,,canada ,,west #afj ,,acre ,,farms in ,,western ,,canada ,,free ,,issued ,,by ,,direction ,,of ,,hon4 ,w4 ,j4 ,,roche ,,minister ,,of ,,the ,,interior1 ,,ottawa1 ,,canada4 #aiad ,illustration ,,land ,,regulations ,,in ,,canada ,all public lands in ,manitoba1 ,saskatchewan1 and ,alberta are controlled and administered by the ,dominion ,government through the ,department of the ,interior4 ,the lands disposed of as free homesteads 7,government grants7 under certain conditions involving residence and improvements1 are surveyed into square blocks1 six miles long by six miles wide1 called townships4 ,when these improvements are completed and duties performed1 a patent or crown deed is issued4 ,,the ,,following ,,is ,a ,,plan ,,of ,a ,,township ,n ,,six ,,miles ,,square ---------------------------------------- ------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ,w ,e ---------------------------------------- ------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ,s ,illustration3 ,showing how the land is divided into square sections and square quarter-sections4 ,also showing how the sections in a township are numbered4 ,each township is subdivided into #cf square blocks or sections one mile square and containing #fdj acres and numbered from one to thirty-six4 ,each section is divided into four quarter-sections of #afj acres each4 ,the four quarters of the section are described1 as the northeast1 the northwest1 the southeast and the southwest quarter4 ,who ,is ,eligible4 ,the sole head of a family or any male eighteen years of age or over1 who is a ,british subject or who declares his intention to become a ,british subject2 a widow having minor children of her own dependent upon her for support4 ,acquiring ,homestead4 ,to acquire a homestead applicant must make entry in person1 either at the ,dominion ,lands ,office for the district in which the land applied for is situate1 or at a sub-agency authorized to transact business in such district4 ,at the time of entry a fee of #aj must be paid4 ,the certificate of entry which is then granted the applicant gives him authority to enter upon the land and maintain full possession of it as long as he complies with the homestead requirements4 ,cattle ,provision to ,secure ,homestead4 ,with certain restriction1 stock may be substituted in lieu of cultivation4 ,residence4 ,to earn patent for homestead1 a person must reside in a habitable house upon the land for six months during each of three years4 ,such residence however1 need not be commenced before six months after the date on which entry for the land was secured4 ,improvement ,duties4 ,before being eligible to apply for patent1 a homesteader must break 7plough up7 thirty acres of the homestead1 of which twenty acres must be cropped4 ,it is also required that a reasonable proportion of this cultivation must be done during each homestead year4 ,application for ,patent4 ,when a homesteader has completed his residence and cultivation duties he makes application for patent before the ,agent of ,dominion ,lands for the district in which the homestead is situate1 or before a sub-agent authorized to deal with lands in such district4 ,if the duties have been satisfactorily performed patent issues to the homesteader shortly after without any further action on his part1 and the land thus becomes his absolute property4 ,timber and ,fuel4 ,an occupant of a homestead quarter-section1 having no suitable timber of his own1 may obtain on payment of a #be-;cent fee a permit to cut #c1jjj lineal feet of building timber1 #djj roof poles1 #ejj fence posts1 #b1jjj fence rails4 ,homesteaders and all bona fide settlers1 without timber on their own farms1 may also obtain permits to cut dry timber for their own use on their farms for fuel and fencing4 ,,customs ,,regulations ,a settler may bring into ,canada1 free of duty1 live stock for the farm on the following basis1 if he has actually owned such live stock abroad for at least six months before his removal to ,canada1 and has brought them into ,canada within one year after his first arrival viz3 ,if horses only are brought in1 #af allowed4 ,if cattle are brought in1 #af allowed2 if sheep are brought in #afj allowed2 if swine are brought in1 #afj allowed4 ,if horses1 cattle1 sheep and swine are brought in together1 or part of each1 the same proportions as above are to be observed4 ,duty is to be paid on live stock in excess of the number above provided for4 ,for customs entry purposes a mare with a colt under six months old is to be reckoned as one animal2 a cow with a calf under six months old is also to be reckoned as one animal4 ,cattle and other live stock imported into ,canada are subject to ,quarantine ,regulations4 ,the following articles have free entry3 ,settler' effects1 free viz3 ,wearing apparel1 household furniture1 books1 implements and tools of trade1 occupation1 or employment3 guns1 musical instruments1 domestic sewing machines1 typewriters1 live stock1 bicycles1 carts1 and other vehicles1 and agricultural implements in use by the settler for at least six months before his removal to ,canada1 not to include machinery or articles imported for use in any manufacturing establishment or for sale2 also books1 pictures1 family plate or furniture1 personal effects1 and heirlooms left by bequest2 provided1 that any dutiable articles entered as settlers' effects may not be so entered unless brought with the settler on his first arrival1 and shall not be sold or otherwise disposed of without payment of duty until after twelve months' actual use in ,canada4 ,the settler will be required to take oath that all of the articles have been owned by himself or herself for at least six months before removal to ,canada2 and that none have been imported as merchandise1 for use in a manufacturing establishment or as a contractor's outfit1 or for sale1 and that he or she intend becoming a permanent settler within the ,dominion of ,canada1 and that the ,live ,stock enumerated is intended for his or her own use on the farm which he or she is about to occupy 7or cultivate71 and not for sale or speculative purposes1 nor for the use of any other person or persons4 ,,freight ,,regulations #a4 ,carloads of ,settlers' ,effects1 the property of the settler1 may be made up of the following described property for the benefit of actual settlers1 viz3 ,live stock1 any number up to but not exceeding ten 7#aj7 head1 all told1 viz3 ,cattle1 calves1 sheep1 hogs1 mules1 or horses 7the customs will admit free of duty in numbers referred to in ,customs paragraph above1 but railway regulations only permit ten head in each car72 ,household ,goods and personal property 7second-hand72 ,wagons or other vehicles for personal use 7second-hand72 ,farm ,machinery1 ,implements1 and ,tools 7all second-hand72 ,soft-wood ,lumber 7,pine1 ,hemlock1 or ,spruce--only7 and ,shingles1 which must not exceed #b1jjj feet in all1 or the equivalent thereof2 or in lieu of1 not in addition to the lumber and shingles1 a ,portable ,house may be shipped2 ,seed ,grain1 small quantity of trees or shrubbery2 small lot live poultry or pet animals2 and sufficient feed for the live stock while on the journey4 ,settlers' ,effects rates1 however1 will not apply on shipments of second-hand ,wagons1 ,buggies1 ,farm ,machinery1 ,implements1 or ,tools1 unless accompanied by ,household ,goods4 #b4 ,should the allotted number of live stock be exceeded1 the additional animals will be charged for at proportionate rates over and above the carload rate for the ,settlers' ,effects1 but the total charge for any one such car will not exceed the regular rate for a straight carload of ,live ,stock4 #c4 ,passes--,one man will be passed free in charge of live stock when forming part of carloads1 to feed1 water1 and care for them in transit4 ,agents will use the usual form of ,live ,stock ,contract4 #d4 ,less than carloads will be understood to mean only ,household ,goods 7second-hand71 ,wagons or other vehicles for personal use 7second-hand71 and 7second-hand7 ,farm ,machinery1 ,implements1 and ,tools4 ,less than carload lots must be plainly addressed4 ,minimum charge on any shipment will be #ajj pounds at regular first-class rate4 #e4 ,merchandise1 such as groceries1 provisions1 hardware1 etc41 also implements1 machinery1 vehicles1 etc41 if new1 will not be regarded as ,settlers' ,effects1 and1 if shipped1 will be charged at the regular classified tariff rates4 ,agents1 both at loading and delivering stations1 therefore1 give attention to the prevention of the loading of the contraband articles and see that the actual weights are way-billed when carloads exceed #bd1jjj lbs4 on lines north of ,st4 ,paul4 #f4 ,top ,loads4--,agents do not permit1 under any circumstances1 any article to be loaded on the top of box or stock cars2 such manner of loading is dangerous and absolutely forbidden4 #g4 ,settlers' ,effects1 to be entitled to the carload rates1 cannot be stopped at any point short of destination for the purpose of unloading part4 ,the entire carload must go through to the station to which originally consigned4 #h4 ,the carload rates on ,settlers' ,effects apply on any shipment occupying a car weighing #bd1jjj pounds or less4 ,if the carload weighs over #bd1jjj lbs4 the additional weight will be charged for4 ,north of ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn41 #bd1jjj lbs4 constitutes a carload1 between ,chicago and ,st4 ,paul and ,kansas ,city or ,omaha and ,st4 ,paul a carload is #bj1jjj lbs4 ,from ,chicago and ,kansas ,city north to ,st4 ,paul any amount over this will be charged extra4 ,from points ,south and ,east of ,chicago1 only five horses or heads of live stock are allowed in carloads1 any over this will be charged extra2 carload #ab1jjj lbs4 minimum4 #i4 ,minimum charge on any shipment will be #ajj lbs4 at first-class rate4 ,,quarantine ,,of ,,settlers' ,,cattle ,settlers' cattle must be inspected at the boundary4 ,inspectors may subject any cattle showing symptoms of tuberculosis to the tuberculin test before allowing them to enter4 ,any cattle found tuberculous to be returned to the ,united ,states or killed without indemnity4 ,settlers' horses are admitted on inspection if accompanied by certificate of mallein test signed by a ,united ,states ,inspector of ,bureau of ,animal ,industries1 without which they will be inspected at the boundary free of charge by a ,canadian ,officer4 ,settler should apply to ,canadian ,government ,office for name of ,inspector nearest him4 ,certificate of any other ,veterinarian will not be accepted4 ,horses found to be affected with glanders within six months of entry are slaughtered without compensation4 ,sheep may be admitted subject to inspection at port of entry4 ,if disease is discovered to exist in them1 they may be returned or slaughtered4 ,swine may be admitted1 when forming part of ,settlers' ,effects1 but only after a quarantine of thirty days1 and when accompanied by a certificate that swine plague or hog cholera has not existed in the district whence they came for six months preceding the date of shipment2 when not accompanied by such certificate1 they must be subject to inspection at port of entry4 ,if diseased to be slaughtered1 without compensation4 ,,united ,,states ,,agents4 ,m4 ,v4 ,mac,i,n,n,e,s1 #agf ,jefferson ,ave41 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,laurier1 ,marquette1 ,mich4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,crawford1 #cja ,e4 ,genesee ,st41 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 ,w4 ,s4 ,,nethery1 ,room #hb1 ,interurban ,station ,bldg41 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,aird1 #bae ,traction-,terminal ,bldg41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,c4 ,j4 ,,broughton1 ,room #dab1 #aab ,w4 ,adams ,st41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,george ,a4 ,,hall1 #abc ,second ,st41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,r4 ,a4 ,,garrett1 #caa ,jackson ,st41 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn4 ,,frank ,h4 ,,hewitt1 #eth ,st41 ,des ,moines1 ,iowa4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,black1 ,clifford ,block1 ,grand ,forks1 ,n4 ,d4 ,j4 ,m4 ,mac,l,a,c,h,l,a,n1 ,drawer #aig1 ,watertown1 ,s4 ,d4 ,w4 ,v4 ,,bennett1 #bbj #agth ,st41 ,room #d1 ,bee ,bldg41 ,omaha1 ,neb4 ,,geo4 ,a4 ,,cook1 #abe ,w4 #ith ,st41 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,,benj4 ,,davies1 ,boom #f1 ,dunn ,block1 ,great ,falls1 ,mont4 ,j4 ,n4 ,,grieve1 ,cor4 #ast and ,post ,sts41 ,spokane1 ,wash4 ,j4 ,e4 ,la ,,force1 #bi ,weybrosset ,street1 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,carbonneau1 ,jr41 ,biddeford1 ,me4 ,,max ,a4 ,,bowlby1 #gc ,tremont ,st41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,j4 ,a4 ,,laferriere1 #aaci ,elm ,st41 ,manchester1 ,n4 ,h4 ,f4 ,a4 ,,harrison1 #baj ,north #c;d ,st41 ,harrisburg1 ,pa4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,last ,,best ,,west ,,the ,,canada ,,of ,,opportunity ,the present demand for food stuffs and the expense of their production on high-priced lands make it seem that ,western ,canada1 with its opportunity for meeting this demand1 came into notice at the crucial period4 ,its millions of acres of land1 easily cultivable1 highly productive1 accessible to railways1 and with unexcelled climatic conditions1 offer something too great to be overlooked4 ,the provinces of ,manitoba1 ,saskatchewan1 and ,alberta have the largest area of desirable lands in ,north ,america1 with but #h per cent under the plough4 ,their cultivation has practically just begun4 ,a few years ago the wheat crop amounted to only #ga million bushels4 ,to-day1 with only #d per cent of the available area in wheat1 the crop is over #bji million bushels4 ,what1 then1 will #dd per cent produce8 ,then look at immigration4 ,in #aija it was #di1adi1 of which #ag1jjj were from the ,united ,states2 in #aijf it was #ahi1jfd1 of which #eg1jjj were ,americans2 in #aiac it was about #djj1jjj1 about #abe1jjj being ,americans4 ,why did these ,americans go to ,canada8 ,because the ,american farmer1 like his ,canadian cousin1 is a shrewd business man4 ,when an ,american can sell his farm at from #ajj to #bjj per acre and homestead in ,canada for himself and for each of his sons who are of age1 #afj acres of fertile land1 capable of producing several bushels more to the acre than he has ever known1 he will be certain to make the change4 ,and then1 following the capital of brawn1 muscle1 and sinew1 comes ,american capital1 keeping in touch with the industrious farmer with whom it has had dealings for many years4 ,these two1 with farming experience1 are no small factors in a country's upbuilding4 ,nothing is said of the great mineral and forest wealth1 little of which has been touched4 ,in so short a time1 no country in the world's history has attracted to its borders so large a number of settlers prepared to go on the land1 or so much wealth1 as have the ,canadian prairies4 ,never before has pioneering been accomplished under conditions so favourable as those in ,western ,canada to-day4 ,it is not only into the prairie provinces that these people go1 but many continue westward to the great trees and mountains1 and fertile valleys1 the glory of ,british ,columbia1 where can be grown agricultural products of almost every kind1 and where fruit is of great importance4 ,the vast expanse of the plains attracts hundreds of thousands who at once set to work to cultivate their large holdings4 ,but man's work1 even in the cities with their record-breaking building rush1 is the smallest part of the great panorama that unfolds on a journey through the country4 ,nature is still supreme1 and man is still the divine pigmy audaciously seeking to impose his will and stamp his mark upon an unconquered half continent4 ,,the ,,homemaking ,,spirit4--,the most commendable feature in ,western development to-day is the homemaking spirit4 ,the people are finding happiness in planting trees1 making gardens1 building schools1 colleges1 and universities1 and producing an environment so homelike that the country cannot be regarded as a temporary abode in which to make a pile preparatory to returning ,east4 ,illustration3 ,confiding to his better half what they will do with the proceeds of their crop of wheat1 which yielded #da-a_/b bushels per acre4 ,,thousands ,,of ,,available ,,homesteads4--,the desire of the ,american people to procure land is strong4 ,agricultural lands of proved value have so advanced in price that for the man with moderate means1 who wishes to farm1 finding a suitable location has become a serious question4 ,fortunately1 in ,manitoba1 ,saskatchewan1 and ,alberta1 there are yet thousands of free homesteads of #afj acres each1 which may be had by the simple means of filing1 paying a ten-dollar entrance fee1 and living on the land for six months each year for three years4 ,no long1 preliminary journey1 tedious1 expensive1 and hazardous1 is necessary4 ,this homesteading has been going on in ,canada for several years1 and hundreds of thousands of claims have been taken up1 but much good land still is unoccupied4 ,many consider the remaining claims among the best4 ,they comprise lands in the park districts of each of the three provinces1 where natural groves give a beauty to the landscape4 ,here wheat1 oats1 barley1 and flax can be grown successfully1 and the districts are admirably adapted to mixed farming4 ,cattle fatten on the nutritious grasses2 dairying can be carried on successfully2 timber for building is within reach1 and water easy to procure4 ,in addition to the free grant lands1 there are lands which may be purchased from railways and private companies and individuals4 ,these lands have not increased in price as their productivity and location might warrant1 and may still be had for reasonably low sums and on easy terms4 ,nowhere else in the world are there such splendid opportunities for indulgence in the land-passion as in ,western ,canada4 ,millions of rich acres beckon for occupation and cultivation4 ,varying soil and climate are suited to contrary requirements--grazing lands for the stock breeder2 deep-tilling soils for the market gardener2 rolling1 partly wooded districts for the mixed-farming advocate2 level prairie for the grain farmer2 bench lands and hillsides for the cultivator of fruits4 ,,another ,,good ,,year ,,in ,,western ,,canada ,manitoba1 ,saskatchewan1 and ,alberta ,have ,splendid ,crops4 ,the grain crop of #aiac was harvested and threshed in perfect condition4 ,excepting flax1 the average yield was excellent2 wheat almost universally graded near the top4 ,wheat from many fields averaged forty bushels per acre1 weighing sixty-five pounds to the measured bushel4 ,oats ran from fifty to one hundred and fifteen bushels to the acre1 and barley kept up the reputation of ,western ,canada as a producer of that cereal4 ,in many sections the yield of flax exceeded earlier expectations1 although in places1 winds which blew off the boll caused some loss4 ,hundreds of farmers of small means who have been in the country only three or four years1 paid up all their indebtedness out of the crop of #aiac and put aside something for farm and home improvements4 ,not only for the farmer with limited means and small acreage has the year been prosperous2 the man able to conduct farming on a large scale has been equally successful--and for such1 ,western ,canada offers many opportunities4 ,a farmer in southern ,alberta raised #cej1jjj bushels of grain last year1 and made a fortune out of it4 ,in ,saskatchewan and in ,manitoba is heard the same story of the successful working of large areas4 ,as was to be expected with its unprecedented development1 the financial stress during #aiac was felt as keenly throughout ,western ,canada as anywhere in the country4 ,the fact is that money could not keep pace with the natural demands of #djj1jjj new people a year4 ,towns and cities had to be built1 farming operations were extensive1 and capitalists had not made sufficient preparation4 ,but last year's crop has restored conditions to a normal state1 and natural and reasonable development will continue4 ,owing to a wet fall in #aiab and a heavy snowfall the succeeding winter1 seeding in some districts was later than usual4 ,but with the favourable weather of ,may1 ,june1 and ,july1 wheat sown in ,may ripened early in ,august4 ,rains came at the right time1 and throughout the season the best of weather prevailed4 ,illustration3 ,these cattle winter out in ,western ,canada and do well4 ,shelter and water are abundant4 ,the ,cities ,reflect the ,growth of the ,country4--,passing through ,western ,canada from ,winnipeg1 and observing the cities and towns along the network of railways in ,manitoba1 ,saskatchewan1 and ,alberta1 one feels there must be something of a country behind them all4 ,gaze in any direction and the same view is presented3 field after field of waving grain2 labourers at work converting the virgin prairie into more fields2 wide pasture lands where cattle are fattening on grasses rich in both milk- and beef-producing properties4 ,here is the wealth that builds the cities4 ,in thirty years ,winnipeg has increased in population from #b1jjj to #bjj1jjj2 and become an important gateway of commerce4 ,the wheat alone grown in the three prairie provinces in #aiac is sufficient to keep a steady stream of #a1jjj bushels per minute continuously night and day going to the head of the lakes for three and a half months1 and in addition to that1 the oats and barley would supply this stream for another four months4 ,the value of the grain crop alone would be sufficient to build any of our great transcontinental railroads and all their equipment1 everything connected with them1 from ocean to ocean4 ,with only #aj per cent of the arable land under cultivation1 what will the possibilities be when #bhh million acres of the best land that the sun shines on is brought under the plough8 ,do you not see the portent of a great1 vigorous1 populous nation living under those sunny skies north of the #dith parallel8 ,new ,railway ,mileage ,grows at ,rapid ,rate4--,every year long stretches of new rails are extended into some hitherto untravelled domain1 bringing into subjugation mountain1 plain1 and forest4 ,mighty rivers are being bridged1 massive mountains are being tunnelled1 and real zest is being given this work in the exciting race between the rival companies as they strive to outstrip each other in surmounting ,nature's obstacles4 ,during #aiac1 more than #d1jjj miles of new road have been built in ,canada1 the bulk of this in ,western ,canada4 ,the latest reports give the total railway mileage in ,manitoba1 ,saskatchewan1 and ,alberta as #ab1gfj miles1 the ,canadian ,pacific ,railway having #e1ecd2 the ,canadian ,northern1 #d1ahg2 the ,grand ,trunk ,pacific1 #a1dgf2 the ,great ,northern ,railway1 #afb4 ,manitoba has a total mileage of #d1jad2 ,saskatchewan1 #e1fgi2 ,alberta1 #c1jgc4 ,the gain over #aiab is about #c1djj miles4 ,western ,canada's ,wheat4--,the quality of ,western ,canada wheat is recognized everywhere4 ,recently a ,u4 ,s4 senator said of the ,canadian grain fields3 ,the wheat that ,canada raises is the ,northwestern hard spring wheat4 ,the cost of raising is less in ,canada than in the ,states1 because the new lands there will produce larger crops than the older land on this side of the line1 and the land is cheaper than in the ,united ,states4 ,according to official figures the total estimated wheat production of ,western ,canada in #aiac was #bji1bfb1jjj bushels1 an increase of more than #e million bushels in #aiab4 ,oats show a total yield of more than #bdb1dac1jjj bushels1 barley more than #cj million bushels1 rye more than #b1ejj1jjj bushels1 flax more than #ad million bushels1 and mixed grains more than #ag million bushels4 ,wheat1 oats1 barley1 and rye are above the average quality of the last two years1 and potatoes and root crops show a good percentage of standard condition during growth4 ,the value of the harvest is approximately #bji million dollars as compared with about #bjj million in #aiab4 ,winnipeg1 the grain centre of ,western ,canada1 has received and handled more wheat per day than ,chicago1 ,minneapolis1 and ,duluth combined4 ,approximately #aia million bushels of grain were shipped from the elevators at ,fort ,william and ,port ,arthur during the season of navigation2 from the first of ,september1 #aiac1 until ,december #bj1 #abg million bushels of grain were shipped to the east--#eb1jjj1jjj bushels more than for the same period last year4 ,what ,farmers ,receive4--,the amount of grain marketed1 and the estimated receipts1 based on an average price for ,september1 ,october1 and ,november1 are as follows3 ,bushels ,price per bushel ,wheat #ig1jjj1jjj 4#gc #gj1jjj1jjj ,oats #cj1jjj1jjj 4#cj #i1jjj1jjj ,barley #i1ejj1jjj 4#dj #c1hjj1jjj ,flax #f1ejj1jjj #a4aj #g1aej1jjj ,total #hi1iej1jjj ,a ,splendid ,fall4--,the fall of #aiac was exceedingly favourable to the farmer of ,western ,canada4 ,the weather made it possible to harvest and thresh in the minimum of time1 and in some cases permitted a start on fall ploughing early in ,september1 in many parts continuing until ,december #ast4 ,owners of traction engines took advantage of clear nights to plough1 the powerful headlights throwing a brilliant light across the fields4 ,the men worked in relays1 and it was frequently midnight before the big outfits quit4 ,illustration3 ,beginning a home in the prairie--house and table lands are built on cement foundation4 ,illustration3 ,sizing up quantity of hay per acre he would get from his hayfield4 ,illustration3 ,starting from town with loads of posts for pasture fence4 ,mixed ,farming4--,mixed farming is yielding large profits to those who work intelligently along the lines of intensive farming4 ,in addition to wheat1 oats1 barley1 and flax--alfalfa and other fodder crops are grown1 and in some places corn4 ,every variety of vegetable grows abundantly and sugar beets are a moneymaker4 ,stock-raising is an important branch of mixed farming1 and hogs and sheep are commanding high prices1 the demand greatly exceeding the supply4 ,sheep4--,the sheep industry in ,western ,canada pays exceedingly well4 ,in the early days--but a few short years ago--a district south of the ,canadian ,pacific ,railway from ,swift ,current to ,maple ,creek was stocked with sheep1 and several large ranches made money1 but with the onrush of settlement these ranches have been vacated and are now given up to successful grain growing4 ,however1 the farmers who now cross the boundary to purchase the best ,montana breeds and take them to their farms1 in every case report a success as great as that in grain growing4 ,although no country could be better fitted for sheep raising1 and numerous successes have been made1 ,western ,canada imports much of its mutton4 ,profits in ,horse ,raising4--,the raising of horses is receiving increasing attention4 ,here also a rare opportunity for profit exists1 for the market is woefully unsupplied4 ,dairying offers splendid opportunities for profit4 ,in the rapidly growing cities and towns there is a demand for milk1 cream1 and butter4 ,creameries and cheese factories are established at accessible points4 ,the feeding of cattle is nominal4 ,poultry ,products can be readily marketed1 and poultry raisers have done remarkably well4 ,no one knows better than the farmer's wife the saving effected by having a flock of hens1 some turkeys1 geese and ducks1 and the cost of feed is not noticed4 ,hog ,raising4--,hog-raising has equal advantages with grain growing4 ,a large quantity of pork that should be supplied at home is now shipped in4 ,barley1 the best staple for hog raising1 is easily grown and yields heavily4 ,alfalfa can be grown with little trouble1 and with two crops in a season1 and three tons to the acre to a crop1 it will play an important part in the hog industry of the future4 ,the ,canadian field pea and the rape1 also are good feed and produce the very best of pork4 ,chas4 ,reid1 of ,swift ,current1 who sold a thousand dollars' worth of pork last summer1 and then had considerable on hand1 has demonstrated that hogs pay better than straight grain raising4 ,he has an income from his farm the whole year round4 ,a farmer near ,moose ,jaw sold some hogs for #acj4jj4 ,to the question1 ,what did they cost8 he answered3 ,really nothing4 ,i bought one sow2 ,i have kept two1 and ,i have three to kill for my own use4 ,of course we had skim milk and buttermilk1 and ,i fed some chop1 but what is left is worth all ,i paid out4 ,i call the #acj4jj clear profit4 ,it is the same story in all parts of ,manitoba1 ,saskatchewan1 and ,alberta4 ,a little attention1 plenty of such grain as would go to waste1 some shelter1 and that's all4 ,last year many farmers went into hog-raising extensively1 and it saved many of them from financial embarrassment2 for when money was not obtainable at the banks1 farmers having marketable hogs sold them with handsome profit4 ,several made from #a4jj to #a4bj per bushel for wheat by feeding it to hogs4 ,butter and ,eggs4--,large sums are spent regularly in ,united ,states markets for butter and eggs to supply the cities and towns of ,western ,canada1 and large quantities of butter are imported from ,new ,zealand4 ,not only is the demand in the towns1 but many wheat-raisers purchase these commodities when they might produce them on their own farms at trifling cost4 ,william ,elliott1 near ,moose ,jaw1 has eight cows and eighty hens4 ,in less than eight months1 his butter and eggs sold for more than #ejj4 ,all the groceries and the children's clothing and boots1 are paid for with butter and egg money4 ,w4 ,h4 ,johnston1 five miles south of ,moose ,jaw1 has thirty cows and milks an average of twenty-five4 ,his gross receipts last summer were from #fjj to #gjj per month1 of which #cjj was profit4 ,he grows his own feed1 principally oats and hay1 and has no worries over harvesting or grain prices4 ,truck ,gardening4--,long days of abundant sunshine from ,may to ,september1 and adequate moisture in the spring and early summer permit of a wide variety of products4 ,the soil is rich and warm1 and easily worked4 ,close attention to cultivation has resulted in record yields of vegetables and small fruits1 which bring good prices in the cities4 ,a farmer within five miles of ,moose ,jaw1 who sold vegetables at the city market last year realized more than #cjj between ,august #a1 and ,october #cj4 ,he had half an acre in carrots1 cabbage1 cauliflower1 radishes1 beans1 lettuce and onions1 and half an acre in potatoes and turnips4 ,his own table was supplied all summer and enough vegetables were put in the cellar to supply him during the winter and seed potatoes in the spring4 ,illustration3 ,r4 ,p4 ,o4 ,uwell's old home1 ,clover ,bar1 ,alberta4 ,this old home is now replaced by one of more modern structure4 ,illustration3 ,a comfortable modern home in ,western ,canada1 the old home now used as a granary4 ,william ,hamilton--,pioneer4 ,illustration3 ,segar ,wheeler's residence ,rosthern1 ,sask4 is a fair type of many homes in the ,canadians4 ,corn ,can ,be ,grown on ,canadian ,prairies4--,manitoba is producing corn1 chiefly for feed4 ,on ,september #bh1 corn nine feet high had developed to the dough stage1 and the crop would easily exceed twenty tons to the acre4 ,there are also scattered fields of corn in ,saskatchewan and ,alberta4 ,corn is successfully grown in the northern part of ,minnesota in similar soil and under the same climatic condition1 and there is no apparent reason why like results should not be secured in ,western ,canada4 ,many ,american farmers of experience believe the corn belt is extending northward4 ,alfalfa is an assured crop in many parts of ,western ,canada and is destined to be the leading forage crop4 ,in a recent competition forty-three entries were made1 and every field was one of which farmers of the older alfalfa countries might be proud4 ,in southern ,alberta alfalfa is a success2 at ,edmonton it grows abundantly4 ,battleford1 ,prince ,albert1 ,regina1 ,indian ,head1 ,lacombe1 ,brandon1 and in many other districts alfalfa is grown4 ,post ,offices4--,throughout the settled portions of ,western ,canada are found post offices at which mails are delivered regularly1 thus bringing ,eastern friends within a few days' reach of those who have gone forward to make homes under new but favourable conditions on the fertile lands of the ,west4 ,last year hundreds of new post offices were established1 many of them at points remote from the railway1 but all demanded by new settlements made during the year4 ,roads and ,bridges4--,it is said to be the policy of the ,canadian ,government to do everything possible for the welfare of the settler1 whether in accessible new town or remote hamlet4 ,this solicitude is shown in every branch dealing with the organizing of new districts4 ,bridges have been built1 roads constructed1 the district policed1 and a dozen other conveniences provided4 ,is it any wonder that with the splendid1 high-yielding land1 free to the homesteader or open to purchase at reasonable prices from railway and land companies1 the ,canadian immigration records for #aiac were so high8 ,land ,laws4--,canada's land laws were formed after the ,united ,states had applied its methods to the free lands of the ,west1 and embody the best ,united ,states provisions4 ,they are so framed as not to bear heavily on the settler1 whose interests are carefully watched1 and are liberally administered4 ,after several years' trial they have proved satisfactory4 ,titles1 or patents1 come from the ,crown1 and on being registered in a ,land ,titles ,office these patents secure a transfer4 ,taxes outside of cities1 towns1 and the larger municipalities1 are merely nominal and are devoted entirely to the improvement of roads1 to educational purposes1 to the payment of salaries1 and to the erection of public buildings4 ,at least #ej per cent of these costs1 and in small struggling communities1 #fj per cent or more1 is paid by the ,government out of the fund produced by the sale of school lands1 one-eighth of the country having been reserved for that purpose4 ,the ,banks of ,canada4--,the close of #aiac has brought the usual bank statements accompanied by the addresses of the presidents and general managers of these institutions4 ,they deal with economic matters first hand1 and show in striking manner the prosperity of the country4 ,those who know anything of ,canadian banking methods know the stability of these institutions1 and the high character of the men in charge of them4 ,mr4 ,coulson1 of the ,canadian ,bank of ,commerce says3 ,we have had a good harvest4 ,the yield has been generally good1 and the quality on the average has never been surpassed4 ,this has been especially so in the ,western ,provinces1 and the unusually favourable weather and abundant transportation facilities afforded by the railroads enabled the movement of grain to be made rapidly4 ,canada's ,new ,bank ,act4--,during #aiac the decennial revision of the ,bank ,act took place4 ,among important changes were3 ,the establishment of the ,central ,gold ,reserves4 ,authority to lend to farmers on their threshed grain4 ,the provision which enables a bank to lend to a farmer on the security of his threshed grain is extensively utilized4 ,this class of loan is regarded as a moral risk1 and banks still depend more upon the character of the borrower than upon the security4 ,what ,bank ,managers ,have to ,say4--,mr4 ,balfour1 manager of the ,union ,bank of ,canada3 ,the railway companies have carried out the grain from the ,western ,provinces this year in a very satisfactory manner4 ,mr4 ,john ,galt1 president of the ,union ,bank of ,canada3 ,speaking generally1 the crop results have been satisfactory4 ,in the three great wheat growing provinces this has been a banner year4 ,not only has the yield been large1 but the average quality has never been equalled1 and the cost of harvesting has been unusually low1 owing to the magnificent weather4 ,this has1 to some extent1 offset the low prices which prevailed4 ,the railways have done splendid work in handling the crop4 ,there is a marked increase in the number of livestock4 ,farmers are becoming more fully alive to the advantages they derive from this source and are realizing that their borrowing credit is greatly enhanced if they can show a good proportion of cattle in their assets1 and banks should look with favour on loans for the purchase and handling of livestock4 ,robert ,campbell1 general manager of the ,northern ,crown ,bank1 gives strong testimony of the wealth of ,western ,canada3 ,it is important at a time like the present for every business concern1 financial or otherwise1 to show by its statement that collections have been good4 ,we may congratulate ourselves upon the showing we have made in this4 ,notwithstanding that we have made new loans amounting to millions of dollars since the crop was harvested1 our old loans have been paid off so rapidly that our liquid assets were not reduced4 ,this state of affairs is attributable to the fine weather we have experienced in the ,west1 which enabled the farmers to harvest their grain early and quickly and to the unusual rapidity with which the crop was moved by the railway companies4 ,illustration3 ,corn is not generally grown in ,western ,canada1 but this #cbj acres shows a splendid yield1 and considerable is now grown for fodder4 ,,provincial ,,premiers ,,are ,,optimistic ,manitoba is ,stronger4--,sir ,rodmond ,roblin has no pessimism regarding the outlook in ,manitoba4 ,he says3 ,the improvements upon farm and field excite the admiration of those interested in agriculture1 while our population has been very considerably increased by a healthy1 intelligent1 and industrious class of new-comers4 ,manitoba1 is much stronger financially1 numerically1 commercially1 industrially and educationally than she was in the year #aiab4 ,her progress and development are rapid1 healthy1 and permanent4 ,hope and ,cheer in ,saskatchewan4--,hon4 ,walter ,scott3 ,the sheet anchor of ,saskatchewan is its soil1 which 7excluding1 of course1 the far north7 comprises a larger proportion of land capable of sustaining a farming population than any area of similar vastness on the globe4 ,nothing but inconceivable recklessness and waste can prevent its remaining for all time a great agricultural province1 and nothing can seriously check its steady forward movement4 ,alberta on ,sound ,footing4--,hon4 ,a4 ,l4 ,sifton3 ,alberta was never on a sounder footing than it is to-day4 ,it has reaped the best crop in her history1 and stands in line for her share of the millions earned by the farmers of ,western ,canada for their wheat and other grains4 ,coarse grains for feeding purposes are beginning to predominate with the advent of mixed farming4 ,a gratifying increase in the number of dairy cows and hogs is reported from every district1 indicating a new source of wealth1 a more constant revenue for the farmer and a new basis of credit for farming operations4 ,splendid ,outlook in ,british ,columbia4--,sir ,richard ,mc,bride says3 ,that ,british ,columbia1 judged by the healthy growth in population and in general industries during the past year1 and the splendid outlook1 may confidently be expected to have increased prosperity in #aiad4 ,mining will show a larger output for the current year and the same may be said of agriculture and other occupations4 ,generous and wise expenditure for adding to the already extensive road system1 the building of necessary public works1 as well as the enormous amount of railway construction all conduce to the opening up and settlement of immense areas1 hitherto almost dormant4 ,,panama ,,canal ,,and ,,canada ,the ,london ,times1 speaking of the ,panama ,canal1 says3 ,although there is considerable speculation in trade and political circles as to the effect of the opening of the ,panama ,canal1 enthusiasts in the ,west predict that ,western ,canada generally will increase in population and wealth to an extent beyond conception4 ,the ,canal will have the effect of bringing the outposts of ,empire inside the commercial arena4 ,the new water route1 combined with improved railway facilities1 will certainly improve the position of ,western ,canada in the battle for the world's markets4 ,,what ,,has ,,been ,,said ,,about ,,western ,,canada ,mr4 ,james ,j4 ,hill4--,within a few years the ,united ,states will not be exporting any wheat1 but it will become a market for the wheat of ,canada4 ,dr4 ,wm4 ,saunders1 ,director of the ,canadian ,government ,experimental ,farm at ,ottawa1 ,canada3 ,the ,canadian ,northwest can supply not only sufficient wheat for a local population of thirty millions1 but have left over for export three times as much as the total import of the ,british ,isles4 ,one-fourth of its arable land is devoted to wheat4 ,professor ,shaw4--,the first foot of soil in the provinces of ,manitoba1 ,saskatchewan and ,alberta is worth more than all the mines from ,alaska to ,mexico1 and more than all the forests from the boundary to the ,arctic ocean4 ,one acre of the average soil in ,western ,canada is worth more than ten acres of average land in the ,united ,states4 ,professor ,tanner4--,the black earth of ,central ,russia1 the richest soil in the world1 has to yield its distinguished position to rich1 deep1 fertile soil of ,western ,canada4 ,here the most fertile soil of the world is to be found4 ,these soils are rich vegetable humus or clay loam with good clay subsoil4 ,to the high percentage of nitrogen is due the high percentage of gluten which gives the ',canadian ,no4 #a ,hard' the flouring qualities which have spread its fame abroad to the ends of the earth4 ,st4 ,paul ,farmer4--,during a recent trip through ,western ,canada1 the editor of the ,st4 ,paul ,farmer1 in referring to ,government forces in agriculture1 spoke of the interest that the ,dominion and the ,provincial ,governments took in farming and farm education1 as complete and effective4 ,the ,general ,manager of a ,canadian bank is reported to have said that1 owing to the speedy manner in which grain came forward in the fall of #aiac1 our farmer customers in the prairie provinces paid off about three million dollars of liabilities between ,september #bj1 and ,october #aj4 ,hon4 ,w4 ,t4 ,white1 speaking at a ,new ,york meeting1 said3 ,we used to give you good ,canadians but now we are getting back good ,americans4 ,ours came from the east1 yours are going into our west4 ,some of the most practical citizens1 the best ,canada has to-day1 are the ,americans4 ,we received last year no less than #adj1jjj4 ,manitoba1 ,saskatchewan1 ,alberta1 three provinces1 have each a larger territory than modern ,germany1 less than ten per cent under cultivation4 ,this year they had a crop of over #bjj million bushels of wheat4 ,you cannot get any country where contracts are more faithfully regarded or obligations more carefully safeguarded by law than in ,canada4 ,sir ,thomas ,shaughnessy4--,immigration into ,canada cannot cease1 for it is due to economic conditions which show no signs of changing4 ,david ,r4 ,forgan4--,nothing can check a country which can raise the amount of wheat which has been raised in ,western ,canada this year4 ,any checks which the country may have had as a result of the world-wide money conditions are entirely beneficial to the country4 ,numbers of young men1 the sons of farmers in the ,states1 are now coming to ,canada1 and are taking up land much cheaper and equally as good as they could get in the ,states4 ,lord ,william ,percy of ,england3 ,the possibilities and opportunities offered by the ,west are infinitely greater than those which exist in ,england4 ,colonel ,donald ,walter ,cameron of ,lochiel1 ,scotland1 ,chief of the ,cameron ,clan3 ,we cannot blame our people for coming out here1 where there are so many opportunities as compared with those afforded in ,scotland4 ,i thought possibly a trip through ,canada would give us some plan as to how to stop the wholesale emigration from ,scotland1 but1 after seeing this wonderful country and the opportunities on every side1 where one man has as good chances as his neighbor1 ,i have come to the conclusion that nothing more can be done4 ,speaker ,clark4--,in commenting on ,speaker ,clark's remarks expressing regret at the number of ,americans who had gone to ,canada in one week1 the ,chicago ,news says3 ,the appropriate sentiment for the occasion would seem to be a ,god-speed to the emigrants4 ,they are acting as the ,american pioneers did before them1 and are taking what appears to them to be the most promising step for improving their fortunes4 ,the bait is wild land1 and it is not affected by national boundaries4 ,mayor ,deacon1 ,winnipeg3 ,no man who sets foot in ,canada is more entirely and heartily welcome than the agriculturist from the ,south4 ,an eminent ,american writer after a recent visit to the ,canadian ,west in speaking of the ,american immigration to ,canada1 says3 ,any country that can draw our citizens to it on such a scale must have about it something above the ordinary1 and that ,canada has in many ways4 ,illustration3 ,figuring out the result of the year's crop4 ,the yield of which he estimates at over forty bushels per acre of wheat4 ,dean ,curtiss of ,ames ,agricultural ,college1 ,iowa1 says3 ,we of the ,united ,states think we know how to get behind agriculture and push1 but the ,canadians dare to do even more than we do in some respects4 ,they have wonderful faith in the future3 they hesitate at no undertaking that offers prospects of results4 ,more significant still is the wide co-operation for agricultural promotion1 including the government1 private individuals1 and corporations and the railroads4 ,manitoba has in the last two years provided about as much money for the building of an agricultural plant as ,iowa has appropriated in half a century4 ,it has given in two years #b1ejj1jjj for buildings and grounds for its agricultural institutions4 ,saskatchewan is building a plant for its university and agricultural college on a broader and more substantial plan than has been applied to any similar institution in this country4 ,yet neither province has more than half a million population4 ,for public schools equally generous provision is made4 ,they are being built up to give vocational and technical training as well as cultural4 ,they fit the needs of the country excellently and should turn out fine types of boys and girls4 ,they do this with a remarkable faith in the value of right education4 ,dean ,curtiss was much interested in the many ways the ,canadian ,government aids agriculture1 aside from appropriations for education4 ,it is helping to solve marketing problems2 encouraging better breeding of livestock by buying sires and reselling them at cost1 and doing many other things of like character4 ,he says3 ,i found that the ,government is advancing from #ej to #he per cent of the money necessary to build cooeperative creameries and elevators4 ,where cattle need breeding up1 the ,government buys bulls of dairy1 ,shorthorn1 or special dairy breeds1 and sends them in at cost and long time payments4 ,the words ,canadian wheat are familiar to all1 but many have not yet participated in the benefits derived by those who1 within the past few years1 have placed their capital in ,canadian wheat lands4 ,they1 who1 through foresight1 so invested1 they who broke the first furrow1 have reaped bountifully4 ,the development of the fertile plains and valleys of ,western ,canada is still in its infancy4 ,the accomplishments of the past few years1 while truly wonderful1 have but proven the great resources and future capabilities of this vast country4 ,the growth of to-day will be insignificant compared with the achievements of the next few years4 ,the homestead shack is now giving place to the comfortable residence1 large barns are being erected where the improvised log and mud stable sheltered a few head of cattle1 fields are fenced1 roads built1 and great fields of grain and luxuriant pastures are always in evidence4 ,the ,climate4--,owing to the altitude1 ,western ,canada is one of the finest and most healthful sections in the world4 ,speaking generally it is at least a thousand feet higher above sea level than the ,middle ,western ,states1 thus giving a dry1 bracing air1 much like portions of ,colorado4 ,during a large part of the summer the days are hot and sunny1 with more than twenty hours of daylight and consequently growing weather1 in each day4 ,the nights1 however1 are always cool and restful and are largely responsible for the splendid vitality of ,western men4 ,the winters are truly splendid4 ,usually farming operations on the land are stopped by frost from the #abth to the #aeth of ,november although some years they have been continued into ,december4 ,usually late in ,november snow falls1 and with the exception of those districts where ,chinook winds are frequent1 will remain until the following spring1 disappearing early in ,march4 ,during this time there is clear1 bright1 dry1 sunny weather and an intensely invigorating atmosphere4 ,the average winter temperature ranges from zero to twenty-two above zero1 according to the district4 ,occasionally severe cold weather will occur1 lasting for two or three days1 but this is not unknown in the ,middle ,western ,states4 ,one of the greatest advantages is the hard frost1 during the winter4 ,this freezes the ground to a depth of several feet4 ,in the spring1 thawing naturally commences at the top4 ,as soon as the top soil is sufficiently thawed the land is sown1 the cultivation forming a mulch which conserves the moisture in the frozen ground underneath4 ,with the increasing warmth of early summer1 the lower frost gradually thaws out and this moisture aids largely in the growth of the young crop4 ,the heaviest rainfall occurs in ,june1 when it is most needed and does the most good to the growing crops4 ,the rainfall of western ,canada varies from #af to #bh inches4 ,the farmers are usually working upon the land during the first week in ,april4 ,this gives a long growing season and plenty of time to dispose of the crop and get the land prepared1 ready for the next season's operation4 ,,meteorological ,,record ,,for ,,january1 #aiac ,precipi- ,experimental ,degrees of ,temperature tation ,hours of ,farm or ,highest ,lowest ,mean in ,sunshine ,station at ,inches ,possible ,actual ,brandon1 ,man #cf4i -#cg4f #bd4fj 4#aa #bfh #gc4f ,indian ,head1 ,sask #dj4j -#de4j -#f4ea 4#hj #bff #eg4i ,rosthern1 ,sask #ch4f -#di4e #ac4cj 4#ee #beb #gc4i ,scott1 ,sask #ch4h -#dh4h -#i4dg 4#ei #bee #hc4i ,lacombe1 ,alta #de4c -#ce4f 4#fg 4#ic #beg #fc4c ,lethbridge1 ,alta #dg4j -#cj4j #g4di 4#hj #bfi #ia4i ,,december1 #aiab ,brandon1 ,man #ci4i #bg4b #i4cj #a4jj #bed #fa4a ,indian ,head1 ,sask #ci4j #ai4j #ac4ai #a4bc #bdh #ec4b ,rosthern1 ,sask #ch4h #bc4b #h4ae 4#ej #bcc #fb4d ,scott1 ,sask #dd4a #ai4h #af4hf 4#bg #bch #ia4c ,lacombe1 ,alta #eh4f #aj4f #ba4ih 4#jc #bch #g4db ,lethbridge1 ,alta #ej4a #j4i #bg4af 4#bc #bed #ajb4c ,illustration3 ,a scene showing farming on a large scale in the park districts of ,western ,canada4 ,water is good and plentiful in this district4 ,,sweepstake ,,upon ,,sweepstake ,a ,manitoba ,steer ,carries ,off ,honors ,similar to ,those ,won by a ,half-brother in #aiab4 ,saskatchewan wins and now owns the ,colorado ,silver ,trophy for best oats in the world4 ,when ,glencarnock ,i1 the ,aberdeen-,angus steer1 owned by ,mr4 ,mc,gregor of ,brandon1 ,manitoba1 carried off the ,sweepstakes at the ,chicago ,live ,stock ,show in #aiab1 it was considered a great victory for barley1 oats and grass1 versus corn4 ,that there might be no doubt as to the superiority of barley feeding1 ,manitoba climate1 and judgment in selecting the animal1 in #aiac ,mr4 ,mc,gregor entered another ,aberdeen-,angus1 a half-brother to the winner of #aiab1 and secured a second victory4 ,in other classes also ,mr4 ,mc,gregor had excellent winnings4 ,glencarnock's victory proves not only the superiority of the new feeding1 but that the climate of the prairie provinces of ,western ,canada1 in combination with the rich foods possessed by that country1 tends to make cattle raising a success at little cost4 ,other winnings at the ,live ,stock ,show which placed ,western ,canada in the class of big victories were3 three firsts1 seven seconds1 and five other prizes in ,clydesdales4 ,among recent victories won by ,western ,canada within the past three years3 ,in ,february1 #aiaa1 ,hill ,sons1 of ,lloydminster1 ,saskatchewan1 showed a peck of oats at the ,national ,corn ,exposition in ,columbus1 ,ohio1 and carried off the ,colorado ,silver ,trophy1 valued at #a1ejj4jj4 ,in ,february1 #aiac1 they had a similar victory at ,columbia1 ,n4 ,c41 the third and final winning was at ,dallas1 ,texas1 on ,february #ag1 #aiad1 when ,hill ,son's oats defeated all other entries4 ,in #aiaa1 ,seager ,wheeler1 of ,rosthern1 won #a1jjj in gold at the ,new ,york ,land ,show for best hundred pounds of wheat4 ,in #aiab1 at the ,dry ,farming ,congress1 ,lethbridge1 ,mr4 ,holmes of ,cardston won an engine for best wheat in the world4 ,in #aiac1 at ,tulsa1 ,oklahoma1 ,mr4 ,p4 ,gerlack1 of ,allan1 ,saskatchewan1 carried off the honors and a threshing machine for the best bushel of wheat shown in a world competition4 ,it was the ,marquis variety and weighed #ga lbs4 to the bushel4 ,at this congress1 ,canada won a majority of the world's honours in individual classes1 and seven out of the sixteen sweepstakes4 ,other first prizes taken at the same place were3 ,barley1 ,nicholas ,tetinger1 ,claresholm1 ,alberta4 ,oats1 ,e4 ,j4 ,lanigan1 ,elfross1 ,saskatchewan4 ,flax1 ,john ,plews1 ,carnduff1 ,saskatchewan4 ,sheaf of barley1 ,a4 ,h4 ,crossman1 ,kindersley1 ,saskatchewan4 ,sheaf of flax1 ,r4 ,c4 ,west1 ,kindersley1 ,saskatchewan4 ,sheaf of oats1 ,arthur ,perry1 ,cardston1 ,alberta4 ,in district exhibits1 ,swift ,current1 ,saskatchewan1 won the ,board of ,trade ,award1 with ,maple ,creek second4 ,red ,fife ,spring ,wheat1 ,e4 ,a4 ,fredrick1 ,maple ,creek4 ,other variety of ,hard ,spring ,wheat1 ,s4 ,englehart1 ,abernethy1 ,saskatchewan4 ,black ,oats1 ,alex ,wooley1 ,norton1 ,alberta4 ,oats1 any other variety1 ,wm4 ,s4 ,simpson1 ,pambrun1 ,saskatchewan4 ,western ,rye ,grass1 ,w4 ,s4 ,creighton1 ,stalwart1 ,saskatchewan4 ,sheaf of ,red ,fife ,wheat1 ,r4 ,h4 ,carter1 ,fort ,qu',appelle1 ,saskatchewan4 ,sheaf of ,marquis ,wheat1 ,g4 ,h4 ,carney1 ,dysart1 ,saskatchewan4 ,two-,rowed ,barley1 ,r4 ,h4 ,carter1 ,fort ,qu',appelle1 ,saskatchewan4 ,six-,rowed ,barley1 ,r4 ,h4 ,carter1 ,fort ,qu',appelle1 ,saskatchewan4 ,western ,rye ,grass1 ,arthur ,perry1 ,cardston1 ,alberta4 ,alsike ,clover1 ,seager ,wheeler1 ,rosthern1 ,saskatchewan4 ,agricultural ,education in ,western ,canada4--,scientific farming probably can be pursued with more profit and advantage in ,western ,canada than in any other portion of the continent4 ,what can be achieved may be judged by what has been accomplished by the thousands who with not even a theoretical knowledge have made it a success4 ,the various governments have provided for the development of a class of farmers who1 in the possession of the rich soil of the country1 with its abundant humus1 its phosphates1 and large endowment of other properties will make of it the greatest farming region of the known world4 ,,areas ,,of ,,land ,,and ,,water ,according to the latest measurements the land and water areas of the three provinces1 as at the ,census of #aiaa1 are as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,provinces ,land ,water ,total ---------------------------------------- ---------- acres acres acres ,manitoba #da1afi1jih #f1jai1bjj #dg1ahh1bih ,saskatchewan #aee1gfd1dhj #e1cbc1ebj #afa1jhh1jjj ,alberta #afa1hgb1jjj #a1eaj1djj #afc1chb1djj ,total #ceh1hje1egh #ab1hec1abj #cga1feh1fih ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,note--,by the ,extension of ,boundaries ,act1 #aiab1 the area of ,manitoba was increased by #aac1ihd1jjj acres1 bringing the total to #afa1agb1bih acres1 of which #ab1gci1fjj acres are water4 ,the areas of ,manitoba in this article relate solely however to the province as constituted before the ,act of #aiab4 ,comparative ,areas of wheat1 oats1 and barley in the three ,western ,provinces3 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,this table was split into three parts for the text version ,provinces #aijj #aiaj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,bushels ,acres ,bushels ,acres ---------------------------------------- -- ,manitoba-- ,wheat #ah1ceb1ibi #a1ife1aic #cd1abe1idi #b1gfj1cga ,oats #aj1ieb1cfe #egc1hdh #cj1cgh1cgi #a1bji1agc ,barley #b1fff1efg #aci1ffj #f1ejf1fcd #daf1jaf ,saskatchewan-- ,wheat #d1cjf1jia #dhg1agj #ff1igh1iif #d1bbh1bbb ,oats #b1bgj1jeg #ada1eag #eh1ibb1gia #a1hhh1cei ,barley #ahg1baa #aa1gih #c1jfa1jjg #abi1fba ,alberta-- ,wheat #gig1hci #dc1ajc #i1jfj1baj #hgi1cja ,oats #c1gia1bei #aah1jbe #af1jii1bbc #ghc1jgb ,barley #bhg1cdc #aa1jii #b1dhj1afe #aba1dce ,provinces #aiaa #aiab ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,bushels ,acres ,bushels ,acres ---------------------------------------- -- ,manitoba-- ,wheat #fb1fhi1jjj #c1jid1hcc #fc1jag1jjj #b1hci1jjj ,oats #fj1jcg1jjj #a1cjg1dcd #eg1aed1jjj #a1cdh1jjj ,barley #ad1idi1jjj #ddh1aje #ae1hbf1jjj #dha1jjj ,saskatchewan-- ,wheat #aji1jge1jjj #e1bef1dgdajf1ifj1jjj #e1ehb1jjj ,oats #ajg1eid1jjj #b1ccb1iabaag1ecg1jjj #b1eef1jjj ,barley #h1ffa1jjj #bgc1ihh #i1eie1jjj #bib1jjj ,alberta-- ,wheat #cf1fjb1jjj #a1fci1igd #cd1cjc1jjj #a1eij1jjj ,oats #ei1jcd1jjj #a1bba1bag #fg1fcj1jjj #a1dfa1jjj ,barley #d1cef1jjj #afd1acb #f1agi1jjj #ahg1jjj ,provinces #aiac ,average for #e years #aijh-aiab ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,bushels ,acres ,bush4 ,price ------------------------------------ ,manitoba-- ,wheat #ec1cca1jjj #b1hjd1jjj #ah4ag #j4ge ,oats #ef1gei1jjj #a1cih1jjj #cg4dj #j4cj ,barley #ad1cje1jjj #dif1jjj #bg4ed #j4dj ,saskatchewan-- ,wheat #aba1eei1jjj #e1gbj1jjj #ai4jf #j4fe ,oats #aad1aab1jjj #b1gee1jjj #dj4hh #j4bg ,barley #aj1dba1jjj #ccb1jjj #bi4ji #j4ch ,alberta-- ,wheat #cd1cgb1jjj #a1eab1jjj #bj4bb #j4fa ,oats #ga1edb1jjj #a1fci1jjj #da4ah #j4bg ,barley #f1ccd1jjj #aig1jjj #bh4ih #j4ce ,illustration3 ,cattle on the uplands as well as the open plain do well in all parts of ,western ,canada4 ,illustration3 ,horses range most of the year in many parts of ,saskatchewan and ,alberta4 ,,manitoba ,the most easterly of the three ,central ,provinces--lies in the centre of the ,north ,american continent--midway between the ,pacific and ,atlantic oceans1 its southern boundary running down to the #dith parallel1 which separates it from the ,united ,states1 its northeasterly boundary being ,hudson ,bay4 ,it may well be termed one of the ,maritime ,provinces of ,canada4 ,manitoba is one-fourth larger than ,germany1 its area covering #beb1jjj square miles or about #afa million acres4 ,if a family were placed on every half section of the surveyed land in ,manitoba1 more than #fjj1jjj persons would be actually living in the ,province4 ,available ,homesteads4--,one and a half million acres of land are open for free homesteading in ,manitoba--east of the ,red ,river1 and between lakes ,winnipeg and ,manitoba1 also west of ,lake ,manitoba and in the newly opened districts along the railway lines4 ,the wooded areas of these districts will make a strong appeal to those who appreciate the picturesque4 ,where the timber is light scrub1 it is easily removed1 while the heavy forest richly repays the cost of clearing4 ,lakes1 rivers1 and creeks are numerous1 and wells of moderate depth furnish water for domestic purposes4 ,homestead lands are easily reached and the value of land is steadily advancing4 ,two hundred and thirty-two homesteads were filed in ,winnipeg in ,december1 #aiac--;almost twice the number filed during ,december1 #aiab4 ,available ,farm ,lands1 apart from homesteads1 can be secured at #ab to #ae per acre for raw prairie1 while improved farms command #ce to #dj4 ,improved ,farms may be secured in all parts of ,manitoba from owners who have grown wealthy and are in a position to retire4 ,soil and ,surface4--,the surface of ,manitoba is not a flat1 bare stretch1 a bald-headed prairie4 ,a large part of the land1 especially in the south1 is1 indeed1 the flat bed of a wide1 prehistoric lake2 but even in the southwest the land rises into wooded hills1 and in the southeast1 close to the ,lake-of-the-,woods country1 there is a genuine forest4 ,in ,western ,manitoba are forested areas1 and timbered districts exist on the ,turtle ,mountains and the ,brandon ,hills4 ,the true forest persists in ,central ,manitoba as far as the ,duck ,mountains4 ,from all these points quantities of lumber1 fence posts1 and firewood are sent to the prairie settlers4 ,the rivers and lakes are skirted by a plentiful tree growth4 ,down through the heart of the ,province stretch two great lake chains4 ,lake ,winnipeg and lakes ,winnipegosis and ,manitoba1 which receive the waters of the ,saskatchewan and ,assiniboine from the west1 and discharge through the ,nelson ,river to ,hudson ,bay4 ,sloping to the west from the ,lake ,manitoba plain is a range of gentle hills known as the ,duck ,mountains1 ,riding ,mountains1 and the ,porcupine ,hills4 ,these hills in no way alter the fact that almost the whole land surface of ,central and ,southern ,manitoba west of its great lakes is ready for cultivation4 ,the northern portion of the ,province1 though not surveyed1 is known to contain a large area of good agricultural land4 ,manitoba's soil is a deep rich loam1 inexhaustible in its productiveness4 ,there are #be-a_/b million acres of land surveyed1 about one-fourth of which was under crop in #aiac4 ,grain ,growing4--,manitoba is noted for its wheat crops and has already an established prestige in yields of oats1 rye1 and flax2 in some parts corn is being grown4 ,in certain districts good yields of winter wheat are reported4 ,the grain statistics for the ,province reveal an interesting condition4 ,in #aija there were #a1ife1bjj acres of land under wheat1 and in #aiaj the area had grown to #c1jid1hcc acres4 ,in #aiac1 this had increased to #c1ada1bah acres4 ,the land under oats1 in #aiac1 amounted to #a1ici1gbc acres2 barley1 #a1aec1hcd acres1 and flax1 #aae1jed acres4 ,the average yield of wheat in #aiac was #bj bushels2 oats1 #db bushels4 ,the total grain crop in the ,province for #aiac was #agh1gge1idf bushels1 grown on #f1cfd1hhj acres1 compared with #ahb1ceg1did for #aiab1 the decrease being due to a falling off in oats of nearly #g million bushels and in flax of more than #a million bushels4 ,of the #aiac grain crop spring and fall wheat together occupied an area of #c1ada1bah acres and yielded #fb1gee1dee bushels4 ,oats occupied an area of #a1ici1gbc acres and yielded #ha1daj1agd bushels4 ,barley occupied an area of #a1aec1hcd acres and yielded #cc1jad1fic bushels4 ,flax1 rye1 and peas occupied an area of #acj1aje acres and yielded #a1eie1fbd bushels4 ,the above are ,provincial ,government returns4 ,potatoes and ,field ,roots4--,the yield of potatoes for #aiac was #i1igg1bfc bushels from an area of #ee1gdc acres1 and that of field roots #d1aif1fab bushels from an area of #af1bge acres4 ,the average yield of potatoes was about #ahj bushels per acre2 field roots #beg bushels4 ,total value1 about #b1ajj1jjj4 ,fodder ,crops4--,brome grass contributed #dc1dcb tons from an area of #bd1iab acres4 ,rye grass #cc1ijg tons from an area of #ba1aig acres4 ,timothy #aha1djg from an area of #aah1hab acres4 ,clover and alfalfa together contributed #bj1ded tons from an area of #aj1jcg acres1 and fodder corn #aai1gfd tons from an area of #bj1bbc acres4 ,total value about #b million dollars4 ,alfalfa is largely grown at ,gilbert ,plains1 ,roblin1 ,swan ,river and ,grand ,view4 ,the figures given are from ,provincial ,government returns4 ,the ,season4--,although spring opened a few days earlier than usual1 seeding was quite general on well drained land by ,april #aeth4 ,from that date until the end of the month the weather was exceptionally favourable1 and by ,may #ajth1 on well prepared land1 nearly all the seeding was over4 ,during the first three weeks of ,may the weather was quite cool1 and growth was slow2 but with warmer weather the last week's growth was more rapid4 ,there was an abundance of moisture from the previous fall1 and despite the low temperature during ,may1 wheat was well advanced by the end of the month4 ,illustration3 ,putting up wild hay in ,manitoba1 which frequently yields from #a-a_/b to #b tons per acre4 ,illustration3 ,central and ,southern ,,manitoba ,for ,map of ,northern ,manitoba see pages #ad and #ae ,the early part of ,june was dry with high temperature2 but in the latter part of this month rain was more plentiful1 especially in the western part of the ,province4 ,the rainfall in ,july was below the average1 and the temperature lower than usual4 ,harvesting was general by the middle of ,august4 ,the excellent condition of the land at seeding time1 the favourable weather during germination and growth1 and the ideal harvesting and threshing weather1 exercised the greatest influence in determining the high grade of all grains as well as materially reducing the cost of harvesting4 ,mixed ,farming has become quite general in ,manitoba1 practically every farmer now having his herd of cattle or flock of sheep4 ,his fattened hogs find a steadily increasing market at good prices1 while poultry is a source of revenue4 ,the vegetable crop is always a success2 wonderful yields of potatoes and roots are regularly recorded4 ,many portions of the country1 partially wooded and somewhat broken1 which were formerly overlooked1 are now proving desirable for mixed farming4 ,these park districts have sufficient area for growing grain1 hay1 and grasses4 ,the poplar groves scattered here afford excellent shelter for cattle and1 in many cases1 furnish valuable building material4 ,the district lying east and southeast of ,winnipeg is rapidly being settled4 ,it is well served by the ,canadian ,pacific1 ,canadian ,northern1 and ,grand ,trunk ,pacific ,railways4 ,rainfall here as elsewhere throughout the ,province is adequate1 and well water easily secured4 ,much of this land is available for homesteads1 while other portions may be purchased at a low price from the railway and land companies4 ,this applies to ,swan ,river and ,dauphin districts4 ,hon4 ,george ,lawrence1 ,minister of ,agriculture1 says3 ,conditions in ,manitoba are excellent for livestock of all kinds1 and the money-making possibilities in producing all manner of food are beyond question4 ,the output of the creameries last year was close to #d1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,they cannot1 however1 begin to meet the demand4 ,it is the same with eggs1 poultry1 beef1 pork1 mutton1 vegetables1 and all foodstuffs4 ,the opportunity for the man who will go in for mixed farming in this ,province is consequently obvious4 ,dairying yielded about #c-a_/b million dollars in #aiac for butter1 and then failed to supply local demand1 a quantity of milk1 cream1 and butter being imported4 ,winnipeg alone used over three-quarters of a million dollars' worth of milk and cream in #aiac4 ,the demand is increasing with the growth of the cities throughout the west1 and splendid opportunities exist in this field4 ,cheese sold in #aiac at #ab-a_/b cents per pound1 dairy butter at #bc4d cents1 and creamery butter at #bg4e cents4 ,dairy schools1 under control of the ,agricultural ,college are well equipped and under the guidance of professors of high standing4 ,businesslike ,farming4--,nowhere on the continent more than in ,manitoba has farming advanced to the dignity of a thoroughly businesslike occupation4 ,here the farmer works1 not merely for a living1 but for a handsome profit4 ,instances are frequent where large areas under wheat have given a clear profit of over #ab an acre4 ,all the labour of ploughing1 seeding1 harvesting1 and marketing is included at #g4ej per acre with hired help4 ,even allowing #h1 it is a poor year that will not yield a handsome margin4 ,the greatest monopoly of the future will be land4 ,wheat is the greatest food cereal4 ,lands suitable to the growth of ,no4 #a hard wheat are extremely limited4 ,while the demand for wheat is increasing1 the wheat belt of the ,united ,states is decreasing yearly in acreage and yield1 with the result that within a few years the ,united ,states will have to import and scramble for a lion's share of the wheat crops of the world4 ,the following tables give the acreage1 average and total yield of wheat oats1 barley1 and flax for the last seven years4 ,provincial government returns1 ,,wheat ,,oats ,year ,acreage ,average ,total ,acreage ,average ,total ,yield ,yield ,yield ,yield #aijg #b1ghi1eec #ad4bb #ci1fhh1bff4f #a1bac1eif #cd4h #db1adj1gdd #aijh #b1hej1fdj #ag4bc #di1beb1eci #a1baf1fcb #cf4h #dd1fhf1jdc #aiji #b1fdb1aaa #ag4cc #de1ggd1gjg4g #a1cgc1fhc #cg4a #ej1ihc1jef #aiaj #b1ifb1ahg #ac4dge #ci1iaf1cia4g #a1dhf1dcf #bh4g #db1fdg1gff #aiaa #c1cej1jjj #ah4bi #fa1jeh1ghf #a1fbe1jjj #de4c #gc1ghf1fhc #aiab #b1hbc1cfb #bj4jg #eh1dcc1egi #a1ici1ihb #df4j #hg1aij1fgg #aiac #c1ada1bah #ai4cj #fb1gee1dee #a1ici1gbc #db4j #ha1daj1agd ,,barley ,,flax ,year ,acreage ,average ,total ,acreage ,average ,total ,yield ,yield ,yield ,yield #aijg #fdi1egj #be4g #af1geb1gbd4c #be1iae #ab4be #cag1cdg #aijh #feh1dda #bg4ed #ah1ace1geg #ej1ahg #aa4ah #ejb1bjf #aiji #fja1jjh #bg4ca #af1daf1fcd #bj1fce #ab4bf #bec1fcf #aiaj #fbd1fdd #bj4ge #ab1ifj1jch4g #da1jjb #i4ig #daj1ibh #aiaa #gfj1jjj #ca4e #ba1jjj1jjj #hf1jjj #ad4jj #a1bje1gbg #aiab #ifb1ibh #ce4j #cc1gie1aia #aia1cae #ac4jf #b1fga1gbi #aiac #a1aec1hcd #bh4j #cc1jad1fic -- -- -- ,education4--,manitobans expend a greater percentage of public funds for schools than for any other purpose4 ,private schools1 business colleges and public libraries1 as numerous and as well equipped as those in similar communities anywhere1 are established in all important cities and towns and these with the excellent public schools afford educational facilities equal to those of any country4 ,there are also a number of ,catholic parochial schools4 ,the ,dominion ,experimental ,farm at ,brandon is doing much to educate the farming population of the ,province4 ,accurate records of all practical experiments are kept and the information is given to settlers free4 ,dairy schools1 farmers' institutes1 livestock1 fruit growers1 agricultural1 and horticultural associations also furnish free instruction as to the most successful methods practised in their callings4 ,railways have anticipated the future1 so that few farmers are more than eight or ten miles from a railway4 ,manitoba now has #c1hie miles of railway as compared with #a1dgj miles in #ahic4 ,the ,canadian ,pacific has #a1fbj miles1 ,canadian ,northern #a1hji1 and the ,grand ,trunk #cff1 and extensions will be made by all lines this year4 ,railway lines being built to ,hudson ,bay will make large mineral deposits available4 ,when this territory is surveyed there will be opened up a wonderfully rich area1 capable of maintaining an immense population4 ,this added territory gives a port on ,hudson ,bay1 from which vessels can carry the farm produce of the ,west to old country markets4 ,climate4--,unlike some other provinces1 ,manitoba's climatic conditions are uniform throughout4 ,there is much sunshine the year round4 ,the summer is pleasant1 warm1 and conducive to rapid and successful growth4 ,the long autumns are usually agreeable1 ploughing weather sometimes extending to the end of ,november4 ,the winters rarely last more than three or four months1 and because of the dry atmosphere1 the low temperature is not as much felt as in countries with more moisture4 ,the snow is never deep1 and travel in winter by team or rail is rarely impeded by drifts4 ,the annual precipitation is #ba4d inches4 ,the crop season in ,manitoba extends from ,april to ,october1 inclusive4 ,seeding frequently starts early in ,april1 and threshing usually lasts through ,october4 ,the mean temperature for the period1 ,april #a to ,september #cj1 in #aiac was #ee degrees ,fahrenheit4 ,the mean temperature in ,october was only #cd4dj ,fahrenheit1 but threshing can be done in cold weather as readily as in warm1 with no injurious effects4 ,the total precipitation in the ,province was smaller than usual--for the growing season #i4fg inches1 but rain was well distributed3 ,may #a4jd inches2 ,june #b4cd inches2 ,july #a4gj inches2 ,august #c4ef inches1 and ,september 4#fh inches4 ,the average sunshine was #g4c hours daily4 ,the mean temperature of the country is #cb4g2 ,january #e4b2 ,july #ff4a4 ,illustration3 ,here is a usual scene in ,western ,canada during the harvesting season4 ,illustration3 ,the raising of hogs is a highly profitable industry in ,western ,canada4 ,they are easily fattened on barley1 oats and alfalfa4 ,picnicing on ,december #aa1 #aiac4--,the mild weather of the past few months has been general throughout the ,province of ,manitoba4 ,at ,melita1 on ,december #aath1 the citizens suspended business and had a picnic at ,river ,park on the outskirts of the town1 and there was no discomfort from heat or cold4 ,fruit4--,small fruits did well in #aiac4 ,apples are not grown extensively1 but several orchards in the ,province were well laden4 ,the orchard of ,mr4 ,stephenson1 near ,morden1 was the most notable1 and produced a crop of several hundred barrels of apples1 as well as an abundance of crabs1 cherries1 and other fruits4 ,at the recent ,land and ,apple ,show in ,winnipeg1 native apples compared very favourably with those from ,provinces which pride themselves on their horticultural possibilities4 ,sugar ,beets4--,in growing sugar beet1 ,manitoba has had success4 ,syrup produced from sugar beets grown at ,morden was of good consistency and the colour indicated that good sugar could be manufactured from it4 ,game and ,fish4--,manitoba's fishery output represents an annual value of over one million dollars4 ,there is plenty of good fishing4 ,wild ducks1 geese1 and swans haunt the lakes and rivers1 while on the prairies are flocks of prairie chicken4 ,manitoba ,farm ,lands ,year4--,in addition to circumstances which point to next year as an important one to farming interests1 there is one great factor which will undoubtedly have much to do with the sale and development of farms4 ,this is the fact that the people of ,manitoba realize the necessity for mixed farming4 ,this means the breaking up of large tracts of land into smaller farms and therefore a largely increased population4 ,even while the present year has been one of some financial stringency the demand for farm lands has steadily increased4 ,,what ,,some ,,manitoba ,,farmers ,,have ,,done ,gladstone1 ,man41 reports that the wheat crop of #aiac exceeded all expectations2 #cj bushels per acre was the general yield4 ,the grade was never better4 ,one farmer had #djj acres in wheat1 which weighed #ff pounds to the bushel4 ,portage ,plains1 ,man41 showed some remarkable yields4 ,noah ,elgert had #fa bushels of wheat per acre2 the government farm1 #fa bushels2 ,geo4 ,e4 ,stacey1 #ed2 ,t4 ,j4 ,hall1 ,john ,ross and ,d4 ,w4 ,mc,cuaig1 #ej2 ,w4 ,richardson1 #ea2 ,m4 ,owens1 #fa-a_/b2 ,anderson and ,turnbull1 #fj2 ,j4 ,lloyd1 #dh-a_/b2 ,jas4 ,bell and ,robt4 ,brown1 #dh2 ,r4 ,s4 ,tully1 #eb2 ,j4 ,wishart1 #di-a_/d2 ,philip ,page1 #dg2 ,j4 ,stewart1 #de2 ,j4 ,w4 ,brown1 #cj2 ,chester ,johnson1 #dd2 ,e4 ,h4 ,muir1 #db2 ,l4 ,a4 ,bradley1 #dc2 ,w4 ,boddy1 #dj2 ,albert ,davis1 #dc2 ,e4 ,mc,lenaghen1 #cg4 ,after farming the same land for forty years1 ,j4 ,wishart secured a crop of #di-a_/b bushels to the acre1 the best he ever had4 ,mr4 ,bradley's yield was on land plowed this spring4 ,marquette1 ,man41 ,september #ba4 ,splendid weather has enabled the farmers of this section to make good progress with the cutting and harvesting of this season's crop4 ,wheat is averaging #bj bushels to the acre1 with barley #de and oats going #gj4 ,there has been no damage of any description4 ,binscarth1 ,man41 says good reports are coming from the machines of high yields and good sample4 ,the elevators are busy shipping cars every day4 ,dauphin1 ,man41 ,september #ac4 ,threshing is general4 ,the grain is in good shape and the weather is ideal4 ,the samples are best ever grown here1 grading ,no4 #a ,northern4 ,the returns are larger than expected in nearly every case4 ,e4 ,b4 ,armstrong's wheat went #cd bushels to the acre2 others1 #be to #bg4 ,balmoral4--,john ,simpson says3 ,very prosperous has been our first year's farming in ,canada4 ,shipped two carloads of wheat that graded ,no4 #a ,northern and sold for eighty-five cents4 ,weather for the last two weeks was perfect--no snow and just enough frost to keep the roads from getting muddy4 ,brandon4--,hard wheats have long been the choice product of ,manitoba soil1 but nothing more significant is required to announce a new industry in the ,province than that ,glencarnock ,victor1 a ,manitoba-finished steer1 owned by ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,mc,gregor1 was last year grand champion of ,america1 and his half-brother from the same stables1 won like honours this year4 ,neither had ever been fed any corn1 but fattened on prairie hay1 alfalfa1 and barley4 ,,cities ,,and ,,towns ,winnipeg1 with a population of about #bjj1jjj1 is a natural distributing point for ,western ,canada1 as well as the shipping point for the wonderful crops from the tributary prairie lands4 ,the prosperity of ,western ,canada is here reflected in substantial buildings1 wide boulevards1 quarries1 water works1 street lighting systems1 asphalt plants1 and a park system of #bi parks1 covering #ejj acres4 ,there are #dj modern school buildings with #cgh teachers and #ba1baj pupils4 ,winnipeg has four live daily papers and forty weekly and monthly publications4 ,twenty-four railway tracks radiate from the city1 making ,winnipeg the leading grain centre of the world4 ,a photograph taken at any point in the financial centre of the city shows magnificent new buildings under construction1 representing immense investment and indicating the confidence felt in the city's future4 ,municipal improvements are constantly being made4 ,the city now has #dff miles of sidewalk1 #aab miles of boulevard and #afb miles of street pavement4 ,there are #aae churches4 ,st4 ,boniface1 the seat of the ,roman ,catholic archdiocese of ,st4 ,boniface1 adjoins and is partly surrounded by the business district3 #ag1jjj population4 ,brandon--,with #ah1jjj population is the second city in the ,province and is located on the main line of the ,canadian ,pacific ,railway1 with its seven branch railway lines4 ,the ,canadian ,northern runs through the town and has erected a fine new modern hotel4 ,the ,great ,northern entering from the south and the ,grand ,trunk ,pacific completed1 there is afforded excellent shipping facilities1 necessary to the factories1 flour mills1 machine shops1 and wholesale houses established here4 ,there are fourteen branch banks here with clearings totalling #cc1jjj1jjj4 ,as an educational centre ,brandon might be ranked with cities several times larger4 ,the high school would be a credit to any city of first rank4 ,a ,dominion ,experimental ,farm is located here4 ,portage la ,prairie--,enjoys splendid railway facilities at the junction of four lines of railway4 ,this fortunate situation has brought a number of industries4 ,the city owns its park and has a fine educational system1 including a ,collegiate ,institute4 ,many churches and fraternal organizations are supported by this city of #g1jjj population4 ,municipal improvements are constantly being made4 ,selkirk is a distributing point of supplies for points on ,lake ,winnipeg4 ,carberry and ,morden are flourishing railway towns in the heart of fine wheat-growing sections1 as are ,minnedosa1 ,neepawa1 ,dauphin1 ,carman1 ,virden1 and ,souris4 ,scores of towns now developing afford openings for those desiring business opportunities2 each has its mills and warehouses for wheat4 ,among these centres may be named ,manitou1 ,birtle1 ,emerson1 ,gretna1 ,wawanesa1 ,rivers1 ,somerset1 ,baldur1 ,deloraine1 ,melita1 ,rapid ,city1 ,hamiota1 ,gladstone1 ,killarney1 ,hartney1 ,stonewall1 ,boissevain1 ,elkhorn1 ,gilbert ,plains1 ,pilot ,mound1 ,winkler and ,plum ,coulee4 ,provincial ,government returns4 ,,population ,,and ,,livestock #ahia #aijh #aiji #aiaa #aiab #aiac ,population #aeb1ejf #dee1fad ,horses #hf1gce #bcj1ibf #bcg1afa #bcb1gbe #bgc1cie #cjd1ajj ,milch cows #hb1gaj #agc1edf #afg1ddb #adf1hda #aed1djj ,other horned cattle #adg1ihd #ceg1ihh #ccc1geb #cig1bfa #dbh1bgd #dfj1bjj ,sheep #ce1hch #bi1bfe #bi1jgd #cb1bbc #db1jhg #aab1ejj ,hogs #ed1agg #aib1dhi #agb1cgd #agf1bab #baf1fdj #agf1jjj ,cultivated farms #de1chj #di1gee #ej1jjj ,increase in population in ten years was #gh4eb per cent4 ,the exhibit of grains1 grasses1 clover1 fodder crops1 vegetables1 and natural products shown at the #aiac ,united ,states ,land ,show spoke well for the soil and climate of ,manitoba4 ,illustration3 ,an ordinary threshing scene in ,manitoba1 where fields of wheat1 oats and barley pay the farmer well4 ,illustration3 ,,northern ,,manitoba ,,saskatchewan ,saskatchewan1 the central ,prairie ,province1 is a huge rectangle extending from the #dith to the #fjth parallel1 with an area as large as ,france and twice the size of the ,british ,isles4 ,it comprises #aee1jib1dhj acres1 and extends #gfj miles north and south and #cij miles east and west at the southern boundary bordering on the ,united ,states4 ,the average altitude is about #a1ejj feet above sea level4 ,saskatchewan claims to be without a rival in ,north ,america as a producer of wheat and small grains4 ,only physical and geographical conditions retard even a more phenomenal agricultural development4 ,its growth and acquisition of wealth has been phenomenal4 ,there are four distinct zones extending north and south3 7a7 rolling prairie1 7b7 prairie and woodland1 7c7 forest1 7d7 sparsely timbered belt4 ,all the land is suitable for cultivation and will yield the highest quality of cereals1 though less than #ac million acres are now under the plough4 ,the population of approximately #eej1jjj thriving1 vigorous people will eventually be a million4 ,the increase in ten years was #ddj per cent4 ,the ,government forces in ,saskatchewan are complete and effective4 ,every branch of agricultural work conducted by the ,provincial ,government is a part of the ,department of ,agriculture4 ,soil and ,surface4--,the soil in all of ,saskatchewan is a rich loam1 running from eight to twenty inches deep over a chocolate clay subsoil4 ,moisture is evaporated from this subsoil so gradually that the fertility is almost inexhaustible4 ,with few exceptions the southern portion of the ,province from a line east and west through ,saskatoon is almost flat4 ,in certain portions the surface is undulating1 but in no case so hilly as to preclude ploughing every acre2 near some of the rivers in the more hilly sections the soil becomes lighter with some stone and gravel4 ,five reasons may be given for the exceptionally favourable conditions awaiting the grower of wheat in ,saskatchewan3 #a4 ,the soil is of almost inexhaustible fertility4 #b4 ,the climate brings the plant to fruition very quickly4 #c4 ,the northern latitude gives the wheat more sunshine during the growing period than is had in districts farther south4 #d4 ,rust is of infrequent occurrence4 #e4 ,insect foes are unknown4 ,fuel and ,water4--,the coal areas to the south1 and the partially wooded areas in the north1 provide an ample supply of fuel1 while water can be secured anywhere at a reasonable depth4 ,,central ,,saskatchewan ,the ,available ,homesteads are principally in the northern portion of ,central ,saskatchewan which is watered east and west by the main ,saskatchewan ,river and by its chief branch1 the ,north ,saskatchewan1 a great part of whose navigable length lies within this section4 ,the surface generally is rolling prairie interspersed with wooded bluffs of poplar1 spruce1 and pine1 alternating with intruding portions of the great plain from the south4 ,in soil and climate ,central ,saskatchewan is well adapted to the raising of cattle1 also wheat and other grains4 ,north of township ,thirty there is unlimited grazing land1 horses1 cattle and sheep feeding in the open most of the year4 ,there is the necessary shelter when extreme cold weather sets in and water is plentiful4 ,sheep do well4 ,many farmers have from #ej to #ajj sheep and lambs4 ,the district also possesses everything required for the growing of crops and there are satisfactory yields of all the smaller grains4 ,the homesteader may add to his holdings by purchasing adjoining land from the ,canadian ,northern1 ,canadian ,pacific ,railway and other corporations4 ,these unimproved lands range from #ae an acre upwards4 ,districts recently opened for settlement are ,shellbrook1 ,beaver ,river1 and ,green ,lake1 into which the ,canadian ,northern ,railway is projected4 ,other new districts are ,jack ,fish ,lake and ,turtle ,lake1 north of ,battleford1 into which the same road is built4 ,these districts are favourable for grain and cattle raising4 ,north of ,north ,battleford are several townships which will not long be without transportation1 and to the east of these there are available homesteads which can be reached through the ,prince ,albert gateway4 ,,southern ,,saskatchewan ,available ,farm ,land4--,there are but few homesteads available in ,southeastern ,saskatchewan4 ,the land is occupied by an excellent class of farmers1 and values range from #ae per acre to #be for unimproved prairie1 and from #dj to #ej per acre for improved farms4 ,in the neighbourhood of ,moose ,jaw mixed farming and grain raising are carried on with success4 ,north and northwest1 towards the ,saskatchewan1 are large settlements2 but to the south and southwest is a tract of land available for homesteading1 and a land office at ,moose ,jaw makes it easy to inspect the land and secure speedy entry4 ,these lands are easily reached from ,moose ,jaw1 ,mortlach1 ,herbert1 ,gull ,lake1 and ,swift ,current4 ,maple ,creek district is an important stock centre4 ,some of the best sheep1 cattle1 and horses in ,canada are raised on the succulent grass here but the wheat grower and mixed farmer are treading on the heels of the ranchman4 ,west of ,swift ,current to the ,alberta boundary herds of cattle roam and largely find for themselves4 ,snowfall is light and winters so mild that hardy animals graze through the whole year4 ,the ,chinook winds are felt as far east as ,swift ,current4 ,grain growing is successful4 ,illustration3 ,in many parts of ,western ,canada1 large farms are operated by steam or gasoline power4 ,this shows its use1 and also discing1 seeding and harrowing4 ,farm land can be purchased from railway and other land companies in ,southeastern ,saskatchewan1 which includes that section between ,manitoba on the east and the third meridian on the west1 extending some distance north of the main line of the ,canadian ,pacific ,railway4 ,it has more rainfall than portions farther west and less wood than the portion lying north4 ,in character and productiveness of soil1 ,southeastern ,saskatchewan is a continuation of ,manitoba1 but contains more prairie area4 ,,northern ,,saskatchewan ,available ,homesteads4--,northern ,saskatchewan has not yet been opened to any extent for settlement4 ,there are approximately #hj million acres beyond the railway at ,prince ,albert which time1 zeal1 and railway enterprise will eventually make accessible4 ,furs1 forest wealth1 and fisheries are recognized as a national asset1 but thousands of acres of fertile land lie beyond the existing lines of railway awaiting development4 ,northern ,saskatchewan has natural resources sufficient to maintain a population equal to that of any ,european country in corresponding latitude4 ,saskatchewan ,crops4--,saskatchewan leads all other provinces in wheat production1 though only a comparatively small portion of its tillable area is under cultivation4 ,in #ahih the area under wheat was #bgf1bec acres2 #iaj1cei acres in #aije2 #b1gjc1efc acres in #aijh1 and in #aiac1 five years' time1 it had more than doubled1 the area being #e1gbj1jjj acres4 ,on this there were grown approximately #aba-a_/b million bushels of wheat1 an average of about #ba-a_/d bushels to the acre4 ,the farmers realized about #abd million dollars for products apart from field and fodder crops1 valued at #e million dollars4 ,the following figures are from ,provincial ,government returns4 ,saskatchewan has easily #ej1jjj1jjj acres of unbroken prairie to grow just such good crops1 and another #be1jjj1jjj acres on which to graze live stock4 ,acreage ,yield ,total ,price per ,total per ,production ,bushel ,value ,acre ,wheat #e1gfj1bdi #ai4e #aab1cfi1dje ,at #fc;c #gj1gib1gbe4ae ,oats #b1fch1efb #da4g #aaj1baj1dcf ,at #bc;c #be1cdh1djj4bh ,barley #cjg1agg #cj4b #i1bgi1bfc ,at #bf;c #b1dab1fjh4ch ,flax #ifg1acg #ab4j #aa1fed1bhj ,at #a4jj #aa1fed1bhj4jj ,province #i1fgc1abe #bdc1eac1chd #aaj1bjh1jac4ha ,while the average yield of wheat is shown to be #ai4e bushels per acre1 thousands of farmers raised #ce bushels and some more than #dj4 ,considerable was sown on stubble1 and there were many low yields occasioned by indifferent farming1 and anxiety to secure a crop from late seeding1 without which the general average would have exceeded #cj bushels per acre4 ,the same is true of other grains4 ,on the ,experimental ,farm at ,indian ,head1 ,marquis wheat produced #dh bushels to the acre1 and ,red ,fife on the stubble #bh bushels4 ,almost the entire wheat crop was within the contract grades1 7none less than #c ,northern1 the great bulk graded ,no4 #a7 and by the end of ,october #ge per cent of the crop was threshed4 ,in many instances wheat weighed #fd and as high as #ff pounds to the bushel4 ,mr4 ,paul ,gerlach of ,allan1 ,saskatchewan1 had #ga pounds per bushel1 and carried off the honours at the ,international ,dry ,farming ,congress at ,tulsa last ,november4 ,mixed ,farming is so successful in ,saskatchewan that only passing comment is necessary4 ,the ,province is famous for its high-class horses1 well-bred cattle1 sheep1 and hogs4 ,at the ,live ,stock ,show in ,chicago in #aiac1 the ,province carried off high premiums4 ,the ,department of ,agriculture secures good breeding stock for the farmers and encourages the preservation of females4 ,poultry ,raising is so profitable that many ,saskatchewan farmers have gone into it extensively4 ,of #aj1jjj turkeys marketed at ,moose ,jaw there was not a single cull4 ,they brought an average of #b4hj each4 ,chickens provide a certain profit and constant income4 ,dairying is successful4 ,an established market and excellent natural facilities favour this branch of mixed farming4 #iig1jjj pounds of creamery butter yielded #bga1ahe in #aiab and private dairies realized #ahi1jjj from #gjj1jjj pounds1 making a total increase of #agg1cgf4fi over #aiaa4 ,with the exception of cream delivery1 a government superintendent supervises all business transactions of most creameries4 ,fodder ,corn4--,at ,prince ,albert fodder corn has reached a height of eight feet with not a poor sample in the lot and there are strong indications that before many years corn will be grown here for ensilage with general success4 ,at the ,experimental ,farm1 fodder corn yielded about #ah tons of green fodder per acre1 which went into the silo in good condition4 ,railways4--,about five hundred miles of new road opened in #aiab gives ,saskatchewan a total mileage of about #e1jjj miles as compared with #a1jjj in #aije1 of which #a1bcj is main line and #c1gjj branches4 ,the ,province is so well served by the ,canadian ,pacific1 ,canadian ,northern1 and ,grand ,trunk ,pacific that few of the established settlements are more than #aj to #bj miles from transportation2 new settlements do not have to wait long for railway advantages4 ,the ,hudson ,bay ,railway will afford a short haul to ocean shipping from ,saskatchewan grain fields4 ,one and a half million dollars have been appropriated by the local government for improvements and building highways4 ,from #aije-ac the population has doubled1 and whole districts which were practically uninhabited but a short time ago are now filled with farmers4 ,rivers4--,the chief rivers are the ,north ,saskatchewan1 ,south ,saskatchewan1 ,qu',appelle1 and ,carrot4 ,the ,north and ,south ,saskatchewan rise in the ,rockies and have a general easterly trend4 ,the ,red ,deer flows into the ,south ,saskatchewan1 about #aej miles north of the ,united ,states boundary4 ,the ,south ,saskatchewan runs east nearly half way across the ,province1 then turns north and enters the ,north ,saskatchewan a little east of ,prince ,albert4 ,the ,south ,saskatchewan1 with the ,qu',appelle1 intersects the ,province from east to west4 ,the ,carrot rises south of ,prince ,albert and runs parallel to the ,north ,saskatchewan1 into which it flows near ,the ,pas1 and the junction point of the ,hudson ,bay ,railway1 now under construction4 ,lumbering4--,north and east of ,prince ,albert1 the present centre of the lumber industry1 lumbering is extensive4 ,in the northern forest the timber is black and white spruce1 larch or tamarack1 jack pine1 aspen or white poplar1 balsam or black poplar1 and white birch4 ,game and ,fish4--,in the north1 furs are secured for the world's markets and fishing is carried on extensively4 ,education4--,schools are sustained by provincial aid and local rates4 ,except in special cases where qualified teachers cannot be obtained1 the teacher must hold a certificate from the ,department of ,education4 ,the university is supported and controlled by the ,province1 a department of which is a college of agriculture with some of ,canada's best educators and agricultural specialists on the faculty4 ,nowhere do agricultural authorities give greater attention to the welfare and education of the farmer than in the newer districts of this ,province4 ,,cities ,,and ,,towns ,regina4--,capital of ,saskatchewan1 lies in the heart of a splendid agricultural section1 and is distributing centre for a large district4 ,with a population of about #de1jjj it supports a dozen banks which had clearings of #aaf million dollars in #aiab4 ,it has good hotels1 is noted for its substantial public buildings1 wide1 well-paved streets1 and metropolitan spirit4 ,the ,canadian ,pacific1 ,canadian ,northern and ,grand ,trunk ,pacific unite to make it an important railway centre4 ,the collegiate institute and provincial normal school add to its educational importance4 ,the ,northwest ,mounted ,police headquarters are located here1 also the judiciary of ,saskatchewan4 ,illustration3 ,the sheep industry in ,western ,canada is one of certain profit4 ,there are many large flocks in all parts of the three ,provinces4 ,illustration3 ,,southern ,,saskatchewan ,surveyed lands shown in colour4 ,for ,map of ,central ,saskatchewan see pages #bb and #bc4 ,saskatoon4--,the seat of the ,university of ,saskatchewan1 is a growing city beautifully situated on the ,south ,saskatchewan ,river4 ,it is well served by the ,canadian ,northern's ,regina-,prince ,albert line which passes through an extensive and productive farming district to the southwest and joins the main line at ,warman1 and is also on the route of the ,canadian ,pacific from ,winnipeg to ,edmonton4 ,population about #bh1jjj2 in #aijc it was about #ajj4 ,there are four bridges crossing the ,south ,saskatchewan ,river1 with another in contemplation4 ,moose ,jaw is a divisional point on the ,canadian ,pacific1 is a terminus of the ,soo ,line and is also served by the ,canadian ,northern and ,grand ,trunk ,pacific4 ,population approximately #bc1jjj4 ,it is noted for its schools and churches4 ,splendid street car facilities exist here4 ,this district is well settled by progressive farmers4 ,they have brought raw prairie land1 which cost from #h to #aj per acre1 to a state of cultivation1 that makes their farms worth from #be to #dj per acre4 ,prince ,albert is the northern terminus of the ,canadian ,northern and is delightfully situated on the ,north ,saskatchewan ,river4 ,it is served by a line of the ,grand ,trunk ,pacific built from the main line at ,young4 ,the ,canadian ,northern ,battleford-,prince ,albert line will be completed this fall4 ,it has four big sawmills1 and several banks1 churches1 schools1 and hotels4 ,population1 #ab1jjj4 ,the three flour mills grind about #djj barrels a day4 ,one mill ships its product largely to ,scotland4 ,swift ,current is a divisional point of the ,canadian ,pacific ,railway and a busy railway centre4 ,it is said to be the largest initial wheat market in ,america4 ,population about #b1ejj4 ,a few years ago the district from a point twelve miles west of ,moose ,jaw to the western boundary of the ,province1 and south to the ,united ,states boundary was considered fit only for horse ranching1 cattle and sheep grazing1 but now the land is practically all homesteaded in every direction from ,swift ,current4 ,branch lines extended to the northwest and southeast enter fairly well settled districts2 other lines are contemplated4 ,it was incorporated as a city4 ,north ,battleford is wonderfully well situated agriculturally and picturesquely4 ,it has a population of over #g1jjj1 and is incorporated as a city4 ,several important industries and large wholesale places are established4 ,the ,canadian ,northern ,railway passes through the town1 having its divisional headquarters here1 and during the year will complete its line to ,prince ,albert4 ,there is excellent passenger and freight service on the same company's line northwest1 which is under construction to ,athabaska ,landing1 ,alberta4 ,a traffic bridge connects ,north ,battleford with ,battleford4 ,weyburn is a prosperous city on the ,soo ,line between ,moose ,jaw and ,north ,portal4 ,its railway connection with ,stoughton furnishes a direct route to the east4 ,the ,lethbridge line of the ,canadian ,pacific starts here and will be completed this year4 ,building permits1 #aiab1 #gfj1jjj4 ,yorkton within the last five years has more than doubled its population and ships annually over #b million bushels of grain4 ,it is an up-to-date town of about #b1ejj inhabitants with creditable municipal buildings1 eight grain elevators1 water works1 sewerage system1 flour mill1 saw mill1 cement sidewalks1 telephone1 and a municipal gas plant4 ,battleford4--,population about #c1jjj4 ,has one of the most picturesque situations in the west1 and was the first capital of the ,old ,territories4 ,during the past year it has made remarkable growth owing to the agricultural possibilities of the surrounding country4 ,the ,grand ,trunk ,pacific reaches the town from ,biggar on the south and is building a line west from ,saskatoon4 ,the ,canadian ,northern has a branch entering the town4 ,the ,canadian ,pacific is expected to build from ,asquith4 ,a number of industries have embraced the encouraging opportunities offered by the town1 and large wholesale houses have erected distributing depots4 ,rosetown1 on the ,canadian ,northern ,saskatoon-,calgary line1 is progressive4 ,it is of importance to-day1 and marked for a good future4 ,a splendid agricultural district peopled with excellent settlers surrounds it4 ,zealandia1 on the same line of railway1 has wonderful physical advantages4 ,although of only a few short years' existence1 as the centre of a farming country where lands have increased from #h to #cj per acre1 its fame has spread and its citizens are warranted in anticipating a bright future4 ,kindersley has been on the map only four or five years4 ,the surrounding fertile land that made the ,goose ,lake district famous in agriculture so soon after its discovery1 gave to ,kindersley a large portion of its glory and substance4 ,it is growing rapidly1 and confidence in what it will do is well bestowed4 ,maple ,creek1 for many years the centre of a ranching section1 has a population of #a1jjj1 and the large surrounding area of free homestead land is rapidly being settled4 ,excellent crops are reported4 ,estevan is noted for its coal mines and has rail connection with ,winnipeg4 ,rosthern1 on the ,regina-,prince ,albert branch of the ,canadian ,northern1 is in the centre of a good agricultural district4 ,wolsely1 three hundred miles west of ,winnipeg1 is the western terminus of the ,wolsely-,reston branch of the ,canadian ,pacific ,railway4 ,indian ,head1 the largest incorporated town in ,saskatchewan1 has more elevators than any other town in the province4 ,for some time it was the largest initial wheat-shipping point in the world4 ,the ,dominion ,government ,experimental ,farm is here4 ,moosomin1 two hundred and twenty miles west of ,winnipeg on the main line of the ,canadian ,pacific ,railway1 is a flourishing town surrounded by rolling prairie particularly adapted to mixed farming4 ,population #a1bjj4 ,it has good churches1 schools1 banks1 grain elevators and waterworks4 ,qu',appelle and ,arcola are enterprising towns4 ,among the largest incorporated villages are ,broadview1 a divisional point on the ,canadian ,pacific ,railway main line1 ,grenfell1 ,duck ,lake1 ,alameda1 ,balgonie1 ,lemberg1 ,lloydminster1 ,melfort1 ,rouleau1 and ,sintaluta4 ,portal is the point where the ,soo ,line enters ,saskatchewan4 ,yellow ,grass1 ,milestone and ,drinkwater are newer towns--settled within the past few years by progressive farmers from the ,states4 ,important and growing towns on the ,grand ,trunk ,pacific1 are ,melville1 ,watrous1 ,scott1 ,nokomis and ,young4 ,,what ,,saskatchewan ,,farmers ,,are ,,doing ,regina4--,during the week ending ,sept4 #ba1 #eaai cars of ,no4 #a ,northern ,hard were shipped out of the ,province1 as compared with #a1dig cars of ,no4 #b ,northern and #bij cars of ,no4 #c ,northern in #aiab4 ,there were1 in addition1 #aaa cars of ,no4 #a ,manitoba ,hard shipped during the week4 ,moose ,jaw1 ,saskatchewan1 ,nov4 #cj4--,since ,sept4 #a1 #ai1hej1jjj bushels of grain have been shipped from the ,moose ,jaw district1 against #cb1jjj1jjj for the previous entire crop year4 ,rouleau heads the list with #a1jdj1jjj bushels1 and ,milestone comes second with #iaj1jjj bushels4 ,vanguard1 which led last year1 is third1 with #hce1jjj bushels4 ,rutan4--,arthur ,brondson1 inexperienced in farming1 having lived in ,london until eight years ago1 last year raised #cf acres of ,red ,fife wheat1 of #di bushels per acre1 and #dh acres ,marquis wheat1 #eb bushels per acre4 ,regina4--,james ,cranston threshed #a1jej bushels oats from ten acres2 ,james ,hars's #fj acres yielded #ajf bushels2 ,w4 ,j4 ,crawford's #fj acres produced #dc bushels ,preston wheat2 other yields of ,marquis wheat show #dj1 #dh1 #ej1 and #fc bushels to the acre4 ,esterhazy4--,esterhazy shared in the abundant harvest of #aiac4 ,a conservative estimate for the yield is from #be to #cj bushels per acre for wheat1 and #dj to #de for oats4 ,some fields yielded #dj to #de bushels per acre in wheat4 ,tisdale4--,d4 ,mc,kibbon threshed #ch bushels wheat to the acre off #dj acres4 ,wynyard4--,eggert ,bjornson threshed #agf acres1 averaging #cf bushels ,no4 #a ,northern wheat4 ,moose ,jaw4--,chas4 ,white's #hj acres wheat yielded #ch bushels to the acre4 ,w4 ,h4 ,johnston's #ij acres produced #ce-a_/b bushels wheat per acre4 ,illustration3 ,a landscape view of ,central ,saskatchewan4 ,illustration3 ,this man is sufficiently modest to start with oxen2 in a year or two they will be replaced by horses4 ,he now farms #cbj acres4 ,pasqua4--,e4 ,s4 ,patterson1 on #bcj acres summer-fallow1 threshed #ca acres ,marquis1 with a yield of #dj-b_/c bushels per acre2 #aii acres ,red ,fyfe with a yield of #ce-a_/b bushels per acre4 ,caron4--,archie ,dalrymple1 #ajj acres1 #dj-a_/b bushels wheat per acre4 ,geo4 ,clemenshaw1 #hj acres1 #db-a_/b bushels wheat per acre4 ,boharm4--,geo4 ,campbell had #ee acres wheat that yielded #ch bushels per acre1 and #ajj acres that yielded #cf bushels4 ,assiniboia4--,e4 ,lennard threshed #abjj bushels oats1 from a ten-acre field4 ,his summer-fallow yielded #dj bushels ,no4 #a ,northern wheat per acre4 ,canora4--,mike ,gabora had a yield of #abj-a_/b bushels oats per acre4 ,c4 ,r4 ,graham1 who has a #c1jjj acre farm in this district1 for a number of years has grown oats that averaged #fj bushels to the acre1 and sometimes yielded #ajj bushels3 one year the average was #aag bushels4 ,arcola4--,r4 ,f4 ,harman1 formerly of the ,county of ,cork1 ,ireland1 homesteaded in the ,north ,battleford district in #aijc1 with #ej4jj capital4 ,he now owns #dhj acres1 clear of encumbrance1 raises wheat1 oats1 barley1 hay1 and is a firm believer in mixed farming4 ,in ten years his capital has increased from #ej4jj to #be1jjj4 ,swift ,current4--,ed4 ,k4 ,leep1 of ,chicago1 homesteaded north of ,swift ,current4 ,he had #cj acres of land in potatoes in ,june and lifted new potatoes on ,august #ae4 ,in the ,fall little more than half an acre yielded over one hundred bushels4 ,some had been used in the meantime4 ,fuel was plentiful #h miles away and good water was reached at twenty-five feet4 ,the climate was agreeable1 and good crops assured4 ,nokomis4--,j4 ,keys had oats in #aiac that went #aaj bushels to the acre1 and wheat1 #dj bushels4 ,he has paid off the mortgage on his farm1 and now contemplates a trip to his old home in ,denmark1 to induce more of his people to settle in his neighbourhood4 ,w4 ,e4 ,lewis of ,dayton1 ,ohio1 went to ,saskatchewan seven years ago with #a1hjj in money1 a carload of household effects and farm implements1 four horses and three cows4 ,the first year he got only feed from the crops1 but the second year threshed over #b1hjj bushels of wheat from #ajj acres4 ,he has not had a crop failure and now has #bb horses1 #ae cattle1 #ce hogs1 and owns #a1abj acres of land1 all under cultivation4 ,he has been offered #ce4jj an acre for his land4 ,should he care to sell1 he could pay all his debts1 and have #cj1jjj to the good1 but1 he says1 ,where could ,i go to invest my money and get as good returns8 ,a4 ,t4 ,smith of ,southern ,saskatchewan will grow alfalfa on #c1jjj acres of land in #aiad4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,g4 ,cowan says3 ,i usually thresh from #fj to #fe bushels of oats1 #cj of wheat1 and #fj of barley4 ,vegetables grow well1 and it is no trouble at all to grow potatoes4 ,my farm has been under crop nine years1 and has never been frozen1 snowed under1 or hailed4 ,i have kept #ajj cattle and #ajj hogs4 ,i usually give them their growth on green feed1 wheat1 oats1 and barley1 and fatten them on grain4 ,with a little to start on we have cleared #aj1jjj in a little over four years4 ,chaplin4--,j4 ,r4 ,lowe has matured two crops of fodder corn1 and he says there is little difference between it and what he grew in ,minnesota4 ,industries4--,the remarkable growth of the several cities and towns is but one of many evidences of increasing agricultural prosperity4 ,with the coal resources of the southeastern part of the ,province utilized1 and the opportunities in northern parts for getting cheap water1 ,saskatchewan's industrial opportunities are many4 ,there is a great demand for help of all kinds4 ,with seven cities1 thirty or more towns1 and five hundred villages1 many men are constantly required for building trades and municipal work4 ,the #ij1jjj farmers want help to put in and farm their crops4 ,boards of ,trade in every city and town are ready to give information about openings for investment and assistance in locating men4 ,the experimental stage is passed and people are developing beautiful homes surrounded by fertile fields4 ,cost of ,farm ,implements3 ,disc ,drill 7single to twenty double7 #if4jj ,mowers #ec4ej ,twelve in4 ,gang ,plows #hb4jj ,binders1 six-foot cut #ade4jj ,binders1 seven-foot cut #aeh4jj ,binders1 eight-foot cut #afe4jj ,rakes #ce4jj ,gasoline ,tractors 7,case7 #b1dhj4jj ,gasoline ,tractors 7,nicols7 #c1ffe4jj ,gasoline ,tractors 7,international7 #a1hjj4jj ,steam ,tractors 7,case7 #b1bgb4jj ,steam ,tractors 7,nicols7 #b1hie4jj ,case ,separator #a1bjb4jj ,nicols ,separator #a1aej4jj ,international ,separator #a1bhj4jj ,agricultural ,cooperation4--,the ,provincial ,government has established co-operation in creameries1 elevators1 telephone1 hail insurance1 agricultural societies and live stock4 ,five million dollars have been set aside for road improvements4 ,the new agricultural college1 with its #a1cjj acre farm1 costing one million dollars1 is an evidence of public activity4 ,the college has #ajj students4 ,temperatures and hours' sunshine in ,saskatchewan ranged lower1 and rainfall during the growing season higher1 than the average for several years4 ,the average temperatures and precipitation for each of the first nine months of #aiac3 ,month ,mean ,maximum ,minimum ,precipitation ,january -#g4he #cg4e -#de4c 4#gj ,february #b4fd #cg4g -#cd4c 4#fd ,march #h4i #dd4i -#ca4i 4#fe ,april #da4g #gh4e #ac4d 4#ca ,may #dg4b #hd4g #bj4g #a4jj ,june #ei4b #hg4g #cj4g #c4jj ,july #fa4a #hf4f #cg4d #c4ah ,august #fj4h #he4i #ch4i #b4hj ,september #eb4a #he4e #cb4i 4#hh ,january-,september1 #aiac #cf4b #fi4h #e4i ,total #ac4af ,april-,september1 #aiac #ec4f #hd4h #bg4e #aa4ag ,april-,september1 #aiab #ej4i #gi4i #bg4e #ac4ib ,interior ,storage ,elevators4--,a great advantage and an immense relief for the hundreds of elevators of from thirty to forty thousand bushels' capacity1 will be the two interior storage elevators now under construction at ,saskatoon and ,moose ,jaw1 each with a capacity of #c million bushels4 ,farm ,help in #aiac4--,labourers work by the month1 for #cb to #da4 ,servant girls were paid from #ad to #bb this year as compared with from #aj to #ae in #aijg4 ,population and ,live ,stock4--7,dominion ,census ,bureau73 #aiji #aiaj #aiaa #aiab #aiac ,population #dib1dcb #aedj1jjj ,horses #bgi1jfc #ccb1ibb #ejg1djj #eea1fde #ehj1chf ,milch cows #abd1ahf #ach1dee #aha1adf #ahd1hif #aid1hdc ,other cattle #cia1ghi #dca1afd #deb1dff #dfa1bdd #dfh1bee ,sheep #abi1fcj #ace1cfj #aad1baf #aad1haj #aae1efh ,swine #aca1geg #abe1ghh #bhf1bie #cdd1bih #chg1fhd #a ,estimated4 ,illustration3 ,a healthy family from ,nebraska1 now living in ,western ,canada4 ,observe the height of the oats4 ,the crop yielded #gj bushels per acre4 ,illustration3 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,hill ,sons1 of ,lloydminster1 ,saskatchewan1 who recently became winners for the third time of the ,colorado ,silver ,trophy1 valued at #aejj for best peck of oats in the world4 ,they now own the trophy4 ,illustration3 ,,central ,,saskatchewan ,surveyed land shown in colour4 ,for ,map of ,southern ,saskatchewan see pages #ah and #ai4 ,,alberta ,alberta1 the most westerly of the three ,prairie ,provinces1 is twice the size of ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 much larger than either ,france or ,germany1 and has a greater area than the states of ,maine1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,vermont1 ,massachusetts1 ,rhode ,island1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,jersey and ,pennsylvania combined4 ,the area of arable land alone in ,alberta is estimated at #ajj million acres1 of which less than #c million acres is under cultivation4 ,this provincial empire1 with its great wealth in agricultural lands1 mines1 forests1 and fisheries1 has less than #ejj1jjj people4 ,alberta is a vast plateau from #b1jjj to #c1jjj feet above sea-level1 hung by its western edge on the foothills of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,it slopes gently toward the east and north4 ,absolutely level plains form no great proportion of the surface4 ,while open1 treeless country characterizes the southern part of the ,province1 the greater part is undulating1 diversified by forest1 stream1 hill and open country1 not unlike ,ontario or ,new ,york ,state4 ,beautiful lakes1 fringed with forest and abounding in whitefish are scattered over its central and northern area4 ,luxuriant grasses cover the open country1 which once formed the chief feeding grounds of herds of bison4 ,the ,province naturally falls into three divisions1 exhibiting marked distinctions in climate and topography--,southern1 ,central and ,northern ,alberta4 ,available ,homesteads are to be found west and north of ,edmonton--territory made accessible by the ,grand ,trunk ,pacific and the ,canadian ,northern ,railways--in an immense stretch of splendid country4 ,wheat and oats are reliable crops4 ,rainfall is certain4 ,mixed farming is highly successful4 ,the wild grasses and pea vine supply ample feed for stock2 water is plentiful and easily secured4 ,on into the foothills and the mountains are stretches of prairie land1 through which the ,grand ,trunk ,pacific and ,canadian ,northern ,railways are now constructed4 ,the northern and western portions of ,central ,alberta have some brush land with soil equal to that of the open prairie4 ,the cost of clearing is slight1 and there is the advantage of shelter for cattle1 and an absolute assurance of splendid water4 ,there is a good market for the fuel and timber obtained in clearing4 ,practically all of the land between ,edmonton and ,athabaska ,landing--and between ,edmonton and ,lac la ,biche to the northeast has been subdivided for homesteading4 ,,northern ,,alberta ,north of the end of steel extends #ge per cent of this rich ,province1 yet unexploited4 ,when the railways push into the ,athabaska and the ,peace1 it will be realized that ,alberta owns an empire north of the ,saskatchewan1 a country set apart by nature to provide homes for millions of agrarian people4 ,,southern ,,alberta ,southern ,alberta is open and rolling1 and devoid of timber except along the streams and the ,rocky ,mountains' foothills4 ,the soil is a fertile loam4 ,the climate is ideal1 with pleasing summers and mild winters4 ,stock pasture in the open air during winter1 grazing on the nutritive sun-dried grasses4 ,the absence of timber in ,southern ,alberta is compensated for by the supply of coal4 ,illustration3 ,typical school in rural district in ,western ,canada1 which will soon be replaced by consolidated school1 picture of which appears elsewhere4 ,ranching which once was predominant is fast being abandoned and settlers are dividing the limitless acres into small1 productive holdings4 ,as a grazing country1 ,southern ,alberta has had few equals1 for the hills and valleys1 well watered1 afford excellent pasturage4 ,winter wheat sown on new breaking1 or summer-fallowed land1 from the middle of ,july to the end of ,september is ready for harvest from the #ast to the #aeth of ,august in the following year4 ,climate and soil make this an ideal wheat-growing district4 ,considerable spring wheat is grown1 as well as oats1 barley and flax4 ,the production of sugar-beets compares favourably with that of ,germany and the world4 ,the average of winter wheat for the ,province in #aiac1 was #ba bushels an acre4 ,the greater portion was grown around ,lethbridge1 ,taber1 ,grassy ,lake1 ,cardston1 ,spring ,coulee1 ,pincher ,creek1 ,macleod1 ,stavely1 ,leavitt1 ,claresholm1 ,nanton1 ,high ,river1 ,okotoks1 ,carmangay and ,calgary4 ,water ,supply and ,irrigation4--,water for domestic and farm purposes is easily obtained at reasonable depth4 ,in certain sections of the ,canadian ,west1 as in the ,american ,west1 the soil is unexcelled for growing cereals1 but the geographical location and relative position to the rain avenues is not advantageous1 not only the requisite amount of rain but its conservation is essential to the growing of crops1 and that is the meaning of dry farming4 ,this is being successfully followed in the southern portion of ,southern ,alberta4 ,some of the district can also be easily and successfully farmed by means of irrigation4 ,irrigation ditches have been constructed by the ,canadian ,pacific ,railway and the ,southern ,alberta ,land ,company4 ,illustration3 ,typical school1 such as many towns are building in ,western ,canada1 where the education of the children is carefully looked after4 ,a most valuable asset to ,southern ,alberta is the ,lethbridge ,experimental ,station1 operated by the ,dominion ,department of ,agriculture4 ,reports from the farm show that on land broken and backset in #aiab1 spring wheat sown ,april #c1 #aiac1 ripened between ,july #ca and ,august #ag1 and yielded from #bb to #da bushels per acre2 oats sown ,april #ac1 #aiac1 ripened from ,july #ca to ,august #d1 and yielded from #ed to #hd bushels per acre2 barley sown ,april #ae1 #aiac1 ripened from ,july #bh to ,aug4 #e1 and yielded from #bh to #dj bushels per acre4 ,on irrigated land the yield of spring wheat was from #cj to #ed bushels1 and the period of ripening about the same2 oats yielded from #ajb to #acb bushels per acre1 same period for ripening2 barley yield on irrigated land was from #fe to #ajj bushels per acre1 harvested from ,july #bh to ,august #aa4 ,,central ,,alberta ,central ,alberta extends from the ,red ,deer ,river northward to the height of land between the ,saskatchewan and the ,athabaska4 ,its great wealth is its deep black humus varying in depth from ten inches to three feet1 overlying a warm subsoil4 ,mixed ,farming4--,none of the three central provinces afford greater advantages for mixed farming than ,alberta4 ,in the south the great ranges of vacant area affords excellent pasturage4 ,the central portion furnishes pasturage of equal quality1 and the groves and park lands provide shelter1 making it possible to raise cereals1 as well as feed for cattle and hogs4 ,dairying and poultry raising meet with undoubted success4 ,dairy ,products have an unlimited market2 cattle can be pastured most of the year2 every variety of grass including clover and alfalfa thrive2 the climate is healthful and water abundant4 ,more than a million head of cattle could have been fed on the wild hay that went to waste last year4 ,hundreds of thousands of acres are literally overrun with rich wild grasses and pea vine4 ,the dairy yield approximated #a1bej1jjj in #aiac1 and #ej1jjj cows could be added without affecting the price of dairy products4 ,the government operates a travelling dairy to instruct new settlers1 and manages permanent creameries which produced over three million pounds of butter last year4 ,fattening hogs on milk adds to the revenue4 ,poultry ,raising4--,the winter price of fresh eggs ranges from #ej to #fj cents a dozen1 the summer prices rarely falling below #be cents4 ,extensive developments along this profitable line cannot be long delayed4 ,crops of #aiac4--,with an average rainfall of #aj4ib inches during the growing season in that part of the ,province including ,edmonton and southward1 an average daily sunshine record of #aj hours1 and a mean temperature of #ec degrees ,fahrenheit for the months ,april to ,september inclusive1 good crops were certain4 ,spring seeding began early in ,april4 ,the season was highly favourable and a big crop was harvested in excellent condition4 ,marquis wheat at one point went as high as #fb4e bushels per acre as a field crop1 and oats and barley relatively as high4 ,yields of all kinds of grain and forage crops have been most excellent4 ,the census bureau of the ,dominion ,government give the following returns3 ,area ,area ,average ,total ,total #aiab #aiac #aiab #aiac #aiab #aiac ,fall wheat #bab1jjj #bjb1jjj #ba4hc #ba4jj #d1fbh1jjj #d1bdb1jjj ,spring wheat #a1cgh1jjj #a1caj1jjj #ba4ed #bc4jj #bi1fge1jjj #cj1acj1jjj ,oats #a1dfa1jjj #a1fci1jjj #df4cj #dc4fe #fg1fcj1jjj #ga1edb1jjj ,barley #ahg1jjj #aig1jjj #cc4je #cb4ae #f1agi1jjj #f1ccd1jjj ,rye #ae1jjj #af1jjj #be4ef #bd4hi #cgg1jjj #cih1jjj ,flax #acb1jjj #aje1jjj #ab4hc #aa4jj #a1fic1jjj #a1aee1jjj ,the ,provincial ,department of ,agriculture for ,alberta placed the total yield of all grains at #ha1ejj1jjj bushels1 but as the acreage is less1 the average yields are about the same4 ,the average yield per acre of potatoes from #be1jjj acres was about #agj bushels2 turnips and other roots about #bej bushels4 ,alfalfa yielded about #b4gg tons per acre and sugar beets about #i tons per acre2 hay and clover #a4ef tons1 with a total value of all these products of #c1gjj1jjj4 ,government and ,other ,telephones4--,the ,government operates the telephone system1 including about #g1jjj miles of long distance wires1 pursues an active policy of stimulating the organization of rural companies by giving as a bonus all poles required4 ,these rural companies are connected with local exchanges and toll offices wherever possible4 ,railways4--,during #aiac considerable was added to the railway mileage4 ,besides its main line the ,canadian ,pacific has two branches from ,calgary--one north to ,strathcona1 the other south to ,macleod4 ,two running eastward diverge at ,lacombe and ,wetaskiwin1 the latter a through line via ,saskatoon to ,winnipeg4 ,another leaves the ,canadian ,pacific near ,medicine ,hat1 passes through ,lethbridge and ,macleod and crosses the mountains by the ,crow's ,nest ,pass1 a branch connecting with the ,great ,northern at ,coutts and extending to ,cardston and west4 ,another branch will connect ,lethbridge with ,weyburn1 on the ,soo line4 ,provincial mileage #a1ebc4 ,other branches connecting the system are being built2 as shown on the maps4 ,the ,canadian ,northern enters ,alberta from the east at ,lloydminster on its way to ,edmonton4 ,from ,edmonton lines are projected and partially constructed north and west4 ,one starting at ,vegreville connects the main line with ,calgary1 and then extends southeasterly toward ,lethbridge and ,macleod4 ,from this line a branch is being built into the coal fields west of ,lacombe and will form part of the transcontinental line of that system4 ,its extension from ,saskatoon to ,calgary is about completed4 ,mileage #eic4 ,the ,grand ,trunk ,pacific serves the territory lying between the ,canadian ,northern and the ,canadian ,pacific1 operating trains through productive territory and for some distance into ,british ,columbia4 ,this ,company has completed its line south from ,tofield to ,calgary1 a part of the transcontinental line of that system4 ,through trains now run from ,edmonton to ,toronto1 ,provincial mileage1 #ede4 ,another road is now under construction northward from the international boundary through ,pincher ,creek1 with ,calgary as a northern terminus4 ,the ,provincial government has outlined a policy of railway development throughout the ,province1 particularly in the north1 opening vast agricultural lands which will attract settlers desirous of taking up free homestead4 ,lakes and ,rivers4--,the ,saskatchewan and the ,mackenzie rivers rise in the ,province4 ,the former is divided into two great arteries1 one of which with its tributaries1 the ,bow1 ,belly1 ,st4 ,mary's1 ,old ,man and ,red ,deer1 waters the south1 while the north branch1 with the ,brazeau1 ,clearwater1 ,sturgeon1 ,battle1 ,blindman and ,vermilion as tributaries1 waters the great central plains4 ,the ,peace and the ,athabaska drain the north4 ,lake ,athabaska1 #abj miles long1 ,lesser ,slave1 #fj miles long1 and many smaller bodies of water are chiefly in the northern part4 ,mineral ,resources4--,alberta has enormous coal and lignite areas4 ,the production of coal in #aiac was over #c-a_/b million tons1 valued at over #g-a_/b million dollars4 ,the coal supply is practically inexhaustible1 and underlies much of the whole ,province in seams from four to twelve feet thick4 ,it is found in all grades1 lignite1 bituminous and anthracite1 on the banks of every stream1 and in the shafts from #bj to #aej feet deep4 ,the total formation contains #ab1hjj square miles2 contents #ga billion tons4 ,natural gas has been found at ,medicine ,hat1 ,tofield1 ,dunmore ,junction1 and ,bow ,island on the ,south ,saskatchewan1 and at ,pelican ,rapids on the ,athabaska4 ,recently considerable interest has been taken in the oil fields south of ,calgary and north of ,edmonton4 ,important commercial oil fields will soon be located4 ,there is also petroleum1 gypsum1 salt and tar sands4 ,excellent brick and fireclay4 ,fish and ,furs4--,the ,great ,lakes of the ,north furnish yearly half a million pounds of incomparable whitefish1 while the fur wealth of the north is important4 ,illustration3 ,this shows that it is not all work in ,western ,canada4 ,there are many spots as beautiful as this1 the resort of the sportsman and pleasure seeker4 ,illustration3 ,coal mining at ,tofield1 ,alberta1 where an excellent quality is obtained1 and where natural gas is abundant4 ,illustration3 ,,southern ,,alberta ,lands within irregular line along railway in ,british ,columbia are administered by the ,dominion ,government4 ,surveyed lands shown in colour4 ,for ,map of ,central ,alberta see pages #cj and #ca4 ,education4--,the organization of free district schools is optional with settlers1 the ,government liberally supporting them4 ,an expenditure of about #gjj1jjj a year brings educational advantages within the reach of the most scattered community4 ,one new school a day has been opened in ,alberta during the last three or four years1 an indication of the settlement that is going on4 ,school population at end of #aiab1 over #gj1jjj2 number of schools #b1jbi4 ,two hundred and forty-five school buildings were erected in #aiab4 ,the dissemination of exact scientific knowledge is carried on by farmers' institutes1 stock-judging schools1 seed fairs and travelling dairies4 ,the raising of pure-bred stock is assisted by ,government grants4 ,experimental and demonstration farms have been established throughout the ,province4 ,agricultural high schools will soon be started1 and agriculture form part of the public school curriculum4 ,a ,healthy ,product4--,the air of ,alberta insures the best of health4 ,the whole of ,alberta lies above mountain altitude1 and the air is extraordinarily clear and bracing4 ,consequently there is comparatively little cloudy weather on normal days1 either in summer or winter4 ,bright sunshine prevails4 ,striking testimony as to freedom from consumption is provided by ,dr4 ,t4 ,h4 ,whitelaw of ,edmonton1 according to whose official report not one case of this disease has originated in ,edmonton since the beginning of #aiaa4 ,stock4--,alberta's dry and invigorating atmosphere1 short1 mild winters1 nutritious grasses1 and abundant water supply1 make it pre-eminently adapted to horse breeding4 ,the ,alberta animal is noted for its endurance1 lung power1 and freedom from hereditary and other diseases4 ,it winters out at a nominal expense and without even hay or grain feeding4 ,four-year old steers1 which have never been under a roof nor fed a pound of grain and have been given less than a ton of hay1 weigh about #a1ejj pounds by ,august #a and will then gain until ,october from #b to #c pounds a day4 ,experiments made at the ,demonstration ,farm at ,olds show that #ajj steers weighed in ,november #a1 at #abg1edj pounds1 weighed out ,may #bj1 less than #g months later at #adc1dab pounds1 showing a net gain of #aj4ab per head4 ,at the ,lacombe ,experimental ,station the gain per day in feeding cattle ranged from #a4h to #a4gb lbs41 showing a net profit when sold of #ad4ce to #bh4ij4 ,good ,roads in the ,province4--,one of the most important considerations in a new country is that of roads4 ,the ,alberta government has taken up this problem in an intelligent manner1 that will eventually greatly enlarge the resources of the ,province4 ,the money expended on ferry service1 maintenance of bridges1 road construction1 construction of bridges1 and the construction of trunk roads1 was essential to the opening up of vast tracts of fertile land4 ,as a result1 #ajj1jjj1jjj1 or more than #bjj per capita of the total population of the ,province1 is the estimated farm value of the #aiac crop in ,alberta4 ,sugar ,beets and ,alfalfa4--,operations are now extending north as well as south of ,lethbridge1 where a large factory has been conducted for some years4 ,an expert from ,colorado has taken up irrigated land in the ,bassano district to carry on the industry on a large scale4 ,he says3 ,this is going to be a great beet-raising country4 ,my crop averaged between #af and #ah per cent sugar1 which is a very high grade4 ,he says his new farm produces as much alfalfa per acre as his former more expensive land in ,colorado4 ,fruit4--,it has not yet been demonstrated that the larger fruits1 such as apples1 can be made commercially attractive in ,alberta4 ,all the smaller fruits can be grown with little trouble1 at a cost that makes their culture profitable4 ,,what ,,some ,,alberta ,,farmers ,,are ,,doing ,macleod4--,weather conditions were excellent throughout the season4 ,ninety per cent of the wheat up to ,october #a graded ,no4 #a1 the only ,no4 #b being fall wheat4 ,the yield ranged from #bj to #dj bushels per acre1 with an average of #bh4 ,oats yielded well1 and barley about #fj bushels4 ,inverary is a new district4 ,wheat graded ,no4 #b and some of it went #ej bushels to the acre1 oats going about #ge bushels4 ,monarch4--,the yield of wheat on summer-fallow averaged #ce bushels1 a large percentage ,no4 #a ,northern4 ,milk ,river4--,all spring grains yielded better than expected4 ,a #cjj-;acre field of ,marquis wheat gave #da-a_/b bushels4 ,experimental farm results on grain sown on irrigated land place ,red ,fife wheat in the banner position1 with a yield of #ei4dj bushels per acre4 ,oats yielded #ac bushels to the acre4 ,calgary4--,the yield of grain was everywhere abnormal1 with an increased acreage of about #bc per cent4 ,bassano4--,september #be4 ,individual record crops grown in ,alberta include a #a1cjj-;acre field of spring wheat1 near here1 which went #ce bushels to the acre and weighed #ff pounds to the bushel4 ,noble4--,mr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,noble had #cej1jjj bushels of grain4 ,the cost of production per acre was #i4aj on summer-fallow and the returns were #bd4ic per acre4 ,oats averaged #ij bushels on #b1hhj acres1 wheat #ch on #cjj acres1 and barley #fa on #dej acres1 all grading top4 ,mr4 ,harris ,oium1 came from ,south ,dakota twelve years ago and homesteaded the first #afj acres in his township1 dividing his land between grain and pasture4 ,he earned sufficient money to buy a quarter section of railway land at #aa an acre4 ,the half section netted proportionate profits and he gradually increased his holdings to #a1ibj acres1 which are devoted to mixed farming this year4 ,he values his land at #ej an acre4 ,he has #bjj hogs1 mostly pure bred ,poland ,china1 #be head draft horses and #ce head of pure bred ,hereford cattle4 ,feeding barley to hogs nets him #hj cents a bushel1 twice the average market price when delivered to the warehouse4 ,his barley averages #dj bushels to the acre2 oats average #hj bushels4 ,red ,deer4--,john ,lamont says that a man on a quarter-section1 with a few cows1 brood sows1 and #ajj hens1 can be as sure of a good living for his family as if he were pensioned by the government4 ,his #bj acres of ,alberta red winter wheat yielded #ihe bushels4 ,last year his wheat went a little over #dj bushels per acre1 machine measure4 ,he grows alfalfa4 ,s4 ,d4 ,mc,connell has carried on mixed farming for twelve years keeping a few cattle and some hogs2 makes a dollar a bushel out of his barley by feeding it4 ,his fall wheat has gone from #cj to #fe bushels to the acre2 oats from #dj to #ajj bushels1 never weighing less than #db lbs4 to the bushel4 ,h4 ,s4 ,corrigan has averaged at least #cj bushels of spring wheat per acre1 #dj bushels of barley1 and #fj bushels of oats4 ,twenty-one acres of oats ran #ij bushels per acre1 and weighed #dh pounds per bushel4 ,last winter he bought nine head of cattle for #dbj1 fed them six weeks on hay1 green feed1 and chop and sold them for #egi4fj4 ,two steers1 #bf months old weighed #b1ddj lbs4 ,one sow raised #eh pigs in #b-a_/b years1 and when sold1 weighed #eej pounds4 ,two of her pigs1 now a year old1 are raising #bc pigs4 ,timothy has yielded a ton and a half on an average1 at #ae a ton4 ,red ,deer4--,j4 ,northrup has not missed a crop in nine years1 and says3 ,this is the best country in the world for small grain1 better than ,iowa and that is good--,i love old ,iowa4 ,winter wheat yields as high as #de bushels per acre4 ,potatoes yield #djj bushels per acre at times4 ,alfalfa is a good crop when the soil is inoculated4 ,c4 ,a4 ,sharman has the world's champion ,jersey cow4 ,he says3 ,a quarter section of land and #ajj head of stock mean the maximum of growth from every square yard4 ,any man1 woman1 or child that uses ,alberta rightly will be used rightly by ,alberta4 ,farming in ,alberta is no gold brick proposition1 but an industry1 which is the basis of all wealth4 ,illustration3 ,one of the comfortable homes in ,western ,canada1 showing splendid surrounding of trees4 ,illustration3 ,alfalfa has become a recognized fodder crop in ,western ,canada4 ,large areas are already planted1 and it produces abundant yields4 ,a4 ,p4 ,olsen formerly of ,minnesota has raised cattle1 horses1 hogs and also milked a few cows4 ,his oats yield #de bushels to the acre1 spring wheat1 #cf bushels1 winter wheat and barley #dj bushels4 ,he won first prize at the ,calgary ,exhibition for a collection of #cb varieties of grasses found on his own land4 ,macleod4--,r4 ,mc,nab has returns which show a yield of #de bushels of ,no4 #a ,northern wheat to the acre4 ,gleichen4--,forty-five bushels of ,no4 #a ,northern wheat per acre was the yield on the ,blackfoot ,indian reserve in #aiac4 ,pincher ,creek4--,alfred ,pelletier had #acj bushels oats per acre4 ,cities and ,towns4--,on the banks of the ,saskatchewan and forming the portal alike to the ,last ,west and the ,new ,north1 the capital city of ,edmonton has attractions for the capitalist1 the tourist1 the manufacturer1 and the health seeker4 ,at the centre of two great transcontinental highways1 ,edmonton will soon be rated among the world's great cities4 ,traffic from the ,pacific to ,hudson ,bay will go through her portals1 the south1 north and west will contribute4 ,possessed of municipally-owned waterworks1 electric-lighting and power systems1 street railways and telephones1 the city is modern1 attractive and alive4 ,the number of banks is evidence of prosperity4 ,the coal output of the district is about #c1jjj tons daily4 ,population1 about #fj1jjj4 ,in #aija1 it was #b1fbf4 ,in #aiaa1 the assessment was a trifle under #dg million dollars2 in #aiab1 #abc-a_/b million dollars4 ,school attendance1 #e1aad4 ,calgary tells its own story in public buildings and in over one hundred wholesale establishments1 #cjj retail stores1 #ae chartered banks1 half a hundred manufacturing establishments1 and a #aej1jjj normal school building4 ,the principal streets are paved4 ,there is municipal ownership of sewer system1 waterworks and electric light and street railway4 ,directly bearing upon the future of ,calgary is the irrigation project of the ,bow ,river ,valley1 where #c million acres are being colonized4 ,one thousand two hundred miles of canals and laterals are completed4 ,population in #aiaa was #dc1gcf2 now claimed #ge1jjj4 ,there are #cf schools1 #adf teachers1 and #g1jjj pupils4 ,the ,canadian ,pacific car shops here employ #c1jjj men4 ,it has the ,canadian ,pacific1 ,canadian ,northern1 and ,grand ,trunk ,pacific4 ,lethbridge1 with a population of about #ac1jjj1 the centre of a splendid agricultural district1 is also a prosperous coal-mining and commercial city4 ,the output of the mines1 which in #aiab was about #d1cjj tons daily and necessitated a monthly pay roll of #ade1jjj1 finds a ready market in ,british ,columbia1 in ,montana1 and as far east as ,winnipeg4 ,a ,government ,experimental ,farm is nearby4 ,the several branches of railway diverging here make it an important railway centre4 ,it will shortly have the ,grand ,trunk ,pacific1 and direct ,canadian ,pacific and ,canadian ,northern lines eastward4 ,the municipally-owned street car system affords excellent service4 ,medicine ,hat1 in the valley of the ,south ,saskatchewan and the centre of a magnificent ranching and mixed-farming district1 is a division point of the ,canadian ,pacific ,railway1 with extensive railway shops operated with natural gas for fuel4 ,the light1 heat1 and power1 derived from this gas are sold to manufacturers at #e cents per thousand cubic feet1 and for domestic purposes at #a cent4 ,the factories and industries now using natural gas pay out about #b-a_/b million dollars annually1 which will be considerably augmented by factories in course of construction1 and to be erected4 ,when the new flouring mills are completed1 ,medicine ,hat will be the largest milling centre on the continent4 ,population over #f1jjj4 ,macleod is one of the oldest towns in the ,province4 ,with the rapid settlement of the surrounding agricultural land1 this town is showing wonderful progress2 during #aiac a large amount was spent in new buildings4 ,wetaskiwin is a railway division point from which farms stretch in all directions4 ,the city is beautifully located1 and owns its electric light plant1 waterworks1 and sewerage system4 ,red ,deer is situated on the ,canadian ,pacific1 half way between ,calgary and ,edmonton4 ,it has a large sawmill1 two brick-yards1 concrete works1 creameries1 wheat elevators1 and a sash-and-door factory4 ,coal and wood are plentiful and cheap4 ,the district has never had a crop failure4 ,it showed considerable business activity in #aiac4 ,lines of railway extend westward4 ,lacombe1 on the direct line between ,calgary and ,edmonton1 has a flour mill1 foundry1 planing mill1 brick-yard1 grain elevators1 electric lights1 and telephones4 ,the surrounding country is noted for its pure-bred cattle and horses1 and a ,government ,experimental ,farm adjoins the town4 ,raymond enjoys a rapid growth1 and has one of the largest sugar factories in the west4 ,sugar beets are a great success here4 ,mr4 ,henry ,holmes1 who won the big wheat prize at the ,dry ,farming ,congress held at ,lethbridge in #aiab resides here4 ,other prosperous towns are ,claresholm1 ,didsbury1 ,fort ,saskatchewan1 ,high ,river1 ,innisfail1 ,olds1 ,okotoks1 ,pincher ,creek1 ,ponoka1 ,st4 ,albert1 ,vermilion1 ,vegreville1 ,carmangay1 ,stettler1 ,taber1 ,tofield1 ,camrose1 ,castor1 ,cardston1 ,bassano1 ,edson1 ,coronation1 ,empress1 ,magrath1 ,nanton1 ,strathmore1 ,gleichen1 ,leduc1 ,hardisty1 ,walsh1 ,daysland1 ,sedgewick1 ,grassy ,lake and ,wainwright4 ,much interest is being taken in ,athabaska ,landing1 owing to its increasing agricultural settlement and the completion of the ,canadian ,northern4 ,,conditions ,,in ,,alberta1 #aiac ,agricultural ,conditions4--,from the agricultural standpoint the season of #aiac was perfectly normal4 ,spring opened favourably for seeding operations and at no time from seeding to threshing did unfavourable conditions threaten a successful harvest4 ,copious rains in the growing period1 and bright dry weather in the cutting and threshing period kept the farmer confident from the beginning4 ,it was a season made1 as it were1 to the farmers' order4 ,the quality of grain was extra good4 ,wheat weighed from #fa-a_/b to #fh pounds to the bushel1 oats #dj to #df1 and barley #eb to #eh4 ,conditions were equally favourable to pasture and hay crops and live stock4 ,the first and second cuttings of alfalfa were especially heavy and timothy made a good average yield4 ,abundant pasture continued throughout the season making both beef and dairy cattle profitable investments4 ,live stock1 dairy products1 poultry and eggs are worth four times the value of grain crops4 ,the value of the former is nearly #abj millions1 while the total value of the grain crop is about #cj millions4 ,the income from the former reached #dj million dollars last year1 that from the latter about #be million dollars4 ,public ,works and ,railways4--,about #fjj miles of steel were laid last year1 bringing the railway mileage of the province up to nearly #c1fjj miles4 ,equal activity is assured for #aiad4 ,this year the ,government made a step to provide transportation facilities for districts sidetracked by the railway companies4 ,the means adopted is guaranteeing the interest on the securities of light railways up to one-half the estimated cost4 ,financial4--,the income of the farming community exceeds that of all former years4 ,it is estimated that the product of this year that will be converted into cash for the liquidation of debts1 is nearly #fe million dollars4 ,the farmer is therefore in a position to pay his machinery debts1 store debts1 and other obligations4 ,consequently the farmers are optimistic and are planning extended operations for the coming season4 ,measured by every economical standard1 ,alberta shows sound prosperity and justifies a continuance of the confidence of outside capitalists in her established business1 and increased investments in the development of her vast resources of farms1 mines and forests4 ,population and ,live ,stock4--7,dominion ,census ,bureau73 #aiji #aiaj #aiaa #aiab #aiac ,population 444444 444444 #cgd1ffc 444444 #bejj1jjj ,horses #bfc1gac #bid1bbe #djg1aec #dea1egc #dhd1hji ,milch cows #aaf1cga #abd1dgj #adg1fhg #aeg1ibb #afh1cgf ,other cattle #iaj1edg #ibf1icg #eib1afc #ehg1cjg #faj1iag ,sheep #aga1dbb #agi1jfg #acc1eib #ace1jge #agh1jae ,swine #aci1bgj #adc1efj #bcg1eaj #bgh1gdg #cej1fib #b ,estimated4 ,illustration3 ,one type of house built of logs in the park districts of ,central ,alberta4 ,illustration3 ,marketing the grain at one of the elevators that are essential at every station in ,western ,canada4 ,illustration3 ,,central ,,alberta ,surveyed lands shown in colour4 ,for ,map of ,southern ,alberta see pages #bf and #bg4 ,,british ,,columbia ,stretching from the ,rockies to the sea and from the ,united ,states to the #fjth parallel1 ,british ,columbia is the largest ,province in the ,dominion4 ,it is big enough to enable one to place in it1 side by side at the same time1 two ,englands1 three ,irelands1 and four ,scotlands4 ,looking across the water to the millions of ,british subjects in ,india1 in ,hong-,kong1 in ,australia1 and the isles of the sea1 one catches brief pathetic glimpses of the commercial greatness which the ,pacific has begun to waft to these shores4 ,nature intended ,british ,columbia to develop a great seaward commerce1 and substantial trade relations are now established northward to the ,yukon and southward to ,mexico4 ,population1 ,june1 #aiaa1 #cib1dhj4 ,british ,columbia has natural wealth in her forests and her fish1 in her whales and seals and fruit farms4 ,but it is from her mines1 more than from aught else1 that she will derive her future wealth4 ,the parallel chains of the ,rockies1 the ,selkirks1 and the ,coast ,ranges are a rich dower4 ,they furnish scenery unrivalled in its majesty2 they are nurseries of great rivers which pour tribute into three oceans2 and in their rocky embrace they hold a mineral wealth second to none4 ,british ,columbia contains an aggregate of from #af million to #bj million unoccupied arable acres4 ,sir ,william ,dawson has estimated that in the ,british ,columbia section of the ,peace ,river ,valley alone1 the wheat-growing area will amount to #aj million acres4 ,it is a country of big things4 ,how to get the ,land4--,crown lands in ,british ,columbia are laid off and surveyed into townships1 containing thirty-six sections of one square mile in each4 ,the head of a family1 a widow1 or single man over the age of eighteen years1 and a ,british subject 7or any alien upon making a declaration of his intention to become a ,british subject7 may for agricultural purposes record any tract of unoccupied and unreserved crown land 7not being an ,indian settlement71 not exceeding #afj acres in extent4 ,free homesteads are not granted4 ,the pre-emptor of land must pay #a an acre for it1 live upon it for two years1 and improve it to the extent of #b4ej per acre4 ,particulars regarding crown lands of this ,province1 their location1 and method of pre-emption can be obtained by communicating with the sub-joined government agencies for the respective districts1 or from the ,secretary1 ,bureau of ,agriculture1 ,victoria1 ,b4 ,c43 ,alberni1 ,nanaimo1 ,new ,westminster1 ,golden1 ,cranbrook1 ,kaslo1 ,nelson1 ,revelstoke1 ,bakersville1 ,telegraph ,creek1 ,atlin1 ,prince ,rupert1 ,hazleton1 ,kamloops1 ,nicola1 ,vernon1 ,fairview1 ,clinton1 ,ashcroft4 ,agriculture4--,it is not so long ago that agriculture was regarded as a quite secondary consideration in ,british ,columbia4 ,the construction of railroads1 and the settlement of the valleys in the wake of the miner and the lumberman1 have entirely dissipated that idea4 ,the agricultural possibilities of ,british ,columbia are now fully appreciated locally1 and the outside world is also beginning to realize that the ,pacific ,province has rich assets in its arable and pastoral lands4 ,professor ,macoun says3 ,as far north as the fifty-fourth degree it has been practically demonstrated that apples will flourish1 while in the southern belt the more delicate fruits1 peaches1 grapes1 and apricots1 are an assured crop4 ,on a trip through the valley one sees apple orchards with the trees fairly groaning under their loads of fruit1 and pear1 plum1 and prune trees in like manner4 ,in many places between the trees there are rows of potatoes1 cabbages1 and other vegetables1 showing that the land is really producing a double crop4 ,grapes1 water melons1 and musk melons also thrive in the valley1 and large quantities of each are grown4 ,tomatoes1 cherries1 and berries of all kinds are grown extensively4 ,wheat1 oats1 and corn give excellent yields4 ,as an instance1 one man's wheat crop this season averages #dh-a_/b bushels to the acre4 ,of prunes1 one orchardist grew a crop of #g1jjj boxes4 ,the apples shipped find a ready market in ,calgary1 ,regina1 and in the other cities in the prairie provinces4 ,prices this year are considerably better than they were a year ago4 ,last year this valley produced #cej carloads of fruit and vegetables1 and some of the farmers have made net profits of as high as #bej an acre4 ,those who have turned their attention to mixed farming are exceptionally well pleased with the result4 ,a local company is being organized to build a cannery and this will be in operation next year4 ,and besides this one1 another cannery is being talked of4 ,in the valleys1 of which there are many1 there are tracts of wonderfully rich and1 largely of alluvial deposits1 that give paying returns4 ,the ,columbia and ,kootenay ,valleys1 comprising the districts of ,cranbrook1 ,nelson1 ,windermere1 ,slocan1 ,golden and ,revelstoke are very rich4 ,the eastern portion requires irrigation2 they are well suited to fruit farming and all kinds of roots and vegetables4 ,timber lands are said to be the best1 when cleared4 ,in the western portion of these valleys there are considerable areas of fertile land1 suitable for fruit growing4 ,the available land is largely held by private individuals4 ,illustration3 ,the fruit industry of ,british ,columbia is making rapid development4 ,peaches1 plums1 pears1 grapes1 apples grow to the greatest perfection4 ,the valleys of the ,okanagan1 ,nicola1 ,similkameen1 ,kettle1 ,north and ,south ,thompson1 and the ,boundary are immensely rich in possibilities4 ,the advent of the small farmer and fruit grower has driven the cattle industry northward into the ,central district of the ,province4 ,the ranges are now divided into small parcels1 occupied by fruit growers and small farmers4 ,irrigation is necessary in most places1 but water is easy to acquire4 ,the ,land ,recording ,district of ,new ,westminster is one of the richest agricultural districts of the ,province and includes all the fertile valley of the ,lower ,fraser4 ,the climate is mild1 with much rain in winter4 ,the timber is very heavy and the underbrush thick4 ,heavy crops of hay1 grain1 and roots are raised1 and fruit growing is here brought to perfection4 ,the natural precipitation is sufficient for all purposes4 ,for about seventy miles along the ,fraser ,river there are farms which yield their owners revenues from #d1jjj to #g1jjj a year2 this land is now worth from #ajj to #a1jjj an acre4 ,as much as #e tons of hay1 #abj bushels of oats1 #bj tons of potatoes1 and #ej tons of roots have been raised per acre4 ,vancouver ,island1 with its great wealth of natural resources and its commanding position1 is fast becoming one of the richest and most prosperous portions of the ,province4 ,its large area of agricultural land is heavily timbered and costly to clear by individual effort1 but the railroad companies are clearing1 to encourage agricultural development4 ,most farmers raise live stock1 do some dairying and grow fruit4 ,grains1 grasses1 roots1 and vegetables grow to perfection and yield heavily4 ,apples1 pears1 plums1 prunes1 and cherries grow luxuriantly1 while the more tender fruits--peaches1 apricots1 nectarines1 and grapes attain perfection in the southern districts when carefully cultivated4 ,f4 ,a4 ,starkey1 ,pres4 of the ,boards of ,trade says that a clear profit of #ff-b_/c per cent can be made in fruit growing4 ,lillooet is well adapted to dairying1 cattle raising1 and fruit growing4 ,central ,british ,columbia1 through which the ,grand ,trunk ,pacific is now being constructed1 comprises the valleys of the ,bulkley1 ,endako1 ,nechaco1 ,fraser1 and ,stuart1 where there is considerable land inviting to the settler4 ,the soil and climate of the valleys extending westward to the ,bulkley are adapted to grain growing and cattle raising1 while further westward and to within fifty miles of the west coast belt apple culture as well is successful4 ,down the ,fraser from ,fort ,george there is active development in settlement1 and wheat1 oats1 barley and hay are highly productive2 the climate is good4 ,the soil is a brown silt covered by a layer of vegetable mould1 and the timber is light and easy to clear4 ,along the ,nechaco1 between ,fort ,george and ,fraser ,lake1 is same character of soil and a similar country1 there being large tracts well fitted for general farming4 ,native grasses yield abundant food2 there is ample rainfall1 and the winter climate moderates as the coast is approached4 ,north of ,fort ,fraser there is good grazing and farming land1 somewhat timbered and covered with rich grasses4 ,the prevailing price is #be an acre2 owners are not particularly anxious to sell4 ,the ,bulkley and ,endako valleys have a lightly-timbered rich soil1 and a well-watered country with mixed farming possibilities4 ,there is no necessity for irrigation4 ,it would be rash for the inexperienced to penetrate this district in search of land before the railway4 ,the difficulties and cost are too great4 ,to the hardy pioneer1 who has knowledge of how to select good land in a timbered country1 the future is at his feet4 ,most of the available land within a reasonable distance of the railroad is taken up1 and the days of the pre-emptor1 except in remoter parts1 are past4 ,land can be secured at a reasonable figure from those who have purchased in large blocks from the ,government4 ,central ,british ,columbia is lightly timbered from end to end2 natural open patches are not frequent1 and occur mostly on river banks and at the ends of lakes4 ,while railroad construction is under way and settlement in progress good prices will be obtained for all agricultural products4 ,this portion of the ,province can now be reached by way of ,prince ,rupert1 by rail from ,edmonton1 or by trail from ,ashcroft1 ,b4 ,c4 ,highways4--,one-half million dollars was spent last year in opening up first-class wagon and motor roads throughout the ,province4 ,education4--,the school system is free and non-sectarian2 equally as efficient as in any other ,province of the ,dominion4 ,the ,government builds a school-house1 makes a grant for incidental expenses1 and pays a teacher in every district where twenty children between the ages of six and sixteen can be gathered4 ,high schools are also established in cities1 where classics and higher mathematics are taught4 ,chief ,cities4--,victoria1 the capital1 about #fj1jjj2 ,vancouver1 the commercial capital1 #abc1ijb2 ,new ,westminster1 #ac1aii2 ,nelson1 #d1dgf2 ,nanaimo1 #h1afh2 ,rossland1 #b1hbf2 ,kamloops1 #c1ggb2 ,grand ,forks1 #a1egg1 ,revelstoke1 #c1jag2 ,fernie1 #c1adf2 ,cranbrook1 #c1jij2 ,ladysmith1 #c1bie2 ,prince ,rupert1 #d1ahd2 ,fort ,george and ,fort ,fraser on the ,fraser and ,nechaco rivers and ,grand ,trunk ,pacific will be important towns in the near future4 ,hon4 ,w4 ,r4 ,ross1 ,provincial ,minister of ,lands1 says that there is a total of #ic1jjj1jjj acres of land reserved for pre-emption within the confines of the ,province at the present time4 ,of the #bej1jjj1jjj acres of ground estimated to be within the ,province only #e1jjj1jjj acres1 or about #b per cent1 had been sold to date he said1 even excluding reserve land1 available for settlement4 ,as a matter of fact1 during the past few years between #i1jjj and #aa1jjj pre-emptions had been issued by the ,government to settlers1 and during the last year #c1fjj had been issued outside of the railway belt and about #a1bjj within the area4 ,the cities afford a splendid reflex of the trade of the country1 and show the development in mining1 fishing1 lumbering1 shipping1 manufacturing and agriculture4 ,climate4--,near the coast the average number of days in the year below freezing is fifteen2 rainfall varies from #dj to #ajj inches4 ,farther inland the average number of days in the year below freezing is sixty-five4 ,the northern districts of ,hazleton1 ,pearl ,river1 ,cassiar1 and ,atlin are somewhat colder4 ,ocean currents and moisture laden winds from the ,pacific exercise a moderating influence upon the climate of the coast4 ,the westerly winds1 arrested in their passage east by the ,coast ,range1 create what is known as the dry belt east of the mountains2 the higher air currents carry the moisture to the lofty peaks of the ,selkirks1 and the precipitation in the eastern portion of the ,province is greater than in the central district1 thus a series of alternate moist and dry belts is formed4 ,the ,province offers a choice of a dry or moist climate1 an almost total absence of extremes of heat and cold1 freedom from malaria1 and conditions most favourable4 ,mineral ,resources4--,the precious and useful metals abound in ,british ,columbia1 and it was the discovery of placer gold in the ,cariboo ,district that first attracted attention to the ,province4 ,occurrences of copper1 gold1 silver1 and lead ores are widespread1 and mining is being carried on in those districts convenient to transportation facilities4 ,coal is extensively mined in ,vancouver ,island1 in the ,crow's ,nest ,pass district and more recently1 in the ,nicola ,valley region4 ,miners' wages are high1 and there is usually a constant demand for workmen4 ,the value of the mineral production last year was #cb million dollars1 of which coal contributed #i million and copper #h million dollars4 ,much successful prospecting is in progress in the region traversed by the ,grand ,trunk ,pacific ,railway1 the completion of which will undoubtedly be followed by important mining development4 ,already many valuable finds of coal and metal ores have been made4 ,the mineral resources are not confined to any one section1 although the principal metalliferous operations have so far been confined to the southern portion of the ,province4 ,the various mining camps1 employing large numbers of men1 who are paid high wages1 afford a fine home market for the products of the farms and orchards4 ,illustration3 ,there is no more profitable industry in ,british ,columbia than that of raising cattle4 ,dairying is carried on extensively4 ,illustration3 ,,british ,,columbia ,dominion ,electoral ,divisions shown in ,colour4 ,lands in ,peace ,river ,block1 as well as those along the ,canadian ,pacific ,railway within shaded line1 are administered by the ,dominion ,government4 ,timber4--,next in importance1 at the present time1 are the timber resources4 ,it is admitted that the largest remaining areas of first-class building timbers in the world are in ,british ,columbia4 ,the lumber industry has increased enormously of recent years owing to the demand from the rapidly growing ,prairie ,provinces4 ,for many years to come it will have to undergo constant expansion to keep pace with the ever-growing needs of the untimbered prairie regions4 ,the principal woods are ,douglas fir1 cedar1 spruce1 tamarac1 pine and hemlock4 ,fisheries4--,this ,province has risen to the rank of the greatest fish-producing ,province in the ,dominion4 ,besides its extensive salmon fisheries1 it has1 lying within easy distance of the northern part of its coast line1 extremely rich halibut grounds1 while herring are in great abundance all along its shores4 ,these various branches of the fishing industry are being rapidly developed1 but there is yet room for great expansion4 ,the value of the fisheries of the ,provinces for #aiac amounted to about #aa million dollars4 ,what ,premier ,mc,bride says3 ,millions of ,british money is finding investment in ,british ,columbia1 and there is scope for millions more4 ,one of the advantages of ,british ,columbia is that all of its industrial and other enterprises are of a permanent character4 ,there is room for millions of people4 ,we have the resources1 the geographical situation1 and the climate that will appeal4 ,our elementary school system is free and compulsory1 and one of the most efficient in the world1 making ample provision1 as it does1 for ambitious students to pass on to the universities of ,canada1 the ,united ,states1 and ,england4 ,but we are also to have our own ,university4 ,much attention has been attracted to the result of the opening of the ,panama ,canal on the shipping future of the ports at the coast4 ,lakes and ,rivers4--,the most important are the ,columbia1 which has a course of #fjj miles in ,british ,columbia2 the ,fraser1 #gej miles long2 the ,skeena1 #cjj miles long2 the ,thompson1 the ,kootenay1 the ,stikine1 the ,liard1 and the ,peace4 ,these with their tributaries drain an area of one-tenth of the whole of the ,north ,american continent4 ,the lake area aggregates #a-a_/b million acres4 ,on the lakes and rivers first-class steamers give accommodation to the settlements along the banks and in the valleys1 and afford excellent transportation for tourists4 ,there are lines of steamers in service between ,vancouver1 ,japan1 and ,china2 between ,vancouver and ,australia2 between ,vancouver and ,mexico1 and between ,vancouver and ,england via the ,suez ,canal4 ,these ocean communications of ,british ,columbia are highly important4 ,vancouver is the terminus of the shortest route from ,liverpool to ,yokohama and all important points of the ,far ,east4 ,the ,province has a considerable coasting fleet1 having direct connection with ,yukon and ,alaska4 ,there is not as yet a large ,pacific marine of ,canadian registry4 ,although in the service of ,canadian interests the tonnage is largely ,british4 ,a ,rich ,province4--,british ,columbia coal measures are sufficient to supply the world for centuries4 ,it possesses the greatest compact area of merchantable timber in the world4 ,the mines are in the early stages of their development1 and have already produced about #djj million dollars1 of which coal contributed #abb million4 ,the value of the mineral production in #aiaa was #cj million dollars4 ,the fisheries return an average annual yield of nearly #aj million dollars4 ,british ,columbia's trade1 per head of population1 is the largest in the world4 ,the chief exports are salmon1 coal1 gold1 silver1 copper1 lead1 timber1 masts and spars1 furs and skins1 whale-oil1 sealskins1 hops1 and fruit4 ,railways4--,the ,canadian ,pacific ,railway has two main lines and several branches making connection with ,united ,states railway systems1 as well as operating on ,vancouver ,island4 ,with the exception of one or two small gaps the ,grand ,trunk ,pacific will have its line completed through ,central ,british ,columbia this year4 ,this will open up a very large area for settlement4 ,at the ,pacific terminus in ,prince ,rupert1 splendid steamers connect with other portions of the ,mainland and with ,vancouver ,island4 ,the ,canadian ,northern has secured low grades across the ,rockies and1 making its way down the ,fraser and ,north ,thompson1 finds an easy outlet at ,port ,mann near ,vancouver4 ,the ,great ,northern enters the ,province at points in the boundary4 ,the provincial railway mileage is #a1hed miles with #a1jjj miles under construction4 ,stock4--,dairying pays handsomely in ,british ,columbia4 ,the local demand for butter is constantly increasing and the prices secured are higher than in ,eastern ,canada4 ,the ,province possesses many elements necessary to constitute it a great dairying country4 ,there are extensive areas of pastoral land in the interior1 while increased cultivation in the lower country will form the necessary feeding ground4 ,with a plentiful supply of good water1 and luxuriant and nutritious grasses1 there is every required facility added4 ,cattle raising on a large scale was formerly one of the chief industries of the ,province1 and many of the large ranches are still making money1 but the tendency of late has been for smaller herds and the improvement of the stock4 ,sheep raising is another branch of agriculture capable of great expansion4 ,hogs1 in small farming1 are probably the most profitable of live stock1 owing to the general demand for pork1 bacon1 ham1 and lard1 and much attention is now being given to raising them4 ,over #a million dollars of hog products are imported annually1 and prices are always high4 ,the demand for good horses1 especially heavy draft and working animals1 is always increasing1 and prices are consequently high4 ,dairy ,products4--,in #aiab this industry reached a valuation of nearly #d million dollars4 ,poultry raising is a branch of general farming which is beginning to receive special attention in ,british ,columbia4 ,the home market is nowhere nearly supplied either with eggs or poultry1 large quantities being imported from ,manitoba1 ,ontario1 ,california1 ,washington1 and elsewhere4 ,good prices prevail at all seasons of the year4 ,every portion of ,british ,columbia is suitable for poultry raising4 ,in the ,coast districts1 hens1 ducks1 and geese can be raised to great advantage1 and the dry belts and uplands are particularly well adapted to turkeys4 ,grain4--,wheat is grown principally in the ,fraser1 ,okanagan1 and ,spallumcheen ,valleys and in the country around ,kamloops4 ,barley of excellent quality is grown in many parts of the ,province4 ,oats are the principal grain crop1 the quality and yield being good1 and the demand beyond the quantity grown4 ,potatoes1 turnips1 carrots1 mangolds1 and all other roots grow in profusion wherever their cultivation has been attempted4 ,hop culture is carried on in the ,okanagan1 ,agassiz1 and ,chilliwak districts4 ,british ,columbia hops command a good price in ,england and recently ,eastern ,canada and ,australia have bid for them4 ,some attention has been given to the cultivation of sugar-beets1 tobacco1 and celery1 and in each case with the most gratifying results1 ensuring an early expansion of operations in all of these lines4 ,in #aiab there was a total agricultural production in the ,province of about #ad-a_/b million dollars1 but there was imported another #ae million dollars' worth4 ,british ,columbia agriculturists and fruit growers are particularly fortunate in having a splendid home market for their products1 and for their surplus there is the enormous present and illimitable future demand of the ,prairie ,provinces1 assuring always good prices and ready sale for everything they produce4 ,game4--,for big-game hunters there are moose1 wapiti1 sheep1 caribou1 goat1 deer1 grizzly1 black1 and brown bear1 wolves1 panthers1 lynx1 and wild cats2 in the way of small game there is the best snipe shooting procurable anywhere1 and duck and geese1 prairie chicken1 grouse1 and quail abound4 ,in addition to sport with rifle and shot gun1 salmon fishing1 unknown elsewhere1 trout and grayling fishing1 unsurpassed in any other country1 may be enjoyed at a minimum of cost and inconvenience4 ,illustration3 ,in ,central ,british ,columbia there is an area of agricultural land that is unexcelled anywhere4 ,wonderful yields of all small grains are reported4 ,,what ,,wins ,,in ,,central ,,canada ,the adaptable and friendly man going into ,canada will find a welcome awaiting him4 ,there is room for everybody4 ,the man already established1 the railways1 and the ,government are equally anxious to secure further immigration of the right kind4 ,the new man is not looked upon as an intruder but as a producer of new wealth1 an enricher of the commonwealth4 ,the new man should buy his tools as he needs them4 ,until he has more than thirty acres under crop he can work with a neighbour1 in exchange for the services of a binder4 ,he may not need to build a granary for two or three years4 ,a cow is a good investment1 and a vegetable garden easily pays its own way4 ,a few broad general suggestions might be made to the settlers who come in with varying capital at their command4 ,the ,man ,who ,has ,less ,than #cjj4--,this man had better work for wages for the first year4 ,he can either hire out to established farmers or find employment on railway construction work4 ,during the year1 opportunity may open up for him to take up his free grant or make the first payment on a quarter-section that he would like to purchase4 ,the ,man ,who ,has #fjj4--;,get hold of your #afj-;acre free homestead at once1 build your shack1 and proceed with your homestead duties4 ,during the six months that you are free to absent yourself from your homestead1 hire out to some successful farmer and get enough to tide you over the other half of the year which you must spend in residence upon the land4 ,when you have put in six months' residence during each of these years and have complied with the improvement conditions required by the ,land ,act1 you become the absolute owner4 ,the ,man ,who ,has #a1jjj4--;,either homestead a farm or purchase one on the installment plan1 and get to work at once4 ,a small house and out buildings will be required1 with horses or oxen1 a plough1 a wagon1 etc4 ,working out in the harvest season will be needed to bring in money to tide over the winter and get the crop sown in good condition4 ,as the crop grows1 opportunity is given to make the house comfortable1 to look around and plan ahead4 ,what #a1ejj ,will ,buy4--,no farmer should come expecting to make a homestead pay its own way the first year4 ,he needs buildings1 an equipment1 and money for the maintenance of himself and family1 until his first harvest can be garnered4 ,after securing his land and putting up his buildings1 #a1ejj will give him a fairly good equipment to begin with4 ,this will probably be expended as under3 #a team of good horses #dej4jj #a harvester #afe4jj #d milch cows at #fe #bfj4jj #a seeder #aac4jj #a strong wagon #id4jj #d hogs at #be #ajj4jj #d sheep at #h #cb4jj #a set strong harness #ce4jj #a rough sleigh #cg4jj #a disc harrow #cf4jj #a breaking plough #be4jj #a mowing machine #fj4jj #a stubble plough #bj4jj #a harrow #bj4jj ,other smaller tools #dj4jj ,barnyard fowls #dj4jj ,total #aebg4jj ,if the settler locates early in the season he may get in a crop of potatoes or oats in ,may or early ,june4 ,will a ,quarter-,section ,pay8--,will the tilling of a quarter of a section 7#afj acres7 pay8 when asked of those who have tried it provokes the invariable answer that ,it will and does pay4 ,we1 or those following us1 will make less than that pay1 said one who had proved up on a homestead4 ,another pointed to the fact that many of those who commenced on homesteads are now owners of other quarters--and even larger areas1 showing that they have progressed in obtaining more land1 while others still have stuck to the homestead quarter and this year are marketing as much as #b1jjj worth of grain and often nearer #c1jjj4 ,shall ,you ,buy1 ,rent or ,homestead8--,the question is one that ,canadian ,government officials are frequently asked1 especially in the homes of a family of boys who have become interested in ,central ,canada4 ,if the young man has grit and inexperience let him homestead4 ,treating this subject in a newspaper article1 a correspondent very tersely says1 ,he will survive the ordeal and gain his experience at less cost4 ,another has ample knowledge of farming practice1 experience in farm management1 but lacks pluck and staying power and the capacity to endure4 ,the food for thought and opportunity for action provided by the management of an improved farm would be just the stimulus required to make him settle into harness and work out his own salvation in fear and trembling4 ,many men make excellent1 progressive1 broad-gauge farmers1 by renting1 or buying an improved farm in a settled district and keeping in touch with more advanced thought and methods4 ,their immediate financial success may not be so great2 their ultimate success will be much greater1 for they have been saved from narrow-gauge ways and withering at the top4 ,let the boy take the route that appeals to him4 ,don't force him to homestead if he pines to rent4 ,don't try to keep him at home if homesteading looks good to him4 ,the thing to remember is that success may be achieved by any one of the three routes4 ,if the foundation is all right1 hard work the method1 and thoroughness the motto1 it makes little difference what road is taken--whether homesteading1 buying1 or renting--,central ,canada is big enough1 and good farming profitable enough4 ,illustration3 ,alfalfa is a crop that is now assured in any of the ,provinces of ,western ,canada4 ,the above is a ,manitoba illustration1 but will apply to the other ,provinces4 ,,your ,,opportunity ,contentment is not necessarily achieved by accomplishments that benefit the world--the world outside the small sphere in which we move2 but when accompanied by such accomplishments how the satisfaction broadens6 ,the genius whose inventions have been of service to mankind is in a plane far above that of the simple-minded individual who finds contentment in the little things of life affecting himself alone4 ,feeding the world is no mean accomplishment4 ,nor is it a vain or trifling boast to say that this is what the farmer of ,western ,canada has started out to do4 ,he is sure to find contentment4 ,part of his contentment will be the consciousness of doing world-wide good2 part of it will be the personal enjoyment of an inspiring liberty and independence4 ,afield and abroad his friends will learn what he is doing4 ,soon they too will become partners in a work that not only betters their own condition1 but ministers to the needs of the whole world in the raising of products that go to feed the world4 ,it is to those who desire this broad contentment that the ,canadian ,government extends the heartiest welcome1 and to such men it offers the vast opportunities of a country richer in possibilities than any other in the present century4 ,to the man on the farm in other regions1 whom success has followed with slow tread2 to the farmer's son1 who has watched with unsatisfied eye the unrequited efforts of his forbears1 seeing the life that has made his mother a drudge1 noting the struggle which has stooped his father's shoulders1 dimmed his vision1 dwarfed his spirit1 and returned nothing but existence and a meagre bank account--it is to these men1 father and son1 that the opportunities of ,western ,canada are presented4 ,to them an invitation is extended to secure the contentment found in personal progress and world-wide benefaction4 ,the possibilities of ,western ,canada are no longer new and untried4 ,twelve or fifteen years of cultivation have made it a vital1 living land1 and placed it on the level with the greatest of the food-producing countries4 ,that same redundant energy will shortly make it the richly laden bread basket not of ,england only1 but of the entire world4 ,here every condition is a health bringer as well as a wealth bringer4 ,a few months in this ,new ,world to which you are invited and where rejuvenating physical and mental changes are wrought2 where before hard work was drudgery1 it is now a delight2 where nothing but fresh trouble darkened the horizon1 the outlook is now a rainbow of promise4 ,industry is seasoned with the compelling spirit of adventure1 and the thought of the coming harvest constantly lightens the burden of labor4 ,the crowded city dweller1 curbing those natural desires for home-building that are as natural as breathing1 will find in ,western ,canada a country where nothing is so plentiful as space4 ,and in building his home here he is surely laying the foundation for a competence1 and very often for a fortune4 ,along with prosperity there is abounding happiness and good fellowship in the farming communities4 ,the homesteader1 beginning in a modest way1 rears his first habitation with practical and serviceable ends in view4 ,his next-door neighbours are ready and willing to help him put a roof over his head4 ,there is a splendid lend-a-hand sentiment mixed with the vigorous climate4 ,the first harvest1 like all succeeding harvests1 comes quickly1 because the soil is a lightning producer4 ,all summer long the settler has dreamed of nothing but acres of waving grain2 with the autumn the sight of hopes fulfilled compensates him for his months of toil4 ,in due time the crop is harvested and marketed1 the debts are wiped out1 and the settler proudly opens his bank account4 ,when he has turned the golden grain into the golden coin of the realm he realizes for the first time what it means to be liberally paid for the work of his hand and brain4 ,the reward of the farmer in ,western ,canada is sure2 and as the soil responds faithfully to his husbandry1 year after year1 he looks back upon the old conditions he has left with devout thankfulness that they are past4 ,after the bumper harvest the happy young farmer can send for the wife or the bride-to-be whom he has left back home4 ,a few years ago down on the farm was an expression synonymous with isolation1 loneliness and primitive living4 ,not so to-day4 ,whatever his previous outlook1 the settler in ,western ,canada cannot go on raising large crops and selling his products for high prices without enlarging his view of life in general and bettering his material conditions4 ,he needs to practice no rigid economy4 ,he can afford to supply his wife and children with all the best the markets provide4 ,an up-to-date farm house in ,manitoba1 ,saskatchewan1 or ,alberta has very much the same conveniences as the average home of the well-to-do in any other part of the world4 ,nine times out of ten it is because he feels confident he can increase the comfort and happiness of his wife and children that the settler emigrates to ,western ,canada4 ,western ,canada is no longer a land calling only to the hardy young adventurer2 it calls to the settler and to his wife and children4 ,and with its invitation goes the promise not only of larger financial returns1 but of domestic happiness in a pure1 wholesome environment4 ,railroads bring to the doors of the settler the fruits of all countries and here is to hand the use of every modern idea and invention4 ,the climate is the most health-giving1 all-year kind4 ,there is latent riches in the soil1 produced by centuries of accumulation of decayed vegetation1 and the fat producing qualities of the native grasses are unexcelled in any part of the world4 ,the soil produces the best qualities of wheat1 oats1 barley1 flax1 and all kinds of vegetables and roots in less time than many districts farther south in the states4 ,there are inexhaustible coal deposits and natural gas and oil fields1 as yet unknown in extent or production4 ,the ,canadian ,rockies1 forming a western boundary to the great agricultural area1 supply the needed mineral and building materials4 ,in the north and west there are immense forests4 ,lakes and rivers are capable of an enormous development for power purposes1 besides supplying an abundance of food and game fishes1 and forests and prairies are full of big and small game of all kinds4 ,but all this is yet undeveloped and unused4 ,all kinds of live stock can be raised here for less money than in the more thickly populated communities4 ,one ,western ,canada farmer in #aiab secured a crop of ,marquis wheat1 yielding #gf bushels per acre4 ,this is spoken of as a record yield1 and this is doubtless true1 but several cases have been brought to notice where yields almost as large have been produced1 and in different parts of the country4 ,during the past year there have been reported many yields of from #ce to #de bushels of wheat to the acre4 ,oats1 too1 were a successful crop and so was the barley and oat crop4 ,wheat that would yield #dj bushels per acre1 would bring on the market #gj cents 7a fair figure7 per bushel1 a gross return of #bh per acre4 ,allow #ab per acre 7an outside figure7 there would be a balance of #af per acre net profit4 ,this figure should satisfy anyone having land that cost less than #ajj per acre4 ,,general ,,information ,owing to the number of questions asked daily1 it has been deemed advisable to put in condensed form1 such questions as most naturally occur1 giving the answers which experience dictates as appropriate1 conveying the information commonly asked for4 ,if the reader does not find here the answer to his particular difficulty1 a letter to the ,superintendent1 or to any ,government ,agent1 will secure full particulars4 #a4 ,where are the lands referred to8 ,in ,manitoba1 ,saskatchewan1 ,alberta1 and in ,british ,columbia4 #b4 ,what kind of land is it8 ,the land is mostly prairie 7except in ,british ,columbia7 and can be secured free from timber and stones1 if desired1 the soil being the very best alluvial black loam from one to two feet deep1 with a clay subsoil4 ,it is just rolling enough to give good drainage1 and in places there is plenty of timber1 while some is underlaid with good coal4 #c4 ,if the land is what you say1 why is the ,government giving it away8 ,the ,government1 knowing that agriculture is the foundation of a progressive country1 and that large yields of farm produce insure prosperity in all other branches of business1 is doing everything in its power to encourage settlement4 ,it is much better for each man to own his own farm1 therefore a free grant of #afj acres is given to every man who will reside upon and cultivate it4 #d4 ,is it timber or prairie land8 ,the province of ,manitoba has considerable open prairie1 especially in the southwest2 towards the centre it is parklike with some timber belts in parts4 ,the southern parts of ,saskatchewan and ,alberta are chiefly open prairie with growths of timber along the streams4 ,as you go north or northwest about #bj per cent of the country may be said to be timbered4 #e4 ,then as to climate8 ,the summer days are warm and the nights cool4 ,the fall and spring are most delightful1 although it may be said that winter breaks almost into summer1 and the latter lasts until ,october4 ,winters are pleasant and healthful4 ,there are no pulmonary or other endemic complaints4 ,snow begins to fall about the middle of ,november and in ,march there is generally very little4 ,near the ,rockies the snowfall is not as heavy as farther east1 and the chinook winds have a tempering influence4 ,the absence of the snowfall would be regretted by the farmer4 ,nature has generously provided for every mile of the country1 and there is really very little choice with the exception that farther west the climate is somewhat milder4 #f4 ,is there sufficient rainfall8 ,a sufficient supply can be relied upon4 ,the most rain falls in ,may and ,june1 when most needed4 #g4 ,what are the roads like8 ,bridges and culverts are built where needed1 and roadways are usually graded up2 but not gravelled or macadamized4 ,the natural prairie road is superior to most manufactured roads1 and afford good travelling in ordinary seasons and every fall and winter4 #h4 ,what sort of people are settled there1 and is ,english generally spoken8 ,canadians1 ,english1 ,scotch1 ,irish1 ,french1 and ,english-speaking ,americans 7who are going in1 in large numbers71 with ,germans and ,scandinavians4 ,english is the language of the country1 and is spoken everywhere4 #i4 ,will ,i have to change my citizenship if ,i go to ,canada8 ,an alien1 before making entry for free homestead land1 must declare his intention of becoming a ,british subject and become naturalized before obtaining patent for his land4 ,in the meanwhile he can hold possession1 and exercise right of ownership4 ,if not a ,british subject he must reside three years to become naturalized4 ,to become a ,british subject a settler of foreign birth should make application to anyone authorized to administer oaths in a ,canadian ,court4 ,an alien may purchase land from any of the railway or land companies and hold title deed without changing his citizenship4 #aj4 ,how about ,american money8 ,american money is taken everywhere in ,central ,canada at its face value4 #aa4 ,can a man who has used his homestead right in the ,united ,states take a homestead in ,canada8 ,yes4 #ab4 ,if a ,british subject has taken out citizen papers in the ,united ,states how does he stand in ,canada8 ,he must be repatriated1 i4e41 take out a certificate of naturalization1 which can be done after three months' residence in ,canada4 #ac4 ,what grains are raised in ,central ,canada8 ,wheat 7winter and spring71 oats1 barley1 flax1 speltz1 rye and other small grains1 and corn is grown chiefly for silo purposes4 #ad4 ,how long does it take wheat to mature8 ,the average time is from #ajj to #aah days4 ,this short time in accounted for by the long hours of sunlight which during the growing and ripening season1 will average #af hours a day4 #ae4 ,can a man raise a crop on the first breaking of his land8 ,yes1 but it is not well to use the land for any other purpose the first year than for raising garden vegetables1 or perhaps a crop of flax1 as it is necessarily rough on account of the heavy sod not having had time to rot and become workable4 ,good yields of oats have been reported on breaking4 #af4 ,is there plenty of hay available8 ,in many parts there is sufficient wild hay meadow on government or vacant land1 which may be rented at a very low rental1 if you have not enough on your own farm4 ,experience has proven that timothy1 brome1 clover and other cultivated grasses do well4 ,yields of brome have been reported from two to four tons per acre4 ,alfalfa under proper cultivation in many places gives successful yields4 #ag4 ,do vegetables thrive and what kinds are grown8 ,potatoes1 turnips1 carrots1 beets1 onions1 parsnips1 cabbages1 peas1 beans1 celery1 pumpkins1 tomatoes1 squash1 melons1 etc41 are unequalled anywhere4 #ah4 ,can fruit be raised and what varieties8 ,small fruits grow wild4 ,the cultivated are plums1 cranberries1 strawberries1 gooseberries1 raspberries1 currants4 ,in ,british ,columbia fruit growing of all kinds is carried on very extensively and successfully4 #ai4 ,about what time does seeding begin8 ,as a rule farmers begin their seeding from the first to the fifteenth of ,april1 sometimes continuing well into ,may4 ,the average yield of all grains in ,central ,canada would be largely increased1 did not some farmers unwisely do seeding until the middle of ,june4 #bj4 ,how is it for stock raising8 ,the country has no equal4 ,in many parts cattle and horses are not housed throughout the winter1 and so nutritious are the wild grasses that stock is marketed without having been fed any grain4 #ba4 ,in what way can ,i secure land in ,central ,canada8 ,by homesteading1 or purchasing from railway or land companies4 ,the ,dominion ,government has no land for sale4 ,the ,british ,columbia ,government sells land to actual settlers at low figures4 #bb4 ,can ,i get a map or list of lands vacant and open to homestead entry8 ,it has been found impracticable to keep a publication of that kind up to date1 owing to the daily changes4 ,an intending settler on reaching the district he selects should enquire of the ,dominion ,lands ,agent what lands are vacant in that particular locality1 finally narrowing down the enquiry to a township or two1 diagrams of which1 with the vacant lands marked1 will be supplied free4 ,a competent land guide can be had4 #bc4 ,how far are homestead lands from lines of railway8 ,they vary1 but at present the nearest will be from #ae to #bj miles4 ,railways are being built into the new districts4 #bd4 ,in which districts are located the most and best available homesteads8 ,the character of homestead wanted by the settler will decide this4 ,very few homesteads are vacant in the southern districts2 towards the centre and north portions of the provinces1 homesteads are plentiful4 ,they comprise a territory in which wood for building purposes and fuel are plentiful4 #be4 ,is there any good land close to the ,rocky ,mountains8 ,the nearer you approach the mountains the more hilly it becomes1 and the elevation is too great for grain raising4 ,cattle and horses do well4 #bf4 ,if a man take his family there before he selects a homestead can he get temporary accommodation8 ,at the following places the ,government maintains ,immigration halls with free temporary accommodation for those desiring such and supplying their own provisions4 ,it is always better for the head of the family1 or such member of it as may be entitled to homestead1 to select and make entry for lands before moving family3 ,biggar1 ,brandon1 ,calgary1 ,caster1 ,cereal1 ,edmonton1 ,edson1 ,emerson1 ,entwistle1 ,gravelburg1 ,herbert1 ,kerrobert1 ,lloydminster1 ,lethbridge1 ,moose ,jaw1 ,north ,battleford1 ,north ,portal1 ,prince ,albert1 ,regina1 ,saskatoon1 ,strathcona1 ,south ,battleford1 ,swift ,current1 ,tisdale1 ,unity1 ,vegreville1 ,vermilion1 ,viking1 ,virden1 ,wainwright1 ,wilkie1 ,yonkers4 #bg4 ,where must ,i make my homestead entry8 ,at the ,dominion ,lands ,office for the district4 #bh4 ,can homestead lands he reserved for a minor8 ,an agent of ,dominion ,lands may reserve a quarter-section for a minor over #ag years of age until he is #ah1 if his father1 or other near relative live upon homestead or upon farming land owned1 not less than #hj acres1 within nine miles of reserved homestead4 ,the minor must make entry in person within one month after becoming #ah years of age4 #bi4 ,can a person borrow money on a homestead before receiving patent8 ,no2 contrary to ,dominion ,lands ,act4 #cj4 ,would the time ,i was away working for a neighbour1 or on the railway1 or other work count as time on my homestead8 ,only actual residence on your homestead will count1 and you must reside on homestead six months in each of three years4 #ca4 ,is it permissible to reside with brother1 who has filed on adjoining land8 ,a homesteader may reside with father1 mother1 son1 daughter1 brother1 or sister on farming land owned solely by him or her1 not less than #hj acres1 or upon homestead entered for by him or her not more than nine miles from entrant's homestead4 ,fifty acres of homestead must be brought under cultivation1 instead of #cj acres1 as is the case when there is direct residence4 #cb4 ,how shall ,i know what to do or where to go when ,i reach there8 ,make a careful study of this pamphlet and decide in a general way on the district in which you wish to settle4 ,then put yourself in communication with your nearest ,canadian ,government ,agent1 whose name appears on the second page of cover4 ,at ,winnipeg1 and in the offices of any of the ,dominion ,lands ,agents in ,central ,canada1 are maps showing vacant lands4 ,having decided on the district where you will make your home1 the services of a competent land guide may be secured to assist in locating4 #cc4 ,what is the best way to get there8 ,write your nearest ,canadian ,government ,agent for routes1 and settlers' low railway rate certificate good from the ,canadian boundary to destination for passengers and freight4 #cd4 ,how much baggage will ,i be allowed on the ,canadian railways8 #aej pounds for each full ticket4 #ce4 ,are settlers' effects bonded through to destination1 or are they examined at the boundary8 ,if settler accompanies effects they will be examined at the boundary1 without any trouble2 if effects are unaccompanied they will go through to the nearest bonding 7or customs7 point to destination4 #cf4 ,in case settler's family follow him what about railway rates8 ,on application to ,canadian ,government ,agent1 settlers' low railway rate certificate will be forwarded1 and they will be given the settlers' privilege4 #cg4 ,what is the duty on horses and cattle if a settler should want to take in more than the number allowed free into ,canada8 ,when for the improvement of stock free2 otherwise1 over one year old1 they will be valued at a minimum of #ej per head1 and duty will be #be per cent4 #ch4 ,how much money must one have to start grain farming and how little can he do with if he goes ranching8 ,see ,chapter ,what wins in ,central ,canada1 page #cg4 #ci4 ,how can ,i procure lands for ranching8 ,they may be leased from the ,government at a low rental4 ,write for full particulars to ,secretary of the ,interior1 ,ottawa1 ,canada4 #dj4 ,in those parts which are better for cattle and sheep than for grain1 what does a man do if he has only #afj acres8 ,if a settler should desire to go into stock raising and his quarter-section of #afj acres should not prove sufficient to furnish pasture for his stock1 he can make application to the ,land ,commissioner for a lease for grazing lands for a term of twenty-one years1 at a very low cost4 #da4 ,where is information to be had about ,british ,columbia8 ,apply to ,secretary ,provincial ,bureau of ,information1 ,victoria1 ,b4 ,c4 #db4 ,is living expensive8 ,sugar1 granulated1 #ad to #ah lbs4 for #a1 according to fluctuation of market4 ,tea1 #cj to #ej cents a lb42 coffee1 #cj to #de cents a lb42 flour1 #b4be to #c4jj per #ih lbs4 ,dry goods about ,eastern ,canada prices4 ,cotton somewhat dearer than in ,united ,states1 and woollen goods noticeably cheaper4 ,stoves and furniture somewhat higher than eastern prices1 owing to freight charges4 #dc4 ,are the taxes high8 ,no4 ,having no expensive system of municipal or county organization1 taxes are necessarily low4 ,each quarter-section of land1 consisting of #afj acres1 owned or occupied1 is taxed very low4 ,the only other taxes are for schools4 ,in the locations where the settlers have formed school districts the total tax for all purposes on a quarter-section amounts to from #aj to #ad4ej per annum4 #dd4 ,does the ,government tax the settler if he lets his cattle run on ,government lands8 ,if they fence their land1 is he obliged to fence his also8 ,the settler is not required to pay a tax for allowing his cattle to run on ,government land1 but it is advisable to lease land from the ,government for haying or grazing purposes1 when needed4 ,if one fences his land1 his adjoining neighbour has to stand a proportionate share of the cost of the fence adjoining his property1 or build one-half of it himself4 #de4 ,where can a settler sell what he raises8 ,is there any competition amongst buyers1 or has he got to sell for anything he can get8 ,a system of elevators is established by railway companies and others throughout the entire ,west4 ,grain is bought at these and forwarded to the great markets in other parts of ,canada1 the ,united ,states1 and ,europe4 ,canadian flour mills1 oatmeal mills1 and breweries use millions of bushels of grain annually4 ,to the west and northwest of ,central ,canada lie mining regions1 which are dependent upon the prairies for supplies and will to a great extent continue to be4 ,beef is bought on the hoof at the home of the farmer or rancher4 ,buyers scour the country in quest of this product4 #df4 ,where can material for a house and sheds be procured1 and about what would it cost8 ,what about fuel8 ,do people suffer from the cold8 ,though there are large tracts of forest in the ,canadian ,west there are localities where building timber and material is limited1 but this has not proven any drawback as the ,government has made provision that should a man settle on a quarter-section deprived of timber1 he can1 by making application to the ,dominion ,lands ,agent1 obtain a permit to cut on ,government lands free of charge the following1 viz43 #a4 #c1jjj lineal feet of building timber1 measuring no more than #ab inches at the butt1 or #i1bej feet board measure4 #b4 #djj roofing poles4 #c4 #b1jjj fencing rails and #ejj fence posts1 #g feet long1 and not exceeding five 7#e7 inches in diameter at the small end4 #d4 #cj cords of dry fuel wood for firewood4 ,the settler has only the expense of the cutting and hauling to his homestead4 ,the principal districts are within easy reach of firewood2 the settlers of ,alberta and ,saskatchewan are particularly favoured1 especially along the various streams1 from some of which they get all the coal they require1 at a trifling cost4 ,no one in the country need suffer from the cold on account of scarcity of fuel4 #dg4 ,is it advisable to go into a new country during the winter months with uncertain weather conditions8 ,a few years ago1 when settlement was sparse1 settlers were advised to wait until ,march or ,april4 ,now that so many have friends in ,western ,canada there need be no hesitation when to start4 ,lines of railway penetrate most of the settled districts1 and no one need go far from neighbours already settled4 ,there is no longer the dread of pioneering1 and it is robbed of the romance that once surrounded it4 ,with farm already selected1 it is perfectly safe1 and to the prospective homesteader he can get some sort of occupation until early spring1 when he will be on the ground ready for it4 #dh4 ,what does lumber cost8 ,spruce boards and dimensions1 about #bj per thousand feet2 shiplap1 #bc to #bh2 flooring and siding1 #be up1 according to quality2 cedar shingles1 from #c4ej to #d4be per thousand4 ,these prices fluctuate4 #di4 ,what chance is there for employment when a man first goes there and isn't working on his land8 ,there are different industries through the country1 outside of farming and ranching1 such as sawmills1 flour mills1 brick-yards1 railroad building in the summer1 and lumbering in the winter4 ,the chances for employment are good as a large percentage of those going in and those already there farm so much that they must have help1 and pay good wages4 ,during the past two seasons from twenty to thirty thousand farm labourers have been brought in each year from the eastern ,provinces and the ,united ,states to assist in caring for the large crops4 ,the capable and willing worker is sure to succeed in ,canada4 #ej4 ,can ,i get employment with a farmer so as to become acquainted with local conditions8 ,this can be done through the ,commissioner of ,immigration at ,winnipeg1 who is in a position to offer engagements with well established farmers4 ,men experienced in agriculture may expect to receive from #be up per month with board and lodging1 engagements1 if desired1 to extend for twelve months4 ,summer wages are from #cj to #ce per month2 winter wages #aj to #ae4 ,during harvest wages are higher than this4 #ea4 ,if ,i have had no experience and simply desire to learn farming in ,central ,canada before starting on my own account8 ,young men and others unacquainted with farm life1 willing to accept from #h up per month1 including board and lodging1 will find positions through the ,government officers at ,winnipeg4 ,wages are dependent upon experience and qualification4 ,after working for a year in this way1 the knowledge acquired will be sufficient to justify you in securing and farming on your own account4 #eb4 ,are there any schools outside the towns8 ,school districts cannot exceed five miles in length or breadth1 and must contain at least four actual residents1 and twelve children between the ages of five and sixteen4 ,in almost every locality1 where these conditions exist1 schools have been established4 #ec4 ,are churches numerous8 ,the various denominations are well represented and churches are being built rapidly even in the most remote districts4 #ed4 ,can water be secured at reasonable depth8 ,in most places it can be had at from fifteen to forty feet1 while in other places wells have been sunk to fifty or sixty feet4 #ee4 ,where are free homesteads to-day1 and how far from railway8 ,in some well settled districts it may be possible to secure one by cancelling1 but such chances are few4 ,between the lakes in ,manitoba as well as north and southeast of ,winnipeg4 ,in the central portions of ,saskatchewan1 ,alberta and west of ,moose ,jaw and ,swift ,current4 ,a splendid homestead area is that lying north of ,battleford1 and between ,prince ,albert and ,edmonton north of the ,canadian ,northern railway4 ,one will have to go at least twelve or fifteen miles from a line of railway at present1 but extensions will soon make many homesteads available4 ,,valuable ,,hints ,,for ,,the ,,man ,,about ,,to ,,start ,the newcomer may start for ,western ,canada during any month in the year4 ,railroads carry him to a short distance of his new home1 the country roads are good1 and there is settlement in all parts1 so that shelter is easily reached4 ,temporary provision is required for the family's arrival1 when better may be made4 ,if going in the winter months1 it is well to have a pair of good strong sleds4 ,as teams cost #e a day take along your horses and do your own hauling4 ,as they require care1 write ahead to some livery barn for room4 ,in shipping your horses have them loaded by the best shipper in your home town4 ,for feeding on the way1 put in two-by-four cleats breast high on the horses1 and fix to fit the end of a stout trough which is dropped in1 afterwards nailing on a top cleat4 ,if they have been used to corn take along twenty bushels for each horse1 if possible1 not to feed alone along the way1 but to use while breaking them in to an oat diet4 ,you need both hay and oat straw on the cars4 ,the new arrival may have to pay #g a ton for hay and #dj cents per bushel for oats4 ,railroad construction consumes lots of both1 and not half the farmers take time in the fall to put up plenty of hay4 ,bring all the horses you can4 ,five big horses can pull a twelve-inch gang through the sod1 but six can do it easier1 and you can use five on the harrow4 ,you can hitch a team to a goat or scrubber1 as they call them here1 and lead them behind the drill1 making your ground smooth and packing it lightly1 as you put in the seed4 ,if you have been intending to bring eight horses1 bring twelve2 if you were going to bring twelve1 bring sixteen4 ,the first two years on the new land is hard on horses1 and you will need plenty4 ,if you have any spare time or can get help1 they bring in money4 ,i know two men who cleared over #fjj apiece doing outside work this last summer4 ,they worked on the roads1 in harvest and threshing1 and received #e per day for man and team4 ,one can get all the outside breaking one's team can do at #d per acre1 so horse power is the main thing4 ,take a supply of meat along1 also lard1 canned goods1 and other things for your cellar4 ,one settler took a sugar barrel packed with canned fruit1 and had not a single can broken or frozen1 wrapping each in a whole newspaper and then packing in between with old rags1 worn out underwear1 old vests1 and such goods as might otherwise be thrown away4 ,remember there is no old attic or store-room to go to on the new farm4 ,the same settler says3 ,cooked goods are also good4 ,in the cold weather we kept and used beef that had been roasted two weeks before1 and a bushel of cookies lasted well into the summer1 keeping fresh in a tin box4 ,bring your cows and also your separator4 ,the latter will not sell for much at the sale and is useful here1 as you have no place to store quantities of milk4 ,bring at least your two best cows with you on the journey4 ,we had milk all along the road and furnished the dining car cooks 7we had a diner on our freight train7 for favors they extended4 ,then when we landed we found that milk and cream were scarce1 and butter of the farm variety out of range4 ,we packed two one-gallon jars before we moved and also some to use on the way4 ,this lasted fresh and sweet until it was all used and saved us the trouble of churning or saving cream1 hence we lived high on cream for the first few weeks4 ,it came in handy making corn starch1 as well as on our fruit and in a dozen other ways4 ,we also had a nice big box of groceries handy and all selected for emergency4 ,corn starch1 tapioca and similar packages are easy to handle while moving1 and a big box of such things made cooking easy for the first few weeks4 ,do not sell anything that can be used in your new farming4 ,old belts1 singletrees1 doubletrees1 and such goods are worth far more away out on the prairies than on the old improved farm1 and they will cost more here4 ,we even brought our best big rugs and every carpet1 even having more carpets than we had rooms4 ,your new home may not be as warm as the old one4 ,we laid down a carpet and put a big rug right on top of that on the floor1 and then we were comfortable in our rough house4 ,bring all sorts of tools and wagon gears with you2 you will save money by doing so1 anvil1 drills1 old bolts1 and screws1 etc41 come in handy4 ,we brought pieces of hardwood for doubletrees and unexpected uses4 ,bring your stock remedies4 ,you will be far from a veterinarian4 ,boracic acid comes in handy1 so does a medicine cabinet for the household1 with carbolic salve1 liniments1 etc4 ,one of the first things you will need is a hayrack1 and you will not have time to build one before it is needed1 so take the old one or build a new one and take it with you4 ,it can be used for crating and for partitions and other purposes in loading the car4 ,make the sides of the rack quite close and have a solid bottom4 ,bring along your base-burner4 ,i am writing by a hard coal fire in a round oak stove1 and it makes a splendid heat4 ,better soft coal than you ever burned can be had at #i4ej per ton1 and hard coal is #ac4 ,wood is plentiful in the parks1 chiefly dry poplar and a species of willow4 ,so far from town one needs big supplies of kerosene1 so bring a steel barrel that will not become leaky4 ,you can buy oil cheaper by the barrel and it saves trouble4 ,also bring a good oil stove4 ,it will do the baking and save hauling fuel in the long working season4 ,one thing we highly appreciated was a small tank we had made to carry water in the cars for the horses4 ,it was made to hold two barrels1 was about three feet in diameter and four high1 and had the top soldered on1 with a lid just large enough to get in a pail4 ,this was the best arrangement on the train for hauling water4 ,after we landed we had to haul water for our house use and the tank was very useful to draw up a couple of barrels and have a big supply on hand and no slopping when hauling4 ,illustration3 ,,dominion ,,of ,,canada ,,and ,,newfoundland #aiad ,illustration ,,transcriber',s ,,notes ,obvious printer's errors1 including punctuation have been silently corrected4 ,hyphenated and accented words have been standardized4 ,all other inconsistencies have been left as in the original1 excepted below4 ,customs ,regulations3 ,missing word added 444 is also to be reckoned as444 ,freight ,regulations3 ,if the carload weigh changed to ,if the carload weighs4 ,page #g3 familar changed to familiar4 ,page #h3 ,allen1 ,saskatchewan changed to ,allan1 ,saskatchewan4 ,verified at http3_/_/en4wikipedia4org_/wiki_/,allan1 ,saskatchewan ,two different spellings of ,gerlack and ,gerlach have been left as in the original4