ^? :o con/itut$ ano!r division ( ! h\se ( ,israel--a p inhabit+ :at is n[ kn[n z ! ,am]ican cont95t4 #bd4 ,= ! b5efit ( ^? :o are unfamili> ) ! ,nephite scriptures publi%$ to ! _w z ! ,book ( ,mormon1 a brief hi/orical summ>y is "h pres5t$4--7,see ,note #e1 end ( *apt]47 ,9 ! ye> #fjj ,b4 ,c41 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,z$ekiah1 a small colony 0 l$ f ,j]usalem by an inspir$ prophet nam$ ,lehi4 ,^! p 7 br\ght by div9e assi/ance to ! %ores ( ! ,arabian ,sea1 :]e !y con/ruct$ a vessel 9 :i* !y cross$ ! great wat]s to ! we/]n coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,!y l&$ #eij ,b4 ,c4 ,! p 7 soon divid$ into two p>ties1 l$ respectively by ,nephi & ,laman1 sons ( ,lehi2 & ^! factions grew into ! oppos+ nations kn[n 9 hi/ory z ,nephites & ,lamanites4 ,! =m] develop$ :ile ! latt] retrograd$ 9 ! arts ( civilization4 ,nephite prophets pr$ict$ ! e>?ly adv5t ( ! ,messiah1 & =etold ,8 m9i/ry1 crucifixion1 & resurrection4 #be4 ,! record /ates t ! ,messiah appe>$ 9 p]son among ! ,nephites on ! we/]n cont95t4 ,?is 0 subsequ5t to ,8 asc5sion f ! ,m\nt ( ,olives4 ,a =e%ad[+ ( ?is great ev5t 0 giv5 by ,*ri/ 9 a decl>ation made :ile yet ,he liv$ on e>?4 ,comp>+ ,himself to ! good %eph]d :o give? 8 life = ! %eep1 ,he said3 ,& o!r %eep ,i h1 :i* are n ( ?is fold3 !m also ,i mu/ br+1 & !y %all he> my voice1 & !re %all be "o fold1 & "o %eph]d4--7,john #aj3af2 read v]ses #a-ah inclusive4 ,comp>e ,,iii ,nephi #ae3ba47 #bf4 ,accord+ to ! ,nephite record1 c]ta9 pr$ict$ signs ( ! ,savior's dea? _h come to pass4 ,de/ructive e>?quakes & o!r dread convulsions ( nature _h tak5 place 9 ! we/1 :ile ! supreme trag$y 0 be+ enact$ on ,calv>y4 ,! p ( ! l& ,b\ntiful1 compris+ ! nor!rn portion ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 7 /ill m>vel+ ov] ! great convulsions t _h t]rifi$ !m a few weeks e>li]1 & on a c]ta9 occasion1 7 ga!r$ toge!r discuss+ ! matt]1 :5 !y he>d a voice z f ! heav5s say+3 ,behold my belov$ ,son1 9 :om ,i am well pleas$1 9 :om ,i h glorifi$ my "n3 he> ye him4--7,,iii ,nephi #aa3g2 read ! entire *apt]47 ,look+ up1 !y beheld a man desc5d+4 ,he 0 clo!d 9 a :ite robe1 & z ,he rea*$ ! e>? ,he said3 ,behold1 ,i am ,jesus ,*ri/1 :om ! prophets te/ifi$ %all come into ! _w4 99 99 99 ,arise & come =? unto me1 t ye may ?ru/ y\r h&s into my side1 & also t ye may feel ! pr9ts ( ! nails 9 my h&s & 9 my feet1 t ye may "k t ,i am ! ,god ( ,israel1 & ! ,god ( ! :ole e>?1 & h be5 sla9 = ! s9s ( ! _w4--7,v]ses #aj3ad47 #bg4 ,hav+ ?us decl>$ ,himself1 ,*ri/ proce$$ to in/ruct ! p 9 ! plan ( ! gospel z ,he _h prea*$ x1 & 9 ! con/itution ( ! ,*ur* z ,he _h e/abli%$ x 9 ! ea/4 ,he visit$ ! ,nephite p on subsequ5t occasions1 taught !m _m ( ! precepts previ\sly giv5 to ! ,jews2 emphasiz$ ! doctr9e ( baptism & o!r ord9ances ess5tial to salvation2 in/itut$ ! sacram5t 9 commemoration ( ,8 aton+ dea?2 *ose & commission$ twelve apo/les1 on :om ,he conf]r$ au?ority 9 ! ,*ur*2 expla9$ ! importance ( designat+ ! organization by its prop] "n--! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/2 & ann\nc$ ! fulfilm5t ( ! law ( ,moses & ! fact t x 0 !nce=? sup]s$$ by ! gospel embodi$ )9 ! ,*ur* z e/abli%$ by ,himself4 ,9 plan ( organization1 9 doctr9e & precept1 & 9 prescrib$ ord9ances1 ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ 9 ! we/ 0 ! c\nt]p>t ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,pale/9e4 --- #bh4 ,?us 9 ! m]idian ( "t ! ,*ur* ( ,god 0 f\nd$ on bo? sides ( ! e>?4 ,9 its pri/9e simplicity & beauty x exhibit$ ! maje/y ( a div9e in/itution4 ,x is n[ our sadd5+ duty to consid] ! decl9e ( spiritual p[] )9 ! ,*ur*1 & ! ev5tual apo/asy ( ! ,*ur* itself4 ,,notes4 #a4 ,conditions at ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era4 ,at ! bir? ( ,*ri/ ?is amaz+ f$]ation ( ! _w into "o great mon>*y _h be5 f9ally a*iev$4 ,augu/us1 at ,rome1 0 ! sole p[] to :i* all nations look$4 99 99 99 ,no pr9ce1 no k+1 no pot5tate ( any "n c\ld break ! calm :i* su* a univ]sal dom9ion secur$4 99 99 99 ,x 0 9 su* a unique era t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 born4 ,! :ole e>? lay hu%$ 9 pr(\nd peace4 ,all l&s lay freely op5 to ! message ( m]cy & love :i* ,he came to ann\nce4 ,nor 0 ! social & moral condition ( ! _w at l>ge1 at ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 less fitt+ = ,8 adv5t ?an ! political4 ,! prize ( univ]sal p[] /ruggl$ = ?r\gh sixty ye>s ( plots & desolat+ civil w>s1 _h be5 won at la/ by ,augu/us4 ,sulla & ,m>ius1 ,pompey & ,caes>1 _h l$ _! legions aga9/ ea* o!r1 alike 9 ,italy & ! prov9ces1 & _h dr5*$ ! e>? ) blood4 ,augu/us himself _h rea*$ ! ?rone only aft] ?irte5 ye>s ( w>1 :i* involv$ regions wide ap>t4 ,! _w 0 exhau/$ by ! prolong$ agony ( su* a /rife2 x sigh$ = repose4 7,cunn+ham ,geikie1 ,! ,life & ,works ( ,*ri/1 ,new ,york1 #ahid2 vol4 #a1 p4 #be47 ,! ,roman empire1 at ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 0 less agitat$ by w>s & turmoils ?an x _h be5 = _m ye>s be=e4 ,= ?\gh ,i _c ass5t to ! op9ion ( ^? :o1 foll[+ ! acc\nt ( ,orosius1 ma9ta9 t ! temple ( ,janus 0 !n %ut1 & t w>s & discords absolutely ceas$ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 yet x is c]ta9 t ! p]iod 9 :i* our ,savior desc5d$ ^u e>? may be ju/ly /yl$ ! 'pacific age1' if we comp>e x ) ! prec$+ times4 ,& inde$ ! tranquillity t !n reign$ 0 necess>y to enable ! m9i/]s ( ,*ri/ to execute ) success _! sublime commission to ! human race4 7,mo%eim1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,i1 ,"p ,i2 *4 #a3d74 #b4 ,paganism at ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era4 ,e nation !n _h its respective gods1 ov] :i* presid$ "o m excell5t ?an ! re/2 yet 9 su* a mann] t ?is supreme deity 0 himself controll$ by ! rigid empire ( ! fates1 or :at ! philosoph]s call$ 'ext]nal necessity4' ,! gods ( ! ea/ 7 diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,gauls1 ! ,g]mans1 & ! o!r nor!rn nations4 ,! ,grecian div9ities diff]$ widely f ^? ( ! ,egyptians1 :o deifi$ plants1 animals1 & a great v>iety ( ! productions bo? ( nature & art4 ,ea* p also _h _! own p>ticul> mann] ( wor%ipp+ & appeas+ _! respective deities1 entirely diff]5t f ! sacr$ rites ( o!r c\ntries4 99 99 99 ,"o ?+1 inde$1 :i* at fir/ sight appe>s v rem>kable1 is1 t ?is v>iety ( religions & ( gods nei!r produc$ w>s nor diss5sions among ! diff]5t nations1 ! ,egyptians except$4 ,nor is x p]haps necess>y to except ev5 !m1 s9ce _! w>s und]tak5 = _! gods _c be look$ ^u ) propriety z :olly ( a religi\s nature4 ,ea* nation suff]$ its neighbors to foll[ _! own me?od ( wor%ip1 to adore _! own gods1 to enjoy _! own rites & c]emonies1 & discov]$ no sort ( displeasure at _! div]sity ( s5tim5ts 9 religi\s matt]s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 little wond]ful 9 ?is _s ( mutual tol]ation1 :5 we consid] t !y all look$ ^u ! _w z "o great empire1 divid$ into v>i\s prov9ces1 ov] e "o ( :i* a c]ta9 ord] ( div9ities presid$2 & t !re=e none c\ld behold ) contempt ! gods ( o!r nations1 or =ce /rang]s to pay homage to !irs4 ,! ,romans ex]cis$ ?is tol]ation1 9 ! ample/ mann]4 ,=1 ?\gh !y w\ld n all[ any *anges to be made 9 ! religions t 7 publicly pr(ess$ 9 ! empire1 nor any new =m ( wor%ip to be op5ly introduc$1 yet !y grant$ to _! citiz5s a full lib]ty ( obs]v+ 9 private ! sacr$ rites ( o!r nations1 & ( honor+ =eign deities 7^: wor%ip conta9$ no?+ inconsi/5t ) ! int]e/s & laws ( ! republic7 ) fea/s1 temples1 consecrat$ groves & su* l te/imonies ( homage & respect4 7,mo%eim1 ,eccl4 ,hi/41 ,c5t4 ,i1 ,"p ,i2 *4 #a3g-h47 #c4 ,rapid ,gr[? ( ! ,*ur*4 ,eusebius1 :o wrote 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\r? c5tury1 speak+ ( ! fir/ decade aft] ! ,savior's asc5sion1 says3 ,?us1 !n1 "u a cele/ial influ5ce1 & co-op]ation1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,savior1 l ! rays ( ! sun1 quickly irradiat$ ! :ole _w4 ,pres5tly1 9 accordance ) div9e prophecy1 ! s\nd ( ,8 inspir$ evangeli/s & apo/les _h gone ?r\gh\t all ! e>?1 & _! words to ! ends ( ! _w4 ,?r\gh\t e city & village1 l a repl5i%$ b>n floor1 *ur*es 7 rapidly ab\nd+ & fill$ ) memb]s f e p4 ,^? :o1 9 consequ5ce ( ! delusions t _h desc5d$ to !m f _! ance/ors1 _h be5 fett]$ by ! anci5t disease ( idolatr\s sup]/ition1 7 n[ lib]at$ by ! p[] ( ,*ri/1 ?r\gh ! tea*+s & miracles ( ,8 mess5g]s4 7,eusebius1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ,book ,i1 *4 #c47 #d4 ,div9e ,in/rum5tality 9 ! ,apo/olic ,m9i/ry4 ,:5 we consid] ! rapid progress ( ,*ri/ianity among ! ,g5tile nations1 & ! poor & feeble in/rum5ts by :i* ?is great & amaz+ ev5t 0 imm$iately effect$1 we naturally h rec\rse to an omnipot5t & invisible h&1 z its true & prop] cause4 ,=1 unless we suppose "h a div9e int]position1 h[ 0 x possible t m51 de/itute ( all human aid1 )\t cr$it or ri*es1 le>n+1 or eloqu5ce1 c\ld1 9 s %ort a "t1 p]suade a consid]able "p ( mank9d to ab&on ! religion ( _! ance/ors8 ,h[ 0 x possible1 t an h&ful ( apo/les1 :o1 z fi%]m5 & publicans1 mu/ h be5 contemn$ by _! own nation1 & z ,jews mu/ h be5 odi\s to all o!rs1 c\ld engage ! le>n$ & mighty1 z well z ! simple & ^? ( l[ degree1 to =sake _! favorite prejudices1 & to embrace a new religion :i* 0 an enemy to _! corrupt passions8 ,&1 inde$1 !re 7 und\bt$ m>ks ( a cele/ial p[] p]petually att5d+ _! m9i/ry4 ,_! v language1 an incr$ible en]gy1 an amaz+ p[] ( s5d+ light into ! und]/&+ & conviction into ! he>t4 7,mo%eim1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,i1 ,"p #a1 *4 #d3h47 #e4 ,nephites & ,lamanites4 ,! prog5itors ( ! ,nephite nation 7 l$ f ,j]usalem #fjj ,b4 ,c41 by ,lehi1 a ,jewi% prophet ( ! tribe ( ,manasseh4 ,8 imm$iate family1 at ! "t ( _! dep>ture f ,j]usalem1 compris$ 8 wife ,s>iah1 & _! sons ,laman1 ,lemuel1 ,sam1 & ,nephi2 at a lat] /age ( ! hi/ory1 daught]s are m5tion$1 b :e!r any ( ^! 7 born be=e ! family exodus we are n told4 ,beside 8 own family1 ! colony ( ,lehi includ$ ,zoram & ,i%mael1 ! latt] an ,israelite ( ! tribe ( ,ephraim4 ,i%mael1 ) 8 family1 jo9$ ,lehi 9 ! wild]ness2 & 8 desc5dants 7 numb]$ ) ! nation ( :om we are speak+4 ,! company j\rney$ some:at ea/ ( s\?1 keep+ ne> ! bord]s ( ! ,r$ ,sea2 !n *ang+ _! c\rse to ! ea/w>d1 cross$ ! p59sula ( ,arabia2 & !re1 on ! %ores ( ! ,arabian ,sea1 built & provision$ a vessel 9 :i* !y committ$ !mselves to ,div9e c>e ^u ! wat]s4 ,_! voyage c>ri$ !m ea/w>d across ! ,indian ,ocean1 !n ov] ! s\? ,pacific ,ocean to ! we/]n coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]eon !y l&$ 7#eij ,b4 ,c47 99 99 99 ,! p e/abli%$ !mselves on :at to !m 0 ! l& ( promise2 _m *ildr5 7 born1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few g5]ations a num]\s po/]ity held possession ( ! l&4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,lehi1 a division occurr$1 "s ( ! p accept+ z _! lead] ,nephi1 :o _h be5 duly appo9t$ to ! prophetic (fice2 :ile ! re/ proclaim$ ,laman1 ! elde/ ( ,lehi's sons1 z _! *ief4 ,h5ce=? ! divid$ p 7 kn[n z ,nephites & ,lamanites respectively4 ,at times !y obs]v$ t[>d ea* o!r fairly fri5dly relations2 b g5]ally !y 7 oppos$1 ! ,lamanites manife/+ implacable hatr$ & ho/ility t[>d _! ,nephite k9dr$4 ,! ,nephites advanc$ 9 ! arts ( civilization1 built l>ge cities1 & e/abli%$ prosp]\s commonweal?s2 yet !y (t5 fell into transgression2 & ! ,"l *a/5$ !m by mak+ _! foes victori\s4 ,!y spread nor?w>d1 occupy+ ! nor!rn "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica2 !n1 cross+ ! ,i/hmus1 !y ext5d$ _! doma9 ov] ! s\!rn1 c5tral1 & ea/]n portions ( :at is n[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,! ,lamanites1 :ile increas+ 9 numb]s1 fell "u ! curse ( d>kness2 !y became d>k 9 sk9 & b5ight$ 9 _s1 =got ! ,god ( _! fa!rs1 liv$ a wild nomadic life1 & deg5]at$ into ! fall5 /ate 9 :i* ! ,am]ican ,indians1--_! l9eal desc5dants1--7 f\nd by ^? :o re-discov]$ ! we/]n cont95t 9 lat] times4 7,! ,au?or1 ,articles ( ,fai?1 ,lect4 #ad3g1 #h47 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 9999,! ,apo/asy ,pr$ict$99994 #a4 ,9 proce$+ ) our pres5t inquiry we accept z demon/rat$ facts ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ "u ! ,savior's p]sonal adm9i/ration & ! rapid gr[? ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( ! apo/olic m9i/ry4 #b4 ,a "q ( ! utmo/ importance is3 ,has ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/1 ?us au?oritatively e/abli%$1 ma9ta9$ an organiz$ exi/5ce ^u ! e>? f ! apo/olic age to ! pres5t8 ,o!r que/ions are sugge/$ by ! fir/4 ,if ! ,*ur* has cont9u$ z an e>?ly organization1 :]e lies ! pro( or evid5ce ( legitimate succession 9 prie/ly au?ority1 & :i* among ! multitude ( cont5d+ sects or *ur*es ( ! pres5t day is ! actual possessor ( ! holy prie/hood orig9ally committ$ to ! ,*ur* by ! ,*ri/1 its f\nd]8 #c4 ,aga91 h ! spiritual gifts & graces by :i* ! e>ly ,*ur* 0 *>act]iz$ & di/+ui%$ be5 manife/ on e>? ?r\gh ! c5turies t h pass$ s9ce ! m]idian ( "t2 & if s1 9 :i* ( ! num]\s *ur*es ( ^! mod]n times d we f9d su* signs foll[+ ! pr(ess$ believ]s8--7,see ,m>k #af3ag47 #d4 ,we affirm t ) ! pass+ ( ! s-call$ apo/olic age ! ,*ur* gradually drift$ into a condition ( apo/asy1 :]eby succession 9 ! prie/hood 0 brok52 & t ! ,*ur*1 z an e>?ly organization op]at+ "u div9e direction & hav+ au?ority to (ficiate 9 spiritual ord9ances1 ceas$ to exi/4 #e4 ,if !re=e ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ is to be f\nd ^u ! e>? to-day x mu/ h be5 re-e/abli%$ by div9e au?ority2 & ! holy prie/hood mu/ h be5 re/or$ to ! _w f :i* x 0 lo/ by ! apo/asy ( ! ,primitive ,*ur*4--7,see ,note #a1 end ( *apt]47 #f4 ,we affirm t ! great apo/asy 0 =etold by ! ,savior ,himself :ile ,he liv$ z a ,man among m51 & by ,8 inspir$ prophets bo? be=e & aft] ! p]iod ( ,8 e>?ly probation4 ,& fur!r1 we affirm t a rational int]pretation ( hi/ory demon/rates ! fact ( ?is great & g5]al apo/asy4 #g4 ,be=e we take up 9 detail ! specific pr$ictions ref]r$ to1 & ! evid5ce ( _! dread fulfilm5t1 we may pr(itably devote brief att5tion to c]ta9 g5]al consid]ations4 #h4 ,respect+ ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 let x n be said t div9e omnisci5ce is ( itself a det]m9+ cause :]eby ev5ts are inevitably br\ght to pass4 ,a mortal fa!r :o kn[s ! weaknesses & frailties ( 8 son may by reason ( t k sorr[fully pr$ict ! calamities & suff]+s await+ 8 wayw>d boy4 ,he may =esee 9 t son's future a =feiture ( bless+s t c\ld h be5 won1 loss ( position1 self-respect1 reputation & honor2 ev5 ! d>k %ad[s ( a felon's cell & ! sight ( a drunk>d's grave may appe> 9 ! sadd5+ visions ( t fond fa!r's s\l2 yet1 conv9c$ by exp]i5ce ( ! impossibility ( br++ ab\t t son's re=m1 he =esees ! dread developm5ts ( ! future1 & he f9ds b sorr[ & angui% 9 8 k4 ,c x be said t ! fa!r's =ekn[l$ge is a cause ( ! son's s9ful life8 ,! son1 p]*ance1 has rea*$ 8 maturity2 he is ! ma/] ( 8 own de/9y2 a free ag5t unto himself4 ,! fa!r is p[]less to control by =ce or to direct by arbitr>y comm&2 & :ile he w\ld gladly make any ef=t or sacrifice to save 8 son f ! fate imp5d+1 he fe>s = :at seems to be an awful c]ta9ty4 ,b surely t ?\ghtful1 pray]ful1 lov+ p>5t does n contribute to ! son's wayw>dness because ( 8 k4 ,to reason o!rwise w\ld be to say t a neglectful fa!r1 :o takes n ! tr\ble to /udy ! nature & "* ( 8 son1 :o %uts 8 eyes to s9ful t5d5cies1 & re/s 9 c>eless indiff]5ce z to ! probable future1 w by 8 v he>tlessness be b5efit+ 8 *ild1 because 8 lack ( =e?\ght _c op]ate z a contributory cause to d]eliction4 #i4 ,our ,heav5ly ,fa!r has a full k ( ! nature & dispositions ( ea* ( ,8 *ildr51 a k ga9$ by long obs]vation & exp]i5ce 9 ! pa/ et]nity ( our primeval *ildhood2 a k comp>$ ) :i* t ga9$ by e>?ly p>5ts ?r\gh mortal exp]i5ce ) _! *ildr5 is inf9itesimally small4 ,by reason ( t surpass+ k1 ,god reads ! future ( *ild & *ildr51 ( m5 individually & ( m5 collectively z communities & nations2 ,he kn[s :at ea* w d "u giv5 conditions1 & sees ! end f ! beg9n+4 ,8 =ekn[l$ge is bas$ on intellig5ce & reason2 ,he =esees ! future z a /ate :i* naturally & surely w be2 n z "o :i* mu/ be because ,he has arbitr>ily will$ t x %all be4 #aj4 ,b1 x may be argu$ t 9 ! illu/rative in/ance giv5 above--t ( ! e>?ly p>5t & ! wayw>d son1--! fa!r _h n ! p[] to *ange ! sad c\rse ( s9 :]eby 8 son is ha/5+ to ignom9y & de/ruction2 :ile ! omnipot5t ,fa!r c save if ,he w4 ,9 reply ?is is to be said3 ,! ,fa!r ( s\ls has end[$ ,8 *ildr5 ) ! div9e bir?right ( free ag5cy2 ,he does n & w n control !m by arbitr>y =ce2 ,he impels no man t[>d s92 ,he compels none to righte\sness4 ,unto man has be5 giv5 fre$om to act = himself2 &1 associat$ ) ?is indep5d5ce1 is ! fact ( /rict responsibility & ! assurance ( individual acc\ntability4 ,9 ! judgm5t ) :i* we %all be judg$1 all ! conditions & circum/ances ( our lives %all be consid]$4 ,! inborn t5d5cies due to h]$ity1 ! effect ( environm5t :e!r conducive to good or evil1 ! :olesome tea*+s ( y\?1 or ! abs5ce ( good in/ruction--^! & all o!r contributory elem5ts mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9 ! r5d]+ ( a j v]dict z to ! s\l's guilt or innoc5ce4 ,nev]!less1 ! div9e wisdom makes pla9 :at w be ! result ) giv5 conditions op]at+ on kn[n natures & dispositions ( m52 :ile e individual is free to *oose good or evil )9 ! limits ( ! _m conditions exi/+ & op]ative44--7,see ,note #b1 end ( *apt]47 #aa4 ,ano!r matt] wor?y ( ?\ght 9 ! pres5t connection is ?is3 ,is ! fact ( ! great apo/asy1--! virtual ov]?r[ & de/ruction ( ! ,*ur* e/abli%$ by ,jesus ,*ri/1--to be reg>d$ z an in/ance ( failure 9 ! ,"l's plans8 ,is x a case ( defeat 9 :i* ,satan 0 victor ov] ,*ri/8 ,consid] ! foll[+4 ,:at mortal has yet measur$ ! /&>d by :i* ,omnisci5ce gages success or failure8 ,:o d>es affirm t :at man hails z triumph or deplores z defeat w be s acc\nt$ :5 te/$ by ! pr9ciples ( et]nal reckon+8 #ab4 ,! hi/ory ( ! _w ab\nds ) in/ances ( ! tempor>y triumph ( evil1 ( ju/ice seem+ly misc>ri$1 ( div9e plans = ! "t be+ fru/rat$1 ( ,god's purposes oppos$ & _! consummation delay$4 #ac4 ,we read ( ! ,"l's cov5ant ) ,israel8 ,unto ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob ,he decl>$ t _! desc5dants %\ld be a p *os5 = ,8 special s]vice among ! nations4 ,?r\gh t l9eage ! ,savior ( mank9d 0 to be born2 9 ! po/]ity ( ,abraham all nations ( ! e>? 7 to be bless$4 ,bless+s beyond ! he>t ( man to conceive1 beyond ! m9d ( man to compreh5d1 7 promis$ on condition ( loyal allegiance to ,him :o proclaim$ ,himself _! ,god & _! ,k+4 ,moreov] ! ,"l pr$ict$ calamity & suff]+1 & individual affliction & national disgrace1 if ,israel dep>t$ f ! s]vice ( ,jehovah & yield$ to ! enticem5ts ( _! hea!n neighbors :o knew n ,god4 ,?9k y t ! ,"l 0 ignorant ( ! c\rse ,8 p w\ld *oose8 ,did ,he fail to =esee t ,israel w\ld foll[ ! evil way1 =feit+ ! bless+s & reap+ ! h>ve/ ( sorr[8 ,jehovah's plans fail$ n1 ?\gh ! realization ( ! bless+s s abundantly promis$ has be5 long delay$4 ,equally =ceful ) ! pr$iction ( calamity 9 case ( s91 0 ! promise ( ev5tual re/oration to favor4 ,! disp]sion ( ,israel already accompli%$1 0 to be foll[$ by ! ga!r+ ( ,israel n[ 9 progress4--7,see ! ,au?or's ,articles ( ,fai?1 lectures #ag & #ah47 #ad4 ,:at w\ld h be5 ! _w's v]dict z to ! success or failure ( ! mission ( ! ,*ri/1 _h a vote be5 tak5 at ! "t ( ! crucifixion8 ,seem+ly ,8 enemies _h triumph$2 ,he :o proclaim$ ,himself ! ,messiah1 ! ,son ( ,god1 ! resurrection & ! life1 ov] :om dea? c\ld n prevail1 _h suff]$ ! fate ( malefactors1 & ,8 body 0 9 ! tomb4 ,b ! v]dict ( ! c5turies1 :i* is ! v]dict ( ! et]nities to come1 acclaims t failure z ! greate/ triumph ( ! ages1 ! victory ( victories4 #ae4 ,ev5 s ) ! ,*ur*4 ,= a season ! p[]s ( evil triumph$1 & ! _s ( apo/asy rul$4 ,b beyond ! d>kness ( ! spiritual night ! glori\s dawn ( ! re/oration 0 se5 9 prophetic vision1 & bo? ! night ) its horrors1 & ! awak5+ day ) its spl5dor1 7 =ese5 & =etold4 #af4 ,9 our /udy ( ! pr$ictions ( ! apo/asy z embodi$ 9 scripture & ( _! realization z atte/$ by lat] hi/ory1 we %all recognize two di/9ct phases or /ages ( ! progressive fall+ away z foll[s3 7#a7 ,apo/asy f ! ,*ur*2 & 7#b7 ,! apo/asy ( ! ,*ur*4 #ag4 ,9 ! fir/ /age we h to deal ) ! =sak+ ( ! tru? & sev]ance f ! ,*ur* by individuals1 at times few1 at o!r times _m4 ,su* conditions c sc>cely be consid]$ o!rwise ?an z natural & inevitable4 ,hi/ory fails to pres5t any example ( great und]tak+s ^u :i* multitudes ent] ) en?usiasm1 & f :i* _m d n des]t4 ,unless su* cases ( individual ab&onm5t are s num]\s z to %[ ! op]ation ( "s vital cause ( disaffection1 we w\ld n ne$ ! au?ority ( div9e pr$iction & inspir$ prophecy to expla9 ! occurr5ce4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t apo/asy f ! ,primitive ,*ur* 0 widespread & g5]al1 & t ! causes lead+ to su* a condition 7 ( vital significance4 #ah4 ,9 ! second ( ! two /ages already specifi$ we are confront$ ) conditions ( f> great] import ?an ^? att5d+ individual secession f ! ,*ur*2 = "h we f9d ! ,*ur* s9k+ to ! degrad$ level ( a human in/itution1 ) plan ( organization & mode ( op]ation =eign to ! con/itution ( ! orig9al1 )\t prie/hood or au?ority to (ficiate 9 spiritual ord9ances1 & devoid ( ! gifts & graces ) :i* ! ,savior end[$ ,8 ,*ur* at ! "t ( its e/abli%m5t4 ,9 %ort1 we f9d ! ,*ur* itself apo/ate1 boa/+ ( temporal p[]1 mak+ its own laws1 tea*+ its own dogmas1 pres]v+ only a =m ( godl9ess1 :ile d5y+ ! p[] !re(4--7,see ,,ii ,tim4 #c3a-f47 9999,specific ,pr$ictions ( ! ,apo/asy99994 #ai4 ,! ,"l =esaw ! great & g5]al dep>ture f ! pr9ciples ( righte\sness1 & f ! beg9n+ knew t m5 w\ld set up _! own =ms ( wor%ip1 wrongfully claim+ div9e au?ority = ! same4 ,?r\gh ! m\?s ( ,8 *os5 prophets ,he has repeat$ly pr$ict$ ! inevitable ev5t4--7,see note #c1 end ( *apt]47 #bj4 ,among ! prophecies ant$at+ ! bir? ( ,*ri/ ! foll[+ may be not$4 ,isaiah beheld 9 vision ! condition ( ! e>? 9 ! era ( spiritual d>kness1 a p]iod 9 :i* all classes w\ld be involv$ 9 a g5]al condition ( unrighte\sness1 a "t :5 ! _w ( mank9d w\ld be 9 a helpless & practically hopeless condition4 ,he pictures ! e>? m\rn+ & langui%+ 9 desolation & assigns ! reason = ! sad condition z foll[s3 ,! e>? also is defil$ "u ! inhabitants !re(2 because !y h transgress$ ! laws1 *ang$ ! ord9ance1 brok5 ! ev]la/+ cov5ant4--7,isaiah #bd3e2 read v]ses #a to #f inclusive47 #ba4 ,x may be ?\ght t ?is prophecy has ref]5ce to a violation ( ! law ( ,moses "u :i* anci5t ,israel liv$4 ,let x be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! ,mosaic law is n[h]e call$ an ev]la/+ cov5ant4 ,! cov5ant betwe5 ! ,"l & ,abraham ant$at$ ! giv+ ( ! law by f\r hundr$ & ?irty ye>s1 &1 z po9t$ out by ,paul1--7,galatians #c3ag2 read ! entire *apt]47 ,9 8 epi/le to ! ,galatians1 :om he designates z fooli% because ( _! confus+ ! law ( ,moses & ! gospel ( ,*ri/1 ! law c\ld n nullify ! e>li] cov5ant ! fulfillm5t ( :i* c\ld come only ?r\gh ,*ri/4 ,! law1 by :i* ! inspir$ apo/le pla9ly means ! ,mosaic /atutes1 0 b a prep>ation = ! fai?1 by :i* latt] expression ! gospel z reveal$ by ,*ri/ is cle>ly int5d$4 ,b be=e fai? came1 says ,paul1 we 7 kept "u ! law1 %ut up unto ! fai? :i* %\ld aft]w>ds be reveal$4 ,:]e=e ! law 0 our s*oolma/] to br+ u unto ,*ri/1 t we might be ju/ifi$ by fai?4 ,b aft] t fai? is come1 we are no long] "u a s*oolma/]4 ,= ye are ! *ildr5 ( ,god by fai? 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,= z _m ( y z h be5 baptiz$ into ,*ri/ h put on ,*ri/4 ,!re is nei!r ,jew nor ,greek1 !re is nei!r bond nor free1 !re is nei!r male nor female3 = ye are all "o 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,& if ye be ,*ri/'s !n are ye ,abraham's se$1 & heirs accord+ to ! promise4--7,v]ses #bc-bi47 #bb4 ,x is evid5t f ! t5or ( ! entire *apt]1 t :ile ! gospel 0 prea*$ unto ,abraham1 & cov5ant made ) him relat+ to ! com+ ( ! ,messiah ?r\gh 8 po/]ity1 ! gospel did n abide ) ,israel1 & ?is because ( transgression2--7,v]se #ai47 b 9 lieu !re( ! ,mosaic law 0 in/itut$ z a discipl9>y measure1 tempor>y 9 "*1 de/9$ to be sup]s$$ by ! gospel ( ,*ri/1 & assur$ly n an ev]la/+ cov5ant4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! blood ( ,*ri/1 ?r\gh ! %$d+ ( :i* ! aton+ sacrifice 0 wr\ght1 is di/9ctively call$ ! blood ( ! ev]la/+ cov5ant1--7,hebrews #ac3bj47 #bc4 ,x is evid5t !n t ,isaiah's fateful prophecy relat+ to ! break+ ( ! ev]la/+ cov5ant c\ld h no ref]5ce to a dep>ture f ! ,mosaic requirem5ts1 b mu/ ref] to a !n future condition ( apo/asy foll[+ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ev]la/+ cov5ant4 ,moreov]1 "p ( ! great pr$iction1 ref]r+ to ! burn+s & widespread calamities1--7,see ,isaiah #bd3f47 yet awaits its complete fulfillm5t4 #bd4 ,ano!r pr$iction applicable to ! p]iod :5 !re %\ld be no ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ to be f\nd1 & :51 9 consequ5ce !re %\ld be lam5tation & suff]+1 is t ( ,amos4 ,behold1 ! days come1 sai? ! ,"l ,god1 t ,i w s5d a fam9e 9 ! l&1 n a fam9e ( bread1 nor a ?ir/ = wat]1 b ( he>+ ! words ( ! ,"l3 ,& !y %all w&] f sea to sea1 & f ! nor? ev5 to ! ea/1 !y %all run to & fro to seek ! ^w ( ! ,"l1 & %all n f9d x4--7,amos #h3aa1 #ab47 #be4 ,*ri/ in/ruct$ ,8 foll[]s 9 t]ms at once direct & conclusive1 z to ! apo/asy !n imp5d+4 ,9 reply to c]ta9 inquiries conc]n+ ! signs by :i* ,8 second adv5t w\ld be h]ald$1 ,he said3 ,take he$ t no man deceive y4 ,= _m %all come 9 my "n1 say+1 ,i am ,*ri/2 & %all deceive _m4--7,matt4 #bd3d1 #e47 ,!n ,he told ( approa*+ w>s & political di/urbances1 & add$3 ,& !n %all _m be (f5d$1 & %all betray "o ano!r1 & %all hate "o ano!r4 ,& _m false prophets %all rise & %all deceive _m4 ,& because iniquity %all ab\nd1 ! love ( _m %all wax cold4 ,b he t %all endure unto ! end1 ! same %all be sav$4--7,v]ses #aj-ac4 ,see note #d1 end ( *apt]47 #bf4 ,fur!r specify+ ! conditions incid5t to ! gr[+ apo/asy1 ,*ri/ decl>$ to ,8 disciples3 ,!n %all !y deliv] y up to be afflict$1 & %all kill y3 & ye %all be hat$ ( all nations = my "n's sake4--7,v]se #i47 ,& aga93 ,!n if any man %all say unto y1 ,lo1 "h is ,*ri/1 or !re2 believe x n4 ,= !re %all arise false ,*ri/s1 & false prophets1 & %all %ew great signs & wond]s2 insomu* t if x 7 possible1 !y %all deceive ! v elect4 ,behold1 ,i h told y be=e4 ,:]e=e if !y %all say unto y1 ,behold1 he is 9 ! des]t2 g n =?2 behold1 he is 9 ! secret *amb]s2 believe x n4--7,v]ses #bc-bf47 #bg4 ,aft] ! dep>ture ( ,*ri/ f e>? ,8 apo/les cont9u$ to w>n ! p ( ! d>kness to come4 ,9 t memorable address to ! eld]s ( ,ephesus1 :51 z he told !m1 !y 7 look+ ^u 8 face = ! la/ "t1 ,paul rem9d$ 8 he>]s ( ! in/ructions he _h previ\sly giv5 !m1 & !n *>g$ !m ) ?is solemn w>n+3 ,= ,i "k ?is1 t aft] my dep>t+ %all griev\s wolves ent] 9 among y1 n sp>+ ! flock4 ,also ( y\r own selves %all m5 arise1 speak+ p]v]se ?+s1 to draw away disciples aft] !m4--7,acts #bj3bi1 #cj2 read v]ses #ag to #ca incl47 #bh4 ,n only w\ld outsid]s +ratiate !mselves ) ! sa9ts = purposes ( selfi% ga91--wolves ent]+ 91 & n sp>+ ! flock1--b s*isms & divisions 7 imm95t2 & ^! diss5sions 7 to come ?r\gh "s !n pres5t1--m5 :o w\ld aspire to lead]%ip1 & :o w\ld set up _! own doctr9es1 ?us draw+ disciples away f ! ,*ur* & unto !mselves4 #bi4 ,! same apo/le w>ns ,timo?y ( ! approa*+ apo/asy1 & ref]s to "s ( ! errone\s tea*+s t w\ld be impress$ ^u misguid$ p1--tea*+s :i* he calls doctr9es ( devils4 ,he admoni%es ,timo?y to put ! bre?r5 9 remembrance ( ^! ?+s1 z is becom+ 9 a good m9i/] ( ,*ri/1 n\ri%$ up 9 ! words ( fai? & ( good doctr9e4 ,note ! inspir$ pr$iction3 ,n[ ! ,_s speake? expressly1 t 9 ! latt] times "s %all dep>t f ! fai?1 giv+ he$ to s$uc+ spirits1 & doctr9es ( devils2 speak+ lies 9 hypocrisy2 hav+ _! consci5ce se>$ ) a hot iron2 =bidd+ to m>ry1 & comm&+ to ab/a9 f meats1 :i* ,god ha? creat$ to be receiv$ ) ?anksgiv+ ( !m :i* believe & "k ! tru?4--7,i ,tim4 #d3a-c4 ,see ,note #e1 end ( *apt]47 #cj4 ,9 a second epi/le to 8 belov$ ,timo?y1 :ile labor+ "u ! premonition t 8 m>tyrdom 0 ne> at h&1 ,paul urges zeal & en]gy 9 ! prea*+ ( ! gospel2 = ! %ad[s ( ! apo/asy 7 ga!r+ ab\t ! ,*ur*4 ,8 admonition is pa!tic 9 its e>ne/ness3 ,i *>ge !e !re=e1 be=e ,god1 & ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o %all judge ! quick & ! dead at 8 appe>+ & 8 k+dom2 ,prea* ! ^w2 be in/ant 9 season1 out ( season2 reprove1 rebuke1 exhort ) all long-suff]+ & doctr9e4 ,= ! "t w come :5 !y w n endure s\nd doctr9e2 b aft] _! own lu/s %all !y heap to !mselves tea*]s1 hav+ it*+ e>s2 & !y %all turn away _! e>s f ! tru?1 & %all be turn$ unto fables4--7,,ii ,tim4 #d3a-d47 #ca4 ,9 address+ ! ,!ssalonian sa9ts1 ,paul w>ns !m aga9/ ! error /rongly advocat$ by "s t ! day ( ,*ri/'s second adv5t 0 !n ne> at h&4 ,x appe>s t deception 0 be+ practic$1 & t ev5 =g]y 0 suspect$1 = ! apo/le in/ructs ! p t !y be n deceiv$ by ^w nor by lett] z f u4 ,! admonition is =ceful3 ,n[ we besee* y1 bre?r51 by ! com+ ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & by our ga!r+ toge!r unto ,him1 ,t ye be n soon %ak5 9 m9d1 or be tr\bl$1 nei!r by _s1 nor by ^w1 nor by lett] z f u1 z t ! day ( ,*ri/ is at h&4 ,let no man deceive y by any means3 = t day %all n come1 except !re come a fall+ away fir/1 & t man ( s9 be reveal$1 ! son ( p]dition2 :o oppose? & exalte? himself above all t is call$ ,god1 or t is wor%ip$2 s t he z ,god sitte? 9 ! temple ( ,god1 %ew+ himself t he is ,god4--7,,ii ,!ss4 #a3b-ad47 ,we %all see h[ pa9fully lit]al has be5 ! fulfilm5t ( ?is prophecy 9 ! blasphem\s assumptions ( ! apo/ate *ur*1 c5turies lat]4 #cb4 ,! ,apo/le ,pet] prophesi$ 9 language s pla9 t none may fail to compreh5d1 conc]n+ ! h]esies t w\ld be prea*$ z doctr9e 9 ! p]iod ( ! apo/asy2 & he rem9ds ! p t !re 7 false tea*]s 9 old5 times1 ev5 z !re w\ld be 9 times !n future3 ,b !re 7 false prophets also among ! p1 ev5 z !re %all be false tea*]s among y1 :o privily %all br+ 9 damnable h]esies1 ev5 d5y+ ! ,"l t b\ght !m1 & br+ ^u !mselves swift de/ruction4 ,& _m %all foll[ _! p]nici\s ways2 by reason ( :om ! way ( tru? %all be evil spok5 (4 ,& ?r\gh covet\sness %all !y ) feign$ words make m]*&ise ( y3 ^: judgm5t n[ ( a long "t l+]e? n1 & _! damnation slumb]e? n4--7,,ii ,pet] #b3a-c4 ,read ! entire *apt]1 not+ ! description ( conditions exi/+ 9 ! _w today47 #cc4 ,jude1 ! bro!r ( ,james1 9 8 g5]al epi/le to ! sa9ts1 rem9ds !m ( e>li] w>n+s3 ,b1 belov$1 rememb] ye ! words :i* 7 spok5 be=e ( ! apo/les ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/2 ,h[ t !y told y !re %\ld be mock]s 9 ! la/ "t1 :o %\ld walk aft] _! own ungodly lu/s4--7,jude #ag1 #ah47 #cd4 ,john1 :o is call$ ! ,revelator1 saw 9 vision ! /ate ( ! _w 9 ! days !n future4 ,describ+ ! _s ( unrighte\sness z a hide\s bea/1 & its au?or1 ,satan1 z ! dragon1 he says3 ,& !y wor%ip$ ! dragon :i* gave p[] unto ! bea/3 & !y wor%ip$ ! bea/1 say+1 ,:o is l unto ! bea/8 :o is able to make w> ) him8 99 99 99 ,& he op5$ 8 m\? 9 blasphemy aga9/ ,god1 to blaspheme 8 "n1 & 8 tab]nacle1 & !m t dwell 9 heav54 ,& x 0 giv5 unto him to make w> ) ! sa9ts1 & to ov]come !m3 & p[] 0 giv5 him ov] all k9dr$s1 & tongues1 & nations4 ,& all t dwell ^u ! e>? %all wor%ip him1 ^: names are n writt5 9 ! book ( life ( ! ,lamb sla9 f ! f\ndation ( ! _w4 ,if any man h an e>1 let him he>4--7,rev4 #ac3d1f-i47 #ce4 ,note ano!r prophecy bas$ on ! vision ( ,john ! ,revelator4 ,aga9 ref]r+ to latt]-day conditions he decl>es3 ,& ,i saw ano!r angel fly 9 ! mid/ ( heav51 hav+ ! ev]la/+ gospel to prea* unto !m t dwell on ! e>?1 & to e nation1 & k9dr$1 & tongue1 & p1 ,say+ ) a l\d voice1 ,fe> ,god1 & give glory to him2 = ! h\r ( 8 judgm5t is come3 & wor%ip him t made heav51 & e>?1 & ! sea1 & ! f\nta9s ( wat]4--7,rev4 #ad3f1 #g47 #cf4 ,:ile x is true t ! scripture la/ quot$ does n specifically pr$ict ! apo/asy1 ! break+ up ( ! ,*ur* is treat$ z an ev5t actually accompli%$4 ,! ,revelator look$ beyond ! p]iod ( disruption & saw ! bright] day ( ! re/oration ( ! gospel1--a re-e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ur* ?r\gh ! m9i/ry ( an angel4 ,x is illogical to assume t ! gospel 0 to be br\ght to e>? by a heav5ly mess5g] if t gospel 0 /ill extant ^u ! e>?4 ,equally unreasonable is x to say t a re/oration or re-e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ w\ld be necess>y or possible _h ! ,*ur* cont9u$ ) rightful succession ( prie/hood & p[]4 ,if ! gospel _h to be br\ght aga9 f ! heav5s1 ! gospel mu/ h be5 tak5 f ! e>?4 ,?us ! prophecy ( a re/oration is pro( ( an apo/asy g5]al & complete4 9999,apo/asy on ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e ,pr$ict$99994 #cg4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] x 0 %[n t ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ 0 e/abli%$ by ! ,ris5 ,"l among ! ,nephites ( ! we/]n _w4 ,x 0 =ese5 t ! p[]s ( evil w\ld be p]mitt$ to prevail 9 ! we/ z 9 ! ea/4 ,consid] ! fateful words ( ! prophet ,alma address$ to 8 son ,helaman3 ,behold1 ,i p]ceive t ?is v p1 ! ,nephites1 accord+ to ! _s ( revelation :i* is 9 me1 9 f\r hundr$ ye>s f ! "t t ,jesus ,*ri/ %all manife/ himself unto !m1 %all dw9dle 9 unbelief2 ,yea1 & !n %all !y see w>s & pe/il5ce1 yea1 fam9es & blood%$1 ev5 until ! p ( ,nephi %all become ext9ct2 ,yea1 & ?is because !y %all dw9dle 9 unbelief1 & fall into ! works ( d>kness1 & lascivi\sness1 & all mann] ( iniquities2 yea1 ,i say unto y1 t because !y %all s9 aga9/ s great light & k2 yea1 ,i say unto y1 t f t day1 ev5 ! f\r? g5]ation %all n pass away1 be=e ?is great iniquity %all come4--7,alma #de3aj-ab47 #ch4 ,an e>li] prophecy relat+ to ! degradation ( ! surviv+ remnant ( ,lehi's desc5dants1 0 utt]$ by ,nephi1 z a result ( a revelation communicat$ to him ?r\gh angelic visitation4 ,he ?us describes 8 vision ( ! future3 ,i beheld & saw t ! se$ ( my bre?r5 did cont5d aga9/ my se$1 accord+ to ! ^w ( ! angel2 & because ( ! pride ( my se$1 & ! temptations ( ! devil1 ,i beheld t ! se$ ( my bre?r5 did ov]p[] ! p ( my se$4 ,& x came to pass t ,i beheld & saw ! p ( ! se$ ( my bre?r51 t !y _h ov]come my se$2 & !y w5t =? 9 multitudes ^u ! face ( ! l&4 ,& ,i saw !m ga!r$ toge!r 9 multitudes2 & ,i saw w>s & rumors ( w>s among !m2 & 9 w>s & rumors ( w>s1 ,i saw _m g5]ations pass away4 ,& ! angel said unto me1 ,behold ^! %all dw9dle 9 unbelief4 ,& x came to pass t ,i beheld aft] !y _h dw9dl$ 9 unbelief1 !y became a d>k1 & loa?some1 & fil?y p1 full ( idl5ess & all mann] ( abom9ations4--7,i ,nephi #ab3ai-bc4 ,= o!r ,book ( ,mormon pr$ictions ( spiritual decl9e on ! we/]n cont95t1 see ,,ii ,nephi #bg3a2 read also ,,ii ,nephi #bf3ai-bb1 & *apt] #bi47 ,! degrad$ /ate ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1--desc5dants ( a prophet-fa!r--is a /rik+ realization ( ?is prophetic decl>ation4 #ci4 ,! scriptures cit$ are suffici5t to %[ t widespread apo/asy f ! ,*ur* 0 =ese52 t ! corruption ( ! ,*ur* itself 0 likewise =ekn[n2 & t on bo? hemisph]es a g5]al apo/asy 0 =etold4 ,,notes4 #a4 ,! ,*ur*1 ,primitive & ,re/or$4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ( ,latt]-day ,sa9ts decl>es by its "n a di/9ction f ! ,primitive ,*ur* z e/abli%$ by ,*ri/ & ,8 e>ly apo/les4 ,! ess5tial designation ( ! re/or$ ,*ur* is ! ,*ur* ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 its au?oriz$ "n is ! ,*ur* ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ( ,latt]-day ,sa9ts1 ! f9al phrase be+ add$ to di/+ui% ! ,*ur* z e/abli%$ 9 ! pres5t disp5sation f ! ,*ur* z organiz$ by ! ,savior dur+ ! p]iod ( ,8 e>?ly m9i/ry4 ,?is di/9ction is %[n 9 "o ( our ,articles ( ,fai?3 ,we 7! ,*ur* ( today7 believe 9 ! same organization t exi/$ 9 ! ,primitive ,*ur*4 #b4 ,man's ,free ,ag5cy4 ,! tea*+s ( ! re/or$ ,*ur* respect+ individual fre$om ( action are ?us summ>iz$3 ,! ,*ur* holds & tea*es z a /rictly scriptural doctr9e1 t man has inh]it$ among ! inali5able rights conf]r$ ^u him by 8 div9e ,fa!r1 absolute fre$om to *oose ! good or ! evil 9 life z he may elect4 ,?is "r _c be gu>d$ ) m jeal\s c>e ?an is be/[$ ^u x by ,god ,himself2 = 9 all ,8 deal+s ) man1 ,he has left ! mortal creature free to *oose & to act1 ) no semblance ( compulsion or re/ra9t1 beyond ! influ5ces ( pat]nal c\nsel & lov+ direction4 ,true1 ,he has giv5 comm&m5ts1 & has e/abli%$ /atutes1 ) promises ( bless+s = compliance & dire p5alties = infraction2 b 9 ! *oice ( ^!1 ,god's *ildr5 are untrammel$4 ,9 ?is respect1 man is no less free ?an are ! angels & ! ,gods1 except z he has fett]$ himself ) ! bonds ( s91 & =feit$ 8 p[] ( w & =ce ( s\l4 ,! individual has a full measure ( lib]ty to violate ! laws ( heal?1 ! requirem5ts ( nature1 & ! comm&m5ts ( ,god 9 matt]s bo? temporal & spiritual1 z he has to obey all su*2 9 ! "o case he br+s ^u himself ! sure p5alties t belong to ! brok5 law2 z 9 ! o!r he inh]its ! specific bless+s & ! add$ fre$om t att5d a law-abid+ life4 ,ob$i5ce to law is ! habit ( ! free man2 'tis ! transgressor :o fe>s ! law1 = he br+s ^u himself deprivation & re/ra9t1 n because ( ! law1 :i* w\ld h protect$ him 9 8 fre$om1 b because ( 8 rejection ( law4 ,! pr$om9ant attribute ( ju/ice1 recogniz$ z "p ( ,div9e nature1 =bids ! ?\ght t man %\ld receive promises ( rew>d = righte\sness1 & ?reats ( puni%m5t ( evil de$s1 if he possess$ no p[] ( indep5d5t action4 ,x is no m a "p ( ,god's plan to compel m5 to "w righte\sness1 ?an x is ,8 purpose to p]mit evil p[]s to =ce ,8 *ildr5 into s94 ,9 ! days ( ,ed51 ! fir/ man _h plac$ be=e him comm&m5t & law1 ) an explanation ( ! p5alty :i* w\ld foll[ a violation ( t law4 ,no law c\ld h be5 giv5 him 9 righte\sness1 _h he n be5 free to act = himself4 ',nev]!less1 ?\ maye/ *oose = ?yself1 = x is giv5 unto !e2 b rememb] t ,i =bid x1' said ! ,"l ,god to ,adam4 ,conc]n+ ,8 deal+s ) ! fir/ patri>* ( ! race1 ,god has decl>$ 9 ?is day1 ',behold ,i gave unto him t he %\ld be an ag5t unto himself4' 7,! ,au?or1 ,articles ( ,fai?1 ,lecture #c3a1 #b47 #c4 ,! ,te/imony ( ,prophecy to ! ,apo/asy4 ,:at is prophecy b hi/ory rev]s$8 ,no?+4 ,prophecy is a record ( ?+s be=e !y transpire4 ,hi/ory is a record ( !m aft] !y h occurr$2 & ( ! two prophecy is m to be tru/$ = its accuracy ?an hi/ory3 = ! reason t x has = its s\rce ! un]r+ inspiration ( ,almighty ,god2 :ile hi/ory1--except 9 ! case ( inspir$ hi/orians--is color$ by ! favor or prejudice ( ! writ]1 dep5ds = its exactness ^u ! po9t ( view f :i* he looks ^u ! ev5ts2 & is likely to be m>r$ 9 a ?\s& ways by ! influ5ces surr\nd+ him1--p>ty consid]ations1 national int]e/ or prejudice2 suppos$ influ5ce ^u pres5t conditions & future prospects--all ^! ?+s may int]f]e ) hi/ory2 b prophecy is free f su* influ5ces4 ,hi/orians are self-con/itut$1 or appo9t$ by m52 b prophets are *os5 ( ,god4 ,select$ by div9e wisdom1 & illum9at$ by t ,_s :i* %[s ?+s t are to come1 prophets h reveal$ to !m s mu* ( ! future z ,god w\ld h m5 to "k1 & ! inspir$ writ]s record x = ! enlight5m5t or w>n+ ( mank9d1 )\t ! color+ or di/ortion s liable to m> ! "w ( ! hi/orian4 ,?us ,moses record$ :at ! hi/ory ( ,israel w\ld be on condition ( _! ob$i5ce to ,god3 & :at x w\ld be if !y 7 disob$i5t4 ,israel 0 disob$i5t1 & hi/orians h exhau/$ _! art 9 attempts to tell ( _! disob$i5ce & suff]+2 b nei!r 9 vividness nor accuracy d ! hi/ories comp>e ) ! prophecy4 ,s ) ! prophecy ( ,daniel 9 respect to ! rise & succession ( ! great political p[]s t %\ld dom9ate ! e>?1 & ! f9al triumph ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,s ) well-nigh all ( ! prophecies4--7,b4 ,h4 ,rob]ts1 ,a ,new ,witness = ,god1 pp4 #aac1 #aad47 #d4 ,*ri/'s ,pr$iction ( ! ,apo/asy4 ,! =ceful prophecy1 c\*$ 9 t]ms ( vivid description1 utt]$ by our ,"l 9 response to inquiries by ,8 disciples1 has be5 ! subject ( div]se op9ion & v>i$ comm5t1 p>ticul>ly z reg>d ! "t to :i* ! pr$iction ref]s4 ,z record$ 9 ! tw5ty-f\r? *apt] ( ,mat!w1 a significant sign ( ! progress ( ev5ts to prec$e ! second com+ ( ,*ri/ 0 /at$ z foll[s3 ,& ?is gospel ( ! k+dom %all be prea*$ 9 all ! _w = a witness unto all nations2 & !n %all ! end come4 7,v]se #ad47 ,x is claim$ by _m t ! end ref]r$ to 9 ! passage quot$ is n necess>ily ! close ( ! f9al disp5sation1 n :at is commonly spok5 ( z ! end ( ! _w1 b ! clos+ up ( ! gospel disp5sation !n curr5t2 & 9 support ( ?is int]pretation x is urg$ t foll[+ ! utt]ance quot$ ,*ri/ proce$$ to pr$ict ! calamities !n await+ ,j]usalem4 ,t dur+ ! p]iod cov]$ by ! e>?ly m9i/ry ( ! apo/les1 ! gospel 0 prea*$ 9 all ! civiliz$ nations ( ! ,ea/]n hemisph]e1 is evid5t alike f scripture & f ! uncanonical writ+s ( repute relat+ to t p]iod4 ,paul speaks ( ! ,gospel z hav+ be5 c>ri$ 9 8 day to ! _w1 & z hav+ be5 prea*$ to e creature "u heav5 7see ,colos4 #a3f1 #bc2 comp>e ,romans #aj3ah2 see also ,note #c1 foll[+ *apt] ,i ( ?is "w1 page #ae47 ,9 ,joseph ,smi?'s v]sion ( ! tw5ty-f\r? *apt] ( ,mat!w ! p>agraph relat+ to ! prea*+ ( ! gospel 9 all ! _w z "o ( ! signs specifi$ by ,jesus ,*ri/1 is transpos$ s z to apply m directly to ! mod]n or la/ disp5sation4 7,see ,pe>l ( ,great ,price1 ,writ+s ( ,joseph ,smi?1 #a47 ,! scripture "u consid]ation has direct application to ! conditions *>act]i/ic ( pres5t times--! p]iod n[ curr5t & imm$iately prec$5t to ! second adv5t ( ! ,*ri/4 ,?is fact1 h[ev]1 does n necess>ily nullify its application to ! e>li] p]iod z well4 ,hi/ory repeats itself 9 _m in/ances 9 ?is1 ! disp5sation ( ! fulness ( times2 inde$1 ! v "n is expressive ( a summ>iz+ or ga!r+ toge!r ( ?+s pa/1 & ?is involves recurr5ce ( e>li] conditions & re-enactm5t ( laws4 ,! pr$iction ( _w-wide evangelization is n ! only in/ance ( a g5]al prophecy hav+ m ?an a s+le limit$ horizon ( fulfillm5t4 ,9 ! apo/olic p]iod ! gospel 0 c>ri$ to all nations kn[n to ! ,"l's m9i/]s2 a simil> "w is 9 progress today1 on a scale greatly exce$+ t ( ! pa/1 = ! _w1 z measur$ by human occupancy1 is va/ly great] ?an ( old4 #e4 ,scriptures ,relat+ to ! ,apo/asy4 ,t ! application ( ! scriptures cit$ 9 ! text is pro( ( ! pr$ict$ apo/asy is n peculi> to ! ,*ur* ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ( ,latt]-day ,sa9ts1 is %[n by ! fact t ^! pr$ictions are simil>ly int]pret$ by !ologians ( o!r *ur*es4 ,?us1 9 8 ,bible ,comm5t>y1 ,dr4 ,adam ,cl>ke annotates ,paul's admonition to ,timo?y z bel[4 ,fir/ note ! passage3 ,n[ ! ,_s speake? expressly1 t 9 ! latt] times "s %all dep>t f ! fai?1 giv+ he$ to s$uc+ spirits1 & doctr9es ( devils2 speak+ lies 9 hypocrisy2 etc4 ,dr4 ,cl>ke says3 ,9 ! latt] times3 ,?is does n necess>ily imply ! la/ ages ( ! _w2 b any times consequ5t 7subsequ5t7 to ^? 9 :i* ! *ur* !n liv$4 ,dep>t f ! fai?3 ,!y w apo/atize f ! fai?1 i4 e4 f ,*ri/ianity1 r5\nc+ ! :ole sy/em 9 effect by br++ 9 doctr9es :i* r5d] its ess5tial tru?s null & void2 or d5y+ & d5\nc+ su* doctr9es z are ess5tial to ,*ri/ianity z a sy/em ( salvation4 ,a man may hold all ! tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity1 & yet r5d] !m ( none effect1 by hold+ o!r doctr9es1 :i* c\nt]act _! influ5ce2 or he may apo/atize by d5y+ "s ess5tial doctr9e1 ?\gh he br+ 9 no?+ het]odox4 ,speak+ lies 9 hypocrisy3 ,p]sons pret5d+ n only to div9e inspiration1 b also to extraord9>y degrees ( hol9ess1 self-d5ial1 mortification1 etc41 9 ord] to cr$it ! lies & false doctr9es :i* !y taught4 ,multitudes ( lies 7 fram$ conc]n+ miracles wr\ght by ! relics ( dep>t$ sa9ts z !y 7 t]m$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 9999,e>ly ,/ages ( ! ,apo/asy99994 #a4 ,z %[n 9 ! prec$+ *apt] a g5]al apo/asy f ! ,primitive ,*ur* 0 bo? =ese5 & =etold4 ,prophets :o liv$ c5turies be=e ! "t ( ,*ri/ pr$ict$ ! great ev5t1 z did also ! ,savior ,himself & ! apo/les :o cont9u$ ! "w ( ! m9i/ry aft] ,8 resurrection & asc5sion4 ,we are n[ to inquire z to ! fulfillm5t ( ^! pr$ictions4 #b4 ,evid5ce t ! apo/asy occurr$ z _h be5 pr$ict$ is f\nd 9 ! sacr$ scriptures & 9 ! records ( hi/ory o!r ?an scriptural4 ,f c]ta9 utt]ances ( ! e>ly-day apo/les x is made pla9 to u t ! great fall+ away _h begun ev5 :ile ^? apo/les 7 liv+4 ,! prea*+ ( false doctr9es & ! rise ( unau?oriz$ tea*]s 7 ref]r$ to z conditions !n actually exi/+ 9 ! ,*ur*1 & n z remote developm5ts ( ! di/ant future4--7,see ,note #a1 end ( *apt]47 #c4 ,sc>cely _h ! gospel se$ be5 committ$ to ! soil be=e ! enemy came1 & by night s[$ t>es among/ ! :eat2 & s intimate 0 ! gr[? ( ! two t any attempt to =cibly uproot ! we$s w\ld h ?reat5$ ! life ( ! gra94--7,/udy ! p>able ( :eat & t>es1 ,matt4 #ac3bd-cj4 ,see ,note #b1 end ( *apt]47 #d4 ,paul recogniz$ ! fact t ! p among/ :om he labor$ 7 los+ ! fai? !y _h pr(ess$1 & 7 becom+ victims ( ! deception practic$ by false tea*]s4 ,9 8 lett] to ! *ur*es ( ,galatia he wrote3 ,i m>vel t ye are s soon remov$ f him t call$ y into ! grace ( ,*ri/ unto ano!r gospel3 ,:i* is n ano!r2 b !re be "s t tr\ble y1 & w\ld p]v]t ! gospel ( ,*ri/4 ,& !n1 to emphasize ! s9 ( ^? :o ?us s\ght to p]v]t ! gospel ( ,*ri/1 he cont9u$3 ,b ?\gh we1 or an angel f heav51 prea* any o!r gospel unto y ?an t :i* we h prea*$ unto y1 let him be accurs$4 ,z we said be=e1 s say ,i n[ aga91 ,if any man prea* any o!r gospel unto y ?an t ye h receiv$1 let him be accurs$4--7,galatians #a3f-i2 read ! entire *apt]4 ,see ,note #c1 end ( *apt]47 #e4 ,! context ( ! passages j quot$ %[s ! nature ( ! error into :i* ! *ur*es ( ,galatia 7 9 dang] ( fall+4 ,!y 7 embroil$ 9 a discussion z to :e!r !y 7 b\nd by c]ta9 requirem5ts ( ! law ( ,moses1 notably t respect+ circumcision4 ,! apo/le in/ructs !m to ! effect t ! gospel ( ,*ri/ 0 sup]ior to ! law2 & t moreov]1 !y 7 inconsi/5t 9 cont5d+ = "o item ( ! law & neglect+ ! re/4 ,we h "h indication ( ! ef=t s p]si/$ 9 ev5 by ^? :o _h jo9$ ! ,*ur*1 to modify & *ange ! simple requirem5ts ( ! gospel by introduc+ ! elem5ts ( ,judaism4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ev5 among ! apo/les "s diff]5ce ( op9ion _h exi/$ z to ! necessity ( circumcision2 b ?is _h be5 settl$ by _! pray]ful ef=ts to le>n ! ,"l's w 9 ! matt]2 & ^? :o s\ght to fom5t diss5sion on ?is or any o!r matt] ( au?oritative doctr9e 7 decl>$ to be enemies to ! ,*ur*1 seek+ to p]v]t ! gospel ( ,*ri/4 #f4 ,9 8 second epi/le to ! *ur* ( ! ,!ssalonians ,paul decl>es t ! _s ( iniquity 0 !n already op]ative4 ,aft] pr$ict+ ! rise ( ! apo/ate *ur*1 ) its blasphem\s assumptions ( p[]1 z a condition antec$5t to ! second com+ ( ,*ri/1 ! apo/le cont9u$ z foll[s3 ,= ! my/]y ( iniquity do? already "w3 only he :o n[ lette? w let until he be tak5 out ( ! way4 ,& !n %all t ,wick$ be reveal$1 :om ! ,"l %all consume ) ! _s ( 8 m\?1 & %all de/roy ) ! brightness ( 8 com+4--7,,ii ,!ss4 #b3g1 #h47 #g4 ,! seem+ly obscure expression1 he :o n[ lette? w let1 may be m readily und]/ood by rememb]+ t 9 ! old] /yle ( ,engli% let _h ! mean+ ( re/ra9 or h9d]4--7,an example ( ?is old-"t use ( ! v]b let is f\nd 9 ,%akespe>e4 ,hamlet is made to say1 ,unh& me1 g5tlem54 ,by heav5 ,i'll make a gho/ ( him :o lets me1 i4 e41 ( him :o re/ra9s or h9d]s me47 ,! passage !re=e may be und]/ood z a decl>ation t ! _s ( iniquity 0 already active ?\gh re/ra9$ or h9d]$ = a "t2 & t lat] ev5 ?is re/ra9t w\ld be remov$ & ! evil "o w\ld be 9 p[]4 ,9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ?is passage is r5d]$ ?us3--lawlessness do? already "w3 only !re is "o t re/ra9e? n[1 until he be tak5 out ( ! way4 #h4 ,j :o or :at is ref]r$ to z ex]cis+ a re/ra9t on ! p[]s ( iniquity at t "t has giv5 rise to discussion4 ,"s writ]s hold t ! pres5ce ( ! apo/les op]at$ 9 ?is way1 :ile o!rs believe t ! re/ra9+ p[] ( ! ,roman gov]nm5t is ref]r$ to4 ,x is kn[n t ! ,roman policy 0 to disc\nt5ance religi\s cont5tion1 & to all[ a l>ge measure ( lib]ty 9 =ms ( wor%ip z long z ! gods ( ,rome 7 n malign$ nor _! %r9es di%onor$4 ,z ,roman supremacy decl9$ ! my/]y ( iniquity embodi$ 9 ! apo/ate *ur* op]at$ practically )\t re/ra9t4 #i4 ,! expression my/]y ( iniquity z us$ by ,paul is significant4--7,see ,note #a1 end ( *apt]47 ,prom95t among ! e>ly p]v]t]s ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? 7 ^? :o assail$ its simplicity & lack ( exclusiv5ess4 ,?is simplicity 0 s diff]5t f ! my/]ies ( ,judaism & ! my/]i\s rites ( hea!n idolatry z to be disappo9t+ to _m2 & ! e>lie/ *anges 9 ! ,*ri/ian =m ( wor%ip 7 m>k$ by ! introduction ( my/ic c]emonies4 #aj4 ,paul's zeal z a mission>y & a proselyt] is abundantly %[n 9 scripture2 he 0 equally zeal\s 9 seek+ to ma9ta9 ! fai? ( ^? :o _h accept$ ! tru?4 ,! ,paul9e epi/les ab\nd 9 admonitions & plead+s aga9/ ! increas+ influ5ce ( false doctr9es1 & 9 expressions ( sorr[ ov] ! gr[? ( apo/asy 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,8 words address$ to ,timo?y are bo? emphatic & pa!tic4 ,hold fa/ ! =m ( s\nd words1 :i* ?\ ha/ he>d ( me1 9 fai? & love :i* is 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,t good ?+ :i* 0 committ$ unto !e keep by ! ,holy ,gho/1 :i* dwelle? 9 u4 ,?is ?\ kn[e/1 t all !y :i* are 9 ,asia be turn$ away f me4--7,,ii ,timo?y #a3ac-ae2 italics introduc$2 comp>e #d3aj1 #af47 #aa4 ,an excell5t summ>y ( important utt]ances by ! ,apo/le ,paul relat+ to ! beg9n+ ( ! apo/asy z a fact 9 ! e>ly apo/olic age1 has be5 made by "o ( ! latt]-day apo/les1 ,orson ,pratt4 ,he writes z foll[s3 ,! great apo/asy ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* comm5c$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury2 :ile !re 7 yet inspir$ apo/les & prophets 9 _! mid/2 h5ce ,paul1 j previ\s to 8 m>tyrdom1 enum]ates a great numb] :o _h 'made %ipwreck ( _! fai?1' & 'turn$ aside unto va9 jangl+2' tea*+ 't ! resurrection 0 already pa/1' 'giv+ he$ to fables & endless g5ealogies1' 'd\bt+ ab\t que/ions & /rifes ( words :]e( came envy+s1 rail+s1 evil surmis+s1 p]v]se disput+s ( m5 ( corrupt m9ds & de/itute ( ! tru?1 suppos+ t ga9 is godl9ess4' ,?is apo/asy _h become s g5]al t ,paul decl>es to ,timo?y1 't all !y :i* are 9 ,asia be turn$ away f me2' & aga9 he says1 'at my fir/ answ] no man /ood ) me1 b all m5 =sook me2' he fur!r says t '!re are _m unruly1 & va9 talk]s & deceiv]s1 tea*+ ?+s :i* !y ought n1 = fil?y lucre's sake4' ,^! apo/ates1 no d\bt1 pret5d$ to be v righte\s2 =1 says ! apo/le1 '!y pr(ess t !y "k ,god2 b 9 works !y d5y him1 be+ abom9able1 & disob$i5t1 & unto e good "w reprobate4' #ab4 ,jude admoni%$ ! sa9ts to be on _! gu>d aga9/ m5 :o 7 9 ! s]vice ( ,satan seek+ to corrupt ! ,*ur*4 ,address+ himself to !m t are sanctifi$ by ,god ! ,fa!r1 & pres]v$ 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 he said3 ,x 0 ne$ful = me to write unto y1 & exhort y t ye %\ld e>ne/ly cont5d = ! fai? :i* 0 once deliv]$ unto ! sa9ts4 ,= !re are c]ta9 m5 crept 9 unaw>es1 :o 7 be=e ( old orda9$ to ?is condemnation1 ungodly m51 turn+ ! grace ( our ,god into lascivi\sness1 & d5y+ ! only ,"l ,god1 & our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4--7,jude #c1 #d4 ,see ,note #e1 end ( *apt]47 ,x is pla9 t ,jude consid]$ ! fai? :i* 0 once deliv]$ unto ! sa9ts z 9 dang]2 & he urges ! fai?ful to cont5d = x & op5ly def5d x4 ,he rem9ds ! sa9ts t !y _h be5 told !re %\ld be mock]s 9 ! la/ "t1 :o %\ld walk aft] _! own ungodly lu/s2 & adds ,^! be !y :o sep>ate !mselves1 s5sual1 hav+ n ! ,_s4--7,v]ses #ah1 #ai47 ,cle>ly he is ref]r+ to ! apo/ates ( su* "t1 :o1 because ( s5sual appetites & lu/ful desires1 h sep>at$ !mselves f ! ,*ur*4 #ac4 ,dur+ ! bani%m5t ( ,john ! ,revelator on ! ,isle ( ,patmos1 :5 ne>ly all ! apo/les _h be5 tak5 f ! e>?1 _m ( !m hav+ suff]$ m>tyrdom1 ! apo/asy 0 s widespread t only sev5 *ur*es1 i4 e41 bran*es ( ! ,*ur*1 rema9$ 9 su* condition z to be consid]$ des]v+ ( ! special communication ,john 0 in/ruct$ to give4 ,9 a m>vel\s vision he beheld ! sev5 *ur*es typifi$ by sev5 gold5 c&le/icks1 ) sev5 />s repres5t+ ! presid+ (fic]s ( ! sev]al *ur*es2 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! gold5 c&le/icks1 ) ! />s 9 8 h&1 /ood "o l unto ! ,son ( ,man4 #ad4 ,! *ur* at ,ephesus 0 approv$ = its good works1 specifically = its rejection ( ! ,nicolaitean h]esies2 nev]!less repro( 0 adm9i/]$ = disaffection & neglect1 ?us3--?\ ha/ left ?y fir/ love4 ,rememb] !re=e f :5ce ?\ art fall51 & rep5t1 & d ! fir/ works2 or else ,i w come unto !e quickly1 & w remove ?y c&le/ick out ( 8 place1 except ?\ rep5t4--7,rev4 #b3d1e47 #ae4 ,to ! *ur* at ,p]gamos ,john 0 comm&$ to write1 d5\nc+ ! false doctr9es ( c]ta9 sects & tea*]s1 :i* ?+ ,i hate1 said ! ,"l4--7,see v]ses #ab-af47 ,! *ur* ( ! ,laodiceans 0 d5\nc$ z lukew>m1 nei!r hot nor cold1 & z prid+ itself z ri* & n 9 ne$1 :]eas x 0 9 reality wret*$1 & mis]able1 & poor1 & bl9d1 & nak$4--7,rev4 #c2 see v]ses #ad-ba47 #af4 ,! =ego+ scriptures are ample z pro( t ev5 be=e ! anci5t apo/les _h f9i%$ _! e>?ly m9i/ry1 apo/asy 0 gr[+ apace4 ,! te/imony ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian fa!rs :o wrote 9 ! p]iod imm$iately foll[+ ! pass+ ( ! apo/les1 is to ! same effect4 ,accord+ to ! g5]ally accept$ *ronology1 ! prophetic message ( ,john ! ,revelator to ! *ur*es ( ,asia 0 giv5 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! fir/ c5tury4--7,probably ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #if2 see ,ox=d ,bible1 m>g947 #ag4 ,among ! hi/orians ( t p]iod ^: writ+s are n reg>d$ z canonical or scriptural1 b :i* are nev]!less accept$ z g5u9e & reliable1 0 ,hegesippus1 :o fl\ri%$ ne>e/ ! days ( ! apo/les4 ,writ+ ( ! conditions m>k+ ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! second1 ,eusebius cites ! te/imony ( ! e>li] writ] z foll[s3--,! same au?or1 ,hegesippus relat+ ! ev5ts ( ! times1 also says1 t ! ,*ur* cont9u$ until !n z a pure & uncorrupt virg92 :il/ if !re 7 any at all t attempt$ to p]v]t ! s\nd doctr9e ( ! sav+ gospel1 !y 7 yet skulk+ 9 d>k retreats2 b :5 ! sacr$ *oir ( apo/les became ext9ct1 & ! g5]ation ( ^? t _h be5 privileg$ to he> _! inspir$ wisdom _h pass$ away1 !n also ! comb9ations ( impi\s error arose by ! fraud & delusions ( false tea*]s4 ,^! also1 z !re 7 none ( ! apo/les left1 h5ce=? attempt$1 )\t %ame to prea* _! false doctr9e aga9/ ! gospel ( tru?4 ,su* is ! /atem5t ( ,hegesippus4--7,eusebius1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ,book ,,iii1 *apt] #cb47 #ah4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! false tea*]s ref]r$ to 9 ! te/imony la/ cit$1 7 pr(ess$ adh]5ts ( ! ,*ur*1 & n outside oppon5ts1 inasmu* z !y 7 re/ra9$ by ! influ5ce & au?ority ( ! apo/les1 & wait$ ! pass+ ( ! au?oriz$ lead]s z an opportunity to corrupt ! ,*ur* by evil tea*+s4 #ai4 ,a lat] writ]1 comm5t+ on ! s*isms & diss5sions by :i* ! ,*ur* 0 r5t 9 ! latt] "p ( ! fir/ c5tury--! p]iod imm$iately foll[+ t ( ! apo/olic m9i/ry1 says3 ,x w easily be imag9$ t unity & peace c\ld n reign long 9 ! ,*ur*1 s9ce x 0 compos$ ( ,jews & ,g5tiles1 :o reg>d$ ea* o!r ) ! bitt]e/ av]sion4 ,besides1 z ! conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity c\ld n extirpate radically ! prejudices :i* _h be5 =m$ 9 _! m9ds by education1 & confirm$ by "t1 !y br\ght ) !m into ! bosom ( ! ,*ur* m or less ( ! errors ( _! =m] religions4 ,?us ! se$s ( discord & controv]sy 7 easily s[n1 & c\ld n fail to spr+ up soon into animosities & diss5sions1 :i* accord+ly broke out & divid$ ! ,*ur*4--7,mo%eim1 ,eccl4 ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,i1 ,"p ,,ii2 *ap4 #c3aa4 ,see ,note #d1 end ( *apt]47 #bj4 ,ano!r recogniz$ au?ority on ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 & "o ^: av[$ purpose 0 to pres5t ! tru? respect+ ! ,*ur* 9 its mo/ favorable light1 is ,joseph ,miln]1 au?or ( a compreh5sive ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/4 ,he comm5ts on ! /ate ( ! ,*ur* at ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury 9 ?is wise3 ,let u keep 9 view :at t ! _s ( ! gospel really is4 ,! simple fai? ( ,*ri/ z ! only ,savior ( lo/ s9n]s1 & ! effectual influ5ces ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 recov]+ s\ls altoge!r deprav$ by s9--^! are ! lead+ ideas4 ,:5 ! effusion ( ! ,holy ,gho/ fir/ took place1 ^! ?+s 7 taught ) p[]2 & no s5tim5ts :i* militat$ aga9/ !m c\ld be support$ = a mom5t4 ,z1 ?r\gh ! preval5ce ( human corruption & ! crafts ( ,satan1 ! love ( tru? 0 less5$1 h]esies & v>i\s abuses ( ! gospel appe>$2 & 9 e/imat+ !m we may =m "s idea ( ! decl5sion ( true religion t[>d ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,! same writ] cont9ues3 ,yet a gloomy cl\d hung ov] ! conclusion ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,! fir/ impressions made by ! effusion ( ! ,_s are g5]ally ! /ronge/ & ! mo/ decisively di/9ct f ! _s ( ! _w4 ,b human depravity1 ov]borne = a "t1 arises afre%1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! next g5]ation4 ,h5ce ! disord]s ( s*ism & h]esy4 ,_! t5d5cy is to de/roy ! pure "w ( ,god4--7,miln]1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,i1 *4 #ae47 #ba4 ,! purpose ( ?is *apt] has be5 t ( demon/rat+ ! e>ly beg9n+ ( ! apo/asy1 s soon to become g5]al1 & lat]1 univ]sal4 ,! specific causes directly contribut+ to ! degradation ( ! ,*ur* are res]v$ = future consid]ation4 9999,! ,gr[? ( ,apo/asy on ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e99994 #bb4 ,n[ let u see :at 0 ! condition ( ! ,*ur* e/abli%$ by ! ,resurrect$ ,"l among ! desc5dants ( ,lehi on ! ,am]ican ,cont95t4 ,9 ?is und]tak+ we %all n re/rict ourselves to ! beg9n+ ( ! disruption alone4 ,inasmu* z ! c\rse ( apo/asy among ! ,nephites 0 s rapid1 & ! p]iod int]v5+ betwe5 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ur* & ! de/ruction ( ! nation 0 s brief1 we %all consid] ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* to its close1 & ?us obviate ! necessity ( recurr+ to ! subject 9 lat] *apt]s4 ,we read t ! ,*ur* _h prosp]$ until ab\t #bjj ,a4 ,d4 ,!n apo/asy became g5]al1 z evid5ce ( :i* note ! foll[+3 #bc4 ,& n[ 9 ?is two hundr$ & fir/ ye>1 !re began to be among !m ^? :o 7 lift$ up 9 pride4 99 99 99 ,& !y began to be divid$ into classes1 & !y began to build up *ur*es unto !mselves1 to get ga91 & began to d5y ! true ,*ur* ( ,*ri/4 ,& x came to pass t :5 two hundr$ & t5 ye>s _h pass$ away !re 7 _m *ur*es 9 ! l&2 yea1 !re 7 _m *ur*es :i* pr(ess$ to "k ! ,*ri/1 & yet !y did d5y ! m p>ts ( 8 gospel1 insomu* t !y did receive all mann] ( wick$ness1 & did adm9i/] t :i* 0 sacr$ unto him to :om x _h be5 =bidd51 because ( unwor?9ess4 ,& ?is *ur* did multiply exce$+ly1 because ( iniquity1 & because ( ! p[] ( ,satan1 :o did get hold ^u _! he>ts4 ,& aga91 !re 0 ano!r *ur* :i* d5i$ ! ,*ri/2 & !y did p]secute ! true ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ because ( _! humility1 & _! belief 9 ,*ri/2 & !y did despise !m because ( ! _m miracles :i* 7 wr\ght among !m4--7,,iv ,nephi #a3bd-bi2 read ! entire *apt]47 #bd4 ,! ,book ( ,mormon record is def9ite 9 its specifications ( ! imm$iate reasons =1 or causes ( ! great apo/asy on ! we/]n hemisph]e4 ,:ile ! memb]s ( ! ,*ur* rema9$ fai?ful to _! cov5ants & obligations1 !y z individuals & ! ,*ur* z an organization prosp]$2 & _! enemies 7 unable to prevail aga9/ !m4 ,) prosp]ity1 h[ev]1 came pride & class di/9ctions1 ! ri* dom9at$ ! poor1 & e>?ly ga9 became ! object ( life4--7,see ,,iv ,nephi #a3b-g & comp>e ) v]ses #be1 #bf47 ,secret organizations ( evil purpose fl\ri%$1--7,v]se #db47 ! p 7 divid$ into two oppos+ factions1 ^? :o /ill pr(ess$ a belief 9 ,*ri/ be+ kn[n z ,nephites & _! enemies z ,lamanites1 )\t reg>d to actual desc5t or family relation%ip4 ,) ! gr[? ( pride & its att5dant s9s1 ! ,nephites became z wick$ z ! non-pr(ess+ ,lamanites2--7,v]se #de47 & 9 _! wick$ness ^! p s\ght ea* o!r's de/ruction4 ,consid] ! pa?os & dire trag$y express$ 9 ! words ( ,moroni1 ! solit>y survivor ( a once bless$ & mighty nation3 #be4 ,behold1 f\r hundr$ ye>s h pass$ away s9ce ! com+ ( our ,"l & ,savior4 ,& behold1 ! ,lamanites h hunt$ my p1 ! ,nephites1 d[n f city to city1 & f place to place1 ev5 until !y are no m2 & great has be5 _! fall2 yea1 great & m>vel\s is ! de/ruction ( my p1 ! ,nephites4 ,& behold1 x is ! h& ( ! ,"l :i* ha? done x4 ,& behold also1 ! ,lamanites are at w> "o ) ano!r2 & ! :ole face ( ?is l& is "o cont9ual r\nd ( murd] & blood%$2 & no "o kn[e? ! end ( ! w>4 ,& n[ behold1 ,i say no m conc]n+ !m1 = !re are none1 save x be ! ,lamanites & robb]s t d exi/ ^u ! face ( ! l&2 & !re are none t d "k ! true ,god1 save x be ! disciples ( ,jesus1--7,see ,,iii ,nephi #bh3a-g47 :o did t>ry 9 ! l& until ! wick$ness ( ! p 0 s great1 t ! ,"l w\ld n suff] !m to rema9 ) ! p2 & :e!r !y be ^u ! face ( ! l& no man kn[e?4--7,mormon #h3f-aj47 ,,notes4 #a4 ,! ,e>ly ,apo/asy ,recogniz$4 ,! fact ( ! e>ly beg9n+ ( ! apo/asy is g5]ally recogniz$ by !ologians & au?orities on biblical int]pretation4 ,cl>ke's comm5t>y on ! decl>ation ( ,paul z to ! my/]y ( iniquity !n at "w 7,see ,,ii ,!ss4 #b3g7 is z foll[s3 ,= ! my/]y ( iniquity do? already "w3 ,!re is a sy/em ( corrupt doctr9e :i* w lead to ! g5]al apo/asy1 already 9 exi/5ce2 b x is a my/]y2 x is z yet hidd52 x d>e n %[ itself because ( t :i* h9d]e? or )holde?4 ,b :5 t :i* n[ re/ra9e? is tak5 out ( ! way1 !n %all t wick$ "o be reveal$2 x w !n be manife/ :o he is & :at he is4 #b4 ,e>ly ,diss5sions 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,z in/ances ( ! disagreem5ts & diff]5ces t tr\bl$ & di/urb$ ! ,*ur* ev5 9 apo/olic days ,mo%eim says3 ,! fir/ ( ^! controv]sies1 :i* 0 set on foot 9 ! *ur* ( ,antio*1 reg>d$ ! necessity ( obs]v+ ! law ( ,moses1 & its issue is m5tion$ by ,/4 ,luke 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 7*ap4 #ae74 ,?is controv]sy 0 foll[$ by _m o!rs1 ei!r ) ! ,jews :o 7 viol5tly atta*$ to ! wor%ip ( _! ance/ors1 or ) ! vot>ies ( a wild & fanatical sort ( philosophy1 or ) su* z1 mi/ak+ ! true g5ius ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 abus$ x mon/r\sly to ! enc\ragem5t ( _! vices1 & _! indulg5ce ( ! appetites & passions4 ,/4 ,paul & ! o!r apo/les h 9 sev]al places ( _! writ+s1 m5tion$ ^! controv]sies1 b ) su* brevity t x is difficult at ?is di/ance ( "t to come at ! true /ate ( ! "q 9 ^! v>i\s disputes4 ,! mo/ weighty & important ( all ^! controv]sies 0 t :i* c]ta9 ,jewi% doctors rais$ at ,rome1 & 9 o!r ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es conc]n+ ! means ( ju/ification & acceptance ) ,god1 & ! me?od ( salvation po9t$ out 9 ! ^w ( ,god4 ,! apo/les1 :]ev] !y ex]cis$ _! m9i/ry1 _h con/antly decl>$ all hopes ( acceptance & salvation delusive1 except su* z 7 f\nd$ on ,jesus ! ,r$eem]1 & ,8 all-suffici5t m]its2 :ile ! ,jewi% doctors ma9ta9$ ! works ( ! law to be ! true effici5t cause ( ! s\l's et]nal salvation & felicity4 ,?is latt] s5tim5t n only l$ to _m o!r errors extremely prejudicial to ,*ri/ianity1 b 0 also injuri\s to ! glory ( ! div9e ,savior4--7,mo%eim1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,i1 ,"p ,,ii1 #aa-ab47 #c4 ,unau?oriz$ ,writ+s 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age4 ,paul's ref]5ce to ano!r gospel 9 8 epi/le to ! ,galatians 7#a3f7 sugge/$ to ,dr4 ,adam ,cl>ke ! foll[+ comm5t>y on ! passage3 ,ano!r gospel3 ,x is c]ta9 t 9 ! v e>lie/ ages ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 !re 7 sev]al spuri\s gospels 9 circulation2 & x 0 ! multitude ( ^! false or inaccurate relations t induc$ ,/4 ,luke to write 8 own 7see ,luke #a3a74 ,we h ! names ( m ?an sev5ty ( ^! spuri\s n>ratives /ill on record1 & 9 anci5t writ]s _m fragm5ts ( !m rema92 ^! h be5 collect$ & publi%$ by ,fabricius 9 8 acc\nt ( ! apocryphal books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7#c vols1 #h vo47 ,9 "s ( ^! gospels ! necessity ( circumcision & subjection to ! ,mosaic law1 9 unity ) ! gospel1 7 /rongly inculcat$4--7,cl>ke1 ,bible ,comm5t>y47 #d4 ,"s ,au?orities on ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory4 ,among ! au?orities cit$ 9 ! text are ^? nam$ bel[4 ,a brief note z to ea* may be ( int]e/4 ,eusebius3 ,eusebius ,pamphilus1 bi%op ( ,caes>ea 9 ,pale/9e4 ,he liv$ f ab\t #bfj to ab\t #cci ,a4,d41 ?\gh !re is "s unc]ta9ty z to ! exact "t ( 8 dea?4 ,he 0 an eye witness ( & a p>ticipant 9 "s ( ! suff]+s incid5t to hea!n p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians1 & has be5 call$ ! ,fa!r ( ,*ur* ,hi/ory4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( sev]al works1 among !m "o ( ! e>lie/ on ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory4 ,! quotations f ?is "w by ,eusebius1 z giv5 9 ! text1 are f ! v]sion translat$ f ! ,greek by ,c4 ,f4 ,cruse4 ,mo%eim3 ,dr4 ,j4 ,l4 von ,mo%eim1 *ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,gott+52 a ,g]man writ]1 not$ = 8 contributions to *ur* hi/ory4 ,he is ! au?or ( an exhau/ive "w on ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory 7#f vols471 dat$ #agee4 ,! exc]pts f ,mo%eim's ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory giv5 9 ! text are tak5 f ! v]sion translat$ into ,engli% by ,dr4 ,ar*ibald ,macla9e1 dat$ #agfd4 ,miln]3 ,rev4 ,joseph ,miln]4 ,an ,engli% au?ority on *ur* hi/ory1 & au?or ( a compreh5sive ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ 7#e vols47 f :i* ! exc]pts 9 ! text are tak54 #e4 ,comm5t>y on ! ,passage f ,jude3--,! passage quot$ 9 ! text--,= !re are c]ta9 m5 crept 9 unaw>es1 :o 7 be=e ( old orda9$ to ?is condemnation1 ungodly m54 etc4 7,jude #d71 has giv5 rise to discussion1 ! "q at issue be+ z to :e!r ! pr9ciples ( pre-appo9tm5t or =e-ord9ation is "h involv$4 ,a ha/y & casual read+ ( ! passage may sugge/ ! inf]5ce t ! ungodly m5 ref]r$ to _h be5 appo9t$ or orda9$ 9 ! provid5ce ( ,god to s[ ! se$s ( discord & diss5sion 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ?is scripture %[s t no su* inf]5ce is w>rant$4 ,! ungodly m5 :o 7 be=e ( old orda9$ to ?is condemnation 7 m5 :o _h already1 i4 e41 previ\sly1 be5 d5\nc$1 proscrib$ & condemn$ = ! v h]esies :i* n[ !y 7 endeavor+ to p]petuate 9 ! ,*ur*1 !y hav+ crept 9 unaw>es1 or 9 o!r words1 !y hav+ become memb]s ( ! ,*ur* by false pret5ses & pr(ession1 & be+ able because ( _! memb]%ip1 to spread _! false tea*+s m effectively4 ,dr4 ,adam ,cl>ke1 9 8 ,bible ,comm5t>y1 ?us treats ! passage "u consid]ation3 ,= !re are c]ta9 m5 crept 9 unaw>es4 ,!y h got into ! *ur* "u speci\s pret5ses1 & :5 91 began to s[ _! bad se$4 ,be=e ( old orda9$3 ,su* z 7 long ago proscrib$ & condemn$ 9 ! mo/ public mann]2 ?is is ! import ( ! orig9al ^w 9 ?is place1 & !re are _m examples ( ?is use ( x 9 ! ,greek writ]s4 ,to ?is condemnation3 ,to a simil> puni%m5t to t ab\t to be m5tion$4 ,9 ! sacr$ writ+s all su* p]sons1 false doctr9es & impure practices h be5 mo/ op5ly proscrib$ & condemn$1 & ! apo/le imm$iately produces sev]al examples1 viz41 ! disob$i5t ,israelites1 ! unfai?ful angels1 & ! impure inhabitants ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah4 ,?is is mo/ obvi\sly ! apo/le's mean+1 & x is z ridicul\s z x is absurd1 to look into su* words = a decree ( reprobation1 etc41 su* a doctr9e be+ z f> f ! apo/le's m9d z f t ( ,him 9 ^: "n he wrote4--7,cl>ke1 ,bible ,comm5t>y1 ,jude #d47 ,9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ! passage is r5d]$ ?us3 ,i 0 con/ra9$ to write unto y exhort+ y to cont5d e>ne/ly = ! fai? :i* 0 once = all deliv]$ unto ! sa9ts4 ,= !re are c]ta9 m5 crept 9 privily1 ev5 !y :o 7 ( old set =? unto ?is condemnation1 ungodly m51 turn+ ! grace ( our ,god into lascivi\sness1 & d5y+ our only ,ma/] & ,"l1 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 9999,causes ( ! ,apo/asy4--,ext]nal ,causes ,consid]$99994 #a4 ,we are n[ to consid] "s ( ! pr9cipal causes contribut+ to apo/asy f ! ,primitive ,*ur* & lead+ lat] to ! apo/asy ( ! ,*ur* z an e>?ly in/itution2 & we are to /udy ! mann] 9 :i* ^? causes h op]at$4 #b4 ,9 ! scriptures be=e cit$ z pro( ( ! e>ly beg9n+ ( ! apo/asy1 _m ( ! contribut+ causes are indicat$1 su* z ! rise ( false tea*]s1 ! spread ( h]etical doctr9es1 & ! gr[? ( ! p[] ( ,satan 9 g5]al4 ,^! may be class$ z int]nal causes1 orig9at+ )9 ! ,*ur* itself4 ,9 contra/ ) ^! !re 7 o!r conditions op]at+ ^u ! ,*ur* f )\t2 & su* may be class$ z ext]nal causes4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 /udy we %all consid] ! subject 9 ! foll[+ ord] ( treatm5t3 7#a7 ,ext]nal causes2 7#b7 ,int]nal causes4 9999,ext]nal ,causes ( ! ,great ,apo/asy99994 #c4 ,ext]nal conditions op]at+ aga9/ ! ,*ur*1 t5d+ to re/rict its developm5t & contribut+ to its decl9e may be designat$ by ! g5]al t]m2 p]secution4 ,x is a matt] ( hi/ory1 undisput$ & indisputable1 t f ! "t ( its inception to t ( its actual cessation1 ! ,*ur* e/abli%$ by ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 ! object ( bitt] p]secution1 & ! victim ( viol5ce4 ,! "q z to :e!r p]secution is to be reg>d$ z an elem5t t5d+ to produce apo/asy is wor?y ( pres5t consid]ation4 ,opposition is n always de/ructive2 on ! contr>y x may contribute to gr[?4 ,p]secution may impel to great] zeal1 & ?us prove itself a pot5t factor ( advancem5t4 ,a prov]b /ill 9 favor decl>es t ! blood ( ! m>tyrs is ! se$ ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b prov]bs & adages1 aphorisms & p>ables1 :ile true z g5]alities1 are n always applicable to special conditions4 #d4 ,und\bt$ly ! p]si/5t p]secution to :i* ! e>ly ,*ur* 0 subject$ caus$ _m ( its adh]5ts to r5\nce ! fai? !y _h pr(ess$ & to return to _! =m] allegiances1 :e!r ,judai/ic or pagan4 ,*ur* memb]%ip 0 ?us dim9i%$2 b su* in/ances ( apo/asy f ! ,*ur* may be reg>d$ z individual des]tions & ( comp>atively little importance 9 its effect ^u ! ,*ur* z a body4 ,! dang]s t affright$ "s w\ld ar\se ! det]m9ation ( o!rs2 ! ranks des]t$ by disaffect$ weakl+s w\ld be repl5i%$ by zeal\s conv]ts4 ,let x be repeat$ t apo/asy f ! ,*ur* is insignificant z comp>$ ) ! apo/asy ( ! *ur* z an in/itution4 ,p]secution z a cause ( apo/asy has op]at$ indirectly b none ! less effectively ^u ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/4--7,see ,notes #a & #b1 end ( *apt]47 #e4 ,we h consid]$ briefly ! te/imony ( e>ly *ur* hi/orians %[+ t s*isms1 cont5tion1 & p]v]sion ( doctr9e invad$ ! ,*ur* imm$iately aft] ! pass+ ( ! apo/les2 we h se5 h[ wolves _h await$ ! dep>ture ( ! %eph]ds t !y might ! m effectively worry ! flock4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! e>ly p]secutions 7 direct$ mo/ p>ticul>ly aga9/ ! lead]s ( ! p2 ! %>pe/ %afts 7 aim$ aga9/ ! (fic]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ! fi]ce battle betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & its alli$ foes--,judaism & hea!ndom--! /rong m5 :o /ood = ,*ri/ 7 ! fir/ to fall4 ,& ) _! fall1 ! traitors )9 ! ,*ur*1 ! ungodly & ! rebelli\s1 ^? :o _h crept 9 unaw>es1 & ^: s9i/] purpose x 0 to p]v]t ! gospel ( ,*ri/1 7 reliev$ ( re/ra9t1 & f\nd !mselves free to propagate _! h]esies & to und]m9e ! f\ndations ( ! ,*ur*4 ,p]secution1 op]at+ f )\t1 & !re=e ess5tially an ext]nal cause1 s]v$ to set 9 motion ! eng9]y ( disruption )9 ! ,*ur*1 & !re=e mu/ be treat$ z an effective elem5t contribut+ to ! great apo/asy4 #f4 ,a fur!r purpose 9 introduc+ "h a brief summ>y ( ! p]secutions ( :i* ! e>ly ,*ur* 0 ! victim1 is t ( af=d+ a basis ( ready comp>ison betwe5 su* & ! p]secutions wag$ by ! apo/ate *ur* itself 9 lat] c5turies4 ,we %all f9d t ! suff]+s ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! days ( its integrity1 are surpass$ by ! cruel inflictions p]petrat$ 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/4 ,moreov]1 a /udy ( ! e>ly p]secutions w enable u to contra/ ! conditions ( opposition & pov]ty ) ^? ( ease & afflu5ce z affect+ ! integrity ( ! ,*ur* & ! devotion ( its adh]5ts4 #g4 ,! p]secution to :i* ! ,primitive ,*ur* 0 subject$ 0 two-fold2 viz41 ,judai/ic & pagan4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,jews 7 di/+ui%$ f all o!r nations ( antiquity by _! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( a liv+ ,god4 ,! re/ ( ! _w be=e & at ! "t ( ,*ri/ 0 idolatr\s & pagan1 pr(ess$ly believ+ 9 a ho/ ( deities1 yet ) no recognition ( a ,supreme ,be+ z a liv+ p]sonage4 ,! ,jews 7 bitt] 9 _! opposition to ,*ri/ianity1 :i* !y reg>d$ z a rival religion to _! own2 & moreov]1 !y recogniz$ ! fact t if ,*ri/ianity ev] came to be g5]ally accept$ z ! tru?1 _! nation w\ld /& convict$ ( hav+ put to dea? ! ,messiah4 9999,judai/ic ,p]secution99994 7,see ,note #c1 end ( ,*apt]47 #h4 ,opposition to ,*ri/ianity on ! "p ( ^? :o belong$ to ! ,h\se ( ,israel 0 r ,judai/ic ?an ,jewi%4 ,! conflict 0 betwe5 sy/ems1 n betwe5 peoples or nations4 ,*ri/ 0 a ,jew3 ,8 apo/les 7 ,jews1 & ! disciples :o con/itut$ ! body ( ! ,*ur* at its e/abli%m5t & ?r\gh\t ! e>ly ye>s ( its exi/5ce 7 l>gely ,jews4 ,our ,"l's in/ructions to ! *os5 twelve on _! fir/ mission>y t\r re/rict$ _! m9i/ry to ! ,h\se ( ,israel2--7,see ,matt4 #aj3e1 #f47 & :5 ! "t 0 propiti\s = ext5d+ ! privileges ( ! gospel to ! ,g5tiles1 a miracul\s manife/ation 0 necess>y to conv9ce ! apo/les t su* ext5sion 0 prop]4--7,see ,acts1 *apt]s #aj & #aa47 ,! ,*ur* 0 at fir/ exclusively & = a long "t pre-em95tly ,jewi% 9 memb]%ip4 ,judaism1 ! religi\s sy/em f\nd$ on ! law ( ,moses1 0 ! great enemy ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,:5 !re=e we read ( ! ,jews oppos+ ! ,*ur*1 we und]/& t ,judai/ic ,jews are meant--def5d]s ( ,judaism z a sy/em1 uphold]s ( ! law & enemies ( ! gospel4 ,) ?is explanation ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,jews z a p & ,judaism z a sy/em1 we may employ ! t]ms ,jews & ,jewi% accord+ to common usage1 keep+ 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 ! true signification ( ! t]ms4 #i4 ,judai/ic opposition to ! ,*ur* 0 pr$ict$4 ,:ile ,jesus m9i/]$ 9 ! fle% ,he specifically & repeat$ly w>n$ ! apo/les ( ! p]secution !y w\ld h to meet4 ,9 answ]+ c]ta9 inquiries ,*ri/ said to ,pet] & o!rs3 ,b take he$ to y\rselves3 = !y %all deliv] y up to c\ncils1 & 9 ! synagogues ye %all be beat53 & ye %all be br\ght be=e rul]s & k+s = my sake1 = a te/imony aga9/ !m4--7,m>k #ac3i2 comp>e ,matt4 #aj3af-ah2 #bd3i-ac2 ,luke #ba3ab47 #aj4 ,%ortly be=e ,8 betrayal ! ,"l repeat$ ! w>n+ ) solemn impressiv5ess1 cit+ ! p]secutions to :i* ,he _h be5 subject1 & decl>+ t ,8 disciples c\ld n escape3 ,if ! _w hate y1 ye "k t x hat$ me be=e x hat$ y4 ,if ye 7 ( ! _w1 ! _w w\ld love 8 own2 b because ye are n ( ! _w1 b ,i h *os5 y out ( ! _w1 !re=e ! _w hate? y4 ,rememb] ! ^w t ,i said unto y1 ,! s]vant is n great] ?an 8 "l4 ,if !y h p]secut$ me1 !y w also p]secute y4--7,john #ae3ah-bj47 #aa4 ,! extreme ( depravity to :i* ! bigot$ p]secutors w\ld s9k is set =? 9 ^! fur!r words ( ! ,savior3 ,!y %all put y out ( ! synagogues3 yea1 ! "t come?1 t :osoev] kille? y w ?9k t he doe? ,god s]vice4 ,& ^! ?+s w !y d unto y1 because !y h n kn[n ! ,fa!r1 nor me4--7,john #af3b1 #c2 comp>e #i3bb1 & #ab3db47 #ab4 ,^! pr$ictions _h spe$y & lit]al fulfilm5t4 ,f ! "t ( ! crucifixion1 ,jewi% malignity & hatr$ 7 direct$ aga9/ all :o pr(ess$ a belief 9 ! div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( _! m9i/ry sev]al ( ! apo/les 7 imprison$--7,acts #e3ah2 comp>e #d3c47 & ! prie/ly lead]s s\ght to take _! lives4--7,acts #e3cc47 ,/eph5 0 /on$ to dea? because ( 8 te/imony2--7,see ,acts #f3h-ae2 #g3ed-fj47 & ! p]secution aga9/ ! ,*ur* became g5]al4--7,see ,acts #h3a47 ,james1 ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 0 sla9 by ord] ( ,h]od1--7,acts #ab3a1 #b47 & ,pet] 0 sav$ f a simil> fate only by a miracul\s int]v5tion4--7,v]ses #c3aj47 ,! scriptural record in=ms u z to ! ultimate fate ( b few ( ! apo/les2 & secul> hi/ory is likewise incomplete4 ,t ,pet] w\ld be numb]$ ) ! m>tyrs 0 made kn[n by ! resurrect$ ,"l4--7,see ,john #ba3ah1 #ai47 ,paul sets =? ! fact t ! apo/les liv$ 9 ! v %ad[ ( dea?--7,i ,cor4 #d3i47 & t p]secution 0 _! h]itage4--7,v]ses #aa-ac2 see also ,,ii ,cor4 #d3h1 #i2 #f3d1 #e47 #ac4 ,n only did ! ,jews wage rel5tless p]secution aga9/ ^? ( _! numb] :o pr(ess$ ,*ri/1 b !y s\ght to /ir up opposition on ! "p ( ! ,romans1 & to accompli% ?is end *>g$ t ! ,*ri/ians 7 plott+ treason aga9/ ! ,roman gov]nm5t4 ,ev5 dur+ ! p]sonal m9i/ry ( ! e>ly apo/les1 p]secution ( ! sa9ts _h spread f ,j]usalem1 ?r\gh\t ,pale/9e & into ! adjac5t prov9ces4 ,9 ?is evil "w ! ,jews s\ght to incite _! own p liv+ 9 ! outly+ p>ts1 & also to ar\se ! opposition ( ! (fic]s & rul]s ( ! ,roman dom9ions4 ,z evid5ce ( ?is phase ( ! p]secution1 p>tly ,jewi% & p>tly pagan1 in/igat$ by ,jews & p>ticipat$ 9 by o!rs1 ! foll[+ quotation f ,mo%eim may suffice3 #ad4 ,! ,jews :o liv$ out ( ,pale/9e1 9 ! ,roman prov9ces1 did n yield to ^? ( ,j]usalem 9 po9t ( cruelty to ! innoc5t disciples ( ,*ri/4 ,we le>n f ! hi/ory ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 & o!r records ( unque/ionable au?ority1 t !y sp>$ no labor1 b zeal\sly seiz$ e occasion ( animat+ ! magi/rates aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 & sett+ on ! multitude to dem& _! de/ruction4 ,! high prie/ ( ! nation & ! ,jews :o dwelt 9 ,pale/9e 7 in/rum5tal 9 incit+ ! rage ( ^! =eign ,jews aga9/ ! infant ,*ur*1 by s5d+ mess5g]s to exhort !m1 n only to avoid all int]c\rse ) ! ,*ri/ians1 b also to p]secute !m 9 ! mo/ vehem5t mann]4 ,= ?is inhuman ord] !y endeavor$ to f9d out ! mo/ plausible pretexts2 & !re=e1 !y gave out t ! ,*ri/ians 7 enemies to ! ,roman emp]or1 s9ce !y ackn[l$g$ ! au?ority ( a c]ta9 p]son ^: "n 0 ,jesus1 :om ,pilate _h puni%$ capitally z a malefactor by a mo/ righte\s s5t5ce1 & on :om1 nev]!less1 !y conf]r$ ! royal dignity4--7,mo%eim1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,i1 ,"p ,i1 #e3b47 #ae4 ,9 ! latt] half ( ! fir/ c5tury1 ! sc5e ( ,judai/ic p]secution ( ! *ur* _h %ift$ f ,j]usalem to ! outly+ prov9ces2 & ! cause ( ?is 0 ! g5]al exodus ( ,*ri/ians f ! city ^: de/ruction _h be5 decre$4--7,see ,note #d1 end ( *apt]47 ,our ,"l's pr$ictions z to ! fate ( ,j]usalem & ,8 w>n+s to ! p--7,see ,luke #ba3e-i1 #bj-bd47 _h be5 v g5]ally he$$4 ,eusebius--7,eusebius1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ,book ,,iii1 *4 #e47 in=ms u t ! body ( ! ,*ur* _h mov$ f ,j]usalem into ! prov9ces beyond ! ,jordan1 & ?us l>gely escap$ ! calamities ( ! ,jews :o rema9$4 ,,notes #a4 ,p]secution 9 ,diff]5t ,disp5sations4 ,x may be argu$ t1 judg+ f ! hi/ory ( ! re-e/abli%$ ,*ur* 9 ! pres5t disp5sation1 may t5d to /r5g!n r ?an to weak5 ! ,*ur*1 & t !re=e viol5t opposition 9 e>li] times _c be consid]$ a true cause lead+ to f9al disruption4 ,9 reply x may be said t ! pres5t is ! disp5sation ( ! fulness ( times1--a p]iod 9 :i* ! ,*ur* %all triumph1 & dur+ :i* ! p[]s ( evil are limit$ & re/ra9$ 9 _! opposition2 :]eas ! p]iod ( ! apo/asy 0 "o ( tempor>y victory = ,satan4 ,our belief 9 ! ev5tual triumph ( good ov] evil mu/ n bl9d u to ! fact t evil is frequ5tly all[$ a %ort-liv$ success1 & a seem+ victory4 ,! p]man5cy ( ! ,latt]-day ,*ur* has be5 n less surely pr$ict$ ?an 0 ! tempor>y duration ( ! ,primitive ,*ur*4 ,satan 0 giv5 p[] to ov]come ! sa9ts 9 =m] days1 & ! p]secutions he wag$ aga9/ !m & ! (fic]s ( ! ,*ur* contribut$ to 8 pass+ success4 ,x has be5 decre$ t he %all n h p[] to de/roy ! ,*ur* 9 ! la/ disp5sation1 & 8 p]secution ( ! sa9ts today w be futile z a means ( br++ ab\t a g5]al apo/asy 9 ^! latt] times4 #b4 ,p]secution z a ,possible ,cause ( ,apo/asy4 ,let x n be a matt] ( surprise t ,i class ^? p]secutions z among ! means ?r\gh :i* ! *ur* 0 de/roy$4 ,! =ce ( hea!n rage 0 aim$ at ! lead]s & /rong m5 ( ! body religi\s2 & be+ long-cont9u$ & rel5tlessly cruel1 ^? mo/ /eadfa/ 9 _! adh]5ce to ! ,*ur* inv>iably became its victims4 ,^! be+ /rick5 d[n1 x left none b weakl+s to cont5d = ! fai?1 & made possible ^? subsequ5t innovations 9 ! religion ( ,jesus :i* a pagan public s5tim5t dem&$1 & :i* s completely *ang$ bo? ! _s & =m ( ! ,*ri/ian religion z to subv]t x utt]ly4 ,let me fur!r ask t no "o be surpris$ t viol5ce is p]mitt$ to op]ate 9 su* a case4 ,! idea t ! "r is always victori\s 9 ?is _w1 t tru? is always triumphant & innoc5ce always div9ely protect$1 are old1 fond fables ) :i* well-mean+ m5 h amus$ cr$ul\s multitudes2 b ! /]n facts ( hi/ory & actual exp]i5ce 9 life correct ! pleas+ delusion4 ,d n misund]/& me4 ,i believe 9 ! ultimate victory ( ! "r1 ! ultimate triumph ( tru?1 ! f9al immunity ( innoc5ce f viol5ce4 ,^!--innoc5ce1 tru? & ! "r--w be at ! la/ m ?an conqu]ors2 !y w be successful 9 ! w>1 b t does n prev5t !m f los+ "s battles4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ always t ,god has giv5 to man 8 ag5cy2 & t fact implies t "o man is z free to act wick$ly z ano!r is to d righte\sness4 ,ca9 0 z free to murd] 8 bro!r z t bro!r 0 to wor%ip ,god2 & s ! pagans & ,jews 7 z free to p]secute & murd] ! ,*ri/ians z ! ,*ri/ians 7 to live virtu\sly & wor%ip ,*ri/ z ,god4 ,! ag5cy ( man w\ld n be wor? ! "n if x did n grant lib]ty to ! wick$ to fill ! cup ( _! iniquity1 z well z lib]ty to ! virtu\s to r\nd out ! measure ( _! righte\sness4 ,su* p]fect lib]ty or ag5cy ,god has giv5 man2 & x is only s v>i\sly modifi$ z n s ?w>t ,8 g5]al purposes4 7,b4 ,h4 ,rob]ts1 ,a ,new ,witness = ,god1 pp4 #dg1 #dh47 #c4 ,e>ly ,p]secutions by ! ,jews4 ,! innoc5ce & virtue t di/+ui%$ s em95tly ! lives ( ,*ri/'s s]vants ! apo/les1 ! purity ( ! doctr9e !y taught1 7 n suffici5t to def5d !m aga9/ ! virul5ce & malignity ( ! ,jews4 ,! prie/s & rul]s ( t ab&on$ p n only load$ ) injuries & reproa* ! apo/les ( ,jesus & _! disciples1 b condemn$ z _m ( !m z !y c\ld to dea?1 & execut$ 9 ! mo/ irregul> & b>b>\s mann] _! decrees4 ,! murd] ( ,/eph51 ( ,james ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 & ( ,james surnam$ ! ,j1 bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 furni%$ dreadful examples ( ! tru? ( :at we "h advance4 ,?is odi\s malignity ( ! ,jewi% doctors aga9/ ! h]alds ( ! gospel1 0 und\bt$ly ow+ to a secret appreh5sion t ! progress ( ,*ri/ianity w\ld de/roy ! cr$it ( ,judaism1 & br+ on ! ru9 ( _! pomp\s c]emonies4 ,9 a footnote to ! =ego+1 ref]5ces appe> z foll[s4 ,! m>tyrdom ( ,/eph5 is record$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les #g3ee2 & t ( ,james ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 ,acts #ab3a1 #b1 & t ( ,james ! ,j1 bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 is m5tion$ by ,josephus 9 8 ,jewi% ,antiquities1 book ,,xx1 *ap4 #h2 & by ,eusebius 9 8 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 book ,,ii1 *ap4 #bc4--7,mo%eim1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,i1 ,"p ,i1 #e3a47 #d4 ,de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by ! ,romans4 ,a rebelli\s di/urbance among ! ,jews gave a semblance ( excuse = a t]rible *a/isem5t to be visit$ ^u !m by _! ,roman ma/]s1 :i* culm9at$ 9 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 ,a4 ,d4 #ga4 ,! city fell aft] a six mon?s' siege be=e ! ,roman arms l$ by ,titus1 son ( ! ,emp]or ,vespasian4 ,josephus1 ! fam\s hi/orian1 to :om we owe mo/ ( our k z to ! details ( ! /ruggle1 0 himself a resid5t 9 ,galilee & 0 c>ri$ to ,rome among ! captives4 ,f 8 record we le>n t ne>ly a million ,jews lo/ _! lives ?r\gh ! fam9e incid5t to ! siege2 _m m 7 sold into slav]y1 & unc\nt$ numb]s 7 =c$ into exile4 ,! city 0 utt]ly de/roy$1 & ! site ^u :i* ! temple _h /ood 0 pl[$ up by ! ,romans 9 _! se>* = treasure4 ,?us lit]ally 7 ! words ( ,*ri/ fulfill$1 ,!re %all n be left "h "o /one ^u ano!r1 t %all n be ?r[n d[n4--7,matt4 #bd3a1 #b2 see also ,luke #ai3dd47 7,! ,au?or1 ,! ,articles ( ,fai?1 ,lecture #ag3ah47 ,,*apt] ,v4 9999,causes ( ,apo/asy4--,ext]nal ,causes1 ,cont9u$99994 #a4 ,z already po9t$ out1 x is conv5i5t to /udy ! causes lead+ to ! great apo/asy z belong+ to two classes1 ext]nal & int]nal1 or 7#a7 causes due to conditions op]at+ aga9/ ! ,*ur* f )\t2 & 7#b7 causes aris+ f diss5sion & h]esy )9 ! ,*ur* itself4 ,we h summ>iz$ ext]nal causes "u ! g5]al t]m p]secution2 & we h drawn a di/9ction betwe5 ,judai/ic & pagan p]secution wag$ aga9/ ! ,*ur*4 ,hav+ dealt ) ! opposition suff]$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians at ! h&s ( ! ,jews or ?r\gh ,jewi% in/igation1 we h n[ to consid] ! p]secution br\ght ^u ! believ]s 9 ,*ri/ by pagan nations4 9999,pagan ,p]secution99994 #b4 ,! t]m pagan z "h us$ may be tak5 z a synonym ( hea!n1 & is to be und]/ood z ref]r+ to p]sons or peoples :o did n believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! liv+ ,god1 & ^: wor%ip 0 ess5tially idolatr\s4 ,! motives impell+ non-believ+ ,jews to oppose ! e/abli%m5t & spread ( ,*ri/ianity may readily be und]/ood1 9 view ( ! fact t ! religion taught by ,*ri/ appe>$ z a rival ( ,judaism1 & t ! gr[? & spread ( "o meant ! decl9e if n ! ext9ction ( ! o!r4 ,! imm$iate motive lead+ to bitt] & widespread p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians by hea!n peoples is n s easy to p]ceive1 s9ce !re 0 no uni=m sy/em ( idolatr\s wor%ip 9 any s+le nation1 b a va/ div]sity ( deities & cults ( idolatry1 to no "o ( :i* 0 ,*ri/ianity oppos$ m ?an to all4 ,yet we f9d ! wor%ip]s ( idols =gett+ _! own diff]5ces & unit+ 9 opposition to ! gospel ( peace1--9 p]secution wag$ ) incr$ible f]ocity & indescribable cruelty4--7,see ,note #a1 end ( *apt]47 #c4 ,un=tunately1 hi/orians diff] widely 9 _! records ( p]secution ( ,*ri/ians1 accord+ to ! po9t ( view f :i* ea* writ] wrote4 ,?us1 9 a g5]al way1 ,*ri/ian au?ors h giv5 extreme acc\nts ( ! suff]+s to :i* ! ,*ur* & its adh]5ts individually 7 subject$2 :ile non-,*ri/ian hi/orians h s\ght to less5 & m9imize ! ext5t & sev]ity ( ! cruelties practic$ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,!re are facts1 h[ev]1 :i* nei!r p>ty d5ies1 & to :i* bo? give place 9 _! sep>ate records4 ,to make a fair int]pretation ( ^! facts1 draw+ j & true inf]5ces !refrom1 %\ld be our purpose4 #d4 ,among pagan p]secutors ( ! ,*ur*1 ! ,roman empire is ! pr9cipal aggressor4 ,?is may appe> /range 9 view ( ! g5]al tol]ance ex]cis$ by ,rome t[>d h] tribut>y peoples2 inde$1 ! real cause ( ,roman opposition to ,*ri/ianity has giv5 rise to _m conjectures4 ,x is probable t intol]ant zeal on ! "p ( ! ,*ri/ians !mselves _h mu* to d ) _! unpopul>ity among hea!n nations4 ,?is subject is cons]vatively summ$ up by ,mo%eim z foll[s3 #e4 ,a v natural curiosity calls u to inquire1 h[ x happ5$ t ! ,romans1 :o 7 tr\blesome to no nation on acc\nt ( _! religion1 & :o suff]$ ev5 ! ,jews to live "u _! own laws1 & foll[ _! own me?ods ( wor%ip1 treat$ ! ,*ri/ians alone ) su* sev]ity4 ,?is important "q seems /ill m difficult to be solv$1 :5 we consid]1 t ! excell5t nature ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & its admirable t5d5cy to promote bo? ! public welf>e ( ! /ate1 & ! private felicity ( ! individual1 entitl$ x1 9 a s+ul> mann]1 to ! favor & protection ( ! reign+ p[]s4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal reasons ( ! sev]ity ) :i* ! ,romans p]secut$ ! ,*ri/ians1 not)/&+ ^! consid]ations1 seems to h be5 ! abhorr5ce & contempt ) :i* ! latt] reg>d$ ! religion ( ! empire1 :i* 0 s intimately connect$ ) ! =m1 & inde$1 ) ! v ess5ce ( its political con/itution4 ,=1 ?\gh ! ,romans gave an unlimit$ tol]ation to all religions :i* _h no?+ 9 _! t5ets dang]\s to ! commonweal?1 yet !y w\ld n p]mit t ( _! ance/ors1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ by ! laws ( ! /ate1 to be turn$ into d]ision nor ! p to be drawn away f _! atta*m5t to x4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 7 ! two ?+s :i* ! ,*ri/ians 7 *>g$ )1 & t ju/ly1 ?\gh to _! honor4 ,!y d>$ to ridicule ! absurdities ( ! pagan sup]/ition1 & !y 7 ard5t & assidu\s 9 ga9+ proselytes to ! tru?4 ,nor did !y only attack ! religion ( ,rome1 b also all ! diff]5t %apes & =ms "u :i* sup]/ition appe>$ 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries :]e !y ex]cis$ _! m9i/ry4 ,f ?is ! ,romans conclud$1 t ! ,*ri/ian sect 0 n only insupportably d>+ & arrogant1 b1 moreov]1 an enemy to ! public tranquillity1 & e way prop] to excite civil w>s & commotions 9 ! empire4 ,x is probably on ?is acc\nt t ,tacitus reproa*es !m ) ! odi\s "* ( hat]s ( mank9d1 & /yles ! religion ( ,jesus z de/ructive sup]/ition2 & t ,suetoni\s speaks ( ! ,*ri/ians & _! doctr9e 9 t]ms ( ! same k9d4 #f4 ,ano!r circum/ance t irritat$ ! ,romans aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 0 ! simplicity ( _! wor%ip1 :i* resembl$ 9 no?+ ! sacr$ rites ( any o!r p4 ,! ,*ri/ians _h nei!r sacrifices1 nor temples1 nor images1 nor oracles1 nor sac]dotal ord]s2 & ?is 0 suffici5t to br+ ^u !m ! reproa*es ( an ignorant multitude1 :o imag9$ t !re c\ld be no religion )\t ^!4--7,mo%eim1 ,eccl4 ,hi/41 ,c5t4 #a1 ,"p #a1 *4 #e3f1 #g47 #g4 ,p]secution ( ! ,*ur* by ,roman au?ority may be said to h begun 9 ! reign ( ,n]o 7,a4 ,d4 #fd7 & to h cont9u$ to ! close ( ,diocletian's reign 7,a4 ,d4 #cje47 ,)9 ?is range ( "t !re 7 _m p]iods ( dim9i%$ sev]ity1 if n ( comp>ative tranquillity2 nev]!less1 ! ,*ur* 0 ! object ( hea!n oppression = ab\t two & a half c5turies4 ,attempts h be5 made by ,*ri/ian writ]s to segregate ! p]secutions into t5 di/9ct & sep>ate onslaughts2 & "s pr(ess to f9d a my/ic relation betwe5 ! t5 p]secutions ?us classifi$1 & ! t5 plagues ( ,egypt1 z also an analogy ) ! t5 horns m5tion$ by ,john ! ,revelator4--7,see ,rev4 #ag3ad47 ,z a matt] ( fact atte/$ by hi/ory1 ! numb] ( p]secutions ( unusual sev]ity 0 less ?an t52 :ile ! total ( all1 includ+ local & re/rict$ assaults1 w\ld be mu* great]4--7,see ,note #b1 end ( *apt]47 #h4 ,p]secution "u ,n]o4 ,! fir/ ext5d$ & notable p]secution ( ,*ri/ians "u ! (ficial edict ( a ,roman emp]or 0 t in/igat$ by ,n]o1 ,a4 ,d4 #fd4 ,z /ud5ts ( hi/ory "k1 ?is mon>* is rememb]$ mo/ly = 8 crimes4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( 8 infam\s reign1 a l>ge section ( ! city ( ,rome 0 de/roy$ by fire4 ,he 0 suspect$ by "s ( be+ responsible = ! disa/]2 &1 fe>+ ! res5tm5t ( ! infuriat$ p1 he s\ght to implicate ! unpopul> & mu*-malign$ ,*ri/ians z ! inc5di>ies1 & by torture tri$ to =ce a confession f !m4 ,z to :at foll[$ ! f\l accusation1 let u consid] ! words ( a non-,*ri/ian writ]1 ,tacitus1 ^: integrity z a hi/orian is held 9 e/eem4 #i4 ,) ?is view1 he 7,n]o7 inflict$ ! mo/ exquisite tortures on ^? m5 :o1 "u ! vulg> appellation ( ,*ri/ians1 7 already br&$ ) des]v$ infamy4 ,!y d]iv$ _! "n & orig9 f ,*ri/1 :o1 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius _h suff]$ dea? by ! s5t5ce ( ! procurator ,pontius ,pilate4 ,= a :ile ?is dire sup]/ition 0 *eck$ b x aga9 bur/ =?2 & n only spread itself ov] ,judea1 ! fir/ seat ( ?is mis*iev\s sect1 b 0 ev5 introduc$ into ,rome1 ! common asylum :i* receives & protects :atev] is impure1 :atev] is atroci\s4 ,! confessions ( ^? t 7 seiz$ discov]$ a great multitude ( _! accomplices1 & !y 7 all convict$1 n s mu* = ! crime ( sett+ fire to ! city1 z = _! hatr$ ( human k9d4 ,!y di$ 9 torm5ts1 & _! torm5ts 7 embitt]$ by insults & d]ision4 ,"s 7 nail$ on crosses2 o!rs sewn up 9 ! sk9s ( wild bea/s & expos$ to ! fury ( dogs2 o!rs1 aga91 sme>$ ov] ) combu/ible mat]ials1 7 us$ z tor*es to illum9ate ! d>kness ( ! night4 ,! g>d5s ( ,n]o 7 de/9$ = ! melan*oly spectacle1 :i* 0 accompani$ ) a horse-race1 & honor$ ) ! pres5ce ( ! emp]or1 :o m+l$ ) ! populace 9 ! dress & attitude ( a *>iote]4 ,! guilt ( ! ,*ri/ians des]v$ inde$ ! mo/ exempl>y puni%m5ts1 b ! public abhorr5ce 0 *ang$ into commis]ation1 f ! op9ion t ^? unhappy wret*es 7 sacrific$1 n s mu* to ! public welf>e z to ! cruelty ( a jeal\s tyrant4--7,tacitus1 ,annals1 ,book #ae1 *4 #dd47 #aj4 ,!re is "s disagreem5t among hi/orians z to :e!r ! ,n]onian p]secution is to be reg>d$ z a local infliction1 practically conf9$ to ! city ( ,rome1 or z g5]al ?r\gh\t ! prov9ces4--7,see ,note #c1 end ( *apt]47 ,! cons5sus ( op9ion favors ! belief t ! prov9ces foll[$ ! example ( ! metropolis1 & t ! p]secution 0 common ?r\gh\t ! ,*ur*4 #aa4 ,?is1 ! fir/ p]secution by ,roman edict1 practically end$ ) ! dea? ( ! tyrant ,n]o1 ,a4 ,d4 #fh4 ,accord+ to tradition h&$ d[n f ! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s1 ! ,apo/les ,paul & ,pet] suff]$ m>tyrdom at ,rome1 ! =m] by behead+1 ! latt] by crucifixion1 dur+ ?is p]secution2 & x is fur!r /at$ t ,pet]'s wife 0 put to dea? %ortly be=e h] husb&2 b ! tradition is nei!r confirm$ nor disprov$ by au!ntic record4 #ab4 ,p]secution "u ,domitian4 ,! second (ficially appo9t$ p]secution "u ,roman au?ority began #ic or #id ,a4 ,d4 9 ! reign ( ,domitian4 ,bo? ,*ri/ians & ,jews came "u ?is pr9ce's displeasure1 because !y refus$ to rev]5ce ! /atues he _h erect$ z objects ( adoration4 ,a fur!r cause = 8 special animosity aga9/ ,*ri/ians1 z affirm$ by e>ly writ]s1 is z foll[s4 ,! emp]or 0 p]suad$ t he 0 9 dang] ( los+ 8 ?rone1 9 view ( a reput$ pr$iction t f ! family to :i* ,jesus belong$ !re w\ld arise "o :o w\ld weak5 if n ov]?r[ ! p[] ( ,rome4 ,) ?is z 8 o/5sible excuse1 ?is wick$ rul] wag$ t]rible de/ruction on an innoc5t p4 ,happily1 ! p]secution ?us />t$ 0 ( b few ye>s duration4 ,mo%eim & o!rs av] t ! end ( ! p]secution 0 caus$ by ! emp]or's untimely dea?2 ?\gh ,eusebius1 :o wrote 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 quotes an e>li] writ] z decl>+ t ,domitian _h ! liv+ desc5dants ( ! ,savior's family br\ght be=e him1 & t aft] que/ion+ !m he became conv9c$ t he 0 9 no dang] f !m2 & !reupon dismiss$ !m ) contempt & ord]$ ! p]secution to cease4 ,x is believ$ t :ile ! edict ( ,domitian 0 9 =ce ! ,apo/le ,john suff]$ bani%m5t to ! isle ( ,patmos4 #ac4 ,p]secution "u ,trajan4 ,:at is kn[n 9 ecclesia/ical hi/ory z ! ?ird p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* took place 9 ! reign ( ,trajan1 :o occupi$ ! imp]ial ?rone f #ih to #aag ,a4 ,d4 ,he 0 & is reg>d$ z "o ( ! be/ ( ! ,roman emp]ors1 yet he sanction$ viol5t p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians ow+ to _! inflexible ob/9acy 9 refus+ to sacrifice to ,roman gods4 ,hi/ory has pres]v$ to u a v important lett] ask+ in/ructions f ! emp]or1 by ! y\ng] ,pl9y1 :o 0 gov]nor ( ,pontus1 & ! emp]or's reply !reto4 ,?is correspond5ce is in/ructive z %[+ ! ext5t to :i* ,*ri/ianity _h spread at t "t1 & ! way 9 :i* believ]s 7 treat$ by ! (fic]s ( ! /ate4 #ad4 ,pl9y inquir$ ( ! emp]or z to ! policy to be pursu$ 9 deal+ ) ! ,*ri/ians )9 8 jurisdiction4 ,7 "y & old1 t5d] & robu/1 to be treat$ alike1 or %\ld puni%m5t be grad$8 ,%\ld opportunity be giv5 ! accus$ to recant1 or 0 ! fact t !y _h once pr(ess$ ,*ri/ianity to be consid]$ an unp>donable (f5se8 ,7 ^? convict$ z ,*ri/ians to be puni%$ = _! religion alone1 or only = specific (f5ses result+ f _! memb]%ip 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*8 ,aft] prop\nd+ su* qu]ies ! gov]nor proce$$ to report to ! emp]or :at he _h done 9 ! abs5ce ( def9ite in/ructions4 ,9 reply ! emp]or direct$ t ! ,*ri/ians 7 n to be hunt$ nor s\ght aft] v9dictively1 b if accus$ & br\ght be=e ! judgm5t seat1 & if !n !y refus$ to d5\nce _! fai?1 !y 7 to be put to dea?4--7,see ,note #d1 end ( *apt]47 #ae4 ,p]secution "u ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,m>cus ,aurelius reign$ f #afa to #ahj ,a4 ,d4 ,he 0 not$ z "o :o s\ght ! greate/ good ( 8 p2 yet "u 8 gov]nm5t ! ,*ri/ians suff]$ add$ cruelties4 ,p]secution 0 mo/ sev]e 9 ,gaul 7n[ ,france47 ,among ^? :o met ! m>tyr's fate at t "t1 7 ,polyc>p1 bi%op ( ,smyrna1 & ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 kn[n 9 hi/ory z ! philosoph]4 ,) ref]5ce to ! seem+ anomaly t ev5 ! be/ ( rul]s p]mitt$ & ev5 prosecut$ vigor\s opposition to ,*ri/ian devotees1 z exemplifi$ by ! acts ( ?is emp]or1 a mod]n writ] has said3 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians "u ! pagan emp]ors sprung f political r ?an religi\s motives1 & t is :y we f9d ! names ( ! be/ emp]ors1 z well z ^? ( ! wor/1 9 ! li/ ( p]secutors4 ,x 0 believ$ t ! welf>e ( ! /ate 0 b\nd up ) ! c>eful p]=mance ( ! rites ( ! national wor%ip2 & h5ce1 :ile ! ,roman rul]s 7 usually v tol]ant all[+ all =ms ( wor%ip among _! subjects1 /ill !y requir$ t m5 ( e fai? %\ld at lea/ recognize ! ,roman gods1 & burn inc5se be=e _! /atues4 ,?is ! ,*ri/ians /eadily refus$ to d4 ,_! neglect ( ! s]vice ( ! temple1 x 0 believ$1 ang]$ ! gods1 & endang]$ ! safety ( ! /ate1 br++ ^u x dr\ght1 pe/il5ce1 & e disa/]4 ,?is 0 ! ma9 reason ( _! p]secution by ! pagan emp]ors4--7,g5]al ,hi/ory by ,p4 ,v4 ,n4 ,my]s1 edition ( #ahhi1 p4 #cbb47 #af4 ,lat] ,p]secutions4 ,) occasional p]iods ( p>tial cessation1 ! ,*ri/ian believ]s cont9u$ to suff] at ! h&s ( hea!n oppon5ts ?r\gh\t ! second & ?ird c5turies4 ,a viol5t p]secution m>k$ ! reign ( ,sev]us 7#aic-baa ,a4 ,d47 9 ! fir/ decade ( ! ?ird c5tury2 ano!r *>act]iz$ ! reign ( ,maxim9 7#bce-bch ,a4 ,d47 ,a p]iod ( unusual sev]ity 9 p]secution & suff]+ befell ! ,*ri/ians dur+ ! %ort reign ( ,decius kn[n also z ,decius ,trajan 7#bai-bea ,a4 ,d47 ,! p]secution "u ,decius is designat$ 9 ecclesia/ical hi/ory z ! sev5? p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,o!rs foll[$ 9 rapid succession4 ,"s ( ^! p]iods ( specific oppression we pass ov] & come to ! consid]ation ( ! #ag4 ,diocletian ,p]secution1 :i* is spok5 ( z ! t5?1 & happily ! la/4 ,diocletian reign$ f #bhd to #cje ,a4 ,d4 ,at fir/ he 0 v tol]ant t[>d ,*ri/ian belief & practice2 inde$ x is ( record t 8 wife & daught] 7 ,*ri/ians1 ?\gh 9 "s s5se1 secretly4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 he turn$ aga9/ ! ,*ur* & und]took to br+ ab\t a total suppression ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,to ?is end he ord]$ a g5]al de/ruction ( ,*ri/ian books1 & decre$ ! p5alty ( dea? aga9/ all :o kept su* works 9 _! possession4 #ah4 ,fire broke out twice 9 ! royal palace at ,nicom$ia1 & on ea* occasion ! inc5di>y act 0 *>g$ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians ) t]rible results4 ,f\r sep>ate edicts1 ea* surpass+ 9 vehem5ce ! e>li] decrees1 7 issu$ aga9/ ! believ]s2 & = a p]iod ( t5 ye>s !y 7 ! victims ( unre/ra9$ rap9e1 spoliation & torture4 ,at ! end ( ! decade ( t]ror ! ,*ur* 0 9 a scatt]$ & seem+ly 9 a hopeless condition4 ,sacr$ records _h be5 burnt2 places ( wor%ip _h be5 raz$ to ! gr\nd2 ?\s&s ( ,*ri/ians _h be5 put to dea?2 & e possible ef=t _h be5 made to de/roy ! ,*ur* & aboli% ,*ri/ianity f ! e>?4 ,descriptions ( ! horrible extremes to :i* brutality 0 c>ri$ are sick5+ to ! s\l4 ,a s+le example mu/ suffice4 ,eusebius1 ref]r+ to ! p]secutions 9 ,egypt1 says3 ,& su* too 0 ! sev]ity ( ! /ruggle :i* 0 endur$ by ! ,egyptians1 :o wre/l$ glori\sly = ! fai? at ,tyre4 ,?\s&s1 bo? m51 & wom5 & *ildr51 despis+ ! pres5t life = ! sake ( our ,savior's doctr9e1 submitt$ to dea? 9 v>i\s %apes4 ,"s1 aft] be+ tortur$ ) scrapp+s & ! rack1 & ! mo/ dreadful sc\rg+s1 & o!r innum]able agonies :i* "o might %udd] to he>1 7 f9ally committ$ to ! flames2 & "s plung$ & dr[n$ 9 ! sea1 o!rs volunt>ily (f]+ _! own heads to _! execution]s1 o!rs dy+ 9 ! mid/ ( _! torm5ts1 "s wa/$ away by fam9e1 & o!rs aga9 fix$ to ! cross4 ,"s1 inde$1 7 execut$ z malefactors usually 72 o!rs1 m cruelly1 7 nail$ ) ! head d[nw>ds1 & kept alive until !y 7 de/roy$ by />v+ on ! cross itself4--7,eusebius1 ,eccl4 ,hi/41 ,book #h1 *4 #h47 #ai4 ,a mod]n writ]1 ^: t5d5cy ev] 0 to m9imize ! ext5t ( ,*ri/ian p]secution1 is ,edw>d ,gibbon4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! conditions prevail+ dur+ ?is p]iod ( ,diocletian outrage is z foll[s3 ,! magi/rates 7 comm&$ to employ e me?od ( sev]ity :i* might reclaim !m f _! odi\s sup]/ition1 & oblige !m to return to ! e/abli%$ wor%ip ( ! gods4 ,?is rigor\s ord] 0 ext5d$1 by a subsequ5t edict1 to ! :ole body ( ,*ri/ians1 :o 7 expos$ to a viol5t & g5]al p]secution4 ,in/ead ( ^? salut>y re/ra9ts :i* _h requir$ ! direct & solemn te/imony ( an accus]1 x became ! duty z well z ! int]e/ ( ! imp]ial (fic]s to discov]1 to pursue1 & to torm5t ! mo/ obnoxi\s among ! fai?ful4 ,heavy p5alties 7 d5\nc$ aga9/ all :o %\ld presume to save a proscrib$ sect>y f ! j indignation ( ! gods & ( ! emp]ors4--7,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 *4 ,,xvi47 #bj4 ,s g5]al 0 ! ,diocletian p]secution1 & s de/ructive its effect1 t at its cessation ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 0 ?\ght to be =ev] ext9ct4 ,monum5ts 7 rais$ to commemorate ! emp]or's zeal z a p]secutor1 notably two pill>s erect$ 9 ,spa94 ,on "o ( !m is an inscription extoll+ ! mighty ,diocletian ,= hav+ ext+ui%$ ! "n ( ,*ri/ians :o br\ght ! ,republic to ru94 ,a second pill> commemorates ! reign ( ,diocletian1 & honors ! imp]ator = hav+ ev]y:]e aboli%$ ! sup]/ition ( ,*ri/2 = hav+ ext5d$ ! wor%ip ( ! gods4 ,a m$al /ruck 9 honor ( ,diocletian be>s ! inscription ,! "n ( ,*ri/ian be+ ext+ui%$4--7,miln]1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,,iv1 *4 #a3ch47 ,to ! fallacy ( ^! assumptions subsequ5t ev5ts te/ify4 #ba4 ,! ,diocletian oppression 0 ! la/ ( ! great p]secutions br\ght by pagan ,rome aga9/ ,*ri/ianity z a :ole4 ,a /up5d\s *ange1 am\nt+ to a revolution1 n[ appe>s 9 ! affairs ( ! ,*ur*4 ,con/ant9e1 kn[n 9 hi/ory z ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 became emp]or ( ,rome ,a4 ,d4 #cjf1 & reign$ #ca ye>s4 ,e>ly 9 8 reign he esp\s$ ! hi!rto unpopul> cause ( ! ,*ri/ians1 & took ! ,*ur* "u (ficial protection4 ,a leg5d ga9$ curr5cy t ! emp]or's conv]sion 0 due to a sup]natural manife/ation1 :]eby he saw a lum9\s cross appe> 9 ! heav5s ) ! inscription1 ,by ?is sign1 conqu]4 ,! g5u95ess ( ?is alleg$ manife/ation is d\btful1 & ! evid5ce ( hi/ory is aga9/ x4 ,! incid5t is "h m5tion$ to %[ ! means devis$ to make ,*ri/ianity popul> at ! "t4 #bb4 ,x is held by _m judici\s hi/orians t ,con/ant9e's s-call$ conv]sion 0 r a matt] ( policy ?an a s9c]e acceptance ( ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! emp]or himself rema9$ a cate*um51 t is1 an unbaptiz$ believ]1 until %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 :5 he became a memb] by baptism4 ,b1 :atev] 8 motives may h be51 he made ,*ri/ianity ! religion ( /ate1 issu+ an (ficial decree to ?is effect 9 #cac4 ,he made ! cross ! royal /&>d2 & ! ,roman legions n[ = ! fir/ "t m>*$ b5ea? ! emblem ( ,*ri/ianity4 7,my]s47 #bc4 ,imm$iately foll[+ ! *ange !re 0 a great competition = *ur* pref]m5t4 ,! (fice ( a bi%op came to be m highly e/eem$ ?an ! rank ( a g5]al4 ,! emp]or himself 0 ! real head ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x became unpopul> & decid$ly disadvantage\s 9 a mat]ial s5se to be kn[n z a non-,*ri/ian4 ,pagan temples 7 trans=m$ into *ur*es1 & hea!n idols 7 demoli%$4 ,we read t twelve ?\s& m5 & a proportionate numb] ( wom5 & *ildr5 7 baptiz$ into ! ,*ur* ( ,rome alone )9 a s+le ye>4 ,con/ant9e remov$ ! capital ( ! empire f ,rome to ,byzantium1 :i* city he re-nam$ aft] himself1 ,con/ant9ople4 ,?is1 ! pres5t capital ( ,turkey1 became headqu>t]s ( ! /ate ,*ur*4 #bd4 ,h[ empty & va9 appe>s ! ,diocletian boa/ t ,*ri/ianity 0 =ev] ext+ui%$6 ,yet h[ diff]5t 0 ! ,*ur* "u ! patronage ( ,con/ant9e f ! ,*ur* z e/abli%$ by ,*ri/ & z built up by ,8 apo/les6 ,! ,*ur* _h already become apo/ate z judg$ by ! /&>d ( its orig9al con/itution4 ,,notes4 #a4 ,cause ( ,pagan ,opposition to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! :ole body ( ,*ri/ians unanim\sly refus$ to hold any communion ) ! gods ( ,rome1 ( ! empire1 & ( mank9d4 ,x 0 9 va9 t ! oppress$ believ] ass]t$ ! inali5able rights ( consci5ce & private judgm5t4 ,?\gh 8 situation might excite ! pity1 8 argum5ts c\ld nev] rea* ! und]/&+1 ei!r ( ! philosophic or ( ! believ+ "p ( ! pagan _w4 ,to _! appreh5sions1 x 0 no less a matt] ( surprise t any individuals %\ld ent]ta9 scruples aga9/ comply+ ) ! e/abli%$ mode ( wor%ip1 ?an if !y _h conceiv$ a sudd5 abhorr5ce to ! mann]s1 ! dress1 or ! language ( _! native c\ntry4 ,! surprise ( ! pagans 0 soon succe$$ by res5tm5t2 & ! mo/ pi\s ( m5 7 expos$ to ! unju/ b dang]\s imputation ( impiety4 ,malice & prejudice concurr$ 9 repres5t+ ! ,*ri/ians z a society ( a!i/s1 :o1 by ! mo/ d>+ attack on ! religi\s con/itution ( ! empire1 _h m]it$ ! sev]e/ animadv]sion ( ! civil magi/rate4 ,!y _h sep>at$ !mselves 7!y glori$ 9 ! confession7 f e mode ( sup]/ition :i* 0 receiv$ 9 any "p ( ! globe by ! v>i\s temp] ( poly!ism2 b x 0 n altoge!r s evid5t :at deity or :at =m ( wor%ip !y _h sub/itut$ to ! gods & temples ( antiquity4 ,! pure & sublime idea :i* !y ent]ta9$ ( ! ,supreme ,be+ escap$ ! gross conception ( ! pagan multitude1 :o 7 at a loss to discov] a spiritual & solit>y ,god1 t 0 nei!r repres5t$ "u any corporeal figures or visible symbol1 nor 0 ador$ ) ! accu/om$ pomp ( libations & fe/ivals1 ( alt>s & sacrifices4 7,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 *ap4 ,,xvi47 #b4 ,z to ! ,numb] ( ,p]secutions by ! ,romans4 ,! ,romans are said to h pursu$ ! ,*ri/ians ) ! utmo/ viol5ce 9 t5 p]secutions1 b ?is numb] is n v]ifi$ by ! anci5t hi/ory ( ! *ur*4 ,= if1 by ^! p]secutions1 su* only are meant z 7 s+ul>ly sev]e & univ]sal ?r\gh\t ! empire1 !n x is c]ta9 t ^! am\nt n to ! numb] above m5tion$4 ,&1 if we take ! prov9cial & less rem>kable p]secutions into ! acc\nt1 !y f> exce$ x4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury1 c]ta9 ,*ri/ians 777 l$ by "s passages ( ! holy scriptures & by "o especially 9 ! ,revelations 7,rev4 #ag3ad71 to imag9e t ! *ur* 0 to suff] t5 calamities ( a mo/ griev\s nature4 ,to ?is notion1 !re=e1 !y endeavor$1 ?\gh n all 9 ! same way1 to accommodate ! language ( hi/ory1 ev5 aga9/ ! te/imony ( ^? anci5t records1 f :5ce alone hi/ory c speak ) au?ority4 7,mo%eim1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,i1 ,"p ,i2 *4 #e3d47 ,speak+ on ! same subject1 ,gibbon says3 ,z (t5 z any occasional sev]ities 7 ex]cis$ 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! empire1 ! primitive ,*ri/ians lam5t$ & p]haps magnifi$ _! own suff]+s2 b ! celebrat$ numb] ( t5 p]secutions has be5 det]m9$ by ! ecclesia/ical writ]s ( ! fif? c5tury1 :o possess$ a m di/9ct view ( ! prosp]\s or adv]se =tunes ( ! *ur* f ! age ( ,n]o to t ( ,diocletian4 ,! +5i\s p>allels ( ! t5 plagues ( ,egypt & ( ! t5 horns ( ! ,apocalypse fir/ sugge/$ ?is calculation ( _! m9ds2 & 9 _! application ( ! fai? ( prophecy to ! tru? ( hi/ory !y 7 c>eful to select ^? reigns :i* 7 inde$ ! mo/ ho/ile to ! ,*ri/ian cause4 7,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 *4 ,,xvi47 #c4 ,ext5t ( ! ,n]onian ,p]secution4 ,le>n$ m5 are n entirely agre$ conc]n+ ! ext5t ( ?is p]secution "u ,n]o4 ,"s conf9e x to ! city ( ,rome1 :ile o!rs repres5t x z hav+ rag$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole empire4 ,! latt] op9ion1 :i* is also ! mo/ anci5t1 is und\bt$ly to be pref]r$2 z x is c]ta9 t ! laws enact$ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians 7 enact$ aga9/ ! :ole body1 & n aga9/ p>ticul> *ur*es1 & 7 consequ5tly 9 =ce 9 ! remote/ prov9ces4 7,mo%eim1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,i4 ,"p ,i1 #e3ad47 #d4 ,correspond5ce ,betwe5 ,pl9y & ,trajan4 ,! inquiry ( ! y\ng] ,pl9y1 gov]nor ( ,pontus1 address$ to ,trajan1 emp]or ( ,rome1 & ! imp]ial reply !reto1 are ( su* int]e/ z to be wor?y ( reproduction 9 full4 ,! v]sion "h giv5 is t ( ,miln] z appe>s 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/1 edition ( #ahaj1 ,c5t4 ,,ii1 *4 #a4 ,pl9y to ,trajan1 ,emp]or3 ,heal?4--,x is my usual cu/om1 ,sir1 to ref] all ?+s1 ( :i* ,i h>bor any d\bts1 to y4 ,= :o c bett] direct my judgm5t 9 its hesitation1 or in/ruct my und]/&+ 9 its ignorance8 ,i nev] _h ! =tune to be pres5t at any exam9ation ( ,*ri/ians1 be=e ,i came into ?is prov9ce4 ,i am !re=e at a loss to det]m9e :at is ! usual object ei!r ( inquiry or ( puni%m5t1 & to :at l5g? ei!r ( !m is to be c>ri$4 ,x has also be5 ) me a "q v problematical1--:e!r any di/9ction %\ld be made betwe5 ! "y & ! old1 ! t5d] & ! robu/2--:e!r any room %\ld be giv5 = rep5tance1 or ! guilt ( ,*ri/ianity once incurr$ is n to be expiat$ by ! mo/ unequivocal retraction2-- :e!r ! "n itself1 ab/ract$ f any flagiti\sness ( conduct1 or ! crimes connect$ ) ! "n1 be ! object ( puni%m5t4 ,9 ! meantime1 ?is has be5 my me?od1 ) respect to ^? :o 7 br\ght be=e me z ,*ri/ians4 ,i ask$ !m :e!r !y 7 ,*ri/ians3 if !y plead$ guilty1 ,i int]rogat$ !n twice afre% ) a m5ace ( capital puni%m5t4 ,9 case ( ob/9ate p]sev]ance ,i ord]$ !m to be execut$4 ,= ( ?is ,i _h no d\bt1 :atev] 0 ! nature ( _! religion1 t a sudd5 & ob/9ate inflexibility call$ = ! v5geance ( ! magi/rate4 ,"s 7 infect$ ) ! same madness1 :om1 on acc\nt ( _! privilege ( citiz5%ip1 ,i res]v$ to be s5t to ,rome1 to be ref]r$ to y\r tribunal4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is bus9ess1 in=mations p\r+ 91 z is usual :5 !y are enc\rag$1 m cases occurr$4 ,an anonym\s libel 0 exhibit$1 ) a catalogue ( names ( p]sons1 :o yet decl>$ t !y 7 n ,*ri/ians !n1 nor ev] _h be52 & !y repeat$ aft] me an invocation ( ! gods & ( y\r image1 :i*1 = ?is purpose1 ,i _h ord]$ to be br\ght ) ! images ( ! deities4 ,!y p]=m$ sacr$ rites ) w9e & frank9c5se1 & execrat$ ,*ri/1--none ( :i* ?+s ,i am told a real ,*ri/ian c ev] be compell$ to d4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,i dismiss$ !m4 ,o!rs nam$ by an in=m]1 fir/ affirm$1 & !n d5i$ ! *>ge ( ,*ri/ianity2 decl>+ t !y _h be5 ,*ri/ians1 b _h ceas$ to be s "s ?ree ye>s ago1 o!rs ev5 long]1 "s ev5 tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,all ( !m wor%ip$ y\r image1 & ! /atues ( ! gods1 & also execrat$ ,*ri/4 ,& ?is 0 ! acc\nt :i* !y gave ( ! nature ( ! religion !y _h once pr(ess$1 :e!r x des]ves ! "n ( crime or error1--namely--t !y 7 accu/om$ on a /at$ day to meet be=e daylight1 & to repeat among !mselves a hymn to ,*ri/ z to a god1 & to b9d !mselves by an oa?1 ) an obligation ( n committ+ any wick$ness2--b on ! contr>y1 ( ab/a9+ f !fts1 robb]ies1 & adult]ies2--also ( n violat+ _! promise or d5y+ a pl$ge2--aft] :i* x 0 _! cu/om to sep>ate1 & to meet aga9 at a promiscu\s h>mless meal1 f :i* la/ practice !y h[ev] desi/$1 aft] ! publication ( my edict1 9 :i*1 agreeably to y\r ord]1 ,i =bade any societies ( t sort4 ,on :i* acc\nt ,i judg$ x ! m necess>y to inquire1 by torture1 f two females1 :o 7 said to be deaconesses1 :at is ! real tru?4 ,b no?+ c\ld ,i collect except a deprav$ & excessive sup]/ition4 ,def]r+1 !re=e1 any fur!r inve/igation1 ,i det]m9$ to consult y4 ,= ! numb] ( culprits is s great z to call = s]i\s consultation4 ,_m p]sons are in=m$ aga9/ ( e age & ( bo? sexes2 & m /ill w be 9 ! same situation4 ,! contagion ( ! sup]/ition ha? spread n only ?r\gh cities1 b ev5 villages & ! c\ntry4 ,n t ,i ?9k x impossible to *eck & correct x4 ,! success ( my endeavors hi!rto =bids su* despond+ ?\ghts2 = ! temples1 almo/ once desolate1 beg9 to be frequ5t$1 & ! sacr$ solemnities1 :i* _h long be5 int]mitt$1 are n[ att5d$ afre%2 & ! sacrificial victims are n[ sold ev]y:]e1 :i* once c\ld sc>cely f9d a pur*as]4 ,:5ce ,i conclude t _m might be reclaim$ 7 ! hope ( impunity1 on rep5tance1 absolutely confirm$4 ,! emp]or's reply foll[s3 ,trajan to ,pl9y3 ,y h done p]fectly "r1 my de> ,pl9y1 9 ! inquiry :i* y h made conc]n+ ,*ri/ians4 ,= truly no "o g5]al rule c be laid d[n1 :i* w apply itself to all cases4 ,^! p mu/ n be s\ght aft]4 ,if !y are br\ght be=e y & convict$1 let !m be capitally puni%$1 yet ) ?is re/riction1 t if any "o r5\nce ,*ri/ianity1 & evid5ce 8 s9c]ity by supplicat+ our gods1 h[ev] suspect$ he may be = ! pa/1 he %all obta9 p>don = ! future1 on 8 rep5tance4 ,b anonym\s libels 9 no case ought to be att5d$ to2 = ! prec$5t w\ld be ( ! wor/ sort1 & p]fectly incongru\s to ! maxims ( my gov]nm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 9999,causes ( ! ,apo/asy4--,int]nal ,causes99994 #a4 ,! cruel p]secution to :i* ! adh]5ts ( ,*ri/ianity & ! ,*ur* z an organiz$ body 7 subject$ dur+ ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ( our era h be5 treat$ z ext]nal causes1 contribut+ at lea/ indirectly to ! g5]al apo/asy4 ,details ( ,judai/ic & hea!n opposition h be5 giv5 ) suffici5t fulness to %[ t ! unpopul> ,*ur* _h a tr\bl$ exi/5ce1 & t su* ( its memb]s z rema9$ fai?ful to ! t5ets & pr9ciples ( ! gospel 7 m>tyrs 9 _s if n 9 fact4 #b4 ,z w\ld naturally be expect$1 ! imm$iate effect ( p]si/5t p]secution on ^? :o pr(ess$ a belief 9 ! div9ity ( ! ,"l ,jesus 0 div]se & v>i$2 inde$ x rang$ f unre/ra9$ en?usiasm express$ 9 fr5zi$ clamor+ = m>tyrdom1 to ready & abject apo/asy ) o/5tati\s display ( devotion 9 idolatr\s s]vice4 #c4 ,_m ( ! ,*ri/ian devotees develop$ a zeal am\nt+ to mania1 &1 disreg>d+ all prud5ce & discretion1 glori$ 9 ! prospect ( w9n+ ! m>tyr's cr[n4 ,"s :o _h be5 left unassail$ felt !mselves aggriev$1 & became _! own accus]s2 :ile o!rs op5ly committ$ acts ( aggression ) int5t to br+ res5tm5t ^u !mselves4--7,see ,note #a1 end ( *apt]47 ,^! extravagances 7 d\btless enc\rag$ by ! excessive v5]ation accord$ ! memories & ! bodily rema9s ( ^? :o _h fall5 z victims 9 ! cause4 ,! rev]5tial respect s r5d]$ develop$ lat] into ! impi\s practice ( m>tyr wor%ip4 #d4 ,comm5t+ on ! imprud5t en?usiasm ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 ,gibbon says3 ,! ,*ri/ians sometimes suppli$ by _! volunt>y decl>ation ! want ( an accus]1 rudely di/urb$ ! public s]vice ( paganism1 &1 ru%+ 9 cr[ds r\nd ! tribunal ( ! magi/rates1 call$ ^u !m to pron\nce & to inflict ! s5t5ce ( ! law4 ,! behavior ( ! ,*ri/ians 0 too rem>kable to escape ! notice ( ! anci5t philosoph]s2 b !y seem to h receiv$ x ) mu* less admiration ?an a/oni%m5t4 ,incapable ( conceiv+ ! motives :i* sometimes transport$ ! =titude ( believ]s beyond ! b\nds ( prud5ce & reason1 !y treat$ su* an eag]ness to die z ! /range result ( ob/9ate despair1 ( /upid ins5sibility or ( sup]/iti\s fr5zy4--7,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 *4 ,,xvi47 #e4 ,b !re is ano!r side to ! picture4 ,:ile imprud5t zealots invit$ dang]s f :i* !y might h rema9$ exempt1 o!rs1 affright$ at ! possibility ( be+ includ$ among ! victims1 volunt>ily des]t$ ! ,*ur* & return$ to hea!n allegiances4 ,miln]1 speak+ ( conditions exi/+ 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 & incorporat+ ! words ( ,cyprian1 bi%op ( ,c>?age1 :o liv$ at ! "t ( ! incid5t describ$1 says3 ,va/ numb]s laps$ into idolatry imm$iately4 ,ev5 be=e m5 7 accus$ z ,*ri/ians1 _m ran to ! =um & sacrific$ to ! gods z !y 7 ord]$2 & ! cr[ds ( apo/ates 7 s great1 t ! magi/rates wi%$ to delay numb]s ( !m till ! next day1 b !y 7 importun$ by ! wret*$ suppliants to be all[$ to prove !mselves hea!ns t v night4--7,miln]1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,,iii1 *4 #h47 #f4 ,9 connection ) ?is individual apo/asy ( ,*ur* memb]s "u ! pressure ( p]secution1 !re arose among ! prov9cial gov]nors a practice ( sell+ c]tificates or libels z ^! docum5ts 7 call$1 :i* atte/$ t ! p]sons !re9 m5tion$ _h compli$ ) ! laws & sacrific$ to ! ,roman deities4 ,by produc+ ^! false decl>ations1 ! opul5t & timid ,*ri/ians 7 enabl$ to sil5ce ! malice ( an in=m]1 & to reconcile1 9 "s measure1 _! safety ) _! religion4-- 7,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 *4 ,,xvi47 ,a modification ( ?is practice ( quasi-apo/asy consi/$ 9 procur+ te/imonials f p]sons ( /&+ c]tify+ t ! hold]s _h abjur$ ! gospel2 ^! docum5ts 7 pres5t$ to ! hea!n magi/rates1 & !y1 on receipt ( a specifi$ fee1 grant$ exemption f ! requirem5t ( sacrific+ to ! pagan gods4--7,see ,miln]1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,,iii1 *4 #i47 ,z a result ( ^! practices1 :]eby "u favorable circum/ances ! weal?y c\ld pur*ase immunity f p]secution1 & at ! same "t ma9ta9 a semblance ( /&+ 9 ! ,*ur*1 mu* diss5sion arose1 ! "q be+ z to :e!r ^? :o _h ?us %[n _! weakness c\ld ev] be receiv$ aga9 into communion ) ! ,*ur*4 #g4 ,p]secution at mo/ 0 b an indirect cause ( ! decl9e ( ,*ri/ianity & ! p]v]sion ( ! sav+ pr9ciples ( ! gospel ( ,*ri/4 ,! great] & m imm$iate dang]s ?reat5+ ! ,*ur* mu/ be s\ght )9 ! body itself4 ,inde$1 ! pressure ( opposition f )\t s]v$ to re/ra9 ! bubbl+ spr+s ( int]nal diss5sion1 & actually delay$ ! m de/ructive eruptions ( s*ism & h]esy4--7,see ,note #b1 end ( *apt]47 ,a g5]al review ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* d[n to ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury %[s t ! p]iods ( comp>ative peace 7 p]iods ( weakness & decl9e 9 spiritual e>ne/ness1 & t ) ! return ( p]secution came an awak5+ & a r5ewal 9 ,*ri/ian devotion4 ,dev\t lead]s ( ! p 7 n backw>d 9 decl>+ t ea* recurr+ p]iod ( p]secution 0 a "t ( natural & necess>y *a/isem5t = ! s9 & corruption t _h ga9$ headway )9 ! ,*ur*4--7,see ,note #c1 end ( *apt]47 #h4 ,z to ! condition ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury1 ,cyprian1 ! bi%op ( ,c>?age1 ?us speaks3 ,if ! cause ( our mis]ies be inve/igat$1 ! cure ( ! w\nd may be f\nd4 ,! ,"l w\ld h 8 family to be tri$4 ,& because long peace _h corrupt$ ! discipl9e div9ely reveal$ to u1 ! heav5ly *a/isem5t ha? rais$ up our fai?1 :i* _h la9 almo/ dormant3 & :51 by our s9s1 we h des]v$ to suff] /ill m1 ! m]ciful ,"l s mod]at$ all ?+s1 t ! :ole sc5e r des]ves ! "n ( a trial ?an a p]secution4 ,ea* _h be5 b5t on improv+ 8 patrimony2 & _h =gott5 :at believ]s _h done "u ! apo/les1 & :at !y ought always to d3--!y 7 brood+ ov] ! arts ( amass+ weal?3--! pa/ors & ! deacons ea* =got _! duty3 ,works ( m]cy 7 neglect$1 & discipl9e 0 at ! l[e/ ebb4--,luxury & effem9acy prevail$3 ,m]etrici\s arts 9 dress 7 cultivat$3 ,frauds & deceit 7 practic$ among bre?r54--,*ri/ians c\ld unite !mselves 9 matrimony ) unbeliev]s2 c\ld swe> n only )\t rev]5ce1 b ev5 )\t v]acity4 ,) haughty asp]ity !y despis$ _! ecclesia/ical sup]iors3 ,!y rail$ aga9/ "o ano!r ) outrage\s acrimony1 & conduct$ qu>rels ) det]m9$ malice3--,ev5 _m bi%ops1 :o ought to be guides & patt]ns to ! re/1 neglect+ ! peculi> duties ( _! /ations1 gave !mselves up to secul> pursuits3--,!y des]t$ _! places ( resid5ce & _! flocks3 ,!y travel$ ?r\gh di/ant prov9ces 9 que/ ( pleasure & ga92 gave no assi/ance to ! ne$y bre?r52 b 7 insatiable 9 _! ?ir/ ( money3--,!y possess$ e/ates by fraud & multipli$ usury4 ,:at h we n des]v$ to suff] = su* conduct8 ,ev5 ! div9e ^w ha? =etold u :at we might expect4--',if 8 *ildr5 =sake my law1 & walk n 9 my judgm5ts1 ,i w visit _! (f5ses ) ! rod1 & _! s9 ) sc\rges4' ,^! ?+s _h be5 d5\nc$ & =etold1 b 9 va94 ,our s9s _h br\ght our affairs to t pass1 t because we _h despis$ ! ,"l's directions1 we 7 oblig$ to und]go a correction ( our multipli$ evils & a trial ( our fai? by sev]e rem$ies4--7,z quot$ by ,miln]1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,,iii1 *4 #h47 #i4 ,miln]1 :o quotes approv+ly ! sev]e arraignm5t ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! ?ird c5tury z giv5 above1 _c be *>g$ ) bias aga9/ ,*ri/ian in/itutions1 inasmu* z 8 decl>$ purpose 9 pres5t+ to ! _w an additional ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ 0 to give due att5tion to c]ta9 phases ( ! subject slight$ or neglect$ by e>li] au?ors1 & notably to emphasize ! piety1 n ! wick$ness1 ( ! pr(ess$ foll[]s ( ,*ri/4 ,?is au?or1 av[$ly fri5dly to ! ,*ur* & h] vot>ies1 admits ! gr[+ depravity ( ! ,*ri/ian sects1 & decl>es t t[>d ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury ! effect ( ! ,p5teco/al outp\r+ ( ! ,holy ,_s _h become exhau/$1 & t !re rema9$ little pro( ( any close relation%ip betwe5 ,*ri/ & ! ,*ur*4 #aj4 ,note 8 summ>y ( conditions3 ,! era ( its actual decl5sion mu/ be dat$ 9 ! pacific "p ( ,diocletian's reign4 ,dur+ ?is :ole c5tury ! "w ( ,god1 9 purity & p[]1 _h be5 t5d+ to decay4 ,! connection ) philosoph]s 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal causes4 ,outw>d peace & secul> advantages complet$ ! corruption4 ,ecclesia/ical discipl9e1 :i* _h be5 too /rict1 0 n[ relax$ exce$+ly2 bi%ops & p 7 9 a /ate ( malice4 ,endless qu>rels 7 fom5t$ among cont5d+ p>ties1 & ambition & covet\sness _h 9 g5]al ga9$ ! asc5d5cy 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 99 99 99 ,! fai? ( ,*ri/ itself appe>$ n[ an ord9>y bus9ess2 & "h t]m9at$1 or ne>ly s1 z f> z appe>s1 ! fir/ great effusion ( ! ,_s ( ,god1 :i* began at ! day ( ,p5teco/4 ,human depravity effect$ ?r\gh\t a g5]al decay ( godl9ess2 & "o g5]ation ( m5 elaps$ ) v sl5d] pro(s ( ! spiritual pres5ce ( ,*ri/ ) ,8 ,*ur*4--7,miln]1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,,iii1 *4 #ag47 #aa4 ,if fur!r evid5ce be want$ z to ! fires ( disaffection smold]+ )9 ! ,*ur*1 & s easily fann$ into de/ructive flame1 let ! te/imony ( ,eusebius be consid]$ ) respect to conditions *>act]iz+ ! second half ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,&1 9 weigh+ 8 words1 let x be rememb]$ t he _h expressly record$ 8 purpose ( writ+ 9 def5se ( ! ,*ur*1 & 9 support ( h] in/itutions4 ,he bewails ! tranquillity prec$+ ! ,diocletian outbreak1 because ( its injuri\s effect ^u bo? (fic]s & memb]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,^! are 8 words3 ,b :5 by excessive lib]ty we h sunk into indol5ce & slo?1 "o envy+ & revil+ ano!r 9 diff]5t ways1 & we 7 almo/1 z x 71 on ! po9t ( tak+ up arms aga9/ ea* o!r1 & 7 assail+ ea* o!r ) words1 z ) d>ts & spe>s1 prelates inveigh+ aga9/ prelates1 & p ris+ up aga9/ p1 & hypocrisy & dissimulation _h aris5 to ! great] heights ( malignity1 !n ! div9e judgm5t1 :i* usually proce$s ) a l5i5t h&1 :il/ ! multitudes 7 yet cr[d+ into ! ,*ur*1 ) g5tle & mild visitations began to afflict its episcopacy2 ! p]secution hav+ begun ) ^? bre?r5 t 7 9 ! army4 99 99 99 ,b "s t appe>$ to be our pa/ors1 des]t+ ! law ( piety1 7 inflam$ aga9/ ea* o!r ) mutual /rifes1 accumulat+ qu>rels & ?reats1 rivalry1 ho/ility1 & hatr$ to ea* o!r1 only anxi\s to ass]t ! gov]nm5t z a k9d ( sov]eignty = !mselves4--7,eusebius1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ,book ,,viii1 *4 #a4 ,see note #d1 end ( *apt]47 #ab4 ,z fur!r illu/rative ( ! decl9e ( ! ,*ri/ian _s t[>d ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury1 ,miln] quotes ! foll[+ obs]vation ( ,eusebius1 an eye-witness ( ! conditions describ$3 ,! heavy h& ( ,god's judgm5t began s(tly1 by little & little1 to visit u aft] ,8 wont$ mann]2 99 99 99 b we 7 n at all mov$ ) ,8 h&1 nor took any pa9s to return to ,god4 ,we heap$ s9 ^u s91 judg+ l c>eless ,epicureans1 t ,god c>$ n = our s9s1 nor w\ld ev] visit u on acc\nt ( !m4 ,& our pret5d$ %eph]ds1 lay+ aside ! rule ( godl9ess1 practic$ among !mselves cont5tion & division4 ,he adds t ! dreadful p]secution ( ,diocletian 0 !n inflict$ on ! ,*ur* z a j puni%m5t1 & z ! mo/ prop] *a/isem5t = _! iniquities4--7,miln]1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,,iii1 *4 #ag47 #ac4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! great *ange :]eby ! ,*ur* 0 rais$ to a place ( honor 9 ! /ate1 occurr$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,x is a popul> error to assume t ! decay ( ! ,*ur* z a spiritual in/itution dates f t "t4 ,! picture ( ! ,*ur* decl9+ z to spiritual p[] 9 exact proportion to h] increase ( temporal influ5ce & weal? has appeal$ to rhetoricians & writ]s ( s5sational lit]ature2 b su* a picture does n pres5t ! tru?4 ,! ,*ur* 0 saturat$ ) ! _s ( apo/asy long be=e ,con/ant9e took x "u 8 p[]ful protection by accord+ x (ficial /&+ 9 ! /ate4 ,9 support ( ?is /atem5t1 ,i quote aga9 f ,miln]1 ! av[$ fri5d ( ! ,*ur*3 ,i "k x is common = au?ors to repres5t ! great decl5sion ( ,*ri/ianity to h tak5 place only aft] its ext]nal e/abli%m5t "u ,con/ant9e4 ,b ! evid5ce ( hi/ory has compell$ me to diss5t f ?is view ( ?+s4 ,9 fact1 we h se5 t = a :ole g5]ation previ\s to ! ,diocletian p]secution1 few m>ks ( sup]ior piety appe>$4 ,sc>ce a lum9>y ( godl9ess exi/$2 & x is n common 9 any age = a great "w ( ! ,_s ( ,god to be exhibit$ b "u ! conduct ( "s rem>kable sa9ts1 pa/ors1 & re=m]s4 ,?is :ole p]iod z well z ! :ole sc5e ( ! p]secution is v b>r5 9 su* *>act]s4 99 99 99 ,moral & philosophical & mona/ical in/ructions w n effect = m5 :at is to be expect$ f evangelical doctr9e4 ,& if ! fai? ( ,*ri/ 0 s mu* decl9$ 7& its decay$ /ate ought to be dat$ f ab\t ! ye> #bgj71 we ne$ n wond] t su* sc5es z ,eusebius h9ts at )\t any circum/antial details1 took place 9 ! ,*ri/ian _w4 99 99 99 ,he speaks also ( ! ambiti\s _s ( _m1 9 aspir+ to ! (fices ( ! ,*ur*1 ! ill judg$ & unlawful ord9ations1 ! qu>rels among confessors !mselves1 & ! cont5tions excit$ by "y demagogues 9 ! v relics ( ! p]secut$ ,*ur*1 & ! multipli$ evils :i* _! vices excit$ among ,*ri/ians4 ,h[ sadly mu/ ! ,*ri/ian _w h decl9$ :i* c\ld ?us conduct itself "u ! v rod ( div9e v5geance8 ,yet let n ! infidel or ! pr(ane _w triumph4 ,x 0 n ,*ri/ianity1 b ! dep>ture f x1 :i* br\ght on ^! evils4--7,miln]1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,,iv1 *4 #a4 ,! italics are introduc$ by ! pres5t writ]4 ,see also ,note #e1 end ( *apt]47 #ad4 ,! =ego+ embodies b a few ( ! _m evid5ces t c\ld be cit$ 9 demon/ration ( ! fact t dur+ ! p]iod imm$iately foll[+ ! apo/olic m9i/ry--! p]iod cov]$ by ! p]secutions ( ! ,*ri/ians by ! hea!n nations1--! ,*ur* 0 und]go+ int]nal det]ioration1 & 0 9 a /ate ( increas+ p]v]sion4 ,among ! m detail$ or specific causes ( ?is ev] wid5+ dep>ture f ! _s ( ! gospel ( ,*ri/1 ?is rapidly gr[+ apo/asy1 ! foll[+ may be consid]$ z important examples3 7#a74 ,! corrupt+ ( ! simple pr9ciples ( ! gospel by ! admixture ( ! s-call$ philosophic sy/ems ( ! times4 7#b74 ,unau?oriz$ additions to ! c]emonies ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! introduction ( vital *anges 9 ess5tial ord9ances4 7#c74 ,unau?oriz$ *anges 9 ,*ur* organization & gov]nm5t4 #ae4 ,we %all consid] 9 due ord] ea* ( ! ?ree causes "h enum]at$4 ,x may appe> t ! conditions set =? 9 ^! specifications are m prop]ly to be reg>d$ z effects or results1 ?an z causes1 incid5t to ! g5]al apo/asy1--t !y are 9 ! nature ( evid5ces or pro(s ( a dep>ture f ! orig9al con/itution ( ! ,*ur*1 r ?an specific causes by :i* ! fact ( apo/asy is to be expla9$ or acc\nt$ =4 ,cause & effect1 h[ev]1 are sometimes v intimately associat$1 & result+ conditions may furni% ! be/ demon/ration ( causes 9 op]ation4 ,ea* ( ! conditions giv5 above z a specific cause ( ! progressive apo/asy 01 at its inception1 an evid5ce ( exi/+ uns\ndness1 & an active cause ( ! grav] results t foll[$4 ,ea* succe$+ manife/ation ( ! _s ( apo/asy 0 at once ! result ( e>li] disaffection1 & ! cause ( lat] & m pron\nc$ developm5ts4 ,,notes4 #a4 ,inord9ate ,zeal ,manife/$ by ,"s ( ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ians3 ,! sob] discretion ( ! pres5t age w m readily c5sure ?an admire1 b c m easily admire ?an imitate1 ! f]vor ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ians2 :o1 accord+ to ! lively expression ( ,sulpicius ,sev]us1 desir$ m>tyrdom ) m eag]ness ?an 8 own contempor>ies solicit$ a bi%opric4 ,! epi/les :i* ,ignatius compos$ z he 0 c>ri$ 9 *a9s ?r\gh ! cities ( ,asia1 brea! s5tim5ts ! mo/ repugnant to ! ord9>y feel+s ( human nature4 ,he e>ne/ly besee*es ! ,romans t :5 he %\ld be expos$ 9 ! amphi!atre1 !y w\ld n by _! k9d b unreasonable int]cession1 deprive him ( ! cr[n ( glory1 & he decl>es 8 resolution to provoke & irritate ! wild bea/s :i* might be employ$ z ! in/rum5ts ( 8 dea?4 ,"s /ories are relat$ ( ! c\rage ( m>tyrs :o actually p]=m$ :at ,ignatius _h int5d$3 :o exasp]at$ ! fury ( ! lions1 press$ ! execution] to ha/5 8 (fice1 *e]fully leap$ into ! fires :i* 7 k9dl$ to consume !m1 & discov]$ a s5sation ( joy & pleasure 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ exquisite torture4--7,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 *4 ,,xvi47 #b4 ,int]nal ,diss5sions ,dur+ ,"t ( ,peace4 ,z /at$ 9 ! text1 ! e>ly "p ( ,diocletian's reign--! p]iod imm$iately prec$+ ! outbur/ ( ! la/ great p]secution to :i* ! ,*ri/ians 7 subject$--0 a "t ( comp>ative fre$om f opposition1 & ?is p]iod 0 *>act]iz$ by int]nal di/urbances & diss5sions )9 ! ,*ur*4 ,illu/rative ( ! tol]ance %[n by ! emp]or be=e he became ho/ile to ! ,*ur*1 & ! accompany+ decl9e ( spiritual e>ne/ness among ! ,*ri/ians !mselves1 ,gibbon says3 ,diocletian & 8 colleagues frequ5tly conf]r$ ! mo/ important (fices on ^? p]sons :o av[$ _! abhorr5ce ( ! wor%ip ( ! gods1 b :o _h display$ abilities prop] = ! s]vice ( ! /ate4 ,! bi%ops held an honorable rank 9 ! respective prov9ces1 & 7 treat$ ) di/9ction & respect1 n only by ! p1 b by ! magi/rates !mselves4 ,almo/ 9 e city ! anci5t *ur*es 7 f\nd insuffici5t to conta9 ! increas+ multitudes ( proselytes2 & 9 _! place m /ately & capaci\s edifices 7 erect$ = ! public wor%ip ( ! fai?ful4 ,! corruption ( mann]s & pr9ciples s =cibly lam5t$ by ,eusebius1 may be consid]$ n only z a consequ5ce1 b z a pro(1 ( ! lib]ty :i* ! ,*ri/ians enjoy$ & abus$ "u ! reign ( ,diocletian4 ,prosp]ity _h relax$ ! n]ves ( discipl9e4 ,fraud1 envy1 & malice prevail$ 9 e congregation4 ,! presbyt]s aspir$ to ! episcopal (fice1 :i* e day became an object m wor?y ( _! ambition4 ,! bi%ops :o cont5d$ ) ea* o!r = ecclesia/ical preem95ce1 appe>$ by _! conduct to claim a secul> & tyrannical p[] 9 ! *ur*2 & ! lively fai? :i* /ill di/+ui%$ ! ,*ri/ians f ! ,g5tiles1 0 %[n mu* less 9 _! lives ?an 9 _! controv]sial writ+s4--7,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 *4 ,,xvi47 #c4 ,! ,effect ( ,peace on ! ,e>ly ,*ur*4 ,disa/r\s z ! p]secutions ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian c5turies 71 /ill m mis*iev\s to ! ,*ur* 7 ^? p]iods ( tranquillity :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ! outbur/s ( rage :i* prompt$ !m4 ,peace may h h] victories no less r5[n$ ?an ^? ( w>2 & s1 too1 %e has h] calamities1 & !y are n less de/ructive ?an ^? ( w>4 ,w> may de/roy nations1 b ease & luxury mank9d corrupt--! body & ! m9d4 ,especially is peace dang]\s to ! *ur*4 ,prosp]ity relaxes ! re9s ( discipl9e2 p feel less & less ! ne$ ( a su/a9+ provid5ce2 b 9 adv]sity ! _s ( man feels aft] ,god1 & he is correspond+ly m devot$ to ! s]vice ( religion4 ,we %all f9d ! e>ly ,*ri/ians no exception to ! op]ation ( ?is influ5ce ( repose4 ,:5ev] x 0 accord$ !m1 ei!r ?r\gh ! m]cy or ! indiff]5ce ( ! emp]ors1 int]nal diss5sions1 ! intrigues ( aspir+ prelates1 & ! rise ( h]esies1 *>act]iz$ ^? p]iods4--7,b4 ,h4 ,rob]ts1 ,a ,new ,witness = ,god1 p4 #gj47 #d4 ,s*isms & ,h]esies 9 ! ,e>ly ,*ur*4 ,eusebius1 ^: writ+s date f ! e>ly "p ( ! f\r? c5tury1 cites ! writ+s ( ,hegesippus1 :o liv$ 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! second c5tury1 z foll[s3 ,! same au?or ,hegesippus also treats ( ! beg9n+ ( ! h]esies t arose ab\t ?is "t1 9 ! foll[+ words3 ',b aft] ,james ! ,j _h suff]$ m>tyrdom1 z our ,"l _h = ! same reason1 ,simeon1 ! son ( ,cleophas1 our ,"l's uncle1 0 appo9t$ ! second bi%op ( ,j]usalem :om all propos$ z ! c\s9 ( our ,"l4 ,h5ce !y call$ ! ,*ur* z yet a virg91 = x 0 n yet corrupt$ by va9 disc\rses4 ,!bu?is made a beg9n+1 secretly to corrupt x on acc\nt ( 8 n be+ made bi%op4 ,he 0 "o ( ^? sev5 sects among ! ,jewi% p4 ,( ^! also 0 ,simeon1 :5ce sprang ! sect ( ,simonians2 also ,cleobius1 f :5ce came ! ,cleobians2 also ,dosi!us1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,dosi!ans4 ,f ^! also sprung ! ,gor!onians f ,gor!oeus2 & also ,masbo!ans f ,masbo?oeus4 ,h5ce also ! ,me&rians1 ! ,m>cioni/s1 & ,c>pocratians & ,val5t9ians1 & ,basilidians1 & ! ,saturnillians1 e "o introduc+ 8 own peculi> op9ions1 "o diff]+ f ! o!r4 ,f ^! sprung ! false ,*ri/s & ! false prophets & false apo/les1 :o divid$ ! unity ( ! ,*ur* by ! introduction ( corrupt doctr9es aga9/ ,god & aga9/ ,8 ,*ri/4--7,eusebius1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ,book ,,iv1 *4 #bb47 #e4 ,e>ly ,decl9e ( ! ,*ur*3 ,miln]1 summ+ up ! conditions att5d+ ! ,*ur* at ! end ( ! second c5tury1 says3 ,& "h we close ! view ( ! second c5tury1 :i*1 = ! mo/ "p exhibit$ pro(s ( div9e grace1 z /rong1 or ne>ly s1 z ! fir/4 ,we h se5 ! same un%ak5 & simple fai? ( ,jesus1 ! same love ( ,god & ( ! bre?r52 &--t 9 :i* !y s+ul>ly excell$ mod]n ,*ri/ians--! same heav5ly _s & victory ov] ! _w4 ,b a d>k %ade is envelop+ ^! div9e glories4 ,! ,_s ( ,god is griev$ already by ! ambiti\s intrusions ( self-righte\s1 argum5tative ref9em5ts1 & ,ph>isaic pride2 & ?\gh x be m common to repres5t ! mo/ s5sible decay ( godl9ess z comm5c+ a c5tury lat]1 to me x seems already begun4--7,miln]1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,,ii1 *4 #i47 ,mo%eim1 writ+ ( conditions att5d+ ! clos+ ye>s ( ! ?ird c5tury1 says3 ,! anci5t me?od ( ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t seem$ 9 g5]al /ill to subsi/1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 by imp]ceptible /eps1 x v>i$ f ! primitive rule & deg5]at$ t[>d ! =m ( a religi\s mon>*y4 99 99 99 ,?is *ange 9 ! =m ( ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t 0 soon foll[$ by a tra9 ( vices1 :i* di%onor$ ! "* & au?ority ( ^? to :om ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,*ur* 0 committ$4 ,=1 ?\gh sev]al yet cont9u$ to exhibit to ! _w illu/rative examples ( primitive piety & ,*ri/ian virtue1 yet _m 7 sunk 9 luxury & voluptu\sness1 puff$ up ) vanity1 arrogance & ambition1 possess$ ) a _s ( cont5tion & discord1 & addict$ to _m o!r vices t ca/ an undes]v$ reproa* ^u ! holy religion ( :i* !y 7 ! unwor?y pr(essors & m9i/]s4 ,?is is te/ifi$ 9 su* an ample mann] by ! repeat$ compla9ts ( _m ( ! mo/ respectable writ]s ( ?is age1 t tru? w n p]mit u to spread ! veil1 :i* we %\ld o!rwise be desir\s to ca/ ov] su* enormities among an ord] s sacr$4 ,! bi%ops assum$ 9 _m places a pr9cely au?ority1 p>ticul>ly ^? :o _h ! greate/ numb] ( *ur*es "u _! inspection1 & :o presid$ ov] ! mo/ opul5t assemblies4 ,!y appropriat$ to _! evangelical function ! spl5did ensigns ( temporal maje/y4 ,a ?rone1 surr\nd$ ) m9i/]s1 exalt$ above 8 equals ! s]vant ( ! meek & humble ,jesus2 & sumptu\s g>m5ts dazzl$ ! eyes & ! m9ds ( ! multitude into an ignorant v5]ation ( _! arrogat$ au?ority4 ,! example ( ! bi%ops 0 ambiti\sly imitat$ by ! presbyt]s1 :o1 neglect+ ! sacr$ duties ( _! /ation1 ab&on$ !mselves to ! indol5ce & delicacy ( an effem9ate & luxuri\s life4 ,! deacons1 behold+ ! presbyt]s des]t+ ?us _! functions1 boldly usurp$ _! rights & privileges1 & ! effects ( a corrupt ambition 7 spread ?r\gh e rank ( ! ord] sacr$4--7,mo%eim1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,,iii1 ,"p ,,ii1 *4 #b3c1 #d47 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 9999,int]nal ,causes4--,cont9u$99994 #a4 ,fir/ among ! specific causes ( di/urbance op]at+ )9 ! ,*ur*1 & contribut+ to its apo/asy1 we h nam$3 ,! corrupt+ ( ! simple pr9ciples ( ! gospel by ! admixture ( ! s-call$ philosophic sy/ems ( ! times4 #b4 ,! attempt$ graft+ ( =eign doctr9es on ! true v9e ( ! gospel ( ,*ri/ 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! e>ly ye>s ( ! apo/olic p]iod4 ,we read ( ! sorc]] ,simon1 :o pr(ess$ belief & ent]$ ! ,*ur* by baptism1 b :o 0 s devoid ( ! true _s ( ! gospel t he s\ght to pur*ase by money ! au?ority & p[] ( ! prie/hood4--7,see ,acts #h3i1 #ac1 #ah-bd47 ,?is man1 ?\gh rebuk$ by ,pet]1 & app>5tly p5it5t1 cont9u$ to tr\ble ! ,*ur*1 by inculcat+ h]esies & w9n+ disciples )9 ! fold4 ,8 foll[]s 7 di/+ui%$ z a sect or cult d[n to ! f\r? c5tury2 &1 writ+ at t "t1 ,eusebius says ( !m3 ,^!1 aft] ! mann] ( _! f\nd]1 ins9uat+ !mselves into ! ,*ur*1 l a pe/il5tial & lepr\s disease1 infect$ ^? ) ! greate/ corruption1 into :om !y 7 able to infuse _! secret1 irrem$iable1 & de/ructive poison4--7,eusebius1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ,book ,,ii1 *4 #a47 ,?is ,simon1 kn[n 9 hi/ory z ,simon ,magus1 is ref]r$ to by e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s1 z ! f\nd] ( h]esy1 ow+ to 8 p]si/5t attempts to comb9e ,*ri/ianity ) ,gno/icism4 ,x is ) ref]5ce to 8 proposition to pur*ase spiritual au?ority t all traffic 9 spiritual (fices has come to be kn[n z simony4 #c4 ,?r\gh ! m\? ( ! ,revelator1 ! ,"l reprov$ c]ta9 ( ! *ur*es = _! adoption or tol]ation ( doctr9es & practices ali5 to ! gospel4 ,notably is ?is ! case ) respect to ! ,nicolaitanes1 & ! foll[]s ( ! doctr9es ( ,balaam4--7,see ,rev4 #b3ae2 comp>e v]se #f2 see also v]se #bj4 ,see ,note #a1 end ( *apt]47 #d4 ,! p]v]sion ( true !ology ?us develop$ )9 ! ,*ur* is traceable to ! introduction ( bo? ,judai/ic & pagan fallacies4--7,see ,note #b1 end ( *apt]47 ,inde$1 at ! op5+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era & = c5turies !reaft]1 ,judaism 0 m or less intimately mix$ ) pagan philosophy1 & contam9at$ ) hea!n c]emonies4 ,!re 7 num]\s sects & p>ties1 cults & s*ools1 ea* advocat+ rival !ories z to ! con/itution ( ! s\l1 ! ess5ce ( s91 ! nature ( ,deity1 & a multitude ( o!r my/]ies4 ,! ,*ri/ians 7 soon embroil$ 9 endless controv]sies among !mselves4 #e4 ,judai/ic conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity s\ght to modify & adapt ! t5ets ( ! new fai? s z to h>monize !m ) _! inh]it$ love ( ,judaism1 & ! result 0 de/ructive to bo?4 ,our ,"l _h indicat$ ! futility ( any su* attempts to comb9e new pr9ciple ) old sy/ems1 or to pat* up ! prejudices ( ! pa/ ) fragm5ts ( new doctr9e4 ,no man1 said ,he1 putte? a piece ( new clo? unto an old g>m5t1 = t :i* is put 9 to fill x up take? f ! g>m5t1 & ! r5t is made worse4 ,nei!r d m5 put new w9e into old bottles3 else ! bottles break1 & ! w9e runne? out1 & ! bottles p]i%3 b !y put new w9e into new bottles1 & bo? are pres]v$4--7,matt4 #i3af1 #ag47 ,! gospel came z a new revelation1 m>k+ ! fulfilm5t ( ! law1 x 0 no m]e add5dum1 nor 0 x a simple re5actm5t ( pa/ requirem5ts2 x embodi$ a new & an ev]la/+ cov5ant4 ,attempts to pat* ! ,judai/ic robe ) ! new fabric ( ! gospel c\ld result 9 no?+ m sightly ?an a hide\s r5t4 ,! new w9e ( ! cov5ant c\ld n be bottl$ 9 ! "t-eat5 lea!rn conta9]s ( ,mosaic libations4 ,judaism 0 belittl$ & ,*ri/ianity p]v]t$ by ! incongru\s association4 #f4 ,among ! e>ly & mo/ p]nici\s adult]ations ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e is ! introduction ( ! tea*+s ( ! ,gno/ics4 ,^! self-/yl$ philosoph]s put =? ! boa/ful claim t !y 7 able to lead ! human m9d to a full compreh5sion ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 & a k ( ! true relation%ip betwe5 ,deity & mortals4 ,!y said 9 effect t a c]ta9 be+ _h exi/$ f all et]nity1 manife/$ z a radiant light diffus$ ?r\gh\t space1 & ?is !y call$ ! ,pl]oma4 ,! et]nal nature1 inf9itely p]fect & inf9itely happy1 hav+ dwelt f ev]la/+ 9 a pr(\nd solitude1 & 9 a bless$ tranquillity produc$ at l5g? f itself1 two m9ds ( a diff]5t sex1 :i* resembl$ _! supreme p>5t 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann]4 ,f ! prolific union ( ^! two be+s1 o!rs arose1 :i* 7 also foll[$ by succe$+ g5]ations2 s t 9 process ( "t a cele/ial family 0 =m$ 9 ! ,pl]oma4 ,?is div9e prog5y1 immutable 9 its nature1 & above ! p[] ( mortality1 0 call$1 by ! philosoph]s1 ,aeon--a t]m :i* signifies1 9 ! ,greek language1 an et]nal nature4 ,h[ _m 9 numb] ^! ,aeons 7 0 a po9t mu* controv]t$ among ! ori5tal sages4--7,mo%eim1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,i1 ,"p ,,ii1 #a3g47 #g4 ,!n "o ( ! ,aeons1 di/9ctively call$ ! ,demiurge1 creat$ ?is _w1 & arrogantly ass]t$ dom9ion ov] ! same1 d5y+ absolutely ! au?ority ( ! supreme p>5t4 ,! ,gno/ic doctr9e decl>es man to be a union ( ! body1 :i*1 be+ ! creation ( ! ,demiurge1 is ess5tially evil1 & a _s1 :i*1 be+ d]iv$ f ,deity1 is *>act]i/ically good4 ,! spirits ?us imprison$ 9 evil bodies w be f9ally lib]at$1 & !n ! p[] ( ! ,demiurge w cease1 & ! e>? w be dissolv$ into no?+ness4 #h4 ,our ju/ification = introduc+ "h ?is p>tial summ>y ( ,gno/icism is ! fact t e>ly ef=ts 7 made to accommodate ! t5ets ( ?is sy/em to ! dem&s ( ,*ri/ianity2 & t ,*ri/ & ! ,holy ,gho/ 7 decl>$ to belong to ! family ( ,aeons provid$ = 9 ?is s*eme4 ,?is l$ to ! extravagant absurdity ( d5y+ t ,jesus _h a body ev5 :ile ,he liv$ z a man2 & t ,8 appe>ance z a corporeal be+ 0 a deception ( ! s5ses wr\ght by ,8 sup]natural p[]4--7,see ,note #c1 end ( *apt]47 #i4 ,t ! doctr9es ( ! ,gno/ics 7 unsatisfy+ ev5 to ^? :o pr(ess$ to believe !re9 is evid5t f ! _m cults & p>ties t came into exi/5ce z subdivisions ( ! ma9 sect2 & x is int]e/+ to note t 9 mod]n times c]ta9 free-?9k]s h prid$ !mselves 9 assum+ a title express+ ! full anti!sis ( ! "n ,gno/ics1 viz4 ,agno/ics4 #aj4 ,! practical effect ( ! pr9ciples ( ,gno/icism 9 ! lives ( its adh]5ts is /rangely div]se4 ,"o division ( ! sect foll[$ a life ( au/]ity1 embrac+ rigor\s self-d5ial1 & bodily torture1 9 ! va9 belief t ! malignant body c\ld ?us be subdu$1 :ile ! _s w\ld be giv5 add$ p[] & increas$ fre$om4 ,ano!r cult s\ght to m9imize ! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong1 by d5y+ ! elem5t ( morality 9 human life2 & ^! ab&on$ !mselves to ! impulses ( ! passions & ! frailties ( ! bodily nature )\t re/ra9t1 on ! assumption t !re 0 no su* relation betwe5 body & s\l z w\ld cause injury to ! latt] ?r\gh bodily indulg5ces & excesses4 #aa4 ,ano!r sect or s*ool ^: doctr9es 7 9 a measure amalgamat$ ) ^? ( ,*ri/ianity 0 t ( ! ,new ,platonics4 ,! anci5t sects ( ,platoni/s or ,platonics 7 alli$ 9 "s po9ts ( doctr9e ) ! ,epicureans1 & 7 rivals if n oppon5ts ( ! ,/oics4 ,! e>ly ,platonics held t unorganiz$ matt] has exi/$ f all et]nity1 & t its organiz]1 ,god1 is simil>ly et]nal4 ,z ,god is et]nal1 s also ,8 w or intellig5ce is )\t beg9n+1 & ?is et]nal intellig5ce exi/+ z ! w or int5t ( ,deity1 0 call$ ! ,logos4 ,su* precepts _h be5 taught long be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & ! philosophy pr(ess$ by "s ( ! cont5d+ sects among ! ,jews 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/ _h be5 influ5c$ !reby4 #ab4 ,z ! pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity became g5]ally kn[n1 c]ta9 lead]s 9 ! sect ( ,platonics f\nd 9 ! new doctr9e mu* to /udy & admire4 ,by ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ,platonism itself _h und]gone mu* *ange1 & ! m lib]al adh]5ts _h =m$ a new organization & di/+ui%$ !mselves by ! appellation ,new ,platonics4 ,^! pr(ess$ to f9d 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ ! inc>nation ( ! ,logos1 & accept$ ) avidity ! decl>ation ( ,/4 ,john3 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w1 & ! ,^w 0 ) ,god1 & ! ,^w 0 ,god4 99 99 99 ,& ! ,^w 0 made fle%1 & dwelt among u4--7,john #a3a1 #ad47 ,accord+ to ! ,eclectic or ,new ,platonic philosophy1 ! ,^w ref]r$ to by ,/4 ,john 0 ! ,logos describ$ by ,plato4 #ac4 ,! ,platonic conception ( ! ,godhead z consi/+ ( ! ,deity & ! ,logos1 0 enl>g$ 9 accordance ) ,*ri/ian t5ets to embrace ?ree memb]s1 ! ,holy ,gho/ be+ ! ?ird4 ,!nce arose bitt] & la/+ diss5sion z to ! relative p[]s ( ea* memb] ( ! ,tr9ity1 p>ticul>ly ! position & au?ority ( ! ,logos or ,son4 ,! _m disputes incid5t to ! admixture ( ,platonic !ory ) ,*ri/ian doctr9e cont9u$ ?r\gh ! c5turies1 & 9 a s5se may be said to tr\ble ! m9ds ( m5 ev5 9 ?is mod]n age4 #ad4 ,x is :olly beyond our purpose to classify or describe ! hybrid (fspr+ result+ f ! unnatural union ( pagan philosophy & ,*ri/ian tru?2 nor %all we attempt to foll[ 9 detail ! diss5sions & qu>rels on !ological po9ts & que/ions ( doctr9e4 ,our purpose is a*iev$ :5 by /atem5t ( fact & citation ( au?ority1 ! reality ( ! apo/asy is e/abli%$4 ,we %all consid] !re=e only ! mo/ important ( ! diss5sions by :i* ! ,*ur* 0 tr\bl$4--7,see ,note #d1 end ( *apt]47 #ae4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury1 ,sibellius1 a presbyt] or bi%op ( ! *ur* 9 ,africa1 /rongly advocat$ ! doctr9e ( tr9ity 9 unity z *>act]iz+ ! ,godhead4 ,he claim$ t ! div9e nature ( ,*ri/ 0 no di/9ct nor p]sonal attribute ( ! man ,jesus1 b m]ely a portion ( ! div9e en]gy1 an emanation f ! ,fa!r1 ) :i* ! ,son 0 tempor>ily end[$2 & t 9 l mann] ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 a "p ( ! div9e ,fa!r4 ,^! views 7 z vigor\sly oppos$ by "s z def5d$ by o!rs1 & ! disagreem5t 0 rife :5 ,con/ant9e s sudd5ly *ang$ ! /atus ( ! ,*ur*1 & br\ght to its support ! p[] ( ! /ate4 ,e>ly 9 ! f\r? c5tury ! dispute assum$ a ?reat5+ aspect 9 a bitt] cont5tion betwe5 ,alex&]1 bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 & ,arius1 "o ( ! subord9ate (fic]s ( ! same *ur*4 ,alex&] proclaim$ t ! ,son 0 9 all respects ! equal ( ! ,fa!r1 & also ( ! same sub/ance or ess5ce4 ,arius insi/$ t ! ,son _h be5 creat$ by ! ,fa!r1 & !re=e c\ld n be co-et]nal ) ,8 div9e ,p>5t2 t ! ,son 0 ! ag5t ?r\gh :om ! w ( ! ,fa!r 0 execut$1 & t = ?is reason also ! ,son 0 inf]ior to ! ,fa!r bo? 9 nature & dignity4 ,9 l mann] ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 inf]ior to ! o!r memb]s ( ! ,godhead4 #af4 ,arianism1 z ! doctr9e came to be kn[n1 0 prea*$ ) vigor & d5\nc$ ) en]gy2 & ! diss5sion ?us occasion$ ?reat5$ to r5d ! ,*ur* to its f\ndation4 ,at la/ ! emp]or1 ,con/ant9e1 0 =c$ to int]v5e 9 an ef=t to e/abli% peace among 8 cont5d+ *ur*m54 ,he summon$ a c\ncil ( *ur* dignit>ies :i* assembl$ 9 ! ye> #cbe1 & :i* is kn[n f its place ( session z ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice4 ,?is c\ncil condemn$ ! doctr9e ( ,arius1 & pron\nc$ s5t5ce ( bani%m5t aga9/ its au?or4 ,:at 0 decl>$ to be ! or?odox doctr9e ( ! univ]sal or ,ca?olic *ur* respect+ ! ,godhead 0 promulgat$ z foll[s3 #ag4 ,we believe 9 "o ,god1 ! ,fa!r1 ,almighty1 ! mak] ( all ?+s visible & invisible2 & 9 "o ,"l1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 begott5 ( ! ,fa!r1 only begott51 7t is7 ( ! sub/ance ( ! ,fa!r2 ,god ( ,god1 ,light ( ,light2 ,v ,god ( ,v ,god2 begott5 n made2 ( ! same sub/ance ) ! ,fa!r1 by :om all ?+s 7 made1 t are 9 heav5 & t are 9 e>?3 :o = u m51 & = our salvation1 desc5d$ & 0 inc>nate1 & became man2 suff]$ & rose aga9 ! ?ird day1 asc5d$ into ! heav5s & w come to judge ! liv+ & ! dead2 & 9 ! ,holy ,_s4 ,b ^? :o say !re 0 a "t :5 he ! ,son 0 n1 & t he 0 n be=e he 0 begott51 & t he 0 made out ( no?+1 or affirm t he is ( any o!r sub/ance or ess5ce1 or t ! ,son ( ,god 0 creat$1 & mutable1 or *angeable1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* do? pron\nce accurs$4 #ah4 ,?is is ! g5]ally accept$ v]sion ( ! ,nic5e ,cre$ z orig9ally promulgat$4 ,9 =m x 0 some:at modifi$1 ?\gh left practically un*ang$ z to ess5tials1 by ! c\ncil held at ,con/ant9ople half a c5tury lat]4 ,:at is reg>d$ z a re/atem5t ( ! ,nic5e ,cre$ has be5 attribut$ to ,a?anasius1 "o ( ! *ief oppon5ts ( ,arianism1 ?\gh 8 "r to be consid]$ ! au?or is que/ion$ by _m & emphatically d5i$ by "s au?orities on ecclesia/ical hi/ory4 ,nev]!less1 ! /atem5t ref]r$ to has f\nd a place 9 lit]ature z ! ,cre$ ( ,a?anasius1 & :e!r rightly or wrongly nam$ x p]si/s z a decl>ation ( belief pr(ess$ by "s ,*ri/ian sects today4 ,x has a pres5t place 9 ! prescrib$ ritual ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,! ,cre$ ( ,a?anasius reads z foll[s3 #ai4 ,we wor%ip "o ,god 9 ,tr9ity1 & ,tr9ity 9 ,unity1 nei!r conf\nd+ ! p]sons1 nor divid+ ! sub/ance4 ,= !re is "o p]son ( ! ,fa!r1 ano!r ( ! ,son1 & ano!r ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,b ! ,godhead ( ! ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/1 is all "o3 ! glory equal1 ! maje/y co-et]nal4 ,su* z ! ,fa!r is1 su* is ! ,son2 & su* is ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,! ,fa!r uncreate1 ! ,son uncreate & ! ,holy ,gho/ uncreate4 ,! ,fa!r incompreh5sible1 ! ,son incompreh5sible & ! ,holy ,gho/ incompreh5sible4 ,! ,fa!r et]nal1 ! ,son et]nal1 ! ,holy ,gho/ et]nal4 ,& yet !re are n ?ree et]nals2 b "o et]nal4 ,z also !re are n ?ree incompreh5sibles1 nor ?ree uncreat$2 b "o uncreat$1 & "o incompreh5sible4 ,s likewise ! ,fa!r is ,almighty1 ! ,son ,almighty1 & ! ,holy ,gho/ ,almighty2 & yet !re are n ?ree ,almighties1 b "o ,almighty4 ,s ! ,fa!r is ,god1 ! ,son is ,god1 & ! ,holy ,gho/ is ,god1 & yet !y are n ?ree ,gods b "o ,god4 #bj4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,nice is kn[n 9 ecclesia/ical hi/ory z "o ( ! mo/ fam\s & important ga!r+s ev] assembl$ z an (ficial body conc]n$ ) *ur* adm9i/ration4 ,n only 0 ! ,arian dispute dispos$ (1 s f> z ecclesia/ical decree c\ld dispose ( a "q vitally affect+ ! individual consci5ce1 b _m o!r subjects ( controv]sy 7 simil>ly quiet$ = ! "t4 ,?us ! long-/&+ dispute z to ! "t ( celebrat+ ,ea/] 0 settl$ by vote1 z 0 also ! "q agitat$ by ,novatus & 8 foll[]s--z to ! propriety ( re-admitt+ rep5tant apo/ates to ! ,*ur*2 & ! s*ism caus$ by ,meletius1 a bi%op ( ,upp] ,africa1 :o _h refus$ to recognize ! sup]ior au?ority ( ! bi%op ( ,alex&ria4 ,f ! numb] & div]sity ( ! que/ions br\ght be=e ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil = adjudication1 we may safely conclude t ! newly en?ron$ ,*ur* 0 n *>act]iz$ by unity ( purpose nor h>mony ( action4 ,h[ev]1 comp>$ ) ! bitt] cont5tions t foll[1 ! diss5sions 9 ! reign ( ,con/ant9e 7 b z ! beg9n+s ( tr\ble4 #ba4 ,! moral effect ( ! pot5t _s ( apo/asy op]at+ ?r\gh ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ( ! ,*ur*'s exi/5ce & n\ri%$ by ! contributions ( hea!n philosophy1 prov$1 z 0 inevitable1 highly injuri\s & evil4 ,"s ( ! mo/ p]nici\s ( ^! effects x becomes our duty to consid]4 #bb4 ,p]v]t$ ,views ( ,life4 ,"o ( ! h]esies ( e>ly orig9 & rapid gr[? 9 ! ,*ur* 0 ! doctr9e ( antagonism betwe5 body & _s1 :]eby ! =m] 0 reg>d$ z an incubus & a curse4 ,f :at has be5 said ?is w be recogniz$ z "o ( ! p]v]sions d]iv$ f ! alliance ( ,gno/icism ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,a result ( ?is graft+ 9 ( hea!n doctr9es 0 an abundant gr[? ( h]mit practices1 by :i* m5 s\ght to weak51 torture1 & subdue _! bodies1 t _! spirits or s\ls might ga9 great] fre$om4 ,_m :o adopt$ ?is unnatural view ( human exi/5ce retir$ to ! solitude ( ! des]t1 & !re sp5t _! "t 9 practices ( /]n self-d5ial & 9 acts ( fr5zi$ self-torture4 ,o!rs %ut !mselves up z volunt>y prison]s1 seek+ glory 9 privation & self-impos$ p5ance4 ,x 0 ?is unnatural view ( life t gave rise to ! sev]al ord]s ( recluses1 h]mits & monks4 #bc4 ,?9k y n t ! ,savior _h su* practices 9 m9d1 :51 w>n+ ! disciples ( ! false claims to sanctity t w\ld *>act]ize ! times !n soon to foll[1 ,he said3 ,:]e=e if !y %all say unto y1 ,behold he 7,*ri/7 is 9 ! des]t2 g n =?3 behold1 he is 9 ! secret *amb]s2 believe x n4--7,matt4 #bd3bf47 #bd4 ,:5 ! ,*ur* came into ! favor ( ! /ate "u ,con/ant9e 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 !re sprang up _m ord]s ( recluses :o ma9ta9$ t communion ) ,god 0 to be s\ght by mortify+ s5se1 by )draw+ ! m9d f all ext]nal objects1 by mac]at+ ! body ) hung] & labor1 & by a holy sort ( indol5ce1 :i* conf9$ all ! activity ( ! s\l to a lazy contemplation ( ?+s spiritual & ext]nal4 ,mo%eim1 ! au?or j quot$1 cont9ues3 ,! ,*ri/ian *ur* w\ld nev] h be5 disgrac$ by ?is cruel & unsocial en?usiasm1 nor w\ld any h be5 subject$ to ^? ke5 torm5ts ( m9d & body to :i* x gave rise1 _h n _m ,*ri/ians be5 unw>ily caught by ! speci\s appe>ance & ! pomp\s s\nd ( t maxim ( ! anci5t philosophy3 ',t 9 ord] to ! atta9m5t ( true felicity & communion ) ,god1 x 0 necess>y t ! s\l %\ld be sep>at$ f ! body1 ev5 "h bel[2 & t ! body 0 to be mac]at$ & mortifi$ = ?is purpose4'--7,mo%eim1 ,eccl4 ,hi/41 ,c5t4 ,,iv1 ,"p ,,ii1 *4 #c3ab1 #ac47 #be4 ,! fruit ( ?is ill-s[+ 0 ! gr[? ( num]\s ord]s ( monks1 & ! ma9t5ance ( mona/]ies4 ,celibacy 0 taught z a virtue1 & came to be made a requirem5t ( ! cl]gy1 z x is 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic *ur* to-day4 ,an unm>ri$ cl]gy1 depriv$ ( ! elevat+ influ5ces ( home life1 fell into _m excesses1 & ! corruption ( ! prie/s has be5 a !me ( reproa* ?r\gh\t ! c5turies4 ,! ,"l ,god said1 ,x is n good t ! man %\ld be alone2 ,i w make him an help meet = him1--7,g54 #b3ah47 & aga91 ,!re=e %all a man leave 8 fa!r & 8 "m1 & %all cleave unto 8 wife3 & !y %all be "o fle%4--7,v]se #bd47 ,8 inspir$ apo/le proclaim$3 ,nei!r is ! man )\t ! woman1 nei!r ! woman )\t ! man1 9 ! ,"l4--7,i ,cor4 #aa3aa4 ,comp>e ,i ,tim4 #d3c47 ,nev]!less an apo/ate *ur* decrees t its m9i/]s %all be =bidd5 to foll[ ! law ( ,god4 #bf4 ,disreg>d = ,tru?4 ,z e>ly z ! f\r? c5tury1 c]ta9 p]nici\s doctr9es embody+ a disreg>d = tru? ga9$ curr5cy 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,?us1 x 0 taught t x 0 an act ( virtue to deceive & lie1 :5 by t means ! int]e/s ( ! *ur* might be promot$4--7,mo%eim1 ,eccl4 ,hi/41 ,c5t4 ,,iv1 ,"p ,,ii1 *4 #c3af47 ,ne$less to say1 s9s o!r ?an ^? ( falsehood & deceit 7 ju/ifi$ :5 committ$ 9 ! suppos$ int]e/s ( *ur* advancem5t1 & crime 0 condon$ "u ! speci\s excuse t ! end ju/ifies ! means4 ,_m ( ! fables & fictiti\s /ories relat+ to ! lives ( ,*ri/ & ! apo/les1 z also ! spuri\s acc\nts ( sup]natural visitations & wond]ful miracles1 9 :i* ! lit]ature ( ! e>ly c5turies ab\nd1 are traceable to ?is infam\s doctr9e t lies are acceptable unto ,god if p]petrat$ 9 a cause t man calls good4--7,see ,note #e1 end ( *apt]47 ,,notes4 #a4 ,! ,nicolaitanes4 ,?is sect is m5tion$ specifically 9 ! div9e communication :]e9 ,john ! ,revelator 0 in/ruct$ to write to ! *ur*es ( ,asia 7,rev4 #b3f1 #ae72 & ! ref]5ce proves ! abhorr5ce ) :i* ! ,"l reg>d$ ! tea*+s & practices ( ! cult4 ,! attempt to corrupt ,*ri/ianity by ! introduction ( ,nicolaitan c]emonies 0 a real dang] ?reat5+ ! ,*ur*4 ,! foll[+ extract f ,smi?'s ,bible ,diction>y is in/ructive3 ,! sect itself comes be=e u z pres5t+ ! ultimate phase ( a great controv]sy1 :i* ?reat5$ at "o "t to de/roy ! unity ( ! ,*ur*1 & aft]w>d to ta9t its purity4 ,! controv]sy itself 0 inevitable z soon z ! ,g5tiles 7 admitt$ 9 any l>ge numb]s into ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/4 ,7 ! new conv]ts to be br\ght into subjugation to ! :ole ,mosaic law8 ,! apo/les & eld]s at ,j]usalem met ! "q calmly & wisely4 ,! burd5 ( ! ,law 0 n to be impos$ on ! ,g5tile disciples4 ,!y 7 to ab/a91 among o!r ?+s1 f 'meats (f]$ to idols1' & f '=nication' 7,acts #ae3bj1 #bi71 & ?is decree 0 welcom$ z ! great *>t] ( ! ,*ur*'s fre$om4 ,/range z ! close union ( ! moral & positive comm&s may seem to u1 x did n seem s to ! synod at ,j]usalem4 ,! two s9s 7 v closely alli$1 (t5 ev5 9 ! close/ proximity ( "t & place4 ,! messages to ! *ur*es ( ,asia1 & ! lat] ,apo/olic ,epi/les 7,,ii ,pet]1 & ,jude17 indicate t ! two evils appe>$ at t p]iod also 9 close alliance4 ,! tea*]s ( ! ,*ur* br&$ !m ) a "n t express$ _! true "*4 ,! m5 :o did & taught su* ?+s 7 foll[]s ( ,balaam 7,,ii ,pet] #b3ae2 ,jude ,,ii47 ,!y1 l ! false prophet ( ,pe?or1 unit$ brave words ) evil de$s4 ,9 a "t ( p]secution1 :5 ! eat+ or n eat+ ( ?+s sacrific$ to idols 0 m ?an ev] a crucial te/ ( fai?fulness1 !y p]suad$ m5 m ?an ev] t x 0 a ?+ indiff]5t 7,rev4 #b3ac1 #ad74 ,?is 0 bad en\gh1 b !re 0 a yet worse evil4 ,m+l+ !mselves 9 ! orgies ( idolatr\s fea/s1 !y br\ght ! impurities ( ^? fea/s into ! meet+s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,& all ?is 0 done1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 n simply z an indulg5ce ( appetite1 b z "p ( a sy/em support$ by a 'doctr9e1' accompani$ by ! boa/ ( a prophetic illum9ation 7,,ii ,pet] #b3a74 #b4 ,imitation ( ,hea!n ,my/]ies1 & ! ,result4 ,! wor%ip ( ,god by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 0 decri$ & ridicul$ because ( its simplicity & ! abs5ce ( my/ic c]emonies4 ,true1 ! zeal ( p]secutors soon made necess>y a prud5t secrecy 9 religi\s s]vice & wor%ipp+ assemblies1 b aside f su* necessity1 !re 0 a volunt>y ef=t to feign a secrecy t 0 uncall$ =4 ,on ?is po9t ,gibbon rem>ks z foll[s3 ,! precautions ) :i* ! disciples ( ,*ri/ p]=m$ ! (fices ( religion 7 at fir/ dictat$ by fe> & necessity2 b !y 7 cont9u$ f *oice4 ,by imitat+ ! awful secrecy ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 ! ,*ri/ians _h flatt]$ !mselves t !y %\ld r5d] _! sacr$ in/itutions m respectable 9 ! eyes ( ! pagan _w4 ,b ! ev5t1 z x (t5 happ5s to ! op]ations ( subtle policy1 deceiv$ _! wi%es & _! expectations4 ,x 0 conclud$ t !y only conceal$ :at !y w\ld h blu%$ to disclose4 ,_! mi/ak5 prud5ce af=d$ an opportunity = malice to inv5t1 & = suspici\s cr$ulity to believe1 ! horrid tales :i* describ$ ! ,*ri/ians z ! mo/ wick$ ( human k9d1 :o practic$ 9 _! d>k recesses e abom9ation t a deprav$ fancy c\ld sugge/1 & :o solicit$ ! favor ( _! unkn[n ,god by ! sacrifice ( e moral virtue4 ,!re 7 _m :o pret5d$ to confess or to relate ! c]emonies ( ?is abhorr$ society4-- 7,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 *ap4 ,,xvi47 #c4 ,ebionites & ,gno/ics4 ,beside ! g5]al design ( fix+ on a p]petual basis ! div9e honors ( ,*ri/1 ! mo/ anci5t & respectable ( ! ecclesia/ical writ]s h ascrib$ to ! evangelic !ologian ,/4 ,john a p>ticul> int5tion to confute two oppos+ h]esies1 :i* di/urb$ ! peace ( ! primitive ,*ur*4 ,i4 ,! fai? ( ! ,ebionites1 p]haps ( ! ,naz>5es1 0 gross & imp]fect4 ,!y rev]$ ,jesus z ! greate/ ( ! prophets1 end[$ ) sup]natural virtue & p[]4 ,!y ascrib$ to ,8 p]son & to ,8 future reign all ! pr$ictions ( ! ,hebrew oracles :i* relate to ! spiritual & ev]la/+ k+dom ( ! promis$ ,messiah4 ,"s ( !m might confess t ,he 0 born ( a virg92 b !y ob/9ately reject$ ! prec$+ exi/5ce & div9e p]fections ( ! ,logos1 or ,son ( ,god1 :i* are s cle>ly def9$ 9 ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john4 99 99 99 ,,ii4 ,! ,gno/ics1 :o 7 di/+ui%$ by ! epi!t ( ,docetes1 deviat$ into ! contr>y extreme1 & betray$ ! human :ile !y ass]t$ ! div9e1 nature ( ,*ri/4 ,educat$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,plato1 accu/om$ to ! sublime idea ( ! ,logos1 !y readily conceiv$ t ! brighte/ ,aeon or ,emanation ( ,deity1 might assume ! outw>d %ape & visible appe>ance ( a mortal2 b !y va9ly pret5d$ t ! imp]fections ( matt] are incompatible ) ! purity ( a cele/ial sub/ance4 ,:ile ! blood ( ,*ri/ yet smok$ on ,m\nt ,calv>y1 & ! ,docetes inv5t$ ! impi\s & extravagant hypo!sis t1 in/ead ( issu+ f ! womb ( ! ,virg91 he _h desc5d$ on ! banks ( ! ,jordan 9 ! =m ( p]fect manhood2 t he _h impos$ on ! s5ses ( ,8 enemies & ( ,8 disciples1 & t ! m9i/]s ( ,pilate _h wa/$ _! impot5t rage on an airy phantom1 :o seem$ to expire on ! ,cross1 &1 aft] ?ree days1 to rise f ! dead4--7,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 *4 ,,xxi47 #d4 ,admixture ( ,pagan ,doctr9es ,) ,*ri/ianity4 ,! foll[+ /atem5ts by mod]n writ]s z to ! effect ( pagan philosophy on ! ,*ur* are wor?y ( att5tion4 ,summ>iz+ conditions prevail+ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! second c5tury1 ,miln] says3 ,we h hi!rto f\nd x no h>d matt] to discov]1 9 ! tea*]s & writ]s ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! vital doctr9es ( ,*ri/4 ,we %all n[ p]ceive t ! mo/ preci\s tru?s ( ! gospel beg9 to be less att5d$ to1 & less br\ght to view4 ,ev5 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 be=e ! p]iod ( eclectic corruption1 by 8 fondness = ,plato1 adult]at$ ! gospel 9 "s degree1 z we h obs]v$ p>ticul>ly 9 ! article ( free w4 ,tatian1 8 s*ol>1 w5t bold] l5g?s1 & des]v$ ! "n ( h]etic4 ,he dealt l>gely 9 ! m]its ( cont95ce & *a/ity2 & ^! virtues1 pu%$ into extravagant excesses1 "u ! notion ( sup]ior purity1 became great eng9es ( self-righte\sness & sup]/ition2 obscur$ m5's views ( ! fai? ( ,*ri/1 & d>k5$ ! :ole face ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,"u ! fo/]+ h& ( ,ammonius & 8 foll[]s1 ?is fictiti\s hol9ess disguis$ "u ! appe>ance ( em95t sanctity1 0 =m$ into a sy/em2 & x soon began to g5]ate ! wor/ ( evils4 99 99 99 ,/4 ,paul's caution aga9/ philosophy & va9 deceit1 x appe>s1 0 n[ fatally neglect$ by ! ,*ri/ians4 ,false humility1 ',w-wor%ip1' curi\s & pr\d ref9em5ts1 bodily au/]ities mix$ ) high1 self-righte\s pret5sions1 ignorance ( ,*ri/ & ( ! true life ( fai? 9 ,him1 mis]ably sup]s$$ by c]emonies & sup]/itions1--all ^! ?+s are div9ely del9eat$ 9 ! second *apt] to ! ,colossians2 &1 s f> z words c d x1 ! true def5se aga9/ !m is p[]fully describ$ & en=c$4--7,miln]1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,,ii1 *4 #i47 ,! s*isms & commotions t arose 9 ! *ur*1 f a mixture ( ! ori5tal & ,egyptian philosophy ) ! ,*ri/ian religion 71 9 ! second c5tury1 increas$ by ^? ,grecian philosoph]s :o embrac$ ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/4 ,! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 conc]n+ ! ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/1 & ! two natures unit$ 9 our bless$ ,savior1 7 by no means reconcilable ) ! t5ets ( ! sages & doctors ( ,greece1 :o !re=e endeavor$ to expla9 !m 9 su* a mann] z to r5d] !m compreh5sible4 ,praxeas1 a man ( g5ius & le>n+1 began to propagate ^! explications at ,rome1 & 0 sev]ely p]secut$ = ! errors !y conta9$4 ,he d5i$ any real di/9ction betwe5 ! ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/2 & ma9ta9$ t ! ,fa!r1 sole ,creator ( all ?+s1 _h unit$ to ,himself ! human nature ( ,*ri/4 ,h5ce 8 foll[]s 7 call$ ,mon>*ians1 because ( _! d5y+ a plurality ( p]sons 9 ! ,deity2 & also ,patropassians1 because1 accord+ to ,t]tullian's acc\nt1 !y believ$ t ! ,fa!r 0 s intimately unit$ ) ! man ,*ri/1 ,8 ,son1 t ,he suff]$ ) ,him ! angui% ( an afflict$ life & ! torm5ts ( an ignom9i\s dea?4 ,h[ev] ready _m may h be5 to embrace ?is errone\s doctr9e1 x does n appe> t ?is sect =m$ to !mselves a sep>ate place ( wor%ip1 or remov$ !mselves f ! ord9>y assemblies ( ,*ri/ians4--7,mo%eim1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,,ii1 ,"p ,,ii1 *4 #e3bj47 #e4 ,spuri\s ,writ+s 9 ! ,apo/olic ,p]iod4 ,n long aft] ,*ri/'s asc5sion into heav51 sev]al hi/ories ( ,8 life & doctr9es1 full ( pi\s frauds & fabul\s wond]s1 7 compos$ by p]sons ^: int5tions1 p]haps1 7 n bad1 b ^: writ+s discov]$ ! greate/ sup]/ition & ignorance4 ,nor 0 ?is all3 productions appe>$ :i* 7 impos$ ^u ! _w by fraudul5t m51 z ! writ+s ( ! holy apo/les4 ,^! apocryphal & spuri\s writ+s mu/ h produc$ a sad confusion1 & r5d]$ bo? ! hi/ory & ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ unc]ta91 _h n ! rul]s ( ! *ur* us$ all possible c>e & dilig5ce 9 sep>at+ ! books t 7 truly apo/olical & div9e f all t spuri\s tra%4--7,mo%eim1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,i1 ,"p ,,ii1 *4 #b3ag47 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 9999,int]nal ,causes4--,cont9u$99994 #a4 ,z "o ( ! effective causes lead+ to ! apo/asy ( ! ,primitive ,*ur* we h specifi$3 ,unau?oriz$ additions to ! c]emonies ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! introduction ( vital *anges 9 ess5tial ord9ances4 #b4 ,! ridicule heap$ ^u ! e>ly ,*ur* by ! pagans on acc\nt ( ! simplicity ( ,*ri/ian wor%ip has already receiv$ m5tion4 ,?is cause ( reproa* 0 none ! less emphasiz$ by ,judai/ic critics1 to :om rituals & c]emony1 =malism & prescrib$ rites1 figur$ z ess5tials ( religion4 ,v e>ly 9 its hi/ory1 ! ,*ur* manife/$ a t5d5cy to supplant ! pri/9e simplicity ( its wor%ip by elaborate c]emonies1 patt]n$ aft] ,judai/ic ritual & hea!n idolatries4 #c4 ,z to su* innovations1 ,mo%eim writes z foll[s1 ) ref]5ce to conditions exi/+ 9 ! second c5tury3 ,!re is no in/itution s pure & excell5t :i* ! corruption & folly ( man w n 9 "t alt] = ! worse1 & load ) additions =eign to its nature & orig9al design4 ,su* 9 a p>ticul> mann] 0 ! fate ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ?is c5tury _m unnecess>y rites & c]emonies 7 add$ to ! ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 ! introduction ( :i* 0 extremely (f5sive to wise & good m54 ,^! *anges1 :ile !y de/roy$ ! beautiful simplicity ( ! gospel1 7 naturally pleas+ to ! gross multitude1 :o are m delight$ ) ! pomp & spl5dor ( ext]nal in/itutions ?an ) ! native *>ms ( rational & solid piety1 & :o g5]ally give little att5tion to any objects b ^? :i* /rike _! outw>d s5ses4--7,mo%eim1 ,eccl4 ,hi/41 ,c5t4 ,,ii1 ,"p ,,ii1 *4 #d47 ,! au?or j cit$ expla9s t ! bi%ops ( t day increas$ ! c]emonies & s\ght to give !m spl5dor by way ( accommodation to ! infirmities & prejudices ( bo? ,jews & hea!n4--7,see ,note #a1 end ( *apt]47 #d4 ,to m effectually reconcile ! gospel requirem5ts ) ,jewi% prejudice1 :i* /ill clung to ! lett] ( ! ,mosaic law1 ! (fic]s ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! fir/ & second c5turies took to !mselves ! anci5t titles2 ?us1 bi%ops /yl$ !mselves *ief prie/s1 & deacons1 ,levites4 ,9 l mann]1 says ,mo%eim1 ! comp>ison ( ! ,*ri/ian oblation ) ! ,jewi% victim & sacrifice1 produc$ a multitude ( unnecess>y rites1 & 0 ! occasion ( introduc+ t errone\s notion ( ! eu*>i/1 :i* repres5ts x z a real sacrifice1 & n m]ely z a commemoration ( t great (f]+ t 0 once made ^u ! cross = ! s9s ( mortals4--7,mo%eim1 ,eccl4 ,hi/41 ,c5t4 ,,ii1 ,"p ,,ii1 *4 #d3d47 #e4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury we f9d ! ,*ur* /ill m hopelessly committ$ to =malism & sup]/ition4 ,! dec5t respect ) :i* ! rema9s ( ! e>ly m>tyrs _h be5 honor$ deg5]at$ or grew into a sup]/iti\s rev]5ce am\nt+ to wor%ip4 ,?is practice 0 all[$ 9 def]5ce to ! hea!n adoration paid to deifi$ h]oes4 ,pilgrimages to ! tombs ( m>tyrs became common z an outw>d =m ( religi\s devotion2 & ! a%es ( m>tyrs z well z du/ & e>? br\ght f places said to h be5 made holy by "s uncommon occurr5ce 7 sold z sov]eign rem$ies aga9/ disease & z means ( protection aga9/ ! assaults ( malignant spirits4 #f4 ,! =m ( public wor%ip 0 s *ang$ dur+ ! second & ?ird c5turies z to be> little resemblance to ! simplicity & e>ne/ness ( t ( ! e>ly congregations4 ,philosophic disc\rses took ! place ( f]v5t te/imony be>+ & ! arts ( ! rhetorician & controv]sial debat] supplant$ ! true eloqu5ce ( religi\s conviction4 ,applause 0 all[$ & expect$ z evid5ce ( ! prea*]'s popul>ity4 ,! burn+ inc5se1 at fir/ abhorr$ by ,*ri/ian assemblies because ( its pagan orig9 & hea!n significance1 _h become common 9 ! ,*ur* be=e ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury4 #g4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury ! adoration ( images1 pictures1 & effigies1 _h be5 giv5 a place 9 ! s-call$ ,*ri/ian wor%ip2 & ! practice became g5]al 9 ! c5tury foll[+4 ,an ef=t to *eck ! abuses aris+ f ?is idolatr\s practice 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 actually l$ to civil w>4--7,see ,mo%eim1 ,eccl4 ,hi/41 ,c5t4 ,,viii1 ,"p ,,ii1 *4 #c3i1 #aj47 #h4 ,9 consid]+ su* evid5ces ( pagan c]emonial & sup]/iti\s rites tak+ ! place ( ! simple proc$ure incid5t to g5u9e wor%ip *>act]i/ic ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! days ( its integrity1 :o c "q ! solemn & awful fact ( actual apo/asy8--7,see ,note #b1 end ( *apt]47 ,b m important yet1 m significant /ill ?an m]e additions to ! rituali/ic c]emonial1 are ! p]v]sions & *anges introduc$ into ! mo/ sacr$ & ess5tial ord9ances ( ,*ri/'s ,*ur*4 ,z x is common ) ecclesia/ical au?orities to consid] ! mo/ ess5tial ord9ances ( ! gospel orig9ally e/abli%$ by ,*ri/ & ma9ta9$ by ,8 apo/les1 z compris+ baptism & ! sacram5t ( ! ,"l's supp]1 we %all exam9e into ^! alone z examples ( ! unau?oriz$ alt]ations n[ "u consid]ation4 ,9 ?is re/riction ( our illu/rative examples we d n admit t baptism & ! sacram5t nam$ 7 ! only ord9ances *>act]iz+ ! ,*ur*2 inde$1 !re is abundant pro( to ! contr>y4 ,?us1 ! au?oritative imposition ( h&s = ! be/[al ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 ! case ( baptiz$ believ]s 0 equally ess5tial ) baptism itself1--7,see ,acts #h3e-h1 #ab1 #ad-ag2 also #ai3a-g2 see also #b3ch2 ,matt4 #c3aa2 & ,m>k #a3h47 & 0 assur$ly reg>d$ z a vital ord9ance f ! fir/4--7,see ,matt4 #c3aa47 ,fur!rmore1 ord9ation 9 ! prie/hood1 :]eby m5 7 commission$ by div9e au?ority 0 indisp5sable to ! ma9t5ance ( an organiz$ ,*ur*4 ,! examples select$1 h[ev]1 w be suffici5t = ! purposes ( our pres5t inquiry4 9999,! ,ord9ance ( ,baptism ,*ang$99994 #i4 ,fir/1 !n1 z to baptism1--9 :at did ! ord9ance orig9ally consi/1 z to purpose & mode ( adm9i/ration1 & :at *anges did x und]go 9 ! c\rse ( progressive apo/asy ?r\gh :i* ! ,*ur* pass$8 ,t baptism is ess5tial to salvation calls = no demon/ration "h2 ?is has be5 g5]ally held by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 bo? anci5t & mod]n times4--7,= a concise treatm5t ( ?is subject1 see ! au?or's ,articles ( ,fai?1 ,lecture #f3h-bi47 ,! purpose ( baptism 0 & is ! obta9+ ( a remission ( s9s2 compliance ) ! requirem5t has be5 f ! fir/ ! sole means ( secur+ admission to ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/4--7,see ,m>k #a3d & ,luke #c3c2 also ,acts #b3ch2 ,i ,pet] #c3ba2 & ,acts #bb3af4 ,comp>e ,,ii ,nephi #ca3ag47 #aj4 ,9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 baptism 0 adm9i/]$ on pr(ession ( fai? & evid5ce ( rep5tance1 & 0 p]=m$ by imm]sion--7,see ,note #c1 end ( *apt]7 at ! h&s ( "o inve/$ ) ! requisite au?ority ( prie/hood4 ,!re 0 no delay 9 adm9i/]+ ! ord9ance aft] ! eligibility ( ! c&idate _h be5 %[n4 ,z in/ances we may cite ! promptness ) :i* baptism 0 adm9i/]$ to ! believ]s on t ev5tful day ( ,p5teco/2-- 7,acts #b3cg-da7 ! baptism adm9i/]$ by ,philip to ! ,e?iopian conv]t imm$iately foll[+ due pr(ession ( fai?2--7,acts #h3bf-ci7 ! undelay$ baptism ( dev\t ,cornelius & 8 family2--7,acts #aj3dg1 #dh7 & ! spe$y baptism ( ! conv]t$ jail] by ,paul1 8 prison]4--7,acts #af3ca-cc47 #aa4 ,9 ! second c5tury1 h[ev]1 prie/ly m&ate _h re/rict$ ! baptismal ord9ance to ! times ( ! two ,*ur* fe/ivals1 ,ea/] & ,:itsuntide1 ! fir/ be+ ! anniv]s>y ( ,*ri/'s resurrection1 & ! second ! "t ( ,p5teco/al celebration4 ,a long & t$i\s c\rse ( prep>ation 0 requir$ ( ! c&idate be=e 8 eligibility 0 admitt$2 dur+ ?is "t he 0 kn[n z a cate*um51 or novice 9 tra9+4 ,accord+ to "s au?orities a ?ree ye>s' c\rse ( prep>ation 0 requir$ 9 all b exceptional cases4--7,s*legel1 ,book ,,viii1 *4 #cb47 #ab4 ,dur+ ! second c5tury ! baptismal symbolism ( a new bir? 0 emphasiz$ by _m additions to ! ord9ance2 ?us ! newly baptiz$ 7 treat$ z infants & 7 f$ milk & honey 9 tok5 ( _! immaturity4 ,z baptism 0 con/ru$ to be a c]emony ( lib]ation f ! slav]y ( ,satan1 c]ta9 =mulas us$ 9 ! free+ ( slaves 7 add$4 ,ano9t+ ) oil 0 also made a "p ( ! c]emony4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury ! simple ord9ance ( baptism 0 fur!r encumb]$ & p]v]t$ by ! m9i/rations ( an exorci/4 ,?is (ficial indulg$ 9 m5ac+ & =midable %\ts & declamation :]eby ! demons or evil spirits ) :i* ! c&idate 0 suppos$ to be afflict$ 7 to be driv5 away4 ,! driv+ out ( ?is demon 0 n[ consid]$ z an ess5tial prep>ation = baptism1 aft] ! adm9i/ration ( :i* ! c&idates return$ home1 adorn$ ) cr[ns1 & array$ 9 :ite g>m5ts1 z sacr$ emblems1--! =m] ( _! victory ov] s9 & ! _w2 ! latt] ( _! inw>d purity & innoc5ce4-- 7,mo%eim1 ,eccl4 ,hi/41 ,c5t4 ,,iii1 "p ,,ii1 *4 #d3d47 ,x is n difficult to see 9 ?is sup]/iti\s c]emony ! evid5ce ( pagan adult]ation ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury x became ! practice to place salt 9 ! m\? ( ! newly baptiz$ memb]1 z a symbol ( purification1 & ! actual baptism 0 bo? prec$$ & foll[$ by an ano9t+ ) oil4 #ac4 ,! =m or mode ( baptism also und]w5t a radical *ange dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! ?ird c5tury1--a *ange :]eby its ess5tial symbolism 0 de/roy$4 ,imm]sion1--7,see ,note #c1 end ( *apt]7 typify+ dea? foll[$ by resurrection1 0 no long] deem$ an ess5tial feature1 & spr9kl+ ) wat] 0 all[$ 9 place !re(4 ,no less an au?ority ?an ,cyprian1 ! le>n$ bi%op ( ,c>?age1 advocat$ ! propriety ( spr9kl+ 9 lieu ( imm]sion 9 cases ( physical weakness2 & ! practice ?us />t$1 lat] became g5]al4 ,! fir/ in/ance ( record is t ( ,novatus1 a h]etic :o reque/$ baptism :5 he ?\ght dea? 0 ne>4--7,z to ! scriptural doctr9e ( baptism1 ! mode ( its adm9i/ration & ! symbolism !re(1 see ! au?or's ,articles ( ,fai?1 ,lecture #g47 #ad4 ,n only 0 ! =m ( ! baptismal rite radically *ang$1 b ! application ( ! ord9ance 0 p]v]t$4 ,! practice ( adm9i/]+ baptism to infants 0 recogniz$ z or?odox 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 & 0 d\btless ( e>li] orig94 ,9 a prolong$ disputation z to :e!r x 0 safe to po/pone ! baptism ( infants until ! eigh? day aft] bir?--9 def]5ce to ! ,jewi% cu/om ( p]=m+ circumcision on t day--x 0 gravely decid$ t su* delay w\ld be dang]\s1 z jeop>diz+ ! future well-be+ ( ! *ild %\ld x die be=e atta9+ ! age ( eight days1 & t baptism ought to be adm9i/]$ z soon aft] bir? z possible4--7,see ,miln]1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,,iii2 *4 #ac47 ,a m infam\s doctr9e ?an t ( ! condemnation ( unbaptiz$ infants c sc>cely be imag9$1 & a /rong] pro( ( ! h]esies t _h invad$ & corrupt$ ! e>ly ,*ur* ne$ n be s\ght4 ,su* a doctr9e is =eign to ! gospel & to ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/1 & its adoption z an ess5tial t5et is pro( ( apo/asy4--7,= a discussion ( infant baptism1 see ! au?or's ,articles ( ,fai?1 ,lecture #f4 ,see ,note #d1 end ( *apt]47 9999,*anges 9 ! ,ord9ance ( ! ,sacram5t ( ! ,"l's ,supp]99994 #ae4 ,! sacram5t ( ! ,"l's ,supp] has be5 reg>d$ z an ess5tial ord9ance f ! "t ( its e/abli%m5t 9 ! ,*ur* by ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,yet 9 spite ( its sanctity x has und]gone radical alt]ation bo? z to its symbolism & its accept$ purpose4 ,! sacram5t1 z in/itut$ by ! ,savior & z adm9i/]$ dur+ ! days ( ! apo/olic m9i/ry1 0 z simple z x 0 sacr$ & solemn4 ,accompani$ by ! true _s ( ! gospel1 its simplicity 0 sanctify+2 z int]pret$ by ! _s ( apo/asy its simplicity became a reproa*4 ,h5ce we f9d t 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 long sacram5tal pray]s 7 prescrib$1 & mu* pomp 0 introduc$4 ,vessels ( gold & silv] 7 us$ by su* congregations z c\ld af=d !m1 & ?is ) o/5tati\s display4 ,nonmemb]s & memb]s :o 7 9 a p5it5tial /ate 7 exclud$ f ! sacram5tal s]vice--9 imitation ( ! exclusiv5ess accompany+ hea!n my/]ies4 ,disputation & diss5sion arose z to ! prop] "t ( adm9i/]+ ! sacram5t--morn+1 noon1 or ev5+2 & z to ! frequ5cy ) :i* ! ord9ance %\ld be celebrat$4--7,see ,note #e1 end ( *apt]47 #af4 ,at a lat] date ! doctr9e ( ,transub/antiation 0 e/abli%$ z an ess5tial t5et ( ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,?is briefly summ>iz$1 is to ! effect t ! species--i4 e41 ! bread & w9e us$ 9 ! sacram5t--lose _! "* z m]e bread & w9e1 & become 9 fact ! fle% & blood ( ! crucifi$ ,*ri/4 ,! transmutation is assum$ to take place 9 su* a my/ical way z to delude ! s5ses2 & s1 ?\gh actual fle% & actual blood1 ! elem5ts /ill appe> to be bread & w9e4 ,?is view1 s /rongly def5d$ & e>ne/ly rev]5c$ by or?odox memb]s ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 is vehem5tly d5\nc$ by o!rs z an absurd t5et1-- 7,miln]7 & a mon/r\s & unnatural doctr9e4--7,mo%eim47 #ag4 ,!re has be5 mu* discussion z to ! orig9 ( ?is doctr9e1--7,see ,note #f1 end ( *apt]47 ! ,roman ,ca?olics claim+ = x a great antiquity1 :ile _! oppon5ts insi/ t x 0 an innovation ( ! eigh? or n9? c5tury4 ,accord+ to ,miln] x 0 op5ly taught 9 ! n9? c5tury2--7,miln]1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,,ix1 *4 #a47 0 =mally e/abli%$ z a dogma ( ! ,*ur* by ! ,c\ncil ( ,plac5tia ,a4 ,d4 #ajie1--7,! same1 ,c5t4 ,,xi1 *4 #a7 & 0 made an ess5tial article ( cre$1 belief 9 :i* 0 requir$ ( all by action ( ! ,roman ecclesia/ical c\rt ab\t #aafj4--7,! same1 ,c5t4 ,,xiii1 *4 #a47 ,an (ficial edict ( ! pope1 ,innoc5t ,,iii1 confirm$ ! dogma z a b9d+ t5et & requirem5t ( ! ,*ur* 9 #abae2--7,mo%eim1 ,eccl4 ,hi/41 ,c5t4 ,,xiii1 ,"p ,,ii1 *4 #c3b47 & x rema9s practically 9 =ce 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* today4 ,! doctr9e 0 adopt$ by ! ,greek ,*ur* 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4--7,! same4 ,c5t4 ,,xvii1 ,"p ,,ii1 *4 #b3c47 #ah4 ,! consecrat$ emblems1 or ho/1 be+ reg>d$ z ! actual fle% & blood ( ,*ri/1 7 ador$ z ( !mselves div9e4 ,?us1 a v p]nici\s practice ( idolatry 0 connect$ ) ! reception ( ?is doctr9e4 ,m5 fell d[n be=e ! consecrat$ ho/1 & wor%ipp$ x z ,god2 & ! novelty1 absurdity1 & impiety ( ?is abom9ation v mu* /ruck ! m9ds ( all m5 :o 7 n dead to a s5se ( true religion4--7,miln]1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,,xiii1 *4 #a47 ,! elevation ( ! ho/1--i4 e41 ! pres5tation ( ! consecrat$ emblems be=e ! congregation = adoration1 is a feature ( ! pres5t day ritual ( wor%ip 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! celebration ( ! mass is taught to be an actual ?\gh my/ic sacrifice1 9 :i* ! ,son ( ,god is daily (f]$ up anew z a con/antly recurr+ atonem5t = ! pres5t s9s ( ! assembl$ wor%ipp]s4 ,a fur!r p]v]sion ( ! sacram5t occurr$ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( bread alone1 in/ead ( bo? bread & w9e z orig9ally requir$4 #ai4 ,?us 0 ! pla9 purpose & assur$ efficacy ( ! sacram5t hidd5 b5ea? a cl\d ( my/]y & c]emonial display4 ,contra/ su* ) ! solemn simplicity ( ! ord9ance z in/itut$ by our ,"l1--,he took bread & w9e1 bless$ !m & gave to ,8 disciples & said1 ,?is d 9 remembrance ( me4--7,luke #bb3ai1 #bj2 comp>e ,matt4 #bf3bg1 #bh47 ,( ! bread ,he said1 ,?is is my body2 ( ! w9e1 ,?is is my blood2 yet at t "t ,8 body 0 unpi]c$1 ,8 blood 0 un%$4 ,! disciples ate bread1 n fle% ( a liv+ man1 & drank w9e1 n blood2 & ?is !y 7 comm&$ to d 9 remembrance ( ,*ri/4--7,= a g5]al treatm5t ( ! ,sacram5t ( ! ,"l's ,supp]1 see ! au?or's ,articles ( ,fai?1 ,lecture #i47 ,! p]v]sion ( ! sacram5t is evid5ce ( dep>ture f ! _s ( ! gospel ( ,*ri/1 & :5 made an ess5tial dogma ( a *ur* is pro( ( ! apo/ate condition ( t *ur*4 #bj4 ,behold1 !y h transgress$ ! laws1 *ang$ ! ord9ance1 brok5 ! ev]la/+ cov5ant4--7,see ,isaiah #bd3d-f47 ,,notes4 #a4 ,c]emonies ,add$ z a ,compromise4 ,bo? ,jews & hea!ns 7 accu/om$ to a va/ v>iety ( pomp\s & magnific5t c]emonies 9 _! religi\s s]vice4 ,& z !y consid]$ ^! rites z an ess5tial "p ( religion1 x 0 b natural t !y %\ld behold ) indiff]5ce1 & ev5 ) contempt1 ! simplicity ( ! ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 :i* 0 de/itute ( ^? idle c]emonies t r5d]$ _! s]vice s speci\s & /rik+4 ,to remove !n1 9 "s measure1 ?is prejudice aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 ! bi%ops ?\ght x necess>y to increase ! numb] ( rites & c]emonies1 & ?us to r5d] ! public wor%ip m /rik+ to ! outw>d s5ses4 ,?is addition ( ext]nal rites 0 also design$ to remove ! opprobri\s calumnies :i* ! ,jewi% & pagan prie/s ca/ ^u ! ,*ri/ians on acc\nt ( ! simplicity ( _! wor%ip1 e/eem+ !m little bett] ?an a!i/s1 because !y _h no temples1 alt>s1 victims1 prie/s1 nor any?+ ( t ext]nal pomp 9 :i* ! vulg> are s prone to place ! ess5ce ( religion4 ,! rul]s ( ! ,*ur* adopt$1 !re=e1 c]ta9 ext]nal c]emonies1 t ?us !y might captivate ! s5ses ( ! vulg>1 & be able to refute ! reproa*es ( _! adv]s>ies4 7,mo%eim1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,,ii1 ,"p ,,ii1 *4 #d3b1 #c47 ,a note app5d$ to ! =ego+ exc]pt by ! translator1 ,dr4 ,ar*ibald ,macla9e1 reads z foll[s3 ,a rem>kable passage 9 ! life ( ,gregory1 surnam$ ,?aumaturgus1 i4 e41 ! wond] work]1 w illu/rate ?is po9t 9 ! cle>e/ mann]4 ,! passage is z foll[s3 ',:5 ,gregory p]ceiv$ t ! ignorant multitude p]si/$ 9 _! idolatry1 on acc\nt ( ! pleasures & s5sual gratifications :i* !y enjoy$ at ! pagan fe/ivals1 he grant$ !m a p]mission to indulge !mselves 9 ! l pleasures1 9 celebrat+ ! memory ( ! holy m>tyrs1 hop+ t 9 process ( "t1 !y w\ld return ( _! own accord to a m virtu\s & regul> c\rse ( life4' ,!re is no sort ( d\bt1 b t by ?is p]mission1 ,gregory all[$ ! ,*ri/ians to dance1 sport1 & fea/ at ! tombs ( ! m>tyrs ^u _! respective fe/ivals1 & to d ev]y?+ :i* ! pagans 7 accu/om$ to d 9 _! temples dur+ ! fea/s celebrat$ 9 honor ( _! gods4 ,! ,gregory ref]r$ to 9 ! note la/ quot$ fl\ri%$ ab\t ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,he acquir$ ! title ,?aumaturgus f 8 fame z a work] ( miracles1 ! g5u95ess ( :i* a*ievem5ts is disput$ by _m au?orities4 ,he 0 bi%op ( ,new ,caes>ea1 & a man ( great influ5ce 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,8 sanction ( c]emonies1 patt]n$ aft] pagan rites1 0 d\btless ( f>-rea*+ effect4 #b4 ,*ur* ,c]emonial 9 ! ,fif? ,c5tury4 ,! sublime & simple !ology ( ! primitive ,*ri/ians 0 gradually corrupt$1 & ! ,mon>*y ( heav51 already cl\d$ by metaphysical subtleties1 0 degrad$ by ! introduction ( a popul> my?ology1 :i* t5d$ to re/ore ! reign ( poly!ism4 ,z ! objects ( religion 7 gradually r$uc$ to ! /&>d ( ! imag9ation1 ! rites & c]emonies 7 introduc$ t seem$ mo/ p[]fully to affect ! s5ses ( ! vulg>4 ,if1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury1 ,t]tullian or ,lactantius _h be5 sudd5ly rais$ f ! dead1 to assi/ at ! fe/ival ( "s popul> sa9t or m>tyr1 !y w\ld h gaz$ ) a/oni%m5t & indignation on ! pr(ane spectacle1 :i* _h succe$$ to ! pure & spiritual wor%ip ( a ,*ri/ian congregation4 ,z soon z ! doors ( ! ,*ur* 7 ?r[n op5 !y mu/ h be5 (f5d$ by ! smoke ( inc5se1 ! p]fume ( fl[]s1 & ! gl>e ( lamps & tap]s1 :i* diffus$1 at noonday1 a gaudy1 sup]flu\s1 &1 9 _! op9ion a sacriligi\s light4 ,if !y approa*$ ! balu/rade ( ! alt>1 !y made _! way ?r\gh ! pro/rate cr[d1 consi/+ = ! mo/ "p1 ( /rang]s & pilgrims1 :o resort$ to ! city on ! vigil ( ! fea/2 & :o already felt ! /rong intoxication ( fanaticism1 & p]haps ( w9e4 ,_! dev\t kisses 7 impr9t$ on ! walls & pavem5ts ( ! sacr$ edifice2 & _! f]v5t pray]s 7 direct$1 :atev] might be ! language ( _! *ur*1 to ! bones1 ! blood1 or ! a%es ( ! sa9ts1 :i* 7 usually conceal$ by a l95 or silk5 veil f ! eyes ( ! vulg>4 ,! ,*ri/ians frequ5t$ ! tombs ( ! m>tyrs1 9 ! hope ( obta9+1 f _! p[]ful int]cession1 e sort ( spiritual1 b m especially ( temporal bless+s4 99 99 99 ,! same uni=m orig9al _s ( sup]/ition might sugge/1 9 ! mo/ di/ant ages & c\ntries1 ! same me?ods ( deceiv+ ! cr$ulity1 & ( affect+ ! s]vices1 ( mank9d2 b x mu/ +5i\sly be confess$ t ! m9i/]s ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* imitat$ ! pr(ane model :i* !y 7 impati5t to de/roy4 ,! mo/ respectable bi%ops _h p]suad$ !mselves t ! ignorant ru/ics w\ld m *e]fully r5\nce ! sup]/itions ( ,paganism1 if !y f\nd "s resemblance1 "s comp5sation1 9 ! bosom ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! religion ( ,con/ant9e a*iev$1 9 less ?an a c5tury1 ! f9al conque/ ( ! ,roman empire2 b ! victors !mselves 7 ins5sibly subdu$ by ! arts ( _! vanqui%$ rivals4--7,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 *4 ,,xxviii47 #c4 ,e>ly ,=m ( ,*ri/ian ,baptism4 ,hi/ory furni%es ample pro( t 9 ! fir/ c5tury aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 baptism 0 adm9i/]$ solely by imm]sion4 ,t]tullian ?us ref]s to ! imm]sion c]emony common 9 8 day3 ,!re is no diff]5ce :e!r "o is wa%$ 9 a sea or 9 a pool1 9 a riv] or 9 a f\nta91 9 a lake or 9 a *annel2 nor is !re any diff]5ce betwe5 ^? :om ,john dipp$ 9 ,jordan1 & ^? :om ,pet] dipp$ 9 ! ,tib]4 99 99 99 ,we are imm]s$ 9 ! wat]4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr describes ! c]emony z practic$ by himself4 ,fir/ describ+ ! prep>atory exam9ation ( ! c&idate1 he proce$s3 ,aft] t !y are l$ by u to :]e !re is wat]1 & are born aga9 9 t k9d ( new bir? by :i* we ourselves 7 born aga94 ,= 9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! ,fa!r & ,"l ( all1 & ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 our ,savior1 & ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ! imm]sion 9 wat] is p]=m$2 because ! ,*ri/ ha? also said1 ',except a man be born aga91 he _c ent] into ! k+dom ( heav54' ,bi%op ,b5net says conc]n+ ! practices ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians3 ,!y l$ !m into ! wat] & laid !m d[n 9 ! wat] z a man is laid 9 a grave2 & !n !y said ^? words1 ',i baptize 7or wa%7 !e 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/2' !n !y rais$ !m up aga91 & clean g>m5ts 7 put on !m2 f :5ce came ! phrases ( be+ baptiz$ into ,*ri/'s dea?1 ( be+ buri$ ) ,him by baptism into dea?1 ( our be+ ris5 ) ,*ri/1 & ( our putt+ on ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 ( putt+ (f ! old man1 & putt+ on ! new4 ,t ! apo/les imm]s$ :om !y baptiz$ !re is no d\bt4 99 99 99 ,& t ! anci5t *ur* foll[$ _! example is v cle>ly ev9c$ by innum]able te/imonies ( ! fa!rs4--7,vossius47 ,bury+ z x 7 ! p]son baptiz$ 9 ! wat]1 & rais+ him out aga91 )\t "q 0 anci5tly ! m usual me?od4--7,ar*bi%op ,seek]47 ,imm]sion 0 ! usual me?od 9 :i* baptism 0 adm9i/]$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*4 99 99 99 ,imm]sion 0 und\bt$ly a common mode ( adm9i/]+ baptism1 & 0 n discont9u$ :5 infant baptism prevail$4 99 99 99 ,spr9kl+ gradually took ! place ( imm]sion )\t any =mal r5unciation ( ! latt]4--7,canon ,f>r>47 #d4 ,hi/orical ,notes on ,infant ,baptism4 ,! baptism ( infants1 9 ! fir/ two c5turies aft] ,*ri/1 0 altoge!r unkn[n4 99 99 99 ,! cu/om ( baptiz+ infants did n beg9 be=e ! ?ird age aft] ,*ri/ 0 born4 ,9 ! =m] ages no trace ( x appe>s2 & x 0 introduc$ )\t ! comm& ( ,*ri/4--7,curcullaeus47 ,x is c]ta9 t ,*ri/ did n orda9 infant baptism4 99 99 99 ,we _c prove t ! apo/les orda9$ infant baptism4 ,f ^? places :]e baptism ( a :ole family is m5tion$ 7z 9 ,acts #af3cc2 ,i ,cor4 #a3af7 we c draw no su* conclusion1 because ! inquiry is /ill to be made1 :e!r !re 7 any *ildr5 9 ! families ( su* an age t !y 7 n capable ( any intellig5t reception ( ,*ri/ianity2 = ?is is ! only po9t on :i* ! case turns4 99 99 99 ,z baptism 0 closely unit$ ) a consci\s entrance on ,*ri/ian communion1 fai? & baptism 7 always connect$ ) "o ano!r2 & ?us x is 9 ! highe/ degree probable t baptism 0 p]=m$ only 9 in/ances :]e bo? c\ld meet toge!r1 & t ! practice ( infant baptism 0 unkn[n at ?is 7! apo/olic7 p]iod4 99 99 99 ,t n till s late a p]iod z 7at lea/ c]ta9ly n e>li] ?an7 ,ir5aeus1 a trace ( infant baptism appe>s2 & t x fir/ became recogniz$ z an apo/olic tradition 9 ! c\rse ( ! ?ird c5tury1 is evid5ce r aga9/ ?an = ! admission ( its apo/olic orig94--7,johann ,ne&]1 a ,g]man !ologian :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury47 ,let !m !re=e come :5 !y are gr[n up--:5 !y c und]/&--:5 !y are taught :i!r !y are to come4 ,let !m become ,*ri/ians :5 !y c "k ,*ri/4--7,t]tullian1 "o ( ! ,lat9 ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs2 he liv$ f #aej to #bbj ,a4 ,d47 ,t]tullian's almo/ viol5t opposition to ! practice ( p$o-baptism is cit$ by ,ne&] z a pro( t x 0 !n n usually consid]$ an apo/olic ord9ance2 = 9 t case he w\ld h>dly h v5tur$ to speak s /rongly aga9/ x4 ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 writ+ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 decl>$3 ,x _c be prov5 by ! sacr$ scriptures t infant baptism 0 in/itut$ by ,*ri/1 or begun by ! fir/ ,*ri/ians aft] ! apo/les4 ,by tekna ! ,apo/le und]/&s1 n infants1 b po/]ity2 9 :i* significance ! ^w occurs 9 _m places ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7see among o!rs ,john #h3ci72 :5ce x appe>s t ! argum5t :i* is v commonly tak5 f ?is passage = ! baptism ( infants1 is ( no =ce1 & good = no?+4--7,limbor*1 a native ( ,holl&1 & a !ologian ( repute2 he liv$ #afcc-agab47 #e4 ,summ>y ( ,*anges 9 ! ,sacram5t z an ,ord9ance4 ,errors conc]n+ ! sacram5t1 & its signification1 & ! mann] ( adm9i/]+ x1 grew rapidly 9 ! pr(ess$ ,*ri/ian *ur*es dur+ ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,z soon z ! p[] ( ! prie/hood _h dep>t$1 mu* disputation arose 9 matt]s ( ord9ance1 & ! obs]vance ( ! sacram5t became di/ort$4 ,!ological tea*]s /rove to fo/] ! idea t !re 0 mu* my/]y att5d+ ?is naturally simple & mo/ impressive ord9ance2 t all :o 7 n 9 full communion ) ! ,*ur* %\ld be exclud$1 n only f p>ticipation 9 ! ord9ance1 :i* 0 ju/ifiable1 b f ! privilege ( witness+ ! s]vice1 le/ !y pr(ane ! my/ic rite by _! unhall[$ pres5ce4 ,!n arose ! h]esy ( transub/antiation1--:i* held t ! sacram5tal emblems by ! c]emony ( consecration lo/ _! natural "* ( simple bread & w9e1 & became 9 reality fle% & blood1--actually p>ts ( ! crucifi$ body ( ,*ri/4 ,argum5ts aga9/ su* dogmas is useless4 ,!n foll[$ ! v5]ation ( ! emblems by ! p1 ! bread & w9e--reg>d$ z "p ( ,*ri/'s tab]nacle1 be+ elevat$ 9 ! mass = ! adoration ( ! p2 & lat]1 ! cu/om ( suppress+ half ( ! sacram5t 0 introduc$4 ,by ! innovation la/ m5tion$1 only ! bread 0 adm9i/]$1 ! dogmatic ass]tion be+ t bo? ! body & ! blood 7 repres5t$ 9 "s my/ical way 9 "o ( ! 'elem5ts4' ,c]ta9 x is1 t ,*ri/ requir$ ,8 disciples to bo? eat & dr9k 9 remembrance ( ,him4--7,! ,au?or1 ,articles ( ,fai?1 ,lecture #i1 ,note #d47 #f4 ,z to ! ,antiquity ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,transub/antiation4 ,z /at$ 9 ! text1 ! date ( orig9 ( ! ,ca?olic doctr9e ( transub/antiation has be5 debat$4 ,! foll[+ summ>y is in/ructive4 ,prote/ants combatt+ ! ,ca?olic idea ( ! real pres5ce ( ! fle% & blood 9 ! eu*>i/--transub/antiation-- h endeavor$ to prove t ?is doctr9e 0 n ( e>li] orig9 ?an ! eigh? c5tury4 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 ! evid5ce is aga9/ !m4 ,ignatius1 bi%op ( ,antio*1 writ+ e>ly 9 ! second c5tury1 says ( c]ta9 suppos$ h]etics3 ',!y d n admit ( eu*>i/s & oblations1 because !y d n believe ! eu*>i/ to be ! fle% ( our ,savior ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o suff]$ = our s9s4' 7,epi/le ( ,ignatius to ! ,smyrneans47 ,s ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 also writ+ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury3 ',we d n receive !m ! bread & ! w9e z ord9>y food or ord9>y dr9k1 b z by ! ^w ( ,god1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 our ,savior1 0 made fle% & took ^u him bo? fle% & blood = our salvation1 s also ! food :i* 0 bless$ by ! pray] ( ! ^w :i* proce$$ f ,him1 & f :i* our fle% & blood1 by transmutation1 receive n\ri%m5t1 is1 we are taught1 bo? ! fle% & blood ( t ,jesus :o 0 made fle%4' 7,ju/9's ,apology to ,emp]or ,anton9us47 ,aft] ,ju/9's "t ! te/imony ( ! fa!rs is abundant4 ,!re c be no d\bt z to ! antiquity ( ! idea ( ! real pres5ce ( ! body & blood ( ,jesus 9 ! eu*>i/2 b t proves--z we said ( infant baptism--n t ! doctr9e is true1 b t soon aft] ! apo/les _h pass$ away1 ! simplicity ( ! gospel 0 corrupt$ or else entirely dep>t$ f4--7,b4 ,h4 ,rob]ts1 ,outl9es ( ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 p4 #acc47 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 9999,int]nal ,causes4--,cont9u$99994 #a4 ,among ! controll+ causes lead+ to ! g5]al apo/asy ( ! ,*ur*1 we h specifi$ z ?ird 9 ! s]ies3 ,unau?oriz$ *anges 9 ,*ur* organization & gov]nm5t4 #b4 ,a comp>ison betwe5 ! plan ( organization on :i* ! ,primitive ,*ur* 0 f\nd$ & ! ecclesia/ical sy/em :i* took its place w af=d valuable evid5ce z to ! true or apo/ate condition ( ! mod]n ,*ur*4 ,! ,primitive ,*ur* 0 (fic]$ by apo/les1 pa/ors1 high prie/s1 sev5ties1 eld]s1 bi%ops1 prie/s1 tea*]s1 & deacons4--7,see ,luke #f3ac & ,m>k #c3ad2 ,eph4 #d3aa2 ,heb4 #e3a-e2 ,luke #aj3a-aa2 ,acts #ad3bc2 #ae3f2 ,i ,pet] #e3a2 ,i ,tim4 #c3a2 ,titus #a3ag2 ,rev4 #a3f2 ,acts #ac3a2 ,i ,tim4 #c3h-ab47 ,we h no evid5ce t ! presid+ c\ncil ( ! ,*ur*1 compris+ ! twelve apo/les1 0 cont9u$ beyond ! e>?ly m9i/ry ( ^? :o _h be5 orda9$ to t holy call+ dur+ ! life ( ,*ri/ or soon aft] ,8 asc5sion4 ,nor is !re record ( any ord9ation ( individuals to ! apo/le%ip1 irrespective ( memb]%ip 9 ! c\ncil ( twelve1 beyond ^? ^: call+ & m9i/ry are *ronicl$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i*1 z a hi/orical record1 ends ) ! fir/ c5tury4 #c4 ,ecclesia/ical hi/ory o!r ?an ! holy scriptures in=ms u1 h[ev]1 t :]ev] a bran*1 or *ur*1 0 organiz$1 a bi%op or an eld] 7presbyt]7 0 plac$ 9 *>ge4 ,!re is no d\bt t :ile ! apo/les liv$1 !y 7 recogniz$ & respect$ z ! presid+ au?orities ( ! ,*ur*4 ,z !y e/abli%$ bran*es or *ur*es1 !y select$ ! bi%ops1 & submitt$ _! nom9ations to ! vote ( ! memb]s4 ,z already /at$1 ! pr9ciple ( self-gov]nm5t1 or common cons5t1 0 respect$ 9 apo/olic days ) a c>e am\nt+ to sacr$ duty4 ,we read t ! bi%ops 7 assi/$ 9 _! local adm9i/ration by presbyt]s & deacons4 #d4 ,aft] ! apo/les _h gone1 bi%ops & o!r (fic]s 7 nom9at$ by1 or at ! in/ance (1 ! exi/+ au?orities4 ,! affairs ( ea* *ur* or bran* 7 conduct$ & regulat$ by ! local (fic]s1 s t a m>k$ equality exi/$ among ! sev]al *ur*es1 none ex]cis+ or claim+ supremacy except z to ! def]5ce volunt>ily paid to ^? *ur*es t _h be5 organiz$ by ! p]sonal m9i/ry ( ! apo/les4 ,?r\gh\t ! fir/ & ! great] "p ( ! second c5tury1 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es 7 indep5d5t ( ea* o!r2 nor 7 !y jo9$ toge!r by association1 conf$]acy1 or o!r bonds b ^? ( *>ity4 ,ea* ,*ri/ian assembly 0 a little /ate1 gov]n$ by its own laws1 :i* 7 ei!r enact$1 or1 at lea/1 approv$ by ! society4-- 7,mo%eim1 ,eccl4 ,hi/41 ,c5t4 ,,ii1 ,"p ,,ii1 *4 #b3b47 #e4 ,z ) ! *ur*es1 s ) _! bi%ops1--!re 0 a recogniz$ equality among !m4 ,late 9 ! second1 & ?r\gh\t ! ?ird c5tury1 h[ev]1 m>k$ di/9ctions & recognitions ( rank arose among ! bi%ops1 ^? ( l>ge & weal?y cities assum+ au?ority & dignity above t accord$ by !m to ! bi%ops ( ! c\ntry prov9ces4 ,! bi%ops ( ! l>ge/ cities or prov9ces1 took to !mselves ! di/+ui%+ title ( ,metropolitans1--7,see ,mo%eim1 ,eccl4 ,hi/41 ,c5t4 ,,ii1 ,"p ,,ii1 *4 #b3c2 also ,c5t4 ,,iv1 ,"p ,,ii1 *4 #b3c1 & comp>e ,c5t4 ,i1 ,"p ,,ii1 *4 #b3ad47 & assum$ a p[] ( presid5cy ov] ! bi%ops ( m limit$ jurisdiction4 #f4 ,! second c5tury 0 m>k$ by ! cu/om ( hold+ synods or *ur* c\ncils2 ! practice orig9at$ among ! *ur*es 9 ,greece1 & !nce became g5]al4 ,^! c\ncils grew rapidly 9 p[]1 s t 9 ! ?ird c5tury we f9d !m legislat+ = ! *ur*es1 & direct+ by edict & comm& 9 matt]s :i* =m]ly _h be5 left to ! vote ( ! p4 ,ne$less to say t ) su* assumptions ( au?ority came arrogance & tyranny 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,*ur*4 ,z ! =m ( *ur* gov]nm5t *ang$ m & m1 _m m9or ord]s ( cl]gy or *ur* (fic]s arose2 ?us 9 ! ?ird c5tury we read ( sub-deacons1 acolytes1 o/i>s1 read]s1 exorci/s1 & copiates4 ,z an in/ance ( ! pride ( (fice1 x is wor?y ( note t a sub-deacon 0 =bidd5 to sit 9 ! pres5ce ( a deacon )\t ! latt]'s express cons5t4 #g4 ,rome1 s long ! mi/ress ( ! _w 9 secul> affairs1 arrogat$ to h]self a pre-em95ce 9 *ur* matt]s1 & ! bi%op ( ,rome claim$ supremacy4 ,x is d\btless true t ! *ur* at ,rome 0 organiz$ by ,pet] & ,paul4 ,tradition1 f\nd$ on error1 said t ! apo/le ,pet] 0 ! fir/ bi%op ( ,rome2 & ^? :o successively 7 ackn[l$g$ z bi%ops ( ! metropolis claim$ to be1 9 fact1 l9eal successors ( ! presid+ apo/le4 ,! high b none ! less false claim is made by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ?is day1 t ! pres5t pope is ! la/ l9eal successor--n alone to ! bi%opric b to ! apo/le%ip4 #h4 ,! rightful supremacy ( ! bi%ops ( ,rome1 or ,roman pontiffs z !y came to be kn[n1 0 e>ly que/ion$2 & :5 ,con/ant9e made ,byzantium1 or ,con/ant9ople1 ! capital ( ! empire1 ! bi%op ( ,con/ant9ople claim$ equality4 ,! dispute divid$ ! ,*ur*1 & = five hundr$ ye>s ! diss5sion increas$1 until 9 ! n9? c5tury 7#hee ,a4 ,d47 x develop$ into a great disruption1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! bi%op ( ,con/ant9ople1 kn[n di/9ctively z ! patri>*1 disav[$ all fur!r allegiance to ! bi%op ( ,rome1 o!rwise kn[n z ! ,roman pontiff4 ,?is disruption is m>k$ today by ! di/9ction betwe5 ,roman ,ca?olics4 #i4 ,! election ( pontiff1 or bi%op ( ,rome1 0 long left to ! vote ( ! p & cl]gy2 lat] ! electoral function 0 ve/$ 9 ! cl]gy alone2 & 9 ! elev5? c5tury ! p[] 0 lodg$ 9 ! college ( c>d9als1 :]e x rema9s ve/$ today4 ,! ,roman pontiffs /rove ) unremitt+ zeal to acquire temporal z well z spiritual au?ority2 & _! influ5ce _h become s great t 9 ! elev5? c5tury we f9d !m claim+ ! "r to direct pr9ces1 k+s1 & emp]ors 9 ! affairs ( ! sev]al nations4 ,x 0 at ?is1 ! e>ly p]iod ( _! greate/ temporal p[]1 t ! pontiffs took ! title ( pope1 ! ^w mean+ lit]ally papa or fa!r1 & appli$ 9 ! s5se ( univ]sal p>5t4 ,! p[] ( ! popes 0 increas$ dur+ ! twelf? c5tury1 & may be said to h rea*$ its height 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 #aj4 ,n cont5t ) assum$ supremacy 9 all *ur* affairs1 ! popes c>ri$ _! insol5t pret5sions s f> z to give !mselves out = lords ( ! univ]se1 arbit]s ( ! fate ( k+doms & empires1 & supreme rul]s ov] ! k+s & pr9ces ( ! e>?4--7,mo%eim1 ,eccl4 ,hi/41 ,c5t4 ,,xi1 ,"p ,,ii1 *4 #b3b47 ,!y claim$ ! "r to au?orize & direct 9 ! int]nal affairs ( nations1 & to make lawful ! rebellion ( subjects aga9/ _! rul]s if ! latt] fail$ to keep favor ) ! papal p[]4 #aa4 ,comp>e ?is arrogant & tyrannical *ur* ( ! _w ) ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/4 ,unto ,pilate our ,"l decl>$1 ,my k+dom is n ( ?is _w4--7,john #ah3cf47 & on an e>li] occasion1 :5 ! p w\ld h proclaim$ ,him k+ ) e>?ly dom9ion1--7,john #f3ae47 ,he dep>t$ f !m4 ,yet ! ,*ur* t boa/s ( its div9e orig9 z f\nd$ by ! ,*ri/1 :o w\ld n be a k+1 lifts itself above all k+s & rul]s1 & proclaims itself ! supreme p[] 9 ! affairs ( nations4 #ab4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury ! ,*ur* _h promulgat$ :at has be5 s9ce designat$ z an infamy1 viz43 t errors 9 religion1 :5 ma9ta9$ & adh]$ to aft] prop] admonition1 7 puni%able ) civil p5alties1 & corporal tortures4--7,mo%eim1 ,eccl4 ,hi/41 ,c5t4 ,,iv1 ,"p ,,ii1 *4 #c3af47 ,! effect ( ?is unju/ rule appe>$ z m & m atroci\s ) ! passage ( ! ye>s1 s t 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 & lat]1 we f9d ! ,*ur* impos+ puni%m5t ( f9e1 imprisonm5t1 bodily torture1 & ev5 dea?1 z p5alties = infraction ( *ur* regulations1 &1 m infam\s /ill1 provid+ = mitigation or annulm5t ( su* s5t5ces on paym5t ( money4 ,?is l$ to ! %ock+ practice ( sell+ indulg5ces or p>dons1 :i* cu/om 0 aft]w>ds c>ri$ to ! awful extreme ( issu+ su* be=e ! commission ( ! specific (f5se1 ?us lit]ally (f]+ = sale lic5ses to s91 ) assurance ( temporal & promise ( spiritual immunity4 #ac4 ,! grant+ ( indulg5ces z exemptions f temporal p5alties 0 at fir/ conf9$ to ! bi%ops & _! ag5ts1 & ! practice dates z an organiz$ traffic f ab\t ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,x rema9$ = ! popes1 h[ev]1 to g to ! blasphem\s extreme ( assum+ to remit ! p5alties ( ! h]eaft] on paym5t ( ! sums prescrib$4 ,_! pret5d$ ju/ification ( ! impi\s assumption 0 z horrible z ! act itself1 & con/itutes ! dreadful doctr9e ( sup]]ogation4 #ad4 ,z =mulat$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ?is doctr9e 0 ?us set =?3 ,t !re actually exi/$ an imm5se treasure ( m]it1 compos$ ( ! pi\s de$s & virtu\s actions :i* ! sa9ts _h p]=m$ beyond :at 0 necess>y = _! own salvation1 & :i* 7 !re=e applicable to ! b5efit ( o!rs2 t ! gu>dian & disp5s] ( ?is preci\s treasure 0 ! ,roman pontiff1 & t ( consequ5ce he 0 emp[]$ to assign to su* z he ?\ght prop] a portion ( ?is inexhau/ible s\rce ( m]it1 suitable to _! respective guilt1 & suffici5t to deliv] !m f ! puni%m5t due to _! crimes4--7,z cit$ by ,mo%eim2 see ,eccl4 ,hi/41 ,c5t4 ,,xii1 ,"p ,,ii1 *4 #c3d47 #ae4 ,! doctr9e ( sup]]ogation is z unreasonable z x is unscriptural & untrue4 ,man's individual responsibility = 8 acts is z surely a fact z is 8 ag5cy to act = himself4 ,he w be sav$ ?r\gh ! m]its & by ! aton+ sacrifice ( our ,r$eem] & ,"l2 & 8 claim ^u ! salvation provid$ is /rictly dep5d5t on 8 compliance ) ! pr9ciples & ord9ances ( ! gospel z e/abli%$ by ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,remission ( s9s & ! ev5tual salvation ( ! human s\l are provid$ =2 b ^! gifts ( ,god are n to be pur*as$ ) money4 ,comp>e ! awful fallacies ( sup]]ogation & ! blasphem\s practice ( assum+ to remit s9s ( "o man 9 consid]ation ( ! m]its ( ano!r1 ) ! decl>ation ( ! "o & only ,savior ( mank9d3 ,b ,i say unto y1 t e idle ^w t m5 %all speak1 !y %all give acc\nt !re( 9 ! day ( judgm5t4--7,matt4 #ab3cf47 ,8 inspir$ apo/les1 see+ 9 prophetic vision ! day ( awful c]ta9ty1 solemnly te/ifies1 ,& ,i saw ! dead1 small & great1 /& be=e ,god2 & ! books 7 op5$3 & ano!r book 0 op5$1 :i* is ! book ( life3 & ! dead 7 judg$ out ( ^? ?+s :i* 7 writt5 9 ! books1 accord+ to _! works4 ,& ! sea gave up ! dead :i* 7 9 x2 & dea? & hell deliv]$ up ! dead :i* 7 9 !m3 & !y 7 judg$ e man accord+ to _! works4--7,rev4 #bj3ab1 #ac4 ,italics intro47 #af4 ,! scriptures proclaim ! et]nal fact ( individual acc\ntability2--7,= a concise treatm5t ( ! doctr9e ( man's responsibility see ! au?or's ,articles ( ,fai?1 ,lecture #c47 ! ,*ur* 9 ! days ( its deg5]acy decl>es t ! m]it ( "o may be b\ght by ano!r & paid = 9 worldly co94 ,c su* a ,*ur* be 9 any measure ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/8 #ag4 ,9 illu/ration ( ! indulg5ces z sold 9 ,g]many 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 we h ! record ( ! do+s ( ,john ,tetzel1 ag5t ( ! pope1 :o travel$ ab\t sell+ =giv5ess ( s9s4 ,says ,miln]3 ,myconius assures u t he himself he>d ,tetzel declaim ) incr$ible effront]y conc]n+ ! unlimit$ p[] ( ! pope & ! efficacy ( indulg5ces4 ,! p believ$ t ! mom5t any p]son _h paid ! money = ! indulg5ce he became c]ta9 ( 8 salvation2 & t ! s\ls = :om ! indulg5ces 7 b\ght 7 in/antly releas$ out ( purgatory4 99 99 99 ,john ,tetzel boa/$ t he _h sav$ m s\ls f hell by 8 indulg5ces ?an ,/4 ,pet] _h conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity by 8 prea*+4 ,he assur$ ! pur*as]s ( !m1 _! crimes1 h[ev] enorm\s1 w\ld be =giv52 :5ce x became almo/ ne$less = him to bid !m dismiss all fe>s conc]n+ _! salvation4 ,=1 remission ( s9s be+ fully obta9$1 :at d\bt c\ld !re be ( salvation8--7,miln]1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 ,c5t4 ,,xvi1 *4 #b47 #ah4 ,a copy ( an indulg5ce writt5 by ! h& ( ,tetzel1 ! v5dor ( popi% p>dons1 has be5 pres]v$ to u z foll[s3 ,may our ,"l1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 h m]cy ^u !e & absolve !e by ! m]its ( ,8 mo/ holy passion4 ,& ,i1 by ,8 au?ority1 t ( ,8 ,apo/les ,pet] & ,paul1 & ( ! mo/ holy pope grant$ & committ$ to me 9 ^! p>ts1 d absolve !e1 fir/ f all ecclesia/ical c5sures1 9 :atev] mann] !y h be5 incurr$2 & !n f all ! s9s1 transgressions1 & excesses1 h[ enorm\s soev] !y may be1 ev5 = su* z are res]v$ = ! cognizance ( ! holy see2 & z f> z ! keys ( ! holy *ur* ext5d1 ,i remit to !e all ! puni%m5t :i* ?\ des]ve/ 9 purgatory on _! acc\nt2 & ,i re/ore !e to ! holy sacram5ts ( ! *ur*1 to ! unity ( ! fai?ful1 & to t innoc5ce & purity :i* ?\ possess$/ at baptism2 s t :5 ?\ die/1 ! gates ( puni%m5t %all be %ut1 & ! gates ( ! p>adise ( delight %all be op5$2 & if ?\ %alt n die at pres5t1 ?is grace %all rema9 9 full =ce :5 ?\ art at ! po9t ( dea?4 ,9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r & ( ! ,son & ( ! ,holy ,gho/4--7,miln]1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,,xvi1 *4 #b47 #ai4 ,by way ( excuse or def5se1 x has be5 claim$ = ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* t a pr(ession ( contrition or rep5tance 0 requir$ ( e applicant = indulg5ce1 & t ! p>don 0 issu$ on ! basis ( su* p5it5ce1 & n prim>ily = money or its equival5t2 b t recipi5ts ( indulg5ces1 at fir/ volunt>ily1 & lat] 9 compliance ) e/abli%$ cu/om1 made a mat]ial (f]+ or donation to ! ,*ur*4 ,x is report$1 moreov]1 t "s ( ! abuses ) :i* ! sell+ ( indulg5ces _h be5 associat$ 7 disapprov$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,nev]!less1 ! dread fact rema9s t = f\r hundr$ ye>s ! ,*ur* _h claim$ = its pope ! p[] to remit all s9s1 & t ! promise ( remission _h be5 sold & b\ght4--7,see ,note #a1 end ( *apt]47 #bj4 ,! awful s9 ( blasphemy consi/s 9 tak+ to "o's self ! div9e pr]ogatives & p[]s4 ,"h we f9d ! pope ( ,rome1 ! head ( ! only *ur* recogniz$ at ! "t1 assum+ to remit ! puni%m5t due 9 ! h]eaft] = s9s committ$ 9 mortality4 ,a pope assum+ to sit 9 judgm5t z ,god ,himself6 ,is ?is n a fulfilm5t ( ! dread conditions ( apo/asy =ese5 & =etold z antec$5t to ! second adv5t ( ,*ri/8 ,read = y\rselves3 ,let no man deceive y by any means3 = t day %all n come1 except !re come a fall+ away fir/1 & t man ( s9 be reveal$1 ! son ( p]dition2 :o oppose? & exalte? himself above all t is call$ ,god1 or t is wor%ipp$3 s t he z ,god sitte? 9 ! temple ( ,god1 %ew+ himself t he is ,god4--7,!ss4 #b3c1 #d4 ,italics introduc$4 ,see ,note #d1 end ( *apt]47 #ba4 ,ano!r abuse p]petrat$ by ! c\ncils ?r\gh :i* assemblies ! supreme pontiffs ex]cis$ _! autocratic p[]s1 is se5 9 ! re/rictions plac$ on ! read+ & int]pretation ( scripture4 ,! same ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 :i* _h disclaim$ au?ority or blame = ! acts ( *ur* (ficials reg>d+ ! sc&al\s traffic 9 indulg5ces1 prescrib$ mo/ rigid regulations =bidd+ ! read+ ( ! scriptures by ! p4 ,?us3 ,a sev]e & intol]able law 0 enact$1 ) respect to all int]pret]s & expositors ( ! scriptures1 by :i* !y 7 =bidd5 to expla9 ! s5se ( ^! div9e books1 9 matt]s ( fai? & practice1 9 su* a mann] z to make !m speak a diff]5t language f t ( ! *ur* & ! anci5t doctors4 ,! same law fur!r decl>$ t ! *ur* alone 7i4 e41 its rul]1 ! ,roman pontiff7 _h ! "r ( det]m9+ ! true mean+ & signification ( scripture4 ,to fill up ! measure ( ^! tyrannical & iniquit\s proce$+s1 ! *ur* ( ,rome p]si/$ ob/9ately 9 affirm+1 ?\gh n always ) ! same imprud5ce & pla9ness ( spee*1 t ! holy scriptures 7 n compos$ = ! use ( ! multitude1 b only = t ( _! spiritual tea*]s2 &1 ( consequ5ce1 ord]$ ^! div9e records to be tak5 f ! p 9 all places :]e x 0 all[$ to execute its imp]i\s dem&s4--7,mo%eim1 ,eccl4 ,hi/41 ,c5t4 ,,xvi1 ,"p ,i1 *4 #a3be4 ,! italics are introduc$ by ! pres5t writ]47 #bb4 ,is x possible t a *ur* tea*+ su* h]esies c be ! ,*ur* e/abli%$ by ,jesus ,*ri/8 ,! ,"l ,jesus comm&$ all3 ,se>* ! scriptures2 = 9 !m ye ?9k ye h et]nal life3 & !y are !y :i* te/ify ( me4--7,john #e3ci2 comp>e v]se #df2 also ,isaiah #h3bj2 ,luke #af3bi2 & ,acts #ag3aa47 #bc4 ,surely a pall ( d>kness _h fall5 ^u ! e>?4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ _h long s9ce ceas$ to exi/4 ,9 place ( a prie/hood conf]r$ by div9e au?ority1 a man-creat$ papacy rul$ ) ! iron h& ( tyranny & )\t reg>d to moral re/ra9t4 ,9 a s*ol>ly "w ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,drap] gives a li/ ( pontiffs :o _h /ood at ! head ( ! ,*ur* f ! middle ( ! eigh? to ! middle ( ! elev5? c5turies1 ) biographical notes ( ea*4--7,see ,note #c1 end ( *apt]47 ,& :at a picture is !re outl9$6 ,to w9 ! papal cr[n no crime 0 too great1 & = a p]iod ( c5turies ! immoralities ( _m ( ! popes & _! subord9ates are too %ock+ = detail$ description4 ,x may be claim$ t ! au?or la/ cit$1 & ^: words are giv5 bel[1 0 an av[$ oppon5t ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & t1 !re=e1 8 judgm5t is prejudic$2 9 reply let x be said t ! atte/$ facts ( hi/ory support ! dread arraignm5t4 ,9 comm5t+ on ! facts set =?1 ,dr4 ,drap] says3 #bd4 ,m ?an a ?\s& ye>s _h elaps$ s9ce ! bir? ( our ,savior1 & su* 0 ! condition ( ,rome4 ,well may ! hi/orian %ut ! annals ( ^? times 9 disgu/4 ,well may ! he>t ( ! ,*ri/ian s9k )9 him at su* a catalogue ( hide\s crimes4 ,well may we ask1 ,7 ^! ! viceg]5ts ( ,god ^u e>?--^!1 :o _h truly rea*$ ! goal beyond :i* ! la/ ef=t ( human wick$ness _c pass8 ,n until sev]al c5turies aft] ^! ev5ts did public op9ion come to ! true & philosophical conclusion--! total rejection ( ! div9e claims ( ! papacy4 ,= a "t ! evils 7 attribut$ to ! mann] ( ! pontifical election1 z if !y c\ld by any possibility influ5ce ! desc5t ( a p[] :i* claim$ to be sup]natural & "u ! imm$iate c>e ( ,god4 99 99 99 ,no "o c /udy ! developm5t ( ! ,italian ecclesia/ical p[] )\t discov]+ h[ completely x dep5d$ on human ag5cy1 too (t5 on human passion & intrigue2 h[ completely want+ x 0 ( any m>k ( ! div9e con/ruction & c>e--! (fspr+ ( man1 n ( ,god1 & !re=e be>+ ^u x ! l9eam5ts ( human passions1 human virtues1 & human s9s4--7,drap]1 ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe2 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #chb47 #be4 ,by increas+ *anges & unau?oriz$ alt]ations 9 organization & gov]nm5t1 ! e>?ly e/abli%m5t kn[n z ! ,*ur*1 ) popes1 c>d9als1 abbots1 fri>s1 monks1 exorci/s1 acolytes1 etc41 lo/ all semblance to ! ,*ur* z e/abli%$ by ,*ri/ & ma9ta9$ by ,8 apo/les4 ,! ,ca?olic argum5t t !re has be5 an un9t]rupt$ succession ( au?ority 9 ! prie/hood f ! ,apo/le ,pet] to ! pres5t occupant ( ! papal ?rone1 is unt5able 9 ! light ( hi/ory1 & unreasonable 9 ! light ( fact4 ,au?ority to speak & act 9 ! "n ( ,god1 p[] to (ficiate 9 ! sav+ ord9ances ( ! gospel ( ,*ri/1 ! high privilege ( s]v+ z a duly commission$ ambassador ( ! c\rt ( ,heav51--^! are n to be _h z ! gifts ( pr9ces1 nor are !y to be b\ght = money1 nor c !y be won z trophies ( ! bloody sword4 ,! hi/ory ( ! papacy is ! condemnation ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4--7,see ,notes #b & #c1 end ( *apt]47 ,,notes4 #a4 ,! ,roman ,*ur* ,responsible = ! ,traffic 9 ,indulg5ces4 ,9 view ( ! claim ass]t$ by "s def5d]s ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 to ! effect t ! %ameful traffic 9 indulg5ces 0 n sanction$ by ! *ur*1 & t ! *ur* _c be held acc\ntable = ! excesses to :i* its subord9ates may g 9 _! alleg$ (ficial acts1 ! foll[+ rem>ks by ,miln]1 ! judici\s au?ority on ,*ur* ,hi/ory 7,c5t4 ,,xvi1 *ap4 #b471 may be ( int]e/3 ,x does n appe> t ! rul]s ( ! hi]>*y ev] f\nd ! lea/ fault ) ,tetzel z exce$+ 8 commission1 till an opposition 0 op5ly made to ! practice ( indulg5ces4 ,:5ce x is evid5t1 t ! prote/ants h n unju/ly c5sur$ ! corruption ( ! c\rt ( ,rome 9 ?is respect4 99 99 99 ,! indulg5ces 7 f>m$ to ! highe/ bidd]s1 & ! und]tak]s employ$ su* deputies to c>ry on ! traffic z !y ?\ght mo/ likely to promote _! lucrative views4 ,! inf]ior (fic]s conc]n$ 9 ?is comm]ce 7 daily se5 9 public h\ses enjoy+ !mselves 9 riot & voluptu\sness 7,maimb\rg1 p4 #aa74 ,9 f9e1 :atev] ! greate/ enemy ( pop]y c\ld h wi%$1 0 at t "t exhibit$ ) ! mo/ undisguis$ impud5ce & tem]ity1 z if on purpose to r5d] t wick$ ecclesia/ical sy/em infam\s be=e all mank9d4 ,! au?or proce$s to comm5t on ! grad$ prices by :i* ^! indulg5ces 7 plac$ )9 ! pecuni>y rea* ( all classes1 & f9ds 9 ! :olesale traffic pro( ( pr(\nd ignorance & dire sup]/ition1 & !n po9ts out ! ne$ ( a new gospel disp5sation z foll[s3 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 ! v situation ( ?+s :i* op5$ ! way = ! reception ( ! gospel4 ,b :o 0 to proclaim ! gospel 9 its native beauty & simplicity8 ,! pr9ces1 ! bi%ops1 & ! le>n$ m5 ( ! times saw all ?is sc&al\s traffic respect+ ! p>don ( s9s2 b none 0 f\nd :o possess$ ! k1 ! c\rage1 & ! hone/y1 necess>y to detect ! fraud1 & to lay op5 to mank9d ! true doctr9e ( salvation by ! remission ( s9s ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,miln] f9ds ! inauguration ( a new era 9 ! ,re=mation dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x is suffici5t = our pres5t purpose to "k t he recogniz$ ! ne$ ( prep>ation :]eby ! way w\ld be op5$ = ! reception ( ! gospel4--7,miln]1 ,*4 ,hi/41 ,c5t4 ,,xvi1 *4 #b2 italics introduc$47 #b4 ,?ree ,popes at ,"o ,"t4 ,"o ( ! sev]e/ bl[s giv5 bo? ! temporal & ! spiritual au?ority ( ! popes1 0 ! removal1 9 #acji1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! ,fr5* k+1 ,philip ! ,fair1 ( ! papal *air f ,rome to ,avignon1 9 ,prov5ce1 ne> ! fronti] ( ,france4 ,"h x rema9$ = a space ( ab\t sev5ty ye>s1 an era kn[n 9 *ur* hi/ory z ! ,babylonian ,captivity4 ,:ile x 0 e/abli%$ "h1 all ! popes 7 ,fr5*1 & ( c\rse all _! policies 7 %ap$ & controll$ by ! ,fr5* k+s4 99 99 99 ,! discont5t awak5$ among ! ,italians by ! situation ( ! papal c\rt at l5g? l$ to an op5 rupture betwe5 !m & ! ,fr5* p>ty4 ,9 #acgh ! oppos+ factions ea* elect$ a pope1 & ?us !re 7 two heads ( ! *ur*1 "o at ,avignon & ! o!r at ,rome4 ,! spectacle ( two rival popes1 ea* claim+ to be ! rightful successor ( ,/4 ,pet]1 & ! sole infallible head ( ! *ur*1 v naturally l$ m5 to "q ! claims & infallibility ( bo?4 ,x gave ! rev]5ce :i* ! _w _h s g5]ally held = ! ,roman ,see a rude %ock1 & "o f :i* x nev] recov]$4 ,f9ally1 9 #adji1 a g5]al c\ncil ( ! *ur* assembl$ at ,pisa1 = ! purpose ( compos+ ! %ameful qu>rel4 ,! c\ncil depos$ bo? popes1 & elect$ ,alex&] ,v z ! supreme head ( ! *ur*4 ,b matt]s1 in/ead ( be+ m5d$ h]eby1 7 only made worse2 = nei!r ( ! depos$ pontiffs w\ld lay d[n 8 au?ority 9 ob$i5ce to ! dem&s ( ! c\ncil1 & consequ5tly !re 7 n[ ?ree popes in/ead ( two4 ,9 #adad ano!r c\ncil 0 call$1 at ,con/ance1 = ! settlem5t ( ! gr[+ dispute4 ,two ( ! claimants 7 depos$ & "o resign$4 ,a new pope 0 !n elect$--,pope ,m>t9 ,v4 ,9 8 p]son ! ,ca?olic _w 0 aga9 unit$ "u a s+le spiritual head4 ,! s*ism 0 outw>dly heal$1 b ! w\nd _h be5 too deep n to leave p]man5t m>ks ^u ! *ur*4--7,p4 ,v4 ,n4 ,mey]s1 ,g54 ,hi/41 pp4 #deg1 #deh4 ,italics introduc$47 ,! rupture betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ,italian factions1 ref]r$ to by ,mey]s 9 ! quotation giv5 above1 is kn[n 9 hi/ory z ! ,great ,s*ism4 ,x may be reg>d$ z ! decisive beg9n+ ( decl9e 9 ! temporal p[] ( ! popes4 #c4 ,! ,papacy ,condemns ,itself4 ,! l9e ( succession 9 ! papacy = a limit$ p]iod z ref]r$ to 9 ! text1 is giv5 by ,drap] z foll[s3 ,to "s x might seem1 consid]+ ! int]e/s ( religion alone1 desirable to omit all biographical ref]5ce to ! popes2 b ?is _c be done ) ju/ice to ! subject4 ,! ess5tial pr9ciple ( ! papacy1 t ! ,roman pontiff is ! vic> ( ,*ri/ ^u e>?1 necess>ily obtrudes 8 p]sonal relations ^u u4 ,h[ %all we und]/& 8 fai? unless we see x illu/rat$ 9 8 life8 ,inde$1 ! unhappy "* ( ^? relations 0 ! incit+ cause ( ! movem5ts 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,engl&1 end+ 9 ! ext9ction ( ! papacy z an actual political p[]1 movem5ts to be und]/ood only ?r\gh a suffici5t k ( ! private lives & op9ions ( ! popes4 ,x is well1 z f> z possible1 to ab/a9 f burd5+ sy/ems ) ! imp]fections ( individuals4 ,9 ?is case !y are insep>ably int]wov54 ,! signal peculi>ity ( ! papacy is t1 ?\gh its hi/ory may be impos+1 its biography is infam\s4 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 =be> to speak ( x 9 ?is latt] respect m ?an ! occasion seems necess>ily to require2 %all pass 9 sil5ce "s ( ^? cases :i* w\ld pr(\ndly %ock my religi\s read]1 & !re=e re/rict myself to ! ages betwe5 ! middle ( ! eigh? & ! middle ( ! elev5? c5turies1 excus+ myself to ! imp>tial critic by ! apology t ^! 7 ! ages ) :i* ,i h be5 *iefly conc]n$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,on ! dea? ( ,pope ,paul ,i1 :o _h atta9$ ! pontificate ,a4 ,d4 #geg1 ! ,duke ( ,nepi compell$ "s bi%ops to consecrate ,con/ant9e1 "o ( 8 bro!rs1 z pope2 b m legitimate electors subsequ5tly1 ,a4 ,d4 #gfh1 *oos+ ,/eph5 ,,iv1 ! usurp] & 8 adh]5ts 7 sev]ely puni%$2 ! eyes ( ,con/ant9e 7 put out2 ! tongue ( ! ,bi%op ,!odoras 0 amputat$1 & he 0 left 9 a dungeon to expire 9 ! agonies ( ?ir/4 ,! nephews ( ,pope ,adrian seiz$ 8 successor1 ,pope ,leo ,,iii1 ,a4 ,d4 #gi1 9 ! /reet1 &1 =c+ him into a neighbor+ *ur*1 attempt$ to put out 8 eyes & cut out 8 tongue2 at a lat] p]iod1 ?is pontiff1 try+ to suppress a conspiracy to depose him1 ,rome became ! sc5e ( rebellion1 murd] & conflagration4 ,8 successor1 ,/eph5 ,v1 ,a4 ,d4 #haf1 0 ignom9i\sly driv5 f ! city3 8 successor1 ,pas*al ,i1 0 accus$ ( bl9d+ & murd]+ two ecclesia/ics 9 ! ,lat]an ,palace2 x 0 necess>y t imp]ial commission]s %\ld inve/igate ! matt]1 b ! pope di$1 aft] hav+ exculpat$ himself by oa? be=e ?irty bi%ops4 ,john ,,viii1 ,a4 ,d4 #hgb1 unable to resi/ ! ,mohamm$ans1 0 compell$ to pay !m tribute2 ! ,bi%op ( ,naples1 ma9ta9+ a secret alliance ) !m1 receiv$ 8 %>e ( ! plund] !y collect$4 ,him ,john excommunicat$1 nor w\ld he give him absolution unless he w\ld betray ! *ief ,mohamm$ans & assass9ate o!rs himself4 ,!re 0 an ecclesia/ical conspiracy to murd] ! pope2 "s ( ! treasures ( ! *ur* 7 seiz$2 & ! gate ( ,/4 ,pancrazia 0 op5$ ) false keys1 to admit ! ,s>ac5s into ! city4 ,=mosus1 :o _h be5 engag$ 9 ^! transactions1 & excommunicat$ z a conspirator = ! murd] ( ,john1 0 subsequ5tly elect$ pope1 ,a4 ,d4 #hia2 he 0 succe$$ by ,boniface ,,vi1 ,a4 ,d4 #hif1 :o _h be5 depos$ f ! diaconate1 & aga9 f ! prie/hood1 = 8 immoral & lewd life4 ,by ,/eph5 ,,vii1 :o foll[$1 ! dead body ( ,=mosus 0 tak5 f ! grave1 clo!d 9 ! papal habilam5ts1 propp$ 9 a *air1 tri$ be=e a c\ncil1 & ! prepo/]\s & indec5t sc5e complet$ by cutt+ (f ?ree ( ! f+]s ( ! corpse & ca/+ x into ! ,tib]2 b ,/eph5 himself 0 de/9$ to exemplify h[ l[ ! papacy _h fall53 he 0 ?r[n into prison & /rangl$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( five ye>s1 f ,a4 ,d4 #hif to ,a4 ,d4 #ijj1 five popes 7 consecrat$4 ,leo ,v1 :o succe$$ 9 ,a4 ,d4 #ijd1 0 9 less ?an two mon?s ?r[n into prison by ,*ri/oph]1 "o ( 8 *apla9s1 :o usurp$ 8 place1 & :o1 9 8 turn1 0 %ortly expell$ f ,rome by ,s]gius ,,iii1 :o1 by ! aid ( a milit>y =ce1 seiz$ ! pontificate1 ,a4 ,d4 #ije4 ,?is man1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ! times1 liv$ 9 crim9al int]c\rse ) ! celebrat$ pro/itute ,!odora1 :o1 ) h] daught]s ,m>ozia & ,!odora1 also pro/itutes1 ex]cis$ an extraord9>y control ov] him4 ,! love ( ,!odora 0 also %>$ by ,john ,x3 %e gave him fir/ ! ar*bi%opric ( ,rav5na1 & !n translat$ him to ,rome1 ,a4 ,d4 #iae1 z pope4 ,john 0 n unsuit$ to ! times2 he organiz$ a conf$]acy :i* p]haps prev5t$ ,rome f be+ captur$ by ! ,s>ac5s1 & ! _w 0 a/oni%$ & edifi$ by ! appe>ance ( ?is w>like pontiff at ! head ( 8 troops4 ,by ! love ( ,!odora1 z 0 said1 he _h ma9ta9$ himself 9 ! papacy = f\rte5 ye>s2 by ! intrigues & hatr$ ( h] daught] ,m>ozia he 0 ov]?r[n4 ,%e surpris$ him 9 ! ,lat]an ,palace2 kill$ 8 bro!r ,pet] be=e 8 face2 ?rew him into prison1 :]e he soon di$1 smo!r$1 z 0 ass]t$1 ) a pill[4 ,aft] a %ort int]val ,m>ozia made h] own son pope z ,john ,,xi1 ,a4 ,d4 #ica4 ,_m affirm$ t ,pope ,s]gius 0 8 fa!r1 b %e h]self incl9$ to attribute him to h] husb&1 ,alb]ic1 ^: bro!r ,guido %e subsequ5tly m>ri$4 ,ano!r ( h] sons1 ,alb]ic1 s call$ f 8 suppos$ fa!r1 jeal\s ( 8 bro!r ,john1 ca/ him & _! "m ,m>ozia into prison4 ,aft] a "t ,alb]ic's son 0 elect$ pope1 ,a4 ,d4 #ief2 he assum$ ! title ( ,john ,,xii1 ! amor\s ,m>ozia ?us hav+ giv5 a son & a gr&son to ! papacy4 ,john 0 only n9ete5 ye>s old :5 he ?us became ! head ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,8 reign 0 *>act]iz$ by ! mo/ %ock+ immoralities1 s t ! ,emp]or ,o?o ,i 0 compell$ by ! ,g]man cl]gy to int]f]e4 ,a synod 0 summon$ = 8 trial 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]1 be=e :i* x appe>$ t ,john _h receiv$ bribes = ! consecration ( bi%ops2 t he _h orda9$ "o :o 0 b t5 ye>s old1 & _h p]=m$ t c]emony ov] ano!r 9 a /able2 he 0 *>g$ ) ince/ ) "o ( 8 fa!r's concub9es1 & ) s _m adult]ies t ! ,lat]an ,palace _h become a bro!l2 he put out ! eyes ( "o ecclesia/ic1 & ca/rat$ ano!r1 bo? dy+ 9 consequ5ce ( _! injuries2 he 0 giv5 to drunk5ness1 gambl+ & ! invocation ( ,jupit] & ,v5us4 ,:5 cit$ to appe> be=e ! c\ncil1 he s5t ^w t 'he _h gone out hunt+2' & to ! fa!rs :o remon/rat$ ) him1 he ?reat5+ly rem>k$ 't ,judas1 z well z ! o!r disciples1 receiv$ f 8 ,ma/] ! p[] ( b9d+ & loos+1 b t z soon z he prov$ a traitor to ! common cause1 ! only p[] he reta9$ 0 t ( b9d+ 8 own neck4' ,h]eupon he 0 depos$1 & ,leo ,,viii elect$ 9 8 /ead1 ,a4 ,d4 #ifc2 b subsequ5tly gett+ ! upp] h&1 he seiz$ 8 antagoni/s1 cut (f ! h& ( "o1 ! nose1 f+]1 tongue ( o!rs4 ,8 life 0 ev5tually br\ght to an end by ! v5geance ( a man ^: wife he _h s$uc$4 ,aft] su* details x is almo/ ne$less to allude to ! annals ( succe$+ popes3 to relate t ,john ,,xiii 0 /rangl$ 9 prison2 t ,boniface ,,vii imprison$ ,b5$ict ,,vii & kill$ him by />vation2 t ,john ,,xiv 0 secretly put to dea? 9 ! dungeons ( ! ,ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo2 t ! corpse ( ,boniface 0 dragg$ by ! populace ?r\gh ! /reets4 ,! s5tim5t ( rev]5ce = ! sov]eign pontiff1 nay1 ev5 ( respect1 _h become ext9ct 9 ,rome2 ?r\gh\t ,europe ! cl]gy 7 s %ock$ at ! /ate ( ?+s1 t1 9 _! indignation1 !y began to look ) approbation on ! int5tion ( ! ,emp]or ,o?o to take f ! ,italians _! privilege ( appo9t+ ! successor ( ,/4 ,pet]1 & conf9e x to 8 own family4 ,b 8 k9sman ,gregory ,v1 :om he plac$ on ! pontifical ?rone1 0 v soon compell$ by ! ,romans to fly2 8 excommunications & religi\s ?und]s 7 turn$ into d]ision by !m2 !y 7 too well acqua9t$ ) ! true nature ( ^? t]rors2 !y 7 liv+ beh9d ! sc5es4 ,a t]rible puni%m5t await$ ! ,anti-,pope ,john ,,xvi4 ,o?o return$ into ,italy1 seiz$ him1 put out 8 eyes1 cut (f 8 nose & tongue1 & s5t him ?r\gh ! /reets m\nt$ on an ass1 ) 8 face to ! tail1 & a w9ebladd] on 8 head4 ,x seem$ impossible t ?+s c\ld become worse1 yet ,rome _h /ill to see ,b5$ict ,,ix1 ,a4 ,d4 #ajcc1 a boy ( less ?an twelve ye>s1 rais$ to ! apo/olic ?rone4 ,( ?is pontiff1 "o ( 8 successors1 ,victor ,,iii1 decl>$ t 8 life 0 s %ameful1 s f\l1 s execrable1 t he %udd]$ to describe x4 ,he rul$ l a capta9 ( b&itti r ?an a prelate4 ,! p at la/1 unable to be> 8 adult]ies1 homicides1 & abom9ations any long]1 rose aga9/ him4 ,9 despair ( ma9ta9+ 8 position1 he put ! papacy up at auction4 ,x 0 b\ght by a presbyt] nam$ ,john1 :o became ,gregory ,,vi1 ,a4 ,d4 #ajde4--7;,j4 ,w4 ,drap]1 ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe1 ,vol4 #a1 *4 ,,xii1 pp4 #cgh-cha47 #d4 ,comm5t>y on ! ,passage f ,,ii ,!ss4 #b3c1 #d4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! application ( ,paul's decl>ation z to ! apo/asy made 9 ! text1 is ! "o g5]ally made by !ologians ( ,prote/ant d5om9ations4 ,x is 9 no way peculi> to ! ,*ur* ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ( ,latt]-day ,sa9ts4 ,let u read ! passage aga93 ,let no man deceive y by any means3 = t day ! day ( ,*ri/'s promis$ adv5t %all n come except !re come a fall+ away fir/1 & t man ( s9 be reveal$1 ! son ( p]dition2 :o oppose? & exalte? himself above all t is call$ ,god1 or t is wor%ipp$2 s t he z ,god sitte? 9 ! temple ( ,god1 %ew+ himself t he is ,god4 ,9 8 ,bible ,comm5t>y1 ,dr4 ,adam ,cl>ke says ( ?is scripture3 ,! g5]al run ( ,prote/ant writ]s und]/& ! :ole z ref]r+ to ! popes & *ur* ( ,rome1 or ! :ole sy/em ( ! papacy4 99 99 99 ,bi%op ,newton has exam9$ ! :ole prophecy ) 8 usual skill & judgm5t4 99 99 99 ,! pr9cipal "p ( mod]n comm5tators foll[ 8 /eps4 ,he applies ! :ole to ! ,romi% *ur*3 ! apo/asy1 its defection f ! pure doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity2 & ! 'man ( s91' etc41 ! g5]al succession ( ! popes ( ,rome4 ,an abridgm5t ( ,bi%op ,newton's int]pretation is !n add$2 ?is1 9 "p1 is z foll[s3 ,= t day %all n come except1 etc4--,! day ( ,*ri/ %all n come except !re come ! apo/asy fir/4 ,! apo/asy "h describ$ is pla9ly n ( a civil1 b ( a religi\s nature2 n a revolt f ! gov]nm5t1 b a defection f ! true religion & wor%ip4 99 99 99 ,s t he z ,god sitte? 9 ! temple1 etc4--,by ! temple ( ,god ! apo/le c\ld n well mean ! temple ( ,j]usalem1 because t1 he knew1 w\ld be de/roy$ )9 a few ye>s4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 ! temple ( ,j]usalem is nev] call$ ! temple ( ,god2 & if1 at any "t1 !y make m5tion ( ! h\se or temple ( ,god1 !y mean ! *ur* 9 g5]al or e p>ticul> believ]4 ,:oev] w consult ,i ,cor4 #c3af1 #ag2 ,,ii ,cor4 #f3af2 ,i ,tim4 #c3ae2 ,rev4 #c3ab1 w want no examples to prove t "u ! gospel disp5sation1 ! temple ( ,god is ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/2 & ! man ( s9's sitt+ implies 8 rul+ & presid+ !re4 99 99 99 ,^u ?is survey1 !re appe>s little room to d\bt ( ! g5]al s5se & mean+ ( ! passage4 ,! ,!ssalonians1 7z we h se5 f "s expressions 9 ! =m] epi/le17 7 al>m$ z if ! end ( ! _w 0 at h&4 ,! apo/le1 to correct _! mi/ake & dissipate _! fe>s1 assures !m t a great apo/asy or defection ( ! ,*ri/ians f ! true fai? & wor%ip mu/ happ5 be=e ! com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,?is apo/asy1 all ! concurr5t m>ks & *>act]s w ju/ify u 9 *>g+ ^u ! *ur* ( ,rome4 ,! true ,*ri/ian wor%ip is ! wor%ip ( ! only true ,god1 ?r\gh ! "o only ,m$iator1 ! man ,jesus ,*ri/1 & f ?is wor%ip ! *ur* ( ,rome has mo/ notori\sly dep>t$1 by sub/itut+ o!r m$iators1 & invok+ & ador+ sa9ts & angels2 no?+ is apo/asy if idolatry be n4 99 99 99 ,if ! apo/asy be rightly *>g$ ^u ! *ur* ( ,rome1 x foll[s1 ( consequ5ce1 t ! 'man ( s9' is ! pope1 n mean+ any pope 9 p>ticul>1 b ! pope 9 g5]al1 z ! *ief head & support] ( ?is apo/asy4 ,! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,mac,knight is also cit$ ) approval by ,cl>ke4 ,9 8 ,comm5t>y & ,notes--7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ajj1 etc47 ,mac,knight says3 ,z x is said1 ! man ( s9 0 to be reveal$ 9 8 season1 !re c be little d\bt t ! d>k ages1 9 :i* all le>n+ 0 ov]turn$ by ! irruption ( ! nor!rn b>b>ians1 7 ! season allott$ to ! man ( s9 = reveal+ himself4 ,accord+ly we "k1 t 9 ^! ages1 ! corruptions ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! usurpations ( ! cl]gy1 7 c>ri$ to ! greate/ height4 ,9 %ort1 ! annals ( ! _w _c produce p]sons & ev5ts to :i* ! ?+s writt5 9 ?is passage c be appli$ ) s mu* fitness z to ! bi%ops ( ,rome4 ,,*apt] ,x4 9999,results ( ! ,apo/asy4--,its ,sequel99994 #a4 ,! ?or\ghly apo/ate & utt]ly corrupt condition ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome z proclaim$ by its hi/ory d[n to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1--7,see ,note #a1 end ( *apt]47 0 necess>ily accompani$ by abs5ce ( all spiritual sanctity & p[]1 :atev] may h be5 ! arrogant assumptions ( ! ,*ur* z to au?ority 9 spiritual affairs4 ,revolts aga9/ ! ,*ur*1 bo? z rebellion aga9/ h] tyranny & 9 prote/ aga9/ h] h]esies1 7 n lack+4 ,! mo/ significant ( ^! anti-*ur* agitations arose 9 connection ) ! awak5+ ( intellectual activity :i* began 9 ! latt] "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! p]iod f ! t5? c5tury onw>d to ! "t ( ! awak5+ has come to be kn[n z ! d>k ages--*>act]iz$ by /agnation 9 ! progress ( ! useful arts & sci5ces z well z ( f9e arts & lett]s1 & by a g5]al condition ( illit]acy & ignorance among ! masses4 #b4 ,ignorance is a f]tile soil = evil gr[?s1 & ! despotic gov]nm5t & doctr9al fallacies ( ! ,*ur* dur+ ?is p]iod ( d>kness 7 n\ri%$ by ! ignorance ( ! times4 ,) ! *ange kn[n 9 hi/ory z ! revival ( le>n+ came ! /ruggle = fre$om f *ur*ly tyranny4 #c4 ,"o ( ! e>ly revolts aga9/ ! temporal & spiritual despotism ( ! papal *ur* 0 t ( ! ,albig5ses 9 ,france dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,?is upris+ _h be5 cru%$ by ! papal autocracy ) mu* cruelty & blood%$4 ,! next notable revolt 0 t ( ,john ,wickliffe 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,wickliffe 0 a pr(essor 9 ,ox=d univ]sity1 ,engl&4 ,he boldly assail$ ! ev]gr[+ & greatly abus$ p[] ( ! monks1 & d5\nc$ ! corruption ( ! ,*ur* & ! preval5ce ( doctr9al errors4 ,he 0 p>ticul>ly emphatic 9 8 opposition to ! papal re/rictions z to ! popul> /udy ( ! scriptures1 & gave to ! _w an ,engli% v]sion ( ! ,holy ,bible translat$ f ! ,vulgate4 ,9 spite ( p]secution & s5t5ce1 he di$ a natural dea?2 b ye>s aft]w>d ! ,*ur* insi/$ on rev5ge1 & 9 consequ5ce1 8 bones 7 exhum$ & burn$1 & ! a%es scatt]$ to ! w9ds4 #d4 ,on ! cont95t ( ,europe ! agitation aga9/ ! ,*ur* 0 c>ri$ on by ,john ,huss & by ,j]ome ( ,prague1 bo? ( :om reap$ m>tyrdom z ! h>ve/ ( _! righte\s zeal4 ,^! in/ances are cit$ to %[ t ?\gh ! ,*ur* _h long be5 apo/ate to ! core1 !re 7 m5 ready to sacrifice _! lives 9 :at !y deem$ to be ! cause ( tru?4 #e4 ,conditions exi/+ at ! op5+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury h be5 concisely summ>iz$ by a mod]n hi/orian z foll[s3 ,previ\s to ! op5+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury !re _h be5 comp>atively few--?\gh !re _h be5 "s1 l ! ,albig5ses 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 ! ,wickliffites1 9 ,engl&1 & ! ,hussites1 9 ,bohemia--:o d5i$ ! supreme & infallible au?ority ( ! bi%op ( ,rome 9 all matt]s t\*+ religion4 ,speak+ 9 v g5]al mann] x w\ld be correct to say t at ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury all ! nations ( ,we/]n ,europe pr(ess$ ! fai? ( ! ,lat9 or ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* & yield$ ob$i5ce to ! ,papal ,see4--7,my]s1 ,g54 ,hi/41 p4 #ebj47 9999,! ,re=mation99994 #f4 ,! next notable revolt aga9/ ! papal ,*ur* occurr$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & assum$ su* proportions z to be designat$ ! ,re=mation4 ,! movem5t began 9 ,g]many ab\t #aeag1 :5 ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 a monk ( ! ,augu/9ian ord] & an in/ructor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,witt5b]g1 publicly oppos$ & /rongly d5\nc$ ,tetzel1 ! %ameless ag5t ( papal indulg5ces4 ,lu!r 0 consci5ti\s 9 8 conviction t ! :ole sy/em ( *ur* p5ances & indulg5ces 0 contr>y to scripture1 reason1 & "r4 ,9 l9e ) ! academic cu/om ( ! day--to *all5ge discussion & debate on disput$ que/ions--,lu!r wrote 8 fam\s n9ety-five !ses aga9/ ! practice ( grant+ indulg5ces1 & a copy ( ^! he nail$ to ! door ( ,witt5b]g *ur*1 invit+ criticism !reon f all s*ol>s4 ,! news spread1 & ! !ses 7 discuss$ 9 all ! s*ola/ic c5t]s ( ,europe4 ,lu!r !n attack$ o!r practices & doctr9es ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 & ! pope1 ,leo ,x1 issu$ a ,bull or papal decree aga9/ him1 dem&+ an unconditional recantation on pa9 ( excommunication f ! ,*ur*4 ,lu!r publicly burn$ ! pope's docum5t1 & ?us decl>$ 8 op5 revolt4 ,! s5t5ce ( excommunication 0 pron\nc$4 #g4 ,we _c foll[ "h 9 detail ! do+s ( ?is bold re=m]4 ,suffice x to say1 he 0 n long left to fight s+leh&$4 ,among 8 able support]s 0 ,philip ,melanc?on1 a pr(essor 9 ,witt5b]g4 ,lu!r 0 summon$ be=e a c\ncil or ,diet at ,worms 9 #aeba4 ,!re he op5ly decl>$ = individual fre$om ( consci5ce4 ,!re is inspiration 9 8 words3 ,i _c submit my fai? ei!r to ! pope or to ! c\ncil1 because x is z cle> z ! day t !y h frequ5tly err$ & contradict$ ea* o!r4 ,unless1 !re=e1 ,i am conv9c$ by ! te/imony ( scripture1 or by ! cle>e/ reason+--unless ,i am p]suad$ by means ( ! passages ,i h quot$1--& unless !y ?us r5d] my consci5ce b\nd by ! ^w ( ,god1 ,i _c & w n retract1 = x is unsafe = a ,*ri/ian to speak aga9/ 8 consci5ce4 ,"h ,i /&1 ,i c d no o!r1 may ,god help me6 ,am56 #h4 ,! religi\s controv]sy spread ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,at ! ,second ,diet ( ,spires 7#aebi7 an edict 0 issu$ aga9/ ! re=m]s2 to ?is ! repres5tatives ( sev5 ,g]man pr9cipalities & o!r delegates ent]$ a =mal prote/1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* action ! re=m]s 7 h5ce=? kn[n z ,prote/ants4 ,john1 ,elector ( ,saxony1 support$ ,lu!r 9 8 opposition to papal au?ority1 & und]took ! e/abli%m5t ( an indep5d5t *ur*1 ! con/itution & plan ( :i* 7 prep>$ at 8 in/ance by ,lu!r & ,melanc?on4 ,lu!r di$ 9 #aedf1 b ! "w ( revolution1 if n 9 tru? re=mation1 cont9u$ to gr[4 ,! ,prote/ants1 h[ev]1 soon became divid$ among !mselves1 & broke up into _m cont5d+ sects4 #i4 ,9 ,switz]l&1 ,ulri* ,zw+le l$ 9 ! movem5t t[>d re=m4 ,he 0 accus$ ( h]esy1 & :5 plac$ on trial1 he def5d$ himself on ! au?ority ( ! ,bible z aga9/ papal edict1 & 0 = ! "t successful4 ,! conte/ 0 bitt]1 & 9 #aeca ! ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants ( ! region engag$ 9 actual battle1 9 :i* ,zw+le 0 sla91 & 8 body brutally mutilat$4 #aj4 ,john ,calv9 next appe>$ z ! lead] ( ! ,swiss re=m]s1 ?\gh he 0 an oppon5t ( _m ( ,zw+le's doctr9es4 ,he ex]t$ great influ5ce z a tea*]1 & is kn[n z an extremi/ 9 doctr9e4 ,he advocat$ & vehem5tly def5d$ ! t5et ( absolute pr$e/9ation1 ?us d5y+ ! free ag5cy ( man4 ,9 ,france1 ,sw$51 ,d5m>k1 & ,holl&1 lead]s arose & ! ,prote/ants became /rong 9 _! opposition to ! ,roman ,*ur*1 ?\gh ! sev]al divisions 7 antagoni/ic to "o ano!r on _m po9ts ( doctr9e4 #aa4 ,"o effect ( ?is ,prote/ant upris+ 0 ! p>tial awak5+ ( ! ,roman ,*ur* to ! ne$ ( int]nal re=m1 & an au?oritative re-/atem5t ( ,ca?olic pr9ciples 0 attempt$4 ,?is movem5t 0 l>gely accompli%$ ?r\gh ! fam\s ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t--7#aede-aefc71 :i* body disav[$ = ! ,*ur* ! extreme claims made = indulg5ces & d5i$ responsibility = _m ( ! abuses ) :i* ! ,*ur* _h be5 *>g$4 ,b 9 connection ) ! attempt$ re=m came a dem& = m implicit ob$i5ce to ! requirem5ts ( ! ,*ur*4 #ab4 ,ne> ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 9 ! reign ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ! c\rt ( ! ,inquisition1 !n kn[n z ! ,holy ,(fice1 _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,spa94 ,! prime purpose ( ?is secret tribunal 0 ! detection & puni%m5t ( h]esy4 ,( ?is infam\s in/itution z op]ative 9 ,spa91 ,my]s says3 ,! ,holy ,(fice1 z ! tribunal 0 /yl$1 ?us became ! in/rum5t ( ! mo/ incr$ible cruelty4 ,?\s&s 7 burn$ at ! /ake1 & t5s ( ?\s&s m condemn$ to endure p5alties sc>cely less t]rible4 ,que5 ,isabella1 9 giv+ h] cons5t to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! tribunal 9 h] dom9ions1 0 d\btless actuat$ by ! pure/ religi\s zeal1 & s9c]ely believ$ t 9 suppress+ h]esy %e 0 dis*>g+ a simple duty1 & r5d]+ ,god good s]vice4 ',9 ! love ( ,*ri/ & ,8 ,maid-,"m1' %e says1 ',i h caus$ great mis]y4 ,i h depopulat$ t[ns & di/ricts1 prov9ces & k+doms4'--7,my]s1 ,g54 ,hi/4 p4 #ejj47 #ac4 ,n[1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 9 connection ) ! attempt$ re=m 9 ! doctr9es ( ,ca?olicism1 ! t]rible ,inquisition assum$ new vigor & activity1 & h]esy 0 /]nly dealt )4 ,consid] ! foll[+ z ?r[+ light on ! condition ( t "t3 ,at ?is po9t1 9 connection ) ! p]secutions ( ! ,inquisition1 we %\ld n fail to recall t 9 ! sixte5? c5tury a refusal to con=m to ! e/abli%$ wor%ip 0 reg>d$ by all1 by ,prote/ants z well z ,ca?olics1 z a species ( treason aga9/ society & 0 dealt ) accord+ly4 ,?us we f9d ,calv9 at ,g5eva cons5t+ to ! burn+ ( ,s]vetus 7#aeec7 because he publi%$ views t ! ,calv9i/s ?\ght h]etical2 & 9 ,engl& we see ! ,anglican ,prote/ants wag+ ! mo/ cruel1 bitt]1 & p]si/5t p]secutions1 n only aga9/ ! ,ca?olics b also aga9/ all ,prote/ants t refus$ to con=m to ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*4--7,my]s1 ,g54 ,hi/41 p4 #ebg47 #ad4 ,:at %all be said ( a ,*ur* t seeks to propagate its fai? by su* me?ods8 ,are fire & sword ! weapons ) :i* tru? fights h] battles8 ,are torture & dea? ! argum5ts ( ! gospel8 ,h[ev] t]rible ! p]secutions to :i* ! e>ly ,*ur* 0 subject$ at ! h&s ( hea!n enemies1 ! p]secutions wag$ by ! apo/ate *ur* are f> m t]rible4 ,c su* a *ur* by any possibility be ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/8 ,heav5 =bid6 #ae4 ,9 ! revolts we h not$ aga9/ ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 notably 9 ! ,re=mation1 ! zeal ( ! re=m]s l$ to _m fallacies 9 ! doctr9es !y advocat$4 ,lu!r1 himself1 proclaim$ ! doctr9e ( absolute pr$e/9ation & ( ju/ification by fai? alone1 ?us nullify+ belief 9 ! ,god-giv5 rights ( free ag5cy1 & impair+ ! importance ( individual ef=t4--7,see ! ,au?or's ,articles ( ,fai?1 ,lecture #e47 ,calv9 & o!rs 7 no less extreme4 ,nev]!less _! m9i/ry contribut$ to ! awak5+ ( individual consci5ce1 & assi/$ 9 br++ ab\t a measure ( religi\s fre$om ( :i* ! _w _h long be5 depriv$4--7,see note #b1 end ( *apt]47 9999,rise ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&99994 #af4 ,at ! "t ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r's revolt aga9/ ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 ,h5ry ,,viii reign$ 9 ,engl&4 ,9 common ) all o!r c\ntries ( we/]n ,europe1 ,brita9 0 pr(\ndly /irr$ by ! re=mation movem5t4 ,! k+ op5ly def5d$ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* & publi%$ a book 9 opposition to ,lu!r's claims4 ,?is s pleas$ ! pope1 ,leo ,x1 t he conf]r$ ^u ,k+ ,h5ry ! di/+ui%+ title1 ,def5d] ( ! ,fai?4 ,?is took place ab\t #aebb1 & f t "t to ! pres5t1 ,briti% sov]eigns h pr\dly borne ! title4 #ag4 ,)9 a few ye>s aft] 8 accession to ?is title ( di/9ction1 we f9d ,k+ ,h5ry among ! bitt]e/ enemies ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 & ! *ange came ab\t 9 ?is wise4 ,h5ry desir$ a divorce f 8 wife1 ,que5 ,ca!r9e1 to give him fre$om to m>ry ,anne ,boleyn4 ,! pope hesitat$ 9 ! matt] ( grant+ ! divorce1 & ,h5ry1 becom+ impati5t1 disreg>d$ ! pope's au?ority & secretly m>ri$ ,anne ,boleyn4 ,! pope !reupon excommunicat$ ! k+ f ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,engli% p>liam5t1 foll[+ ! k+'s directions1 pass$ ! celebrat$ ,act ( ,supremacy 9 #aecd4 ,?is /atute decl>$ an absolute t]m9ation ( all allegiance to papal au?ority1 & proclaim$ ! k+ z supreme head ( ! ,*ur* ( ,brita94 ,?us orig9at$ ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 )\t reg>d = or claim ( div9e au?ority1 & )\t ev5 a semblance ( prie/ly succession4 #ah4 ,at fir/ !re 0 little innovation 9 doctr9e or ritual 9 ! newly =m$ *ur*4 ,x orig9at$ 9 revolt4 ,lat] a =m ( cre$ & a plan ( organization 7 adopt$1 giv+ ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& "s di/9ctive features4 ,dur+ ! reigns ( ,edw>d ,,vi1 ,que5 ,m>y1 & ,que5 ,elizabe?1 p]secutions betwe5 ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants 7 ext5sive & viol5t4 ,sev]al non-con=mi/ sects arose1 among !m ! ,puritans & ! ,sep>ati/s4 ,^! 7 s p]secut$ t _m ( !m fl$ to ,holl& z exiles4 ,f among ^! came ! notable colony ( ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs1 :o cross$ 9 ! ,mayfl[] to ! %ores ( ! !n rec5tly-discov]$ cont95t1 & e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ,am]ica4 #ai4 ,! ?\ghtful /ud5t _c fail to see 9 ! progress ( ! great apo/asy & its results ! exi/5ce ( an ov]rul+ p[]1 op]at+ t[>d ev5tual good1 h[ev] my/]i\s its me?ods4 ,! he>t-r5d+ p]secutions to :i* ! sa9ts 7 subject$ 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( our era1 ! angui%1 ! torture1 ! blood%$1 incurr$ 9 def5se ( ! te/imony ( ,*ri/1 ! rise ( an apo/ate *ur*1 blight+ ! intellect & lead+ captive ! s\ls ( m5--all ^! dread sc5es 7 =ekn[n to ! ,"l4 ,:ile we _c say or believe t su* exhibitions ( human depravity & blasphemy ( he>t 7 9 accordance ) ! div9e w1 c]ta9ly ,god will$ to p]mit full scope to ! free ag5cy ( man1 9 ! ex]cise ( :i* ag5cy "s won ! m>tyr's cr[n1 & o!rs fill$ ! measure ( _! iniquity to ov]fl[+4 #bj4 ,n less m>k$ is ! div9e p]mission 9 ! revolts & rebellions1 9 ! revolutions & re=mations1 t develop$ 9 opposition to ! d>k5+ influ5ce ( ! apo/ate *ur*4 ,wycliffe & ,huss1 ,lu!r & ,melanc?on1 ,zw+le & ,calv91 ,h5ry ,,viii 9 8 arrogant assumption ( prie/ly au?ority1 ,john ,knox 9 ,scotl&1 ,rog] ,williams 9 ,am]ica--^! & a ho/ ( o!rs build$ bett] ?an !y knew1 9 t _! ef=ts laid 9 "p ! f\ndation ( ! /ructure ( religi\s fre$om & lib]ty ( consci5ce1--& ?is 9 prep>ation = ! re/oration ( ! gospel z _h be5 div9ely pr$ict$4 #ba4 ,f ! sixte5? c5tury d[n to ! pres5t "t1 sects pr(ess$ly f\nd$ on ! t5ets ( ,*ri/ianity h multipli$ apace4 ,!y are n[ to be numb]$ by hundr$s4 ,on e side ! claim has be5 he>d1 ,lo1 "h is ,*ri/1 or ,lo1 !re4 ,!re are *ur*es nam$ aft] _! place ( orig9--z ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&2 o!r sects are designat$ 9 honor ( _! fam\s promot]s--z ,lu!rans1 ,calv9i/s1 ,wesleyans2 o!rs are kn[n f "s peculi>ity ( cre$ or doctr9e--z ,me?odi/s1 ,presbyt]ians1 & ,bapti/s2 b d[n to ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !re 0 no *ur* ev5 claim+ "n or title z ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/4 ,! only ,*ur* exi/+ at t "t v5tur+ to ass]t au?ority by succession 0 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 :i* z %[n 0 :olly )\t prie/hood or div9e commission4 #bb4 ,if ! ,"m ,*ur* be )\t div9e au?ority or spiritual p[]1 h[ c h] *ildr5 d]ive f h] ! "r to (ficiate 9 ! ?+s ( ,god8 ,:o d>es affirm ! absurdity t man c orig9ate = himself a prie/hood :i* ,god %all honor & respect4 ,grant$ t m5 may1 c & d1 create among !mselves societies1 associations1 sects1 & *ur*es if !y *oose s to designate _! religi\s organizations2 grant$ t !y may =mulate laws1 prescribe rules1 & con/ruct elaborate plans ( organization & gov]nm5t1 & t all su* laws1 rules & s*emes ( adm9i/ration are b9d+ ^u ^? :o volunt>ily assume memb]%ip1--grant$ all ^! p[]s & rights--:5ce c su* human creations d]ive ! au?ority ( ! holy ,prie/hood1 )\t :i* !re c be no ,*ur* ( ,*ri/8 ,if ! p[] & au?ority be1 by any possibility1 ( human orig91 !re nev] has be5 a ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ on e>?1 & ! alleg$ sav+ ord9ances ( ! gospel h nev] be5 o!r ?an empty =ms4 #bc4 ,our review ( ! ,great ,apo/asy z pres5t$ 9 ?is treatise1 does n call = any detail$ or critical /udy ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* z x exi/s 9 mod]n times1 nor ( any ( ! num]\s ,prote/ant d5om9ations t h come into exi/5ce z diss5t+ *ildr5 ( ! s-call$ ,"m ,*ur*4 ,! apo/asy 0 complete1 z f> z actual loss ( prie/hood & cessation ( spiritual p[] 9 ! ,*ur* are conc]n$1 long prior to ! sixte5? c5tury revolt1 kn[n 9 hi/ory z ! ,re=mation4 ,x is in/ructive to obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ! weakness ( ! ,prote/ant sects z to any claim to div9e appo9tm5t & au?ority1 is recogniz$ by ^? *ur*es !mselves4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 :i*1 z %[n1 orig9at$ 9 revolt aga9/ ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* & its pope1 is )\t f\ndation ( claim to div9e au?ority 9 its prie/ly ord]s1 unless1 inde$1 x d>e ass]t ! absurdity t k+s & p>liam5ts c create & take unto !mselves heav5ly au?ority by enactm5t ( e>?ly /atutes4 #bd4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* is at lea/ consi/5t 9 its claim t a l9e ( succession 9 ! prie/hood has be5 ma9ta9$ f ! apo/olic age to ! pres5t1 ?\gh ! claim is utt]ly unt5able 9 ! light ( a rational int]pretation ( hi/ory4 ,b ! fact rema9s t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is ! only organization v5tur+ to ass]t ! pres5t possession ( ! holy prie/hood by unbrok5 desc5t f ! apo/les ( our ,"l4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 *ief among ! ,prote/ant sects1 & all o!r diss5t+ *ur*es1 are by _! own admission & by ! circum/ances ( _! orig91 man-made in/itutions1 )\t a semblance ( claim to ! p[]s & au?ority ( ! holy prie/hood4 #be4 ,z late z #ahif ! "q ( ! validity ( ! prie/ly ord]s 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 0 (ficially & op5ly discuss$ & consid]$1 bo? 9 ,engl& & at ,rome4 ,"l ,halifax1 *airman ( ! ,engli% ,*ur* ,union1 conf]r$ ) ! ,vatican au?orities to asc]ta9 ! possibility ( br++ ab\t clos] union betwe5 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* & ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,?is involv$ ! "q ( ! recognition ( ! prie/ly ord]s ( ! ,anglican ,*ur* by ! pope & ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,! movem5t 0 favor$ 9 ! int]e/s ( unity & peace by ! ,engli% premi]1 ,mr4 ,glad/one4 ,! pope1 ,leo ,,xiii1 f9ally issu$ a decree refus+ to recognize 9 any degree ! au?ority ( ! ,anglican ord]s1 & expressly decl>+ all claims to prie/ly au?ority by ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& z absolutely invalid4 #bf4 ,assur$ly ! ,*ur* ( ,rome c\ld take no o!r action ?an ?is & ma9ta9 ! consi/5cy ( its own claim to exclusive possession ( ! prie/hood by desc5t4 ,assur$ly ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& w\ld h s\ght no (ficial recognition ( its prie/ly /atus by ! ,*ur* ( ,rome _h x any indep5d5t claim to ! p[] & au?ority ( ! prie/hood4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* decl>es t all ,prote/ant d5om9ations are ei!r apo/ate organizations1 or in/itutions ( human creation t h nev] _h ev5 a remote connection ) ! *ur* t claims succession 9 ! prie/hood4 ,9 %ort1 ! apo/ate ,"m ,*ur* aggressively proclaims ! p]fidy ( h] (fspr+4 9999,! ,apo/asy ,admitt$99994 #bg4 ,! fact ( ! great apo/asy is admitt$4 ,_m !ologians :o pr(ess a belief 9 ,*ri/ianity h decl>$ ! fact4 ,?us we read3 ,we mu/ n expect to see ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ exi/+ 9 its p]fection on ! e>?4 ,x is n to be f\nd ?us p]fect1 ei!r 9 ! collect$ fragm5ts ( ,*ri/5dom or /ill less 9 any "o ( ^? fragm5ts4--7,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ! ,bible47 #bh4 ,john ,wesley1 :o liv$ f #agjc to #agia ,a4 ,d41 & :o ranks z *ief among ! f\nd]s ( ,me?odism1 comm5ts z foll[s on ! apo/asy ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* z evid5c$ by ! e>ly decl9e ( spiritual p[] & ! cessation ( ! gifts & graces ( ! ,_s ( ,god )9 ! ,*ur*3 ,x does n appe> t ^! extraord9>y gifts ( ! ,holy ,_s--7,see ,i ,cor41 *4 #ab47 7 common 9 ! ,*ur* = m ?an two or ?ree c5turies4 ,we seldom he> ( !m aft] t fatal p]iod :5 ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e call$ himself a ,*ri/ian1 & f a va9 imag9ation ( promot+ ! ,*ri/ian cause !reby heap$ ri*es & p[] & honor ^u ,*ri/ians 9 g5]al1 b 9 p>ticul> ^u ! ,*ri/ian cl]gy4 ,f ?is "t !y almo/ totally ceas$1 v few in/ances ( ! k9d be+ f\nd4 ,! cause ( ?is 0 n1 z has be5 suppos$1 because !re 0 no m occasion = !m1 because all ! _w 0 become ,*ri/ians4 ,?is is a mis]able mi/ake2 n a tw5tie? "p ( x 0 !n nom9ally ,*ri/ians4 ,! real cause ( x 0 t ! love ( _m1 almo/ all ,*ri/ians1 s-call$1 0 wax$ cold4 ,! ,*ri/ians _h no m ( ! _s ( ,*ri/ ?an ! o!r hea!ns4 ,! ,son ( ,man1 :5 ,he came to exam9e ,8 ,*ur*1 c\ld h>dly f9d fai? ^u e>?4 ,?is 0 ! real cause :y ! extraord9>y gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 7 no long] to be f\nd 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*--because ! ,*ri/ians 7 turn$ hea!ns aga91 & only _h a dead =m left4--7,john ,wesley's ,works4 ,vol4 ,,vii1 #hi3bf-bg4 ,see ,note #c1 end ( *apt]47 #bi4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl& makes (ficial decl>ation ( deg5]acy & loss ( div9e au?ority 9 ^! words3 ,laity & cl]gy1 le>n$ & unle>n$1 all ages1 sects1 & degrees1 h be5 dr[n$ 9 abom9able idolatry mo/ dete/$ by ,god & damnable to man = eight hundr$ ye>s & m4--7,*ur* ( ,engl& ',homily on ,p]ils ( ,idolatry1' p4 #c47 ,! ,book ( ,homilies1 9 :i* occurs ?is decl>ation by ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 dates f ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,accord+ to ?is (ficial /atem5t1 !re=e1 ! religi\s _w _h be5 utt]ly apo/ate = eight c5turies prior to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,! fact ( a univ]sal apo/asy 0 widely proclaim$1 = ! homilies f :i* ! =ego+ citation is tak5 7 appo9t$ to be read 9 *ur*es 9 lieu ( s]mons "u specifi$ condition4 #cj4 ,! great apo/asy 0 div9ely pr$ict$2 its accompli%m5t is atte/$ by bo? sacr$ & secul> writ4 #ca4 ,to ! fai?ful ,latt]-day ,sa9t1 a conclud+ pro( ( ! univ]sal apo/asy & ( ! absolute ne$ ( a re/oration ( ,prie/hood f ! heav5s w be f\nd 9 ! div9e reply to ! inquiry ( ! boy prophet1 ,joseph ,smi?1 z to :i* ( all ! cont5d+ sects 0 "r3 ,i 0 answ]$ t ,i mu/ jo9 none ( !m1 = !y 7 all wrong2 & ! p]sonage :o address$ me said t all _! cre$s 7 an abom9ation 9 ,8 sight2 t ^? pr(essors 7 all corrupt2 t '!y draw ne> to me ) _! lips1 b _! he>ts are f> f me2 !y tea* = doctr9es ! comm&m5ts ( m51 hav+ a =m ( godl9ess1 b !y d5y ! p[] !re(4'--7,pe>l ( ,great ,price1 p4 #he1 p>4 #ai47 9999,! ,sequel99994 #cb4 ,! sequel ( ! ,great ,apo/asy is ! ,re/oration ( ! ,gospel1 m>k+ ! inauguration ( ! ,disp5sation ( ! ,fulness ( ,times4 ,?is epo*-mak+ ev5t occurr$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 ! ,fa!r & ! ,son manife/$ !mselves to man1 & :5 ! ,holy ,prie/hood ) all its p[]s & au?ority 0 aga9 br\ght to e>?4 #cc4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ( ,latt]-day ,sa9ts proclaims to ! _w ?is glori\s re/oration1--at once ! consummation ( ! "w ( ,god ?r\gh\t ! ages pa/1 & ! f9al prep>ation = ! second adv5t ( ,jesus1 ! ,*ri/4 ,! ,*ur* affirms t aft] ! long night ( spiritual d>kness1 ! light ( heav5 has aga9 come2 & t ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ is au?oritatively e/abli%$4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ( ,latt]-day ,sa9ts /&s alone 9 ! decl>ation t ! ,holy ,prie/hood is op]ative ^u e>?1 n z an inh]itance ?r\gh e>?ly cont9uation f ! apo/olic age1 b z ! end[m5t ( a new disp5sation1 br\ght to e>? by heav5ly m9i/ration4 ,9 ?is re/oration1 div9ely pr$ict$ & div9ely a*iev$1 has be5 witness$ a realization ( ! ,revelator's vision3 ,& ,i saw ano!r angel fly 9 ! mid/ ( heav51 hav+ ! ev]la/+ gospel to prea* unto !m t dwell on ! e>?1 & to e nation1 & k9dr$1 & tongue1 & p1 say+ ) a l\d voice1 ,fe> ,god1 & give glory to him2 = ! h\r ( 8 judgm5t is come3 & wor%ip him t made heav51 & e>?1 & ! sea1 & ! f\nta9s ( wat]s4--7,rev4 #ad3f1 #g4 ,= treatm5t ( ! ,re/oration ( ! ,gospel see ! ,au?or's ,articles ( ,fai?1 ,lecture #aa4 ,see ,notes #d & #e1 end ( *apt]47 ,,notes4 #a4 ,papi/ ,te/imony to ! ,corruption ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! judici\s /ud5t ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory w obs]ve t ,i con/antly endeavor to draw my pro(s f ! mo/ unexceptionable s\rces4 ,= example3 ,to prove ! corrupt /ate ( ! cl]gy1 & ! abom9able practices ( ! ,roman ,see1 ,i w\ld produce ! evid5ce ( ,george ( ,saxony1 a mo/ bigot$ papi/1 :om ! ,roman ,ca?olics always reckon among ! mo/ s9c]e & mo/ active ( ! holy def5d]s ( _! religion4 ,n[1 z ) !m ! ass]tions ( ,lu!r & ! o!r re=m]s g = no?+ b exagg]ations1 misrepres5tations1 or direct falsehoods1 let !m li/5 at lea/ to ?is duke1 _! /eady fri5d & advocate1 :o g5]ally1 9 religi\s conc]ns1 oppos$ 8 relation1 ! elector ( ,saxony1 & :o also entirely approv$ ( ,lu!r's condemnation at ,worms4 ,?is ,george ( ,saxony exhibit$ to ! ,diet twelve heads ( ! grievances :i* call$ l\dly = re=m4 ,two ( ^! are briefly z foll[s3 #a4 ,indulg5ces1 :i* ought to be obta9$ by pray]s1 fa/+s1 b5evol5ce t[>ds our neighbor1 & o!r good works1 are sold = money4 ,_! value is extoll$ beyond all dec5cy4 ,! sole object is to ga9 a deal ( money4 ,h5ce ! prea*]s1 :o are b\nd to set =? tru?1 tea* m5 no?+ b lies & frauds4 ,!y are n only suff]$ to g on ?us1 b are well paid = _! fraudul5t h>angues4 ,! reason is ! m conviction !y c produce among _! he>]s1 ! m money fl[s into ! *e/4 ,riv]s ( sc&al\s proce$+s arise f ?is corrupt f\nta94 ,! (ficials ( ! bi%ops are equally att5tive to scrape money toge!r4 ,!y vex ! poor ) _! c5sures = great crimes1 z :or$om1 adult]y1 blasphemy2 b !y sp>e ! ri*4 ,! cl]gy commit ! v same crimes1 & nobody c5sures !m4 ,faults :i* ought to be expiat$ by pray]s & fa/+s are aton$ = by money1 9 ord] t ! (ficials may pay l>ge sums to _! respective bi%ops1 & reta9 a portion ( ! ga9 = !mselves4 ,nei!r :5 a mulct is inflict$1 is x done 9 a way to /op ! commission ( ! same fault 9 future1 b r s t ! del9qu5t und]/&s he may soon d t v ?+ aga91 provid$ he be b ready to pay4 ,h5ce1 all ! sacram5ts are sold = money2 & :]e t is n to be _h1 !y are absolutely neglect$4 #b4 ,ano!r di/9ct head ( ! grievances produc$ by ?is zeal\s duke 0 express$ ?us3 ',! sc&al\s conduct ( ! cl]gy is a v fruitful s\rce ( ! de/ruction ( poor s\ls4 ,!re mu/ be a univ]sal re=mation2 & ?is _c be bett] effect$ ?an by a g5]al c\ncil4 ,x is !re=e1 ! mo/ e>ne/ wi% ( u all t su* a measure be adopt$4'--7,miln]1 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,c5t4 ,,xvi1 *4 #f4 ,footnote47 #b4 ,extremes ,incid5t to ! ,re=mation4 ,:at 7 ! reproa*es con/antly appli$ to ! ,re=mation by its enemies8 ,:i* ( its results are ?r[n 9 its face1 z x 71 unansw]able8 ,! two pr9cipal reproa*es are1 fir/1 ! multiplicity ( sects1 ! excessive lic5se ( ?\ght1 ! de/ruction ( all spiritual au?ority1 & ! entire dissolution ( religi\s society2 secondly1 tyranny & p]secution4 ',y provoke lic5ti\sness1' x has be5 said to ! ,re=m]s3 'y produce x2 &1 aft] be+ ! cause ( x1 y wi% to re/ra9 & repress x4 ,& h[ d y repress x8 ,by ! mo/ h>% & viol5t means4 ,y take ^u y\rselves1 too1 to puni% h]esy1 & t by virtue ( an illegitimate au?ority4'-- ,guizot4 ,! ,sect>ian dogma ( ,ju/ification by ,fai? alone has ex]cis$ an influ5ce = evil s9ce ! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! idea ^u :i* ?is p]nici\s doctr9e 0 f\nd$1 0 at fir/ associat$ ) t ( an absolute pr$e/9ation1 by :i* man 0 =$oom$ to de/ruction1 or to an utt]ly undes]v$ salvation4 ,?us1 ,lu!r taught z foll[s3 ',! excell5t1 infallible1 & sole prep>ation = grace1 is ! et]nal election & pr$e/9ation ( ,god4' ',s9ce ! fall ( man1 free-w is b an idle ^w4' ',a man :o imag9es to arrive at grace by do+ all t he is able to d1 adds s9s to s91 & is d\bly guilty4' ',t man is n ju/ifi$ :o p]=ms _m works2 b he :o )\t works has mu* fai? 9 ,*ri/4' 7,= ^! & o!r doctr9es ( ! ,re=mation see ,d',aubigne's ',hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation1' ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #hb1 #hc1 #aai1 #abb47 ,9 ,miln]'s ',*ur* ,hi/ory' 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #ead7 we read3 ',! po9t :i* ! re=m] ,lu!r _h mo/ at he>t 9 all 8 labors1 conte/s & dang]s1 0 ! ju/ification by fai? alone4' ,melanc?on voices ! doctr9e ( ,lu!r 9 ^! words3 ',man's ju/ification be=e ,god proce$s f fai? alone4 ,?is fai? ent]s man's he>t by ! grace ( ,god alone2' & fur!r1 ',z all ?+s :i* happ51 happ5 necess>ily1 accord+ to ! div9e pr$e/9ation1 !re is no su* ?+ z lib]ty 9 our wills4'--7,d',aubigne1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #cdj47 ,x is true t ,lu!r /rongly d5\nc$1 & vehem5tly disclaim$ responsibility =1 ! excesses to :i* ?is tea*+ gave rise1 yet he 0 n less vigor\s 9 proclaim+ ! doctr9e4 ,note 8 words3 ',i1 ,doctor ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 unwor?y h]ald ( ! doctr9e ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 confess ?is article1 t fai? alone )\t works ju/ifies be=e ,god2 & ,i decl>e t x %all /& & rema9 =ev] 9 despite ( ! emp]or ( ! ,romans1 ! emp]or ( ! ,turks1 ! emp]or ( ! ,p]sians1--9 spite ( ! pope & all ! c>d9als1 ) ! bi%ops1 prie/s1 monks & nuns1--9 spite ( k+s1 pr9ces & nobles1 & 9 spite ( all ! _w & ( ! devils !mselves2 & t if !y endeavor to fight aga9/ ?is tru? !y w draw ! fires ( hell ^u _! heads4 ,?is is ! true & holy gospel1 & ! decl>ation ( me1 ,doctor ,lu!r1 accord+ to ! tea*+s ( ! ,holy ,gho/4'--7,see ! ,au?or's ,articles ( ,fai?1 ,lecture ,v1 ,note #b47 #c4 ,div]se ,views ,conc]n+ ,cont9uance or ,decl9e ( ,spiritual ,gifts4 ,prote/ant writ]s insi/ t ! age ( miracles clos$ ) ! f\r? or fif? c5tury1 & t aft] t ! extraord9>y gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ mu/ n be look$ =4 ,ca?olic writ]s1 on ! o!r h&1 insi/ t ! p[] to p]=m miracles has always cont9u$ 9 ! ,*ur*2 yet ^? spiritual manife/ations :i* !y describe aft] ! f\r? & fif? c5turies savor ( inv5tion on ! "p ( ! prie/s1 & *ildi% cr$ulity on ! "p ( ! p2 or else1 :at is claim$ to be miracul\s falls %ort ( ! p[] & dignity ( ^? spiritual manife/ations :i* ! primitive ,*ur* 0 wont to witness4 ,! virtues & prodigies1 ascrib$ to ! bones & o!r relics ( ! m>tyrs & sa9ts1 are pu]ile 9 comp>ison ) ! heal+s by ! ano9t+ ) oil & ! lay+ on ( h&s1 speak+ 9 tongues1 int]pretations1 prophecies1 revelations1 ca/+ out ( devils 9 ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 to say no?+ ( ! gifts ( fai?1 wisdom1 k1 disc]n+ ( spirits1 etc4--common 9 ! ,*ur* 9 ! days ( ! apo/les--7,i ,cor4 #ab3h-aj74 ,nor is !re any?+ 9 ! scriptures or 9 reason t w\ld lead "o to believe t !y 7 to be discont9u$4 ,/ill ?is plea is made by mod]n ,*ri/ians--expla9+ ! abs5ce ( ^! spiritual p[]s among !m--t ! extraord9>y gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 7 only int5d$ to accompany ! proclamation ( ! gospel dur+ ! fir/ few c5turies1 until ! ,*ur* 0 able to make its way )\t !m1 & !y 7 to be done away4 ,x is suffici5t to rem>k ^u ?is t x is assumption pure & simple1 & /&s )\t w>rant ei!r ( scripture or "r reason2 & proves t m5 _h s f> *ang$ ! religion ( ,jesus ,*ri/ t x became a =m ( godl9ess )\t ! p[] !re(4--7,b4 ,h4 ,rob]ts1 ,outl9es ( ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ,"p ,,ii1 ,sec4 #e3f-h47 #d4 ,comm5t>y on ! ,revelator's ,vision ( ! ,re/oration4 ,x is in/ructive to inquire into ! int]pretation giv5 by biblical /ud5ts to ! prophecy voic$ by ,john ! ,revelator pr$ict+ ! adv5t ( ! angel hav+ ! ev]la/+ gospel4 ,dr4 ,cl>ke (f]s ! foll[+ reflections on ! passage3 ,& ,i saw ano!r angel fly 9 ! mid/ ( heav51 hav+ ! ev]la/+ gospel3 ,:e!r ?is angel means any m ?an a p>ticul> disp5sation ( provid5ce & grace1 by :i* ! gospel %all be rapidly s5t ?r\gh ! :ole _w2 or :e!r x means any especial mess5g]1 ord] ( prea*]s1 p1 or society ( ,*ri/ians1 ^: pr(ess$ object x is to s5d ! gospel ( ! k+dom ?r\gh\t ! e>?1 we "k n4 ,b ! vision seems truly descriptive ( a late in/itution1 entitl$ ',! ,briti% & ,=eign ,bible ,society1' ^: object x is to pr9t & circulate ! scriptures ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts ?r\gh all ! habitable _w1 & 9 all ! languages spok5 on ! face ( ! e>?4--7,cl>ke1 ,bible ,comm5t>y1 ,rev4 #ad3f47 ,! le>n$ comm5tator is to be comm5d$ = 8 frank av[al z to unc]ta9ty reg>d+ ! precise int]pretation ( ?is scripture1 & = ! provisional & t5tative mann] 9 :i* he indicates a possible application to ! wide di/ribution ( ! ,holy ,bible ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( a mo/ wor?y & influ5tial society4 ,x is to be not$ t ,dr4 ,cl>ke wrote 8 fam\s comm5t>y on ! ,bible %ortly be=e ! actual re/oration ( ! gospel ?r\gh angelic ag5cy :i* result$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ur* ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ( ,latt]-day ,sa9ts4 ,( necessity 8 se>* = ! fulfillm5t ( ! pr$iction 0 unsatisfactory1 &1 inde$1 unsuccessful1 inasmu* z ! fulfillm5t _h n !n occurr$4 ,! comm5dable "w ( ! ,bible ,society 0 a prep>ation = ! fulfillm5t ( ! mom5t\s prophecy1 b n ! fulfillm5t itself4 #e4 ,re/oration ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ! fir/ t5 c5turies imm$iately foll[+ ! m9i/ry ( ,*ri/1 ! au?ority ( ! prie/hood 0 lo/ f among m51 & no human p[] c\ld re/ore x4 ,b ! ,"l 9 ,8 m]cy provid$ = ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ,8 ,*ur* 9 ! la/ days1 & = ! la/ "t1 & prophets ( old5 "t =esaw ?is era ( r5ew$ enlight5m5t1 & sang 9 joy\s tones ( its com+4--7,see ,dan4 #b3dd1 #de2 #g3bg2 ,matt4 #bd3ad2 ,rev4 #ad3f-h47 ,?is re/oration 0 effect$ by ! ,"l ?r\gh ! prophet1 ,joseph ,smi?1 :o1 toge!r ) ,oliv] ,c[d]y1 9 #ahbi1 receiv$ ! ,a>onic ,prie/hood "u ! h&s ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 & lat] ! ,mel*iz$ek ,prie/hood "u ! h&s ( ! =m]-day apo/les1 ,pet]1 ,james & ,john4 ,by ! au?ority ?us be/[$1 ! ,*ur* has be5 aga9 organiz$ ) all its =m] complet5ess1 & mank9d once m rejoices 9 ! priceless privileges ( ! c\nsels ( ,god4 ,! ,latt]-day ,sa9ts decl>e _! high claim to ! true ,*ur* organization1 simil> 9 all ess5tials to ! organization effect$ by ,*ri/ among ! ,jews2 ^! p ( ! la/ days pr(ess to h ! ,prie/hood ( ! ,almighty1 ! p[] to act 9 ! "n ( ,god1 :i* p[] comm&s respect bo? on e>? & 9 heav54--7,! ,au?or1 ,articles ( ,fai?1 ,lecture #aa3ab47