,,! ,,connoisseur',s ,,libr>y ,,g5]al ,,editor3 ,,cyril ,,dav5port ,,f9e ,,books ,illu/ration3 ,deucalion et ,pyrrha repeuplant la ,t]re1 ,suivant l',oracle de ,!mis4 ,,f9e ,,books ,,by ,,alfr$ ,w4 ,,poll>d ,illu/ration3 ,! ,connoisseur's ,libr>y ,,new ,,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,,london3 ,,me?u5 ,,co4 ,,ltd4 #aiab ,,to ,,sir ,,edw>d ,,maunde ,,?ompson1 ,g4,c4,b4 ,,director ,,& ,,pr9cipal ,,libr>ian ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,museum #ahhh-aiji ,,preface ,if ! m]e tak+ ( tr\ble ensur$ good "w1 ?is contribution to ! ,connoisseur's ,libr>y %\ld be entitl$ to ! mode/ praise ( be+ sup]ior to ! re/ ( its au?or's book-mak+s1 s9ce x has be5 t5 ye>s on ! /ocks & mu* ( x has be5 writt5 two or ?ree times ov]1 ei!r because ! writ]'s own in=mation _h increas$ or to take acc\nt ( ! successful rese>*es ( o!rs4 ,yet 9 ! end defeat 9 "o ma9 po9t has to be ackn[l$g$4 ,! book 0 begun ) a confid5t det]m9ation to cov] ! :ole gr\nd1 f ! beg9n+s ( pr9t+ & pr9t$ book-illu/ration d[n to our own day1 & 9 ! case ( pr9t+ ! survey has be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh1 h[ev] sket*ily4 ,b ! correspond+ survey ( book-illu/ration ends1 ) r obvi\s m>ks ( compression & fatigue1 ab\t #aghj1 leav+ ! /ory ( a hundr$ & ?irty ye>s ( v int]e/+ picture-"w untold4 ,pione]+ is always s excit+ t recognition ( ! impossibility ( c>ry+ out ! full plan ( ! book )9 ! limits ei!r ( ! pres5t volume or ( ! au?or's work+ life 0 n made )\t s9c]e regret4 ,! subject1 h[ev]1 ( ! ab&on$ *apt] 0 n only v l>ge1 b v miscellane\s1 & ! survey = x w\ld h _h to include at lea/ ?ree o!r c\ntries 7,france1 ,g]many1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates7 besides our own4 ,to "o section1 moreov]1 t ( illu/rations 9 col\r1 a sep>ate volume ( ?is s]ies has already be5 devot$4 ,! au?or w\ld1 !re=e1 fa9 console himself ) ! hope t 9 "o or m o!r volumes a compet5t acc\nt may be giv5 by "s o!r h& ( ! wood-engrav+s1 et*+s1 /eel-engrav+s1 & li?ographs1 ) :i* books h be5 decorat$ s9ce #aghj4 ,! poorness ( pap] & pr9t ) :i* ^! mod]n illu/rat$ books h too (t5 be5 h&icapp$ has caus$ collectors to take little int]e/ 9 !m--x ev5 sugge/$ ! unwor?y excuse = ! failure to write ! miss+ *apt] t ^! are n really ,f9e ,books1 b only books ) f9e pictures 9 !m1 & s are outside our subject4 ,b bo? /ud5ts & collectors h _! duties z well z _! delights1 & 9 view ( ! high arti/ic value ( q a l>ge proportion ( ^! mod]n illu/rations1 ! pres]vation ( clean & uncropp$ copies ( ! books 9 :i* !y occur & ! tribute ( c>eful catalogu+ & description are c]ta9ly _! due4 ,:ile ! desir$ complet5ess has n be5 atta9$ ! gr\nd "h cov]$ is /ill v wide1 & = ! book z a :ole no m c be claim$ ?an t x is a compilation f ! be/ s\rces--a li/ ( ^! w be f\nd 9 ! ,bibliography--controll$ by "s p]sonal k1 ! am\nt ( :i* naturally v>ies v mu* f *apt] to *apt]4 ,! obligations incurr$ 9 writ+ x h ?us be5 great1 & a sad numb] ( ^! are to fell[-work]s & fri5ds--,proctor1 ,john ,macf>lane1 ,w4 ,h4 ,allnutt1 ,konrad ,burg]1 ,dr4 ,lippmann1 ,anatole ,claud91 & ! ,pr9ce d',essl+--:o h di$ :ile ! book has be5 9 progress4 ,among ^? /ill happily alive ackn[l$gm5t mu/ specially be made to ,sir ,sidney ,colv9 = help receiv$ f 8 ma/]ly introduction to ! great monograph on ,e>ly ,engrav]s & ,engrav+ 9 ,engl& publi%$ by ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum2 to ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,h9d = use made ( ! li/ ( engrav]s & _! works 9 ! same book2 to ,mr4 ,campbell ,dodgson = dipp+s into ! weal? ( in=mation 9 8 ,catalogue ( ,g]man & ,flemi% ,woodcuts 9 ! ,pr9t ,room ( ! ,briti% ,museum 7,vols4 ,i & ,,ii72 to ,mr4 ,gordon ,duff = help d]iv$ f 8 ?ree s]ies ( ,s&>s ,lectures on ,engli% ,pr9t+1 & to ,mr4 ,evans = in=mation obta9$ f 8 ,am]ican ,bibliography4 ,among o!r obligations ! *ief is to ! writ]s 7notably ,mr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,plom]7 ( num]\s pap]s contribut$ to ! ,transactions ( ! ,bibliographical ,society & to ,! ,libr>y1 & ^! are ackn[l$g$ ) special pleasure4 ,a4 ,w4 ,p4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,collectors ,,& ,,collect+ #a ,,ii4 ,,block-,,books #ai ,,iii4 ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,pr9t+--,,holl& #cb ,,iv4 ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,pr9t+--,,ma9z #dd ,v4 ,,o!r ,,incunabula #ei ,,vi4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,pr9t+ #hc ,,vii4 ,,e>ly ,,g]man ,,& ,,dut* ,,illu/rat$ ,,books #ajj ,,viii4 ,,e>ly ,,italian ,,illu/rat$ ,,books #abc ,,ix4 ,,e>ly ,,fr5* ,,& ,,spani% ,,illu/rat$ ,,books #adc ,x4 ,,lat] ,,=eign ,,books #afe ,,xi4 ,,=eign ,,illu/rat$ ,,books ,,( ,,! #af,,? ,,c5tury #ahj ,,xii4 ,,pr9t+ ,,9 ,,engl& 7#adgf-aehj7 #bjd ,,xiii4 ,,engli% ,,books ,,pr9t$ ,,else:]e ,,?an ,,at ,,london #bbd ,,xiv4 ,,engli% ,,woodcut ,,illu/rations #bej ,,xv4 ,,engrav$ ,,illu/rations #bfg ,,xvi4 ,,mod]n ,,f9e ,,pr9t+ #big ,,bibliography #cji ,,index #cai ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates ,i4 ,deucalion & ,pyrrha repeopl+ ! _w4 ,f ,ovid's ,metamorphoses1 ,p>is1 #agfg ,frontispiece ,,to ,,face ,,page ,,ii4 ,an au?or 7,caxton87 pres5t+ a book to ,m>g>et ( ,burgundy4 ,fifte5? c5tury engrav+ ins]t$ 9 ! ,*atswor? copy ( ! ,recuyell ( ! ,hi/oryes ( ,troye #a 7,f ! plate made = ! ,bibliographical ,society's edition ( ,mr4 ,seym\r ,de ,ricci's ,c5sus ( ,caxtons47 ,,iii4 ,! ,bona ,inspiratio angeli contra vanam gloriam4 ,f a small] v]sion ( ! ,ars ,mori5di4 ,block-book f ! ,l[] ,rh9e1 c4 #adfe #bf ,,iv4 ,leaf #c;a ( a fragm5t ( ! ,doctr9ale ( ,alex&] ,gallus4 ,"o ( ! s-call$ ,co/]iana #cb ,v4 ,beg9n+1 ) pr9t$ capital1 ( ! ,rationale ,diu9orum ,(ficiorum ( ,gulielmus ,duranti4 ,ma9z1 ,fu/ & ,s*oeff]1 #adei #dd ,,vi4 ,leaf #g;b ( ! fir/ book pr9t$ at ,cologne1 ,cic]o1 ,de ,(ficiis1 ,ulri* ,zel1 n lat] ?an #adff #fj ,! space left 9 ! six? l9e f ! foot /&s = ! words ab o/5tatione1 :i* ! pr9t] app>5tly c\ld n read 9 8 manuscript4 ,! ^w vacat at ! end 0 ins]t$ to %[ t ! space 9 ! la/ l9e 0 accid5tal & t no?+ _h be5 omitt$4 ,,vii4 ,leaf #da;a ( ,cic]o's ,rhetorica1 ,v5ice1 ,nicolas ,j5son1 #adgj1 %[+ spaces left = a *apt] head+ & capital #hd ,,viii4 ,"p ( leaf #d;a1 ) woodcut1 f ! ,ges*i*t von dem selig5 ,k9d ,symon ( ,tub]9us4 ,augsburg1 ,gun!r ,za9]1 ab\t #adge #ajj ,,ix4 ,woodcuts ( ,s>ac5s & ,syrians f ,breid5ba*'s ,sanctae ,p]egr9ationis 9 montem ,syon atque 9 montem ,s9ai descriptio4 ,ma9z1 ,erh>d ,reuwi*1 #adhf #aad ,x4 ,woodcut on leaf #a;b ( ! ,egloga ,!oduli4 ,leipzig1 ,conrad ,ka*el(51 #adhi #aaf ,,xi4 ,page 7sig4 ,h #h v]so7 f ! ,psalt]ium ,beatae ,m>iae ,virg9is ( ,nits*ewitz1 %[+ ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick & 8 son ,maximilian4 ,f a press at ! ,ci/]cian ,mona/]y at ,z9na1 c4 #adic #aah ,,xii4 ,! ,h>r[+ ( ,hell1 ) text1 f leaf #d;a ( ! ,belial ( ,jacobus de ,!ramo4 ,ha>lem1 ,bella]t1 #adhd4 7,size ( ! orig9al1 #g7a_/d7 ,x #e7 #abj ,,xiii4 ,woodcut ( ! ,betrayal4 ,f leaf #ad;b ( ! ,m$itatione sopra la ,passione del ,no/ro ,signore attribut$ to ,s4 ,bonav5tura4 ,v5ice1 ,g]onimo di ,sancti1 #adhg4 7,size ( orig9al1 #f7c_/d7 ,x #e7a_/d77 #abd ,,xiv4 ,woodcut1 ,de ,a!ni5sibus pet5tibus regem1 illu/rat+ ,fable xxii4 9 ! ,aesop pr9t$ at ,naples1 by ,francesco ,tuppo1 #adhe #abf ,,xv4 ,woodcut ( ,lor5zo ,giu/9iano prec$$ by a crucif]1 f 8 ,della vita religiosa4 ,v5ice1 #adid #acj ,,xvi4 ,page ) woodcut ( ! ,procession to ,calv>y1 f ! ,m$itatione sopra la ,passione del ,no/ro ,signore attribut$ to ,s4 ,bonav5tura4 ,flor5ce1 ,ant4 ,miscom9i1 c4 #adie #ach ,,xvii4 ,titlepage ( ,la ,fe/a di ,san ,giovanni4 ,flor5ce1 ,b>t4 di ,libri1 c4 #adie #adj ,,xviii4 ,leaf #e;a1 ) woodcut ( ,dea? seiz+ an ,ar*bi%op & a ,*evali]1 f ! ,danse ,macabre4 ,p>is1 ,gui ,m>*ant1 #adia4 7,size ( orig9al #h7c_/d7 ,x #f7a_/d77 #add ,,xix4 ,leaf #b;a1 ) woodcut ( ,adam & ,eve1 f a ,bible en ,francoys4 ,p>is1 ,anto9e ,v]>d1 ab\t #aeje4 7,size ( orig9al1 #i7c_/d7 ,x #g7 #aej ,,xx4 ,page 7sig4 ,c #f v]so71 ) woodcut ( ! ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts1 f ! ,gr&es ,heures4 ,p>is1 ,anto9e ,v]>d1 ab\t #adij4 7,size ( orig9al1 #g7g_/h7 ,x #e7a_/d77 #aeb ,,xxi4 ,page 7sig4 ,u #g v]so7 f ! edition ( ,t]5ce1 pr9t$ by ,j4 ,tre*sel at ,lyon1 #adic #afj ,,xxii4 ,titlepage f ! ,improbratio ,alcorani ( ,ricoldus4 ,seville1 ,/anislaus ,polonus1 #aejj #afb ,,xxiii4 ,hros)a pres5t+ h] plays to ! ,emp]or ,otto ,i1 leaf #d;b ( ! ,op]a ,hrosvite4 ,nuremb]g1 ,sodalitas ,celtica1 #aeja #ahj ,,xxiv4 ,titlepage ( ,jorn&es ,de rebus ,go?orum4 ,augsburg1 #aeae #ahf ,,xxv4 ,page 7leaf #bdf;b7 ( a ,missale ,romanum1 pr9t$ at ,v5ice by ,gregorius de ,gregoriis1 #aeah #aid ,,xxvi4 ,title-cut f ,les dix premi]s livres de l',iliade d',hom]e1 ,pr9ce des poetes1 traduictz en v]s ,francois1 p> ,m4 ,hugues ,salel4 ,p>is1 ,jehan ,loys = ,v9c5t ,s]t5as1 #aede #bjj ,,xxvii4 ,page f ! ,fifte5 ,oes4 ,we/m9/]1 ,caxton1 ab\t #adij #bjd ,,xxviii4 ,fir/ page ( text f ! fir/ edition 7left incomplete7 ( ,tyndale's ,new ,te/am5t4 ,cologne1 #aebe #bbd ,,xxix4 ,"p ( sig4 ,k #e recto1 ) woodcut ( ,*ri/ rais+ ! ,c5turion's ,daught]1 f ! ,speculum ,vitae ,*ri/i ( ,s4 ,bonav5tura4 ,we/m9/]1 ,w4 ,caxton1 ab\t #adhh #bej ,,xxx4 ,titlepage ( ,bi%op ,fi%]'s ,fun]al ,s]mon on ,h5ry ,,vii4 ,london1 ,w4 de ,worde1 #aeji #bed ,,xxxi4 ,woodcut ( ! translator pres5t+ 8 book to ! ,duke ( ,norfolk1 f ,alex&] ,b>clay's v]sion ( ,sallu/'s ,jugur?a4 ,london1 ,r4 ,pynson1 ab\t #aebj #bef ,,xxxii4 ,portrait ( ! ,au?or1 f ,john ,heywood's ,! ,spid] & ! ,flie4 ,london1 ,t4 ,p[ell1 #aeef #bfj ,,xxxiii4 ,woodcut ( ,que5 ,elizabe? hawk+1 f ,turb]ville's ,! ,booke ( ,faulconrie1 #aege #bfd ,,xxxiv4 ,engrav+ ( ,*ri/ 9 a m&orla f ,bett9i's ,monte ,santo di ,dio4 ,flor5ce1 ,nicolaus ,laur5tii1 #dgg4 7,size ( orig9al1 #aj ,x #g7 #bfh ,,xxxv4 ,la/ page ( preface1 giv+ ! arms ( ! ,bi%op ( ,wurzburg1 f ! ,wurzburg ,ag5da4 ,wurzburg1 ,g4 ,reys]1 #adhb #bgj ,,xxxvi4 ,titlepage ( ! ,dialogus ( ,amadeus ,b]rutus4 ,rome1 ,gabriel ( ,bologna1 #aeag #bgd ,,xxxvii4 ,engrav$ portrait ( ! ,au?or by ,!odore de ,bry aft] ,j4 ,j4 ,boiss>d1 f ! ,emblemata ( ,d5is ,le ,bey4 ,frank=t1 ,de ,bry1 #aeif #bhj ,,xxxviii4 ,page #bb f ! ,hi]oglyphikes ( ! ,life ( ,man by ,qu>les1 ! engrav+ by ,w4 ,m>%all1 ,london1 #afch #bhf ,,xxxix4 ,page1 ) engrav+ aft] ,eis51 f ,dorat's ,les ,bais]s1 ,la ,haye et se v5d a ,p>is1 ,lamb]t1 #aggj #bib ,,xl4 ,engrav+ by ,w4 ,w4 ,ryl&s aft] ,samuel ,wale1 f ,walton's ,compleat ,angl]4 ,london1 ,t4 ,hope1 #agfj #bif ,illu/ration3 ,engrav+ ( an ,au?or1 possibly ,,caxton1 ,pres5t+ a ,book to ,m>g>et1 ,du*ess ( ,burgundy1 prefix$ to ! ,*atswor? copy ( ! ',recuyell4' ,,f9e ,,books ,,*apt] ,i ,,collectors ,,& ,,collect+ ,f ! /ray notes :i* h come d[n to u ab\t ! bibliophiles ( ! lat] ,roman ,empire x is evid5t t book-collect+ 9 ^? days _h at lea/ "s mod]n features4 ,ow+ to ! abundance ( educat$ slave-lab\r books 7 v *eap1 almo/ z *eap z !y are n[1 & book-collectors c\ld busy !mselves ab\t ref9em5ts n unlike ^? 9 :i* _! successors are n[ int]e/$4 ,b 9 ! ,middle ,ages books 7 by no means *eap1 & until q ! close ( ! f\rte5? c5tury !re 7 few libr>ies 9 :i* !y c\ld be read4 ,pr9ces & o!r v weal?y book-buy]s took pleasure 9 possess+ f9ely writt5 & illum9at$ manuscripts1 b ! rul+ ideals 7 ma9ly lit]>y & s*ola/ic1 ! aim 7! q "r & excell5t aim7 be+ to h ! be/ books 9 z _m subjects z possible4 ,aft] pr9t+ _h be5 inv5t$ ! same ideals cont9u$ 9 =ce1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t !y c\ld n[ be c>ri$ out on a l>g] scale4 ,libr>ies l ^? =m$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury by ,ar*bi%op ,cranm] & ,lords ,arundel & ,lumley1 or t ga!r$ 9 ,france by ! hi/orian ,de ,?\1 7 ess5tially /ud5ts' libr>ies1 & ! books !mselves & ! catalogues ( !m 7 (t5 classifi$ s z to %[ :at books _h be5 acquir$ 9 all ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( human k4 ,ev5 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ^! lit]>y ideals 7 dom9ant1 we f9d "s examples ( ano!r k9d4 ,9 ,jean ,groli]1 = in/ance1 we f9d ! book-lov] play+ ! "p1 too seldom assum$1 ( ! discrim9at+ patron ( contempor>y pr9t+ & bookb9d+4 ,in/ead ( collect+ m old books ?an he c\ld f9d "t to read1 ,groli] b\ght ! be/ ( 8 own day1 b ( ^! sometimes z _m z f\r or five copies ( ! same "w t he might h no difficulty 9 f9d+ "o = a fri5d2 & :atev] book he b\ght he _h b\nd & decorat$ ) simple good ta/e 9 ,v5ice or at home 9 ,france4 ,x w\ld be an excell5t ?+ if m ( our mod]n collectors1 in/ead ( tak+ up antiqu>ian hobbies1 7 cont5t to foll[ ,groli]'s example4 ,books always look be/ :5 clad 9 jackets ( _! own "t1 & ?is 9 ! future w apply to ! books ( ! tw5tie? c5tury z mu* z to any o!rs4 ,moreov]1 !re is m actual b9d+ tal5t available 9 ,engl& j n[ ?an at any previ\s "t1 & x is mu* to be desir$ t mod]n ,groli]s w\ld give x scope1 n 9 pull+ ab\t old books1 b 9 b9d+ beautifully ^? ( our own day4 ,groli] f\nd a mode/ imitator 9 ,engl& 9 ! p]son ( ,?omas ,wotton1 b ) "s at lea/ ( ! ,elizabe?an book-lov]s ! havoc wr\ght 9 ! old libr>ies by ! commission]s ( ,h5ry ,,viii & ,edw>d ,,vi provok$ an antiqu>ian reaction :i* l$ !m to devote all _! en]gies to collect+1 f ! unwor?y h&s into :i* !y _h fall51 su* treasures ( ,engli% lit]>y & booki% art z /ill rema9$4 ,putt+ aside ,john ,lel& :o work$ 7to :at ext5t & ) :at success is n q cle>7 = ,h5ry ,,viii1 ,mat!w ,p>k]1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 0 ! e>lie/ ( ^! antiqu>ies1 to ! great b5efit ( ! libr>ies ( ,lambe? ,palace & ( ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1 ,cambridge1 ?\gh z to h[ he came by 8 books p]haps ! less said ! bett]4 ,p>k] 0 soon foll[$ by ,sir ,rob]t ,cotton1 ^: success 9 ga!r+ books & docum5ts illu/rat+ ,engli% hi/ory 0 s great t 8 libr>y 0 seque/]$ & v ne>ly altoge!r tak5 f him1 on ! plea t x conta9$ /ate pap]s :i* no subject _h a "r to possess4 ,ow+ to ! c>elessness & brutality ( ! previ\s g5]ation1 ,cotton's opportunities 7 z great z 8 zeal 9 mak+ use ( !m1 & at ! co/ ( 8 =tune he laid ! f\ndations ( a national libr>y4 ,humbl] m5 imitat$ him )\t be+ able to secure ! same p]man5ce = _! collections1 m especially ,humphrey ,dyson1 a not>y1 :o seems to h acquir$ e>ly pr9t$ books & proclamations1 ) ! same zeal :i* ,cotton devot$ to manuscripts4 ,_m ( 8 treasures pass$ into ! h&s ( ,ri*>d ,smi?1 ! ,second>y ( ! ,p\ltry ,compt]1 b at 8 sale !y 7 scatt]$ beyond recall1 & ! unity ( "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ,engli% collections 0 ?us unk9dly de/roy$4 ,bo? ^! m51 & "s o!rs ( :om ev5 less is kn[n1 work$ ) a public aim1 & already ,sir ,?omas ,bodley _h gone a /ep fur!r by f\nd+ anew ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y at ,ox=d on l9es :i* at once gave x a national importance4 ,?is x pres]v$ & develop$ = ov] a c5tury & a half1 & has nev] s9ce lo/1 ?\gh no national help1 un=tunately1 has ev] be5 giv5 x1 save ! "r already conc$$ by ! ,/ation]s' ,company1 ( claim+ a copy ( any new ,engli% book (f]$ = sale4 ,bodley's munific5t donation m>k$ an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engli% book-collect+ because its t5d5cy 0 to make private book-collect+ ( ! k9d :i* 0 !n admir$ incongru\s & ev5 absurd4 ,:5 !re 7 no public libr>ies op5 to s*ol>s1 = a great man to ma9ta9 a spl5did libr>y 9 8 own h\se & all[ /ud5ts to read 9 x 0 wor?y ( ,ari/otle's ,greek3 megalopsy*os1 ! man :o does ev]y?+ on a scale t befits 8 dignity4 ,b 9 proportion z public collections ( books & facilities = obta9+ access to !m are increas$1 ! pres]vation ( a libr>y on a l>ge scale 9 a private h\se1 :]e none ( ! inmates h any desire to use x1 becomes an easy & ju/ifiable object ( satire4 ,a man )\t lit]>y in/9cts :o inh]its a f9e libr>y is inde$ 9 a p>l\s /ate1 = if he keeps x he is z a dog 9 ! mang]1 & if he sells x he is held up to opprobrium4 ,t consid]ations ( ?is k9d 7 beg9n+ to h weight is %[n by ! rapidity ) :i* dur+ ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies "o private collection aft] ano!r drift$ into public own]%ip4 ,9 "s cases !re 7 int]m$iate /ages4 ,?us ,ar*bi%op ,u%]'s books 7 n bequea!d to ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 b 7 pur*as$ = x by ! subscriptions ( ! soldi]s ( ,cromwell's army 9 ,irel&4 ,! manuscripts ( ,sir ,simeon d',ewes rema9$ 9 ! possession ( 8 family = ne>ly a c5tury1 7 !n pur*as$ by ,h>ley1 & came to ! ,briti% ,museum ) ,h>ley's collection4 ,/ill+fleet's manuscripts 7 9 ! same tempor>y own]%ip2 8 pr9t$ books came to ,dubl9 ?r\gh ! public _s ( ,ar*bi%op ,m>%4 ,s aga9 ,bi%op ,moore's books 7 pur*as$ = ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y at ,cambridge by ,george ,i4 ,?us ev5 :5 a collector 0 n inspir$ by1 or c\ld n af=d to indulge1 public motives1 respect = 8 memory or desire to b5efit an in/itution (t5 br\ght 8 books to a safe hav54 ,b m (t5 ! munific5ce 0 p]sonal & direct4 ,= "s cause n q easy to see ! fl[ ( b5efactions to ,engli% libr>ies has dw9dl$ sadly ( late ye>s1#a s t j\rnali/s ) %ort memories write ( gifts & beque/s to ,am]ican libr>ies z if !y 7 unprec$5t$4 ,ev5 ( late ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! f\ndation ( ! ,john ,ryl&s ,libr>y1 ,*ancellor ,*ri/ie's gifts & beque/ to ! ,victoria ,univ]sity1 ! ,s&>s legacy to ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 ,cambridge1 & ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,hu?'s beque/ to ! ,briti% ,museum ( any fifty books x might *oose to select f 8 f9e collection1 %[ t ! /ream is n q dri$ up1 :ile = ne>ly two c5turies & a half f ! f\ndation ( ! ,bodleian x ran ) spl5did fre$om4 ,?us ,ar*bi%op ,williams gave noble gifts ( books to ,s4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 & to ! ,*apt] ,h\se ,libr>y at ,we/m9/] ,abbey2 ,seld5's books enri*$ ! ,bodleian2 ,laud 0 a g5]\s b5efactor alike to ! ,bodleian1 to ,s4 ,john's ,college1 ,ox=d1 & to ! libr>y ( ,lambe? ,palace2 ,sir ,k5elm ,digby gave bo? to ,bodley & to ,h>v>d2 ,ralph ,%eldon b5efit$ ! ,h]alds' ,college2 ,pepys 7?r\gh 8 nephew7 bequea!d 8 collection to ,magdal5e ,college1 ,cambridge2 ,ar*bi%op ,m>% f\nd$ a libr>y at ,dubl92 ,ri*>d ,rawl9son gave 8 manuscripts to ! ,bodleian1 & ,h>ley arrang$ t 8 %\ld be (f]$ to ! nation4 ,! example ( ! m5 :o b\ght "u ! influ5ce ( an int5tion to be/[ _! books on "s public in/itution naturally affect$ o!rs1 & 0 responsible = a good deal ( r haphaz>d collect+ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! private mod]n libr>y 0 (t5 confus$ ) ! antiqu>ian collection1 & ! antiqu>ian collection itself 0 seldom dom9at$ by any c5tral idea4 ,yet collectors :o devot$ !mselves to "o subject & knew ?or\ghly well :at !y 7 aim+ at 7 already com+ into exi/5ce1 & ^! also1 :5 _! "w 0 done1 7 inspir$ by an hon\rable ambition to pres]ve x intact1 & s ! libr>ies 7 once m enri*$4 ,?us ,g>rick1 guid$ by 8 pr(essional int]e/1 devot$ himself to e>ly plays1 & bequea!d 8 collection to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,malone b\ght ! books :i* 7 useful to him z a /ud5t ( ,elizabe?an lit]ature1 m especially ( ,%akespe>e1 & bequea!d !m to ! ,bodleian1 :ile ,capell left 8 simil> collection to ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,! libr>y ( ,natural ,hi/ory books br\ght toge!r by ,sir ,joseph ,banks & bequea!d by him to ! ,briti% ,museum is ano!r example ( well-def9$ collect+1 ?\gh ( a diff]5t sort4 ,among m5 :o 7 n !mselves speciali/s ! vogue lay 9 ! direction ( fir/ editions ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 classics & ( a few ,italian & ,engli% au?ors ( special m]it1 toge!r ) books illu/rat+ ! hi/ory ( pr9t+ d[n to ab\t ! ye> #adhj or #adhe4 ,! e>ly classics seem to h be5 ! indisp5sable elem5t 9 any collection ( ! fir/ rank1 & !y appe> ) monoton\s regul>ity 9 ! libr>ies ( ,george ,,iii1 ( ! ,rev4 ,clayton ,mordaunt ,cra*]ode1 & ( ,?omas ,gr5ville1 :i* all ?ree pass$ to ! ,briti% ,museum2 9 ! ,sp5c] ,collection1 n[ 9 ! ,john ,ryl&s ,libr>y1 ,man*e/]2 & 9 ! ,sund]l& ,libr>y1 sold at auction 9 #ahha-c4 ,:5 ^! prizes 7 secur$ ! collector seems to h felt himself free to foll[ 8 individual ta/e 9 supplem5t>y pur*ases1 & ! ,gr5ville ,libr>y is a f9e pro( ( ! broad] int]e/s ( its possessor4 ,two notable collectors1 ,heb]1 ! la/ ( ! great book-gluttons1 & ,william ,h5ry ,mill]1 f\nd] ( ! fam\s ,*ri/ie-,mill] ,libr>y at ,britwell1 cut !mselves free f ! cult ( ! editio pr9ceps1 ! latt] 7despite a ta/e = mod]n ,lat9 v]se7 devot+ himself to ,engli% poetry1 :ile ,heb] add$ to ?is ! lit]atures ( ,france1 ,italy1 & ,spa94 ,despite ! exceptions we h m5tion$1 9 almo/ all ( ! collections ( ! e>ly ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury two diff]5t ideals 7 comb9$3 ! /ud5t's ideal ( ! be/ books 9 ! be/ editions1 & ! antiqu>y's ideal ( ! books by :i* ! hi/ory ( pr9t+ & its k9dr$ arts c\ld be mo/ vividly illu/rat$4 ,! comb9ation is /ill common1 = "o ( a ,beckett's comic hi/ories 7?\gh ,i am n prep>$ to ass]t t ?is is a be/ book7 /ill figures z ! fir/ entry 9 _m sale catalogues :i* conta9 also incunabula assur$ly n b\ght = _! lit]>y int]e/4 ,x is m easy to def5d su* a m$ley on ! gr\nd ( s5tim5t ?an ( logic4 ,:oev] uses books has reason to be grateful to ! m5 :o inv5t$ or diffus$ ! art ( pr9t+1 & may be int]e/$ 9 le>n+ some?+ ab\t !m4 ,yet x c h>dly be d5i$ t to collect v>i\s k9ds ( books f an antiqu>ian1 ae/hetic1 or any o!r well-def9$ po9t ( view1 n directly lit]>y1 is an indep5d5t pursuit 9 its own "r1 j z to collect old or beautiful *9a or silv] is an indep5d5t pursuit1 :e!r or no ! *9a or silv] be us$ = eat+ or dr9k+ f4 ,x w be said1 ( c\rse1 t on ?is view books are no bett] ?an *9a 7or po/age /amps71 & !re are inde$ "s /range in/ances ( m5 :o h fall5 bel[ _! possibilities & h collect$ books1 & n )\t success1 despite a mo/ amaz+ indiff]5ce to _! cont5ts4 ,?is r$uces ! joy !y c get f _! hobby to ! b>e pleasure ( collect+ = ! sake ( collect+1 an ignoble delight 9 indulg+ acquisitiv5ess1 r$eem$ to "s ext5t by ! high] pleasure ( ov]com+ difficulties & obs]v+ ! rules ( ! game4 ,b ! ignorant book-collector1 until he has educat$ himself1 is l a rose-fanci] :o _c di/+ui% "o od\r f ano!r4 ,by ! "t !y attract ! collector books h become1 or are on ! road to becom+1 s preci\s t _! prim>y usefulness has to be left dormant4 ,to use !m con/antly = our daily read+ w\ld approa* ! fault :i* ! ,greeks call$ ,greek3 hubris1 ! arrogance :i* makes a man e/eem himself s highly t he ?9ks no?+ too good = 8 own use4 ,b ev5 :5 ?is limitation is recogniz$1 = ^? :o c appreciate !m !y pres]ve all ! associations ( _! prim>y use1 & x is because ^! associations are s delightful & s v>i\s t ! bookman claims t 8 =m ( collect+ is ! be/ ( all4 ,:at !n are ! associations & qualities :i* give books value 9 ! eyes ( a collector8 ,we may answ] ! "q negatively 9 ! fir/ in/ance by r$uc+ to _! prop] importance ! two qualities :i* are popul>ly suppos$ to be ! mo/ attractive to ! book-hunt]--r>ity & age4 ,if a book is o!rwise un9t]e/+1 :at is x ! bett] = be+ r>e8 ,9 pass+ x may be not$ t unless a book is int]e/+ = o!r reasons its r>ity is necess>ily an unkn[n quantity4 ,sir ,sidney ,lee's ,c5sus ( ! extant copies ( ! ,fir/ ,folio ,%akespe>e1 a comp>atively common book1 b ( supreme int]e/ = its associations1 is a /rik+ example ( ! zeal ) :i* e discov]able copy ( a valuable book is n[ hunt$ d[n4 ,^? ^: bus9ess x is to ga!r su* in=mation c tell 9 ! case ( doz5s ( books ( mu* less importance exactly h[ _m copies h be5 discov]$ & 9 ^: possession !y rema94 ,b 9 ! case ( a book ( little int]e/ ! mo/ t c be said is t x is undescrib$1 & x may be undescrib$ n 9 ! lea/ because x is really r>e1 b because no bibliograph] has tr\bl$ himself to make a note ( x4 ,7 "s real po9t ( int]e/ discov]$ 9 x ! *ances are t ! att5tion ?us attract$ w\ld spe$ily br+ to light o!r copies1 z 9 ! case ( ! s*ool magaz9e to :i* ,mr4 ,kipl+ 0 f\nd to h contribut$4 ,( ?is ! fir/ set catalogu$ sold = ov] ,l#ajj1 ) ! result t s _m o!rs 7 une>!d t ! price spe$ily sank to less ?an z _m %ill+s4 ,grant$1 h[ev]1 t x c\ld be prov$ t a dull book is n m]ely undescrib$1 b absolutely1 :at s few works are1 unique1 9 :at way does ?is make x ( int]e/ to ! collector8 ,a great libr>y might buy x = a trifle out ( compassion1 or "u ! idea t its regi/ration 9 a catalogue might help to piece out a g5ealogy1 or t x might c\nt z ano!r unit 9 /ati/ics 7a poor reason71 or ju/ify its pur*ase 9 "s o!r haphaz>d way4 ,b consid]ations ( ?is k9d1 su* z !y are1 _c affect private collectors4 ,a really dull book is m]ely a nuisance1 & :e!r only "o copy ( x1 or _m1 c be prov$ to exi/1 nobody wants x4 ,if ?is be s we are ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t1 al?\gh z soon z a book is f\nd desirable = any o!r reason its r>ity becomes ( p>am\nt importance 9 det]m9+ its price1 ,r>ity by itself is ( no int]e/ to collectors4 ,! attractiv5ess be/[$ by ,age _c be treat$ q s summ>ily1 because al?\gh ! same l9e ( argum5t c be foll[$1 x has to be help$ out by an explanation aris+ f a p>ticul> case4 ,no collector w\ld value a dull s]mon pr9t$ 9 #ahjj any high] ?an a dull s]mon pr9t$ 9 #aijj1 & if we g back two c5turies in/ead ( "o1 9 ! case ( a book pr9t$ 9 ,london its value is none ! great] = ! extra hundr$ ye>s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! s]mon *anc$ to h be5 pr9t$ 9 #agjj 9 "s prov9cial t[n1 its age w\ld di/9ctly be an elem5t ( value4 ,d[n to #afic pr9t+ 0 only p]mitt$ 9 ,london1 ,ox=d1 ,cambridge1 & 7aft] ! outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w>#b7 at ,york4 ,:5 ! re/ra9+ ,act 0 dropp$ 9 #afic pr9t+ made its way1 n v rapidly1 into "o prov9cial t[n aft] ano!r4 ,h5ce a dull s]mon ) a prov9cial impr9t may be de> to ! he>t ( "s local antiqu>y z ! fir/-fruit ( ! press 9 8 neighb\rhood4 ,if we g back ano!r sixty ye>s f #agjj we rea* ano!r typographic zone1 z we may call x1 )9 :i* "s slight int]e/ atta*es to all examples ( ,engli% pr9t+1 = ! end ( ! ye> #afdj is ! limit ( ! special catalogues ( e>ly books publi%$ by ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 & ! ,john ,ryl&s ,libr>y1 ,man*e/]4 ,! fir/ & la/ ( ^! h indexes ( pr9t]s2 9 ! second ! prim>y arrangem5t is typographical4 ,?us all books :i* are old en\gh to h be5 pr9t$ be=e ! end ( #afdj are !reby inve/$ ) "s slight int]e/ solely z products ( ,engli% presses4 ,:5 we get back to be=e #afjj we are 9 ! p]iod cov]$ by ! diff]5t editions ( ! ,typographical ,antiquities ( ,joseph ,ames4 ,:5 we g back ano!r hundr$ ye>s we are )9 ! fifte5? c5tury2 pr9t+ has be5 introduc$ into ,engl& = less ?an tw5ty-five ye>s1 & ! smalle/ fragm5t ( a book f "o ( ! e>ly presses at "w at ,we/m9/]1 ,ox=d1 ,/4 ,albans1 or ! ,city ( ,london1 is e/eem$ z ( int]e/ & importance4 ,?us if we g f> en\gh back ,age does add to ! int]e/ ( a book1 b only by br++ x "u ano!r influ5ce1 t ! int]e/ ( an ,engli% fifte5? c5tury book is due to its importance 9 ! hi/ory ( pr9t+ & n to its antiquity be+ easily demon/rat$ by ! fact t a contempor>y unadorn$ manuscript ( ! same "w w probably h only a fraction ( ! value ( ! pr9t$ edition4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 o!r cases 9 :i* age may be said to h "s second>y influ5ce1 z 9 ! case ( books deal+ ) social cu/oms1 ballads & ! l4 ,b "h x is /ill m evid5t t ! social or lit]>y int]e/ is ! prim>y consid]ation1 & t ?is _c be creat$1 ?\gh x is greatly enhanc$1 by ,age4 ,hav+ ?us to ! be/ ( our ability abat$ ! pride bo? ( ,age & ,r>ity1 we come back to our orig9al "q z to :at are ! qualities & associations :i* give books value 9 ! eyes ( a collector4 ,! only good qualities :i* a book c possess 9 its own "r are ^? ( /r5g? & beauty ( =m4 ,ev]y?+ else ab\t x is inh]5t 9 no s+le edition1 ?\gh association ( ideas may give great] dignity to "o edition ?an to ano!r4 ,type1 pap]1 ink1 presswork1 ! arrangem5t ( ! page1 & also 7?\gh n q 9 ! same way or to ! same ext5t7 ! illu/rations1 are all "p & p>cel ( ! book itself1 & may be comb9$1 at lea/ s bookm5 believe1 9 a really beautiful unity4 ,no d\bt z to ?is /ud5ts run "s risk ( los+ _! s5se ( proportion4 ,i myself am consci\s1 = in/ance1 t ,i h look$ at s _m fifte5? c5tury woodcuts1 z comp>$ ) o!r works ( art1 t ,i di/9ctly ov]rate !m4 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,proctor1 :o knew m ab\t fifte5? c5tury books ?an any o!r man has ev] kn[n1 or is ev] likely to "k1 once said to me 9 all s]i\sness1 t he did n ?9k he _h ev] se5 an ugly "o4 ,all[+1 h[ev]1 = ?is v human t5d5cy to set up our own esot]ic /&>d1 !re yet rema9s a m g5]ally recognizable beauty ( =m :i* "s books possess 9 a high] degree ?an o!rs1 & to collect su* beautiful books indep5d5tly ( any o!r k9d ( attraction w\ld be no unwor?y pursuit4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 bookm5 are m incl9$ to make beauty ( =m a second>y consid]ation to :i*1 z to age & r>ity1 !y pay att5tion1 b )\t adopt+ x z ! basis ( _! collection4 ,z a second>y consid]ation ! att5tion collectors pay to beauty c h>dly be exagg]at$ 9 respect to ! condition ( copies1 ! ratio ( an unusually good to an unusually bad copy ( ! same book1 ev5 if ! bad copy h no leaves actually want+1 be+ (t5 z t5 to "o4 ,! unusually bad copy1 inde$1 w\ld (t5 h no sell+ value at all 7 x n t x may be useful to /ud5ts & s w9 a pur*as] at a small price4 ,! collector %\ld leave x sev]ely alone1 p>tly because su* work+ copies are ! rightful p]quisite ( poor s*ol>s1 p>tly because1 z he presumably buys books = 8 pleasure1 he defeats 8 own object if1 except 9 ! case ( ! v r>e/1 he buys copies at :i* he _c look )\t regrett+ t _! headl9es are cut (f or ! pap] rott5 ?r\gh bad clean+4 ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,lock] record$ 9 8 catalogue t 8 copy ( ,blake's ,songs ( ,innoc5ce & ( ,exp]i5ce _h be5 cut d[n by a previ\s own] to ! dim5sions ( ! old cov]s ( a wa%+-book4 ,i ?9k x 0 8 *ivalry1 8 piety t[>d ,blake's memory1 t induc$ him to rescue x f ?is di%on\r4 ,_h he b\ght su* a poor copy simply because x 0 *eap1 he w\ld h fall5 f> bel[ 8 /&>d z a collector4 ,putt+ on "o side beauty ( =m1 ! int]e/ ( books 9 ! eyes ( a collector lies 9 _! associations1 hi/orical1 p]sonal1 or purely lit]>y4 ,= reasons t\*$ on already b :i* we may n[ consid] m fully1 among hi/orical associations ^? connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( pr9t+ fill a v l>ge place4 ,z we h said be=e1 ! inv5tion ( an art by :i* books 7 s greatly *eap5$ & multipli$ 0 an ev5t ( almo/ unique importance 9 ! social hi/ory ( ,europe1 & ev]y?+ :i* ?r[s light on ! fir/ discov]y1 on ! mann] 9 :i* x 0 c>ri$ f "o c\ntry & city to ano!r1 & on ! me?ods & lives ( ! e>ly pr9t]s1 is ( int]e/1 & 9 its degree & measure1 ( importance4 ,moreov]1 j z foxes are hunt$ because !y %[ su* good sport1 s ^! e>ly books are collect$ because ! /udy ( !m comb9es 9 a s+ul> degree ! *>ms ( sci5tific & hi/orical discov]y1 ) all sorts ( lit]>y1 social1 & human side-int]e/s4 ,! claim :i* ,h5ry ,brad%aw put =w>d t antiqu>ian bibliography mu/ be /udi$ sci5tifically has be5 p]v]t$ by ! unwise into ! ass]tion t bibliography is a ,sci5ce1 or z !y are sometimes pleas$ to put x1 an ,exact ,sci5ce1 till s5sible p are we>i$ ( ! silly phrase4 ,b ! claim itself is absolutely true1 & ! gifts :i* enabl$ ,mr4 ,proctor to classify1 exactly or approximately1 any fragm5t ( e>ly pr9t+ accord+ to its c\ntry1 place1 pr9t]1 & date1 if employ$ on any o!r field ( sci5tific inquiry w\ld easily h ga9$ him a ,fell[%ip ( ! ,royal ,society1 besides ! ,european recognition :i*1 9 8 own small field1 0 already 8 be=e he di$4 ,a l>ge proportion ( e>ly pr9t$ books are )\t any indication :atev] ( _! place ( orig91 pr9t]1 or date4 ,! dates are obscur$ by ! quickness or sl[ness ( individual pr9t]s 9 adopt+ v>i\s improvem5ts--%eet-numb]+1 leaf-numb]+1 pr9t$ capitals1 titlepages1 me?ods ( imposition1 etc4--:i* ?us become unc]ta9 & delusive l&m>ks4 ,! place ( orig9 is obscur$ by ! exi/5ce ( almo/ id5tical types 9 diff]5t cities & ev5 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,a =tiori ! id5tity ( ! individual pr9t] may baffle rese>* f types be+ transf]r$ or copi$ 9 all b "o or two lett]s ( ! f\nt1 :i* ?us become ! sole means ( diff]5tiat+ !m4 ,z helps ! bibliograph] has1 9 ! fir/ place1 su* a classification ( ! two or ?ree ?\s& fifte5? c5tury types z he is able to c>ry 9 8 head4 ,?is1 9 proportion to its complet5ess1 enables him to n>r[ d[n ! field to be inve/igat$4 ,"s small typographical peculi>ity1 ! way 9 :i* ! illum9ator or rubricator has fill$ ! blank spaces1 ! note :i* by good =tune he may h app5d$ 9 ?is or "s o!r kn[n copy say+ :5 he f9i%$ 8 "w1 simil> notes by e>ly pur*as]s :i* occasionally give ! date ( _! b>ga91 ^! & o!r po9ts may all help =w>d ! happy mom5t ( f9al id5tification4 ,su* a hunt z ?is may s\nd al>m+ly difficult1 z if x 7 all ov] five-b>r$ gates & inconv5i5tly h$g$ dit*es4 ,b facsimiles & o!r aids h be5 greatly multipli$ ( late ye>s2 _m a book c be run d[n & ! id5tification v]ifi$ 9 a few m9utes1 & ! possibility ( hunt+ successfully 9 "o's own libr>y presupposes ! pur*ase ( _m books giv+ full in=mation z to _! orig94 ,^!1 :ile (f]+ ! means ( id5tify+ o!r books1 w !mselves raise no que/ions1 s t ! collector's life ne$ n be unceas+ly /r5u\s4 ,! side-int]e/s ( ^! old books are v v>i$4 ,_m ( !m1 at lea/ to eyes tra9$ to p]ceive x1 are ( great beauty4 ,o!rs1 al?\gh ! half c5tury dur+ :i* pr9t+ 0 9 its infancy produc$ few ma/]pieces ( lit]ature1 h real lit]>y int]e/4 ,m ?an any o!r s+le ev5t ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ hurri$ on ! transition f ! m$ieval _w to ! mod]n1 b :ile _m pr9t]s 9 ,italy ne>ly ru9$ !mselves by ! zeal ) :i* !y help$ =w>d ! classical r5aissance1 all ov] ,europe ! m$ieval books :i* 7 /ill read 7 seiz$ on = ! press1 s t 9 ! books pr9t$ betwe5 #adgj & #adij we are pres5t$ ) a conspectus or summ>y ( m$ieval lit]ature4 ,caxton pr9t$ ! works ( ,*auc] & ,g[] & prose r5d]+s ( ! old romances4 ,! ,italian presses 7 busy ) ,boccaccio1 ,petr>*1 & ,dante4 ,! enorm\s size ( ! great ,speculum or ,encyclopa$ia ( ,v9c5t de ,beauvais did n det] ! pr9t]s ( ,france & ,g]many1 & ! pond]\s tomes ( m$ieval !ology & law seem to h f\nd a ready m>ket4 ,above all1 ! highe/ skill available 9 ! be/ equipp$ work%ops 0 employ$ almo/ ceaselessly 9 ! production ( beautiful & (t5 magnific5t editions ( ! s]vice-books ( ! ,*ur* = ! use bo? ( prie/s & laity1 & x is h>dly possible to dabble mu* 9 old books )\t acquir+ an int]e/ 9 liturgiology4 ,ow+ to ?is fact1 t ! e>ly presses 7 s l>gely occupi$ ) pr9t+ ! works ( ! previ\s ?ree c5turies1 !re is comp>atively little human int]e/ 9 incunabula on _! lit]>y side4 ,in/ead ( au?ors we h mo/ly to deal ) editors1 an ass]tive & depreciatory race1 always vaunt+ _! own accuracy & zeal & insi/+ on ! incr$ible blund]s by :i* previ\s editions _h be5 de=m$ pa/ recognition4 ,we receive1 h[ev]1 no small comp5sation 9 ! p]sonal details :i* _m ( ! e>ly pr9t]s give u ab\t !mselves4 ,titlepages1 ?\gh !y occur at haphaz>d 9 a few books ( ! e>ly sev5ties 7& !re is "o /ill e>li] example71 did n become common till ab\t #adij1 & ev5 tw5ty ye>s lat] we f9d _m books /ill )\t !m4 ,! in=mation :i* we n[ expect to f9d on a titlepage 0 giv5 9 a p>agraph1 mo/ly at ! end ( ! book1 to :i* bibliograph]s h agre$ to give ! "n colophon1 f ,greek3 kolophon1 ! ,greek = a f9i%+ /roke4 ,z we h already not$1 9 _m books no in=mation ( ?is k9d is giv51 b :5 pr9t]s1 or _! pro( read]s or editors1 took ! tr\ble to write a colophon at all1 !y _h no reason to conf9e !mselves to ! sev]e brevity & simplicity ( /atem5t :i* m>ks ! mod]n titlepage4 ,x 0 9 colophons t editors ca/ /ones at _! pr$ecessors1 or dem&$ sympa?y = ! sev]ity ( _! own lab\rs1 & x is 9 colophons t we f9d ! expressions ( ! pr9t]'s piety & pride1 8 compla9ts ( 8 tr\bles ) 8 workm5 & rivals1 8 pleas = enc\ragem5t1 & occasionally1 p5n$ by ano!r h&1 ! record ( h[ he 0 /ruck d[n by dea? 9 ! mid/ ( 8 "w4 ,i h nev] he>d ( any "o mak+ a repres5tative collection ( books ) int]e/+ colophons1 b collect+ has tak5 _m worse =ms4 ,to l5d grace to _! colophons1 or sometimes z a sub/itute = !m1 ! e>ly pr9t]s & publi%]s (t5 us$ a woodcut conta9+ _! m>k1 sign1 or device4 ,l ! colophon itself1 ?is 0 pr9t$ z a tok5 ( ! ma/]'s pride 9 8 "w & 8 desire t x might be recogniz$ z 81 & _m pr9t]s' m>ks are v decorative & ev5 beautiful4 ,comp>atively neglect$ until rec5tly1 )9 ! la/ few ye>s ! devices us$ 9 v>i\s c\ntries h be5 almo/ exhau/ively reproduc$ 9 facsimile1 ?us leav+ few *ances ( fre% discov]y4 ,! m5tion ( devices br+s u to a v int]e/+ section ( e>ly pr9t$ books1 & "o :i* has attract$ only too mu* att5tion ( rec5t ye>s1 ^? decorat$ ) ! primitive cuts on wood or metal ) :i* fifte5? c5tury pr9t]s endeav\r$ to imitate ! glories ( illum9at$ manuscripts1 or to increase ! popul>ity ( _! books ) n too critical read]s4 ,occasionally1 z 9 ! metal cuts 9 ! be/ editions ( ! ,fr5* ,horae1 9 ! ,flor5t9e & ,v5etian woodcuts ( ! la/ t5 ye>s ( ! c5tury1 & 9 ! be/ "w ( o!r c\ntries1 ^! e>ly pictures possess real beauty4 ,(t5 !y are badly spoilt by ! incompet5ce ( ! cutt]s1 :o 7 work+ )\t ! aid ( mod]n grav]s or mod]n me?ods ( prep>+ ! wood4 ,! e>ly ,g]man wood-cutt]s1 :il/ _! outl9es are (t5 less graceful ?an ^? ( _! ,fr5* & ,italian competitors1 _h a special gift = *>act]ization1 & ! quality ( _! "w is mu* m uni=m1 p]haps because ev5 be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ ) movable types !y 7 an organiz$ craft4 ,b 9 almo/ all fifte5? c5tury cuts !re is a c]ta9 naive simplicity :i* captivates ^? :o all[ !mselves to /udy x1 until !y are apt1 z ! pres5t writ] has confess$ is probably true ( himself1 to rate x too highly4 ,z is ! case ) ! m ambiti\s arti/s 9 oils ( ! same p]iods1 :]ev] !re 0 any dem& = book-illu/rators a local s*ool ) /rongly m>k$ *>act]i/ics at once appe>s4 ,! "w ( ! ,augsburg cutt]s c be told at a glance f t execut$ at ,/rassburg1 & ! /yles pr$om9ant at ,v5ice & ,flor5ce1 at ,milan & ,naples are all absolutely di/9ct4 ,) "o or two exceptions we "k no?+1 until aft] #aejj1 ( ! m5 :o design$ or cut ^! illu/rations1 & 7except 9 ! case ( ^? ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries7 h>dly any attempt has be5 made1 or seems possible1 to subdivide ! "w done 9 any giv5 locality s z to gr\p x "u individual ma/]s4 ,o!rwise ! problems ( fifte5? c5tury book-illu/rations are mu* l ! problems ( ! types ) :i* !y h>monize s well1 & ! collector c ei!r devote himself to repres5t+ z fully z possible ! "w done 9 any s+le di/rict1 or range at l>ge ov] ! ,cont95t 7z reg>ds fifte5? c5tury illu/rations ,engl& may almo/ be left out ( acc\nt7 & collect a few good specim5s ( ea* s*ool4 ,x has be5 made a cause ( compla9t rec5tly aga9/ bibliograph]s t !y "k m ( ! "w done at any insignificant fifte5? c5tury press ?an ( ! hi/ory ( pr9t+ at any subsequ5t "t4 ,x is n easy to co]ce m5 into tak+ up any sections ( a subject beyond ^? 9 :i* !y are int]e/$1 & ! suppos$ culprits h at lea/ ?is mu* ju/ification = _! neglect ( ! lat] "w t v little ( x repays exam9ation4 ,until #adfe1 save = "s possible ,dut* exp]im5ts1 ,g]many enjoy$ ! monopoly ( pr9t+4 ,f #adfe to ab\t #aecj %e %>$ ! primacy 9 x ) ,italy1 ?\gh dur+ mo/ ( ?is p]iod ,italy 0 slightly ahead2 f #aecj to ab\t #aegj ,france 0 f> 9 advance ( ! re/ ( ,europe2 aft] #aegj !re 0 a high] te*nical level 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries ?an else:]e1 & ,plant9 & ! ,elzevirs ga9$ individual reputations4 ,b !re 0 v little good ta/e ev5 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & f a typographical /&po9t ! sev5te5? c5tury is a ,sah>a ) h>dly any oases4 ,f ?is wild]ness ! eighte5? c5tury1 "u ! guidance ( ,france & ,engl&1 timidly felt its way back to a k9d ( trim neatness1 b ! positive exp]im5ts ( ,bask]ville & ! ,didots1 & 9 ,italy ( ,bodoni1 7 n v excit+1 & at pres5t are q out ( fa%ion4 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ! "w ( ! ,:itt+hams 9 ,engl& des]ves m att5tion f collectors ?an x has receiv$1 & ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod any "o work+ on hi/orical l9es1 ) ! desire to illu/rate ! vicissitudes ( ! art ( pr9t+ & n m]ely its successes1 has an ample field4 ,b = positive excell5ce1 aft] ! p]iod ( orig9s1 ! ,fr5* books ( ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury (f] almo/ ! only hunt+ gr\nd 9 :i* ! fa/idi\s collector is likely to f9d an attractive qu>ry1 & x is no use to try to tell any o!r tale4 ,( ! lat] book illu/rations a some:at bett] acc\nt may be giv54 ,ow+ to ! /eady det]ioration ( pap] & presswork1 :i* 0 ! real cause ( ! typographical decl9e1 woodcuts by ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury _h gone q out ( fa%ion1 ! old simple /yle hav+ be5 lo/ & no pr9t] be+ able to d ju/ice to ! f9] "w on :i* design]s insi/$4 ,b copp] engrav+s ?rove 9 ,g]many & ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & :5 ! fa%ion ( engrav$ frontispieces & titles took root 9 ,engl& 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! c5tury x 0 pursu$ ) consid]able success = a c\ple ( g5]ations1 :ile 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! ,fr5* livres a vignettes atta9$ an extraord9>y brilliancy & elegance1 & ,gravelot & o!r ,fr5* engrav]s be/[$ "s ( _! skill on ,engli% books4 ,! use ( wood1 n[ work$ ) ! grav] & no long] ) ! knife1 0 reviv$ 9 ,engl& by ,bewick ab\t #aghd1 & 0 pursu$ ) v>y+ success = ov] a c5tury1 great te*nical skill &1 at lea/ 9 ! sixties1 v f9e design be+ m>r$ by ! pov]ty & (t5 ! tawdr9ess ( its typographical sett+4 ,despite ^! drawbacks1 ! collectors :o are be/[+ att5tion on all ?is wood-engrav$ "w ( ! n9ete5? c5tury w probably reap _! rew>d4 ,:5 wood engrav+ 0 kill$ a few ye>s ago by ! extraord9>y p]fection atta9$1 at a mu* small] co/1 by ! process block1 its fate 0 %>$ by ! l9e-engrav$ illu/rations :i* _h appe>$ fitfully ?r\gh\t ! c5tury1 & _h l+]$ on 9 ! beautiful "w ( ,c4 ,h4 ,je5s1 :o di$ 9 #ahgi1 & 9 ! use ( old plates4 ,z ! wood engrav+ 0 kill$ by ! half-tone block1 s ! l9e engrav+ disappe>$ be=e ! photogravure1 & ! col\r processes n[ be+ rapidly p]fect$ ?reat5 to r$uce all black & :ite illu/rations to unimportance4 ,9 s f>1 h[ev]1 z ! new processes necessitate ! use ( heavily load$ pap]s z a condition ( _! be+ ev5 tol]ably well pr9t$1 ! lea/ antiqu>ian ( collectors may be =giv5 = neglect+ ! books illu/rat$ by !m4 ,"s ( !m c only be pres]v$ by e plate be+ back$ ) s\nd pap]1 & a hundr$ ye>s h5ce ( all ?is illu/rat$ "w1 mu* ( x really beautiful1 :i* is n[ be+ produc$ 9 su* quantities1 v little w rema94 ,! mod]n ,groli]s :om we tri$ to call =? at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt] w ne$ to be exp]ts bo? 9 pap] & 9 lea!r if !y are to leave beh9d !m any p]man5t record ( _! good ta/e4 ,b ?is is only a cr[n+ pro( ( h[ urg5tly !y are ne$$4 ,x w\ld be pleasant to glance briefly at "s ( ! m lit]>y consid]ations :i* br+ books )9 ! collector's scope4 ,b ! s*eme ( ?is s]ies re/ricts ! subject ( ! pres5t volume to books :i* are priz$ ei!r = _! typographical beauty1 _! place 9 ! hi/ory ( pr9t+1 or ! *>m ( _! illu/rations4 ,?is is 9 itself s l>ge a field t no m pages mu/ be wa/$ on introduc+ x4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,ev5 ,mr4 ,c>negie w only help to f\nd new libr>ies1 n to make old ones m effici5t4 #b ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> itself presses 7 also set up tempor>ily at ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 at ,%rewsbury1 & p]haps else:]e4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,block-,,books ,! collector ( ! "t ( ,george ,,iii1 ^: he>t 0 set on ,typographical ,antiquities1 & :o 0 ambiti\s en\gh to wi% to beg9 at ! beg9n+1 mu/ h hung]$ aft] a block-book4 ,ev5 9 ! days ( ,bag=d1 at ! v outset ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 int]e/ _h be5 ar\s$ 9 ! block-pr9t$ editions ( ! ,speculum ,humanae ,saluationis1 s t ,bag=d himself travell$ f ,am/]dam to ,ha>lem on purpose to see a copy ( "o ( ! ,dut* editions1 & set an ,engli% wood-cutt] to "w1 ) v poor success1 to manufacture a bogus specim5 ( x1 :]e) to oblige ! curi\s4 ,?is1 ) a simil> imitation ( a page 9 ! ,biblia ,paup]um1 0 int5d$ to illu/rate ! ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+ :i* ,bag=d _h ! tem]ity to plan1 al?\gh su* ( 8 small] diss]tations z h be5 pres]v$ %[ conclusively t he 0 q incapable ( c>ry+ x out4 ,! int]e/ ?us e>ly %[n 9 block-books sprang f an entirely reasonable1 b probably incorrect1 view ( ! "p :i* !y _h play$ 9 ! developm5t ( pr9t+ ) movable type4 ,x 0 kn[n t woodcuts )\t lett]press 7 pr9t$ 9 ,g]many q e>ly 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! cut ( ,s4 ,*ri/oph]1 =m]ly 9 ! ,sp5c] ,collection1 n[ 9 ! ,john ,ryl&s ,libr>y1 be>+ ! date #adbc4c ,on ! o!r h&1 pr9t+ ) movable type 0 practis$ at ,ma9z 9 ! fifties1 & ab\t #adfa ,albre*t ,pfi/] publi%$ at ,bamb]g sev]al books ) woodcut illu/rations & pr9t$ lett]press4 ,9 ! logical ord] ( developm5t no?+ c\ld be m reasonable ?an ! sequ5ce3 i4 ,woodcut pictures4 ii4 ,woodcut pictures & woodcut text4 iii4 ,woodcut pictures & text pr9t$ f movable type4 ,facts1 h[ev]1 d n always arrange !mselves ) ! neatness :i* comm5ds itself to an a priori hi/orian1 & ! mo/ rec5t /ud5ts ( block-books are unable to discov] suffici5t ju/ification = ! e>ly dates :i* _! pr$ecessors assign$ to !m4 ,on ! old !ory1 9 ord] to put x 9 front ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ ) movable types1 ! ,biblia ,paup]um1 :i* appe>s to be ! olde/ ( ! block-books1 0 plac$ ab\t #adcj or #addj1 & ! ,ars ,mori5di & ! o!r *ief specim5s ( block-pr9t+ 7 all suppos$ to h be5 produc$ be=e #adfj1 ! ma9 p]iod ( block-pr9t+ ?us co9cid+ ) ! int]val betwe5 ! ,s4 ,*ri/oph] ( #adbc & ,pfi/]'s activity at ,bamb]g ab\t #adfa4 ,positive evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ?is *ronology !re 0 none4 ,x re/$ solely on ! idea1 at :i* bibliograph]s _h jump$1 t ! block-books 7 necess>y /eps t[>ds ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 z !y h (t5 be5 call$1 & on :at seem$ ! improbability t any "o1 :5 ! art ( pr9t+ ) movable type _h once be5 inv5t$1 w\ld h tr\bl$ himself labori\sly to cut lett]press on wood4 ,s f> f block-pr9t+ be+ unable to co-exi/ ) pr9t+ f movable type1 x 0 n till ne>ly a c5tury aft] pr9t+ _h be5 inv5t$ t block-books f9ally ceas$ to be produc$4 ,! example g5]ally quot$ z ! late/#d is ! ,op]a nova contemplativa p] ogni f$el *ri/iano laquale tratta de le figure del te/am5to vec*io3 le quale figure sonno v]ificate nel te/am5to nuovo4 ,z its title implies1 ?is1 curi\sly en\gh1 is an adaptation ( ! ,biblia ,paup]um1 :i* 0 ?us ! la/1 z x may h be5 ! fir/1 ( ! block-books4 ,x is undat$1 b has ! "n ( its publi%]1 ,giovanni ,&rea ,vavassore1 :o work$ at ,v5ice ab\t #aecj4 ,! ,op]a nova contemplativa 0 f "o po9t ( view a m]e survival1 b ,vavassore is n likely to h produc$ x solely to cause tw5tie? c5tury antiqu>ies surprise4 ,he mu/ h _h a bus9ess reason = hav+ rec\rse to block-pr9t+1 nor is t reason v h>d to f9d4 ,f ! frequ5cy ) :i* ! e>ly pr9t]s *ang$ & reca/ _! types1 & ! %ort int]vals at :i* popul> books pr9t$ ) types 7 set up afre%1 x is cle> 7#a7 t ! type-metal#e employ$ 0 mu* s(t] & less durable ?an t n[ 9 use1 & t only small impressions#f c\ld be tak5 f ! same sett+ up2 7#b7 t only a small am\nt ( type 0 ca/ at a "t1 & t type 0 quickly di/ribut$ & us$ aga91 nev] kept /&+ on ! *ance t ano!r edition w\ld be want$4 ,n[ :5 we come to ! illu/rations 9 pr9t$ books1 we f9d ! same woodblocks us$ = five or six successive editions1 & !n1 9 _m cases1 enjoy+ a second lease ( life z job-blocks1 us$ at haphaz>d by inf]ior pr9t]s4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t :ile x 0 a mu* m difficult & labori\s bus9ess to cut ! lett]press ( a book on blocks ( wood ?an to set x up ) movable types1 :5 ! blocks 7 once made mu* m "w c\ld be got out ( !m4 ,9 a ^w1 9 ! case ( a small book = :i* !re 0 a /eady dem&1 a pr9t] might be tempt$ to h x cut z a block-book = ! same reasons z might cause a mod]n publi%] to h x /]eotyp$4 ,! lab\r ( cutt+ ! lett]press on wood 0 mu* great] ?an t n[ involv$ 9 /]eotyp+1 & ! result clumsi]4 ,h5ce x 0 only to %ort books int5d$ = unexact+ pur*as]s t ! process 0 appli$ & ) two or ?ree exceptions x 0 us$ only = illu/rat$ books ) a small am\nt ( text4 ,b )9 ?is re/rict$ field x _h its own comm]cial possibilities1 & !re is ?us no?+ surpris+ 9 its coexi/5ce ) pr9t+ f movable type4 ,:5 ! !ory t block-books 7 ,/eps t[>ds ! ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+ is ?us oppos$ by ! rival !ory t !y 7 =]unn]s ( /]eotyp$ plates1 we are left free to consid]1 unco]c$ by suppos$ necessities1 su* evid5ce z exi/s z to ! dates ( ! specim5s ( block-pr9t+ /ill extant4 ,putt+ aside ! late ,italian block-book z a m]e survival1 we f9d two#g broadly di/+ui%$ gr\ps1 "o e>li]1 ! dates ( memb]s ( :i* c only be conjectur$1 ! o!r lat]1 sev]al ( :i* c only be def9itely connect$ ) ! ye>s #adgj to #adgc4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! e>li] gr\p are t !y are pr9t$ 7#a7 ) a wat]y br[n ink2 7#b7 always on "o side ( ! pap] only2 7#c7 )\t me*anical pressure2#h 7#d7 two consecutive pages at a "t1 s t !y _c be arrang$ 9 quires1 b mu/ be fold$ & /it*$ sep>ately1 & ! book ?us =m$#i beg9s & ends ) a blank page & has a pair ( blank pages betwe5 ea* pair ( pr9t$ ones4 ,?is arrangem5t 9 "s extant copies has be5 alt]$ by mod]n b9d]s1 :o h divid$ ! %eets1 m\nt$ ea* leaf on a gu>d1 & !n ga!r$ !m1 at _! own w1 into quires4 ,! inconv5i5t int]v5tion ( ! blank pages has also sometimes be5 wre/l$ ) 7at an e>ly date7 by glu+ ! leaves toge!r1 s t all ! leaves1 except ! fir/ & la/1 are d\ble1 & ! pr9t$ pages foll[ ea* o!r )\t int]ruption4 ,^! exp$i5ts1 h[ev]1 are easily detect$1 & ! orig9al pr9ciple ( arrangem5t is free f d\bt4 ,9 ! lat] block-books1 on ! o!r h&1 we note "o or m ( ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics3 7#a7 ! use ( ! ?ick black ink 7really a k9d ( pa9t7 employ$ 9 ord9>y pr9t+2 7#b7 pr9t+ on bo? sides ( ! pap]2 7#c7 m>ks ( pressure1 %[+ t ! pap] has be5 pass$ ?r\gh a pr9t+-press2 7#d7 ! arrangem5t ( ! blocks 9 su* a way z to p]mit ! %eets to be ga!r$ into quires4 ,9 ! case ( ! m popul> block-books :i* w5t ?r\gh _m issues & editions#aj we c trace ! gradual sub/itution ( lat] *>act]i/ics = e>li] ones4 ,at :at int]vals ( "t ^! *anges 7 made we h bibliographically no adequate gr\nds ev5 = guess+4 ,analogies f books pr9t$ ) movable types may be quot$ on bo? sides4 ,on ! "o h&1 we f9d ! blocks = book-illu/rations enjoy+ an amaz+ly long life4 ,?us blocks cut at ,v5ice & ,flor5ce betwe5 #adij & #aejj cont9u$ 9 use = fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s1 7 !n laid aside1 & reappe> betwe5 #aeej & #aefj1 c]ta9ly ! worse = we>1 b yet capable by a lucky *ance ( yield+ q a fair impression4 ,! fact t "o issue ( a block-book c be positively assign$ to #adgj or #adgc1 ?us does n ( itself =bid an e>li] issue be+ plac$ z f> back 9 ! fifte5? c5tury z any "o may please to propose4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 a pr9t$ book 0 a popul> success editions succe$$ ea* o!r ) great rapidity1 & "o c5tre ( pr9t+ vi$ ) ano!r 9 produc+ copies ( x4 ,! *ief reason = ! curr5t dis9cl9ation to assume a date e>li] ?an #adej or #adfj = any extant block-book is ! total abs5ce ( any evid5ce dem&+ x4 ,if su* evid5ce 7 =?com+1 !re w\ld be no inh]5t impossibility to set aga9/ x4 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( su* evid5ce tw5ty ye>s seems an ample "t to all[ = ! vogue ( ! block-books1 & 7despite ! neatness ( ! a priori !ory ( developm5t m5tion$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]7 ?is fits 9 bett] ) ! hi/ory bo? ( pr9t+ & ( book-illu/ration ?an any long] p]iod4 ,! fir/ attempt to describe ! extant block-books 0 made by ,c>l ,he9ri* von ,he9eck5 9 #agga1 9 8 ,idee g5]ale d'une collection d'e/ampes4 ,?is held ! field until ! publication 9 #aheh ( ,samuel ,legh ,so!by's ,pr9cipia ,typographica3 ! block-books issu$ 9 ,holl&1 ,fl&]s & ,g]many1 dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 a pa9/ak+ & well-illu/rat$ "w 9 ?ree folio volumes4 ,! mo/ rec5t & probably ! f9al treatm5t ( ! subject is t by ,dr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,s*reib]1 9 ,vol4 ,,iv ( 8 ,manuel de l',amateur de la ,gravure sur bois et sur metal au xve siecle1 publi%$ 9 #aijb 7facsimiles 9 ,vols4 ,,vii & ,,viii1 #ahie-aijj74 ,dr4 ,s*reib] enum]ates no few] ?an ?irty-?ree works z exi/+ 9 ! =m ( block-books1 ! numb] ( extant issues & editions ( !m am\nt+ to ov] "o hundr$4 ,"h x mu/ suffice to (f] brief notes on "s ( ! m important4 ,,biblia ,,paup]um ,a s]ies ( =ty composite pictures1 ! c5tral comp>tm5t 9 ea* repres5t+ a sc5e f ! life ( ,*ri/1 :ile on ea* side ( x is an ,old ,te/am5t type1 & above & bel[ are 9 ea* case two half-figures ( prophets4 ,! explanatory lett]press is giv5 9 ! two upp] corn]s & also on scrolls4 ,s*reib] di/+ui%es t5 issues & editions1 9 addition to an e>li] ,g]man "o ( a less elaborate design & ) manuscript text1 :i* belongs to a diff]5t tradition4 ,! e>li] ( ^! t5 editions appe> to h be5 made 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,an edition ) ,g]man text 0 publi%$ ) ! colophon1 ,fri$]i* wal!r ,maul] zu ,nordl+5 vnd ,hans ,hurn+ hab5t dis bu* mitt e95d] gema*t1 & a second issue ( ?is 7)\t ! colophon7 is dat$ #adgj4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ano!r edition1 ) copi$ cuts1 0 pr9t$ ) ! device ( ,hans ,spo]]4 ,,ars ,,mori5di ,tw5ty-f\r leaves1 two conta9+ a preface1 & ! rema9+ tw5ty-two elev5 pictures & elev5 pages ( explanatory lett]press fac+ !m1 %[+ ! temptations to :i* ! dy+ are expos$1 & ! good inspirations by :i* !y may be resi/$1 &1 la/ly1 ! f9al agony4 ,! e>ly editions are ascrib$ to ! ,ne!rl&s or di/rict ( ! ,rh9e2 ! lat] to ,g]many4 ,!re are also editions ) ,g]man text1 "o ( !m sign$ hanns ,spor]1 & dat$ #adgc4 ,a set ( engrav+s on copp] by ! ,ma/] ,e4 ,s4 7copi$ by ! ,ma/] ( ,s4 ,erasmus7 may be ei!r imitations or ! orig9als ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! ,ars ,mori5di designs4 7,see ,lionel ,cu/'s ,! ,ma/] ,e4 ,s4 & ! ,ars ,mori5di47 ,! designs 7 imitat$ 9 num]\s pr9t$ editions 9 v>i\s c\ntries4 ,9 addition to a copy ( ! edition usually reg>d$ z ! e>lie/ extant1 ! ,briti% ,museum possesses "o ) ! same *>act]i/ics1 b ( a mu* small] size 7! blocks measur+ #acg by #ajj mm4 in/ead ( #bbf by #afb71 & f ?is1 z mu* less kn[n1 a page is "h giv5 z an illu/ration4 ,,cantica ,,canticorum ,sixte5 leaves1 ea* conta9+ two woodcuts1 illu/rat+ ! ,song ( ,songs z a p>able ( ! ,bless$ ,virg94 ,produc$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,,apocalypsis ,,sancti ,,johannis ,fifty leaves1 or 9 "s editions =ty-eight1 %[+ sc5es f ! life ( ,s4 ,john & illu/rations ( ! ,apocalypse1 mo/ly ) two pictures on ea* leaf4 ,! e>ly editions are assign$ to ! ,ne!rl&s1 ! lat] to ,g]many4 ,a copy ( ! edition reg>d$ z ! f\r?1 lately sold by ,h]r ,ludwig ,ros5?al1 be>s a manuscript note1 mo/ probably z to ! writ]1 j possibly z to ! book1 ent]+ ! h\sehold ( ! ,l&grave ,he9ri* ( ,hesse 9 #adfc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iii4 ,,ars ,,mori5di1 ,,blockbook1 ,c4 #adfe ,,inspiratio ,,contra ,,vanam ,,gloriam ,,speculum ,,humanae ,,saluationis ,sc5es f ,bible hi/ory1 arrang$ 9 pairs1 )9 ar*itectural bord]s1 ) explanatory text b5ea?4 ,no complete xylographic1 or block-pr9t$1 edition is kn[n1 b tw5ty leaves pr9t$ f blocks are f\nd 9 conjunction ) =ty-f\r leaves pr9t$ f type1 & h n unreasonably be5 held to prove ! previ\s production ( a complete block-pr9t$ edition n[ lo/4 ,9 l mann]1 ! fact t two diff]5t types are us$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( a ,dut* pr9t$ edition has enc\rag$ ,dr4 ,hessels to believe t ?is mix$ edition %\ld be reg>d$ z prov+ ! production ( two complete editions1 "o 9 ea* type4 ,on ?is !ory we h 7#a7 a hypo!tical ,lat9 block-pr9t$ edition2 7#b-d7 ?ree ,dut* editions1 ea* pr9t$ 9 a diff]5t type2 7#e7 a ,lat9 edition1 entirely pr9t$ f type2 7#f7 a ,lat9 edition1 pr9t$ p>tly f type1 p>tly f "s ( ! blocks ( ,no4 #a4 ,! copy ( ?is mix$ ,lat9 edition1 z x is call$1 9 ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y at ,muni*1 is dat$ 9 manuscript #adga1 & ! hypo!tical complete block-pr9t$ edition may be z mu* e>li] ?an ?is z any "o pleases to imag9e4 ,b o!r bibliograph]s recognize only f\r editions & arrange !m diff]5tly4 ,,anti*ri/us ,?irty-eight leaves1 ) two pictures on ea* leaf1 illu/rat+ ! ,leg5ds relat+ to ! ,com+ ( ,anti*ri/1 & ! ,fifte5 ,signs :i* 7 to prec$e ! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,! text is 9 ,g]man1 & ! block-book 0 execut$ 9 ,g]many1 probably ab\t #adgj4 ,,franciscus ,,de ,,retza4 ,,def5sorium ,,inviolatae ,,ca/itatis ,,virg9is ,,m>iae ,sixte5 leaves1 mo/ly ) f\r pictures & f\r pieces ( explanatory lett]press on ea* leaf1 conc]n+ m>vels 9 ! natural _w :i* 7 suppos$ to be equally wond]ful ) t ( ! ,virg9 ,bir?1 & !re=e to r5d] fai? 9 ?is easi]4 ,un=tunately ! m>vels are s v m>vell\s t !y d n inspire belief1 e4g4 "o /ory relates h[ ! sun "o day drew up ! moi/ure f ! e>? ) su* rapidity t an ox 0 drawn up ) x & subsequ5tly deposit$ out ( a cl\d 9 ano!r field4 ,"o edition 0 issu$ by a c]ta9 ,f4 ,w4 9 #adgj1 ano!r at ,ratisbon by ,johann ,eys5hut ! foll[+ ye>4 ,,johann ,,mull] 7,,johannes ,,regiomontanus74 ,,kal5d] ,?irty-two leaves1 conta9+ lun> tables1 tables ( ! eclipses = fifty-six ye>s 7#adge-aecj71 o!r a/ronomical in=mation1 & a figure ( ! human body ) notes ( ! signs ( ! zodiac by :i* x 0 influ5c$4 ,compos$ by ! fam\s a/ronom]1 ,johann ,mull]1 & sold by ,hans ,briefftruck1 probably ,hans ,spo]]1 ab\t #adgd-e1 at ,nuremb]g & else:]e4 ,,johann ,,h>tlieb4 ,,die ,,kun/ ,,*iromantia ,=ty-f\r figures ( h&s1 ) a titlepage & page ( text & a pr9t$ wrapp]4 ,e>ly issues are pr9t$ on "o side ( ! pap] only1 lat] on bo?4 ,! pr9t] appe>s to h be5 ,jorg ,s*aff1 ( ,augsburg1 & ! date ( issue ab\t #adge4 ,! date #addh f\nd 9 ! book is t ( composition1 & x probably circulat$ 9 manuscript = _m ye>s be=e be+ pr9t$4 ,,mirabilia ,,romae ,a ,g]man guide-book = visitors to ,rome4 ,n9ety-two leaves1 pr9t$ ) black ink on bo? sides ( ! leaf1 ) only a few illu/rations4 ,x 0 p]haps fir/ publi%$ to meet ! ru% ( ,g]man pilgrims to ,rome at ! ,jubilee ( ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv1 #adge4 ,! blocks 7 probably cut 9 ,g]many1 & ! pr9t+ done at ,rome4 ,"s ( ! ornam5ts are said to h be5 us$ 9 type-pr9t$ editions by ,/ephan ,plannck4 ,?is sugge/s t ! book may h be5 publi%$ by 8 pr$ecessor1 ,ulri* ,han4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 addition to ^! block-books ( ,l[ ,c\ntry & ,g]man orig91 m5tion mu/ also be made ( a v curi\s ,italian "o1 a ,passio dom9i no/ri ,jesu ,*ri/i1 fully describ$ by ! ,pr9ce d',essl+4 ,! copy ( ?is at ,b]l9 conta9s eighte5 leaves1 & 0 probably execut$ at ,v5ice ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,"s ( ! blocks 7 subsequ5tly us$ 7aft] a scroll at ! foot _h be5 cut (f7 = an edition ( ! ,devote ,m$itatione sopra la ,passione del ,no/ro ,signore 7attribut$ to ,s4 ,bonav5tura71 publi%$ at ,v5ice 9 #adhg by ,j]onimo di ,sancti e ,cornelio suo ,compagno1 & a page f ?is is reproduc$ z a frontispiece to our *apt] on ,italian ,illu/rat$ ,books4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( ! ,op]a nova contemplativa1 an adaptation ( ! ,biblia ,paup]um1 pr9t$ z a block-book at ,v5ice ab\t #aecj4 ,! only extant ,fr5* block-book1 if x c be call$ "o1 is t ( ! ,n9e ,wor?ies 7,les ,neuf ,preux74 ,?is consi/s ( ?ree %eets1 ! fir/ %[+ ?ree hea!n wor?ies--,hector1 ,alex&]1 & ,julius ,caes>2 ! second1 ?ree f ! ,old ,te/am5t--,jo%ua1 ,david1 & ,judas ,maccabaeus2 ! ?ird1 ?ree f m$ieval romance--,ar?ur1 ,*>lemagne1 & ,godfrey ( ,b\logne4 ,"u ea* picture are six l9es ( v]se4 ,^! ?ree triple woodcuts1 ) ! woodcut text1 are assign$ to ab\t #adee4 ,no ,engli% block-book has yet be5 discov]$1 nor is x 9 ! lea/ likely t "o ev] exi/$1 ?\gh !re are a few s+le woodcuts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,block-books possess two p]man5t attractions 9 addition to _! suppos$ hi/orical importance 9 ! developm5t ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ on :i* d\bt is n[ ca/--! attraction ( popul> lit]ature & ! attraction ( ! illu/rat$ book4 ,z we h se51 x w\ld n h be5 wor? any "o's :ile to cause a block-book to be labori\sly engrav$1 or cut1 unless a l>ge & spe$y sale c\ld be expect$ = x4 ,! mo/ fam\s block-books are ne>ly all ( a religi\s "*1 & !y prove a widespread desire = simple in/ruction z to ! incid5ts ( ! life ( ,*ri/ & ! ev5ts 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory :i* 7 reg>d$ z prefigurem5ts ( !m1 z to ! dignity ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 & ! doctr9e ( ! ,virg9 ,bir?1 z to ! end ( ! _w & ! com+ ( ,anti*ri/1 & z to ! spiritual dang]s & temptations ( ! dy+ & ! means by :i* !y might be resi/$4 ,z e>ly specim5s ( book-illu/ration ! value ( ! block-books v>ies v greatly4 ,! majority ( !m are m curi\s ?an beautiful1 b ! pictures ( ! ,cantica ,canticorum1 ! ,speculum ,humanae ,saluationis1 & ! ,ars ,mori5di h all v great m]it4 ,! tall1 sl5d] figures 9 ! ,song ( ,songs h a *>m z great z any ,dut* book-illu/rations ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 ! cuts ( ! ,speculum are full ( vig\r1 :ile ! s]5e dignity ( ! sc5es 9 ! ,ars ,mori5di illu/rat+ ! ,inspirations ( ! ,good ,angel is z impressive z ! grotesque =ce us$ 9 depict+ ! diabolic sugge/ions4 ,if we mu/ grant1 z ! weight ( au?ority n[ bids u1 t ^! woodcuts are copies f ! copp] engrav+s ( ! ,ma/] ,e4 ,s41 x c h>dly be disput$ t ! wood-cutt] 0 ! bett] arti/ ( ! two4 ,! block-books are a /rik+ example ( ! difficulty ( glean+ :]e ! e>li] collectors h reap$1 a difficulty to :i* we %all (t5 h to call att5tion4 ,!y v>y greatly 9 positive r>ity4 ,( ! ,biblia ,paup]um & ,ars ,mori5di1 :i* 9 _! diff]5t issues & editions enjoy$ ! longe/ life & e>ly attract$ att5tion1 ,dr4 ,s*reib] 7if ,i h c\nt$ rightly7 0 able to enum]ate 9 ! "o case z _m z eighty-?ree copies--_m ( !m1 x is true1 m]e fragm5ts--9 ! o!r sixty-"o4 ,( ! ,apocalypse fifty-sev5 copies 7 kn[n to him1 ( ! ,speculum tw5ty-n9e1 ( ! ,anti*ri/ ?irte51 ( ! ,def5sorium twelve1 & ( ! ,mirabilia ,romae six4 ,b ( ^! #bfa copies & fragm5ts no few] ?an #bbc are record$ z be+ lock$ up 9 public libr>ies & museums1 ! own]%ip ( ?irte5 0 d\btful1 & only tw5ty-five are def9itely regi/]$ z be+ 9 ! h&s ( private collectors1 viz4 ( ! ,apocalypse1 eight copies or fragm5ts2 ( ! ,biblia ,paup]um1 six2 ( ! ,speculum & ,ars ,mori5di1 f\r ea*2 ( ! ,def5sorium1 two2 & ( ! ,cantica ,canticorum1 "o4 ,! *ief own]s kn[n to ,dr4 ,s*reib] 7 ! ,e>l ( ,pembroke1 ,b>on ,edmond de ,ro?s*ild1 & ,major ,hol=d1 to :om mu/ n[ be add$ ,mr4 ,pi]pont ,morgan & ,mr4 ,p]r9s4 ,no d\bt ! copies 9 public in/itutions are mu* m easily enum]at$ ?an ^? 9 private h&s1 & probably mo/ ( ! untrac$ copies are own$ by collectors4 ,b :5 all[ance has be5 made = ?is1 x rema9s obvi\s t ?is is no field :]e an easy h>ve/ c be reap$1 & t ! av]age collector may ?9k himself lucky if he obta9s "o or two s+le leaves4 ,! la/ great opportunity ( acquir+ su* treasures 0 at ! sale 9 #ahgb ( ! wond]ful collection =m$ by ,t4 ,o4 ,weigel1#aa at :i* ! ,briti% ,museum b\ght a v f9e copy ( ! fir/ edition ( ! ,ars ,mori5di1 ! fir/ edition1 dat$ #adgj1 ( ! ,biblia ,paup]um1 9 ,g]man1 a block-book illu/rat+ ! virtues ( ! hymn ,salve ,reg9a1 & ! compassion ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 pr9t$ at ,reg5sburg ab\t #adgj1 besides fragm5ts & woodcut s+le %eets4 ,! f\ndation ( ! ,museum collection ( block-books _h be5 laid by ,george ,,iii1 add$ to by ,mr4 ,gr5ville1 & complet$ by a s]ies ( pur*ases f #ahch to ?is f9al haul ( #ahgb1 s9ce :5 !re h be5 few opportunities = new acquisitions4 ,x is n[ q adequate = purposes ( /udy1 ?\gh n s ri* z t ( ! ,biblio!que ,nationale at ,p>is4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,! au!nticity ( a /ill e>li] date1 #adah1 on a cut ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 at ,brussels is disput$4 #d ,! ,libro di ,m4 ,giovanbatti/a ,palat9o1 pr9t$ at ,rome 9 #aedh1 is spok5 ( by ,mr4 ,campbell ,dodgson z a belat$ specim5 ( a block-book4 ,b ?is 0 a writ+-book1 & h>dly c\nts4 #e ,num]\s ref]5ces 9 colophons %[ t ! metal mo/ly us$ 0 brass1 e4g4 ,primus 9 ,adriaca =mis impressit a5is ,vrbe libros ,spira g5itus de /irpe ,johannes1 & ! use ( ,*alcographi z a "n = pr9t]s4 ,b !re are "o or two ref]5ces to pr9t+ /anneis typis1 ) types ( t94 #f ,( ! fir/ book pr9t$ at ,v5ice only #ajj copies 7 /ruck (f1 b ! numb] 0 trebl$ 9 ! case ( its imm$iate successors4 ,at ,rome ,sweynheym & ,pann>tz mo/ly pr9t$ #bge copies1 only 9 a few in/ances z _m z #cjj4 ,b at ! end ( ! c5tury ,pynson 0 pr9t+ at lea/ #fjj copies ( l>ge books & z _m z #ajjj ( small ones4 #g ,a v small ?ird gr\p1 e>li] ?an ei!r ( ^!1 consi/s ( woodcuts ) manuscript text4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is a ,g]man ,biblia ,paup]um q di/9ct f ^? />t$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 #h ,"s e>ly woodcuts 7 pr9t$ by press+ ! block d[n on ! pap] by h&2 = ! e>ly block-books1 h[ev]1 ! usual me?od seems to h be5 to press ! pap] on to ! face ( ! block by rubb+ x on ! back ) a burni%]4 ,! pap] 0 ?us q z /rongly ind5t$ z if pass$ ?r\gh a press1 b ! impression is usually less ev54 ,! friction on ! back ( ! pap] (t5 gives x a poli%$ appe>ance4 ,z long z ?is me?od cont9u$ 9 use x 01 ( c\rse1 impossible to pr9t on bo? sides ( ! pap]4 #i ,x is possible t ! e>lie/ specim5s ( block-pr9t+ 7 int5d$ n to be b\nd 9 books b to be pa/$ on walls4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,biblia ,paup]um1 = in/ance1 ! space betwe5 ! two woodcuts plac$ on ea* %eet is s small 9 "s issues t ! %eets _c be b\nd )\t conceal+ "p ( ! pictures4 #aj ,diff]5t issues are di/+ui%$ by ! signs ( we> 9 ! blocks1 or occasionally by _! be+ diff]5tly arrang$1 or ) *anges made 9 ! blocks4 ,9 a diff]5t edition we h to deal ) a new set ( blocks4 #aa ,s9ce ?is 0 writt5 ! int]e/+ collection =m$ by ,dr4 ,s*reib] himself has be5 disp]s$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,pr9t+--,,holl& ,up to ! ye> #adfe only "o firm ( pr9t]s ev9c$ any appreciation ( ! uses ( adv]tisem5t4 ,9 #adeg ,johann ,fu/ & ,pet] ,s*oeff]1 ( ,ma9z1 set _! names at ! end ( ! liturgical ,psalt] :i* !y 7 issu+ f _! press1 & /at$ also ! date ( its completion1 ,9 vigilia ,assumpcionis1 on ! vigil ( ! fea/ ( ! ,assumption1 i4e4 ,augu/ #ad?4 ,save 9 ! case ( a few unimportant books ?is pref]5ce = publicity rema9$ ! settl$ practice ( ! firm until ,pet] ,s*oeff]'s dea? e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & lat] /ill :5 x 0 9 ! h&s ( 8 son ,johann4 ,) o!r pr9t]s at fir/ ! t5d5cy 0 all ! o!r way4 ,albre*t ,pfi/] plac$ 8 "n 9 "o or two ( ! h&ful ( popul> illu/rat$ books :i* he pr9t$ at ,bamb]g ab\t #adfa4 ,no o!r book be=e #adfe conta9s its pr9t]'s "n1 & bo? at ,/rassburg & at ,basel ! practice ( publi%+ anonym\sly cont9u$ 9 fa%ion ?r\gh\t ! 'sev5ties--9 ,/rassburg1 inde$1 = ! be/ "p ( ano!r decade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iv4 ,,e>ly ,,dut* ,,press ,,alex&] ,,galles1 ,,doctr9ale 7#c;a7 ,:ile pr9t+ cont9u$ ma9ly anonym\s *ronicl]s took no note ( x1 b 9 ! t5 ye>s :i* began 9 #adfe ! progress ( ! art 0 rapid & triumphant4 ,pr9t]s1 mo/ly ,g]mans1 invad$ ! *ief cities ( ,europe1 & boa/$ 9 _! books ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ to practise x 9 ?is place or t4 ,curiosity z to ! beg9n+s ( ! inv5tion 0 ?us ar\s$1 & f #adgj onw>ds we meet ) num]\s attempts1 n always accurate1 to satisfy x4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! attempts is 9 a lett] f ,guillaume ,fi*et1 a ,pr(essor at ! ,sorbonne1 :o 0 ma9ly responsible = br++ ! fir/ pr9t]s to ,p>is1 to 8 fri5d ,rob]t ,gagu94 ,?is is conta9$ 9 "o copy ( ! second ,p>is book1 ! ,or?ographia ( ,gasp>9us ,b>zizius1 pr9t$ 9 #adgj1 ,fi*et hav+ a fondness = giv+ individuality to special copies by additions ( ?is k9d4 ,9 ?is lett] he speaks ( ! great light :i* he ?9ks le>n+ w receive f ! new k9d ( bookm5 :om ,g]many1 l ano!r ,trojan ,horse1 has p\r$ =?4 ,f]unt enim illic1 haut procul a ciuitate ,maguncia1 ,ioannem qu5dam fuisse cui cognom5 bonemontano1 qui primus omnium impressoriam artem excogitau]it1 qua non calamo 7ut prisci quidem illi7 neque p5na 7ut nos f+imus7 s$ a]eis litt]is libri f+untur1 et quidem exp$ite1 polite et pul*re4 ,dignus sane hic uir fuit quem omnes musae1 omnes artes1 omnesque eorum l+uae qui libris delectantur1 diu9is laudibus orn5t1 eoque magis dis deabusque anteponant1 quo propius ac pres5tius litt]is ipsis ac /udiosis hom9ibus suffragium tulit4 ,si quidem deificantur ,lib] et alma ,c]es1 ille quippe dona ,liei inu5it poculaque inu5tis a*eloia miscuit uuis1 haec *aoniam p+ui gl&em mutauit ari/a4 ,atque 7ut poeta utamur alt]o7 prima ,c]es unco glebam dim\it aratro1 prima d$it fruges alim5ta mitia t]ris4 ,at bonemontanus ille1 longe gratiora diu9ioraque inu5it1 quippe qui litt]as eiusmodi exculpsit1 quibus quidquid dici1 aut cogit>i pote/1 prop$iem scribi ac transcribi po/]itatis m&>i memoriae possit4 ,! good ,fi*et is absurdly rhetorical1 b "h 9 #adgj is a q cle> /atem5t t1 accord+ to report1 !re 7i4e4 9 ,g]many71 n f> f#ab ! city ( ,ma9z1 a c]ta9 ,john1 surnam$ ,gut5b]g1 fir/ ( all m5 ?\ght out ! pr9t+ art1 by :i* books are fa%ion$ n ) a re$ or p51 b ) lett]s ( brass1 & ?us des]v$ bett] ( mank9d ?an ei!r ,bac*us or ,c]es1 s9ce by 8 inv5tion :atev] c be said or ?\ght c =?) be writt5 & transcrib$ & h&$ d[n to po/]ity4 ,f\r ye>s lat] 9 8 cont9uation ( ! ,*ronica ,summorum ,pontificum1 begun by ,riccobaldus1 ,joannes ,philippi de ,lignam9e1 ! physician ( ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv1 :o _h set up a press ( 8 own at ,rome1 wrote z "o ( ! ev5ts ( ! pontificate ( ,pius ,,ii 7#adeh-fd71 h[ ,jakob ,gut5b]g1 a native ( ,/rassburg1 & a c]ta9 o!r ^: "n 0 ,fu/1 be+ skill$ 9 pr9t+ lett]s on p>*m5t ) metal =ms1 are kn[n ea* ( !m to be turn+ out ?ree hundr$ %eets a day at ,ma9z1 a city ( ,g]many1 & ,johann ,m5tel9 also1 at ,/rassburg1 a city ( ! same prov9ce1 be+ skill$ 9 ! same craft1 is kn[n to be pr9t+ daily ! same numb] ( %eets4#ac ,a little lat] ,de ,lignam9e records ! arrival at ,rome ( ,sweynheym & ,pann>tz1 & also ( ,ulri* ,han1 & cr$its !m also ) pr9t+ ?ree hundr$ %eets a day4 ,o!r ref]5ces foll[ 9 lat] books )\t add+ to our k1 save by prov+ ! widespread recognition 9 ! fifte5? c5tury t pr9t+ 0 inv5t$ at ,ma9z2 b !re is no?+ specially to deta9 u until ! publication by ,johann ,koelh(f 9 #adii ( ! ,cologne ,*ronicle--,die ,cronica van d] hillig] ,/at ,coell5--9 :i* occurs a fam\s passage ab\t pr9t+1 :i* may be translat$ or p>aphras$ z foll[s3-- ,?is "r wor?y art 0 inv5t$ fir/ ( all 9 ,g]many1 at ,ma9z1 on ! ,rh9e4 ,& t is a great hon\r to ! ,g]man nation t su* +5i\s m5 are f\nd !re4 ,?is happ5$ 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #addj1 & f t "t until #adej ! art & all t p]ta9s to x 0 inve/igat$1 & 9 #adej1 :i* 0 a ,gold5 ,ye>1 m5 began to pr9t1 & ! fir/ book t 0 pr9t$ 0 ! ,bible 9 ,lat91 & ?is 0 pr9t$ ) a lett] z l>ge z t n[ us$ 9 missals4 ,al?\gh ?is art 0 inv5t$ at ,ma9z1 z f> z reg>ds ! mann] 9 :i* x is n[ commonly us$1 yet ! fir/ prefiguration 7,vurbyldung7 0 inv5t$ 9 ,holl& f ! ,donatuses :i* 7 pr9t$ !re be=e t "t4 ,& f & out ( ^! ! a=esaid art took its beg9n+1 & 0 inv5t$ 9 a mann] mu* m ma/]ly & subtl] ?an ?is1 & ! long] x la/$ ! m full ( art x became4 ,a c]ta9 ,omnibonus wrote 9 ! preface to a ,qu9tilian1 & also 9 o!r books1 t a ,walloon f ,france1 call$ ,nicolaus ,j5son1 0 ! fir/ inv5tor ( ?is ma/]ly art--a notori\s lie1 = !re are m5 /ill alive :o be> witness t books 7 pr9t$ at ,v5ice be=e ! a=esaid ,nicolaus ,j5son came !re1 & began to cut & make ready 8 lett]4 ,b ! fir/ inv5tor ( pr9t+ 0 a ,burgh] at ,ma9z1 & 0 born at ,/rassburg1 & call$ ,yunk] ,johann ,gut5b]g4 ,f ,ma9z ! art came fir/ ( all to ,cologne1 aft] t to ,/rassburg1 & aft] t to ,v5ice4 ,! beg9n+ & progress ( ! art 7 told me by ^w ( m\? by ! ,wor%ipful ,ma/] ,ulri* ,zell ( ,hanau1 pr9t] at ,cologne 9 ?is pres5t ye> #adii1 ?r\gh :om ! art came to ,cologne4#ad ,zell1 or 8 int]view]1 ignores ! books pr9t$ anonym\sly at ,/rassburg by ,m5tel9 & ,egge/e91 & also ! h&ful pr9t$ by ,albre*t ,pfi/] at ,bamb]g2 he also is misl$ by ,gut5b]g's long resid5ce at ,/rassburg into call+ him a native ( t city2 9 o!r respects1 s f> z we are able to *eck ?is acc\nt1 x is q accurate4 ,x tells u emphatically t ?is "r wor?y art 0 inv5t$ fir/ ( all 9 ,g]many1 at ,ma9z1 on ! ,rh9e2 & aga91 t ! fir/ inv5tor ( pr9t+ 0 a ,burgh] at ,ma9z nam$ ,junk] ,johann ',gud5bur*'2 b betwe5 ^! two unqualifi$ /atem5ts is s&wi*$ a ref]5ce to a prefiguration :i* took %ape 9 ,holl& 9 ,donatuses1 pr9t$ !re be=e ! ,ma9z presses 7 at "w1 & mu* less ma/]ly & subtle ?an ! books :i* !y produc$4 ,he connects no "n ) ?is ,vorbildung1 &1 unhappily1 he gives no clue z to h[ x =e%ad[$1 & 0 yet di/9ct f1 ! real inv5tion4 ,sixty-n9e ye>s#ae aft] ! appe>ance ( ?is c>efully balanc$ /atem5t1 ! facts z to ,dut* prefigurations :i* _h inspir$ x mov$ a ,dut* *ronicl]1 ,hadrianus ,junius1 9 compil+ 8 ,batavia 7n publi%$ till #aehh71 to write ! well-kn[n passage z to ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 :i* has be5 summ>iz$ z foll[s3-- ,!re liv$1 ab\t #addj1 at ,ha>lem1 9 ! m>ket-place opposite ! ,t[n ,hall1 9 a respectable h\se /ill 9 exi/5ce1 a man nam$ ,l\r5s ,janszoon ,co/]1 i4e4 ,laur5ce1 son ( ,john ,co/]4 ,! family "n 0 d]iv$ f ! h]$it>y (fice ( ,sacri/an1 or ,co/] ( ! ,*ur*--a po/ bo? hon\rable & lucrative4 ,! t[n ar*ives give evid5ce ( ?is1 8 "n appe>+ !re9 _m times1 & 9 ! ,t[n ,hall are pres]v$ 8 seal & signature to v>i\s docum5ts4 ,to ?is man belongs ! hon\r ( inv5t+ ,pr9t+1 an hon\r ( :i* he 0 unju/ly robb$1 & :i* aft]w>ds 0 ascrib$ to ano!r4 ,! said ,laur5ce ,co/]1 "o day aft] d9n]1 took a walk 9 ! wood ne> ,ha>lem4 ,:ile !re1 to amuse himself1 he began to cut lett]s out ( "s bee*-b>k4 ,! idea /ruck him to ink "s ( ^! lett]s & use !m z /amps4 ,?is he did to amuse 8 gr&*ildr51 cutt+ !m 9 rev]se4 ,he ?us =m$ two or ?ree s5t5ces on pap]4 ,! idea g]m9at$1 & soon ) ! help ( 8 son-9-law1 & by us+ a ?ick ink1 he began to pr9t :ole pages1 & to add l9es ( pr9t to ! block-books1 ! text ( :i* 0 ! mo/ difficult "p to engrave4 ,junius _h se5 su* a book1 call$ ,spieghel onz] ,beh\d5isse4 ,x %\ld h be5 said t ,co/] 0 desc5d$ f ! noble h\se ( ,br$]ode1 & t 8 son-9-law 0 also ( noble desc5t4 ,co/]'s fir/ ef=ts 7 ( c\rse v rude1 & to hide ! impression ( ! lett]s on ! back1 !y pa/$ ! leaves1 :i* _h "o side n pr9t$1 toge!r4 ,8 lett]s at fir/ 7 made ( lead1 :i* he aft]w>ds *ang$ = t94 ,^u 8 dea? ^! lett]s 7 melt$ d[n & made into w9e-pots1 :i* at ! "t t ,junius wrote 7 /ill pres]v$ 9 ! h\se ( ,g]rit ,?omaszoon1 ! gr&son ( ,co/]4 ,public curiosity 0 greatly excit$ by ,co/]'s discov]y1 & he ga9$ mu* pr(it f 8 new process4 ,8 trade1 inde$1 s increas$ t he 0 oblig$ to employ sev]al workm51 "o ( :om 0 nam$ ,john4 ,"s say ?is 0 ,john ,fau/1 aft]w>ds a p>tn] ) ,gut5b]g1 & o!rs say he 0 ,gut5b]g's bro!r4 ,?is man :5 he _h le>nt ! art 9 all its bran*es1 took ! opportunity "o ,*ri/mas eve1 :5 all good p are accu/om$ to att5d ,*ur*1 to break into ! rooms us$ = pr9t+1 & to pack up & /eal all ! tools & appliances :i* 8 ma/]1 ) s mu* c>e & +5uity1 _h made4 ,he w5t (f by ,am/]dam & ,cologne to ,ma9z1 :]e he at once op5$ a work%op & reap$ ri* fruit f ?is !ft1 produc+ sev]al pr9t$ books4 ,! accuracy ( ?is /ory 0 atte/$ by a respectable bookb9d]1 ( great age b cle> memory1 nam$ ,cornelis :o _h be5 a fell[-s]vant ) ! culprit 9 ! h\se ( ,co/]1 & inde$ _h occupi$ ! same b$ = sev]al mon?s1 & :o c\ld nev] talk ( su* bas5ess )\t %$d+ te>s & curs+ ! ?ief4 ,writt5 ne>ly a hundr$ & ?irty ye>s aft] ! suppos$ ev5ts :i* x n>rates1 ?is /ory is damn$ by its circum/antiality4 ,x is ?us t leg5ds gr[1 & x is n difficult to imag9e ,ha>lem bookm5 pick+ up ideas out ( colophons 9 old books & ask+ ! respectable bookb9d] ( great age :e!r x 0 n ?us & ?us t ?+s happ5$4 ,_m ( ! details ( ! /ory are demon/rably false2 its "o /rong po9t is ! bookb9d]1 ,cornelis1 = a b9d] ( ?is "n is said to h be5 employ$ z e>ly z #adgd & z late z #aead to b9d ! acc\nt-books ( ,ha>lem ,ca!dral1 & 9 ! two ye>s nam$1 & also 9 #adgf1 to h /r5g!n$ 8 b9d+s by pa/+ inside !m fragm5ts ( ,donatuses pr9t$ on vellum 9 ! type ( ! ,speculum ,humanae ,saluationis4 ,! fragm5t 9 ! acc\nt-book = #adgd is rubricat$1 & mu/ ?us ei!r h be5 sold or prep>$ = sell+1 i4e4 x is n pr9t]'s wa/e1 b may h be5 b\ght by ,cornelis = l9+ 8 cov]s 9 ! ord9>y way ( trade4 ,b we h "h a possible l9k betwe5 ,zell's /ory ( e>ly ,dut* ,donatuses & ! /ory ( ,junius ab\t ,co/] & 8 s]vant ,cornelis1 s9ce we f9d fragm5ts ( a ,donatus 9 ! possession ( ?is p>ticul> man4 ,!re 7 pl5ty ( su* ,donatuses 9 exi/5ce 9 ! ,ne!rl&s ab\t #adgj4 ,9 #ahhg ,dr4 ,hessels1 9 8 ,ha>lem ! ,bir?place ( ,pr9t+1 n ,m5tz1 enum]at$ fragm5ts ( tw5ty diff]5t editions1 pr9t$ 9 eight types1 ( :i* ! type us$ 9 ! ,speculum ,humanae ,saluationis 7see p4 #bf7 is "o1 :ile ! o!r sev5 are l9k$ to x1 or to ea* o!r1 9 su* a way t we may ei!r suppose !m to h all belong$ to ! same pr9t]1 or di/ribute !m among two or m anonym\s firms4 ,besides ^! tw5ty editions ( ,donatus on ! ,eight ,p>ts ( ,spee*1 ,dr4 ,hessels enum]at$ eight editions ( ! ,doctr9ale ( ,alex&] ,gallus#af 7ano!r s*ool book popul> 9 ! fifte5? c5tury71 ?ree ( ! ,di/i*s ( ,dionysius ,cato 7! "w f :i* ,dame ,p]telote quot$ to conv9ce ,*antecle] ( ! futility ( dreams71 & "o or two editions ea* ( a few o!r works1 ! ,facetiae ,morales ( ,laur5tius ,valla 7tw5ty-f\r leaves71 ! ,s+ul>ia ,juris ( ,ludovicus ,pontanus1 ) a treatise ( ,pope ,pius ,,ii 7sixty leaves71 & ! ,de ,salute ,corporis ( ,gulielmus de ,saliceto ) o!r small works 7tw5ty-f\r leaves74 ,^! latt] books (f] no v noticeable features2 "s ( ! ,donatus fragm5ts1 on ! o!r h&1 h pr9t+ only on "o side ( ! leaf 7:5ce !y are call$ by ! b>b>\s t]m anopi/hographic1 n pr9t$ on ! back7 & h a v rude & primitive appe>ance4 ,?is may h be5 caus$ 9 "p at lea/ by _! hav+ be5 pa/$ d[n1 & possibly scrap$1 by b9d]s1 = almo/ all ( !m h be5 f\nd 9 b9d+s2 b x c\nts = some?+4 ,n "o ( ! books or fragm5ts ( :i* we h be5 speak+ makes any m5tion ( its pr9t]1 or ( ! place or date at :i* x 0 produc$4 ,a copy ( "o ( ! lat] books1 ! ,de ,salute ,corporis ( ,gulielmus de ,saliceto1 0 pur*as$ by ,conrad du ,m\l9 :ile abbot ( ! ,conv5t ( ,s4 ,james at ,lille1 a dignity :i* he held f #adga to #adgd4 ,! e>lie/ ,ha>lem acc\nt-book :i* conta9$ ,donatus fragm5ts 0 = ! ye> #adgd4 ,x is entirely a matt] ( op9ion z to h[ mu* e>li] ?an ?is any ( ! extant fragm5ts c be dat$4 ,!re is no reason :y "s ( !m %\ld n be lat]4 ,z to ! place or places at :i* ^! books 7 pr9t$1 !re is no evid5ce ( any weight4 ,b1 z has be5 already said1 ! :ole s]ies c be closely or loosely connect$ ) ! types us$ 9 editions ( ! ,speculum ,humanae ,saluationis1 & 9 #adha ,jan ,veld5]1 a w&]+ pr9t]1 :ile work+ at ,utre*t1 introduc$ into an edition ( ! ,epi/les & ,gospels 9 ,dut* two woodcuts1 ea* ( :i* 0 a half ( "o ( ! d\ble pictures 9 ! ,speculum4 ,two ye>s lat]1 :5 at ,kuil5burg1 he pr9t$ a qu>to edition ( ! ,speculum itself 7,dut* v]sion71 9 :i* he us$ a l>ge numb] ( ! orig9al ,speculum blocks1 all cut up into halves1 s z to fit a small page4 ,z ,veld5] 7z f> z we "k7 us$ ! ,speculum blocks fir/ at ,utre*t1 x is suppos$ t x 0 at ,utre*t t he obta9$ !m4 ,if ! blocks 7 = sale at ,utre*t1 ?is may h be5 ! place at :i* ! e>li] editions ( ! ,speculum 7 issu$1 & ?us1 9 ! abs5ce ( any evid5ce :i* !y 7 will+ to recognize 9 fav\r ( any o!r place1 ,h5ry ,brad%aw & 8 disciples attribut$ ! :ole s]ies ( editions ( ! ,speculum1 ,donatus1 ,doctr9ale1 etc41 to ,utre*t1 ab\t1 or n aft]1 #adga-adgd4 ,brad%aw himself cle>ly indicat$ t ?is attribution 0 purely provisional4 ,he felt compell$ to leave ! books at ,utre*t1 s he phras$ x1 i4e4 ! presumption t ,veld5] f\nd ! blocks ( ! ,speculum !re con/itut$ a gra9 ( evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,utre*t2 & if a balance is suffici5tly s5sitive & bo? scales are empty1 a gra9 ?r[n into "o w suffice to weigh x d[n4 ,x w\ld h be5 bett]1 9 ! pres5t writ]'s op9ion1 if ! gra9 _h be5 disreg>d$1 & no attempt made to assign ^! books & fragm5ts to any p>ticul> place4 ,z x is1 ,brad%aw's attribution ( !m to ,utre*t has be5 repeat$ )\t any emphasis on its entirely provisional "*1 ev5 )\t any m5tion ( ?is at all1 & p]haps ) a c]ta9 humor\s enjoym5t ( ! *ance ( prejudic+ ! claims ( ,ha>lem by an unusually rigor\s application ( ! rules z to bibliographical evid5ce4 ,9 ! eyes ( ,dr4 ,hessels1 on ! o!r h&1 ! leg5d n>rat$ by ,junius (f]s a suffici5t reason = assign+ all ^! books to ,ha>lem1 & to ,l\r5s ,janszoon ,co/] z _! pr9t]4 ,dr4 ,hessels 0 ev5 ill-advis$ en\gh to po9t out t1 z !re are tw5ty editions ( ,donatus 9 ?is gr\p ( types1 we h only to all[ an int]val ( a ye> & a half betwe5 ea* to take back ! e>lie/ v close to #addj1 ! traditional date ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,?is is p]fectly true1 b z no reason c be assign$ = fix+ on ?is p>ticul> int]val ! value ( su* a calculation is v slight4 ,"o result ( all ?is controv]sy is t ! :ole s]ies ( books & fragm5ts h be5 dubb$ ,co/]iana1 & ! conv5i5ce ( hav+ a g5]al "n = !m is s great t x has be5 g5]ally adopt$1 ev5 by ^? :o h no belief 9 ! !ory :i* x implies4 ,all t is kn[n ( ,l\r5s ,janszoon ,co/] is t he resid$ at ,ha>lem f #adcf to #adhc1 & t contempor>y ref]5ces %[ him to h be5 a *&l] & innkeep]1 )\t mak+ any m5tion ( 8 hav+ add$ pr9t+ to 8 o!r occupations4 ,x is difficult to claim m = ! /ory told by ,junius ?an t x repres5ts an unkn[n quantity ( fact ) v>i\s leg5d>y additions4 ,x is difficult to dismiss x z less ?an a leg5d :i* mu/ h _h "s elem5t ( fact z its basis4 ,9 s f> z x goes beyond ! /atem5ts ( ! ,cologne ,*ronicle1 x is support$ only by ! evid5ce t ,co/] & ! v5]able bookb9d] ,cornelis exi/$1 & t ! latt] b\nd ! acc\nt-books ( ,ha>lem ,ca!dral4 ,b no indiscretion ( ,hadrianus ,junius writ+ 9 #aefh c affect ! cr$it ( ! /atem5ts made 9 ! ,cologne ,*ronicle 9 #adii on ! au?ority ( ,ulri* ,zell1 & we h n[ to m5tion an important piece ( evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,zell's accuracy4 ,?is is ! entry 9 ! di>ies ( ,jean de ,rob]t1 ,abbot ( ,sa9t ,aub]t1 ,cambrai1 ( ! pur*ase 9 #addf & aga9 9 #adea ( a copy ( ! ,doctr9ale ( ,alex&] ,gallus1 jete en m\le1 a phrase :i*1 :ile f> f satisfactory z a description ( a book pr9t$ f movable type1 _c possibly ref] to editions pr9t$ f woodblocks1 ev5 if ^! exi/$4 ,! ,doctr9ale1 :i* 0 9 v]se1 0 a less popul> s*ool-book ?an ! ,donatus4 ,x is significant t among ! s-call$ ,co/]iana !re are eight editions ( ! "o aga9/ tw5ty ( ! o!r4 ,:]e ! ,doctr9ale 0 us$ we may be sure t ! ,donatus w\ld be us$ also1 & 9 great] numb]s1 s t ?is m5tion ( a m\ld-ca/$ ,doctr9ale z pur*as$ z e>ly z #addf is a real confirmation ( ,zell's ass]tion4 ,we h no suffici5t gr\nd = believ+ t any ( ! fragm5ts1 ei!r ( ! "o book or ! o!r1 n[ 9 exi/5ce 7 produc$ z e>ly z ?is4 ,x is ( ! nature ( s*ool-books to be de/roy$1 & e improvem5t 9 ! process ( production w\ld help to drive ! e>li] exp]im5ts out ( exi/5ce4 ,b tak+ ,zell's /atem5t & ! entries 9 ! ,abbot's di>ies toge!r1 x seems impossible to d5y t !re is evid5ce ( "s k9d ( pr9t+ be+ practis$ 9 ,holl& n long aft] #addj4 ,an +5i\s !ory z to ! =m :i* ^! prefigurem5ts may h tak5 has lately be5 sugge/$1 viz4 t ! e>lie/ types may h consi/$ simply ( flat pieces ( metal1 )\t any %anks to !m1 & t !y 7 set up by be+ glu$ ^u wood or /iff pap] 9 ! ord] requir$4 ,!y w\ld ?us be movable1 b ) a v l[ degree ( movability1 s t we c easily und]/& :y %ort books l ! ,donatus & ,doctr9ale 7 cont9ually repr9t$ )\t any attempt be+ made to produce a l>ge "w su* z ! ,bible4 ,x is curi\s1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! description ( a ciripagus by ,paulus ,paulir9us1 ( ,prag1#ag we h a ref]5ce to a ,bible hav+ be5 pr9t$ at ,bamb]g sup] lamellas1 a phrase :i* might v well ref] to types ( ?is k9d1 ?\gh ! s5t5ce is usually expla9$ z ref]r+ to ei!r ! ,lat9 or ,g]man edition ( ! ,biblia ,paup]um issu$ by ,albre*t ,pfi/]4 ,i ?9k x j possible myself t ! ref]5ce is really to ! ,lat9 ,bible kn[n z ! ,?irty-six ,l9e ,bible1 :i* seems c]ta9ly to h be5 sold1 if n pr9t$1 at ,bamb]g a little be=e #adfj1 & t ,paulir9us1 hav+ se5 books pr9t$ sup] lamellas1 suppos$ 7wrongly7 t ?is 0 pr9t$ 9 t way4 ,b ! /atem5t t x 0 pr9t$ 9 f\r weeks is aga9/ ?is4 ,:e!r ! ,dut* ,vorbildung ( ! ,art ( ,pr9t+ subsequ5tly inv5t$ at ,ma9z took ! =m ( exp]im5ts ) %ankless types1 or fell %ort ( ! fully develop$ art 9 "s o!r way1 does n greatly conc]n ! collector4 ,x is 9 ! highe/ degree improbable t ! claim put =w>d on behalf ( ! s-call$ ,co/]iana w ev] be decisively prov$ or disprov$4 ,!y are likely to rema9 z p]petual pret5d]s1 & z su* w always reta9 a c]ta9 int]e/1 & a specim5 ( !m always be a desirable addition to any collection :i* aims at illu/rat+ ! hi/ory ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,su* a specim5 w n be easy to procure1 because _m ( ! extant fragm5ts h be5 f\nd 9 public libr>ies1 m especially ! ,royal ,libr>y at ! ,hague1 & h nev] left _! fir/ homes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! numb] ( fragm5ts kn[n has be5 consid]ably increas$ by new f9ds4 ,?us !re is no reason to reg>d a specim5 z unatta9able4 ,,footnotes3 #ab ,dr4 ,hessels supposes t ?is phrase indicates ! ,mona/]y ( ,sa9t ,victor1 outside ,ma9z1 ) :i* ,gut5b]g 0 connect$1 & t ! report1 !re=e1 c be trac$ to ,gut5b]g himself4 ,if s1 we h ! v important fact t ,gut5b]g himself claim$ to be ! inv5tor4 #ac ,iacobus cognom5to ,gut5b]go3 patria ,arg5t9us1 quidam alt] cui nom5 ,fu/us1 imprim5d>um litt]>um 9 membranis cum metallicis =mis p]iti1 trec5tas c>tas quisque eorum p] diem fac]e innotescunt apud ,maguntiam ,g]manie ciuitatem4 ,iohannes quoque ,m5tel9us nuncupatus apud ,arg5t9am eiusdem pr\9cie ciuitatem3 ac 9 eodem artificio p]itus totidem c>tas p] diem imprim]e agnoscitur4444 ,conradus ,suueynem3 ac ,arnoldus pann>cz ,vdalricus ,gallus p>te ex alia ,teu?ones libr>ii insignes ,romam u5i5tes primi imprim5dorum librorum artem 9 ,italiam introdux]e trec5tas c>tas p] diem imprim5tes4 #ad ,item dese hoi*wyrdige kun/ vursz is vond5 all] eyr/ 9 ,duyts*lant tzo ,m5tz am ,rijne4 ,ind dat is d] duyts*s*] nacion eyn groisse eirli*eit dat sul*e synrij*e myns*5 syn dae tzo vynd54 ,ind dat is ges*iet by d5 iair5 vns h]51 anno dom9i4 ,m,c,c,c,cxl4 ind van d] zijt an bis m5 s*reue4 l4 w>t vnd]soi*t die kun/ ind wat dair zo gehoirt4 ,ind 9 d5 iair5 vns h]5 d m5 s*reyff4 ,m,c,c,c,cl4 d 0 eyn guld5 iair1 d began m5 tzo druck5 ind 0 dat eyr/e boi* dat m5 druckde die ,bybel zo latijn1 ind w>t g$ruckt mit eynre gr\] s*rifft4 z is die s*rifft dae m5 nu ,mysseboi*] mit druckt4 ,item wiewail die kun/ is vond5 tzo ,m5tz1 als vursz vp die wijse1 als dan nu gemeynli* gebrui*t wirt1 s is do* die eyr/e vurbyldung vond5 9 ,hollant vyss d5 ,donat51 die dae selff/ vur d] tzijt g$ruckt syn4 ,ind van ind vyss d5 is g5omm5 dat begynne d] vursz kun/4 ind is vill mey/]li*] ind subtili*] vond5 dan die selue mani] 01 vnd ye lang] ye m]e kun/li*] wurd54 ,item eynre g5ant ,omnebonum d] s*rijfft 9 eynre vurr$e vp dat boi* ,qu9tilianus g5oempt4 vnd ou* 9 &]5 meir boi*]1 dat eyn ,wale vyss ,vranckrij*1 g5ant ,nicolaus g5son haue alre eyr/ dese mey/]li*e kun/ vond51 m] dat is (f5bairli* gelog54 want ,sij syn no* jm leu5 die dat getzuig5 dat m5 boi*] druckte tzo ,v5$ige ee d] vursz ,nicolaus g5son d> quame1 dair he began s*rifft zo snijd5 vnd b]eyd54 ,m] d] eyr/e vynd] d] druck]ye is gewe/ eyn ,burg] tzo ,m5tz4 ind 0 gebor5 van ,/raiszbur*4 ind hies* jonck] ,johan ,gud5bur*4 ,item van ,m5tz is die vursz kun/ kom5 alre eyr/ tzo ,coell54 ,dairnae tzo ,/raisbur*1 ind dairnae tzo ,v5$ige4 ,dat begynne ind vortganck d] vursz kun/ hait myr muntli* v]tzelt d' ,eirsame man ,mey/] ,vlri* tzell van ,hanauwe4 boi* druck] zo ,coell5 no* z]tzijt4 anno4 ,m,c,c,c,cxcix4 dur* d5 die kun/ vursz is zo ,coell5 kom54 #ae ,! fir/ trace ( ! leg5d is 9 a ref]5ce to ,co/] z hav+ br\ght ! fir/ pr9t into ! _w 9 #addf 9 a manuscript p$igree ( ! ,co/] family compil$ ab\t #aeei4 #af ,a page f a fragm5t ( "o ( ^! 9 ! ,briti% ,museum =ms ! frontispiece to ?is *apt] 7,plate ,,iv74 #ag ,et tempore mei ,pamb]gae quidam scripsit integrum ,bibliam sup] lamellas1 et 9 quatuor septimanis totam ,bibliam sup] p>gam5o subtili presignavit scriptura4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,pr9t+--,,ma9z ,no contra/ c\ld be mu* great] ?an t betwe5 ! s-call$ ,co/]iana & ! incunabula pr9t$ at ,ma9z4 ,annually z a small boy ,i us$ to be tak5 to ! ,cry/al ,palace1 & !re a recogniz$ "p ( ! programme 9 ea* visit 0 to sp5d half an h\r 9 solemnly p$all+ backw>ds & =w>ds on a semicircul> track on a ma*9e miscall$ a velocip$e4 ,p]haps ^! clumsy toys really con/itut$ a def9ite /age 9 ! inv5tion & p]fection ( ! mod]n bicycle4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :atev] may be ! hi/orical facts1 !re is no reason 9 ! nature ( ?+s :y ! mod]n bicycle %\ld n h be5 inv5t$ q indep5d5tly ( !m4 ,! relative positions ( ,holl& & ,g]many z reg>ds ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ are v analog\s to ^? ( ! old velocip$e & ! bicycle4 ,ev5 if x c\ld be prov$ decisively t "s ,dut* fragm5t ( a ,donatus 0 e>li] ?an any exp]im5t made at ,ma9z or ,/rassburg1 x 0 at ,ma9z t ! possibility 0 fir/ demon/rat$ ( produc+ by pr9t books z beautiful z any writt5 by ! scribes1 & x 0 f ,g]many1 n f ,holl&1 t pr9t]s c>ri$ ! art :i* !y _h prov$ to be practicable to all p>ts ( ,europe1 includ+ ,holl& itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,v4 ,,ma9z1 ,,fu/ ,,& ,,s*oeff]1 #adei ,,duranti1 ,,rationale ,,div9orum ,,(ficiorum 7#a;a7 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! art ( pr9t+ at ,ma9z ?ree m5 _h a %>e1 ?\gh ! precise "p :i* ea* ( !m play$ is matt] ( conjecture r ?an k4 ,! fir/ ( ! ?ree 0 ,johann ,gut5b]g1 ! ,johannes ,bonemontanus :om ,fi*et1 z e>ly z #adgj1 acclaim$ z ! fir/ ( all m5 to ?9k out ! pr9t+ art1 :om ! popul> v]dict has recogniz$ z ! inv5tor1 & :om patriotic ,g]man bibliograph]s delight to inve/ ) e virtue t di/+ui%es !mselves4 ,gut5b]g's real "n 0 ,gansfleis*1 ,gut5b]g be+ an addition to 8 "m's surname#ah :i* he assum$ = reasons n kn[n to u4 ,he 0 born ab\t #adjj1 & j :5 he atta9$ manhood 8 family1 :i* belong$ to ! patrician p>ty at ,ma9z1 0 bani%$ & s\ght refuge at ,/rassburg4 ,at ,/rassburg ,gut5b]g rema9$ till ab\t #addf1 & legal & municipal records1 s f> z we c tru/ to _! au!nticity1 (f] u "s tantaliz+ glimpses ( 8 c>e] !re4 ,:5 ! t[n cl]k ( ,/rassburg came to ,ma9z ! exile caus$ him to be arre/$ = a debt due to 8 family1 & ! matt] _h to be arrang$ to avoid a qu>rel betwe5 ! two cities4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,gut5b]g 0 himself call$ to acc\nt = unpaid duties on w9e1 & 0 su$ = a brea* ( promise ( m>riage4 ,9 #adcg he 0 ! def5dant 9 a mu* m int]e/+ trial4 ,he _h admitt$ two p>tn]s to "w an inv5tion ) him1 & on "o ( ^! p>tn]s dy+ 8 bro!r claim$1 unsuccessfully1 to take 8 place 9 ! p>tn]%ip4 ,! use ( ! words presse1 =me1 & truck5 9 connection ) ?is inv5tion leaves x h>dly op5 to d\bt t x 0 conc]n$ ) "s k9d ( pr9t+1 & loans :i* ,gut5b]g negotiat$ 9 #adda & #addb 7 presumably rais$ = ! developm5t ( ?is4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! decade he return$ to ,ma9z & !re also borr[$ money1 presumably aga9 = ! same object4 ,at ?is po9t we are confront$ ) five fragm5t>y pieces ( pr9t+1 all b "o ( !m only rec5tly discov]$4 ,! late/ ( ^!1 accord+ to ,g]man bibliograph]s1 is a fragm5t ( an a/ronomical ,cal5d> 9 ,g]man v]se = an unspecifi$ ye>1 :i* might be #adbi1 #addh1 or #adfg1 b does n exactly fit any ( !m2 ! e>lie/ is "p ( a leaf ( a ,sibyll5bu* 7orig9ally kn[n z ,das ,weltg]i*t1 because ! text ( ?is fragm5t deals ) ! ,la/ ,judgm5t74 ,betwe5 ^! two are plac$ fragm5ts ( ?ree editions ( ,donatus1 ,de octo p>tibus orationis1 two f\nd rec5tly 9 copies ( an edition ( ,h]olt's ,s]mones de tempore et sanctis pr9t$ at ,/rassburg#ai by ,m>t9 ,fla* 9 #adhh & n[ at ,b]l91 ! ?ird "o ( ! m9or treasures ( ! ,biblio!que ,nationale at ,p>is1 :]e x has la9 = ov] a c5tury4 ,grant+ t ! ,cal5d> 0 pr9t$ = use 9 #addh 7x has be5 argu$1 on ! o!r h&1 t its m5tion ( movable fe/ivals 0 int5d$ to be only approximate71 & t ! o!r f\r pieces c be prov$ by typographical evid5ce to h prec$$ x1 we may suppose ! ,sibyll5bu* to h be5 pr9t$ by ,gut5b]g %ortly aft] 8 return to ,ma9z1 i4e4 ab\t #adde1 or %ortly be=e ?is at ,/rassburg4 ,soon aft] ! suppos$ date ( ! ,cal5d> ! second ( ! ?ree protagoni/s 9 ! developm5t ( pr9t+ at ,ma9z comes on ! sc5e4 ,?is 0 ,johann ,fu/1 a goldsmi?1 :o 9 or ab\t ,augu/1 #adej1 l5t ,gut5b]g eight hundr$ guild]s to enable him to pr9t books1 himself1 nom9ally or truly1 borr[+ ! money f ano!r capitali/1 & !reby ga9+ ! "r to *>ge int]e/ on x )\t break+ ! canon law4 ,by ab\t ,decemb]1 #adeb1 ! loan 0 exhau/$1 & ,fu/ made a fre% advance ( ! same am\nt4 ,! inn] hi/ory ( ! next f\r ye>s is hid f u1 & ! undisput$ facts :i* belong to !m h consequ5tly be5 int]pret$ 9 e v>iety ( way t human +5uity c devise4 ,^! facts are t-- 7i7 ,pr9t+ 0 cont9u$ ) ! f\nt ( type us$ = ! ,cal5d> attribut$ to #addh1 fragm5ts ( m ?an a doz5 diff]5t editions ( ,donatus pr9t$ ) x be+ /ill extant1 also a progno/ication1 ,manung widd] die ,durk51 pr9t$ 9 ,decemb]1 #aded1 a ,bull ( ,pope ,calixtus widd] die ,turck5 ( #adef1 a m$ical ,cal5d> = #adef1 & an undat$ ,cisianus1 ano!r "w ( an a/ronomical "*4 7ii7 ,:5 ! p>don]s employ$ by ! proctor-g5]al ( ! ,k+ ( ,cyprus came to ,ma9z 9 ! autumn ( #aded to raise money by means ( a papal ,indulg5ce1 valid till #cj ,april ( ! foll[+ ye>1 !y 7 able to sub/itute two typographically di/9ct editions = ! manuscript copies :i* !y _h previ\sly us$1 ! text ( ea* ( ^! ,indulg5ces be+ pr9t$ 9 a sep>ate f\nt ( beautifully cle> small type1 :ile a l>g] type 0 us$ = a few words4 ,9 "o ( ^! ,indulg5ces ! l>g] type belongs1 ) "s diff]5ces1 to ! same f\nt z ! books nam$ 9 our la/ p>agraph4 ,?is ,indulg5ce has ?irty-"o l9es1 & f\r issues ( x h be5 di/+ui%$1 ?ree ( !m dat$ #aded 7! e>lie/ ( ^! be+ ! e>lie/ dat$ piece ( pr9t+7 & ! f\r? #adee4 ,9 ! o!r ,indulg5ce !re are only ?irty l9es1 ! l>ge type is neat]1 & ?ree issues h be5 di/+ui%$1 "o dat$ #aded1 ! o!r two #adee4 7iii7 ,9 ,novemb]1 #adee1 an action br\ght by ,fu/ to recov] ! #afjj guild]s :i* he _h l5t ,gut5b]g1 ) ! arre>s ( int]e/1 rea*$ its f9al /age4 ,9 ?is suit ! ?ird ( ! ,ma9z protagoni/s1 ,pet] ,s*oeff]1 0 a witness on ! side ( ,fu/1 & we he> also1 z s]vants ( ,gut5b]g1 ( ,he9ri* ,keff] & ,b]tolf von ,hanau1 :o may app>5tly be id5tifi$ ) pr9t]s :o work$ subsequ5tly at ,nuremb]g & ,basel4 ,! docum5t :i* has come d[n to u & is n[ pres]v$ at ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y at ,gott+5 is t record+ ! oa? tak5 by ,fu/1 z ! successful pla9tiff1 9 ord] to obta9 judgm5t = ! am\nt ( 8 claim4 7iv7 ,9 ,augu/1 #adef1 ,he9ri* ,crem]1 vic> ( ! collegiate *ur* at ,ma9z1 record$ 8 completion ( ! rubrication & b9d+ ( a magnific5t pr9t$ ,bible 9 two volumes1 n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,biblio!que ,nationale at ,p>is1 ! type ( :i* us$ to be ?\ght id5tical ) ! l>g] type ( ! ?irty-l9e ,indulg5ce m5tion$ above1 b is n[ consid]$ to be only closely simil>4 ,= ?is la/ und\bt$ date ( rubrication1 ,augu/1 #adef1 ,g]man bibliograph]s h lately sub/itut$ a ref]5ce to a manuscript date1 #adec1 9 ano!r copy ( ?is pr9t$ ,bible1 n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,bu*gew]be-,museum at ,leipzig1 =m]ly own$ by a well-kn[n ,g]man collector ( ! la/ c5tury1 ,h]r ,klemm4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ?is date appe>s to h be5 writt5 at a p]iod approximat+ to t ( ! production ( ! book1 its relevance z evid5ce ( ! date ( pr9t+ is highly disputable1 m especially z !re appe> to be signs ( erasure ne> x4 ,its own]1 ,h]r ,klemm1 pres]v$ a discreet sil5ce z to its exi/5ce1 & x is c]ta9ly n obligatory at pres5t to accept x z valid evid5ce4 ,9 a "w :i* does n pret5d to ! dignity ( a hi/ory ( pr9t+ x is impossible to discuss1 or ev5 to enum]ate1 ! diff]5t !ories z to ! ev5ts ( ! ye>s #adec-f1 :i* h be5 =mulat$ to acc\nt = ^! facts4 ,! edition ( ! ,bible ( :i* ,he9ri* ,crem] rubricat$ ! copy n[ at ,p>is is s f9e a book & s great a l&m>k 9 typographical hi/ory1 t ! desire to reg>d x z ! production ( ! man :o is cr$it$ ) ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 ,johann ,gut5b]g1 easily becomes irresi/ible4 ,to refuse to call x ! ,gut5b]g ,bible may1 inde$1 appe> almo/ p$antic1 ?\gh its old "n1 ! ,maz>9e ,bible1 :i* x ga9$ f ! accid5t ( ! copy 9 ! ,maz>9e ,libr>y at ,p>is be+ ! fir/ to attract att5tion1 /ill survives1 & x is also kn[n among bibliograph]s z ! ,=ty-two ,l9e ,bible1 a safe uncontrov]sial title bas$ on ! numb] ( l9es 9 mo/ ( its columns4 ,:oev] pr9t$ x appe>s to h be5 possess$ ( ample means & to h be5 a ma/] ( detail & an excell5t organiz]4 ,"u ! m9ute exam9ation to :i* x has be5 subject$ ! book has yield$ up "s ( its secrets1 & we "k t x 0 pr9t$ simultane\sly on six diff]5t presses1 t ! body ( ! type 0 twice r$uc$1 =ty-two l9es f9ally occupy+ slightly less space ?an ! =ty :i* _h at fir/ =m$ a column1 t aft] ! pr9t+ _h begun x 0 resolv$ to increase ! size ( ! edition1 & t !re is "s reason to ?9k t ev5tually a hundr$ & fifty copies 7 pr9t$ on pap] & ?irty on vellum1#bj & t ! pap] 0 ord]$ 9 l>ge quantities & n 9 small p>cels z x c\ld be paid =4 ,to ! pres5t writ] x appe>s t if ,gut5b]g _h possess$ ! f9ancial means1 ! pati5ce & ! organiz+ p[] ne$$ to pu% ?r\gh ?is heavy piece ( "w 9 ! way describ$1 x is difficult to p]ceive any reason :y ! capitali/ ,fu/ %\ld h qu>rell$ ) him1 or to imag9e h[ ,gut5b]g expos$ himself to su* an action z t :i* ,fu/ successfully c>ri$ aga9/ him4 ,on ! supposition t ! ,bible 0 complet$ 9 or soon aft] #adec ! difficulty becomes almo/ insup]able1 = x is inconceivable t if ,gut5b]g _h produc$ ! book )9 a few mon?s ( receiv+ 8 second loan f ,fu/ he %\ld n1 by ! autumn ( #adee1 h paid 8 cr$itor a s+le guild]1 ei!r = pr9cipal or int]e/4 ,aft] 8 qu>rel ) ,fu/1 ,gut5b]g app>5tly _h deal+s ) two o!r m51 ) ,albre*t ,pfi/] :o is f\nd 9 possession ( a lat] ca/+ ( ! heavi] f\nt ( type 9 :i* ! ,a/rological ,cal5d> attribut$ to #addh _h be5 pr9t$1 & ) a ,dr4 ,hom]y4 ,he end$ 8 days z a p5sion] at ! c\rt ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,ma9z1 :ile ,fu/1 ) ! aid ( ,pet] ,s*oeff]1 :om he made 8 son-9-law1 develop$ a great bus9ess4 ,! inv5tor :o lacks organiz+ p[] & ^: inv5tion nev] ?rives till x has pass$ into o!r h&s is no unfamili> figure1 & su* a conception ( ,gut5b]g p]haps accords bett] ) ! kn[n facts ( 8 c>e] ?an t ( a liv+ inc>nation ( h]oism & bus9ess ability su* z 8 ,g]man eulogi/s love to depict4 ,accord+ to a !ory develop$ by ! pres5t writ] 9 an article 9 ,! ,libr>y = ,janu>y1 #aijg 7,second ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,viii71 ?\gh no orig9ality is claim$ = x1 ! key to ! situation lies 9 ! ass]tion#ba made on behalf ( ,pet] ,s*oeff] t 8 skill 9 engrav+ _h enabl$ him to atta9 results d5i$ to ! two ,johns1 ,johann ,gut5b]g & ,johann ,fu/4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 x 0 ,s*oeff] :o engrav$ ! two f\nts ( small type us$ 9 ! two sets ( ,indulg5ces ( #aded-e1 & ?us demon/rat$ t ! new art c\ld be appli$ to produce e k9d ( book & docum5t :i* _h previ\sly circulat$ 9 manuscript4 ,fu/ gave him 8 daught] ,*ri/9a 9 m>riage1 & ,johann ,s*oeff]1 ! (fspr+ ( ! alliance1 di/9ctly tells u t ?is 0 9 rew>d = 8 s]vices4 ,f ! fir/1 or almo/ ! fir/1 ! firm adopt$ a policy ( adv]tisem5t :i* o!r pr9t]s 7 sl[ to imitate1 ! p>tn]s giv+ _! names 9 _! e>lie/ colophons & mak+ no secret ( ! fact t !y 7 us+ an ad9u5tio artificiosa imprim5di ac c>act]iz&i :i* enabl$ !m to disp5se ) ! p54 ,9 #adfj1 9 ! ,ca?olicon ( t ye>1 ! "w ( an anonym\s pr9t] to :i* we %all h to recur 7see p4 #ea sqq471 ! inv5tion is di/9ctly claim$ = ,ma9z1 & f #adfg ?is claim 0 tak5 ov] by ,pet] ,s*oeff]1 :o 9 ! colophons ( 8 subsequ5t books aga9 & aga9 celebrat$ ,ma9z z ! city s+l$ out by div9e fav\r to give ! art to ! _w4 ,! fact t = ne>ly =ty ye>s 7#adfj-ii7 ^! /atem5ts rema9$ un*all5g$1 & pass$ into ! contempor>y hi/ory ( ! "t1 is ! /ronge/ evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! sub/antial inv5tion ( ! art at ,ma9z t c be conceiv$4 ,a s+le ref]5ce 9 #adiibb to prefigurations ( a humbl] k9d 9 ,donatuses pr9t$ 9 ,holl& & ! pres5tation ( a rival !ory 9 #aefh _c deprive ( its due weight ! evid5ce t dur+ all ! ye>s :5 ! facts 7 easily asc]ta9able judgm5t 9 fav\r ( ,ma9z 0 all[$ to g by default4 ,b ! ,fu/ & ,s*oeff] colophons tell u m ?an ?is1 = :ile !y make no m5tion ( ,gut5b]g !y nev] claim ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ z _! own a*ievem5t4 ,x is cle> t ,fu/ c\ld n claim ?is himself1 & :ile he 0 alive 8 son-9-law did n ?9k fit to put =w>d1 or all[ to be put =w>d1 any claim on 8 own behalf4 ,x 0 only 9 #adfh1 :5 bo? ,gut5b]g & ,fu/ 7 dead1 t ,s*oeff]'s corrector1 or read]1 ,magi/] ,franciscus1 0 p]mitt$ to ass]t on 8 behalf1 9 ! ,ju/9ian ( t ye>1 t ?\gh two ,johns _h ! bett] 9 ! race he1 l 8 namesake ,s4 ,pet]1 _h ent]$ fir/ into ! sepul*re1 i4e4 ! inn] my/]ies ( pr9t+4 ,! claim1 ?us irrev]5tly put =w>d1 is depriv$ ( mu* ( its weight by ! mom5t at :i* x 0 made2 nev]!less x c h>dly h be5 baseless4 ,! desire to cr$it ,gut5b]g ) "s really h&some & important piece ( pr9t+ has caus$ 8 "n to be connect$ ) two o!r l>ge folios1 a ,lat9 ,bible1 ( ?irty-six l9es to a column1 pr9t$ 9 a v>iety ( ! type us$ = ! ,sibyll5bu* & ! ,kal5d> ( #addh1 & a ,lat9 ,diction>y kn[n by ! "n ,ca?olicon1 ! "w ( a ?irte5? c5tury writ]1 ,joannes ,balbus1 ( ,g5oa4 ,! type ( ! ,?irty-six ,l9e ,bible pass$ into ! h&s ( ,albre*t ,pfi/]1 ( ,bamb]g1 :o pr9t$ a numb] ( popul> ,g]man books ) x 9 #adfa & #adfb4 ,!re is consid]able evid5ce1 moreov]1 t a l>ge numb] ( copies ( ! ,bible itself 7 sold at ,bamb]g ab\t #adfj4 ,! great] "p ( ! text appe>s to h be5 set up f a copy ( ! ,=ty-two ,l9e ,bible4 ,:]e1 :51 & by :om x 0 pr9t$ we c only guess1 b ! place 0 m probably ,bamb]g ?an ,ma9z1 & z ! type is believ$ to h be5 orig9ally ,gut5b]g's1 & !re is evid5ce t ,pfi/]1 :5 he began pr9t+ ! popul> books ( #adfa-b1 0 q inexp]i5c$1 ,gut5b]g has c]ta9ly a bett] claim to h pr9t$ ?is volume ?an any "o else :o c be sugge/$4 ,! ,?irty-six ,l9e ,bible is a mu* r>] book ?an ! ,=ty-two ,l9e1 b copies are kn[n to exi/ at ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,john ,ryl&s ,libr>y1 ,biblio!que ,nationale1 & ,musee ,plant91 & at ,greifswald1 ,j5a1 ,leipzig1 ,/uttg>t1 ,vi5na1 & ,wolf5buttel4 ,a copy is also said to be 9 private h&s 9 ,great ,brita91 b has n be5 regi/]$4 ,none has be5 sold 9 rec5t times4 ,besides ! m complete copies m5tion$ above1 v>i\s fragm5ts h be5 pres]v$ & "s ( ^! are on vellum4 ,! vellum fragm5t ( leaf #bjd n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 0 at "o "t us$ z a book-cov]4 ,! ,ca?olicon is pr9t$ 9 a small type1 n v cleanly cut4 ,x 0 issu$ )\t pr9t]'s "n1 b ) a long colophon1 :i* has be5 translat$3 ,by ! help ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 at ,^: w ! tongues ( infants become eloqu5t1 & :o (t-times reveals to ! l[ly t :i* ,he hides f ! wise1 ?is noble book ,ca?olicon1 9 ! ye> ( ! ,"l's ,inc>nation #adfj1 9 ! b\nte\s city ( ,ma9z ( ! r5[n$ ,g]man nation1 :i* ! clem5cy ( ,god has deign$ ) s l(ty a light ( g5ius & free gift to pref] & r5d] illu/ri\s above all o!r nations ( ! e>?1 )\t help ( re$1 /ilus1 or p51 b by ! wondr\s agreem5t1 proportion & h>mony ( pun*es & types has be5 pr9t$ & br\ght to an end4 ,^u ?is foll[ f\r ,lat9 v]ses 9 hon\r ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity & ! ,virg9 ,m>y & ! words ,deo ,gracias4 ,we c imag9e an inv5tor :o1 despite 8 inv5tion1 rema9$ pr(\ndly unsuccessful1 writ+ ! op5+ words ( ?is colophon1 & x is n easy to see _! appropriat5ess to any "o else4 ,x is ?us highly probable t ,gut5b]g set up ?is book & refus$ to foll[ ,fu/ & ,s*oeff] 9 _! adv]tis+ ways4 ,he may ev5 h _h a special reason = ?is1 = among ! =ty-"o copies regi/]$ 7almo/ all 9 great libr>ies7 two gr\ps may be di/+ui%$1 "o embrac+ ! copies on vellum & ! majority ( ! pap] copies1 ! o!r ! re/ ( ! pap] copies4 ,! gr\ps are di/+ui%$ by v>i\s diff]5ces1 ( :i* ! mo/ important is t 9 ! "o case ! workm5 us$ f\r & 9 ! o!r two p9s to keep ! pap] 9 its place :ile be+ pr9t$4 ,an attractive explanation ( all ?is w\ld be t :ile ,gut5b]g set up ! book & 0 all[$ to pr9t = himself a c]ta9 numb] ( copies1 !re 0 a ri*] p>tn] 9 ! ent]prise ^: pressm5 pull$ ! great] "p ( ! edition4 ,b ,dr4 ,z$l]1 :o has br\ght toge!r all ! available in=mation ab\t ! book 9 8 monograph ,das ,ma9z] ,ca?olicon1 has a diff]5t explanation4 ,9 ! same type z ! ,ca?olicon are two small tracts ( little int]e/1 ! ,summa de articulis fidei ( ,?omas ,aqu9as1 & ! ,dialogus ( ,mat?aeus de ,cracovia2 also an ,indulg5ce ( ,pope ,pius ,,ii4 ,9 #adfg ! type is f\nd 9 ! h&s ( ,he9ri* ,be*t]munze at ,eltvil1 :o di$ :ile pr9t+ a vocabul>y4 ,?is 0 complet$ by 8 bro!r ,ni*olas1 :o also pr9t$ ?ree lat] editions ( x4 ,dur+ ! ye>s :i* prec$e #adeg1 ,johann ,fu/ & ,pet] ,s*oeff]1 ! "o a goldsmi?1 ! o!r a cl]k 9 m9or ord]s ( ! diocese ( ,ma9z1 are involv$ 9 ! obscurity & unc]ta9ty :i* surr\nd ,gut5b]g's c>e]4 ,reasons h be5 (f]$ = believ+ t x 0 ,s*oeff] :o design$ ! small neat types us$ 9 ! ,ma9z ,indulg5ces ( #aded-e1 & t he ) 8 skill & ,fu/ ) 8 money pu%$ ! ,=ty-two ,l9e ,bible to a successful completion4 ,if !y pr9t$ ?is1 !y no d\bt pr9t$ also a liturgical psalt] 9 ! same type1 ( :i* a fragm5t is pres]v$ at ! ,biblio!que ,nationale at ,p>is4 ,b we d n t\* firm gr\nd until we come to ! fam\s ,psalt] ( #adeg1 ! colophon ( :i* leaves u 9 no d\bt z to its typographical au?or%ip4 ,?is runs3 ,pres5s psalmorum#bc codex v5u/ate capitalium decoratus ,rubricationibusque suffici5t] di/9ctus ,ad9u5tione artificiosa imprim5di ac c>act]iz&i absque calami ulla ex>acione sic effigiatus1 ,et ad eusebiam dei indu/rie e/ consummatus1 ,p] ,iohannem fu/ ciuem magunt9um1 ,et ,petrum ,s*(f] de ,g]nszheim ,anno dom9i ,millesimo 4cccc4lvij4 ,9 vigilia ,assumpcionis4 ,! pres5t book ( ! ,psalms1 decorat$ ) beautiful capitals & suffici5tly m>k$ out ) rubrics1 has be5 ?us fa%ion$ by an +5i\s inv5tion ( pr9t+ & /amp+ )\t any pl\gh+ ( a p51 ,& to ! wor%ip ( ,god has be5 dilig5tly br\ght to completion by ,johann ,fu/1 a citiz5 ( ,ma9z1 & ,pet] ,s*oeff] ( ,g]n%eim1 9 ! ye> ( ! ,"l1 #adeg1 on ! vigil ( ! ,assumption4 ,?us 9 ! ,psalt] ( #adeg we h ! fir/ example ( a book in=m+ u :5 & by :om x 0 manufactur$2 x also illu/rates 9 a v rem>kable way ! det]m9ation ( ! new p>tn]s to produce a volume :i* %\ld fully rival ! be/ %op-made manuscripts4 ,! ef=t to pr9t rubrics _h already be5 made 9 ! ,=ty-two ,l9e ,bible1 b ! r$ pr9t+ 0 ab&on$ 9 t in/ance z too tr\blesome4 ,n[ x 0 reviv$ ) complete success1 & ) ! pr9t$ rubrics came also pr9t$ capitals or initial lett]s 9 two col\rs1 r$ & blue1 & sev]al diff]5t sizes4 ,a good discussion ( ! mann] 9 :i* ^! 7 pr9t$ w be f\nd 9 ! ,catalogue ( ! ,manuscripts & ,pr9t$ ,books exhibit$ at ! ,hi/orical ,music ,loan ,exhibition 7#ahhf7 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,j4 ,weale4 ,9 an article 9 ! fir/ volume ( ,bibliographica ,mr4 ,russell ,m>t9eau %[$ t "p ( ! edition 0 pr9t$ twice4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,m>t9eau wrote n9e copies 7 kn[n1 all on vellum1 viz4 7i7 five ( an issue ( #adc leaves conta9+ ! ,psalms & ,canticles only1 ^! be+ at ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,royal ,libr>y ,w9dsor1 ,john ,ryl&s ,libr>y1 ,biblio!que ,nationale ,p>is1 & ,royal ,libr>y ,d>m/adt2 7ii7 f\r ( an issue ( #age leaves1 conta9+ also ! ,vigils ( ! ,dead1 ^! be+ at ! ,biblio!que ,nationale ,p>is1 ,univ]sity ,libr>y ,b]l91 ,royal ,libr>y ,dresd51 & ,imp]ial ,libr>y ,vi5na4 ,to ^! mu/ n[ be add$ a copy ( ! l>g] issue1 want+ five leaves1 pres5t$ 9 #adfe by ,r5e d',anj\ to ! ,franciscans ( ,la ,baumette-les-,angi]s & n[ 9 ! municipal libr>y at ,ang]s4 ,! di/ribution ( ! ,psalms 9 ?is #adeg edition is t ( ! g5]al ,roman use1 b blank spaces 7 left = ! ins]tion ( ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces ( ! use ( any p>ticul> diocese4 ,two ye>s lat] 7#bi ,augu/1 #adei7 ,fu/ & ,s*oeff] produc$ ano!r ,psalt]1 9 ! same types & ) ! same capitals1 ) tw5ty-?ree in/ead ( tw5ty l9es to a page4 ,?is 0 /at$ 9 ! colophon to h be5 pr9t$ ad laudem dei ac honorem sancti ,jacobi1 & 0 ?us app>5tly commission$ by ! ,b5$ict9e mona/]y ( ,s4 ,james at ,ma9z4 ,its arrangem5t is t g5]ally 9 use at ! "t 9 ,g]man mona/]ies4 ,?irte5 copies ( ?is edition are pres]v$1 all on vellum1 viz4 f\r 9 ,engl& 7,briti% ,museum1 ,bodleian1 ,john ,ryl&s ,libr>y1 & ! ,e>l ( ,leice/]'s libr>y at ,holkham71 two at ,p>is1 "o at ! ,hague1 five 9 ,g]many1 & "o 9 ,mr4 ,morgan's collection at ,new ,york4 ,?is la/ 0 b\ght by ,mr4 ,qu>it* at ! sale ( ! libr>y ( ,sir ,john ,?orold = ,l#diej4 ,betwe5 ! production ( ^! two ,psalt]s ,fu/ & ,s*oeff] pr9t$ 9 ! same types on twelve leaves ( vellum ! ,canon ( ! ,mass only1 obvi\sly t x might be b\ght by *ur*es :i* own$ ,missals o!rwise 9 good condition1 b ) ^! mu*-f+]$ leaves badly worn4 ,! unique copy ( ?is edition ( ! ,canon 0 discov]$ at ! ,bodleian ,libr>y 9 a ,ma9z ,missal ( #adic & id5tifi$ by ,mr4 ,gordon ,duff4 ,x is describ$ by ,mr4 ,duff 9 8 ,e>ly ,pr9t$ ,books1 & by ,dr4 ,falk & ,h]r ,wallau 9 ,"p ,,iii ( ! ,publications ( ! ,gut5b]g ,gesells*aft1 ) facsimiles ( t5 pages4 ,9 ,octob]1 #adei1 ,fu/ & ,s*oeff] took an important /ep =w>d by pr9t+ 9 small type ! ,rationale ,diu9orum ,(ficiorum ( ,gulielmus ,duranti1 a l>ge "w expla9+ ! mean+ ( ! v>i\s s]vices ( ! ,*ur* & ! c]emonies us$ 9 !m4 ,! text is pr9t$ 9 d\ble columns ) sixty-?ree l9es 9 ea* column1 & ! type measures #ia mm4 to tw5ty l9es4 ,a copy at ,muni* is pr9t$ p>tly on pap]1 p>tly on vellum4 ,all ! o!r =ty-two copies describ$ by ,mr4 ,de ,ricci are entirely on vellum4 ,! book has also "o l>ge & two small] capitals pr9t$ 9 two col\rs1 & ! fir/ ( ^! has be5 reproduc$ z a frontispiece to ?is *apt]1 toge!r ) a piece ( ! neat small type :i*1 by demon/rat+ ! possibility ( *eap pr9t+1 set up a real l&m>k4 ,9 #adfj ,fu/ & ,s*oeff] gave ano!r pro( ( _! skill 9 _! edition ( ! ,con/itutions ( ,pope ,clem5t ,v ) ! comm5t>y ( ,joannes ,&reae4 ,! text ( ! ,con/itutions is pr9t$ 9 two columns 9 ! c5tre ( ea* page 9 a type measur+ #aah mm4 to tw5ty l9es1 ) ! comm5t>y completely surr\nd+ x 9 ! #ia type us$ 9 ! ,duranti4 ,head+s & colophon are pr9t$ 9 r$1 & ! g5]al effect is extremely ri* & h&some4 ,all ! f\rte5 copies kn[n to ,mr4 ,de ,ricci are pr9t$ on vellum4 ,9 #adfa pr9t+ 0 put to a new use by ! publication ( a s]ies ( eight plac>ds 7"o 9 two editions7 relative to ! /ruggle betwe5 ! rival ar*bi%ops ( ,ma9z--a papal bull depos+ ,die!r von ,is5burg1 ! ,emp]or's confirmation ( ?is1 papal briefs z to ! election ( ,adolf von ,nassau1 a petition ( ,die!r's to ! ,pope1 & ! manife/os ( ! two ar*bi%ops4 ,all ^!1 & also a bull ( ! same ye> z to a crusade aga9/ ! ,turks1 are pr9t$ 9 ! neat #ia type1 & ?\gh we may be /ruck by ! difficulty ( read+ ! long l9es unreliev$ by any head+s1 ^! publications mu/ h be5 a great adv]tisem5t = ! new art4 ,9 #adfb ! ar*iepiscopal /ruggle l$ to ,ma9z be+ sack$1 b on #ad ,augu/ !re 0 complet$ !re p]haps ! f9e/ ( all ! e>ly ,bibles1 pr9t$ ?r\gh\t 9 ! #aah type1 ) head+s 9 r$ & num]\s two-l9e capitals & *apt]-numb]s 9 r$ & blue1 ?\gh spaces 7 left = o!rs to be suppli$ by h&4 ,?ree diff]5t colophons to ?is book h be5 describ$1 & examples ( all ( ^! are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,( ! sixty-"o extant copies regi/]$ by ,mr4 ,de ,ricci at lea/ ?irty-six are pr9t$ on vellum4 ,! ,lamoignon copy bequea!d to ! ,museum by ,mr4 ,cra*]ode has good pa9t$ capitals add$ by h& & is a s+ul>ly f9e book4 ,! ,bible ( #adfb m>ks ! close ( ! great p]iod ( pr9t+ at ,ma9z4 ,:e!r six1 sev51 or n9e ye>s sep>ate x f ! ,=ty-two ,l9e ,bible ! "t _h be5 spl5didly employ$4 ,! capacity ( ! new art _h be5 demon/rat$ to ! full1 & tak5 z a gr\p ^! e>ly ,fu/ & ,s*oeff] incunabula h nev] on _! own l9es be5 surpass$4 ,! disa/] ( ! sack ( ,ma9z & p]haps ! f9ancial /ra9 involv$ 9 ! production ( ! ,bible almo/ r$uc$ _! press to sil5ce until #adfe1 & x 0 dur+ ^! ye>s t _! workm5 are said to h left !m & begun c>ry+ ! art into o!r t[ns & c\ntries4#bd ,:5 ! p>tn]s resum$ active "w 9 #adfe !y /ruck out a new l9e 9 _! ,de ,(ficiis & ,p>adoxa ( ,cic]o1 b atta9$ no special excell5ce 9 su* small folios & qu>tos4 ,fu/ di$ ab\t ?is "t1 & ,s*oeff]1 left to himself1 display$ no fur!r orig9ality4 ,! ,bible ( #adgb1 save = ! abs5ce ( pr9t$ capitals1 is a close copy ( t ( #adfb4 ,! ,clem5t9e ,con/itutions ( #adfj 7 repr9t$1 & simil> editions 7 issu$ ( ! ,in/itutes & ,codex ( ,ju/9ian1 ,decretals ( ,pope ,gregory ,,ix1 etc4 ,= 8 miscellane\s books ,s*oeff] seems r to h foll[$ ! lead ( o!r pr9t]s at ,/rassburg & ,rome ?an to h set new fa%ions himself4 ,9 #adhc he pr9t$ a ,breslau ,missal1 & ?is 0 foll[$ by two repr9ts & editions = ! use ( ,crac[1 ,meiss51 ,gnes51 & ,ma9z itself4 ,he also pr9t$ ! ,hortus ,sanitatis 9 #adhe1 & 9 #adij ! fir/ ( sev]al ,psalt]s 9 ! /yle ( ! editions ( #adeg & #adei4 ,9 #aejc he 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,johann4 ,ab\t #adgf-hj a few unimportant books 7 issu$ at ,ma9z by an anonym\s pr9t] kn[n z ! ,pr9t] ( ! ,d>m/adt ,progno/ication1 f ! fact t ! fir/ copy ( ! ,progno/ication 9 "q to attract notice 0 t 9 ! ,d>m/adt libr>y4 ,! books ( ?is press atta9$ undes]v$ notoriety f ! =g$ dates ins]t$ 9 _m ( !m ab\t #ahjj1 9 ord] to connect !m ) ,gut5b]g4 ,! "w ( ?ree o!r pr9t]s1 ,johann ,neumei/]1 ,erh>d ,reuwi*1 & ,jacob ,meid5ba* is *iefly important 9 ! hi/ory ( book-illu/ration1 & w be f\nd m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! only o!r ,ma9z pr9t] 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 0 ,pet] von ,fri$b]g1 :o is *iefly notable z hav+ pr9t$ a little s]ies ( works by ,johannes ,tri!mius 7,tri!im or ,tritt5heim71 ! erudite ,abbot ( ,spanheim4 ,aft] ab\t #adgb ,ma9z 0 easily surpass$ z a c5tre ( pr9t+ by ,/rassburg1 ,cologne1 ,augsburg1 & ,nuremb]g4 ,b if no book _h be5 pr9t$ !re aft] ! sack ( ! city t5 ye>s e>li]1 its fame z long z civilization la/s w\ld /ill be imp]i%able4 ,,footnotes3 #ah ,h] maid5 "n 0 ,elsa ,wyri*1 b %e liv$ at ! ,h( zum ,gut5b]g at ,ma9z1 & ! "n ,gut5b]g ?us came into ! family4 #ai ,x w be not$ t ?is connection ) ,/rassburg (f]s j a gra9 ( evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! ,donatuses hav+ be5 pr9t$ !re r ?an at ,ma9z4 #bj ,accord+ to ! excell5t ,catalogue raisonne des premi]es impressions de ,may5ce ( ,mr4 ,seym\r de ,ricci1 elev5 copies on vellum & ?irty on pap] c n[ be locat$1 b "s ( ^! h only "o ( ! two volumes4 ,! vellum copy belong+ to ,mr4 ,rob]t ,hoe sold 9 #aiaa = #ej1jjj4 #ba ,9 ! v]ses by ,magi/] ,franciscus 9 ! ,ju/9ian ( #adfh1 subsequ5tly twice repr9t$4 #bb ,9 ! ,cologne ,*ronicle4 ,see supra1 p4 #cd4 #bc ,mispr9t$ spalmorum4 #bd ,x seems reasonable to believe t ,ulri* ,zell1 ! fir/ pr9t] at ,cologne1 :o 0 a cl]k ( ! diocese ( ,ma9z1 & ,sweynheym & ,pann>tz1 :o introduc$ pr9t+ into ,italy1 ow$ _! tra9+ to ,fu/ & ,s*oeff]4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,o!r ,,incunabula ,9 ,augu/1 #adfb1 ! /ruggle betwe5 its rival ,ar*bi%ops l$ to ,ma9z be+ sack$4 ,v little m pr9t+ 0 done !re until #adfe1 & we ne$ n d\bt ! tradition t j\rneym5 tra9$ by ,gut5b]g & ,fu/ & ,s*oeff]1 f9d+ no "w = !m at ,ma9z1 c>ri$ su* exp]i5ce z !y _h ga9$ to o!r t[ns & c\ntries1 :]e !y appe>1 aft] a few ye>s sp5t 9 manufactur+ presses & types1 9 all ! glory ( prototypograph]s4 ,b ev5 be=e #adfb two o!r cities possess$ ! art--,bamb]g & ,/rassburg4 ,at ,bamb]g x 0 practis$ possibly by ,gut5b]g1 :o may h pr9t$ !re ! ,?irty-six ,l9e ,bible ab\t #adeg1 c]ta9ly by ,albre*t ,pfi/]1 :o is f\nd 9 possession ( ! type ( ?is ,bible1 & may himself h _h copies = sale4 ,! books he himself pr9t$ at ,bamb]g are n9e 9 numb]1#be & ?ree or f\r b\nd volumes seem to h pres]v$ all ! remnants ( !m t we possess1 & all ( ^! h f\nd _! way to public libr>ies4 ,! l>ge & /ately folios produc$ by ! e>ly ,/rassburg pr9t]s h naturally resi/$ ! ravages ( "t bett] ?an ! ,bamb]g popul> books4 ,c]ta9ly clumsi] ?an ! contempor>y ,ma9z books1 !y yet h a dignity & "* ( _! own :i* comm& respect4 ,! fir/ ,/rassburg pr9t]1 ,johann ,m5tel91 0 at "w !re 9 or be=e #adfj1 & 0 help$ dur+ 8 life & succe$$ aft] 8 dea? 7#adgg7 by 8 son-9-law1 ,adolf ,rus*1 :o nev] put 8 "n to a book1 & mo/ ( ^: impressions pass "u ! "n ( ! ,r-pr9t]1 f ! peculi> =m ( t lett] f\nd 9 "o ( 8 types4 ,m5tel9 himself did n place 8 "n at ! end ( a book till he _h be5 at "w m ?an a doz5 ye>s2 ,he9ri* ,egge/e91 :o began "w ab\t #adfd1 0 equally retic5t1 & ?r\gh\t ! 'sev5ties & 'eighties a l>ge proportion ( ! books pr9t$ at ,/rassburg 7 anonym\s4 ,he9ri* ,knoblo*tz]1 :o />t$ ab\t #adgf1 comb9es "s ( ! *>m ( ! e>li] pr9t]s ) great] lit]>y int]e/ & ! attraction ( illu/rations & ornam5tal capitals & bord]s4 ,( him we %all h to speak 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,b aft] #adhe ! bulk ( ,/rassburg pr9t+ 0 dull & comm]cial4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ,basel 0 n yet1 z x became 9 #aeja1 a memb] ( ! ,swiss ,conf$]acy1 & typographically its relations ) ,ma9z1 ,/rassburg1 ,nuremb]g & o!r ,g]man t[ns 7 v close4 ,9 :at ye> pr9t+ began !re is n kn[n4 ,!re is no dat$ book f a ,basel press until z late z #adgd1 b ! date ( pur*ase1 #adfh1 9 a book 7,s4 ,gregory's ,moralia 9 ,job71 pr9t$ by ,b]?old ,ruppel1 ( ,hanau1 takes u back six ye>s1 & x is possible t ,ruppel 0 at "w ev5 be=e ?is4 ,he is id5tifi$ ) reasonable c]ta9ty ) "o ( ! s]vants ( ,gut5b]g m5tion$ 9 connection ) ! lawsuit end$ 9 #adee1 & he pr9t$ ,lat9 ,bibles & o!r l>ge works su* z appeal$ to ! ambition ( ! ,g]man prototypograph]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vi4 ,,cologne1 ,,ulri* ,,zell1 #adfe-ff ,,cic]o4 ,,de ,,(ficiis 7#g;b7 ,! second & m int]e/+ ,basel pr9t]1 ,mi*ael ,w5ssl]1 seems to h tak5 ,s*oeff] z 8 model1 & repr9t$ _m ( ,s*oeff]'s editions1 foll[+ ! word+ ( 8 colophons & inve/+ !m ) ! same glories ( r$ ink4 ,:]eas1 h[ev]1 f ab\t #adgf ,s*oeff]'s activity 0 mu* less conspicu\s1 ,w5ssl] = ! next t5 ye>s p\r$ out edition aft] edition ( all ! heavie/ legal & !ological works1 until he mu/ h ov]/ock$ ! m>ket4 ,!n he devot$ himself almo/ exclusively to liturgical pr9t+1 b 8 affairs became hopelessly involv$1 & 9 #adia he fl$ f 8 cr$itors at ,basel1 & became a w&]+ pr9t]1 f9d+ commissions at ,cluny & ,macon1 & !n settl+ = a "t at ,lyon4 ,_m ( ! e>ly pr9t]s 9 ,italy made ?is mi/ake ( flood+ ! m>ket ) a s+le class ( book1 b ,w5ssl] is almo/ ! only notable example 9 ,g]many ( ?is lack ( bus9ess in/9ct4 ,travell+ along ! ,rh9e f ,ma9z 9 ! opposite direction we come to ,cologne1 & "h ,ulri* ,zell1 l ,b]?old ,ruppel1 a native ( ,hanau1 b :o calls himself 9 8 books a cl]k ( ! diocese ( ,ma9z1 enroll$ 8 "n on ! regi/] ( ! ,univ]sity 9 ,june1 #adfd1 d\btless = ! sake ( ! bus9ess privileges :i* ! ,s5ate _h x 9 its p[] to conf]4 ,! fir/ dat$ book f 8 press1 ,s4 ,john ,*ryso/om1 ,sup] psalmo qu9quagesimo 7,psalm li41 accord+ to our ,engli% reckon+71 0 issu$ 9 #adff1 b be=e ?is appe>$ he _h almo/ c]ta9ly produc$ an edition ( ! ,de ,(ficiis 7see ! frontispiece to ?is *apt]1 ,plate ,,vi71 ! mo/ popul> ( ,cic]o's works 9 ,g]many1 :i* ,fu/ & ,s*oeff] _h pr9t$ 9 #adfe & repr9t$ ! next ye>4 ,avoid+ ! great folios on :i* ! e>ly pr9t]s ( ,ma9z1 ,/rassburg1 & ,basel /ak$ _! capital1 ,zell's ma9 "w 0 ! multiplication ( m9or !ological treatises likely to be ( practical use to prie/s4 ,( ^! he issu$ c\ntless editions 9 small qu>to1 along ) a comp>atively few small folios1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 8 skill z a pr9t] is se5 to bett] advantage4 ,he cont9u$ 9 active "w until #adid1 gave1 z we h se5 7,*apt] ,,iii471 8 v]sion ( ! orig9 ( pr9t+ to ! compil] ( ! ,cologne ,*ronicle publi%$ 9 #adii1 & 0 /ill alive z late z #aejg4 ,zell's e>lie/ rival at ,cologne 0 ,arnold !r ,ho]n51 :o pr9t$ f #adgj to #adhb4 ,he may v likely h be5 self-taught1 = 8 e>ly "w is v unev51 b he develop$ into an excell5t craftsman4 ,he is ! fir/ notable example ( a pr9t] gett+ into t\* ) a contempor>y au?or1 & regul>ly pr9t+ all 8 works1 ! au?or 9 ?is case be+ ,w]n] ,rolew9ck1 a ,c>?usian ( ,cologne1 :o wrote s]mons & hi/orical works1 includ+ ! ,fasciculus ,temporum1 an epitome ( hi/ory1 :i* f\nd mu* fav\r all ov] ,europe4 ,!r ,ho]n5 us$ to be cr$it$ ) ! hon\r ( hav+ pr9t$ ! fir/ book ) a titlepage1 ! ,s]mo ad populum pr$icabilis ,9 fe/o pres5tacionis ,beatissime ,m>ie semp] virg9is ( #adgj4 ,s*oeff]1 h[ev]1 _h prec$$ him by "s sev5 ye>s by devot+ a sep>ate page to ! title ( ea* ( 8 editions ( a ,bull ( ,pius ,,ii 7see p4 #ic71 & z nei!r pr9t] cont9u$ ! practice ^! isolat$ in/ances mu/ be tak5 z accid5tal4 ,9 ! same book1 !r ,ho]n5 = ! fir/ "t plac$ pr9t$ numb]s on ! leaves1 b ?is improvem5t also 0 n foll[$ up4 ,! ?ird ,cologne typograph]1 ,johann ,koelh(f ! ,eld]1 0 ! fir/ 79 #adgb7 to place pr9t$ signatures on ! quires ( a book1 s z to %[ ! b9d] ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 to be arrang$4 ,hi!rto ! quires _h be5 m>k$ by h&1 & ?is improvem5t 0 n suff]$ to drop = a "t l ! o!rs1 b quickly spread all ov] ,europe4 ,at ,augsburg ,gun!r ,za9] complet$ 8 fir/ book1 an edition ( ! ,lat9 ,m$itations on ! ,life ( ,*ri/ tak5 f ! works ( ,s4 ,bonav5tura1 on ! #ac? ,m>*1 #adfh4 ,?\gh he foll[$ ?is ) ?ree heavy books :i* _h f\nd fav\r at ,ma9z & ,/rassburg1 ,za9] _h ! wisdom to /rike out a l9e = himself4 ,augsburg _h long be5 ! *ief c5tre ( ! craftsm5 :o cut & pr9t$ ! woodcuts ( sa9ts1 = :i* !re seems to h be5 a l>ge sale 9 ,g]many1 & also ! pictures us$ = play+-c>ds4 ,! cutt]s 7 at fir/ incl9$ to reg>d ! idea ( book-illu/rations ) suspicion1 z likely to int]f]e ) _! exi/+ bus9ess4 ,x 0 decid$1 h[ev]1 by ! local ,abbot ( ,,ss4 ,ulri* & ,afra1 an ecclesia/ic ) typographical ta/es1 t illu/rat$ books might be pr9t$ s long z memb]s ( ! wood-cutt]s' guild 7 employ$ 9 mak+ ! blocks4 ,) ?is z a work+ agreem5t1 illu/rat$ books greatly prosp]$ at ,augsburg1 n only ,gun!r ,za9]1 b ,johann ,baml] & ,anton ,sorg 7a v prolific pr9t]71 turn+ !m out ) mu* success ?r\gh\t ! 'sev5ties4 ,at ,nuremb]g pr9t+ 0 introduc$ 9 #adgj by ,johan ,s5s5s*midt1 :o = a %ort "t _h z 8 p>tn] ,he9ri* ,kef]1 ( ,ma9z1 ano!r ( ,gut5b]g's s]vants4 ,mu* m important1 h[ev]1 0 ! firm ( ,anton ,kob]g]1 :o began "w ! next ye>1 & spe$ily develop$ ! l>ge/ bus9ess ( any pr9t] 9 ,g]many4 ,kob]g] 0 able to deal successfully 9 all ! heavy books1 :i* aft] #adhj o!r firms f\nd x wis] to leave alone1 & seems to h employ$ ,adolf ,rus* at ,/rassburg & p]haps o!r pr9t]s else:]e1 to pr9t = him4 ,he also pr9t$ t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury "s v notable illu/rat$ books4 ,next to ,kob]g]1 ,fri$ri* ,creussn]1 :o />t$ 9 #adgc1 _h ! l>ge/ bus9ess 9 ,nuremb]g1 & ,georg ,/u*s made himself a reputation z a missal pr9t]1 a special dep>tm5t f :i* ,kob]g] held alo(4 ,at ,spei]1 aft] two anonym\s firms _h work$ 9 #adga & #adgb )\t mu* success1 ,pet] ,dra* 7#adgg7 develop$ an important bus9ess4 ,at ,ulm ,johann ,za9]1 a k9sman ( ,gun!r ,za9]1 ( ,augsburg1 began 9 #adgc by pr9t+ illu/rat$ books1 :i* 7 subsequ5tly tak5 up 9 ! 'eighties by ,leonh>d ,holle1 ,conrad ,d9ckmut1 & ,johann ,reg]1 :ile ,za9] himself became a miscellane\s pr9t]4 ,at ,lubeck ,lucas ,br&is produc$ a univ]sal hi/ory call$ ! ,rudim5tum ,n\itiorum 9 #adge & a f9e ,josephus1 important liturgical "w be+ subsequ5tly done by ,b>?olomaeus ,ghotan1 ,mat?aeus ,br&iss & ,/ephan ,arndes1 simil> "w be+ also produc$ at ,magdeburg p>tly by "s ( ^! ,lubeck pr9t]s4 ,f9e liturgical "w 0 also done at ,wurzburg by ,georg ,reys]1 :o may previ\sly h pr9t$ anonym\sly at ,spei]1 & :o />t$ 8 k9sman ,mi*el 9 a simil> bus9ess at ,ei*/att4 ,at ,leipzig1 :]e ,m>cus ,br&is pr9t$ "o or two books 9 #adha1 & ! foll[+ ye>s1 a sudd5 developm5t took place ab\t #adij1 & a flood ( small educational works 0 p\r$ out by "s half a doz5 pr9t]s1 ( :om ,conrad ,ka*el(5 & ,m>t9 ,l&sb]g 7 ! mo/ prolific4 ,presses 7 also set up 9 num]\s o!r places1 s t by ! end ( ! c5tury at lea/ fifty ,g]man cities1 t[ns & villages _h se5 a pr9t] at "w4 ,9 _m ( ^! ! art took no root1 & 9 "s ! pr9t] 0 only employ$ = a %ort "t to pr9t "o or m books = a p>ticul> purpose4 ,b ! total output ( incunabula 9 ,g]many 0 v l>ge1 & leav+ out ( c\nt ! fugitive s+le %eets1 ! scanty remnants ( :i* c be> no relation to ! ?\s&s :i* mu/ h be5 produc$1 out ( ab\t #be1jjj diff]5t books & editions pr9t$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury regi/]$ z extant at ! "t ( writ+ probably ne>ly a ?ird 7 produc$ 9 ,g]many4 ,if1 z is likely1 a l>ge proportion ( ! elev5 ?\s& undescrib$ incunabula 7among :i*1 h[ev]1 !re mu/ be _m duplicates & triplicates7 report$ to h be5 discov]$ by ! ag5ts ( ! ,g]man ,royal ,commission = a ,g5]al ,catalogue ( ,incunabula are ,g]man1 ?is r\gh e/imate mu/ be l>gely increas$1 & x may be prov$ t ,g]many 0 z prolific z ,italy itself4 ,consid]able z 0 ?is output ( ,g]man pr9t+ at home1 x 0 probably ne>ly equall$ by ! "w done by ,g]man pr9t]s 9 ! o!r c\ntries ( ,europe to :i* !y ha/5$ to c>ry ! new art4 ,turn+ fir/ to ,italian incunabula we f9d t ! fir/ book pr9t$ 9 ,italy has p]i%$ utt]ly4 ,! cruel little ,lat9 gramm> :i* pass$ "u ! "n ( ,donatus _h1 z we h se51 be5 frequ5tly pr9t$ 9 ,holl& & by ! fir/ ,ma9z pr9t]s1 & !re are sev]al lat] in/ances ( an edition ( x be+ produc$ z soon z a press 0 set up1 m]ely to %[ ! pr9t]'s types4 ,?is 0 done by ,conrad ,sweynheym & ,arnold ,pann>tz1 ! two ,g]mans :o began pr9t+ at ! mona/]y ( ,sa9t ,s*ola/ica at ,subiaco1 "s =ty miles f ,rome1 9 #adfe1 or p]haps 9 ! previ\s ye>4 ,be+ a s*ool-book1 ! ,donatus 0 ?umb$ to pieces1 s t no copy n[ survives1 & x is only kn[n f ! pr9t]'s allusion to x z ! book unde imprim5di initium sumpsimus 9 a li/ ( _! publications drawn up 9 #adgb4 ,( ! ?ree o!r books pr9t$ by !m at ,subiaco1 ,cic]o's ,de ,oratore has no pr9t$ date1 b a copy describ$ by ,signor ,fumagalli be>s a manuscript note dat$ ,pridie ,kal4 ,octobres ,m4cccclxv41 i4e4 #cj ,septemb]1 #adfe1 ! au!nticity ( :i* has1 h[ev]1 be5 *all5g$1 ?\gh probably )\t good reason4 ,! two o!rs bo? be> pr9t$ dates1 ! works ( ,lactantius1 t ( #bi ,octob]1 #adfe1 & ,s4 ,augu/9e's ,de ,ciuitate ,dei1 #ab ,june1 #adfg4 ,probably ev5 be=e ?is la/ book 0 complet$ ! pr9t]s 7 already mov+ "s ( _! mat]ial to ,rome1 :]e !y f\nd %elt] 9 ! palace ( ,pietro de' ,massimi1 = _! edition ( ! ,epi/ulae ,famili>es ( ,cic]o 0 complet$ !re 9 ! same ye>1 probably 9 or be=e ,novemb]4 ,ev5 s x is n c]ta9 t ?is 0 ! fir/ book pr9t$ at ,rome1 = ,ulri* ,han1 a native ( ,vi5na & citiz5 ( ,+ol/adt1 ^: lat] "w1 l t ( ,mi*ael ,w5ssl] at ,basel1 %[s a t5d5cy to imitate ,s*oeff]1 complet$ an edition ( ! ,m$itationes de vita ,*ri/i ( ,c>d9al ,turrecremata on ! la/ day ( ! same ye>1 & ,mr4 ,proctor 7aft] ! publication ( 8 ,index7 assign$ to ,han's press & to an ev5 e>li] date ?an ! ,m$itationes a bulky edition ( ! ,epi/les ( ,s4 ,j]ome1 :i* mu/ c]ta9ly h tak5 a ye> to pr9t4 ,! c>e] ( ,sweynheym & ,pann>tz 9 p>tn]%ip at ,rome la/$ b little ov] six ye>s1 _! late/ book be>+ ! date #ca ,decemb]1 #adgc4 ,already 9 ,m>*1 #adgb1 !y 7 9 difficulties1 & pr9t$ a lett] to ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv begg+ = "s pecuni>y aid4 ,!y _h pr9t$1 !y said1 no few] ?an #aa1dge volumes1 & gave a li/ ( ! diff]5t books & ( ! numb]s pr9t$ ( ea*4 ,f\r ( ^! editions 7 ( #cjj copies1 ! re/ ( #bge1 & we c see f ! li/ t !re _h be5 ?ree editions ( ! ,lactantius & ,de ,ciuitate ,dei & two ea* ( ,cic]o's ,epi/ulae ,famili>es1 ,de ,oratore1 & ,op]a ,philosophica1 & also ( ,virgil1 s t cle>ly "s ( _! books _h %[n a pr(it4 ,b ! li/ is entirely made up ( ,lat9 classics1 pr(ane & !ological1 & by ,m>*1 #adgb1 pr9t+ _h be5 introduc$ into at lea/ t5 o!r ,italian cities 7,v5ice1 ,foligno1 ,trevi1 ,f]r>a1 ,milan1 ,flor5ce1 ,treviso1 ,bologna1 ,naples1 & ,savigliano71 & 9 mo/1 if n all ( ^!1 ! "o idea ( ! fir/ pr9t]s 0 to produce z _m ,lat9 classics z possible1 z ?\gh no o!r firm 9 ,italy 7 do+ ! same ?+4 ,unable to obta9 help f ! ,pope1 ,sweynheym & ,pann>tz dissolv$ p>tn]%ip1 ! =m] devot+ himself to engrav+ maps = an edition ( ,ptolemy's ,geographia1 :i* he did n live to see 7x 0 pr9t$ by ,arnold ,buck+ 9 #adgh71 :ile ,pann>tz resum$ bus9ess on a some:at small] scale on 8 own acc\nt1 & di$ 9 #adgf4 ,at ,v5ice1 ! fir/ pr9t]1 ,johann ( ,spei]1 seems to h _h "s =ebod+ ( :at might happ51 & ?\ghtfully protect$ himself aga9/ competition by procur+ f ! ,s5ate an exclusive privilege = pr9t+ at ,v5ice dur+ ! space ( five ye>s4 ,?is might s]i\sly h ret>d$ ! developm5t ( ! press at ,v5ice4 ,johann1 h[ev]1 aft] pr9t+ two editions ( ,cic]o's ,epi/ulae ad famili>es & ,pl9y's ,hi/oria naturalis 9 #adfi1 0 c>ri$ (f by dea? :ile work+ on 8 f\r? book1 ,s4 ,augu/9e's ,de ,ciuitate ,dei1 9 #adgj1 & 8 bro!r ,w5del91 or ,v9del9us1 :o took ov] ! bus9ess1 _h no privilege to protect him f competition4 ,9 #adgj1 ! way ?us be+ left cle>1 a ,fr5*man1 ,nicolas ,j5son1 set up ! second press 9 ,v5ice1 & by ! beauty ( 8 f9e ,roman type spe$ily atta9$ a reputation :i* has la/$ to ?is day4 ,ano!r f9e pr9t]1 ,*ri/oph] ,vald>f]1 produc$ 8 fir/ book 9 ! same ye>4 ,9 #adga ?ree o!r firms 7an ,italian prie/1 ,clem5te ( ,padua1 & two ,g]mans1 ,adam ( ,amm]gau & ,franz ,r5n] ( ,heilbronn7 began publi%+1 & 9 #adgb yet sev5 m 7?ree ,g]mans & f\r ,italians74 ,b ! pace 0 impossible1 & by ?is "t m5 7 rapidly fall+ out4 ,z we h se51 ,sweynheym & ,pann>tz1 aft] _! ineffectual attempt to obta9 a subsidy f ! ,pope1 dissolv$ _! p>tn]%ip at ,rome aft] #adgc1 & ,ulri* ,han 9 #adga _h tak5 a money$ p>tn]1 ) ^: aid he wea!r$ ! /orm4 ,at ,v5ice ,w5del91 aft] produc+ ?irty-"o books 9 ! previ\s two ye>s1 r$uc$ 8 output to six 9 #adgc1 & soon aft] seems to h ceas$ to "w = himself4 ,j5son's numb]s sank f tw5ty-eight 9 #adga-b to six 9 #adgc-d4 ,vald>f] gave up aft] #adga1 & is subsequ5tly f\nd at ,milan4 ,o!r ,v5etian pr9t]s also dropp$ out1 & only two new firms began "w 9 #adgc4 ,at ,flor5ce aft] ! fir/ pr9t] ,b]n>do ,c5n9i & 8 sons _h produc$ a ,virgil 9 #adga1 & ,johann ,petri ( ,ma9z ,boccaccio's ,philocolo & ,petr>*'s ,trionfi 9 #adgb1 pr9t+ ceas$ = "s ye>s4 ,presses />t$ at ,foligno1 ,trevi1 & ,savigliano came to a spe$y end4 ,at ,treviso1 :]e ,g]>dus ,lisa _h publi%$ f\r books 9 #adga1 !re 01 accord+ to ,mr4 ,proctor1 a gap f ,decemb] 9 t ye> till ! same mon? 9 #adgd1 ?\gh ,dr4 ,cop+] quotes "o book ea* = ! int]v5+ ye>s4 ,only "o book 0 publi%$ at ,f]r>a 9 #adgc4 ,:at happ5$ at ,naples is h>d to say1 s9ce ,sixtus ,riess+]1 ! fir/ pr9t] !re1 issu$ _m books )\t dates4 ,at ,bologna trade seems to h be5 /ation>y4 ,at ,milan1 :]e bo? ,antonius ,l>otus 9 #adga & ,philippus de ,lavagna 9 #adgb _h begun ) extreme caution1 !re 0 heal?y progress1 & ^! two firms cont9u$ issu+ editions ( ! classics1 & ) ! great fall+ (f ( competition may h f\nd x pr(itable to d s4 ,b ( ! reality ( ! crisis 9 ! ,italian book trade 9 #adgb-c1 al?\gh little is said ( x 9 hi/ories ( pr9t+1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,:5 x 0 ov] !re 7 symptoms ( a simil> ov]-production ( "s ( ! great legal comm5t>ies4 ,b ?is dang] 0 avoid$4 ,!re 0 a /eady increase 9 ! range ( ! lit]ature publi%$1 & ! b\rgeois book-buy] 0 rememb]$ z well z ! ari/ocratic /ud5t4 ,soon !re came a great ext5sion1 n only ( ! home b ( ! =eign m>ket1 & ,italy settl$ d[n to supply ! _w ) books1 a task = :i* ,v5ice1 bo? f its geographical position & its well-e/abli%$ comm]cial relations1 0 peculi>ly fitt$4 ,b x is ! books pr9t$ be=e #adgd t =m ! real ,italian incunabula4 ,9 ! subsequ5t "w )9 ! limits ( ! fifte5? c5tury ,rome took no v important "p4 ,ulri* ,han cont9u$ to pr9t till #adgh4 ,joannes ,philippi de ,lignam9e1 ,papal ,physician & native ( ,sicily1 produc$ "s exceptionally int]e/+ books betwe5 #adgj & #adgf1 & aga9 9 #adha-d1 & ,georg ,lau]1 :o work$ f #adgj to #adha1 & complet$ an edition ( ,s4 ,j]ome's ,lett]s1 left unf9i%$ by ,pann>tz at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 %[$ himself a good craftsman4 ,! lat] pr9t]s1 especially ,/ephan ,plannck & ,eu*>ius ,silb]1 _h "s good types1 b produc$ few notable books1 ! bulk ( ! ,roman output aft] #adhj be+ editions 9 small qu>to ( (ficial docum5ts & spee*es at ! ,papal ,c\rt4 ,to devise any summ>y description ( fifte5? c5tury pr9t+ at ,v5ice is wellnigh impossible4 ,"s #aej firms 7 at "w !re2 at a l[ e/imate "s f\r ?\s& extant books & editions mu/ be cr$it$ to !m1 & ^! embrac$ almo/ e k9d ( lit]ature = :i* read]s c\ld be f\nd 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & _m v>ieties ( craftsman%ip4 ,f a decorative po9t ( view1 ! firm ( ,erh>d ,ratdolt did exceptionally good "w1 & x is also rem>kable = specializ+ ma9ly on a/ronomy1 ma!matics1 & hi/ory4 ,liturgical pr9t+ began some:at late 7!re seems to h be5 a prejudice aga9/ pr9t$ s]vice books 9 ,italy1 & ,i c rememb] none pr9t$ at ,rome72 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ,johann ,hammann or ,h]zog & ,johann ,em]i* 7 its *ief expon5ts4 ,franz ,r5n] produc$ *iefly ,lat9 !ology1 a dep>tm5t mu* less pr$om9ant at ,v5ice ?an 9 ,g]many4 ,sev]al firms1 e4g4 ,jacques ,le ,r\ge1 ,bapti/a de ,tortis1 ,&reas ,torresanus 7fa!r-9-law ( ,aldus & a v f9e pr9t]71 & ,georgius ,arrivab5e devot$ !mselves l ,j5son fir/ ma9ly to ,lat9 classics & !n to law2 o!rs1 su* z ,filippo di ,pietro m+l$ ,lat9 & ,italian classics4 ,filippo's k9sman1 ,gabriele di ,pietro1 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ v]nacul> pr9t]s4 ,_m firms1 su* z t ( ,bonetus ,locatellus1 :o seems to h _h a ,univ]sity connection1 & pr9t$ all k9ds ( le>n$ ,lat9 books1 despis$ ! v]nacul> altoge!r4 ,! bro!rs ,giovanni & ,gregorio dei ,gregorii 7 p]haps ! mo/ prolific & miscellane\s pr9t]s 9 bo? ,lat9 & ,italian4 ,johannes ,tacu9us1 a le>n$ pr9t] t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury1 is notable = adorn+ 8 books ) pictorial capitals1 mo/ly ( boys at play4 ,aldus ,manutius w be spok5 ( 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,:ile all ?is activity 0 display$ at ,v5ice o!r cities 7 n idle4 ,at ,milan upw>ds ( eight hundr$ incunabula 7 produc$1 mo/ly by its e>lie/ pr9t]1 ,antonius ,z>otus1 & two ,g]mans1 ,leonh>d ,pa*el & ,ulri* ,sc9z5zel]4 ,f]r>a seems to h be5 able to support only "o press at a "t1 & at ,flor5ce x 0 "s ye>s be=e pr9t+ fl\ri%$1 b 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury _m int]e/+ books 7 pr9t$ !re1 bo? le>n$ & v]nacul>1 z to ! illu/rations 9 :i* mu* w h to be said lat] on4 ,"s ( ! e>ly ,treviso books f ! press ( ,g]>d ,lisa are di/9ctly pretty4 ,bologna produc$ ab\t ?ree hundr$ incunabula4 ,naples probably n s _m1 b ( mu* bett] quality4 ,altoge!r well ov] t5 ?\s& ,italian incunabula mu/ /ill be extant1 & ^! 7 produc$ at no few] ?an sev5ty diff]5t places1 ?\gh _m ( ^! 7 ( no typographical importance1 & only f9d _! way into hi/ories ( pr9t+ f hav+ %elt]$ a w&]+ pr9t] = a few weeks z he 0 on 8 way f "o l>ge t[n to ano!r4 ,9 ,france also ! e>lie/ books 7 address$ to /ud5ts ( ! classics1 ?\gh !y 7 produc$ on a mu* m limit$ scale4 ,!re ! fir/ pr9t]s1 ?ree ,g]mans1 _h be5 invit$ to set up _! presses at ,p>is 9 ! ,sorbonne by two ( its pr(essors1 ,guillaume ,fi*et & ,jean ,heynl91 ( ,/e91 bett] kn[n 9 8 own day z ,johannes de ,lapide4 ,betwe5 ! summ] ( #adgj & ! autumn ( #adgb eighte5 works 7 pr9t$ at ! ,sorbonne1 mo/ly ( ! k9d :i* w\ld be ( use to its /ud5ts4 ,among !m 0 ,sallu/1 ?ree works ( ,cic]o1 ,virgil's ,bucolics & ,georgics1 ! ,satires ( ,juv5al & ,p]sius1 ,t]5ce1 "s text books1 ! ,speculum ,humanae ,vitae ( ,bi%op ,rod]ic ( ,zamora1 & ! ,orations ( ,fi*et's patron1 ,c>d9al ,bess>ion4 ,9 ,augu/1 #adgb1 ! ,c>d9al arriv$ 9 ,france on a fruitless mission to r\se ! k+ to a crusade aga9/ ! ,turks4 ,he 0 rebuff$ & ord]$ to leave ,france4 ,fi*et accompani$ him1 & nev] return$ to ,p>is4 ,z e>ly z ! previ\s ,m>* ,heynl9 seems to h be5 call$ away1 & n[ ! import$ ,g]man pr9t]s1 ,mi*ael ,freiburg]1 ,ulri* ,g]+1 & ,m>t9 ,crantz1 7 left :olly to _! own devices4 ,?us ab&on$ !y pr9t$ f\r books ( a less special "*1 = :i* !y s\ght pr9cely in/ead ( s*ol>ly patronage1 & !n 9 ,april1 #adgc1 mov$ f ! ,sorbonne & set up = !mselves at ! sign ( ! ,soleil d',or 9 ! ,rue ,s4 ,jacques4 ,"h !y pr9t$ /ill 9 ,lat91 b a mu* m popul> class ( books1 & soon _h to cont5d ) two rival firms1 t ( ,piet] de ,keys]e & ,johann ,/ol1 & ! pr9t]s at ! sign ( ! ,s\fflet ,v]t or ,gre5 ,bell[s4 ,! f9e/ ( ! subsequ5t pr9t]s 0 ,jean ,dupre1 :o us$ excell5t capitals & issu$ _m illu/rat$ books1 b ?ree prolific pr9t]s1 ,anto9e ,caillaut1 ,gui ,m>*&1 & ,pi]re ,levet1 along ) _m dull books issu$ "s v int]e/+ ones4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury an ent]pris+ publi%]1 ,anto9e ,v]>d1 kept _m ( ! ,p>is pr9t]s busy1 & ,p>is became not$ typographically = its f9e illu/rat$ editions ( ! ,h\rs ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 issu$ by ,v]>d1 ,dupre1 ,pig\*et 7& 8 publi%]1 ,simon ,vo/re71 & ,?ielman ,k]v]4 ,b ^! ) ! publications ( ,v]>d belong to ano!r *apt]4 ,at ,lyon pr9t+ 0 introduc$ by ! ent]prise ( "o ( its citiz5s1 ,b>!lemi ,buy]1 :o engag$ ,guillaume ,l]oy 7a native ( ,liege7 to pr9t = him1 & subsequ5tly employ$ o!r pr9t]s z well4 ,! fir/ ,lyon book 0 a little volume ( popul> religi\s treatises1 conta9+ among o!r ?+s ! ,de mis]ia humanae conditionis ( ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii4 ,x 0 complet$ #ag ,septemb]1 #adgc4 ,until ne>ly #adij ! books pr9t$ at ,lyon 7 ma9ly popul> 9 "* ) a consid]able proportion ( ,fr5* books1 _m ( !m illu/rat$4 ,f #adij onw>ds le>n$ ,lat9 books occur m frequ5tly1 & pr9t+ rapidly became z g5]al or miscellane\s z at ,p>is itself1 al?\gh only a s+le attempt 0 made1 unsuccessfully1 to rival ! ,p>is ,horae4 ,! two cities betwe5 !m probably produc$ m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! ?ree ?\s& incunabula1 :i* at a r\gh guess may be attribut$ to ,fr5* presses1 ! %>e ( ,p>is be+ ab\t twice z great z t ( ,lyon4 ,accord+ to ! /]eotyp$ phrase1 pr9t+ 0 introduc$ into no few] ?an ?irty-sev5 o!r ,fr5* t[ns dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 b z a rule ! pr9t]s 7 b birds ( passage1 & x 0 only at ,poiti]s 7#adgi7 & ,r\5 7#adhg7 t x took root & fl\ri%$ cont9u\sly1 ?\gh on b a small scale4 ,9 o!r t[ns ! /ruggle to ma9ta9 a press cont9u$ = sev]al ye>s1 z at ,t\l\se1 or 0 ab&on$ aft] ! fulfilm5t ( a s+le commission4 ,9 ,holl& ! fir/ books :i* be> ! "n ( _! pr9t] & date & place ( impr9t are ^? produc$ at ,utre*t by ,nicolaus ,ketela] & ,g]>dus ,leempt1 :o began "w 9 #adgc4 ,x is tol]ably c]ta91 h[ev]1 t "s ( ! s-call$ ,co/]iana 7see ,*ap4 ,,ii7 prec$$ ?is date1 & !y are at lea/ z likely to h be5 pr9t$ at ,ha>lem z at ,utre*t1 !re be+ no decisive evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ei!r place4 ,no namable pr9t] appe>s at ,ha>lem until ! end ( #adhc1 :5 ,jacob ,bella]t set up a %ort-liv$ press !re4 ,= "s sev5 ye>s 7#adgg-hd7 excell5t "w 0 done at ,g\da by ,g]>d ,leeu1 :o !n mov$ to ,antw]p4 ,at ,delft1 :]e a f9e ,bible 0 pr9t$ by ,jacob ,jacobszo5 & ,mauricius ,yemantszo5 9 #adgg1 pr9t+ 0 kept up cont9u\sly by ,jacobszo51 ,*ri/ian ,snella]t1 & ,h5drik ,eck]t till ! end ( ! c5tury1 ?\gh !re seems to h be5 only "w en\gh = "o firm at a "t4 ,at ,zwolle1 ,piet] van ,os1 :o began "w 9 #adgi1 0 able to ma9ta9 himself1 ) a brief int]val ab\t #adhb1 till pa/ ! magic date #aejj4 ,la/ly1 at ,dev5t]1 :]e ,ri*>dus ,pafraet />t$ 9 ! same ye>1 an output 0 spe$ily atta9$ great] ?an 9 any o!r ,dut* t[n1 & = ! latt] ye>s ( ! c5tury a rival firm1 t ( ,jacobus de ,br$a1 %>$ ,pafraet's prosp]ity4 ,! great majority ( ! ,dev5t] books1 h[ev]1 belong to ! m9or lit]ature ( ecclesia/icism & education1 & are f> f excit+4 ,! beg9n+s ( pr9t+ are mu* m int]e/+ 9 ! ,s\!rn ,ne!rl&s1 :i* correspond r\ghly to :at we n[ call ,belgium4 ,"h also ! fir/ positive date is #adgc1 ! ye> 9 :i* ,johann ( ,pad]born 9 ,we/phalia1 be/ kn[n to ,engli% collectors z ,john ( ,we/phalia1 pr9t$ ?ree books at ,alo/4 ,a f\r? foll[$ 9 ,may1 #adgd1 b by ! foll[+ ,decemb] ,john _h remov$ to ,l\va91 a ,univ]sity t[n1 :]e he rema9$ do+ excell5t & abundant "w till ne>ly ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,at ,l\va9 he _h f\nd ano!r pr9t]1 ,jan ,veld5]1 already 9 ! field1 & seems to h hu/l$ him away n v hon\rably4 ,veld5]1 h[ev]1 0 n ru9$1 b is subsequ5tly f\nd at ,utre*t & ,kuil5burg1 & aga9 = a %ort "t at ,l\va94 ,at ,bruges ! fir/ pr9t]s 7 ,col>d ,mansion & ,william ,caxton1 names well kn[n to ,engli% book-lov]s1 ?\gh n all ! lab\rs ( ,mr4 ,william ,blades & ,mr4 ,gordon ,duff h made x q cle> :i* ( ! two 0 ! lead]4 ,only two ,engli% books 7 pr9t$1 ! ,recuyell ( ! ,hi/ories ( ,troy & ,! ,game & ,play ( ! ,*ess1 :5 ,caxton return$ to ,engl& & set up 8 presses 9 ! ,almonry at ,we/m9/]4 ,:e!r he _h any pecuni>y int]e/ 9 ! ,fr5* ,recueil & ! ,quatre ,d]ni]es ,*oses1 & :e!r pr9t+s at ,bruges began ) ! ,recuyell1 or1 z ,mr4 ,proctor cont5d$1 ) ! ,fr5* ,boccaccio ,de la ru9e des nobles hommes et femmes ( #adgf1 are po9ts ( controv]sy4 ,f #adgg till 8 flight f ,bruges to avoid arre/ = debt 9 #adhd1 ,mansion work$ /eadily by himself1 & ! total output ( 8 press am\nts to tw5ty-five ,fr5* works & two 9 ,lat94 ,at ,brussels ! ,bro!rs ( ! ,common ,life1 :o work$ also z pr9t]s 9 o!r places1 publi%$ num]\s popul> ,lat9 works betwe5 #adgf & #adhg1 ab\t :i* "t _! press seems to h /opp$4 ,b ! removal ( ,g]>d ,leeu's bus9ess f ,g\da to ,antw]p 9 #adhd soon gave t t[n a typographical importance :i* 7except = a few ye>s at ! end ( ! c5tury7 x long ma9ta9$4 ,! true incunabula ( ! ,ne!rl&s are1 ( c\rse1 ! ,co/]iana4 ,:atev] view we may take ( _! date & bir?place1 !y 7 und\bt$ly home products1 ) a /rongly m>k$ individuality4 ,ketela] & ,leempt1 h[ev]1 at ,utre*t1 ,veld5] at ,l\va9 & else:]e1 ,caxton & ,mansion at ,bruges1 7 real pione]s4 ,9 a s5se ?is is true also ( ,john ( ,we/phalia & ,g]>d ,leeu1 notably ( ! =m]1 :o _h le>nt 8 art 9 ,italy & by ! type :i* he _h br\ght !nce rais$ ! /&>d ( pr9t+ 9 8 new home4 ,x is1 inde$1 almo/ exclusively at ,dev5t] t we get ! dull comm]cial "w :i* has no?+ primitive or individual ab\t x1 & ?us1 p]haps because _! gr& total is s mu* small] ?an 9 ! case ( ,g]many1 ,italy1 or ev5 ,france1 ! special int]e/ ( incunabula atta*es to r a high proportion ( ! e>ly books ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,if ?is be true ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 x is ev5 tru] ( ! two c\ntries ) :i* we h /ill to deal 9 ?is rapid survey1 ,spa9 & ,engl&4 ,( ,spani% incunabula ab\t sev5 hundr$ are n[ regi/]$2 ( ,engli%1 ?ree hundr$ is a fairly lib]al e/imate ( ! gr& total /ill extant4 ,)9 ! limits ( ! fifte5? c5tury nei!r c\ntry rea*$ ! purely me*anical /age ( book production to :i* s _m ,g]man & ,italian books belong aft] ab\t #adhe4 ,9 ,engl&1 inde$1 ?is /age 0 h>dly rea*$ until ! g5]al d[nfall ( good pr9t+ t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! fir/ book pr9t$ 9 ,spa9 0 a ?9 volume ( poems 9 hon\r ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 writt5 by ,b]n>do ,f5oll> & o!rs on ! occasion ( a congress held at ,val5tia 9 ,m>*1 #adgd4 ,x (f]s no in=mation itself on any bibliographical po9t1 b x 0 presumably pr9t$ n long aft] ! congress1 at ,val5tia :]e ! congress 0 held1 & by ,lamb]tus ,palm>t 7or ,palma]t71 :o on #ah ,augu/1 #adgg1 complet$ !re ! ?ird "p ( ! ,summa ( ,s4 ,?omas ,aqu9as & duly describ$ x z impressa ,val5tie p] magi/rum ,lamb]tum ,palm>t ,alemanum1 anno ,m4,,cccc4,,lxxvii1 die v]o xviii4 m5sis ,augu/i4 ,palm>t is suppos$ to h be5 a ,flem+ 7a nationality to :i* ! description ,alemannus is (t5 appli$71 b no?+ is kn[n ( him4 ,he pr9t$ a "w call$ ,compreh5sorium & ! ,bellum ,jugur?9um ( ,sallu/ 9 ,febru>y & ,july1 #adge1 )\t putt+ 8 "n to !m1 & ^! ) ! ,f5oll> & o!r anonym\s books n[ attribut$ to him are 9 roman type4 ,9 #adgh he complet$ a ,catalan ,bible 9 conjunction ) a native ,spani>d1 ,alonzo ,f]n&ez de ,cordoba1 & !reaft] work$ by himself until #adij1 us+ go?ic types 9 ^! lat] books4 ,sev5 o!r firms work$ at ,val5tia dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 b none ( ^! atta9$ mu* importance4 ,ano!r ,flem+1 ( ! "n ( ,mat!w or ,mat?aeus1 pr9t$ ! ,manipulus ,curatorum ( ,guido de ,monte ,ro!rii at ,s>agossa 9 ,octob]1 #adge1 & five o!r presses 7 e/abli%$ !re be=e #aejj1 t ( ,paul ,hurus be+ ! mo/ prolific4 ,at ,tortosa a s+le book 7! ,rudim5ta ,grammaticae ( ,p]ottus7 0 pr9t$ by ,nicolaus ,sp9del] & ,p$ro ,brun e>ly 9 #adgg1 & 9 ,augu/ ( ! same ye> ,antonio ,m>t9ez1 ,alonso del ,pu]to1 & ,b>tolome ,segura complet$ ! fir/ fully dat$ book 7! ,sacram5tal ( ,san*ez de ,v]cial7 at ,seville1 :]e pr9t+ subsequ5tly ?rove z mu* z any:]e 9 ,spa94 ,! foll[+ ye> ,sp9del] & ,brun1 hav+ mov$ f ,tortosa1 introduc$ pr9t+ into ,b>celona1 a date ,,mcccclxviii 9 a treatise by ,b>?olomaeus ,mates1 ,pro cond5dis orationibus1 be+ obvi\sly a mispr9t1 ?\gh to :at x %\ld be correct$ _c positively be %[n4#bf ,at ,salamanca pr9t+ 0 introduc$ z e>ly z #adha1 & cont9u$ m actively aft] #adib1 ma9ly = ! production ( educational works4 ,at ,burgos ,fri$ri* ,biel1 :o _h be5 tra9$ "u ,mi*ael ,w5ssl] at ,basel1 began pr9t+ 9 #adhe1 & a native ( ! place1 ,juan de ,burgos1 br\ght out 8 fir/ book 9 #adij1 bo? ( ^! firms do+ excell5t "w4 ,altoge!r1 tw5ty-f\r t[ns & places 9 ,spa9 possess$ presses dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 b 9 _m cases only = a %ort "t4 ,! outl9e ( ! /ory ( pr9t+ 9 ,engl& dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury may be v quickly sket*$1 full] treatm5t be+ res]v$ = a lat] *apt]4 ,at ,mi*aelmas1 #adgf1 ,caxton r5t$ premises 9 ! ,almonry f ! ,abbot ( ,we/m9/]1 & "h he /ay$ till 8 dea? 9 #adia1 pr9t+1 z f> z we "k1 ab\t a hundr$ books & docum5ts4 ,9 #adgh a press 0 set up at ,ox=d1 presumably by ,!odoric ,rood ( ,cologne1 ^: "n1 h[ev]1 does n appe> 9 any book until #adha4 ,by #adhe ,rood _h be5 jo9$ by an ,engli% /ation]1 ,?omas ,hunte1 b 9 #adhf or ! foll[+ ye> ! press 0 clos$ aft] pr9t+1 z f> z we "k1 only sev5te5 books4 ,! few books pr9t$ at ,ox=d 7 all m or less s*ola/ic 9 "*1 & six out ( eight works pr9t$ by ,caxton's second rival 7app>5tly a fri5dly "o71 ! ,s*oolma/]-,pr9t] at ,/4 ,albans1 belong$ to ! same class1 8 two m popul> books be+ ,caxton's ,*ronicles ( ,engl&1 ) a new app5dix1 & ! fam\s ,book ( ,/4 ,albans4 ,( ^! eight works1 ! e>lie/ be>+ a date 0 issu$ 9 #adhj1 ! late/ 9 #adhf4 ,a m =midable competitor to ,caxton ?an ei!r ! ,ox=d or ! ,/4 ,albans pr9t] began "w 9 ! ,city ( ,london 9 #adhj4 ,?is 0 ,john ,lett\1 i4e4 ,john ! ,li?uanian1 :o1 z ,mr4 ,gordon ,duff notes1 us$ type id5tical save 9 a s+le lett] ) a f\nt us$ at ,rome 9 #adgh by ,johann ,bulle ( ,brem54 ,lett\ appe>s to h be5 f9anc$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance by a ,london]1 ,william ,wilcock4 ,9 #adhb he 0 jo9$ by ,william ,ma*l9ia 7presumably a native ( ,mal9es71 & aft] five law books _h be5 pr9t$ 9 p>tn]%ip1 ,lett\ dropp$ out1 & ,ma*l9ia cont9u$ work+ by himself1 possibly until z late z #adij or #adia1 :5 8 /ock seems to h be5 tak5 ov] by ,ri*>d ,pynson1 a ,norman1 f ,r\54 ,on ,caxton's dea? 9 #adia 8 bus9ess pass$ into ! h&s ( 8 =eman1 ,wynkyn de ,worde1 a native ( ,lorra9e4 ,! only o!r press />t$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 0 t ( ,julyan ,not>y1 :o work$ at fir/ ) two p>tn]s1 ,i4,b4 & ,i4,h4 ,( ^! ,i4,b4 0 c]ta9ly ,jean ,b>bi]1 & ,i4,h4 probably ,jean ,huv9 ( ,r\54 ,we h no in=mation z to ! nationality ( ,not>y1 b if1 z seems probable1 he 0 a ,fr5*man1 pr9t+ 9 ,engl& = "s tw5ty ye>s aft] ,caxton's dea? 0 :olly 9 ! h&s ( =eign]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,meagre & b>e ( details z is ?is sket* ( ! beg9n+s ( pr9t+ 9 ! *ief c\ntries ( ,europe1 x %\ld yet suffice to prove t ! purely arbitr>y date #aejj & ! slang ^w incunabula1 us$ to inve/ all fifte5? c5tury impressions ) a my/ic value1 are mislead+ nuisances4 ,by ! "t t pr9t+ rea*$ ,engl& x 0 beg9n+ to pass into its comm]cial /age 9 ,g]many & ,italy4 ,9 bo? ( ^! c\ntries1 & 9 a less degree 9 ,france1 scores & hundr$s ( books 7 pr9t$ dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s ( ! c5tury :i* h little m connection ) ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 or ! /ory ( its diffusion1 ?an ,engli% or ,spani% books a c5tury lat]4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! hi/ory ( lit]ature & ?\ght !re is mu* to be ga9$ f ! collection 9 l>ge libr>ies ( all books pr9t$ be=e #aeja4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! hi/ory ( pr9t+ e decade ( book-production has its int]e/1 & ! decade #adij to #aejj among ! re/4 ,incid5tally x may be not$ t 9 respect ( book-illu/ration ?is p>ticul> decade 9 ,italy is "o ( exceptional int]e/4 ,b books ( ! ?ird g5]ation ( ,g]man or ,italian pr9t]s1 m5 l ,fla*1 = in/ance1 at ,/rassburg1 or ,plannck at ,rome1 %\ld n be collect$ "u ! idea t !y are 9 any true s5se ( ! ^w incunabula4 ,:at con/itutes a true incunable _c be def9$ 9 a s5t5ce4 ,we mu/ consid] ! c\ntry or city z well z ! book1 ! individual man z well z ! art ( :i* he 0 p]haps a belat$ expon5t4 ,! same piece ( pr9t+ may h mu* m value & int]e/ if we c prove t x 0 produc$ 9 "o place r ?an ano!r4 ,aft] ! publication ( 8 ,index1 ,mr4 ,proctor satisfi$ himself t "s anonym\s books 9 roman type :i* he _h class$ z ! "w ( an unid5tifi$ press at ,naples 7 really among ! e>lie/ specim5s ( ,palm>t's typography 9 ,spa91 & "o does n ne$ to be a ,spani>d to appreciate ! di/9ction ?us add$ to !m4 ,if s5tim5t is to c\nt = any?+ we mu/ admit ! int]e/ ( ! fir/ books pr9t$ 9 any c\ntry :i* possesses an important hi/ory & lit]ature--if only because we may legitimately be curi\s to "k on :at books a pr9t]1 ) all ! extant lit]ature to *oose f1 v5tur$ 8 capital z likely 9 t p>ticul> c\ntry & "t to br+ him ! quicke/ & mo/ pr(itable return4 ,t ! fir/ l>ge book 9 ,g]many 0 a ,bible1 ! fir/ books 9 ,italy ,lat9 classics1 ! fir/ produc$ = ! ,engli% m>ket "o t we mu/ call an hi/orical romance1 _c be reg>d$ z m]ely insignificant4 ,nor are ! diff]5ces 9 ! types & appe>ance ( ! page unimportant1 = ^! also help to illu/rate national *>act]i/ics4 ,if ?is is true ( ! e>ly books pr9t$ 9 any c\ntry1 x is also true 9 only slightly less degree ( ^? :i* fir/ appe>$ 9 any great city :i* aft]w>ds became a c5tre ( pr9t+4 ,/rassburg1 ,cologne1 & ,nuremb]g1 ,rome1 ,v5ice1 & ,flor5ce1 ,p>is & ,lyon1 ,antw]p & ,london 7if we may be p]mitt$ = once to ignore ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( ,we/m9/]71 ea* has its own individuality1 & 9 ea* case x is int]e/+ to see ) :at w>es1 & 9 :at =m1 ! fir/ pr9t]s endeav\r$ to op5 its purse-/r+s4 ,b :5 we come to t[ns & t[nlets "s di/9ction seems ne$$4 ,i may be misl$ by secret sympa?y ) t (t5 s*ol>ly1 too (t5 impecuni\s figure1 ! local antiqu>y4 ,to him ! fir/ book pr9t$ 9 8 native t[nlet1 ?\gh by a pr9t] m]ely /opp+ on 8 way betwe5 "o great city & ano!r1 mu/ ne$s be ( int]e/1 & x is h>d t its price %\ld be =c$ beyond 8 rea* by ! competition betwe5 deal]s ke5 to d bus9ess ) a ri* collector to :om ! book w h none ( ! fragrance x w\ld possess = him4 ,typographical it9]ancy1 ?is pr9t+ by ! roadside1 z we may almo/ call x1 mu/ ne$s be illu/rat$ 9 great collections1 l any o!r habit ( ! e>ly pr9t]s4 ,b ! ord9>y private collector c surely disp5se ) buy+ books because !y h be5 pr9t$ 9 places :i* h no associations = him1 ( :i* p]haps he has nev] he>d4 ,z = ! individual man1 if we w\ld keep any oases gre5 9 :at may easily become a s&y des]t1 we mu/ surely treasure e trace ( 8 p]sonality4 ,"o l>ge elem5t 9 ! *>m ( incunabula is ! human int]e/ ( difficulties ov]come1 & :]ev] a craftsman began "w by cutt+ a di/9ctive type to suit ! calligraphic fa%ion ( ! neighb\rhood1 at :atev] date he />t$1 8 books w /ill h "s int]e/4 ,:5 he becomes articulate & tells u ( 8 difficulties1 or boa/s ( h[ !y h be5 ov]come1 we may value 8 "w /ill high]4 ,z ! fir/ book pr9t$ at ,flor5ce1 ! ,comm5t>y ( ,s]vius on ,virgil ne$s no add$ attraction1 & yet h[ mu* its *>m is enhanc$ by its pr9t]s' addresses to ! read]4 ,"h is ! second ( !m r\ghly ,engli%$3 ,to ! ,read]4 ,b]n>d9o ,c5n9i1 by univ]sal all[ance a mo/ excell5t goldsmi?1 & ,dom5ico 8 son1 a y\? ( v good ability1 h be5 ! pr9t]s4 ,pietro1 son ( ! a=esaid ,b]n>do1 has act$ z corrector1 & has made a collation ) _m v anci5t copies4 ,8 fir/ anxiety 0 t no?+ by ano!r h& %\ld be ascrib$ to ,s]vius1 t no?+ :i* v old copies %[$ to be ! "w ( ,honoratus %\ld be cut d[n or omitt$4 ,s9ce x pleases _m read]s to ins]t ,greek words ) _! own h&1 & 9 _! own fa%ion1 & ^! 9 anci5t codices are v few1 & ! acc5ts are v difficult to m>k 9 pr9t+ he det]m9$ t spaces %\ld be left = ! purpose4 ,b s9ce no?+ ( man's mak+ is p]fect1 x mu/ ne$s be acc\nt$ en\gh if ^! books 7z we e>ne/ly hope7 are f\nd exceptionally correct4 ,! "w 0 f9i%$ at ,flor5ce on ,octob] #e1 #adgb4 ,x is impossible to read a colophon su* z ?is )\t feel+ ourselves 9 ! v atmosph]e ( ! pr9t+ h\se1 ) ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! pr9t]'s family at "w ar\nd u4 ,blank spaces are f\nd 9 _m e>ly books :]e ,greek quotations occurr$ 9 ! manuscripts f :i* !y 7 pr9t$4 ,b x 0 n e pr9t] :o took s mu* tr\ble z ,c5n9i to ju/ify ! omission4 ,z _m z tw5ty-"o ye>s lat]1 :5 pr9t+ 9 ! great t[ns 0 becom+ m]ely me*anical1 we f9d ! same p]sonal note 9 a little gramm>-book pr9t$ at ,acqui4 ,"h ! colophon tells u3 ,! ,doctr9ale ( ,alex&] ( ,vill$ieu 7,god be prais$67 comes to a happy end4 ,x has be5 pr9t$ amid en\gh inconv5i5ces1 s9ce ( sev]al ?+s belong+ to ?is art ! pr9t]1 9 mak+ a beg9n+ ) x1 c\ld obta9 no prop] supply1 ow+ to ! plague rag+ at ,g5oa1 ,a/i & else:]e4 ,n[ ?is same "w has be5 correct$ by ! prior ,v5tur9us1 a di/+ui%$ gramm>ian1 & t s dilig5tly t :]eas previ\sly ! ,doctr9ale 9 _m places seem$ by ! fault ( booksell]s too little correct$1 n[ by ! application ( 8 c>e & dilig5ce x w rea* m5's h&s 9 ! mo/ correct =m possible4 ,aft] ?is date books w be pr9t$ 9 type ( ano!r k9d1 & elegantly1 ,i tr[2 = bo? artific]s & a suffici5cy ( o!r ?+s ( :i* hi!rto ! putt] =? has be5 9 ne$ he n[ possesses by ! gift ( ,god1 ,:o disposes all ?+s accord+ to ! judgem5t ( ,8 w4 ,late z he appe>$ & small z 0 ! t[n at :i* he produc$ 8 "o book--8 hopes & promises z to o!rs seem to h come to naught--?is man _h ! true pione] _s1 & des]ves to be rememb]$ = x4 ,( a diff]5t k9d1 b no less1 is ! int]e/ 9 :at is p]haps my own fav\rite colophon1 t record+ ! dea? ( ,g]>d ,leeu at ,antw]p1 :ile engag$ 9 pr9t+ an edition ( ,! ,*ronicles ( ,engl& = ! ,engli% m>ket4 ,"h b5 endyd ! ,cronycles ( ! ,reame ( ,englond1 ) _! app]teignaunces4 ,enpr5tyd 9 ! ,du*y ( ,brab& 9 ! t[ne ( ,&ew>pe ,9 ! y]e ( our ,"l ,m4cccc4xciij4 ,by mai/ir ,g]>d de leew a man ( grete wys$om 9 all man] ( kunnyng3 :y* n[e is come f lyfe unto ! de?1 :i* is grete h>me = _m a p\re man4 ,on :os s[le ,god almyghty = hys hygh grace haue m]cy4 ,am54 ,leeu _h be5 kill$ accid5tally by "o ( 8 workm5 9 ! c\rse ( a dispute1 & ?is te/imonial to him 9 ! colophon1 :i* reads z if ! compositor _h slipp$ x 9 ( 8 own accord1 is v graci\s & t\*+ 9 its simplicity4 ,j z ! possession ( a p]sonal colophon br+s a book )9 a circle ( int]e/ to :i* x o!rwise w\ld n h approa*$1 s we may ju/ly value a piece ( pr9t+ all ! m if x *ances1 ?r\gh any accid5t1 to ?r[ light on ! pr9t]'s me?ods4 ,i h felt a peculi> affection = an edition ( ,val]ius ,maximus1 pr9t$ by ,s*oeff] 9 #adga1 ev] s9ce ,i discov]$ t a *ange 9 ! =m ( ! punctuation at c]ta9 po9ts ( ! book makes x possible to "w out ! numb] ( presses on :i* x 0 be+ pr9t$1 ! ord] 9 :i* ! %eets 7 be+ set up1 & h[ quickly ! type ( ! work$ pages 0 di/ribut$4 ,! sl[ness ( ! presswork 9 ! simple =m ( press at fir/ us$ oblig$ ! pr9t]s to keep sev]al presses1 sometimes z _m z six1 occupi$ ) diff]5t sections ( ! same book1 & ! tr\ble !y 7 giv5 to make ! end ( "o section jo9 neatly to ! beg9n+ ( ! next has left _m traces4 ,any book :i* ?us lets u into ! secrets ( ! e>ly pr9t+ (fices possesses 9 a v high degree ! *>m :i* %\ld atta* to an incunable1 if t h>dly us$ ^w is to reta91 z x %\ld1 any ref]5ce to ! infancy ( pr9t+4 ,b m w be said z to ?is aspect ( e>ly books 9 our next *apt]4 ,,footnotes3 #be ,two editions ( ,bon]'s ,edel/e91 bo? illu/rat$ ) ov] a hundr$ woodcuts1 "o dat$ #ad? ,febru>y1 #adfa 7copy at ,wolf5buttel71 ! o!r undat$ 7,royal ,libr>y1 ,b]l972 ,die ,hi/orij von ,joseph1 ,danielis1 ,judi?1 ,he/]1 dat$ 9 rhym+ v]se #adfb nat lang na* ,s& ,walpurg5tag 7,ryl&s ,libr>y & ,biblio!que ,nationale72 ! ,belial seu ,consolatio peccatorum ( ,jacobus de ,!ramo 7,ryl&s & ,g]manis*es ,museum1 ,nuremb]g72 two issues ( a ,g]man ,biblia ,paup]um ) ?irty-f\r woodcuts 7bo? at ! ,biblio!que ,nationale1 ! fir/ also at ,ryl&s & ,wolf5buttel72 ! same "w 9 ,lat9 7,ryl&s72 la/ly two editions ( a poem call$ ,re*t/reit des ,m5s*5 mit dem ,tode 7bo? at ,wolf5buttel1 ! second also at ! ,biblio!que ,nationale74 #bf ,9 its colophon ! book is said to h be5 a docto viro ,b]tolommeo ,mates conditus et p] ,p4 ,johannem ,matoses ,*ri/i m9i/rum presbit]umque ca/igatus et em5datus sub imp5sis ,guill]mi ros et mira arte impressa p] ,johannem ,gh]l9c alamanum4 ,gh]l9c is only he>d ( aga9 9 #adid1 & !n n at ,b>celona4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,pr9t+ ,"o great cause ( *anges ( fa%ion 9 book-collect+ is t aft] any p>ticul> class ( book has be5 hotly compet$ = by "o g5]ation ( book-lov]s1 all ! be/ prizes gradually get lock$ up 9 great public or private collections1 & come s seldom into ! m>ket t new collectors pref] to take up "s o!r dep>tm5t r ?an "o 9 :i* x is impossible = !m to atta9 any /rik+ success4 ,! fir/-fruits ( pr9t+1 if reckon$ /rictly *ronologically1 are probably z ne>ly exhau/$ z any class ( book :i* c be nam$4 ,no matt] h[ ri* a man may be1 ! *ances ( 8 ev] obta9+ a copy ( ! ,?irty-six ,l9e ,bible1 ! #adeg ,psalt]1 or ! fir/ book pr9t$ at ,v5ice1 are inf9itesimally small4 ,o!r incunabula1 if n hopelessly out ( rea* ev5 ( ! v ri*1 are only likely to be acquir$ aft] _m ye>s ( wait+ & a heavy exp5diture :5 ! mom5t ( possible acquisition arrives4 ,_m ( ! books hi!rto "h m5tion$ belong to ?is class4 ,& yet1 f :at may be call$ ! logical z oppos$ to ! *ronological /&po9t1 incunabula little1 if at all1 less int]e/+ are /ill to be obta9$ at q small prices by any "o :o kn[s = :at to look4 ,any collector :o sets himself to illu/rate ! evolution ( ! pr9t$ book f its manuscript pr$ecessors1 & ! ways ( ! e>ly pr9t]s1 w f9d t he has und]tak5 no impossible task1 ?\gh "o :i* w ne$ consid]able pursuit & good ta/e & judgm5t 9 ! selection ( appropriate specim5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vii4 ,,v5ice1 ,,j5son1 #adgj ,,cic]o4 ,,rhetorica 7#da;a7 ,r\ghly speak+1 x took ab\t a c5tury = pr9t$ books to %ake (f ! influ5ce ( manuscript & e/abli% _! own traditions4 ,! e>lie/ books _h no titlepage1 no head-title1 no runn+ title1 no pag9ation1 & no pr9t$ *apt]-head+s1 also no pr9t$ initials or illu/rations1 blank spaces be+ left (t5 = ! "o & occasionally = ! o!r to be suppli$ by h&4 ,at ! "t :5 pr9t+ 0 inv5t$ ! book trade 9 _m l>ge cities _h atta9$ a high degree ( organization1 s t ! "w ( ! calligraph] or scribe 0 cle>ly di/+ui%$ f t ( ! lum9] or illum9ator1 & ev5 f t ( ! rubricator 7rubri%]74 ,take1 = in/ance1 ?is ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds bill ( #adfg = a ,psalt]1 pres]v$ among ! ,pa/on ,lett]s3 ,= viij hole vynets1 prise ! vynet xijd viijs ,item = xxj demi-vynets 444 prise ! demi-vynett iiijd vijs ,item = ,psalmes lett]s xvc & di' 444 ! prise ( ,c4 iiijd vjs ijd ,item = p'ms lett]s lxiijc 444 prise ( c4 jd vs iijd ,item = wrytynge ( a qu>e & demi 444 prise ! quayr xxd ijs vjd ,item = wryt5ge ( a cal5d] xijd ,item = iij quayres ( velym1 prise ! quayr xxd vs ,item = notynge ( v quayres & ij leves1 prise ( ! quayr viijd iiis vijd ,item = capital drawynge iijc & di'1 ! prise iijd ,item = flory%ynge ( capytallis1 vc vd ,item = byndynge ( ! boke xijs ------------ lis ijd ------------ ,x is possible t ! "w 9 ?is case 0 all done by "o man1 ?\gh x is equally possible t sev]al 7 engag$ on x1 "u ! direction ( a ma/]-scriv5]1 b 9 ei!r case ! fact t vignettes & demi-vignettes1 psalt] lett]s 7i4e4 ! small r$ lett]s at ! beg9n+ ( ea* v]se ( a psalm1 sometimes call$ v]sals71 ! my/]i\s p'ms lett]s 7possibly ! dabs ( col\r be/[$ on small initials71 ! writ+ ( ! text1 ! writ+ ( ! cal5d>1 ! musical notation1 & ! draw+ & fl\ri%+ ! capitals1 7 all *>g$ sep>ately1 at s mu* a piece or s mu* a hundr$1 %[s h[ di/9ct ea* op]ation 0 kept4 ,p>tly1 no d\bt1 f policy1 s z n to r\se ! wra? ( m ?an "o indu/ry at a "t1 p>tly to save !mselves tr\ble & exp5se1 ! e>lie/ pr9t]s1 ) few exceptions1 set !mselves to supplant only ! calligraph]1 & sold _! books ) all ! blanks & spaces1 :i* ! mo/ mode/ or p]functory scribe c\ld h left to be fill$ by 8 k9dr$ craftsm54 ,no bett] />t+-po9t = a typographical collection c\ld be desir$ ?an f9e copies ( two well-pr9t$ books 9 :i* ! pr9t] has conf9$ himself sev]ely to reproduc+ ! text1 leav+ all head+s1 capitals1 & ornam5ts to be suppli$ by h&4 ,9 "o 7z 9 ! page f a book ( ,j5son's1 :i* =ms ! illu/ration to ?is *apt]1 ,plate ,,vii7 ! blanks %\ld rema9 blanks 7z m especially 9 e>ly books pr9t$ 9 ,italy !y (t5 did rema971 9 ! o!r !y %\ld h be5 fill$ 9 ) r$ ink or col\rs by a rubricator4 ,! own] ( two su* volumes is really z mu* at ! f\nta9-head z ! possessor ( ! ,ma9z ,indulg5ces ( #aded1 or any /ill e>li] docum5t t may yet be f\nd4#bg ,?is is ! logical beg9n+1 & ! logic ( hi/ory is q z int]e/+ z ! *ronology4 ,f ! />t+-po9t ( ! book ( :i* ! pr9t] pr9t$ no?+ b ! text ! collector c advance 9 _m diff]5t directions4 ,!re 0 no regul> & unbrok5 progress 9 ! developm5t ( ! mod]n =m ( book1 nor does x matt] greatly t ! examples ( any p>ticul> improvem5t %\ld be ei!r absolutely or ne>ly ! e>lie/4 ,! ma9 ?+ is t !y %\ld be good illu/rations ( ! special feature = :i* !y are acquir$4 ,! problem h[ to disp5se ) ! aid ( a rubricator _h to be fac$ by c\ntless pr9t]s 9 _m diff]5t t[ns1 = rubricat+ by h& mu/ h add$ v consid]ably to ! co/ ( a book4 ,! obvi\s ?+ to d 0 to pr9t 9 r$ all ! head+s1 *apt]-numb]s1 etc41 :i* ! rubricator us$ to add 9 t col\r4 ,b ?is 0 bo? exp5sive & tr\blesome1 z x involv$ two pr9t+s & ! plac+ ( ! pap] 9 exactly ! same position 9 ! press 9 ea*4 ,caxton & "o or two o!r e>ly pr9t]s tri$ to avoid ?is d\ble pr9t+ & difficulty ( regi/ration by putt+ on bo? r$ & black ink at ! same "t--v probably1 :]e !y came close toge!r1 !y 7 rubb$ on ) a f+]--b ?is s (t5 result$ 9 smudges & l9es half ( "o col\r1 half ( ano!r1 t x 0 soon ab&on$4 ,d\ble pr9t+ 0 mo/ly soon ab&on$ also1 except by ! mo/ exp]t m54 ,x 0 tri$ & ab&on$ by ! pr9t] ( ! ,=ty-two ,l9e ,bible1 ?\gh subsequ5tly ,fu/ & ,s*oeff] completely ma/]$ x4 ,betwe5 #adgb & #adgd x 0 tri$ & ab&on$ by almo/ e pr9t] 9 ,/rassburg4 ,! difficulty 0 g5]ally#bh ov]come by sub/itut+1 = r$ ink us$ ) type ( ! same size or face z ! text1 type ( a l>g] size or heavi] face1 :i* c\ld be pr9t$ 9 black ink ) ! text & yet /& out suffici5tly cle>ly f x to cat* ! eye4 ,! ne$ = ?is diff]5tiation accel]at$ ! t5d5cy to r$uce ! size ( types1 :i* 0 d\btless 9 ! fir/ place dictat$ by a desire = economy4 ,! e>li] ,g]man text-types = ord9>y books v commonly measure ab\t #f mm4 a l9e4 ,to enable small diff]5ces to be %[n !y are quot$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,catalogue ( ,incunabula by ! measurem5ts ( tw5ty l9es1 & _m ( ! e>ly ,ma9z & ,/rassburg types range closely r\nd ! numb] #abj4 ,^! l>ge text-types are (t5 ! only ones us$ 9 a book1 notes or o!r accompanim5ts ( ! text be+ clumsily indicat$ by brackets or spaces4 ,! bett] pr9t]s1 h[ev]1 gradually imitat$ ,fu/ & ,s*oeff]1 & along ) _! #abj text-types us$ small] comm5t>y types measur+ ab\t #d to #d7a_/b7 mm4 a l9e1 or f #hj to #ij mm4 = tw5ty l9es4 ,9 ! great folio comm5t>ies on ! ,canon & ,civil ,law a v f9e effect is produc$ by two %ort columns ( text 9 l>ge type be+ plac$ two-?irds way up ! page & !n completely surr\nd$ by ! comm5t>y 9 small] type1 also 9 d\ble columns4 ,b ! economy ( us+ ! small] type = ! text ( books )\t comm5t>y 0 quickly p]ceiv$1 & along ) #d to #d7a_/b7 mm4 small text-types1 heavy & (t5 r fanta/ic types ( j twice ?is size 7#h to #i mm4 a l9e1 #afj to #ahj mm4 to tw5ty l9es7 came into use = head+s1 & ! op5+ words ( books & *apt]s4 ,! same c\rse 0 foll[$ ) respect to headl9es1 :5 x 0 desir$ to add ^! to a book )\t ! aid ( a scribe4 ,egge/e9 pr9t$ "o book ) headl9es 9 r$1 b ! same heavy type :i* 0 us$ = *apt] head+s 0 soon us$ = headl9es1 & also1 ) v ugly effect1 = numb]+ ! leaves4 ,9 consid]+ :at specim5s ( pr9t+ to collect ,engli%m5 :o h be5 accu/om$ = m ?an two c5turies to no?+ b roman types may well be bewild]$1 z !y look ?r\gh any volume ( facsimiles1 by ! extraord9>y v>iety ( ! f\nts4 ,! ma9 reasons = ?is v>iety may be s\ght 7#a7 9 ! dep5d5ce ( ! fir/ pr9t]s on ! /yles ( writ+ :i* !y f\nd 9 vogue at ! "t1 & 9 ! c\ntries & t[ns :]e !y made _! v5tures2 & 7#b7 9 ! diff]5t /yles consid]$ appropriate to diff]5t classes ( books--,lat9 & v]nacul>1 liturgical & secul>1 etc4 ,ev5 n[1 :5 bookh&s c h>dly be said to exi/1 ! v>ieties ( h&writ+ are endless1 & !re are /rongly m>k$ diff]5ces betwe5 ^? ( "o c\ntry & ano!r4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 !re 0 less int]communication betwe5 di/ant c\ntries1 ! diff]5ces 7 ev5 great]4 ,z to ?is1 h[ev]1 x is possible to make "s di/9ctions4 ,! unify+ effect ( ! ,*ur* is se5 9 ! small] range ( v>iations 9 ! books = liturgical use1 & ! fell[%ip ( s*ol>s ex]cis$ at lea/ "s influ5ce 9 ! same direction4 ,9 ,italy1 ! home ( anci5t le>n+1 ! ari/ocratic bookh& 0 ! f9e r\nd m9uscules :i* _h be5 evolv$1 by a consci\s antiqu>ian revival1 f ! bookh& ( ! twelf? c5tury1 itself a revival ( ! ,c>lov+ian bookh& ( ! eigh? & n9?4 ,sweynheym & ,pann>tz1 be+ ,g]mans1 fail$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance to realize ! hopelessness ( seek+ s*ol>ly fav\r ) any o!r k9d ( "*1 & _! ,subiaco books are pr9t$ 9 a light & pleas+ go?ic mu* admir$ by ,william ,morris1 & us$ by ,mr4 ,/4 ,john ,hornby = 8 spl5did ,a%5d5e ,dante4 ,:5 !y />t$ afre% at ,rome 9 #adfg !y gave up _! go?ic f\nt & us$ in/ead a f9e roman "* noticeable = its use ( ! long s at ! end ( words1 a peculi>ity (t5 f\nd 9 ,italian manuscripts ( ?is p]iod4 ,! e>ly pr9t]s at ,v5ice made no false />t1 b all us$ roman *>act]s f ! outset1 ,v5etian go?ic type mak+ its fir/ appe>ance 9 #adgb4 ,t go?ic type 0 us$ at all 9 ,italy 0 due p>tly to ! difficulty f\nd 9 cutt+ v small roman type1 s t go?ic 0 us$ = economy1 p>tly to ! advantages ( ! heavy go?ic face :5 a contra/ 0 ne$$ betwe5 text & comm5t>y4 ,9 ,g]many roman types 7 tri$ by ,adolf ,rus* 7! ,r-pr9t]7 at ,/rassburg ab\t #adfd1 & by bo? ,gun!r ,za9] at ,augsburg & ,johann ,za9] at ,ulm1 b met ) no fav\r until 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! c5tury !y 7 re9troduc$ = ! books writt5 or edit$ by ,brant1 ,lo*]1 ,wimphel+1 ,pet] ,s*ott1 & ! o!r h>b+]s ( ! new le>n+4 ,9 ! ,ne!rl&s ,john ( ,we/phalia />t$ ) a r\nd b r ?9 roman type br\ght f ,italy4 ,9 ,france ! s*ol>ly ideals ( ! patrons ( ! fir/ ,p>is press 7 reflect$ 9 ! use = ! books pr9t$ at ! ,sorbonne ( a beautiful roman type1 only injur$ by ! excessive prom95ce ( ! s]ifs4 ,9 ,spa9 also ! fir/ books1 ^? pr9t$ at ,val5tia by ,lamb]t ,palm>t1 7 9 roman2 b 9 bo? c\ntries go?ic types long comm&$ ! fav\r ( ! g5]al read]1 :ile 9 ,engl& _! supremacy 0 un*all5g$ = a ?ird ( a c5tury1 no book entirely 9 roman type appe>+ until #aejh4 ,z reg>ds ! ae/hetic value ( ! diff]5t roman types 9 use dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! sup]iority ( ! ,italian is s m>k$ t1 ) ! exception ( ! fir/ ,fr5* type1 ! re/1 f ?is po9t ( view1 may be neglect$4 ,almo/ all ! roman types us$ 9 ,italy until late 9 ! 'sev5ties are ei!r beautiful or at lea/ int]e/+1 & x is rem>kable t "s ( ! mo/ beautiful are f\nd 9 small places l ,cagli1 ,mondovi1 ,vit]bo1 & ,aquila1 or 9 ! h&s ( obscure pr9t]s1 su* z ! self-taught prie/ ,clem5te ( ,padua1 :o work$ at ,v5ice 9 #adga4 ,! pre-em95ce ( ,j5son's f\nt is indisputable1 ?\gh he (t5 did x inju/ice by 8 poor presswork4 ,b ^? us$ by ,john & ,w5del9 ( ,spei]1 & at a lat] date by ,antonio ,miscom9i1 7 also good1 z also 7 sev]al ( ! f\nts us$ at ,rome & ,milan4 ,at ,naples & ,bologna1 on ! o!r h&1 "s q e>ly roman f\nts are curi\sly h>d & heavy4 ,aft] ab\t #adhj roman types 9 ,italy ent] on a second /age4 ,!y no long] h ! appe>ance ( be+ f\nd$ directly on h&writ+4 ,d\btless ! typecutt]s 7 s us$ to _! "w t !y no long] ne$$ models1 b design$ new types accord+ to _! own ideas4 ,naturally ! lett]s are m uni=m & regul> ?an 9 ! e>li] f\nts1 b naturally also !y h less *>m1 & ! ord9>y close-set ,v5etian type ( ! end ( ! c5tury is s+ul>ly dull4 ,ev5 ! l>ge roman type us$ by ,aldus to pr9t ! ,hypn]otoma*ia ,poliphili is no real exception1 z ! lett]s are n>r[ = _! height4 ,a f> f9] f\nt is ! l>ge text type us$ by ! ,silb]s at ,rome1 on bo? sides ( #aejj4 ,?is is well proportion$ & beautifully r\nd1 & x is surpris+ t x has n yet be5 imitat$ by any mod]n typecutt]4 ,:5 we pass f roman to go?ic types !re is a bewild]+ field f :i* to *oose4 ,"h aga9 dull comm]cialism ga9$ ! upp] h& ab\t #adhj1 & t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury an ugly upright text-type ( #hj mm4 to tw5ty l9es1 ) a fanta/ic headl9e type ( twice its size1 or a little m1 f\nd its way all ov] ,g]many4 ,b types ) a tw5ty-l9e measurem5t rang+ r\nd #abj mm41 su* z ^? ( ,pet] ,s*oeff] or ! ,pr9t] ( ,h5ricus ,arim95sis1 are (t5 extraord9>ily h&some4 ,bo? ( ,s*oeff]'s e>li] small types & ! small type ( ,ulri* ,zell at ,cologne are engag+ly neat1 & at ! opposite end !re is ! magnific5tly r\nd go?ic us$ by ,ulri* ,han at ,rome4 ,mo/ ( ! f9e/ go?ic types 7 us$ = ,lat9 books ( law & !ology1 ! peculi> appropriat5ess ( roman type be+ consid]$ to be conf9$ to works appeal+ to classical s*ol>s4 ,9 ,g]many1 = "s "t1 n mu* di/9ction 0 obs]v$1 b !re 0 a t5d5cy 9 classical books to use an f & long s />t+ f ! level ( ! l9e1 :]eas 9 mo/ v]nacul> books ! tails ( ^! lett]s came bel[ ! l9e1 giv+ a /rangely diff]5t appe>ance to ! type4 ,9 ! 'n9eties a di/9ctively cursive type call$ ,s*waba*]1 usually measur+ #ic mm4 to tw5ty l9es1 makes its appe>ance all ov] ,g]many4 ,9 ,italy1 bo? at ,naples & by ,ulri* ,han at ,rome1 a v small text type1 :i* is c]ta9ly cursive 9 its aff9ities1 0 us$ at ! v outset1 b f\nd no fav\r4 ,! typical v]nacul> ,fr5* types are also v (t5 on a slope4 ,! small cursive type cut = ,aldus 9 #aeja by ,francesco da ,bologna 0 ?us n q s great a revolution z is sometimes repres5t$4 ,its cle>ness 9 proportion to its size1 its extreme compactness1 & ! h&9ess ( ! small octavos ) :i* x 0 at fir/ specially connect$1 ga9$ = x a great success1 & x gradually1 ?\gh only gradually1 usurp$ ! "n ( italic1 ! upright ,italian bookh& be+ di/+ui%$ f x z roman4 ,few treatises on pr9t+ or ! developm5t ( books give any idea ( ! imm5se popul>ity ( italics dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,ab\t #aegj !y seem$ to h e/abli%$ !mselves z ! fa%ionable v]nacul> type bo? 9 ,italy & ,france1 & ev5 9 ,engl& :ole books 7 pr9t$ 9 !m4 ,9 ,switz]l& also & ,g]many !y ga9$ "s hold2 b gradually ! tide turn$1 ! upright bookh& rega9$ its pr$om9ance1 & italics n[ survive *iefly = emphasis & quotations--9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies !y 7 (t5 us$ = prop] names--giv+ to ! page on :i* !y occur an unpleasantly spotty appe>ance4 ,_! occasional use 9 prefaces & d$icatory lett]s is mu* m appropriate4 ,! completion ( books at fir/ by a colophon1 aft]w>ds by a titlepage1 may be illu/rat$ 9 ! same way z t by :i* we h trac$ ! evolution ( ! text f incomplet5ess to complet5ess & ! developm5t ( diff]5t classes ( types4 ,at lea/ "o pr9t]1 ,johann ,m5tel9 ( ,/rassburg1 seems to h consid]$ ! addition ( colophons z ! prop] bus9ess ( ! rubricator4 ,:ile pr9t$ colophons 9 8 books are exceptionally r>e1 sev]al copies h come d[n to u 9 :i* full colophons h be5 add$ by h&1 e4g4 9 a vellum copy ( ! ,speculum ,morale 9 ! ,biblio!que ,nationale1 aft] praise ( ! book1 we read3 ,impressumque 9 inclyta vrbe ,arg5t95sium ac nitide t]se em5dateque res]tum p] honor&um dom9um ,dom9um ,iohannem ,m5tel9 artis impressorie magi/rum famosissimum4 ,anno a p>tu virg9is salutif]o millesimo quadr+5tesimo septuagesimo sexto4 die m5sis n\embris sexta4 ,despite a few in/ances ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 x is c]ta9 t ! majority ( pr9t]s :o omitt$ to pr9t colophons to _! books did s1 n 9 ! expectation t !y w\ld be suppli$ by h&1 b 9 imitation ( ! manuscript books to :i* !y 7 accu/om$1 9 :i* x is di/9ctly exceptional to f9d any m5tion ( ! "n ( ! scribe4 ,b ! m5 :o took a pride 9 _! new art1 & :o ?\ght t _! "w 0 good en\gh to br+ m cu/om to _! press if _! "n 7 associat$ ) x1 took ! opposite c\rse1 & s colophons f #adeg onw>ds are common 9 ! be/ books1 & may p]haps be f\nd 9 ab\t #dj p] c5t ( ! incunables t h come d[n to u4 ,by ! m5 :o 7 skilful 9 us+ r$ ink !y 7 (t5 ?us pr9t$1 & :e!r 9 r$ or 9 black1 !y frequ5tly _h app5d$ to !m ! pr9t]'s m>k or device1 :i* gave a v decorative f9i% to ! book4 ,n[adays1 :5 we h be5 accu/om$ all our lives to ! luxury ( titlepages1 x may well seem to u m]ely p]v]se to hide ! title ( a book1 ! "n ( ! au?or1 & in=mation z to :]e1 :51 & by :om x 0 pr9t$ 9 a closely set p>agraph at ! end ( ! book4 ,b if we ?9k = a mom5t ( h[ ! manuscript books to :i* ! e>ly pr9t]s 7 accu/om$ _h be5 produc$ we %all see t x 0 ! mo/ natural ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,a scribe w\ld take 8 quire ( pap] or vellum1 & if he 7 a high-class scribe1 m9dful ( ! ne$ ( keep+ 8 text clean1 he w\ld leave 8 fir/ leaf blank & beg9 at ! top ( 8 second4 ,b "h he w\ld beg9 to write /raight away1 sometimes ) ! fir/ words ( 8 text1 sometimes ) a prelim9>y p>agraph1 :i* may be call$ ! ,incipit1 f ! important ^w 9 x4 ,9 ?is p>agraph he w\ld give ei!r ! "n ( 8 book or1 almo/ z commonly1 ! "n ( ! fir/ section ( x1 introduc+ ! title only incid5tally4 ,incipit ,racionale diu9orum (ficiorum4 ,incipiunt ,con/itutiones ,clem5tis pape ,v una cum app>atu ,ioannis ,&ree4 ,m>ci ,tullii ,cic]onis ,arp9atis consulisque ,romani ac oratorum maximi ,ad ,m4 ,tullium ,cic]onem filium suum ,(ficiorum lib] incipit4 ,incipit epi/ola sancti ,hi]onimi ad ,paul9um presbit]um de omnibus diu9e hi/orie libris4 ,t x did n occur to him to devote 8 blank page to a display$ title ( ! book he 0 copy+ 0 due to ! fact t e m$ieval manuscript 0 ! direct desc5dant1 ?r\gh _m or few /ages1 ( ! au?or's own orig9al draft1 & t ?is 0 ! mo/ pret5ti\s way & lea/ natural 9 :i* any au?or c\ld beg9 to write a book4 ,s ! scribes imitat$ ! au?or 9 8 normal beg9n+1 & ! e>ly pr9t]s imitat$ ! scribes1 & because an au?or 0 m incl9$ to relieve 8 feel+s at ! end ( a book ?an to express !m volubly at ! beg9n+1 x 0 only :5 books multipli$ s greatly t pur*as]s want$ to see at a glance :at 0 ! "n ( ! book at :i* !y 7 look+ t titlepages sup]s$$ colophons4 ,! pro( ( ?is explanation be+ ! true "o is t titlepages become common j ab\t ! "t 7#adhj to #adij7 t book-production 0 beg9n+ to be divid$ up betwe5 publi%]s & pr9t]s1 & t ! publi%] v quickly claim$ !m = 8 own4 ,! e>lie/ titlepages1 ^? ( ! ,ma9z ,bul zu deuts* des bap/ ,pius ,,ii 7#adfc71 ,rolew9ck's ,s]mon = ! ,fea/ ( ! ,pres5tation 7,cologne3 ,arnold !r ,ho]n51 #adgj71 ! ,flores ,sancti ,augu/9i 7,cologne1 #adgc71 & ! ,kal5d>ium ( ,joannes de ,mont]egio & its ,italian translation 7,v5ice3 ,ratdolt & p>tn]s1 #adgf71 7 all m or less ( ! nature ( sports4 ,:5 titlepages came to /ay1 a ye> or two lat] ?an ! la/ ( ^! precursors1 !y ev]y:]e took ! =m ( labels1 a s+le s5t5ce conta9+ ! %ort title ( ! book1 pr9t$ sometimes 9 l>ge1 sometimes 9 small type1 b ) no o!r in=mation4 ,! label title1 be+ usually pr9t$ high up on ! page1 left two-?irds1 or !reab\ts1 blank b5ea? x1 & ?is space 0 soon fill$1 sometimes by a pictorial woodcut1 sometimes by a m>k or device1 :i* at fir/ might be ei!r t ( ! pr9t] or publi%]1 b gradually came to be mu* m (t5 ! publi%]'s4 ,! %ort title & device tak5 toge!r fill$ ! page suffici5tly = decorative purposes1 b !y left room = a fur!r p>agraph ( type to be add$ if desir$1 & ! advantage ( fill+ ?is ) ! "n & address ( ! firm f :om ! book might be obta9$ 0 s obvi\s t ! impr9t1 z x is r loosely call$1 soon made its appe>ance & gradually became recogniz$ z an ess5tial "p ( ! titlepage4 ,:5 pr9t]s & publi%]s lo/ pride 9 _! "w & ceas$ to c>e to decorate _! titlepages ) pictures or devices1 ! title 0 display$ 9 a s]ies ( s+le l9es & made to /raggle d[n ! page till x came ne>ly l[ en\gh to meet ! impr9t4 ,if we g back to ! habits ( ! scribes x is easy to und]/& ano!r po9t 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( books1 _! make-up into quires & ! m>k+ ( ^! quires by signatures & cat*words4 ,! ^w quaire or quire is a %ort5$ =m ( ! ,lat9 quat]nio1 ! "n devis$ = f\r %eets ( pap] fold$ d[n ! middle s z to =m eight leaves4 ,a ga!r+ ( five %eets mak+ t5 leaves 0 call$ a qu9t]nion1 & ?is1 ?\gh x has yield$ no mod]n ^w1 0 = g5]ations su* a popul> =m t qu9t]niones 0 sometimes us$ z a g5]al expression = manuscripts4 ,ga!r+s ( ?ree %eets1 mak+ six leaves1 7 call$ t]niones2 ga!r+s ( two %eets1 mak+ f\r leaves1 du]niones4 ,a few1 b only a few1 books exi/--ne>ly all ( ^? :i* ,i h se5 are ei!r block-books or ?9 folios ( poetry ( ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii--:i* are made up 9 s+le %eets n plac$ "o )9 ! o!r1 b foll[+ consecutively4 ,b ! sy/em ( ga!r+ f two to five or m %eets toge!r into quires 0 practically univ]sal bo? be=e & aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 & ?is = ! excell5t reason t x r$uc$ ! quantity ( sew+ necess>y 9 b9d+ a book1 & r$uc$ also ! risk ( ! sew+ cutt+ ?r\gh ! pap] or vellum1 z x w\ld be v likely to d if !re 7 only a s+le ?ickness to resi/ x4 ,:5 ! scribe _h arrang$ 8 quire or ga!r+ he wrote fir/ page by page on all ! leaves on ! left h& until he came to ! middle ( ! quire1 :5 he proce$$ to write page by page on all ! leaves on ! "r h&4 ,?us 9 a quire ( f\r %eets ! left half ( ! fir/ %eet w\ld be leaf #a1 pages #a & #b1 & ! "r half w\ld be leaf #h1 pages #ae & #af1 s t ! same %eet =m$ ! beg9n+ & end ( ! quire4 ,9 ! e>lie/ pr9t$ books ! quires 7 pr9t$ page by page exactly z ! quires ( a manuscript _h be5 writt54 ,b e>ly 9 ! 'sev5ties 7,pet] ,s*oeff] c be prov$ to h adopt$ ! practice betwe5 #adga & ,septemb]1 #adgd7 ! advantage 0 p]ceiv$ ( pr9t+ bo? ! pages on ! upp] or l[] side ( a %eet at ! same "t1 i4e4 9 a quat]nion1 page #af toge!r ) page #a4 ,z soon z a pr9t] _h le>nt to pr9t two folio pages toge!r1 x became easy to pr9t f\r qu>to pages1 or eight octavo pages1 or sixte5 sextodecimo pages4 ,9 ea* case ! am\nt ( type to be pr9t$ at a pull w\ld be approximately ! same4 ,x ?us ceas$ to be disadvantage\s to pr9t small books1 :]eas s long z ea* page _h to be pull$ sep>ately x 0 obvi\sly wa/eful to make t page a v small "o4 ,ev5 :5 ! pr9t]s _h le>nt h[ to pr9t two folio pages at ! same "t ! presswork rema9$ v labori\s4 ,! e>lie/ presses 7 work$ ) only a s+le screw1 & :5 ! pressman _h pull$ ! lev] "o way to br+ ! plat5 d[n on ! type1 he _h to pu% ! lev] back aga9 9 ord] to raise ! plat5 & release ! pap]4 ,?us 9 ord] to pr9t a l>ge book quickly f\r or six sets ( pressm5 _h to "w on x at once1 ea* at a diff]5t press4 ,to avoid mi/akes1 !re=e1 ! practice 0 to allot "o section ( ! book to ea* press4 ,?us if a book 7 calculat$ to run to #bhh leaves1 six presses might beg9 simultane\sly at leaves #a1 #di1 #ig1 #ade1 #aic1 & #bda4 ,:at m (t5 happ5$ 0 t ei!r to foll[ ! natural sections ( ! book1 or because "s ( ! pr9t]s 7 engag$ on o!r tasks & n ready to beg9 at once1 ! sections 7 ( mu* less regul> l5g?s1 & we c sometimes prove t ! fir/ press 0 f> advanc$ 9 its section be=e ! fif? & six? _h begun4 ,n[ 9 all ^! cases1 unless !y 7 repr9t+ an e>li] book1 page = page1 x is obvi\s t "s nice calculations w\ld be ne$$ to make ea* section end ) ! end ( a quire s z to be able to jo9 on ) ! beg9n+ ( ! quire conta9+ ! next section )\t any gap or cr[d+4 ,h5ce ! /rik+ irregul>ities 9 ! make-up ( _m e>ly books4 ,in/ead ( a book be+ pr9t$ 9 a succession ( qu9t]nions or a succession ( quat]nions we h _m a make-up :i* c only be express$ by a cruelly ma!matical =mula1 su* z ?is1 :i* repres5ts ! quir+ ( ! ,=ty-two ,l9e ,bible4 a-i#aj2 k#aja lm#aj n#fa2 o-z#aj inv]t$ #baj #aja2 ,a-,f#aj ,g#d3 aa-nn#aj2 oo pp#aj qq#aja2 rr-zz ,,aa-,,cc#aj2 ,,dd#ab ,,ee#aja2 ,,ff ,,gg#aj ,,hh#da ,,ii#aj4 ,9 ?is ! index-lett] %[s ! numb] ( leaves 9 ! quire1 a-i#aj be+ a %ort way ( /at+ t ea* ( ! n9e quires a b c d e f g h i has t5 leaves 9 x4 ,9 ! t5? quire 7k7 !re is an extra leaf1 & aga9 9 ! ?irte5? 7n7 ! pr9t] f\nd t he _h too mu* copy = six leaves & n en\gh = eight1 & 0 !re=e oblig$ to put 9 an odd "o1 because ano!r press _h already pr9t$ (f ! beg9n+ ( ! next quire 7o74 ,n infrequ5tly x w\ld happ5 t ! odd am\nt ( copy = a section 0 v difficult to fit exactly into a leaf ev5 :5 ! pr9t] _h compress$ x by us+ z _m contractions z possible1 or ek$ x out by us+ no contractions at all4 ,?is acc\nts = ! occurr5ce ( a blank space1 l>ge or small1 at ! end ( "s sections )\t any break 9 ! text1 z ! pr9t] 0 sometimes c>eful to expla9 by ! pr9t$ notice ,hic nihil deficit1 or z 9 our page f ,ulri* ,zell1 ,vacat4 ,z has be5 already not$1 9 a mom5t ( en?usiasm ,mr4 ,proctor once said to ! pres5t writ] t x 0 impossible to f9d a fifte5? c5tury book t 0 really ugly4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly putt+ ! case = 8 belov$ incunables a peg too high1 = !re 7 pl5ty ( bad pr9t]s be=e #aejj1 & ev5 su* a ma/] z ,j5son 0 by no means uni=mly c>eful z to ! quality ( 8 presswork4 ,b "o ( ! legacies :i* ! e>ly pr9t]s receiv$ f ! scribes 0 ! art ( putt+ _! text h&somely on ! page1 & ! diff]5ce :i* ?is makes 9 ! appe>ance ( a book is v m>k$1 little z _m mod]n pr9t]s & publi%]s att5d to x4 ,b 9 ! books ( ! be/ pr9t]s ( our own day1 z well z 9 ^? ( ! be/ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 f #fe p] c5t to #gb p] c5t ( ! height ( ! page is devot$ to ! text1 f #bh p] c5t to #ce p] c5t be+ res]v$ = ! upp] & l[] m>g9s1 ( :i* at lea/ two-?irds is = ! l[] & n m ?an "o-?ird = ! upp]4 ,z comp>$ ) ! height ( a page ( type ! bread? is usually 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #de to #gj 7a trifle m 9 a qu>to71 & "h aga9 ! out] m>g9 is at lea/ twice z great z ! inn]4 ,?us 9 a book ) a page measur+ #aj by #g7a_/d7 in*es1 ! type-page %\ld measure ab\t #g by #d7c_/d7 in*es1 ) a l[] m>g9 ( ab\t #b in*es1 an upp] ( #a in*1 an out] ( #a7c_/d7 in*es1 & an inn] ( 7#c_/d7 in*4 ,x w be greatly to ! advantage ( book-buy]s to be> ^! proportions 9 m9d1 9 ord] to measure h[ mu* a book (f]$ to !m has be5 cut d[n1 & also to be able to in/ruct _! b9d]s z to h[ to r$uce ! absurd m>g9s ( "s mod]n ,l>ge ,pap] copies to m arti/ic dim5sions4 ,:e!r x is legitimate fur!r to r$uce ! m>g9s ( an old book :i* has already be5 mangl$ by a b9d] 9 ord] to get ! proportions bett] balanc$ is a nice "q ( ta/e4 ,if a two-in* l[] m>g9 has be5 halv$ & a "o-in* upp] m>g9 left intact1 if ! upp] m>g9 is r$uc$1 ! book w become a pleasant work+ copy in/ead ( an obvi\sly mangl$ l>ge "o1 & ! collector mu/ settle 9 8 own consci5ce :e!r ?is be a suffici5t ju/ification = snipp+ (f a c5timetre ( old pap]4 ,exactly :y ! proportions "h laid d[n1 ) _! limits ( v>iation1 are "r = books _c easily be set =?4 ,x is easie/ to see 9 ! case ( ! relation betwe5 ! inn] & out] m>g9s4 ,z ,william ,morris 0 nev] tir$ ( insi/+1 ! unit 9 a book is1 n a s+le page1 b ! two pages :i* c be se5 at ! same "t4 ,! two inn] m>g9s sep>ate ! two type-pages by a s+le b& ( :ite1 :i*1 if ea* inn] m>g9 7 z l>ge z ! out]1 w\ld become insuff]ably conspicu\s4 ,z = ! proportions betwe5 ! l[] & upp] m>g9s1 ! explanation may lie 9 ! angle at :i* we habitually read books1 or by ! ne$ = leav+ room = ! read] to hold ! book 9 8 h&s4 ,b :e!r x be a matt] ( inh]5t rightness or m]ely ( long-e/abli%$ conv5tion1 ! pleasure ( h&l+ a book ) correct m>g9s is v great1 & a collector :o secures an uncut copy ( ev5 a poorly pr9t$ book ( ! p]iod :5 m>g9s 7 und]/ood1 w f9d t x pres5ts q a pleas+ & dignifi$ appe>ance4 ,& s 9 reg>d to o!r po9ts1 any book :i* illu/rates ! relations ( ! e>ly pr9t]s to ! scribes1 ! difficulties :i* !y exp]i5c$ 9 _! "w & ! exp$i5ts by :i* !y 7 surm\nt$ des]ves1 :atev] its date or pres5t price1 to be reckon$ z a real incunable1 & ! collector :o gets toge!r a few doz5 books ( ?is k9d w h f> bett] sport = 8 outlay ?an he :o is ti$ d[n too rigor\sly by *ronology4 ,,footnotes3 #bg ,x w be s mu* ! bett] if ! collector c add to !m a copy ( "o ( ! e>ly books pr9t$ at ,rome 7! ,g]man ones are too r>e7 9 :i* !re /ill survives ! text ( ! rubrics1 pr9t$ n 9 _! appropriate places1 b on a sep>ate leaf or quire = ! guidance ( ! rubricator4 #bh ,by ,j5son & _m e>ly pr9t]s 9 ,italy1 & by ,husn] & a few o!rs 9 ,g]many1 ! majuscules ( ! f\nts us$ 9 ! text 7 mass$ toge!r 9 head+s ) admirable effect4 ,b = a "t ! heavy head+ types c>ri$ all be=e !m4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,e>ly ,,g]man ,,& ,,dut* ,,illu/rat$ ,,books ,illu/ration3 ,,viii4 ,,augsburg1 ,g4 ,,za9]1 ,c4 #adge ,,tub]9us4 ,,ges*i*t ,,von ,,dem ,,selig5 ,,k9d ,,symon ,! natural me?od ( illu/rat+ a book pr9t$ ) type is by means ( designs cut 9 relief1 :i* c be lock$ up 9 ! =me ) ! type1 s t text & illu/rations are pr9t$ toge!r by a s+le impression#bi )\t any special prep>ation ( ! pap]4 ,s long z ! design to be pr9t$ /&s out cle>ly on ! block x matt]s no?+ :e!r x be cut on wood or on s(t metal4 ,ev5 z betwe5 ! design cut by h& & ! process l9e-block :i* has z its basis a photograph tak5 direct f a p5 draw+1 ! diff]5ce c h>dly be said to be "o ( bett] & worse4 ,we lose ! individuality ( ! wood-cutt] or wood-engrav]1 b we are br\ght into clos] t\* ) ! individuality ( ! arti/1 & :e!r we ga9 or lose dep5ds on ! ability ( ! arti/ to disp5se ) a skill$ int]pret]4 ,! "o requisite = success is t ei!r ! arti/1 or an int]pret] = him1 %\ld recognize ! limits )9 :i* 8 "w c be effective4 ,! reproductions ( ! arti/'s designs w be look$ at1 n 9 isolation1 b z "p ( an ensemble made up ( two pages pr9t$ 9 a type :i*1 p]haps ) a little tr\ble1 c be asc]ta9$ be=eh&1 & !y w be pr9t$ n z pro(s on a special press by a special workman on pap] *os5 solely to suit !m1 b ) av]age skill & c>e 9 an ord9>y press & on pap] ! *oice ( :i* w be dictat$ by sev]al consid]ations4 ,:5ev] relief blocks h be5 us$ = any l5g? ( "t z a me?od ( book-illu/ration ! rivalry ( arti/s has t5d$ to cause ^! re/rictions to be =gott54 ,9 our own day l9e-blocks h be5 almo/ driv5 out ( ! field by half-tones1 :i* _c be pr9t$ )\t ! aid ( pap] specially coat$1 or at lea/ roll$ or cal5d>$4 ,%ortly be=e ! process l9e-block 0 p]fect$ ! extreme f95ess ( ! ,am]ican s*ool ( wood-engrav+ _h induc$ a ne>ly simil> result4 ,! successors ( ,bewick work$ ) equal disreg>d ( ! ne$ = cle>ly def9$ l9es1 & :5 we travel back to ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury we f9d ! ,holbe9s1 ,burgkmair1 ,weiditz1 & o!r arti/s produc+ designs f> too delicate = ! conditions "u :i* !y 7 to be reproduc$4 ,?us ! *>m ( ! woodcuts 9 books ( ! fifte5? c5tury is by no means conf9$ to t qua9tness :i* is usually ! fir/ ?+ on :i* ! casual obs]v] comm5ts4 ,! qua9tness is usually !re1 b along ) x is a h>mony betwe5 pr9t1 pap]1 & woodcut :i* has v r>ely s9ce be5 atta9$4 ,! claim made 9 ! la/ p>agraph mu/ be und]/ood z apply+ only to books hone/ly illu/rat$ ) blocks specially made = !m4 ,books decorat$ ) a job lot ( cuts1 z 0 (t5 ! case1 especially aft] ab\t #adie1 may accid5tally be delightful & (t5 possess "s ( ! *>m ( a scrapbook4 ,x is good sport1 = in/ance1 to take "o ( ,v]>d's lat] books & trace ! orig9 ( ! cuts ) :i* t *eaply lib]al publi%] made 8 w>es attractive4 ,b ! incongruity is mo/ly manife/1 & collectors might well be m fa/idi\s ?an !y %[ !mselves & refuse to wa/e ! price ( a good book ) homog5e\s illu/rations 9 buy+ half a doz5 dull little volumes ) an old ,horae cut at ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ea*4 ,a second exception mu/ be recogniz$ 9 ! books illu/rat$ by untra9$ wood-cutt]s4 ,9 ,g]many & ! ,l[ ,c\ntries few1 if any1 q untra9$ wood-cutt]s 7 employ$1 & ?is is true also ( ,p>is & ,flor5ce4 ,b at ,lyon & o!r prov9cial t[ns 9 ,france 7! ,abbeville cutt]s1 :o probably came f ,p>is1 are /rik+ly good71 9 a few books pr9t$ at ,rome & ,v5ice1 "h & !re 9 ,spa91 & 9 "o or two ( ,caxton's & sev]al ( ,wynkyn de ,worde's books 9 ,engl&1 ! cutt+ is s bad t1 ?\gh x is possible sometimes to see t excell5t designs und]lie x1 ! effect is ei!r ludicr\s or repell5t4 ,only fanatics c\ld admire su* pictures z we f9d 9 ! e>ly ,lyonnese ,quatre fils d',aymon 7s4n41 b ab\t #adhj71 9 ! ,opuscula ( ,philippus de ,b>b]iis pr9t$ by ,joannes de ,lignam9e 7,rome1 #adha71 9 a l>ge numb] ( ! cuts ( ! ,mal]mi ,bible ( #adij 7,v5ice1 ,g4 ,ragazzo = ,l4 ,a4 ,giunta1 #adij71 9 ,los doze trabajos de ,ercules 7,zamora1 #adhc71 9 ,caxton's ,aesop or 9 ,wynkyn de ,worde's ,morte d',ar?ur 7#aebg74 ,books su* z ^! 7! ,mal]mi ,bible is on a diff]5t foot+ f ! re/ ow+ to ! wond]ful excell5ce ( ! good cuts7 may be b\ght z curiosities1 or = ! light !y ?r[ on ! /ate ( ! book trade :5 su* "w c\ld be put on ! m>ket1 b no arti/ic m]it c be claim$ = !m4 ,9 ,g]many good "w began e>ly1 because1 to supply ! dem& = play+-c>ds & pictures ( sa9ts1 s*ools ( wood-cutt]s _h gr[n up1 m especially at ,augsburg & at ,ulm4 ,block-books also _h come into exi/5ce 9 ! di/rict ( ! l[] ,rh9e1 & ^!1 :i* 9 _! e>lie/ =ms c h>dly be lat] ?an #adfj1 mu/ be divid$ betwe5 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries & ,g]many & prove ! exi/5ce ( compet5t workm54 ,! e>lie/ type-pr9t$ books :i* possess illu/rations are ! little h&ful pr9t$ by ,albre*t ,pfi/] at ,bamb]g 9 & ab\t #adfa1 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,v1 b x 0 at ,augsburg 9 ! e>ly sev5ties t book-illu/ration fir/ fl\ri%$4 ,z has be5 m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,v1 trade difficulties at fir/ /ood 9 ! way1 b by ! arbitration ( ,mel*ior ,/anheim1 abbot ( ! local mona/]y ( ,,ss4 ,ulri* & ,afra1 ^! 7 settl$ on ! s5sible basis t pr9t]s might h z _m illu/rations 9 _! books z !y *ose to provide1 b t !y mu/ be design$ & cut by ,augsburg craftsm54 ,! s]ies seems to h begun ) "s tol]ably good column-cuts to an edition ( ! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts 9 ,g]man1 ( :i* ! fir/ "p 0 issu$ 9 ,octob]1 #adga1 & ! second 9 ,april1 #adgb4 ,9 ,das guld9 spiel ( a ,dom9ican writ]1 ,+old1 f9i%$ on #a ,augu/ ( ! latt] ye>1 we f9d = ! fir/ "t real p[] ( *>act]ization4 ,lov]s ( woodcuts owe "s gratitude to ! m$ieval trick ( atta*+ edify+ disc\rses to matt]s ( ev]yday int]e/ & amusem5t1 = :]eas ! edify+ disc\rses !mselves c\ld h>dly c>ry illu/rations1 hunt+1 *ess1 or1 z "h1 sev5 games :i* c\ld be lik5$ to ! sev5 deadly s9s1 gave opportunities = %[+ pictures by :i* ! natural man w\ld be attract$4 ,ano!r important book ( ?is ye>1 only kn[n to me 9 ,baml]'s plagi>ism ( x1 0 ! fir/ edition ( ! ,belial1 ! amaz+ book :i* tells ! /ory ( ,*ri/ be+ summon$ = ! trespass committ$ 9 h>r[+ ,hell4 ,9 #adgc ! heavy go?ic type :i* ,za9] us$ 9 ^! illu/rat$ books 0 put at ! disposal ( ! ,abbot ( ,,ss4 ,ulri* & ,afra & us$ to pr9t a ,speculum ,humanae ,saluationis1 to :i* 0 add$ a summ>y 9 v]se by ,frat] ,johannes1 an inmate ( 8 mona/]y4 ,?is book 0 illu/rat$ by #agf diff]5t cuts ( ,biblical subjects1 ( v>y+ degrees ( m]it4 ,9 ! same ye>1 & aga9 9 #adgd1 ,za9] pr9t$ an illu/rat$ ,pl5>ium1 i4e4 ! ,epi/les & ,gospels = ! r\nd ( ! ,*ur*'s ye>4 ,9 or %ortly aft] #adge he pr9t$ & illu/rat$ a n>rative ( great contempor>y int]e/1 ! /ory1 writt5 by "o ,tub]9us1 ( a *ild nam$ ,simon1 :o 0 suppos$ to h be5 sla9 by ! ,jews out ( hatr$ ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? & desire to ta/e ,*ri/ian fle%4 ,! tale appe>s to conta9 int]nal evid5ce ( its untru?1 & ! unhappy ,jews :o 7 cruelly execut$ _h mu* bett] claims to be reg>d$ z m>tyrs ?an das susses ,k9d ,simon4 ,b "s ( ! pictures are q animat$1 especially "o 7see ,plate ,,viii7 ( ! hir$ kidnapp] beguil+ ! *ild ?r\gh ! /reets & !n deftly hurry+ him into ! h\se ( doom ) a t\* ( 8 knee4 ,9 #adge or #adgf1 & aga9 ) ! date #adgg1 ,za9] produc$ editions ( ! ,g]man ,bible 9 l>ge folio1 illu/rat$ ) great pictorial capitals at ! beg9n+ ( ea* book4 ,b 8 greate/ a*ievem5t 0 9 an undat$ book ( ?is p]iod1 ! ,speculum ,humanae ,vitae ( ,rod]icus ,bi%op ( ,zamora1 9 ! ,g]man translation ( ,he9ri* ,/e9h[el4 ,if ?is ,mirror ( ,man's ,life _h be5 writt5 by a man ) 8 eyes op5 in/ead ( by a vapid rhetorician x %\ld h be5 "o ( ! mo/ valuable docum5ts = ! social life ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 s9ce x pr(esses to contra/ ! advantages & evils ( e rank & occupation ( life1 f ! ,pope & ! ,emp]or d[n to craftsm5 & lab\r]s4 ,!re is b little joy to be ga9$ f its text1 b ! ,augsburg arti/ has aton$ = _m lit]>y %ortcom+s by 8 vivid & *>m+ pictures ( sc5es f ! social life ( 8 day1 ?\gh x is n to be suppos$ t ,g]man judges took bribes q s op5ly z he is pleas$ to repres5t4 ,9 addition to fifty-f\r woodcuts ( ?is k9d1 !re is a l>ge g5ealogical tree ( ! ,h\se ( ,hapsburg1 :i* is a triumph ( decorative arrangem5t4 ,two o!r e>ly ,augsburg pr9t]s devot$ !mselves to illu/rat$ "w1 ,johann ,baml] & ,anton ,sorg4 ,! =m] at fir/ cont5t$ himself ) prefix+ a full-page frontispiece to 8 books1 z 9 ! ,summa ( ,johannes ,friburg5sis & ,die vi] und zwanzig gold55 ,h>f51 bo? ( #adgb1 & aga9 9 ! picture ( ,s4 ,gregory & ,pet] ! ,deacon 9 ! ,dialogues ( ! =m] pr9t$ = ! mona/]y ( ,,ss4 ,ulri* & ,afra1 & t ( ! dy+ ,empress 9 ! ,hi/orie von d5 sieb5 weis5 ,mei/]n ( ! foll[+ ye>4 ,9 ! ,belial ( #adgc & ,pl5>ium ( #adgd ,baml] 0 cont5t = mo/ ( ! cuts to borr[ or copy f ! editions ( ,za9]1 b 9 ! ,alex&] d] ,grosse ( ! =m] ye> & ,melus9e & ,sieb5 ,todsund5 ( ! latt] he himself l$ ! way ) "s excell5t sets ( woodcuts1 :i* 7 copi$ by o!rs4 ,aga91 9 ,das ,bu* d] ,natur ( #adge we f9d a doz5 specially design$ full-page cuts1 "o to ea* book1 illu/rat+ man1 ! sph]es1 bea/s1 birds1 m]maids1 s]p5ts1 insects1 etc42 9 ! ,*ronica von all5 ,kais]n & ,konig5 ( #adgf !re are f\r l>ge cuts1 %[+ ,*ri/ 9 glory1 ! dream ( ! ,emp]or ,sigismund1 ! vision ( ,s4 ,gregory at ,mass1 & ,s4 ,v]onica hold+ be=e h] ! clo? ) ! impr9t ( ,*ri/'s face4 ,x 0 p]haps 9 ?is same ye> t ,baml] issu$1 )\t dat+ x1 ,jacob ,spr5g]'s ,die ,ros5kranz ,brud]s*aft1 ) two v /rik+ cuts1 "o ( ! (f]+ ( g>l&s to ,our ,lady1 ! o!r ( ,*ri/'s sc\rg]s look+ back mock+ly z !y leave ,him4 ,a dat$ edition appe>$ 9 #adgg4 ,ano!r book ( #adgf ) a good set ( cuts 0 ! romance ( ,apollonius1 ,k+ ( ,tyre4 ,9 #adgg ,baml] issu$ a ,bu* d] ,kun/1 :i*1 l ! ,bu* d] ,natur1 w5t ?r\gh sev]al editions2 x mu/ be not$1 h[ev]1 t !re is no su* contra/ betwe5 ,art & ,nature z ! %ort title ( ?is book might sugge/1 ! full title be+ ,bu* d] ,kun/ gei/li* zu w]d54 ,! illu/rations = ! mo/ "p repres5t a s\l 9 diff]5t situations1 b !re are also _m ( ,biblical subjects4 ,! la/ book ( ,baml]'s :i* ne$ be m5tion$ is ! ,turk5-,kreuzzuge ( ,rup]tus de ,sancto ,remigio1 :i* has an effective frontispiece ( ! ,pope prea*+ to ! ,crusad]s & "s vigor\s small] cuts4 ,anton ,sorg began pr9t+ 9 #adge & issu$ 8 fir/ illu/rat$ book ! next ye>4 ,he 0 a prolific pr9t]1 & issu$ _m close imitations ( books orig9at$ by ,gun!r ,za9] & o!rs4 ,! mo/ fam\s "w specially connect$ ) 8 "n is ,ulri* von ,rei*5?al's ,das ,conciliumbu* ges*eh5 zu ,co/5cz 7#adhc71 illu/rat$ ) =ty-f\r l>g] cuts1 all 9 ! fir/ n9ety leaves1 & #aaeh coats ( arms ( ! v>i\s dignit>ies pres5t at ! ,c\ncil4 ,! l>g] cuts %[ ! knight+ ( ! ,burg]mei/] ( ,con/ance1 processions1 a t\rnam5t1 & ! m>tyrdom ( ,huss 7despite 8 safe conduct7 & ! scatt]+ ( 8 a%es ov] a field4 ,! lat] ,augsburg illu/rat$ books1 issu$ by ! eld] ,s*o5sp]g]1 ,johann ,s*obss]1 ,pet] ,b]g]1 & ,hans ,s*au]1 ?\gh !y ma9ta9 a respectable level ( craftsman%ip1 h less int]e/ & individuality ?an ^! e>li] ones4 ,"o ,augsburg pr9t]1 ,erh>d ,ratdolt1 :o _h made himself a reputation by t5 ye>s' "w at ,v5ice 7#adgf-hf71 %ortly aft] 8 return issu$ a notable illu/rat$ book1 ! ,*ronica ,hung>orum ( ,?wrocz4 ,8 ma9 bus9ess 0 ! production ( missals & o!r s]vice books1 9 "s ( :i* he made exp]im5ts 9 col\r-pr9t+4 ,at ! neighb\r+ city ( ,ulm1 :]e also ! wood-cutt]s _h long be5 at "w1 illu/rat$ books began to be issu$ 9 #adgc by ,johann ,za9]1 no d\bt a k9sman ( ,gun!r ,za9] ( ,augsburg4 ,8 *ief books are 7#a7 ,lat9 & ,g]man editions ( ,boccaccio's ,de cl>is muli]ibus 7#adgc71 ) a f9e bord]piece ( ,adam & ,eve & num]\s spirit$ little pictures :i*1 ?\gh primitive bo? 9 conception & execution1 are full ( life1 & 7#b7 an ,aesop :i* 0 repr9t$ at ,augsburg & copi$ else:]e 9 ,g]many1 & also 9 ,france1 ! ,ne!rl&s1 & ,engl&4 ,f #adgh onw>ds he seems to h be5 9 cont9ual f9ancial tr\ble4 ,he 0 app>5tly able1 h[ev]1 to f9d funds to issue two r notable books ab\t #adij1 ! ,progno/icatio ( ,li*t5b]g]1 & a ,tot5tanz4 ,! blocks ( bo? ( ^! pass$ to ,meid5ba* at ,ma9z4 ,mo/ ( ! =ty books ( a lat] pr9t]1 ,conrad ,d9ckmut 7#adhb-if71 h illu/rations4 ,8 ,seel5wurzg>t5 7#adhc7 appe>s at fir/ sight to be a mo/ lib]ally decorat$ book1 cr[d$ ) full-page cuts1 b ( its #acc illu/rations only sev5te5 are diff]5t1 "o1 repres5t+ ! tortures ( ! damn$1 be+ us$ z _m z ?irty-sev5 times1 a deplorable wa/e ( good pap]1 :i* ! pr9t] _h ! good s5se to r$uce 9 a lat] edition4 ,d9ckmut's mo/ fam\s book is a ,g]man edition ( ! ,eunu*us ( ,t]5ce a9 mai/]li*e vnd wolgesetzte ,com$ia zeles5 vnd zehor5 lu/ig und kurtzwylig1 die d] ,ho*gel]t vnd gross ,mai/] und ,poet ,!r5cius g> subtill mit gross] ,kunn/ und ho*em ,flyss gesetzt hat4 ,?is has tw5ty-eight ne>ly full-page cuts 9 :i* ! *>act]s are well drawn1 ! sett+ = ! mo/ "p %[+ ! /reets ( a m$ieval t[n4 ,a ,*ronik1 by ,?omas ,lir]1 issu$ ab\t ! same "t1 0 begun to be illu/rat$ on a g5]\s scale ) eighte5 full-page cuts 9 ! fir/ tw5ty-eight leaves1 b 0 ha/ily f9i%$ (f ) only ?ree m cuts 9 ! rema9+ ?irty-six4 ,!y are less c>efully execut$ ?an ^? ( ! ,eunu*us1 b %[ m v>iety1 & are on ! :ole v pleas+4 ,ano!r ,ulm pr9t]1 :o began "w 9 #adhb1 ,leonh>d ,holl1 pr9t$ 9 t ye> a magnific5t edition ( ,ptolemy's ,cosmographia1 ) woodcut maps 7"o sign$ ,insculptum e/ p] ,iohanne ,s*nitz] de ,armszheim7 & f9e capitals4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 a pictorial ,n1 %[s ! editor1 ,nicolaus ,g]manus1 pres5t+ 8 book to ! ,pope4 ,( lat] ,ulm books by f> ! mo/ important are two by ,gulielmus ,ca\rs91 publi%$ by ,johann ,reg] 9 #adif1 & bo? conc]n$ ) ! ,knights ( ,/4 ,john ( ,j]usalem at ,rhodes4 ,"o volume gives _! ,/abilim5ta or ,con/itution1 ! o!r ,obsidionis urbis ,rhodiae descriptio1 an illu/rat$ hi/ory ( _! def5ce ( _! isl& aga9/ ! ,turks & _! subsequ5t deal+s ) ! infidel1 :o at "o "t 7 s complaisant z to pres5t !m ) no less valuable a relic ?an ! arm ( _! patron1 :i* 0 duly hon\r$ ) processions & s]mons4 ,altoge!r ! two books conta9 fifty-six full-page pictures1 r r\ghly cut1 b full ( vig\r & br++ ! c\rse ( ! siege & ! "* ( ! wild ,turki% horsem5 v vividly be=e ! read]4 ,william ,morris 0 ev5 tempt$ to conjecture t ! designs may h be5 made by ,erh>d ,reuwi*1 ! illu/rator ( ! ,ma9z ,breid5ba*1 ( :i* we %all soon h to speak4 ,at ,nuremb]g book-illu/ration beg9s ) ! ,ars et modus contemplatiuae vitae1 six leaves ( :i* p>take ( ! nature ( a block-book4 ,9 or ab\t #adgd ,johann ,mull] ( ,konigsb]g 7^: v>iant names1 ,johannes ,regiomontanus1 ,johannes de ,mont]egio1 h trapp$ m bibliograph]s into inconsi/5cies ?an ^? ( any o!r fifte5? c5tury au?or7 issu$ cal5d>s & o!r works ) a/ronomical diagrams1 & prefix$ to 8 edition ( ! ,philale!s ( ,maffeus ,vegius a woodcut 7= :i* ,dr4 ,s*reib] suspects an ,italian orig97 %[+ ,philale!s 9 rags & ,tru? ) no o!r clo?+ ?an a pair ( v small w+s4 ,9 ,june1 #adge1 ,s5s5s*midt & ,frisn] illu/rat$ _! folio edition ( ,ju/9ian's ,codex1 ) t5 *>m+ little column-cuts2 ! foll[+ mon? ,s5s5s*midt produc$ a ,heilig5leb51 ) m ?an #bej illu/rations1 :i*1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,s*reib]1 are v notewor?y z !y /&1 & w\ld h be5 m s _h n ! wood-cutt] be5 hurri$ into omitt+ ! backgr\nds 9 ! lat] cuts1 ^? to ! ,p>s ae/iualis4 ,s5s5s*midt also pr9t$ an undat$ ,g]man ,bible ) pictorial capitals4 ,9 #adgg ,creussn] issu$ ! travels ( ,m>co ,polo ) a woodcut ( ! travell]1 & ab\t ! same "t ,lat9 & ,g]man editions ( ! tract ( ,tub]9us on ! suppos$ fate suff]$ by ,das ,k9d ,simon at ! h& ( ! ,jews4 ,9 #adha ,anton ,kob]g] publi%$ 8 fir/ illu/rat$ book1 ,po/illa sup] ,bibliam ( ,nicolaus de ,lyra1 ) =ty-?ree woodcuts1 :i* 7 imitat$ n only at ,cologne1 b at ,v5ice1 ?\gh _! int]e/ is n v great4 ,9 8 ,g]man ,bible ( #adhc he himself 0 cont5t to acquire blocks previ\sly us$ at ,cologne4 ,! next ye> he prefix$ to 8 edition ( ! ,re=mation d] ,/adt ,nuremb]g a notable woodcut ( ,s4 ,sebald & ,s4 ,laur5ce 9 ! /yle ( ,mi*ael ,wolgemut4 ,! #beb cuts 9 8 ,heilig5leb5 ( #adhh are ma9ly improv$ reh&l+s ( previ\s v]sions2 ( 8 ,s*atzbehalt] & ,s*$el's ,*ronicle we speak lat] on4 ,at ,basel ,m>t9 ,fla* 0 ! fir/ pr9t] ( illu/rat$ books1 ornam5t+ 8 #adgc edition ( ! ,ack]mann von ,bohm5 ) a woodcut ( ,dea?1 ! lab\r]1 & ! dead woman1 8 ,cato ) ! usual picture ( a ma/] & s*ol>1 8 ,ros5kranz ) a cut ( a travell] besee*+ ! ,virg9's protection f robb]s1 & ano!r ( a sc5e 9 heav51 & 8 ,/reit d] ,seele mit dem ,korp] 7^! & ! two prec$+ are undat$7 ) eight illu/rations ( v>i\s mom5ts 9 ! dispute4 ,m important ?an ^! are ?ree pr(usely illu/rat$ books f ! press ( ,b]nh>d ,ri*el4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 8 #adgf ,spiegel ,m5s*li*] ,behaltnis1 has #bgh woodcuts1 ! "w ( two diff]5t h&s1 ! e>li] ( ! two %[+ less te*nical skill1 b mu* m vig\r & orig9ality4#cj ,! o!r two books are undat$ editions ( ! romance ( ,melus9a1 ) sixty-sev5 cuts1 9 :i* sugge/ions f ! fir/ ,augsburg edition h be5 improv$ on by an abl] workman1 & a ,m&eville ) #adg cuts1 mo/ ( :i* pass$ into ! h&s ( ,m4 ,hupfuff at ,/rassburg1 :o us$ !m 9 #aeja4 ,aft] ?is ,ri*el turn$ 8 att5tion to liturgies1 & is cr$it$ by ,dr4 ,s*reib] ) be+ ! fir/ pr9t] to ins]t 9 8 ,missals ! woodcut ( ! ,crucifixion1 :i* !nce=? is s frequ5tly f\nd fac+ ! fir/ page ( ! ,canon4 ,aft] ! publication ( ^! works illu/ration seems to h langui%$ = "s ye>s at ,basel1 b 0 tak5 up aga9 ab\t #adhi by ,johann von ,am]ba*1 ,li5h>t ,ys5hut1 & ,mi*ael ,furt]1 ! "w ( ! two latt] be+ ma9ly imitative4 ,johann ,frob51 :o began "w ab\t ?is "t1 0 too le>n$ a publi%] to conc]n himself ) woodcuts1 cat]+ *iefly = /ud5ts ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,"o ( ! pr(essors1 h[ev]1 at ! ,univ]sity 0 f> f %>+ ?is indiff]5ce to pictures4 ,born at ,/rassburg1 ,seba/ian ,brant 0 educat$ at ,basel1 & x 0 :ile hold+ !re ! ,pr(essor%ip ( ,laws t he ensur$ ! popul>ity ( 8 ,n>r5s*iff 7#adid7 by equipp+ x ) #aae admirable illu/rations4 ,! orig9al edition f ! press ( ,johann ,b]gmann von ,olpe 0 publi%$ 9 ,febru>y1 & be=e ! end ( ! ye> ,pet] ,wagn] at ,nuremb]g1 ,greyff at ,reutl+51 ,s*o5sp]g] at ,augsburg _h all pirat$ x ) copies ( ! ,basel cuts4 ,:5 ! ,lat9 translation by ,brant's fri5d1 ,jakob ,lo*]1 0 publi%$ by ,b]gmann 9 #adig1 ! success ( ! book became ,european1 & probably no o!r illu/rat$ "w ( ! fifte5? c5tury is s well kn[n4 ,probably 9 ! same ye> z ! ,n>r5s*iff 0 fir/ issu$1 ,b]gmann pr9t$ = ,brant 8 ,9 laudem gloriosae virg9is ,m>iae1 ) sixte5 woodcuts by ! same h&4 ,9 #adie ,brant suppli$ him ) two works 9 hon\r ( ! ,emp]or ,maximilian1 "o celebrat+ ! alliance ) ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi1 illu/rat$ ) coats ( arms1 ! o!r ! ,origo bonorum regum1 ) two woodcuts1 9 :i* ! ,emp]or is %[n receiv+ a sword f heav54 ,brant 0 n[ 9 high fav\r ) ,maximilian1 & 8 appo9tm5t z a ,syndic & ,imp]ial ,*ancellor at ,/rassburg l$ to 8 return & a consequ5t notable quick5+ ( book-illu/ration 9 8 native city4 ,at ,/rassburg ,johann ,m5tel9 _h us$ woodcuts = diagrams 9 an undat$ edition ( ! ,etymologiae ( ,s4 ,isidore1 pr9t$ ab\t #adgc1 b ! fir/ produc] ( books pictorially illu/rat$ 0 ,he9ri* ,knoblo*tz]1 :o work$ f #adgf to #adhd1 & issu$ ov] ?irty books ) woodcuts4 ,mo/ ( ^! 7 copies f o!r m5's "w1 e4g4 8 ,belial & ,melus9a f ,baml]'s1 8 ,philale!s f ! ,nuremb]g edition ( ,johann ,mull]1 8 ,aesop & ,hi/orie d] ,sigismunda f ,johann ,za9]'s1 8 ,leb5 d] heilig5 drei ,konig5 probably f an anonym\s edition by ,johann ,pruss4 ,e>ly 9 8 c>e] 9 #adgg he issu$ two books on ! great subject ( ! h\r1 ! dea? ( ,*>les ! ,bold1 ,pet] ,hag5ba* und d] ,burgundis*e ,krieg & ! ,burgund]krieg ( ,erh>d ,tus*1 9 bo? ( :i* he us$ eight woodcuts1 mo/ ( !m devot$ to incid5ts ( ! ,duke's ill-fat$ campaign4 ,an anonym\s edition ( ! ,euryalus und ,lucretia ( ,a5eas ,sylvius 7,pope ,pius ,,ii7 has n9ete5 cuts1 :i* 7 app>5tly commission$ by ,knoblo*tz]1 b he did n secure ! s]vices ( a suffici5tly skill$ wood-cutt]4 ,x %\ld be said1 h[ev]1 t 8 hi/oriat$ or pictorial capitals are app>5tly orig9al & mo/ly good4 ,to ,johann ,pruss at ,/rassburg are n[ assign$ editions 9 ,high & ,l[ ,g]man ( ! ,lives ( ! ,fa!rs & ( ,anti*ri/1 :i* ,mr4 ,proctor1 ?\gh he _h a %rewd suspicion ( _! orig91 left float+ ab\t among ! ,g]man adespota4 ,! cuts to ! =m] rea* ! av]age ( e>ly "w2 ^? to ! ,anti*ri/ v>y greatly1 t ( ,anti*ri/ prea*+ be=e a que5 be+ extraord9>ily successful z a pres5tation ( a type ( co>se spiritual effront]y4 ,! ackn[l$g$ "w ( ,pruss includes editions ( ! travels ( ,m&eville1 ( ! ,directorium ,humanae ,vitae1 & ( ! ,flores ,musicae ( ,hugo ,reutl+5sis1 ) a r fam\s cut %[+ h[ musical notes are produc$ by ! w9d1 by a wat] :eel1 by tapp+ /ones1 & hamm]+ on an anvil4 ,pruss also pr9t$ sev]al illu/rat$ editions ( ! ,hortus ,sanitatis4 ,f> m prolific ?an ei!r ( ! =ego+ ,/rassburg pr9t]s 0 ,johann ,re9h>d ( ,grun+51 usually call$ ,grun+] aft] 8 bir?place4 ,sett+ up 8 press 9 #adhc1 he began book-illu/ration two ye>s lat] ) a ,g]man ,bible ) woodcuts copi$ f ^? 9 ! ,l[ ,g]man ,bibles pr9t$ at ,cologne & us$ 9 #adhc at ,nuremb]g by ,kob]g]4 ,"s m9or books foll[$1 & 9 #adia he issu$ ! ,antidot>ius ,animae ( ,nicolaus de ,saliceto1 ) r rude bord]s to ea* page & a woodcut ( ! ,assumption4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 l "s ( 8 e>li] illu/rat$ books1 appe>s to h be5 a commission1 & 9 a repr9t ( #adic ! decorations disappe>4 ,x 0 n until #adif1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,seba/ian ,brant1 t he und]took any important orig9al illu/rat$ "w on 8 own acc\nt4 ,9 t ye> he produc$ 8 fir/ illu/rat$ classic1 ! com$ies ( ,t]5ce 7,t]5tius cum directorio71 ) a l>ge woodcut ( a !atre & eighty-sev5 n>r[ cuts ( ! dramatis p]sonae1 or ( sc5]y1 us$ five at a "t 9 #aej diff]5t comb9ations4 ,critically exam9$1 ! cuts are r unpleas+1 & 7 reg>d$ at ! "t z likely to provoke mir? o!rwise ?an by express+ ! humor\s int5t ( ! playwright1 b ano!r edition & a ,g]man translation simil>ly decorat$ appe>$ 9 #adii1 & ,grun+] issu$ on ! same plan a ,horace 7edit$ by ,lo*]7 9 #adih1 & ! ,de consolatione philosophiae ( ,boe?ius 9 #aeja4 ,8 full /r5g? 0 res]v$ = ! ,virgil ( ! foll[+ ye>1 :i* 0 sup]9t5d$ by ,brant1 & is cr[d$ ) wond]ful pictures1 9 :i* on ! v eve ( ! ,r5aissance ,virgil is ?or\ghly m$ievaliz$4 ,besides ^! classics1 ,grun+] pr9t$ _m o!r illu/rat$ editions1 m9or works by ,brant1 m$ical treatises by ,bruns*wig1 an ,evangeli5bu*1 a ,leg5da ,s4 ,ka!r9ae 9 ,lat9 & also 9 ,g]man1 editions ( ! ,hortulus ,animae1 ! romance ( ,hug ,s*apl]1 etc41 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & 9 ! sixte5? a suffici5t numb] ( illu/rat$ books to br+ 8 total up to ab\t #aej editions4 ,^! may be said to =m a s*ool by !mselves1 di/+ui%$ by a c]ta9 ri*ness ( effect p>tly due to heavy cutt+1 b ) less p[] ( *>act]ization & few] gleams ( beauty ?an are to be f\nd 9 ! be/ "w ( o!r t[ns1 ! figures be+ (t5 unpleas+ & notably lean 9 ! legs4 ,m>t9 ,scott1 ,hupfuff1 & ,ki/l] 7 o!r ,/rassburg pr9t]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury :o also us$ illu/rations4 ,at ,cologne book-illu/ration began 9 #adgd ) editions ( ! ,fasciculus ,temporum ( ,w]n] ,rolew9ck1 f ! presses ( !r ,ho]n5 & ,nicolaus ,gotz4 ,b ) ! notable exception ( two great ,bibles issu$ by ,he9ri* ,qu5tell1 illu/rat$ books be=e #adij are nei!r important nor num]\s4 ,ev5 9 #adij ! edition ( ! ,hi/oria ,septem ,sapi5tum ( ,johannes de ,hauteselve1 issu$ by ! eld] ,koelh(f1 0 adorn$ ) cuts obta9$ f ,g]>d ,leeu at ,antw]p4 ,qu5tell issu$ a few /ock cuts 9 "o book aft] ano!r1 & ,johann ,l&51 ,m>t9 von ,w]d5 7if he be rightly id5tifi$ ) ! pr9t] ,retro ,m9ores71 & ,cornelis von ,zi]ickzee all us$ a few cuts1 "s ( ! latt]'s hav+ a curi\sly ,italian appe>ance4 ,b ! only important illu/rat$ book1 o!r ?an ! ,bibles1 is ! ,cologne ,*ronicle1 issu$ 7n to 8 pr(it1 s9ce he 0 imprison$ = x7 by ! y\ng] ,koelh(f 9 #adii1 ) armorial cuts & a few pictures ( k+s & que5s some:at too frequ5tly repeat$4 ,qu5tell's ,bibles 9 ,high & ,l[ ,g]man are 9 curi\s contra/ to all ?is "w4 ,!y are illu/rat$ ) #abe l>ge oblong pictures1 firmly if r co>sely cut1 & full ( /ory-tell+ p[]1 sev]al successive incid5ts be+ sometimes br\ght into ! same picture 9 true m$ieval fa%ion4 ,! book 0 imitat$ at ,nuremb]g & else:]e1 & ! illu/rators ( ! ,v5etian ,mal]mi ,bible ( #adij1 & ev5 ,hans ,holbe9 himself1 did n disda9 to take ideas f x4 ,at ,lubeck a f9ely decorat$ edition ( ! ,rudim5tum ,noviciorum1 a univ]sal hi/ory1 0 issu$ by ,lucas ,br&is z e>ly z #adge1 ) "s good pictorial capitals1 & pictures beg9n+ ) ! ,creation & com+ d[n to ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,9 #adhd we come to a ,lev5d ,s4 ,j]onimi1 pr9t$ by ,b>?olomaeus ,ghotan & illu/rat$ by an anonym\s arti/ ^: "w c be trac$ dur+ ! next t5 ye>s 9 o!r books ( ,ghotan's1 9 sev]al v int]e/+ editions by ! unid5tifi$ ,poppy-,pr9t] 7s call$ f 8 m>k71 includ+ a ,dod5dantz 7#adhi & #adif71 ,imitatio ,*ri/i1 ,b]gitt5 ,op5b>+e 7#adif71 ,reynke de ,vos 7#adih71 ,s*akspil1 etc41 & 9 ! spl5did ,l[ ,g]man ,bible pr9t$ 9 #adid by ,/ephan ,arndes1 ) cuts :i* improve on ^? 9 ! ,cologne editions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ix4 ,,ma9z1 ,,erh>d ,,reuwi*1 #adhf ,,breid5ba*4 ,,p]egr9atio ,,9 ,,montem ,,syon ,,s>ac5s ,,& ,,syrians ,at ,ma9z1 :i* l$ ! way s en]getically 9 typography1 book-illu/ration is n repres5t$ at all until #adgi1 & !n almo/ accid5tally 9 ! ,m$itationes ( ,c>d9al ,turrecremata1 pr9t$ by ,johann ,neumei/] ciuem ,mogunt95sem1 ) ?irty-f\r curi\s metal-cuts imitat+ on a small] scale ! woodcuts 9 ! editions pr9t$ at ,rome by ,ulri* ,han4 ,two ye>s lat] ^! metal-cuts 7 us$ by ,neumei/] at ,albi1 & !y are subsequ5tly f\nd at ,lyon4 ,t ?is book 0 pr9t$ at ,ma9z 0 made practically c]ta9 by ! type appe>+ subsequ5tly 9 ! possession ( ,pet] von ,fri$b]g1 b t ! cuts 7 execut$ at ,ma9z seem$ to me improbable until ! publication ( ,dr4 ,s*reib]s "w on ,g]man illu/rat$ books acqua9t$ me ) ! exi/5ce ( an ,ag5da ,mogunt95sis ( #bi ,june1 #adhj1 also attribut$ to ,neumei/]'s press1 ) a metal-cut ( ,s4 ,m>t9 & ! begg>1 & ! arms n only ( ,ar*bi%op ,die!r & ! prov9ce ( ,ma9z1 b ( ,canon ,b]nh>d von ,breid5ba*1 ( :om we %all soon he> aga94 ,! ,ag5da & its metal-cuts are ?us firmly fix$ z execut$ at ,ma9z1 & ! metal-cuts ( ! ,m$itationes mu/ !re=e be reg>d$ z ,ma9z "w also4 ,9 #adhf ,ma9z aton$ = h] long delay 9 tak+ up illu/rat$ "w1 ) ! ,p]egr9ationes 9 ,montem ,syon ( ! a=esaid ,canon ,b]nh>d von ,breid5ba*1 pr9t$ ) type ( ,s*oeff]'s1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,erh>d ,reuwi* ( ,utre*t1 ! illu/rator4 ,! text ( ,breid5ba*'s book is full ( int]e/1 = he gives a vivid acc\nt ( ! voyage & ( ! h>d%ips & extortions to :i* pilgrims 7 expos$4 ,9 8 preface he /ates t ,reuwi* 0 expressly tak5 on ! exp$ition to illu/rate ! n>rative1 & he c]ta9ly _h ample skill to ju/ify ! engagem5t4 ,un=tunately1 f> too mu* ( 8 lab\r 0 sp5t on great maps or views ( ,v5ice1 ,p>5zo1 ,rhodes & o!r places pass$ on ! way4 ,^! are c]ta9ly int]e/+1 z !y m>k all ! *ief build+s & are v decoratively drawn4 ,b 9 ! text ( ! book !re are j a few sket*es f ! life1 ,jewi% moneyl5d]s & gr\ps ( ,s>ac5s1 ,syrians 7see ,plate ,,ix71 ,indians1 etc41 & ^! are s vivid & vigor\s t we may well regret t ! lab\r be/[$ on ! great maps left "t = v few ( !m4 ,!y are int]e/+1 moreov]1 n only z designs1 b also = _! cutt+1 z !y introduce cross-hat*+ = ! fir/ "t1 & t v effectively1 & are h&l$ ) equal firmness & fre$om4 ,at ! end ( ! book is a je/1 a full-page woodcut subscrib$ ,hec sunt animalia v]acit] depicta sicut vidimus 9 t]ra sancta1 among ! animals ?us c]tifi$ z hav+ be5 se5 p]sonally 9 ! ,holy ,l& be+ a unicorn & a creature 7"n unkn[n--non con/at de nom9e7 ) a great mane ( hair & long tail1 :i* might well s]ve = ! miss+ l9k betwe5 a man & a gorilla4 ,! frontispiece ( ! book1 on ! o!r h&1 is a /rik+ design ( a woman 7symboliz+ ! city ( ,ma9z87 /&+ on a p$e/al surr\nd$ ) ! arms ( ,breid5ba* & ! two fri5ds :o w5t ) him1 decoratively treat$1 :ile above h] is a canopy ( trelliswork amid :i* *ildr5 are joy\sly climb+4 ,) ! ,ma9z ,breid5ba* we feel t we h pass$ away f ! naive craftsman%ip ( ! e>lie/ illu/rat$ books into a region ( consci\s art4 ,naturally craftsman%ip 0 n ext+ui%$ by ! arrival ( a s+le arti/4 ,we f9d x at "w aga9 9 ! *>m+ & little kn[n cut to a ,leipzig edition ( ! ,eclogues ( ,!odulus1 pr9t$ 9 #adia1 :i* ! delight ( rec5t discov]y tempts me to %[ "h 7see ,plate ,x71 & at ,ma9z itself 9 ! simple cuts to ! ,hortus ,sanitatis1 pr9t$ by ,meid5ba*1 also 9 #adia1 ?\gh "h aga9 !re is an advance1 z in/ead ( plants & animals drawn out ( ! illu/rator's head m]ely = decorative effect we f9d 9 _m ( ! cuts fairly c>eful copies made f ! life4 ,9 ,conrad ,bo?o's ,croneck5 d] ,sass51 pr9t$ by ,s*oeff] ! foll[+ ye>1 mo/ ( ! armorial illu/rations & pictures ( ! f\ndation ( t[ns are m]ely decoratively treat$1 b 9 "o cut 9 :i* a r wild-look+ ,*>lemagne ) lean legs is %[n seat$ 9 a *air ( /ate surm\nt$ by an eagle1 an idol cru%$ "u 8 feet1 ! design] has giv5 free play to 8 imag9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,x4 ,,leipzig1 ,,conrad ,,ka*el(51 #adhi ,,!odulus4 ,,egloga 7,ib7 ,! transition to diff]5t ideals ( illu/ration ?us begun at ,ma9z 0 c>ri$ on at ,nuremb]g1 :]e ,mi*ael ,wolgemut illu/rat$ two important works1 ! ,s*atzbehalt] 9 #adia & ! fam\s ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle 9 #adic1 ?is latt] ) ! help ( 8 /epson1 ,wilhelm ,pleyd5wurff1 & no d\bt also ( sev]al inf]ior design]s4 ,! ,s*atzbehalt]1 ( :i* ! text is ascrib$ to ,/ephanus ,fridel9us1 a ,nuremb]g ,franciscan1 is "o ( sev]al examples ( a too ambiti\s s*eme ( decoration p]=ce ab&on$ = lack ei!r ( "t or ( money4 ,9 ! fir/ half !re are n9ety-two diff]5t full-page woodcuts1 mo/ly illu/rat+ ,scripture hi/ory1 b 9 "s cases allegorical2 9 ! second half ! numb] is no m ?an two4 ,! pictures execut$ be=e ! s*eme 0 ?us cut d[n v>y greatly 9 quality1 f ! f9e design ( ,*ri/ kneel+ be=e ! ?rone ( ! ,fa!r & po9t+ to ! emblems ( ! ,passion1 :i* prep>es u = ! "w :i* ,dur]1 :o 0 !n be+ tra9$ 9 ,wolgemut's /udio1 0 soon to execute1 d[n to ! amus+ b un9spir$ craftsman%ip ( ! picture ( ,solomon & a selection ( 8 wives banquet+4 ,= ! ,lib] ,*ronic>um ( ,h>tman ,s*$el plans _h be5 mu* m c>efully work$ out ?an = ! ,s*atzbehalt]1 & by /udy+ economy a seem+ly pr(use sy/em ( illu/ration 0 ma9ta9$ to ! end4 ,! indu/ry ( ,mr4 ,sydney ,cock]ell has evolv$ = u ! exact figures z to ! illu/ration ( ?is book4 ,real lib]ality is %[n 9 ! l>ge1 d\ble-page topographical cuts ( tw5ty-six diff]5t cities1 = _m ( :i* sket*es mu/ h be5 specially obta9$1 & n "o ( ^! is us$ a second "t2 b tw5ty-two o!r l>ge cuts ( cities & c\ntries 7 made to s]ve = sixty-n9e diff]5t subjects1 & :5 we come to figures ( emp]ors1 k+s1 & popes we f9d n9ety-six blocks us$ #eih times1 or on an av]age half a doz5 times apiece4 ,mr4 ,cock]ell's gr& totals are #ahji pictures pr9t$ f #fde diff]5t blocks1 s t ! repetitions numb] no few] ?an #aafd4 ,bo? 9 ! designs & _! execution !re is great inequality1 b no s+le picture c comp>e ) t ( ,*ri/ kneel+ be=e ! ,fa!r 9 ! ,s*atzbehalt]1 & bo? books1 f9e z _! be/ "w is1 mu/ be reg>d$ r z ! cr[n ( ,g]man m$ieval craftsman%ip 9 book-build+ ?an z belong+ to ! p]iod ( self-consci\s arti/ic aim :i* is h]ald$ by ! ,ma9z ,breid5ba* b really beg9s ) ,dur]4 ,) ?is ,nuremb]g "w we may p]haps class t 9 ! "o book pr9t$ at ! ,ci/]cian mona/]y at ,z9na1 ne> ,magdeburg1 ! ,psalt]ium ,beatae ,m>iae ,virg9is1 ( ,h]mann ,nits*ewitz1 ! mo/ ri*ly decorat$ ,g]man book ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 execut$ 9 hon\r ( ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick & 8 son ,maximilian1 :o 9 ! page "h %[n 7,plate ,,xi7 are bo? repres5t$4 ,primitive ,dut* & ,flemi% book-illu/rations :5 comp>$ ) ,g]man ones exhibit j ! g5]al lik5ess & specific diff]5ces :i* we might expect 9 ! "w ( su* ne> neighb\rs4 ,! ,l[ ,c\ntry wood-cutt]s are on ! :ole m decorative ?an ! ,g]mans1 !y 7 m influ5c$ by ! "w ( ! engrav]s on copp]1 & !y 7 attract$ by diff]5t types ( ! human figure1 ! faces & bodies ( ! m5 & wom5 !y drew be+ (t5 long & ?91 & (t5 also %[+ a slightly fanta/ic t\* r>ely f\nd 9 ,g]man "w4 ,un=tunately1 ^! ,l[ ,c\ntry illu/rat$ books are ev5 r>] ?an ! ,g]man ones1 f> few] ( !m h f\nd _! way to ,engl&1 & no attempt has be5 made to reproduce a really repres5tative selection ( !m 9 facsimile4 ,9 #ahhd ,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,conway1 z ! result ( prolong$ /udies on ! ,cont95t1 wrote an excell5t acc\nt ( ^! illu/rations & ! mak]s ( !m "u ! title1 ,! ,woodcutt]s ( ! ,ne!rl&s 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 :i* 0 unhappily all[$ to appe> )\t any facsimiles to elucidate ! text4 ,?us ! /udy ( ^! ,l[ ,c\ntry illu/rat$ books is /ill difficult4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xi4 ,,z9na4 ,,mona/]ium ,,ci/]ci5se1 ,c4 #adic ,,nits*ewitz4 ,,psalt]ium ,,beatae ,,m>iae ,,virg9is ,,fr$]ick ,,& ,,maximilian ,9 ! production ( ! e>ly block-books 7see ,*apt] ,,ii7 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries _h play$ a pr9cipal "p1 & we meet aga9 ) traces ( !m 9 lat] illu/rat$ books1 cuts f ! ,biblia ,paup]um be+ us$ by ,pet] van ,os at ,zwolle 9 8 ,epi/eln ende ,evangeli5 ( #e ,janu>y1 #adhg1 & "o f ! ,canticum ,canticorum 9 8 edition ( ,maub]ne's ,rosetum ,ex]citiorum ,spiritualium 9 #adid4 ,two cut-up pieces f ! block-book ,speculum ,humanae ,saluationis 7 us$ by ,veld5] 9 8 ,epi/eln ende ,evangeli5 complet$ at ,utre*t #ai ,april1 #adha1 & all ! old blocks1 ea* divid$ 9 two1 9 a new edition ( ! ,speculum pr9t$ at ,kuil5burg #bg ,septemb]1 #adhc1 ) twelve new cuts add$ to !m4 ,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,conway has also %[n t a set ( sixty-f\r cuts us$ 9 a ,boec van d] ,h\te or ,leg5d ( ! ,holy ,cross1 issu$ by ,veld5] at ,kuil5burg e>li] 9 #adhc 7on #f ,m>*71 mu/ h be5 obta9$ by divid+ 9 a simil> mann] ! d\ble cuts ( a block-book n[ entirely lo/4 ,! fir/ pr9t] 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries :o commission$ a woodcut = a book pr9t$ ) movable type 0 ,johann ( ,pad]born 7,john ( ,we/phalia7 at ,l\va91 ! cut be+ a curi\s little repres5tation ( 8 own head1 %[n 9 :ite on a black oval4 ,?is he us$ 9 8 ,in/itutiones ( ,ju/9ian ( #ba ,novemb]1 #adge1 & a few o!r books1 & a simil> b ev5 bett] lik5ess ( 8 k9sman1 ,conrad1 appe>$ ! next ye> 9 ! ,=mulae ,epi/ul>um ( ,manek5 7#a ,decemb]1 #adgf74 ,al?\gh ,johann ( ,pad]born ?us l$ ! way 9 ! use ( cuts1 he only resort$ to !m subsequ5tly = a few diagrams1 & t[>ds ! end ( 8 c>e] = "s half-doz5 miscellane\s blocks = devotional books4 ,! portrait ( ,johann ( ,pad]born be+ us$ only z a device1 book-illu/ration beg9s1 ?\gh on a v small scale1 ) ,veld5]'s edition ( ! ,fasciculus ,temporum 7#bi ,decemb]1 #adge71 ) its h&ful ( poor little cuts modell$ on ^? ( ! ,cologne editions4 ,five ye>s lat] ,veld5] repr9t$ ! ,fasciculus ) a few new cuts1 ! orig9als ( :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,lubeck ,rudim5tum ,noviciorum4 ,! only picture :i* seems to h be5 specially design$ = him 0 a folio cut 9 8 ,passionael 7,utre*t1 #ab ,septemb]1 #adhj71 :]e 9 delicate simple outl9e a v>iety ( m>tyrdoms are %[n z tak+ place 9 ! holl[s ( a s]ies ( hills4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( 8 two ,kuil5burg repr9ts ( block-books4 ,9 ! same place he issu$ ,dut* & ,lat9 ,h]bals ) cuts copi$ f ,s*oeff]'s ,ma9z ,h]b>ius1 & ?is completes ! /ory ( 8 illu/rat$ v5tures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xii4 ,,ha>lem1 ,,bella]t1 #adhd ,,jacobus ,,de ,,!ramo4 ,,belial 7#d;a7 ,,! ,,h>r[+ ,,( ,,hell ,we come n[ to ,g]>d ,leeu1 :o on #c ,june1 #adhj1 issu$ at ,g\da ! fir/ completely illu/rat$ book f a ,dut* press1 ! ,dialogus creatur>um moralisatus1 a glorifi$ v]sion ( ! old be/i>ies1 full ( wond]ful /ories ( animals4 ,?is 0 illu/rat$ ) #aba specially design$ cuts 7mo/ly ab\t f\r in*es by two71 & ,leeu's lib]ality 0 rew>d$ by ! book pass+ ?r\gh n9e editions1 six 9 ,lat9 & ?ree 9 ,dut*1 9 elev5 ye>s4 ,! fir/ page is decorat$ ) a picture ( ! ,sun & ,moon1 a l>ge capital1 & an ornam5tal bord] ( foliage1 b ! m]it ( ! book lies 9 ! simple skill ) :i* ! craftsman1 work+ entirely 9 outl9e1 has reproduc$ ! hum\r ( ! text4 ,to ! same h& are attribut$ t5 cuts = ,leeu's v]nacul> ,ge/a ,romanorum 7#cj ,april1 #adha71 f\r = an undat$ ,hi/oria ,septem ,sapi5tum1 & f\r o!rs1 ( ! ,f\r ,la/ ,?+s1 :i*1 to our puzzlem5t1 appe> fir/ 9 a ,fr5* edition pr9t$ by ,ar5d de ,keys]e at ,aud5>de1 & !n 7#bc ,augu/1 #adhb7 9 a ,dut* "o ( ,leeu's4 ,9 ! previ\s mon? he _h br\ght out a ,lid5 ende passie ons ,he]5 ) ?irty-two qu>to cuts1 "p ( a set ( sixty-eight made = editions ( ! ,devote ,ghetid5 or ,dut* v]sion ( ! ,horae1 ! fir/ ( :i* 7unless a ,g\da "o has p]i%$7 appe>$ aft] 8 removal to ,antw]p4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ n9e ye>s he made good use ( 8 old blocks4 ,= 8 ,dut* ,aesop ( ,octob]1 #adhe1 & ,lat9 edition ( ,septemb]1 #adhf1 he us$ cuts copi$ f ! orig9al ,ulm & ,augsburg set4 ,^! he b\ght f ,knoblo*tz] ( ,/rassburg & sold to ,koelh(f ( ,cologne4 ,9 #adhg he issu$ an illu/rat$ ,reyn>d ! ,fox1 ( :i* only a fragm5t survives1 & ! pleasant romance ( ,p>is & ,vi5ne1 ) tw5ty-five fairly successful cuts1 ) ! help ( :i* five editions 7 sold1 ! fir/ 9 ,fr5*1 ! next ?ree 9 ,dut*1 & ! la/ 7#bc ,june1 #adib7 9 ,engli%4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,conway ^! ,p>is & ,vi5ne cuts 7 ! "w ( a ,ha>lem craftsman1 :o f #adhc to #adhf _h work$ = ,jacob ,bella]t1 ^: press 0 intimately connect$ ) ,leeu's1 type & cuts pass+ freely f "o to ! o!r4 ,bella]t _h begun by us+ "s ( ,leeu's ,passion cuts = a ,lid5 ons ,he]51 b seems soon to h discov]$ 8 ,ha>lem wood-cutt]1 ) ^: aid he produc$ 7#ae ,febru>y1 #adhd7 ,d] ,sond]5 troe/1 ,! ,s9n]s' ,tru/1 a ,dut* v]sion ( t rem>kable "w ! ,belial or ,consolatio peccatorum ( ,jacobus de ,!ramo1 ( :i* ! ,augsburg edition has already be5 m5tion$4 ,?is beg9s ) a full folio-page cut comb9+ 9 "o panorama ! ,fall ( ,angels & ( ,adam & ,eve1 ! ,flood1 ! ,egyptians ov]tak5 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 & ! ,baptism ( ,*ri/4 ,six ( ! o!r cuts fill half-pages & %[ ! ,h>r[+ ( ,hell 7"h reproduc$1 ,plate ,,xii71 ,devils 9 consultation1 ,satan kneel+ be=e ! ,"l1 ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 ,asc5sion & ,desc5t ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,! rema9+ half-page pictures are all composite1 made up ( diff]5t comb9ations ( eight c5tre-pieces & sev5te5 sidepieces4 ,! c5tre-pieces = ! mo/ "p repres5t ! diff]5t judges be=e :om ! trials are he>d1 ! side-pieces ! mess5g]s & p>ties to ! suit4 ,! comb9ations are occasionally a little clumsy1 b f> less s ?an 9 ! ,/rassburg books pr9t$ by ,grun+] 9 :i* ! same lab\r-sav+ device 0 adopt$1 & 9 excell5ce ( design & delicacy ( cutt+ ?is ,dut* ,belial ranks high among illu/rat$ incunabula4 ,lat] 9 #adhd 7#be ,octob]7 ,bella]t issu$ a ,boeck des ,gold5 ,?ro5s ) f\r-column cuts1 (t5 repeat$1 ( an ,eld] in/ruct+ a maid52 9 ,may1 #adhe1 ,le ,fevre's ,jason1 & a little e>li] ?an ?is an undat$ edition ( ! same au?or's ,recueil des hi/oires de ,troie1 bo? 9 ,dut* & bo? pr(usely illu/rat$2 on ,*ri/mas ,eve 9 ! same ye> a ,dut* ,de proprietatibus r]um1 & 9 #adhf v]sions ( ,pi]re ,mi*ault's ,doctr9al1 9 :i* a dream] is %[n ! s*ools ( virtue & ( vice1 & ( ,guillaume de ,deguilleville's ,pel]9age de la vie huma9e1 ! m$ieval prototype ( ,bunyan's ,pilgrim's ,progress4 ,! ,de proprietatibus is ! only "o ( ^! books ( #adhe-f t ,i h se51 & its full-page cuts are notable bo? = _! own sake & z hav+ be5 widely copi$1 al?\gh !y illu/rate only elev5 ( ! n9ete5 books4 ,no o!r ,l[ ,c\ntry pr9t] %[$ any?+ l ! ent]prise ( ,leeu & ,bella]t 9 commission+ long sets ( orig9al woodcuts f compet5t craftsm51 b sev]al f9e illu/rat$ books 7 produc$ by o!r firms4 ,beg9n+ 9 #adhd ,pet] van ,os pr9t$ num]\s illu/rat$ books at ,zwolle1 few ( :i* atta9 excell5ce4 ,yet "o ( ! e>lie/ ( !m1 ! ,s]mons ( ,s4 ,b]n>d1 has a frontispiece ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild & ! ,sa9t gaz+ at !m :i* is unequall$ by any o!r s+le cut 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntry book 9 its l>ge pictorial effect4 ,at ,g\da1 9 #adhf1 ,gottfri$ van ,os issu$ ! ,*evali] ,delib]e ( ,olivi] de la ,m>*e1 ) sixte5 l>ge cuts1 9 :i* ! au?or's m9ute in/ructions = ea* picture are fai?fully c>ri$ out ) extraord9>y fre$om & _s1 ?\gh ! ambiti\s designs are m suitable to frescoes ?an to book-illu/rations4 ,ab\t ! end ( ! c5tury ! book 0 repr9t$ at ,s*i$am ) ! same cuts1 f :i* facsimiles 7 made 9 #ahih by ,dr4 ,lippmann & publi%$ by ! ,bibliographical ,society4 ,at ,l\va9 9 #adhg ,egidius van d] ,he]/rat5 issu$ ! ,de praecl>is muli]ibus ( ,boccaccio ) copies ( ! cuts ( ! ,ulm edition ( great int]e/ = ! diff]5ces 9 h&l+ reveal$ :5 ! two are comp>$4 ,a little lat] ?an ?is ano!r ,l\va9 pr9t]1 ,ludovicus de ,ravescot1 publi%$ ! ,de anno die et f]ia ,dom9icae ,passionis ( ,petrus de ,rivo1 ) a title-cut ( ! au?or kneel+ be=e ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 & ?ree l>ge cuts ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1 ,crucifixion1 & ,resurrection1 some:at 9 ! temp] ( ! illu/rations 9 ! ,cologne ,bibles1 b ) *>act]i/ic ,l[ ,c\ntry t\*es4 ,la/ly1 m5tion mu/ be made ( ! clumsy outl9e cuts 9 ! ,bruges edition ( ,ovid's ,metamorphoses1 issu$ 9 #adhd by ,caxton's p>tn] ,col>d ,mansion4 ,mansion c]ta9ly1 & possibly ,caxton also1 7 among ! e>ly exp]im5t]s ) copp]plate illu/ration1 b ! /ory ( ^! w be told 9 ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,footnotes3 #bi ,dr4 ,s*reib]1 9 ! introduction to ,tome ,v ( 8 ,manuel de l'amateur de la gravure sur bois au xve siecle1 deal+ ) ,g]man book-illu/rations1 %[s t "s little difficulty 0 f\nd at fir/ 9 effect+ ?is4 ,9 ,bon]'s ,edel/e9 7,bamb]g1 #adfa71 probably ! fir/ illu/rat$ book pr9t$ 9 ,g]many1 ! cuts 7 pr9t$ aft] ! text4 ,9 ,za9]'s ,heilig5leb51 ! fir/ illu/rat$ book pr9t$ at ,augsburg1 ! cuts mu/ h be5 pr9t$ fir/1 z "p ( ! text is sometimes pr9t$ ov] !m4 #cj ,a set ( pro(s ( cuts to ?is book1 previ\sly 9 ! possession ( ! ,m>quis ( ,bl&=d & ,mr4 ,p]k9s1 0 among ! fav\rite possessions ( ,william ,morris1 & is n[ own$ by ,mr4 ,morgan4 ,an illu/rat$ ,pl5>ium1 assign$ by ,dr4 ,cop+] to ,ri*el1 appe>s to be a gho/1 due to "s confusion ) ?is ,spiegel4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,e>ly ,,italian ,,illu/rat$ ,,books ,z a frontispiece to ?is *apt] 7,plate ,,xiii7 we give a page f ! #adhg edition ( ! ,devote m$itatione sopra la ,passione del ,no/ro ,signore1 pr9t$ at ,v5ice by ,j]onimo di ,sancti e ,cornelio suo ,compagno1 ! woodcuts 9 :i*1 z already m5tion$1 are cut d[n f ^? 9 a block-book ( "s tw5ty or five-&-tw5ty ye>s e>li]1 & mu/ ?us rank z ! e>lie/ ,italian illu/rations4 ,! illu/ration ( books pr9t$ 9 movable type began 9 ,italy z e>ly z #adfh1 ,ulri* ,han issu+ t ye> at ,rome an edition ( ,c>d9al ,turrecremata's ,m$itationes1 decorat$ ) ?irty-"o rude cuts *iefly f ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,a few ( ^! h a co>se vig\r1 b 9 ! great] numb] any m]it 9 ! orig9al designs 7pr(ess$ly tak5 f ! frescoes ) :i* ! ,c>d9al _h decorat$ ! cloi/]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia sopra ,m9]va7 is lo/ 9 bad cutt+4 ,not)/&+ ?is ! "w w5t ?r\gh at lea/ ?ree editions 7?ree new pictures be+ add$ to ! second & "o omitt$71 & s]v$ z a model = ! metal-cuts ( ,neumei/]'s editions at ,ma9z & else:]e1 & = ! small neat woodcuts ( "o by ,plannck4 ,b ?\gh ,han's v5ture 0 ?us successful beyond its des]ts1 x took ,italy ne>ly tw5ty ye>s to make up its m9d to welcome pr9t$ illu/rations4 ,dur+ ?is "t no?+ approa*+ a /yle ( book-illu/ration em]ges1 ?\gh individual books ( importance appe>$ at sev]al t[ns4 ,?us at ,v]ona ! ,de re milit>i ( ,rob]tus ,valturius 7writt5 n lat] ?an #adfh7 0 pr9t$ 9 #adgb by a c]ta9 ,joannes ( t city1 ) ov] eighty woodcuts ( weapons & implem5ts ( w>1 includ+ a galley :i* looks m picturesque ?an seawor?y1 *>iots1 & mangonels1 all well drawn & well cut1 b a little spoilt by pap] & presswork mu* less good ?an 0 usual at ?is "t4 ,elev5 ye>s lat] ,lat9 & ,italian editions ) practically ! same cuts 7 pr9t$1 also at ,v]ona1 by ,bon9us de ,bon9is4 ,! only o!r e>ly ,v]onese book ) illu/rations is an ,italian v]sion ( "o ( ! m$ieval collections ( fables :i* s\ght %elt] "u ! "n ( ,aesop4 ,?is1 :i* has "s spirit$ cuts1 0 pr9t$ by ,giovanni ,alvise 9 #adgi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xiii4 ,,v5ice1 ,,g]onimo ,,di ,,sancti1 #adhg ,,bonav5tura4 ,,m$itatione 7#ad;b ,,r$uc$7 ,,! ,,betrayal ,at ,naples1 ,sixtus ,riess+] pr9t$ ,boccaccio's ,libro di ,florio et di ,bianzefiore *iamato ,filicolo 9 #adgh1 & also 7)\t date7 an ,italian v]sion ( ,ovid's ,h]oides1 bo? ) num]\s cuts1 "s ( !m by no means devoid ( *>m4 ,9 #adhe an illu/rat$ ,aesop 0 produc$ at ! exp5se ( a book-lov+ juri/1 ,francesco ,tuppo1 probably f ! press ( c]ta9 fidelissimi ,g]mani4 ,! cuts 9 ?is1 :i* are h>d & heavy b ( consid]able m]it 7see ,plate ,,xiv71 may possibly be due to a mixture ( ,italian & ,g]man influ5ces1 b are m probably ! "w ( a ,spani% wood-cutt]4 ,a picture ( an a/ronom] engag$ on 8 calculations f\nd 9 ! ,arte di ,a/rologia ( ,granolla*s1 probably also pr9t$ 9 #adhe1 may be f ! same h&4 ,9 ! ,aesop ea* picture is plac$ 9 an ar*itectural frame1 9 ! upp] sections ( :i* !re are repres5tations sometimes ( ,h]cules & a lion1 sometimes ( 8 wre/le ) ,antaeus1 sometimes ( a battle ( m\nt$ pygmies4 ,! fir/ page ( text also has a f9e decorative bord]1 ! design be+ 9 :ite on a black gr\nd4 ,at ,flor5ce an ornam5tal capital 9 a ,psalt] pr9t$ 9 #adhi is ! e>lie/ woodcut 9 any extant dat$ book4 ,b engrav+s on copp] _h be5 employ$ z e>ly z #adgg = ?ree pictures 9 ,bett9i's ,monte ,santo di ,dio1 & 9 #adha = n9ete5 9 a ,div9a ,comm$ia2 z to ^! some?+ w be said 9 ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,two books pr9t$ at ,milan 9 #adgi conta9 illu/rations1 ! ,summula di pacifica consci5tia ( ,fra ,pacifico di ,nov>a1 be+ ornam5t$ ) ?ree engrav+s2 two ( ! degrees ( consangu9ity & ! ?ird ( a cr[n be>+ ! names ( ! virtues ( ! ,madonna1 :ile ! ,breui>ium totius juris canonici ( ,paolo ,attavanti pr9t$ by ,pa*el & ,sc9z5zel] has a little woodcut1 :i* purports to be a portrait ( ! au?or4 ,9 ,v5ice book-illu/ration appe>s to h begun 9 ! (fice n ( a pr9t]1 b ( an illum9ator4 ,q a numb] ( books pr9t$ by v>i\s firms dur+ ! ye>s #adgj to #adgb h a woodcut gr\ndwork to _! illum9at$ bord]s1 & 9 ! ,sp5c] copy ( ! ,italian ,bible 7,mal]mi's translation71 pr9t$ 9 #adga by ,adam ( ,amm]gau1 ! six m9iatures ( ! ,creation1 ) :i* ! blanks left on leaves #aa & #ab are fill$1 h 9 ! same way r\gh woodcuts b5ea? _! col\r+4#ca ,! work%op 9 :i* ^! decorat$ bord]s & m9iatures 7 suppli$ seems to h clos$ or giv5 up ! practice 9 #adgc1 & until ,erh>d ,ratdolt & 8 p>tn]s ,losle9 & ,mal] began publi%+ 9 #adgf1 no m woodcuts 7 produc$ at ,v5ice4 ,! "w ( ! new firm 0 decorative r ?an pictorial1 consi/+ ma9ly ( ! f9e bord]s & capital lett]s ) :i* !y ornam5t$ _! ,cal5d>s 7#adgf1 #adgg1 & #adhb71 _! ,appian1 ,ge/a ,petri ,moc5ici ( ,coriolanus ,cepio & ,de situ orbis ( ,dionysius ,p]iegetes1 all 9 #adgg1 ,arte di b5 morire ( ! foll[+ ye>1 & ,euclid ( #adhb4 ,) ! exception ( ! e>li] ,cal5d>s1 :]e ! bord]s to ! titlepage 7! fir/ s decorat$7 are ( fl[]-vases1 ^! consi/ ( highly conv5tionaliz$ foliage 7jasm9e8 v9e1 oak1 etc47 or /rapwork1 "s ( !m unequall$ 9 _! own k9d until ,william ,morris comb9$ ! same skill ) a mu* bold] & ri*] treatm5t ( 8 mat]ial4 ,illu/ration prop]ly s call$ beg9s ) ,georg ,wal*'s edition 7#adgi7 ( ! ,fasciculus ,temporum1 a *ronological epitome by ,w]n] ,rolew9ck ( ,cologne4 ,?is has a qua9t little view ( ! ,piazza ( ,san ,m>co & o!r pictures1 :i* ,ratdolt1 n at all h&somely1 proce$$ to copy ! next ye>4 ,9 #adha ,ratdolt adorn$ ! ,tractatus de ,actionibus oi ,bapti/a de ,sancto ,blasio ) r a graceful little figure ( a woman hold+ ! /em ( a tree4 ,9 #adhb he produc$ an edition ( ! ,poeticon ,a/ronomicon ( ,hyg9us ) "s figures ( ! planets :i*1 rude z !y 71 s]v$ z models = _m subsequ5t editions4 ,9 ! same ye> ! ,oratoriae artis epitomata ( ,jacobus ,publicius 0 ornam5t$ ) "s figures includ+ a *essbo>d1 cut 9 :ite on black1 design$ to assi/ ! memory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xiv4 ,,naples1 ,,francesco ,,tuppo1 #adhe ,,aesop4 ,,fabula ,,xxii41 ,,de ,,a!ni5sibus ,,pet5tibus ,,regem ,9 ! lat] ye>s ( 8 /ay at ,v5ice1 ,ratdolt seems to h lo/ int]e/ 9 book-decoration1 b ! popul>ity ( woodcuts /eadily increas$ ?r\gh\t ! 'eighties1 & by ! end ( ! decade 0 9 full tide4 ,9 #adhd ,b]n>d9us ,b5alius gave "s r\gh illu/rations to ! ,fioretti ( ,sa9t ,francis2 9 #adhf ,pietro ,cremonese be/[$ a =mal b q int]e/+ decorat$ titlepage on ! ,doctr9ale ( ,alex&] ,gallus1 ) ! title inscrib$ 9 a c>t\*e1 above :i* rise an urn & lamps4 ,9 ! same ye> we h 9 ! ,supplem5tum ,*ronic>um pr9t$ by ,b]n>d9us ,b5alius a few cuts ( "s size translat$ into an ,italian /yle f ^? on ! same subject 9 ,qu5tell's ,cologne ,bible 7c4 #adhj71 also a little view ( ,v5ice copi$ 9 rev]se f ! ,fasciculus ,temporum4 ,! ,supplem5tum ,*ronic>um 0 re-issu$ sev]al times 7! au?or1 ,jacobus ,philippus ,b]gom5sis1 br++ ! /atem5t ( 8 age up to date 9 ea* edition :i* he revis$71 & *anges 7 con/antly made 9 ! cuts4 ,9 #adhf also came an edition ( ! ,libro de la div9a lege ( ,m>co del ,monte ,s4 ,m>ia1 ) cuts ( ,m\nt ,s9ai & its des]t1 notable z hav+ be5 copi$ by a mu* m skilful wood-cutt] at ,flor5ce eight ye>s lat]2 #adhg produc$ ! fir/ ( ! ,v5etian illu/rat$ ,aesops1 ! cuts hav+ bord]s ( :ite scroll-"w on a black gr\nd & be+ influ5c$ by ! ,naples edition ( #adhe4 ,) ?is mu/ be m5tion$ a ,fior di virtu1 ) a title cut ( a ,fri> pluck+ blossoms f a tree1 :i* 0 ?\ght good en\gh to be copi$ at ,milan1 b 0 replac$ at ,v5ice ?ree ye>s lat] by a delightful picture ( a wall$ g>d54 ,x 0 9 #adhg also t !re appe>$ ! edition ( ! ,devote ,m$itatione sopra la ,passione1 ) cuts tak5 f ! old block-book 7see p4 #abc74 ,9 subsequ5t editions 7( #adhi1 etc47 ^! 7 replac$ by new woodcuts ( v>y+ m]it4 ,a lat] edition /ill 7#aejj7 has a f9e picture ( ! ,entry into ,j]usalem :i* ,pr9ce d',essl+ connects ) ! ,hypn]otoma*ia ( #adii4 ,9 #adhh we come to ! fir/ illu/rat$ edition ( ! ,trionfi ( ,petr>*1 pr9t$ by ,b]n>d9o de ,nov>a4 ,?is has six l>ge cuts1 %[+ respectively ! triumphs ( ,love1 ( ,*a/ity1 ,dea?1 ,fame1 ,"t1 & ! ,div9ity4 ,all are well design$1 b spoilt by weak cutt+4 ,9 ! same ye> appe>$ two o!r illu/rat$ books1 a ,spha]a ,mundi1 ) a few cuts n 9 !mselves ( great importance1 & ! ,de ,ess5t et ,ess5ta ( ,s4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ) a /rik+ little picture ( a *ild light+ a fire by means ( a burn+-glass4 ,by /udy+ ^! books 9 conjunction ,pr9ce d',essl+ has %[n t !y 7 design$ by "o ( _! pr9t]s1 ,johann ,santritt]1 & execut$ by ! o!r1 ,hi]onymus de ,sanctis1 & t to ! latt] may ?us be attribut$ ! illu/rations 7"o at lea/ ( !m ( unusual beauty7 9 an ,(ficium ,beatae ,virg9is :i* issu$ f 8 press #bf ,april1 #adid4 ,! in=mation on ! la/ two pages is all epitomiz$ f ! ,pr9ce d',essl+'s great "w ,les livres a figures ,v5iti5s 7#aijg1 etc471 & is quot$ "h 9 "s detail z %[+ t f ! "t ( ,erh>d ,ratdolt onw>ds book-illu/rations are f\nd ) "s frequ5cy at ,v5ice1 a fact = :i*1 until ! ,pr9ce publi%$ ! results ( 8 unwe>y+ rese>*es1 !re 0 v little evid5ce available4 ,! ev5t ( #adij 0 ! publication by ,lucantonio ,giunta ( an edition ( ,niccolo ,mal]mi's ,italian v]sion ( ! ,bible1 illu/rat$ ) #chd cuts1 _m ( !m *>m+1 measur+ ab\t ?ree in*es by two4 ,! success ( ?is set a fa%ion1 & sev]al important folio books 9 d\ble columns simil>ly illu/rat$ appe>$ dur+ ! next few ye>s1 a ,vite di ,sancti ,padre 9 #adia1 ,boccaccio's ,decam]one1 ,masuccio's ,novell9o1 & a ,leg5d>io translat$ f ! ,lat9 ( ,jacobus de ,vorag9e 9 #adib1 a rival ,italian ,bible & an ,italian ,livy 9 #adic1 a ,morgante ,maggiore 9 #adid1 & an ,italian ,t]5ce 9 #adig1 :ile 9 qu>to we h a ,miracoli de la ,madonna 7#adia71 ,vita de la ,v]g9e & ,trabisonda ,i/oriata 7#adib71 ,gu]r9o ,mes*9o 7#adic71 & sev]al o!rs4 ,9 "s ( ^! books cuts are f\nd sign$ ) ,f1 9 o!rs ) ,n1 9 o!rs ) i or ia2 9 ! ,mal]mi ,bible & "s o!r books we sometimes f9d ! signature b or 4b4 ,su* signatures1 :i* at "o "t ar\s$ ke5 controv]sy1 are n[ believ$ to h belong$ n to ! design]1 b to ! work%op ( ! wood-cutt]s by :om ! blocks 7 cut4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,mal]mi ,bible ( #adij workm5 ( v v>y+ skill 7 employ$1 "s ( ! illu/rations to ! ,gospels be+ empti$ ( all delight by ! rud5ess ( _! cutt+4 ,:]e ! design] & ! cutt] are bo? at _! be/ ! result is ne>ly p]fect ( its k9d1 & x is curi\s to ?9k t "s ( ^! da9ty little blocks 7 imitat$ f ! l>ge1 heavy woodcuts 9 ! ,cologne ,bibles pr9t$ by ,qu5tell "s t5 ye>s e>li]4 ,9 ! rival ,bible ( #adic ! be/ cuts are n s good1 nor ! wor/ s bad z 9 ! orig9al edition ( #adij4 ,9 ! o!r books 7,i h n se5 ! ,masuccio7 ! cutt+ is aga9 m ev51 b ! designs1 ?\gh (t5 *>m+ & sometimes amus+1 are seldom z good z ! be/ 9 ! ,bible4 ,mo/ ( ^! books h "o or m l>g] cuts us$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! text or ( sections ( x1 & ^! are always good4 ,two editions ( ,dante's ,div9a ,comm$ia1 bo? publi%$ 9 #adia1 "o by ,b]n>d9us ,b5alius & ,ma!o ,codeca 9 ,m>*1 ! o!r by ,pietro ,cremonese 9 ,novemb]1 mu/ be gr\p$ ) ! books j m5tion$1 z !y are also illu/rat$ ) small cuts 7?\gh ^? 9 ! ,novemb] edition are a good deal l>g] ?an ! usual column-cuts71 & ^! are sign$ 9 "s cases ) ! lett] 4b4 :i* appe>s 9 ! ,mal]mi ,bible ( #adij4 ,nei!r design] has triumph$ ov] ! monoton\s effect produc$ by ! cont9ual reappe>ance ( ! figures ( ,dante & 8 guide1 & ! little cuts 9 ! ,m>* edition are f> f impressive4 ,on ! o!r h& x has a good frontispiece1 9 :i*1 aft] ! m$ieval habit1 ! successive incid5ts ( ! fir/ canto ( ! ,inf]no are all cr[d$ into ! same picture4 ,popul> z 7 ! little vignettes1 !y 7 f> f exhau/+ ! en]gies ( ! ,v5etian illu/rators ( ?is decade4 ,at ! opposite pole f !m are ! f\r full-page pictures 9 ! #adic & lat] editions ( ! ,fascicolo de ,m$ic9a ( ,joannes ,ke?am4 ,^! repres5t a physician lectur+1 a consultation1 a dissection1 & a visit ( a doctor to an infecti\s pati5t1 :om he views by ! light ( two flambeaux held by pages1 :ile he smells 8 p\ncet-box4 ,?is picture 79 ! =egr\nd ( :i* sits a cat1 aft]w>ds cut out to r$uce ! size ( ! block7 is p]haps ! f9e/ ( ! f\r1 b t ( ! ,dissection has ! int]e/ ( be+ pr9t$ 9 sev]al col\rs4 ,erh>d ,ratdolt _h made "s exp]im5ts 9 col\r-pr9t+ 9 ! a/ronomical books :i* he pr9t$ at ,v5ice1 & at ,augsburg complet$ ! crucifixion cut 9 "s ( 8 missals p>tly by pr9t$ col\rs1 p>tly by h&4 ,9 #adij a ,v5etian pr9t]1 ,johann ,h]zog1 _h illu/rat$ ! ,de ,h]$ibus ( ,johannes ,crispus de ,montibus ) a g5ealogical tree gr[+ out ( a recumb5t human figure1 & _h pr9t$ ?is 9 br[n1 gre51 & r$4 ,b ! dissection 9 ! ,fascicolo di ,m$ic9a 0 ! mo/ elaborate ( ! ,v5etian exp]im5ts 9 col\r-pr9t+ & app>5tly also ! la/4 ,) ! illu/rations to ! ,ke?am may be m5tion$ = its l>ge pictorial effect1 ?\gh x comes 9 a qu>to1 ! f9e cut ( ! au?or 9 ! ,doctr9a della vita mona/ica ( ,san ,lor5zo ,giu/9iano1 fir/ patri>* ( ,v5ice4 ,! figure ( ,san ,lor5zo z he walks ) a book "u 8 arm & a h& held up 9 b5$iction is imitat$ f t 9 a picture by ,g5tile ,bell9i1 b he is "h %[n 7,plate ,,xv7 prec$$ by a *>m+ little crucif]1 ^: *ildi% face enhances by contra/ ! au/]] b5ignity ( ! sa9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xv4 ,,v5ice1 ,,anonym\s ,,press1 #adid ,,lor5zo ,,giu/9iano4 ,,della ,,vita ,,religiosa ,,portrait ,,( ,,! ,,au?or ,h[ev] good ! l>ge illu/rations 9 ,v5etian books1 ! m]its ( !m are r ^? ( s+le pr9ts ?an ( really appropriate bookwork4 ,! little column-cuts1 on ! o!r h&1 are almo/ playful 9 _! m9ut5ess1 & ev5 :5 mo/ successful produce ! effect ( a delightful bord] or tailpiece )\t q atta9+ to ! full possibilities ( book-illu/ration4 ,! fev]i% production ( ^! column-cuts began to slack51 ?\gh x did n cease1 9 #adic1 & ab\t t date a few *>m+ full-page pictures are f\nd at ! beg9n+ & end ( v>i\s small qu>tos4 ,f ! treatm5t ( ! man's hair & be>d x is cle> t ! delightful frontispiece to ! ,fioretti della ,biblia ( #adic 7,pr9ce d',essl+1 ,i1 #afa7 0 ! "w ( ! illu/rator ( ! second ,mal]mi ,bible f :i* ! small cuts 9 ! text are tak54 ,! ?ree cuts to ! ,fioretti ( ,s4 ,francis1 complet$ #aa ,june 9 ! same ye>1 t ( ! ,*ome l'angelo amae/ra l'anima ( ,pietro ,damiani1 dat$ 9 ! foll[+ ,novemb]1 ( an undat$ ,monte de la ,oratione1 & aga9 ( ! ,de la confessione ( ,s4 ,b]n>d9o ( ,si5a1 all 9 ! same /yle1 =m a gr\p ( s+ul> beauty 7see ,pr9ce d',essl+1 ,i1 #bhd sqq42 ,,ii1 #aia1 #aid1 #aie74 ,^? ( ,s4 ,ca!r9e's ,dialogo de la div9a provid5tia1 #ag ,may1 #adid 7,d',essl+1 ,,ii1 #aii sqq471 7 probably no less happily design$1 b h lo/ m 9 _! cutt+1 & ) ^! mu/ be gr\p$ ! picture ( a ,v5etian s*ool 9 ! ,regulae ,sypont9ae ( ,nicolaus ,p]ottus1 #bi ,m>*1 #adib 7,d',essl+1 ,,ii1 #hf71 us$ also 9 ! ,de ,/ructura ,compositionis ( ,nicolaus ,f]ettus1 pr9t$ ?ree ye>s lat] at ,=li4 ,! /yle is cont9u$ 9 ! ,spec*io della f$e ( ,rob]tus ,c>acciolus1 #aa ,april1 #adie 7,d',essl+1 ,,ii1 #bfj71 9 ! headpiece ( ! ,comm5t>ia 9 libros ,ari/otelis ( ,s4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 #bh ,sept41 #adif1 & 9 ! two admirable pictures ( ,t]5ce lectur+ to 8 comm5tators1 & ( a !atre z se5 f ! back ( ! /age1 f\nd 9 ! ,t]5tius cum tribus comm5t>iis ( ,july1 #adig 7,d',essl+1 ,,ii1 #bie1 & #bgg sqq474 ,/ill 9 ! same /yle1 b c>elessly design$ & poorly cut1 are ! illu/rations to ! well-kn[n ,ovid ( ,april1 #adig 7,d',essl+1 ,,iii1 #bbj sqq471 & ?is leads u on to ! /ill m fam\s ,hypn]otoma*ia ,poliphili ( ,francesco ,colonna1 pr9t$ by ,aldus = ,leon>do ,crassus1 a jurisconsult1 9 ,decemb]1 #adii1 & f9ally to ! cut ( ,*ri/ ent]+ ,j]usalem 9 ! ,devote ,m$itatione ( ! foll[+ ,april 7,d',essl+1 ,i1 #cgb71 :]e ! h& ( ! arti/ ( ! ,hypn]otoma*ia is cle>ly visible1 ?\gh he has surr\nd$ 8 picture ) a frame 9 ! ,flor5t9e mann]1 :i* 0 !n beg9n+ to make its influ5ce felt at ,v5ice4 ,! primacy usually giv5 to ! ,hypn]otoma*ia among all ^! books is probably 9 "p due to consid]ations :i* h little to d ) its arti/ic m]it4 ,! /ory is a k9d ( ar*aeological romance :i* appeal$ greatly to ! dilettante1 = ^: b5efit ,leon>do ,crassus commission$ ,aldus to pr9t x1 b :i* 0 f> f excit+ ! popul> int]e/ :i* %[s its appreciation = a book by ?umb+ x out ( exi/5ce4 ,! ,hypn]otoma*ia is probably almo/ z common a book z ! ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle or ! ,fir/ ,folio ,%akespe>e1 & ?us its m]its h become kn[n to all lov]s ( old books4 ,x is impressive1 moreov]1 f its size & ! pr(usion ( its #afh illu/rations ( v>i\s sizes1 :ile ! extraord9>y v>iety ( ^! & ! excell5ce ( _! cutt+ are fur!r po9ts 9 its fav\r4 ,! initial lett]s ( ! successive *apt]s =m ! s5t5ce ,,poliam ,,frat] ,,franciscus ,,colvmna ,,p]amavit1 & ?is ) ! colophon assign+ ! completion ( ! book to ,may-,day1 #adfg1 at ,treviso1 reveals ! au?or z ,francesco ,colonna1 a ,dom9ican1 :o _h taught rhetoric at ,treviso & ,padua1 & 9 #adii1 :5 8 book 0 pr9t$1 0 /ill alive & an inmate ( ! conv5t ( ,,ss4 ,giovanni & ,paolo at ,v5ice4 ,! ,polia :om he s greatly lov$ has be5 id5tifi$ ) ,lucretia ,lelio1 daught] ( a jurisconsult at ,treviso4 ,! /ory ( ! ,hypn]otoma*ia1 or ,/rife ( ,love 9 a ,dream1 z its ,engli% translator call$ x1 is greatly influ5c$ by ! ,r5aissance int]e/ 9 antique ar*itecture & art :i* is evid5t 9 s _m ( its illu/rations4 ,polifilo's dreams are full1 z ! preface-writ] says1 ( molte cose antiqu>ie digne di memoria1 tutto quello lui dice hau]e vi/o di puncto 9 puncto p] proprii uocabuli ello descriue cum elegante /ilo1 pyramidi1 obelisce1 ru9e maxime di edificii1 la diff]5tia di columne1 la sua m5sura1 gli capitelli1 base1 epi/yli1 etc4 etc4 ,b he is br\ght also to ! palace ( ,que5 ,eleut]ylida1 & :ile !re witnesses ! triumphs or fe/ivals ( ,europa1 ,l$a1 ,danae1 ,bac*us1 ,v]tumnus1 & ,pomona1 :i* provide sev]al attractive subjects = ! illu/rator4 ,! second "p ( ! book is some:at less purely antiqu>ian4 ,lucrezia ,lelio _h ent]$ a conv5t aft] be+ attack$ by ! plague :i* visit$ ,treviso f #adfd to #adff1 & s "h also ,polia is made to take refuge 9 ! temple ( ,diana1 :5ce1 h[ev]1 %e is driv5 on acc\nt ( ! visits ( ,polifilo1 ) :om1 by ! aid ( ,v5us1 %e is ultimately unit$4 ,"o o!r po9t to be m5tion$ is t _m ( ! full-page ,v5etian illu/rations1 bo? 9 qu>tos & folios1 h quasi-ar*itectural bord]s to !m1 ! footpiece be+ sometimes fill$ ) *ildr5 rid+ griff9s or o!r grotesques1 :ile s*ool-books 7 (t5 made m attractive to "y read]s by a bord] 9 :i* a ma/] is flogg+ a boy duly hors$ = ! purpose on ! back ( a s*oolfell[4 ,9 two ( ! mo/ graceful ( ,v5etian bord]s1 ^? to ! ,h]odotus ( #adid 7& also 9 ! #adig edition ( ,s4 ,j]ome's ,epi/les7 & ,johann ,mull]'s epitome ( ,ptolemy's ,almage/ 7( #adif71 ! design is pick$ out 9 :ite on a black gr\nd4 ,a few ,flor5t9e woodcut illu/rations h bord]s ( ! k9d j m5tion$ 9 :i* ! design /&s out 9 :ite on a black gr\nd4 ,9 "o ( ^! bord]s !re are r ugly c&elabra at ! sides1 at ! top two lov]s fac+ ea* o!r 9 a circle support$ by ,cupids1 at ! foot a %ield support$ by boys /&+ on ! backs ( c\*ant /ags4 ,ano!r has m]m5 at ! top1 a %ield )9 a wrea? support$ by eagles at ! foot1 & floral ornam5ts & arm\r at ! sides4 ,9 a ?ird on ei!r side ( ! %ield 9 ! footpiece boys are tilt+ at ea* o!r m\nt$ on bo>s4 ,9 a f\r? are %[n sa9ts & "s ( ! emblems ( ! ,passion1 support$ by angels4 ,b z a rule1 :ile ne>ly all ,flor5t9e woodcuts h bord]s ^! are only f an eigh? to ?ree-sixte5?s ( an in* 9 dep?1 & ! patt]n on !m is a leaf or fl[] or "s conv5tional design ( ! simple/ possible k9d4 ,a v few cuts h only a rule r\nd !m1 "o ( ! l>ge/ a triple rule4 ,a rude cut ( ! ,crucifixion is f\nd 9 ,francesco di ,d9o's #adij edition ( ,cavalca's ,spec*io di ,croce surr\nd$ by a rope-"w bord] two-fif?s ( an in* deep1 & ?is bord]1 p>tly brok5 away1 also surr\nds a really beautiful ,pieta 7,*ri/ /&+ 9 a tomb1 ,8 cross beh9d ,him1 ,8 h&s upheld by angels7 9 ,miscom9i's #adib edition ( ,savon>ola's ,trattato dell' ,umilta4 ,:5 ! same publi%] us$ ,d9o's ,crucifixion cut1 also 9 #adib1 = ,savon>ola's ,tractato dell' ,amore di ,gesu1 he left x )\t ei!r bord] or rule r\nd x1 ! only in/ance ( a ,flor5t9e cut s treat$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,dr4 ,paul ,kri/ell]1 ^: ri*ly illu/rat$ monograph on ,e>ly ,flor5t9e ,woodcuts 7,kegan ,paul1 #ahig7 is ! /&>d "w on ! subject1 sugge/s ) mu* plausibility t ^! two cuts1 ( ! ,crucifixion & ! ,pieta1 7 orig9ally made = e>li] books n[ lo/1 & belong to an old] s*ool ( wood-cutt+1 m ak9 to t :i* produc$ ! few extant ,flor5t9e s+le pr9ts4 ,! e>lie/ "w ( ! new s*ool ( illu/ration is ! magnific5t cut ( ! ,virg9 9 a m&orla appe>+ to ,s4 ,jacopone da ,todi z he kneels 9 pray]4 ,?is1 surr\nd$ by ! triple rule already m5tion$1 is prefix$ to an edition ( ,jacopone's ,laude pr9t$ by ,francesco ,buonacorsi & dat$ #bh ,septemb]1 #adij4 ,app>5tly ! e>lie/ dat$ cut ) a typical ,flor5t9e bord] is t to ! ,lun>e ( ,granolla*s pr9t$ by ,lor4 ,morgiani & ,giovanni da ,magonza 9 ,septemb]1 #adia4 ,x measures m ?an #f in*es by #d1 & is copi$1 & transfigur$ 9 ! process1 f ! heavy cut 9 a ,naples edition ( #adhe4 ,two mon?s lat] ! same firm issu$ ! ,soliloquii ( ,s4 ,augu/9e ) an extraord9>ily f9e title-cut ( ! sa9t 7! same picture did duty 9 #adic = ,s4 ,anton9o7 writ+ at a desk 9 8 cell4 ,?is has a bord]1 b ) a :ite gr\nd in/ead ( a black4 ,on #a ,janu>y1 #adia-b1 /ill f ! same firm1 we h surely ! prettie/ ,ari?metic ev] pr9t$1 t ( ,filippo ,cal&ri1 ) delightful little pictures & bord] pieces1 cut 9 simple outl9e1 9 ! ,v5etian r ?an ! ,flor5t9e mann]4 ,on #bj ,m>*1 ,morgiani & 8 p>tn] produc$ a new edition ( ,bett9i's ,monte ,santo di ,dio ) ! ?ree copp]plates ( #adha 7see ,*apt] ,,xv7 skilfully translat$ into duly bord]$ woodcuts1 ! fir/ two fill+ a folio page1 ! ?ird some:at %ort]4 ,a ,m&eville ) a s+le cut foll[$ 9 ,june1 & 9 ,decemb] ! ,trattati ( ,ugo ,panti]a1 also ) a s+le cut1 p]haps by ! design] ( ! ,cal&ri1 s9ce x employs ! same trick ( repres5t+ a ma/] on a mu* l>g] scale ?an a disciple z is f\nd 9 ! picture ( ,py?agoras 9 ! e>li] book4#cb ,"o ( ! e>lie/ 7& also mo/ delightful7 ( ! title-cuts ( ano!r prolific publi%]1 ! picture ( a lectur] & 8 pupils 9 ,antonio ,miscom9i's #adib edition ( ,l&9i's ,=mul>io1#cc measures ab\t #f in*es by #d4 ,b aft] ?is ! p]iod ( exp]im5t 0 at an end1 & ) v few exceptions ! woodcuts 9 ,flor5t9e books = ! re/ ( ! c5tury all measure ei!r a little ov] or a little "u #c in*es by #d1 & are all surr\nd$ by a n>r[ bord] ) "s simple design 9 :ite ^u a black gr\nd4 ,"s pa9s h be5 tak5 to make cle> bo? ! exp]im5ts z to /yle1 size1 & bord]s 9 ! ,flor5t9e book-illu/rations ( #adij-b1 & ! ext]nal uni=mity 9 size & bord]s 9 ! great bulk ( ! "w ( ! next few ye>s1 because 9 ! fir/ numb] ( ! ,burl+ton ,magaz9e & subsequ5tly 9 8 f9e book on ,flor5t9e ,draw+s1 ,mr4 ,b]nh>d ,b]5son put =w>d ) consid]able confid5ce ! !ory t n9e-t5?s ( ! ,flor5t9e book-illu/rations ( ?is p]iod 7 made f designs suppli$ by a s+le arti/ :om he id5tifies ) a c]ta9 ,b>tolommeo di ,giovanni4 ,?is ,b>tolommeo contract$ 9 ,july1 #adhh1 ) ! ,prior ( ! ,innoc5ts to pa9t be=e ! end ( ,octob] sev5 pr$elle 7,innoc5ti ,museum1 ,nos4 #fc-gj7 = an alt>piece ( ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 ! commission = :i* _h be5 giv5 to ,dom5ico ,ghirl&ajo4 ,mr4 ,b]5son believes t 9 addition to ^! pr$elle 7! only works ) :i* ,b>tolommeo is connect$ by any evid5ce o!r ?an t ( /yle7 he pa9t$ ! ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts1 z an episode 9 ,ghirl&ajo's alt>piece at ! ,innoc5ti1 t he mu/ h be5 "o ( ! m fam\s pa9t]'s appr5tices 9 ! ye>s #adha-e1 & subsequ5tly help$ him ) alt>pieces at ,lucca & at ! ,accademia at ,flor5ce1 & pa9t$ a fresco = ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,fr$iano at ,lucca & num]\s fronts to ! cassoni or ornam5tal *e/s1 :i* 7 at ?is p]iod ! mo/ decorative articles ( ,flor5t9e furniture4 ,z a m9or pa9t] ,b>tolommeo di ,giovanni#cd is pron\nc$ by ,mr4 ,b]5son to h be5 incapable ( produc+ on ! scale ( life a figure t c support inspection3 9 pr$elle & cassone-fronts he is feeble1 if vivaci\s1 & sc>cely m ?an pleasant1 yet ) no au!nticat$ "w to build on except ! pr$elle 9 ! ,innoc5ti1 ,mr4 ,b]5son does n hesitate to ass]t t 9 ,flor5ce betwe5 #adij & #aejj few app>5tly1 if any1 illu/rat$ books 7 publi%$ )\t woodcuts = :i* ,alunno di ,dom5ico#cd furni%$ ! designs1 & on ! /r5g? ( ?is assumption be/[s on him ! praise1 amply des]v$ by ! ,flor5t9e s*ool z a :ole1 t he 0 a book-illu/rator1 *>m+ z few 9 vision & int]pretation1 ) sc>cely a rival = da9t9ess & ref9em5t ( arrangem5t1 spac+ & di/ribution ( black & :ite4 ,mr4 ,b]5son's !ories oblige him to cr$it ,b>tolommeo ) hav+ copi$ at lea/ f ,filippo ,lippi1 ,botticelli1 & ,pi]o di ,cosimo1 z well z f ,ghirl&ajo1 & pu% ! lic5ce accord$ to connoisseur%ip to its extreme limit4 ,z ,i h already ackn[l$g$ else:]e1#ce if any "o man is to be cr$it$ ) ! :ole1 or ne>ly ! :ole ( ! ,flor5t9e book-illu/rations ( ?is decade1 a m9or arti/ us$ to pa9t+ pr$elle & cassone-fronts w\ld be ! "r k9d ( man = ! task1 b on ! v scanty evid5ce at pres5t available ,i am p]sonally m incl9$ to attribute su* unity z c be trac$ 9 ^! ,flor5t9e cuts to _! hav+ all come f "o l>ge wood-cutt]'s %op1 )\t attempt+ to trace !m back to a s+le design]4 ,9 ! ye> #adib1 :5 ! =m ( ! ,flor5t9e woodcuts _h become fairly fix$1 ,savon>ola 0 call$ to ! dea?-b$ ( ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t1 only to refuse him absolution4 ,8 ,amore di ,gesu & ,trattato dell' ,umilta 7 pr9t$ 9 ,june ( t ye> by ,miscom9i1 ea* decorat$ ) a s+le cut4 ,dur+ ! six ye>s end+ ) 8 execution 9 ,may1 #adih1 "s tw5ty-?ree diff]5t tracts f 8 p51 illu/rat$ ) "o or m woodcuts1 7 pr9t$ at ,flor5ce1 mo/ ( !m 9 sev]al diff]5t editions4 ,9 ! ,de ,simplicitate ,*ri/ianae vitae 7#adif7 a fri> is %[n writ+ 9 8 cell2 9 o!r cuts we see a fri> prea*+1 or visit+ ! conv5t ( ! ,murate or ,recluses ( ,flor5ce1 or talk+ ) sev5 ,flor5t9es "u a tree1 b 9 no case has any attempt be5 made at portraiture4 ,?is is true also ( ! ,comp5dio di ,revelatione 7#adie71 9 :i* !re are "s *>m+ cuts %[+ ,savon>ola escort$ by f\r holy wom5 repres5t+ ,simplicity1 ,pray]1 ,pati5ce1 & ,fai?1 on an embassy to ! ,bless$ ,virg94 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! !y meet ! devil attir$ z a h]mit2 9 ! second !y arrive at ! gate ( ! cele/ial city ( :i* ! wall is cr[d$ ) sa9ts & angels2 9 ! ?ird !y are u%]$ =? by ,s4 ,pet]4 ,a tract by ,dom5ico ,b5ivi5i 9 def5ce ( ,savon>ola1 besides a cut ( ! usual size repres5t+ ,b5ivi5i argu+ ) 8 oppon5ts1 has a full-page "o ( ! riv] ( blood fl[+ f ,*ri/'s w\nds & s9n]s cleans+ !mselves 9 x & m>k+ _! =eheads ) ! sign ( ! cross4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ cuts 9 ! ,savon>ola s]ies repres5ts a citiz5 ( ,flor5ce 9 pray] be=e a crucifix4 ,b almo/ all ( !m are good4 ,besides ! ,savon>ola tracts ! miscellane\s religi\s treatises illu/rat$ ) "o or m woodcuts are v num]\s4 ,9 "s cases outside models 7 /ill s\ght4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ^! books is ! ,m$itatione sopra la ,passione attribut$ to ,s4 ,bonav5tura1 ( :i* two undat$ editions 7 issu$1 "o ) eight cuts1 ! o!r ) twelve1 ?ree ( ! additional cuts 9 ! second edition--! ,entry into ,j]usalem1 ,*ri/ be=e ,pilate1 & ,procession to ,calv>y 7see ,plate ,,xvi7--be+ exceptionally f9e4 ,! e>li] design] probably _h ! ,v5etian edition ( #adhi be=e him1 b us$ x q freely4 ,two ( ! ?ree cuts 9 ! #adid ,flor5t9e edition ( ! ,libro delli comm&am5ti di ,dio ( ,m>co del ,monte ,s4 ,m>ia are improv$ copies ( ^? 9 ! ,v5etian edition ( #adhf4 ,! ?ird cut1 :i* appe>s also 9 ! same au?or's ,tabula della ,salute 7also ( #adid71 repres5t+ ! ,monte della ,pieta1 is copi$ on a r$uc$ scale f a l>ge copp] engrav+ attribut$ to ,baccio ,bald9i1 ( :i* an example is 9 ! ,pr9t ,room ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,( ! ?irty-f\r cuts 9 ,c>d9al ,capranica's ,arte del b5morire1 elev5 are imitat$ f ! well-kn[n s]ies 9 ! ,g]man block-books4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xvi4 ,,flor5ce1 ,,miscom9i1 ,c4 #adie ,,bonav5tura4 ,,m$itatione4 ,,! ,,procession ,,to ,,calv>y ,= ! ,rappres5tazioni or miracle-plays 9 hon\r ( v>i\s sa9ts orig9ality 0 m imp]ative1 & num]\s cuts 7 design$1 only a few ( :i* h come d[n to u 9 editions ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 mo/ be+ kn[n z !y survive 9 repr9ts ( ! second half ( ! sixte5?4 ,our example 7,plate ,,xvii7 is f an undat$ edition ( ,la ,fe/a di ,san ,giovanni1 9 :i*1 z on _m o!r titlepages1 an angel is %[n above ! title-cut z ! speak] ( ! ,prologue4 ,purely secul> lit]ature 9 ! %ape ( ,novelle 0 no d\bt pl5tiful1 despite ! influ5ce ( ,savon>ola1 b mo/ ( x has p]i%$1 ?umb$ to pieces by too eag] read]s4 ,a volume ( ,novelle at ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 ,erlang51 is illu/rat$ ) delightful cuts1 & o!rs survive "h & !re 9 diff]5t libr>ies4 ,( m pret5ti\s qu>tos ,angelo ,politiano's ,la ,gio/ra di ,giuliano di ,m$ici 7fir/ edition undat$1 second #aeac7 is v f9ely illu/rat$1 & ,petr>*'s ,trionfi 7#adii7 has good v]sions ( ! usual six subjects4 ,_m ( ! be/ ( ! qu>tos & all ! illu/rat$ folios 7 f9anc$ by a publi%]1 ,s] ,pi]o ,pac9i ( ,pescia1 :o 0 succe$$ e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury by 8 son ,b]n>do4 ,pac9i 9 #adie began 8 c>e] ) a v ambiti\s v5ture1 a folio edition ( ! ,epi/ole et ,evangelii et ,lectioni z !y 7 read 9 ! ,mass ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,?is has a decorative frontispiece1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* /& ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 :ile small cuts ( ! f\r evangeli/s are plac$ 9 ! corn]s4 ,! text is illu/rat$ ) #add diff]5t woodcuts1 besides num]\s fancy portraits ( evangeli/s1 prophets1 etc4 ,a few ( ! cuts are tak5 f ! ,m$itationes ( ,s4 ,bonav5tura1 & "o or two1 p]haps1 f o!r books already publi%$2 b ! enorm\s majority are new1 & f ! consi/5cy ( ! portrait-types ( ,*ri/1 ,s4 ,pet]1 ,s4 ,john1 etc41 appe> all to h be5 design$ by ! same man4 ,"s are less successful ?an o!rs1 b ! av]age is exceptionally high1 & ! be/ cuts are full ( movem5t & life4 ,an ,aesop foll[$ 9 #adif1 ,pulci's ,morgante ,maggiore 9 #aejj1 & ! ,quatriregio1 a dull poem 9 imitation ( ,dante by ,bi%op ,frezzi1 9 #aejh4 ,x has be5 conjectur$1 h[ev]1 t an e>li] edition ( ! ,quatriregio may h be5 pr9t$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ) ! same illu/rations1 & !re is consid]able reason to d\bt :e!r any fre% cuts 9 ! old /yle 7 made at ,flor5ce aft] ! tempor>y cessation ( publi%+ br\ght ab\t by ! political tr\bles ( #aeja4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! old cuts w5t on be+ us$1 sometimes 9 ! orig9als1 sometimes 9 copies1 ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & x is only 9 ^! repr9ts t _m ( !m are kn[n to survive4 ,at no o!r ,italian t[n 0 !re any outbur/ ( book-illu/ration at all comp>able to ^? at ,v5ice & ,flor5ce 9 ! la/ decade ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,at ,f]r>a1 aft] a f9e cut ( ,s4 ,george & a mu* rud] "o ( ,s4 ,maurelius 9 a ,leg5da ( ! latt] sa9t pr9t$ 9 #adhi1cf no illu/ration appe>$ until #adic1 :5 ! ,compilatio ( ,alfraganus 0 adorn$ ) a picture ( ! a/ronom] in/ruct+ a dim9utive h]mit4 ,aft] ?is1 9 #adif we h a f9e cut ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild 9 ! ,de +5uis adolesc5tium moribus1 & 9 #adig two important folio books1 bo? f ! press ( ,lor5zo ,rossi1 ! ,de cl>is muli]ibus ( ,jacobus ,philippus ,b]gom5sis 7#bi ,april7 & ! ,epi/les ( ,s4 ,j]ome 7#ab ,octob]74 ,! =m] ( ^! is di/9ctly native "w1 ) ! exception ( an ar*itectural bord]1 decorat$ *iefly ) putti & griff9s1 etc41 :i* is ?or\ghly ,v5etian 9 /yle1 & 0 us$ aga9 9 ! ,s4 ,j]ome4 ,!re are two l>ge illu/rations1 "o %[+ ! au?or pres5t+ 8 book to ! ,que5 ( ,hung>y & ,bohemia1 ! o!r conta9+ eight sc5es f ! life ( ! ,bless$ ,virg94 ,fifty-six cuts 9 ! text are made to s]ve z portraits ( #agb diff]5t wom51 & "u ! /ra9 ( su* repetition individuality p]=ce disappe>s4 ,b at ! end ( ! book are sev5 cuts ( ,italian ladies ( ! fifte5? c5tury3 ,bona ( ,lomb>dy1 ,bianca ,m>ia ( ,milan1 ,ca!r9e ,c\ntess ( ,frejus & ,imola1 ,leonora ,du*ess ( ,f]r>a1 ,bianca ,mir&ula1 ,g5ebria ,s=za1 & ,damisella ,trivulzia1 & ^!1 "s ( !m fair1 "s r =bidd+1 appe> all to be g5u9e portraits4 ,! cutt+ is mo/ly r /iff & heavy 7,damisella ,trivulzia is exceptionally t5d]ly treat$71 & mu* use is made ( black gr\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xvii4 ,,flor5ce1 ,,b>t4 ,,di ,,libri1 ,c4 #adie ,,la ,,fe/a ,,di ,,san ,,giovanni4 7,,title7 ,9 contra/ to ^? 9 ! ,de cl>is muli]ibus1 ! cuts 9 ! ,epi/ulae ( ,s4 ,j]ome are di/9ctly ,v5etian 9 /yle4 ,z "o ( ! two ar*itectural bord]s is dat$ #adic1 x is possible t ! book 0 at fir/ int5d$ to be issu$ at ,v5ice1 b 0 transf]r$ to ,f]r>a :5 ,v5etian int]e/ 9 small column-cuts 0 f\nd to be on ! wane4 ,x possesses 9 all ov] #afj ( ^!1 ^? illu/rat+ conv5tual life 9 ! second "p ( ! book be+ mu* ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,at ,milan ! ,!orica ,musicae ( ,fran*9o ,ga=i1 pr9t$ 9 #adib by ,philippus ,mantegatius1 has a title-cut ( a man play+ ! organ1 & f\r co>sely cut pictures1 toge!r occupy+ a page1 %[+ primitive musical exp]im5ts4 ,f\r ye>s lat] ! same au?or's ,practica ,musicae 0 issu$ by ano!r pr9t]1 ,guillaume ,le ,sign]re1 ) a title-cut illu/rat+ ! diff]5t measures & ! ,muses & signs ( ! ,zodiac to :i* !y belong1 & ) two f9e woodcut bord]s surr\nd+ ! op5+ pages ( ,books ,i & ,,iii1 & ,,ii & ,,iv4 ,9 #adih ,le ,sign]re produc$ two mu* m pr(usely illu/rat$ books1 ! ,spec*io dell' ,anima ( ,ludovicus ,besalii & an ,aesop1 "s ( ! cuts ( ! =m] be+ us$ aga9 9 #adii 9 ! ,tesoro ,spirituale ( ,johannes ,petrus de ,f]r>iis4 ,aft] ?is he migrat$ to ,saluzzo1 & 9 #aejc produc$ !re a f9e edition ( ! ,de ,v]itate ,contritionis ( ,vivaldus1 ) a frontispiece ( ,s4 ,j]ome 9 ! des]t4 ,at ,mod5a 9 #adij ,dom9icus ,rocociola pr9t$ a ,leg5da ,sanctorum ,trium ,regum1 ) a r pleas+ cut ( _! ,adoration ( ! ,holy ,*ild2 & two ye>s lat]1 at ! same place1 ! ,progno/icatio ( ,johann ,li*t5b]g]1 pr9t$ by ,pi]re ,mauf]1 0 illu/rat$ ) ?ree full-page qu>to cuts & =ty-two half-page ones1 c>eful directions = ea* picture be+ suppli$ 9 ! text1 b ! cuts be+ modell$ on ^? 9 ! ,g]man editions at ,ulm & ,ma9z4 ,at ,aquila 9 #adic an ,aesop 0 produc$1 copi$ f ! ,naples edition ( #adhe4 ,at ,pavia 9 #aeje ! ,sanctu>ium ( ,jacobus ,gualla 0 illu/rat$ ) sev5ty woodcuts & "s excell5t initials4 ,at ,saluzzo 9 #aejh ano!r "w by ,vivaldus1 pr9t$ by ,jacobus de ,circis & ,sixtus de ,soma*is1 0 decorat$ ) ?ree l>ge woodcuts ( v exceptional m]it3 a portrait ( ! ,m>quis ,ludovico ,,ii 7almo/ too /rik+ = a book-illu/ration71 a picture ( ,s4 ,?omas ,aqu9as 9 8 cell1 & ano!r ( ,s4 ,l\is ( ,france4 ,! treatise ( ,paulus de ,middelburgo on ! date ( ,ea/]1 pr9t$ by ,petruzzi at ,fossombrone 9 #aeac1 conta9s "s v f9e bord]s1 & ! ,deca*ordum ,*ri/ianum ( ,m>cus ,vig]ius1 pr9t$ at ,fano 9 #aejg by ,hi]onymus ,sonc9us1 has t5 cuts by ,florio ,vavassore1 surr\nd$ ) good arabesque bord]s4 ,to multiply isolat$ examples su* z ^! w\ld turn our text into a catalogue4 ,"h & !re special c>e 0 tak5 ov] ! decoration ( a book1 & wor?y results produc$4 ,b ?r\gh\t ,italy ! be/ p]iod ( illu/ration _h come to an end :5 ! sixte5? c5tury 0 only a few ye>s old4 ,,footnotes3 #ca ,9 ! ma/]ly "w ( ! ,pr9ce d',essl+ on ,les livres a figures ,v5iti5s1 ! discov]y ( ?is int]e/+ fact is inadv]t5tly ascrib$ to ,mr4 ,guppy1 ! pres5t libr>ian ( ! ,john ,ryl&s ,libr>y4 ,x 0 made by 8 pr$ecessor1 ,mr4 ,gordon ,duff1 a note by :om on ! subject 0 quot$ 9 my ,italian ,book-,illu/rations 7p4 #ah71 publi%$ 9 #ahid4 #cb ,! same trick is us$ 9 ! ,rudim5ta a/ronomica ( ,alfraganus1 pr9t$ at ,f]r>a by ,&reas ,bell=tis 9 #adic4 #cc ,also us$ 9 an undat$ edition ( ! ,flores ,poet>um4 #cd ,mr4 ,b]5son pref]s to call him ,alunno di ,dom5ico1 ,ghirl&ajo's pupil4 #ce ,introduction to ! ,roxburghe ,club edition 7pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,dyson ,p]r9s7 ( ! ,epi/ole et ,evangelii ( #adie4 #cf ,!re 7 two issues or editions ( ?is book 9 #adhi1 "o ( :i* is said to h only ! cut ( ,s4 ,maurelius4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,e>ly ,,fr5* ,,& ,,spani% ,,illu/rat$ ,,books ,al?\gh int]rupt$ by ! dea? ( its vet]an au?or1 ,claud9's magnific5t ,hi/oire de l'imprim]ie en ,france1 9 ! ?ree volumes :i* he liv$ to complete1 made x = ! fir/ "t possible = /ud5ts to trace ! e>ly hi/ory ( book-illu/ration at ,p>is & ,lyon1 ! two great c5tres ( pr9t+ 9 ,france4 ,no illu/rat$ books 7 pr9t$ at ! ,sorbonne1 nor by its ,g]man pr9t]s :5 !y set up 9 ! rue ,s4 ,jacques1 nor by _! rivals !re1 ,keys]e & ,/oll1 & ! ,fr5* pr9t]s at ! sign ( ! ,s\fflet v]t4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #adgf-g1 9 ! fir/ ,fr5* book pr9t$ at ,p>is1 ! ,*roniques de ,france or de ,s4 ,d5is1 ,pasqui] ,bonhomme s f> recogniz$ ! possibility ( illu/ration z to leave a space = a m9iature on ! fir/ page ( text1#cg b he us$ no woodcuts himself1 & 8 son ,jean suff]$ himself to be anticipat$ 9 introduc+ !m by ,jean ,du ,pre4 ,al?\gh he work$ on r n>r[ l9es1 ,du ,pre 0 ! f9e/ ( ! e>ly ,p>isian pr9t]s1 & possess$ f> bett] ta/e ?an ! prolific publi%]1 ,anto9e ,v]>d1 ( :om s mu* m has be5 writt54 ,8 fir/ book1 a ,p>is ,missal issu$ 9 p>tn]%ip ) ,didi] ,huym1 #bb ,septemb]1 #adha1 has a l>ge picture ( ! ,p]e ,et]nel & ! ,crucifixion4 ,al?\gh ?is is fairly well cut1 x is baldly h&l$1 & 0 f> surpass$ two mon?s lat] 7#bh ,novemb]7 9 a simil> missal = ! diocese ( ,v]dun1 by a really f9e metal-cut ( a prie/ & o!r wor%ipp]s at pray] at an alt>4 ,f ! prie/'s uplift$ h&s a little figure ( a man is ris+ up to a vision ( ! ,p]e ,et]nel1 se5 ) ,8 angels aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( a sky full ( />s4 ,! little figure is ! prie/'s s\l1 & ! cut 7(t5 confus$ ) pictures ( ! ,mass ( ,s4 ,gregory1 9 :i* ! ,ho/ is se5 z a figure ( ,*ri/7 illu/rates ! op5+ words ( ! introit3 ,ad te levavi animam meam4 ,9 ! same ,missal are a numb] ( small] cuts :i* look z if !y _h be5 prep>$ = a ,horae1 & may inde$ h be5 us$ = "o n[ entirely lo/4 ,! ,ad te levavi cut reappe>s 9 _m ( ! lat] ,missals ( ,du ,pre1 & subsequ5tly ( ,wolfgang ,hopyl4 ,du ,pre's fir/ secul> book to be illu/rat$ 0 an edition ( ,boccaccio's ,de la ru9e des nobles hommes1 complet$ #bf ,febru>y1 #adhc-d1 & ( peculi> int]e/ to ,engli% bookm5 because ! woodcuts 7 acquir$ by ,ri*>d ,pynson1 & us$ 9 8 edition ( ,lydgate's ,falles ( ,pr9ces1 an ,engli% v]se-r5d]+ ( ! same "w4 ,!y are well design$ & cle>ly cut1 if r h>d1 & till _! ,fr5* orig9 0 discov]$ 7 ju/ly prais$ z "s ( ! v be/ ,engli% woodcuts ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,only a few weeks lat] ,jean ,bonhomme 7#ab ,may1 #adhd7 issu$ ,mai/re ,jacques ,millet's ,l',hi/oire de la de/ruction de ,troye la ,grant1 illu/rat$ ) a numb] ( cuts r neat] & firm]1 b ( mu* ! same k9d1 & possibly f ! same work%op4 ,!y pass$ almo/ at once into ! possession ( ,v]>d1 & cuts f ! s]ies illu/rat+ battles1 l&+s1 c\ncils1 audi5ces1 & o!r romantic commonplaces are f\nd 9 8 ,vegece ( #adhh & ,les ,comm5taires ,iules ,ces> ( ab\t ! same date 7see ,macf>lane's ,anto9e ,v]>d1 cuts vi-ix74 ,a new edition ( ,millet's book 0 pr9t$ by ,jean ,dri>d = ,v]>d #h ,may1 #adih4 ,two ( ! be/ ( ! cuts are ^? ( ! lam5tation ov] ! dead body ( ,hector & ! sacrifice ( ,polyx5a on ! tomb ( ,a*illes4 ,! only o!r illu/rat$ book publi%$ by ,jean ,bonhomme 0 8 edition ( ! ,livre des ruraulx pr\ffitz du labeur des *amps1 a ,fr5* v]sion ( ,cresc5tius1 ) a frontispiece ( ! translator pres5t+ 8 book to ,*>les ,,vii 7#ae ,octob]1 #adhf74 ,mean:ile1 a new publi%] ( illu/rat$ books _h aris51 ,guyot ,m>*ant1 :o 9 ,septemb]1 #adhe1 issu$ a ,danse macabre :i* w5t ?r\gh sev]al editions4 ,its grim fanta/ic pictures 7execut$ ) unusual skill & delicacy1 see ,plate ,,xviii7 ( ,dea? z a gr9n+ skeleton claim+ 8 prey f e class ( society seem to h become quickly popul>1 & additional cuts 7 made = lat] editions1 includ+ "o 9 ,lat9 7#ae ,octob]1 #adij71 9 :i* ! ,dance is call$ ,*orea ab eximio macabro v]sibus alemanicis edita4 ,a ,danse macabre des femmes foll[$ 7#b ,may1 #adia71 b ! figures 9 ?is are mo/ly less good1 z are ^? ( a ?ird "p 7! ,debate betwe5 ,s\l & ,body1 & o!r pieces71 despite ! vivacity ) :i* !y repres5t ! tortures ( ! damn$4 ,ak9 to ! ,danse ,macabre is ! ,compo/ et ,kal5dri] des ,b]g]s 7also ( #adia71 a m$ley ( wea!r-lore1 rules = heal?1 & moral & religi\s in/ruction1 lib]ally illu/rat$ ) cuts ( %eph]ds1 ( ,moses1 ,*ri/ & ! ,apo/les1 & ( ! tortures ( ! damn$4 ,?is 9 its turn 0 foll[$1 9 #adif1 by a simil> book = ! ,%eph]desses1 ( :i* a new edition appe>$ 9 #adii1 ) add$ pa/oral cuts1 "s ( :i* h unusual *>m4 ,besides ,guyot ,m>*ant1 ,pi]re ,levet began book-illu/ration 9 #adhe1 b mo/ ( 8 "w 0 done = ,v]>d4 ,8 e>lie/ v5ture1 an ,exposition de la salutation angelique1 has a cut ( ! ,annunciation1 ! %ad+ 9 :i* sugge/s t he may h import$ a cutt] f ,lyon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xviii4 ,,p>is1 ,,m>*&1 #adia ,,danse ,,macabre 7#e;a74 ,,dea? ,,& ,,! ,,ar*bi%op4 7,,r$uc$7 ,9 #adhf ,jean ,du ,pre 0 v busy4 ,at ,p>is he complet$ 9 ,june a ,vie des anci5s ,sa9tz ,p]es1 ) a l>ge cut ( ,s4 ,j]ome writ+ 9 a /all & ! holy fa!rs pass+ be=e him1 also num]\s v neat column-cuts & capital lett]s4 ,mean:ile1 at ,abbeville ,du ,pre 0 help+ ,pi]re ,g]>d to produce "o ( ! f9e/ ,fr5* books ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! magnific5t edition ( ,s4 ,augu/9e's ,cite de ,dieu4 ,e>ly 9 #adhf ,g]>d _h already pr9t$ !re an edition ( ,la somme rurale1 b ?is _h only a s+le woodcut1 & x 0 probably ma9ly 9 connection ) ! illu/rations t he n[ enli/$ ! help ( ,du ,pre4 ,9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,cite de ,dieu 7f9i%$ #bd ,novemb]1 #adhf7 !re are elev5 woodcuts1 9 ! second 7f9i%$ #ab ,april1 #adhf-g7 twelve1 i4e4 a woodcut at ! beg9n+ ( ea* ( ! tw5ty-two books & a frontispiece ( ,s4 ,augu/9e writ+1 & ! translator1 ,ra\l de ,preules1 pres5t+ 8 book to ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,! subjects & g5]al design ( ! cuts correspond ) great] or less clos5ess to ^? 9 ,royal ,,ms4 #ad ,d4 #a at ! ,briti% ,museum 7,books ,i-,,xi only71 s t ! same orig9al 0 probably foll[$ by bo?4 ,"o ( ! mo/ effective pictures is t to ,book ,,xiv1 :i* %[s a man seat$ 9 a tree1 (f]$ a cr[n by an angel & a money-*e/ by a devil1 :ile ,dea? is saw+ ! tree asund]1 & two dragons wait at its foot4 ,ano!r %[s ,s4 ,augu/9e writ+1 :ile five devils play ) 8 books1 & an angel protects 8 mitre4 ,! cutt+ ?r\gh\t is excell5t1 & ! pictures1 ?\gh sometimes fanta/ic1 are v effectively drawn4 ,!re c be little d\bt t !y 7 ! "w ( ,p>is craftsm54 ,z = ,pi]re ,g]>d1 9 #adhg he pr9t$ by himself1 /ill at ,abbeville1 an edition ( ,le ,triomphe des ,neuf ,preux1 ) r *ildi%ly conv5tional cuts ( ! leg5d>y h]oes1 b = ,b]tr& ,du ,guescl9 a portrait :i* at lea/ fai?fully reproduces 8 bullet head4 ,we f9d ,du ,pre =m+ a simil> alliance two ye>s lat] ) ,jean ,le ,b\rgeois ( ,r\51 = :om he complet$ at ,p>is ! second volume ( a ,roman des ,*evali]s de la ,table ronde1 #af ,septemb]1 #adhh1 :ile ,le ,b\rgeois 0 /ill /ruggl+ at ,r\5 ) ,vol4 ,i1 :i* ultimately got f9i%$ #bd ,novemb]4 ,?is has "s l>ge cuts ( ! ,fea/ at ! ,r\nd ,table1 etc4 ,9 #adhi ,du ,pre produc$ a ,leg5de doree1 a companion volume to 8 ,vie des ,sa9tz ,p]es ( #adhf4 ,b by ?is "t he 0 already produc+ ,horae1 :i* w be spok5 ( lat] on1 & ,horae & ,missals 7 8 ma9 occupations = ! re/ ( 8 c>e]1 ?\gh he produc$ a f9e edition ( ! allegorical romance ,le ,*evali] ,delib]e by ,olivi] de la ,m>*e1 ,bonnor's ,arbre des ,batailles 79 :i* he us$ "s ( ! same cuts71 #adic1 ,les vigilles du roi ,*>les ,,vii & "s o!r secul> books4 ,! great ,p>is publi%] ,anto9e ,v]>d />t$ on 8 busy c>e] 9 #adhe1 & ! hi/ory ( book-illu/ration at ,p>is is soon imm5sely complicat$ by 8 do+s4 ,_m ( ! pr9t]s at ,p>is pr9t$ = him2 illu/rations orig9ally made = o!r m5 gravitat$ into 8 possession & 7 us$ occasionally = new editions ( ! book = :i* !y _h be5 made1 mu* m (t5 z /ock cuts 9 books ) :i* !y _h no?+ to d2 :ile if ano!r firm br\ght out a successful picture-book1 ,v]>d imitat$ ! cuts 9 x ) unscrupul\s & unblu%+ clos5ess4 ,! monograph ( my late fri5d & colleague ,john ,macf>lane#ch describes "s #bhj books publi%$ by ,v]>d betwe5 #adhe & #aeab1 & l mo/ bibliographical "w done at fir/ h& by p]sonal exam9ation ( ! books !mselves gets at ! root ( ! matt]1 al?\gh ! abs5ce ( in=mation z to ,v]>d's pr$ecessors & contempor>ies1 su* z has s9ce be5 suppli$ by ,m4 ,claud91 prev5t$ ! au?or f press+ home "s ( 8 po9ts4 ,?us 9 8 e/imate t sets ( blocks _h be5 expressly cut to adorn "s ?irty editions1 ,macf>lane did n make suffici5t all[ance = ! cases 9 :i* ^! app>5t sets 7 !mselves n orig9al1 hav+ be5 acquir$ by ,v]>d f e>li] own]s4 ,nev]!less1 he _h no difficulty 9 f9d+ support = 8 cont5tion t ! illu/rations 9 ,v]>d's books1 :5 closely exam9$1 h>dly be> out _! reputation4 ,?us he %[$ t besides be+ repeat$ly us$ 9 book aft] book1 x n uncommonly happ5s t ! same cut is us$ aga9 & aga9 9 ! same book1 & gave z an extreme in/ance ( ?is ! repetition no few] ?an tw5ty times ( ! same cut 9 ! ,m]l9 ( #adih4ci ,he po9t$ out1 moreov]1 t "s f>-fet*$ plea is ne>ly always ne$$ to ju/ify ! pres5ce ( a cut 9 any b ! "w x 0 design$ =4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! ,josephus ( #adib ! spoliation ( a c\ntry is repres5t$ by ! burial ( a woman1 ! dea? ( ,samson by a picture ( ! ,temple1 & ! ,sacrifice ( ,isaac helps ! read] to conceive ! execution ( a malefactor1 :ile a m5tion ( ! sea br+s out a cut ( ,noah's ,ark4 ,h[ev] cr[d$ a book may be ) cuts1 if ! cuts are mo/ly irrelevant x _c truly be said to be illu/rat$1 & ! numb] ( ,v]>d's books :i* a rigor\s application ( ?is pr9ciple w\ld condemn is v l>ge4 ,an explanation ( at lea/ "s ( ^! incongruities may be f\nd 9 ,v]>d's e>ly tra9+ z an illum9ator1 & 8 habit ( prep>+ special copies on vellum = ,*>les ,,viii ( ,france1 ,h5ry ,,vii ( ,engl&1 ! ,comte d',ang\leme1 & o!r royal & noble patrons4 ,a woodcut 9 itself q inappropriate to ! text might save an illum9ator "s tr\ble by sugge/+ ! gr\p+ ( ! figures 9 a picture1 & a cut ( ,saturn dev\r+ 8 *ildr5 0 actually us$ 9 ?is way 9 "o ( ! ,h5ry ,,vii books 9 ! ,briti% ,museum z a gr\nd plan = an illum9ation ( a ,holy ,family4 ,if ,k+ ,h5ry ev] held t illum9ation up to ! light he w\ld h _h no difficulty 9 see+ ! scy! ( ,*ronos & ! limbs ( a *ild protrud+ f ,saturn's m\?1 b ,i h nev] se5 a pap] copy ( ?is book1 & c only wond] :e!r ! same cut 0 all[$ to appe> 9 x4 ,v]>d's e>lie/ book 0 ! translation ( ,boccaccio's ,decam]one by ,laur5t du ,premi]fait1 complet$ #bb ,novemb]1 #adhe1 & illu/rat$ ) a s+le cut ( ! au?or writ+ 9 an alcove look+ out on a g>d5 :]e ! /orytell]s are se5 seat$4 ,an edition ( ,les dits moraux des philosophes ( ,guillaume de ,tignonville 7,caxton's ,dicts & ,say+s ( ! ,philosoph]s7 foll[$ 9 ,april1 #adhf1 & ! ,livre des ruraulx pr\ffitz1 translat$ f ,cresc5tius1 ) a few small cuts1 n s good z ^? 9 ! edition j issu$ by ,jean ,bonhomme1 9 ! foll[+ ,july4 ,8 fir/ important illu/rat$ book 0 ! ,c5t n\velles n\velles1 ( ,*ri/mas ,eve1 #adhf1 ) two l>ge cuts1 v alike 9 /yle1 ( an au?or pres5t+ 8 book to a k+1 & =ty column-cuts1 mo/ ( !m us$ sev]al times1 occasionally ) mutilations int5d$ to erase features unsuitable to ! lat] /ories4 ,! next important book 0 a ,*evali] ,delib]e ( #h ,augu/1 #adhh1 ) "s excell5t cuts :i* reappe> frequ5tly 9 lat] books4 ,pass+ ov] _m inf]ior books1 we come 9 #adib to a really f9e "o1 conta9+ f\r sep>ate treatises3 7#a7 ,art de bi5 m\rir1 illu/rat$ ) copies ( ! old ,g]man block-book2 7#b7 ,traite des pe9es d'enf] 7o!rwise kn[n z ,l',aiguillon de cra9te div9e71 ) grotesque b /rik+ cuts ( ! tortures ( ! damn$2 7#c7 ,adv5em5t de anti*ri/ & fifte5 ,tok5s ( ,judgm5t1 v poorly illu/rat$ comp>$ ) ! o!r p>ts ( ! book2 & 7#d7 ,l',art de bi5 vivre1 copi\sly decorat$ ) sc5es f ,bible hi/ory1 an oblong set1 illu/rat+ ! ,adoration ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 ! ,"l's ,pray]1 ,comm&m5ts1 ,apo/les1 etc42 7#e7 a v f9e set ( cuts illu/rat+ ! ,sacram5ts4 ,9 ,june1 #adic1 ,v]>d publi%$ 9 ?ree l>ge folio volumes1 pr9t$ = him by ,jean ,mor&1 ,les ,croniques de ,france1 ) pictures ( a coronation1 royal entry into a t[n1 a k+ sitt+ 9 judgm5t1 etc4 etc41 ! cutt+ be+ only ( av]age delicacy1 b good en\gh to d ju/ice to ! vig\r ( "s ( ! designs4 ,f ?is po9t onw>ds 8 int]e/ seems m & m to h c5tr$ 9 8 illum9at$ copies1 & almo/ all ! lat] ,v]>d illu/rations 9 ,m4 ,claud9's great "w are tak5 f ^!4 ,along1 h[ev]1 ) _m old cuts 9 8 undat$ ,bible hi/oriee !re are two v f9e ones specially made = ! "w1 "o ( ,adam & ,eve 9 ,ed51 a r\nd cut plac$1 bel[ ! roots ( a tree1 9 a squ>e ( black1 f :i* x /&s out ) extraord9>y vividness 7see ,plate ,,xix71 & a picture ( ! ,tr9ity & ! f\r evangeli/s4 ,9 an undat$ ,t]5ce en francois1 pr9t$ ab\t #aejj1 ,v]>d avail$ himself ( an idea already exploit$ by ,grun+] & "s ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntry illu/rators1 ! use ( blocks made up ( five or six pieces us$ 9 diff]5t comb9ations1 s z to give an effect ( great v>iety at v small exp5se4 ,_m ( ! individual blocks1 ?\gh ! figures are n at all ,t]5tian1 are v *>m+1 & a few ( !m 7 freely copi$ = ! ,engli% m>ket1 :]e !y may be trac$ = ov] a c5tury4 ,ab\t ! same "t z ?is ,v]>d publi%$ a ,livre des ,ordonnances de la ,prevo/e des ,m>*ans et ,es*ev9age de la ,ville de ,p>is1 ) num]\s small illu/rations ( diff]5t crafts & a mo/ int]e/+ picture ( ! c\rt ( ! ,prevo/e ) its judges & (ficials4 ,aft] ! fir/ few ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury ,v]>d seems to h reli$ m ?an ev] on 8 /ock ( old cuts1 & does n seem to h produc$ any notable new books4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xix4 ,,p>is1 ,,v]>d1 #aeje ,,bible ,,en ,,francoys 7#b;a74 ,,adam ,,& ,,eve4 7,,r$uc$7 ,a few books pr9t$ or publi%$ by less prolific firms rema9 to be notic$ be=e we speak ( ! ,horae :i* =m s important a section among ,p>is illu/rat$ books z to require sep>ate treatm5t4 ,"o ( ,v]>d's pr9t]s 0 ,pi]re ,le ,r\ge1 a memb] ( a family :i* work$ also at ,*ablis & at ,troyes4 ,9 ,july1 #adhh1 & ,febru>y1 #adhh-i1 ,le ,r\ge pr9t$ p\r ,v9c5t ,comm9 ,m>*& libraire ,la m] des hi/oires 9 two great folios ) l>ge cuts ( ! k9d ,v]>d subsequ5tly us$ 9 8 ,*roniques de ,france1 & on ! titlepage a p>ticul>ly f9e capital ,l4 ,philippe ,pig\*et1 ma9ly a pr9t] ( ,horae1 produc$ 9 #adii = 8 usual publi%]1 ,simon ,vo/re1 a *>m+ly illu/rat$ edition ( a dull poem1 ,le ,*a/eau de ,labeur1 attribut$ to ! playwright ( ,victor ,hugo's ,notre ,dame de ,p>is1 ,pi]re ,gr+ore4 ,wolfgang ,hopyl pr9t$ "s f9e ,missals1 mo/ly aft] #aejj2 ,le ,petit ,laur5s1 besides work+ = ,v]>d1 pr9t$ = ,g4 ,m>nef ,la nef des folles1 ) a few cuts by "o ( ! mo/ skill$ ( ,p>is craftsm51 & ^! 7 rivall$ by ,jean ,trep]el 9 an undat$ ,p>is et ,vi5ne2 ,gillet ,c\teau & ,jean ,m5>d pr9t$ a ,danse ,macabre 9 #adib 7n s good z ,gui ,m>*ant's7 & a new v]sion ( ! ,biblia ,paup]um entitl$ ,les figures du vieil te/am5t et du n\veau2 ,jean ,lamb]t1 9 #adig1 produc$ ,la nef des folz du monde1 ) cuts imitat+ ^? 9 ! ,basel editions4 ,x w\ld be easy to m5tion o!r books1 b n )\t turn+ our pages into a catalogue4 ,we mu/ turn n[ to ! ,p>is ,horae4 ,z already not$1 among ! pictures 9 ,jean ,du ,pre's ,v]dun ,missal ( ,novemb]1 #adha1 !re are a set ( cuts :i* seem to h be5 design$ = a ,horae1 ?\gh if !y 7 ev5 put to ?is use no copy ( ! edition 9 :i* !y appe>$ has be5 record$4 ,! e>lie/ illu/rat$ ,horae ( :i* copies exi/ are ?ree editions publi%$ by ,v]>d1 9 ,febru>y #adhe-f1 ,augu/ #adhf1 & ,july #adhg1 all ( !m small & ) insignificant cuts1 & all kn[n only f s+le copies1 ( :i* t ( ! e>lie/ edition 79 private h&s7 is imp]fect1 :ile ! woodcuts 9 ! o!r two1 bo? at ! ,biblio!que ,nationale1 are heavily col\r$4 ,v]>d's ,horae ( #adhf & #adhg are said to h be5 pr9t$ = him by ,jean ,du ,pre1 & 9 ! next gr\p ( editions ,du ,pre on 8 own acc\nt seems to h play$ ! *ief "p1 ) ,levet & ,caillaut z subord9ate actors4 ,x is probable t ! gr\p may h be5 />t$ by a ,psalt] pr9t$ by ,levet #bc ,septemb]1 #adhf1 & repr9t$ #ai ,febru>y1 #adhh-i1 ! cuts ( ^! appe>+ 9 an undat$ ,horae ad usum ,romanum1 pr9t$ by ,du ,pre1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is measures ab\t #d7e_/h7 ,x #c7a_/d7 in*es1 & ( ! same size1 b ) diff]5t woodcuts1 are ano!r undat$ ,horae by ,du ,pre 9 ! ,bodleian1 & a ?ird1 ) ,caillaut's m>k at ! end1 9 ! ,biblio!que ,nationale4 ,! cuts 9 all ?ree are delightfully simple & naive1 & ^? 9 ! ,bodleian ,du ,pre edition %[ really delicate "w4 ,! gr\p1 :i* compris$ o!r editions only kn[n f fragm5ts1 seems to be cont9u$ by two dat$ respectively #aj ,may1 #adhh1 & #d ,febru>y1 #adhh-i1 ea* measur+ ab\t #e7e_/h7 ,x #c7e_/h7 in*es1 ! illu/rations 9 :i* are di/9ctly /at$ to h be5 cut on copp] 7les vignettes de ces pres5tes heures imprimees en cuyvre74 ,! illu/rations especially ref]r$ to are ! bord]pieces1 :i* are ( great importance z conta9+ ! e>lie/ examples ( a s]ies ( small ,horae cuts cont9u$ f page to page1 9 ?is case depict+ incid5ts 9 ! life ( ,*ri/ & _! prefigurem5ts1 on ! plan ( ! old block-book ,biblia ,paup]um4 ,la/ly1 9 #adij1 we h a ,du ,pre ,horae1 ) v f9e cuts & ) "s ( ! miscellane\s bord]pieces ( ! editions j m5tion$1 :i* is ( exceptional int]e/ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,fr5* book-illu/ration & pr9t+1 s9ce ! cuts & bord]s 9 x are pr9t$ 9 diff]5t col\rs1 fa9t r$1 blue & gre51 two col\rs 7laid on ! same block & pr9t$ at ! same "t7 usually appe>+ toge!r4 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses "o ( two kn[n copies ( ?is ,horae1 & ! late ,pr9ce d',essl+ b\ght ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xx4 ,,p>is1 ,,v]>d1 #adij ,,gr&es ,,heures 7,,sig4 ,c #f ,,v]so74 ,,massacre ,,( ,,! ,,innoc5ts ,9 ! ,horae ( ! gr\p we h be5 describ+ ! subjects ( ! l>g] cuts became fairly well settl$1 9 accordance ) ! normal cont5ts ( ! pray] book4 ,= ! ,kal5d> !re is ! figure ( a man ) an indication ( ! p>ts ( 8 body presid$ ov] by ! diff]5t planets3 = ! sequ5ce ( ! ,gospels ( ! ,passion1 sometimes a ,crucifixion1 sometimes a picture ( ,s4 ,john2 = ! ,h\rs ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 ! ,annunciation1 ,visitation1 ,nativity1 ,%eph]ds1 ,magi1 ,circumcision1 ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts or ,flight into ,egypt1 & ,assumption ( ! ,bless$ ,virg92 = ! ,h\rs ( ! ,cross1 a ,crucifixion2 = ! ,h\rs ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ,8 ,desc5t at ,p5teco/2 = ! ,p5it5tial ,psalms1 ,david's fall 7,ba?%eba ba?+ or ! dea? ( ,uriah7 or rep5tance2 = ! ,(fice ( ! ,dead1 ei!r a ,fun]al1 ,dives & ,laz>us1 or ! ?ree ,gallants & ?ree ,skeletons 7les trois vifs et trois morts72 = ! ,suffrages1 small pictures ( v>i\s sa9ts4 ,any edition might h "o or m additional cuts ) less usual subjects1 b ^? nam$ occur 9 almo/ all4 ,pass+ on1 we come n[ to ,v]>d's c\nt]move to ,du ,pre's gr\p1 ,horae measur+ #f in*es or a little "u by ab\t #c7a_/b74 ,editions ( ^! 7 issu$ 9 ,april1 #adhh-i1 & 9 ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 & ,april ( ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! la/ ( ^!1 complet$ #aj ,april1 #adhi-ij1 ,i wrongly describ$1 9 an article 9 ,vol4 ,,iii ( ,bibliographica1 z hav+ a titlepage be>+ ! words ,les figures de la ,bible4 ,x has su* a titlepage 9 ! copy 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 b ,i h n[ woke up to ! fact t x is a mod]n fabrication1 add$ ei!r by an artful booksell] or an artless own]4 ,9 ^! ,horae ! bord]s are made up ( f\r pieces1 "o ( :i* ext5ds along mo/ ( ! out] & l[] m>g9s1 & %[s *ildr5 wre/l+ ) ea* o!r1 or play+ ) hobbies or g-c>ts4 ,on #aj ,july1 #adic1 ^! are f\nd 9 a ,horae issu$ by ,laur5s ,philippe4 ,v]>d c\ld ! bett] af=d to "p ) !m1 s9ce 9 ,augu/1 #adij1 p]haps e>li]1 he _h sub/itut$ mu* l>g] bord]s1 ! subjects 9 :i* seem imitat$ f ^? ( ,du ,pre's metal-cuts1 ! pr9t$ page n[ measur+ ab\t #h ,x #e in*es1 & ?us w9n+ = !m ! title ,gr&es ,heures1 by :i* !y are g5]ally kn[n 7see ,plate ,,xx74 ,! l>ge cuts1 ( :i*1 ?\gh n all appe> 9 e edition1 !reillu/rate ! foll[+ subjects3-- #a4 ,pray] to ! ,virg92 #b4 ,anatomical ,man2 #c4 ,a *alice ! circumf]5ce ( :i* repres5ts ! measurem5t ( ,*ri/'s w\nd2 #d4 ,fall ( ,angels2 #e4 ,creation ( ,eve & ,fall2 #f4 ,controv]sy 9 heav5 betwe5 ,m]cy1 ,ju/ice1 ,peace1 & ,reason1 & ,annunciation2 #g4 ,reconciliation ( ,joseph & ,m>y1 & ,visitation2 #h4 ,nativity & ,adoration by ! ,%eph]ds2 #i4 ,angels & ,%eph]ds1 ,%eph]ds danc+2 #aj4 ,magi2 #aa4 ,circumcision2 #ab4 ,massacre ( ,innoc5ts2 #ac4 ,coronation ( ! ,virg92 #ad4 ,david's *oice ( puni%m5ts2 #ae4 ,he>se 9 a ,*ancel2 #af4 ,inv5tion ( ! ,cross2 #ag4 ,p5teco/4 ,! cutt+ is good & ! pictures are bo? qua9t & decorative1 _! l>g] size enabl+ !m to avoid ! ov]cr[d+ :i* _h damag$ ! effect ( ! e>li] sets4 ,^! cuts cont9u$ 9 use till #adih1 successive editions 9 ,may1 ,july1 & ,octob] ( t ye>1 f ! press ( ,jean ,poitev91 %[+ _! gradual replacem5t by copies ( ,philippe ,pig\*et's second set4 ,?is fam\s pr9t]-illu/rator 0 c]ta9ly pr9t+ z e>ly z #adhh1 ?\gh ,mr4 ,proctor 9 8 ,index makes ! ,horae = ! use ( ,p>is1 f9i%$ #a ,decemb]1 #adia1 8 e>lie/ book4 ,al?\gh n 8 e>lie/ book1 ,i /ill believe t ?is 0 ,pig\*et's e>lie/ ,book ( ,h\rs1 & regret t ,m4 ,claud91 :ile reject+ suppos$ editions ( #adhf & #adhg1 %\ld h accept$ z au!ntic "o ( #af ,septemb]1 #adhh1 said to h v rude & ar*aic cuts1 :ile own+ t he c\ld n trace a copy4 ,until ! book c be produc$ ,i %all cont9ue to believe t ?is edition ( #af ,septemb]1 #adhh1 is a gho/ begott5 ( a d\ble crime1 a booksell]'s manipulation ( ! date ( "o ( ,pig\*et's be/-kn[n editions1 t ( le xvi i\r de ,septembre ,lan ,mil cccc4iiii4xx et xviii1 by omitt+ ! x 9 xviii1 & a bibliograph]'s endeav\r to make ?is imag9>y edition ( #af ,septemb]1 #adhh1 m cr$ible by assum+--& ass]t+--t its cuts 7 rude & ar*aic because ov] ?ree ye>s e>li] ?an any au!nticat$ ,horae f ,pig\*et's press4 ,8 edition ( #a ,decemb]1 #adia1 0 pr9t$ p>tly = sale by himself1 p>tly = de ,m>nef1 :o subsequ5tly own$ ! blocks4 ,besides ! usual illu/rations = ! ,h\rs1 x has pictures ( ,s4 ,john writ+ & ( ! ,betrayal = ! ,gospels ( ! ,passion1 ( ,david's *oice ( puni%m5ts = ! ,p5it5tial ,psalms1 & ( ,les trois vifs et trois morts1 & ,dives & ,laz>us = ! ,(fice = ! ,dead2 also a small cut1 ) a crible backgr\nd ( ! ,vision ( ,s4 ,gregory1 & num]\s small cuts ( sa9ts4 ,! sidepieces1 :i* are m>k$ ) lett]s to indicate _! sequ5ce1 illu/rate ! ,creation1 ! prophecies ( ! ,sibyls1 & ! subjects ( ! ,biblia ,paup]um4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #adia & #adie at lea/ eight or t5 ,horae = v>i\s uses 7 pr9t$ by ,pig\*et1 mo/ly = ,simon ,vo/re4 ,( mo/ ( ^! a good _m copies h surviv$ pr9t$ on vellum & (t5 illum9at$ = weal?y pur*as]s4 ,! pap] copies1 :i* presumably =m$ ! bulk ( ea* edition1 are n[ f> r>]1 & to /ud5ts ( book-illu/ration mu* pref]able to ! col\r$ vellum copies4 ,good vellum copies ) ! pictures & bord]s uncol\r$1 b ) _! pages bright5$ by illum9at$ capitals & col\r$ p>agraph m>ks1 are ! pleasante/ to possess4 ,at ! end ( #adie or e>ly 9 #adif ,pig\*et began replac+ ! woodcuts ( ?is s]ies ( editions ) a new set mu* m graceful & less /iff1 a few *anges be+ made 9 ! subjects4 ,at ! same "t he sub/itut$ new bord]pieces = ! old1 among ! new blocks be+ a f9e s]ies ( ! ,dance ( ,dea?1 :i* 7 br\ght into use z !y 7 complet$1 s t we c trace ! increase ( !m f mon? to mon?1 s frequ5t n[ 7 ! editions4 ,9 #adig & #adih fur!r additions 7 made to ! l>ge pictures by ! addition ( new metal cuts ) crible backgr\nds = ! ,anatomical ,man1 *alice1 ,/em ( ,jesse1 ,adoration by ! ,%eph]ds1 ,desc5t f ! ,cross1 ,dea? ( ,uriah1 & ! ,*ur* ,militant & ,triumphant4 ,by ! end ( #adii new crible bord]pieces _h be5 add$1 illu/rat+ ! life ( ,joseph1 hi/ory ( ! ,prodigal ,son1 hi/ory ( ,susanna1 ,fifte5 ,tok5s ( ,judgm5t1 ,*ri/ ,seat$ 9 ,judgm5t1 ! ,c>d9al ,virtues1 & woodl& & hunt+ sc5es4 ,f ,augu/1 #adih1 to ! end ( #aejb ,pig\*et's editions 7 at _! f9e/4 ,mean:ile ! cuts ( 8 second set 7 slavi%ly copi$ 9 editions pr9t$ = ,v]>d4 ,f #adig1 moreov]1 he _h to face s]i\s competition f ,?ielman ,k]v]1 :o issu$ closely simil> editions ) pictures & bord]s by cutt]s little1 if at all1 inf]ior ei!r 9 te*nical skill or *>m4 ,on #e ,april1 #aejc1 ,jean ,py*ore & ,remy de ,lai/re complet$ an edition1 9 :i* ,pig\*et probably _h a h&1 ) ?ree v l>ge cuts ( ! ,annunciation1 ,nativity1 & ,adoration by ! ,magi1 & eight small] ones surr\nd$ by ar*itectural framework1 repres5t+ ,s4 ,john be=e ! ,lat9 ,gate1 ! ,crucifixion1 ! ,emp]or ,octavian & ! ,sibyl1 ! ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts1 ,desc5t ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ,dea? ( ! ,virg91 & ,rais+ ( ,laz>us1 "s ( !m %[+ /rong traces ( ! influ5ce ( ,dur]4 ,f ?is po9t onw>ds ! ,r5aissance _s became increas+ly p[]ful 9 ^! pray] books1 & :ile 9 almo/ all _! advances to meet x ! "w ( ,pig\*et himself1 & ( ,?ielman ,k]v]1 cont9ues int]e/+ 7?\gh ! mixture ( old & new /yles 9 _! editions is (t5 confus+71 9 ! num]\s editions p\r$ =? by ,g]ma9 & ,gillet ,h>d\yn1 _m ( !m pr9t$ = !m by ,guillaume ,anabat1 & aga9 9 ^? pr9t$ by ,nicolas ,higman = ,guillaume ,eu/ace1 ! cuts are v inf]ior1 s t !y look be/ :5 mo/ heavily illum9at$4 ,9 a few editions publi%$ by ! ,h>d\yns spaces appe> to h be5 left = ! illum9ator to "w unaid$4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! late editions only ! pages ) cuts h bord]s1 & ^! ( ! nature ( picture frames1 z contra/$ ) ! old hi/oriat$ bord]s4 ,9 #aebe ,ge(froi ,tory1 a native ( ,b\rges 7born ab\t #adhj71 :o at ?is p]iod ( 8 life 0 at once a skill$ design]1 a s*ol>1 & a pr9t]1 complet$ a ,horae :i*1 ?\gh some:at ?9 & unsatisfy+ comp>$ ) ! ri*] & m pictorial "w ( ,pig\*et at 8 be/1 f> surpass$ any edition produc$ at ,p>is = ! previ\s tw5ty ye>s4 ,"p ( ! edition 0 tak5 up by ! great publi%] ( ! day1 ,simon ,col9es1 & :ile ! body ( ! book 0 only pr9t$ once1 diff]5ces 9 ! titlepages & colophons & 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! almanac & privilege con/itute altoge!r ?ree diff]5t issues4 ,:]eas ! be/ e>li] editions _h be5 pr9t$ 9 go?ic lett] ?is is 9 roman1 & bo? ! bord]s & ! twelve illu/rations aim at ! lightness & grace necess>y to mat* ! light] type4 ,! vase-l designs ( ! bord]s are mean+less1 b ! pictures1 despite ! long faces & some:at angul> figures1 h a peculi> *>m4 ,!y 7 us$ aga91 ) "s additions1 9 a ,horae complet$ #bj ,octob]1 #aeca4 ,an edition ( #a ,octob]1 #aebg1 describ$ by ,tory's *ief biograph]1 ,augu/e ,b]n>d1 z pr9t$1 *ez ,simon de ,col9es en c>act]es roma9s avec des vignettes de meme g5re1 mais beauc\p plus petites1 ,i h nev] se54 ,?ree weeks lat] ,tory pr9t$ 9 go?ic lett] a ,p>is ,horae ) bord]s ( birds & fruits & fl[]s r 9 ! /yle ( "s ( ! ,flemi% manuscripts4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #aebi1 he produc$ a mu* small] ,horae 9 roman type )\t bord]s1 b ) "s v delicate little cuts1 us$ aga9 by ,olivi] ,mall>d1 :o m>ri$ 8 wid[1 9 #aedb4 ,tory appe>s to h di$ 9 #aecc1 & attributions ( lat] "w to him on ! gr\nd ( its be+ m>k$ ) a cross ( ,lorra9e 7i4e4 a cross ) two transv]se /rokes7 %\ld be receiv$ ) caution1 unless ! cuts are f\nd 9 books by ,tory's wid[ or h] second husb&4 ,x is n q cle> t ! cross is n ! m>k ( a wood-cutt] r ?an a design]1 & if x really m>ks ! design] we mu/ believe t x 0 us$ by o!rs beside ,tory1 s v>i\s is ! "w on :i* x is f\nd4 ,illu/rat$ books 7 publi%$ at ,lyon some:at e>li] ?an at ,p>is1 & 9 po9t ( numb]s1 if ! comp>ison be conf9$ to secul> books ) sets ( cuts especially appropriat$ to !m1 ! prov9cial city probably equall$1 if x did n surpass1 ! metropolis4 ,b if x mu/ be reckon$ to ! cr$it ( ,lyon t x _h no ,anto9e ,v]>d1 reckless 9 8 use ( unsuitable /ock cuts1 x mu/ be not$1 on ! o!r h&1 t /rik+ly good illu/rations are r>e & bad ones num]\s4 ,inasmu* z ,lyon1 be=e x welcom$ ! art ( pr9t+1 _h e/abli%$ "s reputation = ! manufacture ( play+-c>ds1 ! numb] ( rude & badly cut illu/rations is inde$ surpris+ly l>ge4 ,! fir/ ,lyonnese pr9t] to use pictorial woodcuts 9 a dat$ book 0 ,m>t9 ,huss1 :o issu$ a ,miroir de la ,r$emption1 #bg ,augu/1 #adgh1 ) ! aid ( blocks previ\sly us$ 7#adgf7 by ,b]n>d ,ri*el at ,basel2 cuts ( surgical in/rum5ts appe>$ 9 ! foll[+ ,m>*1 #adgh-i1 9 ! ,*irurgia ( ,guido de ,cauliaco pr9t$ = ,b>?4 ,buy] by ,nicolaus ,philippi & ,m>cus ,re9h>t1 & ! same pr9t]s' undat$ ,leg5de doree ) v rude pictures is probably contemporane\s ) ?is4 ,! e>lie/ woodcut ( any arti/ic int]e/ & ( ,lyonnese orig9 is a picture1 occupy+ a folio-page1 ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 ) ! ,holy ,*ild 9 h] arms1 /&+ 9 front ( a curta94 ,?is is f\nd 9 ! ,hi/oire du ,*evali] ,ob5 qui v\loi/ acuplir le voiage de ,s4 ,patrix1 pr9t$ by ,l]oy ab\t #adhj1 ( :i* ! only kn[n copy is at ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,aft] #adhj all ! firms we h nam$ cont9u$ to issue illu/rat$ books ( v>y+ m]it4 ,on #cj ,septemb]1 #adhc1 ,l]oy complet$ a ,livre des ,eneydes ) cuts :i* are (t5 grotesque1 ?\gh sometimes neat & sometimes giv+ evid5ce ( a vig\r ( design too great = ! wood-cutt]'s skill4 ,9 #adhe he f\nd a ,lyonnese cutt] able to copy = him ! ,p>is cuts ( ,jean ,bonhomme's edition ( ! ,de/ruction de ,troye la ,grant q compet5tly1 ?\gh 9 a mu* heavi] /yle4 ,9 ,may1 #adhf1 he pr9t$ a ,livre des ,sa9ctz ,anges ) a figure ( ,*ri/ 9 a m&orla 7p]haps sugge/$ by ! engrav+ ( ! same subject 9 ,bett9i's ,monte ,santo di ,dio71 & ?is1 despite a c]ta9 clums9ess 9 ! face1 is q good4 ,9 ! same ye>1 9 an edition ( ,fi]abras1 ,l]oy w5t back to cuts ( incr$ible rud5ess1 :ile ab\t #adij 9 ,les ,my/]es de la ,sa9cte ,messe1 we f9d him employ+ = a cut ( ! ,annunciation a skill$ craftsman1 sign+ himself ,i4 ,d4 7,jean ,dalles871 ^: "w1 ?\gh lack+ 9 *>m1 is neatness itself4 ,"s %ad$ cuts 9 8 romance ( ,b]tr& ,du ,guescl9 7undat$1 b c4 #adhg7 are among ! be/ "w 9 any book by ,l]oy4 ,among 8 o!r undat$ illu/rat$ books are editions ( ,pi]re de ,prov5ce1 ,melus9e1 & ! ,roman de la ,rose4 ,nicolaus ,philippi & ,m>cus ,re9h>t 9 #adhb illu/rat$ a ,mir\] de la vie huma9e 7f ! ,lat9 ( ,rod]icus ,zamor5sis7 ) ,augsburg cuts pur*as$ f ! /ock ( ,gun!r ,za9]#dj1 & copi$ a ,p>is edition 9 _! ,vie des ,sa9tz p]es h]mites & ,g]man orig9als 9 _! ,m&eville & ,aesop4 ,_! edition ( ! ,po/illa ,guill]mi 7c4 #adhb7 has r a f9e ,crucifixion & "s primitive b vigor\s illu/rations ( ! gospels4 ,m>t9 ,huss issu$ an undat$ ,exposition de la ,bible ) rude cuts & a ,fr5* ,belial 7v]sion ( ,pi]re ,f]get71 fir/ pr9t$ 9 ,novemb]1 #adha1 & at lea/ five times subsequ5tly4 ,aft] 8 dea? 9 #adhb 8 bus9ess 0 c>ri$ on by a k9sman1 ,ma?ieu ,huss1 :o became a prolific publi%] ( illu/rat$ books1 ) cuts ( v v>y+ m]it4 ,two ( 8 e>lie/ v5tures 7 ! ,proprietaire des ,*oses 7#b ,novemb]1 #adhb71 a ,fr5* v]sion ( ! ,de proprietatibus r]um ( ,b>?olomaeus ,anglicus1 & a ,fasciculus temporum 7#adhc71 bo? ) v rude cuts4 ,dur+ a p>tn]%ip ) ,johann ,s*abel] he issu$ 7ab\t #adhd7 a ,fr5* v]sion ( ,boccaccio's ,de casibus illu/rium virorum1 ! pictures 9 :i* are h>d1 /iff1 & a little grotesque1 b n )\t "*4 ,( 8 lat] books sev]al are illu/rat$ ) cuts borr[$ or copi$ f o!r editions2 b beyond a ,leg5de doree ) %ad$ column-cuts1 frequ5tly repr9t$1 he does n seem to h commission$ any important illu/rat$ book4 ,:ile ! pictorial "w ( ! ,lyonnese presses 0 ?us l>gely imitative1 at lea/ two v important books 7 fir/ illu/rat$ !re4 ,! e>li] ( ^! 0 ! ,roman de la ,rose1 ( :i* ! fir/ pr9t$ edition1 decorat$ ) eighty-six cuts mo/ly small & rudely execut$1 b :i* at lea/ h ! m]it ( intellig5tly foll[+ ! text1 is n[ attribut$ to ! press ( ,ortu9 & ,s*5ck at ,lyon ab\t #adha4da ,^! primitive pictures 7 quickly copi$ by a cutt] ( some:at great] skill b mu* less intellig5ce1 :o improv$ ! orig9al designs )\t tr\bl+ to und]/& !m4 ,?is new set ( cuts 0 us$ twice at ,lyon1 by ,jean ,syb] 7ab\t #adhe7 & by ,l]oy 7ab\t #adhg71 & 0 !n acquir$ 7less "o ( ! two l>g] cuts7 by ,jean ,du ,pre ( ,p>is1 :o issu$ an edition ab\t #adid4 ,ab\t #adig1 & aga9 a few ye>s lat]1 new editions 7 issu$ 9 :i* mo/ ( ! same cuts reappe>1 ,jean ,petit hav+ a %>e 9 bo? editions & ,v]>d 9 ! fir/1 despite ! fact t he _h issu$ a rival edition ab\t #adie4db ,illu/ration3 ,,xxi4 ,,lyon1 ,,tre*sel1 #adic ,,t]5ce 7,,sig4 ,a #g ,,v]so7 ,! o!r fam\s ,lyonnese illu/rat$ book 0 an annotat$ edition ( ,t]5ce ) pictures prefix$ to e sc5e pr9t$ 9 #adic by ,johann ,tre*sel4 ,?is has a curi\s full-page picture at ! beg9n+1 giv+ ! arti/'s idea ( a ,roman !atre1 ) a box = ! a$iles at ! side & a gr\nd floor labell$ ,=nices4 ,! text is illu/rat$ by #aej half-page cuts1 a little h>d1 b ) abundance ( life 7see ,plate ,,xxi74 ,^! c]ta9ly influ5c$ ! ,/rassburg edition ( ,grun+] 7#adif71 & ?r\gh ,grun+]'s t publi%$ at ,p>is by ,v]>d ab\t #aejj1 & to an ev5 great] ext5t ! illu/rat$ editions issu$ at ,v5ice4 ,h[ eag]ly ,lyonnese publi%]s look$ out = books to imitate may be se5 f ! rival ,lyonnese r5d]+s ( ,breid5ba*'s ,p]egr9ationes & ,brant's ,n>r5s*iff4 ,( ! ,breid5ba*1 ,mi*el ,topie & ,jac4 de ,h]rnb]g issu$ 9 ,novemb]1 #adhj1 an adaptation by ,nicolas ,le ,hu5 ) copies on copp]plate ( ! maps & on wood ( ! small] pictures1 bo? v well execut$4 ,r ov] a ye> lat]1 9 ,febru>y1 #adij1 a translation by fr]e iehan de ,h]s9 0 publi%$ by ,jacques ,maillet ) ! orig9al ,ma9z blocks4 ,z = ! ,%ip ( ,fools1 ,jacques ,sacon1 ! lead+ publi%] at ! end ( ! c5tury1 issu$ an edition ( ,lo*]'s ,lat9 v]sion ) close copies ( ! ,basel cuts 9 ,june1 #adih1 & 9 ! foll[+ ,augu/ a ,fr5* edition 0 publi%$ by ,guillaume ,bals>9 ) cuts s ha/ily execut$ t 9 _m cases all ! backgr\nd has be5 omitt$4 ,a few illu/rat$ incunabula 7 issu$ at ,*amb]y1 & isolat$ books else:]e1 b ) ! exception ( ,lyon & ,abbeville no ,fr5* prov9cial t[n produc$ any notable "w4 ,9 ,spa9 ! f9e go?ic types & frequ5t use ( woodcut capitals give a v decorative appe>ance to mo/ ( ! incunabula1 b pictorial illu/rations are r>e1 & ( ! few sets ( cuts kn[n to u sev]al are borr[$ or copi$ f ,fr5* or ,g]man editions4 ,! e>lie/ ,spani% illu/rat$ book kn[n to me is a ,fasciculus ,temporum1 pr9t$ by ,b>t4 ,segura & ,alfonsus de ,portu at ,seville 9 #adhj1 ) a doz5 metal-cuts ( ! usual /ock subjects2 ! e>lie/ ) orig9al illu/rations1 ! ,m>quis ( ,vill5a's ,trabajos de ,h]cules1 pr9t$ by ,antonio de ,c5t5]a at ,zamora1 #ae ,janu>y1 #adhc1 ) elev5 extraord9>ily rude cuts ( ! h]o's adv5tures4 ,9 #adhd & #adhe an unid5tifi$ pr9t] at ,huete produc$ editions ( ! ,copilacion de ,leyes ( ,diaz de ,montalvo1 ) "s /rik+ metal-cut pictorial capitals1 illu/rat+ ! subjects ( ! successive books4 ,9 "o copy ( ! #adhd edition ,i h se5 a v f9e full-page cut1 b c\ld n satisfy myself z to :e!r ?is belong$ to ! book1 or 0 an ins]tion4 ,an edition ( ,m>torell's romance1 entitl$ ,tirant lo blan*1 pr9t$ at ,val5tia 9 #adij by ,nic4 ,sp9del]1 has a decorative metal-cut bord] to ! fir/ page ( text1 & dur+ ! foll[+ decade illu/rat$ books become fairly num]\s4 ,at ,s>agossa ,paul ,hurus issu$ 9 #adia a ,spani% v]sion ( ! ,speculum humanae vitae ( ,rod]icus ,zamor5sis1 ) cuts copi$ f ! ,augsburg edition1 ano!r 9 #adid ( ,boccaccio's ,de cl>is ,muli]ibus1 ) sev5ty-two cuts1 copi$ f ! editions pr9t$ by ,johann ,za9] at ,ulm1 & f\r f "s o!r s\rce1 ano!r 9 #adih ( ,breid5ba*'s ,p]egr9atio1 & o!r books1 n kn[n to me p]sonally1 b :i* f _! titles almo/ c]ta9ly conta9 copies ( =eign cuts4 ,9 #aejj1 :5 8 press _h be5 tak5 ov] by ?ree p>tn]s1 ,coci1 ,hutz1 & ,app5tegg]1 !re issu$ f x an ,(ficia quotidiana1 ornam5t$ ) "s fifty pictures & _m hundr$s ( f9e capitals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxii4 ,,seville1 ,,/anislaus ,,polonus1 #aejj ,,ricoldus4 ,,improbatio ,,alcorani4 7,,title7 ,at ,b>celona sev]al illu/rat$ books 7 pr9t$ by ,juan ,ros5ba*1 "o ( ! e>lie/ ( !m1 ! ,c>cel d',amor ( ,diego de ,san ,p$ro 7#adic71 hav+ sixte5 orig9al cuts1 *>act]i/ically ,spani% 9 tone & %[+ good craftsman%ip4 ,9 or ab\t ! same ye> ,fri$ri* ,biel ( ,basel 7usually quot$ z ,fadrique de ,basilea1 or ,fadrique ,aleman7 head$ an edition ( ! ,passion de ,*ri/o ) a /rik+ metal-cut ( ,*ri/ /&+ upright 9 ! tomb1 wat*$ by ! ,b4 ,virg9 & ,s4 ,john4 ,= 8 ,spani% ,aesop ( #adif he presumably copi$ ! ,g]man cuts1 & he c]ta9ly did s = 8 ,exempl>io contra enganos ( #adih1 ! #aaf cuts ( :i* are all c>eless copies ( ^? 9 ,pruss's edition ( ! ,directorium humanae vitae4 ,ev5 :5 9 7or ab\t7 ! next ye> he 0 issu+ ! fir/ edition ( ! ,cele/9a or ,tragicom$ia de ,cali/o y ,melibea1 he c\ld n d s )\t ,g]man models1 & bas$ 8 sixte5 little pictures on "s ( ^? 9 ,grun+]'s ,t]5ce1 :ile = 8 ,/ultif]ae naues ( ,badius ,asc5sius he w5t1 ( c\rse1 to ! *>m+ ,fr5* cuts ( ,de ,m>nef4 ,z a rule1 ^! ,spani% v]sions ( =eign cuts h ! int]e/ :i* always atta*es to a free reh&l+ by a craftsman ) a *>act]i/ic t\* & /yle ( 8 own4 ,none ! less x is refre%+ to turn to m orig9al "w1 & at lea/ a little ( ?is 7?\gh "s "o ) wid] k ?an myself may fur!r m9imize ! /atem5t7 is to be f\nd at ,seville4 ,"h 9 #adid ,ungut & ,/anislaus ,polonus issu$ a ,regimi5to de los pr9cipes1 translat$ f ! ,lat9 ( ,aegidius ,columna1 ) a f9e title-cut ( a "y pr9ce 78 hair is long7 seat$ 9 a *air ( /ate1 hold+ a sword & royal orb4 ,! same p>tn]s 7 responsible = ano!r /rik+ titlepage 9 #adie1 t ( ! ,lilio de ,m$ic9a1 ,b]n>dus de ,gordonio1 :]e two angels are se5 uphold+ sev5 lilies 9 a pot2 !y also issu$ 9 ! same ye> ! ,contemplaciones sobre el ,ros>io de ,nue/ra ,s5ora1 a f9e & typically ,spani% book1 pr9t$ 9 r$ & black1 ) good capitals1 two l>ge cuts & fifte5 small] ones1 enclos$ 9 bord]s ( :ite trac]y on a black gr\nd4 ,9 ! la/ ye> ( ! c5tury !y issu$ an ,improbatio ,alcorani ) a sw>t picture ( a disputation on ! titlepage1 n easily =gott5 7see ,plate ,,xxii74 ,x 0 at ,seville also t 9 #adih ,p$ro ,brun pr9t$ 9 qu>to ! romance ( ! ,emp]or ,vespasian1 illu/rat$ ) f\rte5 excell5t cuts1 "s ( !m full ( life & movem5t2 b = ^! a =eign model is q likely "s day to be discov]$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 at ,val5tia also !re 0 at lea/ a little "w indisputably ( native orig91 z 9 ! case ( ! title-cut to ! ,de regim9e domus ( ,s4 ,b]n>d1 pr9t$ by ,nic4 ,sp9del] ab\t #adih1 & 7less c]ta9ly7 ano!r to ! ,obra allaors de ,s4 ,*ri/(ol1 issu$ by ,pet] ,tr9*] 9 ! same ye>4 ,pictorial title-cuts are n s common 9 ,spani% books z 9 ^? ( o!r c\ntries1 because ( ! ,spani% fondness = fill+ ! titlepage ) an elaborate coat ( arms4 ,b ne>ly all _! e>ly bookwork is /rong & effective1 & ! pr9t] :o plac$ a cut on a titlepage ne>ly always secur$ a good "o4 ,is x too mu* to hope t ,dr4 ,conrad ,haebl]1 :o has already done su* admirable "w 9 record+ ,spani% incunabula & pr9t+ facsimiles ( _! types1 w "s day complete 8 task by publi%+ a simil> volume ( facsimiles ( ,spani% cuts8 ,,footnotes3 #cg ,simil> spaces 7 left 9 ! typographically anonym\s ,fr5* v]sion ( ,val]ius ,maximus1 pr9t$ ab\t ! same date4 #ch ,anto9e ,v]>d4 ,by ,john ,macf>lane4 ,illu/rat$ monographs publi%$ by ! ,bibliographical ,society4 ,no4 ,,vii4 ,pr9t$ at ! ,*iswick ,press1 ,septemb]1 #aijj4 #ci ,s 9 ! ,luca9 ,suetonne et ,salu/e ( #adij1 five cuts ( battle-sc5es1 all borr[$ f ! ,m] des ,hi/oires1 pr9t$ by ,l]\ge 9 #adhh1 are made to d duty sixty-f\r times4 #dj ,9 #adia ^! are f\nd at ,s>agossa 9 an edition pr9t$ by ,hurus4 #da ,x has also be5 attribut$ to ,jean ,croquet at ,g5eva1 b !re is only a typographical argum5t = ?is ascription1 :]eas on ! side ( ,lyon1 9 addition to 7r weak]7 typographical argum5ts1 we h to reckon ) ,lyonnese pap]1 ! simil>ity ( ! illu/rations to ^? ( a cutt] employ$ by ,m>t9 ,huss1 & ! fact t ! book 0 copi$ 9 two editions und\bt$ly ,lyonnese4 ,see ,f4 ,w4 ,b\rdillon's ,! ,e>ly ,editions ( ! ,roman de la ,rose 7#aijf74 #db ,only a few ( ! cuts 9 ?is 7 specially design$ = x1 all ! lat] ones be+ tak5 f /ock 9 ,v]>d's mo/ haphaz>d fa%ion4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,lat] ,,=eign ,,books ,"o ( ! *ief *>ms ( ! books ( ! fifte5? c5tury is t !y are s unlike ^? ( our own day4 ,9 ! fir/ ye> ( its successor a great /ep 0 tak5 t[>ds _! mod]nization by ! production ( ! fir/ ( ! ,ald9e octavos1 & ! process w5t on v rapidly4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( pr9t+ all ! /&>d works ( ! previ\s ?ree c5turies t c\ld by any possibility be consid]$ alive 7 put on ! press4 ,by #aejj m5 7 ?9k+ ( new ?+s4 ,new editions ( _m ( ! old religi\s & didactic treatises1 ! old poems & romances1 cont9u$ to be pr9t$1 ?\gh mo/ly 9 a =m :i* sugge/s t !y 7 n[ int5d$ = a l[] class ( read]s1 b ! new publi%]s w\ld h little to d ) !m4 ,s*ol>%ip1 :i* till n[ _h be5 almo/ conf9$ to ,italy1 spread rapidly to all ! *ief c\ntries ( ,europe1 & amid ! deva/ation :i* con/ant w> soon br\ght ^u ,italy1 0 lucky 9 be+ able to f9d new homes4 ,) ! new lit]>y ideals came new =ms = books1 & new me?ods ( h\s+ !m4 ,be=e #aejj sev]al publi%]s _h f\nd x wor? _! :ile to pr9t editions 9 five huge volumes ( ! ,speculum ( ,v9c5t de ,beauvais1 ea* volume measur+ eighte5 in*es by ?irte5 & weigh+ p]haps a doz5 p\nds1 ?\gh pap] 9 ^? days 0 n yet made ( clay4 ,^! great volumes _h be5 cas$ 9 ?ick wood5 bo>ds1 cov]$ ) /\t lea!r & protect$ ) bosses or c5tre-pieces & corn]-pieces ( metal4 ,!y 7 n int5d$ to /& on %elves l mod]n books1 b 7 laid on _! sides1 s+ly1 on %elves & desks1 & f pictures :i* h come d[n to u we c see t ! libr>y furniture ( ! day includ$ a v>iety ( read+-/&s ) ! mo/ wond]ful ( screws4 ,! m5 = :om ,aldus cat]$ want$ books :i* !y c\ld put 9 _! pockets & _! saddlebags1 & x 0 n long be=e ! publi%]s ( ,p>is & ,lyon outdid ,aldus 9 ! smallness & neatness ( _! editions4 ,( c\rse l>ge books cont9u$ to be issu$4 ,! ,complut5sian ,polyglott w n easily be got ei!r into a pocket or a saddlebag1 b x is a good deal small] ?an ! ,speculum ( ,v9c5t de ,beauvais1 &1 speak+ g5]ally1 small folios took ! place ( l>ge folios1 & octavos ! place ( qu>tos1 & 9 a little "t ! octavos !mselves 7 ?reat5$ by ! /ill small] sextodecimos4 ,!re is1 inde$1 no /op till 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury we come to ! t9y ,elzevirs1 :i* rema9$ ! la/ ^w 9 book-production until ! diamond editions ( ,didot & ,pick]+4 ,aldus ,manutius1 :o l$ ! revolution1 has (t5 be5 wrongly prais$4 ,he c h>dly be call$ a great pr9t]4 ,he burd5$ ,greek s*ol>%ip = ?ree c5turies ) a ?or\ghly bad /yle 9 ,greek types1 & ! cursive sub/itute :i* he provid$ = ! f9e roman f\nts = :i* ,italy _h be5 fam\s almo/ drove !m f ! field4 ,bo? ! ,greek type & ! italics 7 ! outcome ( confus$ ?9k+4 ,!y 7 bas$ ^u /yles ( h&writ+ :i* ,aldus & 8 s*ol>ly fri5ds d\btless f\nd m exp$iti\s ?an ! =mal book-h&s :i* _h previ\sly be5 9 use4 ,quickness 9 writ+ is an excell5t ?+4 ,b a slop+ type takes j z long to set up z an upright "o1 & absolutely no?+ is ga9$ by ! sub/itution ( an imitation ( a quick] h& = ! imitation ( a sl[] "o4 ,aldus _h begun publi%+ at ,v5ice e>ly 9 #adiedc ) an edition ( ! ,greek gramm> ( ,lasc>is1 an e>li] edition ( :i*1 issu$ at ,milan 9 #adgf1 _h be5 ! fir/ book :olly 9 ,greek to obta9 ! hon\r ( pr9t4 ,! ,idylls ( ,!ocritus & ! poem ( ,hesiod call$ ,works & ,days _h be5 pr9t$ at ! same place 9 #adgi & a ,greek ,psalt] 9 #adhg4 ,at ,flor5ce ! fam\s fir/ edition ( ,hom] 0 pr9t$ 7by ,b>tolommeo ,libri7 9 #adhh1 & 0 foll[$ 9 ! ye>s #adid-f 7i4e4 ab\t ! "t t ,aldus began "w7 by five books pr9t$ entirely 9 majuscules on ! model ( ! lett]s us$ 9 inscriptions4 ,among ^! books 7 ! ,greek ,an?ology1 f\r plays ( ,euripides1 & an ,apollonius ,rhodius4 ,! pr9t+ ( ! ,greek classics _h ?us made a />t1 al?\gh a sl[ "o4 ,aldus n[ greatly quick5$ ! pace1 produc+ 8 great ,ari/otle 9 f\r 7or1 z x is sometimes reckon$1 five7 volumes1 betwe5 ! ye>s #adie & #adih1 & foll[+ x up ) n9e com$ies ( ,ari/ophanes 9 #adih1 ,?ucydides1 ,sophocles1 & ,h]odotus 9 #aejb1 ,x5ophon's ,hell5ics1 & ! plays ( ,euripides 9 #aejc & ,demo/h5es 9 #aejd4 ,! s]vice :i* he ?us r5d]$ to ,greek s*ol>%ip 0 incalculable1 b x 0 accompani$ by a v s]i\s drawback1 ! evil effects ( :i* la/$ = ne>ly ?ree c5turies4 ,! ,greek quotations 9 _m books pr9t$ 9 ,italy be=e ?is "t _h be5 pr9t$ 9 types imitat+ ! writ+ 9 fairly old ,greek manuscripts1 h&some 9 appe>ance & fairly free f contractions2 ,aldus is said to h tak5 z 8 model ! h&writ+ ( 8 fri5d ,m>cus ,musurus1 ) all its crabb$ & (t5 fanta/ic ligatures1 & ! simplicity ( ! ,greek alphabet 0 ?us intol]ably complicat$4 ,z we h se51 ! introduction ( ! ,ald9e italics1 ?\gh 9 !mselves a bett] f\nt ?an ! ,greek type1 0 almo/ z mis*iev\s 9 its effects4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s]vice :i* ,aldus r5d]$ to s*ol>%ip by 8 *eap & h&y s]ies ( ! ,lat9 & ,italian classics 0 v great4 ,! fir/ book :i* he pr9t$ 9 8 new type 0 a ,virgil1 & ?is 0 quickly foll[$ by works by ,petr>* & ,dante & a :ole s]ies ( simil> editions4 ,aldus _h p[]ful support]s 9 ^! v5tures1 among !m be+ ,jean ,groli]1 ! fam\s bibliophile1 :o = _m ye>s 0 resid5t 9 ,italy z ,treasur] ( ! ,du*y ( ,milan4 ,despite ?is enc\ragem5t he did n f9d pr9t+ v pr(itable1 p>tly1 no d\bt1 on acc\nt ( ! w>s 9 :i* ,v5ice 0 at ?is "t engag$4 ,on ! dea? ( ,aldus 9 #aeae 8 bus9ess 0 = "s "t c>ri$ on by 8 fa!r-9-law1 ,&rea de ,torresani1 an excell5t pr9t]1 b ) little ( ,aldus's s*ol>%ip4 ,9 #aecc1 at ! age ( tw5ty-"o1 ,paulus ,manutius1 ! y\nge/ son ( ,aldus1 took ov] ! managem5t ( ! firm1 & prov$ himself an ev5 f9] s*ol> ?an 8 fa!r4 ,f9ancially he 0 no m successful1 & :5 he 0 made pr9t] to ! ,pope ! anxiety ( c>ry+ on bus9ess at ,rome z well z at ,v5ice only add$ to 8 difficulties4 ,on 8 dea? 9 #aegd 8 son1 ,aldus ,manutius ! y\ng]1 succe$$ him & work$ till #aeig1 b )\t add+ any?+ to ! reputation ( ! firm1 p]haps because he _h be5 pu%$ on prematurely 9 8 boyhood1 z is witness$ by 8 compilation ( a volume ( elegant extracts at ! age ( n9e4 ,! family ( pr9t]s & publi%]s :i* came ne>e/ to rivall+ ! fame ( ! ,aldi 9 ,italy dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury 0 t ( ! ,giunta4 ,spr++ orig9ally f ,flor5ce1 memb]s ( x work$ = "s "t simultane\sly at ,flor5ce & ,v5ice1 & ,lucantonio ,giunta1 ! e>lie/ memb] ( x to rise into note1 0 already "o ( ! =emo/ publi%]s at ,v5ice 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & subsequ5tly pr9t$ = himself in/ead ( always employ+ o!r m5 to pr9t = him4 ,! speciality ( ?is ,v5etian firm 0 at fir/ illu/rat$ books ( all k9ds1 aft]w>ds ! production ( l>ge & magnific5t missals & o!r s]vice books ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 & ^! !y cont9u$ to publi% until ne>ly ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,at ,flor5ce1 ,filippo ,giunta compet$ ) ,aldus ( ,v5ice 9 pr9t+ pretty little editions ( ! classics1 8 competition sometimes tak+ ! =m ( unscrupul\s imitation4 ,at ,rome1 ,eu*>ius ,silb] & 8 successor ,m>cellus 7 ! *ief pr9t]s f #aejj to #aeaf4 ,a little lat] ! ,bladi took _! place1 & "u ! auspices ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,propag&a ( ! ,fai? a press 0 set up = pr9t+ 9 ,syriac1 ,arm5ian1 & o!r ,ori5tal languages4 ,! output also ( ! presses 9 o!r ,italian cities 0 /ill consid]able4 ,nev]!less1 f ! same causes :i* produc$ h] political decay ,italy rapidly ceas$ to be ! head-qu>t]s ( ,european pr9t+1 yield+ ?is hon\r to ,france ab\t ! end ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury1 & by "s ?irty or =ty ye>s lat] becom+ q un9flu5tial4 ,to ! ,g]man pr9t+ trade1 also1 ! sixte5? c5tury br\ght a notable decl9e ( reputation4 ,9 its fir/ two decades ,johann ,s*oeff] 7son ( ,pet]7 produc$ "s f9e books at ,ma9z2 at ,/rassburg ,grun+] p\r$ =? illu/rat$ books1 & ,johann ,knobl\* & ,mat?ias ,s*ur] 7 bo? prolific4 ,! importance ( ,cologne dim9i%$1 ?\gh ! sons ( ,he9ri* ,qu5tell _h a good bus9ess4 ,augsburg1 on ! o!r h&1 came to ! front1 ! eld] & y\ng] ,s*o5sp]g]1 ,johann & ,silvanus ,otm>1 ,erh>d ,ogl91 ,johann ,mill]1 & ! firm ( ,sigismund ,grim & ,m>cus ,wirsung all do+ important "w4 ,at ,nuremb]g ! *ief pr9t+ h\ses 7 ^? ( ,hi]onymus ,holzel1 ,johann ,weiss5burg]1 & ,fri$ri* ,peypus4 ,leipzig & ,hag5au bo? greatly increas$ _! output1 & ) ! adv5t ( ,lu!r1 ,witt5b]g soon became an important publi%+ c5tre4 ,lu!r's activity alone w\ld h suffic$ to make ! =tunes ( any publi%] _h x n be5 = ! fact t z ea* pamphlet f 8 p5 0 produc$ at ,witt5b]g by ,hans ,lufft1 or "s o!r au?oriz$ pr9t]1 x 0 promptly pirat$ 9 o!r cities1 (t5 ) ! ret5tion ( ! orig9al impr9t4 ,_m ( ^! ,lu!r tracts _h ornam5tal bord]s1 &1 z w be n>rat$ 9 ano!r *apt]1 ! ,g]man book-illu/rations ( ?is p]iod 7 (t5 v f9ely design$1 b ! pap] us$1 ev5 9 important books1 0 poor comp>$ to t f\nd 9 ,g]man incunabula1 & ! presswork too (t5 c>eless4 ,^! defects are f\nd int5sifi$ 9 almo/ all ! ,g]man books publi%$ aft] ?is date1 & ,g]man pr9t+ soon lo/ all its te*nical excell5ce1 ?\gh ! output ( its presses cont9u$ to be l>ge1 & ! great annual fair at ,frank=t dur+ ! c\rse ( ! sixte5? c5tury became ! mo/ important ev5t 9 ! book-trade ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,a little be=e ,g]many gave h]self up to !ological /rife1 ! conjunction at ,basel ( ! great pr9t] ,johann ,frob5 & ! great s*ol> ,erasmus tempor>ily rais$ t city to importance z an intellectual c5tre4 ,frob5 _h begun pr9t+ at ,basel 9 #adia1 b until he =m$ 8 fri5d%ip ) ,erasmus 9 #aeac publi%$ only a few editions ( ! ,bible1 "s ( ! papal ,decretals1 ! works ( ,s4 ,ambrose1 & a few o!r books ( no special int]e/4 ,f #aeac onw>ds 8 output increas$ rapidly bo? 9 quantity & importance1 s t by ! "t ( 8 dea? 9 #aebg he _h pr9t$ ov] ?ree hundr$ books1 includ+ almo/ all ! works ( ,erasmus & _m books 9 ,greek4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 also1 bord]-pieces & initials 7 design$ = him by ! two ,holbe9s 7,hans & ,ambrosius7 & o!r skilful arti/s1 & he 0 entitl$ to rank z ! greate/ pr9t]-publi%] 9 ,europe 9 succession to ,aldus4 ,aft] 8 dea? 9 #aebg ! supremacy ( ,european pr9t+ re/$ = ! next g5]ation indisputably ) ,france4 ,dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury pr9t+ 9 ,france _h develop$ almo/ entirely on its own l9es4 ,v]nacul> books ( e description _h p\r$ f ! presses ( ,p>is & ,lyon1 & _m ( !m _h be5 *>m+ly illu/rat$ 9 a /yle wor?y ( ! great ,fr5* s*ool ( illu/rators ( manuscripts4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! publication ( ^! popul> books--romances1 poetry1 & works ( devotion--/ill cont9u$1 ?\gh ) "s loss ( quality1 ! pr9t & pap] be+ less good & ! illu/rations (t5 consi/+ ( a m$ley ( old blocks1 or :]e new ones 7 made be+ execut$ 9 a co>s] & heavi] /yle4 ,b to ! v]nacul> lit]ature !re 0 n[ add$ a le>n$ & s*ol>ly lit]ature :i* soon rose to great importance4 ,z e>ly z #adib ,johann ,tre*sel1 a pr9t] ( ,lyon1 _h possess$ himself ( suffici5t ,greek type to pr9t quotations 9 t language1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he issu$ ! pr(usely illu/rat$ edition ( ,t]5ce1 ! cuts 9 :i* 7 imitat$ by ,grun+] at ,/rassburg4 ,tre*sel's press corrector & g5]al editor 0 a "y s*ol> nam$ ,josse ,bade1 ( ,as*1 ne> ,gh5t1 bett] kn[n by ! ,lat9 =m ( 8 "n z ,jodocus ,badius ,asc5sius1 or ,asc5sianus4 ,9 #aejc1 aft] ,tre*sel's dea?1 ,asc5sius />t$ bus9ess = himself 9 ,p>is1 & 8 editions ( ! classics1 well kn[n f ! device ( a pr9t+-press f\nd on _m ( _! titlepages1 obta9$ a consid]able reputation4 ,almo/ simultane\sly1 9 #aejb1 ,h5ri ,e/i5ne1 ! fir/ ( a fam\s family ( s*ol>-pr9t]s1 _h />t$ 9 bus9ess by an exp$i5t ( :i* we he> a great deal 9 ! annals ( ,engli% pr9t+1 t ( m>ry+ a pr9t]'s wid[4 ,( ,h5ri ,e/i5ne's ?ree sons ! elde/1 ,francois1 became a booksell]1 ,rob]t a s*ol>-pr9t]1 & ,*>les1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 a physician4 ,9 ! te*nical side ( 8 bus9ess ,h5ri _h be5 help$ by ,simon de ,col9es1 :o1 on 8 employ]'s dea?1 9 #aebj1 became 8 wid['s ?ird husb&1 & c>ri$ on ! bus9ess until #aebf1 :5 he h&$ x ov] to ,rob]t ,e/i5ne1 & />t$ on 8 own acc\nt 9 ano!r h\se 9 ! same /reet4 ,?us1 j z ! co-op]ation ( ,erasmus ) ,frob51 :i* began %ortly be=e ! dea? ( ,aldus1 br\ght ! ,basel press into prom95ce1 s ?is duplication1 j be=e ! dea? ( ,frob51 ( ! bus9ess ( ,h5ri ,e/i5ne ) ! two firms ( ,rob]t ,e/i5ne & ,simon de ,col9es mat]ially aid$ ! rivalry ( ,p>is4 ,greek pr9t+1 :i* by ?is "t _h become ess5tial to a pr9t]'s reputation = s*ol>%ip1 _h at la/ begun !re ) ! publication ( a ,greek ,gramm> 9 #aejg1 & _h increas$ some:at1 ?\gh n v rapidly4 ,9 #aeci ,francois ,i appo9t$ ,rob]t ,e/i5ne royal pr9t] = ,lat9 & ,hebrew1 & ,conrad ,neob>1 a ,g]man f ! diocese ( ,cologne1 8 pr9t] = ,greek4 ,x 0 soon aft] ?is t plans 7 =m$ = ! pr9t+ ( ,greek texts f manuscripts 9 ! royal libr>y1 & ! prep>ation = ?is purpose ( a special f\nt ( ,greek type4 ,neob> di$ f ov]work ! foll[+ ye>1 & ! (fice ( royal pr9t] 9 ,greek 0 add$ to ,rob]t ,e/i5ne's o!r hon\rs1 & ) x ! sup]vision ( ! new ,greek type4 ,= ?is ,angelus ,v]getius1 a celebrat$ ,greek calligraph]1 _h probably already made ! draw+s1 & ! cutt+ ( ! pun*es 0 entru/$ to ,claude ,g>amond4 ,by #aedd a f\nt ( great prim] _h be5 complet$ & a book pr9t$ 9 x1 ! ,praep>atio ,euangelica ( ,eusebius4 ,a small] type1 ( ! size kn[n z pica1 0 next put 9 h&1 & a pocket ,greek ,te/am5t 9 sextodecimo pr9t$ ) x 9 #aedf4 ,la/ly1 a ?ird f\nt1 l>g] ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs1 0 produc$ & us$ = ! text ( a folio ,greek ,te/am5t 9 #aeej1 ! o!r two f\nts appe>+ 9 ! prefatory matt] & notes4 ,^! royal ,greek types became v fam\s & s]v$ z a model to all design]s ( ,greek *>act]s = ne>ly two c5turies4 ,te*nically1 inde$1 !y are z good z !y c\ld be1 %[+ a great advance 9 cle>ness & dignity ^u ^? ( ,aldus1 f :i* nev]!less !y inh]it$ ! fatal defect ( be+ bas$ on ! h&writ+ ( contempor>y ,greek s*ol>s1 in/ead ( on ! book-h& ( a nobl] p]iod ( ,greek writ+4 ,:ile ! "n ( ,rob]t ,e/i5ne is ?us connect$ ) ^! royal ,greek types he 0 himself di/9ctly a ,lat9i/1 & 8 own p]sonal contribution to s*ol>%ip 0 a ,lat9 ,diction>y 7,!saurus ,l+uae ,lat9ae7 publi%$ 9 #aecb1 :i* rema9$ a /&>d "w = two c5turies4 ,he publi%$1 too1 z did also ,simon de ,col9es1 _m v pretty little editions ( ,lat9 classics 9 sextodecimo1 "s 9 italics1 o!rs 9 roman type1 ?us c>ry+ a /ep fur!r ! triumphant m>* ( ! small book1 :i* ,aldus _h only tak5 z f> z octavos4 ,simon de ,col9es1 :ile %>+ 9 "w ( ?is k9d1 did n neglect o!r classes ( lit]ature1 &1 z has already be5 not$1 jo9$ ) ,ge(froi ,tory1 ano!r s*ol>-pr9t]1 :o 0 also a s*ol>-arti/1 9 produc+ "s rem>kable editions ( ! ,h\rs ( ! ,bless$ ,virg94 ,?is s*ol>-arti/1 ,ge(froi ,tory1 0 a native ( ,b\rges1 :o _h be5 a pr(essor at sev]al ( ! ,p>is colleges & 0 at "o "t pro(-read] to ,h5ri ,e/i5ne4 ,8 c>e] z a pr9t] began 9 #aebb & end$ ) 8 dea? 9 #aecc1 aft] :i* 8 bus9ess 0 c>ri$ on by ,olivi] ,mall>d1 :o m>ri$ 8 wid[4 ,tory pr9t$ a few s*ol>ly books & wrote & publi%$ a curi\s "w1 to :i* he gave ! "n ,*ampfleury1 on ! "r =ms & proportions ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 by 8 ,books ( ,h\rs t he is n[ *iefly rememb]$4 ,:ile all ?is good "w 0 go+ on 9 ,p>is ! pr9t]s at ,lyon 7 no less busy4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury ,aldus _h be5 ju/ly annoy$ at ! clev] c\nt]feits ( 8 italic octavos :i* 7 put on ! m>ket at ,lyon4 ,b 9 ,seba/ian ,gryphius 7a ,g]man1 born 9 #adia at ,reutl+57 ,lyon became possess$ ( a pr9t] :o _h no ne$ to imitate ev5 ,aldus4 ,aft] pr9t+ "o or two works 9 ! f\r prec$+ ye>s 8 press got into full sw+ 9 #aebh &1 by ! "t ( 8 dea? 9 #aeef he _h issu$ v ne>ly a ?\s& diff]5t editions1 mo/ly 9 ,lat91 & _m ( !m 9 ! da9ty =mat 9 sextodecimo :i* ,e/i5ne & de ,col9es 7 us+ 9 ,p>is4 ,9 #aecd ! luckless ,eti5ne ,dolet1 soon to be burnt z a h]etic1 arriv$ at ,lyon1 & ) "s fri5dly help f ,gryphius pr9t$ betwe5 #aech & #aedd "s sev5ty editions4 ,9 #aedf ,jean de ,t\rnes1 :o _h be5 a j\rneyman 9 ! (fice ( ,gryphius1 />t$ bus9ess = himself1 & soon prov$ a wor?y rival to 8 ma/]4 ,mean:ile excell5t popul> "w 0 be+ done by o!r pr9t]s1 su* z ,francois ,ju/e1 ,claude ,n\rry1 ,mace ,bonhomme1 & ,guillaume ,roville4 ,f ! old ,lyonnese firm ( ,tre*sel proce$$ 9 #aech two books illu/rat$ by ,holbe9 7! ,dance ( ,dea? & ,hi/ori>um ,vet]is ,te/am5ti ,icones1 see p4 #aib71 & num]\s o!r ,lyonnese books 7 *>m+ly illu/rat$ & also1 x may be add$1 *>m+ly b\nd1 a v pretty /yle ( trade b9d+s be+ j !n 9 vogue4 ,aga9/ ! pretty b9d+s & vignettes & ! popul> books to :i* !y 7 appli$ little or no opposition 0 rais$1 & !y cont9u$ to be issu$ till ! ta/e = !m di$ out ab\t #aehj4 ,b aga9/ all ! s*ol>ly "w ( ! ,fr5* presses ! lead]s ( ! ,*ur* took up an attitude ( unrel5t+ ho/ility4 ,=emo/ 9 ?is opposition1 regretful t _! pr$ecessors _h introduc$ pr9t+ into ,france1 7 ! !ologians ( ! ,sorbonne1 :o =bade ! /udy ( ,hebrew z dang]\s & likely to lead to h]esy1 & look$ ) eyes almo/ z unfri5dly on t ( ,greek4 ,9 #aedf 7j aft] ! iniquit\s campaign aga9/ ! ,vaudois7 ,eti5ne ,dolet 0 hang$ on a *>ge ( a!ism1 & 8 body cut d[n & burnt amid a pile ( 8 books4 ,9 #aeej1 despite 8 position z a royal pr9t]1 ,rob]t ,e/i5ne1 :o _h j complet$ 8 f9e folio edition ( ! ,greek ,te/am5t1 0 oblig$ to seek safety by fly+ to ,g5eva1 & a g5]ation lat] ,jean de ,t\rnes ! y\ng]1 ( ,lyon1 0 oblig$ to foll[ 8 example4 ,! k+s ( ,france & _! advis]s at ?is p]iod 7 det]m9$ to be rid ( bo? ,hugu5ots & ,free?9k]s at all co/s1 & ,fr5* s*ol>%ip & ,fr5* pr9t+ 7 bo? ! recipi5ts ( bl[s f :i* x took !m "s g5]ations to recov]4 ,:5 ,rob]t ,e/i5ne fl$ to ,g5eva1 8 bro!r1 ! physician1 ,*>les1 0 all[$ to succe$ to 8 (fice at ,p>is1 & he 9 turn 0 foll[$ by a y\ng] ,rob]t1 :o di$ 9 #aega4 ,mean:ile ,rob]t ,i _h tak5 ) him a set ( matrices ( ! royal ,greek types1 & ) ^! & o!r f\nts pr9t$ at ,g5eva until 8 dea? 9 #aeei4 ,8 son1 ,h5ri ,e/i5ne ,,ii1 !n took ov] ! bus9ess1 b 0 ( too re/less & rov+ a disposition to conduct x ) success4 ,z a s*ol> he 0 ev5 great] ?an 8 fa!r1 excell+ 9 ,greek z ,rob]t _h 9 ,lat91 & produc+ 9 #aegb a ,greek diction>y 7,!saurus ,graecae ,l+uae7 :i* became z fam\s z ! ,lat9 "o :i* ,rob]t _h publi%$ =ty ye>s e>li]4 ,h5ri ,e/i5ne ! y\ng] di$ 9 #aeih1 b ! ,e/i5ne tradition 0 kept up by 8 son ,paul 7#aeff-afbg7 & gr&son ,anto9e 7#aeib-afgd71 ! latt] br++ back into ! family ! (fice ( royal pr9t] at ,p>is1 & pr9t+ an edition ( ! ,septuag9t4 ,"u ! disc\rag+ conditions ( ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury ,fr5* pr9t]s gradually ceas$ to be s*ol>s & en?usia/s1 b ,*ri/oph] ,plant91 a ,fr5*man1 born 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,t\rs 9 #aead1 built up by 8 en]gy & indu/ry a great bus9ess at ,antw]p1 ! memory ( :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! fam\s ,plant9 ,museum4 ,he _h />t$ at ,antw]p 9 #aedi z a b9d]1 b ab\t six ye>s lat] turn$ 8 att5tion to pr9t+1 9 consequ5ce 7x is said7 ( an accid5t :i* disabl$ him = b9d+-"w4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( 8 books is ! great ,antw]p ,polyglott edition ( ! ,bible 9 eight volumes1 publi%$ betwe5 ! ye>s #aefi & #aegc4 ,ov] ?is he came s ne> to ru9+ himself t ! ,spani% ,gov]nm5t grant$ him special privileges = ! production ( s]vice-books by way ( comp5sation4 ,! sack ( ,antw]p by ! ,spani>ds 9 #aegf 0 ano!r heavy f9ancial bl[1 & = a "t ,plant9 remov$ to ,leyd51 & also = a "t kept a bran* bus9ess at ,p>is4 ,b he ultimately return$ to ,antw]p1 & 8 premises rema9$ 9 ! possession ( ! desc5dants ( "o ( 8 sons-9-law1 ,joannes ,moretus1 until !y 7 pur*as$ 9 #ahgg = ,l#dh1jjj z ! ,musee ,plant94 ,aft] ,plant9's dea? ! bran* bus9ess :i* he _h left at ,leyd5 0 c>ri$ on by ano!r ( 8 sons-9-law1 ,franciscus ,raphel5gius1 :o pr9t$ "s pretty little editions ( ! classics & o!r good books4 ,plant9's own "w z a pr9t] 0 co/ly & pret5ti\s r ?an beautiful1 & ! bad /yle ( 8 ornam5ts & initials ex]cis$ a p[]ful influ5ce = evil on ! pr9t]s ( ! ensu+ c5tury4 ,! m5tion ( ,plant9's ,antw]p ,polyglott may rem9d u t ! fir/ ,polyglott edition ( ! ,bible _h be5 pr9t$ betwe5 #aead & #aeah at ,alcala1 9 ,spa91 "u ! auspices ( ,c>d9al ,xim5es4 ,! ,lat9 "n ( ,alcala be+ ,complutum1 ?is edition is g5]ally quot$ z ! ,complut5sian ,polyglott4 ,among ! notable features 9 x is ! use ( a s+ul>ly f9e ,greek type 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,absolutely diff]5t f ! ,ald9e & all ! o!r ,greek types imitat+ ! rapid h&writ+ ( ! ,greek s*ol>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ?is 0 bas$ on ! book-h& us$ 9 "s e>ly manuscript1 possibly ! "o :i* ! ,pope _h l5t f ! ,vatican to aid ,c>d9al ,xim5es 9 =m+ 8 text4 ,x 0 on ?is ,greek type t ,mr4 ,rob]t ,proctor1 %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 bas$ 8 own f\nt ( ,greek1 supply+ ! majuscules :i* 7) a s+le exception7 are want+ 9 ! orig9al & mak+ o!r improvem5ts1 b keep+ closely to 8 model & ?us produc+ by f> ! f9e/ ,greek type ev] ca/4 ,?is has be5 us$ to pr9t notable editions ( ! ,ore/eia & ,odyssey1 ! =m] at ! ,*iswick1 ! latt] at ! ,cl>5don ,press4 ,save = ! ,complut5sian ,polyglott !re is no?+ /rik+ to record ( ! ,spani% pr9t+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :i* reta9$ its massive & ar*aic "* = "s decades1 & !n became z dull & undi/+ui%$ z ! pr9t+ ( all ! re/ ( ,europe t5d$ to be t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,! en?usiasm ) :i* ! new art _h at fir/ be5 receiv$ _h di$ out4 ,pr9t]s 7 no long] lodg$ 9 palaces1 mona/]ies1 & colleges2 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 :i* _h at fir/ fo/]$ & protect$ !m1 7 n[ jeal\s & suspici\s1 ev5 actively ho/ile4 ,?riv+ memb]s ( o!r occupations & pr(essions _h at "o "t tak5 to ! craft4 ,a little lat] great s*ol>s _h be5 will+ to give _! help & advice1 & at lea/ a few pr9t]s _h !mselves be5 m5 ( le>n+4 ,all ?is _h pass$ or 0 pass+4 ,pr9t+ _h sunk to ! level ( a m]e craft1 & a craft 9 :i* ! h\rs appe> to h be5 cruelly long & "w unc]ta9 & badly paid4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! ,dut* j\rneym5 7 c]ta9ly bett] paid ?an our own1 & x may be t x 0 ?r\gh bett] pay t !y did bett] "w 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury also4 ,x seems c]ta91 moreov]1 t ! improvem5ts 9 ! con/ruction ( pr9t+ presses :i* 7 introduc$ 9 t c5tury orig9at$ 9 ,holl&4 ,! primacy ( ! ,dut* is prov$ by ! l>ge am\nt ( ,dut* type import$ into ,engl&1 & inde$ ! ,dut* books ( ! sev5te5? c5tury are neat] & 9 bett] ta/e ?an ^? ( o!r c\ntries4 ,x 0 9 ,holl& also t !re work$ ! only firm ( pr9t]s ( ?is p]iod :o made !mselves any abid+ reputation4 ,! f\nd] ( ?is firm1 ,l\is ,elzevir1 0 a booksell] & bookb9d] at ,leyd51 :]e1 9 #aehc1 he began pr9t+ on 8 own acc\nt1 & issu$ betwe5 t ye> & 8 dea? 9 #afag ov] a hundr$ diff]5t books ( no v special note4 ,no few] ?an five ( 8 sev5 sons c>ri$ on 8 bus9ess1 & ! diff]5t comb9ations ( ^! & ( _! successors 9 diff]5t t[ns are n a little bewild]+4 ,bonav5tura ,elzevir ) 8 nephew ,abraham issu$ pretty little editions ( ! classics 9 v small type 9 #abmo & #afmo1 ( :i* ! mo/ fam\s are ! ,greek ,te/am5t ( #afbd & #afcc1 ! ,virgil1 ,t]5ce1 ,livy1 ,tacitus1 ,pl9y1 & ,caes> ( #afcd-f1 & a simil> s]ies ( ,fr5* hi/orical & political works & ,fr5* & ,italian classics4 ,aft] ! dea?s ( ,abraham & ,bonav5tura 9 #afeb ! bus9ess 0 c>ri$ on by _! respective sons ,jean & ,daniel1 :o issu$ fam\s editions ( ! ,imitatio ,*ri/i & ! ,psalt]4 ,mean:ile ,l\is ,elzevir 7ano!r gr&son ( ! f\nd]7 _h be5 work+ at ,am/]dam1 & 9 #afed 0 jo9$ !re by ,daniel1 ! new p>tn]%ip produc+ "s f9e folio editions4 ,o!r memb]s ( ! family w5t on work+ at ,utre*t & ,leyd5 until z late z #agab1 s t its :ole typographical c>e] ext5d$ ov] a hundr$ & ?irty ye>s4 ,b x is only ! little classical editions1 & a ,fr5* cook]y book call$ ,le ,pa/issi] ,francois1 t are at all fam\s1 & ! fame ( ^! 7! little classics be+ tr\blesome to read & hav+ m ?an a fair %>e ( mispr9ts1 ?\gh edit$ by ,david ,he9sius7 probably re/s on a misconception4 ,^! small classical editions 7 ! la/ ^w = two c5turies 9 t developm5t ( ! ,small ,book :i* we h already trac$ 9 ! ,ald9e editions at ,v5ice1 ^? ( ,de ,col9es & ,rob]t ,e/i5ne ( ,p>is1 ( ,seba/ian ,gryphius at ,lyons1 & ( ! successors ( ,plant9 at ,antw]p4 ,n[ ! small books ( ! ,elzevirs 7 produc$ at a v important p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( bookb9d+1 & :5 we he> ( l>ge sums hav+ be5 paid = an ,elzevir x w mo/ly turn out t ! excell5ce ( its b9d+ has _h a good deal to d ) ! price4 ,! cook]y book is an exception1 ! value ( ?is1 ?\gh (t5 enhanc$ by a f9e b9d+1 be+ yet consid]able1 ev5 9 a %abby jacket4 ,b ! int]e/ 9 ?is case is due to ! antiqu>ian in/9cts ( book-lov+ g\rmets1 & n 9 any way to ! pr9t+4 ,! little classics1 ev5 :5 ( ! "r date & ) all ! "r little headpieces & all ! "r mispr9ts1 h nev] be5 wor? on _! own m]its m ?an a few p\nds1 :ile %abby1 cropp$ copies h no sell+ value :atev]4 ,,footnote3 #dc ,he 0 born at ,bassiano 9 ! ,papal ,/ates 9 #adej4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,=eign ,,illu/rat$ ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,illu/ration3 ,,xxiii4 ,,nuremb]g1 ,,sodalitas ,,celtica4 #aeja ,,hros)a4 ,,op]a 7#d;b74 ,,hros)a ,,& ,,! ,,emp]or ,,o?o 7,,attribut$ ,,to ,,dur]7 ,z we h already said1 ! *>m ( ! woodcut pictures 9 incunabula lies 9 _! simplicity1 9 _! rude /ory-tell+ p[]1 (t5 v =cible & direct1 9 ! valiant ef=t1 sometimes curi\sly successful 9 cuts o!rwise contemptibly poor1 to give "* & expression to ! human face1 & z reg>ds =m 9 ! h>mony betwe5 ! woodcuts & ! pap] & type ( ! books 9 :i* !y appe>4 ,9 ! book-illu/rations ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! arti/ is m le>n$1 m self-consci\s1 & 8 design is int]pret$ ) f> great] skill by ! bett] tra9$ wood-cutt]s ( 8 day4 ,m pa9s are tak5 ) accessories1 & (t5 p]haps = ?is reason ! cut does n tell its /ory s quickly z ( old4 ,x is n[ a "w ( art :i* dem&s /udy1 no long] a signpo/ expla9+ itself h[ev] rapidly ! leaf is turn$4 ,la/ly1 ! arti/ seems seldom to h ?\ght ( ! =m ( ! book 9 :i* 8 "w 0 to appe>1 ( ! type ) :i* ! text 0 to be pr9t$1 or ev5 ( h[ ! wood-cutt] 0 to int]pret 8 design4 ,book-illu/ration1 :i* _h (f]$ to ! humble mak]s ( play+-c>ds & pictures ( sa9ts new scope = _! skill1 became to ! arti/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury a lightly valu$ me?od ( e>n+ a little money f ! booksell]s1 _! bett] "w be+ res]v$ = s+le designs1 or 9 "s cases = ! copp]plates :i* at fir/ !y execut$1 z well z drew1 !mselves4 ,?us ! book-collector is consci\s1 on ! "o h&1 t less pa9s h be5 tak5 to please him1 & on ! o!r t he is sep>at+ by 8 hobby "o section ( an arti/'s "w f ! re/1 9 connection ) :i* x ought to be /udi$4 ,he may ev5 be 9 "s d\bt z to :]e 8 prov9ce ends1 s9ce _m ( ! illu/rat$ books ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 al?\gh !y possess a titlepage & are made up 9 quires1 are ess5tially n books at all1 ! lett]press be+ conf9$ to explanations ( ! woodcuts pr9t$ ei!r bel[ !m or fac+ !m on ! opposite pages4 ,! bibliograph] himself1 x may be add$1 feels some:at ( an intrud] 9 ?is field1 :i* prop]ly belongs to ! /ud5t ( art1 al?\gh 9 s f> z art is en%r9$ 9 books & ?us br\ght )9 ! prov9ce ( ! book-collector1 bibliography _c refuse to deal ) x4 ,al?\gh we h tak5 (f our caps 9 pass+ to ,erh>d ,reuwi* & ,mi*ael ,wolgemut = _! admirable "w1 ! "o 9 ! ,ma9z ,breid5ba*1 ! o!r 9 ! ,s*atzbehalt] & ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle1 x is ,albre*t ,dur] :o mu/ be reg>d$ z ! inaugurator ( ! second p]iod ( ,g]man book-illu/rations4 ,dur+ 8 ,w&]jahre ,dur] _h produc$ at ,basel = an edition ( ,s4 ,j]ome's ,epi/les1 pr9t$ by ,nicolaus ,kesl] 9 #adib 7repr9t$ #adig71 a rude woodcut ( ! sa9t extract+ a ?orn f 8 lion's foot4 ,dur]'s important bookwork beg9s 9 #adih1 :5 8 fifte5 magnific5t woodcuts illu/rat+ ! ,apocalypse 7:i* influ5c$ all lat] treatm5ts ( ?is !me7 7 issu$ twice ov] at ,nuremb]g1 9 "o edition ) ,g]man title & text1 9 ! o!r ) ,lat94 ,/at$ 9 _! colophons to h be5 pr9t$ by ,albre*t ,dur]1 pa9t]1 nei!r edition be>s ! "n ( a pr(essional pr9t]4 ,! types us$ 9 ea* case 7 ^? ( ,anton ,kob]g]1 ,dur]'s godfa!r1 & ! effect ( ! arti/'s p]sonal sup]9t5d5ce1 :i* ! colophons atte/1 is se5 9 ! excell5ce ( ! presswork4 ,! foll[+ ye> ,kob]g] publi%$ an illu/rat$ edition ( ! ,reuelationes ,sanctae ,birgittae 7,g]man repr9t 9 #aejb71 & ,dur] has be5 suppos$ to h help$ 9 ?is1 b ! !ory is n[ discr$it$4 ,9 #aeja he probably contribut$ two woodcuts to an edition ( ! com$ies ( ,hros)a1 a t5? c5tury nun ( ! ,b5$ict9e ,abbey at ,g&]%eim4 ,conrad ,celtes _h une>!d ^! com$ies "s ye>s previ\sly 9 a ,ratisbon libr>y1 & !y 7 n[ pr9t$ "u 8 editor%ip = ! ,sodalitas ,celtica at ,nuremb]g4 ,! illu/rations to ! com$ies !mselves1 :i* vie 9 heav9ess ) _! subjects1 are attribut$ by ,mr4 ,campbell ,dodgson to ,wolfgang ,traut4#dd ,"o ( ! cuts assign$ to ,dur] repres5ts ,celtes (f]+ ! book to ,fr$]ick ,,iii1 ,elector ( ,saxony2 ! o!r %[s ,hros)a h]self pres5t+ h] plays to ! ,emp]or ,otto ,i 7see ,plate ,,xxiii74 ,9 #aejb ,dur] design$ ano!r cut ( a pres5tation & an illu/ration ( ,philosophy 7bo? v feebly r5d]$ by ! cutt]7 = ! ,quatuor libri ,amorum ( ,celtes4 ,9 #aeaa ! ,lat9 ,apocalypse 0 repr9t$1 & ?ree o!r sets ( woodcuts by ,dur] appe>$ 9 book =m1 9 ea* case ) ,lat9 text by ,b5$ictus ,*elidonius4 ,"o ( ^! commemorat$ 9 tw5ty designs ! life ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 7,epitome 9 ,diuae ,p>!nices ,m>ie ,hi/oriam ab ,alb]to ,dur]o ,norico p] ,figuras dige/am cum v]sibus annexis ,*elidonii71 ! o!r two ! ,passion ( ,*ri/1 ! ,great ,passion 7,passio dom9i no/ri ,jesu ex hi]onymo ,paduano1 ,dom9ico ,manc9o1 ,s$ulio et ,bapti/a ,mantuano p] fratrem ,*elidonium collecta cum figuris ,alb]ti ,dur]i ,norici ,pictoris1 9 folio7 9 twelve l>ge woodcuts1 ! ,little ,passion 7,passio ,*ri/i ab ,alb]to ,dur] ,noremb]g5si effigiata cu v>ij g5]is c>m9ibus ,fratris ,b5$icti ,*elidonij ,musophili1 9 qu>to7 9 ?irty-sev5 small] ones4 ,aft] ?is ,dur] 0 caught up by ! ,emp]or ,maximilian & set to "w on "s ( ! v>i\s ambiti\s projects = illu/rat+ 8 reign1 z to :i* m w be said lat]4 ,8 lat] bookwork includes a ,crucifixion & ,s4 ,willibald = an ,ei*/att ,missal 7,nuremb]g1 ,h4 ,holzel1 #aeag71 "s l>ge designs = ! ,etli*e vnd]ri*t zu befe/igung d] ,/ett ,s*loss vnd fleck5 7,nuremb]g1 #aebg71 & 8 own book on ! ,proportion ( ! ,human ,body1 :i* 0 issu$ bo? 9 ,g]man & 9 a ,lat9 translation by ,cam]>ius4 ,sev]al bord]s & illu/rations =m]ly ascrib$ to ,dur] are n[ attribut$ to "o ( 8 pupils1 ,hans ,spr+9klee1 :o liv$ 9 ,dur]'s h\se at ,nuremb]g1 :]e he work$ f ab\t #aeac to #aebb4 ,mo/ ( ,spr+9klee's bookwork 0 done = ,anton ,kob]g]1 :o publi%$ "s ( x at ,nuremb]g1 :ile "s 0 s5t to ! ,lyon pr9t]s1 ,cle91 ,sacon1 & ,m>ion1 :o 7 9 ,kob]g]'s employm5t4 ,a bord] ( 8 design be>+ ! arms ( ,bilibaldus ,pirckheim] is f\nd 9 sev]al works :i* ,pirckheim] edit$ 7#aeac-ag74 ,9 a ,hortulus ,animae1 pr9t$ by ,j4 ,cle9 = ,kob]g] at ,lyon1 #aeaf1 fifty cuts are by ,spr+9klee4 ,! ,hortulus ,animae 0 z popul> 9 ,g]many z ! illu/rat$ ,horae 9 ,france & ,engl&4 ,9 #aeag ano!r edition appe>$ ) ,erh>d ,s*on z its *ief illu/rator1 & only a few ( ,spr+9klee's cuts4 ,! next ye> ,spr+9klee produc$ a new set ( cuts1 & ,s*on's "w 0 less us$4 ,spr+9klee & ,s*on 7 also associat$ 9 ,bible illu/rations pr9t$ = ,kob]g] by ,sacon at ,lyon1 & to ,spr+9klee are n[ assign$ two full-page woodcuts 9 an ,ei*/att ,missal 7,h4 ,holzel1 ,nuremb]g1 #aeag71 & a bord] to ! ,reuelationes ,birgittae 7,f4 ,peypus1 ,nuremb]g1 #aeag71 =m]ly ascrib$ to ,dur]4 ,a woodcut ( ,johann ,tri!im pres5t+ 8 ,polygraphia to ,maximilian1 =m]ly attribut$ to ,holbe9 z hav+ be5 pr9t$ at ,basel 7,adam ,petri1 #aeah71 is n[ also plac$ to ! cr$it ( ,spr+9klee1 :o1 moreov]1 work$ = ! ,weisskunig & probably = o!r ( ! arti/ic commemorations ( himself :i* ,maximilian commission$4 ,hans ,sebald ,beham is be/ kn[n z a book-illu/rator f 8 "w = ,*ri/ian ,eg5olph at ,frankfurt am ,ma91 :i* began 9 #aecc4 ,b he belong$ to ! ,nuremb]g s*ool1 _h work$ = t5 or twelve ye>s = ,m]ckel1 ,peypus1 ,petreius & o!r ,nuremb]g firms1 & has _h ! hon\r ( hav+ "s ( 8 s+le cuts attribut$ to ,dur]4 ,8 mo/ important books = ,eg5olph 7 ! ,biblis*e ,hi/ori51 a s]ies ( small illu/rations to ! ,bible1 fir/ pr9t$ 9 #aecc1 :i* w5t ?r\gh _m editions 9 ,g]man & ,lat91 & ano!r s]ies illu/rat+ ! ,apocalypse1 ( :i* ! fir/ edition appe>$ 9 #aeci1 ! texts ( ! ,lat9 ,hi/oriae & also to ! ,apocalypse cuts be+ suppli$ by ,georgius ,aemilius4 ,a set ( m$allion portraits ( ,roman emp]ors by him also appe>$ 9 sev]al ,g]man & ,lat9 *ronicles publi%$ by ,eg5olph4 ,betwe5 ! ,nuremb]g book-illu/rators & ^? ( ,augsburg1 to :om we mu/ n[ turn1 a connect+ l9k may be f\nd 9 ! p]son ( ,hans ,leonh>d ,s*aufele91 born ab\t #adhj1 soon aft] 8 fa!r1 a ,nordl+5 wool m]*ant1 _h settl$ at ,nuremb]g4 ,he work$ "u ,dur]1 & 8 e>lie/ book-illu/rations 7 made = ,dr4 ,ulri* ,p9d]1 ! own] ( a private press at ,nuremb]g4 ,sev]al unsign$ cuts 9 ,d] bes*loss5 g>t des ros5krantz ,m>ie 7,p9d]1 #aeje71 & ?irty out ( ?irty-f\r l>ge cuts 9 a ,speculum ,passionis 7,p9d]1 #aejg71 are ascrib$ to ,s*aufele91 8 associate 9 ea* book be+ ,hans ,baldung4 ,ab\t #aeaj ,s*aufele9 remov$ to ,augsburg1 &1 despite 8 return to 8 pat]nal home at ,nordl+5 :]e he took up 8 citiz5%ip 9 #aeae1 he work$ = ! *ief ,augsburg publi%]s = ! re/ ( 8 life1 ?\gh betwe5 #aebc & #aeca no?+ is kn[n z to :at he 0 do+4 ,among ! e>li] ,augsburg books ) illu/rations attribut$ to ,s*aufele9 are ,t5gl]'s ,d] neu ,lay5spiegel 7#aeaa71 ,h5ricus ,suso's ,d] ,seusse 7#aeab71 ,heilig5leb5 7#aeac71 ,geil]'s ,s*iff d] ,p5it5tz 7#aead71 & ! ,hy/ori und wund]b>li* leg5d ,ka?>9e von ,s5is 7#aeae71 all publi%$ by ,j4 ,otm>4 ,9 #aead he _h illu/rat$ = ,adam ,petri ( ,basel a ,pl5>ium or ,evangeli5bu*1 :i* w5t ?r\gh sev]al editions4 ,ano!r ,evangeli5bu*1 pr9t$ by ,?omas ,an%elm at ,hag5au 9 #aeaf1 conta9s sev]al cuts ) ,s*aufele9's signature1 b 9 a diff]5t /yle1 probably p>tly due to a diff]5t wood-cutt]2 ^! 7 us$ aga9 9 o!r books4 ,9 ! ,!u]dank ( #aeag ab\t tw5ty cuts are assign$ to ,s*aufele91 "s ( !m be>+ 8 signature4 ,! foll[+ ye> he illu/rat$ ,leonrodt's ,himmelwag5 = ,otm> ) tw5ty cuts1 mo/ly sign$1 "s ( :i* 7 us$ aft]w>ds on ! titlepages ( e>ly ,lu!r tracts4 ,aft] an int]val ,s*aufele9 is f\nd 9 #aecc work+ = ,he9ri* ,/eyn] ( ,augsburg1 :o employ$ him to illu/rate 8 ,g]man editions ( ! classics1 ,?ucydides 7#aecc71 ,plut>* 7#aecd71 ,cic]o 7#aecd71 ,apuleius 7#aech71 etc4 ,! blocks = "s ( 8 cuts subsequ5tly pass$ into ! possession ( ,*ri/ian ,eg5olph ( ,frank=t4 ,! fir/ native ,augsburg arti/ :om we h to notice is ,hans ,burgkmair1 :o 0 born 9 #adgc1 & began bookwork 9 #adii by illu/rat+ missals = ,erh>d ,ratdolt ) pictures ( patron sa9ts & ( ! ,crucifixion4 ,! *ief ,augsburg publi%] = :om he work$ 9 8 e>ly days 0 ,johann ,otm>1 = :om he illu/rat$ sev]al books by ! popul> prea*]1 ,johann ,geil] von ,kais]sb]g 7,pr$ig5 teuts*1 #aejh & #aeaj1 ,das ,bu* ,granatapfel1 #aeaj1 ,nauicula ,po5it5tiae1 #aeaa71 & o!r devotional & moral works4 ,9 #aeae ,hans ,s*o5sp]g] ! y\ng] employ$ him to supply a d$ication cut & sev5 designs ( ! ,passion = a ,leid5 ,*ri/i1 & to ! ,!u]dank publi%$ by ,s*o5sp]g] ! eld] at ,nuremb]g 9 #aeag he contribut$ ?irte5 illu/rations 7only "o sign$74 ,he _h already be5 employ$ 7#aeaj7 on a few ( ! cuts 9 ! ,g5ealogy ( ! ,emp]or ,maximilian1 :i* a :olesome fe> le/ its accuracy %\ld be d\bt$ caus$ t self-celebrat+ mon>* to )hold f publication1 & mu* m l>gely 7#aead-af7 on ! ,weisskunig1 :i* 0 fir/ pr9t$1 f ! orig9al blocks1 at ,vi5na 9 #agge2 & he 0 ! *ief work] 7#aeaf-ah7 on ! woodcuts = ! ,triumphal ,procession ( ,maximilian pr9t$ by ord] ( ! ,ar*duke ,f]d9& 9 #aebf4 ,:ile ^! imp]ial commissions 7 9 progress ,burgkmair design$ a few title-cuts = ,johann ,mill]1 notably ! v f9e "o 7see ,plate ,,xxiv7 to ! ,de rebus ,go?orum ( ,jorn&es 7#aeae71 %[+ k+s ,alew9us & ,a?an>icus 9 conv]sation1 & subsequ5tly work$ = ,grimm & ,wirsung & = ,h4 ,/e9]1 al?\gh n ne>ly to ! ext5t :i* 0 at "o "t suppos$1 z mo/ ( ! illu/rations suppli$ to ^! firms ) :i* he us$ to be cr$it$ are n[ assign$ to ,hans ,weiditz4 ,jorg ,breu1 :o 0 born & di$ 7#aecg7 "s half-doz5 ye>s lat] ?an ,burgkmair1 l him illu/rat$ ,missals = ,ratdolt & contribut$ ,passion-cuts to ,mann's ,leid5 ,*ri/i4 ,8 mo/ important piece ( bookwork 0 ! r$raw+ ( ! cuts 9 ,anton ,sorg's edition ( ,rei*5?al's ,conciliumbu* = a repr9t by ,/e9] 9 #aecf4 ,illu/rations by him also occur 9 a ,melus9a 7#aech71 & ,g]man v]sions ( ,boccaccio's ,de cl>is muli]ibus & ,de ,casibus ,illu/rium virorum issu$ aft] 8 dea? by ! same firm4 ,leonh>d ,beck contribut$ l>gely to ! illu/ration ( ,maximilian's lit]>y v5tures1 especially ! ,!u]dank1 ,weisskunig1 & ,sa9ts ( ! ,h\se ( ,au/ria 7publi%$ at "s date betwe5 #aebb & #aeea74 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxiv4 ,,augsburg1 ,j4 ,,mill]1 #aeae ,,jorn&es4 ,,de ,,rebus ,,go?orum4 7,,title74 ,,attribut$ ,,to ,,burgkmair ,we come n[ to ,hans ,weiditz1 ! imm5se ext5sion ( ^: "w by ! attributions ( rec5t ye>s c only be comp>$ to ,mr4 ,proctor's rais+ ( ,b>tolommeo de' ,libri f "o ( ! smalle/ to "o ( ! mo/ prolific ( ,flor5t9e pr9t]s4 ,only two or ?ree ,augsburg woodcuts be>+ 8 initials are kn[n1 :ile scores & ev5 hundr$s are n[ assign$ to him1 mo/ ( :i* _h previ\sly be5 cr$it$ to ,burgkmair4 ,weiditz began bookwork 9 or be=e #aeah1 9 :i* ye> he contribut$ a title-cut to ! ,nemo ( ,ulri* von ,hutt51 :ile 9 #aeai he made twelve illu/rations to ! same au?or's acc\nt ( ,maximilian's qu>rel ) ! ,v5etians4 ,9 #aeah he _h begun work+ = ! firm ( ,grimm & ,wirsung1 & ?is1 ) a few commissions f o!r ,augsburg publi%]s1 kept him busy till ab\t #aebc1 :5 he himself mov$ to ,/rassburg1 :5ce 8 family _h come1 :ile 9 ! same ye> ,grimm & ,wirsung gave up bus9ess & sold _! blocks to ,/e9]4 ,^! includ$ n only _m title-bord]s by ,weiditz1 tw5ty illu/rations to two com$ies ( ,plautus & a set ( cuts to ! ,deuotissime m$itationes de vita et passione ,*ri/i1 & ano!r to a ,g]man ,cele/9a1 all publi%$ 9 #aebj1 b a s]ies ( "s #bfj ma/]ly illu/rations to a ,g]man v]sion ( ,petr>*'s ,de rem$iis utriusque =tunae4 ,/e9] us$ "s ( ^! cuts 9 a ,cic]o ,de ,(ficiis ( #aeca1 :i* has 9 addition sixty-sev5 important cuts by ,weiditz1 presumably ( ! same p]iod1 & also 9 a ,ju/9us ( ! same ye>1 b ! "w = :i* !y 7 specially design$ did n appe> until a ye> lat]4 ,ne$less to say1 selections f bo? ! ,petr>* & ! ,cic]o sets appe> 9 lat] "w4 ,aft] remov+ to ,/rassburg1 ,weiditz copi$ "s ,witt5b]g ,bible cuts & also ,holbe9's ,apocalypse set = ,knoblau* 9 #aebd4 ,9 #aecj he illu/rat$ = ,j4 ,s*ott ! ,h]b>ium ( ,brunfels1 :i* w5t ?r\gh sev]al editions bo? 9 ,lat9 & ,g]man1 & = ?is comp>atively humble "w 0 prais$ by "n 9 bo? editions1 s t until #aijd x 0 only z ! illu/rator ( ! ,h]bal t he 0 kn[n4 ,_m ( 8 ,augsburg woodcuts subsequ5tly pass$ to t p]si/5t pur*as] ( old blocks1 ,*ri/ian ,eg5olph ( ,frank=t4 ,be=e pass+ away f ! ,nuremb]g & ,augsburg book-illu/rators1 x seems necess>y to describe briefly1 b 9 a m connect$ =m1 ! lit]>y & arti/ic ent]prises ( ! ,emp]or ,maximilian1 to :i* s _m incid5tal allusions h be5 made4 ,! ,emp]or's fir/ attempt to glorify himself & 8 l9eage took ! =m ( a ,g5ealogy = :i* sev]al antiqu>ies--,m5nel1 ,sun?aim1 ,tri!im1 & ,/abius--made rese>*es4 ,burgkmair made designs ( "s n9ety ance/ors & _! h]aldic coats 9 #aeji-aa1 & ! wood-blocks 7 cut4 ,x 0 app>5tly int5d$ to pr9t !m 9 #aeab1 b ! :ole project 0 ab&on$1 & ! "w is n[ only kn[n f a few sets ( pro(s1 no "o ( :i* is q complete4 ,aft] ?is failure ,maximilian plann$ a ,triumphal ,ar* & ,procession1 ! programme = ! ,ar* be+ drawn up by ,/abius1 t ( ! ,procession by ,treitzsaurwe94 ,! plan ( ! ,ar* 0 l>gely work$ out by ,dur]1 ) help f ,spr+9klee1 ,traut1 & ,altdorf]1 ^: designs 7 c>ri$ out 9 #aib woodblocks cut by ,hi]onymus ,&rea & 8 assi/ants4 ,:5 ! impressions f ^! are put toge!r !y make a design measur+ ne>ly twelve feet by t54 ,9 ! c5tre is ! ,gate ( ,hon\r1 to ! left & "r ! gates ( ,praise & ,nobility4 ,above ! ma9 gate rises a t[] on :i* are display$ ! ,emp]or's ance/ors & _! arms1 above ! o!r gates a s]ies ( incid5ts ( ,maximilian's life1 surm\nt$ by bu/s ( 8 imp]ial pr$ecessors & ( contempor>y pr9ces4 ,?is 0 pr9t$ 9 #aeag-ah at ,nuremb]g1 & 9 #aebf-h & #aeei at ,vi5na4 ,on ! ,procession or ,triumph1 ,dur]1 ,spr+9klee1 ,s*aufele91 ,burgkmair1 & ,beck 7 all engag$4 ,! #ach blocks compos+ x 7 cut by ,&rea & ,jo/ de ,negk] 9 #aeaf-ah1 & x 0 pr9t$ by ord] ( ! ,ar*duke ,f]d9& 9 #aebf4 ,a ,triumphal ,c> design$ by ,dur] 9 #aeah1 9 connection ) ! same project1 0 publi%$ 9 eight %eets 9 #aebb4 ,a s]ies ( repres5tations ( ,sa9ts ( ! ,h\se ( ,hapsburg _h be5 plann$ soon aft] ! ab&onm5t ( ! ,g5ealogy1 & assum$ %ape 9 #aead4 ,f draw+s n[ attribut$ to ,leonh>d ,beck1 #abc woodblocks 7 made1 & an edition 9 book =m 0 pr9t$ "s "t aft] #aebb4 ,! romance ( ,!u]dank 0 writt5 by ,mel*ior ,pf9tz+1 "u ,maximilian's direction1 to celebrate 8 woo+ ( ,m>y ( ,burgundy & o!r exploits4 ,! bulk 7sev5ty-sev57 ( ! illu/rations 9 x are n[ ascrib$ to ,beck1 sev5te5 to ,s*aufele91 ?irte5 to ,burgkmair1 & ?ree1 two1 & "o respectively to ,s*on1 ,traut1 & ,breu4 ,x 0 publi%$ z a sumptu\s folio1 sev]al copies be+ /ruck on vellum by ! eld] ,s*o5sp]g] at ,nuremb]g 9 #aeag1 & repr9t$ two ye>s lat]4 ,! ,weisskunig1 or ,:ite ,k+1 an acc\nt ( ,maximilian's p>5tage1 education1 & exploits1 0 dictat$ by him 9 fragm5ts to ,treitzsaurwe91 b nev] fully edit$4 ,( ! #bdi illu/rations ab\t half are by ,burgkmair1 mo/ ( ! o!rs by ,beck4 ,) ! exception ( ?irte5 ! blocks 7 pres]v$ at ,vi5na1 & ! book 0 pr9t$ !re = ! fir/ "t 9 #agge4 ,la/ly1 ! ,freydal1 :i* 0 to h giv5 an acc\nt ( ,maximilian's t\rneys & ,mumm]ei51 is kn[n to u by ! pres]vation ( ! orig9al m9iatures f :i* ! illu/rations 7 to h be5 made1 b only five blocks out ( #bef 7 actually cut4 ,! patronage ( ! ,emp]or ,maximilian gives special importance to ! "w done dur+ 8 lifetime at ,nuremb]g & ,augsburg1 b !re 0 no lack ( book-illu/rations else:]e4 ,at ,tub+5 "s ( ! ma!matical works ( ,johann ,/(fl] 7 curi\sly decorat$1 & ! second edition ( 8 ,ephem]ides 7#aecc7 has a f9e portrait ( ! au?or 9 8 sev5ty-n9? ye>4 ,at ,ratisbon1 ,albre*t ,altdorf] 0 ! mo/ important work] = ! wood-cutt]s1 & to him are n[ attribut$ ?irty-eight cuts illu/rat+ ! ,fall & ,r$emption ( ,man1 publi%$ at ,hamburg 9 #afjd1 "u ! "n ( ,dur]1 z nunc primum e t5ebris 9 lucem editae4 ,_! m9ute & r niggl+ /yle r5d]s ! bad pr9t+ :i* !y h mo/ly receiv$ peculi>ly de/ructive to !m4 ,ano!r ,ratisbon arti/1 ,mi*ael ,o/5dorf]1 illu/rat$ a few books publi%$ at ,ratisbon itself1 & o!rs pr9t$ at ,+ol/adt4 ,at ,witt5b]g1 f a little be=e #aebj1 ! influ5ce ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r made itself z mu* felt z t ( ,maximilian at ,augsburg & ,nuremb]g4 ,hi!r1 9 #aeje1 _h come a ,franconian arti/1 ,lucas ,crana*1 :o _h already illu/rat$ "s missals = ,w9t]burg] ( ,vi5na4 ,num]\s pictures ( sa9ts1 :i* he drew = ! ,witt5b]g ,heilig?umsbu* ( #aeji1 are subsequ5tly f\nd disp]s$ 9 o!r works1 su* z ! ,hortulus ,animae4 ,a few title-cuts on tracts by ,lu!r & o!rs are assign$ to him1 b a great mass ( bookwork1 includ+ num]\s f9e bord]s1 f\nd 9 ,witt5b]g books ( ! ,lu!r p]iod1 :ile %[+ abundant traces ( ! eld] ,crana*'s influ5ce1 is yet cle>ly n by him4 ,x has rec5tly be5 assign$1 ) "s probability1 to 8 elde/ son1 ,hans4 ,8 y\ng] son1 ,lucas ,crana* ,,ii1 also suppli$ a few bord]s & illu/rations to ! ,witt5b]g booksell]s4 ,georg ,lemb]g] also produc$ bord]s = titlepages & "s ,bible cuts1 & two o!r ,witt5b]g ,bible-illu/rators ( ?is s*ool 7 ,erh>d ,altdorf]1 bro!r ( ,albre*t1 ^: be/ bookwork is f\nd 9 a f9e ,dani% ,bible pr9t$ at ,cop5hag5 9 #aeej1 & ,hans ,brosam]1 ,bibles1 or p>ts ( ! ,bible1 ) ^: cuts appe>$ bo? at ,witt5b]g & at ,frank=t4 ,at ,/rassburg1 ,hans ,baldung ,gri51 ^: "w %[s ! influ5ce ( ,dur]1 illu/rat$ ! ,granatapfel 7#aeaj7 & o!r works by ,geil] ( ,kais]sb]g1 ! ,hortulus ,animae pr9t$ by ,fla* 7#aeaj71 etc4 ,johann ,wa*tl91 :o _h contribut$ a ,resurrection to a set ( ,passion cuts publi%$ by ,knoblau* 9 #aejf1 illu/rat$ a ,leb5 ,*ri/i = ! same pr9t] 9 #aejh4 ,we f9d 8 "w aga9 9 ! ,feldbu* d] ,wund>znei ( ,hans von ,g]sdorff1 pr9t$ by ,s*ott 9 #aeag4 ,! "w ( ,hans ,weiditz = ,/rassburg publi%]s has already be5 m5tion$4 ,x 0 "h also t ,urs ,graf work$ = "s little "t = ,knoblau*1 to ^: ,passion set ( #aejg he contribut$1 & o!r publi%]s4 ,9 #aeji he is f\nd at ,basel1 :]e two ye>s lat] he became a citiz51 supply+ n9ety-five little woodcuts to an edition ( ! ,po/illa ( ,guill]mus1 & also design+ title bord]s4 ,z a c5tre ( pr9t+ ,basel 0 n[ rapidly increas+ 9 importance1 & :5 ,erasmus alli$ himself ) ! =emo/ ,basel pr9t]1 ,johann ,frob51 = a "t ! city succe$$1 9 po9t ( quality ?\gh n ( quantity1 to ! typographical supremacy :i* ,v5ice 0 fa/ los+4 ,s*ol>ly works su* z approv$ !mselves to ,erasmus & ,frob5 (f]$1 ( c\rse1 v little scope = book-illu/ration prop]ly s call$1 b ! desire = beauty f\nd v5t1 n only ) !m1 b ) ! o!r ,basel pr9t]s ( ! day1 ,val5t9 ,curio1 ,johann ,bebel1 ,adam ,petri1 ,&reas ,crat&]1 etc41 9 elaborate bord]s to titlepages1 headpieces & tailpieces1 ornam5tal capitals & trade devices4 ,! arrival ( ,hans ,holbe9 7born at ,augsburg 9 #adig7 at ,basel 9 #aeaf on 8 ,w&]jahre suppli$ a decorator ( a skill altoge!r out%9+ t %[n 9 ! r ta/eless ar*itectural "w1 v>i$ ) gr\ps ( *ildr51 produc$ by ,urs ,graf1 ?\gh ,holbe9 himself 0 cont5t to beg9 9 ?is /yle4 ,9 8 mo/ *>act]i/ic "w ! footpiece ( ! bord] illu/rates "s classical sc5e1 ,mutius ,scaevola & ,pors5na1 ! dea? ( ,cleopatra1 or ,qu9tus ,curtius leap+ into ! abyss2 less commonly a scriptural "o1 su* z ! dea? ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,! mo/ elaborate ( 8 titlepages 0 t to ! ,tabula ( ,cebes 7#aeba71 9 :i* little *ildr5 cr[d ?r\gh ! gate ( life to meet all ! v>i$ =tunes :i* life br+s4 ,delightful hum\r is %[n 9 an (t5 us$ headpiece & tailpiece1 %[+ villag]s *as+ a fox & return+ home danc+4 ,dur+ #aeag & ! foll[+ ye>1 :5 ,hans ,holbe9 0 abs5t f ,basel1 8 bro!r ,ambrosius work$ !re on ! same l9es1 & decorat$1 among o!r books1 ,m's ,utopia4 ,aft] 8 return to ,basel 9 #aeai1 ,hans ,holbe9 rema9$ at "w !re until #aebf1 & x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t 8 book-illu/rations1 prop]ly s call$1 7 execut$1 includ+ ^? to ! ,apocalypse & 8 two mo/ fam\s pieces ( bookwork1 8 ,dance ( ,dea? & ,hi/ori>um ,vet]is ,te/am5ti ,icones1 bo? ( :i* 7 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aech at ,lyon by ,mel*ior & ,gasp> ,tre*sel4 ,^! 7) p]haps "s exceptions7 & _m ( 8 o!r designs#de 7 cut 9 wood by ,hans ,lutzelburg] :o sign$ a ,holbe9 titlepage to a ,g]man ,new ,te/am5t pr9t$ by ,?omas ,wolff 9 #aebc1 & :o1 if rightly id5tifi$ ) ! ,hans ,=ms*neid] ) ^: wid[ ! ,tre*sels 7 9 correspond5ce 9 #aebf & #aebg1 mu/ h di$ ab\t ! "t t ,holbe9 left ,basel4 ,p5 copies1 moreov]1 ( "s ( ! cuts ( ! ,dance ( ,dea? are pres]v$ at ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 & "o ( ^! is dat$ #aebg1 s t !re c be no "q t ! orig9als belong to ?is p]iod ( ,holbe9's life1 & ! ,briti% ,museum possesses a set ( pro(s ( =ty out ( ! orig9al s]ies ( =ty-"o1 pr9t$ on f\r %eets1 t5 on a %eet4 ,x has be5 conjectur$ t ! occupations ( "s ( ! great p]sonages :om ,dea? is depict$ z seiz+ may h be5 consid]$ z com+ "u ! (f5ce ( sc&alum magnatum & s h caus$ ! long delay be=e ! blocks 7 us$1 b z ?is explanation does n apply to ! illu/rations to ! ,old ,te/am5t x seems inadequate4 ,z publi%$ 9 #aech by ! ,tre*sels ! cuts are accompani$ by ,fr5* quatra9s f ! p5 ( ,gilles ,corrozet & o!r appropriate matt]1 & h prefix$ to !m a titlepage read+3 ,les ,simula*res ,hi/oriees ,faces de la ,mort1 autant elegammet p\rtraictes que artificiellem5t imag9ees4 ,a ,lyon1 s\bz lescu de ,coloigne1 ,m4,d4,,xxxviii4 ,a second edition ) ,lat9 in/ead ( ,fr5* v]ses 0 publi%$ by ,jean & ,francois ,frellon1 & o!rs foll[$1 9 "o ( :i*1 t ( #aede1 "o1 & 9 ano!r1 t ( #aedg1 elev5 additional cuts 7 pr9t$1 :ile 9 #aefb1 :5 ! book 0 /ill 9 ,frellon's h&s1 five woodcuts ( *ildr5 make _! appe>ance1 ?\gh !y h no connection ) ! orig9al s]ies4 ,t ,holbe9's ,old ,te/am5t designs also belong to 8 ,basel p]iod is %[n by copies ( !m appe>+ 9 a ,bible pr9t$ by ,fros*\] 9 #aeca1 ?\gh ! orig9al cuts 7 n publi%$ till sev5 ye>s lat]4 ,z pr9t$ by ! ,tre*sels !y are eighty-six 9 numb]1 & :ile ! cutt+ ( ! be/ is wor?y ( ,lutzelburg]1 _! execution is too unequal = x to be c]ta9 t ! :ole s]ies 0 execut$ by him4 ,! cuts 7 also us$ by ! ,tre*sels 9 a ,bible ( ! same ye>1 & bo? ! ,bible & ! cuts "u _! own title ,hi/ori>um ,vet]is ,te/am5ti ,icones 7 republi%$ by ! ,frellons4 ,consid]ations ( space =bid m ?an a b>e m5tion ( ! ,bamb]gis*e ,halssg]i*t 7#aejh71 ) its all too vivid repres5tations ( ! cruel puni%m5ts !n 9 use1 & ! illu/rat$ classics publi%$ at lat] dates by ,johann ,s*oeff] at ,ma9z1 or ( ! "w ( ,jakob ,kobel at ,opp5heim ) its r clumsy imitations ( ,ratdolt's ,italian ornam5ts1 or ( ! illu/rat$ books pr9t$ by ,johann ,weiss5burg] at ,l&%ut1 or ( ^? f ! press ( ,hi]onymus ,rodli* at ,siem51 ! ,?urni]bu* ( #aecj1 ,kun/ des ,mess5s ( ! foll[+ ye>1 & ,fi]abras ( #aecc4 ,aft] ab\t #aece little orig9al book-illu/ration ( any importance 0 produc$ 9 o!r ,g]man cities1 b 9 ,nuremb]g & ,frankfurt x cont9u$ pl5tiful1 ,virgil ,solis & ,job/ ,amman work+ assidu\sly = ! booksell]s 9 bo? places4 ,9 no o!r c\ntry did ! fir/ ?irty ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury produce s mu* int]e/+ "w z 9 ,g]many4 ,int]e/+1 moreov]1 z ?is ,g]man "w is 9 itself1 x is made yet m s by ! fact t a suffici5t proportion ( x is sign$ to enable connoisseurs to pursue _! pleasant task ( di/ribut+ ! unsign$ cuts among ! available arti/s4 ,less intr9sically good1 & ) v few facilities = play+ ?is fasc9at+ game1 ! book-illu/rations ( o!r c\ntries h be5 comp>atively little /udi$4 ,9 ,italy ! new c5tury br\ght "s evil days to ! book trade4 ,pr9t+ itself ceas$ = a "t at ,brescia2 at ,flor5ce publi%]s = _m ye>s reli$ *iefly on _! old /ock ( cuts2 at ,milan1 at ,f]r>a & ,pavia a little new "w 0 done4 ,at ,v5ice ! ?9 delicate outl9e cuts ( ! la/ decade ( ! fifte5? c5tury ceas$ to be produc$ any long]1 ?\gh ! old blocks sometimes reappe>4 ,m (t5 ! old designs 7 ei!r simply copi$ or imitat$ 9 ! m heavily %ad$ /yle :i* 0 n[ com+ into vogue4 ,! int]e/ ( "s ( ?is %ad$ "w is increas$ by ! occasional appe>ance on x ( a signature4 ,?us 9 ! ,missale ,romanum ( #cj ,july1 #aejf1 publi%$ by ,/agn9us1 "s ( ! cuts 9 ?is %ad$ /yle be> ! same signature1 ia1 z appe>s on ! outl9e "w 9 ! ,ovid ( #adig4 ,"w done by ia is also sometimes f\nd copi$ by ano!r cutt] call+ himself ,,vgo1 ^: "n is also f\nd on "s copies ( ,fr5* ,horae cuts 9 a ,v5ice ,horae ( #aeac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxv4 ,,v5ice4 ,,greg4 ,,de ,,gregoriis1 #aeah ,,missale ,,romanum 7#bdf;b74 ,,! ,,asc5sion ,signatures :i* occur ) "s frequ5cy betwe5 #aeae & #aebi are ! z4a41 z4,a41 & ,i4,a4 us$ by ,zoan ,&rea1 i4e4 ,johannes ,&reas ,vavassore4 ,?is ,zoan ,&rea 0 an assidu\s copyi/4 ,e>ly 9 8 c>e] 7#aeae-af7 we f9d him imitat+ ,dur]s l>ge illu/rations to ! ,apocalypse2 9 #aeag 8 title-cut = ! ,de modo reg5di ( ,antonio ,cornazano imitates t ( ,burgkmair on ! #aeae ,de rebus ,go?orum ( ,jorn&es4 ,9 #aebj he prefix$ to a ,livy pr9t$ by ,giunta an excell5t portrait modell$1 z ! ,pr9ce d',essl+ has %[n1 on a sculpture set up at ,padua to ! memory ei!r ( ! hi/orian himself or ( "o ( 8 desc5dants2 9 #aeba he copi$ ,m>cantonio ,raimondi's engrav+ ( ,horatius ,cocles1 & 9 ! same ye> ano!r by ,raimondi ( ,qu9tus ,curtius4 ,?is 0 = an edition ( ,boi>do1 & = a lat] edition ( #aebd ,zoan ,&rea copi$ yet ano!r engrav+1 t ( ,scipio ,africanus4 ,9 #aebe he imitat$ ,holbe9's elaborate bord] to ! ,tabula ,cebetis1 apply+ x to a ,diction>ium ,graecum4 ,ab\t ?is "t also he produc$ ! well-kn[n block-book 7at lea/ ?ree editions kn[n7 ,op]a n\a contemplatiua1 imitat+ ,dur]'s ,little ,passion 9 "s ( ! cuts4 ,because ( ! r>ity ( sign$ woodcuts 9 ,italian books ,zoan ,&rea has attract$ m att5tion ?an ! quality ( 8 "w des]ves4 ,x seems probable t he 0 ! head ( a work%op1 & ! craftsman%ip ( ! cuts be>+ 8 signature is v unequal4 ,turn+ to ! g5]al c\rse ( book-illu/ration 9 ,v5ice z x may be /udi$ 9 ! great "w ( ! ,pr9ce d',essl+1 unhappily left )\t ! promis$ introduction at ! "t ( 8 lam5t$ dea?1 we f9d sev]al diff]5t influ5ces at "w4 ,z has be5 already not$1 ! %ad$ "w :i* _h begun to make its appe>ance be=e #aejj1 z 9 ! frontispiece to ! ,epitome ,almage/i ( ,regiomontanus 7#adif71 rapidly became ! pr$om9ant /yle4 ,we f9d x comb9$ ) "s ( ! *>m ( ! e>li] outl9e vignettes 9 ! small pictures ( a ,virgil ( #aejg1 & 9 "s ( ^? ( ano!r edition 9 #aejh1 ?\gh ! l>g] ones 9 ?is are heavy & co>se4 ,! extreme ( co>s5ess is f\nd 9 an edition ( ! ,leg5d>io di ,sancti ( #aeah1 ! woodcuts be+ m suit$ to a broadside = a cottage wall ?an to ,v5etian bookwork4 ,! /yle is se5 at its be/ 9 ! illu/rations ( a well-kn[n ,horae pr9t$ by ,b]n>d9us ,/agn9us 9 #aejg1 &1 g5]ally speak+1 x is 9 ! ,missals1 ,brevi>ies1 & ,horae publi%$ by ,l4 ,a4 ,giunta1 ,/agn9us & ! ,de ,gregoriis 7see ,plate ,,xxv7 t ! mo/ satisfactory bookwork ( ?is p]iod is f\nd4 ,ano!r /yle :i* may be trac$ 9 _m books ( ! e>ly ye>s ( ! c5tury is a r co>se developm5t ( ! *>act]i/ic ,flor5t9e mann] ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! cuts are z a rule consid]ably l>g] ?an ! ,flor5t9e ones1 & ! ornam5tal bord]s :i* surr\nd !m are mu* deep]4 ,z 9 _m ( ! ,flor5t9e cuts1 m use is made ( black spaces ?an 0 usual at ,v5ice1 b ! cutt+ z a rule is co>se1 & !re is none ( ! *>m ( ! be/ ,flor5t9e "w4 ,woodcuts 9 ?is /yle are f\nd mo/ frequ5tly on ! titlepages ( popul> books 9 small qu>to1 publi%$ by ! ,sessas1 :o app>5tly did n see _! way to commission+ m ?an a s+le illu/ration to ea* book4 ,b ! influ5ce ( ! /yle affect$ ! pictures 9 a few works ( l>g] size--= in/ance1 ! #aejc edition ( ! ,*ronica ,*ronic>um ( ,b]gom5sis1 & ! well-kn[n picture ( a *oir 9 ! ,practica ,musices ( ,ga=i 7#aeab74 ,despite 8 connection ) ! ,hypn]otoma*ia1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 pr9t$ on commission1 ,aldus conc]n$ himself little ) book-illu/rations1 & if ! mis]able cuts :i* he put into 8 edition ( ,h]o & ,le&] ( ,musaeus are fair specim5s ( :at he ?\ght suffici5tly good :5 left to himself1 he 0 well advis$ 9 hold+ alo( f !m4 ,nev]!less1 ! popul>ity :i* he ga9$ = ! small octavos :i* he introduc$ 9 #aeja 0 an important factor 9 ! developm5t ( book-illu/ration 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,al?\gh ,aldus did n illu/rate !m himself1 x 0 impossible t ! lightly pr9t$ h&y books :i* he introduc$ %\ld rema9 p]man5tly unillu/rat$1 & :5 italic type 0 ou/+ roman & small books tak+ ! place ( l>ge1 ! introduction ( small] illu/rations1 dep5d+ = _! effect on ! delicacy ( _! cutt+1 became inevitable4 ,if we take any popul> book ( ! c5tury1 su* z ! ,sonetti ( ,petr>*1 & note ! illu/rations 9 successive editions1 we %all f9d !m gett+ small] & small] & m & m lightly cut & lightly pr9t$1 9 ord] to mat* bett] ) ! ?9 italic types4 ,! new /yle is se5 at its be/ 9 ! books ( #aedj-fj1 ! ,petr>* ( #aedd pr9t$ by ,gabriel ,giolito1 ,boccaccio's ,decam]one pr9t$ by ,valgrisi 9 #aeeb1 ,ovid's ,metamorphoses by ,giolito 9 #aeec4 ,f9ally1 book-illu/ration pet]s out at ,v5ice 9 pictorial capitals1 :i* take z _! subjects any h]oes ( ,greek & ,roman hi/ory & my?ology ^: names beg9 ) ! requir$ lett]1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! nurs]y alphabet 9 :i* ,a 0 an ,ar*] :o %ot at a frog1 ,b 0 a ,but*] :o _h a great dog4 ,to an age :i*1 n o!rwise to its loss1 neglects ! /udy ( ,lempri]e's ,classical ,diction>y1 _m ( ^! puzzle initials are baffl+ly obscure1 reliev$ only by a recurr+ ,q1 :i* 9 almo/ all alphabets depicts ,qu9tus ,curtius leap+ into ! *asm at ,rome4 ,"s simil> sets ( ,old ,te/am5t subjects are mu* easi]4 ,books decorat$ ) capitals ( ?is k9d are f\nd z late z ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,isolat$ initials design$ on ?is plan are f\nd also 9 o!r c\ntries1 b outside ,italy x is only seldom t we come across any?+ approa*+ a set4 ,z to ,fr5* book-illu/rations ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 a compet5t hi/orian %\ld h mu* to say1 b ! pres5t writ] has made no detail$ /udy ( !m1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( any monograph to /eal f mu/ be cont5t ) record+ g5]al impressions1 only "h & !re made precise by ref]5ces to books :i* he has exam9$4 ,f> m ?an ^? ( ,g]many or ,v5ice1 ,fr5* publi%]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury reli$ on ! great /ock ( woodcuts :i* _h come into exi/5ce dur+ ! decades #adha-aejj4 ,t !y did s may be reg>d$ z "s comp5sation = ! exceptional r>ity ( mo/ ( ! m int]e/+ ,fr5* incunabula4 ,we h spok5 disrespectfully ( ! little devotional books pr9t$ ab\t #aejj ) an old ,horae cut on ! back ( ! titlepage or at ! end1 b 9 ! popul> books pr9t$ by ! ,l5oirs & o!r publi%]s z late z #aecj1 & ev5 lat]1 cuts w be f\nd f ,millet's ,de/ruction de ,troie & o!r incunabula n[ q unobta9able1 & x is ev5 possible at times f salvage ( ?is k9d to d$uce ! =m] exi/5ce ( fifte5? c5tury editions ( :i* no copy c n[ be f\nd4 ,aft] ab\t #aejc ! ,fr5* ,horae decl9e rapidly 9 beauty & int]e/1 b _m f9e missals 7 issu$ by ,wolfgang ,hopyl & o!r firms1 "s ) "o or m /rik+ pictures1 almo/ all ) admirable capitals4 ,among non-liturgical books x is difficult to f9d any class = :i* new illu/rations 7 made at all freely4 ,sev]al books ( ,*ronicles by ,mon/relet1 ,rob]t ,gagu91 & o!rs h "o or m cuts at ! beg9n+ :i* may h be5 made = !m1 e4g4 a folio cut ( ,s4 ,d5is & ,s4 ,remy1 ) %ields ( arms f\nd 9 ! ,comp5dium sup] ,francorum ge/is by ,rob]t ,gagu9 7?is1 h[ev]1 dates back to #aejj71 a d\ble cut ( ,s4 ,l\is bless$ by ! ,pope & confront+ ! ,turks 7f\nd 9 ,gagu9's ,sommaire ,hi/orial de ,france1 c4 #aebc1 & else:]e71 ano!r d\ble cut ( ,clovis baptiz$ & 9 battle 7,gagu9's ,m] des ,*ronicques1 #aecf1 b mu* e>li]71 a spirit$ battle sc5e 7,victoire du ,roy contre les ,v5iti5s1 #aeaj71 etc4 ,b :]ev] we f9d illu/rations 9 ! text1 !re we are sure to light on a m$ley ( old cuts 7e4g4 9 ,les gr&s *ronicques de ,france1 #aead1 ,gagu9's ,*ronicques1 #aeaf1 & ! ,rozi] hi/orial1 #aebc71 & x w be odds t ,millet's ,de/ruction de ,troie w be f\nd contribut+ its woodcuts ( ! ,trojan ,w> z illu/rations ( ,fr5* hi/ory4 ,:5 an orig9al cut ( ?is p]iod c be f\nd1 x seldom has ! *>m ( ! be/ "w ( ! la/ five ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 b is usually q good2 !re is1 = in/ance1 a q successful metal-cut ) crible backgr\nd ( ,ju/9ian 9 ,c\ncil 9 an edition ( 8 laws pr9t$ by ,boc>d = ,petit 9 #aeaf1 & "s ( ! liturgical cuts are admirable4 ,!re is ?us no reason to impute ! fall+ (f 9 new cuts to lack ( arti/s4 ,x seems cle> t ! dem& = illu/rations _h = ! mom5t %ift$ to an uncritical audi5ce :o lik$ 7small blame to !m7 ! fifte5? c5tury cuts :i* _h delight$ m educat$ p a g5]ation e>li]1 & 7 n at all p>ticul> z to _! appropriat5ess4 ,mean:ile ! educat$ book-buy]s 7 le>n+ ,greek & prep>+ !mselves to appreciate ! sev]e1 unillu/rat$ elegance ( ! books ( ! ,e/i5nes1 & new cuts 7 n ne$$4 ,! inception ( a new /yle mu/ c]ta9ly be connect$ ) ! "n ( ,ge(froi ,tory1 ^: be/ "w is to be f\nd 9 8 ,books ( ,h\rs1 :i* h already be5 describ$ 9 an e>li] *apt]4 ,its pr$om9ant note is a r ?9 elegance ( outl9e1 9 :i* ! height ( ! figures is usually some:at exagg]at$4 ,tory is suppos$ to h br\ght home ?is /yle aft] 8 visit to ,italy1 b its application to bookwork appe>s to h be5 8 own idea4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a /rik+ resemblance betwe5 ! little cuts ( ,tory's ?ird ,horae set1 dat$ #h ,febru>y1 #aebi1 & ^? 9 an ,ald9e ,horae ( ,octob] ( ! same ye>1 b to ! be/ ( my belief ,tory reckon$ 8 ye> f #a ,janu>y1 n 9 ! old ,fr5* /yle f ,ea/]1 & if s x 0 ,tory :o suppli$ ! ,ald9e arti/ ) a model1 :i* inde$ is a logical cont9uation ( 8 editions ( #aebe & #aebg4 ,x is greatly to be regrett$ t 8 own ,*ampfleury ( #aebg is s slightly illu/rat$4 ,! little picture ( ,h]cules ,gallicus :i* comes 9 x is q delightful4 ,if any guide 7 9 exi/5ce to ! illu/rat$ ,fr5* books ( ! ?irties 9 ! sixte5? c5tury x w\ld probably be possible to trace ! spread ( ,tory's influ5ce4 ,9 #aecj ,simon ,col9es illu/rat$ ,jean ,ruel's ,vet]9>ia ,m$ic9a ) a good en\gh cut 9 ! old ,fr5* /yle slightly modifi$4 ,= ! same au?or's ,de ,natura ,/irpium ( #aecf he provid$ a woodcut1 ( an alcove sc5e 9 a g>d51 ! tone ( :i* is q new4 ,x is evid5t t ,fr5* publi%]s 7 wak+ up to new possibilities & s5d+ _! arti/s to =eign models1 z a ,p]ce=e/ pr9t$ = ,gilles ,g\rmont 9 #aeca & a ,meliadus de ,leonnoys = ,d5is ,janot 9 #aecb1 h bo? ( !m elaborate title bord]s 9 ! /yle :i* ! ,holbe9s _h made popul> at ,basel4 ,! latt] is sign$ 4,f41 a signature f\nd 9 sev]al lat] books 9 ! new /yle4 ,9 #aecd we f9d ,we*el issu+ a ,valturius ) neat adaptations ( ! old ,v]ona illu/rations4 ,d\btless !re 7 _m o!r int]e/+ books1 ) cuts orig9al or copi$ ( ?is decade1 b ! only "o ( :i* ,i h a note is ! ,l'amant mal traicte de sa mye 7translat$ f ! ,spani% ( ,diego de ,san ,p$ro71 pr9t$ by ,d5is ,janot = ,v4 ,s]t5as 9 #aeci1 9 :i* ! title is enclos$ 9 a delicately cut bord]1 ! footpiece ( :i* %[s ! lov]s 9 a g>d54 ,n long aft] ?is ,janot pr9t$ 7)\t putt+ 8 "n or a date7 ,la t\*e ,naifue p\r espr\v] ,lamy & le ,flateur ( ,anto9e ,du ,saix1 9 :i* ! rules enclos+ ! title cut into a pretty oval design ( fl[]s & ribbons4 ,9 #aedj we f9d ! new /yle fully e/abli%$ 9 ! ,hecatongraphie ,ce/ a dire les descriptions de c5t figures hy/oires1 a book ( emblems1 by ,gilles ,corrozet1 pr9t$ by ,d5is ,janot1 :i* ,i only "k 9 ! ?ird edition1 t ( #aedc4 ,"h we f9d little vignettes1 mu* small] ?an ^? 9 ! ,mal]mi ,bible1 ) a headl9e ov] !m & a quatra9 9 italics b5ea?1 ! :ole enclos$ 9 an ornam5tal frame4 ,! little cuts h ! faults inevitable 9 emblems1 & "s ( !m are poorly cut1 b ! be/ ( !m are n only wond]fully delicate1 b %[ a s5se ( movem5t & a skill 9 ! manipulation ( drap]y nev] rea*$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxvi4 ,,p>is1 ,j4 ,,loys ,,= ,v4 ,,s]t5as1 #aede ,,hom]4 ,l',,iliade ,,en ,,v]s ,,francois4 7,,title-,,cut7 ,9 #aedc appe>$1 aga9 f ! press ( ,d5is ,janot1 imprimeur du ,roy en langue francoise1 ano!r emblem book1 ,le ,tableau de ,cebes de ,!bes1 anci5 philosophe disciple de ,socrate3 auquel e/ pa9cte de ses c\leurs1 la uraye image de la vie huma9e1 quelle uoye l'homme doit elire1 p\r p]u5ir a v]tu p]faicte sci5ce4 ,premi]emet escript en ,grec ma9t5ant expose en ,ryme ,francoyse4 ,! ,fr5* rhyme/] 0 aga9 ! au?or ( ! ,hecatongraphie1 & ! impr9t1 ,a ,p>is ,on les u5d en la gr& sic salle du ,palais en la b\tique de ,gilles ,corrozet1 %[s t he n only wrote ! v]ses & p]haps inspir$ ! illu/rations1 b sold ! books z well4 ,9 #aede we f9d ?is same /yle ( design & cutt+ on a l>g] scale 9 ,les dix premi]s livres de l',iliade d',hom]e1 ,pr9ce des ,poetes1 traduictz en v]s ,francois1 p> ,m4 ,hugues ,salel1 & pr9t$ by ,iehan ,loys = ,v9c5t ,s]t5as4 ,! cuts are 9 two sizes1 ! small] be+ surr\nd$ ) ,toryesque bord]s4 ,x is difficult to pass any judgm5t o!r ?an "o ( praise on su* delicate "w4 ,nev]!less1 j z ! fanf>e /yle ( b9d+ us$ by ,nicolas ,eve1 ) its pr(use repetition ( small tools1 is mu* m effective on a small book cov] ?an on a l>ge1 s "h we may well feel t "s bold] & cle>] design w\ld be bett] suit$ to ! illu/ration ( a folio4 ,9 ! title-cut "h %[n 7,plate ,,xxvi7 a r l>g] /yle is attempt$ ) good results4 ,! ye> aft] ! ,hom] !re appe>$ at ,p>is f ! press ( ,jacques ,k]v] a ,fr5* translation ( ! ,hypn]otoma*ia by ,jean ,m>t94 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ cases ( ! reh&l+ ( woodcuts1 ! arrangem5t ( ! orig9al designs be+ closely foll[$1 :ile ! tone is completely *ang$ by ! sub/itution ( ! tall r ?9 figures :i* _h become fa%ionable 9 ,fr5* woodcuts = ! %ort & r plump ones ( ! ,v5etian edition1 & by simil> *anges 9 ! treatm5t ( l&scape4 ,9 ! second half ( ! c5tury at ,p>is excell5t woodcut portraits1 mo/ly 9 an oval frame1 are sometimes f\nd on titlepages1 & 9 o!r cases decoration is suppli$ by a neatly cut device4 ,:]e illu/rations are ne$$ = ! explanation ( works on hunt+ or any o!r subjects !y are mo/ly well drawn & cut4 ,b ! use ( woodcuts 9 books ( imag9ative lit]ature became m & m r>e4 ,at ,lyon1 z at ,p>is1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury ! /ore ( fifte5? c5tury cuts 0 freely drawn on = popul> editions4 ,consid]able influ5ce1 h[ev]1 0 ex]cis$ at fir/ by ,italian models1 aft]w>ds by ,g]many1 s t :ile 9 ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury ,lat9 ,bibles ! cuts are mo/ly copi$ f ,giunta's ,mal]mi ,bible1 ^! 7 gradually sup]s$$ by ,g]man cuts1 :i* ,anton ,kob]g] suppli$ to ! ,lyonnese pr9t]s :o work$ = him4 ,:ile 9 ,italy ! small octavos popul>iz$ by ,aldus cont9u$ to hold _! own1 9 ,france1 f ab\t #aecj1 editions 9 #cb deg4 came rapidly into fa%ion1 & ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury ^! 7 especially ! vogue at ,lyon1 ! publi%]s (t5 cas+ !m 9 v gay little trade b9d+s sometimes /amp$ 9 gold1 b (t5 ) pa9t$ int]lacem5ts4 ,! publication by ! ,tre*sels 9 #aech ( ! two ,holbe9 books1 ! ,dance ( ,dea? & illu/rations to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 mu/ h giv5 an impetus to picture-mak+ at ,lyon1 b ?is 0 at fir/ *iefly visible 9 illu/rat$ ,bibles & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,gilles ,corrozet1 :o _h writt5 ! v]ses = bo? ! ,holbe9 books1 cont9u$ 8 c>e]1 z we h se51 at ,p>is4 ,! mo/ typical ,lyonnese illu/rat$ books 7 ! rival editions ( ,ovid's ,metamorphoses 9 ,fr5*1 "o pr9t$ by ,mace ,bonhomme 9 #aeef1 ) bord]s to e page & little cuts measur+ ab\t #a7a_/b7 94 by #b1 & a simil> edition 7reissu$ 9 ,dut* & ,italian7 ( ! next ye> f ! press ( ,jean de ,t\rnes1 ! bord]s & little pictures 9 :i* are attribut$ to ,b]n>d ,salomon4 ,9 #aeeg ,de ,t\rnes issu$ also ! ,devises ,h]oiques ( ,claude ,p>ad91 & he 0 also ! publi%] ( a ,cal5dri] ,hi/orial1 a memor&um book *>m+ly decorat$ ) cuts ( ! seasons4 ,p>tly ow+ to religi\s tr\bles ! book trade at ,lyon soon aft] ?is rapidly decl9$1 b ! ,fr5* /yle 0 c>ri$ on = a :ile at ,antw]p by ,*ri/oph] ,plant91 :o pr9t$ ,p>ad9's ,devises ,h]oiques 9 #aefb & 9 #aefd1 & ! two foll[+ ye>s ?ree books ( ,emblems1 ^? ( ,sambucus1 ,hadrianus ,junius1 & ,alciatus himself4 ,8 e>li] ,horae are also illu/rat$ ) woodcuts1 & 9 at lea/ "o edition we f9d ! unusual comb9ation ( woodcut bord]s & copp]plate pictures4 ,b al?\gh ,plant9 nev] :olly gave up ! use ( woodcuts1 = 8 m sumptu\s editions he develop$ a m>k$ pref]5ce = copp]plates1 & by 8 example help$ to complete ! d[nfall ( ! woodcut1 :i* by ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury _h gone almo/ completely out ( fa%ion4 ,,footnotes3 #dd ,mr4 ,dodgson also ascribes to ,traut ! illu/rations 9 ! ,leg5d des heylig5 vatt]s ,francisci 7,nuremb]g1 #aeab71 & "s ( ! cuts 9 ! ,!u]dank 7#aeag74 #de ,includ+ p]haps ! f\r sets ( decorative capitals attribut$ to ,holbe91 "o ornam5tal1 ! o!rs repres5t+ a ,dance ( ,peasants1 ,*ildr51 & a ,dance ( ,dea?4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,pr9t+ ,,9 ,,engl& 7#adgf-aehj7df ,some?+ has already be5 writt5 ab\t ! e>lie/ ,engli% books on ! scale to :i* !y are entitl$ 9 a rapid survey ( ,european incunabula4 ,we may n[ consid] !m m 9 detail z befits a book writt5 9 ,engli%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxvii4 ,,we/m9/]1 ,,caxton1 ,c4 #adij ,,! ,,fifte5 ,,oes4 ,william ,caxton1 a ,k5ti%man1 born ab\t #adbj1 _h be5 br\ght up z a m]c] 9 ! city ( ,london1 & ! relations betwe5 ! ,engli% wooltrad]s & ! clo?mak]s ( ,fl&]s be+ v intimate1 he _h1 z he tells u himself1 pass$ ?irty ye>s ( 8 life 79 r\nd numb]s ! ye>s f tw5ty ye>s ( age to fifty7 = ! mo/ "p 9 ,brabant1 ,fl&]s1 ,holl&1 & ,zeal&4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ( ?is "t he _h held ! important position ( ,gov]nor ( ! ,engli% m]*ants at ,bruges1 b ab\t #adfi he surr5d]$ ?is 9 ord] to become secret>y to ,edw>d ,,iv's si/]1 ,m>g>et1 wife ( ,*>les ! ,bold1 ,duke ( ,burgundy4 ,"s ye>s be=e ?is1 ,ra\l ,lefevre1 *apla9 to ! ,duke's pr$ecessor1 _h compil$ an epitome ( ! hi/ories ( ,troy1 ,le ,recueil des hi/oires de ,troye1 & 9 ,m>*1 #adfi1 ,caxton amus$ himself by beg9n+ to translate ?is into ,engli%4 ,dissatisfi$ ) ! result he laid x on "o side1 b 0 bidd5 by 8 patroness1 ! ,du*ess1 to cont9ue 8 "w4 ,?is he f9i%$ on #ai ,septemb]1 #adga1 :ile /ay+ at ,cologne4 ,accord+ to a di/9ct /atem5t by ,wynkyn de ,worde1 :om 7at lea/ z e>ly z #adhj7 he employ$ z 8 =eman1 ,caxton pr9t$ at ,cologne himself to avaunce ! fir/ ,lat9 edition ( ! ,de ,proprietatibus ,r]um1 a k9d ( encyclopa$ia on ! prop]ties ( ?+s1 by an ,engli% fri> ( ! ?irte5? c5tury nam$ ,b>?olomew4 ,n[ ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w is und\bt$ly "o pr9t$ at ,cologne ab\t #adga or #adgb at an anonym\s press :i* ,brad%aw call$ t ( ! pr9t] ( ! #adgc edition ( ! ,dialogi decem ,auctorum1 & ,mr4 ,proctor1 less happily1 t ( ! pr9t] ( ! ,flores ,sancti ,augu/9i1 an undat$ book 9 ! same type4 ,! ,de ,proprietatibus ,r]um is c]ta9ly slightly e>li] ?an ei!r ( ^!1 & !re are "s typographical diff]5ces :i* sugge/ t betwe5 ! completion ( ! "o book & ! beg9n+ ( ! o!r two ! press may h *ang$ ma/]s4 ,! ,de ,proprietatibus is by f> ! l>ge/ book ( ! :ole gr\p1 & be+ by1 or cr$it$ to1 an ,engli% au?or1 x is highly probable t ! well-to-d ex-,gov]nor ( ! ,engli% m]*ants became tempor>ily a memb] ( ! firm = its production & %>$ 9 ! v5ture4 ,?is is ! natural mean+ ( ,wynkyn de ,worde's /atem5t t ,caxton 0 ! fir/ prynt] ( ?is boke1 & is q z likely to be true z ! supposition t he took "p 9 pr9t+ x z a k9d ( amateur j\rneyman to advance himself 9 ! art4 ,x may be not$1 moreov]1 t ! books ( ?is anonym\s press belong to ! less advanc$ s*ool ( pr9t+ at ,cologne1 a s*ool te*nically sev]al ye>s beh9d t ( ,ulri* ,zell1 & ?is takes ! =ce out ( ! objection rais$ by ,william ,blades1 t if ,caxton _h le>nt pr9t+ at ,cologne1 he mu/ h pr9t$ bett] :5 he made 8 />t4 ,caxton does n seem to h foll[$ up ?is beg9n+ at all quickly1 & x 0 n till pr9t+ _h be5 br\ght mu* ne>] to ,bruges by ! />t+ ( presses at ,alo/ 9 #adgc & at ,l\va9 9 #adgd t he 0 /irr$ to action4 ,! fir/ pr9t] at ,l\va9 0 ,jan ,veld5]1 :o work$ !re f #adgd to #adgg1 & ,mr4 ,gordon ,duff conjectures t ,caxton may h receiv$ "s help f him4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t 8 p>tn] at ,bruges 0 ,col>d ,mansion1 a skill$ calligraph]1 :o cont9u$ pr9t+ !re till #adhd1 :5 he fl$ f ! t[n1 leav+ 8 r5t unpaid4 ,caxton's own acc\nt 9 ! ,recuyell ( ! ,hi/ories ( ,troye ( h[ he came to />t is t = z mo*e z 9 ! wrytyng ( ! same my p5ne is worn1 myn h&e w]y & n /$fa/1 myn ey5 dimm$ ) ou]-mo*e lokyng on ! :it pap] 444 & also because ,i haue promysid to dyu]ce g5tilm5 & to my fr5des to adresse to hem z ha/ily z ,i myght ?is sayd book4 ,!r=e ,i haue practys$ l]n$ at my grete *>ge & disp5ce to ordeyne ?is saide book 9 prynte aft] ! man] =me z ye may "h see4 ,!re is no?+ "h to enc\rage ! idea :i* ,mr4 ,proctor seems to h ent]ta9$ t ,col>d ,mansion _h already begun "w on 8 own acc\nt1 & t ,caxton obta9$ 8 help = 8 ,engli% books4 ,x seems m likely t x 0 ,caxton :o made ! />t1 & t ! fir/ two books pr9t$ at ,bruges 7 bo? 9 ,engli%1 ! fir/ be+ ! ,recuyell1 & ! second ,! ,game & ,pleye ( ! ,*esse1 a translation ( a moral treatise 9 :i* ! functions ( ! *essm5 7 us$ z texts = s]moniz+1 writt5 9 ,lat9 by ,jacobus de ,cessolis4 ,aft] ?is a new type 0 cut & ano!r didactic book1 ,les ,quatre ,d]5ni]es ,*oses1 a treatise ( ! ,f\r ,la/ ,?+s 7,dea?1 ,judgm5t1 ,hell1 & ,heav57 pr9t$ 9 x 9 ,fr5*4 ,^! ?ree books probably appe>$ 9 #adge & ! e>ly mon?s ( #adgf4 ,by ?is "t ,*>les ! ,bold 0 pick+ a qu>rel ) ! ,swiss1 & 8 disa/r\s defeat at ,morat on #ba ,june1 #adgf1 mu/ h p[]fully quick5$ ! desire ) :i* we may reasonably cr$it ,caxton1 ( be+ ! fir/ pr9t] 9 8 native l&4 ,he made arrangem5ts to r5t a %op 9 ! ,sanctu>y at ,we/m9/] f ! foll[+ ,mi*aelmas & dep>t$ = ,engl&1 tak+ ) him ! new] ( ! two types & leav+ ! old] "o to ,col>d ,mansion1 :o pr9t$ ) x ! orig9al ,fr5* ( ,lefevre's ,recueil des hi/oires de ,troye1 & ! same au?or's ,les ,fais et pr\esses du noble et vaillant *euali] ,jason1 & !n ab&on$ x1 hav+ already cut a l>g] type = 8 own use4 ,! fir/ dat$ book produc$ by ,caxton 9 ,engl& 0 ,! ,dictes or ,say5gis ( ! ,philosoph]s1 a translation by ,e>l ,riv]s 7! bro!r ( ,edw>d ,,iv's que57 f a ,fr5* v]sion ( an anonym\s ,lat9 book ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,caxton 0 entru/$ by ! ,e>l ) ! ov]sight ( ! translation1 & contribut$ to x an amus+ ,epilogue1 9 :i* he gives "s unfav\rable rem>ks ab\t wom5 attribut$ to ,socrates1 ) 8 own comm5ts4 ,! ,epilogue is dat$ #adgg1 & 9 "o copy m m9utely1 #ah ,novemb]4 ,?\gh ?is is ! fir/ dat$ ,engli% book1 x _c be said t x 0 ! fir/ book pr9t$ 9 ,engl&1 z x 0 probably prec$$ bo? by ,caxton's ,engli% v]sion ( ,lefevre's ,jason1 & also by "s ( ! ?9 qu>tos 9 ! same type4 ,among ! e>li] books pr9t$ by ,caxton aft] he set up 8 press at ,we/m9/] 0 ,*auc]'s ,cant]bury ,tales1 ( :i* lat] on he pr9t$ a second edition :i* he imag9$ to be f a bett] text1 & ornam5t$ ) clumsy pictures ( ! pilgrims4 ,he pr9t$ also 9 sep>ate volumes mo/ ( ,*auc]'s o!r works1 includ+ 8 translation ( ,boe?ius1 ,de ,consolatione ,philosophiae2 also ,g[]'s ,confessio ,amantis1 "s ( ! %ort] poems ( ,lydgate1 ,malory's ,morte d',ar?ur1 & sev]al translations ( ,fr5* romances 7,*>les ! ,great1 ,p>is & ,vi5ne1 ! ,f\r ,sons ( ,aymon1 etc471 translations ( ,aesop & ( ,reyn>d ! ,fox1 ,higd5's ,poly*ronicon1 & ! ,*ronicles ( ,engl&1 ! ,gold5 ,leg5d 7! "n giv5 to ! great collection ( ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts by ,jacobus de ,vorag9e71 sev]al editions ( ! ,h\rs ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 a ,lat9 ,psalt]1 a decorative edition ( ! ,pray]s call$ ! ,fifte5 ,oes ) a bord] to e page 7see ,plate ,,xxvii71 num]\s moral treatises & books ( devotion1 & sev]al ,indulg5ces4 ,9 all j "o hundr$ books & docum5ts issu$ f 8 press1 pr9t$ 9 eight diff]5t types 7includ+ t left beh9d at ,bruges74 ,m ?an tw5ty ( ^! books he _h translat$ himself1 & to o!rs he contribut$ int]e/+ prologues or epilogues4 ,:ile _m pr9t]s on ! ,cont95t easily surpass$ him 9 typographical skill1 few publi%$ m books :i* c /ill be read ) pleasure1 & 8 prefaces & epilogues %[ a real love ( good lit]ature 7especially ( ,*auc]7 & abundant good s5se1 k9dl9ess1 & hum\r4 ,caxton di$ 9 #adia :ile engag$ on translat+ into ,engli% ! ,lat9 ,lives ( ! ,fa!rs1 & ! acc\nt-books ( ! *ur*w>d5s ( ,s4 ,m>g>et's1 ,we/m9/]1 %[ t he 0 buri$ 9 its *ur*y>d1 f\r tor*es be+ suppli$ at a co/ ( two %ill+s & sixp5ce1 & ano!r sixp5ce be+ *>g$ = ! bell4 ,dur+ ,caxton's lifetime only "o o!r ,engli%man set up a press1 an anonym\s s*oolma/] at ,/4 ,albans1 :o began "w 9 #adhj 7possibly 9 #adgi7 & pr9t$ till #adhf1 produc+ fir/ six s*ola/ic books & !n two ,engli% ones4 ,he appe>s to h borr[$ "s type f ,caxton1 s t x 0 presumably ) ! latt]'s goodwill t he repr9t$ 8 v]sion ( ! ,*ronicles ( ,engl&1 add+ !reto an app5dix entitl$ ,fructus ,temporum1 or ,fruits ( ,"t4 ,x is f ,wynkyn de ,worde's repr9t ( ?is edition 9 #adig t we obta9 our only k ( ! pr9t]1 = we are !re told t x 0 compil$ 9 a booke & also enprynt$ by "o sometyme scolemay/] ( saynt ,albons1 on ^: s\le ,god haue m]cy4 ,8 o!r popul> book 0 t fam\s trio ( treatises ,( ,haukyng & ,huntyng & also ( ,coot>muris1 commonly kn[n z ! ,book ( ,/4 ,albans4 ,! second treatise1 :i* is 9 metre1 ends ) ! words ,explicit ,dam ,julyan ,b>nes 9 h] boke ( huntyng1 & ?is is ! only basis = ! popul> attribution ( all ?ree treatises to a hypo!tical ,juliana ,b]nes or ,b]n]s1 :o is suppos$ to h be5 ! daught] ( ,sir ,james ,b]n]s 7execut$ 9 #achh71 & ,prioress ( ! ,nunn]y ( ,sopwell1 a dep5d5cy ( ,/4 ,albans1 ( :i* ! li/ ( prioresses has conv5i5tly p]i%$4#dg ,betwe5 #adgh & #adhf or '#hg1 "s sev5te5 books 7 pr9t$ at ,ox=d by ,!odoric ,rood ( ,cologne1 :o t[>ds ! end ( 8 c>e] 0 9 p>tn]%ip ) an ,engli% booksell] nam$ ,?omas ,hunte4 ,! e>lie/ ( 8 books1#dh all ( :i* are 9 ,lat91 0 an ,exposition on ! ,apo/les' ,cre$ wrongly attribut$ to ,s4 ,j]ome4 ,by ! accid5tal omission ( an ,x ?is is dat$ ,,mcccclxviii1 i4e4 #adfh1 b su* mispr9ts are common 9 e>ly books1 & no "o n[ ma9ta9s t x 0 pr9t$ until t5 ye>s lat]4 ,among ! o!r books pr9t$ at ,ox=d we may note an edition ( ,cic]o's ,pro ,milone1 ! spuri\s ,lett]s ( ,phal>is1 & a v l>ge folio1 ,lyndewode's ,prov9cial ,con/itutions ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*4 ,t ! ,ox=d press came to an end s soon & t none 0 />t$ at ,cambridge dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury may be attribut$ to a /atute ( ,ri*>d ,,iii's p]mitt+ ! free importation ( books into ,engl&4 ,al?\gh ?is measure 0 amply ju/ifi$ by ! int]e/s ( le>n+1 x made x practically impossible = any s*ola/ic press to ma9ta9 itself 9 ! limit$ ,engli% m>ket aga9/ ! competition ( ! f9e editions :i* c\ld be import$ f ,italy4 ,caxton's press 0 at ,we/m9/]1 :i* 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 0 mu* m %>ply di/+ui%$ = bus9ess purposes f ! city ( ,london ?an x is n[4 ,! fir/ press set up )9 ! city itself 0 t ( ,john ,lett\1 ^: surname %[s him to h be5 a native ( ,li?uania1 :i* 9 ,caxton's "t1 z 9 ,*auc]'s1 0 kn[n 9 ,engl& z ,lett[e4 ,mr4 ,gordon ,duff ?9ks t ,john ,lett\ mu/ h le>nt to pr9t at ,rome & br\ght 8 pun*es ) him to ,engl&1 z ! type ) :i* he />t$ to pr9t "h is indi/+ui%able f "o us$ by a small pr9t] at ,rome1 :o bore ! curi\sly ,engli% "n ,john ,bulle1 ?\gh he came f ,brem54 ,lett\ pr9t$ an ,indulg5ce 9 #adhj1 & also a comm5t>y on ! ,metaphysics ( ,ari/otle1 a curi\sly le>n$ "w = a city press1 b :i* he 0 commission$ to pr9t by a c]ta9 ,william ,wilcocks1 = :om ! next ye> he pr9t$ also a comm5t>y on ! ,psalms4 ,aft] #adhb ,lett\ 0 jo9$ by ,william ( ,me*l91 or ,mal9es1 9 ,belgium1 usually kn[n by ! ,lat9 "n ( 8 bir?place1 ,ma*l9ia4 ,lett\ & ,ma*l9ia pr9t$ five law books toge!r1 & !n ,lett\ disappe>s & ,ma*l9ia 9 #adhc />t$ work+ by himself1 at fir/ at a h\se ne> ! bridge ov] ! ,fleet1 :]e he pr9t$ eight books1 & !n 9 ,holborn1 :]e he pr9t$ f\rte54 ,:5 work+ by himself he pr9t$ 9 addition to law books "s works ( a m popul> "*1 a ,book ( ,h\rs1 ! ,revelation to a ,monk ( ,eve%am1#di ,speculum ,*ri/iani 7a devotional "w int]sp]s$ ) ,engli% v]se71 ! ,*ronicles ( ,engl&1 & sev]al editions ( ,a little treatise aga9/ ! ,pe/il5ce by a c]ta9 ,bi%op ,canutus ( ,a>hus4 ,"o ( ^! editions 0 ! fir/ ,engli% book :i* has a titlepage4 ,x is pr9t$ 9 two l9es1 & reads3-- ,a pass+ gode lityll boke necess>ye beh\efull ag5/ ! ,pe/il5s4 ,! exact date at :i* ,ma*l9ia di$1 or gave up "w1 is n kn[n4 ,he 0 pr9t+ 9 #adhf1 b 8 books aft] t are undat$4 ,we may take #adij or a little e>li] z ! ye> ( 8 disappe>ance1 & x is practically c]ta9 t 8 /ock ( books 0 tak5 ov] by ,ri*>d ,pynson f ,norm&y1 :o probably began pr9t+ 9 #adia or #adib 78 fir/ dat$ book 0 f9i%$ 9 ,novemb] ( ! latt] ye>71 & :ile he 0 gett+ 8 work%op ready commission$ ,guillaume ,le ,talleur ( ,r\5 to pr9t two law books = him = sale 9 ,engl&4 ,up to ! dea? ( ,caxton ! only native ,engli% pr9t] besides himself 0 ! unid5tifi$ s*oolma/]-pr9t] at ,/4 ,albans1 ,?omas ,hunte1 :o jo9$ ,!odoricus ,rood at ,ox=d1 be+ only a /ation]4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 = ov] tw5ty ye>s !re 0 no native ,engli%man at "w z a ma/] pr9t]#ej at all4 ,two ( ! ?ree presses at "w 7 9 ! h&s ( ,wynkyn de ,worde ( ,lorra9e & ,ri*>d ,pynson ( ,norm&y1 & ! ?ird 0 work$ = "s "t ) two ,fr5* p>tn]s by ,julyan ,not>y1 :o 0 probably a ,fr5*man himself1 s9ce 9 #adih he spells 8 "n z ,notaire4 ,by f> ! mo/ prolific ( ^! ?ree firms 0 t ( ,wynkyn de ,worde1 :o 0 born1 z 8 "n implies1 at ,wor?1 n[ 9 ,alsace1 b =m]ly "p ( ! ,du*y ( ,lorra9e4 ,he probably came to ,engl& ) ,caxton 9 #adgf1 s9ce we he> ( him z e>ly z #adhj 9 a legal docum5t ab\t a h\se4 ,aft] ,caxton's dea? ,de ,worde made a cauti\s />t1 only issu+ five books 9 ! fir/ two ye>s & n putt+ 8 own "n 9 an impr9t until #adid4 ,by ! end ( ! c5tury1 h[ev]1 he _h pr9t$ #aaj books ( :i* copies or fragm5ts survive1 & by ! "t ( 8 dea? 9 #aecd ! numb] _h ris5 to #hjj1 an extraord9>ily high total1 m especially :5 x is rememb]$ t ! small qu>to editions ( romances & popul> works ( devotion1 ( :i* he pr9t$ a great _m1 7 peculi>ly likely to be ?umb$ to pieces1 s t 8 actual output 0 probably mu* great]4 ,z f> z 8 *oice ( books 0 conc]n$ he %[$ himself a m]e tradesman1 seldom pr9t+ an exp5sive book unless ,caxton's exp]i5ce _h %[n x to be saleable4 ,= two app>5t exceptions to ?is lack ( ent]prise !re 7 special reasons4 ,! fir/1 a translation ( ! ,lives ( ! ,fa!rs1 he 0 almo/ b\nd 9 hon\r to take up1 s9ce ,caxton _h complet$ x on 8 dea?-b$4 ,! second book1 a really f9e edition 7issu$ ab\t #adie7 ( ,trevisa's v]sion ( ! ,de ,proprietatibus ,r]um1 0 also1 z we h se51 connect$ ) ,caxton1 :o1 ,de ,worde tells u1 _h act$ z ! fyr/ prynt] ( ?is boke ,9 lat9 tongue at ,coleyn himself to avaunce4 ,de ,worde's edition is itself notable z be+ ! fir/ book pr9t$ on ,engli% pap]1 ! manufactur] be+ ,john ,tate ( ,h]t=d4 ,9 #aejj ,de ,worde mov$ f ,caxton's h\se at ,we/m9/] to ! sign ( ! ,sun 9 ,fleet ,/reet1 p]haps = ! great] protection (f]$ by ! city aga9/ attacks by anti-ali5 mobs4 ,9 #aejh he 0 appo9t$ pr9t] to ! ,c\ntess ( ,ri*mond & ,d]by1 "m ( ,h5ry ,,vii1 a v old lady1 :o di$ ! foll[+ ye>4 ,de ,worde himself mu/ h be5 a v old man at 8 dea? t[>ds ! end ( #aecd or e>ly 9 ,janu>y1 #aece1 z he _h by t "t be5 at "w 9 ,engl& = betwe5 fifty & sixty ye>s4 ,t[>ds ! end ( 8 life he seems to h _h "s ( 8 books pr9t$ = him by ,john ,skot1 & ,rob]t ,copl& 0 also employ$ 9 8 bus9ess4 ,! output ( ,ri*>d ,pynson 0 only ab\t half t ( ,wynkyn de ,worde1 & 8 taxable prop]ty am\nt$ to only ,l#fj aga9/ ov] ,l#bjj at :i* ,de ,worde 0 assess$4 ,nev]!less ! fact t = ! la/ tw5ty-two ye>s ( 8 life 7#aejh-cj7 he 0 ! ,k+'s ,pr9t] help$ to procure him a few important books1 & also kept 8 workman%ip at a consid]ably high] /&>d4 ,z already m5tion$1 he probably came to ,engl& ab\t #adij & took ov] ,ma*l9ia's /ock1 employ+ ,guillaume ,le ,talleur ( ,r\5 to pr9t two law books = him :ile 8 own type 0 be+ made4 ,he probably began "w ) a f9e edition ( ,*auc]'s ,cant]bury ,tales1 b 8 fir/ dat$ book is an ugly little edition ( ! ,doctr9ale ( ,alex&] ,gallus1 issu$ 9 ,novemb]1 #adib4 ,a copy ( ?is 0 une>!d a few ye>s ago 9 ! libr>y ( ,appleby ,gramm> ,s*ool1 & to secure ! fir/ dat$ book pr9t$ by ,pynson ! ,briti% ,museum _h to pay ov] ,l#cjj = x4 ,9 #adid ,pynson br\ght out ,lydgate's poem on ! ,falles ( ,pr9ces1 translat$ f ! ,lat9 ( ,boccaccio1 illu/rat+ x ) woodcuts borr[$ f ,jean ,du ,pre's ,fr5* edition ( ! same book4#ea ,9 #adie he pr9t$ a ,t]5ce4 ,up to ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury he _h pr9t$ ab\t eighty-eight books kn[n to ,mr4 ,gordon ,duff1 aga9/ ! #aaj pr9t$ by ,wynkyn de ,worde4 ,9 #aejj he mov$ f ! p>i% ( ,s4 ,clem5t ,dane's1 outside ,temple ,b>1 to ! sign ( ,s4 ,george1 at ! corn] ( ,*anc]y ,lane & ,fleet ,/reet1 ! *ange br++ him inside ! city walls4 ,among ! be/ ( ! books pr9t$ by him aft] ?is are ,alex&] ,b>clay's ,%ip ( ,fools 7#aeji71 a translation ( ,seba/ian ,brant's ,n>r5s*iff2 ,fabyan's ,*ronicle 7#aeaf71 ,b>clay's translation ( ,sallu/ 7ab\t #aebj71 ,h5ry ,,viii's ,ass]tio ,septem ,sacram5torum 7#aeba71 & ,"l ,b]n]s' translation ( ,froiss>t's ,*ronicles 7#aebb-e74 ,he also pr9t$ "s f9e s]vice-books1 notably a ,s>um ,missal1 call$ aft] ,c>d9al ,morton :o fav\r$ x ! ,morton ,missal 7#aejj74 ,mr4 ,duff conjectures t 9 ! ,lat9 books he pr9t$ f #aeah onw>ds ,pynson 0 aid$ by ,?omas ,b]!let4#eb ,julian ,not>y's bus9ess 0 on a f> small] scale ?an ^? ( ,wynkyn de ,worde & ,pynson1 = less ?an fifty books are kn[n to h be5 pr9t$ by him4 ,he began "w 9 ,london ab\t #adif 9 p>tn]%ip ) ,jean ,b>bi] & ano!r pr9t] or booksell] ^: initials 7 ,i4 ,h41 probably ,jean ,huv9 ( ,r\54 ,9 #adih ,i4 ,h4 _h left ! firm & ,not>y & ,b>bi] 7 at ,we/m9/]4 ,9 #aejj1 l ,de ,worde & ,pynson1 he *ang$ h\ses1 mov+ to j outside ,temple ,b>1 possibly to ,pynson's old h\se1 giv+ 8 new premises ! sign ( ! ,?ree ,k+s4 ,at a lat] date he _h also a book/all 9 ,s4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d1 & ultimately mov$ 8 pr9t+ (fice into ! city4 ,not>y's books 7 ( mu* ! same k9d z ,de ,worde's--! ,gold5 ,leg5d1 ! ,*ronicles ( ,engl&1 ! ,%eph]ds' ,cal5d>1 ,s]mons1 ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts1 etc4 ,he has ! di/9ction ( hav+ pr9t$ ! smalle/ ,engli% incunable ( :i* any trace has come d[n to u1 an edition ( ! ,h\rs ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 f9i%$ 9 ,april1 #aejj1 measur+ only an in* by an in* & a half4 ,he seems to h ceas$ pr9t+ ab\t #aebj1 b 0 alive 9 #aebc4 ,summ+ up ! "w ( ^! pr9t]s :o 7 active be=e #aejj1 we may note t ,caxton pr9t$ #ajj books & editions t h come d[n to u2 ,de ,worde #aaj be=e #aejj1 ab\t #hjj altoge!r2 ,pynson #hh be=e #aejj1 ne>ly #djj altoge!r2 ,not>y ab\t #h be=e #aejj1 & #dh altoge!r2 ,lett\ & ,ma*l9ia ab\t #cj1 ,ox=d #ag1 ,/4 ,albans #h4 ,?us ! total numb] ( ,engli% incunabula at pres5t kn[n is ab\t #cfj1 b ,pynson & ,wynkyn de ,worde 7 bo? l>ge pr9t]s 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,z we h se51 ,pynson became ,k+'s ,pr9t] 9 #aejh4 ,he _h be5 prec$$ 9 t (fice by ,william ,faques1 :o l himself 0 a ,norman1 & 0 ! fir/ to hold ! title4 ,he 0 wor?y ( ! di/9ction1 = ?\gh he only pr9t$ eight books & docum5ts t h come d[n to u1 8 "w 0 v good4 ,8 dat$ books belong to ! ye> #aejd1 :5 he pr9t$ a proclamation aga9/ clipp$ money1 ) a f9e initial ,h & "s neat woodcuts ( co9s2 also a beautiful little ,lat9 ,psalt]4 ,8 bus9ess 0 9 ! he>t ( ! city1 9 ,ab*ur* ,lane4 ,aft] 8 dea? x pass$ to ,ri*>d ,faques1 :o made 8 "n m ,engli% by spell+ x fir/ ,fakes1 !n ,fawkes4 ,ri*>d work$ 9 ,s4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d1 & among 8 publications 7 ! ,salus corporis salus anime ( ,gulielmus de ,saliceto1 a ,s>um ,horae1 ,skelton's ,goodly ,ballad ( ! ,scotti% ,k+ 7#aeji71 & ,g>l& ( ,laurell 7#aebc71 & la/ly1 ,! ,myrr\re ( ,our ,lady 7#aecj74 ,) ,rob]t ,copl& we come to ! fir/ native ,engli% pr9t] aft] ,caxton & ! s*oolma/] ( ,/4 ,albans4 ,copl& is r an int]e/+ p]son1 :o made translations & wrote prefaces & addresses to ! read] 9 v]se1 besides pr9t+ books4 ,8 "n occurs 9 ! impr9ts ( only twelve books1 spread ov] tw5ty-two ye>s1 #aead-ce1 ! explanation be+ t he 0 probably work+ = ,de ,worde dur+ ?is "t1 & only occasionally indulg$ 9 a private v5ture4 ,aft] a long int]val he pr9t$ two books = ,&rew ,borde 9 #aedg-h1 & appe>s to h di$ :ile ! second 0 9 progress4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,william ,copl&1 probably 8 son1 :o pr9t$ num]\s romances & o!r ent]ta9+ books1 & di$ 9 #aefh or #aefi4 ,at int]vals dur+ ! ye>s #aeaf-bh1 ,john ,ra/ell1 an ,ox=d graduate1 b>ri/] ( ,l9coln's ,inn & bro!r-9-law ( ,sir ,?omas ,m1 issu$ n9e dat$ law books4 ,9 #aebf he pr9t$ two je/ books1 9 #aebi he became involv$ 9 religi\s controv]sy on ! ,prote/ant side1 & di$ 9 pov]ty & prison 9 #aecf4 ,altoge!r "s =ty books are attribut$ to him1 includ+ "s plays1 :i* may p]haps r h be5 pr9t$ by 8 son ,william4 ,william ,ra/ell 0 also a lawy]1 & n %>+ 8 fa!r's ,prote/antism1 became a ,judge ( ! ,que5's ,b5* "u ,m>y1 on ^: dea? he fl$ to ,l\va94 ,z a pr9t] he work$ only f #aecj to #aecd1 pr9t+ ov] ?irty books1 includ+ sev]al works by 8 uncle1 ,sir ,?omas ,m1 & five plays by ,john ,heywood4 ,betwe5 #aeah & #aebd ,h5ry ,pepwell pr9t$ a few popul> books at ! sign ( ! ,tr9ity 9 ,s4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d2 = ! re/ ( 8 life he appe>s to h be5 only a /ation]4 ,john ,skot1 :o pr9t$ at f\r diff]5t addresses 9 ! city ( ,london betwe5 #aeba & #aecg1 work$ p>tly = ,de ,worde1 p>tly on 8 own acc\nt1 pr9t+ upw>ds ( ?irty books = himself1 a few ( !m legal1 ! re/ popul> ,engli% books4 ,two pr9t]s began to issue books 9 #aebc4 ,rob]t ,bankes1 :o turn$ out a few popul> books 9 8 fir/ six ye>s1 0 !n sil5t = a "t1 & reappe>s 9 ! religi\s controv]sies ( #aeci-db1 & ,rob]t ,r$man1 :o seems to h foll[$ 9 ,pynson's foot/eps bo? 9 ,s4 ,clem5t's ,)\t ,temple ,b> & at ! sign ( ! ,george4 ,9 8 (fice ( ,royal ,pr9t] ,pynson 0 succe$$ by ,?omas ,b]!let1 or ,b>tlet1 :o _h probably work$ ) him = upw>ds ( t5 ye>s be=e />t+ on 8 own acc\nt 9 ,fleet ,/reet at ! sign ( ,lucrece 9 #aebh4 ,we "k ( altoge!r ab\t #djj pieces ( pr9t+ f 8 press1 b a l>ge proportion ( ^! consi/s ( editions ( ! ,/atutes & ,proclamations4 ,= ! ,proclamations "s ( ,b]!let's bills survive1 & we le>n t he *>g$ a p5ny a piece = !m1 & import$ 8 pap] f ,g5oa4 ,) 8 (ficial pr9t+ mu/ be reckon$ 8 editions ( ! ,necess>y ,doctr9e ( a ,*ri/ian ,man1 issu$ ) ! royal sanction on #bi ,may1 #aedc4 ,9 ord] to produce suffici5t copies ( ?is he pr9t$ x simultane\sly eight times ov]1 all eight editions be>+ ! same date4 ,( ! books :i* he pr9t$ on 8 own acc\nt ! place ( hon\r mu/ be giv5 to 8 h&some edition ( ,g[]'s ,confessio ,amantis 9 an excell5t black-lett] type 9 #aecb1 & ! v>i\s works ( ,sir ,john ,eliot1 all ( :i* came f 8 press4 ,on ! accession ( ,edw>d ,,vi ,b]!let ceas$ to be ,royal ,pr9t]1 ! po/ be+ giv5 to ,grafton4 ,b]!let di$ 9 ,septemb]1 #aeee1 leav+ consid]able prop]ty4 ,he 0 buri$ z an ,esquire ) p5non & coat arm\r & f\r doz5 scut*eons1 & all ! craft ( pr9t]s1 /ation]s1 & booksell]s foll[$ him to 8 grave4 ,ri*>d ,grafton1 :o succe$$ ,b]!let z ,royal ,pr9t]1 _h a v *equ]$ c>e]4 ,he 0 orig9ally a memb] ( ! ,groc]s' ,company1 &1 9 conjunction ) ,edw>d ,:it*ur* & ,an?ony ,m>l] ( ! ,hab]da%]s' ,company1 sup]9t5d$ ! pr9t+ ( ! ,engli% ,bible ( #aecg1 probably at ,antw]p1 & t ( #aeci by ,francois ,regnault at ,p>is4 ,:5 ,bible-pr9t+ 0 p]mitt$ 9 ,engl& ,grafton & ,:it*ur* %>$ betwe5 !m ! pr9t+ ( ! six editions ( ! ,great ,bible dur+ #aedj & #aeda4 ,b :5 ,cromwell1 ,e>l ( ,essex1 ! *ief promot] ( ,bible-pr9t+1 0 behead$1 ,grafton 0 himself imprison$4 ,9 #aedd1 on ! o!r h&1 he & ,:it*ur* obta9$ an exclusive pat5t = pr9t+ ,prim]s1 & be=e ,h5ry ,,viii's dea? ,grafton 0 appo9t$ pr9t] to ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,?us :5 ,edw>d became k+ ,grafton displac$ ,b]!let z ,royal ,pr9t]1 & h5ce=? _h "t = little save (ficial "w4 ,five editions ( ! ,homilies & sev5 ( ,injunctions1 all dat$ #ca ,july1 #aedg1 7 issu$ f 8 presses2 9 #aedh he publi%$ ,halle's ,union ( ,lanca/] & ,york & sev]al editions ( ! ,ord] ( ,communion & ,/atutes2 9 #aedi came two ,bibles & five editions ( ! fir/ ,pray] ,book ( ,edw>d ,,vi2 9 #aeej a repr9t ( ,halle & an edition ( ,m>beck's ,book ( ,common ,pray] not$2 9 #aeea ,wilson's ,rule ( ,reason2 9 #aeeb six editions ( ! second ,pray] ,book ( ,edw>d ,,vi1 & m ,/atutes4 ,proclamation-"w1 ( c\rse1 w5t on /eadily ?r\gh\t ! reign1 & on ,edw>d's dea? ,grafton pr9t$ ! enorm\sly long docum5t by :i* ! adh]5ts ( ,lady ,jane ,grey tri$ to ju/ify h] claim to ! ,cr[n4 ,he did 8 "w v h&somely1 b on ! triumph ( ,m>y1 ?\gh he imp>tially pr9t$ a proclamation = h] n9e days aft] ,que5 ,jane's1 he naturally lo/ 8 po/ & might easily h lo/ 8 head also4 ,= ! re/ ( 8 life he 0 ma9ly occupi$ 9 writ+ 8 *ronicle4 ,b he pr9t$ a ,book ( ,common ,pray] 9 #aeei1 & 7accord+ to ,h]b]t7 a ,bible 9 #aeff4 ,he di$ 9 #aegc4 ,:ile ,grafton 0 ! ,k+'s pr9t] = ,engli% books1 ! po/ ( ,royal ,pr9t] 9 ,lat91 ,greek1 & ,hebrew _h be5 conf]r$ 9 #aedg on ,reg9ald or ,reyn] ,wolfe4 ,wolfe1 :o _h come to ,engl& f ,geld]l&1 0 at fir/ a booksell]1 & 0 employ$ by v>i\s di/+ui%$ p]sons z a lett]-c>ri] betwe5 ,engl& & ,g]many4 ,:5 he set up z a pr9t] 9 #aedb1 ) type :i* he seems to h obta9$ f a relative at ,frank=t1 he 0 employ$ by ! great antiqu>y1 ,john ,lel&1 & by ,john ,*eke1 ,pr(essor ( ,greek at ,cambridge1 = :om he pr9t$ 9 #aedc two ,homilies ( ,s4 ,*ryso/om 9 ,greek & ,lat91 ?is be+ ! fir/ ,greek "w pr9t$ 9 ,engl&4 ,dur+ ,edw>d ,,vi's reign he does n seem to h be5 giv5 mu* to d 9 ,lat91 ,greek1 or ,hebrew1 b pr9t$ ,cranm]'s ,def5ce ( ! ,sacram5t & ,answ] unto a ,crafty ,cavillation4 ,aft] keep+ quiet dur+ ,m>y's reign he enjoy$ ! patronage ( ,elizabe? & ,ar*bi%op ,p>k]1 & liv$1 l ,grafton1 till #aegc4 ,?\gh he nev] work$ on a l>ge scale1 ,wolfe c]ta9ly rais$ ! /&>d ( pr9t+ 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,john ,day x is pleasant to come to a native ,engli%man :o did equally good "w1 & t 9 a l>g] way ( bus9ess4 ,day 0 a ,suffolk man1 born 9 #aebb at ,dunwi*1 a t[n ov] :i* ! sea n[ rolls4 ,he began pr9t+ 9 p>tn]%ip ) ,william ,s]es z e>ly z #aedf1 b1 save "s fairly good editions ( ! ,bible1 produc$ no?+ ( importance dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,8 fir/ f9e book1 publi%$ 9 #aeei1 is ,! ,cosmographicall ,glasse1 a "w on survey+1 by ,william ,cunn+ham4 ,?is has a woodcut allegorical bord] to ! titlepage1 a f9e portrait ( ,cunn+ham1 a map ( ,norwi*1 & "s good h]aldic & pictorial capitals4 ,its text is pr9t$ ?r\gh\t 9 l>ge italics4 ,! book ?us broke away entirely f ! old black-lett] traditions ( ,engli% pr9t+1 & c\ld comp>e fav\rably ) ! be/ =eign "w4 ,day pr9t$ o!r folios 9 ?is /yle1 & 9 "s ( !m in/ead ( a device plac$ a l>ge & /rik+ portrait ( himself4 ,9 #aefc he pr9t$ ! fir/ edition ( ,acts & ,monum5tes ( ^! latt] & p]ill\s days t\*+ matt]s ( ! ,*ur*1 bett] kn[n z ,foxe's ,book ( ,m>tyrs4 ,?is is a book ( ov] two ?\s& pages1 & is pl5tifully illu/rat$ ) woodcuts ( v>y+ degrees ( m]it4 ,day by ?is "t _h attract$ ! patronage ( ,ar*bi%op ,p>k]1 & 9 #aeff pr9t$ = him a book call$ ,a ,te/imony ( ,antiquitie1 %[+ ! aunci5t fay? ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& t\*+ ! sacram5t ( ! body & bl\de ( ! ,"l "h publikely prea*$ & also receav$ 9 ! ,saxons tyme1 above #fjj ye>es agoe4 ,= ?is s]mon1 attribut$ to ,ar*bi%op ,aelfric1 "s ,anglo-,saxon type1 ! fir/ us$ 9 ,engl&1 0 specially cut4 ,lat] on ,day pr9t$ at ,lambe? ,palace ,p>k]'s ,de ,antiquitate ,britannicae ,ecclesiae4 ,he also pr9t$ ,as*am's ,s*olema/] & o!r important works4 ,he appe>s1 moreov]1 to h possess$ a bookb9d+ bus9ess1 or at lea/ to h _h b9d]s 9 8 employm5t :o inv5t$ a v /rik+ & dignifi$ /yle ( b9d+4 ,altoge!r1 ,day is a man ( :om ,engli% bookm5 may well be pr\d4 ,he di$ 9 #aehd4 ,ri*>d ,tottell 0 ano!r pr9t] ( "s importance4 ,! son ( an ,exet] man1 he began pr9t+ ab\t #aeec1 & e>ly 9 8 c>e] receiv$ a pat5t :i* gave him a monopoly ( ! publication ( law books4 ,^!1 to d him ju/ice1 he pr9t$ v well1 & he also publi%$ a numb] ( works ( lit]>y int]e/4 ,*ief among ^!1 & always associat$ ) 8 "n1 is ! fam\s ,songs & ,sonnets ( ,wyatt & ,surrey & o!r ,tudor poets1 edit$ by ,ni*olas ,grimald1 b (t5 quot$1 = no v good reason1 z ,tottell's ,miscellany4 ,to 8 cr$it mu/ also be plac$ editions ( ,lydgate's ,falles ( ,pr9ces1 ,hawes's ,pa/ime ( ,pleasure1 ,tuss]'s ,five ,hundre? ,po9ts ( ,good ,husb&ry1 ! works ( ,sir ,?omas ,m 9 #adeh folio pages1 ,g]>d ,legh's ,acc$5s ( ,arm\ry1 num]\s editions ( ,guev>a's ,diall ( ,pr9ces1 z translat$ by ,sir ,?omas ,nor?1 & a v]sion ( ,cic]o's ,de ,(ficiis1 by ,ni*olas ,grimald4 ,9 #aegc ,tottell petition$ unsuccessfully = a monopoly ( pap]-mak+ 9 ,engl& = ?irty ye>s1 9 ord] to enc\rage him to />t a pap]-mill4 ,he liv$ till #aeic4 ,h5ry ,d5ham 7#aefd-hi71 ,h5ry ,bynneman 7#aeff-hc71 & ,?omas ,vautrolli] 7#aeff-hh71 & ! latt]'s successor1 ,ri*>d ,field1 7 ! be/ pr9t]s ( ! re/ ( ! c5tury4 ,d5ham 0 an old appr5tice ( ,tottell's1 :o gave him "s important books to pr9t = him4 ,h]b]t rem>ks ( him3 ,he 0 an exce$+ neat pr9t]1 & ! fir/ :o us$ ! semicolon ) propriety4 ,among 8 m notable books 7 ,grafton's ,*ronicle 7= ,tottell & ,toy1 #aefi71 editions ( ! ,olyn?iac orations ( ,demo/h5es 9 ,engli% 7#aegj7 & ,lat9 7#aega71 ,an ,alve>ie or quadruple diction>ie conta9+ f\re sundrie tongues1 namelie1 ,engli%1 ,lat9e1 ,greeke1 & ,fr5*1 ) a pleas+ titlepage %[+ ! royal arms & a beehive 7#aehj71 ,?omas ,b5tley's ,! ,monum5t ( ,matrons3 conta9+ seu5 seu]all ,lamps ( ,virg9itie1 a "w 9 praise ( piety & ,que5 ,elizabe? 7#aehb71 ,hunnis's ,seu5 ,sobs ( a ,sorr[full ,s\le = ,s9ne1 a metrical v]sion ( ! p5it5tial psalms 7#aehe71 & ! second edition ( ,hol9%$'s ,*ronicles 7#aehg74 ,h5ry ,bynneman1 ?\gh n s high 9 ,ar*bi%op ,p>k]'s fav\r z ,john ,day1 0 yet recomm5d$ by him to ,burghley 9 #aefi1 & des]v$ 8 patronage by mu* good "w4 ,he pr9t$ an ,engli% v]sion ( ,epictetus1 ,dr4 ,caius's ,de ,antiquitate ,cantabrigi5sis ,academiae 7#aefh71 a h&some book ) ! text 9 italics1 accord+ to ! fa%ion ( ! day1 ,van d] ,noodt's ,!atre ( ,voluptu\s ,worldl+s 7#aefi71 a ,lat9 text ( ,virgil believ$ to be ! fir/ pr9t$ 9 ,engl& 7#aegj71 ! ,hi/oria ,brevis ( ,?omas ,wals+ham 7#aegd71 a h&some folio1 sev]al books by ,gascoigne & ,turb]ville1 ! fir/ edition ( ,hol9%$'s ,*ronicles 7#aegg1 publi%$ by ,john ,h>rison71 & a few books 9 ,greek4 ,?omas ,vautrolli]1 a ,fr5* refugee1 set up a press at ,blackfri>s1 at :i* he pr9t$ sev]al editions ( ! ,pray] ,book 9 ,lat9 7,lib] ,precum ,public>um 9 ,ecclesia ,anglicana71 & ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ,beza's ,lat9 v]sion1 = :i* latt] he 0 grant$ a t5 ye>s' privilege 9 #aegd4 ,9 #aegi he pr9t$ two v notable works1 ,f5ton's translation ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,guicci>d9i & ,sir ,?omas ,nor?'s ,plut>*1 ! latt] be+ "o ( ! h&some/ ( ,elizabe?an books4 ,9 #aehj & aga9 9 #aehd he w5t to ,ed9burgh1 pr9t+ sev]al books !re 9 #aehd & #aehe4 ,8 second visit is said to h be5 due to tr\ble :i* came ^u him = pr9t+ ! ,spaccio della ,be/ia ,triomphante ( ,giordano ,bruno4 ,8 press at ,blackfri>s cont9u$ to "w dur+ 8 abs5ce4 ,8 daught] ,jak9 m>ri$ ,ri*>d ,field1 :o succe$$ to 8 h\se & bus9ess 9 #aehh1 & cont9u$ 8 excell5t traditions4 ,a company ( /ation]s _h exi/$ 9 ,london s9ce #adjc1 & 9 #aeeg ?is 0 recon/itut$ & grant$ a ,royal ,*>t]4 ,! object ( ! ,cr[n 0 to secure great] control ov] pr9t+1 s t no inconv5i5t criticisms on matt]s ( ,*ur* or ,/ate might be all[$ to appe>4 ,! object ( ! lead+ pr9t]s & booksell]s1 :o =m$ ! c\rt ( ! company1 0 to dim9i% competition1 bo? illegitimate & legitimate4 ,bo? objects 7 to a v consid]able degree atta9$4 ,! qu>t] ( a c5tury :i* foll[$ ! grant ( a *>t] witness$ a great improvem5t 9 ! ,engli% /&>d ( book production4 ,up to ?is "t x seems probable t few ,engli% pr9t]s1 :o _h n ! royal patronage1 _h f\nd _! craft pr(itable4 ,caxton no d\bt did v well = himself--z he ri*ly des]v$4 ,he enjoy$ ! fav\r ( successive k+s1 & receiv$ good support f o!r qu>t]s4 ,we may guess1 moreov]1 t bo? z translator & publi%] he kept 8 f+] on ! pulse ( well-to-d book-buy]s to an ext5t to :i* !re is no p>allel = ! next two c5turies4 ,no "o else 9 ,engl& possess$ ?is skill1 & c]ta9ly no "o else enjoy$ ,caxton's success4 ,! ,act ( ,ri*>d ,,iii p]mitt+ unre/rict$ importation ( books quickly kill$ ! presses at ,ox=d & ,/4 ,albans1 :i* c\ld n compete ) ! publications ( ! le>n$ pr9t]s ( ,italy1 ,france1 & ,switz]l&4 ,until m ?an half-way ?r\gh ! reign ( ,elizabe? ! unit$ output ( books f ,ox=d & ,cambridge am\nt$ to less ?an a c\ple ( score4 ,= m ?an tw5ty ye>s aft] ,caxton's dea? !re 0 no und\bt$ ,engli%man z a ma/] pr9t]4 ,mr4 ,gordon ,duff has lately publi%$#ec ! assessm5ts ( "s ( ! *ief /ation]s & pr9t]s f ! ,lay ,subsidy ,rolls ( #aebc-d4 ,by f> ! highe/ ( !m is ! ,l#cjg at :i* 0 assess$ ,john ,tav]n]1 a /ation] :o is only o!rwise kn[n z hav+ b\nd "s books = ! ,royal ,*apel1 & :o 0 wise en\gh n to m$dle ) pr9t+4 ,wynkyn de ,worde1 mo/ comm]cial ( pr9t]s1 0 assess$ at ,l#bja #aas4 #a;d42 a practically unkn[n /ation] nam$ ,neale at ,l#ajj2 ,pynson1 :o 0 ,royal ,pr9t] & did really good "w1 at ,l#fj2 ?ree o!r /ation]s1 "o ( :om pr9t$ 7,h5ry ,pepwell71 at ,l#dj apiece2 ,julyan ,not>y at ,l#cf #fs4 #h;d42 o!r pr9t]s at ,l#aj 7,rob]t ,r$man71 ,l#f #acs4 #d;d4 7,john ,ra/ell71 & ,l#d 7,rob]t ,wy]74 ,x is tol]ably cle> t !re 0 absolutely no inducem5t to an ,engli% /ation] to take up pr9t+4 ,9 #aecd ,h5ry ,,viii repeal$ ! ,act ( #adhd1 on ! plea t native pr9t+ 0 n[ s good t !re 0 less ne$ to import books f abroad1 ! ,k+'s real reason1 no d\bt1 be+ to make x easi] to *eck ! importation ( h]etical works4 ,mr4 ,duff has writt5 ( ! ,k+'s action3 ,! fifty ye>s ( fre$om f #adhd to #aecd n only br\ght u ! f9e/ specim5s ( pr9t+ we possess1 b compell$ ! native workman 9 self-protection to le>n1 & :5 competition 0 done away ) 8 ambition rapidly di$ also4 ,once our ,engli% pr9t+ 0 protect$1 x sank to a level ( badness :i* has la/$1 ) ! exception ( a few brilliant exp]im5ts1 almo/ d[n to our own day4#ed ,z a rule1 :atev] ,mr4 ,duff writes ab\t ,engli% pr9t+ is incontrov]tible1 b ?is p>ticul> pron\ncem5t seems curi\sly unf\nd$4 ,:e!r we consid] :at !y pr9t$ or h[ !y pr9t$ x1 ! "w ( ! ,engli% presses f #aece-eg is bett]1 n worse1 ?an ! "w ( ! correspond+ p]iod1 #aeab-cd4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! e>li] p]iod to comp>e ) ! ,great ,bibles1 & ! books ( ,b]!let & ,reyn] ,wolfe are fairly equal to ^? ( ,pynson4 ,if we take #aeeg z a fre% po9t ( dep>ture1 ! books issu$ f !n to ab\t #aehj pres5t a /ill m rem>kable advance4 ,:ile ! "w ( ! re/ ( ,europe det]iorat$1 t ( ,engl&1 9 ! h&s ( su* m5 z ,day1 ,d5ham1 & ,bynneman1 improv$1 & alike = _! typography1 _! illu/rations & decorations & _! s*ol>%ip1 !y surpass ^? ( any previ\s p]iod s9ce ! days ( ,caxton1 & des]ve f> m att5tion f collectors ?an !y h yet receiv$4 ,,footnotes3 #df ,= ,engli% prov9cial pr9t+ aft] #aejj see ,*apt] ,,xiii4 #dg ,a f\r? treatise1 t on ,fi%+ ) an ,angle1 is (t5 includ$ 9 ! attribution ) ev5 less reason4 ,?is 0 fir/ pr9t$ by ,wynkyn de ,worde 9 #adif1 ) ! foll[+ curi\s explanation ( its be+ tack$ on to ! ,book ( ,/4 ,albans3 ,& = by cause ?is pres5t treatyse %olde n come to ! hondys ( e*e ydle p]sone :y*e wolde desire x yf x 7 enprynt$ allone by x self put 9 a lytyll paunflet1 !r=e ,i haue compyl$ x 9 a gret] volume ( dyu]se bokys conc]nynge to g5tyll noble m51 to ! ent5t t ! =sayd ydle p]sones :y*e %olde haue b lytyll mesure 9 ! sayd dysporte ( fy%ynge %olde n by ?is meane utt]ly de/roye x4 #dh ,two po9ts may be not$ ab\t ,rood3 7i7 he does n put 8 "n 9 8 e>lie/ books1 & z !re is a *ange ( type 9 8 sign$ "w1 x is possible1 ?\gh unlikely1 t ! books 9 type #a are f ano!r press2 7ii7 he is n to be id5tifi$1 z 0 once propos$1 ) a c]ta9 ,!odoricus ( ,cologne1 lately prov$ by ,dr4 ,v\llieme to be ,!odoricus ,moln]1 a /epson ( !r ,ho]n54 #di ,! place-"n "h is an e>ly misread+ = ,eyn%am4 #ej ,?is /atem5t %\ld p]haps be modifi$ to admit ( ! possibility t ,julian ,not>y 0 ,engli% r ?an ,fr5*1 z is g5]ally assum$4 #ea ,?is & ! ,dives & ,paup] ( #adic 7:i*1 until ! discov]y ( ! ,doctr9ale1 0 reckon$ ,pynson's fir/ dat$ book7 & sev]al o!r ( 8 e>lie/ editions 7 publi%$ p>tly at ! exp5se ( a m]*ant nam$ ,john ,ru%e1 :o took six hundr$ copies ( ! ,dives & ! ,boccaccio at #ds4 apiece4 ,see ,two ,lawsuits ( ,ri*>d ,pynson1 by ,h4 ,r4 ,plom]1 9 ,! ,libr>y1 second s]ies1 ,vol4 ,x4 #eb ,see ,! ,libr>y1 second s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #bih sqq4 #ec ,9 ,! ,libr>y1 second s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #beg-ha4 #ed ,! ,pr9t]s1 ,/ation]s1 & ,bookb9d]s ( ,we/m9/] & ,london1 #adgf-aece 7la/ p>agraph74 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,engli% ,,books ,,pr9t$ ,,else:]e ,,?an ,,at ,,london ,illu/ration3 ,,xxviii4 ,,cologne1 ,,pr9t] ,,unc]ta91 #aebe ,,tyndale',s ,,new ,,te/am5t1 ,,fir/ ,,page ,,( ,,text ,dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury presses 7 set up 9 m ?an fifty places 9 ,g]many1 9 m ?an sev5ty 9 ,italy1 9 ne>ly =ty 9 ,france1 9 m ?an tw5ty 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 9 tw5ty-f\r 9 ,spa91 9 only ?ree 7c\nt+ ,london & ,we/m9/] z "o7 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,london & ,we/m9/] ov] #ccj books are kn[n to h be5 pr9t$2 9 ,ox=d & ,/4 ,albans only tw5ty-five4 ,! reason = ?is paucity ( prov9cial pr9t+ 9 ,engl& mu/ be f\nd by ! social hi/orian4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury br\ght no *ange 9 ! facts4 ,= ?irty ye>s f ,m>*1 #adhg1 !re 0 no pr9t+-press at ,ox=d4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aeag1 a ,lat9 comm5t>y on ! ,po/]ior ,analytics ( ,ari/otle appe>$ ) ! impr9t ,academia ,oxonie1 & 9 f\r subsequ5t books1 pr9t$ 9 #aeah1 ! pr9t] ( ?is gave 8 "n z ,johannes ,scol>4 ,a fragm5t ( a six? book has lately be5 f\nd at ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,9 #aeai ,scol>'s place 0 tak5 by ,c>olus ,kyr=?1 :o pr9t$ a ,compotus1 or small ari?metic book4 ,a progno/ication by ,jasp> ,laet may h be5 pr9t$ app>5tly ei!r by ,scol> or ,kyr=?4 ,aft] ! appe>ance ( ^! eight books !re 0 no m pr9t+ at ,ox=d until a press 0 />t$ !re 9 #aehe by ,joseph ,b>nes1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,! la/ book ( ! ,s*oolma/]-pr9t] appe>$ at ,/4 ,albans 9 #adhf1 & aft] ?is !re 0 no m pr9t+ !re until #aecd4 ,9 t ye>1 at ! reque/ ( ,abbot ,catton1 a pr9t] nam$ ,john ,h]t=t1 or ,h]=d1 pr9t$ !re ,! glori\s lyfe & passion ( se9t ,albon4 ,rob]t ,catton 0 succe$$ z abbot by ,ri*>d ,/ev5age1 & 9 ! ye>s #aecf-h ?ree religi\s books 7 pr9t$ = him by ,h]t=t1 :o also pr9t$ an ,ari?metic & two o!r books on 8 own acc\nt1 mak+ sev5 books 9 all4 ,!n1 9 ,octob]1 #aeci1 ,john ,h]t=t fell "u suspicion ( hav+ pr9t$ a little book ( dete/able h]esies1#ee & ! ,abbot _h to s5d him to ,london4 ,! abbey itself 0 suppress$ by ! ,k+ ! same ye>1 & ,h]t=t1 depriv$ ( 8 patron1 _h no inducem5t to return4 ,he is next he>d ( z pr9t+ 9 ,london 9 #aedd4 ,at ,york a ,directorium 0 pr9t$ by ,hugo ,goes1 & !re is a sev5te5? c5tury ref]5ce to a ,donatus m9or & ,accid5ce f 8 press4 ,?ree small books are also kn[n to h be5 pr9t$ by ,ursyn ,myln] 9 #aead & #aeaf4 ,previ\s to ?is1 9 or ab\t #aejg1 an ,expositio hymnorum et sequ5ti>um = use at ,york _h be5 pr9t$ at ,r\5 by ,pi]re ,violette = a /ation] nam$ ,g]>d ,freez 7also kn[n z ,g]>d ,w&s=?71 :o di$ 9 #aeaj4 ,?is ,g]>d ,freez _h a bro!r ,fr$]ick1 :o is describ$ n only z a bookb9d] & /ation]1 b z a pr9t]1 & may !re=e h pr9t$ books :i* h p]i%$ )\t leav+ any trace beh9d !m4 ,b ! only extant ,york books ( ! sixte5? c5tury are ! ,directorium ( #aejg1 two small s]vice-books ( #aeac1 & a little grammatical "w 9 #aeaf4 ,aft] ?is !re 0 no m pr9t+ 9 ,york until #afdb4 ,at ,cambridge a /ation] nam$ ,john ,la]1 ( ,sib]*1 i4e4 ,siegburg1 ne> ,cologne1 settl$1 9 or ab\t #aebj1 & act$ z publi%] to an edition ( ,croke's ,introductiones 9 ,rudim5ta ,graeca1 pr9t$ at ,cologne by ,eu*>ius ,c]vicornus4 ,aft] ?is1 9 #aeba & #aebb1 ,sib]* himself pr9t$ n9e small books at ,cambridge1 ! fir/ ( !m be+ a ,lat9 spee* by ,h5ry ,bullock address$ to ,c>d9al ,wolsey4 ,among ! o!r books 0 a ,dialogue ( ,lucian's 7,greek3 p]i dipsadon71 = :i* ,sib]* _h to use "s ,greek type1 & a "w on lett]-writ+ 7,de conscrib5dis epi/olis7 by ,erasmus1 ) :om he seems to h be5 on fri5dly t]ms4 ,aft] #aebb no m books 7 pr9t$ at ,cambridge until #aehc4 ,at ,tavi/ock 9 #aebe a monk nam$ ,?omas ,ri*>d pr9t$ a translation ( ,boe?ius's ,de ,consolatione ,philosophiae = ! ryght wors*ypful esquy] ,may/] ,rob]t ,langdon4 ,n9e ye>s lat]1 9 #aecd1 ! same press pr9t$ ! ,/atutes conc]n+ ! ,devon%ire ,/ann>ies or ,t9 ,m9es4 ,^! are ! only two e>ly books kn[n to h be5 pr9t$ at ,tavi/ock4 ,at ,ab+don 9 #aebh1 ,john ,scol>1 presumably ! same man :o _h previ\sly work$ a few miles (f at ,ox=d1 pr9t$ a ,porti=ium or ,brevi>y = ! use ( ! mona/]y4 ,no o!r e>ly book is kn[n to h be5 pr9t$ !re4 ,f #aeci1 :5 ,john ,h]t=t 0 summon$ f ,/4 ,albans1 to ! end ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 we "k ( no prov9cial pr9t+ 9 ,engl&4 ,b on ! accession ( ,edw>d ,,vi ! extreme ,prote/ants :o _h fl$ f ,engl& to ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,g]many1 & ,switz]l&1 came flock+ back1 & "s ( !m seem to h /opp$ at ,ipswi*4 ,two1 or p]haps ?ree pr9t]s1 all 9 ! ,prote/ant int]e/1 work$ !re 9 ! fir/ few mon?s ( ! new reign4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 ,an?ony ,scolok]1 pr9t$ sev5 books at ,ipswi* 9 #aedg & #aedh1 & !n w5t on to ,london4 ,! second1 ,john ,ov]ton1 br\ght ov] ) him f ,wesel ! text ( ,bi%op ,bale's ,lat9 bibliography ( ! ,illu/ri\s ,writ]s ( ,brita91 pr9t$ !re by ,!odoricus ,plateanus1 o!rwise ,dirick van d] ,/rat51 & may or may n h pr9t$ at ,ipswi* two additional %eets1 :i* he dat$ !re #ca ,july1 #aedh4ef ,! ?ird pr9t]1 ,john ,osw51 pr9t$ at ,ipswi* elev5 tracts1 mo/ly controv]sial1 9 or ab\t #aedh1 & !n remov$ to ,worce/]4 ,on 8 arrival at ,worce/] late 9 #aedh1 or e>ly 9 #aedi1 ,john ,osw5 obta9$ a special privilege f ,edw>d ,,vi = pr9t+ s]vice-books = use 9 ! ,pr9cipality ( ,wales1 & produc$ !re ?ree editions ( ! fir/ ,pray] ,book ( ,edw>d ,,vi & a ,new ,te/am5t4 ,besides ^!1 f #aedi to #aeec he pr9t$ eighte5 o!r books1 mo/ly ( controv]sial !ology1 call+ himself 9 8 impr9ts ,pr9t] appoynt$ by ! ,k+es ,maie/ie = ! ,pr9cipalitie ( ,wales & ! ,m>*es ( ! same4 ,on ! accession ( ,m>y1 x be+ no long] safe to pr9t ,prote/ant !ology1 ,osw5's press ceas$ work+4 ,at ,cant]bury 9 #aedi ,john ,my*ell1 or ,mit*ell1 :o _h mov$ !re aft] produc+ a few books 9 ,london1 pr9t$ an ,engli% psalt]1 poynt$ z x %all be songe 9 *ur*es4 ,dur+ ,edw>d's reign ,my*ell pr9t$ at ,cant]bury altoge!r "s tw5ty books & tracts1 mo/ly m or less controv]sial treatises on ! ,prote/ant side4 ,on ! accession ( ,m>y he ceas$ publi%+ till #aeef1 :5 8 press 0 employ$ by ,c>d9al ,pole to pr9t 8 ,articles ( ,visitation4 ,! next ye>1 by ! *>t] grant$ to ! ,/ation]s' ,company1 pr9t+ outside ,london 0 =bidd51 ! prohibition be+ subsequ5tly relax$ 9 fav\r ( ! two ,univ]sities1 al?\gh x 0 ne>ly ?irty ye>s be=e !y avail$ !mselves ( _! "r4 ,9 ! previ\s eighty ye>s only ab\t a hundr$ books#eg _h be5 produc$ at ! prov9cial presses1 & 9 ! ye> 9 :i* ! *>t] 0 grant$ x c h>dly be said t any press outside ,london 0 9 exi/5ce4 ,! new regulation /ood 9 ! way ( developm5t1 b x 0 a developm5t = :i* !re seems to h be5 little dem&4 ,we may see "s slight confirmation ( ?is view 9 ! fact t dur+ ,elizabe?'s reign !re 0 v little secret pr9t+1 ?\gh !re _h probably be5 a good deal "u ,m>y4 ,! ?ree ,elizabe?an secret presses :i* h be5 *ronicl$ 73 7#a7 ,a ,puritan press :i* pr9t$ v>i\s tracts on ,*ur* gov]nm5t1 writt5 by ,?omas ,c>twright4 ,^! 7 pr9t$ secretly 9 #aegb & #aegc1 fir/ at ,w&swor?1 aft]w>ds at ,hemp/ead1 ne> ,saffron ,wald51 9 ,essex4 ,! press 0 seiz$ 9 ,augu/1 #aegc1 & ! type h&$ to ,h5ry ,bynneman1 :o1 ! next ye>1 us$ x to repr9t ,c>twright's attack1 int]polat+ ,:itgift's replies 9 l>g] type4 7#b7 ,a ,jesuit press :i* pr9t$ = ,edmund ,campion & ,rob]t ,p>sons 9 #aehj & #aeha1 fir/ at ,gre5/reet ,h\se 9 ,ea/ ,ham1 aft]w>ds at ,/onor ,p>k1 ne> ,h5ley4 ,! press 0 manag$ by ,/eph5 ,br9ckley1 :o 0 ultimately captur$ & imprison$ = ne>ly two ye>s4 7#c7 ,! ,puritan travell+ press1 f :i* issu$ ! fam\s ,m>t9 ,m>prelate tracts 9 #aehh & #aehi4 ,"s ( ^! 7 pr9t$ 9 ,ea/ ,molesey1 9 ,surrey2 o!rs 9 ! h\se ( ,sir ,ri*>d ,knightley at ,fawsley1 ne> ,dav5try1 o!rs 9 t ( ,rog] ,wig/on ( ,wol/on ,priory1 betwe5 ,cov5try & ,rugby4 ,! *ief pr9t] ( !m 0 ,rob]t ,waldegrave1 :o ev5tually fl$ fir/ to ,la ,ro*elle1 :]e he may h pr9t$ "o ( ! tracts1 & !n to ,ed9burgh1 :]e he became a pr9t] ( "s importance4 ,:ile !re 0 ?us v little secret pr9t+ 9 ,engl&1 exil$ ,prote/ants1 ,ca?olics1 & ,noncon=mi/s all 9 turn made frequ5t rec\rse to =eign presses1 & app>5tly succe$$ 9 circulat+ _! books 9 ,engl&4 ,religi\s repression1 h[ev]1 ?\gh ! *ief1 0 n ! only cause ( ,engli% books be+ pr9t$ abroad4 ,f a v e>ly "t ! sup]ior skill ( =eign pr9t]s _h procur$ !m _m commissions to pr9t s]vice-books = ! ,engli% m>ket1 alike on acc\nt ( _! great] accuracy1 _! exp]i5ce 9 pr9t+ 9 r$ & black1 & ! m attractive illu/rations :i* !y _h at _! disposal4 ,n long aft] #adgj a ,s>um ,brevi>y 0 pr9t$ abroad1 possibly at ,cologne4 ,caxton employ$ ,george ,maynyal1 ( ,p>is1 to pr9t a ,missal 7& probably a ,leg5da7 = him 9 #adhg1 & ,johann ,hamman or ,h]zog pr9t$ a ,s>um ,missal 9 #adid z f> away z ,v5ice4 ,:5 ! ,p>is pr9t]s & publi%]s _h won ! admiration ( all ,europe by _! pretty editions ( ! ,h\rs ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 !y compet$ ) ea* o!r = ! ,engli% m>ket4 ,e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ,wolfgang ,hopyl pr9t$ "s magnific5t ,s>um ,missals & also an ,antiphon] & ,leg5da1 besides "s v f9e editions ( ,lyndewood's ,con/itutions4 ,brevi>ies1 ,missals1 & ,prim]s 7 also p\r$ out = ,engli% use by ,francois ,regnault1 & 9 less] numb]s by ne>ly a doz5 o!r ,p>is firms1 & ,m>t9 ,mor9 & o!r pr9t]s pli$ ! same trade at ,r\51 :ile ,*ri/(fel van ,remunde1 ( ,endhov51 0 busy at ,antw]p4 ,! pr$om9ance ( ! =eign editions ( ^! books ov] ^? pr9t$ 9 ,engl& may be e/imat$ f ! fact t ( #aje ,s>um s]vice-books pr9t$ be=e #aedj 9 ! possession ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 "o 0 pr9t$ at ,basel1 "o at ,v5ice1 elev5 at ,r\51 twelve at ,antw]p1 z _m z fifty-six at ,p>is1 & only tw5ty-f\r 9 ,engl&4#eh ,9 addition to s]vice-books1 a good _m ( ! small] ,lat9 grammatical works 7 pr9t$ = ! ,engli% m>ket 9 ,france & ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 _! de/9ation be+ occasionally /at$1 b m (t5 inf]r$ f ! appe>ance 9 !m ( ,engli% explanations ( ,lat9 words or phrases4 ,a few attempts 7 also made to issue popul> ,engli% works 9 competition ) ^? produc$ at home4 ,! mo/ =midable ( ^! rivalries 0 t ( ,g]>d ,leeu at ,antw]p1 :o1 aft] pr9t+ ?ree ent]ta9+ books 7,! ,hi/ory ( ,jason1 ,knight ,p>is & ! ,fair ,vi5ne1 & ! ,dialogue ( ,salomon & ,m>colphus71 emb>k$ on a m important "w1 ,! ,*ronicles ( ,engl&1 & might h s]i\sly injur$ ! home trade _h he n met 8 dea? 9 a qu>rel ) a workman :ile ! ,*ronicles 7 /ill on ! press4#ei ,soon aft] #aejj ano!r ,antw]p pr9t]1 ,adria5 von ,b]gh51 9 addition to ,holt's ,lac ,pu]orum1 publi%$ ! commonplace book ( a ,london m]*ant :i* passes "u ! "n ( ,arnold's ,*ronicle1 & is fam\s z conta9+ ! e>lie/ text ( ! ,nutbr[n ,maid4 ,a little lat] /ill1 ,jan van ,doesbor* 0 at "w at ! same place1 & betwe5 #aeje & #aecj produc$ at lea/ eighte5 popul> ,engli% books1 includ+ ,tyll ,h[leglas1 ,virgilius ! ,magician1 ,rob9 ,hood1 & an acc\nt ( rec5t discov]ies entitl$1 ,( ! new l&es & ( ! p f\nd by ! mess5g]s ( ! kynge ( portyngale nam$ ,emanuel4 ,doesbor*'s books are poorly pr9t$ & illu/rat$1 b 8 texts are n noticeably worse ?an ^? 9 contempor>y editions publi%$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! rev]se is ! case ) two ,engli% books produc$ 7#aejc7 by ! fam\s ,p>is publi%]1 ,anto9e ,v]>d1 ,! traitte ( god lyuyng & good dey+ & ,! ,kal5dayr ( ,%ypp>s4 ,^! h ! illu/rations :i* book-lov]s prize s highly 9 ! ,kal5dri] des ,b]g]s & ,art de bi5 viure et de bi5 m\rir1 b ! translations seem to h be5 made by a ,scot1 only less ill equipp$ 9 ,scotti% ?an 9 ,fr5*4 ,9 a ?ird translation1 f ,pi]re ,gr+ore's ,*a/eau de ,labeur1 ,v]>d 0 m =tunate1 = ! ,ca/ell ( ,lab\r 0 r5d]$ into 7= t unpoetical p]iod7 v passable v]se by ,alex&] ,b>clay4 ,v]>d1 h[ev]1 _h no cause to congratulate himself1 = bo? ,pynson & ,de ,worde repr9t$ ,b>clay's translation ) copies ( ! woodcuts1 & ! o!r two books 9 new translations1 s t 9 future he left ! secul> ,engli% m>ket alone4 ,x may be suppos$ t ! ,act ( #aecd1 re/rict+ ! importation ( =eign books into ,engl&1 f9ally put an end to competition ( ! k9d :i* ,leeu1 ,v]>d1 & ,doesbor* _h attempt$4 ,b isolat$ ,engli% books h cont9u$ to appe> abroad d[n to our own day1 & =m a miscellane\s1 b curi\s & int]e/+ app5dix 9 ! great volume ( ! ,engli% book trade4 ,f #aebe onw>ds1 h[ev]1 until ne>ly ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 comp>$ ) ! masses ( !ological books alt]nately by ,prote/ant & ,roman ,ca?olic ,engli% exiles1 pr9t$ 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 ,g]many1 ,switz]l&1 & ,france1 ! output ( secul> "w s9ks into insignificance4 ,! /ream beg9s ) ,tyndale's ,new ,te/am5t1 ( :i* a few %eets 7 pr9t$ at ,cologne 7see ,plate ,,xxviii71 two editions at ,worms1 & half a doz5 or m at ,antw]p be=e x 0 suff]$ to appe> 9 ,engl&4 ,! fir/ ,engli% ,bible is believ$ to h be5 pr9t$ 7#aece7 by ,*ri/oph] ,fros*au] at ,zuri*1 ! second 7#aecg7 at ,antw]p1 ! ?ird 7#aeci7 0 begun at ,p>is & complet$ 9 ,engl&4 ,besides _! ,new ,te/am5ts1 ,tyndale & ,george ,joy publi%$ a good _m controv]sial works at ,antw]p4 ,9 ! next g5]ation ! city became "o ( ! /rongholds ( ! ,romani/ exiles aft] ! accession ( ,elizabe?1 & ,hans de ,laet1 ,john ,f\l]1 ,willem ,sylvius1 & ,gillis van ,die/ ! y\ng] 7 frequ5tly call$ on 9 #aefd-f to provide pap] & pr9t = ,/apleton1 ,h>d+1 ,william ,ra/ell1 & ! o!r antagoni/s ( ,bi%op ,jewel4 ,9 #aebh & ! foll[+ ye> books by ,tyndale1 ,roy1 & ,fri? appe>$ purport+ to be pr9t$ by ,hans ,luft at ,malbor[e 9 ! l& ( ,hesse4 ,a lat] book ) ?is impr9t has be5 %[n by ,mr4 ,sayle to h be5 pr9t$ at ,antw]p2 :e!r ^! e>li] works 7 really produc$ at ,m>burg1 or1 z has be5 conjectur$1 at ,cologne1 or aga9 at ,hamburg1 is /ill unc]ta94 ,9 ! '=ties & 'fifties ,*ri/oph] ,fros*au] pr9t$ sev]al ,engli% ,prote/ant books at ,zuri*1 includ+ ,a fay?full admonycion ( a c]t5 trewe pa/or & prophete s5t unto ! g]manes1 translat$ f ,lu!r's ,w>nunge1 ) ! pleas+ impr9t at ,gr5ewy* by ,conrade ,freeman 9 ! mon? ( may #aeed4 ,9 ! 'fifties1 aga91 ,jean ,cresp9 & o!r ,g5eva pr9t]s work$ = ,john ,knox1 & ! ,g5eva ,new ,te/am5t 0 produc$ !re 9 #aeeh & ! ,bible 9 #aefj4 ,9 ! 'sixties1 z we h se51 _m treatises attack+ ,bi%op ,jewel 7 issu$ at ,antw]p1 o!rs appe>$ at ,l\va91 & ab\t ! same "t 7#aeff71 at ,emd51 ,g4 van d] ,erv5 0 pr9t+ = exil$ ,puritans "s ( _! diatribes aga9/ ! ,popi% ap>rell 7i4e4 ! surplice7 :i* ,elizabe? prescrib$ = ! ,engli% ,*ur*4 ,9 #aegd we enc\nt] at ,am/]dam a curi\s gr\p ( n9e little books translat$ out ( ,base-,almayne into ,engli%1 9 :i* ,h5drik ,niclas prea*$ ! doctr9es ( ! ,family ( ,love4 ,f t "t onw>ds a good deal ( !ological lit]ature on ! ,prote/ant side 0 publi%$ by ,am/]dam presses4 ,ri*>d ,s*ild]s at ,middelburg 0 also an ext5sive publi%] ( ?is class ( book4 ,presses at ,leyd5 & ,dort made simil> contributions1 b on a small] scale4 ,on ! ,roman ,ca?olic side ! head-qu>t]s ( propag&i/ lit]ature1 z we h se51 7 at fir/ at ,antw]p & ,l\va91 at bo? ( :i* places ,john ,f\l] _h presses4 ,9 ! 'eighties ! exi/5ce ( ! ,engli% college at ,rheims caus$ sev]al ,ca?olic books to be pr9t$ !re1 notably ! translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* 0 made 9 ! college itself4 ,= l reasons mu* ,ca?olic lit]ature 0 publi%$ f #afjb onw>ds at ,/4 ,om]1 & f #afjd onw>ds at ,d\ai4 ,books ( ! same class1 ?\gh 9 small] numb]s1 appe>$ also at ,p>is & ,r\54 ,individually ! books f ! presses we h be5 nam+1 bo? on ! ,romani/ & ! ,puritan side1 are unattractive to look at & dull to read4 ,collectively !y =m a v curi\s & int]e/+ episode 9 ,engli% bibliography1 :i* des]ves m /udy ?an x has yet receiv$1 ?\gh ,mr4 ,sayle has made an excell5t beg9n+ 9 8 li/s ( ,engli% books pr9t$ on ! ,cont95t 9 ! ?ird volume ( 8 ,e>ly ,engli% ,pr9t$ ,books 9 ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 ,cambridge4 ,s9ce !n ,mr4 ,/eele & ,mr4 ,dov] ,wilson h made important contributions to ! subject1 b mu* /ill rema9s to be done4 ,x 0 d\btless ! exi/5ce ( ^! =eign safety-valves :i* r5d]$ ! c\rse ( ,engli% pr9t+ aft] ! grant ( a *>t] to ! ,/ation]s' ,company s smoo? & unev5tful4#fj ,two violations ( ! t]ms ( ! *>t] 7 w9k$ at or au?oriz$1 9 "s way n kn[n to u1 by ! ,cr[n4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 ! pr9t+ ( a few books = ! use ( =eign refugees by ,antony de ,solempne at ,norwi*4 ,mo/ ( ^! books 7 9 ,dut*1 b 9 #aefi ,antony ,corranus1 previ\sly pa/or ( ! ,spani% ,prote/ant congregation at ,antw]p1 publi%$ ?r\gh de ,solempne c]ta9 broadside tables ,de ,op]ibus ,dei 9 ,lat91 ,fr5*1 ,dut*1 & ,engli%1 ( :i* copies only ( ! fir/ & second h be5 trac$4 ,9 #aegj ano!r ,engli% broadside commemorat$ ! execution at ,norwi* ( ,?omas ,brooke4 ,ar*bi%op ,p>k] seems to h res5t$ ! publication1 unexam9$1 ( ! ,de ,op]ibus ,dei1 b de ,solempne plac$ ! royal arms & a loyal motto 7,godt bewa] de ,con+9ne ,elizabe?7 on "s ( 8 books1 & seems 9 "s way or ano!r to h secur$ ! ,que5's protection4 ,mr4 ,allnutt1 to ^: exhau/ive articles on ,engli% ,prov9cial ,pr9t+ 9 ! second volume ( ,bibliographica all subsequ5t writ]s on ! subject mu/ ne$s be indebt$1 consci5ti\sly includes among 8 notes "o on ! edition ( ,ar*bi%op ,p>k]'s ,de ,antiquitate ,ecclesiae ,britannicae pr9t$ = him by ,john ,day1 9 all probability at ,lambe? ,palace1 :]e a small /aff ( book-fa%ion]s work$ "u ! ar*iepiscopal eye4 ,eton is a good deal f>!r out ( b\nds ?an ,lambe?1 b ! employm5t ( ! ,k+'s ,pr9t]1 ,john ,norton1 & a d$ication to ! ,k+ sav$ ,sir ,h5ry ,savile f any int]f]5ce :5 he />t$ pr9t+ 8 f9e edition ( ! works ( ,s4 ,john ,*ryso/om 9 ! orig9al ,greek4 ,! eight folio volumes ( :i* ?is consi/s are dat$ f #afaj to #afac1 & 9 ^! & ! two foll[+ ye>s five o!r ,greek books 7 pr9t$ "u ,savile's sup]vision4 ,aft] ?is 8 type 0 pres5t$ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 :]e a fairly fl\ri%+ press _h be5 at "w s9ce #aehe4 ,t pr9t+ at ,ox=d made a new />t 9 #aehe 0 due no d\bt to ! example ( ,cambridge1 :i* two ye>s e>li] _h at la/ act$ on a pat5t = pr9t+ grant$ by ,h5ry ,,viii 9 #aecd1 ! ye>1 x w be rememb]$1 9 :i* re/rictions 7 plac$ on ! importation ( =eign books on acc\nt ( ! pr(ici5cy 9 ! art to :i* ,engli%m5 7 suppos$ to h atta9$4 ,9 ! int]im ,pr9t]s to ! ,univ]sity seem to h be5 appo9t$1 b x 0 n till #aehc t a press 0 set up1 :]eupon1 z soon z a s+le book _h be5 pr9t$1 x 0 promptly seiz$ by ! ,/ation]s' ,company ( ,london z an infr+em5t ( ! monopoly grant$ by _! *>t]4 ,al?\gh ! ,bi%op ( ,london seems to h back$ up ! ,/ation]s1 ,"l ,burghley 7! ,*ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity7 & ! ,ma/] ( ! ,rolls secur$ ! recognition ( ! rights ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,=ty ye>s lat] !y 7 aga9 attack$ by ! ,/ation]s1 & ! ,privy ,c\ncil =bade ! ,cambridge pr9t] to pr9t ,bibles1 ,pray] ,books1 ,psalt]s1 ,gramm>s1 or ,books ( ,common ,law1 b 9 #afbh ! judges pron\nc$ /rongly 9 fav\r ( ! full rights ( ! ,univ]sity1 & ! next ye> ^! 7 recogniz$ ) "s modifications by ! ,privy ,c\ncil4 ,up to ?is "t !re _h be5 ?ree pr9t]s1 ,?omas ,?omas 7#aehc-h71 ,john ,legate 7#aehh-afaj71 & ,cantrell ,legge 7#afjf-bi71 ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y possess+ 79 #aijb7 #cd books & docum5ts pr9t$ by ! fir/1 #ajh by ! second1 & #ee by ! ?ird1 or a total ( #aig = a p]iod ( =ty-six ye>s4 ,f #afbh to #afci ! majority ( ,cambridge books be> no individual names on !m1 b h usually ! impr9t ,cantabrigiae1 ex ,academiae celeb]rimae typographeo4 ,b ,?omas & ,john ,buck & ,rog] ,daniel1 9 v>i\s comb9ations1 7 responsible = a good _m publications4 ,:ile ,burghley 0 ,*ancellor ( ,cambridge1 ,dudley1 ,e>l ( ,leice/]1 held ! ,ox=d ,*ancellor%ip1 & d\btless felt t1 *>t] or no *>t]1 x conc]n$ 8 hon\r to see t 8 ,univ]sity %\ld be all[$ all ! privileges possess$ by ! o!r4 ,"u 8 auspices a press 0 />t$ late 9 #aehd or e>ly 9 #aehe by ,joseph ,b>nes1 an ,ox=d booksell]1 to :om ! ,univ]sity l5t ,l#ajj to enable him to procure ! necess>y equipm5t1 & on ,leice/]'s visit+ ! ,univ]sity on #aa ,janu>y1 #aehe1 a ,c>m5 gratulatorium 9 f\r elegiac c\plets 0 pres5t$ to him1 pr9t$ on an octavo leaf at ! new press4 ,! fir/ book to appe> 0 a ,speculum ,moralium ,quae/ionum 9 uniu]sam ,e?ic5 ,ari/otelis1 by ,john ,case1 a =m] fell[ ( ,s4 ,john's1 ) a d$ication to ,leice/] by ! au?or & ano!r by ! pr9t]4 ,9 ! latt] ! promise 0 made ea solum ex 8 praelis 9 lucem v5i5t que sapi5tum calculis approb5tur ,sybille foliis s9t v]iora1 b ! rema9+ publications ( ! ye> 7 a polemical treatise by ,?omas ,billson1 two issues ( a ,prote/ant adaptation ( ! ,booke ( ,*ri/ian ex]cise app]ta9+ to ,resolution1 by ,rob]t ,p]sons1 ! ,jesuit1 & two s]mons4 ,9 #aehf no few] ?an sev5te5 books 7 pr9t$ 7a numb] n aga9 atta9$ = sev]al ye>s71 & among !m 0 an edition ( six homilies ( ,s4 ,*ryso/om1 primitiae typographi no/ri 9 graecis lit]is preli4 ,aft] ?is ! press settl$ d[n to an av]age production ( f eight to a doz5 books a ye>1 includ+ a fair numb] ( classical texts & translations1 ) n[ & !n a volume ( v]se :i* br+s x into connection ) ! /ream ( ,elizabe?an lit]ature4 ,among ! m int]e/+ books :i* x produc$1 m5tion may be made ( ! ,sixe ,idillia ( ,!ocritus 7#aehh71 poems by ,ni*olas ,breton & ,?omas ,*ur*y>d 7#aeib71 ,ri*>d de ,bury's ,philobiblon 7#aeii71 ! ,microcosmus ( ,john ,davies ( ,h]e=d 7#afjc71 ,capta9 ,john ,smi?'s ,map ( ,virg9ia1 ) a description ( ! ,c\ntrey 7#afab71 & ,burton's ,anatomy ( ,melan*oly 7#afba74 ,9 ! 'tw5ties ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! av]age annual output 0 /ill only #ad2 9 ! '?irties1 "u ! fo/]+ c>e ( ,laud1 x _h ris5 z high z #be4 ,9 #afda x 0 b #ai4 ,!n1 on ! outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w>1 ! ,k+ came to ,ox=d1 & "u ! /ress ( (ficial publications & royali/ controv]sy ! numb]s %ot up to ab\t #adg 9 #afdb1 foll[$ by #aai 9 #afdc1 ab\t #ajj 9 #afdd1 & #fj 9 #afde4 ,!n !y become normal aga91 & 9 #afdi "u ! ,p>liam5t>y regime s9k z l[ z sev54 ,^! /ati/ics are tak5 f ! v>i\s works ( ,mr4 ,falcon] ,madan1 m5tion$ 9 our bibliography1 & f ! same s\rce we le>n t until ! n9ete5? c5tury ! annual av]age ( production1 calculat$ by p]iods ( t5 ye>s1 nev] exce$$ ?irty-two4 ,simil> causes to ^? :i* br\ght ab\t ! sudd5 increase 9 ! ,ox=d output 9 #afdb l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( presses at ,newca/le & ,york4 ,9 #afci1 :5 ,*>les ,i m>*$ aga9/ ! ,scots1 8 head-qu>t]s 7 at ,newca/le1 & ! ,royal ,pr9t]1 ,rob]t ,b>k]1#fa pr9t$ !re a s]mon by ! ,bi%op ( ,durham1 ! ,lawes & ,ord9ances ( ,w>re1 & "s proclamations4 ,9 ,m>*1 #afdb1 aga9 ,b>k] 0 9 att5dance on ! ,k+ at ,york1 & pr9t$ !re ,8 ,maje/ies ,decl>ation to bo? ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 9 answ] to t pres5t$ to him at ,newm>ket1 & "s ?irty-eight o!r pieces4 ,ano!r ,london pr9t]1 ,/eph5 ,bulkley1 0 also giv5 employm5t1 & 9 ! ye>s #afdb-d pr9t$ at ,york "s tw5ty-eight diff]5t pieces4 ,bulkley also att5d$ ! ,k+ at ,newca/le 9 #afdf1 :5 he 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,scots1 & rema9$ pr9t+ !re & at ,gate%ead until ! ,re/oration1 :5 he return$ to ,york1 :]e a ,puritan press _h 9 ! meantime be5 set up by ,?omas ,broad4 ,*>les ,i left ,york on #af ,augu/1 #afdb1 & six days lat] ! ,royal ,/&>d 0 rais$ at ,nott+ham4 ,8 ,maje/ies ,in/ructions to 8 ,commission]s ( ,array1 dat$ at our ,c\rt at ,nott+ham1 #bi? ,augu/1 #afdb1 7 pr9t$ by ,b>k] at ,york4 ,two days lat] ! ,k+ ord]$ t ! press %\ld be br\ght to ,nott+ham1 b we next he> ( ,b>k] at ,%rewsbury1 :]e he s]v$ ! ,k+'s imm$iate ne$s1 & !n rema9$ at "w = ! re/ ( ! ye> & ! great] "p ( #afdc repr9t+ ,ox=d editions & publi%+ o!r royali/ lit]ature4 ,aft] ! capture ( ,bri/ol = ! ,k+ on #b ,augu/ he remov$ once m & pr9t$ !re dur+ #afdd & #afde4 ,dur+ ! confusion ( ! ,civil ,w> an ,exet] /ation]1 ,?omas ,hunt 7! local publi%] ( ,h]rick's ,hesp]ides71 _h a book pr9t$ = him--,?omas ,full]'s ,good ,?\ghts 9 ,bad ,times--:i* is describ$ 9 ! d$ication z ! ,fir/ ,fruits ( ! ,exet] ,presse1 & ano!r is said to h be5 pr9t$ !re 9 #afdh4 ,b we he> ( no o!r presses be+ set up4 ,aft] ! ,re/oration pr9t+ 0 all[$ to cont9ue at ,york4 ,o!rwise prov9cial pr9t+ outside ! ,univ]sities 0 once m non-exi/5t4 ,! arrival ( ,william ( ,orange caus$ "s broadsides to be pr9t$ at ,exet] 9 #afhh1 & 9 ! same ye> ,?omas ,tilli] pr9t$ at ,*e/]1 n only ,an acc\nt ( a late ,horrid & ,bloody ,massacre 9 ,irel& on a s+le leaf1 b also a h&some folio1 ,! ,academy ( ,armory1 = ,r&all ,holme1 :o rew>d$ him = any risk he may h run by devis+ = him a fancy coat4 ,nev]!less1 despite ! *ange ( ,gov]nm5t1 ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t re/rict+ pr9t+ to ,london1 ,ox=d1 ,cambridge1 & ,york 0 n all[$ to expire till #afie4 ,a press 0 set up at ,bri/ol ! same ye>4 ,plym\? & ,%rewsbury foll[$ 9 #afif1 ,exet] 9 #afih1 & ,norwi* 9 #agja1 ! fir/ prov9cial newspap]1 ,! ,norwi* ,po/1 dat+ f ,septemb] 9 t ye>4 ,by #agej ab\t sev5ty-five prov9cial t[ns possess$ presses1 cities & small c\ntry places />t+ !m at haphaz>d1 n at all 9 ! ord] ( _! importance4 ,! dates = "s ( ! *ief are z foll[s 7all on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,allnutt73 #agjh1 ,newca/le-^u-,tyne2 #agji1 ,worce/]2 #agaj1 ,nott+ham2 #agaa1 ,*e/]2 #agab1 ,liv]pool2 #agae1 ,salisbury2 #agaf1 ,birm+ham2 #agag1 ,cant]bury2 #agah1 ,ipswi*1 ,le$s1 & ,taunton2 #agai1 ,man*e/] & ,d]by2 #agbj1 ,nor?ampton2 #agba1 ,cov5try & ,h]e=d2 #agbc1 ,read+2 #agca1 ,ba?2 #agcg1 ,%effield2 #agde1 ,/rat=d-on-,avon2 #agdh1 ,portsm\?4 ,z a side-consequ5ce ( ! laps+ ( ! ,lic5s+ ,act 9 #afie1 x became possible = any private p]son to buy a pr9t+ press1 hire a j\rneyman pr9t]1 & />t pr9t+ any books he pleas$4 ,sev]al private presses 7 ?us set up dur+ ! second half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! mo/ fam\s ( !m be+ t ( ,horace ,walpole at ,/rawb]ry ,hill1 ne> ,twick5ham4 ,walpole />t$ 9 #ageg by pr9t+ two ( ! ,odes ( 8 fri5d ,gray1 & at int]vals dur+ ! next tw5ty-sev5 ye>s pr9t$ sev]al ( 8 own works1 & a few o!r books1 ( :i* an edition ( ,grammont's ,memoires 0 ! mo/ important4 ,walpole's example 0 foll[$ by ,george ,allan1 ,m4,p4 = ,durham1 & ,francis ,blomefield1 ! hi/orian ( ,norfolk2 also 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury by ,?omas ,johnes1 :o pr9t$ 8 translation ( ,froiss>t 9 f\r l>ge qu>to volumes at 8 own h\se at ,hafod 9 ,c>digan%ire 9 #ahjc-e1 & foll[$ !m up ) a ,jo9ville 9 #ahjg & a ,mon/relet 9 #ahaj4 ,betwe5 #ahac & #ahbc ,sir ,eg]ton ,brydges caus$ a numb] ( int]e/+ lit]>y repr9ts to be issu$ = him 9 limit$ editions f a press 9 or ne> 8 h\se at ,lee ,priory 9 ,k5t4 ,! "w ( bo? ^! presses1 l t ( ,walpole's1 0 p]haps equal to ! be/ comm]cial pr9t+ ( its day1 b 0 n sup]ior to x1 & p]haps ! same may be said ( ! few repr9ts manufactur$1 9 /ill m jeal\sly limit$ editions1 by ,e4 ,v4 ,utt]son betwe5 #ahdj & #ahdc at ,beldornie ,h\se1 ,ryde4 ,sir ,?omas ,phillipps1 :o pr9t$ num]\s antiqu>ian docum5ts betwe5 #ahbb & #ahfb at ,middle ,hill 9 ,worce/]%ire1 & betwe5 #ahfb & #ahgb at ,*elt5ham1 set ev5 less /ore by typographical beauty & accuracy4 ,! o!r private presses ( ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury are n m int]e/+1 ?\gh t ( ,gaetano ,polidori at ,p>k ,village ,ea/1 ne> ,reg5t's ,p>k1 #ahdj-ej1 has become fam\s z hav+ pr9t$ ,gabriel ,rossetti's ,sir ,hugh ! ,h]on 9 #ahdc1 & ,*ri/9a ,rossetti's fir/ volume ( v]se f\r ye>s lat]1 ,polidori be+ ! gr&fa!r ( ! "y au?ors on _! "m's side4 ,pass+ nor? ( ! ,twe$1 :]e ! mo/ =midable competitors ( ! ,london pr9t]s n[ abide1 we f9d ! fir/ ,scotti% press at "w at ,ed9burgh 9 #aejh4 ,9 ,septemb] ( ! previ\s ye> ,&rew ,myll>1 a booksell] :o _h ga9$ "s exp]i5ce ( pr9t+ at ,r\51 & ,walt] ,*apman1 a m]*ant1 _h be5 grant$ leave to import a press1 *iefly t !y might pr9t an ,ab]de5 ,brevi>y1 :i* duly appe>$ 9 #aeji-aj4 ,! books :i* anticipat$ x 9 #aejh 7 a numb] ( ?9 qu>tos1 ,! ,may+ or ,disport ( ,*auc]1 dat$ #d ,april1 ! ,knightly ,tale ( ,golagros & ,gawane1 dat$ #h ,april1 ! ,porte\s ( ,nobl5es1 translat$ out ( fran*e 9 scottis be ,mai/ir ,&rew ,cadi\1 dat$ #bj ,april1 & eight undat$ pieces1 ?ree ( !m by ,dunb> 7,! ,goldyn ,t>ge1 ,! ,flyt+ ( ,dunb> & ,k5n$y1 & ! ,twa ,m>rit ,wem5 & ! ,w$o1 ) o!r poems71 ! o!rs be+ ! ,ballad ( ,"l ,b>n>d ,/ew>t1 ,orpheus & ,eurydice1 ! ,buke ( ,gude ,c\nsale1 ,sir ,eglam\re ( ,artoys1 & ,a ,ge/ ( ,robyn ,hode4 ,all ^! h surviv$ 7"s ( !m mu* mutilat$7 9 a s+le volume1 & x is at ! read]'s pleasure to decide :e!r !y repres5t ! h>ve/ ( "s c>eful p]son :o b\ght up all ,*apman & ,myll>'s fugitive pieces1 or are m]ely ! remnants ( a mu* l>g] output4 ,! ,ab]de5 ,brevi>y1 :i* ! pr9t]s 7 enc\rag$ to produce by protection aga9/ ! importation ( ,s>um books f ,engl& or abroad1 is really h&somely pr9t$ 9 black & r$4 ,at ! end ( "o ( ! f\r or five copies ( x n[ kn[n is an add5dum1 ! ,(ficium ,compassionis ,beatae ,virg9is 7commemorat$ on ! ,w$nesday 9 ,holy ,week71 :i* be>s ! colophon ,impressum ,ed9burgi p] ,johannem ,/ory nom9e m&ato ,k>oli ,/ule1 :i* ,scotti% bibliograph]s assign to ab\t #aebj4 ,a fragm5t ( a ,book ( ! ,h[lat may belong to ! same p]iod4 ,?us al?\gh ,scotti% writ]s1 su* z ,john ,vaus & ,hector ,boece ( ,ab]de51 _h to s5d _! books to ,france to be pr9t$1 x is possible t presses 7 at "w 9 ,ed9burgh or else:]e 9 ,scotl&1 ( :i* no?+ is n[ kn[n4 ,! next pr9t] ( :om we h c]ta9 in=mation is ,?omas ,davidson1 :o 9 ,febru>y1 #aeda 7#aedb71 produc$ a h&some edition ( ,! ,new ,actis & ,con/itutionis ( ,p>liam5t maid be ! ,ry*t ,excell5t ,pr9ce ,iames ! ,fift4 ,?is 0 8 only dat$ book1 b he issu$ also a f9e edition ( ,! hy/ory & croniklis ( ,scotl&1 translat$ by ,johne ,bell5d51 ,ar*d5e ( ,murray1 *anon ( ,ros1 f ! ,lat9 ( ,hector ,boece1 & "s small] works4 ,! next ,scotti% pr9t] is ,john ,scot1 :om ! be/ au?orities1 despite ! fact t he is fir/ he>d ( 9 ,ed9burgh 9 #aeci1 refuse to id5tify ) ! ,john ,skot :o pr9t$ 9 ,london f #aeba to #aecg4 ,:oev] he 01 he _h no v happy exi/5ce1 z not)/&+ "s ef=ts to please ! ,prote/ant p>ty1 ! "w he did = ! ,ca?olics twice br\ght him into s]i\s tr\ble4 ,8 fir/ dat$ book1 ,ar*bi%op ,hamilton's ,cate*ism1 did n appe> till #bi ,augu/1 #aeeb1 & 0 pr9t$ n at ,ed9burgh1 b at ,/4 ,&rews4 ,h[ he _h be5 employ$ betwe5 #aeci & ?is date we h no means ( kn[+4 ,at ,/4 ,&rews ,scot pr9t$ ,patrick ,cockburn's ,pia ,m$itatio 9 ,dom9icam ,orationem 7#aeee71 & probably also ,laud]'s ,dewtis ( ,k+is 7#aeef74 ,scot also pr9t$ controv]sial works on ! ,ca?olic side by ! ,abbot ( ,crosraguell 7,qu5t9 ,k5n$y7 & ,n9ian ,w9zet1 & = ! opposite p>ty ,! ,confessione ( fai? ,pr(essit & ,belevit be ! ,prote/antes )9 ! ,realme ( ,scotl& 7#aefa74 ,he issu$ also two editions 7#aefh & #aega7 ( ! works ( ,sir ,david ,l9desay1 :ile 8 undat$ books include "s ( ,l9desay's s+le poems4 ,s9ce ,john ,scot pr9t$ ma9ly on ! ,ca?olic side1 ! ,prote/ant ,g5]al ,assembly 9 ,decemb]1 #aefb1 />t$ a pr9t] 9 opposition to him1 ,rob]t ,lekpreuik1 l5d+ him twa hundre? p\nds to help to buy irons1 ink & papp] & to fie craftesm5 = pr9t+4 ,he _h previ\sly1 9 #aefa1 l ,scot1 pr9t$ ! ,confession ( ! ,fai?1 also ,rob]t ,noruell's ,m]\re ( an ,*ri/iane & an ,oration by ,beza4 ,! grant all[$ him 0 9 connection ) an edition ( ! ,psalms1 :i* ev5tually appe>$ 9 #aefe1 toge!r ) ! ,=m ( ,pray] & ,m9i/ration ( ! ,sacram5ts us$ 9 ! ,engli% ,*ur* at ,g5eva & ! ,cate*ism 7dat$ #aefd74 ,lekpreuik cont9u$ active till #aegd1 & aft] an int]val issu$ ?ree books 9 #aeha & p]haps "o 9 #aehb4 ,9 ,mr4 ,aldis's ,li/ he is cr$it$ ) n9ety-"o publications 7mo/ly controv]sial7 z aga9/ f\r assign$ to ,davidson & fifte5 to ,scot4 ,dur+ #aega he pr9t$ at ,/irl+1 & ! next two ye>s at ,/4 ,&rews4 ,l ,scot1 he f\nd pr9t+ p]il\s "w1 8 int]mission aft] ! beg9n+ ( #aegd be+ due to imprisonm5t4 ,?omas ,bass&yne1 :o _h previ\sly publi%$ books at ,ed9burgh1 began pr9t+ !re 9 #aegb4 ,he produc$ b t5 7extant7 books & docum5ts 9 all1 b 8 "n is fam\s f its connection ) ! fir/ ,scotti% ,bible1 ( :i* he produc$ ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 #aegf1 ! ,old ,te/am5t be+ add$1 & ! :ole issu$ by 8 successor1 ,alex&] ,arbu?not1 9 #aegi4 ,besides ! ,bible1 only five books 7 pr9t$ by ,arbu?not4 ,betwe5 #aegd & #aehj tw5ty-six 7 produc$ by ,john ,ross1 & on 8 dea? ,h5ry ,*>t]is1 a booksell]1 took ov] 8 mat]ial1 & by ! "t ( 8 dea? 9 #aeii _h pr9t$ =ty m4 ,b ! be/ ,ed9burgh "w t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury 0 produc$ by two craftsm5 f ,engl&1 ,?omas ,vautrolli]1 :o produc$ t5 books 9 #aehd-f1 & ,rob]t ,waldegrave 7#aeij-afjc71 :o _h to flee f ,engl& = 8 %>e 9 ! ,m>prelate tracts1 & dur+ 8 ?irte5 ye>s 9 ,ed9burgh issu$ #aai books4 ,:5 ,joseph ,ames 0 desir\s ( obta9+ in=mation ab\t e>ly pr9t+ 9 ,irel& he appli$ to a ,dr4 ,rutty1 ( ,dubl9 7app>5tly a ,quak]71 :o c\ld only furni% ! "n ( a s+le book pr9t$ !re be=e #afjj1 ?is be+ an edition ( ! ,book ( ,common ,pray]1 :i* /ates t x is ,impr9t$ by ,humphrey ,p[ell1 pr9t] to ! ,kynges ,maie/i1 9 8 ,highnesse realme ( ,irel& dwellyng 9 ! citie ( ,dubl9 9 ! greate t\re by ! ,crane4 ,cum ,privilegio ad imprim5dum solum4 ,anno ,dom9i ,,mdli4 ,we "k f ! records ( ! ,engli% ,privy ,c\ncil t ,humphrey ,p[ell1 an inconspicu\s ,engli% pr9t]1 0 grant$ ,l#bj 9 ,july1 #aeej1 t[>ds 8 sett+ up 9 ,irel&1 & ?is ,pray] ,book 0 d\btless ! fir/ fruits ( 8 press4 ,p[ell rema9$ 9 ,dubl9 = fifte5 ye>s1 b ! only o!r products ( 8 press /ill 9 exi/5ce are two proclamations1 "o issu$ 9 #aefa aga9/ ,%ane ,o',neill1 ! o!r 9 #aefd aga9/ ! ,o',connors1 & ,a ,brefe ,decl>ation ( c]te9 ,pr9cipall ,articles ( ,religion1 a qu>to ( eight leaves set out by ord] ( ,sir ,h5ry ,sidney 9 #aeff4 ,9 #aega ,john ,o',ke>ney1 ,treasur] ( ,/4 ,patrick's1 0 pres5t$ ) a f\nt ( ,iri% type by ,que5 ,elizabe?1 & a ,cate*ism by him & a broadside poem on ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 by ,philip1 son ( ,conn ,crosa*1 bo? 9 ,iri% type1 are /ill extant4 ,b !re seems to be no tru/wor?y in=mation z to :]e !y 7 pr9t$1 ?\gh x 0 probably at ,dubl94 ,an ,almanac1 giv+ ! longitude & latitude = ,dubl91 = ! ye> #aehg1 appe>s to h be5 pr9t$ at ,london4 ,b 9 #aeie ,william ,ke>ney pr9t$ a ,proclamation aga9/ ! ,e>l ( ,tyrone & 8 adh]5ts 9 ,irel& 9 ! ,ca!drall ,*ur* ( ! ,bless$ ,tr9itie1 ,dubl94 ,we rea* cont9u\s firm gr\nd 9 #afjj :5 ,john ,francke1 or ,franckton 7z he call$ himself 9 #afjb & !nce=w>d71 pr9t$ "o or m proclamations at ,dubl94 ,9 #afjd ,franckton 0 appo9t$ ,k+'s ,pr9t] = ,irel&1 & he cont9u$ at "w till #afah1 :5 he assign$ 8 pat5t to ,felix ,kyng/on1 ,mat!w ,l[nes1 & ,?omas ,d[nes4 ,"s f\r-&-tw5ty proclamations & upw>ds ( a doz5 books & pamphlets f 8 press are extant1 "s ( !m 9 ,iri% type4 ,9 #afbj ! (fice ( ,pr9t]-,g5]al = ,irel& 0 grant$ = a p]iod ( tw5ty-"o ye>s to ,k+/on1 ,l[nes1 & ,d[nes1 all ( !m memb]s ( ! ,london ,/ation]s' ,company1 & ! usual impr9t on ! books !y issu$ is t ( ! ,company 7#afbj-cc7 or ,society 7#afcc-db7 ( ,/ation]s4 ,!y seem to h appo9t$ an ag5t or factor to look aft] _! int]e/s1 & ! la/ ( ^! factors1 ,william ,blad51 ab\t #afdb took ov] ! bus9ess4 ,! e>lie/ allusion to books pr9t$ 9 :at aft]w>ds became ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica occurs 9 ! di>y ( ,john ,w9?rop1 ,gov]nor ( ,massa*usetts ,bay1 = ,m>*1 #afci3 ,a pr9t+ h\se 0 begun at ,cambridge by "o ,/eph5 ,daye1 at ! *>ge ( ,mr4 ,glov]1 :o di$ on sea hi!rw>d4 ,! fir/ ?+ :i* 0 pr9t$ 0 ! freem5's ,oa?2 ! next 0 an almanac made = ,new ,engl& by ,mr4 ,william ,pi]ce1 m>9]2 ! next 0 ! ,psalms newly turn$ into metre4 ,! ,mr4 ,glov] "h m5tion$ 0 ! ,rev4 ,joseph ,glov]1 rector ( ,sutton 9 ,surrey f #afbh to #afcf1 :o1 aft] collect+ funds = ! b5efit ( ,h>v>d ,college at ,cambridge1 ,mass41 sail$ ) 8 family f ,engl& 9 ! summ] ( #afch1 b di$ on ! way4 ,8 wid[ 7,elizabe? ,glov]71 %ortly aft] h] arrival1 m>ri$ ! ,rev4 ,h5ry ,dun/]1 ! fir/ ,presid5t ( ,h>v>d1 & ?us1 z _h happ5$ 9 ,p>is1 ! fir/ press 9 ,am]ica 0 set up 9 a college "u cl]ical auspices4 ,/eph5 ,day1 ! pr9t] :om ,glov] _h br\ght f ,engl&1 is naturally suppos$ to h be5 a desc5dant ( ,john ,day1 ! great ,elizabe?an pr9t]1 b ( ?is !re is no evid5ce4 ,he obta9$ "s grants ( l& 9 consid]ation ( 8 s]vices to ! colony1 b did n greatly ?rive1 & 9 #afdh1 or e>ly 9 #afdi1 0 sup]s$$ by ,samuel ,gre54 ,( ! specim5s ( 8 press m5tion$ by ,gov]nor ,w9?rop ! ,oa? ( a ,freeman & ! ,almanac h p]i%$ utt]ly4 ,( ! ,bay ,psalt]1 or ! ,new ,engl& ,v]sion ( ! ,psalms1 z x 0 subsequ5tly call$1 at lea/ elev5 copies are kn[n to be extant1 ( :i* five are /at$ to be p]fect4#fb ,x is a small octavo ( #adh leaves1 disfigur$ by num]\s mispr9ts1 b ) passable presswork4 ,! translation 0 made by ! ,massa*usetts cl]gy1 :o prefix$ to x ,a disc\rse decl>+ n only ! lawfullnes b also ! necessity ( ! heav5ly ord9ance ( s++ ,scripture ,psalmes 9 ! ,*ur*es ( ,god4 ,its titlepage be>s ! "n nei!r ( pr9t] nor ( place1 b m]ely ,impr9t$ #afdj4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t x 0 produc$ by ,day at ,cambridge1 :]eas ! edition ( #afdg appe>s to h be5 pr9t$ 9 ,london4 ,! ,massa*usetts records make x probable t ,day pr9t$ sev]al books & docum5ts n[ lo/4 ,an imp]fect copy ( ,h>v>d ,!ses ) ! impr9t ,cantabrigiae ,nov4 ,ang41 ,m5s4 #h #afdc is ! next production ( 8 press /ill extant4 ,aft] ?is comes an hi/orical docum5t ( "s int]e/3 ,a ,decl>ation ( =m] passages & proce$+s betwixt ! ,engli% & ! ,n>r[gansets1 ) _! conf$]ates1 :]e9 ! gr\nds & iu/ice ( ! ensu+ w>re are op5$ & cle>$4 ,publi%$ by ord] ( ! ,commission]s = ! ,unit$ ,colonies4 ,at ,bo/on ! #aa ( ! six? mon? #afde4 ,ano!r broadside ( ,h>v>d ,!ses 7= #afdg7 & a c\ple ( almanacs = #afdg & #afdh1 ! fir/ ( :i* has ! impr9t ,cambridge ,pr9t$ by ,mat!w ,daye & to be solde by ,hez4 ,u%] at ,bo/on4 #afdg1 are ! only o!r remnants ( ?is /age ( ! press4 ,( ,mat!w ,day no?+ m is kn[n4 ,samuel ,gre5 appe>s to h tak5 ov] ,day's bus9ess )\t any previ\s te*nical tra9+1 s t x is ?\ght t ,day may h help$ him z a j\rneyman4 ,! fir/ book ascrib$ to ,gre5 is3 ,a ,plat=m ( ,*ur* ,discipl9e ga!r$ out ( ! ^w ( ,god3 & agre$ ^u by ! ,eld]s3 & ,mess5g]s ( ! ,*ur*es assembl$ 9 ! ,synod at ,cambridge 9 ,new-,engl&4 ,to be pres5t$ to ! ,*ur*es & ,g5]als ,c\rt = _! consid]ation & acceptance 9 ! ,"l4 ,! ,eigh? ,mone?1 ,anno #afdi4 ,pr9t$ by ,s4,g4 at ,cambridge 9 ,new-,engl& & are to be sold at ,cambridge & ,bo/on ,anno ,dom4 #afdi4 ,8 next extant piece ( "w is an almanac = #afej1 8 next ! ?ird edition 7! second1 z not$ above1 _h be5 pr9t$ at ,london 9 #afdg7 ( ! ,bay ,psalt]1 pr9t$ by ,samuel ,gre5 at ,cambridge 9 ,new-,engl&1 #afea4 ,?is 0 foll[$ 9 #afeb by ,ri*>d ,ma!r's ,! ,summe ( ,c]ta9 ,s]mons ^u ,g5es4 #ae4 #f1 a treatise on ,ju/ification by ,fai?1 & !n ,gre5 seems to h begun to busy himself ) "w = ! ,corporation 9 ,engl& = ! ,propagation ( ! ,gospel among/ ! ,indians 9 ,new ,engl&1 or ,corporation = ! ,indians1 z x is easi] to call x4 ,a second press 0 s5t ov] to enable ?is "w to be und]tak51 & a ,prim] by ,john ,eliot 7! ,apo/le to ! ,indians7 0 pr9t$ 9 #afed1 & ! ,books ( ,g5esis & ,mat!w ! next ye>1 all ?ree 9 ! ,indian language1 all ?ree n[ kn[n only f records4 ,! same de/ruction has befall5 an ,indian v]sion ( "s ( ! ,psalms m5tion$ z hav+ be5 pr9t$ 9 #afeh1 b ( ano!r ,indian book ( ! same ye>1 ,abraham ,peirson's ,"s helps = ! ,indians1 %ew+ !m h[ to improve _! natural reason to "k ! true ,god1 & ! true ,*ri/ian ,religion1 two issues h be5 pres]v$1 "o 9 ! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y1 ! o!r at ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,ano!r edition1 dat$ ! next ye>1 is also at ! ,museum1 ?\gh x has escap$ ! notice ( ,mr4 ,evans1 ! au?or ( ! late/ ,am]ican ,bibliography4 ,by ?is "t ! ,corporation = ! ,indians _h s5t ov] a skill$ pr9t]1 ,m>maduke ,johnson1 to aid ,gre5 9 8 "w4 ,un=tunately1 despite ! fact t he _h left a wife 9 ,engl&1 ,johnson flirt$ ) ,gre5's daught]1 & ?is conduct1 repreh5sible any:]e1 9 ,new ,engl& br\ght d[n on him f9es ( ,l#bj & a s5t5ce ( deportation1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 n c>ri$ out4 ,johnson's initials appe>s 9 conjunction ) ,gre5's 9 ,a ,brief ,cate*ism conta9+ ! doctr9e ( ,godl9es1 by ,john ,norton1 tea*] ( ! ,*ur* at ,bo/on1 publi%$ 9 #affj1 & ! two m5's names 9 full are 9 ! ,indian ,new ,te/am5t ( #affa & ! complete ,bible ( #affc4 ,( ! ,new ,te/am5t x is conjectur$ t a ?\s&1 or p]haps fifte5 hundr$ copies1 7 pr9t$1 ( :i* five hundr$ 7 b\nd sep>ately1 & =ty ( ^! s5t to ,engl&4 ,h[ _m copies 7 pr9t$ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is n kn[n1 b ( ! complete ,bible "s =ty copies are /ill extant 9 no few] ?an eight v>iant /ates produc$ by ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! ,indian & ,engli% titlepages1 ! d$ication1 etc41 :ile ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ab\t half z _m copies may be kn[n4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ! ,indian ,bible ,gre5 _h cont9u$ 8 ,engli% pr9t+ on 8 o!r press1 & _h produc$ among o!r ?+s ,propositions conc]n+ ! subject ( ,baptism collect$ by ! ,bo/on ,synod1 & be>+ ! impr9t ,pr9t$ by ,s4,g4 = ,hezekiah ,v%] at ,bo/on 9 ,new ,engl& #affb4 ,pr9t+ at ,bo/on itself does n appe> to h begun until #afge1 :5 ,john ,fo/]1 a ,h>v>d graduate1 0 entru/$ ) ! managem5t ( a press1 & dur+ t & ! six foll[+ ye>s pr9t$ !re a numb] ( books by ,increase ,ma!r & o!r m9i/]s1 z well z "s almanacs4 ,on 8 dea? 9 #afha ! press 0 entru/$ to ,samuel ,sewall1 :o1 h[ev]1 ab&on$ x 9 #afhd4 ,mean:ile1 ,samuel ,gre5 _h cont9u$ to pr9t at ,cambridge1 & 8 son1 ,samuel ,gre5 junior1 is f\nd work+ by assignm5t ( ,sewall & = o!r ,bo/on booksell]s4 ,9 #afij 8 bro!r ,b>?olomew ,gre5 succe$$ him1 & rema9$ ! *ief pr9t] at ,bo/on till 8 dea? 9 #agcb4 ,at ,philadelphia1 )9 ?ree ye>s ( its f\ndation 9 #afhc1 a ,kal5d>ium ,p5nsilvani5se1 or ,am]ica's ,mess+]3 be+ & sic almanack = ! ye> ( grace #afhf1 by ,samuel ,atk9s1 0 issu$ ) ! impr9t1 ,pr9t$ & sold by ,william ,brad=d1 sold also by ! ,au?or & ,h4 ,murrey 9 ,philadelphia & ,philip ,ri*>ds 9 ,new ,york1 #afhe1 & 9 ! same ye> !re 0 publi%$ anonym\sly ,?omas ,budd's ,good ,ord] e/abli%$ 9 ,p5nsilvania ,new ,j]sey 9 ,am]ica1 be+ a true acc\nt ( ! c\ntry2 ) its produce & commodities !re made4 ,9 #afhf ,brad=d pr9t$ ,an ,epi/le f ,john ,burnyeat to ,fri5ds 9 ,p5silvania & ,a ,g5]al ,epi/le giv5 =? by ! p ( ! ,"l call$ ,quak]s2 9 #afhg ,william ,p5n's ,! excell5t privilege ( lib]ty & prop]ty be+ ! bir?right ( ! free-born subjects ( ,engl&2 9 #afhh a collection includ+ ,bohme's ,! ,temple ( ,wisdom1 ,)]'s ,abuses ,/ript & ,:ipt1 & ,bacon's ,essays1 edit$ by ,daniel ,le$s4 ,9 #afhi ,brad=d began work+ = ,george ,kei?1 & ?ree ye>s lat] he 0 imprison$ = pr9t+ ,kei?'s ,appeal f ! ,tw5ty ,eight ,judges to ! ,_s ( ,tru? & true ,judgem5t 9 all fai?ful ,fri5ds call$ ,quak]s4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is p]secution ,brad=d left ,philadelphia ! next ye> & set up 8 press at ,new ,york4 ,re9i] ,jans5 & ,jacob ,taylor are subsequ5tly m5tion$ z pr9t]s at ,philadelphia1 & 9 #agab ,&rew ,brad=d1 son ( ,william1 came f ,new ,york & work$ !re until 8 dea? 9 #agdb4 ,f #agbc he _h z a competitor ,samuel ,keim]1 & x 0 9 ,keim]'s (fice t ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 began pr9t+ 9 ,philadelphia4 ,8 edition ( a translation ( ,cic]o's ,cato ,major on ,old ,age1 by ,j4 ,logan ( ,philadelphia1 is said to h be5 ! fir/ r5d]+ ( a classic publi%$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,mean:ile1 ,william ,brad=d _h set up 8 press 9 ,new ,york 9 #afic1 & obta9$ ! appo9tm5t ( ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t]4 ,8 e>lie/ productions !re 7 a numb] ( (ficial ,acts & ,proclamations1 on :i* he plac$ ! impr9t1 ,pr9t$ & ,sold by ,william ,brad=d1 ,pr9t] to ,k+ ,william & ,que5 ,m>y1 at ! ,city ( ,new ,york4 ,9 #agjj he 0 app>5tly employ$ to pr9t an anonym\s answ] to ,increase ,ma!r's ,ord] ( ! ,gospel1 & a heat$ controv]sy arose z to :e!r ! refusal ( ,b>?olomew ,gre5 to pr9t x at ,bo/on 0 due to excessive awe ( ! ,presid5t ( ,h>v>d or to a m praisewor?y objection to anonym\s attacks4 ,brad=d rema9$ ,new ,york's only pr9t] until #agbf1 :5 ,johann ,pet] ,z5g] set up a press :i* became notable = ! boldness ) :i* x attack$ ! prov9cial gov]nm5t4 ,su* attacks 7 n reg>d$ ) mu* tol]ation1 nor inde$ 0 ! press ev5 "u (ficial regulation greatly belov$ by au?ority4 ,9 #afga ,sir ,william ,b]keley1 ,gov]nor ( ,virg9ia1 9 an (ficial docum5t rem>k$3 ,i ?ank ,god we h n free s*ools nor pr9t+2 & ,i hope we %all n h ^! hundr$ ye>s4 ,= le>n+ has br\ght disob$i5ce & h]esy & sects into ! _w2 & pr9t+ has divulg$ !m & libels aga9/ ! gov]nm5t4 ,god keep u f bo?4 ,elev5 ye>s lat] 7#ba ,febru>y1 #afhb7 !re is an entry 9 ! ,virg9ian records3 ,john ,buckn] call$ be=e ! ,ld ,culpep] & 8 c\ncil = pr9t+ ! laws ( #afhj1 )\t 8 excell5cy's lic5se1 & he & ! pr9t] ord]$ to ent] into bond 9 ,l#ajj n to pr9t any?+ h]eaft]1 until 8 maje/y's pleasure %all be kn[n4 ,z a result !re 0 no m pr9t+ 9 ,virg9ia till ab\t #agbi1 nor are any o!r t[ns ?an ^? "h m5tion$ kn[n to h possess$ presses dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! p]iod )9 :i* ,am]ican books may claim ! dignity ( incunabula4 ,,footnotes3 #ee ,mr4 ,duff is no d\bt "r 9 8 sugge/ion t ?is is ,a v decl>ation ( ! bond & free wyll ( man3 ! ob$y5ce ( ! gospell & :at ! gospell meane?1 ( :i* a copy1 ) colophon1 ,pr9t$ at ,sa9t ,albans1 is 9 ! ,sp5c] ,collection at ! ,john ,ryl&s ,libr>y4 ,?is increases ,h]t=t's total to eight4 #ef ,mr4 ,duff plausibly sugge/s t ,ov]ton's "n 9 ! colophon 0 m]ely a device = surm\nt+ ! re/rictions on ! circulation 9 ,engl& ( books pr9t$ abroad4 #eg ,^? record$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,g4 ,duff 9 8 ,s&>s ,lectures on ,! ,engli% ,prov9cial ,pr9t]s1 ,/ation]s1 & ,bookb9d]s to #aeeg1 by my reckon+ numb] #aad4 #eh ,?is reckon+ 0 made 9 #ahif1 b ! proportion has n be5 sub/antially alt]$4 #ei ,! colophon to ! ,*ronicles :i* commemorates ,leeu has already be5 quot$ 7p4 #ha74 #fj ,be=e ! incorporation ( ! ,company br\ght ,engli% pr9t+ m easily "u sup]vision1 at lea/ a few books _h be5 issu$ by ,engli% pr9t]s ) spuri\s =eign impr9ts1 ( :i* ! mo/ impud5t 0 ,at ,rome "u ! ,ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo4 #fa ,rob]t ,b>k] himself 0 imprison$ = debt 9 ! ,k+'s ,b5* at ,london 9 #afce1 & di$ !re 9 #afdf4 ,:at is "h writt5 applies to 8 deputy1 :o may h be5 8 son ( ! same "n4 #fb ,! ass]tion by ,mr4 ,*>les ,evans 7,am]ican ,bibliography1 p4 #c7 t "o ( ^!1 ! ,cr[n9%ield copy1 0 privately sold by ,h5ry ,/ev5s to ! ,briti% ,museum = ,l#aeg #ajs41 despite its app>5t precision1 is an exasp]at+ error4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,engli% ,,woodcut ,,illu/rations ,illu/ration3 ,,xxix4 ,,we/m9/]1 ,,caxton1 ,c4 #adhh ,,bonav5tura4 ,,m$itationes4 7,,"p ,,( ,,sig4 ,k #e ,,recto7 ,,*ri/ ,,rais+ ,,! ,,daught] ,,( ,,jairus ,a few illum9at$ manuscripts ( ,engli% workman%ip & a few ) illu/rations 9 outl9e h come d[n to u f ! fifte5? c5tury1 b amid ! we>y w>s ) ,france & ! /ill we>i] /ruggles ( ,yorki/s & ,lanca/rians1 ! arti/ic _s :i* _h be5 s prom95t 9 ,engl& 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies seems to h di$ out altoge!r4 ,until ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 or p]haps we %\ld r say until ! adv5t ( ,john ,day1 few ,engli% books 7 illu/rat$1 & ( ^! few q a l>ge proportion borr[$ or copi$ _! pictures f =eign orig9als4 ,nev]!less1 ,engli% illu/rat$ books are rightly s\ght aft] by ,engli% collectors1 & ?\gh we may wi% t !y 7 bett]1 we mu/ give ! be/ acc\nt ( !m we c4 ,z we %all see 9 a lat] *apt]1 !re is "s probability t an engrav+ on copp] 0 specially prep>$ = ! fir/ book pr9t$ by ,caxton1 ,! ,recuyell ( ! ,hi/ories ( ,troye4 ,= ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 we mu/ conc]n ourselves only ) illu/rations on wood1 or on s(t metal cut 9 relief aft] ! mann] ( wood1 a diff]5ce ( m int]e/ to ! te*nical /ud5t ?an to book-lov]s4 ,! fir/ ,engli% books ?us illu/rat$ appe> 9 or ab\t #adha1 ! ye> 9 :i* ,jean ,du ,pre began ! use ( cuts 9 ,p>is4 ,engl& 0 ?us fairly well to ! front 9 po9t ( "t2 x is ! quality :i* is to seek4 ,! fir/ ( ^! illu/rat$ books 0 probably an undat$ edition ( ! ,mirr\r ( ! ,_w1 a translation ( a ,fr5* v]sion ( a ,lat9 ,speculum or ,imago mundi4 ,besides "s woodcut diagrams copi$ f draw+s f\nd 9 ! ,fr5* manuscripts1 ?is has t5 little cuts1 sev5 ( ! ma/]s ( ! sev5 lib]al arts1 "o ( ! au?or1 & two ( ! ,creation4 ,two ( ! cuts illu/rat+ ! arts 7 us$ aga9 almo/ at once 9 ,caxton's ?ird edition ( ! ,p>vus et ,magnus ,cato1 a book ( moral in/ruction = *ildr5 9 a s]ies ( ,lat9 di/i*s4 ,9 #adha also ,caxton ornam5t$ ! second edition ( ! didactic treatise1 ,! ,game & ,play ( ! ,*ess 7f ! ,lat9 ( ,jacobus de ,cessolis71 ) sixte5 woodcuts1 repres5t+ ! *>act]s aft] :i* ! diff]5t pieces & pawns 7 call$4 ,! pictures are clumsy & co>sely cut1 comp>+ mis]ably ) ! *>m+ little woodcuts 9 ! ,italian edition pr9t$ at ,flor5ce1 b !y illu/rate ! book1 & may conceivably h increas$ its sales4 ,9 any case1 ,caxton seems1 9 a leisurely way1 to h set ab\t produc+ "s m1 s9ce by or ab\t #adhd appe>$ ?ree ( 8 mo/ important illu/rat$ books1 ! ,gold5 ,leg5d1 ! second edition ( ,*auc]'s ,cant]bury ,tales1 & an ,aesop4 ,! ,gold5 ,leg5d is ornam5t$ ) eighte5 l>ge & ?irty-two small] woodcuts2 ! ,aesop ) a full-page frontispiece & "o hundr$ & five small] cuts2 ! ,cant]bury ,tales ) a l>ge cut ( ! ,pilgrims seat$ at a r\nd table1 & ) "s tw5ty small] pictures ( ! diff]5t /ory-tell]s on _! horses1 "s ( ^! be+ us$ m ?an once4 ,= ! ,aesop1 l _m o!r =eign publi%]s1 ,caxton s5t 8 illu/rators to ! designs made = ! ,za9]s at ,augsburg & ,ulm1 & quickly imitat$ all ov] ,g]many1 & ! copies he obta9$ are m]ely s]vile & s clumsy z occasionally to atta9 to un9t5d$ hum\r4 ,=eign influ5ce is also evid5t 9 "s at lea/ ( ! cuts 9 ! ,gold5 ,leg5d2 on ! o!r h&1 we may be sure t ! device ( ! ,e>l ( ,arundel on leaf #c v]so1 a horse gallop+ pa/ a tree1 mu/ h be5 made 9 ,engl&4 ,orig9al1 too1 ( necessity1 7 ! illu/rations to ! ,cant]bury ,tales1 = :i* no =eign models c\ld h be5 f\nd4 ,b ! succession ( pilgrims1 ea* deck$ ) a huge /r+ ( pray+-beads & m\nt$ on a mo/ unga9ly horse1 is grotesque 9 its cumulation ( clums9ess1 ?\gh :5 we f9d t ! mill] really has got a k9d ( bagpipe1 we recognize t ! illu/rator _h at lea/ read 8 text4 ,app>5tly ,caxton himself realiz$ t ^! ,engli%-made woodcuts 7 a failure1 = ! only two important illu/rat$ books :i* he issu$ aft] ?is1 ! ,speculum ,vitae ,*ri/i1 pr9t$ ab\t #adhh 7see ,plate ,,xxix71 & ! ,fifte5 ,oes ( a ye> or two lat]1 bo? seem to be decorat$ ) cuts ( ,flemi% orig94 ,! ,fifte5 ,oes 7a collection ( fifte5 pray]s1 ea* beg9n+ ) ,o71 ?\gh ,i h call$ x important1 is s ma9ly z prov+ t ,caxton mu/ h pr9t$ a ,horae ( ! same measurem5ts 7( :i* x may1 inde$1 h =m$ a "p71 illu/rat$ ) a set ( v spirit$ woodcuts1 und\bt$ly import$ f ,fl&]s & subsequ5tly f\nd 9 ! possession ( ,wynkyn de ,worde4 ,t ! cuts 9 ! ,speculum ,vitae ,*ri/i are also ,flemi% is a degree less c]ta91 b only a degree4 ,"s ( ^! 7 us$ aga9 9 ! ,royal ,book1 ! ,doctr9al ( ,sapi5ce1 & ! ,book ( ,div]s ,gho/ly ,matt]s4 ,b ! sev5 books :i* we h nam$ are ! only ones = :i* ,caxton tr\bl$ to procure sets ( cuts1 & ( ^! sev5 sets1 z we h se51 "o 0 c]ta9ly & ano!r probably import$1 "o c]ta9ly & ano!r probably copi$1 & only ?ree are ( ,engli% orig91 & ^! ! rude/ & clumsie/4 ,:ile our *ief native pr9t] made ?is poor record 8 contempor>ies did no bett]4 ,lett\ & ,ma*l9ia us$ no woodcuts :i* h come d[n to u save a small bord]1 :i* pass$ into ! possession ( ,pynson2 = use at ,ox=d two sets ( cuts 7 import$ f ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 "o :i* ,mr4 ,gordon ,duff ?9ks 0 orig9ally design$ = a ,leg5da ,aurea1 ! o!r cle>ly meant = a ,horae4 ,^! 7 us$ toge!r 9 ! ,ox=d edition ( ,mirk's ,lib] ,fe/ivalis1 & ! cut ( ! au?or ( ! ,leg5da ,aurea 7,jacobus de ,vorag9e7 is us$ = ,lyndewood 9 an edition ( 8 ,con/itutions4 ,at ,/4 ,albans "s poor little cuts 7 us$ 9 ! ,*ronicles ( ,engl&1 b f ! po9t ( view ( illu/ration ! anonym\s s*oolma/]-pr9t] is *iefly memorable = hav+ pr9t$ "s cuts ( coat-arm\r 9 ! ,book ( ,/4 ,albans 7,! ,boke ( ,haukyng1 ,huntyng & also ( ,cote-armuris7 9 col\rs4 ,wynkyn de ,worde inh]it$ ,caxton's /ock ( woodcuts1 & e>ly 9 8 c>e] us$ "s ( !m aga9 9 repr9ts ( ! ,gold5 ,leg5d & ,speculum ,vitae ,*ri/i1 & 9 8 l>g] ,horae us$ ! full set ( cuts :i*1 :ile 9 ,caxton's h&s1 is only kn[n f ^? :i* appe> 9 ! ,fifte5 ,oes4 ,ab\t #adib he pur*as$ "s ornam5tal capitals 7,caxton _h only us$ a s+le r graceful ru/ic ,a7 & "o or m cuts f ,gova]t van ,os ( ,g\da4 ,9 8 #adid edition ( ,walt] ,hylton's ,scala ,p]fectionis 7! fir/ book 9 :i* he put 8 "n7 he us$ a woodblock consi/+ ( a picture ( ,*ri/ suckl$ by ,8 "m ) a long woodcut inscription1 "p ( :i* reads ,sit dulce nom5 dom9i no/ri ihesu *ri/i et nom5 g5itricis virg9is m>ie b5$ictum1 ! :ole surr\nd$ by a graceful floral bord]4 ,9 #adie came ,higd5's ,poly*ronicon ) a few woodcut musical notes1 ! hy/orye ( ! deu\te & "r r5omm$ lyues ( holy fad]s lyuynge 9 des]te 7usually quot$ z ! ,vitas ,patrum71 ) "o l>ge cut us$ six times & =ty small ones us$ z #aee1 & ab\t ! same "t a h&some edition ( ,b>?olomaeus ,anglicus's ,de proprietatibus r]um1 ) l>ge cuts 7two-?irds ( ! folio page7 prefix$ to ea* ( ! tw5ty-two books1 app>5tly copi$ p>tly f ^? 9 a ,dut* edition pr9t$ at ,ha>lem 9 #adhe1 p>tly f ! illu/rations 7!mselves n orig9al7 9 a ,fr5* edition pr9t$ at ,lyon1 ( :i* ,caxton1 :o f9i%$ ! translation on 8 dea?-b$1 _h made use4 ,9 #adif1 9 repr9t+ ! ,book ( ,/4 ,albans ,de ,worde add$ a treatise on ,fi%+ ) an angle1 to :i* he prefix$ a cut ( a happy angl] haul+ up a fi% :i* w soon be plac$ 9 a well-fill$ tub :i* /&s beside him on ! bank4 ,?is is q good primitive "w & 0 suffici5tly appreciat$ to be us$ = num]\s lat] editions1 b soon aft] ?is ,de ,worde employ$ a cutt] :o s]v$ him v badly1 mangl+ cruelly a set ( r ambiti\s designs = ! ,morte d',ar?ur ( #adih 7sev]al ( !m us$ aga9 9 ! ,recuyell ( #aejc71 & also "s s+le cuts us$ 9 diff]5t books4 ,= ! next half-doz5 ye>s ,de ,worde reli$ almo/ exclusively on old cuts1 b at la/ f\nd a compet5t craftsman :o enabl$ him to br+ out 9 ,janu>y1 #aeje-f1 an ,engli% v]sion ( ! ,art de bi5 vivre et de bi5 m\rir ) q neat r$uctions ( ! pictures 9 ,v]>d's edition ( #adib4 ,x 01 no d\bt1 ! same workman :o copi$ 9 #aejf ! ,v]>d-,pig\*et cuts 9 ,pi]re ,gr+ore's ,*a/eau de ,labeur z translat$ by ,alex&] ,b>clay1 b f ! frequ5t omission ( backgr\nds x is obvi\s t 9 ^! he 0 hurri$1 & !y are by no means s good z ^? 9 ! #aeje edition by ,pynson ) :i* ,de ,worde 0 envi\sly ha/5+ to compete4 ,! ,cal5d> ( ,%eph]ds 0 ano!r translation f ! ,fr5*1 illu/rat$ ) copies ( ,fr5* cuts1 :ile 9 ! prose ,%ip ( ,fools1 translat$ by ,h5ry ,watson f a ,fr5* v]sion ( ! ,g]man ,n>r5s*iff ( ,seba/ian ,brant1 ,basel orig9als 7 reproduc$ probably f int]m$iate copies4 ,b :5 9 #aeji ,h5ry ,,vii di$1 ,de ,worde = once seems to h let 8 craftsman d a bit ( orig9al "w = a title-cut to a fun]al s]mon by ,bi%op ,fi%]4 ,9 ?is 7see ,plate ,,xxx7 ! bi%op is %[n prea*+ 9 a wood5 pulpit1 imm$iately bel[ :i* is ! he>se cov]$ by a gorge\s pall on :i* lies an effigy ( ! dead k+1 :ile beyond ! he>se /&s a cr[d ( c\rti]s4 ,x is evid5t t p]spective 0 n ! arti/'s /rong po9t1 z ! pavem5t seems climb+ up ! wall & ! %ape ( ! he>se is q indet]m9ate1 b ! g5]al effect ( ! cut is neat & pleas+4 ,t x is an ,engli% cut is c]ta94 ,a few mon?s lat] ,bi%op ,fi%] prea*$ ano!r fun]al s]mon1 ov] ,h5ry ,,vii's ag$ "m1 ,m>g>et ,du*ess ( ,ri*mond1 & :5 ,de ,worde economically wi%$ to use ! same woodcut on ! titlepage ( 8 edition ( ?is1 !re 0 a craftsman on ! spot able to cut out ! royal he>se f ! block & plug 9 a repres5tation ( an ord9>y "o1 & ! simil>ity ( t\* %[s t ?is 0 done by ! orig9al cutt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxx4 ,,london1 ,,wynkyn de ,,worde1 #aeji ,,bi%op ,,fi%]4 ,,fun]al ,,s]mon ,,on ,,h5ry ,,vii4 7,,title7 ,z we h already not$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xii1 ,wynkyn de ,worde 0 s+ul>ly un5t]pris+ z a publi%]1 & al?\gh he liv$ = ne>ly a qu>t] ( a c5tury aft] ! accession ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 dur+ all ?is "t he pr9t$ no new book :i* requir$ copi\s illu/ration4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he 0 a man ( fix$ habits1 & "o ( ^! habits came to be ! decoration ( ! titlepage ( ne>ly e small qu>to he issu$ ) a woodcut ( "s k9d or o!r1 ! title itself be+ sometimes pr9t$ on a rib& above x4 ,:5 a new picture 0 absolutely necess>y = ?is purpose x 0 =?com+ & g5]ally fairly well cut1 b a few /ock woodcuts1 a s*oolma/] hold+ a bir* = grammatical books1 a knight on horseback = a romance1 etc41 7 us$ aga9 & aga91 & (t5 ! block 0 pick$ out 7we are tempt$ to say at r&om1 b t w\ld be an exagg]ation7 f "o ( ! sets already describ$1 :i* ,de ,worde _h commission$ 9 m lavi% days4 ,"o ( ,ri*>d ,pynson's e>lie/ books 0 an edition ( ,*auc]'s ,cant]bury ,tales ) ab\t a score ( woodcuts ( ! pilgrims obvi\sly influ5c$ by ^? 9 ,caxton's second edition1 b 9 no way an improvem5t on !m4 ,x is true t n only is ! mill] aga9 all[$ 8 bagpipe1 b a little mill is plac$ 9 ! corn] ( ! cut to id5tify him beyond d\bt4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! knight's horse is b$eck$ ) ! cumbr\s skirts us$ 9 ! tilt-y>d1 b :i* w\ld h become sadly draggl$ ere mu* progress _h be5 made along ! miry road to ,cant]bury4 ,! cl]k1 moreov]1 is made to c>ry a b[ z if1 in/ead ( hav+ 8 m9d set on ,ari/otle1 he 7 ( ! lu/y sort t lov$ to get v5ison :]e !y %\ld n4 ,r\nd mo/ ( ! cuts !re is a heavy edge ( black1 z if f an untrimm$ block1 :i* does n improve _! appe>ance4 ,altoge!r !y are poor "w1 & x 0 d\btless 8 recognition ( ?is t caus$ ,pynson 9 future to rely s l>gely on ! pur*ase or imitation ( =eign blocks4 ,= 8 edition ( ,lydgate's ,falles ( ,pr9ces1 a v]se r5d]+ ( ,boccaccio's ,de casibus illu/rium virorum1 issu$ 9 #adid1 he procur$ ! woodcuts made = ! f9e ,fr5* edition 7,de la ru9e des nobles hommes71 pr9t$ at ,p>is by ,jean ,du ,pre 9 #adhc4 ,be=e #aejj he br\ght out an ,aesop1 copy+ z usual ! ,g]man cuts4 ,9 #aeje he pr9t$ ,alex&] ,b>clay's v]sion ( ,pi]re ,gr+ore's ,*a/eau du ,labeur ) cuts closely & fairly skilfully copi$ f ^? 9 ! ,pig\*et-,v]>d editions4 ,9 #aejf he w5t fur!r & procur$ f ,v]>d ! blocks = a new edition ( ! ,kal5d> ( ,%eph]ds1 :i*1 h[ev]1 he caus$ to be retranslat$1 ) sundry rem>ks on ! extraord9>y ,engli% ( ! v]sion publi%$ by ,v]>d4 ,9 #aeji he produc$ 9 a f9e folio ,b>clay's free r5d]+ ( ,brant's ,n>r5s*iff1 illu/rat+ ?is ,engli% ,%ip ( ,fools ) #aag cuts copi$ f ! orig9als4 ,9 #aeah he procur$ f ,frob5 "s bord]-pieces = small qu>tos1 "o %[+ 9 ! footpiece a boy c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s ( 8 fell[s1 ano!r an elephant1 a ?ird ,mutius ,scaevola & ,pors5na4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxi4 ,,london1 ,,pynson1 ,c4 #aebj ,,b>clay',s ,,v]sion ,,( ,,sallu/',s ,,jugur?a4 ,,! ,,translator ,,& ,,! ,,duke ,,( ,,norfolk4 7,,r$uc$7 ,if ,pynson _h dealt l>gely 9 illu/rat$ books ! borr[+s & copy+s "h recit$ might seem insignificant4 ,he publi%$1 h[ev]1 v little ,engli% "w :i* c be set aga9/ !m1 & ev5 ( ! cuts :i* pass = ,engli% ! native orig9 is n always sure4 ,i %\ld be sorry to pl$ge myself1 = in/ance1 z to ! prov5ance ( "s neat b r *>act]less column-cuts 9 8 edition ( ! ,speculum ,vitae ,*ri/i 7fifte5? c5tury74 ,! title-cut to ! ,traduction & ,m>iage ( ! ,pr9cesse 7,ka!r9e71 pr9t$ 9 #aeja1 is almo/ c]ta9ly ,engli% 9 its heav9ess & lack ( *>m1 b despite ! fact t !y mu/ h be5 produc$ 9 ,london we c h>dly say z mu* ( ! two f> pretti] pictures :i* adorn ! ,c>m5 ( ,petrus ,c>melianus on ! treaty ( m>riage betwe5 ! future ,*>les ,v & ! ,pr9cess ,m>y 7#aejh74 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! ! ambassadors are be+ receiv$ by ,h5ry ,,vii1 9 ! second by ! ,pr9cess :o is att5d$ by h] maids1 & ! latt] is p]haps ! fir/ ,engli% book-illu/ration ) any t\* ( grace4 ,unluckily !re is a half ,spani%1 half ,l[-,c\ntry look ab\t x1 :i* sugge/s t "s memb] ( ! ambassadors' suite ) an arti/ic turn may at lea/ h suppli$ ! design1 s t "o hesitates to claim x too vigor\sly z ,engli% "w4 ,we may be m confid5t ab\t ! "o good cut 7! re/ are a scrat* lot7 9 ! #aeac edition ( ,lydgate's ,! hy/ory sege & dy/ruccion ( ,troy4 ,9 ?is ,h5ry ,v is %[n seat$ 9 a l>ge room1 ) 8 suite1 :ile ,lydgate 9 8 black habit z a ,b5$ict9e pres5ts him ) 8 book4 ,!re is a g5]al resemblance betwe5 ?is & ano!r good piece ( "w1 ! picture 9 ,alex&] ,b>clay's translation ( ,sallu/'s ,jugur?a 7undat$7 ( ?is o!r black monk (f]+ 8 book to ! ,duke ( ,norfolk 7see ,plate ,,xxxi74 ,probably bo? 7 f ! same h&4 ,x may be not$ t ! cut ( ,b>clay 0 us$ aga9 9 ! ,myrr\r ( good man]s conteyn+ ! iiii4 v]tues call$ c>dynall compyl$ 9 lat9 by ,domynicke ,mancyn1 ( :i* he 0 ! indu/ri\s translator4 ,9 ,pynson's #aeaf edition ( ,fabyan's ,*ronicle1 besides "s insignificant column-cuts ( k+s & "s decorative h]aldic "w1 !re is an excell5t picture ( a disemb>kation4 ,9 o!r books we f9d cuts ( a s*oolma/] ) 8 pupils1 ( an au?or1 ( a woman sa9t 7,s4 ,bridget1 ?\gh us$ also = ,s4 ,w]burga71 etc4 ,t[>ds ! end ( 8 c>e] 9 ! collection ( ,*auc]'s works 7#aebf7 & repr9t ( ,lydgate's ,falles ( ,pr9ces 7#aebg71 ,pynson drew on 8 /ock ( miscellane\s blocks r ?an all[ works ) :i* illu/rations _h become associat$ to g =? undecorat$4#fc ,b ) 8 pur*ase ( ! bord]-pieces f ,frob5 9 #aeah1 x w\ld seem t he m or less def9itely turn$ 8 back on pictorial illu/ration4 ,mr4 ,gordon ,duff has %[n t a *ange comes ov] ! "* ( 8 books ab\t ?is "t1 & has sugge/$ t dur+ ! latt] ye>s ( 8 life 8 bus9ess 0 to "s ext5t 9 ! h&s ( ,?omas ,b]!let1 :o succe$$ him z ,k+'s ,pr9t]4 ,b]!let himself 9 ! c\rse ( 8 long & prosp]\s c>e] es*ew$ illu/rations altoge!r1 :ile he took "s tr\ble to get good capitals & _h a few ornam5tal bord]s4 ,x is ?us h>dly too mu* to say t f #aeah = "s =ty ye>s1 until 9 #aeei ,john ,day publi%$ ,cunn+ham's ,cosmographicall ,glasse1 book-illu/ration 9 ,engl& c only be f\nd lurk+ "h & !re 9 holes & corn]s4 ,9 #aebf ,pet] ,trev]is issu$ ! ,grete ,h]bal ) num]\s botanical figures2 9 #aebi ,john ,ra/ell pr9t$ 8 own ,pa/ime ( ,p ) huge1 semi-grotesque cuts ( ,engli% k+s2 a few ( ,rob]t ,copl&'s books & a few ( ,rob]t ,wy]'s h r\gh cuts ( no importance4 ,b :5 we ?9k ( ,pynson's edition ( ,"l ,b]n]s' ,froiss>t1 ( ,b]!let's ( ,g[]'s ,confessio ,amantis1 ( ,godfray's ,*auc]1 & ( ,grafton's edition ( ,halle's ,*ronicle1 all illu/ratable books & all unillu/rat$1 x is evid5t t educat$ book-buy]s1 we>i$ ( rudely hack$ blocks1 (t5 ) no relevance to ! book 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd1 _h told ! pr9t]s t !y might save ! space occupi$ by ^! decorations1 & t ! reign ( ! primitive woodcut 9 ,engli% books1 if x c be said ev] to h reign$1 0 at an end4 ,?is emphatic disc\ragem5t ( book-illu/rations dur+ s _m ye>s 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 0 p]haps ! be/ ?+ t c\ld h happ5$--next to an equally emphatic enc\ragem5t ( !m4 ,!re c h be5 no reason 9 ! nature ( ?+s :y ,engli% book-illu/rations %\ld cont9ue ov] a long p]iod ( "t to be ?ird-rate4 ,a little help & a little guidance w\ld probably h suffic$ to re=m !m altoge!r4 ,nev]!less x c h>dly be disput$ t z a matt] ( fact !y 71 ) v few exceptions1 ?ird-rate1 ! sup]iority ( ,pynson's to ,wynkyn de ,worde's be+ some:at less /rik+ ?an is usually ass]t$4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! ne$$ help & guidance x 0 bett] to make a sob] dignity ! ideal ( book-production ?an to cont9ue to deface dec5tly pr9t$ books by ! use ( job lots ( column cuts4 ,! bord]s & o!r ornam5ts us$ by ,b]!let1 ,reyn] ,wolfe1 & ,grafton1 ! ?ree pr9cipal firms ( ?is p]iod1 are at lea/ mod]ately good4 ,all ?ree pr9t]s indulg$ 9 ! pleas+ h]esy ( pictorial or h]aldic capitals1 ,wolfe 9 ! ,homiliae duae ( ,s4 ,*ryso/om 7#aedc71 ,grafton 9 ,halle's ,*ronicle entitl$ ,! ,union ( ! ,families ( ,lanca/] & ,york 7#aedh71 & ,b]!let 9 "s ( 8 lat] proclamations4 ,z reg>ds _! devices1 ,grafton's punn+ emblem 7a tree graft$ on a tun71 ?\gh 9 its smalle/ size x may pass well en\gh1 0 n wor?y ( ! prom95ce :i* he sometimes gave x2 b ,wolfe's ,*>itas m>k1 ( *ildr5 ?r[+ /icks at an apple tree1 is p]haps ! mo/ pleas+ ( ,engli% devices1 :ile ,b]!let's ,lucrece1 despite ! fact t h] drap]ies h yield$ to ! ,r5aissance temptation ( flutt]+ 9 ! w9d r m ?an a ,roman lady w\ld h ?\ght becom+ at ! mom5t ( dea?1 is ( its k9d a f9e piece ( "w4 ,z = pictures1 f :i* ,b]!let1 z f> z ,i rememb]1 0 consi/5t 9 8 ab/95ce--,wolfe & ,grafton 7 wisely cont5t to make an exception 9 fav\r ( ,holbe91 a little m$allion cut aft] 8 portrait ( ,sir ,?omas ,wyatt adorn+ ,wolfe's edition ( ,lel&'s ,na5iae 7#aedb71 & ,grafton ow+ to him ! magnific5t titlepage to ! ,great ,bibles 9 :i* ,cranm] & ,cromwell1 ) a ho/ ( o!r wor?ies1 are se5 di/ribut+ ,bibles "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,aft] ! fall ( ,cromwell 8 armorial be>+s 7 cut out ( ! block1 a piece ( petty brutality on a level ) t :i* compell$ own]s ( ,pray] ,books & ,gold5 ,leg5ds to deface !m by scrat*+ out ! ^w pope & z mu* z !y c\ld ( ! s]vice = ! day ( t c]ta9ly r que/ionable sa9t1 ,?omas a ,becket4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxii4 ,,london1 ,t4 ,,p[ell1 #aeef ,,heywood4 ,,! ,,spid] ,,& ,,! ,,fly4 ,,portrait ,,( ,,heywood ,9 #aedh we come across a def9itely illu/rat$ book1 ,cranm]'s ,cate*ism1 publi%$ by ,walt] ,lynne1 ) a delicately cut titlepage#fd %[+ figures ( ,ju/ice1 ,prud5ce1 & ,victory1 & also ! royal arms1 & 9 ! text num]\s small ,biblical pictures1 two ( :i* are sign$ ,hans ,holbe91 :ile o!rs h be5 ra%ly attribut$ to ,b]n>d ,salomon4 ,9 #aeef we f9d ,heywood's ,spid] & ! ,fly illu/rat$ n only ) v>i\s woodcuts ( spid]s' webs1 b ) a portrait ( ! au?or /iff & unga9ly en\gh 9 all consci5ce1 b c>ry+ ) x an impression ( lank v]acity 7see ,plate ,,xxxii74 ,ab\t ?is "t1 moreov]1 ,william ,copl& 0 issu+ folio & qu>to editions ( "s ( ! poems & romances :i* _h pleas$ ! read]s ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury1 & "s ( ^! _h ! old cuts 9 !m4 ,x is evid5t t illu/rations w\ld h come back 9 any case--book-buy]s c nev] ab/a9 f !m = long toge!r4 ,b x is only fair to connect ?is return ) ! "n ( ,john ,day1 :o made a /r5u\s ef=t1 :i* only j fail$ ( success1 to br+ up book-illu/ration to ! high level at :i* he 0 aim+ 9 pr9t+4 ,day _h issu$ a few books dur+ ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,vi1 notably a ,bible ) an excell5t pictorial capital %[+ ! promot] ( ! edition1 ,edmund ,becke1 pres5t+ a copy ( x to ! ,k+4 ,z a /aun* ,prote/ant he _h be5 9 "s dang] "u ,que5 ,m>y1 b ) ! accession ( ,elizabe? he came quickly to ! front1 ?anks to ! help ( ,ar*bi%op ,p>k]1 & ! edition ( ,! ,cosmographicall ,glasse ( ,william ,cunn+ham1 :i* he issu$ 9 #aeei1 is ?us1 z we h already sugge/$1 a real l&m>k 9 ,engli% book-production4 ,9 addition to its f9e types1 ?is book is notable = its woodcut diagrams & pictorial capitals1 ornam5tal titlepage1 l>ge map ( ,norwi* &1 mo/ important ( all1 a /rong & vigor\s portrait ( ! au?or1 8 "r h& on a globe1 a ,dioscorides ) a diagram ( a rose ly+ op5 be=e him1 & a wood$ l&scape be+ se5 9 ! di/ance4 ,! :ole is enclos$ 9 an oval frame1 r\nd :i* runs a ,greek motto cut 9 majuscules1 ,greek3 ,e ,,megale ,,eudaimonie ,,oud5i ,,ph?one9 7! great happ9ess is to envy no man71 ) ! au?or's age1 ,,aetatis #bh at ! foot4 ,! portrait measures ab\t #f in*es by #d7a_/b71 & occupies ! :ole folio page4 ,x is only too probable t x 0 ! "w n ( a native ,engli%man1 b ( "s ,dut* refugee1 b "h at la/ 9 an ,engli% book 0 a piece ( liv+ portraiture adequately cut on wood1 & ) bett] luck x %\ld h be5 ! fir/ ( a long s]ies4 ,john ,day himself did 8 be/ to promote a fa%ion by prefix+ a small portrait ( ,becon to t au?or's ,pom&] ( ,pray]1 #aefa1 & hav+ a mu* l>g] "o ( himself cut ! next ye>1 ,,aetatis ,,svae ,,xxxx1 z ! inscription tells u1 add+ also 8 motto1 ,,liefe ,,is ,,dea! ,,& ,,dea? ,,is ,,liefe1 ! spell+ 9 :i* sugge/s a ,dut* arti/1 ?\gh ,dut* spell+ ab\t ?is "t 0 s rampant 9 ,engl& t we may hope aga9/ hope t ?is 0 ,engli% "w4 ,! oval portrait is surr\nd$ ) /rap-"w ornam5t1 ano!r fa%ion ( ! day1 & at ! foot ( ?is are ! initials ,i4 ,d4 ,on "o int]pretation ^! w\ld lead u to believe n only t ! "w is ,engli%1 b t ,day himself 0 ! cutt]4 ,b b9d+s f 8 %op are sometimes sign$ ,i4 ,d4 ,p4 7,ioannes ,day pegit71 & we mu/ hesitate be=e attribut+ to him p]sonal skill n only 9 pr9t+1 b 9 b9d+ & wood-cutt+ z well4 ,! portrait itself is tak5 side-face & %[s a cropp$ head1 ke5 eye1 & long be>d1 ! neck be+ entirely conceal$ by a high coat-coll> )9 :i* is a ruff4 ,! gr\nd to ! front ( ! face is all 9 deep %ad[1 t at ! back ( ! head is left :ite1 a simple contra/ :i* p]haps makes ! g5]al effect m brilliant4 ,day us$ ?is portrait z a device 9 "s ( 8 l>ge/ folio books--= in/ance1 8 ?ree-volume edition ( ,becon's works 7#aefj-d7 & ,foxe's ,book ( ,m>tyrs 7#aefc74 ,! full title ( ! ,book ( ,m>tyrs1 :i* we h n[ rea*$1 is ,actes & ,monum5ts ( ^! latt] & p]ill\s dayes1 t\*+ matt]s ( ! ,*ur*1 :]e9 ar compreh5d$ & describ$ ! great p]secutions & horrible tr\bles1 t h b5e wr\ght & practis$ by ! ,romi%e ,prelates1 especially 9 ?is ,realm ( ,engl& & ,scotl&e1 f ! ye>e ( our ,lorde a ?\s&e unto ! tyme n[e pres5t4 ,x be>s an elaborate titlepage %[+ ,prote/ants & ,ca?olics prea*+1 ,prote/ants be+ burnt at ! /ake contra/$ ) ,ca?olics (f]+ ! sacrifice ( ! ,mass1 & f9ally ! ,prote/ant m>tyrs uplift$ 9 heav51 :ile ! ,ca?olic p]secutors are pack$ (f to hell4 ,! text is v unev5ly illu/rat$1 b ! total numb] ( woodcuts ev5 9 ! fir/ edition 7#aefc7 is v consid]able1 & z _m new pictures 7 add$ 9 ! second 7#aegj71 ! book 0 c]ta9ly ! mo/ lib]ally illu/rat$ ) cuts specially made = x :i* _h yet be5 produc$ 9 ,engl&4 ,"o or two ( ! small] cuts1 mo/ly ! head ( a m>tyr pray+ amid ! flames1 are us$ sev]al times2 ( ! l>g] cuts only a v few are repeat$1 &1 consid]+ ! monoton\s subject ( ! book1 x is obvi\s t "s tr\ble mu/ h be5 tak5 to secure v>iety 9 ! illu/rations4 ,a few ( ^! occupy a :ole page1 t illu/rat+ ! ,prote/ant leg5d ( ! poison+ ( ,k+ ,john by a fanatic monk be+ divid$ into comp>tm5ts1 :ile o!rs %[+ "s ( ! m important m>tyrdoms are ambiti\sly design$4 ,! draw+ ( "s ( ! lat] pictures is co>se1 b on ! :ole ! designs are good & ) a good deal ( "* 9 !m4 ,! cutt+ is c>eful & pa9/ak+1 b h>dly ev] succe$s 9 mak+ ! picture /& out boldly on ! page1 s t ! g5]al effect is grey & col\rless4 ,z to ! p]sonality ( ! design]s & cutt]s we "k no?+4 ,day at "o "t 0 anxi\s to get leave to keep m ?an ! p]mitt$ maximum ( f\r =eign]s 9 8 employm5t1 b we h really no suffici5t gr\nd = argu+ ei!r = an ,engli% or a =eign orig9 = ^! illu/rations4 ,a few ye>s aft] ?is1 9 #aefi1 :5 ! new edition ( ! ,book ( ,m>tyrs 0 9 prep>ation1 ,day issu$ ano!r illu/rat$ book3 ,a *ri/all glasse ( *ri/ian re=mation1 :]e9 ! godly maye beholde ! col\r$ abuses us$ 9 ?is our pres5t tyme4 ,collect$ by ,/eph5 ,bateman1 bett] kn[n z ! ,batman uppon ,b>?olomew1 i4e4 ! editor by :om ! ,de ,proprietatibus ,r]um ( ,b>?olomaeus ,anglicus 0 newly correct$1 enl>g$1 & am5d$ 9 #aehb4 ,! ,*ri/all glasse ( *ri/ian re=mation is a dull book ) dull illu/rations1 :i* are ( ! nature ( emblems1 made ugly by p>ty _s4 ,a m int]e/+ book by ! same au?or & issu$ 9 ! same ye> 0 ,! travayl$ ,pylgrime1 br++ newes f all p>tes ( ! worlde1 to :i* ,bateman only put 8 initials & :i* 0 pr9t$ n by ,day1 b by ,d5ham4 ,?is1 al?\gh ,i _c f9d t ! fact has be5 not$1 is l>gely indebt$ bo? = its s*eme & its illu/rations to ! ,*evali] ,delib]e ( ,olivi] de la ,m>*e1 ?\gh ! woodcuts g back n to ^? ( ! ,g\da & ,s*i$am incunabula1 b to ! ,antw]p edition ( #aeee1 9 :i* ^! 7 translat$ into "s ( ! mo/ graceful ( sixte5? c5tury cuts4 ,ne$less to say1 mu* ( ! grace disappe>s 9 ?is new translation1 al?\gh ! cutt+ is m effective ?an 9 ! ,book ( ,m>tyrs4 ,besides ^! two books by ,/eph5 ,bateman1 #aefi saw ! issue ( ! fir/ edition ( "o ( ,john ,day's mo/ fam\s v5tures1 ,a ,booke ( ,*ri/ian ,pray]s1 collect$ out ( ! anci5t writ]s & be/ le>n$ 9 our "t1 wor?y to be read ) an e>ne/ m9d ( all ,*ri/ians1 9 ^! dang]\s & tr\blesome daies1 t ,god = ,*ri/es sake w yet /ill be m]cifull vnto u4 ,f ! pres5ce on ! back ( ! titlepage ( a v /iff portrait ( ! ,que5 kneel+ 9 pray] 7r l a design = a monum5tal brass71 ?is is usually quot$ z ,que5 ,elizabe?'s ,pray] ,book4 ,x 0 repr9t$ 9 #aegh 7p]haps also e>li]71 #aeha1 & #aeij1 & ! lat] editions1 ! only ones ,i h se51 ascribe ! compilation to ,r4 ,d41 i4e4 ,ri*>d ,day1 ,john ,day's cl]gyman son4 ,! book is 9 appe>ance a k9d ( ,prote/ant ,horae1 hav+ bord]s to e page divid$ into comp>tm5ts z 9 ! ,p>is editions1 %[+ sc5es f ! life ( ,*ri/1 ! c>d9al virtues & _! opposites1 ! works ( *>ity1 & a ,dance ( ,dea?4 ,comp>$ ) ! be/1 or ev5 ! second be/1 ( ! ,horae ( ,pig\*et or ,k]v]1 ! book looks cold & col\rless1 b ! r>ity ( ! e>ly editions %[s t x mu/ h be5 v popul>4 ,! only o!r book issu$ by ,day ) bord]s to e page 0 ! 7supposititi\s7 ,c]ta9e select pray]s ga!r$ out ( ,s4 ,augu/9es ,m$itations1 :i* he calle? 8 selfe-talks ) ,god1 :i* w5t ?r\gh sev]al editions1 ( :i* ! fir/ is dat$ #aegd4 ,?is is a mu* less pret5ti\s book1 ! bord]s be+ decorative in/ead ( pictorial1 b x makes r a pretty little octavo4 ,ano!r #aefi book :i* has cuts is ! edition ( ,grafton's ,*ronicle ( t ye>1 pr9t$ by ,h5ry ,d5ham1 b z ! cuts look l a job lot1 possibly ( ,g]man orig91 & are only plac$ at ! beg9n+s ( sections 9 ! %ort fir/ book1 :ile all ! hi/ory f #ajff onw>ds is left unillu/rat$1 ?is speaks r ( decad5ce ?an progress4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxiii4 ,,london1 ,c4 ,,b>k]1 #aege ,,turb]ville4 ,,booke ,,( ,,faulconrie4 ,,que5 ,,elizabe? ,,hawk+ ,9 #aeha1 t[>ds ! close ( 8 c>e]1 ,day 0 employ$ to pr9t ,john ,d]rick's ,image ( ,irel&1 giv+ an acc\nt ( ,sir ,h5ry ,sidney's campaign aga9/ ! ,iri% wood-k>nes4 ,9 "s few copies ?is "w is illu/rat$ ) eight v l>ge woodcuts1 ! mo/ ambiti\s 9 "s respects t _h ev] be5 attempt$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! fir/ f\r are wret*$ly cut2 ! la/ f\r1 %[+ ,sir ,h5ry's battle ) ! rebels & 8 triumphal return1 are bo? well design$ & well execut$4 ,mean:ile1 o!r pr9t]s & publi%]s _h produc$ a few m illu/rat$ books 9 ! 'sev5ties4 ,?us 9 #aege ,h5ry ,bynneman _h pr9t$ ,turb]ville's ,booke ( ,faulconrie = ,*ri/oph] ,b>k]4 ,! num]\s excell5t illu/rations ( hawks 7& probably ^? ( dogs also7 are tak5 f ,fr5* books1 b !re is a fairly vigor\s picture ( ,que5 ,elizabe? hawk+ att5d$ by h] suite1 badg$1 back & front1 ) l>ge ,tudor roses1 & ?is 7see ,plate ,,xxxiii7 looks l ,engli% "w4 ,9 a mu* lat] edition--t ( #afaa--;x is curi\s to note t ! portrait ( ! ,que5 0 cut out & "o ( ,james ,i sub/itut$4 ,9 #aegf a r =bidd+ woodcut portrait ( ,george ,gascoigne 0 pr9t$ 7by ,r4 ,smi?7 9 t wor?y's ,/eele ,glas4 ,9 #aegg came a v important "w1 ! fam\s ,*ronicle1 begun on a va/ scale by ,reyn] ,wolfe & complet$ = ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel& by ,raphael ,hol9%$1 n[ publi%$ by ,john ,h>rison ! eld]4 ,?is has ! appe>ance ( be+ mu* m pr(usely illu/rat$ ?an ! ,book ( ,m>tyrs or any o!r ,engli% folio1 b z ! cuts ( battles1 riots1 executions1 etc41 :i* =m ! /aple illu/rations1 are freely repeat$1 ! pr(usion is f> less ?an x seems4 ,! cuts1 moreov]1 are mu* small] ?an ^? 9 ,foxe's ,m>tyrs4 ,z a rule !y are vigor\sly design$ & fairly well cut1 & if x _h come fifty ye>s e>li] ! book w\ld h be5 full ( promise4 ,b1 z f> z pictorial cuts 9 important books are conc]n$1 we are ne>+ ! end4 ,9 #aegi ,h4 ,s+leton publi%$ ,sp5s]'s ,%ephe>des ,cal5d] ) a small cut ( no great m]it at ! head ( ea* aeglogue1 & 9 ! same ye> ,vautrolli] illu/rat$ ,nor?'s ,plut>* ) insignificant little bu/s :i* d]ive importance only f ! l>ge ornam5tal frames1 /ret*+ across ! folio page1 9 :i* !y are set4 ,woodcuts did n cease to be us$ aft] ?is date4 ,!y w be f\nd 9 h]bals 7b ^! 7 ma9ly =eign blocks71 milit>y works1 & all books = :i* diagrams 7 ne$$4 ,!y cont9u$ fa%ionable = "s "t = ! ar*itectural or o!r =ms ( bord]s to titlepages1 "s ( !m v graceful1 z1 = in/ance1 t to ! e>ly folio editions ( ,sidney's ,arcadia2 also = ! coats ( arms ( ! great m5 to :om books 7 d$icat$4 ,!y are f\nd also at haphaz>d 9 ! sixp5ny & f\rp5ny qu>tos ( plays & romances1 & _m ( ! old blocks gradually drift$ into ! h&s ( ! pr9t]s ( ballads & *apbooks1 & appe> 9 incongru\s surr\nd+s aft] a c5tury ( s]vice4 ,b ,i _c myself call to m9d any important ,engli% book aft] #aehj = :i* a publi%] ?\ght x wor? 8 :ile to commission a new set ( imag9ative pictures cut on wood1 & t means t woodcut illu/ration z a vital =ce 9 ! mak+ ( books _h ceas$ to exi/4 ,!y ne$$ good pap] & c>eful presswork1 & all ov] ,europe pap] & presswork 7 rapidly det]iorat+4 ,!y co/ money1 & book-buy]s app>5tly did n c>e en\gh = !m to make !m a good inve/m5t4 ,! ris+ popul>ity ( copp] engrav+s = book-illu/ration on ! ,cont95t probably influ5c$ ! judgm5t ( ,engli% book-lov]s1 & al?\gh1 z we %all see1 copp] engrav+ 0 = _m ye>s v sp>+ly us$ 9 ,engl& save = portraits1 frontispieces1 & titlepages1 woodcuts w5t clean out ( fa%ion = "s two c5turies4 ,,footnotes3 #fc ,he _h app>5tly return$ ! blocks borr[$ f ,du ,pre = ! ,falles ( ,pr9ces1 z none ( !m is us$ 9 #aebg1 al?\gh "o or two are copi$4 ,i h n met ) all ! ,*auc] illu/rations1 & x is possible t a few ( ^! are new4 #fd ,us$ aga9 ! same ye> 9 a treatise by ,ri*>d ,bonn]4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,engrav$ ,,illu/rations ,! good bookman %\ld h no love = plates1 & to d !m ju/ice bookm5 h %[n comm5dable =titude 9 resi/+ _! attractions1 great z ^! (t5 are4 ,z a =m ( book-decoration ! plate rea*$ its highe/ developm5t 9 ! ,fr5* livres-a-vignettes ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! *>m ( ! be/ bookwork ( ,moreau1 ,eis51 & _! fell[s be+ inconte/able4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 h argu$ "s lack ( patriotism if ,fr5* book-lov]s _h n yield$ !mselves to ! fasc9ation ( a me?od ( book-illu/ration :i* _h ?us rea*$ its p]fection 9 _! own c\ntry1 & !y h done s4 ,b z he reads ! en?usia/ic descriptions ( ^! eighte5? c5tury books by ,m4 ,h5ri ,b]aldi1 a =eign book-lov] may well feel 7to borr[ ! phrase :i* ,jonson & ,h]rick us$ ( ! ov]-dress$ ladies ( _! day7 t ! book itself has become its own lea/ "p4 ,a book :i* requires z an app5dix an album ( orig9al designs1 or ( pro(s ( ! illu/rations1 or 7worse /ill7 :i* has be5 m\nt$ on l>g] pap] & gu>d$ s t ^! pro(s or designs c be br\ght into connection ) ! text1 is on its way to t wor/ ( all fates1 ! ,av]nus ( extra illu/ration or ,gra+]ism4 ,:5 x has rea*$ ?is1 x ceases to be a book at all & becomes a scrap-album ( unh>moniz$ pictures4 ,lack ( means may make x easy = a bookman to resi/ ! temptation to supplem5t ! illu/rations 9 a book ) duplicates 9 pro( or any l extravagances1 b ev5 !n few books :i* h plates 9 !m fail to br+ tr\ble4 ,if ! plates are protect$ ) flimsies1 ! own]'s consci5ce may be p]turb$ ) d\bts z to :e!r ^! may lawfully be torn out4 ,if !re are no flimsies1 ! leaf opposite a plate (t5 %[s a set-(f f x & is sometimes specially badly fox$4 ,moreov]1 n be+ an integral "p ( ! book1 ! plate pres5ts problems to publi%]s & b9d]s :i* are too (t5 left unsolv$4 ,x ought to be pr9t$ on pap] suffici5tly wide to all[ ( a flap or turn-ov]1 s t ! leaf c be plac$ 9 ! quire & prop]ly sewn4 ,b ! flap ?us left is n pretty1 & unless v ?9 may cause ! book to gape4 ,?us too (t5 ! plate is only glu$ or pa/$ into its place1 ) ! result t x easily comes loose4 ,h5ce misplacem5ts1 imp]fections1 & consequ5t woe4 ,x is ! *>m ( ! e>li] books illu/rat$ ) incis$ engrav+s t ! impressions are pull$ on ! same pap] z ! re/ ( ! book1 v (t5 on pages be>+ lett]press1 & almo/ always1 ev5 :5 !y *ance to occupy a :ole page1 ! back ( :i* is left blank1 z "p ( ! quire or ga!r+4 ,! price1 h[ev]1 :i* _h to be paid = ^! advantages 0 a heavy "o1 ! tr\ble n m]ely ( d\ble pr9t+1 z 9 ! case ( a %eet pr9t$ 9 r$ & black1 b ( d\ble pr9t+ 9 two diff]5t k9ds1 "o be+ f a rais$ surface1 ! o!r f an incis$4 ,x is cle> t ?is tr\ble 0 f\nd v s]i\s1 z bo? at ,rome & ,flor5ce 9 ,italy1 at ,bruges 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 at ,wurzburg & ,ei*/att 9 ,g]many1 & at ,lyon 9 ,france1 ! exp]im5t 0 tri$ indep5d5tly & 9 e case ab&on$ aft] "o or two books _h be5 ?us ornam5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxiv4 ,,flor5ce1 ,,nicolus ,,laur5tii1 #adgg ,,bett9i4 ,,monte ,,santo ,,di ,,dio4 ,,*ri/ ,,9 ,,glory4 7,,r$uc$7 ,at ,rome1 aft] ! failure ( 8 pr9t+ p>tn]%ip ) ,pann>tz1 ,conrad ,sweynheym betook himself to engrav+ maps to illu/rate an edition ( ,ptolemy's ,cosmographia1 & ?is 0 br\ght out aft] 8 dea? by ,arnold ,buck9ck1 #aj ,octob]1 #adgh4 ,?irte5 mon?s e>li] ,nicolaus ,laur5tii1 ( ,breslau1 _h publi%$ at ,flor5ce ! ,monte ,santo di ,dio ( ,antonio ,bett9i1 ) two full-page engrav+s & "o small] "o4 ,! fir/ ( ^! %[s ! ladd] ( ,pray] & ! ,sacram5ts up :i*1 by ! virtues :i* =m its successive rungs1 a cassock$ y\? is prep>+ to climb to heav51 :]e ,*ri/ /&s 9 a m&orla support$ by angels4 ,! second plate is giv5 up entirely to a repres5tation ( ,*ri/ 9 a m&orla1 bo? draw+ & engrav+ be+ excell5t1 & ! little angels :o are lov+ly uphold+ ! frame be+ really delightful 7see ,plate ,,xxxiv74 ,! ?ird picture1 pr9t$ on a page ) text1 is small] ?an ^! & repres5ts ! pa9s ( hell4 ,:5 a second edition ( ! ,monte ,santo di ,dio 0 ne$$ 9 #adia ! copp]plates 7 replac$ by woodcuts1 a fact :i* may rem9d u t n only ! tr\ble ( pr9t+1 b ! small numb] ( impressions :i* c\ld be tak5 f copp]plates1 mu/ h be5 a =midable objection to _! use 9 bookwork4 ,b at ! "t ! fir/ edition may well h be5 reg>d$ z a success4 ,if s1 x 0 an unlucky "o1 z ,nicolaus ,laur5tii 0 !reby enc\rag$ to und]take a mu* m ambiti\s v5ture1 an annotat$ ,div9a ,comm$ia ) simil> illu/rations1 & ?is1 :i* appe>$ 9 #adha1 c only be look$ on z a failure4 ,no space 0 left at ! head ( ! fir/ canto1 & ! engrav+ 0 pr9t$ on ! l[] m>g91 :]e x is (t5 f\nd cruelly cropp$4 ,9 subsequ5t cantos spaces 7 sometimes left1 sometimes n1 b aft] ! second ! engrav+s are g5]ally f\nd$ pr9t$ on sep>ate slips & pa/$ into _! places1 & 9 no copy d !y ext5d beyond canto xix4 ,!y us$ to be assign$ to ,botticelli1 b ! discov]y ( 8 real designs to ! ,div9a ,comm$ia has %[n t ^! ( #adha 7 only slightly influ5c$ by !m4 ,9 ,g]many ! only copp] engrav+s f\nd 9 fifte5? c5tury books are ! coats ( arms ( ! ,bi%ops & ,*apt]s ( ,wurzburg & ,ei*/att 9 ! books pr9t$ = !m at ^! places by ,georg & ,mi*el ,reys] respectively4 ,9 ord] m easily to p]suade ! cl]gy ( ^! dioceses to buy prop]ly revis$ s]vice-books to replace _! tatt]$ & incorrect manuscript copies1 ! ,bi%ops atta*$ c]ta9 indulg5ces to _! pur*ase1 & z a pro( t ! recital ( ^! 0 n a m]e adv]tis+ trick ( ! pr9t] p]mitt$ him to pr9t _! arms at ! foot ( ! notice4 ,^! arms1 mo/ *>m+ly & delicately engrav$1 are f\nd 9 ! ,wurzburg ,missals ( #adha 7?is ,i h n se57 & #adhd1 & ! ,ag5da ( #adhb 7see ,plate ,,xxxv71 & no d\bt also 9 o!r e>ly s]vice-books pr9t$ by ,georg ,reys]4 ,! ,ei*/att books ( 8 k9sm5 ,mi*el are simil>ly adorn$--= in/ance1 ! ,/atuta ,synodalia ,ey/ett5sia ( #adhd1 ?\gh nei!r ! design nor ! engrav+ is s good4 ,9 h[ _m editions by ! ,reys]s ^! engrav$ arms appe>$ ,i _c say1 z ! books are all ( great r>ity2 b by #adie1 if n e>li]1 !y _h be5 ab&on$1 = 9 ! ,wurzburg ,missale ,speciale ( t ye> we f9d ! delicate engrav+ replac$ by a woodcut copy ( ne>ly f\r times ! size & less ?an a f\r? ( ! *>m4 ,! only ,fr5* book ( ! fifte5? c5tury kn[n to me z possess+ copp] engrav+s is a v beautiful "o1 ! v]sion ( ,breid5ba*'s ,p]egr9atio ad ,t]ram ,sanctam1 by ,fr]e ,nicole le ,hu51 pr9t$ at ,lyon by ,mi*el ,topie & ,jacob ,h]emb]ck 9 #adhh1 & adorn$ ) num]\s excell5t capitals4 ,9 ?is all ! cuts 9 ! text ( ! ,ma9z editions are fairly well copi$ on wood1 b ! l>ge fold+ plans ( ,v5ice & o!r cities on ! pilgrims' r\te are admirably reproduc$ on copp] ) a great increase 9 ! delicacy ( _! l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxv4 ,,wurzburg1 ,g4 ,,reys]1 #adhb ,,wurzburg ,,ag5da4 7,,end ,,( ,,preface7 ,we come n[ to a book be>+ an e>li] date ?an any ( ^? already m5tion$1 b n entitl$ to its full pride ( place because x is d\btful to :at ext5t ! engrav+s connect$ ) x c be reckon$ an integral "p ( x4 ,?is is ! ,fr5* v]sion ( ,boccaccio's ,de casibus illu/rium virorum 7,des cas des nobles hommes71 pr9t$ at ,bruges by ,col>d ,mansion & dat$ #adgf4 ,z orig9ally pr9t$ !re 0 no space left = any pictorial embelli%m5ts2 b 9 at lea/ two copies ! fir/ leaf ( ! prologue has be5 repr9t$ s z to leave room = a picture2 9 ano!r copy1 :i* 9 #ahgh belong$ to ,"l ,lo?ian1 spaces are left also at ! beg9n+ ( ea* ( ! n9e books into :i* ! "w is divid$1 except ! fir/ & six?1 & all ! spaces h be5 fill$ ) copp] engrav+s col\r$ by h&2 9 yet ano!r copy !re is a space left also at ! beg9n+ ( ,book ,,vi4 ,accord+ to ! monograph on ! subject by ,david ,la+ 7privately pr9t$ 9 #ahgh71 ! subjects ( ! engrav+s are3-- 7#a7 ,prologue1 ! ,au?or pres5t+ 8 "w to 8 patron1 ,ma9>do ,cavalcanti4 7#b7 ,book ,i4 ,adam & ,eve /&+ be=e ! ,au?or z he writes4 7#c7 ,book ,,ii4 ,k+ ,saul on horseback1 & ly+ dead4 7#d7 ,book ,,iii4 ,=tune & ,pov]ty4 7#e7 ,book ,,iv4 ,m>cus ,manlius ?r[n into ! ,tib]4 7#f7 ,book ,v4 ,! ,dea? ( ,regulus4 7#g7 ,book ,,vi4 ,n kn[n4 7#h7 ,book ,,vii4 ,a combat ( six m54 7#i7 ,book ,,viii4 ,! humiliation ( ! ,emp]or ,val]ian by ,k+ ,sapor ( ,p]sia4 7#aj7 ,book ,,ix4 ,brunhilde1 ,que5 ( ! ,franks1 torn asund] by f\r horses4 ,f ! reproductions :i* ,la+ gives 9 8 monograph x is evid5t t ! engrav] set himself to imitate ! /yle ( ! contempor>y illum9at$ manuscripts ( ! ,bruges s*ool1 & t he us$ 8 grav] r to get ! designs on to ! pap] ?an ) any real feel+ = ! *>act]i/ic *>m ( 8 own art4 ,my own incl9ation is to believe t we mu/ look on ^! plates z a v5ture ( ,col>d ,mansion's r 9 8 old capacity z an illum9ator1 anxi\s to decorate a few special copies1 ?an z a pr9t] int5t on embelli%+ a :ole edition4 ,! engrav+s may h be5 made at any "t betwe5 #adgf & #adhc1 :5 !y 7 cle>ly us$ z models by ,jean ,du ,pre = 8 ,p>is edition1 ! wood-blocks = :i*1 z we h se51 7 subsequ5tly sold or l5t to ,pynson4 ,! v>iations 9 ! numb] ( spaces 9 diff]5t copies may q z well be due to a mix+ ( quires z to successive enl>gem5ts ( ! plan1 & ! fact t m copies ( ! engrav+s h surviv$ ap>t f ?an ) ! book draws att5tion once m to ! difficulty f\nd 9 pr9t+ ^! incis$ plates to accompany lett]press pr9t$ f type /&+ 9 relief4 ,!re is /ill "o m engrav+ connect$ ) an e>ly pr9t$ book to be consid]$1 & ?\gh ! connection is n fully e/abli%$1 ! facts t ! book 9 "q 0 ! fir/ f ,caxton's press1 & t ! engrav+ may possibly conta9 8 portrait1 invite a full discussion ( its claims4 ,! plate 7see ,frontispiece to ,*apt] ,i1 ,plate ,,ii7 repres5ts an au?or on "o knee pres5t+ a book to a lady :o is att5d$ by five maids-(-hon\r1 :ile z _m pages may be se5 /&+ 9 v>i\s page-l attitudes ab\t ! room4 ,a canopy above a *air ( /ate be>s ! initials ,,cm & ! motto ,bi5 en ave+ne1 & x is ?us cle> t ! lady repres5ts ,m>g>et ,du*ess ( ,burgundy1 & t ! (f]+ ( a book :i* x depicts mu/ h tak5 place aft] h] m>riage ) ,*>les ! ,bold1 #c ,july1 #adfh1 & be=e ! latt]'s dea? at ,nancy1 #e ,janu>y1 #adgg4 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( ?is "t ,caxton 0 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,du*ess2 ! donor ( ! book is repres5t$ z a layman1 & a layman n ( noble bir?1 s9ce !re is no fea!r 9 8 cap2 he appe>s also to be approa*+ middle-age4 ,all ^! po9ts w\ld be correct if ! donor 7 int5d$ = ,caxton1 & z we "k f 8 own /atem5t t be=e 8 ,recuyell ( ! hi/ories ( ,troy 0 pr9t$ he _h pres5t$ a copy ( x 79 manuscript7 to ! ,du*ess1 probably 9 or soon aft] #adga1 until "s m plausible orig9al is propos$ ! id5tification ( ! donor ) our fir/ pr9t] mu/ rema9 at lea/ probable4 ,un=tunately1 al?\gh ! unique copy ( ! engrav+ is at pres5t 9 ! ,duke ( ,devon%ire's copy ( ! ,recuyell1 x is c]ta9 t x is an ins]tion1 n an orig9al "p ( ! book1 & beyond a high probability t x has occupi$ its pres5t position s9ce ! book 0 b\nd = ! ,duke ( ,roxburghe "s "t be=e 8 sale 9 #ahab1 no?+ is kn[n z to h[ x came !re4 ,a really amaz+ po9t is t al?\gh ! connection ( ?is p>ticul> copy ) ,elizabe?1 que5 ( ,edw>d ,,iv1 caus$ x to be %[n at ! ,caxton ,exhibition1 until ! appe>ance ( ,mr4 ,montagu ,pe>tree's article 9 ! ,burl+ton ,magaz9e = ,augu/1 #aije1 no notice _h ev] be5 paid to ! engrav+4 ,analogy ) ! ,boccaccio sugge/s t ,caxton _h ! plate made be=e he realiz$ ! difficulties ( impression1 & t "s pr9ts 7 sep>ately /ruck f x & "o ( ^! pa/$ inside ! b9d+ ( ! ,devon%ire copy1 :5ce x 0 remov$ to its pres5t position :5 ! book 0 reb\nd4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! /yle ( ! engrav+ is q unlike t ( ! ,boccaccio pr9ts1 & sugge/s t ,caxton procur$ x f a ,dut* r ?an a ,bruges engrav]1 possibly ) ! aid ( ,veld5]1 f :om1 or ) ^: help1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,duff's sugge/ion1 he procur$ 8 fir/ type4 ,= ov] a qu>t] ( a c5tury aft] ! engrav+ ( ! plans 9 ! ,lyon ,breid5ba* pr9t]s seem to h held alo( altoge!r f copp]plates4 ,9 #aead we f9d f\r engrav$ plans1 ( only slight arti/ic int]e/1 pr9t$ z plates 9 a topographical "w on ,nola by ,ambrogius ,leo1 ! pr9t] be+ ,joannes ,rubeus 7,giovanni ,rossi7 ( ,v5ice4 ,?ree ye>s lat]1 9 #aeag1 a really *>m+ pr9t is f\nd 7set r askew 9 ! ,museum copy7 on ! titlepage ( a ?9 qu>to pr9t$ at ,rome1 = my k ( :i* ,i am indebt$ to my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,h9d4 ,! book is a ,dialogus1 compos$ by ! ,"r ,rev]5d ,amadeus ,b]rutus1 ,gov]nor ( ! ,city ( ,rome1 on ! weighty & /ill disputable "q z to :e!r "o %\ld g on writ+ to a fri5d :o makes no reply1#fe & ! plate %[s ! f\r speak]s1 ,amadeus himself1 ,au/]itas1 ,amicitia1 & ,amor1 /&+ 9 a field or g>d5 outside a build+4 ,! figures1 especially t ( ,au/]itas1 are *>m+ly drawn 7see ,plate ,,xxxvi72 ! tone ( ! little picture is delightful1 & x is enclos$ 9 a leafy bord]1 :i* reproduces 9 ! subtl] grace ( engrav$ "w ! effect ( ! little black & :ite frames :i* surr\nd ! ,flor5t9e woodcuts ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,) ! ,dialogus ( ,bi%op ,b]rutus copp] engrav+s z book-illu/rations came to an end1 z f> z ,i "k1 = a p]iod ( "s =ty ye>s4 ,i make ?is /atem5t ?us blankly 9 ! hope t x may provoke contradiction1 & at lea/ "s sporadic in/ances be adduc$4 ,b ,i h hunt$ ?r\gh descriptions ( all ! books mo/ likely to be illu/rat$--,bibles1 ,horae1 editions ( ,petr>*'s ,trionfi & ,ario/o's ,orl&o ,furioso & books ( emblems1 & outside ,engl& 7! necessity ( ! exception is almo/ humor\s7 ,i h light$ on no?+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxvi4 ,,rome1 ,,gabriel ,,( ,,bologna1 #aeag ,,b]rutus4 ,,dialogus4 7,,title7 ,we may1 p]haps1 trace ! revival ( engrav$ illu/rations to ! influ5ce ( ,hi]onymus or ,j]ome ,cock1 an ,antw]p engrav]1 :o 9 ,may1 #aeea1 issu$ a s]ies ( plates f ! designs ( ,f4 ,fab]1 entitl$ ,praecipua aliquot ,romanae antiquitatis ru9>um monim5ta1 )\t any lett]press save ! "n ( ! subject engrav$ on ea* plate4 ,cock foll[$ ?is up 9 #aeef ) twelve engrav+s f ! designs ( ,m>t9 van ,ve5 illu/rat+ ! victories ( ,*>les ,v1 :i* are also celebrat$ 9 v]ses 9 ,fr5* & ,spani%4 ,he issu$ also v>i\s o!r s]ies ( ,biblical & antiqu>ian plates1 :i* d n conc]n u1 & 9 #aeei a set ( ?irty-two illu/rat+ ! fun]al ( ,*>les ,v4 ,= ?is1 aid$ by a subsidy1 ,*ri/oph] ,plant9 act$ z publi%]1 & we ?us get a connection e/abli%$ betwe5 engrav+ & pr9t+4 ,?is did n1 h[ev]1 be> fruit at all quickly4 ,plant9's f\r emblem-books ( #aefb1 #aefd1 #aefe1 & #aeff 7 illu/rat$ n ) copp] engrav+s1 b ) woodcuts2 s 0 8 ,bible ( #aeff1 s 7 8 e>li] ,horae4 ,t ( #aefe has unattractive woodcut bord]s to e page & small woodcut illu/rations ( no m]it4 ,9 #aegj he began ! use ( engrav+s = 8 ,horae1 b 9 a copy 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 pr9t$ on vellum almo/ z ?ick z c>dbo>d1 he 0 r$uc$ to pull+ ! pictures on pap] & pa/+ !m 9 _! places4 ,9 #aega he illu/rat$ ! ,humanae salutis monum5ta ( 8 fri5d ,arias ,montanus ) "s r pretty copp]plates1 ea* surr\nd$ ) an effective engrav$ bord] ( fl[]s & birds1 b = a new ,horae 7on pap]7 9 #aegc1 = :i* he _h commission$ a set ( full-page plates ( "s m]it 7pr9t$ ) ! text on _! back71 he _h n tr\bl$ to procure bord]s4 ,two ye>s lat] he produc$ a really curi\s edition 9 :i* ! engrav$ illu/rations 7"s ( !m f ! ,humanae salutis monum5ta7 are surr\nd$ ) woodcut bord]s1 & 9 _m cases h r$ und]l9es1 s t ea* page mu/ h und]gone ?ree pr9t+s4#ff ,al?\gh woodcuts 7 consid]$ suffici5tly good = ,plant9's ,bible ( #aeff1 = 8 great ,polyglot x 0 indisp5sable to h titlepages engrav$ on copp]1 & to ! fir/ volume he prefix$ no few] ?an ?ree1 engrav$ by ,p4 van d] ,heyd5 aft] designs by ,p4 van d] ,bor*t4 ,all ( !m are emblematical1 ! fir/ symboliz+ ! unification ( ! _w by ! ,*ri/ian fai? & ! f\r languages 9 :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,polyglott1 ! second ! zeal ( ,philip ,,ii = ! ,ca?olic fai?1 ! ?ird ! au?ority ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,:ile "s volumes _h no frontispiece o!rs conta9$ a few illu/rations1 & ! total numb] ( plates 0 tw5ty-eight4 ,"s ( ^! 7 us$ aga9 9 ,plant9's ,bible ( #aehc1 & ,raphel5gius1 into ^: possession ! :ole set pass$ 9 #aeij1 us$ sixte5 ( !m ?ree ye>s lat] to illu/rate ! ,antiquitates ,judaicae ( ,arias ,montanus4 ,= 8 ,missals & ,brevi>ies z = 8 ,horae ,plant9 sometimes us$ woodcuts1 sometimes copp]plates4 ,= 8 editions ( ! works ( ,s4 ,augu/9e & ,s4 ,j]ome 7#aegg7 he caus$ really f9e portrait frontispieces to be engrav$ by ,j4 ,sadel] f ! designs ( ,crisp9 van d5 ,broeck4 ,z reg>ds 8 miscellane\s secul> books he 0 by no means giv5 to sup]flu\s illu/rations1 &1 z we h se51 cont9u$ to use woodcuts contemporane\sly ) plates4 ,probably 8 e>lie/ secul> engrav+s 7publi%$ 9 #aeff1 b prep>$ "s ye>s e>li]7 are ! anatomical diagrams 9 imitation ( ^? 9 ! ,roman edition ( ,valv]de m5tion$ bel[1 to :i* he prefix$ a bett] frontispiece ?an t ( 8 model4 ,9 #aegd he produc$ a f9e book ( portraits ( physicians & philosoph]s1 ,icones vet]um aliquot ac rec5tium m$icorum philosophorumque1 9 sixty-eight plates1 ) lett]press by ,j4 ,sambucus4 ,! next ye> he issu$ ano!r illu/rat$ book1 ! ,de r]um usu et abusu ( ,b]n>dus ,furm]ius1 %>+ ! exp5se ( x ) ,ph4 ,gallus1 a pr9t-sell]1 = :om lat] on he publi%$ sev]al books on commission4 ,f #aegh onw>ds he pr9t$ = ,ortelius1 ! great cosmograph]4 ,9 #aehb he publi%$ ! ,pegasides ( ,y4 ,b4 ,h\wa]t1 9 #aehd ,wagh5a]'s ,spieghel d] ,zeeva]dt1 & o!r illu/rat$ books foll[$4 ,b none ( !m1 little inde$ t ,plant9 ev] produc$1 n[ excite mu* desire on ! "p ( collectors4 ,( :at took place 9 o!r c\ntries & cities 9 ! abs5ce ( ev5 t5tative li/s ( ! books pr9t$ aft] #aece any:]e except 9 ,engl& x is difficult to say4 ,9 #aefj an anatomical book translat$ f ! ,spani% ( ,juan de ,valv]de 0 publi%$ at ,rome ) engrav$ diagrams ( "s arti/ic m]it & a r poorly execut$ frontispiece4 ,9 #aeff 9 ,v5etia appresso ,rampazetto1 a v f9e book ( impresas1 or emblematical p]sonal badges1 made its appe>ance "u ! title ,le ,imprese ,illu/re con espositioni et discorsi del ,sor ,i]onimo ,ruscelli1 d$icat$ al s]5issimo et sempre felicissimo re catolico ,filippo d',au/ria4 ,?is has ov] a hundr$ engrav$ ,imprese ( ?ree sizes1 d\ble-page = ! ,emp]or 7sign$ ,g4 ,p4 ,f471 full-pag]s = k+s & o!r pr9cely p]sonages1 half-pag]s = ord9>y folk 7if any own] ( an impresa may be ?us designat$71 & all ^! are pr9t$ ) lett]press b5ea?1 or on ! back ( !m1 & v well pr9t$ too4 ,9 ano!r book ( ,imprese1 publi%$ 9 ?is same ye> #aeff1 ! text1 consi/+ ( sonnets by ,lodovico ,dolce1 z well z ! pictures1 is engrav$1 or r et*$4 ,?is is ! ,imprese di diu]si pr9cipi1 du*i1 signori1 etc41 di ,batta ,pittoni ,pittore ,vic5t9o4 ,x exi/s 9 a bewild]+ v>iety ( /ates1 p>tly due to repr9t+1 p>tly app>5tly to ! desire to d$icate x to sev]al diff]5t p1 "o ( ! ,briti% ,museum copies be+ d$icat$ by ,pittoni to ! ,e>l ( ,arundel & hav+ a pr9t$ d$icatory lett] & plate ( 8 device prec$+ t ( ! ,emp]or himself4 ,ano!r notewor?y ,v5etian book1 ) engrav$ illu/rations1 :i* ,i h come across is an ,orl&o ,furioso ( #aehd1 appresso ,francesco de ,frances*i ,s5ese e compagni1 its engrav$ titlepage be>+ ! in=mation t x has be5 nu\am5te adornato di figure di rame da ,girolamo ,porro1 a little-kn[n ,milanese engrav]1 :o _h reissu$ ,pittoni's ,imprese 9 #aegh4 ,! illu/rations are f> too cr[d$ ) incid5t to be successful1 & _! unity is (t5 sacrific$ to ! old m$ieval practice ( mak+ a s+le design illu/rate sev]al diff]5t mom5ts ( ! n>rative4 ,_! execution is also v unequal4 ,nev]!less1 !y are ( int]e/ to ,engli% collectors s9ce1 z we %all see1 !y s]v$ z models = ! plates 9 ,sir ,john ,h>+ton's v]sion ( ! ,orl&o 9 #aeia4 ,all ( !m are full-pag]s1 ) text on ! back1 & ! pr9t] 0 also compliant en\gh to pr9t at ! head ( ea* canto an engrav$ c>t\*e )9 :i* is ins]t$ a type-pr9t$ ,argom5to4 ,( sixte5? c5tury engrav$ book-illu/rations 9 ,france ,i h no p]sonal k4 ,9 ,g]many1 z might be expect$1 !y fl\ri%$ *iefly at ,frank=t1 :i* 9 ! la/ ?ird ( ! c5tury _h1 z we h se51 become a great c5tre = book-illu/ration4 ,jo/ ,amman1 :o 0 l>gely responsible = its developm5t 9 ?is respect1 illu/rat$ a few books ) copp] engrav+s1 al?\gh he ma9ly fav\r$ wood4 ,b x is ! "w ( ! ,de ,brys1 ,!odor de ,bry & 8 two sons ,johann ,israel & ,johann ,!odor1 :i* is ( conspicu\s importance = our pres5t purpose1 = x 0 !y :o orig9at$ & ma9ly c>ri$ out ! greate/ illu/rat$ "w ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 t kn[n to collectors z ! ,gr&s et petits voyages4 ,?is n v happy "n has no?+ to d ) ! l5g? ( ! voyages describ$1 b is d]iv$ f ! fact t ! orig9al s]ies :i* is conc]n$ ) ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies is "s two in*es tall] 7f\rte5 z comp>$ ) twelve7 ?an a subsequ5t s]ies deal+ ) ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,= ! idea ( su* a collection ( voyages ,!odor de ,bry 0 indebt$ to ,ri*>d ,hakluyt1 ^: fam\s book ,! ,pr9cipall ,navigations1 ,voiages1 & ,discov]ies ( ! ,engli% ,nation1 publi%$ 9 #aehi1 0 9 prep>ation :5 ,de ,bry 0 9 ,engl&1 :]e he work$ 9 #aehg-h4 ,! fir/ volume1 moreov]1 0 illu/rat$ ) engrav+s by ,de ,bry aft] "s ( ! extraord9>ily int]e/+ wat]-col\r draw+s made by an ,engli%man1 ,john ,:ite1 9 ,virg9ia1 & n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#fg ,?is fir/ "p 0 publi%$ 9 ,lat9 at ,frank=t by ,j4 ,we*el 9 #aeij & a second edition foll[$ ! same ye>4 ,a second "p describ+ ,florida foll[$ 9 #aeia1 a ?ird describ+ ,brazil 9 #aeib4 ,by #afjb n9e p>ts _h be5 issu$1 all at ,frank=t1 ?\gh by diff]5t publi%]s1 ! "n ( ,j4 ,feyrab5d be+ plac$ on ! f\r?1 & t ( ,m4 ,beck] on ! n9?4 ,aft] an int]val ( sev5te5 ye>s two m p>ts ( ! ,lat9 edition 7x4 & xi47 7 pr9t$ at ,opp5heim typis ,h4 ,gall]i1 & !n an app5dix to "p xi4 at ,frank=t 9 #afbj1 :]e also 7 issu$ "p xii4 9 #afbd & "p xiii41 edit$ by ,m4 ,m]ian1 9 #afcd1 ?is la/ be+ accompani$ by an ,el5*us1 or index-volume1 to ! :ole s]ies4 ,p>allel ) ?is ,lat9 s]ies ran a ,g]man "o ) ab\t ! same dates4 ,"o or two p>ts 7 also issu$ 9 ,fr5* & at lea/ "o 9 ,engli%4 ,!re is also an app5dix ( o!r voyages usually add$1 mo/ly ,fr5*1 & issu$ at ,am/]dam1 & ( ne>ly e volume ( ! :ole s]ies !re 7 sev]al issues & editions1 all ( !m ) diff]5ces 9 ! plates4 ,! ,petits voyages foll[$ a simil> c\rse1 beg9n+ 9 #aeih & end+ 9 #afbh4 ,al?\gh ! engrav+s1 _m ( :i* are plac$ unpret5ti\sly amid ! text1 v>y greatly alike 9 ! int]e/ ( _! subjects1 ! value ( ! orig9al designs1 & ! skill ( ! engrav+1 tak5 z a :ole !y h giv5 to ^! ,gr&s et petits voyages a unique position among books ( travel1 & a small lit]ature has gr[n up r\nd !m to c]tify ! collector z to ! be/ /ate ( ea* plate & :at con/itutes a complete set4 ,:ile ! illu/rations to ! ,voyages =m$ _! *ief occupation1 ! ,de ,brys f\nd "t to engrave _m small] plates = less important books4 ,?us 9 #aeic ,!odor de ,bry issu$ an emblem book ,emblemata nobilitati et vulgo scitu digna 7text 9 ,lat9 & ,g]man71 9 :i* ea* emblem is enclos$ 9 an engrav$ bord]1 mo/ly q mean+less & bad z reg>ds composition1 b ( a brilliancy 9 ! goldsmi?s' /yle :i* to lov]s ( bookplates w sugge/ ! be/ "w ( ,%]born or ,fr5*4 ,! plates m>k$ ,b & ,d1 illu/rat+ ! l9es ,musica mortales divosque oblectat et ornat & ,cum ,c]]e et ,bac*o ,v5]i solemnia fiunt1 are especially f9e & ! emblems !mselves m pleas+ ?an usual4 ,9 #aeie !re 0 pr9t$1 aga9 ) ,lat9 & ,g]man text1 a ,n\a ,alphabeti effictio1 hi/oriis ad s+ulas lit]as correspond5tibus4 ,! motif is ?r\gh\t scriptural4 ,?us = ,a ,adam & ,eve sit on ! crossb> on ea* side ( ! lett]1 ! s]p5t re/s on its peak amid ! foliage ( ! ,tree ( ,k4 ,9 ,b ,abel1 9 ,c ,ca9 is p]*$ on a conv5i5t "p ( ! lett]1 & s on1 :ile f "o lett] aft] ano!r1 fi%1 birds1 fruit1 fl[]s1 & any?+ else :i* came into ! design]'s head hang dangl+ on cords f e possible po9t4 ,no?+ c\ld be m mean+less or l[] 9 ! scale ( design1 yet ! brilliancy ( ! execution c>ries x (f4 ,! ye> aft] ?is _h appe>$ ,!odor de ,bry engrav$ a s]ies ( emblems conceiv$ by ,d5is ,le ,bey de ,batilly & drawn by ,j4 ,j4 ,boiss>d4 ,! designs !mselves are poor en\gh1 b ! book has a pretty ar*itectural titlepage1 & ?is is foll[$ by a portrait ( ,le ,bey set 9 an ornam5tal bord] ( bees1 fl[]s1 horses1 & o!r incongruities1 portrait & bord] alike engrav$ ) ! mo/ brilliant delicacy 7see ,plate ,,xxxvii74 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 aga91 #aeig1 ! two y\ng] ,de ,brys illu/rat$ ) l9e engrav+s ! ,acta ,me*meti ,s>ac5orum pr9cipis1 & 7at ! end ( ^!7 ! ,vatic9ia ,sev]i et ,leonis z to ! fate ( ! ,turks1 also ! ,david ( ,arias ,montanus4 ,! plates are fairly int]e/+1 b 9 te*nical execution fall f> bel[ ^? ( _! fa!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxvii4 ,,frank=t1 ,,de ,,bry1 #aeif ,,le ,,bey4 ,,emblemata4 ,,portrait ,,( ,,au?or ,,by ,t4 ,,de ,,bry1 ,,aft] ,j4 ,j4 ,,boiss>d ,turn+ n[ to ,engl&1 we f9d engrav+ 9 use surpris+ly e>ly 9 "s figures ( unborn babies 9 ,! ,bir? ( ,mank9d1 translat$ f ! ,lat9 ( ,roessl9 by ,ri*>d ,jonas & pr9t$ 9 #aedj by ,?omas ,raynold1 a physician1 :o five ye>s lat] issu$ a new edition revis$ by himself1 aga9 ) engrav+s4 ,9 #aede !re appe>$ a mu* m important m$ical "w1 a ,comp5diosa totius anatomie del9eatio pr(ess$ly by ,?omas ,gem9us1 a ,flemi% surgeon & engrav] atta*$ to ! ,engli% ,c\rt4 ,9 reality ?is 0 a r %ameless adaptation ( ! ,de ,fabrica ,humani ,corporis ( ,vesalius 7,basel1 #aedc71 ) engrav+s copi$ by ,gem9us f ! woodcuts ( 8 orig9al4 ,= u its *ief int]e/ lies 9 an elaborate engrav$ titlepage %[+ ! royal arms surr\nd$ by a weal? ( ar*itectural & /rapwork ornam5t 9 ! /yle1 if n actually ! "w1 ( ,pet] ,cock ( ,alo/1 z has be5 %[n by ,sir ,sidney ,colv9 9 ! invaluable introduction to 8 ,e>ly ,engrav+s & ,engrav]s 9 ,engl& 7#aije74 ,9 #aeec an ,engli% translation ( ! anatomy 0 publi%$ by ,ni*olas ,hyll1 & 9 a second edition ( ?is1 pr9t$ 9 #aeei1 a r heavy & /iff portrait ( ,elizabe? replaces ! royal arms1 :i* 7 burni%$ out to make room = x4 ,gem9us subsequ5tly produc$ a mu* l>g] portrait ( ! ,que51 set 9 an ar*itectural frame /udd$ ) emblematical figures1 & a royal proclamation =bidd+ unau?oriz$ ,paynt]s1 ,pr9t]s1 & ,grav]s to m$dle ) s great a subject seems to h be5 provok$ by 8 h&iwork4 ,9 #aefc ,john ,%ute = 8 "w on ,! ,fir/ & ,*ief ,gr\ndes ( ,ar*itecture produc$ f\r amateuri% engrav+s to illu/rate f\r ( ! five ord]s1 a woodcut be+ consid]$ good en\gh = ! fif?4 ,9 #aefh we f9d ! fir/ edition ( ! ,bi%ops' ,bible adorn$ ) an engrav$ titlepage 9 ! c5tre ( :i*1 9 an oval1 is a n unpleas+ portrait ( ! ,que51 hold+ sceptre & orb1 set 9 a mass ( /rapwork1 amid :i* are seat$ ,*>ity & ,fai? ) ! royal arms betwe5 !m1 :ile bel[ ! portrait a lion & dragon support a c>t\*e enclos+ a text4 ,besides ?is titlepage1 attribut$ by ,sir ,sidney ,colv9 to ,franciscus ,hog5b]g1 be=e ! book ( ,jo%ua !re is an engrav$ portrait ( ,leice/]1 :ile ! ,bless$ is ! man ( ! fir/ ,psalm is h]ald$ by ano!r engrav$ portrait :i* %[s ,"l ,burghley hold+ 9 front ( him a great ,b4 ,9 #aegc ,remigius ,hog5b]g1 bro!r ( ,franciscus1 engrav$ aft] a picture by ,john ,lyne a /iff b r impressive portrait ( ,ar*bi%op ,p>k]1 prefix$ to "s copies ( 8 ,de ,antiquitate ,ecclesiae ,britanniae4 ,! ye> be=e ?is ! second edition ( ! ,bi%ops' ,bible _h be5 enri*$ ) a decorative engrav$ map ( ! ,holy ,l&1 & 9 #aegd ,ar*bi%op ,p>k] employ$ ,john ,lyne to engrave = ! ,de ,antiquitate ,academiae ,cantabrigi5sis ( ,dr4 ,caius 7pr9t$ by ,day7 a plate ( ! arms ( ! colleges1 a plan ( ! ,univ]sity s*ools1 & a l>ge map ( ! t[n4 ,9 #aegi !re appe>$ a "w :i* _h occupi$ ! int]m$iate five ye>s1 a s]ies ( maps ( ,engl& f ! draw+s ( ,*ri/oph] ,saxton1 engrav$ by ,augu/9e ,ry!r 7l ,saxton a native ( ,le$s71 ,remigius ,hog5b]g & o!rs1 & ) a f9e frontispiece %[+ ! ,que5 seat$ 9 /ate b5ea? an ar*itectural canopy1 :i* ,sir ,sidney ,colv9 ?9ks may p]haps be ! "w ( ,ry!r4 ,ry!r 0 subsequ5tly conc]n$ ) o!r maps1 includ+ ! s]ies illu/rat+ ! defeat ( ! ,armada 7,exp$itionis ,hispanorum 9 ,angliam v]a descriptio71 & o!r c>tograph]s got to "w :o h>dly conc]n u "h4 ,two long engrav$ rolls1 ! fir/ by ,m>cus ,gh]a]ts1 repres5t+ a procession ( ! ,knights ( ! ,g>t] 7#aegf71 ! second by ,!odor de ,bry1 f ! designs ( ,?omas ,lant1 ! fun]al ( ,sir ,philip ,sidney 7#aehg71 al?\gh mo/ safely pres]v$ :5 b\nd 9 book =m1 c h>dly be reckon$ z books4 ,yet ov] ! latt] ,i mu/ /op to confess a dreadful s9 ( my y\?1 :5 ,i jump$ to ! conclusion t ! portrait on ! fir/ page /ood = ,sidney himself1 :]eas x really repres5ts ! too self-adv]tis+ ,lant4 ,t x appe>s 9 ! sky1 above ! ,black ,p9nace :i* bore home ,sidney's body1 & itself be>s ! sugge/ive motto ,god create?1 ,man imitate?1 ,virtue fl\ri%e?1 ,dea? f9i%e?1 may palliate b _c excuse ! crime :i* enri*$ an edition ( ,a/rophel & ,/ella ) a portrait1 n ( ,sidney1 b ( ! illu/rator ( 8 fun]al4 ,n until #aeij1 :5 ,hugh ,br\ghton's ,conc5t ( ,scripture 0 accompani$ by "s apocalyptic plates engrav$ by ,jodocus ,hondius 7subsequ5tly copi$ by ,w4 ,rog]s71 d we come across :at c really be call$ engrav$ illu/rations 9 an ,engli% book1 & ^!1 :i* are ( little int]e/1 7 spe$ily eclips$ ! next ye> by ,sir ,john ,h>+ton's ,orl&o ,furioso 9 ,engli% ,h]oical v]se ) its engrav$ titlepage & =ty-six plates4 ,( ^! ! translator writes 9 8 introduction3 ,z = ! pictures1 !y are all cut 9 brasse1 & mo/ ( !m by ! be/ workem5 9 t k9de1 t haue b5e 9 ?is l& ?is manie ye>es3 yet ,i w n praise !m too mu*1 because ,i gaue direction = _! mak+1 & 9 reg>d !re( ,i may be ?\ght p>tiall1 b ?is ,i may truely say1 t 7= m9e owne "p7 ,i h n se5e anie made 9 ,engl& bett]1 nor 79 de$e7 anie ( ?is k9de 9 any booke1 except x 7 9 a treatise1 set foor? by t pr(\nd man1 mai/] ,br\ghton1 ! la/ ye>e1 ^u ! ,reuelation1 9 :i* !re are "s #c4 or #d4 pretie figures 79 octauo7 cut 9 brasse v]ie workemanly4 ,z = o!r books t ,i haue se5e 9 ?is realme1 ei!r 9 ,lat9 or ,engli%1 ) pictures1 z ,liuy1 ,gesn]1 ,alciats emblemes1 a booke de spectris 9 ,lat91 79 our tong7 ! ,*ronicles1 ! booke ( ,m>tyrs1 ! book ( hauk+ & hunt+1 & ,m4 ,:itney's excell5t ,emblems1 yet all _! figures are cut on wood1 none 9 metall1 & 9 t respect inf]ior to ^!1 at lea/ 7by ! old prov]be7 ! m co/1 ! m wor%ip4 ,! passage is ( consid]able int]e/1 b h>dly sugge/s1 :at is yet ! fact1 t1 save = ! addition on ! titlepage ( an oval portrait ( ! translator & a repres5tation ( 8 dog1 all ! plates 9 ! book are closely copi$ f ! engrav+s by ,girolamo ,porro 9 ! ,v5ice edition ( #aehd4 ,! ,engli% titlepage 0 sign$ by ,?omas ,cockson4 ,we are left to conjecture to :om ,h>+ton 0 indebt$ = ! re/ ( ! plates4 ,al?\gh1 z we %all see1 f ?is "t =w>d a great numb] ( ,engli% books conta9 engrav$ "w1 ^? :i* c be said to be illu/rat$ dur+ ! next sixty ye>s are few en\gh1 a /udy ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,h9d's v useful ,li/ ( ! ,works ( ,native & ,=eign ,l9e-,engrav]s 9 ,engl& f ,h5ry ,,viii to ! ,commonweal?1#fh tempt+ me to place ! numb] at ab\t a score4 ,! ye> aft] ! ,orl&o ,furioso came ano!r curi\s treatise by ,hugh ,br\ghton1 n pr9t$ ) type1 b grav5 9 brasse by ,j4 ,h41 :om ,sir ,sidney ,colv9 id5tifies ) ,jodocus ,hondius1 a ,flem+ :o liv$ 9 ,engl& f ab\t #aehj to #aeid1 & may h done ! plates 9 ! ,conc5t ( ,scripture & "s at lea/ ( ^? 9 ! ,orl&o4 ,six ye>s lat] 7#aeih7 we f9d ,lomazzo's ,tracte conta9+ ! artes ( curi\s ,pa9t+e ) an emblematical titlepage & ?irte5 plates by ,ri*>d ,haydock1 ! translator1 f\r ( ! plates be+ adapt$ f ,dur]'s book on ,proportion1 & all ( !m %[+ v slight skill 9 engrav+4 ,9 #afjb came ,sir ,william ,seg>'s ,hon\r1 ,milit>y & ,civil1 ) eight plates %[+ v>i\s di/+ui%$ p]sons1 ,engli% & =eign1 we>+ ! robes & insignia ( ! ,g>t]1 ! ,gold5 ,fleece1 ,s4 ,mi*ael1 etc4 ,?ree ( ! plates are sign$ by ,william ,rog]s1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! ,engli% ,elizabe?an engrav]s1 & ! o!rs are probably 8 also4 ,mo/ ( !m are v dignifi$ & effective 9 ! brilliantly pr9t$ fir/ /ates 9 :i* !y are sometimes f\nd1 b ord9>y copies ) only ! second /ates are z a rule disappo9t+4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,james ,i 0 directly responsible = "o ambiti\s engrav$ publication1 ,/eph5 ,h>rison's ,! ,ar*s ( ,triumph erect$ 9 honor ( ! ,high & mighty pr9ce ,james1 ! fir/ ( t "n k+ ( ,engl& & ! sixt ( ,scotl&1 at 8 ,maie/ies ,entrance & passage ?r\gh 8 ,honorable ,city ,*amb] ( ,london vpon ! #ae? day ( m>* #afjc #afjd ,inv5t$ & publi%$ by ,/eph5 ,h>rison ,joyn] & ,ar*itect & grav5 by ,william ,kip4 ,"h an engrav$ titlepage1 ) dangl+ ornam5ts 9 ! /yle ( ! ,de ,bry alphabet1 is foll[$ by sev5 plates ( ! sev5 ar*es1 ! mo/ notable ( :i* 7a pity x 0 n pres]v$7 0 cr[n$ ) a mo/ int]e/+ model ( ,jacobean ,london1 to :i* ! engrav] has done admirable ju/ice4 ,9 #afjh came ,rob]t ,glov]'s ,nobilitas politica et civilis1 re-edit$ two ye>s lat] by ,t4 ,milles z ! ,catalogue ( ,hon\r1 ) engrav$ illu/rations 79 ! text7 ( ! robes ( ! v>i\s degrees ( nobility1 attribut$ by ,sir ,sidney ,colv9 to ,r5old ,el/racke1 ! son ( a ,flemi% refugee1 & also two plates repres5t+ ! ,k+ 9 a *air ( /ate & 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,aft] ?is we come to two works illu/rat$ by an ,engli% engrav] ( "s note1 ,william ,hole1 ,tom ,coryat's ,crudities 7#afaa71 ) a titlepage recall+ v>i\s incid5ts ( 8 travels 7includ+ 8 be+ sick at sea7 & five plates 7or 9 "s copies1 six71 & ,drayton's ,polyolbion 7#afab1 reissu$ 9 #afac ) ! portrait-plate 9 a diff]5t /ate71 ) a poor emblematic title1 a portrait ( ,pr9ce ,h5ry wield+ a lance1 & eighte5 decorative maps ( ,engl&4 ,9 #afae we come to a really well-illu/rat$ book1 ! ,relation ( a ,j\rney1 by ,george ,s&ys1 ^: n>rative ( travel 9 ,turkey1 ,egypt1 & ! ,holy ,l&1 & p>ts ( ,italy1 is accompani$ ) little delicately engrav$ l&scapes & bits ( ar*itecture1 etc41 by ,francis ,del>am4 ,! "w ( ! decade is br\ght to a close ) two pr9t-sell+ v5tures1 ! ,basiliomegalogia ( #afah & ,h]omegaologia ( #afbj4 ,! =m] ( ^! works describes itself z be+ ! true & lively effigies ( all our ,engli% ,k+s f ! ,conque/ untill ?is pres5t3 ) _! sev]all ,coats ( ,armes1 ,impreses & ,devises4 ,& a briefe ,*ronologie ( _! lives & dea?s4 ,elegantly grav5 9 copp]4 ,pr9t$ = ,h4 ,holl& & are to be sold by ,comp4ton ,holl& ov] aga9/ ! ,ex*ange4 ,! full set ( plates numb]s ?irty-two1 includ+ eight additions to ! s*eme ( ! book1 repres5t+ ! ,black ,pr9ce1 ,john ( ,gaunt1 ,anne ,boleyn1 a second v]sion ( ,elizabe?1 ,m>y ,que5 ( ,scots1 ,anne ( ,d5m>k1 ,pr9ce ,h5ry1 & ,pr9ce ,*>les4 ,f\rte5 ( ! plates1 mo/ly ! e>li] ones1 are sign$ by ,el/racke1 & ,simon ,passe & ,francis ,del>am ea* contribut$ f\r4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t !y are ( v v>y+ degrees ( au!nticity z well z m]it4 ,sev]al ( ! lat] plates are f\nd 9 m ?an "o /ate4 ,) ! second ( ! two v5tures ,h5ry ,holl& 0 also conc]n$1 b ! exp5ses ( ! book 7 %>$ by ,crisp9 ,passe & an ,arnhem booksell] nam$ ,jans54 ,its title reads3 ,h]omegaologia ,anglica3 hoc e/ cl>issimorum et doctissimorum aliquot ,anglorum qui floru]unt ab anno ,cri/i ,,md4 usque ad pres5tem annum ,,mdcxx4 ,x is 9 two volumes1 ! fir/ conta9+ ?irty-sev5 plates1 ! second ?irty4 ,two ( ^! repres5t respectively ,que5 ,elizabe?'s tomb & ! he>se ( ,h5ry ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,all ! re/ are portraits ( ! notable p]sonages ( ! reigns ( ,h5ry ,,viii & 8 successors1 "s ( !m bas$ on draw+s by ,holbe91 ! majority on e>li] pr9ts1 & all engrav$ by ,william ,passe 7y\ng] bro!r ( ,simon7 & 8 si/] ,magdal5a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxviii4 ,,london4 ,j4 ,,m>riot1 #afch ,,qu>les4 ,,hi]oglyphikes ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,man4 ,,page #bb ,,engrav$ ,,by ,w4 ,,m>%all ,! next decade 0 f> f productive ( works illu/rat$ ) m ?an an engrav$ titlepage & a portrait1 b 9 #afcj appe>$ ,capta9 ,john ,smi?'s ,true ,travels ) sev]al illu/rations1 "o ( !m by ,m>t9 ,droe%\t2 9 #afcd-e came ,)]'s ,emblems1 ) plates by ,william ,m>%all1 & 9 #afce ,?omas ,heywood's ,hi]>*ie ( ! ,bless$ ,angels1 ) an engrav$ title by ,?omas ,cecill & plates repres5t+ ! sev]al ord]s1 ,s]aphim1 ,*]ubim1 & ,?rones be+ entru/$ to ,john ,payne1 ,dom9ations to ,m>%all1 ,p[]s & ,pr9cipalities to ,glov]1 ,virtues to ,droe%\t1 etc4 ,"s ( ! plates record ! "n ( ! patron :o paid = !m1 ano!r sugge/ion t x 0 money :i* /ood mo/ 9 ! way ( book-illu/rat+4 ,9 #afch ,m>%all illu/rat$ ,qu>les's ,hi]oglyphikes ( ! ,life ( ,man1 ) engrav+s1 mo/ ( :i* seem *iefly made up ( a c&le1 b 9 "o ! c&le is be+ ext+ui%$ by ,dea? egg$ on by ,"t1 & to ?is n v promis+ subject 7,plate ,,xxxviii7 ,m>%all1 ! mo/ unequal engrav] ( 8 day1 has br\ght "s ( 8 too r>e t\*es ( delicacy & *>m4 ,9 #afdj ,w5ceslaus ,holl>1 :om ,?omas ,e>l ( ,arundel _h discov]$ at ,cologne 7he 0 born at ,prague7 & br\ght to ,engl&1 publi%$ 8 *>m+ co/ume book ,ornatus ,muliebris ,anglicanus1 & 8 l>g] "w1 ,!atrum ,muli]um1 mu/ h be5 almo/ ready :5 ,*>les ,i hoi/$ 8 /&>d at ,nott+ham1 s9ce x 0 publi%$ 9 #afdc4 ,aft] ?is ! ,civil ,w> int]f]$ = "s "t ) ! book trade4 ,:ile fully illu/rat$ books 7 ?us f> f num]\s 9 ! half c5tury :i* foll[$ ! ,orl&o ,furioso ( #aeia1 ! output ( engrav$ titlepages & portraits to be prefix$ to books 0 suffici5t to f9d "w = mo/ ( ! m9or engrav]s4 ,! e>li] titlepages 7 mo/ly ar*itectural & symbolical1 _! purport be+ sometimes expla9$ 9 v]ses pr9t$ opposite to !m1 head$ ,! ,m9d ( ! ,front4 ,william ,rog]s engrav$ a titlepage to ,g]>d's ,h]bal 7#aeig71 :i* is nev] f\nd prop]ly pr9t$1 & o!rs to ,l9s*ot5's ,disc\rse ( ,voyages into ye ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies 7#aeih71 ,camd5's ,britannia 7#afjj--;a poor piece ( "w71 & ,m(fett's ,!atrum ,insectorum1 ?is la/ hav+ only surviv$ 9 a copy pa/$ at ! head ( ! au?or's manuscript at ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,william ,hole did an enl>g$ title = ,camd5's ,britannia 7#afjg71 titles = ! diff]5t sections ( ,*apman's ,hom]1 a portrait ( ,john ,florio = ! ,italian-,engli% diction>y :i* he 0 pleas$ to call ,que5 ,anna's ,new ,_w ( ,words1 a *>m+ titlepage to a collection ( virg9al music kn[n z ,p>!nia 7#afaa-ab71 ano!r to ,br[ne's ,britannia's ,pa/orals1 & mu* less happy ones to ,drayton's ,polyolbion 7#afab71 & ! ,works ( ,b5 ,jonson 7#afaf74 ,! be/-kn[n titlepages engrav$ by ,r5old ,el/racke are ^? to ,raleigh's ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w 7#afad7 & ! ,workes ( ! ,mo/ ,high & ,mightie ,pr9ce ,james 7#afaf71 ! latt] a good piece ( "w :i* :5 fac$1 z x %\ld be1 by ! portrait ( ! k+ by ,simon van de ,passe1 makes ! mo/ decorative op5+ to any ,engli% book ( ?is p]iod4 ,passe himself 0 responsible = ! v imag9ative engrav$ title to ,bacon's ,novum ,organum 7#afbj71 a sea on :i* %ips are sail+ & ris+ out ( x two pill>s ) ! inscription3 ,multi p]transibunt et augebitur sci5tia 7,_m %all run to & fro1 & k %all be increas$74 ,8 son ,william1 besides 8 "w on ! ,h]omegaologia1 already m5tion$1 engrav$ a complicat$ title = ,*apman's v]sion ( ,! ,batra*omyoma*ia or ,battle ( ! ,frogs & ,mice1 humor\sly call$ ,! ,cr[ne ( all ,hom]'s ,worckes4 ,aft] #afbj ! old ar*itectural & symbolical titlepages began to be replac$ by titles 9 comp>tm5ts1 9 :i* a c5tral c>t\*e is surr\nd$ by little squ>es1 ea* repres5t+ "s incid5t ( ! book4 ,portraits ( ! au?or rema9$ mu* 9 reque/1 & ne>ly a hundr$ ( ^! 7 done by ,william ,m>%all1 :o 0 employ$ also on ab\t z _m engrav$ titlepages4 ,z has be5 not$1 8 "w 0 /rangely unev51 & he fully des]v$ ! scorn p\r$ on him by ,milton = ! wret*$ c>icature ( ! poet prefix$ to ! ,poems ( #afde4 ,yet ,m>%all c\ld at times d a good plate1 z1 = in/ance1 t 9 ,qu>les's ,hi]oglyphikes already m5tion$1 a portrait ( ,bacon prefix$ to ! #afdj ,ox=d edition ( 8 ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+ & ! *>m+ frontispiece to ,bra?wait's ,arcadian ,pr9cess4 ,m>%all at 8 wor/ fell only a little bel[ ! "w ( ,?omas ,cross2 at 8 be/ he rivall$ or excell$ ! good "w ( ,?omas ,cecill & ,george ,glov]4 ,aft] ,cromwell's /rong h& _h giv5 ,engl& "s k9d ( settl$ gov]nm5t ! book m>ket reviv$1 & "s ambiti\sly illu/rat$ books 7 soon be+ publi%$4 ,! too v]satile ,john ,ogilby1 danc+-ma/]1 poet1 & publi%]1 appe>$ e>ly 9 ! field1 8 v]sion ( ! ,fables ( ,aesop1 adorn$ ) sculpture1 be+ pr9t$ by ,t4 ,w>r5 = ,a4 ,crook 9 #afea4 ,! next ye> came ,b5l[e's ,!ophila1 or ,love's ,sacrifice1 a my/ical poem1 "s copies ( :i* h z _m z ?irty-six plates by v>i\s h&s1 ) mu* m et*+ ?an engrav+ 9 !m4 ,9 #afed ,ogilby produc$ 8 translation ( ,virgil1 a great folio ) plates d$icat$ to noble patrons by ,pi]re ,lamb>t4 ,ogilby's o!r important v5tures 7 ! l>ge ,odyssey ( #affe1 & ! ,aesop's ,fables ( ! same ye>1 ) plates by ,holl>1 ,d4 ,/oop1 & ,f4 ,b>l[1 & two portraits ( ! translator engrav$ respectively by ,pi]re ,lamb]t & ,w4 ,fai?orne4 ,fai?orne embelli%$ o!r books ( ?is p]iod1 e4g4 ! ,poems ( ! ,mat*less ,or9da 7#affg71 ) portraits1 & publi%]s :o c\ld n af=d to pay ,fai?orne employ$ ,r4 ,:ite4 ,! pres5ce ( a portrait by ,:ite 9 a copy ( ! fir/ edition ( ,bunyan's ,pilgrim's ,progress1 to :i* x 0 v f> inde$ f c]ta9 t x really belong$1#fi has once made ! book sell = ov] ,l#adjj1 b save = ! sake ( complet5ess 8 h&iwork is n greatly priz$ by collectors1 nor is !re any ,engli% illu/rat$ book ( ?is p]iod aft] ! ,re/oration :i* is mu* s\ght aft] = ! sake ( its plates1 al?\gh ^? ( ,ogilby's ,virgil 7 suffici5tly well ?\ght ( to be us$ aga9 = ,dryd5's v]sion 9 #afig4 ,mean:ile1 books ) illu/rations en taille d\ce 7 be+ issu$ 9 "s numb]s bo? at ,p>is & at ,am/]dam4 ,9 ! =m] city ,francois ,*auveau 7#afac-gf71 9 ! latt] ,jan & ,casp] ,luyk5 are cr$it$ by ,mr4 ,h9d 7,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,engrav+ & ,et*+1 #aijh7 ) hav+ produc$ ho/s ( small & undi/+ui%$ plates1 & ^! damn+ epi!ts expla9 h[ x is t ev5 patriotic ,fr5* collectors l ,eug5e ,paillet & ,h5ri ,b]aldi ?\ght x wise to leave ! illu/rat$ books ( ! sev5te5? c5tury sev]ely alone4 ,we meet ! fir/ advance gu>d ( ! brilliant ,fr5* eighte5? c5tury s*ool ( book-illu/ration 9 #agah1 :5 a pretty little edition ( ,les ,am\rs de ,daphnis et ,*loe 7z translat$ by ,bi%op ,amyot f ! ,greek ( ,longus7 made its appe>ance ) tw5ty-eight plates by ,b5oit ,audran1 aft] ! designs ( no less a p]son ?an ! ,reg5t ( ,france1 & duly labell$ & dat$ ,philippus 94 et p9x4 #agad4 ,! plates v>y v mu* 9 *>m1 b t ) ! und]l9e ,*loe sauve ,daphnis p> le son de sa flute c]ta9ly possesses x1 & "o ( ! d\ble-plates 9 ! book1 ,daphnis pr5d ses oyseaux p5dant l',hyv] p\r voir ,*loe1 is really pretty4 ,we f9d no o!r book to vie ) ?is until we come to a mu* l>g] & m pret5ti\s "o1 ! works ( ,moli]e 9 six volumes1 royal qu>to1 publi%$ 9 #agcd4 ,?is 0 illu/rat$ ) ?irty-?ree plates1 9 ! mixture ( et*+ & engrav+ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,fr5* s*ool ( ! day1 by ,laur5t ,c>s1 aft] p5cil draw+s by ,francois ,b\*]1 & by ne>ly two hundr$ vignettes & tailpieces 7n all diff]5t7 aft] ,b\*] & o!rs by ,c>s & ,francois ,j\lla94 ,ano!r edition ( ?is 9 f\r volumes ) ,b\*]'s designs reproduc$ on a small] scale 0 publi%$ 9 #agda & repr9t$ ?ree times )9 ! decade4 ,aft] ! ,moli]e1 books & editions :i* collectors take c\nt ( come mu* m quickly4 ,!re 0 an edition ( ,montesquieu's ,le ,temple de ,gnide 9 #agdb 7impr9t3 ,londres71 a ,virgil 9 #agdc ) plates by ,co*91 engrav$ by ,co*9 p]e1 ! ,contes ( ,la ,fonta9e 7,am/]dam1 #agdc-e7 also illu/rat$ by ,co*91 ,gu]'s ,moeurs et usages des ,turcs1 ) plates aft] ,b\*] 7#agdf71 an edition ( ! works ( ,boileau 9 five volumes1 ) vignettes by ,eis5 & tailpieces by ,co*9 7#agdc-e71 & 9 #agec a ,manon ,lescaut 7impr9t3 ,am/]dam7 ) "s plates by ,j4 ,j4 ,pasqui]1 :i* are /iff1 & o!rs by ,h4 ,gravelot1 :i* are feeble4 ,9 ! f\r-volume edition ( ! ,fables ( ,la ,fonta9e 7#agee-i7 ) illu/rations aft] ,j4 ,b4 ,oudry1 we come to a v ambiti\s piece ( "w1 h&somely c>ri$ out1 :i* a book-lov] may yet f9d x h>d to admire4 ,oudry's designs are always adequate1 & h m virility 9 !m ?an is (t5 f\nd 9 ! "w ( ?is s*ool1 & !y are compet5tly int]pret$ by a numb] ( et*]s & engrav]s1 "s ( :om1 x may be not$1 work$ toge!r 9 pairs on ! same plate1 s t we f9d su* signatures z ,c4 ,co*9 aqua =ti1 ,r4 ,gaill>d caelo sculpsit1 & ,grave a l'eau =te p> ,c4 ,co*91 t]m9e au bur9 p> ,p4 ,*5u--a v explicit /atem5t ( ! me?od ( "w4 ,b adequate z ! plates may seem1 if !y are judg$ n z book-illu/rations b z engrav+s1 no "o c\ld rate !m high1 & z a book :at is to be said ( an edition ( ,la ,fonta9e's ,fables1 :i* fills f\r volumes1 ea* measur+ ne>ly n9ete5 in*es by ?irte58 ,! bookman c only reg>d su* a "w z a portfolio ( plates ) accompany+ text1 & if ! plates z plates are only second rate1 en?usiasm has no?+ to build on4 ,we return to book-=m 9 #ageg1 :5 ,boccaccio's ,decam]one 0 publi%$ 9 ,italian 7impr9t3 ,londra7 9 five octavo volumes1 ) *>m+ vignettes & illu/rations mo/ly by ,gravelot1 al?\gh a few are by ,b\*] & ,eis54 ,gravelot1 :o 0 m indu/ri\s ?an successful z an illu/rator1 is se5 "h to advantage1 & des]ves "s cr$it = hav+ made 8 designs n less b m retic5t ?an ! /ories he _h to illu/rate4 ,?is praise c c]ta9ly n be giv5 to ! fam\s #agfb edition ( ! ,contes ( ,la ,fonta9e1 ! co/ ( :i* 0 borne by ! ,f]mi]s-,g5]aux 7impr9t3 ,am/]dam74 ,! fleurons by ,*(f>d are ?r\gh\t delightful & ! plates are brilliantly engrav$1 b ! lubricity ( ,eis5's designs is we>isome 9 ! fir/ volume & disgu/+ 9 ! second1 & possessors ( ! book are n to be envi$4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! next book we h to notice1 ! ,contes ,moraux ( ,m>montel 7#c vols41 #agfe71 has v little *>m to support its morality1 ! plates aft] ,gravelot be+ poor1 :ile ! head- & tailpieces1 or r ! sub/itutes = !m1 are wret*$4 ,a mu* bett] book ?an ei!r ( ^! la/ is ! edition 9 ,fr5* & ,lat9 ( ,ovid's ,metamorphoses 9 f\r qu>to volumes 7#agfg-ga72 ) plates aft] ,b\*]1 ,eis51 ,gravelot1 & ,moreau1 & headpieces by ,*(f>d at ! beg9n+ ( ea* book4 ,! impr9t1 ,a ,p>is1 *ez ,lecl]c1 ,quai des ,augu/9s1 avec approbation et privilege du ,roi1 prep>es u to f9d t ! design]s h kept _! lic5ce )9 b\nds1 & _m ( ! plates h a comb9$ hum\r & *>m :i* are v attractive4 ,if ,i _h to *oose a s+le plate to %[ ,gravelot at 8 be/1 ,i d\bt if prolong$ se>* w\ld f9d any success m complete ?an t ( ! illu/ration to ,book ,i1 xi41 ,deucalion et ,pyrrha repeuplant la ,t]re1 suivant l',oracle de ,!mis 7see ! frontispiece to ?is volume1 ,plate ,i71 & ?\gh ,eis5 0 a mu* bett] arti/ ?an ,gravelot1 8 ,apollon g>dant les tr\peaux d',admet1 dans les campagnes de ,mess5e 7,,ii1 x47 is c]ta9ly "o ( 8 prettie/ pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxxix4 ,,p>is1 ,,lamb]t1 #aggj4 ,,dorat4 ,,les ,,bais]s4 ,,page ,,) ,,engrav$ ,,headpiece ,,aft] ,,eis5 ,dur+ ! next few ye>s illu/rat$ books became ! fa%ion1 s t 9 #aggb ,cazotte wrote ,le diable am\reux1 n\velle d',espagne1 ) ! false impr9t ,naples 7,p>is1 ,lejay7 & six unsign$ plates1 said to be by ,moreau aft] ,m>illi]1 on purpose to ridicule ! craze = putt+ illu/rations into e book4 ,9 #agfh ! indefatigable ,gravelot _h illu/rat$ an edition ( ! works ( ,voltaire1 publi%$ at ,g5eva1 ) =ty-f\r designs4 ,9 #agfi ,les ,saisons1 a poem by ,sa9t ,lamb]t1 0 publi%$ at ,am/]dam1 ) designs by ,gravelot & ,le ,pr9ce & fleurons by ,*(f>d4 ,9 ! same ye> !re 0 publi%$ at ,p>is ,meuni] de ,queslon's ,les ,graces1 ) an engrav$ title by ,moreau1 a frontispiece aft] ,b\*]1 & five plates aft] ,moreau4 ,9 #aggj came ,voltaire's ,h5riade ) t5 plates & t5 vignettes aft] ,eis51 & m highly e/eem$ ev5 ?an ?is1 ,dorat's ,les ,bais]s 7,la ,haye et ,p>is71 ) a frontispiece & plate & =ty-f\r head- & tailpieces1 all 7save two7 aft] ,eis51 n easily surpass$ 9 _! own luxuri\s /yle 7see ,plate ,,xxxix74 ,9 #agga ,gravelot1 m indefatigable ?an ev]1 suppli$ designs = tw5ty plates & num]\s head- & tailpieces = an edition ( ,tasso's ,g]usalemme ,lib]ata1 & 0 hon\r$1 z ,eis5 _h be5 9 ! ,f]mi]s-,g5]aux edition ( ,la ,fonta9e's ,contes1 by 8 portrait be+ prefix$ to ! second volume4 ,9 #aggb a new edition ( ,montesquieu's ,le ,temple de ,gnide1 9 :i* ! text 0 engrav$ ?r\gh\t1 0 illu/rat$ ) designs by ,eis51 brilliantly int]pret$ by ,le ,mire1 & ,imb]t's ,le ,jugem5t de ,p>is 0 illu/rat$ by ,moreau1 ,)1 fleurons by ,*(f>d4 ,9 #aggc ,le ,temple de ,gnide 0 v]sifi$ by ,col>deau1 & illu/rat$ by ,monnet1 & selections f ,anacreon1 ,sappho1 ,bion1 & ,mos*us by ,eis51 :ile ,moreau & o!rs illu/rat$ ! ,*ansons ( ,laborde 9 f\r volumes & ! works ( ,moli]e 9 six4 ,aft] ?is ! pace slack5$1 & we ne$ no long] cl+ to ! me?ods ( ! annali/4 ,moreau illu/rat$ ,sa9t ,lamb]t's ,les ,saisons & ,fromageot's ,annales du regne de ,m>ie ,!rese 7bo? 9 #agge71 ,m>montel's ,les ,incas 7#aggg71 ! sev5ty-volume ,voltaire 7#aghd-i71 ,paul et ,virg9ie 7#aghi71 & _m o!r works1 liv+ on to illu/rate ,goe!'s ,w]!r 9 #ahji2 o!r books 7 adorn$ by ,m>illi]1 ,co*91 ,duplessis1 ,b]taux1 ,desrais1 ,sa9t ,qu5t91 ,fragon>d1 ,g]>d1 & ,le ,b>bi]1 & ! fa%ion surviv$ ! ,revolution & l+]$ on till ab\t #ahbj4 ,we mu/ g back n[ to ,engl&1 :]e at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! requirem5ts ( book-illu/ration 7 neglect$1 p>tly because ( ! gr[+ ta/e = a neat simplicity 9 books1 p>tly because ! *ief ,engli% engrav]s all devot$ !mselves to mezzot9t4 ,a few =eign]s came ov] to supply _! place1 & ,mi*ael ,burgh]s1 ( ,am/]dam1 illu/rat$ ! f\r? edition ( ,p>adise ,lo/1 a /ately folio1 9 #afhh1 ) plates :i* enjoy$ a long life & 7 also imitat$ = small] editions4 ,burgh]s also illu/rat$ ! ,ox=d almanacs1 & suppli$ frontispieces to ! ,bibles & o!r l>ge books issu$ by ! ,univ]sity ,press up to ab\t #agbj4 ,ano!r ,dut*man :o came to ,engl& n mu* lat] 79 ab\t #afij7 0 ,mi*ael ,van d] ,gu*t1 :o work$ = ! booksell]s1 z 8 *ildr5 did aft] him4 ,h[ l[ book-illu/ration _h fall5 9 ,engl& at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury may be se5 by a glance at ! wret*$ plates :i* disfigure ,r[e's ,%akespe>e 9 #agji1 ! fir/ edition on :i* an editor & an illu/rator 7 all[$ to "w _! wills4 ,! ye> aft] ?is ,l\is ,du ,gu]ni] came to ,engl&1 & 0 soon engag$ 9 ! n too patriotic task ( help+ ,claude ,du ,bosc to illu/rate ! victories ( ,m>lbor\gh4 ,9 #agad he & ,du ,bosc 7 less pa9fully1 ?\gh n v successfully1 employ$ 9 mak+ plates = ,pope's ,rape ( ! ,lock4 ,du ,bosc subsequ5tly work$ on ! ,religi\s ,c]emonies ( all ,nations 7#agcc71 an ,engli% edition ( a book ( ,b]n>d ,pic>t's1 & on plates = ,rap9's ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 7#agdc71 b he 0 f> f be+ a great engrav]4 ,x is a satisfaction t ! plates to ! fir/ edition ( ,rob9son ,crusoe 7#agai7 7 engrav$ by two ,engli%m51 & n v badly4 ,_! names are giv5 z ,cl>k & ,p9e1 ! ,cl>k be+ presumably ,john ,cl>k 7#afhh-agcf71 :o engrav$ "s writ+-books1 & ! ,p9e1 ,john ,p9e 7#afij-agef71 :o imitat$ "s designs by ,b]n>d ,pic>t to ! book ( ,jonah 9 #agbj1 & may h be5 a pupil ( 8 at ,am/]dam4 ,x %\ld1 p]haps1 h be5 m5tion$ t two ye>s be=e ,crusoe an ,engli% engrav]1 ,john ,/urt 7#afeh-agcj71 produc$ a ,book ( ,common ,pray]1 ( :i* ! text z well z ! pictures 0 engrav$4 ,?is is r a curiosity ?an a "w ( art1 ! frontispiece be+ a portrait ( ,george ,i made up ( ! ,cre$1 ,"l's ,pray]1 ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 ,pray] = ! ,royal ,family1 & ,psalm ,,xxi4 writt5 9 m9ute *>act]s1 in/ead ( l9es4 ,/urt produc$ ano!r engrav$ book1 ,! ,or?odox ,communicant1 9 #agba4 ,9 #agbc ,william ,hog>? began :at might h prov$ a notable c>e] z a book-illu/rator _h n he soon f\nd m pr(itable "w4 ,he illu/rat$ ! ,travels ( ,aubry de la ,mottraye 9 #agbc1 ,briscoe's ,apuleius 7#agbd71 ,cott]el's translation ( ,cass&ra 7#agbe71 ,blackwell's ,comp5dium ( ,milit>y ,discipl9e 7#agbf71 & 7also 9 #agbf7 ,butl]'s ,hudibras1 8 plates to :i*1 ?\gh grotesque en\gh1 %[ pl5ty ( "*4 ,= "s ye>s aft] ?is he work$ on frontispieces1 e4g4 to ,lev]idge's ,songs 7#agbg71 ,cooke's ,hesiod 7#agbh71 ,j4 ,mill]'s com$y1 ,! ,hum\rs ( ,ox=d 7#agbi71 ,!obald's ,p]seus & ,&rom$a 7#agcj71 & 9 #agca to a ,moli]e1 ,field+'s ,trag$y ( ,trag$ies1 & ,mit*ell's ,highl& ,fair4 ,b ! success ( 8 set ( pr9ts on ,! ,h>lot's ,progress div]t$ him f bookwork1 al?\gh _m ye>s aft] he contribut$ frontispieces to ,vols4 ,,ii & ,,iv ( ,tri/ram ,%&y1 & 9 #agfa a head-& tailpiece 7engrav$ by ,grignion7 to a ,catalogue ( ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,9 #agcc ,hub]t ,gravelot 0 invit$ f ,france by ,du ,bosc to help 9 illu/rat+ ,pic>t's ,religi\s ,c]emonies4 ,he illu/rat$ ,gay's ,fables 9 #agch1 ,ri*>dson's ,pamela 9 #agdb1 ,!obald's ,%akespe>e 9 #agdj1 &1 ma9ly aft] ,hayman1 ,hanm]'s 9 #agdd-f4 ,nei!r ( ! sets ( ,%akespe>e plates des]ves any high] praise ?an t ( be+ neat & pretty1 b at lea/ !y 7 a :ole plane above ^? 9 ,r[e's edition4 ,! ye> aft] ,gravelot came to ,engl&1 9 #agcc1 ,p9e produc$ ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,horace1 engrav$ ?r\gh\t1 & ) head- & tailpieces 9 admirable ta/e4 ,! second volume foll[$ 9 #agcg1 & 9 #agec ! fir/ ( an illu/rat$ ,virgil :i* ,p9e did n live to complete4 ,besides 8 "w on ,hanm]'s ,%akespe>e1 ,francis ,hayman design$ illu/rations to ,moore's ,fables ( ! ,female ,sex 7#agdd71 :i* 7 well engrav$1 "s ( !m by ,*>les ,grignion1 a pupil ( ,gravelot's1 born 9 ,engl& 7#agag71 b ( =eign p>5tage4 ,hayman also illu/rat$ ! ,spectator 7#agdg71 ,newton's ,milton 7#agdi-eb71 & lat] on1 ) ! aid ( ,grignion1 ,smollett's ,don ,quixote 7#agee71 & ,bask]ville's edition ( ,congreve's ,poems 7#agfa74 ,! plates to ! e>li] edition ( ,don ,quixote1 t ( #agch1 _h be5 *iefly engrav$ by ,g]>d van d] ,gu*t aft] ,v&]bank1 b two are by ,hog>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xl4 ,,london1 ,t4 ,,hope1 #agfj ,,walton1 ,,compleat ,,angl] ,w4 ,w4 ,,ryl&s ,,aft] ,s4 ,,wale ,samuel ,wale 7di$ #aghf71 a pupil ( ,hayman1 0 also an illu/rator1 & 9 #agfj suppli$ ,sir ,john ,hawk9s ) f\rte5 draw+s = 8 edition ( ,walton's ,angl]4 ,^! 7 engrav$ by ! luckless ,w4 ,w4 ,ryl&s1 :o 0 hang$ = =g]y 9 #aghc1 & ! ,walton ?us produc$ is "o ( ! prettie/ & lea/ affect$ ( ! illu/rat$ books ( its day 7see ,plate ,,xl74 ,wale also drew designs = ,wilkie's ,fables 7#agfh7 & ,goldsmi?'s ,travell] 7#aggd74 ,he also work$ = ! magaz9es :i* ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury made r a feature ( engrav+s1 (t5 z headpieces to music4 ,a few ( ! isolat$ books may be nam$1 ?us ,paltock's ,pet] ,wilk9s 7#agej7 0 illu/rat$ v well by ,l\is ,pet] ,boit>d1 :o _h previ\sly contribut$ num]\s plates to ,sp5ce's ,polymetis1 & 9 #agea suppli$ a frontispiece to ea* ( ! six books ( ! ,scribl]iad by ,r4 ,o4 ,cambridge4 ,ano!r book :i*1 l ,pet] ,wilk9s1 0 conc]n$ ) flight1 ,lun>di's ,acc\nt ( ! fir/ a]ial voyage 9 ,engl& 7#aghd71 has a portrait ( ! au?or by ,b>tolozzi & two plates4 ,= ,bask]ville's edition ( ! ,orl&o ,furioso 7,birm+ham1 #aggc7 rec\rse 0 _h to plates by ,de ,launay1 aft] ,moreau & ,eis54 ,,footnotes3 #fe ,9 quo precipue tractat3 ,an amico sepe ad scrib5dum pr\ocato ut scribat1 non respond5ti sit amplius scrib5dum4 #ff ,x 0 probably f 8 ,horae plates t ,plant9 illu/rat$ ! r]um ,sacr>um ,lib] ( ,laur4 ,gamb>a 9 #aegg4 ,!y are pr9t$ ) ! text & are ( av]age m]it4 #fg ,!y 7 b\ght to accompany ! f9e set ( ,de ,bry collect$ by ,mr4 ,gr5ville1 b h s9ce be5 transf]r$ to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,pr9ts & ,draw+s4 #fh ,contribut$ to ! "w by ,sir ,sidney ,colv91 ,e>ly ,engrav]s & ,engrav+ 9 ,engl&1 already quot$4 #fi ,?is 0 an e>ly pro( ( ! portrait :i* is f\nd 9 a slightly diff]5t /ate 9 copies ( ! ?ird edition1 & seem$ to be an ins]tion 9 ! fir/ edition r ?an an integral "p ( x4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,mod]n ,,f9e ,,pr9t+ ,aft] ! ,re/oration1 pr9t+ & ! book trade g5]ally 9 ,engl& became def9itely mod]n 9 _! "*1 & ! pr9t] practically disappe>s f view1 8 "w1 ) "h & !re an exception1 z 9 ! case ( ,rob]t ,f\lis or ,john ,bask]ville1 be+ altoge!r hidd5 beh9d t ( ! publi%]1 s t x is ( ,h]r+man & ,b]n>d ,l9tott & ,dodsley t we he>1 n ( ,newcomb & ,roycr(t4 ,not)/&+ ?is decl9e 9 ! pr9t]'s importance1 !re 0 a /eady improvem5t 9 ,engli% pr9t+4 ,z an art x _h ceas$ at ?is "t to exi/4 ,if a publi%] wi%$ to make a book beautiful he put 9 plates4 ,if he want$ to make x m beautiful he put 9 m or l>g] plates4 ,if he want$ to make x a real triumph ( beauty he engrav$ ! :ole book1 lett]press & all1 z 9 ! case ( ,/urt's ,pray] ,books & ,p9e's ,horace4 ,t a pr9t] by ! selection & arrangem5t ( type1 by good presswork & ! use ( pretty capitals & tailpieces1 c\ld make a book *>m+ to eye & h&1 )\t any help f an illu/rator--su* an idea z ?is _h ne>ly p]i%$4 ,!re 0 little loss 9 ?is1 s9ce if any arti/ic "w _h be5 attempt$ x w\ld assur$ly h be5 bad1 :]eas ! craftsm51 :5 set to d q pla9 "w1 gradually le>nt to d x 9 a m workmanlike way4 ,9 ?is !y 7 help$ by c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 pr9t+ :i* r5d]$ ! task ( ! pressman less labori\s4 ,9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ,william ,blaew1 ( ,am/]dam1 inv5t$ an improv$ press1 fabricat$ n9e ( ^! new fa%ion$ presses1 set !m all on a r[ 9 8 ,pr9t+ ,h\se & call$ ea* ,press by ! "n ( "o ( ! ,muses4 ,cle>ly ,blaew 0 an en?usia/4 ,8 *ronicl]1 ,joseph ,moxon1 0 a fairly good ,engli% pr9t]1 & 8 description ( ! equipm5t ( a pr9t+ h\se 9 ! second "p ( 8 ,me*anick ,ex]cises 7#afhc7 conta9s mu* in=mation /ill int]e/+4 ,we ga!r f ,moxon t ,blaew's improvem5ts 7 sl[ly copi$ 9 ,engl&1 & we "k t ! ,engli% pr9t]s /ill cont9u$ to buy _! be/ f\nts f ,holl&4 ,?us :5 ,bi%op ,fell1 ab\t #afgj1 0 equipp+ ! ,univ]sity ,press at ,ox=d ) bett] type1 he employ$ an ag5t 9 ,holl& to pur*ase f\nts = him4 ,engli% f\nts ( :i* we h any reason to be pr\d date f ! appe>ance ab\t #agaf ( ,william ,caslon1 :o e/abli%$ a firm ( type f\nd]s :i* has enjoy$ a long & des]v$ly prosp]\s c>e]4 ,! next move came f ! nor?4 ,rob]t ,f\lis 7! "n 0 orig9ally spelt ,faulls71 born 9 #agjg1 ! son ( a ,glasg[ malt/]1 _h be5 orig9ally appr5tic$ to a b>b]4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 a man ( booki% ta/es1 &1 :5 already ov] ?irty ye>s ( age1 0 advis$ to set up 9 bus9ess z a pr9t] & booksell]4 ,) 8 bro!r ,&rew1 five ye>s y\ng] ?an himself & educat$ = ! m9i/ry1 he w5t on a book-buy+ t\r on ! ,cont95t1 & on 8 return />t$ book-sell+ 9 #agda1 & pr9t$ 9 t ye> ,dr4 ,william ,lee*man's ,temp]1 ,"*1 & ,duty ( a ,m9i/] ( ! ,gospel1 & f\r o!r books1 includ+ a ,pha$rus & a volume ( ,cic]o4 ,9 ,m>*1 #agdc1 he 0 appo9t$ ,pr9t] to ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 & 8 edition ( ,demetrius ,phal]us de ,elocutione 9 ,greek & ,lat9 0 ! fir/ example ( ,greek pr9t+ produc$ at ,glasg[4 ,a ,horace :i* 0 hung up 9 pro( 9 ! ,univ]sity1 ) ! (f] ( a rew>d = e mispr9t detect$ 79 spite ( :i* six rema9$71 foll[$ 9 #agdd1 an ,iliad 9 #agdg1 an edition ( ,h>dyknute 9 #agdh1 & a ,cic]o 9 #agdi4 ,9 #agej z _m z ?irty works 7 pr9t$ at ! ,f\lis press4 ,! next two ye>s 7 ma9ly sp5t 9 t\r+ on ! ,cont95t1 & on 8 return ,rob]t ,f\lis unhappily />t$ an ,academy ( ,art at ,glasg[1 :i* he _h nei!r ! k nor ! ta/e to direct successfully1 & :i* sapp$ 8 en]gies )\t produc+ any valuable results4 ,an edition ( ! ,greek text ( ,callima*us 9 #agee 0 rew>d$ by an ,ed9burgh society ) a gold m$al1 & o!r ,greek & ,lat9 texts foll[$1 includ+ ! ,iliad 9 #agef1 ,anacreon 9 #ageg1 ,virgil & ! ,odyssey 9 #ageh1 & ,h]odotus 9 #agfa4 ,among ! m notable lat] books ( ! firm 7 an edition ( ,gray's ,poems 9 #agfh1 & a ,p>adise ,lo/ 9 #aggj4 ,! y\ng] bro!r di$ 9 #agge1 & ,rob]t1 aft] a mortify+ exp]i5ce 9 ,london1 :]e he sold ! old ma/]s he _h b\ght z models = 8 ,academy = less ?an a p\nd ov] ! exp5ses incurr$ 9 ! sale1 foll[$ him ! next ye>4 ,! two bro!rs _h rais$ pr9t+ at ,glasg[ f insignificance to an excell5ce :i* equall$1 & p]haps surpass$1 ! /&>d atta9$ at ,london1 ,ox=d or ,cambridge1 or1 inde$1 = ! mom5t1 any:]e 9 ,europe4 ,?is 0 no small a*ievem5t1 & _! compatriots & fell[ citiz5s may well %[ !m hon\r4 ,b !y 7 cont5t to "w accord+ to ! be/ /&>ds set by o!r m5 )\t mak+ any positive advance ^u !m or %[+ any orig9ality4 ,!y avoid$ ! sn>e ( bad ornam5ts by us+ none2 _! ,greek types 7 modell$ on ! ,fr5* royal types associat$ ) ! "n ( ! ,eti5nes2 _! roman types exhibit no special excell5ce4 ,hi/orically1 _! *ief importance is t !y prov$ t c>e & en?usiasm = f9e pr9t+ 0 re-awak5+1 & t pr9t]s ) high ideals w\ld n lack support4 ,mean:ile1 9 ! ,engli% ,midl&s an int]e/+ & cr$itable1 ?\gh wrong-head$1 attempt to improve on exi/+ f\nts _h be5 made by ,john ,bask]ville1 a ,worce/]%ire man1 born 9 #agjf1 :o work$ at ,birm+ham1 & 9 #ageg pr9t$ !re 9 8 own types a qu>to edition ( ,virgil :i* attract$ consid]able notice4 ,! m]it ( ,bask]ville's type is its di/9ctness2 its fault is ! reappe>ance 9 a slightly diff]5t =m ( ! old h]esy ( ,aldus1 t :at is good1 or is ?\ght to be good1 9 p5man%ip mu/ necess>ily be good 9 type4 ,9 imitation ( ! ,writ+-,ma/]s ,bask]ville delight$ 9 mak+ 8 up/rokes v ?9 & 8 d[n/rokes ?ick1 & 8 s]ifs--t is1 all ! little f9i%+ /rokes ( ! lett]s--%>p & f9e4 ,x is probable t 8 ideals 7 influ5c$ 9 ?is direction by books l ,p9e's ,horace 7#agcc-g71 9 :i*1 z already not$1 ! lett]press z well z ! illu/rations & ornam5t is engrav$ ?r\gh\t4 ,^! contra/s ( light & heavy l9es w\ld naturally please an engrav]2 b !y h no advantage :5 transf]r$ to type1 only mak+ ! page appe> re/less & spotty4 ,contempor>y op9ion 9 ,engl& 0 no m ?an lukew>m 9 _! fav\r4 ,! ,virgil procur$ ,bask]ville a commission f ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d to cut a ,greek f\nt1 b ?is 0 g5]ally condemn$1 ?\gh x _h ! m]it ( be+ free f contractions4 ,editions ( ,milton's ,p>adise ,lo/ & ,p>adise ,rega9$ 7#ageh71 & o!r classics1 7 m successful1 & ,bask]ville 0 appo9t$ pr9t] to ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge = t5 ye>s2 b 8 pr(its 7 small1 & :5 he di$ 9 #agge1 9 default ( an adequate ,engli% (f]1 8 types 7 sold to a ,fr5* society = ,l#cgjj1 & us$ 9 pr9t+ a fam\s edition ( ! works ( ,voltaire 7#aghe-i74 ,! mo/ conspicu\s expon5t ( ,bask]ville's me?ods 0 an ,italian1 ,giovanni ,batti/a ,bodoni1 born 9 ,pi$mont 9 #agdj4 ,bodoni settl$ at ,p>ma1 & x 0 at ,p>ma t he did mo/ ( 8 pr9t+4 ,ev5 m notably ?an ,bask]ville1 he tri$ to give to ! pages :i* he pr9t$ ! brilliancy ( a f9e engrav+4 ,he us$ good black ink 7:i* is to 8 cr$it71 exagg]at$ ! diff]5ces betwe5 8 ?ick /rokes & 8 ?91 & left wide spaces betwe5 8 l9es s z to let ! elegance ( 8 type /& out z brilliantly z possible aga9/ ! :ite pap]4 ,! judgm5t ( ! be/ mod]n pr9t]s is aga9/ ^! vivid contra/s & 9 fav\r ( a m closely set page1 ! two pages :i* face ea* o!r be+ reg>d$ z an arti/ic :ole :i* %\ld n be cut into /rips by a s]ies ( broad :ite spaces4 ,bodoni's books1 :i* us$ to be highly e/eem$1 are n[ p]haps unduly neglect$1 = 8 "w 9 its own way1 :e!r he us$ roman type1 italics1 or ,greek1 is v good1 & 8 editions ( ,virgil1 ,hom]1 & ! ,imitatio ,*ri/i are v /rik+ books1 ?\gh built on wrong l9es4 ,bodoni di$ at ,padua 9 #ahac4 ,:ile ! names ( ,caslon1 ! bro!rs ,f\lis1 & ,bask]ville 9 ,great ,brita91 & ( ,bodoni 9 ,italy1 /& out f amid _! contempor>ies1 ! premi] place 9 ,fr5* book-production 0 occupi$ by memb]s ( ! ,didot family4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 ,francois ,didot 7#afhi-ageg72 8 elde/ son1 ,francois ,ambroise 7#agcj-ahjd71 0 a f9e pr9t]2 8 y\ng] son1 ,pi]re 7#agcb-ie71 0 also a typef\nd] & pap]mak]4 ,9 ! ?ird g5]ation ,pi]re's son ,h5ri 7#agfe-aheb7 0 fam\s = 8 microscopic type1 :ile ,pi]re ,,ii 7#agfj-ahec71 ! elde/ son ( ,francois ,ambroise & nephew ( ,pi]re ,i1 pr9t$ "s f9e editions ( ,lat9 & ,fr5* classics at ! press at ! ,l\vre2 & 8 bro!r ,firm9 ,didot 7#agfd-ahcf7 won r5[n bo? z a typef\nd] & engrav]1 & also z a pr9t] & improv] ( ! art ( /]eotyp+1 besides be+ a deputy & writ] ( trag$ies4 ,9 ! f\r? g5]ation1 ! two sons ( ,firm9 ,didot1 ,ambroise 7#agij-ahgf7 & ,hyac9!1 c>ri$ on ! family traditions4 ,incid5tally1 ,ambroise wrote "s valuable treatises on wood-engrav+ & amass$ an enorm\s libr>y1 :i*1 :5 sold at auction 9 #ahhb-d1 realiz$ ne>ly ,l#abj1jjj4 ,) ! names ( ,bodoni & ! ,didots we may l9k t ( ! ,g]man publi%] & pr9t] ,georg ,joa*im ,goes*51 gr&fa!r ( ! late ,visc\nt ,gos*54 ,he 0 born 9 #ageb1 di$ 9 #ahbh1 & work$ ! great] "p ( 8 life at ,leipzig4 ,he br\ght out pretty illu/rat$ editions1 made exp]im5ts ) ,greek types1 mu* on ! same l9es z ,bodoni1 & devot$ 8 life to ! improvem5t ( pr9t+ & bookmak+ & ! spread ( good lit]ature1 enjoy+ ! fri5d%ip ( ,s*ill] & o!r em95t ,g]man writ]s4 ,com+ back to ,engl&1 we may note ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*iswick ,press 9 #aghi1 ! ye> ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,*>les ,:itt+ham 0 !n only tw5ty-two 7he _h be5 born at ,cov5try 9 #agfg71 & = 8 fir/ ye>s z 8 own ma/] he 0 cont5t to pr9t h&-bills & d any o!r jobb+ "w t he c\ld get4 ,he began issu+ illu/rat$ books 9 #agig1 & aft] a "t ! c>e he took 9 mak+ ready wood-blocks 7! use ( :i* _h be5 reviv$ by ,bewick7 = pr9t+ ga9$ him a special reputation4 ,f ab\t #ahaa to 8 dea? 9 #ahdj he left "o bran* ( 8 bus9ess 9 ! city "u ! *>ge ( a p>tn]1 :ile he himself liv$ & work$ at ,*iswick1 :5ce ! "n ! ,*iswick ,press by :i* ! firm is /ill be/ kn[n4 ,8 nephew1 ,*>les ,:itt+ham ! y\ng]1 0 born 9 #agie1 0 appr5tic$ to 8 uncle 9 #ahaj & work$ ) him until #ahbh4 ,!n he set up = himself at ,tooks ,c\rt (f ,*anc]y ,lane1 & came rapidly to ! front1 l>gely f ! "w :i* he did = ,william ,pick]+1 a well-kn[n publi%] ( ^? days4 ,on 8 uncle's dea? 9 #ahdj ! y\ng] ,:itt+ham inh]it$ ! ,*iswick bus9ess also4 ,f\r ye>s aft] ?is1 9 #ahdd1 he l$ ! way 9 ! revival ( old-fac$ types4 ,! examples ( ,bask]ville at home & ( ,bodoni & o!r pr9t]s abroad _h n be5 )\t effect on ,engli% pr9t+4 ,brilliancy _h be5 s\ght at all co/s1 & 9 ! attempt to comb9e economy ) x ! height ( lett]s _h be5 increas$ & _! bread? dim9i%$ s t1 :ile !y look$ l>g]1 m ( !m c\ld be cr[d$ into a l9e4 ,! y\ng] ,:itt+ham _h ! good ta/e to see t ! r\nd]1 m ev5ly t9t$ type1 :i* ,caslon _h made be=e ^! influ5ces _h come into play1 0 mu* pleasant] to look at & less try+ to ! eyes4 ,he 0 already ?9k+ ( reviv+ x :5 he 0 commission$ by ,longmans to pr9t a "w ( fiction1 ,s mu* ( ! ,di>y ( ,lady ,will\ghby z relates to h] ,dome/ic ,hi/ory & to ! ,ev5tful ,p]iod ( ! ,reign ( ,*>les ! ,fir/1 & x occurr$ to him t ! use ( old-fac$ type w\ld be especially 9 keep+ ) su* a book4 ,a h&some small qu>to 0 ! result1 & ! revival ( old-fac$ type prov$ a great success4 ,n cont5t ) reviv+ old type1 ! y\ng] ,:itt+ham reviv$ also ! use ( ornam5tal initials1 caus+ num]\s copies to be cut = him f ! initials us$ 9 ,fr5* books ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,"s ( ^! are good1 "s almo/ bad1 or :ile good 9 !mselves1 suitable only = use ) black-lett] f\nts & too heavy = use ) roman lett]4 ,/ill ! attempt 0 9 ! "r direction1 & ! books ( ?is p]iod ) ! impr9t ( ! ,*iswick ,press are wor? ! att5tion ( collectors int]e/$ 9 ! mod]n developm5ts ( pr9t+4 ,dur+ ! succe$+ =ty ye>s !re is little by :i* !y are likely to be attract$ save ! issues ( ! private press kept & work$ by ! ,rev4 ,c4 ,h4 ,o4 ,daniel ( ,worce/] ,college1 ,ox=d1 ( :i* he is n[ ,provo/4 ,:ile he 0 yet a lad ,mr4 ,daniel _h amus$ himself ) pr9t+1 & a ?9 duodecimo is /ill extant entitl$ ,sir ,ri*>d's ,daught]1 ,a ,*ri/mas ,tale ( ,old5 ,times1 be>+ ! impr9t ,excudebat ,h4 ,daniel3 ,tr9ity ,p>sonage1 ,frome1 #aheb4 ,9 #ahgd ,mr4 ,daniel resum$ 8 old hobby at ,ox=d1 pr9t+ ,notes f a catalogue ( pamphlets 9 ,worce/] ,college ,libr>y1 & 9 #ahgf ,a new ,s]mon ( ! newe/ ,fa%ion by ,ananias ,snip1 ( :i* ! orig9al is pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ,worce/] ,college4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 9 #ahha1 by an edition ( ?irty-six copies ( ,! ,g>l& ( ,ra*el by div]s k9dly h&s1 t ! ,daniel ,press won its r5[n4 ,ra*el 0 ,mr4 ,daniel's little daught]1 & ! eighte5 contributors to h] ,g>l& includ$ ,fr$]ick ,lock]1 ,rob]t ,bridges1 ,au/9 ,dobson1 ,&rew ,lang1 ,edmund ,gosse1 ,john ,add+ton ,symonds1 ,lewis ,c>rol1 ,w4 ,h5ley1 & ,m>g>et ,woods4 ,ea* poet 0 rew>d$ by a copy 9 :i* 8 "n 0 pr9t$ on ! titlepage1 & ! ,g>l& soon came to be reg>d$ z a v desirable possession4 ,mr4 ,daniel subsequ5tly pr9t$ num]\s little books by int]e/+ writ]s 7,rob]t ,bridges1 ,walt] ,pat]1 ,canon ,dixon1 & o!rs71 & :ile nei!r 8 types nor 8 presswork 7 exceptionally good1 succe$$ 9 inve/+ !m all ) a *>m+ appropriat5ess :i* gives !m a special place ( _! own 9 ! affections ( book-lov]s4 ,ano!r v5ture 9 :i* a high lit]>y /&>d 0 comb9$ ) mu* c>e = typography 0 ,! ,hobby-,horse1 a qu>t]ly magaz9e edit$ by ,h]b]t ,p4 ,horne & ,selwyn ,image betwe5 #ahhf & #ahib1 aft] :i* x appe>$ fitfully & flick]$ out4 ,! *ange 9 ! type1 ! sett+ x close in/ead ( spac$1 & ! new initials & tailpieces :i* may be not$ at ! beg9n+ ( ,vol4 ,,iii 7#ahhh71 con/itut$ a l&m>k 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n pr9t+ ( an importance simil> to t ( ! return to old-fac$ type 9 ,lady ,will\ghby's ,di>y4 ,! progress ( ! movem5t c be foll[$ 7i7 9 ! catalogue ( ! ,exhibition ( ,arts & ,crafts ,exhibition ,society1 held at ! ,new ,gall]y 9 ! autumn ( #ahhh1 ) an article on pr9t+ by ,mr4 ,em]y ,walk]2 7ii7 9 ?ree books by ,william ,morris1 viz4 ,! ,h\se ( ! ,wolf+s1 ,! ,roots ( ! ,m\nta9s1 & ! ,gunnlaug ,saga1 pr9t$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! au?or & ,mr4 ,walk] at ! ,*iswick ,press 9 #ahhi & #ahij4 ,9 #ahia ,william ,morris gave an imm5se impetus to ! revival ( f9e pr9t+ by sett+ up a press at ,no4 #af ,upp] ,mall1 ,hamm]smi?1 close to 8 own resid5ce1 ,kelmscott ,h\se4 ,x 0 ! ess5ce ( my und]tak+1 he wrote subsequ5tly1 to produce books :i* x w\ld be a pleasure to look ^u z pieces ( pr9t+ & arrangem5t ( type1 & no "o w be incl9$ to d5y t ! ,kelmscott ,press books fulfil ?is aim4 ,! go?ic type1 :e!r 9 its l>g] or small] size 7! ,troy type design$ = ! repr9t ( ,caxton's ,recuyell ( ! ,hi/ories ( ,troy1 & ! ,*auc] type design$ = ! great ,*auc]71 w hold its own aga9/ any go?ic type ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! ,gold5 type 7design$ = ! repr9t ( ,caxton's ,gold5 ,leg5d7 _c be prais$ z highly z ?is4 ,by in/9ct r ?an by consci\s ?9k+ x ov]1 ,morris confess$1 ,i began by gett+ myself a f\nt ( ,roman type1 & x is no unfair criticism ( x to say t x betrays ! h& ( a man ^: natural expression 0 9 go?ic lett] =c+ roman into yield+ "s ( ! *>act]i/ic go?ic *>m4 ,! ,gold5 ,leg5d w\ld h be5 a f> f9] book if x _h be5 pr9t$ 9 ! ,*auc] type1 & ! ,%elley1 ,keats1 ,h]rick & o!r books :i* ,morris pr9t$ 9 x to please ,f4 ,s4 ,ellis or o!r fri5ds _c /& ! te/ ( comp>ison ) ,! ,wood ,beyond ! ,_w & ! o!r romances :i* he pr9t$ entirely to please himself4 ,b :e!r he us$ 8 roman or 8 go?ic type ! exquisite craftsman%ip :i* he put into all 8 books enabl$ ,morris to atta9 8 aim1 & 8 wond]ful bord]s & capitals cr[n !m ) ! delight :i* ?is k+ ( design]s took 9 8 "w4 ,no o!r pr9t] s9ce pr9t+ began has ev] produc$ su* a s]ies ( books z ! fifty-?ree :i* p\r$ f ! ,kelmscott ,press dur+ ^? wond]ful sev5 ye>s1 & no book t has ev] be5 pr9t$ c be comp>$ = ri*ness ( effect ) ! ,*auc] :i* 0 ! cr[n+ a*ievem5t ( ! ,press4 ,morris's example br\ght into ! field a ho/ ( competitors & plagi>i/s & a few work]s 9 ! same _s4 ,by 8 side ?r\gh\t 8 v5ture _h /ood ,mr4 ,em]y ,walk]1 :o _h no small "p 9 />t+ ! :ole movem5t1 ^: help & advice = m ?an tw5ty ye>s h be5 freely at ! s]vice ( any "o :o has %[n any incl9ation to d good "w1 & :o1 :5ev] good "w has be5 a*iev$1 w almo/ always be f\nd to h l5t a h& 9 x4 ,aft] ,morris's dea? ,mr4 ,walk] jo9$ ) ,mr4 ,cobd5 ,s&]son 9 produc+ ! ,doves ,press books1 pr9t$1 all ( !m1 9 a s+le type1 b t type a f9e adaptation ( ,j5son's & h&l$ ) a skill to :i* ,j5son n only nev] atta9$ b nev] aspir$4 ,! fir/ book pr9t$ 9 x 0 ! ,agricola ( ,tacitus1 & ?is & ,mr4 ,mackail's lecture on ,morris & o!r e>ly books are entirely )\t decoration4 ,woodcut capitals & bord]s1 x 0 ?\ght1 _h rea*$ _! highe/ possible excell5ce "u ! h& ( ,william ,morris1 & s9ce n progress b retrogression w\ld be ! c]ta9 result ( any fre% exp]im5ts1 decoration ( ?is sort mu/ be ab&on$4 ,! reason+ 0 p]haps n entirely cog5t1 s9ce ! decoration appropriate to ! ,doves type w\ld h>dly ent] into any direct competition ) ,morris's go?ic designs4 ,lat] on1 h[ev]1 x 0 m ?an ju/ifi$ by ! use 9 ! ,p>adise ,lo/1 ! ,bible1 & mo/ subsequ5t books 7^! lat] ones issu$ by ,mr4 ,s&]son alone7 ( v simple r$ capitals1 :i* light up ! pages on :i* !y occur ) *>m+ effect4 ,simil> capitals on a less bold scale1 "s 9 gold1 o!rs 9 r$1 o!rs 9 blue1 are a conspicu\s feature 9 ! ma/]pieces ( ! ,a%5d5e ,press belong+ to ,mr4 ,/4 ,john ,hornby4 ,?is 0 />t$ by ,mr4 ,hornby at 8 h\se 9 ,a%5d5e1 ,h]ts1 9 #ahid1 & 0 = "s "t work$ by ,mr4 ,hornby himself & 8 si/]s1 )1 z at lea/ "o colophon gratefully ackn[l$ges1 "s little help ( ,cicely ,b>clay1 :o subsequ5tly1 "u a diff]5t surname1 appe>s z a jo9t proprietor4 ,! e>ly books--! ,j\rnals ( ,joseph ,hornby1 ,m$itations ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ,prologue to ! ,cant]bury ,tales1 etc4--are n conspicu\sly good1 b 9 #aijb1 9 a type f\nd$ on t us$ by ,sweynheym & ,pann>tz at ,subiaco1 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,hornby produc$ ! fir/ volume ( an illu/rat$ ,div9a ,comm$ia :i* _c be too highly prais$4 ,its /ory is told 9 ! r$-pr9t$ colophon1 ! word+ ( :i* is v prettily turn$3 ,f9e della prima ,cantica appellata ,inf]no della ,comm$ia di ,dante poeta eccell5tissimo4 ,impressa nella ,/amp]ia ,privata di ,a%5d5e a ,%elley ,h\se1 ,*elsea1 p] op]a e spesa di ,/4 ,john ,cicely ,hornby coll' aiuto del loro cug9o ,meysey ,turton4 ,le lett]e iniziali sono l'op]a di ,graily ,hewitt1 le incisioni 9 legno di ,c4 ,keates secondo disegni fatti da ,r4 ,catt]son ,smi? sopra gli orig9ali dell' edizione di #adia4 ,f9ita nel mese di ,dicembre dell' anno del ,signore ,,mcmii1 nel quale dopo dieci secoli di bellezza cadde il gran ,campanile di ,san ,m>co dei ,v5eziani4 ,! ?ird type happily inspir$ by ! example ( ,morris 0 ! ,greek type design$ by ,rob]t ,proctor on ! model ( t us$ = ! ,new ,te/am5t ( ! ,complut5sian ,polyglott 9 #aead1 ) ! addition ( majuscules & acc5ts1 bo? ( !m lack+ 9 ! orig9al4 ,an edition ( ! ,ore/eia ( ,aes*ylus 9 ?is type 0 be+ pr9t$ = ,mr4 ,proctor at ! ,*iswick ,press at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 & appe>$ 9 #aijd4 ,9 #aijh x 0 foll[$ by an edition ( ! ,odyssey pr9t$ at ! ,cl>5don ,press4 ,l ,morris's go?ic f\nts1 ?is ,greek type may or may n be admir$1 b t x atta9s ! effects at :i* x aims c h>dly be d5i$4 ,no page ( su* ri*ness _h ev] be=e be5 set up by any pr9t] ( ,greek4 ,to write ( books pr9t$ 9 types :i* = "o reason or ano!r seem less successful ?an ^? already nam$ is a less grateful task1 b !re are sev]al design]s & pr9t]s ^: "w approa*es excell5ce1 & :o work$ indep5d5tly ( ,morris1 ?\gh ) less sure t\*4 ,=emo/ among ^! mu/ be plac$ ,mr4 ,*>les ,ricketts1#gj ^: ,vale type1 despite a few blemi%es1 is n v f> beh9d ! ,gold5 type ( ! ,kelmscott ,press1 & ^: ornam5t at its be/ is graceful1 & t ) a light] & gay] grace ?an ,morris's1 ?\gh x _c comp>e ) 8 = dignity or ri*ness ( effect4 ,9 a lat] type1 call$ ! ,k+e's ,f\nt f its use 9 an edition ( ,! ,k+es ,quair 7#aijc71 ,mr4 ,ricketts's good g5ius des]t$ him1 = ! mixture ( majuscule & m9uscule =ms is mo/ unpleas+4 ,! ,eragny books pr9t$ by ,e/h] & ,luci5 ,piss>ro on _! press at ,epp+1 ,b$=d ,p>k1 & ! ,brook1 ,*iswick1 7 at fir/ 7#ahid-aijc1 ,nos4 #a-af7 pr9t$ by ,mr4 ,ricketts's p]mission 9 ! ,vale type4 ,9 ,june1 #aijc1 a ,brook f\nt design$ by ,mr4 ,piss>ro 0 complet$1 & ,a ,brief ,acc\nt ( ! ,orig9 ( ! ,eragny ,press pr9t$ 9 x4 ,mr4 ,piss>ro's books are *iefly notable = _! woodcuts1 :i* are ( v v>y+ m]it4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 addition to "s m]ely impud5t plagi>isms1 sev]al excell5t ef=ts aft] improv$ pr9t+ 7 inspir$ by ! ,engli% movem5t ( :i* ,morris 0 ! mo/ prom95t figure4 ,mr4 ,cl>ke ,conwell at ! ,el/on ,press1 ,pelham ,road1 ,new ,ro*elle1 ,new ,york1 pr9t$ v well1 bo? 9 roman & black lett]1 8 edition ( ! ,tale ( ,gamelyn 7#aija7 9 ! latt] type be+ a *>m+ little book4 ,mr4 ,b]keley ,updike ( ! ,m]rym\nt ,press1 ,bo/on1 & ,mr4 ,bruce ,rog]s dur+ 8 connection ) ! ,riv]side ,press1 ,bo/on1 h also bo? done excell5t "w1 :i* is too little kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! arti/ic pr9t+ :i* ,mr4 ,rog]s did :ile work+ = ! ,riv]side ,press is especially notable because ( ! ri* v>iety ( types & /yles 9 :i* excell5ce 0 atta9$4 ,,footnote3 #gj ,l ,proctor1 ,mr4 ,ricketts _h no press ( 8 own4 ,8 books 7 pr9t$ = him by ,messrs4 ,ballantyne4 ,,select ,,bibliography ,,g5]al ,,works ,,f]guson1 ,j4 ,"s ,aspects ( ,bibliography4 ,ed9burgh1 #aijj4 ,,p$die1 ,r4 ,a4 ,a ,li/ ( ,bibliographical ,books publi%$ s9ce ! f\ndation ( ! ,bibliographical ,society 9 #ahic 7,bib4 ,soc4 ,transactions1 vol4 x41 pp4 #bce-caa74 ,london1 #aiaj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bigmore & ,,wyman4 ,a ,bibliography ( ,pr9t+4 ,) notes & illu/rations1 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,,re$1 ,t4 ,b4 ,a ,li/ ( ,books & ,pap]s on ,pr9t]s & ,pr9t+ "u ! ,c\ntries & ,t[ns to :i* !y ref]4 7,bibliographical ,society47 ,london1 #ahie4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bibliographical ,,society4 ,transactions4 ,london1 #ahic1 etc4 ,,ed9burgh ,,bibliographical ,,society4 ,transactions4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahif1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,le ,bibliographe ,mod]ne4 ,p>is1 #ahig1 etc4 ,bibliographica4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahie-g4 ,c5trallblatt fur ,biblio!kswes54 ,leipzig1 #ahhh1 etc4 ,! ,libr>y4 ,london1 #ahhi1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,zeits*rift fur ,bu*]freunde4 ,bielefeld1 #ahig1 etc4 ,,brunet1 ,j4 ,c4 ,dictionnaire de ,geographie anci5ne et mod]ne a l'usage du libraire et de l'amateur de livre4 ,p> un ,bibliophile4 ,p>is1 #ahgj4 ,) notes on ! introduction ( pr9t+ into ! places nam$4 ,,crane1 ,w4 ,( ! ,decorative ,illu/ration ( ,books ,old & ,new4 ,second edition4 ,london1 #aija4 ,,duff1 ,e4 ,g4 ,e>ly ,pr9t$ ,books4 7,books ab\t ,books47 ,london1 #ahic4 #hvo4 ,,humphreys1 ,h4 ,n4 ,ma/]pieces ( ! ,e>ly ,pr9t]s & ,engrav]s3 ,s]ies ( facsimiles f r>e & curi\s books1 rem>kable = illu/rative devices1 beautiful bord]s1 decorative initials1 pr9t]s' m>ks1 & elaborate titlepages4 ,fol4 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,,kri/ell]1 ,p4 ,kupf]/i* und ,holzs*nitt 9 vi] ,jahrhund]t54 #dto4 ,b]l91 #aije4 ,,lang1 ,a4 ,! ,libr>y4 ,) a *apt] on mod]n ,engli% illu/rat$ books by ,au/9 ,dobson1 ,london1 #ahha4 ---- ,second edition4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,,lippmann1 ,f4 ,drucks*rift5 des xv4 bis xviii4 ,jahrhund]ts 9 getreu5 ,na*bildung5 h]ausgegeb5 von d] ,direction d] ,rei*sdruck]ei unt] ,mitwirkung von ,dr4 ,f4 ,lippmann & ,dr4 ,r4 ,dohme4 ,fol4 ,b]l91 #ahhd-g4 ,,morgan1 ,j4 ,p4 ,catalogue ( ,e>ly ,pr9t$ ,books f ! libr>ies ( ,william ,morris1 ,ri*>d ,b5nett1 etc41 n[ =m+ portion ( ! libr>y ( ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan4 ,by ,s4 ,aldri*1 ,e4 ,g4 ,duff1 ,a4 ,w4 ,poll>d1 ,r4 ,proctor4 #c vols4 ,l>ge #dto4 ,london1 #aijg4 ,) _m facsimiles4 ,,r\veyre1 ,e4 ,connaissances necessaires a un bibliophile4 #aj vols4 ,p>is1 #ahii4 ,i4--,,collectors ,,& ,,collect+ ,,elton1 ,c4 ,i4 & ,m4 ,a4 ,! ,great ,book ,collectors4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,,flet*]1 ,w4 ,y4 ,engli% ,book-,collectors4 ,london1 #aijb4 ,,qu>it*1 ,b4 ,contributions t[>ds a ,diction>y ( ,engli% ,book ,collectors4 ,london1 #ahib-i4 ,,dav5port1 ,c4 ,engli% ,h]aldic ,book-,/amps4 ,london1 #aiji4 ,) biographical notes4 ,,guig>d1 ,j4 ,n\vel ,armorial du ,bibliophile4 ,guide de l'amateur des livres armories4 #b tom4 ,p>is1 #ahij4 ,) biographical notices ( _m ,fr5* collectors4 99 99 99 99 99 ,book ,prices ,curr5t4 ,london1 #ahic1 etc4 ,am]ican ,book ,prices ,curr5t4 ,new ,york1 #ahie1 etc4 ,,liv+/on1 ,l4 ,s4 ,auction ,prices ( ,books4 #ahhf-aijd4 #d vols4 ,new ,york1 #aije4 ,,lawl]1 ,j4 ,book ,auctions 9 ,engl& 9 ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 ,london1 #ahih4 ,,rob]ts1 ,w4 ,catalogues ( ,engli% ,book ,sales4 ,london1 #aijj4 ---- ,r>e ,books & _! ,prices4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,,:eatley1 ,h4 ,b4 ,prices ( ,books3 ,an inquiry into ! *anges 9 ! price ( books :i* h occurr$ 9 ,engl& at diff]5t p]iods4 ,london1 #ahih4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,brunet1 ,j4 ,c4 ,manuel du libraire et de l'amateur de livres1 cont5ant #ao un n\veau dictionnaire bibliographique1 etc4 ,c9quieme ,edition4 #f vols4 ,p>is1 #ahfj-e4 ,,graesse1 ,j4 ,g4 ,t4 ,tresor de livres r>es et precieux3 ou ,n\veau ,dictionnaire bibliographique4 #g vols4 ,dresde1 #ahei-fi4 ,^! two books m>k ! close ( ! fa%ion ( ,g5]al ,collect+4 ,,ii4--,,block-,,books ,,so!by1 ,s4 ,l4 ,pr9cipia typographica4 ,! block-books issu$ 9 ,holl&1 ,fl&]s1 & ,g]many dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 etc4 #c vols4 ,fol4 ,london1 #aheh4 ,,s*reib]1 ,w4 ,l4 ,livres xylographiques et xylo-*irographiques4 ,fac-similes des livres xylographiques4 7,manuel de l'amateur de la gravure sur bois et sur metal au xve siecle1 tomes #d1 #g1 #h47 #hvo & fol4 ,leipzig1 #ahie1 #aijj1 #aijb4 ,,pil9ski1 ,a4 ,monum5ts de la xylographie 444 reproduits en fac-simile sur les exemplaires de la ,biblio!que ,nationale1 prec$es des notices p> ,gu/ave ,pawl[ski4 ,fol4 ,p>is1 #ahhb-c4 #a4 ,apocalypse4 #d4 ,ars ,mori5di4 #b4 ,bible des ,pauvres4 #e4 ,oraison ,dom9icale4 #c4 ,ars ,memor&i4 #f4 ,cantica ,canticorum4 ,,biblia ,,paup]um4 ,biblia paup]um4 ,na* dem ,e9zig5 9 #ej ,d>/ellung5 h]ausgegeb5 von ,p4 ,heitz1 ,w4 ,l4 ,s*reib]4 #dto4 ,/rassburg1 #aijc4 ,,cu/1 ,l4 ,h4 ,! ,ma/] ,e4 ,s4 & ! ,ars ,mori5di4 #dto4 ,ox=d1 #ahih4 ,,iii4 ,,& ,,iv4--,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,pr9t+--,,holl& ,,& ,,ma9z ,,groli] ,,club4 ,a description ( ! ,e>ly ,pr9t$ ,books own$ by ! ,groli] ,club1 ) a brief acc\nt ( _! pr9t]s & ! hi/ory ( typography 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,fol4 ,new ,york1 #ahie4 ,quotes num]\s e>ly ref]5ces to ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 & gives "s facsimiles4 ,,ens*$e1 ,c4 ,laur5s ,jansz4 ,co/] de uitv9d] van de boekdrukkun/4 ,ha>lem1 #aijd4 ---- ,te*nis* ond]zoek na> de uitv9d+ van de boekdrukkun/4 ,ha>lem1 #aija4 ,,hessels1 ,j4 ,h4 ,gut5b]g3 ,0 ,he ! ,inv5tor ( ,pr9t+8 ,london1 #ahhb4 ---- ,ha>lem ! ,bir?place ( ,pr9t+1 n ,m5tz4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ---- ,article ,typography 9 ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica4 ,,gut5b]g ,,gesells*aft4 ,v](f5tli*ung54 ,ma9z1 #aijb1 etc4 #dto4 ,i4 ,,z$l]1 ,g4 ,die alte/e ,gut5b]gtype4 #aijb4 ,,ii4 ,,s*w5ke1 ,p4 ,die ,donat- und ,kal5d]type4 #aijc4 ,,iii4 ,das ,ma9z] ,fragm5t vom ,weltg]i*t4 ,d] ,canon ,missae vom ,jahre4 #adeh4 ,,iv4 ,,z$l]4 ,das ,ma9z] ,ca?olicon4 ,v-,,vi4 ,das ,ma9z] ,fragm5t vom ,weltg]i*t4 ,die ,type ,b#db im ,missale von #adic4 ,die ,missaldrucke ,p4 und ,joh4 ,s*(f]s4 ,die ,bu*]anzeig5 ,p4 ,s*(f]s4 ,,viii-,,ix4 ,,seym\r ,,de ,,ricci4 ,catalogue raisonne des premi]es impressions de ,may5ce 7#adde-fg74 ,,dziatzko1 ,c4 ,0 wiss5 wir von dem ,leb5 und d] ,p]son ,joh4 ,gut5b]gs8 #ahie4 ---- ,gut5b]g's fruhe/e ,druck]praxis auf ,grund e9] 444 ,v]glei*ung des #db-zeilig5 und #cf-zeilg5 ,bibel4 7,sammlung1 ,no4 #d47 #ahij4 ,,hessels1 ,j4 ,h4 ,gut5b]g3 ,0 ,he ! ,inv5tor ( ,pr9t+8 ,london1 #ahhb4 ---- ,! ,s-call$ ,gut5b]g ,docum5ts4 7,repr9t$ f ,! ,libr>y47 ,london1 #aiab4 ,v4--,,o!r ,,incunabula ,,panz]1 ,g4 ,w4 ,annales ,typographici ab artis inv5tae orig9e ad annum ,,md4 7ad annum ,,mdxxxvi74 #aa vols4 #dto4 ,norimb]gae1 #agic-ahjc4 ,,ha91 ,l4 ,rep]torium ,bibliographicum1 9 quo libri omnes ab arte typographica inv5ta usque ad annum ,,md4 typis expressi ord9e alphabetico vel simplicit] enum]antur vel adcuratius rec5s5tur4 ,/uttg>tiae et ,tub+ae1 #ahbf4 ---- ,indices ub]rimi op]a ,c4 ,burg]4 ,lipsiae1 #ahia4 ,,cop+]1 ,w4 ,a4 ,supplem5t to ,ha9's ,rep]torium ,bibliographicum4 7,index by ,konrad ,burg]47 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahie-aijb4 ,,rei*l+1 ,d4 ,app5dices ad ,ha9ii ,cop+]i ,rep]torium ,bibliographicum4 ,additiones et em5dationes4 #g pt4 ,mona*ii1 #aije-aa4 ,,pelle*et1 ,m4 ,l4 ,c4 ,catalogue g5]al des ,incunables des biblio!ques publiques de ,france4 ,cont9u$ by ,m4 ,l4 ,pola94 ,vols4 i4-iii4 ,p>is1 #ahig1 etc4 ,,proctor1 ,r4 ,an ,index to ! ,e>ly ,pr9t$ ,books 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ) notes ( ^? 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y1 ,ox=d4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahih4 ,,briti% ,,museum4 ,catalogue ( ,books ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,vols4 i-ii4 ,block-books & ,g]many1 ,ma9z-,tri]4 #dto4 ,london1 #aijh1 etc4 ,,provid5ce1 ,r4,i4 ,,annm>y ,,br[n ,,memorial4 ,catalogue ( ,books mo/ly f ! ,presses ( ! ,fir/ ,pr9t]s1 %[+ ! progress ( pr9t+ ) movable metal types ?r\gh ! second half ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,collect$ by ,ru% ,c4 ,hawk9s4 ,catalogu$ by ,a4 ,w4 ,poll>d4 #dto4 ,ox=d1 #aiaj4 ,,burg]1 ,k4 ,monum5ta ,g]maniae et ,italiae typographica4 ,deuts*e und itali5is*e ,inkunabeln 9 getreu5 ,na*bildung54 ,p>ts #a-h4 ,fol4 ,b]l91 #ahib1 etc4 ,,gesells*aft ,,fur ,,typ5kunde ,,des #ae4 ,,jahrhund]ts4 ,v](f5tli*ung54 ,fol4 ,uppsala1 #aijg1 etc4 ,,type ,,facsimile ,,society4 ,publications4 7#aijj-d edit$ by ,r4 ,proctor2 #aijd-h by ,g4 ,dunn47 #dto4 ,ox=d1 #aijj1 etc4 ,,woolley ,,photographs4 ,woolley ,photographs4 ,photographs ( fifte5? c5tury types ( ! exact size ( ! orig9als1 design$ to supplem5t publi%$ examples1 ) ref]5ces to ,rob]t ,proctor's ,index ( ,books 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & ,bodleian ,libr>y4 ,edit$ by ,george ,dunn1 ) a li/ ( ! #ejj photographs4 ,fol4 ,woolley1 #ahii-aije4 ,,haebl]1 ,k4 ,typ5rep]torium d] ,wieg5drucke4 #c vols4 ,leipzig1 #aije1 etc4 #hvo4 ,?is supplies ! measurem5t & "s guide to ! *>act]i/ics ( e record$ fifte5? c5tury type1 ) helps to ! id5tification ( ! pr9t]s ( unsign$ books by means ( ! diff]5t =ms ( ,m1 ,qu1 etc4 ,,b]n>d1 ,a4 ,j4 ,de l',orig9e et des ,debuts de l',imprim]ie en ,europe4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahec4 ,valuable = its num]\s ref]5ces to notes & dates 9 individual copies4 ,,hawk9s1 ,,ru% ,c4 ,titles ( ! ,fir/ ,books f ! ,e>lie/ ,presses e/abli%$ 9 diff]5t ,cities1 ,t[ns1 & ,mona/]ies 9 ,europe1 be=e ! end ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,) brief notes ^u _! pr9t]s4 #dto4 ,new ,york1 #ahhd4 ,,claud91 ,a4 ,hi/oire de l'imprim]ie en ,france4 ,vols4 i4-iii4 #dto4 ,p>is1 #aijj1 etc4 ,,?i]ry-,,p\x1 ,o4 ,premi]s monum5ts de l'imprim]ie en ,france au xve siecle4 #dj %eets ( facsimiles4 ,fol4 ,p>is1 #ahij4 ,,holtrop1 ,j4 ,w4 ,monum5ts typographiques des ,pays-,bas au qu9zieme siecle4 #acj plates ( facsimiles4 ,fol4 ,la ,haye1 #ahfh4 ,,campbell1 ,m4 ,f4 ,a4 ,g4 ,annales de la ,typographie ,ne]l&aise au xve siecle4 7,) f\r supplem5ts47 ,la ,haye1 #ahgd 7#ahgh-ij74 ,,fumagalli1 ,g4 ,lexicon typographicum ,italiae4 ,dictionnaire geographique d',italie p\r s]vir a l'hi/oire de l'imprim]ie dans ce pays4 ,flor5ce1 #aije4 ,,haebl]1 ,k4 ,bibliografia ib]ica del siglo #ae4 ,la ,haya1 #aijd4 ---- ,! ,e>ly ,pr9t]s ( ,spa9 & ,portugal4 ,bibliog4 ,soc4 ,illu/4 ,monographs1 #d4 #dto4 ,london1 #ahig4 ---- ,typographie ib]ique du xve siecle4 ,reproduction en fac-simile de t\s les c>act]es typographiques employes en ,espagne et en ,portugal jusqu'a #aejj4 ,fol4 ,la ,haye1 #aijb4 ,,vi4--,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,pr9t$ ,,book ,,poll>d1 ,a4 ,w4 ,an ,essay on ,colophons4 ,) specim5s & translations1 by ,a4 ,w4 ,poll>d1 & an introduction by ,r4 ,g>nett 7,caxton ,club74 ,*icago1 #aije4 ---- ,la/ ,words on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,titlepage4 #dto4 ,london1 #ahij4 ,,rob]ts1 ,w4 ,pr9t]s' ,m>ks3 ,a ,*apt] 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,typography4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,,bu*]m>k54 ,die ,bu*]m>k5 od] ,bu*druck] und ,v]leg]zei*54 #dto4 ,/rassburg1 #ahib1 etc4 #a4 ,elsassis*e ,bu*]m>k5 bis ,anfang des #ah4 ,jahrhund]ts4 ,h]ausgeg4 von ,p4 ,heitz1 #ahib4 #b4 ,die ,itali5is*5 ,bu*druck]- und ,v]leg]zei*5 bis #aebe4 ,h]ausgeg4 von ,p4 ,kri/ell]1 #ahic4 #c4 ,die ,basl] ,bu*]m>k5 bis ,anfang des #ag4 ,jahrhund]ts4 ,h]ausgeg4 von ,p4 ,heitz1 #ahie4 #d4 ,die ,frankfurt] ,druck] und ,v]leg]zei*5 bis ,anfang des #ag4 ,jahrhund]ts4 ,h]ausgeg4 von ,p4 ,heitz1 #ahif4 #e4 ,spanis*e und ,portugiesis*e ,bu*]zei*5 des xv4 und xvi4 ,jahrhund]ts4 ,h]ausgeg4 von4 ,k4 ,k4 ,haebl]1 #ahih4 #f4 ,koln] ,bu*]m>k5 bis zum ,anfang des xvii4 ,jahrhund]ts4 ,h]ausgeg4 von ,dr4 ,z>etzky1 #ahih4 #g4 ,g5f] ,bu*druck]1 und ,v]leg]zei*5 von xv4 xvi4 und xvii4 ,jahrhund]t4 ,von ,p4 ,heitz1 #aijh4 ,,silve/re1 ,l4 ,c4 ,m>ques typographiques1 ou recueil des monogrammes 444 des libraires et imprimeurs en ,france1 depuis l'introduction de l'imprim]ie jusqu'a la f9 du xve siecle4 ,p>is1 #ahec-fg4 ,,j5n+s1 ,o4 ,e>ly ,woodcut ,initials4 ,london1 #aijh4 ,,vii4--,,e>ly ,,g]man ,,& ,,dut* ,,illu/rat$ ,,books ,,dodgson1 ,c4 ,catalogue ( e>ly ,g]man & ,flemi% woodcuts pres]v$ 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,pr9ts & ,draw+s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,vols4 i4-ii4 ,london1 #aijc1 #aiaa4 ,,mu!r1 ,r4 ,die deuts*e ,bu*]illu/ration d] ,go?ik und ,fruhr5aissance 7#adfj-aecj74 #b ,bde4 #dto4 ,mun*51 #ahhd4 ,,s*reib]1 ,w4 ,l4 ,catalogue des incunables a figures imprimes en ,allemagne1 en ,suisse en ,autri*e-,hongrie et en ,sc&9avie1 avec des notes critiques et bibliographiques4 7,manuel de l'amateur de la gravure sur bois et sur metal au xve siecle1 tom4 #e #f47 ,leipzig1 #aiaj4 ,,cock]ell1 ,s4 ,c4 ,"s ,g]man ,woodcuts ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 #dto4 ,hamm]smi?1 #ahig4 ,,conway1 ,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,! ,woodcutt]s ( ! ,ne!rl&s 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,cambridge1 #ahhd4 ,,viii4--,,e>ly ,,italian ,,illu/rat$ ,,books ,,lippmann1 ,f4 ,! ,art ( ,wood-,engrav+ 9 ,italy 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,london1 #ahhh4 ,,poll>d1 ,a4 ,w4 ,italian ,book-,illu/rations1 *iefly ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 7,portfolio monographs1 #ab47 ,london1 #ahid4 ,,kri/ell]1 ,p4 ,e>ly ,flor5t9e ,woodcuts4 ,) an annotat$ li/ ( ,flor5t9e illu/rat$ books4 ,london1 #ahig4 ,,essl+1 ,,pr9ce ,d'4 ,les ,missels imprimes a ,v5ise de #adha a #afjj4 ,description1 illu/ration1 bibliographie4 ,ouvrage orne de plan*es sur cuivre et de #bej gravures4 ,fol4 ,p>is1 #ahid4 ---- ,etudes sur l'art de la gravure sur bois a ,v5ise4 ,les livres a figures v5iti5s de la f9 du #ae;e siecle et du comm5cem5t du #af;e4 ,fol4 ,p>is1 #aijg1 etc4 ,,ix4--,,e>ly ,,fr5* ,,& ,,spani% ,,illu/rat$ ,,books ,,murray1 ,c4 ,f4 ,catalogue ( a collection ( e>ly ,fr5* ,books 9 ! libr>y ( ,c4 ,fairfax ,murray4 ,compil$ by ,h4 ,w4 ,davies4 #dto4 ,london1 #aiaj4 ,,v9del1 ,p4 ,bibliografia grafica3 ,reproduccion en facsimil de portadas1 retratos1 col(ones y otras curiosidades utiles a los bibli(ilos1 que se hallan en obras unicas y libros preciosos o r>os4 #b tom4 ,madrid1 #aiaj4 #abbd facsimiles ( titlepages1 illu/rations1 etc41 ( ,spani% books1 un=tunately nei!r well select$1 nor well arrang$1 b /ill useful4 ,x4--,,lat] ,,=eign ,,books ,,proctor1 ,r4 ,an index to ! ,e>ly ,pr9t$ ,books 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,"p ,,ii4 #aeja-bj4 ,g]many4 ,london1 #aijc4 ,,nijh(f1 ,w4 ,bibliographie de la typographie ne]l&aise des annees #aejj a #aedj4 ,la ,haye1 #aija1 etc4 ---- ,l'art typographique dans les ,pays-,bas1 #aejj-aedj3 ,reproduction en fac-simile des c>act]es1 typographiques1 des m>ques d'imprimeurs1 etc4 ,fol4 ,la ,haye1 #aijb1 etc4 ,,r5\>d1 ,a4 ,a4 ,annales de l'imprim]ie des ,aldes1 ou hi/oire des trois ,manuces1 et de leurs editions4 ,troisieme edition1 avec notes de la famille des ,juntes1 etc4 #c vols4 ,p>is1 #ahcd4 ---- ,annales de l'imprim]ie des ,e/i5nes ou hi/oire de la famille des ,e/i5nes et de ses editions4 #b;e edition4 ,p>is1 #ahdc4 ,,rooses1 ,,max4 ,*ri/oph] ,plant91 imprimeur anv]sois4 ,biographie et docum5ts4 #b;e edition4 ,fol4 ,anv]s1 #ahif4 ,,willems1 ,a4 ,les ,elzevi]4 ,hi/oire et annales typographiques4 ,bruxelles1 etc41 #ahhj4 ,,goldsmid1 ,e4 ,m4 ,biblio!ca curiosa4 ,a complete catalogue ( all ! publications ( ! ,elzevir presses4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhh4 ,,xi4--,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,,illu/rations 999999 ,_m ( ! books ent]$ "u ,,vii1 ,,viii1 & ,,ix relate also to ?is p]iod4 ,,buts*1 ,a4 ,f4 ,die ,bu*]ornam5tik d] ,r5aissance1 e9e ,auswahl /ylvoll] ,titele9fassung51 ,initial51 ,lei/51 ,vignett5 und ,druck]zei*5 h]vorag5d] itali5is*]1 deuts*]1 und franzosis*] ,(fic95 aus d] ,zeit d] ,fruhr5aissance4 #dto4 ,leipzig1 #ahgh4 ,,xii4--,,engli% ,,pr9t+1 #adgf-aehj ,,hazlitt1 ,w4 ,c4 ,h&book to ! ,popul>1 ,poetical & ,dramatic ,lit]ature ( ,great ,brita91 f ! ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+ to ! ,re/oration4 ,london1 #ahfg4 ,,hazlitt1 ,w4 ,c4 ,collections & ,notes4 ,?ree s]ies ) supplem5ts4 ,london1 #ahgf-hi4 ---- ,a ,g5]al ,index to ,hazlitt's ,h&book & 8 ,bibliographical ,collections1 #ahfg-ahhi4 ,by ,g4 ,t4 ,gray4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,,briti% ,,museum4 ,catalogue ( ,books 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,briti% ,museum pr9t$ 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&1 & ( ,books 9 ,engli% pr9t$ abroad1 to ! ye> #afdj4 ,ma9ly by ,g4 ,w4 ,eccles4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahhd4 ,,duff1 ,e4 ,g4 ,catalogue ( ,books 9 ! ,john ,ryl&s ,libr>y1 ,man*e/]1 pr9t$ 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&1 & ( ,books 9 ,engli% pr9t$ abroad to ! end ( ! ye> #afdj4 #dto4 ,man*e/]1 #ahie4 ,,sayle1 ,c4 ,e4 ,e>ly ,engli% ,pr9t$ ,books 9 ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 ,cambridge1 #adge-afdj4 ,cambridge1 #aijj-g4 ,! books are arrang$ "u ! pr9t]s4 ,,ames1 ,j4 ,typographical ,antiquities3 ,be+ an hi/orical acc\nt ( pr9t+ 9 ,engl&2 ) "s memoirs ( our anti5t pr9t]s1 & a regi/] ( ! books pr9t$ by !m1 #adga-afjj4 ,) an app5dix conc]n+ pr9t+ 9 ,scotl& & ,irel& to ! same "t4 #dto4 ,london1 #agdi4 ---- ,consid]ably augm5t$4444 ,by ,w4 ,h]b]t4 #c vols4 #dto4 ,london1 #aghe-ij4 ---- ,greatly enl>g$1 ) copi\s ,notes & ,engrav+s by ,t4 ,f4 ,dibd94 ,vols4 i4-iv4 #dto4 ,london1 #ahaj-ai4 ,,duff1 ,e4 ,g4 ,engli% ,pr9t+ on ,vellum to ! end ( #afjj4 7,bibliographical ,society ( ,lanca%ire47 #dto4 ,ab]de51 #aijb4 ---- ,a ,c5tury ( ! ,engli% ,book ,trade3 ,%ort notices ( all ,pr9t]s1 ,/ation]s1 ,bookb9d]s1 & o!rs connect$ ) x1 #adeg-aeeg4 #dto4 ,bibliographical ,society1 ,london1 #aije4 ---- ,! ,pr9t]s1 ,/ation]s1 & ,bookb9d]s ( ,we/m9/] & ,london1 #adgf-aece4 7,s&>s ,lectures47 ,cambridge1 #ahif4 ---- ,e>ly ,engli% ,pr9t+3 ,a s]ies ( facsimiles ( all ! types us$ 9 ,engl& dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,fol4 ,london1 #ahif4 ---- 7& o!rs47 ,h&li/s ( ,engli% ,pr9t]s1 #aeja-aeeg4 ,p>ts #a-c4 #dto4 ,bibliographical ,society1 ,london1 #ahif1 etc4 ,,arb]1 ,e4 ,a ,transcript ( ! ,regi/]s ( ! ,company ( ,/ation]s ( ,london1 #aeed-afdj4 #e vols4 #dto4 ,london1 #ahge-id4 ,,blades1 ,w4 ,! ,life & ,typography ( ,william ,caxton4 #b vols4 #dto4 ,london1 #ahfa-c4 ---- ,biography & ,typography ( ,caxton4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,,duff1 ,e4 ,g4 ,william ,caxton4 7,caxton ,club ( ,*icago47 #dto4 ,*icago1 #aije4 ,,ricci1 ,,seym\r ,,de4 ,a ,c5sus ( ,caxtons4 7,bibliographical ,society1 ,illu/4 ,monographs1 #ae47 ,london1 #aiji4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,plom]1 ,h4 ,r4 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,pr9t+1 #adgf-ahih4 7,engli% ,bookman's ,libr>y47 ,london1 #aijj4 ,,re$1 ,t4 ,b4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,old ,engli% ,lett] ,f\ndries4 #dto4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,,xiii4--,,e>ly ,,pr9t+ ,,9 ,,engli% ,,outside ,,london ,,allnutt1 ,w4 ,h4 ,engli% ,prov9cial ,presses4 7,bibliographica1 ,p>ts #e-g47 ,london1 #ahie4 ,,duff1 ,e4 ,g4 ,! ,engli% ,prov9cial ,pr9t]s1 ,/ation]s1 & ,bookb9d]s to #aeeg4 7,s&>s ,lectures47 ,cambridge1 #aiab4 ,,b[es1 ,r4 ,a ,catalogue ( ,books ,pr9t$ at or relat+ to ! ,univ]sity1 ,t[n & ,c\nty ( ,cambridge1 #aeba-ahic4 ,cambridge1 #ahid4 ,,madan1 ,f4 ,l4 ,ox=d ,books4 ,vol4 #a4 ,! ,e>ly ,ox=d ,press3 ,a ,bibliography ( ,pr9t+ & ,publi%+ at ,ox=d #adfh-afdj4 ---- ---- ,vol4 #b4 ,ox=d ,lit]ature1 #adej-afdj1 & #afda-afej4 ,ox=d1 #ahie1 #aiab4 ---- ,a ,*>t ( ,ox=d ,pr9t+1 #adfh-aijj4 ,) notes & illu/rations4 #dto4 ,ox=d1 #aijc4 ---- ,a ,brief ,acc\nt ( ! ,univ]sity ,press at ,ox=d4 ,) illu/rations1 toge!r ) a *>t ( ,ox=d pr9t+4 #dto4 ,ox=d1 #aijh4 ,,davies1 ,r4 ,a ,memoir ( ! ,york ,press4 ,) notices ( ,au?ors1 ,pr9t]s1 & ,/ation]s 9 ! #af?1 #ag?1 & #ah? c5turies4 ,we/m9/]1 #ahfh4 ,,dobson1 ,a4 ,horace ,walpole3 ,a ,memoir4 ,) an ,app5dix ( ,books ,pr9t$ at ! ,/rawb]ry ,hill ,press4 ,new ,york1 #ahic4 ,,aldis1 ,h4 ,g4 ,a ,li/ ( ,books ,pr9t$ 9 ,scotl& be=e #agjj1 includ+ ^? ,pr9t$ fur? ( ! realm = ,scotti% ,booksell]s4 ,) brief notes on ! ,pr9t]s & ,/ation]s4 #dto4 ,ed9burgh ,bibliographical ,society1 ,ed9burgh1 #aijd4 ,,dickson1 ,r41 & ,,edmond1 ,t4 ,p4 ,annals ( ,scotti% ,pr9t+3 f ! ,introduction ( ! ,art 9 #aejg to ! beg9n+ ( ! #ag? ,c5tury4 #dto4 ,cambridge1 #ahij4 ,,dix1 ,e4 ,r4 ,,mcc4 ,a ,li/ ( ,iri% ,t[ns & ,dates ( ,e>lie/ ,pr9t+ 9 ea*4 ,second edition4 ,dubl91 #aiji4 ---- ,! ,e>lie/ ,dubl9 ,pr9t+4 ,) li/ ( books1 etc41 pr9t$ 9 ,dubl9 prior to #afja4 ,dubl91 #aija4 ,,gilb]t1 ,,sir ,j4 ,t4 ,iri% ,bibliography4 ,two pap]s4 ,) an introduction1 notes1 & app5dices by ,e4 ,r4 ,mc,c4 ,dix4 ,dubl91 #aijd4 ,,watk9s1 ,g4 ,t4 ,bibliography ( ,pr9t+ 9 ,am]ica3 ,books1 etc41 relat+ to ! hi/ory ( pr9t+ 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,bo/on1 #aijf4 ,,evans1 ,c4 ,am]ican ,bibliography4444 ,a ,*ronological ,diction>y ( all books1 pamphlets1 & p]iodical publications pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates f #afci to #ahbj4 #dto4 ,*icago1 #aijc1 etc4 ,,?omas1 ,j4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+ 9 ,am]ica4 ,) a ,biography ( ,pr9t]s1 etc4 ,second edition4 #b vols4 ,albany1 #ahgd4 ,,rod51 ,r4 ,f4 ,! ,cambridge ,press1 #afch-afib3 ,a hi/ory ( ! fir/ pr9t+ press 9 ,engli% ,am]ica1 toge!r ) a bibliographical li/ ( ! issues4 ,new ,york1 #aije4 ,,xiv4--,,engli% ,,woodcut ,,illu/rations ,,*atto & ,,jackson4 ,a ,treatise on ,wood ,engrav+s3 ,hi/orical & ,practical4 ,second edition4 ,london #ahfa4 ,,l9ton1 ,w4 ,j4 ,! ,ma/]s ( ,wood-,engrav+4 ,folio4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,,xv4--,,engrav$ ,,books--,,illu/rations ,,h9d1 ,a4 ,m4 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,engrav+ & ,et*+ = ! use ( ,collectors & ,/ud5ts4 ,) full bibliography1 classifi$ li/1 & index ( engrav]s4 ,second edition1 revis$4 ,london1 #aiaa4 ,,colv91 ,,sir ,s4 ,e>ly ,engrav+ & ,engrav]s 9 ,engl&1 #aede-afie4 ,fol4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,london1 #aije4 ,,h9d1 ,a4 ,m4 ,li/ ( ! ,works ( ,native & ,=eign ,l9e-,engrav]s 9 ,engl& f ,h5ry ,,viii to ! ,commonweal?4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,london1 #aije4 ,repr9t$ f ,sir ,s4 ,colv9's "w4 ,,coh51 ,h4 ,guide de l'amateur de livres a gravure du #ah;e siecle1 #f;e edition1 augm5tee p> ,seym\r de ,ricci4 ,p>is1 #aiab4 ,,lev9e1 ,j4 ,bibliography ( ! #ah? ,c5tury ,art & ,illu/rat$ ,books4 ,london1 #ahih4 ,,b]aldi1 ,j4 ,h4 ,e/ampes et livres1 #ahgb-ahib4 #dto4 ,p>is1 #ahib4 ,a catalogue ( ! compil]'s own collection ( ,fr5* illu/rat$ books4 ,,xvi4--,,mod]n ,,f9e ,,pr9t+ ,,/raus1 ,r41 & ,,d5t1 ,r4 ,k4 ,john ,bask]ville3 ,a ,memoir4 #dto4 ,cambridge1 #aijg4 ,,gos*51 ,,visc\nt4 ,! ,life & ,times ( ,georg ,joa*im ,goes*51 ,publi%] & ,pr9t] ( ,leipzig1 #ageb-ahbh4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aijc4 ,,w]elet1 ,e4 ,etudes bibliographiques sur la famille des ,didot1 imprimeurs1 etc41 #agac-ahfd4 7,extrait de l',hi/oire du ,livre en ,france47 ,p>is1 #ahfd4 ,,w>r51 ,a4 ,! ,*>les ,:itt+hams1 ,pr9t]s4 7,groli] ,club47 ,new ,york1 #ahif4 ,,morris1 ,w4 ,a ,note by ,william ,morris on 8 ,aims 9 ,f\nd+ ! ,kelmscott ,press4 ,) a %ort description ( ! ,press by ,s4 ,c4 ,cock]ell1 & an annotat$ li/ ( ! books pr9t$ !reat4 ,hamm]smi?1 #ahih4 ,,ricketts4 ,a ,bibliography ( ! ,books issu$ by ,hacon & ,ricketts4 7,! ,vale ,press47 ,london1 #aijd4 ,,/eele1 ,r4 ,! ,revival ( ,pr9t+4 ,london1 #aiab4 ,,index ,abbeville1 illu/rat$ books1 #ade sq4 ,ab]de5 ,brevi>y1 pr9t$ at ,ed9burgh1 #bci sq4 ,ab+don1 pr9t+ at1 #bbf ,acqui1 colophon1 #hj ,ad te levavi woodcut1 #add ,aesop1 illu/rat$ editions1 #ajf1 #aaa1 #abj1 #abd1 #abe1 #aci1 #ada1 #afb1 #bea1 #bef1 #bhi ,alcala1 ,c>d9al ,xim5es' ,polyglott pr9t$ at1 #agf2 ,greek ,te/am5t type imitat$ by ,proctor1 #cjg ,aldus ,manutius4 ,see ,manutius4 ,alex&] ,gallus1 e>ly edition ( 8 ,doctr9ale jete en m\le1 #db2 colophon ( ,acqui ed4 quot$1 #hj sq42 ,v5ice ed4 (1 #abf2 ,pynson's1 #bac ,alex&] ( ,vill$ieu4 ,see ,alex&] ,gallus ,allan1 ,george1 private press1 #bch ,allnutt1 ,w41 on ,engli% prov9cial pr9t+1 #bcc1 #bch ,alphabeti n\a effictio4 ,de ,bry's1 #bhj1 #bhe ,altdorf]1 ,albre*t1 illu/rator1 #ahh sq4 -- ,erh>d1 ,bible illu/rat$ by1 #aij ,alunno di ,dom5ico4 ,see ,b>tolommeo di ,giovanni ,am]ican colonies1 e>ly pr9t+ 91 #bdc-i ,ammann1 ,jo/1 book-illu/rations1 #aic1 #bgh ,am/]dam1 ,engli% books pr9t$ at1 #bcb2 engrav+s1 #bhi1 #bib2 presses improv$ at1 #big ,anabat1 ,guil41 8 ,horae1 #aef ,&rea1 ,hi]onymus1 wood-cutt]1 #ahh ,anti*ri/us1 block-book1 #bg ,antw]p1 pr9t+1 #gb1 #age sq42 woodcuts1 #bjb sq42 ,engli% books pr9t$1 #bbi sqq42 engrav$ illu/ration1 #bgd sqq4 ,apocalypsis ,s4 ,johannis1 block-book1 #bf ,aquila1 good roman type1 #hi2 illu/rat$ ,aesop1 #ada ,arbu?not1 ,alex&]1 ,ed9burgh pr9t]1 #bdb ,ario/o1 ,lodovico1 ,orl&o ,furioso1 illu/rat$ editions1 #bgg1 #bhc1 #bif ,ars ,mori5di1 block-book1 #be ,art de bi5 vivre et de bi5 m\rir1 ,v]>d's edition1 #adi1 ,de ,worde's1 #bed ,arundel1 ,e>l (1 ,caxton's cut ( 8 device1 #bea ,asc5sius4 ,see ,badius ,asc5sius ,a%5d5e ,press1 #cjf ,audran1 ,b5oit1 engrav]1 #bij ,augsburg pr9t+1 #fb1 #afi2 book-illu/ration1 #ajb sqq41 #ahd sqq4 ,augu/9e1 ,s41 ,abbeville edition ( 8 ,de ,ciuitate ,dei1 #adf 4b41 woodcuts sign$1 #abh sq4 ,bacon1 ,francis1 engrav$ title to ,novum ,organum1 #bhh ,badius ,asc5sius1 ,jodocus1 pr9t] at ,lyon & ,p>is1 #agj ,bag=d1 ,john1 8 copies f block-books1 #ai ,baml]1 ,johann1 illu/rat$ books1 #ajd ,bankes1 ,rob]t1 ,london pr9t]1 #baf ,banks1 ,sir ,joseph1 8 natural hi/ory books1 #e ,b>bi]1 ,jean1 p>tn] ( ,julyan ,not>y1 #bad ,b>celona1 e>ly pr9t+1 #ge2 illu/ration1 #afb ,b>clay1 ,alex&]1 translator ( ,sallu/1 #bag2 ( ,gr+ore's ,*a/eau de ,labeur1 #bcj1 #bed1 #bef ,b>k]1 ,rob]t1 ,royal ,pr9t]1 #baf sq4 ,b>nes1 ,dam ,julyan1 h] boke ( huntyng1 #bjh -- ,joseph1 ,ox=d pr9t]1 #bce ,b>?olomaeus ,anglicus1 editions ( 8 ,de ,proprietatibus ,r]um1 #aba1 #aei2 pr9t$ by ,caxton1 #bjd2 by ,de ,worde1 #bab1 #bec2 edit$ by ,s4 ,bateman1 #bfc ,b>tolommeo di ,giovanni1 ,mr4 ,b]5son's attribution ( ,flor5t9e woodcuts to1 #acf ,b>tolozzi1 ,f41 portrait ( ,lun>di1 #bif ,basel pr9t+1 #fj1 #agj1 book-illu/ration1 #aji1 #aia sq4 ,basiliologia engrav+s1 #bhe ,bask]ville1 ,john1 ,birm+ham pr9t]1 #bii sq4 ,bass&yne1 ,?omas1 ,ed9burgh pr9t]1 #bdb ,bateman1 ,/eph51 illu/rat$ books by1 #bfc ,bay ,psalt]1 fir/ book pr9t$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #bdd sq4 ,beck1 ,leonh>d1 illu/rator1 #ahf1 #ahh sq4 ,beham1 ,hans ,sebald1 illu/rator1 #ahc ,belgium1 e>ly pr9t+1 #gc ,belial siue ,consolatio peccatorum4 ,see ,!ramo1 ,jac4 de ,bella]t1 ,jacob1 illu/rat$ books1 #abj sq4 ,bell9i1 ,g5tile1 woodcut aft]1 #acj ,b5l[es1 ,e41 ,!ophila1 #bhi ,b]5son1 ,b]nh>d1 attributes all e>ly ,flor5t9e cuts to ,alunno di ,dom5ico1 #ace ,b]gh51 ,adria5 von1 ,engli% books pr9t$ by1 #bcj ,b]gom5sis1 ,jac4 ,phil41 8 ,supplem5tum ,cronic>um1 #abf2 ,de cl>is muli]ibus1 #adj ,b]keley1 ,sir ,william1 on free s*ools & pr9t+1 #bdi ,b]rutus1 ,amadeus1 engrav+ 9 8 ,dialogus1 #bgc ,b]!let1 ,?omas1 connection ) ,pynson1 #bac1 #beh2 ,royal ,pr9t]1 #baf1 #bei ,bett9i1 ,ant41 illu/rat$ editions ( 8 ,monte ,santo di ,dio1 #abd1 #bfh sq4 ,bible1 ,engli%1 e>ly editions1 #bag1 #bca sq41 #bfj1 #bha2 ,fr5* ,bible hi/oriee1 #aej2 ,g]man1 illu/rat$ editions (1 #ajh1 #aab1 #aac1 #aad2 ,indian 7,n>raganset71 #bdf sq42 ,italian1 illu/rat$ editions (1 #abe1 #abh2 ,lat91 ! #db-l9e1 #dg sqq41 #if2 ! #cf-l9e1 #ea sq41 #hc2 ( #adfb1 #eg2 ( #adgb1 #eg2 ,polyglott1 #age1 #agf1 #bge2 ,scotti%1 #bdb ,biblia ,paup]um1 block-book1 #be1 #aah2 its plan imitat$ 9 ,horae bord]s1 #aeb1 #aee ,biel1 ,fri$41 illu/rat$ books1 #afb ,b9neman4 ,see ,bynneman ,birm+ham1 ,bask]ville's press at1 #bii ,bir? ( ,mank9d1 fir/ ,engli% book ) engrav+s1 #bhj ,blad51 ,william1 ,dubl9 pr9t]1 #bdc ,bladi1 pr9t]s at ,rome1 #afi ,blaew1 ,william1 improves pr9t+-press1 #big ,block-books1 #ai-ca1 #aah ,blomefield1 ,francis1 private press1 #bch ,boccaccio1 ,giov41 ,de ,casibus ,illu/rium virorum1 #add1 #aei1 #ahf1 #bac1 #bef1 #beh note1 #bgj2 ,de cl>is muli]ibus1 #ajf1 #abb1 #afb1 #ahf2 ,decam]one1 #bia ,bodleian ,libr>y1 effect ( its f\ndation on private book-collect+1 #c ,bodoni1 ,giovanni ,batti/a1 pr9t] at ,p>ma1 #cjj ,boec von d] ,h\te4 ,see ,cross1 ! ,holy ,boit>d1 ,pet]1 illu/rator1 #bif ,bonav5tura1 ,s41 illu/rations to 8 ,devote ,m$itatione1 #abc1 #abe1 #ach ,bonhomme1 ,jean1 8 illu/rat$ books1 #add1 #aeh ,book-illu/ration1 natural me?od (1 #ajj2 9 ,g]many & ,holl&1 #ajb-bb1 #aha-id2 9 ,italy1 #abc-db1 #aid-f2 9 ,france & ,spa91 #adc-fd1 #aig-bjb2 9 ,engl&1 #bej-ff2 engrav$1 #bfg-if ,bord]pieces1 /amp$ by illum9ators1 #abe2 ,v5etian1 #abe1 #acc2 ,flor5t9e1 #acc2 o!r ,italian1 #adj1 #adb2 ,spani%1 #afb2 ,basel1 #aia2 ,london1 #beb1 #bef1 #beh sq41 #bff ,bo/on1 ,mass41 e>ly pr9t+1 #bdg2 mod]n1 #cjh ,b\*]1 ,francois1 illu/rator1 #bij ,brad=d1 ,&rew1 pr9t] at ,philadelphia1 #bdh -- ,william1 fir/ pr9t] at ,philadelphia1 #bdg2 & at ,new ,york1 #bdh ,brad%aw1 ,h5ry1 8 claim = bibliography1 #ab2 on ! pr9t] ( ! ,speculum1 #dj ,br&is1 ,lucas1 fir/ ,lubeck pr9t]1 #fd1 #aad ,brant1 ,seba/ian1 connect$ ) book-illu/ration1 #aaj1 #aab1 #afa1 #bac1 #bed1 #bef ,brass1 types made (1 #bab note ,breid5ba*1 ,b]nh>d von1 8 arms on a ,ma9z ,ag5da1 #aad2 8 ,p]egr9atio 9 ,montem ,syon1 #aae1 #afa1 #afb1 #bgj ,br9ckley1 ,/eph51 ,jesuit pr9t]1 #bbh ,bri/ol pr9t+1 #bcg sq4 ,briti% ,museum1 beque/s to1 #d-f2 block-books 91 #ca ,brosam]1 ,hans1 ,bibles illu/rat$ by1 #aij ,br\ghton1 ,hugh1 plates 9 8 ,conc5t ( ,scripture1 #bhc ,bruges e>ly pr9t+1 #gc1 #abb1 #bje sq42 engrav+s 9 books pr9t$ at1 #bgj-c ,brussels e>ly pr9t+1 #gc ,brydges1 ,sir ,eg]ton1 private press1 #bci ,buckn]1 ,john1 ,virg9ia pr9t]1 #bdi ,bulkley1 ,/eph51 pr9t] at ,york1 #bcg ,bulle1 ,john1 pr9t] at ,rome1 ,lett\'s relation )1 #baj ,bunyan1 ,john1 portrait 9 ,pilgrim's ,progress1 #bhi ,burgh]s1 ,mi*ael1 engrav]1 #bid ,burgkmair1 ,hans1 illu/rator1 #ahe sq41 #ahh sq4 ,burgundy1 ,m>g>et ,du*ess (4 ,see ,m>g>et ,bynneman1 ,h5ry1 ,london pr9t]1 #bbj1 #bbh ,cagli1 good roman type1 #hi ,cal5d> ( ,%eph]ds1 ,fr5* editions1 #ade2 ,engli%1 #bed1 #bef ,cambridge1 pr9t+ at1 #bbe1 #bcd sq41 #cjj ,cambridge1 ,mass41 pr9t+ at1 #bdd sq41 #cjh ,canon ,missae1 ,ma9z edition (1 #ee2 ,crucifixion woodcut to1 #aji1 #abi ,cant]bury1 pr9t+ at1 #bbg ,cant]bury ,tales4 ,see ,*auc] ,canticum ,canticorum1 block-book1 #bf1 #aah ,ca\rs91 ,gulielmus1 woodcuts 9 books by1 #ajg ,capell1 ,edw>d1 bequea?s 8 ,%akespe>e books to ,tr94 ,coll41 ,camb41 #e ,capitals1 pictorial & h]aldic1 #fi1 #ajd1 #aig1 #bei sqq4 ,c>melianus1 ,petrus1 pictures 9 8 ,c>m51 #beg ,c>twright1 ,?omas1 8 tracts pr9t$ at a secret press1 #bbh ,caslon1 ,william1 typef\nd]1 #bih ,ca?olicon1 possibly pr9t$ by ,gut5b]g1 #eb ,caxton1 ,william1 #bjd1 #bjh2 press at ,bruges1 #gc1 #bje sq42 at ,we/m9/]1 #gf1 #bjg sq42 me?od ( pr9t+ 9 r$1 #hf2 illu/rat$ books1 #bej-b2 possible engrav$ portrait (1 #bgb sq4 ,cazotte1 ,j41 8 ,le diable am\reux1 #bib ,cecill1 ,?omas1 engrav]1 #bhf ,c5n9i1 ,b]n>do1 fir/ pr9t] at ,flor5ce1 #fg2 colophon ( 8 ,virgil1 #hj ,c]vicornus1 ,eu*>ius1 pr9t] at ,cologne1 #bbe ,*apman1 ,walt]1 pr9t] at ,ed9burgh1 #bci ,*>t]is1 ,h5ry1 pr9t] at ,ed9burgh1 #bdb ,*auc]1 ,ge(frey1 e>ly editions1 #bjg1 #bea1 #bee1 #beh ,*auveau1 ,francois1 engrav]1 #bhi ,*ess1 ,game & ,play ( !1 #bje1 #bea ,*e/]1 pr9t+ at1 #bcg1 etc4 ,*iromantia1 block-book1 #bh ,*(f>d1 ,p4 ,p41 fleurons by1 #bia sq4 ,*ri/ian ,pray]s1 ,book ( 7,que5 ,elizabe?'s ,pray] ,book71 #bfd ,*ri/oph]1 ,s41 e>ly woodcut (1 #aai ,ciripagus1 mean+ ( ! ^w1 #dc ,civil ,w>1 its effects on ,ox=d pr9t+1 #bcf ,cl>k1 ,john1 engrav]1 #bid ,classics1 fir/ editions ( !1 #f ,claud91 ,anatole1 8 ,hi/oire de l',imprim]ie en ,france1 #adc ,clem5t ,v1 #adfj edition ( 8 ,con/itutiones1 #ef ,clem5te ( ,padua1 self-taught pr9t] at ,v5ice1 #fg1 #hi ,co*91 ,c41 ,p>is engrav]1 #bij sq4 ,cock1 ,hi]on1 ,antw]p engrav]1 #bgd -- ,pet]1 ,alo/ engrav]1 #bha ,cockson1 ,?omas1 ,london engrav]1 #bhc ,col9es1 ,simon1 8 ,horae1 #aeg2 relations ) ! ,e/i5nes1 #aga2 illu/rat$ books1 #aii ,collectors & ,collect+1 #a-ah1 #hc ,cologne1 pr9t+ at1 #fa1 #afi1 #bje1 #bbe1 #bca2 book-illu/ration at1 #aac ,cologne ,*ronicle1 its /ory ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 #cd ,colonna1 ,francesco4 ,see ,hypn]otoma*ia ,poliphili ,colophons1 #ad2 specim5s quot$1 #hj sq42 9 manuscript1 #ia ,col\r-pr9t+ 9 incunabula1 #abi sq41 #bec ,columna1 ,aegidius1 8 ,regimi5to de los pr9cipes1 #afc ,colv91 ,sir ,sidney1 8 ,e>ly engrav+s quot$1 #bha1 #cjj ,complut5sian ,polyglott4 ,see ,alcala ,con/ance1 ,das ,conciliumbu*1 illu/rat$ editions (1 #ajf1 #ahf ,conway1 ,sir ,m41 8 ,woodcutt]s ( ! ,ne!rl&s ,conwell1 ,cl>ke1 ,am]ican pr9t]1 #cjh ,copl&1 ,rob]t1 ,london pr9t]1 #bae1 #beh -- ,william1 ,london pr9t]1 #bae1 #bfj ,cornelis1 ! bookb9d]1 ( ,ha>lem1 #cg sq41 #da ,corrozet1 ,gilles1 8 v]ses to ,holbe9's cuts1 #aib2 o!r illu/rat$ books by1 #bjj sq4 ,coryat1 ,?omas1 ,crudities1 #bhe ,co/]1 ,l\r5s1 leg5d ( 8 inv5t+ pr9t+1 #cg sqq4 ,co/]iana1 gr\p ( books s call$1 #ci-da1 #gb ,cotton1 ,sir ,rob]t1 8 collections1 #b ,crana*1 ,lucas1 8 bookwork at ,witt5b]g1 #aij ,crem]1 ,he9ri*1 copy ( #db-l9e ,bible rubricat$ by1 #dg sq4 ,creussn]1 ,f41 ,nuremb]g pr9t]1 #fc1 #ajh ,cromwell1 ,?omas1 ,e>l (1 arms on title ( ,great ,bible1 #bfj ,croquet1 ,jean1 ( ,g5eva1 fir/ edition ( ,roman de la ,rose attribut$ to1 #afj note ,cross1 ! ,holy1 block-book hi/ory (1 #aah ,cunn+ham1 ,william1 8 ,cosmographicall ,glasse1 #bah1 #bfa ,dalles1 ,jean1 ,lyonnese wood-cutt]1 #aei ,daniel1 ,rev4 ,c4 ,h4 ,o41 private press1 #cjc ,danse ,macabre1 illu/rations to1 #ade1 #aea ,dante ,alighi]i1 illu/rat$ editions ( ,div9a ,comm$ia1 #abi1 #bfi1 #cjf sq4 ,d>m/adt ,progno/ication1 pr9t] ( !1 =g$ dates 9 8 books1 #eh ,davidson1 ,?omas1 ,ed9burgh pr9t]1 #bdj sq4 ,day1 ,john1 ,london pr9t]1 #bah sq41 #bcd2 illu/rat$ books1 #bfj sq4 -- ,mat!w1 pr9t] at ,cambridge1 ,mass41 #bde -- ,/eph51 fir/ pr9t] 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #bdd ,de ,bry1 family ( engrav]s1 #bgh-hj1 #bhb ,def5sorium inviolatae ca/itatis ,virg9is ,m>iae1 block-book1 #abg ,defoe1 ,daniel1 plates to ,rob9son ,crusoe1 #bid ,del>am1 ,francis1 engrav]1 #bhe sq4 ,delft1 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #gb ,d5ham1 ,h5ry1 ,london pr9t]1 #bbj ,d]rick1 ,john1 ,image ( ,irel&1 #bfd ,dev5t]1 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #gb1 #gd d',ewes1 ,sir ,simeon1 fate ( 8 manuscripts1 #d ,dialogus ,creaturum1 woodcuts 91 #aai ,dictes or ,say5gis ( ! ,philosoph]s1 ,caxton's1 #bjg ,didot1 family ( pr9t]s at ,p>is1 #cja ,digby1 ,sir ,k5elm ,digby1 b5efactions to libr>ies1 #e ,d9ckmut1 ,conrad1 illu/rat$ books1 #ajf sq4 ,doesborg1 ,jan van1 ,engli% books pr9t$ by1 #bcj ,dolet1 ,eti5ne1 pr9t] at ,lyon1 #agd ,donatus1 ,aelius1 e>ly editions ( 8 ,de octo p>tibus orationis1 #ce1 #cf1 #df1 #ea1 #fe ,d\ay1 ,engli% ,ca?olic books pr9t$ at1 #bcb ,dorat1 ,c4 ,j41 ,les ,bais]s1 #bic ,doves ,press1 #cjf ,d[nes1 ,?omas1 ,engli% booksell]1 pat5tee = ,iri% pr9t+1 #bdc ,dra*1 ,pet]1 ,spei] pr9t]1 #fc ,drayton1 ,mi*ael1 ,polyolbion1 #bhe ,dubl91 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #bdb sq4 ,du ,bosc1 ,claude1 engrav]1 #bid ,dudley1 ,e>l ( ,leice/]1 enc\rages ,ox=d pr9t+1 #bce ,duff1 ,e4 ,g41 on woodcuts 9 #adga ,bible1 #abe note2 on ,b]!let & ,pynson1 #bac2 on free trade 9 books1 #bbc2 on a book pr9t$ at ,/4 ,albans1 #bbe ,du ,gu]ni]1 ,l\is1 engrav]1 #bid ,du ,guescl91 ,b]tr&1 woodcut (1 #adf ,du ,m\l91 ,conrad1 buys a ,de ,salute ,corporis1 #ci ,dupre1 ,jean1 f9e pr9t] at ,p>is1 #ga2 8 illu/rat$ books1 #adc sqq41 #afj2 8 ,horae1 #aea sq4 ,dur]1 ,albre*t1 book-illu/rations by1 #aha sq41 #ahh ,dut* pr9t+ & book-illu/ration4 ,see ,holl& ,duranti1 ,gulielmus1 ,rationale diu9orum (ficiorum1 #adei edition1 #ef ,dyson1 ,humphrey1 book-collector1 #c ,ed9burgh pr9t+1 #bci-db ,editions1 numb] ( copies 9 e>ly1 #ba ,edw>d ,,vi1 woodcut (1 #bfj ,eg5olph1 ,*ri/ian1 illu/rat$ books1 #ahc1 #ahg ,ei*/att s]vice-books1 engrav+s 91 #bgj ,eis51 ,c41 illu/rator1 #bia sqq4 ,eliot1 ,john1 books by1 pr9t$ at ,cambridge1 ,mass41 #bdf ,elizabe?1 ,que51 portraits (1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bha sq42 h] ,pray] ,book1 #bfd ,el/on ,press1 #cjh ,el/racke1 ,r5old1 engrav]1 #bhe sq41 #bhh ,elzevir1 family ( pr9t]s1 #agg sqq4 ,emblem books1 #bge1 #bhj ,emd51 ,puritan books pr9t$ at1 #bcb ,engl&1 pr9t+ 91 #gf sq41 #bjd-bh1 #bcc-i1 #cjb-h ,engli% books pr9t$ abroad1 #bbh-cb ,engli% engrav$ illu/rations1 #bhj-i1 #bic-f ,engli% woodcut illu/rations1 #bej-ff ,engrav$ illu/rations1 #bfg-if ,epi/ole ed ,evangelii1 illu/rat$ ,flor5t9e ed41 #acf1 #aci ,eragny ,press1 #cjh ,erasmus1 ,desid]ius1 8 relations ) ,frob51 #agj1 #aia ,erv51 ,g4 van d]1 pr9t] at ,emd51 #bcb ,e4 ,s41 ! ,ma/]1 ,ars mori5di engrav+s by1 #be ,essl+1 ,pr9ce d'1 8 ,livres a figures v5iti5s quot$1 #abe note1 #abg1 #acj sq4 ,e/i5ne1 family ( s*ol>-pr9t]s1 #aga sqq4 ,eton1 pr9t+ at1 #bcd ,eu/ace1 ,guil41 8 ,horae1 #aef ,exet]1 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #bcg ,f1 woodcuts sign$1 at ,v5ice1 #abh2 at ,p>is1 #bjj ,fabyan's ,*ronicle1 ,pynson's ed41 #beg ,fai?orne1 ,w41 engrav]1 #bhi ,faques or ,fawkes1 ,ri*>d1 ,london pr9t]1 #bae ,faques1 ,william1 ,royal ,pr9t]1 #bad ,fell1 ,bi%op1 buys ,dut* types = ,ox=d1 #bih ,f]r>a1 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #fh1 #gj2 book-illu/rations1 #adj ,fi*et1 ,guillaume1 lett] on inv5tion ( pr9t+1 #cc1 #dd2 invites pr9t]s to ! ,sorbonne1 #gj ,field1 ,ri*>d1 ,london pr9t]1 #bba ,fifte5 ,oes1 ,caxton's edition1 #beb ,fir/ books pr9t$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries & t[ns1 _! int]e/1 #gh sq4 ,fi%]1 ,bi%op1 woodcuts to 8 fun]al s]mons1 #bed ,flor5ce1 e>ly pr9t+1 #fg1 #gj1 book-illu/ration at1 #acc-i1 #bfg2 ,v5etian imitation ( ,flor5t9e /yle1 #aif ,florio1 ,john1 engrav$ portrait1 #bhg ,foliation1 or leaf-numb]s1 fir/ us$ by !r ,ho]n51 #fb ,fo/]1 ,john1 fir/ pr9t] at ,bo/on1 ,mass41 #bdg ,f\l]1 ,john1 ,engli% pr9t] at ,antw]p & ,l\va91 #bcb ,f\lis1 ,rob]t & ,&rew1 ,glasg[ pr9t]s1 #bih ,foxe1 ,john1 8 ,actes & ,monum5ts1 or ,book ( ,m>tyrs1 #bai1 #bfb ,france1 pr9t+ 91 #gj-b1 #agj-e1 #bbd2 book-illu/ration1 #adc-fa1 #aig-bjb1 #bhi-ic ,franciscus1 ,magi/]1 ,s*oeff]'s corrector1 #ea ,francke 7or ,franckton71 ,john1 ,dubl9 pr9t]1 #bdc ,frank=t am ,ma91 book-illu/ration at1 #ahd1 #aic1 #bgh sqq4 ,frankl91 ,b5jam91 pr9t] at ,philadelphia1 #bdh ,freez 7or ,w&s=?71 ,g]>d1 ,york pr9t]1 #bbe ,freiburg]1 ,g]+ & ,crantz1 fir/ ,p>is pr9t]s1 #gj sq4 ,frezzi1 ,bi%op1 ,quatriregio1 illu/rat$ editions1 #aci ,frob51 ,johann1 s*ol>ly pr9t] at ,basel1 #agj2 8 book-decorations1 #aia ,front1 ! 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inv5tion ( pr9t+1 #cc-f1 #dd sqq42 books he may h pr9t$1 #ea sq4 ,ha>lem1 its claims to be ! bir?place ( pr9t+1 #cg sqq41 #gb ,hakluyt1 ,ri*>d1 ,voyages1 #bgh ,hamman1 ,johann4 ,see ,h]zog ,han1 ,ulri*1 e>ly pr9t] at ,rome1 #fe1 #fg sq41 types1 #ij2 pr9t$ ! fir/ ,italian illu/rat$ book1 #abc ,h>d\yn1 ,g]ma9 & ,gilles1 _! ,horae1 #aef ,h>+ton1 ,sir ,john1 on ! plates 9 8 ,orl&o ,furioso1 #bhc ,h>rison1 ,/eph51 ,ar*s ( ,triumph1 #bhd ,h>tlieb1 ,johann1 block-book ( ,die ,kun/ ,*iromantia1 #bh ,h>v>d ,college1 pr9t+ at1 #bdd sq4 ,haydock1 ,ri*>d1 engrav]1 #bhd ,hayman1 ,francis1 illu/rator1 #bif ,heb]1 ,ri*>d1 "* ( 8 collection1 #f ,hemp/ead 7,essex71 secret pr9t+ at1 #bbh ,h5ry ,v1 woodcut ( ,lydgate (f]+ book to1 #beg ,h5ry ,,vii1 books decorat$ by ,v]>d =1 #adh2 woodcut ( 8 fun]al1 #bed ,h5ry ,,viii protects ,engli% book-trade1 #bbb1 #bcd ,h]oologia engrav+s1 #bhe ,h]t=t or ,h]=d1 ,john1 pr9t] at ,/4 ,albans & ,london1 #bbd sq4 ,h]zog1 ,johann1 pr9ts ,s>um ,missal at ,v5ice1 #bbi ,hessels1 ,dr41 8 !ories on ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 #ch sqq4 ,heynlyn1 ,jean1 sup]9t5ds fir/ ,p>is press1 #gj ,heywood1 ,?omas1 woodcut (1 #bfj2 engrav+s to 8 ,hi]>*ie ( ! ,bless$ ,angels1 #bhf ,higman1 ,nicolas1 ,horae1 #aef ,h9d1 ,a4 ,m41 quot$1 #bhd1 #bij ,hobby-,horse1 exp]im5ts 9 pr9t+ 91 #cjd ,hog>?1 ,william1 book-illu/rations1 #bie sq4 ,hog5b]g1 ,franciscus & ,remigius1 engrav]s1 #bha sq4 ,holbe91 ,ambrosius1 book-decorations1 #aia -- ,hans1 book-decorations & illu/rations1 #aia sq41 #bei sq4 ,hole1 ,william1 engrav]1 #bhe1 #bhg ,hol9%$1 ,raphael1 ,*ronicle1 #bfe ,holl&1 claims to ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 #cb-dc2 pr9t+ 91 #gb2 book-illu/rations1 #aai-bb ,holl&1 ,h41 pr9t-sell]1 #bhe ,holl>1 ,w5ceslaus1 engrav]1 #bhg ,hom]1 ! ,flor5t9e1 #afg2 9 ,fr5*1 #bja2 ,*apman's1 #bhg2 ,ogilby's ,odyssey1 #bhg2 ,proctor's1 #cjg ,hondius1 ,jodocus1 engrav]1 #bhc sq4 ,hopyl1 ,wolfgang1 ,missals by1 #aih1 #bbi ,horace1 ,p9e's ed41 #bie sq41 #cjj2 ,f\lis1 #bih ,horae1 ,p>is editions1 #aea-g1 #bfd2 ,plant9's1 #bge ,hornby1 ,c4 ,/4 ,john1 private press1 #hh1 #cjf ,hros)a1 illu/rations to h] ,com$ies1 #ahb ,hunte1 ,?omas1 ,ox=d /ation]1 p>tn] 9 ,rood's press1 #gf1 #bji ,hurn+1 ,hans4 ,see ,wal!r1 ,f41 & ,hans ,hurn+ ,hurus1 ,paul1 illu/rat$ books1 #afb ,huss1 ,m>t91 illu/rat$ books1 #aeh ,huv91 ,jean1 probable p>tn] 7,i4 ,h47 ( ,jul4 ,not>y1 #bad ,hylton1 ,walt]1 ,scala p]fectionis1 ,de ,worde's ed41 #bec ,hypn]otoma*ia ,poliphili1 #ij1 #aca sq42 ,fr5* v]sion (1 #bja i1 ia41 woodcuts sign$1 #abh ,i4,d41 woodcut sign$1 #aei ,imprese1 engrav+s (1 #bgg ,incipits ( books1 quot$1 #ic ,incunabula1 /udy (1 #ab sq42 ! ^w mislead+1 #gg2 po9ts (1 #gh sq4 ,indulg5ces1 pr9t$ at ,ma9z1 #dg ,ipswi*1 pr9t+ at1 #bbf ,irel&1 pr9t+ 91 #bdb sq4 ,italic type1 #ia1 #bah ,italy1 pr9t+ 91 #fe-gj1 #afe-i1 #bbd2 book-illu/ration 91 #abc-db ,james ,i1 works & portrait1 #bhh ,janot1 ,d5is1 pr9t] ( ,fr5* illu/rat$ books1 #bjj ,j5son1 ,nicolas1 pr9t] at ,v5ice1 #fg1 #he ,jesuit press 7#aehj71 #bbh ,jewel1 ,bi%op1 books aga9/1 pr9t$ at ,antw]p & ,l\va91 #bcb ,johnes1 ,?omas1 private press1 #bch ,johnson1 ,m>maduke1 pr9t] at ,cambridge1 ,mass41 #bdf ,junius1 ,hadrianus1 8 /ory ( ,co/]1 #cg sq4 ,ju/9ian1 9 ,c\ncil1 metal-cut (1 #aih ,ke>ney1 ,william1 ,dubl9 pr9t]1 #bdc ,kef]1 or ,keff]1 ,he9ri*1 s]vant ( ,gut5b]g1 #dg1 #fc ,keim]1 ,samuel1 pr9t] at ,philadelphia1 #bdh ,kei?1 ,george1 8 ,appeal f ! ,tw5ty-eight ,judges1 #bdh ,k]v]1 ,?ielmann1 ,horae1 #aef ,ke?am1 ,johannes1 ,fascicolo di ,m$ic9a1 illu/rat$1 #abi ,kipl+1 ,r41 contribution to a s*ool magaz9e1 #h ,knoblo*tz]1 ,h41 ,/rassburg pr9t]1 #fj2 illu/rat$ books1 #aaa ,kobel1 ,jakob1 pr9t] at ,opp5heim1 #aic ,kob]g]1 ,anton1 l>ge/ ,nuremb]g pr9t]1 #fc2 illu/rat$ books1 #ajh1 #ahc ,koelh(f1 ,johann1 fa!r & son1 pr9t]s at ,cologne1 #aac ,kyng/on1 ,felix1 ,engli% booksell]1 pat5tee = ,iri% pr9t+1 #bdc ,kyr=?1 ,samuel1 ,ox=d pr9t]1 #bbd ,la]1 ,john1 ( ,sib]*4 ,see ,sib]* ,la ,fonta9e1 ,jean1 illu/rat$ editions ( 8 ,fables & ,contes1 #bij sq4 ,la+1 ,david1 on ! ,bruges ,des cas des nobles hommes1 #bga ,la ,m>*e1 ,olivi] de1 illu/rations to 8 ,*evali] ,delib]e1 #abb1 #adg1 #adi1 #bfc ,lambe? ,palace1 pr9t+ at1 #bcd ,lant1 ,?omas1 engrav]1 #bhb ,la ,ro*elle1 ,m>prelate tract pr9t$ at1 #bbh ,laud1 ,ar*bi%op1 b5efactions to libr>ies1 #e ,lau]1 ,georg1 e>ly pr9t] at ,rome1 #fh ,le ,bey1 ,d5is1 8 ,emblems1 #bhj ,leeu1 ,g]>d1 pr9t] at ,g\da & ,antw]p1 #gb2 colophon record+ 8 dea? quot$1 #ha2 sells cuts to ,koelh(f1 #aac1 #abj2 8 illu/rat$ books1 #aai sq42 ,engli% books pr9t$ by1 #bbi sq4 ,legate1 ,john1 ,cambridge pr9t]1 #bce ,legge1 ,cantrell1 ,cambridge pr9t]1 #bce ,le ,hu51 ,nicole1 8 adaptation ( ,breid5ba*1 #afa1 #bgj ,leipzig pr9t+1 #fd1 #afi2 book-illu/rations1 #aaf ,lekpreuit1 ,rob]t1 ,scotti% pr9t]1 #bda ,lemb]g]1 ,georg1 bookwork at ,witt5b]g1 #aij ,le ,r\ge1 ,pi]re1 pr9ts = ,v]>d1 #aej ,l]oy1 ,guil41 fir/ pr9t] at ,lyon1 #ga2 illu/rat$ books1 #aeh sq4 ,le ,sign]re1 ,guil41 illu/rat$ books1 #ada ,le ,talleur1 ,guil41 pr9t] at ,r\51 pr9ts = ,pynson1 #baa sq4 ,lett\1 ,john1 fir/ pr9t] 9 ! ,city ( ,london1 #gg1 #baj1 #beb ,leyd51 pr9t+ at1 #agf1 #agg ,lignam9e1 ,joh4 ,phil4 de1 on ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 #cd2 8 own press1 #fh ,lir]1 ,?omas1 ,*ronik1 illu/rat$ ed41 #ajg ,lisa1 ,g]>d1 fir/ pr9t] at ,treviso1 #fg sq41 #gj ,locatellus1 ,bonetus1 ,v5ice pr9t]1 #fi ,lock]-,lampson1 ,f41 8 copy ( ,blake's ,songs ( ,innoc5ce & ,exp]i5ce1 #aa ,london1 pr9t+ 9 ! ,city (1 #gg ,longus1 ,daphnis et ,*loe1 #bij ,l\va91 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #gc2 book-illu/ration1 #abb2 ,engli% books1 #bcb ,l[nes1 ,mat!w1 ,engli% booksell]1 pat5tee = ,iri% pr9t+1 #bdc ,lubeck e>ly pr9t+1 #fd2 book-illu/ration at1 #aac sq4 ,lucrece1 ,b]!let's device (1 #bei ,lutzelburg]1 ,hans1 ,holbe9's wood-cutt]1 #aib ,luyk51 ,jan & ,casp]1 engrav]s1 #bhi ,lydgate1 ,john1 woodcut (1 #beg4 ,= 8 ,falles ( ,pryncis1 see ,boccaccio1 ,de ,casibus ,lyne1 ,john1 engrav]1 #bhb ,lyon1 pr9t+ at1 #ga1 #aga1 #agc sq42 illu/ration1 #aeg-fa1 #bjb ,macf>lane1 ,john1 monograph on ,anto9e ,v]>d1 #adg ,ma*l9ia1 ,william1 pr9t] at ,london1 #gg1 #baj1 #beb ,madan1 ,falcon]1 on ,ox=d pr9t+1 #bcf ,magdeburg e>ly pr9t+1 #fd ,ma9z1 pr9t+ z a practical art inv5t$ at1 #dd-eh2 book-illu/ration1 #aad sq4 ,malbor[ 9 ! l& ( ,hesse1 d\btful impr9t1 #bca ,mal]mi ,bible4 ,see ,bible1 ,italian ,malone1 ,e41 bequea?s books to ! ,bodleian1 #e ,mansion1 ,col>d1 ,bruges pr9t]1 #gb1 #abb1 #bje sq41 #bga sq4 ,manutius1 ,aldus1 8 "w1 #aff-h2 l>ge roman type1 #ij2 italic octavos1 #ia1 #afg1 #aif2 ,hypn]otoma*ia1 #aca sq42 ,lyonnese c\nt]feits ( 8 octavos1 #agc -- -- ! y\ng]1 #afh -- ,paulus1 #afh ,m>*ant1 ,gui41 illu/rat$ books1 #ade ,m>g>et ,du*ess ( ,burgundy1 ,caxton's patron1 #bjd1 #bgb -- ,du*ess ( ,ri*mond1 woodcut ( h] fun]al1 #bee ,m>g9s1 "r proportions1 #ig ,m>prelate press1 #bbh ,m>%1 ,ar*bi%op1 libr>y f\nd$ by1 #d-e ,m>%all1 ,william1 engrav]1 #bhf sqq4 ,m>y1 ,pr9cess1 daught] ( ,h5ry ,,vii1 woodcut ( h] reception ( ,spani% ,embassy1 #beg ,ma/] & ,pupil1 me?od ( depict+1 #ace & note ,maximilian1 ! ,emp]or1 illu/rat$ books 9 8 hon\r1 #ahb sq41 #ahe sq41 #ahh sq4 ,maynyal1 ,george1 pr9ts s]vice-books = ,caxton1 #bbi ,m5tel91 ,johann1 fir/ pr9t] at ,/rassburg1 #fj2 manuscript colophon (1 #ia sq4 ,m]rym\nt ,press1 ,bo/on 7,mass471 #cjh ,middelburg1 ,engli% books pr9t$ at1 #bcb ,milan e>ly pr9t+1 #fh sq42 book-illu/ration1 #abe1 #ada ,mill]1 ,w4 ,h41 "* ( 8 collection1 #f ,millet1 ,jacques1 illu/rations to 8 ,de/ruction de ,troye la ,grant1 #add1 #aeh1 #aih ,milton1 ,john1 portrait by ,m>%all1 #bhh ,mirabilia ,romae1 block-book1 #bh ,mispr9t$ dates at ,b>celona1 #ge2 at ,ox=d1 #bji ,mit*ell1 ,john4 ,see ,my*ell ,moli]e1 ,francois1 illu/rations to1 #bij1 #bic ,moln]1 ,!odoricus1 confus$ ) ,!od4 ,rood1 #bji ,mondovi1 good roman type1 #hi ,montanus1 ,arias1 relations ) ,plant91 #bge sq4 ,monte ,regio1 ,johannes de4 ,see ,mull] ,montesquieu1 ,le ,temple de ,gnide1 #bij1 #bic ,moore1 ,bi%op1 fate ( 8 books1 #d ,moreau1 ,fr5* illu/rator1 #bib ,morris1 ,william1 admir$ ,subiaco type1 #hh2 on ! d\ble page z ! unit 9 a book1 #ih2 on ! illu/rator ( ,ca\rs91 #ajh2 8 set ( pro(s ( ,ri*el's ,spiegel1 #aji note2 8 decorative bookwork1 #abf2 ! ,kelmscott press1 #cjd sq4 ,moxon1 ,joseph1 8 ,me*anick ,ex]cises1 #bih ,mull]1 ,johann1 8 ,cal5d>s1 #bg1 #abe2 8 "w z a pr9t]1 #ajh ,musurus1 ,m>cus1 ,aldus copies 8 ,greek script1 #afg ,mutius ,scaevola1 bord] repres5t+1 #bef ,my*ell 7or ,mit*ell71 ,john1 pr9t] at ,cant]bury & ,london1 #bbg ,myll>1 ,&rew1 fir/ ,scotti% pr9t]1 #bci ,myln]1 ,ursyn1 ,york pr9t]1 #bbe ,n1 woodcuts sign$1 #abh ,naples e>ly pr9t+1 #gj2 book-illu/ration1 #abd ,negk]1 ,&rea & ,jo/ de1 wood-cutt]s1 #ahh ,neob>1 ,conrad1 pr9t] ( ,greek1 #agb ,ne!rl&s4 ,see ,holl&2 ,belgium ,neuf ,preux1 ,les1 ,fr5* block-book1 #bi ,neumei/]1 ,johann1 pr9t] at ,foligno1 ,ma9z1 ,albi1 etc41 #aad ,newca/le1 pr9t+ at1 #bcf sq42 ,new ,te/am5t1 ,tyndale's1 #bca2 ,eliot's1 #bdf ,niclas1 ,h5drik1 8 books pr9t$ at ,am/]dam1 #bcb ,nits*ewitz1 ,h]mann1 ,psalt]ium ,b4,m4,v41 #aag ,norwi*1 ,dut* books pr9t$ at1 #bcc2 o!r pr9t+ at1 #bch ,not>y1 ,julyan1 e>ly pr9t] at ,london1 #gg1 #bac sq41 #bbb ,nuremb]g1 pr9t+ at1 #fc1 #afi2 book-illu/ration at1 #ajh1 #aaf sq41 #aha-d1 #aic ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle4 ,see ,s*$el ,nut-,br[n ,maid1 ! e>lie/ text 9 ,arnold's ,*ronicle1 #bcj ,ogilby1 ,john1 illu/rat$ books1 #bhi ,o',ke>ney1 ,john1 ,iri% pr9t+ by1 #bdc ,op]a nova contemplativa1 ,v5etian block-book1 #bj sq41 #bi ,opp5heim1 book-decoration at1 #aic ,ortu9 & ,s*5ck1 pr9t]s ( ,roman de la ,rose1 #afj ,os1 ,piet] van1 e>ly pr9t] at ,zwolle1 #gb ,o/5dorf]1 ,mi*ael1 illu/rations by1 #aij ,osw51 ,john1 pr9t] at ,ipswi* & ,worce/]1 #bbi sq4 ,ov]ton1 ,john1 pr9t] 787 at ,ipswi*1 #bbf ,ovid1 illu/rations to 8 ,metamorphoses1 #bib ,ox=d1 pr9t+ at1 #gf1 #bji1 #bbd1 #bcd sqq41 #beb1 #cjb sq4 ,pac9i1 ,pi]o & ,b]n>do1 publi%]s ( illu/rat$ books at ,flor5ce1 #aci ,pad]born1 ,johann4 ,see ,we/phalia1 ,john ( ,palm>t1 ,lamb]t1 fir/ pr9t] 9 ,spa91 #ge1 #gh1 #hi ,pap]1 made at ,h]t=d1 #bab2 ,tottell seeks a monopoly = mak+1 #bbj ,p>is1 pr9t+ 91 #gj sqq41 #aga sqq42 book-illu/ration1 #adc-ef1 #aig-bja1 #bhi-ic ,p>k]1 ,ar*bi%op1 8 ef=ts to rescue old books1 #b2 patron ( ,john ,day1 #bai2 & ( ,bynneman1 #bbj2 8 ,de ,antiquitate ,brit4 ,eccl4 p]haps pr9t$ at ,lambe?1 #bai1 #bcd2 engrav$ portrait1 #bhb ,p>ma1 ,bask]ville's press at1 #cjj ,passe family1 engrav]s1 #bhf1 #bhh ,passio dom9i no/ri ,jesu ,*ri/i1 ,v5etian block-book1 #bh1 #abc ,paulir9us1 ,paul9us1 on ! ^w ciripagus1 #dc ,pavia1 book-illu/ration at1 #ada ,pe>tree1 ,montagu1 article on possible portrait ( ,caxton1 #bgc ,pepwell1 ,h5ry1 ,london pr9t]1 #baf ,pepys1 ,s41 beque/ ( 8 books1 #e ,petr>ca1 ,f41 illu/rat$ editions ( 8 ,trionfi1 #abg1 #aci ,petri1 ,johann1 e>ly pr9t] at ,flor5ce1 #fg ,pfi/]1 ,albre*t1 pr9t] ( illu/rat$ books at ,bamb]g1 #ai1 #cb1 #ea1 #ei ,philadelphia1 fir/ pr9t+ at1 #bdg ,philippe1 ,reg5t ( ,france1 engrav$ illu/rations to ,longus1 #bij ,phillipps1 ,sir ,?omas1 private pr9t+ by1 #bci ,pig\*et1 ,philippe1 pr9ts ,le ,*a/eau de ,labeur1 #aej2 8 ,horae1 #aed ,p9d]1 ,ulri*1 private press at ,nuremb]g1 #ahd ,p9e1 ,john1 engrav]1 #bid sqq4 ,plant91 ,*ri/oph]1 pr9t] at ,antw]p1 #age sq42 woodcut illu/ration1 #bjb sq42 engrav$1 #bgd sqq4 ,plateanus1 ,!odoricus 7,dirick van d] ,/rat571 pr9t] at ,wesel1 #bbf ,plates1 tr\bles aris+ f 9 books1 #bfg ,pleyd5wurff1 ,wilhelm1 book-illu/rations by1 #aaf ,poiti]s1 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #gb ,polidori1 ,gaetano1 8 private press1 #bci ,pope1 erasure ( ! ^w1 #bfj ,popi% app>el1 ,puritan tracts aga9/1 #bcb ,poppy-pr9t] ( ,lubeck1 #aad ,porro1 ,girolamo1 engraves plates = ,orl&o ,furioso1 #bgg1 #bhc ,p[ell1 ,humphrey1 ,engli% pr9t] 9 ,dubl91 #bdb ,pr9t+1 *anges 9 ! primacy (1 #af1 #afi1 #agj1 #agg2 inv5tion (1 #cb-eh2 e>ly progress (1 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 #ei-hb2 its te*nical developm5t1 #hc-ii2 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 #afe-gi2 9 ,engl&1 #bjd-bc2 9 ! prov9ces ( ,engl&1 #bbd-h1 #bcc-h2 on ! ,cont95t = ! ,engli% m>ket1 #bbi-cc2 private1 #bch sq42 9 ,scotl&1 #bci sqq42 9 ,irel&1 #bdb sq42 9 ! ,engli% colonies 9 ,am]ica1 #bdc sqq4 ,private presses 9 ,engl&1 #bch sq41 #cjc sqq4 ,proctor1 ,rob]t1 f\nd beauty 9 all incunabula1 #aj1 #ci2 classification ( !m1 #ab2 ,greek type1 #agf1 #cjg ,prov9cial pr9t+ 9 ,engl&1 #i1 #gf1 #bjh sq41 #bbd-g1 #bcd-h ,pruss1 ,johann1 ( ,/rassburg1 illu/rat$ books1 #aaa1 #afb ,psalms1 ! ,new ,engl& v]sion ( !1 #bdd sq4 ,psalt]1 ,lat91 ( #adeg1 #ed1 #hc2 ( #adei1 #ee2 co/ ( writ+ & illum9at+ a manuscript1 #hd ,ptolemy1 ,cosmographia 7or ,geographia71 illu/rat$ editions (1 #ff1 #ajg ,pynson1 ,r41 numb] ( copies 9 8 editions1 #ba2 "w z a pr9t]1 #baa1 #bab sq41 #bbb2 book-illu/rations1 #bee-i ,qu>les1 ,francis1 ,hi]oglyphikes ( ! ,life ( ,man1 #bhg ,qu5tell1 ,he9ri*1 ( ,cologne1 8 illu/rat$ books1 #aac2 8 ,bible cuts copi$1 #aab1 #aad1 #abf1 #abh ,qu9t]niones1 a "n = manuscripts1 #id ,quire1 orig9 ( ! ^w1 #id ,quir+ 9 old books1 #id sqq42 collection by1 #if sq4 ,r-pr9t]1 !1 ( ,/rassburg1 #fj ,rappres5tazioni1 illu/rat$ ,flor5t9e editions1 #ach ,r>ity1 effect on value ( books1 #g sq4 ,ra/ell1 ,john1 lawy]-pr9t]1 #bae1 #bbb1 #beh -- ,william1 pr9t$ ,engli% plays1 #bae ,ratdolt1 ,erh>d1 e>ly pr9t] at ,v5ice1 #fi2 titlepage to 8 ,cal5d>1 #ic2 8 decorative "w at ,v5ice1 #abe sq42 at ,augsburg1 #ajf2 col\r-pr9t+ by1 #abi ,rawl9son1 ,ri*>d1 gives manuscripts to ! ,bodleian1 #e ,raynold1 ,?omas1 8 ed4 ( ! ,bir? ( ,mank9d1 #bhj ,recuyell ( ! ,hi/ories ( ,troye1 #bjf1 #bed2 engrav+ 9 ,*atswor? copy ( ,caxton's1 #bgb ,r$man1 ,rob]t1 ,pynson's successor1 #baf1 #bbb ,r$ pr9t+1 difficulty (1 #hf1 #bbh sq42 colophons 91 #ib ,regiomontanus4 ,see ,mull] ,re9h>d1 ,johann4 ,see ,grun+] ,retza1 ,fran4 de1 block-book ( 8 ,def5sorium1 #bg ,reuwi*1 ,erh>d1 illu/rator ( ,breid5ba*'s ,p]egr9atio1 #ajh1 #aae sq4 ,reys]1 ,georg1 fir/ ,wurzburg pr9t]1 #fd1 #bfi sq4 -- ,mi*el1 fir/ ,ei*/att pr9t]1 #fd1 #bfi sq4 ,rheims1 ,engli% ,ca?olic books pr9t$ at1 #bcb ,ri*>d ,,iii1 ,/atute p]mitt+ free importation ( books into ,engl&1 #bji1 #bbb ,ri*>d1 ,?omas1 pr9t] at ,tavi/ock1 #bbf ,ri*el1 ,b]nh>d1 e>ly pr9t] at ,basel1 8 illu/rat$ books1 #aji1 #aeh ,ricketts1 ,*>les1 ! ,vale ,press books1 #cjg ,rod]icus ,zamor5sis1 illu/rat$ editions ( 8 ,speculum ,humanae ,vitae1 #ajd1 #aei1 #afb ,rodli*1 ,hi]onymus1 8 illu/rat$ books1 #aic ,rog]s1 ,bruce1 f9e pr9t]1 #cjh -- ,william1 engrav]1 #bhd1 #bhg ,rolew9ck1 ,w]n]1 all 8 books pr9t$ by !r ,ho]n51 #fb2 ,v5ice editions ( 8 ,fasciculus ,temporum1 #abf2 ,seville ed41 #afa ,roman de la ,rose1 e>ly editions (1 #afj ,roman type1 #hh-ij ,rome1 pr9t+ at1 #fe1 #afg2 book-illu/ration at1 #abc1 #bfh1 #bgc1 #bgf ,rome "u ! ,ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo1 spuri\s impr9t1 #bcc ,rood1 ,!odoricus1 pr9t] at ,ox=d1 #gf ,ross1 ,john1 ,ed9burgh pr9t]1 #bdb ,r\5 e>ly pr9t+1 #gb1 #adf2 ,engli% books1 #bbe1 #bbi ,ruppel1 ,b]?old1 ( ,hanau1 ,basel pr9t]1 #dg1 #fj ,ruscelli1 ,j]ononimo1 8 ,imprese1 #bgg ,rus*1 ,adolf1 ! ,r-pr9t]1 #fj2 roman type us$ by1 #hh ,ryl&s1 ,w4 ,h41 engrav]1 #bif ,ry!r1 ,augu/9e1 engrav]1 #bhb ,sa9t ,albans1 pr9t+ at1 #gf1 #bjh1 #bbd sq41 #bec ,sa9t ,&rews1 pr9t+ at1 #bda ,sa9t ,om]1 ,engli% ,ca?olic books pr9t$ at1 #bcb ,saluzzo1 book-illu/ration at1 #ada ,sanctis1 ,hi]onymus de1 wood-cutt] & pr9t] at ,v5ice1 #abg ,s&]son1 ,cobd51 f9e pr9t+ by1 #cjf ,s&ys1 ,george1 ,relation ( a ,j\rney1 #bhe ,santritt]1 ,johann1 illu/rator & pr9t] at ,v5ice1 #abg ,s>agossa1 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #ge2 illu/ration1 #afb ,s>um s]vice-books mo/ly pr9t$ abroad1 #bbi2 _! importation into ,scotl& =bidd51 #bdj ,savon>ola1 ,girolamo1 illu/rat$ editions ( 8 tracts1 #acc sq41 #acg ,savile1 ,sir ,h5ry1 8 press at ,eton1 #bcd ,saxton1 ,*ri/oph]1 maps by1 #bhb ,sayle1 ,c41 8 catalogue ( ,engli% books 9 ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 #bcc ,s*atzbehalt]4 ,see ,/ephan ,s*aufele91 ,hans ,leonh>d1 book-illu/rations by1 #ahd1 #ahh sq4 ,s*$el1 ,h>tmann1 8 ,lib] ,*ronic>um1 #aag ,s*ild]s1 ,ri*>d1 ,engli% books pr9t$ by1 #bcb sq4 ,s*oeff]1 ,johann1 pr9t] at ,ma9z1 #eh1 #afi -- ,pet]1 a witness on ! side ( ,fu/1 #dg2 8 %>e 9 ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 #ej sq42 books pr9t$ by him1 #ec-h2 8 me?od ( pr9t+1 #ha-f1 #ie2 8 type1 #ij ,s*on1 ,erh>d1 illu/rations by1 #ahc ,s*reib]1 ,w41 8 ,manuel de l',amateur1 quot$1 #bd1 #ajj note1 #aad2 8 block-books1 #ca ,s*waba*] type1 #ij ,scol>1 ,johannes1 pr9t] at ,ox=d1 #bbd2 & at ,ab+don1 #bbf ,scolok]1 ,an?ony1 pr9t] at ,ipswi* & ,london1 #bbf ,scot1 ,john1 ,scotti% pr9t]1 #bdj sq4 ,scotl&1 pr9t+ 91 #bci-db ,secret pr9t+ 9 ,elizabe?'s reign1 #bbh ,seg>1 ,sir ,w41 ,hon\r1 ,milit>y & ,civil1 #bhd ,seld51 ,w41 8 books g to ! ,bodleian1 #e ,s5s5s*midt1 ,johann1 fir/ pr9t] at ,nuremb]g1 #fc2 8 illu/rat$ books1 #ajh ,sessa1 family ( pr9t]s1 illu/rat$ books1 #aif ,seville1 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #ge2 illu/ration1 #afa1 #afc ,%akespe>e1 ,fir/ ,folio1 #h2 illu/rations to1 #bid sqq4 ,%rewsbury1 pr9t+ at1 #bcg sq4 ,sib]*1 ,john ,la] (1 fir/ ,cambridge pr9t]1 #bbe ,sibyll5bu*1 e>ly ,ma9z fragm5t (1 #df ,sidney1 ,sir ,philip1 title-bord] to #aeih ed4 ( 8 ,arcadia1 #bff2 engrav+ ( 8 fun]al1 #bhb ,siem51 illu/rat$ books publi%$ at1 #aic ,signatures ( arti/s or wood-cutt]s 9 ,italian books1 #abh1 #aid2 9 ,g]man books1 #aid2 9 ,fr5* books1 #aeg1 #aei ,signatures 7typographic71 fir/ us$ by ,joh4 ,koelh(f1 #fb2 _! orig91 #id2 example ( collation by1 #if ,silb]1 ,eu*>ius1 pr9t] at ,rome1 #afi ,simon1 das susses k9d1 woodcuts ( 8 hi/ory1 #ajc1 #ajh ,small books1 #bad2 /ages 9 _! popul>ity1 #aff1 #agc1 #agh ,smi?1 ,ri*>d1 book-collector1 #c ,solempne1 ,antony de1 ,dut* pr9t] at ,norwi*1 #bcc ,sorbonne1 fir/ ,p>is press at !1 #gj2 roman type us$ at1 #hi2 p]secution ( pr9t]s by its !ologians1 #agd ,sorg1 ,anton1 ( ,augsburg1 illu/rat$ books1 #aje ,spaces left blank = head+s & capitals1 #he2 = illu/rations1 #adc ,spa91 e>ly pr9t+ 91 #gd-f1 #agf sq41 #bbd2 book-illu/ration1 #afa-d ,spani% ,armada1 engrav+s (1 #bhb ,speculum ,humanae ,saluationis p>tly block-pr9t$1 #bf1 #ci2 fate ( ! blocks1 #dj1 #aah2 ,augsburg ed4 (1 #ajc2 ,basel ed4 ( 79 ,g]man71 #aji1 #aej2 ,fr5* ed4 at ,lyons1 #aeh ,speculum ,humanae ,vitae4 ,see ,rod]icus ,zamor5sis ,speculum ,vitae ,*ri/i1 ,caxton's edition1 #beb sq4 ,spei]1 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #fc -- ,johann (1 fir/ pr9t] at ,v5ice1 #ff sq41 #hi -- ,w5del9 (1 successor ( ,johann1 #fg1 #hi ,sp5s]1 ,edmund1 woodcuts to 8 ,%ephe>des ,cal5d]1 #bfe ,sp9del]1 ,nic41 illu/rat$ books1 #afb sq4 ,spo]]1 ,hans1 block-books pr9t$ by1 #be ,spr+9klee1 ,hans1 illu/rator1 #ahc1 #ahh ,/agn9us1 ,b]n>d9us1 8 illu/rat$ s]vice-books1 #aie ,/anheim1 ,mel*ior1 arbitrator on book-illu/rat+1 #fc1 #ajc ,/ation]s' ,company1 #bba sq41 #bbg1 #bcc sq4 ,/eele1 ,rob]t1 on ,engli% books pr9t$ abroad1 #bcc ,/ephan1 ,p41 ,s*atzbehalt]1 #aaf ,/eyn]1 ,hans1 illu/rat$ books by1 #ahe1 #ahg ,/ill+fleet1 ,ar*bi%op1 fate ( 8 libr>y1 #d ,/(fl]1 ,hans1 ma!matical works by1 curi\sly decorat$1 #ahi ,/ory1 ,john1 ,ed9burgh pr9t]1 #bdj ,/rassburg1 pr9t+ at1 #ei sq41 #afi2 book-illu/ration at1 #aab sqq41 #ahg1 #aij sq4 ,/rat51 ,dirick van d]4 ,see ,plateanus ,/rawb]ry ,hill1 ,horace ,walpole's press at1 #bch ,/u*s1 ,g41 ,nuremb]g pr9t]1 #fc ,/ule1 ,k>olus1 ,ed9burgh publi%]1 #bdj ,/urt1 ,john1 engrav]1 #bid sq4 ,subiaco1 books pr9t$ at1 #fe ,sweynheym & ,pann>tz1 numb] ( copies 9 _! editions1 #ba note1 #ff2 e>ly ref]5ce to1 #cd2 books pr9t$ by1 #fe sq42 _! types1 #hh -- ,conrad1 engraves maps = #adgh ,ptolemy1 #ff1 #bfh ,tacu9us1 ,joannes1 ,v5ice pr9t]1 #fi ,tate1 ,john1 pap]mak]1 #bab ,tav]n]1 ,john1 ,london /ation]1 #bbb ,tavi/ock1 pr9t+ at1 #bbf ,t]5ce1 illu/rat$ editions (1 #ajg1 #aab1 #aca1 #aej1 #afj1 #afc1 #bac ,!ramo1 ,jacobus de1 illu/rat$ editions ( 8 ,belial1 #aba ,!r ,ho]n51 ,arnold1 second ,cologne pr9t]1 #fb ,?omas1 ,?omas1 ,cambridge pr9t]1 #bce ,?omas a ,becket1 erasure ( ! s]vice =1 #bfj ,tilli]1 ,?omas1 ,*e/] pr9t]1 #bcg ,t91 types made (1 #ba note ,titlepage1 e>ly examples (1 #fb1 #ic1 #baj ,tortosa e>ly pr9t+1 #ge ,tory1 ,ge(froi1 pr9t] at ,p>is1 #agc2 8 ,horae1 #aef sq41 #aii ,tottell1 ,ri*>d1 ,london pr9t]1 #bai ,t\rnes1 ,jean de1 fa!r & son1 pr9t]s at ,lyon1 #agd ,traut1 ,wolfgang1 illu/rator1 #ahb1 #ahh ,tre*sel family ( pr9t]s at ,lyon1 #afj1 #aga1 #agd1 #aib sq4 ,treviso1 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #fg sq41 #gj ,tub]9us1 8 acc\nt ( ! dea? ( das susses k9d ,simon1 #ajc1 #ajh ,tub+51 book-decoration at1 #ahi ,turb]ville1 ,george1 ,booke ( ,faulconrie1 #bfe ,turrecremata1 ,c>d9al1 illu/rat$ editions ( 8 ,m$itationes1 #aad1 #abc ,tyndale1 ,w41 editions ( 8 ,new ,te/am5t1 #bca ,types1 *>act]i/ics (1 9 e>ly books1 #hf sq4 ,ugo 7,,vgo71 woodcuts sign$1 #aid ,ulm e>ly pr9t+1 #fc sq42 illu/rat$ books1 #ajf sqq4 ,ungut & ,polonus1 illu/rat$ books (1 #afc ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 colonial pr9t+ 91 #bdc-i2 mod]n f9e pr9t+1 #cjh ,updike1 ,b]keley1 f9e pr9t]1 #cjh ,u%]1 ,ar*bi%op1 fate ( 8 libr>y1 #d ,utre*t1 ,co/]iana attribut$ to1 #dj1 #gb ,utt]son1 ,e4 ,v41 private pr9t+ by1 #bci ,vald>f]1 ,*ri/oph]1 pr9t] at ,v5ice & ,milan1 #fg ,val5tia1 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #gd sq42 illu/ration1 #afb ,valturius1 ,r41 ,de re milit>i1 ,v]ona editions (1 #abc sq42 ,fr5* v]sion (1 #bjj ,van d] ,gu*t1 ,mi*ael1 engrav]1 #bid ,vautrolli]1 ,?omas1 pr9t] at ,london & ,ed9burgh1 #bba1 #bdb ,vavassore1 ,giovanni ,&rea1 block-pr9t$ ,op]a nova ,contemplativa by1 #ba2 woodcuts sign$ z4a41 etc41 by1 #aid sq4 ,veld5]1 ,jan1 e>ly pr9t] at ,l\va91 ,kuil5burg & ,utre*t1 #dj1 #gc1 #aah1 #aai1 #bje ,v5ice e>ly pr9t+1 #ff sq42 book-illu/ration1 #abe-cb1 #aid-g1 #bgg ,v]>d1 ,anto9e1 publi%] at ,p>is1 #adg-ej2 8 ,horae1 #aea sq42 8 ,engli% books1 #bcj2 8 use ( old cuts1 #aja1 #adh1 #afj ,v]getius1 ,angelus1 ,fr5* ,royal ,greek types design$ by1 #agb ,v]ona e>ly book-illu/ration1 #abc sq4 ,vill5a1 ,m>quis (1 ,trabajos de ,h]cules1 #afa ,v9c5t de ,beauvais1 8 ,speculum1 #afe ,violette1 ,pi]re1 ,r\5 pr9t]1 #bbe ,virgil1 pr9t$ by ,b4 ,c5n9i1 colophon quot$1 #hj2 ,grun+]'s1 #aab2 ,l]oy's1 #aeh2 ,ald9e1 #afg2 fir/ ,engli%1 #bbf sq42 ,ogilby's1 #bhi2 ,bask]ville's1 #cjj ,virg9ia1 e>ly pr9t+ 91 #bdi ,vit]bo1 good roman type1 #hi ,voltaire1 edition ( 8 works pr9t$ ) ,bask]ville's type1 #cjj ,vo/re1 ,simon1 books pr9t$ by ,pig\*et =1 #aej1 #aed sqq4 ,wa*tl91 ,johann1 illu/rator1 #aij ,waldegrave1 ,rob]t1 pr9ts ,m>prelate tracts1 #bbh4 ,see pr9ts at ,ed9burgh1 #bdb ,wale1 ,samuel1 illu/rator1 #bif ,walk]1 ,em]y1 exp]t 9 pr9t+1 #cjd sqq4 ,walpole1 ,horace1 private press1 #bch ,wal!r1 ,f41 & ,hans ,hurn+1 pr9t]s ( a ,biblia ,paup]um1 #be ,walton1 ,izaak1 illu/rations to 8 ,angl]1 #bif ,w&s=?1 ,g]>d4 ,see ,freez ,w&swor?1 secret press at1 #bbh ,weiditz1 ,hans1 illu/rator1 #ahf sq4 ,w5ssl]1 ,mi*ael1 ,basel pr9t]1 #fj sq4 ,wesel1 ,bale's ,catalogus pr9t$ !re1 #bbf ,we/phalia1 ,john (1 e>ly pr9t] at ,alo/ & ,l\va91 #gc2 us$ roman type1 #hi2 8 woodcut portrait1 #aai ,:ite1 ,john1 8 draw+s ( ,virg9ia1 #bgh -- ,rob]t41 engrav]1 #bhi ,:itt+ham1 ,*>les 7uncle & nephew71 pr9t]s1 #cjb sq4 ,wilcocks1 ,william1 gave commissions to ,wynkyn de ,worde1 #baj ,williams1 ,ar*bi%op1 gifts ( books by1 #e ,wilson1 ,j4 ,d41 on ,engli% books pr9t$ abroad1 #bcc ,w9?rop1 ,john1 allusion to pr9t+ at ,cambridge1 ,mass41 #bdc ,witt5b]g1 pr9t+ at1 #afi2 illu/rations1 #aij ,wolfe1 ,reyn]1 ,royal pa9t]1 #bah1 #bei ,wolgemut1 ,mi*ael1 book-illu/rator1 #aaf ,woodcuts1 e>ly1 _! *>m & di/9ctiv5ess1 #ae ,worde1 ,wynkyn de1 on ,caxton's pr9t+ ! ,de proprietatibus1 #bad sq42 on ! ,/4 ,alban's pr9t]1 #bjh2 on ,fi%+ ) an ,angle1 #bji note2 8 "w z a pr9t]1 #baa sq42 8 assessm5t1 #bbb2 book-illu/rations1 #bec sq4 ,wurzburg1 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #fd -- ,missals1 engrav+s 91 #bgj ,wy]1 ,rob]t1 ,london pr9t]1 #bbb ,xim5es1 ,c>d9al1 ,polyglott ,bible1 #agf ,york1 pr9t+ at1 #bbe1 #bcf sqq4 z4a41 z4,a41 woodcuts sign$1 #aid ,za9]1 ,gun!r1 fir/ ,augsburg pr9t]1 #fb sq42 us$ roman type1 #hh2 8 illu/rat$ books1 #ajc -- ,johann1 fir/ ,ulm pr9t]1 #fc2 us$ roman type1 #hh2 8 illu/rat$ books1 #ajf ,z>otus1 ,antonius1 fir/ pr9t] at ,milan1 #fh1 #gj ,zell1 ,ulri*1 8 /ory ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 #ce2 ! fir/ pr9t] at ,cologne1 #fa ,z5g]1 ,joh4 ,pet]1 ,new ,york pr9t]1 #bdh ,z9na1 ! ,psalt]ium ,b4,v4,m4 pr9t$ at1 #aag ,zoan ,&rea4 ,see ,vavassore1 #aid ,zuri*1 ,engli% books pr9t$ at1 #bca sq4 ,zwolle e>ly pr9t+1 #gb2 book-illu/rations at1 #abb ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,br5don ,,& ,,son1 ,,ltd4 ,,plym\?