,,apollonius ,,( ,,tyana    ,,!         
,,philosoph]-,,re=m]   ,,( ,,! ,,fir/   
,,c5tury ,a4,d4    ,a ,,critical ,,/udy 
,,( ,,! ,,only ,,exi/+   ,,record ,,(   
,,8 ,,life ,,) ,,"s ,,acc\nt   ,,( ,,!  
,,w> ,,( ,,op9ion ,,conc]n+ ,,him   ,,& 
,,an ,,introduction ,,on ,,! ,,religi\s 
,,associations ,,& ,,bro!rhoods ,,( ,,! 
,,times ,,& ,,! ,,possible ,,influ5ce   
,,(   ,,indian ,,?\ght ,,on             
,,greece--,,by ,g4 ,r4 ,s4   ,,mead1    
,b4,a41 ,m4,r4,a4,s4     ,,london ,,&   
,,b5>es   ,,!osophical ,,publi%+        
,,society   #aija     ,,table ,,(       
,,cont5ts4     ,,section                
,,page        ,i4 ,,introductory        
#a       ,,ii4 ,,! ,,religi\s           
,,associations ,,& ,,communities        
,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,c5tury                 
#i      ,,iii4 ,,india ,,& ,,greece     
#ag       ,,iv4 ,,! ,,apollonius ,,(    
,,e>ly ,,op9ion                      #bh
        ,v4 ,,texts1 ,,translations1 ,,&
 ,,lit]ature                  #db       
,,vi4 ,,! ,,biograph] ,,( ,,apollonius  

#ec      ,,vii4 ,,e>ly ,,life           
#fe     ,,viii4 ,,! ,,travels ,,(       
,,apollonius                            
#gc       ,,ix4 ,,9 ,,! ,,%r9es ,,( ,,! 
,,temples ,,& ,,!            ,,retreats 
,,( ,,religion                          
#hb        ,x4 ,,! ,,gymnosophi/s ,,(   
,,upp] ,,egypt                     #ii  
,,xi4 ,,apollonius ,,& ,,! ,,rul]s ,,(  
,,! ,,empire             #ajf           
,,xii4 ,,apollonius ,,! ,,prophet ,,&   
,,wond]-,,work]            #aaj         
,,xiii4 ,,8 ,,mode ,,( ,,life           
#aai      ,,xiv4 ,,himself ,,& ,,8      
,,circle                                
#abf       ,,xv4 ,,f ,,8 ,,say+s ,,&    
,,s]mons                        #acb    
,,xvi4 ,,f ,,8 ,,lett]s                 
#ade     ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,writ+s ,,(       
,,apollonius                            
#aec    ,,xviii4 ,,bibliographical      
,,notes                                 
#aef     ,,apollonius ,,( ,,tyana4      
,,section ,i4  ,,introductory4   ,to !  
/ud5t ( ! orig9s ( ,*ri/ianity !re is   

naturally no p]iod ( ,we/]n hi/ory (    
great] int]e/ & importance ?an ! fir/   
c5tury ( our era2 & yet h[ little       
comp>atively is kn[n ab\t x ( a really  
def9ite & reliable nature4 ,if x be a   
subject ( la/+ regret t no non-,*ri/ian 
writ] ( ! fir/ c5tury _h suffici5t      
intuition ( ! future to record ev5 a l9e
 ( in=mation conc]n+ ! bir? & gr[? ( :at
 0 to be ! religion ( ! ,we/]n _w1      
equally disappo9t+ is x to f9d s little 
def9ite in=mation ( ! g5]al social &    
religi\s conditions ( ! "t4 ,! rul]s & !
 w>s ( ! ,empire seem to h =m$ ! *ief   
int]e/ ( ! hi/oriograph]s ( ! succe$+   
c5tury1 & ev5 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( political
 hi/ory1 ?\gh ! public acts ( ! ,emp]ors
 may be fairly well kn[n1 = we c *eck !m
 by records & inscriptions1 :5 we come  
to _! private acts & motives we f9d     
ourselves no long] on ! gr\nd ( hi/ory1 
b = ! mo/ "p 9 ! atmosph]e ( prejudice1 
sc&al1 & speculation4 ,! political acts 
( ,emp]ors & _! (fic]s1 h[ev]1 c at be/ 
?r[ b a dim side-light on ! g5]al social

 conditions ( ! "t1 :ile !y %$ no light 
at all on ! religi\s conditions1 except 
s f> z ^! 9 any p>ticul> contact$ !     
doma9 ( politics4 ,z well might we seek 
to recon/ruct a picture ( ! religi\s    
life ( ! "t f ,imp]ial acts & rescripts1
 z endeav\r to glean any idea ( !       
intimate religion ( ?is c\ntry f a      
p]usal ( /atute books or reports (      
,p>liam5t>y debates4  ,! ,roman hi/ories
 s-call$1 to :i* we h s f> be5 accu/om$1
 _c help u 9 ! recon/ruction ( a picture
 ( ! environm5t into :i*1 on ! "o h&1   
,paul l$ ! new fai? 9 ,asia ,m9or1      
,greece1 & ,rome2 & 9 :i*1 on ! o!r1 x  
already f\nd itself 9 ! di/ricts bord]+ 
on ! s\?-ea/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x is    
only by piec+ toge!r labori\sly isolat$ 
scraps ( in=mation & fragm5ts (         
inscriptions1 t we become aw>e ( !      
exi/5ce ( ! life ( a _w ( religi\s      
associations & private cults :i* exi/$  
at ?is p]iod4 ,n t ev5 s we h any v     
direct in=mation ( :at w5t on 9 ^!      
associations1 guilds1 & bro!rhoods2 b we

 h suffici5t evid5ce to make u ke5ly    
regret ! abs5ce ( fur!r k4  ,difficult z
 ?is field is to till1 x is exce$+ly    
f]tile 9 int]e/1 & x is to be regrett$ t
 comp>atively s little "w has z yet be5 
done 9 x2 & t1 z is s frequ5tly ! case1 
! "w :i* has be5 done is1 = ! mo/ "p1 n 
accessible to ! ,engli% read]4 ,:at "w  
has be5 done on ?is special subject may 
be se5 f ! bibliographical note app5d$  
to ?is essay1 9 :i* is giv5 a li/ (     
books & articles treat+ ( ! religi\s    
associations among ! ,greeks & ,romans4 
,b if we seek to obta9 a g5]al view ( ! 
condition ( religi\s affairs 9 ! fir/   
c5tury we f9d ourselves )\t a reliable  
guide2 = ( works deal+ ) ?is p>ticul>   
subject !re are few1 & f !m we le>n     
little t does n imm$iately conc]n1 or is
 ?\ght to conc]n1 ,*ri/ianity2 :]eas1 x 
is j ! /ate ( ! non-,*ri/ian religi\s _w
 ab\t :i*1 9 ! pres5t case1 we desire to
 be in=m$4  ,if1 = in/ance1 ! read] turn
 to works ( g5]al hi/ory1 su* z         
,m]ivale's ,hi/ory ( ! ,romans "u !     

,empire 7,london2 la/ ed4 #ahfe71 he w  
f9d1 x is true1 9 *ap4 iv41 a           
description ( ! /ate ( religion up to ! 
dea? ( ,n]o1 b he w be little wis] =    
p]us+ x4 ,if he turn to ,h]mann         
,s*ill]'s ,ges*i*te d] rmis*5           
,kais]rei*s unt] d] ,regi]ung des ,n]o  
7,b]l92 #ahgb71 he w f9d mu* reason =   
disc>d+ ! vulg> op9ions ab\t ! mon/r\s  
crimes imput$ to ,n]o1 z inde$ he might 
d by read+ 9 ,engli% ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes'    
article ,0 ,n]o a ,mon/]8 7,cornhill    
,magaz9e2 ,july1 #ahfc7--;& he w also   
f9d 7bk4 ,,iv4 *ap4 iii47 a g5]al view (
 ! religion & philosophy ( ! "t :i* is  
f> m intellig5t ?an t ( ,m]ivale's2 b   
all is /ill v vague & unsatisfactory1 & 
we feel ourselves /ill outside !        
intimate life ( ! philosoph]s &         
religioni/s ( ! fir/ c5tury4  ,if1 aga91
 he turn to ! late/ writ]s ( ,*ur*      
hi/ory :o h treat$ ?is p>ticul> "q1 he w
 f9d t !y are occupi$ entirely ) !      
contact ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ) ! ,roman   
,empire1 & only incid5tally give u any  

in=mation ( ! nature ( :i* we are 9     
se>*4 ,on ?is special gr\nd ,c4 ,j4     
,neumann1 9 8 c>eful /udy ,d] rmis*e    
,/aat und die allgeme9e ,kir*e bis auf  
,diocletian 7,leipzig2 #ahij71 is       
int]e/+2 :ile ,pr(4 ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay1 9  
,! ,*ur* 9 ! ,roman ,empire be=e ,a4,d4 
#agj 7,london2 #ahic71 is extraord9>y1 =
 he endeav\rs to int]pret ,roman hi/ory 
by ! ,new ,te/am5t docum5ts1 ! dates ( !
 majority ( :i* are s hotly disput$4    
,b1 y may say1 :at has all ?is to d )   
,apollonius ( ,tyana8 ,! answ] is       
simple3 ,apollonius liv$ 9 ! fir/       
c5tury2 8 "w lay precisely among ^!     
religi\s associations1 colleges1 &      
guilds4 ,a k ( !m & _! nature w\ld give 
u ! natural environm5t ( a great "p ( 8 
life2 & in=mation z to _! condition 9 ! 
fir/ c5tury w\ld p]haps help u ! bett]  
to und]/& "s ( ! reasons = ! task :i* he
 attempt$4  ,if1 h[ev]1 x 7 only ! life 
& endeav\rs ( ,apollonius :i* w\ld be   
illum9at$ by ?is k1 we c\ld und]/& :y s 
little ef=t has be5 sp5t 9 ?is          

direction2 = ! "* ( ! ,tyanean1 z we    
%all see1 has s9ce ! f\r? c5tury be5    
reg>d$ ) little fav\r ev5 by ! few1 :ile
 ! _m h be5 taught to look ^u our       
philosoph] n only z a *>latan1 b ev5 z  
an anti-,*ri/4 ,b :5 x is j a k ( ^!    
religi\s associations & ord]s :i* w\ld  
?r[ a flood ( light on ! e>lie/         
evolution ( ,*ri/ianity1 n only ) reg>d 
to ! ,paul9e communities1 b also ) reg>d
 to ^? s*ools :i* 7 subsequ5tly condemn$
 z h]etical1 x is a/oni%+ t we h _h no m
 satisfactory "w done on ! subject4  ,x 
may be said1 h[ev]1 t ?is in=mation is n
 =?com+ simply because x is             
unprocurable4 ,to a l>ge ext5t ?is is   
true2 nev]!less1 a great deal m c\ld be 
done ?an has z yet be5 attempt$1 & !    
results ( rese>* 9 special directions & 
9 ! byways ( hi/ory c\ld be comb9$1 s t 
! non-speciali/ c\ld obta9 "s g5]al idea
 ( ! religi\s conditions ( ! times1 & s 
be less incl9$ to jo9 9 ! n[ /]eotyp$   
condemnation ( all non-,jewi% or        
non-,*ri/ian moral & religi\s ef=t 9 !  

,roman ,empire ( ! fir/ c5tury4  ,b !   
read] may retort3 ,?+s social & religi\s
 9 ^? days mu/ h be5 9 a v p>l\s /ate1  
=1 z ?is essay %[s1 ,apollonius himself 
sp5t ! major "p ( 8 life 9 try+ to re=m 
! in/itutions & cults ( ! ,empire4 ,to  
?is we answ]3 ,no d\bt !re 0 mu* to     
re=m1 & :5 is !re n8 ,b x w\ld n only be
 n g5]\s1 b di/9ctly mis*iev\s = u to   
judge our fell[s ( ^? days solely by !  
l(ty /&>d ( an ideal morality1 or ev5 to
 scale !m aga9/ ! weight ( our own      
suppos$ virtues & k4 ,our po9t is n t   
!re 0 no?+ to re=m1 f> f t1 b t !       
:olesale accusations ( depravity br\ght 
aga9/ ! times w n be> imp>tial          
inve/igation4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re 0 mu*  
good mat]ial ready to be work$ up 9 _m  
ways1 & if !re _h n be51 h[ c\ld !re    
among o!r ?+s h be5 any ,*ri/ianity8  ,!
 ,roman ,empire 0 at ! z5i? ( its p[]1 &
 _h !re n be5 _m admirable adm9i/rators 
& m5 ( wor? 9 ! gov]n+ ca/e1 su* a      
political consummation c\ld nev] h be5  
rea*$ & ma9ta9$4 ,moreov]1 z ev]        

previ\sly 9 ! anci5t _w1 religi\s lib]ty
 0 gu>ante$1 & :]e we f9d p]secution1 z 
9 ! reigns ( ,n]o & ,domitian1 x mu/ be 
set d[n to political & n to !ological   
reasons4 ,sett+ aside ! disput$ "q ( !  
p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians "u ,domitian1 !
 ,n]onian p]secution 0 direct$ aga9/ ^? 
:om ! ,imp]ial p[] reg>d$ z ,jewi%      
political revolution>ies4 ,s1 too1 :5 we
 f9d ! philosoph]s imprison$ or bani%$ f
 ,rome dur+ ^! two reigns1 x 0 n because
 !y 7 philosoph]s1 b because ! ideal (  
"s ( !m 0 ! re/oration ( ! ,republic1 & 
?is r5d]$ !m obnoxi\s to ! *>ge n only (
 be+ political malcont5ts1 b also (     
actively plott+ aga9/ ! ,emp]or's       
maje/as4 ,apollonius1 h[ev]1 0 ?r\gh\t a
 w>m support] ( mon>*ical rule4 ,:51 !n1
 we he> ( ! philosoph]s be+ bani%$ f    
,rome or be+ ca/ into prison1 we mu/    
rememb] t ?is 0 n a :olesale p]secution 
( philosophy ?r\gh\t ! ,empire2 & :5 we 
say t "s ( !m desir$ to re/ore !        
,republic1 we %\ld rememb] t ! va/      
majority ( !m refra9$ f politics1 &     

especially 0 ?is ! case ) ! disciples ( 
! religio-philosophical s*ools4         
,,section ,,ii4  ,,! ,,religi\s         
,,associations ,,& ,,communities ,,( ,,!
 ,,fir/ ,,c5tury4   ,9 ! doma9 (        
religion x is q true t ! /ate cults &   
national in/itutions ?r\gh\t ! ,empire 7
 almo/ )\t exception 9 a p>l\s /ate1 & x
 is to be notic$ t ,apollonius devot$   
mu* "t & lab\r to reviv+ & purify+ !m4  
,inde$1 _! /r5g? _h long left ! g5]al   
/ate-in/itutions ( religion1 :]e all 0  
n[ p]functory2 b s f> f !re be+ no      
religi\s life 9 ! l&1 9 proportion z !  
(ficial cultus & ance/ral in/itutions   
af=d$ no real satisfaction to _!        
religi\s ne$s1 ! m e>ne/ly did ! p      
devote !mselves to private cults1 &     
eag]ly baptis$ !mselves 9 all t flood ( 
religi\s en?usiasm :i* fl[$ 9 ) ev]     
increas+ volume f ! ,ea/4 ,indubitably 9
 all ?is f]m5tation !re 7 _m excesses1  
accord+ to our pres5t notions ( religi\s
 decorum1 & also griev\s abuses2 b at ! 
same "t 9 x _m f\nd due satisfaction =  

_! religi\s emotions1 &1 if we except ^?
 cults :i* 7 di/9ctly vici\s1 we h to a 
l>ge ext5t be=e u 9 popul> circles !    
spectacle ( :at1 9 _! la/ analysis1 are 
simil> ph5om5a to ^? en?usiasms :i* 9   
our own day may be frequ5tly witness$   
among su* sects z ! ,%ak]s or ,rant]s1 &
 at ! g5]al revival meet+s ( !          
un9/ruct$4  ,x is n1 h[ev]1 to be ?\ght 
t ! private cults & ! do+s ( ! religi\s 
associations 7 all ( ?is nature or      
conf9$ to ?is class2 f> f x4 ,!re 7     
religi\s bro!rhoods1 communities1 &     
clubs--?iasi1 erani1 & orgeones--( all  
sorts & conditions4 ,!re 7 also mutual  
b5efit societies1 burial clubs1 & d9+   
companies1 ! prototypes ( our pres5t-day
 ,masonic bodies1 ,oddfell[s1 & ! re/4  
,^! religi\s associations 7 n only      
private 9 ! s5se t !y 7 n ma9ta9$ by !  
,/ate1 b also = ! mo/ "p !y 7 private 9 
! s5se t :at !y did 0 kept secret1 & ?is
 is p]haps ! ma9 reason :y we h s       
defective a record ( !m4  ,among !m are 
to be numb]$ n only ! l[] =ms (         

my/]y-cultus ( v>i\s k9ds1 b also !     
great] ones1 su* z ! ,phrygian1 ,bac*ic1
 ,isiac1 & ,mi?riac ,my/]ies1 :i* 7     
spread ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! ,empire4 ,!    
fam\s ,eleus9ia 71 h[ev]1 /ill "u ! gis 
( ! ,/ate1 b ?\gh s fam\s 71 z a        
/ate-cultus1 f> m p]functory4  ,x is1   
moreov]1 n to be ?\ght t ! great types (
 my/]y-cultus above m5tion$ 7 uni=m ev5 
among !mselves4 ,!re 7 n only v>i\s     
degrees & grades )9 !m1 b also 9 all    
probability _m =ms ( ea* l9e (          
tradition1 good1 bad1 & indiff]5t4 ,=   
in/ance1 we "k t x 0 consid]$ de rigueur
 = e respectable citiz5 ( ,a!ns to be   
initiat$ into ! ,eleus9ia1 & !re=e !    
te/s c\ld n h be5 v /r+5t2 :]eas 9 ! mo/
 rec5t "w on ! subject1 ,de ,apuleio    
,isiacorum ,my/]iorum ,te/e 7,leyd52    
#aijj71 ,dr4 ,k4 ,h4 ,e4 ,de ,jong %[s t
 9 "o =m ( ! ,isiac ,my/]ies ! c&idate 0
 invit$ to initiation by means ( dream2 
t is to say1 he _h to be psy*ically     
impressionable be=e 8 acceptance4  ,"h1 
!n1 we h a va/ int]m$iate gr\nd =       

religi\s ex]cise betwe5 ! mo/ popul> &  
undiscipl9$ =ms ( private cults & !     
highe/ =ms1 :i* c\ld only be approa*$   
?r\gh ! discipl9e & tra9+ ( !           
philosophic life4 ,! high] side ( ^!    
my/]y-in/itutions ar\s$ ! en?usiasm (   
all t 0 be/ 9 antiquity1 & un/9t$ praise
 0 giv5 to "o or ano!r =m ( !m by !     
greate/ ?9k]s & writ]s ( ,greece &      
,rome2 s t we _c b ?9k t "h ! in/ruct$  
f\nd t satisfaction = _! religi\s ne$s  
:i* 0 necess>y n only = ^? :o c\ld n    
rise into ! ke5 air ( pure reason1 b    
also = ^? :o _h climb$ s high ^u !      
heights ( reason t !y c\ld cat* a       
glimpse ( ! o!r side4 ,! (ficial cults 7
 notori\sly unable to give !m ?is       
satisfaction1 & 7 only tol]at$ by !     
in/ruct$ z an aid = ! p & a means (     
pres]v+ ! traditional life ( ! city or  
/ate4  ,by common cons5t ! mo/ virtu\s  
liv]s ( ,greece 7 ! memb]s ( !          
,py?agorean s*ools1 bo? m5 & wom54 ,aft]
 ! dea? ( _! f\nd] ! ,py?agoreans seem  
to h gradually bl5d$ ) ! ,orphic        

communities1 & ! ,orphic life 0 !       
recognis$ t]m = a life ( purity &       
self-d5ial4 ,we also "k t ! ,orphics1 & 
!re=e ! ,py?agoreans1 7 actively engag$ 
9 ! re=mation1 or ev5 ! entire re=m+1 ( 
! ,bac*o-,eleus9ian rites2 !y seem to h 
br\ght back ! pure side ( ! ,bac*ic cult
 ) _! re9/itution or reimportation ( !  
,iac*ic my/]ies1 & x is v evid5t t su*  
/]n liv]s & deep ?9k]s c\ld n h be5     
cont5t$ ) a l[ =m ( cult4 ,_! influ5ce  
also spread f> & wide 9 g5]al ,bac*ic   
circles1 s t we f9d ,euripides putt+ !  
foll[+ words into ! m\? ( a *orus (     
,bac*ic initiates3 ,clad 9 :ite robes ,i
 spe$ me f ! g5esis ( mortal m51 & nev] 
m approa* ! vase ( dea?1 = ,i h done )  
eat+ food t ev] h\s$ a s\l4#a ,su* words
 c\ld well be put into ! m\? ( a        
,brahman or ,buddhi/ ascetic1 eag] to   
escape f ! bonds ( ,sa4msara & su* m5 _c
 !re=e ju/ly be class$ toge!r           
indiscrim9ately ) ribald revell]s--!    
g5]al m9d-picture ( a ,bac*ic company4  
,b1 "s "o may say1 ,euripides & !       

,py?agoreans & ,orphics are no evid5ce =
 ! fir/ c5tury2 :atev] good !re may h   
be5 9 su* s*ools & communities1 x _h    
ceas$ long be=e4 ,on ! contr>y1 !       
evid5ce is all aga9/ ?is objection4     
,philo1 writ+ ab\t #be ,a4,d41 tells u t
 9 8 day num]\s gr\ps ( m51 :o 9 all    
respects l$ ?is life ( religion1 :o     
ab&on$ _! prop]ty1 retir$ f ! _w &      
devot$ !mselves entirely to ! se>* =    
wisdom & ! cultivation ( virtue1 7      
scatt]$ f> & wide ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,9 8    
treatise1 ,on ! ,contemplative ,life1 he
 writes3 ,?is natural class ( m5 is to  
be f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! inhabit$ _w1 bo? !
 ,grecian & non-,grecian _w1 %>+ 9 !    
p]fect good4 ,9 ,egypt !re are cr[ds (  
!m 9 e prov9ce1 or nome z !y call x1 &  
especially r\nd ,alex&ria4 ,?is is a mo/
 important /atem5t1 = if !re 7 s _m     
devot$ to ! religi\s life at ?is "t1 x  
foll[s t ! age 0 n "o ( unmix$          
depravity4  ,x is n1 h[ev]1 to be ?\ght 
t ^! communities 7 all ( an exactly     
simil> nature1 or ( "o & ! same orig91  

lea/ ( all t !y 7 all ,!rapeut or       
,ess5e4 ,we h only to rememb] ! v>i\s   
l9es ( desc5t ( ! doctr9es held by !    
innum]able s*ools class$ toge!r z       
,gno/ic1 z sket*$ 9 my rec5t "w1        
,fragm5ts ( a ,fai? ,=gott51 & to turn  
to ! beautiful treatises ( ! ,h]metic   
s*ools1 to p]suade u t 9 ! fir/ c5tury !
 /riv+ aft] ! religi\s & philosophic    
life 0 wide-spread & v>i\s4  ,we are n1 
h[ev]1 among ^? :o believe t ! orig9 ( !
 ,!rapeut communities ( ,philo & ( !    
,ess5es ( ,philo & ,josephus is to be   
trac$ to ,orphic & ,py?agorean influ5ce4
 ,! "q ( precise orig9 is z yet beyond !
 p[] ( hi/orical rese>*1 & we are n ( ^?
 :o w\ld exagg]ate "o elem5t ( ! mass   
into a univ]sal s\rce4 ,b :5 we rememb] 
! exi/5ce ( all ^! s widely scatt]$     
communities 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 :5 we /udy 
! imp]fect b important record ( ! v     
num]\s s*ools & bro!rhoods ( a l nature 
:i* came into intimate contact )        
,*ri/ianity 9 its orig9s1 we _c b feel t
 !re 0 ! leav5 ( a /rong religi\s life  

work+ 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,empire4  ,our great
 difficulty is t ^! communities1        
bro!rhoods1 & associations kept !mselves
 ap>t1 & ) r>e exceptions left no       
records ( _! intimate practices &       
beliefs1 or if !y left any x has be5    
de/roy$ or lo/4 ,= ! mo/ "p !n we h to  
rely ^u g5]al indications ( a v         
sup]ficial "*4 ,b ?is imp]fect record is
 no ju/ification = u to d5y or ignore _!
 exi/5ce & ! int5sity ( _! endeav\rs2 & 
a hi/ory :i* purports to pa9t a picture 
( ! times is utt]ly insuffici5t s long z
 x omits ?is mo/ vital subject f its    
canvas4  ,among su* surr\nd+s z ^!      
,apollonius mov$2 b h[ little does 8    
biograph] seem to h be5 aw>e ( ! fact6  
,philo/ratus has a rhetorician's        
appreciation ( a philosophical c\rt     
life1 b no feel+ = ! life ( religion4 ,x
 is only indirectly t ! ,life (         
,apollonius1 z x is n[ depict$1 c ?r[   
any light on ^! mo/ int]e/+ communities1
 b ev5 an occasional side-light is      
preci\s :]e all is 9 su* obscurity4 ,7 x

 b possible to ent] into ! liv+ memory (
 ,apollonius1 & see ) 8 eyes ! ?+s he   
saw :5 he liv$ n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s ago1  
:at an enorm\sly int]e/+ page ( ! _w's  
hi/ory c\ld be recov]$6 ,he n only      
trav]s$ all ! c\ntries :]e ! new fai? 0 
tak+ root1 b he liv$ = ye>s 9 mo/ ( !m1 
& 0 intimately acqua9t$ ) numb]s ( my/ic
 communities 9 ,egypt1 ,arabia1 &       
,syria4 ,surely he mu/ h visit$ "s ( !  
e>lie/ ,*ri/ian communities z well1 mu/ 
ev5 h conv]s$ ) "s ( ! disciples ( !    
,"l6 ,& yet no ^w is brea!d ( ?is1 n "o 
s+le scrap ( in=mation on ^! po9ts d we 
glean f :at is record$ ( him4 ,surely he
 mu/ h met ) ,paul1 if n else:]e1 !n at 
,rome1 9 #ff1 :5 he _h to leave because 
( ! edict ( bani%m5t aga9/ !            
philosoph]s1 ! v ye> accord+ to "s :5   
,paul 0 behead$6     ,,section ,,iii4   
,,india ,,& ,,greece4   ,!re is1 h[ev]1 
ano!r reason :y ,apollonius is (        
importance to u4 ,he 0 an en?usia/ic    
admir] ( ! wisdom ( ,india4 ,"h aga9 a  
subject ( wide int]e/ op5s up4 ,:at     

influ5ces1 if any1 _h ,brahmanism &     
,buddhism on ,we/]n ?\ght 9 ^! e>ly     
ye>s8 ,x is /rongly ass]t$ by "s t !y _h
 great influ5ce2 x is z /rongly d5i$ by 
o!rs t !y _h any influ5ce at all4 ,x is1
 !re=e1 app>5t t !re is no really       
indisputable evid5ce on ! subject4  ,j z
 "s w\ld ascribe ! con/itution ( !      
,ess5e & ,!rapeut communities to        
,py?agorean influ5ce1 s o!rs w\ld       
ascribe _! orig9 to ,buddhi/ propag&a2 &
 n only w\ld !y trace ?is influ5ce 9 !  
,ess5e t5ets & practices1 b !y w\ld ev5 
ref] ! g5]al tea*+ ( ! ,*ri/ to a       
,buddhi/ s\rce 9 a ,jewi% mono!i/ic     
sett+4 ,n only s1 b "s w\ld h x t two   
c5turies be=e ! direct g5]al contact (  
,greece ) ,india1 br\ght ab\t by !      
conque/s ( ,alex&]1 ,india ?r\gh        
,py?agoras /rongly & la/+ly influ5c$ all
 subsequ5t ,greek ?\ght4  ,! "q c       
c]ta9ly n be settl$ by ha/y affirmation 
or d5ial2 x requires n only a wide k (  
g5]al hi/ory & a m9ute /udy ( scatt]$ & 
imp]fect indications ( ?\ght & practice1

 b also a f9e appreciation ( ! correct  
value ( indirect evid5ce1 = ( direct    
te/imony !re is none ( a really decisive
 nature4 ,to su* high qualifications we 
c make no pret5sion1 & our highe/       
ambition is simply to give a few v g5]al
 indications ( ! nature ( ! subject4  ,x
 is pla9ly ass]t$ by ! anci5t ,greeks t 
,py?agoras w5t to ,india1 b z ! /atem5t 
is made by ,neo-,py?agorean &           
,neo-,platonic writ]s subsequ5t to ! "t 
( ,apollonius1 x is object$ t ! travels 
( ! ,tyanean sugge/$ n only ?is item 9 !
 biography ( ! great ,samian b sev]al   
o!rs1 or ev5 t ,apollonius himself 9 8  
,life ( ,py?agoras 0 fa!r ( ! rum\r4 ,! 
close resemblance1 h[ev]1 betwe5 _m ( ! 
features ( ,py?agorean discipl9e &      
doctr9e & ,indo-,aryan ?\ght & practice1
 make u hesitate entirely to reject !   
possibility ( ,py?agoras hav+ visit$    
anci5t ,aryav>ta4  ,& ev5 if we _c g s  
f> z to ent]ta9 ! possibility ( direct  
p]sonal contact1 !re has to be tak5 into
 consid]ation ! fact t ,ph]ecydes1 !    

ma/] ( ,py?agoras1 may h be5 acqua9t$ ) 
"s ( ! ma9 ideas ( ,vaidic lore4        
,ph]ecydes taught at ,ephesus1 b 0      
himself mo/ probably a ,p]sian1 & x is q
 cr$ible t a le>n$ ,asiatic1 tea*+ a    
my/ic philosophy & bas+ 8 doctr9e ^u !  
idea ( rebir?1 may h _h "s indirect1 if 
n direct1 k ( ,indo-,aryan ?\ght4       
,p]sia mu/ h be5 ev5 at ?is "t 9 close  
contact ) ,india1 = ab\t ! date ( ! dea?
 ( ,py?agoras1 9 ! reign ( ,d>eius1 son 
( ,hy/aspes1 at ! end ( ! six? & beg9n+ 
( ! fif? c5tury be=e our era1 we he> ( !
 exp$ition ( ! ,p]sian g5]al ,scylax d[n
 ! ,indus1 & le>n f ,h]odotus t 9 ?is   
reign ,india 7t is ! ,punjab7 =m$ !     
tw5tie? satrapy ( ! ,p]sian mon>*y4     
,moreov]1 ,indian troops 7 among ! ho/s 
( ,x]xes2 !y invad$ ,!ssaly & f\ght at  
,plata4  ,f ! "t ( ,alex&] onw>ds !re 0 
direct & con/ant contact betwe5         
,aryav>ta & ! k+doms ( ! successors ( ! 
_w-conqu]or1 & _m ,greeks wrote ab\t ?is
 l& ( my/]y2 b 9 all t has come d[n to u
 we look 9 va9 = any?+ b ! vague/       

indications ( :at ! philosoph]s ( ,india
 sy/ematically ?\ght4  ,t ! ,brahmans   
w\ld at ?is "t h p]mitt$ _! sacr$ books 
to be read by ! ,yavanas 7,ionians1 !   
g5]al "n = ,greeks 9 ,indian records7 is
 contr>y to all we "k ( _! hi/ory4 ,!   
,yavanas 7 ,mle**has1 outside ! pale ( !
 ,aryas1 & all !y c\ld glean ( !        
jeal\sly gu>d$ ,brahma-vidya or !osophy 
mu/ h dep5d$ solely ^u outside          
obs]vation4 ,b ! dom9ant religi\s       
activity at ?is "t 9 ,india 0 ,buddhi/1 
& x is to ?is prote/ aga9/ ! rigid      
di/9ctions ( ca/e & race made by        
,brahmanical pride1 & to ! />tl+ novelty
 ( an en?usia/ic religi\s propag&a among
 all classes & races 9 ,india1 & outside
 ,india to all nations1 t we mu/ look = 
! mo/ direct contact ( ?\ght betwe5     
,india & ,greece4  ,= in/ance1 9 !      
middle ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 we "k f  
,asoka's ?irte5? edict1 t ?is ,buddhi/  
,emp]or ( ,india1 ! ,con/ant9e ( ! ,ea/1
 s5t mission>ies to ,antio*us ,,ii4 (   
,syria1 ,ptolemy ,,ii4 ( ,egypt1        

,antigonus ,gonatas ( ,mac$onia1 ,magas 
( ,cyr5e1 & ,alex&] ,,ii4 ( ,epirus4    
,:51 9 a l& ( su* imp]fect records1 !   
evid5ce on ! side ( ,india is s cle> &  
indubitable1 all ! m extraord9>y is x t 
we h no direct te/imony on our side ( s 
great a mission>y activity4 ,al?\gh1 !n1
 m]ely because ( ! abs5ce ( all direct  
in=mation f ,greek s\rces1 x is v unsafe
 to g5]alize1 nev]!less f our g5]al k ( 
! times x is n illegitimate to conclude 
t no great public /ir c\ld h be5 made by
 ^! pione]s ( ! ,dh>ma 9 ! ,we/4 ,9 e   
probability ^! ,buddhi/ ,bhiks4hus      
produc$ no effect on ! rul]s or on ! p4 
,b 0 _! mission entirely abortive2 & did
 ,buddhi/ mission>y ent]prise we/w>ds   
cease ) !m8  ,! answ] to ?is "q1 z x    
seems to u1 is hidd5 9 ! obscurity ( !  
religi\s communities4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 g s
 f> z to agree ) ^? :o w\ld cut !       
gordian knot by ass]t+ dogmatically t ! 
ascetic communities 9 ,syria & ,egypt 7 
f\nd$ by ^! ,buddhi/ propag&i/s4        
,already ev5 9 ,greece itself 7 n only  

,py?agorean b ev5 prior to !m ,orphic   
communities1 = ev5 on ?is gr\nd we      
believe t ,py?agoras r develop$ :at he  
f\nd already exi/+1 ?an t he e/abli%$   
some?+ entirely new4 ,& if !y 7 f\nd 9  
,greece1 mu* m !n is x reasonable to    
suppose t su* communities already exi/$ 
9 ,syria1 ,arabia1 & ,egypt1 ^:         
populations 7 giv5 f> m to religi\s     
ex]cises ?an ! sceptical & laught]-lov+ 
,greeks4  ,x is1 h[ev]1 cr$ible t 9 su* 
communities1 if any:]e1 ,buddhi/        
propag&a w\ld f9d an appreciative &     
att5tive audi5ce2 b ev5 s x is rem>kable
 t !y h left no di/9ctly direct trace ( 
_! influ5ce4 ,nev]!less1 bo? by ! sea   
way & by ! great c>avan r\te !re 0 an   
ev] op5 l9e ( communication betwe5      
,india & ! ,empire ( ! successors (     
,alex&]2 & x is ev5 p]missible to       
speculate1 t if we c\ld recov] a        
catalogue ( ! great ,alex&rian libr>y1 =
 in/ance1 we %\ld p]*ance f9d t 9 x     
,indian ,,mss4 7 to be f\nd among ! o!r 
rolls & p>*m5ts ( ! scriptures ( !      

nations4  ,inde$1 !re are phrases 9 !   
olde/ treatises ( ! ,trismegi/ic        
,h]metic lit]ature :i* c be s closely   
p>allel$ ) phrases 9 ! ,upanis4hads & 9 
! ,bhagavad ,gita1 t "o is almo/ tempt$ 
to believe t ! writ]s _h "s acqua9tance 
) ! g5]al cont5ts ( ^! ,brahmanical     
scriptures4 ,! ,trismegi/ic lit]ature _h
 its g5esis 9 ,egypt1 & its e>lie/      
deposit mu/ be dat$ at lea/ 9 ! fir/    
c5tury ,a4,d41 if x _c ev5 be pu%$ back 
e>li]4 ,ev5 m /rik+ is ! simil>ity      
betwe5 ! l(ty my/ic metaphysic ( !      
,gno/ic doctor ,basilides1 :o liv$ at ! 
end ( ! fir/ & beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury 
,a4,d41 & ,v$antic ideas4 ,moreov]1 bo? 
! ,h]metic & ! ,basilidean s*ools & _!  
imm$iate pr$ecessors 7 devot$ to a /]n  
self-discipl9e & deep philosophical /udy
 :i* w\ld make !m welcome eag]ly any    
philosoph] or my/ic /ud5t :o might come 
f ! f> ,ea/4  ,b ev5 s1 we are n ( ^? :o
 by _! own self-impos$ limitations (    
possibility are condemn$ to f9d "s      
direct physical contact to acc\nt = a   

simil>ity ( ideas or ev5 ( phras+4      
,grant+1 = in/ance1 t !re is mu*        
resemblance betwe5 ! tea*+s ( ! ,dh>ma (
 ! ,buddha & ( ! ,gospel ( ! ,*ri/1 & t 
! same _s ( love & g5tl5ess p]vades !m  
bo?1 /ill !re is no necessity to look = 
! reason ( ?is resemblance to purely    
physical transmission4 ,& s = o!r s*ools
 & o!r tea*]s2 l conditions w produce   
simil> ph5om5a2 l ef=t & l aspiration w 
produce simil> ideas1 simil> exp]i5ce1 &
 simil> response4 ,& ?is we believe to  
be ! case 9 no g5]al way1 b t x is all v
 def9itely ord]$ f )9 by ! s]vants ( !  
real gu>dians ( ?+s religi\s 9 ?is _w4  
,we are1 !n1 n compell$ to lay s mu*    
/ress on ! "q ( physical transmission1  
or to be seek+ ev5 to f9d pro( ( copy+4 
,! human m9d 9 its v>i\s degrees is mu* 
! same 9 all climes & ages1 & its inn]  
exp]i5ce has a common gr\nd into :i* se$
 may be s[n1 z x is till$ & cle>$ (     
we$s4 ,! good se$ comes all f ! same    
gran>y1 & ^? :o s[ x pay no att5tion to 
! man-made out] di/9ctions ( race &     

cre$4  ,h[ev] difficult1 !re=e1 x may be
 to prove1 f unque/ionably hi/orical    
/atem5ts1 any direct influ5ce ( ,indian 
?\ght on ! conceptions & practices ( "s 
( ^! religi\s communities & philosophic 
s*ools ( ! ,grco-,roman ,empire1 &      
al?\gh 9 any p>ticul> case simil>ity (  
ideas ne$ n necess>ily be assign$ to    
direct physical transmission1 nev]!less 
! highe/ probability1 if n ! greate/    
assurance1 rema9s t ev5 prior to ! days 
( ,apollonius !re 0 "s private k 9      
,greece ( ! g5]al ideas ( ! ,v$anta &   
,dh>ma2 :ile 9 ! case ( ,apollonius     
himself1 ev5 if we disc\nt n9e-t5?s (   
:at is relat$ ( him1 8 "o idea seems to 
h be5 to spread abroad among ! religi\s 
bro!rhoods & in/itutions ( ! ,empire "s 
portion ( ! wisdom :i* he br\ght back ) 
him f ,india4  ,:51 !n1 we f9d at ! end 
( ! fir/ & dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! second  
c5tury1 among su* my/ic associations z !
 ,h]metic & ,gno/ic s*ools1 ideas :i*   
/rongly rem9d u ( ! !osophy ( !         
,upanis4hads or ! reason$ e?ics ( !     

,suttas1 we h always to take into       
consid]ation n only ! high probability (
 ,apollonius hav+ visit$ su* s*ools1 b  
also ! possibility ( 8 hav+ disc\rs$ at 
l5g? !re9 on ! ,indian wisdom4 ,n only  
s1 b ! memory ( 8 influ5ce may h l+]$ = 
long 9 su* circles1 = d we n f9d        
,plot9us1 ! coryphu ( ,neo-,platonism1 z
 x is call$1 s enam\r$ ) :at he _h he>d 
( ! wisdom ( ,india at ,alex&ria1 t 9   
#bdb he />t$ (f ) ! ill-/>r$ exp$ition (
 ,gordian to ! ,ea/ 9 ! hope ( rea*+ t  
l& ( philosophy8 ,) ! failure ( !       
exp$ition & assass9ation ( ! ,emp]or1   
h[ev]1 he _h to return1 = ev] disappo9t$
 ( 8 hope4  ,x is n1 h[ev]1 to be ?\ght 
t ,apollonius set out to make a propag&a
 ( ,indian philosophy 9 ! same way t !  
ord9>y mission>y sets =? to prea* 8     
conception ( ! ,gospel4 ,by no means2   
,apollonius seems to h endeav\r$ to help
 8 he>]s1 :oev] !y might be1 9 ! way be/
 suit$ to ea* ( !m4 ,he did n beg9 by   
tell+ !m t :at !y believ$ 0 utt]ly false
 & s\l-de/roy+1 & t _! et]nal welf>e    

dep5d$ ^u _! in/antly adopt+ 8 own      
special s*eme ( salvation2 he simply    
endeav\r$ to purge & fur!r expla9 :at !y
 already believ$ & practis$4 ,t "s /rong
 p[] support$ him 9 8 ceaseless         
activity1 & 9 8 almo/ _w-wide task1 is n
 s difficult ( belief2 & x is a "q (    
deep int]e/ = ^? :o /rive to pe] ?r\gh !
 mi/s ( appe>ance1 to speculate h[ t n  
only a ,paul b also an ,apollonius 0    
aid$ & direct$ 9 8 task f )94  ,! day1  
h[ev]1 has n yet dawn$ :5 x w be        
possible = ! g5]al m9d 9 ! ,we/ to      
approa* ! "q ) su* fre$om f prejudice1 z
 to be> ! ?\ght t1 se5 f )91 n only     
,paul b also ,apollonius may well h be5 
a disciple ( ! ,"l 9 ! true s5se ( !    
words2 & t too al?\gh on ! surface ( ?+s
 _! tasks seem 9 _m ways s dissimil>1 & 
ev51 to !ological preconceptions1       
entirely antagoni/ic4  ,=tunately1      
h[ev]1 ev5 to-day !re is an ev]-gr[+    
numb] ( ?9k+ p :o w n only n be %ock$ by
 su* a belief1 b :o w receive x ) joy z 
! h]ald ( ! dawn+ ( a true sun (        

righte\sness1 :i* w d m to illum9e !    
manifold ways ( ! religion ( our common 
humanity ?an all ! self-righte\sness (  
any p>ticul> body ( exclusive           
religioni/s4  ,x is1 !n1 9 ?is atmosph]e
 ( *>ity & tol]ance t we w\ld ask !     
read] to approa* ! consid]ation (       
,apollonius & 8 do+s1 & n only ! life & 
de$s ( an ,apollonius1 b also ( all ^?  
:o h /riv5 to help _! fell[s ! _w ov]4  
,,section ,,iv4  ,,! ,,apollonius ,,(   
,,e>ly ,,op9ion4   ,apollonius (        
,tyana#b 0 ! mo/ fam\s philosoph] ( !   
,grco-,roman _w ( ! fir/ c5tury1 &      
devot$ ! major "p ( 8 long life to !    
purification ( ! _m cults ( ! ,empire & 
to ! in/ruction ( ! m9i/]s & prie/s (   
its religions4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,*ri/ 
no m int]e/+ p]sonage appe>s ^u ! /age (
 ,we/]n hi/ory 9 ^! e>ly ye>s4 ,_m &    
v>i\s & (ttimes mutually contradictory  
are ! op9ions :i* h be5 held ab\t       
,apollonius1 = ! acc\nt ( 8 life :i* has
 come d[n to u is 9 ! guise ( a romantic
 /ory r ?an 9 ! =m ( a pla9 hi/ory4 ,&  

?is is p]haps to "s ext5t to be expect$1
 = ,apollonius1 besides 8 public tea*+1 
_h a life ap>t1 a life into :i* ev5 8   
fav\rite disciple does n ent]4 ,he      
j\rneys into ! mo/ di/ant l&s1 & is lo/ 
to ! _w = ye>s2 he ent]s ! %r9es ( ! mo/
 sacr$ temples & ! inn] circles ( ! mo/ 
exclusive communities1 & :at he says or 
does !re9 rema9s a my/]y1 or s]ves only 
z an opportunity = ! weav+ ( "s fanta/ic
 /ory by ^? :o did n und]/&4  ,! foll[+ 
/udy w be simply an attempt to put be=e 
! read] a brief sket* ( ! problem :i* ! 
records & traditions ( ! life ( ! fam\s 
,tyanean pres5t2 b be=e we deal ) !     
,life ( ,apollonius1 writt5 by ,flavius 
,philo/ratus at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird       
c5tury1 we mu/ give ! read] a brief     
acc\nt ( ! ref]5ces to ,apollonius among
 ! classical writ]s & ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 & 
a %ort sket* ( ! lit]ature ( ! subject 9
 m rec5t times1 & ( ! v>y+ =tunes ( ! w>
 ( op9ion conc]n+ 8 life 9 ! la/ f\r    
c5turies4  ,fir/1 !n1 ) reg>d to !      
ref]5ces 9 classical & patri/ic au?ors4 

,lucian1 ! witty writ] ( ! fir/ half ( !
 second c5tury1 makes ! subject ( "o ( 8
 satires ! pupil ( a disciple (         
,apollonius1 ( "o ( ^? :o 7 acqua9t$ )  
all ! trag$y#c ( 8 life4 ,& ,appuleius1 
a contempor>y ( ,lucian1 classes        
,apollonius ) ,moses & ,zoroa/]1 & o!r  
fam\s ,magi ( antiquity4#d  ,ab\t ! same
 p]iod1 9 a "w entitl$ ,qu/iones et     
,responsiones ad ,or?odoxos1 =m]ly      
attribut$ to ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 
! second qu>t] ( ! second c5tury1 we f9d
 ! foll[+ int]e/+ /atem5t3  ,"q #bd3 ,if
 ,god is ! mak] & ma/] ( creation1 h[ d 
! consecrat$ objects#e ( ,apollonius h  
p[] 9 ! v>i\s ord]s ( t creation8 ,=1 z 
we see1 !y *eck ! fury ( ! waves & ! p[]
 ( ! w9ds & ! inroads ( v]m9 & attacks (
 wild bea/s4#f  ,dion ,cassius 9 8      
hi/ory1#g :i* he wrote ,a4,d4 #baa-bbb1 
/ates t ,c>acalla 7,emp4 #baa-baf7      
hon\r$ ! memory ( ,apollonius ) a *apel 
or monum5t 7h]\m74  ,x 0 j at ?is "t    
7#baf7 t ,philo/ratus compos$ 8 ,life ( 
,apollonius1 at ! reque/ ( ,domna       

,julia1 ,c>acalla's "m1 & x is ) ?is    
docum5t pr9cipally t we %all h to deal 9
 ! sequel4  ,lampridius1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t
 ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury1 fur!r in=ms u
 t ,alex&] ,sev]us 7,emp4 #bbb-bce7     
plac$ ! /atue ( ,apollonius 9 8 l>>ium  
toge!r ) ^? ( ,*ri/1 ,abraham1 &        
,orpheus4#h  ,vopiscus1 writ+ 9 ! la/   
decade ( ! ?ird c5tury1 tells u t       
,aurelian 7,emp4 #bgj-bge7 v[$ a temple 
to ,apollonius1 ( :om he _h se5 a vision
 :5 besieg+ ,tyana4 ,vopiscus speaks ( !
 ,tyanean z a sage ( ! mo/ wide-spread  
r5[n & au?ority1 an anci5t philosoph]1 &
 a true fri5d ( ! ,gods1 nay1 z a       
manife/ation ( deity4 ,= :at among m51  
exclaims ! hi/orian1 0 m holy1 :at m    
wor?y ( rev]5ce1 :at m v5]able1 :at m   
god-l ?an he8 ,he1 x 01 :o gave life to 
! dead4 ,he1 x 01 :o did & said s _m ?+s
 beyond ! p[] ( m54#i ,s en?usia/ic is  
,vopiscus ab\t ,apollonius1 t he        
promises1 if he lives1 to write a %ort  
acc\nt ( 8 life 9 ,lat91 s t 8 de$s &   
words may be on ! tongue ( all1 = z yet 

! only acc\nts are 9 ,greek4#aj         
,vopiscus1 h[ev]1 did n fulfil 8        
promise1 b we le>n t ab\t ?is date bo?  
,sot]i*us#aa & ,ni*oma*us wrote ,lives (
 our philosoph]1 & %ortly aft]w>ds      
,tascius ,victorianus1 work+ on ! pap]s 
( ,ni*oma*us1#ab also compos$ a ,life4  
,none ( ^! ,lives1 h[ev]1 h rea*$ u4  ,x
 0 j at ?is p]iod also1 namely1 9 ! la/ 
ye>s ( ! ?ird c5tury & ! fir/ ye>s ( !  
f\r?1 t ,porphyry & ,iambli*us compos$  
_! treatises on ,py?agoras & 8 s*ool2   
bo? m5tion ,apollonius z "o ( _!        
au?orities1 & x is probable t ! fir/ #cj
 sections ( ,iambli*us are tak5 f       
,apollonius4#ac  ,we n[ come to an      
incid5t :i* hurl$ ! "* ( ,apollonius    
into ! ar5a ( ,*ri/ian polemics1 :]e x  
has be5 toss$ ab\t until ! pres5t day4  
,hi]ocles1 successively gov]nor (       
,palmyra1 ,bi?ynia1 & ,alex&ria1 & a    
philosoph]1 ab\t ! ye> #cje wrote a     
criticism on ! claims ( ! ,*ri/ians1 9  
two books1 call$ ,a ,tru?ful ,address to
 ! ,*ri/ians1 or m %ortly ,! ,tru?-lov]4

 ,he seems to h bas$ himself = ! mo/ "p 
on ! previ\s works ( ,celsus &          
,porphyry1#ad b introduc$ a new subject 
( controv]sy by oppos+ ! wond]ful works 
( ,apollonius to ! claims ( ! ,*ri/ians 
to exclusive "r 9 miracles z pro( ( !   
div9ity ( _! ,ma/]4 ,9 ?is "p ( 8       
treatise ,hi]ocles us$ ,philo/ratus'    
,life ( ,apollonius4  ,to ?is p]t95t    
criticism ( ,hi]ocles ,eusebius ( ,cs>ea
 imm$iately repli$ 9 a treatise /ill    
extant1 entitl$ ,contra ,hi]oclem4#ae   
,eusebius admits t ,apollonius 0 a wise 
& virtu\s man1 b d5ies t !re is         
suffici5t pro( t ! wond]ful ?+s ascrib$ 
to him ev] took place2 & ev5 if !y did  
take place1 !y 7 ! "w ( dmons1 & n (    
,god4 ,! treatise ( ,eusebius is        
int]e/+2 he sev]ely scrut9ises !        
/atem5ts 9 ,philo/ratus1 & %[s himself  
possess$ ( a fir/ rate critical faculty4
 ,_h he only us$ ! same faculty on !    
docum5ts ( ! ,*ur*1 ( :i* he 0 ! fir/   
hi/orian1 po/]ity w\ld h ow$ him an     
et]nal debt ( gratitude4 ,b ,eusebius1 l

 s _m o!r apologi/s1 c\ld only see "o   
side2 ju/ice1 :5 any?+ t\*+ ,*ri/ianity 
0 call$ into "q1 0 a /rang] to 8 m9d1 & 
he w\ld h consid]$ x blasphemy to use 8 
critical faculty on ! docum5ts :i*      
relate ! miracles ( ,jesus4 ,/ill !     
problem ( miracle 0 ! same1 z ,hi]ocles 
po9t$ out1 & rema9s ! same to ?is day4  
,aft] ! controv]sy re9c>nat$ aga9 9 !   
sixte5? c5tury1 & :5 ! hypo!sis ( !     
,devil z ! prime-mov] 9 all miracles b  
^? ( ! ,*ur* lo/ its hold ) ! progress (
 sci5tific ?\ght1 ! nature ( ! wond]s   
relat$ 9 ! ,life ( ,apollonius 0 /ill s 
great a difficulty t x gave rise to a   
new hypo!sis ( plagi>ism4 ,! life (     
,apollonius 0 a ,pagan plagi>ism ( !    
life ( ,jesus4 ,b ,eusebius & ! ,fa!rs  
:o foll[$ him _h no suspicion ( ?is2 !y 
liv$ 9 times :5 su* an ass]tion c\ld h  
be5 easily refut$4 ,!re is n a ^w 9     
,philo/ratus to %[ he _h any acqua9tance
 ) ! life ( ,jesus1 & fasc9at+ z ,baur's
 t5d5cy-writ+ !ory is to _m1 we c only  
say t z a plagi>i/ ( ! ,gospel /ory     

,philo/ratus is a conspicu\s failure4   
,philo/ratus writes ! hi/ory ( a good & 
wise man1 a man ) a mission ( tea*+1    
clo!d 9 ! wond] /ories pres]v$ 9 !      
memory & embelli%$ by ! imag9ation (    
fond po/]ity1 b n ! drama ( inc>nate    
,deity z ! fulfilm5t ( _w-prophecy4     
,lactantius1 writ+ ab\t #cae1 also      
attack$ ! treatise ( ,hi]ocles1 :o seems
 to h put =w>d "s v p]t95t criticisms2 =
 ! ,*ur* ,fa!r says t he enum]ates s _m 
( _! ,*ri/ian inn] tea*+s 7intima7 t    
sometimes he w\ld seem to h at "o "t    
und]gone ! same tra9+ 7discipl9a74 ,b x 
is 9 va91 says ,lactantius1 t ,hi]ocles 
endeav\rs to %[ t ,apollonius p]=m$     
simil> or ev5 great] de$s ?an ,jesus1 = 
,*ri/ians d n believe t ,*ri/ is ,god   
because he did wond]ful ?+s1 b because  
all ! ?+s wr\ght 9 him 7 ^? :i* 7       
ann\nc$ by ! prophets4#af ,& 9 tak+ ?is 
gr\nd ,lactantius saw f> m cle>ly ?an   
,eusebius ! weakness ( ! pro( f miracle4
  ,arnobius1 ! tea*] ( ,lactantius1     
h[ev]1 writ+ at ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury1  

be=e ! controv]sy1 9 ref]r+ to          
,apollonius simply classes him among    
,magi1 su* z ,zoroa/] & o!rs m5tion$ 9 !
 passage ( ,appuleius to :i* we h       
already ref]r$4#ag  ,b ev5 aft] !       
controv]sy !re is a wide diff]5ce (     
op9ion among ! ,fa!rs1 = al?\gh at ! end
 ( ! f\r? c5tury ,john ,*ryso/om ) great
 bitt]ness calls ,apollonius a deceiv] &
 evil-do]1 & decl>es t ! :ole ( !       
incid5ts 9 8 life are unqualifi$        
fiction1#ah ,j]ome1 on ! contr>y1 at ! v
 same date1 takes almo/ a fav\rable     
view1 =1 aft] p]us+ ,philo/ratus1 he    
writes t ,apollonius f\nd ev]y:]e some?+
 to le>n & some?+ :]eby he might become 
a bett] man4#ai ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif?   
c5tury also ,augu/9e1 :ile ridicul+ any 
attempt at comp>ison betwe5 ,apollonius 
& ,jesus1 says t ! "* ( ! ,tyanean 0 f> 
sup]ior to t ascrib$ to ,jove1 9 respect
 ( virtue4#bj  ,ab\t ! same date also we
 f9d ,isidorus ( ,pelusium1 :o di$ 9    
#dej1 bluntly d5y+ t !re is any tru? 9 !
 claim made by c]ta91 :om he does n     

fur!r specify1 t ,apollonius ( ,tyana   
consecrat$ _m spots 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w = !
 safety ( ! inhabitants4#ba ,x is       
in/ructive to comp>e ! d5ial ( ,isidorus
 ) ! passage we h already quot$ f       
,pseudo-,ju/94 ,! writ] ( ,que/ions &   
,answ]s to ! ,or?odox 9 ! second c5tury 
c\ld n dispose ( ! "q by a blunt d5ial2 
he _h to admit x & argue ! case on o!r  
gr\nds--namely1 ! ag5cy ( ! ,devil4 ,nor
 c ! argum5t ( ! ,fa!rs1 t ,apollonius  
us$ magic to br+ ab\t 8 results1 :ile ! 
untaught ,*ri/ians c\ld p]=m heal+      
wond]s by a s+le ^w1#bb be accept$ z    
valid by ! unprejudic$ critic1 = !re is 
no evid5ce to support ! cont5tion t     
,apollonius employ$ su* me?ods = 8      
wond]-work+s2 on ! contr>y1 bo?         
,apollonius himself & 8 biograph]       
,philo/ratus /r5u\sly repudiate ! *>ge (
 magic br\ght aga9/ him4  ,on ! o!r h&1 
a few ye>s lat]1 ,sidonius ,apoll9>is1  
,bi%op ( ,cl>emont1 speaks 9 ! highe/   
t]ms ( ,apollonius4 ,sidonius translat$ 
! ,life ( ,apollonius into ,lat9 =      

,leon1 ! c\ncillor ( ,k+ ,euric1 & 9    
writ+ to 8 fri5d he says3 ,read ! life (
 a man :o 7religion ap>t7 resembles y 9 
_m ?+s2 a man s\ght out by ! ri*1 yet :o
 nev] s\ght = ri*es2 :o lov$ wisdom &   
despis$ gold2 a man frugal 9 ! mid/ (   
fea/+s1 clad 9 l95 9 ! mid/ ( ^? clo!d 9
 purple1 au/]e 9 ! mid/ ( luxury4444 ,9 
f9e1 to speak pla9ly1 p]*ance no        
hi/orian w f9d 9 anci5t times a         
philosoph] ^: life is equal to t (      
,apollonius4#bc  ,?us we see t ev5 among
 ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs op9ions 7 divid$2 :ile  
among ! philosoph]s !mselves ! praise ( 
,apollonius 0 un/9t$4  ,= ,ammianus     
,m>cell9us1 ! la/ subject ( ,rome :o    
compos$ a pr(ane hi/ory 9 ! ,lat9       
language1 & ! fri5d ( ,julian !         
philosoph]-emp]or1 ref]s to ! ,tyanean z
 t mo/ r5[n$ philosoph]2#bd :ile a few  
ye>s lat] ,eunapius1 ! pupil (          
,*rysan?ius1 "o ( ! tea*]s ( ,julian1   
writ+ 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! f\r? c5tury1 says
 t ,apollonius 0 m ?an a philosoph]2 he 
0 a middle t]m1 z x 71 betwe5 gods &    

m54#be ,n only 0 ,apollonius an adh]5t (
 ! ,py?agorean philosophy1 b he fully   
exemplifi$ ! m div9e & practical side 9 
x4 ,9 fact ,philo/ratus %\ld h call$ 8  
biography ,! ,soj\rn+ ( a ,god among    
,m54#bf ,?is seem+ly wildly exagg]at$   
e/imate may p]haps receive explanation 9
 ! fact t ,eunapius belong$ to a s*ool  
:i* knew ! nature ( ! atta9m5ts ascrib$ 
to ,apollonius4  ,inde$1 z late z ! fif?
 c5tury we f9d "o ,volusian1 a proconsul
 ( ,africa1 desc5d$ f an old ,roman     
family & /ill /rongly atta*$ to !       
religion ( 8 ance/ors1 almo/ wor%ipp+   
,apollonius ( ,tyana z a sup]natural    
be+4#bg  ,ev5 aft] ! d[nfall (          
philosophy we f9d ,cassiodorus1 :o sp5t 
! la/ ye>s ( 8 long life 9 a mona/]y1   
speak+ ( ,apollonius z ! r5[n$          
philosoph]4#bh ,s also among ,byzant9e  
writ]s1 ! monk ,george ,syncellus1 9 !  
eigh? c5tury1 ref]s sev]al times to our 
philosoph]1 & n only )\t ! slighte/     
adv]se criticism1 b he decl>es t he 0 ! 
fir/ & mo/ rem>kable ( all ! illu/ri\s p

 :o appe>$ "u ! ,empire4#bi ,tzetzes    
also1 ! critic & gramm>ian1 calls       
,apollonius all-wise & a =e-kn[] ( all  
?+s4#cj  ,& ?\gh ! monk ,xiphil9us1 9 ! 
elev5? c5tury1 9 a note to 8 abridgm5t (
 ! hi/ory ( ,dion ,cassius1 calls       
,apollonius a clev] juggl] &            
magician1#ca nev]!less ,c$r5us 9 ! same 
c5tury be/[s on ,apollonius ! n         
uncomplim5t>y title ( an adept          
,py?agorean philosoph]1#cb & relates    
sev]al in/ances ( ! efficacy ( 8 p[]s 9 
,byzantium4 ,9 fact1 if we c believe    
,nicetas1 z late z ! ?irte5? c5tury !re 
7 at ,byzantium c]ta9 bronze doors1     
=m]ly consecrat$ by ,apollonius1 :i* _h 
to be melt$ d[n because !y _h become an 
object ( sup]/ition ev5 = ! ,*ri/ians   
!mselves4#cc  ,_h ! "w ( ,philo/ratus   
disappe>$ ) ! re/ ( ! ,lives1 ! above   
w\ld be all t we %\ld h kn[n ab\t       
,apollonius4#cd ,little en\gh1 x is     
true1 conc]n+ s di/+ui%$ a "*1 yet ample
 en\gh to %[ t1 ) ! exception (         
!ological prejudice1 ! suffrages (      

antiquity 7 all on ! side ( our         
philosoph]4     ,,section ,v4  ,,texts1 
,,translations1 ,,& ,,lit]ature4   ,we w
 n[ turn to ! texts1 translations1 &    
g5]al lit]ature ( ! subject 9 m rec5t   
times4 ,apollonius return$ to ! memory (
 ! _w1 aft] ! oblivion ( ! d>k ages1 )  
evil auspices4 ,f ! v beg9n+ ! old      
,hi]ocles-,eusebius controv]sy 0 reviv$1
 & ! :ole subject 0 at once tak5 out ( !
 calm region ( philosophy & hi/ory &    
hurl$ once m into ! /ormy ar5a (        
religi\s bitt]ness & prejudice4 ,= long 
,aldus hesitat$ to pr9t ! text (        
,philo/ratus1 & only f9ally did s 79    
#aeja7 ) ! text ( ,eusebius z an        
app5dix1 s t1 z he pi\sly phrases x1 !  
antidote might accompany ! poison4      
,toge!r ) x appe>$ a ,lat9 translation  
by ! ,flor5t9e ,r9ucci4#ce  ,9 addition 
to ! ,lat9 v]sion ! sixte5? c5tury also 
produc$ an ,italian#cf & ,fr5*          
translation4#cg  ,! editio pr9ceps (    
,aldus 0 sup]s$$ a c5tury lat] by !     
edition ( ,morel1#ch :i* 9 its turn 0   

foll[$ a c5tury /ill lat] by t (        
,ole>ius4#ci ,ne>ly a c5tury & a half   
lat] aga9 ! text ( ,ole>ius 0 sup]s$$ by
 t ( ,kays] 7! fir/ critical text71 ^:  
"w 9 its la/ edition conta9s ! late/    
critical app>atus4#dj ,all in=mation )  
reg>d to ! ,,mss4 w be f\nd 9 ,kays]'s  
,lat9 ,prefaces4  ,we %all n[ attempt to
 give "s idea ( ! g5]al lit]ature on !  
subject1 s t ! read] may be able to note
 "s ( ! v>y+ =tunes ( ! w> ( op9ion 9 ! 
bibliographical indications4 ,& if !    
g5]al read] %\ld be impati5t ( ! matt] &
 eag] to get to some?+ ( great] int]e/1 
he c easily omit its p]usal2 :ile if he 
be a lov] ( ! my/ic way1 & does n take  
delight 9 wrangl+ controv]sy1 he may at 
lea/ sympa?ise ) ! writ]1 :o has be5    
compell$ to look ?r\gh ! works ( ! la/  
c5tury & a good r\nd doz5 ( ^? ( !      
previ\s c5turies1 be=e he c\ld v5ture on
 an op9ion ( 8 own ) a cle> consci5ce4  
,sect>ian prejudice aga9/ ,apollonius   
*>act]ises ne>ly e op9ion prior to !    
n9ete5? c5tury4#da ,( books di/9ctly    

d$icat$ to ! subject ! works ( ! ,abb   
,dup9#db & ( de ,tillemont#dc are bitt] 
attacks on ! ,philosoph] ( ,tyana 9     
def5ce ( ! monopoly ( ,*ri/ian miracles2
 :ile ^? ( ! ,abb ,h\tteville#dd &      
,ld]wald#de are less viol5t1 ?\gh on !  
same l9es4 ,a pseudonym\s writ]1 h[ev]1 
( ! eighte5? c5tury /rikes out a some:at
 diff]5t l9e by class+ toge!r ! miracles
 ( ! ,jesuits & o!r ,mona/ic ,ord]s ) ^?
 ( ,apollonius1 & dubb+ !m all spuri\s1 
:ile ma9ta9+ ! sole au!nticity ( ^? (   
,jesus4#df  ,nev]!less1 ,bacon &        
,voltaire speak ( ,apollonius 9 ! highe/
 t]ms1#dg & ev5 a c5tury be=e ! latt] ! 
,engli% ,dei/1 ,*>les ,bl\nt1#dh rais$ 8
 voice aga9/ ! univ]sal obloquy p\r$ ^u 
! "* ( ! ,tyanean2 8 "w1 h[ev]1 0       
spe$ily suppress$4  ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is w>  
ab\t miracles 9 ! eighte5? c5tury x is  
pleasant to rem>k ! %ort treatise (     
,h]zog1 :o endeav\rs to give a sket* ( !
 philosophy & religi\s life (           
,apollonius1#di b1 alas6 !re 7 no       
foll[]s ( s lib]al an example 9 ?is     

c5tury ( /rife4  ,s f> !n = ! e>li]     
lit]ature ( ! subject4 ,frankly none ( x
 is wor? read+2 ! problem c\ld n be     
calmly consid]$ 9 su* a p]iod4 ,x />t$  
on ! false gr\nd ( ! ,hi]ocles-,eusebius
 controv]sy1 :i* 0 b an incid5t 7=      
wond]-work+ is common to all great      
tea*]s & n peculi> to ,apollonius or    
,jesus71 & 0 embitt]$ by ! rise (       
,encyclopdism & ! rationalism ( !       
,revolution p]iod4 ,n t !               
miracle-controv]sy ceas$ ev5 9 ! la/    
c5tury2 x does n1 h[ev]1 any long]      
obscure ! :ole horizon1 & ! sun ( a     
calm] judgm5t may be se5 break+ ?r\gh ! 
mi/4  ,9 ord] to make ! re/ ( our summ>y
 cle>] we app5d at ! end ( ?is essay !  
titles ( ! works :i* h appe>$ s9ce !    
beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 9            
*ronological ord]4  ,a glance ov] ?is   
li/ w %[ t ! la/ c5tury has produc$ an  
,engli% 7,b]wick's71 an ,italian        
7,lancetti's71 a ,fr5* 7,*assang's71 &  
two ,g]man translations 7,jacobs' &     
,baltz]'s74#ej ,! ,rev4 ,e4 ,b]wick's   

translation is ! only ,engli% v]sion2 9 
8 ,preface ! au?or1 :ile ass]t+ !       
falsity ( ! miracul\s elem5t 9 ! ,life1 
says t ! re/ ( ! "w des]ves c>eful      
att5tion4 ,no h>m w accrue to ! ,*ri/ian
 religion by its p]usal1 = !re are no   
allusions to ! ,life ( ,*ri/ 9 x1 & !   
miracles are bas$ on ^? ascrib$ to      
,py?agoras4  ,?is is c]ta9ly a heal?i]  
/&po9t ?an t ( ! traditional !ological  
controv]sy1 :i*1 un=tunately1 h[ev]1 0  
reviv$ aga9 by ! great au?ority ( ,baur1
 :o saw 9 a numb] ( ! e>ly docum5ts ( ! 
,*ri/ian era 7notably ! canonical ,acts7
 t5d5cy-writ+s ( b slight hi/orical     
cont5t1 repres5t+ ! *ang+ =tunes (      
s*ools & p>ties & n ! actual hi/ories ( 
individuals4 ,! ,life ( ,apollonius 0 "o
 ( ^! t5d5cy-writ+s2 its object 0 to put
 =w>d a view oppos$ to ,*ri/ianity 9    
fav\r ( philosophy4 ,baur ?us divorc$ ! 
:ole subject f its hi/orical /&po9t &   
attribut$ to ,philo/ratus an elaborate  
s*eme ( :i* he 0 entirely innoc5t4      
,baur's view 0 l>gely adopt$ by ,zell] 9

 8 ,philosophie d] ,grie*5 7v4 #adj71 & 
by ,rville 9 ,holl&4  ,?is ,*ri/usbild  
!ory 7c>ri$ by a few extremi/s to ! po9t
 ( d5y+ t ,apollonius ev] exi/$7 has _h 
a great vogue among writ]s on ! subject1
 especially compil]s ( encyclopdia      
articles2 x is at any rate a wid] issue 
?an ! traditional miracle-wrangle1 :i* 0
 aga9 reviv$ 9 all its anci5t n>r[ness  
by ,newman1 :o only uses ,apollonius z  
an excuse = a diss]tation on or?odox    
miracles1 to :i* he devotes eighte5     
pages out ( ! tw5ty-five ( 8 treatise4  
,noack also foll[s ,baur1 & to "s ext5t 
,pett]s*1 ?\gh he takes ! subject onto !
 gr\nd ( philosophy2 :ile ,mnckeb]g1    
pa/or ( ,/4 ,nicolai 9 ,hamburg1 ?\gh   
/riv+ to be fair to ,apollonius1 ends 8 
*atty diss]tation ) an outbur/ ( or?odox
 praises ( ,jesus1 praises :i* we by no 
means grudge1 b :i* are entirely out (  
place 9 su* a subject4  ,! developm5t ( 
! ,jesus-,apollonius miracle-controv]sy 
into ! ,jesus-aga9/-,apollonius & ev5   
,*ri/-aga9/-,anti-,*ri/ battle1 f\ght   

out ) relays ( lu/y *ampions on ! "o    
side aga9/ a feeble prote/ at be/ on !  
o!r1 is a pa9ful spectacle to           
contemplate4 ,h[ sadly mu/ ,jesus &     
,apollonius h look$ ^u1 & /ill look ^u1 
?is bitt] & useless /rife ov] _! sa9tly 
p]sons4 ,:y %\ld po/]ity set _! memories
 "o aga9/ ! o!r8 ,did !y oppose "o ano!r
 9 life8 ,did ev5 _! biograph]s d s aft]
 _! dea?s8 ,:y !n c\ld n ! controv]sy h 
ceas$ ) ,eusebius8 ,= ,lactantius       
frankly admits ! po9t br\ght =w>d by    
,hi]ocles 7to exemplify :i* ,hi]ocles   
only ref]r$ to ,apollonius z "o in/ance 
out ( _m7--t miracles d n prove div9ity4
 ,we re/ our claims1 says ,lactantius1 n
 on miracles1 b on ! fulfilm5t (        
prophecy4#ea ,_h ?is m s5sible position 
be5 reviv$ in/ead ( t ( ,eusebius1 !    
problem ( ,apollonius w\ld h be5        
consid]$ 9 its natural hi/orical        
environm5t f\r hundr$ ye>s ago1 & mu*   
ink & pap] w\ld h be5 sav$4  ,) !       
progress ( ! critical me?od1 h[ev]1     
op9ion has at l5g? p>tly recov]$ its    

balance1 & x is pleasant to be able to  
turn to works :i* h rescu$ ! subject f  
!ological obscurantism & plac$ x 9 ! op5
 field ( hi/orical & critical rese>*4 ,!
 two volumes ( ! indep5d5t ?9k]1 ,legr& 
d',aussy1 :i* appe>$ at ! v beg9n+ ( !  
la/ c5tury1 are1 = ! "t1 rem>kably free 
f prejudice1 & are a praisewor?y attempt
 at hi/orical imp>tiality1 b criticism 0
 /ill "y at ?is p]iod4 ,kays]1 ?\gh he  
does n g ?or\ghly into ! matt]1 decides 
t ! acc\nt ( ,philo/ratus is purely a   
fabul>is n>ratio b is well oppos$ by ,i4
 ,mll]1 :o cont5ds = a /rong elem5t (   
hi/ory z a backgr\nd4 ,b by f> ! be/    
sift+ ( ! s\rces is t ( ,jess54#eb      
,priaulx's /udy deals solely ) ! ,indian
 episode & is ( no critical value = !   
e/imation ( ! s\rces4 ,( all previ\s    
/udies1 h[ev]1 ! works ( ,*assang &     
,baltz] are ! mo/ g5]ally intellig5t1 = 
bo? writ]s are aw>e ( ! possibilities ( 
psy*ic sci5ce1 ?\gh mo/ly f !           
insuffici5t /&po9t ( spiriti/ic ph5om5a4
  ,z = ,tr$well's some:at pret5ti\s     

volume :i*1 be+ 9 ,engli%1 is accessible
 to ! g5]al read]1 x is l>gely          
reaction>y1 & is us$ z a cov] = adv]se  
criticism ( ! ,*ri/ian orig9s f a       
,secul>i/ /&po9t :i* d5ies at ! outset !
 possibility ( miracle 9 any mean+ ( !  
^w4 ,a mass ( well-kn[n numismatological
 & o!r matt]1 :i* is entirely           
irrelevant1 b :i* seems to be new &     
surpris+ to ! au?or1 is introduc$1 & a  
map is prefix$ to ! title-page purport+ 
to give ! it9]>ies ( ,apollonius1 b hav+
 little ref]5ce to ! text (             
,philo/ratus4 ,inde$1 n[h]e does        
,tr$well %[ t he is work+ on ! text     
itself1 & ! subject 9 8 h&s is b an     
excuse = a rambl+ diss]tation on ! fir/ 
c5tury 9 g5]al f 8 own /&po9t4  ,?is is 
all regrettable1 = ) ! exception (      
,b]wick's translation1 :i* is almo/     
unprocurable1 we h no?+ ( value 9       
,engli% = ! g5]al read]1#ec except      
,s9nett's %ort sket*1 :i* is descriptive
 r ?an critical or explanatory4  ,s f>  
!n = ! hi/ory ( ! ,apollonius ( op9ion2 

we w n[ turn to ! ,apollonius (         
,philo/ratus1 & attempt if possible to  
discov] "s traces ( ! man z he 0 9      
hi/ory1 & ! nature ( 8 life & "w4       
,,section ,,vi4  ,,! ,,biograph] ,,(    
,,apollonius4   ,flavius ,philo/ratus1 !
 writ] ( ! only ,life ( ,apollonius :i* 
has come d[n to u1#ed 0 a di/+ui%$ man (
 lett]s :o liv$ 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! second
 & ! fir/ half ( ! ?ird c5tury 7cir4    
#age-bde ,a4,d474 ,he =m$ "o ( ! circle 
( fam\s writ]s & ?9k]s ga!r$ r\nd !     
philosoph]-empress1#ee ,julia ,domna1 :o
 0 ! guid+ _s ( ! ,empire dur+ ! reigns 
( h] husb& ,septimius ,sev]us & h] son  
,c>acalla4 ,all ?ree memb]s ( ! imp]ial 
family 7 /ud5ts ( occult sci5ce1 & ! age
 0 preem95tly "o 9 :i* ! occult arts1   
good & bad1 7 a passion4 ,?us !         
sceptical ,gibbon1 9 8 sket* ( ,sev]us &
 8 fam\s consort1 writes3  ,l mo/ ( !   
,africans1 ,sev]us 0 passionately       
addict$ to ! va9 /udies ( magic &       
div9ation1 deeply v]s$ 9 ! int]pretation
 ( dreams & om5s1 & p]fectly acqua9t$ ) 

! sci5ce ( judicial a/rology1 :i* 9     
almo/ e age except ! pres5t1 has ma9ta9$
 its dom9ion ov] ! m9d ( man4 ,he _h lo/
 8 fir/ wife :il/ he 0 gov]nor ( !      
,lionnese ,gaul4 ,9 ! *oice ( a second1 
he s\ght only to connect himself ) "s   
fav\rite ( =tune2 & z soon z he _h      
discov]$ t a "y lady ( ,emesa 9 ,syria  
_h a royal nativity#ef he solicit$ &    
obta9$ h] h&4 ,julia ,domna#eg 7= t 0 h]
 "n7 des]v$ all t ! />s c\ld promise h]4
 ,%e possess$1 ev5 9 an advanc$ age1#eh 
! attractions ( beauty1 & unit$ to a    
lively imag9ation a firmness ( m9d1 &   
/r5g? ( judgm5t1 seldom be/[$ on h] sex4
 ,h] amiable qualities nev] made any    
deep impression on ! d>k & jeal\s temp] 
( h] husb&1#ei b 9 h] son's reign1 %e   
adm9i/]$ ! pr9cipal affairs ( ! ,empire 
) a prud5ce t support$ 8 au?ority1 & ) a
 mod]ation t sometimes correct$ 8 wild  
extravagances4 ,julia appli$ h]self to  
lett]s & philosophy ) "s success1 & ) ! 
mo/ spl5did reputation4 ,%e 0 !         
patroness ( e art1 & ! fri5d ( e man (  

g5ius4#fj  ,we ?us see1 ev5 f ,gibbon's 
some:at grudg+ e/imate1 t ,domna ,julia 
0 a woman ( rem>kable "*1 ^: out] acts  
give evid5ce ( an inn] purpose1 & ^:    
private life has n be5 writt54 ,x 0 at  
h] reque/ t ,philo/ratus wrote ! ,life (
 ,apollonius1 & x 0 %e :o suppli$ him ) 
c]ta9 ,,mss4 t 7 9 h] possession1 z a   
basis2 = ! beautiful daught] (          
,bassianus1 prie/ ( ! sun at ,emesa1 0  
an ard5t collector ( books f e "p ( !   
_w1 especially ( ! ,,mss4 ( philosoph]s 
& ( memor&a & biographical notes relat+ 
to ! fam\s /ud5ts ( ! inn] nature ( ?+s4
  ,t ,philo/ratus 0 ! be/ man to :om to 
entru/ s important a task1 is d\btful4  
,x is true t he 0 a skill$ /yli/ & a    
practis$ man ( lett]s1 an art critic &  
an ard5t antiqu>ian1 z we may see f 8   
o!r works2 b he 0 a sophi/ r ?an a      
philosoph]1 & ?\gh an en?usia/ic admir] 
( ,py?agoras & 8 s*ool1 0 s f a di/ance1
 reg>d+ x r ?r\gh a wond]-lov+ atmosph]e
 ( curiosity & ! embelli%m5ts ( a lively
 imag9ation ?an f a p]sonal acqua9tance 

) its discipl9e1 or a practical k ( ^?  
hidd5 =ces ( ! s\l ) :i* its adepts     
dealt4 ,we h1 !re=e1 to expect a sket* (
 ! appe>ance ( a ?+ by "o outside1 r ?an
 an exposition ( ! ?+ itself f "o )94   
,! foll[+ is ,philo/ratus' acc\nt ( !   
s\rces f :i* he d]iv$ 8 in=mation       
conc]n+ ,apollonius3#fa  ,i h collect$  
my mat]ials p>tly f ! cities :i* lov$   
him1 p>tly f ! temples ^: rites &       
regulations he re/or$ f _! =m] /ate (   
neglect1 p>tly f :at o!rs h said ab\t   
him1 & p>tly f 8 own lett]s4#fb ,m      
detail$ in=mation ,i procur$ z foll[s4  
,damis 0 a man ( "s education :o =m]ly  
us$ to live 9 ! anci5t city ( ,n9us4#fc 
,he became a disciple ( ,apollonius &   
record$ 8 travels1 9 :i* he says he     
himself took "p1 & also ! views1 say+s1 
& pr$ictions ( 8 ma/]4 ,a memb] (       
,damis' family br\ght ! ,empress ,julia 
! note-books#fd conta9+ ^! memoirs1 :i* 
up to t "t _h n be5 kn[n (4 ,z ,i 0 "o (
 ! circle ( ?is pr9cess1 :o 0 a lov] &  
patroness ( all lit]>y productions1 %e  

ord]$ me to rewrite ^! sket*es & improve
 _! =m ( expression1 = ?\gh ! ,n9evite  
express$ himself cle>ly1 8 /yle 0 f> f  
correct4 ,i also h _h access to a book  
by ,maximus#fe ( g :i* conta9$ all      
,apollonius' do+s at g4#ff ,!re is also 
a w writt5 by ,apollonius1 f :i* we c   
le>n h[ he almo/ deifi$ philosophy4#fg  
,z to ! f\r books ( ,mo]ag5es#fh on     
,apollonius !y d n des]ve att5tion1 = he
 kn[s no?+ ( mo/ ( ! facts ( 8 life 7i4 
#b1 #c74  ,^! are ! s\rces to :i*       
,philo/ratus 0 indebt$ = 8 in=mation1   
s\rces :i* are un=tunately no long]     
accessible to u1 except p]haps a few    
lett]s4 ,nor did ,philo/ratus sp>e any  
pa9s to ga!r in=mation on ! subject1 = 9
 8 conclud+ words 7viii4 #ca71 he tells 
u t he has himself travell$ into mo/    
p>ts ( ! _w & ev]y:]e met ) ! inspir$   
say+s#fi ( ,apollonius1 & t he 0        
especially well acqua9t$ ) ! temple     
d$icat$ to ! memory ( our philosoph] at 
,tyana & f\nd$ at ! imp]ial exp5se 7= ! 
emp]ors _h judg$ him n unwor?y ( l      

hon\rs ) !mselves71 ^: prie/s1 x is to  
be presum$1 _h got toge!r z mu*         
in=mation z !y c\ld conc]n+ ,apollonius4
  ,a ?or\ghly critical analysis ( !     
lit]>y ef=t ( ,philo/ratus1 !re=e1 w\ld 
h to take into acc\nt all ( ^! factors1 
& endeav\r to assign ea* /atem5t to its 
orig9al s\rce4 ,b ev5 !n ! task ( !     
hi/orian w\ld be incomplete1 = x is     
transp>5tly evid5t t ,philo/ratus has   
consid]ably embelli%$ ! n>rative )      
num]\s notes & additions ( 8 own & ) !  
composition ( set spee*es4  ,n[ z !     
anci5t writ]s did n sep>ate _! notes f !
 text1 or indicate !m 9 any di/9ct      
fa%ion1 we h to be con/antly on our gu>d
 to detect ! orig9al s\rces f ! glosses 
( ! writ]4#gj ,9 fact ,philo/ratus is   
ev] tak+ advantage ( ! m5tion ( a "n or 
a subject to display 8 own k1 :i* is (t5
 ( a mo/ leg5d>y & fanta/ic nature4 ,?is
 is especially ! case 9 8 description ( 
,apollonius' ,indian travels4 ,india at 
t "t & long aft]w>ds 0 consid]$ ! end ( 
! _w1 & an inf9ity ( ! /range/          

travell]s' tales & my?ological fables 7 
9 circulation conc]n+ x4 ,"o has only to
 read ! acc\nts ( ! writ]s on ,india#ga 
f ! "t ( ,alex&] onw>ds to discov] !    
s\rce ( mo/ ( ! /range incid5ts t       
,philo/ratus records z exp]i5ces (      
,apollonius4 ,to take b "o in/ance out (
 a hundr$1 ,apollonius _h to cross !    
,caucasus1 an indef9ite "n = ! great    
sy/em ( m\nta9 ranges t b\nd ! nor!rn   
limits ( ,aryav>ta4 ,prome!us 0 *a9$ to 
! ,caucasus1 s e *ild _h be5 told =     
c5turies4 ,!re=e1 if ,apollonius cross$ 
! ,caucasus1 he mu/ h se5 ^? *a9s4 ,& s 
x 01 ,philo/ratus assures u 7ii4 #c74 ,n
 only s1 b he volunte]s ! additional    
in=mation t y c\ld n tell ( :at !y 7    
made6 ,a p]usal ( ,mega/h5es1 h[ev]1 w  
spe$ily r$uce ! long ,philo/ratian      
acc\nt ( ! ,indian travels ( ,apollonius
 7i4 #da-;iii4 #eh7 to a v n>r[ compass1
 = page aft] page is simply padd+1 pick$
 up f any "o ( ! num]\s ,indica to :i*  
our widely read au?or _h access4#gb ,to 
judge f su* writ]s1 ,porus#gc 7! ,rajah 

conqu]$ by ,alex&]7 0 ! immemorial k+ ( 
,india4 ,9 fact1 9 speak+ ( ,india or   
any o!r little-kn[n c\ntry1 a writ] 9 ^!
 days _h to drag 9 all t popul> leg5d   
associat$ ) x or he /ood little *ance ( 
be+ li/5$ to4 ,he _h to give 8 n>rative 
a local col\r1 & ?is 0 especially ! case
 9 a te*nical rhetorical ef=t l t (     
,philo/ratus4  ,aga91 x 0 ! fa%ion to   
ins]t set spee*es & put !m 9 ! m\?s (   
well-kn[n *>act]s on hi/orical          
occasions1 good in/ances ( :i* may be   
se5 9 ,?ucydides & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4
 ,philo/ratus repeat$ly does ?is4  ,b x 
w\ld be too long to ent] into a detail$ 
inve/igation ( ! subject1 al?\gh ! writ]
 has prep>$ notes on all ^! po9ts1 = t  
w\ld be to write a volume & n a sket*4  
,only a few po9ts are !re=e set d[n1 to 
w>n ! /ud5t to be ev] on 8 gu>d to sift 
out ,philo/ratus f 8 s\rces4#gd  ,b ?\gh
 we mu/ be ke5ly alive to ! importance (
 a ?or\ghly critical attitude :]e       
def9ite facts ( hi/ory are conc]n$1 we  
%\ld be z ke5ly on our gu>d aga9/ judg+ 

ev]y?+ f ! /&po9t ( mod]n               
preconceptions4 ,!re is b "o religi\s   
lit]ature ( antiquity t has ev] be5     
treat$ ) real sympa?y 9 ! ,we/1 & t is !
 ,judo-,*ri/ian2 9 t alone h m5 be5     
tra9$ to feel at home1 & all 9 antiquity
 t treats ( religion 9 a diff]5t mode to
 ! ,jewi% or ,*ri/ian way1 is felt to be
 /range1 &1 if obscure or extraord9>y1  
to be ev5 repulsive4 ,! say+s & do+s ( !
 ,jewi% prophets1 ( ,jesus1 & ( !       
,apo/les1 are relat$ ) rev]5ce1         
embelli%$ ) ! greate/ beauties (        
diction1 & illum9$ ) ! be/ ?\ght ( !    
age2 :ile ! say+s & do+s ( o!r prophets 
& tea*]s h be5 = ! mo/ "p subject$ to ! 
mo/ unsympa!tic criticism1 9 :i* no     
attempt is made to und]/& _! /&po9t4 ,_h
 ev5-h&$ ju/ice be5 dealt out all r\nd1 
! _w to-day w\ld h be5 ri*] 9 sympa?y1 9
 wide-m9d$ness1 9 compreh5sion ( nature1
 humanity1 & ,god1 9 brief1 9           
s\l-exp]i5ce4  ,!re=e1 9 read+ ! ,life (
 ,apollonius let u rememb] t we h to    
look at x ?r\gh ! eyes ( a ,greek1 & n  

?r\gh ^? ( a ,jew or a ,prote/ant4 ,!   
,_m 9 _! prop] sph]e mu/ be = u z       
au!ntic a manife/ation ( ! ,div9e z !   
,"o or ! ,all1 = inde$ ! ,gods exi/ 9   
spite ( comm&m5t & cre$4 ,! ,sa9ts &    
,m>tyrs & ,angels h seem+ly tak5 !      
places ( ! ,h]oes & ,dmons & ,gods1 b ! 
*ange ( "n & *ange ( view-po9t among m5 
affect b little ! un*angeable facts4 ,to
 s5se ! facts ( univ]sal religion "u !  
ev]-*ang+ names :i* m5 be/[ ^u !m1 & !n 
to ent] ) full sympa?y & compreh5sion   
into ! hopes & fe>s ( e phase ( !       
religi\s m9d--to read1 z x 71 ! pa/     
lives ( our own s\ls--is a mo/ difficult
 task4 ,b until we c put ourselves      
und]/&+ly 9 ! places ( o!rs1 we c nev]  
see m ?an "o side ( ! ,inf9ite ,life (  
,god4 ,a /ud5t ( comp>ative religion mu/
 n be afraid ( t]ms2 he mu/ n %udd] :5  
he meets ) poly!ism1 or draw back 9     
horror :5 he enc\nt]s dualism1 or feel  
an increas$ satisfaction :5 he falls 9 )
 mono!ism2 he mu/ n feel awe :5 he      
pron\nces ! "n ( ,yahweh & contempt :5  

he utt]s ! "n ( ,zeus2 he mu/ n picture 
a satyr :5 he reads ! ^w dmon1 & imag9e 
a w+$ dream ( beauty :5 he pron\nces !  
^w angel4 ,= him h]esy & or?odoxy mu/ n 
exi/2 he sees only 8 own s\l sl[ly work+
 out its own exp]i5ce1 look+ at life f e
 possible view-po9t1 s t haply at la/ he
 may see ! :ole1 & hav+ se5 ! :ole1 may 
become at "o ) ,god4  ,to ,apollonius ! 
m]e fa%ion ( a man's fai? 0 uness5tial2 
he 0 at home 9 all l&s1 among all cults4
 ,he _h a helpful ^w = all1 an intimate 
k ( ! p>ticul> way ( ea* ( !m1 :i*      
enabl$ him to re/ore !m to heal?4 ,su*  
m5 are r>e2 ! records ( su* m5 are      
preci\s1 & require ! embelli%m5ts ( no  
rhetorician4  ,let u !n1 fir/ ( all1 try
 to recov] ! outl9e ( ! e>ly ext]nal    
life & ( ! travels ( ,apollonius %orn ( 
,philo/ratus' embelli%m5ts1 & !n        
endeav\r to consid] ! nature ( 8        
mission1 ! mann] ( ! philosophy :i* he s
 de>ly lov$ & :i* 0 to him 8 religion1 &
 la/1 if possible1 ! way ( 8 inn] life4 
,,section ,,vii4  ,,e>ly ,,life4        

,apollonius 0 born#ge at ,tyana1 a city 
9 ! s\? ( ,cappadocia1 some:5 9 ! e>ly  
ye>s ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,8 p>5ts 7 (     
anci5t family & consid]able =tune 7i4   
#d74 ,at an e>ly age he gave signs ( a v
 p[]ful memory & /udi\s disposition1 & 0
 rem>kable = 8 beauty4 ,at ! age (      
f\rte5 he 0 s5t to ,t>sus1 a fam\s c5tre
 ( le>n+ ( ! "t1 to complete 8 /udies4  
,b m]e rhetoric & /yle & ! life ( !     
s*ools 7 little suit$ to 8 s]i\s        
disposition1 & he spe$ily left = g1 a   
t[n on ! sea-coa/ ea/ ( ,t>sus4 ,"h he  
f\nd surr\nd+s m suitable to 8 ne$s1 &  
plung$ ) ard\r into ! /udy ( philosophy4
 ,he became intimate ) ! prie/s ( !     
temple ( sculapius1 :]e cures 7 /ill    
wr\ght1 & enjoy$ ! society & in/ruction 
( pupils & tea*]s ( ! ,platonic1 ,/oic1 
,p]ipatetic1 & ,epicurean s*ools (      
philosophy2 b ?\gh he /udi$ all ^!      
sy/ems ( ?\ght ) att5tion1 x 0 ! lessons
 ( ! ,py?agorean s*ool ^u :i* he seiz$ )
 an extraord9>y dep? ( compreh5sion1#gf 
& t1 too1 al?\gh 8 tea*]1 ,eux5us1 0 b a

 p>rot ( ! doctr9es & n a practis] ( !  
discipl9e4 ,b su* p>rott+ 0 n en\gh = ! 
eag] _s ( ,apollonius2 8 extraord9>y    
memory1 :i* infus$ life into ! dull     
utt]ances ( 8 tutor1 urg$ him on1 & at !
 age ( sixte5 he so>$ into ! ,py?agorean
 life1 w+$ by "s great] "o4#gg          
,nev]!less he reta9$ 8 affection = ! man
 :o _h told him ( ! way1 & rew>d$ him   
h&somely 7i4 #g74  ,:5 ,eux5us ask$ him 
h[ he w\ld beg9 8 new mode ( life he    
repli$3 ,z doctors purge _! pati5ts4    
,h5ce he refus$ to t\* any?+ t _h animal
 life 9 x1 on ! gr\nd t x d5sifi$ ! m9d 
& r5d]$ x impure4 ,he consid]$ t ! only 
pure =m ( food 0 :at ! e>? produc$1     
fruits & vegetables4 ,he also ab/a9$ f  
w9e1 = ?\gh x 0 made f fruit1 x r5d]$   
turbid ! !r#gh 9 ! s\l & de/roy$ !      
composure ( ! m9d4 ,moreov]1 he w5t     
b>efoot1 let 8 hair gr[ long1 & wore    
no?+ b l954 ,he n[ liv$ 9 ! temple1 to !
 admiration ( ! prie/s & ) ! express    
approval ( sculapius1#gi & he rapidly   
became s fam\s = 8 asceticism & pi\s    

life1 t a say+#hj ( ! ,cilicians ab\t   
him became a prov]b 7i4 #h74  ,at ! age 
( tw5ty 8 fa!r di$ 78 "m hav+ di$ "s    
ye>s be=e7 leav+ a consid]able =tune1   
:i* ,apollonius 0 to %>e ) 8 eld] bro!r1
 a wild & dissolute y\? ( tw5ty-?ree4   
,be+ /ill a m9or1 ,apollonius cont9u$ to
 reside at g1 :]e ! temple ( sculapius  
_h n[ become a busy c5tre ( /udy1 & e*o$
 f "o end to ! o!r ) ! s\nd ( l(ty      
philosophical disc\rses4 ,on com+ ( age 
he return$ to ,tyana to endeav\r to     
rescue 8 bro!r f 8 vici\s life4 ,8 bro!r
 _h app>5tly exhau/$ 8 legal %>e ( !    
prop]ty1 & ,apollonius at once made ov] 
half ( 8 own portion to him1 & by 8     
g5tle admonitions re/or$ him to 8       
manhood4 ,9 fact he seems to h devot$ 8 
"t to sett+ 9 ord] ! affairs ( ! family1
 = he di/ribut$ ! re/ ( 8 patrimony     
among c]ta9 ( 8 relatives1 & kept =     
himself b a b>e pittance2 he requir$ b  
little1 he said1 & %\ld nev] m>ry 7i4   
#ac74  ,he n[ took ! v[ ( sil5ce = five 
ye>s1 = he 0 det]m9$ n to write on      

philosophy until he _h pass$ ?r\gh ?is  
:olesome discipl9e4 ,^! five ye>s 7     
pass$ mo/ly 9 ,pamphylia & ,cilicia1 &  
?\gh he sp5t mu* "t 9 /udy1 he did n    
immure himself 9 a community or mona/]y 
b kept mov+ ab\t & travell+ f city to   
city4 ,! temptations to break 8         
self-impos$ v[ 7 enorm\s4 ,8 /range     
appe>ance drew ev]yone's att5tion1 !    
laught]-lov+ populace made ! sil5t      
philosoph] ! butt ( _! unscrupul\s wit1 
& all ! protection he _h aga9/ _!       
scurrility & misconceptions 0 ! dignity 
( 8 mi5 & ! glance ( eyes t n[ c\ld see 
bo? pa/ & future4 ,_m a "t he 0 on !    
v]ge ( bur/+ out aga9/ "s exceptional   
insult or ly+ gossip1 b ev] he re/ra9$  
himself ) ! words3 ,he>t1 pati5t be1 &  
?\1 my tongue1 be /ill#ha 7i4 #ad74     
,yet ev5 ?is /]n repression ( ! common  
mode ( spee* did n prev5t 8 good do+4   
,ev5 at ?is e>ly age he _h begun to     
correct abuses4 ,) eyes & h&s & motions 
( ! head1 he made 8 mean+ und]/ood1 & on
 "o occasion1 at ,asp5dus 9 ,pamphylia1 

prev5t$ a s]i\s corn riot by sil5c+ !   
cr[d ) 8 comm&+ ge/ures & !n writ+ :at  
he _h to say on 8 tablets 7i4 #ae74  ,s 
f>1 app>5tly1 ,philo/ratus has be5      
dep5d5t ^u ! acc\nt ( ,maximus ( g1 or  
p]haps only up to ! "t ( ,apollonius'   
quitt+ g4 ,!re is n[ a consid]able gap 9
 ! n>rative1 & two %ort *apt]s ( vague  
g5]alities 7i4 #af1 #ag7 are all t      
,philo/ratus c produce z ! record ( "s  
fifte5 or tw5ty#hb ye>s1 until ,damis'  
notes beg94  ,aft] ! five ye>s ( sil5ce1
 we f9d ,apollonius at ,antio*1 b ?is   
seems to be only an incid5t 9 a long    
r\nd ( travel & "w1 & x is probable t   
,philo/ratus br+s ,antio* into prom95ce 
m]ely because :at little he _h le>nt (  
?is p]iod ( ,apollonius' life1 he pick$ 
up 9 ?is mu*-frequ5t$ city4  ,ev5 f     
,philo/ratus himself we le>n incid5tally
 lat] on 7i4 #bj2 iv4 #ch7 t ,apollonius
 _h sp5t "s "t among ! ,arabians1 & _h  
be5 in/ruct$ by !m4 ,& by ,arabia we are
 to und]/& ! c\ntry s\? ( ,pale/9e1 :i* 
0 at ?is p]iod a regul> hot-b$ ( my/ic  

communities4 ,! spots he visit$ 7 9     
out-(-!-way places1 :]e ! _s ( hol9ess  
l+]$1 & n ! cr[d$ & di/urb$ cities1 = ! 
subject ( 8 conv]sation1 he said1       
requir$ m5 & n p4#hc ,he sp5t 8 "t 9    
travell+ f "o to ano!r ( ^! temples1    
%r9es1 & communities2 f :i* we may      
conclude t !re 0 "s k9d ( a common      
freemasonry1 z x 71 among !m1 ( ! nature
 ( initiation1 :i* op5$ ! door (        
hospitality to him4  ,b :]ev] he w5t1 he
 always held to a c]ta9 regul> division 
( ! day4 ,at sun-rise he practis$ c]ta9 
religi\s ex]cises alone1 ! nature ( :i* 
he communicat$ only to ^? :o _h pass$   
?r\gh ! discipl9e ( a f\r ye>s' 78 five 
ye>s'7 sil5ce4 ,he !n conv]s$ ) ! temple
 prie/s or ! heads ( ! community1       
accord+ z he 0 /ay+ 9 a ,greek or       
non-,greek temple ) public rites1 or 9 a
 community ) a discipl9e peculi> to     
itself ap>t f ! public cult4#hd  ,he ?us
 endeav\r$ to br+ back ! public cults to
 ! purity ( _! anci5t traditions1 & to  
sugge/ improvem5ts 9 ! practices ( !    

private bro!rhoods4 ,! mo/ important "p 
( 8 "w 0 ) ^? :o 7 foll[+ ! inn] life1 &
 :o already look$ ^u ,apollonius z a    
tea*] ( ! hidd5 way4 ,to ^! 8 comrades  
7,greek3 hetair\s7 & pupils 7,greek3    
homiltas71 he devot$ mu* att5tion1 be+  
ev] ready to answ] _! que/ions & give   
advice & in/ruction4 ,n h[ev] t he      
neglect$ ! p2 x 0 8 inv>iable cu/om to  
tea* !m1 b always aft] mid-day2 = ^? :o 
liv$ ! inn] life1#he he said1 %\ld on   
day's dawn+ ent] ! pres5ce ( ! ,gods1#hf
 !n sp5d ! "t till mid-day 9 giv+ &     
receiv+ in/ruction 9 holy ?+s1 & n till 
aft] noon devote !mselves to human      
affairs4 ,t is to say1 ! morn+ 0 devot$ 
by ,apollonius to ! div9e sci5ce1 & !   
aft]noon to in/ruction 9 e?ics &        
practical life4 ,aft] ! day's "w he ba!d
 9 cold wat]1 z did s _m ( ! my/ics ( ! 
"t 9 ^? l&s1 notably ! ,ess5es &        
,!rapeuts 7i4 #af74  ,aft] ^! ?+s1 says 
,philo/ratus1 z vaguely z ! writ] ( a   
gospel n>rative1 ,apollonius det]m9$ to 
visit ! ,bra*manes & ,s>manes4#hg ,:at  

induc$ our philosoph] to make s long &  
dang]\s a j\rney n[h]e appe>s f         
,philo/ratus1 :o simply says t          
,apollonius ?\ght x a good ?+ = a "y    
man#hh to travel4 ,x is abundantly      
evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ,apollonius nev]       
travell$ m]ely = ! sake ( travell+4 ,:at
 he does he does ) a di/9ct purpose4 ,& 
8 guides on ?is occasion1 z he assures 8
 disciples :o tri$ to dissuade him f 8  
endeav\r & refus$ to accompany him1 7   
wisdom & 8 inn] monitor 7dmon74 ,s9ce ye
 are fa9t-he>t$1 says ! solit>y pilgrim1
 ,i bid y f>ewell4 ,z = myself ,i mu/ g 
:i!rsoev] wisdom & my inn] self may lead
 me4 ,! ,gods are my advis]s & ,i c b   
rely on _! c\nsels 7i4 #ah74            
,,section ,,viii4  ,,! ,,travels ,,(    
,,apollonius4   ,& s ,apollonius dep>ts 
f ,antio* & j\rneys on to ,n9us1 ! relic
 ( ! once great ,n9a or ,n9eveh4 ,!re he
 meets ) ,damis1 :o becomes 8 con/ant   
companion & fai?ful disciple4 ,let u g  
toge!r1 says ,damis 9 words rem9d+ u    
some:at ( ! words ( ,ru?4 ,?\ %alt foll[

 ,god1 & ,i !e6 7i4 #ai74  ,f ?is po9t  
,philo/ratus pr(esses to base himself to
 a great ext5t on ! n>rative ( ,damis1 &
 be=e go+ fur!r1 x is necess>y to try to
 =m "s e/imate ( ! "* ( ,damis1 &       
discov] h[ f> he 0 admitt$ to ! real    
confid5ce ( ,apollonius4  ,damis 0 an   
en?usia/ :o lov$ ,apollonius ) a        
passionate affection4 ,he saw 9 8 ma/]  
almo/ a div9e be+1 possess$ ( m>vell\s  
p[]s at :i* he cont9ually wond]$1 b :i* 
he c\ld nev] und]/&4 ,l ,an&a1 !        
fav\rite disciple ( ! ,buddha & 8       
con/ant companion1 ,damis advanc$ b     
sl[ly 9 compreh5sion ( ! real nature (  
spiritual sci5ce2 he _h ev] to rema9 9 !
 out] c\rts ( ! temples & communities   
into ^: %r9es & inn] confid5ce          
,apollonius _h full access1 :ile he     
frequ5tly /ates 8 ignorance ( 8 ma/]'s  
plans & purposes4#hi ,! additional fact 
t he ref]s to 8 notes z ! crumbs#ij f ! 
fea/s ( ! ,gods 7i4 #ai71 ^? fea/s ( :i*
 he c\ld = ! mo/ "p only le>n at        
secondh& :at little ,apollonius ?\ght   

fit to tell him1 & :i* he d\btless      
l>gely misund]/ood & clo!d 9 8 own      
imag9+s1 w\ld fur!r confirm ?is view1 if
 any fur!r confirmation 7 necess>y4 ,b  
inde$ x is v manife/ ev]y:]e t ,damis 0 
outside ! circle ( initiation1 & ?is    
acc\nts bo? = 8 wond]-lov+ po9t ( view &
 8 g5]al sup]ficiality4  ,ano!r fact t  
comes out prom95tly f ! n>rative is 8   
timid nature4#ia ,he is cont9ually      
afraid = himself or = 8 ma/]2 & ev5     
t[>ds ! end1 :5 ,apollonius is imprison$
 by ,domitian1 x requires ! ph5om5al    
removal ( ! fett]s be=e 8 eyes to assure
 him t ,apollonius is a will+ victim4   
,damis loves & wond]s2 seizes on        
unimportant detail & exagg]ates x1 :ile 
he c only report ( ! really important   
?+s :at he fancies to h tak5 place f a  
few h9ts ( ,apollonius4 ,z 8 /ory       
advances1 x is true x takes on a sob]]  
t9t2 b :at ,damis omits1 ,philo/ratus is
 ev] ready to supply f 8 own /ore (     
m>vels1 if *ance (f]s4  ,nev]!less1 ev5 
7 we ) ! scalpel ( criticism to cut away

 e morsel ( fle% f ?is body ( tradition 
& leg5d1 !re w\ld /ill rema9 a skeleton 
( fact t w\ld /ill repres5t ,apollonius 
& give u "s idea ( 8 /ature4            
,apollonius 0 "o ( ! greate/ travell]s  
kn[n to antiquity4 ,among ! c\ntries &  
places he visit$ ! foll[+ are ! *ief    
ones record$ by ,philo/ratus4#ib  ,f    
,n9us 7i4 #ai7 ,apollonius j\rneys to   
,babylon 7i4 #ba71 :]e he /ops "o ye> & 
eight mon?s 7i4 #dj7 & visits surr\nd+  
cities su* z ,ecbatana1 ! capital (     
,m$ia 7i4 #ci72 f ,babylon to ! ,indian 
fronti] no names are m5tion$2 ,india 0  
ent]$ 9 e probability by ! ,khaib> ,pass
 7ii4 #f71ic = ! fir/ city m5tion$ is   
,taxila 7,attock7 7ii4 #bj72 & s !y make
 _! way across ! tribut>ies ( ! ,indus  
7ii4 #dc7 to ! valley ( ! ,ganges 7iii4 
#e71 & f9ally arrive at ! mona/]y ( !   
wise m5 7iii4 #aj71 :]e ,apollonius     
sp5ds f\r mon?s 7iii4 #ej74  ,?is       
mona/]y 0 presumably 9 ,nepal2 x is 9 ! 
m\nta9s1 & ! city ne>e/ x is call$      
,p>aca4 ,! *aos t ,philo/ratus has made 

( ,damis' acc\nt1 & be=e him ! wond]ful 
trans=mations ,damis himself wr\ght 9   
,indian names1 are presumably %[n 9 ?is 
^w4 ,p>aca is p]*ance all t ,damis c\ld 
make ( ,bh>ata1 ! g5]al "n ( ! ,ganges  
valley 9 :i* ! dom9ant ,aryas 7 settl$4 
,x is also probable t ^! wise m5 7      
,buddhi/s1 = !y dwelt 9 a ,greek3       
tyrsis1 a place t look$ l a =t or =tress
 to ,damis4  ,i h little d\bt t         
,philo/ratus c\ld make no?+ out ( !     
geography ( ,india f ! names 9 ,damis'  
di>y2 !y 7 all unfamili> to him1 s t z  
soon z he has exhau/$ ! few ,greek names
 kn[n to him f ! acc\nts ( ! exp$ition (
 ,alex&]1 he w&]s 9 ! ends ( ! e>?1 & c 
make no?+ ( x till he picks up our      
travell]s aga9 on _! return j\rney at ! 
m\? ( ! ,indus4 ,! sali5t fact t        
,apollonius 0 mak+ = a c]ta9 community1 
:i* 0 8 peculi> goal1 s impress$ !      
imag9ation ( ,philo/ratus 7& p]haps (   
,damis be=e him7 t he has describ$ x z  
be+ ! only c5tre ( ! k9d 9 ,india4      
,apollonius w5t to ,india ) a purpose & 

return$ f x ) a di/9ct mission2#id &    
p]*ance 8 con/ant inquiries conc]n+ !   
p>ticul> wise m5 :om he 0 seek+1 l$     
,damis to imag9e t !y alone 7 !         
,gymnosophi/s1 ! nak$ philosoph]s 7if we
 are to take ! t]m 9 its lit]al s5se7 ( 
popul> ,greek leg5d1 :i* ignorantly     
ascrib$ to all ! ,h9du ascetics ! mo/   
/rik+ peculi>ity ( a v small numb]4 ,b  
to return to our it9]>y4  ,philo/ratus  
embelli%es ! acc\nt ( ! voyage f !      
,indus to ! m\? ( ! ,euphrates 7iii4    
#eb-eh7 ) ! travell]s' tales & names (  
isl&s & cities he has glean$ f ! ,indica
 :i* 7 accessible to him1 & s we aga9   
return to ,babylon & famili> geography )
 ! foll[+ it9]>y3  ,babylon1 ,n9us1     
,antio*1 ,seleucia1 ,cyprus2 !nce to    
,ionia 7iii4 #eh71 :]e he sp5ds "s "t 9 
,asia ,m9or1 especially at ,ephesus 7iv4
 #a71 ,smyrna 7iv4 #e71 ,p]gamus 7iv4   
#i71 & ,troy 7iv4 #aa74 ,!nce           
,apollonius crosses ov] to ,lesbos 7iv4 
#ac71 & subsequ5tly sails = ,a!ns1 :]e  
he sp5ds "s ye>s 9 ,greece 7iv4 #ag-cc7 

visit+ ! temples ( ,hellas1 re=m+ _!    
rites & in/ruct+ ! prie/s 7iv4 #bd74 ,we
 next f9d him 9 ,crete 7iv4 #cd71 &     
subsequ5tly at ,rome 9 ! "t ( ,n]o 7iv4 
#cf-df74  ,9 ,a4,d4 #ff ,n]o issu$ a    
decree =bidd+ any philosoph] to rema9 9 
,rome1 & ,apollonius set out = ,spa91 & 
l&$ at ,gades1 ! mod]n ,cadiz2 he seems 
to h /ay$ 9 ,spa9 only a %ort "t 7iv4   
#dg72 !nce cross$ to ,africa1 & s by sea
 once m to ,sicily1 :]e ! pr9cipal      
cities & temples 7 visit$ 7v4 #aa-ad74  
,!nce ,apollonius return$ to ,greece 7v4
 #ah71 f\r ye>s hav+ elaps$ s9ce 8 l&+  
at ,a!ns f ,lesbos 7v4 #ai74ie  ,f ,piru
 our philosoph] sails = ,*ios 7v4 #ba71 
!nce to ,rhodes1 & s to ,alex&ria 7v4   
#bd74 ,at ,alex&ria he sp5ds "s "t1 &   
has sev]al int]views ) ! future ,emp]or 
,vespasian 7v4 #bg-da71 & !nce he sets  
out on a long j\rney up ! ,nile z f> z  
,e?iopia beyond ! cat>acts1 :]e he      
visits an int]e/+ community ( ascetics  
call$ loosely ,gymnosophi/s 7vi4 #a-bg74
  ,on 8 return to ,alex&ria 7vi4 #bh71  

he 0 summon$ by ,titus1 :o _h j become  
emp]or1 to meet him at ,t>sus 7vi4      
#bi-cd74 ,aft] ?is int]view he appe>s to
 h return$ to ,egypt1 = ,philo/ratus    
speaks vaguely ( 8 sp5d+ "s "t 9 ,l[]   
,egypt1 & ( visits to ! ,pho5icians1    
,cilicians1 ,ionians1 ,a*ans1 & also to 
,italy 7vi4 #ce74  ,n[ ,vespasian 0     
emp]or f #fi to #gi1 & ,titus f #gi to  
#ha4 ,z ,apollonius' int]views )        
,vespasian took place %ortly be=e !     
beg9n+ ( t emp]or's reign1 x is         
reasonable to conclude t a numb] ( ye>s 
0 sp5t by our philosoph] 9 8 ,e?iopian  
j\rney1 & t !re=e ,damis' acc\nt is a   
mo/ imp]fect "o4 ,9 #ha ,domitian became
 emp]or1 & j z ,apollonius oppos$ !     
follies ( ,n]o1 s did he criticise !    
acts ( ,domitian4 ,he accord+ly became  
an object ( suspicion to ! emp]or2 b    
in/ead ( keep+ away f ,rome1 he det]m9$ 
to brave ! tyrant to 8 face4 ,cross+ f  
,egypt to ,greece & tak+ %ip at ,cor9?1 
he sail$ by way ( ,sicily to ,puteoli1 &
 !nce to ! ,tib] m\?1 & s to ,rome 7vii4

 #aj-af74 ,"h ,apollonius 0 tri$ &      
acquitt$ 7vii4 #ag--viii4 #aj74 ,sail+ f
 ,puteoli aga9 ,apollonius return$ to   
,greece 7viii4 #ae71 :]e he sp5t two    
ye>s 7viii4 #bd74 ,!nce once m he cross$
 ov] to ,ionia at ! "t ( ! dea? (       
,domitian 7viii4 #be71 visit+ ,smyrna & 
,ephesus & o!r ( 8 fav\rite haunts4     
,h]eupon he s5ds away ,damis on "s      
pretext to ,rome 7viii4 #bh7            
&--disappe>s2 t is to say1 if x be all[$
 to speculate1 he und]took yet ano!r    
j\rney to ! place :i* he lov$ above all 
o!rs1 ! home ( ! wise m54  ,n[ ,domitian
 0 kill$ #if ,a4,d41 & "o ( ! la/       
record$ acts ( ,apollonius is 8 vision (
 ?is ev5t at ! "t ( its occurr5ce4      
,!re=e ! trial ( ,apollonius at ,rome   
took place some:]e ab\t #ic1 & we h a   
gap ( twelve ye>s f 8 int]view ) ,titus 
9 #ha1 :i* ,philo/ratus c only fill up )
 a few vague /ories & g5]alities4  ,z to
 8 age at ! "t ( 8 my/]i\s disappe>ance 
f ! pages ( hi/ory1 ,philo/ratus tells u
 t ,damis says no?+2 b "s1 he adds1 say 

he 0 eighty1 "s n9ety1 & "s ev5 an      
hundr$4  ,! e/imate ( eighty ye>s seems 
to fit 9 be/ ) ! re/ ( ! *ronological   
indications1 b !re is no c]ta9ty 9 !    
matt] ) ! pres5t mat]ials at our        
disposal4  ,su* !n is ! geographical    
outl9e1 s to say1 ( ! life (            
,apollonius1 & ev5 ! mo/ c>eless read] (
 ! b>e skeleton ( ! j\rneys record$ by  
,philo/ratus mu/ be /ruck by !          
indomitable en]gy ( ! man1 & 8 p[] (    
endurance4  ,we w n[ turn our att5tion  
to "o or two po9ts ( int]e/ connect$ ) !
 temples & communities he visit$4       
,,section ,,ix4  ,,9 ,,! ,,%r9es ,,( ,,!
 ,,temples ,,& ,,! ,,retreats ,,(       
,,religion4   ,see+ t ! nature (        
,apollonius' bus9ess ) ! prie/s ( !     
temples & ! devotees ( ! my/ic life 0   
necess>ily ( a mo/ intimate & secret    
nature1 = 9 ^? days x 0 ! inv>iable     
cu/om to draw a %>p l9e ( dem>cation    
betwe5 ! inn] & out]1 ! initiat$ & !    
pr(ane1 x is n to be expect$ t we c le>n
 any?+ b m]e ext]nalities f !           

,damis-,philo/ratus n>rative2 nev]!less1
 ev5 ^! out] indications are ( int]e/4  
,! temple ( sculapius at g1 :]e         
,apollonius sp5t ! mo/ impressionable   
ye>s ( 8 life1 0 "o ( ! innum]able      
hospitals ( ,greece1 :]e ! heal+ art 0  
practis$ on l9es totally diff]5t to our 
pres5t me?ods4 ,we are at once introduc$
 to an atmosph]e lad5 ) psy*ic          
influ5ces1 to a c5tre :i!r = c5turies   
pati5ts _h flock$ to consult ! ,god4 ,9 
ord] to d s1 x 0 necess>y = !m to g     
?r\gh c]ta9 prelim9>y purifications &   
foll[ c]ta9 rules giv5 by ! prie/s2 !y  
!n pass$ ! night 9 ! %r9e & 9 _! sleep  
in/ructions 7 giv5 !m = _! heal+4 ,?is  
me?od1 no d\bt1 0 only resort$ to :5 !  
skill ( ! prie/ 0 exhau/$2 9 any case1 !
 prie/s mu/ h be5 deeply v]s$ 9 !       
int]pretation ( ^! dreams & 9 _!        
rationale4 ,x is also evid5t t z        
,apollonius lov$ to pass 8 "t 9 !       
temple1 he mu/ h f\nd !re satisfaction =
 8 spiritual ne$s1 & in/ruction 9 ! inn]
 sci5ce2 ?\gh d\btless 8 own innate p[]s

 soon c>ri$ him beyond 8 in/ructors &   
m>k$ him out z ! fav\rite ( ! ,god4 ,!  
_m cases on record 9 our own day (      
pati5ts 9 trance or "s o!r psy*ic       
condition prescrib+ = !mselves1 w help !
 /ud5t to und]/& ! innum]able           
possibilities ( heal+ :i* 7 9 ,greece   
summ$ up 9 ! p]sonification sculapius4  
,lat] on ! *ief ( ! ,indian sages has a 
disquisition on sculapius & ! heal+ art 
put into 8 m\? 7iii4 #dd71 :]e ! :ole ( 
m$ic9e is said to be dep5d5t ^u psy*ic  
diagnosis & presci5ce 7,greek3 manteia74
  ,f9ally x may be notic$ t x 0 !       
inv>iable cu/om ( pati5ts on _! recov]y 
to record ! fact on an ex-voto tablet 9 
! temple1 precisely z is done to-day 9  
,roman ,ca?olic c\ntries4#if  ,on 8 way 
to ,india ,apollonius saw a good deal ( 
! ,magi at ,babylon4 ,he us$ to visit !m
 at mid-day & mid-night1 b ( :at        
transpir$ ,damis knew no?+1 =           
,apollonius w\ld n p]mit him to         
accompany him1 & 9 answ] to 8 direct    
que/ions w\ld only answ]3 ,!y are wise1 

b n 9 all ?+s 7i4 #bf74  ,! description 
( a c]ta9 hall1 h[ev]1 to :i*           
,apollonius _h access1 seems to be a    
g>bl$ v]sion ( ! int]ior ( ! temple4 ,! 
ro( 0 dome-%ap$1 & ! ceil+ 0 cov]$ )    
sapphire2 9 ?is blue heav5 7 models ( ! 
heav5ly bodies 7^? :om !y reg>d z ,gods7
 fa%ion$ 9 gold1 z ?\gh mov+ 9 ! e!r4   
,moreov] f ! ro( 7 susp5d$ f\r gold5    
,iygges :i* ! ,magi call ! ,tongues ( ! 
,gods4 ,^! 7 w+$-:eels or sph]es        
connect$ ) ! idea ( ,adra/eia 7or       
,fate74 ,_! prototypes are describ$     
imp]fectly 9 ! ,vision ( ,ezekiel1 & !  
s-call$ ,hecat9e /rophali or sph]ul us$ 
9 magical practices may h be5 deg5]ate  
desc5dants ( ^! liv+ :eels or sph]es ( !
 vital elem5ts4 ,! subject is "o (      
int5se int]e/1 b hopelessly incapable ( 
treatm5t 9 our pres5t age ( scepticism &
 pr(\nd ignorance ( ! pa/4 ,! ,gods :o  
taught our infant humanity 71 accord+ to
 occult tradition1 f a humanity high]   
?an t at pres5t evolv+ on our e>?4 ,!y  
gave ! impulse1 &1 :5 ! e>?-*ildr5 7 old

 en\gh to /& on _! own feet1 !y )drew4  
,b ! memory ( _! de$s & a corrupt &     
deg5]ate =m ( ! my/]ies !y e/abli%$ has 
ev] l+]$ 9 ! memory ( my? & leg5d4 ,se]s
 h caught obscure glimpses ( :at !y     
taught & h[ !y taught x1 & ! tradition (
 ! ,my/]ies pres]v$ "s memory ( x 9 its 
symbols & in/rum5ts or eng9es4 ,!       
,iygges ( ! ,magi are said to be a relic
 ( ?is memory4  ,) reg>d to ! ,indian   
sages x is impossible to make out any   
consi/5t /ory f ! fanta/ic jumble ( !   
,damis-,philo/ratus romance4 ,damis     
seems to h confus$ toge!r a mixture (   
memories & scraps ( gossip )\t any      
attempt to di/+ui% "o community or sect 
f ano!r1 & s produc$ a blurr$ daub :i*  
,philo/ratus w\ld h u reg>d z a picture 
( ! hill & a description ( its sages4   
,damis' confus$ memories1#ig h[ev]1 h   
little to d ) ! actual mona/]y & its    
ascetic inhabitants1 :o 7 ! goal (      
,apollonius' long j\rney4 ,:at          
,apollonius he>d & saw !re1 foll[+ 8    
inv>iable cu/om 9 su* circum/ances1 he  

told no "o1 n ev5 ,damis1 except :at    
c\ld be d]iv$ f ! foll[+ enigmatical    
s5t5ce3 ,i saw m5 dwell+ on ! e>? & yet 
n on x1 def5d$ on all sides1 yet )\t any
 def5ce1 & yet possess$ ( no?+ b :at all
 possess4 ,^! words occur 9 two passages
 7iii4 #ae & vi4 #aa71 & 9 bo?          
,philo/ratus adds t ,apollonius wrote#ih
 & spoke !m enigmatically4 ,! mean+ (   
?is say+ is n difficult to div9e4 ,!y 7 
on ! e>?1 b n ( ! e>?1 = _! m9ds 7 set  
on ?+s above4 ,!y 7 protect$ by _!      
innate spiritual p[]1 ( :i* we h s _m   
in/ances 9 ,indian lit]ature2 & yet !y  
possess$ no?+ b :at all m5 possess if !y
 w\ld b develop ! spiritual "p ( _! be+4
 ,b ?is explanation is n simple en\gh = 
,philo/ratus1 & s he presses into s]vice
 all ! memories ( ,damis1 or r          
travell]s' tales1 ab\t levitation1      
magical illusions & ! re/4  ,! head ( ! 
community is call$ ,i>*as1 a totally    
un-,indian "n4 ,! viol5ce done to all   
=eign names by ! ,greeks is notori\s1 & 
"h we h to reckon ) an army ( ignorant  

copyi/s z well z ) ,philo/ratus &       
,damis4 ,i w\ld sugge/ t ! "n may p]haps
 be a corruption ( ,arhat4#ii  ,! ma9   
burd5 ( ,damis' n>rative insi/s on !    
psy*ic & spiritual k ( ! sages4 ,!y "k  
:at takes place at a di/ance1 !y c tell 
! pa/ & future1 & read ! pa/ bir?s ( m54
  ,! mess5g] s5t to meet ,apollonius    
c>ri$ :at ,damis calls a gold5 an*or    
7iii4 #aa1 #ag71 & if ?is is an au!ntic 
fact1 x w\ld sugge/ a =]unn] ( !        
,tibetan dorje1 ! pres5t deg5]ate symbol
 ( ! rod ( p[]1 some?+ l ! ?und]-bolt   
wield$ by ,zeus4 ,?is w\ld also po9t to 
a ,buddhi/ community1 ?\gh x mu/ be     
confess$ t o!r indications po9t equally 
/rongly to ,brahmanical cu/oms1 su* z ! 
ca/e-m>k on ! =ehead ( ! mess5g] 7iii4  
#g1 #aa71 ! c>ry+ ( 7bamboo7 /aves      
7dan4d4a71 lett+ ! hair gr[ long1 & we>+
 ( turbans 7iii4 #ac74 ,b inde$ ! :ole  
acc\nt is too confus$ to p]mit any hope 
( extract+ hi/orical details4  ,( !     
nature ( ,apollonius' visit we may1     
h[ev]1 judge f ! foll[+ my/]i\s lett] to

 8 ho/s 7iii4 #ea73  ,i came to y by l& 
& ye h giv5 me ! sea2 nay1 r1 by %>+ )  
me y\r wisdom ye h giv5 me p[] to travel
 ?r\gh heav54 ,^! ?+s w ,i br+ back to !
 m9d ( ! ,greeks1 & ,i w hold conv]se ) 
y z ?\gh ye 7 pres5t1 if x be t ,i h n  
drunk ( ! cup ( ,tantalus 9 va94  ,x is 
evid5t f ^! cryptic s5t5ces t ! sea & ! 
cup ( ,tantalus are id5tical ) ! wisdom 
:i* _h be5 imp>t$ to ,apollonius--!     
wisdom :i* he 0 to br+ back once m to ! 
memory ( ! ,greeks4 ,he ?us cle>ly /ates
 t he return$ f ,india ) a di/9ct       
mission & ) ! means to accompli% x1 = n 
only _h he drunk ( ! ocean ( wisdom 9 t 
he has le>nt ! ,brahma-vidya f _! lips1 
b he has also le>nt h[ to conv]se ) !m  
?\gh 8 body be 9 ,greece & _! bodies 9  
,india4  ,b su* a pla9 mean+--pla9 at   
lea/ to e /ud5t ( occult nature--0      
beyond ! und]/&+ ( ,damis or !          
compreh5sion ( ,philo/ratus4 ,& x is    
d\btless ! m5tion ( ! cup (             
,tantalus#ajj 9 ?is lett] :i* sugge/$ ! 
inexhau/ible lov+ cup episode 9 iii4    

#cb1 & its connection ) ! my?ical       
f\nta9s ( ,bac*us4 ,damis presses x into
 s]vice to expla9 ! la/ phrase 9        
,apollonius' say+ ab\t ! sages1 namely1 
t !y 7 possess$ ( no?+ b :at all        
possess--:i*1 h[ev]1 appe>s else:]e 9 a 
*ang$ =m1 z possess+ no?+1 !y h !       
possessions ( all m5 7iii4 #ae74aja  ,on
 return+ to ,greece1 "o ( ! fir/ %r9es  
,apollonius visit$ 0 t ( ,aphrodite at  
,paphos 9 ,cyprus 7iii4 #eh74 ,! greate/
 ext]nal peculi>ity ( ! ,paphian wor%ip 
( ,v5us 0 ! repres5tation ( ! goddess by
 a my/]i\s /one symbol4 ,x seems to h   
be5 ( ! size ( a human be+1 b %ap$ l a  
p9e-cone1 only ( c\rse ) a smoo?        
surface4 ,paphos 0 app>5tly ! olde/ %r9e
 d$icat$ to ,v5us 9 ,greece4 ,its       
my/]ies 7 v anci5t1 b n indig5\s2 !y 7  
br\ght ov] f ! ma9l&1 f :at 0           
subsequ5tly ,cilicia1 9 times ( remote  
antiquity4  ,! wor%ip or consultation ( 
! ,goddess 0 by means ( pray]s & ! pure 
flame ( fire1 & ! temple 0 a great c5tre
 ( div9ation4#ajb  ,apollonius sp5t "s  

"t "h & in/ruct$ ! prie/s at l5g? )     
reg>d to _! sacr$ rites4  ,9 ,asia ,m9or
 he 0 especially pleas$ ) ! temple (    
sculapius at ,p]gamus2 he heal$ _m ( !  
pati5ts !re1 & gave in/ruction 9 ! prop]
 me?ods to adopt 9 ord] to procure      
reliable results by means ( !           
prescriptive dreams4  ,at ,troy1 we are 
told1 ,apollonius sp5t a night alone at 
! tomb ( ,a*illes1 9 =m] days "o ( !    
spots ( greate/ popul> sanctity 9       
,greece 7iv4 #aa74 ,:y he did s does n  
transpire1 = ! fanta/ic conv]sation ) ! 
%ade ( ! h]o report$ by ,philo/ratus    
7iv4 #af7 seems to be devoid ( any      
elem5t ( likelihood4 ,z1 h[ev]1         
,apollonius made x 8 bus9ess to visit   
,!ssaly %ortly aft]w>ds expressly to    
urge ! ,!ssalians to r5ew ! old accu/om$
 rites to ! h]o 7iv4 #ac71 we may       
suppose t x =m$ "p ( 8 great ef=t to    
re/ore & purify ! old in/itutions (     
,hellas1 s t1 ! accu/om$ *annels be+    
fre$1 ! life might fl[ m heal?ily 9 !   
national body4  ,rum\r w\ld also h x t  

,a*illes _h told ,apollonius :]e he w\ld
 f9d ! /atue ( ! h]o ,palam$es on ! coa/
 ( olia4 ,apollonius accord+ly re/or$ ! 
/atue1 & ,philo/ratus tells u he _h se5 
x ) 8 own eyes on ! spot 7iv4 #ac74  ,n[
 ?is w\ld be a matt] ( v little int]e/1 
7 x n t a great deal is made ( ,palam$es
 else:]e 9 ,philo/ratus' n>rative4 ,:at 
x all means is difficult to say ) a     
,damis & ,philo/ratus z int]pret]s      
betwe5 ourselves & ! sil5t & enigmatical
 ,apollonius4  ,palam$es 0 "o ( ! h]oes 
be=e ,troy1 :o 0 fabl$ to h inv5t$      
lett]s1 or to h complet$ ! alphabet (   
,cadmus4#ajc  ,n[ f two obscure say+s   
7iv4 #ac1 #cc71 we glean t our          
philosoph] look$ ^u ,palam$es z !       
philosoph]-h]o ( ! ,trojan p]iod1 al?\gh
 ,hom] says h>dly a ^w ab\t him4  ,0    
?is1 !n1 ! reason :y ,apollonius 0 s    
anxi\s to re/ore 8 /atue8 ,n altoge!r s2
 !re appe>s to h be5 a m direct reason4 
,damis w\ld h x t ,apollonius _h met    
,palam$es 9 ,india2 t he 0 at ! mona/]y2
 t ,i>*as _h "o day po9t$ out a "y      

ascetic :o c\ld write )\t ev] le>n+     
lett]s2 & t ?is y\? _h be5 no o!r ?an   
,palam$es 9 "o ( 8 =m] bir?s4 ,d\btless 
! sceptic w say3 ,( c\rse6 ,py?agoras 0 
a re9c>nation ( ! h]o ,euphorbus :o     
f\ght at ,troy1 accord+ to popul>       
sup]/ition2 !re=e1 naturally1 ! "y      
,indian 0 ! re9c>nation ( ! h]o         
,palam$es6 ,! "o leg5d simply begat !   
o!r4 ,b on ?is pr9ciple1 to be consi/5t1
 we %\ld expect to f9d t x 0 ,apollonius
 himself & n an unkn[n ,h9du ascetic1 :o
 _h be5 once ,palam$es4  ,9 any case    
,apollonius re/or$ ! rites to ,a*illes1 
& erect$ a *apel 9 :i* he set up !      
neglect$ /atue ( ,palam$es4#ajd ,! h]oes
 ( ! ,trojan p]iod1 !n1 x w\ld seem1 _h 
/ill "s connection ) ,greece1 accord+ to
 ! sci5ce ( ! invisible _w into :i*     
,apollonius 0 initiat$4 ,& if !         
,prote/ant sceptic c make no?+ ( x1 at  
lea/ ! ,roman ,ca?olic read] may be     
induc$ to susp5d 8 judgm5t by *ang+ h]o 
into sa9t4  ,c x be possible t !        
att5tion :i* ,apollonius be/[$ ^u !     

graves & fun]al monum5ts ( ! mighty dead
 ( ,greece may h be5 inspir$ by ! circle
 ( ideas :i* l$ to ! erection ( !       
innum]able dagobas & /upas 9 ,buddhi/   
l&s1 orig9ally ov] ! relics ( ! ,buddha1
 & ! subsequ5t pres]vation ( relics (   
arhats & great tea*]s8  ,at ,lesbos     
,apollonius visit$ ! anci5t temple ( !  
,orphic my/]ies1 :i* 9 e>ly ye>s _h be5 
a great c5tre ( prophecy & div9ation4   
,"h also he 0 privileg$ to ent] ! inn]  
%r9e or adytum 7iv4 #ad74  ,! ,tyanean  
arriv$ 9 ,a!ns at ! "t ( ! ,eleus9ian   
,my/]ies1 & 9 spite ( ! fe/ival & rites 
n only ! p b also ! c&idates flock$ to  
meet him to ! neglect ( _! religi\s     
duties4 ,apollonius rebuk$ !m1 & himself
 jo9$ 9 ! necess>y prelim9>y rites &    
pres5t$ himself = initiation4  ,x may1  
p]haps1 surprise ! read] to he> t       
,apollonius1 :o _h already be5 initiat$ 
into high] privileges ?an ,eleusis c\ld 
af=d1 %\ld pres5t himself = initiation4 
,b ! reason is n f> to seek2 ! ,eleus9ia
 con/itut$ "o ( ! int]m$iate            

organisations betwe5 ! popul> cults & ! 
g5u9e inn] circles ( in/ruction4 ,!y    
pres]v$ "o ( ! traditions ( ! inn] way1 
ev5 if _! (fic]s = ! "t be+ _h =gott5   
:at _! pr$ecessors _h once kn[n4 ,to    
re/ore ^! anci5t rites to _! purity1 or 
to utilise !m = _! orig9al object1 x 0  
necess>y to ent] )9 ! prec9cts ( !      
in/itution2 no?+ c\ld be effect$ f      
outside4 ,! ?+ itself 0 good1 &         
,apollonius desir$ to support ! anci5t  
in/itution by sett+ ! public example (  
seek+ initiation !re92 n t he _h any?+  
to ga9 p]sonally4  ,b :e!r x 0 t !      
hi]ophant ( t "t 0 only ignorant1 or    
:e!r he 0 jeal\s ( ! great influ5ce (   
,apollonius1 he refus$ to admit our     
philosoph]1 on ! gr\nd t he 0 a sorc]]  
7,greek3 gs71 & t no "o c\ld be initiat$
 :o 0 ta9t$ by int]c\rse ) evil entities
 7,greek3 daimonia74 ,to ?is *>ge       
,apollonius repli$ ) veil$ irony3 ,y h  
omitt$ ! mo/ s]i\s *>ge t might h be5   
urg$ aga9/ me3 to wit1 t ?\gh ,i really 
"k m ab\t ! my/ic rite ?an its          

hi]ophant1 ,i h come "h pret5d+ to      
desire initiation f m5 kn[+ m ?an       
myself4 ,?is *>ge w\ld h be5 true2 he _h
 made a pret5ce4  ,dismay$ at ^! words1 
fright5$ at ! indignation ( ! p ar\s$ by
 ! insult (f]$ to _! di/+ui%$ gue/1 &   
ov]aw$ by ! pres5ce ( a k :i* he c\ld no
 long] d5y1 ! hi]ophant begg$ our       
philosoph] to accept ! initiation4 ,b   
,apollonius refus$4 ,i w be initiat$    
lat] on1 he repli$2 he w initiate me4   
,?is is said to h ref]r$ to ! succe$+   
hi]ophant1 :o presid$ :5 ,apollonius 0  
initiat$ f\r ye>s lat] 7iv4 #ah2 v4     
#ai74  ,:ile at ,a!ns ,apollonius spoke 
/rongly aga9/ ! effem9acy ( !           
,bac*analia & ! b>b>ities ( !           
gladiatorial combats 7iv4 #ba1 #bb74  ,!
 temples1 m5tion$ by ,philo/ratus1 :i*  
,apollonius visit$ 9 ,greece1 h all !   
peculi>ity ( be+ v anci5t2 = in/ance1   
,dodona1 ,delphi1 ! anci5t %r9e (       
,apollo at ,ab 9 ,phocis1 ! caves (     
,amphi>aus#aje & ,trophonius1 & ! temple
 ( ! ,muses on ,helicon4  ,:5 he ent]$ !

 adyta ( ^! temples = ! purpose ( re/or+
 ! rites1 he 0 accompani$ only by !     
prie/s1 & c]ta9 ( 8 imm$iate disciples  
7,greek3 gnrimoi74 ,?is sugge/s an      
ext5sion to ! mean+ ( ! ^w re/or+ or    
re=m+1 & :5 we read else:]e ( ! _m spots
 consecrat$ by ,apollonius1 we _c b ?9k 
t "p ( 8 "w 0 ! reconsecration1 & h5ce  
psy*ic purification1 ( _m ( ^! anci5t   
c5tres4 ,8 ma9 ext]nal "w1 h[ev]1 0 !   
giv+ ( in/ruction1 &1 z ,philo/ratus    
rhetorically phrases x1 b[ls ( 8 words 7
 set up ev]y:]e = ! ?ir/y to dr9k f 7iv4
 #bd74  ,b n only did our philosoph]    
re/ore ! anci5t rites ( religion1 he    
also paid mu* att5tion to ! anci5t      
polities & in/itutions4 ,?us we f9d him 
urg+ ) success ! ,sp>tans to return to  
_! anci5t mode ( life1 _! a?letic       
ex]cises1 frugal liv+1 & ! discipl9e ( !
 old ,dorian tradition 7iv4 #bg1        
#ca-cd72 he1 moreov]1 specially prais$ !
 in/itution ( ! ,olympic ,games1 ! high 
/&>d ( :i* 0 /ill ma9ta9$ 7iv4 #bi71    
:ile he recall$ ! anci5t ,amphictionic  

,c\ncil to its duty 7iv4 #bc71 &        
correct$ ! abuses ( ! ,panionian        
assembly 7iv4 #e74  ,9 ! spr+ ( #ff     
,a4,d4 he left ,greece = ,crete1 :]e he 
seems to h be/[$ mo/ ( 8 "t on !        
sanctu>ies ( ,m\nt ,ida & ! temple (    
sculapius at ,leb5e 7= z all ,asia      
visits ,p]gamus s does all ,crete visit 
,leb5e72 b curi\sly en\gh he refus$ to  
visit ! fam\s ,labyr9? at ,gnossus1 !   
ru9s ( :i* h j be5 uncov]$ = a sceptical
 g5]ation1 mo/ probably 7if x is lawful 
to speculate7 because x _h once be5 a   
c5tre ( human sacrifice1 & ?us p]ta9$ to
 "o ( ! anci5t cults ( ! left h&4  ,9   
,rome ,apollonius cont9u$ 8 "w ( re=m+ !
 temples1 & ?is ) ! full sanction ( !   
,pontifex ,maximus ,teles9us1 "o ( !    
consuls = ! ye> #ff ,a4,d41 :o 0 also a 
philosoph] & a deep /ud5t ( religion    
7iv4 #dj74 ,b 8 /ay 9 ! imp]ial city 0  
spe$ily cut %ort1 = 9 ,octob] ,n]o cr[n$
 8 p]secution ( ! philosoph]s by publi%+
 a decree ( bani%m5t aga9/ !m f ,rome1 &
 bo? ,teles9us 7vii4 #aa7 & ,apollonius 

_h to leave ,italy4  ,we next f9d him 9 
,spa91 mak+ 8 headqu>t]s 9 ! temple (   
,h]cules at ,cadiz4  ,on 8 return to    
,greece by way ( ,africa & ,sicily 7:]e 
he sp5t "s "t & visit$ tna71 he pass$ ! 
w9t] 78 ( #fg ,a4,d47 at ,eleusis1 liv+ 
9 ! temple1 & 9 ! spr+ ( ! foll[+ ye>   
sail$ = ,alex&ria1 sp5d+ "s "t on ! way 
at ,rhodes4 ,! city ( philosophy &      
eclecticism p> excell5ce receiv$ him )  
op5 arms z an old fri5d4 ,b to re=m !   
public cults ( ,egypt 0 a f> m difficult
 task ?an any he _h previ\sly attempt$4 
,8 pres5ce 9 ! temple 78 ! temple (     
,s]apis7 comm&$ univ]sal respect1 ev]y?+
 ab\t him & e ^w he utt]$ seem$ to brea!
 an atmosph]e ( wisdom & ( some?+ div9e4
 ,! high prie/ ( ! temple look$ on 9    
pr\d disda94 ,:o is wise en\gh1 he      
mock+ly ask$1 to re=m ! religion ( !    
,egyptians8--only to be met ) ! confid5t
 retort ( ,apollonius3 ,any sage :o     
comes f ! ,indians4 ,"h z else:]e       
,apollonius set 8 face aga9/            
blood-sacrifice1 & tri$ to sub/itute    

in/ead1 z he _h attempt$ else:]e1 ! (f]+
 ( frank9c5se modell$ 9 ! =m ( ! victim 
7v4 #be74 ,_m abuses he tri$ to re=m 9 !
 mann]s ( ! ,alex&rians1 b ^u none 0 he 
m sev]e ?an on _! wild excitem5t ov]    
horse-rac+1 :i* frequ5tly l$ to blood%$ 
7v4 #bf74  ,apollonius seems to h sp5t  
mo/ ( ! rema9+ tw5ty ye>s ( 8 life 9    
,egypt1 b ( :at he did 9 ! secret %r9es 
( t l& ( my/]y we c le>n no?+ f         
,philo/ratus1 except t on ! protract$   
j\rney to ,e?iopia up ! ,nile no city or
 temple or community 0 unvisit$1 &      
ev]y:]e !re 0 an int]*ange ( advice &   
in/ruction 9 sacr$ ?+s 7v4 #dc74        
,,section ,x4  ,,! ,,gymnosophi/s ,,(   
,,upp] ,,egypt4   ,we n[ come to        
,apollonius' visit to ! ,gymnosophi/s 9 
,e?iopia1 :i*1 ?\gh ! arti/ic & lit]>y  
goal ( ,apollonius' j\rney 9 ,egypt z   
elaborat$ by ,philo/ratus1 is only a    
s+le incid5t 9 ! real hi/ory ( !        
unrecord$ life ( our my/]i\s philosoph] 
9 t anci5t l&4  ,_h ,philo/ratus devot$ 
a *apt] or two to ! nature ( !          

practices1 discipl9e1 & doctr9es ( !    
innum]able ascetic & my/ic communities t
 honeycomb$ ,egypt & adjac5t l&s 9 ^?   
days1 he w\ld h e>n$ ! b\ndless         
gratitude ( /ud5ts ( ! orig9s4 ,b ( all 
?is he has no ^w2 & yet he w\ld h u     
believe t ,damis' rem9isc5ces 7 an      
ord]ly s]ies ( notes ( :at actually     
happ5$4 ,b 9 all ?+s x is v app>5t t    
,damis 0 r a compagnon de voyage ?an an 
initiat$ pupil4  ,:o !n 7 ^! my/]i\s    
,gymnosophi/s1 z !y are usually call$1 &
 :5ce _! "n8 ,damis calls !m simply !   
,nak$ 7,greek3 gymnoi71 & x is v cle> t 
! t]m is n to be und]/ood z m]ely       
physically nak$2 inde$1 nei!r to !      
,indians nor to ^! ascetics ( upp]mo/   
,egypt c ! t]m be appli$ )              
appropriat5ess 9 its purely physical    
mean+1 z is app>5t f ! descriptions (   
,damis & ,philo/ratus4 ,a *ance s5t5ce t
 falls f ! lips ( "o ( ^! ascetics1 9   
giv+ ! /ory ( 8 life1 af=ds u a clue to 
! real mean+ ( ! t]m4 ,at ! age (       
f\rte51 he tells ,apollonius1 ,i resign$

 my patrimony to ^? :o desir$ su* ?+s1 &
 nak$ ,i s\ght ! ,nak$ 7vi4 #af74ajf    
,?is is ! v same diction t ,philo uses  
ab\t ! ,!rapeut communities1 :i* he     
decl>es 7 v num]\s 9 e prov9ce ( ,egypt 
& scatt]$ 9 all l&s4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1  
to suppose t ^! communities 7 all ( !   
same nature4 ,x is true t ,philo tries  
to make out t ! mo/ pi\s & ! *ief ( all 
( !m 0 8 p>ticul> community on ! s\!rn  
%ore ( ,lake ,mo]is1 :i* 0 /rongly      
,semitic if n or?odoxly ,jewi%2 & =     
,philo any community ) a ,jewi%         
atmosph]e mu/ naturally h be5 ! be/4 ,! 
peculi>ity & ma9 int]e/ ( our community1
 :i* 0 at ! o!r end ( ! l& above !      
cat>acts1 0 t x _h _h "s remote         
connection ) ,india4  ,! community is   
call$ a ,greek3 phronti/rion1 9 ! s5se (
 a place = m$itation1 a t]m us$ by      
ecclesia/ical writ]s = a mona/]y1 b be/ 
kn[n to classical /ud5ts f ! humor\s use
 made ( x by ,ari/ophanes1 :o 9 ,!      
,cl\ds calls ! s*ool ( ,socrates1 a     
phronti/erion or ?9k+ %op4 ,! collection

 ( mona/]ia 7,greek3 hi]a71 presumably  
caves1 %r9es1 or cells1#ajg 0 situat$ on
 a hill or ris+ gr\nd n f> f ! ,nile4   
,!y 7 all sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 dott$ ab\t
 ! hill1 & +5i\sly arrang$4 ,!re 0 h>dly
 a tree 9 ! place1 ) ! exception ( a    
s+le gr\p ( palms1 "u ^: %ade !y held _!
 g5]al meet+s 7vi4 #f74  ,x is difficult
 to ga!r f ! set spee*es1 put into !    
m\?s ( ! head ( ! community &           
,apollonius 7vi4 #aj-ac1 #ah-bb71 any   
precise details z to ! mode ( life ( ^! 
ascetics1 beyond ! g5]al indications (  
an exi/5ce ( great toil & physical      
h>d%ip1 :i* !y consid]$ ! only means (  
ga9+ wisdom4 ,:at ! nature ( _! cult 01 
if !y _h "o1 we are n told1 except t at 
mid-day ! ,nak$ retir$ to _! mona/]ia   
7vi4 #ad74  ,! :ole t5d5cy (            
,apollonius' argum5ts1 h[ev]1 is to     
rem9d ! community ( its ,ea/]n orig9 &  
its =m] connection ) ,india1 :i* x seems
 to h =gott54 ,! communities ( ?is      
p>ticul> k9d 9 s\!rn ,egypt & nor!rn    
,e?iopia dat$ back presumably "s        

c5turies1 & "s ( !m may h be5 remotely  
,buddhi/1 = "o ( ! y\ng] memb]s ( our   
community :o left x to foll[            
,apollonius1 says t he came to jo9 x f !
 en?usia/ic acc\nt ( ! wisdom ( !       
,indians br\ght back by 8 fa!r1 :o _h   
be5 capta9 ( a vessel trad+ to ! ,ea/4  
,x 0 8 fa!r :o told him t ^! ,e?iopians 
7 f ,india1 & s he _h jo9$ !m in/ead (  
mak+ ! long & p]il\s j\rney to ! ,indus 
itself 7vi4 #af74  ,if !re be any tru? 9
 ?is /ory x foll[s t ! f\nd]s ( ?is way 
( life _h be5 ,indian ascetics1 & if s  
!y mu/ h belong$ to ! only propag&is+ =m
 ( ,indian religion1 namely1 ! ,buddhi/4
  ,aft] ! impulse _h be5 giv51 !        
communities1 :i* 7 presumably recruit$ f
 g5]ations ( ,egyptians1 ,arabs1 &      
,e?iopians1 7 probably left entirely to 
!mselves1 & s 9 c\rse ( "t =got _!      
orig91 & ev5 p]haps _! orig9al rule4    
,su* speculations are p]missible1 ow+ to
 ! repeat$ ass]tion ( ! orig9al         
connection betwe5 ^! ,gymnosophi/s &    
,india4 ,! :ole burd5 ( ! /ory is t !y 7

 ,indians :o _h =gott5 _! orig9 & fall5 
away f ! wisdom4  ,! la/ incid5t t      
,philo/ratus records ) reg>d to         
,apollonius among ! %r9es & temples is a
 visit to ! fam\s & v anci5t oracle (   
,trophonius1 ne> ,lebadea1 9 ,boeotia4  
,apollonius is said to h sp5t sev5 days 
alone 9 ?is my/]i\s cave1 & to h return$
 ) a book full ( que/ions & answ]s on ! 
subject ( philosophy 7viii4 #ai74 ,?is  
book 0 /ill1 9 ! "t ( ,philo/ratus1 9 ! 
palace ( ,hadrian at ,antium1 toge!r ) a
 numb] ( lett]s ( ,apollonius1 & _m p   
us$ to visit ,antium = ! special purpose
 ( see+ x 7viii4 #ai1 #bj74  ,9 !       
hay-bundle ( leg5d>y rigm>ole solemnly  
set d[n by ,philo/ratus conc]n+ ! cave (
 ,trophonius1 a small ne$le ( tru? may  
p]haps be discov]$4 ,! cave seems to h  
be5 a v anci5t temple or %r9e1 cut 9 !  
he>t ( a hill1 to :i* a numb] (         
und]gr\nd passages ( consid]able l5g?   
l$4 ,x _h probably be5 9 anci5t times "o
 ( ! mo/ holy c5tres ( ! ar*aic cult (  
,hellas1 p]haps ev5 a relic ( t ,greece 

( ?\s&s ( ye>s ,b4,c41 ! only tradition 
( :i*1 z ,plato tells u1 0 obta9$ by    
,solon f ! prie/s ( ,sas4 ,or x may h   
be5 a subt]ranean %r9e ( ! same nature z
 ! fam\s ,dictan cave 9 ,crete :i* only 
la/ ye> 0 br\ght back to light by !     
indefatigable lab\rs ( ,messrs4 ,evans &
 ,hog>?4  ,z 9 ! case ( ! travels (     
,apollonius1 s ) reg>d to ! temples &   
communities :i* he visit$1 ,philo/ratus 
is a mo/ disappo9t+ cic]one4 ,b p]haps  
he is n to be blam$ on ?is acc\nt1 = !  
mo/ important & mo/ int]e/+ "p (        
,apollonius' "w 0 ( s intimate a nature1
 prosecut$ z x 0 among associations (   
su* jeal\sly-gu>d$ secrecy1 t no "o     
outside _! ranks c\ld "k any?+ ( x1 & ^?
 :o %>$ 9 _! initiation w\ld say no?+4  
,x is1 !re=e1 only :5 ,apollonius comes 
=w>d to d "s public act t we c get any  
precise hi/orical trace ( him2 9 e o!r  
case he passes into ! sanctu>y ( a      
temple or ent]s ! privacy ( a community 
& is lo/ to view4  ,x may p]haps        
surprise u t ,apollonius1 aft] sacrific+

 8 private =tune1 c\ld nev]!less        
und]take su* long & exp5sive travels1 b 
x w\ld seem t he 0 occasionally suppli$ 
) ! necess>y monies f ! treasuries ( !  
temples 7cf4 viii4 #ag71 & t ev]y:]e he 
0 freely (f]$ ! hospitality ( ! temple  
or community 9 ! place :]e he happ5$ to 
be /ay+4  ,9 conclusion ( ! pres5t "p ( 
our subject1 we may m5tion ! good s]vice
 done by ,apollonius 9 driv+ away c]ta9 
,*aldan & ,egyptian *>latans :o 7 mak+  
capital out ( ! fe>s ( ! cities on !    
left %ores ( ! ,hellespont4 ,^! cities  
_h suff]$ sev]ely f %ocks ( e>?quake1 & 
9 _! panic plac$ l>ge sums ( money 9 !  
h&s ( ^! adv5tur]s 7:o traffick$ 9 !    
mis=tunes ( o!rs71 9 ord] t !y might    
p]=m propitiatory rites 7vi4 #da74 ,?is 
tak+ money = ! giv+ in/ruction 9 ! sacr$
 sci5ce or = ! p]=mance ( sacr$ rites 0 
! mo/ dete/able ( crimes to all ! true  
philosoph]s4     ,,section ,,xi4        
,,apollonius ,,& ,,! ,,rul]s ,,( ,,!    
,,empire4   ,b n only did ,apollonius   
vivify & reconsecrate ! old c5tres (    

religion = "s inscrutable reason1 & d   
:at he c\ld to help on ! religi\s life (
 ! "t 9 its multiplex phases1 b he took 
a decid$1 ?\gh indirect1 "p 9 influ5c+ !
 de/9ies ( ! ,empire ?r\gh ! p]sons (   
its supreme rul]s4  ,?is influ5ce1      
h[ev]1 0 inv>iably ( a moral & n ( a    
political nature4 ,x 0 br\ght to be> by 
means ( philosophical conv]se &         
in/ruction1 by ^w ( m\? or lett]4 ,j z  
,apollonius on 8 travels conv]s$ on     
philosophy1 & disc\rs$ on ! life ( a    
wise man & ! duties ( a wise rul]1 )    
k+s1#ajh rul]s1 & magi/rates1 s he      
endeav\r$ to advise = _! good ^? ( !    
emp]ors :o w\ld li/5 to him4            
,vespasian1 ,titus1 & ,n]va 7 all1 prior
 to _! elevation to ! purple1 fri5ds &  
admir]s ( ,apollonius1 :ile ,n]o &      
,domitian reg>d$ ! philosoph] ) dismay4 
,dur+ ,apollonius' %ort /ay 9 ,rome1 9  
#ff ,a4,d41 al?\gh he nev] let !        
slighte/ ^w escape him t c\ld be con/ru$
 by ! num]\s in=m]s into a treasonable  
utt]ance1 he 0 nev]!less br\ght be=e    

,tigell9us1 ! infam\s fav\rite ( ,n]o1 &
 subject$ to a sev]e cross-exam9ation4  
,app>5tly up to ?is "t ,apollonius1     
work+ = ! future1 _h conf9$ 8 att5tion  
entirely to ! re=mation ( religion & !  
re/oration ( ! anci5t in/itutions ( !   
nations1 b ! tyrannical conduct ( ,n]o1 
:i* gave peace n ev5 to ! mo/ blameless 
philosoph]s1 at l5g? op5$ 8 eyes to a m 
imm$iate evil1 :i* seem$ no less ?an !  
abrogation ( ! lib]ty ( consci5ce by an 
irresponsible tyranny4 ,f ?is "t onw>ds1
 !re=e1 we f9d him ke5ly int]e/$ 9 !    
p]sons ( ! successive emp]ors4  ,inde$  
,damis1 al?\gh he confesses 8 entire    
ignorance ( ! purpose ( ,apollonius'    
j\rney to ,spa9 aft] 8 expulsion f      
,rome1 w\ld h x t x 0 to aid ! =?com+   
revolt aga9/ ,n]o4 ,he conjectures ?is f
 a ?ree days' secret int]view t         
,apollonius _h ) ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,prov9ce
 ( ,btica1 :o came to ,cadiz especially 
to see him1 & decl>es t ! la/ words (   
,apollonius' visitor 73 ,f>ewell1 &     
rememb] ,v9dex 7v4 #aj74  ,x is true t  

almo/ imm$iately aft]w>ds ! revolt (    
,v9dex1 ! ,gov]nor ( ,gaul1 broke out1 b
 ! :ole life & "* ( ,apollonius is      
oppos$ to any idea ( political intrigue2
 on ! contr>y1 he bravely )/ood tyranny 
& inju/ice to ! face4 ,he 0 oppos$ to ! 
idea ( ,euphrates1 a philosoph] ( q a   
diff]5t /amp1 :o w\ld h put an end to ! 
mon>*y & re/or$ ! republic 7v4 #cc72 he 
believ$ t gov]nm5t by a mon>* 0 ! be/ = 
! ,empire1 b he desir$ above all o!r ?+s
 to see ! flock ( mank9d l$ by a wise & 
fai?ful %eph]d 7v4 #ce74  ,s t ?\gh     
,apollonius support$ ,vespasian z long z
 he wor?ily tri$ to foll[ out ?is ideal1
 he imm$iately rebuk$ him to 8 face :5  
he depriv$ ! ,greek cities ( _!         
privileges4 ,y h enslav$ ,greece1 he    
wrote4 ,y h r$uc$ a free p to slav]y 7v4
 #da74 ,nev]!less1 9 spite ( ?is rebuke1
 ,vespasian 9 8 la/ lett] to 8 son      
,titus1 confesses t !y are :at !y are   
solely ow+ to ! good advice (           
,apollonius 7v4 #cj74  ,equally s he    
j\rney$ to ,rome to meet ,domitian face 

to face1 & ?\gh he 0 put on trial & e   
ef=t made to prove him guilty (         
treasonable plott+ ) ,n]va1 he c\ld n be
 convict$ ( any?+ ( a political nature4 
,n]va 0 a good man1 he told ! emp]or1 & 
no traitor4 ,n t ,domitian _h really any
 suspicion t ,apollonius 0 p]sonally    
plott+ aga9/ him2 he ca/ him into prison
 solely 9 ! hope t he might induce !    
philosoph] to disclose ! confid5ces (   
,n]va & o!r prom95t m5 :o 7 objects (   
suspicion to him1 & :o he imag9$ _h     
consult$ ,apollonius on _! *ances (     
success4 ,apollonius' bus9ess 0 n )     
politics1 b ) ! pr9ces :o ask$ him = 8  
advice on ! subject ( virtue 7vi4 #dc74 
,,section ,,xii4  ,,apollonius ,,!      
,,prophet ,,& ,,wond]-,,work]4   ,we w  
n[ turn our att5tion = a brief space to 
t side ( ,apollonius' life :i* has made 
him ! subject ( inv9cible prejudice4    
,apollonius 0 n only a philosoph]1 9 !  
s5se ( be+ a !oretical speculator or (  
be+ ! foll[] ( an ord]$ mode ( life     
s*ool$ 9 ! discipl9e ( resignation2 he 0

 also a philosoph] 9 ! orig9al          
,py?agorean mean+ ( ! t]m--a kn[] (     
,nature's secrets1 :o ?us c\ld speak z  
"o hav+ au?ority4  ,he knew ! hidd5 ?+s 
( ,nature by sight & n by he>+2 = him ! 
pa? ( philosophy 0 a life :]eby ! man   
himself became an in/rum5t ( kn[+4      
,religion1 = ,apollonius1 0 n a fai?    
only1 x 0 a sci5ce4 ,= him ! %[s ( ?+s 7
 b ev]-*ang+ appe>ances2 cults & rites1 
religions & fai?s1 7 all "o to him1     
provid$ ! "r _s 7 beh9d !m4 ,! ,tyanean 
knew no diff]5ces ( race or cre$2 su*   
n>r[ limitations 7 n = ! philosoph]4    
,beyond all o!rs w\ld he h laugh$ to he>
 ! ^w miracle appli$ to 8 do+s4         
,miracle1 9 its ,*ri/ian !ological s5se1
 0 an unkn[n t]m 9 antiquity1 & is a    
ve/ige ( sup]/ition to-day4 ,= ?\gh _m  
believe t x is possible by means ( ! s\l
 to effect a multitude ( ?+s beyond !   
possibilities ( a sci5ce :i* is conf9$  
entirely to ! inve/igation ( physical   
=ces1 none b ! un?9k+ believe t !re c be
 any int]f]5ce 9 ! work+ ( ! laws :i*   

,deity has impress$ ^u ,nature--! cr$o (
 ,miraculi/s4  ,mo/ ( ! record$         
wond]-do+s ( ,apollonius are cases (    
prophecy or =esee+2 ( see+ at a di/ance 
& see+ ! pa/2 ( see+ or he>+ 9 vision2 (
 heal+ ! sick or cur+ cases ( obsession 
or possession4  ,already z a y\?1 9 !   
temple at g1 ,apollonius gave signs ( ! 
possession ( ! rudim5ts ( ?is psy*ic    
insight2 n only did he s5se correctly ! 
nature ( ! d>k pa/ ( a ri* b unwor?y    
suppliant :o desir$ ! re/oration ( 8    
eyesight1 b he =etold1 ?\gh uncle>ly1 ! 
evil end ( "o :o made an attempt ^u 8   
innoc5ce 7i4 #ab74  ,on meet+ ) ,damis1 
8 future fai?ful h5*man volunte]$ 8     
s]vices = ! long j\rney to ,india on !  
gr\nd t he knew ! languages ( sev]al ( !
 c\ntries ?r\gh :i* !y _h to pass4 ,b ,i
 und]/& !m all1 ?\gh ,i h le>n$ none (  
!m1 answ]$ ,apollonius1 9 8 usual       
enigmatical fa%ion1 & add$3 ,m>vel n t  
,i "k all ! tongues ( m51 = ,i "k ev5   
:at !y nev] say 7i4 #ai74 ,& by ?is he  
meant simply t he c\ld read m5's ?\ghts1

 n t he c\ld speak all languages4 ,b    
,damis & ,philo/ratus _c und]/& s simple
 a fact ( psy*ic exp]i5ce2 !y w h x t he
 knew n only ! language ( all m51 b also
 ( birds & bea/s 7i4 #bj74  ,9 8        
conv]sation ) ! ,babylonian mon>*       
,v>dan1 ,apollonius di/9ctly claims     
=ekn[l$ge4 ,he says t he is a physician 
( ! s\l & c free ! k+ f ! diseases ( !  
m9d1 n only because he kn[s :at ought to
 be done1 t is to say ! prop] discipl9e 
taught 9 ! ,py?agorean & simil> s*ools1 
b also because he =ekn[s ! nature ( ! k+
 7i4 #cb74 ,inde$ we are told t !       
subject ( =ekn[l$ge 7,greek3 prognses71 
( :i* sci5ce 7,greek3 sophia7           
,apollonius 0 a deep /ud5t1 0 "o ( !    
pr9cipal topics discuss$ by our         
philosoph] & 8 ,indian ho/s 7iii4 #db74 
,9 fact1 z ,apollonius tells 8          
philosophical & /udi\s fri5d ! ,roman   
,consul ,teles9us1 = him wisdom 0 a k9d 
( div9iz+ or mak+ div9e ( ! :ole nature1
 a sort ( p]petual /ate ( inspiration   
7,greek3 !iasmos7 7iv4 #dj74 ,& s we are

 told t ,apollonius 0 appris$ ( all ?+s 
( ?is nature by ! en]gy ( 8 dmonial     
nature 7,greek3 daimonis7 7vii4 #aj74   
,n[ = ! /ud5t ( ! ,py?agorean &         
,platonic s*ools ! dmon ( a man 0 :at   
may be call$ ! high] self1 ! spiritual  
side ( ! s\l z di/+ui%$ f ! purely      
human4 ,x is ! bett] "p ( ! man1 & :5 8 
physical consci\sness is at-on$ ) ?is   
dwell] 9 heav51 he has 7accord+ to !    
highe/ my/ic philosophy ( anci5t        
,greece7 :ile /ill on e>? ! p[]s ( ^?   
incorporeal int]m$iate be+s betwe5 ,gods
 & m5 call$ dmons2 a /age high] /ill1 ! 
liv+ man becomes at-on$ ) 8 div9e s\l1  
he becomes a ,god on e>?2 & yet a /age  
high] he becomes at "o ) ! ,good & s    
becomes ,god4  ,h5ce we f9d ,apollonius 
indignantly reject+ ! accusation ( magic
 ignorantly br\ght aga9/ him1 an art :i*
 a*iev$ its results by means ( compacts 
) ^? l[ entities ) :i* ! out]mo/ realm (
 inn] ,nature sw>ms4 ,our philosoph]    
repudiat$ equally ! idea ( 8 be+ a      
soo?say] or div9]4 ,) su* arts he w\ld h

 no?+ to d2 if ev] he utt]$ any?+ :i*   
sav\r$ ( =ekn[l$ge1 let !m "k x 0 n by  
div9ation 9 ! vulg> s5se1 b ow+ to t    
wisdom :i* ,god reveals to ! wise 7iv4  
#dd74  ,! mo/ num]\s wond]-do+s ascrib$ 
to ,apollonius are in/ances precisely ( 
su* =ekn[l$ge or prophecy4#aji ,x mu/ be
 confess$ t ! utt]ances record$ are (t5 
obscure & enigmatical1 b ?is is ! usual 
case ) su* prophecy2 = future ev5ts are 
mo/ frequ5tly ei!r se5 9 symbolic       
repres5tations1 ! mean+ ( :i* is n cle> 
until aft] ! ev5t1 or he>d 9 equally    
enigmatical s5t5ces4 ,at times1 h[ev]1  
we h in/ances ( v precise =ekn[l$ge1 su*
 z ! refusal ( ,apollonius to g on bo>d 
a vessel :i* f\nd]$ on ! voyage 7v4     
#ah74  ,! in/ances ( see+ pres5t ev5ts  
at a di/ance1 h[ev]--su* z ! burn+ ( a  
temple at ,rome1 :i* ,apollonius saw    
:ile at ,alex&ria--are cle> en\gh4      
,inde$1 if p "k no?+ else ( ! ,tyanean1 
!y h at lea/ he>d h[ he saw at ,ephesus 
! assass9ation ( ,domitian at ,rome at !
 v mom5t ( its occurr5ce4  ,x 0 mid-day1

 to quote f ! graphic acc\nt (          
,philo/ratus1 & ,apollonius 0 9 "o ( !  
small p>ks or groves 9 ! suburbs1 engag$
 9 deliv]+ an address on "s absorb+     
topic ( philosophy4 ,at fir/ he sank 8  
voice z ?\gh 9 "s appreh5sion2 he1      
h[ev]1 cont9u$ 8 exposition1 b halt+ly1 
& ) f> less =ce ?an usual1 z a man :o _h
 "s o!r subject 9 8 m9d ?an t on :i* he 
is speak+2 f9ally he ceas$ speak+       
altoge!r z ?\gh he c\ld n f9d 8 words4  
,!n />+ fix$ly on ! gr\nd1 he />t$ =w>d 
?ree or f\r paces1 cry+ out3 ',/rike !  
tyrant2 /rike6' ,& ?is1 n l a man :o    
sees an image 9 a mirror1 b z "o ) !    
actual sc5e be=e 8 eyes1 z ?\gh he 7    
himself tak+ "p 9 x4  ,turn+ to 8       
a/oni%$ audi5ce he told !m :at he _h    
se54 ,b ?\gh !y hop$ x 7 true1 !y refus$
 to believe x1 & ?\ght t ,apollonius _h 
tak5 leave ( 8 s5ses4 ,b ! philosoph]   
g5tly answ]$3 ,y1 on y\r "p1 are "r to  
susp5d y\r rejoic+s till ! news is      
br\ght y 9 ! usual fa%ion2 z = me1 ,i g 
to return ?anks to ! ,gods = :at ,i h   

myself se5 7viii4 #bf74  ,little wond]1 
!n1 if we read1 n only ( a numb] (      
symbolic dreams1 b ( _! prop]           
int]pretation1 "o ( ! mo/ important     
bran*es ( ! esot]ic discipl9e ( ! s*ool4
 7,see especially i4 #bc & iv4 #cd47    
,nor are we surpris$ to he> t           
,apollonius1 rely+ entirely on 8 inn] k1
 0 in/rum5tal 9 obta9+ ! reprieve ( an  
innoc5t man at ,alex&ria1 :o 0 on ! po9t
 ( be+ execut$ ) a bat* ( crim9als 7v4  
#bd74 ,inde$1 he seems to h kn[n !      
secret pa/ ( _m ) :om he came 9 contact 
7vi4 #c1 #e74  ,! possession ( su* p[]s 
c put b little /ra9 on ! belief ( a     
g5]ation l our own1 to :i* su* facts (  
psy*ic sci5ce are becom+ ) e day m      
famili>4 ,nor %\ld in/ances ( cur+      
disease by mesm]ic processes a/oni% u1  
or ev5 ! s-call$ ca/+ out ( evil        
spirits1 if we give cr$5ce to ! ,gospel 
n>rative & are famili> ) ! g5]al hi/ory 
( ! times 9 :i* su* heal+ ( possession &
 obsession 0 a commonplace4 ,?is1 h[ev]1
 does n condemn u to any endorsem5t ( ! 

fanta/ic descriptions ( su* happ5+s 9   
:i* ,philo/ratus indulges4 ,if x be     
cr$ible t ,apollonius 0 successful 9    
deal+ ) obscure m5tal cases--cases (    
obsession & possession--) :i* our       
hospitals & asylums are fill$ to-day1 & 
:i* are = ! mo/ "p beyond ! skill (     
(ficial sci5ce ow+ to its ignorance ( ! 
real ag5cies at "w1 x is equally evid5t 
t ,damis & ,philo/ratus _h little       
und]/&+ ( ! matt]1 & h giv5 full re9 to 
_! imag9ation 9 _! n>ratives4 7,see ii4 
#d2 iv4 #bj1 #be2 v4 #db2 vi4 #bg1 #dc47
 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ,philo/ratus 9 "s      
in/ances is only repeat+ popul> leg5d1 !
 be/ case ( :i* is ! cur+ ( ! plague at 
,ephesus :i* ! ,tyanean _h =etold on s  
_m occasions4 ,popul> leg5d w\ld h x t !
 cause ( ! plague 0 trac$ to an old     
begg> man1 :o 0 buri$ "u a heap ( /ones 
by ! infuriat$ populace4 ,on ,apollonius
 ord]+ ! /ones to be remov$1 x 0 f\nd t 
:at _h be5 a begg> man 0 n[ a mad dog   
foam+ at ! m\? 7iv4 #aj76  ,on !        
contr>y1 ! acc\nt ( ,apollonius' re/or+ 

to life a "y girl ( noble bir? at ,rome1
 is told ) great mod]ation4 ,our        
philosoph] seems to h met ! fun]al      
procession by *ance2 :]eupon he sudd5ly 
w5t up to ! bi]1 &1 aft] mak+ "s passes 
ov] ! maid51 & say+ "s inaudible words1 
wak$ h] out ( h] seem+ dea?4 ,b1 says   
,damis1 :e!r ,apollonius notic$ t ! sp>k
 ( ! s\l 0 /ill alive :i* h] fri5ds _h  
fail$ to p]ceive--!y say x 0 ra9+       
lightly & a slight vap\r %[$ on h]      
face--or :e!r he made ! life 9 h] w>m   
aga9 & s re/or$ h]1 nei!r himself nor   
any :o 7 pres5t c\ld say 7iv4 #de74  ,( 
a di/9ctly m ph5om5al nature are !      
/ories ( ,apollonius caus+ ! writ+ to   
disappe> f ! tablets ( "o ( 8 accus]s   
be=e ,tigell9us 7iv4 #dd72 ( 8 draw+ 8  
leg out ( ! fett]s to %[ ,damis t he 0 n
 really a prison] ?\gh *a9$ 9 ! dungeons
 ( ,domitian 7vii4 #ch72 & ( 8 disappe>+
 7,greek3 phani/h7 f ! tribunal 7viii4  
#e74aaj  ,we are n1 h[ev]1 to suppose t 
,apollonius despis$ or neglect$ ! /udy (
 physical ph5om5a 9 8 devotion to ! inn]

 sci5ce ( ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 we h      
sev]al in/ances ( 8 rejection ( my?ology
 9 fav\r ( a physical explanation (     
natural ph5om5a4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 are 8 
explanations ( ! volcanic activity ( tna
 7v4 #ad1 #ag71 & ( a tidal wave 9      
,crete1 ! latt] be+ accompani$ ) a      
correct indication ( ! m imm$iate result
 ( ! occurr5ce4 ,9 fact an isl& _h be5  
?r[n up f> out to sea by a subm>9e      
di/urbance z 0 subsequ5tly asc]ta9$ 7iv4
 #cd74 ,! explanation ( ! tides at      
,cadiz may also be plac$ 9 ! same       
category 7v4 #b74     ,,section ,,xiii4 
,,8 ,,mode ,,( ,,life4   ,we w n[ pres5t
 ! read] ) "s g5]al indications ( ! mode
 ( life ( ,apollonius1 & ! mann] ( 8    
tea*+1 ( :i* already some?+ has be5 said
 "u ! head+ ,e>ly ,life4  ,our          
philosoph] 0 an en?usia/ic foll[] ( !   
,py?agorean discipl9e2 nay1 ,philo/ratus
 w\ld h u believe t he made m sup]human 
ef=ts to rea* wisdom ?an ev5 ! great    
,samian 7i4 #b74 ,! out] =ms ( ?is      
discipl9e z exemplifi$ 9 ,py?agoras are 

?us summ$ up by our au?or4  ,naught w\ld
 he we> t came f a dead bea/1 nor t\* a 
morsel ( a ?+ t once _h life1 nor (f] x 
9 sacrifice2 n = him to /a9 ) blood !   
alt>s2 b honey-cakes & inc5se1 & !      
s]vice ( 8 song w5t upw>d f ! man unto !
 ,gods1 = well he knew t !y w\ld take   
su* gifts f> r ?an ! ox5 9 _! hundr$s ) 
! knife4 ,= he1 9 soo?1 held conv]se ) !
 ,gods & le>n$ f !m h[ !y 7 pleas$ ) m5 
& h[ displeas$1 & !nce z well he drew 8 
nature-lore4 ,z = ! re/1 he said1 !y    
guess$ at ! div9e1 & held op9ions on !  
,gods :i* prov$ ea* o!r false2 b unto   
him ,apollo's self did come1 confess$1  
)\t disguise1#aaa & !re did come z well1
 ?\gh unconfess$1 ,a!na & ! ,muses1 &   
o!r ,gods ^: =ms & names mank9d did n   
yet "k4  ,h5ce 8 disciples reg>d$       
,py?agoras z an inspir$ tea*]1 & receiv$
 8 rules z laws4 ,9 p>ticul> did !y keep
 ! rule ( sil5ce reg>d+ ! div9e sci5ce4 
,= !y he>d )9 !m _m div9e & unspeakable 
?+s on :i* x w\ld h be5 difficult = !m  
to keep sil5ce1 _h !y n fir/ le>n$ t x 0

 j ?is sil5ce :i* spoke to !m 7i4 #a74  
,su* 0 ! g5]al decl>ation ( ! nature ( !
 ,py?agorean discipl9e by its disciples4
 ,b1 says ,apollonius 9 8 address to !  
,gymnosophi/s1 ,py?agoras 0 n ! inv5tor 
( x4 ,x 0 ! immemorial wisdom1 &        
,py?agoras himself _h le>nt x f !       
,indians4#aab ,?is wisdom1 he cont9u$1  
_h spok5 to him 9 8 y\?2 %e _h said3  ,=
 s5se1 "y sir1 ,i h no *>ms2 my cup is  
fill$ ) toils unto ! brim4 ,w\ld anyone 
embrace my way ( life1 he mu/ resolve to
 bani% f 8 bo>d all food t once bore    
life1 to lose ! memory ( w9e1 & ?us no m
 to wisdom's cup bef\l--! cup t do?     
consi/ ( w9e-unta9t$ s\ls4 ,nor %all    
wool w>m him1 nor aught t's made f any  
bea/4 ,i give my s]vants %oes ( ba/ & z 
!y c to sleep4 ,& if ,i f9d !m ov]come )
 love's delights1 ,i've ready pits d[n  
into :i* t ju/ice :i* do? foll[ h>d on  
wisdom's foot1 do? drag & ?ru/ !m2      
inde$1 s /]n am ,i to ^? :o *oose my    
way1 t e'en ^u _! tongues ,i b9d a *a94 
,n[ he> f me :at ?+s ?\'lt ga91 if ?\   

endure4 ,an innate s5se ( fitness & (   
"r1 & ne'er to feel t any's lot is bett]
 ?an ?y own2 tyrants to /rike ) fe>     
in/ead ( be+ a fe>some slave to tyranny2
 to h ! ,gods m greatly bless ?y scanty 
gifts ?an ^? :o p\r be=e !m blood (     
bulls4 ,if ?\ art pure1 ,i'll give !e h[
 to "k :at ?+s w be z well1 & fill ?y   
eyes s full ( light1 t ?\ may'/         
recognise ! ,gods1 ! h]oes "k1 & prove &
 try ! %ad[y =ms t feign ! %apes ( m5   
7vi4 #aa74  ,! :ole life ( ,apollonius  
%[s t he tri$ to c>ry out consi/5tly ?is
 rule ( life1 & ! repeat$ /atem5ts t he 
w\ld nev] jo9 9 ! blood-sacrifices ( !  
popul> cults 7see especially i4 #bd1    
#ca2 iv4 #aa2 v4 #be71 b op5ly condemn$ 
!m1 %[ n only t ! ,py?agorean s*ool _h  
ev] set ! example ( ! high] way ( pur]  
(f]+s1 b t !y 7 n only n condemn$ &     
p]secut$ z h]etics on ?is acc\nt1 b 7 r 
reg>d$ z be+ ( peculi> sanctity1 & z    
foll[+ a life sup]ior to t ( ord9>y     
mortals4  ,! refra9+ f ! fle% ( animals1
 h[ev]1 0 n simply bas$ ^u ideas (      

purity1 x f\nd additional sanction 9 !  
positive love ( ! l[] k+doms & ! horror 
( inflict+ pa9 on any liv+ creature4    
,?us ,apollonius bluntly refus$ to take 
any "p 9 ! *ase1 :5 invit$ to d s by 8  
royal ho/ at ,babylon4 ,sire1 he repli$1
 h y =gott5 t ev5 :5 y sacrifice ,i w n 
be pres5t8 ,mu* less !n w\ld ,i d ^!    
bea/s to dea?1 & all ! m :5 _! _s is    
brok5 & !y are p5n$ 9 contr>y to _!     
nature 7i4 #ch74aac  ,b ?\gh ,apollonius
 0 an unfl9*+ task-ma/] unto himself1 he
 did n wi% to impose 8 mode ( life on   
o!rs1 ev5 on 8 p]sonal fri5ds &         
companions 7provid$ ( c\rse !y did n    
adopt x ( _! own free w74 ,?us he tells 
,damis t he has no wi% to prohibit him f
 eat+ fle% & dr9k+ w9e1 he simply dem&s 
! "r ( refra9+ himself & ( def5d+ 8     
conduct if call$ on to d s 7ii4 #g74    
,?is is an additional indication t      
,damis 0 n a memb] ( ! inn] circle (    
discipl9e1 & ! latt] fact expla9s :y s  
fai?ful a foll[] ( ! p]son ( ,apollonius
 0 nev]!less s mu* 9 ! d>k4  ,n only s1 

b ,apollonius ev5 dissuades ! ,rajah    
,phraotes1 8 fir/ ho/ 9 ,india1 :o      
desir$ to adopt 8 /rict rule1 f do+ s1  
on ! gr\nd t x w\ld e/range him too mu* 
f 8 subjects 7ii4 #cg74  ,?ree times a  
day ,apollonius pray$ & m$itat$2 at     
daybreak 7vi4 #aj1 #ah2 vii4 #ca71 at   
mid-day 7vii4 #aj71 & at sun-d[n 7viii4 
#ac74 ,?is seems to h be5 8 inv>iable   
cu/om2 no matt] :]e he 0 he seems to h  
devot$ at lea/ a few mom5ts to sil5t    
m$itation at ^! times4 ,! object ( 8    
wor%ip is always said to h be5 ! ,sun1 t
 is to say ! ,"l ( our _w & its si/]    
worlds1 ^: glori\s symbol is ! orb (    
day4  ,we h already se5 9 ! %ort sket*  
devot$ to 8 ,e>ly ,life h[ he divid$ !  
day & portion$ out 8 "t among 8 diff]5t 
classes ( he>]s & inquir]s4 ,8 /yle (   
tea*+ & speak+ 0 ! opposite ( t ( a     
rhetorician or pr(essional orator4 ,!re 
0 no art 9 8 s5t5ces1 no /riv+ aft]     
effect1 no affectation4 ,b he spoke z f 
a tripod1 ) su* words z ,i "k1 ,me?9ks1 
,:y d ye1 ,ye %\ld "k4 ,8 s5t5ces 7 %ort

 & compact1 & 8 words c>ri$ conviction )
 !m & fitt$ ! facts4 ,8 task1 he decl>$1
 0 no long] to seek & to "q z he _h done
 9 8 y\?1 b to tea* :at he knew 7i4     
#ag74 ,he did n use ! dialectic ( !     
,socratic s*ool1 b w\ld h 8 he>]s turn f
 all else & give e> to ! inn] voice (   
philosophy alone 7iv4 #b74 ,he drew 8   
illu/rations f any *ance occurr5ce or   
homely happ5+ 7iv4 #c2 vi4 #c1 #ch71 &  
press$ all into s]vice = ! improvem5t ( 
8 li/5]s4  ,:5 put on 8 trial1 he w\ld  
make no prep>ation = 8 def5ce4 ,he _h   
liv$ 8 life z x came f day to day1      
prep>$ = dea?1 & w\ld cont9ue to d s    
7viii4 #cj74 ,moreov] x 0 n[ 8 delib]ate
 *oice to *all5ge dea? 9 ! cause (      
philosophy4 ,& s to 8 old fri5d's       
repeat$ solicitations to prep>e 8       
def5ce1 he repli$3  ,damis1 y seem to   
lose y\r wits 9 face ( dea?1 ?\gh y h   
be5 s long ) me & ,i h lov$ philosophy  
e'en f my y\?2#aad ,i ?\ght t y 7 bo?   
y\rself prep>$ = dea? & knew full well  
my g5]al%ip 9 ?is4 ,= j z w>riors 9 !   

field h ne$ n only ( good c\rage b also 
( t g5]al%ip :i* tells !m :5 to fight1 s
 too mu/ !y :o wisdom love make c>eful  
/udy ( good times to die1 t !y may *oose
 ! be/ & n be done to dea? all unprep>$4
 ,t ,i h *os5 be/ & pick$ ! mom5t :i*   
suits wisdom be/ to give dea? battle--if
 s x be t any "o %\ld wi% to slay       
me--,i've prov$ to o!r fri5ds :5 y 7 by1
 nor ev] ceas$ to tea* y x alone 7vii4  
#ca74  ,! above are "s few indications (
 h[ our philosoph] liv$1 9 fe> ( no?+ b 
disloyalty to 8 high ideal4 ,we w n[    
make m5tion ( "s ( 8 m p]sonal traits1 &
 ( "s ( ! names ( 8 foll[]s4            
,,section ,,xiv4  ,,himself ,,& ,,8     
,,circle4   ,apollonius is said to h be5
 v beautiful to look ^u 7i4 #g1 #ab2 iv4
 #a72aae b beyond ?is we h no v def9ite 
description ( 8 p]son4 ,8 mann] 0 ev]   
mild & g5tle 7i4 #cf2 ii4 #bb7 & mode/  
7iv4 #ca2 viii4 #ae71 & 9 ?is1 says     
,damis1 he 0 m l an ,indian ?an a ,greek
 7iii4 #cf72 yet occasionally he bur/   
out indignantly aga9/ "s special        

enormity 7iv4 #cj74 ,8 mood 0 (t5 p5sive
 7i4 #cd71 & :5 n speak+ he w\ld rema9 =
 long plung$ 9 deep ?\ght1 dur+ :i* 8   
eyes 7 /eadfa/ly fix$ on ! gr\nd 7i4 #aj
 et al474  ,?\gh1 z we h se51 he 0      
inflexibly /]n ) himself1 he 0 ev] ready
 to make excuses = o!rs2 if1 on ! "o h&1
 he prais$ ! c\rage ( ^? few :o rema9$ )
 him at ,rome1 on ! o!r he refus$ to    
blame = _! c[>dice ! _m :o _h fl$ 7iv4  
#ch74 ,nor 0 8 g5tl5ess %[n simply by   
ab/5tion f blame1 he 0 ev] active 9     
positive de$s ( compassion 7cf4 vi4     
#ci74  ,"o ( 8 little peculi>ities 0 a  
lik+ to be address$ z ,tyanean 7vii4    
#ch71 b :y ?is 0 s we are n told4 ,x c  
h>dly h be5 t ,apollonius 0 p>ticul>ly  
pr\d ( 8 bir?-place1 = ev5 ?\gh he 0 a  
great lov] ( ,greece1 s t at times y    
w\ld call him an en?usia/ic patriot1 8  
love = o!r c\ntries 0 q z pron\nc$4     
,apollonius 0 a citiz5 ( ! _w1 if !re   
has ev] be5 "o1 into ^: spee* ! ^w      
native-l& did n ent]1 & a prie/ (       
univ]sal religion 9 ^: vocabul>y ! ^w   

sect did n exi/4  ,9 spite ( 8 extremely
 ascetic life he 0 a man ( /rong        
physique1 s t ev5 :5 he _h rea*$ ! ripe 
age ( f\r-score ye>s1 we are told1 he 0 
s\nd & heal?y 9 e limb & organ1 upright 
& p]fectly =m$4 ,!re 0 also a c]ta9     
indef9ite *>m ab\t him t made him m     
pleasant to look ^u ?an ev5 ! fre%ness (
 y\?1 & ?is ev5 ?\gh 8 face 0 furr[$ )  
wr9kles1 j z ! /atues 9 ! temple at     
,tyana repres5t$ him 9 ! "t (           
,philo/ratus4 ,9 fact1 says 8 rhetorical
 biograph]1 report sang high] praises   
ov] ! *>m ( ,apollonius 9 8 old age ?an 
ov] ! beauty ( ,alcibiades 9 8 y\?      
7viii4 #bi74  ,9 brief1 our philosoph]  
seems to h be5 ( a mo/ *>m+ pres5ce &   
lovable disposition2 nor 0 8 absolute   
devotion to philosophy ( ! nature ( !   
h]mit ideal1 = he pass$ 8 life among m54
 ,:at wond] !n t he attract$ to himself 
_m foll[]s & disciples6 ,x w\ld h be5   
int]e/+ if ,philo/ratus _h told u m ab\t
 ^! ,apollonians1 z !y 7 call$ 7viii4   
#ba71 & :e!r !y con/itut$ a di/9ct      

s*ool1 or :e!r !y 7 gr\p$ toge!r 9      
communities on ! ,py?agorean model1 or  
:e!r !y 7 simply indep5d5t /ud5ts       
attract$ to ! mo/ comm&+ p]sonality ( ! 
times 9 ! doma9 ( philosophy4 ,x is1    
h[ev]1 c]ta9 t _m ( !m wore ! same dress
 z himself & foll[$ 8 mode ( life 7iv4  
#ci74 ,repeat$ m5tion is also made ( _! 
accompany+ ,apollonius on 8 travels 7iv4
 #dg2 v4 #ba2 viii4 #ai1 #ba1 #bd71     
sometimes z _m z t5 ( !m at ! same "t1 b
 none ( !m 7 all[$ to address o!rs until
 !y _h fulfill$ ! v[ ( sil5ce 7v4 #dc74 
,! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( 8 foll[]s 7 ,musonius1
 :o 0 consid]$ ! greate/ philosoph] ( ! 
"t aft] ! ,tyanean1 & :o 0 ! special    
victim ( ,n]o's tyranny 7iv4 #dd2 v4    
#ai2 vii4 #af71 & ,demetrius1 :o lov$   
,apollonius 7iv4 #be1 #db2 v4 #ai2 vi4  
#ca2 vii4 #aj2 viii4 #aj74 ,^! names are
 well kn[n to hi/ory2 ( names o!rwise   
unkn[n are ! ,egyptian ,dioscorides1 :o 
0 left beh9d ow+ to weak heal? on ! long
 j\rney to ,e?iopia 7iv4 #aa1 #ch2 v4   
#dc71 ,m5ippus1 :om he _h fre$ f an     

obsession 7iv4 #be1 #ch2 v4 #dc71       
,phdimus 7iv4 #aa71 & ,nilus1 :o jo9$   
him f ,gymnosophi/s 7v4 #aj sqq41 #bh71 
& ( c\rse ,damis1 :o w\ld h u ?9k t he 0
 always ) him f ! "t ( _! meet+ at      
,n9us4  ,on ! :ole we are incl9$ to ?9k 
t ,apollonius did n e/abli% any fre%    
organisation2 he made use ( ^? already  
exi/+1 & 8 disciples 7 ^? :o 7 attract$ 
to him p]sonally by an ov]ma/]+         
affection :i* c\ld only be satisfi$ by  
be+ cont9ually ne> him4 ,?is mu* seems  
c]ta91 t he tra9$ no "o to c>ry on 8    
task2 he came & w5t1 help+ & illum9at+1 
b he h&$ on no tradition ( a def9ite    
l9e1 & f\nd$ no s*ool to be cont9u$ by  
successors4 ,ev5 to 8 ev] fai?ful       
companion1 :5 bidd+ him f>ewell = :at he
 knew w\ld be ! la/ "t = ,damis on e>?1 
he _h no ^w to say ab\t ! "w to :i* he  
_h devot$ 8 life1 b :i* ,damis _h nev]  
und]/ood4 ,8 la/ words 7 = ,damis alone1
 = ! man :o _h lov$ him1 b :o _h nev]   
kn[n him4 ,x 0 a promise to come to him 
if he ne$$ help4 ,damis1 :5ev] y ?9k on 

high matt]s 9 solit>y m$itation1 y %all 
see me 7viii4 #bh74  ,we w next turn our
 att5tion to a consid]ation ( "s ( !    
say+s ascrib$ to ,apollonius & ! spee*es
 put into 8 m\? by ,philo/ratus4 ,!     
%ort] say+s are 9 all probability       
au!ntically traditional1 b ! spee*es are
 = ! mo/ "p manife/ly ! arti/ic work+-up
 ( ! r\gh notes ( ,damis4 ,9 fact1 !y   
are def9itely decl>$ to be s2 b !y are  
none ! less int]e/+ on ?is acc\nt1 & =  
two reasons4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y       
hone/ly av[ _! nature1 & make no claim (
 inspiration2 !y are confess$ly human   
docum5ts :i* endeav\r to give a lit]>y  
dress to ! traditional body ( ?\ght &   
endeav\r :i* ! life ( ! philosoph] built
 into ! m9ds ( 8 he>]s4 ,! me?od 0      
common to antiquity1 & ! anci5t compil]s
 ( c]ta9 o!r s]ies ( fam\s docum5ts w\ld
 h be5 /ruck ) amazem5t _h !y be5 able  
to see h[ po/]ity w\ld div9ise _! ef=ts 
& reg>d !m z imm$iately inspir$ by !    
s\rce ( all wisdom4  ,9 ! second place1 
al?\gh we are n to suppose t we are     

read+ ! actual words ( ,apollonius1 we  
are nev]!less consci\s ( be+ 9 imm$iate 
contact ) ! inn] atmosph]e ( ! be/      
religi\s ?\ght ( ! ,greek m9d1 & h be=e 
our eyes ! picture ( a my/ic & spiritual
 f]m5tation :i* leav5$ all /rata (      
society 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( our era4      
,,section ,,xv4  ,,f ,,8 ,,say+s ,,&    
,,s]mons4   ,apollonius believ$ 9 pray]1
 b h[ diff]5tly f ! vulg>4 ,= him ! idea
 t ! ,gods c\ld be sway$ f ! pa? ( rigid
 ju/ice by ! entreaties ( m51 0 a       
blasphemy2 t ! ,gods c\ld be made p>ties
 to our selfi% hopes & fe>s 0 to our    
philosoph] un?9kable4 ,"o ?+ alone he   
knew1 t ! ,gods 7 ! m9i/]s ( "r & !     
rigid disp5s]s ( j des]t4 ,! common     
belief1 :i* has p]si/$ to our own day1 t
 ,god c be sway$ f ,8 purpose1 t        
compacts c\ld be made ) ,him or ) ,8    
m9i/]s1 0 entirely abhorr5t to          
,apollonius4 ,be+s ) :om su* pacts c\ld 
be made1 :o c\ld be sway$ & turn$1 7 n  
,gods b less ?an m54 ,& s we f9d        
,apollonius z a y\? conv]s+ ) "o ( !    

prie/s ( sculapius z foll[s3  ,s9ce !n !
 ,gods "k all ?+s1 ,i ?9k t "o :o ent]s 
! temple ) a "r consci5ce )9 him %\ld   
pray ?us3 ',give me1 ye ,gods1 :at is my
 due6' 7i4 #aa74  ,& ?us aga9 on 8 long 
j\rney to ,india he pray$ at ,babylon3  
,god ( ! sun1 s5d ?\ me o'er ! e>? s f> 
z e'er 'tis good = ,!e & me2 & may ,i   
come to "k ! good1 & nev] "k ! bad nor  
!y "k me 7i4 #ca74  ,"o ( 8 mo/ g5]al   
pray]s1 ,damis tells u1 0 to ?is effect3
 ,grant me1 ye ,gods1 to h little & ne$ 
naught 7i4 #cd74  ,:5 y ent] ! temples1 
= :at d y pray8 ask$ ! ,pontifex        
,maximus ,teles9us ( our philosoph]4 ,i 
pray1 said ,apollonius1 t righte\sness  
may rule1 ! laws rema9 unbrok51 ! wise  
be poor & o!rs ri*1 b hone/ly 7iv4 #dj74
  ,! belief ( ! philosoph] 9 ! gr& ideal
 ( hav+ no?+ & yet possess+ all ?+s1 is 
exemplifi$ by 8 reply to ! (fic] :o ask$
 him h[ he d>$ ent] ! dom9ions (        
,babylon )\t p]mission4 ,! :ole e>?1    
said ,apollonius1 is m9e2 & x is giv5 me
 to j\rney ?r\gh x 7i4 #ba74  ,!re are  

_m in/ances ( sums ( money be+ (f]$ to  
,apollonius = 8 s]vices1 b he inv>iably 
refus$ !m2 n only s b 8 foll[]s also    
refus$ all pres5ts4 ,on ! occasion :5   
,k+ ,v>dan1 ) true ,ori5tal g5]osity1   
(f]$ !m gifts1 !y turn$ away2 :]eupon   
,apollonius said3 ,y see1 my h&s1 ?\gh  
_m1 are all l ea* o!r4 ,& :5 ! k+ ask$  
,apollonius :at pres5t he w\ld br+ him  
back f ,india1 our philosoph] repli$3 ,a
 gift t w please y1 sire4 ,= if my /ay  
!re %\ld make me wis]1 ,i %all come back
 to y bett] ?an ,i am 7i4 #da74  ,:5 !y 
7 cross+ ! great m\nta9s into ,india a  
conv]sation is said to h tak5 place     
betwe5 ,apollonius & ,damis1 :i* pres5ts
 u ) a good in/ance ( h[ our philosoph] 
ev] us$ ! incid5ts ( ! day to inculcate 
! high] lessons ( life4 ,! "q 0 conc]n+ 
! bel[ & above4 ,ye/]day1 said ,damis1  
we 7 bel[ 9 ! valley2 to-day we are     
above1 high on ! m\nta9s1 n f> di/ant f 
heav54 ,s ?is is :at y mean by bel[ &   
above1 said ,apollonius g5tly4 ,:y1 (   
c\rse1 impati5tly retort$ ,damis1 if ,i 

am 9 my "r m9d2 :at ne$ ( su* useless   
que/ions8 ,& h y acquir$ a great] k ( ! 
div9e nature by be+ ne>] heav5 on ! tops
 ( ! m\nta9s8 cont9u$ 8 ma/]4 ,d y ?9k t
 ^? :o obs]ve ! heav5 f ! m\nta9 heights
 are any ne>] ! und]/&+ ( ?+s8 ,tru? to 
tell1 repli$ ,damis1 some:at cre/fall51 
,i did ?9k ,i %\ld come d[n wis]1 =     
,i've be5 up a high] m\nta9 ?an any (   
!m1 b ,i fe> ,i "k no m ?an be=e ,i     
asc5d$ x4 ,nor d o!r m51 repli$         
,apollonius2 su* obs]vations make !m see
 ! heav5s m blue1 ! />s m l>ge1 & ! sun 
rise f ! night1 ?+s kn[n to ^? :o t5d ! 
%eep & goats2 b h[ ,god do? take ?\ght =
 human k9d1 & h[ ,he do? f9d pleasure 9 
_! s]vice1 & :at is virtue1             
righte\sness1 & common-s5se1 t nei!r    
,a?os w reveal to ^? :o scale 8 summit  
nor yet ,olympus :o /irs ! poet's wond]1
 unless x be ! s\l p]ceive !m2 = %\ld ! 
s\l :5 pure & unalloy$ essay su*        
heights1 ,i swe> to !e1 %e w+s h] flight
 f> f> beyond ?is l(ty ,caucasus 7ii4   
#f74  ,s aga91 :5 at ,!rmopyl 8 foll[]s 

7 disput+ z to :i* 0 ! highe/ gr\nd 9   
,greece1 ,mt4 ,oeta be+ !n 9 view4 ,!y  
happ5$ to be j at ! foot ( ! hill on :i*
 ! ,sp>tans fell ov]:elm$ ) arr[s4      
,climb+ to ! top ( x ,apollonius cri$   
out3 ,& ,i ?9k ?is ! highe/ gr\nd1 = ^? 
:o fell "h = fre$om's sake h made x high
 z ,oeta & rais$ x f> above a ?\s& (    
,olympuses 7iv4 #bc74  ,ano!r in/ance ( 
h[ ,apollonius turn$ *ance happ5+s to   
good acc\nt is ! foll[+4 ,once at       
,ephesus1 9 "o ( ! cov]$ walks ne> !    
city1 he 0 speak+ ( %>+ our goods )     
o!rs1 & h[ we ought mutually to help "o 
ano!r4 ,x *anc$ t a numb] ( sp>r[s 7    
sitt+ on a tree h>d by 9 p]fect sil5ce4 
,sudd5ly ano!r sp>r[ flew up & began    
*irp+1 z ?\gh x want$ to tell ! o!rs    
some?+4 ,:]eupon ! little fell[s all set
 to a-*irp+ also1 & flew away aft] !    
new-com]4 ,apollonius' sup]/iti\s       
audi5ce 7 greatly /ruck by ?is conduct (
 ! sp>r[s1 & ?\ght x 0 an augury ( "s   
important matt]4 ,b ! philosoph] cont9u$
 ) 8 s]mon4 ,! sp>r[1 he said1 has      

invit$ 8 fri5ds to a banquet4 ,a boy    
slipp$ d[n 9 a lane h>d by & spilt "s   
corn he 0 c>ry+ 9 a b[l2 he pick$ up mo/
 ( x & w5t away4 ,! little sp>r[1 *anc+ 
on ! scatt]$ gra9s1 imm$iately flew (f  
to invite 8 fri5ds to ! fea/4  ,!reon   
mo/ ( ! cr[d w5t (f at a run to see if x
 7 true1 & :5 !y came back %\t+ & all   
agog ) wond]m5t1 ! philosoph] cont9u$3  
,ye see :at c>e ! sp>r[s take ( "o      
ano!r1 & h[ happy !y are to %>e ) all _!
 goods4 ,& yet we m5 d n approve2 nay1  
if we see a man %>+ 8 goods ) o!r m51 we
 call x wa/efulness1 extravagance1 & by 
su* names1 & dub ! m5 to :om he gives a 
%>e1 fawn]s & p>asites4 ,:at !n is left 
to u except to %ut u up at home l fatt5+
 birds1 & gorge our bellies 9 ! d>k     
until we bur/ ) fat8 7iv4 #c74  ,on     
ano!r occasion1 at ,smyrna1 ,apollonius1
 see+ a %ip gett+ "u weigh1 us$ !       
occasion = tea*+ ! p ! lesson (         
co-op]ation4 ,behold ! vessel's crew6 he
 said4 ,h[ "s h mann$ ! boats1 "s raise 
! an*ors up & make !m fa/1 "s set !     

sails to cat* ! w9d1 h[ o!rs yet aga9   
look out at b[ & /]n4 ,b if a s+le man  
%\ld fail to d a s+le "o ( ^! 8 duties1 
or bungle 9 8 seaman%ip1 _! sail+ w be  
bad1 & !y w h ! /orm among !m4 ,b if !y 
/rive 9 rivalry ea* ) ! o!r1 _! only    
/rife be+ t no man %all seem worse ?an 8
 mates1 fair hav5s %all !re be = su* a  
%ip1 & all good wea!r & fair voyage cr[d
 9 ^u x 7iv4 #i74  ,aga91 on ano!r      
occasion1 at ,rhodes1 ,damis ask$ him if
 he ?\ght any?+ great] ?an ! fam\s      
,colossus4 ,i d1 repli$ ,apollonius2 !  
man :o walks 9 wisdom's guileless pa?s t
 give u heal? 7v4 #ba74  ,!re is also a 
numb] ( in/ances ( witty or s>ca/ic     
answ]s report$ ( our philosoph]1 &      
inde$1 9 spite ( 8 g5]ally grave mood1  
he n unfrequ5tly ralli$ 8 he>]s1 &      
sometimes1 if we may say s1 *aff$ !     
fooli%ness out ( !m 7see especially iv4 
#cj74  ,ev5 9 times ( great dang] ?is   
*>act]i/ic %[s itself4 ,a good in/ance  
is 8 answ] to ! dang]\s "q ( ,tigell9us1
 ,:at ?9k y ( ,n]o8 ,i ?9k bett] ( him  

?an y d1 retort$ ,apollonius1 = y ?9k he
 ought to s+1 & ,i ?9k he ought to keep 
sil5ce 7iv4 #dd74  ,s aga9 8 repro( to a
 "y ,croesus ( ! p]iod is z witty z x is
 wise4 ,"y sir1 he said1 me?9ks x is n y
 :o own y\r h\se1 b y\r h\se y 7v4 #bb74
  ,( ! same /yle also is 8 answ] to a   
glutton :o boa/$ ( 8 gluttony4 ,he copi$
 ,h]cules1 he said1 :o 0 z fam\s = !    
food he ate z = 8 lab\rs4  ,yes1 said   
,apollonius1 = he 0 ,h]cules4 ,b y1 :at 
virtue h y1 midd5-heap8 ,y\r only claim 
to notice is y\r *ance ( be+ bur/ 7iv4  
#bc74  ,b to turn to m s]i\s occasions4 
,9 answ] to ,vespasian's e>ne/ pray]1   
,tea* me :at %\ld a good k+ d1          
,apollonius is said to h repli$ some:at 
9 ! foll[+ words3  ,y ask me :at c n be 
taught4 ,= k+%ip is ! greate/ ?+ )9 a   
mortal's rea*2 x is n taught4 ,yet w ,i 
tell y :at if y w d1 y w d well4 ,c\nt n
 t weal? :i* is /or$ up--9 :at is ?is   
sup]ior to ! s& haphaz>d heap$8 nor t   
:i* comes f m5 :o groan b5ea? taxation's
 heavy weight--= gold t comes f te>s is 

base & black4 ,y'll use weal? be/ ( any 
k+1 if y supply ! ne$s ( ^? 9 want &    
make _! weal? secure = ^? ) _m goods4   
,be fe>ful ( ! p[] to d :ate'er y       
please1 s w y use x ) m prud5ce4 ,d n   
lop (f ! e>s ( corn t %[ beyond ! re/ & 
raise _! heads--= ,ari/otle is n j 9    
?is#aaf--;b r we$ _! disaffection out l 
t>es f corn1 & %[ y\rself a fe> to      
/irr]s up ( /rife n 9 ',i puni% y' b 9  
',i w d s4' ,submit y\rself to law1 ,o  
pr9ce1 = y w make ! laws ) great] wisdom
 if y d n despise ! law y\rself4 ,pay   
rev]5ce m ?an ev] to ! ,gods2 great are 
! gifts y h receiv$ f !m1 & = great ?+s 
y pray4#aag ,9 :at conc]ns ! /ate act z 
a k+2 9 :at conc]ns y\rself1 act z a    
private man 7v4 #cf74 ,& s on mu* 9 !   
same /ra91 all good advice & %[+ a deep 
k ( human affairs4 ,& if we are to      
suppose t ?is is m]ely a rhetorical     
ex]cise ( ,philo/ratus & n bas$ on !    
sub/ance ( :at ,apollonius said1 !n we  
mu/ h a high] op9ion ( ! rhetorician ?an
 ! re/ ( 8 writ+s w>rant4  ,!re is an   

exce$+ly int]e/+ ,socratic dialogue     
betwe5 ,!spesion1 ! abbot ( !           
,gymnosophi/ community1 & ,apollonius on
 ! comp>ative m]its ( ! ,greek &        
,egyptian ways ( repres5t+ ! ,gods4 ,x  
runs some:at z foll[s3  ,:at6 ,are we to
 ?9k1 said ,!spesion1 t ! ,pheidiases & 
,praxiteleses w5t up to heav5 & took    
impressions ( ! =ms ( ! ,gods1 & s made 
an art ( !m1 or 0 x some?+ else t set !m
 a-modell+8  ,yes1 some?+ else1 said    
,apollonius1 some?+ pregnant ) wisdom4  
,:at 0 t8 ,surely y _c say x 0 any?+    
else b imitation8  ,imag9ation wr\ght   
!m--a workman wis] f> ?an imitation2 =  
imitation only makes :at x has se51     
:]eas imag9ation makes :at x has nev]   
se51 conceiv+ x ) ref]5ce to ! ?+ x     
really is4  ,imag9ation1 says           
,apollonius1 is "o ( ! mo/ pot5t        
faculties1 = x enables u to rea* ne>] to
 realities4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t     
,greek sculpture 0 m]ely a glorification
 ( physical beauty1 9 itself q          
unspiritual4 ,x 0 an idealisation ( =m &

 features1 limbs & muscles1 an empty    
glorification ( ! physical ) no?+ (     
c\rse really correspond+ to x 9 ! nature
 ( ?+s4 ,b ,apollonius decl>$ x br+s u  
ne>] to ! real1 z ,py?agoras & ,plato   
decl>$ be=e him1 & z all ! wis] tea*4   
,he meant ?is lit]ally1 n vaguely &     
fanta/ically4 ,he ass]t$ t ! types &    
ideas ( ?+s are ! only realities4 ,he   
meant t betwe5 ! imp]fection ( ! e>? & !
 highe/ div9e type ( all ?+s1 7 grades (
 increas+ p]fection4 ,he meant t )9 ea* 
man 0 a =m ( p]fection1 ?\gh ( c\rse n  
yet absolutely p]fect4 ,t ! angel 9 man1
 8 dmon1 0 ( ,god-l beauty1 ! summation 
( all ! f9e/ features he _h ev] worn 9 8
 _m lives on e>?4 ,! ,gods1 too1 belong$
 to ! _w ( types1 ( models1 (           
p]fections1 ! heav5-_w4 ,! ,greek       
sculptors _h succe$$ 9 gett+ 9 contact )
 ?is _w1 & ! faculty !y us$ 0           
imag9ation4  ,?is idealisation ( =m 0 a 
wor?y way to repres5t ! ,gods2 b1 says  
,apollonius1 if y set up a hawk or owl  
or dog 9 y\r temples1 to repres5t ,h]mes

 or ,a!na or ,apollo1 y may dignify !   
animals1 b y make ! ,gods lose dignity4 
,to ?is ,!spesion replies t ! ,egyptians
 d>e n give any precise =m to ! ,gods2  
!y give !m m]ely symbols to :i* an      
occult mean+ is atta*$4  ,yes1 answ]s   
,apollonius1 b ! dang] is t ! common p  
wor%ip ^! symbols & get unbeautiful     
ideas ( ! ,gods4 ,! be/ ?+ w\ld be to h 
no repres5tations at all4 ,= ! m9d ( !  
wor%ipp] c =m & fa%ion = himself an     
image ( ! object ( 8 wor%ip bett] ?an   
any art4  ,q s1 retort$ ,!spesion1 & !n 
add$ mis*iev\sly3 ,!re 0 an old ,a!nian1
 by-!-by--no fool--call$ ,socrates1 :o  
swore by ! dog & goose z ?\gh !y 7      
,gods4  ,yes1 repli$ ,apollonius1 he 0  
no fool4 ,he swore by !m n z be+ ,gods1 
b 9 ord] t he might n swe> by ! ,gods   
7iv4 #ai74  ,?is is a pleasant passage (
 wit1 ( ,egyptian aga9/ ,greek1 b all   
su* set argum5ts mu/ be set d[n to !    
rhetorical ex]cises ( ,philo/ratus r ?an
 to ,apollonius1 :o taught z "o hav+    
au?ority1 z f a tripod4 ,apollonius1 a  

prie/ ( univ]sal religion1 might h po9t$
 out ! good side & ! bad side ( bo?     
,greek & ,egyptian religi\s art1 &      
c]ta9ly taught ! high] way ( symbolless 
wor%ip1 b he w\ld n *ampion "o popul>   
cult aga9/ ano!r4 ,9 ! above spee* !re  
is a di/9ct prejudice aga9/ ,egypt & a  
glorification ( ,greece1 & ?is occurs 9 
a v m>k$ fa%ion 9 sev]al o!r spee*es4   
,philo/ratus 0 a *ampion ( ,greece aga9/
 all com]s2 b ,apollonius1 we believe1 0
 wis] ?an 8 biograph]4  ,9 spite ( !    
artificial lit]>y dress t is giv5 to !  
long] disc\rses ( ,apollonius1 !y conta9
 _m noble ?\ghts1 z we may see f !      
foll[+ quotations f ! conv]sations ( our
 philosoph] ) 8 fri5d ,demetrius1 :o 0  
endeav\r+ to dissuade him f brav+       
,domitian at ,rome4  ,! law1 said       
,apollonius1 obliges u to die = lib]ty1 
& nature orda9s t we %\ld die = our     
p>5ts1 our fri5ds1 or our *ildr54 ,all  
m5 are b\nd by ^! duties4 ,b a high]    
duty is laid ^u ! sage2 he mu/ die = 8  
pr9ciples & ! tru? he holds de>] ?an    

life4 ,x is n ! law t lays ?is *oice ^u 
him1 x is n nature2 x is ! /r5g? &      
c\rage ( 8 own s\l4 ,?\gh fire or sword 
?reat5 him1 x w n ov]come 8 resolution  
or =ce f him ! slighte/ falsehood2 b he 
w gu>d ! secrets ( o!rs' lives & all t  
has be5 entru/$ to 8 hon\r z religi\sly 
z ! secrets ( initiation4 ,& ,i "k m ?an
 o!r m51 = ,i "k t ( all t ,i "k1 ,i "k 
"s ?+s = ! good1 "s = ! wise1 "s =      
myself1 "s = ! ,gods1 b naught =        
tyrants4  ,aga91 ,i ?9k t a wise man    
does no?+ alone or by himself2 no ?\ght 
( 8 s secret b t he has himself z       
witness to x4 ,& :e!r ! fam\s say+ "k   
?yself be f ,apollo or f "s sage :o     
le>nt to "k himself & proclaim$ x z a   
good = all1 ,i ?9k ! wise man :o kn[s   
himself & has 8 own _s 9 con/ant        
comrade%ip1 to fight at 8 "r h&1 w nei!r
 cr+e at :at ! vulg> fe>1 nor d>e to d  
:at mo/ m5 d )\t ! slighte/ %ame 7vii4  
#ae74  ,9 ! above we h ! true           
philosoph]'s contempt = dea?1 & also !  
calm k ( ! initiate1 ( ! com=t] & advis]

 ( o!rs to :om ! secrets ( _! lives h   
be5 confess$1 t no tortures c ev] unseal
 8 lips4 ,"h1 too1 we h ! full k ( :at  
consci\sness is1 ( ! impossibility (    
hid+ ! smalle/ trace ( evil 9 ! inn] _w2
 & also ! dazzl+ brilliancy ( a high]   
e?ic :i* makes ! habitual conduct ( !   
cr[d appe> surpris+--! t :i* !y d--n )  
%ame4     ,,section ,,xvi4  ,,f ,,8     
,,lett]s4   ,apollonius seems to h      
writt5 _m lett]s to emp]ors1 k+s1       
philosoph]s1 communities & /ates1 al?\gh
 he 0 by no means a volum9\s            
correspond5t2 9 fact1 ! /yle ( 8 %ort   
notes is exce$+ly concise1 & !y 7       
compos$1 z ,philo/ratus says1 aft] !    
mann] ( ! ,lac$monian scytale#aah 7iv4  
#bg & vii4 #ce74  ,x is evid5t t        
,philo/ratus _h access to lett]s        
attribut$ to ,apollonius1 = he quotes a 
numb] ( !m1#aai & !re seems no reason to
 d\bt _! au!nticity4 ,:5ce he obta9$ !m 
he does n in=m u1 unless x be t !y 7 !  
collection made by ,hadrian at ,antium  
7viii4 #bj74  ,t ! read] may be able to 

judge ( ! /yle ( ,apollonius we app5d "o
 or two specim5s ( ^! lett]s1 or r      
notes1 = !y are too %ort to des]ve !    
title ( epi/les4 ,"h is "o to !         
magi/rates ( ,sp>ta3  ,apollonius to !  
,ephors1 greet+6  ,x is possible = m5 n 
to make mi/akes1 b x requires noble m5  
to ackn[l$ge !y h made !m4  ,all ( :i*  
,apollonius gets into j half z _m words 
9 ,greek4 ,"h1 aga91 is an int]*ange (  
notes betwe5 ! two greate/ philosoph]s (
 ! "t1 bo? ( :om suff]$ imprisonm5t & 7 
9 con/ant dang] ( dea?4  ,apollonius to 
,musonius1 ! philosoph]1 greet+6  ,i    
want to g to y1 to %>e spee* & ro( ) y1 
to be ( "s s]vice to y4 ,if y /ill      
believe t ,h]cules once rescu$ ,!seus f 
,hades1 write :at y w\ld h4 ,f>ewell6   
,musonius to ,apollonius1 ! philosoph]1 
greet+6  ,good m]it %all be /or$ = y =  
y\r good ?\ghts2 :at is 9 /ore = me is  
"o :o waits 8 trial & proves 8 innoc5ce4
 ,f>ewell4  ,apollonius to ,musonius1   
greet+6  ,socrates refus$ to be got out 
( prison by 8 fri5ds & w5t be=e !       

judges4 ,he 0 put to dea?4 ,f>ewell4    
,musonius to ,apollonius1 ! philosoph]1 
greet+6  ,socrates 0 put to dea? because
 he made no prep>ation = 8 def5ce4 ,i   
%all d s4 ,f>ewell6  ,h[ev]1 ,musonius1 
! ,/oic1 0 s5t to p5al s]vitude by ,n]o4
  ,"h is a note to ! ,cynic ,demetrius1 
ano!r ( our philosoph]'s mo/ devot$     
fri5ds4  ,apollonius1 ! philosoph]1 to  
,demetrius1 ! ,dog1#abj greet+6  ,i give
 !e to ,titus1 ! emp]or1 to tea* him !  
way ( k+%ip1 & d y 9 turn give me to    
speak him true2 & be to him all ?+s b   
ang]4 ,f>ewell6  ,9 addition to ! notes 
quot$ 9 ! text ( ,philo/ratus1 !re is a 
collection ( n9ety-five lett]s1 mo/ly   
brief notes1 ! text ( :i* is pr9t$ 9 mo/
 editions4#aba ,ne>ly all ! critics are 
( op9ion t !y are n g5u9e1 b ,j[ett#abb 
& o!rs ?9k t "s ( !m may v well be      
g5u9e4  ,"h is a specim5 or two ( ^!    
lett]s4 ,writ+ to ,euphrates1 8 great   
enemy1 t is to say ! *ampion ( pure     
rationali/ic e?ic aga9/ ! sci5ce ( sacr$
 ?+s1 he says3  #ag4 ,! ,p]sians call ^?

 :o h ! div9e faculty 7or are god-l7    
,magi4 ,a ,magus1 !n1 is "o :o is a     
m9i/] ( ! ,gods1 or "o :o has by nature 
! god-l faculty4 ,y are no ,magus b     
reject ! ,gods 7i4e41 are an a!i/74     
,aga91 9 a lett] address$ to ,criton1 we
 read3  #bc4 ,py?agoras said t ! mo/    
div9e art 0 t ( heal+4 ,& if ! heal+ art
 is mo/ div9e1 x mu/ occupy itself ) !  
s\l z well z ) ! body2 = no creature c  
be s\nd s long z ! high] "p 9 x is      
sickly4  ,writ+ to ! prie/s ( ,delphi   
aga9/ ! practice ( blood-sacrifice1 he  
says3  #bg4 ,h]aclitus 0 a sage1 b ev5  
he#abc nev] advis$ ! p ( ,ephesus to wa%
 out mud ) mud4#abd  ,aga91 to "s :o    
claim$ to be 8 foll[]s1 ^? :o ?9k       
!mselves wise1 he writes ! repro(3  #dc4
 ,if any say he is my disciple1 !n let  
him add he keeps himself ap>t out ( !   
,ba?s1 he slays no liv+ ?+1 eats ( no   
fle%1 is free f envy1 malice1 hatr$1    
calumny1 & ho/ile feel+s1 b has 8 "n    
inscrib$ among ! race ( ^? :o've won _! 
fre$om4  ,among ^! lett]s is f\nd "o (  

"s l5g? address$ to ,val]ius1 probably  
,p4 ,val]ius ,asiaticus1 consul 9 ,a4,d4
 #gj4 ,x is a wise lett] ( philosophic  
consolation to enable ,val]ius to be> ! 
loss ( 8 son1 & runs z foll[s3#abe  ,!re
 is no dea? ( anyone1 b only 9          
appe>ance1 ev5 z !re is no bir? ( any1  
save only 9 seem+4 ,! *ange f be+ to    
becom+ seems to be bir?1 & ! *ange f    
becom+ to be+ seems to be dea?1 b 9     
reality no "o is ev] born1 nor does "o  
ev] die4 ,x is simply a be+ visible & !n
 invisible2 ! =m] ?r\gh ! d5sity (      
matt]1 & ! latt] because ( ! subtlety ( 
be+--be+ :i* is ev] ! same1 its only    
*ange be+ motion & re/4 ,= be+ has ?is  
necess>y peculi>ity1 t its *ange is     
br\ght ab\t by no?+ ext]nal to itself2 b
 :ole becomes p>ts & p>ts become :ole 9 
! on5ess ( ! all4 ,& if x be ask$3 ,:at 
is ?is :i* sometimes is se5 & sometimes 
n se51 n[ 9 ! same1 n[ 9 ! diff]5t8--x  
might be answ]$3 ,x is ! way ( ev]y?+ "h
 9 ! _w bel[ t :5 x is fill$ out ) matt]
 x is visible1 ow+ to ! resi/ance ( its 

d5sity1 b is invisible1 ow+ to its      
subtlety1 :5 x is rid ( matt]1 ?\gh     
matt] /ill surr\nd x & fl[ ?r\gh x 9 t  
imm5sity ( space :i* hems x 9 b kn[s no 
bir? or dea?4  ,b :y has ?is false      
notion ( bir? & dea? rema9$ s long )\t a
 refutation8 ,"s ?9k t :at has happ5$   
?r\gh !m1 !y h !mselves br\ght ab\t4 ,!y
 are ignorant t ! individual is br\ght  
to bir? ?r\gh p>5ts1 n by p>5ts1 j z a  
?+ produc$ ?r\gh ! e>? is n produc$ f x4
 ,! *ange :i* comes to ! individual is  
no?+ t is caus$ by 8 visible surr\nd+s1 
b r a *ange 9 ! "o ?+ :i* is 9 e        
individual4  ,& :at o!r "n c we give to 
x b primal be+8 ',tis x alone t acts &  
suff]s becom+ all = all ?r\gh all1      
et]nal deity1 depriv$ & wrong$ ( its own
 self by names & =ms4 ,b ?is is a less  
s]i\s ?+ ?an t a man %\ld be bewail$1 :5
 he has pass$ f man to ,god by *ange (  
/ate & n by ! de/ruction ( 8 nature4 ,! 
fact is t s f> f m\rn+ dea? y ought to  
hon\r x & rev]5ce x4 ,! be/ & fitte/ way
 = y to hon\r dea? is n[ to leave ! "o  

:o's gone to ,god1 & set to "w to play !
 rul] ov] ^? left 9 y\r *>ge z y 7 wont 
to d4 ,x w\ld be a disgrace = su* a man 
z y to owe y\r cure to "t & n to reason1
 = "t makes ev5 common p cease f grief4 
,! greate/ ?+ is a /rong rule1 & ( !    
greate/ rul]s he is be/ :o fir/ c rule  
himself4 ,& h[ is x p]missible to wi% to
 *ange :at has be5 br\ght to pass by w (
 ,god8 ,if !re's a law 9 ?+s1 & !re is  
"o1 & x is ,god :o has appo9t$ x1 !     
righte\s man w h no wi% to try to *ange 
good ?+s1 = su* a wi% is selfi%ness1 &  
c\nt] to ! law1 b he w ?9k t all t comes
 to pass is a good ?+4 ,on6 heal        
y\rself1 give ju/ice to ! wret*$ &      
console !m2 s %all y dry y\r te>s4 ,y   
%\ld n set y\r private woes above y\r   
public c>es1 b r set y\r public c>es    
be=e y\r private woes4 ,& see z well :at
 consolation y already h6 ,! nation     
sorr[s ) y = y\r son4 ,make "s return to
 ^? :o weep ) y2 & ?is y w m quickly d  
if y w cease f te>s ?an if y /ill p]si/4
 ,h y n fri5ds8 ,:y6 y h yet ano!r son4 

,h y n ev5 /ill ! "o t's gone8 ,y h6--w 
answ] anyone :o really ?9ks4 ,= 't :i*  
is' do? cease n--nay is j = ! v fact t x
 w be = aye2 or else ! 'is n' is1 & h[  
c\ld t be :5 ! 'is' do? nev] cease to   
be8  ,aga9 x w be said y fail 9 piety to
 ,god & are unju/4 ',tis true4 ,y fail 9
 piety to ,god1 y fail 9 ju/ice to y\r  
boy2 nay m1 y fail 9 piety to him z     
well4 ,w\ld'/ "k :at dea? is8 ,!n make  
me dead & s5d me (f to company ) dea?1 &
 if y w n *ange ! dress y've put on     
x1#abf y w h /raightway made me bett]   
?an y\rself4#abg     ,,section ,,xvii4  
,,! ,,writ+s ,,( ,,apollonius4   ,b     
besides ^! lett]s ,apollonius also wrote
 a numb] ( treatises1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 only
 "o or two fragm5ts h be5 pres]v$4 ,^!  
treatises are z foll[s3  a4 ,! ,my/ic   
,rites or ,conc]n+ ,sacrifices4#abh ,?is
 treatise is m5tion$ by ,philo/ratus    
7iii4 #da2 iv4 #ai71 :o tells u t x set 
d[n ! prop] me?od ( sacrifice to e ,god1
 ! prop] h\rs ( pray] & (f]+4 ,x 0 9    
wide circulation1 & ,philo/ratus _h come

 across copies ( x 9 _m temples &       
cities1 & 9 ! libr>ies ( philosoph]s4   
,sev]al fragm5ts ( x h be5 pres]v$1#abi 
! mo/ important ( :i* is to be f\nd 9   
,eusebius1#acj & is to ?is effect3 ',tis
 be/ to make no sacrifice to ,god at    
all1 no light+ ( a fire1 no call+ ,him  
by any "n t m5 employ = ?+s ( s5se4 ,=  
,god is ov] all1 ! fir/2 & only aft]    
,him d come ! o!r ,gods4 ,= ,he do? /& 9
 ne$ ( naught e'en f ! ,gods1 mu* less f
 u small m5--naught t ! e>? br+s =?1 nor
 any life %e nurse?1 or ev5 any ?+ !    
/a9less air conta9s4 ,! only fitt+      
sacrifice to ,god is man's be/ reason1 &
 n ! ^w#aca t comes f out 8 m\?4  ,we m5
 %\ld ask ! be/ ( be+s ?r\gh ! be/ ?+ 9 
u1 = :at is good--,i mean by means (    
m9d1 = m9d ne$s no mat]ial ?+s to make  
its pray]4 ,s !n1 to ,god1 ! mighty ,"o1
 :o's ov] all1 no sacrifice %\ld ev] be 
lit up4  ,noack#acb tells u t s*ol>%ip  
is conv9c$ ( ! g5u95ess ( ?is fragm5t4  
,?is book1 z we h se51 0 widely         
circulat$ & held 9 ! highe/ respect1 & x

 said t its rules 7 engrav$ on braz5    
pill>s at ,byzantium4#acc  b4 ,!        
,oracles or ,conc]n+ ,div9ation1 #d     
books4 ,philo/ratus 7iii4 #da7 seems to 
?9k t ! full title 0 ,div9ation ( !     
,/>s1 & says t x 0 bas$ on :at          
,apollonius _h le>n$ 9 ,india2 b ! k9d (
 div9ation ,apollonius wrote ab\t 0 n ! 
ord9>y a/rology1 b some?+ :i*           
,philo/ratus consid]s sup]ior to ord9>y 
human art 9 su* matt]s4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1  
nev] he>d ( anyone possess+ a copy ( ?is
 r>e "w4  c4 ,! ,life ( ,py?agoras4     
,porphyry ref]s to ?is "w1#acd &        
,iambli*us quotes a long passage f      
x4#ace  d4 ,! ,w ( ,apollonius1 to :i*  
ref]5ce has already be5 made1 9 treat+ (
 ! s\rces ( ,philo/ratus 7i4 #c74 ,?is 0
 writt5 9 ! ,ionic dialect1 & conta9$ a 
summ>y ( 8 doctr9es4  ,a ,hymn to       
,memory is also ascrib$ to him1 &       
,eudocia speaks ( _m o!r 7,greek3 kai   
alla polla7 works4  ,we h n[ indicat$ = 
! read] all ! in=mation :i* exi/s       
conc]n+ our philosoph]4 ,0 ,apollonius1 

!n1 a rogue1 a trick/]1 a *>latan1 a    
fanatic1 a misguid$ en?usia/1 or a      
philosoph]1 a re=m]1 a consci\s work]1 a
 true initiate1 "o ( ! e>?'s great ones8
 ,?is ea* mu/ decide = himself1 accord+ 
to 8 k or 8 ignorance4  ,i = my "p bless
 8 memory1 & w\ld gladly le>n f him1 z  
n[ he is4     ,,section ,,xviii4        
,,bibliographical ,,notes4   ,,n9ete5?  
,,c5tury ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,apollonius4 
,jacobs 7,f471 ,obs]vationes 9 444      
,philo/rati ,vitam ,apollonii   7,j5a2  
#ahjd71 purely philological1 = !        
correction ( !   text4    ,legr&        
d',aussy 7,p4 ,j4 ,b471 ,vie            
d',apollonius de ,tyane 7,p>is2   #ahjg1
 #b vols474    ,bekk] 7,g4 ,j471        
,specim5 ,v>i>um ,lectionum 444 9       
,philo/4   ,vit ,app4 ,librum primum    
7#ahjh72 purely philological4    ,b]wick
 7,e471 ,! ,life ( ,apollonius ( ,tyana1
 translat$ f   ! ,greek ( ,philo/ratus1 
) ,notes & ,illu/rations   7,london2    
#ahji74    ,lancetti 7,v471 ,le ,op]e   
dei due ,filo/rati1 ,italian trs4       

7,milano2 #ahbh-ca72 9 ,coll4 degli     
,ant4 ,/orici ,greci   volg>izzati4     
,jacobs 7,f471 ,philo/ratus3 ,leb5 des  
,apollonius von ,tyana1 9   ! s]ies     
,grie*is*e ,prosaik]1 ,g]man trs4       
7,/uttg>t2   #ahbi-cb71 vols4 xlviii41  
lxvi41 cvi41 cxi41 ea* conta9+ two      
books2 a v clumsy arrangem5t4    ,baur  
7,f4 ,c471 ,apollonius von ,tyana und   
,*ri/us od] das   ,v]hltniss des        
,py?agoreismus zum ,*ri/5?um 7,tb+52    
#ahcb72 repr9t$ f ,tb+] ,zeits*rift fr  
,!ologie4    ,second edition by ,e4     
,zell] 7,leipzig2 #ahgf71 9 ,drei       
,abh&lung5 zur ,ges*i*te d] alt5        
,philosophie und ihres   ,v]hltnisses   
zum ,*ri/5?um4    ,kays] & ,we/]mann's  
editions z above ref]r$ to 9   section  
v4    ,newman 7,j4 ,h471 ,apollonius    
,tyanu--,miracles1 9 ,sm$ley's          
,encyclopdia ,metropolitana 7,london2   
#ahde71 x4 pp4 #fai-fdd4    ,noack      
7,l471 ,apollonius von ,tyana e9        
,*ri/usbild des   ,heid5?ums1 9 8       
magaz9e ,psy*e3 ,populrwiss5s*aftli*e   

,zeits*rift fr die ,k5tniss des m5s*li*5
 ,seel5- und   ,gei/es-leb5s 7,leipzig2 
#aheh71 ,bd4 i41 ,heft ii41 pp4 #a-bd4  
,mll] 7,i4 ,p4 ,e471 ,comm5tatio qua de 
,philo/rati 9 compon5da   ,memoria      
,apoll4 ,tyan4 fide quritur1 ,i4-,,iii4 
7,onoldi et   ,l&avii2 #aheh-ahfj74     
,mll] 7,e471 ,w> ,apollonius von ,tyana 
e9 ,weis] od] e9   ,betrg] od] e9       
,s*wrm] und ,fanatik]8 ,e9              
,culturhi/oris*e ,unt]su*ung 7,breslau2 
#ahfa1 #dto71 #ef pp4    ,*assang 7,a471
 ,apollonius de ,tyane1 sa ,vie1 ses    
,voyages1 ses   ,prodiges1 p>           
,philo/rate1 et ses ,lettres1 trad4 du  
grec4 avec   ,introd41 ,notes et        
,eclaircissem5ts 7,p>is2 #ahfb71 ) !    
additional title1 ,le ,m]veilleux dans  
l',antiquit4    ,rville 7,a471          
,apollonius ! ,pagan ,*ri/ ( ! ,?ird    
,c5tury   7,london2 #ahff71 tr4 f !     
,fr5*4 ,! orig9al is n 9 !   ,briti%    
,museum4    ,priaulx 7,o4 de ,b471 ,!   
,indian ,travels ( ,apollonius ( ,tyana1
   etc4 7,london2 #ahgc71 pp4 #a-fb4    

,mnckeb]g 7,c471 ,apollonius von ,tyana1
 e9 ,weihna*tsgabe   7,hamburg2 #ahgg71 
#eg pp4    ,pett]s* 7,c4 ,h471          
,apollonius von ,tyana d] ,heid5 ,heil&1
 e9   philosophis*e ,/udie 7,rei*5b]g2  
#ahgi71 #bc pp4    ,niels5 7,c4 ,l471   
,apollonios fra ,tyana og ,filo/rats    
,beskrivelse   af hans ,levnet          
7,cop5hag52 #ahgi72 ! ,app5dix 7pp4 #afg
 sqq47   conta9s a ,dani% tr4 (         
,eusebius ,contra ,hi]oclem4    ,baltz] 
7,e471 ,apollonius von ,tyana1 aus d5   
,grie*4 b]setzt   u4 erlut]t 7,rudol/adt
 i_/ ,?42 #ahhc74    ,jess5 7,j471      
,apollonius von ,tyana und se9 ,biograph
   ,philo/ratus 7,hamburg2 #ahhe1 #dto71
 #cf pp4    ,tr$well 7,d4 ,m471 ,a      
,sket* ( ! ,life ( ,apollonius ( ,tyana1
   or ! fir/ ,t5 ,decades ( our ,era    
7,new ,york2 #ahhf74    ,s9nett 7,a4    
,p471 ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 9 !         
,transactions   7,no4 #cb7 ( ! ,london  
,lodge ( ! ,!osophical ,society         
7,london2 #ahih71 #cb pp4    ,! /ud5t   
may also consult ! articles 9 ! usual   

,diction>ies & ,encyclopdias1 none (    
:i*1 h[ev]1 dem&   special m5tion4 ,p4  
,cassel's le>n$ pap] 9 ! ,vossis*e      
,zeitung ( ,nov4 #bd?1 #ahgh1 ,i h n be5
 able to see4   ,,"s ,,indications ,,(  
,,! ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,! ,,religi\s     
,,associations ,,among ,,! ,,greeks ,,& 
,,romans4    ,bckh 7,a471 ,die          
,/aat%au%altung d] ,a!n] 7#a/ ed4       
#ahag74   ,= old] lit]ature1 see i4     
#daf1 n4    ,van ,hol/1 ,de ,eranis     
,vet]um ,grcorum 7,leyd52 #ahcb74       
,momms5 7,t471 ,de ,collegiis et        
,sodaliciis ,romanorum 7,kiel2   #ahdc74
    ,momms5 7,t471 ,rmis*e ,urkund51    
iv4--,die ,lex ,julia de ,collegiis     
und die lanuv9is*e ,lex ,collegii       
,salut>is1 art4 9 ,zeits*r4   fr        
ges*i*tl4 ,re*tswiss5s*aft 7#ahej71 vol4
 xv4 #cec sqq4    ,wes*] 7,c471 ,re*]*es
 pigraphiques en ,grce1 dans            
l',ar*ipel et en ,asie ,m9eure1 arts4 9 
,le ,moniteur ( ,oct4   #bj1 #bc1 & #bd1
 #ahfc4    ,wes*] 7,c471 ,inscriptions  
de l'le de ,rhodes relatives  des       

,socits religieuses2 ,notice sur deux   
,inscriptions de l'le   de ,?ra         
relatives  une ,socit religieuse2 ,note 
sur une   ,inscription de l'le de ,?ra  
publie p> ,m4 ,ross et relative    une  
,socit religieuse2 arts4 9 ,la ,revue   
ar*ologique   7,p>is2 new s]ies1 #ahfd71
 x4 #dfj sqq42 #ahfe1 xii4 #bad sqq42   
#ahff1 xiii4 #bde sqq4    ,f\c>t 7,p471 
,des ,associations religieuses *ez les  
,grecs1   ,?iases1 ranes1 ,orgons1 avec 
le ,texte des ,inscriptions   relatives 
ces ,associations 7,p>is2 #ahgc74       
,ld]s 7,h4 ,o471 ,die dionys*is*5 ,kn/l]
 7,b]l92 #ahgc74    ,cohn 7,m471 ,zum   
rmis*5 ,v]e9sre*t3 ,abh&lung aus d]     
,re*tsges*i*te 7,b]l92 #ahgc74 ,also !  
notice ( x 9   ,bursian's ,philol4      
,j>esb]i*t 7#ahgc71 ii4 #bch-cjd4       
,h5z5 7,g471 ,acta ,fratrum ,arvalium qu
 sup]sunt2444 acc$unt   ,fragm5ta       
,fa/orum 9 ,luco ,arvalium effossa      
7,b]l92 #ahgd74    ,he9rici 7,g471 ,die 
,*ri/5geme9de ,kor9?s und die   religis5
 g5oss5s*aft5 d] ,grie*52 ,zur ,ges*i*te

 d]   ,anfange paul9is*] ,geme9d52 arts4
 9 ,zeits*r4 fr   wiss5s*4 ,!ol4 7,j5a1 
etc42 #ahgf71 pp4 #dfe-ebf1 p>ticul>ly  
pp4 #dgi sqq42 #ahgg1 pp4 #hi-acj4      
,duruy 7,v471 ,du ,rgime municipal dans 
l',empire roma91 art4 9   ,la ,revue    
hi/orique 7,p>is2 #ahgf71 pp4 #cee sqq42
 also 8   ,hi/oire des ,romanis 7,p>is2 
#ahdc1 #ahdd71 i4 #adi sqq4    ,de      
,rossi1 ,roma ,sott]anea 7,rome2 #ahgg71
 iii4 #cg sqq41 &   especially pp4 #ejg 
sqq4    ,m>qu>dt 7,j471 ,rmis*e         
,/aatsv]waltung1 iii4 #aca-adb1 9   vol4
 vi4 ( ,m>qu>dt & ,momms5's ,h&bu* d]   
rmis*5   ,al!r?m] 7,leipzig2 #ahgh72 an 
excell5t summ>y )   valuable notes1     
especially ! section ,ersatz d] ,g5tes  
dur*   die ,sodalitates fr fremde       
,culte4    ,boissi] 7,g471 ,la ,religion
 roma9e d',augu/e aux ,anton9s   7,p>is2
 #bnd ed4 #ahgh71 ii4 #bch-cjd 7#a/ ed4 
#ahgd74    ,hat* 7,e471 ,! ,organization
 ( ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es3   ,!       
,bampton ,lectures = #ahhj 7,london2    
#bnd ed4 #ahhb72 see   especially       

,lecture ii41 ,bi%ops & ,deacons1 pp4   
#bf-cb3   ,g]man ed4 ,die               
,gesells*aftsv]fassung d] *ri/li*5      
,kir*5   9 ,al!rtum 7#ahhc71 p4 #bj2 see
 ?is = additional lit]ature4    ,newmann
 7,k4 ,j471 ,greek3 ?iastai ,is\1 art4 9
 ,jahrbb4   fr prot4 ,!ol4 7,leipzig1   
etc42 #ahhe71 pp4 #abc-abe4    ,s*r]    
7,e471 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,p 9 ! ,"t 
(   ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,eng4 tr4 7,ed9burgh2 
#ahic71 ,div4 ii1 vol4 ii4 pp4   #bee & 
#cjj4    ,ow5 7,j471 ,on ! ,organization
 ( ! ,e>ly ,*ur*1 an   ,introductory    
,essay to ! ,engli% translation (       
,h>nack's   ,s\rces ( ! ,apo/olic       
,canons 7,london2 #ahie74    ,an/ 7,e471
 ,die ,religion d] ,rm]2 vol4 xiii4     
,d>/ellung5 aus   dem ,gebiete d]       
ni*t*ri/li*5 ,religionsges*i*te 7,mn/]  
i4 ,w42 #ahii74  ,see also ,:i/on &     
,wayte's art4 ,arvales ,fratres1 &      
,moyle's arts4 ,collegium & ,univ]sitas1
 9 ,smi?1 ,wayte & ,m>9d9's ,dict4 (    
,greek & ,roman ,antiquities 7,london2  
#crd ed4 #ahij-ahia72 & also1 ( c\rse1 !

 arts4 ,collegium & ,sodalitas 9        
,pauly's ,real5cyclopdie d] classi*5    
,alt]?umswiss5s*aft1 ?\gh !y are n[     
some:at out ( date4     ,,footnotes3    
#a ,f a fragm5t ( ,! ,cretans4 ,see     
,lobeck's ,aglaophamus1   p4 #fbb4    #b
 ,pron\nc$ ,t7ana1 ) ! acc5t on ! fir/  
syllable   & ! fir/ a %ort4    #c       
,alex&] sive ,pseudomantis1 vi4    #d   
,de ,magia1 xc4 7ed4 ,hildebr&1 #ahdb1  
ii4 #fad74    #e ,greek3 telesmata4     
,telesma 0 a consecrat$ object1   turn$ 
by ! ,arabs into telsam 7talisman72 see 
,liddell &   ,scott's ,lexicon1 sub voc4
    #f ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,op]a1 ed4 ,otto   
7#bnd ed42 ,j5a1 #ahdi71 iii4   #cb4    
#g ,lib4 lxxvii4 #ah4    #h ,life (     
,alex&] ,sev]us1 xxix4    #i ,life (    
,aurelian1 xxiv4    #aj ,qu qui velit   
nosse1 grcos legat libros qui de ejus   
vita conscripti sunt4 ,^! acc\nts 7     
probably ! books   ( ,maximus1          
,mo]ag5es1 & ,philo/ratus4    #aa ,an   
,egyptian epic poet1 :o wrote sev]al    
poetical   hi/ories 9 ,greek2 he fl\ri%$

 9 ! la/ decade ( !   ?ird c5tury4      
#ab ,sidonius ,apoll9>is1 ,epp41 viii4  
#c4 ,see also ,legr&   d',aussy1 ,vie   
d',apollonius de ,tyane 7,p>is2 #ahjg71 
p4 xlvii4    #ac ,porphyry1 ,de ,vita   
,py?agor1 section ii41 ed4 ,kiessl+     
7,leipzig2 #ahaf74 ,iambli*us ,de ,vita 
,py?agorica1 *ap4 xxv41   ed4 ,kiessl+  
7,leipzig2 #ahac72 see especially ,k4's 
note1 pp4 #aa   sqq4 ,see also          
,porphyry1 ,frag41 ,de ,/yge1 p4 #bhe1  
ed4 ,hol/4    #ad ,see ,du*esne on !    
rec5tly discov]$ works ( ,mac>ius       
,magnes 7,p>is2 #ahgg74    #ae ,! mo/   
conv5i5t text is by ,gais=d 7,ox=d2     
#aheb71   ,eusebii ,pamphili contra     
,hi]oclem2 x is also pr9t$ 9 a   numb] (
 editions ( ,philo/ratus4 ,!re are two  
translations   9 ,lat91 "o 9 ,italian1  
"o 9 ,dani%1 all b\nd up )              
,philo/ratus' ,vita1 & "o 9 ,fr5* pr9t$ 
ap>t 7,disc\rs   d',eusbe ,evque de     
,ces>e t\*ant les ,miracles attribuez p>
   les ,pay5s  ,apollonius de ,tyane1   
tr4 by ,c\s94 ,p>is2 #aehd1   #abmo1    

#ace pp474    #af ,lactantius1 ,div9    
,in/itutiones1 v4 #b1 #c2 ed4 ,frits*e  
7,leipzig2 #ahdb71 pp4 #bcc1 #bcf4      
#ag ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,nationes1 i4   
#eb2 ed4 ,hildebr& 7,halle2   #ahdd71 p4
 #hf4 ,! ,*ur* ,fa!r1 h[ev]1 ) t        
exclusiv5ess peculi> to ! ,judo-,*ri/ian
 view1 omits ,moses   f ! li/ ( ,magi4  
#ah ,john ,*ryso/om1 ,adv]sus ,judos1 v4
 #c 7p4 #fca72 ,de   ,laudibus ,sancti  
,pauli ,apo/4 ,homil41 iv4 7p4 #dic ,d42
 ed4   ,montfauc474    #ai ,hi]onymus1  
,ep4 ad ,paul9um1 #ec 7text ap4 ,kays]1 
prf4   ix474    #bj ,augu/41 ,epp41     
cxxxviii4 ,text quot$ by ,legr&         
d',aussy1   op4 cit41 p4 #bid4    #ba   
,isidorus ,pelusiota1 ,epp41 p4 #ach2   
ed4 ,j4 ,billius 7,p>is2   #aehe74      
#bb ,see ,arnobius1 loc4 cit4    #bc    
,sidonius ,apoll9>is1 ,epp41 viii4 #c4  
,also ,fabricius1   ,biblio!ca ,grca1   
pp4 #edi1 #efe 7ed4 ,h>les74 ,! "w (    
,sidonius on ,apollonius is un=tunately 
lo/4    #bd ,amplissimus ille           
philosophus 7xxiii4 #g74 ,see also xxi4 

#ad2 xxiii4 #ai4    #be ,greek3 ti !n te
 kai an?rp\ meson1 mean+ !reby          
presumably "o :o has rea*$ ! grade ( be+
 sup]ior to   man1 b n yet equal to !   
gods4 ,?is 0 call$ by !   ,greeks !     
dmonian ord]4 ,b ! ^w dmon1 ow+ to      
sect>ian bitt]ness1 has long be5 degrad$
 f its =m]   high e/ate1 & ! orig9al    
idea is n[ signifi$ 9 popul>   language 
by ! t]m angel4 ,comp>e ,plato1         
,symposium1 xxiii41   ,greek3 pan to    
daimonion metaxy e/i !\ te kai ?nt\1    
all t is dmonian is betwe5 ,god & man4  
#bf ,eunapius1 ,vit ,philosophorum1     
,prooemium1 vi42 ed4   ,boissonade      
7,am/]dam2 #ahbb71 p4 #c4    #bg        
,rville1 ,apollonius ( ,tyana 7tr4 f !  
,fr5*71 p4 #ef   7,london2 #ahff74 ,i h1
 h[ev]1 n be5 able to discov] on   :at  
au?ority ?is /atem5t is made4    #bh    
,insignis philosophus2 see 8 ,*ronicon1 
writt5 d[n to   ! ye> #eai4    #bi ,9 8 
,*ronographia4 ,see ,legr& d',aussy1 op4
 cit41 p4   #cac4    #cj ,*iliades1 ii4 
#fj4    #ca ,cit$ by ,legr& d',aussy1   

op4 cit41 p4 #bhf4    #cb ,greek3       
philosophos ,py?agoreios                
/oi*eimatikos--,c$r5us1   ,comp5dium    
,hi/ori>ium1 i4 #cdf2 ed4 ,bekk]4 ,! ^w 
:i*   ,i h r5d]$ by adept signifies "o  
:o has p[] ov] !   elem5ts4    #cc      
,legr& d',aussy1 op4 cit41 p4 #cjh4     
#cd ,if we except ! disput$ ,lett]s & a 
few quotations   f "o ( ,apollonius' lo/
 writ+s4    #ce ,philo/ratus de ,vita   
,apollonii ,tyanei ,libri ,octo1 tr4 by 
,a4 ,r9ucc9us1 & ,eusebius contra       
,hi]oclem1 tr4 by ,z4   ,acciolus       
7,v5ice2 #aeja-jd1 fol474 ,r9ucci's     
translation 0   improv$ by ,b]oaldus &  
pr9t$ at ,lyons 7#aejd871 & aga9   at   
,cologne1 #aecd4    #cf ,f4 ,baldelli1  
,filo/rato ,lemnio della ,vita di       
,apollonio   ,tianeo 7,flor5ce2 #aedi1  
#hvo74    #cg ,b4 de ,vignre1           
,philo/rate de la ,vie d',apollonius    
7,p>is2   #aeif1 #aeii1 #afaa74 ,blaise 
de ,vignre's translation 0   subsequ5tly
 correct$ by ,frdric ,morel & lat] by   
,?omas   ,artus1 ,sieur d',embry1 )     

bomba/ic notes 9 :i* he bitt]ly         
attacks ! wond]-work+s ( ,apollonius4 ,a
 ,fr5* translation   0 also made by ,?4 
,sibilet ab\t #aefj1 b nev] publi%$2   !
 ,,ms4 0 9 ! ,biblio?que ,imp]iale4 ,see
 ,mill]1 ,j\rnal   des ,savants1 #ahdi1 
p4 #fbe1 quot$ by ,*assang1 op4 infr4   
cit41   p4 iv4    #ch ,f4 ,morellus1    
,philo/rati ,lemnii ,op]a1 ,gr4 & ,lat4 
7,p>is2 #afjh74    #ci ,g4 ,ole>ius1    
,philo/ratorum qu sup]sunt ,omnia1 ,gr4 
&   ,lat4 7,leipzig2 #agji74    #dj ,c4 
,l4 ,kays]1 ,flavii ,philo/rati qu      
sup]sunt1 etc4   7,zuri*2 #ahdd1 #dto74 
,9 #ahdi ,a4 ,we/]mann also edit$ a     
text1   ,philo/ratorum et ,calli/rati   
,op]a1 9 ,didot's ,scriptorum   ,grcorum
 ,biblio!ca 7,p>is2 #ahdi1 #hvo74 ,b    
,kays] br\ght   out a new edition 9     
#ahec 7871 & aga9 a ?ird1 )   additional
 in=mation 9 ! ,preface1 9 ! ,biblio!ca 
,teubn]iana 7,leipzig2 #ahgj74    #da ,=
 a g5]al summ>y ( op9ions prior to      
#ahjg1 (   writ]s :o m5tion ,apollonius 
incid5tally1 see ,legr&   d',aussy1 op4 

cit41 ii4 pp4 #cac-cbg4    #db          
,l',hi/oire d',apollone de ,tyane       
conva9cue de ,fausset et   d',impo/ure  
7,p>is2 #agje74    #dc ,an ,acc\nt ( !  
,life ( ,apollonius ,tyaneus 7,london2  
#agjb71 tr4 out ( ! ,fr5*1 f vol4 ii4 ( 
,l5a9 de   ,tillemont's ,hi/oire des    
,emp]eurs 7#bnd ed41 ,p>is2 #agbj73 to  
:i* is add$ ,"s ,obs]vations ^u         
,apollonius4 ,de   ,tillemont's view is 
t ,apollonius 0 s5t by ! ,devil to      
de/roy ! "w ( ! ,savi\r4    #dd ,a      
,critical & ,hi/orical ,disc\rse ^u !   
,me?od ( !   ,pr9cipal ,au?ors :o wrote 
= & aga9/ ,*ri/ianity f   its ,beg9n+   
7,london2 #agci71 tr4 f ! ,fr5* ( ,m4   
l',abb   ,h\tteville2 to :i* is add$ a  
,dess]tation on ! ,life (   ,apollonius 
,tyanu1 ) "s ,obs]vations on !          
,platoni/s (   ! ,latt] ,s*ool1 pp4     
#bac-bed4    #de ,anti-,hi]ocles od]    
,jesus ,*ri/us und ,apollonius von      
,tyana 9 ihr] gross5 ,unglei*heit1      
d>ge/ellt v4 ,j4 ,b4   ,ld]wald 7,halle2
 #agic74    #df ,phileleu!rus           

,helvetius1 ,de ,miraculis qu ,py?agor1 
,apollonio ,tyan5si1 ,francisco ,asisio1
 ,dom9ico1 et ,ignatio   ,lojol         
tribuuntur ,libellus 7,draci2 #agcd74   
#dg ,see ,legr& d',aussy1 op4 cit41 ii4 
p4 #cad1 :]e ! texts   are giv54    #dh 
,! ,two ,fir/ ,books ( ,philo/ratus     
conc]n+ ! ,life (   ,apollonius ,tyaneus
 7,london2 #afhj1 fol474 ,bl\nt's notes 
7g5]ally ascrib$ to ,"l ,h]b]t7 rais$   
su* an outcry t   ! book 0 condemn$ 9   
#afic1 & few copies are 9   exi/5ce4    
,bl\nt's notes 71 h[ev]1 translat$ into 
,fr5*   a c5tury lat]1 9 ! days (       
,encyclopdism1 & app5d$ to   a ,fr5*    
v]sion ( ! ,vita1 "u ! title1 ,vie      
d',apollonius   de ,tyane p> ,philo/rate
 avec les ,comm5taires donns en         
,anglois p> ,*>les ,bl\nt sur les deux  
,premi]s ,livres de cet   ,ouvrage      
7,am/]dam2 #aggi1 #d vols41 #hvo71 ) an 
ironical   d$ication to ,pope ,clem5t   
,,xiv41 sign$ ,philale!s4    #di        
,philosophiam ,practicam ,apollonii     
,tyani 9 ,sciagraphia1   exponit ,m4    

,io4 ,*ri/ianus ,h]zog 7,leipzig2       
#agji72 an   academical oration ( #bj   
pp4    #ej ,philo/ratus is a difficult  
au?or to translate1   nev]!less ,*assang
 & ,baltz] h succe$$ v well )   him2    
,b]wick also is readable1 b 9 mo/ places
 gives u a   p>aphrase r ?an a          
translation & frequ5tly mi/akes   !     
mean+4 ,*assang's & ,baltz]'s are by f> 
! be/   translations4    #ea ,?is w\ld h
 at lea/ re/or$ ,apollonius to 8        
natural environm5t1 & conf9$ ! "q ( !   
div9ity   ( ,jesus to its prop]         
,judo-,*ri/ian gr\nd4    #eb ,i am      
unable to (f] any op9ion on ,niels5's   
book1 f   ignorance ( ,dani%1 b x has   
all ! appe>ance ( a   c>eful1 s*ol>ly   
treatise ) abundance ( ref]5ces4    #ec 
,rville's ,pagan ,*ri/ is q a           
misrepres5tation ( !   subject1 &       
,newman's treatm5t ( ! matt] r5d]s 8    
treatise an ana*ronism = ! tw5tie?      
c5tury4    #ed ,consi/+ ( eight books   
writt5 9 ,greek "u !   g5]al title      
,greek3 ,ta es ton ,tyanea ,apollnion4  

#ee ,greek3 h philosophos1 see art4     
,philo/ratus 9   ,smi?'s ,dict4 ( ,gr4 &
 ,rom4 ,biog4 7,london2 #ahgj71 iii4    
#cbg;b4    #ef ,! italics are ,gibbon's4
    #eg ,m correctly ,domna ,julia2     
,domna be+ n a %ort5$   =m ( ,dom9a1 b !
 ,syrian "n ( ! empress4    #eh ,%e di$ 
,a4,d4 #bag4    #ei ,! contr>y is held  
by o!r hi/orians4    #fj ,gibbon's      
,decl9e & ,fall1 ,i4 vi    #fa ,i use ! 
#ahdf & #ahgj editions ( ,kays]'s text  
?r\gh\t4    #fb ,a collection ( ^!      
lett]s 7b n all ( !m7 _h   be5 9 !      
possession ( ! ,emp]or ,hadrian 7,a4,d4 
#aag-ach71   & _h be5 left 9 8 palace at
 ,antium 7viii4 #bj74 ,?is   proves !   
great fame t ,apollonius enjoy$ %ortly  
aft] 8   disappe>ance f hi/ory1 & :ile  
he 0 /ill a liv+   memory4 ,x is to be  
notic$ t ,hadrian 0 an enlight5$   rul]1
 a great travell]1 a lov] ( religion1 & 
an initiate   ( ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies4  
#fc ,n9eveh4    #fd ,greek3 tas delt\s1 
writ+ tablets4 ,?is sugge/s t   ! acc\nt
 ( ,damis c\ld n h be5 v volum9\s1      

al?\gh ,philo/ratus fur!r on ass]ts its 
detail$ nature   7i4 #ai74    #fe ,"o ( 
! imp]ial secret>ies ( ! "t1 :o 0       
fam\s = 8 eloqu5ce1 & tutor to          
,apollonius4    #ff ,a t[n n f> f       
,t>sus4    #fg ,greek3 hs hypo!iazn tn  
philosophian eg5eto4 ,!   t]m ,greek3   
hypo!iazn occurs only 9 ?is passage1 &  
,i am   !re=e n q c]ta9 ( its mean+4    
#fh ,?is ,life by ,mo]ag5es is casually 
m5tion$ by ,orig5es1   ,contra ,celsum1 
vi4 #da2 ed4 ,lommatzs* 7,b]l92 #ahda71 
ii4 #cgc4    #fi ,greek3 logois         
daimoniois4    #gj ,seldom is x t we h  
su* a cle> indication1 =   in/ance1 z 9 
i4 #be2 ,! foll[+ is :at ,i h be5   able
 to le>n 444 ab\t ,babylon4    #ga ,see 
,e4 ,a4 ,s*wanbeck1 ,mega/h5is ,indica  
7,bonn2 #ahdf71 &   ,j4 ,w4 ,m',cr9dle1 
,anci5t ,india z describ$ by ,mega/h5es 
&   ,arrian 7,calcutta1 ,bombay1        
,london2 #ahgg71 ,! ,comm]ce &          
,navigation ( ! ,ery?ran ,sea 7#ahgi71  
,anci5t ,india z   describ$ by ,ktesias 
7#ahhb71 ,anci5t ,india z describ$ by   

,ptolemy 7,london2 #ahhe71 & ,!         
,invasion ( ,india by ,alex&]   ! ,great
 7,london2 #ahic1 #ahif74    #gb ,ano!r 
good example ( ?is is se5 9 !           
disquisition   on elephants :i*         
,philo/ratus takes f ,juba's ,hi/ory (  
,libya 7ii4 #ac & #af74    #gc ,p]haps a
 title1 or ! k+ ( ! ,purus4    #gd ,n t 
,philo/ratus makes any disguise ( 8     
embelli%m5ts2 see1 = in/ance1 ii4 #ag1  
:]e he says3 ,let   me1 h[ev]1 def] :at 
,i h to say on ! subject (   s]p5ts1 ( !
 mann] ( hunt+ :i* ,damis gives a       
description4    #ge ,leg5ds ( ! wond]ful
 happ5+s at 8 bir? 7 9   circulation1 & 
are ( ! same nature z all su*           
bir?-leg5ds ( great p4    #gf ,greek3   
arrt t9i sophia xynelabe4    #gg ,sci41 
?an 8 tutor2 namely1 ! memory )9 him1 or
   8 dmon4    #gh ,?is !r 0 presumably !
 m9d-/uff4    #gi ,t is to say          
presumably he 0 enc\rag$ 9 8 ef=ts   by 
^? unse5 help]s ( ! temple by :om !     
cures 7   wr\ght by means ( dreams1 &   
help 0 giv5 psy*ically &   mesm]ically4 

#hj ,:]e are y hurry+8 ,are y (f to see 
! y\?8    #ha ,comp>e ,odyssey1 xx4 #ah4
    #hb ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 h[ev]1 t   
,apollonius 0 /ill   a y\ngi% man :5 he 
set out on 8 ,indian travels1 in/ead   (
 be+ =ty-six1 z "s suppose4 ,b !        
difficulties (   mo/ ( ! *ronology are  
insurm\ntable4    #hc ,greek3 phsas ouk 
an?rpn heaut de91 all' &rn4    #hd      
,greek3 idiotropa4    #he ,greek3 t\s   
h\t philosoph\ntas4    #hf ,t is to say1
 presumably1 sp5d ! "t 9 sil5t          
m$itation4    #hg ,t is ! ,brahmans &   
,buddhi/s4 ,s>man is ! ,greek           
corruption ( ! ,sanskrit ,%raman4a &    
,pli ,saman4o1 !   te*nical t]m = a     
,buddhi/ ascetic or monk4 ,! ignorance (
   ! copyi/s *ang$ ,s>manes fir/ into   
,g]manes & !n into   ,hyrcanians6    #hh
 ,?is %[s t ,apollonius 0 /ill "y1 & n  
betwe5 =ty & fifty1 z "s h ass]t$4      
,tr$well 7p4   #gg7 dates ! ,indian     
travels z #da-ed ,a4,d4    #hi ,see     
especially iii4 #ae1 #da2 v4 #e1 #aj2   
vii4 #aj1 #ac2 viii4   #bh4    #ij      

,greek3 ekphatnismata4    #ia ,see      
especially vii4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #bb1 #ca4
    #ib ,! li/ is full ( gaps1 s t we _c
 suppose t   ,damis' notes 7 any?+ l    
complete records ( !   num]\s it9]>ies2 
n only s1 b "o is tempt$ to   believe t 
:ole j\rneys1 9 :i* ,damis _h no %>e1   
are   omitt$4    #ic ,"h at any rate !y 
came 9 sight ( ! giant   m\nta9s1 !     
,imaus 7,himavat7 or ,himalayan ,range1 
:]e 0   ! great m\nta9 ,m]os 7,m]u74 ,! 
"n ( ! ,h9du ,olympus   be+ *ang$ into  
,m]os 9 ,greek _h1 ev] s9ce ,alex&]'s   
exp$ition1 giv5 rise to ! my? t ,bac*us 
0 born f   ! ?igh 7m]os7 (              
,zeus--presumably "o ( ! facts :i*   l$ 
,pr(essor ,max ,mll] to /igmatise ! :ole
 ( my?ology   z a disease ( language4   
#id ,ref]r+ to 8 in/ructors he says1 ,i 
ev] rememb] my   ma/]s & j\rney ?r\gh ! 
_w tea*+ :at ,i h   le>n$ f !m 7vi4     
#ah74    #ie ,accord+ to "s1 ,apollonius
 w\ld be n[ ab\t   sixty-eight ye>s (   
age4 ,b if he 7 /ill "y 7say   ?irty    
ye>s old or s7 :5 he left = ,india1 he  

mu/ ei!r   h sp5t a v long p]iod 9 t    
c\ntry1 or we h a   v imp]fect record ( 
8 do+s 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,greece1   ,italy1
 & ,spa91 aft] 8 return4    #if ,= ! mo/
 rec5t /udy 9 ,engli% on ! subject (    
sculapius see ,! ,cult ( ,asclepios1 by 
,alice ,walton1 ,ph4,d41   9 ,no4 ,,iii4
 ( ,! ,cornell ,/udies 9 ,classical     
,philology   7,i?aca1 ,n4,y42 #ahid74   
#ig ,he evid5tly wrote ! notes ( !      
,indian travels long   aft] ! "t at :i* 
!y 7 made4    #ih ,?is %[s t            
,philo/ratus came across !m 9 "s "w   or
 lett] ( ,apollonius1 & is !re=e        
indep5d5t ( ,damis'   acc\nt = ?is      
p>ticul>4    #ii ,i--ar,greek3 *z1      
ar,greek3 *a7t7s1 arhat4    #ajj        
,tantalus is fabl$ to h /ol5 ! cup (    
nect> f   ! gods2 ?is 0 ! amr4ita1 !    
ocean ( immortality &   wisdom1 ( !     
,indians4    #aja ,! words ,greek3 oud5 
kektm5\s  ta pantn1 :i*   ,philo/ratus  
quotes twice 9 ?is =m1 c c]ta9ly n be   
*ang$ into ,greek3 md5 kektm5\s ta pantn
 e*e9   )\t do+ unw>rantable viol5ce to 

_! mean+4    #ajb ,see ,tacitus1        
,hi/oria1 ii4 #c4    #ajc ,b]wick1 ,life
 ( ,apollonius1 p4 #bjj n4    #ajd ,he  
also built a prec9ct r\nd ! tomb (      
,leonidas at   ,!rmopyl 7iv4 #bc74      
#aje ,a great c5tre ( div9ation by means
 ( dreams 7see ii4   #cg74    #ajf ,! ^w
 ,greek3 gymnos 7nak$71 h[ev]1 usually  
means   lightly clad1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 a
 man is said to pl\gh   nak$1 t is )    
only "o g>m5t1 & ?is is evid5t   f !    
comp>ison made betwe5 ! co/ume ( !      
,gymnosophi/s & t ( p 9 ! hot wea!r at  
,a!ns   7vi4 #f74    #ajg ,= !y _h nei!r
 huts nor h\ses1 b liv$ 9 !   op5 air4  
#ajh ,he sp5t1 we are told1 no less ?an 
a ye> & eight   mon?s ) ,v>dan1 ,k+ (   
,babylon1 & 0 ! hon\r$ gue/   ( !       
,indian ,rajah ,phraotes4    #aji ,see  
i4 #bb 7cf4 #dj71 #cd2 iv4 #d1 #f1 #ah  
7cf4 v4 #ai71 #bd1 #dc2   v4 #g1 #aa1   
#ac1 #cj1 #cg2 vi4 #cb2 viii4 #bf4      
#aaj ,?is expression is1 h[ev]1 p]haps  
only to be tak5 z   rhetorical1 = 9     
viii4 #h1 ! incid5t is ref]r$ to 9 !    

simple words :5 he dep>t$ 7,greek3 apl!7
 f !   tribunal4    #aaa ,t is to say n 
9 a =m1 b 9 8 own nature4    #aab ,see 9
 ?is connection ,l4 v4 ,s*ro$]1         
,py?agoras und   die ,ind]1 e9e         
,unt]su*ung b] ,h]kunft und ,ab/ammung  
d]   py?agoreis*5 ,lehr5 7,leipzig2     
#ahhd74    #aac ,?is has ref]5ce to !   
pres]v$ hunt+ p>ks1 or   p>adises1 ( !  
,babylonian mon>*s4    #aad ,read+      
,greek3 philosoph = ,greek3 philosophn4 
#aae ,ra?geb] 7,g47 9 8 ,grossgrie*5l&  
und ,py?agoras   7,go?a2 #ahff71 a "w ( 
m>vell\s bibliographical indu/ry1       
ref]s to ?ree suppos$ portraits (       
,apollonius 7p4 #fba74 7i7   ,9 !       
,campidoglio ,museum ( ! ,vatican1      
,indicazione delle   ,sculture 7,roma2  
#ahdj71 p4 #fh1 nos4 #ge1 #gf1 #gg2 7ii7
 9 !   ,muse ,royal ,b\rbon1 describ$ by
 ,mi*el ,b4 7,naples2 #ahcg71 p4   #gi1 
no4 #cfc2 7iii7 a contorniate reproduc$ 
by ,visconti4 ,i   _c trace 8 fir/      
ref]5ce1 b 9 a ,guide p\r le ,muse      
,royal ,b\rbon1 traduit p> ,c4 ,j4 ,j4  

7,naples2 #ahca71 ,i f9d on   p4 #aeb t 
no4 #cfc is a bu/ ( ,apollonius1 #b feet
 high1   c>efully execut$1 ) a ,zeus-l  
head1 hav+ a be>d &   long hair desc5d+ 
onto ! %\ld]s1 b\nd ) a deep   fillet4  
,! bu/ seems to be anci5t4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 
n be5   able to f9d a reproduction ( x4 
,visconti 7,e4 ,q47 9 !   atlas ( 8     
,iconographie ,grecque 7,p>is2 #ahjh71  
vol4 i4 plate   #ag1 fac+ p4 #fh1 gives 
! reproduction ( a contorniate1 or      
m$al ) a circul> bord]1 on "o side ( :i*
 is a head (   ,apollonius & ! ,lat9    
leg5d ,,apollonivs ,,teanevs4 ,?is also 
repres5ts our philosoph] ) a be>d & long
 hair2 ! head   is cr[n$1 & ! upp] "p ( 
! body cov]$ ) a tunic   & !            
philosoph]'s cloak4 ,! m$al1 h[ev]1 is (
 v   inf]ior workman%ip1 & ! portrait is
 by no means pleas+4   ,visconti 9 8    
lett]press devotes an angry &           
contemptu\s   p>agraph to ,apollonius1  
ce trop clbre impo/eur1 z he   calls    
him1 bas$ on ,de ,tillemont4    #aaf    
,see ,*assang1 op4 cit41 p4 #deh1 = a   

criticism on ?is   /atem5t4    #aag ,?is
 0 be=e ,vespasian became emp]or4       
#aah ,?is 0 a /aff1 or baton1 us$ z a   
cyph] = writ+   dispat*es4 ,a /rip (    
lea!r 0 roll$ slantwise r\nd x1   on :i*
 ! dispat*es 7 writt5 l5g?wise1 s t :5  
unroll$ !y 7 un9telligible2 comm&]s     
abroad _h a   /aff ( l ?ickness1 r\nd   
:i* !y roll$ _! pap]s1   & s 7 able to  
read ! dispat*es4 7,liddell & ,scott's  
,lexicon sub voc47 ,h5ce scytale came to
 mean g5]ally a   ,sp>tan dispat*1 :i* 0
 *>act]i/ically laconic 9 its   brevity4
    #aai ,see i4 #g1 #ae1 #bd1 #cb2 iii4
 #ea2 iv4 #e1 #bb1 #bf1 #bg1 #df2 v4    
#b1 #aj1 #ci1 #dj1 #da2 vi4 #ah1 #bg1   
#bi1 #ca1 #cc2 viii4 #g1 #bj1 #bg1 #bh4 
#abj ,i4e41 ,cynic4    #aba ,*assang    
7op4 cit41 pp4 #cie sqq47 gives a ,fr5* 
translation ( !m4    #abb ,art4         
,apollonius1 ,smi?'s ,dict4 ( ,class4   
,biog4    #abc ,t is to say1 a          
philosoph] ( #fjj ye>s ago4    #abd ,t  
is to expiate blood-guilt9ess )         
blood-sacrifice4    #abe ,*aignet 7,a4  

471 9 8 ,py?agore et la ,philosophie    
py?agorici5ne 7,p>is2 #ahgc1 #bnd ed4   
#ahgd71 cites ?is z a   g5u9e example ( 
,apollonius' philosophy4    #abf ,t is 8
 idea ( dea?4    #abg ,! text ( ! la/   
s5t5ce is v obscure4    #abh ,! full    
title is giv5 by ,eudocia1 ,ionia2 ed4  
,villoison   7,v5et42 #agha71 p4 #eg4   
#abi ,see ,zell]1 ,phil4 d4 ,grie*1 v4  
#abg4    #acj ,prp>at4 ,evangel41 iv4   
#ab-ac2 ed4 ,d9dorf 7,leipzig2   #ahfg71
 i4 #agf1 #agg4    #aca ,a play on !    
mean+s ( ,greek3 logos1 :i* signifies   
bo? reason & ^w4    #acb ,psy*e1 ,i4 ii4
 #e4    #acc ,noack1 ibid4    #acd ,see 
,noack1 ,porphr4 ,vit4 ,py?ag41 p4 #ae4 
#ace ,ed4 ,am/elod41 #agjg1 cc4         
#bed-bfd4   ,,works ,,by ,,! ,,same     
,,au?or4  ,,! ,,pi/is ,,sophia3 ,a      
,gno/ic ,gospel4     7,) ,extracts f !  
,books ( ! ,savi\r app5d$74             
,orig9ally translat$ f ,greek into      
,coptic1 & n[ = !    fir/ "t ,engli%$ f 
,s*w>tze's ,lat9 ,v]sion ( !    only    
kn[n ,coptic ,,ms41 & *eck$ by          

,aml9eau's ,fr5*    ,v]sion4 ,) an      
,introduction & ,bibliography4 #cid pp41
 l>ge    octavo4 ,clo?1 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 
,,"s ,,press ,,op9ions4     ,! ,pi/is   
,sophia has long be5 recognis$ z "o ( ! 
mo/    important ,gno/ic docum5ts we    
possess1 & ,mr ,mead des]ves !          
gratitude ( /ud5ts ( ,*ur* ,hi/ory & ( !
 ,hi/ory (    ,*ri/ian ,?\ght1 = 8      
admirable translation & edition (    ?is
 curi\s ,gospel4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4       
,mr ,mead has done a s]vice to o!r ?an  
,!osophi/s by 8    translation ( !      
,pi/is ,sophia4 ,?is curi\s "w has n    
till    lately receiv$ ! att5tion :i* x 
des]ves4444 ,he has prefix$    a %ort   
,introduction1 :i* includes an excell5t 
bibliography4    ,?us1 ! ,engli% read]  
is n[ 9 a position to judge = himself   
( ! sci5tific value ( ! only ,gno/ic    
treatise ( any    consid]able l5g? :i*  
has come d[n to u4--,gu>dian4     ,f a  
s*ol>'s po9t ( view ! "w is ( value z   
illu/rat+ ! philosophico-my/ical        
t5d5cies ( ! second    c5tury4--,record4

     ,mr ,mead des]ves ?anks = putt+ 9  
an ,engli% dress ?is    curi\s docum5t f
 ! e>ly ages ( ,*ri/ian                 
philosophy4--,man*e/] ,gu>dian4   ,,!   
,,!osophical ,,publi%+ ,,society1       
,,london ,,& ,,b5>es4   ,,fragm5ts ,,(  
,a ,,fai? ,,=gott54  ,"s %ort ,sket*es  
among ! ,gno/ics1 ma9ly ( ! ,fir/ ,two  
,c5turies--a ,contribution to ! ,/udy ( 
,*ri/ian ,orig9s bas$ on ! mo/ ,rec5tly 
,discov]$ ,mat]ials4     ,i4            
,introduction4--,outl9es ( ! ,backgr\nd 
( ! ,gnosis2    ,lit]ature & ,s\rces (  
,gno/icism4     ,,ii4 ,! ,gnosis accord+
 to its ,foes4--,gno/ic ,fragm5ts       
recov]$ f ! ,polemical ,writ+s ( ! ,*ur*
 ,fa!rs2    ! ,gnosis 9 ! ,uncanonical  
,acts4     ,,iii4 ,! ,gnosis accord+ to 
its ,fri5ds4--,greek ,orig9al    ,works 
9 ,coptic ,translation2 ! ,askew1       
,bruce1 & ,akhmim    ,codices4          
,classifi$ ,bibliographies are app5d$4  
#fcj1 xxviii4 pp41 ,l>ge ,octavo1 ,clo?4
 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4   ,,"s ,,press        
,,notices4     ,mr ,mead has done 8 "w 9

 a s*ol>ly & pa9/ak+    fa%ion4--,!     
,gu>dian4     ,! ord9>y /ud5t ( ,*ri/ian
 evid5ces1 if he conf9es    8 read+ to !
 ',fa!rs1' le>ns no?+ ( ^! op9ions    ! 
s-call$ ,gno/ic 'h]esies' except by way 
( refutation    & angry condemnation4 ,9
 ,mr ,mead's pages1 h[ev]1 !y are       
treat$ ) imp>tiality & c&\r4444 ,^!     
rem>ks w    suffice to %[ ! unique "* ( 
?is volume1 & to    indicate t /ud5ts   
may f9d "h matt] ( great s]vice    to ! 
rational int]pretation ( ,*ri/ian       
?\ght4--,brad=d ,obs]v]4     ,! book1   
,mr ,mead expla9s1 is n int5d$ prim>ily 
= !    /ud5t1 b = ! g5]al read]1 & x    
c]ta9ly %\ld    n be neglect$ by anyone 
:o is int]e/$ 9 ! hi/ory (    e>ly      
,*ri/ian ?\ght4--,! ,scotsman4     ,! "w
 is "o ( great lab\r & le>n+1 & des]ves 
/udy z a sympa!tic e/imate ( a r        
sev]ely-judg$    class (                
h]etics4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4     ,writt5 9 
a cle> & elegant /yle4444 ,!            
bibliographies    9 ! volume are (      
_w-wide range1 & w be mo/    valuable to

 /ud5ts ( !osophy4--,asiatic ,qu>t]ly4  
,mr ,mead writes ) a precision &        
cle>ness on subjects    usually         
associat$ ) bewild]+ te*nicalities &    
my/ifications4 ,ev5 ! long-suff]+ 'g5]al
 read]' c\ld    g ?r\gh ?is l>ge volume 
) pleasure4 ,t is a great    deal to say
 ( a book on su* a subject4--,light4    
,?is /rik+ "w w c]ta9ly be read n only )
 !    greate/ int]e/ 9 ! select circle (
 ! cultur$1 b by    t mu* l>g] circle ( 
^? long+ to le>n all ab\t    ,tru?4444  
,may be summ$ up z an extraord9>y cle>  
exposition ( ! ,gnosis ( ,sa9ts & !     
,sages (    philosophic ,*ri/ianity4--,!
 ,roman ,h]ald4     ,compreh5sive1      
int]e/+1 & s*ol>ly4444 ,! *apt]s        
entitl$ ',"s ,r\gh ,outl9es ( !         
,backgr\nd ( ! ,gnosis'    are well     
writt51 & !y t5d to focus ! philosophic 
&    religi\s movem5t ( ! anci5t _w4    
,!re is a v    excell5t                 
bibliography4--,! ,spectator4     ,mr   
,mead does u ano!r piece ( s]vice by    
includ+ a    complete copy ( ! ,gno/ic  

,hymn ( ! ,robe ( ,glory 444    & a h&y 
epitome ( ! ,pi/is ,sophia is ano!r item
 =    :i* ! /ud5t w be grateful4--,!    
,lit]>y ,guide4     ,! au?or has        
naturally ! int]e/ ( a !osophi/ 9       
,gno/icism1 & approa*es ! subject       
accord+ly f a    po9t ( view diff]5t f  
our own4 ,b :ile 8 po9t (    view em]ges
 9 ! c\rse ( ! volume1 ?is does n affect
    ! value ( 8 "w = ^? :o d n %>e 8    
special    /&po9t4444 ,mr ,mead has at  
any rate r5d]$ u an    excell5t s]vice1 
& we %all look =w>d ) pleasure to    8  
future /udies4--,! ,primitive ,me?odi/  
,qu>t]ly4  ,?is is ! ,fir/ ,attempt t   
has be5 made to br+ toge!r ,all ! ,exi/+
 ,s\rces ( ,in=mation on ! ,e>lie/      
,*ri/ian ,philosoph]s4   ,,simon        
,,magus3 ,an ,essay4     ,! mo/ complete
 "w on ! subject4 ,qu>to4 ,price3 #es4  
net4    ,wrapp]s4  ,,! ,,_w ,,my/]y3    
,f\r ,essays4     ,cont5ts3 ,! ,_w-,s\l2
 ,! ,ve/ures ( ! ,s\l2 ,! ,web (        
,de/9y2 ,true ,self-reliance4 ,octavo4  
,price3 clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4    net4  ,,!   

,,!osophy ,,( ,,! ,,greeks4  ,,plot9us4 
,) an exhau/ive ,bibliography4 ,octavo4 
,price3 clo?1 #as4    net4  ,,orpheus4  
,) ?ree ,*>ts & ,bibliography4 ,w s]ve z
 an    ,introduction to ,hell5ic        
,!ology4 ,octavo4 ,price3 clo?1 #ds4    
#f;d4 net4  ,,! ,,!osophy ,,( ,,!       
,,v$as4  ,,! ,,upani,s4,,hads3 #b       
,volumes4     ,half ,octavo4 ,pap]1     
#f;d42 clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ea* net4        
,,volume ,i4     ,conta9s a ,translation
 ( ! 7,i%a1 ,k5a1 ,kat4ha1    ,pra%na1  
,mun4d4aka1 & ,man4d4ukya               
,upanis4hads1 ) a ,g5]al ,preamble1     
,argum5ts1 & ,notes    by ,g4 ,r4 ,s4   
,mead & ,j4 ,c4 ,*at4t4opadhyaya 7,roy  
,*\dhuri74     ,,volume ,,ii4           
,conta9s a ,translation ( ! ,taittirya1 
,ait>eya1 &    ,%veta%vat>a             
,upanis4hads1 ) ,argum5ts & ,notes4