images ( public doma9 mat]ial f ! ,google ,pr9t project47 ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,m\nt ,,vesuvius1 ,,m\nt ,,etna1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,volcanos3 ,,9 ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,lett]s1 ,address$ to ,,! ,,royal ,,society1 ,f ! ,hon\rable ,sir ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,k4,b4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,8 ,maje/y's ,envoy ,extraord9>y & ,pl5ipot5ti>y at ! ,c\rt ( ,,naples4 ,to :i* are add$1 ,explanatory ,,notes by ! ,,au?or1 hi!rto unpubli%$4 ,a ,,new ,,edition4 ,,london1 ,pr9t$ = ,t4 ,,cadell1 9 ! ,/r&4 ,m ,,dcc ,,lxxiv4 ,,! ,,editor ,,to ,,! ,,public4 ,hav+ m5tion$ to ,sir ,,william ,,hamilton ! g5]al ,desire ( all ,lov]s ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 t 8 ,lett]s ^u ! ,subject ( ,,volcanos %\ld be collect$ toge!r 9 "o ,volume1 p>ticul>ly = ! ,conv5i5ce ( su* z may h an ,opportunity ( visit+ ! curi\s ,spots describ$ 9 !m3 ,he 0 n only pleas$ to approve ( my hav+ und]tak5 ?is ,publication1 b has likewise fav\r$ ) ! additional explanatory ,notes & ,draw+s1 ,! ,,public's mo/ oblig$1 & devot$ humble ,s]vant1 ,t4 ,,cadell4 ,may #cj1 #aggb4 ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,m\nt ,,vesuvius1 c4 ,,lett] ,i4 ,to ! ,"r ,hon\rable ! ,e>l ( ,,morton1 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,naples1 ,june #aj1 #agff4 ,my ,,"l1 ,z ,i h att5d$ p>ticul>ly to ! v>i\s *anges ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 f ! #ag? ( ,novemb] #agfd1 ! day ( my arrival at ?is capital2 ,i flatt] myself1 t my obs]vations w n be unacceptable to y\r ,lord%ip1 especially z ?is ,volcano has lately made a v consid]able eruption4 ,i %all conf9e myself m]ely to ! _m extraord9>y appe>ances t h come "u my own inspection1 & leave _! explanation to ! m le>n$ 9 ,natural ,philosophy4 ,dur+ ! fir/ twelvemon? ( my be+ "h1 ,i did n p]ceive any rem>kable alt]ation 9 ! m\nta92 b ,i obs]v$1 ! smoke f ! ,volcano 0 mu* m consid]able 9 bad wea!r ?an :5 x 0 fair#a2 & ,i (t5 he>d 7ev5 at ,naples1 six miles f ,vesuvius7 9 bad wea!r1 ! inw>d explosions ( ! m\nta94 ,:5 ,i h be5 at ! top ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius 9 fair wea!r1 ,i h sometimes f\nd s little smoke1 t ,i h be5 able to see f> d[n ! m\? ( ! ,volcano2 ! sides ( :i* 7 incru/$ ) salts & m9]al ( v>i\s colors1 :ite1 gre51 deep & pale yell[4 ,! smoke t issu$ f ! m\? ( ! ,volcano 9 bad wea!r 0 :ite1 v moi/1 & n ne> s (f5sive z ! sulphure\s /eams f v>i\s cracks on ! sides ( ! m\nta94 ,t[>ds ! mon? ( ,septemb] la/1 ,i p]ceiv$ ! smoke to be m consid]able1 & to cont9ue ev5 9 fair wea!r2 & 9 ,octob] ,i p]ceiv$ sometimes a puff ( black smoke %oot up a consid]able height 9 ! mid/ ( ! :ite1 :i* symptom ( an approa*+ eruption grew m frequ5t daily2 & soon aft]1 ^! puffs ( smoke appe>$ 9 ! night t+$ l cl\ds ) ! sett+ sun4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb]1 ,i w5t up ! m\nta93 x 0 !n cov]$ ) sn[2 & ,i p]ceiv$ a little hillock ( sulphur _h be5 ?r[n up1 s9ce my la/ visit !re1 )9 ab\t =ty y>ds ( ! m\? ( ! ,volcano2 x 0 ne> six feet high1 & a light blue flame issu$ con/antly f its top4 ,z ,i 0 exam9+ ?is pha5om5on1 ,i he>d a viol5t report2 & saw a column ( black smoke1 foll[$ by a r$di% flame1 %oot up ) viol5ce f ! m\? ( ! ,volcano2 & pres5tly fell a %[] ( /ones1 "o ( :i*1 fall+ ne> me1 made me retire ) "s precipitation1 & also r5d]$ me m cauti\s ( approa*+ too ne>1 9 my subsequ5t j\rnies to ,vesuvius4 ,f ,novemb] to ! #bh? ( ,m>*1 ! date ( ! beg9n+ ( ?is eruption1 ! smoke increas$1 & 0 mix$ ) a%es1 :i* fell1 & did great damage to ! v9ey>ds 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! m\nta9#b4 ,a few days be=e ! eruption ,i saw 7:at ,pl9y ! y\ng] m5tions hav+ se51 be=e t eruption ( ,vesuvius :i* prov$ fatal to 8 uncle7 ! black smoke take ! =m ( a p9e-tree4 ,! smoke1 t appe>$ black 9 ! day-"t1 = ne> two mon?s be=e ! eruption1 _h ! appe>ance ( flame 9 ! night4 ,on ,good ,friday1 ! #bh? ( ,m>*1 at #g o'clock at night1 ! lava began to boil ov] ! m\? ( ! ,volcano1 at fir/ 9 "o /ream2 & soon aft]1 divid+ itself into two1 x took its c\rse t[>ds ,portici4 ,x 0 prec$$ by a viol5t explosion1 :i* caus$ a p>tial e>?quake 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! m\nta92 & a %[] ( r$ hot /ones & c9d]s 7 ?r[n up to a consid]able height4 ,imm$iately ^u sight ( ! lava1 ,i left ,naples1 ) a p>ty ( my c\ntrym51 :om ,i f\nd z impati5t z myself to satisfy _! curiosity 9 exam9+ s curi\s an op]ation ( nature4 ,i pass$ ! :ole night ^u ! m\nta92 & obs]v$ t1 ?\gh ! r$ hot /ones 7 ?r[n up 9 mu* great] numb] & to a m consid]able height ?an be=e ! appe>ance ( ! lava1 yet ! report 0 mu* less consid]able ?an "s days be=e ! eruption4 ,! lava ran ne> a mile 9 an h\r's "t1 :5 ! two bran*es jo9$ 9 a holl[ on ! side ( ! m\nta91 )\t proce$+ f>!r4 ,i approa*$ ! m\? ( ! ,volcano1 z ne> z ,i c\ld ) prud5ce2 ! lava _h ! appe>ance ( a riv] ( r$ hot & liquid metal1 su* z we see 9 ! glass-h\ses1 on :i* 7 l>ge float+ c9d]s1 half light$1 & roll+ "o ov] ano!r ) great precipitation d[n ! side ( ! m\nta91 =m+ a mo/ beautiful & uncommon cascade2 ! color ( ! fire 0 mu* pal] & m bright ! fir/ night ?an ! subsequ5t nights1 :5 x became ( a deep r$1 probably ow+ to its hav+ be5 m impregnat$ ) sulphur at fir/ ?an aft]w>ds4 ,9 ! day-"t1 unless y are q close1 ! lava has no appe>ance ( fire2 b a ?ick :ite smoke m>ks its c\rse4 ,! #bi?1 ! m\nta9 0 v quiet1 & ! lava did n cont9ue4 ,! #cj?1 x began to fl[ aga9 9 ! same direction1 :il/ ! m\? ( ! ,volcano ?rew up e m9ute a gir&ole ( r$ hot /ones1 to an imm5se height4 ,! #ca/1 ,i pass$ ! night ^u ! m\nta93 ! lava 0 n s consid]able z ! fir/ night2 b ! r$ hot /ones 7 p]fectly transp>5t1 "s ( :i*1 ,i d>e say ( a ton weight1 m\nt$ at lea/ two hundr$ feet p]p5dicul>1 & fell 91 or ne>1 ! m\? ( a little m\nta91 t 0 n[ =m$ by ! quantity ( a%es & /ones1 )9 ! great m\? ( ! ,volcano1 & :i* made ! approa* mu* saf] ?an x _h be5 "s days be=e1 :5 ! m\? 0 ne> half a mile 9 circumf]5ce1 & ! /ones took e direction4 ,mr4 ,h]vey1 bro!r to ! ,e>l ( ,bri/ol1 0 v mu* w\nd$ 9 ! arm "s days be=e ! eruption1 hav+ approa*$ too ne>2 & two ,engli% g5tlem5 ) him 7 also hurt4 ,x is impossible to describe ! beautiful appe>ance ( ^! gir&oles ( r$ hot /ones1 f> surpass+ ! mo/ a/oni%+ artificial fire-"w4 ,f ! #ca/ ( ,m>* to ! #i? ( ,april1 ! lava cont9u$ on ! same side ( ! m\nta91 9 two1 ?ree1 & sometimes f\r bran*es1 )\t desc5d+ mu* l[] ?an ! fir/ night4 ,i rem>k$ a k9d ( int]mission 9 ! fev] ( ! m\nta9#c1 :i* seem$ to return ) viol5ce e o!r night4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,april1 at night1 ! lava disappe>$ on ! side ( ! m\nta9 t[>ds ,naples1 & broke out ) mu* m viol5ce on ! side next ! ,torre dell' ,annunciata4 ,i pass$ ! :ole day & ! night ( ! twelf? ^u ! m\nta91 & foll[$ ! c\rse ( ! lava to its v s\rce3 x bur/ out ( ! side ( ! m\nta91 )9 ab\t half a mile ( ! m\? ( ! ,volcano1 l a torr5t1 att5d$ ) viol5t explosions1 :i* ?rew up inflam$ matt] to a consid]able height1 ! adjac5t gr\nd quiv]+ l ! timb]s ( a wat]-mill2 ! heat ( ! lava 0 s great1 z n to suff] me to approa* ne>] ?an )9 t5 feet ( ! /ream1 & ( su* a consi/5cy 7?\gh x appe>$ liquid z wat]7 z almo/ to resi/ ! impression ( a long /ick1 ) :i* ,i made ! exp]im5t2 l>ge /ones ?r[n on x ) all my =ce did n s9k1 b1 mak+ a slight impression1 float$ on ! surface1 & 7 c>ri$ out ( sight 9 a %ort "t2 =1 not)/&+ ! consi/5cy ( ! lava1 x ran ) amaz+ velocity2 ,i am sure1 ! fir/ mile ) a rapidity equal to t ( ! riv] ,sev]n1 at ! passage ne> ,bri/ol4 ,! /ream at its s\rce 0 ab\t t5 feet wide1 b soon ext5d$ itself1 & divid$ into ?ree bran*es2 s t ^! riv]s ( fire1 communicat+ _! heat to ! c9d]s ( =m] lavas1 betwe5 "o bran* & ! o!r1 _h ! appe>ance at night ( a cont9u$ %eet ( fire1 f\r miles 9 l5g?1 & 9 "s p>ts ne> two 9 bread?4 ,y\r ,lord%ip may imag9e ! glori\s appe>ance ( ?is uncommon sc5e1 su* z passes all description4 ,! lava1 aft] hav+ run pure = ab\t a hundr$ y>ds1 began to collect c9d]s1 /ones1 c42 & a scum 0 =m$ on its surface1 :i* 9 ! day-"t _h ! appe>ance ( ! riv] ,?ames1 z ,i h se5 x aft] a h>d fro/ & great fall ( sn[1 :5 beg9n+ to ?aw1 c>ry+ d[n va/ masses ( sn[ & ice4 ,9 two places ! liquid lava totally disappe>$1 & ran 9 a subt]rane\s passage = "s paces2 !n came out aga9 pure1 hav+ left ! scum beh9d4 ,9 ?is mann] x advanc$ to ! cultivat$ p>ts ( ! m\nta92 & ,i saw x1 ! same night ( ! #ab?1 unm]cifully de/roy a poor man's v9ey>d1 & surr\nd 8 cottage1 not)/&+ ! opposition ( _m images ( ,/4 ,janu>ius1 t 7 plac$ ^u ! cottage1 & ti$ to almo/ e v9e4 ,! lava1 at ! f>!/ extremity f its s\rce1 did n appe> liquid1 b l a heap ( r$ hot coals1 =m+ a wall 9 "s places t5 or twelve feet high1 :i* roll+ f ! top soon =m$ ano!r wall1 & s on1 advanc+ sl[ly1 n m ?an ab\t ?irty feet 9 an h\r#d4 ,! m\? ( ! ,volcano has n ?r[n up any l>ge /ones s9ce ! second eruption ( lava on ! #aj? ( ,april2 b has ?r[n up quantities ( small a%es & pumice /ones1 t h greatly damag$ ! neighb\r+ v9ey>ds4 ,i h be5 sev]al times at ! m\nta9 s9ce ! #ab?2 b1 z ! eruption 0 9 its greate/ vig\r at t "t1 ,i h v5tur$ to dwell on1 & ,i fe> tire y\r ,lord%ip )1 ! obs]vations ( t day4 ,9 my la/ visit to ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 ! #c;d ( ,june1 ,i /ill f\nd t ! lava cont9u$2 b ! riv]s 7 become rivulets1 & _h lo/ mu* ( _! rapidity4 ,! quantity ( matt] ?r[n out by ?is eruption is great] ?an t ( ! la/ 9 ! ye> #agfj2 b ! damage to ! cultivat$ l&s is n s consid]able1 ow+ to its hav+ spread itself mu* m1 & its s\rce be+ at lea/ ?ree miles high] up4 ,?is eruption seems n[ to h exhau/$ itself2 & ,i expect 9 a few days to see ,vesuvius re/or$ to its =m] tranquillity4 ,m\nt ,etna 9 ,sicily broke out on ! #bg? ( ,april2 & made a lava1 9 two bran*es1 at lea/ six miles 9 l5g?1 & a mile 9 bread?2 &1 accord+ to ! description giv5 me by ,mr4 ,wilbraham1 7:o 0 !re1 aft] hav+ se5 ) me "p ( ! eruption ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius7 resembles x 9 e respect1 except t ,m\nt ,etna1 at ! place f :5ce ! lava fl[$ 7:i* 0 twelve miles f ! m\? ( ! ,volcano71 ?rew up a f\nta9 ( liquid inflam$ matt] to a consid]able height2 :i*1 ,i am told1 ,m\nt ,vesuvius has done 9 =m] eruptions4 ,i beg p>don = hav+ tak5 up s mu* ( y\r "t2 & yet ,i flatt] myself1 t my description1 :i* ,i assure y\r ,lord%ip is n exagg]at$1 w h af=d$ y "s amusem5t4 ,i h ! hon\r to be1 ,my ,,"l1 ,y\r ,lord%ip's ,mo/ ob$i5t & mo/ humble s]vant1 ,,william ,,hamilton4 99 99 99 99 99 ,naples1 ,febru>y #c1 #agfg4 ,s9ce ! acc\nt ( ! eruption ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 :i* ,i _h ! hon\r ( giv+ to y\r ,lord%ip1 9 my lett] ( ! #aj? ( ,june la/2 ,i h only to add1 t ! lava cont9u$ till ab\t ! end ( ,novemb]1 )\t do+ any great damage1 hav+ tak5 its c\rse ov] anti5t lavas4 ,s9ce ! cessation ( ?is eruption1 ,i h exam9$ ! crat]1 & ! crack on ! side ( ! m\nta9 t[>ds ,torre dell' ,annunciata1 ab\t a hundr$ y>ds f ! crat] f :5ce ?is lava issu$3 & ,i f\nd !re9 "s v curi\s salts & sulphurs2 a specim5 ( ea* sort ,i h put into bottles myself1 ev5 ^u ! m\nta91 t !y might n lose any ( _! =ce1 & h s5t !m 9 a box direct$ to y\r ,lord%ip1 z y w see1 by ! bill ( lad+3 ,i am sure1 y w h a pleasure 9 see+ !m analyz$#e4 ,i h also pack$ 9 ! same box "s lava1 & c9d]s1 ( ! la/ eruption2 !re is "o piece 9 p>ticul> v curi\s1 hav+ ! exact appe>ance ( a cable petrifi$4 ,i %all be v happy if ^! trifles %\ld af=d y\r ,lord%ip a mom5t's amusem5t4 ,x is v extraord9>y1 t ,i _c f9d1 t any *emi/ "h has ev] be5 at ! tr\ble ( analyz+ ! productions ( ,vesuvius4 ,! deep yell[1 or orange-color salts1 ( :i* !re are two bottles1 ,i fet*$ out ( ! v crat] ( ! m\nta91 9 a crevice t 0 inde$ v hot4 ,x seems to me to be p[]ful1 z x turns silv] black 9 an in/ant1 b has no effect ^u gold4 ,if y\r ,lord%ip pleases1 ,i w s5d y by ano!r opportunity specim5s ( ! sulphurs & salts ( ! ,solfa t]ra1 :i* seem to be v diff]5t f ^!4 ,)9 ^! ?ree days1 ! fire has appe>$ aga9 on ! top ( ,vesuvius1 & e>?quakes h be5 felt 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! m\nta94 ,i 0 !re on ,saturday ) my nephew ,"l ,greville2 we he>d mo/ dreadful inw>d grumbl+s1 rattl+ ( /ones1 & hiss+2 & 7 oblig$ to leave ! crat] v soon1 on acc\nt ( ! emission ( /ones4 ,! black smoak arose1 z be=e ! la/ eruption2 & ,i saw e symptom ( a new eruption1 ( :i* ,i %all n fail to give y\r ,lord%ip an exact acc\nt4 ,,lett] ,,ii4 ,to ! ,"r ,hon\rable ! ,e>l ( ,,morton1 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,naples1 ,decemb] #bi1 #agfg4 ,my ,,"l1 ,! fav\rable reception1 :i* my acc\nt ( la/ ye>'s eruption ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius met ) f y\r ,lord%ip2 ! approbation :i* ! ,royal ,society 0 pleas$ to %ew1 by hav+ ord]$ ! same to be pr9t$ 9 _! ,philosophical ,transactions2 & y\r ,lord%ip's comm&s1 9 y\r lett] ( ! #c;d in/ant2 enc\rage me to tr\ble y ) a pla9 n>rative ( :at came imm$iately "u my obs]vation1 dur+ ! late viol5t eruption1 :i* began ,octob] #ai1 #agfg1 & is reckon$ to be ! tw5ty-sev5? s9ce t1 :i*1 9 ! "t ( ,titus1 de/roy$ ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii4 ,! eruption ( #agff cont9u$ 9 "s degree till ! #aj? ( ,decemb]1 ab\t n9e mon?s 9 all#f2 yet 9 t space ( "t ! m\nta9 did n ca/ up a ?ird ( ! quantity ( lava1 :i* x disgorg$ 9 only sev5 days1 ! t]m ( ?is la/ eruption4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,decemb]1 la/ ye>1 )9 ! anci5t crat] ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 & ab\t tw5ty feet deep1 !re 0 a cru/1 :i* =m$ a pla91 n unlike ! ,solfa t]ra 9 m9iature2 9 ! mid/ ( ?is pla9 0 a little m\nta91 ^: top did n rise s high z ! rim ( ! anci5t crat]4 ,i w5t into ?is pla91 & up ! little m\nta91 :i* 0 p]=at$1 & s]v$ z ! pr9cipal *imney to ! ,volcano3 :5 ,i ?rew d[n l>ge /ones1 ,i c\ld he> t !y met ) _m ob/ructions 9 _! way1 & c\ld c\nt a hundr$ mod]ately be=e !y rea*$ ! bottom4 ,vesuvius 0 quiet till ,m>* #agfg1 :5 x began to ?r[ up /ones f "t to "t2 9 ,april1 ! ?r[s 7 m frequ5t1 & at night fire 0 visible on top ( ! m\nta91 or1 m prop]ly speak+1 ! smoak1 :i* hung ov] ! crat]1 0 t+$ by ! reflection ( ! fire )9 ! ,volcano4 ,^! repeat$ ?r[s ( c9d]s1 a%es1 & pumice /ones1 increas$ ! little m\nta9 s mu*1 t 9 ,may ! top 0 visible above ! rim ( ! anci5t crat]4 ,! #g? ( ,augu/1 !re issu$ a small /ream ( lava1 f a brea* 9 ! side ( ?is little m\nta91 :i* gradually fill$ ! valley betwe5 x & ! anci5t crat]2 s t1 ! #ab? ( ,septemb]1 ! lava ov]fl[$ ! anci5t crat]1 & took its c\rse d[n ! sides ( ! great m\nta92 by ?is "t1 ! ?r[s 7 mu* m frequ5t1 & ! r$ hot /ones w5t s high z to take up t5 seconds 9 _! fall4 ,padre ,torre1 a great obs]v] ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 says !y w5t up above a ?\s& feet4 ,! #ae? ( ,octob]1 ! height ( ! little m\nta9 7=m$ 9 ab\t eight mon?s7 0 measur$ by ,don ,&rea ,pigonati1 a v +5i\s "y man1 9 8 ,sicilian ,maje/y's s]vice1 :o assur$ me t its height 0 #ahe ,fr5* feet4 ,f my villa1 situat$ betwe5 ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii1 ne> ! conv5t ( ! ,calmaldolese 7m>k$ #g 9 ,plate ,i47 ,i _h wat*$ ! gr[+ ( ?is little m\nta92 &1 by tak+ draw+s ( x f "t to "t1 ,i c\ld p]ceive its increase mo/ m9utely4 ,i make no d\bt b t ! :ole ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius has be5 =m$ 9 ! same mann]2 & z ^! obs]vations seem to me to acc\nt = ! v>i\s irregul> /rata1 :i* are met ) 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,volcanos1 ,i h v5tur$ to inclose1 = y\r ,lord%ip's inspection1 a copy ( ! abovem5tion$ draw+s4 7,plate ,,iii47 ,! lava cont9u$ to run ov] ! anci5t crat] 9 small /reams1 sometimes on "o side1 & sometimes on ano!r1 till ! #ah? ( ,octob]1 :5 ,i took p>ticul> notice t !re 0 n ! lea/ lava to be se52 ow+1 ,i imag9e1 to its be+ employ$ 9 =c+ its way t[>ds ! place :]e x bur/ out ! foll[+ day4 ,z ,i _h1 contr>y to ! op9ion ( mo/ p "h1 =etold ! approa*+ eruption#g1 & _h obs]v$ a great f]m5tation 9 ! m\nta9 aft] ! heavy ra9s :i* fell ! #ac? & #ad? ( ,octob]2 ,i 0 n surpriz$1 on ! #ai? foll[+1 at sev5 ( ! clock 9 ! morn+1 to p]ceive f my villa e symptom ( ! eruption be+ j at h&4 ,f ! top ( ! little m\nta9 issu$ a ?ick black smoak1 s ?ick t x seem$ to h difficulty 9 =c+ its way out2 cl\d aft] cl\d m\nt$ ) a ha/y spiral motion1 & e m9ute a volley ( great /ones 7 %ot up to an imm5se height 9 ! mid/ ( ^! cl\ds2 by degrees1 ! smoak took ! exact %ape ( a huge p9e-tree1 su* z ,pl9y ! y\ng] describ$ 9 8 lett] to ,tacitus1 :]e he gives an acc\nt ( ! fatal eruption 9 :i* 8 uncle p]i%$#h4 ,?is column ( black smoak1 aft] hav+ m\nt$ an extraord9>y height1 b5t ) ! w9d t[>ds ,caprea1 & actually rea*$ ov] t isl&1 :i* is n less ?an tw5ty-eight miles f ,vesuvius4 ,i w>n$ my family1 n to be al>m$1 z ,i expect$ !re w\ld be an e>?quake at ! mom5t ( ! lava's bur/+ out2 b be=e eight ( ! clock 9 ! morn+ ,i p]ceiv$ t ! m\nta9 _h op5$ a m\?1 )\t noise1 ab\t a hundr$ y>ds l[] ?an ! anci5t crat]1 on ! side t[>ds ! ,monte di ,somma2 & ,i pla9ly p]ceiv$1 by a :ite smoak1 :i* always accompanies ! lava1 t x _h =c$ its way out3 z soon z x _h v5t1 ! smoak no long] came out ) t viol5ce f ! top4 ,z ,i imag9$ t !re w\ld be no dang] 9 approa*+ ! m\nta9 :5 ! lava _h v5t1 ,i w5t up imm$iately1 accompani$ by "o peasant only4 ,i pass$ ! h]mitage 7#c4 9 ,plate ,i471 & proce$$ z f> z ! spot m>k$ 7,x71 9 ! valley betwe5 ! m\nta9 ( ,somma & t ( ,vesuvius1 :i* is call$ ,atrio di ,cavallo4 ,i 0 mak+ my obs]vations ^u ! lava1 :i* _h already1 f ! spot 7,e7 :]e x fir/ broke out1 rea*$ ! valley2 :51 on a sudd51 ab\t noon1 ,i he>d a viol5t noise )9 ! m\nta91 & at ! spot 7,c71 ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile (f ! place :]e ,i /ood1 ! m\nta9 split2 &1 ) mu* noise1 f ?is new m\?1 a f\nta9 ( liquid fire %ot up _m feet high1 & !n1 l a torr5t1 roll$ on directly t[>ds u4 ,! e>? %ook1 at ! same "t t a volley ( pumice /ones fell ?ick ^u u2 9 an in/ant1 cl\ds ( black smoak & a%es caus$ almo/ a total d>kness2 ! explosions f ! top ( ! m\nta9 7 mu* l\d] ?an any ?und] ,i ev] he>d1 & ! smell ( ! sulphur 0 v (f5sive4 ,my guide1 al>m$1 took to 8 heels2 & ,i mu/ confess1 t ,i 0 n at my ease4 ,i foll[$ close1 & we ran ne> ?ree miles )\t /opp+2 z ! e>? cont9u$ to %ake "u our feet1 ,i 0 appreh5sive ( ! op5+ ( a fre% m\?1 :i* might h cut (f our retreat4 ,i also fe>$ t ! viol5t explosions w\ld deta* "s ( ! rocks (f ! m\nta9 ,somma1 "u :i* we 7 oblig$ to pass2 besides1 ! pumice-/ones1 fall+ ^u u l hail1 7 ( su* a size z to cause a disagreeable s5sation ^u ! "p :]e !y fell4 ,aft] hav+ tak5 brea?1 z ! e>? /ill trembl$ greatly1 ,i ?\ght x mo/ prud5t to leave ! m\nta91 & return to my villa2 :]e ,i f\nd my family 9 a great al>m1 at ! cont9ual & viol5t explosions ( ! ,volcano1 :i* %ook our h\se to its v f\ndation1 ! doors & w9d[s sw++ ^u _! h+es4 ,ab\t two ( ! clock 9 ! aft]noon ano!r lava =c$ its way out ( ! same place f :5ce came ! lava la/ ye>1 at ! spot m>k$ ,b 79 ,plate ,,ii472 s t ! conflagration 0 soon z great on ?is side ( ! m\nta91 z on ! o!r :i* ,i _h j left4 ,! noise & smell ( sulphur increas+1 we remov$ f our villa to ,naples2 & ,i ?\ght prop]1 z ,i pass$ by ,portici1 to in=m ! ,c\rt ( :at ,i _h se52 & humbly (f]$ x z my op9ion1 t 8 ,sicilian ,maje/y %\ld leave ! neighb\rhood ( ! ?reat5+ m\nta94 ,h[ev]1 ! ,c\rt did n leave ,portici till ab\t twelve ( ! clock1 :5 ! lava _h rea*$ z f> z 7#d4 9 ,plate ,i47--,i obs]v$1 9 my way to ,naples1 :i* 0 9 less ?an two h\rs aft] ,i _h left ! m\nta91 t ! lava _h actually cov]$ ?ree miles ( ! v road ?r\gh :i* we _h retreat$4 ,x is a/oni%+ t x %\ld h run s fa/2 z ,i h s9ce se51 t ! riv] ( lava1 9 ! ,atrio di ,cavallo1 0 sixty & sev5ty feet deep1 & 9 "s places ne> two miles broad4 ,:5 8 ,sicilian ,maje/y quitt$ ,portici1 ! noise 0 greatly increas$2 & ! concussion ( ! air f ! explosions 0 s viol5t1 t1 9 ! ,k+'s palace1 doors & w9d[s 7 =c$ op52 & ev5 "o door !re1 :i* 0 lock$1 0 nev]!less bur/ op54 ,at ,naples1 ! same night1 _m w9d[s & doors flew op52 9 my h\se1 :i* is n on ! side ( ! t[n next ,vesuvius1 ,i tri$ ! exp]im5t ( unbolt+ my w9d[s#i1 :5 !y flew wide op5 ^u e explosion ( ! m\nta94 ,besides ^! explosions1 :i* 7 v frequ5t1 !re 0 a cont9u$ subt]rane\s & viol5t rumbl+ noise1 :i* la/$ ?is night ab\t five h\rs4 ,i h imag9$1 t ?is extraord9>y noise might be ow+ to ! lava 9 ! b[els ( ! m\nta9 hav+ met ) a deposition ( ra9 wat]2 & t ! conflict betwe5 ! fire & ! wat] may1 9 "s measure1 acc\nt = s extraord9>y a crackl+ & hiss+ noise4 ,padre ,torre1 :o has wrote s mu* & s well ^u ! subject ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 is also ( my op9ion4 ,& inde$ x is natural to imag9e1 t !re may be ra9-wat] lodg$ 9 _m ( ! cav]ns ( ! m\nta92 z1 9 ! great eruption ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius 9 #afca1 x is well atte/$1 t sev]al t[ns1 among :i* ,portici & ,torre del ,greco1 7 de/roy$1 by a torr5t ( boil+ wat] hav+ bur/ out ( ! m\nta9 ) ! lava1 by :i* ?\s&s ( lives 7 lo/4 ,ab\t f\r ye>s ago1 ,m\nt ,etna 9 ,sicily ?rew up hot wat] also1 dur+ an eruption4 ,! confusion at ,naples ?is night _c be describ$2 8 ,sicilian ,maje/y's ha/y retreat f ,portici add$ to ! al>m2 all ! *ur*es 7 op5$ & fill$2 ! /reets 7 ?rong$ ) processions ( sa9ts3 b ,i %all avoid ent]+ ^u a description ( ! v>i\s c]emonies t 7 p]=m$ 9 ?is capital1 to quell ! fury ( ! turbul5t m\nta94 ,tuesday ! #bj?1 x 0 impossible to judge ( ! situation ( ,vesuvius1 on acc\nt ( ! smoak & a%es1 :i* cov]$ x entirely1 & spread ov] ,naples also1 ! sun appe>+ z ?r\gh a ?ick ,london fog1 or a smoak$ glass2 small a%es fell all ?is day at ,naples4 ,! lavas on bo? sides ( ! m\nta9 ran viol5tly2 b !re 0 little or no noise till ab\t n9e o'clock at night1 :5 ! same uncommon rumbl+ began aga91 accompani$ ) explosions z be=e1 :i* la/$ ab\t f\r h\rs3 x seem$ z if ! m\nta9 w\ld split 9 pieces2 &1 inde$1 x op5$ ?is night almo/ f ! spot ,e to ,c 79 ,plate ,i474 ,! annex$ plans 7 tak5 ^u ! spot at ?is "t1 :5 ! lavas 7 at _! height2 & ,i d n ?9k !m exagg]at$4 ,! ,p>isian b>omet] 01 z ye/]day1 at #bgi1 & ,fahr5heit's !rmomet] at #gj degrees2 :]eas1 = "s days prec$+ ! eruption1 x _h be5 at #fe & #ff4 ,dur+ ! confusion ( ?is night1 ! prison]s 9 ! public jail attempt$ to escape1 hav+ w\nd$ ! jail]2 b 7 prev5t$ by ! troops4 ,! mob also set fire to ! ,c>d9al ,ar*bi%op's gate1 because he refus$ to br+ out ! relicks ( ,sa9t ,janu>ius4 ,w$nesday #ba/1 0 m quiet ?an ! prec$+ days1 ?\gh ! lavas ran briskly4 ,portici 0 once 9 "s dang]1 _h n ! lava tak5 a diff]5t c\rse :5 x 0 only a mile & a half f x2 t[>ds night1 ! lava slack5$4 ,?ursday #bb;d1 ab\t t5 ( ! clock 9 ! morn+1 ! same ?und]+ noise began aga91 b ) m viol5ce ?an ! prec$+ days2 ! olde/ m5 decl>$1 !y _h nev] he>d ! l2 &1 inde$1 x 0 v al>m+3 we 7 9 expectation e mom5t ( "s dire calamity4 ,! a%es1 or r small c9d]s1 %[]$ d[n s fa/1 t ! p 9 ! /reets 7 oblig$ to use umbrellas1 or flap _! hats2 ^! a%es be+ v (f5sive to ! eyes4 ,! tops ( ! h\ses1 & ! balconies1 7 cov]$ above an in* ?ick ) ^! c9d]s#aj4 ,%ips at sea1 tw5ty leagues f ,naples1 7 also cov]$ ) !m1 to ! great a/oni%m5t ( ! sailors4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! horrors1 ! mob1 gr[+ tumultu\s & impati5t1 oblig$ ! ,c>d9al to br+ out ! head ( ,sa9t ,janu>ius1 & g ) x 9 procession to ! ,ponte ,maddal5a1 at ! extremity ( ,naples1 t[>ds ,vesuvius2 & x is well atte/$ "h1 t ! eruption ceas$ ! mom5t ! ,sa9t came 9 sight ( ! m\nta92 x is true1 ! noise ceas$ ab\t t "t1 aft] hav+ la/$ five h\rs1 z x _h done ! prec$+ days4 ,friday #bc;d1 ! lavas /ill ran1 & ! m\nta9 cont9u$ to ?r[ up quantities ( /ones f its crat]2 !re 0 no noise he>d at ,naples ?is day1 & b little a%es fell !re4 ,saturday #bd?1 ! lava ceas$ runn+2 ! ext5t ( ! lava1 f ! spot ,c 7,plate ,i471 :]e ,i saw x break out1 to its extremity ,f1 :]e x surr\nd$ ! *apel ( ,sa9t ,vito1 is above six miles4 ,9 ! ,atrio di ,cavallo1 & 9 a deep valley t lies betwe5 ,vesuvius 7#a47 & ! h]mitage 7#c471 ! lava is 9 "s places ne> two miles broad1 & 9 mo/ places f sixty to sev5ty feet deep2 at 7#d471 ! lava ran d[n a holl[ way1 call$ ,fossa gr&e1 made by ! curr5ts ( ra9 wat]2 x is n less ?an two hundr$ feet deep1 & a hundr$ broad2 yet ! lava 9 "o place has fill$ x up4 ,i c\ld n h believ$ t s great a quantity ( matt] c\ld h be5 ?r[n out 9 s %ort a "t1 if ,i _h n s9ce exam9$ ! :ole c\rse ( ! lava myself4 ,?is great compact body w c]ta9ly reta9 "s heat _m mon?s#aa2 at ?is "t1 mu* ra9 hav+ fall5 = "s days pa/1 ! lava smoaks1 z if x ran afre%3 & ab\t t5 days ago1 :5 ,i 0 up ! m\nta9 ) ,"l ,/ormont1 we ?ru/ /icks into ! crevices ( ! lava1 :i* took fire imm$iately3 ,b to proce$ ) my j\rnal4 ,! #bd?1 ,vesuvius cont9u$ to ?r[ up /ones z on ! prec$+ days3 dur+ ! :ole ( ?is eruption1 x _h diff]$ 9 ?is circum/ance f ! eruption ( #agff1 :5 no /ones 7 ?r[n out ( ! crat] f ! mom5t ! lava ran freely4 ,sunday #be?1 small a%es fell all day at ,naples2 !y issu$ f ! crat] ( ! ,volcano1 & =m$ a va/ column1 z black z ! m\nta9 itself1 s t ! %ad[ ( x 0 m>k$ out on ! surface ( ! sea2 cont9ual fla%es ( =k$ or zig-zag lightn+ %ot f ?is black column1 ! ?und] ( :i* 0 he>d 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! m\nta91 b n at ,naples3 !re 7 no cl\ds 9 ! sky at ?is "t1 except ^? ( smoak issu+ f ! crat] ( ,vesuvius4 ,i 0 mu* pleas$ ) ?is pha5om5on1 :i* ,i _h n se5 be=e 9 t p]fection#ab4 ,monday #bf?1 ! smoak cont9u$1 b n s ?ick1 nei!r 7 !re any fla%es ( ! m\nta9 lightn+4 ,z no lava has appe>$ aft] ?is column ( black smoak1 :i* mu/ h be5 occasion$ by "s inw>d op]ation ( fire2 ,i am apt to ?9k1 t ! lava1 :i* %\ld naturally h foll[$ ?is symptom1 has broke its way into "s deep] cav]n1 :]e x is sil5tly brood+ future mis*ief2 & ,i %all be mu* mi/ak5 if x does n break out a few mon?s h5ce4 ,tuesday #bg?1 no m black smoak1 nor any signs ( eruption4 ,?us1 my ,"l1 ,i h _h ! honor ( giv+ y\r ,lord%ip a fai?ful n>rative ( my obs]vations dur+ ?is eruption1 :i* is univ]sally all[$ to h be5 ! mo/ viol5t ( ?is c5tury2 & ,i %all be happy1 if x %\ld meet ) y\r approbation1 & t ( ! ,royal ,society1 if y\r ,lord%ip %\ld ?9k x wor?y ( be+ communicat$ to s respectable a body4 ,i h j s5t a pres5t to ! ,briti% ,museum ( a complete collection ( e sort ( matt] produc$ by ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 :i* ,i h be5 collect+ ) "s pa9s = ^! ?ree ye>s pa/2 & x w be a great satisfaction to me1 if1 by ! means ( ?is collection1 "s ( my c\ntrym51 le>n$ 9 natural hi/ory1 may be enabl$ to make "s useful discov]ies relative to ,volcanos#ac4 ,i h also accompani$ t collection ) a view ( a curr5t ( lava f ,m\nt ,vesuvius2 x is pa9t$ ) transp>5t col\rs1 &1 :5 light$ up ) lamps beh9d x1 gives a mu* bett] idea ( ,vesuvius1 ?an is possible to be giv5 by any o!r sort ( pa9t+4 ,i h ! honor to be1 ,my ,,"l1 ,y\r ,lord%ip's ,mo/ ob$i5t & mo/ humble s]vant1 ,,william ,,hamilton4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i4 ,view ( ! ,,great ,,eruption ( ,,vesuvius #agfg f ,portici4 ,,plate ,i4 ,a4 ,crat] ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius4 ,b4 ,m\? f :5ce came ! lava ( #agff2 & :i* op5$ afre%1 ,octob] #ai1 #agfg1 & produc$ ! conflagration repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,ii4 ,c4 ,! m\? :i* op5$ at #ab o'clock1 ,octob] #ai1 #agfg1 :il/ ,i 0 at ! spot m>k$ ,x2 f !nce came all ! lava repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,i4 ,d4 ,! lava4 ,e4 ,m\? f :5ce ! lava fl[$ at eight o'clock1 ,octob] #ai1 :5 ! eruption began fir/4 ,f4 ,*apel ( ,sa9t ,vito1 surr\nd$ ) lava4 #a4 ,vesuvius4 #b4 ,m\nta9 ( ,somma4 #c4 ,h]mitage1 betwe5 :i* & ,vesuvius !re is a deep valley two miles broad4 #d4 ,! ,fossa ,gr&e4 #e4 ,8 ,sicilian ,maje/y's ,palace at ,portici4 #f4 ,*ur* ( ,pugliano4 #g4 ,calmaldolese ,conv5t1 ne> :i* is my ,villa4 #h4 ,sa9t ,jorio4 #i4 ,b>ra4 #aj4 ,spot1 "u :i* lies ,h]culaneum4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii4 ,view ( ! ,,great ,,eruption ( ,,vesuvius #agfg1 f ,torre dell' ,annunziata4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,a4 ,crat] ( ,vesuvius4 ,b4 ,m\?1 f :5ce came ! lava ( #agff1 & :i* op5$ afre% at two o'clock1 ,octob] #ai1 #agfg1 & caus$ ! conflagration on ?is side ( ! m\nta94 ,c4 ,m\? :i* op5$ at #ab o'clock1 ,octob] #ai1 #agfg1 :il/ ,i 0 at ! spot ,x1 & :i* produc$ all ! lava repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,i4 ,d4 ,rivulets ( lava1 :i* fl[$ f ! crat]1 & unit$ ) ! great riv] ,e4 ,f4 ,extremities ( ! lava1 ab\t five miles f ,b4 #a4 ,m\nta9 ( ,somma4 #b4 ,m\nt ,vesuvius4 #c4 ,montagna di ,trecase4 #d4 ,trecase4 #e4 ,oratorio di ,bosco4 #f4 ,ottaiano4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii4 ,! anci5t ,crat] ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius4 ,) ! gradual increase ( ! little ,m\nta9 )9 ! ,crat]4 ,! ext]i\r black l9e m>ks ea* increase ! int]i\r dott$ l9e %ews ! /ate ( ! little ,m\nta9 be=e t increase1 s t ! dott$ l9e 9 ! ,draw+ ( ,oct #ah4? %ews ! ,size ( ! little ,m\nta9 ,july #h4? ! little spot ,a4 m>ks :]e ! lava came out "s days be=e ! great ,eruption4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 m>k ! anci5t ,crat] ,e4 ! little ,m\nta9 ! day be=e ! ,eruption4 ,f4 ,g4 is ! pres5t ,crat]1 ! ext]i\r black l9e ,h4 ,f4 ,g4 ! pres5t %ape ( ! top ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius4 ,s9ce ,may la/ ! ,m\nta9 is increas$ f ,b4 to ,f4 :i* is ne> #bjj feet4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,views ( ! gradual increase ( ! little m\nta9 )9 ! anci5t crat]2 & ( ! pres5t %ape ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius4 ,,lett] ,,iii4 ,to ,,ma!w ,,maty1 ,m4 ,d4 ,secret>y to ! ,royal ,,society4 ,villa ,angelica1 ne> ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 ,octob] #d1 #agfh4 ,,sir1 ,i h b v lately receiv$ y\r la/ oblig+ lett]1 ( ! #e? ( ,july1 ) ! volume ( ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,i mu/ beg ( y to express my satisfaction at ! notice :i* ! ,royal ,society ha? be5 pleas$ to take ( my acc\nts ( ! two la/ eruptions ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius4 ,s9ce ,i h be5 at my villa "h1 ,i h enquir$ ( ! inhabitants ( ! m\nta91 aft] :at !y _h se5 dur+ ! la/ eruption4 ,9 my lett] to ,"l ,morton1 ,i m5tion$ no?+ b :at came imm$iately "u my own obs]vation3 b z all ! peasants "h agree 9 _! acc\nt ( ! t]rible ?und] & lightn+1 :i* la/$ almo/ ! :ole "t ( ! eruption1 ^u ! m\nta9 only2 ,i ?9k x a circum/ance wor? att5d+ to4 ,besides ! lightn+1 :i* p]fectly resembl$ ! common =k$ lightn+1 !re 7 _m meteors1 l :at are vulg>ly call$ fall+ />s4 ,a peasant1 9 my neighb\rhood1 lo/ eight hogs1 by ! a%es fall+ into ! tr\gh ) _! food3 !y grew giddy1 & di$ 9 a few h\rs4 ,! la/ day ( ! eruption1 ! a%es1 :i* fell abundantly ^u ! m\nta91 7 z :ite almo/ z sn[#ad2 & ! old p "h assure me1 t is a sure symptom ( ! eruption be+ at an end4 ,^! circum/ances1 be+ well atte/$1 ,i ?\ght wor? relat+4 ,x w\ld require _m ye>s close application1 to give a prop] & truly philosophical acc\nt ( ! ,volcanos 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,naples2 b ,i am sure su* a hi/ory might be giv51 support$ by demon/ration1 z w\ld de/roy e sy/em hi!rto giv5 ^u ?is subject4 ,we h "h an opportunity ( see+ ,volcanos 9 all _! /ates4 ,i h be5 ?is summ] 9 ! isl& ( ,is*ia2 x is ab\t eighte5 miles r\nd1 & its :ole basis is lava4 ,! great m\nta9 9 x1 ne> z high z ,vesuvius1 =m]ly call$ ,epomeus1 & n[ ,san ,nicolo1 ,i am conv9c$1 0 ?r[n up by degrees2 & ,i h no d\bt 9 my own m9d1 b t ! isl& itself rose out ( ! sea 9 ! same mann] z "s ( ! ,azores4 ,i am ( ! same op9ion ) respect to ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 & all ! high gr\nds ne> ,naples2 z hav+ n yet se51 9 any "o place1 :at c be call$ virg9 e>?4 ,i _h ! pleasure ( see+ a well sunk1 a few days ago1 ne> my villa1 :i* is1 z y "k1 at ! foot ( ,vesuvius1 & close by ! sea-side4 ,at tw5ty-five feet bel[ ! level ( ! sea1 !y came to a /ratum ( lava1 & ,god kn[s h[ mu* deep] !y might h /ill f\nd o!r lavas4 ,! soil all r\nd ! m\nta91 :i* is s f]tile1 consi/s ( /ratas ( lavas1 a%es1 pumice1 & n[-&-!n a ?9 /ratum ( good e>?1 :i* good e>? is produc$ by ! surface m\ld]+1 & ! rott+ ( ! roots ( plants1 v9es1 c4 ,?is is pla9ly to be se5 at ,pompeii1 :]e !y are n[ digg+ into ! ru9s ( t anci5t city2 ! h\ses are cov]$ ab\t t5 or fifte5 feet1 ) pumice & fragm5ts ( lava1 "s ( :i* weigh ?ree p\nds 7:i* la/ circum/ance ,i m5tion1 to %ew1 t1 9 a great eruption1 ,vesuvius has ?r[n /ones ( ?is weight six miles#ae1 :i* is its di/ance f ,pompeii1 9 a direct l9e72 ^u ?is /ratum ( pumice1 or rapilli1 z !y call !m "h1 is a /ratum ( excell5t m\ld1 ab\t two feet ?ick1 on :i* gr[ l>ge trees1 & excell5t grapes4 ,we h !n ! ,solfat]ra1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly a ,volcano1 & has ceas$ erupt+1 = want ( metallic p>ticles1 & ov]-ab\nd+ ) sulphur4 ,y may trace its lavas into ! sea4 ,we h ! ,lago d',av]no & ! ,lago d',agnano1 bo? ( :i* 7 =m]ly ,volcanos2 & ,a/roni1 :i* /ill reta9s its =m m ?an any ( ^!4 ,its crat] is wall$ r\nd1 & 8 ,sicilian ,maje/y takes ! div]sion ( bo>-hunt+ 9 ?is ,volcano2 & nei!r 8 ,maje/y nor any "o ( 8 ,c\rt ev] dreamt ( its =m] /ate4 ,we h !n t curi\s m\nta91 call$ ,montagno ,nuovo1 ne> ,puzzole1 :i* rose1 9 "o night1 out ( ! ,lucr9e ,lake2 x is ab\t a hundr$ & fifty feet high1 & ?ree miles r\nd4 ,i d n ?9k x m extraord9>y1 t ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 9 _m ages1 %\ld rise above two ?\s& feet2 :5 ?is m\nta91 z is well atte/$1 rose 9 "o night1 no long] ago ?an ! ye> #aech4 ,i h a project1 next spr+1 ( pass+ "s days at ,puzzole1 & ( dissect+ ?is m\nta91 tak+ its measures1 & mak+ draw+s ( its /ratas2 =1 ,i p]ceive1 x is compos$ ( /ratas1 l ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 b )\t lavas4 ,z ?is m\nta9 is s und\bt$ly =m$ intirely f a pla91 ,i %\ld ?9k my project may give light into ! =mation ( _m o!r m\nta9s1 t are at pres5t ?\ght to h be5 orig9al1 & are c]ta9ly n s1 if _! /rata correspond ) ^? ( ! ,montagno ,nuovo4 ,i %\ld be glad to "k :e!r y ?9k ?is project ( m9e w be useful2 &1 if y d1 ! result ( my obs]vations may be ! subject ( ano!r lett]#af4 ,i _c h a great] pleasure ?an to employ my leisure h\rs 9 :at may be ( "s little use to mank9d2 & my lot has c>ri$ me into a c\ntry1 :i* af=ds an ample field = obs]vation4 ,^u ! :ole1 if ,i 0 to e/abli% a sy/em1 x w\ld be1 t ,m\nta9s are produc$ by ,volcanos1 & n ,volcanos by ,m\nta9s4 ,i fe> ,i h tir$ y2 b ! subject ( ,volcanos is s fav\rite a "o ) me1 t x has l$ me on ,i "k n h[3 ,i %all only add1 t ,vesuvius is quiet at pres5t1 ?\gh v hot at top1 :]e !re is a deposition ( boil+ sulphur4 ,! lava t ran 9 ! ,fossa ,gr&e dur+ ! la/ eruption1 & is at lea/ two hundr$ feet ?ick1 is n yet cool2 a /ick1 put into its crevices1 takes fire imm$iately4 ,on ! sides ( ! crevices are f9e cry/all9e salts3 z !y are ! pure salts1 :i* exhale f ! lava t has no communication ) ! int]i\r ( ! m\nta91 !y may p]haps indicate ! composition ( ! lava4 ,i h done4 ,let me only ?ank y = ! k9d (f]s & expressions 9 y\r lett]1 & = ! c>e y h _h 9 sett+ (f my pres5t to ! ,museum to ! be/ advantage2 ( :i* ,i h be5 told f _m qu>t]s4 ,i am1 ,,sir1 ,y\r mo/ ob$i5t humble s]vant1 ,w4 ,,hamilton4 ,,lett] ,,iv4 ,to ,,ma!w ,,maty1 ,m4 ,d4 ,secret>y to ! ,royal ,,society4 ,an ,acc\nt ( a ,j\rney to ,,m\nt ,,etna4 ,artificis naturae +5s opus aspice1 nulla ,tu tanta humanis rebus spectacula c]nes4 ,p4 ,,cornelii ,,sev]i ,a,etna4 ,naples1 ,oct4 #ag1 #agfi4 ,,sir1 ,enc\rag$ by ! assurances y give me1 9 y\r la/ oblig+ lett] ( ! #ae? ( ,june1 t any new communication ^u ! subject ( ,volcano's w\ld be receiv$ ) satisfaction by ! ,royal ,society2 ,i v5ture to s5d y ! foll[+ acc\nt ( my late obs]vations ^u ,m\nt ,etna1 :i* y are at lib]ty to lay be=e our respectable ,society1 %\ld y ?9k x wor? its notice4 ,see ,plate ,,iv4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iv4 ,a ,view ( ,,m\nt ,,aetna f ,taorm9a4 ,aft] hav+ exam9$ ) mu* att5tion ! op]ations ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 dur+ ! five ye>s t ,i h _h ! hon\r ( resid+ z 8 ,maje/y's ,m9i/] at ?is ,c\rt1 & aft] hav+ c>efully rem>k$ ! nature ( ! soil = fifte5 miles r\nd ?is capital2 ,i am1 9 my own m9d1 well conv9c$ t ! :ole ( x has be5 =m$ by explosion4 ,_m ( ! crat]s1 f :5ce ?is matt] has issu$1 are /ill visible2 su* z ! ,solfat]ra ne> ,puzzole1 ! lake ( ,agnano1 & ne> ?is lake a m\nta9 compos$ ( burnt matt]1 t has a v l>ge crat] surr\nd$ ) a wall1 to inclose ! wild bo>s & de]1 t are kept !re = ! div]sion ( 8 ,sicilian ,maje/y2 x is call$ ,a/runi3 ! ,monte ,nuovo1 ?r[n up f ! bottom ( ! ,lucr9e lake#ag 9 ! ye> #aech1 :i* has likewise its crat]2 & ! lake ( ,av]no4 ,! isl&s ( ,nisida & ,procida are entirely compos$ ( burnt matt]2 ! isl& ( ,is*ia is likewise compos$ ( lava1 pumice1 & burnt matt]2 & !re are 9 t isl& sev]al visible crat]s1 f "o ( :i*1 no long] ago ?an ! ye> #acjc1 !re issu$ a lava1 :i* ran into ! sea1 & is /ill 9 ! same b>r5 /ate z ! mod]n lavas ( ,vesuvius4 ,aft] hav+1 ,i say1 be5 accu/om$ to ^! obs]vations1 ,i 0 well prep>$ to visit ! mo/ anci5t1 & p]haps ! mo/ consid]able1 ,volcano t exi/s2 & ,i _h ! satisfaction ( be+ ?or\ghly conv9c$ !re1 ( ! =mation ( v consid]able m\nta9s by me] explosion1 hav+ se5 _m su* on ! sides ( ,etna1 z w be relat$ h]eaft]4 ,on ! #bd? ( ,june la/1 9 ! aft]noon1 ,i left ,catania1 a t[n situat$ at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,etna1 or1 z x is n[ call$1 ,mon-,gibello1 9 company ) ,"l ,=trose & ! ,canonico ,recup]o1 an +5i\s prie/ ( ,catania1 :o is ! only p]son !re t is acqua9t$ ) ! m\nta93 he is actually employ$ 9 writ+ its natural hi/ory2 b1 ,i fe>1 w n be able to compass s great & useful an und]tak+1 = want ( prop] enc\ragem5t4 ,we pass$ ?r\gh ! inf]ior di/rict ( ! m\nta91 call$ by its inhabitants ,la ,regione ,piemontese4 ,x is well wat]$1 exce$+ly f]tile1 & ab\nd+ ) v9es & o!r fruit trees1 :]e ! lava1 or1 z x is call$ !re1 ! sci>a1 has _h "t to s(t51 & ga!r soil suffici5t = vegetation1 :i*1 ,i am conv9c$ f _m obs]vations1 unless assi/$ by art1 does n come to pass = _m ages#ah1 p]haps a ?\s& ye>s or m2 ! circuit ( ?is l[] region1 =m+ ! basis ( ! great ,volcano1 is upw>ds ( "o hundr$ ,italian miles4 ,! v9es ( ,etna are kept l[1 q ! rev]se ( ^? on ! bord]s ( ,vesuvius2 & !y produce a /rong] w9e1 b n 9 s great abundance4 ,! ,piemontese di/rict is cov]$ ) t[ns1 villages1 mona/]ies1 c4 & is well peopl$1 not)/&+ ! dang] ( su* a situation4 ,catania1 s (t5 de/roy$ by eruptions ( ,etna1 & totally ov]?r[n by an e>?quake t[>ds ! end ( ! la/ c5tury#ai1 has be5 re-built )9 ^! fifty ye>s1 & is n[ a consid]able t[n1 ) at lea/ ?irty-five ?\s& inhabitants4 ,i d n wond] at ! seem+ security ) :i* ^! p>ts are inhabit$1 hav+ be5 s long witness to ! same ne> ,m\nt ,vesuvius4 ,! op]ations ( ,nature are sl[3 great eruptions d n frequ5tly happ52 ea* flatt]s himself x w n happ5 9 8 "t1 or1 if x %\ld1 t 8 tutel> sa9t w turn away ! de/ructive lava f 8 gr\nds2 & inde$ ! great f]tility 9 ! neighb\rhoods ( ,volcanos tempts p to inhabit !m4 ,9 ab\t f\r h\rs ( gradual asc5t1 we arriv$ at a little conv5t ( ,b5$ict9e monks1 call$ ,/4 ,nicolo dell' ,ar5a1 ab\t ?irte5 miles f ,catania1 & )9 a mile ( ! ,volcano f :5ce issu$ ! la/ v great eruption 9 ! ye> #affi2 a circum/antial acc\nt ( :i* 0 s5t to our c\rt by a ,"l ,w9*elsea1 :o happ5$ to be !n at ,catania 9 8 way home1 f 8 embassy at ,con/ant9ople4 ,8 ,lord%ip's acc\nt is curi\s1 & 0 pr9t$ 9 ,london soon aft]2 ,i saw a copy ( x at ,pal]mo1 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,pr9ce ,torremuzzo#bj4 ,we slept 9 ! ,b5$ict9es conv5t ! night ( ! #bd?1 & pass$ ! next morn+ 9 obs]v+ ! ravage made by ! abovem5tion$ t]rible eruption1 ov] ! ri* c\ntry ( ! ,piemontese4 ,! lava bur/ out ( a v9ey>d )9 a mile ( ,/4 ,nicolo1 &1 by frequ5t explosions ( /ones & a%es1 rais$ !re a m\nta91 :i*1 z ne> z ,i c judge1 hav+ asc5d$ x1 is n less ?an half a mile p]p5dicul> 9 height1 & is c]ta9ly at lea/ ?ree miles 9 circumf]5ce at its basis4 ,! lava t ran f x1 & on :i* !re are z yet no signs ( vegetation1 is f\rte5 miles 9 l5g?1 & 9 _m p>ts six 9 bread?2 x rea*$ ,catania1 & de/roy$ "p ( its walls1 buri$ an amphi!atre1 an aqu$uct1 & _m o!r monum5ts ( its anci5t gr&eur1 :i* till !n _h resi/$ ! h& ( ,"t1 & ran a consid]able l5g? into ! sea1 s z to h once =m$ a beautiful & safe h>b\r2 b x 0 soon aft] fill$ up by a fre% torr5t ( ! same inflam$ matt]3 a circum/ance ! ,catanians lam5t to ?is day1 z !y are )\t a port4 ,!re has be5 no su* eruption s9ce1 ?\gh !re are signs ( _m1 m t]rible1 t h prec$$ x4 ,= two or ?ree miles r\nd ! m\nta9 rais$ by ?is eruption1 all is b>r51 & cov]$ ) a%es2 ?is gr\nd1 z well z ! m\nta9 itself1 w 9 "t c]ta9ly be z f]tile z _m o!r m\nta9s 9 its neighb\rhood1 t h be5 likewise =m$ by explosion4 ,if ! dates ( ^! explosions c\ld be asc]ta9$1 x w\ld be v curi\s1 & m>k ! progress ( "t ) respect to ! return ( vegetation1 z ! m\nta9s rais$ by !m are 9 diff]5t /ates2 ^? :i* ,i imag9e to be ! mo/ mod]n are cov]$ ) a%es only2 o!rs ( an old] date1 ) small plants & h]bs2 & ! mo/ anci5t1 ) ! l>ge/ timb]-trees ,i ev] saw3 b ,i believe ! latt] are s v anci5t1 z to be f> out ( ! rea* ( hi/ory4 ,at ! foot ( ! m\nta91 rais$ by ! eruption ( ! ye> #affi1 !re is a hole1 ?r\gh :i*1 by means ( a rope1 we desc5d$ into sev]al subt]rane\s cav]ns1 bran*+ out & ext5d+ mu* f>!r & deep] ?an we *ose to v5ture2 ! cold !re be+ excessive1 & a viol5t w9d frequ5tly ext+ui%+ "s ( our tor*es4 ,^! cav]ns und\bt$ly conta9$ ! lava t issu$ =?1 & ext5d$1 z ,i said be=e1 q to ,catania4 ,!re are _m ( ^! subt]rane\s cavities kn[n1 on o!r p>ts ( ,etna2 su* z t call$ by ! peasants ,la ,b>acca ,vec*ia1 ano!r ,la ,spelonca della ,palomba 7f ! wild pigeons build+ _! ne/s !re971 & ! cav]n ,?alia1 m5tion$ by ,boccaccio4 ,"s ( !m are made use ( z magaz9es = sn[2 ! :ole isl& ( ,sicily & ,malta be+ suppli$ ) ?is ess5tial article 79 a hot climate7 f ,m\nt ,etna4 ,_m m w\ld be f\nd1 ,i d>e say1 if se>*$ =1 p>ticul>ly ne> & "u ! crat]s f :5ce great lavas h issu$1 z ! imm5se quantities ( su* matt] we see above gr\nd1 mu/ necess>ily suppose v great holl[s und]nea?4 ,aft] hav+ pass$ ! morn+ ( ! #be? 9 ^! obs]vations1 we proce$$ ?r\gh ! second or middle region ( ,etna1 call$ ,la ,selvosa1 ! woody1 ?an :i* no?+ c be m beautiful4 ,on e side are m\nta9s1 or fragm5ts ( m\nta9s1 t h be5 ?r[n up by v>i\s anci5t explosions2 !re are "s ne> z high z ,m\nt ,vesuvius2 "o 9 p>ticul> 7z ! ,canon our guide assur$ me1 hav+ measur$ x7 is little less ?an "o mile 9 p]p5dicul> height1 & five 9 circumf]5ce at its basis4 ,!y are all m or less cov]$1 ev5 )9 _! crat]s1 z well z ! ri* vallies betwe5 !m1 ) ! l>ge/ oak1 *esnut1 & firr trees1 ,i ev] saw any :]e2 & inde$ x is f h5ce *iefly1 t 8 ,sicilian ,maje/y's docky>ds are suppli$ ) timb]4 ,z ?is "p ( ,etna 0 fam\s = its timb] 9 ! "t ( ! ,tyrants ( ,syracusa1 & z x requires ! great l5g? ( "t ,i h already m5tion$ be=e ! matt] is fit = vegetation1 we may conceive ! great age ( ?is respectable ,volcano4 ,! *esnut-trees pr$om9at$ 9 ! p>ts ?r\gh :i* we pass$1 &1 ?\gh ( a v great size1 are n to be comp>$ to "s on ano!r "p ( ! ,regione ,selvosa1 call$ ,c>p9etto4 ,i h be5 told by _m1 & p>ticul>ly by our guide1 :o _h measur$ ! l>ge/ !re1 call$ ,la ,ca/agna ,c5to ,cavalli1 t x is upw>ds ( tw5ty-eight ,neapolitan canes 9 circumf]5ce4 ,n[ z a ,neapolitan cane is two y>ds & half a qu>t]1 ,engli% measure1 y may judge1 ,sir1 ( ! imm5se size ( ?is fam\s tree#ba4 ,x is holl[ f age1 b !re is ano!r ne> x almo/ z l>ge & s\nd4 ,z x w\ld h requir$ a j\rney ( two days to h visit$ ?is extraord9>y tree1 & ! wea!r be+ already v hot1 ,i did n see x4 ,x is amaz+ to me1 t trees %\ld fl\ri% 9 s %all[ a soil2 = !y _c p5etrate deep )\t meet+ ) a rock ( lava2 & inde$ great "p ( ! roots ( ! l>ge trees we pass$ by are above gr\nd1 & h acquir$1 by ! impression ( ! air1 a b>k l t ( _! bran*es4 ,9 ?is "p ( ! m\nta91 are ! f9e/ horn$ cattle 9 ,sicily2 we rem>k$ 9 g5]al1 t ! horns ( ! ,sicilian cattle are ne> twice ! size ( any we _h ev] se52 ! cattle !mselves are ( ! common size4 ,we pass$ by ! lava ( ! la/ eruption 9 ! ye> #agff1 :i* has de/roy$ above f\r miles squ>e ( ! beautiful wood abovem5tion$4 ,! m\nta9 rais$ by ?is eruption ab\nds ) sulphur & salts1 exactly resembl+ ^? ( ,vesuvius2 specim5s ( :i* ,i s5t "s "t ago to ! late ,"l ,morton4 ,9 ab\t five h\rs f ! "t we _h left ! conv5t ( ,/4 ,nicolo dell' ,ar5a1 we arriv$ at ! bord]s ( ! ?ird region1 call$ ,la ,netta1 or ,scop]ta1 clean or uncov]$1 :]e we f\nd a v %>p air inde$2 s t1 9 ! same day1 ! f\r seasons ( ! ye> 7 s5sibly felt by u1 on ?is m\nta92 excessive summ] heats 9 ! ,piemontese1 spr+ & autumn temp]ature 9 ! middle1 & extreme cold ( w9t] 9 ! upp] region4 ,i c\ld p]ceive1 z we approa*$ ! latt]1 a gradual decrease ( vegetation2 & f l>ge timb] trees we came to ! small %rubs & plants ( ! nor!rn climates3 ,i obs]v$ quantities ( junip] & tanzey2 our guide told u t lat] 9 ! season !re are numb]less curi\s plants "h1 & t 9 "s p>ts !re are rhub>b & saffron 9 pl5ty4 ,9 ,c>r]a's ,hi/ory ( ,catania1 !re is a li/ ( all ! plants & h]bs ( ,etna 9 alphabetical ord]4 ,night com+ on1 we "h pit*$ a t5t1 & made a good fire1 :i* 0 v necess>y2 = )\t x1 & v w>m cloa?+1 we %\ld surely h p]i%$ ) cold2 & at "o ( ! clock 9 ! morn+ ( ! #bf?1 we pursu$ our j\rney t[>ds ! great crat]4 ,we pass$ ov] vallies ( sn[1 t nev] melts1 except !re is an eruption ( lava f ! upp] crat]1 :i* sc>cely ev] happ5s2 ! great eruptions are usually f ! middle region1 ! inflam$ matt] f9d+ 7z ,i suppose7 its passage ?r\gh "s weak "p1 long be=e x c rise to ! excessive height ( ! upp] region1 ! great m\? on ! summit only s]v+ z a common *imney to ! ,volcano4 ,9 _m places ! sn[ is cov]$ ) a b$ ( a%es1 ?r[n out ( ! crat]1 & ! sun melt+ x 9 "s p>ts makes ?is gr\nd trea*]\s2 b z we _h ) u1 besides our guide1 a peasant well accu/om$ to ^! vallies1 we arriv$ safe at ! foot ( ! little m\nta9 ( a%es t cr[ns ,etna1 ab\t an h\r be=e ! ris+ ( ! sun4 ,?is m\nta9 is situat$ 9 a g5tly incl9+ pla9 ( ab\t n9e miles 9 circumf]5ce2 x is ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile p]p5dicul> 9 height1 v /eep1 b n q s /eep z ,vesuvius2 x has be5 ?r[n up )9 ^! tw5ty-five or ?irty ye>s1 z _m p at ,catania h told me !y rememb]$ :5 !re 0 only a l>ge *asm or crat]1 9 ! mid/ ( ! abovem5tion$ pla94 ,till n[1 ! asc5t _h be5 s gradual 7= ! top ( ,etna is n less ?an ?irty miles f ,catania1 f :5ce ! asc5t beg9s7 z n to h be5 ! lea/ fatigu+2 & if x _h n be5 = ! sn[1 we might h rode ^u our mules to ! v foot ( ! little m\nta91 high] ?an :i* ! ,canon our guide _h nev] be53 b z ,i saw t ?is little m\nta9 0 compos$ 9 ! same mann] z ! top ( ,vesuvius1 :i*1 not)/&+ ! smoak issu+ f e pore1 is solid & firm1 ,i made no scruple ( go+ up to ! edge ( ! crat]2 & my companions foll[$4 ,! /eep asc5t1 ! ke5ness ( ! air1 ! vap\rs ( ! sulphur1 & ! viol5ce ( ! w9d1 :i* oblig$ u sev]al times to ?r[ ourselves flat ^u our faces to avoid be+ ov]turn$ by x1 made ?is latt] "p ( our exp$ition r inconv5i5t & disagreeable4 ,our guide1 by way ( com=t1 assur$ u1 t !re 0 g5]ally mu* m w9d 9 ! upp] region at ?is "t4 ,soon aft] we _h seat$ ourselves on ! highe/ po9t ( ,etna1 ! sun arose1 & display$ a sc5e t inde$ passes all description4 ,! horizon light+ up by degrees1 we discov]$ ! greate/ "p ( ,calabria1 & ! sea on ! o!r side ( x2 ! ,ph>e ( ,mess9a1 ! ,lip>i ,isl&s2 ,/romboli1 ) its smoak+ top1 ?\gh at above sev5ty miles di/ance1 seem$ to be j "u our feet2 we saw ! :ole isl& ( ,sicily1 its riv]s1 t[ns1 h>b\rs1 c4 z if we _h be5 look+ on a map4 ,! isl& ( ,malta is l[ gr\nd1 & !re 0 a haz9ess 9 t "p ( ! horizon1 s t we c\ld n disc]n x2 our guide assur$ u1 he _h se5 x di/9ctly at o!r times1 :i* ,i c believe1 z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! horizon1 t 7 n hazy1 we saw to a mu* great] di/ance2 besides1 we _h a cle> view ( ,etna's top f our %ip1 z we 7 go+ into ! m\? ( ! h>b\r ( ,malta "s weeks be=e2 9 %ort1 z ,i h s9ce measur$ on a good *>t1 we took 9 at "o view a circle ( above n9e hundr$ ,engli% miles4 ,! pyramidal %ad[ ( ! m\nta9 rea*$ across ! :ole isl&1 & f> into ! sea on ! o!r side4 ,i c\nt$ f h5ce =ty-f\r little m\nta9s 7little ,i call !m 9 comp>ison ( _! "m ,etna1 ?\gh !y w\ld appe> great any :]e else7 9 ! middle region on ! ,catania side1 & _m o!rs on ! o!r side ( ! m\nta91 all ( a conical =m1 & ea* hav+ its crat]2 _m ) timb] trees fl\ri%+ bo? )9 & )\t _! crat]s4 ,! po9ts ( ^? m\nta9s t ,i imag9e to be ! mo/ anci5t are blunt$1 & ! crat]s ( c\rse m ext5sive & less deep ?an ^? ( ! m\nta9s =m$ by explosions ( a lat] date1 & :i* pres]ve _! pyramidal =m entire4 ,"s h be5 s f> m\ld]$ d[n by "t1 z to h no o!r appe>ance ( a crat] ?an a sort ( dimple or holl[ on _! r\nd$ tops1 o!rs ) only half or a ?ird "p ( _! cone /&+2 ! p>ts t are want+ hav+ m\ld]$ d[n1 or p]haps be5 deta*$ f !m by e>?quakes1 :i* are "h v frequ5t4 ,all h[ev] h be5 evid5tly rais$ by explosion2 & ,i believe1 ^u exam9ation1 _m ( ! :imsical %apes ( m\nta9s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w w\ld prove to h be5 occasion$ by ! same natural op]ations4 ,i obs]v$ t ^! m\nta9s 7 g5]ally 9 l9es or ridges2 !y h mo/ly a fracture on "o side1 ! same z 9 ! little m\nta9s rais$ by explosion on ! sides ( ,vesuvius1 ( :i* !re are eight or n9e4 ,?is fracture is occasion$ by ! lava's =c+ its way out1 :i* op]ation ,i h describ$ 9 my acc\nt ( ! la/ eruption ( ,vesuvius4 ,:5ev] ,i %all meet ) a m\nta91 9 any "p ( ! _w1 ^: =m is regul>ly conical1 ) a holl[ crat] on its top1 & "o side brok51 ,i %all be apt to decide su* a m\nta9's hav+ be5 =m$ by an eruption2 z bo? on ,etna & ,vesuvius ! m\nta9s =m$ by explosion are )\t exception accord+ to ?is description4 ,b to return to my n>rative4 ,aft] hav+ fea/$ our eyes ) ! glori\s prospect above-m5tion$ 7= :i*1 z ,sp>tian tells u1 ! ,emp]or ,adrian 0 at ! tr\ble ( asc5d+ ,etna71 we look$ into ! great crat]1 :i*1 z ne> z we c\ld judge1 is ab\t two miles & a half 9 circumf]5ce2 we did n ?9k x safe to g r\nd & measure x1 z "s p>ts seem$ to be v t5d] gr\nd4 ,! inside ( ! crat]1 :i* is incru/$ ) salts & sulphurs l t ( ,vesuvius1 is 9 ! =m ( an inv]t$ holl[ cone1 & its dep? ne>ly answ]s to ! height ( ! little m\nta9 t cr[ns ! great ,volcano4 ,! smoak1 issu+ abundantly f ! sides & bottom1 prev5t$ our see+ q d[n2 b ! w9d cle>+ away ! smoak f "t to "t1 ,i saw ?is inv]t$ cone contract$ almo/ to a po9t2 &1 f repeat$ obs]vations1 ,i d>e say1 t 9 all ,volcanos1 ! dep? ( ! crat]s w be f\nd to correspond ne>ly to ! height ( ! conical m\nta9s ( c9d]s :i* usually cr[n !m2 9 %ort1 ,i look ^u ! crat]s z a sort ( susp5d$ funnels1 "u :i* are va/ cav]ns & abysses4 ,! =mation ( su* conical m\nta9s ) _! crat]s are easily acc\nt$ =1 by ! fall ( ! /ones1 c9d]s1 & a%es1 emitt$ at ! "t ( an eruption4 ,! smoak ( ,etna1 ?\gh v sulphure\s1 did n appe> to me s fetid & disagreeable z t ( ,vesuvius2 b our guide told me1 t its quality v>ies1 z ,i "k t ( ,vesuvius does1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! matt] !n 9 motion )94 ,! air 0 s v pure & ke5 9 ! :ole upp] region ( ,etna1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! mo/ elevat$ p>ts ( x1 t we _h a difficulty 9 respiration1 & t1 indep5d5t ( ! sulphure\s vap\r4 ,i br\ght two b>omet]s & a !rmomet] ) me f ,naples1 int5d+ to h left "o ) a p]son at ! foot ( ! m\nta91 :il/ we made our obs]vation ) ! o!r1 at sun-ris+1 on ! summit2 b "o b>omet] 0 unluckily spoilt at sea1 & ,i c\ld f9d no "o exp]t en\gh at ,catania to repair x3 :at is extraord9>y1 ,i d n recollect hav+ se5 a b>omet] 9 any "p ( ,sicily4 ,at ! foot ( ,etna1 ! #bd?1 :5 we made our fir/ obs]vation1 ! quicksilv] /ood at #bg degrees #d l9es2 & ! #bf?1 at ! mo/ elevat$ po9t ( ! ,volcano1 x 0 at #ah degrees #aj l9es4 ,! !rmomet]1 on ! fir/ obs]vation at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 0 at #hd degrees1 & on ! second at ! crat] at #efbb4 ,! wea!r _h n *ang$ 9 any respect1 & 0 equally f9e & cle>1 ! #bd? & #bf?4 ,we f\nd x difficult to manage our b>omet] 9 ! extreme cold & high w9d on ! top ( ,etna2 b1 f ! mo/ exact obs]vations we c\ld make 9 our circum/ances1 ! result 0 z abovem5tion$4 ,! ,canon assur$ me1 t ! p]p5dicul> height ( ,m\nt ,etna is some?+ m ?an ?ree ,italian miles1 & ,i v]ily believe x is s4 ,aft] hav+ pass$ at lea/ ?ree h\rs on ! crat]1 we desc5d$1 & w5t to a ris+ gr\nd1 ab\t a mile di/ant f ! upp] m\nta9 we _h j left1 & saw !re "s rema9s ( ! f\ndation ( an anci5t build+2 x is ( brick1 & seems to h be5 ornam5t$ ) :ite m>ble1 _m fragm5ts ( :i* are scatt]$ ab\t4 ,x is call$ ! ,philosoph]'s ,t[]1 & is said to h be5 inhabit$ by ,emp$ocles4 ,z ! anci5ts us$ to sacrifice to ! cele/ial gods on ! top ( ,etna#bc1 x may v well be ! ru9 ( a temple t s]v$ = t purpose4 ,f h5ce we w5t a little fur!r ov] ! incl9$ pla9 abovem5tion$1 & saw ! evid5t m>ks ( a dreadful torr5t ( hot wat]1 t came out ( ! great crat] at ! "t ( an eruption ( lava 9 ! ye> #agee1 & ^u :i* pha5om5on ! ,canonico ,recup]o1 our guide1 has publi%$ a diss]tation4 ,luckily ?is torr5t did n take its c\rse ov] ! inhabit$ p>ts ( ! m\nta92 z a l accid5t on ,m\nt ,vesuvius 9 #afca swept away "s t[ns & villages 9 its neighb\rhood1 ) ?\s&s ( _! inhabitants4 ,! common receiv$ op9ion is1 t ^! eruptions ( wat] proce$ f ! ,volcanos hav+ a communication ) ! sea2 b ,i r believe !m to proce$ m]ely f depositions ( ra9 wat] 9 "s ( ! inw>d cavities ( !m4 ,we likewise saw f h5ce ! :ole c\rse ( anci5t lava1 ! mo/ consid]able z to its ext5t ( any kn[n "h2 x ran into ! sea ne> ,taorm9a1 :i* is n less ?an ?irty miles f ! crat] :5ce x issu$1 & is 9 _m p>ts fifte5 miles 9 bread?4 ,z ! lavas ( ,etna are v commonly fifte5 & tw5ty miles 9 l5g?1 six or sev5 9 bread?1 & fifty feet or m 9 dep?2 y may judge1 ,sir1 ( ! prodigi\s quantities ( matt] emitt$ 9 a great eruption ( ?is m\nta91 & ( ! va/ cavities !re mu/ necess>ily be )9 its b[els4 ,! mo/ ext5sive lavas ( ,vesuvius d n exce$ sev5 miles 9 l5g?4 ,! op]ations ( nature on ! "o m\nta9 & ! o!r are c]ta9ly ! same2 b on ,m\nt ,etna1 all are ^u a great scale4 ,z to ! nature & quality ( _! lavas1 !y are mu* ! same2 b ,i ?9k ^? ( ,etna r black]1 & 9 g5]al m por\s1 ?an ^? ( ,vesuvius4 ,9 ! p>ts ( ,etna t we w5t ov]1 ,i saw no /ratas ( pumice /ones1 :i* are frequ5t ne> ,vesuvius1 & cov] ! anci5t city ( ,pompeii2 b our guide told u1 t !re are su* 9 o!r p>ts ( ! m\nta94 ,i saw "s /ratas ( :at is call$ "h tufa2 x is ! same t cov]s ,h]culaneum1 & t composes mo/ ( ! high gr\nds ab\t ,naples2 x is1 ^u exam9ation1 a mixture ( small pumice /ones1 a%es1 & fragm5ts ( lava1 :i* is by "t h>d5$ into a sort ( /one#bd4 ,9 %ort1 ,i f\nd1 ) respect to ! matt] erupt$1 no?+ on ,m\nt ,etna t ,vesuvius does n produce2 & !re c]ta9ly is a mu* great] v>iety 9 ! erupt$ matt] & lavas ( ! latt]1 ?an ( ! =m]2 bo? ab\nd ) pyrites & cry/allizations1 or r vitrifications4 ,! sea %ore at ! foot ( ,etna1 inde$1 ab\nds ) amb]1 ( :i* !re is none f\nd at ! foot ( ,vesuvius4 ,at pres5t !re is a mu* great] quantity ( sulphur & salts on ! top ( ,vesuvius ?an on t ( ,etna2 b ?is circum/ance v>ies accord+ to ! degree ( f]m5tation )92 & our guide assur$ me1 he _h se5 great] quantities on ,etna at o!r times4 ,9 our way back to ,catania1 ! ,canon %ew$ me a little hill1 cov]$ ) v9es1 :i* belong$ to ! ,jesuits1 &1 z is well atte/$1 0 und]m9$ by ! lava 9 ! ye> #affi1 & transport$ half a mile f ! place :]e x /ood1 )\t hav+ damag$ ! v9es4 ,9 great eruptions ( ,etna1 ! same sort ( lightn+1 z describ$ 9 my acc\nt ( ! la/ eruption ( ,vesuvius1 has be5 frequ5tly se5 to issue f ! smoak ( its great crat]4 ,! anti5ts took notice ( ! same pha5om5on2 = ,s5eca 7lib4 ii4 ,nat4 ,quae/47 says1--,a,etna aliqu&o multo igne abundavit1 +5tem vim ar5ae ur5tis effudit1 involutus e/ dies pulv]e1 populosque subita nox t]ruit1 illo tempore aiunt plurima fuisse tonitrua et fulm9a4 ,till ! ye> #beb ( ,*ri/1 ! *ronological acc\nts ( ! eruptions ( ,etna are v imp]fect3 b z ! veil ( ,/4 ,aga?a 0 9 t ye> fir/ oppos$ to *eck ! viol5ce ( ! torr5ts ( lava1 & has ev] s9ce be5 produc$ at ! "t ( great eruptions2 ! miracles attribut$ to its influ5ce1 hav+ be5 c>efully record$ by ! prie/s1 h at lea/ pres]v$ ! dates ( su* eruptions4 ,! relicks ( ,/4 ,janu>ius h r5d]$ ! same s]vice to ! lov]s ( natural hi/ory1 by record+ ! great eruptions ( ,vesuvius4 ,i f9d1 by ! dates ( ! eruptions ( ,etna1 t x is z irregul> & unc]ta9 9 its op]ations z ,vesuvius#be4 ,! la/ eruption 0 9 #agff4 ,on our return f ,mess9a to ,naples1 we 7 becalm$ ?ree days 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,lip>i isl&s1 by :i* we _h an opportunity ( see+ t !y h all be5 evid5tly =m$ by explosion#bf2 "o ( !m1 call$ ,vulcano1 is 9 ! same /ate z ! ,solfat]ra4 ,/romboli is a ,volcano1 exi/+ 9 all its =ce1 &1 9 its =m ( c\rse1 is ! mo/ pyramidal ( all ! ,lip>i ,isl&s2 we saw x ?r[ up r$ hot /ones f its crat] frequ5tly1 & "s small /reams ( lava issu$ f its side1 & ran into ! sea#bg4 ,?is ,volcano diff]s f ,etna & ,vesuvius1 by its cont9ually emitt+ fire1 & seldom any lava2 not)/&+ its cont9ual explosions1 ?is isl& is inhabit$1 on "o side1 by ab\t an hundr$ families4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,v4 ,,/romboli1 "o ( ! ,,lip>i ,,isl&s4 ,^!1 z well z ,i c recollect1 are all ! obs]vations t ,i made ) respect to ,volcanos1 9 may late curi\s t\r ( ,sicily2 & ,i %all be v happy %\ld ! communication ( !m af=d y1 or any ( our c\ntrym5 7lov]s ( natural hi/ory7 satisfaction or ent]ta9m5t4 ,i am1 ,,sir1 ,) great reg>d & e/eem1 ,y\r mo/ ob$i5t humble s]vant1 ,w4 ,,hamilton4 ,,lett] ,v4 ,to ,,ma!w ,,maty1 ,m4 ,d4 ,secret>y to ! ,royal ,,society4 ,,rem>ks ^u ! ,,nature ( ! ,,soil ( ,,naples1 & its ,neighb\rhood4 ,mille miracula movet saciemque mutat locis1 et def]t montes1 subrigit plana1 valles extub]at novas1 9 pr(undo insulas eregit4 ,,s5eca1 ,de ,t]ra-motu4 ,naples1 ,oct4 #af1 #aggj4 ,,sir1 ,accord+ to y\r desire1 ,i lose no "t 9 s5d+ y su* fur!r rem>ks z ,i h be5 mak+ ) "s dilig5ce1 = six ye>s pa/1 9 ! compass ( tw5ty miles1 or m1 r\nd ?is capital4 ,by accompany+ ^! rem>ks ) a map ( ! c\ntry ,i describe ,plate ,,vi41 & ) ! specim5s ( diff]5t matt]s t compose ! mo/ rem>kable spots ( x1 ,i d n d\bt b t ,i %all conv9ce y1 z ,i am myself conv9c$1 t ! :ole circuit 7s f> z ,i h exam9$7 )9 ! b\nd>ies m>k$ 9 ! map is :olly & totally ! production ( subt]rane\s fires2 & t mo/ probably ! sea =m]ly rea*$ ! m\nta9s t lie beh9d ,capua & ,cas]ta1 & are a cont9uation ( ! ,app59es4 ,if ,i may be all[$ to comp>e small ?+s ) great1 ,i imag9e ! subt]rane\s fires to h work$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 "u ! bottom ( ! sea1 z moles 9 a field1 ?r[+ up "h & !re a hillock2 & t ! matt] ?r[n out ( "s ( ^! hillocks1 =m$ into settl$ ,volcanos1 fill+ up ! space betwe5 "o & ! o!r1 has compos$ ?is "p ( ! cont95t1 & _m ( ! isl&s adjo9+4 ,f ! obs]vations ,i h made ^u ,m\nt ,etna1 ,vesuvius1 & its neighb\rhood1 ,i d>e say1 t1 aft] a c>eful exam9ation1 mo/ m\nta9s1 t are or h be5 ,volcanos1 w\ld be f\nd to owe _! exi/5ce to subt]rane\s fire2 ! direct rev]se ( :at ,i f9d ! commonly receiv$ op9ion4 ,nature1 ?\gh v>i$1 is c]ta9ly 9 g5]al uni=m 9 h] op]ations2 & ,i _c conceive t two su* consid]able ,volcanos z ,etna & ,vesuvius %\ld h be5 =m$ o!rwise ?an e o!r consid]able ,volcano ( ! kn[n _w4 ,i d n wond] t s little progress has be5 made 9 ! improvem5t ( natural hi/ory1 & p>ticul>ly 9 t bran* ( x :i* reg>ds ! !ory ( e>?2 ,nature acts sl[ly1 x is difficult to cat* h] 9 ! fact4 ,^? :o h made ?is subject _! /udy h1 )\t scruple1 und]tak5 at once to write ! natural hi/ory ( a :ole prov9ce1 or ( an entire cont95t2 n reflect+1 t ! longe/ life ( man sc>cely af=ds him "t to give a p]fect "o ( ! smalle/ insect4 ,i am s5sible ( :at ,i und]take 9 giv+ y1 ,sir1 ev5 a v imp]fect acc\nt ( ! nature ( ! soil ( a little m ?an tw5ty miles r\nd ,naples3 yet ,i flatt] myself t my rem>ks1 su* z !y are1 may be ( "s use to any "o h]eaft]1 :o may h leisure & incl9ation to foll[ !m up4 ,! k+dom ( ! ,two ,sicilies (f]s c]ta9ly ! faire/ field = obs]vations ( ?is k9d1 ( any 9 ! :ole _w2 "h are ,volcanos exi/+ 9 _! full =ce1 "s on _! decl9e1 & o!rs totally ext9ct4 ,to beg9 ) "s degree ( ord]1 :i* is really difficult 9 ! v>iety ( matt] t occurs to my m9d1 ,i w fir/ m5tion ! basis on :i* ,i f\nd all my conjectures4 ,x is ! nature ( ! soil t cov]s ! anti5t t[ns ( ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii1 & ! int]ior & ext]ior =m ( ! new m\nta91 ne> ,puzzole1 ) ! sort ( mat]ials ( :i* x is compos$4 ,x _c be d5i$1 t ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii /ood once above gr\nd2 ?\gh n[1 ! =m] is 9 no "p less ?an sev5ty feet1 & 9 "s p>ts "o hundr$ & twelve feet1 bel[ ! pres5t surface ( ! e>?2 & ! latt] is buri$ t5 or twelve feet deep1 m or less4 ,z we "k f ! v accurate acc\nt giv5 by ,pl9y ! y\ng] to ,tacitus1 & f ! acc\nts ( o!r contempor>y au?ors1 t ^! t[ns 7 buri$ by an eruption ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius 9 ! "t ( ,titus2 x mu/ be all[$1 t :atev] matt] lies betwe5 ^! cities & ! pres5t surface ( ! e>? ov] !m1 mu/ h be5 produc$ s9ce ! ye> #gi ( ! ,*ri/ian a]a1 ! date ( t =midable eruption4 ,pompeii1 :i* is situat$ at a mu* great] di/ance f ! ,volcano ?an ,h]culaneum1 has felt ! effects ( a s+le eruption only2 x is cov]$ ) :ite pumice /ones1 mix$ ) fragm5ts ( lava & burnt matt]1 l>ge & small3 ! pumice is v light2 b ,i h f\nd "s ( ! fragm5ts ( lava & c9d]s !re1 weigh+ eight p\nds4 ,i h (t5 wond]$1 t su* weighty bodies c\ld h be5 c>ri$ to su* a di/ance 7= ,pompeii _c be less ?an five miles1 9 a /rait l9e1 f ! m\? ( ,vesuvius74 ,e obs]vation confirms ! fall ( ?is horrid %[] ov] ! un=tunate city ( ,pompeii1 & t few ( its inhabitants _h d>$ to v5ture out ( _! h\ses2 = 9 _m ( ^? :i* h be5 already cle>$1 skeletons h be5 f\nd1 "s ) gold r+s1 e> r+s1 & bracelets4 ,i h be5 pres5t at ! discov]y ( sev]al human skeletons myself2 & "u a vault$ ar*1 ab\t two ye>s ago1 at ,pompeii1 ,i saw ! bones ( a man & a horse tak5 up1 ) ! fragm5ts ( ! horse's furniture1 :i* _h be5 ornam5t$ ) false gems set 9 bronze4 ,! skulls ( "s ( ! skeletons f\nd 9 ! /reets _h be5 evid5tly fractur$ by ! fall ( ! /ones4 ,8 ,sicilian ,maje/y's excavations are conf9$ to ?is spot at pres5t2 & ! curi\s 9 antiquity may expect h]eaft]1 f s ri* a m9e1 ample matt] = _! diss]tations3 b ,i w conf9e myself to su* obs]vations only z relate to my pres5t subject4 ,ov] ! /ratum ( pumice & burnt matt] t cov]s ,pompeii1 !re is a /ratum ( good m\ld1 ( ! ?ickness ( ab\t two feet & m 9 "s p>ts1 9 :i* v9es fl\ri%1 except 9 "s p>ticul> spots ( ?is v9ey>d1 :]e !y are subject to be bla/$ by a f\l vap\r1 or m(ete1 z x is call$ "h1 t rises f b5ea? ! burnt matt]4 ,! abovem5tion$ %[] ( pumice /ones1 accord+ to my obs]vations1 ext5d$ beyond ,ca/el-a-m>e 7ne> :i* spot ! anci5t t[n ( ,/abia also lies buri$ "u !m7 & cov]$ a tract ( c\ntry n less ?an ?irty miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,x 0 at ,/abia t ,pl9y ! eld] lo/ 8 life1 & ?is %[] ( pumice /ones is well describ$ 9 ! y\ng] ,pl9y's lett]4 ,little ( ! matt] t has issu$ f ,vesuvius s9ce t "t1 has rea*$ ^! p>ts3 b ,i mu/ obs]ve1 t ! pavem5t ( ! /reets ( ,pompeii is ( lava2 nay1 "u ! f\ndation ( ! t[n1 !re is a deep /ratum ( lava & burnt matt]4 ,^! circum/ances1 ) _m o!rs t w be relat$ h]eaft]1 prove1 beyond a d\bt1 t !re h be5 eruptions ( ,vesuvius previ\s to t ( ! ye> #gi1 :i* is ! fir/ record$ by hi/ory4 ,! gr[? ( soil by "t is easily acc\nt$ =2 & :o1 t has visit$ ru9s ( anci5t edifices1 has n (t5 se5 a fl\ri%+ %rub1 9 a good soil1 ^u ! top ( an old wall8 ,i h rem>k$ _m su* on ! mo/ consid]able ru9s at ,rome & else:]e4 ,b f ! soil :i* has gr[n ov] ! b>r5 pumice t cov]s ,pompeii1 ,i 0 enabl$ to make a curi\s obs]vation4 ,^u exam9+ ! cuts & holl[ ways made by curr5ts ( wat] 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,vesuvius & ( o!r ,volcanos1 ,i _h rem>k$ t !re lay frequ5tly a /ratum ( ri* soil1 ( m or less dep?1 betwe5 ! matt] produc$ by ! explosion ( succe$+ eruptions#bh2 & ,i 0 naturally l$ to ?9k1 t su* a /ratum _h gr[n 9 ! same mann] z ! "o abovem5tion$ ov] ! pumice ( ,pompeii4 ,:]e ! /ratum ( good soil 0 ?ick1 x 0 evid5t to me t _m ye>s _h elaps$ betwe5 "o eruption & t :i* succe$$ x4 ,i d n pret5d to say1 t a j e/imate c be =m$ ( ! great age ( ,volcanos f ?is obs]vation2 b "s sort ( calculation might be made3 = in/ance1 %\ld an explosion ( pumice cov] aga9 ! spot "u :i* ,pompeii is buri$1 ! /ratum ( ri* soil abovem5tion$ w\ld c]ta9ly lie betwe5 two b$s ( pumice2 & if a l accid5t _h happ5$ a ?\s& ye>s ago1 ! /ratum ( ri* soil w\ld z c]ta9ly h want$ mu* ( its pres5t ?ickness1 z ! rott+ ( vegetables1 manure1 c4 is ev] increas+ a cultivat$ soil4 ,:5ev] ,i f9d !n a succession ( diff]5t /rata ( pumice & burnt matt]1 l t :i* cov]s ,pompeii1 int]mix$ ) /rata ( ri* soil1 ( great] or less dep?1 ,i hope ,i may be all[$ reasonably to conclude1 t ! :ole has be5 ! production ( a long s]ies ( eruptions1 occasion$ by subt]rane\s fire4 ,by ! size & weight ( ! pumice1 & fragm5ts ( burnt erupt$ matt] 9 ^! /rata1 x is easy to trace !m up to _! s\rce1 :i* ,i h done m ?an once 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,puzzole1 :]e explosions h be5 frequ5t4 ,! gradual decrease 9 ! size & quantity ( ! erupt$ matt] 9 ! /ratum abovem5tion$1 f ,pompeii to ,ca/le-a-,m>e1 is v visible3 at ,pompeii1 z ,i said be=e1 ,i h f\nd !m ( eight p\nds weight1 :5 at ,ca/le-a-,m>e ! l>ge/ d n weigh an ounce4 ,! matt] :i* cov]s ! anci5t t[n ( ,h]culaneum is n ! produce ( "o eruption only2 = !re are evid5t m>ks t ! matt] ( six eruptions has tak5 its c\rse ov] t :i* lies imm$iately above ! t[n1 & 0 ! cause ( its de/ruction4 ,^! /rata are ei!r ( lava or burnt matt]1 ) ve9s ( good soil betwe5 !m4 ,! /ratum ( erupt$ matt] t imm$iately cov]s ! t[n1 & ) :i* ! !atre & mo/ ( ! h\ses 7 fill$1 is n ( t f\l vitrifi$ matt]1 call$ lava1 b ( a sort ( s(t /one1 compos$ ( pumice1 a%es1 & burnt matt]4 ,x is exactly ( ! same nature ) :at is call$ "h ! ,naples /one2 ! ,italians di/+ui% x by ! "n ( tufa1 & x is 9 g5]al use = build+4 ,its col\r is usually t ( our free /one1 b sometimes t+$ ) grey1 gre51 & yell[2 & ! pumice /ones1 ) :i* x ev] ab\nds1 are sometimes l>ge1 & sometimes small3 x v>ies likewise 9 its degree ( solidity4 ,! *ief article 9 ! composition ( tufa seems to me to be1 t f9e burnt mat]ial1 :i* is call$ puzzolane1 ^: b9d+ quality & utility by way ( cem5t are m5tion$ by ,vitruvius#bi1 & :i* is to be met ) only 9 c\ntries t h be5 subject to subt]rane\s fires4 ,x is1 ,i believe1 a sort ( lime prep>$ by nature4 ,?is1 mix$ ) wat]1 great or small pumice /ones1 fragm5ts ( lava1 & burnt matt]1 may naturally be suppos$ to h>d5 into a /one ( ?is k9d#cj2 &1 z wat] frequ5tly att5ds eruptions ( fire1 z w be se5 9 ! acc\nts ,i %all give ( ! =mation ( ! new m\nta9 ne> ,puzzole1 ,i am conv9c$ ! fir/ matt] t issu$ f ,vesuvius1 & cov]$ ,h]culaneum1 0 9 ! /ate ( liquid mud4 ,a circum/ance /rongly fav\r+ my op9ion is1 t1 ab\t two ye>s ago1 ,i saw ! head ( an antique /atue dug out ( ?is matt] )9 ! !atre ( ,h]culaneum2 ! impression ( its face rema9s to ?is day 9 ! tufa1 & might s]ve z a m\ld = a ca/ 9 plai/] ( ,p>is1 be+ z p]fect z any m\ld ,i ev] saw4 ,z mu* may be inf]r$ f ! exact resemblance ( ?is matt]1 or tufa1 :i* imm$iately cov]s ,h]culaneum1 to all ! tufas ( :i* ! high gr\nds ( ,naples & its neighb\rhood are compos$4 ,i deta*$ a piece ( x /ick+ to1 & incorporat$ )1 ! pa9t$ /ucco ( ! inside ( ! !atre ( ,h]culaneum1 & %all s5d x = y\r inspection#ca4 ,x is v diff]5t1 z y w see1 f ! vitrifi$ matt] call$ lava1 by :i* x has be5 g5]ally ?\ght t ,h]culaneum 0 de/roy$4 ,! village ( ,res9a & "s villas /& at pres5t above ?is un=tunate t[n4 ,to acc\nt = ! v great diff]5ce ( ! matt]s t cov] ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii1 ,i h (t5 ?\ght t1 9 ! eruption ( #gi1 ! m\nta9 mu/ h be5 op5 9 m ?an "o place4 ,a passage 9 ,pl9y's lett] to ,tacitus seems to say z mu*3 ,int]im e ,vesuvio monte pluribus locis latissimae flammae1 atque inc5dia relucebant1 quorum fulgor et cl>itas t5ebras noctis pellebat3 s t v probably ! matt] t cov]s ,pompeii proce$$ f a m\?1 or crat]1 mu* ne>] to x ?an is ! great m\? ( ! ,volcano1 f :5ce came ! matt] t cov]s ,h]culaneum4 ,?is matt] might nev]!less be said to h proce$$ f ,vesuvius1 j z ! eruption 9 ! ye> #agfj1 :i* 0 q indep5d5t ( ! great crat] 7be+ f\r miles f x71 is prop]ly call$ an eruption ( ,vesuvius4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( eruptions1 ,volcanos frequ5tly ?r[ up wat] mix$ ) ! a%es4 ,vesuvius did s 9 ! eruption ( #afca1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( _m contempor>y writ]s4 ,! same circum/ance happ5$ 9 #affi1 accord+ to ! acc\nt ( ,ignazzio ,sorr5t9o1 :o1 by 8 hi/ory ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 pr9t$ at ,naples 9 #agcd1 has %ewn himself to h be5 a v accurate obs]v] ( ! pha5om5a ( ! ,volcano1 = _m ye>s t he liv$ at ,torre del ,greco1 situat$ at ! foot ( x4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! =mation ( ! new m\nta91 ne> ,puzzole1 wat] 0 mix$ ) ! a%es ?r[n up1 z w be se5 9 two v curi\s & p>ticul> acc\nts ( ! =mation ( t m\nta91 :i* ,i %all h ! pleasure ( communicat+ to y pres5tly2 & 9 #agee1 ,etna ?rew up a quantity ( wat] 9 ! beg9n+ ( an eruption1 z is m5tion$ 9 ! lett] ,i s5t y la/ ye> ^u ! subject ( t magnific5t ,volcano#cb4 ,ulloa likewise m5tions ?is circum/ance ( wat] att5d+ ! eruptions ( ,volcanos 9 ,am]ica4 ,:5ev] !re=e ,i f9d a tufa compos$ exactly l t :i* imm$iately cov]s ,h]culaneum1 & und\bt$ly proce$$ f ,vesuvius1 ,i conclude su* a tufa to h be5 produc$ by wat] mix+ ) ! erupt$ matt] at ! "t ( an explosion occasion$ by subt]rane\s fire2 & ?is obs]vation1 ,i believe1 w be ( m use ?an any o!r1 9 po9t+ out ^? p>ts ( ! pres5t t]ra firma1 t h be5 =m$ by explosion4 ,i am conv9c$1 x has (t5 happ5$ t subt]rane\s fires & exhalations1 aft] hav+ be5 p5t up & conf9$ = "s "t1 & be5 ! cause ( e>?quakes1 h =c$ _! passage1 & 9 v5t+ !mselves =m$ m\nta9s ( ! matt] t conf9$ !m1 z y w see 0 ! case ne> ,puzzole 9 ! ye> #aech1 & by evid5t signs has be5 s be=e1 9 _m p>ts ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,puzzole2 )\t creat+ a regul> ,volcano4 ,! mat]ials ( su* m\nta9s w h b little appe>ance ( hav+ be5 produc$ by fire1 to any "o unaccu/om$ to make obs]vations ^u ! diff]5t nature ( ,volcanos4 ,if x 7 all[$ to make a comp>ison betwe5 ! e>? & a human body1 "o might consid] a c\ntry replete ) combu/ibles occasion+ explosions 7:i* is surely ! case "h7 to be l a body full ( hum\rs4 ,:5 ^! hum\rs conc5tre 9 "o "p1 & =m a great tum\r out ( :i* !y are dis*>g$ freely1 ! body is less agitat$2 b :51 by any accid5t1 ! hum\rs are *eck$1 & d n f9d free passage ?r\gh _! usual *annel1 ! body is agitat$1 & tum\rs appe> 9 o!r p>ts ( t body1 b soon aft] ! hum\rs return aga9 to _! =m] *annel4 ,9 a simil> mann] "o may conceive ,vesuvius to be ! pres5t great *annel1 ?r\gh :i* nature dis*>ges "s ( ! f\l hum\rs ( ! e>?3 :5 ^! hum\rs are *eck$ by any accid5t or /oppage 9 ?is *annel = any consid]able "t1 e>?quakes w be frequ5t 9 its neighb\rhood1 & explosions may be appreh5d$ ev5 at "s di/ance f x4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 ! ye> #aech1 ,vesuvius hav+ be5 quiet = ne> #djj ye>s4 ,!re 0 no eruption f its great crat]1 f ! ye> #aaci to ! great eruption ( #afca1 & ! top ( ! m\nta9 began to lose all signs ( fire4 ,z x is n =eign to my purpose1 & w s]ve to %ew h[ greatly !y are mi/ak51 :o place ! seat ( ! fire 9 ! c5tre1 or t[>ds ! top1 ( a ,volcano2 ,i w give y a curi\s description ( ! /ate ( ! crat] ( ,vesuvius1 aft] hav+ be5 free f eruption #dib ye>s1 z relat$ by ,brac9i1 :o desc5d$ into x n long be=e ! eruption ( #afca3 ,! crat] 0 five miles 9 circumf]5ce1 & ab\t a ?\s& paces deep2 its sides 7 cov]$ ) bru% wood1 & at ! bottom !re 0 a pla9 on :i* cattle graz$4 ,9 ! woody p>ts1 bo>s frequ5tly h>b\r$2 9 ! mid/ ( ! pla91 )9 ! crat]1 0 a n>r[ passage1 ?r\gh :i*1 by a w9d+ pa?1 y c\ld desc5d ab\t a mile among/ rocks & /ones1 till y came to ano!r m spaci\s pla9 cov]$ ) a%es3 9 ?is pla9 7 ?ree little pools1 plac$ 9 a triangul> =m1 "o t[>ds ! ,ea/1 ( hot wat]1 corrosive & bitt] beyond measure2 ano!r t[>ds ! ,we/1 ( wat] salt] ?an t ( ! sea2 ! ?ird ( hot wat]1 t _h no p>ticul> ta/e4 ,! great increase ( ! cone ( ,vesuvius1 f t "t to ?is1 naturally induces "o to conclude1 t ! :ole ( ! cone 0 rais$ 9 ! l mann]2 & t ! "p ( ,vesuvius1 call$ ,somma1 :i* is n[ consid]$ z a di/9ct m\nta9 f x1 0 compos$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,?is may pla9ly be p]ceiv$1 by exam9+ its int]ior & ext]ior =m1 & ! /rata ( lava & burnt matt] ( :i* x is compos$4 ,! anci5ts1 9 describ+ ,vesuvius1 nev] m5tion two m\nta9s4 ,/rabo1 ,dio1 ,vitruvius1 all agree1 t ,vesuvius1 9 _! "t1 %ew$ signs ( hav+ =m]ly erupt$#cc1 & ! fir/ comp>es ! crat] on its top to an amphi!atre4 ,! m\nta9 n[ call$ ,somma 01 ,i believe1 t :i* ! anci5ts call$ ,vesuvius3 its outside =m is conical2 its inside1 in/ead ( an amphi!atre1 is n[ l a great !atre4 ,i suppose ! eruption 9 ,pl9y's "t to h ?r[n d[n t "p ( ! cone next ! sea1 :i* w\ld naturally h left x 9 its pres5t /ate2 & t ! conical m\nta91 or exi/+ ,vesuvius1 has be5 rais$ by ! succe$+ eruptions3 all my obs]vations confirm ?is op9ion4 ,i h se5 anti5t lavas 9 ! pla9 on ! o!r side ( ,somma1 :i* c\ld nev] h proce$$ f ! pres5t ,vesuvius4 ,s]ao1 a celebrat$ physician n[ liv+ at ,naples1 9 ! introduction ( 8 acc\nt ( ! eruption ( ,vesuvius 9 #agcg 79 :i* acc\nt _m ( ! pha5om5a ( ! ,volcano are record$ & v well acc\nt$ =71 says1 t at ! conv5t ( ,dom9ican ,fry>s1 call$ ! ,madona del ,arco1 "s ye>s ago1 9 s9k+ a well1 at a hundr$ feet dep?1 a lava 0 discov]$1 & soon aft] ano!r2 s t1 9 less ?an ?ree hundr$ feet dep?1 ! lavas ( f\r eruptions 7 f\nd4 ,f ! situation ( ?is conv5t1 x is cle> beyond a d\bt1 t ^! lavas proce$$ f ! m\nta9 call$ ,somma1 z !y are q out ( ! rea* ( ! exi/+ ,volcano4 ,f ^! circum/ances1 & f repeat$ obs]vations ,i h made 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,vesuvius1 ,i am sure t no virg9 soil is to be f\nd !re1 & t all is compos$ ( diff]5t /rata ( erupt$ matt]1 ev5 to a great dep? bel[ ! level ( ! sea4 ,9 %ort1 ,i h n any d\bt 9 my own m9d1 b t ?is ,volcano took its rise f ! bottom ( ! sea2 & z ! :ole pla9 betwe5 ,vesuvius & ! m\nta9s beh9d ,cas]ta1 :i* is ! be/ "p ( ! ,campagna ,felice1 is 7"u its good soil7 compos$ ( burnt matt]1 ,i imag9e ! sea to h wa%$ ! feet ( ^? m\nta9s1 until ! subt]rane\s fires began to op]ate1 at a p]iod c]ta9ly ( a mo/ remote antiquity4 ,! soil ( ! ,campagna ,felice is v f]tile2 ,i saw ! e>? op5$ 9 _m places la/ ye> 9 ! mid/ ( t pla91 :5 !y 7 seek+ = mat]ials to m5d ! road f ,naples to ,cas]ta4 ,! /ratum ( good soil 0 9 g5]al f\r or five feet ?ick2 "u :i* 0 a deep /ratum ( c9d]s1 pumice1 fragm5ts ( lava1 & su* burnt matt] z ab\nds ne> ,vesuvius & all ,volcanos4 ,! m\nta9s at ! back ( ,cas]ta are mo/ly ( a sort ( lime-/one1 & v diff]5t f ^? =m$ by fire2 ?\gh ,signior ,van ,vitelli1 ! celebrat$ ar*itect1 has assur$ me1 t1 9 ! cutt+ ( ! fam\s aqu$uct ( ,cas]ta ?r\gh ^! m\nta9s1 he met ) "s soils1 t _h be5 evid5tly =m$ by subt]rane\s fire4 ,! high gr\nds1 :i* ext5d f ,ca/el-a-,m>e1 to ! po9t ( ,m9]va t[>ds ! isl& ( ,caprea1 & f ! promontory t divides ! bay ( ,naples f t ( ,sal]no1 are ( lime-/one4 ,! pla9 ( ,sorr5to1 t is b\nd$ by ^! high gr\nds1 beg9n+ at ! village ( ,vico1 & end+ at t ( ,massa1 is :olly compos$ ( ! same sort ( tufa z t ab\t ,naples1 except t ! c9d]s or pumice /ones int]mix$ 9 x are l>g] ?an 9 ! ,naples tufa4 ,i conceive !n t !re has be5 an explosion 9 ?is spot f ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,?is pla91 z ,i h rem>k$ to be ! case ) all soils produc$ by subt]rane\s fire1 is extremely f]tile2 :il/ ! gr\nd ab\t x1 be+ ( ano!r nature1 is n s4 ,! isl& ( ,caprea does n %ew any signs ( hav+ be5 =m$ by subt]rane\s fire2 b is ( ! same nature z ! high gr\nds la/ m5tion$1 f :i* x has be5 probably deta*$ by e>?quakes1 or ! viol5ce ( ! waves4 ,rovigliano1 an isl&1 or r a rock1 9 ! bay ( ,ca/el-a-,m>e1 is likewise ( lime-/one1 & seems to h belong$ to ! orig9al m\nta9s 9 its neighb\rhood3 9 "s ( ^! m\nta9s !re are also petrifi$ fi% & fossil %ells1 :i* ,i nev] h f\nd 9 ! m\nta9s :i* ,i suppose to h be5 =m$ by explosion#cd4 ,y h n[1 ,sir1 be=e y ! nature ( ! soil1 f ,caprea to ,naples4 ,! soil on :i* ?is great metropolis /&s has be5 evid5tly produc$ by explosions1 "s ( :i* seem to h be5 ^u ! v spot on :i* ?is city is built2 all ! high gr\nds r\nd ,naples1 ,pausilipo1 ,puzzole1 ,baia1 ,mis5um1 ! isl&s ( ,procita & ,is*ia1 appe> to h be5 rais$ by explosion4 ,y c trace /ill 9 _m ( ^! heights ! conical %ape t 0 naturally giv5 !m at fir/1 & ev5 ! crat]s out ( :i* ! matt] issu$1 ?\gh to be sure o!rs ( ^! heights h suff]$ su* *anges by ! h& ( "t1 t y c only conjecture t !y 7 rais$ 9 ! l mann]1 by _! composition be+ exactly ! same z t ( ^? m\nta9s :i* /ill reta9 _! conical =m & crat]s entire4 ,a tufa1 exactly resembl+ ! specim5 ,i took f ! inside ( ! !atre ( ,h]culaneum1 lay]s ( pumice int]mix$ ) lay]s ( good soil1 j l ^? ov] ,pompeii1 & lavas l ^? ( ,vesuvius1 compose ! :ole soil ( ! c\ntry t rema9s to be describ$4 ,! fam\s grotto anci5tly cut ?r\gh ! m\nta9 ( ,pausilipo1 to make a road f ,naples to ,puzzole1 gives y an opportunity ( see+ t ! :ole ( t m\nta9 is tufa4 ,! fir/ evid5t crat] y meet )1 aft] y h pass$ ! grotto ( ,pausilipo1 is n[ ! lake ( ,agnano2 a small rema9 ( ! subt]rane\s fire 7:i* mu/ probably h made ! bason = ! lake1 & rais$ ! high gr\nds :i* =m a sort ( amphi!atre r\nd x7 s]ves to heat rooms1 :i* ! ,neapolitans make great use ( 9 summ]1 = c>ry+ (f div]se disord]s1 by a /rong p]spiration4 ,?is place is call$ ! ,sudatorio di ,san ,g]mano2 ne> ! pres5t bagnios1 :i* are b poor little hovels1 !re are ! ru9s ( a magnific5t anci5t ba?4 ,ab\t an hundr$ paces f h5ce is ! ,grotto del ,cane2 ,i %all only m5tion1 z a fur!r pro( ( ! probability t ! lake ( ,agnano 0 a ,volcano1 t vap\rs ( a p]nici\s quality1 z t 9 ! ,grotto del ,cane1 are frequ5tly met ) 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,etna & ,vesuvius1 p>ticul>ly at ! "t (1 be=e1 & aft]1 great eruptions4 ,! noxi\s vap\r hav+ cont9u$ 9 ! same =ce con/antly s _m ages1 z x has done 9 ! ,grotto del ,cane 7= ,pl9y m5tions ?is ,grotto#ce71 is inde$ a circum/ance 9 :i* x diff]s f ! vap\rs ne> ,vesuvius & ,etna1 :i* are n con/ant4 ,! cone =m+ ! outside ( ?is suppos$ ,volcano is /ill p]fect 9 _m p>ts4 ,opposite to ! ,grotto del ,cane1 & imm$iately jo9+ to ! lake1 rises ! m\nta9 call$ ,a/runi1 :i*1 hav+1 z ,i imag9e1 be5 ?r[n up by an explosion ( a mu* lat] date1 reta9s ! conical %ape & e symptom ( a ,volcano 9 mu* great] p]fection ?an t ,i h be5 describ+4 ,! crat] ( ,a/runi is surr\nd$ ) a wall1 to conf9e bo>s & de]s 7?is ,volcano hav+ be5 = _m ye>s conv]t$ to a royal *ace74 ,x may be ab\t six miles or m 9 circumf]5ce3 9 ! pla9 at ! bottom ( ! crat] are two lakes2 & 9 "s books !re is m5tion made ( a hot spr+1 :i* ,i nev] h be5 able to f9d4 ,!re are _m huge rocks ( lava )9 ! crat] ( ,a/runi1 & "s ,i h met ) also 9 t ( ,agnano2 ! cones ( bo? ^! suppos$ ,volcanos are compos$ ( tufa & /rata ( loose pumice1 fragm5ts ( lava & o!r burnt matt]1 exactly resembl+ ! /rata ( ,vesuvius4 ,b>?olomeus ,fatius1 :o wrote ( ! actions ( ,k+ ,alphonso ! ,fir/ 7be=e ! new m\nta9 _h be5 =m$ ne> ,puzzole71 conjectur$ t ,a/runi _h be5 a ,volcano4 ,^! are 8 words3 ,locus ,neapoli quatuor millia passuum proximus1 quem vulgo ,li/rones vocant1 nos unum e ,phlegraeis ,campis ab ardore nuncup&um putamus4 ,!re is no entrance into ! crat] ( ei!r ,a/runi or ,agnano1 except "o1 evid5tly made by art1 & !y bo? exactly correspond ) ,/rabo's description ( ,av]nus2 ! same may be said ( ! ,solfat]ra & ! ,monte ,gauro1 or ,b>b>o z x is sometimes call$1 :i* ,i %all describe pres5tly4 ,ne> ,a/runi & t[>ds ! sea rises ! ,solfat]ra1 :i* n only reta9s its cone & crat]1 b mu* ( its =m] heat4 ,9 ! pla9 )9 ! crat]1 smoak issues f _m p>ts1 z also f its sides2 "h1 by means ( /ones & tiles heap$ ov] ! crevices ?r\gh :i* ! smoak passes1 !y collect 9 an aukw>d mann] :at !y call sale armoniaco2 & f ! s& ( ! pla9 !y extract sulphur & alum4 ,?is spot1 well att5d$ to1 might c]ta9ly produce a good rev5ue1 :]eas ,i d\bt if !y h hi!rto ev] cle>$ #bjjl4 a ye> by x4 ,! holl[ s\nd produc$ by ?r[+ a heavy /one on ! pla9 ( ! crat] ( ! ,solfat]ra seems to indicate1 t x is support$ by a sort ( ar*$ natural vault2 & "o is induc$ to ?9k t !re is a pool ( wat] b5ea? ?is vault 7:i* boils by ! heat ( a subt]rane\s fire /ill deep]71 by ! v moi/ /eam t issues f ! cracks 9 ! pla9 ( ! ,solfat]ra1 :i*1 l t ( boil+ wat]1 runs (f a sword or knife1 pres5t$ to x1 9 great drops4 ,on ! outside1 & at ! foot ( ! cone ( ! ,solfat]ra1 t[>ds ! lake ( ,agnano1 wat] ru%es out ( ! rocks1 s hot1 z to raise ! quicksilv] 9 ,fahr5heit's !rmomet] to ! degree ( boil+ wat]#cf1 a fact ( :i* ,i 0 myself an eye-witness4 ,?is place1 well wor?y ! obs]vation ( ! curi\s1 has be5 tak5 little notice (2 x is call$ ! ,pisci>elli4 ,! common p ( ,naples h great fai? 9 ! efficacy ( ?is wat]2 & make mu* use ( x 9 all cutane\s disord]s1 z well z = ano!r disord] t prevails "h4 ,x seems to be impregnat$ *iefly ) sulphur & alum4 ,:5 y approa* y\r e> to ! rocks ( ! ,pisci>elli1 f :5ce ?is wat] ouzes1 y he> a horrid boil+ noise1 :i* seems to proce$ f ! huge cauldron1 t may be suppos$ to be "u ! pla9 ( ! ,solfat]ra4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! ,solfat]ra1 next ! sea1 !re is a rock1 :i* has communicat$ ) ! sea1 till "p ( x 0 cut away to make ! road to ,puzzole2 ?is 0 und\bt$ly a consid]able lava1 t ran f ! ,solfat]ra :5 x 0 an active ,volcano4 ,"u ?is rock ( lava1 :i* is m ?an sev5ty feet high1 !re is a /ratum ( pumice & a%es4 ,?is anci5t lava is ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile broad2 y meet ) x abruptly be=e y come 9 sight ( ,puzzole1 & x f9i%es z abruptly )9 ab\t an hundr$ paces ( ! t[n4 ,i h (t5 ?\ght t _m qu>ries ( /one1 ^u exam9ation1 w\ld be f\nd to owe _! orig9 to ! same cause1 ?\gh "t may h effac$ all signs ( ! ,volcano f :5ce !y proce$$4 ,except ?is rock1 :i* is evid5tly lava & full ( vitrifications l t ( ,vesuvius1 all ! rocks ^u ! coa/ ( ,baia are ( tufa4 ,i h obs]v$ 9 ! lava ( ,vesuvius & ,etna1 z 9 ?is1 t ! bottom1 z well z ! surface ( x1 0 r\gh & por\s1 l ! c9d]s or scoriae f an iron f\nd]y2 & t = ab\t a foot f ! surface & f ! bottom1 !y 7 n ne> s solid & compact z t[>ds ! c5tre2 :i* mu/ und\bt$ly proce$ f ! impression ( ! air ^u ! vitrifi$ matt] :il/ 9 fusion4 ,i m5tion ?is circum/ance1 z x may s]ve to po9t out true lavas ) m c]ta9ty4 ,! anci5t "n ( ! ,solfat]ra 01 ,=um ,vulcani2 a /rong pro( ( its orig9 f subt]rane\s fire4 ,! degree ( heat1 t ! ,solfat]ra has pres]v$ = s _m ages1 seems to h calc9$ ! /ones ^u its cone1 & 9 its crat]1 z !y are v :ite1 & crumble easily 9 ! hotte/ p>ts4 ,we come next to ! new m\nta9 ne> ,puzzole1 :i*1 be+ ( s v late a =mation1 pres]ves its conical %ape entire1 & produces z yet b a v sl5d] vegetation4 ,x has a crat] almo/ z deep z ! cone is high1 :i* may be ne> a qu>t] ( a mile p]p5dicul>1 & is 9 %ape a regul> inv]t$ cone4 ,at ! basis ( ?is new m\nta9 7:i* is m ?an ?ree miles 9 circumf]5ce71 ! s& ^u ! sea %ore1 & ev5 t :i* is wa%$ by ! sea itself1 is burn+ hot = above ! space ( an hundr$ y>ds2 if y take up a h&ful ( ! s& bel[ wat]1 y are oblig$ to get rid ( x directly1 on acc\nt ( its int5se heat4 ,i _h be5 long v desir\s ( meet+ ) a good acc\nt ( ! =mation ( ?is new m\nta91 because1 prov+ ?is m\nta9 to h be5 rais$ by m]e explosion 9 a pla91 w\ld prove at ! same "t1 t all ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s1 :i* are compos$ ( ! same mat]ials1 & h exactly or 9 "p ! same =m1 7 rais$ 9 ! l mann]2 & t ! seat ( fire1 ! cause ( ^! explosions1 lies deep2 :i* ,i h e reason to ?9k4 ,=tunately1 ,i lately f\nd two v good acc\nts ( ! pha5om5a t att5d$ ! explosion1 :i* =m$ ! new m\nta91 publi%$ a few mon?s aft] ! ev5t4 ,z ,i ?9k !m v curi\s1 & greatly to my purpose1 & z !y are r>e1 ,i w give y a lit]al translation ( su* extracts z relate to ! =mation ( ! ,monte ,nuovo4 ,!y are b\nd 9 "o volume#cg4 ,! title ( ! fir/ is1 ,dell ,inc5dio di ,pozzuolo1 ,m>co ,antonio delli ,falconi all ,illu/rissima ,signiora ,m>*esa della ,padula nel ,,mdxxxviii4 ,at ! head ( ! second is1 ,ragionam5to del ,t]remoto1 del ,nuovo ,monte1 del ,aprim5to di ,t]ra 9 ,pozzuolo nell' ,anno #aech1 e della significatione d'essi4 ,p] ,pi]o ,giacomo da ,tol$o2 & at ! end ( ! book1 ,/ampata 9 ,nap4 p] ,giovanni ,sulztba* ,alemano1 a #bb;di ,g5>o #aeci1 con gratia1 e privilegio4 ,fir/ !n 7says ,m>co ,antonio delli ,falconi71 w ,i relate simply & exactly ! op]ations ( nature1 ( :i* ,i 0 ei!r myself an eye-witness1 or z !y 7 relat$ to me by ^? :o _h be5 witnesses ( !m4 ,x is n[ two ye>s t !re h be5 frequ5t e>?quakes at ,pozzuolo1 at ,naples1 & ! neighb\r+ p>ts2 on ! day & 9 ! night be=e ! appe>ance ( ?is eruption1 above tw5ty %ocks great & small 7 felt at ! abovem5tion$ places4 ,! eruption made its appe>ance ! #bi? ( ,septemb] #aech1 ! fea/ ( ,/4 ,mi*ael ! angel2 x 0 on a ,sunday1 ab\t an h\r 9 ! night2 &1 z ,i h be5 in=m$1 !y began to see on t spot1 betwe5 ! hot ba?s or sweat+ rooms1 & ,trep]gule1 flames ( fire1 :i* fir/ made _! appe>ance at ! ba?s1 !n ext5d$ t[>ds ,trep]gule1 & fix+ 9 ! little valley t lies betwe5 ! ,monte ,b>b>o & ! hillock call$ del ,p]icolo 7:i* 0 ! road to ! lake ( ,av]nus & ! ba?s71 9 a %ort "t ! fire increas$ to su* a degree1 t x bur/ op5 ! e>? 9 ?is place1 & ?rew up s great a quantity ( a%es & pumice /ones mix$ ) wat]1 z cov]$ ! :ole c\ntry2 & 9 ,naples a %[] ( ^! a%es & wat] fell a great "p ( ! night4 ,! next morn+1 :i* 0 ,monday1 & ! la/ ( ! mon?1 ! poor inhabitants ( ,pozzuolo1 /ruck ) s horrible a sight1 quitt$ _! habitations1 cov]$ ) t muddy & black %[]1 :i* cont9u$ 9 t c\ntry ! :ole day1 fly+ dea?1 b ) faces pa9t$ ) its col\rs2 "s ) _! *ildr5 9 _! arms1 "s ) sacks full ( _! goods2 o!rs lead+ an ass1 load$ ) _! fright5$ family1 t[>ds ,naples2 o!rs c>ry+ quantities ( birds ( v>i\s sorts1 t _h fall5 dead at ! "t ! eruption began2 o!rs aga9 ) fi% :i* !y _h f\nd1 & 7 to be met ) 9 pl5ty ^u ! %ore1 ! sea hav+ be5 at t "t consid]ably dri$ up4 ,don ,p$ro di ,tol$o1 ,vic]oy ( ! k+dom1 ) _m g5tlem51 w5t to see s wond]ful an appe>ance2 ,i also1 hav+ met ) ! mo/ hon\rable & incomp>able g5tleman1 ,signior ,fabritio ,moramaldo1 on ! road1 w5t & saw ! eruption & ! _m wond]ful effects ( x4 ,! sea t[>ds ,baia _h retir$ a consid]able way2 ?\gh1 f ! quantity ( a%es & brok5 pumice /ones ?r[n up by ! eruption1 x appe>$ almo/ totally dry4 ,i saw likewise two spr+s 9 ^? lately-discov]$ ru9s1 "o be=e ! h\se t 0 ! ,que5's1 ( hot & salt wat]2 ! o!r ( fre% & cold wat]1 on ! %ore1 ab\t #bej paces ne>] to ! eruption3 "s say1 t1 /ill ne>] to ! spot :]e ! eruption happ5$1 a /ream ( fre% wat] issu$ =? l a little riv]4 ,turn+ t[>ds ! place ( ! eruption1 y saw m\nta9s ( smoak1 "p ( :i* 0 v black & "p v :ite1 rise up to a great height2 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! smoak1 at times1 deep-col\r$ flames bur/ =? ) huge /ones & a%es1 & y he>d a noise l ! dis*>ge ( a numb] ( great artill]y4 ,x appe>$ to me z if ,typheus & ,enceladus f ,is*ia & ,etna ) innum]able giants1 or ^? f ! ,campi ,phlegrei 7:i*1 accord+ to ! op9ions ( "s1 7 situat$ 9 ?is neighb\rhood71 7 come to wage w> aga9 ) ,jupit]4 ,! natural hi/orians may p]haps reasonably say1 t ! wise poets meant no m by giants1 ?an exhalations1 %ut up 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 :i*1 n f9d+ a free passage1 op5 "o by _! own =ce & impulse1 & =m m\nta9s1 z ^? :i* occasion$ ?is eruption h be5 se5 to d2 & me?\ght ,i saw ^? torr5ts ( burn+ smoak t ,p9d> describes 9 an eruption ( ,etna1 n[ call$ ,mon ,gibello1 9 ,sicily2 9 imitation ( :i*1 z "s say1 ,virgil wrote ^! l9es3 ,ipse s$ horrificis juxta tonat ,a,etna ru9is1 c4 ,aft] ! /ones & a%es ) cl\ds ( ?ick smoak _h be5 s5t up1 by ! impulse ( ! fire & w9dy exhalation 7z y see 9 a great cauldron t boils71 into ! middle region ( ! air1 ov]come by _! own natural weight1 :5 f di/ance ! /r5g? !y _h receiv$ f impulse 0 sp5t1 reject$ likewise by ! cold & unfri5dly region1 y saw !m fall ?ick1 &1 by degrees1 ! cond5s$ smoak cle> away1 ra9+ a%es ) wat] & /ones ( diff]5t sizes1 accord+ to ! di/ance f ! place3 !n1 by degrees1 ) ! same noise & smoak1 x ?rew out /ones & a%es aga91 & s on by fits4 ,?is cont9u$ two days & nights1 :5 ! smoak & =ce ( ! fire began to abate4 ,! f\r? day1 :i* 0 ,?ursday1 at #bb o'clock1 !re 0 s great an eruption1 t1 z ,i 0 9 ! gulph ( ,puzzole1 com+ f ,is*ia1 & n f> f ,mis5um1 ,i saw1 9 a %ort "t1 _m columns ( smoak %oot up1 ) ! mo/ t]rible noise ,i ev] he>d1 &1 b5d+ ov] ! sea1 came ne> our boat1 :i* 0 f\r miles or m f ! place ( _! bir?2 & ! quantity ( a%es1 /ones1 & smoak1 seem$ z if !y w\ld cov] ! :ole e>? & sea4 ,/ones1 great & small1 & a%es m or less1 accord+ to ! impulse ( ! fire & exhalations1 began to fall1 s t a great "p ( ?is c\ntry 0 cov]$ ) a%es2 & _m1 t h se5 x1 say1 !y rea*$ ! vale ( ,diana1 & "s p>ts ( ,calabria1 :i* are m ?an #aej miles f ,pozzuolo4 ,! ,friday & ,saturday no?+ b a little smoak appe>$2 s t _m1 tak+ c\rage1 w5t ^u ! spot1 & say1 t ) ! /ones & a%es ?r[n up1 a m\nta9 has be5 =m$ 9 t valley1 n less ?an ?ree miles 9 circumf]5ce1 & almo/ z high z ! ,monte ,b>b>o1 :i* is ne> x1 cov]+ ! ,canett>ia1 ! ca/le ( ,trep]gule1 all ^? build+s & ! greate/ "p ( ! ba?s t 7 ab\t !m2 ext5d+ ,s\? t[>ds ! sea1 ,nor? z f> z ! lake ( ,av]nus1 ,we/ to ! ,sudatory1 & jo9+ ,ea/ to ! foot ( ! ,monte ,b>b>o2 s t ?is place has *ang$ its =m & face 9 su* a mann] z n to be kn[n aga93 a ?+ almo/ incr$ible1 to ^? :o h n se5 x1 t 9 s %ort a "t s consid]able a m\nta9 c\ld h be5 =m$4 ,on its summit !re is a m\? 9 ! =m ( a cup1 :i* may be a qu>t] ( a mile 9 circumf]5ce1 ?\gh "s say x is z l>ge z our m>ket-place at ,naples1 f :i* !re issues a con/ant smoak2 & ?\gh ,i h se5 x only at a di/ance1 x appe>s v great4 ,! ,sunday foll[+1 :i* 0 ! #f? ( ,octob]1 _m p go+ to see ?is pha5om5on1 & "s hav+ asc5d$ half ! m\nta91 o!rs m1 ab\t #bb o'clock !re happ5$ s sudd5 & horrid an eruption1 ) s great a smoak1 t _m ( ^! p 7 /ifl$1 "s ( :i* c\ld nev] be f\nd4 ,i h be5 told1 t ! numb] ( ! dead or lo/ am\nt$ to tw5ty-f\r4 ,f t "t to ?is1 no?+ rem>kable happ5$2 x seems z if ! eruption return$ p]iodically1 l ! ague or g\t4 ,i believe h5ce=w>d x w n h su* =ce1 ?\gh ! eruption ( ! ,sunday 0 accompani$ ) %[]s ( a%es & wat]1 :i* fell at ,naples1 & 7 se5 to ext5d z f> z ! m\nta9 ( ,somma1 call$ ,vesuvius by ! anci5ts2 &1 z ,i h (t5 rem>k$1 ! cl\ds ( smoak proce$+ f ! eruption mov$ 9 a direct l9e t[>ds t m\nta91 z if ^! places _h a correspond5ce & connection "o ) ! o!r4 ,9 ! night1 _m beams & columns ( fire 7 se5 to proce$ f ?is eruption1 & "s l fla%es ( lightn+#ch4 ,we h !n1 _m circum/ances = our obs]vation1 ! e>?quakes1 ! eruption1 ! dry+ up ( ! sea1 ! quantity ( dead fi% & birds1 ! bir? ( spr+s1 ! %[] ( a%es ) wat] & )\t wat]1 ! innum]able trees 9 t :ole c\ntry1 z f> z ! ,grotto ( ,lucullus1 torn f _! roots1 ?r[n d[n1 & cov]$ ) a%es1 t x gave "o pa9 to see !m3 & z all ^! effects 7 produc$ by ! same cause t produces e>?quakes2 let u fir/ enquire h[ e>?quakes are produc$1 & f !nce we may easily compreh5d ! cause ( ! abovem5tion$ ev5ts4 ,!n foll[s a diss]tation on e>?quakes1 & "s curi\s conjectures relative to ! pha5om5a :i* att5d$ ?is eruption1 cle>ly & well express$1 consid]+1 z ! au?or himself apologizes1 t at t "t ! ,italian language _h be5 little employ$ on su* subjects4 ,! acc\nt ( ! =mation ( ! ,monte ,nuovo1 by ,pietro ,giacomo di ,tol$o1 is giv5 9 a dialogue betwe5 ! feign$ p]sonages ( ,p]egr9o & ,svessano2 ! =m] ( :i* says1 ,x is n[ two ye>s t ?is prov9ce ( ,campagna has be5 afflict$ ) e>?quakes1 ! c\ntry ab\t ,pozzuolo mu* m s ?an any o!r p>ts2 b ! #bg? & ! #bh? ( ! mon? ( ,septemb] la/1 ! e>?quakes did n cease day or night1 9 ! abovem5tion$ city ( ,pozzuolo2 t pla91 :i* lies betwe5 ! lake ( ,av]no1 ! ,monte ,b>b>o1 & ! sea1 0 rais$ a little1 & _m cracks 7 made 9 x1 f "s ( :i* issu$ wat]2 & at ! same "t ! sea1 :i* 0 v ne> ! pla91 dri$ up ab\t two hundr$ paces1 s t ! fi% 7 left on ! s&1 a prey to ! inhabitants ( ,pozzuolo4 ,at la/1 on ! #bi? ( ! said mon?1 ab\t two h\rs 9 ! night1 ! e>? op5$ ne> ! lake1 & discov]$ a horrid m\?1 f :i* 7 vomit$ furi\sly1 smoak1 fire1 /ones1 & mud compos$ ( a%es2 mak+1 at ! "t ( its op5+1 a noise l v l\d ?und]3 ! fire1 t issu$ f ?is m\?1 w5t t[>ds ! walls ( ! un=tunate city2 ! smoak 0 p>tly black & p>tly :ite2 ! black 0 d>k] ?an d>kness itself1 & ! :ite 0 l ! :ite/ cotton3 ^! smoaks1 ris+ 9 ! air1 seem$ z if !y w\ld t\* ! vault ( heav52 ! /ones t foll[$ 71 by ! dev\r+ flames1 conv]t$ to pumice1 ! size ( :i* 7( "s ,i say7 7 mu* l>g] ?an an ox4 ,! /ones w5t ab\t z high z a cross-b[ c c>ry1 & !n fell d[n1 sometimes on ! edge1 & sometimes into ! m\? itself4 ,x is v true t _m ( !m 9 go+ up c\ld n be se51 on acc\nt ( ! d>k smoak2 b1 :5 !y return$ f ! smoaky heat1 !y %ew$ pla9ly :]e !y _h be51 by _! /rong smell ( fetid sulphur1 j l /ones t h be5 ?r[n out ( a mort>1 & h pass$ ?r\gh ! smoak ( inflam$ gunp[d]4 ,! mud 0 ( ! col\r ( a%es1 & at fir/ v liquid1 !n by degrees less s2 & 9 su* quantities1 t 9 less ?an twelve h\rs1 ) ! help ( ! abovem5tion$ /ones1 a m\nta9 0 rais$ ( a ?\s& paces 9 height4 ,n only ,pozzuolo & ! neighb\r+ c\ntry 0 full ( ?is mud1 b ! city ( ,naples also1 ! beauty ( ^: palaces 71 9 a great measure1 spoil$ by x4 ,! a%es 7 c>ri$ z f> z ,calabria by ! =ce ( ! w9ds1 burn+ up 9 _! passage ! grass & high trees1 _m ( :i* 7 borne d[n by ! weight ( !m4 ,an inf9ity ( birds also1 & numb]less animals ( v>i\s k9ds1 cov]$ ) ?is sulphure\s mud1 gave !mselves up a prey to man4 ,n[ ?is eruption la/$ two nights & two days )\t int]mission1 ?\gh1 x is true1 n always ) ! same =ce1 b m or less3 :5 x 0 at its greate/ height1 ev5 at ,naples y he>d a noise or ?und]+ l heavy artill]y :5 two armies are engag$4 ,! ?ird day ! eruption ceas$1 s t ! m\nta9 made its appe>ance uncov]$1 to ! no small a/oni%m5t ( e "o :o saw x4 ,on ?is day1 :5 ,i w5t up ) _m p to ! top ( ?is m\nta92 ,i saw d[n into its m\?1 :i* 0 a r\nd concavity ( ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile 9 circumf]5ce1 9 ! middle ( :i* ! /ones t _h fall5 7 boil+ up1 j z 9 a great cauldron ( wat] t boils on ! fire4 ,! f\r? day x began to ?r[ up aga91 & ! sev5? mu* m1 b /ill ) less viol5ce ?an ! fir/ night2 x 0 at ?is "t t _m p1 :o 7 un=tunately on ! m\nta91 7 ei!r sudd5ly cov]$ ) a%es1 smo!r$ ) smoak1 or1 knock$ d[n by /ones1 burnt by ! flame1 & left dead on ! spot4 ,! smoak cont9ues to ?is day#ci1 & y (t5 see 9 ! night-"t fire 9 ! mid/ ( x4 ,f9ally1 to complete ! hi/ory ( ?is new & un=ese5 ev5t1 9 _m p>ts ( ! new-made m\nta91 sulphur beg9s to be g5]at$4 ,giacomo di ,tol$o1 t[>ds ! end ( 8 diss]tation ^u ! pha5om5a att5d+ ?is eruption1 says1 t ! lake ( ,av]nus _h a communication ) ! sea1 be=e ! "t ( ! eruption2 & t he appreh5d$ t ! air ( ,puzzole might come to be affect$ 9 summ] "t1 by ! vap\rs f ! /agnat$ wat]s ( ! lake2 :i* is actually ! case4 ,y h1 ,sir1 f ^! acc\nts1 an in/ance ( a m\nta91 ( a consid]able height & dim5sions1 =m$ 9 a pla91 by m]e explosion1 9 ! space ( =ty-eight h\rs4 ,! e>?quakes hav+ be5 s5sibly felt at a great di/ance f ! spot :]e ! op5+ 0 made1 proves cle>ly1 t ! subt]rane\s fire 0 at a great dep? bel[ ! surface ( ! pla92 x is z cle> t ^? e>?quakes1 & ! explosion1 proce$$ f ! same cause1 ! =m] hav+ ceas$ ^u ! appe>ance ( ! latt]4 ,does n ?is circum/ance evid5tly contradict ! sy/em ( ,m4 ,buffon1 & ( all ! natural hi/orians1 :o h plac$ ! seat ( ! fire ( ,volcanos t[>ds ! c5t]1 or ne> ! summit ( ! m\nta9s1 :i* !y suppose to furni% ! matt] emitt$8 ,did ! matt] :i* proce$s f a ,volcano 9 an eruption come f s inconsid]able a dep? z !y imag9e1 t "p ( ! m\nta9 situat$ above _! suppos$ seat ( ! fire mu/ necess>ily be de/roy$1 or dissipat$ 9 a v %ort "t3 on ! contr>y1 an eruption usually adds to ! height & bulk ( a ,volcano2 & :o1 t has _h an opportunity ( mak+ obs]vations on ,volcanos1 does n "k1 t ! matt] !y h emitt$ = _m ages1 9 lavas1 a%es1 smoak1 c4 c\ld x be collect$ toge!r1 w\ld m ?an suffice to =m ?ree su* m\nta9s z ! simple cone or m\nta9 ( ! exi/+ ,volcano8 ,) respect to ,vesuvius1 ?is c\ld be pla9ly prov$2 & ,i ref] to my lett] ^u ! subject ( ,etna1 to %ew ! quantity ( matt] ?r[n up 9 "o s+le eruption1 by t t]rible ,volcano4 ,ano!r pro(1 t ! real seat ( ! fire ( ,volcanos lies ev5 greatly bel[ ! g5]al level ( ! c\ntry :5ce ! m\nta9 spr+s1 is1 t 0 x only at an inconsid]able dep? bel[ ! basis ( ! m\nta91 ! quantity ( matt] ?r[n up w\ld soon leave s great a void imm$iately "u x1 t ! m\nta9 itself mu/ und\bt$ly s9k & disappe> aft] a few eruptions4 ,9 ! above acc\nts ( ! =mation ( ! new m\nta91 we are told t ! matt] fir/ ?r[n up1 0 mud compos$ ( wat] & a%es1 mix$ ) pumice /ones & o!r burnt matt]3 on ! road lead+ f ,puzzole to ,cuma1 "p ( ! cone ( ?is m\nta9 has be5 cut away1 to wid5 ! road4 ,i h !re se5 t its composition is a tufa int]mix$ ) pumice1 "s ( :i* are really ( ! size ( an ox1 z m5tion$ 9 ,tol$o's acc\nt1 & exactly ( ! same nature z ! tufa ( :i* e o!r high gr\nd 9 its neighb\rhood is compos$2 simil> also to t :i* cov]s ,h]culaneum4 ,accord+ to ! above acc\nts1 aft] ! muddy %[] ceas$1 x ra9$ dry a%es3 ?is circum/ance w acc\nt = ! /rata ( loose pumice & a%es1 t are g5]ally ^u ! surface ( all ! tufas 9 ?is c\ntry1 & :i* 7 mo/ probably ?r[n up 9 ! same mann]4 ,at ! fir/ op5+ ( ! e>?1 9 ! pla9 ne> ,puzzole1 bo? acc\nts say1 t spr+s ( wat] bur/ =?2 ?is wat]1 mix+ ) ! a%es1 c]ta9ly occasion$ ! muddy %[]2 :5 ! spr+s 7 exhau/$1 !re mu/ naturally h ensu$ a %[] ( dry a%es & pumice1 ( :i* we h be5 likewise assur$4 ,i own1 ,i 0 greatly pleas$ at be+ 9 ?is mann] enabl$ to acc\nt s well = ! =mation ( ^! tufa /ones & ! ve9s ( dry & loose burnt matt] above !m1 ( :i* ! soil ( almo/ ! :ole c\ntry ,i am describ+ is compos$2 & ,i d n "k t any "o has ev] att5d$ to ?is circum/ance1 ?\gh ,i f9d t _m au?ors1 :o h describ$ ?is c\ntry1 h suspect$ t p>ts ( x 7 =m$ by explosion4 ,:]ev] !n ?is sort ( tufa is f\nd1 !re is c]ta9ly good au?ority to suspect its hav+ be5 =m$ 9 ! same mann] z ! tufa ( ?is new m\nta91 =1 z ,i said be=e1 ,nature is g5]ally uni=m 9 all h] op]ations4 ,x is commonly imag9$ t ! new m\nta9 rose out ( ! ,lucr9e lake1 :i* 0 de/roy$ by x2 b 9 ! above acc\nt1 no m5tion is made ( ! ,lucr9e lake2 x may be suppos$ !n1 t ! fam\s dam1 :i* ,/rabo & _m o!r anci5t au?ors m5tion to h sep>at$ t lake f ! sea1 _h be5 ru9$ by "t or accid5t1 & t ! lake became a "p ( ! sea be=e ! explosion ( #aech4 ,if ! above-describ$ eruption 0 t]rible1 t :i* =m$ ! ,monte ,b>b>o 7or ,gauro1 z x 0 =m]ly call$71 mu/ h be5 dreadful inde$4 ,x jo9s imm$iately to ! new m\nta91 :i* 9 %ape & composition x exactly resembles2 b x is at lea/ ?ree times z consid]able4 ,its crat] _c be less ?an six miles 9 circumf]5ce2 ! pla9 )9 ! crat]1 "o ( ! mo/ f]tile spots ,i ev] saw1 is ab\t f\r miles 9 circumf]5ce3 !re is no entrance to ?is pla91 b "o on ! ,ea/ side ( ! m\nta91 made evid5tly by art2 9 ?is section y h an opportunity ( see+ t ! matt] ( :i* ! m\nta9 is compos$ is exactly simil> to t ( ! ,monte ,nuovo4 ,x 0 ?is m\nta9 t produc$ 7z "s au?ors h suppos$7 ! celebrat$ ,fal]nian w9e ( ! anci5ts4 ,cuma1 all[$ to h be5 ! mo/ anci5t city ( ,italy1 0 built on an em95ce1 :i* is likewise compos$ ( tufa1 & may be naturally suppos$ a section ( ! cone =m$ by a v anci5t explosion4 ,! lake ( ,av]nus fills ! bottom ( ! crat] ( a m\nta91 und\bt$ly produc$ by explosion1 & ^: int]ior & ext]ior =m1 z well z ! matt] ( :i* x is compos$1 exactly resemble ! ,monte ,b>b>o & ,monte ,nuovo4 ,at t "p ( ! basis ( ?is m\nta9 :i* is wa%$ by ! sea ( ! bay ( ,puzzole1 ! s& is /ill v hot1 ?\gh con/antly wa%$ by ! waves2 & into ! cone ( ! m\nta91 ne> ?is hot s&1 a n>r[ passage ( ab\t #ajj paces 9 l5g? is cut1 & leads to a f\nta9 ( boil+ wat]1 :i*1 ?\gh bracki%1 boils fi% & fle% )\t giv+ !m any bad ta/e or quality1 z ,i h exp]i5c$ m ?an once4 ,?is place is call$ ,n]o's ba?1 & is /ill made use ( = a sudatory1 z x 0 by ! anci5ts2 ! /eam t rises f ! hot f\nta9 abovem5tion$1 conf9$ 9 ! n>r[ subt]rane\s passage1 soon produces a viol5t p]spiration ^u ! pati5t :o sits !re94 ,?is ba? is reckon$ a great specifick 9 t di/emp] :i* is suppos$ to h made its appe>ance at ,naples be=e x spread its contagion ov] ! o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,virgil & o!r anci5t au?ors say1 t birds c\ld n fly ) safety ov] ! lake ( ,av]nus1 b t !y fell !re92 a circum/ance fav\r+ my op9ion1 t ?is 0 once ! m\? ( a ,volcano4 ,! vap\r ( ! sulphur & o!r m9]als mu/ und\bt$ly h be5 m p[]ful1 ! ne>] we g back to ! "t ( ! explosion ( ! ,volcano2 & ,i am conv9c$ t !re are /ill "s rema9s ( ^? vap\rs ^u ?is lake1 z ,i h obs]v$ !re are v seldom any wat]-f[l ^u x2 & t :5 !y d g !re1 x is b = a %ort "t2 :il/ all ! o!r lakes 9 ! neighb\rhood are con/antly cov]$ ) !m1 9 ! w9t] season4 ,^u ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 9 ! ye> #agff1 dur+ an eruption1 :5 ! air 0 impregnat$ ) noxi\s vap\rs1 ,i h myself pick$ up dead birds frequ5tly4 ,! ca/le ( ,baia /&s ^u a consid]able em95ce1 compos$ ( ! usual tufa & /rata ( pumice & a%es2 f :i* ,i conclud$ ,i %\ld f9d "s rema9s ( ! crat]s f :5ce ! matt] issu$3 accord+ly1 hav+ asc5d$ ! hill1 ,i soon discov]$ two v visible crat]s1 j beh9d ! ca/le4 ,! lake call$ ! ,m>e-morto 0 also1 mo/ probably1 ! crat]1 f :5ce issu$ ! mat]ials :i* =m$ ! ,promontory ( ,mis5um1 & ! high gr\nds ar\nd ?is lake4 ,"u ! ru9s ( an anci5t build+1 ne> ! po9t ( ,mis5um1 9 a vault1 !re is a vap\r1 or m(ete1 exactly simil> 9 its effects to t ( ! ,grotto del ,cane1 z ,i h (t5 exp]i5c$4 ,! =m ( ! little isl& ( ,nisida %ews pla9ly its orig9#dj4 ,x is half a holl[ cone ( a ,volcano cut p]p5dicul>ly2 ! half crat] =ms a little h>b\r call$ ! ,porto ,pavone2 ,i suppose ! o!r half ( ! cone to h be5 deta*$ into ! sea by e>?quakes1 or p]haps by ! viol5ce ( ! waves1 z ! "p t is want+ is ! side next to ! op5 sea4 ,! f]tile & pleasant isl& ( ,procita %ews also mo/ evid5t signs ( its production by explosion1 ! nature ( its soil be+ directly simil> to t ( ,baia & ,puzzole2 ?is isl& seems really1 z 0 imag9$ by ! anci5ts1 to h be5 deta*$ f ! neighb\r+ isl& ( ,is*ia4 ,!re is no spot1 ,i believe1 t c\ld af=d a m ample field = curi\s obs]vations1 ?an ! isl& ( ,is*ia1 call$ ,en>ia1 ,in>ime1 & ,pi!cusa1 by ! anci5ts4 ,i h visit$ x ?ree times2 & ?is summ] pass$ ?ree weeks !re1 dur+ :i* "t ,i exam9$1 ) att5tion1 e "p ( x4 ,is*ia is eighte5 miles 9 circumf]5ce3 ! :ole ( its soil is ! same z t ne> ,vesuvius1 ,naples1 & ,puzzole4 ,!re are numb]less spr+s1 hot1 w>m1 & cold#da1 disp]s$ ov] ! :ole isl&1 ! wat]s ( :i* are impregnat$ ) m9]als ( v>i\s sorts2 s t1 if y give cr$it to ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 !re is no disord] b :at f9ds its rem$y "h4 ,9 ! hot mon?s 7! season = mak+ use ( ^! ba?s71 ^? :o h occasion = !m flock hi!r f ,naples4 ,a *>itable in/itution s5ds & ma9ta9s ?ree hundr$ poor pati5ts at ! ba?s ( ,gurgitelli e season4 ,by :at ,i c\ld le>n ( ^! poor pati5ts1 ^? ba?s h really done wond]s1 9 cases att5d$ ) ob/9ate tum\rs1 & 9 contractions ( ! t5dons & muscles4 ,! pati5t beg9s by ba?+1 & !n is buri$ 9 ! hot s& ne> ! sea4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! isl&1 ! s& is burn+ hot1 ev5 "u wat]4 ,! s& on "s p>ts ( ! %ore is almo/ entirely compos$ ( p>ticles ( iron ore2 at lea/ !y are attract$ by ! load-/one1 z ,i h exp]i5c$4 ,ne> t "p ( ! isl& call$ ,lacco1 !re is a rock ( an anci5t lava1 =m+ a small cav]n1 :i* is %ut up ) a door2 ?is cav]n is made use ( to cool liquors & fruit1 :i* x does 9 a %ort "t z effectually z ice4 ,be=e ! door 0 op5$1 ,i felt ! cold to my legs v s5sibly2 b :5 x 0 op5$1 ! cold ru%$ out s z to give me pa92 & )9 ! grotto x 0 intol]able4 ,i 0 n s5sible ( w9d att5d+ ?is cold2 ?\gh ^u ,m\nt ,etna & ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 :]e !re are cav]ns ( ?is k9d1 ! cold is evid5tly occasion$ by a subt]rane\s w9d3 ! natives call su* places v5t>oli4 ,may n ! quantity ( nitre1 ) :i* all ^! places ab\nd1 acc\nt 9 "s measure = su* extreme cold8 ,my !rmomet] 0 unluckily brok51 or ,i w\ld h in=m$ y ( ! exact degree ( ! cold 9 ?is v5t>oli ( ,is*ia1 :i* is by mu* ! /ronge/ 9 its effects ,i ev] felt4 ,! anci5t lavas ( ,is*ia %ew1 t ! eruptions !re h be5 v =midable2 & hi/ory in=ms u1 t its fir/ inhabitants 7 driv5 out ( ! isl& by ! frequ5cy & ! viol5ce ( !m4 ,!re are "s ( ^! anci5t lavas n less ?an two hundr$ feet 9 dep?4 ,! m\nta9 ( ,/4 ,nicola1 on :i* !re is at pres5t a conv5t ( h]mits1 0 call$ by ! anci5ts ,epomeus2 x is z high1 if n high]1 ?an ,vesuvius1 & appe>s to me to be a section ( ! cone ( ! anci5t & pr9cipal ,volcano ( ! isl&1 its composition be+ all tufa or lava4 ,! cells ( ! conv5t abovem5tion$ are cut out ( ! m\nta9 itself2 & !re y see pla9ly t its composition no way diff]s f ! matt] t cov]s ,h]culaneum1 & =ms ! ,monte ,nuovo4 ,!re is no sign ( a crat] on ! top ( ?is m\nta91 :i* rises almo/ to a %>p po9t3 "t1 & o!r accid5ts1 may be reasonably suppos$ to h worn away ?is di/9ctive m>k ( its hav+ be5 =m$ by explosion1 z ,i h se5 to be ! case 9 o!r m\nta9s1 =m$ evid5tly by explosion1 on ! flanks ( ,etna & ,vesuvius4 ,/rabo1 9 8 #e? book1 ^u ! subject ( ?is isl&1 quotes ,timaeus1 z hav+ said1 t1 a little be=e 8 "t1 a m\nta9 9 ! middle ( ,pi!cusa1 call$ ,epomeus1 0 %ook by an e>?quake1 & vomit$ flames4 ,!re are _m o!r ris+ gr\nds 9 ?is isl&1 t1 f ! nature ( _! composition1 mu/ lead "o to ?9k ! same z to _! orig94 ,ne> ! village ( ,ca/iglione1 !re is a m\nta9 =m$ surely by an explosion ( a mu* lat] date1 hav+ pres]v$ its conical =m & crat] entire1 & produc+ z yet b a sl5d] vegetation3 !re is no acc\nt1 h[ev]1 ( ! date ( ?is eruption4 ,ne>] ! t[n ( ,is*ia1 :i* is on ! sea %ore1 at a place call$ ,le ,cremate1 !re is a crat]1 f :i*1 9 ! ye> #acja or #acjb1 a lava ran q into ! sea2 !re is n ! lea/ vegetation on ?is lava1 b x is ne>ly 9 ! same /ate z ! mod]n lavas ( ,vesuvius4 ,pontano1 ,m>anti1 & ,d4 ,francesco ,lomb>di1 h record$ ?is eruption2 ! latt] ( :om says1 t x la/$ two mon?s2 t _m m5 & bea/s 7 kill$ by ! explosion2 & t a numb] ( ! inhabitants 7 oblig$ to seek = refuge at ,naples & 9 ! neighb\r+ isl&s4 ,9 %ort1 accord+ to my idea1 ! isl& ( ,is*ia mu/ h tak5 its rise f ! bottom ( ! sea1 & be5 increas$ to its pres5t size by div]s lat] explosions4 ,?is is n extraord9>y1 :5 hi/ory tells u 7& f my own obs]vation ,i h reason to believe7 t ! ,lip>i isl&s 7 =m$ 9 ! l mann]4 ,!re has be5 no eruption 9 ,is*ia s9ce t j m5tion$1 b e>?quakes are v frequ5t !re2 two ye>s ago1 z ,i 0 told1 !y _h a v consid]able %ock ( an e>?quake 9 ?is isl&4 ,fa!r ,goree's acc\nt ( ! =mation ( ! new isl& 9 ! ,ar*ipelago 7situat$ betwe5 ! two isl&s call$ ,kamm5i1 & ne> t ( ,santor9i7 ( :i* he 0 an eye-witness1 /rongly confirms ! probability ( ! conjectures ,i v5ture to s5d y1 relative to ! =mation ( ^? isl&s & t "p ( ! cont95t above describ$3 x seems likewise to confirm ! acc\nts giv5 by ,/rabo1 ,pl9y1 ,ju/91 & o!r anci5t au?ors1 ( _m isl&s 9 ! ,ar*ipelago1 =m]ly call$ ! ,ciclades1 hav+ sprung up f ! bottom ( ! sea#db 9 ! l mann]4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y1 9 ! #d? ye> ( ! ,c,x,x,x,vth ,olympiad1 #bcg ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian a]a1 ! isl& ( ,!ra 7n[ ,santor9i7 & ,!resia 7 =m$ by explosion2 &1 #acj ye>s lat]1 ! isl& ,hi]a 7n[ call$ ! great ,kamm5i7 rose up4 ,/rabo describes ! bir? ( ?is isl& 9 ^! words3 ,9 ! middle space betwe5 ,!ra & ,!resia flames bur/ out ( ! sea = f\r days1 :i*1 by degrees1 ?r[+ up great masses1 z if !y _h be5 rais$ by ma*9es1 !y =m$ an isl& ( twelve /adia 9 circuit4 ,& ,ju/9 says ( ! same isl&1 ,eodem anno int] insulas ,!ram5em et ,!resiam1 m$io utriusque ripae et m>is spatio1 t]rae motus fuit3 9 quo1 cum admiratione navigantium1 rep5te ex pr(undo cum calidis aquis ,insula em]sit4 ,pl9y m5tions also ! =mation ( ,aspronisi1 or ! ,:ite ,isl&1 by explosion1 9 ! "t ( ,vespasian4 ,x is kn[n1 likewise1 t 9 ! ye> #afbh1 "o ( ! isl&s ( ! ,azores1 ne> ! isl& ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 rose up f ! bottom ( ! sea1 :i* 0 9 t place #afj fa?oms deep2 & t ?is isl&1 :i* 0 rais$ 9 fifte5 days1 is ?ree leagues long1 a league & a half broad1 & rises ?ree hundr$ & sixty feet above wat]4 ,fa!r ,goree1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! =mation ( ! new isl& 9 ! ,ar*ipelago1 m5tions two di/9ct matt]s t ent]$ into ! composition ( ?is isl&1 ! "o black1 ! o!r :ite4 ,aspronisi1 probably f its v "n1 is compos$ ( ! :ite matt]1 :i* if1 ^u exam9ation1 x proves to be a tufa1 z ,i /rongly suspect1 ,i %\ld ?9k myself /ill m gr\nd$ 9 my conjectures2 ?\gh ,i mu/ confess1 z x is1 ,i h sc>cely a d\bt left ) respect to ! c\ntry ,i h be5 describ+ hav+ be5 ?r[n up 9 a long s]ies ( ages by v>i\s explosions f subt]rane\s fire4 ,surely !re are at pres5t _m exi/+ ,volcanos 9 ! kn[n _w2 & ! memory ( _m o!rs h be5 h&$ d[n to u by hi/ory4 ,may !re n !re=e h be5 _m o!rs1 ( su* anci5t dates z to be out ( ! rea* ( hi/ory#dc8 ,su* wond]ful op]ations ( ,nature are c]ta9ly int5d$ by all-wise ,provid5ce = "s great purpose4 ,!y are n conf9$ to any "o "p ( ! globe1 = !re are ,volcanos exi/+ 9 ! f\r qu>t]s ( x4 ,we see ! great f]tility ( ! soil ?r[n up by explosion1 9 "p ( ! c\ntry ,i h describ$1 :i* on t acc\nt 0 call$ by ! anci5ts ,campania ,felix4 ,! same circum/ance is evid5t 9 ,sicily1 ju/ly e/eem$ "o ( ! mo/ f]tile spots 9 ! _w1 & ! gran>y ( ,italy4 ,may n subt]rane\s fire be consid]$ z ! great pl\gh 7if ,i may be all[$ ! expression71 :i* ,nature makes use ( to turn up ! b[els ( ! e>?1 & af=d u fre% fields to "w ^u1 :il/ we are exhau/+ ^? we are actually 9 possession (1 by ! frequ5t crops we draw f !m8 ,w\ld x n be f\nd1 ^u enquiry1 t _m preci\s m9]als mu/ h rema9$ f> out ( our rea*1 _h x n be5 = su* op]ations ( ,nature8 ,x is evid5tly s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,b su* great enquiries w\ld lead me f> inde$4 ,i w only add a reflection1 :i* my little exp]i5ce 9 ?is bran* ( natural hi/ory furni%es me )4 ,x is1 t we are apt to judge ( ! great op]ations ( ,nature on too conf9$ a plan4 ,:5 fir/ ,i came to ,naples1 my :ole att5tion1 ) respect to natural hi/ory1 0 conf9$ to ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 & ! wond]ful pha5om5a att5d+ a burn+ m\nta93 b1 9 proportion z ,i began to p]ceive ! evid5t m>ks ( ! same op]ation hav+ be5 c>ri$ on 9 ! diff]5t p>ts above describ$1 & likewise 9 ,sicily 9 a great] degree1 ,i look$ ^u ,m\nt ,vesuvius only z a spot on :i* ,nature 0 at pres5t active2 & ?\ght myself =tunate 9 hav+ an opportunity ( see+ ! mann] 9 :i* "o ( h] great op]ations 7an op]ation1 ,i believe1 mu* less out ( h] common c\rse ?an is g5]ally imag9$7 0 effect$4 ,su* rem>ks z ,i h made on ! eruptions ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 dur+ my resid5ce at ,naples1 h be5 transmitt$ to ! ,royal ,society1 :o h done !m m hon\r ?an !y des]v$4 ,_m m might be made ^u ?is active ,volcano1 by a p]son :o _h leisure1 a previ\s k ( ! natural hi/ory ( ! e>?1 a k ( *emi/ry1 & 0 practis$ 9 physical exp]im5ts1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( electricity#dd4 ,i am conv9c$1 t ! smoak ( ,volcanos conta9s always a portion ( electrical matt]2 :i* is manife/ at ! "t ( great eruptions1 z is m5tion$ 9 my acc\nt ( ! great eruption ( ,vesuvius 9 #agfg4 ,! peasants 9 ! neighb\rhood ( my villa1 situat$ at ! foot ( ,vesuvius1 h assur$ me1 t1 dur+ ! eruption la/ m5tion$1 !y 7 m al>m$ by ! lightn+ & balls ( fire t fell ab\t !m ) a crackl+ noise1 ?an by ! lava & ! usual att5dants ( an eruption4 ,i f9d 9 all ! acc\nts ( great eruptions m5tion made ( ?is sort ( lightn+1 :i* is di/+ui%$ "h by ! "n ( ,f]illi4 ,brac9i1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! great "o ( ,vesuvius 9 #afca1 says1 t ! column ( smoak1 :i* issu$ f its crat]1 w5t ov] ne> an hundr$ miles ( c\ntry1 & t sev]al m5 & bea/s 7 /ruck dead by lightn+1 issu+ f ?is smoak 9 its c\rse4 ,! nature ( ! noxi\s vap\rs1 call$ "h m(ete1 t are usually set 9 motion by an eruption ( ! ,volcano1 & are !n manife/ 9 ! wells & subt]rane\s p>ts ( its neighb\rhood1 seem likewise to be little und]/ood4 ,f "s exp]im5ts v lately made1 by ! +5i\s ,dr4 ,noo?1 on ! m(ete ( ! ,grotto del ,cane1 x appe>s t all its kn[n qualities & effects correspond ) ^? attribut$ to fix$ air4 ,j be=e ! eruption ( #agfg1 a vap\r ( ?is k9d broke into ! ,k+'s *apel at ,portici1 by :i* a s]vant1 op5+ ! door ( x1 0 /ruck d[n4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 z 8 ,sicilian ,maje/y 0 %oot+ 9 a paddock ne> ! palace1 a dog dropp$ d[n1 z 0 suppos$1 9 a fit2 a boy go+ to take him up dropp$ likewise2 a p]son pres5t1 suspect+ ! accid5t to h proce$$ f a m(ete1 imm$iately dragg$ !m bo? f ! spot :]e !y lay1 9 do+ :i*1 he 0 himself s5sible ( ! vap\r2 ! boy & ! dog soon recov]$4 ,8 ,sicilian ,maje/y did me ! hon\r ( in=m+ me himself ( ?is accid5t soon aft] x _h happ5$4 ,i h met ) ^! m(etes (t51 :5 ,i h be5 mak+ my obs]vations on ! bord]s ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 p>ticul>ly 9 cav]ns1 & once on ! ,solfat]ra4 ,! vap\r affects ! no/rils1 ?roat1 & /oma*1 j z ! _s ( h>t%orn1 or any /rong volatile salts2 & w\ld soon prove fatal1 if y did n imm$iately remove f x4 ,"u ! anci5t city ( ,pompeii1 ! m(etes are v frequ5t & p[]ful1 s t ! excavations t are c>ry+ on !re are (t5 int]rupt$ by !m2 at all times m(etes are to be met ) "u anci5t lavas ( ,vesuvius1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! great eruption ( #afca4 ,9 ,s]ao's acc\nt ( ! eruption ( #agcg1 & 9 ! *apt] ^u m(etes1 he has record$ sev]al curi\s exp]im5ts relative to ?is pha5om5on4 ,! ,canonico ,recup]o1 :o1 z ,i m5tion$ to y 9 a =m] lett]1 is wat*+ ! op]ations ( ,m\nt ,etna1 has j in=m$ me1 t a v p[]ful m(ete has lately manife/$ itself 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,etna2 & t he f\nd1 ne> ! spot f :5ce x rises1 animals1 birds1 & insects1 dead1 & ! /rong] sort ( %rubs bla/$1 :il/ ! grass & ! t5d]] plants did n seem to be affect$4 ,! circum/ance ( ?is m(ete1 add$ to t ( ! frequ5t e>?quakes felt lately at ,rhegio & ,mess9a1 makes x probable t an eruption ( ,m\nt ,etna is at h&4 ,i am al>m$ at ! l5g? ( ?is lett]4 ,by endeav\r+ to make myself cle>ly und]/ood1 ,i h be5 l$ to make1 :at ,i ?\ght1 necess>y digressions4 ,i mu/ !re=e beg ( y\r goodness1 t1 %\ld y f9d ?is memoir1 9 its pres5t /ate1 too t$i\s 7:i* ,i greatly appreh5d7 to be pres5t$ to our respectable ,society1 y w make only su* extracts f x z y %all ?9k w be mo/ agreeable & int]e/+4 ,i am1 ,,sir1 ,) great tru? & reg>d1 ,y\r mo/ ob$i5t humble s]vant1 ,w4 ,,hamilton4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vi4 ,,ref]5ces to ! ,,map1 ,plate ,,vi4 #a4 ,naples4 #b4 ,portici4 #c4 ,res9a1 "u :i* ,h]culaneum is buri$4 #d4 ,torre del ,greco4 #e4 ,h]mitage1 at :i* travell]s usually re/1 9 _! way up ,m\nt ,vesuvius4 #f4 ,/4 ,angelo1 a conv5t ( ,calmaldolese1 situat$ ^u a cone ( a m\nta9 =m$ by an anci5t explosion4 #g4 ,cones =m$ by ! eruption ( #agfj1 & lava t ran f !m almo/ into ! sea4 #h4 ,m\nt ,vesuvius & ,somma4 #i4 ,village ( ,somma4 #aj4 ,! conv5t ( ! ,madona del ,arco1 "u :i* lavas h be5 f\nd at #cjj feet dep?1 & :i* mu/ h proce$$ f ! m\nta9 ( ,somma1 :5 an active ,volcano4 #aa4 ,ottaiano4 #ab4 ,torre del ,annunziata4 #ac4 ,ca/el a ,m>e1 ne> :i* ! anci5t t[n ( ,/abia is buri$1 & :]e ,pl9y ! eld] lo/ 8 life4 #ad4 ,vico4 #ae4 ,sorr5to1 & ! pla9 =m$ evid5tly by subt]rane\s fire4 #af4 ,massa4 #ag4 ,isl& ( ,caprea4 #ah4 ,! ,grotto ( ,pausilipo1 cut ?r\gh ! m\nta9 anci5tly1 to make a road f ,naples to ,puzzole4 #ai4 ,po9t ( ,pausilipo4 #bj4 ,! ,gaiola1 :]e !re are ru9s ( anci5t build+s1 suppos$ to h belong$ to ,lucullus4 #ba4 ,! isl& ( ,nisida1 evid5tly =m$ by explosion4 #bb4 ,! ,laz>et4 #bc4 ,! ,bagnoli4 #bd4 ,puzzole1 or ,pozzuolo4 #be4 ,! ,solfat]ra1 anci5tly call$ ,=um ,vulcani3 betwe5 ! ,solfat]ra & ! lake ( ,agnano1 are ! boil+ wat]s ( ! ,pisci>elli4 #bf4 ,! ,new ,m\nta91 =m$ by explosion 9 ! ye> #aech2 ! s& ( ! sea %ore at its basis burn+ hot4 #bg4 ,! lake ( ,agnano1 suppos$ ! crat] ( an anci5t ,volcano3 "h are ! ba?s call$ ,/4 ,g]mano1 & ! fam\s ,grotto del ,cane4 #bh4 ,a/runi1 :i* has be5 evid5tly a ,volcano1 & is n[ a ,royal ,*ace1 ! crat] be+ surr\nd$ ) a wall4 #bi4 ,! ,monte ,gauro or ,b>b>o1 anci5tly a ,volcano4 #cj4 ,! lake ( ,av]nus1 evid5tly ! crat] ( an anci5t ,volcano4 #ca4 ,lake ( ,fus>o4 #cb4 ,po9t ( ,mis5um1 f :5ce ,pl9y ! eld] discov]$ ! eruption ( ,vesuvius t prov$ fatal to him2 ne> ?is place1 9 a vault ( an anci5t build+1 is a con/ant vap\r1 or m(ete1 ( ! same quality ) t ( ! ,grotto del ,cane4 #cc4 ,! ,m>e ,morto1 ! anci5t ,roman ,h>b\r4 #cd4 ,baia2 beh9d ! ca/le are two evid5t crat]s ( anci5t ,volcanos4 #ce4 ,isl& ( ,procita4 #cf4 ,a p]fect cone & crat] ( a ,volcano ne> ,ca/iglione 9 ! isl& ( ,is*ia4 #cg4 ,lava t ran into ! sea 9 ! la/ eruption on ?is isl&1 9 ! ye> #acja1 or #acjb3 ! place n[ call$ ,le ,cremate4 #ch4 ,t[n ( ,is*ia & ca/le4 #ci4 ,lake ( ,licola4 #dj4 ,lake ( ,patria4 #da4 ,! riv] ,volturnus4 #db4 ,capua4 #dc4 ,cas]ta4 #dd4 ,av]sa4 #de4 ,mataloni4 #df4 ,ac]ra4 #dg4 ,isl& ( ,is*ia1 anci5tly call$ ,a,enaria1 ,in>ime1 & ,pi!cusa4 #dh4 ,! m\nta9 ( ,/4 ,nicola1 anci5tly call$ ,mons ,epomeus1 suppos$ ! rema9s ( ! pr9cipal ,volcano ( ! isl&4 #di4 ,ca/iglione1 ne> :i* are ! ba?s ( ,gurgitelli4 #ej4 ,lacco1 ne> :i* is t v cold vap\r call$ by ! natives v5t>ole4 #ea4 ,anci5t city ( ,pompeii1 :]e 8 ,sicilian ,maje/y's excavations are c>ry+ on at pres5t4 #eb4 ,rovigliano4 #ec4 ,riv] ( ,s>no4 #ed4 ,cuma4 #ee4 ,hot s&s & sudatory1 call$ ,n]o's ba?s4 #ef4 ,! ,lucr9e lake1 suppos$ to h be5 "h1 & ( :i* !re is /ill "s little rema94 #eg4 ,villa ,angelica1 ,sir ,william ,hamilton's villa1 f :5ce he has made _m ( 8 obs]vations ^u ,m\nt ,vesuvius4 #eh4 ,cones =m$ by an anci5t eruption call$ viuli2 "h are likewise cold vap\rs call$ v5t>oli4 #ei4 ,high gr\nds1 probably sections ( cones ( anci5t ,volcanos1 be+ all compos$ ( tufa & /rata ( loose pumice & burnt matt]4 #fj4 ,pla9 ( ! ,campagna ,felice1 f\r or five feet ( excell5t soil1 "u :i* are /rata ( burnt & erupt$ matt]4 444444 ,m>ks ! b\nd>y ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's obs]vations4 ,,lett] ,,vi4#de ,to ,,ma!w ,,maty1 ,m4 ,d4 ,secret>y to ! ,royal ,,society4 ,naples1 ,m>* #e1 #agga4 ,s9ce ,i _h ! pleasure ( s5d+ y my lett]1 9 :i* ! nature ( ! soil ( m ?an tw5ty miles r\nd ?is capital is describ$2 exam9+ a deep holl[ way cut by ! ra9 wat]s into ! outside cone ( ! ,solfat]ra1 ,i discov]$1 t a great "p ( ! cone ( t anci5t ,volcano has be5 calc9$ by ! hot vap\rs above describ$4 ,pumice calc9$ seems to be ! *ief +r$i5t1 ( :i* sev]al specim5s ( 7z ,i suppose7 v>iegat$ un=m$ m>ble are compos$1 & ! beautiful v>iegations 9 !m may h probably be5 occasion$ by ! m9]al vap\rs4 ,z ^! specim5s are n[ s5t to ! ,royal ,society1 y w see t ^! v>iegations are exactly ( ! same patt]n & col\rs z are met 9 _m m>bles & fl[]$ alaba/]s2 & ,i _c help ?9k+ t !y are m>ble or alaba/] 9 its infant /ate4 ,:at a pro( we h "h ( ! great *anges ! e>? we inhabit is subject to6 ,:at is n[ ! ,solfat]ra1 we h e reason to suppose to h be5 orig9ally ?r[n up by a subt]rane\s explosion f ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,t x 0 long an exi/+ ,volcano1 is pla91 f ! anci5t curr5ts ( lava1 t are /ill to be trac$ f its crat] to ! sea1 f ! /rata ( pumice & erupt$ matt]1 ( :i* its cone1 9 common ) ^? ( o!r ,volcanos1 is compos$1 & f ! te/imony ( _m anci5t au?ors4 ,its cone 9 _m p>ts has be5 calc9$1 & is /ill calc9+1 by ! hot vap\rs t are cont9ually issu+ =? ?r\gh its pores2 & its nature is totally *ang$ by ?is *emical process ( ,nature4 ,9 ! holl[ way1 :]e ,i made ^! rem>ks1 y see ! diff]5t /rata ( erupt$ matt]1 t compose ! cone1 9 "s places p]fectly calc9$1 9 o!rs n1 accord+ z ! vap\rs h f\nd means to ins9uate !mselves m or less4 ,a holl[ way1 cut by ! ra9s on ! back ( ! m\nta9 on :i* "p ( ,naples is situat$1 t[>ds ,capo di ,*9a1 %ews t ! m\nta9 is compos$ ( /rata ( erupt$ matt]1 among :i* are l>ge masses ( bitum51 9 :i* its =m] /ate ( fluidity is v visible4 ,"h x 0 ,i discov]$ t pumice /one is produc$ f bitum51 :i* ,i believe has n yet be5 rem>k$4 ,"s specim5s %ew evid5tly ! gradual process f bitum5 to pumice3 & y w obs]ve t ! cry/all9e vitrifications1 :i* are visible 9 ! bitum51 suff] no alt]ation1 b rema9 9 ! same /ate 9 ! p]fect pumice z 9 ! bitum54 ,9 a piece ( /ratum1 calc9$ f ! outside ( ! ,solfat]ra1 ! =m & texture ( ! pumice /ones is v disc]nible4 ,9 sev]al p>ts ( ! outside cone1 ?is calc9+ op]ation is /ill c>ri$ on1 by ! exhalation ( con/ant v hot & damp vap\rs1 impregnat$ ) salts1 sulphur1 alum1 c4 ,:]e ! abovem5tion$ vap\rs h n op]at$1 ! /rata ( pumice & erupt$ matt]1 t compose ! cone ( ! ,solfat]ra1 are l ^? ( all ! high gr\nds 9 its neighb\rhood1 :i* ,i suppose to h be5 ?r[n up likewise by explosion4 ,i h se5 "h1 half ( a l>ge piece ( lava p]fectly calc9$1 :il/ ! o!r half out ( ! rea* ( ! vap\rs has be5 unt\*$2 & 9 "s pieces ! c5tre seems to be already conv]t$ into true m>ble4 ,! v>iegat$ specim5s !n1 above describ$1 are no?+ m ?an pumice & erupt$ matt]1 aft] hav+ be5 act$ ^u 9 ?is mann] by ! hot vap\rs2 & if y consid] ! process1 z ,i h trac$ x1 f bitum5 to pumice1 & f pumice to m>ble1 y w ?9k ) me1 t x is difficult to det]m9e ! primitive /ate ( ! _m wond]ful productions we see 9 ,nature4 ,i f\nd1 9 ! tufa ( ! m\nta9 ( ,pausilipo1 a fragm5t ( lava3 "o side ,i poli%$1 to %ew x to be true lava2 ! o!r %ews ! signs ( ! tufa1 ) :i* x is incorporat$4 ,x has evid5tly be5 r\nd$ by friction1 & mo/ probably by roll+ 9 ! sea4 ,is x n natural !n to imag9e t !re mu/ h be5 ,volcanos ne> ?is spot1 long be=e ! =mation ( ! m\nta9 ( ,pausilipo8 ,?is little /one may p]haps raise 9 y\r m9d su* reflections z x did 9 m9e1 relative to ! great *anges our globe suff]s1 & ! probability ( its great antiquity4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,hav+ reflect$ s9ce ^u ?is circum/ance1 ,i r believe t ! weight ( ! atmosph]e 9 bad wea!r1 prev5t+ ! free dissipation ( ! smoke1 & collect+ x ov] ! crat]1 gives x ! appe>ance ( be+ m consid]able2 :]eas 9 f9e wea!r ! smoke is disp]s$ soon aft] its emission4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! common-receiv$ op9ion at ,naples 7& f my own obs]vation is1 ,i believe1 well f\nd$71 t :5 ,vesuvius grumbles1 bad wea!r is at h&4 ,! sea ( ! ,bay ( ,naples1 be+ p>ticul>ly agitat$1 & swell+ "s h\rs be=e ! arrival ( a /orm1 may v probably =ce itself into crevices1 lead+ to ! b[els ( ! ,volcano1 &1 by caus+ a new f]m5tation1 produce ^? explosions & grumbl+s4 #b ,^! a%es de/roy ! leaves & fruit1 & are greatly detrim5tal to vegetation = a ye> or two2 b are c]ta9ly ( great s]vice to ! l& 9 g5]al1 & are among ! pr9cipal causes ( t v great f]tility :i* is rem>kable 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,volcano's4 #c ,9 ! subsequ5t eruptions ( ,vesuvius1 ,i h con/antly rem>k$ some?+ ( ! same nature1 z appe>s 9 my acc\nt ( ! great eruption ( #agfg4 ,i h f\nd ! same rem>k 9 _m acc\nts ( =m] eruptions ( ,vesuvius3 9 ! v curi\s "o ( ! =mation ( a new m\nta9 ne> ,puzzole1 9 #aech1 7z may be se5 9 my lett] to ,dr4 ,maty1 ,oct4 #af1 #aggjdf17 ! same obs]vation is made4 ,?is pha5om5on1 is well wor?y ( a curi\s inquiry1 :i* might give "s light into ! !ory ( ! e>?1 ( :i*1 ,i believe1 we are v ignorant4 #d ,i am conv9c$1 t x might be v practicable to div]t ! c\rse ( a lava :5 9 ?is /ate1 by prep>+ a new b$ = x1 z is practis$ ) riv]s4 ,i 0 m5tion+ ?is idea at ,catania 9 ,sicily1 :5 ,i 0 assur$1 t x _h be5 done ) success dur+ ! great eruption ( ,etna1 9 #affi2 t ! lava 0 direct+ its c\rse t[>ds ! walls ( ,catania1 & advanc+ sl[ly l ! abovem5tion$1 :5 !y prep>$ a *annel = x r\nd ! walls ( ! t[n1 & turn$ x into ! sea2 t a succession ( m51 cov]$ ) %eep-sk9s wett$1 7 employ$ to cut ?r\gh ! t\gh flanks ( ! lava1 till !y made a passage = t 9 ! c5tre 7:i* 0 9 p]fect fusion7 to disgorge itself into ! *annel prep>$ = x4 ,a book ,i h s9ce met ) gives ! same acc\nt ( ?is curi\s op]ation2 x is intitul$1 ,relatione del nuovo inc5dio fatto da ,mongibello #affi4 ,mess9a1 ,giuseppe ,bisagni1 #afgj4 ,8 ,sicilian ,maje/y's palace at ,portici1 & ! valuable collection ( antiquities t h be5 recov]$ f b5ea? ! de/ructive lava's ( ,vesuvius1 are 9 imm95t dang] ( be+ ov]:elm$ aga9 by ! next t %all take its c\rse t way2 :]eas1 by tak+ a level1 cutt+ away & rais+ gr\nd1 z occasion might require1 ! palace & museum w\ld1 9 all probability1 be insur$1 at lea/ aga9/ "o eruption2 &1 inde$1 ,i once took ! lib]ty ( communicat+ ?is idea to ! ,k+ ( ,naples1 :o seem$ to approve ( x4 #e ,! late ,"l ,morton 0 pleas$ to give ^! specim5s to ,dr4 ,morris1 :o has made sev]al *emical exp]im5ts on !m1 ! result ( :i* w be communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society4 #f ,f :at ,i h se5 & read ( eruptions ( ,vesuvius & ,etna1 ,i am conv9c$ t ,volcano's lie dormant = sev]al ye>s1 nay ev5 = c5turies1 z probably 0 ! case ( ,vesuvius be=e its eruption 9 ! reign ( ,titus1 & c]ta9ly 0 s be=e t ( ! ye> #afca4 ,:5 ,i arriv$ at ,naples 9 #agfd1 ,vesuvius 0 quiet1 v seldom smoak 0 visible on its top2 9 ! ye> #agff1 x seem$ to take fire1 & has nev] s9ce be5 ?ree mon?s )\t ei!r ?r[+ up r$ hot /ones1 or disgorg+ /reams ( lava1 nor has its crat] be5 ev] free f smoak4 ,at ,naples1 :5 a lava appe>s1 & n till !n1 x is /yl$ an eruption2 :]eas ,i look ^u ! five nom9al eruptions ,i h be5 witness to1 f ,m>* #agff to ,may #agga1 z1 9 effect1 b "o cont9u$ eruption4 #g ,x is c]ta91 t1 by con/ant att5tion to ! smoak t issues f ! crat]1 a v good guess may be giv5 z to ! degree ( f]m5tation )9 ! ,volcano4 ,by ?is alone ,i =etold#dg ! two la/ eruptions1 &1 by ano!r v simple obs]vation1 ,i po9t$ out1 "s "t be=e1 ! v spot f :5ce ! lava has issu$4 ,:5 ! cone ( ,vesuvius 0 cov]$ ) sn[1 ,i _h rem>k$ a spot on :i* x w\ld n lie3 conclud+ v naturally t ?is 0 ! weake/ "p ( ! cone1 & t ! heat f )9 prev5t$ ! sn[ f ly+2 x 0 z natural to imag9e t ! lava1 seek+ a v5t1 w\ld =ce ?is passage soon] ?an ano!r2 & s inde$ x came to pass4 #h ,^! are 8 words3 ,nubes 7inc]tum procul intu5tibus ex quo monte ,vesuvium fuisse po/ea cognitum e/7 oriebatur1 cujus similitud9em =mam1 non alia magis arbor1 quam p9us express]it4 ,nam longissimo veluti trunco elata 9 altum1 quibusdam ramis diffundebatur1 cr$o quia rec5ti spiritu evecta1 de9 s5esc5te eo de/ituta1 aut etiam pond]e suo victa1 9 latitud9em evanescebat3 c&ida int]dum1 int]dum sordida maculosa1 pr\t t]ram c9]emve su/ul]at4 ,pl94 lib4 vi4 ep4 #af4 #i ,! w9d[s at ,naples op5 l fold+-doors4 #aj ,9 sev]al acc\nts ( =m] eruptions ( ,vesuvius1 ,i h f\nd m5tion ( ! a%es fall+ at a mu* great] di/ance2 t1 9 ! ye> #dgb & #dgc1 !y _h rea*$ ,con/ant9ople3 ,dio says1 t dur+ ! eruption ( ,vesuvius 9 ! "t ( ,titus--tantus fuit pulvis ut ab eo loco 9 ,africam et ,syriam et ,a,egyptum p5etrav]it4 ,a book pr9t$ at ,lecce1 9 ! k+dom ( ,naples1 9 ,,mdcxxxii1 & intitul$1 ,discorso sopra l'orig9e de fuo*i gettati dal ,monte ,vesuvio di ,gio ,francesco ,sorrata ,sp9ola ,galateo1 says1 t ! #af? ( ,decemb]1 #afca1 ! v day ( ! great eruption ( ,vesuvius 7?\gh p]fectly calm71 x ra9$ a%es at ,lecce1 :i* is n9e days j\rney f ! m\nta93 t ! day 0 d>k5$ by !m1 & t !y cov]$ ! gr\nd ?ree in*es deep2 t a%es ( a diff]5t quality fell at ,b>i ! same day2 & t at bo? ^! places ! inhabitants 7 v greatly al>m$1 n be+ able to conceive ! occasion ( su* a pha5om5on4 ,antonio ,bulifon1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! same eruption1 says1 t ! a%es fell1 & lay sev]al in*es deep at ,ariano 9 ,puglia2 & ,i h be5 assur$1 by _m p]sons ( cr$it at ,naples1 t !y h be5 s5sible ( ! fall ( a%es1 dur+ an eruption1 at above two hundr$ miles di/ance f ,vesuvius4 ,! ,abbate ,giulio ,ces>e ,brac9i1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! eruption ( ,vesuvius1 9 #afca1 says1 t ! height ( ! column ( smoak & a%es1 tak5 f ,naples by a quadrant1 0 upw>ds ( ?irty miles4 ,?\gh su* unc]ta9 calculations dem& b little att5tion2 yet1 by :at ,i h se51 ,i am conv9c$1 t 9 great eruptions ! a%es are s5t up to s great a height z to meet ) extraord9>y curr5ts ( air1 :i* is ! mo/ probable way ( acc\nt+ = _! hav+ be5 c>ri$ to s great a di/ance 9 a few h\rs4 ,9 a book1 intitul$1 ,salvatoris ,v>onis ,vesuviani inc5dii ,libri tres3 ,neapoli1 ,,mdcxxxiv1 ,i f\nd a v poetical description ( ! a%es t lay 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,vesuvius1 aft] ! eruption ( #afca1 9 dep?1 f tw5ty to a hundr$ palms3 ,qu>e1 says ?is au?or1 multi patrio 9 solo requirunt patriam1 et vix ibi se cr$unt viv]e ubi c]to sciant sese natos1 adeo totam loci speciem tempe/as v]tit4 #aa ,?is conjecture has prov$ true2 =1 ev5 9 ! mon? ( ,april #agga1 ,i aga9 ?ru/ /icks into "s crevices ( ?is lava1 & !y imm$iately took fire4 ,on ,m\nt ,etna1 9 #agfi1 ,i obs]v$ ! lava1 t _h be5 disgorg$ 9 #agff1 smoak 9 _m p>ts4 #ab ,9 all acc\nts ( great eruptions ( ,m\nt ,etna & ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 ,i h f\nd m5tion ( ?is sort ( lightn+4 ,pl9y ! y\ng]1 9 8 second lett] to ,tacitus ^u ! eruption ( ,vesuvius 9 ! "t ( ,titus1 says1 t a black & horrible cl\d cov]$ !m at ,mis5um 7:i* is above fifte5 miles f ! ,volcano71 & t fla%es ( zig-zag fire1 l lightn+1 b /rong]1 bur/ f x2 ^! are 8 words3 ab alt]o lat]e nubes atra et horr5da ignei spiritus tortis vibratisque discursibus rupta1 9 longas flamm>um figuras dehiscebat2 fulgoribus illae et similes et majores erant4 ,?is 0 evid5tly ! same electrical fire1 & ) :i* ,i am conv9c$ t ! smoak ( all ,volcanos is pregnant4 ,9 sev]al acc\nts ( ! great eruption ( ,vesuvius 9 #afca1 m5tion is made ( damage done by ! lightn+ t issu$ f ! column ( smoak4 ,bulifon1 9 p>ticul>1 says1 t1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,volcano1 p 7 /ruck dead 9 ! same mann] z if by lightn+1 )\t hav+ _! cloa?s s+$4 ,pl9y m5tions a l in/ance1 :i* %ews t ! anci5ts _h obs]v$ ?is pha5om5on2 = he says1 t at ,pompeii1 ! day be+ fair1 ,m>cus ,h]5nius 0 /ruck dead by lightn+4 ,^! are 8 words2 ,9 ,catilianis prodigiis1 ,pompeiano ex municipio ,m4 ,h]5nius ,decurio s]5a die1 fulm9e ictus e/4 ,pl94 ,hi/4 ,nat4 lib4 ,,ii4 cap4 ,,li4 ,! le>n$ & +5i\s ,fa!r ,becc>ia1 at ,tur91 assur$ me1 t he _h be5 greatly pleas$ ) my obs]vations on ?is species ( lightn+1 z co9cid+ p]fectly ) sev]al ( 8 electrical exp]im5ts4 #ac ,i am well conv9c$1 by ?is collection1 t _m v>iegat$ m>bles1 & _m preci\s /ones1 are ! produce ( ,volcanos2 & t !re h be5 ,volcanos 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 :]e at pres5t !re are no traces ( !m visible4 ,?is is tak5 f a prior lett] to ,"l ,morton1 dat$ ,april #g1 #agfg4 #ad ,9 "s acc\nts ( an eruption ( ,vesuvius 9 #affj1 ,i f9d m5tion made ( a%es :i* fell 9 ! %ape ( crosses1 & 7 look$ ^u z highly miracul\s2 b 9 "o book ^u ?is subject1 intitul$1 ,a?anasii ,kir*]i ,soc4 ,jes4 ,de prodigiosis crucibus1 c4 ,romae1 ,,mdclxi1 a v philosophical acc\nt is giv5 ( ?is pha5om5on2 he says1 t1 9 #affj1 f ! #af? ( ,augu/ to ! #ae? ( ,octob]1 ,vesuvius ca/ up a%es1 impregnat$ ) nitr\s1 sal9e1 & bitum9\s sulphur1 :i* ^u l95 g>m5ts took ! =m ( crosses1 probably direct$ by ! cross-?reads 9 ! l951 & !re=e t ! salts did n %oot into su* a %ape :5 !y fell ^u g>m5ts ( wooll52 a v p>ticul> description ( ^! crosses may be f\nd 9 page #ch1 ( ! abovem5tion$ book4 #ae ,i h s9ce f\nd 9 ?is /ratum ( erupt$ matt] at ,pompeii1 /ones weigh+ eight p\nds3 b _m acc\nts ( ! great eruption ( ,vesuvius1 p>ticul>ly t ( ,antonio ,bulifon1 m5tion t a /one l a bomb 0 ?r[n f ! crat] ( ,vesuvius 9 #afca2 & fell ^u ! ,m>quis ( ,lauro's h\se at ,nola1 :i* x set on fire4 ,z ,nola is twelve miles f ,vesuvius1 ?is circum/ance seems r extraord9>y3 h[ev]1 ,i h se5 /ones ( an enorm\s size %ot up to a v great height by ,m\nt ,vesuvius4 ,9 ,may #agga1 hav+ a /op wat* 9 my h&1 ,i obs]v$ t "o ( ^! /ones 0 elev5 seconds fall+ f its greate/ height1 into ! crat] f :5ce x _h be5 eject$4 ,9 #agfg1 a solid /one1 measur+ twelve feet 9 height1 & =ty-five 9 circumf]5ce1 0 ?r[n a qu>t] ( a mile f ! crat]2 ! eruption ( #agfg1 ?\gh by mu* ! mo/ viol5t ( ?is c5tury1 01 comp>atively to ^? ( ! ye> #gi & #afca1 v mild4 #af ,see ,lett] ,v4 9 ?is collection4 #ag ,x is ! common receiv$ op9ion1 t ?is m\nta9 rose f ! bottom ( ! ,lucr9e lake4 ,i _h n se5 ! v curi\s & p>ticul> acc\nt ( its =mation 7:i* acc\nt is 9 my next lett]7 :5 ,i wrote ?is1 & 0 !re=e 9 ! same error4 #ah ,?is mu/ dep5d greatly ^u ! quality ( ! lava's2 "s h be5 9 a m p]fect /ate ( vitrification ?an o!rs1 & are consequ5tly less liable to ! impressions ( "t4 ,i h (t5 obs]v$ on ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 :5 ,i h be5 close to ! m\? f :5ce a lava 0 disgorg+ itself1 t ! quality ( x v>i$ greatly f "t to "t3 ,i h se5 x z fluid & coh]5t z glass :5 9 fusion3 & ,i h se5 x f>9aci\s1 ! p>ticles sep>at+ z !y =c$ _! way out1 j l meal com+ f "u ! gr9d/ones4 ,a /ream ( lava ( ?is sort1 be+ less compact1 & cont9u+ m e>?y p>ticles1 w\ld c]ta9ly be mu* soon] fit = vegetation1 ?an "o compos$ ( ! m p]fect vitrifi$ matt]4 #ai ,?is e>?quake happ5$ 9 ! ye> #afic1 & de/roy$ =ty-n9e t[ns & villages1 n9e hundr$ & tw5ty-two *ur*es1 colleges1 & conv5ts2 & ne> "o hundr$ ?\s& p]sons 7 buri$ 9 _! ru94 #bj ,x is intitul$1 ,a true & exact relation ( ! late prodigi\s e>?quake & eruption ( ,m\nt ,a,etna1 or ,monte ,gibello2 z x came 9 a lett] writt5 to 8 ,maje/y f ,naples1 by ! ,"r ,hon\rable ! ,e>l ( ,w9*elsea1 8 ,maje/y's late ,embassador at ,con/ant9ople1 :o1 9 8 return f !nce1 visit+ ,catania 9 ! isl& ( ,sicily1 0 an eye-witness ( t dreadful spectacle2 toge!r ) a m p>ticul> n>rative ( ! same1 z x is collect$ out ( ! sev]al relations s5t f ,catania2 publi%$ by au?ority4 ,pr9t$ by ,t4 ,newcomb1 9 ! ,savoy1 #affi4 ,i accept$1 says ! au?or1 p4 #ch1 ! invitation ( ! ,bi%op ( ,catania1 to /ay a day ) him1 t s ,i might be ! bett] able to in=m y\r ,maje/y ( t extraord9>y fire1 :i* comes f ,m\nt ,gibel1 fifte5 miles di/ant f t city1 :i*1 = its horridness 9 ! aspect1 = ! va/ quantity !re( 7= x is fifte5 miles 9 l5g?1 & sev5 9 bread?71 = its mon/r\s deva/ation & quick progress1 may be t]m$ an inundation ( fire1 a flood ( fire1 c9d]s1 & burn+ /ones1 burn+ ) t rage z to advance into ! sea six hundr$ y>ds1 & t to a mile 9 bread?1 :i* ,i saw2 & t :i* did augm5t my admiration 01 to see 9 ! sea ?is matt] l ragg$ rocks1 burn+ 9 f\r fa?om wat]1 two fa?om high] ?an ! sea itself1 "s p>ts liquid1 & ?r[+ (f1 n ) great viol5ce1 ! /ones ab\t x1 :i*1 l a cru/ ( a va/ bigness1 & r$ hot1 fell into ! sea e mom5t1 9 "s place or o!r1 caus+ a great & horrible noise1 smoak1 & hiss+ 9 ! sea2 & t m & m com+ aft] x1 mak+ a firm f\ndation 9 ! sea itself4 ,i /ay$ !re f n9e a clock on ,saturday morn+1 to sev5 next morn+2 7?is mu/ h be5 t[>ds ! middle or latt] end ( ,april27 & ?is m\nta9 ( fire & /ones ) c9d]s _h advanc$ into ! sea tw5ty y>ds at lea/1 9 sev]al places2 9 ! middle ( ?is fire1 :i* burnt 9 ! sea1 x ha? =m$ l to a riv]1 ) its banks on ea* side v /eep & craggy2 & 9 ?is *annel moves ! greate/ quantity ( ?is fire1 :i* is ! mo/ liquid1 ) /ones ( ! same composition1 & c9d]s all r$ hot1 swimm+ ^u ! fire ( a great magnitude2 f ?is a riv] ( fire do? proce$ "u ! great mass ( ! /ones1 :i* are g5]ally ?ree fa?oms high all ov] ! c\ntry1 :]e x burns1 & 9 o!r places mu* m4 ,!re are secret conduits or rivulets ( ! liquid matt]1 :i* communicates fire & heat into all p>ts m or less1 & melts ! /ones & c9d]s by fits 9 ^? places :]e x t\*e? !m1 ov] & ov] aga92 :]e x meets ) rocks or h\ses ( ! same matt] 7z _m are71 !y melt & g away ) ! fire2 :]e !y f9d o!r compositions1 !y turn !m to lime or a%es 7z ,i am in=m$74 ,! composition ( ?is fire1 /ones1 & c9d]s1 are sulphur1 nitre1 quicksilv]1 sal ammoniac1 lead1 iron1 brass1 & all o!r metals4 ,x moves n regul>ly1 nor con/antly d[n hill#dh2 9 "s places x ha? made ! vallies hills1 & ! hills t are n high are n[ vallies4 ,:5 x 0 night1 ,i w5t ^u two t[]s1 9 div]s places2 & c\ld pla9ly see at t5 miles di/ance1 z we judg$1 ! fire to beg9 to run f ! m\nta9 9 a direct l9e1 ! flame to asc5d z high & z big z "o ( ! greate/ /eeples 9 y\r ,maje/y's k+doms1 & to ?r[ up great /ones into ! air2 ,i c\ld disc]n ! riv] ( fire to desc5d ! m\nta9 ( a t]rible fi]y or r$ col\r1 & /ones ( a pal] r$ to swim !reon1 & to be "s z big z an ord9>y table4 ,we c\ld see ?is fire to move 9 sev]al o!r places1 & all ! c\ntry cov]$ ) fire1 asc5d+ ) great flames#di1 9 _m places1 smoak+ l to a viol5t furnace ( iron melt$1 mak+ a noise ) ! great pieces t fell1 especially ^? :i* fell into ! sea4 ,a ,cavali] ( ,malta1 :o lives !re1 & att5d$ me1 told me1 t ! riv] 0 z liquid :]e x issues out ( ! m\nta91 z wat]1 & came out l a torr5t ) great viol5ce1 & is five or six fa?om deep1 & z broad1 & t no /ones s9k !re94 ,i assure y\r ,maje/y1 no p5 c express h[ t]rible x is1 nor c all ! art & indu/ry ( ! _w qu5* or div]t t :i* is burn+ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 =ty days "t1 x ha? de/roy$ ! habitations ( #bg1jjj p]sons2 made two hills ( "o1 #ajjj paces high apiece1 & "o is f\r miles 9 compass2 ( #bj1jjj p]sons1 :i* inhabit ,catania1 #cjjj did only rema92 all _! goods are c>ri$ away1 ! cannons ( brass are remov$ out ( ! ca/le1 "s great bells tak5 d[n1 ! city-gates wall$ up next ! fire1 & prep>ations made to ab&on ! city4 ,t night :i* ,i lay !re1 x ra9$ a%es all ov] ! city1 & t5 miles at sea x tr\bl$ my eyes4 ,?is fire 9 its progress met ) a lake ( f\r miles 9 compass2 & x 0 n only satisfi$ to fill x up1 ?\gh x 0 f\r fa?om deep1 b ha? made ( x a m\nta94 #ba ,i h he>d s9ce1 f "s ( our c\ntrym5 :o h measur$ ?is tree1 t its dim5sions are actually z abovem5tion$1 b t !y c\ld p]ceive "s signs ( f\r /ems hav+ gr[n toge!r1 & =m$ "o tree4 #bb ,no great /ress %\ld be laid ^u ^! obs]vations1 z ! _m inconv5i5ces we lab\r$ "u1 & ! little practice we _h 9 su* nice op]ations1 mu/ necess>ily h r5d]$ !m v inaccurate4 ,! ,canon ,recup]o1 :o 0 our guide1 att5d$ ,mess4 ,glov]1 ,full]ton1 & ,brydone1 up ,m\nt ,etna 9 ,june #aggj4 ,! latt] is a v +5i\s & accurate obs]v]1 & has tak5 ! height ( _m ( ! highe/ m\nta9s 9 ! ,alps4 ,8 obs]vations1 z ! ,canon in=m$ me1 7 z foll[s3 ,at ! top ( ! m\nta9 ! quicksilv] 9 ! !rmomet] 0 #i degrees bel[ freez+ po9t1 :5 at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 x rose to #gf4 ,at ! foot ( ! little m\nta9 t cr[ns ! ,volcano ! b>omet] /ood at #bj deg4 #d-b_/c'1 half way up ?is little m\nta9 x 0 at #ai deg4 #f'2 b ! w9d 0 too viol5t = !m to attempt any m obs]vations4 ,! b>omet] & !rmomet] 7 ( ,fahr5heit's4 ,mr4 ,brydone rem>k$1 z he w5t up 9 ! night1 t he c\ld di/+ui% ! />s 9 ! milky way ) wond]ful cle>ness1 & t ! cold 0 mu* m int5se ?an he _h ev] felt ^u ! highe/ m\nta9s ( ! ,alps4 #bc ,?is passage1 9 ,cornelius ,sev]us's poem ^u ,etna1 seems to confirm my op9ion3 ,placantesque etiam caele/ia num9a ?ure ,summo c]ne jugo1 vel qua lib]rimus ,a,etna ,improspectus hiat2 tant>um sem9a r]um ,si nihil irritet flammas1 /upeatque pr(undum4 #bd ,a bett] acc\nt ( ! =mation ( tufa w be se5 9 my next lett]4 #be ,! dates ( ! eruptions ( ,m\nt ,etna1 record$ by hi/ory1 are z foll[s3 ,be=e ! ,*ri/ian a]a f\r1 9 ! ye>s #cebe4 #cech4 #ceed4 #chdc4 ,aft] ,*ri/1 tw5ty-sev5 h be5 record$1 #aage4 #abhe4 #acba4 #acbc4 #acbi4 #adjh4 #aecj4 #aecf4 #aecg4 #aedj4 #aede4 #aeed4 #aeef4 #aeff4 #aegi4 #afad4 #afcd4 #afcf4 #afdc4 #affi4 #afhb4 #afhi4 #afib4 #agjb4 #agdg4 #agee4 #agff4 ,! dates ( ! eruptions ( ,vesuvius are z foll[s3 ,aft] ,*ri/--#gi4 #bjc4 #dgb4 #eab4 #fhe4 #iic4 #ajcf4 #ajdc4 #ajdh4 #aacf4 #aejf4 #aech1 ! eruption at ,puzzole4 #afca4 #affj4 #afhb4 #afid4 #agja4 #agjd4 #agab4 #agag4 #agcj4 #agcg4 #agea4 #aged4 #agfj4 #agff4 #agfg4 #aggj4 #agga4 #bf ,pl9y1 9 8 acc\nt ( ^! isl&s1 9 ! ,,ix *apt] ( ! ?ird book ( 8 ,natural ,hi/ory1 seems to confirm ?is op9ion4 ,lip>a cum civium ,romanorum oppido1 dicta a ,lip>o rege1 qui successit ,a,eolo1 antea ,melogonis vel ,meliganis vocitata1 abe/ ,,xii millia pass4 ab ,italia1 ipsa circuitu paulo m9ori4 ,int] hanc et ,siciliam alt]a1 antea ,!rasia appellata1 nunc ,hi]a2 qui sacra ,vulcano e/1 colle 9 ea nocturnas evom5te flammas4 ,t]tia ,/rongyle1 a ,lip>a millia passuum ad exortum solis v]g5s1 9 qua regnavit ,a,eolus1 quae a ,lip>a liquidiore flamma tantum diff]t3 e cujus fumo equ9am flaturi s9t v5ti1 9 triduum pra$ic]e incolae traduntur2 unde v5tos ,a,eolo p>uisse exi/imatum4 ,qu>ta ,didyme1 m9or quam ,lip>a4 ,qu9ta ,ericusa2 sexta ,pho5icusa2 pabulo proxim>um relicta4 ,,novissima1 eademque ,m9ima1 ,evonymos4 #bg ,see ,plate ,v4 #bh ,! ,abate ,giulio ,ces>e ,brucc9i describes v elegantly1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! eruption ( ,vesuvius 9 #afca1 8 hav+ made an obs]vation ( ! l nature--8 words are 7aft] hav+ p>ticul>iz$ ! diff]5t /rata ( erupt$ matt] ly+ "o ov] ano!r7--p>5do appunto *e la natura ci abbia voluto lasci>e scritto 9 que/a t]ra tutti gli inc5dii memorabili raccontati delli autori4 #bi ,^! are 8 words1 book ,,ii4 *ap4 vi4 ,de ,pulv]e ,puteolano4 ,e/ etiam g5us pulv]is1 quod efficit naturalit] res admir&as4 ,nascitur 9 regionibus ,baianis1 et 9 agris municipiorum1 quae sunt circa ,vesuvium montem1 quod commixtum cum calce et caem5to non modo caet]is a$ificiis prae/at firmitates1 s$ etiam moles1 quae con/ruuntur 9 m>i1 sub aqua solidescunt4 ,hoc autem fi]i hac ratione videtur1 quod sub 8 montibus et t]ra f]v5tes sunt fontes crebri1 qui non ess5t1 si non 9 imo hab]5t1 aut de sulfure1 aut alum9e1 aut bitum9e ard5tes maximos ignes3 igitur p5itus ignis1 et flammae vapor p] int]v5ia p]manans et ard5s1 efficet levem eam t]ram1 et ibi1 qui nascitur tophus1 exug5s e/1 et s9e liquore4 ,ergo cum tres res consimili ratione1 ignis vehem5tia =matae 9 unam p]v5]9t mixtionem1 rep5te recepto liquore una coha]escunt1 et cel]it] humore duratae solidantur1 neque eas fluctus1 neque vis aquae pote/ dissolv]e4 ,ab\t ,baia1 ,puzzole1 & ,naples1 we h an opportunity ( rem>k+ ! tru? ( ^! la/ words4 ,sev]al ( ! pi]s ( ! anci5t h>b\r ( ,puzzole1 vulg>ly call$ ,caligula's bridge1 & :i* are compos$ ( bricks jo9$ ) ?is sort ( cem5t1 are /ill /&+ 9 ! sea1 ?\gh mu* expos$ to ! waves2 & ^u e "p ( ! %ore y f9d l>ge masses ( brick-walls r\nd$ & poli%$ by friction 9 ! sea1 ! brick & mort> mak+ "o body1 & appe>+ l a v>iegat$ /one4 ,l>ge pieces ( old walls are likewise (t5 cut out into squ>e pieces1 & made use ( 9 mod]n build+s in/ead ( /one4 ,soon aft] ! fir/ quotation1 ,pl9y says1 ,si ergo 9 8 locis aqu>um f]v5tes inv5iuntur fontes1 et 9 montibus excavatis calidi vapores1 ipsaque loca ab antiquis memorantur p]vagantes 9 agris habuisse ardores1 videtur esse c]tum ab ignis vehem5tia ex topho t]raque1 quemadmodum 9 =nacibus et a calce1 ita ex 8 ereptum esse liquorem4 ,igitur dissimilibus1 et disp>ibus rebus correptis1 et 9 unam pote/atem collatis1 callida humoris jejunitas aqua rep5te satiata1 communibus corporibus lat5ti calore conf]vescit et vehem5t] effecit ea coire1 cel]it]que una soliditatis p]cip]e virtutem4 #cj ,scipione ,falcone1 a v good obs]v]1 9 8 ,discorso naturale delli cause et effetti del ,vesuvio1 says1 t he saw1 aft] ! eruption ( ,vesuvius 9 #afca 7:i* 0 att5d$ ) hot wat]71 ! mud h>d5 almo/ to a /one 9 a few days2 8 words are ^!--fatta dura a modo di calc9a e di pietra non altrim5ti di c5]e1 p]*e dopo alcuni giorni vi ci e cam9ato p] sopra e si e conosciuta durissima *e ci vogliono li picconi p] romp]la4 ,?is acc\nt1 ) o!r circum/ances m5tion$ 9 ?is lett]1 make x highly probable1 t all ! tufas 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,vesuvius h be5 =m$ by a l op]ation4 #ca ,?is piece is n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,society1 toge!r ) o!r specim5s1 m5tion$ 9 ?is & 9 ! foll[+ lett]4 ,m4 ,m4 #cb ,lett] ,,iv4 #cc ,/rabo1 9 8 fif? book ( ,geography1 says1 ,supra haec loca situs e/ ,vesuvius mons agris c9ctus optimis3 dempto v]tice1 qui magna sui p>te planus1 totus /]ilis e/1 adspectu c9a]eus1 cav]nasque o/5d5s fi/ul>um pl5as et lapidum colore fulig9oso1 utpote ab igni exesorum1 ut conjecturam fac]e possit i/a loca quondam arsisse1 et crat]as ignis habuisse1 de9de mat]ia defici5te re/9cta fuisse4 ,diodorus ,siculus1 9 8 f\r? book1 describ+ ! voyage ( ,h]cules into ,italy1 says1 ,phlegraeus quoque campus is locus appellatur a colle nimirum1 qui ,a,etnae in/> ,siculae magnam vim ignis eructabat2 nunc ,vesuvius nom9atur1 multa inflammationis pri/9ae ve/igia res]vans4 ,& ,vitruvius1 9 ! six? *apt] ( ! second book1 says1 ,non m9us etiam memoratur antiquitus crevisse ardores et abundasse sub ,vesuvio monte et inde evomuisse circa agros flammas4 ,tacitus1 m5tion+ ! eruption ( ,vesuvius 9 ! reign ( ,titus1 seems to h9t likewise at =m] eruptions1 9 ^! words3 ,jam v]o novis cladibus1 vel po/ longam saeculorum repetitis afflictae1 hau/ae aut abrutae fecundissima ,campaniae ora et urbs inc5diis va/ata4 #cd ,brac9i1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! eruption ( #afac1 says1 t he f\nd _m sorts ( sea %ells on ,vesuvius aft] t eruption2 & ,p4 ,ignatio1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! same eruption1 says1 t he & 8 companions pick$ up _m %ells likewise at t "t ^u ! m\nta93 ?is circum/ance w\ld induce "o to believe1 t ! wat] ?r[n out ( ,vesuvius1 dur+ t =midable eruption1 came f ! sea4 #ce ,9 book xi4 c4 #ic4 he obs]ves1 t ab\t ,s9uessa & ,puteoli1 ,spiracula vocant--alii ,c>oneas scrobes1 mortif]um spiritum exhalantes4 ,& ,s5eca1 ,nat4 ,quae/4 lib4 vi4 cap4 #bh4 ,pluribus ,italiae locis p] qua$am =am9a pe/il5s exhalatur vapor1 quem non hom9i duc]e1 non f]ae tutum e/4 ,aves quoque si 9 illum incid]9t1 antequam coelo meliore l5iatur1 9 ipso volatu cadunt1 liv5tque corpora1 et non alit] quam p] vim elisae fauces tum5t4 #cf ,i h rem>k$1 t1 aft] a great fall ( ra91 ! degree ( heat 9 ?is wat] is mu* less1 :i* w acc\nt = :at ! ,padre ,torre says 79 8 book1 entitul$1 ,hi/oire et ,ph5om5es du ,vesuve71 t1 :5 he tri$ x 9 company ) ,monsieur de la ,condam9e1 ! degree ( heat1 ^u ,reaumur's !rmomet]1 0 #fh deg4 #cg ,?is v sc>ce volume has be5 pres5t$ by ,sir ,william ,hamilton to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,m4 ,m4 #ch ,"h aga9 we h an example ( ! electrical fire att5d+ a great eruption4 #ci ,! cup1 or crat]1 on ! top ( ! new m\nta9 is n[ cov]$ ) %rubs2 b ,i discov]$ at ! bottom ( x1 9 ! ye> #aggj1 amid/ ! bu%es1 a small hole1 :i* exhales a con/ant hot & damp vap\r1 j su* z proce$s f boil+ wat]1 & ) z little smell2 ! drops ( ?is /eam hang ^u ! neighb\r+ bu%es4 #dj ,! noxi\s vap\rs :i* ,lucan m5tions to h prevail$ at ,nisida1 fav\r my op9ion z to its orig93 --,tali spiram9e ,nesis ,emittit /ygium nebulosis a]a saxis4 ,lucan4 lib4 vi4 #da ,giulio ,ces>e ,capaccio1 9 8 acc\nt ( ?is isl&1 says1 t !re are elev5 spr+s ( cold wat]1 & ?irty-five ( hot & m9]al wat]s4 #db ,by hav+ rem>k$1 t all ! implem5ts ( /one br\ght by ,mess4 ,banks & ,sol&] f ! new-discov]$ isl&s 9 ! ,s\?-,seas1 are evid5tly ( su* a nature z are only produc$ by ,volcanos2 & z ^! g5tlem5 h assur$ me1 t no o!r k9d ( /one is to be met ) 9 ! isl&s2 ,i am induc$ to ?9k1 t ^! isl&s 7at s great a di/ance f any cont95t7 may h likewise be5 pu%$ up f ! bottom ( ! sea by l explosions4 #dc ,any "o1 ! lea/ conv]sant 9 ,volcanos1 mu/ be /ruck ) ! numb]less evid5t m>ks ( !m ! :ole road f ! lake ( ,albano to ,radic(ani1 betwe5 ,naples & ,flor5ce2 & yet1 ?\gh ?is soil be>s su* fre% & und\bt$ m>ks ( its orig91 no hi/ory rea*es ! date ( any "o eruption 9 ^! p>ts4 #dd ,may n ! air 9 c\ntries replete ) sulphur be m impregnat$ ) electrical matt] ?an ! air ( o!r soils8 & may n ! sort ( lightn+1 :i* is m5tion$ by sev]al anci5t au?ors to h fall5 9 a s]5e day1 & 0 consid]$ z an om51 h proce$$ f su* a cause8 ,horace says1 ,ode xxxiv4 --,namque ,diespet] ,igni corusco nubila divid5s ,pl]umque p] purum tonantes ,egit equos volucremque currum4 ,non alias coelo cecid]unt plura s]5o ,fulgura---- ,virgil4 ,georgic4 i4 ,aut cum t]ribili p]culsus fulm9e civis ,luce s]5anti vitalia lum9a liquit4 ,cic4 i4 de ,div94 n4 #ah4 --,sab9os petit aliquanto tri/ior1 quod sacrificanti ho/ia aufug]at3 quodque tempe/ate s]5a tonu]at4 ,sueton4 ,tit4 cap4 #aj4 #de ,?is lett] 0 n receiv$ by ,dr4 ,maty 9 its pres5t =m3 & is r ! sub/ance ( an explanatory catalogue1 :i* 0 s5t to t g5tleman ) sundry specim5s ( ! diff]5t mat]ials t compose ! soil describ$ 9 ! prec$+ lett]2 :i* catalogue rema9s1 ) ! specim5s1 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,society1 = ! inspection1 &1 ,i flatt] myself1 ! satisfaction1 ( ! curi\s 9 natural hi/ory4 #df ,see p4 #ajc ( ?is collection4 #dg ,see ,lett] ,i4 p4 #ah4 #dh ,hav+ he>d ! same rem>k ) respect to ! lava's ( ,vesuvius1 ,i det]m9$1 dur+ an eruption ( t ,volcano1 to wat* ! progress ( a curr5t ( lava1 & ,i 0 soon enabl$ to compreh5d ?is seem+ pha5om5on2 ?\gh x is1 ,i fe>1 v difficult to expla94 ,c]ta9 x is1 t ! lava's1 :il/ 9 _! mo/ fluid /ate1 foll[ always ! law ( o!r fluids2 b :5 at a great di/ance f _! s\rce1 & consequ5tly incumb]$ ) scoriae & c9d]s1 ! air likewise hav+ r5d]$ _! outw>d coat t\gh1 !y w sometimes 7z ,i h se57 be =c$ up a %ort asc5t1 ! fre% matt] pu%+ =w>d t :i* w5t be=e x1 & ! ext]ior p>ts ( ! lava act+ always z conductors 7or pipes1 if ,i may be all[$ ! expression71 = ! int]ior p>ts1 t h reta9$ _! fluidity by n hav+ be5 expos$ to ! air4 #di ,! flames ,"l ,w9*elsea m5tions1 7 c]ta9ly produc$ by ! lava hav+ met ) trees 9 ! way2 or p]haps 8 ,lord%ip may h mi/ak5 ! :ite smoak :i* con/antly rises f a lava 7& 9 ! night is t+$ by ! reflection ( ! r$ hot matt]71 = flame1 ( :i* inde$ x has greatly ! appe>ance at a di/ance4 ,i h obs]v$ ^u ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 t1 soon aft] a lava has borne d[n & burn$ a tree1 a bright flame issues f its surface2 o!rwise ,i h nev] se5 any flame att5d+ an eruption4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,import$ f ,,naples1 ,by ,t4 ,,cadell1 9 ! ,/r&4 ,a ,collection ( ,etruscan1 ,greek1 & ,roman ,antiquities1 f ! ,cab9et ( ! ,hon4 ,sir ,,william ,,hamilton1 ,k4,b4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,8 ,maje/y's ,envoy ,extraord9>y at ! ,c\rt ( ,naples4 ,! ,:ole to be compris$ 9 f\r ,volumes ,folio4 ,! ,plates f9ely col\r$4 ,! ,price to ,subscrib]s #il4 #is4 9 ,%eets2 ,six ,gu9eas ( :i* is to be paid on ! ,deliv]y ( ! fir/ & second ,volumes1 & ! rema9+ ,?ree ,gu9eas ^u ! ,deliv]y ( ! ?ird & f\r?4 ,aft] ! ,subscription is clos$1 ! ,price w be consid]ably rais$4 ,specim5s ( all ! ,plates ( ! ?ird ,volume are arriv$1 & ! f\r? & la/ ,volume is n[ do+2 s t ! ,public may be assur$ ! ,:ole ( ?is elegant ,"w w be f9i%$ ) all possible ,exp$ition4 9999 ,^? ,noblem5 & ,g5tlem5 :o subscrib$ = ! fir/ ,volume may h ! second ^u pay+ #bl4 #bs4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,?is docum5t 0 tak5 f h&-writt5 lett]s 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & also conta9s quotes f o!r au?ors4 ,z su*1 x's no surprise t !re are _m spell+ & punctuation irregul>ities4 ,except :]e explicitly not$ bel[1 ^! 7 kept z is4 ,spell+ v>iants t 7 pres]v$ include3 ,abbate & ,abate2 abovem5tion$ & above-m5tion$2 ,a,enaria & ,en>ia2 anci5t & anti5t 7& d]ivatives72 ,a/runi & ,a/roni2 ,av]no & ,av]nus2 ,giulio ,ces>e ,brac9i & ,giulio ,ces>e ,brucc9i2 ,ca/el-a-,m>e1 ,ca/el-a-m>e1 ,ca/el a ,m>e & ,ca/le-a-,m>e2 c5tre & c5t]2 col\r & color 7& d]ivatives72 de] & de]s 7= ! plural ( de]72 enquiry & inquiry2 entirely & intirely2 entitul$ & intitul$2 ext]i\r & ext]ior2 hon\r & honor2 int]i\r & int]ior2 lavas & lava's 7= ! plural ( lava72 ,m>e-morto & ,m>e ,morto2 m]e & me]2 ,mon-,gibello1 ,mongibello1 ,mon ,gibello1 ,monte ,gibello & ,m\nt ,gibel2 o'clock & a clock2 ,procida & ,procita2 ra9 wat] & ra9-wat]2 smoke & smoak 7& d]ivatives72 ,solfat]ra & ,solfa t]ra2 /rata & /ratas 7= ! plural ( /ratum72 ,torre dell' ,annunciata1 ,torre dell' ,annunziata & ,torre del ,annunziata2 ,volcanos & ,volcano's 7= ! plural ( ,volcano72 ,volcano's & ,volcanos 7= ! possessive ( ,volcano74 ,*ang$ t to ?an on page #he3 on ! top ( ,vesuvius ?an on t ( ,etna4 ,*ang$ !rmome!r to !rmomet] on page #abb3 ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]4 ,ins]t$ miss+ ^w a on page #abi3 fell a great "p ( ! night4 ,a small "r-po9t+ h& appe>$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ l9e ( ! adv]tisem5t4 ,x 0 replac$ by two a/]isks4 ,9 ! text v]sion ( ?is book1 ! oe-ligature "* 0 replac$ by ! sep>ate *>act]s1 oe4