---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 99 ,m9or typographical & lay-out errors h be5 correct$4 99 ,inconsi/5cies 9 spell+ 7e4g4 hyph5at$ vs4 non-hyph5at$ words7 h n be5 correct$4 99 ,italics are repres5t$ by und]scores z 9 text4 99 ,! orig9al book uses a ,v symbol to describe ,v-%ap$ cuts4 ,^! ,v symbols are repres5t$ z ,v4 99 ,*anges made to orig9al text3 99 ,table ( ,cont5ts3 99 ,e>ly collection ( latex transport *ang$ to ,e>ly collection ( latex--,transport4 99 ,ro( brick built h\ses *ang$ to ,ro(--,brick built h\ses4 99 ,! ord] ( ! sections "u ,*apt]s ,,xii & ,,xxii has be5 *ang$ slightly to reflect ! ord] ( ! sections 9 ! text4 99 ,tephrosia c&iad *ang$ to ,tephrosia c&ida4 99 ,ar*iev *ang$ to ,ar*ief4 99 ab\t #a_/b squ>e *ang$ to ab\t #a_/b in* squ>e4 99 asbe/o-slate *ang$ to asbe/os-slate z else:]e4 99 ,=mal9e *ang$ to ,=mal9 z else:]e4 99 ,footnotes mov$ to "u ! p>agraph !y belong to4 99 ,page #ada3 ,! l5g?s ( crepe 7 weigh$ c>efully at #h a4m4 & #d a4m4 %\ld probably read ,! l5g?s ( crepe 7 weigh$ c>efully at #h a4m4 & #d p4m4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,plantation ,,rubb] ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,plantation ,,rubb] ,,by ,,sidney ,,morgan1 ,a4,r4,c4,s4 ,,visit+ ,,ag5t ,,= ,,e/ates ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/2 ,,=m]ly ,,s5ior ,,sci5tific ,,(fic] ,,& ,,n[ ,,honor>y ,,advis] ,,to ,,! ,,rubb] ,,gr[]s' ,,association ,,9 ,,malaya ,,) ,a ,,preface ,,& ,a ,,*apt] ,,on ,,vulcanization ,,by ,,h5ry ,p4 ,,/ev5s1 ,m4,a4 7,,oxon417 ,,ph4,d41 ,f4,i4,c4 ,,consult+ ,,*emi/ ,,to ,,! ,,rubb] ,,gr[]s' ,,association ,,9 ,,london ,,con/able ,,co4 ,,ltd4 ,,london 3 ,,bombay 3 ,,sydney #aibb ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,by ,,bill+ ,,& ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,,guild=d ,,& ,,e%] ,,preface ,mr4 ,sidney ,morgan's "w on ,plantation ,rubb] 9 ! ,ea/ is s well kn[n t he h>dly ne$s introduction4 ,an e>li] book1 publi%$ 9 #aiad1 by ! ,rubb] ,gr[]s' ,association1 entitl$ ,! ,prep>ation ( ,plantation ,rubb]1 0 well receiv$ & widely read4 ,?is book dealt 9 a v practical mann] ) problems ) :i* ! indu/ry _h to cont5d4 ,a second edition 0 subsequ5tly publi%$4 ,bo? editions are n[ out ( pr9t4 ,! pres5t opportunity 0 !re=e tak5 to revise ! orig9al "w1 ) ! result t x has be5 enl>g$ & practically rewritt54 ,! in=mation giv5 is br\ght up-to-date1 & cov]s ! :ole process ( production1 comm5c+ ) ! plant+ ( ! tree1 pass+ on to ! collection1 coagulation1 & cur+ ( ! rubb]1 & conclud+ ) ! pack+ = export4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 "w = ! ,association1 ,mr4 ,morgan c>ri$ out a great deal ( indu/rial rese>* 9 rubb] production1 includ+ l5g?y exp]im5ts on tapp+1 ! use ( diff]5t coagulants & diff]5t conditions ( coagulation1 & also on v>y+ modes ( roll+1 dry+1 & smok+ rubb]4 ,he also w5t v fully into ! types ( con/ruction & details ( ! ma*9]y & build+s employ$ on e/ates4 ,mu* ( ?is valuable "w has escap$ notice1 ow+ to its hav+ be5 publi%$ 9 reports ) limit$ circulation4 ,also a great deal ( in=mation 0 suppli$ to plant]s 9 a quiet & unobtrusive fa%ion1 9 int]views1 visits to e/ates1 & on o!r simil> occasions4 ,! k & exp]i5ce ?us accumulat$ has be5 embodi$ 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,! subject-matt] %\ld int]e/ n only ^? actually engag$ 9 rubb] plant+1 b ^? o!rwise directly or indirectly connect$ ) ! indu/ry1 su* z import]s1 brok]s1 & p>ticul>ly ! rubb] manufactur]s 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,am]ica4 ,my exp]i5ce has be5 t manufactur]s z a :ole h b a vague idea z to ! me?ods employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( plantation rubb]1 & ?is "w provides !m ) ! opportunity ( obta9+ an insight into ! actual op]ations on ! e/ates4 ,x is mo/ desirable t a clos] bond %\ld unite ! plantation & manufactur+ rubb] indu/ries4 ,su* a result is be/ promot$ by a bett] und]/&+ ( ! problems ) :i* ea* is confront$4 ,p]haps ,i may g s f> z to sugge/ t "s lead+ sci5tific (fic] 9 ! employm5t ( "o ( ! l>ge manufactur+ conc]ns may take 9 h& a book :i* w give ! plant]s ! equival5t ( in=mation 9 reg>d to ! manufactur+ indu/ry :i* ! plant]s are n[ (f]+ to ! manufactur]s4 ,! photographs 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! book w give ! layman "s conception ( ! enorm\s am\nt ( lab\r t mu/ be exp5d$ 9 ! op5+ up1 plant+1 tr5*+1 & we$+ ! plantations :i* h replac$ ! virg9 jungle4 ,! au?ors are indebt$ = mo/ ( ^! photographs to ,mr4 ,h4 ,sutcliffe1 "o ( ! mycologi/s ( ! ,rubb] ,gr[]s' ,association4 ,! pictures ( spotless coagulat+ tanks & til$ v]&ahs regul>ly hos$ d[n w indicate ! cleanl9ess necess>y = ! prep>ation ( ! beautifully clean %eet & crepe rubb] :i* became available ) ! adv5t ( plantation rubb]4 ,^! results are l>gely due to ! "w ( ,sidney ,morgan & 8 colleagues1 on :om ! plant]s h reli$ = te*nical guidance & advice4 ,z reg>ds my own contribution ?is is conf9$ to a g5]al outl9e ( ! subject4 ,i h1 !re=e1 omitt$ ref]5ce to a numb] ( matt]s :i* w\ld h be5 dealt ) 9 detail _h space p]mitt$4 ,! in=mation giv5 is bas$ on rese>*es on vulcanisation c>ri$ out = ! ,rubb] ,gr[]s' ,association by ! writ] ov] a p]iod ( n9e or t5 ye>s4 ,x 0 n f\nd practicable to give detail$ ref]5ces 9 all cases4 ,! reports on :i* ! conclusions are bas$ w1 h[ev]1 be f\nd among ! regul> qu>t]ly reports made by ! writ] = ! ,association up to ,june1 #aiai4 ,subsequ5t reports h be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,mon?ly ,bullet9 ( ! ,rubb] ,gr[]s' ,association4 ,we are indebt$ to ! ,association = p]mission to publi% details f ^! reports1 & also = ! use made ( num]\s e>li] reports publi%$ bo? 9 ,london & 9 ! ,ea/4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,field ,,op]ations ,,page ,,*apt] ,i ,,plant+ ,se$s--,se$ selection--,/ra9 improvem5t by bad propagation-- ,nurs]ies--,/umps--,se$ at /ake--,basket plants--,prep>ation ( l&--,dang] ( disease--,clean cle>+--,loss ( top-soil-- ,silt-tr5*es on slopes #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,field ,,ma9t5ance ,clean we$+--,selective we$+--,loss ( top-soil--,grass ridges--,lallang eradication--,mimosa gigantea 7,m4 invisa7--,gre5 cov]-plants--,connection betwe5 we$+1 soil cons]vation1 & soil improvem5t #ac ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,?9n+ ,,( ,,areas ,orig9al plant+ p] acre--,ultimate /& p] acre--,close- plant+ v]sus wide-plant+--,:5 to comm5ce ?9n+ op]ations--,h[ to select 9 prelim9>y r\nds-- ,lat] selections bas$ on yields ( individuals--,yields p] tree1 pres5t & future--,trees p] acre #ai ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,tapp+ ,,sy/ems ,=m] me?ods--,=m] sy/ems--,t5d5cy to r$uce numb] ( tapp+ cuts & frequ5cy ( tapp+--,p]iod all[$ = b>k-r5ewal--,mod]n sy/ems--,sup]impos$ cuts--,s+le cuts1 etc4--,tapp+ exp]im5ts--,r4,g4,a4 exp]im5t--,alt]nate-daily v]sus daily tapp+ #bh ,,*apt] ,v ,,tapp+ ,,& ,,collect+ ,tapp+ knives--,p]sonal equation 9 use ( knives--,*oice ( latex cups--,clean+ ( cups--,wat] 9 cups--,premature 7spontane\s7 coagulation--,prev5tion ( spontane\s coagulation--,! use ( anti-coagulants 9 ! field-- ,collect+ pails--,paym5t by result--,me?ods = calculation ( yields p] coolie--,tree-scrap1 oxidation (--,prev5tion ( oxidation--,b>k-%av+s--,collection & /orage ( %av+s-- ,treatm5t ( %av+s--,collection ( e>?-scrap #ch ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,transport ,,( ,,latex ,,& ,,coagulum ,p]c5tages ( fir/ latex & o!r grades--,e>ly collection ( latex--,transport1 nature (--,light railways-- ,motor-lorries--,bullock-c>ts--,c>e ( transport vessels--,use ( an anti-coagulant dur+ transport--,transport by coolie-- ,coagulation c5tres 7/ations7--,transport ( coagulum #ei ,,"p ,,ii ,,factory ,,op]ations ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,prelim9>y ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,latex ,reception at /ore--,receptacles--,j>s--,tanks--,neces sity = close sup]vision--,ne$ = utmo/ cleanl9ess--,/ra9+ ( latex--,/ra9]s--,facilitation ( /ra9+--,bulk+ ( latex --,/&>dis$ dilution ( latex--,facilities = receiv+ & h&l+ latex--,reception v]&ahs--,receiv+ vessels--,types ( in/allations #fe ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,coagulation ,*oice ( coagulant--,/r5g? ( acid solution--,mak+ /ock solution--,quantity = use--,quantities "u mod]n requirem5ts--,c>e 9 mix+--,me?od ( mix+ ) latex--,use ( sodium bisulphite z an anti-oxidant--,quantities = use-- ,=mulae--,abuse ( ! *emical--,residual traces 9 ! dry rubb]--,use ( sodium sulphite z an anti-coagulant1 quantities = use--,=mulae--,use ( ,=mal9 z anti-coagulant --,=mulae = use #gd ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,%eet ,,rubb] ,pale 7air-dri$7 %eets--,uni=mity ( product--,pans v]sus tanks--,! ideal tank--,mod]n in/allations--,c>e ( tanks-- ,/&>dis$ dilution ( latex--,v>iation 9 dim5sions & d5sity ( coagulum--,/&>dis+ in/rum5ts--,me?od ( us+--,skimm+ latex--,/yle ( %eets--,/&>d %eets-- ,roll+ & m>k+--,:5 to "w ! coagulum--,h&-roll+-- ,p[] smoo?-roll+--,m>k+ rolls--,prep>ation = smoke- cur+--,caution aga9/ accumulation ( wet %eets--,hot-wat] treatm5t--,dripp+ 9 ! op5 air--,:5 to place 9 smoke- h\se #hi ,,*apt] ,x ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,crepe ,,rubb] ,fir/ consid]ation1 f9e pale crepe--,/&>dis$ dilution ( latex--,coagulation & coagulant--,quantities ( coagulant-- ,col\r ( rubb]--,sodium bisulphite 7use (7--,evaluation & det]ioration ( ! bisulphite & sulphite ( sodium--,to di/+ui% betwe5 ^! two *emicals--,c>e ( sodium bisulphite--,mix+ solution ) latex--,=m] me?ods ( mak+ pale rubb]--,work+ ! coagulum--,l[] grades ( crepe--,naturally coagulat$ lump--,skimm+s & wa%+s-- ,tree-scrap--,b>k-%av+s--,e>?-scrap--,fi br\s matt] 9 l[- grade rubb]s--,scrap-wa%]s--,comp\nd crepes--,increas$ c>e ) l[] grades--,block rubb] f crepe--,smok$ crepe v]sus %eet clipp+s #aaj ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,dry+ ,,( ,,rubb] ,air-dry+ ( crepes--,artificial dri]s = crepes--,vacuum dry+--,hot-air dri]s--,mi*ie-,goll$ge sy/em--,rate ( air- dry+--,:5 dry+ takes place--,increase 9 weight ( dry+ crepe--,diff]5ces 9 weight--,aids to normal dry+--,smoke- cur+ ( %eet rubb]--,in/rum5ts = record+ temp]ature --,temp]atures ( smoke-h\se--,p]iod ( dry+--,fuels = smok+--,sun-dry+ ( %eet rubb]--,artificial dri]s = %eet rubb] #acb ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,sort+1 ,,grad+1 ,,& ,,pack+ ,r$uc+ numb] ( grades--,r$uction c>ri$ too f>--,r4,g4,a4 recomm5dations--,c>e 9 sort+--,*oice ( pack+ cases-- ,bags--,bales--,fold+ ( crepe--,me*anical fold]s--,c>e 9 assembl+--,me?ods ( pack+--,weight ( cont5ts--,%ort weights #aej ,,"p ,,iii ,,ma*9]y ,,& ,,build+s ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,ma*9es ,quality ( metal 9 rolls--,nature ( roll-be>+s--,brass l9]s--,l9]s ( alloy or ( ca/-iron--,adequacy ( ma*9es --,arrangem5t ( batt]y--,spe$ ( ma*9es--,ge> ratios-- ,groov+ ( rolls--,heat+ ( rolls--,%eet+ ma*9es-- ,lubrication--,trays--,position ( batt]y--,dra9age ( batt]y-- ,access to back ( ma*9es--,eng9es--,p[] #aei ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,factories ,g5]al con/ruction--,pl5ty ( light--,floors--,dra9age (-- ,h[ _m /oreys--,v]&ahs--,tanks1 situation (--,designs & lay-out--,dra9s--,wat] supply #agb ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,o!r ,,build+s ,dry+-h\ses = crepe rubb]--,h[ _m /oreys--,v5tilation --,w9d[s--,effect ( light--,effect ( direct sun-rays--,hot-air h\ses--,smoke-h\ses--,v>i\s types--,ord9>y smoke-h\ses-- ,g5]al v5tilation--,w9d[s--,racks ( supports--,floors-- ,furnaces 9 g5]al--,pit-fires--,pot-fires--,iron /oves-- ,horizontal drum-furnaces--,rate ( combu/ion--,brick /oves-- ,patal+ type (--,consumption ( fuel--,floor ( furnace room-- ,ro(--,brick built h\ses--,?ird ,mile type--,jackson cab9et-- ,devon type--,detail$ description (--,b>k] pat5t design #agh ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,o!r ,,build+s 7cont9u$71 ,,& ,,situation ,,( ,,build+s ,sort+-room--,pack+ room--,/ore rooms--,/orage ( rubb]-- ,ne$ = special accommodation--,floor ( /ore room--,local conditions--,temp]ature & humidity--,incid5ce ( m\lds-- ,effect ^u smok$ %eets--,tool-%$s & /ores--,situation ( build+s--,position ) respect to po9ts ( ! compass-- ,*oos+ a factory site--,c5tralisation--,dec5tralisation #baa ,,"p ,,iv ,,! ,,f9i%$ ,,rubb] ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,defects ,,9 ,,crepe ,,rubb]s ,g5]al /yle ( f9i%--,dirty edges--,iron-/a9s--,ru/-/a9s --,oil-m>ks--,trays--,dirt--,holes--,gre 5i% & tacky /reaks-- ,n due to oil p] se--,tack9ess & copp]--,cotton & o!r fibre--,b>k & grit--,s&--,oxidation /reaks--,yell[ /reaks--,bisulphite /reaks--,spot disease--,cause (--,influ5ce ( rate ( dry+--,p]c5tage ( moi/ure--,humidity ( atmosph]e--,prev5tion ( disease--,infection by contact-- ,outbreak ( dormant spores--,rules to be obs]v$--,surface m\lds or mildew--,tack9ess 9 g5]al--,full discussion (-- ,exp]im5tal reproduction--,lack ( uni=mity 9 col\r-- ,defects 9 block rubb] #bbc ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,defects ,,9 ,,%eet ,,rubb] ,defective coagulation--,col\r$ surface blot*es--,g5]al d>k5+ ( surface--,s(t coagulum--,spongy und]face--,te>+ --,pitt+ ( surface--,?ick ends or edges--,mis-%ap5 %eets --,?ick pat*es--,torn %eets--,dog-e>s--,creases--,greas9ess ( surface be=e smok+--,surface blemi%es--,unev5 appe>ance--,v>iation due to oxidation--,col\r :5 dry-- ,surface gloss--,dull surface--,moi/ glaze & greas9ess-- ,virg9 spots--,surface m\lds or mildew--,black /reaks or spots --,:ite or grey /reaks--,ru/--,!ories on =mation (-- ,prev5tion (--,two me?ods--,o!r views on causation--,bubbles --,causes ( =mation--,9 ! field--,9 ! factory--,bli/]s --,spot disease 9 %eet rubb]--,support m>ks--,/ick9ess-- ,surface patt]n--,%eet clipp+s--,o!r infrequ5t defects-- ,dirt--,a%--,b>k--,spl9t]s #bdi ,,"p ,v ,,g5]al ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,*oice ,,( ,,coagulant ,acetic acid 9 g5]al use--,is a coagulant necess>y8--,acetic acid--,=mic acid--,citric acid--,t>t>ic acid--,oxalic acid-- ,sulphuric acid--,hydro*loric & nitric acids--,hydr(luoric acid--,alum--,pyroligne\s acid--,smok$ wat]--,*9ese v9eg>-- ,sulphur\s acid--,sug>s--,v>i\s salts--,propriet>y comp\nds --,c>bonic acid gas--,alcohol--,vegetable extracts #bgh ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,special ,,me?ods ,,( ,,prep>ation ,da ,co/a process--,byrne cur+ process--,freez+ process-- ,wickham process--,d]ry process--,spontane\s coagulation-- ,def9ition (--,discussion ( types--,a,erobic--,ana]obic-- ,organisms--,maude-,crosse pat5t--,me?od ( op]ation-- ,accel]at+ action ( sug>s--,accel]at+ action ( soluble calcium salts--,ilck5-,d[n process--,slab rubb] #bij ,,"p ,,vi ,,vulcanisation ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,introductory ,,deal+ ,,) ,,treatm5t ,,& ,,vulcanisation ,wild rubb] contra/$ ) plantation rubb]--,mill+ & mix+--,prep>ation = vulcanis+--,vulcanis+ #cja ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,te/+ ,,( ,,plantation ,,rubb] ,te/s on raw rubb]--,break+ /ra9--,behavi\r ( rubb] dur+ mill+1 etc4--,prep>ation = te/+--,te/s on vulcanis$ rubb]--,*oice ( a =mula--,physical te/s #cji ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,! ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,rubb] ,raw rubb]--,physical te/s--,vulcanis$ rubb]--,inn] qualities ( raw rubb]--,defects ( crepe & %eet-- ,v>iation 9 physical prop]ties--,rate ( cure--,influ5ce ( v>i\s factors 9 raw rubb] on rate ( cure--,o!r types ( plantation rubb]--,f9e p>a #cac ,,index #cbg ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,,se$s1 ,,%[+ ,,v>iable ,,size1 ,,%ape1 ,,& ,,m>k+ #b ,,fell+ ,,light 7,,second>y7 ,,jungle #c ,,se$l+1 ,,%[+ ,,root-,,sy/em ,,) ,,se$ ,,/ill ,,atta*$ #d ,,new ,,cle>+ #e ,,typical ,,"y ,,cle>+1 ,,ag$ ,,ab\t ,,?ree ,,ye>s1 ,,plant$ ,,on ,,virg9 ,,soil4 ,,orig9al ,,jungle ,,timb] ,,sl[ly ,,rott+ #f ,,light ,,jungle #g ,,d5se ,,jungle #h ,,cle>+ ,,ready ,,= ,,plant+ #i ,,new ,,cle>+3 ,,slopes ,,hol$ ,,= ,,plant+2 ,,flat ,,area ,,be+ ,,dra9$ #aa ,,typical ,,"y ,,cle>+1 ,,) ,,timb] #ae ,,typical ,,"y ,,cle>+1 ,,) ,,timb] #ag ,,typical ,,"y ,,plant$ ,,area #bj ,,ano!r ,,example ,,( ,a ,,rec5tly ,,plant$ ,,area #ba ,,widely ,,plant$ ,,"y ,,area1 ,,j ,,ready ,,to ,,be ,,br\ght ,,into ,,tapp+ #bd ,,field ,,( ,,old ,,rubb] ,,trees ,,9 ,,:i* ,,?9n+ ,,_h ,,be5 ,,delay$ ,,too ,,long #be ,,two ,,cuts ,,on ,a ,,qu>t] ,,circumf]5ce1 ,,on ,,an ,,old ,,tree #ca ,,! ,,s+le ,,cut ,,on ,a ,,qu>t] ,,circumf]5ce1 ,,on ,,an ,,old ,,tree ,,& ,,on ,,r5ew$ ,,b>k #cc ,,s+le ,,cut ,,on ,,half ,,circumf]5ce 7,,half-,,spiral7 #ce ,a ,v-,,cut ,,on ,,half ,,! ,,circumf]5ce #cg ,,s+le ,,cut ,,on ,,two-,,fif?s ,,( ,,circumf]5ce #da ,,effects ,,^u ,,r5ew$ ,,b>k ,,( ,,previ\s ,,tapp+ #dd ,,ano!r ,,example ,,%[+ ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,previ\s ,,tapp+ #de #a4 ,,%[+ ,,effect ,,( ,,w9t]+ #dh #b4 ,,new ,,gr[? ,,( ,,"y ,,leaf ,,on ,,same ,,tree #di ,,effects ,,( ,,disease--,,m\ldy ,,rot #ej ,,effects ,,( ,,disease--,,m\ldy ,,rot #ea ,,effects ,,( ,,disease--,,m\ldy ,,rot #eb ,,effects ,,( ,,disease--,,m\ldy ,,rot #ec ,,rais$ ,,v]&ah ,,= ,,reception ,,( ,,latex2 ,,likewise ,,equipp$ ,,) ,,facilities ,,= ,,calculat+ ,,individual ,,daily ,,yield ,,p] ,,coolie ,,by ,,sampl+ ,,( ,,latex #ff ,,end-,,section ,,sket* ,,( ,,v]&ah1 ,,etc41 ,,%[+ ,a ,,good ,,me?od ,,= ,,receiv+ ,,latex ,,& ,,fill+ ,,tank #gj ,,rais$ ,,v]&ah ,,= ,,reception ,,& ,,h&l+ ,,( ,,latex #ga ,,ano!r ,,set ,,( ,,dilution ,,tanks ,,on ,,rais$ ,,v]&ah #gb ,,two ,,views ,,( ,,dilution ,,& ,,mix+ ,,tanks #ha ,,unit ,,mod]n ,,coagulat+ ,,tank 7,,two ,,views7 #ia ,,ano!r ,,batt]y ,,( ,,tanks1 ,,) ,,dilution ,,tanks1 ,,rais$1 ,,on ,,! ,,"r #ib ,,clos] ,,view ,,( ,,=ego+ #ic ,,ano!r ,,batt]y ,,( ,,tanks1 ,,)\t ,,dilution ,,tanks ,,or ,,means ,,( ,,gravitat+ ,,latex #ie ,a ,,%eet+ ,,tank ,,conta9+ ,,coagulum ,,= ,,crepe ,,prep>ation #if ,a ,,batt]y ,,( ,,%eet+ ,,tanks 7,,patal+ ,,e/ate74 ,,dilution ,,tanks1 ,,rais$1 ,,on ,,! ,,left #ig ,,! ,,old ,,me?od ,,( ,,dripp+ ,,fre%ly ,,roll$ ,,%eets ,,)9 ,,! ,,factory #ajh ,,! ,,new] ,,me?od ,,( ,,hang+ ,,9 ,,! ,,op5 ,,air #aji ,,?ree ,,grades ,,( ,,crepe ,,rubb] #aaa ,a ,,wa%+ ,,%$ #aab ,,dry+ ,,graph4 ,,pale ,,crepe 7,,?97 #adj ,a ,,%ipm5t ,,( ,,rubb]1 ,,pack$ ,,& ,,ready ,,= ,,transport #aee ,,on ,,its ,,road ,,to ,,! ,,railway3 ,,bullock-,,c>t ,,transport #aeg ,a ,,batt]y ,,( ,,ma*9es #afe ,,?ird ,,mile ,,type2 ,,horizontal ,,drum #aij ,,?ird ,,mile ,,type ,,( ,,furnace1 ,,us$ ,,9 ,,conjunction ,,) ,,?ird ,,mile ,,smoke-,,h\se #aij ,,side ,,sectional ,,elevation 7,,patal+ ,,type ,,( ,,furnace7 #aic ,,patal+ ,,type ,,( ,,furnace #aic ,,l>ge ,,smoke-,,h\se ,,( ,,ord9>y ,,con/ruction1 ,,) ,,%ield$ ,,v5tilators ,,p]man5tly ,,op5 #aid ,,brick ,,& ,,cem5t ,,sup]/ructure ,,( ,,furnace ,,inside ,,! ,,build+1 ,,b ,,f$ ,,f ,,outside #aie ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,%elt]s ,,cov]+ ,,approa*es ,,to ,,furnaces #aif ,,ne> ,,view ,,( ,,%elt] #aig ,,?ird ,,mile ,,type ,,( ,,smoke-,,h\se #aii ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,d\ble ,,devon ,,type ,,( ,,smoke-,,h\se #bja ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,d\ble ,,devon ,,smoke-,,h\se ,,& ,,factory ,,build+s #bjb ,,view ,,( ,,plat=m ,,( ,,devon ,,smoke-,,h\se2 ,,doors ,,( ,,comp>tm5ts ,,op51 ,,& ,,"o ,,rack ,,p>tially ,,)drawn #bjc ,,d\ble ,,devon ,,smoke-,,h\se ,,( ,,brick1 ,,) ,,ro( ,,( ,,*9ese ,,tiles1 ,,%[+ ,,load+ ,,plat=ms ,,) ,,racks ,,)drawn ,,f ,,smok+ ,,*amb]s #bjd ,,side-,,view ,,( ,,prec$+ ,,photograph1 ,,%[+ ,,ext]nal ,,arrangem5t ,,= ,,/ok+ ,,furnaces #bje ,,front ,,view ,,( ,,d\ble ,,devon ,,type ,,( ,,smoke-,,h\se #bjf ,,side-,,view ,,( ,,d\ble ,,devon ,,type ,,( ,,smoke-,,h\se #bjg ,,! ,,new ,,b>k] ,,type ,,( ,,smoke-,,h\se3 ,a ,,small ,,unit #baj ,,sugge/$ ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,build+ #bah ,,?ree ,,specim5s ,,( ,,f9e ,,pale ,,crepe ,,suff]+ ,,f ,,spot ,,disease #bcg ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,plantation ,,rubb] ,,"p ,i ,,field ,,op]ations ,,*apt] ,i ,,plant+ ,to criticise ! me?ods ( ! pione] plant]s ( ,hevea ,brasili5sis pres5ts no difficulty 9 ! light ( pres5t comp>ative k1 & to be wise aft] ! ev5t is a fail+ :i* is n conf9$ to ^? int]e/$ 9 mod]n plant+ me?ods4 ,look+ at ! matt] broadly1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ! pione]s1 wrong ?\gh !y may h be5 on "s po9ts1 did rem>kably well1 consid]+ t !re exi/$ no real k on ! subject & t ! me?ods employ$ 7 p]=ce ( an empirical nature4 ,al?\gh we "k a little m conc]n+ ! sci5tific aspects ( rubb] plant+1 ! sum total ( t k does n ju/ify any dra/ic criticism ( ! me?ods employ$ by our pr$ecessors4 ,9 fact1 al?\gh we may be ( op9ion t on g5]al l9es !re is little n[ to be le>n$ reg>d+ ! plant+ ( ,hevea ,brasili5sis1 our pres5t k does n preclude ! possibility t future inve/igations may br+ aga9/ u *>ges simil> to ^? sometimes levell$ at ! e>li] plant]s4 ,! ma9 !me ( ! pres5t volume is t ( ! prep>ation ( rubb] = ! m>ket4 ,h5ce x is n propos$ to deal 9 detail ) ! "w atta*+ to ! op5+ & developm5t ( rubb] e/ates4 ,= ?is ! read] is ref]r$ to ! lit]ature deal+ specifically ) rubb] plant+4 ,c]ta9 po9ts 9 connection ) plant+ may advantage\sly be treat$ 9 a g5]al way accord+ to mod]n k1 & ( ^! x is propos$ to discuss a few 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,se$s1 ,,%[+ ,,v>iable ,,size1 ,,%ape1 ,,& ,,m>k+4 ,,se$s4--,! view is n[ g5]ally held t _m areas 7 plant$ f se$ :i* 0 n collect$ 9 a discrim9ate mann]2 & t probably ! comp>atively l[ yields obta9$ on areas ( "s e/ates may be due to ! employm5t ( se$ f a poor /ra94 ,to be able to decide :e!r su* explanation fits ! case dem&s a full k ( all ! possible factors gov]n+ ! "q ( yields4 ,x may1 or may n1 be a fact t se$ f a poor /ra9 is :olly or p>tially acc\ntable = l[ yields2 b :atev] ! degree 9 :i* ! se$ influ5ces ! result1 x is an axiom t to obta9 ! be/ results 9 all plant+ indu/ries a mo/ judici\s selection ( se$ %\ld be made4 ,9 %ort1 se$ obta9$ f good-yield+ specim5s by selective treatm5t w ev5tually produce prog5y ( good-yield+ /ra94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fell+ ,,light 7,,second>y7 ,,jungle4 ,! recognition ( ^! pr9ciples z appli$ to ! plant+ ( ,h4 ,brasili5sis has focuss$ rec5t att5tion ^u ! desirability ( plant+ nurs]ies ) se$s obta9$ f ^? trees :i* are kn[n to be good produc]s ( latex ( normal consi/5cy4 ,x does n foll[ t ! tree ( mo/ rapid gr[? & developm5t is necess>ily ! be/ yield]2 su* is (t5 n ! case4 ,9 ! matt] ( selection1 !re=e1 "o has to take o!r /&>ds ?an t ( size2 & ! issue is n>r[$ *iefly to a consid]ation ( ! yields ( latex giv5 by individual trees4 ,x has be5 f\nd by v>i\s exp]im5t]s t !re is no necessity to proce$ to su* a ref9em5t z ! det]m9ation ( ! actual weight ( rubb] yield$4 ,! dry rubb] cont5t ( latices f ! same trees is f\nd to be s comp>atively regul>1 all[+ = climatic *anges1 t x is suffici5t = ! purposes ( selection to measure ! volumes ( latex yield$ by individual trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,,se$l+1 ,,%[+ ,,root-,,sy/em ,,) ,,se$ ,,/ill ,,atta*$4 ,un=tunately ! indu/ry is s "y t ! "q ( se$ selection yet awaits /udy4 ,! task pres5ts c]ta9 practical difficulties1 & w\ld be by no means s easy to control z 9 ! case ( se$ selection f o!r plants4 ,x w be obvi\s t sev]al g5]ations ( trees rais$ f select$ se$ w\ld h to be "u obs]vation be=e any s\nd d$uctions c\ld be made f /ati/ics obta9$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! "w4 ,?us ! problem ( se$-selection z x conc]ns ! e/abli%m5t ( a high-yield+ /ra9 w\ld involve _m ye>s ( obs]vation on ! "p ( a tra9$ man4 ,un=tunately nei!r ! man nor ! facilities = su* exp]im5tal "w exi/ at ! pres5t mom5t 9 ! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates4 ,on ! sci5tific side ! indu/ry is incomm5surably /aff$1 & mo/ ( ! work]s' "t is occupi$ ) r\t9e "w connect$ ) e/ate practice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,cle>+4 ,9 ! middle di/ance1 fell$ trees await+ burn+2 9 ! =egr\nd1 a flat & wet area ) ma9 dra9age outl9$4 7,by c\rtesy ( ! manag] ( ,membakut ,e/ate1 ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo47 ,illu/ration3 ,,typical ,,"y ,,cle>+1 ,,ag$ ,,ab\t ,,?ree ,,ye>s1 ,,plant$ ,,on ,,virg9 ,,soil4 ,,orig9al ,,jungle ,,timb] ,,sl[ly ,,rott+4 ,,selection4--,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ! "q ( /ra9 improvem5t w be solv$ 9 ano!r mann] ?an t ( successive bre$+ f ! se$s ( high-yield+ trees4 ,su* inve/igatory "w is n[ occupy+ ! att5tion ( sci5tific organisations 9 ! ,ea/1 & cr$it is due to ! /ations 9 ,java :i* h begun exp]im5tal "w 9 ?is direction4 ,9 brief1 ! s*eme may be outl9$ z foll[s4 ,trees kn[n to be uni=mly good yield]s are kept "u obs]vation1 & ! se$s ga!r$ c>efully4 ,^! se$s are g]m9at$ 9 a special nurs]y1 & ! be/-gr[n se$l+s are select$ = fur!r op]ations4 ,at a c]ta9 /age a bud is tak5 f a high-yield+ p>5t tree & graft$ ^u ! /em ( ! se$l+4 ,:5 ?is has /ruck ! orig9al head ( ! se$l+ is remov$4 ,?is ensures t "o has 9 ! se$l+ bo? ! /em & future bran* sy/em ( ! same /ra9 z ! p>5t high-yield+ trees4 ,x is possible to g a /ep f>!r1 & by c]ta9 processes induce a new root sy/em to gr[ above ! exi/+ roots1 :i* are !n remov$4 ,"o is !n able to gu>antee t ! roots1 /em1 & bran*es w be ( ! orig9al high-yield+ /ra94 ,an objection sometimes made aga9/ ! ?ird op]ation ( induc+ a new root sy/em is t ! orig9al tap-root is remov$ & t ! subsequ5t sy/em consi/s only ( lat]als4 ,aga9/ ?is argum5t may be quot$ ! obs]v$ fact t 9 actual developm5t any "o ( ! lat]als may "u su* circum/ances function ev5tually z a tap-root4 ,illu/ration3 ,,light ,,jungle4 ,on ! :ole1 ?is sy/em ( propagation receives ! approval ( inve/igators1 & removes ! objections :i* may be advanc$ aga9/ ! developm5t ( a s*eme entirely f\nd$ ^u successive bre$+s f select$ se$4 ,! c\rse ( ! inve/igations1 also1 are !reby %ort5$ consid]ably4 ,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 ! "w ( obta9+ & graft+ ! buds1 b x has n[ be5 prov$ t by ex]cis+ reasonable precautions :i* are n beyond ! intellig5ce & ability ( subord9ates1 an extremely high p]c5tage ( success c be atta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,d5se ,,jungle4 ,until su* "t z ?is process becomes practicable ! inception ( a plant$ area mu/ foll[ ! l9es usually adopt$4 ,,nurs]ies4--,! usual practice is to obta9 se$s f "s e/ate :i* has a reputation = good yields & = ex]cis+ c>e 9 ! ga!r+ & %ipp+ ( se$s4 ,! se$ is plant$ 9 specially prep>$ b$s1 & ! p]c5tage ( g]m9ation not$ = future ref]5ce4 ,! plants %\ld be t5d$ c>efully1 & close obs]vation made = ! detection ( disease or pe/s4 ,x is n uncommon to f9d t ow+ to lack ( c>e 9 ! prep>ation ( ! se$-b$1 ! "y plants are attack$ by disease4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cle>+ ,,ready ,,= ,,plant+4 ,surface timb] remov$1 b /umps rema9+4 ,,/umps4--,at a /age1 v>y+ accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! e/ate1 :5 ! plants are f twelve to eighte5 mon?s old1 !y are lift$ f ! e>?4 ,! roots & head are cut (f1 & ! /ump is ready = imm$iate plant+ 9 ! field4 ,naturally any appreciable delay 9 plant+1 or unfav\rable wea!r conditions1 w militate aga9/ ! *ances ( successful /rik+2 & x is n uncommon to f9d t a c]ta9 numb] ( supplies w be necess>y4 ,,se$ ,,at ,,/ake4--,a me?od sometimes adopt$ is to put out se$ 9 ! field1 9 prep>$ holes :i* indicate ! exact position ( ! future trees4 ,usually ?ree se$s are plac$ 9 ea* hole1 & if two or ?ree g]m9ate1 ! plant hav+ ! heal?ie/ appe>ance is reta9$1 & ! o!rs remov$4 ,! possible objections to ?is me?od ( plant+ are obvi\s to ^? acqua9t$ ) field conditions1 b 9 actual practice plant+ se$ at /ake has (t5 prov$ highly successful4 ,naturally ! results obta9$ mu/ dep5d ^u ! selection ( good se$s1 ! c>e ex]cis$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! holes1 wea!r conditions1 & ! discrim9ation ex]cis$ 9 ! selection ( ! plants to be reta9$--ap>t f su* disabilities z ! depr$ations ( rats & o!r pe/s4 ,,basket ,,plants4--,yet ano!r & p]haps ! mo/ popul> me?od at pres5t is ! g]m9ation & gr[? ( se$l+s 9 baskets specially con/ruct$ = ! purpose4 ,^! plants are kept "u obs]vation until ( ! requir$ age & gr[?4 ,!y are !n convey$ to ! field1 & ! baskets are plant$ 9 prep>$ holes4 ,! baskets1 be+ ( vegetable mat]ial1 are liable to be attack$ by v>i\s diseases :ile 9 ! nurs]y or aft] plant+4 ,x is consid]$ advisable1 !re=e1 to treat !m by dipp+ into "s dis9fectant su* z t>1 or a mixture ( t> & "o ( ! common propriet>y dis9fectants4 ,o!rwise a disease may be convey$ f ! basket to ! se$l+4 ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,plant+4--,!re c be no o!r op9ion ?an t ideally all l& requir$ = plant+ %\ld be p]fectly cle> ( timb] ( e description4 ,aft] fell+ & burn+1 "u ord9>y conditions a c]ta9 am\nt ( cle>+ is effect$1 b 9 actual practice ?is am\nts to comp>atively little4 ,big logs & /umps are left because ! co/ ( clean cle>+ is judg$ to be prohibitive & non-economic4 ,surface timb] is gradually cle>$ 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t1 & usually l>ge /umps are ! la/ to be tackl$4 ,! objection to ?is proc$ure is really n /rong1 b un=tunately an important po9t is g5]ally ov]look$4 ,grant$ t mo/ ( ! dread$ diseases travel b5ea? ! surface ( ! gr\nd by means ( buri$ timb]1 x is pla9 t z f> z /umps are conc]n$1 ! *ief s\rce ( dang] lies 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! roots4 ,if ^! 7 c>efully expos$ & remov$1 ! isolat$ /umps w\ld !n n be su* pot5tial infection po9ts4 ,x foll[s f ?is argum5t t ! importance ( remov+ buri$ timb] _c be too /rongly insi/$ ^u4 ,x is n uncommon to f9d t "s ye>s aft] ! op5+ ( an e/ate1 & aft] surface timb] has be5 remov$1 a l>ge numb] ( trees are affect$ ) ,fomes lignosus 7=m]ly kn[n z ,fomes semito/us74 ,su* cases are directly attributable to ! exi/5ce ( buri$ timb]1 & no local treatm5t w be successful unless ! :ole ( ! area is dug ov] c>efully1 & all pieces ( timb] remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,cle>+2 ,,slopes ,,hol$ ,,= ,,plant+2 ,,flat ,,area ,,be+ ,,dra9$4 7,by c\rtesy ( manag]1 ,membakut ,e/ate1 ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo47 ,,silt ,,cat*m5t ,,tr5*es4--,grant$ ! ultimate necessity ( clean cle>+1 x becomes necess>y to take "s precautions to prev5t loss ( soil by wa% 9 "y areas plant$ on slop+ l&4 ,an argum5t (t5 us$ 9 ext5uation ( ! practice ( all[+ l>ge surface timb] to rema9 until x becomes rott5 is t x is an aid 9 prev5t+ loss ( soil by wa%4 ,its removal necessitates ! in/itution ( "s me?od ( prev5t+ wa%4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( t]races on /eep slopes t5ds to ! a*ievem5t ( ! desir$ result1 b ?is me?od is n ext5d$ to m mod]ate slopes :]e loss by wa% is /ill consid]able4 ,x is ! op9ion ( ! writ]s & o!rs t ! g5]al case calls = ! in/itution ( silt cat*m5t tr5*es1 :i*1 z ! "n d5otes1 fulfil ! duty ( cat*+ any surface soil & ( reta9+ ra9wat]4 ,^! tr5*es are usually laid out on cont\r1 & d n exce$ a l5g? ( #bj feet4 ,!y are usually f #ah in*es to #b feet wide & deep1 & are s arrang$ on ! slope t !y occupy ov]lapp+ positions4 ,! actual numb] ( tr5*es requir$ w dep5d ^u ! angle ( slope2 ! /eep] ! slope ! great] ! numb] requir$--i4e41 ! %ort] w be ! l5g? ( slope betwe5 any two tr5*es4 ,giv5 a clean area1 x is obvi\s t ! mom5tum acquir$ by runn+ wat] 7& h5ce ! am\nt ( soil remov$7 on any "o slope w dep5d ^u ! di/ance travell$4 ,x is advisable1 !re=e1 to place a l>g] proportion ( ! tr5*es on ! upp] "p ( ! slope ?an on ! l[]1 s z to gu>d aga9/ ! break+ d[n ( ! tr5* sy/em "u an abnormal d[np\r ( ra94 ,on l& ?us prep>$ ! writ] has se5 areas successfully plant$1 :i*1 "u ord9>y conditions1 7 condemn$ z be+ too /eep = plant+4 ,x is true t ^! tr5*es necessitate cont9ual upkeep until ! soil becomes well %ad$ by trees1 b ! actual am\nt ( "w dem&$ 9 clean+ & ma9ta9+ ! tr5*es w dep5d l>gely ^u ! ?or\ghness ) :i* ! orig9al "w 0 plann$ & execut$4 ,:atev] may be ! weaknesses expos$ z a result ( provid+ an insuffici5t numb] ( tr5*es ( inadequate dim5sions1 !re c be no "q t !y are a necessity4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,field ,,ma9t5ance ,,clean ,,we$+4--,intimately connect$ ) ! gr[? & developm5t ( ! rubb] tree "o has to consid] ! conditions "u :i* x is all[$ to mature4 ,! argum5t has be5 us$ t1 s9ce ! habitat ( ,hevea ,brasili5sis is 9 ! jungle1 we %\ld be proce$+ aga9/ nature by introduc+ conditions unlike ^? "u :i* ! wild rubb] tree gr[s4 ,x is difficult to treat su* an argum5t s]i\sly1 z by quot+ p>allel in/ances 9 arboriculture x c\ld be %[n t gr[?1 developm5t1 & yields are improv$ by cultivation ( wild plants4 ,x ne$s small exp]i5ce ) rubb]-tree plantations to be conv9c$ ( ! necessity = deal+ ) o!r gr[?s1 :i* w\ld o!rwise soon surr\nd & ov]%ad[ "y rubb] trees4 ,ap>t f *eck+ & prev5t+ woody und]gr[?s x is consid]$ advisable to keep ! gr\nd m or less free f light vegetable gr[?s1 :i* are r\ghly gr\p$ "u ! head+ ( we$s4 ,naturally1 if ^! we$s are all[$ to fl\ri% & se$1 _! ev5tual eradication may be a matt] ( extreme difficulty & exp5se4 ,x is ! aim1 !re=e1 ( prop]ly conduct$ e/ates g5]ally to in/itute su* a sy/em ( "w t ! we$+-gangs cov] ! :ole e/ate at regul> int]vals2 &1 z a g5]al rule1 x may be accept$ t ! %ort] ! int]val betwe5 successive visits by ! gang to any p>ticul> area1 ! easi] x is to keep we$s 9 *eck1 & ! *eap] ! "w w ev5tually be done4 ,?is proc$ure def9es r\ghly :at is impli$ by ! t]m clean we$+1 & x is ! policy adopt$ by mo/ e/ates4 ,/rict adh]5ce to ?is practice 9 rubb] cultivation has be5 inculcat$ by ! old] s*ool ( plant]s :o obta9$ _! exp]i5ce 9 ! cultivation ( o!r crops su* z tea1 c(fee1 tobacco1 etc4 ,9 latt] ye>s ! wisdom ( scrupul\s clean we$+ "u all conditions has be5 que/ion$2 & !re c be no d\bt t "u c]ta9 special conditions a cont9uation ( ! policy ( clean we$+ is calculat$ to produce1 9 c\rse ( "t1 m h>m ?an b5efit4 ,z an in/ance1 ! case might be cit$ ( /eep slopes on poor l&4 ,cont9ual clean we$+ on su* areas w lead ev5tually to a great loss ( ! surface soil1 unless "s precautions are adopt$ = cat*+ & reta9+ ! f9e silt p>ticles4 ,x is to be not$ t su* a type ( soil & slope1 :5 ! %ade is appreciable1 (t5 produces no we$s heavi] 9 gr[? ?an a v light grass4 ,x is urg$ t ! necessity = /rict clean we$+ on su* soils does n exi/1 &1 9 fact1 t x w\ld be an injuri\s policy4 ,su* argum5ts appe> to be well f\nd$ 9 exp]i5ce1 & ! writ]s are 9 ?or\gh agreem5t t su* special cases des]ve special consid]ation4 ,rigid adh]5ce to a policy ( clean we$+1 )\t reg>d to special conditions1 w\ld be mo/ inadvisable4 ,nev]!less1 su* exceptional cases d n detract f ! wisdom ( clean we$+ 9 g5]al4 ,e plant] ( exp]i5ce realises h[ easily fields become infe/$ ) we$s if ! regul> "w is susp5d$ or delay$4 ,x is probably q true t ! h>m due to ! pres5ce ( "s we$s on an occasion is negligible2 b ap>t f ?is debatable po9t1 !re is ! solid fact t if once an area is all[$ to become we$y x may soon dem& a mu* great] exp5diture to br+ x back to normal condition ?an if x _h be5 regul>ly we$$4 ,?is is common exp]i5ce1 & = t reason alone a g5]al policy ( clean we$+ is ?or\ghly s\nd2 especially if comb9$ ) "s sy/em ( silt-ret5tion4 ,,grass ,,squ>es4--,on "s e/ates ! practice ( clean we$+ is und]tak5 9 comb9ation ) a sy/em ( silt-ret5tion1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! developm5t & ma9t5ance ( ridges4 ,^! are built up f ! debris ( we$+ 9 ! =m ( holl[ squ>es4 ,grass is all[$ to spr\t & gr[ 9 ^! ridges1 & :5 x atta9s a c]ta9 height x is trimm$ d[n s z to keep x )9 b\nds4 ,! soil )9 ! holl[ squ>e is clean we$$2 & x is ma9ta9$ t loss ( soil by wa% is avoid$4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions !re is a great deal to be said 9 fav\r ( ! me?od1 b 9 ! op9ion ( ! writ]s x %\ld be reg>d$ only z a me?od ( exp$i5cy4 ,x is n to be pref]r$ to ! m ?or\gh practice ( soil-ret5tion by means ( silt-tr5*es1 al?\gh ! latt] me?od may be slightly m exp5sive 9 ! end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,typical ,,"y ,,cle>+1 ,,) ,,timb]4 ,plant$ rubb]-/ump 9 =egr\nd4 ,,lallang ,,eradication4--,! greate/ bugbe> ( ! plant] 9 connection ) we$+ is ! incid5ce ( lallang4 ,_m proposals h be5 put =w>d at v>i\s times = ! complete eradication ( ?is pe/2 b at pres5t1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 !re w\ld seem to be no bett] me?od ?an by heavy & deep digg+1 foll[$ by regul> att5tion4 ,! me?od is ackn[l$g$ to be exp5sive1 b any half-he>t$ measure o!rwise tak5 w ev5tually prove to be ev5 m co/ly4 ,"o has to diff]5tiate1 ( c\rse1 betwe5 ! incid5ce ( lallang attributable to neglig5ce on ! e/ate itself1 & ! occasional outbreaks ne> b\nd>ies1 due to se$s hav+ be5 w9d-borne f pat*es ( lallang outside ! b\nd>ies ,b1 9 g5]al1 x w\ld be safe to rem>k t ! appe>ance ( lallang c\ld be tak5 z evid5ce ( a failure to cov] ! area at suffici5tly %ort int]vals4 ,z already intimat$1 ! usual me?od ( eradication ( areas ( lallang is by ?or\gh digg+1 & ! exposure ( ! /rong root sy/em to ! sun4 ,z a matt] ( int]e/ x may be not$ t rec5tly "s success has be5 obta9$ by ano!r me?od#a on areas :i* "o may h 9 view = plant+ at "s future date4 #a ,eradication ( ,lallang1 ,w4 ,p4 ,h&ov]1 ,! ,plant]1 ,vol4 ,i41 ,no4 #a1 ,augu/1 #aibj4 ,x consi/s 9 ! employm5t ( ,mimosa gigantea1 :i* ev5tually smo!rs ! gr[? ( lallang4 ,! se$s are s[n broadca/1 9 drills1 or 9 pockets1 among/ ! lallang4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ab\t ?ree mon?s x ov]tops ! grass & proce$s to travel4 ,at ?is /age ! :ole mass is press$ d[n1 & ! press+ is repeat$ at regul> int]vals4 ,"u fav\rable conditions1 9 ab\t twelve mon?s1 an imp5etrable mat has be5 =m$1 :i* gradually =ms a good mul*4 ,:5 x is desir$ to remove ! ,mimosa1 ! mass 7press$ d[n7 is cut & roll$ up l a c>pet4 ,cle>$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! area !n ne$s regul> we$+1 9 ord] to *eck ! developm5t ( any /ray lallang %oots4 ,9 actual practice x 0 f\nd t ! co/ ( ?is me?od 0 approximately two-?irds t ( ! usual digg+ me?od4 ,,gre5 ,,cov] ,,plants4--,"s ye>s ago x 0 q common to f9d gre5 cov]-plants employ$ on e/ates ) ! prim>y idea ( m9imis+ we$+ co/s4 ,) mo/ ( ^! x 0 f\nd lat] t _! value 0 n real1 & t !y h>b\r$ diseases1 & pe/s4 ,moreov]1 :5 !y 7 remov$1 x 0 (t5 f\nd t an abundant crop ( lallang & we$s result$4 ,!re c be no "q t c]ta9 plants c be employ$ ) advantage1 n only 9 ! control ( we$s1 b also by reason ( b5efit to ! soil 9 :i* !y are e/abli%$4 ,^! plants are legum9\s1 & _! use is re/rict$ almo/ entirely to "y areas1 inasmu* z !y w n cont9ue to gr[ :5 %ade becomes m>k$4 ,( ^? be/ kn[n 9 mod]n practice might be m5tion$ ,tephrosia c&ida 7,boga bean71 ,c5trosema ,plum]ii1 & ,doli*os ,hoseii 7,s>awak bean74 ,illu/ration3 ,,typical ,,"y ,,cle>+1 ,,) ,,timb]4 ,"y rubb] plants 9 =egr\nd4 ,two ( ^! are easily di/+ui%able1 bo? ) small cr[ns ( leaves4 ,x is wrong to imag9e1 h[ev]1 t ! e/abli%m5t ( su* legum9\s cov]-plants obviates we$+4 ,s f> is ?is f be+ ! case1 t 9 practice x is f\nd t ! we$+ r\nds mu/ be conduct$ at fir/ ) ! same regul>ity z 9 ord9>y work+1 b t naturally !re is mu* less "w to be done4 ,z ! plants develop1 !y c be prun$ or dug into ! soil1 z ! case may be4 ,! addition ( ! gre5 mat]ial to ! soil1 ei!r by digg+ or by bury+ 9 op5 tr5*es1 is calculat$ to cause improvem5t 9 ! condition ( ! soil4 ,!re may ?us be a close connection betwe5 we$+1 soil cons]vation1 & soil improvem5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,?9n+ ,,( ,,areas ,on ?is subject !re is unanimity reg>d+ ! necessity = ! op]ation4 ,div]g5ce ( op9ion exi/s only z to a matt] ( degree4 ,on ! "o h& !re is ! s*ool ( plant]s :o w\ld advocate ! advisability ( plant+ up to1 say1 #bjj trees p] acre1 ) subsequ5t ?9n+ out by selection4 ,at ! o!r extreme !re is ! op9ion t we %\ld plant only a few m trees p] acre ?an x is int5d$ ev5tually to ma9ta91 ! argum5t be+ t by ?is me?od ! gr[? & developm5t ( individual trees w be s mu* great] ?an 9 close plant+ t ! necessity = dra/ic ?9n+ out w n arise4 ,un=tunately = ! latt] s*ool1 a v important po9t is ov]look$--viz41 t size & g5]al developm5t are n crit]ia ( yield+ capacity4 ,x might ?us foll[ t a /& ( n9ety well-gr[n trees p] acre might give v disappo9t+ yields p] acre4 ,9 a few in/ances ?is has be5 not$ ) #cj by #cj feet plant+1 b x is d\btful :e!r ! factor influ5c+ su* results has be5 appreciat$4 ,! apo/les ( close-plant+ h ?is 9 _! fav\r3 t if ! trees to be remov$ are select$ on prop] l9es1 x is possible to h all rema9+ trees ( comp>atively high-yield+ /ra94 ,?is is a v s\nd argum5t1 b its practicability is limit$ v l>gely by ! "q ( e>ly gr[? & developm5t4 ,x w\ld seem ! sane c\rse 9 any ev5t n to plant m trees p] acre ?an may gr[ normally1 & )\t bran* or root int]f]5ce up to ! fif? ye> 7! normal fir/ ye> ( tapp+74 ,be=e ?is /age has be5 rea*$1 /unt$ or de=m$ trees w h be5 not$ & remov$1 s t 9 ! fir/ ye> ( tapp+ ?9n+ prop] c be comm5c$4 ,9 ! pa/ ?is has be5 effect$ :olly by selection ( trees accord+ to _! g5]al appe>ance & situation2 b x is n[ safe to pr$ict t future op]ations w be bas$ ^u s\nd] & m sci5tific l9es4 ,trees w be select$ = removal accord+ to _! individual yields1 a /&>d :i* we h be5 advocat+ = ye>s )\t mu* practical success4 ,9 ,java & ,sumatra mu* good "w has be5 done 9 ?is direction1 & rec5tly a comm5cem5t has be5 made 9 ! ,f4,m4,s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,typical ,,"y ,,plant$ ,,area4 ,heavy orig9al jungle timb]4 ,x is )9 ! daily obs]vation ( all plant]s t c]ta9 trees regul>ly give great] yields ?an o!rs1 & t su* trees are n to be di/+ui%$ by size or g5]al developm5t4 ,moreov]1 ) slight v>iations1 x has be5 f\nd t a good yield+ tree is consi/5tly a good yield]1 & ! conv]se holds true4 ,if1 !re=e1 measurem5ts ( individual yields are tak5 at int]vals1 & ! results record$ dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( tapp+ ( an area1 an excell5t guide is obta9$ = ! fir/ r\nd ( ?9n+4 ,x is f\nd 9 actual practice t five1 or ev5 ?ree1 read+s dur+ ! ye> are suffici5t to give ! indication requir$4 ,x is n ess5tial t simultane\s read+s %\ld be tak5 ov] a l>ge area2 9 fact1 su* a /ep is really impracticable at fir/4 ,! simple/ me?od is to employ ei!r-- 7a7 ,a small uni=m vessel 9 :i* ! latex is measur$ by means ( a ?9 slip ( bamboo ^u :i* graduations are m>k$4 7b7 ,a glass measure graduat$ regul>ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ano!r ,,example ,,( ,a ,,rec5tly ,,plant$ ,,area4 ,9 bo? cases x is immat]ial :at units are repres5t$ by ! graduations--:e!r cubic c5timetres1 qu>t] ounces1 half-ounces1 or ounces1 z long z ! unit is n too l>ge4 ,x is pref]able to employ a fairly small unit1 s t 9 tak+ read+s f "y trees a wid] range may be obta9$ betwe5 poor yields & good yields4 ,9 ! case ( old] trees a l>g] unit may be tak54 ,! fir/ /age 9 ! op]ations is to numb] all trees 9 ! field to be te/$1 & to prep>e a r\gh regi/]1 ) ?ree or five vacant columns opposite ea* tree numb]4 ,x is n advisable to comm5ce ! record ( yields until ! panel ( b>k has be5 "u tapp+ = a mon? or two4 ,x is f\nd t an intellig5t coolie c be taught ! me?od ( measur+ & r\gh record+4 ,! latt] is accompli%$ by means ( m>ks made ^u ! virg9 b>k ( ! tree above ! tapp$ area4 ,! m>ks may be made ) a tapp+ knife1 by means ( pa9t1 or ) a lead p5cil4 ,! simple/ =m ( record consi/s 9 putt+ "o m>k = ea* graduation ( read+4 ,9 practice x is f\nd t1 comm5c+ ab\t an h\r aft] ! fir/ tree has be5 tapp$ 79 ! case ( "y trees7 & foll[+ ! c\rse tak5 by ! tapp]1 ! measur] ( yields is able to d ab\t #b full tasks 7#fej to #gej trees7 p] diem4 ,ea* day progress is made ?r\gh ! field4 ,obvi\sly on su* a small scale & utilis+ only "o measur+ coolie ! comp>ison is re/rict$ v mu*2 b 9 any case ?is is immat]ial z1 ow+ to ! p]sonal equation ( ! tapp]1 comp>ison /rictly %\ld be limit$ & int]nal--i4e41 x %\ld really be conf9$ to "o task only at a "t4 ,9 ?is way ! wor/ trees 9 any task are indicat$4 ,! keep+ ( ! records may be entru/$ to a field cl]k1 b is bett] plac$ 9 ! h&s ( a ,european4 ,! regi/] is tak5 into ! field & ! r\gh records f\nd on ! trees are not$ 9 ! columns aga9/ ! tree numb]4 ,mo/ plant]s are aw>e 9 a g5]al way ( ! disp>ity betwe5 ! yields ( individual trees1 b !y w\ld probably be surpris$ if !y und]took ! in/itution ( su* records4 ,! foll[+ figures mu/ n be tak5 z typical4 ,!y repres5t ! av]age results f sev]al tasks 9 a "y field f :i* all ill-gr[n & de=m$ trees _h be5 remov$4 ,x is immat]ial :at ! units repres5t1 z !y are purely arbitr>y & 7 select$ = ! purpose ( obta9+ a fairly wide range4 ,any trees :i* fail$ to yield suffici5t latex to rea* ! fir/ m>k 7 regi/]$ at z]o4 ,! foll[+ p]c5tages 7 obta9$3 ,z]o #c p] c5t4 ,above m>k #a #f #b #af #c #db #d #ab #e #ad #f #f #g #j #h #a #i #j --- #ajj ,x may be rem>k$ t1 judg+ by ord9>y /&>ds1 x 0 impossible to discrim9ate betwe5 good yield]s & o!rs1 & if ?9n+ 7 to be done on ! usual l9es x is q possible t "s ( ! be/ yield+ trees w\ld be remov$4 ,tak+ ! m>k ,no4 #e z ! datum l9e1 x w be not$ t #gi p] c5t4 ( ! trees come bel[ & #ba p] c5t4 above4 ,9 ! latt] proportion ! majority lie close to ! datum l9e4 ,x w be se5 t !re are out/&+ yield]s ev5 among/ ^! "y trees1 & t x w\ld be possible to m>k ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( ! /& p] acre at once = removal 9 ! fir/ r\nd ( ?9n+4 ,9 ! case ( old trees x is possible t "o w\ld enc\nt] great] extremes ( yields ?an ^? %[n 9 ! =ego+ table1 especially if a c]ta9 am\nt ( ?9n+ _h be5 done previ\sly on empirical l9es4 ,suffici5t has be5 writt5 to %[ t ! only reasonable basis = selection ( trees 9 ?9n+ is t ( yields2 & x is obvi\s t if ! me?od be adopt$ ! future yield p] acre ( any area is b\nd to be 9 excess ( ! same area z ?9n$ on rule-(-?umb l9es4 ,,yields ,,p] ,,tree4--,a great feature is made 9 e/ate reports ( ! figure %[+ ! av]age yield p] tree p] annum4 ,assum+ an area to be yield+ at ! av]age high rate ( #edj lbs4 p] acre p] annum1 ) an av]age /& ( n9ety trees p] acre1 ! yield p] tree p] annum av]ag$ ov] all trees is #f lbs4 ,keep+ 9 m9d ! te/-figures on a previ\s page1 x w be obvi\s t "s ( ^! trees may h giv5 v mu* m ?an #f lbs4 dur+ ! ye>1 & "s less4 ,9 view ( pres5t in=mation x w\ld n be surpris+ to f9d t a few might h be5 yield+ upw>ds ( #ae lbs4 p] annum4 ,un=tunately ?is in=mation is only to be obta9$ by individual te/s1 & "u normal e/ate conditions ! facts escape notice4 ,cases are kn[n 9 :i* out-/&+ individual trees h be5 kn[n to yield at ! rate ( #be lbs4 & m p] annum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,widely ,,plant$ ,,"y ,,area1 ,,j ,,ready ,,to ,,be ,,br\ght ,,into ,,tapp+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,field ,,( ,,old ,,rubb] ,,trees ,,9 ,,:i* ,,?9n+ ,,_h ,,be5 ,,delay$ ,,too ,,long4 ,note height & comp>ative lack ( gir?4 ,,future ,,yields ,,p] ,,tree4--,x has be5 %[n t by selective me?ods bas$ on yields1 poor trees c be elim9at$4 ,:e!r by a process ( se$-selection or by means ( propagation bas$ on bud-graft+ & m>cott+1 x ne$s no great /ret* ( imag9ation to =eca/ future conditions "u :i* trees may be br$ :i* w be capable ev5tually ( giv+ an av]age yield ( #be lbs4 p] annum ov] any giv5 area4 ,yields ( #a1jjj lbs4 p] acre p] annum %\ld be obta9$ easily4 ,,trees ,,p] ,,acre4--,?is br+s u to ! "q z to h[ _m trees "o %\ld leave to ! acre aft] ?9n+ op]ations4 ,figures h be5 giv5 by v>i\s au?orities1 b x appe>s to ! writ] at ! pres5t "t to be impossible to lay d[n a g5]al rule4 ,s mu* dep5ds ^u conditions4 ,9 c]ta9 cases :]e ! soil is admitt$ly poor1 ! av]age gr[? bel[ normal1 & ?9n+ has be5 po/pon$ too long1 ! writ] has be5 =c$ to ! conclusion t x w\ld be mo/ inadvisable1 & comm]cially uns\nd1 to r$uce ! /& ( trees bel[ #abj p] acre4 ,9 su* in/ances ! av]age yield p] tree equall$ only #c lbs4 p] annum1 & al?\gh ! trees 7 upw>ds ( n9e or t5 ye>s old ! cr[ns 7 small & sp>se4 ,x is d\btful :e!r su* trees w ev] exhibit any fur!r developm5t1 & to ?9 !m fur!r w\ld probably lead only to a dim9ution 9 ! crop p] acre4 ,"u normal conditions ( gr[? an arbitr>y figure ( eighty trees p] acre has be5 select$ z a /&>d by _m e/ates4 ,9 ^! cases x w\ld probably be correct to /ate t ?9n+ 0 und]tak5 on almo/ purely empirical l9es--i4e41 t trees 7 n select$ by te/s ( individual yields4 ,z f> z su* a me?od reta9$ ! app>5tly mo/ vigor\s trees x 0 successful2 b 9 view ( :at has be5 writt5 x might expla9 "s ( ! disappo9t+ results :i* h foll[$ ^u su* a sy/em ( ?9n+4 ,x w be cle> t any decision reg>d+ ! numb] ( trees to be reta9$ mu/ be d]iv$ f a /udy ( ! detail$ results ( individual te/s4 ,if ! l>ge majority ( ! trees appe> to be fairly uni=m 9 yields ! fir/ ?9n+ mu/ be conf9$ to comp>atively few trees4 ,:]e !re is1 on ! o!r h&1 a good p]c5tage ( high-yield+ trees ! f9al /& p] acre may be appreciably less4 ,unless & until su* in=mation is available1 "o _c give any def9ite op9ion z to ! requisite numb] ( trees to be reta9$ p] acre4 ,simil>ly1 intellig5ce mu/ be display$ 9 decid+ :i* ( sev]al uni=mly-yield+ trees %\ld be remov$4 ,9 ! av]age s5se ( ?is consid]ation "o mu/ pay no att5tion to symmetry ( spac+1 b :5 deal+ ) trees ( fairly uni=m yields "o ne$s to /udy ! *>act]i/ic developm5t ( ! trees individually1 9 ord] to reta9 ^? :i* w\ld appe> to be mo/ fav\rably situat$ ) reg>d to surr\nd+ trees4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,tapp+ ,,sy/ems ,broadly !re are only two me?ods employ$ 9 obta9+ ! latex f ,hevea ,brasili5sis4 ,! fir/ is t employ$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e incisions are made by means ( a light axe4 ,! o!r is ! sy/em ( excision1 or p>+1 ( ! b>k practis$ on plantations 9 ! ,ea/4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! plantation indu/ry1 ! ,s\? ,am]ican me?od seems to h be5 employ$1 & ! writ] has k ( trees on "o ( our be/-kn[n e/ates 9 ,malaya :i* /ill exhibit ! outw>d & visible signs ( t me?od4 ,at a comp>atively e>ly /age1 h[ev]1 ! me?od ( excision 0 introduc$4 ,curi\sly en\gh !re appe>s to be no record ( its inception or ( ! individual :o 0 responsible = ! sub/itution ( ?is me?od4 ,we h be5 s accu/om$ to reg>d x z "o ( ! ord9>y facts ( e/ate proc$ure1 t ?is po9t seems to h escap$ notice & enquiry4 ,z a v>iant ( ^! two ma9 me?ods1 a slight vogue 0 = a %ort :ile obta9$ by ! op]ation kn[n z prick+4 ,?is 0 g5]ally comb9$ ) excision ( b>k1 & 0 !n kn[n z ! p>+ & prick+ me?od2 b ! simple op]ation ( prick+ alone _h its adh]5ts1 & v>i\s =ms ( in/rum5ts 7 design$ to a*ieve ! object4 ,z a means = obta9+ a fl[ ( latex1 prick+ may h be5 effective1 b ! g5]al difficulties atta*+ to ! collection ( ! latex 0 su* z to put ! me?od out ( fav\r4 ,9 ! employm5t ( p>+ & prick+1 a ?9 %av+ ( b>k 0 excis$ on "o occasion4 ,at ! next tapp+ no b>k 0 excis$1 b a prick+ in/rum5t 0 us$ along ! previ\sly cut surface4 ,x 0 n prov$ t any advantage 0 ga9$ by ?is me?od1 :i* 0 m commonly employ$ 9 ,ceylon ?an else:]e1 & x w\ld be surpris+ to f9d x 9 use at ! pres5t day4 ,9 ! ord9>y way ! me?od ( excision is practis$ 9 su* a mann] t ! cut gradually desc5ds to ! base ( ! tree4 ,plant]s ) orig9al views1 & ( an enquir+ nature1 (t5 qu]y ! common practice2 & x has be5 sugge/$ t z ! latex desc5ds by ! =ce ( gravity1 "o's p>+ %\ld be done 9 an upw>d direction1 ?us obta9+ a great] pressure ( latex--& h5ce a great] fl[4 ,x w be obvi\s t x w\ld be no simple matt] to collect effectively ! latex ?us obta9$ f ! "u edge ( a slop+ cut1 b ap>t f ?is ! argum5t w\ld appe> to be f\nd$ ^u :at is n[ accept$ to be a fallacy--viz41 t ! latex p] se is manufactur$ 9 ! leaves & gravitates d[n ! tree4 ,,=m] ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,tapp+4--,to h>k back t5 ye>s 9 ! plantation rubb] indu/ry is equival5t to delv+ into hi/ory1 s9ce developm5t has be5 s rapid4 ,x 0 !n ?\ght necess>y to place ^u ! trees a numb] ( simultane\s cuts :i* ! mod]n plant] w\ld judge to be inconceivably excessive4 ,7 x n = evid5ce 9 ! %ape ( photographs extant1 x w\ld be difficult to conv9ce a "y plant] t su* sy/ems 7 employ$4 ,x 0 n uncommon = trees to h f six to t5 cuts1 sometimes all plac$ on "o half ( ! tree 9 a h]r+-bone fa%ion1 & sometimes divid$ into two portions1 ea* ( :i* tapp$ ! opposite qu>t] panel ( ! tree's circumf]5ce4 ,su* sup]impos$ cuts 7 spac$ f #a foot to #ah in*es ap>t4 ,on o!r occasions1 a spiral cut 0 employ$1 comm5c+ at a height (1 say1 #e feet1 & gradually desc5d+ to ! cup at ! base ( ! tree4 ,lat] sy/ems v>i$ f sev]al cuts on a half-circumf]5ce1 or on a qu>t] ( ! tree1 tapp$ ei!r daily1 or on alt]nate days1 to cases 9 :i* "o-?ird or "o-fif? ( ! tree 0 employ$4 ,also popul> 7 ! sy/ems ( ! ,v & half-spiral cuts on half ! circumf]5ce4 ,x did n take long to be recognis$ t ) all ^! sy/ems dem&+ a numb] ( simultane\s p>+s f ! same panel ( b>k1 ! rate ( excision 0 s heavy t ! p]iod available = ! r5ewal ( b>k 0 insuffici5t = cont9u\s tapp+4 ,z a result mo/ ( ! sy/ems specifi$ h fall5 into desuetude1 & ! t5d5cy has s9ce be5 to r$uce ! numb] ( cuts1 or ! p]iodicity ( tapp+1 s z to all[ = increas+ p]iods ( b>k r5ewal4 ,9 ! e>li] days1 a p]iod ( f\r ye>s 0 ?\ght to be an extremely g5]\s all[ance1 :]eas six ye>s is n[ becom+ recognis$ z a m9imum necessity4 ,eight ye>s is n reg>d$ z extravagant1 :ile ) old] b>k on "s e/ates p]iods ( t5 & twelve ye>s h to be all[$ = full r5ewal4 ,ev5 s no f9ality has be5 rea*$1 & no g5]al rule c be laid d[n4 ,local conditions ( plant+ & gr[? ex]cise great influ5ce1 & ! writ]s h 9 m9d in/ances 9 :i* a p]iod ( eight ye>s has prov$ to be insuffici5t ev5 = a fir/ r5ewal aft] ! excision ( virg9 b>k4 ,9 ! ma9 ! mo/ popul> sy/ems ( tapp+ are3 7a7 ,"o cut on a qu>t] ( ! tree1 tapp$ daily4 7b7 ,"o cut on a ?ird ( ! tree1 tapp$ daily4 7c7 ,"o cut on half ! circumf]5ce1 tapp$ on alt]nate days4 7d7 ,a ,v cut on half ! circumf]5ce1 tapp$ on alt]nate days4 ,v>iants & extremes are3 7#a7 ,"o cut on a qu>t]1 tapp$ on alt]nate days4 7#b7 ,"o cut on a half1 tapp$ daily4 ,sup]ficially view$ ! latt] is f\r times z /r5u\s z ! =m]1 & ! relative position seems to be inexplicable4 ,x may be expla9$ t z a rule ! =m] sy/em is practis$ on old trees ) poorly r5ew$ b>k1 9 ord] to all[ = adequate b>k r5ewal2 & ! latt] is employ$ 9 op5+ "y trees j br\ght into tapp+1 :5 ! rate ( b>k r5ewal is at a maximum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,cuts ,,on ,a ,,qu>t] ,,circumf]5ce1 ,,on ,,an ,,old ,,tree4 ,a few e/ates 9 ?is c\ntry /ill cont9ue to tap trees by means ( two sup]impos$ cuts on a qu>t] ( ! tree4 ,?is 0 a v popul> sy/em "s f\r or five ye>s ago1 b x has come to be recognis$ by practical exp]i5ce t any sy/em employ+ sup]impos$ cuts leads to a high consumption ( b>k )\t proportionate increase 9 yield4 ,= in/ance1 if "o comp>es ! sy/em ( two cuts on a qu>t] tapp$ daily ) a simil> sy/em employ+ only "o cut1 "o f9ds t ! major quantity ( latex is yield$ by ! l[] cut1 & t ! s+le-cut sy/em :i* excises approximately half ! am\nt ( b>k gives ab\t #hj p] c5t4 ( ! yield obta9$ by ! tapp+ ( two sup]impos$ cuts4 ,( exp]im5ts to te/ ! relative values ( diff]5t sy/ems ( tapp+ !re h be5 _m4 ,mo/ ( !m suff]$ f ! initial h&icap t !y dealt ) sy/ems :i* 7 !n popul>4 ,9 ord] to obta9 any valid result !y _h to be und]tak5 ov] a long p]iod4 ,meantime !re 0 a progressive movem5t 9 actual e/ate practice t[>ds a great] cons]vatism 9 b>k removal1 & h5ce ! exp]im5ts z orig9ally plann$ lo/ value4 ,moreov]1 9 ,malaya x 0 difficult = exp]im5t]s to obta9 practical support 9 ! =m ( areas ( trees suitable = exp]im5t4 ,z a result exp]im5ts 7 (t5 conf9$ to small blocks ( trees1 & a small numb] ( blocks1 f :i* any conclusions d]iv$ 7 subject to consid]able errors ( exp]im5t4 ,(t5 comp>isons 7 made betwe5 only two blocks1 & no all[ance 0 made = v>y+ factors1 su* z initial diff]5ces 9 yield+ capacities ( ! trees1 soil conditions1 or ! p]sonal equation ( ! tapp]s4 ,z a g5]al rule1 !re=e1 ! results 7 vitiat$ to a v appreciable ext5t4 ,all ^! factors 7 lat] tak5 into consid]ation 9 an exp]im5t und]tak5 on behalf ( ! ,rubb] ,gr[]s' ,association4 ,9 ?is in/ance unique facilities 7 provid$ by ! ,london ,asiatic ,rubb] ,company on _! prop]ty at ,sem5yih ,e/ate1 & x is only fitt+ t ! company %\ld receive ! recognition :i* its ent]prise des]ves4 ,x w\ld h be5 a great advantage to h includ$ 9 t exp]im5t o!r features :i* h s9ce come into prom95ce1 b ! orig9al scope ( ! exp]im5t _h to be conf9$ to ! po9t ( comp>+ yields obta9$ 9 mak+ comp>ative te/s bas$ on "o sy/em ( tapp+ ) diff]5t frequ5cies4 ,su* data 7 requir$ z a *eck ^u a ,ceylon tapp+ exp]im5t :i* _h attract$ mu* att5tion4 ,9 t exp]im5t trees 7 tapp$ at int]vals rang+ f "o day to sev5 days2 & x 0 conclud$ t aft] a p]iod ( ?ree & a half ye>s trees tapp$ ) great] int]vals gave yields equall+ or exce$+ ^? obta9$ f trees tapp$ ) %ort] int]vals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,s+le ,,cut ,,on ,a ,,qu>t] ,,circumf]5ce1 ,,on ,,an ,,old ,,tree ,,& ,,on ,,r5ew$ ,,b>k4 ,9 ! ,sem5yih exp]im5t ! sy/em *os5 0 t :i* _h ! greate/ contempor>y vogue--viz41 two sup]impos$ cuts on a qu>t] ( ! tree4 ,! v>i\s blocks 7 tapp$ respectively e day1 e second day1 & e ?ird day4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! conclusions drawn f ! ,ceylon exp]im5t 7 n confirm$4 ,aft] a p]iod ( ?ree & a half ye>s' cont9u\s tapp+ nei!r ! alt]nate-day sy/em nor ! ?ird-day sy/em gave results 9 any way approximat+ to ! yield ( ! daily sy/em4 ,! actual av]age yields f ^! sy/ems ov] ! :ole p]iod 7 9 ! ord] (-- ,daily4 ,two ,days4 ,?ree ,days4 #ajj p] c5t4 #fj p] c5t4 #de p] c5t42 & ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( ! exp]im5t nei!r ( ! o!r sections %[$ any appreciable improvem5t 9 position relative to ! daily section4 ,9 actual yields p] tapp+ ov] ! :ole p]iod ! alt]nate-day & ! ?ird-day divisions %[$ advantages ( #bj & #ce p] c5t4 respectively ov] ! daily portion4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! second ye> ( exp]im5t ano!r section ( blocks 0 op5$ ) a s+le cut on a qu>t]1 tapp$ daily4 ,?is enabl$ direct comp>ison betwe5 ! values ( "o cut & two cuts on a qu>t] 9 daily tapp+s & betwe5 a daily s+le cut & two cuts tapp$ alt]nate daily4 ,x appe>$ t ! daily s+le cut yield$ ov] ! p]iod ( exp]im5t #hj p] c5t4 ( t obta9$ by tapp+ two cuts daily2 & t 9 ! comp>ison betwe5 two cuts tapp$ alt]nate-daily & a s+le cut tapp$ daily ! latt] _h an advantage ( ab\t #dj p] c5t4 9 yield4 ,?is result has be5 us$ by advocates ( daily tapp+ g5]ally1 b x does n con/itute a fair argum5t1 inasmu* z ! s+le cut 0 tapp$ twice z (t51 & its position 0 always relatively l[ on ! hole ( ! tree4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 ! comp>ison betwe5 ! daily s+le cut & ! two cuts daily t ! influ5ce on yields ( ! sup]impos$ cut is relatively small4 ,a fair] comp>ison w\ld h be5 obta9$ if ! two cuts tapp$ alt]nate-daily _h be5 ei!r amalgamat$ to =m "o long cut on half ! tree or to =m a ,v on half ! tree1 ?us plac+ ! cuts 9 ! oppos+ sections on ! same level4 ,) ! k t ! yield obta9$ f cuts is always great] p] tapp+ by us+ ! alt]nate-daily sy/em1 x w\ld appe> to be pla9 t ! "o long cut on half ! tree w\ld at lea/ equal ! yield ( ! s+le %ort cut tapp$ daily on a qu>t] tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s+le ,,cut ,,on ,,half ,,circumf]5ce 7,,half ,,spiral74 ,note4--,9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance ! cut is *ang$ to ! opposite half ( ! tree e half-ye>4 ,un=tunately no opportunity has be5 af=d$ up to ! pres5t ( def9itely prov+ ?is po9t by prolong$ exp]im5t "u /rict conditions4 ,x is true t ! view is held /rongly 9 "s qu>t]s z a result ( ! exp]i5ce ( manag]s1 *iefly on _! own e/ates1 t alt]nate-daily tapp+ g5]ally gives bett] yields ?an daily tapp+4 ,9 a numb] ( in/ances ?is view is probably correct1 & ! writ]s are 9 agreem5t2 b x is necess>y to cle> away "s misconceptions :i* confuse ! issue4 ,9 ! ma9 !re are two s*ools1 "o ( :i* plumps = alt]nate-daily tapp+1 :ile ! o!r adh]es /rongly to daily excision4 ,great confusion exi/s1 inasmu* z 9 _m in/ances ! disciples ( ^! s*ools are really discuss+ diff]5t matt]s4 ,9 ! case ( manag]s :o argue = alt]nate-daily tapp+ _! exp]i5ce is ga9$1 ) v few exceptions1 f sy/ems 9 :i* ! excision cov]s half ! circumf]5ce ( ! tree2 :]eas 9 almo/ all cases daily tapp+ is conf9$ to a s+le cut on a qu>t] ( ! gir?4 ,be>+ on su* a comp>ison !re are1 z f> z ! writ]s are aw>e1 no reliable publi%$ exp]im5tal results4 ,to comp>e ! results obta9$ f "o sy/em practis$ on "o e/ate ) ! results ( ! o!r sy/em e/abli%$ on ano!r e/ate is n /rictly p]missible1 z we "k t conditions g5]ally may v>y to an enorm\s degree4 ,! controv]sy has rag$1 h[ev]1 to su* an ext5t t _m :o are n directly engag$ 9 e/ate practice h obta9$ confus$ impressions4 ,= in/ance1 x appe>s to be ! belief 9 "s qu>t]s t alt]nate-daily tapp+1 :5 appli$ to a s+le cut on a qu>t] ( ! tree1 w yield m ?an an exactly simil> cut tapp$ daily4 ,9 support ( su* a /atem5t !re does n appe> to be any confirmation "u normal conditions2 al?\gh su* a result might be obta9$ 9 ! case ( old trees :i* h be5 heavily ov]-tapp$ 9 ! pa/1 & on :i* ! rate ( b>k r5ewal has be5 appreciably ret>d$4 ,x might also be ! case ev5tually :5 trees ) ! oppos+ frequ5cies h be5 tapp$ = a p]iod ext5d+ into _m ye>s2 b x is ! op9ion ( ! writ]s t "u normal conditions su* a result w\ld be extremely d\btful4 ,:5 we come1 h[ev]1 to a comp>ison ( daily tapp+ on a s+le cut on a qu>t] ) d\ble ! l5g? ( t cut on half ! circumf]5ce1 at ! same height1 tapp$ alt]nate-daily--:e!r 9 ! =m ( "o long cut or 9 ! =m ( a ,v--we arrive at a contra/ :i* gives a cle> issue4 ,z already /at$1 facts & figures ( reliable exp]im5t are want+2 b x is ! op9ion & exp]i5ce ( ! writ]s t ! alt]nate-daily sy/em at lea/ suff]s no disadvantage on ! po9t ( yields1 & 9 o!r respects1 su* z cons]vation ( lab\r & co/s1 is sup]ior to ! daily sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,v-,,cut ,,on ,,half ,,! ,,circumf]5ce4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,tapp+ ,,& ,,collect+ ,,tapp+ ,,knives4--,! *oice ( a tapp+ knife is a subject ^u :i* !re is mu* div]g5ce ( op9ion4 ,?is mu/ be s because no kn[n knife has su* app>5t out/&+ sup]ior features or claims z w\ld enable "o to settle ! po9t4 ,moreov]1 ! p]sonal factor is s l>ge t1 z f> z ! knives 9 common use are conc]n$1 x appe>s to ex]t ! greate/ influ5ce4 ,! possibility ( obta9+ ! ideal knife1 :i* w g to suffici5t dep? into b>ks ( v>y+ ?ickness to yield ! maximum quantity ( latex )\t w\nd+1 is q z remote at ! pres5t "t z x 0 "s ye>s ago4 ,mean:ile ! se>* = t ideal knife cont9ues1 & occasionally "o le>ns ( ! alleg$ m]its ( "s new in/rum5t :i*1 x is said1 fulfils all requirem5ts4 ,x is only to be regrett$1 bo? = ! sake ( ! inv5tor & = ! expectant buy]s1 t ! claims always fail 9 "s "o or m p>ticul>s4 ,9 ,malaya probably ! numb] ( diff]5t types ( tapp+ knives may am\nt to a half-doz51 b ^? mo/ commonly 9 use are3 7#a7 ,! g\ge--/raight or b5t4 7#b7 ,! ord9>y f>ri]'s knife4 7#c7 ,modifications ( ! f>ri]'s knife1 su* z ! ,jebong4 ,argum5t on ! respective m]its ( knives is popul>1 & discussion seems endless4 ,x is claim$ = ! b5t g\ge t x is sup]ior to ! /raight in/rum5t1 because1 ! lev]age be+ d[nw>ds on ! h&le1 ! t5d5cy is to lift ! cutt+ edge upw>ds & out ( ! b>k1 :]eas ) a /raight g\ge ! t5d5cy is to pu% ! knife d[nw>ds into ! b>k4 ,x is claim$1 !re=e1 t ! av]age %av+s tak5 (f by ! b5t g\ge %\ld be ?9n] ?an ^? obta9$ by ! use ( ! /raight in/rum5t4 ,= simil> reasons x is ass]t$ t ! ,jebong & o!r modifications are sup]ior to ! orig9al =m ( ! f>ri]'s knife4 ,^! po9ts are g5]ally accept$ )\t great argum5t1 b :5 comp>isons are made betwe5 ! g\ge & ! f>ri]'s knife 7) its modifications7 ! op9ions ( plant]s are s v>i$ & conflict+ z to be almo/ irreconcilable4 ,two op9ions bas$ on exp]i5ce ) bo? types ( knives are (t5 :olly contradictory4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! likes & dislikes ( op]ative coolies h a consid]able influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! measure ( success obta9$ ) any "o knife4 ,%\ld coolies h be5 accu/om$ to ! use ( a p>ticul> =m ( in/rum5t !y become q exp]t1 & any propos$ *ange creates 9 ! m9ds ( coolies a prejudice :i* is consid]able 9 effect on ! quality ( ! h&icraft4 ,su* prejudice may be ov]come 9 c\rse ( "t1 b 9 ! int]val n a little damage may h be5 done 9 ! %ape ( tapp+ w\nds4 ,s consid]able is ?is "q ( p]sonal fav\r t ev5 on e/ates :]e a /&>d patt]n ( knife is issu$ coolies (t5 modify t knife slightly on _! own accord4 ,su* alt]ation is ignor$ by ! sup]9t5d5ts z long z ! quality ( ! tapp]'s "w is ma9ta9$ at a high /&>d4 ,naturally !re is a limit to su* l5i5cy1 & ?is limit is soon rea*$ 9 ! case ( knives hav+ adju/able p>ts controll$ by screws1 or nuts & bolts1 etc4 ,"s knives ( ?is description really m]it a mu* wid] use ?an is af=d$ !m at pres5t2 b 9 view ( ! pot5tial damage :i* might be done z a result ( adju/m5ts made by ! coolies ^! knives d n become popul>4 ,x is n propos$ "h to ent] into a description ( ev5 rec5t in/rum5ts = :i* /rong claims are be+ made by _! inv5tors or v5dors4 ,if !y possess ! m]its attribut$ to !m !y w soon f9d fav\r1 z manag]s are always ke5 on /udy+ ! po9ts ( any new knife :i* w lead to a cons]vation ( b>k & a r$uction 9 ! numb] ( w\nds4 ,on ! :ole1 x may be advanc$ t ! be/ g5]al results are obta9$ by ! adoption ( a simple non-adju/able knife & ! ret5tion ( its use4 ,,! ,,*oice ,,( ,,latex ,,cups4--,x has come to be recognis$ t ! maximum possible cleanl9ess is ess5tial 9 all details ( e/ate "w1 & ! y\ng] g5]ation ( plant]s c\ld sc>cely be aw>e t a few ye>s ago x 0 deem$ suffici5t to use coco-nut %ells = ! reception ( latex on individual trees4 ,t]ne-plate cups ou/$ ! coco-nut %ell1 & !y _h ! m]it ( be+ *eap4 ,! int]ior coat+ ( t9 did n la/ long if ! cups 7 prop]ly clean$4 ,! iron be+ expos$1 ) a m9utely r\gh5$ surface1 ea* microscopic projection s]v$ z a po9t ar\nd :i* latex coagulat$4 ,scrapp+ ! film ( int]ior rubb] became m & m difficult1 & (t5 ! cups 7 burnt 9 ord] to get rid ( ! accumulation ( rubb]4 ,! la/ /ate ( su* cups 0 worse ?an ! prec$+ "o4 ,on "s e/ates fairly successful attempts 7 made to keep ^! cups clean by mak+ ! coolies br+ !m into ! /ore ea* day4 ,t]ne-plate cups are n n[ 9 common use4 ,alum9ium cups h _! advocates1 b mu* ! same argum5t applies to ! difficulty ( keep+ !m clean z 0 us$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraph4 ,on _m e/ates1 h[ev]1 !y are us$ ) success1 ! usual me?od ( treatm5t be+ to make ! coolies br+ !m into ! /ore & clean !m !re4 ,ow+ to ! comp>ative lightness ( ! mat]ial su* a s*eme is m feasible ?an 0 ! case ) t]ne-plate cups4 ,! cups n[ mo/ 9 g5]al use are ei!r ( glass or :ite-w>e1 & probably ^? ( glass are ! mo/ ext5sively employ$4 ,!re are _m details to be /udi$ 9 ! *oice betwe5 ^! two types ( cups--e4g41 p]c5tage ( breakage 9 transport & 9 ! field1 price :5 breakage is tak5 into acc\nt1 etc42 b ^! ap>t ! glass cups h "o advantage--namely1 ! ability ( ! sup]9t5d5ts to see :e!r ! cups h be5 prop]ly clean$4 ,9 ! case ( :ite-w>e cups ?is means an inspection & h&l+ ( individual cups1 :]eas 9 ! case ( glass ! po9t is settl$ by visual exam9ation at a comp>ative di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s+le ,,cut ,,on ,,two-,,fif?s ,,( ,,circumf]5ce4 ,! op5+ cut cov]s two-fif?s4 ,subsequ5t cuts occupy "o-fif? ( circumf]5ce4 ,glass cups are made 9 two patt]ns1 "o hav+ a flat bottom & ! o!r a conical base4 ,! latt] is conv5i5t = use :5 wire supports are employ$1 ! cup fitt+ into a loop plac$ b5ea? ! sp\t4 ,us$ on ! gr\nd its %ape is an obvi\s disadvantage1 z1 unless a hole is scoop$ = its reception1 x has to be propp$ up ) /icks or /ones4 ,(t5 a t\* is suffici5t to upset ! balance1 & latex is lo/4 ,! flat-bottom$ cup1 on ! o!r h&1 may be us$ ) success equally on a wire support or on ! gr\nd4 ,x is sometimes said t ow+ to its %ape ! ease ( clean+1 z comp>$ ) ! half-sph]ical cup1 is dim9i%$1 & t if ! cups :5 n 9 use are kept inv]t$ ^u /icks plac$ ne> ! foot ( ! tree ! breakage is apt to be high4 ,?is latt] objection is be+ rapidly remov$ z ! practice ( us+ ^! /icks is los+ vogue = v>i\s reasons1 & wire cup-hold]s w be 9 g5]al use z soon z ! co/ ( mat]ial becomes normal4 ,!re are on ! m>ket1 & 9 fairly wide use1 cups ( ,*9ese & ,japanese manufacture4 ,^! g5]ally consi/ ( br[n e>!nw>e ) an int]ior glass f9i%4 ,^! are *eap 9 comp>ison ) glass & :ite-w>e cups1 b x is a pity t ! glass does n ext5d ov] ! :ole ( ! cup4 ,! out] surface has a t5d5cy to collect rubb] & dirt4 ,on "s few e/ates small *9a b[ls or sauc]s are /ill us$ & are q satisfactory1 except = ! fav\r ) :i* !y are reg>d$ by natives on ! outskirts ( ! e/ates4 ,,clean+ ,,cups4--,! "q ( cup-clean+ w\ld appe> to be a v simple "o2 b 9 practice x is q a s\rce ( worry to manag]s1 especially :]e a mix$ lab\r =ce is employ$4 ,tamil coolies c be made to clean _! cups 9 ! day's task & at odd times4 ,*9ese coolies1 m (t5 ?an n1 ei!r refuse to give ! necess>y att5tion or else dem& extra pay = ! "w4 ,! me?od ( cup-clean+ employ$ m popul>ly )9 rec5t ye>s 0 t ( daily wa%+4 ,! tapp] c>ri$ two buckets1 "o = receiv+ ! latex & ! o!r conta9+ wat]4 ,p\r+ ! latex 9 ! bucket ! coolie !n add$ a little wat] to ! cup & add$ ^! r9s+s to ! latex collect$4 ,! cup 0 next wa%$ ha/ily 9 ! bucket ( wat] & replac$4 ,by ! "t ! coolie has empti$ & wa%$ "s #bjj cups 7ab\t half ! task g5]ally7 ! wat] has ! consi/5cy ( dilute latex1 & ! wet cup :5 replac$ becomes coat$ ) a ?9 film ( rubb]4 ,if ! latex is always collect$ 9 "o direction x w be cle> t1 :ile ! cups at "o end ( ! task are comp>atively clean1 ^? at ! o!r end h ! *ance ( be+ correspond+ly dirty4 ,controv]sy has rag$ respect+ ?is "q ( cup-wa%+1 & _m e/ates h ab&on$ x z a daily practice4 ,coolies h n to c>ry an extra bucket ( wat]4 ,! cont5ts ( ! cups are p\r$ into ! latex-bucket1 & ! bulk ( ! latex film rema9+ is also remov$ by ! aid ( a f+]4 ,! cup is !n replac$1 a ?9 sk9 ( rubb] =m+ on ! int]ior surface4 ,z a g5]al rule ?is is easily remov$ on ! next occasion1 except p]haps 9 dry wea!r4 ,x is ! cu/om on mo/ e/ates employ+ ?is practice to h all cups receive special att5tion at regul> int]vals4 ,!re are c]ta9 economic factors ent]+ into ! diff]5ce ( op9ion reg>d+ ! two broad me?ods employ$4 ,9 "s cases--e4g41 on old areas--x w\ld be practically impossible to foll[ ! old] me?od ( daily cup-wa%+1 z ! tapp]s h to employ two buckets = ! collection ( ! latex4 ,! employm5t ( special coolies = cup-wa%+ w\ld be necessitat$1 su* z may be se5 sometimes on e/ates work+ ,*9ese squatt] lab\r--:]e ! man taps1 a *ild assi/s 9 collect+1 & ano!r *ild1 or ! "m1 wa%es ! cups4 ,x may be po9t$ out t 9 su* in/ances ! help]s are n paid by ! e/ate4 ,_! s]vices m]ely mean a sav+ 9 "t :i* is sp5t 9 ! squatt]'s g>d51 & p]haps ! p]mission to ! tapp] to "w a l>g] numb] ( trees ?an w\ld be allott$ ord9>ily to a task4 ,aga91 on "s e/ates1 ! tapp]s1 :ile n be+ requir$ to c>ry a bucket ( wat] = cup-wa%+1 are giv5 an increas$ numb] ( trees to tap4 ,fur!rmore1 on hilly areas "u tapp+1 x is (t5 manife/ly unfair to expect ! tapp] to be able to c>ry two buckets dur+ collection1 :5 ! slope is su*1 z to make ! manipulation ( ev5 "o bucket a matt] ( difficulty4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t !re is no cle> issue = argum5t conc]n+ ! two me?ods1 & t ! po9t mu/ be decid$ on ! economic factors peculi> to ea* e/ate or di/rict4 ,illu/ration3 ,,effects ,,^u ,,r5ew$ ,,b>k ,,( ,,previ\s ,,tapp+4 ,note unev5 surface & callosities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ano!r ,,example ,,%[+ ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,previ\s ,,tapp+4 ,,wat] ,,9 ,,cups4--,mu* discussion us$ to take place reg>d+ ! necessity or o!rwise = plac+ a small quantity ( wat] 9 ! cups :5 tapp+4 ,x 0 recognis$ t ! p]mission to use wat] 7) ! idea ( prev5t+ coagulation7 l$ to mu* abuse1 ap>t f ! "q z to ! utility ( ! me?od4 ,dirty wat] 0 (t5 us$1 al?\gh clean wat] may h be5 plac$ 9 ! buckets :5 coolies left ! mu/]-gr\nd4 ,! small quantity ( wat] (t5 exce$$ ! actual yield ( pure latex by hundr$s p] c5t41 ) ! result t on arrival at ! factory ! dilut$ latex 0 bel[ ! /&>d desirable = ! prep>ation ( a good %eet-rubb]4 ,,premature ,,coagulation4--,o!r op9ion to ! contr>y x is n[ g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t ! possibility ( premature coagulation 9 ! cup or bucket is at lea/ n dim9i%$ by ! addition ( ev5 clean wat]4 ,! use ( wat] (t5 obta9$ f e/ate dra9s cle>ly l$ to increas$ tr\ble4 ,! ext5t to :i* su* premature coagulation takes place v>ies greatly "u ! influ5ce ( _m factors--e4g43 7a7 ,cleanl9ess ( cups & sp\ts 7! latt] an important item (t5 ov]look$1 & involv+ ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 organisms :i* effect coagulation74 7b7 ,climatic conditions4 7c7 ,rate & volume ( fl[ ( latex4 7d7 ,size ( tapp]s' tasks 7involv+ ! l5g? ( int]val betwe5 tapp+1 & ! collection ( latex74 7e7 ,di/ance to be trav]s$ betwe5 ! site ( ! task & ! /ore4 7f7 ,c>e 9 collect+1 to exclude extrane\s matt]4 7g7 ,nature ( transport2 agitation ( ! latex to be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 7h7 ,nature ( ! soil1 & situation ( ! e/ate4 ,! la/ m5tion$ factor is ( great importance4 ,z a g5]al rule x is not$ t premature coagulation is less m>k$ on e/ates situat$ on comp>atively hilly l&4 ,! greate/ effect is rem>k$ on e/ates situat$ on ! flat l&s ( ! coa/al area :]e peaty soils are a feature4 ,on _m su* e/ates1 9 spite ( ! obs]vance ( all ord9>y precautions1 x is n possible to receive ! latex at ! factory )\t a l>ge p]c5tage ( prematurely coagulat$ rubb] be+ f\nd 9 ! transport vessels4 ,,anti-,,coagulants4--,= ?is reason on ^! 7& o!r7 e/ates1 ! use ( small quantities ( anti-coagulants is common4 ,! effect ( ^! is to keep ! latex liquid & ?us r5d] possible ! prep>ation ( a high] p]c5tage ( fir/-grade rubb] ?an w\ld be o!rwise obta9$4 ,among ! bett] kn[n ag5ts :i* h su* an effect ^u latex1 =mal9 & sodium sulphite 7n bisulphite7 are ! *ief4 ,! latt] is ! m popul> z x is slightly *eap] & mu* m /able4 ,z n[ us$1 x is 9 ! =m ( an easily soluble p[d] 7anhydr\s sodium sulphite74 ,! ord9>y cry/all9e =m ( sodium sulphite z us$ 9 photography is n recomm5d$1 on acc\nt ( its comp>ative lack ( p[] & its poor keep+ qualities4 ,x w be obvi\s t1 giv5 two equal quantities ( diff]5t latices1 diff]5t am\nts ( an anti-coagulant may be requir$ to produce ! same effect4 ,h5ce x %\ld be rememb]$ t a =mula :i* suits ! ne$s ( "o field or "o e/ate w n necess>ily prove suitable 9 ! case ( ano!r field or e/ate4 ,unless ?is po9t is appreciat$ tr\ble may ensue4 ,on "s e/ates x has be5 ! cu/om to give equal quantities ( sodium sulphite solution to all coolies irrespective ( ! ages ( ! trees 9 ! fields to be tapp$4 ,?us x happ5$ t ! latex f "o field 0 f\nd to h insuffici5t anti-coagulant pres5t1 :ile t f ano!r field c\ld only be coagulat$ by ! addition ( an excess ( acid4 ,9 ?is matt] ! exp]i5ce ( ! prelim9>y trials %\ld h caus$ "s discrim9ation to be ex]cis$ z to ! quantities ( solution to be issu$ 9 ea* field or division4 ,x has be5 f\nd sometimes t a moi/ gloss9ess 9 ! smok$ %eet c\ld be attribut$ to ! use ( an excess ( sodium sulphite4 ,traces ( ! salt rema9$ 9 ! rubb]1 & z ! sub/ance is hygroscopic1 moi/ure 0 be+ absorb$ f ! air1 to cause a surface deposit :i* (t5 return$ ev5 aft] ! %eets 7 surface-wa%$ & re-dri$4 ,if sodium sulphite is to be us$ 9 ! field1 ! foll[+ =mula1 :i* is 9 wide use1 may s]ve z a basis = trials4 ,=mula = ,use ( ,sodium ,sulphite 9 ! ,field4 7a7 ,dissolve anhydr\s sodium sulphite 9 wat] at ! rate ( #a p\nd to #c gallons4 7b7 ,( ?is solution ea* coolie is giv5 ab\t #c_/d p9t4 ,?is is usually suffici5t = a task ( #cej trees4 ,! solution is us$ by %ak+ a few drops into ! cup or1 dilut$ ) an equal volume ( wat]1 x is run d[n ! ma9 *annel :5 ! latex fl[s4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,,%[+ ,,effect ,,( ,,w9t]+4 ,on "s e/ates x is f\nd ei!r unnecess>y or impracticable to use ! solution 9 ?is mann]4 ,in/ead ! anti-coagulant is plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! bucket prior to ! comm5cem5t ( collection4 ,! solution is made z 9 7a7 above1 & r\ghly half an ord9>y latex-cupful is plac$ 9 ea* bucket4 ,illu/ration3 #b4 ,,new ,,gr[? ,,( ,,"y ,,leaf ,,on ,,same ,,tree4 ,,collect+ ,,pails4--,all vessels int5d$ = ! transport ( latex %\ld h a smoo? & curv$ int]ior1 s t cleans+ may be easy4 ,pref]ably ! int]ior & ext]ior surfaces %\ld be glaz$1 b x is (t5 f\nd t ! enamel *ips easily1 & t ! h&les are too frail 9 con/ruction4 ,! %\ld]-pieces1 to :i* ! h&les are jo9$1 are (t5 too lightly atta*$ to ! bucket4 ,some?+ /\t] 9 ! %ape ( enamell$ w>e is requir$1 )\t an appreciable increase 9 weight4 ,until su* a ut5sil is available1 ! heavily galvanis$ & brass-b\nd milk-pails us$ on "s e/ates are z good z any?+ at pres5t 9 vogue1 provid+ !y are kept scrupul\sly clean4 ,illu/ration3 ,,effects ,,( ,,disease--,,m\ldy ,,rot4 7a7 ,note on "r h& ! panel next 9 ord] = tapp+2 a hopeless position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,effects ,,( ,,disease--,,m\ldy ,,rot4 7b7 ,! pres5t cut badly infect$2 above !re is no r5ewal ( b>k4 ,! collect+ pails %\ld be kept "u cov]1 :5 n 9 use1 ei!r at ! mu/] gr\nds or at ! factory4 ,on "s e/ates coolies are all[$ to take !m to _! qu>t]s1 :]e !y are us$ = v>i\s purposes4 ,curi\s effects ( ?is practice h sometimes be5 notic$4 ,z an example might be quot$ an in/ance 9 :i* premature coagulation 0 f\nd to take place to a surpris+ degree4 ,x 0 discov]$ ev5tually t ! coolies 7,javanese 9 ?is case7 7 9 ! habit ( utilis+ ! buckets = ! prep>ation ( _! food4 ,a liquid extract ( a popul> fruit 0 (t5 made4 ,?is extract 0 v m>k$ly acid 9 "*1 & z ! buckets 7 n aft]w>ds ?or\ghly cleans$1 ! latex ( ! foll[+ day suff]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,effects ,,( ,,disease--,,m\ldy ,,rot4 7c7 ,z 9 7b72 ano!r tree4 ,pref]ably all buckets %\ld h a lid ( slightly funnel %ape4 ,?is is inv]t$ dur+ collection1 & ?us prev5ts mu* dirt fall+ into ! latex4 ,illu/ration3 ,,effects ,,( ,,disease--,,m\ldy ,,rot4 7d7 ,at close qu>t]s4 ,note w\nds due1 app>5tly1 to bad tapp+1 b really caus$ by ! disease4 ,,paym5t ,,by ,,result4--,! argum5ts = & aga9/ ! in/itution ( ?is practice are _m4 ,9 actual result !re c be no "q t a high] yield is obta9$ by ! adoption ( a s*eme "u :i* ! coolie is ei!r giv5 a bonus bas$ on result or is paid at a def9ite rate p] p\nd4 ,x is fully recognis$1 bo? by advocates & oppon5ts ( paym5t by result1 t ! p]sonal equation ( ! tapp] is a v important factor4 ,a good skill$ tapp] w always obta9 a high] yield ?an an ord9>y individual f ! same task ( trees1 & )\t any m injury to ! trees4 ,x is argu$1 !re=e1 t su* an op]ative %\ld be giv5 ! b5efit ( 8 skill4 ,ap>t f ?is1 x is claim$ t ev5 ! av]age tapp] does n d 8 be/ "w if he kn[s t he w get 8 daily wage1 no matt] :at 8 yield may be1 z long z he does n injure ! trees by w\nd+4 ,x is claim$ t ?is s5se ( security leads to %all[ tapp+ :i*1 :ile x has an agreeable appe>ance1 does n produce ! available am\nt ( rubb]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is advanc$ 9 opposition t "u a s*eme ( paym5t by result ! tapp]s' only consid]ation is ! matt] ( obta9+ rubb]1 & t consid]able damage 9 ! =m ( w\nds is done by ov]-deep tapp+4 ,t !re is a great deal ( tru? 9 ^! /atem5ts is n to be d\bt$4 ,mu*1 ( c\rse1 dep5ds ^u ! am\nt & quality ( ! sup]vision possible1 & ^u ! /&>d dem&$4 ,x is a notable fact1 h[ev]1 t on e/ates :i* fir/ introduc$ ! sy/em "s ye>s ago ! quality ( ! tapp+ comp>es fav\rably ) t ( av]age e/ates1 & 9 a few in/ances )9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! writ] ! tapp+ is ( a high /&>d4 ,possibly ^! are exceptional in/ances1 & !re c be no d\bt t ! opposition ( _m manag]s ( consid]able exp]i5ce is f\nd$ ^u ! det]ioration 9 ! /&>d ( tapp+ :i* (t5 foll[s ! in/itution ( paym5t ( tapp]s by result4 ,x w be recognis$ by plant]s t ap>t f ! p]sonal factor 9 tapp+1 ! work] might be s un=tunate z to be plac$ 9 an area f :i* ! yield is naturally l[1 ei!r by reason ( its y\? or f o!r natural causes4 ,obvi\sly su* individuals are entitl$ to special consid]ation 9 respect ( ! rate p] p\nd paid = ! rubb] obta9$4 ,aga91 on v hilly l& x may be n humanly possible = a work] to tap ! usual numb] ( trees4 ,h5ce to place him on a p>ity ) o!r tapp]s1 z f> z wage-e>n+ capacity is conc]n$1 a high] rate ?an ord9>y mu/ be giv54 ,x w be pla91 !re=e1 t on any "o e/ate x is g5]ally impossible to set a /&>d rate p] p\nd = paym5t by result2 ! rate may v>y1 = example1 f1 say1 #c c5ts p] p\nd 9 old & high-yield+ tasks to #ab c5ts or m p] p\nd on "y areas ( ! same e/ate4 ,naturally ! actual rates paid w prim>ily dep5d ^u ! av]age yield p] tree or yield p] acre1 & ! l[] ! av]age yield ! high] ! rates to be paid p] p\nd4 ,?us1 on l[-yield+ prop]ties :]e ! natural conditions r5d] a high yield impossible ! rate p] p\nd may rea* a figure ( #bb c5ts 7approximately #f;d474 ,! me?ods ( arriv+ at ! yield ( rubb] br\ght 9 by individual tapp]s v>y1 b broadly !y fall into two classes3 7a7 ,t 9 :i* ! volume ( latex is asc]ta9$ 7ei!r by measur+ or by weigh+71 a sample is drawn1 & ! f9al calculation made f ! weight ( ! m or less dry sample4 7b7 ,t 9 :i*1 aft] not+ ! volume1 ! calculation is bas$ ^u a read+ ( ! dry rubb] cont5t ( ! latex1 obta9$ by means ( an in/rum5t su* z ! ,metrolac1 or any o!r in/rum5t work+ on ! same pr9ciple4 ,q a numb] ( e/ates :i* h n adopt$ ! full sy/em ( paym5t by result yet employ$ "s su* me?od ( *eck+ ! yields ( individual coolies1 z ! obs]v$ results act z a great det]r5t aga9/ v>i\s malpractices1 su* z neglect+ to tap trees1 adult]ation ( ! latex1 etc4 ,,tree-,,scrap4--,! ?9 film ( latex :i* coagulates naturally ^u ! surface ( ! tapp+ cut aft] ! latex has ceas$ to fl[ is kn[n z tree-scrap4 ,normally x is collect$ on all e/ates1 b ! me?od ( collection v>ies accord+ to ! class ( lab\r employ$4 ,on mo/ e/ates1 :]e ! lab\r is ,tamil or ,javanese1 x is suppos$ to be remov$ z fully z possible be=e ! tapp+ cut is reop5$4 ,! n>r[ /rips are !n plac$ 9 a bag or basket c>ri$ by ! tapp]4 ,*9ese tapp]s usually decl9e to foll[ ?is practice ( fir/ peel+ (f ! scrap1 & remove x by ! op]ation ( tapp+1 ) ! result t ! scrap :5 br\ght into ! /ore has adh]+ to x v>i\s %av+s ( b>k4 ,unless ^! c be ?or\ghly clean$ (f ! scrap _c truly be class$ z tree-scrap4 ,,oxidation ,,( ,,tree-,,scrap4--,x is (t5 not$ t "s scrap is d>k 9 col\r1 & 9 ?is condition x is g5]ally spok5 ( z oxidis$ scrap4 ,! oxidation is probably due to an enzyme1 & also to ! pres5ce ( *emical sub/ances ( a ph5olic nature4 ,9 ! c\rse ( laboratory exp]im5ts ) normal latex1 x 0 f\nd possible to reproduce ?is d>k5+ due to oxidation by ! addition ( v small quantities ( v>i\s ph5ols us$ 9 g5]al *emical processes1 & ! rapidity ) :i* ! d>k5+ 0 effect$ dep5d$ ^u ! quantity ( ! ph5ol add$4 ,if ?is rapidly oxidis+ latex be mix$ ) normal latex1 x w\ld seem t ! :ole bulk ( ! latex is affect$ by ?is t5d5cy to rapid oxidation4 ,x is obs]v$ t ?is condition "u :i* any tree may yield rapidly oxidis+ latex is n a p]man5t "o4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,tree-,,scrap4--,z ^! scraps ev5tually give a grade ( rubb] :i* comp>es well ) o!r & bett]-look+ grades c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 collection & treatm5t s t its quality is n impair$ 9 any way4 ,,to ,,prev5t ,,oxidation4--,z a rule ! scraps are pick$ ov]1 & heavily oxidis$ pieces are sort$ out2 o!rwise ! crepe rubb] prep>$ exhibits black /reaks4 ,! scraps %\ld n be all[$ to rema9 9 ! sun 7:i* induces tack9ess71 & if !y h to be kept ov] night !y may be plac$ 9 a weak solution 7#a p] c5t47 ( sodium bisulphite to arre/ oxidation4 ,x %\ld be recognis$ t su* a solution w n blea* already d>k5$ scrap-rubb]1 & ! nature ( its action is only anti-oxidant4 ,,b>k ,,%av+s4--,9 ! matt] ( collect+ b>k-%av+s mu* dep5ds ^u ! organisation & nature ( ! lab\r =ce4 ,probably1 on ! majority ( e/ates b>k-%av+s are collect$ sy/ematically1 b on q a numb] consid]able laxity 9 ?is respect has be5 not$4 ,?is may arise f lack ( adequate sup]vision or f ! peculi> sy/ems ( work+ :i* seem to p]ta9 to ,*9ese lab\r4 ,grant$ t ! trees are well scrapp$1 & t ! p]c5tage ( rubb] obta9$ f %av+s "u su* circum/ances w\ld be extremely small 7say #b p] c5t4 by weight on ! total output71 x does n ne$ mu* calculation to see t annually ! loss ( rubb] to ! e/ate mu/ be consid]able4 ,x w\ld also seem to foll[ t1 if ! adult lab\r decl9es to pick up b>k-%av+s c>efully1 x might pay to employ *ildr5 = ! purpose4 ,or1 z is done 9 "s places1 ! adult lab\r might f9d x advantage\s to collect b>k-%av+s at l[ rates p] p\nd4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t if b>k-%av+s be all[$ to accumulate 9 a heap = any b a %ort p]iod1 a f]m5tative & heat+ action is set up4 ,! heat develop$ 9 ^! piles ( %av+s is s consid]able t x is impossible to keep ! h& 9 a heap = m ?an a second or two4 ,%\ld ?is be all[$ to p]si/1 z w\ld happ5 9 ! case ( a breakd[n ( eng9e or ma*9es1 x usually results 9 ! f9al crepe rubb] becom+ tacky :5 approa*+ dryness4 ,to avoid ?is heat+ effect x is necess>y to h sp>e j>s or prop] tanks 9 :i* ! %av+s may be soak$ 9 wat]4 ,9 ?is condition b>k-%av+s may be kept = _m days4 ,= ! same reason 7i4e41 ! heat+ effect & consequ5t tack9ess7 ! cu/om foll[$ on "s e/ates ( all[+ coolies to keep b>k-%av+s 9 _! l9es until !y h accumulat$ a fair quantity _c be comm5d$1 q ap>t f ! possibility ( actual loss by !ft1 :i* is ?us r5d]$ easy4 ,x w be cle> t :]e ! trees are scrapp$ effici5tly be=e tapp+1 ! am\nt ( rubb] to be obta9$ f ! treatm5t ( pure dry %av+s w\ld be almo/ nil1 & w\ld sc>cely repay ! co/ ( collection & work+4 ,9 actual practice1 h[ev]1 x is n possible to gu>antee t ! %av+s are free f "s scrap-rubb]4 ,%av+s br\ght 9 by ,tamils & ,javanese c>ry only a small am\nt ( rubb]1 :]eas :]e ,*9ese tapp]s are employ$ ! yield ( rubb] may be z high z #ce to #dj p] c5t4 ^u ! total weight ( ! mat]ial treat$4 ,few e/ates n[ are n equipp$ ) scrap-wa%]s--ma*9es specially design$ = remov+ ! b>k f ! rubb]--& if !y function effici5tly ! result+ crepe %\ld be free f b>k-p>ticles4 ,,collection ,,( ,,e>?-,,scrap4--,?is1 ! l[e/ grade ( rubb]1 is f\nd at ! base ( ! tree4 ,!oretically1 if prop] precautions are obs]v$1 ! am\nt %\ld be comp>atively small1 b 9 actual practice x may be v appreciable4 ,! usual contributory causes are3 7a7 ,failure to replace cups b5ea? ! sp\ts ( trees :i* cont9ue to drip latex aft] collection4 7b7 ,collection ( latex at too e>ly a /age4 7c7 ,failure on ! "p ( ! tapp] to ensure ! fl[ ( latex1 by means ( ! sp\t1 into ! cup4 7d7 ,fl[+ ( latex ov] ! edge ( ! cut be=e x rea*es ! v]tical *annel4 7e7 ,wa%-cuts on wet days1 :5 ! volume ( ra9wat] d[n ! tree is suffici5t to wa% ! latex out ( ! cup4 ,! am\nt ( e>?-scrap collect$ on any e/ate w dep5d1 all o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ^u ! lab\r exp5d$ 9 its collection4 ,c]ta9ly on well-organis$ e/ates1 hav+ ample lab\r1 ! am\nts collect$ are huge 9 comp>ison ) o!r e/ates4 ,! gr\nd at ! base ( ! tree bel[ ! latex-sp\t is sy/ematically turn$ ov] ) po9t$ /icks & l>ge clots ( rubb] are (t5 pick$ up4 ,"h1 aga91 x is advis$ t ! collect$ e>?-scrap %\ld n be all[$ to rema9 9 heaps ^u ! floor ( ! factory4 ,x %\ld be plac$ 9 suitable tanks conta9+ wat]1 & q a consid]able portion ( ! cleans+ "w is ?us tak5 f ! ma*9es4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,transport ,,( ,,latex ,,& ,,coagulum ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,fir/ ,,latex ,,& ,,o!r ,,grades4--,"o ( ! problems confront+ any manag] is ! "q ( ! p]c5tage ( fir/-grade rubb] calculat$ ^u ! :ole output4 ,inquiries are con/antly be+ receiv$ = advice z to :at ! v>i\s p]c5tages ( ea* grade ( rubb] %\ld be4 ,?is is a "q to :i* no def9ite li/ ( figures c apply4 ,!re are s _m little factors influ5c+ ! result4 ,"s e/ates are n p>ticul>ly c>eful 9 collect+ tree-scrap4 ,h5ce q a quantity ( tree-scrap f9ds its way into ! crepe made f b>k-%av+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 b>k-%av+s are n collect$ sy/ematically on "s e/ates1 & ! total output is !reby dim9i%$4 ,9 consequ5ce ! fir/-grade rubb] %[s a high] p]c5tage ?an x w\ld o!rwise4 ,aga91 if ! e>?-rubb] is n regul>ly collect$ ! p]c5tages ( ! be/ grades are high] ?an !y %\ld be4 ,9 comp>+ ! p]c5tages ( ea* grade ( rubb] f any two e/ates1 !re=e1 "o %\ld h all ! in=mation possible z to ! v>i\s work+ details ( ! e/ates4 ,)\t wi%+ to lay d[n any def9ite proportions :i* c be appli$ to all e/ates x might be said t1 tak+ av]ages ov] a l>ge numb] ( e/ates1 ! p]c5tages to be aim$ at are3 ,fir/-grade latex #ge p] c5t4 to #hj p] c5t4 ,o!r grades #bj #be ,= ^! figures "o promises t all l[] grades are collect$ & acc\nt$ = c>efully & regul>ly4 ,! di/ribution ( ! l[] grades w dep5d ^u ! field practices ( ! p>ticul> e/ate1 b ! foll[+ li/ might be giv5 = an e/ate keep+ all l[] grades di/9ctly sep>ate3 ,fir/-grade latex #ge p] c5t4 ,cup-wa%+s ,coagulat$ lump1 etc4 #aj ,tree-scrap #i ,b>k-%av+s #d ,e>? rubb] #b --- #ajj ,emphasis is aga9 laid on ! /atem5t t ^! figures mu/ n be accept$ z a /&>d4 ,nev]!less1 !y may prove ( "s s]vice to manag]s 9 giv+ an idea ( :at ! g5]al l9e ( p]c5tages may be4 ,!re are special circum/ances1 su* z di/ance ( transport & ! nature ( ! l&1 :i* at pres5t w\ld r5d] ! atta9m5t ( m ?an #ge p] c5t4 fir/-grade rubb] impossible on "s e/ates4 ,/ill ! fact rema9s t if ! p]c5tage is l[ ?r\gh di/ance ( transport1 etc41 "s me?od w h to be discov]$ by means ( :i* ! difficulty maybe ov]come4 ,on a few e/ates ! p]c5tage ( fir/-grade rubb] obta9$ sometimes rea*es #he1 b ^! results are r out ( ! ord9>y4 ,an e/ate :i* collects all l[] grades prop]ly is do+ well if ! p]c5tage ( fir/-grade rubb] is #ge or ov]4 ,,e>ly ,,collection4--,z already not$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 "o ( ! factors influ5c+ premature coagulation is t ( ! int]val elaps+ betwe5 ! comm5cem5t ( tapp+ & ! collection ( latex4 ,x w be se5 t ?is ord9>ily w\ld dep5d1 9 turn1 ^u su* consid]ations z ! size ( ! tapp]s' tasks1 ! spac+ ( ! trees1 & ! natural con=mation ( ! l& ov] :i* ! tapp]s h to p]=m _! tasks4 ,9 g5]al x ne$ only be rem>k$ t e possible consid]ation %\ld be giv5 to ?is "q1 & t any delay %\ld be avoid$4 ,,transport4--,:]ev] possible x is endeav\r$ to convey latex f field to factory by man-p[]4 ,tamil coolies1 z a rule1 place ! bucket on ! head2 ,*9ese & ,javanese coolies l to use a balanc$ c>ry+-pole4 ,:]e di/ance r5d]s ^! me?ods too co/ly 9 "t & lab\r1 x is usual to h field c5tres :]e ! latex is collect$ & dispat*$ to ! factory g5]ally 7a7 by means ( vessels convey$ on light railways2 7b7 9 l>ge cans plac$ on motor-lorries2 7c7 9 cyl9drical galvanis$ drums support$ on two :eels & drawn by bullocks4 ,!re may be v>iants1 b ^! are ! *ief means ( transport 9 bulk ov] a di/ance4 ,:]e possible1 ! be/ sy/em is t employ+ a trolley-l9e1 z great agitation ( ! latex is avoid$1 & ! "t 9 transit is mu* r$uc$4 ,! usual me?od ( transport by bullock p[] is sl[1 & z e/ate roads 7& ev5 ,gov]nm5t roads7 are (t5 bel[ ! /&>d expect$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! jolt+ und]gone by ! latex is1 to say ! lea/1 n calculat$ to af=d a high yield ( fir/-grade rubb]4 ,! late ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,f4 ,day advocat$ ! use ( a circul> p]=at$ wood5 grid1 to be float$ on ! latex1 9 ord] to mod]ate ! wave effect produc$ by jolt+4 ,:atev] ! means ( bulk-transport employ$1 x %\ld be ! c>e ( ^? 9 *>ge to see t vessels are n all[$ to rema9 9 ! sun long] ?an is necess>y4 ,ev5 dur+ ! j\rney !y %\ld be %ad$ 9 ! be/ possible mann]4 ,^! l>ge transport vessels usually receive :at is really only p]functory att5tion 9 ! matt] ( clean+4 ,!y %\ld receive ! same c>e z w\ld be ex]cis$ 9 deal+ ) milk cans 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,ord9>y sluic+ ) wat] is n suffici5t1 & if !y _c be /]ilis$ by means ( boil+ wat]1 !y %\ld be treat$1 aft] ord9>y wa%+1 ) a #e p] c5t4 solution ( sodium bisulphite e day4 ,,anti-,,coagulant ,,= ,,transport4--,:5 anti-coagulants are n us$ 9 ! cups or buckets1 x is advisable to use !m 9 ! bulk-transport vessels4 ,ei!r =mal9 or sodium sulphite is ( s]vice1 b ! great objection advanc$ aga9/ ! =m] is its loss due to evaporation :ile ! c>ts are go+ to ! fields or wait+ at ! c5tres4 ,= ?is reason sodium sulphite is n[ g5]ally employ$4 ,=mula = ,use ( ,sodium ,sulphite 9 ,transport4 7a7 ,dissolve #a p\nd ( p[d] 9 #c gallons ( wat]4 7b7 ,( ?is solution1 place half a gallon 9 ! vessel = e #cj to #dj gallons ( latex4 ,,transport ,,by ,,coolie4--,z already po9t$ out1 ! ext5t to :i* man-p[] c be us$ 9 transport ( latex is g5]ally limit$4 ,on small e/ates x is an easy matt] = coolies to c>ry ! latex to ! factory1 b on l>g] e/ates _m difficulties may arise1 :i* may also militate aga9/ ! successful use ( o!r means ( transport4 ,x is n uncommon to f9d1 !re=e1 t a policy ( dec5tralisation has be5 adopt$4 ,,coagulation ,,c5tres4--,divisions ( ! e/ate h _! own small /ations at :i* latex is receiv$ & coagulat$4 ,9 ?is way x is possible to receive latex )\t mu* delay1 & ) b5efit to ! resultant rubb]1 especially if prep>$ 9 %eet =m4 ,mu* controv]sy has aris5 reg>d+ ^! dec5tralis$ e/abli%m5ts1 b ! fact rema9s t on l>ge e/ates1 :i* are effici5tly controll$1 ! s*eme has be5 highly successful f all po9ts ( view4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is alleg$ t ?is me?od ( work+ increases co/s1 & (t5 gives an unsatisfactory quality ( rubb]4 ,conc]n+ ! latt] po9t x seems to be reasonable to expect t ! ,european 9 *>ge ( any division %\ld be conv]sant ) ! me?od ( prep>ation requir$1 & %\ld be capable ( see+ t no mi/akes are made4 ,giv5 uni=m equipm5t 9 all /ations1 & uni=m rules = treatm5t ( ! latex1 !re does n appe> to be any valid reason :y ! product ( "o /ation %\ld be inf]ior to t ( ! o!rs4 ,nei!r is x s 9 ! case ( sev]al e/ates :i* might be quot$4 ,9 ! matt] ( co/s ( work+ ! writ] has _h to inve/igate sev]al cases reg>d+ :i* !re 0 dissatisfaction4 ,9 "s in/ances x 0 f\nd t ! /ations _h n be5 plac$ advantage\sly ) respect to a wat]-supply2 & in/ead ( "o or two coolies pump+ = an h\r or two1 a l>g] numb] _h to be employ$ = h\rs 9 ! c>riage ( wat] f ! ne>e/ available s\rce4 ,?is meant t1 z ! coolies 7 on daily wage1 ! =ce appe>$ to be mu* bigg] ?an t usually requir$4 ,9 o!r cases !re 7 too _m /ore coolies1 :5 (t5 ! place ( "s c\ld h be5 tak5 = ! necess>y p]iod by tapp]s arriv+ e>ly f ! ne>] fields4 ,sometimes co/s 7 increas$ by reason ( ! use ( an excess ( *emicals1 ow+ to ! lack ( uni=m rules ?r\gh\t ! sev]al /ations4 ,9 spite ( all t has be5 writt51 & ! v]bal in/ructions t h be5 giv51 x 0 n uncommon to f9d un/able *emicals su* z sodium bisulphite expos$ to ! moi/ air4 ,9 ?is way n only 0 !re wa/e ( mat]ial1 b also ! probability ( inf]ior rubb] be+ made4 ,,transport ,,( ,,coagulum4--,on ! :ole if x is a "q betwe5 ! transport ( latex & ! transport ( coagulum1 ! writ] w\ld always fav\r ! latt]1 = reasons :i* h possibly be5 made cle> 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs4 ,9 effect1 x %\ld be recognis$ t ! less h&l+ & transport ! latex receives ! bett] ! g5]al result4 ,if prop] precautions are tak51 ! transport ( coagulum int5d$ = ! prep>ation ( crepe %\ld pres5t no difficulty1 & %\ld h no injuri\s effect ^u ! quality ( ! resultant rubb]4 ,x is only too common1 nev]!less1 to note defects1 9 ! f9i%$ crepes1 :i* c only be attribut$ to a failure to obs]ve reasonable c>e 9 ! transport ( ! coagulum4 ,= example1 x has be5 obs]v$ t a mass ( coagulum f a coagulation /ation has be5 convey$ on ! floor ( a bullock-c>t1 or motor-lorry1 previ\sly us$ 9 ! c>riage ( o!r mat]ials4 ,unless ! bo>ds h be5 mo/ scrupul\sly cleans$1 ! coagulum is f\nd to be contam9at$1 (t5 to a m>k$ degree4 ,aga91 al?\gh ! c>t may be clean1 x may h to travel "s di/ance on roads c>ry+ a fair am\nt ( motor traffic4 ,ev5 %\ld ! c>t h a canopy1 road-du/ is (t5 :irl$ ?r\gh ! op5 sides ( ! c>t2 & 9 ! di/ricts :]e r$ lat]ite roads are common1 ! /a9 ( su* du/ (t5 p]si/s 9 ! f9i%$ crepe4 ,x sc>cely ne$ be rem>k$ t coagulum %\ld be transport$ 9 clos$ wood5 boxes or 9 galvanis$ iron drums fitt$ ) lids2 & t pref]ably suffici5t wat] %\ld be pres5t 9 ^! receptacles to all[ ! coagulum to float4 ,all su* conta9]s %\ld receive ! same scrupul\s att5tion z ! vessels employ$ 9 ! transport ( latex4 ,! successful transport ( coagulum = %eet-mak+ is fraught ) mu* great] disabilities1 & x is usual to note on mo/ e/ates t ! result+ %eets f out-/ations are always inf]ior1 9 f9al result1 to ^? coagulat$ & prep>$ at ! c5tral factory4 ,if ! flat pieces ( coagulum are plac$ 9 piles ( any height x is common to f9d1 on arrival at ! factory1 t mu* adhesion has be5 caus$4 ,!re is great difficulty 9 sep>at+ ! pieces1 & (t5 ! successful op]ation is impossible4 ,x is usual to h&-roll ! coagulum be=e transport1 b x is (t5 f\nd t by ! "t ! rubb] rea*es ! factory x has become too h>d = subsequ5t good results4 ,"o ( ! /rong argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! e/abli%m5t ( divisional /ations is to be f\nd 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,%eet-mak+1 z x necessitates ! employm5t ( only light ma*9es suitable = h&-p[]1 is a feasible proposition 9 a field /ation4 ,!re is no reason = %eets made ?us to be 9 any way inf]ior to ^? made at a c5tral factory2 9 fact1 !y are (t5 bett]1 z ! latex has ! *ance ( be+ treat$ :5 comp>atively fre%4 ,if x is f\nd necess>y to transport %eet-coagulum1 e possible precaution %\ld be tak5 aga9/ pil+ ! pieces4 ,aft] h&-roll+ "s e/ates br+ ! rubb] f ! field-/ations to ! c5tral factory 9 drums ( wat]1 o!rs 9 %all[ boxes conta9+ n m ?an half a doz5 %eets 9 a pile4 ,a me?od propos$ long ago1 b n 9 practice1 0 to h a numb] ( %all[ trays subdivid$ s t ea* comp>tm5t held "o %eet only4 ,if ^! trays 7 prop]ly made & c>efully fitt$ !re appe>$ to be no reason :y !y %\ld n =m slid+ p>ts ( a l>ge box1 9 :i* squeez+ & adhesion ( ! pieces ( coagulum w\ld be avoid$4 ,naturally any su* device w\ld increase appreciably ! weight to be transport$1 & on ?is gr\nd w\ld n f9d popul> fav\r except :]e motor-p[] is us$ = road transport4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,factory ,,op]ations ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,prelim9>y ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,latex ,,reception ,,( ,,latex ,,at ,,! ,,/ore4--,be>+ 9 m9d ! rem>ks 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 on ! conditions "u :i* latex is transport$1 x foll[s t no?+ b ! v be/ & mo/ suitable vessels %\ld be us$ 9 ! /ore4 ,a po9t to :i* adequate att5tion is n giv5 9 _m factories might be m5tion$ "h4 ,consid]+ ! importance atta*$ to col\r 9 ! dry rubb] by brok]s & consum]s1 & kn[+ h[ extremely trivial are ! causes :i* may m> ! col\r1 x is r surpris+ t bett] provision is n made = ! reception & h&l+ ( latex 9 factories4 ,too (t5 ! receiv+ vessels are plac$ on ! floor ( ! /ore close to ! entrance4 ,coolies br++ 9 latex _c avoid br++ ) !m q a consid]able am\nt ( dirt4 ,presum+ t a hose-pipe has be5 in/all$1 & t ! floor is con/antly be+ sluic$ d[n ) wat]1 no great h>m w result4 ,b w\ld x n be ev] s mu* bett] if ! dirt 7 kept out8 ,9 h[ _m factories is provision made = ?is8 ,su* an arrangem5t is n difficult to make1 & is already 9 practice on a few e/ates4 ,a v]&ah is built outside ! wall ( ! factory & all latex is receiv$ !re4 ,9 ano!r place op5 *utes are provid$ :i* t]m9ate 9 ! /ra9+ sieves4 ,! coolie ?us /&s on ! v]&ah :]e he removes coagulat$ lump & impurities f ! latex1 :i* is !n p\r$ d[n ! *ute1 pass+ ?r\gh ! sieve into l>ge coagulat+ j>s or tanks4 ,too (t5 x w\ld appe>1 f ! writ]s' obs]vation1 !re is a lack ( adequate sup]vision on ! arrival ( latex at ! /ore4 ,mu* c be le>n$ f an inspection ( ! coolies' buckets1 & ! cause ( small defects 9 ! f9i%$ rubb] c (t5 be ?us trac$4 ,leaves1 /ems1 b>k-%av+s1 & dirt appe> 9 ! buckets1 & x is a s\rce ( con/ant surprise to imag9e h[ ev5 un9tellig5t coolies c all[ su* ?+s to happ54 ,^! objects are remov$ be=e or dur+ /ra9+1 b /ill !y ought n to be !re 9 ! fir/ place1 & ! fact t su* a /ate ( ?+s exi/s is evid5ce ( neglect on ! "p ( ! coolies or lack ( sup]vision4 ,ef=ts are made 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases to cope ) ^! tr\bles1 b on "s e/ates ?+s are all[$ to proce$ 9 ! same slip%od way1 & too mu* responsibility is ?r[n on ! /ra9+ process4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rais$ ,,v]&ah ,,= ,,reception ,,( ,,latex2 ,,likewise ,,equipp$ ,,) ,,facilities ,,= ,,calculat+ ,,individual ,,daily ,,yield ,,p] ,,coolie ,,by ,,sampl+ ,,( ,,latex4 ,x is sugge/$ t x %\ld be ! bus9ess ( a ,european to sup]vise ! reception ( latex e day4 ,?is is at pres5t q impossible on "s e/ates1 b x does n alt] ! fact t ?is sup]vision %\ld be provid$1 & is extremely necess>y4 ,x is surpris+ h[ ! po9t is ov]look$ 9 _m factories--n t !y are 9 a dirty /ate1 b !y fall %ort ( be+ class$ z clean factories = want ( ! little t makes ! diff]5ce4 ,possibly ^? 9 *>ge d n believe t all ?is fuss ne$ be made1 b ! writ]s c assure !m1 f a practical k ( a v l>ge numb] ( factories1 t cleanl9ess does pay4 ,x might n be cr$it$ to ,tamil coolies1 b yet x is probably true1 t ! moral effect ( work+ "u ! cleane/ & be/ conditions has an influ5ce ^u ! /ore coolies1 & t _! "w is bett] 9 consequ5ce4 ,ev]y?+ :i* w t5d to simplify ! cleans+ ( ! factory %\ld !re=e be in/all$4 ,hose-pipes1 glaz$ tiles1 clean floors1 pl5ty ( light & air are n fads or fancies1 b consid]able factors 9 det]m9+ ! f9al quality ( ! rubb]4 ,!re is consid]able tru? 9 ! sugge/ion t ! coagulat+ room & ma*9e room %\ld be z spick & span z a mod]n home dairy4 ,,/ra9+ ,,( ,,latex4--,?is is a mo/ necess>y process1 & "o :i* usually entails mu* tr\ble & "t :i* "o c\ld wi% avoid$4 ,x w be admitt$ t ! tr\ble c\ld be r$uc$ greatly if ! regulation ( field processes c\ld be made m /r+5t4 ,9 spite ( k t impurities mu/ n be all[$ to ent] ! cups1 coolies w ignore ! rule t ! cup mu/ n be plac$ 9 position until ! b>k %av+ has be5 cut4 ,! result is t pieces ( b>k fall into ! cups1 & coolies are g5]ally too c>eless or too hurri$ to remove !m4 ,aga91 :5 cups are plac$ on ! gr\nd1 x is easy to see t dirt may adh]e to !m4 ,9 ! collection ( latex "s ( ?is dirt may fall into ! bucket4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( cup-hold]s on _m e/ates ! tr\ble f ?is s\rce has decreas$ consid]ably1 b1 nev]!less1 x may be tak5 = grant$ t ev5 "u ! be/ ( conditions all latex requires /ra9+4 ,! be/ type ( /ra9] has yet to be evolv$4 ,usually x consi/s 9 pr9ciple ( a piece ( f9e brass me% conta9$ 9 "s =m ( hold]4 ,!oretically su* a /ra9] %\ld "w well1 b 9 actual practice ne>ly all /ra9]s are a s\rce ( cont9ual worry4 ,undilut$ latex1 z receiv$ at ! factory1 is ( a ri* consi/5cy1 conta9+ v f9e p>ticles ( dirt & (t5 m9ute p>ticles ( prematurely coagulat$ rubb]4 ,! latt] soon clog a f9e me% /ra9]1 :ile ! =m] may pass ?r\gh4 ,:5 ! fl[ ?r\gh ! /ra9] becomes sl[1 ! coolie 9 *>ge g5]ally rubs ! top surface ( ! sieve ) a piece ( coagulum1 ?us =c+ mat]ial ?r\gh ! me%4 ,he !n rubs ! "u-surface1 ) ! result t undesirable matt] falls into ! /ra9$ latex4 ,9 !ory x seems a simple matt] to h a numb] ( sieves ready s t a clean "o may be sub/itut$ = a clogg$ "o1 :i* %\ld be cleans$ at once ) wat]4 ,9 practice ! factory coolie w probably only c>ry out in/ructions :5 ! eye ( ! sup]9t5d5t is al]t4 ,z a result ( ! rubb+ & consequ5t /ra91 ! brass me% usually breaks away f its support & ! fracture may n be detect$ = "s "t1 dur+ :i* irrep>able damage may h be5 done to ! resultant rubb]4 ,9 view ( ! pres5ce ( ! f9e p>ticles ( dirt1 to :i* allusion has be5 made1 f9e siev+ ( ! latex appe>s to be ess5tial1 especially :5 %eet-rubb] is to be prep>$4 ,! f9e sieves are g5]ally ( ! type kn[n z #fj me%1 & !y d n usually give ?or\ghly satisfactory results ev5 :5 ! gauze is support$ & /r5g!n$ by means ( cross-wires plac$ und]nea?4 ,! g5]al fault ) ^! /ra9]s is t a suffici5tly wide selvage is n all[$ 9 ! clamp$ edges ( ! gauze1 or t ! edges ( ! support are s %>p & abrupt t ! /r&s ( ! gauze are soon sev]$ by ! /ra9 impos$ 9 vigor\s clean+4 ,_m e/ates use two /ra9]s2 ! fir/ a m robu/ "o conta9+ #cj me% gauze1 & ! second ! f9e #fj me%4 ,ev5 ?is device does n br+ ab\t ! desir$ immunity f tr\ble4 ,relief c\ld be obta9$ if ! latex 7 always 9 a m freely fluid =m4 ,e/ates employ+ anti-coagulants 9 ! field b5efit 9 ?is respect4 ,o!r e/ates1 al?\gh f9ally us+ ! f9e/ ( me%1 exp]i5ce f> less tr\ble ?an mo/ e/ates by reason ( a diff]5ce 9 me?od ( work+4 ,?is c be expla9$ by an outl9e ( ! sy/em adopt$ on a p>ticul> e/ate3 7a7 ,on arrival ( ! ri* latex at ! /ore1 all visible coagulat$ lumps & o!r extrane\s matt] are remov$ by ! tapp]4 7b7 ,ea* tapp]'s latex is dilut$ ) a quantity ( wat]4 7c7 ,! dilut$ latex passes ?r\gh two sieves1 "o above ! o!r4 ,! top sieve is ( /\t p]=at$ z9c %eet1 ) #aj circul> holes to ! in*4 ,?is removes all l>ge p>ticles4 ,! l[] is ( #cj me% brass gauze1 & practically no rubb+ is requir$4 ,! latex is n[ 9 glaz$-tile tanks1 9 :i* x is fur!r dilut$ to ! requir$ /&>d by means ( a record+ in/rum5t4 7d7 ,! latex fl[s by means ( a *ute into ! coagulat+ tanks1 pass+ ?r\gh a l>ge #fj me% sieve4 ,x is n gu>ante$ t ?is me?od w furni% a complete abs5ce ( v f9e p>ticles ( dirt 9 %eet rubb]1 z ! human elem5t ent]s s l>gely into ! "q2 b x c be /at$ t no compla9ts h be5 receiv$ on ! po9t ( specks ( dirt s9ce ?is sy/em 0 inaugurat$4 ,on ! same e/ate f9e siev+ 9 ! prep>ation ( pale crepe has be5 ab&on$ z an unnecess>y ref9em5t4 ,! two co>se sieves m5tion$ above are employ$ only1 & x is to be ackn[l$g$ t ! results ju/ify ! proc$ure4 ,,bulk+ ,,( ,,latex4--,n long ago advanc$ e/ates us$ to comb9e all latex be=e coagulation1 9 ord] to obta9 uni=mity ( product4 ,previ\sly x _h be5 ! cu/om to deal only ) comp>atively small sep>ate volumes ( latex1 ) obvi\sly great disadvantage4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( in/rum5ts su* z ! ,metrolac1 by means ( :i* any volume & all volumes ( latex may be r$uc$ to a common /&>d ( dry rubb] cont5t1 ! necessity = bulk+ has pass$4 ,x is n n[ necess>y to keep latex /&+1 p]haps = two h\rs1 await+ ! arrival ( o!r latex f di/ant fields4 ,,/&>disation ,,( ,,latex4--,9 mod]n practice1 z already po9t$ out1 x is possible n[ to h&le any volume ( latex ) a view to its r$uction to any requir$ /&>d ( dilution = ! purpose ( obta9+ a uni=m product4 ,= ! reception & subsequ5t h&l+ ( ! latex v>i\s s*emes h be5 devis$1 & !y are usually plann$ 9 connection ) coagulat+ tanks us$ 9 ! prep>ation *iefly ( %eet rubb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,end-,,section ,,sket* ,,( ,,v]&ah1 ,,etc41 ,,%[+ ,a ,,good ,,me?od ,,= ,,receiv+ ,,latex ,,& ,,fill+ ,,tank4 ,t1 ,%eet coagulation tank2 ,c1 cyl9d] = reception & dilution ( latex2 ,,gg1 gutt]2 ,,pp1 rais$ plat=m on v]&ah2 ,,ss1 /eps lead+ to plat=m2 ,w1 dw>f wall2 ,,ee1 exp&$ metal p>tition2 ,,oo1 op54 ,9 ! successful work+ ( a tank x is necess>y1 9 ord] to obta9 ! be/ results1 to /&>dise all latex4 ,?is _c be effect$ prop]ly 9 ! tank itself1 & h5ce x is ! practice to dilute ea* lot ( latex to /&>d be=e x is run into ! tank4 ,9 ! ord9>y way ?is w\ld entail a great deal ( lab\r 9 h&l+ ! dilut$ latex4 ,to obviate ?is1 ! s*eme outl9$ 9 ! accompany+ sket* has be5 sugge/$ on sev]al occasions & 9 v>i\s qu>t]s4 ,su* a s*eme or modification ( x has be5 put into successful practice on sev]al e/ates4 ,al?\gh ! draw+ 0 made "s consid]able "t ago :5 e/ates 7 n !n prep>$ to g s f> 9 ?is direction1 subsequ5t modifications %[ only m9or diff]5ces :i*1 :ile leav+ ! orig9al pr9ciple intact1 te/ify to a f]tility ( res\rce 9 adapt+ ! idea to exi/+ circum/ances & build+s4 ,! draw+ is 9 toto almo/ a replica ( ! orig9al in/allation n[ 9 successful use on ! ,k9r>a ,e/ate ( ! ,l$bury ,rubb] ,company4 ,on ?is company's ,l$bury ,e/ate likewise a simil> sy/em is employ$1 except t ! reception v]&ah is "p ( a natural =mation & ne$$ no su* direct rais+4 ,sev]al o!r e/ates h n[ adopt$ ! s*eme1 :i* has be5 prov$ to be ( practical value4 ,! writ]s make no claim to orig9ality 9 ! idea1 :i* might h occurr$ to _m indep5d5tly on ! introduction ( coagulat+ tanks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rais$ ,,v]&ah ,,= ,,reception ,,& ,,h&l+ ,,( ,,latex4 ,,v]&ah4--,9 reproduc+ ! draw+ x is believ$ t ! sket* w convey practically all ! in=mation requir$4 ,x may be expla9$ t ! coolies are all[$ to ent] only ! out] "p ( ! v]&ah4 ,! buckets are h&$ across ! l[ wall into ! c>e ( factory coolies1 :o /ra9 ! latex ?r\gh gauze sieves into ! latex cyl9d]s4 ,,latex ,,reception ,,vessels4--,^! cyl9d]s may be simil> to ! tanks commonly us$ = transport ( latex f di/ant fields to ! factory4 ,an #hj-;gallon cyl9d] is easily m\nt$ by its trunnions on a suitable iron framework :i* is sup]impos$ on a skeleton truck4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ano!r ,,set ,,( ,,dilution ,,tanks ,,on ,,rais$ ,,v]&ah4 ,! latex is dilut$ d[n to /&>d 9 ! cyl9d]s1 ! truck is mov$ opposite ! comp>tm5t to be fill$1 & a light movable gutt] is plac$ b5ea? ! v5t ( ! outlet pipe4 ,?is pipe is fix$ 9 ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 & is provid$ ) a l>ge /op-cock :i* is op]at$ by a spann] key4 ,! /op-cock %\ld be ( ! simple/ type1 capable ( be+ tak5 ap>t & assembl$ 9 a m9ute or s4 ,! orifices %\ld be l>ge en\gh = a coolie to ins]t at lea/ two or ?ree f+]s s z to facilitate clean+1 & ! pipe %\ld h no "r-angle b5ds4 ,on ! inside ( ! cyl9d] a scale ( gallons may be pa9t$1 s t "o may possess a k ( ! quantities run into1 or requir$ = ! completion (1 any comp>tm5t4 ,a ,,screw ,,plug ,,unsatisfactory4--,x may be ( b5efit to manag]s :o contemplate su* an in/allation to "k t ! adoption ( a /op-cock 9 ! v5t pipe ( ! cyl9d] is ! outcome ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 "o in/ance ! v5t pipe z design$ 0 fitt$ ) a screw plug at ! end4 ,un=tunately ) ?is arrangem5t ! fl[ c\ld n be regulat$1 & ow+ to ! head ( ! latex x da%$ viol5tly d[n ! gutt]1 /ruck ! bottom ( ! coagulat+ tank1 & !nce 0 scatt]$ ov] ! factory4 ,,ano!r ,,in/allation4--,9 ano!r type ( in/allation1 9 place ( ! vessels travell+ ^u a rais$ v]&ah plat=m1 ! /&>dis$ latex is convey$ to ! coagulat+ tanks by means ( drums support$ by hooks to a *a9-block & pulley :i* travels on an ov]head gantry4 ,?is me?od is practicable1 b may be reg>d$ z less satisfactory 9 g5]al work+ ?an ! v]&ah me?od ( treatm5t4 ,a ,,mod]n ,,in/allation4--,9 ! mo/ rec5t s*eme = deal+ ) ! reception ( latex1 its /&>disation1 & conveyance to ! coagulat+ tank1 ! ma9 pr9ciple ( ! fir/ sy/em outl9$ is reta9$2 b ! receptacles are n mobile4 ,glaz$-tile tanks are employ$1 ! capacity ( ea* be+ approximately equival5t to t ( ea* unit coagulat+ tank4 ,! accompany+ illu/rations %[ ! g5]al arrangem5t & "s details ( ! sy/em ( reception tanks employ$ on ! well-kn[n ,patal+ ,e/ate4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,coagulation ,:e!r x is necess>y to employ any coagulant1 or :e!r latex %\ld be all[$ to coagulate naturally1 w n be discuss$ at ?is /age4 ,nei!r w m5tion be made ( any pat5t processes ( coagulation :i* employ o!r ?an acid m$iums4 ,^! subjects w be treat$ 9 a subsequ5t section ( ! book4 ,,*oice ,,( ,,coagulants4--,x is n propos$ "h to ent] into a discussion z to ! m]its ( ! doz5s ( kn[n coagulants4 ,suffice x to /ate t acetic acid1 al?\gh ! olde/ g5]al coagulant1 /ill rema9s ! be/ & safe/ at ! pres5t "t4 ,!re is a deal to be said 9 fav\r ( ! use ( ano!r organic acid1 =mic acid4 ,x is equally z safe z acetic acid1 & q efficaci\s2 ! only drawback is t1 tak+ all ?+s into consid]ation1 x is v slightly m exp5sive4 ,acetic acid1 !re=e1 w always be impli$ 9 ?is *apt] :5 ! ^w acid is us$4 ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,acid ,,solution4--,9 ! old days x 0 ! rule r ?an ! exception to f9d pure1 undilut$ acid us$ 9 coagulation4 ,9 _m cases no h>m result$1 = ! simple reason t1 ow+ to ! l>ge proportion ( wat] 9 ! latex1 ! acid 0 !reby v mu* dilut$4 ,! e/ates _h to ?ank ! ov]-dilution ( ! latex = ! non-injury ( ! result+ rubb]4 ,"s e/ates make up a /ock solution ( #a "p acid to #bj ( wat]1 & use ?is ) success because ( ! fair am\nt ( add$ wat] pres5t 9 ! latex4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t :at is be+ ref]r$ to n[ is n ! absolute quantity necess>y = coagulation1 b ! proportions--i4e41 ! respective volumes ( acid & wat] 9 ! solution ( acid made up e day4 ,t ! /r5g? ( ! acid solution1 z well z ! quantity us$1 has an effect ^u coagulation c be easily demon/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,take sep>ate & equal lots ( ! same latex1 & to ea* add ! same quantity ( pure acid1 b 9 ea* case dilut$ ) v>y+ quantities ( wat]4 ,x w be f\nd t coagulation is quicke/ :]e pure acid is employ$1 & sl[e/ :]e ! acid is mo/ dilute4 ,x w also be f\nd t1 provid+ ! quantity ( acid employ$ 0 suffici5t = coagulation1 ! be/ & mo/ uni=m coagulation is obta9$ f ! use ( ! mo/ dilute acid1 )9 limits4 ,x w (t5 be f\nd t :]e pure acid has be5 employ$ coagulation is local--i4e41 we h lumpy coagulation1 & (t5 a v milky rema9+ liquor4 ,?is is due to ! fact t1 z coagulation is imm$iate ^u ! spot :i* is fir/ t\*$ by ! pure acid1 a deal ( ! acid is enclos$ )9 ! rubb] at t spot1 & h5ce o!r portions ( ! latex are depriv$ ( acid4 ,x is 9 su* cases t mo/ air-bubbles are enclos$4 ,z ! dilution ( ! acid solution is increas$ ! mix+ is m ?or\gh & uni=m4 ,coagulation is sl[]1 & air-bubbles c escape to ! surface4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,mak+ ,,/ock ,,solution4--,exp]im5ts h be5 repeat$ly made 9 ! laboratory ) acid solutions ( v>y+ dilution1 f pure acid d[n to #a "p ( acid 9 #ejj p>ts ( wat]4 ,:ile x has be5 f\nd t a #a 9 #e solution c be us$ :]e ! latex is v dilute 7say1 #a "p ( latex to #e p>ts ( wat]71 & a #a 9 #bj solution may be us$ 9 fairly dilute latex 7= crepe-mak+71 x is und\bt$ly a fact t = latex z g5]ally /&>dis$ on e/ates a mu* m dilute solution ( acid %\ld be us$--e4g41 #a 9 #ajj1 or ev5 #a 9 #bjj1 ( wat]4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! quantity ( acid necess>y = coagulation is n *ang$1 b m]ely ! dilution4 ,let u take a concrete case to illu/rate ! po9t3 ,on an e/ate at pres5t ! /ock solution is made up by dilut+ #a p9t ( acid ) #bj p9ts ( wat]1 & #a gallon ( ?is is necess>y to coagulate #ej gallons ( pure latex4 ,x is desir$ to use a /ock solution ( #a p9t ( acid to #ajj p9ts ( wat]4 ,evid5tly1 !re=e1 #e gallons ( ?is /ock solution conta9 only ! same quantity ( pure acid z #a gallon ( ! old solution conta9$1 & x w be necess>y to add #e gallons = e #ej gallons ( pure latex4 ,?us3 #a to #bj2 #a gallon necess>y = #ej gallons pure latex4 #a to #ajj2 #e gallons necess>y = #ej gallons pure latex4 ,x may be po9t$ out t ! quantities work$ out 9 ! =ego+ examples are n absolutely & ma!matically correct1 b !y are q close en\gh = all practical purposes4 ,x may be advanc$ by someone t if a dilute solution ( acid1 su* z #a 9 #ajj1 is us$ ! bulk ( ?is /ock solution 7#e gallons to #ej gallons ( latex7 is v great1 & might be injuri\s to ! quality ( ! result+ rubb]4 ,a mom5t's consid]ation w %[ t1 aft] all1 ! volume ( acid solution is only "o-t5? t ( ! volume ( latex4 ,?is c h no effect ^u ! quality ( ! rubb]4 ,ev5 dilution ( ! pure latex ) half its bulk ( wat] 9 ! factory w h no effect ^u ! quality ( ! result+ rubb]4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t1 except 9 cases :]e ! proportion ( add$ wat] to latex is absurdly l>ge1 ! ma9 argum5t aga9/ putt+ wat] into ! latex-cups is aga9/ ! possible poor quality ( ! wat] r ?an aga9/ ! actual small quantity !oretically add$4 ,x is ackn[l$g$ t1 :]e ! wat] to be put into ! cups c be gu>ante$ to be ( good quality1 no great objection w\ld be rais$ aga9/ plac+ ! smalle/ possible quantity ( su* wat] 9 ! cups4 ,b h[ _m e/ates h su* good wat] easily available to ! coolies1 & h[ _m e/ates c be sure t only t smalle/ possible quantity w\ld be us$8 ,x is a notori\s fact t1 ev5 on e/ates :]e ! quantity ( wat] us$ 0 suppos$ to be a m9imum1 ! proportion ( wat] to latex 9 "s cups (t5 exce$$ ev5 ?ree or f\r to "o4 ,9 any case x may be /at$ z an elem5t>y truism t ! abs5ce ( wat] is m to be desir$ ?an wat] ( d\btful quality4 ,,quantity ,,( ,,acid4--,z a result ( repeat$ exp]im5tal "w x has be5 f\nd t1 = pure av]age latex1 ! quantity ( acid necess>y = complete coagulation1 reckon$ 9 p>ts ( pure acid to p>ts ( latex1 is3 #a "p pure acid2 #a1jjj p>ts av]age latex4 ,:]e ! latex is r ri*] ?an av]age 7above #cj p] c5t4 dry rubb]7 probably a little m acid w\ld be requir$1 & simil>ly if ! dry rubb] cont5t is l[] ! quantity ( acid mu/ be less4 ,x us$ to be a common belief t ! m dilute ! latex ! great] ! quantity ( acid necess>y1 b ?is w\ld only apply to cases ( extreme dilution ( latex4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 up to c]ta9 limits ( add$ wat]1 ! rev]se is actually ! case--i4e41 ! m wat] 9 ! latex ! less acid mu/ be add$1 assum+ t = pure latex ! proportion ( pure acid to latex is tak5 z #a "p to #a1jjj p>ts4 ,?is 0 f\nd to be ! case up to dilutions ( ?ree or f\r times ! volume ( latex4 ,to take concrete examples :i* w p]haps make ! tru? m cle>3 ,assum+ we comm5ce by mak+ up our /ock solution ( acid by add+ #ajj p>ts ( wat] to #a "p ( pure acid1 ?is gives u a mixture ( #a to #ajj4 ,= #a gallon ( pure latex x w\ld be necess>y to add "o-t5? ( its volume ( ! above mixture--i4e41 #af ozs4 ,suppose we take a gallon ( pure latex & add a gallon ( wat]1 we n[ h #b gallons ( s-call$ latex4 ,b we /ill h only #a gallon ( real latex pres5t 9 ! dilut$ latex1 & x is only necess>y to add suffici5t acid to coagulate ?is gallon--i4e41 #af ozs4 ,fur!r1 if #a gallon ( latex be dilut$ ) #b1 #c1 or ev5 #d gallons ( wat] x is /ill only necess>y to add #af ozs4 ( ! acid mixture4 ,at dilutions beyond ?is limit1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to add a little m acid to obta9 complete coagulation4 ,9 ! process ( prep>+ %eet rubb] x is v necess>y to see t ! m9imum quantity ( acid is us$1 o!rwise visible defects are caus$4 ,b 9 coagulat+ latex int5d$ = prep>+ crepe1 :]e ! rubb] und]goes protract$ wa%+ on ! ma*9es1 ! pres5ce ( a slight excess ( acid 9 coagulation is n calculat$ to cause any det]ioration 9 ! quality ( ! rubb]4 ,advantage mu/ n be tak5 ( ?is /atem5t to argue t m ?an a slight excess may be us$ )\t injury to ! rubb]1 z x c be %[n t ! use ( a l>ge excess ( acid results 9 an inf]ior rubb]4 ,,quantities ,,necess>y ,,= ,,mod]n ,,requirem5ts4--,x may be comm5d$ to ! notice ( ! beg9n] t any fur!r exp]im5tal "w z to ! quantity ( acetic acid necess>y = complete coagulation w\ld only involve a wa/e ( "t & en]gy4 ,! g5]al figure giv5 9 a prec$+ p>agraph 7#a "p pure acid to #a1jjj p>ts ( latex7 may be accept$ z ! r\gh basis = work+4 ,9 mod]n practice1 h[ev]1 undilut$ latex is usually dilut$ to a /&>d :i* may v>y on diff]5t e/ates f #a-a_/d lbs4 to #a-a_/b lbs4 dry rubb] p] gallon4 ,latices ( ^! /r5g?s c be coagulat$ at a ratio ( #a "p pure acid to #a1bjj p>ts ( /&>dis$ latex2 & ?is quantity ne$ n be exce$$1 except 9 cases :]e an appreciable am\nt ( "s anti-coagulant is pres5t 9 ! latex4 ,! proportion may !n be rais$ to #a 9 #a1jjj4 ,if consid]$ advisable ! acid may be us$ 9 a #a_/b p] c5t4 solution = %eet prep>ation2 b 9 any case x is advis$ = ! sake ( uni=mity t a #a p] c5t4 solution %\ld be employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( bo? %eet rubb] & crepe rubb]4 ,9 mo/ mod]n factories1 measur+ vessels ( v>i\s capacities are to be f\nd1 & x is always m satisfactory to h ! solution made up 9 approximately correct /r5g? at ! rate ( #a oz4 ( pure acid to #e p9ts ( wat]4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 on "s e/ates ,european sup]vision ( ?is "w is n possible1 & ! prep>ation ( ! acid solution has to be left 9 ! h&s ( a 7m or less7 skill$ coolie4 ,x is ?us necess>y to f9d "s less f9e1 b /ill approximately correct1 me?od ( proc$ure4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ! k]os5e t9 is 9 univ]sal fav\r = ! c>riage ( wat]1 & !re is no reason :y x %\ld n be utilis$ z a /&>d measure = prep>+ ! dilute acid solution1 provid+ x is n all[$ to become ru/y4 ,! capacity ( ! t9 is #d gallons 7#fdj fluid ozs471 s t a "o-hundr$? "p w\ld be approximately #f-a_/b ozs4 ,x is sugge/$ t ?is quantity %\ld be measur$ out by means ( a glass graduat$ vessel1 & !n t an alum9ium cup %\ld be cut d[n s z to hold ! exact quantity4 ,?is w\ld r$uce ! mak+ ( a solution1 suffici5tly approximate to #a p] c5t4 /r5g? = all practical purposes1 into a simple op]ation ( mix+ pure acid & wat] 9 ! ratio ( "o cupful ( acid to #a k]os5e t9 ( wat]4 ,! actual quantity ( solution requir$ = ! coagulation ( any volume ( /&>dis$ latex c be calculat$ easily f ! ratio #a3a1bjj4 ,z ! /r5g? ( solution is #a3ajj x w be se5 t ! quantity to be tak5 is always "o-twelf? t ( ! volume ( latex--e4g43 7a7 ,if ! latex tank holds #ij gallons ( /&>dis$ latex1 #g-a_/b gallons ( dilute acid solution are requir$4 7b7 ,a tank conta9+ #abj gallons ( latex w\ld ne$ #aj gallons ( ! #a p] c5t4 acid solution4 ,x is assum$ t all e/ates1 n only 9 ! prep>ation ( %eet rubb]1 b also 9 ! mak+ ( crepe rubb]1 always employ ! sy/em ( /&>dis+ latex 9 ord] to obta9 uni=mity4 ,!y are ill-advis$ if !y d n foll[ ?is practice2 b 9 case av]age undilut$ latex is treat$ 9 coagulation1 ! quantity ( acetic acid to be us$ %\ld be calculat$ f ! ratio #a3a1jjj4 ,if ! acid solution is to be employ$ 9 #a p] c5t4 /r5g?1 "o-t5? ( ! volume ( latex to be treat$ w indicate ! requir$ quantity ( solution necess>y = complete coagulation unless anti-coagulants h be5 us$1 :5 ! quantity mu/ be increas$ z exp]i5ce directs4 ,x w be recognis$1 ( c\rse1 t undilut$ latex may only be us$ 9 any case = ! prep>ation ( crepe rubb]2 or 9 "s exceptional case1 su* z ! special prep>ation ( slab rubb]4 ,,c>e ,,9 ,,mix+4--,x is ess5tial t ! mixture ( dilute acid & latex %\ld be ?or\ghly intimate4 ,?is c only be atta9$ by c>eful manipulation1 especially 9 ! case ( %eet prep>ation4 ,:]e crepe rubb] is to be made x may be p]missible to employ a solution /rong] ?an #a p] c5t41 b x is n advis$4 ,! acid %\ld be p\r$ into ! latex :ile /irr+1 & ! agitation %\ld cont9ue = su* a p]iod z to ensure ?or\gh mix+ 9 all p>ts4 ,x w be appreciat$ t 9 ! prep>ation ( %eet rubb] ?is p]iod may n be unduly prolong$1 o!rwise ! latex w h begun to coagulate be=e skimm+ & ! plac+ ( ! p>titions 9 _! respective slots c be effect$4 ,fur!rmore1 :ile 9 ! prelim9>y treatm5t = crepe rubb]1 ! =mation ( enclos$ bubbles & surface fro? is immat]ial4 ,= %eet prep>ation x is ess5tial t ! /irr+ %all be done s c>efully z to try to avoid int]nal bubbles & to r$uce surface fro? to a m9imum4 ,= crepe-mak+ a p]=at$ bo>d1 ) h&le atta*$ at "r angles to ! face ( ! bo>d1 may be us$2 b 9 %all[ %eet-coagulat+ tanks1 broad paddles 7:i* may or may n be p]=at$7 give good results z long z !re is a suffici5t numb] us$ to cov] ! area ( ! tank 9 reasonable "t4 ,obvi\sly also1 :]e ! area ( any tank or comp>tm5t is ( any appreciable size1 ! dilute acid solution %\ld be p\r$ 9 f v>i\s po9ts s z to obta9 a good ev5 di/ribution4 ,9 "s cases ! acid is di/ribut$ f a spr9kl+ c1 b ?is is a ref9em5t :i* exp]i5ce %[s to be unnecess>y4 ,9 actual practice1 work+ on a tank measur+ #ab ft4 by #d ft41 no difficulty is f\nd if coolies p\r 9 acid solution f f\r po9ts4 ,! degree ( success dep5ds entirely ^u exp]i5ce & effici5t sup]vision4 ,?is rem>k applies equally to ! use ( v>i\s devices1 su* z rakes ) broad tee?1 us$ z /irr+ implem5ts4 ,!re is room = display ( +5uity 9 ?is direction1 & x is f\nd (t5 t1 :ile !y are us$ successfully on "o e/ate1 !y may be condemn$ on ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,views ,,( ,,dilution ,,& ,,mix+ ,,tanks4 ,bel[1 on ! "r1 coagulat+ tanks4 ,at ! f> end /ra9]s4 ,ea* dilution tank is ( equal capacity to ! correspond+ coagulat+ tank4 ,,use ,,( ,,sodium ,,bisulphite4--,"s few ye>s ago a dem& = pale crepe rubb]s sprang up1 & ?is dem& has be5 ma9ta9$4 ,! total quantity ( pale rubb] put on ! m>ket previ\sly c\ld only h am\nt$ to v little1 & t little 0 obta9$ by luck & v>i\s tricks 9 manipulation4 ,x mu/ be premis$ t if coagulation is all[$ to take place1 ei!r naturally or ) ! aid ( acetic acid1 ! result+ rubb] w almo/ inevitably oxidise on ! surface1 except 9 ! cases ( v dilute or "y latices4 ,ev5 suppos+ t ?is d>k5+ ( ! surface does n take place 9 ! wet /age1 x is (t5 f\nd t a rubb] expect$ to dry to a pale col\r does n fulfil expectations1 & a dull neutral %ade results4 ,?is d>k5+ ( crepe rubb] may be attribut$ to a sl[ process ( oxidation1 :i* cont9ues until ! rubb] is dry4 ,f ^! rem>ks x w be se5 t ! process ( oxidation is a natural "o1 & t any pale rubb] =m]ly %ipp$ 0 ! outcome ( circum/ances outside ! control ( ! e/ate1 except 9 su* cases :]e boil+ ( ! coagulum1 etc41 0 resort$ to4 ,! fact t "o rubb] happ5$ to be a %ade d>k] ?an ano!r 0 absolutely no crit]ion z to ! value ( ! rubb]1 b app>5tly ! m>ket ?\ght1 & /ill ?9ks1 o!rwise1 al?\gh ! actual necessities ( manufactur]s = a pale crepe to be employ$ 9 special processes mu/ be comp>atively small4 ,! prev5tion ( ?is natural oxidation 0 a problem :i* ex]cis$ ! m9ds ( all responsible = ! prep>ation ( pale rubb]s1 & mu* "t & ?\ght 7 exp5d$ ^u x4 ,v>i\s !ories 7 prop\nd$1 & ! *ief conclusion arriv$ at 0 t ! d>k5+ ( rubb] 0 to be prev5t$ by exclud+ all ! light possible f ! dry+ h\ses4 ,to ?is end w9d[s 7 to be kept %ut1 or else !y 7 provid$ ) ruby-col\r$ glass1 :i* incid5tally kept out ! air4 ,9 spite ( ^! precautions1 little success att5d$ ! exp5diture ( s mu* en]gy & ?\ght4 ,x 0 absolutely necess>y t "s *emical ag5t %\ld be discov]$ :i* w\ld make ! prep>ation ( pale crepe possible = any e/ate4 ,?is *emical w\ld h to fulfil sev]al requirem5ts be=e x c\ld become popul>3 #a4 ,x mu/ be a simple sub/ance capable ( be+ easily h&l$4 #b4 ,x mu/ be v soluble1 s t solutions c\ld easily be made up by inexp]t work]s4 #c4 ,x mu/ be *eap4 #d4 ,x mu/ be q innoc5t ( any h>mful effect ^u ! quality ( ! rubb]4 ,aft] mon?s ( inve/igation into ! prop]ties ( o!r *emicals ! writ]s decid$ t ! only "o :i* satisfactorily answ]$ all requirem5ts 0 sodium bisulphite4 ,! writ]s make no pret5sion to any claim ( hav+ discov]$ ! prop]ties ( ?is sub/ance1 :i* 0 a common *emical1 & widely kn[n4 ,ev5 its action on latex 0 suspect$ be=e !y engag$ ^u ! "w4 ,^! matt]s are only m5tion$ because ! cr$it1 if any1 %\ld be giv5 to ! laboratories ( ! ,rubb] ,gr[]s' ,association4 ,z soon z x began to be kn[n on ! m>ket t sodium bisulphite 0 be+ us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( pale crepe1 a great outcry 0 made1 & e/ates 7 w>n$ t no m rubb] prep>$ 9 ?is way w\ld be accept$4 ,x 0 said t ! *emical w\ld de/roy ! n]ve ( ! rubb]1#b & x 0 def9itely /at$ t rubb] prep>$ ) ?is *emical 0 brittle4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t brok]s _h "s legitimate excuse 9 rais+ objections to ! introduction ( new & /range *emicals = prep>+ rubb]1 z !y 7 q )\t means ( judg+ :e!r ! rubb] _h suff]$ h>m or n4 ,/ill1 on ! o!r h&1 private te/s _h be5 made 9 conjunction ) ,messrs4 ,beadle & ,/ev5s = fully eight mon?s be=e ! "n ( ! *emical 0 m5tion$ 9 reports1 & !y _h decid$ f ! results ( vulcanisation te/s t ! *emical 0 q innocu\s4 ,!n1 & only !n1 did we consid] x advisable to recomm5d ! use ( sodium bisulphite 9 g5]al e/ate practice4 ,ow+ to ! initial prejudice aga9/ rubb] prep>$ ) sodium bisulphite1 ! results ( our prelim9>y "w 7 publi%$ by p]mission ( ! ,rubb] ,gr[]s' ,association4#c ,! orig9al in/ructions to e/ates reg>d+ ! prop] employm5t ( ?is *emical 7 giv5 9 ! private reports issu$ by ! ,rubb] ,gr[]s' ,association 9 #aiaa4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is probably accurate to /ate t x is n[ us$ by all e/ates prep>+ f9e crepes4 ,repres5tatives ( manufactur]s h sometimes giv5 u to und]/& t ! "q ( pal5ess ( col\r 9 su* rubb] is ( no su* importance z is impress$ ^u u z produc]s4 ,:ile we are prep>$ to believe1 we c only plead t f our po9t ( view ! supply arises f ! dem&4 ,su* are ! conditions gov]n+ ! sale ( rubb] t1 irrespective ( ! requirem5ts ( ! ultimate us]1 we h to m>ket rubb] :i* is valu$ almo/ completely ^u its appe>ance at ! "t ( sale4 #b ,williams1 ,int]national ,rubb] & ,alli$ ,congress1 ,london1 #aiad4 #c ,! ,employm5t ( ,sodium ,bisulphite 9 ! ,prep>ation ( ,plantation ,rubb]1 ,beadle1 ,/ev5s1 & ,morgan1 ,india-rubb] ,j\rnal1 ,augu/ #b1 #aiac4 ,z long z su* conditions prevail e/ates mu/ cont9ue to adopt any device ( prov$ h>mlessness1 9 ord] to obta9 ! be/ possible price = _! product1 & n because we desire to cont9ue a practice :i* "s assure u to be unnecess>y1 & :i*1 moreov]1 adds some:at to ! co/ ( production4 ,,quantities ,,( ,,sodium ,,bisulphite4--,x mu/ be premis$ t1 al?\gh sodium bisulphite is employ$ on "s few e/ates 9 ! prep>ation ( %eet rubb]1 we d n advise ! practice4 ,x is unnecess>y1 & may lead to "s little tr\ble & delay 9 dry+4 ,9 any case1 sodium sulphite gives ! results desir$ = %eet rubb] 7see foll[+74 ,x mu/ be und]/ood1 !re=e1 t we are conc]n$ "h1 9 ! case ( sodium bisulphite1 ) its employm5t 9 ! prep>ation ( f9e pale crepe only4 ,z ! dry rubb] cont5ts ( latices v>y ) ! age ( ! trees1 ! g5]al heal? ( ! trees1 ! seasons & g5]al climatic conditions1 ! relative /ra9 impos$ by depletion ( res]ves ?r\gh tapp+1 etc41 x w be cle> t ! effect produc$ by a def9ite quantity ( sodium bisulphite 9 any giv5 volume ( latex w also v>y--i4e41 ! effect dep5ds ^u ! pot5tial am\nt ( rubb] pres5t4 ,a dilute latex ne$s less sodium bisulphite ?an a ri*] latex to produce ! same effect 9 col\r4#d #d ,incid5tally !re are c]ta9 occasions1 z 9 ! op5+ ( areas ( b>k re/$ = long p]iods1 :5 ! latex is ( a ri* yell[ col\r4 ,sodium bisulphite w n blea* ?is col\r1 & x is well to rem>k aga9 at ?is /age t ! action ( ! *emical is only to avoid or arre/ oxidation 7d>k5+74 ,h5ce x foll[s t if 9 any factory uni=m quantities ( ! solution are us$ = any giv5 volume ( undilut$ latices f diff]5t areas ( ! e/ate1 ! effect ^u ! dry rubb]s w v>y4 ,?is expla9s :y "s e/ates obta9 diff]5t %ades ( rubb] 9 _! f9e pale crepes4 ,! rem$y obvi\sly is to r$uce ! v>iation 9 latices by dilut+ !m all to a /&>d rubb] cont5t z is done 9 %eet prep>ation4 ,"o is ?us assur$ t ! prescrib$ quantities ( sodium bisulphite w meet requirem5ts 9 e case1 & t wa/e w be avoid$4 ,work+ ) a /&>d ( #a-a_/b lbs4 dry rubb] p] gallon ! foll[+ =mula %\ld s]ve z a maximum3 ,=mula = ,use ( ,sodium ,bisulphite4 7a7 ,dissolve sodium bisulphite 9 wat] at ! rate ( #a lb4 to #aj gallons4 7b7 ,( ?is solution use #a gallon to e #aj gallons ( latex4 ,,mak+ ,a ,,solution4--,! mak+ ( a solution ( ! *emical w\ld seem to be a simple matt]1 b to judge by ! ill-effects sometimes obs]v$ 9 ! dry rubb] ! simplicity ( ! op]ation appe>s to h be5 ov]rat$4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 prep>+ ! solution1 & ! "w %\ld n be left to ! few m9utes prec$+ its actual requirem5t2 su* has be5 f\nd to be ! case 9 sev]al factories1 s t x is n surpris+ if ! rubb] is defective4 ,! p[d] %\ld be add$ gradually to wat] ) ?or\gh /irr+1 :i* %\ld be cont9u$ = five m9utes at lea/4 ,ev5 !n !re may (t5 be se5 at ! bottom undissolv$ p>ticles1 s&1 & o!r impurity4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 9 su* cases to decant ! solution ?r\gh a piece ( cotton clo? be=e us+4 ,no solid p>ticles %\ld be all[$ to ent] ! latex4 ,,abuse ,,( ,,sodium ,,bisulphite4--,x is n[ g5]ally recognis$ t ! abuse ( sodium bisulphite1 9 ! =m ( an excess1 leads ma9ly to delay 9 ! p]iod ( dry+ & ! production ( an ov]pale rubb]4#e ,x is probable t few e/ates1 if any1 n[ exp]i5ce tr\ble due to ?is non-obs]vance ( ! rules & quantities laid d[n = use4 #e ,! ,prep>ation ( ,plantation ,rubb]1 ,morgan1 #aiac1 p4 #gd4 ,,residual ,,traces ,,( ,,sodium ,,bisulphite4--,! prolongation ( ! dry+ p]iod 0 attribut$ to ! fact t traces ( sub/ances caus$ by ! decomposition ( sodium bisulphite rema9$ 9 ! rubb] if ! rubb] 7 n suffici5tly work$ & wa%$ on ! rolls4 ,^! traces mu/ h be5 v m9ute1 b !y 7 suffici5t to ret>d ! progress ( dry+4 ,t mu* dep5d$ on ! c>e ex]cis$ 9 wa%+ is evid5t f ! fact t samples prep>$ ) v>y+ quantities ( ! *emical %[ v>y+ results on extraction4 ,^! samples 7 te/$ = ! pres5ce ( sulphates4 ,( ! s]ies te/$ t sample prep>$ ) bisulphite 9 ! proportion ( #a "p to #fjj p>ts latex %[$ only a trace ( sulphate pres5t2 :ile ! "o prep>$ #a3b1djj gave an equal quantity4 ,int]m$iate samples conta9$ no trace ( sulphate4 ,on ! :ole1 !re=e1 ! pres5ce ( sulphate 9 crepe rubb] is adv5titi\s1 & prop]ly wa%$ crepe prep>$ ) mod]ate quantities ( bisulphite may be tak5 z free f any residual quantities4 ,mean:ile !re _c possibly be any d\bt ( ! advantages ga9$ by ! use ( sodium bisulphite1 & x w\ld n be v wide ( ! m>k if ! /atem5t 7 made t1 9 ! ev5t ( ?is *emical be+ disc>d$1 mo/ contracts = pale crepe c\ld n be fulfill$4 ,,sodium ,,sulphite4--,x w\ld n be amiss to insi/ ^u ! po9t t :ile ! nature ( sodium bisulphite1 z employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( rubb]1 is anti-oxidant1 sodium sulphite is employ$ *iefly = its anti-coagulant prop]ty4 ,x is n us$1 !re=e1 9 ! mak+ ( crepe rubb]1 b is ( s]vice 9 ! prep>ation ( %eet rubb]1 :]e ! aim is to keep ! latex 9 good fluid condition z long z is necess>y1 & to ret>d coagulation slightly s t enclos$ bubbles ( gas or air may escape4 ,=mulae h be5 giv5 = its use 9 ! field :5 requir$4 ,on "s e/ates ?is practice is n f\nd necess>y1 b a quantity ( solution is always plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! reception vessels prior to ! /ra9+ ( latex into !m4 ,only a small quantity is us$1 & z a work+ basis ! foll[+ =mula may be adopt$3 ,sodium ,sulphite3 ,= ,use 9 ! ,factory4 7a7 ,dissolve #b ozs4 ( anhydr\s sodium sulphite 9 a gallon ( wat]4 7b7 ,! gallon ( solution1 plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! reception j> or tank1 is suffici5t = ! treatm5t ( #dj gallons ( /&>dis$ latex 7#a-a_/b lbs4 dry rubb] p] gallon74 ,! w>n+ previ\sly giv5 reg>d+ ! necessity = ?or\ghness 9 ! prep>ation ( solutions is "h reit]at$4 ,/irr+ %\ld be ?or\gh1 say = five m9utes1 & if !re is any s$im5t or undissolv$ matt] ! solution %\ld be /ra9$ ?r\gh clo? be=e us+4 ,:]e uni=m j>s or tanks are 9 use1 ! majority ( :i* w conta9 uni=m quantities ( latex daily1 ! practice ( us+ ! *emical c be made almo/ fool-pro( ev5 9 ! h&s ( coolies4 ,a calculation is made ( ! quantity ( p[d] requir$ = ea* vessel daily4 ,! necess>y numb] ( lots is weigh$ out ea* morn+ & ea* plac$ 9 an envelope4 ,! process is ?us simplifi$ by ! fact t ! cont5ts ( an envelope1 nei!r m nor less1 are requir$ = ea* unit reception vessel4 ,ev5 ! weigh+ c be done by a coolie if he is giv5 a c\nt]poise 7( lead1 = example7 equival5t to ! requir$ weight4 ,x w n be f\nd necess>y to d any vigor\s /irr+ ( ! solution ) ! latex1 z ! latt] is /ra9$ into ! solution & ! cont9u$ addition ( successive quantities is suffici5t to give a good mixture4 ,,use ,,( ,,=mal94--,few e/ates n[ use =mal9 7=maldehyde7 z an anti-coagulant4 ,x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t :5 n abus$ !re are po9ts 9 fav\r ( its employm5t 9 pref]5ce to sodium sulphite1 b ^! are outbalanc$ by c]ta9 disadvantages4 ,! argum5t may be /at$ ?us3 ,po9ts =3 7#a7 ,if made up fre%ly x is an effective anti-coagulant4 7#b7 ,=mal9 be+ ! solution ( a gas 9 wat]1 !re is no residual sub/ance left 9 ! rubb] to delay dry+4 7#c7 ,its use gives a bright cle> rubb]4 ,po9ts aga9/3 7#a7 ,its co/ at all times is great] ?an t ( sodium sulphite4 7#b7 ,if ! j> is n seal$ !re is loss by evaporation1 ?us increas+ ! co/4 7#c7 ,its effect ^u ! rubb] is unc]ta94 ,ev5 9 normal quantity x is said to cause brittl5ess or %ortness4 ,c]ta9 few e/ates1 h[ev]1 h cont9u$ its use1 & no tr\ble is claim$ to ensue4 ,! foll[+ =mula is /at$ to give satisfactory results 9 ! prep>ation ( %eet rubb]1 :5 appli$ z 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs be>+ on ! employm5t ( sodium sulphite3 ,=mula = ,use ( ,=mal9 7,=maldehyde74 7a7 #a p9t ( =mal9 is dilut$ ) #e gallons ( wat]4 7b7 ,( ?is solution #a gallon is requir$ = #ej gallons ( /&>dis$ latex4 ,9 not+ ?is =mula ! writ] gives no recomm5dation reg>d+ its use4 ,:atev] may be ! actual facts reg>d+ ! effect ( =mal9 ^u ! vulcanisation ( rubb]1 :5 us$ 9 m9imum proportions1 !re c be no "q conc]n+ its injuri\s effect if us$ 9 excess4 ,beyond ?is ! factors ( co/ & loss militate aga9/ its wid] employm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,%eet ,,rubb] ,,pale ,,%eet4--,! fir/ =m 9 :i* plantation rubb] 0 prep>$ 0 z biscuits or %eets4 ,?is =m rema9$ 9 fav\r = "s ye>s4 ,! fir/ biscuits or %eets 7 r d>k 9 col\r ow+ to ! natural oxidation :i* foll[$4 ,!n x 0 discov]$ t by dilut+ ! latex ! degree ( oxidation 0 dim9i%$1 & lat] x 0 f\nd t if ! s(t coagulum 7 plac$ 9 almo/ boil+ wat] = a %ort "t ! result+ rubb] 0 pale4 ,?us !re arose gradually a dem& = pale %eet4 ,) our pres5t k we are 9 a position to /ate t ! pale biscuits 7 n 9 any way sup]ior to ! d>k] ones1 & !y 7 9 mo/ cases actually inf]ior4 ,x 0 f\nd also z "t progress$ t %eet rubb]1 on air-dry+1 became cov]$ ) ext]nal surface m\lds1 & t1 m (t5 ?an n1 ! smell ( ! dry+ rubb] 0 ! rev]se ( pleasant4 ,ev5 :5 dry ! %eets _h to be cont9ually bru%$ free f m\lds1 & by ! "t ! rubb] rea*$ ! m>ket x 0 aga9 usually m\ldy4 ,su* are1 ev5 n[1 ! h&icaps "u :i* ^? :o prep>e pale %eets h to lab\r4 ,few1 h[ev]1 are ! e/ates mak+ pale %eets1 & !y are conf9$ almo/ entirely to native hold+s4 ,to ^? accu/om$ only to ! prep>ation ( crepe rubb]1 :]e coagulation c be effect$ 9 l>ge bat*es1 ! prep>ation ( %eet rubb] always seems to dem& mu* m lab\r4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 al?\gh ! prelim9>y op]ations c]ta9ly d dem& m c>e & lab\r ?an 9 crepe-mak+1 !re are comp5sat+ advantages 9 ! ma*9+ /age4 ,= ! prep>ation ( %eet ( ! highe/ quality on any b ! l>ge/ scale1 elaborate in/allations ( ma*9]y are q sup]flu\s1 z equal results c be obta9$ ) pairs ( rolls work$ by h&4 ,,uni=mity ,,( ,,product4--,!re w be no ne$ to ent] aga9 into a discussion ( ! prelim9>y op]ations ( receiv+ & /ra9+ latex = %eet-mak+4 ,!y h be5 fully dealt ) 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,x us$ to be ! g5]al cu/om to mix ! acid & latex 9 ea* individual di%1 & 9 "s small or non-progressive factories t is /ill ! proc$ure4 ,q ap>t f ! "q ( lab\r entail$1 ! process is q unnecess>y4 ,ev5 if comp>atively small volumes ( latex are h&l$1 /&>disation by dilution %\ld be ! rule1 & ! acid solution %\ld be add$ to ! bulk4 ,x is possible to /ir 9 ! acid & to ladle out uni=m quantities 9 ea* pan or di% f a bulk volume ( up to #dj gallons if ! organisation is effici5t4 ,on any b a small scale ! lab\r entail$ 9 ! h&l+ & clean+ ( pans is excessive1 & %all[ tanks are n[ employ$ on mo/ e/ates4 ,! reception & /&>disation ( latex by dilution has already be5 discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! comb9ation ( ?is practice ) ! employm5t ( %all[ coagulat+ tanks has simplifi$ work+ & r$uc$ ! co/ ( lab\r4 ,x is n int5d$ to ent] into any l5g?y discussion relative to ! m]its ( %eets made 9 pans z aga9/ ^? made 9 tanks4 ,x is grant$ t x is possible to make a pan %eet sup]ior 9 appe>ance to ! g5]al av]age ( tank %eets2 b f an economic /&po9t ! introduction ( ! use ( tanks into all b ! smalle/ factories is only a matt] ( "t1 if ! dem& = ?is class ( rubb] p]si/s4 ,,! ,,ideal ,,tank4--,ev5 ! mo/ mod]n in/allations ( %eet-coagulat+ tanks mu/ be reg>d$ z m]ely tempor>y devices1 z1 giv5 facilities1 ! room = improvem5t is s wide4 ,! fir/ tanks made err$ 9 be+ too l>ge1 & z ! result ( exp]i5ce ! size ( units has n[ be5 r$uc$ to a maximum ( #ab feet by #d feet by #a foot deep4 ,illu/ration3 ,,unit ,,mod]n ,,coagulat+ ,,tank 7,,two ,,views74 ,con/ruction ( brick & cem5t ) l9+ ( glaz$ tiles4 ,note slots incorporat$ 9 side tiles4 ,p>tition bo>ds 9 piles 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,tanks are at pres5t con/ruct$ ei!r ( h>d timb] or ( brick & cem5t fac$ ) glaz$ tiles2 bo? types h inh]5t drawbacks4 ,! wood5 tanks are difficult to keep clean & 9 sweet condition4 ,! glaz$ tiles1 unless extremely well laid1 all[ ! acid s]um 7f :i* ! rubb] is remov$7 to p]colate betwe5 ! int]/ices4 ,?us pockets ( liquid collect b5ea? ! tiles1 & 9 process ( ! decomposition ( c]ta9 con/itu5ts dissolv$ 9 ! s]um evil-smell+ gases are set free4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ano!r ,,batt]y ,,( ,,tanks1 ,,) ,,dilution ,,tanks1 ,,rais$1 ,,on ,,! ,,"r4 ,note dra9age cocks1 *ute1 & sieve 9 position4 ,x %\ld n be a matt] ( difficulty = manufactur]s to make %eets ( ?ick glass suffici5tly l>ge to =m ! b$-plate & side-pieces necess>y 9 ! l9+ ( a tank4 ,if su* adjuncts c\ld be secur$1 ! disabilities indicat$ above w\ld be p]haps :olly remov$4 ,unless !re is a dem& f e/ates1 h[ev]1 x is idle to expect a supply to be =?com+4 ,an ev5 great] improvem5t w\ld take ! =m ( unit tanks ca/ 9 glaz$ :ite-w>e ) ! necess>y slots incorporat$ 9 ! sides4 ,at pres5t no kn[n firm makes su* tanks ( suffici5t size4 ,a unit c\ld measure 7int]nally7 #f feet by #d feet by #a foot deep1 ) slots #a-a_/b in*es ap>t1 & #c_/h in* 9 wid?4 ,! tanks might be re9=c$ ) iron b>s1 s t !y c\ld ei!r be us$ alone or emb$d$ 9 ! usual brick /ructure4 ,! junctions ( ! b$-plate & side-pieces c\ld be f9ely r\nd$ s z to facilitate clean+1 & at "o end a dra9+-hole c\ld be made1 say1 #a in* 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,clos] ,,view ,,( ,,=ego+4 ,note p>titions 9 position & coagulum be+ remov$4 ,meantime bo? ! h>d-wood tanks & ^? ( glaz$ tiles f9d _! p>ticul> applications4 ,! =m] is g5]ally employ$ 9 small] factories1 or :]e future l>ge increases ( crop preclude ! pres5t in/allation ( a fix$ sy/em4 ,! latt] f9d use 9 l>ge factories1 or :]e no new areas rema9 to come into be>+4 ,,mod]n ,,in/allation4--,z an example ( a mod]n in/allation ( coagulat+ tanks1 we c d no bett] ?an (f] reproductions ( ! sy/em n[ 9 use on ,patal+ ,e/ate4 ,a w>n+ mu/ be giv5 aga9/ employ+ all tanks ( /one-w>e or cem5t unless well glaz$4 ,almo/ )\t exception1 irrespective ( ! mat]ial us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( coagulat+ tanks1 wood5 p>titions are employ$4 ,9 ! few exceptional cases ! p>titions are ei!r ( glass or ( alum9ium4 ,! =m] w\ld appe> to be ! ideal sub/ance1 7 x n = initial co/ & loss by breakage4 ,^! disabilities may possibly be ov]come 9 c\rse ( "t4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,tanks4--,! use ( alum9ium w\ld h be5 wid] _h x n be5 = lack ( supplies & ! "q ( co/ dur+ ! ,w>4 ,a novel me?od ( employ+ alum9ium p>titions 0 introduc$ 9 ! factory ( ,tremelbye ,e/ate4 ,!re 7 no slots 9 ! sides ( ! glaz$-tile tanks1 b ! necess>y slots 7 v +5i\sly creat$ by means ( alum9ium di/ance-pieces1 ! two long edges ( :i* 7 turn$ at "r angles to ! face ( ea* piece to a dep? ( ab\t #a_/d in*4 ,! ends ( ! ?9 alum9ium p>tition mov$ 9 ! slot ?us =m$ betwe5 two adjac5t di/ance-pieces4 ,! friction betwe5 ! surfaces 0 suffici5t to all[ all ! p>titions1 :5 9 position1 to be rais$ well above ! floor ( ! tank1 s t a uni=m level ( latex 0 obta9$4 ,slight h&-pressure only 0 !n requir$ to pu% ! p>titions d[n4 ,naturally ! cleans+ ( glass or alum9ium p>titions pres5ts no difficulty1 b 9 ! case ( wood failure to ensure ?or\gh cleanl9ess leads to possible defects 9 ! f9i%$ dry rubb]4 ,provid$ ! wood c\ld be made wat]pro(1 no tr\ble w\ld ensue1 & h5ce v>i\s measures h be5 tri$ ) t object 9 view4 ,:5 new ! bo>ds h be5 surface-wax$ or v>ni%$1 & ! treatm5t has be5 repeat$ on occasions4 ,b 9 c\rse ( "t ! surface film ( wat]pro( mat]ial has disappe>$1 p>tially or :olly1 & ! tr\ble recurs4 ,:5 p>titions become sodd5 ) s]um1 ! surfaces are liable to be coat$ ) a slime1 consi/+ l>gely ( organic gr[?s :i* h an effect ^u ! latex1 caus+ pitt+ on ! surface ( ! coagulum & enclos$ bubbles )94 ,illu/ration3 ,,ano!r ,,batt]y ,,( ,,tanks1 ,,)\t ,,dilution ,,tanks ,,or ,,means ,,( ,,gravitat+ ,,latex4 ,x is recomm5d$1 !re=e1 t wood5 tanks1 aft] ord9>y cleans+ daily1 %\ld be swabb$ out ) a #e p] c5t4 solution ( sodium bisulphite4 ,wood5 p>titions %\ld receive ! same treatm5t1 & once a week at lea/ 7or e day if possible7 !y %\ld be plac$ 9 ! sun = an h\r or two1 c>e be+ tak5 t bo? sides ( a p>tition are expos$ 9 turn4 ,be=e be+ plac$ 9 ! latex1 all wood5 p>titions %\ld be made wet on ! surfaces4 ,"s ye>s ago ! writ]s _h made a p>tition ( vulcanite1 :i* app>5tly w\ld h prov$ ( great s]vice b = ! initial co/4 ,! adv5t ( ! ,w> put ! matt] out ( ! "q1 b x is possible n[ t su* a mat]ial w\ld be wor?y ( ext5d$ trial4 ,except 9 ! matt] ( co/1 x w\ld appe> to h advantages ov] any sub/ance yet tri$2 & if x 7 possible = e/ates to supply _! own l[] grade rubb]s direct1 ! co/ might be r$uc$ consid]ably4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,%eet+ ,,tank ,,conta9+ ,,coagulum ,,= ,,crepe ,,prep>ation4 ,beh9d wall 9 backgr\nd are ! tanks 9 :i* latex is /&>diz$4 ,note v5t1 to ! left1 ?r\gh :i* latex fl[s & wood5 /opp] on edge ( tank4 ,,/&>d ,,latex4--,en\gh has be5 writt5 7see ,*apt] ,,vii47 to famili>ise ! read] ) ! use ( ?is t]m = ! description ( latex dilut$ daily to a level ( dry rubb] cont5t4 ,:atev] may be ! practice else:]e1 x is n[ fairly g5]al on e/ates 9 ,malaya to r$uce all latices to a uni=m /r5g? = ! prep>ation ( %eet rubb]4 ,x is claim$ t only 9 ?is mann] c uni=mity ( product be a*iev$4 ,! selection ( a /&>d has be5 ! outcome ( g5]al exp]i5ce4 ,x has be5 f\nd t if too high a /&>d is tak5 difficulties arise1 su* z 7#a7 unsatisfactory & unev5 coagulation1 7#b7 too ?ick a coagulum = easy work+ 9 g5]al1 7#c7 too ext5d$ a p]iod ( dry+ & smoke-cur+1 & h5ce too d>k a col\r 9 ! f9i%$ rubb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,batt]y ,,( ,,%eet+ ,,tanks 7,,patal+ ,,e/ate74 ,,dilution ,,tanks1 ,,rais$1 ,,on ,,! ,,left4 ,on ! o!r h&1 too l[ a /&>d also br+s tr\ble 9 its tra94 ,! coagulum is too por\s1 w n /& h&l+1 & ! resultant %eet is too ?9 unless an abnormal ?ickness ( coagulum is prep>$4 ,fur!rmore1 ov]-dilution means an increase 9 ! numb] ( tanks requir$ = any orig9al volume ( latex4 ,?is involves an increase 9 floor area1 & p]haps 9 ! size ( ! build+4 ,! s(t %eets1 :5 roll$1 may spread to su* a wid? z to cause ! edges to be squeez$ "u ! *eek-blocks ( ! ma*9es1 etc4 ,= all practical purposes1 :e!r %eets are prep>$ 9 pans or 9 tanks1 x has be5 f\nd t ! optimum results are obta9$ by ! adoption ( a /&>d approximat+ & n exce$+ #a-a_/b lbs4 dry rubb] p] gallon4 ,prim>ily ?is /&>d has a direct connection & int]dep5d5ce ) ! di/ance betwe5 ! p>titions 7or betwe5 ! slots7 9 coagulat+ tanks4 ,! di/ance f\nd mo/ practicable is #a-a_/b in*es4 ,?is ?ickness ( coagulum1 :5 prep>$ f latex n exce$+ a /&>d ( #a-a_/b lbs4 dry rubb] p] gallon1 is f\nd to yield a v satisfactory %eet 9 all respects4 ,x w be se5 t we h two possible ma9 factors ( v>iation3 7a7 ,di/ance betwe5 p>titions1 caus+ visible diff]5ces 9 ?ickness ( coagulum4 7b7 ,dry rubb] cont5t ( latex1 caus+ diff]5ces 9 ! d5sity 7e4g41 h>dness or s(tness7 ( ! coagulum4 ,! effect ( v>iation 9 7a7 w be cle>4 ,ev5 :5 latex ( a /&>d ( #a-a_/b lbs4 p] gallon is employ$ ! result+ %eet may be ei!r too ?9 or too ?ick4 ,simil>ly1 z already argu$1 ! use ( too l[ or too high a /&>d ( dilution 7:5 ! factor ( di/ance betwe5 p>titions is n all[$ to v>y7 is capable ( caus+ mu* difficulty4 ,:ile ?is is correct1 broadly1 x is f\nd 9 ! exp]i5ce ( "s e/ates t _! requirem5ts are satisfi$ by a slightly l[] /&>d ?an #a-a_/b lbs4 p] gallon4 ,?us x is n uncommon to note ! adoption ( a /&>d equival5t to #a lb4 #d ozs4 or #a lb4 #f ozs4 dry rubb] p] gallon4 ,exp]i5ce dictates1 h[ev]1 t = ! recognis$ /&>d measurem5ts ( mod]n tanks ! practical limits ( satisfactory d5sity ( latex lie betwe5 #a-a_/d lbs4 & #a-a_/b lbs4 p] gallon4 ,,/&>dis+ ,,in/rum5ts4--,= /&>dis+ latex by dilution all t is requir$ is an in/rum5t :i* w pres]ve a p]p5dicul> position :ile float+ 9 latex1 w be suffici5tly s5sitive to indicate fairly small diff]5ces 9 d5sity ( latex1 & has "o m>k on its a]ial portion accurately indicat+ a d5sity correspond+ to ! requir$ /&>d4 ,on sci5tific gr\nds x c be demon/rat$ t su* an in/rum5t z employ$ 9 common practice w\ld n be /rictly accurate4#f ,x is n propos$1 9 ?is section ( ! book1 to discuss su* consid]ations4 #f ,de ,vries1 ,ar*ief voor de ,rubb]cultuur4 ,in/rum5ts ( ?is nature are repres5t$ by ! ,metrolac 7orig9at+ f ! ,rubb] ,gr[]s' ,association7 & o!r simil> record]s4 ,!y g5]ally consi/ ( a subm]sible bulb ) a project+ /em :i* is graduat$4 ,! ,metrolac diff]s f o!rs 9 t ! bulb is ( torp$o =m 7?us r$uc+ sk9 friction71 & ! graduations on ! /em indicate actual weight ( dry rubb] p] gallon in/ead ( ! ord9>y specific gravity figures4 ,!oretical consid]ations to ! contr>y1 x is f\nd 9 actual practice 9 ,malaya & ,ceylon t1 al?\gh su* in/rum5ts are naturally delicate & require c>eful manipulation1 !y are ( consid]able practical value & satisfy a def9ite requirem5t4 ,until an in/rum5t ( great] accuracy & equal simplicity c be discov]$ all e/ates %\ld reg>d ! possession ( a few ,metrolacs z ess5tial4 ,! nature ( _! con/ruction & ! av]age conditions "u :i* !y are us$ 7& abus$7 make x impossible to rely ^u _! accuracy indef9itely or = any long p]iod4 ,x is always recomm5d$1 !re=e1 t !re %\ld be at lea/ two in/rum5ts available1 "o ( :i* may be 9 daily use1 :ile ! o!r is kept 9 safe cu/ody & only employ$1 say1 once a week = purposes ( *eck+ ! accuracy or degree ( inaccuracy ( ! o!r4 ,?is c be done ) reasonable approximity by plac+ bo? in/rum5ts 9 a tall vessel conta9+ well-mix$ & dilut$ latex4 ,in/rum5ts %[+ a m>k$ degree ( inaccuracy %\ld n be pres]v$2 b 9 cases ( necessity ,metrolacs f e/ates belong+ to company memb]s ( ! ,rubb] ,gr[]s' ,association may be s5t to ! laboratories = repair & adju/m5t4#g #g ,?is applies to ! gilt brass in/rum5ts4 ,z ! result ( exp]im5t ! ,rubb] ,gr[]s' ,association are n[ introduc+ glass in/rum5ts4 ,^! are necess>ily m fragile1 b :ile unbrok5 c be reli$ on to give correct read+s4 ,:]e field coagulat+ /ations h be5 in/itut$ on e/ates1 x is /rictly necess>y t in/rum5ts %\ld be provid$ 9 all cases2 & x %\ld be a rule t ^! are te/$ & correct$ weekly by a /&>d in/rum5t employ$ = t purpose only4 ,?is ne$ 0 well recognis$ by _m e/ates :51 dur+ ! ,w> & ! consequ5t %ortage ( supply ( ,metrolacs1 a dem& arose :i* 0 met 9 "s degree by crude in/rum5ts ( local manufacture1 su* z t commonly kn[n z ! ,ca/lefield bobb]1 contriv$ & made by ! ent]pris+ manag] ( ! e/ate ( t "n4 ,! dem& = ! m accurate in/rum5ts c n[ be met4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,us+ ,,! ,,in/rum5ts4--,! ,metrolac 0 devis$ & introduc$ by ! writ]s on behalf ( ! ,rubb] ,gr[]s' ,association1 & directions = its use 7 giv54 ,tables 7 prep>$ by means ( :i* simple calculations = ! dilution ( any giv5 latex c\ld be made4 ,^! did n f9d an ext5d$ application1 inasmu* z 9 ! majority ( cases native work]s only 7 9 *>ge ( ! processes ( rubb] prep>ation4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 su* calculations are n /rictly necess>y1 z ! op]ation ( /&>dis+ ! latex c be done q simply & skilfully by a tra9$ native4 ,latex z x rea*es ! /ore 9 av]age wea!r f any p>ticul> division or field does n v>y greatly 9 d5sity4 ,! tra9$ coolie or =eman1 bas+ 8 practice on exp]i5ce1 adds to ! latex a quantity ( wat]1 & !n makes a fir/ te/ ) ! /&>dis+ in/rum5t4 ,sev]al additions ( wat] 7) ?or\gh /irr+7 may h to be made be=e a te/ indicates t ! correct d5sity has be5 obta9$1 b x is surpris+ h[ quickly a skill$ work] w arrive at ! desir$ /&>d4 ,extreme or absolute accuracy is n insi/$ ^u or desir$1 z avoidable delay is to be deprecat$1 & ! result 9 any case is suffici5tly exact = practical purposes4 ,,skimm+4--,dur+ ! gravitation ( ! latex f ! reception vessels 79 :i* ! /&>dis+ ( ! latex is effect$7 to ! coagulat+ tanks1 mu* surface fro? is usually caus$4 ,?is is be/ remov$ by means ( a ?9 bo>d ( a wid? slightly less ?an ! bread? ( ! tank4 ,! skimm+s are sometimes plac$ 9 pans & subsequ5tly made into a second grade ( %eet rubb]1 or !y receive treatm5t ) a small proportion ( sodium bisulphite & ev5tually appe> z f9e pale crepe4 ,! practice v>ies usually accord+ to ! =m 9 :i* ! g5]al ,no4 #a grade is prep>$4 ,on "s e/ates a great deal ( ! fro?+ is avoid$ by plac+ 9 position at ! receiv+ end ( ! tank a p]=at$ p>tition4 ,?is p>tition may be made ( wood1 or ( /\t z9c 7or alum9ium7 c>ry+ t5 circul> holes to ! in*4 ,?r\gh ?is ! latex p]colates1 :ile ! fro? is reta9$ on a small area4 ,! fro? is remov$ prior to ! addition ( ! acid4 ,aft] /irr+ 9 ! acid solution mo/ e/ates aga9 skim ! surface ( ! latex2 b if ! /irr+ has be5 p]=m$ prop]ly !re %\ld be little fro?4 ,?is1 :5 x collapses1 9 any case w appe> only on ! upp] edge ( ! /rip ( coagulum1 & aft] roll+ %\ld n be visible4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !re=e1 t ! second skimm+ is n necess>y4 ,,/yle ,,( ,,%eet4--,)9 ! la/ few ye>s ! cu/om ( mak+ pla9 %eet--i4e41 %eet hav+ a pla9 surface--has gradually giv5 place to ! prep>ation ( ribb$ %eet--i4e41 %eet hav+ a patt]n m>k$ on ! surface4 ,x w\ld probably be correct to say t pla9 7smoo?7 %eet is n[ only prep>$ by natives or by "s e/ates j come into be>+4 ,ev5 9 ! latt] case !re is no reason :y smoo? %eet %\ld be made1 z h& ma*9es are sold :i* w d all ! "w requir$4 ,x w be evid5t to anyone acqua9t$ ) rubb] prep>ation t 9 ! matt] ( actual quality ( rubb] ! "q ( smoo?ness or a patt]n c h no be>+ on ! result4 ,"o advantage claim$ = ribb$ %eet :i* may entirely ju/ify ! pref]5ce exhibit$ by consum]s1 relates to ! "q ( pack+4 ,:5 rubb] arrives at home x is frequ5tly f\nd to be 9 an almo/ solid block1 due to ! pressure ( ! %eets sup]impos$ 9 ! case4 ,! smoo!r ! surfaces ( ! rubb] 9 contact ! great] ! adhesion & ! d5s] w be ! mass1 & consequ5tly ! great] ! difficulty 9 sep>at+ individual pieces4 ,"u su* circum/ances x is pla9 t ! difficulty is dim9i%$ if ! %eets h a rais$ patt]n on !m4 ,x is not$ also t ! liability to mildew-gr[? is great] ! smoo!r ! surfaces ( ! rubb]4 ,on ^! gr\nds ! m>k+ ( %eet rubb] is to be comm5d$4 ,^! reasons ap>t1 x is really a/oni%+ ! diff]5ce made 9 ! appe>ance ( ! %eets by impress+ ^u !m a ribb$ patt]n1 & x is highly probable t ! m>ket value ( ! rubb] is slightly increas$4 ,x is n our duty to attempt to reason :y ?is simple op]ation %\ld increase ! m>ket value ( %eet rubb]2 x is suffici5t to recognise t x is s1 & t money may be ?r[n away by neglect+ to cat] = ! ta/e ( ! m>ket4 ,( ! patt]ns impress$ ^u %eet rubb] !re is a v>iety1 b ! g5]al /yle is t kn[n z ! spirally close-cut ribb+4 ,,/&>d ,,%eet4--,leav+ = ! pres5t ! "q ( patt]n ( m>k1 "o _c d bett] by way ( introduction ?an to reproduce ! in/ructions#h giv5 g5]ally to e/ates4 #h ,h&book on ,prep>ation ( ,rubb]1 ,rubb] ,gr[]s' ,association1 ,may1 #aiag1 p4 #bh4 ,,roll+ ,,& ,,m>k+ ,,( ,,%eet ,,rubb]4--,work+ ) /&>d latex x is f\nd t /rips ( coagulum #a-a_/b in*es 9 ?ickness require little roll+ to produce %eets ( desirable ?ickness4 7#a7 ,! %eets or /rips are fir/ giv5 a prelim9>y roll+ ) a heavy h&-roll] made ( h>d wood4 ,! roll] is pass$ once 9 "o direction1 & once 9 ! rev]se direction4 7#b7 ,! coagulum is !n pass$ ?r\gh smoo? ma*9es twice1 once ) ! rolls fairly op51 & once ) a n>r[] space4 ,x is n f\nd advisable to close ! smoo? rolls s tightly t ! rubb] is made too h>d4 7#c7 ,! %eets or /rips are !n pass$ once ?r\gh a pair ( m>k+ roll]s4 ,v>i\s types ( patt]ns are us$1 b ! "o :i* appe>s to give ! mo/ satisfactory results is t kn[n z ! close-cut spiral4 ,?is produces ! semblance ( a small diamond patt]n on ! rubb]4 ,! surface ( ! %eet is rais$ 9 well-def9$ ridges1 :i* appe> to pres5t ! maximum dry+ surface expos$ to ! atmosph]e ( ! smoke-h\se4 ,?us1 n only is ! appe>ance ( ! %eet r5d]$ attractive1 b also ! p]iod ( dry+ is r$uc$4 ,/>t+ ) /&>d latex & foll[+ ! proc$ure "h describ$ = roll+ & m>k+1 %eets %\ld be ready = pack+ 9 t5 or elev5 days4 ,if ! p]iod is long]1 x is possible t ! design or /ructure ( ! smoke-h\se is at fault4 ,,:5 ,,to ,,"w ,,! ,,coagulum4--,be=e proce$+ to discuss o!r po9ts ! "q rema9s to be settl$ z to h[ long x may be necess>y or advisable to all[ ! coagulum to rema9 9 ! s]um be=e roll+ x4 ,= reasons ( practical economy 9 factory work+1 x is usual to all[ %eet rubb] to rema9 ov] night1 & ! coagulum receives att5tion e>ly next morn+4 ,dur+ ! int]val 7av]ag+ ab\t eighte5 h\rs71 ! coagulum consolidates1 leav+ an almo/ cle> s]um if ! correct quantity ( acid has be5 add$ to ! latex4 ,any b ! v slighte/ trace ( milk9ess 9 ! s]um indicates an insuffici5cy ( coagulant4 ,if ! s]um is always def9itely cle>1 !re may be gr\nds = believ+ t an excess is be+ us$4 ,if ! quantity ( coagulant has be5 calculat$ to an av]age nicety1 ! s]um %\ld be j dubi\sly free f milk9ess4 ,! firmness ga9$ by ! coagulum on /&+ 9 ! s]um ov]night %\ld enable x to be h&l$ next morn+ )\t any m>k$ /ret*+1 & 9 "s e/ates ! rubb] is put direct ?r\gh ! fir/ pair ( smoo? rolls )\t a prelim9>y consolidation by means ( h&-roll+4 ,"s e/ates pref] to h&le ! coagulum :ile r s(t]1 z x is claim$3 7a7 ,t ! coagulum is easi] to "w1 & %eets ( improv$ appe>ance c be made4 7b7 ,t !re is great] fre$om f bubbles4 7c7 ,t ! incid5ce ( ru/ is less5$4 ,^! claims are sub/antiat$ 9 practice2 b 9 ! case ( ! ?ird1 x only holds provid$ t ! rubb] c be f9i%$ & plac$ 9 ! smoke-h\se almo/ z soon z ! la/ %eet has be5 ma*9$4 ,9 su* cases all latex mu/ rea* ! /ore comp>atively e>ly 9 ! day--e4g41 be=e noon4 ,?ree h\rs is all[$ = coagulation1 & ! work+ ( ! rubb] is !n comm5c$4 ,z a g5]al rule ?is means t ! op]ations ( roll+ & m>k+ mu/ be complet$1 a %ort int]val giv5 = dripp+1 weigh+ mu/ be done1 & ! rubb] plac$ 9 ! smoke-h\se be=e night falls 7z a rule ab\t #f4cj p4m474 ,unless factories deal+ ) a l>ge crop are well equipp$ ) artificial light1 su* a c\rse is n op5 to !m2 9 any case x rema9s true t night "w %\ld be avoid$ if possible4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x c be arrang$ )\t increas+ ! co/ ( production1 !re w\ld appe> to be no objection to ! e>ly work+ ( ! coagulum z describ$ above4 ,,h&-,,roll+4--,z already indicat$1 "s few e/ates d n give ! /rips ( coagulum any prelim9>y h&-roll+1 z ! rubb] is consid]$ to be suffici5tly firm to be h&l$ into ! fir/ ma*9e4 ,on mo/ e/ates h&-roll+ is f\nd necess>y1 ow+ to ! t5d5cy ( ! long /rips to /ret* unduly1 giv+ badly %ap$ %eets4 ,?is h&-roll+ %\ld be done c>efully1 & is be/ effect$ on a specially con/ruct$ table4 ,?is consi/s ess5tially ( an in*-?ick h>d-wood plank ab\t #b in*es wid]1 & #d or #e feet long]1 ?an ! /rip ( coagulum4 ,along ! edges ( ! plank1 & at "r angles to its upp] flat surface1 may be fa/5$ /rips ( wood ab\t #a_/b in* squ>e 9 section1 ?us =m+ a %all[ tray op5 at ei!r end4 ,^! /rips s]ve two purposes3 7a7 ,z ! wood5 roll] is wid] ?an ! plank1 !y prev5t ! coagulum be+ roll$ too ?9 & too firm4 7b7 ,!y prev5t ! coagulum be+ squa%$ too wide1 & t5d to keep ! edges /raight4 ,to avoid ?ick ends x is sometimes consid]$ advisable to ins]t1 at ei!r end ( ! roll+ table1 %all[ w$ges ab\t #f in*es long1 ( ! same wid? z ! table 7betwe5 ! edge-/rips71 & ) ! %>p end ( ! w$ge po9t+ 9 ! direction ( ! l5g? ( ! table4 ,! ends ( ! coagulum are drawn up & f9i%$ on ^! incl9$ planes4 ,^! po9ts may appe> to be extreme ref9em5ts1 b z long z rubb] is valu$ on su* gr\nds we mu/ endeav\r to meet ! sy/em impos$ ^u u4 ,,smoo?-,,roll+4--,x is advis$ t1 aft] h&-roll+1 ! coagulum %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh at lea/ two ma*9es hav+ smoo?-rolls4 ,on "s e/ates ?ree su* ma*9es are employ$4 ,! purpose ( ?is proc$ure is to r$uce ! ?ickness ( ! coagulum gradually4 ,! same c\ld be effect$1 ( c\rse1 on "o ma*9e2 b obvi\sly ! di/ance betwe5 ! rolls w\ld h to be readju/$ at ea* op]ation & = ea* piece ( coagulum4 ,ap>t f ! "t ?us wa/$1 !re is ! c]ta9ty1 9 view ( ! r\gh adju/m5t ( ! ma*9es1 t ! *ances ( obta9+ uni=mly ?ick %eets w\ld be slight4 ,! ma*9es %\ld be arrang$ z a batt]y1 ) ! m>k+ rolls at "o end1 s t ! op]ations are consecutive4 ,x is errone\s to imag9e t heavy ma*9es 7su* z ^? us$ 9 crepe prep>ation7 are requir$4 ,light ma*9]y only is necess>y = %eet-mak+2 b any available heavy smoo?-roll ma*9es 9 a crepe+ batt]y may s]ve admirably = ! purpose4 ,,m>k+4--,heavy ma*9es are unnecess>y = ! purpose ( putt+ a patt]n on %eet rubb]4 ,if ! rubb] has be5 prop]ly prep>$ a light pair ( rolls is capable ( ex]t+ suffici5t pressure to cause a good up/&+ patt]n4 ,rolls are cut 9 v>i\s designs3 "s ) diamond grooves on bo? rolls2 "s ) grooves ( v>y+ wid? & dep? encircl+ ! circumf]5ce ( ! rolls1 ?us creat+ a /ripe effect on ! rubb]2 & "s ) diagonally-cut spiral grooves plac$ closely toge!r4 ,! la/ has ! greate/ vogue at pres5t1 :ile ! fir/ has almo/ gone out ( fav\r4 ,an objection lodg$ aga9/ ! second design is t ! edges ( ! grooves sometimes cut ?r\gh ! rubb]1 s t ! dri$ %eet divides 9 /rips4 ,x w\ld appe> 9 su* in/ances t ei!r ! coagulum 0 too ?9 & s(t1 or t ! grooves _h be5 cut too deeply & %>ply4 ,9 any case ! *oice ( a design is an arbitr>y matt]1 & %\ld dep5d ^u ! effect produc$ on ! rate ( dry+ & ! g5]al appe>ance4 ,! popul> close-cut spiral roll is ma*9$ ) v>y+ measurem5ts1 b ! usual design has grooves #a_/h in* wide by #a_/h in* deep & #c_/af in* ap>t4 ,_m e/ates h a p>ticul> br& cut 9 ! middle ( ! rolls = purposes ( id5tification4 ,if ?is is done x is advis$ t ! ma9 groov+ ( ! rolls be c>ri$ into ! br&+ /rip2 o!rwise grip w be lack+ on ?is portion1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( cockl+ ( ! %eets w result4 ,%eets are (t5 se5 9 :i* ! pot5tial effect ( ! groov+ is r$uc$ to a comp>atively flat patt]n 9 place ( ! desir$ ridges4 ,! fault is g5]ally attribut$ to ! %ortcom+s ( ! m>k+ rolls4 ,:ile x is true t ! groov+ (t5 det]iorates by friction-we> :5 ! rolls are runn+ free1 exp]i5ce g5]ally decides t ! defici5cy 9 ! appe>ance ( ! rubb] %\ld be attribut$ to faulty previ\s prep>ation r ?an to ! m>k+ rolls4 ,sets ( rolls h be5 *ang$ (t5 )\t ju/ification or an improv$ result4 ,x w\ld always be well to be c]ta9 fir/ t ! tr\ble did n emanate f ! fact t ! coagulum _h be5 previ\sly roll$ s ?9 & h>d t ! rubb] c\ld n be squeez$ s z to fill ! grooves4 ,?is has be5 f\nd to be a common fault1 & ! g5]al effect is to delay dry+ 9 spite ( ! ?9ness ( ! rubb]4 ,aga91 ! tr\ble may h be5 due to an incorrect /&>disation ( ! latex1 g5]ally 9 ! direction ( too heavy a d5sity 7too ri* a latex7 be+ employ$4 ,! orig9al ?ickness ( ! coagulum w\ld be normal1 b ow+ to ! abnormal rubb]-cont5t ! effect ( pass+ ?r\gh ! smoo? rolls w\ld be ! production ( a /rip ?ick] & firm] ?an ord9>y4 ,if ?is firmness is appreciable ! resi/ance ( ! rubb] to ! squeez+ action ( ! m>k+ rolls w result 9 a flat patt]n--i4e41 ! grooves _c be fill$1 & ! ridges are l[4 ,x is advis$ t all rolls us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( %eet rubb] %\ld be at lea/ #ah in*es wide1 9 ord] to avoid ! appe>ance ( ?ick5$ edges :i* delay dry+4 ,work+ ) ! correct /&>d ( dilution ( latex1 & foll[+ ! proc$ure indicat$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs1 ! dry %eet %\ld n exce$ an av]age ?ickness 7ov] ridges & depressions7 ( #a_/h in*4 ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,smoke-,,cur+4--,x us$ to be ! cu/om to all[ %eet rubb] to air-dry fir/ = p]iods v>y+ f "o to sev]al days4 ,naturally m\lds 7 soon =m$1 & :5 ! %eets 7 q smoke-cur$ a mass ( ! dead m\lds c\ld be se51 if n ov] ! :ole %eet1 at lea/ 9 ! corn]s ( ea* diamond m>k4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ 9 practice t !re is no advantage 9 all[+ %eets to air-dry p>tially be=e smok+4 ,9 fact1 to obta9 ! greate/ b5efit f smoke-cur+1 %eet rubb] %\ld be plac$ 9 ! smoke-h\se z soon z possible4 ,! same effect ( m\ld-gr[? may be not$ if ! wet %eets are plac$ 9 a smoke-h\se insuffici5tly heat$4 ,o!r defects may arise :i* c be trac$ to faulty treatm5t ( ! m>k$ coagulum prior to hang+ 9 ! smoke-h\se & subsequ5t to roll+4 ,^! w be enl>g$ ^u 9 a subsequ5t section ( ! book1 & at pres5t x w suffice to indicate ! proc$ure :i* exp]i5ce directs z likely to give ! be/ results4 ,:5 ! l5g?s ( coagulum leave ! m>k+ ma*9e !y are usually laid 9 piles conta9+ two doz5 or m /rips4 ,! piles are !n cut into ! requir$ l5g?s1 ! exact l5g? g5]ally be+ det]m9$ by ! available p]p5dicul> di/ance betwe5 ! supports 9 ! smoke-h\se4 ,x is necess>y to rem>k t ! piles ( %eets %\ld n be all[$ to accumulate1 b %\ld be dealt ) 9 subsequ5t treatm5t progressively4 ,if = "s reason ?is is n possible1 !n all piles ( %eets %\ld be turn$ on edge s z to assi/ ! dra9+ away ( ! s]um or "m-liquor1 :i* cont9ues to ooze f ! rubb] = "s "t aft] ! squeez+ 9 ! ma*9es4 ,:]e hot wat] is available ! fre%ly cut %eets %\ld be pass$ into x z soon z possible1 & giv5 a ?or\ghly good swill+4 ,! caution mu/ be giv5 t ! hot wat] %\ld be *ang$ v frequ5tly &1 if possible1 aft] e bat*1 say1 ( a hundr$ %eets4 ,! %eets %\ld !n be c>ri$ imm$iately to racks on :i* !y are hung to drip4 ,g5]ally ^! racks are situat$ "u cov]1 b !re is no reason :y !y %\ld n be plac$ 9 ! op5 air )\t cov] or %ade4 ,f cont9u$ exp]i5ce ( ?is practice ov] a p]iod ( ye>s x is f\nd advantage\s & to be pref]r$ to ! usual me?od ( all[+ %eets to drip "u cov]4 ,:ile ! %eets are fre% & load$ ) int]nal moi/ure1 ! effect ( sun-heat ^u ! surface1 :5 expos$ =1 say1 two h\rs1 is nil2 & ! safety ( ! process c be gu>ante$1 provid$ ! /at$ limit is n exce$$ to an appreciable ext5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,old ,,me?od ,,( ,,dripp+ ,,fre%ly ,,roll$ ,,%eets ,,)9 ,,! ,,factory4 ,aft] dripp+ = an h\r or s1 ! %eets %\ld be plac$ 9 ! smoke-h\se4 ,if x is a bright sunny day1 no extra precautions ne$ be tak52 b on cool1 dull days x w\ld be advisable to light ! fires e>li] ?an usual1 consi/5t ) ! "w requir$ to be done 9 ! h\se--e4g41 9 ! removal ( dry rubb]4 ,!re w\ld appe> to be no reason :y ! dry %eets %\ld n be fir/ remov$1 s t on dull or wet days smok+ c be comm5c$ z soon z ! wet rubb] has be5 hung4 ,on a few e/ates :]e ! smoke-h\ses are work$ cont9u\sly1 except = a few h\rs 9 ! morn+1 a portion ( ! build+ is sep>at$ by a p>tition = ! reception ( ! wet rubb]4 ,! %eets are tak5 directly f ! m>k+ rolls & plac$ 9 ! *amb]1 b5ea? :i* a fire is />t$4 ,! %eets ?us drip 9 a w>m & smoke-lad5 atmosph]e until next morn+1 :5 !y are weigh$ & remov$ to ! smoke-h\se prop]4 ,x is claim$ t fre$om f ru/ is ?us obta9$4 ,x w be cle> t 9 ! treatm5t ( ! rubb] prep>atory to smok+ ! :ole process %\ld be cont9u\s1 & delay %\ld be avoid$ if ! be/ results are to be obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new] ,,me?od ,,( ,,hang+ ,,9 ,,! ,,op5 ,,air4 ,,smok+ ,,( ,,rubb]4--,! assumption may h be5 not$ above t ! %eet is to be smok$4 ,z f> z our k ext5ds1 none b small native e/ates n[ prep>e %eet rubb] ( any o!r type1 ) ! exception ( c]ta9 pat5t processes4 ,air-dri$ %eets are g5]ally made on small-hold+s1 & are b\ght 9 ! m>ket *iefly = ! purpose ( mac]at+ & mak+ into blanket crepe4 ,we h no int5tion1 !re=e1 ( discuss+ ! possibilities or qualities ( air-dri$ %eets1 z ! output ( %eet-rubb] f our e/ates is always 9 smok$ =m4 ,! dry+ 7or1 prop]ly1 smok+7 /age w be discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,crepe ,,rubb] ,,no4 #a1 ,,or ,,f9e ,,pale ,,crepe4--,consid]+ fir/ ! prep>ation ( ! highe/ grade1 f9e pale crepe1 x mu/ be /at$ t ! difficulties atta*$ to ! process are g5]ally n suffici5tly appreciat$4 ,9 ?is pale rubb] m9or blemi%es are s pla9ly app>5t t _! importance is highly exagg]at$1 & :at w\ld wor?ily escape notice 9 smok$ rubb] assumes disproportionate prom95ce 9 pale crepes4 ,! v fact t su* a delicate mat]ial z col\rless coagulum has to be manipulat$ 9 co>se iron roll]s1 ) ! att5dant oil & grease worries1 %\ld be suffici5t to det] "o f criticis+ too h>%ly ! occasional lapses ( an e/ate /ruggl+ to give ( its be/ to ! m>ket4 ,at ! same "t !re c be no d\bt t if precautions are tak5 to att5d to all likely s\rces ( contam9ation1 defects 9 pale crepe may be avoid$ to a wond]ful ext5t2 & on "s e/ates ! obs]vance ( elem5t>y rules enables ! prep>ation ( ! f9e/ pale crepe to be made almo/ me*anically4 ,,/&>disation ,,( ,,latex4--,! "q ( ! /&>disation ( latex has be5 dealt ) 9 a g5]al way 9 ,*apt] ,,vii41 & ! read] is n[ famili> ) ! tr5d ( ! argum5t 9 its fav\r4 ,x w be recognis$ t ! necessity = /&>disation exi/s to ! same degree 9 ! correct prep>ation ( pale crepe z 9 ! case ( smok$ %eet4 ,unless ! dry rubb] cont5t is inv>iable1 & ! quantities ( *emicals fix$1 ! col\r ( ! crepe may v>y appreciably4 ,x may be po9t$ out t x is n ess5tial to adopt ! same /&>d ( dilution z = %eet prep>ation4 ,giv5 t latices f all fields or divisions are fairly uni=m1 & ( high rubb] cont5t1 ! /&>d may be tak5 at a figure equival5t1 = example1 to #b lbs41 or #b-a_/b lbs41 or ev5 #c lbs4 p] gallon4 ,x is wise1 nev]!less1 to take a l[] /&>d = sev]al reasons4 ,= in/ance3 7a7 ,! av]age dry rubb] cont5t v>ies ) climatic conditions1 position ( ! cut on ! tree1 g5]al heal? ( ! tree1 etc4 ,on a ra9y day ! dry rubb] cont5t may be l[]$ too greatly by adv5titi\s circum/ances4 7b7 ,record+ in/rum5ts (t5 fail to give ev5 approximately correct read+s 9 ri* latex4 ,errors may ?us be made easily4 7c7 ,a fairly s(t coagulum means easi] work+ on ! ma*9es1 less lab\r1 & proportionately *eap] co/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree ,,grades ,,( ,,crepe ,,rubb]4 ,left to "r3 f9e pale crepe2 second quality pale crepe2 comp\nd crepe4 ,x is advis$1 !re=e1 t = g5]al purposes ! same /&>d z t f\nd suitable = %eet rubb] %\ld be tak5--viz41 #a-a_/b lbs4 dry rubb] p] gallon4 ,at all ev5ts ! /&>d %\ld n exce$ #b lbs4 p] gallon4 ,,coagulation ,,& ,,coagulant4--,coagulation may be und]tak5 )\t any special arrangem5t ( tanks1 & is usually effect$ 9 ! ord9>y ,%anghai glaz$ e>!nw>e j>s conta9+ ab\t #de gallons4 ,giv5 reasonable c>e1 & a fairly fool-pro( sy/em ( calculation = ! quantities ( *emicals requir$1 no difficulty ne$ be exp]i5c$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,wa%+ ,,%$4 ,%eets are soak$ 9 hot wat] 9 tanks 9 ! backgr\nd1 & !n scrubb$ "u a spray ( cold wat]4 ,on a l>g] scale x is advis$ t prop] reception tanks1 9 :i* /&>disation c be effect$1 %\ld be in/all$4 ,:]e bo? %eet rubb] & f9e crepe are be+ prep>$1 ! :ole sy/em ( %eet-coagulat+ tanks may be employ$ ) consid]able advantage1 ev5 to ! ins]tion ( ! p>titions4 ,if ord9>y j>s are us$1 & ! coagulum is left until ! foll[+ morn+1 ! mass ( rubb] has to be cut up into pieces ( a size suitable = ! ma*9es4 ,! knives or saws are sometimes ru/y1 & ! col\r ( ! coagulum is affect$4 ,! coolies (t5 fe$ into ! ma*9es lumps :i* are too l>ge1 ) ! result t portions are ?ru/ "u ! *eek-blocks & become /a9$4 ,:5 a %eet-coagulat+ tank is us$ all lab\r ( cutt+ ! coagulum is obviat$4 ,! long /rips are h&l$ & f$ into ! rolls easily4 ,x may be se51 likewise1 t actual "w is ?us sav$ 9 ma*9+4 ,,quantity ,,( ,,coagulant4--,= a g5]al discussion on ! coagulant & quantities employ$1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,x is !re recomm5d$ t = latex /&>dis$ to a level ( #a-a_/b lbs4 p] gallon1 ! proportion ( pure acetic acid %\ld be 9 ! ratio ( #a3a1bjj4 ,directions are !re giv5 = ! mak+ ( ! solution1 & ! calculation ( ! quantity requir$ = any giv5 volume ( latex4 ,x is po9t$ out t = av]age undilut$ latex ! basis ( calculation1 = quantities ( acetic acid requir$1 %\ld be tak5 on ! ratio #a3a1jjj4 ,:]e latex exce$s a dry rubb] cont5t ( #c lbs4 p] gallon1 x may be necess>y to increase ! quantity ( acid to #a3hjj4 ,if a /&>d ( #b lbs4 p] gallon is adopt$1 ! =mula giv5 = ! #a-a_/b lbs4 /&>d w n give full satisfaction1 & ! quantity ( acid solution mu/ be increas$ slightly 9 ord] to obta9 complete coagulation4 ,assum+ t ! orig9al solution is prep>$ 9 #a p] c5t4 /r5g?1 ! foll[+ diff]5ce w\ld be not$3 7a7 ,"o "p pure acetic acid to #ajj p>ts wat] 7!oretically #ii p>ts74 7b7 #a-a_/b lbs4 p] gallon4 #b lbs4 p] gallon4 ,( ! above solution use #a gallon ,( ! above solution use #a to e #ab gallons ( /&>dis$ gallon to e #aj or #aa latex4 gallons ( /&>dis$ latex4 ,x is n possible to lay d[n an exact figure gov]n+ all cases1 z s mu* dep5ds ^u ! treatm5t und]gone by ! latex be=e x rea*es ! /ore4 ,"s e/ates cont9ue to use solutions ( great] /r5g?1 g5]ally #e p] c5t41 9 crepe prep>ation4 ,:ile su* solutions may be effectively /irr$ 9 :5 ! latex is dilute1 x is advis$ t = intimate mixture ! solution ne$ n be /rong] ?an #a p] c5t4 ,9 e/imat+ ! quantities ( acetic acid requir$ mu* dep5ds ^u ! int]val :i* is to elapse betwe5 ! addition ( acid & ! "t ( work+ ( ! coagulum4 ,if ! rubb] is to rema9 until next morn+1 ! av]age =mulae w be f\nd suitable2 b if x is requir$ to "w ! coagulum ) an int]val ( less ?an ?ree h\rs1 an excess ( acid mu/ be employ$4 ,! excess ne$ be comp>atively small1 unless ! int]val is mu* r$uc$4 ,= in/ance1 x is ! practice on "s few e/ates to beg9 ! ma*9+ ( ! coagulum ab\t half an h\r aft] coagulation comm5ces2 9 :i* case x is usual to add f a qu>t] to a half ( ! normal quantity 9 excess4 ,x ne$ sc>cely be po9t$ out t unless ?is proc$ure is /rictly unavoidable x %\ld be disc\rag$ on acc\nt ( ! wa/e ( coagulant involv$4 ,incid5tally1 ! use ( /rong solutions ( acid "u su* circum/ances may lead to increas$ det]ioration ( ! rolls4 ,,col\r ,,( ,,f9e ,,crepe4--,we are sometimes assur$ t manufactur]s d n pay ! att5tion to ! "q ( col\r :i* sale conditions w\ld lead "o to believe4 ,z f> z we are conc]n$1 & z long z !re is no direct traffic betwe5 produc] & consum]1 x mu/ be recognis$ t 9 ! va/ majority ( cases we are =c$ to conc]n ourselves only ) ! /&>ds set up 9 ! m>kets4 ,?is1 9 spite ( ! k t1 all o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! arbitr>y di/9ctions 9 col\r af=d no indication ( ! intr9sic value ( ! rubb]4 ,"u pres5t circum/ances x is pla9 t if pal5ess is dem&$ x has to be suppli$4 ,probably )\t exception all e/ates employ sodium bisulphite z ! ag5t = ! prev5tion ( t d>k5+ 7oxidation7 :i* is natural 9 dry+ rubb]4 ,,sodium ,,bisulphite4--,a =mula = use ( ?is *emical is giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,viii41 & is applicable to latex /&>dis$ to #a-a_/b lbs4 dry rubb] p] gallon4 ,if a high] /&>d is *os5 ! quantity calculat$ z 9 7b7 ( t =mula may be increas$ slightly1 & ! exact requirem5ts f\nd by exp]i5ce4 ,! caution mu/ aga9 be giv5 t ! employm5t ( an excess ( sodium bisulphite w lead to ! production ( an ov]-pale rubb]1 & a prolongation ( ! dry+ p]iod4 ,if ?ick crepes are made1 an excess ( ! *emical is sometimes made visible by a greyi% p[d] deposit$ on ! edges ( ! /rips ( dry rubb]4 ,x mu/ be emphasis$ t ! =mula 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 indicates ! maximum quantities requir$ = use ) /&>d latex4 ,_m e/ates w f9d x exp$i5t to use less ( ! *emical2 & if x is f\nd t ! desir$ result is n obta9$ f normal proportions1 att5tion %\ld be direct$ to ! po9ts discuss$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph4 ,,evaluation ,,& ,,det]ioration ,,( ,,sodium ,,bisulphite ,,& ,,sodium ,,sulphite4--,sodium bisulphite & sodium sulphite are bo? b\ght = our purpose 9 ! =m ( a f9e cry/all9e p[d]1 & on analysis good specim5s %\ld conta9 ov] #ij p] c5t4 pure sub/ance1 :5 pack$ 9 well-seal$ vessels4 ,x has (t5 happ5$ t %ipp]s or local sell]s1 by inadv]t5ce1 h suppli$ ! "o *emical 9 place ( ! o!r--to ! detrim5t ( ! rubb] & ! discomfiture ( manag]s ( e/ates4 ,! error1 z a rule1 has n be5 detect$ = "s "t1 & !n p]haps only z a result ( compla9ts or enquiries rea*+ ! laboratories4 ,to ! layman1 & c]ta9ly to ! native :o usually has *>ge ( ^! sub/ances1 x is n a simple matt] to di/+ui% betwe5 !m )\t special k4 ,!re are c]ta9 elem5t>y te/s1 h[ev]1 :i* c be appli$ on all e/ates s]v+ to make ! di/9ction1 b af=d+ no in=mation reg>d+ ! actual quality ( ! *emicals4 ,!y are giv5 9 a comp>ative =m on page #aaf4 ,samples ( d\btful specim5s may be s5t to ! laboratories = analysis1 b ! bulk ( ! *emical %\ld n be us$4 ,dur+ ! ,w> "s v poor %ipm5ts 7 receiv$1 & mu* tr\ble 0 caus$4 ,"u normal conditions !re c be no "q t x is to ! int]e/s ( *emical manufactur]s to supply ! be/ article2 & x is anticipat$ t 9 future !re %\ld be no difficulty 9 procur+ %ipm5ts ( a high degree ( purity4 ,sodium ,bisulphite4 ,sodium ,sulphite4 #a4 ,if 9 good condition x #a4 ,x has no p]ceptible has a p[]ful od\r ( od\r4 sulphur dioxide4#i #b4 ,9 solution x %\ld turn #b4 ,9 solution x %\ld turn a blue litmus-pap] r$4 a r$ litmus-pap] blue4 #c4 ,x exhibits a m>k$ t5d5cy #c4 ,! t5d5cy to cake to cake if ! is less m>k$ ?an 9 drum is all[$ to ! case ( ! bisulphite4 rema9 op54 #i ,high-grade sodium bisulphite has v little od\r1 b by ! "t x rea*es ! e/ate1 & z a result ( %ort exposure to ! moi/ atmosph]e ( ! tropics1 a little decomposition sets 9 & a /rong od\r ( sulphur dioxide gas is noticeable4 ,x w be evid5t t1 z sodium bisulphite "u normal conditions gives (f a gas :5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 x det]iorates 9 quality cont9u\sly4 ,x is ! pot5tial pres5ce ( ?is gas :i* makes ! p[d] effective z an anti-oxidant & dis9fectant4 ,x is )9 ! exp]i5ce ( all accu/om$ to ! h&l+ ( ?is *emical1 t 9 addition to ! loss ( gas1 ! p[d] cakes into a h>d mass on exposure4 ,if only ! top lay] is cak$1 ! rema9d] may be 9 fair condition2 b no cak$ portions %\ld be us$1 z !y _c be ( good quality4 ,!y may1 h[ev]1 be us$ = ! treatm5t ( scrap rubb]1 to be discuss$ lat]4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,sodium ,,bisulphite4--,! ready t5d5cy ( sodium bisulphite to det]iorate on exposure %\ld give suffici5t indication reg>d+ its treatm5t 9 /orage4 ,x %\ld be b\ght only 9 drums 7or o!r air-tight conta9]s71 & %\ld be /or$ 9 a dry place4 ,no drum %\ld be op5$ until requir$1 & ! common practice ( keep+ an op5 drum on ! floor ( ! factory %\ld be avoid$4 ,drums are ( two sizes1 g5]ally conta9+ #a_/d or #a_/b cwt4 respectively4 ,x w be obvi\s t1 al?\gh ! prime co/ may be *eap] ) ! l>g] quantity1 x w\ld always be pref]able to secure ! small] drums1 z ! loss on exposure w be less4 ,mo/ commonly ! #ef lb4 drum is pur*as$4 ,x %\ld n be difficult to calculate ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! cont5ts w be consum$1 on ! basis ( a maximum ( #a lb4 p] #ajj gallons ( latex4 ,a #ef lb4 drum1 assum+ no loss or wa/e1 %\ld be suffici5t to treat at lea/ #e1fjj gallons ( latex 7say1 #h1ejj lbs4 ( rubb]7--if ! bisulphite is ( fir/-class quality1 & ! use is appli$ only to ! prep>ation ( f9e pale crepe4 ,:]e ! quantity us$ p] diem is small1 x is advis$ t precautions %\ld be tak5 to pres]ve ! quality ( ! *emical :5 a drum is op5$4 ,x might be ( advantage to place ! cont5ts ( ! drum 9 small] seal$ t9s1 or to h made a special conta9] 7) a closely fitt+ lid7 into :i* ! p[d] c be plac$ z soon z ! drum has be5 op5$4 ,,mix+ ,,solution ,,) ,,latex4--,emphasis has be5 laid1 9 ,*apt] ,,viii41 ^u ! necessity = c>e 9 ! prep>ation ( ! solution4 ,equal reg>d mu/ be giv5 to ! mixture ( ! solution ) ! latex4 ,on a few e/ates x us$ to be ! practice to add ! p[d] to ! solution ( acid1 ) /irr+4 ,obvi\sly ?is l$ at lea/ to a great loss ( effici5cy1 ow+ to ! rapid escape ( ! gas :i* 0 evolv$4 ,! solution ( sodium bisulphite %\ld be p\r$ into ! latex 9 z uni=m a di/ribution z possible4 ,! mixture ( solution & latex %\ld be ?or\ghly /irr$1 & if only natives are 9 *>ge a m9imum p]iod ( five m9utes %\ld be prescrib$ be=e ! addition ( ! coagulant4 ,a ?or\gh /irr+ %\ld aga9 foll[ ! adv5t ( ! acid4 ,if ^! elem5t>y rules are n obs]v$ fai?fully1 ! defici5cy w mo/ probably be manife/$ 9 ! dry rubb] 9 ! %ape ( /reaks ( v>y+ %ades ( col\r4 ,f9ally x may be insi/$ ^u t det]iorat$ sodium bisulphite %\ld n be us$4 ,9 ord] to obta9 an effect d\ble ! quantity may be requir$1 & ! residual salts left 9 ! rubb] on evaporation ( ! moi/ure w be responsible = prolong$ dry+1 surface deposits1 & possibly spot disease4 ,,=m] ,,me?ods ,,( ,,mak+ ,,pale ,,rubb]4--,m]ely z a matt] ( hi/oric int]e/ x may be m5tion$ t previ\s to ! introduction ( sodium bisulphite pale crepes 7 made 9 comp>atively small quantity by v>i\s devices1 among :i* ! foll[+ might be quot$3 7a7 ,use ( excessive quantities ( /rong acetic acid4 7b7 ,extreme dilution ( latex 9 conjunction ) excessive quantities ( acid4 7c7 ,extreme dilution 9 conjunction ) /eam+ & excess ( acid4 7d7 ,extreme dilution ( latex 9 conjunction ) excess ( acid & subsequ5t heat+ ( ! coagulum 9 hot wat]4 7e7 ,! use ( excess ( a m9]al acid su* z sulphuric acid4 7f7 ,! skimm+s & v dilute latex1 coagulat$ ) excess ( acid4 ,,work+ ,,! ,,coagulum4--,description ( ! details ( necess>y ma*9]y = crepe-mak+ is relegat$ to ,section ,,iii4 ( ?is book4 ,"h we %all treat only ( ! matt] 9 g5]al4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( crepe rubb] heavy ma*9]y is necess>y1 & ample eng9e-p[] mu/ be available4 ,! ma*9es %\ld comprise ?ree types3 7a7 ,) rolls cut 9 su* fa%ion1 & run at su* diff]5t spe$s1 z to h a mac]at+ effect ^u ! coagulum4 ,su* ma*9es or rolls w be ref]r$ to z mac]ators4 7b7 ,int]m$iate rolls1 groov$ 9 v>y+ designs & ge>$ diff]5tially4 ,^! r$uce ! ?ick r\gh crepe obta9$ f ! mac]ators into a =m suitable = pass+ to ! rolls describ$ 9 7c74 ,!y are sometimes call$ crep]s1 b z ?is t]m may be appli$ equally to ! mac]at+ rolls1 !y w be t]m$ ! int]m$iate rolls4 7c7 ,smoo? rolls usually run at approximately ev5 spe$s &1 z _! "n d5otes1 devoid ( any groov+4 ,!y are call$ smoo? rolls or f9i%]s4 ,)\t su* equipm5t x is n possible to prep>e ! grade :i* is kn[n z f9e pale crepe4 ,9 ! common acceptation ( ?is t]m crepe ( ,no4 #a quality g5]ally connotes f95ess & pal5ess ) a ?9 crepe :i* has a good1 smoo?1 & fairly well-knit texture4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible to make a ?ick pale crepe1 us+ only ! mac]ators & int]m$iates1 b ! f9i% w be t typical ( ! p>ticul> groov+ ( ! int]m$iate rolls4 ,= ! prep>ation ( crepe ord9>ily1 ! possession ( smoo? rolls is a s9e qua non4 ,= reasons :i* w be expla9$ m fully 9 ! *apt] deal+ ) ! defects ( crepe rubb]1 ! practice ( prep>+ ?ick crepes direct f ! coagulum is n[ v uncommon4 ,?ick crepes are g5]ally made by rework+ dry rubb]1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( ?9 crepes or f air-dri$ %eets4 ,! m>ket = ! latt] 9 ,malaya is conf9$ almo/ entirely to ,s+apore1 :]e factories buy native rubb] & re-"w x into ?ick crepe4 ,! bulk ( ! output ( ,no4 #a crepe f e/ates is 9 ! =m ( ?9 f9e pale crepe4 ,! artificial /&>d set up by buy]s & brok]s necessitates ?is ?9 crepe be+ ( ev5 texture & fairly free f small holes 7loos5ess74 ,:at diff]5ce ! small holes are to make 9 ! vulcanis+ prop]ties ( ! rubb] is beyond our k2 b su* be+ ! /&>d1 x mu/ be atta9$ if ! full price is to be obta9$4 ,9 ord] to secure ! desir$ effect ! coagulum mu/ be pass$ consecutively ?r\gh ! ?ree types ( rolls1 & und]goes a v>y+ degree ( work+ 9 ea*4 ,giv5 ! necess>y equipm5t ( ma*9es1 x is possible to make a good specim5 ( ?9 pale crepe if ! coagulum passes ?r\gh all ! rolls a total ( twelve times 7or ev5 less 9 exceptional cases74 ,!re is no int5tion ( sugge/+ t ?is is possible on all e/ates4 ,cle>ly ! numb] ( times ! rubb] passes ?r\gh ! rolls w dep5d ^u ! total effici5cy ( ! ma*9es4 ,?is 9 turn involves su* factors z 7a7 ! size ( ! rolls1 7b7 ! numb] ( ma*9es ( ea* type1 7c7 ! ge>+ ( ! p9ions1 7d7 ! spe$ ( ! drive1 etc4 ,aga91 mu* dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! coagulum work$4 ,a fairly s(t coagulum w (f] less resi/ance1 & conv]sely a d5se coagulum w require m ma*9+4 ,x has be5 %[n by ! writ]s 9 previ\s publications t ov]-work+ ( ! coagulum has an effect on ! vulcanisation ( ! rubb]2 & ?is has be5 confirm$ by o!rs4#aj ,ap>t f ?is po9t1 x %\ld be recognis$ t ov]-work+1 beyond t necess>y to produce a ?9 crepe ( ev5 texture1 is to be deprecat$1 on ! gr\nd ( economy1 9 work+4 #aj ,bullet9 ,no4 #bg1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,f4,m4,s41 ,april1 #aiah1 ,prep>ation & ,vulcanisation ( ,plantation ,p>a ,rubb]1 ,eaton1 ,gran?am & ,day4 ,ow+ to ! exi/+ diff]5ces 9 equipm5t & spe$ ( drive1 etc41 ! regul> practice ( any "o e/ate may be unsuitable = ano!r4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 a matt] ( /udy = ea* e/ate to discov] ! m9imum numb] ( times :i* rubb] %\ld pass ?r\gh ! ma*9es1 consi/5t ) ! factors indicat$ above4 ,9 any case x may be assum$ t if any factory _c prep>e a good crepe by pass+ ! rubb]1 say1 twelve times ?r\gh ! rolls1 !re is "s defici5cy 9 ! ma*9es1 or ( spe$2 ! coagulum may be too h>d1 or ! rolls may be badly worn4 ,,l[] ,,grades ,,( ,,crepe ,,rubb]4--,ev5 a few ye>s ago x 0 pla9 t ! l[] grades ( crepe 7i4e41 all grades l[] ?an fir/ latex rubb]7 7 n suffici5tly appreciat$ 9 ! m>ket4 ,!re 0 (t5 a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 price betwe5 a fir/-grade crepe & crepe made f naturally coagulat$ lump4 ,?is arose *iefly f lack ( k4 ,x has s9ce be5 recognis$ 9 "s measure t no reason exi/s = su* a wide diff]5ce 9 price1 & m rec5tly ! m>g9 betwe5 ev5 ! fir/-grade rubb] & ! l[e/ grade ( scrap rubb] has be5 a gradually dim9i%+ "o4 ,provid+ suffici5t c>e is ex]cis$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! l[] grades1 "o w\ld expect to see b v small diff]5ce 9 prices betwe5 any two grades4 ,x is true t adequate att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! prep>ation ( ! scrap grades only 9 comp>atively rec5t ye>s1 & x is ackn[l$g$ t :5 high prices 7 rul+ = fir/-grade rubb]s suffici5t att5tion 0 n g5]ally giv5 to ! subject ( ! prep>ation ( ! l[] grades4 ,,naturally ,,coagulat$ ,,lump ,,rubb]4--,! grade ( rubb] made f ! naturally coagulat$ lump :i* =ms 9 buckets & c>ts is usually ( a mix$ col\r1 due to ! fact t ! lumps oxidise v quickly4 ,:5 !y are all[$ to rema9 ov]night be=e be+ ma*9$1 x c be imag9$ t ! col\r ( ! dry crepe w\ld be v d>k1 or w\ld conta9 v d>k /reaks4 ,su* is ord9>ily ! case1 unless special precautions are tak54 ,provid+ t ! coagulat$ lump is free f b>k1 leaves1 & leaf-/ems1 & c]ta9 o!r precautions tak51 ! diff]5ce 9 price betwe5 coagulat$-lump crepes & fir/-grade crepes %\ld be v slight4 ,too (t51 h[ev]1 n suffici5t sup]vision is giv5 to ! coagulat$-lump rubb]1 & x is common to see x come into ! factory conta9+ leaves & b>k4 ,^! %\ld be pick$ out be=e ! latex is /ra9$1 b obvi\sly x w\ld be bett] to ensure t !y did n ent] ! buckets 9 ! fir/ place4 ,x w\ld seem reasonable to suppose t if "s means c\ld be employ$ = prev5t+ or *eck+ ! surface oxidation ( naturally-coagulat$ lump rubb]1 !re w\ld be a correspond+ improvem5t 9 ! col\r ( ! dry crepe4 ,t su* a me?od is practicable has be5 demon/rat$ on _m e/ates4 ,! lump :5 lift$ out ( ! latex is all[$ to dra9 = a few m9utes1 & is !n 7)\t squeez+7 plac$ 9 a dilute solution ( sodium bisulphite4 ,a #a p] c5t4 solution is suffici5tly p[]ful4 ,x is n to be ?\ght = a mom5t t by ! use ( sodium bisulphite any previ\s oxidation w be c\nt]act$2 all t is claim$ = ! treatm5t is t any fur!r surface oxidation w be *eck$1 & ! rubb] may be all[$ to rema9 until ! next day1 = work+1 if x is s desir$4 ,x w probably be f\nd t q a quantity ( latex has be5 express$ f ! lumps by contraction1 & acid may be add$ to obta9 ! rubb] f ?is4 ,on o!r e/ates ! lump rubb] is work$ on ! ma*9es z x is receiv$1 & ! result+ crepe is subm]g$ 9 a weak solution ( sodium bisulphite ov]-night4 ,x is !n r9s$ 9 wat] & hung to drip be=e weigh+ & plac+ 9 ! dry+ h\se4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions "s ( ! lump rubb] d>k5s rapidly dur+ transport to ! /ore1 & any su* oxidis$ portions mu/ be reject$ if a uni=m col\r is to be expect$ 9 ! crepe4 ,foll[+ ! proc$ure indicat$ above1 "s e/ates f9d x possible to prep>e f naturally coagulat$ lump rubb] a crepe :i* c be class$ z ,no4 #a grade4 ,,skimm+s ,,& ,,wa%+s4--,! skimm+s ( tanks1 z already %[n1 may be prep>$ sometimes z a second quality ( smok$ %eet2 b g5]ally !y are amalgamat$ ) ! r9s+s ( cups & buckets1 treat$ ) sodium bisulphite & acid1 & made into crepe =m4 ,! cup-wa%+s1 z !y arrive at ! /ore1 repres5t a v dilute latex1 ! rubb] f :i* is g5]ally ( a greyi% col\r4 ,bucket-wa%+s %\ld yield a good type ( pale rubb] if !y are obta9$ prop]ly4 ,to obta9 ! maximum quantity ( good rubb] ! buckets %\ld fir/ be r9s$4 ,a gang %\ld be tak51 a small quantity 7say a qu>t7 ( wat] p\r$ into ! fir/ bucket1 & ?is dilute latex us$ progressively 9 all ! buckets ( t gang ( tapp]s4 ,! result is a fair latex :i* c be add$ to ! bulk ( ,no4 #a latex1 provid$ x is free f dirt4 ,:]e %eet rubb] is be+ prep>$1 c>efully /ra9$ cup-wa%+s or bucket-wa%+s may be utilis$ 9 ! dilution ( ! latex to ! requir$ /&>d1 ?us increas+ slightly ! p]c5tage ( fir/-grade rubb]4 ,,tree-,,scrap4--,z tree-scrap is a naturally coagulat$ rubb]1 x %\ld be expect$ to %[ up well 9 quality4 ,?is is usually ! case2 b f :at has be5 said ( ! effect ( sun-heat x w be und]/ood t if trees are n regul>ly scrapp$1 !re is a dang] t ! crepes may be f\nd to conta9 tacky /reaks due to ! inclusion ( old scrap :i* has be5 sun-bak$4 ,9 hot dry wea!r1 on widely plant$ areas tapp$ on alt]nate days1 x has be5 notic$ t scrap rema9+ = two days (t5 exhibits a res9\s appe>ance1 & feels /icky to ! t\*4 ,if tree-scrap is to be made z a sep>ate grade1 z us$ to be ! g5]al cu/om1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t x is free f b>k & dirt4 ,on "s e/ates :]e scrap-rubb] is paid = p] p\nd collect$1 x is usually ! rule to insi/ t scrap %all be wa%$ free f dirt & pick$ free ( b>k4 ,?is c\rse is to be comm5d$1 b might probably prove impracticable to ! majority ( e/ates4 ,!oretically1 ( c\rse1 ! op]ation ( ma*9+ %\ld rid ! scrap ( all traces ( b>k2 b 9 practice x does n d s4 ,"s proportion ( ! tree-scrap is usually f\nd to be heavily oxidis$1 & naturally if a crepe ( uni=m col\r is to be obta9$ ^! d>k scraps mu/ be reject$1 o!rwise d>k /reaks w be =m$4 ,coolies %\ld be in/ruct$ to sort out ! d>k pieces be=e arriv+ at ! /ore4 ,,b>k-,,%av+s4--,x has be5 intimat$ 9 a previ\s section t ! me?od ( obta9+ & collect+ b>k-%av+s v>ies ) ! type ( lab\r employ$4 ,:]e ! scrap is remov$ f ! edge ( ! b>k on ea* occasion be=e tapp+1 ! am\nt ( rubb] to be extract$ f ! dry %av+s is v small--s small1 9 fact1 t :5 ! price ( rubb] is l[1 x is d\btful :e!r x pays to collect & "w ! mat]ial4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e trees are n scrapp$ be=e tapp+1 ! b>k-%av+s & tree-scrap are collect$ toge!r1 & ! am\nt ( rubb] d]iv$ f ! mixture may be #cj to #dj p] c5t4 ^u ! gross weight--dep5d+ *iefly ^u ! quality ( ! tapp+ 7i4e41 9 ?is case1 ! ?ickness ( ! p>+74 ,ano!r factor influ5c+ ?is figure w\ld be ! effect ( us+ an anti-coagulant on ! cuts4 ,b>k-%av+s entail su* we> ^u ! ord9>y ma*9es dur+ work+1 especially if fairly free f rubb]1 t unless ! factory is equipp$ ) a special scrap-wa%] x is advis$ t ?is mat]ial %\ld be s5t = work+ to a factory hav+ ! necess>y equipm5t4 ,:5ev] possible1 b>k-%av+s %\ld receive treatm5t on ! day ( collection4 ,x us$ to be q common to see heaps ( b>k-%av+s accumulat+ on ! floor ( a factory1 & g5]at+ excessive heat4 ,yet ^! heaps 7 all[$ to /& ab\t = a day or days4 ,is x any wond] !n t tack9ess 0 f\nd to develop :5 ! rubb] 0 dry8 ,x is "h def9itely laid d[n t no heaps ( b>k-%av+s %\ld be accumulat$ ev5 = half a day4 ,tanks %\ld be provid$ 9 :i* ! %av+s %\ld be subm]g$ 9 wat]4 ,,e>?-,,scrap4--,( all grades ( crepe ?is is ! "o mo/ liable to become tacky 9 transit4 ,?is tack9ess to a l>ge ext5t _c be avoid$1 z old pieces ( e>?-scrap may be br\ght 9 among/ ! bulk4 ,probably ^! old pieces h be5 expos$ to ! sun = days1 & h become q res9\s4 ,x w\ld be practically impossible to g ?r\gh all e>?-scrap 9 ord] to f9d ^! odd pieces1 b unless ?is 7 done "o c\ld n gu>antee t ! e>?-rubb] w\ld always be free f tack9ess4 ,! difficulty does n appe>1 h[ev]1 on e/ates :]e e>?-rubb] is collect$ sy/ematically at v frequ5t int]vals4 ,,fibr\s ,,matt] ,,9 ,,l[-,,grade ,,rubb]s4--,x is sometimes f\nd 9 ?is & o!r l[] grade rubb]s t pieces ( clo? or cotton-wa/e are conceal$4 ,coolies may h us$ !m = clean+ cups1 or ! /ore coolies may h be5 at fault4 ,e>?-scraps especially %\ld be exam9$1 be=e work+1 = su* extrane\s matt]4 ,,scrap-,,wa%]s4--,^! are heavy ma*9es specially devis$ = ! treatm5t ( l[] grade rubb]s4 ,9 ^! ! raw rubb] is well ma/icat$ & fre$ f impurities1 if ! ma*9e functions effici5tly4 ,!re are sev]al types ( ^! ma*9es1 all ( :i* are effici5t4 ,t be/ kn[n is ! ,univ]sal wa%]1 made by ,joseph ,bak]1 ,sons1 & ,p]k9s1 ,ltd4 7=m]ly ,p]k9s ,eng9e]+ ,company74 ,com+ into local fav\r dur+ ! ,w>1 ! ,u4,e4 scrap-wa%]1 made by ! ,unit$ ,eng9e]+ ,company 7,s+apore71 gives v good s]vice4 ,! ,c4,c4,c4 wa%]1 made by ! ,colombo ,comm]cial ,company1 is suitable = ! purposes ( an av]age e/ate4 ,!re are o!rs1 less well kn[n4 ,mo/ ( ^! ma*9es are made 9 v>y+ sizes to meet ! requirem5ts ( small1 m$ium1 or l>ge e/ates2 & if funds are available1 a scrap-wa%] %\ld be reg>d$ z an ess5tial item 9 ! ma*9]y ( any e/ate employ+ eng9e p[]4 ,! rate ( output ( scrap-wa%]s w dep5d ma9ly ^u ! spe$ at :i* !y are driv51 & :5 ord]+ ! equipm5t x w\ld be advisable to /ate ! ord9>y spe$ ( ! back-%aft1 l5g? ( drive1 etc4 ,x does n foll[ t ! l>g] ! rate ( output1 ! great] is ! effici5cy ( ! wa%]4 ,! po9t is n z to :at quantity ( rubb] c be tak5 out p] h\r1 b :at quantity is actually fre$ f impurities4 ,x is advisable = ! sup]9t5d5t to obta9 a ?or\gh k ( ! g5]al con/ruction & pr9ciples ( ! p>ticul> scrap-wa%] employ$4 ,9 ! pa/ x 0 n uncommon to f9d sup]9t5d5ts innoc5t ( ! fact t a c]ta9 type ( wa%] possess$ movable p>ts ^u :i* ! effici5cy ( ! cleans+ l>gely dep5d$4 ,x 0 (t5 f\nd t ^! p>ts1 :i* 7 int5d$ to be remov$ & clean$ at int]vals1 _h become firmly fix$ & c\ld n be remov$ = inspection4 ,x mu/ be recognis$ also t ! ma*9es are liable to consid]able damage if extrane\s sub/ances are all[$ to ent]--= example1 tapp+-knives1 /ones1 pieces ( iron1 sp\ts1 etc41 :i* are sometimes pres5t 9 ! loose scraps ( rubb] or %av+s1 ow+ to ! c>elessness ( coolies4 ,"u ! be/ regulat$-sy/em1 su* accid5ts occasionally occur1 b a great deal ( tr\ble c\ld be avoid$ by hav+ x und]/ood t ea* *>ge mu/ be sort$ ov] be=e ent]+ ! wa%]4 ,aga9 a deal ( extra "w1 & mu* we> & te>1 is caus$ by ! abuse ( ! scrap-wa%]--e4g41 9 ! cleans+ ( e>?-scrap4 ,z ?is rea*es ! factory x (t5 conta9s a quantity ( int]nal or adh]+ e>?4 ,be=e ent]+ ! wa%] a good proportion ( ! ext]nal soil c\ld be remov$ if ! scraps 7 ?r[n into a tank & giv5 a ?or\gh soak+ & /irr+4 ,9 a simil> mann] dry b>k-%av+s1 :i* h be5 all[$ to accumulate1 c\ld be s(t5$4 ,9 ! actual work+ ( scrap-wa%]s in/ructions are g5]ally giv5 by ! mak]s4 ,^! sometimes advise ! introduction ( w>m wat] 7or ( /eam into ! cold wat] supply7 = an int]val dur+ ! work+ ( ea* *>ge4 ,:]e possible1 su* in/ructions %\ld be foll[$1 z by ?is means ! individual pieces ( rubb] are mass$ toge!r1 9 ! f9al /age1 into a sausage =m :i* is easy to transport & to manipulate 9 ! ord9>y crepe+ batt]y4 ,,comp\nd ,,crepes4--,! attitude ( bo? buy]s & sell]s ) reg>d to ! types ( l[] grade rubb]s appe>s to be *ang+4 ,9 ! pa/1 f any "o e/ate !re might be obta9$ z _m z six grades ( crepe bel[ ,no4 ,i4 ,^! compris$3 7#a7 ,a pale rubb] 7(t5 /reak$7 obta9$ f coagulation ( cup wa%+s & bucket r9s+s4 7#b7 ,a pale rubb] 7(t5 /reak$7 obta9$ by coagulation ( ! skimm+s f ! surface ( ! ,no4 #a latex4 7#c7 ,a /reak$ & dull rubb] prep>$ f naturally-coagulat$ clots f\nd 9 cups1 buckets1 & latex c>ts4 7#d7 ,a /reak$ rubb] prep>$ f scrap :i* _h coagulat$ ^u ! face ( ! cut b>k4 7#e7 ,a br[ni% & /reak$ rubb] made by mac]ation ( b>k-%av+s to :i* pieces ( tree-scrap adh]$4 7#f7 ,a d>k rubb]1 (t5 tacky1 prep>$ f scrap f\nd 9 or on ! gr\nd ne> ! base ( ! trees4 ,z x is (t5 a matt] ( weeks betwe5 any two regul> collections1 x is easy to und]/& :y ! dry rubb] 0 m liable to be tacky ?an any o!r grade ( crepe4 ,x w h be5 evid5t to all :o h acqua9tance ) ^! grades1 z %ipp$ f _m diff]5t e/ates1 t ! div]sity 9 ! v>i\s %ipm5ts mu/ h be5 r bewild]+4 ,!re appe>$ to be a regrettable lack ( uni=mity1 ev5 9 ! appe>ance (1 say1 a b>k scrap rubb] f any two e/ates4 ,:51 9 addition to ^! v>iations1 ! fur!r complication ( condition ( cleanl9ess is introduc$1 "o may realise ! difficulty atta*+ to ! evaluation ( ^! rubb]s z !y appe>$ ^u ! m>ket4 ,al?\gh ! =ego+ p>agraph is writt5 9 ! pa/ t5se1 x %\ld be po9t$ out t )9 c]ta9 limits ! tr\ble cont9ues to exi/ ) respect to ! output ( a great numb] ( e/ates4 ,9 ! case ( _m1 x has be5 realis$ t ! manufactur] does n want to buy a l>ge numb] ( p>cels1 all diff]+ 9 "s respect4 ,x is probably correct to /ate t :at a manufactur] requires is a big p>cel uni=m 9 appe>ance & treatm5t1 ev5 ?\gh ! col\r may n be s light z t ( _m small] lots4 ,?is /atem5t is modifi$ ) ! proviso t ! rubb]1 no matt] :at its col\r or appe>ance may be1 mu/ be free f dirt1 grit1 & b>k4 ,! difficulty ( mak+ a uni=m product f sev]al types ( l[] grade rubb]s has be5 successfully solv$ on sev]al e/ates by ! prep>ation ( a comp\nd crepe compos$ ( a mixture ( ! be/ l[] grades 9 approximately def9ite proportions daily4 ,naturally ! %ade ( col\r ( ?is comp\nd crepe w dep5d l>gely ^u ! types ( rubb] employ$1 b z a rule x is some:at d>k] ?an ! highe/ ( ! types employ$ 9 ! mixture4 ,to ! writ]s ?is seems immat]ial z long z ! manufactur] is (f]$ a l>g] & m uni=m lot :i* c be giv5 uni=m treatm5t 9 vulcanisation processes4 ,nei!r w\ld x appe> t ! sell] suff]s any monet>y loss4 ,9 po9t ( fact x w be f\nd probably t ! rev]se is ! case4 ,= in/ance1 suppos+ x 7 decid$ to mix = a comp\nd crepe-- 7a7 ,naturally coagulat$ lump rubb]4 7b7 ,tree-scrap4 7c7 ,b>k-%av+s scrap4 ,! product w\ld be d>k] 9 col\r ?an 7a7 & slightly bett] ?an 7b74 ,let x be grant$ t !re might be a monet>y loss on 7a71 x is probable t !re w\ld be a slight ga9 9 comp>ison ) ! usual prices obta9$ = 7b7 & 7c74 ,n[1 z a g5]al rule1 ! actual p]c5tage ( crop made into 7b7 is appreciably less ?an t made into 7c7 & /ill less ?an 7b7 & 7c7 toge!r4 ,app>5tly1 !re=e1 !re w\ld be a m>g9 ( pr(it on ! :ole by mak+ a comp\nd crepe4 ,x may be po9t$ out1 on ! o!r h&1 t !re might be exp5d$ on ! manufacture ( ?is crepe m "t & lab\r1 b z aga9/ ?is ! lab\r ( sort+ & grad+ w\ld be simplifi$4 ,un=tunately ?is process is n op5 to e/ates :i* d n possess a scrap-wa%]4 ,x is ess5tial t ! rubb] %\ld be free f grit1 s&1 & b>k p>ticles4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a scrap-wa%] = ! cleans+ ( ! b>k-%av+s1 x w\ld be futile to attempt to make a comp\nd crepe conta9+ t type ( rubb]1 z "o w\ld run ! risk ( spoil+ ! :ole4 ,x seems c]ta9 t 9 c\rse ( "t a scrap-wa%] w be consid]$ z necess>y a piece ( ma*9]y z an ord9>y crepe+ ma*9e 9 ! factories ( e/ates hav+ suffici5t means4 ,until t "t ! prep>ation ( comp\nd crepes mu/ be ! privilege only ( well-equipp$ e/ates1 unless o!r e/ates c s5d _! l[] grade rubb]s = treatm5t 9 a scrap-wa%] to _! m =tunate neighb\rs4 ,9 previ\s publications a dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( grades ( crepe rubb] has be5 advocat$1 & x is gratify+ to f9d t 9 _m cases ! am5d+ grades sugge/$ h be5 improv$ ^u4 ,_m e/ates n[ make only ?ree grades ( crepe--viz43 7a7 ,no4 #a4 ,f latex coagulat$ 9 ! /ore4 7b7 ,no4 #b4 ,comp\nd4 7c7 ,no4 #c4 ,e>?-rubb]4 ,x w be se5 t ! comp\nd crepe includes all types betwe5 f9e pale crepe & e>?-rubb]4 ,naturally "o c\ld n safely recomm5d ! inclusion ( e>?-rubb] 9 any comp\nd crepe1 z ! risk ( possible tack9ess 9 ! :ole w\ld be s]i\s4 ,9 ! case ( ! b>k-%av+s rubb] to be incorporat$1 x is fir/ clean$ alone 9 ! scrap-wa%]4 ,!n all types are mix$ toge!r aga9 9 ! scrap-wa%] 9 proportions rul$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ! usual av]age p]c5tages ( ea* grade ( ! crop4 ,besides ! e/ates hav+ only ?ree grades1 !re are o!rs :i* make f\r--viz43 7a7 ,no4 #a4 ,f latex coagulat$ 9 ! /ore4 7b7 ,no4 #b4 ,comp\nd1 f cup wa%+s1 etc41 skimm+s1 & naturally coagulat$ lump4 7c7 ,no4 #c4 ,comp\nd1 f tree-scrap & b>k-%av+s rubb]4 7d7 ,no4 #d4 ,e>?-scrap4 ,o!r v>iations are possible1 b _! numb] is limit$1 & !y all conduce to simplification ( work+1 & a supply to ! m>ket ( rubb] hav+ great] uni=mity4 ,,ne$ ,,= ,,increas$ ,,c>e ,,) ,,l[] ,,grade ,,rubb]4--,9 ! ord9>y proc$ure ( e/ate-work+ !re appe>s to be an undesirable v>iety 9 ! /yle ( l[] grade crepes4 ,on "s e/ates an exam9ation ( ^! rubb]s w\ld appe> to sugge/ t !re ne$ be no exp5diture ( c>e 9 ! prep>ation or ! =m 9 :i* x is made4 ,?is is a great mi/ake4 ,) ! exception ( ! l[e/ grade 7e>?-rubb]71 x w\ld n be unfair to /ate t ! quality ( ! rubb]s on te/+ %\ld be v little inf]ior to ! ,no4 #a product4 ,(t51 z 9 ! case ( naturally coagulat$ rubb]s1 !y are sup]ior 9 "s respects to ord9>y f9e pale crepe4 ,d\btless manufactur]s are aw>e ( ^! facts1 b :at c\rse is op5 to !m if !y f9d ! rubb] spoil$ = _! purpose by ! pres5ce ( p>ticles ( s&1 grit1 or b>k8 ,! possible injury caus$ by ^! +r$i5ts _c be insi/$ ^u too /rongly1 & x mu/ be evid5t t great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! l[] grades ( crepe4 ,z to ! p>ticul> =m ( ! l[] grade crepe rubb]1 "o may apply ! rem>ks made "u ! section deal+ ) ! be/ grades4 ,x is common to f9d ?9 crepes1 m$ium crepes1 & blanket crepes4 ,m (t5 ?an o!rwise1 ! m$ium & ?ick] crepes are prep>$ direct 9 ^? =ms4 ,x foll[s t !y are liable to attacks ( spot disease1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n easily visible 9 ! l[e/ grades1 ow+ to ! d>k col\r ( ! rubb]4 ,fur!rmore1 x is n possible to cleanse ! rubb] s ?or\ghly if ?ick crepes are made4 ,,block ,,rubb]4--,few e/ates n[ prep>e block rubb]1 :i* is ess5tially crepe rubb] press$ into blocks4 ,9 ! ord9>y process ! fre% coagulum is lightly roll$ into ?9 crepe1 :i* is !n vacuum-dri$4 ,!re are slight v>iations 9 ! subsequ5t proc$ure4 ,sometimes ! rubb] z x comes f ! vacuum dri] is m]ely all[$ to rema9 on racks ov]night be=e block+4 ,9 o!r in/ances1 ! /icky rubb] f ! vacuum dri] is pass$ once or twice ?r\gh wet1 smoo? rolls & hung to dry = "s days4 ,! dry crepe is !n fold$ into ! press+ box or cut to suit ! size ( ! box4 ,pressure is appli$ = "s "t1 & f9ally ! rubb] is tak5 out 9 "o homog5e\s mass4 ,naturally ! appe>ance ( ! block dep5ds ^u ! quality ( ! p>5t crepe4 ,"s block rubb] is made up ?ick2 o!r is made 9 slabs ab\t #c in*es or #d in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,) ! latt]1 x %\ld be possible1 :5 held up to ! light1 to see ! %ape ( a h& held betwe5 x & ! s\rce ( light4 ,x is possible t an errone\s idea ( ! /r5g? ( block rubb] has be5 =m$4 ,x %\ld only be necess>y to po9t out t ess5tially block rubb] is m]ely press$ crepe rubb]4 ,x is inconceivable t ! m]e action ( press+ lay]s ( crepe toge!r w\ld increase ! physical quality ( ! rubb]4 ,! advantages :i* block rubb] possesses are ! compactness ( ! output1 its ease ( pack+1 & a sav+ 9 freight2 b !re is ! disadvantage1 f ! consum]'s po9t ( view1 t extra lab\r is involv$ 9 ! prep>atory "w ( cutt+ up ! blocks4 ,,smok$ ,,crepe ,,& ,,%eet ,,clipp+s4--,!re appe>s to be no c]ta9 dem& = any grade ( smok$ crepe1 & probably all :i* is put into ! m>ket is really compris$ ( 7#a7 clipp+s obta9$ f ! ends ( %eets1 7#b7 %eets :i* h be5 mal=m$ 9 ma*9+1 or 7#c7 %eets %[+ ! pres5ce ( _m bubbles4 ,z to ! fir/ class x might be expla9$ t ?r\gh defective roll+1 ?ick ends or edges may be caus$4 ,^! %[ signs ( conta9$ moi/ure :5 ! bulk ( ! %eet is p]fectly dry1 & z undue delay w\ld o!rwise result ^! moi/ /rips are trimm$ & ei!r return$ to ! smoke-h\se1 or ma*9$ to =m crepe4 ,simil>ly a torn or o!rwise badly =m$ %eet1 :5 br\ght f ! smoke-h\se1 may be made into crepe1 r ?an x %\ld prejudice ! sell+ price ( ! bulk "u rul+ conditions4 ,9 ! same mann]1 al?\gh bubbles h no influ5ce ^u ! quality ( ! rubb] on vulcanisation1 %eets ?us affect$ are g5]ally made into crepe4 ,x _c possibly be argu$ t rubb] ( ?is description w\ld be 9 any way inf]ior to ! be/ smok$ %eet = manufactur+ purposes1 b ow+ to ! prevail+ sy/em ( evaluation = m>ket purposes1 x is necess>y to resort to ! exp$i5ts indicat$ above4 ,on "s e/ates ! rubb] specifi$ 9 ! ?ree classes m5tion$ is n made into crepe1 b cut up into small pieces & %ipp$ z %eet clipp+s or %eet trimm+s--a proc$ure :i* w\ld appe> to be ju/ifi$ by a /eady dem&4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! buy]s are really obta9+ a fir/-class article 7except 9 sup]ficial appe>ance7 at a r$uc$ price4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,dry+ ,,( ,,rubb] ,,air-,,dry+ ,,( ,,crepe4--,x is /ill ! prevail+ cu/om to air-dry crepe rubb]s4 ,a few e/ates1 x is true1 h artificial dri]s in/all$1 & 9 "s necess>y cases o!rs w be erect$4 ,b 9 ! majority ( cases :]e money has be5 exp5d$ 9 build+ air-dry+ %$s1 z long z x is only possible to %ip rubb] regul>ly air-dry+ is likely to rema9 9 fav\r4 ,! great drawback to air-dry+ is t "o is s dep5d5t ^u ! wea!r conditions4 ,9 fav\rable wea!r ! rubb] dries well1 b 9 a long p]iod ( wet wea!r rubb] may accumulate at an al>m+ rate1 & ! accommodation is sometimes sev]ely tax$4 ,( c\rse1 ! rate ( dry+ "u ! be/ conditions is ma9ly dep5d5t on ! ?ickness ( ! crepe1 & e endeav\r %\ld be made to ma9ta9 a ?9 /yle ( prep>ation4 ,if ?is precaution is n tak51 ! rubb] is liable to recurr5t attacks ( spot disease1 & "o's tr\bles are v mu* augm5t$4 ,?is is a disability to :i* rubb] treat$ 9 artificial dri]s is n liable4 ,/ill1 air-dri$ rubb] c be made equal1 if n sup]ior1 9 appe>ance to pale rubb]s prep>$ by o!r processes4 ,= ! l[e/ grades ( crepe air-dry+ is always likely to rema9 ! only me?od1 z x w\ld be extremely unsafe to submit !m to heat4 ,x is not$ 9 ord9>y practice t ! rate ( dry+ on diff]5t e/ates1 = ! same type ( rubb]1 may v>y widely4 ,naturally ! con/ruction ( ! h\se has a great effect1 & ?is subject w receive att5tion 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,simil>ly ! position ( ! dry+-%$ ex]ts an important influ5ce1 & ! erection ( ! build+ 9 l[-ly+ surr\nd+s is always calculat$ to prolong ! dry+ p]iod appreciably4 ,incid5tally ?is means t ! build+ mu/ be l>g] ?an a normal rate ( dry+ w\ld o!rwise dem&4 ,! comb9ation ( a poor type ( dry+-h\se1 a l[-ly+ situation1 & a prolong$ wet season1 might r5d] x advisable to ab&on ! air-dry+ ( high grade crepes 9 fav\r ( artificial dry+4 ,,artificial ,,dri]s ,,= ,,crepe4--,x is m common to f9d artificial dri]s 9 use 9 ,ceylon ?an 9 ,malaya1 possibly because ^! dri]s h be5 9 use 9 ,ceylon = o!r products4 ,"s "t ago ! "q ( in/all+ artificial dri]s receiv$ ! s]i\s att5tion ( a numb] ( e/ates 9 ?is c\ntry1 *iefly on acc\nt ( ! incid5ce ( fungoid & bact]ial diseases 9 crepe rubb]4 ,! simple treatm5t = ! prev5tion ( ^! diseases is to get ! rubb] dry 9 ! %orte/ possible space ( "t4 ,9 mo/ cases x is f\nd suffici5t to roll crepe ?9 = air-dry+ 9 ord] to prev5t ! appe>ance ( col\r$ spots4 ,x is f\nd1 h[ev]1 t "s dry+-h\ses are s badly plann$ & con/ruct$1 t quick dry+ "u ev5 ! be/ ( conditions is a practical impossibility4 ,cases h be5 kn[n 9 :i* ! disease may disappe> almo/ entirely dur+ a p]iod ( fre$om f ra91 only to recur z soon z wet wea!r sets 9 aga94 ,!re c be no d\bt t1 on ! :ole1 ! numb] ( cases ( spot disease is on ! decl9e2 b equally x is c]ta9 t a v few e/ates w always be liable to outbreaks z long z dry+ is attempt$ 9 exi/+ h\ses4 ,= ^! reasons x is a poor policy to temporise1 & ! only s\nd policy 9 extreme cases w\ld be to give up ord9>y air-dry+ 9 fav\r ( "s me?od ( artificial dry+4 ,z reg>ds ! majority ( e/ates prep>+ pale crepe = v>i\s reasons1 x is n expect$ t any w in/al artificial dri]s4 ,money has be5 exp5d$ 9 elaborate build+s :i* c]ta9ly d ! "w = :i* !y 7 design$4 ,z long1 !re=e1 z ! accommodation is suffici5t1 & regul> %ipm5ts are ! rule1 x is expect$ t ord9>y air-dry+ w /ill rema9 ! g5]al practice4 ,( ! bett]-kn[n artificial dri]s1 !re are only ?ree :i* m]it s]i\s consid]ation 9 ^! pages4 ,!y are ! vacuum dri]s1 ! ,colombo ,comm]cial ,company's hot-air dri]1 & ! ,mi*ie-,goll$ge process4 ,,vacuum ,,dri]s4--,! vacuum dri] is s well kn[n t only a brief description ne$ be giv54 ,x consi/s ( a *amb] heat$ by /eam pipes & capable ( hav+ ! conta9$ air & moi/ure )drawn by a pump4 ,?is description s\nds v simple1 & 9 practice ! op]ation ( vacuum dry+ is really a simple "o1 & c well be entru/$ to an intellig5t coolie "u effici5t sup]vision4 ,indicators are fitt$ :i* %[ ! vacuum pressure & ! pressure ( /eam 9 ! heat+ pipes :i* travel und]nea? horizontal slabs ^u :i* trays may be plac$4 ,/ill1 9 spite ( ! app>5t simplicity ( ! process1 !re w\ld appe> to be a numb] ( little details :i*1 if ov]look$1 prove to be factors influ5c+ ! result to a consid]able degree4 ,?us x is n uncommon to f9d compla9ts t ! rubb] is n dry :5 pack$4 ,! writ]s h se5 rubb] tak5 f a vacuum dri] /ill conta9+ a visible quantity ( moi/ure4 ,"o w\ld h imag9$ t cont9u\s work+ ( ! dri] w\ld give ! exp]i5ce necess>y to obta9 dry rubb]1 b1 app>5tly1 su* is n ! case 9 a numb] ( in/ances4 ,elaborate in/ructions are giv5 by ! mak]s1 b (t5 !y are m hon\r$ 9 ! brea* ?an 9 ! obs]vance4 ,really1 !re are only two po9ts to be> 9 m9d3 7#a7 ,t ! rubb] mu/ be fairly ?94 7#b7 ,t ! temp]ature be n all[$ to rise too high4 ,"s mak]s advise #adj deg4 ,f4 z a maximum1 b no h>m results f a temp]ature ( #aej deg4 to #afj deg4 z long z ! int]val is n prolong$4#aa #aa ,^! figures ref] to temp]atures record$ by !rmomet]s plac$ 9 ! folds ( ! rubb]4 ,^! two po9ts presume t ! vacuum dri] is true to its "n1 & t "o c obta9 a maximum /eady pressure4 ,! ma*9es are s well made n[ t no dri] %\ld be tak5 ov] f ^? responsible = its erection unless x c %[ a vacuum pressure ( #bh in*es )9 fifte5 m9utes ( />t+ ! pump2 & ) ! pump /opp$1 !re %\ld n be a great] fall 9 pressure ?an #a in* )9 t5 m9utes aft] /opp+ ! pump4 ,"o ( ! mo/ frequ5t s\rces ( error is ! control ( /eam pressure :i* is responsible = ! temp]ature ( ! dri]4 ,x is q unnecess>y & unwise to ma9ta9 any /eam pressure once ! dry+ is well "u way4 ,all t is necess>y is to heat ! *amb] well1 ) a /eam pressure ( #e lbs41 be=e ins]t+ ! rubb]4 ,z soon z ! maximum vacuum pressure has be5 obta9$1 /eam %\ld be %ut (f f ! heat+ pipes1 & x w be f\nd t ! temp]ature is well ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! op]ation ) a rise ( t5 to tw5ty degrees at ! end4 ,if ! dri] is work+ at a vacuum pressure ( #bh in*es1 & if ! crepe has be5 prep>$ ?9 en\gh1 ! rubb] %\ld be q dry )9 two h\rs4 ,%\ld ! op]ation h to be ext5d$ to two & a half h\rs at #bh in*es vacuum pressure1 x is a sign t ! crepe is too ?ick4 ,on su* occasions x is (t5 notic$ t ^! ?ick] crepes are n ?or\ghly dry1 hav+ moi/ spots enclos$ 9 !m4 ,on re-roll+1 ^! moi/ pat*es become easily visible1 & are a s\rce ( great annoyance1 inasmu* z !y take q a long "t to dry out4 ,z m5tion$ be=e1 ! crepe = vacuum dry+ %\ld be ?94 ,!re is no necessity to give x a sup]f9e f9i%1 & ! pres5ce ( small holes is q p]missible1 z !y disappe> on subsequ5t re-roll+4 ,! ?9 crepe may be fold$ loosely to ! l5g? 7or bread?7 ( ! tray sev]al times1 b 9 no o!r way c ! dri] be expect$ to p]=m its "w satisfactorily4 ,a case 0 not$ 9 :i* ?9 crepe 0 excell5tly prep>$1 & f\r or five lay]s 7 roll$ toge!r = vacuum dry+4 ,naturally ?is mode ( proc$ure does n give ! dri] a fair *ance1 & x w\ld be ridicul\s to judge vacuum dry+ on ! results4 ,aft] two & a half h\rs at a temp]ature ( #ade deg4 ,f4 ! rubb] appe>$ to be only ab\t ?ree p>ts dry1 & ! subsequ5t air-dry+ ext5d$ well into a =tnight4 ,x is ! common practice to screw up ! door ( ! *amb] z tightly z possible4 ,z a rule x is f\nd 9 c\rse ( "t t ! obta9able maximum vacuum pressure decreases4 ,?is may be attribut$ solely to ! =cible screw+ up ( ! door4 ,ar\nd ! inside edges ( ! door are /rips ( rubb] comp\nd1 ! function ( :i* is to =m a tight jo9t4 ,%\ld ! door be screw$ up too tightly1 ^! /rips become de=m$ 9 c\rse ( "t1 & slight leaks occur4 ,x %\ld be po9t$ out t x is only necess>y to screw up ! door at ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation4 ,:5 ! vacuum has be5 obta9$1 ! screw pressure may be releas$1 z ! atmosph]ic pressure outside ! *amb] is m ?an ample to keep ! door 9 a close fitt+ position4 ,?is w be obvi\s f ! fact t ! diff]5ce 9 pressure betwe5 ! inside & ! outside ( ! door am\nts to1 say1 #bh in*es atmosph]ic pressure--i4e41 ne>ly #ad lbs4 p] squ>e foot4 ,by slack5+ ! screw h&les1 !re=e1 z soon z ! indicator %[s ! maximum work+ vacuum pressure1 ! life ( ! door jo9ts may be prolong$1 & ! dri] w rema9 effici5t = a long] "t4 ,a c>eful consid]ation ( ! "q ( temp]ature leads "o to ! conclusion t ! practice ( plac+ a !rmomet] ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! *amb] does n enable "o to det]m9e ! temp]ature correctly4 ,9 ! same way a !rmomet] susp5d$ beh9d ! obs]vation w9d[ _c indicate ! temp]ature ( ! rubb]1 z 9 bo? ( ^! positions ! !rmomet] mu/ be influ5c$ by radiation f ! walls ( ! *amb]4 ,! only position 9 :i* ! correct temp]ature c\ld be indicat$ is betwe5 ! folds ( crepe4 ,?is c be arrang$ easily s z to enable "o to read ! temp]ature f ! obs]vation w9d[4 ,,colombo ,,comm]cial ,,company',s ,,dri]4--,! dri] ( ! ,colombo ,comm]cial ,company consi/s 9 pr9ciple ( a numb] ( small *amb]s or units 9 :i* crepe rubb] is plac$1 & ?r\gh :i* hot air is pass$4 ,z 9 ! case ( vacuum dry+1 a great deal dep5ds ^u ! prelim9>y treatm5t ( ! rubb]4 ,if ! crepe is n roll$ ?9 en\gh dry+ w be unduly prolong$1 ) a possibility t ! rubb] w become tacky4 ,! temp]ature usually obta9$ is ab\t #aej deg4 ,f41 & if ! rubb] is ?9 ! production ( an in/allation ( two *amb]s %\ld be at ! rate ( #a lb4 ( dry rubb] p] m9ute4 ,! usual p]iod ( dry+ is "u two h\rs4 ,"o advantage :i* ?is dri] has ov] ! vacuum dri] is t ! *amb] c be op5$ at any "t = a %ort p]iod to )draw or ins]t trays4 ,! ?9 crepe is fold$ sev]al times1 z 9 ! case ( vacuum-dry+4 ,figures obta9$ f ! actual work+ ( a dri] 9 ,ceylon are giv5 bel[3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*amb] #a4--,,temp]ature #afj deg4-#ahj deg4,f4 ---------------------------------------- ---------,,*amb] #b4--,,temp]ature ,,no4 ,,( ,,dry+ ,,weight ,,( ,,weight ,,( #aej deg4-#afe deg4,f4 ,tray4 ,p]iod4 ,wet ,rubb]4 ,dry ,rubb]4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,hrs4 ,m9s4 ,lbs4 ,lbs4 #a #a #bb #g-a_/b #f ,work$ simil>ly #b #a #db #g-a_/b #f to ,no4 #a4 ,yield$ #c #a #eg #g-a_/b #f 9 #b hrs4 #bc m9s4 #d #a #eg #g-a_/b #f #gj-c_/d lbs4 dry rubb]1 #e #a #eg #g #e-c_/d f #hg-a_/b lbs4 wet #f #a #eg #g-a_/b #f rubb]4 #g #b #j #g-a_/b #f #h #b #j #g-a_/b #f #i #b #aa #f-a_/b #e #aj #b #aa #g-a_/b #f #aa #b #aa #g-a_/b #f #ab #b #ah #g-a_/b #f ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #hh-a_/b #gj-c_/d ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t ! dri] _h an output 9 #b hrs4 #bc m9s4 ( #ada-a_/b lbs41 :i* is at ! rate ( #a lb4 p] m9ute approximately4 ,z ! rubb] leaves ! dri]s x resembles vacuum-dri$ rubb] 9 be+ surface-/icky4 ,?is /ick9ess is only tempor>y1 & is got rid ( by pass+ ! crepe ?r\gh wet rolls4 ,op9ions diff] z to :5 ?is roll+ %\ld be giv54 ,on "s e/ates ! rubb] is only all[$ to cool a little be=e pass+ ?r\gh ! rolls2 on o!rs x is giv5 a day or s be=e roll+4 ,! me?ods ( roll+ also diff]4 ,9 "s factories ! rubb] has be5 cut to l5g?s be=e dry+1 & ^! l5g?s are m]ely roll$ toge!r by simple pressure4 ,o!r e/ates pref] to re-mac]ate ! crepe :ile /ill fairly w>m & s(t4 ,x is probable t little h>m1 if any1 results f ?is re-mac]ation :ile ! rubb] is s(t1 z x is m easily work$ 9 ?is condition4 ,! ?ick rubb] is !n g5]ally hung = a few days to air-dry be=e pack+4 ,z mo/ ( ! moi/ure tak5 up by ! dry rubb] is surface moi/ure1 ?ree or f\r days is usually f\nd ample = air-dry+4 ,,mi*ie-,,goll$ge ,,sy/em4--,! ,mi*ie-,goll$ge sy/em comprises a process ( prep>ation & dry+4 ,! latex is dilut$ ) two1 ?ree1 or f\r volumes ( wat] & coagulat$ ) acid 9 a vessel :i* is rotat$ ) a *urn+ motion4 ,9 ?is cyl9d] !re are curv$ & fix$ blades4 ,! revolv+ cyl9d] & its ribs =ce ! latex aga9/ ! curv$ blades s z to cause an eddy 9 ! middle ( ! ma*9e4 ,"h ! rubb] coagulates & accumulates1 ! rema9+ liquor :irl+ r\nd outside ! blades4 ,x c be imag9$ t ) su* dilute latex1 ! coagulum is v s(t & spongy4 ,?is s(t mass is pass$ ?r\gh a ma*9e :i* cuts x into worms ab\t #c_/af in* 9 section4 ,^! are plac$ ^u wire trays & dri$ by means ( hot air4 ,! worms :5 dry are re-mac]at$ & built up into m$ium & ?ick crepes4 ,! col\r ( ! rubb] prep>$ by ?is process is usually v good4 ,:5 treat$ 9 a ,colombo dri] ! worms usually require ab\t two h\rs to dry1 s t crepe rubb] may be pack$ at late/ on ! f\r? or fif? day1 z 9 ! case ( vacuum-dri$ rubb]4 ,,rate ,,( ,,air-,,dry+ ,,( ,,crepe ,,rubb]4--,9 spite ( ! facts t "s e/ates h be5 mak+ ?9 pale crepes = ye>s1 & t s mu* has be5 writt5 conc]n+ ! prep>ation ( ?is grade ( rubb]1 "o occasionally meets ) a case 9 :i* an e/ate seems to be unable to prep>e ?9 pale crepe1 or if x does ! p]iod ( dry+ is mu* long] ?an obta9s on mo/ e/ates4 ,aga91 :5 cases ( infection by spot disease 9 fairly ?9 crepes are submitt$1 x is usually f\nd t ! p>ticul> crepes are ( t type :i*1 ?\gh fairly ?91 %[ :iti% spots ( moi/ure :5 ! bulk ( ! rubb] is ne>ly dry4 ,?is type ( crepe is to be not$ = ! excessive p]iod ( dry+ 9 comp>ison ) o!r crepes ( equal ?9ness4 ,x has be5 advanc$ else:]e#ab t a factor ( ! mo/ consid]able importance 9 ! rate ( dry+ ( crepe rubb] is ! type ( dry+-h\se & its situation4 ,?is acc\nts v l>gely = obs]v$ diff]5ces 9 ! rate ( dry+ ( ?9 crepes on diff]5t e/ates4 ,yet ev5 :]e two dry+-h\ses may be ( ! same type1 & ! situations may be comp>able1 "o /ill obs]ves t "o ?9 crepe dries m quickly ?an ano!r4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ also t a ?9 crepe 9 "o old dry+-h\se dries 9 a %ort] p]iod ?an a simil> crepe 9 ano!r m mod]n h\se1 al?\gh ! me?ods ( coagulation & prep>ation exhibit no app>5t div]sity4 ,9 all ^! conflict+ cases all[ance is made = ! wea!r conditions1 & ! obs]v$ diff]5ces seem to be inexplicable4 ,x has always be5 ! op9ion ( ! writ]s t ! actual roll+ ( ! rubb] plays an important "p 9 det]m9+ ! rate ( dry+ ( crepe1 ap>t f ! "q ( ?9ness2 & x seem$ possible t ?is factor w\ld acc\nt = ! discrepancies not$ above1 ei!r p>tially or :olly4 #ab ,prep>ation ( ,plantation ,rubb]1 ,morgan1 #aiac1 *apt]s xii4 & xiii4 ,) a view to det]m9+ to :at degree ! dry+ ( crepe rubb] 0 ha/5$ by ! ext5t to :i* ! rubb] 0 roll$1 exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,x 0 hop$1 also1 t "s idea w\ld be ga9$ ( ! p>ticul> /age 9 crepe roll+ :i* _h ! greate/ effect ^u ! rate ( dry+4 ,9 prep>+ crepe 9 ! e/ate 9 ! ord9>y way ! coagulum is pass$ ?r\gh ?ree sets ( roll]s1 & ! /ages may be describ$ z3 7#a7 ,r\gh roll+4 7#b7 ,m$ium roll+4 7#c7 ,smoo? roll+4 ,9 ! fir/ ! coagulum is brok5 d[n by pass+ ?r\gh ! ma*9es until a ?ick r\gh crepe is =m$4 ,?is passes to ! int]m$iate roll]s1 :]e x is work$ d[n to a m$ium crepe4 ,! rubb] f9ally goes to ! smoo? runn+ at approximately ev5 spe$s4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ^! a numb] ( times x em]ges z a ?9 uni=m crepe1 free f lump9ess & free f holes1 :i* %\ld dry 9 f t5 to twelve days4 ,9 ! exp]im5t ! rubb] 0 pass$ ?r\gh ! ma*9es ) v>y+ frequ5cy1 ! numb] ( times 9 ea* ma*9e be+ progressively increas$1 :ile ! work+ on ! o!r ma*9es rema9$ con/ant4 ,x 0 det]m9$ t ! rate ( dry+ 0 affect$ only by ! ext5t to :i* ! crepe 0 work$ 9 ! smoo? rolls4 ,! less (t5 ! rubb] pass$ ?r\gh ^! rolls1 ! sl[] ! rate ( dry+4 ,beyond a limit 9 ! o!r direction1 increas$ roll+ did n r$uce ! p]iod ( dry+4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t crepes :i* h a good ?9 f9i% %\ld dry 9 a m9imum p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dry+ ,,graph4 ,,pale ,,crepe 7,,?974 ,,:5 ,,does ,,air-,,dry+ ,,take ,,place8--,exp]im5ts#ac 7 conduct$ ) a view to discov]+1 if possible1 ! rate at :i* crepe rubb] dries1 & ! ext5t ( dry+ dur+ ! night "u wea!r conditions su* z prevail ord9>ily 9 ,malaya4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t1 dur+ ! day1 mo/ dry+-h\ses are fairly op5 & t ! temp]ature ranges f ab\t #hh deg4 ,f4 9 ! l[] rooms to ov] #ajj deg4 9 ! upp] rooms 7ne> ! ro(7 :5 ! sun %9es4 ,at night1 h[ev]1 !re is usually a decid$ drop 9 ! temp]ature1 & unless x is a v cle> night ! air is g5]ally saturat$ ) moi/ure4 ,9 addition ! dry+-h\se is clos$ z ?or\ghly z possible1 & we %\ld expect ! atmosph]e ( ! h\se to be lad5 ) moi/ure f ! wet & dry+ rubb]4 ,x w\ld be a j inf]5ce1 !re=e1 t ! rate ( dry+ dur+ ! night w\ld be mu* less ?an ! rate ( dry+ dur+ ! day1 & ! results ( exp]im5ts confirm ?is v fully4 ,"o 0 h>dly prep>$1 h[ev]1 to f9d t1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances & at a c]ta9 /age1 ! am\nt ( dry+ is nil2 n only s1 b x 0 f\nd "u c]ta9 conditions t ! am\nt ( dry+ :i* took place 0 negative--i4e41 ! rubb] weigh$ slightly m :5 tak5 out 9 ! morn+ ?an x _h weigh$ ! previ\s aft]noon4 #ac ,rubb] ,gr[]s' ,association1 ,malaya ,local ,report1 ,no4 #b1 #aiad4 ,,crepe ,,may ,,increase ,,9 ,,weight4--,z an in/ance ( ! k9d ( result obta9$ a graph is "h giv5 ( ! rate ( dry+ ( a bat* ( pale crepe4 ,?is 0 hung to dry 9 ! top room ( a dry+-h\se 9 :i* rubb] ord9>ily dries quickly4 ,! rubb] 0 hung 9 a good position1 ) ! bulk ( output1 ne> a w9d[ :i* 0 op5 = "s "t dur+ ! day4 ,9 ord] to re/rict ! day int]val ( dry+ to ! actual p]iod 9 :i* ! sun 0 likely to be 9 evid5ce1 ! day 0 tak5 to beg9 at #h a4m4 & end at #d p4m41 ! night int]val cov]+ ! rema9+ sixte5 h\rs4 ,?us ! night int]val 0 twice z long z ! p]iod ( day dry+4 ,! l5g?s ( crepe 7 weigh$ c>efully at #h a4m4 & #d a4m41 & ! av]age ( ! sev]al weights 0 plott$ 9 a graph4 ,! weights are plac$ v]tically & ! duration ( dry+ horizontally4 ,x w be se5 t ! rubb] 0 q dry & fit = pack+ on ! six? day1 z f> z c\ld be judg$ 9 ! usual way by casual inspection4 ,peculi>ly en\gh at ?is "t x weigh$ slightly m ?an _h be5 regi/]$ on ! f\r? & fif? days1 b ! diff]5ce did n am\nt to m ?an ab\t #j4d p] c5t4 ,9 exam9+ ! graph x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! /eep] ! slope ( ! curve d[nw>ds ! quick] ! rate ( dry+1 & t :5 ! curve takes an upw>d direction !re is an addition ( moi/ure in/ead ( ab/raction4 ,x w be not$ t :5 dry+ takes place ! slopes m ne>ly approximat+ ! v]tical repres5t ! ext5t ( day dry+1 & t (t5 ! night dry+ is repres5t$ ei!r by a v flat curve or ev5 by an upw>d curve :i* %[s ! addition ( moi/ure4 ,a /rik+ feature ( ! exp]im5t is %[n by ! rapidity ) :i* dry+ takes place dur+ ! fir/ few days & ! comp>ative sl[ness ) :i* ! rema9+ moi/ure is got rid (4 ,?us1 f ! graph1 x may be calculat$ t ab\t #hj p] c5t4 ( ! total moi/ure cont5t 0 lo/ 9 ! fir/ two days1 & ov] #ic p] c5t4 9 two & a half days4 ,yet ?ree days _h to elapse be=e ! rema9+ #g p] c5t4 ( total moi/ure 0 lo/--i4e41 be=e ! rubb] 0 judg$ to be ready = pack+4 ,x w be se5 t aft] ?is /age _h be5 rea*$ ! rubb] alt]nately lo/ & ga9$ 9 weight1 ) a t5d5cy to increase4 ,?is increase 0 attribut$ to ! pres5ce ( surface moi/ure aft] hang+ ov]night1 :5 ! ra9s _h become frequ5t4 ,"s light is ?us %$ ^u a subject :i* has puzzl$ bo? %ipp]s & receiv]s ( crepe rubb]4 ,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,weight4--,x w be obvi\s t if rubb] is all[$ to hang aft] becom+ dry1 & is tak5 d[n1 pack$1 & weigh$ 9 ! e>ly morn+1 x w weigh m ?an :5 x rea*es a dri] climate4 ,! loss 9 weight "u su* circum/ances might am\nt to ev5 #a p] c5t4 ,x may seem to "s an unnecess>y ref9em5t to introduce1 b x w\ld appe> f ! graph t rubb] %\ld be pack$ = pref]5ce 9 ! aft]noon if ! weights are to be m ne>ly correct4 ,x is extremely s+ul> to note h[ quickly ! curve *anges its slope aft] ! major portion ( ! moi/ure has evaporat$1 & x w be v pla9 t 9 ! la/ /ages any decrease 9 weight dur+ ! day w\ld appe> to be c\nt]balanc$1 or m ?an c\nt]balanc$1 by ! addition ( moi/ure dur+ ! night4 ,x may be po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t ?is increase 9 weight dur+ ! lat] /ages ( dry+ ( pale crepe is ma9ly1 if n altoge!r1 due to surface moi/ure4 ,! *ief po9t ( int]e/ is ! fact t 9 ! case ( ?9 pale crepe1 q #hj p] c5t4 ( ! total moi/ure cont5t is lo/ dur+ ! fir/ two or ?ree days1 & t1 ow+ to ! negative influ5ce ( ! night atmosph]e1 ! f9al dry+ is delay$4 ,x w be und]/ood t ! =ego+ results appli$ to ?9 pale crepe4 ,?9 l[]-grade crepes appe>$ to dry at m uni=m rates1 b ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! rates ( dry+ at night & dur+ ! day 7 simil>ly notable4 ,,aids ,,to ,,normal ,,air-,,dry+4--,^! exp]im5ts 7 und]tak5 9 a dry+-h\se1 fav\rably situat$ = rapid dry+1 9 :i* ! av]age p]iod ( dry+ = ?9 crepes is n9e days4 ,x is easy to imag9e t ! condition ( affairs z reveal$ w\ld be mu* exagg]at$ 9 a dry+-h\se situat$ on l[-ly+ gr\nd & surr\nd$ by trees4 ,9 extreme cases ( ?is nature ! use ( l>ge fans & heat+ pipes has be5 advocat$4 ,x is believ$ t 9 "s cases ^! in/allations h giv5 satisfaction1 b t 9 o!rs ! degree ( improvem5t obta9$ has n be5 9 economic proportion to ! outlay incurr$4 ,,smoke-,,cur+ ,,( ,,%eet ,,rubb]4--,x w h be5 evid5t t "o ( ! disadvantages ( air-dry+ %eet is ! incid5ce ( m\lds4 ,n[ x is f\nd t m\lds %\ld n develop 9 smoke-cur+2 & if !y d1 !n ! smoke-cur+ has be5 insuffici5t or ineffici5t4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! dry+ p]iod also is a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( smoke-cur+1 s t all-r\nd x is se5 t !re are _m valuable advantages to be ga9$ by smoke-cur+ %eet 9 comp>ison ) air-dry+1 & no disadvantages4 ,! manipulation ( ! rubb]1 aft] x leaves ! m>k+ rolls & prep>atory to smoke-cur+1 has be5 discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,x is suffici5t only to all[ adequate "t = furnace wat] to drip f ! %eets be=e transf]r+ !m to ! smoke-h\se4 ,z x is ! g5]al rule to roll %eet rubb] 9 ! morn+1 ?is arrangem5t fits 9 v well4 ,! furnaces ( ! smoke-h\se are usually ext+ui%$ z soon z ! sun is well ris51 & ! re/ ( ! day is occupi$ 9 sort+ dry %eets1 etc4 ,t[>ds noon ! day's wet %eets %\ld h be5 admitt$1 & smok+ may be comm5c$ z soon z ! sun is well 9 ! we/--say1 at half-pa/ f\r o'clock or e>li]4 ,x us$ to be ! cu/om on a few e/ates to smoke dur+ ! daytime & to discont9ue smok+ at night4 ,z ! night-air 9 ,malaya is usually heavily lad5 ) moi/ure1 x w be pla9 t su* a policy 0 a topsy-turvy "o4 ,x is va/ly m reasonable to smoke-cure at night2 usually ! heat ( ! sun dur+ ! day is q suffici5t 9 itself to promote ! dry+ ( rubb]2 b !re is no reason :y smok+ %\ld n be c>ri$ on 9 ! daytime 9 wet wea!r1 %\ld x be f\nd exp$i5t to d s4 ,,record+ ,,in/rum5ts4--,dur+ ! night ! c>e ( ! smoke-h\ses is usually 9 ! h&s ( natives1 except = occasional surprise visits f a ,european sup]9t5d5t4 ,to all acqua9t$ ) ! ways ( ! native x mu/ be pla9 t means mu/ be provid$ = ! *eck+ ( ! temp]atures atta9$ 9 ! smoke-h\se4 ,ord9>y !rmomet]s are q unsuitable1 & ev5 !rmomet]s regi/]+ maximum & m9imum temp]atures are ( little avail1 inasmu* z !y record only ! degree ( heat atta9$ at a p>ticul> mom5t1 & d n indicate any p]iod dur+ :i* a p>ticul> temp]ature 0 ma9ta9$4 ,x is evid5t t some?+ m in=mative is requir$4 ,!re are _m types ( suitable record+ in/rum5ts or pyromet]s1 "s ( :i* c be electrically connect$1 s z to cause ! r++ ( a bell1 plac$ 9 ! sup]9t5d5t's (fice or h\se1 on ! atta9m5t ( a c]ta9 temp]ature4 ,! type be/ kn[n 9 e/ate practice is t nam$ ! ,!rmograph1 9 :i* a p5 traces a curve or graph on a plott$ piece ( pap] c>ri$ by a rotat+ cyl9d] :i* is actuat$ by clockwork4 ,su* in/rum5ts c be pur*as$ ?r\gh mo/ ( ! local firms deal+ 9 e/ate supplies4 ,f exp]i5ce x c be ass]t$ t1 giv5 intellig5t att5tion1 ^! in/rum5ts yield v satisfactory results4 ,! app>atus %\ld n be plac$ always 9 "o position 9 ! smoke-h\se1 b %\ld be mov$ frequ5tly s z to obta9 in=mation reg>d+ ! di/ribution ( heat4 ,,temp]ature ,,( ,,smoke-,,cur+4--,9 ! "q ( temp]ature ( dry+1 x is well to be z /rict z possible2 n t any great h>m w result f a rise ( #aj deg4 above t recomm5d$1 b because ! high] ! temp]ature record$ ! l>g] ! fires mu/ h be51 & consequ5tly ! m real dang] !re 0 ( ! /ore becom+ ignit$4 ,x has be5 %[n#ad t ! temp]ature giv+ ! maximum b5efit ( dry+ & quality 0 f\nd exp]im5tally to be r above ! temp]ature usually prescrib$ = smoke-h\ses1 b 9 ! exp]im5tal "w !re 0 no dang] f fire4 #ad ,prep>ation ( ,plantation ,rubb]1 ,morgan1 #aiac1 *apt] x4 ,! figure giv5 9 previ\s publications z a maximum work+ temp]ature = smoke-h\ses 0 #aaj deg4 ,f41 b c]ta9ly ! temp]ature may be z high z #acj deg4 if x is consid]$ safe to all[ fires to be s arrang$4 ,"o or two e/ates are kn[n to "w at temp]atures ( #acj deg4 ,f4 & ov]1 9 spite ( ! recomm5dations ( ! writ]s4 ,if ^? e/ates c>e to risk x !y may d s1 ) increas$ rapidity ( dry+2 b no responsibility c be tak5 = :atev] may happ5 9 smoke-h\ses :]e ! temp]ature is all[$ to rema91 z 9 "o case1 at #afj deg4 ,f4 ,naturally ! range ( temp]ature is /rictly limit$ by ! prop]ties ( ! sub/ance to be treat$1 & ) a sub/ance su* z rubb] x w\ld be f> bett] to err on ! side ( caution ?an to risk damage to su* a commodity1 ap>t f ! consid]ation ( ! possible de/ruction ( ! build+4 ,,p]iod ,,( ,,dry+4--,consid]able diff]5ces are not$ 9 ! p]iods ( dry+ on v>i\s e/ates2 b1 z !re is m ?an "o factor influ5c+ ! results1 x is n easy at fir/ to f9d :y ^! diff]5ces %\ld exi/4 ,really !re are ?ree factors3 7#a7 ,relative ?ickness ( rubb]4 7#b7 ,ext5t & quality ( roll+4 7#c7 ,temp]ature ( dry+4 ,x is presum$ t ! smoke-h\ses are id5tical 9 type & effici5cy1 & t smok+ is 9 =ce = ! same l5g? ( "t ea* day4 ,!re ne$ be no discussion ( ^! po9ts2 ! effect ( ea* is s obvi\s4 ,! ?9n] ! %eet1 ! quick] ! rate ( dry+2 ! bett] ! %eet has be5 roll$1 ! %ort] ! p]iod ( dry+2 ! high] ! temp]ature1 ! m rapid ! dry+4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 t ! condition ( ! %eet aft] roll+ dep5ds prim>ily ^u ! /&>d ( dilution ( ! latex & ! orig9al ?ickness ( ! coagulum4 ,if ^! factors are correctly controll$1 ! roll+ %\ld give a %eet :i* is fairly s(t & por\s--i4e41 x %\ld n h be5 subject$ to su* pressure z to make x bo? ?9 & h>d4 ,an av]age %eet ( rubb] :i* has be5 well roll$ %\ld be smoke-dri$ at a temp]ature ( #abj deg4 ,f4 9 ab\t t5 days4 ,if %eets take appreciably long] to dry1 !n ! ?ree =ego+ factors mu/ be exam9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is (t5 f\nd t ?9 %eets made f v dilute latex dry s quickly t !y are consid]$ to be fully smoke-cur$ 9 f five to sev5 days4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s 9 su* cases1 h[ev]1 t ! smok+ is insuffici5t1 & by ! "t ! rubb] rea*es home x has begun to %[ signs ( surface m\lds4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 f ?is discussion t3 7#a7 ,if smok$ %eet develops surface m\lds )9 a %ort p]iod aft] smok+1 ! duration ( cur+ has be5 insuffici5t1 or ! quality ( ! smok+ is at fault4 7#b7 ,! actual "t tak5 to smoke-dry rubb] may be insuffici5t to smoke-cure x4 7#c7 ,! rate ( dry+ ( smok$ %eet dep5ds ^u-- 7a7 ,! relative ?ickness ( ! rubb]4 7b7 ,! prelim9>y treatm5t ( roll+4 7c7 ,! temp]ature ( ! smoke-h\se1 & 7d7 ,! type ( smoke-h\se us$4 ,?is po9t w be treat$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,,fuels ,,= ,,smok+4--,! g5]al idea =m]ly held 0 t ! b5eficial effects ( smok+ 7 to be attribut$ to ! con/itu5ts ( ! smoke1 & *iefly ! creosotic sub/ances4 ,?is is n n[ ! op9ion ( ! writ]s1 :o attribute ! effect l>gely to ! temp]ature ( dry+ & con/itu5ts ( ! smoke o!r ?an creosotic sub/ances4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! pres5ce ( creosotic bodies is responsible l>gely = ! abs5ce ( m\lds & ! exi/5ce ( ! typical od\r1 b x is becom+ increas+ly kn[n t ! employm5t ( sub/ances ri* 9 creosote is n requir$ or desirable4 ,e/ates us$ to be put to consid]able exp5se 9 ! pur*ase ( bakau 7a mangrove timb] ri* 9 creosote & creat+ mu* heat71 "u ! idea t x 0 ! be/ mat]ial & almo/ indisp5sable4 ,mo/ e/ates n[ re/rict !mselves to ! consumption ( timb] obta9$ f _! own areas4 ,?9n+-out programmes are l>gely responsible = ! supply1 b ! local au?orities are mu* conc]n$ reg>d+ future supplies2 & consid]ation has be5 giv5 9 "s qu>t]s to ! "q ( ! developm5t ( quick-gr[+ trees on e/ates ) a view to safegu>d+ ! future4 ,?is seems to be desirable1 z x is difficult to imag9e t ! place ( timb] c be tak5 by any o!r mat]ial 9 ! smoke-cur+ ( rubb]4 ,unless "s su* precautions are tak5 x is n difficult to pr$ict t1 9 c\rse ( "t1 "s e/ates w be able to cont9ue ! prep>ation ( smok$ %eets only at consid]able exp5se 9 obta9+ suitable fuel f a di/ance4 ,x is n true t any k9d ( timb] is suitable z a fuel to be us$ 9 a smoke-h\se4 ,all timb]s are suitable1 ei!r alone or 9 mixture ) o!rs1 provid$ t ! wood is n too gre54 ,naturally an absolutely dead & crumbl+ wood w sm\ld]1 b does n develop suffici5t smoke4 ,a gre5 timb] w give an acrid & moi/ smoke1 b dem&s ! consumption ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( dry timb] 9 addition if x is to be us$4 ,rubb]-tree prun+s & sawn rubb] trees obta9$ by ?9n+-out may be us$ 9 mixture ) dead wood1 provid$ ! logs are /ack$ to dry 9 ! sun = "s weeks be=e use4 ,if ! timb] is too gre51 /eam is =m$ z well z smoke1 & ! %eets ( rubb] may h a moi/ surface glaze4 ,,sun-,,dry+ ,,%eet ,,rubb]4--,among ! fir/ curi\s sights :i* impress ! visitor or newcom] to ?is c\ntry is ! spectacle ( %eet rubb] hang+ 9 ! sun on native hold+s4 ,f :at "o has le>n$ ( ! extraord9>y c>e :i* mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 all ! processes ( rubb] prep>ation1 "o fails to und]/& h[ su* rubb] rea*es ! m>ket )\t becom+ tacky4 ,t "s ( x does become slightly tacky is c]ta91 b on ! :ole native rubb]1 ?\gh crudely prep>$1 is usually s\nd4 ,! native idea ( giv+ %eet rubb] a prelim9>y dry+ 9 ! sun is to ha/5 ! total p]iod ( dry+4 ,t ! p]iod is curtail$ w\ld seem to be ! case1 b x is op5 to d\bt1 z ! effect ( sun-dry+1 if unduly prolong$1 is to create a ?9 surface film ( dry rubb] :i* ret>ds ! dry+ ( ! rubb] bel[ ! surface4 ,work+ ) wet crepe rubb]1 ! writ] f\nd t1 to all ext]nal appe>ances1 !re 0 no effect ^u ! rubb] :5 x 0 all[$ to sun-dry = f\r or five h\rs4 ,) p]iods ( f six to t5 h\rs ! crepe becomes slightly /icky1 *iefly on t portion across ! support4 ,:5 remov$ to ! air-dry+ h\se ?is tack9ess develop$ fur!r1 & ! rubb]1 on ! l9e ( support1 became s weak t x /ret*$ & broke4 ,reason+ by analogy1 x w\ld appe> t no app>5t h>m w\ld result to %eet rubb] f sun-dry+ = p]iods up to f\r or five h\rs4 ,f exp]i5ce 7see ,*apt] ,,ix471 n ! slighte/ ill-effect is f\nd to result f ! %ort int]val ( prelim9>y dry+ or dripp+ practis$ on _m e/ates prep>atory to smoke-cur+4 ,,artificial ,,dri]s ,,= ,,%eet ,,rubb]4--,x is und]/ood t :5 vacuum dri]s 7 fir/ appli$ to ! dry+ ( rubb] x 0 ?\ght possible to dry %eet rubb] 9 ?is way4 ,! practice 0 f\nd to be impossible1 z ! l5g? ( "t requir$ & ! temp]ature 7 responsible = ! de/ruction ( ! =m ( ! rubb]2 x became tacky & semi-liquid4 ,,! ,,*ula ,,dri]4--,al?\gh sev]al sugge/ions ( devices = artificially dry+ %eet h be5 made1 only "o is kn[n to be 9 use at ! pres5t "t4 ,9 ! orig9al =m ?is 0 us$ = dry+ o!r tropical products4 ,x consi/s ( a l>ge iron *amb]1 9 :i* are sev]al comp>tm5ts divid$ by means ( baffle-plates4 ,at "o end !re is a small furnace &1 by means ( a fan1 smoke & hot air are drawn ?r\gh ! comp>tm5ts4 ,ow+ to ! temp]ature atta9$ 7#adj deg4 to #afj deg4 ,f47 %eet rubb] _c be completely dri$ 9 ! *amb]s1 & is1 z a rule1 only treat$ 9 ?is mann] = "o or two days4 ,dry+ is !n complet$ 9 an ord9>y air-dry+ h\se4 ,x is claim$ t dry+ is exp$it$1 & t ! rubb] c be pack$ 9 t5 days4 ,9 ! m rec5t modification1 ! smoke & hot air :i* leave ! ,*ula dri] pass ?r\gh a l>ge room 9 :i* may be hung ei!r %eet or crepe rubb]4 ,x w\ld seem t all s\rces ( dang] h n be5 elim9at$ f ! process1 z on "o e/ate a wood5 room conta9+ rubb] 0 ignit$ by a sp>k :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! dri]4 ,yet ano!r =m exi/s 9 :i* ! furnace is outside ! ma9 build+1 & 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( work+ only heats a s]ies ( op5 pipes ?r\gh :i* air is drawn by a p[]ful fan4 ,by means ( a valve x is possible to all[ smoke f ! furnace to pass into ! room ) ! hot air = ! prep>ation ( smok$ rubb]4 ,! hot air or smoke is di/ribut$ 9 ! l[] room by means ( ma9 & bran* pipes1 & passes ?r\gh an op5 floor to ! room above4 ,) su* an arrangem5t x is possible1 !re=e1 to prep>e ei!r air-dri$ or smoke-cur$ rubb]4 ,if ! me?od c\ld be successfully appli$ to ! dry+ ( crepe x w\ld be ( great assi/ance on "s e/ates4 ,!re w\ld seem to be a difficulty 9 work+ x = ! dry+ ( %e] rubb] & crepe toge!r1 z ! temp]ature suitable = ! "o is excessive = ! o!r4 ,giv5 an effici5t control ov] ! temp]ature ( ! hot air1 ! h\se %\ld be successful 9 ! dry+ ( crepe1 provid$ ! rubb] is n hung 9 folds ( too great l5g?4 ,= smoke-cur+ %eet rubb] ! p]iod is said to be r$uc$ by sev]al days 9 comp>ison ) ! "t occupi$ 9 an ord9>y smoke-h\se1 b x is n cle> t su* a sy/em w\ld h any advantage ov] a mod]n smoke-h\se1 9 types ( :i* rubb] c be fully cur$ 9 p]iods rang+ f five to t5 days4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,sort+1 ,,grad+1 ,,& ,,pack+ ,! "q ( /&>dis+ ! output ( our plantations is "o :i* has occupi$ att5tion = "s ye>s1 ) a n inconsid]able degree ( success4 ,mean:ile op9ion is gr[+ 9 fav\r ( proce$+ along ! l9e ( r$uc+ ! numb] ( plantation grades to a m9imum4 ,at pres5t "s confusion exi/s4 ,"s e/ates make up tree-scrap & b>k-%av+s toge!r2 "o e/ate puts tree-scrap1 e>?-scrap1 & b>k-%av+s into "o uni=m crepe2 o!r e/ates h ?ree or m sep>ate scrap grades--e4g41 lump-rubb] & wa%+s1 tree-scrap1 e>?-scrap1 & b>k-%av+s scrap4 ,!re is a movem5t on foot at pres5t to try to re/rict plantation rubb] to ?ree grades3 ,,crepes--#a4 ,fir/ ,quality ,latex4--,i4e41 crepe made f ! true coagulum obta9$ f ! regulat$ coagulation ( /ra9$ latex4 ,?is is a pale rubb]1 & may be prep>$ satisfactorily if ! directions giv5 9 prec$+ *apt]s are foll[$4 ,naturally !re mu/ be1 9 all factories1 "s defective rubb] ( ?is grade4 ,= v>i\s reasons ! crepe may be ( inf]ior col\r1 or is slightly contam9at$ ) dirt or traces ( oil & grease1 etc4 ,?is defective rubb] %\ld be plac$ aside mo/ rigor\sly & pla9ly m>k$ z (f-quality4 ,if a prop] s*eme ( /&>disation ( latex & *emicals is foll[$1 !re %\ld n be any su* v>iety 9 %ades ( col\r1 su* z 0 common 9 ,no4 #a crepe 9 ! pa/4 ,comp>atively few e/ates 9 ,malaya n[ prep>e ?ick 7or blanket7 crepes 9 ! ,no4 #a grade1 b 9 su* cases ! same rules mu/ be appli$ z gov]n ! sort+ ( ?9 f9e pale crepes4 #b4 ,comp\nd ,crepe1 ,no4 #a4--;,9 ?is x is propos$ to include cup-coagulat$ lumps1 coagulat$ lumps f transport vessels1 skimm+s1 bucket r9s+s1 cup-wa%+s1 & tree-scrap4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 ,*apt] ,x4 t /rict c>e is necess>y to elim9ate all oxidis$ 7d>k7 scraps4 ,^! are relegat$ to a l[] grade4 ,! possession ( a scrap-wa%] is necess>y if ! be/ results are to be obta9$4 ,on "s e/ates ! +r$i5ts ( ?is comp\nd crepe1 :ile fre%1 are plac$ 9 a common j> or tank to :i* a quantity ( sodium bisulphite 7#a p] c5t4 solution7 & acid are add$4 ,! result+ conglom]ate mass is cut up = work+4 #c4 ,comp\nd ,crepe1 ,no4 #b4--,?is grade w\ld include ! rema9+ l[] grades--viz41 b>k-%av+s1 scrap1 & e>?-rubb] scrap4 ,,r$uction ,,c>ri$ ,,too ,,f>4--,h[ev] desirable x may be to dim9i% ! numb] ( grades1 x mu/ be po9t$ out t dim9ution & simplification are n necess>ily synonym\s t]ms 9 ?is matt]4 ,x is well kn[n t on e/ates :]e ! e>?-rubb] is only br\ght 9 at l5g?y int]vals1 say ( a week1 ! result+ crepe is sometimes v tacky4 ,?is is only natural1 & is due to ! prolong$ exposure to ! sun's rays4 ,) ! improv$ ma*9]y n[ at our disposal1 & ) ! increas+ att5tion :i* w be giv5 to ! l[] grades 9 ! future1 x is possible to prep>e f av]age b>k-%av+s crepe free f b>k1 & ( q a good col\r4 ,:]e trees are n scrapp$ be=e tapp+1 !re w\ld seem to be no objection to amalgamat+ ! rubb] obta9$ f ! b>k-%av+s ) ! ,no4 #a ,comp\nd crepe2 & x w\ld be a di/9ct dang] & possible loss if ?is good rubb] 7 to be mix$ ) e>? rubb]4 ,! liability ( ! latt] to become tacky is well recognis$2 & if possible x %\ld be ma9ta9$ z a sep>ate grade1 9 :i* x w\ld be p]missible to mix only rubb] obta9$ f actually dry %av+s f scrapp$ trees1 or heavily-oxidis$ scraps :i* h be5 reject$ f o!r grades4 ,,%eets4--,broadly !re are no f9e di/9ctions to be made at pres5t 9 ! grad+ ( smok$-%eet rubb]2 x is ei!r ,no4 #a1 or if any s-call$ defect is visible ! %eets mu/ be reject$ & pla9ly m>k$ z (f-quality4 ,clipp+s 7trimm+s7 may ei!r be made into crepe or %ipp$ "u _! own description4 ,,rubb] ,,gr[]s' ,,association',s ,,recomm5dations4--,tak+ ! =ego+ argum5ts into full consid]ation1 x w\ld seem t1 /rictly speak+1 ! numb] ( grades _c be r$uc$ to less ?an f\r at pres5t )\t produc+ "s am\nt ( confusion4 ,9 its h&book1#ae ! ,rubb] ,gr[]s' ,association rem>ks3 #ae ,prep>ation ( ,plantation ,rubb]1 #aiag4 ,! few] grades ! bett]1 & regul>ity ( ea* grade is mo/ important4 ,! grad+ %\ld be z foll[s3 7,no4 #a7 ,f9e crepe 7or ,no4 #a %eet71 made f ! free or liquid latex4 7,no4 #b7 ,clean light br[n crepe1 made f lumps & skimm+s4 7,no4 #c7 ,scrap crepe1 made f tree-scrap4 7,no4 #d7 ,d>k crepe1 made f b>k-%av+s1 e>? rubb]1 & ! l[] quality ( scrap4 ,tacky rubb] %\ld be pack$ sep>ately4 ,comp\nd ,scrap ,crepe4--,e/ates us+ scrap-wa%]s %\ld make a comp\nd crepe ( grades ,nos4 #b & #c1 :i* w make "o comp\nd free f b>k & specks4 ,all rubb] int5d$ = ,no4 #d %\ld be mo/ ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,conc]n+ ^! recomm5dations ! rem>ks 9 prec$+ p>agraphs %\ld be /udi$4 ,,c>e ,,9 ,,sort+4--,:e!r deal+ ) smok$-%eet1 pale crepe1 or l[] grades1 ! /ricte/ c>e is necess>y 9 sort+ & grad+4 ,?is "w mu/ ( necessity be relegat$ to coolies1 & !y %\ld be tra9$ m54 ,in/ructions mu/ be def9ite1 & d\btful specim5s ( rubb] %\ld always be plac$ aside = ! decision ( ! ,european sup]9t5d5t4 ,any pieces %[+ unmi/akable signs ( :at are reg>d$ z defects %\ld be /r+5tly reject$4 ,9 ! case ( pale crepe1 :5 ! defect is conf9$ only to a small area x is p]missible to cut out ! affect$ portion4 ,simil>ly !re c be no objection1 9 ! case ( smok$ %eets1 to an occasional %eet be+ treat$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,on ! majority ( e/ates ^! rules are obs]v$ c>efully1 b "s e/ates yet h to le>n t defective pieces ( rubb] may n be conceal$ 9 a bulk ( o!rwise good quality4 ,sampl]s h (t5 an uncanny knack ( hitt+ ^u ! defective specim5s1 & x is entirely ! fault ( ! e/ate's sort]s if ^! pieces are submitt$ z be+ repres5tative ( ! mass4 ,,*oice ,,( ,,cases4--,consum]s compla9 ju/ly ( ! pres5ce ( *ips1 spl9t]s1 & wood-du/4 ,x w be evid5t1 !re=e1 t :atev] ! type ( case employ$ ! int]ior surfaces %\ld be smoo?1 !re %\ld be no cracks or gaps 9 ! timb]1 & ! cases %\ld be clean$ out be=e us+4 ,!re rema9s great room = improvem5t 9 ! means & me?od ( pack+1 & 9 spite ( sugge/$ alt]natives we are at pres5t re/rict$ to ! use ( wood5 cases4 ,f comp>isons ( actual quality & fulfilm5t ( ! requirem5ts indicat$ above1 !re c be no "q t cases made ( ?ree-ply wood1 su* z ! ,v5e/a1 are 9 e respect sup]ior to ! ord9>y wood5 cases ( ,momi type4 ,! consid]ation ( co/ & available supplies1 ( c\rse1 ent]s l>gely into ! "q1 & ?ree-ply cases are n at pres5t s l>gely employ$ z !y des]ve to be4 ,a new type ( case 0 rec5tly exhibit$ 9 ,s+apore4 ,x emanates f ! ,u4,s4,a4 & is made ( a fibr\s mat]ial1 resembl+ 9 appe>ance a v /\t c>dbo>d4 ,! complete case :5 assembl$ consi/s really ( two boxes1 "o ( :i* is inv]t$ & slides d[n ov] ! o!r4 ,pack+ is complet$ by means ( /\t wire1 :i* is /ra9$ by a simple rat*et arrangem5t4 ,x is claim$ t f #bbe to #bej lbs4 ( rubb] c be conta9$4 ,o!r claims made am\nt to ! /atem5t t ! case is practically inde/ructible "u normal conditions ( h&l+ & %ipp+4 ,a demon/ration giv5 c]ta9ly appe>$ to sub/antiate ! /atem5t fully4 ,rubb] pack$ 9 cases ( v>i\s & av]age type 0 all[$ to fall f a height ( ab\t tw5ty feet4 ,9 all in/ances ! wood5 cases ( e type 7 ei!r sma%$ or badly bur/1 :]eas ! fibre cases 7 m]ely d5t$4 ,^! cases are obta9$ 9 flat sections1 :i*1 9 assembl+1 are fold$ & clamp$ by means ( copp] rivets 9 a special b simple ma*9e4 ,x 0 po9t$ out t objection might be lodg$ aga9/ ! use ( copp] = ?is purpose4 ,m rec5tly !re is ann\nc$ a new pack+ case :i* is /at$ to be made f l[-grade rubb]s1 b in=mation is r vague4 ,,bags4--,!re are 9 local use /\t canvas bags :i* h ! advantage ( be+ us$ _m times1 z long z !y are wat]pro( & kept 9 good dry condition4 ,_! employm5t = ! conveyance ( smok$-%eets w\ld appe> to be p]mitt$1 b crepe rubb]s s5t 9 !m are (t5 report$ ^u z be+ mass$ at ! edges1 & h5ce difficult to sample4 ,,bales4--,attempts to bale rubb] = ! m>ket h be5 frequ5t1 b no success seems to h att5d$ ! ef=ts4 ,9 "s qu>t]s ! failure has be5 ascrib$ to prejudice on ! "p ( buy]s1 b x is ! op9ion ( ! writ]s t ! objections to bal+ are1 or c\ld be1 well-f\nd$4 ,mass$ rubb] (t5 _c be inspect$ prop]ly1 & h5ce is always op5 to suspicion t int]nally !re may be unsuitable portions4 ,!re h be5 sev]al s*emes put =w>d = w9d+ crepe rubb] on sp9dles s z to =m a cyl9drical package complete 9 itself4 ,we h se5 ! process1 & c]ta9ly ! me?od _h mu* :i* appe>$ comm5dable4 ,ap>t f o!r objections :i* might be rais$1 !re is always ! "o prom95t objection m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,:ile bal+ ( rubb] is ?us n likely to suit ! g5]al m>ket1 !re is no reason :y1 z 9 "o or two in/ances1 x %\ld n be practis$ by agreem5t betwe5 produc] & consum]4 ,x is believ$ t slab rubb] is %ipp$ 9 bales f ,sumatra to ! ,u4,s4,a4 ,q rec5tly a proposal has be5 put =w>d to rev]t to a simple =m ( bal+ = ord9>y plantation rubb]4 ,"u ?is s*eme wood5 cases are disc>d$1 ! pack+ mat]ial be+ compos$ ( scrap-grade crepe rubb] :i*1 x is claim$1 c\ld be put to use by ! manufactur]4 ,an obvi\s drawback w\ld be evid5t if ^! bales happ5$ to be expos$ to direct sunlight or a cont9u\s high temp]ature4 ,! tack9ess :i* might sup]v5e w\ld make ! h&l+ ( su* bales unpleasant1 ev5 if x did n affect ! int]nal rubb]4 ,,fold+ ,,= ,,pack+4--,9 ! pack+ ( smok$ %eets x w\ld appe> to be advisable to avoid1 if possible1 ! fold+ ( any pieces1 z ! objection is made t su* rubb] is difficult to sample on arrival1 especially 9 cold wea!r4 ,%eets %\ld be prep>$ or cut to su* l5g? t !y occupy ! full sup]ficial area ( ! box1 ei!r s+ly or side by side4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,%ipm5t ,,( ,,rubb]1 ,,pack$ ,,& ,,ready ,,= ,,transport4 ,! same rem>k applies to ! pack+ ( crepe rubb]s1 except t "h we deal ) units ( fold$ rubb]4 ,crepes are g5]ally fold$ by h&1 & coolies usually "w to a c]ta9 dim5sion by means ( a /&>d /ick4 ,! "w is sl[1 b (t5 gives employm5t1 at a *eap rate ( pay1 to wom5 & weak coolies4 ,sev]al ma*9es h be5 inv5t$ to replace ?is lab\r4 ,! be/ ( ^! yet se5 has a simple device by means ( :i* ! l5g? ( ! fold is adju/able to suit ! size ( any pack+ case4 ,x is call$ ! ,s5ang fold]1 & is made by ! ,g5]al ,eng9e]+ ,company 7,radcliffe7 ,ltd41 ,radcliffe1 ne> ,man*e/]4 ,,c>e ,,9 ,,assembl+4--,:atev] ! type ( case employ$1 great c>e mu/ be giv5 to ! assembl+ ( p>ts & ! f9al fa/5+4 ,x is n uncommon to f9d 9 ! op]ation ( putt+ on ! /rapp+ t nails h be5 driv5 into ! rubb]4 ,extra b&s ( /rapp+ are sometimes advis$1 & :]e ^! b&s pass ov] ! sides 7n edges7 ( ! case only specially %ort nails %\ld be us$4 ,all wood %\ld be plan$1 & 9 cases o!r ?an ?ree-ply %\ld be ( /\t wood1 n less ?an #e_/h in* 9 ?ickness4 ,all timb] us$ %\ld be ( uni=m type & ?ickness4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,pack+4--,! usual me?od ( pack+ crepe is to fold ! l5g?s to "s measure ( ! dim5sions ( ! case4 ,?is is done 9 a haphaz>d fa%ion on "s e/ates1 ) ! result t ei!r space is lo/ or ! pack+ is badly arrang$4 ,"s +5uity c be display$ 9 ! pack+ ( %eet rubb] 9 ord] to avoid fold+ ! %eets1 :i*1 besides increas+ ! difficulty ( sampl+1 leads to loss ( space4 ,endeav\rs are be+ cont9ually made on e/ates to prep>e %eet ( su* a size z to obta9 ! maximum b5efit ( space bo? 9 smoke-h\se accommodation & 9 pack+4 ,a few e/ates employ tanks ( su* calculat$ dim5sions z w yield uni=m %eets :i* pack flat & fill ! sup]ficial area ( ! case4 ,9 view ( ! contam9ation :i* sometimes *>act]ises ! employm5t ( wood5 cases x is sometimes advis$ t ! int]ior %\ld be l9$ ) %eets1 or pieces ( crepe1 ! ends ( :i* are lat] fold$ ov] ! top ( ! mass4 ,9 ?is mann] x is /at$ t contam9ation is conf9$ only to ! ext]ior ( ! cont5ts ( ! case4 ,,weight ,,( ,,cont5ts4--,! dim5sions ( av]age cases are #ai in*es by #ai in*es by #bd in*es1 giv+ a capacity ( #e cubic feet4 ,9 ^! x is possible to pack #aej lbs4 ( crepe rubb] & #bjj lbs4 ( %eet rubb] 7ab\t #e p] c5t4 m 9 cases ( ?ree-ply wood74 ,x may be not$ t boxes arrive 9 bett] condition :5 fully pack$4 ,! =ego+ figures are n adh]$ to /rictly4 ,= example1 "s e/ates f9d x exp$i5t to %ip rubb] 9 actual ton lots1 & = ?is purpose pack only #adj lbs4 ( crepe p] case1 giv+ sixte5 cases to ! ton4 ,o!r e/ates1 us+ presses1 pack m p] case ?an ! quantities not$ above4 ,at pres5t !re does n appe> to be any def9ite regul>ity 9 practice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,on ,,its ,,road ,,to ,,! ,,railway3 ,,bullock-,,c>t ,,transport4 ,9 all in/ances x %\ld be ! inv>iable rule t ! rubb] %\ld be weigh$ be=e pack+1 & t all cases %\ld conta9 uni=m nett quantities ( any p>ticul> type ( rubb]4 ,invoic+1 etc41 w ?us be greatly facilitat$4 ,if ^! practices are foll[$1 & ! rubb] always weigh$ on ! same scales 7assum+ x to be p]fectly dry :5 pack$7 compla9ts ( %ort-weight %\ld be infrequ5t4 ,,%ort ,,weights4--,9 "s cases ! occurr5ce ( %ort weights on arrival at ports w\ld appe> to be inexplicable4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ! con/itu5t p>ts ( wood5 cases h be5 9 /ock = a consid]able p]iod4 ,if = no o!r reason ?an t indicat$ bel[1 all cases1 ei!r be=e or aft] assembl+1 %\ld be ?or\ghly dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,%ort weight c\ld be acc\nt$ = to "s degree by a lack ( obs]vance ( ?is elem5t>y rule1 z x is mo/ probable t !re w\ld be a p]ceptible diff]5ce 9 weight ( ! wood5 case 9 a dri] atmosph]e4 7a7 ,if rubb] is weigh$ 9 ! box1 & ! av]age t>e ( ! case d$uct$ f ! gross weight 79 ord] to obta9 ! nett weight71 any loss 9 ! weight ( ! timb] w\ld appe> z a defici5cy ( rubb] at ! di/ant port4 7b7 ,:e!r ! same effect w\ld be produc$ ev5tually 9 ! case ( rubb] :i* is weigh$ be=e pack+ w dep5d ^u ! me?od ( weigh+ at ! w>eh\se4 ,if ! rubb] is weigh$ 9 ! box1 any obs]v$ defici5cy w\ld be attribut$ to a loss ( weight 9 ! rubb]4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,ma*9]y ,,& ,,build+s ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,ma*9es ,! numb] ( manufactur]s ( ma*9es = prep>+ rubb] w\ld seem to be on ! increase1 & !re c be little d\bt t ?is competition w result 9 a cont9u$ improvem5t 9 ! design ( ma*9es4 ,x _c be d5i$ t !re has be5 room = su* improvem5t1 & x is believ$ t manufactur]s w display judgm5t 9 putt+ only _! be/ quality into ! "w4 ,:ile design & f9i% are v excell5t 9 _! way1 x is to be regrett$ t 9 a numb] ( cases 9 ! pa/ ! mat]ial ( rolls has be5 f\nd to be ( inf]ior quality4 ,g5]ally1 ! compla9t seem$ to be t ! rolls 7 too s(t1 & t ! gr9d+ effect 0 f> too great4 ,! damage to pale rubb] 9 su* cases is consid]able1 z x is impossible to keep ! rolls free f f9e d>k p[d]4 ,! effect is g5]ally notic$ m 9 ! smoo? rolls ) :i* a f9i% is put ^u ! crepe4 ,cases h occurr$ frequ5tly 9 :i* rolls h be5 return$1 because ( ! injury caus$ to pale rubb]1 & !re c be little d\bt t ! life ( q a l>ge numb] ( rolls is ev5 n[ f> too %ort 9 comp>ison ) ! exp5se involv$4 ,x is a moot po9t1 h[ev]1 9 _m in/ances h[ f> ! quality ( ! rolls is actually responsible = ! damage done to ! rubb]4 ,9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! writ]s x is c]ta9 t compla9ts reg>d+ ! rolls 7 unju/ifiable1 & t ! injury _h be5 caus$ by c>elessness 9 ! fe$+ ( ! ma*9e4 ,especially 9 ! case ( smoo? f9i%+ rolls1 x is cle> t if ! rolls are all[$ to run idle = m ?an ! briefe/ possible int]val gr9d+ mu/ take place4 ,! compla9ts apply n only to ! rolls !mselves1 b also to ! brass l9+s = %aft-be>+s4 ,cases are kn[n 9 :i* a brass l9] 0 s worn )9 a few weeks z to be q useless4 ,if ! matt] end$ !re x w\ld n be s bad2 b !re is always ! possibility ( p>ticles ( brass f9d+ _! way into trays1 & s into ! rubb]4 ,! damage :i* ensues to ! rubb] is q irrep>able4 ,?is p>ticul> defect aris+ f ! pres5ce ( brass w be dealt ) 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,b "h aga9 x is necess>y to po9t out t su* we> on brass l9]s may be caus$ by ! /&>ds 7ends7 ( ! rolls be+ ecc5tric2 & ! case may be analog\s to ! plac+ ( new w9e 9 old bottles4 ,en passant x may be rem>k$ t 9 any case brass l9]s are n /rictly necess>y4 ,:ite-metal alloys are 9 use on rubb] ma*9es1 & ca/-iron be>+s h be5 employ$ satisfactorily = ye>s4 ,x w\ld be well = manag]s to rememb]1 !re=e1 t :5 ma*9es h to be ord]$1 no?+ b ! be/ is good en\gh1 & t ! diff]5ce betwe5 good ma*9]y & passable ma*9]y is probably imm5sely great] 9 effect ?an any sav+ 9 exp5diture w\ld w>rant4 ,,adequacy ,,( ,,ma*9es4--,9 g5]al1 ! factories :i* prep>e %eet rubb] are usually equipp$ ) adequate ma*9]y4 ,?is arises f ! fact t ma*9es are necess>y = prep>+ all grades bel[ ! fir/1 ev5 if !y are n necess>y = ! mak+ ( %eet4 ,?us all ! necess>y mac]ators & f9i%+ ma*9es are in/all$1 b ! major "p ( ! output is 9 %eet =m4 ,= ! prep>ation ( %eet1 no heavy ma*9]y is requir$2 all t is necess>y are light ma*9es = roll+ ! %eets & express+ z mu* moi/ure z possible4 ,to obta9 a patt]n on ! %eet1 ano!r light ma*9e may be us$4 ,x may be imag9$1 !n1 t ! "w ( roll+ %eet rubb] by p[] ma*9es is small1 & t a l>ge quantity ( rubb] c be work$ (f 9 a comp>atively %ort "t4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! prep>ation ( ! l[] crepe grades c be proce$$ ) at once1 & t ! :ole "w ( ! factory is exp$it$4 ,! case ( factories :i* h to prep>e all fir/-grade rubb] 9 crepe =m is q diff]5t1 especially :5 ?9 rubb] has to be made4 ,! c>e :i* has to be ex]cis$ 9 prep>+ pale crepe rubb] is v great 9 comp>ison ) :at is dem&$ by %eet rubb]4 ,! rubb] has to g fir/ ?r\gh ! unev5-spe$ mac]ators1 f !re to ! int]m$iate roll]s1 !nce to ! f9i%+ roll]s4 ,consid]able +5uity has to be display$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! ma*9es1 s t "o section w n "w fa/] or sl[] ?an ano!r4 ,m (t5 ?an n1 ! attempt to arrive at su* a desirable arrangem5t fails1 ow+ to an insuffici5cy ( ma*9es4 ,su* a /atem5t w probably read /rangely to ! un9itiat$2 b an example w make x pla94 ,a factory may h a batt]y ( six ma*9es1 "o only ( :i* is a f9i%+ ma*9e 7smoo? rolls74 ,) five mac]ators & int]m$iate ma*9es work+ cont9u\sly1 x w be m ?an ! "w ( "o f9i%+ pair ( rolls to keep pace1 especially z s mu* m c>e has to be ex]cis$ 9 f9i%+ ?an 9 r\gh crepe-mak+4 ,! obvi\s c\rse to adopt is to sub/itute a pair ( smoo? rolls1 ) suitable ge> ratio1 = a pair ( mac]ators or int]m$iates4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! mac]ators & int]m$iates are already fully occupi$ ! :ole ( ! "t1 any su* *ange w\ld be ( small b5efit4 ,:at is really ne$$ 9 ?is case is m ma*9]y4 ,x might be p]t95tly ask$ :at con/itutes an adequate equipm5t ( ma*9es = crepe-mak+4 ,! writ]s _c give a numb]1 b h no hesitation 9 /at+ t if a factory _c complete its :ole day's "w be=e d>k1 x is inadequately equipp$4 ,no "w %\ld be done aft] d>k1 if possible1 z x _c receive ! sup]vision :i* crepe-mak+ dem&s4 ,to make comp>ison betwe5 ! numb] ( ma*9es 9 any two factories & _! respective outputs is n s\nd argum5t1 z ! out-turn ( two simil> ma*9es w dep5d ^u ! spe$ at :i* ! rolls travel--i4e41 ! ge>+ betwe5 ! ma*9es & ! eng9es4 ,?us1 :ile "o ma*9e w out-turn #dj lbs4 ( crepe p] h\r1 ano!r may only h an output ( #cj lbs41 al?\gh ! ma*9es may be id5tical 9 patt]n4 ,to make calculations bas$ on a rate p] h\r = any kn[n make ( ma*9e1 & to apply ^? calculations to ! exi/+ ma*9]y 9 any factory1 9 an attempt to judge :e!r !re is a suffici5t numb] ( ma*9es1 w\ld be a mi/ake1 unless "o 7 also suppli$ ) ! relative spe$s at :i* ! rolls "w4 ,f9ally1 on ! "q ( adequacy ( ma*9es1 x mu/ be po9t$ out t an insuffici5t numb] ( ma*9es mu/ result 9 a poor product1 s9ce all rolls h to be us$ = all grades4 ,ev5 ) ! greate/ possible c>e x happ5s t pale crepe is sometimes spoil$ because x is contam9at$ ) =eign matt]1 result+ f ! work+ ( l[] grades on ! same ma*9es4 ,?is is "o ( ! great argum5ts 9 ano!r direction = ! in/allation ( a scrap-wa%]4 ,9 conclusion1 ! writ]s c only give _! op9ion t "o mu/ n decide ! "q ( adequacy by ! numb] ( exi/+ ma*9es1 b by ! "t tak5 ea* day 9 work+ (f ! rubb]1 provid+ "o c be satisfi$ t ! be/ arrangem5t ( ! exi/+ ma*9es has be5 made4 ,,ideal ,,arrangem5t4--,z to :at ?is be/ arrangem5t may be1 guidance c be obta9$ f ! results ( exp]i5ce "h giv54 ,x mu/ be premis$ t ! output ( any factory prep>+ f9e pale crepe is limit$ by ! output ( ! smoo? f9i%+ rolls4 ,broadly1 x w be recognis$ t if !re is any excess ( capacity 9 a batt]y x %\ld be f\nd 9 ! smoo?-roll ma*9es4 ,?is suffici5cy1 or excess ( capacity1 may sometimes be atta9$ by an alt]ation 9 ! ge>+ ( ! drive ( ! rolls f ! back-%aft1 or by an addition to ! numb] ( ma*9es4 ,9 ! =m] case1 !re are practicable limits ( spe$1 beyond :i* ! second alt]native measure mu/ be adopt$4 ,,spe$4--,! usual spe$ at :i* ! back-%aft travels ranges f #fj to #gj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,tak+ fir/ ! mac]at+ ma*9es1 ! int]m$iate ge>+ betwe5 ! %aft & ! rolls %\ld give a driv+ spe$ ( ab\t #bj revolutions p] m9ute on ! fa/]-travell+ roll4 ,?is is equival5t1 ) a #ae-;in* diamet] roll1 to a p]iph]al spe$ ( ab\t #fj to #fe feet p] m9ute4 ,! int]m$iate & smoo? rolls c be arrang$ to travel m quickly1 b ! maximum com=table spe$ = prop] fe$+ & control appe>s to be ab\t #be revolutions p] m9ute on ev5-spe$ rolls4 ,9 view ( ! fact t ! rubb] at ea* successive ma*9e becomes long] & ?9n]1 x w be se5 t a smoo?-roll ma*9e c\ld n cope ) ! output ( a mac]ator 9 ! same p]iod ( "t4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! mac]ator is fully occupi$ = ! great] "p ( ! "t1 an additional smoo?-roll ma*9e mu/ be in/all$1 ev5 ?\gh ! exi/+ "o has be5 spe$$ up to practicable limits4 ,= ! in=mation ( ! un9itiat$ x might be expla9$ t 9 ! mac]at+ & int]m$iate ma*9es ! cog-:eels driv+ ! two rolls are ( diff]5t sizes 7i4e41 diff]5tially ge>$71 z oppos$ to ! smoo? rolls on :i* ! cog-:eels are usually ( ! same size 7i4e41 ev5 spe$74 ,! idea 9 ! "o case is to ex]t a work+ influ5ce ^u ! rubb] :ile x is be+ wa%$ by ! /ream ( wat] com+ f above2 9 ! smoo? rolls a squeez+ action only is effect$4 ,to give an idea ( ! ratio ( ! spe$s ( ! rolls 9 ea* ma*9e 9 a typical work+ batt]y1 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s may be not$3 ,,ge> ,,ratios4-- ,ma*9e4 ,diff]5tial ,ratio4 #a4 ,mac]ator #cb-ag #b4 ,int]m$iate 7co>se groov$7 #cb-ag #c4 7f9e groov$7 #cj-ai #d4 ,smoo? 7unev5 spe$7 #cj-ai #e4 7f9i%+7 #be-bd #f4 7 7 #be-bd ,x w be se5 t ! s-call$ ev5-spe$ smoo? rolls run at approximately ! same rate4 ,x is advis$ t 9 all cases ! ge> :eels %\ld be cut helically4 ,^? :o h exp]i5ce ( ! noise ( "s batt]ies aft] !y are slightly worn w appreciate su* a rem>k4 ,,groov+ ,,( ,,rolls4--,conc]n+ ! *oice ( groov+1 !re is div]g5ce ( op9ion1 "s manag]s pref]r+ "o type1 :i* o!rs reject 9 fav\r ( ano!r type4 ,provid$ any p>ticul> type c be %[n to be z effective z requir$1 no necessity = lay+ d[n h>d-&-fa/ rules seems to exi/4 ,! foll[+ p>ticul>s s]ve to describe a batt]y well kn[n to ! writ]s1 & accu/om$ to produce ! f9e/ quality ( ?9 pale crepe & l[] grades3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,no4 ( ,times ,ma*9e4 ,groov+4 ,rubb] passes ?r\gh4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a4 ,mac]ator ,deep horizontal grooves2 squ>e-cut1 #e_/af in* x #e_/af in* x #e_/h in* spaces #c #b4 ,int]m$iate ,horizontal grooves2 #c_/af in* x #c_/af in* x #c_/h in* spaces #b #c4 ,f9e spiral grooves2 #a_/h in* x #a_/h in* x #a_/d in* spaces #b #d4 ,ge>$ smoo? ,nil #a #e4 ,ev5 smoo? #a #f4 #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,total #aj times ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! actual rate ( output ( ?is in/allation is ! capacity ( ! la/ smoo? ma*9e4 ,?is is ab\t #ahj lbs4 p] h\r1 :ile ! output ( ! mac]ator is approximately d\ble ?is am\nt4 ,?us ! mac]ator only works = ab\t half ! "t4 ,?is applies also to ! two int]m$iate ma*9es4 ,aft] a /udy ( ! prelim9>y rem>ks1 x w\ld n be difficult to sugge/ me?ods = improv+ ! condition ( affairs4 ,x w\ld appe> t1 9 ord] to obta9 a uni=m rate ( work+ 9 su* a batt]y1 ! relative p]iph]al spe$s ( ! sev]al ma*9es %\ld be--7#a71 7#b71 & 7#c7 #ajj2 7#d7 #aej2 7#e7 & 7#f7 #bjj4 ,! rem>ks on ! practical limits ( spe$ %\ld be borne 9 m9d4 ,9 ?is case ! smoo? rolls travell$ at #bc revolutions p] m9ute4 ,z already /at$1 x is n int5d$ to lay d[n def9itely t1 e4g41 horizontal groov+ alone %\ld be cut on mac]at+ rolls4 ,"s e/ates employ ) satisfaction a deep squ>e-cut spiral #a_/d in* by #a_/d in* by #a_/d in* or #a_/b in* spac+2 o!rs use a l>ge diamond patt]n4 ,simil>ly v>i\s types ( groov+ are cut 9 ! int]m$iate rolls4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,batt]y ,,( ,,ma*9es4 ,on ! left1 light m>k+ rolls = %eet rubb]2 on ! "r1 heavy ma*9es = crepe prep>ation4 ,9 ! middle backgr\nd1 scrap-wa%+ ma*9es outside ! ma9 build+4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ 9 ! *apt] deal+ ) crepe prep>ation t mu* dep5ds ^u ! condition ( ! coagulum4 ,!re is no necessity1 or desirability1 = hav+ a /&>d high] ?an #b lbs4 dry rubb] p] gallon1 & x has be5 argu$ t x w\ld be bett] to select a /&>d ( #a-a_/b lbs4 ,! t\gh] ! coagulum1 ! m ! p[] requir$1 & ! sl[] ! rate ( output ( ! lead+ ma*9es4 ,9 ord]+ ma*9es = crepe-mak+1 only l>ge rolls %\ld be consid]$--e4g41 rolls hav+ a diamet] ( #ab in*es to #ah in*es & f #ae in*es to #ah in*es face4 ,,rolls ,,runn+ ,,hot ,,or ,,free4--,if ! rolls are f\nd to become hot1 "w on t ma*9e %\ld be /opp$1 & an exam9ation made1 o!rwise !re is ! possibility ( ! crepe becom+ /icky & tacky :5 dry4 ,al?\gh comp>atively cold wat] may be fl[+ ^u ! rubb] & ! rolls1 little alleviation may be notic$1 inasmu* z ! s\rce ( heat lies g5]ally at ! be>+ ends ( ! rolls4 ,?is may be te/$ by plac+ ! h& on ! top ( ! /&>d ( ! ma*9e4 ,! developm5t ( ! heat may be due to lack ( lubrication1 worn be>+s1 or sometimes faulty sett+-up ( ! ma*9es4 ,allusion has be5 made to ! necessity = avoid+ ! runn+ free ( rolls--i4e41 9 ! abs5ce ( rubb]4 ,! gr9d+ ( ! rolls1 :5 work+ close toge!r1 produces a f9e p[d]1 :i* causes a m or less pron\nc$ deposit on pale crepe4 ,:5 ! rolls h be5 9 action = "s "t & become slightly worn1 ?is deposit may be conf9$ only to ! edges ( ! rubb]4 ,,%eet+ ,,ma*9es4--,! =ego+ p>agraphs h dealt entirely ) ma*9es = crepe prep>ation4 ,conc]n+ ma*9es = use 9 %eet-mak+1 ! gr\nd has be5 ma9ly cov]$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,:]e bo? crepe & %eet are made1 x is p]missible & advantage\s to use ! heavy smoo? rolls = ! roll+ ( ! %eets1 & x is only necess>y to in/al "o or two light ma*9es = plac+ a patt]n on ! rubb]4 ,:]e a heavy batt]y does n exi/1 light ma*9es ) smoo? rolls may be employ$ satisfactorily4 ,ev5 eng9e-p[] is n necess>y = ! prep>ation ( excell5t %eets1 b ! output is limit$ :]e h&-p[] only is employ$4 ,e/ates are kn[n on :i* upw>ds ( #a1jjj lbs ( %eet rubb] are made daily ) h&-p[] ma*9]y 9 "o /ation4 ,beyond ?is figure1 x is deem$ advisable to in/al a small eng9e1 say ( #g-i horse-p[]4 ,?is is ample to drive a batt]y ( ?ree smoo?-roll ma*9es & two m>k]s1 & yet h suffici5t res]ve to actuate a small pump = ! wat] supply4 ,,lubrication ,,( ,,ma*9es4--,x mu/ always appe> to ^? inexp]i5c$ 9 eng9e]+ matt]s t exi/+ me?ods = lubricat+ rubb] ma*9]y are di/9ctly crude1 :5 "o consid]s ! delicacy ( ! mat]ial to be prep>$4 ,_m exi/+ ma*9es are /ill lubricat$ ) oil1 :i* has to be adm9i/]$ 9 g5]\s quantities4 ,g5]ally1 su* ma*9es h be5 s design$ t ! excess ( oil may f9d an easy passage into ! tray :i* receives ! rubb]4 ,if n1 x drops j outside ! tray to ! floor1 & is wa%$ away 9 great g\ts4 ,ev5 :]e grease-cap lubricators are fitt$ x is common to f9d t ! excess c (t5 be transf]r$ f ! be>+s to ! trays & s to ! rubb]4 ,"o w\ld h expect$ f ! att5tion :i* is be+ giv5 to ma*9]y = rubb] e/ates t "s improvem5t 9 lubrication me?ods w\ld h be5 devis$4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t a great deal ( ! disabilities atta*+ to pres5t me?ods ( lubrication might be obviat$ if clos] att5tion 7 giv5 to ! actual op]ation ( ! lubricators4 ,coolies %\ld n be all[$ to h&le !m1 & ! responsibility %\ld be plac$ ^u a =eman or ! eng9e-driv]4 ,,trays4--,! mo/ unsuitable & damage-caus+ "p ( ! va/ majority ( ma*9es1 )\t d\bt1 is ! tray4 ,on ne>ly all ma*9es ! tray is wid] ?an ! effective portion ( ! rolls1 s t any excess ( lubricant may drop into x4 ,on o!rs1 n only is ! tray wid] ?an ! rolls1 b its edge ei!r is 9 contact ) ! %aft ( a roll or j a small di/ance away4 ,! edge ( ! tray is ?us fav\rably situat$ = act+ z a wipe1 & ! lubricant is transf]r$ to ! inside ( ! tray4 ,consid]+ t ! effective portion ( rolls is ab\t two-?irds ( _! l5g?1 x mu/ be unnecess>y to h trays wid] ?an ! l5g? ( ! rolls4 ,= ! prep>ation ( f9e crepe trays are q sup]flu\s1 & _! place c be tak5 by a n>r[ piece ( bo>d if requir$4 ,if ! b$ ( ! ma*9es has be5 cov]$ ) glaz$ tiles1 ev5 a piece ( bo>d is n necess>y4 ,:]e trays h be5 remov$ f ! f9e-crepe rolls on a numb] ( e/ates1 a m>k$ decrease 9 ! numb] ( spoil$ pieces ( rubb] has result$4 ,x mu/ be record$ t ! =ego+ p>agraph appe>$ 9 our #aiac publication4 ,aft] a lapse ( ov] sev5 ye>s1 ! rem>ks rema9 z true z :5 orig9ally writt54 ,"o ( u is cont9ually meet+ ) cases 9 :i* ! defects are pla9ly attributable to ! cause indicat$ above1 & ! fault (t5 lies ) ! managem5t ( e/ates4 ,on mo/ ma*9es ! trays are n fixtures1 & c\ld be remov$ if desir$4 ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,ma*9es4--,9 consid]+ ! future arrangem5t ( ma*9es1 ! fir/ c>e %\ld be to see t ma*9es & w9d[s are to be f\nd toge!r4#af ,( all ! factory op]ations1 roll+ ( rubb] %\ld be giv5 ! maximum light4 ,at ! same "t x w\ld n be advisable always to *oose a s\!rn aspect1 unless outside %ades 7 suppli$4 ,! be/ position = sett+ up ma*9es1 !re=e1 is along a wall hav+ a numb] ( w9d[s4 ,?is is extremely conv5i5t also f ! view ( p[] transmission1 & gives ! maximum free floor space to ! factory4 ,9 sett+ up ma*9es1 =esight mu/ be display$1 o!rwise "o may f9d1 :5 future ext5sions are made1 t ! extra ma*9es may ob/ruct an entry or exit4 #af ,w9d[s imply ! exi/5ce ( walls4 ,su* is ! conv5tional design ( factories4 ,x may be po9t$ out t walls are n necess>y4 ,! ro( may be support$ on pill>s betwe5 :i* exp&$ metal ( l>ge size may be plac$4 ,?is fulfils all requirem5ts & gives ! maximum ( light & air4 ,_m new factories h be5 erect$ to su* a design4 ,= ! actual erection ( ma*9es1 no lab\r %\ld be accept$ )\t ,european sup]vision4 ,at pres5t !re are ma*9es :i* are practically useless ow+ to faulty workman%ip1 & on _m ma*9es be>+s run hot = no app>5t or explicable reason4 ,:e!r ! fault lies ) ! turn+ ( ! rolls or ! sett+ ( ! ma*9e _c be decid$2 b at any rate too mu* c>e _c be exp5d$ on ! sup]vision ( sett+ up ma*9es4 ,!re is no reason :y ev]y?+ 9 a factory %\ld n be made z easy to clean z possible4 ,= ?is desirable condition all ma*9es %\ld h ! b$s fac$ ) tiles4 ,a ^w ( caution %\ld be giv5 aga9/ us+ m>ble slabs "u ! ma*9es1 z !y w\ld be erod$ 9 "t by ! slight am\nt ( acid wa%$ out ( ! rubb]4 ,!re w\ld be no su* objection aga9/ ! use ( :ite glaz$ tiles1 if !y are well set4 ,,access ,,to ,,back ,,( ,,ma*9e4--,9 a few factories x has be5 notic$ t ! dra9age ( wat] f ! ma*9es runs to ! front ( !m4 ,?is means t ! coolies are put to unnecess>y inconv5i5ce & discom=t1 & !y (t5 suff] f sore feet4 ,all wat] %\ld dra9 to ! back ( ! ma*9es4 ,! necessity = see+ t ^! dra9s are kept cle> might !n induce ^? 9 *>ge to exam9e ! back ( ! ma*9es4 ,x is (t5 ! case t1 :ile ! front ( ! rolls & tray are kept clean1 little attempt is made to cleanse ^? p>ts :i* are n visible or accessible f ! front4 ,!re %\ld be no ne$ to po9t out t any lab\r exp5d$ 9 su* front-w9d[ "w is r5d]$ useless by ! contam9ation f accumulations ( old rubb] & grease at ! back ( ! ma*9es4 ,9 ! c\rse ( visit+ factories "o ( u has _m times se5 great surprise exhibit$ by ! manag] or assi/ants on be+ %[n ! /ate ( affairs at ! back ( ! ma*9es4 ,!re %\ld h be5 no occasion = su* surprise1 = ! back ( ! ma*9es is q z accessible to !m z to ! visitor4 ,9 conclusion x might be said t ! manag] ne$+ advice z to ! be/ ma*9es _c g f> wrong 9 pur*as+ any ( ! bett]-kn[n makes1 su* z ,%aw's1 ,bridge's1 ,rob9son's1 ,b]tram's1 ,walk]'s1 ,c>t]'s1 ,iddon's1 etc4 ,?is li/ does n include local manufactur]s su* z ! ,unit$ ,eng9e]s4 ,x mu/ n be imag9$ t _! ma*9es are n recomm5d$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 _! ma*9es comp>e well ) ^? made at ,home4 ,x w\ld be well to judge 9 ! f9al decision ^u-- #a4 ,co/4 #b4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ^? already us+ ! ma*9es4 #c4 ,simplicity ( p>ts4 #d4 ,lubrication sy/em4 #e4 ,mode ( adju/+ rolls4 #f4 ,fitt+ ( trays4 ,,eng9es4--,x is n int5d$ "h to discuss p>ticul> makes ( eng9es1 or ev5 to attempt to lay d[n def9ite /atem5ts ) reg>d to ! type ( eng9e4 ,)\t a full k ( local circum/ances1 x is n possible to recomm5d :e!r ! eng9e %all be oil-driv51 gas-driv51 or /eam-driv54 ,assum+ a copi\s supply ( v *eap timb]1 !re c\ld be no objection to ! employm5t ( a /eam-eng9e2 b = mo/ e/ates su* a *oice is out ( ! "q4 ,aga91 9 decid+ betwe5 oil & gas1 local economic factors mu/ be consid]$4 ,suction-gas plants are n[ made1 9 :i* a wond]ful v>iety ( refuse c be consum$ 9 ! production ( gas1 :]eas ord9>ily e/ates are re/rict$ to ! use ( ei!r *>coal or an?racite coal4 ,bo? oil & gas driv5 eng9es are em95tly suitable = ! purpose ( a rubb] factory1 & ! results obta9$ on diff]5t e/ates ) ei!r are (t5 discuss$ 9 fav\r ( "o or ! o!r4 ,! selection ultimately n>r[s itself d[n to "o ( co/ ( runn+1 9 :i* availability ( supplies becomes an ess5tial feature4 ,,p[]4--,no matt] :at type is select$1 !re %\ld be made an ample all[ance = m>g9 ( p[]4 ,! g5]al exp]i5ce ( e/ates has be5 t :5 ! fir/ portion ( ! e/ate comes into be>+1 !re is a desire to avoid great outlay1 :i* %\ld really h be5 secur$ 9 ! orig9al capital4 ,! result has be5 t z lat] ! e/ate exp&s1 ! orig9al p[] unit is f\nd to be inadequate1 & a l>g] eng9e has to be pur*as$4 ,9 a %ort :ile ! orig9al eng9e is f\nd to be unsuitable ev5 z a /&-by1 inasmu* z x is incapable ( do+ m ?an a portion ( ! "w requir$4 ,?is means ev5tually t ano!r l>ge eng9e is requir$4 ,_h suffici5t m>g9 ( p[] be5 all[$ orig9ally1 only two eng9es w\ld h be5 b\ght1 z aga9/ ! ?ree indicat$ above4 ,)\t go+ into f9] details1 x is usual to all[ a rate ( #aj horse-p[] p] heavy ma*9e us$ = crepe prep>ation4 ,9 actual practice1 :5 a batt]y is work+ "u full load1 ! p[] dem&$ is ab\t #f horse-p[] p] ma*9e4 ,?us a #ej horse-p[] eng9e runn+ six ma*9es & a scrap-wa%] is really runn+ ) only a small m>g9 ( p[]1 & if l>ge pieces ( h>d coagulum are plac$ 9 ! wa%] or ! mac]ator !re may be a sudd5 /oppage4 ,assum+ an av]age e/ate comm5ces ) only ?ree ma*9es = crepe-mak+1 on an exp&+ programme1 all[ance ( p[] %\ld be made = six ma*9es & a scrap-wa%]1 if ! pur*ase ( l>g] p[] units is to be avoid$ lat]4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,factories ,,g5]al ,,con/ruction4--,on ! "q ( g5]al con/ruction !re is little to be said1 except t build+s are n[ be+ prop]ly design$ 9 m p]man5t =m ?an 7 "s ( ! e>li] build+s4 ,on ! :ole !re is little fault to be f\nd ) factories 9 g5]al1 except 9 s f> z ! output has outgr[n ! accommodation4 ,mo/ factories are n[ erect$ 9 iron1 b !re are a few :i* are built ( bricks4 ,x %\ld be premis$ t a factory 9 :i* rubb] is to be prep>$ %\ld be z light & airy z possible4 ,9 ?is respect q a numb] ( ! old] factories are lack+1 & !y seem to h be5 design$ to exclude z mu* air & light z possible4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! build+ is always d>k1 !re is always an air ( dampness1 dirt may accumulate1 & !re is usually a bad smell4 ,rubb] prep>$ "u ^! conditions is always liable to be bel[ ! high /&>d :i* %\ld be atta9$1 & ! g5]al tone ( ! factory is depress+4 ,,pl5ty ,,( ,,light4--,! old idea t light mu/ be exclud$ is n[ kn[n to be errone\s2 s t 9 design+ a factory1 provision %\ld be made = ample light & air4 ,x %\ld n be =gott5 t 9 tropical climates1 iron build+s may become uncom=tably hot1 z mo/ ( our old] factories are4 ,usually x w be f\nd t ! v5tilation is imp]fect4 ,!re is a lack ( w9d[ space1 & ! ro( is imp]fectly v5tilat$4 ,! ridge ( ! ro( %\ld be op5$ up by means ( a jack-ro(1 s t ! w>m air ris+ naturally may escape at ! highe/ po9t ( ! build+4 ,^! are defects :i* %\ld be rem$i$ 9 old build+s4 ,z a rule no rubb] rema9s 9 ! factory at night-"t1 except 9 ! =m ( coagulum1 ! loss ( any ( :i* w\ld be not$ ) ease4 ,! conv5tional idea ( enclos+ ! factory ) walls ( galvanis$ %eet+1 wood1 or brick1 is n /rictly necess>y4 ,9 mod]n build+s ^! walls are replac$ by l>ge-me% exp&$ metal1 ?us mak+ ! ma*9e-room p]fectly light & pl5tifully v5tilat$4 ,"u su* conditions1 dirt _c accumulate unse51 & ! g5]al tone ( ! "w is rais$4 ,,! ,,floor4--,! floor %\ld be ( ?ick concrete1 & h a good surface lay] ( cem5t4 ,prep>ations are n[ adv]tis$ = :i* claims are made t _! employm5t r5d]s ! surface ( su* floors wat]pro( & du/pro(4 ,if ^! claims c be sub/antiat$ :5 ! use is appli$ to ! floors ( rubb] factories1 ! employm5t ( a prep>ation ( ?is nature %\ld result 9 a consid]able sav+ ( exp5se & tr\ble4 ,pref]ably ! floor %\ld n be flat1 b %\ld slope slightly f ! longitud9al middle ( ! build+ to ! sides on ei!r h&4 ,if ! floor is level x usually results 9 accumulation ( wat]1 ! cem5t breaks 9 pat*es1 & ! factory always appe>s to be dirty4 ,,position ,,( ,,ma*9es4--,all ma*9es %\ld be arrang$ adjac5t to & p>allel ) "o ( ! long sides ( ! build+1 & %\ld be rais$ ab\t #f in*es above ! floor1 s t wat] may escape easily4 ,tanks = ! reception ( latex1 scrap rubb]1 etc41 %\ld be plac$ along ! opposite wall to ! ma*9es1 & ! int]m$iate l5g? ( ! build+ %\ld be entirely free f fixtures4 ,x 0 n uncommon 9 old] factories to f9d ! eng9e situat$ 9 ! middle ( ! floor1 s t :at ) ! space occupi$ by ! eng9e1 & ! space r5d]$ unavailable by ! belt-drive1 ! real accommodation ( ! factory 0 sadly dim9i%$4 ,9 no mod]n factory %\ld ! eng9es be br\ght into ! ma9 room4 ,!y %\ld always be accommodat$ 9 a special comp>tm5t1 situat$ outside ! wall1 along ! inside ( :i* ma*9es are plac$4 ,9 ?is way consid]able floor space is left available1 & ! ma*9es may be work$ by direct drive4 ,n only s2 b if a suction-gas plant is work$1 !re c !n be no excuse = p>ticles ( coal or *>coal du/ be+ f\nd 9 ! factory4 ,,position ,,( ,,eng9es4--,x sc>cely ne$ be po9t$ out t if ! eng9es are plac$ outside ! wall :i* is opposite ! ma*9es1 a long belt-drive w\ld be necessitat$1 & t ! pres5ce ( ! belt w\ld prev5t ! use ( end doors4 ,x is presum$ 9 ^! argum5ts t two eng9es are to be in/all$4 ,"o c h>dly imag9e a mod]n factory 9 full work+ be+ equipp$ ) only "o eng9e1 :i* might possibly h an excess ( p[] necess>y to drive all ! ma*9es4 ,9 ! case ( breakd[n1 :i* sometimes happ5s 9 ! be/ sup]vis$ factories1 x w\ld be small consolation to "k t ?is excess ( p[] 0 pres5t !oretically4 ,,h[ ,,_m ,,/oreys4--,!re c be no d\bt t1 tak+ all ?+s into consid]ation1 ! be/ type ( factory is t consi/+ only ( "o floor4 ,! factory %\ld be q sep>ate f all o!r build+s1 & if attempts are made to cons]ve gr\nd space by putt+ a dry+-room ov] ! factory1 mu* tr\ble w ensue1 especially if pale crepes are to be made4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! factory is made v mu* d>k]1 & h5ce m difficult to keep clean2 secondly1 ! v5tilation ( ! factory is s]i\sly int]f]$ )2 & ?irdly1 x is manife/ly prejudic+ ! dry+ ( rubb] to place x directly ov] a room :i* is always m or less awa% ) wat]4 ,at night su* a build+ w\ld reek ) a moi/ure-lad5 atmosph]e1 & little dry+ c\ld be expect$ to take place 9 t int]val4 ,f actual exp]i5ce x has be5 %[n t rubb] hung to dry 9 su* a room1 situat$ ov] a damp factory1 is v liable to attacks ( spot diseases1 s9ce ! pres5ce ( p]petual moi/ure is fav\rable to ! developm5t ( ^! diseases4 ,if a d\ble-/orey build+ has to be work$1 x w be readily se5 t no fir/-grade rubb] %\ld be all[$ to dry 9 x4 ,! accommodation ov] ! factory may be re/rict$ to ! purpose ( receiv+ l[] grade rubb] :i* is n s liable to spot diseases1 & possibly does n take s long to dry z fir/-grade rubb]s ( equal ?ickness4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! erection ( d\ble-/orey factories is false economy1 z sep>ate dry+-h\ses h to be built ev5tually4 ,?is conclusion does n apply ) ! same =ce to factories work$ 9 conjunction ) smoke-h\ses = prep>+ %eet rubb]1 b1 nev]!less1 su* a factory %\ld n h ano!r floor above ! "w-room4 ,,v]&ahs4--,"o ( ! wor/ features 9 _m factories is ! necessity = coolies to br+ latex into ! factory4 ,z already m5tion$1 ! floors ( factories are usually runn+ ) wat] 7or %\ld be71 & x c be imag9$ t ! passage to & fro ( scores ( coolies mu/ br+ 9 a great quantity ( dirt4 ,n only s2 ! v pres5ce ( ! coolies is a h9drance to ! effici5t work+ ( ! factory1 & consid]able floor-space & "t are wa/$4 ,?is feature 9 factory work+ is all ! m annoy+ because ! necessity = x c\ld s easily be obviat$4 ,all t is necess>y is ! erection ( a wide1 op5 v]&ah outside ! wall ( ! factory4 ,"h all latex c\ld be receiv$ & /ra9$1 scrap-rubb]s c\ld be receiv$ & pass$ ?r\gh an op5+ into tanks plac$ 9 conv5i5t position4 ,wat] c\ld be laid on 9 ?is v]&ah s t coolies might wa% _! buckets1 & ! :ole v]&ah might be enclos$ only ) exp&$ metal s z to avoid int]f]5ce ) ! light+ ( ! factory4 ,9 ?is way x w\ld be q unnecess>y = any field coolie to ent] ! factory prop]1 & ?is w\ld facilitate cleanl9ess4 ,su* an arrangem5t has be5 discuss$ by ! writ]s _m times dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 b ! numb] ( e/ates :i* h made su* provision is /ill 9 ! m9ority1 & ! same slip%od & dirt-mak+ procession ( coolies cont9ues to walk ?r\gh ! factories1 & ! same piles ( b>k-%av+s & scrap-rubb] cont9ue to accumulate & f]m5t 9 a few in/ances4 ,an indication ( types ( v]&ahs is giv5 9 ,*apt]s ,,vii4 & ,,ix4 ,^! are n int5d$ to be repres5tative ( a univ]sal design1 b may be sugge/ive 9 ! plann+ ( o!rs accord+ to local conditions4 ,,situation ,,( ,,tanks4--,x w be not$ t ^! v]&ahs are rais$ f ! gr\nd-level to a height ( ab\t #c feet 9 ord] t latex may be gravitat$1 ) a slight fall1 into ! coagulat+ tanks :i* are )9 ! factory4 ,!re exi/s a real necessity = ?is practice1 inasmu* z o!rwise to obta9 gravitation ( latex 7:i* is quick] & *eap] ?an h&l+7 ! coagulat+ tanks w\ld h to be ei!r plac$ on ! floor or sunk b5ea? ! level4 ,! risk ( contam9ation ( latex or coagulum "u su* circum/ances w\ld be appreciable4 ,ap>t f ?is1 x is advisable to h ! coagulat+ tanks rais$ to a height ( betwe5 #b & #c feet1 to secure ! advantage ( ease ( work+ 9 ! processes ( coagulation & ! h&l+ ( coagulum--a n inconsid]able factor4 ,9 "s mod]n designs x is propos$ to place ! coagulat+ tanks 9 a sep>ate build+4 ,?is w\ld seem to be an unnecess>y ref9em5t 9 a new build+1 if obs]vance is giv5 to ! sugge/ions made 9 previ\s p>agraphs4 ,,designs ,,& ,,lay-,,out4--,9 a previ\s publication#ag comm5t 0 made ^u griev\s errors 9 designs prep>$ by ^? inexp]i5c$ 9 ! requirem5ts ( ! tropics4 ,!re is little gr\nd n[ = compla9t1 & local eng9e]+ firms are fully capable ( advis+ ^u1 & con/ruct+1 suitable build+s4 #ag ,prep>ation ( ,plantation ,rubb]1 ,morgan1 #aiac4 ,9 consid]+ ! fir/ in/allation ( a factory & equipm5t "o always has to weigh ! "q ( prime co/ aga9/ ! probability ( future expansion ( crop4 ,if x %\ld be decid$ at fir/ m]ely to cat] = contempor>y requirem5ts1 ! fulle/ consid]ation %\ld be giv5 9 discuss+ design ( build+ & lay-out ( ma*9]y to ! practicability ( lat] ext5sion4 ,! site %\ld be l>ge en\gh = ! ev5tual gr\p ( build+s1 ! build+ %\ld be easily capable ( ext5sion ) ! lea/ co/1 & ! same =e?\ght %\ld gov]n ! lay-out ( ! ma*9]y4 ,,dra9s4--,la/ly1 !re is ! "q ( dra9s4 ,g5]ally speak+1 all factories are well provid$ ) dra9s1 & ! only difficulty is t ( gett+ an adequate fall = effici5t dra9age4 ,b !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( laxity exhibit$ 9 ! matt] ( provid+ sieves 9 dra9s4 ,to anyone acqua9t$ ) factory work+1 x mu/ be app>5t t q a lot ( small pieces ( rubb] are wa%$ into ! dra9s4 ,?is rubb] %\ld be collect$ at int]vals dur+ ! day2 b 9 _m in/ances t collect$ is only a fraction ( :at escapes4 ,:]ev] possible ! dra9+s ( a factory %\ld be c>ri$ z f> z is practicable f ! build+s by means ( cem5t dra9s4 ,too (t5 ^! are %ort1 & lead into e>!n dra9s4 ,ev5 if no pieces ( rubb] are pres5t1 ! s]um f ! coagulum is subject to decomposition1 ! effluvium f :i* is objectionable4 ,,wat] ,,supply4--,x is ess5tial t a good supply ( wat] %\ld be available4 ,?is %\ld be di/ribut$ by pipes all r\nd ! build+1 s t a hose may be us$ 9 e "p = ! ?or\gh cleans+ ( ! factory at int]vals dur+ ! h\rs ( work+4 ,summ+ up1 x might be said t a good factory1 !re=e1 %\ld h ! foll[+ features3 #a4 ,pl5ty ( w9d[s1 or walls ( exp&$ metal4 #b4 ,a jack-ro( 9 ! ridge1 & h5ce a good sy/em ( v5tilation4 #c4 ,eng9es 9 comp>tm5ts outside ! walls ( ! factory4 #d4 ,ma*9es close to & p>allel ) ! wall outside ( :i* ! eng9es are plac$4 #e4 ,latex tanks & o!r fixtures along ! wall opposite ! ma*9es4 #f4 ,a long middle free space1 at ei!r end ( :i* a l>ge d\ble door %\ld be plac$ 9 ! end walls4 #g4 ,a good concrete & cem5t floor slop+ slightly f ! middle t[>ds ea* long wall4 #h4 ,an abundant wat] supply1 & sev]al l5g?s ( hose4 #i4 ,! build+ %\ld be ( only "o floor1 & h ample head room4 #aj4 ,!re %\ld be an outside1 op5 v]&ah ^u :i* latex may be receiv$1 etc42 pref]ably outside ! wall :i* is opposite to ! ma*9es4 #aa4 ,! sy/em ( dra9age %\ld be ?or\gh1 & ! dra9s %\ld be adequately scre5$1 s t all p>ticles ( rubb] may be collect$4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,o!r ,,build+s ,,dry+-,,h\ses ,,= ,,crepe4--,x has already be5 %[n 9 ! previ\s *apt] t "o type ( dry+-h\ses--viz41 t ov] a factory--/&s condemn$1 except = ! dry+ ( l[-grade rubb]s4 ,g5]ally speak+1 a great advance has be5 made 9 ! design ( crepe dry+-h\ses dur+ rec5t ye>s1 & x has be5 possible ev5 to improve old] ones s z to br+ !m into l9e ) ! m mod]n build+s4 ,h\ses = dry+ crepe rubb] may be ( "o floor1 two floors1 or ev5 ?ree floors4 ,d\btless ^? built ) ?ree floors 7 design$ ) a view to economis+ ! available site = factory build+s1 & z long z ! v5tilation is good !re c be no v great objection to !m4 ,x might be po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t ev5 ) ! be/ ( v5tilation ! air pass+ successively ?r\gh ?ree lay]s ( rubb] mu/ be fairly saturat$ ) moi/ure by ! "t x leaves ! build+4 ,! effect ( ?is ^u ! rate ( dry+ 9 ! upp]mo/ *amb] w n be s m>k$ z x w be 9 ! middle floor1 z ! temp]ature ( ! top floor mu/ be _m degrees high] ?an t ( ! o!r two rooms4 ,x w\ld be expect$1 !re=e1 t ! rate ( dry+ 9 ! middle /orey w\ld be sl[] ?an t 9 ei!r ( ! o!r two4 ,9 h\ses ( two floors ?is objection w\ld n h to be met1 & dry+-h\ses ( ?is type are successful & common4 ,,h[ ,,_m ,,/oreys8--,aga9 no?+ c\ld be urg$ aga9/ a build+ ( two or ?ree /oreys 9 :i* ! gr\nd floor 0 occupi$ z a pack+-room1 except t1 by neglig5ce 9 n all[+ wet crepe a prelim9>y dripp+ p]iod1 wat] might fall ^u ! pack$ rubb] bel[4 ,z a matt] ( exp]i5ce1 su* a h\se is1 tak+ all into consid]ation1 ! *eape/ & mo/ suitable type = any e/ate ) an increase 9 output4 ,ev5 at ! outset !re %\ld be a sep>ate room 9 :i* sort+ & pack+ is und]tak54 ,?is is conv5i5tly ! l[] room ( a dry+-h\se4 ,! only /ipulation to be made = a h\se ) two /oreys is t ! floor ( ! upp] room %\ld be ( an op5 patt]n1 s t ! air may circulate "r ?r\gh ! build+4 ,?is is usually & v successfully atta9$ by lay+ d[n wide slats ( wood1 ) spaces ( an in* or m betwe5 !m4 ,x is n advisable to h spaces wid] ?an #a-a_/b in*es1 o!rwise !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( dang] to ! limbs ( individuals :o h to "w or sup]vise 9 ! build+4 ,9 any case1 x is v conv5i5t to h pa?ways ( planks runn+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! floor1 s t ! sup]vision is made m conv5i5t4 ,if ?is is done1 !re c be no objection to ! cu/om ( susp5d+ ! rubb] ( a l[] *amb] f ! slats ( ! floor ( ! upp] room4 ,at pres5t1 9 "s dry+-h\ses1 ?is means ( susp5sion is us$1 b no planks are laid d[n1 & x becomes necess>y to walk ov] ! dry+ rubb]4 ,?is is a detail1 b x is "o :i* does n make = ! improvem5t ( rubb]1 & ! exp5diture ( a small sum w\ld be suffici5t to rectify ! matt]4 ,f e po9t ( view1 x w\ld be desirable to h ! floor ( ! pack+-%$ 7or ! pack+-room 9 a comb9$ h\se7 rais$ f ! gr\nd1 to a height (1 say1 #c feet2 or ! height ( a bullock-c>t or motor-lorry4 ,n only is v5tilation improv$1 b !re w\ld be a great sav+ 9 lab\r4 ,pack$ cases c\ld be :eel$ directly on a level ) ! c>t or lorry4 ,a great _m e/ates fav\r dry+-h\ses ( "o /orey4 ,^! are em95tly suitable1 provid$ t ! site is suitable1 & t ! relative dim5sions ( ! h\se are fav\rable to effici5t v5tilation4 ,x is a common mi/ake to f9d build+s ( :i* ! bread? is out ( proportion to ! height4 ,obvi\sly1 if ! height is n consid]ably 9 excess ( ! bread?1 v5tilation w be defective4 ,= a s+le-/orey dry+-h\se1 ! maximum height %\ld be> ! ratio to ! bread? ( #c3b1 & 9 a h\se ( ?is type specially long pieces ( crepe c be utilis$4 ,naturally1 9 a h\se ( two /oreys1 ?is factor is n likely to be neglect$1 & if ! l[] room is us$ = pack+ purposes ! rate ( dry+ %\ld be rapid4 ,aga91 :5 a s+le-/orey build+ is contemplat$1 x is well to make /rict exam9ation ( local conditions4 ,if ! site is l[-ly+ & surr\nd$ by trees x w be cle> t tall build+s are requir$1 & t a h\se ( m ?an "o floor is to be pref]r$4 ,consid]ations ( ?is nature w\ld h prev5t$ ! erection ( "s dry-%$s :i* d n give a satisfactory rate ( dry+4 ,,v5tilation4--,no matt] h[ _m floors !re may be 9 a dry+-h\se1 ! greate/ att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! "q ( v5tilation4 ,x is an elem5t>y po9t 9 ! /udy ( v5tilation problems t ! be/ sy/em ( natural v5tilation is obta9$ by admitt+ cool air ne> or ?r\gh ! floor & provid+ an exit = ! w>m] air at ! highe/ po9t 9 ! build+4 ,x is n (t5 t su* a rule is infr+$ 9 ! v5tilation ( rubb] dry+-h\ses1 b sev]al ( ! old] build+s err$ 9 ?is respect4 ,9 a good mod]n h\se !re is a space 7ab\t #b feet 9 height7 all r\nd ! base ( ! walls m]ely clos$ ) exp&$ metal2 ?is admits cool air4 ,an exit = w>m air is provid$ 9 ! ridge ( ! ro( by ei!r v5tilation *imneys or by a jack-ro(4 ,! latt] is pref]able1 z x provides = a m free & uni=m escape4 ,9 "s dry+-h\ses1 besides ! ridge op5+s1 ! space along ! eaves is left op54 ,?is w\ld seem to be undesirable1 z x provides = ! entrance ( out] air1 :i* might combat ! asc5d+ w>m air & s int]f]e ) ! natural upw>d curr5ts4 ,provid$ t a jack-ro( or o!r suitable op5+s h be5 in/all$1 !re is1 !re=e1 no necessity = ! exi/5ce ( op5 spaces at ! eaves1 & !y probably d m h>m ?an good4 ,9 ! tropics1 on days ( sun%9e1 !re mu/ always be an upw>d curr5t ( air 9 well-design$ h\ses4 ,temp]atures ( #aje deg4 ,f4 are easily record$ 9 ! ridge space ( a build+1 :ile ! temp]ature 9 ! l[] "p ( ! h\se may be at lea/ #ae deg4 ,f4 l[]4 ,on ! floor ( an upp] room a temp]ature ( #ij deg4 ,f4 is commonly not$1 & 9 build+s ) ?ree /oreys ! usual day temp]ature ( ! top room is ab\t or ov] #ajj deg4 ,f4 ,ev51 !re=e1 :5 !re is no trace ( a breeze1 !re mu/ be a displacem5t ( air 9 an upw>d direction1 ?\gh x may n be detect$ )\t te/s be+ appli$4 ,x is (t5 ask$ :e!r a temp]ature ( #ajj deg4 ,f41 su* z is obta9$ 9 ! upp] room1 is calculat$ to injure ! quality ( ! rubb]4 ,!re ne$ be no fe> on ?is gr\nd2 ! exp]i5ce ( _m e/ates goes to %[ n only t no h>m results1 b also t ! dry+ ( ! rubb] is exp$it$4 ,!re w\ld seem to be no reason :y crepe rubb] %\ld n be dri$ at a temp]ature ( #ajj deg4 ,f4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t high] temp]atures = crepe rubb] are n recomm5d$1 z x has be5 prov$ t ! rubb] is affect$4 ,! fact becomes obvi\s ) cont9u$ treatm5t at temp]atures mu* above #ajj deg4 ,f41 = ! rubb] /ret*es & breaks across ! support4 ,,w9d[s4--,conc]n+ ! subject ( w9d[ space 9 a dry+-h\se1 !re has be5 mu* discussion at v>i\s times4 ,ye>s ago x 0 common to f9d w9d[s widely op5 ) ! sun%9e /ream+ 94 ,naturally1 tack9ess develop$ 9 "s ( ! rubb]1 & c>e 0 !n tak5 to keep ! w9d[s clos$4 ,?us ! rooms 7 d>k5$ & air exclud$4 ,!re foll[$ a p]iod 9 :i* w9d[s 7 fitt$ ) ruby-col\r$ glass to keep out ! act9ic rays ( ! sun1 :i* 7 responsible = tack9ess1 & excess ( light1 :i* 0 suppos$ to be responsible = ! rapid oxidation ( rubb]4 ,unless special precautions 7 obs]v$ 9 ! processes ( coagulation & prep>ation1 x 0 n prov$ t ! exclusion ( light prev5t$ or less5$ ! natural oxidation ( crepe rubb]4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( sodium bisulphite = ! prev5tion ( oxidation1 !re has be5 no cause to worry z to ! possible effect ( light1 z no p]ceptible d>k5+ ( ! rubb] takes place4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t no tr\ble ne$ be tak5 to exclude light1 al?\gh ! necessity = exclud+ direct sun%9e /ill exi/s4 ,w9d[s may be left op5 z long z ! sun does n rea* !m4 ,?is c usually be arrang$ 9 a dry+-h\se by manipulat+ ! w9d[s at int]vals dur+ ! day1 s t ^? 9 ! %ady side ( a build+ are always op51 :ile ^? on ! sunny side are always clos$4 ,if x is ?\ght t ?is manipulation _c be entru/$ ) success to ! /ore coolies1 ! case may be met by hav+ all w9d[s con/ruct$ on ! l\vre patt]n1 s t1 al?\gh ! w9d[s are clos$ all day1 air & light are n exclud$4 ,%\ld x be desir$ to reta9 ! exi/+ type ( w9d[s1 :i* op5 outw>ds1 & to keep !m op5 all day1 a simple arrangem5t ( ruby-col\r$ clo? on an out/&+ wood5 frame may be plac$ )9 ! walls ( ! build+1 or ! %utt]s ( ! w9d[s may be h+$ at ! top to op5 outw>ds4 ,unless !re is a pron\nc$ breeze1 or x is requir$ to exam9e ! rubb] closely1 !re is no necessity to h w9d[s op51 except 9 ! case ( a h\se 9 :i* ! bottom floor is us$ z a pack+-room4 ,! w9d[s ( ?is *amb] may rema9 op5 dur+ ! day1 to advantage 9 sort+ & pack+1 & also to ! prop] v5tilation ( ! build+4 ,?us ! direct rays ( ! sun are r5d]$ h>mless1 :ile air & light are all[$ to ent]4 ,,hot-,,air ,,dry+-,,h\ses4--,m5tion has already be5 made ( ! exi/5ce ( a sy/em ( dry+ 9 :i* hot air is =c$ into a dry+-h\se by means ( a p[]ful fan4 ,provid$ t ! temp]ature ( ! hot air c\ld be s regulat$ z n to exce$ #ajj deg4 ,f41 !re w\ld be m]it 9 ! sy/em4 ,su* matt] ( regulation c\ld be solv$ by hav+ a duct 9 ! ma9 air passage1 ?r\gh :i* cool air c\ld be admitt$ 9 su* proportion z to modify ! temp]ature ( ! hot air4 ,z ! process is work$ at pres5t1 ! temp]ature atta9$ is (t5 well above #ajj deg4 ,f41 & !re is a dang] ( ?9 crepe plac$ 9 ?is h\se ov]-night be+ f\nd ^u ! floor 9 ! morn+4 ,unless ! crepe is prep>$ ?ick & cut into fairly %ort l5g?s1 x w n be> its own weight at high] temp]atures2 & if x is made ?ick1 dry+ is impracticably prolong$4 ,x is probable t1 ) a temp]ature ( #ajj deg4 ,f41 & a /eady curr5t ( air1 av]age ?9 crepe w\ld dry 9 su* a dry+-h\se )9 six or sev5 days4 ,?is w\ld be an improvem5t ^u ! usual rate ( dry+ 9 mo/ factories1 al?\gh sev]al ord9>y dry+-h\ses are kn[n 9 :i* ?9 crepe w dry naturally 9 t p]iod4 ,,smoke-,,h\ses4--,no discussion ( !oretical consid]ations reg>d+ ! process ( smoke-cur+ w be attempt$ "h4 ,we are conc]n$ only ) ! necessity = supply+ a dem& = smoke-cur$ %eet rubb]4 ,broadly1 ! process is ak9 to ! smoke-cur+ ( h]r+s1 & ! objects are mu* ! same--viz41 7#a7 dry+1 7#b7 pres]vation--except t :ile h]r+s are only dri$ p>tially1 rubb] %\ld be dri$ p]fectly4 ,on a small scale a primitive smoke-h\se c\ld be built easily & *eaply1 & su* a build+ might be fully z efficaci\s z ! mo/ elaborate & exp5sive in/allation4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( e/ates x 0 n uncommon to see tempor>y smoke-h\ses con/ruct$ ( wood1 & ro($ ) attaps 7palm leaves74 ,"s ( ! be/ rubb] 9 ! m>ket has come f wood5 build+s1 b naturally ! risk ( de/ruction by fire is consid]able4 ,= imp]ative reasons x may be sometimes f\nd necess>y to smoke rubb] :5 ! only available build+ is a s+le-/orey "o4 ,z a tempor>y measure1 ! build+ may be conv]t$ into a smoke-h\se by plac+ ! fires 9 pits sunk deeply into ! gr\nd1 & effectively scre5$ above by iron baffle plates4 ,b x is n advisable t smok+ be cont9u$ 9 su* a s+le-/orey build+1 z ! be/ effects are n obta9$1 & ! risk ( fire is f> too great4 ,,usual ,,types4--,at fir/ sight x w\ld appe> t ! be/ type ( smoke-h\se w\ld be "o consi/+ ( a tall build+1 cov]+ a comp>atively small sup]ficial area1 & hav+ a numb] ( sup]impos$ *amb]s 9 :i* ! rubb] c\ld be hung to dry4 ,9 practice !re are sev]al solid objections :i* limit ! height & ! numb] ( floors4 ,*ief among ^! is ! "q ( temp]ature4 ,if smoke-cur+ is to be effective1 a c]ta9 temp]ature mu/ be atta9$ & ma9ta9$4 ,to obta9 su* results 9 a h\se ( excessive height w\ld be difficult1 if n impossible1 "u normal conditions4 ,x w\ld be f\nd t ! *amb] imm$iately above ! furnace-room w\ld be ov]heat$ if ! temp]ature 9 ! upp] rooms 0 )9 ! desir$ range1 etc4 ,until rec5t ye>s smoke-h\ses c\ld be class$ z belong+ to "o ( two types3 7#a7 ,^? hav+ ext]nal furnaces4 7#b7 ,^? hav+ int]nal furnaces4 ,! numb] ( ! =m] exi/+ at ! pres5t "t mu/ be v small1 z x has be5 %[n t ! arrangem5t ( ! furnace outside ! h\se is unsatisfactory 9 comp>ison ) ! o!r type ( h\se4 ,9 discuss+ ! "q ( smoke-h\ses1 !re=e1 x w be und]/ood t ! /&>d type accept$ is t hav+ an int]nal furnace4 ,9 its orig9al =m x 0 kn[n z a ,k5t dri]1 & consi/$ ( a tall two-/orey wood5 build+4 ,! walls ( ! l[] *amb] _h ! =m ( an inv]t$ & truncat$ pyramid4 ,by ?is arrangem5t x 0 possible to obta9 f a comp>atively small fire suffici5t smoke & heat to cure ! product plac$ 9 ! room above4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ^u :i* _m smoke-h\ses 9 ,malaya are design$4 ,on a v l>ge scale x is n claim$ t ! slop+ sides ( ! l[] *amb] lead to economy 9 ! numb] ( fires1 b m]ely div]t ! smoke 9 an upw>d direction4 ,x is ackn[l$g$ t v]tical l[] walls are q effective1 & x is an easi] matt] to fit 9 doors4 ,x may be not$ t ! usual type ( smoke-h\se n[ 9 g5]al use consi/s ( a build+ ( two /oreys1 9 ! l[] ( :i* are situat$ ! furnaces1 :ile rubb] is hung on racks 9 ! upp] room4 ,sometimes !re may be a ?ird /orey1 also us$ z a dry+ 7cur+7 *amb]4 ,z a rule ! dry+-room is "o long unit1 z also is ! furnace *amb]2 b 9 "s cases !y are subdivid$ by v]tical p>titions into small] *amb]s1 = ease ( work+ & bett] control4 ,?is applies ) "s =ce 9 ! case ( v long h\ses /&+ 9 an op5 space4 ,x is sometimes f\nd 9 su* cases t at c]ta9 seasons ! prevail+ w9ds h ! effect ( mak+ dry+ & cur+ unev5 9 p>ts ( ! build+4 ,) ^! exceptions1 ! ord9>y type ( smoke-h\se functions v effici5tly1 & is capable ( dry+ av]age %eet 7f /&>dis$ latex7 9 a p]iod rang+ f sev5 to elev5 days4 ,%\ld ! build+ n be capable ( su* p]=mance1 9 spite ( ! /rict obs]vance ( all rules laid d[n = ! processes ( prep>ation1 !n !re is "s defect 9 v5tilation or 9 ! di/ribution ( heat4 ,,g5]al ,,v5tilation4--,! ord9>y rules ( v5tilation 9 dry+-h\ses apply equally to a smoke-h\se4 ,!re %\ld be a sl[ curr5t ( air & smoke f ! l[e/ po9t to ! highe/ po9t 9 ! build+4 ,9 spite ( all t has be5 writt5 on ?is subject1 x is by no means uncommon to enc\nt] ! idea t a smoke-h\se %\ld be p]fectly clos$ 9 ord] to get good results4 ,z to :at mu/ become ( ! 7say7 #be p] c5t4 ( moi/ure :i* ! rubb] conta9s !re is no k4 ,9 doz5s ( cases1 :5 compla9ts reg>d+ sl[ness ( dry+ h be5 inve/igat$1 x has be5 necess>y to po9t out ! ne$ = provid+ a rational sy/em ( v5tilation4 ,naturally only a sl[ curr5t ( air & smoke is requir$4 ,! creation ( an appreciable draught w\ld h ! effect ( increas+ ! fuel consumption ( ! furnaces1 rais+ du/ f ! a%1 & ( caus+ a temp]ature high] ?an t :i* is kn[n to be desirable4 ,x w be cle>1 !re=e1 t if !re are to be any op5+s at ! base ( ! walls !y %\ld be small 9 area1 & %\ld h "s device by means ( :i* ! curr5t ( air c be effici5tly regulat$4 ,9 ! usual case ! con/ruction ( ! build+ is n calculat$ to r5d] x air-tight1 & ! necessity = provid+ special air inlets does n arise4 ,,w9d[s4--,w9d[s are n /rictly necess>y1 & are only int5d$ to be ( s]vice dur+ ! "t 9 :i* coolies are at "w )9 ! build+4 ,! op]ations ( exam9+ rubb]1 turn+ %eets1 remov+ dry rubb]1 clean+ racks & floors1 & putt+ wet rubb] into position1 usually occupy "s h\rs daily4 ,dur+ ?is int]val ! w9d[s %\ld be widely op5$ if ! wea!r is fav\rable1 & %\ld rema9 s until ! fires h be5 light$4 ,x %\ld n be =gott5 t dur+ ! heat ( ! day q an appreciable degree ( dry+ is possible4 ,advantage c be tak5 ( ?is2 b !re is no necessity to ext5d ! int]val unduly1 & x is ( great] advantage to proce$ ) smoke-cur+ :5 ! "w 9 ! dry+-*amb]s has ceas$4 ,,racks ,,( ,,supports4--,/ill ref]r+ to ! usual type ( smoke-h\se1 x may be rem>k$ t 9 ! upp] room bays ( racks run at "r angles to a c5tral passage d[n ! l5g? ( ! build+4 ,n>r[] passages run betwe5 ! bays ( ! racks to facilitate ease 9 h&l+ & inspection4 ,! wood5 supports may be plac$ ab\t #c in*es ap>t horizontally1 & #ae or #ah in*es ap>t v]tically4 ,a full bay ( racks %\ld conta9 n9e or m l9es ( support 9 ea* ( ! planes :i* are #ae or #ah in*es ap>t v]tically4 ,! numb] ( ^! planes is gov]n$ only by ! height ( ! room1 measur$ f ! floor to eaves4 ,! supports %\ld be ( smoo? timb]1 & ne$ n exce$ #a-a_/b in*es squ>e 9 section4 ,x is usual & advisable to smoo? (f ! rectangul> edges ( ! supports or b>s1 to avoid ! incid5ce ( spl9t]s ( wood adh]+ to ! rubb]4 ,! b>s %\ld n be fixtures1 b may ei!r be accommodat$ 9 slots1 or may re/ betwe5 two nails1 s t x is possible to give !m a rot>y motion by turn+ ! project+ ends4 ,?is practice is foll[$ 9 smoke-h\ses1 ! idea be+ to move ! dry+ %eets slightly ea* day1 ) a view to ! prev5tion ( a pron\nc$ m>k across ! %eets4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! vacant racks are ?or\ghly clean$ be=e fre% rubb] is plac$ ^u !m1 o!rwise a di/9ct dirty m>k is caus$ across ! middle ( ! %eet4 ,?is m>k usually _c be remov$1 ev5 by scrubb+ ) wat]4 ,:]e ?is m>k occurs regul>ly 9 all %eets1 att5tion %\ld be turn$ to ! op5+s b5ea? ! bays ( racks1 if op5 fire furnaces are employ$4 ,x w g5]ally be f\nd t gauze ( too wide me% has be5 fitt$4 ,?is %\ld be remov$ or cov]$ ) a f9] gauze4 ,a m effective way ( deal+ ) ! tr\ble1 provid$ o!r precautions h be5 tak51 is to h pl5ty ( sp>e wood5 b>s4 ,x %\ld be a rule /r+5tly en=c$ t1 z soon z racks are empti$1 ! b>s %\ld be remov$ to ! factory to be cleans$ ?or\ghly4 ,a sp>e set %\ld ent] ! smoke-h\se ) ea* bat* ( fre% rubb]4 ,! actual numb] ( sp>e sets requir$ c\ld be limit$ to a two days' supply1 & ! extra co/ w\ld be rec\p$ easily4 ,,floor ,,( ,,dry+-,,*amb]4--,! floor ( ! *amb] is usually ( planks1 except t ! space "u ea* bay ( racks %\ld be fill$ ) exp&$ metal4 ,) ! use ( wood fires !re is always a l>ge am\nt ( light a% =m$1 :i* may f9d its way into ! upp] *amb]4 ,to c\nt]act ?is1 scre5s ( f9e me% gauze are laid ov] ! exp&$ metal4 ,?is gauze may be fitt$ into a movable wood5 frame1 s t :5 x becomes necess>y to clean x ! :ole may be remov$4 ,! difficulty is t ) furnaces ( ! op5-fire type ! rise ( du/ is s great t ! gauze scre5s soon become clogg$1 especially z ! slight t>ry matt] 9 ! smoke cond5ses on ! gauze1 caus+ ! du/ to adh]e4 ,) ! bett] types ( furnaces1 ! employm5t ( gauze scre5s is n necess>y1 z !re %\ld be v little rise ( du/4 ,x is suffici5t to use only exp&$ metal1 to prev5t any displac$ pieces ( rubb] fall+ into ! furnace *amb]4 ,,furnaces ,,g5]ally4--,! crude/ & dirtie/ me?od ( fuel consumption 9 ! prep>ation ( smok$-%eet rubb] is t ( mak+ a fire on ! gr\nd4 ,?is is /ill a common practice1 & %\ld be condemn$ z be+ bo? wa/eful & h>mful4 ,"u prevail+ conditions coolies w1 9 spite ( in/ructions1 heap up a pile ( logs 9 ord] to save !mselves ! tr\ble ( /ok+ ! fire 9 small quantity & at regul> int]vals4 ,a small supply ( wat] is kept at h& ) :i* to qu5* ! fire some:at if x ?reat5s to cause tr\ble4 ,naturally a l>ge quantity ( f9e a% is ?us ?r[n up1 & ! rubb] above receives ! deposit4 ,if ! coolie does n happ5 to be suffici5tly awake1 ( c\rse a h\se burns occasionally4 ,f ?is primitive type ( furnace1 o!rs h be5 evolv$4 ,^! usually take ! =m ( m or less %all[ trucks1 ! majority ( :i* are simil> 9 pr9ciple to ! fire on ! gr\nd1 except t ! conta9] c be )drawn f ! h\se = ! purpose ( remov+ ! a%4 ,sometimes !y are ev5 m objectionable ?an ! gr\nd fire1 inasmu* z1 be+ rais$ above ! gr\nd level1 an "u-draught ?r\gh fire-b>s is caus$1 & consumption ( fuel is s mu* ! m rapid4 ,,pits4--,x is cle> t l>ge fires are n desirable1 & t combu/ion %\ld be sl[1 provid$ t ! necess>y temp]ature c be ma9ta9$4 ,! l9es along :i* ! developm5t ( furnaces ne$$ to ext5d are !re=e pla94 ,! simple/ device adopt$ 0 ! digg+ ( pits 9 ! gr\nd4 ,sometimes ^! pits receiv$ ! addition ( an iron truncat$ cone :i* 0 movable4 ,naturally ! combu/ion 0 sl[1 b suffici5t heat 0 obta9$ if ! pits 7 l>ge en\gh or 9 suffici5t numb]4 ,an objection 0 t ! a% _h to be cle>$ 9 situ1 & 9 ! process ! e>!n pits gradually increas$ 9 size4 ,9 all cases x 0 necess>y to susp5d an iron baffle-plate above ! furnaces to di/ribute smoke & arre/ any sp>ks4 ,,pot ,,furnaces4--,! next developm5t 0 ! employm5t ( pot-furnaces4 ,^! consi/ ( iron drums1 sometimes m]ely re/+ on ! gr\nd1 & sometimes m\nt$ on trucks = easy )drawal4 ,^! drums radiate suffici5t heat if pres5t 9 suffici5t numb]s1 & ! fuel consumption is l[4 ,!y are usually manipulat$ by />t+ a fire 9 ! bottom & pack+ 9 logs cut to ! necess>y l5g?4 ,"s h no lids1 :ile o!rs are fitt$ ) p]=at$ caps4 ,x 0 consid]$ necess>y 9 "s in/ances to pun* a few small holes ne> ! base ( ! drum 9 ord] to ensure a v slight upw>d draught4 ,9 a few cases ?is p]=ation has be5 exagg]at$ to ! =m ( a h+$ door4 ,unless ?is c be clos$ ) ease1 & is clos$ accord+ to in/ructions1 "p ( ! object ( ?is type ( furnace is defeat$2 fuel consumption is rapid1 & ! temp]ature is too high4 ,9 ! orig9al =m pot-furnaces h be5 f\nd to be effective on _m e/ates1 & are /ill employ$ ) satisfaction4 ,,iron ,,/oves4--,work+ on exactly ! same pr9ciple1 on "s e/ates "o f9ds small iron /oves 9 use4 ,sometimes broad pipes are atta*$ = ! bett] di/ribution ( ! smoke2 if ?is is ! case x %\ld be not$ t ! pipes %\ld h a slight d[nw>d slope1 & t ! b5d at ! end %\ld be turn$ d[nw>ds4 ,9 ?is way cond5s$ moi/ure & creosotic matt] falls to ! gr\nd1 & does n lodge 9 ! pipe4 ,! life ( ! conduit is ?us prolong$4 ,usually su* /oves are 9 use :]e ! head-room ( a smok+ *amb] is insuffici5t = o!r types1 or :]e ! nature ( ! site does n p]mit ( sunk5 furnaces be+ in/all$4 ,!y are ( value likewise on occasions :]e ! fuel supply is limit$ to a ri* timb] su* z mangrove-logs 7bakau71 :5 x is necess>y to ensure a l[ combu/ion ) l[ co/ ( fuel4 ,,horizontal ,,drum-,,furnaces4--,to ov]come difficulties inh]5t to drums or pot-furnaces1 ! next developm5t 0 t 9 :i* ! drum 0 made to assume a horizontal position1 & adapt$ +5i\sly to a simple sy/em ( work+ f ! outside ( ! build+4 ,ref]5ce to ! draw+s giv5 w expla9 h[ ?is is effect$4 ,9 ! fir/ illu/ration 7,no4 #b7 x w be not$ t ! drum is support$ ^u brick pill>s1 ) "o end project+ ?r\gh ! wall ( ! build+4 ,at ! o!r end a %ort *imney is m\nt$1 hav+ )9 x a damp] :i* is adju/able f ! outside4 ,ov] ?is *imney is susp5d$ a simple baffle-plate1 made f a ,*9ese iron cook+-pan4 ,! out] end ( ! drum is furni%$ ) a h+$ & lat*$ door1 9 :i* a small air-regulator is accommodat$4 ,9 ! second set ( draw+s 7,no4 #a7 ! drum is increas$ 9 size & fitt$ 9 a special mann] = incorporation ) a di/9ct type ( build+4 ,su* a s*eme 0 fir/ put into effect by ,mr4 ,r4 ,c4 ,%]>1 ! manag] ( ,?ird ,mile ,e/ate1 ,s]emban1 ,f4,m4,s41 & = ease ( ref]5ce ! h\se & furnace w h]eaft] be m5tion$ :5 necess>y z ! ,?ird ,mile type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ird ,,mile ,,type2 ,,horizontal ,,drum4 ,?is type ( furnace is suitable = adapt+ to exi/+ build+s ) p]p5dicul> l[] walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ird ,,mile ,,type ,,( ,,furnace1 ,,us$ ,,9 ,,conjunction ,,) ,,?ird ,,mile ,,smoke-,,h\se4 ,x w be se5 t ! furnace has at ! f>!r end a door = ! removal ( a%4 ,z ?is1 if badly fitt+1 may result 9 too great a draught1 x is well to insi/ ^u good workman%ip4 ,o!r adju/able air-inlets are provid$1 & ! drum is enclos$ 9 a brick *amb]4 ,,rate ,,( ,,combu/ion4--,h[ev] successful ?is furnace may h prov$ 9 ! h&s ( tra9$ coolies1 "o mu/ feel t ) su* a numb] ( air-inlets 7:e!r accid5tal or design$7 !re w\ld always be pres5t ! possibility ( obta9+ too rapid a combu/ion4 ,9 ! orig9al =ms ( drums or pot-furnaces ( v>i\s k9ds1 a v sl[ rate ( combu/ion 0 atta9$4 ,naturally a relatively l>g] proportion ( c>bon rema9$ unconsum$1 & !re 0 a small proportion ( a%4 ,9 ^! respects ! furnaces resembl$ *>coal-burn]s4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 "s e/ates us$ ?is pr9ciple = ! dual purpose ( smoke-cur+ ! rubb]1 & at ! same "t obta9+ a supply ( *>coal to provide fuel = _! suction-gas eng9es4 ,?is is a consid]ation 9 times :5 manag]s are desir\s ( discov]+ any devices :i* t5d t[>ds r$uction ( co/s4 ,x w be cle> t1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 ! condition ( :at rema9s aft] ! combu/ion ( ! fuel gives an indication ( ! rate at :i* ! wood has burn$1 & ?is te/ %\ld apply to all furnaces4 ,t 9 :i* !re is ! mo/ a% & ! lea/ *>coal is ! "o lea/ to be desir$4 ,9 direct connection ) ?is consid]ation1 "o mu/ recognise t a fire :i* is sunk bel[ ! level ( ! gr\nd exposes ! lea/ surface f :i* heat may radiate2 & h5ce1 9 ord] to obta9 ! maximum b5efit ( heat f a sl[-combu/ion furnace1 x %\ld be above gr\nd-level1 or %\ld h a sup]/ructure f :i* ! heat may be dissipat$4 ,simple drum furnaces1 ) sl[ combu/ion1 h ! fur!r advantages t a *>ge ( fuel w ne$ no att5tion = possibly eight to t5 h\rs1 & practically no a% is f\nd to be eject$4 ,^! advantages h great practical importance4 ,! fir/ m9imises any disabilities aris+ f neglect on ! "p ( coolies1 & ! second makes = increas$ cleanl9ess 9 ! dry+-*amb]4 ,:ile ^! advantages w\ld appeal to mo/ e/ates1 !re w\ld appe> to be a fur!r advantage to small e/ates :i* h only tempor>y timb] smoke-h\ses4 ,) a sl[ rate ( combu/ion 9 a furnace ( ?is type1 dang] f fire is dim9i%$ consid]ably4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! sl[ rate ( combu/ion1 & h5ce ! comp>atively l[ temp]ature obta9$1 x w be pla9 t drum furnaces %\ld be employ$ 9 l>g] numb] ?an ord9>y op5-he>? fires2 & ! drums c be s plac$ z to ensure ! be/ possible uni=m di/ribution ( heat & smoke4 ,l>ge furnaces are sometimes se51 ) flues ( brickwork4 ,9 view ( ! =ego+ rem>ks1 x w be obvi\s t ^! t5d to l>ge fires & a rapid combu/ion1 & h5ce mu/ be class$ z undesirable4 ,,brick ,,/oves4--,develop+ f drum furnaces1 ano!r type comes into exi/5ce4 ,9 pr9ciple x consi/s ( an enclos$ brick furnace1 ) fe$+ door1 & a l[ conical dome surm\nt$ by an adju/able cap or sp>k-arre/]4 ,! rate ( combu/ion c be influ5c$ by a suitable movem5t ( ! cap1 :i* is op]at$ by a screw4 ,?is type ( furnace has be5 in/all$ on sev]al e/ates by ! eng9e]+ dep>tm5t ( ,messrs4 ,h>risons & ,crosfield1 & is und]/ood to give satisfaction4 ,,patal+ ,,type4--,) ! exception ( ! ,?ird ,mile type already m5tion$1 all ! furnaces describ$ are op5 to a /rong objection1 9 t ! coolies h to ent] a room1 usually fill$ ) hot smoke1 9 ord] to att5d to ! fires4 ,! m]e op5+ ( ! door ( ! build+ is suffici5t to fan mo/ fires into a blaze & to raise sp>ks4 ,ap>t f ^! po9ts1 x is natural = coolies to avoid ent]+ too (t51 ) ! result t !y g5]ally /oke ) ! maximum load ( timb]4 ,ev5 %\ld !y n sleep ! dang] is cle>ly great4 ,illu/ration3 ,,side ,,sectional ,,elevation 7,,patal+ ,,type ,,( ,,furnace74 ,illu/ration3 ,,patal+ ,,type ,,( ,,furnace4 ,to obviate ^! drawbacks1 furnaces :i* are f$ f ! outside ( ! build+ 7 design$4 ,!re h be5 v>i\s =ms1 b z !y 7 fir/ in/all$ on ,patal+ ,e/ate1 9 ! pres5t =m1 !y may be kn[n "u ! description ( ! ,patal+ type ( furnace4 ,!y are em95tly satisfactory1 & h a l[ rate ( fuel consumption4 ,!y are v safe1 & 9 fact1 if work$ ) av]age intellig5ce 9 sup]vision1 c be reg>d$ z be+ fool-pro(4 ,!re is practically no ejection ( f9e a%1 & no f9e-me% scre5s ne$ be employ$4 ,!y c be adapt$ to any build+ hav+ ei!r v]tical or slop+ walls ( galvanis$ iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l>ge ,,smoke-,,h\se ,,( ,,ord9>y ,,con/ruction1 ,,) ,,%ield$ ,,v5tilators ,,p]man5tly ,,op54 ,9 =egr\nd1 movable fold+ racks on :i* %eets drip 9 ! op5 air4 ,?is smoke-h\se is equipp$ ) brick furnaces f$ f ! outside 7,patal+ ,e/ate74 ,9 ess5tial ! furnace consi/s ( a %all[ pit bel[ gr\nd-level1 l9$ ) brick1 & hav+ a squ>e brick sup]/ructure ris+ #d feet above ! floor ( ! build+4 ,on top ( ! brick walls re/s a %eet ( boil]-plate p]=at$ ) small holes4 ,! he>? be+ bel[ gr\nd-level1 & ) ! extra #d feet ( height above ! floor1 x foll[s t if a% is di/urb$ x is conf9$4 ,f ! draw+s x may be se5 t ! pit is prolong$ to ! side wall ( ! build+1 ) /eps lead+ up to ! gr\nd-level4 ,! top & sides ( ! op5+ are made ) galvanis$ %eet+1 =m+ a k9d ( %ort tunnel 9 :i* ! coolie may /& upright4 ,! out] face ( ! brick furnace =ms ! inn] end ( ! tunnel1 & accommodates ! door ( ! furnace4 ,! bottom ( ! pit is fill$ up ) clay & /ones almo/ to ! level ( ! bottom ( ! door4 ,?is ensures a v %all[ he>?1 & gu>ds aga9/ an unduly l>ge fire4 ,obvi\sly x is n desirable or necess>y to make ! he>? ( fire-b>s1 z 0 done 9 "o in/ance1 ) ! provision ( a door bel[ = remov+ ! a%4 ,?is w\ld lead only to a /rong draught be+ creat$1 ) a high rate ( fuel consumption4 ,illu/ration3 ,,brick ,,& ,,cem5t ,,sup]/ructure ,,( ,,furnace ,,inside ,,! ,,build+1 ,,b ,,f$ ,,f ,,outside4 ,on ! top ( ! sup]/ructure re/s a %eet ( p]=at$ boil]-plate4 ,! actual fire-pit is bel[ gr\nd-level1 & to ! left may be se5 p>ts ( ! sides & top ( ! d[nw>d approa*1 f ! outside1 to ! door ( ! fire-pit4 ,! op5+s c be scre5$ by a n>r[ slop+ lean-to1 :i* s]ves to keep out ra91 & provides %elt] = ! /ock ( fuel & ! coolie4 ,! iron furnace-door %\ld be well made1 ) an easily work$ lat*2 b x is n necess>y t x %\ld be p]fectly fitt+4 ,any slight ap]ture w s]ve to provide ! necess>y air-inlet1 b 9 any case x %\ld n be m ?an slight4 ,,consumption ,,( ,,fuel4--,reg>d+ ?is furnace1 x may be said 9 conclusion t x is m satisfactory 9 g5]al work+ ?an any o!r furnaces yet enc\nt]$4 ,obta9+ in=mation f ov] sixty e/ates1 on ! "q ( fuel consumption comp>$ ) output ( rubb]1 x 0 f\nd t1 z f> z ord9>y smoke-h\ses 7 conc]n$1 ! ,patal+ type ( furnace %[$ ! l[e/ unit consumption ( fuel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,%elt]s ,,cov]+ ,,approa*es ,,to ,,furnaces4 ,?is 0 at ! rate ( slightly less ?an #a lb ( fuel p] #a lb ( ?or\ghly cur$ %eet rubb]4 ,! figure on "s e/ates m\nt$ z high z #d-a_/b lbs4 ( fuel p] lb4 ( rubb]4 ,naturally ?is factor may h be5 affect$ by failure to utilise ! dry+ space to its fulle/ capacity1 b 9 ! ma9 ! high rate ( consumption c\ld be attribut$ solely to ! defici5cies ( ! furnaces4 ,,floor ,,( ,,furnace-,,room4--,z a rule no attempt is made to improve ! natural e>!n floor4 ,:e!r op5-he>? fires1 truck furnaces1 or drums are employ$1 x is usual to f9d a floor ) an in* or two ( du/ ^u x4 ,:]e all endeav\rs are direct$ 9 o!r directions t[>ds cleanl9ess1 x appe>s /range t ?is %\ld be ov]look$4 ,9 contra/1 h\ses employ+ ! ,patal+ type ( furnace 7or o!rs7 h concrete & cem5t floors1 :i* c be kept q clean4 ,cleanl9ess %\ld be z zeal\sly attempt$ 9 ! smoke-h\se z 9 o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne> ,,view ,,( ,,%elt]4 ,/eps lead d[nw>ds :]e ! wall ( ! smoke-h\se has be5 remov$4 ,,ro(4--,9 any type ( smoke-h\se1 ! ro( %\ld fit tightly at ! eaves1 & ! only v5t %\ld be 9 or ne> ! ro(-ridge4 ,9 an ord9>y smoke-h\se1 ! op5+ %\ld take ! =m ei!r ( a l[ jack-ro( or ( squat *imneys protect$ aga9/ ra94 ,if a jack-ro( is *os51 x may be s l[ z to ne$ no s*eme ( adju/m5t1 or o!rwise adju/able sw+ %utt]s mu/ be provid$4 ,! *imneys may be made ) su* l[ fitt+ betwe5 ! cap & ! body t no int]ior sw++ flaps are requir$4 ,dur+ ! op]ation ( smoke-cur+ ! smoke v5ts mu/ rema9 op5 to a degree :i* is arriv$ at by exp]i5ce4 ,failure to provide a comp>atively free egress = smoke & moi/ure w br+ tr\ble 9 its tra94 ,aft] a h\se has be5 9 use = "s "t1 x w be not$ t ! timb] becomes cov]$ ) a %9y t>ry coat+ deposit$ by ! smoke4 ,if ! rubb] rema9$ 9 ! h\se = an equal p]iod1 x w\ld take on ! same appe>ance4 ,dur+ ! int]val betwe5 ! entry & ! exit ( ! rubb] "s am\nt ( deposit does take place1 & x is ?is mixture ( creosotic sub/ances :i* plays a "p 9 fitt+ ! rubb] to )/& gr[?s ( mildew :i* w\ld o!rwise =m4 ,if prop] smoke-v5ts are n provid$1 ! moi/ure evaporat+ f ! %eets is unable to escape quickly en\gh1 ) ! result t a great deal cond5ses at night-"t ^u ! inn] surface ( ! comp>atively cool ro(1 & falls back ^u ! rubb] 9 unsightly black drips1 :i* leave a di/9ct m>k on ! %eet4 ,ev5 if v5ts are op51 ?is may happ5 dur+ seasons ( ra94 ,! temp]ature ( ! moi/ smoke 9 ! ro(-ridge may be z high z #acj deg4 to #adj deg4 ,f41 :ile ! out] atmosph]e may h be5 cool$ by ra9 to #gj deg4 ,f4 ,su* a diff]5ce on ! two surfaces ( ! ro( mu/ lead to cond5sation )9 ! h\se1 ) consequ5t dripp+4 ,x us$ to be ! cu/om to drape sack+ mat]ial above ! bays ( racks 9 ord] to prev5t ! drops ( liquid fall+ ^u ! rubb]2 b (t5 = want ( r5ewal ! la/ /ate 0 worse ?an ! fir/4 ,mod]n h\ses h (t5 an inn] l9+1 a few in*es bel[ ! ro(4 ,?is is made ( s(t wood :i* receives any product ( cond5sation & absorbs x4 ,,o!r ,,types ,,( ,,smoke-,,h\se4--,s f> we h conf9$ ! argum5ts to smoke-h\ses ( ! usual type4 ,!re are o!rs :i* v>y 9 ei!r design & me?od ( work+1 or 9 ! mat]ial ( ! /ructure4 ,m5tion may be made ( ! mo/ prom95t ( ^!4 ,,brick ,,h\ses4--,"s h\ses are con/ruct$ ( brick1 & may h "o or two /oreys above ! furnace *amb]4 ,! floors are sometimes made ( f]ro-concrete1 & ! furnaces may also be ( ?is mat]ial4 ,^! brick h\ses give satisfaction1 b !re w\ld seem to be "s difficulty 9 obta9+ & ma9ta9+ ! desir$ temp]ature1 al?\gh x is n q pla9 :y ?is %\ld be s4 ,! pr9ciple ( ^! build+s is ! same z t ( ! ord9>y iron h\se1 & ! sugge/ions made 9 previ\s p>agraphs apply ) equal =ce4 ,,?ird ,,mile ,,type4--,ref]5ce has be5 made to ! ,?ird ,mile type ( furnace4 ,?is is an integral "p ( a smoke-h\se1 :i* = cle>ness ( di/9ction may be kn[n z ! ,?ird ,mile type ( smoke-h\se1 ! orig9al ( :i* 0 erect$ on ! ,?ird ,mile ,e/ate1 ,s]emban1 ,f4,m4,s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ird ,,mile ,,type ,,( ,,smoke-,,h\se4 ,9 ess5ce ! design consi/s ( a build+1 hav+ two /oreys = rubb]-dry+1 & a %all[ inv]t$ pyramidal base1 end+ on ! gr\nd 9 ,?ird ,mile furnace1 already describ$ & illu/rat$4 ,x w be se5 t ! pr9ciples ( v5tilation employ$ are ^? indicat$ = an ord9>y h\se--viz41 air-inlet ne> ! gr\nd 7) little draught71 & smoke-v5t at ! ro(-ridge4 ,! w9d[s %[n 9 ! draw+ are only = purposes ( inspection ( ! rubb] dur+ ! day1 & =m no "p ( ! s*eme ( v5tilation dur+ ! h\rs ( smok+4 ,x is claim$ t ! effici5cy ( ! h\se is high4 ,c]ta9ly ! "w ( att5d+ to ! furnaces is simplifi$1 & !re %\ld be small gr\nd = excuse if neglig5ce is display$4 ,,jackson ,,h\se4--,?is 0 br\ght into notice "u ! description ( ! ,jackson ,cab9et1 & x 0 claim$ t av]age %eets c\ld be dri$ 9 a few days4 ,x consi/$ ( a small h\se ( "o /orey1 hav+ sev]al ti]s ( racks4 ,smoke & heat 7 g5]at$ 9 a small /ove plac$ outside ! wall4 ,a smoke v5t 0 provid$ 9 ! ro(4 ,^! cab9ets _h a c]ta9 vogue z "p ( a small unit in/allation1 ) a fair degree ( success4 ,x is n cle>1 h[ev]1 t su* spe$ 9 dry+ is requir$4 7,?is po9t w receive fur!r att5tion 9 a subsequ5t *apt]47 ,,devon ,,type4--,9 its full orig9al design ?is type owes its orig9 to ,mr4 ,h4 ,e4 ,nixon1 ,g5]al ,manag] ( ! ,devon ,e/ates1 ,malacca1 :]e x =ms "p ( unit divisional in/allations work$ "u a s*eme ( dec5tralisation4 ,! orig9al units consi/$ ( a build+ erect$ ) an iron framework cov]$ ) %eets ( asbe/os-slate1 & a ro( ( galvanis$ iron4 ,! novelty 9 design lies 9 ! utilisation ( ext]nal plat=ms ^u :i* ! racks ( b>s support+ ! %eets ( rubb] may be drawn out ( ! smok+ *amb]s1 & on :i* ! racks are load$ & unload$4 ,by ?is device x is possible to remove ! cont5ts ( any comp>tm5t bodily )\t int]f]+ ) ! cont9uity ( cur+ 9 ! o!r comp>tm5ts4 ,t is to say1 smok+ 9 su* a h\se c proce$ day & night if necess>y1 & yet ! rubb] 9 any "p ( ! h\se c be exam9$1 c be remov$1 or c be replac$ )\t cessation ( smok+4 ,x w be se5 f ! illu/rations t ! h\se is m or less ( ! same g5]al design z ! ,?ird ,mile type1 ) ! addition ( ext]nal plat=ms4 ,x has two /oreys = ! reception ( rubb]2 & a basal furnace-room ) slop+ sides conv]g+ d[nw>ds into a pit conta9+ a l>ge drum-furnace4 ,?is is m\nt$ on a l[ truck1 & travels on a %ort l5g? ( railway4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,d\ble ,,devon ,,type ,,( ,,smoke-,,h\se4 ,! plat=ms are common to bo? units4 ,build+ ( brick ) iron ro( 7,batu ,caves ,e/ate74 ,ea* ( ! cur+-rooms is divid$ into f\r comp>tm5ts 7mak+ eight comp>tm5ts 9 all74 ,^! are clos$ by sw+ doors1 ea* ( :i* is ! full wid? ( a comp>tm5t1 & has a slight ov]lapp+ edge4 ,?r\gh ^! doors light railways run into ! h\se & out ^u ! plat=ms4 ,on ! rails bays ( racks run1 & :5 fully load$ !y are easily mov$4 ,! racks 7 design$ ) a frame ( /\t h>d wood1 b light angle-iron c\ld be utilis$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,d\ble ,,devon ,,smoke-,,h\se ,,& ,,factory ,,build+s4 ,timb] 9 =egr\nd cut to l5g? = /ok+4 ,note wat]-t[] & eng9e cool+-tanks adjac5t to factory4 ,! *imney /yle ( smoke-v5t has an int]nal butt]fly flap1 :i* is controll$ by means ( a wire f ! outside4 ,9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( smoke-cur+1 x is advis$ t ?is flap %\ld be p]man5tly op5 s z to r$uce ! possibility ( int]nal cond5sation ( moi/ure & creosotic matt]4 ,! exact degree to :i* x %\ld be op5 mu/ be f\nd by exp]i5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,( ,,plat=m ,,( ,,devon ,,smoke-,,h\se2 ,,doors ,,( ,,comp>tm5ts ,,op51 ,,& ,,"o ,,rack ,,p>tially ,,)drawn4 ,note bel[ ea* rack op5+ ?r\gh :i* smoke rises1 cov]$ ) wire nett+4 ,al?\gh ref]5ce has be5 made sev]al times to comp>tm5ts1 x %\ld be und]/ood t ! *amb]s are n subdivid$ int]nally by means ( p>titions4 ,!re exi/s only ! ext]nal effect ( comp>tm5ts 9 ! =m ( ! eight sw++ doors :i* all[ = ! )drawal (1 or ins]tion (1 any "o unit ( racks at any "t )\t int]f]5ce ) ! bulk ( ! rubb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,d\ble ,,devon ,,smoke-,,h\se ,,( ,,brick1 ,,) ,,ro( ,,( ,,*9ese ,,tiles1 ,,%[+ ,,load+ ,,plat=ms ,,) ,,racks ,,)drawn ,,f ,,smok+ ,,*amb]s4 ,f$]at$ ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ,ltd41 ,kuala ,lumpur4 ,illu/ration3 ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,prec$+ ,,photograph1 ,,%[+ ,,ext]nal ,,arrangem5t ,,= ,,/ok+ ,,furnaces4 ,f$]at$ ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ,ltd41 ,kuala ,lumpur4 ,,detail$ ,,description4--,z enquiries are (t5 receiv$ x is p]missible to reproduce ! foll[+ detail$ description ( ! orig9al h\se4 ,?is appe>$ 9 ! ,f\r? ,local ,report 7,malaya7 #aiaf1 issu$ to subscrib]s by ! ,rubb] ,gr[]s' ,association4 ,! h\se has a /eel frame-"w1 #bb feet long1 #af feet wide1 & #bb feet high4 ,( ! l5g?1 #ad feet is occupi$ by ! plat=ms1 & #h feet by ! *amb]s4 ,^! measurem5ts c be v>i$4 ,! :ole ( ! wid? 7#af feet7 is occupi$ by comp>tm5ts ( :i* "o s]ies is plac$ above ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,front ,,view ,,( ,,d\ble ,,devon ,,type ,,( ,,smoke-,,h\se4 ,gl5m>ie ,e/ate3 ,batu ,tiga ,co4 ,plat=ms4--,! load+ v]&ahs or plat=ms are ( ord9>y 's]iah' timb]4 ,comp>tm5ts & ,furnace ,*amb]4--,^! are enclos$ ) ,bell's ',poilite' %eets1 ea* ( :i* measures #h feet by #d feet by #c_/af in*4 ,! %eets are affix$ to ! /eel /an*ions1 doors1 etc41 by galvanis$ bolts 7#a in* by #a_/d in*7 :i* pass ?r\gh iron flats measur+ #h feet by #b in*es by #c_/h in* 7ab\t74 ,^! iron flats hold ! %eets at ! edges4 ,! dim5sions ( ! comp>tm5ts are #h feet by #h feet by #d feet4 ,racks4--,^! are eight 9 numb]1 & measure j "u #h feet by #h feet by #d feet4 ,! capacity ( ea* is r\ghly ab\t #dej lbs41 ( dry %eet rubb]4 ,! racks are m\nt$ on #f-;in* iron :eels1 runn+ on rails ( /ock size1 ',t' iron 7#a-c_/d in*es by #a-c_/d in*es by #a_/d in*74 ,! %eets are hung on split bamboos4 ,to prev5t ^! project+ ov] ! edge ( ! rack & cat*+ 9 ! doors :5 ! rack is mov$ 9 or out1 a ?9 /rip ( wood1 ab\t #a_/b in* high1 is nail$ along ! sides ( ! rack4 ,illu/ration3 ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,d\ble ,,devon ,,type ,,( ,,smoke-,,h\se4 ,build+ con/ruct$ ( galvanis$ iron4 ,%[s door to furnace *amb]1 & v5tilator4 ,furnace4--,?is is ( ! type t aims at sl[ combu/ion4 ,x consi/s ( a ca/-iron cyl9d]1 #c feet 9 diamet] & #d feet high1 c>ri$ on a truck made ( a %eet ( boil]-plate1 & m\nt$ on small :eels1 s t ! :ole c be mov$ easily out (1 & into1 ! furnace *amb] = easy clean+ & /ok+4 ,! furnace *amb] is a pit l9$ ) concrete1 j wide en\gh to take ! trolley1 & ab\t #ab feet long4 ,! top ( ! furnace1 :i* is almo/ flu% ) ! gr\nd-level1 consi/s ( a %eet ( z9c or galvanis$ iron ) num]\s holes ab\t #c in*es 9 diamet]4 ,ov] ^! holes are /rips ( mosquito gauze1 z flame & du/ arre/]s 7see note bel[74 ,!re are no holes 9 ! sides or bottom ( ! cyl9d]4 ,ov] ! furnace is hung a baffle-plate1 measur+ #d feet by #d feet4 ,above ?is1 on ! fir/ floor-level1 ! bottom ( ! comp>tm5ts is cov]$ ) wire nett+1 to prev5t any rubb] dropp+ accid5tally into ! furnace *amb]4 ,! furnace *amb] is fitt$ ) an iron-frame door1 sw++ on p]p5dicul> h+es4 ,me?od ( ,/ok+4--,! timb] us$ is a mixture ( jungle wood & rubb]-tree wood1 cut to l5g?s ( ab\t #a-a_/b feet4 ,9 ! ord9>y way ! furnace is *>g$ at #f p4m41 & at six-h\r int]vals a little m fuel is add$1 b a new *>ge is n necess>y4 ,dur+ ! daytime1 :5 ! heat ( ! sun is suffici5t to raise ! temp]ature appreciably1 a small] fire is ma9ta9$4 ,temp]ature4--,!re is no difficulty 9 ma9ta9+ a temp]ature ( #abj deg4 ,f4 ,by cont9u\s smok+1 av]age %eets prep>$ f /&>dis$ latex c be fully cur$ 9 five days4 ,?is repres5ts #aaj h\rs ( smoke-cur+1 :i* is at lea/ equal to t5 days' int]mitt5t smok+ 9 an ord9>y h\se4 ,capacity4--,!re are eight racks1 ea* accommodat+ #dej lbs4 ( /&>dis$ %eet rubb]4 ,! load+ capacity ( ! h\se1 !re=e1 is #c1fjj lbs4 ,z ea* *>ge is cur$ 9 five days1 ! mon?ly output may be #ba1jjj lbs4 ,! cubic capacity is #b1jdh cubic feet4 ,z !re are no gangways1 etc41 ?is is fully utilis$4 ,?is gives a rate ( mon?ly output capacity to ov] #aj-a_/d lbs4 dry rubb] p] cubic foot ( dry+ space2 an excell5t figure mu* 9 advance ( values obta9$ 9 ! great majority ( ord9>y smoke-h\ses4#ah #ah ,s9ce ! above 0 writt51 x has be5 f\nd possible to elim9ate ! gauze4 ,a mild /eel top has be5 made1 p]=at$ ) #b-;in* holes4 ,practically no du/ is eject$ f ! furnace1 & !re are no flames4 ,ow+ to %ortage ( supplies dur+ ! ,w>1 simil> build+s h be5 erect$ ) frames ( well-season$ h>d wood1 :i* 0 protect$ by /rips ( asbe/os-slate or galvanis$ iron4 ,! latt] mat]ial 0 also sub/itut$ 9 ! cov]+ walls4 ,lat]1 h\ses 7 erect$ ( brick1 ) o!r m9or modifications4 ,z a natural developm5t1 ! late/ build+s consi/ ( two ( ! orig9al h\ses face to face1 "u a common ro(1 & s]v$ by common plat=ms4 ,z orig9ally design$1 ! h\se 0 int5d$ to meet ! ne$s ( a small e/ate1 or a division ( an e/ate1 hav+ a maximum output ( ab\t #bj1jjj lbs4 ( %eet rubb] p] mon?4 ,! possibility ( an ext5sion ( ?is idea has be5 %[n to be great4 ,! furnace has be5 describ$ z situat$ 9 a pit4 ,situat$ on a bank or on slop+ gr\nd1 x 0 easy to arrange = )drawal ( ! furnace4 ,9 "s cases ?is has n be5 possible1 & v>i\s modifications h be5 effect$4 ,! mo/ satisfactory yet enc\nt]$ is t 9 :i* a %all[ brick pit is surm\nt$ by an iron cone1 ab\t #d feet 9 height4 ,?is is fitt$ ) a cap hav+ small p]=ations4 ,! fire burns 9 ! pit1 & ! heat is radiat$ by ! cone4 ,x w\ld h be5 m effective to h all[$ great] height 9 ! furnace *amb]1 & to h employ$ ! travell+ drum-furnace z 9 ! orig9al design4 ,9 ord] to avoid int]f]5ce 9 draught by a space betwe5 ! bottom ( ! doors ( ! comp>tm5ts & ! plat=m 7due to ! pres5ce ( rails71 ! floor ( ! plat=m is laid level ) ! top ( ! rails2 or to ! bottom ( ! doors is atta*$ a sw++ flap1 not*$ = accommodat+ ! rails :5 9 position4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are 9 use h\ses ( o!r designs1 :i* all m or less v>y only 9 "s modifications f ! types describ$4 ,h5ce !y d n call = special comm5t4 ,rec5tly a r di/9ct dep>ture has be5 not$ 9 a /ructure designat$ ! ,b>k] smoke-h\se4 ,,b>k] ,,pat5t4--,9 ess5tial ?is consi/s ( a long n>r[ /ructure erect$ ) an appreciable slope f "o end to ! o!r4 ,at ! l[] end is a small furnace enclos$ 9 a brick comp>tm5t4 ,! smoke f ?is furnace travels up ! slope to ! o!r end1 at :i* ! rubb] ent]s4 ,! %eets are hung on b>s :i* are atta*$ to a unit framework4 ,?is frame slides1 by its own weight1 ^u timb] side supports4 ,a suffici5t numb] ( ^! units occupies ! full effective l5g? ( ! /ructure4 ,! removal ( /ops at ! l[] end enables ! =emo/ frame to be remov$1 & ! succe$+ frames slide into a new position4 ,?us ! fre%ly prep>$ %eets1 ent]+ at ! high] end1 gradually & automatically move t[>ds ! furnace z ! frames ( dry rubb] are remov$ f ! l[] end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,b>k] ,,type ,,( ,,smoke-,,h\se3 ,a ,,small ,,unit4 ,! racks slide automatically f top to bottom on )drawal ( ! l[] frames ?r\gh door at front4 ,! furnace is conta9$ 9 ! brick comp>tm5t at ! l[] 7front7 end4 ,?us f> only small units h be5 se54 ,x is claim$ t1 prop]ly prep>$1 %eet rubb] c be smoke-cur$ 9 ab\t five or six days1 & x is /at$ t in/allations h be5 9 successful work+ = suffici5tly long p]iods to prove _! efficacy4 ,! device is bett] kn[n 9 ,java & ,sumatra ?an 9 ,malaya4 ,! capacity ( a unit build+ is /at$ to be #g1jjj lbs4 p] mon?1 calculat+ on a six days' cycle ( work+4 ,9 a m rec5t design provision is made at ! l[] end = a wat] tank1 into :i* all rubb] c be dis*>g$ 9 case ( fire4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,o!r ,,build+s 7cont9u$7 ,,& ,,situation ,,( ,,build+s ,,sort+-,,room ,,& ,,pack+-,,room4--,x is 9 ^! dep>tm5ts t mo/ factory in/allations are lack+4 ,m (t5 ?an "o c>es to ackn[l$ge1 sort+ & pack+ are done "u conditions :i* place a premium ^u poor "w4 ,z a consequ5ce1 consignm5ts ( rubb] are (t5 m>r$ by ! inclusion ( defective specim5s4 ,! result is t %ipm5ts may be reject$ :5 t5d]$ aga9/ contracts1 or t all[ances 9 price h to be made4 ,9 _m in/ances x w\ld n be fair to lay ! blame ^u ! manag] or an assi/ant1 z x is obvi\sly impossible = an individual to inspect e piece ( rubb]4 ,nei!r w\ld x be /rictly fair 9 "s cases to ascribe ! fault to pure c>elessness on ! "p ( ! coolies4 ,(t5 ! only provision made = ?is important "w is ! l[] room ( a dry+-%$1 :i* may also conta9 hang+ rubb]4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 space is cramp$1 & ! light (t5 poor4 ,small defects may pass unnotic$1 & ! g5]al surr\nd+s d n conduce to ke5 "w4 ,:]e1 = economic reasons1 ! sort+ & pack+ op]ations are conduct$ 9 ! dry+-%$1 !re %\ld be ample space free f hang+ rubb]1 & x %\ld n be possible = wet rubb] plac$ 9 ! upp] room to drip ^u ! dry rubb] bel[ or ^u pack$ cases4 ,!re %\ld be pl5ty ( light1 & = ?is reason w9d[s %\ld be ample4 ,usually ! w9d[-frames are fitt$ ) wood5 %utt]s1 :i* are pref]ably hung on horizontal h+es f ! top ( ! frame4 ,by ?is device x is n necess>y to close all w9d[s dur+ a %[] ( ra91 & rubb] may be /ack$ ne> a w9d[ ) reasonable *ance t direct sunlight w n be all[$ to fall ^u x4 ,9 deal+ ) smok$ %eet1 x is advis$ t ! rubb] to be exam9$ %\ld be plac$ ^u tables fac+ ! w9d[s1 s t ea* piece may be scrut9is$ 9 a /rong light4 ,crepe rubb] also is be/ exam9$ 9 a /rong light1 b pref]ably ) "o's back t[>ds ! s\rce ( light or at an angle to x4 ,= ?is "w coolies usually are mo/ effici5t :5 sitt+ on ! floor4 ,x w be cle> f ! =ego+ rem>ks t ! be/ conditions w\ld be secur$ 9 a sep>ate build+ especially con/ruct$4 ,a s+le room w\ld be all t is requir$2 at "o end sort+ c\ld be und]tak51 :ile pack+ c\ld be done at ! o!r end4 ,no hang+ rubb] %\ld be all[$ 9 ! room4 ,! floor %\ld be ( h>d timb]1 & rais$ f ! gr\nd1 to ! height approximately ( a bullock-c>t or motor-lorry1 z ! case may be4 ,! boxes ( rubb] c\ld ?us be transport$ by small h&-trucks on a level ) ! transport vehicle1 r$uc+ lab\r to ! m9imum4 ,! v5tilation ( ! build+ %\ld be good1 especially if cases ( rubb] are to be /or$ !re92 & ! entire /ructure %\ld be wea!r-pro(4 ,,/ore-,,rooms ,,= ,,rubb] ,,& ,,/orage4--,! "q ( /orage ( rubb] 9 factory build+s has always possess$ importance1 b has dem&$ increas$ consid]ation rec5tly4 ,f exp]i5ce 9 ?is c\ntry1 x is cle> t cem5t floors = /ore-rooms or pack+-%$s are ! lea/ suitable4 ,!y are (t5 visibly damp1 especially 9 ! e>ly morn+4 ,to all[ rubb]1 pack$ or unpack$1 to rema9 ^u a cem5t floor 9 ! tropics1 is to c\rt tr\ble f m\lds1 ext]nal or int]nal4 ,if ! employm5t ( a cem5t floor is unavoidable1 ! rubb] & boxes %\ld be rais$ on wood5 supports1 giv+ a cle>ance ( at lea/ #c or #d in*es1 & !re %\ld be cle> v5tilation space betwe5 ti]s ( boxes4 ,exp]i5ce indicates t ! be/ type ( floor is t already advis$ = sort+ & pack+ rooms--i4e41 a good h>d timb] floor rais$ at lea/ #c feet above gr\nd-level4 ,ap>t f ! advantage 9 lab\r specifi$ 9 ! previ\s p>agraphs1 ?is provision ( ample v5tilation space bel[ ! floor is a great consid]ation 9 ! pres]vation ( ! timb]4 ,rais$ /ore-rooms become ess5tial 9 l[-ly+ di/ricts :i* are at all subject to flood+1 yet ! writ] has se5 _m boxes ( rubb] damag$ by flood-wat] ent]+ a pack+-room situat$ on ! level4 ,! "q has (t5 be5 rais$ rec5tly z to ! l5g? ( ! p]iod dur+ :i* rubb] may be safely /or$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! answ] c be only suppli$ by exp]i5ce1 ( :i* up to ! pres5t we h none possible ( be+ class$ z reliable4 ,:atev] /orage may h be5 done 9 ! pa/ has be5 influ5c$ greatly by ! unsuitability ( ! /orage accommodation1 & ! fact t (t5 ! rubb] 0 n prep>$ ) a view to prolong$ /orage4 ,:ile ! m>ket dem& 0 /rong1 rubb] 0 be+ %ipp$ & pass$ into circulation1 at a rate :i* did n dem& inve/igation ( ! subject ( local /orage4 ,9 ! ye> #aiah conditions 7 su* z to br+ ! matt] into prom95ce1 & we 7 able to t5d] advice on ! l9es giv5 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! necessity pass$1 b has aga9 aris54 ,our exp]i5ce goes to prove t if rubb] is prop]ly prep>$ & ?or\ghly dri$ be=e pack+1 x w rema9 9 good condition = a p]iod ( a ye> or m 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,h[ mu* beyond a ye> x may be kept rema9s to be det]m9$4 ,! assumption ( prop] prep>ation leaves great room = res]vations4 ,9 ! case ( crepe rubb]s1 !re is no great difficulty1 provid$ t ! recognis$ me?ods & =mulae are employ$1 & t ! rubb] is pack$ only :5 p]fectly dry4 ,"u ^? conditions1 ! high] grades ( crepe rema9 app>5tly unaffect$ on /or+4 ,any appreciable det]ioration may be attribut$ to defective prep>ation or ext]nal causes1 su* z accid5tal damage by wat]4 ,! prolong$ /orage ( l[] grade rubb]s is att5d$ by m risk1 especially 9 ! case ( ! l[e/ grade 7e>?-scrap7 f e/ates :i* neglect ! practice ( regul> & frequ5t collection ( ! raw product4 ,! same res]vation applies to crepes made f tree-scrap :i* is n collect$ daily4 ,9 ^! types ( crepe rubb] tack9ess may be initially pres5t only 9 small degree1 b ! f9al damage may be imm5sely great] by close contact ( ! fold$ rubb] dur+ prolong$ /orage4 ,:5 we come to discuss ! possibility ( /orage ( smok$ %eets1 ! difficulties become imm5sely great]4 ,we h yet no reliable exp]i5ce z to ! keep+ prop]ties ( ?is grade :5 prop]ly prep>$1 fully cur$1 correctly pack$1 & /or$ "u ! be/ ( local conditions4 ,x is und]/ood1 ( c\rse1 t 9 ! qualification by ! t]m local conditions1 we assume x to be m difficult to /ore rubb] g5]ally 9 ,malaya ?an 9 a temp]ate climate4 ,! av]age temp]ature & humidity ( ! atmosph]e are "h mu* m fav\rable to ! developm5t ( m\ld gr[?s ?an w\ld be ! case1 say1 9 ,great ,brita94 ,9 discuss+ ?is "q1 z f> z x ref]s to ! pres]vation by /or+ ( smok$ %eet rubb]1 x is n fair to draw conclusions z to ! likely behavi\r ( pack$ rubb] f data bas$ ^u obs]vation ( loose specim5s4 ,we h samples ( smok$ %eets prep>$ 9 #aiaj1 & ^!1 sup]ficially1 appe> to h rema9$ un*ang$4 ,no m\ld is pres5t &1 z f> z int]mitt5t obs]vation enables u to judge1 m\lds h nev] be5 incid5t4 ,:e!r su* rubb] w\ld h be5 pres]v$ 9 ?is condition _h x =m$ "p ( a pack$ case1 is a po9t ^u :i* we h no exp]i5ce2 nei!r c we give any op9ion4 ,x seems true1 h[ev]1 t loose specim5s keep bett] ?an bulk samples ( ! same prep>ation4 ,x _c be argu$ t ! pres5t good condition ( ^! old specim5s may be due to correct prep>ation4 ,9 ^? days me?ods & =mulae 7 r haphaz>d1 especially 9 view ( ! fact t ! daily v>iability ( dry rubb] cont5t ( latices 0 n !n recognis$4 ,"o w\ld r submit ! factor ( adequate smoke-cur+ z ! *ief influ5ce 9 ! sup]ficial pres]vation ( smok$ %eets4 ,t5 or elev5 ye>s ago x 0 consid]$ advisable to all[ ! rubb] to rema9 9 ! smoke-h\se = a p]iod ext5d+ well beyond t necess>y = ord9>y dry+4 ,z a result1 v d>k rubb] 0 produc$1 :i* 0 ?or\ghly impregnat$ ) ! products ( wood combu/ion4 ,!re w\ld seem to be little d\bt t ?is proc$ure 0 responsible = ! prolong$ fre$om f m\ld gr[?s4 ,m>ket /&>ds h v>i$ to "s degree s9ce1 ) a t5d5cy to pref] a pal] product ?an t 9 vogue1 say1 six or sev5 ye>s ago4 ,moreov]1 /&>dis$ me?ods ( prep>ation h be5 introduc$1 ) ! result t %eets ( a desirably high /&>d c be produc$ 9 f t5 to f\rte5 days1 :5 smoke-cur+ is conduct$ only dur+ night h\rs4 ,"s e/ates are equipp$ ) smoke-h\ses :i*1 by cont9uity ( work+ day & night1 provide smoke-dri$ rubb] 9 f five to six days2 b ! actual h\rs ( smoke-cur+ are approximately equal to ^? ( ! ord9>y type ( h\se4 ,?is t5d5cy t[>ds ! production ( %eets pal] 9 col\r ?an ! old /&>d is probably l>gely responsible 9 ! pres5t = ! commonly obs]v$ incid5ce ( surface m\lds on /or$ smok$ %eets1 & also = "s compla9ts ( "u-cur+1 :]e ! t]m specifically ref]s to a failure to dry & cure ! rubb] ?or\ghly4 ,boxes ( smok$ %eets1 :i* _h be5 /or$ = v>y+ p]iods up to five mon?s1 7 rec5tly inspect$1 &1 9 ! majority ( in/ances1 surface m\lds 7 f\nd to be pl5tiful4 ,9 all cases x 0 obs]v$ t ! tr\ble 0 int5sifi$ :]e boxes ( rubb] 7 /or$ 9 contact ) cem5t floors4 ,?is "u-cur+ is n a "q solely ( ! duration ( smoke-dry+1 al?\gh probably ! mod]n practice ( curtail+ ! p]iod has ex]t$ a great influ5ce4 ,to make ?is cle>1 x may be /at$ t1 giv5 two bat*es ( uni=mly prep>$ wet %eets1 x w\ld be possible to smoke-cure !m = equal p]iods 9 diff]5t h\ses1 s z to produce "o bat* v mu* pal] 9 col\r ?an ! o!r1 al?\gh ! total h\rs ( actual smoke-cur+ w\ld be id5tical4 ,9 ord] to produce su* effects1 all t is necess>y is to employ diff]5t timb]s = fuel or diff]5t types ( furnaces4 ,9 ! "o case !re w\ld be produc$ heat & v little smoke1 :ile 9 ! o!r ! necess>y heat w\ld be obta9$ plus pl5ty ( smoke4 ,! be/ results naturally are obta9$ by ! employm5t ( ! happy m$ium1 & if smok$ %eets h to be /or$1 ! ord9>y p]iod ( smoke-cur+ %\ld be prolong$ to an int]val consi/5t ) ! capacity ( ! smoke-h\se4 ,all precautions tak5 9 prep>ation & cur+ c be nullifi$1 z already indicat$1 by unsuitable /orage conditions4 ,,tool-,,%$s ,,& ,,/ore-,,rooms4--,9 "s factories x is ! rule to see lime1 cem5t1 sp>e rolls1 sieves1 & a g5]al het]og5e\s assortm5t occupy+ "p ( ! rubb]-dry+ rooms4 ,! inconv5i5ce is (t5 great2 & x c]ta9ly seems t ^! /ores & tools are ( suffici5t value to be accommodat$ 9 suitable build+s4 ,,situation ,,( ,,factory ,,build+s4--,!re c be no d\bt t a great deal ( ! spot disease tr\ble1 & ! g5]al sl[ness ( dry+1 c be attribut$ 9 _m factories to ! unsuitability ( ! site *os54 ,probably ! idea :i* actuat$ ^? responsible = ! *oice ( site g5]ally 0 proximity to a wat] supply4 ,?is w\ld acc\nt = ! fact t a numb] ( factories are situat$ 9 valleys or ne> swamps4 ,m (t5 ?an n1 also1 ! actual cle> space is v limit$1 & rubb] trees gr[ close up to ! walls ( ! build+s4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 x is difficult to see h[ ^! build+s c be any?+ b d>k & damp1 & x is n difficult to und]/& ! sl[ rate ( dry+4 ,9 a few cases ! sites *os5 prov$ to be s unsuitable t ! e/ates 7 confront$ ) a v s]i\s problem1 ! solution to :i* 01 ei!r ! erection ( ano!r complete set ( build+s 9 a m suitable spot or ! in/allation ( artificial dri]s4 ,x mu/ be laid d[n z an axiom t ! fir/ ess5tial 9 a suitable site is t wat] may be br\ght to x easily1 b1 z already indicat$1 ?is does n mean t ! build+s ne$ be plac$ 9 actual proximity to ! wat]-supply4 ,! mi/akes made by pione]s 9 ?is "w are n likely to be repeat$1 & x is common n[ to note well-design$ & compreh5sive s*emes 9 :i* ! wat] is pump$ to a res]voir plac$ at a suitable elevation1 :5ce ! supply is gravitat$ to bungal[s1 coolie l9es1 & ! factory4 ,! importance ( secur+ a pl5tiful supply ( good wat] = factory purposes _c be exagg]at$1 & x is a po9t :i* is only ?or\ghly appreciat$ on e/ates :]e smoke-%eet rubb] has to be prep>$4 ,! second ess5tial1 b ( equal importance1 is t !re %all be an ample op5 space on :i* ! sun may %9e all day4 ,!re mu/ be no trees too ne> ! build+s1 & !re %\ld be no adjac5t swamps4 ,pref]ably1 ! site %\ld be on a rais$ position1 s t x w be impossible = surr\nd+ trees to cut (f sun%9e1 ev5 :5 !y are fully gr[n4 ,f su* an arrangem5t x w foll[ t ! factory w be light & airy1 & ! dry+-h\ses w receive ! maximum ( b5efit to dry+ f direct sun%9e on ! ro( & walls4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ^! consid]ations play a mo/ important "p 9 det]m9+ ! rate ( dry+ ( ! rubb]1 & :]e comp>isons are made betwe5 ! rates ( dry+ 9 v>i\s dry+-h\ses all ^! factors ent] into ! "q & contribute to ! total result4 ,presum+ t ! ?9 crepes made 9 two factories are equal 9 ?ickness1 x is n uncommon to f9d t 9 a dry+-h\se1 situat$ 9 a wide op5 space1 ! p]iod ( dry+ may be z l[ z six or sev5 days2 :ile 9 ano!r dry+-h\se1 situat$ ne> a swamp & surr\nd$ by trees1 ! p]iod may be z high z eighte5 days to tw5ty-"o days4 ,! figures quot$ are n fictiti\s1 b are facts actually not$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! writ]s' exp]i5ce4 ,a great deal also dep5ds ^u ! exact position ( build+s4 ,?us1 to obta9 ! maximum ( light 9 a factory1 x w be obvi\sly b5eficial to erect x ) ! long sides runn+ ea/ & we/1 s t ! w9d[s face ! nor? & s\?1 & ! l>ge end doors face ! ea/ & we/ respectively4 ,at fir/ sight x w\ld appe> t ! be/ position = ! ma*9es w\ld be on ! nor? side ( ! build+ :]e no sun c ent]2 b a mom5t's consid]ation %[s t ! s\? side w\ld give ! be/ results4 ,by ! "t ! sun has come r\nd to ! s\?1 x is usually high 9 ! heav5s1 & ! direct sun%9e does n fall v f> into ! room4 ,ev5 %\ld x play ^u ! ma*9es = an h\r or two dur+ ! day1 no h>m c\ld result to ! rubb] :i* 0 be+ work$1 z no piece w\ld rema9 !re a suffici5tly long "t to be injur$ 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,plac$ 9 ?is position1 ! maximum b5efit ( light w\ld be obta9$1 :]eas if ! l5g? ( ! build+ ran ea/ & we/1 ! ma*9es w\ld h only ei!r ! morn+ or aft]noon light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sugge/$ ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,build+4 ,:ile x is advisable to erect a factory runn+ ea/ & we/1 ! dry+-h\ses %\ld run nor? & s\?4 ,9 ?is position ! maximum wall area w be expos$ to ! sun dur+ ! day1 & x w be possible to manipulate ! w9d[s ( ! dry+-rooms s t ^? along "o side are op51 & x w nev] be necess>y to close all ! w9d[s at any "t ( ! day4 ,?us ! w9d[s fac+ ea/ w be clos$1 & ^? fac+ we/ w be op5 until aft] midday2 !n vice v]sa4 ,) su* an arrangem5t a m uni=m temp]ature may be obta9$ ?an by any o!r arrangem5t ( ! build+s4 ,if ! build+ ran ea/ & we/1 ! w9d[s on ! nor? side c\ld rema9 op5 all day1 :ile ^? fac+ s\? w\ld h to rema9 clos$ practically all day4 ,! s\? side ( ! h\se w\ld be heat$ by ! sun1 :ile ! nor? side w\ld rema9 cool1 & ! rates ( dry+ w\ld be correspond+ly unequal4 ,! total wall area heat$ by ! sun at any "t ( ! day w\ld be less 9 ?is position ?an if ! h\se ran nor? & s\?4 ,simil>ly1 to obta9 ! be/ dry+ effect dur+ ! daytime 9 a smoke-h\se ! build+ %\ld run nor? & s\?4 ,by ?is means ! temp]ature w be ma9ta9$ to ! maximum possible by sun heat1 & ! rate ( dry+ w correspond4 ,ref]5ces to ,sket* ,plan4 ,dry+-h\se ,no4 #b %\ld be ( two /oreys1 & unless a sep>ate sort+ & pack+ room is to be built1 ,no4 #a %\ld also h two floors 7see previ\s notes on pack+-rooms74 ,9 ! factory-- ,v %[s ! position ( ! v]&ah1 :i* may be q op5 & only divid$ f ! inn] room by ,s1 a wall compos$ ( v /rong exp&$ metal1 :i* all[s light & air to ent] ! factory4 ,t1,t are ! glaz$ tile tanks = ! reception ( latex1 scrap rubb]s1 & b>k-%av+s4 ,m %[s ! position ( ! ma*9es on ! s\? side ( ! factory1 ) ! direction ( ext5sions1 & ,e1,e ! comp>tm5ts 9 :i* ! eng9es are b$d$4 ,9 ^! positions x is possible to obta9 direct drive to ! ma*9es4 ,d1,d are l>ge d\ble sw+ or slid+ doors 7! latt] = pref]5ce always74 ,^!1 :ile suit+ transport ( rubb]1 provide also = a free draught ( air4 ,if possible ! scrap-wa%+ ma*9e %\ld be plac$ outside ! wall ( ! factory1 & tanks = ! reception ( scrap rubb]s may !n be situat$ 9 conv5i5t proximity4 ,economy ( lab\r is obta9$ by gr\p+ all factory build+s z closely z possible1 b x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t smoke-h\ses %\ld be reg>d$ z a possible s\rce ( dang] f fire4 ,?is po9t has a practical be>+ ^u rates ( insurance1 & x is ess5tial t ! smoke-h\se %\ld be situat$ at a m9imum ( #ej feet f any o!r build+ or gr\p ( build+s4 ,9 ?is connection1 also1 x may be not$1 z be+ ( fur!r practical int]e/1 t1 9 ! insurance ( smoke-h\ses1 pref]5tial rates are giv5 to ^? hav+ a good type ( sl[-combu/ion furnace4 ,,*oos+ ,a ,,factory ,,site4--,suffici5t has be5 writt5 to make x cle> t ! *oice ( a site = factory build+s is a matt] dem&+ weighty consid]ation4 ,mu*1 ( c\rse1 dep5ds ^u ! plant$ area1 & ! rate at :i* x comes into be>+4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances :i* w be obvi\s1 x is p]missible to in/al fir/ a gr\p ( build+s ( a tempor>y nature only1 ! future site & p]man5t build+s to be *os5 lat] :5 ! ma9 portion ( ! e/ate comes into be>+4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 "o f9ds t1 f lack ( =e?\ght1 ! e/ate has be5 committ$ to consid]able exp5se 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( equipm5t1 :i* lat] is prov$ to be unfav\rably situat$ ) reg>d to ! majority ( ! area 9 ultimate be>+4 ,9 su* case1 transport ( latex is fraught ) difficulties & may be exp5sive4 ,9 ! in/ance ( an e/ate :i* w gradually come into be>+1 x is n easy to decide :e!r a tempor>y in/allation %all fir/ be provid$1 or :e!r1 9 anticipation ( future dem&s1 a complete equipm5t %all be erect$4 ,s mu* dep5ds ^u ! f9ancial aspect ( ! "q1 & ^u ! rate at :i* areas w come into be>+4 ,z f> z is possible1 ! be/ policy w\ld be t ( a compromise "u :i* ! site w\ld suit lat] requirem5ts1 & ! factory w\ld be s plann$ z to be capable ( future easy ext5sions bo? ( build+s & ma*9]y4 ,x is n possible to lay d[n any def9ite data z reg>ds requirem5ts bas$ on acreage1 or to make comp>isons betwe5 any two e/ates ( simil> acreage4 ,! important factors det]m9+ su* requirem5ts are3 7a7 ,area4 7b7 ,%ape ( ! e/ate4 7c7 ,topography ( ! e/ate4 7d7 ,available supplies ( wat]4 ,naturally ! ideal site = factory build+s w\ld lie 9 a c5tral position1 giv5 o!r fav\rable conditions4 ,,c5tralisation ,,or ,,dec5tralisation4--,x is ! exp]i5ce ( a numb] ( e/ates t1 all o!r conditions be+ fav\rable1 !re is a limit beyond :i* ! c5tralisation ( factory "w leads to an unwieldy position4 ,we are n "h conc]n$ ) ! few extremely l>ge e/ates runn+ into t5s ( ?\s&s ( acres4 ,9 ^? cases ! total area w\ld be divid$ into economic sections4 ,! argum5t !re w\ld resolve itself into a discussion on ! size ( an economic section4 ,?is1 9 turn1 w\ld be dep5d5t ^u ! type ( ma9 product1 involv+ ! "q ( transport ( latex or coagulum1 & ! possible provision ( batt]ies ( heavy ma*9]y4 ,! diff]5tiation betwe5 ! transport ( latex & coagulum1 respectively1 is a mo/ important "o1 & has a p[]ful influ5ce 9 det]m9ation ( ! maximum ( c5tralisation possible4 ,:]eas prop]ly prep>$ coagulum may be safely transport$ by bullock-c>t1 light-railway1 or motor vehicle = _m miles1 latex1 on ! o!r h&1 dem&s v c>eful treatm5t4 ,anti-coagulants may be employ$ to pres]ve fluidity1 b only )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,ev5 "u ^! conditions1 o!r factors 7*iefly climatic7 ex]t an influ5ce :i* r5d]s ! transport ( latex = any di/ance a matt] ( anxiety4 ,x w be pla91 !re=e1 t ! limits ( c5tralisation ( factory "w are mu* n>r[] = ! prep>ation ( %eet rubb] ?an is ! case :5 crepe rubb] is to be made4 ,9 actual exp]i5ce ! prep>ation ( a high /&>d & a high p]c5tage ( smok$ %eet is att5d$ ) consid]able difficulty 9 ^? cases :]e ! factory processes h be5 ultra-c5tralis$4 ,ap>t f ! difficulties inh]5t to ! transport ( latex 9 a /ate ( good pres]vation1 !re is ! add$ difficulty ( deal+ quickly ) l>ge volumes ( latex br\ght f v>i\s qu>t]s4 ,none ( ^! %\ld be all[$ to rema9 /&+ if ! be/ results are to be secur$2 b obvi\sly !re mu/ at times be "s conge/ion4 ,ev5 on a small scale x is (t5 f\nd t ! late/ bat*es ( latex are unfit = ! prep>ation ( good %eet rubb]1 & ! tr\ble may be easily exagg]at$ :5 work+ on a l>ge scale4 ,! c5tralisation ( "w on crepe prep>ation1 !re=e1 is limit$ only to a comp>atively slight degree by di/ance ( transport1 & 9 ! ma9 only by ! size ( ! necess>y equipm5t ( ma*9]y & dry+ accommodation4 ,! successful prep>ation ( %eet rubb] is1 on ! contr>y1 gov]n$ *iefly by ! factor ( transport4 ,) ?is consid]ation 9 view1 sev]al l>ge e/ates1 prep>+ %eet rubb] z ! *ief grade1 h f\nd x necess>y to dec5tralise ! factory "w1 ) v satisfactory results4 ,outly+ sections are giv5 uni=m & complete equipm5ts ( necess>y build+s on a small scale1 & h&-driv5 light ma*9es4 ,uni=m coagulat+ tanks are in/all$1 & ! me?ods & quantities ( *emicals employ$ are c>efully /&>dis$4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t (t5 ! be/ %eet rubb] com+ to ! m>ket has be5 prep>$ on small e/ates2 & ! same applies to ! product ( ^! dec5tralis$ /ations on l>ge e/ates4 ,!re is no a priori reason :y ! product f "o /ation %\ld diff] 9 ! smalle/ p>ticul> f t ( ano!r1 ap>t f m9or fluctuations :i* are due to v>iable wea!r conditions affect+ ! latex4 ,if ! contr>y is f\nd to be ! case1 x indicates failure on ! "p ( ! p]son responsible to foll[ ! regul> rules & me?ods4 ,9 ! natural s*eme ( developm5t ( a l>ge e/ate1 x w\ld be necess>y1 ( c\rse1 to h a comp>atively small c5trally situat$ factory1 equipp$ ) p[] & heavy ma*9]y = work+ scrap rubb]s 9 ! prep>ation ( crepe grades bel[ ,no4 #a 9 quality4 ,z ! yield p] acre increases1 or ! area 9 be>+ exp&s1 x w\ld be advisable lat] to increase ! size ( ! c5tral factory & build+s s z to p]mit ( ! prep>ation ( a proportion ( ! crop 9 ! =m ( ,no4 #a crepe rubb]1 9 ord] to be able to comply ) prevail+ m>ket dem&s "u :i* pref]5tial rates fluctuate betwe5 pale crepe & smok$ %eet4 ,,"p ,,iv ,,! ,,f9i%$ ,,rubb] ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,defects ,,9 ,,crepe ,,rubb]s ,,g5]al ,,/yle ,,( ,,f9i%4--,broadly1 !re is no s+le & def9ite /yle ( f9i%1 b on ! :ole x may be /at$ t ! great] proportion ( crepe rubb]s are prep>$ 9 a ?9 =m & ) a close-knit texture or f9i%4 ,v little ?ick or blanket crepe is n[ made on e/ates 9 ,malaya1 s t beyond ! m5tion ( t type little ne$ be writt54 ,a fair am\nt ( blanket crepe is sold 9 ! ,s+apore m>ket1 b x %\ld g5]ally be reg>d$ z re-made rubb]--i4e41 x may h be5 prep>$ f ?9 crepes1 or f native pale %eets1 9 local rubb]-wa%+ factories4 ,9 appe>ance ^! crepes h a r\gh f9i%1 & v>y 9 col\r accord+ to ! crude mat]ial employ$4 ,! g5]al pref]5ce ( ! m>ket at pres5t is = a ?91 smoo?-f9i%$ crepe1 ) a close-knitt$ surface--i4e41 free f :at is describ$ z lac9ess4 ,:at effect ?is loos5ess ( f9i% c possibly h ^u ! quality ( ! rubb] is n und]/ood1 b ! /&>d type set up by ! m>ket mu/ be comp>atively free f small holes4 ,"u exi/+ conditions gov]n+ ! sale & pur*ase ( rubb]1 v>i\s /&>ds are set up4 ,^! really h no be>+ ^u ! intr9sic qualities ( ! rubb]1 & are conc]n$ almo/ entirely ) sup]ficial attributes4 ,!y are necess>y 9 ! abs5ce ( any prop] s*eme ( evaluation = ! e/abli%m5t ( c]ta9 /&>ds ( comp>ison1 :i* imply t ! rubb] is app>5tly clean1 free f c]ta9 recognis$ defects1 & has be5 c>efully prep>$--z f> z c be det]m9$ by a sup]ficial exam9ation4 ,?us ! "q ( f9i% has atta9$ disproportionate importance1 b mu/ be respect$ :5 prep>+ rubb] = sale4 ,"u ord9>y conditions1 ?9 crepe rubb]1 z x leaves ! f9i%+ ma*9es1 has :at may be t]m$ deckl$ edges4 ,on _m e/ates1 9 ord] to comply ) m>ket conditions1 ! edges ( ! wet crepe are trimm$1 & ! trimm+s re-made into l5g?s ( crepe4 ,?is is done "u ! impression t ! m>ket price is influ5c$ by ! ev5ness ( ! edges ( crepe rubb]s4 ,aga91 x sometimes happ5s t1 ow+ to we> ( ! rolls1 ! f9i%$ dry crepe may %[ a fa9t b di/9ct patt]n ( m>k--a diamond or a horizontal b>4 ,s9ce ^! are n accept$ "u ! /&>d comp>isons1 rubb] exhibit+ ^! *>act]i/ics does n obta9 ! top m>ket price4 ,9 o!r words1 ^! innoc5t & innocu\s m>ks are reg>d$ z defects & p5alis$ accord+ly4 ,en\gh has be5 writt5 to %[ h[ v important becomes ! "q ( f9i%4 ,x w be ackn[l$g$ t ! sup]ficial qualities dem&$ 9 ! /&>d m>ket type c be reproduc$ by any e/ate hav+ adequate ma*9]y & ample facilities = dry+ & h&l+ ! rubb]4 ,me?ods ( prep>ation & =mulae = ! employm5t ( *emicals are s well laid d[n t1 up to ! /age ( ma*9+1 no difficulty ne$ be enc\nt]$4 ,b ! /&>d type ( f9i% 9 ! dry crepes _c be obta9$ unless ! e/ate factory is fully equipp$ ) ! ?ree types ( rolls necess>y--i4e41 mac]ators1 int]m$iate crep]s1 & smoo? f9i%+-rolls4 ,?is subject has receiv$ full discussion 9 ,*apt] ,,xiii41 & is "h only m5tion$ ) ! view ( emphasis+ ! po9t t no e/ate c be blam$ = a lack ( f9i% 9 crepe rubb]s if ! equipm5t ( ma*9]y is inadequate or 9 poor condition4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! factory has ample ma*9]y = requirem5ts1 & a good f9i% _c be obta9$ on ! ?9 crepe1 !n x is "t ! rolls 7 att5d$ to & *ang$1 or t ! ratios ( ! driv+ p9ions 7 alt]$4 ,,dirty ,,edges4--,x seems to be almo/ impossible to keep old ma*9es clean1 & x is equally difficult to keep ! edges ( crepe free f oil & dirt4 ,usually ^! d>k edges are to be f\nd on crepe :i* is r wide1 & x w be notic$ t :]e wide crepe is made1 unless special precautions are tak51 ! edges ( ! rubb] (t5 pass "u ! edges ( ! hopp] & s pick up dirt & oil4 ,on mo/ ma*9es x is a great mi/ake to attempt ! prep>ation ( wide crepe2 no?+ b n>r[ crepe mu/ be made4 ,to obta9 ?is x is necess>y to decrease ! wid? ( ! hopp] plac$ above ! rolls4 ,?is c easily be effect$ by blocks ( heavy h>d wood1 cut to %ape & fa/5$ 9 position4 ,sometimes ! d>k edges ( crepe are due to ano!r cause4 ,rolls may be gradually worn 9 ! middle1 s t to obta9 a good f9i% x becomes increas+ly necess>y to tight5 up ! screws :i* regulate ! di/ance betwe5 ! rolls4 ,x ?us happ5s t j at1 & beyond1 ! edges ( ! rubb] ! rolls gr9d ^u ea* o!r1 & f9e p>ticles ( iron & graphite are transf]r$ to ! rubb]4 ,9 su* a case x is evid5t t ei!r ! rolls mu/ be turn$ or t a new pair ( rolls mu/ be sub/itut$4 ,,iron-,,/a9s4--,"o ( ! causes ( iron-/a9 on rubb] has be5 m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,?is p>ticul> k9d ( iron-/a9 mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ru/-/a91 & gives a d>k dirty col\r4 ,x results f ! gr9d+ toge!r ( ! rolls1 & is usually notic$ 9 ! f9i%+ ( f9e pale crepe4 ,= ?is op]ation x is necess>y to screw up ! rolls tightly1 & x w be pla9 t1 :5ev] ! rolls are vacant ( rubb]1 !re is a t5d5cy = !m to gr9d ^u ea* o!r1 ?us sett+ free f9e p>ticles ( iron & graphite4 ,9 ord] to avoid ?is1 "o mu/ be c>eful to see t betwe5 ! work+ ( ea* l5g? ( f9e crepe ! rolls %\ld be occupi$ ) ano!r piece ( rubb]1 :i* may be kept = ! purpose4 ,9 "s factories ?is tr\ble app>5tly does n exi/1 :ile 9 o!rs ! am\nt ( we> on ! rolls is surpris+ly great1 & ! damage done to ! rubb] is excessive4 ,! only way 9 :i* ?is diff]5ce c be acc\nt$ = is t !re mu/ be a great diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( ! roll mat]ial4 ,"s rolls seem to be excessively s(t1 & f ^! contam9ation by iron-/a9 is great4 ,= ?is reason rolls are sometimes reject$1 & !re w\ld appe> to be an objection to any b *ill$ /eel rolls = ! f9al /age ( f9i%+ crepe rubb]s4 ,,ru/-,,/a9s4--,ru/-/a9s1 on ! o!r h&1 ?r[ ! responsibility entirely ^u ! lab\r & sup]vision ( ! factory4 ,ru/ is =m$ ^u ! rolls :5 !y are at re/1 & any "o pass+ pale rubb] betwe5 ! rolls be=e !y h be5 ?or\ghly clean$ is guilty ( culpable neglig5ce4 ,ev5 :5 app>5tly clean1 a piece ( l[] grade rubb] %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh ! rolls sev]al times s z to remove any slight trace ( ru/ rema9+4 ,ru/-/a9s h also be5 caus$ 9 a few cases by ! l>ge knives :i* are us$ to cut up lumps ( coagulum1 or by all[+ fre%ly coagulat$ rubb] to come into contact ) iron vessels 9 ! factory4 ,a simil> appe>ance has be5 trac$ 9 a few in/ances to contam9ation ( ! coagulum 9 transit by ! du/ ( ! r$di% rock 7lat]ite7 employ$ 9 localities = road-mak+4 ,,oil-,,m>ks4--,! orig9 ( oil-m>ks 9 crepe has already be5 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,! :ole "q resolves itself into "o ( cleanl9ess1 mod]ation 9 lubrication1 & sup]vision4 ,! ma*9es %\ld be inspect$ e day1 & once a week rolls may be swabb$ d[n ) a #aj p] c5t4 solution ( cau/ic soda appli$ by means ( a piece ( clo? fa/5$ r\nd ! end ( a /ick4 ,imm$iately aft] ?is op]ation wat] %\ld be turn$ on & ! rolls set 9 motion1 s t all traces ( cau/ic soda are ?or\ghly remov$4 ,if possible1 lubrication by oil %\ld be sub/itut$ by grease lubrication ?r\gh screw caps4 ,p>ticul> att5tion %\ld be paid to ! back ( ! ma*9es4 ,none b ! individual 9 *>ge ( eng9es %\ld be all[$ to lubricate ! ma*9es1 & he %\ld be held responsible = any excess ( lubricant4 ,z a rule oil-m>ks are re/rict$ to ! edges or ! proximity ( ! edges ( crepe1 b sometimes ! /reak is to be f\nd 9 ! middle ( ! l5g?4 ,9 su* a case x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! oil or grease has be5 pick$ up by ! rubb] 9 ! tray4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 if ! l9]s ( ! be>+s are ecc5trically worn1 t a few drops ( dirty oil or a p>ticle ( grease are squirt$ out to "s di/ance4 ,^! usually f9d a re/+-place 9 ! tray1 & ! contam9ation may !n appe> 9 any "p ( ! rubb]4 ,x w be cle>1 !re=e1 t all trays b5ea? ma*9es %\ld be exam9$ z ! probable s\rce ( dang] f contam9ation by oil & dirt4 ,if ! trays are z wide z or wid] ?an ! effective portion ( ! rolls1 !y %\ld be disc>d$4 ,9 _! place 7except sometimes 9 ! case ( ! mac]at+ ma*9e7 all t is necess>y is a movable piece ( bo>d1 9 wid? n less ?an f #d to #f in*es %ort] ?an ! wid? ( ! rolls4 ,any oil or grease eject$ f ! be>+s w ?us be all[$ to fall cle> ( ! bo>d2 & defects due to oil /reaks1 etc41 w be v mu* dim9i%$1 if n entirely obviat$4 ,?is po9t 9 connection ) ! damage possible by ! exi/5ce ( wide trays is comm5d$ to ! notice ( manufactur]s ( ma*9es = plantations1 z x is common to f9d t trays are made :i* contrav5e ! rule prescrib$ by exp]i5ce4 ,9 fact1 trays on "s ma*9es h be5 s design$ z to act z traps = all dirty matt] exud+ f ! be>+s4 ,n only s2 !y are sometimes made ( su* a %ape & height t oil or grease lodg+ ^u ! edges act z a wipe to ! rolls1 ?us increas+ ! possibility ( contam9ation4 ,until ?is defect 0 inve/igat$1 x 0 common to note cont9u$ contam9ation ( pale crepes 9 spite ( all precautions tak5 9 clean+ ! rolls at frequ5t int]vals4 ,! tr\ble due to ?is cause is int5sifi$ :5 ! same ma*9es are employ$ = ! prep>ation ( scrap-rubb] crepes & ,no4 #a crepe4 ,small pieces ( scrap f9d _! way t[>ds ! be>+s & lodge on ! edges ( ! trays4 ,unless a ?or\gh inspection is made be=e proce$+ ) ! work+ ( ! ,no4 #a 7pale7 grade1 contam9ation may be cont9u\s4 ,,dirt4--,/reaks due to ! pres5ce ( dirt 7z ap>t f oil or grease contam9ation1 or t due to pieces ( oxidis$ scrap7 are unusual1 & :5 !y d appe> _! orig9 seems to be some:at ( a my/]y4 ,x c\ld sc>cely be advanc$ t ! dirt 0 pick$ up on ! ma*9es1 z x is difficult to imag9e :]e su* dirt c\ld come f4 ,9 "o or two in/ances !re has be5 fairly cle> evid5ce t ! dirt 0 conta9$ 9 ! coagulum1 & ! only explanation fitt+ ! case is t x fell into ! latex aft] /ra9+ & dur+ ! c\rse ( coagulation4 ,on cutt+ op5 lumps ( coagulum br\ght 9 f ! field division1 x has sometimes be5 notic$ t dirt is includ$1 & ! =ego+ explanation is ! only reasonable "o4 ,h[ x 0 possible = dirt to get into ! latex mu/ be left = explanation to ^? bett] acqua9t$ ) ! conditions "u :i* ! latex 0 coagulat$4 ,,holes4--,on "s e/ates x w\ld seem impossible1 ) ! exi/+ ma*9es1 to make really good crepe4 ,! compla9t is t1 if ?9 crepe is attempt$1 x is inv>iably f\nd to be full ( holes2 & z1 app>5tly1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( small holes 9 crepe rubb] is a factor :i* influ5ces buy]s1 ?is defect mu/ be avoid$ at all co/s4 ,:y ?is matt] ( small holes 9 ?9 crepe %\ld weigh s heavily ) buy]s is a matt] :i* ! writ]s are n 9 a position to expla94 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! pres5ce ( small holes is mo/ g5]ally an indication t ! rubb] has receiv$ ! m9imum am\nt ( work+ on ! rolls consi/5t ) good wa%+4 ,fur!r work+ w\ld only be und]tak5 ) ! idea ( s consolidat+ ! rubb] z to get rid ( holes 9 ord] to meet ! m>ket s*eme ( valuation4 ,?is is usually a*iev$ by mak+ a v ?9 crepe & roll+ toge!r two l5g?s :5 wet4 ,! result+ crepe may be slightly ?ick] ?an ord9>y1 & ! me?od employ$ may be usually detect$ by ! appe>ance ( ! edges unless ^! are trimm$4 ,,gre5i% ,,& ,,tacky ,,/reaks4--,occasionally "o meets cases 9 :i* pale crepe exhibits /reaks v>y+ 9 col\r f a decid$ gre5 to an almo/ black 9 :i* ! gre5i% t+e is sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,exp]i5ce indicates t ^! /reaks are mu* m dang]\s ?an !y appe> sup]ficially1 inasmu* z !y conta9 traces ( brass f ! l9]s ( ! be>+s4 ,! pres5ce ( ! copp] 9 brass is responsible = a gradual dis9tegration ( ! rubb]1 commonly recognis$ z tack9ess4 ,9 fact1 copp] may be said to be a poison to rubb]1 & e ef=t %\ld be made to avoid possible s\rces ( contam9ation4 ,! effect may be prov$ easily & p]ceptibly by fa/5+ toge!r sev]al pieces ( crepe rubb] by means ( a brass pap]-fa/5]4 ,9 c\rse ( "t a salt ( copp]1 gre5 9 col\r1 w be =m$1 & x w be f\nd t ! portions ( rubb] 9 contact ) ! fa/5] h p]i%$ & become tacky4 ,?is contam9ation ( crepe rubb] may take place 9 two ways3 7#a7 ,by ! ejection ( actual p>ticles ( brass f ! be>+s ( ma*9es1 due to ecc5tric gr9d+ ( ! /&>ds ( ! rolls ^u ! brass bu%es4 ,^! p>ticles are c>ri$ by exud$ oil or grease into trays1 & !nce to ! rubb]4 7#b7 ,by ! action ( an acid lubricant ^u ! brass1 ) ! =mation ( a metallic soap :i* has a decid$ gre5 col\r1 unless obscur$ by ! d>k col\r ( ! oil or grease4 ,x is transf]r$ to ! crepe rubb] 9 ! mann] indicat$ above4 ,! inevitable effect1 ap>t f ! sup]ficial defect1 is incipi5t tack9ess4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is may develop w dep5d ^u ! am\nt ( ! copp] comp\nd pres5t1 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t an exce$+ly small trace is capable ( caus+ a disproportionately l>ge am\nt ( damage4 ,?is effect is fur!r magnifi$ if ! tacky piece ( rubb] is pack$ 9 close contact ) previ\sly unaffect$ rubb]4 ,:5 ! defect is discov]$1 ! affect$ portions %\ld be cut out1 & ! cutt+s %\ld be burn$4 ,to mix !m ) ! l[e/ scrap grades1 z may be done ?\ghtlessly1 is only invit+ fur!r tr\ble4 ,besides ! s\rce ( dang] already indicat$1 x may be f\nd1 b f> less frequ5tly1 t contam9ation may arise f ! pres5ce 9 ! rubb] ( small pieces ( ! brass me% :i* is g5]ally us$ = /ra9+ latex4 ,! view appe>s to be held 9 "s qu>t]s t ^! tacky /reaks & pat*es 9 crepe rubb] may arise f contam9ation ) oil or grease alone4 ,?is does n agree ) our exp]i5ce4 ,an exp]im5t 0 made to te/ ! po9t us+ fre% oil & grease drawn f drums 9 /ock1 specim5s ( ! same lubricants to :i* traces ( a copp] salt 7 add$1 & samples ( lubricants tak5 f ! be>+s ( sev]al ma*9es4 ,! treat$ pieces ( rubb] 7 plac$ 9 contact ) untreat$ pieces ( crepe :i* s]v$ z blanks4 ,notes 7 made at int]vals ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( two ye>s4 ,! conclusions arriv$ at 73 7#a7 ,al?\gh !re 0 surface discoloration1 no tack9ess _h be5 caus$ by fre% 7unadult]at$7 lubricant2 nei!r 7 ! blanks affect$4 7#b7 ,9 ! majority ( specim5s ^u :i* _h be5 sme>$ a small /reak ( lubricant tak5 f ! be>+s ( ma*9es1 tack9ess _h sup]v5$1 & _h develop$ likewise 9 ! contact blanks4 7#c7 ,9 all cases :]e a trace ( copp] salt _h be5 us$ to adult]ate ! fre% lubricant1 tack9ess 0 to be not$ 9 ! c\rse ( a %ort p]iod 7a week upw>ds7 aft] ! rubb] 0 dry4 ,developm5t 0 sl[1 b progressive1 ov] ! full p]iod ( exp]im5t1 & ! blanks 9 contact 7 affect$4 ,! degree ( affection 0 det]m9$ by ! proportion ( copp] salt employ$4 ,9 ! wor/ cases ! affect$ /rip ( rubb] _h det]iorat$ & dis9tegrat$ to su* a degree z to cause a di/9ct longitud9al gap1 ! edges ( :i* appe>$ to consi/ ( a moi/ gummy sub/ance ( a deep syrup col\r4 ,! adjac5t blanks 9 "s cases exhibit$ a simil> appe>ance 9 less] degree1 or 7 m]ely affect$ by a *>act]i/ic br[ni% /a94 ,^! obs]vations reg>d+ ! possibility ( damage to crepe rubb]s f ! exi/5ce ( brass l9]s or bu%es 9 ! be>+s ( ! ma*9es lead to ! natural qu]y z to :e!r ! use ( brass is necess>y4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t x is n necess>y4 ,ma*9es 9 use = ye>s h be5 runn+ ) pla9 be>+s ( iron or o!r metallic sub/ances4 ,satisfaction is obta9$ )\t ! use ( brass4 ,,cotton ,,& ,,o!r ,,fibre4--,"o ( ! mo/ frequ5t compla9ts made aga9/ l[ grade crepes is ! pres5ce ( fibre--g5]ally class$ 9 a :olesale fa%ion z cotton-wa/e4 ,x is true t "s ye>s ago mo/ ( ! compla9ts 7 g5u9e 9 ref]r+ ! cause to cotton-wa/e4 ,! defect arose *iefly ow+ to ! c>eless use ( ?is mat]ial 9 ! factory4 ,lumps ( wa/e :5 disc>d$ 7 (t5 ?r[n to ! gr\nd1 & became mix$ ) ! heaps ( scrap rubb] & b>k-%av+s await+ att5tion4 ,! fault 0 "o ( %e] neglig5ce1 & no?+ c be advanc$ 9 ext5uation4 ,ev5 :5 ! soil$ wa/e 0 ?r[n into ! ext]nal dra9s1 x (t5 return$ to ! factory mix$ up ) ! scraps ( rubb] recov]$ by means ( ! dra9-scre5s4 ,z f> z ! compla9t conc]ns itself ) cotton-wa/e only1 ! rem$y is pla91 & lies 9 ! p[] ( ! managem5t by reason ( ! ability to re/rict ! use ( wa/e only to ! eng9e-driv]s & me*anics4 ,9 ! va/ majority ( cases1 h[ev]1 ! defect arises f circum/ances beyond ! direct control ( ! factory1 & "u conditions :i* make x difficult to *eck ! evil4 ,al?\gh aga9/ in/ructions1 & = ! purpose ( fulfill+ o!r ord]s1 "s coolies p]si/ 9 us+ pieces ( clo? = clean+ cups4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 unless ! practice is detect$1 ?is clo? becomes coat$ ) rubb]4 ,c>eless coolies ?r[ x away1 :5 x may be collect$ by ! individuals :o ga!r e>?-scrap2 or x may be br\ght into ! factory 9 ! tapp]s' scrap-bag4 ,cases h be5 kn[n 9 :i* ! fibr\s matt] obs]v$ 9 ! dry crepe rubb] 0 ( su* a nature z to indicate t ! s\rce might be attribut$ to leaf-/alks :i* _h pass$ ?r\gh ! scrap-wa%]4 ,x is an easy matt] to condemn ! sort+ z be+ c>eless1 b x is ano!r matt] to in/il into ! m9d ( factory coolies su* a respect = easy & sane precautions t ! practice ( !m w be cont9u$ :5 ! eye ( ! sup]visor is n fix$ ^u ! work]s4 ,x w be cle> t contam9ation by fibr\s matt] %\ld be limit$ practically to ! l[e/ grades ( rubb]4 ,! appe>ance ( cotton-wa/e 9 high-grade crepes mu/ be mo/ unusual1 & ! writ]s h n yet se5 a case 9 a dry+-h\se4 ,t x does occur1 h[ev]1 seems to be evid5t f brok]s' reports4 ,x is extremely difficult to imag9e h[ ! wa/e ent]s ! rubb]4 ,"o possible explanation is t a coolie may h be5 clean+ ! rolls surreptiti\sly ) wa/e1 :i* may h pass$ lat] into ! rolls toge!r ) rubb]4 ,ano!r explanation 0 (f]$ 9 "o factory by ! obs]v$ fact t coolies engag$ 9 cutt+ up coagulum1 ready = pass+ into ! ma*9es1 kept a wad ( wa/e = ! purpose ( keep+ ! knife-blade clean4 ,?is may h f\nd its way into ! rolls4 ,x mu/ be record$ t 9 ! c\rse ( _m ye>s ( exp]i5ce no case has be5 se5 9 any dry+-h\se ( contam9ation ( ! high] grades ( crepe by fibr\s matt]4 ,,b>k ,,& ,,grit4--,) ord9>y ma*9es & ! usual process ( work+1 x w\ld seem impossible to wa% & mac]ate "s ( ! scrap rubb]s suffici5tly to free !m entirely f b>k4 ,?is applies specially to ! grade ( rubb] prep>$ f b>k-%av+s4 ,specim5s h be5 h&l$ 9 :i* x 0 practically impossible to detect b>k1 b 9 su* in/ances ! am\nt ( work+ necess>y w\ld be su* z to int]f]e s]i\sly ) ! regul> work+ ( ! factory4 ,ev5 ) ! employm5t ( special scrap-wa%+ ma*9es1 compla9ts ( ! pres5ce ( b>k 9 dry crepe h be5 receiv$1 b x is c]ta9 t ?is mode ( op]ation r$uces ! quantity ( b>k to a m9imum4 ,:ile fully realis+ t ! am\nt ( work+ x is possible to give 9 proportion to ! exi/+ ma*9]y & ! output p] day is limit$1 x mu/ be recognis$ t ! work+ ( l[] grades ( rubb] is usually insuffici5t1 & t :]e possible x is ! duty ( e/ates to pay m att5tion to ^! l[] grades4 ,a consid]able improvem5t 9 ?is direction has be5 notic$ ( rec5t ye>s4 ,x is n uncommon to enc\nt] manag]s :o fail to appreciate t compla9ts reg>d+ ! pres5ce ( b>k 9 ! l[] grades are f\nd$ on legitimate gr\nds1 & t !y are n frivol\s objections put =w>d = ! purpose ( depress+ ! price ( ! article4 ,! soon] su* an idea is jettison$ ! bett]4 ,!re w\ld appe> to be a good future dem& = ! l[] grades1 & x is only natural t consum]s w be will+ to pay ! be/ price only = an article :i* is clean4 ,! same argum5ts apply to ! compla9ts reg>d+ ! pres5ce ( s& & grit4 ,! quantity ( ! latt] f\nd 9 l[-grade crepes f "s e/ates is surpris+ly high4 ,its pres5ce c (t5 be %[n by ! simple device ( spread+ a piece ( crepe ov] ! upturn$ & holl[$ palm ( "o h&1 :ile /rik+ ! rubb] ) ! o!r h&4 ,! incid5ce ( b>k 9 high] grades ( crepe may be due to inadv]t5ce or to gross neglig5ce4 ,9 ! =m] class "o might put ^? occasions on :i* pieces ( b>k are emb$d$ 9 lumps ( naturally coagulat$ rubb]4 ,a piece ( b>k-%av+ may fall unnotic$ into latex & be p>tially responsible = ! coagulation :i* takes place4 ,?is piece ( coagulat$ lump may be mass$ ) o!rs1 & h5ce1 unless ea* small piece is cut up1 ! b>k is n p]ceiv$4 ,or aga91 by "s unkn[n means1 a piece ( %av+ may drop into a j> ( latex1 & s become emb$d$ 9 ! coagulum4 ,sometimes ?is becomes evid5t on cutt+ up ! rubb]1 b x is q z likely to pass unse54 ,on ! :ole1 ! pres5ce ( b>k 9 fir/-grade rubb] is mo/ unusual1 & %\ld be se5 be=e ! rubb] is pack$4 ,9 ! class due to neglig5ce may be includ$ cases 9 :i* c>eless coolies place ! cup ^u ! gr\nd be=e tapp+4 ,pieces ( %av+s fall into ! cup1 & coolies are too lazy to pick !m out4 ,m (t5 ?an n coagulation 9 ! cup is caus$4 ,z x is impossible = ! ,european /aff to sup]vise ea* individual tree tapp$1 "s cases mu/ cont9ue to pass unhe$$4 ,sometimes b>k-%av+s are br\ght 9 ) ! latex1 & if a brok5 sieve is be+ us$1 ^!1 ) o!r impurities1 pass into ! j>1 & are emb$d$ 9 ! coagulat$ rubb]4 ,?is mu/ be classifi$ z neglig5ce1 = no manag] w\ld will+ly all[ ! use ( a brok5 sieve4 ,aga91 naturally coagulat$ lump rubb] on arrival at ! factory sometimes conta9s evid5t pieces ( b>k1 leaves1 & /ems ( leaves4 ,= lack ( sup]vision ! av]age coolie w\ld n ?9k ( pick+ out ^! obvi\s impurities1 & w\ld pass ! :ole mass into ! ma*9es4 ,,oxidation ,,/reaks4--,s9ce ! introduction ( sodium bisulphite defects due to /reaks1 caus$ by portions ( ! coagulum becom+ oxidis$1 h practically ceas$ to exi/4 ,9 ! usual c\rse1 & )\t ! use ( an antiseptic ag5t1 ! fre%ly coagulat$ rubb] has a surface d>k5$ by oxidation4 ,unless ?is d>k surface 7 c>efully cut (f1 !re w\ld result a crepe conta9+ d>k /reaks caus$ by ! mixture ( ! oxidis$ surface portion ) ! bulk ( ! pal] coagulum4 ,! pres5ce ( oxidation /reaks 9 ,no4 #a crepes1 n[ be+ made1 w\ld imply ei!r t no anti-oxidant sub/ance 0 9 use1 or t ! quantity necess>y to prev5t ?is surface oxidation is exce$+ly small4 ,al?\gh ! price obta9$ w\ld appe> to be influ5c$ by ! pres5ce ( oxidation /reaks1 no evid5ce c be obta9$ t ! actual quality ( ! rubb] suff]s to ! same degree z does ! appe>ance--i4e41 !re is no evid5ce to %[ t a pale rubb]1 9 :i* surface oxidation has be5 inhibit$1 is intr9sically sup]ior to "o 9 :i* slight natural oxidation has be5 incid5t4 ,,yell[ ,,latex ,,/reaks4--,?is appe>ance ( yell[-latex /reaks 9 n common1 & may be acc\nt$ = by incomplete mixture ( two diff]5t latices4 ,x is a fact ( common obs]vation t1 :5 a new portion ( b>k is be+ tapp$ = ! fir/ "t1 !re is a di/9ct yell[ t+e 9 ! latex exclud$4 ,z tapp+ progresses1 ?is col\r vani%es2 usually x may p]si/ = a p]iod v>y+ f two weeks to m ?an a mon?4 ,%\ld ?is latex be p\r$ into ord9>y latex )\t ?or\gh mix+1 x is sometimes f\nd t1 :5 ! crepe rubb] is dry1 !re are di/9ct yell[ /reaks4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t1 z ! rubb] cont5t ( ! latex f fir/ tapp+s is high1 ?is latex is light] ?an latex :i* is m dilute1 s t ! mix$ latices mu/ be well /irr$ ) a broad paddle to obta9 intimate mixture4 ,x w\ld be mu* bett] to keep yell[ latex ap>t1 & coagulate x sep>ately1 if at all possible4 ,9 su* case ! resultant crepe may be ( a di/9ct can>y yell[ 9 t9t4 ,9 scrap-crepes ( ! high] grade ?is di/9ct yell[ col\r is (t5 visible 9 /reaks :i* indicate ! pres5ce ( tree-scrap1 etc41 obta9$ f rec5tly op5$ tapp+ areas4 ,,bisulphite ,,/reaks4--,^!1 aga91 arise f defective mix+4 ,9 ! dry rubb] x is se5 t !re are /reaks ( col\rless rubb] 9 a g5]al mass1 :i* may be ( v>y+ %ades ( yell[2 or1 a l5g? ( exce$+ly pale rubb] is app>5tly /reak$ 9 pat*es ) a d>k] %ade ( col\r4 ,a solution ( sodium bisulphite is heavi] ?an latex1 & !re w\ld be a t5d5cy1 !re=e1 = ! *emical to s9k 9 ! l>ge mix+ j>4 ,unless /irr+ is ?or\gh x is possible t portions ( ! latex w\ld n be 9 contact ) sodium bisulphite :ile o!rs receive m ?an a fair %>e4 ,especially w\ld ?is effect be se5 :]e coagulation takes place quickly1 & exp]i5ce be>s out ! tru? ( ! sugge/ion4 ,ano!r factor :i* has "s be>+ on ! po9t is ! /r5g? ( solution 9 :i* sodium bisulphite is us$4 ,9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( work+1 ! acid coagulant is add$ imm$iately aft] sodium bisulphite has be5 /irr$ 94 ,%\ld a /rong solution ( ! bisulphite be us$1 & if coagulation takes place quickly1 x is easy to see t ! possibilities ( obta9+ a uni=m & intimate mixture are small4 ,probably 9 no factory is ! sodium bisulphite n[ add$ to latex 9 p[d] =m1 b x has be5 f\nd t if c>e is n tak5 to see t all ! bisulphite has dissolv$ be=e ! solution is add$ to latex /reaks may result 9 ! dry rubb]4 ,! undissolv$ p>ticles s9k to ! bottom ( ! coagulat+ j> or tank1 & !re sl[ly dissolve1 =m+ local /rong solutions4 ,! effect ^u ! rubb] 9 ! vic9ity ( ^! /rong solutions is mu* m m>k$ ?an 9 ! bulk ( ! coagulum1 & h5ce light] /reaks or pat*es appe> 9 ! dry rubb]4 ,9 spite ( app>5tly complete mixture by good /irr+1 x w be se5 t x is possible1 !re=e1 to h fail$ 9 ?is direction if any undissolv$ p[d] rema9s 9 ! solution ( sodium bisulphite4 ,,spot ,,disease4--,few manag]s ( e/ates prep>+ pale crepe rubb]s are unacqua9t$ ) ?is defect4 ,x is manife/$ by ! appe>ance ( small col\r$ spots v>y+ 9 d5sity 7i4e41 numb] to a unit area7 & diff]+ 9 hue4 ,! mo/ common col\rs are black & orange1 b spots ( brick-r$1 yell[1 violet & ruby & gre5 t9ts h be5 not$1 ! la/ nam$ v seldom4 ,sometimes 9 place ( def9ite spots1 or colonies1 ! col\r is spread ov] practically ! :ole surface ( ! rubb] z a flu%4 ,^! col\r$ spots1 or flu%es1 indicate infection by m9ute fungi1 :i* are pres5t 9 ! latex prior to coagulation4 ,! infection ( ! latex takes place 9 ! field by means ( spores1 :i* are only visible ) a microscope4 ,x is n feasible to discuss any me?od ( prev5t+ ?is infection ( latex by air-borne spores1 z ! ev5tual prev5tive measures are s simple4 ,b x may be believ$ t "u ord9>y wea!r conditions mo/ latices are infect$ be=e rea*+ ! factory4 ,x is likewise true t ev5 f9e pale crepes %ipp$ 9 p]fect condition may conta9 possibilities ( tr\ble 9 ! =m ( dormant spores1 ! developm5t ( :i* may comm5ce & cont9ue if fav\rable conditions arise4 ,! subject ( ',spot' ,diseases has be5 treat$ fully 9 previ\s publications1#ai & x is n propos$ "h to ent] into any l5g?y discussion4 #ai ,prep>ation ( ,plantation ,rubb]1 ,sidney ,morgan1 #aiac4 ,spott+ ( ,plantation ,rubb]1 ,kei? ,bancr(t1 #aiac2 ,bullet9 ,no4 #af1 ,f4,m4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,spott+ ( ,prep>$ ,plantation ,rubb]1 ,a4 ,%>pies1 #aiad2 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ai1 ,f4,m4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,if any read] is desir\s ( produc+ ! defect exp]im5tally1 all t is necess>y is to prep>e a piece ( crepe rubb] ( r m ?an ord9>y ?ickness1 roll x up :ile wet1 & place aside = "s days4 ,?is exp]im5t reproduces ! conditions fav\rable = ! developm5t ( ! spores1 & spots ( v>i\s col\rs may result4 ,x w be cle> t ! *ief factor influ5c+ ! result is ! cont9u$ pres5ce ( pl5ty ( moi/ure4 ,?is condition may be creat$ inadv]t5tly 9 ! c\rse ( factory practice1 if piles ( crepe rubb] are all[$ to rema9 = any appreciable p]iod be=e hang+ to dry4 ,= ?is reason bat*es ( wet crepe %\ld always be plac$ on edge1 to all[ free dra9age ( surface moi/ure1 if ! rubb] _c be tak5 at once to ! dry+-%$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree ,,specim5s ,,( ,,f9e ,,pale ,,crepe ,,suff]+ ,,f ,,spot ,,disease4 ,! condition also is provid$ if ! ?ickness ( ! crepe is excessive4 ,9 "s factories1 hav+ no smoo?-roll f9i%+ ma*9es1 ! crepes may h a di/9ct rais$ patt]n ^u !m4 ,x is usual to note t if spot disease appe>s 9 su* crepes1 x is incid5t to mu* great] degree 9 ! ?ick] portions ( ! rubb]--i4e41 ^u ! rais$ patt]n4 ,! direct connection betwe5 ! rate ( dry+ & ! appe>ance ( col\r$ spots or flu%es is ?us e/abli%$1 & x only rema9s to adopt precaution>y measures :i* w lead to an avoidance ( delay 7#a7 betwe5 ma*9+ & hang+1 7#b7 9 dry+4 ,x is indicat$1 !re=e1 t1 if spot disease is to be avoid$1 ! prime consid]ation is ! prep>ation ( a ?9 crepe :i* w dry quickly "u av]age conditions4 ,x may sometimes happ5 t ev5 v ?9 crepes w sometimes be f\nd affect$ on "s e/ates4 ,9 su* in/ances1 x w be f\nd t ! design or situation ( ! dry+-h\se is at fault1 & t specially fav\rable conditions = ! developm5t ( ! fungi h be5 creat$ by excessively wet wea!r4 ,%\ld ! tr\ble p]si/ 9 spite ( ! prep>ation ( ! ?9ne/ crepe1 x w\ld be advisable ei!r to ab&on ?is =m ( ,no4 #a product or to consid] ! in/allation ( artificial aids to dry+4 ,we h n yet enc\nt]$ any case 9 :i* x 0 f\nd necess>y to treat ! latex ) an antiseptic or dis9fectant sub/ance = ! prev5tion ( spot disease4 ,!re appe>s to be an idea held 9 "s qu>t]s t sodium bisulphite may be s employ$ z a fungicide4 ,?is does n agree ) our exp]i5ce1 :i* is confirm$ by ,%>pies 7,bullet9 ,no4 #ai1 ,f4,m4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture74 ,9 #aiac exp]im5ts ) *9osol 7 und]tak5 at ! ,patal+ ,laboratory ( ! ,rubb] ,gr[]s' ,association1 & an acc\nt ( ! me?od ( treatm5t 0 giv5 9 a pr9t$ report issu$ to subscrib]s4 ,dr4 ,p4 ,ar5s1#bj ( ! ,malang ,exp]im5tal ,/ation 7,java71 has also recomm5d$ ! use ( *9osol4 ,! sub/ance is exp5sive1 b is effective 9 v small quantity4 ,on ! :ole1 giv5 av]age conditions 9 factory practice1 su* aids %\ld n be necess>y1 & :]e ke5 sup]vision is n available may lead to o!r difficulties4 #bj ,guide to ! ,prep>ation ( ,rubb]1 ,ar5s1 #aiah2 ,communications f ! ,exp]im5tal ,/ation 7,malang1 ,java74 ,x has already be5 rem>k$ t x is possible = spot disease to develop 9 dry rubb] :i* previ\sly gave no evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( fungi4 ,! condition necess>y to su* an occurr5ce is suppli$ by ! pres5ce ( moi/ure4 ,?us1 to /ate in/ances :i* are by no means uncommon1 if a box ( rubb] is all[$ to rema9 expos$ to ra91 or is damag$ by flood-wat]1 or by sea-wat] dur+ transit1 or 7sometimes7 if ! rubb] is pack$ 9 a damp case1 ! crepe on arrival at its de/9ation may be f\nd to be affect$ to a degree dep5d5t ^u ! ext5t ( wett+ & ! duration ( ! wett+ p]iod4 ,no means are kn[n by :i* ^! col\r$ spots1 due to ! gr[? ( *romog5ic organisms1 c be remov$ f ! rubb]4 ,naturally1 al?\gh !y may be pres5t 9 ! d>k] l[] grades ( crepe1 !y are n s easily visible z 9 pale crepe4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t e possible precaution>y measure mu/ be tak5 :5 pale crepe has to be prep>$4 ,we are (t5 ask$ :e!r x is possible = an infect$ piece ( rubb] to affect s\nd rubb] hang+ 9 ! same build+2 & :e!r1 9 case ( spot disease appe>+1 x is necess>y to dis9fect ! dry+-h\se4 ,9 a g5]al s5se1 ! answ] to bo? qu]ies is 9 ! negative4 ,x has n be5 prov$ possible to transmit ! disease f "o piece ( crepe to ano!r1 except by ! close/ possible contact & 9 ! pres5ce ( an abundance ( moi/ure4 ,a dry crepe1 ev5 :5 9 close contact ) an infect$ dry specim51 has n be5 f\nd to be affect$4 ,unless1 !re=e1 pieces ( rubb] are press$ toge!r1 "u fav\rable conditions z to moi/ure1 !re has be5 obs]v$ no transf] ( disease4 ,simil>ly x has n be5 f\nd t ! pres5ce ( spott$ rubb] 9 "o "p ( ! dry+-h\se has be5 responsible = an outbreak ( disease 9 ano!r "p ( ! same build+4 ,fur!rmore1 aft] ! removal ( diseas$ rubb] f ! dry+-%$1 fre%ly prep>$ rubb] may be hung on ! same supports )\t becom+ affect$1 & )\t any int]m$iate treatm5t ( ! wood5 b>s1 provid+ ! crepe is ?9 & wea!r conditions are good4 ,9 our exp]i5ce1 no case has be5 obs]v$ 9 :i* ! disease has be5 communicat$ to fre%ly prep>$ rubb] by reason ( ! previ\s pres5ce ( affect$ rubb]4 ,9 our op9ion1 !re=e1 any s*eme = dis9fect+ ! int]ior ( a dry+-h\se1 z a prev5tive measure aga9/ ! spread ( spot disease1 is unnecess>y4 ,all o!r ?+s be+ equal1 x is pla9 t mu* w dep5d1 z to ! incid5ce ( col\r$ spots1 ^u ! design & situation ( ! dry+-h\se4 ,suffici5t has be5 writt5 9 previ\s *apt]s to indicate ! importance ( ^! po9ts z affect+ ! rate ( dry+1 ^u :i* h+es ! possibility ( ! appe>ance ( spot disease4 ,9 conclusion1 ! *ief po9ts 9 any discussion ( ?is subject may be summ>is$ ?us3 #a4 ,no coagulum %\ld be left )\t work+ = long] ?an ! ord9>y p]iod4 ,o!rwise1 ! prevail+ conditions are v fav\rable = ! developm5t ( ! disease4 #b4 ,?9 crepe only %\ld be made4 ,! quick] ! rate ( dry+ ! less possibility is !re ( ! col\r$ spots appe>+4 #c4 ,crepe %\ld nev] be all[$ to rema9 fold$ ov]night1 & bat*es ( fold$ wet crepe %\ld be plac$ on edge to dra9 (f surface moi/ure4 ,! rubb] %\ld be hung to dry z soon z possible4 #d4 ,sev]al species ( fungi caus+ col\r$ spots h be5 recognis$1 & x has be5 prov$ conclusively t x is possible to infect latex & also fre% coagulum4 #e4 ,z f> z our pres5t k goes1 x appe>s t infection takes place *iefly1 if n entirely1 by means ( ! latex 9 ! field-vessels4 ,x may take place dur+ transport also1 or ev5 dur+ coagulation4 #f4 ,:ile x is c]ta9 t infection c be caus$ by contact1 x has n yet be5 %[n t infection ( ! f9i%$ wet rubb] takes place 9 ! dry+-h\ses by means ( air-borne spores--at lea/1 "u ord9>y dry+ conditions4 #g4 ,!re is reason to believe t no fur!r infection takes place once ! rubb] is well into ! dry+ /age1 & t dry rubb] is n infect$ ev5 by contact4 ,f ?is "o might inf] t1 z long z rubb] rema9s dry1 infection _c take place dur+ ! voyage to ! port ( consignm5t4 #h4 ,col\r$ spots d n appe> until ! rubb] is ab\t half dry1 because t p]iod is necess>y = ! developm5t ( ! fungus to t /age 9 its life-hi/ory :5 x excretes col\r+ matt]4 ,! fungus 9 its e>li] & col\rless /age may h be5 pres5t f ! "t ! latex ent]$ ! cup4 #i4 ,! natural habitat ( ! fungi w\ld appe> to be decay+ vegetable matt] 9 ! field4 #aj4 ,f9ally1 if x is f\nd impossible to be rid ( fungoid-spot disease aft] hav+ ex]cis$ all c>e & obs]v$ all kn[n precautions1 no?+ rema9s b to sup]s$e ! ord9>y dry+ process by "s sy/em ( quick dry+1 su* z ! vacuum-dry+ process or a hot-air draught sy/em1 9 :i* ! rubb] dries s quickly t any possibility ( appe>ance ( spots is entirely remov$4 ,,surface ,,m\lds ,,or ,,mildews ,,on ,,crepe ,,rubb]4--,defects ( ?is nature are mo/ uncommon 9 ! high] grades ( crepe rubb]1 b cases ( affection 9 ! l[] grades are n r>e4 ,x w be evid5t f all previ\s discussions t ! incid5ce ( ^! m\lds mu/ be due to an extremely sl[ rate ( dry+4 ,! necess>y conditions w\ld be suppli$ by "o or m ( ! foll[+ causes3 7a7 ,mak+ ! crepe too ?ick4 7b7 ,hang+ ! crepe 9 a badly v5tilat$ or badly situat$ build+4 7c7 ,occasionally by abnormally wet wea!r4 7d7 ,all[+ piles ( crepe to rema9 too long be=e hang+4 7e7 ,us+ excessive quantities ( det]iorat$ sodium bisulphite4 ,9 %ort1 any factor contribut+ t[>ds a ret>d$ rate ( dry+ may be responsible = ! appe>ance ( surface mildews4 ,! la/ m5tion$ cause is ( n infrequ5t occurr5ce4 ,kn[+ ! *emical to be ( poor quality1 relatively m is us$ to produce ! desir$ anti-oxidant effect4 ,unless ! rubb] is p>ticul>ly well wa%$ on ! rolls1 !re rema9s )9 x a residue ( sodium bisulphate1 an oxidation product ( ! bisulphite4 ,?is is hygroscopic to "s degree--i4e41 x takes up moi/ure f ! atmosph]e4 ,h5ce dry+ is delay$1 & ev5 %\ld mildews n develop ! *emical may sometimes be se5 on ! surface ( ! rubb] z a :iti% bloom4 ,! enum]ation ( ! possible causes ( mildews on crepe rubb] is suffici5t to indicate ! necess>y precautions to be tak51 & ! discussion w n be ext5d$ fur!r4 ,,tack9ess ,,9 ,,rubb]4--,tack9ess is a t]m us$ to d5ote a det]ioration ( rubb] :i* r5d]s x /icky1 &1 beyond ?is1 implies t "s physical & *emical *ange 9 ! nature ( ! sub/ance has tak5 place4 ,9 fact1 x is no long] rubb]1 b an oxidation product conta9+ mu* res9\s matt]4 ,x does n behave z rubb]1 & h5ce its value is mu* depreciat$4 ,) mod]n ideas ( erection ( factories to gu>d aga9/ ! introduction ( direct sunlight1 x 0 hop$ t ?is defect _h practically ceas$ to exi/4 ,9 "o grade ( rubb] x w\ld be expect$ t tack9ess w\ld cont9ue to appe>4 ,e>?-rubb]1 (t5 expos$ to direct sunlight = a week1 w\ld naturally become tacky1 & ?is tack9ess _c be avoid$ unless ! e>?-scrap is to be collect$ m frequ5tly4 ,b 9 _m cases ev5 ! high] grades ( rubb] %[ signs ( tack9ess4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ out at v>i\s times & 9 v>i\s places to det]m9e ! cause ( tack9ess4 ,= "s "t ! !ory ( bact]ial orig9 0 9 fav\r1 b none ( ! exp]im5tal results 0 conv9c+4 ,bact]ia may be pres5t 9 tacky rubb]2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 _m cases ( bact]ia 9 rubb] h be5 obs]v$ 9 :i* !re 0 no tack9ess4 ,exp]im5ts 7 made by "o ( u "s ye>s ago ) a view to te/+ ! bact]ial !ory by inoculat+ latex ) small pieces ( tacky rubb]4 ,9 opposition to ! results :i* 7 /at$ to h be5 obta9$1 !re 0 no spread ( tack9ess4 ,o!r inve/igators h obta9$ simil> results4 ,"o writ] propos$ to expla9 tack9ess z caus$ by excess ( moi/ure4 ,?is p]fectly simple explanation un=tunately displays only a pr(\nd ignorance ( ! subject1 & does n take into acc\nt ! fact t tack9ess is incid5t 9 rubb] aft] dryness has be5 rea*$4 ,x ne$ n be po9t$ out to plant]s 9 ,malaya t wet %eets ( rubb] are (t5 expos$ to direct sunlight by work]s ( native hold+s1 ) no result+ h>m z long z pl5ty ( moi/ure is pres5t 9 ! rubb]4 ,,tack9ess ,,! ,,result ,,( ,a ,,sl[ ,,process ,,( ,,*ange4--,z /at$ above1 tack9ess does n appe> until ! rubb] is dry1 & ev5 !n x is to be not$ t x is possible = tack9ess to appe> 9 rubb] arriv+ 9 ,london1 :i* %[$ no indications ( tack9ess :5 pack$ = %ipm5t4 ,,tack9ess ,,caus$ ,,by ,,traces ,,( ,,copp] ,,salts4--,sp5ce1 z ! result ( inve/igations1 has po9t$ out t none ( ! v>i\s !ories put =w>d to acc\nt = tack9ess--viz41 ! action ( bact]ia1 premature putrefaction1 oxidation1 excess ( moi/ure1 ! action ( enzymes1 etc4--h any basis 9 sci5tific pro(1 & believes t ! cause ( tack9ess _c be directly attribut$ to bact]ia4 ,x has be5 /at$ t ! only kn[n way ( caus+ rubb] to become tacky is to expose x to sunlight or heat4 ,:ile agree+ t 9 ! ord9>y way ?is /atem5t is correct z f> z "o rules out ! employm5t ( *emical sub/ances1 x mu/ be po9t$ out t tack9ess ( ! wor/ degree may be caus$ by ! pres5ce ( traces ( copp] or copp] salts4 ,?is po9t has already be5 t\*$ ^u 9 a prec$+ p>agraph deal+ ) ! defect ( gre5 /reaks 9 pale crepe rubb]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( laboratory exp]im5ts tack9ess has (t5 be5 induc$ by ! use ( traces ( copp] salts4 ,! rate at :i* tack9ess is induc$ appe>s to be dep5d5t ^u ! am\nt ( copp] salt us$1 b once x beg9s1 ! rubb] molecule is v rapidly brok5 d[n1 & res9s are =m$4 ,z ! =mation ( res9s is accompani$ by ! inclusion ( oxyg5 9 ! *emical con/itution1 x w\ld be expect$ t dry rubb] becom+ tacky %\ld increase 9 weight4 ,?is is f\nd to be ! case1 & to give an idea ( h[ ?is weight increases ) ! progress ( tack9ess1 ! results bel[ may be /udi$4 ,x w be se5 t ! maximum quantity ( copp] sulphate us$ am\nt$ to #j4jbe p] c5t1 7approx47 ^u ! weight ( latex tak54 ,n[ x is highly probable t only a fraction ( ?is quantity 0 reta9$ 9 ! rubb] on coagulation1 ! rema9d] be+ 9 solution 9 ! s]um4 ,fur!rmore1 z ! rubb] 0 well wa%$ & work$ d[n to ?9 crepe1 ! total quantity ( copp] salt rema9+ 9 ! dry crepe mu/ h be5 exce$+ly small4 ,yet ! effect is mo/ m>k$ & %\ld impress ^u all manag]s ! necessity = gu>d+ aga9/ any possible contam9ation caus$ by brass or copp]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,sample4 ,weight ( ,rubb]4 ------ ---------------------------------------- ,aft] ,fur!r ,fur!r ,p]c5t- ,am\nt ( ,copp] ,salt4 ,:5 ,int]val,int]val,int]valage 9 ,9- ,dry4 ( ,f\r ( ,sev5( ,?reecrease 9 ,weeks4 ,weeks4 ,weeks4 ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,grms4 ,grms4 ,grms4 ,grms4 #a #j4jb grms4 copp] sulphate p] #ajj c4c4 #dcj #dda #dhb #dhh #ac4e latex #b ,ditto #dbh #dci #dha #dhf #ac4ee #c #j4ja grms4 copp] sulphate1 p] #ajj c4c4 latex #ifb #ihg #ajce #ajcf #g4g #j4ja grms4 copp] acetate1 p] #ajj c4c4 latex #d #j4jbe grms4 copp] sulphate1 p] #ajj c4c4 #ejb #eac #eeh #efj #aa4e latex ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,9 view ( ! effect ?us produc$ by ! addition ( traces to latex ( a copp] salt1 & ! obs]v$ effect on rubb] ( contact ) copp] salts1 "o may imag9e ! result produc$ "s ye>s ago :5 on an e/ate smok$ %eets 7 wa%$ ) a solution ( copp] sulphate z a rem$y = surface m\lds6 ,) ! exception ( ?is *emical action we "k ( no o!r means by :i* tack9ess is produc$1 beyond ^? ( direct sun%9e & heat4 ,cases gov]n$ by ^! two causes are common on e/ates4 ,!y are conf9$ *iefly to ! l[e/ grades ( scrap rubb]1 :5 ! compon5t raw mat]ials h be5 expos$ to ! sun = a p]iod be=e be+ br\ght to ! factory4 ,x is n[ comp>atively r>e to f9d cases ( tack9ess 9 ! high] grades ( crepe1 & :5 !y occur1 "o may look = evid5ce ( gross c>elessness 9 ! admission ( direct sun%9e4 ,usually ?is means ! failure ( "s individual to regulate w9d[ %utt]s accord+ to ! position ( ! sun 9 ! sky4 ,m r>ely does x happ5 t tack9ess may h be5 induc$ by plac+ ?9 crepe rubb] too ne> ! iron ro( ( ! dry+-%$4 ,reg>d+ ! "q z to :e!r tack9ess may be communicat$ by direct contact1 op9ion appe>s to be divid$4 ,x has be5 /at$ t s\nd rubb] left 9 contact ) tacky specim5s 0 f\nd to be unaffect$ aft] two ye>s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is claim$ t tack9ess has be5 induc$ 9 a s\nd rubb] by infect+ x ) small pieces :i* 7 tacky4 ,9 a prelim9>y article on ! effect ( copp] & copp] salts ^u pieces ( dri$ & s\nd crepe#ba x 0 not$1 aft] "o ye>1 t tack9ess _h be5 communicat$ f ! treat$ portion to ! blank 9 contact4 ,!re is suffici5t evid5ce to w>rant ! injunction t tacky rubb] %\ld be exclud$ f contact ) s\nd rubb]4 ,if %ipp$ x %\ld be pack$ sep>ately4 #ba ,report ,i41 #aiaf 7,sidney ,morgan71 ,rubb] ,gr[]s' ,association 7,malaya74 ,comp\nds h be5 put ^u ! m>ket :i* assum$ly claim to be cures = tack9ess4 ,^! are m]ely palliatives1 consi/+ ( />*1 talc1 or *alk p[d]s1 :i* c\nt]act /ick9ess4 ,,no ,,cure ,,= ,,tack9ess4--,at ! pres5t /age ( our k1 !re appe>s to be no cure = tack9ess4 ,nei!r d we see ! necessity = a cure :5 ! ph5om5on may be avoid$ by tak+ simple precautions1 :i* may be briefly summ>is$ ?us3 7#a7 ,any p]man5t op5+s ?r\gh :i* x is possible = direct sunlight to ent]1 :e!r l>ge or small1 %\ld ei!r be totally clos$ or provid$ ) "s sub/ance :i* cuts (f ! direct effect ( ! sunlight--e4g41 ruby glass or ruby glaz$ clo?4 7#b7 ,rubb] %\ld "u no circum/ances be plac$ ne> any s\rce ( heat4 7#c7 ,no rubb] %\ld be hung 9 a dry+-room 9 su* a position adjac5t to a w9d[ or door t x is possible = sun%9e to rea* x1 ev5 %\ld coolies neglect to obey rules4 7#d7 ,in/rum5ts or vessels ( copp] or brass %\ld n be us$ :]e acids are employ$4 ,,lack ,,( ,,uni=mity ,,9 ,,col\r4--,! compla9t is f> less real ?an x 0 a few ye>s ago4 ,! introduction by ! ,rubb] ,gr[]s' ,association ( ! ,metrolac l$ to uni=m dilution ( latices v>y+ 9 rubb] cont5t4 ,previ\sly ! only kn[n me?od ( obta9+ uni=mity 9 col\r & appe>ance 0 t by :i* latices f all fields 7 mix$ toge!r 9 bulk4 ,ev5 s ! uni=mity appli$ only to ! "o bulk+ op]ation1 & any o!r day's results might %[ consid]able v>iation f ! fir/ /&>d4 ,?is does n take into acc\nt any obs]v$ diff]5ces 9 %ade ( col\r attributable to natural oxidation :i* might v>y 9 int5sity f day to day4 ,! introduction ( sodium bisulphite z an anti-oxidant ex]t$ a great influ5ce ^u ! col\r ( pale crepes g5]ally2 b consid]able v>iation w\ld /ill h be5 notable b = ! adoption ( ! s*eme = uni=m dilution1 9 addition to ! use ( small quantities ( anti-oxidant4 ,on mo/ e/ates x is n[ possible1 ) slight exceptions due to abnormal conditions1 s to treat ! latex t ! pale crepes prep>$ on any "o day diff] 9 no p]ceptible degree f ! product ( any o!r day4 ,:]e ?is is n ! case x mu/ be suspect$ t !re has be5 "s c>elessness 9 manipulat+ ! latex or ! *emicals4 ,att5tion has be5 drawn to ! fact t !re may be exceptional cases1 :5 ! det]m9+ factors lie beyond ! control ( factory processes--e4g41 heavy ra9s caus+ ov]-dilution ( latex1 ! yield+ ( yell[ latex f newly op5$ areas1 etc4 ,b on ! :ole !re is n[ no reason :y ! g5]al av]age product f any e/ate %\ld n be uni=m 9 col\r & appe>ance4 ,fur!rmore1 x %\ld be possible = l>ge gr\ps ( e/ates1 by ! adoption ( uni=m me?ods1 to produce simil> rubb] f all ! plantations4 ,moreov]1 ap>t f "s diff]5ces caus$ by factors :i* /ill ne$ det]m9ation1 ! total product 9 a g5]al s5se %\ld n only be uni=m 9 appe>ance b uni=m 9 physical & *emical prop]ties4 ,,block ,,rubb]4--,?is mode ( prep>ation is employ$ only 9 comp>atively few in/ances4 ,! block is prep>$ f crepe rubb]1 :i* has be5 dri$ ei!r 9 a hot-air dri] or 9 a vacuum *amb]4 ,!re is ano!r type ( block :i* is made by plac+ lay]s ( dry crepe "u consid]able pressure4 ,?is is n ! true type ( block1 & ! lay]s are q di/9ct--i4e41 !y d n amalgamate4 ,usually ?is press$ rubb] consi/s ( l[] grades ( crepe1 & x %\ld n be popul>1 inasmu* z x leaves too wide an opportunity = ! inclusion ( dirt1 b>k p>ticles1 & o!r impurities1 :i* _c be se5 g5]ally on acc\nt ( ! protective col\r ( ! rubb]4 ,9 ! true type ( block1 ! lay]s are 9 a pla/ic condition1 due to heat1 :5 !y leave ! dry+-*amb]2 & be+ imm$iately submitt$ to great pressure ! result is a homog5e\s mass 9 :i* ! lay]s disappe> by amalgamation4 ,only ! be/ grade ( crepe is employ$1 & giv5 ! abs5ce ( defects 9 ! lay]s !re %\ld be no compla9t reg>d+ ! f9al block4 ,prep>$ 9 slabs :i* are ?ree or f\r in*es 9 ?ickness1 ! product is easily h&l$1 & %\ld be suffici5tly transluc5t to make x possible to di/+ui% ! %ape ( ! h& :5 held betwe5 ! block & ! light4 ,?is is n possible :5 blocks are made ( great] ?ickness4 ,! only compla9ts :i* x %\ld be possible to lodge aga9/ block rubb]s are3 7a7 ,! inclusion ( dirt & o!r matt]4 7b7 ,! use ( lay]s ( crepe :i* h "s defect4 7c7 ,! inclusion ( air-bubbles4 ,! rem$y = 7a7 & 7b7 lies 9 ! h&s ( ! factory sup]9t5d5t4 ,! la/ gr\nd ( compla9t is dep5d5t ^u ! /yle ( prep>ation ( ! orig9al lay]s ( crepe4 ,:5 lay]s ( crepe are plac$ "o ^u ! o!r1 & submitt$ to great pressure1 x is natural to suppose t air w\ld be conta9$ 9 spaces1 & w\ld be unable to escape4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ?is1 x w\ld seem necess>y to prep>e ! crepe ?9 & ) a fairly good surface f9i%4 ,x mu/ be obvi\s to all acqua9t$ ) ! processes involv$ 9 ! prep>ation ( block rubb]1 t no possibility exi/s = ! pres5ce ( air-bells actually enclos$ 9 ?9 crepe4 ,:5 ! vacuum-dri$ crepe is fold$ prep>atory to ! block+ process x is app>5t t betwe5 ! lay]s !re mu/ always be a consid]able volume ( air1 a small proportion ( :i* is b\nd to be reta9$ ow+ to ! nature ( ! surface ( crepe rubb]4 ,t ?is has always be5 true ( ! prep>ation ( block rubb] _c be d5i$4 ,x is possible1 ( c\rse1 = "o type ( block to %[ ! pres5ce ( air-bells m ?an ano!r type1 ! proportion ( air enclos$ 9 block+ dep5d+ ^u ! nature ( ! crepe ( :i* ! block is compos$4 ,a block built up ( lay]s ( smoo?1 f9e crepe w\ld be expect$ to conta9 less air-bells ?an a block compos$ ( lay]s ( a r\gh crepe4 ,block rubb] has be5 se5 :i* 0 free f air-bells1 b ?is 0 ! ?9 v>iety ( block prep>$ = %[ purposes ) f> great] c>e1 probably1 ?an w\ld be exp5d$ 9 comm]cial prep>ations4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,defects ,,9 ,,%eet ,,rubb] ,be=e proce$+ to deal ) defects 9 ! rubb] z x is put ^u ! m>ket a brief acc\nt w be giv5 ( faults :i* may be not$ 9 ! prep>atory /ages4 ,,milky ,,residue ,,or ,,s]um4--,if ! s]um is n cle> aft] ! ord9>y p]iod all[$ = coagulation1 x indicates "o ( ! foll[+ possible causes3 7a7 ,failure to obta9 complete mixture by ?or\gh /irr+4 7b7 ,insuffici5cy ( acid solution4 ,?is may be real or indirectly due to ! pres5ce ( an excess ( anti-coagulant su* z =mal9 or sodium sulphite4 7c7 ,9 cases :]e o!r coagulants ?an acetic or =mic acids h be5 employ$ ! failure may be due to an excess (1 or an unsuitable1 coagulant--e4g41 hydro*loric acid4 ,,col\r$ ,,surface ,,blot*es ,,& ,,unpleasant ,,od\r4--,sometimes ! surface ( ! coagulum exhibits yell[i% or blui% /reaks & pat*es4 ,x w be f\nd g5]ally t ! yell[i% col\r is possess$ by a slimy sub/ance1 ( (f5sive od\r1 :i* may be scrap$ f ! surface4 ,ei!r insuffici5t acid has be5 us$1 or ! mix+ ( latex & coagulant has be5 at fault4 ,,d>k ,,discoloration ,,( ,,! ,,rubb]4--,?is may be /at$ to be a natural process :5 fre% rubb] is expos$ to ! atmosph]e4 ,x is usually describ$ z oxidation1 & x w be not$ to be abs5t1 or to occur to less degree1 on ^? portions ( ! rubb] :i* are protect$ f ! atmosph]e by be+ bel[ ! surface ( ! rema9+ liquid4 ,?is surface *ange may be prev5t$ 7see ,*apt]s ,,viii4 & ,,ix47 by ! use ( small quantities ( sodium sulphite 7= pref]5ce7 or bisulphite4 ,,s(t ,,coagulum1 ,,spongy ,,"u-,,surface1 ,,te>+ ,,( ,,coagulum4--,if ! :ole mass ( coagulum is too s(t1 :ile coagulation appe>s to be complete1 ov]-dilution ( ! latex has occurr$4 ,?is may apply also to ! case 9 :i* ! "u-surface only is spongy & s(t4 ,if coagulat+-tanks are employ$1 ! upp] edge may be comp>atively h>d1 :ile ! l[] is s(t & weak4 ,(t5 ! spongy portion may adh]e to ! p>titions4 ,?is prev5ts ! natural rise ( ! coagulum1 due to retraction1 z ! mass sets4 ,! pull betwe5 ! free upp] portion & ! adh]+ l[] edge causes splitt+ & te>+ ( ! coagulum1 ) m>k$ porosity 7spongy appe>ance74 ,! two factors to receive att5tion are ! /&>d ( dilution & ! condition ( ! surfaces ( ! p>titions4 ,if ^! h m9ute cracks into :i* latex c p5etrate1 & 9 :i* coagulation takes place1 ! bo>ds %\ld be disc>d$4 ,giv5 ! conditions indicat$ above1 ! te>+ & splitt+ ( rubb] 9 coagulat+ tanks is sometimes augm5t$ by ! practice ( flood+ ! tanks :5 coagulation is judg$ to be complete4 ,! surface wat] f9ds its way d[nw>ds betwe5 /rips ( coagulum & ! p>titions1 ?us increas+ ! upw>d t5sion betwe5 ! free & adh]+ portions4 ,! ma9 idea gov]n+ ! practice ( flood+ ! tanks is to prev5t oxidation 7d>k5+7 ( ! upp] edges4 ,if a small quantity ( sodium sulphite is employ$ z an anti-oxidant & to ret>d coagulation1 x is n necess>y to flood tanks4 ,,pitt+ ,,( ,,surfaces4--,9 pan coagulation ?is pitt$ appe>ance is usually limit$ to ! "u-surface1 :ile coagulum prep>$ 9 tanks may exhibit ! defect on bo? faces4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! num]\s pits1 or small depressions1 po9ts to ! pres5ce ( bubbles ( gas :i* h be5 unable to escape freely4 ,z ! =mation & ret5tion ( gas-bubbles is n a normal occurr5ce 9 coagulation1 we are l$ to inf] t "s special conditions mu/ h aris54 ,^! may be suppli$ by "o or m ( ! foll[+ contributory causes3 7a7 ,! latex _h begun to s\r be=e arrival at ! factory or :ile wait+ to be treat$4 ,?is premature coagulation is usually *eck$ or dim9i%$ by ! employm5t ( anti-coagulants 7see ,*apt]s ,,viii4 & ,,ix474 ,x is g5]ally accompani$ by ! appe>ance ( enclos$ gas-bubbles 9 ! dry rubb]4 7b7 ,!re may h be5 a slight insuffici5cy ( coagulant1 or ! admixture 0 n ?or\gh1 ?us all[+ a sl[ putrefactive *ange to take place 9 ! incompletely coagulat$ areas4 7c7 ,! wood5 p>titions may n h be5 effectively cleans$4 ,! exi/5ce ( a ?9 slime1 ( bact]ial orig91 is sometimes not$4 ,?is is acc\ntable = putrefactive effects 9 ! surfaces ( ! coagulum1 or 9 ! s]um1 giv+ rise to ! =mation ( gases4 ,if ^! _c escape freely1 by reason ( adhesion betwe5 ! coagulum & ! p>titions1 pitt+ occurs4 ,,?ick5$ ,,ends ,,or ,,edges1 ,,aft] ,,roll+4--,z a rule ^! defects may be ascrib$ to ! employm5t ( too ri* a latex1 or faulty manipulation4 ,ev5 if ! /&>d ( dilution %\ld be correct x sometimes happ5s t1 9 ! prelim9>y roll+ ( a long /rip ( rubb]1 coolies beg9 9 ! middle1 roll+ ) a =w>d pressure & t5sion t[>ds ! ends ( ! /rip4 ,?is is g5]ally n s mu* ! fault ( ! coolie z be+ due to ! lack ( prop] facilities = prelim9>y roll+4 ,! table %\ld be ab\t #c feet 9 height1 s t ease ( work+ is obta9$ m]ely by natural pressure due to ! position 9 :i* ! work] /&s4 ,! use ( a heavy wood5 roll] w\ld contribute t[>ds ?is result1 inasmu* z x obviates ! use ( =ce1 & ! pressure is almo/ entirely 9 a v]tical direction4 ,,mis-,,%ap5 ,,%eets4--,x is sometimes not$ t %eets may be wid] & ?ick] at ! ends ?an 9 ! middle4 ,manipulation alone1 z indicat$ above1 is n solely responsible4 ,! prim>y cause is to be trac$ to ov]-dilution ( latex1 giv+ a v s(t coagulum :i* responds too readily to t5sion & pressure4 ,faulty treatm5t 9 roll+ exagg]ates ! t5d5cy = ! /rip ( %eet to become n>r[ & ?9 9 ! middle1 wid] & ?ick] at ! ends4 ,,?ick5$ ,,pat*es1 ,,torn ,,%eets1 ,,dog-,,e>s1 ,,creases4--,^! elem5t>y defects are all due to c>eless work+4 ,:ile occasional errors _c be avoid$1 !re is no real excuse = ! cont9uance ( tr\ble to any degree1 "u av]age sup]vision4 ,?ick5$ pat*es are (t5 caus$ 9 conjunction ) torn %eets1 & ! tr\ble may be ascrib$ to faulty practice 9 all[+ too heavy a pile ( wet /rips to accumulate be=e ma*9+4 ,or a comp>atively small pile may h be5 transport$ "s di/ance4 ,x is difficult to sep>ate ! /rip1 & occasionally ! sep>ation is only effect$ at ! exp5se ( two %eets1 "o ( :i* is torn & ! o!r has a portion ( ! fir/ /rip adh]+ to x4 ,dog-e>s due to ! fold+ ov] ( corn]s ( ! %eets1 & creases due to ! rumpl+ ( ! coagulum1 are g5]ally ! result ( ha/e & lack ( av]age c>e4 ,ma*9e coolies1 m (t5 ?an n1 w n be at any pa9s to /raight5 out folds be=e pass+ ! coagulum ?r\gh ! rolls4 ,,greas9ess ,,be=e ,,smok+4--,"u ord9>y me?ods ( work+ ?is %\ld nev] be enc\nt]$4 ,x may be tak5 to %[ t ! ma*9$ rubb] has be5 all[$ to rema91 ei!r hang+ or 9 piles1 f> too long be=e ent]+ ! smoke-h\se4 ,! appe>ance is mo/ m>k$ if ! rubb] has rema9$ 9 a cool & moi/ atmosph]e--e4g41 if x has be5 hang+ ov]-night 9 a clos$ & badly-v5tilat$ factory4 ,9 a m>k$ degree ?is is to be obs]v$ 9 ! prep>ation ( air-dri$ %eets1 unless !y are expos$1 :5 fre%ly prep>$1 to ! action ( ! sun = a p]iod4 ,?is p]iod1 9 ! case ( rubb] prep>$ on native small-hold+s1 g5]ally ext5ds ov] sev]al days--until ! %eets are m ?an half dry4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( smok$ %eet1 ! greasy appe>ance & ! cause outl9$ contribute to a defect :i* is ev5tually describ$ z /ret*+ ru/y4 ,,surface ,,blemi%es4--,! coagulum1 dur+ coagulation & subsequ5tly1 c be contam9at$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,9 mo/ cases a little intellig5ce or increas$ c>e w\ld prev5t ! occurr5ce ( ^! defects4 ,:5 ! coagulum rema9s ov]-night1 9 ! abs5ce ( a cov]1 x is n uncommon to note ! pres5ce ( dirt 7f ! ro( above1 or bl[n 9 f ! outside71 ! dropp+s ( mice & rats1 flies & small insects4 ,9 !ory ^! %\ld be se5 & remov$ by ! factory h&s4 ,9 practice1 except :ile "u imm$iate sup]vision1 ! extrane\s matt] is (t5 roll$ into ! s(t coagulum4 ,a fairly common cause ( ?is surface contam9ation is ! exhau/ f ! p[]-unit2 g5]ally ! wor/ (f5d] is a /eam-eng9e4 ,grit & smuts cont9ually f9d _! way into ! factory1 alight+ on ! tables1 9 ! latex1 9 ! wat]1 & on ! fre%ly prep>$ rubb]4 ,!y are roll$ into ! s(t rubb] & lead to m>k$ depreciation 9 ! sell+ value4 ,! radical rem$y seems obvi\s1 b is (t5 beset ) _m difficulties n unconnect$ ) f9ancial consid]ations4 ,o!r sup]ficial blemi%es1 su* z ^? due to ! pres5ce ( ru/ m>ks1 oil or grease pat*es1 etc41 are self-explanatory1 if a little ?\ght is br\ght to be> ^u !m2 & x is n propos$ "h to discuss su* defects m fully4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hav+ n[ dealt ) c]ta9 defects :i* are visible 9 wet rubb]1 we come to ! discussion ( o!rs :i* are only p]ceptible ei!r dur+ or aft] ! dry+ p]iod4 ,z f> z is kn[n no plantations ( any size n[ prep>e %eets o!r ?an 9 ! =m ( smoke-dri$ rubb]1 ) ! exception ( a few :i* make a special =m ( ?ick & p>tially air-dri$ product kn[n z slab rubb]4 ,x is n propos$1 !re=e1 to treat 9 any detail ) air-dri$ %eet rubb]4 ,c]ta9 obvi\s defects are common to bo? air-dri$ & smoke-cur$ %eets1 & ^! w be fir/ discuss$4 ,,unev5ness ,,( ,,appe>ance4--,?is lack ( uni=mity may ref] ei!r to size or col\r1 or to bo?4 ,ap>t f any o!r contributory causes1 ?is v>iation is due1 9 pan %eet1 to a neglect to /&>dise ! dilution ( all latices1 or to lack ( uni=mity 9 ! quantity ( /&>dis$ latex plac$ 9 ea* receptacle4 ,:]e tanks are employ$ all %eets f ! same tank %\ld be ( ! same size be=e roll+1 & any subsequ5t disp>ity 9 ?ickness & l5g? mu/ be attribut$ to "s alt]ation 9 ! wid? ( ! gap betwe5 ! rolls ( ! ma*9es4 ,unless all latices are /&>dis$ by means ( an in/rum5t1 x is ( c\rse probable t ! cont5t ( "o tank may be f\nd to diff] f t ( ano!r4 ,9 a g5]al s5se1 :e!r air-dri$ or smoke-cur$ %eets are consid]$1 a ?9 /rip w dry m quickly ?an a ?ick "o1 & %\ld be pal] 9 col\r :5 view$ by transmitt$ light--i4e41 :5 ! rubb] is held betwe5 ! eye & ! s\rce ( light4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to gu>d aga9/ ! possibility ( v>iations 9 ?ickness caus$ by faulty manipulation4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! squeez+ rolls 7smoo?7 & betwe5 ! m>k+ rolls 7patt]n$7 %\ld be adju/$ & %\ld rema9 set until ! conclusion ( "w4 ,9 a factory hav+ no?+ beyond av]age requirem5ts 9 equipm5t ( ma*9es x %\ld n be necess>y to h to int]rupt ! "w ( ! smoo? rolls or m>k]s by hav+ to make adju/m5ts4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 inevitable if !re is only "o smoo?-roll ma*9e1 z x is always desirable to r$uce ! ?ickness ( ! coagulum by at lea/ two /ages ?r\gh ev5-spe$ smoo? rolls4 ,9 "s factories !re are ?ree light p[]-driv5 smoo?-roll ma*9es1 ! gaps betwe5 pairs ( rolls be+ set s z to obta9 a gradual ?9n+ effect ^u ! fre% coagulum1 :i* is !n pass$ once betwe5 patt]n$ rolls4 ,) su* equipm5t x is f\nd possible1 9 "s cases1 to omit ! prelim9>y h&-roll+1 & ! /rips ( coagulum f ! tank are pass$ direct ?r\gh rolls set ) a wide gap4 ,?is "w dem&s mu* c>e1 z x is necess>y to avoid any di/ortion ( ! coagulum :i* may be caus$ by its own weight & l5g?4 ,,v>iation ,,due ,,to ,,oxidation4--,! subject ( oxidation has be5 m5tion$ 9 ! op5+ p>agraphs ( ?is *apt]4 ,x w h be5 le>n$ t oxidation is a natural process1 & t x may be prev5t$ by ! employm5t ( anti-oxidants su* z ! sulphite or bisulphite ( soda4 ,9 e>li] days x 0 sometimes prev5t$ by /eep+ ! ?9 rubb] 9 v hot wat]4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( an anti-oxidant ! degree ( oxidation may v>y daily & 9 diff]5t bat*es ( latex on any "o day1 s t !re is always ! possibility ( a lack ( uni=mity due to oxidation effects4 ,?is w\ld be m evid5t 9 air-dri$ %eets ?an 9 smoke-cur$ rubb]1 z 9 ! latt] case ! d>k5+ ( ! surface w\ld be mask$ by ! col\r induc$ by ! smoke-dry+ process4 ,to obviate ?is v>iation anti-oxidants are us$ on mo/ e/ates1 b ! accid5tal or mis9=m$ abuse ( ^! *emicals may lead to fur!r lack ( uni=mity4 ,h5ce x is necess>y to foll[ c>efully ! =mulae prescrib$ by exp]i5ce4 ,,col\r ,,( ,,smok$ ,,%eets4--,x may be ( int]e/ to note t ! effect kn[n z oxidation is attribut$ to ! pres5ce ( micro-organisms call$ enzymes 7f]m5ts7 9 ! latex4 ,x c also be produc$ artificially 9 v>i\s ways--e4g41 by ! use ( ! crude product ( wood-di/illation 7pyroligne\s acid7 z a coagulant1 or by ! addition to ! latex ( small quantities ( a ph5ol su* z c>bolic acid4 ,x is ?us possible to prep>e 9 %eet =m a rubb] :i* has ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 smoke-cur$1 al?\gh x may nev] h be5 9 a smoke-h\se4 ,x w be cle>1 !re=e1 t ap>t f o!r causes1 ! col\r ( ! cur$ %eets may be influ5c$ by oxidation ( ! fre% coagulation1 & by ! con/itu5ts ( ! smoke4 ,x foll[s t ! smoke f timb]s :i* are ri*] ?an o!rs 9 c]ta9 *emical bodies set free by combu/ion w produce a rubb] d>k] 9 col\r4 ,!re is ?us no real connection betwe5 col\r & p]iod ( cure1 al?\gh 9 a g5]al s5se ! long] ! int]val ! d>k] ! col\r4 ,simil>ly x is n[ pla9 t :5 anti-oxidants are employ$ 9 excess ! pal5ess ( ! rubb] is 9 no degree truly indicative ( ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! rubb] has be5 smoke-cur$4 ,! influ5ce ( ! effect ( ! hypsical condition ( ! wet rubb] ^u ! f9al col\r mu/ be ?or\ghly grasp$4 ,"o may take two %eets ( app>5tly ! same ?ickness1 & smoke-cure !m 9 juxtaposition )9 ! same h\se1 only to f9d t "o dries mu* m rapidly ?an ! o!r4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! fir/1 :5 fully cur$1 w be ( a m$ium gold5 br[n col\r2 :ile ! o!r1 ow+ to protract$ smok+1 w be d>k4 ,evid5tly !re mu/ be "s di/9ct diff]5ce betwe5 ! two 9 physical condition prior to ! smok+4 ,"h ! factor involv$ is ! rubb]-cont5t ( ! latex4 ,giv5 two pieces ( coagulum ( id5tical ?ickness1 b prep>$ f latices ( diff]5t dry rubb] cont5t1 x w be obvi\s t to r$uce !m to simil> ?ickness1 m pressure w be necess>y 9 "o case--i4e41 t piece ( coagulum w be mu* m d5se 7m consolidat$7--:ile ! o!r w be comp>atively s(t & por\s4 ,into ! latt] w>m smoke c p5etrate mu* m easily1 & ! int]nal moi/ure c escape m rapidly4 ,! full cure may be made1 say1 )9 twelve days1 :ile ! t\gh] %eet may dem& up to tw5ty days4 ,to atta9 uni=mity 9 col\r1 !re=e1 ! foll[+ po9ts mu/ be /udi$ & controll$ z f> z is possible3 7a7 ,uni=m dilution ( all latices4 7b7 ,uni=m dim5sions ( coagulat+ receptacles4 7c7 ,uni=m volumes ( /&>dis$ latex4 7d7 ,uni=m quality & quantities ( *emicals4 7e7 ,uni=m me?ods ( manipulat+ ! coagulum4 7f7 ,uni=m conditions ( fuel & accommodation dur+ smoke-cur+4 ,,surface ,,gloss4--,9 ! *oice ( fuel !re is room = control if "o has good timb] available4 ,?is po9t op5s up a discussion on ! vex$ "q ( ov]-smok+1 z ! t]m is sometimes appli$ to a pron\nc$ dry glossy appe>ance ( ! surface ( %eets4 ,?ree ma9 factors are involv$3 7#a7 ,! nature ( ! fuel4 7#b7 ,! ratio betwe5 furnace capacity & ! capacity ( ! smoke-h\se4 7#c7 ,! rate ( combu/ion4 ,obvi\sly any fuel :i* yields an excessive quantity ( t>ry matt] or creosotic sub/ance w\ld conduce to ! =mation ( a heavy glaze on ! rubb]4 ,su* fuel1 !re=e1 %\ld at mo/ only be employ$ z ! small] portion 9 a mixture ) dead timb]4 ,x is impossible to lay d[n any g5]al rules = ! guidance ( e/ates1 z ! timb] available v>ies s widely 9 nature4 ,exp]i5ce mu/ be ! only guide1 & x %\ld n be difficult to obviate ! defect4 ,ev5 s1 !re mu/ be m9or diff]5ces betwe5 ! results obta9$ on e/ates1 s t x is n possible to make /rict e/imations ( ! smoke-cur+ p]iod by an exam9ation ( ! surface appe>ance ( rubb]1 ev5 "u ! be/ ( conditions4 ,"s e/ates f9d t ! rubb] has a di/9ct gloss 9 t5 days1 :ile o!rs may smoke-cure = twice t p]iod )\t difficulty4 ,evid5tly1 !re=e1 ! "q ( available fuel is ( prime importance4 ,x may be rem>k$ t v satisfactory results are always obta9$ f ! use ( fairly dry timb] obta9$ f ?9n$ rubb] trees1 mix$ ) ! dead timb] ( old logs & /umps f\nd on ! e/ates4 ,obvi\sly if a smoke-h\se has a sup]abundance ( furnaces1 produc+ m heat & smoke ?an is requir$1 glaz+ w result4 ,! po9t is te/$ by ! av]age temp]ature ma9ta9$ & ! av]age rate ( dry+4 ,! result ( a high temp]ature w\ld be ! possibility ( volatile t>ry matt] be+ driv5 9 excess to ! upp] *amb]4 ,t ?is effect is ev5tually produc$ ev5 at optimal temp]atures is evid5t f an exam9ation ( ! wood-"w )9 ! upp] room4 ,x is cle>1 also1 t ! rate ( combu/ion ex]ts an influ5ce4 ,9 a g5]al s5se a rapid consumption ( fuel w\ld augm5t ! quantity ( t>ry matt] pass+ into ! upp] *amb] ov] any giv5 p]iod1 & ! possibility ( glaz+ w\ld be increas$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is possible t a surface glaze might be =m$ if ! temp]ature 7 uni=mly too l[1 especially if ! rubb] 7 r ?ick4 ,! rate ( dry+ w\ld be s sl[1 t if a timb] ri* 9 t>ry matt] 7 employ$1 ! rubb] might be exce$+ly glossy4 ,9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ ! appe>ance ( a heavy glaze1 !n1 ! foll[+ po9ts mu/ be obs]v$3 #a4 ,! fuel mu/ be c>efully select$ by exp]i5ce4 #b4 ,! %eets mu/ n be ?ick4 ,no %eets %\ld be ?ick] ?an #a_/h in* measur$ 9 av]age section across ! ribs4 #c4 ,! temp]ature mu/ n be too high4 ,an av]age work+ temp]ature ( #abj deg4 to #abe deg4 ,f4 %\ld be ample4 #d4 ,if ! %eets are fairly ?ick1 a l[ av]age temp]ature %\ld be avoid$4 ,no l[] av]age ?an #aaj deg4 ,f4 %\ld be all[$4 ,,dull1 ,,black ,,surface4--,?is is ! opposite ( ! previ\s case1 & g5]ally is accompani$ by a fairly heavy d>k5+ ( ! surface due to oxidation effects4 ,! fuel us$ is too dead1 & ne$s ! addition ( "s sub/ance conta9+ a fair am\nt ( creosotic matt]4 ,! appe>ance ( ! rubb] does n ju/ify ! assumption t x has be5 ov]-smok$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is type ( rubb] (t5 becomes affect$ by mildew fairly rapidly1 ?us %[+ t ! smok+ has be5 ineffici5t4 ,x may happ5 t an e/ate is 9 ! habit ( us+ a fuel :i* gives ev5 to a ?9 %eet a heavy glaze 9 a comp>atively brief p]iod4 ,! g5]al cu/om is to soak su* %eets 9 cold wat]1 & !n to scrub ! surfaces1 sometimes us+ soap1 9 ord] to cleanse ! rubb] & free x f ! glaze4 ,?is op]ation may be done too well1 9 :i* case ! rubb] w h a dull appe>ance1 & may be r m liable to develop surface mildew aft] a "t4 ,,moi/ ,,glaze1 ,,greas9ess ,,( ,,surface4--,?is describes ! condition ( %eet rubb] :5 tak5 f ! smoke-h\se4 ,sometimes ! greas9ess does n develop until ! rubb] has be5 out ( ! smoke-h\se = a day or two4 ,z f> z exp]i5ce %[s at pres5t x may be due to two causes3 7a7 ,! use ( an excess ( sodium bisulphite or sodium sulphite4 ,! use ( sodium bisulphite is n recomm5d$ g5]ally = %eet-mak+4 ,x may cause ! rubb] to be too pale 9 col\r1 & ! abuse ( x may delay ! dry+ unduly4 ,9 ! latt] case1 a trace ( ! salt may rema9 )9 ! rubb] or ^u ! surface4 ,if s1 z ! sub/ance rema9+ is fairly hygroscopic1 x w take up moi/ure f ! atmosph]e & may cause ! surface ( ! %eets to h a moi/ & %9y appe>ance4 ,! moi/ surface deposit comes away ^u ! h& :5 ! %eets are t\*$1 & is difficult to remove entirely4 ,on "s e/ates a v small quantity ( ! bisulphite is employ$1 z x is f\nd to be ( s]vice 9 ! prev5tion ( bubbles1 b 9 unskill$ h&s ! me?od is op5 to abuse1 & is1 !re=e1 n recomm5d$ = g5]al use4 ,a l>ge numb] ( e/ates n[ use sodium sulphite 9 v small quantities z an anti-coagulant & a pres]vative = latex 9 ! field4 ,! abuse ( ?is v useful sub/ance c>ries its own p5alty4 ,! sub/ance is hygroscopic2 & if an excess is pres5t ! dry+ p]iod w be protract$1 & ! %eets w h a v moi/ surface film4 ,x may be f\nd sometimes t only "s ( ! %eets are affect$4 ,?is indicates t1 :]eas uni=m quantities ( a solution ( sodium sulphite h be5 s]v$ out 9 all fields1 ! proportion may h be5 excessive 9 ! case ( fields giv+ a latex ( comp>atively l[ rubb] cont5t4 ,:at suits ! latex f old trees may be excessive probably = ! latex ( y\ng] trees4 ,?is is n an infallible rule1 z 9 ! case ( old] fields 9 :i* immature b>k is be+ tapp$1 x is to be not$ t ! dry rubb] cont5t ( latex may be less ?an t ( latex obta9$ f y\ng] trees4 ,?is type ( moi/ glaze is n easy to remove4 ,ord9>y surface wa%+ _h b a tempor>y effect1 & ! tr\ble recurs4 ,! only way ( deal+ ) ! difficulty is to soak ! %eets = days 9 runn+ wat] 7or 9 successive *anges ( wat]7 & to re-smoke until dry4 7b7 ,! second type ( moi/ glaze is n s difficult to deal )1 & may be remov$ z a rule by wa%+ ! %eets :5 ! rubb] is o!rwise app>5tly dry4 ,x appe>s to be ma9ly a matt] ( unsuitable fuel = smok+ & ( failure to provide adequate v5tilation4 ,a l>ge numb] ( e/ates h be5 ?9n+-out or are do+ s sy/ematically4 ,! logs ?us obta9$ are (t5 us$ z fuel 9 ! v gre5 /age4 ,! smoke ?us g5]at$ mu/ be moi/1 & if ! build+ is entirely clos$1 ?is moi/ure mu/ be deposit$ ev5tually ^u ! rubb] & racks4 ,"s e/ates h surm\nt$ ! difficulty by op5+ up ! ro(-ridge slightly s z to all[ ! moi/ure to escape ) "s ( ! smoke2 b if ! logs f rubb]-trees are to be us$1 !y %\ld be /ack$ 9 ! sun = "s "t4 ,ev5 !n1 pref]ably1 !y %\ld n be us$ alone4 ,a judici\s admixture ( dead & rott+ jungle-timb] appe>s to give v satisfactory results4 ,,virg9 ,,spots ,,& ,,pat*es4--,if ! description really indicates ! defect x simply means t portions ( ! %eets are n dry4 ,:5 cut !y exhibit ! typical :iti%1 opaque appe>ance describ$ z virg94 ,x is d\btful :e!r any rubb] put ^u ! m>ket z ,no4 #a product n[adays c h ?is compla9t levell$ at x4 ,9 ! extreme case x po9ts to gross neglig5ce on ! "p ( ! pack]4 ,sometimes :at are tak5 to be small spots ( virg9 are really pat*es ( t9y air or gas bubbles4 ,! po9t c be easily det]m9$ by cutt+ ?r\gh ! pat* & exam9+ ! cut edges4 ,,surface ,,m\lds ,,or ,,mildew4--,dur+ ! la/ two ye>s1 compla9ts reg>d+ ! incid5ce ( m\ldy rubb] 7i4e41 relat+ *iefly to ! pres5ce ( mildews on ! surface7 h become increas+ly common4 ,to judge by ! comm5ts ( produc]s1 :o z a rule nev] aga9 see _! rubb] aft] x leaves ! e/ate1 "o w\ld inf] t ! defect is imag9>y1 & t ! compla9ts are made solely ) a view to repudiation ( contracts or ! g5]al *eap5+ ( an article ( comm]ce4 ,!y c (t5 po9t out1 ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( tru?1 t !re has be5 no *ange 9 ! me?ods ( prep>ation or cur+1 & t previ\sly !re 7 no compla9ts4 ,x is =gott51 h[ev]1 t 9 =m] ye>s ! small] output ( rubb] 0 tak5 into consumption m rapidly ?an ( rec5t ye>s4 ,t is to say1 ! int]val betwe5 smoke-cur+ & ! employm5t ( ! rubb] 9 ! manufacture ( goods did n dem& su* a long p]iod ( /orage4 ,h5ce ! effects ( smoke-cur+ are n[ m likely to vani%4 ,go+ /ill fur!r back 9 ! hi/ory ( plantation rubb]1 we c po9t to ! "t :5 smok$ %eets 7 all[$1 or _h1 to rema9 9 ! cur+-%$s = v ext5d$ p]iods4 ,loose specim5s ( rubb] prep>$ dur+ t decade /ill exhibit no signs ( mildew gr[?4 ,9 lat] ye>s a dem& arose = %eets pal] 9 col\r ?an ! old type1 & 9 ord] to meet t dem&1 a *ange _h to be made 9 me?ods4 ,?is l$ to a sy/em ( work+ :]eby x 0 possible to smoke-dry %eets ?or\ghly 9 f twelve to f\rte5 days4 ,?is int]val 0 fur!r r$uc$ on _m e/ates1 until "s 7 produc+ rubb] :i* appe>$ to satisfy all requirem5ts aft] only five or six days' cur+4 ,?is does n ref] to ! case ( e/ates hav+ smoke-h\ses ( cont9u\s-work+ type1 b to ^? on :i* smok+ 0 conf9$ practically to ! h\rs ( night4 ,"u =m] conditions ( rate ( production & consumption1 ?is %ort p]iod ( smoke-cur+ w\ld possibly h be5 ample2 b ev5 ?is is v d\btful1 z (t5 ! rubb] w\ld n /& ! relatively %ort j\rney f ! e/ate to ,s+apore )\t mildew-gr[? be+ incipi5t4 ,we h (t5 receiv$ specim5s ( rubb] s5t f e/ates = criticism1 & h not$ t )9 a comp>atively brief p]iod mildew 0 to be se54 ,! :ole matt] resolves itself into a "q ( ?or\gh effici5cy ( smok+4 ,?is is n dep5d5t on duration ( smok+ alone1 b involves o!r factors1 su* z ! k9d ( fuel employ$1 ! rate ( combu/ion ( fuel1 ! av]age temp]ature su/a9$1 ! v5tilation ( ! smoke-h\se1 & ! situation ( ! build+4 ,o!r occasional contributory factors are contempor>y adv]se climatic conditions & ! possible abuse ( an anti-coagulant su* z sodium sulphite4 ,x has be5 %[n t aft] a "t1 giv5 suitable conditions involv+ ! pres5ce ( moi/ure1 m\lds may appe> on %eets :i* 7 app>5tly fully smoke-cur$1 & t "u ! same conditions o!r & old] samples 7 unaffect$4 ,x is argu$ t ! latt] %eets _h evid5tly be5 smok$ m effici5tly ?an ! o!rs4 ,h5ce x is fair to assume t1 except "u v special conditions1 :i* d n apply to ! ord9>y proc$ure 9 ! %ipp+1 /orage1 & sale ( rubb]1 m\lds w n develop ^u %eets :i* h be5 prop]ly smok$4 ,! t]m prop]ly smok$ signifies effici5t smok+ = all practical purposes "u ord9>y proc$ure1 & implies or includes all ! advantage\s factors :i* h be5 discuss$ or allud$ to 9 prec$+ p>agraphs4 ,)\t discuss+ 9 we>isome detail conditions :i* may give rise to ! incid5ce ( mildew on prop]ly smok$ rubb]1 x may be po9t$ out t ! foll[+ are fav\rable to ! gr[? ( m\lds3 7a7 ,/or+ %eets 9 a damp place be=e pack+4 7b7 ,pack+ %eets 9 wood5 cases :i* are n ?or\ghly dry4 7c7 ,pil+ up cases ( rubb] 9 a badly v5tilat$ /ore-room4 7d7 ,plac+ ! cases on a cem5t floor4 7e7 ,wett+ ( cases by sea-wat] or by ra9 dur+ transport1 etc4 ,,black ,,/reaks1 ,,spots ,,or ,,pat*es4--,! orig9 ( ^! is n difficult to trace4 ,!y are caus$ by dripp+s f ! ro(1 & conta9 cond5sation products f smoke plus moi/ure4 ,! v5tilation ( ! ro(-ridge %\ld receive att5tion1 & if ! tr\ble p]si/s x w be necess>y to place "s absorb5t scre5 bel[ ! slop+ ro(4 ,sackclo? is sometimes us$1 b leads to a worse /ate ( affairs unless *ang$ frequ5tly4 ,9 mo/ mod]n smoke-h\ses hav+ an iron ro( !re is an inn] l9+ ( s(t timb]4 ,!re sc>cely seems a necessity to discuss ! case 9 :i* an iron ro( has become p]=at$ by ! action ( smoke4 ,! rem$y is too obvi\s to describe4 ,,:iti% ,,or ,,grey ,,/reaks4--,?is is a v uncommon defect1 & is g5]ally to be trac$ to a build+ 9 :i* fairly new galvanis$ %eets h be5 employ$4 ,! z9c surface becomes oxidis$1 & ! :iti% p[d] :i* is =m$ flakes1 or is c>ri$ away by drops ( moi/ure cond5s+ on ! surface ( ! iron %eets4 ,,ru/4--,sometimes if a %eet is /ret*$ =cibly & all[$ to retract quickly1 ! hi!rto cle> surface w be se5 to be m>r$ by a ru/y deposit4 ,! rubb] is !n describ$ z /ret*+ ru/y1 & its value is depreciat$4 ,?is defect has caus$ m tr\ble dur+ rec5t ye>s ?an any o!r4 ,x is n propos$ "h to argue ! "q z to :e!r ! pres5ce ( ?is film1 :i* appe>s :5 "s rubb]s are /ret*$1 is detrim5tal to ! physical qualities ( ! product on vulcanisation4 ,) ! m]e /atem5t ( op9ion t x c\ld d no app>5t h>m1 we may pass to ! aspect ( ! case z x affects ! buy] & consum]4 ,if "o 7 to judge by ! att5tion drawn to ! appe>ance ( smoke %eet-rubb] aft] x has be5 /ret*$ & all[$ to retract1 "o w\ld imag9e ! defect to be ( comp>atively sudd5 & rec5t incid5ce4 ,?is is n s4 ,! peculi>ity mu/ h exi/$ = ye>s1 & p]haps became m m>k$ z s _m e/ates ab&on$ ! =m] common practice ( all[+ v>y+ quantities ( wat] to be plac$ 9 ! collect+ cups4 ,z ! sub/ances :i* cause ! defect to be visible are p>tially soluble 9 wat]1 x w\ld foll[ t :5 work+ ) ! v dilute latices :i* 7 *>act]i/ic ( ! e>li] ye>s ( ! plantation indu/ry1 ! rema9+ liquid 9 ! pan aft] coagulation w\ld conta9 an appreciable quantity ( soluble sub/ances :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 reta9$ 9 ! coagulum4 ,conv]sely1 ! ri*] ! latex1 ! great] ! p]c5tage ( prote9 matt] reta9$ 9 ! coagulum4 ,9 ! case ( v ri* latex1 x mu/ be )9 ! k ( e manag] t ! quantity ( rema9+ liquid 9 ! pans w\ld be almo/ nil4 ,we may assume t ! great] "p ( ^! soluble prote9s w\ld be enclos$ 9 ! /ructure ( ! rubb]1 b z ! fre% coagulum mu/ reta9 a quantity ( liquid am\nt+ to f #fj to #gj p] c5t4 by weight 7we are n[ ref]r+ to ri* latices71 x foll[s t "s ( ! soluble prote9 matt] mu/ be remov$ :5 ! coagulum is plac$ "u pressure4 ,ev5 aft] ! pressure is releas$ m ( ! conta9$ liquid w exude f ! surface ( ! rubb]2 & f exp]i5ce x is easy to imag9e t ?is exudation1 becom+ progressively feebl]1 w cont9ue until ! rubb] beg9s to dry4 ,!n1 ) ! evaporation ( ! surface moi/ure1 ! prote9 matt]1 ei!r 9 orig9al =m or z a degradation product1 rema9s on ! surface ( ! rubb] z a ?91 solid film or cru/4 ,z dry+ cont9ues1 ! int]ior moi/ure escap+ ?r\gh ! pores ( ! rubb] evaporates1 leav+ beh9d ! sub/ances hi!rto held 9 solution4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 ! %eet be ?ick &_/or ! temp]ature ( dry+ l[1 ! rubb] may dry fir/ on ! outside1 =m+ a ?9 sk9 ( dry rubb]1 :i* delays fur!r dry+ indef9itely4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t %eets :i* h be5 prep>$ f ri* latex or f too deep a lay] ( comp>atively dilute latex w h a surface film ( dry prote9 matt]4 ,moreov]1 ^! %eets w be sl[ 9 dry+1 & 9 all probability w h a surface gloss & a d>k col\r4 ,h5ce x is n difficult to und]/& t "s brok]s reg>d$ ! pres5ce ( ! s-call$ ru/ z an indication ( ov]-smok+4 ,to %[ t ?is is n s1 & fur!r t ! pres5ce ( ru/ has no?+ :atev] to d ) smoke-cur+1 x may be /at$ t ! pres5ce ( ?is prote9 film may be se5 on unsmok$ %eets :i* h be5 prep>$ f ri* latex1 f too deep a lay] ( m dilute latex1 or f "s ?ick %eets :i* h be5 roll$ only v lightly4 ,9 fact1 ! pres5ce ( ! prote9 film 0 not$ on unsmok$ %eet 9 #aiaj1 :5 x 0 se5 to resemble a ?9 yell[i% glaze :i* c\ld be scrap$ (f ) a p5-knife4 ,lat]1 suffici5t ( ?is sub/ance 0 remov$ f "s v ?ick air-dri$ %eets1 or ?9 slabs1 to fill a small te/-tube4 ,:5 ! %eets 7 b5t or twi/$1 ! app>5t surface ( ! rubb] 7i4e41 ! prote9 glaze7 crack$ 9 all directions4 ,9 ! case ( %eets prep>$ f less ri* latex1 ! surface film naturally is extremely ?91 & no crack+ is obs]v$4 ,if ! fre% %eets are plac$ 9 a smoke-h\se1 ! dry+ film w take up col\r f ! con/itu5ts ( ! smoke1 & x w be invisible4 ,some:at analog\s to ! in/ance ( a transp>5t glass giv+ a visible & opaque p[d] :5 cru%$1 s ! transp>5t film on /ret*+ breaks up into a visible p[d] :i* is light] 9 col\r ?an ! rubb] on :i* x is sup]impos$4 ,x w be not$ t s9ce ! introduction ( /&>d me?ods ( prep>ation1 involv+ uni=m dilution ( latex1 say1 to a cont5t ( #a-a_/d or #a-a_/b lbs4 dry rubb] p] gallon1 compla9ts z to ru/ h decreas$ consid]ably4 ,x is to be fur!r not$ z a peculi> fact t :ile two e/ates may be app>5tly work+ on id5tical l9es1 bo? z reg>ds manipulation ( latex & subsequ5t treatm5t ( ! coagulum1 ! rubb] ( ! "o may always be free f ru/1 :ile t ( ! o!r is (t51 if n always1 condemn$ = ! alleg$ defect4 ,obvi\sly1 9 su* a case1 !re mu/ be an initial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two latices z reg>ds ! p]c5tage ( prote9s pres5t2 or !re mu/ be "s small unrecognis$ diff]5ce at "s /age ( work+4 ,x w n[ be cle> t ru/ is caus$ by a film ( matt] :i* is =m$ on ! surface ( ! press$ coagulum1 be+ !re deposit$ by ! exudations f )9 ! rubb] & ?r\gh ! pores4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to avoid any conditions :i* w fav\r ! =mation ( ?is deposit--e4g41 all[+ %eets to rema9 too long 9 a moi/ atmosph]e be=e plac+ 9 ! smoke-h\se4 ,at pres5t !re w\ld seem to be only two me?ods :i* are successful 9 ! prev5tion ( a ru/y appe>ance 9 ! dry rubb]4 ,s+ul>ly en\gh1 ! two me?ods appe> to be directly oppos$ 9 pr9ciple4 ,!y are3 ,a4 ,,! ,,hot-,,wat] ,,treatm5t4--,?is me?od has be5 9 con/ant use on e/ates :i* h old trees giv+ ri* latices4 ,^! latices are always dilut$ to a uni=m /&>d daily4 ,"s e/ates :i* =m]ly suff]$ f ! defect n[ exp]i5ce no difficulty1 & 9 o!r in/ances1 :]e no compla9t has yet be5 receiv$1 ! treatm5t has be5 foll[$ consi/5tly4 7#a7 ,aft] ! %eets h be5 ?r\gh ! m>k+ rolls1 x is ! g5]al cu/om to all[ !m to drip = ab\t ?ree h\rs4 ,?is int]val is really excessive = ! m]e dra9+ away ( ! surface wat]1 b z a rule x is j suffici5t to all[ a portion ( ! liquid reta9$ 9 ! rubb] to exude4 ,x has be5 %[n t ?is liquid may conta9 "s prote9 matt] 9 solution4 ,sometimes 9 ! case ( ?ick %eets :i* h be5 subject$ to pressure s mu* ( ?is matt] is exud$ z to =m a ?9 surface slime :i* is di/9ctly evid5t to ! t\*4 ,if ! %eets are all[$ to hang ov]night1 ! pres5ce ( ! exud$ matt] may be detect$ also by its od\r4 7#b7 ,obvi\sly1 any me?od :i* w remove ?is surface film %\ld be ( great b5efit4 ,x is f\nd t ! be/ results are obta9$ by all[+ %eets to drip = ab\t two h\rs1 & !n plac+ !m 9 hot wat] = five or t5 m9utes4 ,! wat] %\ld be hot z ! h& c conv5i5tly be>1 & x ne$ h>dly be po9t$ out t ! same wat] %\ld n be us$ = ! :ole day's output4 ,= pref]5ce !re %\ld be ?ree or f\r vessels1 ea* capable ( hold+ a fair proportion ( ! total numb] ( %eets1 & frequ5t *anges ( hot wat]4 7#c7 ,aft] rema9+ 9 ! hot wat] = ! p]iod m5tion$1 ! %eets are remov$ s+ly1 ea* "o be+ surface wa%$ or swill$ z x is tak5 out4 7#d7 ,x is important to see t ! %eets are n[ well wa%$ or scrubb$ "u runn+ cold wat]1 or 9 frequ5t *anges ( wat]4 ,! reason = ?is proc$ure is pla94 ,if ! %eets are m]ely hung aga9 to drip aft] remov+ f ! hot wat]1 "s moi/ure is b\nd to rema9 on ! surface ( ! %eet4 ,z ?is surface moi/ure conta9s "s prote9 matt] 9 solution1 x is evid5t t1 z ! wat] evaporates1 ! solid prote9 is aga9 deposit$ on ! surface ( ! rubb]4 ,?is w\ld expla9 :y "s e/ates 7 unsuccessful ) ! hot-wat] treatm5t4 ,x is n ess5tial t ! runn+ wat] %\ld be cold2 x may be conv5i5tly lukew>m if drawn f ! cool+ tanks ( ! eng9es4 ,b x is ess5tial = ! be/ results t !re %\ld be runn+ wat]1 s t ! sub/ance 9 solution is c>ri$ away4 ,if ! %eets are m]ely wa%$ 9 a l>ge vessel1 :i* has be5 fill$ ) clean wat]1 x mu/ be obvi\s t1 by ! "t "s scores ( %eets h be5 wa%$1 ! prote9 matt] 9 solution on ! surface ( ! %eets has be5 transf]r$ to ! wa%+ wat]1 s t ! lat] %eets ( ! bat* are liable to %[ ! defect aga9 on dry+4 ,b4 ,! second me?od is mu* m simple1 & entails no extra lab\r su* z is dem&$ by ! fir/ me?od4 ,a successful issue1 h[ev]1 is r m unc]ta91 & ! me?od appe>s to give ! be/ results ) %eet-rubb] prep>$ on "y e/ates or f m dilute latex4 ,9 ?is me?od1 ! %eets aft] roll+ are all[$ to drip = a v %ort int]val1 s t ! surface wat] is ma9ly remov$4 ,! %eets are !n plac$ 9 ! smoke-h\se1 & smok+ is comm5c$ at once4 ,9 "s cases :]e ! defect _h appe>$ cont9u\sly = a long p]iod1 x 0 f\nd to vani% entirely z soon z ! me?od 0 adopt$2 b :5 tri$ on "s ( ! old] e/ates1 ! results 7 v d\btful1 & a return 0 made to ! hot-wat] treatm5t4 ,! explanation ( ! action :i* takes place is r obscure1 b two !ories may be advanc$4 7a7 ,x may be assum$ t ! int]val giv5 = dripp+ is too brief to all[ = ! exudation ( ! int]nal moi/ure conta9+ dissolv$ prote9 matt]4 ,9 su* case1 ! rubb] is /ill 9 a highly por\s condition1 & x might be advanc$ t ! heat ( ! smoke may help to ma9ta9 t condition4 ,?us ! conta9$ liquid might evaporate s quickly z to leave beh9d ! dissolv$ sub/ances 9 ! m9ute cellul> /ructure ( ! rubb]4 ,9 o!r words1 in/ead ( ! int]nal moi/ure exud+ sl[ly to ! surface 9 liquid =m1 x may leave ! rubb]1 ev5 9 ! fir/ /ages1 9 an evaporat$ condition1 j z x does 9 ! subsequ5t /ages ( dry+4 ,?us no dissolv$ prote9 matt] w\ld be br\ght to ! surface ( ! %eet & be deposit$ !re4 7b7 ,! o!r !ory also dem&s ! fir/ assumption prop\nd$ 9 ! prec$+ !ory1 b subsequ5tly p]haps is less feasible z x assumes a *emical action ( :i* we h no def9ite k4 ,! idea is t z ! rubb] is 9 a por\s condition1 & is plac$ quickly 9 an atmosph]e ( smoke1 ! heat may ma9ta9 t condition to su* a degree1 t "s con/itu5ts ( ! smoke may ent] ! rubb] & cause ! precipitation 9 situ ( ! prote9 matt] held 9 solution by ! conta9$ wat] or o!r liquid4 ,! conta9$ liquid w\ld be wat] :i* has 9 solution possibly a v slight trace ( ! coagulant employ$1 ( sug>s1 ( prote9 matt]1 & ( inorganic salts4 ,( ^! ! sub/ances :i* w\ld evaporate w\ld be probably ! wat] & ! coagulant 9 mo/ cases4 ,if a salt _h be5 us$ z a coagulant1 ! dissolv$ trace w\ld be deposit$ )9 ! rubb] 9 ?is case1 :]eas if a ri* latex _h be5 employ$ or a ?ick] %eet made f m dilute latex1 "s ( ! salt w\ld be br\ght to ! surface & !re deposit$ toge!r ) ! prote9 matt]4 ,?is has actually be5 exp]i5c$ 9 practice1 & x has be5 possible to remove m9ute cry/als f ! edges ( ! rubb] s prep>$4 ,x w be evid5t t 9 ord] = ei!r !ory to conta9 an elem5t ( probability1 ! rubb] mu/ be s(t 7por\s7 :5 plac$ 9 ! smoke-h\se1 & mu/ also be fairly ?94 ,x is obs]v$ 9 all cases :]e ! me?od has be5 successfully employ$ t bo? ^! conditions are g5]ally fulfill$--at all ev5ts ! rubb] is fairly ?94 ,:5 ?ick] %eets are made1 ei!r f ri* latex or f a deep] lay] ( comp>atively dilute latex1 ! me?od is n uni=mly successful4 ,,o!r ,,views ,,on ,,ru/ ,,causation4--,lat] exp]im5tal "w on ru/ =mation by ,hell5doorn#bb leads to ! obs]vation t ru/9ess is caus$1 n actually by ! deposition ( orig9al s]um-sub/ances1 b by ! decomposition !re(1 "u ! action ( a]obic micro-organisms4 #bb ,! ,cause ( ,ru/9ess 9 ,%eet-,rubb]1 ,h4 ,j4 ,hell5doorn1 ,ar*ief voor de ,rubb]cultuur1 ,octob]1 #aiai 7,communication f ! ,c5tral ,rubb] ,/ation1 ,buit5zorg1 ,java74 ,)\t go+ into a full discussion ( ! subject1 ! foll[+ po9ts not$ 9 ! exp]im5tal "w may be quot$3 #a4 ,ru/9ess c\ld app>5tly be produc$ at any "t m]ely by keep+ fre%ly roll$ %eets = p]iods v>y+ f tw5ty-f\r to =ty-eight h\rs 9 a moi/ atmosph]e4 #b4 ,%eets plac$ imm$iately 9 a temp]ature (1 say1 #aaj deg4 to #acj deg4 ,f4 nev] %[$ ru/2 b if air-dri$ at ord9>y room temp]ature1 ru/ might appe>4 #c4 ,ru/ c be prev5t$ by soak+ fre%ly prep>$ %eets 9 dilute solutions ( dis9fectants--e4g41 =mal91 sodium bisulphite1 or *9osol4 ,if subsequ5tly ! %eets are hung = any l5g? ( "t 9 a moi/ atmosph]e1 ! protective effect ( ! dis9fectant gradually vani%es & ru/9ess may be produc$4 ,! same dis9fect+ effect may be obta9$ by ! use ( /eam or hot wat]4 ,x 0 f\nd t !re 0 less liability to ! =mation ( ru/ :5 %eets 7 imm]s$ 9 wat] at a temp]ature ( #ie deg4 to #abj deg4 ,f41 :il/ /eep+ at #adj deg4 ,f4 gave complete fre$om4 #d4 ,x 0 %[n t ! micro-organisms :i* cause decomposition ( ! s]um-products fl\ri% only 9 ! pres5ce ( air--i4e41 !y are a]obic 9 "*4 ,x is n uncommon to f9d1 !re=e1 t ru/ may be incid5t only on ^? p>ts ( a %eet :i* h be5 expos$ = "s "t to air & moi/ure be=e be+ plac$ 9 a w>m smoke-room4 #e4 ,! optimal temp]ature = developm5t ( ! p>ticul> organisms appe>$ to be ab\t #ajj deg4 ,f41 9 a moi/ atmosph]e4 #f4 ,soak+ ! %eets 9 wat] 7except ! %ort imm]sion 9 hot wat]1 :i* we recomm5d71 ev5 = a p]iod ext5d+ ov] a week1 does n h9d] ! =mation ( ru/4 #g4 ,ru/9ess may be prev5t$ by plac+ ! %eets 9 a suffici5tly w>m$ smoke-h\se z long z !re is adequate v5tilation & a moi/ atmosph]e does n p]si/4 ,! simple/ means ( prev5tion is to soak ! %eets fir/ = a %ort p]iod 9 wat]1 & !n to hang !m to drip = a few h\rs 9 a well-v5tilat$ place1 outside ! factory & "u cov]4#bc #bc ,we advise & practise hang+ %eets 9 ! op51 )\t %ade or cov]4 ,x w be ga!r$ t1 al?\gh !re may be a slight diff]5ce betwe5 our previ\s views & ^? advanc$ by ,hell5doorn z to ! exact cause ( =mation ( ! ru/y film1 ! g5]al conclusions are id5tical ) ^? giv5 by u 9 prec$+ p>agraphs & previ\sly advis$ 9 ! ,malayan reports ( ! ,rubb] ,gr[]s' ,association4 ,,bubbles4--,! pres5ce ( bubbles 9 %eet-rubb] has = ye>s be5 ! bane ( "s manag]s' exi/5ce1 & ! bone ( cont5tion betwe5 sell]s & buy]s4 ,tak+ ! argum5t d[n to b$-rock1 produc]s urge t ! pres5ce ( bubbles has no influ5ce ^u ! ultimate quality ( ! rubb] on vulcanisation4 ,!y ass]t t ! alleg$ defect is m]ely a peg ^u :i* to hang an unreal grievance1 s]v+ ! purpose ( ! buy] "u ! exi/+ conditions ( sale4 ,all ?is may be true1 b z long z ! pres5t sy/em cont9ues1 x mu/ be recognis$ t kick+ aga9/ ! pricks is a futile recreation4 ,! sympa?y ( ! writ]s is c]ta9ly on ! side ( ! produc]s1 inasmu* z !y realise h[ extremely difficult1 & ev5 impossible at times1 x is = ! mo/ c>eful individual to prep>e %eet-rubb] free f ?is blemi%4 ,mu* has be5 writt51 & _m h be5 ! discussions1 on ?is vex$ subject2 & x is recognis$ t sometimes1 9 spite ( all precautions1 !re may sudd5ly be an incid5ce ( bubbles 9 rubb] :i* is ord9>ily free f !m4 ,x mu/ be all[$ t climatic conditions & physiological v>iations affect+ ! metabolic functions ( ! trees ex]t an influ5ce :i* is difficult at times to combat1 & (t5 beyond human control4 ,! contributory causes are _m & v>i$4 ,x %\ld be premis$ t1 al?\gh ! defect is describ$ z air-bubbles1 x is seldom t ! appellation is /rictly correct4 ,r>ely d ! bubbles conta9 air4 ,9 ! va/ majority ( cases !y conta9 gases 9 m9ute quantity4 ,^! gases may be consid]$ to arise1 broadly1 f "s decomposition ( sub/ances 7o!r ?an rubb]71 conta9$ ei!r 9 ! coagulum or 9 ! s]um4 ,9 a g5]al way1 if ?is decomposition is evid5c$ by an unpleasant od\r1 x is describ$ "u ! t]m ( putrefaction4 ,we are n conc]n$ "h ) ! "q z to h[ f> su* decomposition may be ascrib$ to a purely *emical action1 or to ! indirect result ( ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 bact]ia or o!r micro-organisms4 ,suffice x to /ate t1 at lea/ z f> z field op]ations influ5ce ! result1 ! decomposition is g5]ally to be attribut$ to ! "w ( micro-organisms4 ,conditions fav\rable to ! incid5ce & developm5t ( ^! are to be f\nd :5 absolute cleanl9ess 9 all details is n aim$ at4 ,) ?is preamble we may proce$ to classify possible causes ( ! =mation ( bubbles into two gr\ps3 7a7 ,^? orig9at+ 9 field op]ations4 7b7 ,o!rs :i* may arise aft] ! arrival ( ! latex at ! factory4 ,,9 ,,! ,,field4--,decomposition may be caus$ by3 7#a7 ,sp\ts1 buckets1 & cups be+ dirty4 ,regul> clean+ is necess>y4 ,if ! buckets are all[$ to be tak5 to ! l9es by tapp]s1 tr\ble may ensue4 ,)9 ! writ]s' exp]i5ce x has be5 %[n t an o!rwise baffl+ case ( premature flocculation ( latex 0 trac$ to ! pres5ce ( acid sub/ances 9 ! buckets1 :i* _h be5 us$ by coolies = prep>+ _! food4 7#b7 ,delay 9 comm5c+ "w4 ,?is means simil> delay 9 collect+ ! latex :i* is expos$ to great] heat ?an "u ord9>y circum/ances4 7#c7 ,exposure to ! sun's rays4 ,! heat+ ( ! latex may provide improv$ conditions fav\rable to ! developm5t & action ( micro-organisms4 7#d7 ,all[+ latex to /& too long be=e collection4 ,?is usually is ! result ( giv+ tapp]s too great a task4 7#e7 ,! addition ( wat] to ! latex1 ei!r purposely or accid5tally1 9 ! =m ( ra94 ,! wat] may be slightly acid 9 "*1 or x may c>ry micro-organisms f ! b>k into ! latex4 7#f7 ,tapp+ trees at too great a height4 ,! latex g5]ally has an abnormal di/ance to travel be=e rea*+ ! cup4 7#g7 ,sometimes ! latex f old trees1 or f trees aft] w9t]+ 7j prior to full r5ewal ( leaf71 conta9s m ?an ! usual proportion ( sub/ances 7e4g41 sug>s71 :i* are capable ( effect+ flocculation or coagulation4 7#h7 ,too great a di/ance = transport4 ,! tr\ble aris+ f ?is cause is likely to be mu* increas$ if ! j\rney has to be made ov] bad roads4 ,9 su* case ! physical action augm5ts ! effect likely to be produc$ by long /&+4 ,! =ego+ d n include all possible causes1 b s]ve to indicate ! directions f :i* tr\ble may be ma9ly anticipat$4 ,x w be pla9 t any latex :i* exhibits symptoms ( premature coagulation 7or m9ute flocculation7 %\ld be reg>d$ z a pot5tial s\rce ( bubbles 9 %eet-rubb]4 ,x w be equally obvi\s t ! employm5t 9 ! field ( any h>mless sub/ance ( an anti-coagulant nature is to be enc\rag$4 ,?is po9t is discuss$ 9 detail 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,,9 ,,! ,,factory4--,z a g5]al rule x may be und]/ood t ! mis*ief has be5 done be=e ! latex is h&l$ at ! factory4 ,sometimes x is p]ceptible f ! peculi> appe>ance ( ! latex1 & 9 su* case ! bat* %\ld n be us$ = ! prep>ation ( %eet-rubb]4 ,(t5 x is f\nd t only ! la/ to arrive at ! /ore is visibly affect$4 ,?is %\ld n be mix$ ) o!r app>5tly normal latex1 z x is capable ( act+ z a leav5 to ! bulk4 ,contributory factors 9 ! /ore are3 7#a7 ,lack ( cleanl9ess ( ut5sils1 p>ticul>ly ( coagulat+ di%es or tanks4 ,! tr\ble becomes acute sometimes :]e wood5 tanks are employ$4 ,unless ! tank & ! p>titions are ?or\ghly & regul>ly cleans$1 ! wood may become coat$ ) a bact]ial slime1 :i* is capable ( caus+ :at may be t]m$ f]m5tation ( ! latex lay]s 9 contact4 ,! tank %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ occasionally ) a weak 7#e p] c5t47 solution ( sodium bisulphite4 ,! p>titions %\ld be scrubb$ & plac$ 9 ! sun twice or ?ree times a week4 7#b7 ,all[+ latex to /& too long be=e treatm5t4 ,?is po9t ne$s no fur!r expansion4 7#c7 ,! use ( a latex ( too high a rubb] cont5t4 ,su* latices are difficult to h&le 9 ord] to secure uni=m mixture ) ! coagulant4 7#d7 ,! use ( too conc5trat$ a solution ( coagulant4 ,9 conjunction ) 7#c7 !re may be a rapid & irregul> coagulation1 giv+ rise n only to decomposition 9 p>ts 7& subsequ5t =mation ( gas71 b also to ! =mation ( true air-bubbles by inclusion ( air dur+ /irr+4 7#e7 ,! use ( insuffici5t coagulant4 ,coagulation is sl[ & incomplete4 7#f7 ,defective /ra9+ & skimm+4 ,small flocculat$ p>ticles ( rubb] may pass1 or be rubb$ ?r\gh1 ! /ra9]4 ,if all[$ to rema91 !y act z local po9ts ( dang]4 7#g7 ,! proximity ( ! coagulat+ latex to "s s\rce ( heat1 or exposure to sunlight4 7#h7 ,any delay ( dry+ 9 ! prelim9>y /ages1 ei!r be=e or aft] ! rubb] ent]s ! smoke-h\se4 ,,bli/]s4--,?is description aptly fits ! case 9 :i* %eet-rubb] 9 ! smoke-h\se exhibits l>ge bubbles ( gas :i* di/5d ! surface ( ! rubb]4 ,:5 subject$ to pressure1 small balloons are =m$1 :i* bur/ ) a p]ceptible report4 ,x 0 =m]ly ! belief t ?is defect 0 occasion$ solely by an abnormally high temp]ature4 ,t su* is n ! case c be %[n by ! exp]i5ce ( e/ates :i* h _h only ! rubb] ( a p>ticul> day or %ort p]iod affect$ "u normal factory conditions4 ,at ! same "t x is n disput$ t ! heat ( ! smoke-h\se ex]ts an influ5ce 7caus+ expansion & di/5sion71 b x is advanc$ t ! gases _h begun to =m be=e ! rubb] ent]$ ! h\se4 ,! view held is t decomposition _h sup]v5$ or 0 tak+ place--probably f "o or m ( ! causes enum]at$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs4 ,! heat ( ! smoke-h\se only s]ves to exagg]ate ! effect4 ,x is ackn[l$g$ t ! degree ( decomposition mu/ be initially great] ?an 9 ! ord9>y incid5ce ( bubbles4 ,beyond ?is po9t we are n 9 a position to put =w>d any def9ite supposition z to ! app>5tly haphaz>d occurr5ce ( ! ph5om5on4 ,x is to be not$1 =tunately1 t ! defect is comp>atively r>e1 & seldom appe>s on e/ates :i* employ an anti-coagulant 9 ! field4 ,:ile we h exam9$ p]si/5t cases1 "o ( :i* l$ to a tempor>y discont9uance ( ! prep>ation ( smok$ %eet rubb]1 we h n yet be5 able to arrive at any satisfactory idea ( ! exact conditions gov]n+ ! incid5ce ( bli/]s4 ,our inve/igations only lead u to two obs]vations3 7a7 ,t bli/]s h appe>$ on ! rubb] ( "s e/ates aft] w9t]+1 & dur+ ! p]iod ( new leaf-developm5t4 7b7 ,t ! defect has be5 not$ on o!r e/ates dur+ a p]iod :5 !re 7 frequ5t b n heavy ra9s1 & :5 !re 0 a comp>atively l[ av]age temp]ature4 ,9 ei!r case1 z ! factors are beyond human control1 x w\ld be expect$ t )\t any *ange be+ made 9 e/ate proc$ure1 ! tr\ble w\ld vani% z my/]i\sly z x appe>$4 ,?is is our exp]i5ce2 b z %[+ ! possible int5sive effect ( a high temp]ature 9 ! smoke-h\se1 x may be rem>k$ t v infrequ5tly1 9 a bat* ( %eets exhibit+ ord9>y bubbles1 a few hang+ directly above ! furnaces %[ signs ( a slight bli/]+ effect4 ,,spot ,,disease ,,9 ,,%eet ,,rubb]4--,t spot disease may appe> 9 air-dri$ %eets 0 evid5t at ! beg9n+ ( ! outbreak 9 ! spr+ ( #aiaa4 ,! fir/ cases notic$ took ! =m ( p9k & blui% blu%es spread+ ov] ! :ole ( ! %eets4 ,lat]1 fungoid spots began to appe>4 ,^! ma9ly took ! =m ( r$ or black blot*es1 & 7 v unsightly4 ,z spot disease _c develop 9 smok$ rubb]1 ! obvi\s & simple c\rse to adopt 0 to smoke-cure ! %eets4 ,:5 x is /at$ t spots d n develop 9 smoke-cur$ rubb]1 x is und]/ood t ! smoke-cur+ mu/ be effici5t & mu/ comm5ce z soon z ! rubb] has be5 roll$1 & ! surface wat] has dra9$ away4 ,if ! %eets are all[$ to air-dry = a few days1 ! disease may develop1 & !n smoke-cur+ w n get rid ( ! col\r$ pat*es4 ,! op]ation ( smoke-cur+ w n get rid ( ! col\r$ pat*es4 ,! op]ation ( smoke-cur+ may tone d[n ! col\r1 b ! spots w\ld /ill rema9 evid5t4 ,,support ,,m>ks4--,x frequ5tly occurs t "o sees across ! middle ( smok$ %eets a wide m>k4 ,?is is :]e ! wood5 support 9 ! smok+-*amb] has be54 ,z a rule1 ev5 9 ! mo/ c>eful cases a fa9t m>k may always be se51 b 9 _m in/ances ?is m>k is exagg]at$ to su* an ext5t z to po9t to lack ( c>e on ! "p ( ! /ore sup]vision4 ,if bays ( racks rema9 empty ov]-night1 !y may possibly become cov]$ ) a light spr9kl+ ( f9e wood-a% & t>ry deposit4 ,wet rubb] plac$ ^u ^! racks w pick up & reta9 ! impurities1 & m (t5 ?an n !y _c be wa%$ out4 ,x is incumb5t ^u ! manag] to see t empty racks are ?or\ghly cleans$ be=e plac+ wet rubb] ^u !m4 ,! bett] plan is to arrange t ! b>s c be remov$ easily f sockets4 ,!re %\ld be 9 /ock suffici5t sp>es =1 say1 two days' rubb]4 ,:5 ! dry rubb] is remov$1 ! b>s %\ld likewise be tak5 away1 to be cleans$ & kept 9 ! factory until aga9 requir$4 ,?is w ensure t fre% rubb] always re/s ^u a clean support4 ,on "s e/ates1 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ a pron\nc$ b>-m>k1 %eets are mov$ & turn$ daily4 ,9 o!r smoke-h\ses ! upp] surface ( ! b> is *isell$ 9 concave =m1 s z to admit ( ! passage ( smoke bel[ ! surface re/+ on ! b>4 ,,/ick9ess4--,?is is n to be conf\nd$ ) tack9ess1 f :i* ! rubb] does n recov]4 ,/ick9ess is only tempor>y1 & may be rem$i$4 ,z a g5]al rule1 x is due to pack+ %eets1 :i* h n a good rais$ ribb+1 & :i* may h be5 coat$ ) light t>ry deposits 7see ,glaze74 ,?is surface film may be remov$ by wa%+ ! %eets1 or scrubb+ !m1 ) cold wat]4 ,usually a fur!r two days' air-dry+ w make ! rubb] fit = pack+2 & if ! smoke-cur+ has be5 effici5t1 !re %\ld be no ne$ to anticipate tr\ble f mildew4 ,"s e/ates adopt ?is practice daily ) success1 z a =m ( insurance aga9/ compla9ts ( surface deposits4 ,,ribb+1 ,,surface ,,patt]n4--,:ile we "k t ! pass+ ( %eets ( rubb] betwe5 rolls1 caus+ a p>ticul> rais$ patt]n to appe>1 has no effect ^u ! actual quality ( ! rubb]1 !re is a great deal ( practical advantage ga9$4 ,! practice ensures an increase ( sup]ficial area :i* is an aid 9 dry+1 improves ! appe>ance ( ! rubb] = sell+ purposes1 & is ( di/9ct advantage 9 enabl+ ! rubb] :5 pack$ to travel 9 bett] condition4 ,%eets d n become s closely pack$2 sampl+ & g5]al h&l+ are easi] on deliv]y4 ,z long z ! plane surfaces are suffici5tly & regul>ly di/ort$1 !re w\ld seem to be no limits to ! type ( patt]n or m>k :i* may be plac$ ^u ! rubb]4 ,b 9 actual practice ! v>iety is small4 ,! mo/ popul> type ( ribb+ is t be/ describ$ z a small diamond effect1 produc$ by a pair ( rolls cut ) closely plac$ n>r[ grooves runn+ spirally4 ,! spirals travel 9 ! same direction on bo? rolls1 produc+ close-cut ribb+ runn+ 9 opposite directions on ! surfaces ( ! %eet4 ,on %eets ( /&>d ?ickness1 ! result approa*es a diamond effect4 ,a few o!r patt]ns are employ$1 notably t produc+ longitud9al /ripes ( v>y+ ?ickness4 ,on ! :ole1 ! type ( patt]n w\ld seem to be immat]ial1 if ! po9ts already indicat$ are a*iev$4 ,x is seldom "o enc\nt]s a case n[adays 9 :i* ! m>k+ is unsuitable1 b a few e/ates may be us+ an old type ( patt]n$ roll on :i* ! full diamond groov+ is cut4 ,z ?is appe>s on bo? sides ( ! %eet ( rubb]1 & z ! ribb+ does n co9cide1 a blurr$ effect is se5 :5 ! %eet is view$ aga9/ ! light4 ,,?ick ,,ends1 ,,%eet ,,clipp+s4--,x r>ely happ5s1 ev5 ) good equipm5t & av]age sup]vision1 t ! prep>ation ( smok$ %eet is unaccompani$ by slight defects4 ,= in/ance1 9 spite ( rules & regulations reg>d+ manipulation ( ! coagulum1 x is n uncommon to f9d t "s %eets1 aft] roll+1 h slightly ?ick5$ ends4 ,9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ev5ts ^! might delay dry+ consid]ably4 ,x is ! practice on "s e/ates to cut (f ^! ?ick5$ ends :ile ! rubb] is /ill wet4 ,! pieces are !n ma*9$ into crepe =m1 b z no sodium bisulphite may h be5 us$1 ! result+ rubb] _c be class$ z ,no4 #a ,/&>d ,crepe4 ,! o!r alt]native is to trim ! ends :5 ! bulk ( ! rubb] is ?or\ghly smoke-dri$4 ,! moi/ure conta9+ portions are !n return$ to ! smoke-h\se until dry1 & are subsequ5tly pack$ )\t fur!r treatm5t z smok$-%eet clipp+s4 ,x w be pla9 t1 except 9 ! p>ticul>ity ( =m1 ^! clipp+s diff] 9 no degree f ! orig9al %eets2 &1 ow+ to extra smoke-cur+1 may arrive 9 ev5 bett] condition4 ,"o mu/ be prep>$1 h[ev]1 to f9d t a slightly l[] price is (f]$4 ,:e!r ! price obta9$ w\ld be comp>able ) t comm&$ by ! crepe made f wet %eet slipp+ w\ld dep5d ^u g5]al rul+ m>ket conditions1 & ! degree ( c>e ex]cis$ 9 gu>d+ aga9/ ! inclusion ( any inf]ior pieces ( rubb]4 ,9 ord9>y factory practice1 !re c\ld be no room = abuse "u ! latt] clause4 ,,o!r ,,infrequ5t ,,defects4--,?is *apt] w be clos$ ) a ref]5ce to o!r small defects :i*1 al?\gh infrequ5t1 _c be class$ z m9or compla9ts4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 :5 !y occur1 !y assume an importance1 9 ! eyes ( ! consum]1 :i* is n1 p]haps1 suffici5tly appreciat$ by produc]s4 ,,dirt4--,tr\ble f ?is s\rce %\ld be abs5t1 b c>elessness on ! "p ( pack+ coolies may be responsible = occasional compla9ts4 ,h[ ! dirt is incid5t may rema9 a my/]y1 b x has be5 not$ t %eets h at times be5 ?r[n ^u a cem5t floor4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( loose du/ may ?us adh]e to ! rubb]4 ,,a%4--,! s\rce ( ?is surface deposit sc>cely ne$s indication4 ,:]e op5-he>? furnaces are employ$1 & ! wire-me% floor scre5s are n p]fectly s\nd1 f9e a% may f9d its way into ! upp] *amb]4 ,if ?is tr\ble is p]si/5t 9 spite ( precautions1 ! %eets %\ld be surface-wa%$ & air-dri$ be=e pack+4 ,,b>k4--,compla9ts ( ! pres5ce ( p>ticles ( b>k 9 %eet rubb] us$ to be fairly frequ5t1 b are n[ less common4 ,! tr\ble may be trac$ to ! use ( defective /ra9+ sieves :5 ! latex is be+ h&l$4 ,,spl9t]s4--,! use ( pack+-cases ( unplan$ s(t timb] is responsible = compla9ts ( ?is nature on deliv]y4 ,)\t "h discuss+ ! l>g] "q ( ! ideal pack+ case1 x is suffici5t to emphasise t ! int]ior surfaces ( wood5 *e/s %\ld be plan$4 ,! cases are (t5 s damag$ 9 transit1 t spl9t]s ( wood may be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! cont5ts4 ,! device adopt$ on "s e/ates may g f> to prev5t ?is4 ,! cases are fir/ l9$ ) loose %eets1 & f9ally o!r %eets are arrang$ to ov]lap at ! top ( ! case4 ,! bulk is ?us enclos$ 9 a wrapp+ ( %eets1 & any spl9t]s or o!r delet]i\s sub/ances are conf9$ to ! surface ( ! mass4 ,,"p ,v ,,g5]al ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,*oice ,,( ,,coagulant ,almo/ )\t exception1 ! ag5t employ$ 9 ! coagulation ( plantation 7,hevea7 rubb] is acetic acid1 or 9 "s cases =mic acid4 ,"u ord9>y trade conditions supplies are always obta9able at reasonable prices1 b dur+ ! rec5t ,w> ! "q ( possible sub/itutes 0 br\ght greatly to ! =e4 ,=tunately ! subject ( coagulation & coagulants _h be5 previ\sly /udi$ to su* effect 9 laboratory practice1 t !re w\ld h be5 small difficulty 9 prescrib+ ag5ts o!r ?an acetic acid 9 cases ( exp$i5cy4 ,z f> z our k ext5ds1 all ! possible sub/ances :i* h ! p[] ( coagulat+ latex h be5 te/$4 ,!y include m9]al acids1 organic acids1 comp\nds kn[n *emically "u ! g5]al t]m ( salts1 alcohols1 sug>s1 etc4 ,! head+ ( ?is *apt] mu/ be se5 to beg ! "q1 inasmu* z x leads to ! assumption t a coagulant 79 ! popul> s5se7 is necess>y to secure coagulation4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 me?ods are sometimes employ$ :i* dep5d ^u no artificial coagulant to produce ! desir$ effect4 ,to ^! me?ods ref]5ce w be made lat]4 ,9 ?is section x is propos$ to describe briefly ! m important ag5ts :i* are us$1 or might be us$1 9 effect+ coagulation4 ,9 ! class ( ^? :i* are n 9 common use "s c\ld be us$ z exp$i5ts1 :ile o!rs are only ( sci5tific int]e/4 ,,acetic ,,acid4--,!re is no ne$ to ent] into a discussion ( ! m]its ( ?is ag5t4 ,9 practice x rema9s ! *eape/ & safe/ coagulant kn[n at pres5t4 ,,=mic ,,acid4--,?is ag5t is equally z safe to use z acetic acid1 & z easy to h&le4 ,bulk = bulk its coagulative p[] is high] ?an t ( acetic acid4 ,its pre-w> %ipp+ price1 :5 tak5 9 conjunction ) its coagulative p[]1 0 slightly bel[ t ( acetic acid1 b local prices put ! balance 9 fav\r ( ! latt]4 ,if prevail+ co/s put x on t]ms ( p>ity ) acetic acid1 !re w\ld appe> to be no reason :y =mic acid %\ld n h a widely-ext5d$ use on plantations4 ,,citric ,,acid1 ,,t>t>ic ,,acid4--,! acids ( ! extract$ juices ( mo/ tropical fruits consi/1 to a l>ge degree1 ( citric or t>t>ic acids4 ,^! c be us$ 9 place ( acetic acid z satisfactory coagulants 9 case ( em]g5cy2 b ! que/ions ( availability ( supplies & ( co/s preclude _! m g5]al adoption4 ,,oxalic ,,acid4--,?is is a satisfactory coagulant z f> z obs]v$ effect is conc]n$4 ,x produces a rubb] pal] ?an ord9>y coagulants 7)\t ! use ( sodium bisulphite71 z x has ! nature ( an anti-oxidant4 ,x w\ld n be a safe ag5t 9 ! h&s ( coolies1 z x is class$ z a poison4 ,,sulphuric ,,acid4--,dur+ ! ,w>1 9 a p]iod ( %ortage ( acetic acid & ( high prices1 ?is ag5t 0 us$ ) success on "s e/ates4 ,x sc>cely ne$ be rem>k$ t x is a dang]\s sub/ance to h&le1 & t its employm5t mu/ be accompani$ by close ,european sup]vision4 ,at prevail+ prices dur+ ! ,w> x 0 v mu* *eap] ?an acetic acid1 & ev5 at ! pres5t r$uc$ co/ ( ! latt] ! advantage /ill lies ) sulphuric acid4 ,x mu/ be emphasis$1 h[ev]1 t ! abuse ( ?is ag5t to any b ! slighte/ degree is h>mful to ! resultant rubb]4 ,h5ce its use w\ld be sanction$ only 9 ! abs5ce ( ! common]1 & mu* saf]1 coagulants4 ,9 view ( ! possible incid5ce ( su* an em]g5cy1 ! foll[+ notes are giv54 ,x is impress$ t /rict adh]5ce to ! rules mu/ be giv54 ,,h&l+ ,,sulphuric ,,acid4--7a7 ,always use glass or glaz$ e>!nw>e vessels4 7b7 ,p\r sl[ly & avoid spla%+4 ,drops f9d+ _! way to clo?+ or o!r fibr\s mat]ial w de/roy x locally2 & if ?r[n ^u any "p ( ! body may cause pa9ful burns4 7c7 ,:5 dilut+ ?is ag5t always rememb] to p\r ! acid into ! wat] 7i4e41 ! less] into ! great]71 & nev] vice v]sa4 ,p\r ! acid c>efully & sl[ly d[n ! side ( ! vessel1 & /ir well4 7d7 ,%\ld /rong acid be spill$1 d n ?r[ wat] ^u x4 ,a supply ( s& or dry e>? %\ld be kept close at h&4 ,?r[ ?is ^u ! acid4 ,,/or+ ,,sulphuric ,,acid4--7a7 ,j>s or cases %\ld be h&l$ z seldom1 & z c>efully1 z possible4 ,if ! acid is conta9$ 9 a case1 ! top %\ld be pla9ly indicat$4 7b7 ,/ocks %\ld be /or$ 9 a deta*$ build+ :i* %\ld n be damp4 ,j>s or cases %\ld n /& on a wood5 floor if possible4 7c7 ,see 7d7 above4 ,,buy+ ,,sulphuric ,,acid4--7a7 ,comm]cial acid ( specific gravity #a4hd is ! be/ ( its k9d4 ,x conta9s impurities :i* are non-injuri\s to rubb] prep>ation4 7b7 ,x is always advisable1 if possible1 to buy ! acid 9 small j>s conta9+ n m ?an #ajj lbs4 ea*4 ,small] j>s1 ) a cont5t n exce$+ #ej lbs41 w\ld be pref]able4 7c7 ,if ! acid is b\ght 9 j>s1 x %\ld be /ipulat$ t ! /opp]s be cov]$ ) a pla/] head1 & t ! conta9+ crate or case %\ld h prom95t labels or m>ks indicat+ ! top ( ! case4 ,,=mula ,,= ,,use ,,( ,,sulphuric ,,acid4--,x w be und]/ood t z ?is =mula has be5 calculat$ = work+ ) latex1 hav+ a consi/5cy ( #a-a_/b lbs4 dry rubb] p] gallon1 x applies 9 a /rict degree only to su* latex4 ,9 o!r cases1 :]e ! dilution ( ! latex is n kn[n1 ! =mula w s]ve z a basis = exp]im5t until ! correct quantity has be5 discov]$4 7,sulphuric acid ( specific gravity #a4hd47 ,,note4--,! directions mu/ be foll[$ c>efully1 & glass measur+ vessels %\ld be us$ if procurable4 7a7 ,measure out #a p9t ( /rong acid1 & p\r x c>efully & sl[ly d[n ! inn] surface ( a j> conta9+ #bj gallons ( wat]4 ,d n p\r x directly into ! wat]4 ,! heavy acid w s9k to ! bottom ( ! j>1 & a good mixture mu/ be obta9$ by /irr+ well4 7b7 ,( ?is solution 7:i* is approximately #a p] c5t4 by weight71 use #a gallon to #bj gallons ( latex4 ,read]s are d\btless n[ well aw>e ( ! corrosive action ( /rong sulphuric acid1 & we sc>cely ne$ po9t out t ev5 ! dilute acid %\ld n be kept 9 contact ) ! usual iron vessels f\nd 9 factories4 ,! mix+ ( solutions %\ld be done 9 "o ( ! glaz$ e>!nw>e j>s commonly 9 use4 ,! =mula giv5 above works out at approximately #a "p /rong acid to #b1jjj p>ts ( latex 7( dry rubb] cont5t #a-a_/b lbs4 p] gallon74 ,! =mula = us+ acetic acid ) ! same latex works out at ab\t #a3 #a1bjj4 ,x w be app>5t1 !re=e1 t relatively sulphuric acid is a m p[]ful coagulant ?an acetic acid4 ,9 t]ms ( dry rubb] obta9$ f latex ( ! consi/5cy indicat$ above-- #a lb4 sulphuric acid w produce #cjj lbs4 dry rubb]4 #a lb4 acetic acid w produce #ahj lbs4 dry rubb]4 ,) bo? acids sell+ at ! same rate1 sulphuric acid w\ld be m economical 9 use2 :5 its co/ is less ?an t ( acetic acid1 :i* is ! normal condition1 ! economic advantage 9 fav\r ( sulphuric acid is augm5t$ /ill fur!r4 ,x may be f\nd t ! /&>d =mula = sulphuric acid w n always give a p]fectly cle> rema9+ s]um1 ev5 ?\gh an attempt is made daily to "w to a uni=m consi/5cy = all latices4 ,x is inevitable t ! manipulation ( ! latices %\ld be slightly 9 error on occasions1 or t a small mi/ake might occur 9 prep>+ ! solution ( acid4 ,h5ce a cle> rema9+ s]um aft] coagulation may be secur$ less (t5 ?an a slightly turbid s]um4 ,?is is z x %\ld be4 ,! m9imum quantity ( acid may be adju/$ s closely z to give su* results4 ,if a cle> s]um is obta9$ always1 t %\ld be an indication ( cont9ual excess ( coagulant4 ,naturally1 if a milky s]um is always obta9$1 ! rev]se is ! case4 ,z a la/ ^w on ! subject1 x may aga9 be emphasis$ t ! use ( sulphuric acid is n advis$1 except 9 an em]g5cy2 & t ! greate/ possible c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 ! obs]vance ( ! /rict =mula = use4 ,,hydro*loric ,,acid1 ,,nitric ,,acid4--,^! m9]al acids w\ld prove m exp5sive ?an sulphuric acid4 ,9 addition !y are mu* m unc]ta9 9 action4 ,= example1 ! use ( a c]ta9 excess ( hydro*loric acid w\ld n ha/5 coagulation1 b w\ld prev5t x4 ,above all _! effect1 9 excess1 is delet]i\s to ! rubb]4 ,,hydr(luoric ,,acid4--,?is has a /rong corrosive action on porcela9 or glass4 ,h5ce x has to be conta9$ 9 bottles ( gutta-p]*a or lead4 ,x is m5tion$ "h m]ely because "s ye>s ago x f\nd a use z a coagulant1 *iefly 9 ,ceylon4 ,x 0 sold 9 ! =m ( a #aj p] c5t4 solution "u ! "n ( ,purub1 & 0 ! subject ( a pat5t4 ,x is effective z a coagulant1 & has also an anti-oxidant action1 :i* 0 its *ief recomm5dation :5 *eap & h>mless anti-oxidants 7 n commonly kn[n4 ,x is comp>atively exp5sive1 &1 z indicat$ above1 difficult to h&le & /ore4 ,9 %ort1 x has no?+ to comm5d x1 9 comp>ison ) acetic or =mic acids4 ,,alum4--,?is sub/ance has be5 us$ = ye>s by native rubb] produc]s z a coagulant4 ,x fulfils ! desir$ purpose1 & its popul>ity 0 ma9ta9$ because ( ! ease ) :i* x c\ld be /or$ & h&l$4 ,un=tunately1 ?is facility (t5 l$ to ! use ( an excess1 & native %eets 7 (t5 criticis$ z be+ brittle4 ,inve/igations h %[n t alum1 ev5 9 m9imum proportions1 has an appreciably h>mful effect ^u ! quality ( ! rubb] prep>$ by its use z a coagulat+ ag5t4 ,its employm5t by native rubb] produc]s has n[ be5 l>gely sup]s$$ by acetic acid 9 "s =m4 ,,pyroligne\s ,,acid4--,?is is o!rwise kn[n "u ! names ( crude acetic acid & crude wood v9eg>4 ,ow+ to ! %ortage ( acetic acid dur+ ! ,w>1 att5tion 0 direct$ t[>ds ! possibility ( mak+ an effective coagulant locally by :at is t]m$ ! dry di/illation ( wood--i4e41 ! wood is n burn$ b heat$ 9 a retort4 ,! enquiries c\ld be plac$ 9 two classes3 #a4 ,^? :i* aim$ at mak+ ! pure1 /rong acid ( comm]ce4 #b4 ,^? :i* s\ght in=mation conc]n+ a crude coagulant 7pyroligne\s acid7 on e/ates4 ,reg>d+ ! fir/ class1 we c d no bett] ?an reproduce our rem>ks publi%$ 9 ! ,april local report ( ! ,rubb] ,gr[]s' ,association = #aiaf--) ! res]vation t1 on acc\nt ( a ?reat5$ %ortage ( timb]1 a local s*eme might n n[ be feasible3 ,probably ! mo/ common enquiry enc\nt]$ s9ce ! rise 9 ! price ( acetic acid is conc]n$ ) ! possibility ( mak+ acetic acid 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x may be /at$ t ! proposition is a feasible "o1 ev5 on a fairly l>ge scale4 ,we h ! ess5tials necess>y = su* a s*eme 93 #a4 ,a good supply ( suitable timb]s1 ! mo/ valuable ( :i*1 possibly1 is mangrove timb]1 locally kn[n z 'bakau4' ,o!r suitable timb]s are kn[n1 b z f> z prelim9>y exp]im5ts %[ mangrove timb] gives ! be/ yield4 ,at pres5t ?is timb] is 9 great dem& z a fuel = /eam plants1 b ) ! ext5sion ( ! local coal indu/ry ! timb] may become *eap]4 #b4 ,!re w\ld appe> to be less valuable timb] :i* w\ld be suitable = heat+ ! retorts4 ,or1 local coal might be us$4 #c4 ,supplies ( lime at reasonable rates are available1 z ! lime/one =mation 9 ! p59sula is q consid]able 9 ext5t4 #d4 ,supplies ( sulphuric acid are available f ,japan1 ,au/ralia1 ,burma1 etc41 ev5 at ! pres5t "t1 al?\gh naturally rates are high] ?an normal4 ,"u ord9>y conditions1 supplies f ,engl& & p>ts ( ,europe w\ld be mu* *eap] ?an at curr5t rates4 ,= ! b5efit ( _m read]s p]haps a brief & nonte*nical description ( ! prep>ation ( acetic acid w\ld n be amiss1 & w\ld expla9 ! necessity = ! ess5tials indicat$ above4 ,9 brief1 ! process is z foll[s3 7a7 ,a suitable timb] is heat$ 9 a clos$ retort4 ,?is is t]m$ 'dry di/illation1' & results ev5tually 9 ! c>bonisation ( ! wood--i4e41 *>coal is obta9$ 9 ! retort4 7b7 ,t>1 vap\rs & gases are di/ill$ ov] dur+ ! c>bonisation ( ! wood4 ,^! liquors & gases pass ?r\gh cond5s]s4 ,! gases pass away1 :ile ! cond5s$ liquors sep>ate out into 7#a7 wood t>1 7#b7 a wat]y liquor call$ pyroligne\s acid or crude wood v9eg>4 7c7 ,! pyroligne\s acid is sep>at$ f ! t>1 & aga9 di/ill$ to obta9 ! acetic acid pres5t4 7d7 ,?is crude acid is /eam-heat$ ) milk ( lime1 :i* fixes ! acid1 =m+ calcium acetate 7or acetate ( lime74 7e7 ,ev5tually ! calcium acetate is tak5 out 9 ! =m ( a ?ick pa/e1 :i* is spread to dry4 ,:5 dry ?is 'grey acetate' is ! ma9 s\rce ( all glacial acetic acid n[ made4 7f7 ,! acetic acid is releas$ f ! 'acetate ( lime' by ! action ( sulphuric acid4 ,x is !n di/ill$ sev]al times1 & "u v>i\s conditions1 9 ord] to increase its /r5g?4 ,9 ! pa/ copp] tubes 7 us$ = ?is purpose1 b ow+ to ! fact t traces ( copp] 7 f\nd to be injuri\s to rubb]1 "s works in/al tubes ( glaz$ e>!nw>e = ! di/illation4 ,su* is ! process 9 outl9e1 & x w be se5 t no proposal to manufacture glacial acetic acid on an e/ate c\ld be consid]$ feasible1 al?\gh x w\ld n pres5t any great difficulty on a l>ge scale & "u skill$ direction4 ,fur!rmore1 ! co/ ( ! plant w\ld be f> too great = any e/ate4 ,al?\gh x is cle> t pure acetic acid is beyond ! scope ( an e/ate1 crude pyroligne\s acid has be5 produc$ on a v>y+ scale 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,ceylon4 ,9 ! latt] c\ntry "s success 0 obta9$ by ! di/illation ( coconut %ells ) comp>atively inexp5sive plant4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 wood-di/illation 0 practis$ on a few e/ates1 b improv$ facilities = obta9+ pure acetic l$ to a t]m9ation ( ! exp]im5ts1 al?\gh suffici5t crude acid c\ld !n be made at a reasonable co/4 ,! pyroligne\s acid obta9$1 is g5]ally cle>1 aft] nitration1 & ( a d>k br[n col\r4 ,x has a peculi> od\r rem9isc5t ( smok$ %eet-rubb]1 or ( creosotic sub/ances 9 g5]al4 ,its acid cont5t dep5ds *iefly ^u3 7a7 ,! k9d ( timb] heat$ 9 ! retort4 7b7 ,! effici5cy ( ! app>atus4 7c7 ,condition ( ! timb] z to moi/ure4 7d7 ,! temp]ature employ$1 & rate ( work+4 7e7 ,! po9t at :i* di/illation ceases 7i4e41 ! duration ( int]val betwe5 comm5cem5t ( heat+ & cessation ( collection74 ,samples receiv$ f e/ates = te/+ purposes 7 f\nd to conta9 equival5ts v>y+ f #b p] c5t4 to #aj p] c5t4 ( acetic acid4 ,!y 7 all suitable coagulants :5 us$ 9 quantity calculat$ f ! discov]$ acidity1 b produc$ rubb] d>k] ?an ord9>y :5 air-dri$4 ,?is effect 0 n ( mu* importance 9 ! prep>ation ( smok$ %eets1 b to produce a pale crepe x 0 necess>y to employ sodium bisulphite z an anti-oxidant4 ,?is d>k5+ 9 col\r is to be ascrib$ to ! pres5ce ( traces ( ph5ols1#bd :i* are /at$ to ex]t an effect ^u ! rubb] dur+ & aft] vulcanisation4#be ,?is subject w be discuss$ 9 ano!r section4 #bd ,:itby1 ,j\rnal ,soc4 ,*em4 ,indu/ry1 vol4 xxxv41 ,no4 #i1 #aiaf4 #be ,see also ,prep>ation & ,vulcanisation ( ,plantation ,rubb] 7,eaton1 ,gran?am1 & ,day71 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bg1 ,f4,m4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,april1 #aiah4 ,) ?is provision ! crude pyroligne\s acid :i* c be produc$ on e/ates1 c\ld be employ$ z a coagulant until su* "t z ! price ( glacial acetic acid 0 s l[ z to make ! production ( ! crude acid non-pr(itable4 ,?is po9t w\ld be det]m9$ f a k ( ! co/ ( production p] gallon1 & ! p]c5tage ( acetic acid p] unit4 ,= example1 if ! co/ ( production 7includ+ co/ ( timb] = di/illation1 co/ ( fuel = heat+ ! retort1 co/ ( lab\r1 etc47 0 #fj c5ts p] gallon ( crude acid conta9+ #i p] c5t4 ( acetic acid1 t w\ld be equival5t approximately to buy+ glacial acetic acid at #cj p] demijohn ( #dd lbs4 ,,smok$ ,,wat]4--,a weak solution ( pyroligne\s acid may also be obta9$ by pass+ smoke ?r\gh wat]4 ,) ?is object 9 view1 a ma*9e 0 design$ by ! ,f$]at$ ,eng9e]+ ,company ( ,kuala ,lumpur4 ,9 ?is ! pr9ciple ( retort+ 0 n employ$4 ,smoke 0 produc$ by ord9>y combu/ion 9 a comp>tm5t ( ! app>atus1 & 0 drawn ?r\gh wat] by ! action ( a high-spe$ fan work$ by h&4 ,a solution1 equival5t 9 effect to a #b p] c5t4 solution ( acetic acid1 c\ld be obta9$ at a comp>atively *eap] co/ ?an crude pyroligne\s acid produc$ by dry di/illation z x 0 !n be+ practis$4 ,?is 0 *iefly because ( ! wa/eful me?ods ( fuel combu/ion1 9 ! latt] process1 9 ! heat+ ( ! retort4 ,,*9ese ,,v9eg>4--,?is ag5t 0 f\nd to be a satisfactory coagulant1 &1 a priori1 !re is no reason :y x %\ld n be suitable1 z x is ess5tially a dilute solution ( acetic acid4 ,! qualities sold 7 g5]ally col\rless1 & 7 probably ! result ( acetic f]m5tation ( rice4 ,samples te/$ %[$ a v>y+ cont5t ( acetic acid1 rang+ r\ghly f #c p] c5t4 to #h p] c5t42 b on ?is basis ( valuation x 0 f\nd g5]ally t ! price bore no relation to ! degree ( effici5cy4 ,x 0 advanc$ n only t ! v9eg> 0 an effici5t sub/itute = glacial acetic acid1 b t x 0 also *eap]4 ,?is latt] claim 0 prov$ to h no f\ndation 9 fact1 ev5 at ! high price ( acetic acid prevail+ dur+ ! p]iod ( /ress4 ,x is n likely1 !re=e1 t v9eg> c displace acetic acid1 except z an exp$i5t4 ,,sulphur\s ,,acid4--,! anti-oxidant effect ( sodium bisulphite & sodium sulphite is due to ! lib]ation ( ! gas1 sulphur dioxide4 ,?is gas dissolves easily 9 wat]1 =m+ an acid solution call$ sulphur\s acid4 ,?is acid solution is an effective coagulant 9 fairly small quantity4 ,n only s1 b x produces1 9 addition1 ! anti-oxidant effect not$ 9 ! employm5t ( sodium bisulphite4 ,x is ?us possible to produce rubb] v>y+ 9 %ade ( pal5ess by means ( a s+le solution4 ,9 ! ev5t ( sulphur\s acid be+ us$1 x w\ld be necess>y to import cyl9d]s ( sulphur dioxide f :i* ! solution c\ld be prep>$ 9 factories ea* day4 ,!re w\ld be no insurm\ntable difficulty 9 ?is1 z x is only necess>y to pass ! gas ?r\gh a s]ies ( clos$ vessels conta9+ wat]4 ,en\gh solution c\ld be prep>$ at "o "t = ?ree or f\r days1 b pref]ably ! solutions %\ld be z fre% z possible4 ,altoge!r !re w\ld seem to be possibilities 9 ! use ( sulphur\s acid = prep>+ pale crepe rubb]s1 provid+ ! co/ is )9 comp>able limits ) ! common] coagulants at pres5t 9 use1 & t no adv]se effect on ! rubb] c be %[n to result4 ,if ! co/ did n exce$ ! comb9$ co/ ( acetic acid & sodium bisulphite1 ! employm5t ( sulphur\s acid solution might be wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,!re is "o drawback to ! use ( sulphur\s acid solution1 & t lies 9 ! proximity ( ! limits ( ! quantities necess>y = coagulation & t :i* is 9 excess1 & prev5ts coagulation4 ,?us1 ) ord9>y field latex hav+ ab\t #bj p] c5t4 dry rubb] cont5t1 ! m9imum necess>y = coagulation p] #ajj c4c4 ( latex is ab\t #h c4c4 ( a #a p] c5t4 solution4 ,! maximum quantity possible = use is ab\t #ae c4c4 ( a #a p] c5t1 solution1 s t great c>e w\ld h to be ex]cis$ 9 avoid+ an excess ( coagulant1 o!rwise coagulation w\ld be effectually prev5t$4 ,x is believ$ t ! prep>ation ( rubb] by ?is me?od is ! subject ( a pat5t secur$ by ,messrs4 ,boake1 ,rob]ts1 & ,co41 ,london4 ,,sug>s4--,coagulation may be effect$ by ! addition ( small quantities ( sug>s4#bf ,^! are assum$ to be effective by f]m5tative conv]sion into lactic & acetic acids4 ,! pres5ce ( lactic acid is suppos$ to h a tw(old effect3 #bf ,prep>ation & ,vulcanisation ( ,plantation ,p>a ,rubb] 7,eaton1 ,gran?am1 & ,day71 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bg1 ,f4,m4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture2 ,gort] & ,sw>t1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #f1 ,we/ ,java ,expt4 ,/ation4 7a7 ,z a direct coagulant4 7b7 ,9 its action ^u c]ta9 organisms :i*1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ev5ts1 w\ld delay or prev5t coagulation4 ,al?\gh "w on an exp]im5tal scale has be5 done1 z f> z we "k no practical application has be5 made ( ! employm5t ( sug>s z coagulat+ ag5ts4 ,,v>i\s ,,salts4--,( exp]im5tal int]e/ only x may be record$ t coagulation has be5 effect$ by means ( v>i\s *emical salts--e4g41 calcium *loride1 b>ium *loride1 magnesium *loride1 sodium *loride1 alum9ium sulphate1 magnesium sulphate1 sodium sulphate1 etc4 ,none ( ^! has be5 f\nd to h any practical application1 except1 p]haps1 calcium *loride1 :i* is us$ 9 small quantity z an accel]at+ ag5t 9 a special process ( ana]obic coagulation1 :i* w receive m5tion 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,at "o p]iod dur+ ! ,w> & ! de>? ( acetic acid1 x 0 f\nd t !re 7 available 9 ,engl& l>ge supplies ( ! acid sulphate ( sodium 7sodium hydrog5 sulphate71 :i* prov$ to be an effective coagulant4 ,exp]im5tal "w gave satisfactory results1 b no practical application result$ :5 supplies ( acetic acid 7 aga9 obta9able4 ,,v>i\s ,,propriet>y ,,comp\nds4--,we h se5 _m propriet>y coagulants adv]tis$ & pass into ! limbo ( =gott5 ?+s4 ,!y c g5]ally be divid$ into two classes4 ,! fir/ embraces ^? f\nd$ ^u a woefully incomplete k ( requirem5ts4 ,! second cov]s ^? :i* meet requirem5ts1 b = :i* exagg]at$ claims are made & excessive prices *>g$4 ,z z in/ance ( a sub/ance :i* fell "u bo? classifications might be m5tion$ ! case ( ,coagulatex4 ,pret5ti\s claims 7 made1 & x 0 emphasis$ t ! liquid conta9$ no vegetable acids4 ,acetic & =mic acids might be quot$ z examples ( vegetable acids1 & z ^! h be5 %[n to be ! mo/ satisfactory coagulants n[ employ$ "o fails to imag9e :]e lay ! value ( ! gu>antee giv5 by ! adv]tis]s ( ,coagulatex4 ,on analysis ! liquid 0 f\nd to consi/ ma9ly ( sulphuric acid1 aga9/ ! indiscrim9ate use ( :i* w>n+s h be5 giv54 ,?us x 0 a dang]\s sub/ance = common use4 ,fur!rmore1 comp>+ ! value ) its sulphuric acid cont5t1 x 0 f\nd t ! price requir$ = ,coagulatex 0 r\ghly f\r times ! contempor>y co/ ( comm]cial sulphuric acid 9 ! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates4 ,^? 9 *>ge ( e/ates %\ld realise1 !re=e1 t no propriet>y coagulants %\ld be adopt$ until a prop] report ( te/s1 & a comp>ative valuation1 has be5 obta9$ f "o ( ! rese>* laboratories4 ,,c>bonic ,,acid ,,gas1 ,,c>bon ,,dioxide4--,n[ ( only sci5tific int]e/1 x may be not$ t "s ye>s ago great claims 7 made = ! use ( c>bon dioxide gas z a coagulant4 ,9 actual practice we 7 unable to effect coagulation by pass+ ! dry gas into latex4 ,x 0 sugge/$ t ! orig9al inve/igators 7 misl$ by failure to secure a dry & clean gas4 ,x w\ld appe> t probably ! gas 0 prep>$ by ! action ( hydro*loric acid ^u m>ble or lime/one4 ,unless int]v5+ wa%]s & dri]s 7 us$1 ! lib]at$ gas1 :5 pass$ into latex1 w\ld c>ry ) x traces ( hydro*loric acid1 :i* w\ld effect coagulation4 ,,alcohol4--,9 ! *eap =m ( me?ylat$ _s1 alcohol has be5 employ$ by u z a spe$y coagulant = _m ye>s4 ,latex run sl[ly into alcohol coagulates in/antane\sly4 ,! me?od has be5 9 common laboratory use4 ,! employm5t ( alcohol has also be5 made ! "p-subject ( a pat5t process ( coagulation1 to :i* ref]5ce w be made 9 ! succe$+ *apt]4 ,,vegetable ,,extracts4--,at v>i\s times exp]im5tal "w has be5 direct$ t[>ds ! use ( liquids ( purely vegetable orig91 su* z ! juices ( tropical fruits1 & ( a wa/e product ( tropical indu/ry--! s-call$ milk 7or wat]7 ( ripe coconuts4 ,9 ! =m] class !re is usually a natural acidity1 b 9 coconut wat] ! acidity is *iefly ! result ( f]m5tation ( ! c>bohydrate 7sug>7 con/itu5ts4 ,^! sub/ances 7 all f\nd to effect a m or less satisfactory coagulation1 b x is unlikely t !y w\ld be suitable = practical application on a l>ge scale4 ,z be+ m directly relat$ to ! subject ( coagulation 9 g5]al ?an to coagulants 9 p>ticul>1 a discussion ( sev]al special processes w be relegat$ to ! ensu+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,special ,,me?ods ,,( ,,prep>ation ,e ye> appe>s to br+ =? "s new ideas 9 ! mode ( rubb] prep>ation4 ,"s ( !m are bas$ 9 pr9ciple ^u ! olde/ kn[n me?od--i4e41 ! native ,brazilian process ( mak+ ,h>d ,p>a4 ,o!rs /rike a new note1 & 9 a few cases ! claims put =w>d are sub/antially confirm$ by results4 ,9 o!r in/ances ! claims are too pret5ti\s1 & discr$it may be br\ght ^u s*emes :i*1 al?\gh lack+ 9 comp>ative success1 are yet comm5dable = ! +5uity manife/$4 ,to ! pres5t n "o ( ^! new me?ods has be5 able to compete to any m>k$ degree 9 g5]al practice ) ! e/abli%$ me?ods ( ord9>y prep>ation4 ,a few cont9ue to f9d local application1 b mo/ h ei!r be5 ab&on$ or are gradually fall+ into desuetude4 ,we d n propose to discuss 9 f9e detail all ! v>i\s claims made on behalf ( ^! special processes1 or to ent] into controv]sies4 ,! aim is to pres5t to ! read] an outl9e embody+ ! ma9 pr9ciples & advantages claim$4 ,,da ,,co/a ,,process4--,briefly1 ?is 0 a me?od by :i* coagulation 0 effect$ ) smoke4 ,! smoke 0 g5]at$ by ! combu/ion ( wood 9 a special comp>tm5t1 & 0 =c$ into latex by means ( a jet ( /eam4 ,x 0 really only appli$ to ! prep>ation ( coagulum int5d$ = crepe =m4 ,! exact degree ( coagulation effect$ 0 unc]ta91 & ! f9al col\r ( ! rubb] preclud$ x f be+ class$ z a mod]n ,no4 #a product4 ,,byrne ,,cur+ ,,process4--,?is is a process = treat+ coagulum obta9$ by ord9>y me?ods4 ,x 0 ! subject ( a pat5t obta9$ by ,messrs4 ,e4 ,j4 & ,f4 ,a4 ,byrne1 & at "o "t _h a consid]able vogue on e/ates4 ,! *ief claim advanc$ 0 t ! rubb] produc$ 0 9 all respects equal to ,f9e ,h>d ,p>a1 & c\ld be %ipp$ :ile /ill moi/ )\t detrim5t to ! physical qualities4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! process 0 ! treatm5t ( coagulum1 9 ei!r %eet or ?ick crepe =m1 ) vap\rs produc$ by ! volatilisation ( two special fluids4 ,?is treatm5t 0 und]tak5 9 comp>atively small wood5 %$s1 9 :i* ! coagulum 0 plac$4 ,! smoke 0 conduct$ into ! cur+ %$s f furnaces outside ! build+4 ,! %$s 7 cov]$ ext]nally ) felt mat]ial to prev5t leakage ( ! vap\rs1 & a v d5se smoke 0 obta9$4 ,! furnaces 7 specially design$1 & consi/$ ess5tially ( a hot-plate heat$ by a p[]ful k]os5e bla/-flame4 ,on top ( ! ma*9e 7 two res]voirs controll$ by taps4 ,9 ^! 7 plac$ ! special fluids :i* 7 releas$ 9 def9ite proportion4 ,! composition ( ! fluids 0 n divulg$1 b x is assum$ t ! pr9cipal +r$i5ts 7 7a7 wood t> products1 7b7 crude pyroligne\s or acetic acid4 ,! mixture ( ^!1 dropp+ on ! hot plate at ! correct temp]ature1 spontane\sly volatilis$1 to =m d5se :iti% fumes1 hav+ an int5se & n disagreeable od\r ( wood combu/ion4 ,a duct l$ f ! back ( ! ma*9e into ! cur+-%$1 :]e ! vap\rs 7 di/ribut$ ?r\gh p]=ations 9 ! pipe4 ,! coagulum usually rema9$ "u treatm5t 9 ! %$ = ?ree to f\r h\rs1 & !n 0 remov$ = ord9>y air-dry+4 ,:5 tak5 f ! cur+-%$ x _h a p9ki% col\r1 :i* lat] develop$ into a d>k br[n by a natural process ( oxidation4 ,! ext]ior ( ! rubb]1 on %ipm5t1 resembl$ ! appe>ance ( smok$ %eets2 :ile ! int]ior1 on cutt+1 0 se5 to be /ill :ite4 ,z pack$ = %ipp+1 ! rubb] conta9$ f #aj to #ae p] c5t4 ( orig9al moi/ure1 = ! usual %eet =m1 & ev5 m :5 slab rubb] 0 prep>$4 ,orig9ally ei!r crepe or %eet rubb] 0 made1 b lat] ! prep>ation ( ! crepe =m 0 displac$ l>gely by slab rubb]4 ,^! slabs 7 really v ?ick %eets1 :i* _h be5 subject to only slight pressure4 ,/ill lat] ! prep>ation ( ! slab =m 0 displac$ by loaf rubb]4 ,?is =m 0 built up by w9d+ toge!r ord9>y ?9 %eets :i* _h be5 subject to ! cure4 ,only slight t5sion 0 ne$$1 dur+ ! op]ation ( w9d+1 to cause close adhesion ( ! compon5t wet lay]s1 & ! f9al result 0 a loaf or roll d>k 9 col\r1 & app>5tly dry :5 exam9$ sup]ficially4 ,on be+ cut1 ev5 aft] an int]val ( mon?s1 ! middle portion 0 /ill s moi/ z to be q :ite4 ,9 c\rse ( "t x 0 discov]$ t all ! claims made = ! process c\ld n be sub/antiat$1 & = v>i\s reasons 7:i* ne$ n be detail$7 mo/ ( ! e/ates :i* _h adopt$ ! s*eme rev]t$ to ord9>y me?ods ( prep>ation4 ,at ! "t ( writ+ few1 if any1 cont9ue to "w ! process4 ,x appe>s to be agre$1 z ! result ( inve/igations1 t 9 no degree does ! process yield advantage ov] ord9>y me?ods4 ,,freez+ ,,process4--,a pat5t 0 secur$ a few ye>s ago to cov] a process :]eby coagulation 0 effect$ by refrig]ation4 ,latex rema9$ = sev]al h\rs 9 ! refrig]at+ *amb]s ( an ord9>y ice-mak+ plant4 ,! result+ solid mass1 on be+ ?aw$1 yield$ a coagulum appe>+ 9 no way to diff] f t obta9$ by ord9>y me?ods ( coagulation4 ,provid$ ! process ex]t$ no influ5ce = good or evil ^u ! quality ( ! result+ dry rubb]1 ! value ( x w\ld appe> to dep5d ^u ! relative co/ ( work+1 plus consid]ations ( capital exp5diture & depreciation on ! plant4 ,at ! pres5t "t x w\ld be difficult to imag9e t ! co/ ( prep>ation alone w\ld comp>e fav\rably ) t su/a9$ by ord9>y coagulative me?ods4 ,fur!rmore1 beyond ! exp5sive refrig]at+ plant1 ! usual ma*9]y ( a factory w\ld /ill be requir$ if ! ord9>y m>ket dem&s are to be met4 ,f9ally1 x has n be5 f\nd#bg t any advantage 9 ! f9al physical qualities ( ! rubb] is obta9$ by ! employm5t ( ?is process4 #bg ,prep>ation & ,vulcanisation ( ,plantation ,rubb] 7,eaton1 ,gran?am1 & ,day71 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bg1 ,f4,m4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,,wickham ,,process4--,?is process1 inv5t$ by ,sir ,h5ry ,wickham1 aim$ at ! production ( a rubb] resembl+ ,f9e ,h>d ,p>a4 ,! pr9ciple employ$ 0 t und]ly+ ! prep>ation ( ! be/ rubb] 9 ,brazil--viz41 coagulation ( sup]impos$ ?9 lay]s ( latex by ! action ( smoke & heat4 ,9 ess5tial ! ma*9e employ$ consi/$ ( a rotat+ drum into :i* latex & smoke ent]$4 ,! result 0 ! =mation ( ?9 sk9s ( rubb] :i*1 coagulat+ 9 situ1 =m$ a mass correspond+ to ,f9e ,h>d4 ,t ! rubb] 0 fully satisfactory z to quality is ackn[l$g$1 b economically & 9 practical utility ! process 0 unsuccessful1 ! rate ( output be+ s l[4 ,,d]ry ,,process4--,! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,d]ry1 late ( ! ,s+apore ,botanic ,g>d5s1 ?is 9 pr9ciple resembl$ ! ,wickham & o!r processes4 ,x aim$ at a me*anical imitation ( ! native me?od ( produc+ ,f9e ,h>d ,p>a4 ,9 place ( ! rotat+ drum1 an endless belt 0 us$4 ,?is travell$ ov] pulleys1 m or less horizontally plac$4 ,! upp] ( ^! c\ld be rais$ to v>y+ height above ! level ( ! o!r1 & likewise c\ld be s adju/$ z to tight5 ! belt4 ,! "u lay] ( ! belt imp+$1 9 its travel1 ^u ! surface ( a lay] ( latex conta9$ 9 a %all[ tray4 ,! belt 0 op]at$ by h&-p[]1 & ! height ( ! latex trays 0 adju/able4 ,! trays ( latex 7 situat$ at ! l[] end ( ! ma*9e :i* lay outside ! smok+-*amb]4 ,x w be und]/ood t ! va/ly major "p ( ! total l5g? ( belt 0 always )9 ! *amb]4 ,smoke 0 g5]at$ by combu/ion ( wood 9 an ext]nal /ructure1 0 br\ght into ! *amb] by a wide duct1 & 0 !n di/ribut$ bel[ ! belt by means ( p]=at$ pipes4 ,! ?9 film ( latex pick$ up by ! belt 0 coagulat$ p>tly by ! action ( smoke con/itu5ts by evaporation due to heat4 ,assum+ 7#a7 t ! belt 0 ( adequate l5g?1 7#b7 t ! rate ( travel 0 n excessive1 7#c7 t ! latex 0 n too dilute1 7#d7 t ! temp]ature ( ! smoke 0 suffici5tly high1 7#e7 t ! smoke 0 suffici5tly d5se & n too damp--!n ! process %\ld be a cont9u\s "o4 ,x w be cle> t success c\ld only be obta9$ by a c>eful adju/m5t ( all ^! factors4 ,! latex mu/1 necess>ily1 be ( a fairly ri* consi/5cy 7at lea/ #b-a_/b lbs4 dry rubb] p] gallon71 b un=tunately !re is consid]able difficulty 9 ma9ta9+ su* latex 9 a /ate ( fluidity = ! p]iod dem&$ by ?is process1 )\t loss ( latex4 ,naturally1 ! addition ( an anti-coagulant w\ld ret>d ! rate ( output ( ! ma*9e to a m>k$ degree4 ,! lay] ( rubb] ?us =m$ on ! belt 0 /ripp$ (f1 & hung = fur!r air-dry+1 z x /ill conta9$ a fair p]c5tage ( moi/ure4 ,z a really practicable me?od = treat+ plantation latex1 ! process fail$ by reason ( its l[ rate ( output ov] a giv5 int]val4 ,?is alone 0 suffici5t to condemn x1 ap>t f ! facts 7#a7 t x 0 n %[n to be a *eap] me?od ?an coagulation by acetic acid1 7#b7 t ! result+ rubb] 0 n prov$ to be ( sup]ior intr9sic value to rubb] prep>$ by ord9>y me?ods4 ,,spontane\s ,,coagulation4--,all read]s w be aw>e ( ! ph5om5on ( ! curdl+ or s\r+ ( milk4 ,! behavi\r ( ,hevea latex1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 may be tak5 to be analog\s4 ,difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 ma9ta9+ fluidity--a difficulty :i* appe>s to v>y 9 great degree accord+ to locality1 nature ( soil1 age ( trees1 ! relative dem& made ^u ! trees by ! sy/em ( tapp+ employ$1 etc4 ,x is sometimes f\nd1 be=e ! latex rea*es ! /ore1 t x may exhibit "o ( v>i\s /ages ( premature 7spontane\s7 coagulation3 7a7 ,to all appe>ances x may be q fluid1 b a close exam9ation %[s x to consi/ ma9ly ( a s]um conta9+ v m9ute p>ticles ( rubb] 9 susp5sion 7microscopic coagulation74 7b7 ,9 a lat] /age ^! p>ticles coalesce to =m l>g] flocks 7macroscopic coagulation74 7c7 ,! :ole1 or practically ! :ole1 ( ! latex may h coagulat$1 =m+ "o mass ( rubb] ) a milky residual s]um4 ,pass+ f ?is aspect ( ! "q1 x may be not$ z peculi> facts t3 7#a7 ,a %all[ lay] ( latex is less likely to coagulate spontane\sly 7i4e41 )\t ! addition ( a coagulant7 ?an a deep] volume4 7#b7 ,! %all[ lay]1 & also ! surface ( ! deep] volume 7:]e expos$ to air71 on /&+ w be f\nd to develop a sup]ficial film ( f9ely coagulat$ p>ticles1 yell[i% 9 col\r1 & hav+ an (f5sive od\r due to decomposition ( prote9 matt]4 7#c7 ,:ile ?is p>tial coagulation is conf9$ only to ! surface ( a %all[ lay] ( latex1 x w be f\nd t bel[ ! surface film ( ! deep] volume a mu* m def9ite coagulation has tak5 place4 ,! coagulation w be practically complete1 & ! coagulum1 ap>t f a spongy appe>ance1 is normal 9 "*4 ,?is coagulum is free f ! (f5sive od\r not$ above4 7#d7 ,on te/+ ! surface film ( bo? ! %all[ lay] & ! deep] volume1 x w be f\nd to be alkal9e 9 "*2 :il/ ! l[] liquid surr\nd+ ! ma9 portion ( ! coagulum 9 ! deep] volume ( latex is ( an acid nature4 ,^! obs]v$ facts are suffici5t to indicate t !re are app>5tly two di/9ct types ( spontane\s coagulation1 & t ! latt] takes place p>ticul>ly :]e ! latex is m or less out ( contact ) ! atmosph]e4 ,we may1 !re=e1 diff]5tiate ?us3 7a7 ,9 contact ) air 7a]obic73 incomplete spontane\s coagulation1 accompani$ by yell[i% slime1 (f5sive 9 od\r & alkal9e 9 "*4 7b7 ,out ( contact ) air 7,ana]obic73 ,practically or :olly complete4 ,!re is no (f5sive od\r "u normal conditions & ! s]um is acid 9 "*4 ,x is conclud$#bh t !re are pres5t 9 latex1 on collection 9 ! field1 two types ( organisms4 ,^? :i* "w 9 contact ) air 7a]obic7 %[ a t5d5cy to prev5t coagulation & to =m an alkal9e yell[ slime on ! surface ( ! latex4 ,! o!rs1 :i* "w 9 ! abs5ce ( air 7ana]obic71 may1 "u fav\rable conditions1 cause complete coagulation unaccompani$ by any decomposition or (f5sive od\r )9 a normal p]iod4 ,if air is rigidly exclud$1 ! coagulum obta9$ is q satisfactory = all purposes4 #bh ,prep>ation & ,vulcanisation ( ,plantation ,rubb] 7,eaton1 ,gran?am1 & ,day71 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bg1 ,f4,m4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 #aiah2 ,de la ,coagulation naturelle du ,latex d',hevea ,brasili5sis 7,d5i] & ,v]net71 ,comptes ,r5dus l',academie des ,sci5ces1 ,no4 #c1 ,july1 #aiag4 ,?is type ( coagulation1 )\t ! employm5t ( a *emical coagulant1 & "u ana]obic conditions1 0 ! subject ( a pat5t grant$ 9 #aiad to ,messrs4 ,maude1 ,crosse & o!rs4 ,! process has be5 9 use on ,cicely ,e/ate 7,p]ak7 = "s ye>s4 ,) subsequ5t slight modifications ! app>atus consi/$ 9 ess5tial ( a tank ) a loose cov]4 ,! flanges ( ! cov] 7 suffici5tly long to dip into a wat]-seal surr\nd+ ! tank4 ,?us ! cov] may rise & fall )\t an inru% ( air4 ,coagulation1 9 fact1 c be effect$ ?us 9 any k9d ( air-tight receptacle2 & exp]im5tally ! read] c obta9 a satisfactory result by fill+ completely ) latex ! bottle :i* has a loose /opp]4 ,"u ! pat5t held ! coagulum may be prep>$ ei!r = crepe-mak+1 or = %eets by a modification ( ! tank4 ,! crepe :5 dry does n h ! bright appe>ance ( ! ord9>y ,f9e ,pale /&>d prep>$ ) ! aid ( ! anti-oxidant sodium bisulphite4 ,un=tunately ! addition ( ?is sub/ance to ! latex 9 normal proportions is n possible "u ana]obic conditions1 z x is f\nd to prev5t coagulation1 probably ow+ to its /]ilis+ effect ^u ! ana]obic organisms4 ,to prev5t ! oxidation ( ! rubb] 9 actual practice1 ! fre%ly prep>$ crepe is soak$ 9 a solution ( sodium bisulphite be=e hang+ to dry4 ,! result+ col\r ( ! rubb] is q good4 ,x 0 %[n by ,eaton & ,gran?am t ana]obic coagulation is slightly unc]ta9 9 action4 ,ow+ probably to v>iations 9 ! composition ( ! latices1 or to ! ext5t ( infection by organisms1 coagulation may "o day be complete & on o!r days less satisfactory4 ,!y f\nd fur!r t1 by ! addition ( small quantities ( sug>s1 coagulation "u bo? a]obic & ana]obic conditions 0 improv$4 ,! conclusion =m$ 0 t ! addition ( sug>s creat$ a m$ium fav\rable to ! developm5t ( ana]obic organisms & unfav\rable to ^? :i* cause decomposition ( ! natural nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( latex4 ,?is "w 0 confirm$ by ,gort] & ,sw>t1#bi :o attribut$ ! action to ! conv]sion ( sug> to lactic1 acetic1 & succ9ic acids by f]m5tation4 #bi ,gort] & ,sw>t1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #f1 ,we/ ,java ,/ation4 ,d5i] & ,v]net1 ^: "w has already be5 m5tion$1 /udi$ ! pres5ce ( ! organisms 9 latex1 & succe$$ 9 isolat+ "o :i*1 "u ana]obic conditions1 effects coagulation )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,sometimes to produce complete coagulation x 0 f\nd necess>y to employ small quantities ( sug>s--e4g41 #a gramme p] litre ( latex 7#a3a1jjj74 ,x is to be not$ also t ! addition ( small quantities ( soluble calcium 7lime7 salts to latex has mu* ! same effect z ! employm5t ( sug>s4 ,rec5t inve/igations#cj %[$ t ! addition ( #j4e to #a gramme ( calcium *loride p] litre ( latex caus$ complete coagulation 9 clos$ vessels )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 a result agree+ ) ! f9d+s ( ,b>r[cliff4 #cj ,ar*ief voor de ,rubb]cultuur1 ,n$]l&s ,indies1 #aibj1 #d1 #bgc4 ,on page #cjh ( ! same publication1 exp]im5ts on ! effect ( sug>s are describ$1 9 connection ) a]obic coagulation4 ,obs]vations f a fur!r set ( exp]im5ts t5d$ to indicate a direct connection betwe5 ! effects ( tapp+ & spontane\s coagulation4 ,x is sugge/$ t heavy tapp+ causes a dim9ution 9 ! latex ( ^? sub/ances :i* act 9 "s way z accel]at+ ag5ts 9 coagulation--e4g41 sug>s4 ,! small] ! proportion ( ^! sub/ances1 ! sl[] & less complete is natural 7spontane\s7 coagulation4 ,,ilck5-,,d[n ,,process4--,?is process is ! subject ( pat5ts grant$ 9 #aiae to ,messrs4 ,ilck5 & ,d[n4 ,x has be5 9 fair prom95ce1 & has be5 tri$ exp]im5tally on sev]al e/ates & 9 public demon/ration4 ,x is a coagulat+ process1 &1 9 ! orig9al specification1 employ$ z ag5ts a mixture ( alcohol 79 ! =m ( me?ylat$ _s7 & b5z5e 7petrol71 or alcohol ) petrol & coal-t> naph?a4 ,! mixture 0 inject$ 9 ! =m ( a f9e spray into ! latex1 conta9$ 9 a tank specially fitt$ ) paddles4 ,lat] modifications cov]$ ! addition ( a small quantity ( glyc]9e2 or1 fail+ supplies ( t sub/ance1 coconut oil4 ,_m advantages are claim$ = ! process1 b mo/ ( !m _c be sub/antiat$4 ,! two *ief claims are3 #a4 ,! production ( a uni=m /&>d ( rubb]4 #b4 ,! obta9m5t f a unit volume ( latex ( a great] weight ( rubb] ?an c be obta9$ f an equal volume ( ! same latex by ord9>y coagulation ) acetic acid4 ,x is to be inf]r$ t ! ag5ts employ$ h ! p[] ( add+ to ! coagulum "s ( ! sub/ances :i* usually rema9 9 solution 9 ! cle> s]um4 ,reg>d+ ! fir/ ( ^! claims1 x has be5 %[n#ca t ! rubb] is n uni=m 9 its behavi\r on vulcanisation1 & t its v>iability is simil> to t ( rubb] prep>$ by o!r processes4 #ca ,prep>ation & ,vulcanisation ( ,plantation ,rubb] 7,eaton1 ,gran?am1 & ,day71 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bg1 ,f4,m4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 #aiah4 ,! second claim has be5 ! subject ( mu* controv]sy4 ,exp]im5ts made on e/ates "u ! sup]vision (1 or 9 ! abs5ce (1 ! pat5tees h giv5 conflict+ results4 ,:5 v>y+ factors h be5 elim9at$1 ! g5]al conclusion 0 t no increase 9 weight ( rubb] 0 obta9$4 ,private laboratory inve/igations l$ to a simil> v]dict1 & ,eaton#cb records a confirmatory f9d+4 ,m rec5tly ! claims made = ! process 7 inve/igat$ 9 ,java#cc "u v>y+ conditions4 ,?ree s]ies ( exp]im5ts 7 made3 #cb ,ibid4 #cc ,ar*ief voor de ,rubb]cultuur 7,de ,vries & ,spoon71 ,c5tral ,rubb] ,/ation1 ,java1 ,may1 #aiba4 7#a7 ,dur+ ! ra9y monsoon & at a height ( #a1hjj feet4 7#b7 ,dur+ ! dry monsoon on a l[-c\ntry e/ate4 7#c7 ,9 ! exp]im5tal g>d5s at ,buit5zorg dur+ bright sunny wea!r & ! mo/ fav\rable conditions4 ,! ag5ts us$ 7 7a7 a mixture ( alcohol & fusel oil1 7b7 alcohol & petrol 7b5z5e74 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts no advantage 9 weight ( rubb] 0 obta9$ by ! ,ilck5-,d[n process1 & x w\ld ?us appe> t ! pr9cipal claim fails to be sub/antiat$4 ,! g5]al composition ( ! rubb] 0 approximately ! same z ord9>y crepe obta9$ f undilut$ latex4 ,! rubb] on vulcanisation 0 f\nd to be normal 9 behavi\r1 & 0 simil> to ! controls4 ,! coagulum ord9>ily is affect$ by oxidation1 & does n produce a f9e pale crepe4 ,to rem$y ?is defect ! fre%ly prep>$ crepe is soak$ 9 a solution ( sodium bisulphite & sulphuric acid4 ,x may be not$ t 9 ! rec5t exp]im5ts coagulation 0 effect$ 9 vacuum 9 a specially design$ wood5 tank4 ,f a /udy ( ! previ\s section on ,spontane\s ,coagulation1 ! read] w p]ceive t results equal to ^? obta9$ by ! ,ilck5-,d[n process c be obta9$ )\t ! necessity ( us+ su* ag5ts z alcohol1 petrol1 or fusel oil4 ,,slab ,,rubb]4--,?is type ( prep>ation has be5 ! subject ( mu* discussion ( rec5t ye>s4 ,!re is no?+ really special 9 ! mode ( prep>ation1 & 9 its orig9al =m slab rubb] is only a ?ick %eet :i* may be obta9$ by coagulation ) acetic acid or o!r ag5ts4 ,! coagulum1 :5 remov$ f ! s]um1 is subject$ to comp>atively slight pressure1 & ! slab ?us made is ei!r plac$ to air-dry at once1 or may be subject to treatm5t 9 o!r liquids be=e dry+4 ,! rubb] is n all[$ to rema9 until :olly dry1 b is %ipp$ :ile /ill conta9+ an appreciable p]c5tage ( enclos$ moi/ure4 ,x is claim$#cd t ! production ( slab rubb] by /&>dis$ me?ods elim9ates to a great degree ! v>iability :i* at pres5t *>act]ises plantation rubb]1 & t a fa/-cur+ m$ium is obta9$4 ,^! claims w be discuss$ 9 lat] *apt]s deal+ ) ! vulcanisation ( rubb]1 & dem& no notice 9 ?is section4 #cd ,prep>ation & ,vulcanisation ( ,plantation ,rubb] 7,eaton1 ,gran?am1 & ,day71 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bg1 ,f4,m4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 #aiah4 ,f ! produc]s' po9t ( view1 x may be not$ t ! prep>ation ( slab rubb] is a simple process1 b n altoge!r z pleasant probably z might be desir$1 :5 und]tak5 9 crude =m4 ,! appe>ance ( ! p>tially dry slabs is unattractive1 b t does n signify if ! quality ( ! vulcanis$ product satisfies requirem5ts4 ,= ! av]age produc]1 ! difficulty lies 9 hav+ to meet ! dem&s ( ! g5]al m>ket4 ,ev51 !re=e1 if "o assumes t ! intr9sic qualities ( slab rubb] are all t ! claims advance1 x w\ld be necess>y = ! produc] to be assur$ ( def9ite & regul> sales4 ,at pres5t x w\ld probably be fair to /ate t practically all ! slab rubb] be+ prep>$ is produc$ by ^? :o are also consum]s4 ,!y are ?us 9 ! enviable position ( be+ able to satisfy _! requirem5ts z to ! mode ( prep>ation4 ,until su* "t1 !re=e1 z !re exi/s a regul> dem& = slab rubb] 9 ! g5]al m>ket1 ! va/ majority ( e/ates mu/ proce$ on ord9>y l9es ( prep>ation4 ,,"p ,,vi ,,vulcanisation 7,,by ,,dr4 ,h4 ,p4 ,,/ev5s7 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,introductory ,,deal+ ,,) ,,treatm5t ,,& ,,vulcanisation ,9 ! =ego+ *apt]s ! me?ods ( treat+ latex1 coagulat+1 roll+ & cur+1 or dry+1 h be5 describ$ 9 great detail4 ,^! details w give ! read] "s idea ( ! precautions tak51 & proc$ure necess>y to produce rubb] :i* w be acceptable to ! m>ket4 ,! expressions inf]ior rubb]1 defective crepe1 poor quality %eets1 etc41 are frequ5tly met )1 b ^! expressions mu/ n be tak5 to indicate any defect 9 ! rubb] = manufactur+ purposes1 b m]ely t ! rubb] is defective = sell+ purposes--t is to say1 be+ unsightly1 x w n fet* ! full m>ket price4 ,raw rubb]1 z produc$ on ! plantations1 is almo/ inv>iably subject$ to ! process ( vulcanisation 9 ! production ( manufactur$ rubb] articles z we "k !m4 ,previ\s to ! adv5t ( plantation rubb]1 ! raw mat]ial 0 pur*as$ by ! manufactur] 9 a moi/ & impure condition2 frequ5tly ! rubb] 0 adult]at$ ) s&1 dirt1 & ev5 small /ones4 ,consequ5tly x 0 ! inv>iable practice ( ! rubb] manufactur] to wa% ! raw rubb] & conv]t x into crepe1 :i* 0 !n hung & air-dri$ be=e use4 ,! effect on ! rubb]1 if ( high grade1 0 m sev]e ?an ! wa%+ & crepe+ process on ! plantation1 because ! rubb] 0 n a s(t coagulum b g5]ally dri$ on ! surface & semi-h>d4 ,! p[] requir$ 0 consid]able1 & ! result+ crepe 0 consequ5tly s(t] & m susceptible to heat ?an plantation fir/ latex crepe4 ,mu* ( ! wild rubb] 0 s(t & tacky & inf]ior to e>?-scrap4 ,vulcanis+ 9 its simple/ aspect consi/s 9 mix+ ! rubb] ) sulphur & heat+ ! product "u regulat$ conditions4 ,! effect ( heat on ! inf]ior grades ( wild rubb] is v m>k$4 ,a s(t1 /icky1 & res9\s mat]ial is trans=m$ into a relatively t\gh & ela/ic product4 ,! effect ( vulcanis+ on ! bett] grades is less m>k$1 b imm$iately app>5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! effect ( vulcanis+ is lea/ app>5t on fir/ latex plantation grades1 because 9 ^! we h a raw rubb] prep>$ 9 a mann] be/ suit$ to reta9 its natural *>act]i/ics4 ,! ne$ ( vulcanis+ 9 ! process ( manufactur+ rubb] goods became an axiom 9 pre-plantation days1 & x is only q rec5tly t attempts h be5 made to utilise raw rubb] directly1 )\t vulcanisation1 p>ticul>ly = %oe soles4 ,= ?is purpose a ?ick d5se crepe has be5 f\nd satisfactory4 ,smok$ %eet rubb] is n g5]ally suitable1 app>5tly ow+ to its microphysical /ructure4 ,x is possible t ! process ( roll+ 9 ! mak+ ( d5se crepe compacts ! rubb] p>ticles1 yield+ a h>d] & m resili5t product4 ,! roll+ mu/ n be c>ri$ too f>1 or ! work+ ( ! rubb] w approximate to a prelim9>y ma/ication1 & ! product w be weak5$4 ,! utilisation ( crepe rubb] directly has n yet be5 suffici5tly te/$ to enable a def9ite conclusion to be rea*$ z to its future scope1 b x is obvi\s t = use 9 a raw /ate "s modification 9 prep>ation may be advantage\s4 ,! pres5t me?od--e4g41 coagulation ) acetic acid--does n yield ! h>de/ & t\ghe/ rubb]4 ,h>dness & t\ghness are actual drawbacks 9 ! utilisation ( rubb] :i* is requir$ = vulcanis+4 ,:5 ! output ( plantation rubb] began to increase & to displace ! inf]ior wild sorts1 manufactur]s compla9$ ( ! increas$ p[] consumption ( _! ma*9es4 ,! p[] 0 requir$ ma9ly to break d[n or mill ! rubb] prelim9>y to ! mix+ ) sulphur & o!r +r$i5ts4 ,x is obvi\s t a mat]ial su* z raw rubb] _c be mix$ ) p[d]s su* z sulphur ) a pe/le & mort>1 or 9 any simple =m ( mix+ ma*9e4 ,?is difficulty 0 ov]come by ! e>li] exp]im5t]s by imm]s+ ! rubb] 9 a ba? ( molt5 sulphur4 ,! latt] 0 gradually absorb$ & dissolv$ 9 ! rubb]1 & ! heat ( ! ba? caus$ ! dissolv$ sulphur to comb9e ) ! rubb] to produce vulcanis$ rubb]4 ,! limitations ( su* a process are app>5t4 ,?us ! vulcanis$ rubb] reta9s ! =m 9 :i* x 0 orig9ally %ap$4 ,moreov]1 o!r +r$i5ts1 su* z m9]al matt]s1 _c be dissolv$ or absorb$ by ! rubb] 9 ?is mann]4 ,! me?od ev5tually adopt$ consi/$ 9 break+ d[n1 mill+1 or ma/icat+ ! rubb] by pass+ x cont9u\sly betwe5 diff]5tially ge>$ /eam-heat$ roll]s4 ,by ?is means a high-grade rubb] is conv]t$ into a s(t1 pla/ic mass1 :i* w take up sulphur1 m9]al matt]1 & o!r +r$i5ts z desir$4 ,! mix+ op]ation may be c>ri$ ?r\gh on ! same roll] ma*9e z 0 us$ = break+ d[n ! rubb]1 or sep>ate ma*9es ( o!r designs may be adopt$4 ,details ( ! process w be f\nd 9 books deal+ ) rubb] manufactur+4#ce ,x w suffice "h to expla9 t :5 rubb] is knead$ betwe5 two hot roll]s mov+ at diff]5t spe$s ! rubb] =ms a cont9u\s b& ar\nd ! sl[] mov+ roll]1 & if ! di/ance betwe5 ! roll]s be adju/$ ! excess ( rubb] held back by ! nip ( ! roll]s w =m a bank or mov+ w$ge-%ap$ mass on ! top ( ! nip4 ,?is closes ! space betwe5 ! roll]s1 s t sulphur & p[d] plac$ on ! rubb] pass r\nd t[>ds ! nip1 & are !re driv5 into ! rubb]4 ,9 ?is mann] x is easy to mix1 say1 #aj p] c5t4 ( sulphur into ! rubb] )\t a s+le p>ticle fall+ ?r\gh4 ,9 te*nical mixes :]e l>ge quantities ( p[d]s require to be mix$ !re is always "s cak+1 & "p ( ! p[d] falls betwe5 ! roll]s into a tray und]nea?4 ,?is is swept up ) a broom & put back on to ! roll]s1 ! process be+ repeat$ until ! :ole ( ! +r$i5ts h be5 incorporat$4 #ce ,= in/ance1 ,india-,rubb] & its ,manufacture1 by ,h4 ,l4 ,t]ry4 ,f ?is description x foll[s t1 prelim9>y to mix+1 x is necess>y to ?or\ghly ma/icate or pla/icise ! raw rubb]4 ,mu* ( ! wild rubb] 0 ( s inf]ior a quality t x v readily broke d[n1 & b little ma/ication 0 necess>y4 ,x 0 s(t & res9\s1 & readily took up ! p[d]s :i* 7 to be mix$ ) x4 ,! bett] grades ( wild rubb]1 su* z ,f9e ,p>a1 7 m difficult to break d[n1 b n s difficult z mo/ plantation rubb]1 because !y _h already receiv$ a prelim9>y work+ 9 ! process ( wa%+ & crepe+1 & we h already expla9$ t su* treatm5t takes m p[] ?an ! crepe+ ( ! s(t moi/ coagulum on ! plantations4 ,! am\nt ( work+ or pla/icis+ produc$ 9 ! rubb] is connect$ ) ! p[] exp5d$2 ! great] ! exp5diture ( p[]1 caet]is p>ibus1 ! great] ! work+ effect on ! rubb]4 ,al?\gh ! manufactur]s possess$ a relatively s(t rubb] 9 ! =m ( wa%$ ,f9e ,p>a1 x 0 cu/om>y 9 mo/ cases to employ ?is rubb] 9 conjunction ) wa%$ l[] grades to produce a s(t pla/ic mat]ial = fur!r treatm5t4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! manufactur] has little else b plantation to deal )1 & mo/ ( x m difficult to break d[n ?an wa%$ ,p>a crepe4 ,?is is ! reason :y a h>d1 t\gh rubb] is no long] a desid]atum ) manufactur]s1 al?\gh orig9ally tak5 z an indication ( good quality4 ,= ! majority ( purposes !y want some?+ :i* w break d[n easily4 ,h5ce if a rubb] c\ld be produc$ answ]+ to ^! requirem5ts1 )\t loss ( vulcanis+ quality1 x w\ld be pref]r$4 ,hav+ incorporat$ sulphur & o!r +r$i5ts1 ! pla/ic mass is %eet$ & run betwe5 lay]s ( calico to prev5t ! sup]impos$ %eets f adh]+4 ,f ?is cal5d]$ %eet ! article1 :atev] x may be1 is built up4 ,! cal5d] roll]s are heat$ s z to keep ! rubb] comp\nd pla/ic4 ,!re is a limit to ! ?ickness ( ! %eet :i* c be produc$4 ,x is a difficult op]ation to p]=m satisfactorily s z to yield a smoo? surface & a %eet free f enclos$ air4 ,:5 cool ! rubb] h>d5s & is readily h&l$4 ,! object to be manufactur$ is !n built up f ! cal5d]$ %eet4 ,?us 9 ! manufacture ( a motor tyre ! tread is built up on ! cas+ or c>case by lay+ ! %eets on ! canvas & roll+ ^! ) a h& or p[] op]at$ roll]1 s t !y adh]e firmly1 ! fir/ lay] to ! canvas ( ! cas+ & subsequ5t lay]s to "o ano!r4 ,?is r\gh description w suffice to illu/rate h[ important x is t ! rubb] :5 mix$ %\ld be pla/ic en\gh to give a smoo? %eet1 & to all[ ! %eet to be manipulat$ 9 build+ up ! article 9 process ( manufacture4 ,! te/+ ( rubb] 9 reg>d to its pla/icity & p[] to absorb f9ely divid$ m9]al matt] w be discuss$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 po9t out "h1 t ! m9]al matt] is n g5]ally add$ z an adult]ant1 b because ( c]ta9 specific prop]ties x conf]s on ! product4 ,to proce$ ) our outl9e ( vulcanisation1 we h n[ arriv$ at ! /age at :i* ! goods are built up & ready = vulcanis+4 ,= ?is purpose !y are g5]ally enclos$ 9 "s mann]1 ei!r 9 metal m\lds bolt$ toge!r1 or tightly wrapp$ 9 clo?1 z1 e4g41 9 ! manufacture ( inn] tubes1 hose1 etc4 ,9 ! latt] case1 y c detect ! clo? m>k on ! f9i%$ product4 ,sometimes ! rubb] is spew$--t is1 driv5 out ( a b>rel by means ( an endless screw revolv+ 9 x4 ,9 ?is way rubb] tub+1 p]ambulator tyres1 & su* articles1 may be made4 ,m rec5tly ev5 tyre treads & ! %ap$ rubb] = b& tyres 7heavy solid tyres7 h be5 extrud$ 9 ?is mann]1 = ! process is mu* *eap] ?an build+ up a tyre f cal5d]$ %eet1 & !n cutt+ ! mass to %ape by h&4 ,b = spew+ ! rubb] mass mu/ be v s(t & pla/ic2 ?is condition is n obta9able unless ! raw rubb] orig9ally us$ c be made ?or\ghly pla/ic )\t damage4 ,nor c x be effect$ ) a rubb] mass conta9+ mu* f9ely divid$ m9]al matt]1 z ?is h>d5s ! mixture4 ,= o!r purposes ! rubb] is swoll5 9 a solv5t1 su* z coal-t> naph?a1 & subsequ5tly ma/icat$2 ! s(t d\gh is !n %ap$ or spread on clo?1 & vulcanis$ aft] all[+ ! solv5t to evaporate4 ,"h1 aga91 ! prop]ties ( ! raw rubb] are ( imm5se importance4 ,?us1 ! m pla/ic ! d\gh1 ! less solv5t requir$1 & ! less !re is to drive (f be=e vulcanis+4 ,! pla/icity ( ! d\gh w dep5d on ! pla/icity ( ! raw rubb]1 & s =?4 ,x is evid5t t ! physical prop]ties ( ! raw rubb] are ( great importance4 ,!y directly affect ! manufactur+ op]ations up to ! vulcanis+ /age1 & indirectly affect ! results obta9$ on vulcanis+4 ,! actual vulcanis+ consi/s ( heat+ ! mass ( mix$ rubb] = a def9ite "t & at a def9ite temp]ature1 ea* heat be+ *os5 to suit ! p>ticul> mixture4 ,^! data are arriv$ at empirically--t is1 by try+ a numb] ( heats & *oos+ t :i* appe>s ! mo/ suitable4 ,! suitability w dep5d on ! nature ( ! article1 ! s]vice to :i* x is to be put1 & ! "t x is int5d$ to la/4 ,all vulcanis$ rubb] goods1 :atev] ! process1 h a limit$ life or p]iod dur+ :i* !y c be reli$ on to give useful s]vice4 ,aft] a "t1 vulcanis$ rubb] t5ds to h>d51 cracks appe> on ! surface :5 ! article is b5t or /ret*$1 & ev5tually ! rubb] becomes rott5 & p]i%$4 ,?is t5d5cy v>ies ) ! quality ( ! orig9al raw rubb] & ! conditions ( vulcanis+4 ,be=e plantation rubb] 0 available1 ! manufactur]s 7 dep5d5t on inf]ior wild grades = a great "p ( _! output1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! goods made f ^! inf]ior rubb]s nev] %[$ v good me*anical prop]ties & soon det]iorat$4 ,! sev]e/ critics ( plantation rubb] h admitt$ ! advantages to ! manufactur]s ( ! replacem5t ( ! l[] wild grades by plantation rubb]4#cf ,b ev5 ! be/ grades give a vulcanis$ product :i* rapidly det]iorates if ! vulcanisation is c>ri$ too f>4 ,?is results f too long heat+1 or too high a temp]ature1 & ! product is t]m$ ov]vulcanis$ or ov]cur$4#cg ,! appe>ance ( ! product is deceptive1 z ! physical prop]ties are rem>kably good if ! ov]vulcanis+ is n m ?an #ej to #ajj p] c5t4 9 excess ( ! normal cure4 ,only 9 ! case ( v mu* ov]vulcanis$ rubb] d we obta9 a product :i* is brittle f ! beg9n+4 #cf ,see ,williams1 ,! ,rubb] ,indu/ry1 #aiad1 p4 #bhd4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t ! inf]ior wild grades 7 d]iv$ f latices (t5 conta9+ a l>ge proportion ( res9\s matt]1 & :i* c\ld n yield a really high grade ( vulcanis$ rubb] :atev] ! c>e & skill employ$ 9 prep>ation4 #cg ,! t]ms cur+ & vulcanis+ are g5]ally employ$ z if synonym\s4 ,twiss has sugge/$ t ! =m] be appli$ 9 reg>d to a *ange 9 physical prop]ties1 & ! latt] to ! *emical *ange :]eby sulphur is comb9$ ) ! rubb]4 ,! t]m cur+ is also appli$ to ! process ( prep>ation ( raw rubb]4 ,?is mu/ be kept 9 m9d s z to avoid confusion4 ,! degree ( vulcanis+ w v>y ) ! type ( article to be produc$1 & :]e a long life is desir$1 ! t5d5cy w be to und]vulcanise2 b if ! be/ me*anical prop]ties are desir$1 ! t5d5cy w be t[>ds ov]vulcanis+1 or1 m correctly1 fully vulcanis+4 ,^! consid]ations are aptly illu/rat$ by ref]5ce to pneumatic tyres4 ,! inn] tube ne$ n possess high t5sile /r5g?1 provid$ t x is easily di/5sible1 = ! reason t1 dur+ use1 x is protect$ by ! cas+ ( ! tyre prop]1 :i* conf9es & supports x aga9/ ! air-pressure appli$4 ,inn] tubes are !re=e cur$ to give a long life )\t develop+ ! maximal physical prop]ties4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! cas+ & tread ( ! tyre are requir$ to )/& sev]e me*anical conditions--p>ticul>ly ! con/ant flex+ ( ! cov]1 & ! abrasion ( ! road surface4 ,tyres are n /or$ = any long p]iod1 &1 :5 put into s]vice1 h a limit$ p]iod ( useful life4 ,consequ5tly x is ne$ful to develop maximal me*anical prop]ties1 & vulcanisation is !re=e c>ri$ fur!r ?an 9 ! manufacture ( inn] tubes4 ,! rate ( cure is controll$ by a numb] ( factors 9 addition to ! p]iod & temp]ature ( vulcanisation1 9 p>ticul> by ! proportion & nature ( ! o!r +r$i5ts1 especially sulphur & accel]ators1 & also by ! rubb] itself4 ,! ma9 compla9t z reg>ds plantation rubb] is t x v>ies excessively 9 ?is respect4 ,?is matt] w n be discuss$ "h1 b is only introduc$ 9 ord] to expla9 ! importance ( a con/ant rate ( vulcanis+ to ! manufactur]4 ,plantation rubb] %\ld1 !re=e1 be prep>$ s z to be z uni=m z possible 9 ?is respect1 & ! e>li] "p ( ?is book gives full details ( ! precautions advis$1 & 9 _m cases adopt$ on ! plantations4 ,un=tunately1 x is impossible to secure uni=mity ( me?ods among all produc]s1 ev5 :5 !y are ,europeans1 to say no?+ ( ! native produc]s1 :o acc\nt = p]haps "o-?ird ( ! output4 ,h5ce ! importance ( br&+ ! rubb] :5ev] possible1 s t ! manufactur] may id5tify ! rubb] he pur*ases4 ,if f\nd satisfactory1 he c !n secure fur!r supplies f ! same e/ate4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,te/+ ,,( ,,plantation ,,rubb] ,?is subject may be subdivid$ into 7a7 ,te/s on ! raw rubb]2 7b7 te/s on ! vulcanis$ rubb]4 ,! te/s on ! raw rubb] may be c>ri$ out 7#a7 on ! sample ( %eet & crepe z receiv$4 ,= ?is purpose ! rubb] is cut into a /rip1 :i* is clamp$ betwe5 grips & gradually /ret*$ to break+-po9t4 ,! r+ te/+ ma*9e c be adapt$ = ?is purpose by replac+ ! roll]s ) clamps4 ,z ! ?ickness ( ! samples to be te/$ w v>y1 x is advisable to cut ! /rips ( su* a wid? t ! cross-sectional area ( all te/ pieces is ! same--say1 #dj sq4 mm4 ,! me?od is applicable to bo? %eet & crepe rubb]4 7#b7 ,te/s may be made z to ! behavi\r ( ! rubb] dur+ mill+ or ma/ication4 ,small bat*es are mill$ "u uni=m conditions1 pref]ably 9 an enclos$ ma/icator su* z ,bak] & ,p]k9s supply4 ,! p[] tak5 7z measur$ by ! curr5t tak5 to drive ! motor actuat+ ! ma*9e7 & ! "t are record$4 ,a fur!r te/ may be appli$ to ! mill$ or ma/icat$ rubb]1 to asc]ta9 ! am\nt & ! "t tak5 to incorporate a f9ely divid$ m9]al matt]1 su* z c>bon black1 z9c oxide1 or "o ( ! ref9$ clays4#ch ,! results are n v exact1 & ! diff]5ce 9 pla/icity & dryness not$ are usually less ?an f\nd :5 work+ ) full-siz$ ma*9es 9 ! factory4 7#c7 ,! rubb]1 ei!r raw or ma/icat$1 may be dissolv$ 9 a solv5t1 su* z b5z5e1 & ! viscosity ( ! solution measur$4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! less visc\s ! solution1 ! m pla/ic ! rubb]4 #ch ,bullet9 ,rubb] ,gr[]s' ,association1 ,janu>y1 #aiba1 p4 #dc2 ,augu/1 #aiba1 p4 #cdj4 ,! te/+ ( vulcanis$ rubb] has be5 treat$ 9 su* detail 9 ! rec5t works ( ,:itby#ci & ,de ,vries#dj t a few special po9ts only w be dealt ) "h4 ,! prep>ation ( samples = te/+ involves fir/ ! %eet+ ( ! mixture ( rubb]1 sulphur1 & o!r +r$i5ts1 if any4 ,! %eets may be #a to #b mm4 ?ick4 ,!y are s(t & adh]5t1 & mu/ be kept betwe5 lay]s ( calico to prev5t adhesion4 ,a %eet ( rubb] is !n built up by lay+ ?ree or f\r %eets ev5ly ^u "o ano!r1 & press+ toge!r to =m a %eet #e mm4 ?ick4 ,! ?ick %eet is !n r\ghly cut to %ape & vulcanis$ 9 a m\ld by heat+ 9 /eam "u pressure4 ,f ! vulcanis$ %eet s obta9$ ! r+s = te/+ are cut 7#de mm4 int]nal diamet]4 #e mm4 face1 & #d mm4 ?ick74 ,r+s obta9$ 9 ?is mann] w n v>y 9 diamet] or ?ickness 7reckon$ z sections ( a tube71 z ^! are controll$ by ! size ( ! pun*1 b w v>y a little 9 ! face1 z ?is is controll$ by ! ?ickness ( ! %eet1 :i* dep5ds on ! complet5ess ) :i* ! m\ld is clos$4 ,m rec5tly small] m\lds h be5 adopt$1 "o m\ld = ea* r+1 & an annul> space = moi/ure to develop a pressure dur+ vulcanis+ & prev5t porosity4 ,! m\lds are vulcanis$ 9 an oil ba?1 or ov5 ( "s description1 9 :i* a con/ant temp]ature is ma9ta9$4 ,i h adopt$ = "s ye>s a ?ird me?od4 ,! pr9ciple is t us$ 9 ! factory = mak+ annul>-%ap$ rubb] articles1 su* z wa%]s1 r+s1 ela/ic b&s1 etc4 ,an alum9ium m&rel1 #de mm4 ext]nal diamet]1 is tak51 & ! ?9 rubb] %eet is wrapp$ r\nd ?is1 s z to build up a tube ab\t #d mm4 ?ick1 ! surplus rubb] is cut (f1 & ! edge bevell$ ) a wet knife4 ,! manipulation w v>y some:at ) ! type ( comp\nd to be treat$2 ?us1 9 "s cases1 x is suffici5t to well roll ! tube ) a h& roll] to secure adhesion4 ,9 o!r cases x is bett] to wipe ! %eet ( comp\nd ) a rubb] solv5t previ\s to roll+4 ,9 ! latt] case "t mu/ be giv5 = ! solv5t to evaporate be=e vulcanis+4 ,! tube is next tightly wrapp$ 9 wet clo?1 & is !n ready = ! vulcanis]4 ,or ! tube may be enclos$ 9 m\lds :i* =m an out] circul> %ell & take ! place ( ! clo?1 b = mo/ purposes1 & 9 p>ticul> = ! rubb]-sulphur mix+ usually employ$1 x is suffici5t to use clo? to obta9 ev5 & regul> tubes4 ,! tube1 aft] vulcanis+1 is slipp$ on to a wood5 m&rel & cut into r+s on a la!4 ,( ^! r+s ! int]nal diamet] is con/ant1 = ?is is =m$ on ! m&rel1 also ! face1 :i* c be cut accurately 9 ! la!1 b ! ext]nal diamet]1 & consequ5tly ! ?ickness1 may v>y a little4 #ci ,plantation ,rubb] & ! ,te/+ ( ,rubb]4 #dj ,e/ate ,rubb]4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t all me?ods result 9 r+s ( approximately ! correct size1 & x is usual to *eck1 &1 if necess>y1 make an all[ance = v>iation 9 dim5sions4 ,x is n possible to d ?is1 ev5 approximately1 ) s(t rubb]s1 z ! rubb] gives "u ! pressure ( ! micromet]4 ,no d\bt a photographic me?od w\ld give m accurate results1 b w\ld take too long4 ,i h f\nd t a v close approximation is obta9able by weigh+ ! r+s z ! specific gravity ( ! /&>d rubb] mix is kn[n4 ,x is n necess>y to weigh ea* r+1 b ! :ole five or t5 tak5 = te/+ may be weigh$ toge!r4 ,! next po9t t arises is ! *oice ( a =mula = ! te/ mix4 ,practically all ! "w to date has be5 c>ri$ out on mixtures ( rubb] ) #g to #aj p] c5t4 ( sulphur4 ,= "s purposes--e4g41 detect+ v>iation 9 rate ( cure--?is mix+ is satisfactory1 b = o!r purposes x is n4 ,nor is ! behavi\r ( a rubb]-sulphur mix+ a sure guide to ! behavi\r ( "o conta9+ o!r +r$i5ts1 su* z li?>ge4 ,?us1 two samples vulcanis$ satisfactorily :5 mix$ ) sulphur only1 b "o ( !m gave unsatisfactory results 9 ! pres5ce ( li?>ge4 ,x has long be5 recognis$ t m9]al +r$i5ts may modify ! product :5 vulcanis$1 b ! modification is n necess>ily uni=m4 ,consequ5tly1 te/s %\ld also be made1 :5 practicable1 ) vulcanis$ rubb] conta9+ o!r +r$i5ts 9 addition to sulphur4 ,z reg>ds physical te/s on ! vulcanis$ products1 ^! usually involve det]m9ation ( break+ load & elongation at rupture 7usually record$ z f9al l5g?--t is1 includ+ ! orig9al l5g? reckon$ ei!r z unity or z #ajj units74 ,simultane\sly a load-/ret* curve is record$ on an autographic atta*m5t4 ,! type ( curve v>ies ) 7#a7 /ate ( cure1 or degree to :i* ! rubb] is vulcanis$2 7#b7 proportion ( sulphur &_/or o!r +r$i5ts2 7#c7 specific nature ( ! rubb] us$4 ,! la/ factor is almo/ negligible comp>$ ) ! two =m]--at any rate = av]age quality rubb]4 ,z 7#b7 is kept con/ant = any bat* ( te/s1 or ev5 = e te/1 x foll[s t ! load-/ret* curve is ma9ly dep5d5t on ! /ate ( cure1 & ! degree ( vulcanis+ may be measur$ by comp>+ ei!r ! elongation produc$ at a giv5 load or ! load produc$ at a giv5 elongation4 ,ei!r set ( figures is readily det]m9$ by measur+ up ! load-/ret* diagram4 ,! peculi> type ( ! curves has long be5 a subject ( comm5t & speculation4 ,special prop]ties h be5 attribut$ to ! slope or incl9ation ( ! upp] & approximately /raight portion ( ! curve4 ,accord+ to ! writ]'s inve/igations1 ! slope is l>gely dep5d5t on ! degree ( vulcanisation1 s t x is difficult to place z an index ( ! specific nature ( a rubb]4#da ,moreov]1 x has rec5tly be5 %[n t ! peculi> type ( curve giv5 by vulcanis$ rubb] is ! result ( plott+ ! load aga9/ ! sectional area ( ! un/ret*$ te/ piece1 :]eas ?is area decreases progressively z ! te/ piece /ret*es4 ,if ?is decrease be all[$ =1 ! curve obta9$ is an equilat]al hyp]bola4#db ,prelim9>y exp]im5ts ) rubb] comp\nd$ ) l>ge proportions ( f9ely divid$ m9]al matt]1 su* z c>bon black1 %[ t ! load-/ret* curves obta9$ autographically are likewise r$ucible to equilat]al hyp]bolae4 #da ,bullet9 ,r4,g4,a41 ,octob]1 #aiba1 p4 #cig4 #db ,hats*ek ,j\rnal ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind4 #aiba2 ,trans41 p4 #bea4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,! ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,rubb] ,?is section1 l ! la/1 is divisible into two subsections4 ,! fir/ deals ) raw rubb]1 ! second ) vulcanis$ rubb]4 ,we h already expla9$ t1 until rec5tly1 rubb] 0 n us$ 9 ! unvulcanis$ condition1 b t ! excell5t physical prop]ties ( plantation rubb] h made ?is possible4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! physical prop]ties ( raw rubb] ) t vulcanis$ ) sulphur4 ,a compact sample ( crepe z receiv$ f ! ,ea/ w give break+ /ra9 ( ov] #cj kilos p] sq4 cm4 & ov] #cjj p] c5t4 elongation4 ,:5 mix$ ) sulphur & vulcanis$1 a break+ /ra9 ( #aej kilos & elongation ( #a1jjj p] c5t4 are n unusual4 ,x is possible t crepe rubb] w\ld give high] figures if x c\ld be prep>$ 9 ! =m ( a compact r+1 z us$ = te/s on vulcanis$ rubb]4 ,9 any case1 ! figures = vulcanis$ rubb] are mu* 9 excess ( ^? = raw crepe rubb]4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t a break+ /ra9 ( #aej kilos is n p]man5t ) vulcanis$ rubb]1 = reasons :i* w be expla9$ lat]4#dc ,to obta9 a reasonably p]man5t vulcanis$ product1 ! vulcanisation w\ld n be c>ri$ fur!r ?an to give a figure ( #ajj kilos4 ,on ! o!r h&1 raw rubb] is rem>kable on acc\nt ( its great p]man5cy1 al?\gh subject to "s physical *anges at ord9>y atmosph]ic temp]atures4 ,t5sile te/s1 al?\gh valuable1 d n tell u all ab\t ! physical prop]ties ( a sample ( rubb]4 ,abrasion te/s1 or te/s design$ to measure resi/ance to we> & te>1 w\ld be m valuable1 b1 un=tunately1 ^! prop]ties d n l5d !mselves to simple te/s4 ,!re are gr\nds = believ+ t raw rubb] is sup]ior 9 "s respects to fully vulcanis$ rubb]1 if prep>$ )\t ! addition ( f9ely divid$ m9]al sub/ances :i* ex]t a t\gh5+ effect4 #dc ,j\rnal ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 #aiaf1 p4 #hgb4 ,%eet rubb] gives results 9 "s ways inf]ior to compact crepe rubb] :5 subject$ to physical te/s4 ,t5sile /r5g? seldom exce$s #ae kilos1 b ! elongation is usually high]--up to #fjj or #gjj p] c5t4 ,t is to say1 x /ret*es m1 b breaks m easily4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we take into consid]ation ! dim9ution 9 sectional area ( ! te/ piece dur+ /ret*+1 x w be se5 t crepe & %eet rubb] h comp5sat+ prop]ties4 ,z ?is matt] ( sectional area r$uction dur+ /ret*+ is important1 bo? = raw & vulcanis$ rubb]1 x may be briefly ref]r$ to "h4 ,:5 rubb] is /ret*$1 ! volume does n appreciably alt]--at any rate1 z reg>ds uncomp\nd$ rubb]4 ,h5ce ! r$uction ( sectional area on /ret*+ be>s a simple relation%ip to ! am\nt ( /ret*+4 ,if we d\ble ! l5g? ( ! te/ piece1 we halve ! sectional area2 if we treble ! l5g?1 we r$uce x to "o-?ird1 & s =?4 ,h5ce1 if we multiply ! break+ /ra9 by ! f9al l5g? 7i4e41 l5g? at break1 tak+ ! orig9al l5g? #a71 we obta9 a figure1 ! t5sile product1 :i* embodies bo? break+ /ra9 & /ret*+ capacity4 ,9 effect x gives u ! break+ /ra9 calculat$ on ! sectional area at ! mom5t ( rupture ( ! te/ piece4 ,adopt+ ?is =mula1 we obta9 = crepe-- ,t5sile ,f9al ,l5g?--i4e41 ,t5sile ,/r5g?4 ,elongation #a4 ,product4 #cj x #d #abj & = smok$ %eet #ae x #h #abj ,! diff]5ce 9 prop]ties betwe5 crepe & %eet may probably be attribut$ to ! heavi] roll+ ( ! crepe2 :i* compacts ! rubb]4 ,b if ! crepe is roll$ too mu*1 ! t5sile /r5g? falls1 & !re is no increas$ elongation to comp5sate4 ,= ! same reason1 crepe :i* has be5 r]oll$ 9 ?is c\ntry is inf]ior to crepe z receiv$ direct f ! plantation4 ,at ! mo/ x is p]missible to unite two or ?ree lay]s ( ?9 crepe to a ?ick] "o by a s+le passage ?r\gh ev5 spe$ roll]s1 if ! physical prop]ties ( ! orig9al rubb] are to be cons]v$4#dd #dd ,bullet9 ,r4,g4,a41 ,febru>y1 #aibb1 p4 #fd4 ,attempts to prep>e crepe = use 9 a raw /ate1 by r]oll+ unev5 or irregul> surfac$ crepe 9 ?is c\ntry1 only result 9 a rubb] ) inf]ior physical prop]ties4 ,nor c %eet be r]oll$ to give crepe ( good physical prop]ties4 ,! p[] requir$ to break d[n ! %eet & ! heat develop$1 ev5 on cold roll]s1 are an indication ( physical prop]ties de/roy$4 ,= subsequ5t vulcanisation ?is is n a matt] ( importance1 because ! vulcanis+ process re/ores to ! rubb] ! prop]ties :i* are lo/ 9 ! process ( roll+ & mill+ or ma/ication4 ,raw rubb] has be5 us$ to "s ext5t = pro(+ purposes1 z = ! manufacture ( mat]ial = hoods ( motor-c>s4 ,9 ?is case no attempt is made to pres]ve ! physical prop]ties4 ,! rubb] is ma/icat$1 mix$1 tak5 up ) solv5t & spread on ! clo? exactly z if x 7 to be vulcanis$4 ,,vulcanis$ ,,rubb]4--,we h already expla9$ t ! prop]ties ( vulcanis$ rubb] are dep5d5t1 to "s ext5t1 on ! specific nature ( ! raw rubb]1 or :at ,de ,vries t]ms ! inn] qualities4 ,t is to say1 diff]5ces appe> on vulcanis+ :i* are n app>5t f ! te/s made on ! raw rubb]4 ,inde$1 no inve/igation or analysis ( ! raw rubb] c enable "o to =esee exactly h[ ! rubb] w behave on vulcanisation4 ,?is illu/rates ! defici5cy 9 our k ( vulcanisation4 ,:5 deal+ ) s(t1 res9\s1 or decompos$ rubb]s1 x is safe to anticipate a weak vulcanis$ product2 b :5 we come to deal ) a numb] ( samples ( /&>d crepe or %eet--i4e41 %eet or crepe pass+ a c]ta9 /&>d ( appe>ance--x is f\nd t diff]5ces 9 vulcanis+ prop]ties _c be =ese54 ,?is matt] is1 h[ev]1 n s great a drawback z might be imag9$1 = reasonably well prep>$ consignm5ts ( /&>d crepe or %eet diff] b little f "o ano!r1 & ! diff]5ce is ma9ly 9 ! ease ) :i* !y break d[n1 or ! rate or spe$ ) :i* !y vulcanise1 & n ) ! prop]ties ( ! vulcanis$ product4 ,_m ( ! plantation scrap grades are equal to or ne>ly equal to /&>d2 b "s ( ^!1 z also ! rubb] produc$ by native hold]s1 %[ appreciable v>iation1 & are ! s\rce ( mo/ ( ! compla9ts :i* emanate f manufactur]s4 ,we %all consid] 9 turn ! diff]5t grades & ! effect ( ! usual surface defects1 su* z m\ld1 spots1 etc4 ,,crepe ,,rubb]4--,oil m>ks & tack9ess are ! mo/ s]i\s defects f ! manufactur+ /&po9t4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is book we h %[n t damage caus$ by ! s-call$ oil m>ks is n due to ! oil1 b to traces ( copp] f ! be>+s ( ! ma*9es4 ,!re are sev]al metallic comp\nds :i* cause det]ioration ( rubb] bo? raw & vulcanis$1 b copp] is ! mo/ deadly1 & rubb] %[+ signs ( det]ioration is rightly reject$ by ! manufactur]s4 ,! only o!r defect ( crepe rubb] :i* has any be>+ on its use 9 manufacture is m\ld4 ,crepe rubb] v seldom %[s ! ord9>y surface m\lds n uncommon 9 %eet-rubb]4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 microscopic gr[?s :i* cause ! developm5t ( col\r$ spots ref]r$ to 9 detail 9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is book4 ,! rubb] hydroc>bon itself does n appe> to be affect$ by ! m\lds1 b "s ( ! s]um con/itu5ts are alt]$1 ) ! result t ! rubb] vulcanises m sl[ly ?an x o!rwise w\ld d4 ,= ?is reason1 crepe rubb] ) col\r$ spots may give rise to tr\ble 9 ! factory4 ,,%eet ,,rubb]4--,! commone/ defect is m\ld4#de ,?is is usually ( a light surface type1 easily bru%$ (f1 & numb]s ( vulcanis+ te/s fail$ to trace any r$uction 9 rate ( vulcanis+ or o!r defect due to ?is4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ! h>mlessness ( light surface m\lds1 !y are look$ ^u ) suspicion by ! manufactur]4 ,occasionally samples ( smok$ %eet are (f]$ contam9at$ ) a heavy type ( m\ld4 ,! %eet feels damp & heavy or flabby1 & conta9s an excess ( moi/ure2 sometimes a moi/ exudation is noticeable on ! surface1 & virg9 pat*es are pres5t4 ,su* %eet vulcanises m sl[ly ?an ,f4,a4,q4 samples1 b does n necess>ily %[ o!r defects aft] wa%+ & dry+4 #de ,bullet9 ,r4,g4,a41 ,febru>y1 #aiba1 p4 #ig2 ,april1 #aiba1 p4 #aij2 ,june1 #aiba1 p4 #bdc2 ,novemb]1 #aiba1 p4 #dgb4 ,/ret*+ ru/y1 z already expla9$1 is due to a dry film on ! surface ( ! %eet1 & accord+ to a rec5t inve/igation1 ?is film consi/s1 n ( s]um sub/ances1 b ( a microscopic m\ld gr[?1 :i* presumably gr[s on ! s]um sub/ances4 ,a sample ( %eet :i* /ret*es ru/y gives ! rubb] a dry appe>ance1 & = a long "t manufactur]s mi/ook ! surface film = res94 ,on ! assumption t su* rubb] 0 res9\s !y reject$ x1 & to ?is day x is reg>d$ z a defect1 al?\gh x has no influ5ce on ! vulcanis+ prop]ties ( ! rubb]4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to po9t out t defective appe>ance1 su* z is due to ?ick5$ edges1 fa9t m>k+s1 bubbles1 & s =?1 h no effect on ! vulcanis+ prop]ties ( ! rubb]4 ,!y only po9t to "s irregul>ity or c>elessness 9 prep>ation4 ,! only ju/ification = di/+ui%+ betwe5 rubb] ( good & bad appe>ance is t ! =m] be>s ! impress ( c>eful prep>ation1 & is !re=e m likely to be uni=m 9 rate ( vulcanis+4 ,simil> consid]ations apply to ! col\r ( smok$ %eet1 :i* may v>y f a pale yell[-br[n1 ?r\gh v>i\s %ades ( r$-br[n to d>k br[n4 ,!re are v>i\s factors affect+ ! col\r1 b ! buy] c see b "o--viz41 ! degree ( smok+--& ! rubb]1 f 8 po9t ( view1 may be und]smok$ or ov]smok$4 ,no d\bt ! degree ( smok+ affects ! vulcanis+ prop]ties1 b to a less ext5t ?an 0 at "o "t imag9$4 ,9 a rec5t pap]#df x has be5 %[n t ! av]age break+ /ra9 & rate ( cure ( a numb] ( samples ( smok$ %eets 7 practically ! same = light z = d>k %eets4 #df ,bullet9 ,r4,g4,a41 ,decemb]1 #aiba1 p4 #eba4 ,,v>iation ,,9 ,,physical ,,prop]ties4--,a v l>ge numb] ( te/s on vulcanis$ specim5s ( plantation rubb] h be5 c>ri$ out4 ,! rubb] 0 almo/ inv>iably mix$ ) #g to #aj p] c5t4 ( sulphur1 & no o!r +r$i5t1 & vulcanis$ to give ! maximal break+ load4 ,un=tunately1 ?is det]m9ation is subject to a v appreciable exp]im5tal error1 s t a l>ge numb] ( det]m9ations are necess>y to give a reliable figure4 ,x is q impracticable to make a l>ge numb] ( det]m9ations 9 r\t9e te/+1 on acc\nt ( ! lab\r involv$4 ,x is usual to make five1 or possibly t51 det]m9ations1 al?\gh "s inve/igators h be5 cont5t ) two4 ,x is g5]ally conc$$ t any exceptionally l[ figures %\ld be ignor$1 z probably caus$ by "s flaw or irregul>ity 9 ! te/ piece4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a /udy ( actual det]m9ations %[s an occasional excessively high figure1 & x is que/ion$ :e!r ?is also %\ld be left out ( acc\nt4 ,o!rs ignore all except ! highe/ figure1 & take ?is to repres5t ! true break+ /ra94 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! figures publi%$ by diff]5t work]s %[ consid]able v>iation4 ,de ,vries has analys$ a l>ge numb] ( ! figures obta9$ 9 sy/ematic exam9ation ( e/ate samples1 & has con/ruct$ curves to illu/rate ! results4#dg ,x is op5 to "q h[ f> ! v>iations %[n are attributable to exp]im5tal error4 ,! figures %[1 h[ev]1 t ! v>iation 9 break+ /ra9 is relatively small1 & n v diff]5t = crepe & %eet rubb]4 ,9 our op9ion1 undue importance %\ld n be atta*$ to v high or exceptionally high figures = break+ /ra91 :i* are occasionally met )4 ,provid$ ! figure does n fall mu* bel[ ! av]age1 ! sample may be reg>d$ z satisfactory4 ,x is v seldom t any sample ( fir/ latex e/ate rubb] does n %[ satisfactory figures4 #dg ,e/ate ,rubb]1 p4 #dff4 ,,! ,,rate ,,( ,,cure ,,or ,,rate ,,( ,,vulcanisation is subject to m exact measurem5t1 :e!r ?is be bas$ on ! physical or ! *emical prop]ties ( ! rubb]4 ,if ! te/+ ma*9e be provid$1 z is usual1 ) an autographic atta*m5t1 ! position ( ! curves trac$ on ! record+ pap] gives a measurem5t ( ! rate ( cure4 ,^! load-/ret* curves1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made1 take up a def9ite position 9 accordance ) ! physical prop]ties2 x is only ! l5g? ( ! curve1 or ! po9t :]e x t]m9ates 7:i* gives ! break+ /ra9 & elongation at break71 :i* is l>gely =tuit\s4 ,z a measure ( rate ( cure we may take ! actual measurem5ts made on ! record4#dh ,x is conv5i5t to measure ! elongation produc$ by a load ( #acj kilos p] sq4 cm41 z all fully vulcanis$ r+s ( s(t rubb] %\ld give high] break+ load figures4 ,= less cur$ or weak] samples a l[] figure may be tak51 su* z #fj kilos4 ,we h f\nd t :5 fully vulcanis$ to give ! maximal break+ /ra91 ! elongation at a load ( #acj kilos is 9 ! neighb\rhood ( #hej p] c5t4 7f9al l5g? #iej p] c5t474 ,?is applies to ord9>y samples ( e/ate rubb] "u ! conditions ( te/+ indicat$ above4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! proportion ( sulphur be consid]ably r$uc$1 or m9]al +r$i5ts 9 a f9e /ate ( division be add$ to ! mix+1 or accel]ators1 :e!r organic or inorganic1 be employ$1 ! above relation%ip no long] holds4 ,nor does x hold ) reg>d to plantation rubb] prep>$ 9 an exceptional mann]1 z1 = in/ance1 matur$ coagulum or slab4 #dh ,bullet9 ,r4,g4,a41 ,june1 #aiba1 p4 #bdf4 ,!re is a second me?od ( det]m9+ ! rate ( cure--namely1 by analys+ a vulcanisate produc$ "u /&>d conditions1 & det]m9+ ! am\nt ( sulphur :i* has ent]$ into *emical comb9ation ) ! rubb]4 ,= ?is purpose ! weigh$ sample is cut ?9 or crep$ ?91 & exhau/ively extract$ ) acetone to remove any free sulphur--t is1 sulphur n 9 comb9ation ) ! rubb]4 ,! sulphur rema9+ is !n det]m9$ & calculat$ z a p]c5tage ( ! raw rubb] conta9$ 9 ! sample tak54 ,?is gives ! s-call$ coeffici5t ( vulcanisation4 ,if we comp>e ! coeffici5t ) ! "t ( cure at a con/ant temp]ature = an ord9>y sample ( plantation rubb]1 !y are f\nd to be approximately proportional1 s long z ! sulphur is 9 suffici5t excess4 ,! am\nt ( comb9$ sulphur is1 !re=e1 an index ( ! "t vulcanisation has be5 9 progress 7"u /&>d conditions ( temp]ature1 etc471 &1 !re=e1 ! coeffici5t is a measure ( ! rate ( cure4 ,! *ange 9 position ( ! load-/ret* curve is n directly proportional to ! "t ( heat+1 & x !re=e foll[s t x is also n directly proportional to ! coeffici5t4 ,= ord9>y samples ( crepe & %eet ! relation%ip is1 h[ev]1 n v f> remov$ f proportionality4 ,?is applies p>ticul>ly to %eet rubb]4 ,! relation%ip is readily se5 on plott+ "o aga9/ ! o!r & trac+ ! curves4 ,= %eet we get an almo/ /raight l9e2 = crepe !re is "s curvature4#di ,= ord9>y e/ate samples ( %eet & crepe rubb] ! maximal break+ /ra9 is obta9$ :5 ! coeffici5t rea*es approximately five units1 s t ?is corresponds to ! elongation ( #hej p] c5t4 at a load ( #acj kilos4 #di ,bullet9 ,r4,g4,a41 ,june1 #aiba1 p4 #bdf1 ,octob]1 #aiba1 p4 #cih4 ,ei!r physical or *emical me?ods may1 !re=e1 be us$ = det]m9+ ! rate ( cure ( ord9>y %eet or crepe rubb]1 b great c>e mu/ be tak5 :5 int]pret+ ! results obta9$ ) rubb] prep>$ 9 an unusual mann]4 ,! rate ( cure may be express$ 9 t]ms ( ! "t tak5 to vulcanise ! rubb] at a con/ant temp]ature 79 our case #ach deg4 ,c471 s z to give an elongation ( #hej p] c5t4 at a load ( #acj kilos1 or to give a coeffici5t ( five units4 ,! high] ! figure s obta9$1 ! sl[] cur+ ! rubb]4 ,to express ! results m directly z rate ( cure1 we h adopt$ ! plan ( tak+ an av]age crepe rubb]1 call+ ! rate ( cure #ajj units1 & express+ ! rate ( cure ( o!r samples 9 ^! t]ms4 ,?us1 a sample :i* gave a coeffici5t ( f\r only1 9 ! "t tak5 by ! /&>d to give a coeffici5t ( five1 w\ld h a rate ( cure f\r-fif?s ( ! /&>d1 t is1 #hj2 or if a sample takes only two h\rs to give an elongation ( #hej p] c5t41 :]eas ! /&>d takes ?ree h\rs1 ! rate ( cure ( ! sample w be #c_/b ( /&>d or #aej4ej #ej ,j\rnal ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 #aiah1 p4 #bhj4 ,z /at$1 ! coeffici5t is approximately directly proportional to ! "t ( cure2 x is also indep5d5t ( ! proportion ( sulphur1 if 9 fair excess1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( in]t +r$i5ts4 ,x is also indep5d5t ( ! am\nt ( ma/ication giv5 to ! orig9al raw rubb]1 h[ev] great4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! position ( ! load-/ret* curve is v>i\sly modifi$ by ^! factors--9 "s respects1 !re=e1 ! coeffici5t is a m reliable index4 ,h[ev]1 ! coeffici5t is influ5c$ by accel]ators1 s t "h also great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ :5 int]pret+ results4 ,= ! purpose ( detect+ v>iations 9 rate ( cure1 x is be/ to *oose a mix+ :i* is p>ticul>ly s5sitive4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re mu/ be an ample excess ( sulphur2 & 9 ! second place1 no +r$i5t %\ld be add$ :i* w complicate ! load-/ret* curves1 & no accel]ators %\ld be pres5t :i* may possibly t5d to obscure ! vulcanis+ prop]ties ( ! rubb] itself4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 !re=e1 t ! be/ mix+ to use consi/s ( rubb] ) an excess ( sulphur--say1 9 ! proportion #i3a )\t o!r +r$i5ts4 ,! rate ( cure ( a specim5 ( plantation rubb] is attribut$ to ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 natural vulcanis+ cataly/s1 because x is f\nd t c>efully purifi$ raw rubb] 7t is1 ) ! res9\s & nitrog5\s con/itu5ts remov$7 vulcanises v sl[ly or h>dly at all1 b t on replac+ ! extract$ matt] ! rate ( vulcanis+ is re/or$4 ,! natural cataly/s conta9$ 9 ! extract$ matt] are influ5c$ to a v>y+ degree by "s ( ! common +r$i5ts ( manufactur$ rubb] articles4 ,?is applies p>ticul>ly to li?>ge 7oxide ( lead71 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,?us1 acetone extraction ( raw rubb] to remove res9\s matt] has b little effect on ! vulcanis+ prop]ties ( a mixture ( rubb] & sulphur4 ,b if li?>ge be a con/itu5t1 x is f\nd t acetone-extract$ rubb] w h>dly vulcanise at all4 ,f ?is1 x foll[s t a rubb] giv+ a l[ acetone extract may be f\nd to vulcanise exceptionally sl[ly 9 a mix+ conta9+ li?>ge1 :]eas x %[s no su* defect :5 comp\nd$ ) sulphur only4#ea ,li?>ge is us$ to a v l>ge ext5t1 z x has a balanc+ effect 9 a rubb] comp\nd--t is to say1 x all[s ( appreciable v>iation 9 vulcanis+ conditions1 )\t correspond+ alt]ation 9 ! /ate ( cure4#eb #ea ,j\rnal ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 #aiaf1 p4 #hgd4 #eb ,ibid41 #aiae1 p4 #ebd4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,factors ,,9 ,,raw ,,rubb] ,,prep>ation ,,on ,,! ,,rate ,,( ,,cure1 ,,or ,,rate ,,( ,,vulcanisation4--,z ! capacity ( a rubb] = vulcanisation dep5ds on ! pres5ce ( small quantities ( accessory sub/ances 9 ! s]um :i* act z cataly/s1 ! rate ( vulcanisation 7or cur+7 w dep5d on ! nature & quantity ( su* sub/ances pres5t 9 ! rubb]4 ,a v small quantity ( ^! sub/ances has a consid]able influ5ce on rate ( vulcanis+1 & z ! sub/ances are difficult to isolate & id5tify1 our k ( _! =mation & *emical nature is n z def9ite z is desirable4 ,sub/ances h be5 isolat$ hav+ ! *>act]i/ics ( simpl] bases4 ,bodies ( ?is class are =m$ by putrefaction ( organic matt]1 & c be sep>at$ 9 mu* l>g] quantity f coagulat$ latex1 :i* has be5 all[$ to putrefy be=e work+ up ?an f su* :i* has be5 work$ up )\t giv+ "t = an appreciable am\nt ( putrefaction to take place4 ,fur!r1 rubb] f putrefi$ coagulum vulcanis$ mu* fa/] ?an t ord9>ily prep>$1 s t we are ju/ifi$ 9 connect+ ! putrefaction bases ) ! rate ( vulcanisation4 ,moreov]1 x has be5 %[n t any treatm5t ( ! latex or coagulum :i* inhibits ! developm5t ( putrefactive organisms also prev5ts ! rubb] vulcanis+ z fa/ z w\ld o!rwise h be5 ! case4#ec ,also1 ! crude bases isolat$ f fa/ vulcanis+ rubb] h ! p[] ( increas+ ! rate ( vulcanisation :5 add$ to ord9>y sl[ vulcanis+ rubb]4#ed #ec ,eaton & ,co-work]s3 ,see ,bullet9 ,no4 #bg1 ,f4,m4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 #ed ,j\rnal ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 #aiag1 p4 #cfe4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are "o or two facts :i* are difficult al?\gh n impossible to fit 9 ) !ory4 ,?us1 al?\gh ! putrefaction bases are v easily soluble 9 wat] & acetone1 !y _c be remov$ by wa%+ on ! crep+ roll]s1 or by acetone extraction4 ,?is may be due to ! p[] ( colloidal sub/ances to reta9 o!r cry/alloidal sub/ances1 su* z ! bases1 :i*1 9 consequ5ce1 _c be wa%$ out4 ,a p>allel case is ! ret5tion ( small quantities ( wat] soluble sub/ances 9 ! soil4 ,also1 ! !ory does n expla9 :y rubb] obta9$ by evaporation ( latex at relatively high temp]atures is fa/ vulcanis+1 al?\gh ! possibility ( putrefaction is exclud$4 ,z reg>ds practical results1 x foll[s t ! rate ( vulcanisation 7or cure7 ( a sample ( rubb] w dep5d on ! "t all[$ to elapse betwe5 ! collection ( ! latex & treatm5t till ! rubb] is dry1 z also on atmosph]ic conditions4 ,?us1 sl[ dry+ w result 9 an increas$ rate ( cure1 = x gives an opportunity = putrefactive organisms to play a "p4 ,! results w1 h[ev]1 be influ5c$ by ! ext5t to :i* ! rubb] 0 wa%$ previ\s to hang+1 & s =?4 ,smok+ is an antiseptic process & w1 !re=e1 t5d to inhibit ! action ( micro-organisms & produce a sl[] vulcanis+ rubb]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 %eet conta9s m s]um ?an crepe1 s t !re is m food mat]ial = gr[? ( micro-organisms4 ,! net result is to give a rubb] 7%eet7 :i* usually vulcanises a little fa/] ?an crepe4 ,among o!r factors controll+ ! rate ( cure1 special m5tion %\ld be made ( ! nature & am\nt ( coagulants4 ,weak organic acids1 su* z acetic1 lactic1 t>t>ic1 etc41 us$ 9 ! m9imal proportions 7#a to #a1bjj ( /&>dis$ latex 9 ! case ( acetic acid71 give ! fa/e/ vulcanis+ rubb]2 /rong m9]al acids1 su* z sulphuric acid1 ev5 :5 us$ 9 ! m9imal proportions 7#a to #b1jjj71 yield sl[] vulcanis+ rubb]4 ,acid salts1 su* z alum1 are int]m$iate 9 effect4 ,increas$ proportions ( coagulant cause a r$uction 9 rate ( vulcanis+ ) all coagulants1 & ! effect is lea/ noticeable 9 crepe rubb]1 int]m$iate 9 %eet rubb]1 & mo/ pron\nc$ 9 slab rubb] 7discuss$ bel[74#ee #ee ,bullet9 ,r4,g4,a41 ,july1 #aiai1 p4 #ci2 ,septemb]1 #aibj1 p4 #cdc2 ,novemb]1 #aibj1 p4 #dcc2 ,octob]1 #aiba1 p4 #cic2 ,m>*1 #aibb1 p4 #acd4 ,,o!r ,,types ,,( ,,plantation ,,rubb]4--,we h up to n[ conf9$ our att5tion to ord9>y ?9 air-dri$ crepe & smok$ %eet1 z almo/ all plantation rubb] is n[ m>ket$ 9 "o or o!r ( ^! two =ms4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r types1 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ important is ! ?ick blanket crepe1 made *iefly 9 ,ceylon by roll+ toge!r ?9 crepe1 :i* has be5 artificially dri$ 7,colombo dri] or vacuum dri]74 ,! heat ( ! dri]s causes a surface /ick9ess1 :i* is got rid ( by roll+ sev]al ?9 lay]s toge!r to give "o ?ick "o4 ,?is rubb] vulcanises at ab\t ! same rate z ord9>y ?9 crepe1 = ! relatively high temp]ature ( dry+ does n appe> to influ5ce ! rate ( cure4 ,! rubb] is g5]ally s(t] ?an air-dri$ crepe1 & is easily let d[n 9 naph?a2 x is1 !re=e1 suitable = "s solution "w4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! prop]ties ( blanket crepe d n diff] mat]ially f ord9>y ?9 crepe4 ,ano!r type ( rubb] seldom met ) is matur$ slab or crepe1 prep>$ f x4 ,?is type ( rubb] is be+ made 9 small quantities on "o or two e/ates1 :o supply direct to ! manufactur]4 ,! me?od ( prep>ation has already be5 describ$4 ,x is unsuitable = sale 9 ! op5 m>ket1 z x conta9s a v>iable am\nt ( moi/ure1 has ! v>i\s surface defects su* z slime1 m\ld1 & ru/1 & !re is ! additional disadvantage t x is n easy to judge ( its cleanl9ess or fre$om f co>se impurities by inspection4 ,if ! slab rubb] be crep$ & air-dri$ on ! spot1 ! product is ( satisfactory appe>ance1 except t x is ( l[ col\r & may be /reak$4 ,z ! crepe s produc$ vulcanises almo/ z fa/ z ! orig9al slab1 ! crepe embodies all ! advantages ( a fa/ cur+ rubb] ) few ( ! disadvantages ( ! slab itself4 ,we h made exp]im5ts f "t to "t1 & f\nd t by a judici\s use ( sodium bisulphite x is possible to produce a fa/ vulcanis+ crepe rubb] suffici5tly ev5 & light 9 col\r to satisfy ! ,/&>ds ,committee4 ,a fa/ cur+ raw rubb] is n necess>ily a desirable type = all manufactur+ purposes4 ,9 ! vulcanis+ ( l>ge masses ( rubb]1 a sl[] r ?an a fa/] vulcanis+ rubb] may be desirable1 s z to give ample "t = ! heat to p5etrate & spread ev5ly ?r\gh\t ! mass4 ,b = _m purposes a fa/ cur+ rubb] enables a l>g] output to be obta9$1 s t artificial organic accel]ators are com+ m & m into use4 ,! addition ( su* accel]ators might be obviat$1 if a suitable fa/ cur+ rubb] 7 available1 b x is ess5tial t su* rubb] %\ld be uni=m4 ,x is j 9 ?is respect t slab rubb] or crepe made !refrom is f\nd to be defici5t4#ef ,! rate ( cure dep5ds on ! functions ( wild bact]ia1 :i* are naturally s5sitive to *anges ( conditions1 su* z temp]ature1 etc4 ,! coagulat$ rubb] dep5ds on *ance circum/ances = infection1 &1 z a natural result1 ! activity ( ! bact]ia & ! nature & am\nts ( active vulcanis+ ag5t produc$ w v>y & be difficult to control4 ,consequ5tly1 ! rate ( cure ( slab rubb] %[s consid]ably great] v>iation ?an ord9>y crepe or %eet4#eg ,?is1 9 our op9ion1 is ! ma9 difficulty ( utilis+ slab1 or crepe prep>$ f x4 ,exp]i5ce 9 o!r indu/ries1 us+ micro-organisms1 has %[n t ! only me?od ( control has be5 to replace ! wild gr[?s by cultures ( "s p>ticul> /ra91 z1 = in/ance1 9 yea/s = brew+4 ,to control ! rate ( cure ( slab1 x might be possible to use a special culture = ! purpose4 #ef ,bullet9 ,r4,g4,a41 ,janu>y1 #aibj1 p4 #f2 ,janu>y1 #aiba1 p4 #dg4 #eg ,ibid41 ,janu>y1 #aibj1 p4 #fh4 ,o!r less usual me?ods ( prep>ation1 ref]r$ to 9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is book1 d n call = p>ticul> m5tion1 z ! prop]ties ( ! rubb] d n diff] mu* f ord9>y %eet or crepe4 ,x is ma9ly a matt] ( v>iation 9 rate ( cure4 ,?is %ort acc\nt ( ! vulcanis+ prop]ties ( plantation rubb] w\ld n be complete )\t a ref]5ce to ,f9e ,h>d ,p>a1 ! premi] rubb] ( ! ,amazon4 ,?is rubb] has come to be reg>d$ z ! /&>d high-grade product ) :i* plantation rubb] may be comp>$1 & _m manufactur]s are /ill ( ! op9ion t x is unsurpass$ by any plantation product4 ,yet1 :5 subject$ to ! ord9>y vulcanis+ te/s1 we f9d t samples ( ,f9e ,h>d ,p>a give figures v simil> to av]age plantation rubb]2 inde$1 x is n difficult to f9d specim5s ( plantation rubb] :i* give appreciably high] figures on te/+4 ,x is claim$1 h[ev]1 t ,f9e ,p>a is m uni=m ?an plantation rubb]1 & c be reli$ on always to give ! same results4 ,yet te/s on a s]ies ( ,f9e ,h>d ,p>a specim5s gave v>iations 9 rate ( cure simil> to ^? f\nd = plantation4 ,"s figures 7 publi%$1 :i* t5d$ to %[ t ! v>iation 0 small] = ,f9e ,p>a1 b x turn$ out t ea* ( ! samples tak5 = exam9ation consi/$ actually ( a numb] ( slices cut f diff]5t balls1 s t great] uni=mity 0 n unexpect$4#eh ,! sup]iority ( ,f9e ,p>a is1 !re=e1 some:at ( a my/]y4 ,x is probable t "s manufactur]s pref] to use x because !y feel saf] ) x1 & "k actually h[ x w behave f long exp]i5ce4 ,9 "o respect ,f9e ,p>a is possibly sup]ior to mo/ plantation rubb]--t is1 = ! prep>ation ( raw rubb] solution = /ick+ ! seams ( wat]pro( g>m5ts1 & = simil> purposes4 ,! me?od ( prep>ation may well influ5ce ! /r5g? ( ! raw rubb] :5 us$ = ?is purpose4 ,plantation rubb] has be5 prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z ,brazilian ,p>a1 9 p>ticul> on an e/ate 9 ,java4 ,! product resembles ,brazilian ,p>a 9 appe>ance4 ,vulcanis+ te/s gave satisfactory figures1 b1 z already /at$1 ?is w\ld n s]ve to %[ t ! rubb] 0 equal to ,brazilian ,p>a f ! manufactur]'s /&po9t4 #eh ,bullet9 ,r4,g4,a41 ,septemb]1 #aibj1 p4 #cdg4 ,,index ,acetic acid1 #gd1 #bgi ,acid1 acetic1 #gd1 #bgi --1 c>bonic1 gas1 #bhi --1 =mic1 #bgi --1 hydro*loric1 #bhb --1 hydr(luoric1 #bhb --1 mix+1 ) latex1 #gi --1 nitric1 #bhb --1 oxalic1 #bgi --1 pyroligne\s1 #bhb --1 quantity (1 #gf --1 sulphuric1 #bgi1 #bhf ,acids = coagulation1 effect (1 on rate ( cure1 #cbc --1 quantities necess>y = mod]n requirem5ts1 #gh ,air-dry+1 aids to normal1 #adc --1 ( crepe1 rate (1 #ach --1 progress (1 #adj ,alcohol1 coagulation )1 #bhi ,alum1 coagulation )1 #bhb ,anti-coagulant = transport1 #fa ,anti-coagulants1 #df ,artificial dri]s1 #acc1 #adh ,a% on %eet1 #bgf ,assembl+ cases = %ipm5t1 #aef ,bags = pack+1 #aed ,bakau1 #adg ,bales = pack+1 #aed ,b>k 9 crepe1 #bcb -- -- %av+s1 #ef1 #abc -- -- %eet1 #bgf ,bases 9 vulcanis$ rubb]1 #cbb ,basket plants1 #aj ,blanket crepe1 prop]ties (1 #cbd ,blemi%es ( surface1 #beb ,bli/] 9 %eet1 #bgb ,block rubb]1 #abi1 #bdf ,break+ d[n ( rubb]1 #cjd -- load ( te/ piece1 #caa ,bubbles 9 %eet1 #bfi ,build+s1 #aei ,bulk+ latex1 #fi ,byrne cur+ process1 #bgj ,cal5d]$ %eet1 #cjd ,c>bon dioxide1 #bhi ,c>bonic acid gas1 #bhi ,cases1 *oice (1 = pack+1 #aec ,cataly/s1 natural1 9 rubb]1 #cab --1 vulcanis+1 #cab ,c5tralisation ( factories1 #bba ,*9ese v9eg>1 #bhf ,*9osol1 #bch ,*ula dri]1 #adh ,clipp+s1 %eet1 #bge ,coagulant1 #aaa --1 *oice (1 #gd1 #bgh --1 quantity (1 #aac ,coagulation1 #gd1 #aaa -- c5tres1 #fb --1 premature1 #df --1 spontane\s1 #bid -- ) alcohol1 #bhi -- -- sug>s1 #bhg -- -- v>i\s salts1 #bhh ,coagulum1 s(t1 #bdi --1 spongy und]surface (1 #bdi --1 te>+ (1 #bdi --1 transport (1 #ei1 #fc --1 work+ (1 #ajc ,coeffici5t ( vulcanisation1 #cai ,collect+ latex1 #ch -- pails1 #dh ,collection1 advantages ( e>ly1 #fj ,combu/ion1 rate (1 9 smoke h\se1 #aia ,comp\nd crepes1 #abf -- -- ,no4 #a1 #aea -- -- ,no4 #b1 #aea ,cont5ts ( cases1 weight (1 #aef ,copp] salts1 cause ( tack9ess1 #bdc ,cotton fibre 9 crepe1 #bcj ,creosotic sub/ances1 #adf ,crepe1 air-dry+ (1 #acb --1 b>k 91 #bcb --1 be>+ ( defects 91 on manufacture1 #caf --1 bisulphite /reaks 91 #bce --1 col\r ( f9e1 #aad --1 dirt 91 #bbg --1 dirty edges (1 #bbe --1 dry+ h\ses =1 #agh --1 fibre 91 #bcj --1 g5]al /yle ( f9i%1 #bbc --1 grades (1 #aej --1 gre5i%1 tacky /reaks 91 #bbh --1 iron /a9s on1 #bbe ,crepe1 ,no4 #a f9e pale1 #aaj --1 oil m>ks on1 #bbf --1 oxidation /reaks 91 #bcd --1 rate ( air-dry+ (1 #ach --1 ru/ /a9s on1 #bbf --1 smok$1 #acj --1 surface m\lds on1 #bda --1 weight increas$ 9 dry+ h\se1 #ada --1 yell[ latex /reaks 91 #bcd -- rubb]1 defects 91 #bbc -- --1 l[] grades (1 #abj -- --1 prep>ation (1 #aaj -- --1 t5sile /r5g? (1 #cac ,cups1 clean+1 #dj --1 wat] 91 #dd ,cure1 rate (1 #cah ,cur+1 #cjg ,da ,co/a process1 #bij ,dec5tralisation ( factories1 #bba ,defects ( %eet1 infrequ5t1 #bgf ,d]ry process1 #bic ,designs & lay\t ( tanks1 #agf ,dirt 9 %eet1 #bgf ,discoloration ( rubb]1 d>k1 #bdi ,dra9s = tanks1 #agf ,dri]1 ,colombo ,comm]cial ,company's1 #acf ,dri]s1 artificial--= crepe rubb]1 #acc -- --1 = %eet rubb]1 #adh --1 ,*ula1 #adh --1 vacuum1 #acd ,drum furnaces1 horizontal1 #ahi ,dry+ *amb]1 floor (1 #ahg -- --1 arrangem5ts (1 #ahf -- h\ses = crepe1 #agh -- --1 hot air1 #ahb -- --1 v5tilation (1 #ahe -- --1 w9d[s (1 #ahe -- ( rubb]1 #acb --1 p]iod (1 #ade --1 rate (1 effect on rate ( cure1 #cbc ,e>? scrap1 #abd -- --1 collection (1 #eh ,edges1 ?ick5$1 aft] roll+1 #bea ,elongation ( te/ piece1 #caa ,ends1 ?ick5$1 aft] roll+1 #bea ,eng9es1 #agj --1 position (1 #agd ,factories1 #agb --1 c5tralisation (1 #bba --1 dec5tralisation (1 #bba --1 numb] ( floors1 #agd1 #agh --1 v5tilation (1 #ahj --1 w9d[s (1 #aha ,factory build+s1 situation (1 #baf --1 *oos+ site =1 #bbj --1 ideal arrangem5t (1 #afb -- op]ation1 #fe ,fibre cotton1 9 crepe1 #bcj ,field ma9t5ance1 #ac ,f9e h>d ,p>a prop]ties (1 #cbe ,fir/ latex & o!r grades1 p]c5tage (1 #ei ,floor ( dry+ *amb]1 #ahg -- factories1 #agc -- furnace room1 #aif ,=mal91 #hg ,=mic acid1 #gd1 #bgi ,=mula = te/ mix1 #caa ,freez+ 7coagulation7 process1 #bic ,fuel1 consumption (1 #aif ,fuels = smok+1 #adf ,furnace room1 floor (1 #aif -- --1 ,petal+ type (1 #aib ,furnaces1 horizontal drum1 #ahi --1 pot1 #ahh ,g]m9ation1 #f ,grades1 numb] (1 #aea ,grad+1 #aej ,graft+1 #h ,grass squ>es1 #ad ,greas9ess be=e smok+1 #beb -- ( surface1 #beh ,grit 9 crepe1 #bcb ,h& roll+ %eets1 #ajd ,hevea ,brasili5sis1 #a ,hot air dry+ h\ses1 #ahb ,hydro*loric acid1 #bhb ,hydr(luoric acid1 #bhb ,ilck5-,d[n process1 #bih ,in/rum5ts1 me?od ( us+1 #ajj --1 record+1 #add --1 /&>dis+1 #ih ,lallang1 eradication (1 #ae ,latex1 bulk+1 #fi -- cups1 *oice (1 #dj --1 decomposition (1 9 ! field1 #bgj --1 fir/ & o!r grades1 p]c5tage (1 #ei --1 fir/ quality1 #aej --1 mix+ acid )1 #gi --1 mix+ sodium bisulphite solution )1 #aag --1 prelim9>y treatm5t (1 #fe --1 reception (1 at ! /ore1 #fe --1 /&>d1 #if --1 /&>disation (1 #fi1 #aaj --1 /ra9+1 #fg --1 transport (1 #ei ,light1 importance (1 9 factories1 #agb ,li?>ge1 #cab ,load /ret* curve1 #cab1 #cai1 #cbj1 #cba ,l[ grade rubb]s1 fibr\s matt] 91 #abd ,l[] grade rubb]1 c>e 9 manufacture1 #abi ,lubrication ( ma*9es1 #aff ,lump rubb]1 naturally coagulat$1 #abj ,ma*9]y1 #aei ,ma*9es1 access to1 #afi --1 adequacy (1 #afj --1 arrangem5t (1 #afh --1 lubrication (1 #aff --1 position (1 #agc --1 %eet+1 #aff --1 spe$ (1 #afb ,mangrove1 #adg ,m>k+ %eets1 #aje ,metrolac1 #ih1 #ajj ,mi*ie-,goll$ge sy/em1 #ach ,mildew on surface1 #bfj ,milky residue on s]um1 #bdi ,mix+ acid ) latex1 #gi ,moi/ glaze ( surface1 #beh ,m\ld on surface1 #bfj ,m\lds1 surface1 on crepe1 #bda ,natural cataly/s1 #cab ,nitric acid1 #bhb ,nurs]ies1 #i ,ov]cur$1 #cjg ,ov]vulcanis$1 #cjf ,oxalic acid1 #bgi ,oxidation1 prev5tion (1 #ef --1 v>iation due to1 #bed ,pack+1 #aej --1 bags =1 #aed --1 bales =1 #aed --1 cases1 *oice (1 #aec --1 fold+ =1 #aee --1 me?ods (1 #aef --1 rooms1 #baa ,pale crepe1 ,no4 #a f9e1 #aaj --1 rubb]1 =m] me?ods ( mak+1 #aah --1 %eet1 #hi ,pat*es1 #bei1 #bfj --1 virg91 #bei ,paym5t by result1 #ec ,p]i%$ rubb]1 #cjf ,physical prop]ties ( rubb]1 v>iation (1 #cag ,pits = smoke h\ses1 #ahh ,pitt+ ( surface1 #bej ,plantation rubb]1 te/+ (1 #cji ,plant+1 #a ,pla/icis+ ( rubb]1 #cjd ,pla/icity ( plantation rubb]1 #cji ,pot furnaces1 #ahh ,p[] units1 #agj ,premature coagulation1 #df ,prep>ation1 special me?ods (1 #bij ,pyroligne\s acid1 #bhb ,racks1 #ahf ,rate ( cure1 #cjg ,raw rubb]1 physical prop]ties (1 #cac -- --1 te/s on1 #cji -- --1 uses (1 #cae ,recomm5dations1 ,rubb] ,gr[]s' ,association1 #aeb ,record+ in/rum5ts1 #add ,ribb+ ( %eet1 #bgd ,roll+1 #bea ,rolls1 groov+ (1 #afd -- runn+ hot1 #afe -- -- free1 #afe ,ro( ( smoke h\se1 #aig ,rubb]1 dry+ (1 #acb ,rubb] ,gr[]s' ,association1 ,recomm5dations1 #aeb ,rubb]1 prop]ties (1 #cac --1 smok+1 #aji ,ru/1 cause (1 #bfg -- on %eet1 #bfb --1 treatm5t to prev5t1 #bfe ,scrap wa%]s1 #eg1 #abd ,screw plug1 unsatisfactory1 #gc ,se$ at /ake1 #aj ,se$s1 #b ,selection1 #e ,s5ang fold]1 #aef ,s]um1 milky residue on1 #bdi ,%eet1 a% on1 #bgf --1 b>k 91 #bgf --1 be>+ ( defects on1 9 manufacture1 #caf --1 bli/]s 91 #bgb --1 bubbles 91 #bfi --1 clipp+s1 #acj1 #bge --1 creases 91 #bea --1 dirt 91 #bgf --1 dog e>s1 #bea --1 grades (1 #aea --1 infrequ5t defects (1 #bgf --1 pale1 #hi --1 ribb+ (1 #bgd -- rubb]1 artificial dri]s =1 #adh -- --1 defects 91 #bdi -- --1 prep>ation (1 #hi ,%eet rubb]1 roll+ & m>k+ (1 #ajb -- --1 t5sile /r5g? (1 #cac --1 ru/ on1 #bfb --1 spl9t]s 91 #bgf --1 /ick9ess 91 #bgd --1 /yle (1 #aja --1 support m>ks on1 #bgc --1 surface patt]n (1 #bgd --1 ?ick ends (1 #bge ,%eet+ ma*9es1 #aff ,%eets1 mis-%ap51 #bea --1 ?ick5$ pat*es 91 #bea --1 torn1 #bea --1 unev5ness ( appe>ance1 #bec ,%ort weights1 #aeg ,skimm+1 #ajj ,skimm+s1 #abb ,slab rubb]1 #bii -- --1 prop]ties (1 #cbd ,slope1 #cab ,smoke cur+ ( %eet rubb]1 #adc -- --1 temp]ature (1 #add --1 h\ses1 #ahc -- --1 ,b>k] pat5t1 #bji -- --1 ,devon type1 #bjj -- --1 iron /oves =1 #ahi -- --1 ,jackson type1 #bjj -- -- ( brick1 #aih -- -- rate ( combu/ion 91 #aib -- --1 ro( (1 #aig -- --1 ,?ird ,mile type1 #aii -- --1 types (1 #aih ,smok$ crepe1 #acj -- %eets1 col\r (1 #bee -- wat] = coagulation1 #bhf ,smok+1 effect on rate ( cure1 #cbc --1 greas9ess be=e1 #beb -- rubb]1 #aji ,smoo? roll+ ( %eets1 #ajd ,sodium bisulphite1 #hj1 #aad -- --1 abuse (1 #he -- --1 c>e (1 #aaf -- --1 det]ioration (1 #aae -- --1 evaluation (1 #aae -- --1 mak+ a solution (1 #he -- --1 quantity (1 #hd -- --1 residual traces (1 #hf -- -- solution1 mix+1 ) latex1 #aag -- sulphite1 #hf -- --1 det]ioration (1 #aae -- --1 evaluation (1 #aae ,sort+1 #aej1 #aeb -- rooms1 #baa ,spew+1 #cje ,spl9t]s 9 %eet1 #bgf ,spontane\s coagulation1 #bid ,spot disease1 #bce -- -- 9 %eet rubb]1 #bgc ,spots1 #bei1 #bfb --1 virg91 #bei ,/&>d latex1 #if -- %eet1 #ajb ,/&>dis+ in/rum5ts1 #ih ,/ick9ess 9 %eet1 #bgd ,/ock solution1 me?od ( mak+1 #ge ,/orage ( rubb]1 #bab1 #baf ,/oves1 iron1 = smoke h\ses1 #ahi ,/ra9+ latex1 #fg ,/reaks1 #bfb ,/umps1 #i ,sug>s1 coagulation )1 #bhg ,sulphuric acid1 #bhj1 #bhf -- --1 buy+1 #bhj -- --1 =mula = use (1 #bhj -- --1 /or+1 #bhj ,sun-dry+ %eet rubb]1 #adg ,support m>ks on %eet1 #bgc ,surface blot*es1 col\r$1 #bdi --1 dull or black1 #beh -- patt]n ( %eet1 #bgd ,tack9ess1 cause (1 #bdc --1 copp] salts cause (1 #bdc -- 9 rubb]1 #bdb ,tanks1 #ij --1 c>e (1 #id --1 designs & lay\t1 #agf --1 dra9s =1 #agf --1 in/allation (1 #ic --1 situation (1 #age --1 wat]-supply =1 #agg ,tapp+1 #ch --1 =m] sy/ems (1 #bi -- knives1 #ch -- sy/ems1 #ch ,t>t>ic acid1 #bgi ,t5sile product1 #cad ,te/ mix1 =mula =1 #caa -- pieces1 mak+ (1 #caj ,te/+ ( plantation rubb]1 #cjg ,?ick ends ( %eet1 #bge ,?9n+1 #ai ,timb] = smok+1 #adg ,tool %$s1 #baf ,transport1 #fj -- by coolie1 #fb -- ( coagulum1 #ei1 #fc -- ( latex1 #ei ,trays1 #afg ,treatm5t ( rubb] 9 ! factory1 #cja -- to prev5t ru/1 #bfe ,tree scrap1 #ee1 #abb -- --1 c>e (1 #ef -- --1 oxidation (1 #ef ,trees p] acre1 #bf ,tr5*es1 silt cat*m5t1 #aa ,uni=mity1 #ij -- 9 col\r1 lack (1 #bdf ,vacuum dri]s1 #acd ,v>iation due to oxidation1 #bed ,vegetable extracts1 #bhi ,v5tilation ( dry+ h\ses1 #ahe -- factories1 #ahj ,v]&as1 #age ,virg9 spots1 #beh ,viscosity ( rubb] solution1 #cji ,vulcanisation1 #cja --1 rate (1 #cah ,vulcanis$ rubb]1 #cah -- --1 te/s on1 #cji ,vulcanis+1 #cjg -- cataly/s1 #cab --1 heat1 #cjf ,wa%]s1 scrap1 #eg1 #abd ,wa%+s1 #abb ,wat]-supply = tanks1 #agg ,we$+1 clean1 #ac ,weights1 %ort1 #aeg ,wickham process1 #bic ,w9d[s ( dry+ h\ses1 #ahe -- factories1 #aha ,work+ ( rubb]1 #cjd ,yields1 #bc1 #be