,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,geology ,,& ,,its ,,connect$ ,,sci5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,cru/4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,geology ,,& ,,its ,,connect$ ,,sci5ces4 ,,by ,,edw>d ,,hit*cock1 ,d4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,amh]/ ,,college1 ,,& ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,natural ,,!ology ,,& ,,geology4 ,sci5ce has a f\ndation1 & s has religion2 let !m unite _! f\ndations1 & ! basis w be broad]1 & !y w be two comp>tm5ts ( "o great fabric re>$ to ! glory ( ,god4 ,let ! "o be ! out] & ! o!r ! inn] c\rt4 ,9 ! "o1 let all look1 & admire1 & adore2 & 9 ! o!r1 let ^? :o h fai? kneel1 & pray1 & praise4 ,let ! "o be ! sanctu>y :]e human le>n+ may pres5t its ri*e/ inc5se z an (f]+ to ,god2 & ! o!r ! holie/ ( all1 sep>at$ f x by a veil n[ r5t 9 twa91 & 9 :i*1 on a blood spr9kl$ m]cy seat1 we p\r out ! love ( a reconcil$ he>t1 & he> ! oracles ( ! liv+ ,god4--,m',co%4 ,,eigh? ,,?\s&4 ,,bo/on3 ,,phillips1 ,,sampson1 ,,& ,,company4 #ahed4 ,ent]$1 accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahea1 by ,,phillips1 ,,sampson1 ,,co41 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt = ! ,di/rict ( ,massa*usetts4 ,,/]eotyp$ ,,at ,,! ,,bo/on ,,/]eotype ,,f\ndry4 ,,to ,,my ,,belov$ ,,wife4 ,bo? gratitude & affection prompt me to d$icate ^! lectures to y4 ,to y\r k9dness & self-d5y+ labors ,i h be5 ma9ly indebt$ = ! ability & leisure to give any successful att5tion to sci5tific pursuits4 ,e>ly %\ld ,i h sunk "u ! pressure ( feeble heal?1 n]v\s despond5cy1 pov]ty1 & blight$ hopes1 _h n y\r sympa?ies & *e]+ c\nsels su/a9$ me4 ,& dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s ( pr(essional labors1 h[ little c\ld ,i h done 9 ! cause ( sci5ce1 _h y n1 9 a great measure1 reliev$ me ( ! c>es ( a num]\s family6 ,fur!rmore1 :ile ,i h describ$ sci5tific facts ) ! p5 only1 h[ mu* m vividly h !y be5 portray$ by y\r p5cil6 ,& x is peculi>ly appropriate t y\r "n %\ld be associat$ ) m9e 9 any lit]>y ef=t :]e ! !me is geology2 s9ce y\r arti/ic skill has done m ?an my voice to r5d] t sci5ce attractive to ! "y m5 :om ,i h in/ruct$4 ,i love especially to connect y\r "n ) an ef=t to def5d & illu/rate t religion :i* ,i am sure is de>] to y ?an e ?+ else4 ,i "k t y w\ld =bid ?is public allusion to y\r labors & sacrifices1 did ,i n s5d x =? to ! _w be=e x meets y\r eye4 ,b ,i am unwill+ to lose ?is opportunity ( be>+ a te/imony :i* bo? ju/ice & affection urge me to give4 ,9 a _w :]e mu* is said ( female deception & incon/ancy1 ,i desire to te/ify t "o man at lea/ has plac$ implicit confid5ce 9 woman1 & has n be5 disappo9t$4 ,?r\gh _m *eck]$ sc5es h we pass$ toge!r1 bo? on ! l& & ! sea1 at home & 9 =eign c\ntries2 & n[ ! voyage ( life is almo/ end$4 ,! ties ( e>?ly affection1 :i* h s long unit$ u 9 un9t]rupt$ h>mony & happ9ess1 w soon be sund]$4 ,b !re are ties :i* dea? _c break2 & we indulge ! hope t by !m we %all be l9k$ toge!r & to ! ?rone ( ,god ?r\gh et]nal ages4 ,9 life & 9 dea? ,i abide ,y\r affectionate husb&1 ,,edw>d ,,hit*cock4 ,,preface4 ,mo/ ( ! foll[+ lectures 7 writt5 z mu* z eight or t5 ye>s ago1 ?\gh additions & alt]ations h be5 made1 f "t to "t1 to adapt !m to ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,!y 7 und]tak5 at ! sugge/ion ( my fri5d1 ,rev4 ,h5ry ,neill1 !n ( ,hatfield1 n[ ( ,l5ox4 ,i _h no def9ite int5tion z to ! use to be made ( ! lectures2 b hav+ = _m ye>s turn$ my att5tion to ! be>+s ( sci5ce1 & especially ( geology1 ^u religion1 ,i felt a desire to put ^u pap] ! f9al results ( my exam9ations4 ,i ?rew !m into ! lecture =m1 t ,i might1 if be/1 deliv] !m to ! geological classes :i* ,i %\ld in/ruct 9 ! college ) :i* ,i am connect$4 ,?is ,i h done = _m ye>s1 & also h us$ !m 9 v>i\s places be=e lyceums4 ,!y are at l5g? publi%$1 f a conviction t some?+ ( ! k9d1 f "s qu>t]1 is ne$$4 ,_m ( ! ?\ghts1 inde$1 :i*1 at ! "t !y 7 put ^u pap]1 7 orig9al1 h s9ce be5 br\ght out by o!r writ]s4 ,yet en\gh ( ?is description probably rema9 to expose me to sev]e criticism4 ,i beg ! intellig5t ,*ri/ian1 h[ev]1 be=e he condemns my views1 to settle x 9 8 m9d :at he c sub/itute = !m t w be m honorable to religion4 ,x is mu* easi] to f9d fault ) a mode ( def5d+ ! tru? ?an to inv5t a bett] me?od4 ,we may n be pleas$ ) c]ta9 views 9 v9dication ( religion1 & yet ! alt]native ( reject+ !m may be s mu* worse z to lead u at lea/ to be sil5t4 ,w\ld t ,*ri/ian critics _h always kept ?is fact 9 m9d :5 writ+ ^u ! views ( geologi/s6 ,!y w\ld f9d (t5 t !y are /ra9+ at a gnat & mu/ swall[ a camel4 ,if my views are errone\s1 z exhibit$ 9 ^! lectures1 ,i _c plead t !y h be5 ha/ily adopt$4 ,mo/ ( !m1 inde$1 h be5 ! subjects ( ?\ght occasionally = ?irty ye>s4 ,i hope1 h[ev]1 t all my sugge/ions w n be ?\ght ( equal importance 9 my own e/imation2 s9ce "s ( !m are m]ely hypo!tical h9ts ?r[n out = ! consid]ation ( abl] m9ds4 ,?is "w does n exhibit q s mu* ( logical exactness z ,i c\ld wi%4 ,b my lead+ object has be5 fully c>ri$ out1 viz41 to exhibit all ! religi\s be>+s ( geology4 ,sev]al ( ! lectures1 h[ev]1 h be5 writt5 z if indep5d5t ( all ! re/2 &1 !re=e1 ! read] w f9d "s lead+ ?\ghts repeat$1 b always 9 diff]5t connections4 ,aft] ackn[l$g+ t m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury has elaps$ s9ce ?is subject fir/ engag$ my att5tion1 x may be useless = me to ask any indulg5ce f criticism4 ,b really1 ,i feel less prep>$ to write ^u x ?an ,i did dur+ ! fir/ five ye>s 9 :i* ,i /udi$ x4 ,i h le>nt t x is a mo/ difficult subject4 ,x requires1 9 ord] to ma/] x1 an acqua9tance ) ?ree di/9ct bran*es ( k1 n apt to g toge!r4 ,fir/1 an acqua9tance ) geology 9 all its details1 & ) ! g5]al pr9ciples ( zoology1 botany1 & comp>ative anatomy2 secondly1 a k ( sacr$ h]m5eutics1 or ! pr9ciples ( int]pret+ ! ,scriptures2 ?irdly1 a cle> conception ( ! pr9ciples ( natural & reveal$ religion4 ,z examples ( ef=ts made by m5 :o 7 defici5t 9 a k ( "s ( ^! bran*es1 ,i am compell$ to quote a l>ge proportion ( ! works :i*1 )9 ! la/ ?irty or =ty ye>s1 h be5 writt5 on ! religion ( geology2 especially on its connection ) reveal$ religion4 ,i am happy to except su* writ]s z ,dr4 ,j4 ,pye ,smi?1 ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 ,dr4 ,h>ris1 ,dr4 ,buckl&1 ,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 ,pr(essor ,:ewell1 ,dr4 ,k+1 ,dr4 ,&]son1 & ,hugh ,mill]2 = !y1 to a great] or less ext5t1 acqua9t$ !mselves ) all ! subjects nam$ above1 be=e !y und]took to write4 ,b a /ill l>g] numb] ( au?ors1 al?\gh m5 ( tal5ts1 & famili>1 x may be1 ) ! ,bible & !ology1 _h no accurate k ( geology4 ,! results h be51 fir/1 t1 by resort+ to d5unciation & *>ges ( infidelity1 to answ] argum5ts f geology :i* !y did n und]/&1 !y h excit$ unreasonable prejudices & al>m among common ,*ri/ians respect+ t sci5ce & its cultivators2 secondly1 !y h awak5$ disgu/1 & ev5 contempt1 among sci5tific m51 especially ^? ( sceptical t5d5cies1 :o h inf]r$ t a cause :i* resorts to su* def5ces mu/ be v weak4 ,!y h felt v mu* z a good ,greek s*ol> w\ld1 :o %\ld read a sev]e critique ^u ! /yle ( ,isocrates1 or ,demo/h5es1 &1 be=e he _h f9i%$ ! review1 %\ld discov] int]nal evid5ce t ! writ] _h nev] le>nt ! ,greek alphabet4 ,on ! o!r h&1 prejudices & disgu/ equally /rong h be5 produc$ 9 ! m9d ( _m a man well v]s$ 9 !ology & biblical exegesis by "s productions ( sci5tific m5 ^u ! religi\s be>+s ( geology1 because !y advanc$ pr9ciples :i* ! m]e/ tyro 9 div9ity w\ld "k to be false & fatal to religion1 & :i* !y advocat$ only because !y _h nev] /udi$ ! ,bible or !ology4 ,& "h ,i w\ld rem>k t x does n foll[1 because a man is em95t 9 geology1 t 8 op9ion is ( any value ^u ! religion ( geology4 ,= ! two subjects are q di/9ct1 & a man may be a ,coryphaeus 9 ! pr9ciples ( geology1 :o is an ignoramus 9 its religi\s applications4 ,inde$1 _m ( ! able/ writ]s ^u geology take ! gr\nd t its religi\s be>+s d n belong to ! sci5ce4 ,^! /atem5ts1 in/ead ( plead+ my apology = ! foll[+ "w1 may only %[ my tem]ity & vanity4 ,nev]!less1 !y af=d me an opportunity ( call+ ! att5tion ( ! religi\s public to ! great inadequacy ( ! means n[ possess$ ( acquir+ a k ( ! diff]5t bran*es ( natural sci5ce4 ,i ref] especially to comp>ative anatomy1 zoology1 botany1 & geology1 9 our lit]>y & !ological sem9>ies4 ,! latt]1 s f> z ,i "k1 d n pret5d to give any in/ruction 9 ^! bran*es4 ,& 9 our colleges t in/ruction is conf9$ almo/ entirely to a few brief c\rses ( lectures2 (t5 s few t ! /ud5ts sc>cely f9d out h[ ignorant !y are ( ! subjects2 & h5ce ^? :o are expect+ to ent] ! sacr$ m9i/ry va9ly imag9e t1 at almo/ any p]iod ( _! future c\rse1 !y c1 9 a few weeks1 become suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) physical sci5ce to meet & refute ! sceptic4 ,9 all our sem9>ies1 h[ev]1 abundant provision is made1 z x ought to be1 = ! /udy ( intellectual philosophy & biblical int]pretation4 ,s well satisfi$ are two ( ! mo/ enlight5$ & effici5t ,*ri/ian d5om9ations 9 ,great ,brita9--! ,congregationali/s & ! ,scotti% ,free ,*ur*--( ! ne$ ( m ext5sive acqua9tance ) ! natural sci5ces 9 m9i/]s ( ! gospel1 t !y h atta*$ a pr(essor%ip ( natural hi/ory to _! !ological sem9>ies4 ,t 9 ! ,new ,college 9 ,ed9burgh is fill$ by ! v5]able ,dr4 ,flem+2 t 9 ! ,new ,college 9 ,london by ,dr4 ,lanke/]4 ,f a syllabus ( ,dr4 ,flem+'s c\rse ( lectures1 :i* he put into my h&s la/ summ]1 ,i p]ceive t x diff]s little f ! in/ruction 9 natural sci5ce 9 ! colleges ( our c\ntry4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x /rikes me t ?is is n exactly ! pr(essor%ip t is ne$$ 9 ! !ological sem9>ies ( our c\ntry4 ,b !y d ne$1 x seems to me1 pr(essor%ips ( natural !ology1 to be fill$ by m5 :o are practically famili> ) ! natural sci5ces4 ,if any su* *airs exi/ 9 ^! sem9>ies1 ,i d n "k x4 ,!y are amply provid$ ) in/ruction 9 ! metaphysics ( !ology1 h]m5eutics1 & ecclesia/ical hi/ory2 & ,i %\ld be sorry to see ^! dep>tm5ts less amply provid$ =4 ,b "h is ! wide field ( natural !ology1 l>ge en\gh = sev]al pr(essor%ips1 :i* f9ds no place1 save a nook 9 ! *air ( dogmatics4 ,?is might h answ]$ well en\gh :5 ! battle-field ) scepticism lay 9 ! region ( metaphysics1 or hi/ory1 or biblical int]pretation4 ,b ! enemy h1 )9 a few ye>s pa/1 intr5*$ !mselves )9 ! dom9ions ( natural sci5ce2 & !re1 = a long "t to come1 mu/ be ! tug ( ! w>4 ,& s9ce !y h sub/itut$ skeletons1 & trees1 & /ones1 z weapons1 9 ! place ( ab/ractions1 s mu/ ,*ri/ians d1 if !y w\ld n be defeat$4 ,let me ref] to a few examples to %[ h[ inadequately furni%$ ! m9i/] mu/ be = su* a conte/1 :o has us$ only ! means ( in/ruction provid$ 9 our exi/+ sem9>ies1 lit]>y & !ological4 ,take ! lead+ po9ts discuss$ 9 ! foll[+ lectures4 ,h[ c a man :o has he>d only a brief & hurri$ c\rse ( ?irty lectures on *emi/ry1 tw5ty on anatomy & physiology1 fifte5 ^u zoology1 t5 ^u botany1 t5 ^u m9]alogy1 & tw5ty ^u geology1 at ! college1 ) no additional in/ruction at ! !ological sem9>y1--h[ c he judge correctly ( po9ts & reason+ difficult to be ma/]$ by adepts 9 ^! sci5ces8 ,h[ c]ta9 to be wor/$ 9 an argum5t ) an accompli%$ naturali/ :o is a sceptic6 ,suppose ! sceptic takes ! gr\nd advocat$ by ,ok5 & ! au?or ( ! ,ve/iges4 ,let ! cl]gyman1 :om ,i h suppos$1 read ! works ( ,mill] & ,s$gwick 9 reply to ! developm5t hypo!sis1 & see :e!r he c ev5 und]/& _! argum5ts )\t a m c>eful /udy ( ! sci5ces on :i* !y re/4 ,a subject ( no small importance 9 its religi\s be>+s has rec5tly excit$ a good deal ( %>p discussion 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,i ref] to ! que/ions ( ! specific unity & unity ( orig9 ( ! human race4 ,to a p]son :o has nev] /udi$ ! subject1 x seems a matt] easy to settle2 yet1 9 fact1 x dem&s ext5sive rese>* ev5 to und]/&4 ,& we h se5 "o ( ! mo/ accompli%$ zoologi/s & anatomi/s ( ! pres5t age take gr\nd on ^! po9ts 9 opposition to ! almo/ univ]sal op9ion4 ,! result has be5 t n a few tal5t$ replies to 8 argum5ts h appe>$1 mo/ly1 ,i believe1 f m9i/]s4 ,i h n se5 !m all4 ,b 9 respect to ^? :i* ,i h read x has seem$ to me1 )\t hav+ ! lea/ sympa?y ) ! views ( ,pr(essor ,agassiz1 t ! au?ors h n ! mo/ remote conception ( ! pr9cipal argum5ts on :i* he relies1 d]iv$ f zoology & comp>ative anatomy2 nor d ,i believe t !y c und]/& & appreciate !m until !y h /udi$ ^? sci5ces4#a ,al?\gh ,i fe> t !ologians are n aw>e ( ! fact1 yet probably ! doctr9es ( mat]ialism are m widely embrac$ at ?is day ?an almo/ any o!r religi\s error4 ,b 9 :i* ( our s*ools1 save ! m$ical1 is !re any in/ruction giv5 9 physiology & zoology1 t w prep>e a man to make ! lea/ headway aga9/ su* delusions8 ,! argum5ts by :i* mat]ialism is def5d$ are among ! mo/ subtle 9 ! :ole range ( !ology & natural sci5ce2 & )\t a k ( ! latt] !y c nei!r be appreciat$ nor refut$4 ,! m]e metaphysical ab/ractions by :i* !y are usually met excite only ! contempt ( ! acute physiologi/ :o is a mat]iali/4 ,i might ref]1 9 ?is connection1 to ! :ole subject ( pan!ism1 9 its *ameleon =ms4 ,! rhapsodies ( spiritual pan!ism mu/1 inde$1 be met by metaphysics equally transc5d5tal4 ,b1 aft] all1 x is f biology t ! pan!i/ d]ives 8 *oice/ weapons4 ,he appeals1 also1 to a/ronomy1 zoology1 & geology2 nor is x ! sup]ficial naturali/ t c %[ h[ holl[ is ! f\ndation on :i* he re/s4 ,^! are only a few examples ( ! po9ts ( physical sci5ce on :i* scepticism at ?is mom5t has batt]ies erect$ ) :i* to assail spiritual religion4 ,w ! m9i/] b slightly famili> ) ! gr\nd *os5 by ! enemy be able n only to sil5ce 8 guns1 b1 z e able def5d] ( ! tru? ought to d1 to turn !m aga9/ its foes8 ,surely x ne$s a pr(essor ( natural !ology 9 our !ological sem9>ies1 7& if su* *airs exi/$ 9 our colleges !y w\ld be s]viceable17 to tea* ^? :o expect to be (fic]s 9 ! sacram5tal ho/ h[ to c>ry on ! holy w>4 ,i d n see h[ mu* m "t c be giv5 to ! natural sci5ces 9 our colleges ?an is usually done1 )\t encroa*+ ^u o!r indisp5sable bran*es4 ,if1 !re=e1 provision be n made = /udy+ ! religi\s be>+s ( ^! sci5ces 9 our !ological sem9>ies1 our y\?ful evangeli/s mu/ g =? to _! "w )\t ! ability to v9dicate ! cause ( religion aga9/ ! assaults ( ! sceptical naturali/4 ,w\ld n1 !n1 ^? weal?y & b5evol5t individuals be great public b5efactors1 :o %\ld end[ pr(essor%ips ( natural religion 9 our s*ools ( ! prophets8 ,b ,i mu/ n pursue ?is subject f>!r4 ,i commit my "w to ! public ) no rais$ expectations ( its welcome reception4 ,i h a high op9ion ( ! enlight5$ c&or (1 ! educat$ classes ( our c\ntry1 especially ^? 9 ! m9i/ry4 ,yet ,i "k t _m prejudices exi/ aga9/ sci5ce 9 its connections ) religion4 ,&1 !re=e1 my only hope ( any measure ( success 9 ?is ef=t re/s ^u ! div9e bless+4 ,b if ! "w be n pleas+ to ,inf9ite ,wisdom & ,b5evol5ce1 :y %\ld ,i desire = x an ephem]al success among m58 ,,amh]/ ,,college1 ,may #a1 #ahea4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,frontispiece4 ,?is section ( ! e>?'s cru/ is int5d$ to br+ "u ! eye ! lead+ features ( geology4 #a4 ,! relative ,position ( ! ,/ratifi$ & ! ,un/ratifi$ ,rocks4 ,! un/ratifi$ rocks1 viz41 granite1 si5ite1 porphyry1 trap1 & lava1 are repres5t$ z ly+ b5ea? ! /ratifi$ class1 = ! mo/ "p1 yet pi]c+ ?r\gh !m 9 ! c5tre ( ! section1 & by sev]al dikes or ve9s1 ?r\gh :i* masses h be5 protrud$ to ! surface4 ,! un/ratifi$ class are all color$ r$1 to indicate _! igne\s orig94 ,granite seems to h be5 fir/ melt$ & protrud$1 & x cont9u$ to be pu%$ upw>d till ! close ( ! second>y p]iod ( ! /ratifi$ rocks1 z is %[n by ! ve9 ( granite on ! section4 ,si5ite & porphyry seem to h be5 next ?ru/ up1 f bel[ ! granite2 next1 ! v>ieties ( trap 7 protrud$ f b5ea? ! porphyry2 & la/1 ! lava1 :i* /ill cont9ues to be p\r$ out ^u ! surface f b5ea? all ! re/4 #b4 ,! ,/ratifi$ ,rocks4 ,! /ratifi$ rocks repres5t$ on bo? flanks ( ! granite peak 9 ! section1 appe> to h be5 deposit$ f wat]1 & subsequ5tly m or less lift$ up1 fractur$1 & b5t4 ,an attempt is made1 on ! "r h& side ( ! section1 to exhibit ! fold+s & incl9ation ( ! /rata4 ,! l[e/ are b5t ! mo/1 & _! dip is ! greate/2 &1 z a g5]al fact1 !re is a gradual approa* to horizontality z we rise on ! scale4 #c4 ,! "r h& side ( ! ,section4 ,! /rata on ! "r h& are divid$ into five classes3 fir/ & l[e/1 ! cry/all9e1 or prim>y1 de/itute ( organic rema9s1 & probably metamorphos$ f a s$im5t>y to a cry/all9e /ate1 by ! action ( subjac5t heat4 #b4 ,! palaeozoic class1 or ^? conta9+ ! e>lie/ types ( animals & plants1 & ( va/ ?ickness1 mo/ly deposit$ 9 ! ocean4 #c4 ,! second>y class1 rea*+ f ! top ( ! l[] new r$ or ,p]mian sy/em1 to ! top ( ! *alk4 #d4 ,! t]ti>y /rata1 p>tially consolidat$1 & diff]+ entirely f ! rocks bel[ by _! organic cont5ts4 #e4 ,alluvium1 or /rata n[ 9 a c\rse ( deposition4 ,?is classification is sometimes conv5i5t1 & frequ5tly us$ by geologi/s4 #d4 ,! left h& ,side4 ,on ! left h& side ( ! section ! /rata are s divid$ z to correspond to ! six great gr\ps ( animals & plants t h appe>$ on ! globe4 ,! names atta*$ to ! gr\ps are d]iv$ f ,greek3 zoos 7vivus1 liv+17 ) ! ,greek num]als prefix$4 ,! l[e/ gr\p1 be+ de/itute ( organic rema9s1 is call$ azoic1 7f ,greek3 a privitive & ,greek3 zoos17 t is1 want+ 9 ! traces ( life2 & corresponds to ! cry/all9e gr\p on ! o!r side ( ! section1 embrac+ gneiss1 mica slate1 lime/one1 & clay slate1 ( unkn[n ?ickness4 ,! protozoic gr\p corresponds to ! palaeozoic ( ! "r h& side1 & embraces l[] & upp] ,silurian1 ,devonian1 or old r$ s&/one1 ! c>bonif]\s gr\p1 & ! ,p]mian1 or l[] new r$2 ! :ole 9 ,great ,brita9 n less ?an ?irty-?ree ?\s& feet ?ick4 ,! deutozoic gr\p consi/s only ( ! triassic1 or upp] new r$ s&/one1 & is only n9e hundr$ feet ?ick1 b m>ks a di/9ct p]iod ( life4 ,! tritozoic embraces ! lias & oolite1 ) ! ,weald51 & is ?ree ?\s& six hundr$ feet ?ick4 ,! tetrazoic consi/s ( ! *alk & gre5 s&1 "o ?\s& five hundr$ feet ?ick4 ,! p5tezoic embraces ! t]ti>y /rata ( ! ?ickness ( two ?\s& feet4 ,! hectozoic is conf9$ to ! mod]n deposits1 only a few hundr$ feet ?ick1 b entomb+ all ! exi/+ species ( animals4 #e4 ,*>act]i/ic ,organic ,rema9s4 ,_h space p]mitt$1 ,i %\ld h put ^u ! section a ref]5ce to ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & peculi> m9]al1 animal1 or plant1 9 ! diff]5t gr\ps4 ,?us ! azoic gr\p is cry/allif]\s1 or cry/al-be>+4 ,! l[] or ,silurian "p ( ! protozoic gr\p is bra*iopodif]\s1 trilobif]\s1 polypif]\s1 & cephalopodif]\s2 t is1 ab\nd+ 9 bra*iopod & cephalopod %ells2 9 polypif]s1 or corals2 & 9 trilobites1 a family ( cru/aceans4 ,! middle "p1 or ! ,devonian1 is ?aumi*?if]\s1 or conta9+ rem>kable fi%4 ,! upp] "p1 or ! coal measures1 is c>bonif]\s2 t is1 ab\nd+ 9 coal4 ,! deutozoic gr\p is i*nif]\s1 or track-be>+1 f ! multitude ( its fossil footm>ks4 ,! tritozoic gr\p is reptilif]\s1 or reptile-be>+1 f ! extraord9>y liz>ds :i* ab\nd 9 x4 ,! tetrazoic is =am9if]\s1 f ! abundance ( coral animalcula1 call$ =am9if]a1 or poly?almia1 :i* x conta9s4 ,! p5tezoic is mammalif]\s1 because x conta9s ! rema9s ( mammalia1 or quadrup$s4 ,! hectozoic is homonif]\s1 or man-be>+1 because x embraces human rema9s4 ,!re is no "o place on e>? :]e all ! facts exhibit$ on ?is section are pres5t$ be=e u toge!r4 ,yet all ! facts occur some:]e1 & ?is section m]ely br+s !m into sy/ematic arrangem5t4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,,lecture ,i4 ,,revelation ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,sci5ce1 #a ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,,! ,,epo* ,,( ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,creation ,,unreveal$1 #cc ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,,dea? ,a ,,univ]sal ,,law ,,( ,,organic ,,be+s ,,on ,,?is ,,globe ,,f ,,! ,,beg9n+1 #ga ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,,! ,,noa*ian ,,deluge ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,! ,,geological ,,deluges1 #aab ,,lecture ,v4 ,,! ,,_w',s ,,suppos$ ,,et]nity1 #adf ,,lecture ,,vi4 ,,geological ,,pro(s ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,b5evol5ce1 #agi ,,lecture ,,vii4 ,,div9e ,,b5evol5ce ,,z ,,exhibit$ ,,9 ,a ,,fall5 ,,_w1 #bai ,,lecture ,,viii4 ,,unity ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,plan ,,& ,,op]ation ,,9 ,,all ,,ages ,,( ,,! ,,_w',s ,,hi/ory1 #beb ,,lecture ,,ix4 ,,! ,,hypo!sis ,,( ,,creation ,,by ,,law1 #bhe ,,lecture ,x4 ,,special ,,& ,,miracul\s ,,provid5ce1 #cbg ,,lecture ,,xi4 ,,! ,,future ,,condition ,,& ,,de/9y ,,( ,,! ,,e>?1 #cgj ,,lecture ,,xii4 ,,! ,,telegraphic ,,sy/em ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se1 #dji ,,lecture ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,va/ ,,plans ,,( ,,jehovah1 #dde ,,lecture ,,xiv4 ,,sci5tific ,,tru?1 ,,rightly ,,appli$1 ,,is ,,religi\s ,,tru?1 #dgf ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,geology4 ,,lecture ,i4 ,,revelation ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,sci5ce4 ,! lead+ object1 :i* ,i propose 9 ! c\rse ( lectures :i* ,i n[ comm5ce1 is to develop ! relations betwe5 geology & religion4 ,?is _c be done fully & fairly1 h[ev]1 )\t exhibit+ also _m ( ! religi\s be>+s ( sev]al o!r sci5ces4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 feel ju/ifi$ 9 draw+ illu/rations & argum5ts f any dep>tm5t ( human k :i* may af=d !m4 ,i place geology fir/ & mo/ conspicu\s on ! li/1 because ,i "k ( no o!r bran* ( physical sci5ce s prolific 9 its religi\s applications4 ,9 treat+ ( ?is subject1 ,i %all fir/ exhibit ! relations betwe5 sci5ce & reveal$ religion1 & aft]w>ds betwe5 sci5ce & natural religion2 ?\gh 9 a few cases ^! two great bran*es _c be kept entirely di/9ct4 ,geology is usually reg>d$ z hav+ only an unfavorable be>+ ^u reveal$ religion2 & writ]s are g5]ally satisfi$ if !y c reconcile app>5t discrepancies4 ,b ,i reg>d ?is z an unfair repres5tation2 = if geology1 or any o!r sci5ce1 proves to u t we h n fairly und]/ood ! mean+ ( any passage ( ,scripture1 x m]ely illu/rates1 b does n oppose1 revelation4 ,a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,prote/ant ,*ri/ianity is1 t ! ,scriptures ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts are ! only infallible /&>d ( religi\s tru?2 & ,i desire to hold up ?is pr9ciple prom95tly at ! outset1 z "o to :i* ,i cordially subscribe4 ,! mass ( evid5ce 9 favor ( ! div9e inspiration ( ! ,bible is too great to be set aside by any ?+ %ort ( sci5tific demon/ration4 ,7 ! ,scriptures to tea* t ! :ole is n equal to its p>ts1 ! m9d c\ld n1 inde$1 believe x4 ,b if x taught a tru? :i* 0 only contr>y to ! probable d$uctions ( sci5ce1 sci5ce1 ,i say1 mu/ yield to ,scripture2 = x w\ld be m reasonable to d\bt ! probabilities ( a s+le sci5ce1 ?an ! v>i\s & mo/ satisfactory evid5ce on :i* revelation re/s4 ,i d n believe t ev5 ! probabilities ( any sci5ce are 9 collision ) ,scripture4 ,b ! supposition is made to %[ h[ /rong are my convictions ( ! evid5ce & p>am\nt au?ority ( ! ,bible4 ,b does x foll[1 f ^! positions1 t sci5ce c ?r[ no light ^u ! tru?s ( ,scripture8 ,by no means2 & x w be my lead+ object1 9 ?is lecture1 to %[ h[ ?is may be done by sci5ce 9 g5]al1 & by geology 9 p>ticul>4 ,9 discuss+ ?is subject1 we ought to be> 9 m9d ! object ( sci5ce1 & ! object ( revelation4 ,& by ! t]m sci5ce ,i ref] ma9ly to physical sci5ce4 ,its gr& aim is1 by an induction f facts1 to discov] ! laws by :i* ! mat]ial univ]se is gov]n$4 ,^? laws d1 inde$1 lead ! m9d almo/ necess>ily to _! div9e ,au?or4 ,b ?is is r ! incid5tal ?an ! direct result ( sci5tific inve/igations1 & belongs r to natural !ology ?an to natural sci5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! exclusive object ( revelation is ( a moral "*4 ,x is a developm5t ( ! div9e "* & ! div9e gov]nm5t2 especially t "p ( x :i* discloses a plan = ! reconciliation ( a lo/ & wick$ _w to ! favor ( ,god by ! dea? ( 8 ,son4 ,e o!r subject m5tion$ 9 ,scripture is incid5tal1 & w\ld n h be5 notic$ _h x n "s connection ) ! plan ( salvation4 ,! creation ( ! _w & ! ,noa*ian deluge1 = in/ance1 are intimately relat$ to ! div9e "* & gov]nm5t1 & !re=e !y are describ$2 & ! same is true ( ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( nature :i* are t\*$ ^u 9 ! ,bible4 ,if ^! positions be correct1 x foll[s1 t z we ought n to expect to f9d ! doctr9es ( religion 9 treatises on sci5ce1 s x is unreasonable to look = ! pr9ciples ( philosophy 9 ! ,bible4 ,nay1 we ought n to expect to f9d ! t]ms us$ by ! ,sacr$ writ]s employ$ 9 _! /rict sci5tific s5se1 b 9 _! popul> acceptation4 ,inde$1 z ! ,scriptures 7 g5]ally address$ to m5 9 ! e>lie/ & mo/ simple /ates ( society1 ) v limit$ views ( ! ext5t ( creation1 we ought to suppose t1 9 all cases :]e no new fact is reveal$1 ! language 0 adapt$ to ! n>r[ ideas :i* !n prevail$4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ! sacr$ writ]s speak ( ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun1 we _c suppose !y us$ language ) a/ronomical correctness1 b only accord+ to appe>ances4 ,h5ce we ought n to be v confid5t1 t :5 !y employ ! t]m e>?1 !y meant t sph]ical1 va/ globe :i* a/ronomy proves ! e>? to be1 b r t "p ( x :i* 0 inhabit$1 :i* 0 all ! idea t ent]$ into ! m9d ( a ,jew4 ,god might1 inde$1 h reveal$ new sci5tific z well z religi\s tru?4 ,b !re is no evid5ce t 9 ?is way he has anticipat$ a s+le mod]n discov]y4 ,?is w\ld h be5 turn+ aside f ! mu* m important object he _h 9 view1 viz41 to tea* ! _w religi\s tru?4 ,su* be+ ! case1 ! language employ$ to describe natural ph5om5a mu/ h be5 adapt$ to ! /ate ( k among ! p to :om ! ,scriptures 7 address$4 ,ano!r inf]5ce f ^! premises is1 t !re may be an app>5t contradiction betwe5 ! /atem5ts ( sci5ce & revelation4 ,revelation may describe ph5om5a accord+ to app>5t tru?1 z :5 x speaks ( ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun1 & ! immobility ( ! e>?2 b sci5ce describes ! same accord+ to ! actual tru?1 z :5 x gives a real motion to ! e>?1 & only an app>5t motion to ! heav5s4 ,_h ! language ( revelation be5 sci5tifically accurate1 x w\ld h defeat$ ! object = :i* ! ,scriptures 7 giv52 = x mu/ h anticipat$ sci5tific discov]y1 & !re=e h be5 un9telligible to ^? ignorant ( su* discov]ies4 ,or if ^! _h be5 expla9$ by inspiration1 ! ,bible w\ld h become a text-book 9 natural sci5ce1 r ?an a guide to et]nal life4 ,! f9al conclusion f ^! pr9ciples is1 t s9ce sci5ce & revelation treat ( ! same subjects only incid5tally1 we ought only to expect t ! facts ( sci5ce1 rightly und]/ood1 %\ld n contradict ! /atem5ts ( revelation1 correctly int]pret$4 ,app>5t discrepancies !re may be2 & x w\ld n be /range1 if = a "t !y %\ld seem to be real2 ei!r because sci5ce has n fully & accurately disclos$ ! facts1 or ! ,bible is n correctly int]pret$2 b if bo? records are f ,god1 !re c be no real contradiction betwe5 !m4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 we h no reason to expect any rem>kable co9cid5ces1 because ! g5]al subject & object ( ! two records are s unlike4 ,%\ld su* co9cid5ces occur1 h[ev]1 !y w r5d] x less probable t any app>5t disagreem5t is real4 ,if ! positions tak5 9 ^! prelim9>y rem>ks be correct1 x w foll[1 t 9 judg+ ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t betwe5 revelation & sci5ce1 x is important1 9 ! fir/ place1 t we rightly und]/& ! ,bible2 &1 9 ! second place1 t we c>efully asc]ta9 :at are ! settl$ & demon/rat$ pr9ciples ( sci5ce4 ,an exam9ation ( ^! po9ts w con/itute ! rema9d] ( ?is lecture4 ,! mean+ ( ! ,scriptures is to be det]m9$ 9 ! same way z ! mean+ ( any o!r book writt5 9 simil> circum/ances4 ,its inspiration puts no b> 9 ! way ( ! mo/ rigid application ( ! rules ( criticism1 nor r5d]s x unnecess>y to seek = light 9 :atev] qu>t] x c be obta9$4 ,! rules ( grammatical & rhetorical con/ruction1 ! /udy ( contempor>y writ]s1 a k ( ! hi/ory1 cu/oms1 op9ions1 & prejudices ( ! times1 & o!r circum/ances t ne$ n be m5tion$1 become important means ( atta9+ ! true usus loqu5di1 or pr9ciple ( int]pretation4 ,b ,i pass by all ^! on ! pres5t occasion1 because no "o d\bts _! importance 9 rightly und]/&+ ! ,bible4 ,i ma9ta9 t sci5tific discov]ies furni% u ) ano!r means ( its correct int]pretation1 :]e x describes natural ph5om5a4 ,& 9 ?is position we %all n probably f9d an entire unanimity ( op9ion4 ,let u1 !re=e1 proce$ to exam9e its tru?4 ,x w n be d5i$ t mod]n sci5ce has correct$ ! op9ions ( m5 9 reg>d to v _m natural ph5om5a4 ,! same t]m t convey$ "o idea to an anci5t read]1 or he>]1 ( ! ,bible1 (t5 conveys an opposite mean+ to a mod]n e>4 ,& yet t t]m may be v prop] to use 9 mod]n times1 if und]/ood to express only app>5t1 & n real tru?4 ,! ,jew und]/ood x to mean ! latt]2 & x w\ld seem z if we might employ mod]n sci5tific discov]y to enable u to decide 9 :i* s5se ! ,bible did use ! t]m4 ,= if we admit ! ,jew to h be5 correct 9 8 int]pretation1 !n we br+ revelation into direct collision ) ! demon/rations ( physics4 ,b facts are va/ly m satisfactory 9 decid+ ?is "q ?an reason+1 & ,i %all n[ proce$ to adduce "s examples 9 :i* mod]n sci5tific discov]y has ?r[n light ^u ! mean+ ( ! ,bible4 ,= "o or two examples ,i appeal to *emi/ry4 ,9 ! book ( ,prov]bs1 7*ap4 #be1 v4 #bj17 we f9d x said1 t z v9eg> ^u nitre1 s is he t s+e? songs to a heavy he>t4 ,we %\ld expect f ?is /atem5t t :5 we put v9eg> ^u :at we call nitre1 x w\ld produce "s commotion analog\s to ! excitem5t ( song-s++4 ,b we %\ld try ! exp]im5t 9 va92 = no effect :atev] w\ld be produc$4 ,aga91 x is said by ! prophet ,j]emiah1 7*ap4 #b1 v4 #bb17 ,?\gh ?\ wa% !e ) nitre1 & take !e mu* soap1 yet ?9e iniquity is m>k$ be=e me1 sai? ! ,"l4 ,"h1 too1 we %\ld expect t ! use ( ! nitre w\ld increase ! purify+ p[] ( ! soap2 b ! exp]im5t w\ld prove r ! rev]se4 ,! *emi/1 h[ev]1 in=ms u t !re is a sub/ance1 viz41 ! c>bonate ( soda1 :i*1 if sub/itut$ = ! nitre1 w\ld eff]vesce ) v9eg>1 & aid ! purify+ p[] ( soap1 & ?us /rik+ly illu/rate ! ?\ght bo? ( ,solomon & ,j]emiah4 ,& on recurr+ to ! orig9al1 we f9d t ,hebrew 7ne!r1 nitrum1 natrum7 does n necess>ily mean ! salt :i* we call nitre1 b r a fossil alkali1 ! natron ( ! anci5ts1 & ! c>bonate ( soda ( ! mod]ns4 ,x is probably ! prevail+ op9ion among intellig5t ,*ri/ians at ?is "t1 & has be5 ! op9ion ( _m comm5tators1 t :5 ,pet] describes ! future de/ruction ( ! _w1 he means t its solid sub/ance1 & inde$ t ( ! :ole mat]ial univ]se1 w be utt]ly consum$ or annihilat$ by fire4 ,?is op9ion re/s ^u ! common belief t su* is ! effect ( combu/ion4 ,b *emi/ry in=ms u1 t no case ( combu/ion1 h[ fi]cely soev] ! fire may rage1 annihilates ! lea/ p>ticle ( matt]2 & t fire only *anges ! =m ( sub/ances4 ,nay1 !re is no reason :atev] to suppose t "o p>ticle ( matt] has be5 annihilat$ s9ce ! _w began4 ,! *emi/ moreov] ass]ts t all ! solid p>ts ( ! globe h already und]gone combu/ion1 & t al?\gh heat may melt !m1 x _c burn !m4 ,nor is !re any ?+ ^u or )9 ! e>? capable ( combu/ion1 b vegetables1 & animals1 & a few gases4 ,has ,pet]1 !n1 made a mi/ake because he did n und]/& mod]n *emi/ry8 ,we h only to exam9e 8 language c>efully1 z x seems to me1 9 ord] to be satisfi$ t he means only1 t :atsoev] ^u1 or )91 ! e>?1 is combu/ible1 w be burn$ up at ! f9al conflagration2 & t ! :ole globe1 ! elem5ts1 w melt ) f]v5t heat4 ,he n[h]e ass]ts1 or implies1 t "o p>ticle ( matt] w be annihilat$ by t cata/rophe4 ,?us sci5ce1 in/ead ( prov+ 8 /atem5ts to be errone\s1 only enables u m correctly to und]/& !m4 ,sc>cely any tru? seems m cle>ly taught 9 ! ,bible ?an ! future resurrection ( ! body4 ,yet ?is doctr9e has always be5 met by a mo/ =midable objection4 ,x is said t ! body laid 9 ! grave is ere long decompos$ into its elem5ts1 :i* are scatt]$ ov] ! face ( ! e>?1 & ent] into new comb9ations1 ev5 =m+ a "p ( o!r human bodies4 ,h5ce n ev5 ,omnipot5ce c raise f ! grave ! id5tical body laid !re1 because ! p>ticles may ent] successively into a multitude ( o!r human bodies4 ,i am n aw>e t any successful reply has ev] be5 giv5 to ?is objection1 until *emi/ry & natural hi/ory taught u ! true nature ( bodily id5tity2 & until rec5tly ! objector has felt sure t he _h triumph$4 ,b ^! sci5ces tea* u t ! id5tity ( ! body consi/s1 n 9 a sam5ess ( p>ticles1 b 9 ! same k9ds ( elem5t>y matt]1 comb9$ 9 ! same proportion1 & hav+ ! same =m & /ructure4 ,h5ce x is n necess>y t ! resurrection body %\ld conta9 a s+le p>ticle ( ! matt] laid 9 ! grave1 9 ord] to be ! same body2 :i* x w be if x consi/ ( ! same k9ds ( matt] comb9$ 9 ! same proportions1 & has ! same =m & /ructure4 ,= ! p>ticles ( our bodies are (t5 totally *ang$ dur+ our lives2 yet no "o imag9es t ! old man has n ! same body z 9 infancy4#b ,:at b ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce c\ld h ?us v9dicat$ a preci\s doctr9e ( revelation8 ,9 ! description :i* ,paul gives ( ! spiritual body1 a naturali/1--& ,i fancy no "o b a naturali/1--w discov] its specific id5tity4 ,by ?is ,i mean t x w possess peculi>ities t di/+ui% x f e ?+ else1 b :i* are s closely relat$ to ! *>act]i/ics ( ! natural body 9 ?is _w1 f :i* x 0 d]iv$1 t "o acqua9t$ ) ! latt] w\ld recognize ! =m]4 ,h5ce ! ,*ri/ian's fri5ds 9 ano!r _w may be recogniz$ by him f _! ext]nal *>act]s1 j z we id5tify ! plants & animals ( spr+ ) ^? t seem$ to p]i% 9 ! prec$+ autumn4 ,!re is nei!r "t nor room = ! pro( ( ?is exegesis1 :i* is f\nd$ *iefly ^u ! pr9ciples ( natural hi/ory2 b = _! elucidation1 ,i mu/ ref] to ano!r place4#c ,i take my next example f meteorology4 ,x 0 ! op9ion ( ! anci5ts t ! e>?1 at a c]ta9 height1 0 surr\nd$ by a transp>5t holl[ sph]e ( solid matt]1 :i* !y call$ ! firmam5t4 ,:5 ra9 desc5d$1 !y suppos$ x 0 ?r\gh w9d[s1 or holes1 made 9 ?is cry/all9e curta9 susp5d$ 9 mid heav54 ,to ^! notions ! language ( ! ,bible is frequ5tly con=m$4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! creation1 9 ,g5esis1 we h a description ( ! =mation ( ?is firmam5t1 & h[ x divid$ ! wat]s bel[ x1 viz41 ! ocean1 lakes1 & riv]s1 f ! wat]s above x1 viz41 ! cl\ds4 ,aga91 9 ! acc\nt ( ! deluge1 ! w9d[s ( heav5 are said to h be5 op5$4 ,b x is h>dly necess>y to say1 t meteorology has %[n t no su* solid firmam5t exi/s ov] our heads2 t1 9 fact1 no?+ b "o homog5e\s1 transp>5t atmosph]e encloses ! e>?1 9 :i* ! cl\ds float at diff]5t altitudes at diff]5t times4 ,are we1 !n1 to suppose t ! sacr$ writ]s meant to tea* z c]ta9 tru?1 ! fiction ( a solid firmam5t2 or t on ?is subject !y con=m$ _! language to ! prevail+ belief1 because x 0 n _! object to tea* philosophy1 mean+ nei!r to ass]t nor to d5y ! exi/5ce ( a solid firmam5t1 b us+ language t 0 optically1 al?\gh n physically1 correct1 & :i*1 !re=e1 con=m$ to ! g5]al belief8 ,x is d\btful :e!r any ?+ b sci5tific discov]y c\ld enable u to decide ?is "q4 ,b s9ce x is c]ta9 t ! solid firmam5t does n exi/1 we mu/ admit t ! ,bible did n int5d to tea* its exi/5ce1 or all[ x to tea* a falsehood2 & s9ce we "k t x does (t5 speak1 9 natural ?+s1 accord+ to app>5t1 & n real tru?1 x is mo/ reasonable to give su* a con/ruction to its language 9 ! pres5t in/ance4 ,b ! mo/ decisive example ,i h to give on ?is subject is d]iv$ f a/ronomy4 ,until ! "t ( ,cop]nicus1 no op9ion respect+ natural ph5om5a 0 ?\ght m firmly e/abli%$1 ?an t ! e>? is fix$ immovably 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & t ! heav5ly bodies move diurnally ar\nd x4 ,to su/a9 ?is view1 ! mo/ decid$ language ( ,scripture c\ld be quot$4 ,god is !re said to h e/abli%$ ! f\ndations ( ! e>?1 s t !y c\ld n be remov$ =ev]2 & ! sacr$ writ]s expressly decl>e t ! sun & o!r heav5ly bodies arise & set1 & n[h]e allude to any prop] motion 9 ! e>?4 ,& ^? /atem5ts correspond$ exactly to ! te/imony ( ! s5ses4 ,m5 felt ! e>? to be immovably firm "u _! feet1 & :5 !y look$ up1 !y saw ! heav5ly bodies 9 motion4 ,:at bold impiety1 !re=e1 did x seem1 ev5 to m5 ( lib]al & enlight5$ m9ds1 = any "o to rise up & ass]t t all ?is te/imony ( ! ,bible & ( ! s5ses 0 to be set aside6 ,x is easy to conceive ) :at /rong jeal\sy ! fri5ds ( ! ,bible w\ld look ^u ! new sci5ce :i* 0 ?us array+ itself 9 bold defiance ( inspiration1 & h[ its vot>ies w\ld be br&$ z infidels 9 disguise4 ,we ne$ n resort to ,ca?olic intol]ance to expla9 h[ x 01 t ! new doctr9e ( ! e>?'s motion %\ld be d5\nc$ z ! mo/ fatal h]esy1 z alike contr>y to ,scripture & s\nd philosophy1 & t ev5 ! v5]able ,galileo %\ld be =c$ to recant x ^u 8 knees4 ,:at ?\gh ! a/ronom] /ood ready ) 8 diagrams & =mulas to demon/rate ! motion ( ! e>?2 :o w\ld calmly & imp>tially exam9e ! claims ( a sci5tific discov]y1 :i*1 by its v ann\ncem5t1 ?rew discr$it ^u ! ,bible & ! s5ses1 & contradict$ ! unanim\s op9ion ( ! wise & good1--( all mank9d1 inde$1--?r\gh all pa/ c5turies8 ,r w\ld ! di/+ui%$ !ologians ( ! day set _! +5uity at "w to frame an argum5t 9 opposition to ! dang]\s neology1 t %\ld fall ^u x l an avalan*e1 & gr9d x to p[d]4 ,& to %[ y h[ firm & irresi/ible su* an argum5t w\ld seem1 we ne$ no long] tax ! imag9ation2 = ,francis ,turret91 a di/+ui%$ ,prote/ant pr(essor ( !ology1 ^: writ+s h ev5 to ! pres5t day su/a9$ no mean reputation1 has left u an argum5t on ! subject1 compact$ & arrang$ accord+ to ! nice/ rules ( logic1 & :i* he suppos$ w\ld /& unrefut$ z long z ! au?ority ( ! ,bible %\ld be reg>d$ among m54 ,he prop\nds ! inquiry1 ,d ! sun & moon move 9 ! heav5s & revolve ar\nd ! e>?1 :ile ! e>? rema9s at re/8 ,?is he affirms1 9 opposition to c]ta9 philosoph]s1 & su/a9s 8 position by ! foll[+ argum5ts3 ,fir/4 ,! sun is said 9 ,scripture to move 9 ! heav5s1 & to rise & set4 7,ps4 #ai1 v4 #e47 ,! sun is z a bridegroom com+ out ( 8 *amb]1 & rejoice? z a /rong man to run a race4 7,ps4 #ajd1 v4 #ai47 ,! sun kn[e? 8 go+ d[n4 7,eccles4 #a1 v4 #e47 ,! sun also arise?1 & ! sun goe? d[n4 ,secondly4 ,! sun1 by a miracle1 /ood /ill 9 ! "t ( ,jo%ua4 7,jo%ua1 *4 #aj1 v4 #ab1 #ac1 #ad17 & by a miracle x w5t back 9 ! "t ( ,hezekiah4 7,isa4 *4 #ch1 v4 #h47 ,?irdly4 ,! e>? is said to be fix$ immovably4 7,ps4 #ic1 v4 #a47 ,! _w also is e/abli%$1 t x _c be mov$4 7,ps4 #ajd1 v4 #e47 ,:o laid ! f\ndations ( ! e>?1 t x %\ld n be remov$ =ev]4 7,ps4 #aai1 v4 #ij1 #ia47 ,?\ ha/ e/abli%$ ! e>?1 & x abide?4 ,!y cont9ue ?is day accord+ to ?9e ord9ances4 ,f\r?ly4 ,nei!r c\ld birds1 :i* (t5 fly (f ?r\gh an h\r's circuit1 be able to return to _! ne/s2 = 9 ! mean "t ! e>? w\ld move f\r hundr$ & fifty ( our miles4 ,fif?ly4 ,:atev] flies or is susp5d$ 9 ! air ought by ?is !ory to move f we/ to ea/2 b ?is is prov$ n to be true f birds1 arr[s %ot =?1 atoms made manife/ 9 ! sun1 & d[n float+ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,if x be repli$ to ?is reason+ t ! ,scripture1 9 natural ?+s1 speaks accord+ to ! common op9ion1 ,turret9 answ]s1 ,fir/1 t ! _s ( ,god be/ und]/&s natural ?+s2 secondly1 t1 9 giv+ in/ruction 9 religion1 he meant ^! ?+s %\ld be us$1 n abus$2 ?irdly1 t he is n ! au?or ( any error2 f\r?ly1 nei!r is he to be correct$ on ?is pret5ce by our bl9d reason4 ,if x be repli$ t birds1 ! air1 & all ?+s are mov$ ) ! e>?1 he answ]s1 ,fir/1 t ?is is a m]e fiction1 s9ce air is a fluid body2 & secondly1 if s1 by :at =ce w\ld birds be able to g f ea/ to we/4--,comp5dium ,!ologicae ,didactico-,el5cticae1 7,am/]dam1 #afie47 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( k we may smile at "s ( ^! argum5ts2 b to m5 :o _h be5 taught to believe1 z 9 a self-evid5t pr9ciple1 t ! e>? 0 immovable & ! heav5ly bodies 9 motion1 ! mo/ ( !m mu/ h be5 entirely satisfactory2 & especially mu/ ! ,scriptures h seem$ 9 po9t blank opposition to ! a/ronomical h]esy4 ,:at1 !n1 has s completely annihilat$ ?is argum5t1 t n[ ! m]e/ s*oolboy w\ld be a%am$ to advocate x8 ,! cle> demon/rations ( sci5ce h done x4 ,n only has ! motion ( ! e>? be5 e/abli%$1 b x has be5 made equally obvi\s t ?is tru? is 9 entire h>mony ) ! language ( ,scripture2 s t nei!r ! infidel nor ! ,*ri/ian ev] suspect1 on ?is gr\nd1 any collision betwe5 ! two records4 ,s soon z ! philologi/ p]ceiv$ t !re 0 no escape f ! a/ronomical demon/ration1 he 0 l$ to reexam9e 8 int]pretation ( ,scripture1 & f\nd t ! :ole difficulty lay 9 8 assum+ t ! sacr$ writ]s int5d$ to tea* sci5tific in/ead ( popul> tru?4 ,only admitt+ t !y spoke ( a/ronomical ph5om5a1 accord+ to appe>ances & 9 con=mity to common op9ion1 & _! language became p]fectly prop]4 ,x convey$ no error1 & is 9 fact z well adapt$ n[ z ev] to ! common int]c\rse ( life4 ,yet1 9 consequ5ce ( ! sci5tific discov]y1 t language conveys q a diff]5t mean+ to our m9ds f :at x did to ^? :o suppos$ x to tea* a sci5tific tru?4 ,h5ce x /rik+ly illu/rates ! value ( sci5tific discov]y 9 enabl+ u rightly to und]/& ! ,bible4 ,is x necess>y to quote any m examples to e/abli% ! pr9ciple t sci5tific discov]y is "o ( ! means :i* ! philologi/ %\ld employ 9 ! int]pretation ( ,scripture8 ,& if ! pr9ciple has be5 f\nd ( s]vice 9 *emi/ry1 meteorology1 & a/ronomy1 :y %\ld x be neglect$ 9 ! case ( geology8 ,:y %\ld n ?is sci5ce also1 :i* has probably m important religi\s be>+s ?an any o!r1 be appeal$ to 9 illu/ration ( ! mean+ ( ,scripture1 :5 ph5om5a are describ$ ( :i* geology takes cognizance8 ,i "k t "s w reply1 t ! pr9ciples ( geology are yet too unsettl$ to be all[$ to modify ! int]pretation ( ! ,bible4 ,?is br+s me to ! second "p ( my subject1 9 :i* ,i am to inquire :e!r ! pr9ciples ( physical sci5ce1 & ( geology 9 p>ticul>1 are s f> settl$ t we c feel ourselves ^u firm gr\nd z we comp>e !m ) ! pr9ciples ( revelation4 ,be=e proce$+ to ?is "p ( ! subject1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ pause a mom5t1 9 ord] to po9t out ano!r mode1 9 :i* sci5ce may contribute to elucidate ,scripture4 ,9 ! way j describ$1 x may enable ! int]pret] m correctly to und]/& ! language1 b x may also give a full] illu/ration to ! s5tim5ts ( ! ,bible4 ,revelation1 = in/ance1 repres5ts ,god z b5evol5t4 ,n[1 if we c d]ive f ! records ( geology /rik+ & hi!rto un?\ght-( manife/ations ( ?is attribute1 we %all make ! doctr9e ( ,scripture m impressive2 or1 if we appeal to ! num]\s *anges :i* ! e>? has und]gone1 & ! va/ p]iods :i* !y h occupi$1 we f9d t ! unse>*abl5ess ( div9e wisdom1 & ! va/ness ( ! div9e plans1 are br\ght m vividly be=e ! m9d1 & task its p[] ( compreh5sion m ?an illu/rations f any o!r qu>t]4 ,9 %ort1 ! pr9ciples ( religion t d]ive important elucidation f sci5ce1 & especially f geology1 are v num]\s1 z ,i hope to %[ 9 subsequ5t lectures4 ,b ,i n[ return to ! inquiry1 :e!r ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 & especially ( geology1 are s well settl$ t we c employ !m 9 ?is mann]4 ,z to ! m ma!matical sci5ces1 !re w be no "o to d\bt b "s ( _! pr9ciples mu/ be admitt$ z infallible tru?2 = our m9ds are s con/itut$ t !y are incapable ( resi/+ a fair pres5tation ( ma!matical demon/ration4 ,n[1 !re is sc>cely any physical sci5ce t is n bas$ m or less ^u ma!matical tru?2 & z to ! facts 9 ^? sci5ces1 "s ( !m are s multipli$1 & speak s uni=mly ! same language1 t we d\bt !m no m ?an we d a ma!matical demon/ration4 ,o!r classes ( facts are less decid$2 & 9 "s cases !y are s insulat$ z to be reg>d$ z anomalies1 to be set aside until bett] und]/ood4 ,! same grades ( c]ta9ty exi/ 9 respect to inf]5ces f ! facts ( sci5ce4 ,"s !ories are sc>cely less d\btful ?an ma!matics2 o!rs are z /rong z probable reason+ c make !m2 & o!rs are m]ely plausible4 ,hypo!ses are /ill less to be tru/$1 ?\gh sometimes extremely probable4 ,n[1 mo/ ( ! physical sci5ces embrace facts1 !ories1 & hypo!ses1 t range widely along ! scale ( probability1 f decid$ demon/ration to +5i\s conjecture4 ,x is easy1 h[ev]1 9 g5]al1 to di/+ui% ! demon/rat$ & ! p]man5t f ! conjectural & ! fanciful2 & :5 we br+ ! pr9ciples ( any sci5ce into comp>ison ) religion1 x is *iefly ! =m] t %\ld be consid]$1 al?\gh sci5tific hypo!sis may sometimes be made to illu/rate religi\s hypo!sis4 ,b1 pass+ by all o!r sci5ces1 x is my desire to pres5t be=e y1 on ?is occasion1 ! claims ( geology1 z hav+ fundam5tal pr9ciples s well settl$ t !y claim att5tion f ! int]pret] ( ! ,bible4 ,i ought1 h[ev]1 to rem>k1 t !re exi/s a /range jeal\sy ( ?is sci5ce ev5 among intellig5t m52 a suspicion t its vot>ies h jump$ at /range & dang]\s conclusions ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( hypo!sis1 & t 9 fact ! :ole sci5ce is little else b hypo!sis1 & t !re is almo/ no agreem5t ev5 among its able/ cultivators4 ,x is inde$ a comp>atively rec5t sci5ce1 & its rem>kable developm5ts h succe$$ "o ano!r s rapidly1 z to leave m5 9 d\bt :e!r x w\ld n prove a dazzl+ meteor1 in/ead ( a /eady & p]man5t lum9>y4 ,:5 ! m5 :o are n[ 9 ! full maturity ( judgm5t & reason1 7& ^: favorable op9ion ,i am1 !re=e1 anxi\s above t ( all o!rs to secure17 :5 ^! 7 "y1 geology did n con/itute a bran* ( f9i%$ education2 & amid ! pressure ( ! c>es & duties ( middle life1 h[ few f9d ! leisure1 to say no?+ ( ! disposition1 c>efully to inve/igate a new & ext5sive sci5ce6 ,ev5 ?\gh y\ng] m5 %\ld be f\nd /&+ =? z ! advocates ( geology1 yet h[ natural = ^? m advanc$ to impute ?is to ! ardor & love ( novelty1 *>act]i/ic ( y\?6 ,!re is ano!r difficulty1 9 relation to ?is subject1 t emb>rasses me4 ,x is n ev5 yet g5]ally und]/ood t geology is a bran* ( k :i* requires long & c>eful /udy fully to und]/&2 t a previ\s k ( _m o!r sci5ces is indisp5sable 9 ord] to compreh5d its reason+s2 t its reason+s are 9 fact1 = ! mo/ "p1 to be ma/]$ only by long & pati5t consid]ation2 & f9ally1 & m especially1 t !y w appe> inconclusive & feeble1 unless a man has become some:at famili> ) specim5s ( rocks & fossils1 & has exam9$ /rata z !y lie 9 ! e>?4 ,h[ v imp]fect mu/ be ! mo/ intellig5t man's k ( botany1 :o _h nev] exam9$ any plants2 or ( *emi/ry1 :o _h n se5 any ( ! simple sub/ances1 nor exp]im5ts ^u !m 9 ! laboratory2 or ( cry/allography1 ^: eyes _h p]haps nev] re/$ ^u a cry/al4 ,no less important is x t he1 :o w\ld reason correctly ab\t rocks & _! organic cont5ts1 %\ld h /udi$ rocks4 ,b ^u su* an am\nt ( k x is no disp>agem5t to say we h no "r to presume 9 all1 ev5 ( publicly educat$ m54 ,be=e su* a /ate ( prep>ation c exi/1 x is necess>y t practical geology1 at lea/1 %\ld be introduc$ into our s*ools ( e grade1 z x might be ) great success4 ,x ought to be m5tion$1 9 ?is connection1 t1 )9 a few ye>s pa/1 geology has exp]i5c$ sev]al sev]e attacks ( a peculi> "*4 ,m5 ( respectable ability1 & decid$ fri5ds ( revelation1 hav+ got fully impress$ ) ! belief t ! views ( geologi/s are ho/ile to ! ,bible1 h set !mselves to an exam9ation ( _! writ+s1 n s mu* ) a view ( und]/&+ ! subject1 z ( f9d+ contradictions & unt5able positions4 ,! next /ep has be5 to write a book aga9/ geology1 ab\nd+1 z we might expect f m5 ( w>m temp]am5t1 ( su* prejudices1 & )\t a practical k ( geology1 ) /rik+ misappreh5sions ( facts & op9ions1 ) positive & dogmatic ass]tions1 ) sev]e p]sonal ins9uations1 great ignorance ( correct reason+ 9 geology1 & ! sub/itution ( wild & extravagant hypo!ses = geological !ories4 ,h5ce ,engli% lit]ature has be5 prolific ( su* works z ,a ,comp>ative ,e/imate ( ! ,m9]al & ,mosaic ,geologies1 by ,granville ,p5n2 ! ,geology ( ,scripture1 by ,fairholme2 ,scriptural ,geology1 by ,dr4 ,"y2 ,popul> ,geology subv]sive ( ,div9e ,revelation1 by ,rev4 ,h5ry ,cole2 ,/rictures on ,geology & ,a/ronomy1 by ,rev4 ,r4 ,wilson2 ,scripture ,evid5ces ( ,creation1 & ,geology1 & ,scripture ,cosmogony1 by anonym\s au?ors2 & _m o!r simil> productions t might be nam$4 ,! w>m zeal display$1 & d\btless felt1 by ^! writ]s = ! ,bible2 _! famili> ref]5ce to em95t geological au?ors1 z if !y und]/ood !m2 ! skill 9 philology1 :i* !y frequ5tly exhibit2 & ! want ( a wide-spread & accurate k ( geology 9 ! community1--h giv5 to ^! works a f> m ext5sive circulation ?an ^? works h _h1 :i* view geology z illu/rat+ & n oppos+ revelation4 ,=emo/ among ^! is ! lectures ( ! v5]able & le>n$ ,dr4 ,john ,pye ,smi?1 late pr9cipal ( ! ,hom]ton ,div9ity ,college1 ,london1 ,on ! ,relations betwe5 ! ,holy ,scriptures & "s ,p>ts ( ,geological ,sci5ce4#d ,?is "w1 ! result ( long & pati5t rese>*1 & emanat+ f a man ( em95t piety z well z le>n+1 af=ds a full refutation ( all ! works t h be5 nam$1 & 9 ! k9dness & c&or ( its _s exhibits a f9e contra/ to _! intol]ance & dogmatism4 ,9 ! pr(\nd works ( ,dr4 ,h>ris1 entitl$ ,! ,pre-,adamite ,e>?1 & ,man ,primeval1 ! connections ( geology & revelation are briefly b ably treat$1 & also its connection ) natural religion4 ,q rec5tly1 a small & m popul> "w on ?is subject has be5 publi%$ by ,rev4 ,david ,k+1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ( ,glasg[1 well wor?y ( att5tion4 ,! ,c\rse ( ,creation1 by ,rev4 ,john ,&]son1 ,d4,d4 ( rec5t publication1 displays mu* le>n+ & c&or4 ,b ! causes t h be5 m5tion$ h secur$ a mu* wid] circulation = ! class ( works fir/ nam$1 ?an = ! latt]1 among ! religi\s community g5]ally4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ! public m9d is possess$ ( _m prejudices unfavorable to ! religi\s be>+s ( geology1 & unfavorable to an imp>tial exam9ation ( its claims4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 all t ,i c d is to /ate def9itely :at ,i appreh5d to be ! e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce t h a be>+ ^u religi\s tru?1 & ref] my he>]s to /&>d works on ! subject = ! pro( t !y are true4 ,if any w n take ! tr\ble to exam9e ! pro(s1 ,i tru/ !y w h c&or & imp>tiality en\gh n to d5y my positions4 ,! fir/ important conclusion1 to :i* e c>eful obs]v] w come1 is1 t ! rocks ( all sorts1 :i* compose ! pres5t cru/ ( ! globe1 s f> z x has be5 explor$1 at lea/ to ! dep? ( sev]al miles1 appe> to h be5 ! result ( second causes2 t is1 !y are n[ 9 a diff]5t /ate f t 9 :i* !y 7 orig9ally creat$4 ,x is inde$ a favorite idea ) "s1 t all ! rocks & _! cont5ts 7 creat$ j z we n[ meet !m1 9 a mom5t ( "t2 t ! suppos$ rema9s ( animals & plants1 :i* _m ( !m conta91 & :i* occur 9 all /ates1 f an animal or plant little *ang$1 to a complete conv]sion into /one1 7 nev] real animals & plants1 b only resemblances2 & t ! m>ks ( fusion & ( ! we>+ ( wat]1 exhibit$ by ! rocks1 are n to be tak5 z evid5ces t !y h und]gone su* processes1 b only t x has pleas$ ,god to give !m t appe>ance & t 9 fact x 0 z easy = ,god to create !m j z !y n[ are z 9 any o!r =m4 ,x is a presumption aga9/ su* a supposition1 t no m51 :o h c>efully exam9$ rocks & organic rema9s1 are its advocates4 ,n t !y d\bt ! p[] ( ,god to produce su* effects1 b !y d5y ! probability t ,he has ex]t$ x 9 ?is mann]2 = ?r\gh\t nature1 :]ev] !y h an opportunity to witness h] op]ations1 !y f9d t :5 sub/ances appe> to h und]gone *anges1 by means ( second>y ag5cies1 !y h 9 fact und]gone !m2 &1 !re=e1 ! :ole analogy ( nature goes to prove t ! rocks h exp]i5c$ great *anges s9ce _! deposition4 ,if rocks are an exception to ! re/ ( nature1--t is1 if !y are ! effect ( miracul\s ag5cy1--!re is no pro( ( x2 & to admit x )\t pro( is to de/roy all gr\nds ( analogical reason+ 9 natural op]ations2 9 o!r words1 x is to remove ! entire basis ( reason+ 9 physical sci5ce4 ,e reasonable man1 !re=e1 :o has exam9$ rocks1 w admit t !y h und]gone important *anges s9ce _! orig9al =mation4 ,9 ! second place1 ! same g5]al laws appe> to h always prevail$ on ! globe1 & to h controll$ ! *anges :i* h tak5 place ^u & )9 x4 ,we come to no spot1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! rocks1 9 :i* a sy/em diff]5t f t :i* n[ prevails appe>s to h exi/$4 ,great peculi>ities 9 ! /ructure ( animals & plants d inde$ occur1 z well z *anges on a scale ( magnitude unkn[n at pres5t2 b ?is 0 only a wise adaptation to peculi> circum/ances1 & n an infr+em5t ( ! g5]al laws4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! geological *anges :i* ! e>? has und]gone1 & is n[ und]go+1 appe> to h be5 ! result ( ! same ag5cies1 viz41 heat & wat]4 ,f\r?ly4 ,x is demon/rat$ t ! pres5t cont95ts ( ! globe1 ) p]haps ! exception ( "s ( _! highe/ m\nta9s1 h = a long p]iod con/itut$ ! bottom ( ! ocean1 & h be5 subsequ5tly ei!r elevat$ into _! pres5t position1 or ! wat]s h be5 dra9$ (f f _! surface4 ,?is is probably ! mo/ important pr9ciple 9 geology2 & ?\gh reg>d$ ) mu* scepticism by _m1 x is z satisfactorily prov$ z any pr9ciple ( physical sci5ce n re/+ on ma!matical demon/ration4 ,fif?ly4 ,! int]nal p>ts ( ! e>? are f\nd to possess a v high temp]ature2 nor c x be d\bt$ t at lea/ oceans ( melt$ matt] exi/ b5ea? ! cru/1 & p]haps ev5 all ! deep-seat$ int]ior is 9 a /ate ( fusion4 ,six?ly4 ,! fossilif]\s rocks1 or su* z conta9 animals & plants1 are n less ?an six or sev5 miles 9 p]p5dicul> ?ickness1 & are compos$ ( hundr$s ( alt]nat+ lay]s ( diff]5t k9ds1 all ( :i* appe> to h be5 deposit$1 j z rocks are n[ =m+1 at ! bottom ( lakes & seas2 & h5ce _! deposition mu/ h occupi$ an imm5se p]iod ( "t4 ,ev5 if we admit t ?is deposition w5t on 9 p>ticul> places mu* fa/] ?an at pres5t1 a v>iety ( facts =bids ! supposition t ?is 0 ! g5]al mode ( _! =mation4 ,sev5?ly4 ,! rema9s ( animals & plants f\nd 9 ! e>? are n m+l$ confus$ly toge!r1 b are f\nd arrang$1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 z mu* ord] z ! draw]s ( a well-regulat$ cab9et4 ,9 g5]al1 !y appe> to h liv$ & di$ on or ne> ! spots :]e !y are n[ f\nd2 & z c\ntless millions ( ^! rema9s are (t5 f\nd pil$ toge!r1 s z to =m almo/ entire m\nta9s1 ! p]iods requisite = _! =mation mu/ h be5 imm5sely long1 z 0 taught 9 ! prec$+ proposition4 ,eigh?ly4 ,/ill fur!r confirmation ( ! same important pr9ciple is f\nd 9 ! well-e/abli%$ fact1 t !re h be5 ^u ! globe1 previ\s to ! exi/+ races1 n less ?an five di/9ct p]iods ( organiz$ exi/5ce2 t is1 five great gr\ps ( animals & plants1 s completely indep5d5t t no species :atev] is f\nd 9 m ?an "o ( !m1 h liv$ & successively pass$ away be=e ! creation ( ! races t n[ occupy ! surface4 ,o!r /&>d writ]s make ! numb] ( ^! p]iods ( exi/5ce z _m z twelve4 ,comp>ative anatomy te/ifies t s unlike 9 /ructure 7 ^! diff]5t gr\ps1 t !y c\ld n h coexi/$ 9 ! same climate & o!r ext]nal circum/ances4 ,n9?ly4 ,9 ! e>lie/ times 9 :i* animals & plants liv$1 ! climate ov] ! :ole globe appe>s to h be5 z w>m z1 or ev5 w>m] ?an1 x is n[ betwe5 ! tropics4 ,& ! sl[ *ange f w>m] to cold] appe>s to h be5 ! *ief cause ( ! successive de/ruction ( ! diff]5t races2 & new ones 7 creat$1 bett] adapt$ to ! alt]$ condition ( ! globe2 & yet ea* gr\p seems to h occupi$ ! globe ?r\gh a p]iod ( great l5g?1 s t we h "h ano!r evid5ce ( ! va/ cycles ( duration t mu/ h roll$ away ev5 s9ce ! e>? became a habitable globe4 ,t5?ly4 ,!re is no small reason to suppose t ! globe und]w5t num]\s *anges previ\s to ! "t :5 animals 7 plac$ ^u x2 t1 9 fact1 ! "t 0 :5 ! :ole matt] ( ! e>? 0 9 a melt$ /ate1 & n improbably also ev5 9 a gase\s /ate4 ,^! po9ts1 inde$1 are n z well e/abli%$ z ! o!rs t h be5 m5tion$2 b1 if admitt$1 !y give to ! globe an incalculable antiquity4 ,elev5?ly4 ,x appe>s t ! pres5t condition ( ! e>?'s cru/ & surface 0 ( comp>atively rec5t comm5cem5t2 o!rwise ! /eep flanks ( m\nta9s w\ld h ceas$ to crumble d[n1 & wide oceans w\ld h be5 fill$ ) alluvial deposits4 ,twelf?ly4 ,among ! ?irty ?\s& species ( animals & plants f\nd 9 ! rocks1#e v few liv+ species h be5 detect$2 & ev5 ^! few occur 9 ! mo/ rec5t rocks1 :ile 9 ! second>y gr\p1 n less ?an six miles ?ick1 n a s+le species n[ on ! globe has be5 discov]$4 ,h5ce ! pres5t races did n exi/ till aft] ^? 9 ! second>y rocks _h di$4 ,no human rema9s h be5 f\nd bel[ ^? alluvial deposits :i* are n[ =m+ by riv]s1 lakes1 & ! ocean4 ,h5ce geology inf]s t man 0 "o ( ! late/ animals t 0 plac$ on ! globe4 ,?irte5?ly4 ,! surface ( ! e>? has und]gone an enorm\s am\nt ( erosion by ! action ( ! ocean1 ! riv]s1 & ! atmosph]e4 ,! ocean has worn away ! solid rock1 9 "s p>ts ( ! _w1 n less ?an t5 ?\s& feet 9 dep?1 & riv]s h cut *annels ?r\gh ! h>de/ /rata1 hundr$s ( feet deep & sev]al miles long2 bo? ( :i* effects dem& p]iods inconceivably long4 ,f\rte5?ly4 ,at a comp>atively rec5t date1 nor!rn & s\!rn regions h be5 swept ov] & worn d[n by ! jo9t action ( ice & wat]1 ! =ce 9 g5]al hav+ be5 direct$ t[>ds ! equator4 ,?is is call$ ! drift p]iod4 ,fifte5?ly4 ,s9ce ! drift p]iod1 ! ocean has /ood "s ?\s&s ( feet above its pres5t level 9 _m c\ntries4 ,sixte5?ly4 ,!re is evid5ce1 9 reg>d to "s p>ts ( ! _w1 t ! cont95ts are n[ exp]i5c+ sl[ v]tical movem5ts--"s places s9k+1 & o!rs ris+4 ,& h5ce a presumption is d]iv$ t1 9 e>ly times1 su* *anges may h be5 (t5 repeat$1 & on a great scale4 ,sev5te5?ly4 ,e successive *ange ( importance on ! e>?'s surface appe>s to h be5 an improvem5t ( its condition1 adapt+ x to be+s ( a high] organization1 & to man at la/1 ! mo/ p]fect ( all4 ,f9ally4 ,! pres5t races ( animals & plants on ! globe are = ! mo/ "p dispos$ 9 gr\ps1 occupy+ p>ticul> di/ricts1 beyond ^: limits ! species peculi> to ^? prov9ces usually droop & die4 ,! same is true1 to "s ext5t1 z to ! animals & plants f\nd 9 ! rocks2 ?\gh ! mu* great] uni=mity ( climate1 t prevail$ 9 e>ly times1 p]mitt$ organiz$ be+s to take a mu* wid] range ?an at pres5t2 s t ! zoological & botanical di/ricts 7 !n probably mu* wid]4 ,b ! g5]al conclusion1 9 respect to liv+ & ext9ct animals1 is1 t !re mu/ h be5 sev]al c5tres ( creation1 f :i* !y emigrat$ z f> z _! natures w\ld all[ !m to range4 ,x w\ld be easy to /ate m pr9ciples ( geology ( consid]able importance2 b ,i h n[ nam$ ! pr9cipal ones t be> ^u ! subject ( religion4 ,a brief /atem5t ( ! lead+ tru?s ( !ology1 :e!r natural or reveal$1 :i* ^! pr9ciples affect1 & on :i* !y ca/ light1 w give an idea ( ! subjects :i* ,i propose to discuss 9 ^! lectures4 ,! fir/ po9t relates to ! age ( ! _w4 ,= :ile x has be5 ! usual int]pretation ( ! ,mosaic acc\nt1 t ! _w 0 br\ght into exi/5ce ne>ly at ! same "t ) man & ! o!r exi/+ animals1 geology ?r[s back its creation to a p]iod indef9itely b immeasurably remote4 ,! "q is n :e!r man has exi/$ on ! globe long] ?an ! common int]pretation ( ,g5esis requires1--= "h geology & ! ,bible speak ! same language1--b :e!r ! globe itself did n exi/ long be=e 8 creation2 t is1 long be=e ! six days' "w1 s def9itely describ$ 9 ! ,mosaic acc\nt8 ,9 o!r words1 is n ?is a case 9 :i* ! discov]ies ( sci5ce enable u m accurately to und]/& ! ,scriptures8 ,! introduction ( dea? into ! _w1 & ! specific "* ( t dea? describ$ 9 ,scripture z ! consequ5ce ( s91 are ! next po9ts :]e geology t\*es ! subject ( religion4 ,"h1 too1 ! g5]al int]pretation ( ,scripture is at v>iance ) ! facts ( geology1 :i* di/9ctly te/ify to ! occurr5ce ( dea? among animals long be=e ! exi/5ce ( man4 ,%all geology "h1 also1 be p]mitt$ to modify our exposition ( ! ,bible8 ,! subject ( deluges1 & especially t ( ,noah1 w next claim our att5tion4 ,= ?\gh x is n[ g5]ally agre$ t geology _c detect traces ( su* a deluge z ! ,scriptures describe1 yet ^u "s o!r be>+s ( t subject x does ca/ light2 & s rem>kable is ! hi/ory ( op9ions conc]n+ ! ,noa*ian deluge1 t x c\ld n on t acc\nt alone be prop]ly pass$ 9 sil5ce4 ,x is well kn[n t ! philosophy ( antiquity1 almo/ )\t exception1 reg>d$ matt] z et]nal2 & 9 mod]n times1 metaphysical !ology has done its utmo/ to refute ! suppos$ dang]\s dogma4 ,geology af=ds u "s new views ( ! subject2 & al?\gh x does n directly refute ! doctr9e1 x br+s be=e u facts ( su* a nature z to %[1 t1 s f> z religion is conc]n$1 su* a refutation is ( little importance4 ,?is w furni% ano!r !me ( discussion4 ,x may be ?\ght extravagant1 b ,i haz>d ! ass]tion1 t no sci5ce is s prolific ( direct te/imony to ! b5evol5ce ( ! ,deity z geology2 & "s ( its facts be> /rongly ^u ! objections to ?is doctr9e4 ,s important a subject w1 !re=e1 occupy at lea/ "o or two lectures4 ,9 all ages1 philosoph]s h1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 endeavor$ to expla9 ! orig9 & ! ph5om5a ( creation by a p[] inh]5t 9 nature1 indep5d5t ( a p]sonal ,deity1 usually d5om9at$ natural law4 ,& 9 mod]n times ?is hypo!sis has assum$ a popul> =m & a plausible dress4 ,n less ?an "o lecture is dem&$ = its exam9ation1 especially z its advocates appeal ) special confid5ce to geology = its support4 ,9 exi/+ nature1 no "o fact /&s out m prom95tly ?an unity ( design2 & x is an int]e/+ inquiry1 :e!r ! same g5]al sy/em prevail$ ?r\gh ! va/ p]iods ( geological hi/ory z t :i* n[ adorns our globe4 ,?is "q ,i %all endeavor to answ] 9 ! affirmative1 by appeal+ to a multitude ( facts4 ,ano!r "q ( deep int]e/ 9 !ology is1 :e!r ! ,deity ex]cises ov] ! _w any special provid5ce2 :e!r he ev] int]f]es ) ! usual ord] ( ?+s by introduc+ *ange2 or :e!r he has committ$ nature to ! control ( unalt]able laws1 )\t any direct effici5cy4 ,light is ?r[n on ^! po9ts by ! rese>*es ( geology1 if ,i mi/ake n2 & ,i %all n fail to attempt its developm5t4 ,?is sci5ce also discloses to u _m new views ( ! va/ plans ( ! ,deity1 & ?us enl>ges our conceptions ( 8 wisdom & k4 ,9 ?is field we mu/ all[ ourselves to w&] 9 se>* ( ! gold5 fruit4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! discussion1 we %all direct our att5tion to ! new heav5s & ! new e>? describ$ 9 ! ,bible1 & inquire :e!r geology does n ca/ a glimpse ( light ^u t difficult subject4 ,9 approa*+ ! close ( our subject1 we %all introduce a few lectures hav+ a wid] range1 & d]iv+ less elucidation f geology ?an f o!r sci5ces4 ,"o is a consid]ation ( ! physical effects ( human actions ^u ! univ]se4 ,& 9 conclusion ( ! :ole subject1 we %all endeavor to %[ t ! be>+s ( all sci5ce1 :5 rightly und]/ood1 are em95tly favorable to religion1 bo? 9 ?is _w & ! next4 ,) a few miscellane\s inf]5ces f ! pr9ciples advanc$1 ,i %all close ?is lecture4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we see t ! po9ts ( connection betwe5 geology & religion are num]\s & important4 ,a few ye>s s9ce1 geology1 in/ead ( be+ appeal$ to = ! illu/ration ( religi\s tru?1 0 reg>d$ ) great jeal\sy1 z a repository ( views favorable to infidelity1 & ev5 to a!ism4 ,b if ! summ>y :i* ,i h exhibit$ ( its religi\s relations be correct1 f :at o!r sci5ce c we obta9 s _m illu/rations ( natural & reveal$ religion8 ,di/+ui%$ ,*ri/ian writ]s are beg9n+ to ga!r fruit 9 ?is new field1 & ! clu/]s already pres5t$ u by su* m5 z ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 ,dr4 ,pye ,smi?1 ,dr4 ,buckl&1 ,dr4 ,h>ris1 & ,dr4 ,k+1 are an e>ne/ ( an abundant h>ve/4 ,i haz>d ! pr$iction t ! "t is n f> di/ant :5 x w be said ( ?is1 z ( ano!r noble sci5ce1 ,! undev\t geologi/ is mad4 ,secondly4 ,i w\ld bespeak ! c&id att5tion ( ^? sceptical m9ds1 t are ev] ready to imag9e discrepancies betwe5 sci5ce & religion1 to ! views :i* ,i am ab\t to pres5t4 ,! numb] ( su* is inde$ comp>atively small2 yet !re are /ill "s prep>$ to seize ^u e new sci5tific fact1 be=e x is fully develop$1 t c be made to assume ! appe>ance ( opposition to religion4 ,x is /range t !y %\ld n ere ?is "t despair ( mak+ any s]i\s impression ^u ! citadel ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,= ( all ! num]\s assaults ( ?is k9d t h be5 made1 n "o has de/roy$ ev5 an outpo/ ( religion4 ,j s soon z ! subject 0 fully und]/ood1 e "o ( !m has be5 ab&on$2 & ev5 ! mo/ viol5t unbeliev] nev] ?9ks1 at ! pres5t day1 ( array+ !m aga9/ ! ,bible4 ,"o ne$s no prophetic inspiration to be confid5t t e geological objection to ,*ri/ianity1 :i* p]haps n[ & !n an unbeliev] ( limit$ k /ill employs1 w pass into ! same limbo ( =getfulness4 ,f9ally4 ,i w\ld ?r[ out a caution to ^? fri5ds ( religion :o are v fe>ful t ! discov]ies ( sci5ce w prove injuri\s to ,*ri/ianity4 ,:y %\ld ! enlight5$ ,*ri/ian1 :o has a correct idea ( ! firm f\ndation on :i* ! ,bible re/s1 fe> t any disclosures ( ! arcana ( nature %\ld %ake its au?ority or weak5 its influ5ce8 ,is n ! ,god ( revelation ! ,god ( nature also8 & mu/ n 8 v>i$ works t5d to su/a9 & elucidate1 in/ead ( weak5+ & d>k5+1 "o ano!r8 ,has ,*ri/ianity suff]$ because ! ,cop]nican sy/em ( a/ronomy has prov$ true1 or because *emi/ry has demon/rat$ t ! e>? is already = ! mo/ "p oxidiz$1 & !re=e _c lit]ally be burn$ h]eaft]8 ,j z mu* z gold suff]s by pass+ ?r\gh ! furnace4 ,yet h[ _m fe>s agitat$ ! he>ts ( pi\s m5 :5 ^! sci5tific tru?s 7 fir/ ann\nc$6 ,! v m5 :o felt s /rong a conviction ( ! tru? ( ! ,bible1 t !y 7 ready to g to ! /ake 9 its def5ce1 h trembl$ & utt]$ l\d notes ( w>n+ :5 ! vot>ies ( sci5ce h br\ght out "s new fact1 t seem$ p]haps at fir/1 or :5 p>tially und]/ood1 to contrav5e "s /atem5t ( revelation4 ,! effect has be5 to make sceptical m9ds look ) suspicion1 & sometimes ) contempt1 ^u ,*ri/ianity itself4 ,x has built up a wall ( sep>ation betwe5 sci5ce & religion1 :i* is yet h>dly brok5 d[n4 ,= not)/&+ ! in/ructive hi/ory ( ! pa/ on ?is subject1 al?\gh e suppos$ discrepancy betwe5 philosophy & religion has vani%$ z soon z bo? 7 ?or\ghly und]/ood1 yet s soon z geology began to develop h] m>vell\s tru?s1 ! cry ( dang] to religion became aga9 ! wat*word1 & ! precursor ( a m ext5d$ & sev]e attack ^u t sci5ce ?an any o!r has ev] exp]i5c$1 & ! prelude1 ,i am sorry to say1 ( sev]e p]sonal *>ges ( infidelity aga9/ _m an hone/ fri5d ( religion4 ,9 contra/ to ! contract$ views & gr\ndless fe>s t h be5 describ$1 x is refre%+ to meet ) su* s5tim5ts z ! foll[+1 f m5 em95t = le>n+1 & "s ( !m vet]ans 9 !ological sci5ce4 ,) ^! ,i close ?is lecture4 ,^? rocks :i* /& =? 9 ! ord] ( _! =mation1 says ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 & are ea* impr9t$ ) _! own peculi> fossil rema9s1 h be5 t]m$ ! ar*ives ( nature1 :]e %e ha? record$ ! *anges t h tak5 place 9 ! hi/ory ( ! globe4 ,!y are made to s]ve ! purpose ( scrolls or inscriptions1 on :i* we might read ( ^? great /eps & successions by :i* ! e>? has be5 br\ght into its pres5t /ate2 & %\ld ^! ar*ives ( nature be b truly deciph]$1 we are n afraid ( _! be+ op5ly confront$ ) ! ar*ives ( revelation4 ,x is unmanly to bl9k ! approa* ( light1 f :atev] qu>t] ( obs]vation x may fall ^u u2 & ^? are n ! be/ fri5ds ( ,*ri/ianity1 :o feel ei!r dislike or al>m :5 ! tor* ( sci5ce1 or ! tor* ( hi/ory1 is held up to ! ,bible4 ,= ourselves1 we are n afraid :5 ! eye ( an intrepid1 if x be only a s\nd philosophy1 scrut9izes1 h[ev] jeal\sly1 all its pages4 ,we h no dread ( any appreh5d$ conflict betwe5 ! doctr9es ( ,scripture & ! discov]ies ( sci5ce1 p]suad$1 z we are1 t :atev] /ory ! geologi/s ( our day %all f9d engrav5 on ! volume ( nature1 x w only accr$it t /ory :i* is grav5 on ! volume ( revelation4--,*alm]s's ,works1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bbg4 ,= our own "p1 says ,rev4 ,h5ry ,melville1 we h no fe>s t any discov]ies ( sci5ce w really militate aga9/ ! disclosures ( ,scripture4 ,we rememb] h[1 9 d>k] days1 ecclesia/ics set !mselves aga9/ philosoph]s :o 7 inve/igat+ ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 appreh5sive t ! new !ories 7 at v>iance ) ! ,bible1 & !re=e resolv$ to d5\nce !m z h]esies1 & /op _! spread by p]secution4 ,b tru? triumph$2 bigotry & ignorance c\ld n long prevail to ! hid+ f ! _w ! h>moni\s walk+s ( />s & planets2 & ev] s9ce1 ! philosophy :i* laid op5 ! wond]s ( ! univ]se ha? prov$ h]self ! h&maid ( revelation1 :i* divulg$ secrets f> beyond h] gaze4 ,& ?us1 we are p]suad$1 %all x always be2 sci5ce may scale new heights & explore new dep?s1 b %e %all br+ back no?+ f h] d>+ & successful excursions :i* w n1 :5 rightly und]/ood1 yield a fre% tribute ( te/imony to ! ,bible4 ,infidelity may wat* h] progress ) eag]ness1 exult+ 9 ! ?\ght t %e is furni%+ facts ) :i* ! ,*ri/ian sy/em may be /rongly assail$2 b ! *ampions ( revelation may confid5tly att5d h] 9 e m>*1 assur$ t %e w f9d no?+ :i* contradicts1 if x d n actually confirm1 ! ^w :i* !y "k to be div9e4--,s]mons1 #b;d ,am4 edit4 vol4 ii4 p4 #bih4 ,%all x !n any long] be said1 says ,dr4 ,buckl&1 t a sci5ce1 :i* unfolds su* abundant evid5ce ( ! be+ & attributes ( ,god1 c reasonably be view$ 9 any o!r light ?an z ! effici5t auxili>y & h&maid ( religion8 ,"s few !re /ill may be1 :om timidity1 or prejudice1 or want ( opportunity1 all[ n to exam9e its evid5ce2 :o are al>m$ by ! novelty1 or surpris$ by ! ext5t & magnitude1 ( ! views :i* geology =ces on _! att5tion1 & :o w\ld r h kept clos$ ! volume ( witness1 :i* has be5 seal$ up = ages1 b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?1 ?an impose ^u ! /ud5t 9 natural !ology ! duty ( /udy+ its cont5ts2--a duty 9 :i*1 = lack ( exp]i5ce1 !y may anticipate a haz>d\s or a labori\s task1 b :i*1 by ^? engag$ 9 x1 is f\nd to af=d a rational1 & righte\s1 & delightful ex]cise ( _! highe/ faculties1 9 multiply+ ! evid5ces ( ! exi/5ce1 & attributes1 & provid5ce ( ,god4 ,x foll[s !n1 says ,dr4 ,j4 ,pye ,smi?1 z a univ]sal tru?1 t ! ,bible1 fai?fully int]pret$1 erects no b> aga9/ ! mo/ free & ext5sive inve/igation1 ! mo/ compreh5sive & se>*+ induction4 ,let b ! inve/igation be suffici5t1 & ! induction hone/2 let obs]vation take its f>!/ flight2 let exp]im5t p5etrate into all ! recesses ( nature2 let ! veil ( ages be lift$ up f all t has be5 hi!rto unkn[n1--if su* a c\rse 7 possible1 religion ne$ n fe>2 ,*ri/ianity is secure1 & true sci5ce w always pay homage to ! div9e ,creator & ,sov]eign1 ( :om1 & ?r\gh :om1 & to :om are all ?+s2 & unto :om be glory =ev]4--,lectures on ,scripture & ,geology1 #d? ,london edit4 p4 #bbc4 ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,,! ,,epo* ,,( ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,creation ,,unreveal$4 ,! ,mosaic acc\nt ( ! creation ( ! univ]se has always be5 celebrat$ = its sublime simplicity4 ,?\gh ! subject be "o ( unp>allel$ gr&eur1 ! writ] makes n ! slighte/ ef=t at rhetorical embelli%m5t1 b employs language :i* a m]e *ild _c misappreh5d4 ,h[ diff]5t1 9 ?is respect1 is ?is inspir$ record f all un9spir$ ef=ts t h be5 made to describe ! orig9 ( ! _w6 ,b not)/&+ ! great simplicity & cle>ness ( ?is description1 its precise mean+ has occasion$ z mu* discussion z almo/ any passage ( ,scripture4 ,?is results *iefly f its great brevity4 ,m5 ) diff]5t views ( inspiration1 cosmogony1 & philosophy1 engage 9 its exam9ation1 n s mu* to asc]ta9 its mean+1 z to f9d out :e!r x tea*es _! favorite speculative views2 & because x says no?+ ab\t !m1 !y attempt to fa/5 ^? views ^u x1 & ?us make x tea* a great deal m ?an ! m9d ( ! ,_s4 ,my simple object1 at ?is "t1 is to asc]ta9 :e!r ! ,bible fixes ! "t :5 ! univ]se 0 creat$ out ( no?+4 ,! preval5t op9ion1 until rec5tly1 has be51 t we are !re taught t ! _w began to exi/ on ! fir/ ( ! six days ( creation1 or ab\t six ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,geologi/s1 h[ev]1 ) "o voice1 decl>e t _! sci5ce indicates ! e>? to h be5 ( f> high] antiquity4 ,! "q becomes1 !re=e1 ( deep int]e/1 :e!r ! common int]pretation ( ! ,mosaic record is correct4 ,let u1 9 ! fir/ place1 exam9e c>efully ! t]ms ( t record2 )\t ref]5ce to any ( ! conclusions ( sci5ce4 ,a prelim9>y inquiry1 h[ev]1 w "h dem& att5tion1 to :i* ,i h already giv5 "s ?\ghts 9 ! fir/ lecture4 ,! inquiry relates to ! mode 9 :i* ! sacr$ writ]s describe natural ph5om5a4 ,d !y adapt _! descriptions to ! views & feel+s ( philosoph]s1 or ev5 ! common p1 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 or to ! /ate ( k & ! preval5t op9ions ( a p b slightly remov$ f b>b>ism8 ,d !y write z if !y meant to correct ! notions ( m5 on natural subjects1 :5 !y knew !m to be wrong2 or z if !y did n mean to decide :e!r ! popul> op9ion 7 true or false8 ,^! po9ts h be5 exam9$ ) great skill & c&or by a v5]able cl]gyman ( ,engl&1 ^: praise is 9 all ! ,am]ican *ur*es1 & ^: skill 9 sacr$ philology1 & pr(\nd acqua9tance ) ! ,bible1 none w "q1 any m ?an !y w 8 deep-ton$ piety & enl>g$ & lib]al views ( m5 & ?+s4 ,i ref] to ,dr4 ,j4 ,pye ,smi?1 lately at ! head ( ! ,hom]ton ,div9ity ,college1 ne> ,london4#f ,he fir/ exam9es ! /yle 9 :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t describes ! "* & op]ations ( ,jehovah1 & %[s t x is done 9 language borr[$ f ! bodily & m5tal con/itution ( man1 & f ^? op9ions conc]n+ ! works ( ,god 9 ! natural _w1 :i* 7 g5]ally receiv$ by ! p to :om ! bless+s ( revelation 7 grant$4 ,con/ant ref]5ce is made to mat]ial images1 & to human feel+s & conduct1 z if ! p address$ 7 almo/ incapable ( spiritual & ab/ract ideas4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 gives a notion ( ,god inf9itely b5ea? ! glories ( 8 "*2 b to uncultivat$ m9ds x 0 ! only repres5tation ( 8 "* t w\ld give !m any idea ( x4 ,nay1 ev5 9 ?is enlight5$ age1 su* descriptions are f> m impressive ?an any o!r ^u ! mass ( mank9d2 :ile ^?1 ^: m9ds are m enlight5$1 f9d no difficulty 9 inculcat+ ! pure tru? respect+ ,god f ^! comp>atively gross descriptions4 ,n[1 if1 ^u a po9t ( su* va/ importance z ! div9e "*1 revelation1 ?us condesc5ds to human weakness & ignorance1 mu* m might we expect x1 9 reg>d to ! less important subject ( natural ph5om5a4 ,we f9d1 accord+ly1 t !y are describ$ z !y appe> to ! common eye1 & n 9 _! real nature2 or1 9 ! language ( ,ros5mull]1 ! ,scriptures speak accord+ to optical1 & n physical tru?4 ,!y make no ef=t to correct ev5 ! grosse/ errors1 on ^! subjects1 t !n prevail$4 ,! e>?1 z we h se5 on a =m] occasion1 is describ$ z immovable1 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & ! heav5ly bodies z revolv+ r\nd x diurnally4 ,! firmam5t ov] u is repres5t$ z a solid1 ext5d$ sub/ance1 su/a9+ an ocean above x1 ) op5+s1 or w9d[s1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat]s may desc5d4 ,9 respect to ! human sy/em1 ! ,scriptures ref] intellectual op]ations to ! re9s1 or ! region ( ! kidneys1 & pa9 to ! bones4 ,9 %ort1 ! descriptions ( natural ?+s are adapt$ to ! v errone\s notions :i* prevail$ 9 ! e>lie/ ages ( society & among ! common p4 ,b x is z easy to int]pret su* descriptions 9 con=mity to ! pres5t /ate ( physical sci5ce1 z x is to dive/ ! scriptural repres5tations ( ! ,deity ( _! mat]ial dress1 & make !m con=m to ! spiritual views t n[ prevail4 ,no "o reg>ds x z any objection to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 t x gives a description ( ! div9e "* s mu* less spiritual ?an ! views adopt$ by ! !ologians ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 :y !n %\ld !y reg>d x z d]ogatory to inspiration to adopt ! same me?od z to natural objects8 ,^! consid]ations w af=d u "s assi/ance 9 rightly int]pret+ ! description ( ! creation1 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 to :i* we w n[ turn our att5tion4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,& ! e>? 0 )\t =m & void4 ,& d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep4 ,& ! ,_s ( ,god mov$ ^u ! face ( ! wat]s4 ,& ,god said1 ,let !re be light1 & !re 0 light4 ,& ,god saw ! light t x 0 good4 ,& ,god divid$ ! light f ! d>kness1 & ! light he call$ day1 & ! d>kness he call$ night4 ,& ! ev5+ & ! morn+ 7 ! fir/ day4 ,! fir/ "q t arises1 on read+ ?is passage1 is1 :e!r ! creation "h describ$ 0 a creation out ( no?+1 or out ( preexi/+ mat]ials4 ,! latt] op9ion has be5 ma9ta9$ by "s able1 & g5]ally judici\s comm5tators & !ologians1 su* z ,do$]l9 & ,da! 9 ,g]many1 ,milton 9 ,engl&1 & ,bu% & ,s*muck] 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!y d n d5y t ! ,bible1 9 o!r places1 tea*es di/9ctly ! creation ( ! univ]se out ( no?+4 ,b !y cont5d t ! ^w translat$ to create1 9 ! fir/ v]se ( ,g5esis1 tea*es only a r5ovation1 or remodell+1 ( ! univ]se f matt] already 9 exi/5ce4 ,t !re is a degree ( ambiguity 9 all languages1 9 ! words t signify to create1 to make1 to =m1 & ! l1 _c be d\bt$2 t is1 ^! words may be prop]ly us$ to describe ! production ( a sub/ance out ( matt] already 9 exi/5ce1 z well z out ( no?+2 &1 !re=e1 we mu/ resort to ! context1 or ! nature ( ! subject1 to asc]ta9 9 :i* ( ^? s5ses su* words are us$4 ,! same ^w1 = in/ance1 7bawraw17 t is us$ 9 ! fir/ v]se ( ,g5esis1 to describe ! creation ( ! univ]se1 is employ$ 9 ! #bg? v]se ( ! same *apt]1 to describe ! =mation ( man out ( ! du/ ( ! e>?4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 no peculi> ambiguity 9 ! use ( ! ,hebrew words bawraw & awsaw1 :i* correspond to our words create & make2 &1 !re=e1 x is n necess>y to be an adept 9 ,hebrew lit]ature to judge ( ! "q "u consid]ation4 ,we h only to det]m9e :e!r ! translation ( ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( ! creation mo/ reasonably tea*es a production ( ! matt] ( ! univ]se f no?+1 or only its r5ovation1 & we h decid$ :at is taught 9 ! orig9al4 ,n[1 !re c h>dly be a d\bt b ,moses int5d$ to tea*1 9 ?is passage1 t ! univ]se ow$ its orig9 to ,jehovah1 & n to ! idols ( ! hea!n2 & s9ce all ackn[l$ge t o!r p>ts ( ,scripture tea*1 t1 :5 ! _w 0 made1 x 0 produc$ out ( no?+1 :y %\ld we n conclude t ! same tru? is taught 9 ?is passage8 ,! language c]ta9ly w be> t mean+2 inde$1 x is almo/ z /rong z language c be to express su* a mean+2 & does n ! passage look l a di/9ct av[al ( ?is great tru?1 at ! v comm5cem5t ( ! inspir$ record1 9 ord] to refute ! op9ion1 s preval5t 9 e>ly times1 t ! _w is et]nal8 ,! next inquiry conc]n+ ! passage relates to ! phrase ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,does x compreh5d ! univ]se8 ,s x mu/ h be5 und]/ood by ! ,jews2 = _! language c\ld n furni% a m compreh5sive phrase to designate ! univ]se4 ,true1 ^! words1 l ^? already consid]$1 are us$ sometimes 9 a limit$ s5se4 ,b 9 ?is place _! broade/ signification is 9 p]fect accordance ) ! scope ( ! passage & ) ! :ole t5or ( ! ,scripture4 ,we may1 !re=e1 conclude ) mu* c]ta9ty1 t ,god int5d$ 9 ?is place to decl>e ! great tru?1 t !re 0 a "t 9 pa/ et]nity :5 ! :ole mat]ial univ]se came into exi/5ce at 8 irresi/ible fiat3--a tru? em95tly prop] to /& at ! head ( a div9e revelation4 ,b :5 did ?is /up5d\s ev5t occur8 ,does ! phrase 9 ! beg9n+ %[ u :58 ,surely n2 = no language c be m indef9ite z to "t4 ,:5ev] x is us$ 9 ! ,bible1 x m]ely designates ! comm5cem5t ( ! s]ies ( ev5ts1 or ! p]iods ( "t1 t are describ$4 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ^w2 t is1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ?+s ! ^w 0 9 exi/5ce2 consequ5tly 0 f et]nity4 ,b 9 ,g5esis ! act ( creation is repres5t$ by ?is phrase simply z ! comm5cem5t ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 at a c]ta9 po9t ( "t 9 pa/ et]nity1 :i* is n *ronologically fix$4 ,! fir/ v]se m]ely in=ms u1 t ! fir/ act ( ! ,deity 9 relation to ! univ]se 0 ! creation ( ! heav5s & ! e>? out ( no?+4 ,x is cont5d$1 h[ev]1 t ! fir/ v]se is s connect$ ) ! six days' "w ( creation1 relat$ 9 ! subsequ5t v]se1 t we mu/ und]/& ! phrase 9 ! beg9n+ z ! comm5cem5t ( ! fir/ day4 ,?is is ! ma9 po9t to be exam9$ 9 relation to ! passage1 & !re=e des]ves a c>eful consid]ation4 ,if ! fir/ v]se mu/ be und]/ood z a summ>y acc\nt ( ! six days' "w :i* foll[s 9 detail1 !n ! beg9n+ 0 ! comm5cem5t ( ! fir/ day1 & ( c\rse only ab\t six ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,b if x may be und]/ood z an ann\ncem5t ( ! act ( creation at "s indef9ite po9t 9 pa/ duration1 !n a p]iod may h int]v5$ betwe5 t fir/ creative act & ! subsequ5t six days' "w4 ,i cont5d t ! passage admits ( ei!r int]pretation1 )\t any viol5ce to ! language or ! n>ration4 ,! fir/ ( ^! int]pretations is ! "o usually receiv$1 &1 !re=e1 x w be h>dly necess>y to attempt to %[ t x is admissible4 ,! second has _h few] advocates1 & w1 !re=e1 ne$ to be exam9$4 ,! p>ticle &1 :i* is us$ 9 our translation ( ?is passage to connect ! successive s5t5ces1 furni%es an argum5t to ! ,engli% read] aga9/ ?is second mode ( int]pretation1 :i* has f> less =ce ) "o acqua9t$ ) ! orig9al ,hebrew4 ,! p>ticle ?us translat$ is ! g5]al connect+ p>ticle ( ! ,hebrew language1 & may be copulative1 or disjunctive1 or adv]sative2 or x may express a m]e annexation to a =m] topic ( disc\rse1--! connection be+ only t ( ! subject matt]1 or ! cont9uation ( ! composition4 ,?is cont9uative use =ms "o ( ! mo/ m>k$ peculi>ities ( ! ,hebrew idiom1 & x compreh5ds e v>iety ( mode 9 :i* "o tra9 ( s5tim5t may be app5d$ to ano!r4--,j4 ,pye ,smi?1 ,scrip4 & ,geol4 p4 #aie1 #d? edit4 ,9 ! ,engli% ,bible ?is p>ticle is usually r5d]$ by ! copulative conjunction &2 9 ! ,septuag9t1 & 9 ,josephus1 h[ev]1 x sometimes has ! s5se ( b4 ,& "s able comm5tators are ( op9ion t x admits ( a simil> translation 9 ! passage "u consid]ation4 ,! eld] ,ros5mull] says we might read x ?us3 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,aft]w>ds ! e>? 0 desolate1 c4 ,or ! p>ticle aft]w>ds may be plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( any ( ! succe$+ v]ses4 ,?us1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?1 & ! e>? 0 desolate1 & d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! wat]s4 ,aft]w>ds ! ,_s ( ,god mov$ ^u ! face ( ! wat]s4 ,dr4 ,da!1 :o has be5 /yl$1 by good au?ority1 7,dr4 ,smi?17 a cauti\s & judici\s critic1 r5d]s ! fir/ two v]ses 9 ?is mann]3 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?2 b aft]w>ds ! e>? became wa/e & desolate4 ,if su* translations z ^! be admissible1 ! passage n only all[s1 b expressly tea*es1 t a p]iod int]v5$ betwe5 ! fir/ act ( creation & ! six days' "w4 ,& if su* an int]val be all[$1 x is all t geology requires to reconcile its facts to revelation4 ,= dur+ t "t1 all ! *anges ( m9]al con/itution & organic life1 :i* t sci5ce tea*es to h tak5 place on ! globe1 previ\s to ! exi/5ce ( man1 may h occurr$4 ,x is a presumption 9 favor ( su* an int]pretation t ! second v]se describes ! /ate ( ! globe aft] its creation & be=e ! creation ( light4 ,= if !re 7 no int]val betwe5 ! fiat t call$ matt] into exi/5ce1 & t :i* said1 ,let !re be light1 :y %\ld su* a description ( ! e>?'s wa/e & desolate condition be giv58 ,b if !re _h be5 su* an int]v5+ p]iod1 x is p]fectly natural t su* a description %\ld prec$e ! hi/ory ( successive creative acts1 by :i* ! _w 0 adorn$ ) light & beauty1 & fill$ ) inhabitants4 ,b1 aft] all1 w\ld su* an int]pretation h ev] be5 ?\ght (1 _h n ! discov]ies ( geology seem$ to dem& x8 ,?is c be answ]$ by inquir+ :e!r any ( ! writ]s on ! ,bible1 :o liv$ be=e geology exi/$1 or _h laid claims = a long] p]iod previ\s to man's creation1 :e!r any ( ^! adopt$ su* an int]pretation4 ,we h abundant evid5ce t !y did4 ,_m ( ! e>ly fa!rs ( ! *ur* 7 v explicit on ?is subject4 ,augu/91 ,!odoret1 & o!rs1 suppos$ t ! fir/ v]se ( ,g5esis describes ! creation ( matt] di/9ct f1 & prior to1 ! "w ( six days4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr & ,gregory ,nazianz5 believ$ 9 an indef9ite p]iod betwe5 ! creation ( matt] & ! subsequ5t arrangem5t ( all ?+s4 ,/ill m explicit are ,basil1 ,caes>ius1 & ,orig54 ,x w\ld be easy to quote simil> op9ions f m mod]n writ]s1 :o liv$ previ\s to ! developm5ts ( geology4 ,b ,i w give a p>agraph f ,bi%op ,patrick only1 :o wrote "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago4 ,h[ long1 says he1 all ?+s cont9u$ 9 m]e confusion aft] ! *aos 0 creat$1 be=e light 0 extract$ f x1 we are n told4 ,x might h be51 = any ?+ t is "h reveal$1 a great :ile2 & all t "t ! mighty ,_s 0 mak+ su* motions 9 x1 z prep>$1 dispos$1 & rip5$ e "p ( x = su* productions z 7 to appe> successively 9 su* spaces ( "t z are "h aft]w>ds m5tion$ by ,moses1 :o in=ms u1 t aft] ?+s 7 dige/$ & made ready 7by long f]m5tation p]haps7 to be wr\ght into =m1 ,god produc$ e day1 = six days toge!r1 "s creature or o!r1 till all 0 f9i%$1 ( :i* light 0 ! v fir/4--,comm5t>y1 9 loco4 ,su* evid5ce z ?is is v satisfactory4 ,= at ! pres5t day "o _c b fe> t ! discov]ies ( geology may too mu* influ5ce him ins5sibly to put a mean+ ^u ,scripture :i* w\ld nev] h be5 ?\ght (1 if n sugge/$ by ^? discov]ies1 & :i* ! language _c be>4 ,b ^? fa!rs ( ! *ur* _c be suppos$ "u ! influ5ce ( any su* bias2 &1 !re=e1 we may suppose ! passage 9 itself to admit ( ! exi/5ce ( a long p]iod betwe5 ! beg9n+ & ! fir/ demiurgic day4 ,aga9/ ^! views philologi/s h urg$ sev]al objections n to be despis$4 ,"o is1 t light did n exi/ till ! fir/ day1 & ! sun & o!r lum9>ies n till ! f\r? day2 :]eas ! animals & plants dug f ! rocks c\ld n h exi/$ )\t light4 ,!y c\ld n1 !re=e1 h liv$ 9 ! suppos$ long p]iod previ\s to ! six days4 ,if x be inde$ true1 t light 0 n call$ into exi/5ce till ! fir/ day1 nor ! sun till ! f\r?1 ?is objection is probably insup]able4 ,b x w\ld be easy to cite ! op9ions ( _m di/+ui%$ & mo/ judici\s exp\nd]s ( ! ,bible1 %[+ t ! words ( ! ,hebrew orig9al d n signify a lit]al creation ( ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 on ! f\r? day1 b only con/itut+ or appo9t+ !m1 at t "t1 to be lum9>ies1 & to furni% /&>ds = ! division ( "t & o!r purposes4 ,! ^w us$ is n ! same z t employ$ 9 ! fir/ v]se to describe ! creation ( ! _w2 & ! passage1 rightly und]/ood1 implies ! previ\s exi/5ce ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! words ,hebrew are n to be sep>at$ f ! re/1 says ,ros5mull]1 or to be r5d]$ fiant lum9>ia1 let !re be light2 i4 e41 let light be made2 b r1 let lights be2 t is1 s]ve1 9 ! expanse ( heav51 = di/+ui%+ betwe5 day & night2 & let !m be1 or s]ve1 = signs1 c4 ,! hi/orian speaks 7v4 #af1 end7 ( ! det]m9ation ( ! />s to c]ta9 uses1 :i* !y 7 to r5d] to ! e>?1 & n ( _! fir/ =mation4 ,9 l mann] we may suppose t ! production ( light 0 only r5d]+ x visible to ! e>?1 ov] :i* d>kness hi!rto brood$2 n because no light 0 9 exi/5ce1 b because x did n %9e ^u ! e>?4 ,ano!r objection to ?is int]pretation is1 t ! f\r? comm&m5t ( ! decalogue expressly decl>es1 t 9 six days ! ,"l made heav5 & e>?1 ! sea1 & all t 9 !m is1 c41 & ?us cuts (f ! idea ( a long p]iod int]v5+ betwe5 ! beg9n+ & ! six days4 ,i ackn[l$ge t ?is argum5t c>ries ^u ! face ( x a good deal ( /r5g?2 b !re are "s consid]ations t seem to me to %[ x to be n entirely demon/rative4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is a correct pr9ciple ( int]pret+ language1 t :5 a writ] describes an ev5t 9 m ?an "o place1 ! brief] /atem5t is to be expla9$ by ! m ext5d$ "o4 ,?us1 9 ! second *apt] ( ,g5esis1 we h ?is brief acc\nt ( ! creation3 ,^! are ! g5]ations ( ! heav5s & ( ! e>?1 :5 !y 7 creat$1 9 ! day t ! ,"l ,god made ! e>? & ! heav5s4 ,n[1 if ?is 7 ! only description ( ! "w ( creation on record1 ! inf]5ce w\ld be v fair t x 0 all complet$ 9 a s+le day4 ,yet :5 we turn to ! fir/ *apt]1 we f9d ! "w prolong$ ?r\gh six days4 ,! two /atem5ts are n contradictory2 b ! brief] "o w\ld n be und]/ood )\t ! m detail$4 ,9 l mann]1 if we %\ld f9d x di/9ctly /at$ 9 ! p>ticul> acc\nt ( ! creation ( ! univ]se1 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 t a long p]iod actually int]v5$ betwe5 ! beg9n+ & ! six days1 :o w\ld suppose ! /atem5t a contradiction to ! f\r? comm&m5t8 ,x is true1 we d n f9d su* a fact di/9ctly ann\nc$ 9 ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( ! creation4 ,b suppose we fir/ le>n t x did exi/ f geology2 :y %\ld we n be z ready to admit x z if /at$ 9 ,g5esis1 provid$ x does n contradict any ?+ !re9 record$8 ,= illu/ration3 let u ref] to ! acc\nt giv5 9 ,exodus ( ! p>5ts ( ,moses & _! family4 ,& !re w5t a man ( ! "n ( ,levi1 & took to wife a daught] ( ,levi4 ,& ! woman conceiv$ & b>e a son1 7t is1 ,moses17 & :5 %e saw t he 0 a goodly *ild1 %e hid him ?ree mon?s4 7,ex4 ii4 #ab47 ,suppose1 n[1 t no o!r acc\nt exi/$ 9 ! ,bible ( ! family ( ?is ,levite2 we c\ld n surely h suspect$ t ,moses _h an eld] bro!r & si/]4 ,b imag9e ! ,bible sil5t on ! subject1 & t ! fact 0 fir/ br\ght to light 9 deciph]+ ,egyptian hi]oglyphics 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury2 :o c\ld hesitate to admit its tru? because omitt$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*8 or :o w\ld reg>d x 9 opposition to ! sacr$ record8 ,) equal propriety may we admit1 on prop] geological evid5ce1 ! int]calation ( a long p]iod betwe5 ! beg9n+ & ! six days1 if satisfi$ t x does n contradict ! ,mosaic acc\nt4 ,h5ce all t is necess>y1 9 ?is connection1 = me to %[1 is1 t su* contradictions w\ld n be made out by su* a discov]y4 ,once m3 if ?is long p]iod _h exi/$1 we %\ld h>dly h expect$ an allusion to x 9 ! f\r? comm&m5t1 if ! views we h tak5 are correct z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t treats ( natural ev5ts4 ,x is lit]ally true1 t all :i* ! ,jews und]/ood by ! heav5s & ! e>?1 0 made1 7awsaw17 t is1 r5ovat$1 arrang$1 & con/itut$1--= s ! ^w (t5 means1--9 six lit]al days4 ,_h ! sacr$ writ] allud$ to ! e>? :ile )\t =m & void1 or to ! heav5ly bodies z any ?+ m ?an %9+ po9ts 9 ! firmam5t1 plac$ !re on ! f\r? day1 he c\ld n h be5 und]/ood by ! ,hebrews1 )\t go+ into a detail$ description1 & ?us violat+ :at seems to h be5 settl$ pr9ciples 9 writ+ ! ,bible1 viz41 n to treat ( natural ph5om5a ) sci5tific accuracy1 nor to anticipate any sci5tific discov]y4 ,i wi% x to be di/9ctly und]/ood1 t ,i am endeavor+ to %[1 only1 t ! language ( ,scripture w admit ( an indef9ite int]val betwe5 ! fir/ creation ( matt] & ! six demiurgic days4 ,i am will+ to admit1 at lea/ = ! sake ( argum5t1 t ! common int]pretation1 :i* makes matt] only six ?\s& ye>s old1 is ! mo/ natural4 ,b ,i cont5d t no viol5ce is done to ! language by admitt+ ! o!r int]pretation4 ,& 9 fur!r pro( ( ?is position1 ,i appeal to ! te/imony ( di/+ui%$ mod]n !ologians & philologi/s1 z ,i h to sev]al ( ! anci5ts4 ,?is po9t _c1 inde$1 be settl$ by ! au?ority ( names4 ,b ,i _c believe t any w suppose su* m5 z ,i %all m5tion 7 l$ to adopt ?is view simply because geologi/s ask$ = x1 :ile _! judgm5ts told !m t ! language ( ! ,bible w\ld n be> su* a mean+4 ,:5 su* m51 !re=e1 av[ _! acquiesc5ce 9 su* an int]pretation1 x _c b /r5g!n our confid5ce 9 its correctness4 ,! int]val1 says ,bi%op ,horsley1 betwe5 ! production ( ! matt] ( ! *aos & ! =mation ( light1 is undescrib$ & unkn[n4 ,7 we to conc$e to naturali/s1 says ,baumg>t5 ,crusius1 all ! reason+s :i* !y advance 9 favor ( ! e>?'s e>ly exi/5ce1 ! conclusion w\ld only be1 t ! e>? itself has exi/$ mu* m ?an six ?\s& ye>s1 & t x _h !n already suff]$ _m great & important revolutions4 ,b if ?is 7 s1 w\ld ! relation ( ,moses !reby become false & unt5able8 ,i _c ?9k s4 ,by ! phrase 9 ! beg9n+1 says ,do$]l91 ! "t is decl>$ :5 some?+ began to be4 ,b :5 ,god produc$ ?is rem>kable "w1 ,moses does n precisely def9e4 ,we d n "k1 says ,%>on ,turn]1 & we h no means ( kn[+1 at :at po9t ( ! ev]-fl[+ et]nity ( t :i* is alone et]nal1--! div9e subsi/5ce1--! creation ( our e>?1 or any "p ( ! univ]se1 began4 ,all t we c le>n explicitly f revelation is1 t ne>ly six ?\s& ye>s h pass$ s9ce our fir/ p>5ts began to be4 ,! words 9 ! text1 says ,dr4 ,wiseman1 d n m]ely express a mom5t>y pause betwe5 ! fir/ fiat ( creation & ! production ( light2 = ! p>ticipial =m ( ! v]b1 :]eby ! ,_s ( ,god1 ! creative en]gy1 is repres5t$ z brood+ ov] ! abyss1 & communicat+ to x ! productive virtue1 naturally expresses a cont9u\s1 & n a pass+ action4 ,i am /rongly incl9$ to believe1 says ,bi%op ,gleig1 t ! matt] ( ! corporeal univ]se 0 all creat$ at once2 ?\gh diff]5t portions ( x may h be5 r$uc$ to =m at v diff]5t p]iods4 ,:5 ! univ]se 0 creat$1 or h[ long ! sol> sy/em rema9$ 9 a *aotic /ate1 are va9 inquiries1 to :i* no answ] c be giv54 ,! detail$ hi/ory ( creation 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 says ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 beg9s at ! middle ( ! second v]se2 & :at prec$es might be und]/ood z an introductory s5t5ce1 by :i* we are mo/ appositely told1 bo? t ,god creat$ all ?+s at ! fir/1 & t aft]w>ds--by :at int]val ( "t x is n specifi$--! e>? laps$ into a *aos1 f ! d>kness & disord] ( :i* ! pres5t sy/em or economy ( ?+s 0 made to arise4 ,betwe5 ! initial act & ! details ( ,g5esis1 ! _w1 = aught we "k1 might h be5 ! !atre ( _m revolutions1 ! traces ( :i* geology may /ill inve/igate1 c4 ,a philological survey ( ! initial sections ( ! ,bible1 7,g54 i4 #a to ii4 #c17 says ,dr4 ,pye ,smi?1 br+s out ! result2 #a4 ,t ! fir/ s5t5ce is a simple1 indep5d5t1 all-compreh5d+ axiom1 to ?is effect1--t matt]1 elem5t>y or comb9$1 aggregat$ only or organiz$1 & dep5d5t1 s5ti5t1 & intellectual be+s h n exi/$ f et]nity1 ei!r 9 self-cont9uity or succession1 b _h a beg9n+2 t _! beg9n+ took place by ! all-p[]ful w ( "o ,be+2 ! self-exi/5t1 indep5d5t & inf9ite 9 all p]fection2 & t ! date ( t beg9n+ is n made kn[n4 #b4 ,t at a rec5t epo*1 our planet 0 br\ght into a /ate ( disorganization1 detritus1 or ru91 7p]haps we h no p]fectly appropriate t]m17 f a =m] condition4 #c4 ,t x pleas$ ! ,almighty1 wise & b5evol5t ,supreme1 out ( t /ate ( ru9 to adju/ ! surface ( ! e>? to its n[ exi/+ condition1--! :ole ext5d+ ?r\gh ! p]iod ( six natural days4 ,i am =m+1 cont9ues ,dr4 ,smi?1 no hypo!ses 9 geology2 ,i only plead t ! gr\nd is cle>1 & t ! dictates ( ! ,scripture int]pose no b> to obs]vation & reason+ ^u ! m9]alogical con/itution ( ! e>?1 & ! rema9s ( organiz$ creatures :i* its /rata disclose4 ,if ^? inve/igations %\ld lead u to attribute to ! e>? & to ! o!r planets & a/ral sph]es an antiquity :i* millions or t5 ?\s& millions ( ye>s might fail to repres5t1 ! div9e records =bid n _! d$uction4--,script4 & ,geol4 p4 #ejb4 ,says ,dr4 ,b$=d1 ,we ought to und]/& ,moses z say+1 indef9itely f> back1 & conceal$ f u 9 ! my/]y ( et]nal ages1 prior to ! fir/ mom5t ( mundane "t1 ,god creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?4--,smi?1 ,script4 & ,geol4 #d? edit4 ,my firm p]suasion is1 says ,dr4 ,h>ris1 t ! fir/ v]se ( ,g5esis 0 design$1 by ! div9e ,_s1 to ann\nce ! absolute orig9ation ( ! mat]ial univ]se by ! ,almighty ,creator2 & t x is s und]/ood 9 ! o!r p>ts ( holy writ2 t1 pass+ by an indef9ite int]val1 ! second v]se describes ! /ate ( our planet imm$iately prior to ! ,adamic creation1 &1 t ! ?ird v]se beg9s ! acc\nt ( ! six days' "w4 ,if ,i am rem9d$1 9 a tone ( animadv]sion1 t ,i am mak+ sci5ce1 9 ?is in/ance1 ! int]pret] ( ,scripture1 my reply is1 t ,i am simply mak+ ! works ( ,god illu/rate 8 ^w 9 a dep>tm5t 9 :i* !y speak ) a di/9ct & au?oritative voice2 t x is all ! same :e!r our geological or !ological inve/igations h be5 prior1 if we h n =c$ ! "o into accordance ) ! o!r4--7,davidson1 ,sacr$ ,h]m5eutics47 ,& t x might be des]v+ consid]ation1 :e!r or n ! conduct ( ^? is n op5 to j animadv]sion1 :o fir/ und]take to pron\nce on ! mean+ ( a passage ( ,scripture1 irrespective ( all ! appropriate evid5ce1 & :o !n1 :5 t evid5ce is explor$ & produc$1 insi/ on _! a priori int]pretation z ! only true "o4--,pre-,adamite ,e>?1 p4 #bhj4 ,our be/ expositors ( ,scripture1 says ,dr4 ,daniel ,k+1 ( ,glasg[1 seem to be n[ pretty g5]ally agre$1 t ! op5+ v]se 9 ,g5esis has no necess>y connection ) ! v]ses :i* foll[4 ,!y ?9k x may be und]/ood z mak+ a sep>ate & indep5d5t /atem5t reg>d+ ! creation prop]1 & t ! phrase '9 ! beg9n+' may be expressive ( an indef9itely remote antiquity4 ,on ?is pr9ciple ! ,bible recognizes1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! great age ( ! e>?1 & !n tells u ( ! *anges x und]w5t at a p]iod long subsequ5t1 9 ord] to r5d] x a fit abode = ! family ( man4 ,! "w ( ! six days 0 n1 accord+ to ?is view1 a creation 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 b a r5ovation1 a remodell+ ( preexi/+ mat]ials4--,pr9ciples ( ,geology expla9$1 c4 p4 #dj1 #a/ edit4 ,:e!r ! ,mosaic creation1 says ,dr4 ,s*muck]1 ( ! ,lu!ran *ur* 9 ?is c\ntry1 ref]s to ! pres5t organization ( matt]1 or to ! =mation ( its prim>y elem5ts1 x is n easy to decide4 ,! "q is c]ta9ly n det]m9$ by ! usage ( ! orig9al words1 ,hebrew :i* are frequ5tly employ$ to designate m$iate =mation4 ,%\ld ! future inve/igations ( physical sci5ce br+ to light any facts1 indisputably prov+ ! ant]ior exi/5ce ( ! matt] ( ?is e>?1 su* facts w\ld n militate aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures4 ,t a v long p]iod1 says ,dr4 ,pond1--h[ long no be+ b ,god c tell1--int]v5$ betwe5 ! creation ( ! _w & ! comm5cem5t ( ! six days' "w record$ 9 ! foll[+ v]ses ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 !re c1 ,i ?9k1 be no reasonable d\bt4 ,b ,i ne$ n adduce any m advocates ( ! int]pretation ( ,g5esis1 = :i* ,i cont5d4 ,m5 m respect$ & confid$ 9 by ! ,*ri/ian _w ,i c\ld n quote1 ?\gh ,i might enl>ge ! numb]2 b ,i tru/ x is unnecess>y4 ,i tru/ t all :o he> me are satisfi$ t ! ,mosaic hi/ory ( ! creation ( ! _w does fairly admit ( an int]pretation :i* leaves an undef9$ int]val betwe5 ! creation ( matt] & ! six days' "w4 ,let x be recollect$ t ,i d n ma9ta9 t ?is is ! mo/ natural int]pretation1 b only t ! passage w fairly admit x by ! /rict rules ( exegesis4 ,! "q /ill rema9s to be consid]$1 :e!r !re is suffici5t reason to adopt x z ! true int]pretation4 ,to %[ t !re is1 ,i n[ make my appeal to geology4 ,?is is a case1 x seems to me1 9 :i* we may call 9 ! aid ( sci5ce to asc]ta9 ! true mean+ ( ,scripture4 ,! "q is1 ,does geology tea*1 di/9ctly & uncontrov]tibly1 t ! _w mu/ h exi/$ dur+ a long p]iod prior to ! exi/5ce ( ! races ( organiz$ be+s t n[ occupy its surface8 ,to give a popul> view ( ! evid5ce su/a9+ ! affirmative ( ?is "q is no easy task4 ,x ne$s a full & accurate acqua9tance ) ! multipli$ facts ( geology1 &1 :at is /ill m r>e1 a famili>ity ) geological reason+1 9 ord] to feel ! full =ce ( ! argum5ts t prove ! high antiquity ( ! globe4 ,yet ,i "k t ,i h a "r to presume ^u a high degree ( sci5tific k1 & an accurate acqua9tance ) geology1 among ^? :om ,i address4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i mu/ recur to a pr9ciple already briefly /at$ 9 a =m] lecture1 viz41 t a c>eful exam9ation ( ! rocks pres5ts irresi/ible evid5ce1 t1 9 _! pres5t condition1 !y are all ! result ( second causes2 9 o!r words1 !y are n n[ 9 ! condition 9 :i* !y 7 orig9ally creat$4 ,"s ( !m h be5 melt$ & reconsolidat$1 & cr[d$ 9 betwe5 o!rs1 or spread ov] !m4 ,o!rs h be5 worn d[n into mud1 s&1 & gravel1 by wat] & o!r ag5ts1 & aga9 cem5t$ toge!r1 aft] hav+ envelop$ multitudes ( animals & plants1 :i* are n[ imb$d$ z organic rema9s4 ,9 %ort1 all kn[n rocks appe> to h be5 br\ght into _! pres5t /ate by *emical or me*anical ag5cies4 ,x is inde$ easy to say t ^! appe>ances are deceptive1 & t ^! rocks may1 ) p]fect ease1 h be5 creat$ j z we n[ f9d !m4 ,b x is n easy to reta9 ?is op9ion1 aft] hav+ c>efully exam9$ !m4 ,= ! evid5ce t !y are ( second>y orig9 is ne>ly z /rong1 & ( ! same k9d too1 z x is t ! rema9s ( edifices lately discov]$ 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica are ! "w ( man1 & 7 n creat$ 9 _! pres5t condition4 ,9 ! second place1 processes are go+ on by :i* rocks are =m$ on a small scale1 ( ! same "* z ^? :i* con/itute ! great mass ( ! e>?4 ,h5ce x is fair to inf]1 t all ! rocks 7 =m$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,b$s ( gravel1 = in/ance1 are sometimes cem5t$ toge!r by heat1 or iron1 or lime1 s z to resemble exactly ! conglom]ates f\nd 9 m\nta9 masses among ! anci5t rocks4 ,clay is sometimes conv]t$ into slate by heat1 z is s(t m>l into lime/one1 by ! same cause4 ,9 fact1 we f9d causes n[ 9 op]ation t produce all ! v>ieties ( kn[n rocks1 except "s ( ! olde/1 :i* seem to ne$ only a great] int5sity 9 "s ( ! causes n[ at "w to produce !m4 ,by asc]ta9+ ! rate at :i* rocks are n[ =m+1 !re=e1 we c =m "s op9ion z to ! "t requisite to produce ^? con/itut+ ! cru/ ( ! globe4 ,if1 = in/ance1 we c det]m9e h[ fa/ ponds1 lakes1 & oceans are fill+ up ) mud1 s&1 & gravel1 convey$ to _! bottoms1 we c judge ( ! p]iod necess>y to produce ^? rocks :i* appe> to h be5 =m$ 9 a simil> mann]2 & if !re is any evid5ce t ! process 0 m rapid 9 e>ly times1 we c make due all[ance4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 all ! /ratifi$ rocks appe> to h be5 =m$ out ( ! fragm5ts ( o!r rocks1 worn d[n by ! action ( wat] & atmosph]ic ag5cies4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( t l>ge proportion ( ^! rocks :i* conta9 ! rema9s ( animals & plants4 ,! mud1 s&1 & gravel ( :i* ^! are mo/ly compos$1 mu/ h be5 worn f rocks previ\sly exi/+1 & h be5 transport$ into lakes1 & ! ocean1 z ! same process is n[ go+ on4 ,!re ! animals & plants1 :i* di$ 9 ! wat]s1 & 7 transport$ ?i!r by riv]s1 mu/ h be5 buri$2 next1 ! rocks mu/ h be5 h>d5$ into /one1 by admixture ) lime1 or iron1 or by int]nal heat2 &1 f9ally1 h be5 rais$ above ! wat]s1 s z to become dry l&4 ,b$s ( lime/one are int]/ratifi$ ) ^? ( %ale1 s&/one1 & conglom]ate2 b ^! =m only a small proportion ( ! :ole1 &1 besides1 7 mo/ly =m$ 9 an analog\s mann]1 ?\gh by ag5cies m decid$ly *emical4 ,n[1 = ! mo/ "p1 ?is process ( =m+ rocks by ! accumulation ( mud1 s&1 & gravel is v sl[4 ,9 g5]al1 su* accumulations1 at ! bottom ( lakes & ! ocean1 d n increase m ?an a few in*es 9 a c5tury4 ,dur+ viol5t floods1 inde$1 & 9 a few limit$ spots1 ! accumulation is mu* m rapid2 z 9 ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,rhone1 load$ ) detritus f ! ,alps1 passes1 :]e a delta has be5 =m$ two miles long & n9e hundr$ feet ?ick1 )9 eight hundr$ ye>s4#g ,& occasionally su* rapid depositions probably took place :ile ! old] rocks 7 9 ! c\rse ( =mation4 ,b 9 g5]al1 ! "w seems to h gone on z sl[ly z x usually does at pres5t4 ,yet1 9 ! f\r? place1 !re mu/ h be5 "t en\gh s9ce ! creation to deposit at lea/ t5 miles ( rocks 9 p]p5dicul> ?ickness1 9 ! mann] t has be5 describ$4 ,= ! /ratifi$ rocks are at lea/ ( t ?ickness 9 ,europe1 & 9 ?is c\ntry mu* ?ick]2 or1 if we reg>d only ! fossilif]\s /rata z ?us deposit$1 7s9ce "s geologi/s might hesitate to admit t ! non-fossilif]\s rocks 7 ?us produc$17 ^! are six & a half miles ?ick 9 ,europe1 & /ill ?ick] 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,h[ imm5se a p]iod 0 requisite = su* a "w6 ,"s d1 inde$1 cont5d t ! "w1 9 all cases1 z we h all[$ x 9 a few1 may h be5 va/ly m rapid ?an at ! pres5t day4 ,b ! mann] 9 :i* ! mat]ials are arrang$1 & especially ! pres]vation ( ! mo/ delicate p>ts ( ! organic rema9s1 (t5 9 ! v position 9 :i* ! animals di$1 %[ ! quiet & sl[ mann] 9 :i* ! process w5t on4 ,9 ! fif? place1 x is c]ta9 t1 s9ce man exi/$ on ! globe1 mat]ials = ! production ( rocks h n accumulat$ to ! av]age ?ickness ( m ?an "o hundr$ or two hundr$ feet2 al?\gh 9 p>ticul> places1 z already m5tion$1 ! accumulations are ?ick]4 ,! evid5ce ( ?is position is1 t nei!r ! works nor ! rema9s ( man h be5 f\nd any deep] 9 ! e>? ?an 9 ! upp] "p ( t sup]ficial deposit call$ alluvium4 ,b _h man exi/$ :ile ! o!r deposits 7 go+ on1 no possible reason c be giv5 :y 8 bones & ! fruits ( 8 labors %\ld n be f\nd mix$ ) ^? ( o!r animals1 s abundant 9 ! rocks1 to ! dep? ( six or sev5 miles4 ,9 ! la/ six ?\s& ye>s1 !n1 only "o five hundr$? "p ( ! /ratifi$ rocks has be5 accumulat$4 ,i m5tion ?is fact1 n z by any means an exact1 b only an approximate1 measure ( ! "t 9 :i* ! old] rocks 7 deposit$2 = ! precise age ( ! _w is probably a problem :i* sci5ce nev] c solve4 ,all ! means ( comp>ison )9 our rea* enable u to say1 only1 t its duration mu/ h be5 imm5se4 ,9 ! six? place1 dur+ ! deposition ( ! /ratifi$ rocks1 a great numb] ( *anges mu/ h occurr$ 9 ! matt] ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,hundr$s ( su* *anges c be easily c\nt$1 & !y (t5 imply great *anges 9 ! wat]s hold+ ! mat]ials 9 solution or susp5sion2 su* *anges1 inde$1 z mu/ h requir$ diff]5t oceans ov] ! same spot4 ,su* ev5ts c\ld n h tak5 place )\t ext5sive elevations & subsid5ces ( ! e>?'s cru/2 nor c\ld su* v]tical movem5ts h happ5$ )\t mu* int]v5+ "t1 z _m facts1 too te*nical to be "h detail$1 %[4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ano!r evid5ce ( va/ p]iods ( "t occupi$ 9 ! second>y production & arrangem5ts ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,9 ! sev5? place1 num]\s races ( animals & plants mu/ h occupi$ ! globe previ\s to ^? :i* n[ inhabit x1 & h successively pass$ away1 z cata/rophes occurr$1 or ! climate became unfit = _! resid5ce4 ,n less ?an ?irty ?\s& species h already be5 dug out ( ! rocks2 & except+ a few hundr$ species1 mo/ly ( sea %ells1 occurr+ 9 ! upp]mo/ rocks1 none ( !m correspond to ^? n[ liv+ on ! globe4 ,9 ,europe1 !y are f\nd to ! dep? ( ab\t six & a half miles2 & 9 ?is c\ntry1 deep]2 & no liv+ species is f\nd m ?an "o twelf? ( ?is dep?4 ,all ! re/ are specifically & (t5 g5]ically unlike liv+ species2 & ! conclusion seems irresi/ible1 t !y mu/ h liv$ & di$ be=e ! creation ( ! pres5t species4 ,inde$1 s diff]5t 0 ! climate 9 ^? e>ly times1--x hav+ be5 mu* w>m] ?an at pres5t 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w1--t b few ( ! pres5t races c\ld h liv$ !n4 ,/ill fur!r3 x appe>s t1 dur+ ! :ole p]iod s9ce organiz$ be+s fir/ appe>$ on ! globe1 n less ?an f\r1 or five1 & probably m--"s ?9k z _m z t5 or twelve--entire races h pass$ away1 & be5 succe$$ by rec5t ones2 s t ! globe has actually *ang$ all its inhabitants half a doz5 times4 ,yet ea* ( ! successive gr\ps occupi$ x long en\gh to leave imm5se quantities ( _! rema9s1 :i* sometimes con/itute almo/ entire m\nta9s4 ,& 9 g5]al1 ^! gr\ps became ext9ct 9 consequ5ce ( a *ange ( climate2 :i*1 if imput$ to any kn[n cause1 mu/ h be5 an extremely sl[ process4 ,n[1 ^! results are no long] to be reg>d$ z ! dreams ( fancy1 b ! legitimate d$uctions f long & c>eful obs]vation ( facts4 ,& c any reasonable man conceive h[ su* *anges c h tak5 place s9ce ! six days ( creation1 or )9 ! la/ six ?\s& ye>s8 ,9 ord] to reconcile !m ) su* a supposition1 we mu/ admit ( hypo!ses & absurdities m wild & extravagant ?an h ev] be5 *>g$ ^u geology4 ,b admit ( a long p]iod betwe5 ! fir/ creative act & ! six days1 & all difficulties vani%4 ,9 ! eigh? place1 ! d5udations & erosions t h tak5 place on ! e>?'s surface indicate a f> high] antiquity to ! globe1 ev5 s9ce x assum$ ess5tially its pres5t condition1 ?an ! common int]pretation ( ,g5esis admits4 ,! geologi/ c prove t 9 _m cases ! rocks h be5 worn away1 by ! sl[ action ( ! ocean1 m ?an two miles 9 dep? 9 "s regions1 & ^? v wide2 z 9 ,s\? ,wales1 9 ,engl&4 ,z ! cont95ts rose f ! ocean1 ! sl[ dra9age by ! riv]s has excavat$ num]\s long & deep gorges1 requir+ p]iods incalculably ext5d$4 ,i d n wond] t1 :5 ! sceptic /&s ^u ! banks ( ,niag>a ,riv]1 & sees h[ obvi\sly ! spl5did cat>act has worn out ! deep gorge ext5d+ to ,lake ,ont>io1 he %\ld feel t !re is a /&+ pro( t ! common op9ion1 z to ! age ( ! _w1 _c be true2 & h5ce be l$ to disc>d ! ,bible1 if he supposes t to be a true int]pretation4 ,b ! ,niag>a gorge is only "o among a multitude ( examples ( erosion t might be quot$2 & "s ( !m f> m /rik+ to a geologi/4 ,on ,oak ,or*>d ,creek1 & ! ,g5esee ,riv]1 betwe5 ,ro*e/] & ,lake ,ont>io1 are simil> erosions1 sev5 miles long4 ,on ! latt] riv]1 s\? ( ,ro*e/]1 we f9d a cut f ,m\nt ,morris to ,portage1 sometimes f\r hundr$ feet deep4 ,on _m ( our s\?-we/]n riv]s we h :at are call$ canyons1 or gorges1 (t5 two hundr$ & fifty feet deep1 & sev]al miles long4 ,ne> ! s\rce ( ,miss\ri ,riv] are :at are call$ ! ,gates ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 :]e !re is a gorge six miles long & twelve hundr$ feet deep4 ,simil> cuts occur on ! ,columbia ,riv]1 hundr$s ( feet deep1 ?r\gh ! h>d trap rock1 = hundr$s ( miles1 betwe5 ! ,am]ican ,falls & ! ,dalles4 ,at ,/4 ,an?ony's ,falls1 on ! ,mississippi1 t riv] has worn a passage 9 lime/one sev5 miles long1 :i* di/ance ! cat>act has rec$$4 ,on ! ,potomac1 t5 miles we/ ( ,wa%+ton1 ! ,great ,falls h worn back a passage sixty to sixty-five feet deep1 f\r miles1 cont9u\sly--a great] "w1 consid]+ ! nature ( ! rock1 ?an has be5 done by ! ,niag>a4 ,! passage = ! ,hudson1 ?r\gh ! highl&s1 is probably an example ( riv] erosion2 z is also t ( ! ,connecticut at ,brattleboro' & ,bell[s ,falls4 ,9 ^! places1 x c be prov$ t ! riv] 0 once at lea/ sev5 hundr$ feet above its pres5t b$4 ,on ! ,de]field ,riv]1 a tribut>y ( ! ,connecticut1 we h a gulf call$ ! ,ghor1 eight miles long & sev]al hundr$ feet deep1 cut crosswise ?r\gh ! mica slate & gneiss by ! /ream4 ,on ! ea/]n cont95t ,i might quote a multitude ( analog\s cases4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 ! ,wady el ,jeib1 9 s(t lime/one1 )9 ! ,wady ,arabah1 s\? ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,! defile is "o hundr$ & fifty feet deep1 half a mile wide1 & =ty miles long4 ,9 ,m\nt ,lebanon1 sev]al rem>kable *asms 9 lime/one h be5 describ$ by ,am]ican mission>ies1 z t on ,dog ,riv]1 7,lycus ( ! anci5ts17 six miles long1 sev5ty or eighty feet deep1 & f "o hundr$ & tw5ty to "o hundr$ & sixty feet wide2 also1 ,wady ,b>ida1 ^: walls are six hundr$ to eight hundr$ feet high4 ,on ! ,riv] ,rav5door1 9 ,kurdi/an1 is a gorge1 describ$ 9 a lett] f ,dr4 ,p]k9s1 "o ?\s& feet deep4 ,ano!r on ! ,euphrates1 ne> ,diade51 is sev5ty feet deep1 & is spann$ by a natural bridge "o hundr$ feet long4 ,on ! ,riv] ,t]ek1 9 ! ,d>iel ,caucasus1 is a pass "o hundr$ & tw5ty miles long1 ^: walls rise f "o ?\s& to ?ree ?\s& feet high4 ,9 ,africa1 ! ,riv] ,zaire has cut a passage1 =ty miles long1 ?r\gh mica slate1 qu>tz1 & sy5ite2 & 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,cox ,riv] passes ?r\gh a gorge tw5ty-two hundr$ y>ds wide & eight hundr$ feet high4 ,n9?ly4 ,s9ce ! geological p]iod n[ pass+ comm5c$1 call$ ! alluvial1 or plei/oc5e p]iod1 c]ta9 *anges h be5 go+ on1 :i* indicate a v great antiquity to ! drift p]iod1 :i* 0 ! comm5cem5t ( ! alluvial p]iod1 & has be5 consid]$ among ! mo/ rec5t ( geological ev5ts4 ,i ref] to ! =mation ( deltas & ( t]races4 ,( ! deltas ,i w m5tion b a s+le example1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 _m o!rs correspond4 ,! ,mississippi c>ries d[n to its m\? #bh1ahh1hjc1hib cubic feet ( s$im5t ye>ly1 :i* x deposits2 or "o cubic mile 9 five ye>s & eighty-"o days4 ,n[1 z ! :ole delta conta9s tw5ty-sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty cubic miles1 x mu/ h requir$ f\rte5 ?\s& two hundr$ & f\r ye>s to =m x 9 ?is mann]4 ,t]races occur along "s ( ! riv]s ( our c\ntry f f\r hundr$ to five hundr$ feet above _! pres5t b$s1 & ar\nd our lakes to ! height ( ne>ly "o ?\s& feet4 ,!y are compos$ ( gravel1 s&1 clay1 & loam1 t h be5 comm9ut$1 & sort$1 & deposit$1 by wat] *iefly4 ,at a height two or ?ree times great]1 on ! same riv]s & lakes1 we f9d :at seem to be anci5t sea bea*es1 ( ! same mat]ials1 deposit$ e>li]1 & less comm9ut$4 ,! same facts also occur 9 ,europe1 & probably 9 ,asia4 ,n[1 x seems q c]ta91 t ^! bea*es & t]races 7 =m$ z ! cont95ts 7 be+ dra9$ ( ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 & ! riv]s 7 cutt+ d[n _! b$s2 :i* la/ process has be5 go+ on 9 _m places to ! pres5t day4 ,yet sc>cely n[h]e1 s9ce ! memory ( man1 h ev5 ! l[e/ ( ^! t]races & bea*es be5 =m$1 save on a v limit$ scale1 & ( a few feet 9 height4 ,! l[e/ ( !m h be5 ! sites ( t[ns & cities1 ev] s9ce ! settlem5t ( our c\ntry1 & on ! ea/]n cont95t mu* long]4 ,yet we see ! processes by :i* !y h be5 =m$ n[ 9 op]ation2 b !y h sc>cely made any progress dur+ ! p]iod ( human hi/ory4 ,h[ va/ ! p]iod1 !n1 s9ce ! "w 0 fir/ comm5c$6 ,yet ev5 its comm5cem5t seems to h be5 no f>!r back ?an ! drift epo*1 s9ce t deposit lies b5ea? ! t]races4 ,b ! drift p]iod 0 comp>atively a v rec5t "o on ! geological scale4 ,h[ d su* facts impress u ) ! va/ duration ( ! globe s9ce ! fir/ s]ies ( *anges comm5c$6 ,f9ally4 ,!re is no little reason to believe t1 previ\s to ! =mation ( ! /ratifi$ rocks1 ! e>? pass$ ?r\gh *anges t requir$ va/ p]iods ( "t1 by :i* x 0 gradually br\ght into a habitable /ate4 ,x is ev5 believ$ t "o ( its e>lie/ conditions 0 t ( vapor2 t1 gradually cond5s+1 x became a melt$ globe ( fire1 & !n1 z x gradually cool$1 a cru/ =m$ ov] its surface2 & s at la/ x became habitable4 ,all ?is is inde$ hypo!sis2 &1 !re=e1 ,i d n place x 9 ! same rank z ! o!r pro(s ( ! e>?'s antiquity1 already adduc$4 ,/ill ?is hypo!sis has s mu* evid5ce 9 its favor1 t n a few ( ! able/ & mo/ cauti\s philosoph]s ( ! pres5t day h adopt$ x4 ,& if x be inde$ true1 x ?r[s back ! creation ( ! univ]se to a p]iod remote beyond calculation or conception4 ,n[1 let ?is imp]fect summ>y ( evid5ce 9 favor ( ! e>?'s high antiquity be c&idly weigh$1 & c any "o ?9k x /range t e man1 :o has c>efully & ext5sively exam9$ ! rocks 9 _! native b$s1 is entirely conv9c$ ( its validity8 ,m5 ( all pr(essions1 & ( div]se op9ions conc]n+ ! ,bible1 h be5 geologi/s2 b on ?is po9t !y are unanim\s1 h[ev] !y may diff] z to o!r po9ts 9 ! sci5ce4 ,mu/ we n1 !n1 reg>d ?is fact z "o ( ! settl$ pr9ciples ( sci5ce8 ,if s1 :o w hesitate to say t x ought to settle ! int]pretation ( ! fir/ v]se ( ,g5esis1 9 favor ( t mean+ :i* all[s an int]v5+ p]iod betwe5 ! creation ( matt] & ! creation ( light8 ,?is is ! gr& po9t :i* ,i h aim$ to e/abli%2 &1 9 conclusion1 ,i beg leave to make a few rem>ks by way ( inf]5ce4 ,fir/4 ,?is int]pretation ( ,g5esis is entirely suffici5t to remove all app>5t collision betwe5 geology & revelation4 ,x gives ! geologi/ full scope = 8 l>ge/ speculations conc]n+ ! age ( ! _w4 ,x p]mits him to ma9ta9 t its fir/ condition 0 z unlike to ! pres5t z possible1 & all[s him "t en\gh = all ! *anges ( m9]al con/itution & organic life :i* its /rata reveal4 ,x supposes t all ^! are pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce by ! sacr$ writ]s1 because irrelevant to ! object ( revelation1 b full ( int]e/ & in/ruction to ! m5 ( sci5ce1 :o %\ld aft]w>ds take pleasure 9 explor+ ! works ( ,god4 ,x supposes ! six days' "w ( creation to h be5 conf9$ entirely to ! fitt+ up ! _w 9 its pres5t condition1 & furni%+ x ) its pres5t inhabitants4 ,?us1 :ile x gives ! wide/ scope to ! geologi/1 x does n encroa* ^u ! lit]alities ( ! ,bible2 & h5ce x is n /range t x %\ld be almo/ univ]sally adopt$ by geologi/s z well z by _m em95t div9es4 ,i w\ld n =get to notice 9 ?is connection1 h[ev]1 a rec5t propos$ ext5sion ( ?is int]pretation by ,dr4 ,john ,pye ,smi?1 f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple already illu/rat$1 t ! sacr$ writ]s adapt$ _! language to ! /ate ( k among ! ,jews4 ,by ! t]m e>?1 9 ,g5esis1 he supposes1 0 design$ n ! :ole t]raque\s globe1 b ! "p ( our _w :i* ,god 0 adapt+ = ! dwell+-place ( man & animals connect$ ) him4 ,& ! n>rative ( ! six days' "w is a description adapt$ to ! ideas & capacities ( mank9d 9 ! e>lie/ ages1 ( a s]ies ( op]ations1 by :i* ! ,be+ ( omnipot5t wisdom & goodness adju/$ & furni%$1 n ! e>? g5]ally1 b1 z ! p>ticul> subject "u consid]ation "h1 a ,,portion ( its surface = mo/ glori\s purposes4 ,?is portion ( ! e>? he conceives to h be5 a l>ge "p ( ,asia1 ly+ betwe5 ! ,caucasian ridge1 ! ,caspian ,sea & ,t>t>y on ! nor?1 ! ,p]sian & ,indian ,seas on ! s\?1 & ! high m\nta9 ridges :i* run at consid]able di/ance on _! ea/]n & we/]n flanks4 ,?is region 0 fir/1 by atmosph]ic & geological causes ( previ\s op]ation1 "u ! w ( ! ,almighty1 br\ght into a condition ( sup]ficial ru91 or "s k9d ( g5]al disord]1 probably by volcanic ag5cy2 x 0 subm]g$1 cov]$ ) fogs & cl\ds1 & subsequ5tly elevat$1 & ! atmosph]e1 by ! f\r? day1 r5d]$ pellucid4--,script4 & ,geol4 p4 #bge1 #b;d edit4 ,)\t pr(ess+ to adopt fully ?is view ( my le>n$ & v5]able fri5d1 ,i _c b rem>k1 t x expla9s "o or two difficulties on ?is subject1 :i* ,i %all m fully expla9 f>!r on4 ,"o is1 ! difficulty ( conceiv+ h[ ! inf]ior animals c\ld h be5 di/ribut$ to _! pres5t places ( resid5ce f a s+le c5tre ( creation )\t a miracle4 ,c]ta9 x is1 t1 z ! climate & position ( l& & wat] n[ are1 !y c\ld n ?us migrate )\t c]ta9 de/ruction to _m ( !m4 ,b by ?is !ory !y might h be5 creat$ )9 ! di/ricts :i* !y n[ occupy4 ,ano!r difficulty solv$ by ?is !ory is1 t sev]al hundr$ species ( animals1 t 7 creat$ long be=e man1 z _! rema9s f\nd 9 ! t]ti>y /rata %[1 /ill survive1 & !re is no evid5ce t !y ev] became ext9ct2 nor ne$ !y h be5 de/roy$ & recreat$1 if ,dr4 ,smi?'s !ory be true4 ,nev]!less1 x does n appe> to me ess5tial to a satisfactory reconciliation ( geology & revelation1 t we %\ld adopt x4 ,b com+ f su* high au?ority1 & su/a9$ z x is by p[]ful argum5ts1 x comm5ds itself to our c&id exam9ation4 ,secondly4 ,i rem>k1 t x is n necess>y t we %\ld be p]fectly sure t ! me?od :i* has be5 describ$1 or any o!r1 ( br++ geology into h>mony ) ! ,bible1 is infallibly true4 ,x is only necess>y t x %\ld be su/a9$ by probable evid5ce2 t x %\ld fairly meet ! geological difficulty on ! "o h&1 & d no viol5ce to ! language or _s ( ! ,bible on ! o!r4 ,?is is suffici5t1 surely1 to satisfy e philosophical m9d1 t !re is no collision betwe5 geology & revelation4 ,b %\ld x appe> h]eaft]1 ei!r f ! discov]ies ( ! geologi/ or ! philologi/1 t our views mu/ be some:at modifi$1 x w\ld n %[ t ! previ\s views _h be5 insuffici5t to h>monize ! two subjects2 b only t "h1 z 9 e o!r dep>tm5t ( human k1 p]fection is n atta9$1 except by long-cont9u$ ef=ts4 ,i make ^! rem>ks1 because x is well kn[n t o!r modes1 besides t :i* ,i h def5d$1 h be5 propos$ to accompli% ! same object2 & x is probable t1 ev5 to ?is day1 "o or two ( ^! modes may be def5d$1 al?\gh ! g5]al op9ion ( geologi/s is 9 favor ( t :i* ,i h exhibit$4 ,"s1 = in/ance1 h suppos$ t ! fossilif]\s /rata may all h be5 deposit$ 9 ! sixte5 hundr$ ye>s betwe5 ! creation & ! deluge1 & by t cata/rophe h be5 lift$ out ( ! ocean4 ,o!rs h imag9$ !m all produc$ by t ev5t4 ,b ! mo/ plausible !ory reg>ds ! six days ( creation z p]iods ( great1 ?\gh indef9ite l5g?1 dur+ :i* all ! *anges exhibit$ by ! /rata ( rocks took place4 ,! argum5ts 9 def5ce ( ?is view are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,! ^w day is (t5 us$ 9 ,scripture to express a p]iod ( indef9ite l5g?4 7,luke xvii4 #bd4 ,john viii4 #ef4 ,job xiv4 #f47 #b4 ,! sun1 moon1 & />s 7 n creat$ till ! f\r? day2 s t ! revolution ( ! e>? on its axis1 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 may n h exi/$ previ\sly1 & ! light & d>kness t alt]nat$ may h _h ref]5ce to "s o!r /&>d4 #c4 ,! ,sabba?1 or sev5? day1 9 :i* ,god re/$ f 8 "w1 has n yet t]m9at$2 & !re is reason to suppose ! demiurgic days may h be5 at lea/ ( equal l5g?4 #d4 ,?is int]pretation corresponds rem>kably ) ! traditional cosmogonies ( "s hea!n nations1 z ! anci5t ,etruscans & mod]n ,h9doos2 & x 0 also adopt$ by ,philo & o!r ,jewi% writ]s4 #e4 ,! ord] ( creation1 z describ$ 9 ,g5esis1 corresponds to t develop$ by geology4 ,?is ord]1 accord+ to ,cuvi] & ,pr(essor ,jameson1 is z foll[s3 #a4 ,! e>? 0 cov]$ ) ! sea )\t inhabitants4 #b4 ,plants 7 creat$ on ! ?ird day1 & are f\nd abundantly 9 ! coal measures4 #c4 ,on ! fif? day1 ! inhabitants ( ! wat]s1 !n fly+ ?+s1 !n great reptiles1 & !n mammif]\s animals1 7 creat$4 #d4 ,on ! six? day1 man 0 creat$4 ,! foll[+ are ! objections to ?is int]pretation3 #a4 ,! ^w day is n us$ figuratively 9 o!r places ( ,g5esis1 7unless p]haps ,g54 ii4 #d17 ?\gh x is sometimes s us$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,scripture4 #b4 ,9 ! f\r? comm&m5t1 :]e ! days ( creation are ref]r$ to1 7,exod4 xx4 #i1 #aj1 #aa17 no "o c d\bt b t ! six days ( labor & ! ,sabba?1 spok5 ( 9 ! n9? & t5? v]ses1 are lit]al days4 ,by :at rule ( int]pretation c ! same ^w 9 ! next v]se be made to mean indef9ite p]iods8 #c4 ,f ,g54 ii4 #e1 comp>$ ) ,g54 i4 #aa1 #ab1 x seems t x _h n ra9$ on ! e>? till ! ?ird day--a fact altoge!r probable if ! days 7 ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 b absurd if !y 7 long p]iods4 #d4 ,su* a mean+ is =c$ & unnatural1 &1 !re=e1 n to be adopt$ )\t urg5t necessity4 #e4 ,?is hypo!sis assumes t ,moses describes ! creation ( all ! animals & plants t h ev] liv$ on ! globe4 ,b geology decides t ! species n[ liv+1 s9ce !y are n f\nd 9 ! rocks any l[] d[n ?an man is1 7) a few exceptions17 c\ld n h be5 contempor>ies ) ^? 9 ! rocks1 b mu/ h be5 creat$ :5 man 02 t is1 on ! six? day4 ,( su* a creation no m5tion is made 9 ,g5esis4 ,! inf]5ce is1 t ,moses does n describe ! creation ( ! exi/+ races1 b only ( ^? t liv$ ?\s&s ( ye>s e>li]1 & ^: exi/5ce 0 sc>cely suspect$ till mod]n times4 ,:o w admit su* an absurdity8 ,if any "o takes ! gr\nd t ! exi/+ races 7 creat$ ) ! fossil ones1 on ! ?ird & fif? days1 !n he mu/ %[1 :at no "o c1 :y ! rema9s ( ! =m] are n f\nd mix$ ) ! latt]4 #f4 ,?\gh !re is a g5]al resemblance betwe5 ! ord] ( creation1 z describ$ 9 ,g5esis & by geology1 yet :5 we look at ! details ( ! creation ( ! organic _w1 z requir$ by ?is hypo!sis1 we f9d manife/ discrepancy1 in/ead ( ! co9cid5ce ass]t$ by "s di/+ui%$ advocates ( ^! views4 ,?us ! ,bible repres5ts plants only to h be5 creat$ on ! ?ird day1 & animals n till ! fif?2 & h5ce1 at lea/1 ! l[] half ( ! fossilif]\s rocks ought to conta9 no?+ b vegetables4 ,:]eas1 9 fact1 ! l[] half ( ^! rocks1 all bel[ ! c>bonif]\s1 al?\gh ab\nd+ 9 animals1 conta9 sc>cely any plants1 & ^? 9 ! l[e/ /rata1 fucoids1 or sea-we$s4 ,b ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( ! ?ird day's "w evid5tly describes fl[]+ & se$-be>+ plants1 n fl[]less & se$less algae4 ,aga93 reptiles are describ$ 9 ,g5esis z creat$ on ! fif? day2 b reptilia & batra*ians exi/$ z e>ly z ! "t :5 ! l[] c>bonif]\s1 & ev5 old r$ s&/one /rata1 7 9 a c\rse ( deposition1 z _! tracks on ^? rocks 9 ,nova ,scotia & ,p5nsylvania ev9ce4 ,9 %ort1 if we ma9ta9 t ,moses describes fossil z well z liv+ species1 we f9d discrepancy1 in/ead ( correspond5ce1 betwe5 8 ord] ( creation & t ( geology4 ,b admit t he describes only exi/+ species1 & all difficulties vani%4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ! objections to ?is int]pretation ( ! ^w day are m geological ?an exegetical4 ,x has accord+ly be5 mo/ly ab&on$ by m51 :o1 f _! k bo? ( geology & scriptural exegesis1 7 be/ qualifi$ to judge4 ,& ev5 ^? :o are incl9$ to adopt x d also believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( a long p]iod betwe5 ! beg9n+ & ! demiurgic days4 ,f ! e>lie/ times1 h[ev]1 9 :i* we h writ+s ^u ! ,scriptures1 we f9d m5 d\bt+ :e!r ! demiurgic days ( ,moses are to be tak5 9 a /rictly lit]al s5se4 ,josephus & ,philo reg>d$ ! six days' "w z metaphorical4 ,orig5 took a simil> view1 & ,/4 ,augu/9 says1 ,x is difficult1 if n impossible1 = u to conceive :at sort ( days ^! 74 ,9 m mod]n times1 we f9d _m able writ]s1 z ,hahn1 ,h5sl]1 ,de ,luc1 ,pr(essors ,lee & ,wait1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 ,fab]1 c41 adopt+ modifications ( ! same views4 ,mr4 ,fab]1 h[ev]1 a few ye>s s9ce1 ab&on$ ?is op9ion2 & = ! mo/ "p1 geologi/s & !ologians pref] to reg>d ! six days z lit]al days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,b1 g5]ally1 !y w\ld n reg>d ! opposite op9ion to be z unreasonable z x w\ld be to reject ! ,bible f any suppos$ collision ) geology4 ,yet1 9 g5]al1 !y suppose x suffici5t1 to meet all difficulties1 to all[ ( an indef9ite int]val betwe5 ! beg9n+ & ! six days' "w ( creation4 ,9 ! truly sci5tific sy/em ( !ology by ! v5]able ,dr4 ,knapp1 we f9d a propos$ int]pretation ( ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( ! creation1 t w\ld br+ x into h>mony ) geology4 ,if we w\ld =m a cle> & di/9ct notion ( ?is :ole description ( creation1 says he1 we mu/ conceive ( six sep>ate pictures1 9 :i* ?is great "w is repres5t$ 9 ea* successive /age ( its progress t[>ds completion4 ,& z ! p]=mance ( ! pa9t]1 ?\gh x mu/ h natural tru? = its f\ndation1 mu/ n be consid]$1 or judg$ (1 z a del9eation ( ma!matical or sci5tific accuracy1 s nei!r mu/ ?is pictorial repres5tation ( ! creation be reg>d$ z lit]ally & exactly true4 ,he !n alludes to ! v>i\s hypo!ses respect+ ! e>ly /ate ( ! matt] ( ! globe1 & says1 ,any ( ^! hypo!ses ( ! naturali/ may be adopt$ or reject$1 ! ,mosaic geogony not)/&+4#h ,?irdly4 ,! int]pretation ( ,g5esis1 = :i* ,i h cont5d$ 9 ?is lecture1 does n affect injuri\sly any doctr9e ( revelation4 ,! community h1 inde$1 be5 taught to believe t ! univ]se 0 all br\ght into exi/5ce ab\t six ?\s& ye>s ago2 & x always produces a tempor>y evil to *ange ! int]pretation ( a passage ( ! ,bible1 ev5 ?\gh1 z 9 ?is case1 x be ! result ( new light %$ ^u x2 because x is apt to make individuals ( n>r[ views lose _! confid5ce 9 ! rules ( int]pretation4 ,b :5 ! *ange is once made1 x increases m5's confid5ce 9 ! ,^w ( ,god1 :i* is only purifi$1 b n %ak51 by all ! discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 x does n seem to be ( ! lea/ consequ5ce1 s f> z ! great doctr9es ( ! ,bible are conc]n$1 :e!r ! _w has /ood six ?\s&1 or six hundr$ ?\s& ye>s4 ,nor c ,i conceive ( any tru? ( ! ,bible1 :i* does n %9e ) at lea/ equal brightness & glory1 if ! longe/ *ronological dates be adopt$4 ,yet1 f\r?ly4 ,i ma9ta9 t sev]al ( ^! doctr9es are f> m /rik+ly & pr(itably exhibit$1 if ! high antiquity ( ! globe be admitt$4 ,! common int]pretation limits ! op]ations ( ! ,deity1 s f> z ! mat]ial univ]se is conc]n$1 to ! la/ six ?\s& ye>s4 ,b ! geological view c>ries ! m9d back along ! fl[ ( c\ntless ages1 & exhibits ! wisdom ( ! ,deity c>ry+ =w>d1 ) inf9ite skill1 a va/ s]ies ( op]ations1 ea* successive l9k spr++ out ( t be=e x1 & becom+ m & m beautiful1 until ! glori\s univ]se 9 :i* we live comes =?1 n only ! la/1 b ! be/ ( all4 ,all ?is :ile1 too1 we p]ceive ! he>t ( inf9ite ,b5evol5ce at "w1 ei!r 9 fitt+ up ! _w = its future races ( inhabitants1 or 9 plac+ ^u x creatures exactly adapt$ to its v>y+ condition2 until man1 at la/1 ! cr[n ( all1 makes x 8 delightful abode1 ) no?+ to lam5t b 8 own apo/asy1--) e ?+ p]fect b himself4 ,c ! m9d ent] su* an almo/ b\ndless field ( contemplation z ?is1 & n feel itself refre%$1 & exp&$1 & fill$ ) m exalt$ conceptions ( ! div9e plans & div9e b5evol5ce ?an c\ld possibly be obta9$ )9 ! n>r[ limits ( six ?\s& ye>s8 ,b ,i w n enl>ge2 = ,i hope ,i may be all[$1 9 future lectures1 to ent] ?is ri* field ( ?\ght1 :5 we h m leisure to survey its beautiful prospects1 & pluck its gold5 fruit4 ,f9ally4 ,if ! geological int]pretation ( ,g5esis be true1 !n x %\ld be taught to all classes ( ! community4 ,x is1 inde$1 unwise to alt] receiv$ int]pretations ( ,scripture )\t v /rong reasons4 ,we %\ld be satisfi$ t ! new light1 :i* has come to u1 is n t ( a transi5t meteor1 b ( a p]man5t lum9>y4 ,we %\ld1 also1 be satisfi$1 t ! propos$ *ange is consi/5t ) ! e/abli%$ rules ( philology4 ,if we introduce *ange ( ?is sort be=e ^! po9ts are settl$1 ev5 ^u passages t h no connection ) fundam5tal moral pr9ciples1 we %all di/ress _m an hone/ & pi\s he>t1 & expose ourselves to ! necessity ( fur!r *ange4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 if we delay ! *ange long aft] ^! po9ts are fairly settl$1 we %all excite ! suspicion t we dread to h ! light ( sci5ce fall ^u ! ,bible4 ,nor let x be =gott5 h[ disa/r\s has ev] be5 ! influ5ce ( ! op9ion t !ologians tea* "o ?+1 & m5 ( sci5ce ano!r4 ,n[1 9 ! case "u consid]ation1 is !re any reason to d\bt ! high antiquity ( ! globe1 z demon/rat$ by geology8 ,if any po9t1 n capable ( ma!matical demon/ration 9 physical sci5ce1 is prov$1 surely ?is tru? is e/abli%$4 ,& h[ easily reconcil$ to ! inspir$ record1 by an int]pretation entirely consi/5t ) ! rules ( philology1 & ) ! scope ( ! passage1 & ! t5or ( ! ,bible6 ,x seems to me f> m natural1 & easy to und]/&1 ?an t int]pretation :i* x became necess>y to introduce :5 ! ,cop]nican sy/em 0 demon/rat$ to be true4 ,! latt] mu/ h seem$ to conflict /rongly ) ! natural & mo/ obvi\s mean+ ( c]ta9 passages ( ! ,bible1 at a "t :5 m5's m9ds 7 ignorant ( a/ronomy1 &1 ,i may add1 ( ! true mode ( int]pret+ ! language ( ,scripture respect+ natural ph5om5a4 ,nev]!less1 ! a/ronomical exegesis prevail$1 & e *ild c n[ see its reasonabl5ess4 ,s x seems to me t ! *ild c easily appreh5d ! geological int]pretation & its reasons4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld x n be taught to *ildr51 t !y may n be liable to di/ru/ ! :ole ,bible1 :5 !y come to ! /udy ( geology8 ,i rejoice1 h[ev]1 t ! fe>s & prejudices ( ! pi\s & ! le>n$ are s fa/ yield+ to evid5ce2 & ,i anticipate ! p]iod1 :51 on ?is subject1 ! *ild w le>n ! same ?+ 9 ! ,sabba? s*ool & ! lit]>y in/itution4 ,nay1 ,i anticipate ! "t z n di/ant1 :5 ! high antiquity ( ! globe w be reg>d$ z no m oppos$ to ! ,bible ?an ! e>?'s revolution r\nd ! sun & on its axis4 ,soon %all ! horizon1 :]e geology & revelation meet1 be cle>$ ( e cl\d1 & pres5t only an unbrok5 & magnific5t circle ( tru?4 ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,,dea? ,a ,,univ]sal ,,law ,,( ,,organic ,,be+s ,,on ,,?is ,,globe ,,f ,,! ,,beg9n+4 ,dea? has always be5 reg>d$ by man z ! k+ ( t]rors1 & ! climax ( all mortal evils2 & by ,*ri/ians its introduction into ! _w has g5]ally be5 imput$ to ! apo/asy ( our fir/ p>5ts4 ,= ! ?reat5+ ann\nc$ to !m 9 ,ed5 01 ,9 ! day ?\ eate/ ( ! =bidd5 fruit ?\ %alt surely die1 imply+ t if !y did n eat !re( !y might live4 ,b :5 ! woman saw ! tree 0 good = food1 & t x 0 pleasant to ! eyes1 & a tree to be desir$ to make "o wise1 %e took ( ! fruit !re(1 & did eat1 & gave also to h] husb& ) h]1 & he did eat4 ,z ! result1 x is g5]ally suppos$ t a great *ange took place 9 animals & plants1 & f be+ immortal1 !y became mortal1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is fatal de$4 ,b geology ass]ts t dea? exi/$ 9 ! _w untold ages be=e man's creation1 :ile physiology decl>es x to be a univ]sal law ( nature1 & a wise & b5evol5t provision 9 su* a _w z ours4 ,n[1 ! "q is1 ,d n ^! diff]5t /atem5ts conflict ) "o ano!r8 & if s1 is ! discrepancy app>5t only1 or real8 ,^! are ! que/ions :i* ,i n[ propose to exam9e1 by all ! light :i* we c obta9 f ! ,bible & f sci5ce4 ,! fir/ po9t to be asc]ta9$ 9 ?is inve/igation w be1 :at ! ,bible tea*es on ?is subject4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x di/9ctly in=ms u t ! dea? :i* man exp]i5ces1 came ^u him 9 consequ5ce ( s94 ,! decl>ation ( ,paul on ?is subject is z di/9ct z language c be4 ,by "o man s9 ent]$ into ! _w1 & dea? by s91 & s dea? pass$ ^u all m51 = t all h s9n$4 ,?is corresponds ) ! orig9al ?reat5+ respect+ ! =bidd5 fruit4 ,we "k t our fir/ p>5ts ate ( x2 we "k1 also1 t !y di$2 & ! apo/le places ^! two facts 9 ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,9 ! second place1 ! ,bible does n in=m u :e!r ! dea? ( ! inf]ior animals & plants is ! consequ5ce ( man's transgression4 ,9 ord] to prove ?is /atem5t1 x is necess>y to %[ t ! language ( ! ,bible1 :i* di/9ctly ascribes ! introduction ( dea? into ! _w1 is limit$ to man4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! s5t5ce f ,paul1 j quot$1 is inde$ v g5]al1 & may include all organic natures4 ,by "o man s9 ent]$ into ! _w1 & dea? by s94 ,:at t]ms m g5]al or explicit ?an ^! c\ld be us$8 ,yet ! rema9d] ( ! s5t5ce %[s t ! apo/le _h man ma9ly 9 8 eye2 & s dea? pass$ ^u all m51 = t all h s9n$4 ,! dea? "h spok5 ( is limit$ expressly to man2 &1 !re=e1 x is n necess>y to %[ t ! same t]ms1 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! s5t5ce1 _h a m ext5d$ mean+4 ,dea? is spok5 ( "h z ! result ( s91 & _c1 !re=e1 embrace animals & plants1 :i* are incapable ( s94 ,b aft] all1 ! fir/ "p ( ! s5t5ce may int5d to tea* a g5]al tru? respect+ ! orig9 ( e k9d ( dea? 9 ! _w4 ,x w be se5 9 ! sequel1 t to su* a mean+ ,i h no objection1 if x c be e/abli%$4 ,ano!r v explicit passage on ! introduction ( dea? into ! _w is f\nd 9 ,cor9?ians3 ,s9ce by man came dea?1 by man came also ! resurrection ( ! dead4 ,"h1 too1 ! la/ clause ( ! s5t5ce limits ! mean+ to ! human family4 ,= no "o w d\bt t ,*ri/ is ! man "h spok5 (1 by :om came ! resurrection ( ! dead4 ,n[1 unless ! inf]ior animals & plants w %>e 9 a resurrection 9 consequ5ce ( :at ,*ri/ has done1 & 9 ! r$emption wr\ght out by him too1 !y _c be includ$ 9 ?is passage4 ,& if nei!r ( ! texts n[ quot$ ext5d 9 _! application beyond ! human race1 ,i "k ( no o!r passage 9 ! ,bible t tea*es1 directly or inf]5tially1 t dea? among ! inf]ior animals or plants result$ f man's apo/asy4 ,i d n d5y t !re may be a connection betwe5 ^! ev5ts2 c]ta9ly ! ,scriptures d n tea* ! contr>y4 ,b !y appe> to me r to leave ! "q ( su* a connection undecid$1 & op5 = ! exam9ation ( philosoph]s4 ,if s1 we may reason conc]n+ ! dissolution ( animals1 except m51 )\t ref]5ce to ! ,scriptures4 ,"u ! second "p ( ?is inve/igation1 ,i %all endeavor to %[ t geology proves viol5t & pa9ful dea? to h exi/$ 9 ! _w long be=e man's creation4 ,9 ! olde/ ( ! s$im5t>y rocks1 ! rema9s ( animals occur 9 va/ numb]s2 nor w any "o1 ,i tru/1 ( ord9>y intellig5ce1 d\bt b ^! relics once con/itut$ liv+ be+s4 ,?r\gh ! :ole s]ies ( rocks1 six miles 9 ?ickness1 we f9d simil> rema9s1 ev5 increas+ 9 numb]s z we asc5d2 b x is n till we rea* ! v highe/ /ratum1 ! m]e sup]ficial coat ( alluvium1 t we f9d ! rema9s ( man4 ,! va/ multitudes1 !n1 ( organiz$ be+s t lie entomb$ 9 rocks bel[ alluvium1 mu/ h yield$ to dea? long be=e man receiv$ 8 s5t5ce1 ,du/ ?\ art1 & to du/ %alt ?\ return4 ,w any "o ma9ta9 t none ( ^! animals prec$$ man 9 ! p]iod ( _! exi/5ce8 ,!n :y are ! rema9s ( m5 n f\nd ) !irs8 = 8 bony skeleton is z likely to be pres]v$ & petrifi$ z !irs4 ,moreov]1 s unlike to man & o!r exi/+ t5ants ( ! globe are _m ( ^! anci5t animals1 t ! sure laws ( comp>ative anatomy %[ u1 t bo? races c\ld n live & fl\ri% 9 a _w adapt$ to ! "o or ! o!r4 ,if ! temp]ature _h be5 w>m en\gh = ! fossil tribes1 & all ! circum/ances ( food & climate cong5ial to _! natures1 !y w\ld h be5 unsuit$ to ! pres5t races2 & if adapt$ to ! latt]1 ! =m] mu/ h p]i%$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! animals & plants dug out ( ! rocks 9 ?is latitude1 & ^? n[ inhabit+ ! same region ( c\ntry1 is c]ta9ly z great z t betwe5 ! animals & plants ( ! torrid & temp]ate zones2 9 mo/ cases x is great]4 ,n[1 suppose t ! animals & plants ( ! temp]ate zones 7 to *ange places ) ^? betwe5 ! tropics4 ,a few species might survive1 b ! great] "p w\ld be de/roy$4 ,h5ce1 a =tiori1 _h ! liv+ be+s n[ entomb$ 9 ! rocks be5 plac$ 9 ! same climate ) ^? n[ alive ^u ! globe1 ! l result w\ld h foll[$4 ,i say a =tiori2 t is1 = a /rong] reason1 ! great] numb] mu/ h p]i%$2 & ! /rong] reason is1 ! great] diff]5ce betwe5 fossil & liv+ species1 ?an betwe5 ! latt] 9 torrid & temp]ate latitudes4 ,x is true t man is among ! species capable ( be+ acclimat$ to great extremes4 ,& yet no physiologi/ w imag9e t ev5 8 nature c\ld h long surviv$ 9 su* a climate z =m]ly exi/$1 :5 probably ! atmosph]e 0 load$ ) c>bonic acid & o!r mephitic gases1 & ) moi/ure & miasms1 ! result ( a rank vegetation1 & ( a temp]ature high] ?an n[ exi/s 9 equatorial c\ntries4 ,?is argum5t1 furni%$ by comp>ative anatomy1 to %[ t man & ! fossil animals c\ld n h be5 contempor>ies1 w probably seem to h little =ce to ^? :o are n famili> ) ! hi/ory ( organic life on ! globe1 & ! di/ribution ( species4 ,x is n g5]ally kn[n t bo? animals & plants are usually conf9$ to a p>ticul> di/rict1 & t a removal beyond its b\nd>ies1 or ! access ( a few m degrees ( cold1 or heat1 ?an is common 9 ! place assign$ !m by nature1 w de/roy !m4 ,to him :o und]/&s ?is curi\s hi/ory1 ! argum5t "u consid]ation is p]fectly satisfactory1 to prove ! exi/5ce & consequ5t dissolution ( myriads ( liv+ be+s1 ant]ior to man4 ,judg+ by ^! indications ( ! habits ( ! animals1 says ! di/+ui%$ anatomi/1 ,sir ,*>les ,bell1 we acquire a k ( ! condition ( ! e>? dur+ _! p]iod ( exi/5ce2 t x 0 suit$ at "o "t to ! scaly tribe ( ! lac]tae1 ) languid motion2 at ano!r1 to animals ( high] organization1 ) m v>i$ & lively habits2 & f9ally1 we le>n t at any p]iod previ\s to man's creation1 ! surface ( ! e>? w\ld h be5 unsuitable to him4 ,any o!r hypo!sis ?an t ( a new creation ( animals1 suit$ to ! successive *anges 9 ! inorganic matt] ( ! globe1 ! condition ( ! wat]1 atmosph]e1 & temp]ature1 br+s ) x only an accumulation ( difficulties4--,! ,h&1 its ,me*41 c4 pp4 #ca & #aae4 ,b :5 argu+ ) ^? :o d n feel ! =ce ( ?is argum5t1 ,i w\ld fall back ^u t d]iv$ f ! fact1 t ( ! t5 ?\s& species ( animals dug out ( ! rocks b5ea? alluvium1 no relic ( man has be5 f\nd2 & ask !m :e!r !y c expla9 su* a fact1 except by ! supposition t man 0 n _! contempor>y4 ,9 8 admirable ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 ,dr4 ,buckl& has conclusively %[n t ! same great sy/em ( organization & adaptation has always prevail$ on ! globe4 ,x 0 ! same 9 ^? imm5sely remote ages1 :5 ! fossil animals liv$1 z x n[ is4 ,& !re is "o feature ( t sy/em :i* des]ves notice 9 ?is argum5t4 ,at pres5t1 we "k t !re exi/ l>ge tribes ( animals1 call$ c>nivor\s1 provid$ ) organs expressly design$ to enable !m to de/roy o!r animals1 & ( c\rse to inflict on !m viol5t & pa9ful dea?4 ,exactly simil> tribes1 & 9 a l proportion1 are f\nd among ! fossil animals4 ,!y 7 n always ! same tribes2 b :5 "o class ( c>nivora disappe>$1 ano!r 0 creat$ to take _! place1 9 ord] to keep d[n ! excessive multiplication ( o!r races1 :i* appe>s to be ! gr& object accompli%$ by ! c>nivor\s races4 ,& t animals ( su* an organization n only liv$ 9 ! ages prec$+ man's creation1 b actually de/roy$ contempor>y species1 we h ! evid5ce 9 ! rema9s ( ! "o animal enclos$ 9 ! body ( ano!r1 by :om x 0 dev\r$ = food & bo? are n[ conv]t$ into rock1 & w te/ify to ! mo/ sceptical1 t dea? among animals exi/$ 9 ! _w be=e man's transgression4 ,"u ! ?ird "p ( ?is inve/igation1 ,i %all attempt to %[ t physiology tea*es u t dea? is a g5]al law ( organic natures4 ,x is n conf9$ to animals1 b embraces also plants4 ,z !y correspond 9 a /rik+ mann] to animals 9 _! reproduction & gr[?1 s !y d 9 _! decay & dissolution4 ,9 %ort1 :]ev] 9 nature we f9d life & organization1 dea? is inevitable4 ,! am\nt ( vital en]gy v>ies 9 diff]5t species1 & 9 individuals2 b 9 !m all1 x at l5g? becomes exhau/$1 & ! functions cease4 ,aft] a c]ta9 p]iod1 ! vessels :i* convey ! nutritive mat]ials1 & elaborate ! proximate pr9ciples1 become *ok$ ) excrem5titi\s matt]1 assimilation is p]=m$ imp]fectly1 & gradually ! vital en]gies are ov]p[]$1 & yield up _! *>ge to ! disorganiz+ p[] ( *emical ag5cies4 ,we c h>dly see :y ! delicate ma*9]y _c hold out long] ?an x does1 or ev5 indef9itely4 ,b exp]i5ce %[s u t an irresi/ible law ( nature has fix$ ! p]iod ( its op]ations4 ,9 ! expressive language ( ,scripture1 :i* applies to plants z well z animals1 !re is no dis*>ge 9 t w>4 ,a little reflection w conv9ce any "o1 t 9 su* a sy/em z exi/s 9 ! _w1 ?is univ]sal decay & dissolution are indisp5sable4 ,= dead organic matt] is ess5tial to ! support & n\ri%m5t ( liv+ be+s4 ,admit1 = ! sake ( ! argum5t1 7al?\gh x is obvi\sly absurd 9 respect to ! c>nivor\s races17 t animals might be support$ by vegetable food4 ,yet1 if plants mu/ furni% n\ri%m5t = _! successors1 z well z = animals1 ! organic matt] mu/ at l5g? be exhau/$4 ,&1 fur!rmore1 h[ c\ld animals fe$ on plants )\t de/roy+1 z !y n[ d1 multitudes ( m9ute insects & animalcules8 ,x is obvi\s1 also1 t1 = a v>iety ( reasons1 ! multiplication ( animals mu/ soon be arre/$1 or fam9e w\ld be ! result1 or ! _w w\ld be m ?an full4 ,9 %ort1 x w\ld require an entirely diff]5t sy/em 9 nature f ! pres5t1 9 ord] to exclude dea? f ! _w4 ,to ! exi/+ sy/em x is z ess5tial z gravitation1 & app>5tly j z mu* a law ( nature4 ,to /r5g!n ?is argum5t /ill fur!r1 comp>ative anatomy te/ifies t l>ge classes ( animals h a /ructure evid5tly int5d$ to enable !m to fe$ on o!r tribes4 ,! tee? ( ! m p]fect c>nivor\s animals are adapt$ = seiz+ & te>+ _! prey1 :ile ^? :i* fe$ on vegetables h cutt+ & gr9d+ tee?1 b n ! can9e4 ,s ! :ole dige/ive app>atus 9 ! c>nivora is m simple1 & ( less ext5t1 ?an 9 ! h]bivor\s tribes1 :ile 9 ! =m] ! ga/ric juice acts m readily ^u fle%1 & 9 ! latt] ^u vegetables4 ,! muscul> app>atus1 also1 is develop$ 9 great] p[] 9 ! =m] ?an 9 ! latt]1 especially 9 ! neck & =e paw4 ,?r\gh\t all ! classes ( animals1 ^? :i* fe$ on fle% are arm$ ) poison\s fangs1 or talons1 or beaks1 or o!r =midable weapons1 :ile ! vegetable fe$]s are usually 9 a great measure def5celess4 ,9 %ort1 9 ! "o class we f9d a p]fect adaptation1 9 all ! organs1 = de/roy+1 dige/+1 & assimilat+ o!r animals1 & 9 ! o!r class1 an arrangem5t1 equally obvi\s1 = procur+ & dige/+ vegetables4 ,inde$1 y ne$ only %[ ! anatomi/ ! skeleton1 or ev5 a v small "p ( ! skeleton1 ( an unkn[n animal1 to enable him1 9 mo/ cases1 to decide1 :at is ! food ( t animal1 ) almo/ z mu* c]ta9ty z if he _h = ye>s obs]v$ its habits4 ,:o c d\bt1 !n1 t :5 a c>nivor\s animal employs ! weapons ) :i* nature has furni%$ x = ! de/ruction ( ano!r animal1 9 ord] to satisfy its hung]1 t x acts 9 ob$i5ce to a law ( its be+1 orig9ally impress$ ^u its con/itution by ! ,creator8 ,x is true1 t ev5 ! fle%-eat+ animals may be taught = a "t to subsi/ ^u vegetable products4 ,b ?is is unnatural2 & su* an animal usually pays ! price ( ?us inv]t+ its orig9al in/9ct1 by disease & premature decay4 ,9 a /ate ( nature1 an animal w\ld />ve r ?an ?us violate its in/9ctive desires4 ,i w allude to only "o o!r fact1 t %[s dea? to be insep>able f organiz$ be+s1 )\t a con/ant miracul\s int]f]5ce1 9 su* a _w z ours4 ,animal organization1 9 all conceivable circum/ances1 mu/ be liable to accid5t1 f m]e me*anical =ce1 by :i* life w\ld be de/roy$4 ,x may be possible1 p]haps1 to conceive ( a mat]ial t5em5t = ! s\l1 :i* %\ld be unaffect$ by all =ms ( me*anical viol5ce & *emical action2 if1 = in/ance1 its con/itution 7 analog\s to t suppos$ m$ium ?r\gh :i* light1 heat1 & electricity1 & p]haps gravitation1 act4 ,b1 surely1 our pres5t bodies are f> en\gh remov$ f su* conditions1 be+ ( all t]re/rial ?+s ! mo/ liable to ru9 f ! causes above m5tion$4 ,! conclusions f all ^! facts & reason+s are1 t dea? is an ess5tial feature ( ! pres5t sy/em ( organiz$ nature2 t x mu/ h ent]$ into ! plan ( creation 9 ! div9e m9d orig9ally1 & consequ5tly mu/ h exi/$ 9 ! _w be=e ! apo/asy ( man4 ,:e!r ! entire sy/em ( dea? _h any connection ) t ev5t1 or :e!r !re is any ?+ peculi> 9 ! dea? endur$ by ! human family1 w be que/ions = exam9ation 9 a subsequ5t "p ( my lecture4 ,9 opposition to ^! conclusions1 h[ev]1 ! common !ory ( dea? ma9ta9s t1 :5 man transgress$1 !re 0 an entire *ange ?r\gh\t all organic nature2 s t animals & plants1 :i* be=e conta9$ a pr9ciple ( immortal life1 7 smitt5 ) ! h]$it>y contagion ( disease & dea?4 ,^? animals :i*1 be=e t ev5t1 7 g5tle & h]bivor\s1 or frugivor\s1 sudd5ly became f]oci\s or c>nivor\s4 ,! climate1 too1 *ang$1 & ! /]ile soil s5t =? ! ?orn & ! ?i/le1 9 ! place ( ! ri* fl[]s & fruits ( ,ed54 ,! great ,engli% poet1 9 8 ,p>adise ,lo/1 has clo!d ?is hypo!sis 9 a mo/ graphic & philosophical dress2 & probably 8 descriptions h done m ?an ! ,bible to give x curr5cy4 ,inde$1 c\ld ! tru? be kn[n1 ,i fancy t1 on _m po9ts ( second>y importance1 ! curr5t !ology ( ! day has be5 %ap$ q z mu* by ! +5i\s ma*9]y ( ,p>adise ,lo/ z by ! ,scriptures2 ! !ologians hav+ s mix$ up ! ideas ( ,milton ) ^? d]iv$ f inspiration1 t !y f9d x difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! case "u consid]ation1 ,milton does n limit ! *ange induc$ by man's apo/asy to sublun>y ?+s1 b1 l a sagaci\s philosoph]1 p]ceives1 also1 t ! heav5ly bodies mu/ h be5 div]t$ f _! pa?s4 ,at t ta/$ fruit1 ,! sun1 z f ,?ye/ian banquet1 turn$ ,8 c\rse int5d$2 else-h[ _h ! _w ,inhabit$1 ?\gh s9less1 m ?an n[1 ,avoid$ p9*+ cold & scor*+ heat8 ,?is *ange ( ! sun's pa?1 z ! poet well knew1 c\ld be effect$ only by "s *ange 9 ! motion ( ! e>?4 ,"s say he bid ! angels turn askance ,! poles ( e>?1 twice t5 degrees & m1 ,f ! sun's axle2 !y ) labor pu%$ ,oblique ! c5tric globe4 ,next we h ! effect ^u ! l[] ord]s ( animals describ$4 ,discord fir/1 ,daught] ( s91 among ! irrational ,dea? introduc$3 ?r\gh fi]ce antipa?y1 ,bea/ n[ ) bea/ 'gan w>1 & f[l ) f[l1 ,& fi% ) fi%2 to graze ! h]b all leav+1 ,dev\r$ ea* o!r4 ,! "q arises "h1 :e!r su* views are su/a9$ by ! ,bible & by sci5ce4 ,few1 ,i presume1 w\ld s]i\sly ma9ta9 t ! act ( our fir/ p>5ts1 :i* produc$ :at ,dr4 ,*alm]s calls an unh+em5t ( ! human race1 result$ likewise 9 a *ange 9 ! motion ( ! e>? & ! heav5ly bodies2 s9ce ! ,bible s cle>ly describes ! previ\s ord9ation ( days1 ye>s1 & seasons1 on ! f\r? day ( creation4 ,& is !re any ?+ 9 ! language ( ! ,bible t w ju/ify ! op9ion t su* *anges z ?is !ory supposes took place 9 ! productions ( ! e>?1 & 9 ! nature ( its animals8 ,no anatomi/ c surely be made to believe t1 )\t a con/ant miracle1 our c>nivor\s animals c h become h]bivor\s1 )\t su* a *ange 9 _! organization z mu/ h am\nt$ to a new creation4 ,& su* a metamorphosis c h>dly h pass$ unnotic$ by ! sacr$ writ]4 ,true1 only ! gram9e\s & h]bace\s sub/ances are 9 ! ,bible giv5 to ! inf]ior animals = food1 :ile ! fruits are assign$ to man4 ,b ?is passage seems only to be a designation ( "o "p ( vegetable productions to m51 & ano!r to o!r animals1 & c h>dly be suppos$ to preclude ! idea t !re might be o!r tribes requir+ animal food4 ,! s5t5ce pron\nc$ ^u ! s]p5t = 8 ag5cy 9 man's apo/asy seems1 at fir/ view1 favorable to ! op9ion t animal natures exp]i5c$ at ! same "t important *anges2 = he is suppos$ to h be5 depriv$ ( limbs1 & condemn$ h5ce=? to crawl ^u ! e>?1 & to make ! du/ 8 food4 ,b is x ! mo/ probable int]pretation ( ?is passage1 :i* makes ! tempt] a lit]al s]p5t1 or only a symbolical "o8 ,! naturali/ does n surely f9d t s]p5ts live ^u du/1 = !y all are c>nivor\s1 & !y are z p]fectly adapt$ to crawl ^u ! gr\nd z o!r animals to diff]5t modes ( progression2 & ?\gh curs$ above all cattle1 !y are app>5tly z happy z o!r animals4 ,h5ce ! probability is1 t an evil _s is describ$ 9 ,g5esis "u ! "n & figure ( a s]p5t4 ,?is conclusion is support$ by o!r p>ts ( ,scripture1 :]e ! tempt] is 9 sev]al places decl>$ to be ! devil1 ! old s]p5t1 & ! great dragon4 ,a "p ( ! s5t5ce pass$ ^u man seems1 also1 at fir/ view1 to imply an important *ange 9 ! vegetable productions ( ! e>?2 = ! gr\nd is curs$ = man's sake3 x w\ld h5ce=? produce to him ?orns & ?i/les1 & 9 ! sweat ( 8 br[ mu/ he eat ( ! fruits ( x1 all ! days ( 8 life4 ,n[1 w n ! condition & "* ( ,adam %[ h[ ?is curse might be fulfill$1 )\t any *ange 9 ! productions ( ! soil8 ,! g>d5 ( ,ed51 :]e man _h liv$ 9 8 innoc5ce1 0 d\btless "s sunny & balmy spot1 :]e ! air 0 delici\s1 & ! e>? p\r$ =? h] abundant fruits spontane\sly2 & al?\gh he 0 call$ to keep & dress t g>d51 yet1 ) a cont5t$ & holy he>t1 & ) no factiti\s wants1 ! "w 0 nei!r labor nor sorr[4 ,b n[ he is driv5 f t g>d5 into regions f> less f]tile1 :]e ! /]ile soil c be made to yield its fruits only by ! sweat ( ! br[1 & :]e ! ?orn & ! ?i/le dispute _! "r ( soil ) salut>y plants2 & 9 8 he>t1 too1 unholy & unsubdu$ passions h place1 :i* w infuse sorr[ into all 8 labors4 ,z ,i h rem>k$ 9 ano!r place1 ,i _c see :y ! functions ( animal & vegetable organization might n h gone on =ev] )\t decay & dea?1 if su* _h be5 ! ,creator's w4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i d n see :y ! op]ation ( ! organs %\ld at l5g? be imp$$ & cease1 z we "k !y d univ]sally4 ,h5ce ,i c conceive t x might h be5 o!rwise orig9ally2 & 9 ! case ( man x is possible1 z we %all see f>!r on1 t a *ange ( ?is sort may h tak5 place at ! "t ( 8 apo/asy4 ,b1 aft] all1 x /rikes me t ! ,bible furni%es v cle> evid5ce t ! same sy/em ( decay & dea? prevail$ be=e ! apo/asy :i* n[ prevails4 ,! comm& giv51 bo? to animals & to man1 to be fruitful & multiply1 implies ! removal ( successive races by dea?2 o!rwise ! _w w\ld ere long be ov]/ock$4 ,a sy/em ( dea? is c]ta9ly a necess>y c\nt]p>t to a sy/em ( reproduction2 & h5ce1 :]e we "k ! "o to exi/1 ! presumption is v /rong t ! o!r exi/s also4 ,!re is no escape f ?is inf]5ce1 except to call 9 ! aid ( miracul\s p[] to pres]ve ! prop] balance among diff]5t races ( animals1 by prev5t+ _! multiplication4 ,su* an int]f]5ce ,i am always ready to admit1 :]e ! ,scriptures ass]t x4 ,b to imag9e a miracle )\t pro(1 m]ely to escape a fair conclusion1 is1 to say ! lea/1 v wret*$ logic4 ,god nev] introduces a miracle :]e he c employ ! ord9>y ag5cy ( nature = accompli%+ 8 purposes4 ,nor %\ld we resort to "o )\t ! express te/imony ( ! ,bible1 :i*1 on ?is subject1 is our only s\rce ( evid5ce4 ,we h 9 ,scripture ! same k9d ( pro( t plants 7 subject to decay & dea?1 be=e ! fall1 z we h 9 respect to animals4 ,= 9 ! acc\nt ( ! creation ( plants on ! ?ird day1 we f9d !m describ$ z be>+ se$s2 & does n ?is cle>ly imply ! same sy/em ( reproduction :i* n[ exi/s ?r\gh\t ! vegetable k+dom8 ,9 %ort1 an unprejudic$ m9d1 9 read+ ! hi/ory ( ! _w 9 ,g5esis1 be=e & aft] ! fall1 c h>dly fail ( ! conviction1 t animals & plants 7 orig9ally creat$ on ! same plan1 z to reproduction1 decay1 & dea?1 :i* n[ prevails4 ,great1 inde$1 mu/ h be5 ! *ange at ! fall1 if1 previ\s to t "t1 _! /ructure exclud$ all ! organs & means ( reproduction2 z mu/ h be5 ! case if decay & dea? 7 also exclud$4 ,& x is /range t ! sacr$ writ] %\ld take no notice ( su* a *ange4 ,he /ates ! effect ( s9 ^u ! ?ree p>ties directly conc]n$ 9 x1 viz41 ! tempt]1 ,adam1 & ,eve2 & if a trans=mation ( all vegetable & animal natures1 great en\gh almo/ to con/itute a new creation1 did take place1 x c\ld h>dly h be5 pass$ 9 sil5ce4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( man1 we h no rem>kable physical *ange4 ,! effect seems to h be5 *iefly conf9$ to 8 intellectual con/itution1 :]e we %\ld expect ! effect ( s9 to be prim>ily felt4 ,!re1 inde$1 9 man's noble/ "p1 has ! havoc be5 ! mo/ t]rific1 & p[]fully has its op]ation !re react$ ^u ! body1 s z to make dea?1 9 ! case ( man1 ! k+ ( t]rors4 ,we f9d1 !n1 insup]able objections to ! preval5t notion t an entire revolution took place at ! fall 9 ! mat]ial _w1 & especially 9 organic nature4 ,^? passages ( ,scripture :i*1 lit]ally int]pret$1 seem to imply "s *anges ( ?is sort1 are easily und]/ood z vivid figurative repres5tations ( ! effects ( s9 ^u m51 :ile _! lit]al int]pretation w\ld involve u 9 inextricable difficulties4 ,we re/1 !re=e1 9 ! conclusion1 t1 :atev] connection !re may be betwe5 dea? & ! exi/+ sy/em ( organic & inorganic nature1 no important *ange took place at ! "t ( man's fir/ transgression2 9 o!r ,words1 ! pres5t sy/em is t :i* 0 orig9ally det]m9$ ^u 9 ! div9e m9d1 & n ! orig9al plan alt]$ aft] man's transgression4 ,! f\r? /ep 9 ! inve/igation ( ?is subject leads me to attempt to %[ t1 9 ! pres5t sy/em ( ! _w1 dea?1 to ! inf]ior animals1 is a b5evol5t provision1 & to man1 also1 :5 n aggravat$ or conv]t$ into a curse by 8 own s94 ,9 exam9+ ?is po9t1 z well z _m o!rs 9 natural !ology1 :]e ! exi/5ce ( evil is conc]n$1 we mu/ assume t ! pres5t sy/em ( ! _w is ! be/ :i* inf9ite wisdom & b5evol5ce c\ld devise4 ,& ?is we may consi/5tly d4 ,= ! prom95t design ?r\gh\t nature appe>s to be b5eficial to animal natures1 & suff]+ is only incid5tal1 & happ9ess1 moreov]1 is sup]add$ to ! functions ( animals1 :]e x is unnecess>y to ! p]fect p]=mance ( ! function4 ,we may be c]ta91 !re=e1 t ! ,au?or ( su* a sy/em c nei!r be malevol5t nor indiff]5t to ! happ9ess ( animals1 b mu/ be b5evol5t2 &1 !re=e1 ! sy/em mu/ be ! be/ possible1 s9ce su* a ,be+ c\ld con/itute no o!r4 ,n[1 dea? be+ an ess5tial feature ( su* a sy/em1 we %\ld expect to f9d x1 z a :ole1 a b5evol5t provision4 ,b1 9 ! case ( man1 ! ,bible repres5ts x z a p5al infliction1 & su* is its g5]al aspect 9 ! human family4 ,s f> z ! m]e ext9ction ( life is conc]n$1 x is ! same 9 man z 9 o!r animals2 b s9 arms x ) a deadly /+1 by po9t+ ! (f5d] to a _w ( retribution1 z he sees ! m5ac+ d>t ( ! great de/roy] aim$ at 8 he>t4 ,&1 inde$1 ?r\gh all 8 days1 man's p[] ( anticipation keeps dea? ev] be=e him1 z ! end ( all 8 pres5t enjoym5ts1 & ! comm5cem5t1 x may be1 ( unmitigat$ suff]+4 ,b ! inf]ior animals1 be+ incapable ( s91 f9d none ( ^! aggravations to give ke5ness to _! f9al suff]+s4 ,no anticipation ( dea? keeps x ev] 9 view1 z a t]rific enemy4 ,no guilty consci5ce po9ts !m to a righte\s ?rone ( judgm5t1 :]e !y mu/ be arraign$4 ,b :5 ! /roke comes1 x falls unexpect$ly1 & ! m]e physical suff]+ is all t gives sev]ity to _! dissolution4 ,9 ! case ( man1 too1 !re is ! sund]+ ( ties too /rong = any ?+ b dea? to break2--ties :i* b9d him to k9dr$1 fri5ds1 & c\ntry2 & (t5 ?is sep>ation con/itutes ! mo/ pa9ful "p ( ! clos+ sc5e4 ,b 9 ! case ( animals1 we h no reason to suppose ^! atta*m5ts1 s f> z !y exi/1 to be v /rong2 nay1 9 mo/ cases !y are c]ta9ly v weak4 ,& ev5 did !y exi/1 ! brute w\ld n be consci\s t dea? w\ld remove him f ! society ( 8 belov$ companions4 ,! inf]ior animals1 also1 usually die ei!r a viol5t & sudd5 dea?1 inflict$ by "s c>nivor\s enemy1 or 9 extreme old age1 by m]e decay ( ! natural p[]s1 )\t disease4 ,! viol5t dea? c usually h 9 x little ( suff]+2 & ! sl[ decay /ill less4 ,b al?\gh "s m5 die viol5t dea?s1 h[ few survive to extreme old age1 & s9k at la/ almo/ unconsci\sly into ! grave1 because ! vital en]gies are exhau/$6 ,7 ?is ! case1 ! physical t]rors ( dea? w\ld be almo/ tak5 away1 & we %\ld pass z quietly into et]nity z a lamp goes out :5 ! oil is exhau/$4 ,b 9 g5]al we see a con/itution yet unbrok51 /ruggl+ ) fi]ce disease1 & yield+ to its fate only ) t]rific agonies2 because s9 has e>ly implant$ ! se$s ( disease 9 ! con/itution4 ,imag9e1 n[1 t dea? %\ld come ^u a man 9 ! c\rse ( nature2 t is1 )\t disease1 & ) little suff]+1 & ) no pa9ful =ebod+s ( consci5ce4 ,suppose1 moreov]1 t ! dy+ individual %\ld feel t ! *ange pass+ ^u him w\ld assur$ly introduce him to a new & spiritual body1 undecay+1 & adapt$ to ! op]ations ( ! m9d2 t x w\ld1 9 fact1 be ! build+ ( ,god1 ! h\se n made ) h&s1 et]nal 9 ! heav5s2 & t ! s\l1 aft] dea?1 w\ld ent] into free & full communion ) all t is great & ennobl+ 9 ! univ]se2 & t joys1 inconceivable & et]nal1 w\ld h5ce=? be its portion3 ,o1 h[ diff]5t w\ld su* a dea? be f :at we usually witness6 ,yet1 7 m5 all to accept ( ! (f]$ ransom f s9 & dea?1 &1 "u ! guidance ( pure religi\s pr9ciple1 7 to pay a /rict reg>d to hygi5ic laws1 su* w\ld be1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! "* ( ! dea? !y w\ld exp]i5ce4 ,! except$ cases w\ld be ^? ( viol5t & sudd5 dea? f accid5t1 or ( disease f unavoidable exposure1 & !y w\ld be comp>atively few4 ,s t1 9 fact1 an obs]vance ( ! laws1 physical & moral1 :i* ,god has orda9$1 w\ld *ange almo/ ! entire aspect ( dea?1 ev5 9 ?is fall5 _w4 ,^! rem>ks seem necess>y 9 ord] to obta9 a correct idea ( ! "* ( dea?1 :5 n aggravat$ by ! s9s ( m54 ,= ^? aggravations seem sup]add$1 9 ! case ( m51 z p5al inflictions = _! s9s2 & we ought to leave !m out ( ! acc\nt1 :5 we are consid]+ dea? z a b5evol5t provision4 ,i d n cont5d t dea?1 ev5 9 its milde/ =ms1 is no evil2 nor t ! apo/asy ( man 0 n ! cause ( its introduction into ! _w4 ,^! po9ts ,i %all consid] 9 ano!r place4 ,b ,i cont5d t1 9 ! pres5t sy/em ( ! _w1 dea?1 :5 n aggravat$ by ! s9s ( m51 is to be reg>d$ z a b5evol5t provision1 br++ ) x m happ9ess ?an mis]y2 al?\gh1 _h s9 nev] exi/$1 a sy/em productive ( /ill great] enjoym5t might h be5 adopt$ 9 ?is _w4 ,b z ! arrangem5ts ( ! _w n[ are1 dea? af=ds ! foll[+ evid5ces ( inf9ite b5evol5ce & wisdom4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is a transf] f a l[] to a high] /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,let me "h be und]/ood di/9ctly z speak+ only ( ! dea? ( ^? acc\ntable be+s1 :o1 by ! trans=m+ p[] ( grace1 h become prep>$ = a high] & p]fectly holy /ate ( be+4 ,= ! dea? ( all o!rs c be look$ on only 9 ! light ( a t]rible p5al infliction4 ,b ! righte\s1 :5 !y die1--& all may1 if !y w1 become righte\s1--h be=e !m ! c]ta9 prospect ( immortal happ9ess1 su* z eye ha? n se51 nor e> he>d1 nei!r ha? x ent]$ ! he>t ( man to conceive4 ,!y ent] ^u fulness ( joy1 & pleasures =ev]more2 & !re=e dea? to !m is inf9ite ga94 ,:e!r ! inf]ior animals w exi/ aga9 aft] dea? is a m d\btful po9t4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no?+ 9 ,scripture decisive aga9/ _! future exi/5ce2 = ! passage 9 ,psalms :i* says1 t man t is 9 honor & abide? n is l ! brutes t p]i%1 if und]/ood to mean ! annihilation ( animals1 w\ld prove also ! annihilation ( wick$ m54 ,& :ile mo/ m5 ( le>n+ & piety h susp5d$ _! op9ion on ! exi/5ce ( ! inf]ior animals aft] dea?1 = want ( evid5ce1 "s h be5 decid$ advocates ( ! future happy exi/5ce ( all be+s1 :o exhibit a sp>k ( intellig5ce4 ,n a few di/+ui%$ ,g]man !ologians & philosoph]s reg>d ! :ole visible creation1 bo? animate & inanimate1 z at pres5t 9 a conf9$ & depress$ /ate1 & /ruggl+ = fre$om4 ,on ?is pr9ciple ,?oluck expla9s t mo/ difficult passage 9 ,romans1 :i* decl>es t ! :ole creation groane? & travaile? toge!r 9 pa9 until n[4 ,he supposes ?is b\nd or fett]$ /ate ( nature1 bo? animate & inanimate1 to h a casual connection ) s91 & ! dea? accompany+ x among m52 &1 !re=e1 :5 m5 are fre$ f s9 & dea?1 ! creation itself1 also1 %all be deliv]$ f ! bondage ( corruption into ! glori\s lib]ty ( ! *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,! k+dom ( ,god1 accord+ to ,?oluck1 ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 & _m o!r di/+ui%$ !ologians1 w n be transf]r$ to heav5 at ! end ( ! _w1 b be e/abli%$ on e>?1 :]e all ^! trans=mations ( ! animate & inanimate creation w take place4 ,?is exposition surely c>ries ) x a great deal ( naturalness & probability2 & if x be true1 dea? to ! inf]ior animals mu/ surely be an indication ( great b5evol5ce on ! "p ( ! ,deity1 s9ce x introduces !m to a high] /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,b if x be reject$1 /ill ! g5]al pr9ciple is em95tly applicable to ! case ( man4 ,9 ! second place1 ! sy/em ( a succession ( races ( animals on e>?1 :i* dea? alone w\ld r5d] possible1 secures a mu* great] collective am\nt ( happ9ess ?an a s+le race ( animals1 end[$ ) e>?ly immortality4 ,i su/a9 ?is position by ?ree argum5ts4 ,! fir/ is1 t "y animals enjoy m1 9 ! same p]iod ( "t1 ?an ^? m advanc$ 9 age4 ,?is may result1 9 "p1 9 ! pres5t organization ( animals1 f ! sup]ior heal? & vigor enjoy$ by ! "y4 ,b x is due1 also1 9 "p1 & l>gely1 to ! novelty ( ! sc5es pres5t$ 9 e>ly life4 ,& s f> z x results f ! latt] cause1 x proves t a succession ( races w\ld enjoy m ?an a s+le race cont9u$ indef9itely1 because ! successive races w\ld always be comp>atively "y4 ,a s+le cont9u\s race might1 inde$1 be suppos$ always possess$ ( ! unabat$ vigor & heal? ( y\?2 b1 ( necessity1 objects mu/ soon lose ! *>m ( novelty1 &1 !re=e1 produce less ( enjoym5t4 ,! second argum5t is1 t a succession ( races admits ( ! contemporane\s exi/5ce ( a great] numb] ( species ?an c\ld coexi/ 7 none remov$ by dea?4 ,if only "o undy+ race occupi$ ! globe1 x mu/ subsi/ exclusively on vegetable food4 ,:]eas mu* ! l>ge/ "p ( ! species t n[ live are c>nivor\s or omnivor\s4 ,all ! enjoym5t ( ^! fle%-eat+ animals is1 !re=e1 s mu* cle> ga9 to ! /ock ( happ9ess1 ) ! exception ( ! suff]+ :i* dea? inflicts4 ,n[1 b few ( ! inf]ior animals p]i% by disease4 ,"s die by old age1 & ^! suff] almo/ no?+4 ,b ! great] "p are sudd5ly de/roy$ by ! viol5t assault ( ! c>nivor\s races4 ,& z ! pangs ( dea? are mom5t>y1 & !re are no anticipations ( its approa*1 nor sund]+s ( ! ties ( affection1 nor dread ( an h]eaft]1 ! suff]+ endur$ mu/ be an exce$+ly small drawback ^u ! enjoym5t ( ! :ole life4 ,x is f> less ?an x w\ld be1 if animals 7 left to p]i% by fam9e1 or by sl[ degrees1 f defici5t n\ri%m5t2 s t ! exi/5ce ( ! c>nivor\s races1 seem+ at fir/ view int5d$ to conv]t ! _w into a va/ ,golgo?a1 does 9 fact add greatly to ! am\nt ( enjoym5t1 because x s prodigi\sly multiplies ! numb] ( species ( animals1 & less5s ! suff]+s ( dea?4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 dea? ex]ts a salut>y moral influ5ce ^u man1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 swells ! am\nt ( 8 happ9ess4 ,& al?\gh ?is consid]ation affects only "o species1 yet man's position on ! scale ( be+ makes 8 happ9ess an object ( no small importance4 ,! f9al conclusions at :i* we arrive1 !n1 are1 fir/1 t dea? is a fix$ & univ]sal law ( nature1 ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( ! pres5t sy/em ( ! _w2 & secondly1 t1 l all o!r laws ( nature1 x exhibits m>ks ( b5evol5ce1 & wise adaptation on ! "p ( ! ,au?or ( nature4 ,! "q w inde$ arise 9 e reflect+ m9d1 :y a ,be+ ( inf9ite p[] & wisdom c\ld n h secur$ to 8 creatures ! b5efits result+ f a sy/em ( dea?1 )\t ! att5dant suff]+4 ,b ?is "q resolves itself into ! inquiry1 :y evil exi/s at all2 & al?\gh1 9 my own view1 x exi/s mo/ probably z a means ( great] happ9ess to ! univ]se1 yet on ?is po9t ! wise/ m9ds h diff]$ & be5 baffl$1 & equally p]plex+ is x to e =m ( religion4 ,h5ce x is no objection to any views we may adopt1 t !y leave ?is "q :]e !y f\nd x4 ,! fif? & la/ /ep 9 our inve/igation ( ?is subject is to %[ h[ sci5ce1 exp]i5ce1 & revelation may be reconcil$ on ! subject ( dea?4 ,we h se5 t geology is n alone 9 prov+ dea? to be a law ( nature1 ess5tial to ! pres5t sy/em ( ! _w1 &1 inde$1 indicative ( div9e wisdom & b5evol5ce4 ,= anatomy & physiology1 z well z exp]i5ce1 tea* u ! same tru?s4 ,& natural !ology %[s t1 if dea? is a law ( organic nature1 x mu/ h ent]$ into ! plan ( ! univ]se 9 ! div9e m9d1 & 0 n ! result ( any *ange ( organic nature subsequ5t to ! fall ( man4 ,c ^! views be reconcil$ ) ! decl>ations ( ,scripture1 :i* c]ta9ly repres5t dea? among ! human family1 if n among ! l[] animals1 to be ! consequ5ce ( s98 ,!re are ?ree suppositions by :i* all app>5t discrepancy betwe5 sci5ce & revelation1 on ?is subject1 may be remov$4 ,i %all pres5t !m1 ) ! argum5ts 9 _! favor1 leav+ to o!rs to decide :i* is mo/ reasonable4 ,= !y are indep5d5t ( "o ano!r1 ?\gh n inconsi/5t2 &1 !re=e1 ev5 ?\gh diff]5t p]sons %\ld pref] diff]5t !ories1 !y ne$ n be reg>d$ z 9 opposition to "o ano!r4 ,! fir/ !ory proce$s on ! supposition t dea? is a univ]sal law ( organic nature1 f :i* man 0 exempt$ s long z he obey$ ! law ( ,god4 ,b ,i w pres5t x 9 ! language ( its di/+ui%$ au?or4 ,9 ! /ate ( pri/9e purity1 says ,dr4 ,j4 ,pye ,smi?1 ! bodily con/itution ( man 0 exempt$ f ! law ( progress t[>ds dissolution1 :i* belong$ to ! inf]ior animals4 ,x mu/ h be5 ma9ta9$ 9 t di/+ui%$ peculi>ity by means to u unkn[n2 & x w\ld seem probable t1 _h n man fall5 by 8 transgression1 he1 & ea* ( 8 po/]ity1 w\ld1 aft] fai?fully su/a9+ an individual probation1 h pass$ ?r\gh a *ange )\t dy+1 & h be5 exalt$ to a m p]fect /ate ( exi/5ce4--,scrip4 & ,geol4 #d? ed4 p4 #bjh4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory ( ,dr4 ,smi?1 man saw all o!r organic be+s ar\nd him subject to decay & dea?1 :ile he1 z a special favor1 rema9$ unaffect$ by ! g5]al law4 ,! p5alty ( disob$i5ce 01 t he w\ld =feit ?is enviable di/9ction1 & be subject$ to dea? m revolt+ ?an ! brutes4 ,! rew>d ( ob$i5ce 0 a cont9u$ immunity f evil1 & a f9al translation1 )\t suff]+1 to a m exalt$ condition4 ,& c]ta9ly ! nature ( ! case furni%es a /rong presumptive argum5t to %[ t man did ?us /& exempt$ f ! decay & dea? :i* reign$ all ar\nd him4 ,if n1 :at weight or mean+ w\ld !re be 9 ! p5alty8 ,if he _h n se5 dea? 9 o!r animals1 h[ c\ld he h any idea ( ! nature ( ! ?reat5+8 ,& we may be sure t ,god nev] promulgates a p5alty )\t af=d+ 8 subjects ! means ( compreh5d+ x4 ,i h already intimat$ t ,i c\ld h>dly see :y !re exi/s 9 all organic natures a t5d5cy to decay & dea?1 except 9 ! w ( ! ,creator4 ,may n t t5d5cy result1 l ! v>ieties among m51 f "s slightly modify+ cause implant$ by ! ,deity 9 ! nature ( ! animal or plant8 ,& if s1 might n an opposite t5d5cy be imp>t$ to "o or m species1 s t ! decay & dea? ( ! "o1 & ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! o!r1 might be equally well expla9$ on physiological pr9ciples8 ,if ?is sugge/ion be admitt$1 x w\ld n be necess>y to resort to any sup]natural or miracul\s ag5cy to %[ h[ s9less man 9 p>adise might h /ood unaffect$ by decay1 ! common lot ( all o!r races4 ,x mu/ be confess$1 h[ev]1 t x is n z easy to see h[1 by any natural law1 he c\ld h be5 pro( aga9/ me*anical viol5ce & *emical ag5cies2 !re we mu/ admit miracul\s protection1 or a self-re/or+ p[] m wond]ful ?an t possess$ by ! polypi4 ,^! views receive /rong confirmation f ! hi/ory ( ! tree ( life1 t grew 9 ! g>d5 ( ,ed54 ,! v "n implies t x 0 int5d$ to give or pres]ve life4 ,t x _h 9 x a p[] to pres]ve life is evid5t f ! s5t5ce pron\nc$ on man4 ,& ! ,"l ,god sai?1 ,behold1 ! man ha? become z "o ( u1 to "k good & evil2 & n[1 le/ he %\ld put =? 8 h&1 & take also ( ! tree ( life1 & live =ev]1 !re=e ! ,"l ,god s5t him =? f ! g>d5 ( ,ed54 ,n[1 x appe>s to me to be 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! pr9ciples ( physiology to suppose t !re might be a virtue 9 ! tree ( life--ei!r 9 its fruit or "s o!r "p--to arre/ t t5d5cy to decay & dissolution :i* we n[ f9d 9 all animal bodies4 ,x does seem t x w\ld require only "s slight modification ( ! pres5t functions ( ! human frame to keep ! :eels ( life 9 motion indef9itely4 ,:5 9 ,ed51 man _h access to ?is sure def5ce aga9/ disease4 ,b aft] he _h s9n$1 he mu/ =feit ?is privilege1 &1 l ! plants & inf]ior animals1 submit to ! univ]sal law ( dissolution4 ,surely1 ( all ! expositions t h be5 giv5 ( ! mean+ ( ?is passage1 ?is is ! mo/ rational1 & x does ?r[ an air ( great plausibility ov] ,dr4 ,smi?'s views4 ,x w occur to e reflect+ m9d t we h 9 ,scripture a few int]e/+ examples ( t *ange1 )\t dy+1 f ! pres5t to a high] /ate ( be+1 :i* ! !ory ( ,dr4 ,smi? supposes w\ld h be5 ! happy lot ( all mank9d _h !y n s9n$4 ,by fai? ,eno* 0 translat$1 t he %\ld n see dea?4 ,he walk$ ) ,god1 & he 0 n2 = ,god took him4 ,gladly w\ld philosophys "h int]pose a ?\s& que/ions z to ! mann] 9 :i* ?is wond]ful *ange took place2 b ! ,scriptures are sil5t4 ,x 0 en\gh = ! he>t ( piety t ,god 0 ! au?or ( ! *ange4 ,& s1 9 ! case ( ,elijah1 we h ! sublimely simple description only--,& x came to pass1 z !y /ill w5t on & talk$1 t1 behold1 !re appe>$ a *>iot ( fire1 & horses ( fire1 & p>t$ !m bo? asund]2 & ,elijah w5t up by a :irlw9d into heav54 ,except ! transfiguration ( ,*ri/1 :i* appe>s to h be5 ( an analog\s "*1 ^! are all ! actual examples ( translation on record4 ,b ! apo/le decl>es t1 9 ! clos+ sc5e ( ?is _w's hi/ory1 ?is same *ange %all pass ^u multitudes4 ,behold1 ,i %[ y a my/]y4 ,we %all n all sleep2 b we %all all be *ang$1 9 a mom5t1 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 at ! la/ trump2 = ! trumpet %all s\nd1 & ! dead %all be rais$ incorruptible1 & we %all be *ang$4 ,abundant evid5ce is1 !re=e1 be=e u1 t ! great *ange :i* dea? n[ causes u to pass ?r\gh ) fe> & dread1 might z easily h be51 = ! :ole human family1 a transition delightful 9 anticipation & joyful 9 exp]i5ce4 ,! second !ory :i* w reconcile sci5ce & revelation on ! subject ( dea?1 is "o long s9ce illu/rat$ by ,j]emy ,taylor4 ,& s9ce he c\ld h _h no ref]5ce to geology 9 propos+ x1 because geology did n exi/ 9 8 day1 we may be sure1 ei!r t he le>nt x f ! ,bible1 or t o!r bran*es ( k tea* ! exi/5ce ( dea? z a g5]al law ( nature1 z well z geology4 ,t dea?1 !re=e1 says ,taylor1 :i* ,god ?reat5$ to ,adam1 & :i* pass$ ^u 8 po/]ity1 is n ! go+ out ( ?is _w1 b ! mann] ( go+4 ,if he _h /aid 9 innoc5ce1 he %\ld h gone placidly & fairly1 )\t vexati\s & afflictive circum/ances2 he %\ld n h di$ by sickness1 defect1 mis=tune1 or unwill+ness4 ,b :5 he fell1 !n he began to die2 ! same day1 7,god said17 & t mu/ ne$s be true2 &1 !re=e1 x mu/ mean ^u t v day he fell into an evil & dang]\s condition1 a /ate ( *ange & affliction2 !n dea? began2 t is1 man began to die by a natural dim9ution1 & aptness to disease & mis]y4 ,*ange or sep>ation ( s\l & body is b accid5tal to dea?2 dea? may be ) or )\t ei!r2 b ! =mality1 ! curse1 & ! /+1--t is1 mis]y1 sorr[1 fe>1 dim9ution1 defect1 angui%1 di%onor1 & :atsoev] is mis]able & afflictive 9 nature1--t is dea?4 ,dea? is n an action1 b a :ole /ate & condition2 & ?is 0 fir/ br\ght 9 ^u u by ! (f5ce ( "o man4 ,9 m rec5t times1 ! ess5tial features ( ^! views ( ,taylor h be5 adopt$ by ! able/ comm5tators & !ologians1 & su/a9$ by an appeal to ,scripture4#i ,! position :i* !y take is1 t ! dea? ?reat5$ z ! p5alty ( disob$i5ce has a m ext5d$ mean+ ?an physical dea?4 ,x is a g5]ic t]m1 includ+ all p5al evils2 s t :5 dea? is spok5 ( z ! p5alty ( s91 we may sub/itute ! ^w curse1 wra?1 de/ruction1 & ! l4 ,?us1 9 ,g54 ii4 #ag1 we might read1 ,9 ! day ?\ eate/ !re(1 ?\ %alt surely be curs$3 & 9 ,rom4 v4 #ab1 ,by "o man s9 ent]$ into ! _w1 & ! curse by s91 c4 ,9 8 comm5t>y on ?is passage1 ,pr(essor ,/u>t says1 ,i see no philological escape f ! conclusion t dea?1 9 ! s5se ( p5alty = s9 9 its full measure1 mu/ be reg>d$ z ! mean+ ( ! writ] "h4 ,! same may be said ( _m o!r passages ( ,scripture1 :]e ! t]m dea? is us$4 ,accord+ to ?is exposition1 ! dea? ?reat5$ z ! p5alty ( transgression embraces all ! evils we suff] 9 ?is life & 9 et]nity2 among :i* ! dissolution ( ! body is n "o ( ! wor/4 ,inde$1 "s writ]s w n admit t ?is 0 includ$ at all 9 ! p5alty4 ,su*1 ( c\rse1 f9d no difficulty 9 ! geological /atem5t t lit]al dea? prec$$ man's exi/5ce4 ,b f ! decl>ation 9 #a ,cor4 xv4 #bb1 ,z 9 ,adam all die1 ev5 s 9 ,*ri/ %all all be made alive1 x seems difficult to avoid ! conclusion1 t ! dea? ( ! body 0 br\ght 9 ^u ! race by ,adam's transgression4 ,accord+ to ,taylor's view1 h[ev]1 we might reasonably suppose t :at con/itut$ ! dea? ?reat5$ to ,adam 0 n ! go+ out ( ! _w1 b ! mann] ( go+1 & t1 _h he cont9u$ holy1 a *ange ( worlds might h tak5 place1 b x w\ld n h be5 dea?4 ,n[1 !re are "s facts1 bo? 9 exp]i5ce & revelation1 t give to ^! views an air ( probability4 ,"o is1 ! mild "* ( dea? 9 _m cases1 :5 att5d$ by only a few ( ! circum/ances above enum]at$1 z con/itut+ its ess5ce4 ,i believe t exp]i5ce su/a9s ! conclusion already drawn z to ! inf]ior animals1 :5 n aggravat$ by human cruelty4 ,pa9 is ab\t ! only circum/ance t gives x ! "* ( sev]ity2 & ?is is usually %ort1 & n anticipat$4 ,nor c x be d\bt$1 z a g5]al fact1 t1 z we desc5d along ! scale ( animals1 we f9d ! s5sibility to suff]+ dim9i%4 ,b 9 ! human family we f9d examples /ill m to ! po9t4 ,9 all ^? cases 9 :i* !re is little or no disease1 & a man 9 v5]able old age feels ! p[]s ( life gradually give way1 & ! functions are feebly p]=m$1 until ! he>t at l5g? ceases to beat1 & ! lungs to heave1 dea? is m]ely ! quiet & unconsci\s t]m9ation ( ! sc5e1 s f> z ! physical nature is conc]n$4 ,! bra9 p>takes ( ! gradual decay1 & ?us ! man is sc>cely consci\s ( ! failure ( 8 p[]s1 because 8 s5sibilities are s blunt$2 & !re=e1 ap>t f s91 8 m9d feels little ( ! angui% ( dissolution1 & he quietly resigns himself into ! arms ( dea?1-- ,z sweetly z a *ild1 ,:om nei!r ?\ght di/urbs1 nor c>e encumb]s1 ,tir$ ) long play1 at close ( summ]'s day1 ,lies d[n & slumb]s4 ,if n[1 9 addition to ?is physical prep>ation = 8 dep>ture1 ! man possesses a deep consci\sness ( =giv5 s91 & a firm hope ( future & et]nal joy1 ?is *ange1 :i* we call dea?1 becomes only a joyful translation f e>? to heav52 & ?\gh ! man passes f our view1-- ,he sets1 ,z sets ! morn+ />1 :i* goes n d[n ,beh9d ! d>k5$ we/1 nor hides obscur$ ,among ! tempe/s ( ! sky1 b melts away ,into ! light ( heav54 ,nay1 :5 su* fai? & hope =m an an*or to ! s\l1 x is n necess>y t ! physical prep>ation1 :i* ,i h describ$1 %\ld exi/4 ,! poor body may be torn by fi]ce disease1 nay1 by ! inf]nal cruelties ( m>tyrdom1 & yet fai? c rise--(t5 has ris5--ov] ! pa9s ( nature1 9 joyful triumph2 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! tempe/1 ) h] an*or fa/5$ to ! et]nal ,rock1 %e c exclaim1 ,o dea?1 :]e is ?y /+6 ,o grave1 :]e is ?y victory6 ,?anks be to ,god1 :i* give? me ! victory ?r\gh my ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,surely su* a dissolution z ?is _c mean ! dea? m5tion$ 9 ! primeval curse4 ,look n[ at ! contra/4 ,behold a man wri?+ 9 ! fangs ( unrel5t+ disease1 & feel+ at ! same "t ! scorpion /+ ( a guilty consci5ce4 ,8 pres5t suff]+ is t]rible1 b t 9 prospect is m s2 yet he _c bribe ! k+ ( t]rors to delay ! fatal /roke4 ,! foe1 ,l a /an* murd]]1 /eady to 8 purpose1 ,urges ! s\l ?r\gh e nook & lane ( life4 ,x 7 en\gh = an unruffl$ m9d to be> ! bodily angui% ( t dy+ h\r4 ,b ! unp>don$ s9s ( a :ole life1 & ! awful retributions ( a :ole et]nity1 come cr[d+ into t po9t ( "t2 & no human =titude c /& "u ! cru%+ load4 ,?is1 ?is is emphatically dea?2 ! g5u9e fruit ( s91 & !re=e 9 correspond5ce ) ! orig9al ?reat5+4 ,if we turn n[ to ! ,scriptures1 we %all f9d "s passages 9 /rik+ agreem5t ) ! op9ion t ! dea? ?reat5$ to man 0 n ! m]e dissolution ( ! body & s\l2 n a m]e go+ out ( ! _w1 b ! mann] ( go+4 ,?is is1 inde$1 made exce$+ly probable by ! facts already /at$ respect+ ! translation ( ,eno* & ,elijah1 & ^? alive at ! com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,= ! sacr$ writ]s d n call ?is dea?1 al?\gh x be a removal out ( ! _w1 & a trans=mation ( ! natural into ! spiritual body4 ,h5ce1 ^u ! mat]ial "p ( m51 ! same effects 7 produc$ z result f ord9>y dea?1 & ! subsequ5t resurrection4 ,if we recur to ! orig9al ?reat5+ ( dea? z ! consequ5ce ( s91 we %all f9d a peculi>ity 9 ! =m ( expression1 :i* our ,engli% translators h r5d]$ by ! phrase ?\ %alt surely die2 b lit]ally x %\ld be1 dy+ ?\ %alt die4 ,?is mode ( expression is inde$ v common 9 ! ,hebrew language2 b x c]ta9ly 0 meant to indicate an int5sity 9 ! mean+1 z 9 ! phrase bless+ ,i w bless !e1 & multiply+ ,i w multiply !e2 t is1 ,i w greatly multiply !e4 ,mu/ x n imply1 9 ! case "u consid]ation1 at lea/ t ! dea? :i* w\ld be ! consequ5ce ( transgression1 w\ld possess an aggravat$ "*8 ,may x n imply z mu* z ,taylor's !ory supposes8 ,might x n be int5d$ to tea* ,adam t1 :5 he di$1 8 dea? %\ld n be simply ! dissolution ( ! animal fabric1 & ! loss ( animal life1 z he witness$ x 9 ! inf]ior creatures ar\nd him2 b a *ange f> m agoniz+1 9 :i* ! m5tal suff]+ %\ld s mu* outweigh ! corporeal z to con/itute1 9 fact1 its ess5ce8 ,i d n ass]t t ?is passage has su* an ext5d$ mean+1 b ,i sugge/ x4 ,& ,i confess t ,i d n see :y its peculi>ity ( =m is und]/ood 9 our common translation to imply c]ta9ty r ?an int5sity4 ,!re is ano!r "p ( ! ?reat5+ t des]ves consid]ation4 ,x says1 t man %\ld n only die1 b die ! v day ( ! (f5ce4 ,n[1 if by dea? we und]/ood m]ely a removal out ( ! _w1 or a sep>ation ( s\l & body1 ! ?reat5+ 0 n execut$ aft] ! =bidd5 fruit 0 ta/$4 ,b if x meant also1 & *iefly1 a /ate ( sorr[1 pa91 & suff]+1 a liability to disease & fatal accid5t1 ! goad+s ( a guilty consci5ce1 & ! consequ5t fe> ( puni%m5t beyond ! grave1 !n dea? began on ! v day :5 man s9n$1 & ! dissolution ( ! s\l & body 0 b ! clos+ sc5e ( ! trag$y4 ,! beautiful passage 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 already quot$1 :]e ! ,*ri/ian1 9 view ( dea?1 exult+ly exclaims1 ,o dea?1 :]e is ?y /+6 ,o grave1 :]e is ?y victory6 w d\btless occur to all :o he> me1 9 ?is connection4 ,"h ! /+ ( dea? is expressly decl>$ to be s91 & t ! p>don$ ,*ri/ian obta9s ! victory ov] x4 ,to him all t r5d]s ?is k+ ( t]rors =midable is gone4 ,its physical suff]+s may inde$ be left1 b ^! are h>dly wor? nam+1 :5 t :i* con/itutes ! /+ ( ?is great enemy--unp>don$ guilt--is tak5 away4 ,little m ?an 8 h>mless %ad[ is left4 ,worlds1 inde$1 are to be ex*ang$1 & s !y mu/ h be5 if ,adam _h nev] be5 driv5 f p>adise4 ,! eyes1 too1 mu/ close on belov$ fri5ds2 b h[ soon to op5 !m ^u ! bright glories ( heav56 ,9 %ort1 ! /rong impression ( ?is passage ^u ! m9d is1 t ! ess5tial ?+ 9 dea? is unp>don$ s92 & !re=e ! dea? ?reat5$ to ,adam may h be5 only ! t]rible aggravations ( a dep>ture out ( ?is _w1 :i* h foll[$ 9 ! tra9 ( transgression4 ,ano!r /rik+ passage1 be>+ ^u ! same po9t1 is ! decl>ation ( ,paul1 t ,jesus ,*ri/ ha? aboli%$ dea?1 & br\ght life & immortality to light ?r\gh ! gospel4 ,! apo/le does n surely mean t ,*ri/ians are fre$ f :at is commonly call$ dea?1 s9ce univ]sal exp]i5ce %[s t animal life 9 !m is z sure to be ext+ui%$1 & ! s\l to be sep>at$ f ! body1 z 9 o!rs4 ,b s diff]5t is dea? n[1 s9ce ,*ri/ has br\ght to light a future & an immortal life1 & by ! sacrifice ( himself %[n h[ ! he>t may be reconcil$ to ,god1 & s9 =giv51 & fai? inspir$1 t1 9 fact1 :ile ! %ad[ ( dea? /ill occupies ! passage to et]nity1 its sub/ance is gone4 ,t dea?1 :i* s9 introduc$1 ,*ri/ has aboli%$1 because1 by 8 sacrifice & 8 grace1 he has conqu]$ s94 ,^u ! :ole1 ?\gh we may n be conv9c$ t ei!r ( ! !ories t h be5 expla9$ is directly taught 9 ! ,scriptures1 or c be %[n to be infallibly true1 yet !y are su/a9$ by probable evid5ce en\gh to remove ! appreh5sion t !re is any real discrepancy betwe5 geology & revelation on ! subject ( dea?4 ,betwe5 ^! !ories !re is b a slight diff]5ce4 ,!y are 9 fact b modifications ( ! same g5]al pr9ciples2 & ,i say x w\ld be m philosophical to admit ! tru? ( ei!r ( !m1 ?an a disagreem5t betwe5 sci5ce & ,scripture1 s9ce ! tru? ( bo? geology & revelation is su/a9$ by su* a mass ( indep5d5t evid5ce4 ,an objection1 h[ev]1 may be /at$ aga9/ bo? ( ^! !ories1 on ! gr\nd t !y seem to imply t dea? w\ld h exi/$ 9 ! _w1 irrespective ( ! s9 ( man1 & !re=e !y less5 our s5se ( ! evil ( s94 ,x may be d\bt$1 ,i ?9k1 :e!r ^! !ories d necess>ily imply t !re 0 no connection betwe5 ! s9 ( man & ! introduction ( dea? into ! _w4 ,b1 admitt+ t !y d1 is x c]ta9 t inadequate views ( s9 are ! result8 ,= poetic effect1 we admire ! sublime s5tim5talism ( ,milton3-- ,e>? felt ! w\nd2 & ,nature1 f h] seat1 ,sigh+ ?r\gh all h] works1 gave signs ( woe ,t all 0 lo/4 ,b1 aft] all1 ! deepe/ impression we get ( ! evil ( s9 is d]iv$ f contemplat+ its effects ^u man1 & especially ! immortal m9d4 ,witness its l(ty p[]s b[$ d[n 9 ignom9i\s s]vitude to base corporeal appetites & furi\s & debas+ passions4 ,see h[ ! und]/&+ is d>k5$1 ! w p]v]t$1 & ! he>t ali5at$ f all t is holy4 ,see reason & consci5ce de?ron$1 & selfi%ness reign+ 9 gloomy & undisput$ tyranny ov] ! immortal m9d1 :ile appetite & passion h become its obsequi\s p&]s4 ,see h[ ! affections turn away ) loa?+ f ,god1 & :at a wall ( sep>ation has sprung up betwe5 man & 8 ,mak]2 h[ deeply & univ]sally he has revolt$ f 8 rightful sov]eign1 & has *os5 o!r gods to rule ov] him4 ,consid]1 too1 :at havoc has be5 made 9 ! body1 t curi\s & wond]ful workman%ip ( ! ,almighty2 h[ ! unbridl$ appetites h s[n ! se$s ( disease !re91 & h[ pa91 languor1 & decay assail ! con/itution z soon z we beg9 to live1 & cease n _! attacks till !y triumph ov] ! citadel ( life4 ,consult ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 & :at a laz>-h\se & a ,golgo?a has x be56 ,:at l& has n be5 dr5*$ 9 human blood1 p\r$ out 9 f]oci\s w>6 ,:at oceans ( te>s has ! ?ir/y soil drank up6 ,:at breeze has ev] bl[n ov] ! l& :i* has n be5 load$ ) sighs1 & groans1 & ! /ory ( wrong & oppression1 ( trea*]y & murd]1 ( suicide & assass9ation1 ( bla/$ hopes & despair+ he>ts6 ,^!1 !re=e1 are ! g5u9e fruits ( s94 ,?is1 ?is is dea?4 ,&1 ne$ ,i add t ^! are b ! precursors ( ! second dea?8 ,! ?ird !ory respect+ dea? takes a m compreh5sive view ( ! subject1 & traces its orig9 to ! div9e plan ( ! creation4 ,9 creat+ ?is _w1 ,god did n act )\t a plan previ\sly det]m9$ ^u 9 all its details4 ,( c\rse1 man's "* & condition =m$ prom95t items 9 t plan4 ,8 apo/asy1 too1 h[ev] "s w\ld hesitate to reg>d x z pr$et]m9$1 all w all[ to h be5 =ekn[n4 ,n[1 ,i ma9ta9 t ,god1 9 ! beg9n+1 adapt$ e o!r be+ & ev5t 9 ! _w to man's "* & condition1 s t !re %\ld be entire h>mony 9 its sy/em4 ,& s9ce1 ei!r 9 ! div9e appo9tm5t1 or 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 !re is an insep>able connection betwe5 s9 & dea?1 ! latt] mu/ con/itute a feature ( ! sy/em ( ! _w1 because a free ag5t w\ld introduce ! =m]4 ,dea? w\ld ultimately exi/ 9 ! _w1 &1 !re=e1 all creatures plac$ 9 su* a _w mu/ be made mortal1 at :atev] p]iod creat$4 ,= mortal & immortal natures c\ld n exi/ 9 ! same natural con/itution1 nor c\ld a condition adapt$ to undy+ creatures be *ang$ into a /ate ( decay & dea? )\t an entirely new creation4 ,dea?1 !re=e1 ent]$ into ! orig9al plan ( ! _w 9 ! div9e m9d1 & 0 endur$ by ! animals & plants t liv$ ant]ior to man4 ,yet1 z ! con/itution ( ! _w is1 d\btless1 v diff]5t f :at x w\ld h be5 if s9 _h n exi/$ 9 x1 & z man alone 0 capable ( s91 x is prop] to reg>d man's transgression z ! occasion ( all ! suff]+ & dea? t exi/$ on ! globe s9ce its creation4 ,x w probably be object$ to ?is !ory1 t x is unju/ to make animals suff] = man's apo/asy1 especially be=e x took place4 ,i d n see :y su* suff]+ is any m unju/ be=e ?an aft] man's transgression2 & we "k t !y d n[ suff] 9 consequ5ce ( 8 s94 ,b ?is suff]+ is n to be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( puni%m5t2 & if x c only be prov$ t b5evol5ce pr$om9ates 9 ! condition ( animals1 not)/&+ _! suff]+s1 div9e ju/ice & b5evol5ce are v9dicat$2 & c !re be any d\bt t su* is ! fact8 ,dea? is n necess>ily an evil to any animals4 ,x may be a great bless+1 by remov+ !m to a high] /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,9 ! case ( ! inf]ior animals1 x is b a small drawback ^u ! pleasure ( life1 ev5 ?\gh !y d n exi/ h]eaft]4 ,we h endeavor$ to %[ t ev5 ! exi/5ce ( c>nivor\s races is a b5evol5t provision4 ,t animals are plac$ 9 an inf]ior condition1 9 consequ5ce ( man's apo/asy1 is no m cause ( compla9t ?an t man is made a little l[] ?an ! angels4 ,ano!r objection to ^! views is1 t x makes ! effect prec$e ! cause2 = x-repres5ts ! pre-,adamic animals z dy+ 9 consequ5ce ( man's transgression4 ,i d n ma9ta9 t ! dea? ( animals1 be=e or aft] ,adam1 0 ! direct & natural consequ5ce ( 8 transgression4 ,nay1 ,i am endeavor+ to %[ directly ! contr>y4 ,b1 !n1 ! c]ta9ty ( man's apo/asy might h be5 ! gr& reason 9 ! div9e m9d = giv+ to ! _w its pres5t con/itution1 & subject+ animals to dea?4 ,n t ,god alt]$ 8 plan ^u a prospective k t man w\ld s92 b he made ?is plan orig9ally1 t is f et]nity1 ) t ev5t 9 view1 & he made x diff]5t f :at x w\ld h be51 if su* an ev5t _h n be5 c]ta94 ,if ?is be true1 !n 0 !re a connection betwe5 man's s9 & ! dea? t reign$ be=e 8 exi/5ce2 ?\gh1 9 /rict accuracy ( spee*1 "o c h>dly be call$ ! cause ( ! o!r4 ,& yet x 01 z ,i ma9ta91 occasion$ by man's s91 & %[s ! wide-spread influ5ce ( t occurr5ce1 ev5 m /rik+ly ?an ! ord9>y !ory ( dea?4 ,a ?ird objection to ?is !ory is1 t x repres5ts ,god z putt+ man 9 a place ( puni%m5t be=e he _h s9n$2 or1 at lea/1 9 a /ate :]e dea? 0 ! univ]sal law1 & :]e he mu/ die1 ?\gh he %\ld keep ! law ( ,god4 ,!re are ?ree suppositions1 ei!r ( :i* w meet ?is difficulty4 ,we may suppose1 ) ,j]emy ,taylor1 t ! dea? ?reat5$ to ,adam consi/$1 n 9 go+ out ( ! _w1 b 9 ! mann] ( go+4 ,if he _h n s9n$1 ! ex*ange ( worlds w\ld h be5 )\t fe> or suff]+1 & an object ( desire r ?an av]sion4 ,*ri/ has n secur$ to ! believ] ! privilege ( an e>?ly immortality1 b has tak5 away f a removal out ( ! _w all t con/itutes dea?4 ,or we may suppose1 ) ,dr4 ,j4 ,pye ,smi?1 t1 :ile man %\ld cont9ue to keep ! div9e law1 he w\ld be secur$ f t t5d5cy to decay & dissolution1 :i* 0 ! common lot ( all o!r creatures1 until ! "t %\ld come = 8 removal1 )\t suff]+ or dread1 to a high] /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,& t a means ( immunity f dea? exi/$ 9 ! g>d5 ( ,ed5 we le>n f ! ,scriptures4 ,= !re /ood ! tree ( life1 ^: fruit _h ! p[] to make man live =ev]1 &1 !re=e1 he mu/ be bani%$ f ! spot :]e x grew4 ,or1 f9ally1 we may suppose t ,god fitt$ up = man "s balmy spot1 :]e nei!r decay nor dea? c\ld ent]1 & :]e e ?+ 0 adapt$ = a be+ ( p]fect hol9ess & happ9ess4 ,8 privilege 0 to dwell !re1 s long z he c\ld pres]ve 8 innoc5ce1 b no long]4 ,& surely ?is supposition seems to accord ) ! description ( ! g>d5 ( ,ed51 man's fir/ dwell+-place4 ,!re e ?+ seems to h be5 adapt$ to 8 happ9ess2 b s9 drove him out among ! ?orns & ?i/les1 & a *]ubim & a flam+ sword =bade 8 return to ! tree ( life4 ,ei!r ( ^! suppositions w meet ! difficulty sugge/$ by ! objection2 or !y may all be comb9$ consi/5tly4 ,let u n[ look at "s ( ! advantages ( ! ?ird !ory above advanc$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x satisfactorily h>monizes revelation ) geology1 physiology1 & exp]i5ce1 on ! subject ( dea?4 ,x agrees ) physiology & exp]i5ce 9 repres5t+ dea? to be a law ( organic be+ on ! globe4 ,yet x accords ) revelation1 9 %[+ h[ ?is law may be a result ( man's apo/asy2 & ) geology1 also1 9 %[+ h[ dea? might h reign$ ov] animals & plants be=e man's exi/5ce4 ,to remove s _m app>5t discrepancies is surely a presumption 9 favor ( any !ory4 ,9 ! second place1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ?is !ory is also a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( natural & reveal$ !ology1 viz41 t all ev5ts 9 ?is _w ent]$ orig9ally into ! plan or purpose ( ! ,deity4 ,to suppose t ,god made ! _w )\t a plan previ\sly det]m9$ ^u1 is to make him less wise ?an a human ar*itect1 :o w\ld be *>g$ ) great folly to attempt build+ ev5 a h\se )\t a plan4 ,& to suppose t plan n to ext5d to e ev5t1 is to rob ,god ( 8 inf9ite attributes4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ?is !ory falls 9 ) ! common int]pretation ( ,scripture1 :i* ref]s ! :ole sy/em ( suff]+1 decay1 & dea? 9 ?is _w to man's apo/asy4 ,& al?\gh ! g5]al reception ( any exegesis ( ,scripture does n prove x to be correct1 x is c]ta9ly gratify+ :5 a ?or\gh exam9ation proves ! obvi\s s5se ( a passage to be ! true "o4 ,= to di/urb ! popul> int]pretation is1 ) _m1 equival5t to a d5ial ( ,scripture4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 ?is !ory %[s u ! inf9ite skill & b5evol5ce ( ,jehovah 9 educ+ good f evil4 ,! free ag5cy ( man 0 an object 9 ! highe/ degree desirable4 ,yet su* a "* made him liable to fall2 & ,god knew t he w\ld fall4 ,to human sagacity t act w\ld seem to seal up 8 fate =ev]4 ,b inf9ite wisdom saw t ! case 0 n hopeless4 ,x plac$ him 9 a /ate ( temporal suff]+ & temporal dea?1 t he might /ill h a *ance ( escap+ et]nal suff]+ & et]nal dea?4 ,! discipl9e ( su* a _w 0 em95tly adapt$ to re/ore 8 lo/ purity1 & dea? 0 probably ! only means by :i* a fall5 be+ c\ld pass to a high] /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,t discipl9e1 inde$1 if rightly improv$1 w\ld probably fit him = a high] degree ( hol9ess & happ9ess ?an if he _h nev] s9n$2 s z to make true ! p>adoxical s5tim5t ( ! poet1-- ,dea? gives u m ?an 0 9 ,ed5 lo/4 ,misimprov$1 ?is discipl9e w\ld result 9 an inf9ite loss1 f> great] ?an if man nev] pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,b ?is is all ! fault ( man2 :ile all ! b5efit ( a /ate ( probation is ! result ( ,god's inf9ite wisdom & b5evol5ce4 ,9 ! fif? place1 ?is !ory relieves u f ! absurdity ( suppos+ t ,god 0 compell$ to alt] ! plan ( creation aft] man's apo/asy4 ,! common !ory does convey an idea n mu* diff]5t f ?is4 ,x makes ! impression t ,god 0 disappo9t$ :5 man s9n$1 & be+ !reby ?w>t$ 9 8 orig9al purpose1 he did ! be/ he c\ld by *ang+ 8 plan1 j z m5 d :5 "s unexpect$ occurr5ce int]f]es ) _! %ort-sight$ contrivances4 ,n[1 su* an an?ropomorphic view ( ,god is inexcusable 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x 0 necess>y to use su* repres5tations 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! _w1 :5 pure spiritual ideas 7 unkn[n2 & h5ce ! ,bible describes ,god z rep5t+ & griev$ t he _h made man4 ,b ) ! light ( ! ,new ,te/am5t & ( mod]n sci5ce1 we ought to be able to enucleate ! true spiritual idea f su* descriptions4 ,! !ory "u consid]ation does n r$uce ,god to any aft]-?\ght exp$i5ts1 b makes provision = e occurr5ce 9 8 orig9al plan2 &1 ( c\rse1 %[s t e ev5t takes place z he w\ld h x1 :5 view$ 9 its relations to ! great sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,9 ! six? place1 ?is !ory %$s "s light ^u ! important "q1 :y ,god p]mitt$ ! introduction ( dea? into ! _w4 ,x is difficult = "s p]sons to conceive :y ,god1 :5 he =esaw ,adam's apo/asy1 did n *ange 8 plan ( creation1 & exclude s t]rible an evil z dea?4 ,b accord+ to ?is !ory1 he p]mitt$ x1 because x 0 a necess>y "p ( a great sy/em ( re/oration1 by :i* ! human race might1 if n recreant to _! true int]e/s1 be re/or$ to m ?an _! primeval bless$ness4 ,x 0 n introduc$ z a m]e puni%m5t1 b z a necess>y means ( rais+ a fall5 be+ into a high] /ate ( life & bless$ness2 or1 if he p]v]sely spurn$ ! (f]$ boon1 ( s9k+ him d[n to ! deep] wret*$ness :i* is ! j consequ5ce ( unrep5t$ s91 )\t ev5 ! sympa?y ( any "p ( ! creat$ univ]se4 ,f9ally4 ,?is subject ?r[s "s light ^u t /range mixture ( good & evil1 :i* exi/s 9 ! pres5t _w4 ,we h se51 inde$1 t b5evol5ce decid$ly pr$om9ates 9 all ! arrangem5ts ( nature2 & we are call$ ^u cont9ually to admire ! adaptation ( ext]nal nature to ! human con/itution4 ,a l>ge portion ( our suff]+s "h may also be imput$ to our own s9s1 or ! s9s ( o!rs2 & ^! we _c *>ge ^u ,god4 ,b1 aft] all1 x seems difficult to conceive h[ ev5 a s9less man c\ld escape a l>ge am\nt ( suff]+ "h2 en\gh1 inde$1 to make him (t5 sigh = deliv]ance & = a bett] /ate4 ,h[ _m s\rces ( suff]+s !re are 9 unheal?y climates1 me*anical viol5ce1 & *emical ag5ts2 9 a /]ile soil1 9 ! excessive heats ( ! tropical regions1 & extreme cold ( high latitudes2 9 ! encroa*m5ts & f]ocity ( ! inf]ior animals2 9 poisons1 m9]al1 vegetable1 & animal2 9 food unfitt$ to ! dige/ive & assimilat+ organs2 9 ! damps & miasms ( night2 & 9 ! frequ5t necessity = ov]-ex]tion ( body & m9d6 ,& !n1 h[ _m h9d]ances to ! ex]cise ( ! m5tal p[]s1 9 all ! causes t h be5 m5tion$6 & h[ does ! s\l feel t %e is imprison$ 9 fle% & blood1 & h] en]gies cramp$1 & h] vision cl\d$1 by a gross corporeal m$ium6 ,& ?us x is1 to a great ext5t1 ) all nature1 especially animal nature2 & ,i _c b believe1 z already intimat$1 t ,paul _h ^! v ?+s 9 m9d :5 he said1 ,! :ole creation groane? & travaile? toge!r 9 pa9 until n[1 & waite? = ! manife/ation ( ! sons ( ,god2 t is1 = emancipation f its pres5t depress$ & fett]$ condition4 ,9 %ort1 :ile !re is s mu* 9 ?is _w to call =? our admiration & gratitude to ,god1 !re is en\gh to make u feel1 also1 t x is a fall5 condition4 ,x is n su* a _w z inf9ite b5evol5ce w\ld provide = p]fectly holy be+s1 :om he desir$ to make p]fectly happy1 b r su* a _w z is adapt$ = a condition ( trial & prep>ation = a high] /ate1 :5 bo? m9d & body w\ld be deliv]$ f ! fett]s t n[ cramp _! ex]cise4 ,n[1 ! !ory :i* ,i advocate ass]ts t ?is peculi> condition ( ! _w result$ f ! div9e det]m9ation1 ^u a prospective view ( man's transgression4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be prop]ly reg>d$ z occasion$ by man's transgression1 b n 9 ! common mean+ atta*$ to t phrase1 :i* is1 t1 be=e man's apo/asy1 ! con/itution ( ! _w 0 diff]5t f :at x n[ is1 & dea? did n exi/4 ,?is !ory supposes ,god to h devis$ ! pres5t peculi> mix$ condition ( ! _w1 z to good & evil1 9 et]nity1 9 ord] to give man an opportunity to rescue himself f ! p5alty & mis]y ( s92 & 9 ord] to introduce ^? :o %\ld d ?is into a high] /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,! plan1 !re=e1 is f\nd$ 9 inf9ite wisdom & b5evol5ce1 :ile x br+s out man's guilt1 & ! evil ( s91 9 appall+ di/9ctness & magnitude4 ,b1 aft] all1 h[ little idea w\ld a man h ( ! entire plot ( a play1 :o _h he>d only a "p ( ! fir/ act6 ,h[ little c\ld he judge ( ! be>+ ( ! fir/ sc5e ^u ! f9al developm5t6 ,yet we are n[ only 9 ! fir/ act ( ! great drama ( human exi/5ce4 ,dea? %[s u t we %all ere long be introduc$ into a second act1 & af=ds a presumption t o!r acts--x may be 9 an endless s]ies--w succe$1 be=e ! :ole plot %all h pass$ be=e u2 & n till !n c we be c]ta9 :at are all ! objects to be accompli%$ by ! introduction ( s9 & dea? into our _w4 ,& if ?us e>ly we c cat* glimpses ( great b5efit to result f ^! evils1 :at full conviction1 t inf9ite b5evol5ce has plann$ & consummat$ ! :ole1 w be =c$ ^u ! m9d1 :5 ! va/ panorama ( ,god's disp5sations %all lie spread out 9 ! memory6 ,= t "t %all ,fai? wait1 9 confid5t hope t all h] d\bts & d>kness %all be conv]t$ into noonday brightness4 ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,,! ,,noa*ian ,,deluge ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,! ,,geological ,,deluges4 ,! hi/ory ( op9ions respect+ ! deluge ( ,noah is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s & in/ructive 9 ! annals ( man4 ,9 ?is field1 ,*ri/ians h (t5 brok5 lances ) infidels1 & also ) "o ano!r4 ,! unbeliev] has confid5tly ma9ta9$ t ! ,bible hi/ory ( ! deluge is at w> ) ! facts & reason+s ( sci5ce4 ,equally confid5t has be5 ! believ] t nature be>s /rong te/imony to its occurr5ce4 ,"s ,*ri/ians1 h[ev]1 h ass]t$1 ) ! infidel1 t no trace rema9s on ! face ( nature ( su* an ev5t4 ,& z ?is is a subject :i* m5 are apt to suppose !mselves ma/]s (1 :5 !y h only skimm$ ! surface1 ! conte/ betwe5 ^! diff]5t p>ties has be5 sev]e & protract$4 ,almo/ e geological *ange :i* ! e>? has und]gone1 f its c5tre to its circumf]5ce1 has1 at "o "t or ano!r1 be5 ascrib$ to ?is deluge4 ,& s pla9 has ?is seem$ to ^? :o _h only a p>tial view ( ! facts1 t ^? :o d\bt$ x 7 (t5 d5\nc$ z enemies ( revelation4 ,b mo/ ( ^! op9ions & ?is dogmatism are n[ ab&on$1 because bo? ,nature & ,scripture are bett] und]/ood4 ,& among well-in=m$ geologi/s1 at lea/1 ! op9ion is almo/ univ]sal1 t !re are no facts 9 _! sci5ce :i* c be cle>ly ref]r$ to ! ,noa*ian deluge2 t is1 no traces 9 nature ( t ev5t2 & on ! o!r h&1 t !re is no?+ 9 ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( ! deluge :i* w\ld necess>ily lead is to expect p]man5t m>ks ( su* a cata/rophe )9 or ^u ! e>?4 ,if su* be ! case1 y w d\btless inquire1 :at connection !re is betwe5 geology & ! reveal$ hi/ory ( ! deluge1 & :y ! subject %\ld be introduc$ into ?is s]ies ( lectures4 ,i reply1 t s rec5tly h correct views be5 ent]ta9$ on ?is subject1 & s little und]/ood are !y2 t !y ne$ to be def9$ & expla9$4 ,& if ! di/ribution ( animals & plants on ! globe come )9 ! prov9ce ( geology1 !n ?is sci5ce has a v important po9t ( connection ) ! hi/ory ( ! deluge1 z w appe> 9 ! sequel4 ,& f9ally1 ! hi/ory ( op9ions on ?is subject is full ( in/ruction to ^? :o und]take to reason on ! connection betwe5 sci5ce & religion4 ,obvi\sly1 !n1 my fir/ object %\ld be to give a brief hi/ory ( ! views t h be5 ent]ta9$ respect+ ! deluge ( ,noah1 s f> z !y h be5 suppos$ to h any connection ) geology4 ,x is well kn[n1 t 9 ! writt5 & unwritt5 traditions ( almo/ e nation & tribe "u heav51 ! /ory ( a g5]al deluge has be5 prom95t2 & probably1 9 all ^! cases1 "s attempt has be5 made to expla9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! wat]s 7 br\ght ov] ! l&4 ,b mo/ ( ^! reason+s1 especially 9 anci5t times1 are too absurd to des]ve ev5 to be recit$4 ,inde$1 x is n till ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 t we f9d any discussions on ! subject wor?y ( notice4 ,at t "t1 "s excavations at ,v]ona1 9 ,italy1 br\ght to light _m fossil %ells1 & awak5$ a "q z to _! orig94 ,"s ma9ta9$ t !y 7 only simulacra1 or resemblances to animals1 b nev] _h a real exi/5ce4 ,!y 7 suppos$ to h be5 produc$ by a c]ta9 mat]ia p+uis1 or fatty matt]1 exi/+ 9 ! e>?4 ,o!rs ma9ta9$ t !y 7 deposit$ by ! deluge ( ,noah4 ,su*1 inde$1 0 ! g5]al op9ion2 b ,fraca/oro & a few o!rs ma9ta9$ t !y 7 once real animals1 & c\ld n h be5 br\ght into _! pres5t condition by ! la/ deluge4 ,= m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s h ^! que/ions be5 m or less discuss$2 & ?\gh decid$ _m ye>s ago by all geologi/s1 n a few intellig5t m5 /ill ma9ta91 t petrifi$ %ells are m]e abortive resemblances ( real be+s1 or t !y 7 deposit$ by ! deluge4 ,! advocates ( ! diluvial orig9 ( petrifactions soon f\nd !mselves h>d press$ ) ! "q1 h[ ^! relics c\ld be scatt]$ ?r\gh /rata _m ?\s& feet ?ick1 by "o transi5t flood4 ,!y1 !re=e1 came to ! conclusion1 9 ! words ( ,woodw>d1 a di/+ui%$ cosmogoni/ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 t ! :ole t]re/rial globe 0 tak5 to pieces & dissolv$ at ! flood1 & ! /rata settl$ d[n f ?is promiscu\s mass1 z any e>?y s$im5t f a fluid4 ,dur+ t c5tury1 _m works appe>$ ^u cosmogony1 def5d+ simil> views1 by su* m5 z ,burnet1 ,s*eu*z]1 & ,catcott4 ,"s ( ^! works exhibit$ no little ability1 mix$1 h[ev]1 ) hypo!ses s extravagant t !y h ev] s9ce be5 ! butt ( ridicule4 ,! v title ( ,burnet's "w _c b provoke a smile4 ,x is call$ ,! ,sacr$ ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 conta9+ an ,acc\nt ( ! ,orig9al ( ! ,e>?1 & ( all ! g5]al ,*anges x ba? already und]gone1 or is to und]go1 till ! ,consummation ( all ,?+s4 ,he ma9ta9$ t ! primitive e>? 0 only an orbicul> cru/1 smoo?1 regul>1 & uni=m1 )\t m\nta9s & )\t a sea4 ,?is cru/ re/$ on ! surface ( a wat]y abyss1 &1 be+ heat$ by ! sun1 became *9ky2 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! r>efaction ( ! includ$ vapors1 x bur/ asund]1 & fell d[n into ! wat]s1 & s 0 comm9ut$ & dissolv$1 :ile ! inhabitants p]i%$4 ,catcott's "w 0 conf9$ exclusively to ! deluge1 & exhibit$ a good deal ( ability4 ,he endeavor$ to %[1 t ?is dissolution ( ! e>? by ! deluge 0 taught 9 ! ,scriptures1 & 8 reason+ on t po9t is a f9e example ( ! /ate ( biblical int]pretation 9 8 day4 ,z !re are o!r texts1 says he1 :i* m5tion ! dissolution ( ! e>?1 x may be prop] to cite !m4 ,ps4 xlvi4 #b4 ,god is our refuge2 !re=e w we n fe> ?\gh ! e>? be remov$1 be *ang$1 be q alt]$1 z x 0 at ! deluge4 ,god utt]$ 8 voice1 ! e>? melt$1 fl[$1 dissolv$ to atoms4 ,aga91 ,job xxviii4 #i4 ,he s5t 8 h& ! expansion1 8 in/rum5t1 or ! ag5t by :i* he work$ aga9/ ! rock1 he ov]turn$ ! m\nta9s by ! roots1 he caus$ ! riv]s to bur/ =? f betwe5 ! rocks1 or broke op5 ! f\nta9s ( ! abyss4 ,8 eye symbolically plac$ = light saw pass$ ?r\gh1 or betwe5 e m9ute ?+1 e-atom1 & s dissolv$ ! :ole4 ,he at la/ b\nd up ! wat]s f weep+1 i4 e4 f press+ ?r\gh ! %ell ( ! e>?1 z te>s make _! way ?r\gh ! orb ( ! eye2 or1 z x is relat$1 7,g54 viii4 #b17 ,he /opp$ ! f\nta9s ( ! abyss & ! w9d[s ( heav51 & br\ght out ! light f its hid+-place1 i4 e41 f ! inw>d p>ts ( ! e>?1 f betwe5 e atom :]e x lay hid1 & kept ea* atom sep>ate f ! o!r1 & s ! :ole 9 a /ate ( dissolution2 8 br++ out ^? p>ts ( ! light :i* caus$ ! dissolution w\ld ( c\rse p]mit ! ag5ts to act 9 _! usual way1 & s re=m ! e>?4--,treatise on ! ,deluge1 p4 #dc1 7,london1 #agfa47 ,we c h>dly believe at ! pres5t day1 t a logical & sci5tific m9d1 l t ( ,catcott1 c\ld satisfy itself1 by su* a dreamy exegesis1 t ! ,scriptures tea* ! e>?'s dissolution at ! deluge2 especially :5 !y s di/9ctly describe ! wat]s ( ! deluge1 z fir/ ris+ ov] ! l&1 & !n s9k+ back to _! orig9al position4 ,/ill m /range is x h[ ,burnet c\ld h ?\ght x consi/5t ) ,scripture to suppose ! e>?1 be=e ! flood1 to h be5 cov]$ ) an orbicul> cru/1 smoo?1 regul>1 & uni=m1 )\t m\nta9s & )\t a sea1 :5 ! ,bible s di/9ctly /ates1 z ! "w ( ! ?ird day1 t ! wat]s "u ! heav5s 7 ga!r$ toge!r unto "o place1 & ! dry l& appe>$2 & t ,god call$ ! dry l& e>?1 & ! ga!r+ toge!r ( ! wat]s he call$ seas2 & fur!r1 t1 by ! deluge1 all ! high hills 7 cov]$4 ,yet ^! m5 d\btless suppos$ t1 by ! views :i* !y advocat$1 !y 7 def5d+ ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,nay1 _! views 7 long reg>d$ z exclusively ! or?odox views1 & opposition to !m 0 consid]$1 = "o or two c5turies1 z virtual opposition to ! ,bible4 ,truly1 ?is1 9 biblical int]pretation1 0 /ra9+ at a gnat & swall[+ a camel4 ,x is q conv5i5t to expla9 su* anomalies 9 human belief1 by ref]r+ !m to ! _s ( ! age1 or to ! want ( ! light ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,b 9 ! pres5t case1 we _c ?us easily dispose ( ! difficulty4 ,= 9 our own day1 we h se5 ^! same absurdities ( op9ion ma9ta9$ by a really sci5tific man1 select$ to write "o ( ! ,bridgewat] ,treatises1 z "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ m5 9 ,great ,brita94 ,i ref] to ,rev4 ,william ,kirby1 evid5tly a ?or\gh entomologi/ & a s9c]e ,*ri/ian4 ,b he adopts ! op9ion1 n only t !re exi/s a subt]ranean abyss ( wat]s1 b a subt]ranean metropolis ( animals1 :]e ! huge levia?ians1 ! gigantic saurians1 dug out ( ! rocks by ! geologi/1 /ill survive2 & ?is he endeavors to prove f ! ,bible4 ,= ?is purpose he quotes ! passage 9 ,psalms1 ?\gh ?\ ha/ sore brok5 u 9 ! place ( dragons1 & cov]$ u ) ! %ad[ ( dea?4 ,8 exposition ( ?is text is mu* 9 ! /yle ( t already giv5 f ,catcott4 ,foll[+ t writ] & ,hut*9son1 he endeavors to %[1 by a /ill m fanciful int]pretation1 t ! phrase w9d[s ( heav51 9 ,g5esis1 means cracks & volcanic r5ts 9 ! e>?1 ?r\gh :i* air & wat] ru%$ inw>dly & outw>dly ) su* viol5ce z to te> ! cru/ to pieces4 ,?is 0 ! effect ( ! increas+ wat]s ( ! deluge2 ! br++ toge!r ( ^! comm9ut$ p>ticles1 s z to =m ! pres5t /rata1 0 ! "w ( ! subsid+ wat]s4 ,^! views w seem v /range to ^? n famili> ) ! hi/ory ( geology4 ,b we %all f9d _! orig91 if a few facts be /at$ respect+ :at has be5 call$ ! physico-!ological s*ool ( writ]s1 t orig9at$ ) "o ,hut*9son1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,he 0 a disciple ( ! di/+ui%$ cosmogoni/ ,woodw>d4 ,b he attack$ ! views ( 8 ma/]1 z well z ^? ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton on gravitation1 9 a "w :i* he publi%$ 9 twelve octavo volumes1 entitl$ ,moses's ,pr9cipia4 ,he !re ma9ta9s t ! ,scriptures1 :5 rightly und]/ood1 conta9 a complete sy/em ( natural philosophy4 ,?is dogma1 advocat$ by ,hut*9son ) ! mo/ intol]ant _s1 con/itutes ! lead+ peculi>ity ( ! physico-!ological s*ool1 & has be5 v widely adopt$1 & has ex]t$ a mo/ p]nici\s influ5ce bo? ^u religion & ^u sci5ce4 ,x is pa9ful1 !re=e1 to f9d s le>n$ & excell5t a man z ,mr4 ,kirby s deeply imbu$ ) x1 s long aft] its absurdity has be5 %[n aga9 & aga94 ,x is dev\tly to be wi%$ t ! cabali/ic dreams ( ,hut*9sonianism are n to be ext5sively reviv$ 9 our day4 ,&1 inde$1 su* is ! advanc$ /ate ( h]m5eutical k1 t we h little reason to fe> x4 ,nev]!less1 its leav5 is yet by no means ?or\ghly purg$ out f ! lit]>y community4 ,x 0 "o ( ! settl$ pr9ciples ( ! physico-!ological s*ool1 t1 s9ce ! creation1 ! e>? has und]gone no important *ange b5ea? ! surface1 except at ! deluge1 because x 0 suppos$ t ! ,bible m5tions no o!r ev5t t c\ld produce any important *ange4 ,h5ce all m>ks ( *anges 9 ! rocks s9ce _! orig9al creation mu/ be ref]r$ to ! deluge4 ,& especially :5 x 0 f\nd t mo/ ( ! petrifactions 9 ! rocks 7 ( m>9e orig91 n only 7 !y suppos$ to be ! result ( ! deluge1 b a mo/ conclusive pro( ( t ev5t4 ,& ?is op9ion is ev5 yet v widely receiv$ by ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,! argum5t 9 its favor1 :5 /at$ 9 a popul> mann] to ^? n famili> ) geology1 is inde$ q impos+4 ,= if ! l&1 almo/ e :]e1 ev5 to ! tops ( "s ( its highe/ m\nta9s1 ab\nds 9 sea %ells1 ?is is j :at we %\ld expect1 if ! sea fl[$ ov] ^? m\nta9s at ! deluge4 ,b ! mom5t we come to exam9e ! details respect+ m>9e petrifactions1 we see t no?+ c be m absurd ?an to suppose !m ! result ( a transi5t deluge4 ,yet ?is view is ma9ta9$ 9 ne>ly all ! popul> comm5t>ies ( ! pres5t day ^u ,g5esis1 & 9 _m respectable p]iodicals4 ,x is taught1 !re=e1 9 ! ,sabba? s*ool & 9 ! family2 & ! *ild1 z he gr[s up1 is %ock$ to f9d ! geologi/ assail+ x2 & :5 he f9ds x false1 he is 9 dang] ( becom+ jeal\s ( ! o!r evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity :i* he has be5 taught4 ,ano!r bran* ( ! mod]n physico-!ological s*ool1 embrac+ m5 :o h read too mu* on ! subject ( geology to be able to believe 9 ! dissolution ( ! globe by ! deluge1 h adopt$ a m plausible hypo!sis4 ,!y suppose t betwe5 ! creation & ! deluge1 or 9 sixte5 hundr$ & fifty-six ye>s1 accord+ to ! receiv$ *ronology1 all ! pres5t fossilif]\s rocks ( our cont95ts1 m ?an six miles 9 ?ickness1 7 deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! ocean4 ,by t ev5t1 !y 7 rais$ f b5ea? ! wat]s1 & ! cont95ts previ\sly exi/+ sunk d[n & disappe>$2 s t ! l& n[ inhabit$ 0 =m]ly ! ocean's b$4 ,to prove t su* a *ange took place at ! deluge1 ,granville ,p5n & ,fairholme quote ! decl>ation ( ,god1 9 ,g5esis1 respect+ ! flood--,i w de/roy !m1 7i4 e41 m517 & ! e>?1 or ) ! e>?2 also ! /atem5t ( ,pet]--,! _w t !n 01 be+ ov]fl[$ ) wat]1 p]i%$4 ,! t]ms e>? & _w may mean ei!r ! solid globe1 or ! animals & plants ^u x4 ,if 9 ^! passages !y h ! latt] mean+1 !n !y simply tea* t ! deluge de/roy$ ! natural life ( organic be+s4 ,if !y h ! =m] mean+1 !n ! inquiry arises1 ,:at are we to und]/& by ! de/ruction "h describ$8 ,x may mean annihilation1 or x may imply ru9 9 "s respects4 ,t annihilation did n result f ! deluge is evid5t f ! case ( m51 :o suff]$ only temporal dea?1 & ev5 ?is 0 n univ]sal2 & we "k1 also1 t ! matt] ( ! e>? did n p]i%4 ,we mu/ resort1 !re=e1 to ! sacr$ hi/ory to le>n h[ f> ! de/ruction ext5d$ ,t hi/ory seems v pla94 ,!re 0 a ra9 ( =ty days1 & ! f\nta9s ( ! great deep 7 brok5 up2 t is1 z ,pr(essor ,/u>t happily expresses x1 ,! ocean ov]fl[$ :ile ! ra9 desc5d$ 9 va/ quantities4 ,! wat]s gradually rose ov] ! dry l&1 & aft] a hundr$ & fifty days1 began to subside1 & at ! end ( a ye> & a few days !y 7 gone4 ,su* an ov]fl[+ c\ld n take place )\t produc+ ! almo/ entire de/ruction ( organic life1 & mak+ ext5sive havoc ) ! soil1 especially z a w9d assi/$ 9 driv+ ^! wat]s f ! l&4 ,b !re is no?+ 9 ! n>rative t w\ld lead u to suppose ei!r a comm9ution or dissolution ( ! e>?1 or ! elevation ( ! ocean's b$4 ,! same l& :i* 0 ov]fl[$ is describ$ z aga9 em]g+4 ,inde$1 a "p ( ! riv]s proce$+ out ( ! g>d5 ( ,ed5 are ! same z ^? n[ exi/+ on ! globe4 ,we mu/ !n admit t our pres5t cont95ts--c]ta9ly ! ,asiatic1--are ! same z ! ant$iluvian1 or d5y t ! acc\nt ( ,ed51 9 ,g5esis1 is a "p ( ! ,bible4 ,! latt] alt]native is pref]r$ by ,p5n & ,fairholme4 ,surely su* m5 ought to be cauti\s h[ !y c5sure geologi/s = modify+ ! mean+ ( "s v]ses 9 ,g5esis1 :5 !y ?us1 )\t any evid5ce ( its spuri\sness1 unc]emoni\sly erase s important a passage4 ,i might add to all ?is t ! facts ( geology =bid ! idea t our pres5t cont95ts =m$ ! b$ ( ! ocean at s rec5t a date z t ( ,noah's deluge1 & t ! supposition t all organic rema9s 7 deposit$ dur+ ! two ?\s& ye>s betwe5 ! six days' "w & ! deluge is totally irreconcilable ) all correct philosophy4 ,:y1 dur+ ! "t :5 ! fossilif]\s rocks 7 9 a c\rse ( =mation1 f\r or five entirely di/9ct races ( animals & plants successively occupi$ ! l& & ! wat]s1 & pass$ away 9 regul> ord]2 & ^! races 7 s unlike1 t !y c\ld n h be5 contemporane\s4 ,:o w ma9ta9 t all ?is took place 9 ! %ort p]iod ( two ?\s& ye>s8 ,i am sure t no geologi/ w4 ,b mod]n geologi/s h1 until rec5tly1 suppos$ t ! traces ( ,noah's deluge might /ill be se5 ^u ! e>?'s surface4 ,i say its surface2 = none ( !m imag9$ ^? effects c\ld h rea*$ to a great dep?4 ,ov] a l>ge "p ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e !y f\nd ext5sive accumulations ( gravel & b[ld]s1 :i* _h be5 remov$ (t5 a great di/ance f _! p>5t rocks1 :ile ! l$ges b5ea? 7 smoo!d & /riat$1 obvi\sly by ! grat+ ov] !m ( ^! piles ( detritus4 ,h[ v natural to ref] ^! effects to ! ag5cy ( curr5ts ( wat]2 j su* curr5ts z might h result$ f a univ]sal deluge4 ,b ! inf]5ce 0 a ha/y "o ,= :5 geologi/s came to /udy ! ph5om5a ( drift or diluvium1 z ^! accumulations ( travell$ matt] are call$1 !y f\nd t curr5ts ( wat] alone w\ld n expla9 !m all4 ,"s o!r ag5cy mu/ h be5 conc]n$2 & ! g5]al op9ion n[ is1 t drift has be5 ! result ( ! jo9t action ( wat] & ice2 & ne>ly all geologi/s suppose t ?is action took place be=e man's exi/5ce on ! globe4 ,"s suppose x to h be5 ! result ( oceanic curr5ts1 :ile yet our cont95ts 7 b5ea? ! wat]s2 o!rs ?9k t ! nor!rn ocean may h be5 ?r[n s\!rly ov] ! dry l& by ! elevation ( its b$2 & o!rs ma9ta9 t va/ masses ( ice may =m]ly h encircl$ high latitudes1 ^: glaci]s1 melt+ away1 may h driv5 t[>ds ! equator ! great quantities ( drift & b[ld]s :i* h be5 c>ri$ 9 t direction4 ,9 %ort1 x is n[ f\nd t ?is is "o ( ! mo/ difficult problems 9 geology2 & :ile mo/ geologi/s agree t bo? ice & wat] h be5 conc]n$ 9 produc+ ! ph5om5a1 ! "t & mann] ( _! action are n yet v satisfactorily det]m9$4 ,!y may h act$ at diff]5t p]iods & 9 div]s mann]s2 b all ! ph5om5a c\ld n h be5 ! result ( "o transi5t deluge4 ,f ! facts t h n[ be5 detail$1 x appe>s t on no subject ( sci5ce connect$ ) religion h m5 be5 m positive & dogmatical ?an 9 respect to ,noah's deluge1 & t on no subject has !re be5 great] *ange ( op9ion4 ,f a belief 9 ! complete de/ruction & dissolution ( ! globe by t ev5t1 ^? be/ qualifi$ to judge n[ d\bt :e!r x be possible to id5tify "o m>k ( t ev5t 9 nature4 ,i %all n[ proce$ to /ate1 9 a m def9ite =m1 ! views ( ?is subject ent]ta9$ by ! mo/ enlight5$ judges ( its m]its at ! pres5t day4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 mo/ ( ! cases ( accumulations ( drift1 ! disp]sion ( b[ld]s1 & ! poli% & /riae ^u rocks 9 place1 occurr$ previ\s to man's exi/5ce ^u ! globe1 & _c h be5 ! result ( ,noah's deluge4 ,f ! argum5ts = su/a9+ ?is position ,i %all select only a "p4 ,! fir/ is1 t ! organic rema9s f\nd 9 ! alluvium consid]ably above ! drift1 :i* always lies bel[ ! alluvium1 are _m ( !m ( ext9ct species4 ,:e!r ! g5u9e drift--a het]og5e\s mass ( fragm5ts1 driv5 pellmell toge!r--conta9s any organic relics1 is to me v d\btful4 ,b if ! /ratifi$ deposits subsequ5t to ! drift pres5t u ) be+s no long] alive on ! globe1 mu* m w\ld ! drift4 ,n[1 ! presumption is1 t ext9ct animals & plants belong to a creation ant]ior to man1 especially if !y exhibit a tropical "*1--z ^? d :i* are usually assign$ to ! drift1--s9ce we h no evid5ce ( a tropical climate 9 nor!rn latitudes till we get back to a p]iod f> ant]ior to man4 ,secondly4 ,no rema9s ( man or 8 works h be5 f\nd 9 drift1 nor inde$ till we rise almo/ to ! top ( ! alluvial deposit4 ,ev5 anci5t ,arm5ia has n[ be5 exam9$ geologically1 ) suffici5t c>e to make x almo/ c]ta9 t human rema9s d n exi/ !re 9 drift1 if drift is f\nd !re at all2 ( :i* !re may be a "q4 ,?irdly4 ,! ag5cy produc+ drift mu/ h op]at$ dur+ a va/ly long] p]iod ?an ! ?ree hundr$ & eighty days ( ,noah's deluge4 ,x w\ld be easy to %[ to a geologi/ t ! ext5sive erosions :i* are ref]rible to t ag5cy1 & ! huge masses ( detritus :i* h be5 ! result1 mu/ h dem&$ c5turies1 & ev5 decades ( ye>s4 ,nor w any suppos$ increase ( p[] 9 ! ag5cy expla9 ! results1 )\t admitt+ a long p]iod = _! action4 ,f\r?ly4 ,wat] appe>s to h be5 ! pr9cipal ag5t 9 ! ,noa*ian deluge2 b 9 ! production ( drift1 ice 0 at lea/ equally conc]n$4 ,f9ally4 ,! ph5om5a ( deltas1 t]races1 & anci5t sea-bea*es1 make ! p]iod ( ! drift imm5sely m remote ?an ! deluge ( ,noah1 s9ce ^! ph5om5a are all po/]ior to ! drift p]iod4 ,i ne$ n g into ! details ( ?is argum5t "h1 s9ce ,i h drawn !m out 9 my second lecture4 ,b ( all ! argum5ts ev] adduc$ to prove ! great l5g? ( "t occupi$ 9 geological *anges1 ?is--:i*1 s f> z ! t]races are conc]n$1 has nev] be=e1 ,i believe1 be5 adduc$--seems to me ! mo/ conv9c+ to ^? :o c>efully exam9e ! subject4 ,we may be sure1 !n1 t ! comm5cem5t ( ! drift p]iod1 & ! deluge ( ,noah1 _c h be5 syn*ron\s4 ,b ! drift ag5cy1 connect$1 z ne>ly all geologi/s seem n[ to be ready to admit1 ) ! v]tical movem5ts ( cont95ts1 may h op]at$1 & und\bt$ly has1 at v>i\s p]iods1 & v possibly1 9 "s p>ts ( ! _w1 long po/]ior to ! p]iod usually call$ ! drift p]iod4 ,i agree1 !re=e1 9 op9ion ) "o ( ! mo/ em95t & judici\s ( ! ,european geologi/s1 ,pr(essor ,s$gwick ( ,cambridge1 :5 he says1 ,if we h ! cle>e/ pro(s ( great oscillations ( sea level1 & h a "r to make use ( !m1 :ile we seek to expla9 "s ( ! late/ ph5om5a ( geology1 may we n reasonably suppose1 t1 )9 ! p]iod ( human hi/ory1 simil> oscillations h tak5 place 9 ^? p>ts ( ,asia :i* 7 ! cradle ( our race1 & may h produc$ t de/ruction among ! e>ly families ( m51 :i* is describ$ 9 our sacr$ books1 & ( :i* s _m traditions h be5 br\ght d[n to u ?r\gh all ! /reams ( au!ntic hi/ory8--,geology ( ! ,lake ,di/rict1 p4 #ad4 ,secondly4 ,admitt+ ! deluge to h be5 univ]sal ov] ! globe1 x c\ld n h deposit$ ! fossil rema9s 9 ! rocks4 ,?is position is too pla9 to ! practical geologi/ to ne$ a =mal argum5t to su/a9 x4 ,b !re are _m intellig5t m51 :o d n see cle>ly :y ! rema9s ( m>9e animals & plants may n be ref]r$ to ! deluge4 ,& if !y c\ld be1 !n all ! dem&s ( ! geologi/ = long p]iods ant]ior to man are )\t f\ndation4 ,b !y _c be1 = ! foll[+ reasons3-- ,fir/4 ,on ?is supposition ! organic rema9s ought to be confus$ly m+l$ toge!r1 s9ce !y mu/ h be5 br\ght ov] ! l& promiscu\sly by ! wat]s ( ! deluge2 b !y are 9 fact arrang$ 9 z mu* ord] z ! specim5s ( a well-regulat$ cab9et4 ,! diff]5t rocks t lie above "o ano!r d1 inde$1 conta9 "s species t are common2 b ! mo/ are peculi>4 ,x is impossible to expla9 su* a fact if !y 7 deposit$ by ! deluge4 ,secondly4 ,on ?is !ory1 at lea/1 a "p ( ! organic rema9s ought to correspond ) liv+ animals & plants1 s9ce ! deluge took place s long aft] ! six days ( creation4 ,b ) ! exception ( a few species ne> ! top ( ! s]ies1 ! fossil species are :olly unlike ^? n[ alive4 ,?irdly4 ,h[1 by ?is !ory1 c we expla9 ! fact1 t !re are f\nd 9 ! rocks at lea/ five di/9ct races ( animals & plants1 s unlike t !y c\ld n h be5 contempor>ies8 or = ! fact1 t mo/ ( !m are ( a highly tropical "*8 or = ! fact1 t z we rise high] 9 ! rocks1 !re is a ne>] & ne>] approa* to exi/+ species8 ,f\r?ly4 ,?is !ory requires u to admit1 t 9 ?ree hundr$ & eighty days ! wat]s ( ! deluge deposit$ rocks at lea/ six miles 9 ?ickness1 ov] half or two ?irds ( our exi/+ cont95ts2 & ^! rocks made up ( hundr$s ( ?ick b$s1 exce$+ly unlike "o ano!r 9 composition & organic cont5ts4 ,w any reasonable man believe ?is possible )\t a miracle8 ,b ,i ne$ n multiply argum5ts on ?is po9t4 ,x is a !ory :i* no reasonable man c long ma9ta9 aft] /udy+ ! subject4 ,& if x be inde$ true1 t nei!r 9 ! drift1 nor 9 ! fossilif]\s rocks1 c we discov] any traces ( ! deluge1 !n we %all f9d !m n[h]e on ! globe4 ,b ,?irdly4 ,!re are no facts 9 geology t af=d any presumption aga9/ ! occurr5ce ( ! ,noa*ian deluge1 b r ! contr>y4 ,! geologi/ says only1 t if any traces ( x exi/1 he _c di/+ui% !m f ! effects ( o!r analog\s ag5cies t h op]at$ on ! globe at v>i\s p]iods4 ,"s p>ts ( ! globe d n exhibit m>ks ( any p[]ful aque\s action1 su* z high nor!rn & s\!rn latitudes d exhibit4 ,b ! sacr$ record1 9 its acc\nt ( ! access & subsid5ce ( diluvial wat]s1 does n require u to suppose any great degree ( viol5ce 9 _! action on ! surface2 & al?\gh curr5ts some:at p[]ful mu/ h be5 ! result1 yet !y may n h exi/$ e :]e1 nor h always left traces ( _! passage :]e !y did exi/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! geologi/ w admit1 z we h already se51 t 9 ! elevation & subsid5ce ( m\nta9s & cont95ts1 & 9 volcanic ag5cy g5]ally1 ( :i* geology conta9s s _m examples1 we h an adequate cause = ext5sive1 if n univ]sal1 deluges2 nor c he say h[ rec5tly ?is cause may h op]at$ b5ea? c]ta9 oceans1 suffici5tly to produce ! deluge ( ! ,scriptures4 ,s t1 9 fact1 we h 9 geology a presumption 9 favor (1 r ?an aga9/1 su* a deluge4 ,nay1 "s1 :o h exam9$ ,arm5ia1 h ?\ght !y f\nd !re a deposit :i* c\ld be ref]r$ to ! deluge ( ,noah2 b ,i h no access to any facts on ?is po9t4 ,f\r?ly4 ,!re are reasons1 bo? 9 natural hi/ory & 9 ! ,scriptures1 = suppos+ t ! deluge may n h be5 univ]sal ov] ! globe1 b only ov] ! region inhabit$ by man4 ,?is is a position ( no small importance1 & w1 !re=e1 require our c>eful exam9ation4 ,& 9 ! beg9n+1 ,i wi% to premise1 t ,i assume ! deluge to h be5 br\ght ab\t by natural op]ations1 or 9 con=mity ) ! laws ( nature4 ,i feel no reluctance 9 admitt+ x to h be5 /rictly miracul\s1 provid$ ! n>rative w all[ ( su* a conclusion4 ,b if x 0 miracul\s1 !n we mu/ give up ! idea ( philosophiz+ ab\t x1 & believe ! facts simply on ! div9e te/imony4 ,= h[ c we philosophize ^u an ev5t t is br\ght ab\t by ! direct effici5cy ( ,god1 & )\t ref]5ce to exi/+ natural laws1 &1 x may be1 9 contrav5tion ( !m1 unless1 inde$1 ! hi/ory conta9s su* contradictions z ev5 inf9ite p[] & wisdom c\ld n make h>moni\s8 ,"s writ]s endeavor to %[ ! con=mity ( ! sacr$ hi/ory ( ! deluge to e/abli%$ natural laws1 until !y meet ) "s objection too /rong to be answ]$1 :5 !y turn r\nd & decl>e ! :ole occurr5ce to h be5 miracul\s4 ,?is ,i conceive to be absurd1 & ,i %all accord+ly proce$ on ! supposition t ! :ole ev5t 0 a p5al infliction1 br\ght ab\t by natural laws2 or1 at lea/1 if !re 0 any ?+ miracul\s1 x consi/$ 9 giv+ great] p[] to natural op]ations1 )\t int]f]+ ) ! regul> sequ5ce ( cause & effect4 ,& does n ! n>rative leave ! impression on ! m9d ( ! read]1 t x 0 br\ght ab\t by natural means8 ,! sacr$ writ] di/9ctly assigns two natural causes ( ! increase ( ! wat]s1 viz41 a ra9 ( =ty days & ! break+ up ( ! f\nta9s ( ! great deep1 :i* d\btless means an ov]fl[ ( ! ocean2 &1 to ha/5 ! subsid5ce ( ! wat]s1 x is said t ,god made a w9d to bl[ ov] ! surface4 ,x is no pro( ( miracul\s ag5cy1 t ! :ole "w is ref]r$ to ! imm$iate p[] ( ,god1 = x is well kn[n t ?is is ! usual mode 9 :i* ! sacr$ writ]s speak ( natural ev5ts4 ,! fir/ difficulty 9 ! way ( suppos+ ! flood to h be5 lit]ally univ]sal1 is ! great quantity ( wat] t w\ld h be5 requisite4 ,! am\nt necess>y to cov] ! e>? to ! tops ( ! highe/ m\nta9s1 or ab\t five miles above ! pres5t oceans1 w\ld be eight times great] ?an t exi/+ on ! globe at ?is "t4 ,f :5ce c\ld ?is imm5se volume ( wat] h be5 d]iv$8 ,a great deal ( +5uity has be5 devot$ to give an answ] to ?is inquiry4 ,by "s x has be5 suppos$1 t mo/ ( ! e>?'s int]ior is occupi$ by wat]1 & ! !ori/ _h only to devise means = =c+ x to ! surface4 ,"o does ?is by ! =cible compression ( ! cru/2 ano!r1 by ! expansive p[] ( int]nal heat2 ano!r1 by ! g5]ation ( v>i\s gases ?r\gh galvanic action4 ,o!rs h ma9ta9$ t ! ant$iluvian cont95ts 7 sunk b5ea? ! ocean at t "t1 ?\gh su* f9d x h>d to tell u :y !re 0 a ra9 ( =ty days ^u l& t 0 ready to subside b5ea? ! ocean4 ,o!rs h resort to a comet's imp++ aga9/ ! e>?1 & ?r[+ ! wat]s ( ! ocean ov] ! l&4 ,b !y 7 n aw>e t comets are m]e vapor4 ,o!rs suppose 7& surely !irs is ! mo/ plausible !ory7 t ! elevation ( ! b$ ( "s ocean1 by volcanic ag5cy1 ?rew its wat]s ov] ! adjo9+ cont95ts1 & ! mighty wave ?us produc$ w\ld n /op till x _h swept ov] all o!r cont95ts & isl&s4 ,b 9 ?is case1 x is evid5t t ! cont95t fir/ ov]fl[$ mu/ h be5 left dry be=e ! wave _h rea*$ o!r cont95ts1 s t1 9 fact1 all p>ts ( ! e>? w\ld n h be5 envelop$ simultane\sly2 & besides1 h[ unlike su* a viol5t ru%+ ( ! wat]s ov] ! l& is ! scriptural acc\nt6 ,9 %ort1 s unsatisfactory h be5 mo/ ( ! !ories to acc\nt = ! wat] requisite to produce a univ]sal deluge1 t mo/ writ]s h resort$1 9 ! end1 to miracul\s ag5cy to obta9 x4 ,& t1 9 fact1 is ! mo/ satisfactory mode ( gett+ ov] ?is difficulty1 if ! ,scriptures unequivocally tea* ! univ]sality ( ! deluge4 ,a second objection to su* a univ]sality is1 ! difficulty ( provid+ = ! animals 9 ! ark4 ,calculations h inde$ be5 made1 :i* seem$ to %[ t ! ark 0 capaci\s en\gh to hold ! pairs & septuples ( all ! species4 ,b1 un=tunately1 ! numb] ( species assum$ to exi/ by ! calculators 0 va/ly bel[ ! tru?4 ,x am\nt$ only to ?ree or f\r hundr$2 :]eas ! actual numb] already describ$ by zoologi/s is n less ?an "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s&2 & ! probable numb] exi/+ on ! globe is n less ?an half a million4 ,& = ! great] "p ( ^! mu/ provision h be5 made1 s9ce mo/ ( !m inhabit ei!r ! air or ! dry l&4 ,a ?\s& species ( mammalia1 six ?\s& species ( birds1 two ?\s& species ( reptiles1 & "o hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& species ( insects are already describ$1 & mu/ h be5 provid$ ) space & food4 ,w any "o believe ?is possible1 9 a vessel n m ?an f\r hundr$ & fifty feet long1 sev5ty-five feet broad1 & =ty-five feet high8 ,! ?ird & mo/ important objection to ?is univ]sality ( ! deluge is d]iv$ f ! facts br\ght to light by mod]n sci5ce1 respect+ ! di/ribution ( animals & plants on ! globe4 ,x 0 ! op9ion ( ,l9naeus t all animals & plants _h _! comm5cem5t 9 a p>ticul> region ( ! e>?1 f :5ce !y migrat$ into all o!r p>ts ( its surface4 ,& _h no new facts come to light s9ce 8 day1 to *ange ! aspect ( ! subject1 "o w\ld hesitate long be=e adopt+ views oppos$ to s di/+ui%$ a naturali/4 ,b new facts1 9 va/ numb]s1 h be5 multiply+ ev] s9ce 8 day1 & zoologi/s & botani/s n[ almo/ univ]sally adopt ! op9ion1 e>ly promulgat$ by ,dr4 ,pri*>d1 9 8 admirable "w on ! ,physical ,hi/ory ( ,man1 t !re mu/ h be5 sev]al c5tres ( creation1 f :i* ! animals & plants radiat$ only s f> z ! climate & food 7 adapt$ to _! natures1 except a few species end[$ ) ! p[] ( accommodat+ !mselves to all climates4 ,c]ta9 x is t !y are n[ ?us di/ribut$2 & x is inevitable dea? = mo/ species to v5ture beyond c]ta9 limits4 ,if tropical animals & plants1 = in/ance1 7 to migrate to ! temp]ate zones1 & especially to ! frigid regions1 !y c\ld n long survive2 & almo/ equally fatal w\ld x be = ! animals & plants ( high latitudes to take up _! abode ne> ! equator4 ,b ev5 )9 ! tropics we f9d di/9ct species ( animals & plants on opposite cont95ts4 ,inde$1 naturali/s reckon a l>ge numb] ( botanical & zoological di/ricts1 or prov9ces1 z !y are call$1 )9 :i* !y f9d c]ta9 peculi> gr\ps ( animals & plants1 ) natures exactly adapt$ to t p>ticul> di/rict1 b incapable ( endur+ ! diff]5t climate ( adjo9+ di/ricts4 ,!y diff] consid]ably z to ! numb] ( ^! di/ricts1 because ! plants & animals ( our globe are by no means yet fully describ$1 & because ! di/ricts assign$ to ! diff]5t classes d n fully co9cide2 b z to ! exi/5ce ( su* a di/ribution1 !y are ( "o op9ion4 ,! mo/ reliable divisions ( ?is k9d make tw5ty-five botanical prov9ces1 & five k+doms & f\rte5 prov9ces among animals4#aj ,! fact t man1 & "s ( ! dome/icat$ animals1 & a few plants1 are f\nd 9 almo/ e climate1 has1 until rec5tly1 bl9d$ ! eyes ( naturali/s to ! mann] 9 :i* ! great mass ( animals & plants are conf9$ )9 c]ta9 prescrib$ limits4 ,b s soon z ! g5]al fact is /at$1 we imm$iately recur to abundant pro( ( its tru?4 ,we %\ld be dispos$ to "q ! v]acity ( t travell] :o %\ld visit a new & remote c\ntry1 & describe its vegetable & animal productions z ess5tially ! same z 9 our own2 & all because ! analogy ( o!r portions ( ! globe leads u to expect t a new geographical prov9ce %all pres5t u ) a peculi> fauna & flora2 t is1 ) peculi> gr\ps ( animals & plants4 ,x is obvi\s t ! facts :i* h be5 /at$ h an important be>+ ^u ! mode 9 :i* ! animals 7 br\ght toge!r to ent] ! ark1 & 7 aft]w>ds di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! e>?1 if ! deluge 7 univ]sal4 ,c]ta9 x is t1 )\t miracul\s pres]vation1 !y c\ld nev] h be5 br\ght toge!r1 nor aga9 disp]s$4 ,we h reason to suppose t ! ark 0 con/ruct$ 9 "s "p ( ! temp]ate zone4 ,n[1 suppose ! animals ( ! torrid zone at ! pres5t day to attempt1 by natural means1 to rea* ! temp]ate zone2 :o does n "k t ne>ly all ( !m mu/ p]i%8 ,nor is x any easi] to conceive h[1 aft] ! flood1 !y c\ld h migrat$ into all cont95ts1 & isl&s1 & climates1 & h[ ea* species %\ld h f\nd ! place exactly fitt$ to its con/itution1 z we n[ f9d !m4 ,inde$1 ! idea ( _! collection & disp]sion 9 a natural way is altoge!r too absurd to be believ$4 ,& we mu/1 !re=e1 resort to a miracle1 or suppose a new creation to h tak5 place aft] ! deluge1 or admit ! flood to h be5 limit$4 ,if ! latt] supposition be n inconsi/5t ) ! ,bible1 x completely relieves ! difficulty4 ,if we suppose ! limit$ region ( ,c5tral ,asia1 :]e man exi/$1 to h be5 delug$1 & pairs & septuples ( ! mo/ common animals 9 t region only to h be5 kept alive 9 ! ark1 ! entire acc\nt w h>monize ) natural hi/ory4 ,! "q1 !n1 :e!r su* a view is consi/5t ) ! ,bible1 becomes ( great int]e/2 & to ?is po9t ,i beg leave next to direct y\r att5tion4 ,if we und]/& ! scriptural acc\nt to d5ote a lit]al univ]sality1 x is c]ta9ly v natural to inquire :y su* univ]sality 0 necess>y1 s9ce ! deluge is repres5t$ z a p5al infliction ^u man4 ,= x seems difficult to believe z "s writ]s h attempt$ to prove1 t ! human family _h become v num]\s1 or _h ext5d$ f> beyond ! spot :]e !y 7 fir/ plant$1 9 less ?an two ?\s& ye>s2 especially :5 we recollect h[ few 7 ! *ildr5 ( patri>*s ^: age am\nt$ to _m c5turies1 & h[ v probable x is t ! extreme wick$ness ( mo/ ( ! ant$iluvians t5d$ to _! ext9ction r ?an _! multiplication4 ,:y1 !n1 = ! sake ( de/roy+ man1 occupy+ probably only a limit$ portion ( "o cont95t1 0 x necess>y to depopulate all o!r cont95ts & isl&s1 inhabit$ only by irresponsible animals1 :o _h no connection ) man8 ,if ! ,scriptures unequivocally decl>e t su* 0 ! fact1 we are b\nd to believe x on div9e te/imony4 ,b if _! language admits ( a diff]5t int]pretation1 x seems reasonable to adopt x4 ,& "h ,i am will+ to ackn[l$ge t ! language ( ! ,bible on ?is subject seems1 at fir/ view1 to tea* ! univ]sality ( ! flood1 unequivocally4 ,! wat]s1 say !y1 prevail$ exce$+ly ^u ! e>?1 & all ! high hills t 7 "u ! :ole heav5 7 cov]$4 ,aga93 ,behold1 ,i1 ev5 ,i1 d br+ a flood ( wat]s ^u ! e>? to de/roy all fle%1 :]e9 is ! brea? ( life1 f "u heav52 & e ?+ t is 9 ! e>? %all die4 ,if su* language be int]pret$ by ! same rules :i* we %\ld apply to a mod]n composition1 x c\ld 9 no way be und]/ood to tea* a limit$ deluge or a p>tial de/ruction4 ,b 9 respect to ?is anci5t record1 two consid]ations are to be c>efully weigh$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! t]ms employ$ are n to be judg$ ( by ! /ate ( k 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b by its /ate among ! p to :om ?is revelation 0 fir/ address$4 ,:5 ! e>? 0 spok5 ( to t p1 7! anci5t ,jews17 !y c\ld n h und]/ood x to embrace a mu* wid] region ?an t inhabit$ by man1 because !y c\ld n h _h any idea ( :at lay beyond ^? limits4 ,& s ( ! phrase heav52 x mu/ h be5 coext5sive ) ! inhabit$ e>? only4 ,& :5 x 0 said t all animals w\ld die by ! deluge1 !y c\ld n h suppos$ ! decl>ation to embrace creatures f> beyond ! dwell+s ( m51 because !y knew no?+ ( su* regions4 ,:y1 !n1 may we n atta* ! same limit$ mean+ to ^! decl>ations8 ,:y %\ld we suppose t ! ,holy ,_s us$ t]ms1 adapt$1 inde$1 to ! a/ronomy & geography ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b convey+ only a false idea to ^? to :om !y 7 address$8 ,9 ! second place1 9 all ages & nations1 & especially among anci5t ones1 univ]sal t]ms are (t5 us$ to signify only a v l>ge am\nt 9 numb] or quantity4--,dr4 ,smi?1 ,scrip4 & ,geol4 p4 #bab1 #d? ed4--,! ,hebrew ,hebrew1 7kol17 ! ,greek3 pas1 & ! ,engli% all1 are alike employ$ 9 ?is mann]1 to signify _m4 ,!re are "s v /rik+ cases ( ?is sort 9 ! ,bible4 ,?us 9 ,g5esis x is said t all c\ntries came into ,egypt to ,joseph to buy corn1 because ! fam9e 0 sore 9 all l&s4 ,?is c]ta9ly c\ld apply only to ! well-kn[n c\ntries ar\nd ,egypt2 = transportation w\ld h be5 impossible to ! remote/ p>ts ( ! habitable globe4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! plagues t came ^u ,egypt1 x is said t ! hail smote e h]b ( ! field1 & brake e tree ( ! field2 b1 9 a few days aft]w>ds1 x is said ( ! locu/s t !y did eat e h]b ( ! l& & all ! fruit ( ! trees :i* ! hail _h left4 ,?is day1 said ,god to ! ,israelites1 :ile yet 9 _! j\rney+s1 w ,i beg9 to put ! fe> ( !e & ! dread ( !e ^u ! face ( ! nations "u all ! heav5s4 ,b x is obvi\s t only ! nations contigu\s to ! ,israelites1 *iefly ! ,canaanites1 are "h meant4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 x is said t1 at ! "t ( ! p5teco/1 !re 7 dwell+ at ,j]usalem ,jews1 dev\t m51 out ( e nation "u heav54 ,yet1 9 ! enum]ation1 :i* foll[s ?is passage1 ( ! diff]5t places f :i* ^? ,jews _h come1 we f9d only a region ext5d+ f ,italy to ,p]sia1 & f ,egypt to ! ,black ,sea4 ,x c\ld h be5 a di/rict ( only ab\t t size :i* ,paul meant1 :5 he said to ! ,colossians t ! gospel 0 prea*$ to e creature :i* is "u heav54 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,k+s1 x is said t all ! e>? s\ght ! pres5ce ( ,solomon1 to he> 8 wisdom2--a passage :i* requires z mu* limitation z ! o!rs above quot$4 ,a simil> mode ( expression is employ$ by ,*ri/1 :5 he says ( ! que5 ( ,%eba t %e came f ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! e>? to he> ! wisdom ( ,solomon2 = h] resid5ce1 be+ probably on ! ,arabian ,gulf1 c\ld n h be5 m ?an twelve or f\rte5 hundr$ miles f ,j]usalem4 ,a l figurative mode ( spee* is employ$ 9 ! description ( ,pet]'s vision1 9 :i* he saw a great %eet let d[n to ! e>?1 :]e9 7 all mann] ( f\r-foot$ bea/s ( ! e>?1 & wild bea/s1 & creep+ ?+s1 & f[ls ( ! air4 ,:o w suppose1 s9ce x is :olly unnecess>y = ! object1 :i* 0 to conv9ce ,pet] t ! ,mosaic di/9ction into clean & unclean bea/s 0 aboli%$1 t he "h _h a vision ( all ! species ( t]re/rial v]tebral animals on ! globe8 ,x w\ld be easy to multiply simil> passages4 ,9 _m ( !m we %\ld f9d t ! phrase all ! e>? signifies ! l& ( ,pale/9e2 9 a few1 ! ,*aldean empire2 & 9 "o1 t ( ,alex&] ( ,mac$on4 ,n[1 s simil> is ! phraseology ( ! passages j quot$ to t descriptive ( ! deluge1 s univ]sal are ! t]ms1 :ile we are sure t _! mean+ mu/ be limit$1 t we are abundantly ju/ifi$ 9 consid]+ ! deluge z limit$1 if o!r p>ts ( ! ,bible1 or ! facts ( natural hi/ory1 require su* a limitation4 ,inde$1 s obvi\sly analog\s are ! passages quot$ to ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( ! deluge1 t di/+ui%$ writ]s h reg>d$ ! deluge z limit$1 long be=e geology exi/$1 or natural hi/ory _h le>n$ ! mann] 9 :i* organic life is di/ribut$ on ! globe2 nay1 at a p]iod :5 naturali/s1 ) ,l9naeus at _! head1 suppos$ animals & plants to h proce$$ f "o c5tre3--an op9ion t seem$ to su/a9 ! notion ( ! univ]sality ( ! flood4 ,! inf]5ce1 !n1 t x 0 limit$1 mu/ h be5 made *iefly on exegetical gr\nds4 ,i _c see1 says ,bi%op ,/ill+fleet1 m ?an a c5tury ago1 any urg5t necessity f ! ,scripture to ass]t t ! flood did spread ov] all ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,t all mank9d1 ^? 9 ! ark except$1 7 de/roy$ by x1 is mo/ c]ta91 accord+ to ! ,scriptures4 ,! flood 0 univ]sal z to mank9d2 b f !nce foll[s no necessity at all ( ass]t+ ! univ]sality ( x z to ! globe ( ! e>?1 unless x be suffici5tly prov$ t ! :ole e>? 0 peopl$ be=e ! flood1 :i* ,i despair ( ev] see+ prov$4--,orig9es ,sacrae1 ,b4 ,,iii4 *ap4 #d1 p4 #ccg1 ed4 #agji4 ,mat!w ,poole1 well kn[n = 8 valuable & ext5sive comm5t>ies on ! ,bible1 ?us expresses himself3 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ! entire globe ( ! e>? 0 cov]$ ) wat]4 ,:]e 0 ! ne$ ( ov]:elm+ ^? regions 9 :i* !re 7 no human be+s8 ,x w\ld be highly unreasonable to suppose t mank9d _h s increas$ be=e ! deluge z to h p5etrat$ to all ! corn]s ( ! e>?4 ,x is1 inde$1 n probable t !y _h ext5d$ !mselves beyond ! limits ( ,syria & ,mesopotamia4 ,absurd x w\ld be to affirm t ! effects ( ! puni%m5t inflict$ ^u m5 alone appli$ to places 9 :i* !re 7 no m54 ,if1 !n1 we %\ld ent]ta9 ! belief t n s mu* z ! hundr$? "p ( ! globe 0 ov]spread ) wat]1 /ill ! deluge w\ld be univ]sal1 because ! extirpation took effect ^u all ! "p ( ! globe :i* 0 inhabit$4 ,if we take ?is gr\nd1 ! difficulties :i* "s h rais$ ab\t ! deluge fall away z inapplicable1 & m]e cavils2 & irreligi\s p]sons h no reason left !m = d\bt+ ! tru? ( ! ,holy ,scriptures4--,synopsis on ,g54 vii4 #ai4 ,poole wrote ne>ly two c5turies ago4 ,9 m rec5t times1 we f9d au?orities equally em95t = le>n+ & c&or adopt+ ! same views4 ,int]pret]s1 says ,da!1 d n agree :e!r ! deluge inundat$ ! :ole e>?1 or only ^? regions !n inhabit$4 ,i adopt ! latt] op9ion4 ,! phrase all does n prove ! inundation to h be5 univ]sal4 ,x appe>s t 9 _m places ,hebrew 7kol7 is to be und]/ood z limit$ to ! ?+ or place spok5 (4 ,h5ce all ! animals said to h be5 introduc$ into ! ark 7 only ^? ( ! region inundat$4 ,s1 also1 only ^? m\nta9s are to be und]/ood1 :i* 7 surm\nt$ by ! wat]s4--,p5tateu*us a ,da?io1 p4 #fc4 ,b no mod]n writ] has treat$ ?is subject ) s mu* c&or & ability--& ! same may be said ( 8 :ole "w on ! ,relation ( ! ,holy ,scriptures to "s ,p>ts ( ,geological ,sci5ce--z ,dr4 ,john ,pye ,smi?4 ,we c say ( him1 :at we c say ( v few m51 t he is accurately acqua9t$ ) all ! bran*es ( ! subject4 ,em95t z a !ologian & a philologi/1 & fully possess$ ( all ! facts 9 geology & natural hi/ory1 he gives u 8 op9ion1 n z a "y man1 fond ( novelties1 b 9 ! full maturity ( judgm5t & ( ye>s4 ,f ^! in/ances1 says he1 ( ! scriptural idiom 9 ! application ( phraseology simil> to t 9 ! n>rative conc]n+ ! flood1 ,i humbly ?9k t ^? t]ms d n oblige u to und]/& a lit]al univ]sality2 s t we are exon]at$ f "s o!rwise insup]able difficulties 9 natural hi/ory & geology4 ,if s mu* ( ! e>? 0 ov]fl[$ z 0 occupi$ by ! human race1 bo? ! physical & ! moral ends ( t awful visitation 7 answ]$4--,scrip4 & ,geol4 p4 #bad1 #d? ed4 ,let u n[ take ! seat ( ! ant$iluvian population1 cont9ues ,dr4 ,smi?1 to h be5 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 9 :i* a l>ge di/rict1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 lies consid]ably bel[ ! level ( ! sea4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t six weeks ( cont9u$ ra9 w\ld n give an am\nt ( wat] =ty times t :i* fell on ! fir/1 or a subsequ5t day1 = evaporation w\ld be cont9ually c>ry+ up ! wat] to be cond5s$1 & to fall aga92 s t ! same mass ( wat] w\ld return _m times4 ,if1 !n1 9 addition to ! trem5d\s ra91 we suppose an elevation ( ! b$ ( ! ,p]sian & ,indian ,seas1 or a subsid5ce ( ! inhabit$ l& t[>ds ! s\?1 we %all h suffici5t cause 9 ! h&s ( almighty ju/ice = subm]g+ ! di/rict1 cov]+ its hills1 & de/roy+ all liv+ be+s )9 its limits1 except ^? :om div9e m]cy pres]v$ 9 ! ark4 ,! draw+ (f ( ! wat]s w\ld be effect$ by a return ( ! b$ ( ! sea to a l[] level1 or by ! elevation ( "s tracts ( l&1 :i* w\ld leave *annels & slopes = ! l>g] "p ( ! wat] to fl[ back into ! ,indian ,ocean1 :ile ! l[] "p rema9$ a great lake1 or an inl& sea1 ! ,caspian4--p4 #bag4 ,x is a circum/ance favor+ ! above sugge/ions ( ,dr4 ,smi?1 t !re is a tract ( c\ntry t5 degrees ( latitude 9 bread?1 embrac+ mo/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 anci5t ,arm5ia & ,georgia1 & "p ( ,p]sia1 ext5d+ at lea/ z f> ea/ z ! ,caspian ,sea1 & probably mu* f>!r1 9 :i* volcanic ag5cy has be5 9 op]ation at a comp>atively rec5t p]iod4 ,i am n aw>e t we h evid5ce ( any eruption ( lava 9 ^? regions1 )9 hi/oric times1 except1 p]haps1 "s mud volcanoes 9 ! ,caucasian range4 ,! ,katekekaum5e1 or ,burnt ,di/rict1 ( ,asia ,m9or1 & ,m\nt ,ar>at1 probably exp]i5c$ eruptions at a date some:at e>li]1 ?\gh at a comp>atively rec5t date4 ,yet important *anges ( level may h be5 ! result ( volcanic ag5cy 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 z rec5tly z ! ,noa*ian deluge1 )\t leav+ any traces :i* w\ld be obvi\s1 )\t m c>eful obs]vation ?an has yet be5 made 9 ^? regions4 ,especially might a subsid5ce ( ! surface h tak5 place1 & n h left any /rik+ evid5ce ( its occurr5ce4 ,/ill m difficult w\ld x n[ be to discov] ! m>ks ( v]tical movem5ts 9 ! b$ ( ! ,indian ,ocean at ! "t ( ! deluge4 ,i w v5ture to add ano!r sugge/ion4 ,if ! b$ ( ! ,indian ,ocean 0 uplift$ by volcanic matt]1 /ruggl+ to get v5t1 vapor en\gh might h be5 lib]at$ to acc\nt1 on natural pr9ciples1 = ! =ty days' ra9 ( ! deluge4 ,= x is well kn[n t 9 volcanic eruptions dr5*+ ra9s are (t5 ! result ( ! sudd5 cond5sation ( ! aque\s vapor4 ,we are "h met1 h[ev]1 by a s]i\s objection to ! hypo!sis1 :i* gives only a limit$ ext5t to ! deluge4 ,if ! pres5t ,m\nt ,ar>at1 9 ,arm5ia1 is ! m\nta9 on :i* ! ark fir/ re/$1 a deluge :i* cov]$ its top mu/1 by its flux & reflux1 h ov]spread ne>ly all o!r portions ( ! globe1 = t m\nta9 rises sev5te5 ?\s& sev5 hundr$ feet above ! ocean4 ,b we are in=m$ by ,j]ome1 t ! "n ,ar>at 0 giv5 g5]ally to ! m\nta9s ( ,arm5ia2 7inde$1 t is ! mean+ ( ! "n27 & long be=e geology exi/$1 ,%uck=d sugge/$ t "s spot f>!r ea/ corresponds bett] ) ! scriptural acc\nt ( ! place :]e ! ark re/$4 ,= x is said ( ! families ( ! sons ( ,noah1 t1 z !y j\rney$ f ! ea/1 !y f\nd a pla9 9 ! l& ( ,%9>4 ,n[1 ,%9>1 or ,babylonia1 lies ne>ly s\? ( ! ,arm5ian ,ar>at1 & ! probability1 !re=e1 is1 t ! true ,ar>at1 f ^: vic9ity ! desc5dants ( ,noah probably emigrat$1 lay mu* f>!r to ! s\?4 ,aga91 if ! ark re/$ ^u ! pres5t ,ar>at1 x is impossible1 except by a miracle1 t ^? :o came out ( x c\ld h rea*$ ! pla9 bel[2 = s exce$+ly difficult ( access is x1 t x is d\btful :e!r1 s9ce ! deluge1 any "o ev] succe$$ 9 rea*+ its summit1 till ! ye> #ahbi4 ,inde$1 x is an article 9 ! cre$ ( ! ,arm5ian *ur* t its asc5t is impossible4 ,t ! almo/ univ]sal tradition ( ,ea/]n nations %\ld h fix$ ^u t m\nta9 z ! re/+-place ( ! ark is n /range1 consid]+ t !re is no m\nta9 9 all ,asia s /rik+ to behold4 ,b ^u ! :ole1 ! probability is /rong t "s o!r elevation1 less l(ty & /eep1 0 ! radiat+ po9t ( ! po/diluvian races ( man & o!r animals4 ,! fact ( ,noah's s5d+ =? a dove f ! ark1 :i* came back 9 ! ev5+ ) an olive leaf 9 h] m\?1 /r5g!ns ! prec$+ view4 ,= nei!r ^u ! pres5t ,ar>at1 nor ar\nd x1 does ! olive gr[1 because x is too cold4 ,inde$1 all its upp] "p is cov]$ ) p]petual ice4 ,b if ! ,ar>at ( ,scripture lay ne>] ! tropics1 ! olive might f9d ^u x a cong5ial spot4 ,a di/+ui%$ botani/ adduc$ ! fact ab\t ! olive z evid5ce aga9/ ! ,bible4 ,b h[ easily refut$1 if ! !ory n[ "u exam9ation be true6 ,9 favor ( ?is supposition1 ,i might h urg$ ano!r consid]ation1 :i*1 9 my m9d1 has no little weight4 ,x is impossible t ! wat]s ( ! deluge %\ld h cov]$ ! e>? = a ye>1 )\t de/roy+ ne>ly all ! exi/+ vegetation4 ,yet no?+ is said ( ! pres]vation ( se$s 9 ! ark2 & if !y _h be5 pres]v$1 c]ta9ly no?+ b miracul\s p[]1 & t ( ! mo/ rem>kable k9d1 c\ld h scatt]$ !m ?r\gh ! remote/ cont95ts & isl&s1 s z to =m di/9ct botanical di/ricts1 su* z h be5 describ$4 ,! olive1 f :i* a leaf 0 pluck$ by ! dove s5t out ( ! ark1 0 probably situat$ ^u elevat$ gr\nd1 & :]e x rema9$ b a %ort "t b5ea? ! wat]s1 & !re=e did n lose its vitality4 ,x is probable t ! !ory :i* makes ! deluge limit$ 9 ext5t w meet ) m favor ?an any o!r1 ) c&id & intellig5t m51 to meet ! sugge/$ difficulties ( ! case4 ,b "s1 :o are unwill+ to ab&on ! idea ( ! univ]sality ( ! deluge1 avoid ^! difficulties by suppos+ a new creation to h tak5 place at t epo*4 ,t su* a new creation occurr$ at ! comm5cem5t ( sev]al geological p]iods c h>dly admit a d\bt4 ,& a presumption is h5ce d]iv$ 9 favor ( a simil> act at ! beg9n+ ( ! po/diluvian p]iod1 prec$$ z x 01 l ! o!r geological p]iods1 by an almo/ entire de/ruction ( organic life4 ,! pr9cipal objection to ?is view is1 t no notice is tak5 ( su* a new creation 9 ! ,bible4 ,& x w\ld seem t an ev5t ( s mu* importance w\ld h>dly be pass$ 9 sil5ce2 & yet ! br++ into exi/5ce new races ( ! inf]ior animals & plants c\ld h b little be>+ ^u ! object ( revelation1 :i* respects almo/ exclusively ! spiritual condition ( man4 ,"o1 h[ev]1 c h>dly see :y pairs & septuples ( ! animals1 ev5 9 a limit$ di/rict1 ne$ to h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! ark1 if a new creation 7 to foll[ ! com+ cata/rophe2 nor :y ! creation ( ! ant$iluvian animals1 s soon to p]i%1 %\ld h be5 s p>ticul>ly describ$1 :ile no notice 0 tak5 ( ! po/diluvian races1 :i* 7 to occupy ! e>? s mu* long] "t4 ,a ?ird !ory has be5 sugge/$ by "s1 embrac+ bo? ^? :i* h be5 describ$4 ,!y admit ! deluge to h be5 ( limit$ ext5t1 b suppose ?is limitation n to be suffici5t to expla9 all ! facts ( revelation & ( sci5ce1 )\t a new creation also1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! po/diluvian p]iod4 ,!y suppose1 inde$1 t geology & natural hi/ory tea* ! occasional ext9ction ( species1 & ! creation ( o!rs1 ev5 9 our own times4 ,& 9 reg>d to ?is latt] view1 x may at lea/ be said t x is n contradict$ by ! ,bible4 ,nay1 "o w\ld almo/ suppose t ! ,psalmi/ 7 describ+ su* a /ate ( ?+s :5 he says1 ,?\ hide/ ?y face2 !y animals are tr\bl$4 ,?\ take/ away _! brea?2 !y die & return to _! du/4 ,?\ s5de/ =? ?y _s2 !y are creat$2 & ?\ r5ewe/ ! face ( ! e>?4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ?is language & t employ$ to describe ! orig9al creation is /rik+4 ,inde$1 ! same ^w 7bawraw7 is us$4 ,)\t attempt+ to decide :i* ( ^! !ories has ! highe/ claim ^u our belief1 x is suffici5t to rem>k1 t ei!r ( !m reconciles ! facts ( geology & natural hi/ory ) ! inspir$ record2 nor does ! adoption ( ei!r ( !m require u to put a =c$ & unnatural con/ruction ^u ! language ( ! ,bible4 ,ev5 !n1 if we %\ld admit t a con/ruction agree+ ) ^! !ories is n ! mo/ natural mean+1 yet if ! facts ( natural hi/ory unequivocally require su* an int]pretation to h>monize ! ,bible ) nature1 x is assur$ly "o ( ^? cases :]e sci5ce mu/ be all[$ to modify our exegesis ( ,scripture4 ,9 ! view ( s\nd philosophy1 su* modification at once dis>ms scepticism ( its cavils4 ,) two rem>ks ( a practical "*1 ,i close ! discussion ( ?is subject4 ,fir/4 ,! hi/ory ( op9ions respect+ ! ,noa*ian deluge furni%es a salut>y lesson to ^? employ$ 9 ! exam9ation ( analog\s subjects4 ,we h se5 ^! op9ions assume almo/ e possible %ape2 yet1 until rec5tly !y h all be5 ma9ta9$ ) ! mo/ positive & dogmatic assurance2 & ea* p>ticul> !ory has be5 reg>d$ z involv+ ! ess5ce ( ! ,bible1 z be+ ! articulus /antis vel cad5tis ecclesiae1 & :oev] d5i$ x virtually d5i$ ! ,bible4 ,b all reasonable & truly sci5tific m5 are fa/ com+ to ! conclusion1 t ! deluge has _h v little to d ) ! pres5t configuration ( ! globe1 & t x is d\btful :e!r any trace ( its occurr5ce w ev] be f\nd 9 nature2 s t1 on ! "o h&1 all ! al>ms & d5unciations ( misguid$ ,*ri/ians on ?is subject might h be5 sp>$2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 if ! ha/y exultation ( ! infidel1 9 8 suppos$ discov]y ( discrepancy betwe5 nature & ,moses1 _h be5 suppress$ until ! subject 0 und]/ood1 he w\ld n h exp]i5c$ ! mortification ( entire defeat4 ,x is1 inde$1 v humiliat+ to human nature to f9d s _m ( ! wise1 ! tal5t$1 & ! religi\s s confid5t & zeal\s1 yet s errone\s4 ,b x is a salut>y lesson4 ,x %[s u ! va/ importance ( be+ ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) a subject be=e we dogmatize ^u x4 ,x %\ld n1 inde$1 disc\rage u1 & produce a univ]sal scepticism on all subjects n admitt+ a ma!matical demon/ration2 b x %\ld make u cauti\s 9 exam9+ ! gr\nds ( our conclusions1 & mode/ 9 ma9ta9+ !m4 ,secondly4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve h[1 amid all ! div]sities & fluctuations ( op9ion on ?is subject1 ! ,bible has rema9$ unaffect$4 ,! infidel felt confid5t t ! arr[s :i* he drew f ?is quiv] w\ld c]ta9ly pi]ce ,*ri/ianity to ! he>t4 ,b !y reb\nd$ f h] adamant9e brea/plate1 blunt$ & brok52 & no "o w h ! c\rage to pick !m up & hurl !m aga94 ,! physico-!ological s*ool at "o "t felt c]ta91 t no o!r !ory b an entire dissolution ( ! cru/ ( ! globe at ! deluge1 c\ld possibly be made consi/5t ) ! ,bible4 ,m rec5tly1 x has be5 suppos$ equally necess>y1 to reconcile geology & revelation1 t we %\ld admit ! ant$iluvian cont95ts to h sunk b5ea? ! ocean at t "t4 ,/ill lat]1 x has be5 ?\ght q c]ta9 t ! surface ( ! e>? bore ! mo/ /rik+ m>ks ( a univ]sal deluge1 probably id5tical ) t ( ,scripture4 ,at l5g?1 ! extreme op9ion is n[ g5]ally rea*$1 t no trace ( ! deluge ( ,noah rema9s4 ,& equally wide & well e/abli%$ is ! belief t1 amid all ^! fluctuations ( !ory1 ! ,bible has /ood z an immovable rock amid ! conflict+ waves4 ,! f9al result is1 t we h only slightly to modify ! int]pretation ( ! ,mosaic acc\nt1 9 con=mity ) ! laws ( language1 to make x entirely consi/5t ) ! notion t all traces ( ! deluge h disappe>$4 ,?us1 9 ! mid/ ( human op9ions1 ve]+ to e po9t ( ! compass1 ! ,bible has ev] rema9$ fix$ to "o po9t4 ,n s ) false sy/ems ( religion4 ,! ,h9doo religion conta9s a false a/ronomy1 z well z anatomy & physiology2 & ! ,mohamm$an ,koran di/9ctly advances ! ,ptolemaic hypo!sis ( ! univ]se2 s t y h only to prove ^! religions false 9 sci5ce 9 ord] to de/roy _! claim to infallibility4 ,b ! ,bible1 /at+ only facts1 does n int]f]e )1 nei!r is affect$ by1 ! hypo!ses ( philosophy4 ,(t51 inde$1 9 pa/ ages1 h m5 set up _! hypo!ses z oracles 9 ! temple ( nature1 to be consult$ r ?an ! ,bible4 ,b1 l ,dagon be=e ! ark1 !y h fall5 to ! e>?1 & be5 brok5 9 pieces be=e ! ,^w ( ,god2 :ile ?is has ev] /ood & ev] %all /&1 9 sublime simplicity & undecay+ /r5g?1 amid ! wrecks ( e false sy/em ( philosophy & religion4 ,,lecture ,v4 ,,! ,,_w',s ,,suppos$ ,,et]nity4 ,9 our attempts ?us f> to elucidate ! religion ( geology1 our att5tion has be5 direct$ to ^? po9ts :]e ?is sci5ce has be5 suppos$ to conflict ) revelation2 & ,i tru/ x has be5 made manife/ t ! collision 0 r ) ! int]pretation ?an ) ! mean+ ( ,scripture2 & t1 9 fact1 geology1 in/ead ( com+ into collision ) ! ,bible1 af=ds u important aid 9 und]/&+ x aright4 ,we n[ advance to a "p ( ! subject :i* has a m direct be>+ ^u natural religion4 ,& "h1 if ,i mi/ake n1 we %all f9d ! illu/ration ( religi\s tru? f ?is sci5ce1 z we might expect1 m direct & palpable4 ,! subject to :i* ,i wi% fir/ to call y\r att5tion is ! _w's et]nity1 or ! et]nal exi/5ce ( matt]4 ,?is 0 ! univ]sal belief ( ! philosoph]s ( antiquity1 &1 inde$1 ( mo/ reason+ m9ds :]e ! ,bible has n be5 kn[n4 ,! gr& argum5t by :i* ?is op9ion 0 su/a9$ is ! well-kn[n ex nihilo nihil fit1 7no?+ produces no?+47 ,h5ce m5 inf]r$ t n ev5 ! ,deity c\ld create matt] out ( no?+2 &1 !re=e1 x mu/ be et]nal4 ,mo/ ( ! anci5t philosoph]s1 h[ev]1 did n h5ce inf] ! non-exi/5ce ( ! ,deity4 ,b !y endeavor$ to reconcile ! exi/5ce ( et]nal matt] ) an et]nal ,_s4 ,!y suppos$ bo? to be self-exi/5t & coexi/5t4 ,f ?is rational ?9k+ pr9ciple !y suppos$ all good to be d]iv$2 :ile f ! mat]ial irrational pr9ciple all evil sprung4 ,plato taught t ,god1 ( 8 own w1 unit$ himself ) matt]1 al?\gh he did n create x1 & out ( x produc$ ! pres5t _w2 s t x 0 prop] to speak ( ! _w z creat$1 al?\gh ! matt] 0 f et]nity4 ,ari/otle & ,z5o taught t ,god's union ) matt] 0 necess>y2 & h5ce !y consid]$ ! _w et]nal4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,epicurus1 ,god 0 entirely sep>at$ f matt]1 :i* consi/$ ( innum]able atoms1 float+ ab\t f et]nity1 l du/ 9 ! air1 until at la/ !y assum$ ! pres5t =m ( ! _w4 ,9 mod]n times1 ! belief 9 ! et]nity ( matt] has usually be5 connect$ )1 or made ! basis (1 a ref9$ & popul> sy/em ( a!ism4 ,i ref] to ! pan!ism ( ,sp9oza4 ,he ma9ta9s t !re exi/s 9 ! univ]se b "o sub/ance1 v>i\sly modifi$1 ^: two pr9cipal attributes are inf9ite ext5sion & inf9ite intellig5ce4 ,?is sub/ance1 ! ,greek3 to pan ( ,sp9oza1 he reg>d$ z ,god2 & h5ce 8 sy/em is call$ ,pan!ism4 ,"u v>i\s modifications1 x has be5 adopt$ by _m sceptical m9ds1 & is1 und\bt$ly1 ! mo/ common & plausible sy/em ( a!ism extant4 ,o!r mod]n writ]s1 among :om may be m5tion$ t anomal\s philosoph] ,bayle1 h advocat$ ! views ( ! anci5ts respect+ ! et]nity ( matt]4 ,x may seem /range1 b x is true1 t "s ,*ri/ian philosoph]s & div9es h be51 9 anci5t & mod]n times1 ! advocates ( ! et]nity ( matt]4 ,! anci5t ,*ri/ians adopt$ x f ,plato4 ,?us we f9d ,ju/9 ,m>tyr ma9ta9+ t ,god =m$ ! _w f an et]nal1 unorganiz$ mat]ial4 ,& ! s*oolm51 :o foll[$ ,ari/otle1 taught t ,god _h creat$ ! _w f et]nity4 ,on ?is gr\nd1 ev5 "s ,prote/ant !ologians h ass]t$ t x 0 absurd to speak ( an et]nal ,god :o is n an et]nal ,creator4 ,a pr9ciple :i* has ?us be5 adopt$ by s _m acute m9ds un5light5$ by revelation1 & by "s :o possess$ t div9e te/imony1 mu/ be su/a9$ by "s plausible argum5ts4 ,! pr9cipal "o reli$ on is1 t ! *anges :i* are go+ on 9 ! mat]ial _w are prov$ to be only transmutations1 :i* foll[ "o ano!r 9 s]ies t return into !mselves1 & :i* may1 !re=e1 h be5 go+ on f et]nity2 & if ?is be admitt$1 x is z easy to suppose matt] to be self-su/a9$1 & to h fall5 into its pres5t ord] ( itself1 z to suppose ! int]f]5ce ( an inf9ite ,_s4 ,h[ d we "k1 says ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 9 /at+ ! a!i/ic argum5t1 t ! _w is a consequ5t at all8 ,is !re any great] absurdity 9 suppos+ x to h exi/$1 z x n[ is1 at any specifi$ po9t ( "t1 ?r\gh\t ! millions ( ages t are pa/1 ?an t x %\ld s exi/ at ?is mom5t8 ,does :at we suppose might h be5 !n1 imply any great] absurdity1 ?an :at we actually see to be at pres5t8 ,n[1 might n ! same "q be c>ri$ back to any po9t or p]iod ( duration1 h[ev] remote8 or1 9 o!r words1 might we n disp5se ) a beg9n+ = ! _w altoge!r8 ,= aught we c "k a priori1 says ,hume1 matt] may conta9 ! s\rce or spr+ ( ord] orig9ally )9 itself z well z m9d does2 & !re is no m difficulty 9 conceiv+ t ! sev]al elem5ts1 f an int]nal1 unkn[n cause1 may fall into ! mo/ exquisite arrangem5t1 ?an to conceive t _! ideas1 9 ! great univ]sal m9d1 f a l int]nal cause1 fall into t arrangem5t4 ,if ?is mat]ial _w re/s ^u a simil> ideal _w1 ?is ideal _w mu/ re/ ^u "s o!r1 & s on )\t end4 ,x 7 bett]1 !re=e1 nev] to look beyond ! pres5t mat]ial _w4 ,by suppos+ x to conta9 ! pr9ciple ( its ord] )9 itself1 we really ass]t x to be ,god2 & ! soon] we arrive at t div9e ,be+1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,n[1 9 :at mann] h ^! +5i\s argum5ts be5 met8 ,until q rec5tly1 no "o has suppos$ t any light on ?is subject c\ld be d]iv$ f geology4 ,inde$1 ev5 n[1 by _m1 t sci5ce is reg>d$ z favor+ ! idea ( ! _w's et]nity4 ,nei!r has x be5 ?\ght t1 on a "q ( natural !ology1 l ?is1 x 0 prop] to appeal to ! ,bible4 ,philosoph]s & div9es1 h[ev]1 h attempt$ to reply to ^! argum5ts1 irrespective ( geology & revelation2 & !y h g5]ally conv9c$ !mselves t !y h be5 successful4 ,b to my m9d1 ,i mu/ confess1 ?is has always appe>$ ! weake/ spot 9 natural religion4 ,"s ( ! argum5ts to prove ! _w n et]nal d1 inde$1 appe>1 at fir/ /atem5t1 v pr(\nd2 b !y r sil5ce ?an conv9ce2 & ! long] we reflect ^u !m1 ! m apt are we to d\bt _! =ce4 ,& "h ,i am con/ra9$ to be> te/imony to ! ma/]ly mann] 9 :i* ?is subject has be5 treat$ by ,dr4 ,*alm]s4 ,p]ceiv+ t ! def5ces ( natural religion on ?is subject 7 weak1 9 spite ( mu* %[ ( /r5g?1 he has laid out 8 giant =ce ( intellect 9 cle>+ away ! rubbi% & build+ a ramp>t ( rock4 ,8 rem>kable skill 9 seiz+ ^u & br++ out prom95tly ! great pr9ciples ( a difficult subject1 & turn+ !m r\nd & r\nd till !y fill e eye1 is "h mo/ happily ex]t$4 ,let u n[ proce$1 9 ! fir/ place1 to exam9e ! argum5ts t h be5 adduc$ to prove ! non-et]nity ( ! _w1 indep5d5t ( geology & revelation2 & 9 ! second place1 to d]ive f ^! two s\rces ( evid5ce ! true gr\nd on :i* t proposition re/s4 ,! fir/ suppos$ pro( t ! _w has n et]nally exi/$ is d]iv$ f :at is call$ ! a priori argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( ! ,deity1 orig9ally propos$ by ! monk ,anselmus1 & aft]w>ds m fully illu/rat$ 9 ,engl& by ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>ke4 ,take ! foll[+ brief summ>y ( ?is argum5t1 z appli$ to ! et]nity ( matt]1 9 ! words ( ,dr4 ,crombie4 ,:atev] has exi/$ f et]nity1 indep5d5t & )\t any ext]nal cause1 mu/ be self-exi/5t4 ,:atev] is self-exi/5t mu/ exi/ necess>ily1 by an absolute necessity 9 ! nature ( ! ?+4 ,?is is also self-evid5t4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t unless ! mat]ial _w exi/ necess>ily1 by an absolute necessity 9 its own nature1 s t x mu/ be a contradiction to suppose x n to exi/1 x _c be indep5d5t & et]nal4 ,9 ord] to disprove ?is absolute necessity1 he ,dr4 ,cl>ke reason$ ?us3 ,if matt] be suppos$ to exi/ necess>ily1 !n 9 t necess>y exi/5ce is includ$ ! p[] ( gravitation1 or x is n4 ,if n1 !n 9 a _w m]ely mat]ial1 & 9 :i* no intellig5t be+ presides1 !re nev] c\ld h be5 any motion4 ,b if ! p[] ( gravitation be includ$ 9 ! pret5d$ necess>y exi/5ce ( matt]1 !n x foll[s necess>ily1 t !re mu/ be a vacuum2 x foll[s1 likewise1 t matt] is n a necess>y be+4 ,= if a vacuum actually be1 !n x is pla9ly m ?an possible = matt] n to be4 ,is x n pass+ /range t su* a dreamy argum5tation z ?is--& x is a fair sample ( ,dr4 ,cl>ke's ext5d$ "w on ! exi/5ce ( ! ,deity--%\ld h be5 reg>d$ z s\nd logic by _m ( ! acute/ m9ds1 & t a majority ev5 ( ! able/ metaphysicians1 up almo/ to ! pres5t day1 %\ld h felt satisfi$ ) x8 ,a few m9ds1 inde$1 long ago p]ceiv$ its fallacy1 among :om 0 ,alex&] ,pope1 :o ?us s>ca/ically describes x3-- ,be t my task1 replies a gloomy ,cl>ke1 ,sworn foe to my/]y1 yet div9ely d>k4 ,let o!rs creep by timid /eps & sl[1 ,on pla9 exp]i5ce lay f\ndation l[1 ,by common s5se to common notions br$1 ,& la/ to nature's cause ?r\gh nature l$1 ,all-see+ 9 ?y mi/s1 we ne$ no guide1 ,"m ( arrogance1 & s\rce ( pride6 ,we nobly take ! high priori road1 ,& reason d[nw>d till we d\bt ( ,god4 ,dunciad1 ,book ,,iv4 ,x is impossible1 on ?is occasion1 to g into a =mal refutation ( ?is fam\s argum5t4 ,b ?is is unnecess>y2 s9ce1 z ,dr4 ,*alm]s says1 x has fall5 into utt] dise/eem & desuetude4 ,inde$1 ! language ( ,dr4 ,?omas ,br[n on ?is subject is n too sev]e1 :5 he says1 t he conceives ! ab/ract argum5ts t h be5 adduc$ to %[ t x is impossible = matt] to h exi/$ f et]nity1 by reason+ on :at has be5 t]m$ necess>y exi/5ce1 & ! incompatibility ( ?is necess>y exi/5ce ) ! qualities ( matt]1 to be relics ( ! m]e v]bal logic ( ! s*ools1 z little capable ( produc+ conviction z any ( ! wilde/ & mo/ absurd ( ! te*nical s*ola/ic reason+s on ! prop]ties1 or suppos$ prop]ties1 ( entity & non5tity4 ,9 ! second place1 x has be5 argu$ ) mu* app>5t plausibility1 by ,dr4 ,paley1 t :]ev] we f9d a complicat$ organic /ructure1 adapt$ to produce b5eficial results1 its orig9 mu/ be s\ght beyond itself2 & s9ce ! _w ab\nds ) su* organisms1 x _c be et]nal2 t is1 ! m]e exi/5ce ( animals & plants proves _! non-et]nity4 ,n[1 )\t ass]t+ t !re is no =ce 9 ?is argum5t1 ,i h two rem>ks to make ^u x4 ,! fir/ is1 to quote ! reply to x1 :i* su* a writ] z ,david ,hume has giv51 9 language :i* ,i h j repeat$4 ,= aught we c "k a priori1 says he1 matt] may conta9 ! s\rce or spr+ ( ord] orig9ally )9 itself1 z well z m9d does2 & !re is no m difficulty 9 conceiv+ t ! sev]al elem5ts1 f an int]nal unkn[n cause1 may fall into ! mo/ exquisite arrangem5t1 ?an to conceive t _! ideas 9 ! great univ]sal m9d1 f a l int]nal unkn[n cause1 fall into t arrangem5t4 ,to say t ! diff]5t ideas1 :i* compose ! reason ( ! ,supreme1 fall into ord] ( !mselves1 & by _! own nature1 is really to talk )\t any precise mean+4 ,if x has a mean+1 ,i w\ld fa9 "k :y x is n z good s5se to say1 t ! p>ts ( ! mat]ial _w fall into ord] ( !mselves & by _! own nature4 ,c ! "o op9ion be intelligible :ile ! o!r is n s8 ,fairly to meet ?is reason+ ( ! pr9ce ( sceptics is n an a*ievem5t ( dulness or ignorance4 ,9 ord] to d x triumphantly1 we want1 :at ,dr4 ,paley c\ld n f9d1 a di/9ct example ( ! creation ( num]\s organic be+s by "s cause indep5d5t ( !mselves4 ,i say1 he c\ld n f9d su* an example2 = on a "q ( natural !ology1 he did n ?9k x prop] to appeal to ! ,bible2 nor _h geology1 :5 he wrote1 reveal$ h] a/oni%+ record on ?is subject4 ,b z x is n[ develop$1 x puts an end to all controv]sy z to ! orig9 ( ! organic _w4 ,my second rem>k1 h[ev]1 on ?is argum5t is1 t ev5 admitt+ its correctness1 x only proves ! comm5cem5t ( organic natures1 b does n %[ t ! matt] ( :i* !y are compos$ may n h be5 et]nal4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 an argum5t aga9/ ! et]nal exi/5ce ( matt] has be5 d]iv$ by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ natural philosoph]s ( ! day1 f ! atomic con/itution ( bodies1 z made kn[n to u by *emi/ry4 ,?is sci5ce makes x c]ta9ly probable1 t ev5 ! inf9itesimal p>ticles ( matt] h a def9ite & peculi> %ape1 & size1 & weight1 9 ea* ( ! elem5ts4 ,n[1 says ?is writ]1 :5 we see a great numb] ( ?+s precisely alike1 we d n believe ?is simil>ity to h orig9at$1 except f a common pr9ciple indep5d5t ( !m4 ,! discov]ies allud$ to effectually de/roy ! idea ( an ext]nal self-exi/5t matt]1 by giv+ to ea* ( its atoms ! ess5tial *>act]s at once ( a manufactur$ article & a subord9ate ag5t4 ,to ?is argum5t ! a!i/'s reply w\ld be ess5tially ! same z t la/ consid]$2 & 9 "o respect x w\ld ev5 be m =cible1 because ! atomic con/itution ( bodies1 be+ less complex1 is less obvi\sly ! result ( =eign ag5cy1 & may m easily be reg>d$ z ! necess>y prop]ty ( et]nal matt]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 x is m obvi\sly an attribute ( ! orig9al con/itution ( matt] ?an organic /ructure2 & if x does require an indep5d5t ag5cy = its production1 x seems difficult to conceive ( ! exi/5ce ( matt] 9 a previ\s /ate4 ,s t1 9 ?is po9t ( view1 ?is argum5t is m =cible ?an ! la/2 & x is no small evid5ce t x has real /r5g?1 t x comes to u f "o ( ! mo/ acute & imp>tial m9ds 9 ,europe4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 x is ma9ta9$ t ! idea ( an et]nal succession1 or *a9 ( be+1 :i* ! a!i/ic advocates ( ! _w's et]nity def5d1 is highly absurd1 & ev5 ma!matically false4 ,! a!i/ ma9ly relies ^u ?is notion ( an et]nal s]ies ( ?+s2 = if he c def5d t op9ion1 he w ov]turn ! ma9 argum5t ( ! ,!i/ = ! div9e exi/5ce1 viz41 t f design 9 ! works ( creation4 ,on ?is gr\nd1 !re=e1 he %\ld be fairly met4 ,has he be5 s met by ! reason+ t has usually be5 employ$ to refute 8 op9ion8 ,z a fair sample ( x1 ,i w "h quote ! lead+ po9ts ( ! argum5t1 z giv5 by "o ( ! mo/ popul> & able !ologians ( our c\ntry4 ,x is ass]t$ by a!i/s1 says ,dr4 ,dwight1 t !re has be5 an et]nal s]ies ( ?+s4 ,! absurdity ( ?is ass]tion may be %[n 9 _m ways4 ,fir/4 ,ea* individual 9 a s]ies is a unit4 ,b e collection ( units1 h[ev] great1 is ) intuitive c]ta9ty num]able1 &1 !re=e1 _c be inf9ite4 ,secondly4 ,e individual 9 ! s]ies 7take = example a s]ies ( m57 _h a beg9n+4 ,b a collection ( be+s mu/1 h[ev] long ! s]ies1 h _h a beg9n+4 ,?is1 likewise1 is intuitively evid5t4 ,?irdly4 ,x is ju/ly obs]v$ by ! le>n$ & acute ,dr4 ,b5tley1 t 9 ! suppos$ inf9ite s]ies1 z ! numb] ( individual m5 is alleg$ to be inf9ite1 ! numb] ( _! eyes mu/ h be5 twice1 ! numb] ( _! f+]s t5 times1 & ! numb] ( ! hairs on _! heads _m ?\s& times1 z great z ! numb] ( m54 ,f\r?ly4 ,x is also obs]v$ by ! same excell5t writ]1 t all ^! g5]ations ( m5 7 once pres5t4--,dwight's ,!ology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bd4 ,h[ is x possible t su* reason+ %\ld h satisfi$ logical & philosophical m9ds8 ,w\ld x n be equally good to disprove ! demon/rat$ pr9ciples ( ma!matics :i* relate to inf9ite quantities8 ,= 9 ma!matics an inf9ite s]ies ( units is a famili> phrase2 & x is also common to speak ( "o inf9ite quantity z twice1 or t5 times1 or _m ?\s& times1 great] ?an ano!r1 & t1 too1 9 j su* cases z ! "o ref]r$ to above4 ,true1 ma!matical inf9ites are 9 "s respects diff]5t f metaphysical inf9ites2 b x is ! =m] t belong to ?is argum5t1 s9ce ! suppos$ inf9ite succession ( organic be+s =ms a ma!matical s]ies4 ,an acute writ] 9 our own c\ntry1 h[ev]1 has rec5tly attempt$ to %[ t !re c be no numb] actually inf9ite1 & !re=e no inf9ite numb] ( g5]ations4#aa ,t ! ma!matician _c actually pres5t be=e u ! :ole ( an inf9ite s]ies1 is inde$ mo/ c]ta92 = su*1 p[] belongs only to an ,inf9ite ,be+4 ,b does ! fact t man's faculties are limit$1 prove t an ari?metical process _c be c>ri$ on f et]nity to et]nity8 ,because man _c put ^u pap] ! s]ies ( numb]s repres5t+ ! miles 9 inf9ite space1 or ! h\rs 9 inf9ite duration1 is !re1 !re=e1 no su* ?+ z inf9ite space1 or inf9ite duration8 ,c]ta9ly n1 if ?is reason+ be correct4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( su* ma!matical metaphysics1 is x n an intelligible /atem5t ( ! a!i/1 :5 he says ( any g5]ation ( m5 & animals 9 pa/ "t1 t !re 0 ano!r t prec$$ x & unless y h matt]-(-fact pro( to ! contr>y1 h[ w y disprove ?is ass]tion8 ,y may %[ him t practically he c nev] exhibit a s]ies1 ev5 ( numb]s1 ext5d+ et]nally backw>d2 b he may1 9 return1 *all5ge y to put y\r f+] ^u ! fir/ l9k ( ! *a9 ( organic nature4 ,if y attempt x1 he w reply t o!r l9ks prec$$ ! "o y h nam$1 & t1 z f> z y *oose to run backw>d1 he c g f>!r2 9 o!r words1 by ! v supposition :i* he makes1 he excludes a beg9n+ to organic nature1 &1 !re=e1 all reason+ :i* assumes su* a beg9n+ is ( no =ce aga9/ 8 conclusions4 ,if a s]ies :i* may ?us be ext5d$ indef9itely backw>d be n inf9ite 9 a metaphysical s5se1 x is to common s5se4 ,let me n be ?\ght to be an advocate 9 any s5se = ! unsupport$ notion ( an inf9ite s]ies ( organic be+s4 ,b ! "q is1 :e!r ^? :o1 9 spite ( common s5se1 h ma9ta9$ ?is op9ion1 h be5 fairly refut$ by su* metaphysical evasions z ,i h quot$4 ,! tru? is1 t1 9 ord] to end ?is dispute1 ! ,!i/ ne$s to br+ =w>d at lea/ "o example 9 :i* ! comm5cem5t ( "s race ( animals c be fairly po9t$ out2 & ,i "k n :]e su* an example c be f\nd1 save 9 ! ,bible & geology4 ,9 ! fif? place1 ! *ang+ /ate ( ! _w has be5 reg>d$ z incompatible ) ! _w's et]nity4 ,?is argum5t is ?us /at$ by ,bi%op ,sumn]3 ,if ! univ]se itself is ! fir/ et]nal be+1 its exi/5ce is necess>y1 z metaphysicians speak2 & x mu/ be possess$ ( all ^? qualities :i* are insep>able f necess>y exi/5ce4 ,( ?is nature are immutability & p]fection4 ,= *ange is ! attribute ( imp]fection1 & imp]fection is incompatible ) t ,be+1 :i* is1 z ! hypo!sis affirms1 indep5d5t1 &1 !re=e1 c h no s\rce ( imp]fection4 ,to suppose1 !re=e1 ( ! fir/ indep5d5t ,be+1 t x c\ld h exi/$ o!rwise ?an x is1 is no less contr>y to ! idea ( necessity1 ) :i* we set out1 ?an to suppose x n to exi/ at all4 ,?is reason+ is n de/itute ( plausibility4 ,= !re is sc>cely any lesson m =cibly impress$ on %ort-liv$ man ?an ! mutability ( ! _w4 ,& x is inde$ true t *ange is its mo/ /rik+ attribute4 ,b :5 we look at ! subject philosophically1 we f9d t all ?is mutability is consi/5t ) ! mo/ p]fect ultimate /ability2 nay1 t ! *ange is ess5tial to secure ! /ability4 ,ap>t f :at revelation & geology tea*1 ^! *anges 9 nature =m cycles1 :i*1 l ^? 9 a/ronomy1 are p]fectly consi/5t ) ! et]nal p]man5ce ( ! g5]al sy/em to :i* !y belong4 ,9 ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 a consid]able am\nt ( irregul>ity & oscillation ab\t a mean /ate does n t5d to ! ru91 b r to ! pres]vation1 ( ! sy/em1 provid$ ! anomalies d n ext5d beyond c]ta9 limits4 ,x is j s ) o!r *anges t are go+ on ar\nd u4 ,all ( !m are1 9 fact1 z mu* regulat$ by ma!matical laws z ! p]turbations ( ! heav5ly bodies2 al?\gh ^? laws are m complicat$ & difficult to br+ out 9 di/9ct =mulae 9 ! =m] case ?an 9 ! latt]4 ,yet ev5 9 a/ronomy1 x is n _m ye>s s9ce ! mutual di/urbances among ! heav5ly bodies 7 suppos$ to be ! c]ta9 precursors ( ru9 to ! sy/em4 ,x 0 n till ! fam\s problem ( ! ?ree bodies 0 solv$1 by ! use ( ! mo/ ref9$ ma!matical analysis1 t a/ronom]s le>nt ! true op]ation ( ^? causes ( di/urbance among ! heav5ly bodies :i* exi/ 9 _! mutual attractions4 ,x 0 !n f\nd t1 s balanc$ are !y 9 _! action1 & s n>r[ _! limits1 t !y c nev] affect ! /ability ( ! sy/em2 or1 r1 !y secure t /ability4 ,x is1 inde$1 true1 t :5 *anges 9 nature g on increas+ or decreas+ 9 magnitude indef9itely1 !y cle>ly indicate a beg9n+ & an end to ! sy/em to :i* !y belong4 ,& x 0 on ?is pr9ciple t ! e>li] a/ronom]s pr$ict$ t ! cele/ial p]turbations w\ld ultimately br+ ! univ]se to a /ate ( *aos4 ,!y f\nd1 = in/ance1 t ! moon's orbit 0 decreas+ 9 size1 & !y inf]r$ t1 ultimately1 t lum9>y mu/ come to ! e>?4 ,b !y n[ "k x to be ma!matically c]ta9 t1 aft] a long p]iod1 ! dim9ution ( ! orbit w cease2 x w beg9 to exp&1 & g on exp&+1-until ! opposite po9t ( oscillation is rea*$1 :5 x w aga9 dim9i%2 & 9 ?is mann]1 if ,god's w p]mit1 p]=m its et]nal r\nd4 ,j s x is ) all ! irregul>ities ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,yond] />ry sph]e ,( planets1 & ( fix$1 9 all h] :eels1 ,resembles ne>e/ mazes intricate1 ,ecc5tric1 int]volv$1 yet regul>2 ,!n mo/1 :5 mo/ irregul> !y seem4 ,& s x is ) all ! natural *anges :i* we witness ar\nd u1 & ) all :i* sci5ce %[s u to h tak5 place on ! globe1 except+ "s :i* geology discloses1 & p]haps "o :i* a/ronomy r5d]s probable4 ,let u look at "s ( ^? *anges :i* ! argum5t "u consid]ation reg>ds z inconsi/5t ) ! _w's et]nity4 ,ne>ly all ! *anges 9 nature ) :i* we are acqua9t$ belong to ?ree classes1--! me*anical1 ! *emical1 & ! organic4 ,a/ronomical *anges are purely me*anical2 & h5ce ! ease ) :i* !y may be calculat$ by ma!matics4 ,! univ]sal sy/em ( dea?1 :i* reigns ov] all animals & plants1 is ! result ( organic laws2 & x is ?is :i* probably gives to man ! /ronge/ impression ( ! transi5t nature ( sublun>y ?+s4 ,b j consid] ! antagoni/ ag5cies to ?is univ]sal de/roy]4 ,i ref] to ! equally univ]sal sy/em ( reproduction1 & to ! law by :i* p]man5ce ( species is secur$4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t1 :ile e individual animal & plant dies1 ! species survives4 ,9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! animals & plants n[ exi/+ on ! globe1 only eight or t5 c]ta9 examples are on record 9 :i* a species has become ext9ct1 & ^? are "s l>ge birds1 su* z ! d9ornis & dodo1 once inhabitants ( ! ,isle ( ,b\rbon & ,new ,zeal&4 ,e "o ( ! human family1 e elephant1 e ox1 e lion1 c41 die1 b man1 z a species1 /ill lives2 & s does ! elephant1 ! ox1 & ! lion2 & mo/ obvi\sly ?is is a law ( nature4 ,h[ easy1 !n1 = ! a!i/ to evade ! =ce ( y\r argum5t aga9/ ! _w's et]nity1 drawn f ! ravages ( dea?6 ,he has only to suppose ! havoc ( individuals by dea? always to h be5 repair$ by ! equival5t op]ation ( reproduction1 & t ^! two ag5cies h be5 balanc$ aga9/ ea* o!r f et]nity2 & h[ w y prove ?is impossible1 except by ! absurd metaphysical argum5ts already consid]$8 ,atmosph]ic & aque\s *anges (t51 &1 inde$1 g5]ally1 appe> m *aotic & de/itute ( a controll+ =ce ?an any o!rs 9 nature4 ,:5 ! w9ds are let loose f _! prison-h\se2 :5 ! heav5s become d>k1 & ! cl\ds1 r5t by ! lightn+s1 p\r d[n _! cont5ts1 & ! swoll5 torr5ts c>ry desolation d[n ! m\nta9's side & ov] ! wide pla92 :5 ! ocean rolls 9 ^u ! l& its giant waves2 :5 ! tornado sweeps all be=e x1 9 ri* tropical regions2 or :5 ! sirocco s5ds its hot bla/1 load$ ) s&1 ov] ! devot$ surface1--9 all ^! cases1 h[ difficult = u to conceive t all ?is upro> among ! elem5ts is limit$ & controll$ by laws z fix$ & unalt]able z ^? :i* regulate ! heav5ly bodies6 ,nev]!less1 x mu/ be s2 & al?\gh ! w9ds & ! wat]s seem to be riot+ at _! pleasure1 !re are1 9 fact1 at "w antagoni/ ag5cies2 :i* w conf9e _! wild w> to a n>r[ field1 & soon br+ !m aga9 into peaceful submission4 ,= su* has always be5 ! case1 & ! limits ( _! irregul>ities are no wid] n[ ?an six ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,9 o!r words1 ! repress+ ag5cy has always be5 sup]ior to ! de/roy+ =ce1 :5 ! latt] has ris5 to a c]ta9 limit2 & ,i d\bt n b ! pr(\nd] ma!matics ( angelic m9ds might z easily calculate ! anomalies & p]turbations ( w9ds & waves z ! =mulas ( ,la ,place c det]m9e ^? ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,& if su* con/ancy has exi/$ = six ?\s& ye>s 9 meteorological *anges1--( all o!rs 9 nature app>5tly ! mo/ irregul>1--:y1 ! a!i/ w ask1 may n t con/ancy h be5 et]nal8 ,& ) equal reason may he ask ! same 9 respect to all *anges result+ f me*anical1 *emical1 & organic laws1 :i* we witness 9 nature1 except ^? :i* come )9 ! prov9ce ( geology1 & ev5 conc]n+ "s ( ^?2 & :at *anges 9 ! mat]ial _w d n result1 directly or remotely1 f "o or two1 or all ( ^! laws8 ,yet1 9 reg>d to all ^! *anges1 !re is no inconsi/5cy 9 suppos+ !m to h gone on 9 an et]nal s]ies2 & h5ce !y furni% no pro( ( ! non-et]nity ( ! _w4 ,9 ! sev5? & la/ place1 ! rec5t orig9 ( society1 z %[n by hi/orical monum5ts1 is reg>d$ z evid5ce ( ! rec5t orig9 ( ! _w4 ,?is argum5t 0 well und]/ood z long ago z ! days ( ,lucretius1 :o /ates x v cle>ly 9 ! (t-quot$ l9es1-- ,si nulla fuit g5italis origo1 ,t]r>um et coeli1 semp]que et]na fuit1 ,cur1 supra bellum ,!banum et fun]a ,trojae1 ,non alias alii quoque res cec9]e poetae8 ,?is argum5t1 ?\gh x has be5 met by a plausible reply1 is c]ta9ly ( great importance 9 its be>+ ^u ! rec5t orig9 ( ! human race1 :i*1 z we %all %ortly see1 is a po9t ( mu* int]e/4 ,b x is obvi\s t x proves no?+ respect+ ! orig9 ( matt]1 s9ce ?is might h _h an et]nal exi/5ce be=e man 0 plac$ ^u x4 ,we ne$ n1 !re=e1 be delay$ by its discussion4 ,su* is a fair summ>y1 z ,i believe1 ( ! argum5ts usually adduc$1 aside f ! ,bible & geology1 to prove ! non-et]nity ( ! _w4 ,i am n prep>$ to say t !y am\nt to no?+2 b ,i d believe t !y p]plex1 r ?an conv9ce1 & t "s ( !m are m]e metaphysical quibbles4 ,!y d n produce t in/antane\s conviction :i* mo/ ( ! argum5ts ( natural !ology =ce ^u ! m9d2 & x is easy to see h[ a man ( a sceptical turn %\ld rise f _! exam9ation entirely unaffect$1 or affect$ unfavorably4 ,let u n[1 !re=e1 turn to geology1 & inquire :e!r its ar*ives w af=d u any cle>] light ^u ! subject4 ,& "h we mu/ confess1 at ! outset1 t geology furni%es u no m evid5ce ?an ! o!r sci5ces ( ! creation ( ! matt] ( ! univ]se out ( no?+4 ,b x does furni% u ) examples ( su* modifications ( matt] z c\ld be effect$ only by a ,deity4 ,suppose1 !n1 we %\ld be oblig$ to ackn[l$ge to ! a!i/1 t we yield to him ! po9t ( matt]'s et]nal exi/5ce1 if he pleases1 because we c f9d n[h]e 9 nature decisive evid5ce ( its creation1 & !n take our /& ^u ! arrangem5ts & metamorphoses ( matt]4 ,or1 r1 suppose we say to him1 t we %all n cont5d ) him z to ! orig9 ( matt]1 b *all5ge him to expla91 if he c1 )\t a ,deity1 its modifications1 z taught by geology4 ,if t sci5ce does disclose to u su* *anges on ! globe z no p[] & wisdom b ^? ( an inf9ite ,god c\ld produce1 !n ( :at consequ5ce is x1 s f> z religion is conc]n$1 :e!r we c1 or _c1 demon/rate ! fir/ creation ( matt]8 ,i c conceive ( no religi\s tru? t w\ld be unfavorably affect$1 ?\gh we %\ld admit t ?is po9t _c be settl$4 ,let u1 !n1 at lea/ = ! sake ( argum5t1 admit t x _c be1 & proce$ to inquire :e!r1 aside f ?is po9t1 geology does n tea* u all t is necess>y to e/abli% ! mo/ p]fect sy/em ( ,!ism4 ,i %all select f\r examples f t sci5ce1 ea* ( :i* is indep5d5t ( ! o!rs 9 its be>+ ^u ! subject1 s9ce 9 ?is way ! argum5t w become cumulative2 & if "s are n satisfi$ ) "o example1 ! o!rs may produce conviction4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 geology tea*es t ! "t has be5 :5 ! e>? exi/$ z a molt5 mass ( matt]1 &1 !re=e1 all ! animals & plants n[ exi/+ ^u its surface1 & all ^? buri$ 9 its rocky /rata1 mu/ h _h a beg9n+1 or h be5 creat$4 ,i %\ld be su/a9$ by _m probabilities1 7 ,i to g f>!r1 & ma9ta9 t ! "t 0 :5 ! globe exi/$ 9 a gase\s /ate--an op9ion v widely adopt$ by able philosoph]s ( ! pres5t day4 ,b z ?is view is m hypo!tical ?an my fir/ position1 :i* makes ! e>? a liquid mass1 & z no?+ w\ld be ga9$ to ! argum5t by suppos+ x 9 a gase\s /ate1 ,i %all n press t po9t4 ,t x 0 once 9 a /ate ( fusion is probable f ! v great heat /ill rema9+ 9 its int]ior4 ,b m direct pro( ( ?is results f ! facts1 n[ admitt$ by almo/ all geologi/s1 t ! un/ratifi$ rocks h all be5 melt$1 & t ! /ratifi$ class h all1 or ne>ly all1 be5 ! result ( dis9tegration & abrasion ( ! un/ratifi$ masses4 ,a /rik+ confirmation ( ?is op9ion is ! sph]oidal figure ( ! e>?1--a figure precisely su* z ! globe w\ld h assum$ 9 consequ5ce ( rotation1 _h x be5 9 a fluid /ate4 ,9 f9e1 s _m & s decisive are ! facts :i* po9t to ! orig9al igne\s fluidity ( ! globe1 t no compet5t judge ?9ks ( d\bt+ t all ! matt] ( :i* x is compos$1 c]ta9ly its cru/1 has "s "t or o!r be5 9 t /ate4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! op9ion ( "s geologi/s ( di/9ction1 t ! :ole ( x 0 n 9 fusion at ! same "t1 & t its diff]5t portions h pass$ successively ?r\gh ! furnace4 ,b ?is view ( ! subject sc>cely affects my argum5t1 s9ce at :atev] p]iod ! fusion ( any "p took place1 ! de/ruction ( organic life1 if x exi/$1 mu/ h be5 ! consequ5ce4 ,! ess5tial ?+ is1 to %[ t su* 0 once ! /ate ( ! e>? t animals & plants c\ld n h exi/$ on x4 ,= if su* 0 ! case1 _! creation mu/ h be5 a subsequ5t op]ation2 & if ?is did n require an inf9ite ,be+ to accompli% x1 no result 9 nature w\ld dem& 8 ag5cy4 ,to prove ! orig9al igne\s fluidity ( ! globe1 we might h adopt$ ano!r c\rse ( argum5t4 ,all w admit t ! pres5t temp]ature ( ! int]ior ( ! e>? is f> m elevat$ ?an t ( ! surr\nd+ planet>y spaces4 ,! inevitable result is1 f ! kn[n laws ( heat1 t its radiation into ! cele/ial spaces is con/antly go+ on1 & consequ5tly ! e>?'s temp]ature is be+ con/antly l[]$4 ,:o c tell u n[ :5 ?is process ( refrig]ation comm5c$8 ,if no "o1 !n !re mu/ h be5 a "t :5 ! heat 0 great en\gh to fuse ! :ole globe4 ,& ! facts already /at$ confirm su* an inf]5ce4 ,= all ! ef=ts hi!rto made to %[ t ! e>? may be pass+ ?r\gh regions ( v>i\s temp]atures1 9 its m>* ar\nd ! c5tre ( c5tres1 am\nt to no?+ m ?an dreamy conjecture4 ,9 ord] to feel ! =ce ( ! argum5t1 su/a9$ by s _m facts 9 geology1 j picture to y\rselves ?is va/ globe z a mass ( liquid fire4 ,f su* a _w e ?+ organic mu/ h be5 exclud$1 & e ?+ combu/ible consum$1 & only su* comb9ations ( matt] h exi/$ z inc&esc5t heat c\ld n decompose4 ,comp>e su* a _w ) t n[ teem+ ) life1 & beauty1 & glory1 :i* we inhabit2 & say1 mu/ n ! transition to its pres5t condition h dem&$ ! ex]cise ( inf9ite p[]1 inf9ite wisdom1 & inf9ite b5evol5ce8 ,y c1 inde$1 conceive h[ a solid cru/ might h =m$ ov] ! va/ fi]y ocean1 by ! simple radiation ( heat2 & !n1 too1 by natural laws1 might ! vapors h be5 cond5s$ into oceans & cl\ds1 :ile volcanic =ce )9 might h lift$ up our cont95ts & m\nta9s above ! flood4 ,b :at a picture ( desolation & ru9 w\ld su* a _w pres5t1 :ile unadorn$ ) vegetation1 & ) no voice ( life to break ! /illness ( univ]sal dea?6 ,"h is1 !n1 ! precise po9t :]e we ne$ ! int]f]5ce ( a ,deity4 ,admit1 if y please1 t a!ism1 ) its et]nal matt] & ! laws ( nature at comm&1 might =m a _w )\t inhabitants4 ,:o does n see1 t to be/[ organization1 & life1 & in/9ct1 to say no?+ ( intellect1 ^u brute matt]1 is ! l(tie/ pr]ogative ( ,jehovah8 especially to fill s va/ a _w z ours ) its teem+ millions1 exhibit+ t5 ?\s& div]sities ( size1 =m1 & /ructure4 ,let ! a!i/ !n exult 9 ! belief ( an et]nal _w4 ,geology %[s him t x mu/ h be5 )\t inhabitants2 & t1 !re=e1 ! mo/ wond]ful "p ( ! creation /ill rema9s to be acc\nt$ =2 :ile physiology tea*es t ! int]f]5ce ( an inf9ite ,deity c alone solve ! enigma4 ,my second example f geology to disprove ! notion ( an et]nal s]ies ( animals & plants on ! globe1 is d]iv$ f ! hi/ory ( organic rema9s4 ,t hi/ory %[s u cle>ly1 t ! e>?1 s9ce its creation1 has be5 ! seat ( sev]al di/9ct economies ( life1 ea* occupy+ long p]iods1 & successively pass+ away4 ,dur+ ea* ( ^! p]iods1 di/9ct gr\ps ( animals & plants h occupi$ ! e>?1 ! air1 & ! wat]s4 ,ea* successive gr\p has be5 entirely di/9ct f t :i* prec$$ x1 ?\gh ea* gr\p 0 exactly adapt$ to ! exi/+ /ate ( ! climate & ! food provid$2 s t1 _h ! diff]5t gr\ps *ang$ places ) "o ano!r1 !y mu/ h p]i%$1 because _! con/itutions 7 adapt$ only to ! /ate ( ?+s dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* !y actually liv$4 ,a di/+ui%$ naturali/ has rec5tly decl>$ t he has discov]$1 9 survey+ ! entire s]ies ( fossil animal rema9s1 five great gr\ps1 s completely indep5d5t t no species :atev] is f\nd 9 m ?an "o ( !m4--,de%ayes4 ,includ+ ! exi/+ races1 ?is w\ld give u six entirely di/9ct gr\ps ( organic be+s t h liv$ 9 succession ^u ?is globe s9ce x became a habitable _w4 ,b ev5 if x %\ld be f\nd t a few species are common to adjo9+ gr\ps1 ! great tru? w\ld /ill rema91 t ! diff]5t gr\ps 7 too mu* unlike to be contempor>ies1 & t consequ5tly a new creation mu/ h tak5 place :5ev] ea* new gr\p comm5c$ its c\rse4 ,x is probable ! e>? has *ang$ its inhabitants m ?an ! six times t h be5 m5tion$2 "s ?9k z _m z twelve times4 ,b a l>g] numb] _c yet be prov$ s cle>ly2 & c\ld !y be1 !y w\ld add no?+ to ?is argum5t2 = x re/s ma9ly on ! fact t ?is *ange ( organic life has ev5 once be5 complete4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 v safely assume t ! pres5t animals & plants are ! six? gr\p t h occupi$ ! globe4#ab ,^! facts be+ admitt$1 & :o does n see ! necessity ( div9e int]f]5ce1 :5ev] "o race ( animals & plants pass$ f ! e>? 9 ord] to repeople x8 ,x is n difficult to conceive h[ volcanic fires1 or aque\s inundations1 may h c>ri$ univ]sal de/ruction ov] ! globe1 & b]eft x ( inhabitants4 ,b :]e1 save 9 ! fiat ( an inf9ite ,deity1 is ! p[] t c make ?is univ]se ( dea? teem aga9 ) life & beauty8 ,9 ! p[]ful language ( ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 we may inquire1 ,is !re aught 9 ! rude & boi/]\s play ( a great physical cata/rophe t c g]m9ate ^? exquisite /ructures1 :i*1 dur+ our yet undi/urb$ economy1 h be5 transmitt$ 9 pacific succession to ! pres5t day8 ,:at is !re 9 ! ru%1 & turbul5ce1 & mighty clamor ( su* great elem5ts1 ( ocean heav$ f its old re/+-place1 & lift+ its bill[s above ! ,alps & ! ,&es ( a =m] cont95t1--:at is !re 9 ?is to *>m into be+ ! embryo ( an infant family1 :]e) to /ock & to repeople a n[ desolate _w8 ,we see 9 ! sweep+ en]gy & upro> ( ?is elem5tal w> en\gh to acc\nt = ! disappe>ance ( all ! old g5]ations1 b no?+ t might cradle any new g5]ations into exi/5ce1 s z to h effloresc$ on ocean's des]t$ b$ ! life & lovel9ess :i* are n[ be=e our eyes4 ,at no juncture1 we appreh5d1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 is ! int]position ( ! ,deity m manife/ ?an at ?is2 nor c we bett] acc\nt = s goodly a creation em]g+ aga9 into new =ms ( animation & beauty f ! wreck ( ! old "o1 ?an t ! _s ( ,god mov$ on ! face ( *aos1 & t nature1 turn$ by ! la/ cata/rophe into a wild]ness1 0 aga9 repeopl$ at ! utt]ance ( 8 ^w4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton has said1 t ! gr[? ( new sy/ems out ( old ones1 )\t ! m$iation ( a div9e p[]1 seems to me app>5tly absurd4 ,he seems 9 ?is passage to h ref]r$ only to ! arrangem5ts ( matt]1 ) respect to size1 figure1 proportions1 & prop]ties1 & n to ! pr9ciple ( life1 ( in/9ct1 or ( intellect4 ,b :5 ! latt] are tak5 into ! acc\nt1 x mu/ be sup]latively absurd to suppose new sy/ems c gr[ out ( old ones by m]ely natural op]ations4 ,he1 inde$1 :o c br+ himself to believe1 ) a c]ta9 writ]1 t ! in/9cts ( animals are no?+ m ?an in]t & passive attractions1 d]iv$ f ! p[] ( s5sation1 & ! in/9ctive op]ations ( animals no?+ m ?an cry/allizations produc$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( t p[]1--su* a man c\ld probably easily p]suade himself t1 by ! help ( galvanism1 animals & plants might be ! result ( natural op]ations4 ,su* doctr9es1 h[ev]1 we %all exam9e 9 ano!r lecture4 ,my ?ird example f geology1 %[+ ! non-et]nity ( ! pres5t condition ( ! globe1 is ! fact ( ! disappe>ance ( sev]al l>ge species ( animals s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! mo/ rec5t or alluvial geological p]iod4 ,c]ta9 l>ge pa*yd]mat\s & o!r animals1 su* z ! fossil elephant1 ! ma/odon1 ! mega!rium1 ! mylodon1 ! megalonyx1 ! glyptodon1 ! fossil horse1 ox1 de]1 c41 also n9e or t5 species ( huge birds--! d9ornis1 ! palapt]yx1 aptornis1 notornis1 & ne/or ( ,new ,zeal&1 ! dodo ( ,mauritius & ,b\rbon1 & ! pezohaps or solitaire ( ,rodriguez1--h ceas$ to exi/ s9ce ! t]ti>y p]iod2 "s ( !m--! birds1 = in/ance--s9ce man's creation4 ,n[1 if any important species ( animals f "t to "t disappe> f any sy/em ( organic life1 x %[s a t5d5cy to ru9 9 t sy/em2 = su* is ! intimate dep5d5ce ( diff]5t be+s ^u "o ano!r1 t y _c blot out "o1 c]ta9ly n a l>ge numb]1 )\t di/urb+ ! heal?y balance betwe5 ! :ole1 & probably br++ ! :ole to ultimate ru94 ,at any rate1 if sev]al species die out by natural processes1 no reason c be giv5 :y o!rs %\ld n1 9 l mann]1 disappe>4 ,& to prove t any organic sy/em %[s a t5d5cy to ru9 is to %[ t x _h a beg9n+4 ,my ?ird example f geology1 demon/rat+ ! special int]f]5ce ( ! ,deity 9 ! affairs ( ?is _w1 is ! fact ( ! comp>atively rec5t comm5cem5t ( ! human race4 ,t man 0 among ! v la/ ( ! animals creat$ is made c]ta9 by ! fact t 8 rema9s are f\nd only 9 ! highe/ "p ( alluvium4 ,?is is r>ely m ?an "o hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness1 :ile ! o!r fossilif]\s /rata1 ly+ b5ea? ! alluvium1 are six miles ?ick4 ,h5ce man 0 n 9 exi/5ce dur+ all ! p]iod 9 :i* ^! six miles ( /rata 7 9 a c\rse ( deposition1 & he has exi/$ only dur+ ! comp>atively %ort p]iod 9 :i* ! "o hundr$ feet ( alluvium h be5 =m$2 nay1 dur+ only a small "p ( ! alluvial p]iod4 ,8 bones1 hav+ ! same *emical composition z ! bones ( o!r animals1 are no m liable to decay2 &1 !re=e1 _h he liv$ & di$ 9 any ( ! p]iods prec$+ ! alluvial1 8 bones mu/ h be5 mix$ ) ^? ( o!r animals belong+ to ^? p]iods4 ,b !y are n ?us f\nd 9 a s+le well-au!nticat$ in/ance1 &1 !re=e1 8 exi/5ce has be5 limit$ to ! alluvial p]iod4 ,h5ce he mu/ h be5 creat$ & plac$ ^u ! globe--su* is ! te/imony ( geology--dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! alluvial p]iod4 ,i might include 9 ?is example ne>ly all ! o!r species ( exi/+ animals & plants1 s9ce x is only a v few ( ^! t are f\nd fossil1 & su* species are limit$ to ! t]ti>y /rata4 ,b s9ce ?is might make "s confusion 9 ! argum5t1 & s9ce man is confess$ly at ! head ( ! exi/+ creation1 ,i pref] to let 8 case /& out alone1 & to reg>d x in/> omnium4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a case 9 :i* geology c lay h] f+] ^u ! precise epo*1 9 ! revolutions ( our globe1 9 :i* ! mo/ complicat$1 p]fect1 & exalt$ be+ t ev] dwelt ^u its surface fir/ began to be4 ,x 0 n ! comm5cem5t ( a m]e zoophyte1 or cryptogamean plant1 9 :i* we see b little sup]iority to unorganiz$ matt]1 except 9 _! possession ( a l[ degree ( vitality4 ,b we h a be+ complicat$ en\gh to conta9 a million ( p>ts1 end[$ ) ! two great attributes ( life1 s5sibility & contractility1 9 ! highe/ degree1 &1 above all1 possess+ intellect & moral p[]s f> m wond]ful ?an organization & animal life4 ,z to ! p]iod :5 ! creation ( su* a be+1 by ! mo/ a/oni%+ ( all miracles1 took place1 ,i believe !re is no div]sity ( op9ion4 ,at lea/1 all agree t x 0 v rec5t2 nay1 al?\gh geology c r>ely give *ronological dates1 b only a succession ( ev5ts1 %e is able to say1 f ! monum5ts %e deciph]s1 t man _c h occupi$ ! globe m ?an six ?\s& ye>s4 ,n[1 if x 0 difficult to conceive h[ successive races ( ! inf]ior animals & plants c\ld h orig9at$ 9 ! laws ( nature1 )\t ! special int]f]5ce ( ! ,deity1 t difficulty increases 9 a rapid ratio z we asc5d on ! scale ( organization & intellect1 & attempt 9 ! same mann] to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( man )\t ! miracul\s ag5cy ( ,deity4 ,! ?or\gh-go+ mat]iali/1 h[ev]1 does n %r9k f ! ef=t4 ,?\ght1 says ,bory de ,/4 ,v9c5t1 be+ ! necess>y result ( a c]ta9 k9d ( organization1 :]ev] ?is ord] is e/abli%$1 ?\ght is necess>ily d]iv$ f x2 & x is no m possible = ! molecules ( matt]1 arrang$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 n to produce ?\ght1 ?an = brass1 :5 smitt51 n to return a s\nd1 or = creatures =m$ by ?is matt]1 aft] su* & su* laws1 n to walk1 n to brea!1 n to reproduce2 9 a ^w1 n to ex]cise any ( ! faculties :i* result f _! peculi> me*anism ( organization4--,dict4 ,clas4 ,d4 ,hi/4 ,nat4 art4 ,mati]e4 ,?is may seem1 ^u a sup]ficial view1 to be settl+ ?is matt] at once4 ,b x m]ely %ifts ! difficulty f "o "p ( ! subject to ano!r4 ,admitt+ ! premises ( ! mat]iali/ to be correct1 x does inde$ %[ u ! proximate cause ( ?\ght4 ,b ! m9d imm$iately inquires h[ a c]ta9 organization became possess$ ( su* wond]ful p[]4 ,is x inh]5t 9 matt]1 or is x a p[] communicat$ to organization by a supreme ,be+8 ,if ! latt]1 x is j :at ! ,!i/ cont5ds =2 if ! =m]1 !n !re is j z mu* necessity = ! orig9al int]position ( ! ,deity1 9 ord] to give matt] su* an a/oni%+ p[]1 z !re is1 on ! !ory ( ! immat]iali/1 to imp>t a spiritual & immortal pr9ciple to matt]4 ,! mat]iali/ w1 inde$1 say t matt] has possess$ ?is p[] f et]nity4 ,b ?is supposition1 evid5tly absurd1 does 9 fact inve/ matt] ) ! attributes ( ,deity2 s9ce ^? attributes1 & ^? alone1 are suffici5t to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a4 ,& besides1 h[ is ! fact to be expla9$ t ?is p[] 0 n ex]t$ till six ?\s& ye>s ago8 ,b ) ! exception ( ! mat]iali/1 ,i am sure t mo/ reason+ m9ds w feel z if ! creation ( ! human family 0 "o ( ! mo/ /up5d\s1 p]haps ! mo/ /up5d\s1 ex]cise ( inf9ite p[] & wisdom :i* ! univ]se exhibits4 ,if any *ange :atev] dem&s a ,deity = its accompli%m5t1 x mu/ be ?is2 &1 !re=e1 geology pres5ts1 9 ! case ( man1 ! mo/ /rik+ example :i* nature c\ld furni% ( a beg9n+ ( organic & intellectual life on ! globe4 ,x %[s u t !re 0 a "t1 & t n remote1 :5 ! fir/ l9k ( ! curi\s *a9 ( ! human family1 n[ con/antly l5g!n+ by inflexible laws1 0 creat$4 ,i might n[ ref] to c]ta9 rec5t discov]ies 9 a/ronomy1 :i* h ! same be>+ ^u ! g5]al argum5t z ! examples t h be5 quot$ f geology1 al?\gh less decisive4 ,aft] ! fam\s demon/ration ( ! et]nity ( ! univ]se by ,la ,grange1 provid$ ! pres5t laws ( gravity alone control x1 we c\ld h>dly expect t1 s soon1 ev5 a/ronomy w\ld furni% pro( ( a di/urb+ cause1 :i* mu/ ultimately & inevitably br+ ru9 among ! heav5ly bodies1 if "s c\nt]act+ ag5cy be n ex]t$4 ,yet su* a s\rce ( d]angem5t exi/s 9 ! suppos$ m$ium ext5d+ ?r\gh all space1 :i* has already %[n its ret>d+ influ5ce ^u ,enke's1 ,biela's1 & ,halley's comets4 ,& :o c say t "s ( ! va/ p]iods :i* geology discloses may n h be5 comm5surate ) ^? int]v5+ betwe5 cata/rophes among ! heav5ly bodies z ! result ( ! univ]sal resi/+ e!r8 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 we c say only t we "k su* long p]iods h exi/$ 9 geology1 & probably 9 a/ronomy4 ,& _! m]e exi/5ce is fatal to ! idea ( ! et]nity ( ! _w 9 its pres5t /ate4 ,if1 !n1 geology c cle>ly demon/rate ! pres5t /ate ( ! globe to h _h a beg9n+2 if %e c %[ u ! p]iod1 by fair induction1 :5 "o liquid1 fi]y ocean envelop$ ! :ole e>?2 if %e c %[ u five or six economies ( organic life successively fl\ri%+ & pass+ away2 if %e c trace man back to 8 orig9 at a comp>atively rec5t date2 if1 9 fact1 %e c %[ u t ! mo/ important op]ations on ! globe1 & ! mo/ complicat$ & exalt$ organic races1 _h a beg9n+2 & if a/ronomy af=ds glimpses ( simil> *anges1--!n :y may we n safely leave ! subject ( ! _w's et]nity an undecid$ "q1 consi/5tly ) ! mo/ p]fect ,!ism8 ,if we c prove t ! p[]1 ! wisdom1 & ! b5evol5ce ( ! ,deity h aga9 & aga9 int]f]$ ) ! regul> sequ5ce ( nature's op]ations1 & introduc$ new conditions & new & m p]fect be+s1 by us+ ! matt] already 9 exi/5ce1 :at ?\gh we _c1 by ! light ( sci5ce1 run back to ! fir/ production ( matt] itself8 ,:at ?\gh ! a!i/ %\ld "h be all[$ to ma9ta9 8 favorite !ory t matt] nev] _h a beg9n+8 ,:at doctr9e ( natural religion is !reby unfavorably affect$1 if we c only %[ ! int]position ( ! ,deity 9 all ( matt]'s important modifications8 ,su* an admission w\ld n prove matt] to be et]nal1 b only t sci5ce has n yet plac$ )9 ! rea* ( man ! means ( prov+ its non-et]nity4 ,& really1 su* an admission w\ld be f> m favorable to ! cause ( tru? ?an to rely1 z !ologians h done1 on metaphysical subtilties to prove t matt] _h a beg9n+4 ,= ! sceptical m9d w n m]ely rema9 unconv9c$ by su* argum5ts1 b be v apt to draw ! sweep+ inf]5ce t all ! doctr9es ( natural & reveal$ religion re/ on simil> dreamy ab/ractions4 ,b is natural !ology 9 fact de/itute ( all satisfactory pro( t ! matt] ( ! univ]se _h a beg9n+8 ,su* pro(1 x seems to me1 %e w seek 9 va9 9 ! wide fields ( physical & ma!matical sci5ce2 & ! solution ( ! "q :i* metaphysics (f]s1 z we h se51 does n satisfy4 ,b !re are s\rces ( evid5ce on ?is po9t :i* seem to me ( ! mo/ satisfactory k9d4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we may d]ive f sci5ce "s presumptive pro( ( a comm5cem5t ( ! matt] ( ! univ]se4 ,! fact t ! organic races on ! globe _h a beg9n+ af=ds su* pro(4 ,= matt] c\ld n h orig9at$ itself2 nor is !re any pro( ( its et]nal exi/5ce2 & to assume t x did et]nally exi/1 )\t pro(1 is f> m unphilosophical ?an to admit its orig9ation 9 ! div9e w4 ,= s9ce ,god has complete control ov] matt]1 x is probable t he creat$ x ) su* prop]ties z he wi%$ x to possess4 ,& fur!rmore1 to ! p[] & wisdom t c\ld set 9 motion ! heav5ly bodies1 & create & adapt exi/+ organisms out ( preexi/5t matt]1 we c assign no limits1 & h5ce conclude !m to be inf9ite4 ,!re=e !y are suffici5t to ! production ( matt]1 :i* c\ld n h dem&$ m ?an inf9ite wisdom & p[]4 ,n[1 9 confirmation ( ^! presumptions1 we may appeal to ! ,bible4 ,x is true t writ]s h be5 accu/om$ to consid] x contr>y to s\nd logic to draw f revelation any support or illu/rations ( natural religion4 ,b :y %\ld an hi/orical fact possess less value1 if transmitt$ to u ?r\gh ! *annel ( sacr$1 r ?an pr(ane1 writ]s8 ,n[1 x w\ld be reg>d$ z p]fectly good reason+ to seize ^u any facts /at$ by hea!n philosoph]s & hi/orians1 illu/rative ( natural religion4 ,b ! ,scriptures c>ry ) !m1 to say ! lea/1 q z /rong evid5ce ( _! au!nticity & claims to be cr$it$1 z any anci5t un9spir$ writ]4 ,we place !m on ! same gr\nd z any o!r hi/ory1 & dem& = !m only t !y %\ld be believ$ s f> z we h te/imony to _! au!nticity4 ,if a man1 aft] c>eful exam9ation ( _! evid5ces1 comes to ! conclusion t !y are m]e fables1 !n to him _! te/imony is ( no value to prove or illu/rate any tru? ( natural religion4 ,b if he is conv9c$ t !y are wor?y ( cr$5ce1 !n _! /atem5ts may decide a po9t ab\t :i* ! light ( nature leaves him 9 unc]ta9ty4 ,9 ?is way ! ,bible is us$ by ! natural !ologian1 j z he w\ld employ any curi\s object 9 nature--say1 ! human h&1 or ! eye4 ,^! organs exi/1 & _! me*anism is to be acc\nt$ = ei!r ) or )\t a ,god4 ,& s ! ,bible exi/s1 & its cont5ts are to be acc\nt$ =2 & if !y cle>ly ev9ce ! ag5cy ( a ,deity1 !n we may use !m1 j z we w\ld use ! eye or ! h&1 to prove or illu/rate important tru?s 9 natural !ology4 ,b ! te/imony ( ! ,bible1 z to ! orig9 ( ! _w1 is mo/ explicit & decid$4 ,x decl>es t 9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?2 & t ! worlds 7 =m$ by ! ^w ( ,god1 s t ! ?+s :i* are se5 7 n made ( ?+s :i* d appe>4 ,! obvi\s mean+ ( ?is latt] passage is1 t ! mat]ial univ]se 0 creat$ out ( no?+4 7,greek3 ta me pha9om5a47 ,h[ mu* m satisfactory ?is simple & consi/5t /atem5t1 ?an a volume ( ab/ract argum5t to prove ! non-et]nity ( ! _w6 ,n[1 if ! te/imony ( ! ,scriptures on all o!r po9ts has be5 f\nd correct1 :y %\ld we n receive ) unhesitat+ cr$5ce1 & ev5 ) joy1 ! sublime ann\ncem5t ) :i* t volume op5s8 ,true1 we are n compell$ to admit ?is /atem5t1 9 ord] to save ,!ism f refutation1 because geology %[s u ! comm5cem5t ( sev]al economies on ! globe1 :i* po9t u to a div9e ,au?or4 ,b ! doctr9e ( matt]'s creation out ( no?+ gives a desirable complet5ess to ! sy/em4 ,9 look+ back ^u ! subject1 :i* has ?us be5 discuss$1 too briefly = its m]its1 b too prolixly = y\r pati5ce1 sev]al important inf]5ces =ce !mselves ^u our att5tion4 ,& fir/1 x furni%es a satisfactory reply to a well-kn[n objection1 o!rwise unansw]able1 aga9/ ! argum5t f design 9 nature to prove ! exi/5ce ( a ,deity4 ,we pres5t t5 ?\s& examples ( exquisite design & adaptation 9 nature to ! a!i/4 ,he admits !m all2 b says1 x 0 always s1 & !re=e requires no o!r ,deity b ! p[] et]nally inh]5t 9 nature4 ,at y\r metaphysical replies to 8 objections he laughs2 b :5 y take him back on geological w+s1 & bid him gaze on man1 j spr++1 ) 8 l(ty p[]s1 f ! pla/ic h&s ( 8 ,creator1 & !n1 /ill e>li]1 y po9t him to sy/em aft] sy/em ( organic life />t+ up 9 glori\s v>iety & beauty on ! *ang+ e>?1 & ev5 /ill ne>] ! bir? ( "t1 y %[ him ! globe1 a gl[+ ocean ( fire1 swept ( all organic life1 he is =c$ to exclaim1 ,a ,god6 a p]sonal ,god6 an inf9itely wise & p[]ful ,god6 ,:at ?\gh he /ill cl+s to ! notion ( matt]'s et]nity8 y h =c$ him to see ! h& ( ,deity 9 its wond]ful arrangem5ts & metamorphoses2 ! h& ( su* a ,deity z might h br\ght x into exi/5ce 9 a mom5t1 by ! ^w ( 8 p[]4#ac ,secondly4 ,! subject pres5ts u ) a new argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 or r a satisfactory modification ( ! argum5t f design4 ,9 t argum5t1 z d]iv$ f o!r sci5ces1 ! ,!i/ f9ds1 inde$1 multipli$ & beautiful pro(s ( adaptation & app>5t design2 b !n he _c1 z already obs]v$1 f ^? sci5ces d]ive pro( ( ! comm5cem5t ei!r ( matt] or its arrangem5ts2 & !n1 too1 ! sceptic1 ) plausible +5uity1 c take 8 /& ^u law z ! effici5t ag5t 9 nature's movem5ts & h>monies4 ,b :5 geology %[s u1 n ! comm5cem5t ( matt]1 b ( organism1 & pres5ts u ) full sy/ems ( animals & plants spr++ out ( inorganic elem5ts1 :]e is ! law t exhibits ev5 a t5d5cy to su* results8 ,no?+ c expla9 !m b ! law ( miracles2 t is1 creation by div9e int]position4 ,?us is ! idea ( a ,deity =c$ nak$ly ^u u1 z ! only possible solution ( ! enigmas ( creation4 ,! metaphysical ,!i/ mu/ wa/e half 8 /r5g? 9 battl+ ! que/ions ab\t ! beg9n+ ( matt]1 & ! laws ( matt]2 nor c he ev] entirely dislodge ! enemy f ^! /rongholds ( a!ism4 ,b ! geological ,!i/ takes u at once into a field :]e "w has be5 done1 :i* nei!r et]nal law1 nor et]nal matt]1 b an inf9ite p]sonal ,deity only1 c\ld accompli%4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i w\ld m]ely ref] to ! int]e/+ fact1 t geology %\ld prove almo/ ! only sci5ce t pres5ts u ) exig5cies dem&+ ! int]position ( creat+ p[]4 ,& yet1 up to ! pres5t "t1 geology has be5 look$ ^u by _m ,*ri/ian writ]s ) jeal\s eye1 because x 0 suppos$ to tea* ! _w's et]nity1 & s to acc\nt = natural *anges by cata/rophes & ! gradual op]ation ( exi/+ ag5cies1 z to r5d] a ,deity unnecess>y1 ei!r = ! creation or regulation ( ! _w4 ,"o ( ^! writ]s has ev5 mo/ un*>itably & unreasonably said1 t ! m9]al geology1 consid]$ z a sci5ce1 c d z well )\t ,god 7?\gh 9 a "q conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! e>?7 z ,lucretius did4--,granville ,p5n1 ,comp>ative ,e/imate1 c4--,h[ mu* gr\nd !re is = su* an allegation1 let ! developm5ts made 9 ?is lecture answ]4 ,surely1 9 ?is case1 geology has foll[$ ! directions ( ! ,ori5tal poet3-- ,le>n f yon ,ori5t %ell to love ?y foe1 ,& /rew ) pe>ls ! h& t br+s !e woe2 ,free1 l yon rock1 f base1 v9dictive pride1 ,emblaze ) gems ! wri/ t r5ds ?y side4 ,m>k :]e yon tree rew>ds ! /ony %[] ,) fruit nect>e\s or ! balmy fl[]4 ,all nature calls al\d1--',%all man d less ,?an heal ! smit]1 & ! rail] bless8' ,misund]/ood or mis9t]pret$ ?\gh ?is sci5ce has be51 %e n[ (f]s h] aid to =tify "s ( ! weake/ outpo/s ( religion4 ,& ?us %all x ev] be ) all true sci5ce4 ,tw9 si/] ( natural & reveal$ religion1 & ( heav5ly bir?1 %e w nev] belie h] cele/ial orig91 nor cease to sympa?ize ) all t emanates f ! same pure home4 ,human ignorance & prejudice may = a "t seem to h divorc$ :at ,god has jo9$ toge!r4 ,b human ignorance & prejudice %all at l5g? pass away1 & !n sci5ce & religion %all be se5 bl5d+ _! p>ti-color$ rays into "o beautiful b[ ( light1 l9k+ heav5 to e>? & e>? to heav54 ,,lecture ,,vi4 ,,geological ,,pro(s ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,b5evol5ce4 ,! subject ( ! pres5t lecture is ! div9e b5evol5ce1 z taught by geology4 ,b :at connection1 x w be ask$1 c !re be betwe5 ! hi/ory ( rocks & ! b5evol5ce ( ,god8 ,d n ! lead+ po9ts ( t hi/ory consi/ ( t]rible cata/rophes1 aque\s or igne\s1 by :i* ! cru/ ( ! e>? has be5 dislocat$ & upheav$1 m\nta9s lift$ up & ov]turn$1 ! dry l& inundat$1 n[ by scor*+ lava1 & n[ by ! ocean1 sweep+ f its face all organic life1 & entomb+ its inhabitants 9 a /ony grave8 ,:o c f9d ! traces ( b5evol5ce 9 ! mid/ ( su* desolation & dea?8 ,is x n ! v place :]e ! objector w\ld f9d argum5ts to prove ! malevol5ce1 c]ta9ly ! v9dictive ju/ice1 ( ! ,deity8 ,?is1 ,i am aw>e1 is a n unnatural prima facie view ( ?is subject4 ,b x is a false "o4 ,geology does furni% "s v /rik+ evid5ce ( div9e b5evol5ce2 & if ,i c %[ ?is1 & f s unpromis+ a field ga!r decisive argum5ts on ?is subject1 !y w be s mu* cle> ga9 to ! cause ( ,!ism4 ,?is is :at1 !re=e1 ,i %all n[ attempt to d4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i d]ive an argum5t = ! div9e b5evol5ce f ! mann] 9 :i* soils are =m$ by ! dis9tegration & decomposition ( rocks4 ,*emical analysis %[s u t ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( rocks are ess5tially ! same z ^? ( soils2 & t ! latt] diff] f ! =m]1 9 a pulv]iz$ /ate1 only 9 conta9+ animal & vegetable matt]4 ,h5ce we _c d\bt b ! soils orig9at$ f ! rocks4 ,&1 9 fact1 ! process ( _! production is cont9ually go+ on "u our eyes4 ,:]ev] ! rocks are expos$ to atmosph]ic ag5cies1 !y are se5 to crumble d[n2 &1 9 fact1 mo/ ( !m1 hav+ be5 long expos$1 are n[ cov]$ ) a deposit ( _! own ru9s1 =m+ a soil ov] !m4 ,?is process is 9 "p decomposition & 9 "p dis9tegration2 & z we look ^u rocks ?us wa/+ away1 we are apt to be impress$ ) ! idea t x is an in/ance ( decay 9 nature's works1 :i*1 in/ead ( indicat+ b5evol5ce1 c h>dly be reconcil$ ) div9e wisdom4 ,b :5 we le>n t ?is is ! pr9cipal mode 9 :i* soils are produc$1 t )\t x vegetation c\ld n be su/a9$1 & t a _w l ours )\t plants mu/ also be )\t animals1 ?is app>5t ru9 puts on ! aspect ( b5evol5ce & wise design4 ,my second argum5t 9 pro( ( ! div9e b5evol5ce is d]iv$ f ! di/urb$1 brok51 & ov]turn$ condition ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,to ! casual obs]v]1 ! rocks h ! appe>ance ( be+ lift$ up1 %att]$1 & ov]turn$4 ,b x is only ! geologi/ :o kn[s ! va/ ext5t ( ?is di/urbance4 ,he nev] f9ds cry/all9e1 non-fossilif]\s rocks1 :i* h n be5 m or less remov$ f _! orig9al position2 & usually he f9ds !m to h be5 ?r[n up by "s p[]ful ag5cy into almo/ e possible position4 ,! old] fossilif]\s /rata exhibit almo/ equal evid5ce ( ! op]ation ( a p[]ful di/urb+ =ce1 ?\gh sometimes f\nd 9 _! orig9al horizontal position4 ,! new] rocks h exp]i5c$ less ( ?is ag5cy1 ?\gh b few ( !m h n be5 elevat$ or dislocat$4 ,m\nta9\s c\ntries exhibit ?is action mo/ /rik+ly4 ,!re x is %[n sometimes on a magnific5t scale4 ,entire m\nta9s 9 ! ,alps1 = in/ance1 appe> n only to h be5 lift$ up f ! ocean's dep?s1 b to h be5 actually ?r[n ov]1 s z to br+ ! l[e/ & olde/ rocks at ! top ( ! s]ies4 ,! ext5sive range ( m\nta9s 9 ?is c\ntry1 comm5c+ 9 ,canada1 & embrac+ ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s ( ,v]mont1 ! ,highl&s ( ,new ,york1 & mo/ ( ! ,alleghany *a9 z f> z ,alabama1 a di/ance ( "s twelve hundr$ miles1 has also be5 lift$ up1 & "s ( ! /rata1 by a lat]al =ce1 fold$ toge!r1 & !n ?r[n ov]1 s z n[ to occupy an inv]t$ position4 ,let u n[ see :]e9 ?is ag5cy exhibits b5evol5ce4 ,if ^! /rata _h rema9$ horizontal1 z !y 7 orig9ally deposit$1 x is obvi\s t all ! valuable ores1 m9]als1 & rocks1 :i* man c\ld n h discov]$ by direct excavation1 mu/ h rema9$ =ev] unkn[n to him4 ,n[1 man has v seldom p5etrat$ ! rocks bel[ ! dep? ( half a mile1 & r>ely s deep z t2 :]eas1 by ! elevations1 dislocations1 & ov]turn+s t h be5 describ$1 he obta9s access to all deposits ( useful sub/ances t lie )9 fifte5 or tw5ty miles ( ! surface2 & _m are ?us probably br\ght to light f a great] dep?4 ,he is indebt$1 !n1 to ?is di/urb+ ag5cy = ne>ly all ! useful metals1 coal1 rock salt1 m>ble1 gypsum1 & o!r useful m9]als2 & :5 we consid] h[ necess>y ^! sub/ances are to civiliz$ society1 :o w d\bt t x 0 a /rik+ act ( b5evol5ce :i* ?us introduc$ di/urbance1 dislocation1 & app>5t ru9 into ! e>?'s cru/8 ,ano!r decid$ advantage result+ f ?is di/urb+ ag5cy is ! =mation ( valleys4 ,if we suppose ! /rata spread uni=mly ov] ! e>?'s entire surface1 !n ! ocean mu/ envelop ! :ole globe4 ,b1 admitt+ su* int]ruptions 9 ! /rata to exi/ z w\ld leave cavities1 :]e ! wat]s might be ga!r$ toge!r into "o place1 & ! dry l& appe>1 /ill t dry l& mu/ =m only an unbrok5 level4 ,/reams ( wat] c\ld n exi/ on su* a cont95t1 because !y dep5d ^u inequalities ( surface2 & :atev] wat] exi/$ mu/ h =m$ only /agnant ponds1 & ! morasses :i* w\ld be ! consequ5ce w\ld load ! air ) miasms fatal to life2 s t we may safely pron\nce ! _w un9habitable by natures adapt$ to ! pres5t e>?4 ,b su*1 ess5tially1 mu/ h be5 ! /ate ( ?+s1 _h n int]nal =ces elevat$ & fractur$ ! e>?'s cru/4 ,= t 0 ! orig9 ( mo/ ( our valleys--( all ! l>g] valleys1 inde$1 :i* *eck] ! surface ( prim>y c\ntries4 ,mo/ ( !m h be5 modifi$ by subsequ5t ag5cies2 b _! lead+ features1 _! outl9es1 h be5 ! result ( ^? int]nal di/urbances :i* spread desolation ov] ! surface4 ,we are apt to look ^u su* an ag5cy z an exhibition ( retributive ju/ice1 r ?an ( b5evol5ce4 ,& yet t admirable sy/em = ! circulation ( wat]1 :]eby ! ra9 t falls ^u ! surface is convey$ to ! ocean1 :5ce x is return$ by evaporation1 dep5ds ^u x4 ,x imp>ts1 to all organic nature1 life1 heal?1 & activity2 & _h x n ?us ridg$ up ! surface1 /agnation & dea? mu/ h reign$ ov] all ! e>?4 ,9 ! unheal?9ess ( l[1 flat c\ntries1 at pres5t1 we see ! t]rible condition ( ?+s 9 a _w )\t valleys4 ,c we d\bt1 !n1 t x 0 ! h& ( b5evol5ce t drove ! pl\gh%>e ( ru9 ?r\gh ! e>?'s cru/1 & ridg$ up its surface into a ?\s& fanta/ic =ms8 ,x w m deeply impress u ) ?is b5evol5ce to rememb] t mo/ ( ! sublime & ! beautiful 9 ! sc5]y ( a c\ntry dep5ds ^u ?is di/urb+ ag5cy4 ,beautiful z vegetable nature is1 h[ tame is a l&scape :]e only a dead level is cov]$ ) x1 & no swell+ hills1 or jutt+ rocks1 or murmur+ wat]s1 relieve ! monoton\s sc5e6 ,& h[ does ! int]e/ increase ) ! wildness & rugg$ness ( ! surface1 & rea* its maximum only :]e ! di/urbance & dislocation h be5 mo/ viol5t6 ,"s may1 p]haps1 d\bt :e!r x c h be5 "o ( ! objects ( div9e b5evol5ce & wisdom1 9 arrang+ ! surface ( ?is _w1 s to con/ruct & adorn x z to gratify a ta/e = f9e sc5]y4 ,b ,i _c d\bt x4 ,i see n else :y nature e :]e is fitt$ up 9 a lavi% mann] ) all ! elem5ts ( ! sublime & beautiful1 nor :y !re are p[]s 9 ! human s\l s int5sely gratifi$ 9 contact ) ^? elem5ts1 unless !y 7 expressly adapt$ = "o ano!r by ! ,creator4 ,surely natural sc5]y does af=d to ! unsophi/icat$ s\l "o ( ! ri*e/ & pure/ s\rces ( enjoym5t to be f\nd on e>?4 ,if ?is be d\bt$ by any "o1 x mu/ be because he has nev] be5 plac$ 9 circum/ances to call into ex]cise 8 natural love ( ! beautiful & ! sublime 9 creation4 ,let me p]suade su* a "o1 at lea/ 9 imag9ation1 to break away f ! slavi% r\t9e ( bus9ess or pleasure1 & 9 ! height ( balmy summ] to accompany me to a few spots1 :]e 8 s\l w swell ) new & /rong emotions1 if 8 natural s5sibilities to ! gr& & beautiful h n become ?or\ghly dead )9 him4 ,we might pr(itably pause = a mom5t at ?is en*ant+ season ( ! ye>1 7,june17 & look abroad f t g5tle elevation on :i* we dwell1 n[ all mantl$ ov] ) a fl[]y c>pet1 waft+ its balmy odors into our /udies4 ,c any ?+ be m delightful ?an ! wav+ =e/s1 ) _! d5se & deep gre5 foliage1 int]sp]s$ ) grassy & sunny fields & murmur+ /reamlets1 :i* spread all ar\nd u8 ,h[ ri* ! graceful slopes ( yond] di/ant m\nta9s1 :i* b\nd ! ,connecticut on ei!r side6 ,h[ impos+ ,m\nt ,sug> ,loaf on ! nor?1 ) its r$-belt$ & gre5-tuft$ cr[n1 & ,mettawampe too1 ) its rocky t]races on ! "o side1 & its broad slopes ( unbrok5 =e/ on ! o!r6 ,especially1 h[ beautifully & ev5 maje/ically does ! ind5t$ summit ( ,m\nt ,holyoke repose aga9/ ! summ] sky6 ,:at sunrises & sunsets d we "h witness1 & :at a multitude ( p]mutations & comb9ations pass be=e u dur+ ! day1 z we wat* f h\r to h\r "o ( ! lovelie/ l&scapes ( ,new ,engl&6 ,let u n[ turn our /eps to t huge pile ( m\nta9s call$ ! ,:ite ,hills ( ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,we w approa* !m ?r\gh ! valley ( ! ,saco ,riv]1 & at ! di/ance ( ?irty miles !y w be se5 loom+ up 9 ! horizon1 ) ! cl\ds repos+ b5ea? _! nak$ heads4 ,z ! obs]v] approa*es !m1 ! sides ( ! valley w gradually close 9 ^u him1 & rise high] & high]1 until he w f9d _! nak$ granitic summits almo/ jutt+ ov] 8 pa?1 to ! height ( sev]al ?\s& feet1 seem+ to =m ! v battlem5ts ( heav54 ,n[ & !n w he see ! cat>act leap+ hundr$s ( feet d[n _! sides1 & ! nak$ pa? ( "s rec5t l&slip1 :i* c>ri$ dea? & desolation 9 its track4 ,f ?is deep & wild *asm he w at l5g? em]ge1 & climb ! va/ ridge1 until he has se5 ! =e/ trees dw9dle1 & at l5g? disappe>2 & /&+ ^u ! nak$ summit1 imm5sity seems /ret*$ out be=e him4 ,b he has n yet rea*$ ! highe/ po9t2 & f> 9 ! di/ance1 & f> above him1 ,m\nt ,wa%+ton seems to repose 9 awful maje/y aga9/ ! heav5s4 ,turn+ 8 c\rse ?i!r1 he foll[s ! n>r[ & nak$ ridge ov] "o peak aft] ano!r1 fir/ ris+ ^u ,m\nt ,pleasant1 !n ,m\nt ,frankl91 & !n ,m\nt ,monroe1 ea* lift+ him high]1 & mak+ ! sea ( m\nta9s ar\nd him m wide & bill[y1 & ! yawn+ gulfs on ei!r side m pr(\nd & awful1 s t e mom5t 8 int]e/ deep5s1 & rea*es n its climax till he /&s ^u ,m\nt ,wa%+ton1 :5 ! va/ panorama is complet$1 & ! _w seems spread out at 8 feet4 ,yet x does n seem to be a peopl$ _w1 = no mighty city lies b5ea? him4 ,inde$1 7 x !re1 he w\ld pass x almo/ unnotic$4 ,= :y %\ld he reg>d s small an object z a city1 :5 ! _w is be=e him8--a _w ( m\nta9s1 be>+ ! impress ( ,god's own h&1 /&+ 9 solit>y gr&eur1 j z he pil$ !m up 9 primeval ages1 & /ret*+ away on e side z f> z ! eye c rea*4 ,on t p9nacle ( ! nor!rn regions no s\nd ( man or bea/ breaks 9 ^u ! awful /illness :i* reigns !re1 & :i* seems to br+ ! s\l into ne> communion ) ! ,deity4 ,x is1 inde$1 ! impressive ,sabba? ( nature2 & ! s\l feels a delightful awe1 :i* c nev] be =gott54 ,gladly w\ld x l+] !re = h\rs1 & conv]se ) ! mighty & ! holy ?\ghts :i* come cr[d+ into x2 & x is only :5 ! man looks at ! rapidly decl9+ sun t he is r\s$ f 8 rev]y & comm5ces 8 desc5d+ m>*4 ,let su* a man next accompany me to ,niag>a4 ,we w pass by all m9or cat>acts1 & place ourselves at once on ! m>g9 ( "o t kn[s no rival4 ,let n ! man take a ha/y glance1 & 9 disappo9tm5t conclude t he %all f9d no int]e/ & no sublimity !re4 ,let him g to ! edge ( ! precipice1 & wat* ! deep wat]s z !y roll ov]1 &1 *ang+ _! sea-gre5 brightness = a fleecy :ite1 p\r d[n ^u ! rocks b5ea?1 & da% back aga9 9 spray high 9 ! air4 ,let him g to ! foot ( ! %eet1 & look upw>d till ! cat>act swells into its prop] size4 ,let him1 on ! ,canada %ore1 take 9 ! :ole bread? ( ! cat>act at once2 & z he /&s mus+1 let him li/5 to ! deep ?und]+s ( ! fall+ %eet4 ,let him g to ,table ,rock1 & creep =w>d to its jutt+ edge1 & gaze /eadily into ! foam+ & eddy+ wat]s s f> b5ea? him1 until 8 n]ves ?rill & vibrate1 & he involunt>ily %r9ks back1 exclaim+1-- ,h[ dreadful ,& dizzy 'tis to ca/ "o's eyes s l[6 ,i'll look no m1 ,le/ my bra9 turn4 ,next1 let him /& ^u t rock till ! sun approa*es s ne> ! we/]n horizon t a glori\s b[1 =m+ an almo/ entire circle on ! cat>act & ! spray1 %all clo! ! sc5e ) une>?ly beauty1 &1 9 connection ) ! em]ald gre5 ( ! wat]s1 give x a brilliancy fully equal to its sublimity4 ,& f9ally1 if he w\ld add ! emotions ( moral to natural sublimity1 let him foll[ to ,ont>io1 ! deep gulf ?r\gh :i* all ^! wat]s fl[1 &1 ga!r+ up ! evid5ce1 :i* he w f9d too /rong to resi/1 t !y !mselves h worn t gulf backw>d sev5 miles1 let him try ! rules ( geological ari?metic to see if he c rea* ! p]iod ( its comm5cem5t4 ,surely1 :5 he reviews ! emotions ( t day1 he w nev] aga9 d\bt t ! magnific5t sc5]y ( our _w is ! result ( b5evol5t design on ! "p ( ! ,creator4 ,if1 n[1 we cross ! ,atlantic1 we %all easily f9d sc5es ( natural beauty & sublimity1 t h long elicit$ ! wond] & delight ( ?\s&s ( g5u9e ta/e4 ,%all we turn our /eps fir/ to ! valleys & m\nta9s ( ,wales8 ,to an ,am]ican eye1 inde$1 !y lack "o important feature1 9 be+ s de/itute ( trees4 ,b !n _! wild aspect1 _! ragg$ & rocky outl9es1 pres5t a picture ( ! sublimity ( desolation r>ely equall$4 ,& z y asc5d ! m\nta9s1--,sn[don1 = in/ance1 ! highe/ ( !m all1--y f9d _! summits1 n r\nd$1 z our ,am]ican m\nta9s1 by =m] drift ag5cy1 nor =m+ cont9u\s ridges1 b %oot+ up 9 ragg$ peaks & edges1 z if !y =m$ ! tee? ( "m e>?2 al?\gh1 9 fact1 x 0 ! too? ( "t t has gnaw$ !m into _! pres5t =ms4 ,z y approa* ! summit1 y feel animat$ 9 anticipation ( ! spl5did prospect ab\t to op5 ^u y4 ,b ! cl\ds beg9 to ga!r1 & soon envelop ! m\nta9 top2 & ?\gh y rea* ! p9nacle1 ! d5se mi/ limits y\r vision to a circle ( a few rods 9 diamet]4 ,b ere long ! vapor beg9s to break away1 & ! l(ty cliffs & deep cav]ns ar\nd y are reveal$4 ,n[ & !n1 ! lake1 s (t5 f\nd 9 ! recesses ( ^! m\nta9s1 is half se5 ?r\gh ! op5+ cl\d1 &1 magnifi$ by ! obscurity1 x seems m di/ant & gr& ?an if di/9ctly visible4 ,gradually ! cl\ds op5 9 v>i\s directions1 disclos+ gulf aft] gulf1 lake aft] lake1 m\nta9 aft] m\nta91 &1 f9ally1 ! ,iri% ,*annel1 dott$ ) sails2 & ! :ole sc5e lies spread out be=e y 9 glories t _c be describ$4 ,y are /&+ ^u ! p9nacle ( ,engl&1 & y feel z if almo/ ! :ole ( x lay )9 ! circle ( vision4 ,aft] enjoy+ s spl5did a sc5e1 y are ?ankful t ! cl\d hid x at fir/ f y\r sight1 & s mu* enhanc$ y\r pleasure by op5+ vi/a aft] vi/a1 till ! :ole became "o magnific5t circle ( picturesque beauty & sublimity4#ad ,to relieve ! m9d aft] gaz+ long on su* sc5es ( rugg$ gr&eur1 let u turn our c\rse s\!rly1 & foll[ d[n ! romantic banks ( ! ,wye1 :]e e turn pres5ts "s new beauties1 occasionally disclos+ ! ru9s ( "s old ca/le1 or magnific5t abbey1 7,t9ton17 & at l5g? ,bri/ol1 ) its ari/ocratic adjunct1 ,clifton1 turns y\r ?\ghts f ! works ( nature to ^? ( man4 ,& yet1 ev5 ,clifton's elegant ,cresc5t is b a meagre %[ by ! side ( ! magnific5t gorge :i* ! ,avon has cut 9 ! rocks j be=e x ent]s ,bri/ol ,*annel4 ,pass+ ov] to ! ,isle ( ,wight1 & trav]s+ its %ores1 we %all witness _m unique examples ( natural beauty1 swell+ sometimes into sublimity1--su* are ! *alk cliffs ne> its we/]n extremity1 f two hundr$ to six hundr$ feet high1--sometimes holl[$ out into magnific5t domes1 & ! pill>s ( *alk1 call$ ,ne$les1 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea1 alive ) sea gulls & cormorants1 & =m+ ! remnants ( ! *alk bridge t once unit$ ! isl& to ,engl&4 ,!re1 too1 ,alum ,bay1 ) its _m-color$ /rata ( clay1 unites ! int]e/+ 9 geology ) ! picturesque 9 sc5]y4 ,along ! s\!rn coa/1 also1 are ! /up5d\s cliffs & ! romantic "u-cliffs1 z well z ! ragg$ *9es1 :]e an almo/ tropical climate attracts ! invalid1 :ile ! cool sea breezes draw ?i!r ! weal?y & ! fa%ionable4 ,b if sublime sc5]y pleases u m1 we mu/ trav]se ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&1-- ,l& ( br[n hea? & %aggy furze1 l& ( l(ty & nak$ m\nta9s1 embosom+ lakes ( great beauty1 & full ( hi/oric & poetic int]e/4 ,pass+ ov] ,lo* ,lomond1 ! que5 ( ,scotti% lakes1 y g ?r\gh ! long %ad[ ( ,b5 ,lomond1 propp$ by _m less] m\nta9s4 ,ris+ into ! ,highl&s1 ! /]ility & wildness increase1 & rea* _! maximum 9 ,gl5coe1 ^: wildness & sublimity are inde$ indescribable2 b if se51 !y c nev] be =gott54 ,/ill f>!r nor?1 ,b5 ,nevis lifts its uncov]$ head above all o!r m\nta9s 9 ! ,briti% ,isles2 s high1 inde$1 t (t51 dur+ ! :ole summ]1 x reta9s a portion ( its sn[y1 w9try mantle4 ,yet f>!r nor?1 we come to ! unique t]races1 call$ ! ,p>allel ,roads ( ,gl5 ,roy1 =m]ly suppos$ to be ! "w ( giants2 b n[1 t !y are kn[n to be ! product ( nature1 prov+ n only objects ( great sc5ographical int]e/1 b a problem ( special importance & difficulty 9 geology4 ,if we %\ld pass f ,scotl& to ! nor?-ea/ "p ( ,irel&1 tak+ ,/affa 9 our way1 we %\ld f9d 9 ! basaltic columns ( ,f+al's ,cave1 & ! ,giant's ,causeway1 :at seems1 at fir/ view1 to be /up5d\s human /ructures1 or r ! ar*itecture ( giants4 ,b y soon f9d x to be only an example-- ,:]e nature works z if defy+ art1 ,&1 9 defiance ( h] rival p[]s1 ,by ^! =tuit\s & r&om /rokes1 ,p]=m+ su* inimitable feats1 ,z %e1 ) all h] rules1 c nev] rea*4 ,let any "o sail along ! coa/ = a few miles at ! ,giant's ,causeway1 ent] "s ( ! deep & e*o+ cav]ns1 ov]hung by ! basaltic mass1 & see ! columns ris+ ti] above ti]1 sometimes f\r hundr$ feet 9 height1 & assum+ e wild & fanta/ic %ape2 or let him walk ov] ! acres ( columns1 ^: tops are z p]fectly polygonal & z accurately fitt$ to "o ano!r z ! mo/ skilful ar*itect c\ld make !m1 & he w confess h[ sup]ior ,nature is1 :5 %e w\ld pres5t a model = human imitation2 & h[ ) accurate sy/em %e c comb9e ! wilde/ disord]1 & ?us delight by symmetry1 :ile %e awes by sublimity4 ,let u next pass ov] to cont95tal ,europe4 ,we h rea*$ ! ,rh9e at ,bonn1 & ! /eamboat takes u at once into ! mid/ ( ! romantic ,dra*5fels1 or sev5 m\nta9s1 ! result ( volcanic ag5cy1 & /ill pres5t+ m or less ( ! conical outl9e peculi> almo/ to mod]n volcanoes4 ,^! are ! comm5cem5t ( ! romantic sc5]y ( ! ,rh9e4 ,f !nce to ,b+51 "s sixty or sev5ty miles1 t riv] has cut its way ?r\gh hills & m\nta9s1 sometimes ris+ "o ?\s& feet4 ,along _! base1 ! inhabitants h plant$ _m a well-kn[n t[n1 :ile old ca/les1 half crumbl$ d[n1 recall cont9ually ! hi/ory ( feudal ages2 & "h1 too1 spr+s up a multitude ( remembrances ( />tl+ ev5ts 9 m rec5t times4 ,! m9d1 inde$1 f9ds itself drawn at "o mom5t to "s hi/orical monum5t1 & ! next to sc5]y ( surpass+ beauty or sublimity2 n[ ! bold1 ov]hang+ rock1 n[ ! deep recess1 n[ ! t[]+ m\nta91 n[ ! quiet dell ) its romantic villages2 :ile e :]e on ! nor? bank1 ! v9e-clad t]races %[ u :at wond]s human indu/ry c accompli%4 ,nor does ! ,rh9e lose its int]e/ :5 we h em]g$ f its ,ghor into its m op5 valley1 f ,b+5 to ,basle1 9 ,switz]l&4 ,on its "r bank1 ! ,vosges ,m\nta9s1 & on its left1 ! ,black ,=e/1 ) n infrequ5t volcanic summits1 af=d a f9e re/+-place = ! eye1 z ! rail c> be>s u rapidly ov] ! ri* int]v5+ level4 ,or if we turn aside1--z to ,heidelb]g1 on ! ,neck>1--:at c be a m spl5did sight ?an to /& by ! old ca/le above ! t[n1 & look d[n ! valley z ! sun is s9k+ 9 ! we/6 ,b aft] all1 x is 9 ,switz]l&1 & !re only1 t we meet ) ! climax ( sc5ographical wond]s4 ,n[h]e else c we f9d su* lakes 9 ! mid/ ( su* m\nta9s2 su* pleasant valleys bord]$ by su* /up5d\s hills2 su* gorges1 & precipices1 & passes1 & especially su* glaci]s2 su* avalan*es1 su* sn[-capp$ m\nta9s1 :ile vegetation at _! base1 & f> up _! sides1 is fre% & luxuriant4 ,emb>k1 = in/ance1 at ,zuri*1 &1 cross+ its beautiful lake1 direct y\r c\rse t[>ds ,m\nt ,righi4 ,z ! heavy dilig5ce lifts y above ! lake1 y beg9 to cat* glimpses ( ! gr&eur ( ! ,swiss m\nta9s to ! s\?1 pi]c+ ! cl\ds f> (f4 ,pass+ ! romantic ,zug1 y come to ! valley betwe5 ! ,rossb]g & ! ,righi1 & ! d5ud$ face ( ! =m] tells y :5ce came ! mass ( ru9s ov] :i* y clamb]1 & :i* buri$ ! villages ( ,goldau1 ,buss+51 & ,ro!n sev]al hundr$ feet deep ) blocks ( /one & soil4 ,long & /eep is y\r asc5t ( ,righi1 ne>ly six ?\s& feet above ! sea4 ,b ! views y obta9 by ! way become wid] & gr&] at e /ep4 ,rea*+ ! summit ne> sunset1 y may be gratifi$ by a panoramic view ( a l>ge "p ( ,switz]l&1 embrac+ its wilde/ & gr&e/ sc5]y4 ,yet1 if ! cl\ds prev5t1 y wait = ! morn+1 9 ! hope ( be+ m =tunate4 ,) ! e>lie/ dawn y awake1 & proce$ to ! summit ( ! m\nta91 :]e hundr$s1 p]haps1 f all civiliz$ l&s1 are congregat$1 to witness ! ris+ ( ! sun4 ,b a d5se cl\d envelops ! m\nta91 & hope almo/ dies )9 y4 ,wait1 h[ev]1 a few mom5ts1 & ! ris+ sun w depress ! cl\ds bel[ ! m\nta9's summit1 & a sc5e ( glory %all op5 ^u y1 :i* c nev] be eras$ f y\r memory4 ,look n[1 = ! sun's fir/ rays h %$ a flood ( glory ov] ! cl\ds :i* n[ fill ! valleys b5ea? y\r feet4 ,a fleecy :ite pr$om9ates2 b ! colors ( ! prism t+e ! edges ( ! cl\ds1 & no "p ( ! solid e>? rises above !m1 save ! p9nacle on :i* y /&1 & to ! s\? ! high] peaks ( ! ,b]nese ,alps1--! ,jungfrau1 ! ,eig]1 ! ,%reckhorn1 & ! ,wett]horn1--cov]$ ) sn[ & glaci]s1 & seem+ too pure to belong to e>?4 ,inde$1 ! :ole sc5e seem$ to me to be une>?ly2 ! fitte/ emblem t my eyes ev] re/$ ^u ( cele/ial sc5es2 & "o _c repress ! desire1 :5 look+ ^u x1 to be borne away on w+s ov] ! glori\s sc5e1 & to repose = a "t ^u ! gorge\s b$1 =getful ( ! l[] _w4 ,yet :51 at l5g?1 ! cl\ds beg9 to break away1 & disclose ! deep valleys & blue lakes1--places made immortal by ! de$s ( su* patriots & re=m]s z ,tell & ,zu+lius1--we feel aga9 ! attractions ( e>?2 & z we desc5d to ,lake ,luc]ne1 we h be=e u su* sc5]y z sc>cely any o!r "p ( ! _w c furni%4 ,& ^! sc5es cont9ue1 9 ev]-*ang+ aspects1 :]ev] we w&] along ?is en*ant+ lake2 & ?\gh ! exhau/$ bra9 fails at l5g?1 ! objects ( int]e/ d n4 ,f ?is lake we might turn our c\rse ea/]ly1 & soon f9d ourselves amid ! glacial regions ( ! ,ob]l& ,alps--sc5es full ( deep & ?rill+ int]e/4 ,b let u r turn s\!rly1 &1 foll[+ d[n ! great valley ( ,switz]l&1 f9d our way among ! ,alps ( ,savoy1 :]e ! same ph5om5a atta9 _! maximum ( int]e/ & sublimity1 & ! great mon>* ( ! ,alps is se51 we>+ 8 ho>y cr[n4 ,z we pass along t[>ds ,lake ,lehman1 if ! air be cle>1 ! ,b]nese ,alps loom up 9 unrivall$ maje/y2 & z we sail ov] ,lake ,lehman1 ,mont ,blanc1 ) "s ( its ne>ly equal associates1 %[s its di/ant yet impressive =m4 ,pass+ )\t notice ! almo/ unrivall$ beauties ( ,lehman1 & foll[+ up ! ,arve ?r\gh its /up5d\s gorges1 we cat* views ( ,mont ,blanc1 z we approa* x1 t possess ov]p[]+ sublimity4 ,at l5g?1 ,*am\ny is rea*$--a lovely vale 9 ! mid/ ( ,alp9e wond]s4 ,f !nce we fir/ asc5d ! ,fleg]e1 ?irty-five hundr$ feet above ! valley1 & sixty-five hundr$ above ! ocean2 & !re we get a f9e view ( ,mont ,blanc & ! ,aiguilles1 or ,ne$les4 ,"h di/ances are va/ly dim9i%$ to ! eye1 & y seem 9 ne> proximity ev5 ) ,mont ,blanc2 &1 9 fact1 %\ld any adv5tur\s visitors h rea*$ ! top ( t m\nta91 a good spy-glass w %[ !m f ?is spot4#ae ,on ! opposite side ( ! valley f ! ,fleg]e1 & at ab\t ! same height1 is ,montanv]t1 ! mo/ conv5i5t spot = trav]s+ ! glaci] call$ ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o w\ld see ! l[] extremity ( t glaci]1 & ! ,arv]on issu+ f x1 he mu/ pass along ! "r h& side ( ! /ream1 & !n he c foll[ up ! glaci] to ,montanv]t2 & /range w\ld x be if1 9 do+ ?is1 he %\ld n he> & see ! frequ5t avalan*e4 ,we h n[ rea*$ ! field :]e ev]la/+ w> is c>ri$ on betwe5 heat & cold1 summ] & w9t]4 ,bel[ u1 v]dure clo!s ! valleys1 & climbs up ! slopes ( ! hills2 & !re ! %eph]d wat*es 8 flocks4 ,above u !re are fields ( ice /ret*+ _m a league1 save :]e "s ne$le-%ap$ summit ( nak$ rock1 too /eep = sn[ to re/ ^u1 %oots up 9 lonely gr&eur ?\s&s ( feet1 & defies ! rag+ elem5ts4 ,f ^! oceans ( ice %oot =? d[n ! valleys enorm\s glaci]s1 appe>+ l va/ riv]s ( ice1 w9d+ among ! hills1 & pu%+1 at ! rate ( a few in*es ea* day1 f> into regions ( vegetation2 "o ye> encroa*+ ^u ! %eph]d's pa/ure gr\nd1 & anon1 by ! access ( heat1 driv5 back t[>ds ! summit2 hurl+ d[n1 f "t to "t1 z !y pu% =w>d1 ! ?und]+ avalan*e4 ,)\t difficulty at ,montanv]t we c ent] ^u ! glaci]1 & 9 spite ( ! deep crevasse1 & ! elem5tal w>1 :i* always rages 9 ^? l(ty regions1 we may make our way to _! s\rce4 ,nay1 human feet1 z already sugge/$1 h press$ ev5 ! top ( ,mont ,blanc2 & %\ld we rea* ?is summit ( ! ,alps1 we %\ld /& ^u ! l(tie/ po9t ( ,europe1 & behold a sc5e :i* b few eyes ev] h1 or ev] w1 re/ ^u4 ,we %\ld brea! ,! difficult air ( ! ic$ m\nta9's top1 ,:]e ! birds d>e n build1 nor insect's w+ ,flit o'er ! h]bless granite4 ,we %\ld1 9 fact1 h rea*$ ! climax ( ! sublime 9 natural sc5]y4 ,?us f> ,i h describ$1 almo/ )\t exception1 only :at ,i h se54 ,b let u n[ v5ture into regions :]e we h only ! description ( o!rs to guide u4 ,let u ent] ! region ( anci5t ,arm5ia1 a c\ntry compos$ ( wide pla9s1 b\nd$ & int]sect$ by precipit\s m\nta9s4 ,z we j\rney$ s\?-ea/]ly ov] "o ( ^! pla9s1 a rem>kable conical summit w\ld arre/ our att5tion1 at ! di/ance ( sixty miles4 ,day aft] day1 z we approa*$1 x w\ld creep up high] & high] above ! horizon1 develop+ its comm&+ features1 & rivett+ m int5sely ! att5tion ^u x4 ,z we came ne> its base1 we %\ld see t its top rose f> into ! region ( et]nal ice1 ^: glassy surface w\ld reflect ! light l a mirror1 & ^: l[] edge _h %ot =? enorm\s glaci]s z f> z ! heat w\ld all[ !m to desc5d4 ,9 ! pla9 bel[1 we %\ld be swelt]+ 9 a tropical heat2 b ! same sun t melt$ u w\ld make no impression ^u ! w9try cr[n ( ! m\nta94 ,we c\ld n keep our eyes or ?\ghts turn$ away f an object s sublime4 ,& x w\ld deep5 ! impression to le>n t ?is gigantic cone1 %oot+ up ?ree & a half miles1 0 once a volcano2 & /ill m w\ld x deep5 our int]e/ to le>n t ?is is ! m\nta9 :i* univ]sal tradition 9 t region reg>ds z ! ,m\nt ,ar>at1 ! re/+-place ( ! ark4 ,x w\ld /rike u =cibly to realize t :at seems to u n[ to be a pill> ( heav51 0 ! patri>*'s /epp+-/one f ! ant$iluvian into ! po/diluvian _w4 ,"o m example may suffice4 ,g ) me to ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 & we %all get an impressive glimpse ( ! pr9cipal ag5cy by :i* ! e>?'s cru/ has be5 ridg$1 furr[$1 & dislocat$4 ,z we l& ^u ,hawaii1 we p]ceive x to be compos$ ma9ly ( lava ( no v anci5t date4 ,we asc5d a l(ty plateau1 & _m a league 9 advance ( u we see a column ( smoke ris+ f a va/ pla94 ,direct+ our c\rse ?i!r1 :ile yet "s miles f x1 we desc5d a /eep slope to a broad t]race1 & !n ano!r slope to a second t]race4 ,^! slopes & t]races ext5d circul>ly ar\nd ! pill> ( smoke l ! seats ( a va/ amphi!atre4 ,com+ ne> to ?is column1 our /eps are arre/$ on ! m>g9 ( a va/ gulf1 fifte5 hundr$ feet deep1 & f eight to t5 miles 9 circumf]5ce1 ^: bottom is ! seat ( ! mo/ rem>kable volcano on ! globe2--,i mean ,kilauea4 ,wait "h till night closes ar\nd u1 & we %all witness a sc5e ( awful sublimity4 ,ov] ! imm5se area ( t gulf w ! volcanic ag5cy b5ea? be ex]t$4 ,ev] & anon1 & m+l+ 9 /range discord1 w hiss+s & groan+s1 mutt]+s & ?und]+s1 be he>d roll+ f side to side1 & mak+ ! e>? tremble ar\nd4 ,!n f "o & ano!r volcanic cone--p]haps f fifty--w ! gl[+ lava bur/ =?2 r$-hot /ones w be driv5 furi\sly upw>d2 vapor1 & smoke1 & flames w be p\r$ out1 & ! d>k & jagg$ sides ( t va/ furnace w gl[ ) une>?ly spl5dor2 & "h & !re w lakes ( liquid lava appe>1 "o or two miles 9 ext5t1 heav+ up _! bill[s1 & da%+ _! fi]y spray high into ! air4 ,o1 !re is n on e>? a liveli] emblem ( ! _w ( despair2 & yet we "k x is n ! lake :i* burne? ) fire & brim/one1 nor ! abode ( lo/ spirits4 ,we "k x to be only "o ( ! safety-valves ( our globe1 & an exhibition ( t mighty ag5cy )9 ! globe :i* has heav$ & dislocat$ its cru/2 &1 !re=e1 z we gaze ^u ! sc5e1 & =get our fatigue & sleep1 we exp]i5ce only ! emotions ( awful sublimity1 :i* c h>dly fail to rise into adoration ( t inf9ite ,be+ :o c say1 ev5 to ?is ag5cy1 ,?us f> %alt ?\ g1 & no f>!r4 ,^! are samples only ( ^? delightful emotions :i* he exp]i5ces1 :o possesses a ta/e = natural sc5]y4 ,& k9dr$ emotions w be awak5$ )9 him1 :]ev] he w&]s among ! works ( ,god4 ,!y =m "s ( ! pure/ & mo/ satisfy+ pleasures :i* ?is _w af=ds4 ,!y con/itute pleasant oases along ! dre>y j\rney ( life2 & s deeply does memory engrave !m on h] tablet1 t no *ange ( "t or circum/ances c hide !m f our view4 ,n[1 x is obvi\s t if ! ,au?or ( nature & ( ! human s\l _h be5 malevol5t1 in/ead ( mak+ e ?+ :i* man meets 9 creation beauty to 8 eye1 & music to 8 e>1 he w\ld h made all (f5sive & pa9ful4 ,in/ead ( ! delightful emotions ( beauty & sublimity :i* n[ rise )9 u z we op5 our eyes ^u nature1 feel+s ( av]sion & fe> w\ld haunt u4 ,e s\nd w\ld h be5 discordant1 & e sight t]rific4 ,he c\ld n h be5 ev5 indiff]5t to our happ9ess1 :5 he commission$ ^? desolat+ ag5cies ( nature1 fire & wat]1 to ridge up & furr[ out ! e>?'s surface z ! gr\ndwork ( ! future l&scape4 ,= he has tak5 c>e t ! result %\ld be a sc5e productive ( pleasure only to ! s\l t is 9 a heal?y /ate4 ,b5evol5ce only1 inf9ite b5evol5ce1 c\ld h done ?is4 ,my ?ird argum5t 9 favor ( ! div9e b5evol5ce is f\nd$ on ! arrangem5ts = ! di/ribution ( wat] on ! globe4 ,we %\ld expect on s unev5 a surface z ! e>? pres5ts1 t ?is elem5t1 :i* =ms ! liquid n\ri%m5t ( all organic life1 & :i* 9 _m o!r ways seems indisp5sable1 mu/ be v unequally di/ribut$1 & fail entirely 9 _m places2 & yet we f9d x 9 almo/ e spot :]e man erects 8 habitation4 ,& ^? places :]e !re is a defici5cy are usually ext5d$ pla9s2 n1 z we %\ld expect1 ! m\nta9\s regions4 ,! latt] are usually well wat]$2 & ?is is accompli%$ 9 ?ree ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 mo/ m\nta9\s c\ntries1 ! /rata are s mu* tilt$ up1 z to prev5t ! wat] f runn+ (f4 ,9 ! second place1 ! p]vi\s /rata are frequ5tly int]rupt$ by faults sometimes fill$ by imp]vi\s matt]4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! comm9ut$ mat]ials t cov] ! rocks z soils1 are (t5 s f9e1 or ( su* a nature1 z to prev5t ! passage ( wat]2 & ?us mu* ( ! wat] t falls ^u elevat$ l& rema9s !re1 :ile en\gh p]colates ?r\gh ! p]vi\s mat]ials to wat] ! valleys & supply ! /reams4 ,^! c>ry x to ! lakes & ! ocean1 :]e x is return$ by evaporation 9 ! =m ( cl\ds1 & ?us an admirable sy/em ( circulation is kept up1 :]eby ?is ess5tial elem5t is purifi$1 & convey$ to e "p ( ! surface :]e man or bea/ require x4 ,!re is "o rec5t discov]y1 :i* des]ves notice "h1 because x dep5ds ^u ! geological /ructure ( ! e>?4 ,:5 p]vi\s & imp]vi\s /rata alt]nate1 & are consid]ably incl9$1 wat] may be br\ght f great dep?s by hydro/atic pressure1 if ! imp]vi\s /ratum be bor$ ?r\gh & ! wat]-be>+ deposit be rea*$4 ,a p]petual f\nta9 may ?us be produc$1 & wat] be obta9$ 9 a region naturally defici5t 9 x4 ,an ,artesian f\nta9 ( ?is description1 9 ! suburbs ( ,p>is1 has be5 br\ght f ! enorm\s dep? ( eighte5 hundr$ feet6#af ,n[1 j consid] t to deprive ! e>? ( wat] is to deprive x ( inhabitants1 & y _c b see 9 ! means by :i* x is s widely1 nay1 almo/ univ]sally1 diffus$1 & made to circulate = purification1--! mo/ decid$ m>ks ( div9e b5evol5ce4 ,:y is x n z /rik+ z ! curi\s means by :i* ! blood & ! sap ( animals & plants are s5t to e "p ( ! sy/em to supply its wa/e1 & give x great] developm5t8 ,i d]ive a f\r? geological argum5t = ! b5evol5ce ( ! ,deity1 f ! mann] 9 :i* ! metallic ores are di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! e>?'s cru/4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$1 by ! geologi/1 t ne>ly e "p ( ! e>?'s cru/1 & its int]ior too1 h be5 "s "t or o!r 9 a melt$ /ate4 ,n[1 z ! metals & _! ores are usually heavi] ?an o!r rocks1 we %\ld expect t !y w\ld h accumulat$ at ! c5tre ( ! globe1 & h be5 envelop$ by ! rocks s z to h be5 =ev] inaccessible to man4 ,& ! v great weight ( ! c5tral p>ts ( ! e>?--almo/ twice t ( granite--leads naturally to ! conclusion t ! heavi] metals may be accumulat$ !re1 ?\gh ?is is by no means a c]ta9 conclusion2 s9ce at ! dep? ( ?irty-f\r miles air w\ld be s cond5s$ by ! pressure ( ! sup]9cumb5t mass z to be z heavy z wat]2 wat] at ! dep? ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty-two miles w\ld become z heavy z quick-silv]2 & at ! c5tre /eel w\ld be compress$ into "o f\r?1 & /one into "o eigh?1 ( its bulk at ! surface4 ,/ill x is mo/ probable t ! mat]ials naturally ! heavie/ w\ld fir/ seek ! c5tre4 ,& yet1 by means ( sublimation1 & expansion by int]nal heat1 or ! segregat+ p[] ( galvanic action1 or ( "s o!r ag5ts1 en\gh ( ! metals is protrud$ t[>ds ! surface1 & diffus$ ?r\gh ! rocks 9 b$s1 or ve9s1 s z to be accessible to human indu/ry4 ,"h1 !n1 we f9d div9e b5evol5ce1 app>5tly 9 opposition to gravity1 provid+ = human com=t4 ,i h said t ^! metals 7 accessible to human indu/ry4 ,& x does require a great deal ( labor1 & calls into ex]cise man's highe/ +5uity to obta9 !m4 ,!y might h be5 spread 9 imm5se masses ov] ! surface2 !y might all h be5 r$uc$ to a metallic /ate 9 ! great furnace1 :i* we h reason to suppose is always 9 bla/1 )9 ! e>?4 ,b !n !re w\ld h be5 no requisition ^u ! ex]tion & en]gy ( man4 ,& to h ^! call$ into ex]cise is an object ( great] importance to society ?an to supply x ) ! metals4 ,god1 !re=e1 has s di/ribut$ ! ores z to /imulate man to explore & r$uce !m1 :ile he has plac$ s _m difficulties 9 ! way z to dem& mu* m5tal & physical ef=t = _! removal4 ,man n[1 !re=e1 receives a d\ble b5efit4 ,:ile ! metals !mselves are ( imm5se s]vice1 ! discipl9e ( body & m9d requisite = obta9+ !m is ( /ill great] value4 ,?is is ! comb9$ result ( inf9ite wisdom & b5evol5ce4 ,if ,i mi/ake n1 !re is su* a relation betwe5 ! am\nt ( useful metals & ! wants ( society z c\ld h result$ only f div9e b5evol5ce4 ,! metal mo/ widely diffus$1 & ! only "o occurr+ 9 all ! rock =mations1 f ! olde/ to ! newe/1 is iron2--! metal by f> ! mo/ important to civiliz$ society4 ,?is is also by f> ! mo/ abundant1 & easily obta9$4 ,x (t5 =ms ext5sive b$s1 or ev5 m\nta9 masses ^u ! surface4 ,all ! o!r metals are conf9$ almo/ exclusively to ! old] rocks4 ,among !m1 lead1 copp]1 & z9c are probably mo/ ne$$1 & accord+ly !y are next 9 quantity & 9 ! facility ) :i* !y may be explor$4 ,manganese1 m]cury1 *rome1 antimony1 cobalt1 ars5ic1 & bismu? are m difficult to obta92 b ! supply is always equal to ! dem&4 ,9 ! case ( t91 silv]1 plat9um1 & gold1 we f9d "s int]e/+ prop]ties to comp5sate 9 a great measure = _! sc>city4 ,gold & plat9um possess a rem>kable p[] ( resi/+ ^? p[]ful ag5ts ( *emical *ange :i* de/roy e ?+ else4 ,!y are nev] oxidiz$ 9 ! e>?1 & ) a v few exceptions1 ! mo/ p[]ful reag5ts leave !m unt\*$1 :ile plat9um w n yield 9 ! mo/ p[]ful heat ( ! furnace4 ,gold1 silv]1 & t9 are capable ( an a/oni%+ ext5sion1 :]eby !y may be spread ov] ! surface ( ! m abundant metals to protect & adorn !m2 & s9ce ! discov]y ( ! galvanic mode ( accompli%+ ?is1 s easily is x done1 t ,i "k n b a gold or silv] surface is to become z common z metallic articles4 ,my fif? geological argum5t = ! div9e b5evol5ce is d]iv$ f ! jo9t & desolat+ effects ( ice & wat] ^u ! e>?'s surface1 bo? be=e & aft] man's creation4 ,9 nor!rn c\ntries1 & p]haps 9 high s\!rn latitudes1 x seems t aft] ! deposition ( ! t]ti>y rocks1 & aft] ! surface _h assum$ ess5tially its pres5t %ape1 x 0 subject$ = a long "t to a p[]ful ag5cy1 :]eby ! r\gh & sali5t p>ts 7 worn d[n & r\nd$1 ! rocks 9 place smoo!d & furr[$1 valleys scoop$ out1 huge blocks ( /one transport$ f> f ! p>5t b$1 pil$ up1 & ?ick accumulations ( b[ld]s1 s&1 & gravel1 /rewn promiscu\sly ov] ! surface4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is process1 ! ocean1 probably load$ ) ice1 /ood above a l>ge "p ( ! pres5t cont95ts4 ,x soon began to subside1 or ! l& to rise1 & a m quiet action succe$$4 ,! jo9t action ( ! ocean & ! glaci]s on ! l& gr\nd d[n into s&1 clay1 & loam1 ! co>s] drift1 & sort$ x 9 ! =m ( bea*es1 t]races1 & alluvial deposits4 ,all ?is :ile1 bo? ! l& & ! wat] seem to h be51 = ! mo/ "p1 de/itute ( inhabitants4 ,b ^! 7 ! v processes ne$$ = man & 8 contempor>y races1 :o 7 to appe> dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! plei/oc5e p]iod4 ,9 o!r words1 ! soils 7 ?us got ready = n\ri%+ ! vegetation necess>y to su/a9 ! new creation1 :i* w\ld conv]t ^! desolate & des]t$ sea-b$s into regions ( f]tility & happ9ess to teem+ millions4 ,n[1 j consid] :at mu/ h be5 ! effect ( ^! mighty aque\s & glacial ag5cies ^u ! e>?'s surface4 ,ov] ! level regions !y /rew$ ! f9] mat]ials2 & :]e ! rocks _h be5 ?r[n up into ridges & displac$ by num]\s fissures1 or subsequ5tly worn into bluffs & precipices by ! ocean1 x ne$$ j su* an ag5cy to smoo? d[n ^? irregul>ities1 to fill up ^? gulfs1 to give to ! hills & valleys a graceful outl9e1 & to cov] all ! surface ) ^? comm9ut$ mat]ials t w\ld ne$ only cultivation to make !m a f]tile soil4 ,"s rocks d1 inde$1 decompose & =m soils2 b ?is process w\ld be too sl[1 unless 9 moi/ & w>m regions1 :]e x is easi] to f9d a foot+ = plants ?an 9 climes m uncong5ial to _! gr[?4 ,we _c !n hesitate to reg>d ?is trem5d\s ag5cy ( ice & wat] 9 nor!rn & high s\!rn regions z decid$ly b5eficial 9 its influ5ce4 ,x mu/1 inde$1 h spread t]rible de/ruction ov] ^? regions4 ,b x seems t a "t 0 *os5 = its op]ation :5 ! globe 0 almo/ de/itute ( organic life1 & n long be=e ! "t :5 a new & nobl] creation ?an ^? previ\sly occupy+ ! e>? 0 to be plac$ ^u x4 ,desolat+ z ?is ag5cy mu/ h appe>$1 & actually 01 at ! "t1 yet :o c d\bt1 :5 we see ! ultimate fruits ( x1 t its orig9 0 div9e b5evol5ce8 ,9 ! ultimate results ( aque\s inundations at ! pres5t day1 we c trace ! same b5evol5t design4 ,^? floods d1 inde$1 produce p>tial evils2 nay1 life1 z well z prop]ty1 (t5 falls a prey to !m4 ,b !y produce ^? alluvial soils :i* are m prolific ( vegetation ?an any o!r on ! globe4 ,:o has n he>d ( ! f]tility ( ! banks ( ! ,nile1 ! ,nig]1 ! ,ganges1 ! ,amazon1 & ! ,mississippi8 all ( !m ! fruit ( inundations4 ,truly1 su* floods z ^! may be said to clap _! h&s 9 praise ( ! div9e goodness4 ,my six? geological argum5t = ! div9e b5evol5ce is d]iv$ f ! exi/5ce ( volcanoes4 ,! fir/ impression made on ! m9d by ! hi/ory ( volcanic action is1 t its effects are examples r ( v9dictive ju/ice ?an ( b5evol5ce4 ,& su* is ! light 9 :i* !y are reg>d$ by ,mr4 ,gisborne1 an able ,engli% div9e1 9 8 ,te/imony ( ,natural to ,reveal$ ,religion4 ,he looks1 inde$1 ^u all ! di/urbances t h tak5 place 9 ! e>?'s cru/ z evid5ce ( a fall5 condition ( ! _w1 z mem5toes ( a =m] p5al infliction ^u a guilty race4 ,& aside f ! light :i* geology ca/s ^u ! subject1 ?is w\ld be a n improbable conclusion4 ,take = an example ! case ( volcanoes & e>?quakes4 ,a volcano is an op5+ made 9 ! e>?'s cru/ by int]nal heat1 :i* has =c$ melt$ or heat$ matt] ?r\gh ! v5t4 ,an e>?quake is ! effect ( ! conf9$ gases & vapors1 produc$ by ! heat ^u ! cru/4 ,:5 ! volcano1 !re=e1 gets v5t1 ! e>?quake always ceases4 ,b ! latt] has g5]ally be5 m de/ructive ( life & prop]ty ?an ! =m]4 ,:]e "o city has be5 de/roy$ by lava1 l ,h]culaneum1 ,pompeii1 & ,/abiae1 tw5ty h be5 %ak5 d[n by ! rock+ & heav+ ( e>?quakes4 ,! records ( anci5t z well z mod]n times ab\nd ) examples ( ^! trem5d\s cata/rophes4 ,preem95t on ! li/ is ! city ( ,antio*4 ,imag9e ! inhabitants ( t great city1 cr[d$ ) /rang]s on a fe/ival occasion1 sudd5ly arre/$ on a calm day1 by ! e>? heav+ & rock+ b5ea? _! feet2 & 9 a few mom5ts two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& ( !m are buri$ by fall+ h\ses1 or ! e>? op5+ & swall[+ !m up4 ,su* 0 ! sc5e :i* t city pres5t$ 9 ! ye> #ebf2 & sev]al times be=e & s9ce t p]iod has ! l calamity fall5 ^u x2 & tw5ty1 =ty1 & sixty ?\s& ( its inhabitants h be5 de/roy$ at ea* "t4 ,9 ! ye> #ag aft] ,*ri/1 no less ?an ?irte5 cities ( ,asia ,m9or 7 9 l mann] ov]:elm$ 9 a s+le night4 ,?9k ( ! t]rible de/ruction t came ^u ,lisbon 9 #agee4 ,! sun _h j dissipat$ ! fog 9 a w>m1 calm morn+1 :5 sudd5ly ! subt]ranean ?und]+ & heav+ began2 & 9 six m9utes ! city 0 a heap ( ru9s1 & sixty ?\s& ( ! inhabitants 7 numb]$ among ! dead4 ,hundr$s _h cr[d$ ^u a new quay surr\nd$ by vessels4 ,9 a mom5t ! e>? op5$ b5ea? !m1 & ! :>f1 ! vessels1 & ! cr[d w5t d[n into its bosom2 ! gulf clos$1 ! sea roll$ ov] ! spot1 & no ve/ige ( :>f1 vessels1 or man ev] float$ to ! surface4 ,h[ ?rill+ is ! acc\nt left u by ,kir*]1 :o 0 ne>1 ( ! de/ruction ( ,euphemia1 9 ,calabria1 a city ( ab\t five ?\s& inhabitants1 9 ! ye> #afch6 ,aft] "s "t1 says he1 ! viol5t p>oxysm ( ! e>?quake ceas+1 ,i /ood up1 &1 turn+ my eyes to look = ,euphemia1 saw only a frightful black cl\d4 ,we wait$ till x _h pass$ away1 :5 no?+ b a dismal & putrid lake 0 to be se5 :]e ! city once /ood4 ,9 l mann] did ,port ,royal1 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 s9k b5ea? ! wat]s1 ) ne>ly all its inhabitants1 9 less ?an "o m9ute1 9 ! ye> #afib4 ,/ill m awful1 ?\gh usually less de/ructive1 is (t5 ! sc5e pres5t$ by a volcanic eruption4 ,imag9e y\rselves1 = in/ance1 ^u "o ( ! wide1 elevat$ pla9s ( ,mexico1 f> f ! fe> ( volcanoes4 ,! e>? beg9s to quake "u y\r feet1 & ! mo/ al>m+ subt]ranean noises admoni% y ( a mighty p[] )9 ! e>? t mu/ soon h v5t4 ,y flee to ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s 9 "t to look back & see t5 squ>e miles ( ! pla9 swell up1 l a bladd]1 to ! height ( five hundr$ feet1 :ile num]\s small] cones rise f ! surface /ill high]1 & emit smoke2 & 9 _! mid/1 six m\nta9s are ?r[n up to ! height1 "s ( !m at lea/1 ( sixte5 hundr$ feet1 & p\r =? melt$ lava1 turn+ riv]s out ( _! c\rse1 & spread+ t]rific desolation ov] a late f]tile pla91 & =ev] exclud+ its =m] inhabitants4 ,su* 0 ! eruption1 by :i* ,jorullo1 9 ,mexico1 0 sudd5ly ?r[n up1 9 #agei4 ,/ill m t]rific h be5 "s ( ! eruptions 9 ,icel&4 ,9 #aghc1 e>?quakes ( trem5d\s p[] %ook ! :ole isl&1 & flames bur/ =? f ! ocean4 ,9 ,june ^! ceas$1 & ,skapt> ,jokul op5$ its m\?2 nor did x close till x _h p\r$ =? two /reams ( lava1 "o sixty miles long1 twelve miles broad1 & ! o!r =ty miles long1 & sev5 broad1 & bo? ) an av]age ?ickness ( "o hundr$ feet4 ,dur+ t summ] ! inhabitants saw ! sun no m1 & all ,europe 0 cov]$ ) a haze4 ,ar\nd ! ,pap&ayang1 "o ( ! l(tie/ m\nta9s 9 ,java1 no less ?an =ty villages 7 repos+ 9 peace4 ,b 9 ,augu/1 #aggb1 a rem>kable lum9\s cl\d envelop+ its top ar\s$ !m f _! security4 ,b x 0 too late4 ,= at once ! m\nta9 began to s9k into ! e>?1 & soon x _h disappe>$ ) ! =ty villages1 & mo/ ( ! inhabitants1 ov] a space fifte5 miles long & six broad4 ,/ill m extraord9>y--! mo/ rem>kable on record--0 an eruption 9 ,sumbawa1 "o ( ! ,molucca ,isl&s1 9 #ahae4 ,x began on ! fif? day ( ,april1 & did n cease till ,july4 ,! explosions 7 he>d 9 "o direction n9e hundr$ & sev5ty miles1 & 9 ano!r sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty miles4 ,s heavy 0 ! fall ( a%es at ! di/ance ( =ty miles t h\ses 7 cru%$ & de/roy$4 ,! float+ c9d]s 9 ! ocean1 hundr$s ( miles di/ant1 7 two feet ?ick1 & vessels 7 =c$ ?r\gh !m ) difficulty4 ,! d>kness 9 ,java1 ?ree hundr$ miles di/ant1 0 deep] ?an ! blacke/ night2 & f9ally1 out ( ! twelve ?\s& inhabitants ( ! isl&1 only tw5ty-six surviv$ ! cata/rophe4 ,n[1 if we conf9e our views to su* facts z ^!1 we c h>dly avoid ! conclusion t e>?quakes & volcanoes are t]rific exhibitions ( ,god's displeasure t[>ds a fall5 & guilty _w4 ,b if x c be %[n t ! volcanic ag5cy ex]ts a salut>y influ5ce 9 pres]v+ ! globe f ru91 nay1 is ess5tial to su* pres]vation1 we mu/ reg>d its incid5tal de/ruction ( prop]ty & life z no evid5ce ( a v9dictive infliction1 nor ( ! want ( b5evol5ce 9 its op]ation4 ,& ! rem>kable pro(s :i* mod]n geology has pres5t$ ( va/ accumulations ( heat$ & melt$ matt] b5ea? ! e>?'s cru/1 d make su* an ag5t z volcanoes ess5tial to ! pres]vation ( ! globe4 ,9 ord] to make out ?is position1 ,i %all n cont5d t all ! e>?'s int]ior1 b5ea? fifty or "o hundr$ miles1 is 9 a /ate ( fusion4 ,= ev5 ! mo/ able & decid$ ( ^? geologi/s :o object to su* an inf]5ce1 admit t oceans ( melt$ matt] d exi/ b5ea? ! surface4 ,& if s1 h[ liable w\ld va/ accumulations ( heat be1 if !re 7 no safety-valves ?r\gh ! cru/1 to r5d asund] ev5 a :ole cont95t8 ,volcanoes are ^? safety-valves1 & m ?an two hundr$ ( !m are scatt]$ ov] ! e>?'s surface1 =m+ v5t-holes into ! heat$ int]ior4 ,mo/ ( !m1 inde$1 h ! valves load$1 & ! ef=t ( ! conf9$ gases & vapors to lift ! load produces ! t]rific ph5om5a ( e>?quakes & volcanoes4 ,b if no su* passages into ! int]ior exi/$1 :at c\ld prev5t ! p5t-up gases f accumulat+ till !y _h ga9$ /r5g? en\gh to r5d a :ole cont95t1 & p]haps ! :ole globe1 into fragm5ts8 ,is x n1 !n1 b5evol5ce by :i* ?is ag5cy prev5ts s dreadful a cata/rophe1 ev5 by means t br+ "s incid5tal evils along ) !m8 ,"s able writ]s d1 inde$1 object to ! idea t volcanoes are safety-valves to ! globe1 d]iv+ _! objections f c]ta9 facts respect+ ! position ( volcanic crat]s 9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 if ,i d n misrecollect4 ,)\t go+ into ! details ( t case1 = want ( "t & space1 x seems to me t ! facts respect+ ! connection betwe5 e>?quakes & volcanoes1 admitt$ by all1 w ju/ify su* a view ( ! latt] z is express$ by ! t]m safety-valves4 ,= e>?quakes are b ! incipi5t effects ( ! volcanic =ce )9 ! globe2 & if ^! effects h be5 s t]rible at ! beg9n+1 :at mu/ be ! full exhibition ( t =ce1 if n able to f9d a passage = ! /ruggl+ gases & lava ?r\gh ! /rata above !m8 ,:o c say t x might n r5d a cont95t asund]1 &1 if deep en\gh seat$1 ev5 ! :ole globe8 ,! "q w und\bt$ly be ask$ by e reflect+ m9d1 :y inf9ite wisdom & b5evol5ce c\ld n h devis$ a plan = secur+ ! good result+ f volcanoes & e>?quakes )\t ! att5dant evils4 ,! same "q meets u at almo/ e /ep ( our exam9ation ( ! pres5t sy/em ( ! _w4 ,= we e :]e meet ) evil1 incid5tally connect$ ) ag5cies ^: pr$om9ant effects are b5eficial4 ,i incl9e to ! op9ion1 t ! true answ] to ?is "q is1 t ! evil is p]mitt$ t !reby great] good may be secur$ to ! univ]se4 ,/ill ! subject ( ! orig9 ( evil is "o ^: full solution c h>dly be expect$ 9 ! pres5t _w1 because we _c "h ma/] all its elem5ts4 ,:5 x c be solv$1 we c tell :y s mu* desolation & suff]+ are p]mitt$ to accompany ! e>?quake & ! volcano4 ,b if we c %[ t b5efits f> outweigh+ ! evil are ! result ( ?is t]rific ag5cy1 we ga!r f x decid$ evid5ce ( ! div9e b5evol5ce2--! same evid5ce :i* we ga9 f any o!r op]ations ( nature2 = 9 !m all !re is only a prepond]ance ( good1 n unmix$ good4 ,! desolation ( ?is fair _w by volcanic ag5cy1 & especially ! de/ruction ( life1 d1 inde$1 tea* u t ?is pres5t sy/em ( nature is adapt$ to a /ate ( probation & dea?1 in/ead ( a /ate ( rew>ds & immortal life4 ,x is adapt$ to s9ful & fall5 be+s1 r ?an to ^? :o are p]fect 9 hol9ess & 9 happ9ess4 ,9 %ort1 x is e>?1 n heav54 ,x is n su* a _w z heav5 mu/ be1 to secure unalloy$ & et]nal happ9ess4 ,nev]!less1 b5evol5ce decid$ly pr$om9ates 9 ! arrangem5ts ( ! pres5t sy/em1 ev5 9 ! desolat+ ag5cy "u consid]ation4 ,i d n d5y t ,god may sometimes employ ?is ag5cy1 z he may e o!r 9 nature1 = ! puni%m5t ( ! guilty4 ,b be=e we inf] t ?is is ! g5]al use & design ( volcanoes & e>?quakes1 we %\ld pond] well ! que/ions put by our ,savior to "s t told him ( ! ,galileans1 ^: blood ,pilate _h m+l$ ) _! sacrifices4 ,suppose ye1 answ]$ ! ,savior1 t ^! ,galileans 7 s9n]s above all ! ,galileans1 because !y suff]$ su* ?+s8 ,i tell y nay4 ,or ^? eighte51 ^u :om ! t[] ( ,siloam fell & slew !m1 ?9k ye t !y 7 s9n]s above all m5 t dwelt 9 ,j]usalem8 ,i tell y nay4 ,let u foll[ ! example ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & take a m enl>g$ view ( ^! />tl+ & di/ress+ ev5ts4 ,let u inquire :e!r !y are n ! incid5tal effects ( ag5cies ess5tial to ! p]man5ce & happ9ess ( ! great sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,?is is c]ta9ly ! case 9 reg>d to volcanoes4 ,we h /rong reason to believe t !y are ess5tial to ! pres]vation ( ! globe2 & ( h[ mu* high] consequ5ce is ?is ?an ! comp>atively small am\nt ( prop]ty & life :i* !y de/roy6 ,if we c only rise to ^! high] views1 & n suff] our judgm5t to be w>p$ by ! imm$iate t]rors ( ! e>?quake & ! volcano1 we %all see ! smile ( inf9ite b5evol5ce :]e mo/ m5 see only ! wra? ( an (f5d$ ,deity4 ,my sev5? geological argum5t = ! div9e b5evol5ce is d]iv$ f ! mann] 9 :i* coal1 rock salt1 m>ble1 gypsum1 & o!r valuable mat]ials 7 prep>$ = ! use ( man1 long be=e 8 exi/5ce4 ,if a creat$ & intellig5t be+ f "s o!r sph]e _h alight$ on ?is globe dur+ t remote p]iod :5 ! vegetation n[ dug out ( ! coal =mation cov]$ ! surface ) its gigantic gr[?1 he might h felt z if "h 0 a wa/e ( creative p[]4 ,va/ =e/s ( sigill>ia1 lepidod5dra1 conif]ae1 cycadeae1 & tree f]ns w\ld h wav$ ov] 8 head1 ) _! impos+ ?\gh sombre foliage1 :ile ! less] tribes ( calamites & equisetaceae w\ld h fill$ ! int]v5+ spaces2 b no v]tebral animal w\ld h be5 !re to enjoy & enliv5 ! almo/ univ]sal solitude4 ,:y1 !n1 he mu/ h inquir$1 is !re su* a pr(usion ( vegetable =ms1 & su* a colossal developm5t ( individual plants8 ,to :at use c su* va/ =e/s be appli$8 ,b let ages roll by1 & t same be+ revisit our _w at ! pres5t "t4 ,let him trav]se ! little ,isl& ( ,brita91 & see !re fifte5 ?\s& /eam eng9es mov$ by coal dug out ( ! e>?1 & produc$ by ^! same anci5t =e/s4 ,let him see ^! eng9es p]=m+ ! "w ( two millions ( m51 & mov+ ma*9]y :i* accompli%es :at w\ld require ! unaid$ labors ( ?ree or f\r hundr$ millions ( m51 & he c\ld n d\bt b su* a result 0 "o ( ! objects ( t rank vegetation :i* cov]$ ! e>? ere x 0 fit = ! resid5ce ( su* natures z n[ dwell ^u x4 ,let him g to ! coal fields ( o!r c\ntries1 & especially ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 /ret*+ ov] "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& squ>e miles1 conta9+ a quantity absolutely inexhau/ible1 & already imp>t+ com=t to millions ( ! inhabitants1 & giv+ life & en]gy to e v>iety ( manufacture ?r\gh ! almo/ entire l5g? ( ?is c\ntry1 & de/9$ to p\r out _! weal? ?r\gh all com+ "t1 long aft] ! =e/s %all all h be5 levell$1--& irresi/ible mu/ be ! conviction ^u 8 m9d1 t "h is a beautiful example ( prospective b5evol5ce on ! "p ( ! ,deity4 ,9 ^? remote ages1 :ile yet ! e>? 0 unfitt$ = ! high] races ( animals t n[ dwell ^u x1 x 0 em95tly adapt$ to n\ri% t gigantic flora :i* w\ld produce ! future fuel ( ! human race1 :5 t cr[n ( all ,god's works %\ld be plac$ ^u ! e>?4 ,ere t "t1 ^? =e/s mu/ s9k b5ea? ! ocean1 be buri$ b5ea? deposits ( rock ?\s&s ( feet ?ick4 ,b dur+ all t p]iod1 all ^? *emical *anges :i* are ess5tial to conv]t !m into coal w\ld be accompli%$1 &1 at la/1 man w\ld f9d access1 by 8 +5uity & indu/ry1 to ! deep-seat$ b$s :5ce 8 fuel might be drawn4 ,nor w\ld ^! va/ repositories fail him till ! consummation ( all ?+s4 ,surely !re 0 no wa/e1 b !re 0 a f>-rea*+ plan ( b5evol5ce 9 ! pr(usion ( vegetable life 9 ! e>li] p]iods ( our planet4 ,ess5tially ! same rem>k w apply to ! lime/one1 gypsum1 rock salt1 & sev]al o!r m9]al products ( ! e>?1 :i* are almo/ indisp5sable to man 9 a civiliz$ /ate4 ,= ^!1 too1 7 produc$ by sl[ processes1 dur+ ^? va/ p]iods ( duration t prec$$ man's exi/5ce4 ,lime/one has be5 *iefly elaborat$ by ! organs ( animals1 _m ( !m ( microscopic littl5ess4 ,yet l(ty ranges ( m\nta9s & imm5se deposits 9 ! int]v5+ valleys h be5 ! result4 ,ne>ly "o sev5? "p ( ! cru/ ( ! globe1 x has be5 said1 is ?us con/itut$ ( ! works or rema9s ( animals4 ,& c we d\bt b t ^! rocks are ?us spread ov] ! surface ( ! globe because !y are ne$$ by all mank9d1 l air & wat]8 ,x mu/ h be5 b5evol5ce t s arrang$ ! ag5cies by :i* !y 7 produc$1 dur+ ! revolution ( primeval ages1 t !y h ?is wide diffusion4 ,gypsum & fossil salt are m sp>+ly diffus$2 b /ill en\gh is always to be f\nd to meet ! dem&4 ,nor is x reasonable to d\bt t ! same prospective goodness :i* provid$ = coal & lime/one1 commission$ o!r ag5cies to lay up a /ore ( gypsum1 salt1 bitum51 clay1 & o!r sub/ances dug out ( ! e>? = man's b5efit4 ,my eigh? geological argum5t = ! div9e b5evol5ce is bas$ ^u ! p]fect adaptation ( ! natures ( animals & plants to ! v>y+ condition ( ! globe ?r\gh all ! p]iods ( its pa/ hi/ory4 ,! v slight *anges 9 climate1 situation1 & food1 t w de/roy mo/ species ( animals & plants1 is h>d to be realiz$ by man1 ^: nature w su/a9 v great *anges ( ?is k9d4 ,s w mo/ ( ! animals & plants t h be5 dome/icat$ by man1 & :i* accompany him into e soil & climate4 ,b ! great mass ( animals & plants w\ld p]i% by su* a transplantation4 ,!y are adapt$ to a p>ticul> region1 (t5 ( n>r[ limits2 & to remove !m f !nce1 ev5 to "o slightly div]se1 is to cause _! det]ioration & f9al de/ruction4 ,9 o!r words1 _! natures are exactly adapt$ to ! place ( habitation assign$ !m4 ,& x mu/ h requir$ inf9ite wisdom ?us to fit ! delicate ma*9]y ( animal & vegetable organization to ! great v>iety ( circum/ances on ! globe 9 :i* x is plac$4 ,b we f9d t same wisdom to h be5 manife/$ 9 all ! va/ p]iods ( organic life4 ,we h ! mo/ unequivocal evid5ce t ! condition ( ! e>? has und]gone important *anges4 ,we _c exam9e ! rem>kable flora & fauna ( ! old] rocks1 ! gigantic sauroid fi%es1 ! huge or?oc]atites & ammonites1 ! het]oclitic trilobites1 & ! /range sigill>ia & lepidod5dra1 calamites & a/]ophyllites1 ! l(ty conif]ae1 & ! anomal\s cycadeae1--we _c exam9e ^! )\t realiz+ t a /ate ( ! globe v diff]5t f ! pres5t mu/ h exi/$ :5 !y _h possession ( x4 ,& :5 we contemplate also ! enorm\s saurians & batra*ians ( ! middle second>y rocks1 & ! colossal quadrup$s ( ! t]ti>y /rata1 we _c d\bt t a tropical or an ultra-tropical climate mu/ h prevail$ 9 high nor!rn latitudes dur+ _! exi/5ce4 ,we p]ceive t !re has be5 a gradual decrease ( temp]ature on ! surface f ! e>lie/ times4 ,9 ea* successive race ( organiz$ be+s :i* h be5 plac$ on ! globe1 !re mu/ h be51 !re=e1 "s *ange ( con/itution to adapt !m to ! alt]$ /ate ( ! climate & productions ( ! e>?4 ,& we f9d ?is alt]ation to h be5 always made ) consummate skill1 s z to secure ! mo/ complete developm5t ( organic be+s1 & ! greate/ enjoym5t to s5sitive natures4 ,malevol5ce w\ld n h done ?is2 = x might ) inf9ite k at comm&1 h fill$ ea* successive p]iod ( ! _w ) natures unadapt$ to ! mutable condition ( ?+s1 capable1 inde$1 ( a prolong$ exi/5ce1 n to enjoy1 b only to suff]4 ,b inf9ite b5evol5ce 0 fitt+ up ?is _w by sl[ second>y ag5cies = ! elevat$ races :i* n[ occupy x1 especially = "o species1 rational & immortal2 & x lavi%$ its k9dness & wisdom by fill+ ! _w1 dur+ ^? prep>atory ages1 ) multitudes ( happy be+s1 fitt$ exactly to ea* alt]$ condition ( ! air1 ! wat]1 & ! soil4 ,my n9? & la/ geological argum5t = ! div9e b5evol5ce is f\nd$ ^u ! p]man5ce & security ( ! _w1 9 spite ( ! mighty *anges x has und]gone1 & ! p[]ful ag5cies to :i* x is n[ subject4 ,:5 we le>n f ! records ( geology1 z !y are inscrib$ ^u ! rocks1 h[ num]\s & ?or\gh h be5 ! revolutions ( ! surface & ! cru/ ( ! globe 9 pa/ ages2 h[ (t5 & h[ long ! pres5t dry l& has be5 alt]nately above & b5ea? ! ocean2 h[ frequ5tly ! cru/ ( ! globe has be5 fractur$1 b5t1 & dislocat$1--n[ lift$ upw>d1 & n[ ?r[n d[nw>d1 & n[ fold$ by lat]al pressure2 h[ frequ5tly melt$ matt] has be5 =c$ ?r\gh its /rata & ?r\gh its fissures to ! surface2 9 %ort1 h[ e p>ticle ( ! accessible portions ( ! globe has und]gone entire metamorphoses2 & especially :5 we recollect :at /rong evid5ce !re is t oceans ( liquid matt] exi/ b5ea? ! solid cru/1 & t probably ! :ole int]ior ( ! e>? is 9 t condition1 ) expansive en]gy suffici5t to r5d ! globe into fragm5ts1--:5 we review all ^! facts1 we _c b feel t ! condition ( ! surface ( ! globe mu/ be "o ( great insecurity & liability to *ange4 ,b x is n s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! pres5t /ate ( ! globe is "o ( p]man5t uni=mity & entire security1 except ^? comp>atively slight cata/rophes :i* result f e>?quakes1 volcanoes1 & local deluges4 ,ev5 ! climate has exp]i5c$ no g5]al *ange )9 hi/oric times1 & ! pr(\nd ma!matical rese>*es ( ,b>on ,f\ri] h demon/rat$ t1 ev5 ?\gh ! int]nal p>ts ( ! globe are 9 an inc&esc5t /ate1 b5ea? a cru/ ?irty or =ty miles1 ! temp]ature at ! surface has long s9ce ceas$ to be affect$ by ! melt$ c5tral mass2 t x is n n[ m ?an "o sev5te5? ( a degree high] ?an x w\ld be if ! int]ior 7 ice2 & t hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s w n see x l[]$1 f ?is cause1 m ?an ! sev5te5? "p ( a degree4 ,& z to ! appreh5sion t ! entire cru/ ( ! globe may be brok5 ?r\gh1 & fall into ! melt$ matt] b5ea?1 j reflect :at solidity & /r5g? !re mu/ be 9 a mass ( h>d rock f fifty to "o hundr$ miles 9 ?ickness1 & y\r fe>s ( su* a cata/rophe w probably vani%4 ,n[1 su* a uni=mity ( climate & security f g5]al ru9 are ess5tial to ! com=t & exi/5ce ( animal nature4 ,b x mu/ h requir$ inf9ite wisdom & b5evol5ce s to arrange & balance ! mighty elem5ts ( *ange & ru9 :i* exi/ 9 ! e>?1 t !y %\ld hold "o ano!r 9 *eck1 & make ! _w a quiet1 un*ang$1 & secure dwell+-place = s _m ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,surely t wisdom mu/ h be5 guid$ by inf9ite b5evol5ce4 ,& x w\ld seem f geology t ! same union ( wisdom & b5evol5ce h always arrang$ ! pa/ conditions ( ! e>?4 ,=1 dur+ ea* ( ! p]iods ( organic exi/5ce1 uni=mity & security seem to h prevail$ s long z ! purposes ( ! ,deity requir$4 ,9 e>ly times1 inde$1 :5 animals 7 mo/ly conf9$ to ! wat]s1 x 0 n necess>y t ! dry l& %\ld be z exempt z at pres5t f cata/rophes2 & probably !y 7 !n m frequ5t2 & x may be t1 :ile !re 7 uni=mity & security 9 "o portion ( ! globe1 or 9 "o elem5t1 !re might h be5 di/urbance & desolation 9 o!rs4 ,& x is d\btful :e!r su* g5]al quiet has ev] prevail$ = s long a "t z dur+ ! pres5t1 or hi/oric p]iod4 ,we see a reason = ?is 9 ! fact t nev] be=e 7 s _m animals 9 exi/5ce1 ) a /ructure s delicate & complicat$4 ,su* are ! evid5ces ( div9e b5evol5ce1 drawn f a field at fir/ view mo/ unpromis+4 ,& yet1 :5 we come to look beyond ! surface1 :]e d we f9d m decisive or m num]\s indications ( ,god's b5efic5ce8 ,!y are n l _m ha/y g5]alizations1 :i* sup]ficial exam9ation has (t5 br\ght f natural ph5om5a 9 pro( ( ?is same tru?1 b :i*1 al?\gh beautiful at fir/ view1 mu/ be ab&on$ ^u c>eful rese>*4 ,b ^!1 ?\gh repulsive at fir/1 ga9 solidity & beauty by exam9ation4 ,& !y are ! m int]e/+ because !y come f an unexpect$ qu>t]4 ,m5 h be5 accu/om$ to se>* among ! drift pil$ up by wat] & ice1 among dislocat$ & r5t /rata ( rocks1 among m\nta9s ov]turn$ & fields made desolate by volcanic eruptions1 = ! mem5toes ( p5al inflictions2 b !y h n imag9$ t div9e b5evol5ce might be se5 among ^! di/urbances & desolations2 & t simply because !y conf9$ _! views to ! imm$iate effect ( geological ag5cies1 & did n enl>ge _! views to take 9 _! connection ) ! great sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,b n[ t we f9d ! /amp ( b5evol5ce ev5 "h1 we le>n an in/ructive lesson4 ,e reflect+ m9d is aw>e t ! doctr9e ( div9e b5evol5ce lies at ! f\ndation ( all natural & reveal$ religion1 & t until ?is be e/abli%$ we labor 9 va9 to erect a sup]/ructure4 ,x is well kn[n1 also1 t ! exi/5ce ( natural & moral evil has be5 consid]$ a /rong objection to ?is great tru?4 ,n[1 geology furni%es u ) _m examples1 9 :i* ag5cies1 (t5 fraught ) t]rific evils1 are nev]!less em95tly b5eficial :5 ! :ole ext5t ( _! op]ation is tak5 into acc\nt4 ,:y is x n a fair inf]5ce t1 9 all o!r cases :]e evils /& out prom95tly1 !y are only incid5tal results ( "s wide sy/em ( op]ations1 ( :i* our limit$ vision embraces only a "p1 b ^: t5d5cies z a :ole are em95tly salut>y1 & ^: incid5tal evils d1 9 fact1 increase ! salut>y effects8 ,if s1 :at reason h we to believe t1 :5 ! light ( et]nity %all cl>ify our m5tal eye1 & enl>ge our k ( ! pres5t sy/em ( ! univ]se1 we %all f9d all p>tial evil to be univ]sal good1 & t our n>r[ views alone ?rew obscurity & difficulty ov] ?is subject 9 ?is life8 ,o1 if ev5 "h s _m rays ( div9e love f9d _! way into our n>r[ prison-h\se1 :at w be _! brightness :5 !y p\r 9 ^u u f ! unveil$ glories ( ! heav5ly _w6 ,,lecture ,,vii4 ,,div9e ,,b5evol5ce ,,z ,,exhibit$ ,,9 ,a ,,fall5 ,,_w4 ,! geological pro(s ( ! div9e b5evol5ce consid]$ 9 ! la/ lecture pres5t only a p>tial view ( t glori\s *>act]i/ic ( ,jehovah4 ,i am tempt$1 !re=e1 to exhibit x 9 its m g5]al aspect & broad] relations4 ,?is w necess>ily br+ into view o!r important religi\s tru?s respect+ man's fall5 condition & "*1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ! modifi$ aspect ( ! div9e goodness 9 su* a _w4 ,to ^? de/itute ( a revelation ?is _w has1 inde$1 ev] seem$ an inextricable maze1 an enigma too d>k = human wisdom to solve4 ,nor h ^? favor$ ) ! ,bible agre$ 9 _! modes ( cle>+ up ! my/]y4 ,hav+ endeavor$ to expla9 all by foll[+ out "s lead+ & favorite idea1 _! !ories h v>i$ z ^! pr$om9ant conceptions diff]$4 ,"o1 = in/ance1 fixes 8 gaze s int5tly ^u ! div9e b5evol5ce t he is bl9d to e manife/ation ( ,jehovah's /]n] attributes4 ,ano!r1 deeply impress$ ) ! /ory ( man's orig9al apo/asy1 sees only v9dictive ju/ice1 & p5al infliction1 & disord]$ action1 9 all ! movem5ts ( nature & ! trials & suff]+s ( man4 ,a ?ird1 captivat$ by ! discov]ies ( mod]n geology1 relative to ! exi/5ce ( suff]+ & dea? 9 ! _w be=e man's creation1 & le>n+1 moreov]1 f physiology1 t dea? is a g5]al law ( all organiz$ natures1 vegetable z well z animal1 is l$ to d\bt :e!r ! disord]s ( ! _w h any important connection ) man's apo/asy4 ,n[1 x 7 easy to %[ t our views on ^! subjects h a mo/ important be>+ ^u our entire sy/em ( !ology2 &1 !re=e1 !y des]ve our mo/ ?or\gh & c&id exam9ation4 ,to su* an exam9ation ,i n[ invite y\r s]i\s att5tion4 ,x is n my object to appeal to ! ,scriptures to prove ! div9e b5evol5ce4 ,t 7 an easy task4 ,s1 7 ?is an unfall5 _w1 e object & ev5t w\ld be r$ol5t ( ,god's goodness4 ,b :]e s9 & dea? ab\nd1 t goodness mu/ assume a diff]5t aspect1 s9ce its unmix$ manife/ation w\ld "w mis*ief4 ,n[1 ! po9t aim$ at 9 ?is lecture is to asc]ta9 :e!r natural religion c po9t out decisive evid5ce ( div9e b5evol5ce4 ,we c conceive x q possible t 9 a fall5 _w ,god might f9d x necess>y s to m+le displays ( ju/ice ) ^? ( goodness1 t man might be 9 d\bt :i* pr$om9at$4 ,!re is ano!r reason = consid]+ ?is subject ap>t f scriptural evid5ce4 ,we ne$ to e/abli% ! doctr9e ( div9e b5evol5ce z a basis on :i* to re/ ! evid5ces ( inspiration2 or1 r1 we want to be able to assume ,god's b5evol5ce1 9 argu+ = ! tru? ( ! ,bible1 & 9 judg+ ( its cont5ts4 ,?is doctr9e1 !re=e1 is "o ( ! mo/ important1 z x is c]ta9ly ! mo/ difficult1 9 natural !ology4 ,obvi\sly ! fir/ /ep 9 ?is inve/igation mu/ be to asc]ta9 :at is ! real /ate ( ?is _w1 z a manife/ation ( ! b5evol5ce & ju/ice ( ,god4 ,9 o!r words1 we ne$ to asc]ta9 :at exhibitions ( ^! attributes are pres5t$ to u 9 nature1 & 9 ! economy ( ,provid5ce1 & h[ mu* ( ! evil 9 ! _w is to be imput$ to man's p]v]sion ( ! gifts ( ,god4 ,i %all proce$1 !re=e1 to /ate ! ma9 po9ts on ?is subject :i* fair & c&id reason+ seems to me to su/a94 ,:5 ^! po9ts are be=e u1 ) a summ>y ( ! evid5ce by :i* !y are support$1 we %all be prep>$ to d$uce important conclusions respect+ ,god's "* & disp5sations1 & man's position & de/9y4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 ,i ma9ta9 t b5evol5ce decid$ly pr$om9ates 9 ! pres5t sy/em ( ! _w4 ,let ?is proposition be fully und]/ood4 ,x does n mean t !re is no mixture ( evil 9 ! op]ations ( nature1 b only t good decid$ly ov]balances ! evil4 ,& by ! op]ations ( nature ,i mean ^? processes result+ f natural laws1 :i* are un9flu5c$ by ! p]v]s5ess ( man4 ,h[ mu* ( evil may be imput$ to 8 p]v]sion ( ! gifts ( ,provid5ce w be consid]$ 9 ano!r place1 z w also ^? cases 9 :i* evil seems insep>able f ! orig9al arrangem5ts ( ! _w4 ,all t ,i am n[ conc]n$ to prove is1 t1 9 a va/ majority ( in/ances1 we see ! m>ks ( b5evol5t design & b5evol5t op]ation 9 ! arrangem5ts ( nature4 ,?is position is e/abli%$1 9 ! fir/ place1 by ! fact t ! design ( e natural contrivance is to produce happ9ess4 ,to %[ t su* is ! case1 by an appeal to facts1 w\ld be1 9 tru?1 to write ! hi/ory ( e natural process1 & %[ its design4 ,b x w be suffici5t to consid] only su* cases z appe> mo/ decid$ly to militate aga9/ my position1 & to %[ t ev5 ^! are n design$ to cause evil or suff]+4 ,h[ does x happ51 !n1 y may inquire1 t evil is ! result ( a multitude ( contrivances & processes 9 nature8 ,x is an incid5tal effect1 ,i answ]2 t is1 an effect happ5+ aside f ! ma9 design ( ! contrivance4 ,take a few illu/rations4 ,no "o c d\bt t ! law ( gravity is ess5tial to ! pres]vation & com=t ( ! _w1 & to ! h>moni\s motions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,yet h[ (t5 does x give rise to frightful accid5ts to m5 & animals6 ,b :5 !y are cru%$ by fall+ bodies1 or by fall+ !mselves1 :o imag9es ?is to be ! design ( gravitation8 ,h[ cle> t its real object is b5eficial1 & t ! evil result+ f x is unavoidable 9 a _w con/itut$ l ours6 ,:y ! _w is n con/itut$ diff]5tly1 is an inquiry :i* m5 may try to answ]2 b an answ] is n important to my pres5t object4 ,take an example f ! organic _w4 ,e "o is aw>e t )\t a n]v\s sy/em 9 animals !re w\ld be no s5sibility1 nor s5sation1 &1 ( c\rse1 no enjoym5t2 & )\t ^!1 animals w\ld be unconsci\s ( dang]1 & w\ld n gu>d aga9/ x1 nor )draw f x4 ,we are sure1 !re=e1 t ^! two objects are ! gr& design ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 &1 ( c\rse1 x is a b5evol5t design4 ,b ! n]v\s sy/em causes a great deal ( suff]+ z well z pleasure4 ,obvi\sly1 h[ev]1 ?is is only an incid5tal effect1 :i* c\ld n be prev5t$ )\t a miracle2 :ile ! ma9 design is to produce happ9ess & gu>d aga9/ evil4 ,x may be ask$1 h[ev]1 by :at pr9ciple we c det]m9e :at is ! design ( a contrivance1 & :at ! incid5tal effect4 ,:y select a "p ( ! effects1 & call !m ! object aim$ at by ! contriv]1 :ile we reg>d o!rs z incid5tal1 & m]ely p]mitt$1 n int5d$8 ,! pr9ciple on :i* we make ?is di/9ction is v cle>4 ,we judge ( ! design ( a contrivance by its pr$om9ant t5d5cies & effects4 ,if evil z (t5 results z good1 mis]y z (t5 z happ9ess1 we c\ld n decide :e!r ! design 0 b5evol5t or malevol5t1 or an indiff]5ce to bo?4 ,b ! b5evol5t t5d5cy & effects ( e natural contrivance are s obvi\s1 & s imm5sely outweigh all its evil results1 t we are compell$ to admit ! design ( ! ,au?or ( nature to be b5evol5t4 ,&1 !re=e1 :5 we see evil occasionally result f su* contrivances1 we are au?oriz$ to say t ?is is only an incid5tal effect2 n1 inde$1 :olly undesign$1 = we _c d\bt t ,god has a design 9 ! p]mission ( all evil4 ,b = ea* p>ticul> arrangem5t & movem5t 9 nature we c discov] a pr$om9ant & b5evol5t object4 ,take ano!r example f ! human frame4 ,9 t frame we f9d a multitude ( organs1 ne>ly all ( :i* are obvi\sly adapt$ to a p>ticul> use4 ,n[1 ! anatomi/ _c lay 8 f+] ^u "o ( !m1 & say1 ,?is 0 int5d$ to produce d]angem5t & suff]+ 9 ! sy/em4 ,"h is a muscle contriv$ to clog ! op]ations ( its neighbors2 "h a blood-vessel adapt$ to corrupt ! blood & produce disease2 "h a gl& ^: object is to secrete a poison\s fluid1 to contam9ate ! :ole sy/em2 "h a n]ve made to produce pa92 "h a plexus ( vessels suit$ to br+ on disease4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?is anatomi/ p]ceives at once t all ! organs ( ! animal sy/em1 & _! collocation1 are fitt$ 9 ! be/ possible mann] to produce heal?4 ,x is obvi\s at a glance t ?is is _! design4 ,b if su* be ! fact1 h[ happ5s x t s few p]sons pass ?r\gh life )\t disease8 ,is x all to be imput$ to an abuse & p]v]sion ( ! organs & p[]s ( life8 ,n s1 9 my op9ion4 ,b ^? organs are all liable to disease2 & :5 we see h[ delicate & complicat$ !y are1 we ought n to wond] t ev5 ! unavoidable causes ( d]angem5t %\ld (t5 br+ x on4 ,yet1 aft] all1 heal? is ! rule & ! object1 & disease only ! exception4 ,b ,i %all say m on ?is subject 9 ano!r "p ( ! argum5t4 ,"s "o1 h[ev]1 :o he>s me1 has d\btless ere ?is _h 8 ?\ghts recur to ! organs ( c>nivor\s animals1 ! poison\s fangs ( s]p5ts1 & ! organs ( ! scorpion1 ! t>antula1 & ( insects1 = ! g5]ation & protrusion ( deadly poison4 ,"h we h organs expressly provid$ = ! de/ruction ( o!r animals4 ,t su* is _! design1 no physiologi/ c d\bt2 & h5ce !y are int5d$ to produce suff]+1 & n happ9ess4 ,is ?is an exactly correct /atem5t ( ! case8 ,true1 suff]+ is ! result ( su* organs2 b ! arrangem5t is int5d$ to accompli% /ill high] purposes4 ,! lead+ "o is to procure food = su/5ance1 ! o!r is self-def5ce4 ,bo? ( ^! are ess5tial to ! animal's cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,t suff]+ %\ld be incid5tally connect$ ) in/rum5ts or organs s important1 is no m difficult to expla9 ?an is ! exi/5ce ( evil any :]e4 ,! object ev5 ( ^! contrivances1 !n1 is b5eficial4 ,& if s1 ,i "k ( no o!r example 9 nature s seem+ly adv]se to ! position ,i h laid d[n1 t ! ma9 object ( e natural contrivance is b5evol5t 9 its orig9 & results4 ,if ?is be s1 h[ cle>ly does x indicate ! "* ( ! contriv] to be b5evol5t6 ,my second argum5t is d]iv$ f ! fact t ! organic functions (t5 produce pleasure :]e suff]+ 0 j z consi/5t ) _! mo/ p]fect action2 or ,i might say t su* are ! arrangem5ts ( ! natural _w1 t pleasure (t5 results to s5ti5t be+s f its op]ations1 :5 !y might h be5 z p]fectly p]=m$ ) ! production ( pa94 ,a few illu/rations w r5d] ! mean+ ( ?is position obvi\s4 ,z we look abroad ^u nature1 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ traits we discov] is its unb\nd$ v>iety4 ,) ! ,psalmi/ we involunt>ily exclaim1 ,o ,"l1 h[ manifold are ?y works6 ,x is n m]ely v>iety z to =m1 texture1 attitude1 & arrangem5t2 b :o c describe ! c\ntless t9ts ( color+ :i* are spread ov] ! heav5s & ! e>?8 ,n[1 !re is 9 ! human s\l an aptitude to be pleas$ ) v>iety2 nay1 !re is a crav+ = x4 ,nor c !re be a m t]rible infliction ?an unv>y+ monotony & sam5ess ( appe>ance1 arrangem5t1 & action4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! ,creator _h be5 malevol5t1 or indiff]5t to ! happ9ess ( man & o!r s5ti5t be+s1 he might h gratifi$ ?is disposition mo/ p]fectly by giv+ to ! human s\l its pres5t love ( v>iety1 & !n spread+ ov] ! face ( nature a dead uni=mity ( figure1 position1 arrangem5t1 & color+2 =m+ e ?+ ^u ! same model4 ,& ?is might h be5 done )\t impair+ at all ! p]fect op]ation ( all h] laws t are ess5tial4 ,e ?+ might h be5 z sy/ematic & h>moni\s z x n[ is2 b s5ti5t be+s w\ld h be5 mis]able2 & ?is mu/ h be5 supremely gratify+ to inf9ite malevol5ce4 ,he might also h s con/ruct$ ! organs ( he>+1 sight1 & smell1 t e s\nd might h be5 ungrateful & grat+1 e odor repulsive1 & e prospect disgu/+4 ,:ile hung] w\ld h urg$ animals1 z x n[ does1 to seek food1 its reception might h be5 pa9ful1 or utt]ly void ( gu/atory enjoym5t4 ,s 9 reg>d to social enjoym5ts2 we might h be5 irresi/ibly drawn t[>ds our fell[-m51 & yet _! society might h be5 hateful 9 ! extreme4 ,_h su* a /ate ( ?+s exi/$1 h[ v cle>ly we %\ld h inf]r$ ! malevol5ce ( ! ,au?or ( nature6 ,or if su* a /ate _h be5 witness$ ab\t z (t5 z its opposite1 we might reasonably h said t he 0 indiff]5t to ! happ9ess ( 8 creatures4 ,:y1 !n1 may we n1 ) equal reason1 inf] 8 b5evol5ce1 :5 we f9d1 9 a va/ majority ( cases1--nay1 = aught ,i "k1 univ]sally1--t pleasure is sup]add$ to animal enjoym5t :]e x 0 :olly unnecess>y to ! p]fect op]ation ( nature's laws8 ,! fact is1 ,god has made all nature beauty to our eye & music to our e>1 :5 x 0 :olly unnecess>y = ! p]fect op]ation ( h] laws2 & ! inf]5ce is irresi/ible1 t he delights 9 ! happ9ess ( 8 creatures4 ,nor c ! fact t evil exi/s 9 ! _w de/roy ! =ce ( ?is argum5t1 unless t evil is s g5]al z to be obvi\sly ! design ( ! ,creator 9 devis+ & arrang+ ! sy/em ( ! _w4 ,:ile we admit its exi/5ce1 we say t x is only incid5tal1 & t pleasure is s (t5 sup]add$ unnecess>ily1 z to prove happ9ess to be ! design1 & evil ! exception4 ,! two argum5ts above pres5t$ are ! evid5ce on :i* ,dr4 ,paley relies to prove ! div9e b5evol5ce4 ,!y are1 inde$1 z x seems to me1 unansw]able4 ,b if ,i mi/ake n1 !y d by no means exhau/ ! /oreh\se ( nature's pro(s ( ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple ( natural & reveal$ religion4 ,i d]ive a ?ird argum5t = ! pr$om9ance ( b5evol5ce 9 ! works ( nature f ! v>iety ( means (t5 provid$ = ! p]=mance ( important functions2 s t animals & plants c adapt !mselves to diff]5t circum/ances1 & prolong _! exi/5ce4 ,! examples :i* ,i h 9 m9d to illu/rate ?is argum5t are all d]iv$ f ! organic _w4 ,i ref]1 = in/ance1 to ! fact t ne>ly all our muscles1 & _m o!r important organs1 z ! h&s1 ! feet1 ! eyes1 & ! lungs1 are 9 pairs1 s t if "o meets ) an injury1 or is de/roy$1 ! o!r c1 to "s ext5t1 p]=m ! (fice ( bo?4 ,! bra9 has two hemisph]es1 & "o ( !m may be s]i\sly w\nd$ )\t de/roy+ ! heal?y action ( ! o!r4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ appropriate example is 9 ! blood-vessels1 ^: inosculations are s num]\s t ev5 ?\gh l>ge art]ies & ve9s be ti$1 ! blood w f9d its way ?r\gh ! small] ones1 :i* ultimately w s enl>ge z to keep up ! circulation ne>ly z well z be=e ! injury4 ,&1 9 fact1 almo/ e "o ( ! l>ge blood-vessels has be5 ti$ by ! surgeon ) little ultimate injury to ! pati5t4 ,9 ! process ( deglutition1 or swall[+ ! n\ri%m5t ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( all ! m p]fect animals1--s9ce ! food & ! air = respiration pass = a "t ?r\gh a common op5+1 ! ph>ynx1--x is extremely important t ! passage to ! lungs %\ld be mo/ vigilantly gu>d$2 s9ce /rangulation w\ld foll[ ! introduction !re ( any ?+ b air4 ,accord+ly1 ! entrance ( ! glottis is s s5sitive1 t ! approa* ( ! food causes x to close4 ,b le/ ?is security %\ld sometimes fail1 we h an additional gu>d 9 ! epiglottis1 :i* %uts d[n l a valve ^u ! orifice4 ,ev5 ) ?is d\ble precaution1 /rangulation sometimes foll[s ! act ( deglutition4 ,h[ mu* (t5] w\ld x occur1 _h n b5evol5ce ?us multipli$ its vigilant s5t9els at ! po9t ( dang]6 ,ano!r illu/ration ( ?is argum5t lies 9 ! fact1 t _m ( ! organs ( animals & plants possess ! p[]1 :5 an exig5cy requires x1 ( greatly increas+ _! action4 ,:51 = in/ance1 an unusual quantity ( osse\s matt] is requisite to repair a brok5 bone1 ! gl&s1 ^: (fice x is to elaborate t matt]1 are capable ( secret+ an extraord9>y quantity1 until ! injury is repair$4 ,( an analog\s "* is ! sympa?y exi/+ betwe5 ! diff]5t organs1 s t :5 "o has an unusual am\nt ( labor to p]=m1 ! re/ imp>t ( _! n]v\s en]gy to su/a9 _! ov]task$ companion4 ,?us1 & ?us only1 c\ld animals be c>ri$ ?r\gh _m ( ! sev]e exig5cies ( _! exi/5ce4 ,_! organs help "o ano!r1 j z if !y 7 consci\s ( "o ano!r's necessities1 & 7 prompt$ by b5evol5ce to aid ! weake/4 ,9 l mann]1 "s ( ! organs possess ! p[] ( vic>i\s secretion2 t is1 ( produc+1 9 peculi> circum/ances1 secretions t are usually made by o!r gl&s4 ,h[ !y c d ?is1 & h[ !y c "k :5 to d x1 are among ! my/]ies ( physiology4 ,nev]!less1 ! object ( ?is arrangem5t is mo/ obvi\s1 viz41 ! cont9uance ( heal? & life 9 spite ( accid5ts1 :i* w\ld o!rwise prove fatal4 ,! same vic>i\s sy/em is manife/ 9 ! well-kn[n examples1 :]e ! loss ( "o or m ( ! s5ses gives increas$ acut5ess to ! re/4 ,! s5se ( t\*1 = in/ance1 9 ! bl9d man1 has sometimes prov$ no mean sub/itute = eyes2 &1 inde$1 any ( ! s5ses by cultivation1 9 peculi> exig5cies1 may be prodigi\sly /r5g!n$4 ,n[1 9 all ^! cases1 :]e ! vic>i\s pr9ciple is br\ght into op]ation1 or sympa?y conc5trates ! p[] ( _m organs 9 "o1 or ! loss ( "o organ or s5se quick5s ! s5sibility ( ! re/1 d we n recognize ! prospective c>e & k9dness ( inf9ite b5evol5ce8 ,d y say t x m]ely %[s inf9ite wisdom1 :i* adju/s means to ends ) consummate skill1 9 ord] to be sure ( success 9 its designs8 ,:y1 !n1 ,i inquire1 %\ld ^! provisions = try+ exig5cies 9 ! animal sy/em always t5d to ! happ9ess ( ! creature8 ,surely !re 7 o!r means at ! comm& ( inf9ite wisdom = secur+ ! exi/5ce ( ! animal1 :i* w\ld br+ mis]y ^u x in/ead ( happ9ess4 ,! b5evol5t t5d5cy ( ! design1 !re=e1 proves ! b5evol5t feel+s ( ! design]4 ,! extraord9>y provisions t are made 9 "s cases = ! multiplication ( animals & plants1 9 ord] to prev5t ! ext9ction ( any races1 & to give life & happ9ess to z _m animals z c be su/a9$1 is ano!r indication ( b5evol5t c>e on ! "p ( ! ,creator4 ,n less ?an five modes ( reproduction are kn[n to exi/1 viz41 ! vivip>\s1 ! ovo-vivip>\s1 ! ovip>\s1 ! gemmip>\s1 & ! fissip>\s2 & among ! l[e/ families ( animals sev]al ( ^! modes exi/ 9 ! same species1 s t _! ext9ction1 or ev5 defici5t multiplication1 is sc>cely possible4 ,! same b5evol5ce is manife/$ 9 ! p[] possess$ by animals & plants to adapt !mselves to diff]5t circum/ances4 ,(t5 are !y ?r[n into conditions widely div]se z to food1 temp]ature1 & exposure to *emical & me*anical ag5cies1 ) no possibility on _! "p ( avoid+ !m4 ,?is is em95tly true ( man2 & 7 n animals able to adapt !mselves to ^! v>i\s /ates1 !y mu/ p]i%4 ,true1 !re are limits to ?is adaptation2 b !y are wide en\gh to accompli% ! great purposes ( exi/5ce1 & to make u com=table & happy amid great *anges 9 our condition4 ,nor is ?is p[] ( adaptation among animals limit$ to _! physical nature4 ,_! m5tal habits admit ( an oscillation equally wide1 s t1 ere long1 we become happy 9 a condition :i* at fir/ 0 pa9ful 9 ! extreme4 ,new habits take ! place ( ! old ones s gradually t we sc>cely realize ! *ange4 ,n[1 if ?is p[] 7 n possess$ 9 su* a _w z ours1 c\ld organic natures n b5d at all to circum/ances1 con/ant suff]+ & premature dissolution w\ld be ! result4 ,! p[] ( adaptation1 !re=e1 looks l ! b5evol5t provision ( a k9d ,fa!r1 :o wi%es to make 8 creatures z happy z he c 9 ! circum/ances 9 :i* 8 wisdom has plac$ !m4 ,c]ta9ly1 malevol5ce1 or indiff]5ce to _! happ9ess1 w\ld n h introduc$ ?is p[] ( adaptation into _! natures2 = x is c]ta9 t _! cont9u$ exi/5ce might h be5 secur$ 9 "s o!r way1 _h no ref]5ce be5 _h to _! happ9ess4 ,i base my f\r? argum5t = ! pr$om9ance ( b5evol5ce1 9 ! arrangem5ts ( nature1 ^u ! aggregate results ( ! mo/ de/ructive & t]rific ag5cies :i* %e employs4 ,! imm$iate effects ( ^! ag5cies are (t5 s appall+ & s unmix$ ) good1 t m5 view !m only z p5al inflictions2 or1 :5 ! suff]]s are unconsci\s ( guilt1 z my/]i\s disp5sations ( evil1 :i* ne$ ! light ( ano!r _w to reconcile ) inf9ite b5evol5ce4 ,:5 ! tornado or sirocco's hot brea? sweeps ov] ! devot$ l&2 :5 ! riv] ov]fl[s its banks1 & +ulfs ! def5celess inhabitants along its c\rse1 or ! giant waves ( ! ocean roll 9 ^u ! devot$ %ore2 :5 ! heav+ e>?quake ov]turns 9 a mom5t va/ cities1 & ! e>? swall[s !m 9 its bosom2 or :5 ! volcano p\rs out its suffocat+ smoke & its scor*+ lava1 & oblit]ates f e>? ! def5celess t[n1 z once ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii 7 conv]t$ into petrifi$ cities1--9 ! mid/ ( su* desolat+ ag5cies1 :]e c we discov] a gleam ( b5evol5ce8 ,n surely 9 ! imm$iate effects4 ,b suppose ! tornado1 ! flood1 ! e>?quake1 & ! volcano are ess5tial to ! pres]vation ( ! e>? f a f> wid] ru91 s t1 9 fact1 :ile !y de/roy "s prop]ty & life1 !y pres]ve a f> great] am\nt1 & are ess5tial to su* pres]vation1--:y is x n b5evol5ce t gives a slight play to ^! t]rific elem5ts1 :ile x *ecks _! wild w> s soon z ! requisite security has be5 obta9$8 ,:5 ! /orm has suffici5tly purifi$ ! atmosph]e1 :5 ! flood has enri*$ ! wide alluvial fields1 & ! e>?quake & ! volcano h giv5 v5t to ! p5t-up fires 9 ! e>?1 s t !y no long] ?reat5 to r5d a cont95t asund]1 !n a re/ra9+ p[] is put ^u !m1 & !y are all[$ no m range ?an is ess5tial to ! g5]al good4 ,we may n1 inde$1 see :y ! good c\ld n be secur$ )\t ! evil4 ,b ?is "q leads to ! inquiry1 :e!r ! pres5t sy/em ( ! univ]se is ! be/ possible2 & t x is s we h ! gu>anty ( ! div9e p]fections4 ,^? p]fections admit ! exi/5ce ( evil2 b at ! same "t !y take c>e t ! aggregate result ( ! greate/ evils %\ld be b5eficial4 ,nor w\ld we limit ?is position to evils spr++ out ( ! nature or ! *anges ( ! inanimate _w2 = "s ( ! sev]e/ evils are dep5d5t ^u ! organization or op]ation ( animate nature4 ,man1 = in/ance1 f9ds himself (t5 grossly annoy$ by "s species ( ! inf]ior animals1 9 8 com=t1 prop]ty1 & ev5 life4 ,& he wond]s :y inf9ite wisdom & b5evol5ce %\ld p]mit c]ta9 species to exi/1 :5 !y seem fitt$ only to annoy ! re/4 ,b he kn[s n :at he desires :5 he wi%es _! ext9ction4 ,= su* is ! balance ( organic nature1 t to /rike out ev5 "o species1 is l remov+ a l9k f a *a94 ,once brok51 e o!r l9k is affect$1 & ! :ole *a9 lies useless ^u ! gr\nd4 ,or1 to speak )\t a figure1 if y blot out c]ta9 species ( animals or plants1 y di/urb ! balance ( ! :ole sy/em ( organic nature2 nor c y tell :]e ! di/urbance ?us introduc$ w end4 ,x may lead to ! excessive multiplication ( species /ill m injuri\s ?an ^? y h de/roy$4 ,at any rate1 s9ce ! p]fections ( ! ,deity lead to ! conclusion t ! exi/+ proportion betwe5 diff]5t species is ! be/1 all ?+s consid]$1 & *ange 9 ! balance mu/ be injuri\s1 we may conclude1 t ?\gh noxi\s animals & plants may produce individual inconv5i5ce & injury1 ! aggregate effects ^u ! :ole ( organic nature are salut>y1 &1 !re=e1 indicative ( b5evol5ce4 ,simil> reason+ w1 ,i ?9k1 apply to ! exi/5ce ( t l>ge class ( animals call$ c>nivor\s4 ,^! are evid5tly int5d$ to prey ^u o!r animals2 & = ?is purpose !y are provid$ ) weapons = seiz+ & de/roy+ _! prey4 ,x is (t5 extremely pa9ful to a man ( k9d feel+s to witness ! sc5es ( blood & havoc :i* ^! fle%-eat+ animals produce4 ,b we =get two ?+s4 ,! fir/ is1 t 9 ord] to keep ! numb]s ( animat$ be+s full 9 ! diff]5t tribes1 x is necess>y t !re %\ld be a great excess ( numb]s creat$1 to meet all ! casualties to :i* !y are expos$2 & t excess mu/ 9 "s way or o!r be remov$ f life4 ,secondly1 all ! enjoym5t ( ! c>nivor\s races is s mu* cle> ga9 to ! sum ( animal happ9ess2 = ! excess ( numb]s 9 ! tribes ( vegetable fe$]s suff] no m 9 be+ de/roy$ by ! c>nivor\s races1 ?an if !y di$ 9 "s o!r way2 n s mu*1 inde$1 z if !y p]i%$ by fam9e4 ,we may safely conclude1 !n1 t ev5 ?is sy/em ( mutual slaught]1 :5 view$ 9 all its relations1 is ! means1 9 su* a _w z ours1 ( increas+ ! am\nt ( enjoym5t1 & is1 !re=e1 a b5evol5t provision4 ,?is c\rse ( reason+ may be ext5d$1 z ,i judge1 to ! greate/ ( all mortal evils1--,i mean dea?4 ,9 ! case ( ! inf]ior animals1 ! am\nt ( physical or m5tal suff]+ f ?is cause is comp>atively small4 ,& if !y survive ! *ange ( dea?1 surely !re is b5evol5ce 9 s easy a translation4 ,or1 if !y d n exi/ h]eaft]1 ! /roke ( dea? is a small d$uction f ! happ9ess ( a :ole life4 ,9 man's case1 we mu/ n take into ! acc\nt ! aggravations ( dea? :i* 8 own misconduct produces4 ,& aside f ^!1 :at a bless+ x w\ld be to be transf]r$ to a m exalt$ /ate ( be+1 by an exp]i5ce no m pa9ful ?an t ( a ,*ri/ian dy+ :at may be call$ a natural dea?1 by m]e decay6 ,!n1 too1 h[ mu* great] happ9ess is ! result ( a succession ( be+s on e>?1 ?an "o undy+ race w\ld enjoy1 bo? because ! successive races w\ld be ev] pass+ ?r\gh novel sc5es1 :i* w\ld soon become monoton\s to a cont9u\s race1 & because1 z we h already sugge/$1 a succession ( races admits ( ! exi/5ce1 at any "o "t1 ( a f> great] numb] ( species6 ,!n1 too1 we mu/ n =get ! salut>y moral influ5ce :i* man exp]i5ces f ! expectation ( dea?2 s great1 inde$1 t )\t x1 x seems d\btful :e!r ! _w w\ld be any ?+ bett] ?an a ,p&emonium4 ,9 mak+ indissoluble ! connection betwe5 s9 & dea?1 !re=e1 9 su* a sy/em z ! pres5t1 b5evol5ce presid$ ) wisdom & ju/ice 9 ! c\ncils ( ,jehovah4 ,b 9 ! ?ird lecture ,i h treat$ ?is :ole subject s mu* m fully1 t ,i ne$ n add any ?+ fur!r 9 ?is connection4 ,i base my fif? & la/ argum5t1 to prove ! pr$om9ance ( b5evol5ce 9 ! pres5t sy/em ( nature1 on ! fact t good s (t5 results f evil z a natural consequ5ce4 ,or1 to /ate ! argum5t 9 ano!r =m1 good seems g5]ally to be ! object or f9al cause ( evil1 :]eas evil fl[s only incid5tally f good4 ,?is argum5t sc>cely diff]s f ! la/1 except 9 ! m g5]al =m ( its /atem5t4 ,t br+s =w>d c]ta9 prom95t & appall+ evils1 & endeavors to %[ t1 9 /rik+ ! balance ( _! effects1 ! prepond]ance is on ! side ( b5evol5ce4 ,?is advances a /ep f>!r1 & attempts to %[ t ! direct object ( evil is to produce good4 ,x foll[s1 h5ce1 t ! examples adduc$ & elucidat$ "u ! la/ argum5t are n inappropriate to su/a9 & illu/rate ! pres5t4 ,yet o!rs %\ld be add$4 ,almo/ ! entire hi/ory ( m$ic9e & surg]y illu/rates ! mann] 9 :i* physical evils result 9 physical good4 ,inde$1 m5 nev] resort to ! physician1 or ! surgeon1 because _! rem$ies & op]ations are desirable1 b only because !y are ! necess>y means ( heal? & com=t4 ,^! means are1 inde$1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( human inv5tion1 b n1 !re=e1 ! less indicative ( ! div9e int5tion2 = !y are f\nd$ ^u su* a con/itution 9 nature z makes x possible to discov] rem$ies = disease & accid5ts4 ,& ! *>act]i/ics ( nature's con/itution are an index ( ! int5tions ( its ,au?or4 ,! sev]e m5tal discipl9e ?r\gh :i* ! y\? mu/ pass1 :o w\ld atta9 di/9ction 9 le>n+1 af=ds u an example ( intellectual evil result+ 9 intellectual weal? & happ9ess4 ,! trial is too sev]e = _m irresolute m9ds1 & !y give ov] ! ef=t1 & s9k d[n into a /ate ( indol5ce & neglect4 ,b he :o be>s manfully ! discipl9e w at l5g? ga!r ! gold5 fruit4 ,& he w be satisfi$1 too1 ( ! wisdom & b5evol5ce ( t law ( m5tal progress1 :i* makes x impossible ev] to f9d a royal road to ! temple ( le>n+1 & :i* %uts out f t temple all :o %r9k f ! prep>atory discipl9e4 ,/ill m /rik+ly illu/rative ( ?is argum5t are ! evils :i* m5 suff] z necess>y precursors ( moral good4 ,^! may be physical or m5tal2 embrac+ all ^? exp]i5ces t take ! "n ( trials1 afflictions1 & disappo9tm5ts4 ,^! are (t5 int5sely bitt]1 & !y con/itute1 inde$1 ! ma/] evils ( life4 ,we %udd] :5 we see !m com+2 & we (t5 wri! 9 agony :5 9 ! furnace4 ,b h[ _m h come out ( t furnace purifi$ f base alloy1 & ready = ! s]vice ( ,god & ! _w6 ,to d good is h5ce=? _! delight2 & !y ?ank ,god = ! sev]e discipl9e4 ,:5 8 heavy bl[s fell ^u !m1 "o aft] ano!r1 !y felt z if !y 7 ! /rokes ( an inc5s$ ,deity4 ,b n[ !y see t !y 7 only ! necess>y inflictions ( inf9ite love4 ,& !y admire ! wisdom t c\ld ?us educe s mu* good out ( s great evil4 ,i d n cont5d t good is always educ$ f evil 9 ?is _w1 or c\ld be2 b only t1 9 a plurality ( cases1 if m5 improve ! evils !y suff] z !y might1 su* w\ld be ! effect4 ,& if ?is be admitt$1 x is suffici5t to e/abli% ! g5]al pr9ciple1 t "o ( ! direct objects ( evil 9 ?is _w is to produce individual b5efit4 ,b ! conv]se ( ?is proposition _c be ma9ta9$4 ,we _c1 inde$1 d5y t evil sometimes results f good2 b nev] z ! direct object ( ! latt]4 ,! effect is only incid5tal2 t is1 n z ! ma9 object2 & s a few cases ( ?is sort _c invalidate ! proposition :i* ,i def5d4 ,i might multiply mu* m ! argum5ts furni%$ by nature to prove a pr$om9ance ( b5evol5ce 9 ! arrangem5ts & op]ations ( ! pres5t sy/em ( ?+s4 ,b ,i see no way ( escap+ ! =ce ( ^? pres5t$1 & _c d\bt t all w admit ! conclusion4 ,i advance1 !re=e to a second proposition1 & ma9ta9 t ! b5evol5ce exhibit$ 9 ! pres5t sy/em ( nature is n unmix$4 ,i mean1 by ?is /atem5t1 t ! div9e b5evol5ce exhibit$ 9 ?is _w is modifi$ by o!r p]fections4 ,:ile !re is a pr$om9ance ( b5evol5ce1 !re are also indications ( ,god's displeasure2 or1 at lea/1 8 deal+s seem to be adapt$ to re/ra9 & am5d a wick$ race1 r ?an to make an innoc5t & holy race happy2 s t ! condition ( ! human family is f> less happy ?an unmix$ b5evol5ce w\ld conf]4 ,9 pro( ( ?is ass]tion1 ,i ma9ta91 fir/1 t evil is incid5tal to e process & ev5t 9 nature4 ,?is is preem95tly true ( all ^? actions :i* we call vici\s4 ,inde$1 !y are 9 !mselves evils ( ! wor/ k9d2 & n only s1 b !y are connect$ incid5tally ) sc>cely any ?+ b evil1 ?\gh sometimes1 z !ologians say1 ov]rul$ = good4 ,take next ! common op]ations ( nature1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 h no moral "*4 ,_! lead+ design1 z we h already se51 is to produce good to s5ti5t be+s2 b incid5tally !y br+ mu* evil4 ,food is int5d$ = gu/atory enjoym5t & = n\ri%m5t2 b x is (t5 ! occasion ( sev]e suff]+1 & becomes an active poison4 ,gravity is int5d$ to hold ! mat]ial univ]se 9 a prop] balance1 & to atta* e mov+ ?+ on e>? to ! surface2 b x occasions a va/ numb] ( accid5ts1 & a va/ am\nt ( suff]+4 ,wat] & fire are ( imm5se direct b5efit2 yet ! fir/ buries a va/ am\nt ( prop]ty & life 9 its bosom1 & ! latt] is sc>cely less injuri\s 9 its incid5tal effects4 ,inde$1 :at natural ag5cy c be nam$1 t is n arm$ ) ! p[] to d evil8 ,b ! same pr9ciple ext5ds also to b5evol5t actions4 ,) our views ( div9e b5evol5ce1 we might expect t virtu\s conduct w\ld nev] be c\pl$ ) evil4 ,b ?is notion does n accord ) facts2 = ! incid5tal evils connect$ ) b5evol5t action are (t5 ! mo/ pa9ful 9 life4 ,inde$1 9 h[ _m in/ances has do+ good be5 rew>d$ by ! loss ( life1 & "u all ! aggravations ( suff]+ :i* malignant +5uity c\ld inv5t6 ,& ! fact has be51 t ^? ^: motives 9 do+ good 7 ! pure/ h suff]$ ! mo/4 ,witness ! life & ! dea? ( ,him :o knew no s91 & yet 0 l$ z a lamb to ! slaught]4 ,s9ce wick$ness 9 ?is _w is sometimes all[$ to h ! p[] ( annoy+ goodness we might expect t ! m dis9t]e/$ ! latt]1 ! m malignant & p]secut+ w\ld be ! =m]1 because its own de=mity is made m manife/4 ,b ! incid5tal evils connect$ ) b5evol5t action are n limit$ to ^? result+ f ! malice ( ! wick$4 ,if1 = in/ance1 "s huge sy/em ( iniquity has become incorporat$ into ! v texture ( society1 b5evol5ce _c root x out )\t produc+ _m a sev]e lac]ation ( individuals1 :o are incid5tally connect$ ) ! sy/em1 b to :om no blame atta*es4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ef=ts t h be5 made to sub/itute ,*ri/ianity = hea!nism & o!r false religions1 is full ( examples illu/rative ( ?is pr9ciple1 9 con=mity ) ! rem>kable decl>ation ( ,*ri/1 ,?9k n t ,i am come to s5d peace on e>?2 ,i came n to s5d peace1 b a sword4 ,alike prolific ( illu/rations are all ! great attempt$ re=ms :i* ! _w has witness$1 :e!r = deliv]+ religion f human corruptions1 or eradicat+ slav]y1 or intemp]ance1 or break+ ! political yoke ( ! oppressor4 ,9 f9e1 no reasonable man ought to expect to d mu* good 9 ?is _w1 )\t suff]+ mu* himself & br++ "s incid5tal suff]+ ^u o!rs4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! evils t h be5 describ$ are incid5tal1 !y belong to ! con/itution ( ?is _w1 &1 !re=e1 %[ ! feel+s & int5tions ( its ,au?or1 z mu* z ^? effects ( 8 works :i* appe> to be _! f9al causes4 ,b d n su* evils1 incid5tal to e ev5t1 indicate a feel+ 9 ! div9e m9d diff]5t f unmix$ b5evol5ce8 ,/rictly speak+1 ^! evils are n p5al inflictions4 ,b !y c]ta9ly d n %[ 9 ! ,creator a simple desire to promote ! happ9ess ( m51 by directly conf]r+ x4 ,!y r indicate a necessity1 on acc\nt ( "s peculi>ity 9 ! "* ( man1 ( m+l+ sev]ity ) goodness 9 ! div9e conduct t[>ds him4 ,9 ?us repres5t+ incid5tal effects z indicative ( ! feel+s ( ! ,deity1 ,i may seem to contradict my reason+ "u ! fir/ head1 :]e ,i gave1 z pro( ( ,god's b5evol5ce1 ! fact t ! direct object ( e contrivance is b5eficial1 & evil only incid5tal4 ,b ,i did n mean to intimate t ! incid5tal effects ( a contrivance are no index ( ! feel+s ( its au?or1 b only t ! direct effects %[ m cle>ly ?an ! incid5tal :at are 8 wi%es & int5tions1 especially if ! =m] are ! mo/ num]\s1 important1 & /rik+4 ,/ill1 incid5tal effects are nev] )\t an object2 & :]e !y are evil1 z 9 ! case suppos$1 !y indicate o!r feel+s t[>ds m51 9 ! div9e m9d1 ?an unmix$ b5evol5ce4 ,= x is a /range limitation ( ,god's wisdom & p[] to say1 z "s d1 t ! evils c\ld n be prev5t$4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t if m5 only con=m to ! laws ( nature1 !y w escape all ! evils !y suff]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i ma9ta91--& ?is con/itutes my second argum5t to %[ t ! div9e b5evol5ce is n unmix$1--,i ma9ta9 t ! highe/ virtue & ! mo/ consummate prud5ce _c avoid all ! evils ( life4 ,su* prud5ce & virtue w n secure any "o aga9/ _m de/ructive natural ag5cies & op]ations to :i* he is expos$4 ,miasms productive ( fatal disease may contam9ate ! atmosph]e we brea!1 unp]ceiv$ by u2 poison may exi/ 9 ! food :i* we take z our necess>y su/5ance2 ! me*anical viol5ce ( ! elem5ts1 or ( gravity1 may cru% u2 ! lightn+ may smite u to ! e>?2 ! wild bea/ may ru% f 8 unnotic$ lair z we pass2 or ! deadly insect1 or s]p5t1 may inject its poison into our blood at an unexpect$ mom5t2 or ! floods may ov]:elm1 or ! fire consume u4 ,n[1 al?\gh prud5ce & virtue may def5d u aga9/ _m evils1 !y af=d no security aga9/ su* z ,i h nam$1 9 v _m in/ances4 ,we are (t5 ignorant ( _! exi/5ce or proximity till we become _! victims1 & suff]+1 (t5 int5se1 is ! consequ5ce4 ,inde$1 ! greate/ ( all physical evils--,i mean dea?--is z sure to visit e son & daught] ( ,adam z any ev5t c be2 & no?+ b insanity1 or its religi\s synonyme1 fanaticism1 has ev] pret5d$ to be pro( aga9/ disease & dea?4 ,y _c1 inde$1 po9t out any p>ticul> organ or ag5cy1 ^: direct object is to produce disease & dea?2 b !y are nev]!less ! inevitable result ( organic op]ations & ag5cies 9 su* a _w z ?is4 ,x w be said1 p]haps1 t ! good result+ to ! :ole f ev5 ! mo/ sev]e ( ^! suff]+s1 ov]balances ! evil1 & !re=e !y are indications ( b5evol5ce 9 su* a _w z ours4 ,true1 z ?+s are1 ?is may be s4 ,b ! "q is1 ,:y is !re su* a con/itution giv5 to nature z made x necess>y to introduce disease1 accid5t1 & dea?8 ,w\ld n unmix$ b5evol5ce h conf]r$ ! good1 b h )held ! evil8 ,_h !re n be5 some?+ 9 man's "* requir+ ! discipl9e ( trials1 w\ld pure b5evol5ce h s5t !m8 ,at lea/1 we %\ld suppose t !y might all h be5 avoid$ by prud5ce & virtue4 ,:y %\ld b5evol5ce make su* sev]e drawbacks ^u ! happ9ess ev5 ( ! virtu\s1 if some?+ 7 n radically wrong 9 ! human con/itution8 ,?irdly4 ,! great /]ility ( s l>ge a "p ( ! e>?1 & ! necessity ( sev]e bodily labor to secure su/5ance f x1 %[ u t ! b5evol5ce exhibit$ 9 nature & 9 man's condition is n unmix$4 ,?\gh "s limit$ regions are exub]antly f]tile1 ! l>g] "p ( ! e>? yields up ev5 a m]e su/5ance only aft] ! sev]e/ labor4 ,& ! va/ majority ( ! race c d no?+ m ?an to obta9 food = ! body4 ,! artificial /ate ( mo/ societies does1 inde$1 keep ! l[] classes mu* m depress$ ?an a bett] /ate ( ! _w w\ld br+ !m into2 b at ! be/1 nature unites ) revelation 9 atte/+ ! tru? ( ! s5t5ce pass$ ^u man--,9 ! sweat ( ?y face %alt ?\ eat ?y bread4 ,nor is ?is necessity = sev]e labor conf9$ to ! cultivation ( ! e>?1 b ext5ds to all k9ds ( human pursuits4 ,success1 z a g5]al fact1 c be secur$ only by vigor\s indu/ry2 & (t51 9 spite ( _! mo/ hone/ & p]sev]+ ef=ts1 m5 fail ( secur+ ev5 a compet5ce = ! support ( !mselves & _! dep5dants4 ,"s w say t all ?is arises f a necessity 9 ! v nature ( ! case4 ,b does n su* a view limit ! div9e p[] & wisdom8 ,c\ld n ,god h prep>$ a _w m p>adisiacal ?an ! pres5t1 :]e ! e>? %\ld spontane\sly yield h] fruits1 & p\r out h] hidd5 treasures at man's feet8 ,:o w d5y ?is8 ,:y1 !n1 has he n done x8 ,because obvi\sly a race s prone to evil z man1 s incapable ( ma9ta9+ 8 integrity 9 ! lap ( ease & indulg5ce1 ne$s all ?is sev]e discipl9e to keep him :]e he ought to be4 ,"h1 !n1 we see a reason :y ,god mu/ m+le seem+ sev]ity ) b5evol5ce4 ,! same ?+ is se51 9 ! f\r? place1 9 ! conf9$ & depress$ condition ( ! human m9d 9 ?is _w1 & 9 ! multipli$ ob/acles 9 ! way ( its cultivation & enl>gem5t4 ,:at a clog to ! intellect is a body gov]n$ by gross appetites1 & (t5 /opp+ ! +ress ( tru?1 or p]v]t+ its aspect1 by disord]$ & imp]fect s5ses6 ,ne>ly "o ?ird ( ! "t mu/ t intellect s9k into oblivion1 :ile sleep recruits ! physical p[]s4 ,& ne>ly ano!r ?ird ( life mu/ be giv5 to ! wants ( ! body2 & z we h se51 ! great mass ( m5 are oblig$ to devote ne>ly _! :ole "t to s]ve ! necess>y wants ( ! body4 ,:at an incalculable wa/e ( m9d does ! _w exhibit6 ,& ev5 :5 all artificial & unnecess>y ob/ructions are tak5 out ( ! way1 :at an imm5se wa/e mu/ x always pres5t1 :ile 9 s gross a corporeal t5em5t6 = 7 x free to exhibit its true nature1 we _c d\bt its p[] ( unwe>i$ & incessant activity4 ,& su* might h be5 its condition "h1 _h x pleas$ inf9ite wisdom & b5evol5ce4 ,b :at unmix$ b5evol5ce w\ld h prompt$1 p]fect wisdom w\ld n p]mit to fall5 man4 ,i feel confid5t t my fir/ two propositions are e/abli%$1 viz41 t !re is a pr$om9ance ( b5evol5ce 9 ! arrangem5ts & op]ations ( ! pres5t _w1 & yet t x is n unmix$ b5evol5ce4 ,i advance to a ?ird proposition1 :i* ass]ts t ! same mix$ sy/em ( good & evil1 :i* n[ exi/s1 has always prevail$ s9ce ! e>? 0 inhabit$4 ,geology %[s u ! true succession ( ev5ts s9ce ! fir/ appe>ance ( organic be+s on ! globe1 b no *ronological dates are regi/]$ on ! rocks4 ,& x is only by obs]v+ processes 9 exi/+ nature1 analog\s to ^? ^: record is engrav5 on ! solid /rata1 t we c inf] t ! ye>s s9ce life fir/ appe>$ on ! surface mu/ h be5 v _m4 ,b h[ev] f> back 9 ! ho>y pa/ t ev5t occurr$1 we h indisputable evid5ce t ! same laws !n controll$ ! op]ations ( nature z n[1 & ! result 0 ! same mixture ( good & evil4 ,9 ! cry/all9e /ructure1 & 9 ! p]fect cry/als ( ! old] rocks1 we le>n ! laws :i* pr$om9at$ at _! production4 ,& we f9d t ! same *emical1 electrical1 & electro-magnetical influ5ces presid$ ov] _! =mation z are n[ exhibit$ 9 ! laboratory ( ! *emi/ or ! laboratory ( nature4 ,n[1 ^! cry/als conduct u back mu* f>!r ?an ! dawn ( t]re/rial life1 ?\gh simil> ones1 & produc$ by ! same laws1 are f\nd ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies ( rocks1 f ! olde/ to ! newe/4 ,& ,i might appeal to _m o!r facts 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory1 :i* demon/rate an id5tity betwe5 ! physical laws t h controll$ nature's processes 9 e p]iod ( pa/ "t4 ,we h evid5ce1 also1 ( ! same id5tity 9 ! laws ( life1 or organic laws4 ,9 ! anatomical /ructure ( ! e>lie/ animals & plants we f9d ! same g5]al type t p]vades ! pres5t creation1 modifi$ only1 z x n[ is1 to meet peculi> circum/ances4 ,?is is true n only ( ! osse\s1 b also ( ! muscul>1 circulatory1 n]v\s1 lymphatic1 & nutritive organs4 ,h5ce1 z we might expect1 we h evid5ce ( ! preval5ce ( ! same functional or physiological laws !n1 z n[4 ,respiration 0 p]=m$1 z x n[ is1 & ) ! same effects4 ,vegetable & animal food 0 !n1 z n[1 ma/icat$1 dige/$1 & assimilat$2 & s9ce animals possess$ ! same s5ses1 we inf] t _! habits 7 ess5tially ! same4 ,!re is n1 inde$1 any evid5ce t anci5t animals & plants exhibit$ any peculi>ities ( /ructure or function1 save ^? necess>y to adapt !m to ! circum/ances1 s unlike ! pres5t1 9 _m respects1 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,we are sure1 also1 t dea? has ev] reign$ ov] all organic nature4 ,x has always be5 produc$ by ! same causes1 & att5d$ by ! same suff]+4 ,& its ravages 7 repair$ by ! same sy/em ( reproduction z n[ exi/s4 ,all ?is we might presume w\ld be ! case1 ^u ! discov]y ( an id5tity ( laws1 me*anical1 *emical1 & organic2 b we h direct evid5ce1 also1 9 ! c\ntless rema9s ( animals & plants entomb$ 9 ! rocks1 m ?an tw5ty ?\s& species ( :i* h be5 dis9t]r$ by naturali/s & describ$4 ,i might multiply facts almo/ )\t numb] to su/a9 ! position1 t ! same mix$ sy/em has ev] prevail$ ^u ! globe2 = geology is full ( ! details4 ,b 9 a subsequ5t lecture1 ! subject w be m amply discuss$4 ,su* are ! facts respect+ ! div9e b5evol5ce1 z !y are pres5t$ 9 ! volume ( nature4 ,?\gh b5evol5ce decid$ly pr$om9ates1 x is modifi$ by o!r div9e attributes1 & ev] has be51 s9ce organic exi/5ce began ^u ! globe4 ,let u n[1 9 ! f\r? place1 see :at inf]5ces are fairly d$ucible f ! :ole subject4 ,= ^? inf]5ces1 if ,i mi/ake n1 w n only cle> away e cl\d f ! div9e b5evol5ce1 b ?r[ mu* light ^u man's condition4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! subject %[s u t ! _w is n 9 a /ate ( retribution4 ,z a g5]al fact1 virtue is to "s ext5t rew>d$1 & vice to "s ext5t puni%$4 ,b x is n always s4 ,inde$1 ! picture is sometimes rev]s$ app>5tly2 & ! good are afflict$ because !y d good1 & ! wick$ triumph because !y d evil4 ,evil ab\nds1 b x is n s di/ribut$ z righte\s retribution w\ld aw>d x2 nei!r is good4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ,god's ju/ice mu/ be inf9itely p]fect1 !re mu/ be "s o!r object = ! preval5ce ( good & evil 9 ! _w besides righte\s retribution4 ,secondly4 ,we le>n f ! subject t ! _w is 9 a fall5 condition4 ,i mean1 t man has fall5 f hol9ess & happ9ess4 ,= ! _w is evid5tly n su* a _w z inf9ite wisdom & b5evol5ce w\ld prep>e = a be+ p]fectly holy & happy4 ,philosophize z we may1 we _c discov] any reason :y ! abode ( su* a be+ %\ld be fill$ ) evils ( almo/ e "n--evils :i* ! mo/ consummate prud5ce & ! mo/ elevat$ virtue _c :olly avoid--evils :i* (t5 come ^u ! good man because he is em95t = hol9ess4 ,b if man has fall5 f orig9al hol9ess & happ9ess by transgression1 we might expect j su* a _w to be fitt$ up = 8 resid5ce1 because evil is indissolubly l9k$ to s91 p]haps 9 ! v nature ( ?+s1 c]ta9ly by div9e appo9tm5t4 ,we "k t x br+s a curse ^u e ?+ ) :i* x is connect$2 & "h we see a reason = ! blight t has m>r$ "s ( ! faire/ features ( nature1 & introduc$ pa9 & suff]+ into ! animal frame1 & br\ght a cl\d ov] man's noble intellect1 & hebetude ov] 8 moral p[]s4 ,su* a fall5 condition w expla9 :at no o!r supposition c1 viz41 ! cl\d$1 fett]$1 & depress$ condition ( all organic nature4 ,yet1 ?irdly4 ,we %\ld n inf] t man's condition 0 hopeless1 b r t m]cy might be 9 /ore = him4 ,! v fact t ! _w is n 9 a /ate ( retribution w\ld seem to af=d hope t ,god _h o!r purposes ?an puni%m5t 9 all[+ evil to be introduc$4 ,& !n ! va/ pr$om9ance ( b5evol5ce & happ9ess ar\nd u _c b inspire hope = ! fall54 ,?is w be /ill m manife/ if we inf]1 & c %[1 f\r?ly1 t ! _w is 9 a /ate ( probation or trial4 ,by ?is ,i mean t m5 are plac$ 9 a condition = ! trial & discipl9e ( _! *>act]s1 9 ord] to fit !m = a high] /ate4 ,if fall5 & deprav$1 !y ne$ to pass ?r\gh su* a discipl9e be=e !y c be prep>$ = t high] condition4 ,& surely no "o c obs]ve ! sc5es ?r\gh :i* all pass1 )\t be+ /ruck ) _! em95t adapt$ness to tra9 man to virtue & hol9ess4 ,until we h be5 pupils = a "t 9 ?is s*ool1 we are n fit ev5 = ! successive /ates 9 ?is life into :i* we pass2 mu* less = a high] condition4 ,b !re is a m>vell\s p[] 9 ?is discipl9e to prep>e u = bo?1 z va/ multitudes h te/ifi$ :ile !y liv$ & :5 !y di$4 ,ev5 dea? seems1 s f> z we c see1 to be ! only means by :i* a s9ful be+ c be deliv]$ f 8 /a9s2 & ! dread ( ?is t]rific evil is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful re/ra9ts ^u vice1 & /imulants to virtue4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 no condition 9 :i* man is plac$1 no good or evil t he meets1 :i* is n em95tly adapt$1 if rightly improv$1 to discipl9e & /r5g!n 8 virtue4 ,h5ce we _c d\bt t ?is is ! gr& object ( ! pres5t arrangem5ts ( ! _w4 ,true1 if misimprov$1 ! same means become only a discipl9e 9 vice4 ,b ?is is only 9 con=mity ) a g5]al pr9ciple ( ! div9e gov]nm5t1 t ! ?+s :i* rightly us$ are highly salut>y1 are proportionably injuri\s :5 p]v]t$4 ,fif?ly4 ,! subject %[s u a reason :y suff]+ & dea? prevail$ 9 ?is _w long be=e man's exi/5ce4 ,god =esaw--,i w n say =eorda9$1 ?\gh he c]ta9ly p]mitt$ x--t man w\ld transgress2 &1 !re=e1 he made a _w adapt$ to a s9ful fall5 be+1 r ?an to "o pure & holy4 ,if he _h adapt$ x to an unfall5 be+1 & !n *ang$ x ^u 8 apo/asy1 t *ange mu/ h am\nt$ to a new creation4 ,=1 z ,i h endeavor$ to %[ 9 a previ\s lecture1 7,lecture ,,iii417 ! :ole con/itution ( our _w1 & ev5 its relations to o!r worlds1 mu/ h be5 alt]$ to fit x = a be+ :o _h s9n$4 ,to h introduc$ su* a "o into a _w fitt$ up = ! p]fectly holy1 w\ld h be5 a curse in/ead ( a bless+4 ,x 0 b5evol5ce on ! "p ( ,god to all[ evil to ab\nd 9 a _w :i* 0 to be ! resid5ce ( a s9ful creature2 = ! discipl9e ( su* a /ate 0 ! only *ance ( 8 be+ rescu$ f ! p[] ( s91 & re/or$ to ! div9e favor4 ,x may be ?\ght1 h[ev]1 inconsi/5t ) div9e b5evol5ce to place ! inf]ior1 irrational animals 9 a condition ( suff]+ because man w\ld transgress1 & ?us puni% creatures incapable ( s9n+ = 8 transgression4 ,animals d1 inde$1 suff] 9 su* a _w z ours2 b n z a puni%m5t = _! own or man's s94 ,! only "q is1 ,d !y suff] s mu* t _! exi/5ce is n a bless+8 ,surely exp]i5ce w decide1 )\t inquir+ z to _! future exi/5ce1 t _! enjoym5ts1 z a g5]al fact1 va/ly outweigh _! suff]+s2 & h5ce _! exi/5ce indicates b5evol5ce4 ,x %\ld also be recollect$ t _! natures are adapt$ to a _w ( s9 & dea?1 & !y are d\btless m happy "h ?an !y w\ld be 9 a diff]5t condition1 :i* might be m favorable to unfall5 acc\ntable be+s4 ,f9ally4 ,?is subject h>monizes inf9ite & p]fect b5evol5ce 9 ,god ) ! exi/5ce ( evil on e>?4 ,?is is ! gr& problem ( !ology2 & ?\gh ,i w\ld n say t our reason+ cle>s x ( all difficulties1 yet x does seem to me t1 by lett+ ! light ( ?is subject fall ^u ! "q1 we come ne>] to its solution ?an by view+ x 9 any o!r aspect4 ,= ?is subject %[s u t b5evol5ce decid$ly pr$om9ates 9 all ! arrangem5ts ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 & !n x assigns good reasons :y ?is b5evol5ce is n unmix$2 9 o!r words1 :y sev]ity is sometimes m+l$ ) goodness4 ,x %[s u t ,god1 ) a prospective view ( man's s91 adapt$ ! _w to a fall5 be+2 mak+ x1 in/ead ( a place ( unm+l$ happ9ess1 a /ate ( trial & discipl9e2 n z a full puni%m5t1 7= t is res]v$ to a future /ate17 b z an ess5tial means ( deliv]+ ?is immortal be+ f 8 ru9 & mis]y1 & ( fitt+ him = future & endless hol9ess & happ9ess4 ,?us1 in/ead ( indicat+ indiff]5ce or malevol5ce 9 ,god1 because he introduc$ evil into ! _w1 x is a /rik+ evid5ce ( 8 b5evol5ce4 ,su* a plan is1 9 fact1 ! conjo9t result ( inf9ite wisdom & b5evol5ce = rescu+ ! mis]able & ! lo/4 ,_h ,god plac$ su* a be+ 9 a _w adapt$ to "o p]fectly holy1 8 suff]+s w\ld h be5 va/ly great]1 & 8 rescue hopeless4 ,?us f> d bo? reason & revelation conduct u 9 a pla9 pa?2 & t1 probably1 is z f> z is necess>y = all ! purposes ( religion4 ,up to ?is po9t1 inf9ite b5evol5ce p\rs its radiance ^u ! pa?1 & we see good reasons = ! evils incid5t to ?is life2 nay1 we see t !y are ! result ( t same b5evol5ce :i* /rews ! way ) bless+s2 t1 9 fact1 !y are only necess>y means ( ! greate/ bless+s4 ,i am aw>e t !re is a "q ly+ f>!r back1 9 ! outskirts ( metaphysical !ology1 :i* /ill rema9s unansw]$1 & probably nev] c be settl$ 9 ?is _w1 because "s ( its elem5ts are beyond our rea*4 ,! inquisitive m9d asks :y x 0 necess>y = inf9ite wisdom & p[] to introduce evil1 or all[ x to be introduc$1 into any sy/em ( creat$ ?+s4 ,c\ld n su* natures h be5 be/[$ ^u creatures1 t good only might h be5 _! portion8 ,a plausible answ] is1 t evil exi/s because x c ultimately be made subs]vi5t ( great] good1 tak+ ! :ole univ]se into acc\nt1 ?an ano!r sy/em4 ,c]ta9ly to fall5 man we h reason to believe natural evils are ! gr& means ( 8 highe/ good2 & h5ce we d]ive an argum5t = ! same conclusion 9 respect to ! :ole sy/em ( evil4 ,inde$1 su* are ! div9e attributes1 t x is absurd to suppose ,god w\ld create any sy/em :i* 0 n ! be/ possible 9 exi/+ circum/ances4 ,b ev5 ?\gh we _c solve ^! que/ions 9 _! ab/ract =m1 & z appli$ to ! :ole creation1 x is suffici5t = e practical purpose ( religion if we c %[1 z we h endeavor$ to d 9 ?is lecture1 h[ ! pres5t sy/em ( ! _w = a fall5 be+ illu/rates1 in/ead ( disprov+1 ! div9e b5evol5ce4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! resolution ( "s ( ! d>ke/ enigmas ( human exi/5ce1 :i* philosophy1 unaid$ by revelation1 has nev] solv$4 ,"h we get hold ( ! ?read t conducts u ?r\gh ! mo/ crook$ labyr9?s ( life1 & enables u to let into ! deepe/ dungeons ( despond5cy & d\bt1 ! light ( hope & ( heav54 ,"h1 too1 we f9d ! p[]ful glass by :i* we c pi]ce ! cl\ds t h s long obscur$ ! full-orb$ spl5dors ( ! div9e b5evol5ce4 ,to "s1 inde$1--& !y sagaci\s philosoph]s1--t cl\d has seem$ sur*>g$ only ) v5geance4 ,& ev5 to ^? :o h caught occasional glimpses ( ! noble orb beh9d1 ! cl\d ov] its face has always seem$ to be t+$ ) "s angry rays4 ,inde$1 s long z ?is is a s9ful /ate1 ju/ice w n all[ all ! glories ( ! div9e goodness to be reveal$4 ,& yet1 ?r\gh ! glass :i* philosophy & fai? h put into our h&s1 we c see t ! disk is a full-orb$ circle1 & t no spots m> & d>k5 its cle> surface4 ,h[ glori\sly1 !n1 :5 all ^? cl\ds %all h pass$ away1 & ! la/ ta9t ( evil %all h be5 blott$ out by ! f9al conflagration1 %all t sun1 9 ! new heav5s1 s5d d[n its light & heat ^u ! new e>?1 :]e9 dwelle? righte\sness6 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ sad ! prospect :i* ! analogies ( ?is subject op5 be=e him :o misimproves 8 e>?ly probation1 & goes out ( ! _w unprep>$ = a high] & pur] /ate ( exi/5ce6 ,if we c see reasons :y on e>? ,god %\ld m+le goodness & sev]ity 9 ?is man's lot1 we c also see reasons :y ! manife/ations ( b5evol5ce %\ld all be )drawn :5 he passes into a /ate ( retribution4 ,= if an individual c resi/ ! mighty influ5ces = good :i* ! pres5t /ate ( discipl9e af=ds1 & only become worse "u !m all1 8 case is utt]ly hopeless1 & ,heav5 c d no m1 consi/5tly ) ! et]nal pr9ciples ( ! div9e gov]nm5t1 to save him4 ,inf9ite b5evol5ce gives him ov]1 & no long] holds back ! sword ( retributive ju/ice4 ,nay1 ! ju/ice :i* inflicts ! puni%m5t is only b5evol5ce 9 ano!r =m4 ,& ?is x is t makes ! infliction intol]able4 ,h[ mu* m t]rible to ! wayw>d *ild are ! bl[s inflict$ by a weep+1 affectionate fa!r1 ?an if receiv$ f an enemy6 ,god is t affectionate ,fa!r2 & he puni%es only because he loves ! univ]se m ?an ! individual2 & he has exhau/$ ! /ores ( inf9ite m]cy 9 va9 to save him4 ,wick$ m5 sometimes tell u t !y are n afraid to tru/ !mselves 9 ! h&s ( inf9ite b5evol5ce2 :]eas x is em95tly ?is quality ( ! div9e "* :i*1 above all o!rs1 !y h reason to fe>4 ,= if1 ev5 9 ?is _w ( probation & hope1 ,god f9ds x necess>y to m+le s mu* sev]ity ) goodness1 :at b a cup ( unm+l$ bitt]ness %all be put into 8 h&s :o goes into et]nity unr5ew$ & unp>don$1 & f9ds t ev5 inf9ite b5evol5ce has become 8 et]nal enemy6 ,,lecture ,,viii4 ,,unity ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,plan ,,& ,,op]ation ,,9 ,,all ,,ages ,,( ,,! ,,_w',s ,,hi/ory4 ,contrivance1 adaptation1 & design are "s ( ! mo/ /rik+ features ( ! natural _w4 ,!y are obvi\s ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( creation1 9 ! m9ute/ z well z 9 ! mo/ magnific5t objects2 9 ! mo/ complicat$ z well z 9 ! mo/ simple4 ,s univ]sally pres5t are !y1 t :5ev] we meet ) any ?+ 9 nature :i* seems imp]fectly adapt$ to o!r objects1 z ! organ ( an animal or plant1 :i* exhibits mal=mation1 x excites g5]al att5tion1 & ! m]e *ild ne$ n be told t1 9 its want ( adaptation to o!r objects1 x is an exception 9 ! natural _w4 ,9 ord] to illu/rate :at ,i mean by contrivance1 adaptation1 & design1 let me ref] to a famili> example--! human eye4 ,made up ( ?ree coats & ?ree humors1 ( solids & fluids1 ( n]ves1 blood-vessels1 & muscles1 & rivall+ ! mo/ p]fect optical in/rum5t1 x mu/ h requir$ ! mo/ consummate contrivance to give ! requisite quantity & position to p>ts s num]\s & unlike1 = produc+ ! ph5om5a ( vision4 ,yet h[ p]fectly x is done6 ,h[ few1 out ( ! hundr$s ( millions ( eyes ( m5 & o!r animals1 fail ( vision ?r\gh any natural defect6 ,no less m>vell\s are ! adaptations ( ! eye4 ,9 ord] to be adapt$ to ! wond]ful effect :i* we call light1 its coats & humors mu/ be transp>5t1 & possess a c]ta9 d5sity & opacity1 t ! rays may =m an image on ! ret9a4 ,yet to prev5t confusion 9 ! image1 ! transp>5cy mu/ be conf9$ to ! c5tral p>ts ( ! eye1 & a d>k plexus ( ve9s & muscles mu/ be s situat$ z to absorb ! scatt]+ rays4 ,9 ord] to adapt ! eye to diff]5t di/ances1 & to ! great] or less int5sity ( ! light1 delicate muscles mu/ be s situat$ z to contract & dilate ! pupil1 & l5g!n & %ort5 ! axis4 ,t ! eye might be direct$ to diff]5t objects1 /rong muscles mu/ be atta*$ to its po/]ior surface2 & t ! eyelid might def5d x f injuries 9 front1 a v peculi> muscle mu/ give x p[] to close4 ,no less p]fect is ! adaptation ( ! eye to ! atmosph]e1 or1 r1 !re is a mutual adaptation2 & x is z prop] to say t ! atmosph]e is adapt$ to ! eye1 z t ! eye is adapt$ to ! atmosph]e4 ,9 l mann]1 !re is a /rik+ relation betwe5 ! eye & ! sun & o!r heav5ly bodies1 & betwe5 ! eye & day & night2 s t we _c d\bt b !y 7 made = "o ano!r4 ,we might1 inde$1 ext5d ! relations ( ! eye to e object 9 ! univ]se2 & ! same may be said ( e organ ( plants & animals4 ,! adaptation betwe5 !m is z wide z creation4 ,& x is ! wond]ful h>mony betwe5 s _m millions ( objects t makes u feel t inf9ite wisdom alone c\ld h produc$ x4 ,! design ( ! multipli$ contrivances & adaptations exhibit$ by ! eye is too obvi\s to ne$ a =mal /atem5t4 ,comp>atively few und]/& ! wond]ful me*anism ( ! eye2 b we %\ld consid] x pro( ( idiotism1 or insanity1 = ! weake/ m9d to d\bt :at is ! object ( ! eye4 ,?is is1 to be sure1 a /rik+ example4 ,b out ( ! _m organs ( animals1 h[ few are !re ( :i* we d n see ! design6 ,& z ! subject is m exam9$1 ! few except$ cases are made /ill few]4 ,!y are m num]\s 9 plants1 because we _c s well und]/& !m1 & because ( _! microscopic littl5ess4 ,!y are s few1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh\t all nature1 t !y nev] produce a d\bt t1 = e individual ?+ 9 creation1 !re is a di/9ct object4 ,if we conf9e our views to ! mo/ simple p>ts ( matt]1 we c see design 9 !m4 ,if we take a wid] view1 & exam9e ^? m9or sy/ems :i* are produc$ by ! gr\p+ ( ! elem5ts ( matt]1 we %all see design !re2 & if we rise /ill high] 9 our exam9ation1 & comp>e sy/ems /ill m ext5sive1 until we gr\p all mat]ial ?+s1 wise & beautiful design is /ill inscrib$ ^u all4 ,9 f9e1 creation is b a s]ies ( h>monies1 :eel )9 :eel1 9 c\ntless v>iety1 yet all =m+ "o va/ & p]fect ma*9e4 ,exam9e nature z widely & z m9utely z we may1 we nev] f9d "o "p cla%+ ) ano!r "p2 no laws1 gov]n+ "o portion ( creation1 diff]5t f ^? gov]n+ ! o!rs4 ,amid nature's inf9itely div]sifi$ productions & op]ations we f9d b "o orig9al model or patt]n4 ,z ,dr4 ,paley f9ely expresses x1 ,we nev] get among/ su* orig9al or totally diff]5t modes ( exi/5ce z to indicate t we are come into ! prov9ce ( a diff]5t ,creator1 or "u ! direction ( a diff]5t w4 ,all appe>s to h be5 ! "w ( "o mighty m9d1 capable ( devis+ & creat+ ! va/ sy/em s p]fectly t e "p %all beautifully h>monize ) e o!r "p2 a m9d capable ( hold+ 9 its capaci\s grasp at once ! entire sy/em1 & see+ ! relation & dep5d5ce ( all its p>ts1 f ! m9ute/ atom up to ! mightie/ _w4 ,9 %ort1 ! unity ( design :i* p]vades all creation is p]fect1 m s ?an we witness 9 ! mo/ f9i%$ ma*9e ( human con/ruction2 = ,9 human works1 ?\gh labor$ on ) pa91 ,a ?\s& movem5ts sc>ce "o object ga92 ,9 ,god's1 "o s+le c its end produce1 ,yet s]ves to second too "s o!r use4 ,su* are ! wond]ful contrivance1 adaptation1 & design :i* ! mat]ial _w e :]e exhibits4 ,b ! geologi/ c>ries u back ?r\gh p]iods ( imm5se antiquity1 & digs out f ! deep /rata evid5ces ( o!r sy/ems ( organic life1 :i* h fl\ri%$ & pass$ away2 o!r economies1 :i* h exi/$ on ! globe ant]ior to ! pres5t4 ,& h[ 0 x ) ^!8 ,_h !y any relation to ! exi/+ sy/em8 ,7 !y gov]n$ by diff]5t laws1 or are !y all b p>ts ( "o great & h>moni\s sy/em1 embrac+ ! :ole ( ! e>?'s pa/ duration8 ,we c\ld n decide ^! que/ions be=eh&2 b geology br+s to light unequivocal evid5ce t ! latt] supposition is ! true "o2 t is1 9 ! language ( ! poet1-- ,all are b p>ts ( "o /up5d\s :ole1 ,^: body nature is1 & ,god ! s\l4 ,to pres5t ! evid5ce ( ?is conclusion w be my object 9 ?is lecture4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! laws ( *emi/ry & cry/allography1 electricity & magnetism1 h ev] be5 ! same 9 all pa/ conditions ( ! e>?4 ,*emi/ry has atta9$ to su* a degree ( p]fection t ! analy/ c n[ det]m9e ! composition ( ! v>i\s vegetable1 animal1 & m9]al sub/ances :i* he meets1 ) an extreme degree ( accuracy4 ,9 _m in/ances1 he c d ?is 9 two ways4 ,he c always sep>ate ! elem5ts :i* exi/ 9 a comp\nd1 & asc]ta9 _! relative quantity2 & ?is is call$ analysis4 ,& sometimes he c take ^? elem5ts & cause !m to unite1 s z to =m a p>ticul> comp\nd2 & ?is is call$ syn!sis4 ,by ^! me?ods he has asc]ta9$ t1 amid ! va/ v>iety ( sub/ances 9 nature1 !re are only ab\t sixty-f\r :i* _c be r$uc$ to a m simple =m1 & are !re=e call$ elem5ts1 or simple sub/ances4 ,n[1 ! *emi/ f9ds t1 :5 ^! elem5ts unite to =m comp\nds1 c]ta9 fix$ laws are inv>iably foll[$4 ,!y comb9e 9 def9ite quantities1 :i* are always ! same1 or "s multiple ( ! same weight2 s t ea* elem5t has its peculi> & inv>iable comb9+ weight2 & x _c be made to comb9e 9 any o!r proportion4 ,y may mix two or m elem5ts toge!r 9 any proportion1 b x is only a c]ta9 def9ite quantity ( ea* t w comb9e1 :ile ! re/ w rema9 9 excess4 ,h5ce ! same comp\nd sub/ance1 f :atev] "p ( ! _w x comes1 or "u h[ev] div]se circum/ances produc$1 consi/s ( ! same +r$i5ts 9 ! same proportion4 ,^! laws are foll[$ ) ma!matical precision1 & we h reason to believe t ! same comp\nd sub/ance1 produc$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 nev] diff]s 9 its composition by ! smalle/ conceivable p>ticle4 ,inde$1 ) ! exception ( ! planet>y motions & cry/allography1 *emical comb9ation is ! mo/ p]fect example ( practical ma!matics to be f\nd 9 nature4 ,su* are ! laws :i* ! *emi/ f9ds inv>iably to regulate all ! *anges t n[ take place 9 ! con/itution ( bodies4 ,:at evid5ce is !re t ! same laws h ev] prevail$8 ,9 ! rocks we h *emical comp\nds1 produc$ 9 all ages ( ! _w's hi/ory1 s9ce fire & wat] began to =m solid masses4 ,n[1 ^! may be1 & h be51 analyz$2 & ! same laws ( def9ite proportion 9 ! +r$i5ts1 :i* n[ op]ate1 are f\nd to h controll$ _! =mation4 ,! olde/ granite & gneiss1 :i* mu/ h be5 ! e>lie/ rocks produc$1 are j z inv>iable 9 _! composition z ! mo/ rec5t salt =m$ 9 ! laboratory4 ,& ! same is true ( ! silicates1 ! c>bonates1 ! sulphates1 ! oxides1 *lorides1 fluorides1 & o!r comp\nds :i* con/itute ! rocks ( diff]5t ages4 ,we nev] f9d any produc$ "u ! op]ation ( diff]5t laws4 ,n[1 ! almo/ inv>iable op9ion among *emi/s is1 t ! reason :y ! elem5ts unite ?us def9itely is1 t !y are 9 diff]5t electrical /ates1 & !re=e attract "o ano!r4 ,h5ce ! mo/ important laws ( electricity h be5 coeval ) ^? ( *emi/ry2 inde$1 !y are id5tical2 nor c we d\bt1 if su* be ! fact1 t e o!r electrical law has rema9$ un*ang$ f ! beg9n+4 ,& f ! intimate connection1 if n complete id5tity1 betwe5 electricity & magnetism1 x is impossible to d\bt t ! laws :i* regulate ! latt] are ( equal antiquity ) ^? ( ! =m]4 ,inde$1 we f9d evid5ce 9 all ! rocks1 especially ^? :i* are prismatic & concretion>y1 ( ! active influ5ce ( galvanism & electro-magnetism 9 _! production4 ,! reason+ is equally decisive to prove ! un*ang+ "* ( ! laws :i* regulate ! =mation ( cry/als4 ,! *emi/ f9ds t ! same sub/ance1 :5 x cry/allizes1 inv>iably takes ! same geometrical =ms4 ,! nucleus or prim>y =m1 ) a few exceptions1 ( no importance 9 ! pres5t argum5t1 to :i* all ^! second>y =ms may be r$uc$ by *ange1 is "o p>ticul> solid1 ) unv>y+ angles2 & all ! second>y =ms1 built ^u ! prim>y1 correspond 9 _! angles4 ,9 %ort1 9 cry/allography we h ano!r example ( p]fect practical ma!matics1 z p]fect z ! !ory4 ,n[1 ! olde/ rocks 9 ! globe conta9 cry/als1 & s d ! rocks ( all ages1 sometimes ( ! same k9d z ^? produc$ 9 ! *emi/'s laboratory4 ,& !y are f\nd to correspond precisely4 ,x matt]s n :e!r !y 7 ! produce ( nature's laboratory c\ntless ages ago1 or ( ! skill ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1--! same ma!matics rul$ 9 _! =mation ) a precision :i* inf9ite wisdom alone c\ld secure4 ,9 ! second place1 ! laws ( meteorology h ev] be5 ! same z at pres5t4 ,"u meteorological laws ,i include all atmosph]ic ph5om5a4 ,& al?\gh we h no direct pro( f geology 9 respect to ! m r>e ( ^! ph5om5a1 su* z ! aurora borealis & au/ralis1 & transi5t meteors1 yet 9 respect to ! exi/5ce ( cl\ds1 w9d1 & ra91 ! evid5ce is q /rik+4 ,9 sev]al places 9 ,europe1 & 9 _m 9 ?is c\ntry1 are f\nd1 ^u lay]s ( ! new r$ s&/one1 ! di/9ct impressions ( ra9 drops1 made :5 ! rock 0 f9e mud4 ,!y correspond precisely ) ! ind5tations :i* fall+ ra9-drops n[ make ^u mud1 & !y %[ u t ! ph5om5a ( cl\ds & /orms exi/$ 9 t remote p]iod1 & t ! vapor 0 cond5s$ z at pres5t4 ,9 ! fact t ! animals entomb$ 9 ! rocks ( v>i\s ages are f\nd to h _h organs ( respiration1 we also inf] ! exi/5ce ( an atmosph]e analog\s to t :i* we n[ brea!4 ,! ra9-drops enable u to proce$ "o /ep f>!r2 = (t5 !y are elongat$ 9 "o direction1 %[+ t !y /ruck ! gr\nd obliquely1 d\btless 9 consequ5ce ( w9d4 ,9 %ort1 ! facts /at$ enable u to inf]1 ) /rong probability1 t atmosph]ic ph5om5a 7 !n ess5tially ! same z at pres5t2 & analogy leads u to a simil> conclusion z to all ! pa/ p]iods ( ! _w's hi/ory1 c]ta9ly s9ce animals 7 plac$ ^u x4 ,:at a curi\s regi/] d ^! ra9-drops pres5t u6 an engrav+ on /one ( a %[] t fell ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( ages ago6 ,!y (t5 become1 too1 an anemoscope1 po9t+ out ! direction ( ! w9d1 :ile ! petrifi$ surface %[s u j h[ _m drops fell1 q z accurately z ! mo/ delicate pluviamet]4 ,:at ev5ts 9 ! e>?'s pre-,adamic hi/ory w\ld seem less likely to come d[n to u ?an ! patt]+ ( a %[]8 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! ag5ts ( geological *ange appe> to h be5 always ! same on ! e>?4 ,:oev] goes into a c>eful exam9ation ( ! rocks w soon become satisfi$ t no fragm5t ( !m all rema9s 9 ! condition 9 :i* x 0 orig9ally creat$4 ,:atev] 0 ! orig9al =m 9 :i* matt] 0 produc$1 !re is no long] any example ( x to be f\nd4 ,! evid5ce ( ^! *anges is z /rong almo/ z t con/ant *anges are go+ on 9 human society4 ,& we f9d !m con/antly progress+ among ! rocks1 z well z among m52 nor d ! ag5ts by :i* !y are produc$ appe> to h be5 ev] diff]5t f ^? n[ 9 op]ation4 ,! two mo/ important are heat & wat]2 & x is d\btful :e!r !re is a s+le p>ticle ( ! globe :i* has n exp]i5c$ ! metamorphic action ( ! "o or ! o!r4 ,inde$1 x is ne>ly c]ta9 t e portion ( ! globe has be5 melt$1 if n volatiliz$4 ,all ! un/ratifi$ rocks h c]ta9ly be5 fus$1 & probably all ! /ratifi$ rocks orig9at$ f ! un/ratifi$1 & h be5 modifi$ by wat] & heat4 ,9 _m ( ^! rocks1 especially ! olde/1 we p]ceive evid5ce ( ! jo9t action ( bo? ^! ag5ts4 ,evid5tly !y 7 once aque\s deposits2 b !y appe> to h be5 subsequ5tly subject$ to p[]ful heat4 ,z we asc5d on ! scale ( ! /ratifi$ rocks1 ! m>ks ( fire dim9i%1 & ^? ( wat] multiply1 s t ! late/ are m]e me*anical or *emical depositions f wat]4 ,9 ^! facts1 !n1 we see pro( t heat & wat] h be5 ! *ief ag5ts ( geological *ange s9ce ! fir/ =mation ( a solid cru/ on ! globe2 = "s ( ! rocks n[ accessible1 z already /at$1 date _! orig9 at t e>ly p]iod4 ,we might also trace back ! ag5cy ( heat mu* f>!r1 if ! hypo!sis adopt$ by n a few em95t geologi/s be true1 :i* supposes ! e>? to h be5 once 9 a gase\s /ate f int5se heat4 ,b to press ?is po9t w add v little to my argum5t1 ev5 c\ld ,i su/a9 x by plausible reason+4 ,i w only say1 t1 s f> z we "k any ?+ ( ! /ate ( ! e>? previ\s to ! consolidation ( its cru/1 heat appe>s to h be5 ! *ief ag5t conc]n$ 9 its geological *anges4 ,among o!r ag5cies ( less importance1 t h always op]at$ geologically1 is gravity4 ,its *ief effect1 at pres5t is to br+ ! e>?'s surface ne>] & ne>] to a level1 by caus+ ! mat]ials1 :i* o!r ag5cies h loos5$ f its sali5t p>ts1 to subside into its cavities & valleys4 ,x also cond5ses _m sub/ances f a gase\s to a liquid or solid /ate1 especially ^? deep 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 & ?us br+s ! p>ticles m )9 ! rea* ( cohesive attraction & *emical aff9ity1 (t5 *ang+ ! con/itution1 & always ! solidity1 ( bodies4 ,& 9 ! position ( ! anci5t me*anical rocks1 occupy+ z !y d ! =m] bas9s ( ! surface1 & 9 ! sup]ior consolidation ( ! e>li] /rata1 we f9d pro( ( ! action ( gravity 9 all pa/ geological "t4 ,electricity too1 9 ! =m ( galvanism1 has nev] be5 idle4 ,we h reason to ?9k t x op]ates at ?is mom5t 9 accumulat+ metallic ores 9 ve9s2 & ?is segregation appe>s to h op]at$ 9 all ages1 n only 9 fill+ ve9s1 b also1 probably1 9 giv+ a lam9at$ "* & jo9t$ /ructure to m\nta9s ( slate1 z well z a concretion>y & prismatic =m to o!rs4 ,la/1 ?\gh n lea/1 we may reckon among ! ag5ts ( geological *ange ! =ces ( cohesion & aff9ity4 ,:5 wat] & heat1 gravity & galvanism1 h br\ght ! atoms ( bodies into a prop] /ate1 ^! ag5ts are always ready to *ange _! =m & con/itution2 & !y h ev] be5 at h& to op]ate by ! same laws1 & we witness _! effects 9 ! olde/ z well z ! newe/ rocks f\nd 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,?is po9t1 h[ev]1 has be5 suffici5tly consid]$1 :5 treat+ ( ! unv>y+ uni=mity ( ! laws ( *emi/ry & cry/allography4 ,b ?\gh ! nature ( ! ag5cies above consid]$ has nev] *ang$1 ! int5sity or am\nt ( _! action has v>i$2 h[ mu* is a po9t n yet settl$ among geologi/s4 ,"s reg>d t int5sity1 z x has exi/$ dur+ ! pres5t or alluvial p]iod1 z a /&>d = all prec$+ p]iods2 t is1 ! int5sity ( ^! =ces has nev] v>i$ m dur+ any p]iod ( ! e>?'s hi/ory ?an x has s9ce ! alluvial p]iod comm5c$4 ,mo/ geologi/s1 h[ev]1 reg>d ?is z an extreme op9ion1 & ?9k !y see evid5ce 9 geology ( a f> great] int5sity 9 ^! ag5cies 9 pa/ p]iods ?an exi/s at pres5t4 ,!y ?9k !y h pro( t ! _w 0 once only a molt5 mass ( matt]1 & "s evid5ce t previ\sly x 0 9 a /ate ( vapor4 ,!y believe t va/ m\nta9s1 & ev5 cont95ts1 h sometimes be5 ?r[n up f ! ocean's b$ by a s+le mighty p>oxysmal ef=t2 & su* effects !y "k to be f> great] ?an ! causes ( *ange n[ 9 op]ation c produce1 )\t a va/ increase ( _! int5sity4 ,b ?is "q ne$ nei!r be discuss$ nor decid$ = ! sake ( my pres5t argum5t1 s9ce my object is to prove an id5tity 9 ! nature & laws1 n 9 ! int5sity1 ( geological ag5cies4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 ! laws ( zoology & botany h always be5 ! same on ! globe4 ,an exam9ation ( ! animals n[ liv+1 am\nt+ to "s hundr$ ?\s& species1 p]haps to "o or two millions1 %[s t !y may be arrang$ 9 f\r great classes4 ,! fir/ class embraces ! v]tebral animals1 di/+ui%$ by hav+ a v]tebral column1 or back-bone1 a regul> skeleton1 & a regul> n]v\s sy/em4 ,x compreh5ds all ! quadrup$s & bip$s1 ) man at _! head1 & is mu* sup]ior to all o!r classes 9 complexity ( organization & /r5g? ( ! m5tal p[]s4 ,! second class embraces ! mollusks1 or animals inhabit+ %ells4 ,!y are de/itute ( a sp9al m>r[1 & = ! mo/ "p _! muscles are atta*$ to ! ext]nal cov]+1 call$ ! %ell1 al?\gh ?is %ell is sometimes int]nal4 ,! ?ird class are call$ articulat$ animals1 hav+ envelopes connect$ by annulat$ plates1 or r+s4 ,x includes su* animals z ! lob/]1 bloodsuck]1 spid]1 & insects g5]ally4 ,! f\r? class h a radiat$ /ructure1 & (t5 resemble plants1 or _! habitation is a /ony /ructure4 ,h5ce !y are sometimes call$ zoophytes1 :i* means animal plants2 or li?ophytes1 :i* means /ony plants4 ,!y sw>m 9 ! ocean1 & "s ( !m build up ^? ext5sive /ony /ructures call$ coral reefs4 ,n[1 if we exam9e ! descriptions ( ! organic rema9s 9 ! rocks1 we f9d t 9 all ages ( ! _w ^! f\r great classes ( animals h exi/$4 ,b 9 ! e>lie/ times1 ! ?ree la/ classes--! mollusks1 ! articulat$1 & ! radiat$ tribes--va/ly prepond]at$1 :ile ! v]tebral class _h only a few repres5tatives2 & x is n till we rise z high z ! new r$ s&/one1 t we meet ) any1 except fi%es1 save a few batra*ians 9 ! old r$ s&/one1 & ! c>bonif]\s gr\p1 detect$ alone by _! tracks4 ,!n ! reptiles began to appe> 9 abundance1 ) tortoises & enorm\s birds ( a l[ organization1 b no mammif]\s animal is f\nd1 until we rea* ! oolite2 & sc>cely any till we rise to ! t]ti>y /rata1 :5 !y became abundant2 b n s num]\s z at pres5t1 ?\gh = ! mo/ "p ( l>g] size4 ,?us we f9d t ! m p]fect animals h be5 develop$ gradually1 becom+ m & m complex z we rise on ! scale ( ! rocks4 ,b 9 ! ?ree o!r classes1 !re does n appe> to h be5 mu* advance ^u ! orig9al types1 al?\gh 9 numb]s & v>iety !re has be5 a great increase4 ,! plants n[ gr[+ ^u ! globe1 am\nt+ probably to ne>ly "o hundr$ ?\s& species1 are divid$ into two great classes1 by a v decid$ "*4 ,"s ( !m h di/9ct fl[]s1 & o!rs are de/itute ( !m4 ,! =m] are call$ ph5ogamian1 or fl[]+ plants2 & ! latt] cryptogamian1 or fl[]less plants4 ,at pres5t1 ! fl[]+ plants v mu* pr$om9ate 9 ! flora ( e c\ntry4 ,b 9 ! e>lie/ p]iods ( organic exi/5ce1 ! rev]se 0 ! case4 ,we f9d1 inde$ b v few fl[]+ plants1 & ^! ( a "* some:at int]m$iate betwe5 fl[]+ & fl[]less2 su* z ! conif]ae & cycadeae1 includ+ ! p9e tribe4 ,a few palms appe>$ almo/ z e>ly1 & "s o!r monocotyl$ons4 ,b mo/ ( ! dicotyl$ons did n appe> till ! t]ti>y p]iod1 :]e m ?an two hundr$ species h be5 f\nd4 ,( ! ?ree hundr$ species f\nd 9 & b5ea? ! c>bonif]\s gr\p1 two ?irds are tree f]ns1 or gigantic equisetaceae4 ,m ?an "o ?ird ( ! entire flora ( ! second>y =mation consi/s ( cycadeae2 :]eas1 ?is family ( plants =ms n m ?an ! two ?\s&? "p ( ! exi/+ flora4 ,9 %ort1 we f9d ! m p]fect plants z well z animals to be few 9 ! e>lie/ p]iods1 & to h be5 gradually introduc$ up to ! pres5t "t4 ,b z to ! fl[]less plants1 mo/ ( !m seem to h be5 z p]fect at fir/ z !y n[ are4 ,^! facts tea* u conclusively t ! outl9es ( organic life on ! globe h always be5 ! same2 t ! great classes ( animals & plants h always _h _! repres5tatives1 & t ! v>iations :i* h be5 introduc$1 h be5 m]ely adaptations to ! v>y+ condition ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,! high] & m complex natures1 bo? ( animals & plants1 7 n introduc$ at fir/1 because ! surface 0 n adapt$ to _! exi/5ce2 & !y 7 br\ght 9 only z circum/ances1 favorable to _! developm5t1 prep>$ ! way4 ,!re is ano!r fact ( great int]e/ on ?is subject4 ,ev5 a cursory exam9ation ( ! animals & plants n[ on ! globe1 %[s su* a gradation ( _! *>act]s t !y =m a sort ( *a91 ext5d+ f ! mo/ to ! lea/ p]fect species4 ,b we see at once t ! l9ks ( ?is *a9 are ( v unequal l5g?2 or1 r1 t !re are 9 "s in/ances wide int]vals betwe5 ! ne>e/ species1 z if "o or m l9ks _h dropp$ out4 ,h[ rem>kable t "s ( ^! lo/ l9ks %\ld be f\nd among ! fossil species6 ,i w ref] to a few examples4 ,among exi/+ animals no g5]a or tribes are m widely sep>at$ ?an ^? ) ?ick sk9s1 d5om9at$ pa*yd]mata2 su* z ! rh9oc]os & ! elephant4 ,b among ! fossil animals ( ! t]ti>y /rata1 ?is tribe ( animals 0 mu* m common2 & _m ( !m fill up ! blanks 9 ! exi/+ families1 & ?us r5d] m p]fect & uni=m ! great *a9 ( be+ :i* b9ds toge!r into "o great sy/em ! pres5t & pa/ p]iods ( organic life4 ,a simil> case occurs among fossil plants4 ,9 tropical climates we f9d a few species--n mu* ov] tw5ty--( a s+ul> family ( plants1 ! cycadeae connect+ ! great families ( conif]ae1 or dicotyl$ons1 ) ! palms1 :i* are monocotyl$on\s1 & ! f]ns1 :i* are acotyl$on\s4 ,! *asm1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ^? great & dissimil> classes ( plants is b imp]fectly fill$ by ! few liv+ species ( cycadeae4 ,b ( ! fossil species hi!rto f\nd above ! coal =mation1 almo/ "o half are cycadeae2 s t "h1 too1 ! lo/ l9ks ( ! *a9 are suppli$4 ,facts l ^!1 says ,dr4 ,buckl&1 are ine/imably preci\s to ! natural !ologian1 = !y id5tify1 z x 71 ! ,artific]1 by details ( manipulation ?r\gh\t 8 works4 ,!y appeal to ! physiologi/1 9 language m comm&+ ?an human eloqu5ce2 ! voice ( v /ocks & /ones1 t h be5 buri$ = c\ntless ages 9 ! deep recesses ( ! e>?1 proclaim+ ! univ]sal ag5cy ( "o all-direct+1 all-su/a9+ ,creator1 9 ^: w & p[] ^! h>moni\s sy/ems orig9at$1 & by ^: univ]sal provid5ce !y are1 & h at all times be51 ma9ta9$4--,bridgewat] ,treatise1 vol4 i4 p4 #ejb4 ,"o o!r fact1 %[+ ! id5tity ( =m] zoological laws ) ^? :i* n[ prevail1 mu/ n be omitt$4 ,i ref] to ! exi/5ce on ! globe 9 all pa/ p]iods ( organic life ( ! two great classes ( c>nivor\s & h]bivor\s animals2 & !y h always exi/$1 too1 9 ab\t ! same proportion4 ,to ! h>mony & happ9ess ( ! pres5t sy/em1 we "k t ! exi/5ce & prop] relative numb] ( ^! diff]5t classes are indisp5sable4 ,= 9 ord] t ! greate/ possible numb] ( animals t live on vegetable food %\ld exi/1 !y mu/ possess ! p[] ( rapid multiplication1 s t !re %\ld be born a mu* l>g] numb] ?an is necess>y to p ! e>?4 ,b if !re exi/$ no c>nivor\s races to keep 9 *eck ?is r$undancy ( population1 ! _w w\ld soon become s fill$ ) ! h]bivor\s races t fam9e w\ld be ! consequ5ce1 & ?us a mu* great] am\nt ( suff]+ result ?an ! sudd5 dea? inflict$ by c>nivor\s races n[ produces4 ,to pres]ve1 !n1 a prop] balance betwe5 ! diff]5t species is1 d\btless1 ! object ( ! creation ( ! c>nivor\s4 ,?is sy/em has be5 aptly d5om9at$ ! police ( nature4 ,& we f9d x to h always exi/$4 ,! e>lie/ v]tebral animals--! sauroid fi%es & %>ks--7 ( ?is description4 ,! %>ks h always liv$1 b ! sauroid fi%es became less num]\s :5 o!r m>9e saurians 7 creat$2 & :5 !y bo? ne>ly disappe>$1 dur+ ! t]ti>y p]iod1 o!r pr$ace\s families 7 introduc$1 m l ^? n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,! hi/ory ( ! mollusks1 or animals inhabit+ %ells1 furni%es u ) an example /ill m /rik+4 ,^! animals1 z !y n[ exi/1 are divisible into ! two great classes ( c>nivor\s & h]bivor\s species1 be+ di/+ui%$ by _! anatomical /ructure2 & s has x ev] be54 ,9 ! fossilif]\s rocks bel[ ! t]ti>y1 we f9d imm5se numb]s ( nautili1 ammonites1 & o!r k9dr$ g5]a ( poly?alam\s %ells1 call$ cephalopods1 :i* 7 all c>nivor\s4 ,& :5 !y ne>ly disappe>$ ) ! cretace\s p]iod1 !re 0 creat$ ano!r race ) c>nivor\s prop5sities & organs1 call$ tra*elipods2 & ^? cont9ue /ill to sw>m 9 ! ocean4 ,_h !y n appe>$ :5 ! cephalopods pass$ away1 ! h]bivor\s tribes w\ld h multipli$ to su* an ext5t z ultimately to de/roy m>9e vegetation1 & br+ on fam9e among !mselves4 ,^! examples are suffici5t to prove ! exi/5ce ( ! c>nivor\s & h]bivor\s races 9 all ages & 9 ab\t ! same relative numb]s4 ,& x c]ta9ly furni%es mo/ decisive evid5ce ( ! on5ess ( all ^! sy/ems ( organic life on ! globe4 ,9 ! fif? place1 ! laws ( anatomy h always be5 ! same s9ce organic /ructures began to exi/4 ,x _h long be5 kn[n t ! organs ( animals 7 beautifully adapt$ to p]=m ! functions = :i* !y 7 int5d$4 ,b x 0 n till ! inve/igations ( ,b>on ,cuvi]1 )9 ! la/ half c5tury1 t x 0 kn[n h[ ma!matically exact is ! relation betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! animal frame1 nor h[ precise are ! laws ( v>iation 9 ! diff]5t species1 by :i* !y are fitt$ to diff]5t elem5ts1 climates1 & food4 ,x is n[ well kn[n1 t ea* animal /ructure conta9s a p]fect sy/em ( correlation1 & yet ! :ole =ms a h>moni\s "p ( ! entire animal sy/em on ! globe4 ,b ! language ( ,cuvi] himself w be/ elucidate ?is subject1 s f> z x is capable ( popul> explanation4 ,e organiz$ individual1 says he1 =ms an entire sy/em ( its own2 all ! p>ts ( :i* mutually correspond1 & concur to produce a c]ta9 def9ite purpose1 by reciprocal reaction1 or by comb9+ t[>ds ! same end4 ,h5ce none ( ^! sep>ate p>ts c *ange _! =ms )\t a correspond+ *ange 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! same animal1 & consequ5tly ea* ( ^! p>ts1 tak5 sep>ately1 indicates all ! o!r p>ts to :i* x has belong$4 ,?us1 if ! visc]a ( any animal are s organiz$ z only to be fitt$ = ! dige/ion ( rec5t fle%1 x is also requisite t ! jaws %\ld be s con/ruct$ z to fit !m = dev\r+ prey2 ! claws mu/ be con/ruct$ = seiz+ & te>+ x to pieces2 ! tee? = cutt+ & divid+ its fle%2 ! entire sy/em ( ! limbs1 or organs ( motion1 = pursu+ & ov]tak+ x2 & ! organs ( s5se1 = discov]+ x at a di/ance4 ,nature1 also1 mu/ h end[$ ! bra9 ( ! animal ) in/9ct suffici5t = conceal+ itself1 & = lay+ plans to cat* its necess>y victims4 ,9 ord] t ! jaw may be well adapt$ = lay+ hold ( objects1 x is necess>y t its condyle %\ld h a c]ta9 =m2 t ! resi/ance1 ! mov+ p[]1 & ! fulcrum1 %\ld h a c]ta9 relative position ) respect to ea* o!r1 & t ! temporal muscles %\ld be ( a c]ta9 size2 ! holl[1 or depression1 too1 9 :i* ^! muscles are lodg$1 mu/ h a c]ta9 dep?2 & ! zygomatic ar*1 "u :i* !y pass1 mu/ n only h a c]ta9 degree ( convexity1 b x mu/ be suffici5tly /rong to support ! action ( ! masset]4 ,to enable ! animal to c>ry ( its prey :5 seiz$1 a correspond+ =ce is requisite 9 ! muscles :i* elevate ! head2 & ?is necess>ily gives rise to a det]m9ate =m ( ! v]tebrae1 to :i* ^! muscles are atta*$1 & ( ! occiput into :i* !y are ins]t$4 ,9 ord] t ! tee? ( a c>nivor\s animal may be able to cut ! fle%1 !y require to be %>p1 m or less s 9 proportion to ! great] or less quantity ( fle% :i* !y h to cut4 ,x is requisite t _! roots %\ld be solid & /rong1 9 proportion to ! great] quantity & size ( ! bones :i* !y h to break to pieces4 ,! :ole ( ^! circum/ances mu/ necess>ily influ5ce ! developm5t & =m ( all ! p>ts :i* contribute to move ! jaws4 ,to enable ! claws ( a c>nivor\s animal to seize its prey1 a consid]able degree ( mobility is necess>y 9 _! paws & toes1 & a consid]able /r5g? 9 ! claws !mselves4 ,f ^! circum/ances1 !re necess>ily result c]ta9 det]m9ate =ms 9 all ! bones ( _! paws1 & 9 ! di/ribution ( ! muscles & t5dons by :i* !y are mov$4 ,! =e arm mu/ possess a c]ta9 facility ( mov+ 9 v>i\s directions1 & consequ5tly requires c]ta9 det]m9ate =ms 9 ! bones ( :i* x is compos$4 ,z ! bones ( ! =e arm are articulat$ ) ! arm bone1 or hum]us1 no *ange c take place 9 ! =m or /ructure ( ! =m]1 )\t occasion+ correspond5t *anges 9 ! =m ( ! latt]4 ,! %\ld]-blade1 also1 or scapula1 requires a correspond5t degree ( /r5g? 9 all animals de/9$ = cat*+ prey1 by :i* x likewise mu/ necess>ily h an appropriate =m4 ,! play & action ( all ^! p>ts require c]ta9 proportions 9 ! muscles :i* set !m 9 motion1 & ! impressions =m$ by ^! muscles mu/ /ill f>!r det]m9e ! =m ( all ^! bones4 ,aft] ^! obs]vations x w easily be se5 t simil> conclusions may be drawn ) respect to ! h9d] limbs ( c>nivor\s animals1 :i* require p>ticul> con=mations to fit !m = rapidity ( motion 9 g5]al2 & t simil> consid]ations mu/ influ5ce ! =ms & connections ( ! v]tebrae & o!r bones con/itut+ ! trunk ( ! body1 & to fit !m = flexibility & read9ess ( motion 9 all directions4 ,! bones1 also1 ( ! nose1 ( ! orbit1 & ( ! e>s1 require c]ta9 =ms & /ructures to fit !m = giv+ p]fection to ! s5ses ( smell1 sight1 & he>+1 s necess>y to animals ( prey4 ,9 %ort1 ! %ape & /ructure ( ! tee? regulate ! =ms ( ! condyle1 ( ! %\ld]-blade1 & ! claws1 9 ! same mann] z ! equation ( a curve regulates all its o!r prop]ties2 & z1 9 reg>d to a p>ticul> curve1 all its prop]ties may be asc]ta9$ by assum+ ea* sep>ate prop]ty z ! f\ndation ( a p>ticul> equation1 9 ! same mann] a claw1 a %\ld]-blade1 a condyle1 a leg1 an arm bone1 or any o!r bone1 sep>ately consid]$1 enables u to discov] ! description ( tee? to :i* !y h belong$2 & s1 also1 reciprocally1 we may det]m9e ! =m ( ! o!r bones f ! tee?4 ,?us comm5c+ our inve/igations by a c>eful survey ( any "o bone by itself1 a p]son :o is suffici5tly ma/] ( ! laws ( organic /ructure may1 z x 71 recon/ruct ! :ole animal to :i* t bone _h belong$4 ,aft] apply+ ! same pr9ciple to animals ) ho(s1 ,cuvi] comes to a conclusion ev5 m surpris+4 ,h5ce1 says he1 any "o :o obs]ves m]ely ! pr9t ( a clov5 ho(1 may conclude t x has be5 left by a rum9ant animal1 & reg>d ! conclusion z equally c]ta9 ) any o!r 9 physics or 9 morals4 ,consequ5tly ?is s+le footm>k cle>ly indicates to ! obs]v] ! =ms ( ! tee?1 ( all ! leg bones1 ?ighs1 %\ld]s1 & ( ! trunk ( ! body ( ! animal :i* left ! m>k4 ,x is mu* sur] ?an all ! m>ks ( ,zadig4 ,by ?us employ+ ! me?od ( obs]vation1 :]e !ory is no long] able to direct our views1 we procure a/oni%+1 results4 ,! smalle/ fragm5t ( bone1 ev5 ! mo/ app>5tly insignificant apophysis1 possesses a fix$ & det]m9ate "* relative to ! class1 ord]1 g5us1 & species ( ! animal to :i* x belong$2 insomu* t :5 we f9d m]ely ! extremity ( a well-pres]v$ bone1 we are able1 by a c>eful exam9ation1 assi/$ by analogy & exact comp>ison1 to det]m9e ! species to :i* x once belong$1 z c]ta9ly z if we _h ! entire animal be=e u4 ,be=e v5tur+ to put entire confid5ce 9 ?is me?od ( inve/igation1 9 reg>d to fossil bones1 ,i h v frequ5tly tri$ x ) portions ( bones belong+ to well-kn[n animals1 & always ) su* complete success1 t ,i n[ ent]ta9 no d\bts ) reg>d to ! results :i* x af=ds4 ,! rem>kable correlation betwe5 ! p>ts ( exi/+ animals hav+ be5 ?us prov$ by ! mo/ rigid & satisfactory te/s1 we %all inquire ) int]e/ = ! result1 :5 ,cuvi] appli$ ! same pr9ciples to ! fossil animals4 ,if ! laws ( anatomical /ructure 7 ! same :5 ^! ext9ct races liv$ z !y n[ are1 ^! pr9ciples w apply equally well to ! bones f\nd 9 ! rocks2 & ?\gh (t5 only scatt]$ fragm5ts are br\ght to light1 ! anatomi/ w be able to recon/ruct ! :ole animal1 & pres5t him to our view4 ,cuvi] 0 ! fir/ :o solv$ ?is problem4 ,! qu>ries ar\nd ,p>is _h furni%$ a va/ numb] ( bones ( /range animals1 & ^! 7 ?r[n promiscu\sly into ! collections ( t city4 ,well prep>$ by previ\s /udy1 ?is di/+ui%$ anatomi/ w5t among !m ) ! inquiry1 ,c ^! bones live8 ,! _s ( sci5tific prophecy 0 ^u him1 &1 z he utt]$ 8 inspirations1 !re 0 a noise1 & behold a %ak+1 & ! bones came toge!r1 bone to 8 bone4 ,& ! s9ews & ! fle% came ^u !m1 & ! sk9 cov]$ !m4 ,i f\nd myself1 says he1 z if plac$ 9 a *>nel-h\se1 surr\nd$ by mutilat$ fragm5ts ( _m hundr$ skeletons ( m ?an tw5ty k9ds ( animals1 pil$ confus$ly ar\nd me4 ,! task assign$ me 0 to re/ore !m all to _! orig9al position4 ,at ! voice ( comp>ative anatomy1 e bone & fragm5t ( a bone resum$ its place4 ,i _c f9d words to express ! pleasure ,i exp]i5c$ 9 see+1 z ,i discov]$ "o "*1 h[ all ! consequ5ces :i* ,i pr$ict$ f x 7 successively confirm$2 ! feet 7 f\nd 9 accordance ) ! *>act]s ann\nc$ by ! tee?2 ! tee? 9 h>mony ) ^? indicat$ be=eh& by ! feet2 ! bones ( ! legs & ?ighs1 & e connect+ portion ( ! extremities1 7 f\nd set toge!r precisely z ,i _h arrang$ !m1 be=e my conjectures 7 v]ifi$ by ! discov]y ( ! p>ts entire2 9 %ort1 ea* species 01 z x 71 recon/ruct$ f a s+le "o ( its compon5t elem5ts4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t1 s9ce ?is fir/ successful exp]im5t1 ! same pr9ciples h be5 m ?or\ghly inve/igat$ & ext5d$ ) ! same success into e dep>tm5t ( fossil organic nature4 ,! results :i* h cr[n$ ! labors ( su* m5 z ,agassiz1 ,ehr5b]g1 ,kaup1 ,goldfuss1 ,bronn1 ,bla9ville1 ,brongni>t1 ,de%ayes1 & ,d',orbigny1 on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 & ( ,conybe>e1 ,buckl&1 ,mantell1 ,l9dley1 & ,hutton1 & em95tly ( ,ow51 9 ,great ,brita91 al?\gh su/a9$ by ! mo/ rigid pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 are nev]!less b little %ort ( miracul\s2 & !y demon/rate mo/ cle>ly ! id5tity ( anatomical laws1 9 all ages1 among animals & plants ( e size & "*1 f ! l(ty lepidod5dra & sigill>ia to ! humble/ moss or sea-we$1 & f ! gigantic d9o!rium1 ma/odon1 mega!rium1 & iguanodon1 to ! inf9itesimal infusoria4 ,9 ! six? place1 physiological laws h always be5 ! same ^u ! globe4 ,t dea? has reign$ 9 all pa/ ages ov] all animat$ tribes1 z x n[ reigns1 s t 9 t w> !re has nev] be5 a dis*>ge1 ,i ne$ n attempt =mally to prove4 ,= ! pres]v$ & petrifi$ relics ( all ! =m] races1 t n[ lie entomb$ 9 ! rocks1 furni% a sil5t b impressive demon/ration ( ! =m] triumph ( t great physiological law1 :i* is /amp$ by ! signet ( ,jehovah ^u all exi/+ organic natures--,du/ ?\ art1 & unto du/ %alt ?\ return4 ,sc>cely m necess>y is x to attempt to %[ t ! same sy/em ( reproduction = fill+ ! *asms :i* dea? occasions1 & :i* is n[ univ]sal 9 ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 has always exi/$4 ,inde$1 su* a sy/em is a necess>y c\nt]p>t to a sy/em ( dissolution4 ,& we f9d ! same phases to ?is reproductive sy/em 9 anci5t & 9 mod]n p]iods4 ,organic rema9s cle>ly tea* u t !re h always be5 vivip>\s z well z ovip>\s creatures1 & gemmip>\s z well z fissip>\s animals & plants4 ,! second great physiological law ( exi/+ nature has1 !n1 always be5 ! same4 ,! "* ( ! n\ri%m5t by :i* animals & plants h be5 su/a9$ has nev] v>i$4 ,! latt] h ev] be5 n\ri%$ by inorganic1 & ! =m] by organic1 matt]4 ,"s animals h ev] f$ ^u ! fle% ( o!r animals1 z _! petrifi$ rema9s1 enclos+ ! ma/icat$ & half-dige/$ fragm5ts ( o!r animals1 te/ify4 ,o!r tribes h f$ only ^u h]bs or fruits2 & "s 7 omnivor\s2 j1 9 fact1 z we f9d ! habits ( exi/+ animals4 ,no less c]ta9 are we t ! processes ( dige/ion & assimilation h ev] be5 un*ang$4 ,we f9d ! same organs = ^! purposes z 9 exi/+ animals1 viz41 ! m\?1 ! /oma*1 ! inte/9es1 & ! blood-vessels1 z ! coprolites & ! cololites abundantly te/ify4 ,we inf]1 !re=e1 ) great confid5ce1 ! exi/5ce ( ga/ric juice & bile = complet+ ! trans=mation ( ! food into blood4 ,inde$1 ! discov]y by a lady 7,miss ,m>y ,ann+1 ( ,engl&7 ( t s+ul> secretion f :i* ! color call$ ,india ink is prep>$1 ) ! ink-bag ( ! sepia1 or loligo1 9 a petrifi$ /ate1 %[s t ! process ( secretion exi/$ 9 ^! anci5t animals2 & :5 we f9d t 9 all respects _! /ructure 0 l t ( exi/+ animals1 al?\gh "s ( ! s(t] vessels h n be5 pres]v$1 we _c d\bt b ! entire process ( dige/ion1 & ! conv]sion ( blood into bone1 n]ve1 & muscle1 0 precisely ! same z x n[ is4 ,9 ! fact1 also1 t we f9d 9 fossil specim5s organs ( respiration1 su* z lungs1 gills1 & tra*ea1 we le>n t ! process ( a circulation ( blood1 & its purification by means ( ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e1 h nev] v>i$4 ,animal heat1 too1 dep5d5t z x is ess5tially ^u ?is oxyg5at+ process1 0 always d]iv$ f ! same s\rce z at pres5t4 ,! p]fectly pres]v$ m9ute vessels ( vegetables enable u1 by means ( ! microscope1 to id5tify !m ) ! plants n[ alive2 & !y prove1 too1 inconte/ably1 t ! n\ri%m5t ( vegetables has always be5 ( ! same k9d1 & has be5 conv]t$ into ! v>i\s proximate pr9ciples ( plants by ! same processes4 ,aga94 ,we h evid5ce t ^! anci5t animals possess$ ! same s5ses z _! cong5]ic races n[ on ! globe4 ,we h "o good example 9 :i* t mo/ delicate organ1 ! eye1 is mo/ p]fectly pres]v$4 ,x is well kn[n t ! visual organ ( insects & ( cru/aceans is compos$ ( a multitude--(t5 sev]al hundr$s or ?\s&s--( eyes1 unit$ into "o1 s z to s]ve ! purpose ( a multiply+ glass2 ea* eye produc+ a sep>ate image ( ! object obs]v$4 ,su* an eye _h ! trilobite4 ,ea* conta9$ at lea/ f\r hundr$ ne>ly sph]ical l5ses on ! surface ( ! cornea1 unit$ into "o organ2 reveal+ to u ! int]e/+ fact1 t ! relations ( light to animal organization 7 ! same 9 t remote era z !y n[ are4 ,b ,i ne$ n multiply pro( ( ! functional id5tity ( organic nature 9 all ages4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be inquir$1 h[ ?is id5tity1 z well z t ( anatomical /ructure1 is reconcil$ ) ! great anomalies1 bo? 9 size & =m1 :i* h confess$ly prevail$ among anci5t animals4 ,comp>e ! plants & animals :i* n[ occupy ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! globe ) ^? :i* fl\ri%$ !re 9 ! remote p]iods ( geological hi/ory1 & c we believe !m to be portions ( "o great sy/em ( organic nature8 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! ?irty or =ty species ( f]ns n[ gr[+ to ! height ( a few in*es1 or "o or two feet1 9 ,europe & ?is c\ntry1 ) ! m ?an two hundr$ species already dug out ( ! coal m9es1 _m ( :i* 7 =ty to =ty-five feet 9 height2 or ! dim9utive gr\nd p9es1 & equiseta1 n[ sc>cely notic$ 9 our =e/s1 ) ! gigantic lepidod5dron1 sigill>ia1 calamites1 & equiseta1 ( ! c>bonif]\s p]iod2 & :o w n be /ruck ) ! great diff]5ce betwe5 !m8 ,or g to ,g]many1 & imag9e ! bones ( ! d9o!rium to />t out ( ! soil1 & become clo!d ) fle% & in/9ct ) life4 ,y h be=e y a quadrup$ eighte5 feet 9 l5g?1 & ( proportional height1 mu* l>g] ?an ! elephant1 & ) curv$ tusks rea*+ two or ?ree feet bel[ its l[] jaw1 :ile no o!r liv+ animal w\ld be f\nd !re l>g] ?an ! ox1 or ! horse--m]e pygmies by ! side ( su* a mon/]1 & evid5tly unfit to be 8 contempor>ies4 ,aga94 ,let ! mega!rium be br\ght back to life on ! pampas ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & y h an animal twelve feet long & eight feet high1 ) proportions p]fectly colossal4 ,its =e feet 7 a y>d long1 its ?igh bone ?ree times ?ick] ?an t ( ! elephant1 its wid? across ! haun*es five feet1 its sp9al m>r[ a foot 9 diamet]1 & its tail1 :]e x 0 ins]t$ into ! body1 two feet 9 diamet]4 ,:at a giant 9 comp>ison ) ! slo?1 ! anteat]1 & ! armadillo1 to :i* x 0 alli$ by anatomical /ructure6 ,/ill m unequal 9 size1 z comp>$ ) liv+ batra*ians1 0 ! labyr9?idon1 once common 9 ,engl& & ,g]many1 if1 inde$1 ! tracks on s&/one 7 made by t animal4 ,x 01 9 fact1 a frog z l>ge z an ox1 & p]haps z l>ge z an elephant4 ,?9k ( su* animals sw>m+ 9 our morasses at ! pres5t day6 ,b com+ back f ,europe1 & turn+ our ?\ghts to ! animals t trod along ! %ores ( ! e/u>y t once wa%$ ! base ( ,m\nt ,holyoke1 9 ,new ,engl&1 we %all enc\nt] an animal1 probably ( ! batra*ian family1 ( m gigantic proportions4 ,x 0 ! ,otoz\m ,moodii1 a bip$1 ) feet tw5ty in*es long1 m ?an twice ! size ( ^? ( ! labyr9?idon2 yet its tracks on ! imp]i%able s&/one %[ t su* a giant once trod ^u ! muddy %ore ( t anci5t e/u>y4 ,along t same %ore1 also1 enorm\s /ru?i\s birds mov$ 9 flocks1 mak+ /rides f ?ree to five feet long1 ) feet eighte5 in*es long1 lift+ _! heads1 x may be1 f twelve to eighte5 feet above ! gr\nd1 surpass+1 z x appe>s1 ev5 ! gigantic d9ornis ( ,new ,zeal&1 n[ t ! feet ( ! latt] h be5 discov]$4 ,i ref] to ! ,brontoz\m giganteum1 ^: tracks are s common on ! new r$ s&/one ( ! ,connecticut valley4 ,:at dw>fs are we 9 comp>ison1 :o n[ consid] ourselves lords ( t valley6 ,/ill m rem>kable = peculi>ities ( /ructure 0 ! tribe ( saurians1 :i* 7 once s num]\s 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,! i*?yosaurus1 a c>nivor\s m>9e reptile1 sometimes ?irty feet long1 _h ! sn\t ( a porpoise1 ! tee? ( a crocodile1 ! head ( a liz>d1 ! v]tebrae ( a fi%1 ! /]num ( an orni?orhyn*us1 & ! paddles ( a :ale4 ,^? paddles1 correspond+ to ! f9s ( a fi%1 or ! web feet ( wat] birds1 7 compos$1 ea* ( !m1 ( m ?an "o hundr$ bones4 ,9 %ort1 we f9d 9 ?is animal a comb9ation ( me*anical contrivances1 :i* are n[ f\nd among ?ree di/9ct classes ( ! animal k+dom4 ,its eye1 also1 hav+ an orbital cavity1 9 "o species1 ( f\rte5 in*es 9 its longe/ diamet]1 0 proportionally l>g] ?an t ( any liv+ animal4 ,! plesiosaurus _h ! g5]al /ructure ( ! i*?yosaurus2 b its neck 0 ne>ly z long z its :ole body--long]1 9 proportion to its size1 ?an ev5 t ( ! swan4 ,! iguanodon 0 an h]bivor\s t]re/rial reptile t =m]ly inhabit$ ,engl&4 ,x approa*es ne>e/ 9 /ructure to ! iguana1 a reptile f\r or five feet long1 inhabit+ ! m>9e p>ts ( ?is cont95t4 ,yet ! iguanodon 0 ?irty feet long1 ) a ?igh six feet1 & a body f\rte5 feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,:at an al>m w\ld x n[ produce1 to h su* a mon/] />t into life 9 ! =e/s ( ,engl&1 :]e no analog\s animal c\ld be f\nd m ?an half a foot 9 l5g?6 ,surely ?is mu/ h be5 "o ( ! fabul\s mon/]s ( antiquity4 ,/ill m het]oclitic & unlike exi/+ nature 0 ! pt]odactyle1 a small liz>d1 contempor>y ) ! i*?yosaurus & plesiosaurus4 ,at "o "t anatomi/s reg>d$ x z a bird1 at ano!r z a bat1 & f9ally z a reptile1 hav+ ! head & neck ( a bird1 ! body & tail ( a quadrup$1 ! w+s ( a bat1 & ! tee? ( a saurian reptile4 ,) its w+s x c\ld fly or swim2 x c\ld walk on two feet or f\r2 ) its claws x c\ld climb or creep4 ,?us1 says ,dr4 ,buckl&1 l ,milton's fi5d1 all qualifi$ = all s]vices1 & all elem5ts1 ! pt]odactyle 0 a fit companion = ! k9dr$ reptiles t sw>m$ 9 ! seas1 or crawl$ on ! %ores ( a turbul5t planet4 ,! fi5d1 ,o'er bog1 or /eep1 ?r\gh /raight1 r\gh1 d5se1 or r>e1 ,) head1 h&s1 w+s1 or feet pursues 8 way1 ,& swims1 or s9ks1 or wades1 or creeps1 or flies4 ,n[1 :5 ! details ( su* facts are br\ght be=e u1 x is v natural to feel t x is ! hi/ory ( mon/]s1 & t ! ,c5taurs1 ! ,gorgons1 & ,*im]as ( ! anci5ts1 are no m unlike exi/+ animals ?an ^! resurrections f ! rocks4 ,b fur!r exam9ation rectifies our mi/ake1 & we recognize !m z p>ts ( "o great sy/em4 ,all ! peculi>ities ( size1 & /ructure1 & =m1 :i* we meet1 we f9d to be only wise & b5evol5t adaptations to ! diff]5t circum/ances 9 :i* animals h be5 plac$4 ,! gigantic size ( _m ( !m1 comp>$ ) exi/+ races1 may be expla9$ by ! tropical1 or ev5 ultra tropical "* ( ! climate2 & n a s+le anomaly ( /ructure & =m c be po9t$ out1 :i* did n contribute to ! conv5i5ce & happ9ess ( ! species1 9 ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y 7 plac$4 ,x is our ignorance & n>r[ views alone t give any ( !m ! aspect ( mon/]s4 ,li/5 to ! op9ion ( ,sir ,*>les ,bell1 "o ( ! able/ ( mod]n anatomi/s4 ,! animals ( ! ant$iluvian _w1 says he1 7 n mon/]s2 !re is no lusus1 or extravagance4 ,hide\s z !y appe> to u1 & l ! phantoms ( a dream1 !y 7 adapt$ to ! condition ( ! e>? :5 !y exi/$4 ,judg+ by ^! indications ( ! habits ( ! animals1 we acquire a k ( ! condition ( ! e>? dur+ _! p]iod ( exi/5ce2 t x 0 suit$ at "o "t to ! scaly tribe ( ! lac]tae1 ) languid motion2 at ano!r1 to animals ( high] organization1 ) m v>i$ & lively habits2 &1 f9ally1 we le>n t1 at any p]iod previ\s to man's creation1 ! surface ( ! e>? w\ld h be5 unsuitable to him4--,bridgewat] ,treatise1 pp4 #ce & #ca4 ,a simil> view is giv5 ( ?is subject by ,engl&'s geological poet1 7,rev4 ,mr4 ,wilks17 9 ^: playful v]ses we f9d m ( true sci5ce & j inf]5ce ?an 9 _m a pond]\s tome ( grave prose4 ,9 "o ( 8 poems he says1-- ,seamy coal1 ,lime/one1 or oolite1 & o!r sections1 ,give u /range tid+s ( our old connections2 ,our arboresc5t f]ns1 ( climate torrid1 ,) unkn[n %apes ( names & natures horrid2 ,/range i*?yosaurus1 or iguanodon1 ,) _m m ,i _c v]se ^u1-- ,lo/ species & lo/ g5]a2 "s ^: bias ,is *alk1 m>l1 s&/one1 gravel1 or blue lias2 ,birds1 bea/s1 fi%1 insects1 reptiles2 fre%1 m>9e1 ,p]fect z ye/]day among u se5 ,9 rock or cave2 'tis pass+ /range to me ,h[ su* incongru\s mixture e'er c\ld be4 ,& yet no m$ley 0 x3 ea* its /ation ,once occupi$ 9 wise & meet location4 ,god is a ,god ( ord]1 ?\gh to scan ,8 works may pose ! feeble p[]s ( man4 ,! facts & reason+s :i* h n[ be5 pres5t$ w su/a9 ! foll[+ important inf]5ces3-- ,9 ! fir/ place1 we le>n t ! notions :i* h s widely prevail$1 9 anci5t & mod]n times1 respect+ a *aos1 are )\t f\ndation4 ,among all hea!n nations ( antiquity1 ! belief 9 a primeval *aos 0 almo/ univ]sal2 & f ! hea!n philosoph]s x 0 transmitt$ to ! ,*ri/ian _w1 & incorporat$ ) ! ,mosaic cosmogony4 ,x is n1 inde$1 easy to asc]ta9 :at is ! precise idea :i* has be5 atta*$ to a *aos4 ,x is g5]ally describ$1 h[ev]1 z a confus$ assemblage ( elem5ts1 an un=m$ & undige/$ mass ( het]og5e\s matt]2 n1 ( c\rse1 subject to ^? laws :i* n[ gov]n x1 & :i* h arrang$ x all 9 beautiful ord]1 ev5 if we leave out ( ! acc\nt vegetable & animal organization4 ,n[1 ,i h attempt$ to %[ t !re nev] 0 a p]iod on ! globe :5 ^! laws1 ) ! exception ( ! organic1 did n op]ate z !y n[ d4 ,nay1 ! geologi/1 :5 he exam9es ! olde/ rocks1 f9ds ! results ( ^! laws at ! suppos$ p]iod :5 *aos reign$2 t is1 9 ! e>lie/ times ( our planet4 ,& :at are ^! results8 ,! mo/ spl5did cry/allizations :i* nature furni%es4 ,! em]ald1 ! topaz1 ! sapphire1 & o!r k9dr$ gems1 7 elaborat$ dur+ ! suppos$ *aotic /ate ( ! globe2 = no e>li] products h yet be5 discov]$ ?an ^! mo/ p]fect illu/rations ( cry/allographical1 *emical1 & electrical laws4 ,if1 inde$1 any %\ld say1 t by a *aos !y mean only t /ate ( ! _w :5 no animals or plants exi/$1--9 o!r words1 :5 no organic laws _h be5 e/abli%$1--to su* a *aos ,i h no objection4 ,& ?is is ! *aos describ$ 9 ! ,bible1 :]e x is said t1 be=e ! creation ( animals & plants1 ! e>? 0 )\t =m & void4 ,! tohu vau bohu ( ,moses1 :i* is ?us translat$ 9 our ,engli% ,bible1 means1 simply & lit]ally1 invisible & unfurni%$--invisible1 bo? because ! ocean cov]$ ! pres5t l&1 & d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep2 & unfurni%$1 because z yet no organic natures _h be5 call$ into exi/5ce4 ,?is is ! mean+ :i* ! old ,jewi% writ]s1 z ,philo & ,josephus1 atta*$ to ^! words2 & !y h be5 foll[$ by "s ( ! able/ mod]n comm5tators4 ,x is wond]ful1 says ,ros5mull] ! eld]1 t s _m int]pret]s c\ld h p]suad$ !mselves t x 0 possible to detect a *aos 9 ! words ,hebrew4 ,t notion unque/ionably d]iv$ its orig9 f ! fictions ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 poets1 :i* 7 transf]r$ by ^? int]pret]s to ,moses4 ,if we foll[ ! practice ( ! language1 ! ,hebrew phrase has ?is signification3 ,! e>? 0 wa/e & des]t1 or1 z o!rs pref]1 empty & vacu\s2 t is1 uncultur$ & unfurni%$ ) ^? ?+s ) :i* ! ,creator aft]w>ds adorn$ x4--,antiquiss4 ,tell4 ,hi/4 p4 #ai-bc4 ,^u ! :ole1 !re is no evid5ce :atev]1 ei!r 9 nature or revelation1 t ! e>? has ev] be5 9 a /ate correspond+ to ! common notions ( a *aos2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is /rong pro( t ! pres5t laws ( nature h be5 9 op]ation f ! beg9n+4 ,^! laws h v>i$ 9 ! int5sity ( _! action1 & we h /rong reason to believe t organic laws did n always exi/2 b none ( ^! laws h ev] be5 susp5d$1 to leave ! elem5ts to mix 9 wild disord] 9 a =mless mass4 ,x is high "t t religion 0 fre$ f ! indescribable incubus ( a *aos4 ,f9ally1 ! mo/ important conclusion to :i* ! m9d is conduct$ by ?is subject is1 t ! pres5t & pa/ conditions ( ?is _w are only p>ts ( "o & ! same great sy/em ( inf9ite wisdom & b5evol5ce4 ,we h se5 t ! same wise & b5evol5t laws1 organic & inorganic1 h always controll$1 z !y n[ control1 ?is l[] _w4 ,x is true we f9d modifi$ conditions ( ! globe 9 its pa/ hi/ory2 b !y 7 always ! =ese5 result ( ! same laws1 & 9 h>mony ) ! same great plan4 ,& ! modifications ( organic /ructure1 :i* 7 great 9 ! successive economies1 7 always 9 p]fect correspond5ce ) ! e>?'s physical *anges4 ,n[h]e d we meet ) conflict+ plans2 b ?r\gh\t all nature1 f ! e>lie/ zoophyte & sea-we$ ( ! silurian rocks to ! "y animals & plants t came into exi/5ce to-day1 & f ! *oice gems t 7 produc$ :5 ! e>? 0 )\t =m & void1 to ! cry/als :i* are n[ =m+ 9 ! *emi/'s laboratory1 "o gold5 *a9 ( h>mony l9ks all toge!r1 & id5tifies all z ! "w ( ! same inf9ite m9d4 ,9 all ! num]\s examples ( design :i* we h select$ f ! v>i\s animal & vegetable rema9s t occur 9 a fossil /ate1 says ,dr4 ,buckl&1 !re is su* a nev]-fail+ id5tity 9 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( _! con/ruction1 & su* uni=m adoption ( analog\s means to produce v>i\s ends1 ) s mu* only ( dep>ture f "o common type ( me*anism z 0 requisite to adapt ea* in/rum5t to its own especial function1 & to fit ea* species to its peculi> place & (fice 9 ! scale ( creat$ be+s1 t we c sc>cely fail to ackn[l$ge 9 all ^! facts a demon/ration ( ! unity ( ! intellig5ce 9 :i* su* transc5d5t h>mony orig9at$2 & we may almo/ d>e to ass]t t nei!r a!ism nor poly!ism w\ld ev] h f\nd acceptance 9 ! _w1 _h ! evid5ces ( high intellig5ce & unity ( design :i* h be5 disclos$ by mod]n discov]ies 9 physical sci5ce be5 fully kn[n to ! au?ors or ! abett]s ( sy/ems to :i* !y are s diametrically oppos$4 ,x is ! same h&writ+ t we read1 ! same sy/em & contrivance t we trace1 ! same unity ( object & relation to f9al causes :i* we see ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t1 & con/antly proclaim+ ! unity ( ! great div9e orig9al4--,bridgewat] ,treatise1 p4 #ehd4 ,! e>?1 f h] deep f\ndations1 unites ) ! cele/ial orbs1 t roll ?r\gh\t b\ndless space1 to decl>e ! glory & %[ =? ! praise ( _! common ,au?or & ,pres]v]2 & ! voice ( natural religion accords h>moni\sly ) ! te/imonies ( revelation1 9 ascrib+ ! orig9 ( ! univ]se to ! w ( "o et]nal & dom9ant intellig5ce1 ! almighty ,"l & supreme ,fir/ ,cause ( all ?+s t subsi/2 ! same ye/]day1 to-day1 & =ev]1 be=e ! m\nta9s 7 br\ght =?1 or ev] ! e>? & ! _w 7 made1 ,god f ev]la/+ & )\t end4--,bridgewat] ,treatise1 p4 #eif4 ,,lecture ,,ix4 ,,! ,,hypo!sis ,,( ,,creation ,,by ,,law4 ,9 all ages ( ! _w1 :]e m5 h be5 enlight5$ en\gh to reason ^u ! causes ( ph5om5a1 a my/]i\s & a mighty p[] has be5 imput$ to ! laws ( nature4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! mo/ enlight5$ m5 h felt z if ^? laws n only expla91 b possess an inh]5t pot5cy to cont9ue1 ! ord9>y op]ations ( nature4 ,mo/ m5 ( ?is description1 h[ev]1 h ?\ght t to orig9ate nature mu/ h dem&$ ! special ex]cise ( an inf9ite & all-wise ,be+4 ,b a few1 9 e age1 h endeavor$ to exalt law into a ,creator1 z well z ,controll]1 ( ! _w4 ,! hypo!sis has assum$ a great v>iety ( =ms1 & until rec5tly few h attempt$ to draw x out 9 all its details1 & apply x to all nature4 ,among ! anci5t philosoph]s x 0 bas$ on ! et]nity ( matt]1 & made ! f\ndation ( a sy/em ( rank a!ism4 ,/>t+ ) ! position1 z an axiom1 t no?+ produces no?+1--9 o!r words1 t creation out ( no?+ is impossible1--,democritus ma9ta9$ t all exi/5ce 0 ! result ( two necess>y & self-exi/5t pr9ciples1 viz41 space1 inf9ite 9 ext5t1 & atoms1 inf9ite 9 numb]4 ,! latt] h be5 et]nally 9 motion1 9 directions v>y+ f "r l9es2 & _! necess>y collisions h produc$ ! v>i\s =ms ( organic & inorganic nature4 ,to produce animals & plants1 x 0 only necess>y t ! atoms %\ld be suitably arrang$4 ,! only animat+ pr9ciple 0 ! rapid agitation ( atoms4 ,9 mod]n times1 v few philosoph]s h v5tur$ to solve ! :ole problem ( ! univ]se by any self-act+1 self-produc+ p[] 9 nature4 ,la ,place limit$ himself to ! mode 9 :i* ! great bodies ( ! univ]se 7 produc$ by ! v]tical movem5ts ( nebul\s matt]2 al?\gh 8 object1 equally ) t ( ,democritus & ,epicurus1 0 to disp5se ) an intellig5t1 p]sonal ,deity4 ,lam>ck1 ,ge(frey ,/4 ,hilaire1 & ,bory ,/4 ,v9c5t1 assum+ ! exi/5ce ( matt] & its laws1 h endeavor$ to %[1 by ! inh]5t vitality ( "s p>ts ( matt]1 h[ ! fir/ or l[e/ classes ( animals & plants may h be5 produc$2 & h[1 f ^!1 by ! !ory ( developm5t & ! =ce ( circum/ances1 all ! high] families1 ) _! in/9cts & intellects1 may h be5 evolv$4 ,a /ill m rec5t1 b anonym\s1 writ] has _h ! boldness to unite ^! nebul> hypo!ses1 ) ^? ( spontane\s g5]ation & transmutation1 into a s+le sy/em1 & to attempt to clo! x ) ! g>b ( philosophy2 nay1 to d ?is 9 consi/5cy1 n only ) ,!ism1 b ) a belief 9 revelation4 ,?is !ory is :at ,i d5om9ate ! hypo!sis ( creation by law4 ,& judg+ f its wide reception1 we %\ld be l$ to inf] t x _h /rong probabilities 9 its favor4 ,x %\ld1 !re=e1 at lea/ receive a c>eful & c&id exam9ation4 ,= ?\gh _m ( its /atem5ts & conclusions are absurd1 & "s ( !m are highly ridicul\s1 ! hypo!sis1 at lea/ 9 "s ( its p>ts1 falls 9 ) c]ta9 loose notions t h got possession ( ! public m9d1 & :i* no?+ b cog5t reason+ c eradicate4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u su* an exam9ation1 h[ev]1 x seems necess>y to g some:at m into detail 9 illu/ration ( ! nature ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,x may conv5i5tly be describ$ "u ! heads ( cosmogony1 :i* attempts to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! _w2 zoogony1 :i* expla9s ! orig9 ( animals2 & zoonomy1 :i* describes ! laws ( animal life4#ag ,! cosmogony ( ?is !ory is embrac$ 9 :at is d5om9at$ ! nebul> hypo!sis1 prop\nd$ by ! em95t ma!matician ,la ,place4 ,he supposes t1 orig9ally1 ! :ole sol> sy/em con/itut$ only "o va/ mass ( nebul\s matt]1 be+ exp&$ into ! ?9ne/ vapor & gas by heat1 & m ?an fill+ ! space at pres5t occupi$ by ! planets4 ,?is vapor1 he /ill fur!r supposes1 _h a revolution f we/ to ea/ on an axis4 ,z ! heat dim9i%$ by radiation1 ! nebul\s matt] mu/ cond5se1 & consequ5tly ! velocity ( rotation mu/ increase1 & an ext]ior zone ( vapor might be deta*$2 s9ce ! c5tral attraction might n be able to ov]come ! increas$ c5trifugal =ce4 ,?is r+ ( vapor might sometimes reta9 its orig9al =m1 z 9 ! case ( ,saturn's r+2 b ! t5d5cy w\ld be1 9 g5]al1 to divide into sev]al masses1 :i*1 by coalesc+ aga91 w\ld =m a s+le mass1 hav+ a revolution ab\t ! sun1 & on its axis4 ,?is w\ld con/itute a planet 9 a /ate ( vapor2 & by ! deta*m5t ( successive r+s might all ! planets be produc$4 ,z !y w5t on contract+1 by ! same law1 satellites might be =m$ to ea*2 & ! ultimate result w\ld be solid planets & satellites1 revolv+ ar\nd ! sun 9 ne>ly ! same plane1 & 9 ! same direction1 & also on _! axes4 ,al?\gh ?is hypo!sis has be5 reg>d$ ) favor by _m philosoph]s1 :o 7 ,!i/s1 & ev5 ,*ri/ians1 yet ! object ( ,la ,place 9 propos+ x 0 to su/a9 a!ism4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton _h express$ ! conviction t ! admirable arrangem5t ( ! sol> sy/em _c b be ! "w ( an intellig5t & mo/ p[]ful ,be+4 ,la ,place decl>$ t1 9 ?is /atem5t1 ,newton _h deviat$ f ! me?od ( true philosophy1 & br\ght =w>d ^! views to su/a9 8 decl>ation4 ,:e!r !y d su/a9 x1 w be consid]$ 9 ano!r place4 ,b s9ce x is "o ( ^? modes 9 :i* m5 h attempt$ to acc\nt = ! univ]se )\t a ,deity1 x is a prop] subject ( exam9ation 9 ?is lecture1 9 :i* we are inquir+ :e!r law alone w acc\nt = ! creation & su/5tation ( ! univ]se4 ,! zoogony ( ?is hypo!sis und]takes to %[ h[ animals & plants may be produc$ )\t any special ex]cise ( creat+ p[] on ! "p ( ! ,deity4 ,x supposes matt] to be end[$ ) c]ta9 laws1 ^: op]ation alone w det]m9e life 9 brute matt]1 or1 r1 ^: op]ation con/itutes life4 ,"s w\ld h x t a "p ( matt] is ess5tially vital2 t is1 end[$ ) inh]5t life2 & t ?is matt]1 l leav51 communicates life to dead matt] arrang$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]4 ,b ! m mod]n view is1 t life is produc$ by electrical ag5cy4 ,x is f\nd t ! fundam5tal =m ( organic be+s is a globule1 hav+ ano!r globule =m+ )9 x4 ,x is also f\nd t globules may be produc$ 9 album5 by electricity2 & if we c\ld discov] h[ nature produces album51 x is ?\ght t ! :ole process by :i* liv+ organisms are produc$ w\ld be di/9ctly be=e u4 ,x seems to be simply ! op]ation ( electricity1 & requires no int]v5tion ( special creat+ en]gy4 ,if ! "q arises1 ,:5ce came su* m>vell\s laws to exi/ 9 nature8 ! a!i/ replies t matt] & its laws are et]nal1 hav+ nei!r beg9n+ nor end2 :ile ! ,!i/1 :o ma9ta9s ?is hypo!sis1 ass]ts t1 :5 ,god creat$ matt]1 he end[$ x ) su* laws1 hav+ an inh]5t1 self-execut+ p[]4 ,hav+ ?us asc]ta9$1 z x supposes1 h[ life & organization 9 ! simple/ =ms may be produc$1 ! next inquiry is1 h[ ! m p]fect & complicat$ =ms ( organic be+s may be develop$ by laws1 )\t div9e p[]4 ,?is con/itutes ! zoonomy ( ! subject4 ,! ,fr5* zoologi/1 ,lam>ck1 fir/ drew out & =mally def5d$ ?is hypo!sis1 aid$ by o!rs1 z ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire & ,bory ,/4 ,v9c5t4 ,_! supposition 01 t !re is a p[] 9 nature1 :i* !y sometimes d5om9at$ ! ,deity1 yet did n all[ x to be intellig5t & indep5d5t1 b a m]e bl9d1 in/rum5tal =ce4 ,?is p[]1 !y suppos$1 0 able to produce :at !y call$ monads1 or r\gh draughts ( animals & plants4 ,^! monads 7 ! simple/ ( all organic be+s1 m]e aggregations ( matt]1 "s ( !m suppos$ to be inh]5tly vital4 ,& su* monads are ! only ?+s ev] produc$ directly by ?is bl9d deity4 ,b 9 ^! monads !re 0 suppos$ to reside an inh]5t t5d5cy to progressive improvem5t4 ,! wants ( ?is liv+ mass ( jelly 7 suppos$ to produce su* effects z w\ld gradually =m new organs1 z ! h&s1 ! feet1 & ! m\?4 ,^! *anges w\ld be aid$ by ano!r pr9ciple1 :i* !y call$ ! =ce ( ext]nal circum/ances1 by :i* !y meant ! influ5ce ^u its developm5t ( its peculi> condition2 z1 = in/ance1 a conatus = fly+1 produc$ by ! int]nal pr9ciple1 w\ld =m w+s 9 birds2 a conatus = swimm+ 9 wat] w\ld =m ! f9s & tails ( fi%es2 & a conatus = walk+ w\ld =m ! feet & legs ( quadrup$s4 ,?us ! organs 7 n =m$ to meet ! wants1 b by ! wants1 ( ! animal & plant4 ,( c\rse1 new wants w\ld produce new organs2 & ?us h animals be5 gr[+ m & m complicat$ & p]fect f ! e>lie/ p]iods ( geological hi/ory4 ,man began 8 c\rse z a monad1 b1 by ! =ce ( ,lam>ck's two pr9ciples1 has rea*$ ! mo/ elevat$ rank on ! scale ( animals4 ,8 la/ condition be=e 8 pres5t 0 t ( ! monkey tribe1 especially t ( ! orang-outang4 ,! advocates ( ?is hypo!sis g5]ally1 h[ev]1 suppose t !re are f ?ree to fifte5 species ( m51 & t ! diff]5t races are n m]e v>ieties ( "o species4 ,! mo/ p]fect species1 ! ,caucasian1 aft] leav+ ! monkey /ate1 has gradually ris5 ?r\gh ! inf]ior species1 & is /ill mak+ progress2 s t we _c tell :]e !y w /op4 ,9 g5]al1 ! advocates ( ?is hypo!sis are mat]iali/s2 t is1 !y d n suppose t !re is a s\l 9 man1 di/9ct f ! body1 b t ?\ght is "o ( ! functions ( ! bra94 ,!y usually also reg>d moral qualities z ma9ly dep5d5t ^u organization1 agreeably to ! op9ions ( ultra phr5ologi/s2 & h5ce t !y are m to be piti$ ?an blam$ = _! deviations f rectitude4 ,su* is ! hypo!sis4 ,let u n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 assume x to be prov$1 & see :at inf]5ces foll[4 ,i rem>k1 fir/1 t ! occurr5ce ( ev5ts accord+ to law does n remove ! necessity ( a div9e contriv+1 sup]9t5d+1 & su/a9+ ,p[]4 ,t e ev5t 9 ! univ]se takes place accord+ to fix$ laws ,i am ready to admit4 ,= :at is a natural law8 ,no?+ m nor less ?an ! uni=m mode 9 :i* div9e p[] acts4 ,9 ! case ( miracles1 x may be t ! ord9>y laws ( nature are susp5d$ or c\nt]act$2 at lea/1 !y are increas$ or dim9i%$ 9 _! p[]4 ,yet f :at we "k ( ! div9e p]fections1 we mu/ conclude t ,god has c]ta9 fix$ rules by :i* he is regulat$ 9 ! p]=mance ( miracles2 &1 ( c\rse1 9 ! same circum/ances we %\ld expect ! same miracles4 ,s t we may reasonably admit t ev5 miracles are regulat$ & controll$ by law1 l common ev5ts2 ?\gh1 f ! infrequ5cy ( ! =m]1 m5 _c und]/& ! laws t regulate !m4 ,n[1 if ! advocates ( ?is hypo!sis mean simply t e ev5t is regulat$ by law1--9 o!r words1 t ) l antec$5ts l consequ5ts w be connect$1--,i h no controv]sy ) !m2 & su* is ! precise /atem5t ( a mod]n anonym\s popul> writ] on ! subject4 ,he decl>es t 8 purpose is1 to %[ t ! :ole revelation ( ! works ( ,god pres5t$ to our s5ses & reason is a sy/em bas$ on :at we are compell$1 = want ( a bett] t]m1 to call law2 by :i*1 h[ev]1 is n meant a sy/em indep5d5t or exclusive ( ! ,deity1 b "o :i* only proposes a c]ta9 mode ( 8 work+4--,sequel to ! ,ve/iges ( ,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,creation1 p4 #b4--;,b ?is is by no means all t is meant by ?is hypo!sis4 ,nay1 ! gr& object ( ! writ] above quot$ is1 to %[ t !re is no su* ?+ z miracul\s int]f]5ce 9 ! creation or pres]vation ( ! univ]se4 ,he admits only ! ord9>y laws ( nature1 b d5ies all special & extraord9>y laws2 & says t x does n appe> necess>y t ,god %\ld ex]cise an imm$iately sup]9t5d+ p[] ov] ! mundane economy4--,ve/iges1 p4 #bgc4--,nay1 he d5ies t ! orig9al creation ( ! univ]se & ( animals & plants requir$ any ?+ b ! op]ation ( natural laws2 ( su* laws z we see & und]/&4 ,! ?\ght does n seem to h occurr$ to him1 t special & miracul\s acts ( ! ,deity may be z truly gov]n$ by law z ! motions ( planets4 ,e ?+ ( t sort he seems to reg>d z a violation ( law1--a /epp+ aside f fix$ pr9ciples1--a sort ( aft]?\ght ) ,jehovah1--a rem$y = "s defect 9 8 orig9al plans4 ,true1 ! law ( miracles & ( special provid5ce is v diff]5t f ! common c\rse ( nature2 &1 !re=e1 ! "o may = a "t sup]s$e ! o!rs4 ,b ?is does n prove t ! =m] is n regulat$ by laws2 nor t x did n ent] into ! orig9al plan ( ! univ]se 9 ! div9e m9d4 ,x mu/ h be5 a "p ( t plan2 e ?+ 0 a "p ( x1 & !re c be ) him no aft]?\ght1 no improvem5t1 no alt]ation ( 8 et]nal designs4 ,admitt+ t e ev5t1 miracul\s z well z common1 is "u law1 x by no means r5d]s a pres5t direct+ & en]giz+ ,deity unnecess>y4 ,?is hypo!sis admits t organic life _h a beg9n+1 = its gr& object is to %[ h[ x began by law alone4 ,n[1 :o gave to matt]1 9 a gase\s /ate1 su* wond]ful laws t ?is fair _w %\ld be ! result ( _! op]ation8 ,if x w\ld require inf9ite wisdom z well z p[] to create ! pres5t univ]se at once out ( no?+1 w\ld x dem& less ( contrivance & skill to imp>t su* p[]s to brute matt]8 ,x 0 n m]ely a p[] to produce organic natures1 to =m _! complicat$ organs1 to give life1 & in/9ct1 & intellect2 b to adapt ea* p>ticle1 ea* organ1 ea* animal1 & ea* plant1 mo/ exactly & mo/ wond]fully to its place 9 ! va/ sy/em1 s t e s+le ?+ %\ld mo/ beautifully h>monize ) e o!r ?+4 ,aga94 ,:at is a natural law )\t ! pres5ce & en]giz+ p[] ( ! lawgiv]8 ,h[ easily are m5 bewild]$ by words6 & none has l$ m a/ray ?an ?is ^w law4 ,we talk ab\t its p[] to produce c]ta9 effects2 b :o c po9t out any inh]5t p[] ( ?is sort :i* x possesses8 ,:o c %[ h[ a law op]ates b ?r\gh ! en]giz+ influ5ce ( ! lawgiv]8 ,h[ unphilosophical !n to sep>ate a law ( nature f ! ,deity1 & to imag9e him to h )drawn f 8 works6 ,= to d ?is w\ld be to annihilate ! law4 ,he mu/ be pres5t e mom5t1 & direct e movem5t ( ! univ]se1 j z really z ! m9d ( man mu/ be 9 ! body to produce its movem5ts4 ,take away ,god f ! univ]se1 or let him cease to act m5tally ^u x1 & e movem5t w\ld z in/antly & c]ta9ly cease1 z w\ld e movem5t ( ! human frame1 7 ! m9d to be )drawn1 or cease to w4 ,we realize ! necessity ( ! div9e pres5ce & en]gy to produce a miracle4 ,b if miracles are p]=m$ accord+ to law1 z mu* z common ev5ts1--& we surely _c prove !y are n1--:y is a pres5t ,deity any m necess>y 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r8 ,! ,bible consid]s common & miracul\s ev5ts exactly alike 9 ?is respect4 ,& true philosophy tea*es ! same4 ,i see n1 !n1 :y ?is law hypo!sis does n require an inf9ite ,deity1 j z mu* z ! ord9>y belief1 :i* supposes t ,god orig9ally creat$ ! univ]se by 8 fiat1 & su/a9s x con/antly by 8 p[]1 & f "t to "t int]f]es ) ! regul> sequ5ce ( cause & effect by miracles4 ,! only diff]5ce seems to be ?is3 ,:ile ! common view repres5ts ,god z always wat*+ ov] 8 works1 & ready1 :5ev] necess>y1 to make special int]positions1 ! law hypo!sis introduces him only at ! v dawn ( ! univ]se1 ex]t+ 8 inf9ite wisdom & p[] to devise & end[ matt] ) exquisite laws1 capable1 by _! inh]5t self-execut+ p[]1 ( orig9at+ all organic natures1 & produc+ ! inf9ite v>iety ( nature1 & keep+ 9 play h] c\ntless & unceas+ ag5cies4 ,x 0 only necess>y t he %\ld impress att5uat$ matt] ) ^! laws1 & !n put ! ma*9e 9 motion1 & x w\ld g on =ev]1 )\t any ne$ ( ,god's pres5ce or ag5cy2 s t he might h5ce=w>d give himself up to undi/urb$ repose4 ,i "k1 inde$1 t ,la ,place1 & "s o!r advocates ( ?is latt] hypo!sis1 d n admit any necessity = a ,deity ev5 to orig9ate matt] or its laws2 & to prove ?is 0 ! object ( ! nebul> hypo!sis4 ,b h[ evid5t t 9 ?is he signally fail$6 ,= ev5 ?\gh he c\ld %[ h[ nebul\s matt]1 plac$ 9 a c]ta9 position1 & hav+ a revolution1 might be sep>at$ into sun & planets1 by m]ely me*anical laws1 yet :]e1 save 9 an inf9ite ,deity1 lie ! p[] & ! wisdom to orig9ate t matt]1 & to br+ x into su* a condition1 t1 by bl9d laws alone1 x w\ld produce su* a univ]se--s h>moni\s1 s v>i$1 s nicely adju/$ 9 its p>ts & relations z ! "o we inhabit8 ,especially1 h[ does ?is hypo!sis %[ 9 :at mann] ^! worlds c\ld be peopl$ by c\ntless myriads ( organic natures1 mo/ exquisitely contriv$1 & fitt$ to _! condition8 ,! a!i/ may say t matt] is et]nal4 ,b if s1 :at b an inf9ite m9d c\ld 9 "t beg9 ! "w ( organic creation8 ,if ! matt] exi/$ = et]nal ages )\t be+ br\ght into ord]1 & into organic /ructures1 :y did x n cont9ue 9 ! same /ate =ev]8 ,does ! a!i/ say1 ,all is ! result ( laws inh]5t 9 matt]8 ,b h[ c\ld ^? laws rema9 dormant ?r\gh all pa/ et]nity1--t is1 ?r\gh a p]iod lit]ally inf9ite1--& !n at l5g? be ar\s$ into int5se action8 ,besides1 to impute ! pres5t wise arrangem5ts & organic creations ( ! _w to law1 is to end[ t law ) all ! attributes ) :i* ! ,!i/ inve/s ! ,deity4 ,no?+ %ort ( intellig5ce1 & wisdom1 & b5evol5ce1 & p[]1 inf9itely above :at man possesses1 w acc\nt = ! pres5t _w4 ,if !re is1 !n1 a p[] inh]5t 9 matt] adequate to ! production ( su* effects1 t p[] mu/ be ! same z ! ,deity2 &1 !re=e1 x is truly ! ,deity1 by :atev] "n we call x4 ,9 %ort1 ! fact t ,la ,place did n see t 8 hypo!sis utt]ly fail$ to acc\nt = ! univ]se )\t a ,deity1 /rik+ly %[s u1 t a man may be a giant 9 ma!matics1 :ile he is only a pygmy 9 moral reason+2 or1 to make ! /atem5t m g5]al1 h[ a man1 by an exclusive cultivation ( "o faculty ( ! s\l1 may %rivel all ! re/ into a nut%ell4 ,f ^! views & reason+s1 x is cle>1 ,i ?9k1 t ! hypo!sis ( creation by law does n necess>ily de/roy ! !ory ( religion4 ,= if we admit t e ?+ 9 ! _w ( matt] & ( m9d1 n except+ miracles & special provid5ces1 is regulat$1 if n produc$1 by law1 x does n take away ! necessity ( a contriv+1 su/a9+1 & en]giz+ ,deity4 ,ev5 ?\gh we admit t ,god has communicat$ to nature's laws1 at ! beg9n+1 a p[] to execute !mselves1 7?\gh ! supposition is q unphilosophical17 no ev5t is any ! less ,god's "w1 ?an if all 7 miracul\s4 ,9 consi/5cy ) ?is conclusion1 we f9d t :ile "s advocates ( ?is hypo!sis evid5tly int5d$ x to su/a9 a!ism1 its mo/ plausible advocate1 z we h se51 fully admits1 n only ! div9e exi/5ce1 b ! reality ( revelation4 ,x may1 inde$1 be d\bt$ :e!r ?is anonym\s writ] has n virtually tak5 away ! ,deity1 & ev5 moral acc\ntability1 by 8 mat]ialism & 8 ultra-phr5ology2 yet we d n see b he may ass]t 8 law sy/em )\t d5y+ ,god's exi/5ce or attributes4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ! influ5ce ( ?is hypo!sis ^u practical religion is disa/r\s4 ,x does1 app>5tly1 s remove ! ,deity f all conc]n 9 ! affairs ( ! _w1 & s foi/s law into 8 place1 t practically !re is no ,god4 ,if 8 ag5cy is ackn[l$g$1 z hav+ put ! va/ ma*9e 9 motion1 9 "s indef9itely remote p]iod ( pa/ duration1 yet ! feel+ is1 t s9ce !n he has giv5 up ! re9s into ! h&s ( law1 s t man has no?+ to d ) him1 b only ) nature's laws2 t he has only to submit to ^!1 & n expect any int]position = 8 relief1 h[ev] e>ne/ly he cry = x4 ,n[1 x is obvi\sly ! int5tion & desire ( ! advocates ( ?is hypo!sis ?us to remove ,god away f 8 works1 & f _! ?\ghts2 else :y %\ld !y s /r5u\sly resi/ ! notion ( miracles8 ,= ^! may j z prop]ly be ref]r$ to law z common ev5ts4 ,yet x is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ features ( ! hypo!sis1 t x opposes /rongly ! idea ( any special ov]sight & int]position on ! "p ( ! ,deity4 ,true1 :5 we look at ! subject philosophically1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge t an ev5t is j z really ! "w ( ,god1 :5 br\ght ab\t by laws :i* he orda9s & en]gizes1 z by miracul\s int]position4 ,/ill ! practical influ5ce ( ^! two views ( ,provid5ce is q diff]5t4 ,:oev] ! au?or ( ! ,ve/iges may be1 he has evid5tly liv$ 9 a religi\s community1 & felt ! influ5ce ( a religi\s atmosph]e2 = he tries to con=m 8 sy/em z mu* z possible to ! pr9ciples ( ,prote/ant ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 o!r words1 he feels s mu* ! p[] ( practical piety ar\nd him1 t he does n suff] ! influ5ce ( ! sy/em :i* he advocates to exhibit itself fully1 nor to drive him into ^? extravagances ( belief :i* naturally result f x4 ,9 ord] to see :at is its natural t5d5cy1 we ne$ to g to su* a c\ntry z ,g]many1 or ,switz]l&1 :]e !re is little to re/ra9 ! wilde/ vag>ies ( belief4 ,9 ! works ( ,pr(essor ,lor5z ,ok51 ( ,zuri*1 we see fully develop$ ! t5d5cies & results ( ?is hypo!sis ( developm5t by law1 comb9$ ) ! un9telligible idealism ( ,kant1 ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 c4 ,9 8 ,physio-philosophy1 translat$ by ! ,ray ,society = ! edification ( sob]1 matt]-(-fact ,anglo-,saxons1 we f9d a man1 ( /rong m9d & ext5sive k1 tak+ ! mo/ ridicul\s positions ) ! /\te/ dogmatism1 & ! mo/ imp]turbable gravity1 yet ^: blasphemy is equall$ only by _! absurdity4 ,let a few quotations illu/rate & confirm ?is /atem5t4 ,! highe/ ma!matical idea1 or ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( all ma!matics1 is ! z]o #j4 ,z]o is 9 itself no?+4 ,ma!matics is bas$ ^u no?+1 & consequ5tly arises out ( no?+4 ,real & ideal are no m diff]5t f ea* o!r ?an ice & wat]3 bo? ( ^!1 z is well kn[n1 are ess5tially "o & ! same1 & yet are diff]5t1 ! div]sity consi/+ 9 ! =m4 ,e real is absolutely no?+ else ?an a numb]4 ,! ,et]nal is ! no?+ ( nature4 ,!re is no o!r sci5ce ?an t :i* treats ( no?+4 ,!re exi/s no?+ b no?+--no?+ b ! ,et]nal4 ,e ?+ 9 ! _w is end[$ ) life2 ! _w itself is alive1 & cont9ues only1 ma9ta9s itself by virtue ( its life4 ,man is ,god :olly manife/$4 ,god has become man1 z]o has become --4 ,man is ! :ole ( ari?metic1 compact$1 h[ev]1 out ( all numb]s2 he c1 !re=e1 produce numb]s out ( himself4 ,animals are m5 :o nev] imag9e4 ,!y are be+s :o nev] atta9 to consci\sness conc]n+ !mselves4 ,!y are s+le acc\nts2 man is ! :ole ( ma!matics4 ,ari?metic is ! truly absolute or div9e sci5ce4 ,!ology is ari?metic p]sonifi$4 ,= ,god to become real1 he mu/ appe> "u ! =m ( ! sph]e4 ,!re is no o!r =m = ,god4 ,god manife/+ is an inf9ite sph]e4 ,god is a rotat+ globe2 ! _w is ,god rotat+4 ,! :ole univ]se is mat]ial1 is no?+ b matt]2 = x is ! prim>y act repeat+ itself et]nally 9 ! c5tre4 ,! univ]se is a rotat+ globe ( matt]4 ,!re is no dead matt]2 x is alive ?r\gh its be+1 ?r\gh ! ,et]nal t is 9 x4 ,matt] has no exi/5ce 9 itself1 b x is ! ,et]nal only t exi/s 9 x4 ,e ?+ is ,god t is !re1 & )\t ,god !re is absolutely no?+4 ,e ?+ t is is mat]ial4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 !re is no?+ t is n2 consequ5tly !re is e :]e no?+ immat]ial4 ,fire is ! totality ( e!r1 is ,god manife/$ 9 8 totality4 ,e ?+ t is has orig9at$ out ( fire2 e ?+ is only cool$1 rigidifi$ fire4 ,god be+ 9 himself is gravity2 act+1 self-em]g5t light2 bo? toge!r1 or return+ into himself1 heat4 ,god only is monoc5tral4 ,! _w is ! bic5tral ,god1 ,god ! monoc5tral _w1 :i* is ! same ) ! monas & dyas4 ,self-consci\sness is a liv+ ellipse4 ,god is a ?reefold tr9ity2 at fir/ ! et]nal1 !n ! e!real1 & f9ally ! t]re/rial1 :]e x is completely divid$4 ,! symbolical doctr9e ( ! colors is correct accord+ to ! philosophy ( nature4 ,r$ is fire1 love--,fa!r4 ,blue is air1 tru?1 & belief--,son4 ,gre5 is wat]1 =mation1 hope--,gho/4 ,^! are ! ?ree c>d9al virtues4 ,yell[ is e>?1 ! immovable1 inexorable falsity1 ! only vice--,satan4 ,!re are ?ree virtues1 b only "o vice4 ,a result obta9$ by physio-philosophy1 :]e( pneumato-philosophy z yet augurs no?+4 ,! prim>y mucus1 out ( :i* e ?+ organic has be5 creat$1 is ! sea mucus4 ,! :ole sea is alive4 ,x is a fluctuat+1 ev] self-elevat+1 & ev] self-depress+ organism4 ,if ! organic fundam5tal sub/ance consi/ ( infusoria1 s mu/ ! :ole organic _w orig9ate f infusoria4 ,plants & animals c be only metamorphoses ( infusoria4 ,no organism has consequ5tly be5 creat$ ( l>g] size ?an an infusorial po9t2 :atev] is l>g] has n be5 creat$1 b develop$4 ,! m9d1 j z ! body1 mu/ be develop$ out ( ^! animals1 7infusoria47 ,! human body has be5 =m$ by an extreme sep>ation ( ! neuro-protoplasmic or muc\s mass2 s mu/ ! human m9d be a sep>ation1 a memb]m5t ( infusorial s5sation4 ,! highe/ m9d is an anatomiz$ or dismemb]$ mesm]ism1 ea* memb] :]e( has be5 con/itut$ indep5d5t 9 itself4 ,! liv] is ! s\l 9 a /ate ( sleep1 ! bra9 is ! s\l active & awak5+4 ,circumspection & =e?\ght appe> to be ! ?\ghts ( ! bivalve mollusca1 & snails4 ,gaz+ ^u a snail1 "o believes t he f9ds ! prophesy+ goddess sitt+ ^u ! tripod4 ,:at maje/y is 9 a creep+ snail1 :at reflection1 :at e>ne/ness1 :at timidity1 & yet at ! same "t :at firm confid5ce6 ,surely a snail is an exalt$ symbol ( m9d slumb]+ deeply )9 itself4 ,x is difficult = an ,anglo-,saxon m9d to believe t a man :o c\ld write ?us 0 n out ( 8 s5ses4 ,yet ,ok5 is an em95t physiologi/1 & has made1 x is said1 important discov]ies 9 respect to ! cranial homologies1 :i* h be5 develop$ 9 ,pr(essor ,ow5's "w on ! ,homologies ( ! ,v]tebrate ,skeleton4 ,nay1 ,ok5 decl>es himself to h writt5 8 ,physio-philosophy 9 a k9d ( inspiration--f :at _w ! religi\s man might be 9 d\bt4 ,^! extravagant notions %[ :at is ! natural t5d5cy ( ! law hypo!sis4 ,yet x does n necess>ily conv]t a man into an a!i/4 ,& if any ( its advocates decl>e !mselves ,!i/s1 & ev5 ,*ri/ians1 we ne$ n reg>d !m z hypocrites1 ?\gh we may consid] !m z 9 an em95tly dang]\s position2 & t1 :5 !y %all act consi/5tly1 !y w sw+ (f into utt] irreligion4 ,b my argum5ts aga9/ ! hypo!sis w be bas$ on ! position t x is n su/a9$ by facts2 & ?is is ! second position ( my lecture4 ,! nebul> hypo!sis is a "p ( ! f\ndation on :i* ! doctr9e ( creation by law re/s4 ,& ! high sci5tific reputation ( its au?or1 z well z its app>5t co9cid5ce ) "s ( ! d$uctions ( geology respect+ ! e>lie/ condition ( ! e>?1 h made philosoph]s look ^u x ) consid]able favor4 ,yet v few h be5 ready to give x implicit cr$5ce4 ,& ( late ! mo/ plausible evid5ce 9 its favor seems to be fa/ vani%+ away4 ,! able/ me*anicians are unable to see h[ a rot>y motion %\ld be produc$ 9 nebul\s matt] by refrig]ation2 or1 if ?is be assum$1 h[ ! successive portions1 deta*$ by sup]ior c5trifugal =ce1 %\ld =m sph]ical masses4 ,b a /ill m =midable objection lies 9 ! fact t1 z improvem5ts are made 9 telescopes1 "o & ano!r ( ! nebulae1 on :i* ! hypo!sis re/s1 h be5 resolv$ into />s2 & ! presumption h5ce aris+ is v /rong t all are resolvable4 ,9 ! pres5t aspect ( ! subject1 no sagaci\s philosoph] w\ld d>e to re/ ev5 an hypo!sis ^u ! unresolv$ nebulae4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! nebul> hypo!sis 7 %[n to be true1 x w\ld prove no?+ 9 reg>d to ! production ( animals & plants by m]e law1 )\t ! special ag5cy ( ! ,deity4 ,! ess5tial & inh]5t vitality ( "s k9ds ( matt] is ano!r doctr9e on :i* ?is hypo!sis re/s4 ,9 va91 says ,bory ,/4 ,v9c5t1 has matt] be5 consid]$ z em95tly brute4 ,_m obs]vations prove t1 if x is n all active1 by its v nature1 a "p ( x is ess5tially s2 & ! pres5ce ( ?is1 op]at+ accord+ to c]ta9 laws1 is able to produce life 9 an agglom]ation ( ! molecules2 & s9ce ^! laws w always be imp]fectly kn[n1 x w at lea/ be ra% to ma9ta9 t an inf9ite intellig5ce did n impose !m2 s9ce !y are manife/$ by _! results4--,dictionnaire ,classique d',hi/oire ,naturelle1 art4 ,mat]ie4 ,! obs]vations to :i* ?is writ] ref]s to su/a9 8 hypo!sis are ^? :i* _h be5 made ^u c]ta9 vegetable infusions1 :i*1 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 exhibit$ m9ute p>ticles 9 motion1 app>5tly by vital =ces4 ,^! 7 call$ monads1 & 7 n suppos$ to be di/9ct animals1 b only atoms1 ready to be organiz$4 ,! m mod]n & accurate rese>*es ( ,ehr5b]g & o!rs1 h[ev]1 h %[n1 beyond all d\bt1 t ^! monads are true animals1 ! m9ute/ ( all liv+ be+s hi!rto discov]$4 ,n less ?an tw5ty-six species ( !m h be5 describ$ & figur$ by microscopi/s1 ! smalle/ ( :i* nev] exce$s ! twelve ?\s&? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! vegetable physiologi/s h describ$ c]ta9 peculi> motions 9 ! m9ute vessels ( plants1 t might readily be reg>d$ z matt] ess5tially vital4 ,i ref] to :at !y call rotation & cyclosis4 ,b ^! are nev] se5 save 9 ! liv+ plant2 &1 !re=e1 seem dep5d5t on ! g5]al life ( ! vegetable4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 dang] ( mi/ak+ c]ta9 motions ( ! p>ticles ( matt]1 by *emical ag5cy1 = ! effect ( vitality4 ,a curi\s example is ?us describ$ by ,ehr5b]g1 :i* 0 discov]$ by ,pr(essor ,bornsdorff4 ,if a solution ( ! *loride ( alum9um be dropp$ into a solution ( potassa1 by ! alt]nate precipitation & solution ( ! alum9um1 9 ! excess ( ! alkali1 an appe>ance w be giv5 to ! drop ( alum9ate matt]1 by ! *emical *anges & reactions :i* take place1 z if ! ,amoeba difflu5s 7 actually pres5t1 bo? z to its =m & evolutions1 & w seem to be alive4 ,su* appe>ance is consid]$ by its able discov]] z be>+ ! same relation%ip to ! real animalcule z a doll1 or a figure mov$ by me*anism1 does to a liv+ *ild4 ,we see1 !n1 t ! supports on :i* re/s ! doctr9e ( ! ess5tial vitality ( matt]1 give way be=e bett] in/rum5ts & m c>eful rese>*4 ,ano!r /atem5t1 h[ev]1 ( mu* high] pret5sions1 has lately be5 made1 & on no mean au?ority4 ,able electricians decl>e t1 by pass+ curr5ts ( galvanism ?r\gh solutions ( silicate or f]rocyanate ( potassa1 or "s analog\s sub/ance1 aft] a "t1 sometimes sev]al ye>s1 num]\s small insects h be5 develop$1 belong+ to ! ac>i family4 ,^! exp]im5ts appe> to h be5 conduct$ ) fairness & skill2 & t ! insects %[$ !mselves at ! pole ( ! batt]y1 ar\nd :i* ! gelat9\s silex collect$1 _c be d\bt$4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t1 :5 ! solution 0 expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 ! insects appe>$ mu* soon] & m num]\s ?an :5 c>e 0 tak5 to exclude e ?+ b oxyg5 en\gh to su/a9 life4 ,?is fact leads to ! suspicion t ! ova ( ! insect might h be5 communicat$ ?r\gh ! air1 & t1 ev5 :5 an attempt 0 made to exclude ! atmosph]e1 "s ova 7 /ill pres5t4 ,?is conclusion is r5d]$ /ill m probable by "s exp]im5ts made by ,pr(essor ,s*ulz1 ( ,b]l91 on ! production ( infusoria4 ,hav+ fir/ boil$ ! vegetable & animal infusions1 s z to de/roy all g]ms ( organic life1 & expell$ all ! atmosph]e1 he atta*$ an app>atus 9 su* a mann] t1 :atev] air ent]$ aft]w>ds1 mu/ pass ?r\gh sulphuric acid1 or a solution ( pota%4 ,! result 01 t no infusoria or vegetable =ms appe>$ dur+ two mon?s2 b 9 ! same infusion1 plac$ 9 ! op5 air1 & expos$ to ! same light & heat z t enclos$ 9 ! glass vessel1 num]\s animalcula & fungi appe>$ 9 a day or two4 ,x w ne$1 !re=e1 v long & pati5t exp]im5ts to e/abli% ! ass]tion t galvanism alone c produce liv+ animals )\t ! pres5ce ( g]ms4 ,n _m ye>s s9ce1 ! equivocal or casual production ( animalcula1 )\t any o!r p>5tage ?an law1 0 ?\ght to be made out by a multitude ( facts4 ,= ^! m9ute creatures appe>$ almo/ e :]e1 & 9 places :]e x seem$ impossible t _! ova %\ld be f\nd4 ,b ! rese>*es ( ,ehr5b]g h cle>$ up ! difficulties ( _! orig9ation 9 ! ord9>y modes ( reproduction1 9 ne>ly e in/ance1 & ! advocates ( ! law hypo!sis h be5 fairly driv5 f ?is /ronghold ( _! argum5t4 ,9 describ+ ! v>i\s modes ( reproduction ) :i* nature has provid$ ! infusoria1 ,pr(essor ,ow5 says1 ,?us ea* leaves1 by ! la/ act ( its life1 ! means ( p]petuat+ & diffus+ its species by ?\s&s ( f]tile g]ms4 ,:5 once ! ?ickly t5ant$ pool is dri$ up1 & its bottom conv]t$ into a lay] ( du/1 ^! inconceivably m9ute & light ova w be rais$ ) ! du/ by ! fir/ puff ( w9d1 diffus$ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 & may !re rema9 long susp5d$2 =m+1 p]haps1 _! %>e ( ! p>ticles :i* we see flick]+ 9 ! sunbeam1 ready to fall into any collection ( wat]1 beat5 d[n by e summ] %[] into ! /reams or pools :i* receive or may be =m$ by su* %[]s1 &1 by virtue ( _! t5acity ( life1 ready to develop !mselves :5ev] !y may f9d ! requisite conditions ( _! exi/5ce4 ,! possibility1 or1 r1 ! high probability1 t su* is ! design ( ! ovip>\s g5]ation ( ! infusoria1 & su* ! common mode ( ! diffusion ( _! ova1 r5d]s ! hypo!sis ( equivocal g5]ation1 :i* has be5 s frequ5tly invok$ to expla9 _! orig9 9 new-=m$ natural or artificial infusions1 q gratuit\s4--,lectures on ,comp4 ,anat4 vol4 ii4 p4 #ca4 ,no long] able to ma9ta9 a foo?old among ! animalcula1 ! def5d]s ( ?is hypo!sis h ( late attempt$ to take a /& among animals ( a some:at high] grade1 viz41 ! entozoa1 or animals inhabit+ o!r animals4 ,^! be+ consid]ably l>g] ?an ! infusoria1 _! ova c\ld n float 9 ! atmosph]e2 b !y possess a wond]ful t5acity ( life2 "s ( !m exhibit+ signs ( life aft] hav+ be5 9 boil+ wat] = an h\r2 o!rs h reviv$ aft] hav+ be5 pack$ = a long "t 9 ice1 & froz52 o!rs h reviv$ aft] ly+ 9 a dri$ /ate = six or sev5 ye>s4 ,_! p[] ( reproduction1 9 ! ord9>y modes1 is also prodigi\s1 exce$+ ev5 t ( ! infusoria4 ,x w1 !n1 dem& v /rong evid5ce to prove t su* animals possess also ! p[] ( spontane\s production1 )\t p>5tage1 or t _! exi/5ce )9 o!r animals _c be expla9$ )\t su* a supposition4 ,=1 if capable ( be+ produc$ )\t p>5tage1 :y %\ld su* extraord9>y c>e h be5 tak5 = _! multiplication1 9 almo/ all ! ord9>y modes 9 :i* animals are reproduc$8 ,! extraord9>y facts t h be5 discov]$ by ,pr(essors ,/e5/rup1 ,ow51 & o!rs1 )9 a few ye>s1 respect+ :at !y call alt]nate g5]ation1 or p>!nog5esis1 h be5 ?\ght favorable to ! hypo!sis ( developm5t4 ,among ! mollusca1 ! polyp>ia1 ! entozoa1 & infusoria1 x is f\nd t1 9 "s species1 ! result ( sexual union is ! production ( a l>va )\t sex1 &1 !re=e1 incapable ( propagat+ 9 ! usual way4 ,yet t l>va c ( itself produce ano!r l>va q diff]5t f itself1 & ?is l>va ano!r1 & s on1 sometimes = eight or t5 g5]ations1 :5 ! sp]matic =ce seems to be exhau/$1 & a prog5y exactly l ! orig9al p>5ts t />t$ ! s]ies is produc$1 capable ( giv+ rise to ano!r & a simil> s]ies4 ,"h1 !n1 we f9d a succession ( prog5y = sev]al g5]ations1 & all q unlike "o ano!r1 yet )\t any imm$iate p>5tal ag5cy4 ,:y is x n an example ( spontane\s g5]ation8 & :y may n new species be produc$ 9 ?is mann]8 ,!re are two facts prom95t on ?is subject :i* af=d a full answ] to su* que/ions4 ,"o is1 t ^! g5]ations ( l>vae always beg9 ) ! sp]matozoon & ! ovum ( p>5ts2 ! o!r is1 t ! s]ies always closes1 if all[$ to run its natural c\rse1 9 individuals ) sex1 exactly id5tical ) ^? t />t$ x2 s t ! species always rema9s entire4 ,! :ole process is simply "o ( ! inf9itely v>i$ modes :i* nature employs to pres]ve & p]fect ! species4 ,! process nev] /ops ) any ( ! l>vae int]v5+ betwe5 ! f]tile p>5ts at ! beg9n+1 & ! f]tile individuals at ! end ( ! s]ies4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 supposes--c]ta9ly ) mu* plausibility--t "s ( ! orig9al g]m-cells1 n want$ = ! production ( ! fir/ l>va1 pass on to =m ! successive g5]ations1 till ! s]ies is complete2 s t1 aft] all1 ! case is n an exception to ! g5]al law ( reproduction by p>5tal ag5cy2 & in/ead ( su/a9+1 x c]ta9ly goes aga9/1 ! notion ( spontane\s g5]ation & ( transmutation ( species2 because x %[s h[ f> p>5tal influ5ce may rea*1 & h[ t5aci\s nature is ( specific di/9ctions4 ,= ! same reasons1 ! case af=ds a presumption aga9/ o!r alleg$ cases ( equivocal g5]ation & metamorphoses ( species4#ah ,appeal has also be5 made to ! vegetable k+dom = examples ( ! production ( organic be+s1 viz41 plants )\t se$s4 ,:o has n obs]v$1 = in/ance1 h[ ! cle>+ up & burn+ ov] ( a piece ( l& w (t5 cause an entirely new tribe ( plants to spr+ up & fl\ri%8 ,:5ce came ! se$s8 ,we h se51 = in/ance1 79 ,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia17 a ?ick gr[? ( p9es ^u a spot :]e f six to t5 feet ( soil _h be5 remov$ a few ye>s previ\sly4 ,x is v possible1 9 "s cases ( ?is k9d1 t ! soil1 hav+ be5 produc$ by aque\s ag5cies1 may conta9 se$s to a consid]able dep?1 & t _! vitality may h be5 pres]v$ = c5turies2 = we "k t se$s ?ree ?\s& ye>s old1 tak5 f ,egyptian catacombs1 h g]m9at$1 9 favorable circum/ances4 ,9 mo/ cases ( ?is sort1 h[ev]1 ! w9ds h probably suppli$ ! se$1 x may be1 long be=e4 ,we 7 "o day w&]+ ov] ,m\nt ,holyoke1 :]e a spot rec5tly cle>$ 0 cov]$ ) ! fire-we$1 a species ( s5ecio2 & z we 7 mus+ ^u its orig91 a /rong bla/ ( w9d swept ov] ! plants1 j ready to ?r[ (f _! se$s4 ,su/a9$ by _! light egrets1 !y float$ away on ! air 9 numb]s suffici5t to cov] half ! m\nta9 ) ! plant1 :5 x %\ld be cle>$ & burnt ov]4 ,yet _! exi/5ce w\ld nev] be suspect$ till ^? circum/ances %\ld be develop$4 ,at lea/1 until we c prove t ! soil conta9s no se$s by ! mo/ c>eful exam9ation1 x w be premature to inf] ! equivocal production ( ! plants gr[+ ^u x4 ,vegetable physiology furni%es ano!r fact1 :i* seems to me to look /ill m favorable to ?is law hypo!sis ?an ! prec$+1 al?\gh x has n be5 notic$1 s f> z ,i "k1 by ! advocates ( t hypo!sis4 ,speak+ ( ! matt] ( :i* c]ta9 fl[]less plants are compos$1 ,dr4 ,l9dlay says1 ,x is ev5 unc]ta9 :e!r ?is matt] w produce its l1 & :e!r x is n a m]e repres5tation ( ! vital pr9ciple ( vegetation1 capable ( be+ call$ into action1 ei!r z a fungus1 or algae1 or li*51 accord+ to ! p>ticul> conditions ( heat1 light1 & moi/ure1 & ! m$ium 9 :i* x is plac$2 produc+ fungi ^u dead or putrid organic be+s1 li*5s ^u liv+ vegetables1 e>?1 or /ones1 & algae :]e wat] is ! m$ium 9 :i* x is develop$4 ,aga91 9 speak+ ( t gre5 slime :i* (t5 cov]s ! soil1 rocks1 walls1 & glass 9 damp places1 he says1 ,! slime resembles a lay] ( album51 spread ) a bru%2 x exfoliates 9 dry+1 & f9ally becomes visible by ! mann] 9 :i* x colors gre5 or deep br[n4 ,"o might call x a provisional creation1 wait+ to be organiz$1 & !n assum+ diff]5t =ms accord+ to ! nature ( ! corpuscles :i* p5etrate x1 or develop among x4 ,x may fur!r be said to be ! orig9 ( two v di/9ct exi/5ces1 ! "o c]ta9ly animal1 ! o!r purely vegetable4--,natural ,sy/em1 pp4 #cbf1 #cbh1 #ccd4 ,n[1 admitt+ all ! facts t h be5 detail$ respect+ ! production ( infusoria1 entozoa1 ac>i1 & cryptogamian plants to be true1 al?\gh mo/ ( !m are f> f be+ prov$1 x seems to me t !y d n %[ u h[ vitality is produc$ by m]e law1 )\t ! special ag5cy ( ! ,deity4 ,writ]s on ! subject seem to ov]look ! di/9ction betwe5 organization & life4 ,! fir/ may be pres5t 9 its highe/ p]fection )\t ! latt]1 z x is 9 animals & plants rec5tly kill$4 ,! organization is m]ely a prep>ation to receive ! my/]i\s pr9ciples :i* we call life & intellect4 ,light1 heat1 & electricity may be ! ess5tial ag5ts 9 produc+ ! organization1 b !y d n expla9 ! nature1 or acc\nt = ! pres5ce1 ( life4 ,t mu/1 s f> z we "k1 come f "s o!r & a high] s\rce4 ,galvanism may br+ gelat9\s matt] into ! =m ( an insect1 or infusoria1 or entozoa2 b !re is no evid5ce t x c imp>t life1 h[ev] exquisite ! organization4 ,x may be1 & we h reason to suppose x is1 ! div9e w to be/[ life :5ev] a c]ta9 organization exi/s2 b ?is does n %[ t 8 special ag5cy is n conc]n$ 9 x4 ,he may w t ! peculi> life ( a li*5 %all be giv5 to ! same elem5t>y matt] :i*1 9 ano!r situation1 he con/itutes an alga1 or a fungus1 or ev5 an animal4 ,b ?is w\ld n prove t natural law alone c\ld produce life4 ,!re is n[h]e any evid5ce t s5sibility1 contractility1 & especially intellect & volition1 are ! result ( any natural op]ations4 ,9 _! prop]ties !y are s entirely div]se f all kn[n physical effects1 t we mu/ impute !m to "s o!r ?an a natural cause4 ,we mu/ call 9 ! p[] ( a supreme intellig5t ,be+4 ,! laws ( aff9ity1 light1 heat1 & electricity1 ( endosmose & exosmose1 may prep>e ! organization1 b _! p[] ends !re2 & h5ce true philosophy requires u to impute ! ph5om5a ( life & intellect to an extrane\s & inf9itely high] cause4 ,! case1 !n1 /&s ?us3 ,9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$1 we are c]ta9 t organization requires ! previ\s exi/5ce & ag5cy ( a be+ simil>ly organiz$1 :i* we call ! p>5t4 ,b suppose t1 9 a v few cases1 ! laws ( nature c produce ! organization4 ,x /ill dem&s ano!r & a high] p[]--n a bl9d impulse1 b an intellig5t cause--to be/[ life & intellect4 ,to prove ! exi/5ce ( a natural cause = ! arrangem5t ( ! atoms into an organic /ructure1 does by no means prove ! same = ^? high] & my/]i\s pr9ciples t make t /ructure a liv+1 ?9k+ be+4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 are ! /ronge/ argum5ts by :i* ! advocates ( ! law hypo!sis su/a9 _! views ( ! orig9 ( organism1 life1 & intellect4 ,! next /ep 9 _! reason+ is to %[ h[ animals & plants may be transmut$ f "o species1 or g5us1 or family1 to ano!r2 s t ! exi/+ va/ v>iety c be trac$ to a few orig9al g]ms4 ,!y ma9ta9 t ^! developm5ts ( ! m f ! less p]fect h proce$$ along c]ta9 p>allel l9es2 "o s]ies ( developm5ts1 = in/ance1 tak+ ! l9e ( ! fi%es1 ano!r ( ! reptiles1 ano!r ( ! birds1 ano!r ( quadrup$s1 & s on4 ,to prove ^! developm5ts or transmutations1 !y appeal fir/ to ! physiological hi/ory ( ! mammalian embryo4 ,9 its e>lie/ /ages1 x c h>dly be di/+ui%$1 except 9 size1 f ! unborn polyga/ric infusoria4 ,! bra9 ( a human embryo appe>s at fir/ l t ( an inv]tebrate animal2 next l t ( a fi%2 !n successively l t ( a reptile1 a bird1 a rod5t mammal1 a rum9ant1 & a monkey4 ,s ! he>t1 at an e>ly /age1 looks l t ( an insect2 !n x has two *amb]s1 l t ( a fi%2 !n x becomes ?ree *amb]$1 l t ( a reptile2 & f9ally1 f\r *amb]$1 z 9 ! mammalia4 ,! inf]5ce :i* ^! !ori/s w\ld draw f su* facts is1 t man actually beg9s 8 exi/5ce z an animalcule1 & passes successively ?r\gh ! m\ld or condition ( o!r animals1 be=e he rea*es ! highe/4 ,& ! reasons :y he does become a man1 r ?an an e*9od]m1 or a fi%1 or a monkey1 is only "s slightly modify+ circum/ance1 z1 = in/ance1 a long] ge/ation4 ,x appe>s to me1 h[ev]1 t ! inf]5ces s\nd philosophy %\ld d]ive f su* facts are1 fir/1 t1 :ile !re is a seem+ resemblance betwe5 ! human embryo & t ( l[] animals1 !re is1 9 fact1 a real & a wide div]sity2 s t ! "o infallibly becomes an inf]ior animal1 & ! o!r a man4 ,c\ld a s+le example be produc$ 9 :i* a human embryo /opp$ at & became an insect1 or a fi%1 or a monkey1 !re might be "s plausibility 9 ! supposition4 ,b x is z c]ta9 to become a man z ! sun is to rise & set2 &1 !re=e1 ! human condition results f laws z fix$ z ^? t regulate ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,t is a v sup]ficial philosophy :i* inf]s id5tity ( nature f m]e ext]nal resemblance4 ,! ph5om5a ( hybridity furni% ano!r gr\nd ( argum5t 9 favor ( ! transmutation ( species1 & ( c\rse 9 favor ( ! law hypo!sis2 = t hybrids are sometimes ! result ( ! union ( diff]5t species w n be d5i$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a natural repugnance to union betwe5 diff]5t species2 & 9 a /ate ( nature ?is c v r>ely be ov]come4 ,b dome/ication *anges & almo/ oblit]ates _m natural in/9cts1 & h5ce hybridity is f> m common among dome/icat$ animals & plants4 ,z a g5]al fact1 also1 ! hybrid (fspr+ is incapable ( propagat+ its own race1 )\t union ) "o ( ! orig9al species by :i* x 0 produc$2 & ?is inability to cont9ue ?is mix$ race has be5 g5]ally reg>d$ among naturali/s z ! be/ *>act]i/ic ( species4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 attempt to %[ t "s hybrid races d cont9ue f g5]ation to g5]ation to propagate _! k9d4 ,b 9 mo/ cases ! hybrid race ere long runs out1 & !re is always a /rong t5d5cy to rev]t to ! orig9al /ock2 & 7 x n = ! influ5ce ( man1 probably su* a ?+ z hybridity w\ld sc>cely ev] h be5 he>d (4 ,nature seems to h e/abli%$ /rong b>ri]s ar\nd species1 s t an id5tity %\ld be pres]v$2 & ev5 if we admit ! possibility ( _! coalesc5ce 9 "s cases1 yet we h evid5ce t almo/ always !y are pres]v$ di/9ct f c5tury to c5tury2 & ! same is true ev5 ( ! m prom95t v>ieties1 = we f9d n only ! same species1 b ! same v>ieties ( animals & plants1 pres]v$ "s ?ree ?\s& ye>s 9 ! ,egyptian catacombs1 t are n[ alive 9 ! same c\ntry4 ,h[ idle1 !n1 to suppose t ! laws ( hybridity w acc\nt = su* radical & entire transmutations z ?is hypo!sis supposes6 ,to accompli% ?is1 x w\ld ne$ z /rong a t5d5cy 9 nature to a union ( species1 g5]a1 & families1 z n[ exi/s aga9/ x4 ,b a special appeal has be5 made on ?is subject to geology4 ,! hi/ory ( organic rema9s1 x is ?\ght1 corresponds to :at we might expect1 if ! hypo!sis ( developm5t is true4 ,9 ! olde/ rocks we f9d *iefly ! m simple inv]tebrate animals1 & ! v]tebrat$ tribes appe> at fir/ 9 ! =m ( fi%1 !n ( reptiles1 !n ( birds1 !n ( mammals1 & la/ ( all ( man4 ,:at bett] confirmation c\ld we wi% ?an ?is gradually exp&+ s]ies8 ,true1 all ! great classes ( organic be+s1 vegetable & animal1 are f\nd ne>ly at ! e>lie/ epo*1 & cont9ue ?r\gh ! entire s]ies ( rocks4 ,b we h only to suppose a di/9ct /irps = ea* ( ! classes1 & t ! developm5ts took place along p>allel l9es1 9 ord] to h>monize ! facts ) ! hypo!sis4 ,su* a g5]al view ( ! subject ( organic rema9s seems to give plausibility to ! hypo!sis ( organic developm5t4 ,b ! tables are turn$ :5 we desc5d to p>ticul>s4 ,! idea ( a di/9ct /irps or g]m = ea* great class ( animals & plants seems to me to de/roy an ess5tial feature ( ! hypo!sis4 ,x supposes t law produces at once a v]tebral animal & a fl[]+ plant2 = ! fir/1 c]ta9ly1 we f9d 9 ! v l[e/ ( ! fossilif]\s rocks4 ,! l[] silurian1 says ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 9 #ahdg1 is no long] to be view$ z an inv]tebrate p]iod1 = ! on*us 7a g5us ( fi%7 has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,ll&eilo ,flags1 & 9 ! l[] silurian rocks ( ,bala4 ,x is also a mo/ important fact1 t ?is fi% ( ! olde/ rock 0 n1 z ! developm5t s*eme w\ld require1 ( a l[ organization1 b q high on ! scale ( fi%es4 ,! same is true ( all ! e>lie/ species ( ?is class4 ,all our mo/ anci5t fossil fi%es1 says ,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 belong to a high organic type2 & ! v olde/ species t are well det]m9$ fall naturally into an ord] ( fi%es :i* ,ow5 & ,muell] place1 n at ! bottom1 b at ! top ( ! :ole class4--,disc\rse on ! ,/udies ( ! ,univ]sity1 c4 #e? edit4 p4 lxiv4 pref4 ,?is po9t has be5 fully & ably discuss$ by ,hugh ,mill]1 ,esq41 9 8 late "w1 ,! ,footpr9ts ( ! ,creator1 or ! ,a/]olepis ( ,/romness4 ,! a/]olepis 0 "o ( ^! fi%es f\nd 9 ! old r$ s&/one1 sometimes ov] tw5ty feet long2 yet1 says ,mr4 ,mill]1 in/ead ( be+1 z ! developm5t hypo!sis w\ld require1 a fi% l[ 9 its organization1 x seems to h rang$ on ! level ( ! highe/ i*?yic-reptilian families ev] call$ into exi/5ce4 ,ano!r po9t :i* ,mr4 ,mill] has labor$ h>d to e/abli%1 & ( :i* !re seems to be no reasonable d\bt1 is1 t 9 _m families ( animals1 n only 7 ! fir/ species t appe>$ ( high organization1 b !re 0 a gradual degradation among ^? t 7 creat$ aft]w>ds4 ,( ! fi%es g5]ally1 he says1 t ! progress ( ! race1 z a :ole1 ?\gh x /ill reta9s n a few ( ! high] =ms1 has be5 a progress1 n ( developm5t f ! l[ to ! high1 b ( degradation f ! high to ! l[4 ,aga9 he says1 ,we "k1 z geologi/s1 t ! dyna/y ( ! fi% 0 succe$$ by t ( ! reptile2 t ! dyna/y ( ! reptile 0 succe$$ by t ( ! mammif]\s quadrup$2 & t ! dyna/y ( ! mammif]\s quadrup$ 0 succe$$ by t ( man1 z man n[ exi/s--a creature ( a mix$ "*1 & subject1 9 all conditions1 to wide alt]nations ( enjoym5t & suff]+4 ,we "k fur!r1--s f>1 at lea/1 z we h succe$$ 9 deciph]+ ! record1--t ! sev]al dyna/ies 7 introduc$1 n 9 _! l[]1 b 9 _! high] =ms2 t1 9 %ort1 9 ! impos+ programme ( creation1 x 0 arrang$ z a g5]al rule1 t 9 ea* ( ! great divisions ( ! procession ! magnates %\ld walk fir/4 ,we recognize yet fur!r ! fact ( degradation specially exemplifi$ 9 ! fi% & ! reptile4 ,among ^! degrad$ races1 t ( ! footless s]p5t1 :i* goe? ^u its belly1 has long be5 not$ by ! !ologian z a race typical1 9 its condition & nature1 ( an ord] ( hopelessly degrad$ be+s1 borne d[n to ! du/ by a cl++ curse2 & curi\sly en\gh1 :5 ! fir/ comp>ative anatomi/s 9 ! _w give _! readie/ & mo/ prom95t in/ance ( degradation among ! divisions ( ! natural _w1 x is ?is v ord] ( footless reptiles t !y select4 ,among ! inv]tebrate animals are num]\s examples ( ! det]ioration ( a race4 ,m4 ,alcide ,d',orbigny1 "o ( ! mo/ accompli%$ ( liv+ paleontologi/s1 9 8 ,c\rs ,elem5taire de ,paleontologie et de ,geologie1 speaks z foll[s ( ! cephalopods f\nd 9 ! olde/ rocks3 ,see1 !n1 ! result2 ! cephalopods1 ! mo/ p]fect ( ! mollusks1 :i* liv$ 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( ! _w1 %[ a progress ( degradation 9 _! g5]ic =ms4 ,we insi/ on ?is fact relative to ! cephalopods1 :i* we %all h]eaft] comp>e ) ! less p]fect classes ( mollusks1 s9ce x mu/ lead to ! conclusion t ! mollusks1 z to _! classes1 h c]ta9ly retrograd$ f ! comp\nd to ! simple1 or f ! m to ! less p]fect4 ,su* facts z ^! are absolutely fatal to ! hypo!sis ( developm5t2 & geology ab\nds ) !m4 ,inde$1 ?r\gh all h] ar*ives1 we se>* 9 va9 = facts t %[ any ?+ l a passage ( "o species1 g5us1 or family1 into ano!r4 ,c]ta9 di/9ct types *>act]ize ! diff]5t =mations up to a c]ta9 p]iod1 :5 !re is a sudd5 *ange2 & 9 ! subsequ5t /rata we f9d animals & plants entirely diff]5t f ^? t h disappe>$4 ,! new races are1 inde$1 (t5 ( a high] grade ?an ^? t prec$$ !m1 b c\ld n h sprung f !m4 ,! true !ory ( animal & vegetable exi/5ce on our globe appe>s to be ?is3 ,su* natures 7 plac$ ^u ! e>? z 7 adapt$ to its v>y+ condition4 ,:5 ! e>lie/ gr\p 0 creat$1 su* 7 ! climate1 ! atmosph]e1 ! wat]s1 & ! means ( subsi/5ce1 t ! l[] tribes 7 be/ adapt$ to ! condition ( ?+s4 ,t gr\p occupi$ ! e>? till su* *anges _h occurr$ z to make x unsuit$ to _! natures1 & consequ5tly !y di$ out1 & new races 7 br\ght 92 n by m]e law1 b by div9e b5evol5ce1 p[]1 & wisdom4 ,^! tribes also pass$ away1 :5 ! condition ( ?+s 0 s *ang$ z to be uncong5ial to _! natures1 to give place to a ?ird gr\p1 & ^! aga9 to a f\r?1 & s on to ! pres5t races1 :i*1 9 _! turn1 p]haps1 are de/9$ to become ext9ct4 ,f ! fir/1 h[ev]1 ! *anges :i* ! e>? has und]gone1 z to temp]ature1 soil1 & climate1 h be5 an improvem5t ( its condition2 s t ea* successive gr\p ( animals & plants c\ld be m & m complicat$ & p]fect2 & !re=e we f9d an increase & developm5t ( fl[]+ plants & v]tebral animals4 ,& yet1 f ! beg9n+1 all ! great classes seem to h exi/$1 s t ! *anges h be5 only 9 ! proportion ( ! m & less p]fect at diff]5t p]iods4 ,9 %ort1 we h only to suppose t ! ,creator exactly adapt$ organic natures to ! sev]al geological p]iods1 & we p]fectly expla9 ! ph5om5a ( organic rema9s4 ,b ! doctr9e ( developm5t by law corresponds only 9 a loose & g5]al way to ! facts1 & _c be reconcil$ to ! details4 ,if t hypo!sis _c get a bett] foo?old some:]e else1 x w soon f9d its way into ! limbo ( ?+s abortive & =gott54 ,i h n[ notic$1 ,i believe1 ! pr9cipal s\rces ( evid5ce 9 :i* ! law hypo!sis re/s2 & at ! be/1 we f9d only a possibility1 b r>ely1 if ev]1 a probability1 t su* a p[] exi/s 9 nature4 ,i turn n[1 = a few mom5ts1 to ! argum5ts on ! o!r side2 t is1 aga9/ ! hypo!sis4 ,& fir/1 x _c expla9 ! wond]ful adaptation ( animals & plants to _! condition & to "o ano!r4 ,!re is n a m /rik+ ?+ 9 nature ?an t adaptation2 & geology %[s u t x has always be5 s4 ,n[1 if any ?+ requires ! ex]cise ( inf9ite wisdom & p[]1 x is ?is feature ( creation4 ,b accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 ! laws ( nature may be s arrang$ z to create e animal & plant j at ! "r "t1 & place !m 9 ! "r spot1 & adju/ e ?+ ar\nd !m to _! nature & wants4 ,9 o!r words1 x supposes law capable ( do+ :at only inf9ite wisdom & p[] c d4 ,:at is ?is b ascrib+ inf9ite p]fection to law1 & imput+ to x effects :i* only an inf9ite intellig5ce c\ld br+ ab\t8 ,9 o!r words1 x is mak+ a ,deity ( ! laws :i* he orda9s4 ,!oretically x may be ( little importance by :at "n m5 call ! ,deity2 b practically to impute natural effects to law1 z an indep5d5t p[]1 is to put a bl9d1 un9tellig5t ag5cy 9 ! place ( ,jehovah4 ,9 ! second place1 :]e "o fact 9 nature looks favorable to ?is hypo!sis1 a ?\s& facts tea* ! contr>y4 ,take = example ! reproduction ( animals4 ,out ( e ?\s& individuals we h c]ta9 evid5ce t n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e are br\ght into exi/5ce by ! ord9>y modes ( g5]ation2 t is1 !y dep5d ^u prog5itors4 ,/ill1 if 9 ! ?\s&? case ! animal's exi/5ce 0 cle>ly casual1 if we c\ld see an elephant1 or an ox1 />t into life )\t p>5tal ag5cy1 t s+le case w\ld prove ! hypo!sis4 ,b nev] d its advocates pret5d t any ( ! l>g] animals are produc$ 9 ?is way4 ,nor is x till !y get among ! small] & obscure animals1 ^: habits are v difficult to trace out1 t we f9d any examples :]e a suspicion ev5 c exi/ ( ! communication ( vitality irrespective ( p>5tal ag5cy4 ,is n a /rong presumption h5ce produc$ t fur!r & m scrut9iz+ obs]vation w %[ ! few except$ cases n to be real exceptions8 ,does n s\nd philosophy dem& t ! pro( ( ! casual production ( ! ?\s&? case %all be z decid$ z t ( ! normal g5]ation ( ! n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e8 ,b no "o1 x seems to me1 w pret5d t any ?+ l su* c]ta9ty exi/s 9 a s+le example ?r\gh\t all nature4 ,! presumption1 !n1 is really m ?an a ?\s& to "o aga9/ ! hypo!sis4 ,take an example f hybridity4 ,:ile a ?\s& species reta9 f age to age _! individuality1 n m ?an "o coalesces ) its neighbor1 & loses its id5tity4 ,& ev5 "h1 all admit t !re is a con/ant t5d5cy 9 ! hybrid race to rev]t to ! orig9al /ock2 & !re is /rong reason to believe t ?is w soon] or lat] take place1 & t x w\ld spe$ily occur 9 e case1 7 x n = ! influ5ce ( dome/ication4 ,su* facts make ! presumption v /rong1 t species are p]man5t1 & any ext5sive metamorphosis impossible4 ,hybridity appe>s to be 9 a measure unnatural2 & ! old prov]b true 9 respect to x-- ,si furca naturam expellas1 ,usque recurret4 ,by ! hypo!sis "u consid]ation1 we ought to expect at lea/ a few examples ( ! =mation ( new organs 9 animals1 9 ! ef=ts ( nature to advance t[>ds a m p]fect /ate4 ,x has usually be5 said t ! "t s9ce animals 7 fir/ describ$ is too %ort = su* developm5t4 ,b we h examples1 f ! catacombs ( ,egypt1 ( animals & plants t liv$ 9 t c\ntry ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago2 & yet1 accord+ to ,cuvi]1--& :o is a bett] judge8--!y are precisely l ! liv+ species4 ,/range t ?is great l5g? ( "t %\ld n h produc$ ev5 "o new organ1 or ! m>ks ( a conatus to produce "o4 ,we are1 inde$1 po9t$ to ! diff]5t v>ieties ( ! human species1 z examples ( ?is progress4 ,b ^! div]sities1 also1 c be %[n to be ! same n[ z at ! e>lie/ date ( hi/orical records2 & :]e1 !n1 is ! evid5ce t !y ev] h und]gone1 or ev] w und]go1 any *ange ( importance8 ,!re may inde$ be examples ( amalgamation1 b "u favorable circum/ances ! orig9al v>ieties are aga9 develop$4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 geology contradicts ?is hypo!sis4 ,we h se5 t x (f]s no satisfactory explanation ( ! gradual increase ( ! m p]fect animals & plants1 z we rise high] 9 ! rocks4 ,t fact is mo/ p]fectly expla9$ by suppos+ t div9e wisdom & b5evol5ce adapt$ ! new species1 :i* f "t to "t 7 creat$1 to ! *ang+ & improv+ condition ( ! e>?4 ,a multitude ( species h be5 dug f ! rocks2 b n "o exhibits evid5ce ( ! developm5t ( new organs 9 ! mann] describ$ by ?is hypo!sis4 ,new species (t5 appe>1 b !y diff] z decid$ly f ! previ\s ones z species n[ d2 & at ! beg9n+ ( ea* =mation !re is (t5 a v decid$ advance 9 ! organic be+s f ^? f\nd 9 ! top ( ! subjac5t =mation4 ,h[ c ?is hypo!sis expla9 su* sudd5 *anges1 :5 its ess5tial pr9ciple is1 t ! progress ( ! developm5t is uni=m8 ,no?+ c expla9 !m surely b special creat+ int]position4 ,geology also %[s u t = a va/ p]iod ! _w exi/$ )\t inhabitants4 ,n[1 :at 0 x t gave ! laws ( nature p[]1 aft] s long an op]ation unproductive ( vitality1 to produce organic natures8 ,:o c conceive ( any inh]5t =ce t %\ld ?us enable !m1 all at once1 to d :at true philosophy %[s to h dem&$ inf9ite skill8 ,9 %ort1 ( all ! sci5ces1 geology mo/ cle>ly %[s special div9e int]f]5ce to expla9 its ph5om5a4 ,x pres5ts u ) su* /up5d\s *anges1 aft] long p]iods ( repose1 su* sudd5 exhibitions ( life1 spr++ =? f ! bosom ( univ]sal dea?1 t no?+ b div9e1 special1 miracul\s ag5cy c expla9 ! results4 ,& ( all ! va/ doma9s ( nature1 x seems to me no "p is s b>r5 ( facts to su/a9 ?is hypo!sis z ! rocks2 nor s full ( facts = its refutation4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 h be5 s fully detail$ 9 a previ\s "p ( ?is lecture t !y ne$ n be "h repeat$4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 ! prodigi\s increase ( ! p[] & ! means ( reproduction1 :i* we f9d among ! l[] tribes ( animals1 af=ds a /rong presumption aga9/ ?is hypo!sis4 ,! animals highe/ on ! scale1 & mo/ p]fect 9 _! organization1 h only "o mode ( reproduction1 viz41 ! vivip>\s4 ,desc5d+ a little l[]1 we come to ! ovip>\s & ovovivip>\s tribes4 ,pass+ to ! inv]tebrate animals1 we meet ) two o!r modes ( reproduction1 ! gemmip>\s & fissip>\s4 ,9 ! fir/ mode1 ! animal is propagat$ by buds1 l "s plants1 z ! tig] lily2 by ! second mode1 a spontane\s division ( ! animal takes place4 ,n[1 9 "s ( ! l[e/ ( ! inv]tebrate tribes1 we f9d mo/ ( ! modes ( propagation t h be5 enum]at$ 9 op]ation2 s t ! same individual 9 "o set ( circum/ances is ovip>\s1 9 ano!r gemmip>\s or fissip>\s4 ,! consequ5ce is1 a p[] ( multiplication inconceivably great4 ,mr4 ,ow5 calculates t ! asc>is lumbricoides1 ! mo/ common inte/9al worm1 is capable ( produc+ sixty-f\r millions ( "y2 & ,ehr5b]g ass]ts t ! hydat9a s5ta1 "o ( ! infusoria1 increas$ 9 twelve days to sixte5 millions1 & ano!r species1 9 f\r days1 to "o hundr$ & sev5ty billions4 ,:y1 n[1 are ^! a/oni%+ p[]s ( reproduction giv5 to ^! m9ute animals1 if x be true t !y c also be produc$ )\t p>5tage1 & by m]e law8 ,?is latt] mode w\ld sup]s$e ! necessity ( ! =m]2 & !re=e1 ! c>e tak5 by ,provid5ce to provide ! =m] is a /rong presumption t ! latt] does n exi/4 ,9 ! fif? place1 x is an in/ructive fact on ?is subject t1 z in/rum5ts h be5 improv$1 & obs]vations h become m se>*+1 ! suppos$ cases ( spontane\s g5]ation h dim9i%$1 until x is n pret5d$ n[ t x takes place except 9 a v few tribes1 & ^? ! mo/ obscure & difficult to obs]ve ( all liv+ ?+s4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago1 naturali/s1 & especially o!r m51 might easily h be5 made to believe t _m ( ! small] insects _h a casual orig94 ,b long s9ce1 save 9 ! matt] ( ! ac>i1 ! entomological field has be5 ab&on$ by ! advocates ( ! law hypo!sis1 & !y h be5 driv5 f "o tribe aft] ano!r1 till at l5g? "s ( ! obscure hid+-places ( ! entozoa & infusoria are n[ ! only spots :]e ! light is n too /rong = ! l>ge-pupil$ eyes ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,is n ! presumption h5ce aris+ v /rong t x w ne$ only a little fur!r improvem5t 9 in/rum5ts & c>e 9 obs]vation to c>ry daylight into ^! recesses1 & demon/rate ! p>5tage & normal developm5t ( all organic be+s8 ,f9ally4 ,! gross mat]ialism insep>able f ?is hypo!sis is a /rong argum5t aga9/ x4 ,i am n aw>e t any "o1 except ,ok51 p]haps1 has ev] attempt$ to %[ t m9d1 z a spiritual ess5ce1 di/9ct f matt]1 has be5 creat$ by natural laws2 9 o!r words1 t !re is 9 nature a p[] to produce m9d4 ,all su* ma9ta9 t intellect is mat]ial1 or1 r1 ! result ( organization1 ! m]e function ( ! bra91 z are also life & in/9ct4 ,g5]ally1 also1 !y cont5d--&1 inde$1 consi/5cy seems to require x--t ! moral p[]s dep5d *iefly ^u diff]5t developm5ts ( ! bra92 s t a disposition to d wrong results m f organization ?an f puni%able m5tal obliquity2 inde$1 ! wor/ ( crim9als are (t51 on ?is acc\nt1 m to be piti$ ?an blam$1 & ! physician is ( m importance ?an ! morali/ & ! div9e = _! re=mation4 ,n[1 if ?is sy/em ( mat]ialism is true1 we ought to embrace x1 )\t any fe> ( ultimate bad effects4 ,b a philosoph] w hesitate long be=e he adopts a sy/em :i* ?us seems to degrade man f 8 l(ty /&+ z a spiritual1 acc\ntable1 & immortal be+1 & makes 8 intellectual & moral p[]s dep5d5t ^u ! /ructure ( ! bra91 &1 !re=e1 de/9$ to p]i% ) ! mat]ial organization1 ) no hope ( future exi/5ce1 unless ,god *ooses to recreate ! man4 ,nay1 if !re be no di/9ct _s 9 man1 :at evid5ce h we t !re is "o 9 ,jehovah8 ,a true philosoph]1 ,i say1 w dem& v /rong evid5ce be=e he adopts any hypo!sis t leads a logical m9d to su* conclusions2 & ,i see n h[ ! "o "u consid]ation c t]m9ate 9 any ?+ else4 ,su* are ! reasons t lead me to reject ! hypo!sis ( creation by law4 ,i h endeavor$ to treat ! subject 9 a c&id & philosophical mann]1 n *>g+ a!ism ^u its advocates :5 !y decl>e !mselves ,!i/s & ,*ri/ians4 ,nei!r h ,i call$ 9 ! aid ( ridicule1 z might easily be done1 & z1 9 fact1 has be5 done by almo/ e oppon5t ( ! sy/em :o has writt5 ^u x4 ,i h endeavor$ to %[ t ! hypo!sis1 tri$ 9 ! balances ( s\nd philosophy1 is f\nd want+2 because1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! facts adduc$ to su/a9 x are insuffici5t2 & secondly1 because1 :]e "o fact seems to favor x1 a ?\s& te/ify aga9/ x4 ,is n ! conclusion a fair "o1 t ! hypo!sis has no solid f\ndation8 ,is n ! evid5ce aga9/ x ov]:elm+8 ,yet x has _m advocates1 & ,i mu/ ?9k--,i hope n un*>itably--t ^! are ! reasons3 ,fir/1 because m5 d n l ! idea ( a p]sonal1 pres5t1 ov]rul+ ,deity2 & secondly1 because !re is v little pr(\nd & ?or\gh k ( natural hi/ory 9 ! community4 ,x is j su* an hypo!sis z *imes 9 ) ! ta/e ( t "p ( ! _w :o h a smatt]+ ( sci5ce1 & :o d n wi% to live )\t "s =m ( religion1 b :o /ill desire to free !mselves f ! inspection ( a holy ,god1 & f ! responsibility :i* 8 exi/5ce & pres5ce w\ld impose4 ,dep5d ^u x1 g5tlem51 y w meet ^! delusions n unfrequ5tly among ! cultivat$ classes ( society1 :]e !y h already done imm5se mis*ief4 ,y w1 inde$1 f9d all ! em95t comp>ative anatomi/s & physiologi/s1 su* z ,cuvi] & ,ow52 su* *emi/s z ,liebig2 su* zoologi/s z ,agassiz & ,edw>d ,=bes2 su* botani/s z ,hook]1 ,h5sl[1 ,l9dley1 ,torrey1 & ,gray2 & su* geologi/s z ,de la ,be*e1 ,lyell1 ,mur*ison1 ,s$gwick1 ,d',orbigny1 ,buckl&1 & ,mill]1 decid$ 9 _! rejection ( ^! views4 ,b :5 ev5 educat$ m5 obta9 only a smatt]+ ( natural sci5ce1 !y f9d some?+ v fasc9at+ 9 ?is hypo!sis2 & ?is is j ! religion1 or1 r1 ! irreligion1 t suits ! sup]ficial1 selfi%1 & pleasure-seek+ exquisites ( fa%ionable draw+-rooms1 !atres1 & wat]+-places4 ,y w f9d1 !re=e1 ! ne$ ( ?or\ghly /udy+ ?is subject1 or y w n be able1 z y w\ld wi%1 to v9dicate ! cause ( true sci5ce & true religion4 ,i _c t]m9ate ?is discussion )\t ref]r+ to an +5i\s analogy1 sugge/$ by ,hugh ,mill]1 9 8 ,footpr9ts ( ! ,creator1 & drawn f ! facts he _h /at$ respect+ ! degradation ( species4 ,no "o :o has ?or\ghly /udi$ ,bi%op ,butl]'s ,analogy ( ,natural & ,reveal$ ,religion to ! ,c\rse ( ,nature w v5ture to say t ,mr4 ,mill]'s sugge/ions are m]e fancy4 ,z ! ideas are entirely orig9al ) him1 ,i give !m 9 8 own words4 ,hav+ spok5 ( ! sev]al dyna/ies ( animals t h succe$$ "o ano!r on ! globe1 9 a passage :i* we h already quot$1 he says1 ,pass+ on to ! reveal$ record1 we le>n t ! dyna/y ( man 9 ! mix$ /ate & "* is n ! f9al "o2 b t !re is to be yet ano!r creation1 or1 m prop]ly1 re-creation1 kn[n !ologically z ! resurrection1 :i* %all be connect$ 9 its physical compon5ts1 by bonds ( my/]i\s pat]nity1 ) ! dyna/y :i* n[ reigns1 & be b\nd to x m5tally by ! *a9 ( id5tity1 consci\s & actual2 b :i*1 9 all t con/itutes sup]iority1 %all be z va/ly its sup]ior z ! dyna/y ( responsible man is sup]ior to ev5 ! l[e/ ( ! prelim9>y dyna/ies4 ,we are fur!r taught t1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is la/ ( ! dyna/ies1 !re w be a re-creation ( n only elevat$1 b also ( degrad$ be+s--a re-creation ( ! lo/4 ,we are taught yet fur!r t1 ?\gh ! pres5t dyna/y be t ( a laps$ race1 :i* at _! fir/ introduction 7 plac$ on high] gr\nd ?an t on :i* !y n[ /&1 & sank by _! own act1 x 0 yet "p ( ! orig9al design1 f ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s1 t !y %\ld occupy ! exi/+ plat=m2 & t r$emption is ?us no aft]?\ght1 r5d]$ necess>y by ! fall1 b1 on ! contr>y1 "p ( a g5]al s*eme1 = :i* provision _h be5 made f ! beg9n+2 s t ! div9e ,man1 ?r\gh :om ! "w ( re/oration has be5 effect$1 0 9 reality1 9 ref]5ce to ! purposes ( ! ,et]nal1 :at he is designat$ 9 ! rem>kable text1 ! ,lamb sla9 f ! f\ndation ( ! _w4 ,sla9 f ! f\ndation ( ! _w6 ,c\ld ! ass]tors ( ! /ony sci5ce ask = language m express8 ,by piec+ ! two records toge!r1--t reveal$ 9 ,scripture & t reveal$ 9 ! rocks1--records :i*1 h[ev] widely geologi/s may mi/ake ! "o1 or comm5tators misund]/& ! o!r1 h emanat$ f ! same great ,au?or1--we le>n t 9 sl[ & solemn maje/y has p]iod succe$$ p]iod1 ea* 9 succession1 u%]+ 9 a high] & yet high] sc5e ( exi/5ce2 t fi%1 reptiles1 mammif]\s quadrup$s1 h reign$ 9 turn2 t responsible man1 'made 9 ! image ( ,god1' & ) dom9ion ov] all creatures1 ultimately ent]$ into a _w rip5$ = 8 reception2 b1 fur!r1 t ?is pass+ sc5e1 9 :i* he =ms ! prom95t figure1 is n ! f9al "o 9 ! long s]ies1 b m]ely ! la/ ( ! prelim9>y sc5es2 & t t p]iod to :i* ! by-gone ages1 incalculable 9 am\nt1 ) all _! well-proportion$ gradations ( be+1 =m ! impos+ ve/ibule1 %all h p]fection = its occupant & et]nity = its duration4 ,i "k n h[ x may appe> to o!rs1 b = my own "p ,i _c avoid ?9k+ t !re w\ld be a lack ( proportion 9 ! s]ies ( be+1 7 ! p]iod ( p]fect & glorifi$ humanity abruptly connect$1 )\t ! introduction ( an int]m$iate creation ( responsible imp]fection ) t ( ! dy+1 irresponsible brute4 ,t sc5e ( ?+s 9 :i* ,god became man1 & suff]$1 seems1 z x no d\bt is1 a necess>y l9k 9 ! *a94 ,a s+le conclud+ ?\ght =ces itself ^u my m9d4 ,x is ?is3 ,h[ +5i\s & p]sev]+ m5 are 9 delud+ !mselves on ! subject ( religion6 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,*ri/1 :at c\ntless devices h !y fram$ to escape f ! l(ty tru?s & spiritual piety ( 8 gospel6 ,nor are !y satisfi$ ) ?is2 = ! gospel has %$ s mu* light ^u ! religion ( nature1 t ev5 ?is is m ?an m5 l2 &1 !re=e1 e sci5ce is ransack$ = facts to neutralize all religion4 ,m5's consci5ces d n p]mit !m to ?r[ (f all ! =ms ( religion2 &1 !re=e1 !y are satisfi$ if !y c only te> out its he>t4 ,!y l to pres]ve & to embalm its ext]nal cov]+1 z ! naturali/ does ! sk9 ( an animal = 8 cab9et4 ,& z ! latt] fills 8 specim5 ) /raw & ars5ic1 & fits glass eyes into x1 s d m5 fill up _! religi\s specim5 ) error & va9 speculation1 & fit into its head ! eyes ( false philosophy1 & !n claim = x intellectual wor%ip4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( educat$ m5 to %[ t su* c>icatures are nei!r sci5ce nor religion4 ,may y1 g5tlem51 h y\r full %>e 9 ?is mo/ useful & noble "w4#ai ,,lecture ,x4 ,,special ,,& ,,miracul\s ,,provid5ce4 ,next 9 importance to ! "q :e!r ! ,deity exi/s1 is ! inquiry :e!r he ex]ts any direct ag5cy 9 uphold+ ! univ]se & 9 controll+ its ev5ts4 ,?is po9t has be5 discuss$ 9 all ages 9 :i* !re h be5 philosoph]s or !ologians1 & ! curr5t ( op9ion has fall5 pr9cipally into ?ree *annels4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 "s h remov$ ! ,deity entirely f 8 works into a fanci$ extra-mundane sph]e1 :]e 9 solitude he might enjoy ! bless$ness ( 8 own inf9ite nature1 )\t ! tr\ble ( direct+ ! ev5ts ( ! univ]se1 or wat*+ ov] ! works ( 8 h&4 ,=getful ( ! great pr9ciple1 t ! intellectual p[]s produce happ9ess only :5 call$ into ex]cise1 !y h fanci$ t ! c>e ( ! univ]se mu/ be a burd5 to its ,creator1 & t x w\ld d]ogate f 8 dignity4 ,x is suppos$1 !re=e1 t ! _w has be5 giv5 up to ! rule ( fate or *ance4 ,9 ! second place1 a m num]\s class h ma9ta9$ t ! ,supreme ,be+1 aft] creat+ ! _w1 committ$ its pres]vation & gov]nm5t ei!r to a subord9ate ag5t1 or to ! laws :i* he impress$ ^u matt] & m9d1 :i* possess an inh]5t p[] to execute !mselves2 s t1 9 fact1 ,god ex]cises no direct & imm$iate ag5cy 9 natural op]ations4 ,! le>n$ & usually pr(\nd ,cudwor? adopt$ ! hypo!sis ( a pla/ic nature1 z he t]ms x1 by :i* he means a vital1 spiritual1 & un9tellig5t1 yet subord9ate ag5t1 by ^: ag5cy ! _w is gov]n$ & its op]ations c>ri$ on4 ,at fir/ view1 ?is hypo!sis w\ld seem to lead inevitably to a!ism2 b su* 0 n ! int5tion ( its au?or4 ,/ill1 x is obvi\sly s clumsy1 t _h x n be5 ! product ( a great m9d1 x nev] w\ld h receiv$ s mu* notice1 or call$ =? su* mighty ef=ts = its refutation1 z h be5 be/[$ ^u x4 ,two v>ieties ( op9ion exi/ among ^? :o believe ! _w gov]n$ & su/a9$ by natural laws1 e/abli%$ by ! ,deity4 ,"s ma9ta9 t ^! laws are g5]al1 n p>ticul>2 n ext5d+ to m9or ev5ts1 b only ! m important2 n provid+ = species1 b only = families4 ,h5ce !y suppose t ^! g5]al cases may int]f]e ) "o ano!r1 & produce results app>5tly repugnant to ! int5tion ( _! ,au?or4 ,o!rs1 %ock$ at ! absurdity ( su* conclusions1 believe ! laws ( nature to ext5d to e ev5t1 & nev] to int]f]e ) "o ano!r1 & always to act 9 accordance ) ! div9e w & appo9tm5t1 b )\t any direct ag5cy ex]t$ by ! ,deity4 ,!y suppose ^! laws--9 o!r words1 second>y ag5cies--to h ! p[] ( produc+ all natural ph5om5a4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 !re are o!rs :o believe t a law c h no effici5cy )\t ! pres5ce & ag5cy ( ! lawgiv]4 ,!y1 !re=e1 suppose e ev5t 9 ! natural _w to be ! result ( ! direct & imm$iate ag5cy ( ,god4 ,:at we call laws are only ! uni=m mode ( 8 op]ation4 ,!y agree ) ! advocates ( ! la/-nam$ !ory 9 suppos+ ! laws ( nature to ext5d to e ev5t1 & to be 9 accordance ) ! ord9ation ( ! ,deity2 b !y diff] 9 ma9ta9+ t ! pres5ce & direct effici5cy ( a lawgiv] are ess5tial to ! op]ation ( natural laws4 ,i %\ld !n def9e a ,special ,provid5ce to be an ev5t br\ght ab\t app>5tly by natural laws1 yet1 9 fact1 ! result ( a special ag5cy1 on ! "p ( ! ,deity1 to meet a p>ticul> exig5cy1 ei!r by an orig9al arrangem5t ( natural laws1 or by a modification ( second causes1 out ( sight at ! "t4 ,! doctr9e1 :i* supposes ! ,deity to ex]cise a sup]9t5d5ce & direction ov] all ! affairs ( ! univ]se1 9 any ( ! modes t h be5 m5tion$1 :e!r by a subord9ate ag5t1 or by laws1 g5]al or p>ticul>1 ) inh]5t self-execut+ p[]1 or by ! direct effici5cy ( ! div9e w1 is call$ ! doctr9e ( div9e provid5ce4 ,if ! sup]9t5d5ce ext5d only to g5]al laws1 x is call$ a g5]al provid5ce4 ,if ^? laws rea* e possible case1 x is call$ a p>ticul> or univ]sal provid5ce4 ,by a ,miracul\s ,provid5ce is meant a sup]9t5d5ce ov] ! _w t int]f]es1 :5 desirable1 ) ! regul> op]ations ( nature1 & br+s ab\t ev5ts1 ei!r 9 opposition to natural laws1 or by giv+ !m a less or great] p[] ?an usual4 ,9 ei!r ( ^! cases1 ! ev5ts _c be expla9$ by natural laws2 !y are above1 or contr>y to1 nature1 &1 !re=e1 are call$ miracles1 or prodigies4 ,!re may be1 &1 z ,i believe1 !re is1 ano!r class ( occurr5ces1 int]m$iate betwe5 miracles & ev5ts /rictly natural4 ,^! take place 9 p]fect accordance ) ! natural laws )9 human view1 & appe> to u to be p]fectly acc\nt$ = by ^? laws2 & yet1 9 "s way or o!r1 we le>n t !y requir$ "s special ex]cise ( div9e p[]1 out ( human view1 = _! production4 ,?us1 accord+ to ! views ( mo/ ,*ri/ian d5om9ations1 conv]sion takes place 9 ! human he>t 9 p]fect accordance ) ! laws ( m9d1 & c\ld be philosophically expla9$ by !m2 yet revelation assures t x is n ( blood1 natural desc5t1 nor ( ! w ( ! fle%1 nor ( ! w ( man1 b ( ,god4 ,div9e p[]1 !re=e1 is ess5tial to ! *ange1 al?\gh we see only ! op]ation ( natural causes4 ,s a /orm may appe> to u to be p]fectly acc\nt$ = by natural laws2 & yet div9e effici5cy might h produc$ a *ange 9 "s ( ^? laws out ( our sight1 & ?us meet a p>ticul> exig5cy4 ,su* ev5ts ,i call special provid5ce2 & ,i ma9ta9 t we _c tell h[ frequ5tly !y may occur4 ,x is *iefly ! be>+s ( sci5ce1 especially ( geology1 ^u ! doctr9e ( miracul\s & special provid5ce1 :i* ,i wi% to consid]4 ,b x may =m a useful introduction1 to /ate ! evid5ce1 :i* goes to %[ t ! ag5cy ( ! ,deity1 9 ! ord9>y op]ations ( nature1 is a direct effici5cy2 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! laws ( nature are only ! modes 9 :i* div9e ag5cy op]ates4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 if we suppose ev] s _m second>y causes to be conc]n$ 9 natural ev5ts1 ! effici5cy mu/1 aft] all1 be ref]r$ to ,god4 ,:at is a second>y cause8 or1 9 o!r words1 :at is a law ( nature consid]$ z a cause8 ,x is simply a uni=m mode ( op]ation4 ,we f9d t heavy bodies uni=mly t5d t[>ds ! e>?'s c5tre1 & t we call ! law ( gravity2 b if ^? bodies sometimes asc5d$1 & sometimes mov$ horizontally1 "u ! same circum/ances1 we c\ld n inf] ! exi/5ce ( su* a law4 ,n[1 !re mu/ be "s cause = uni=mity ( op]ation 9 nature4 ,!re mu/ be "s =eign p[]1 :i* gives ! uni=mity1 s9ce x is c]ta9 t ! law itself c possess no effici5cy4 ,we may1 inde$1 f9d "o law dep5d5t ^u a second law1 & ?is ^u a ?ird1 & s on4 ,b ! inquiry /ill arises1 ,:at gives ! effici5cy to ?is second & ?ird law8 & /ill ! answ] mu/ be1 ,some?+ out ( itself4 ,s t if we run back on ! *a9 ( causes ev] s f>1 we mu/ /ill resort to ! p[] ( ! ,deity to f9d any effici5cy t w produce ! f9al result4 ,9 mo/ cases1 we c trace back only "o or two l9ks on ! *a94 ,= in/ance1 we acc\nt = ! fall+ ( all bodies by ! law ( gravity4 ,b philosoph]s h we>i$ !mselves 9 va9 to f9d any cause = gravity1 except 9 ! w ( ,god4 ,! failure ( e o!r hypo!sis1 ?\gh inv5t$ by su* m5 z ,newton & ,le ,sage1 has be5 signal4 ,s\nd philosophy1 !n1 requires u to inf] t gravity owes its effici5cy to ! direct ex]tion ( div9e p[]4 ,& s 9 all cases1 :5 we c no long] discov] second causes = any ph5om5on1 :y %\ld we imag9e _! exi/5ce1 r ?an ref] x to ! ag5cy ( ,god8 ,= g back z f> z we may1 & discov] a ?\s& int]v5+ causes1 ! effici5cy resides alone 9 ,god4 ,we h no evid5ce t ev5 inf9ite p[] c communicate t effici5cy to ! laws ( nature1 s t !y c act )\t ! pres5ce & ag5cy ( ,god4 ,! common idea1 :i* end[s ^? laws ) indep5d5t p[]1 w n be> exam9ation4 ,9 ! second place1 if natural op]ations d n dep5d ^u ! ex]cise ( div9e p[]1 no o!r effici5t cause c be assign$ = _! production4 ,we h se5 t 9 ! laws ( nature1 indep5d5tly ( ! ,deity1 !re is no effici5cy2 & ,i "k n :]e else we c resort = any ag5cy to c>ry =w>d ! op]ations ( nature1 except to ! same inf9ite ,be+4 ,! fate & *ance ( ! anci5ts1 ! pla/ic nature ( ,cudwor?1 ! delegat$ nature ( ,lam>ck1 are inde$ names inv5t$ by m5 to designate a c]ta9 imag9>y effici5cy resid+ some:]e1 indep5d5t ( ! ,deity1 by :i* ! ph5om5a ( nature h be5 suppos$ to be produc$4 ,b ! mom5t !y are describ$1 !y are f\nd to be m]e imag9>y ag5cies1 mean+ no?+ m ?an ! c\rse ( nature1 or ! laws ( nature1 :i* we h se5 possess no indep5d5t effici5cy4 ,to a div9e ag5cy1 !re=e1 we mu/ resort1 or be left )\t any adequate cause = ! complicat$ & wond]ful processes ( nature4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ?is view ( ! subject is /rongly confirm$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures4 ,h[ univ]sal is ! div9e ag5cy repres5t$ 9 ! well-kn[n passage--= ( him1 & ?r\gh him1 & to him1 are all ?+s4 ,equally vivid is ,paul's /atem5t on ,m>s ,hill--,9 him we live1 & move1 & h our be+4 ,h[ graphic a description is ! #adg? ,psalm ( ,god's ag5cy 9 ! natural _w6 ,n only is all good ascrib$ to ,god1 b evil also4 ,by ! m\? ( ,isaiah he says1 ,i =m light & create d>kness2 ,i make peace & create evil2 ,i ! ,"l d all ^! ?+s4 ,9 %ort1 no ev5t 9 ! mat]ial or spiritual _w is by ! sacr$ writ]s ascrib$ to *ance1 or to nature1 or ! laws ( nature1 z x is among m52 b to ! direct effici5cy ( ,god4 ,nor is !re any diff]5ce 9 ?is respect betwe5 miracles & common ev5ts4 ,! "o class is repres5t$ z orig9at+ 9 ! ag5cy ( ,god1 j z mu* z ! o!r4 ,f9ally4 ,x w h>dly be ?\ght /range1 9 view ( ! prec$+ consid]ations1 t a l>ge proportion ( ! mo/ acute & philosophical m9ds 9 mod]n times h pref]r$ ?is view ( div9e provid5ce to any o!r4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton decl>es t ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 organic & inorganic1 c be ! effect ( no?+ else ?an ! wisdom & skill ( a p[]ful1 ev]-liv+ ,ag5t1 :o1 be+ 9 all places1 is m able by 8 w to move ! bodies )9 8 b\ndless1 uni=m s5sorium1 !reby to =m & re=m ! p>ts ( ! univ]se1 ?an we are by our w to move ! p>ts ( our own bodies4 ,says ,dr4 ,cl>ke1 ! fri5d & disciple ( ,newton1 ,all ?+s :i* we commonly say are ! effects ( ! natural p[]s ( matt]1 & laws ( motion1 are1 inde$1 if we w speak /rictly & prop]ly1 ! effects ( ,god's action ^u matt] cont9ually1 & at e mom5t1 ei!r imm$iately by himself1 or m$iately by "s creat$1 intellig5t be+4 ,consequ5tly !re is no su* ?+ z ! c\rse ( nature1 or ! p[] ( nature1 indep5d5t ( ! effects produc$ by ! w ( ,god4 ,9 speak+ ( ! pr9ciple ( vegetable life1 ,sir ,james ,edw>d ,smi?1 ! em95t botani/1 says1 ,i humbly conceive t1 if ! human und]/&+ c 9 any case flatt] itself ) obta9+1 9 ! natural _w1 a glimpse ( ! imm$iate ag5cy ( ! ,deity1 x is 9 ! contemplation ( ?is vital pr9ciple1 :i* seems indep5d5t ( mat]ial organization1 & an impulse1 ( 8 own div9e en]gy4--,introduction to ,botany1 p4 #bf1 7,bo/on edition47 ,we w\ld no way be und]/ood1 says ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 to d5y ! con/ant ex]cise ( ?is ,god's direct p[] 9 ma9ta9+ ! sy/em ( nature1 or ! ultimate emanation ( e en]gy1 :i* mat]ial ag5ts ex]t1 f 8 imm$iate w1 act+ 9 con=mity ) 8 own laws4--,disc\rse on ,nat4 ,philosophy4 ,a law1 says ,pr(essor ,:ewell1 supposes an ag5t & a p[]2 = x is ! mode accord+ to :i* ! ag5t proce$s1 ! ord] accord+ to :i* ! p[] acts4 ,)\t ! pres5ce ( su* an ag5t1 ( su* a p[]1 consci\s ( ! relations on :i* ! law dep5ds1 produc+ ! effects :i* ! law prescribes1 ! law c h no effici5cy1 no exi/5ce4 ,h5ce we inf] t ! intellig5ce by :i* ! law is orda9$1 ! p[] by :i* x is put 9 action1 mu/ be pres5t at all times & 9 all places :]e ! effects ( ! law occur2 t ?us ! k & ! ag5cy ( ! div9e ,be+ p]vades e portion ( ! univ]se1 produc+ all action & passion1 all p]man5ce & *ange4 ,! laws ( nature are ! laws :i* ,he1 9 8 wisdom1 prescribes to 8 own acts2 8 univ]sal pres5ce is ! necess>y condition ( any c\rse ( ev5ts2 8 univ]sal ag5cy ! only orig9 ( any effici5t =ce4--,bridgewat] ,treatise1 p4 #bgj4 ,! /ud5t 9 natural philosophy1 obs]ves ! ,bi%op ( ,london1 w f9d re/ f all ^? p]plexities1 :i* are occasion$ by ! obscurity ( causation1 9 ! proposition :i*1 al?\gh x 0 discr$it$ by ! patronage ( ,malebran*e & ! ,c>tesians1 has be5 adopt$ by ,cl>ke & ,dugald ,/ew>t1 & :i* is by f> ! mo/ simple & sublime acc\nt ( ! matt]--t all ev5ts :i* are cont9ually tak+ place 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! mat]ial univ]se are ! imm$iate effects ( ! div9e ag5cy4--,:ewell's ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 p4 #bgc4 ,jona?an ,edw>ds1 says ,m',co% 9 8 ,me?od ( ! ,div9e ,gov]nm5t1 some:]e illu/rates ! mann] 9 :i* ,god upholds ! univ]se1 by ! way 9 :i* an image is upheld 9 a mirror4 ,t image is ma9ta9$ by a cont9ual fl[ ( rays ( light1 ea* succe$+ p5cil ( :i* does n diff] f t by :i* ! image 0 fir/ produc$4 ,he conceives t ! univ]se is1 9 e "p ( x1 support$ 9 a simil> way by a cont9ual succession ( acts ( ! div9e w1 & ^! n diff]+ f t :i* at fir/ caus$ ! _w to spr+ into exi/5ce4 ,n[1 x may be safely said ( ?is !ory t x _c be disprov$4 ,sev]al consid]ations may be urg$ 9 support ( x4 ,:i* ( ! views respect+ div9e provid5ce t h be5 /at$ has ! be/ practical t5d5cy1 seems h>dly to admit ( d\bt4 ,if we believe t ,god has submitt$ ! direction & gov]nm5t ( ?is _w to a subord9ate ag5t1 a pla/ic nature2 or if we suppose he has impress$ matt] & m9d ) c]ta9 g5]al laws1 :i* h ! p[] ( execut+ !mselves )\t 8 ag5cy1 & especially if 9 _! op]ation !y d sometimes actually cla% ) "o ano!r1 or ev5 if ^? laws ext5d to e movem5t ( matt] & m9d1--/ill1 if !y d n require div9e effici5cy1 m5 _c b feel t ,god is remov$ f 8 works1 & t ! laws ( nature1 & n 8 ag5cy1 are _! security4 ,b if !y believe t e movem5t ( matt] or m9d requires a direct ex]cise ( div9e p[] or effici5cy1 j z mu* z if e ev5t 0 a miracle1 x _c b br+ ,god ne> to u1 & make u realize 8 pres5ce4 ,if we obta9 a timepiece f ,london or ,p>is1 :i* conta9s all ! spr+s & :eels requisite to keep x 9 op]ation1 by occasionally w9d+ x up1 h[ little d we ?9k ( ! arti/ :o con/ruct$ x1 except1 p]haps1 occasionally to admire 8 +5uity6 ,b if x _h be5 necess>y = t arti/ to accompany ! *ronomet]1 & actually to put =? ! /r5g? ( 8 own arm e mom5t to keep x 9 motion1 h[ mu* m %\ld we ?9k ( him & realize 8 pres5ce6 ,! same effect1 9 a great] or less degree1 w att5d ! belief t ,god mu/ be n only virtually1 b sub/antially1 pres5t e :]e1 & be con/antly ex]cis+ 8 p[] to keep 9 op]ation ! va/ ma*9e ( ! univ]se4 ,x _c b deeply impress ! he>t1 & ex]t a mo/ salut>y influ5ce ^u ! affections1 to realize t e ev5t ar\nd u is br\ght ab\t by ! imm$iate ag5cy ( ! supreme ,be+4 ,b not)/&+ ! salut>y influ5ce ( ?is view ( ,provid5ce ^u our moral feel+s1 & ?\gh philosophy pron\nces x decid$ly ! mo/ reasonable1 /ill x meets ) /rong opposition4 ,i ne$ n /op to notice ! objections1 t x makes ,god ! au?or ( evil z well z good1 & t x repres5ts man z a m]e ma*9e 9 ! h&s ( ! ,deity1 & !re=e takes away human responsibility4 ,i say ,i ne$ n /op to answ] su* objections1 because !y lie equally /rong aga9/ any sy/em :i* makes ,god ! orig9al au?or ( ! univ]se4 ,b a m plausible objection is1 t x makes all ev5ts miracul\s4 ,?is objection is bas$ on ! supposition t e ev5t :i* takes place ?r\gh ! direct & imm$iate ag5cy ( ,god is a miracle4 ,b is ?is ! true mean+ ( a miracle8 ,is ! t]m ev] appli$ to any b extraord9>y ev5ts8 ,x may or x may n imply a contrav5tion ( ! laws ( nature4 ,b x does always imply some?+ :i* ! laws ( nature _c produce1 & :i*1 ( c\rse1 !y _c expla94 ,x is always ! result ( "s new =ce com+ 9 to ! aid ( ! laws ( nature1 or 9 ! place ( !m1 or ev5 sometimes1 p]haps1 9 opposition to !m2 z :5 ! sun /ood /ill ^u ,gibeon1 & ! moon 9 ! valley ( ,ajalon4 ,h5ce an ev5t may take place ?r\gh ! direct & imm$iate ag5cy ( ,god1 & yet n be a miracle4 ,if x be nei!r above1 nor indep5d5t (1 nor 9 opposition to ! laws ( nature1 !n x =ms a "p ( ! ord9>y provid5ce ( ,god2 x is a "p ( ! usual1 ! fix$ & uni=m c\rse ( nature1 & c be expla9$ by kn[n & unalt]able laws4 ,! nature ( ! ev5t is n affect$ at all by ! "q :e!r x is produc$ by ! direct effici5cy ( ,god1 or by a p[] inh]5t 9 ^? laws4 ,we1 :o believe t ! direct effici5cy ( ,god is necess>y to ! op]ation1 & ev5 to ! exi/5ce1 ( ! laws ( nature1 are j z firm believ]s 9 ! con/ancy ( ^? laws z he :o supposes !m possess$ ( inh]5t p[]s4 ,:5 t con/ancy is int]rupt$ 9 any way1 we call x a miracle4 ,h5ce x appe>s t our views ( ! nature ( a miracle are ! same z 81 viz41 an ev5t :i* takes place out ( ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature2 &1 !re=e1 our sy/em is no m liable to ! objection t all ev5ts are made miracles ?an 8 sy/em4 ,! way is n[ prep>$ = inquir+ :at geology tea*es respect+ ! ord9>y & extraord9>y provid5ce ( ,god ov] ?is _w4 ,! evid5ces ( ord9>y provid5ce1 :i* are common to geology & o!r s\rces ( pro(1 ,i %all pass by2 bo? because !y are famili> to all1 & because ,i h1 9 a =m] lecture1 %[n ! exi/5ce & op]ation ( ! pres5t laws ( nature 9 all pa/ ages4 ,b !re is "o feature ( ! pa/ condition ( ! _w taught by geology to :i* ,i w\ld call y\r att5tion1 z exhibit+ a m impressive view ( ! wisdom & skill ( ord9>y provid5ce ?an almo/ any o!r dep>tm5t ( nature pres5ts4 ,:5 ! heav5ly bodies are once put "u ! control ( ! two great =ces t guide !m1 viz41 ! c5trifugal & c5tripetal1 we see no reason :y !y may n move on =ev] 9 _! accu/om$ pa?s4 ,b ! two great ag5ts ( geological *ange1 fire & wat]1 h an aspect ( great irregul>ity & viol5ce1 & are app>5tly less "u ! control ( ma!matical laws4 ,9 ! mighty int5sity ( _! action 9 e>ly times1 we c h>dly see h[ !re c\ld h be5 mu* ( security or p]man5ce 9 ! /ate ( ! globe1 )\t ! con/ant re/ra9+ en]gy ( ,jehovah4 ,we feel z if ! e>?'s cru/ mu/ h be5 con/antly liable to be torn 9 pieces by volcanic fires1 or dr5*$ by sweep+ deluges4 ,& yet ! v>i\s economies ( life on ! globe1 t h prec$$ ! pres5t1 h all be5 seasons ( pr(\nd repose & uni=mity4 ,! tru? is1 ^! mighty ag5cies h be5 j z mu* "u ! div9e control z ^? :i* regulate ! heav5ly bodies2 & ,i d\bt n b ! laws t regulate _! action are z fix$ & ma!matical z ^? :i* guide ! sun1 moon1 & planets4 ,/ill1 x mu/ h requir$ inf9ite wisdom & p[] s to arrange ! ag5cies ( nature t ! desolat+ action ( fire & wat] %\ld take place only at ^? epo*s :5 e ?+ 0 9 read9ess = ! ru9 ( an old economy & ! introduction ( a new "o4 ,geological ag5cies diff] f a/ronomical 9 ?is--t ! =m] mu/ be all[$ an irregul> action )9 c]ta9 limits2 :]eas ! latt] act ) unv>y+ uni=mity 9 all circum/ances4 ,if ! =m] _h n "s room = irregul> action1 !y w\ld n act at all2 b if all[$ too mu* lib]ty1 !y w de/roy :at !y 7 int5d$ to pres]ve4 ,& ,god does re/ra91 & always has re/ra9$ !m1 j at ! po9t :]e desolation w\ld be ! result ( _! m p[]ful op]ation4 ,i d n1 inde$1 cont5d t x requires m p[] or wisdom to b9d ^? mighty ag5cies )9 prop] limits ?an to control ! heav5ly bodies4 ,b to our limit$ faculties x c]ta9ly seems a m difficult "w2 &1 !re=e1 ! geological hi/ory ( ! globe gives u a m impressive idea ( ! ord9>y provid5ce ( ,god ?an we see 9 ! calm & uni=m movem5ts ( nature ar\nd u4 ,9 ! second place1 geology furni%es u ) "s v /rik+ examples ( miracul\s provid5ce4 ,9 disprov+ ! et]nity ( ! organic _w1 9 a =m] lecture1 ,i adduc$ & illu/rat$ ^! examples s fully1 t ,i %all d little m 9 ?is place ?an give a recapitulation ( t argum5t4 ,if we suppose ! e>? orig9ally to h be5 m]ely a diffus$ mass ( vapor1 l comets1 or nebulae1 ,i c conceive h[1 by ! op]ation ( su* natural laws z n[ exi/1 x might h be5 cond5s$ into a solid globe2 into a melt$ /ate1 inde$1 f ! am\nt ( heat extricat$ 9 ! cond5sation4 ,^? same laws might subsequ5tly =m ov] ! molt5 mass a solid cru/1 :i*1 at l5g?1 might be ridg$ & furr[$ by ! action ( int]nal heat1 s z to =m ! basis ( cont95ts & ! b$s ( oceans4 ,9 due "t1 ! vapors might cond5se1 s z to fill ^? bas9s ) wat]2 &1 by ! mutual & alt]nate action ( ! wat]s above & ! heat b5ea?1 ! rocks might be comm9ut$1 s z to =m ! basis ( soils4 ,s f> might ! arrangem5ts ( ! _w h proce$$ by natural laws2 9 o!r words1 by ! ord9>y provid5ce ( ,god4 ,b at ?is po9t we mu/ br+ 9 an extraord9>y ag5cy ( ! ,deity1 or ! _w w\ld h rema9$1 9 ! expressive language ( revelation1 )\t =m & void2 t is1 invisible & unfurni%$4 ,y h1 inde$1 ! framework ( a _w1 b ! mo/ difficult & complicat$ "p ( ! "w1 ! creation ( plants & animals1 rema9s yet to be p]=m$4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! precise po9t :]e y mu/ call 9 ! miracul\s ag5cy ( ! ,deity1 or ! e>? w\ld =ev] rema9 an un9habit$ wa/e4 ,= if x does n require miracul\s ag5cy to br+ into exi/5ce animals & plants1 ,i "k n :at c require x1 or prove its op]ation4 ,i c almo/ z easily conceive h[ matt] might spr+ f no?+ =tuit\sly1 c]ta9ly ,i c z easily conceive ( its et]nity1 z t organism & life c result f ! ord9>y laws ( nature4 ,x may be1 h[ev]1 t ,i %all "h be met by ! /atem5t1 t "s di/+ui%$ geologi/s ma9ta9 ! probable exi/5ce ( organiz$ be+s on ! globe at an indef9itely e>li] p]iod ?an t 9 :i* _! rema9s fir/ appe> 9 ! rocks4 ,!y cont5d t ! extreme heat :i* has melt$ ! old] rocks has oblit]at$ all traces ( organic exi/5ce bel[ a c]ta9 l9e4 ,n[1 9 ord] to meet ?is difficulty1 x is n necess>y to %[ ?is op9ion to be errone\s4 ,we h only to advance ano!r /ep 9 our g5]al argum5t1 :i* br+s u ^u gr\nd admitt$ to be good by ! geologi/s above allud$ to4 ,!y all ( !m believe t _m new animals & plants h f "t to "t appe>$ on ! globe2 t1 9 fact1 !re h be5 sev]al almo/ entire *anges 9 its inhabitants4 ,mo/ ( !m suppose ^! new races to h be5 introduc$ 9 l>ge numb]s at p>ticul> epo*s1 ?\gh "s pref] ! !ory :i* supposes ! new species to h be5 introduc$ "o by "o1 z ! old ones became ext9ct4 ,b ev5 ?is supposition does n ess5tially affect my argum5t2 because !y all all[ t ^! successive species 7 really new1 & c\ld n h be5 ! result ( any metamorphosis ( ! old species4 ,& x is ! fact t new organic be+s h1 f "t to "t1 be5 creat$1 t is alone ess5tial to my argum5t4 ,:e!r !y 7 creat$ by gr\ps or s+ly1 is an int]e/+ geological "q2 b1 9 ei!r case1 miracul\s p[] mu/ h be5 put =? z really & z effici5tly to call into exi/5ce a s+le new species ( animalcula1 or sea-we$1 z to introduce an entirely new race4 ,! successive economies ( organic life t h exi/$ on ! e>?1 & pass$ f x1 d mo/ unequivocally demon/rate ! extraord9>y or miracul\s provid5ce ( ,god4 ,b we might ab&on ev5 ?is /rong gr\nd ( our argum5t1 & /ill geology w\ld af=d u a mo/ unequivocal example ( ! creative ag5cy ( ! ,deity4 ,t sci5ce %[s1 beyond all "q1 t man1 & mo/ ( 8 contempor>y races ( animals & plants1 h n always occupi$ ?is globe2 &1 inde$1 t !y 7 n plac$ ^u x till ne>ly e =m buri$ 9 ! rocks _h pass$ away4 ,& s9ce ^? races :i* n[ inhabit ! globe h among !m a l>g] proportion ( highly organiz$ & m complicat$ species ?an h ev] be=e be5 contempor>ies1--especially s9ce man is among !m1 confess$ly ! mo/ p]fect 9 organization & 9 intellect ( all ! be+s t ev] occupi$ ?is planet1--we c "h po9t to ! highe/ ex]cise ( creative p[] ev] exhibit$ 9 ?is l[] _w1 z a c]ta9 mem5to ( ,god's extraord9>y or miracul\s provid5ce4 ,inde$1 :o1 t has any adequate idea ( ! wond]s ( man's intellectual1 moral1 & immortal nature1 & ( ! /range extremes t meet & h>monize 9 8 physical & intellectual con/itution1 w believe t any l(ti] miracle has ev] be5 exhibit$ on ?is globe ?an 8 creation8 ,b ,i h already dwelt s long ^u ?is :ole argum5t 9 a =m] lecture1 t ,i w add no m 9 ?is place4 ,if ! facts :i* ,i h /at$ d n prove ! miracul\s ag5cy ( ! ,deity 9 pa/ ages1 ,i "k n h[ x c be prov$4 ,b assum+ ?is position to be e/abli%$1 & sev]al inf]5ces ( importance w foll[4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?is subject removes all philosophical presumption aga9/ a special revelation f heav54 ,if we c prove t ! ,deity has (t5 s int]f]$ ) ! c\rse ( nature z to introduce new species1 nay1 :ole races ( animals & plants ^u ! globe1--if1 9 a comp>atively rec5t p]iod1 he has creat$ a moral & immortal be+1 end[$ ) all ! p[]s ( a free & an acc\ntable ag5t1--x w\ld surely be no m wond]ful if he %\ld communicate to t be+ 8 w by a writt5 revelation4 ,inde$1 ! b5evol5ce ( ! ,deity1 z we le>n x f nature1 w\ld create a presumption t su* a revelation w\ld be giv51 if x appe>1 z we "k x does1 t no suffici5t k is inh]5t 9 8 nature to guide him 9 ! pa? ( duty2 s9ce su* a revelation w\ld be no great] miracle ?an to p ! _w1 orig9ally de/itute ( life1 & !n to repeople x aga9 & aga91 ) s va/ a v>iety ( organic natures4 ,philosophy has sometimes be5 dis9cl9$ to admit ! claims ( revelation1 because x implies a sup]natural ag5cy ( ! ,deity2 &1 until rec5tly1 revelation seem$ to be a solit>y example ( special int]f]5ce on ! "p ( ,jehovah4 ,b geology adds o!r examples1 long ant]ior to revelation--examples regi/]$1 l ! laws ( ,s9ai1 on tables ( /one4 ,& ! admission ( ! geological evid5ce ( special int]f]5ce ) ! regul> sequ5ce ( nature's op]ations ought to pr$ispose ! m9d = li/5+ to ! appropriate pro(s ( a moral communication to ignorant & err+ man4 ,9 ! second place1 ! subject %[s u h[ gr\ndless is ! fam\s objection to ! miracles record$ 9 ,scripture1 f\nd$ on ! position t !y are contr>y to exp]i5ce4 ,x is1 says ,mr4 ,hume1 a maxim wor?y ( our att5tion1 t no te/imony is suffici5t to e/abli% a miracle1 unless ! te/imony be ( su* a k9d1 t its falsehood w\ld be m miracul\s ?an ! fact :i* x endeavors to e/abli%4 ,h5ce he ass]ts1 t ! evid5ce ( te/imony1 :5 appli$ to a miracle1 c>ries falsehood on ! v face ( x1 & is m prop]ly a subject ( d]ision ?an ( argum5t1 & t :oev] believes ! ,*ri/ian religion is consci\s ( a cont9u$ miracle 9 8 own p]son1 :i* subv]ts all ! pr9ciples ( 8 und]/&+1 & gives him a det]m9ation to believe :at is mo/ contr>y to cu/om & exp]i5ce4 ,at ! "t :5 ,mr4 ,hume wrote1 & ) 8 great skill 9 weav+ toge!r metaphysical subtilties1 su* an argum5t might deceive sup]ficial m9ds2 = !n a miracle 0 suppos$ to be contr>y to all exp]i5ce4 ,b geology has disclos$ _m new *apt]s 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 & %[n ! exi/5ce ( miracles e>li] ?an *ronological dates4 ,ev5 ,mr4 ,hume w\ld h>dly d5y t ! creation ( :ole s]ies ( animals & plants 0 miracul\s2 & yet1 9 pro( ( t creation1 we ne$ n dep5d ^u te/imony2 = we c read x ) our own eyes ^u ! solid rocks4 ,su* pro( appeals directly to our common s5se2 nor c any +5i\s quibble1 conc]n+ ! nature ( human te/imony1 weak5 its influ5ce 9 produc+ conviction4 ,& if ,god has wr\ght /up5d\s miracles ( creation 9 ord] to p ! _w1 :o does n see t x is /ill m probable he w\ld p]=m o!r miracles :5 !y 7 ne$$ to sub/antiate a revelation ( 8 w to ^? moral & acc\ntable be+s1 :o ne$$ its special tea*+s to make !m acqua9t$ ) _! ,god1 _! duty1 & _! de/9y8 ,f9ally4 ,! subject removes all presumption aga9/ ! ex]cise ( a special & miracul\s provid5ce 9 ! div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,9 all ages ( ! _w1 philosoph]s1 & ev5 _m !ologians1 h be5 /r5u\s oppos]s ( special & miracul\s provid5ce4 ,if !y h admitt$1 z mo/ ( ! latt] class h done1 t "s miracles 7 p]=m$ 9 anci5t times1 !y h /r5u\sly ma9ta9$ t ! doctr9e ( special provid5ce 9 ^! days is absurd1 & t ,god _c1 )\t a miracle1 be/[ any special favors ^u ! virtu\s 9 answ] to _! pray]s1 or inflict any special puni%m5ts ^u ! wick$2 & t x is fanaticism to expect any o!r retributions ?an su* z ! ord9>y & unmodifi$ c\rse ( nature br+s along ) x4 ,! unv>y+ con/ancy ( nature1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ gov]n$ by fix$ laws1 is ! gr& argum5t :i* !y adduce 9 opposition to any suppos$ special provid5ce4 ,s9ce ! fa!rs fell asleep1 say !y1 all ?+s cont9ue z !y 7 f ! beg9n+4 ,god has subject$ ! _w to ! gov]nm5t ( laws1 & he w n int]f]e )1 c\nt]act1 set aside1 or give a sup]natural =ce to ^? laws1 to meet p>ticul> exig5cies4 ,= ! adju/m5t ( all app>5t inequalities ( good & evil1 suff]+ & enjoym5t "h1 we mu/ wait = ! disclosure ( et]nity1 :5 /rict retributive ,ju/ice w hold h] ev5 scales4 ,:5 natural evils come ^u u1 !re=e1 x is idle to expect _! removal1 except s f> z !y may be mitigat$ or ov]come by natural means2 & h5ce x is useless to pray = _! removal1 or to expect ,god w deliv] u f !m 9 any o!r way4 ,:5 ! heav5s ov] u become brass1 & ! e>? "u our feet iron1 & ! ra9 ( our l& is p[d] & du/1 & want1 & fam9e1 z ! consequ5ce1 /alk =? among ! inhabitants1 ( :at use to pray to ,god = ra91 s9ce to give x w\ld require a miracle1 & ! age ( miracles has pass$8 ,:5 ! pe/il5ce is sc\r+ ?r\gh ! l&1 & our neighbors & ne>e/ fri5ds are )9 its grasp1 & we may next become its victims1--nay1 :5 we1 too1 are on ! bord]s ( ! grave1--:y %\ld we expect relief by pray]1 s9ce sickness is ! result ( natural causes1 & ,god w n int]pose to save u f ! effects ( natural evils1 because t w\ld be contr>y to a fix$ rule ( 8 gov]nm5t8 ,:5 dang]s clu/] ar\nd ! good man 9 ! dis*>ge ( try+ duties1 x w\ld be en?usiasm 9 him to expect any special protection aga9/ 8 enemies1 ?\gh he pray ev] s f]v5tly1 & tru/ 9 div9e deliv]ance ) ev] s mu* confid5ce4 ,he mu/ look to ano!r _w = 8 rew>d1 if call$ to suff] "h4 ,nor has ! d>+ly wick$ man any reason to fe> t ,god w puni% 8 violations ( ! div9e law by any unusual display ( 8 p[]2 n 9 any way1 inde$1 b by ! evils :i* naturally fl[ f a wick$ life4 ,9 %ort1 x w be useless to pray = any bless+ t requires ! lea/ int]f]5ce ) natural laws1 or = ! removal ( any evil :i* dep5ds ^u ^? laws4 ,& s9ce our m9ds are controll$ z mu* by laws z ! functions ( our bodies1 we are n to expect any bless+s 9 our s\ls1 :i* require ! lea/ infr+em5t ( intellectual laws4 ,9 f9e1 ! effect ( pray] is limit$ almo/ entirely to its influ5ce ^u our own he>ts1 9 prep>+ !m to receive ) a prop] _s natural bless+s1 & to be> aright natural evils2 to /imulate u to use ) m dilig5ce ! means ( avoid+ or remov+ ! latt]1 & secur+ ! =m]4 ,n a few philosoph]s ( di/9ction1 & "s !ologians1 h adopt$ ^! views4 ,ev5 ,dr4 ,?omas ,br[n uses ! foll[+ language3 ,x is q evid5t t ev5 ,omnipot5ce1 :i* _c d :at is contradictory1 _c comb9e bo? advantages--! advantage ( regul> ord] 9 ! sequ5ces ( nature1 & ! advantages ( a uni=m adaptation ( ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( ! individual4 ,we may take our *oice1 b we _c ?9k ( a comb9ation ( bo?2 & if1 z is v obvi\s1 ! great] advantage be t ( uni=mity ( op]ation1 we mu/ n compla9 ( ! evils to :i* t v uni=mity :i* we _c fail to pref]--if ! option _h be5 all[$ u--has be5 ! v circum/ance t gave rise4--,lecture #id4 ,sci5ce1 says ,george ,combe1 has bani%$ f ! m9ds ( pr(\nd ?9k]s belief 9 ! ex]cise by ! ,deity1 9 our day1 ( special acts ( sup]natural p[]1 z a means ( influ5c+ human affairs2 & x has pres5t$ a sy/ematic ord] ( nature1 :i* man may /udy1 compreh5d1 & foll[1 z a guide to 8 practical conduct4 ,_m educat$ laym51 & also a numb] ( ! cl]gy1 h decl9$ to recognize fa/s1 humiliations1 & pray]s1 z means adapt$1 accord+ to _! views1 to av]t ! recurr5ce ( ! evil1 ! potato blight4 ,inde$1 ^! obs]vances1 inasmu* z !y mislead ! public m9d ) respect to its causes1 are reg>d$ by su* p]sons z positive evils4 ,! mo/ irreligi\s ( all religi\s notions1 z x seems to u1 says ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 is a belief 9 special provid5ces2 = if ! doctr9e has any weight at all1 x is ga9$ at ! exp5se ( a g5]al provid5ce4 ,to assume to detect ,god z ne>] to u on "s occasions is to put him f>!r (f f u on o!r occasions4 ,to h him 9 special incid5ts is to =get him 9 ! common t5or ( ev5ts4 ,! doctr9e ( special provid5ces evid5tly has no o!r f\ndation ?an ?is1 t m5 ?9k !y c detect ,god's purpose & pres5ce m signally 9 "s incid5ts ?an 9 o!rs2 s t ! doctr9e1 aft] all1 is only a complim5t to man's p[] ( detection1 in/ead ( an ackn[l$gm5t ( ,god's special pres5ce4 ,su* views & reason+s seem1 ^u a sup]ficial exam9ation1 to be v plausible4 ,b :5 we look into ! ,bible1 we _c b see t ! ma9 drift ( x is directly oppos$ to su* notions4 ,t book does enc\rage man to pray to ,god = ! removal ( evils ( e k9d2 evils z mu* dep5d5t ^u natural laws z ! daily c\rse ( ! sun ?r\gh ! heav5s4 ,x does tea* u to look to ,god 9 e try+ situation = deliv]ance1 if x is be/ = u to be deliv]$4 ,x does repres5t ! wick$ man z 9 dang] ( special puni%m5t4 ,x exhibits a multitude ( examples1 9 :i* ,god has ?us deliv]$ ^? :o tru/$ 9 him1 & puni%$ ^? :o violat$ 8 laws4 ,9 e age1 too1 ! mo/ devot$ly pi\s m5 h te/ifi$1 t !y h f\nd deliv]ance & support 9 circum/ances 9 :i* m]e natural laws c\ld af=d !m no relief4 ,moreov]1 :5 m5 are br\ght into great p]il or suff]+ ( any k9d1 !y involunt>ily cry to ,god = help4 ,:5 ! vessel f\nd]s 9 ! fury ( ! /orm1 ! h>d5$ sailor employs t brea? 9 ard5t pray] :i* j be=e _h be5 p\r$ out 9 blasphemies4 ,& :5 ! wid[$ "m he>s ! tempe/ h[l+ ar\nd h] dwell+ at night1 %e _c b pray = ! protection ( h] *ild ^u ! trea*]\s sea4 ,:5 viol5t disease racks ! frame1 & we feel ourselves rapidly s9k+ into ! grave1 x is sc>cely 9 human nature to omit cry+ to ,god ) a feel+ t he c save u4 ,9 %ort1 x is a dictate ( nature to call ^u ,god 9 times ( tr\ble4 ,our reason+ ab\t ! con/ancy ( nature1 :i* appe>s to u :ile 9 safety s cle>ly to %[ pray] = ! removal ( natural evils to be useless1 loses its p[]1 & ! feel+s ( ! he>t triumph4 ,x n[ becomes1 !re=e1 an important practical "q1 :i* ( ^! views ( ! provid5ce ( ,god is correct4 ,is x ^? :i* our reason+ d]ives f ! con/ancy ( nature1 or ^? inspir$ by piety & ! ,bible8 ,i h already said1 t ! subject ( ?is lecture removes all presumption aga9/ ! latt] view2 & ,i n[ proce$ to %[ h[ ,god c ex]cise a special provid5ce ov] ! _w1 s z to meet ! case ( e individual1 :e!r = bless+ or puni%m5t1 & t1 too1 )\t miracles4 ,:oev] believes t geology discloses /up5d\s miracles ( creation1 at v>i\s epo*s1 w n d\bt t all presumption aga9/ miracul\s ag5cy at any o!r "t is ?us remov$4 ,= we are ?us %[n t ! law ( miracles =ms a "p ( ! div9e plan 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,b ?is does n prove ! same to be ! fact 9 respect to a law ( special provid5ce4 ,x is inde$ true t geology gives u no di/9ct examples ( special provid5ce1 9 ! s5se :i* we h atta*$ to t t]m 9 ! pres5t lecture4 ,b x does furni% a multitude ( in/ances 9 :i* *anges ( physical condition 9 ! e>? 7 met by mo/ wisely adapt$ *anges ( organic nature4 ,& ev5 ?\gh ^! *anges 7 ! result ( miracul\s ag5cy1 !y disclose ?is pr9ciple ( ! div9e gov]nm5t1 viz41 t peculi>ities ( condition are to be met by special arrangem5ts1 s t e exig5cy %all be provid$ = 9 ! mann] inf9ite wisdom sees to be be/4 ,n[1 ?is pr9ciple con/itutes ! ess5ce ( special provid5ce2 &1 !re=e1 geology1 9 %[+ its pa/ op]ation 9 ! _w's e>ly organic hi/ory1 af=ds a presumption t ! same un*ang+ ,god may /ill employ x 9 8 natural & moral gov]nm5t4 ,b does n ?is pr9ciple ( special adaptation to individual exig5cies dem& miracul\s ag5cy 9 all cases8 ,c ! wants ( individuals be met 9 any o!r way ?an by miracles1 or by ! ord9>y & settl$ laws ( nature8 ,i ma9ta9 t !re are o!r modes 9 :i* ?is c be done2 9 :i*1 9 fact1 e case requir+ special int]f]5ce c be met exactly & fully4 ,?is c be done1 9 ! fir/ place1 by a div9e influ5ce ex]t$ ^u ! human m9d1 unp]ceiv$ by ! individual4 ,if x 7 p]ceiv$1 x w\ld con/itute a miracle4 ,b c we d\bt t ! ,au?or ( m9d %\ld be able to influ5ce x directly & indirectly1 unp]ceiv$ by ! man s act$ ^u8 ,ev5 man c d ?is to 8 fell[2 & %all su* a p[] be d5i$ to ,god8 ,n[1 9 _m cases1--,i d n say all1--x only ne$s t ! m9ds ( o!rs %\ld be incl9$ to d s & s t[>ds a man1 9 ord] to place him 9 circum/ances mo/ unlike ^? t w\ld h surr\nd$ him )\t su* an influ5ce4 ,ev5 ! v elem5ts1 be+ to "s ext5t "u human control1 c ?us be made subs]vi5t1 or adv]se1 to an individual2 &1 inde$1 by a *ange 9 ! feel+s & conduct ( o!rs t[>ds u1 by an unse5 influ5ce ^u _! m9ds1 our :ole outw>d condition may be *ang$4 ,9 ?is way1 !re=e1 c ,god1 9 _m in/ances1 conf] bless+s on ! virtu\s1 or execute puni%m5t ^u ! wick$1 or give special answ]s to special pray]2 & yet !re %all be no miracle ab\t x1 nor ev5 ! slighte/ violation ( a law ( matt] or ( m9d4 ,! result may seem to u only ! natural effect ( ^? laws1 & yet ! div9e influ5ce may h modifi$ ! effect to any ext5t4 ,9 ! second place1 ,god c s modify ! second causes ( ev5ts out ( our sight1 z to *ange :olly1 or 9 "p1 ! f9al result1 & yet n di/urb ! usual ord] ( nature )9 sight1 s t !re %all be no miracle4 ,a miracle requires t ! usual ord] ( nature1 z man sees x1 be int]rupt$1 or "s =ce sup]add$ to h] ag5cy4 ,b if su* *ange take place out ( our sight1 x might n di/urb t ord] )9 sight2 &1 !re=e1 to u x w\ld be no miracle4 ,! mode 9 :i* ?is c be done dep5ds ^u ! fact t 9 nature we (t5 f9d sev]al causes1 ess5tial to produce an effect1 connect$ toge!r1 z x 71 9 a *a92 s t ea* l9k dep5ds ^u t :i* prec$es x4 ,?us ! p[] ( vision dep5ds ^u ! optic n]ve1 9 ! bottom ( ! eye4 ,b ?is w\ld be useless1 7 n ! coats & humors ( ! eye ( a c]ta9 consi/5ce & curvature1 9 ord] to br+ ! rays toge!r to =m an image on ! ret9a4 ,aga91 ^! coats & humors dep5d ^u light1 & light dep5ds = its transmission1 probably1 ^u t exce$+ly ela/ic m$ium call$ ! lum9if]\s e!r4 ,?is is z f> back z we c trace ! s]ies ( causes conc]n$ 9 produc+ vision4 ,& yet ?is ela/ic e!r may dep5d ^u some?+ else1 & ?is cause ( ! movem5t ( ! e!r ^u ano!r cause2 & we "k n h[ long ! *a9 may be be=e we rea* ! great ,fir/ ,cause4 ,n[1 if any "o ( ?is s]ies ( second causes be modifi$1 ! effect w be a modification ( ! f9al result4 ,?is suppos$ modification may take place 9 t "p ( ! *a9 ( causes )9 our view1 or 9 t "p conceal$ f u4 ,if x took place )9 sight1 x w\ld con/itute a miracle2 because ! regul> sequ5ce ( cause & effect w\ld be brok5 (f1 or an unnatural p[] be imp>t$ to ! cause produc+ ! ultimate effect4 ,if ! modification took place 9 t "p ( ! *a9 ( second causes out ( our sight1 ! f9al effect w\ld be no miracle2 because x w\ld be br\ght ab\t by natural laws1 & ^! w\ld p]fectly expla9 x4 ,nev]!less1 ?is ultimate effect w\ld be diff]5t f :at x w\ld be if ,god _h n t\*$ & modifi$ t l9k ( causation :i* lies out ( our sight1 back among ! secret ag5cies ( 8 w4 ,& ,i see n b 9 ?is way he might modify ! ultimate effect z mu* z he pleas$1 & /ill pres]ve ! unv>y+ con/ancy ( nature4 ,= 9 all ^! cases we %\ld see only ! l9ks ( ! *a9 ( causes ne>e/ to u2 &1 provid$ !y op]at$ 9 _! usual ord]1 h[ c\ld we "k t any *ange _h tak5 place 9 ! region beyond our k8 ,if ! :ole *a9 ( causation 7 op5 to our inspection1 !n1 inde$1 w\ld ! transaction be an obvi\s miracle2 b n[ we see no?+ b ! un*ang+ op]ation ( natural laws4 ,to illu/rate ?is pr9ciple1 let u imag9e a few examples4 ,suppose ! l& visit$ by dr\ght1 & its pi\s inhabitants assemble to pray = ra94 ,we "k v well t ! causes on :i* a /orm ( ra9 dep5d are v complicat$4 ,h[ easy = ! div9e ,be+1 9 answ] to ^? pray]s1 to modify "o or m ( ^! secret ag5cies ( meteorological *ange1 t are conceal$ f our sight1 s z to br+ toge!r ! vapors ov] ! l& & cond5se !m into ra96 ,& yet t /orm %all h no?+ ab\t x unusual1 & x results f ! same laws :i* we h be=e se5 to be 9 op]ation4 ,/ill1 x may h be5 ! result ( a special ag5cy ex]t$ by ,jehovah 9 answ] to pray]1 yet 9 su* a mann] t no kn[n law ( nature is infr+$ ^u1 or ev5 r5d]$ m p[]ful 9 its action4 ,equally intricate & complicat$ are ! causes ( disease1 & especially ( ^? pe/il5ces t sometimes m>* ov] a :ole cont95t1 ) ! angel ( dea? 9 _! tra92 & alike easy is x = ,god1 9 answ] to e>ne/ pray]1 to av]t _! progress1 or to cripple _! p[]1 or turn !m aside f a p>ticul> di/rict1 )\t ! lea/ int]f]5ce ) ! visible connection ( cause & effect4 ,! belov$ fa!r ( a family lies ^u a b$ ( sickness1 & disease is fa/ ga9+ ^u ! p[]s ( life4 ,8 num]\s & desolate family1 9 spite ( ! cold sugge/ion t x w be ( no avail1 w e>ne/ly besee* ! ,be+ 9 ^: h&s is ! p[] ( disease1 to arre/ ! fatal malady4 ,& c\ld n _! ,fa!r 9 heav51 9 ! way ,i h po9t$ out1 give !m _! reque/1 & yet _! p>5t's recov]y be ! natural result ( c>eful nurs+ & m$ical skill8 impos+1 h[ev]1 ^u t family z great an obligation z if a manife/ miracle _h be5 wr\ght to save him4 ,! wid['s only son1 9 spite ( h] c\nsels & entreaties1 becomes a vagabond ^u ! seas1 &1 at l5g?1 "o ( ! crew ( ! battle %ip4 ,! p]ils ( ! deep & ( vici\s companions are en\gh to make t wid[ a daily & mo/ e>ne/ suppliant at ! m]cy-seat ( h] heav5ly ,fa!r1 = 8 protection & salvation4 ,b1 at l5g?1 w> breaks out1 & ! p]ils ( battle r5d] 8 fate m d\btful4 ,/ill1 fai? 9 ,god buoys up h] he>t1 & %e _c ab&on ! hope ( yet see+ h] son return$1 re=m$1 & becom+ a useful man4 ,& at l5g?1 rescu$ f ! /orm & %ipwreck1 & ! c>nage ( battle1 & ! yet m dang]\s sn>es ( s91 t y\? returns1 a r5ovat$ man1 & *e]s t "m's sett+ sun by an em95tly useful life4 ,n[1 all ?is may h happ5$ simply by ! op]ation ( natural laws4 ,b x may also h be5 ! result ( div9e int]f]5ce 9 answ] to pray]2 & h>d w y f9d x to conv9ce t rejoic+ "m t ! h& ( ,god's extraord9>y provid5ce 0 n 9 x4 ,! devot$ mission>y1 at ! prompt+s ( a voice )91 quits a l& ( safety & peace1 & f9ds himself 9 ! mid/ ( dang]s & suff]+s ( almo/ e "n2 9 p]ils ( wat]s1 9 p]ils ( robb]s1 9 p]ils 9 ! city1 9 p]ils 9 ! wild]ness1 9 we>9ess1 9 wat*+s (t51 9 hung] & ?ir/1 9 fa/+s (t51 9 cold & nak$ness4 ,! furnace ( p]secution is heat$1 & he p]=ms 8 duties ) 8 life con/antly 9 8 h&4 ,b he uses no weapon save fai? & pray]4 ,he feels t he is immortal till 8 "w is done4 ,&1 9 fact1 he outlives all 8 dang]s1 &1 9 v5]able old age1 surr\nd$ by ! fruits ( 8 labor1--a re=m$ & affectionate p1--he passes quietly into ! abodes ( ! bless$4 ,"h1 aga91 :y %\ld we hesitate to ref] 8 protection & deliv]ance to ! special int]position ( 8 heav5ly ,fa!r1 9 ! mann] ,i h po9t$ out8 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! hi/ory ( dreadfully wick$ m5 is full ( t]rible examples ( calamity & suff]+1 z ! consequ5ce ( _! s9s4 ,true1 ! evil came ^u !m app>5tly by ! op]ation ( natural laws2 b %all we h5ce inf] t ,god 9 no case has s modifi$ ^! laws1 by an ag5cy among ! hidd5 causes ( ev5ts1 z to make ! result c]ta98 ,he c]ta9ly c\ld d ?is2 & to say t he nev] has done x1 is to remove "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful re/ra9ts t op]ate ^u ! wick$4 ,9 sev]al examples record$ 9 ! ,bible1 bo? ( deliv]ance = ! virtu\s & ( puni%m5t = ! wick$1 s _m natural ag5cies are conc]n$1 t we are left 9 d\bt :e!r ! ev5ts are to be reg>d$ z miracul\s or n4 ,let ! deluge1 ! de/ruction ( ,sodom1 & ! passage ( ! ,israelites ?r\gh ! ,r$ ,sea1 s]ve z examples4 ,9 ! fir/1 we f9d ! flood imput$ to a =ty days' ra9 & ! ov]fl[+ ( ! ocean2 & its r$uction to a w9d4 ,9 ! de/ruction ( ! cities ( ! pla91 ! ph5om5a describ$ correspond v well ) ! effects ( volcanic ag5cy2 & we f9d accord+ly t ! region :]e ^? cities /ood %[s m>ks ( t ag5cy4 ,9 ! passage ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 ! removal ( ! wat]s1 to all[ ! ,israelites to pass1 is imput$ to a /rong ea/ w9d all night4 ,nev]!less1 ! pill> ( a cl\d by day & ! pill> ( fire by night 7 a manife/ & /&+ miracle 9 ?is transaction4 ,n[1 may x n be t1 9 all ^! cases1 s f> z natural ag5cies 7 conc]n$1 !y 7 made to conspire ) ! miracul\s 9 ! mann] :i* ,i h describ$1 viz41 by su* a modification ( "s ( ! remote causes by :i* !y 7 br\ght into action1 z exactly to answ] ! div9e purpose 9 ! cata/rophe ( ! deluge1 ( ,sodom1 & 9 ! passage ( ! ,r$ ,sea8 ,a ?ird mode by :i* ! purposes ( special provid5ce c be br\ght ab\t )\t miracles is by su* an adju/m5t ( ! direct & lat]al influ5ces on :i* ev5ts dep5d1 t ! "t & mann] ( _! occurr5ce %all exactly meet e exig5cy4 ,al?\gh x expresses a tru? to repres5t ! second causes ( ev5ts z con/itut+ ! l9ks ( a *a91 x is n ! :ole tru?4 ,=1 9 fact1 ^? causes are connect$ toge!r 9 ! =m ( a network1 or1 m exactly /ill1 by a sph]e fill$ ) int]lock$ me%es2 or1 to speak m ma!matically1 ! =ces by :i* ev5ts are produc$ are bo? direct & indirect4 ,x w\ld be easy to calculate ! effect ( a s+le direct =ce2 b if1 9 its progress1 x meets ) a multitude ( oblique impulses1 /rik+ x at e possible angle1 :at human ma!matics c make out ! f9al resultant8 ,yet1 9 fact1 su* is ! hi/ory ( almo/ e ev5t4 ,! lat]al influ5ces1 :i* meet & modify ! direct =ce1 are s num]\s1 & unexpect$ (t51 t m5 are amaz$ at ! result1 sometimes z unexpect$ z a miracle4 ,:5 an individual1 says ,isaac ,taylor1 receives an answ] to 8 pray]1 ! int]position may be made1 n 9 ! l9e :i* he himself is describ+1 b 9 "o ( ^? :i* are to meet him on 8 pa?2 & at a po9t1 !re=e1 :]e1 ev5 ?\gh ! visible con/ancy ( nature %\ld be violat$1 yet1 z be+ at ! "t beyond ! sph]e ( 8 obs]vation1 x is a violation n visible to him4 ,& h]e9 is especially manife/$ ! p]fection ( div9e wisdom1 t ! mo/ surpris+ conjunctions ( ev5ts are br\ght ab\t by ! simple/ means1 & 9 a mann] t is p]fectly 9 h>mony ) ! ord9>y c\rse ( human affairs4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 ! great miracle ( provid5ce1 t no miracles are ne$$ to accompli% its purposes4--,nat4 ,hi/ory ( ,en?usiasm1 p4 #abh4 ,?is complication ( causes does n m]ely give v>iety to ! works & op]ations ( nature1 b x enables ,god to produce effects :i* c\ld nev] h result$ f ea* law act+ s+ly2 nor is !re a sc>cely conceivable limit to ^! modifications4 ,inde$1 9 ?is way c ,provid5ce accompli% all 8 b5efic5t purposes1 & meet e individual case1 j z inf9ite wisdom w\ld h x met4 ,by ?is ag5cy1 says ,m',co%1 ,god c at "o "t increase1 & at ano!r "t less51 or completely nullify1 ! spontane\s ef=ts ( ! fix$ prop]ties ( matt]4 ,n[ he c make ! mo/ p[]ful ag5ts 9 nature--su* z w9d1 fire1 & disease--co9cide & coop]ate to produce effects ( su* a trem5d\s magnitude z none ( !m sep>ately c\ld accompli%2 & aga91 he c arre/ _! influ5ce by c\nt]act+ ag5cies1 or1 r1 by mak+ !m c\nt]act ea* o!r4 ,he c1 = in/ance1 by a concurr5ce ( natural laws1 br+ a p]son1 :o is 9 ! enjoym5t ( heal? at pres5t1 to ! v bord]s ( dea?1 an h\r or an in/ant h5ce2 & he c1 by a l means1 sudd5ly re/ore ! same or ano!r individual to heal?1 aft] he has be5 on ! v v]ge ( ! grave4 ,by ! conflu5ce ( two or m /reams1 he c br+ ag5cies ( trem5d\s pot5cy to be> ^u ! production ( a giv5 effect1 su* z a w>1 a pe/il5ce1 or a revolution2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 by draw+ aside ! /ream into ano!r *annel1 he c arre/1 at any giv5 in/ant1 ! awful effects t w\ld o!rwise foll[ f ^! ag5cies1 & save an individual1 a family1 or a nation1 f ! evils :i* seem ready to bur/ ^u !m4 ,guid$ by ^! pr9ciples & gu>d$ by s\nd s5se1 ! inquir+ m9d w discov] _m & wond]ful design$ connections betwe5 ! v>i\s ev5ts ( div9e provid5ce4 ,read 9 ! _s ( fai?1 /rik+ co9cid5ces w e :]e manife/ !mselves4 ,:at s+ul> unions ( two /reams at ! prop] place to help on ! ex]tions ( ! great & good6 ,:at curi\s int]sections ( cords to cat* ! wick$ z 9 a net1 :5 !y are pr[l+ z wild bea/s6 ,by /range b mo/ apposite correspond5ces1 human /r5g?1 :5 set aga9/ ! w ( ,god1 is made to wa/e away "u ,god's indignation burn+ aga9/ x1 z1 9 hea!n /ory1 ,meleag] wa/$ away z ! /ick burn$ :i* 8 "m held 9 ! fire4--,me?od ( ! ,div9e ,gov]nm5t1 pp4 #agf1 #bjc4 ,9 _m cases1 ! lat]al /reams ( influ5ce t fl[ 9 & br+ unexpect$ relief to ! pi\s man1 & unexpect$ puni%m5t to ! wick$1 or a m>k$ answ] to pray]1 seem to ! individuals little %ort ( miracul\s4 ,yet1 aft] all1 !y c see no violation ( ! natural ord] ( cause & effect4 ,b ! wond] is1 h[ ! modify+ influ5ce %\ld come 9 j at ! "r mom5t4 ,x may1 inde$1 h receiv$ a commission to d ?is v ?+ f ! imm$iate impulse ( ,jehovah2 yet1 be+ unp]ceiv$ by u1 x is no miracle4 ,or ! :ole plan may h be5 s arrang$ at ! beg9n+ t its developm5t w meet e case ( special provid5ce exactly4 ,:i* ( ^! views may be mo/ accordant ) tru?1 may admit ( discussion4 ,yet we ?9k t all ! modes t h be5 po9t$ out1 by :i* miracul\s & special provid5ces are br\ght ab\t1 may be ref]r$ to "o g5]al proposition1 :i* we n[ proce$ to /ate4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 ! plan ( ! univ]se 9 ! div9e m9d1 at ! beg9n+1 mu/ h embrac$ e case ( miracles & ( special provid5ce4 ,f ! nature ( ! div9e attributes we inf] ) c]ta9ty t e ev5t occurr+ 9 ! univ]se mu/ h ent]$ into ! orig9al plan ( creation 9 ! m9d ( ,god4 ,surely no "o w d5y t he mu/ h =ese5 ! op]ation ( e law :i* he e/abli%$1 &1 consequ5tly1 e ev5t :i* x w\ld produce4 ,b !re mu/ be "s gr\nd = =ekn[l$ge to re/ ^u2 o!rwise x is conjecture1 n k4 ,& :at c\ld t basis be b ! div9e plan8 ,equally cle> is x t1 :atev] plans exi/$ 9 ! m9d ( ,god1 :5 he br\ght ! univ]se into exi/5ce1 mu/ always h be5 !re4 ,= to suppose t !re 0 a po9t ( duration :5 ! plan 0 fir/ conceiv$1 w\ld imply new k 9 "o confess$ly omnisci5t2 & t de/roys ! idea ( omnisci5ce4 ,simil> reason+ f ! nature ( ! div9e attributes leads u to ! conclusion t ,god always acts accord+ to law4 ,t he does ?is 9 ! ord9>y op]ations ( nature1 all admit4 ,b ev5 :5 he introduces a miracle1--p]haps by a c\nt]action ( ord9>y laws1--he may /ill act by "s rule2 s t1 7 precisely ! same circum/ances to occur aga91 ! same miracle w\ld be repeat$4 ,be=eh&1 we c\ld n say :e!r ,god w\ld conduct ! affairs ( ! univ]se by "o unv>y+ sy/em ( natural laws1 or occasionally int]f]e ) ! regul> sequ5ce ( cause & effect by miracle4 ,b ?\gh ! latt] c\rse %\ld be adopt$1 z we h reason to ?9k x is1 ev5 ! special int]f]5ce mu/ be accord+ to law2 s t1 9 fact1 !re is a law ( miracles z well z ( common ev5ts4 ,aga91 if ,god sometimes alt]s "o or m ( ! l9ks out ( sight1 9 a *a9 ( second causes1 9 ord] to meet a provid5tial exig5cy1 or if he modifies = ! same purpose "s ( ! oblique influ5ces by :i* ev5ts are affect$1 all ?is mu/ be done by rule2 t is1 by law4 ,inde$1 to suppose him ev] to act )\t law1 is to repres5t him z less wise ?an m51 :o1 if judici\s1 are always gov]n$ by settl$ pr9ciples1 :i* produce ! same conduct 9 ! same circum/ances4 ,f ?is reason+ we may safely inf] two ?+s3 fir/1 t ! laws regulat+ miracles & special provid5ces are z fix$ & c]ta9 z ^? ( ord9>y ev5ts2 & secondly1 t ^? laws mu/ h =m$ a "p ( ! plan ( creation orig9ally exi/+ 9 ! div9e m9d4 ,& h5ce1 ?irdly1 we mu/ admit t e case ( miracle & special provid5ce mu/ h ent]$ into t plan4 ,:5 he =m$ x1 he =esaw e possible ev5t t w\ld result f its op]ation to ! end ( ! _w4 ,he saw di/9ctly ! condition ( e individual ( ! human family1 f ! beg9n+ to ! close ( life2 all 8 dang]s & trials1 8 suff]+s & 8 s9s2 & he knew j :5 & :]e e pray] w\ld be (f]$ up4 ,nor c x be any m d\btful t1 ) inf9ite wisdom to guide him1 & inf9ite p[] to execute 8 w1 ,god c\ld s h arrang$ & con/itut$ ! laws ( nature1 z to meet exactly e case t %\ld ev] occur1 j 9 ! way he w\ld wi% to h x met4 ,^? laws might h be5 s fram$ & dispos$ t1 aft] runn+ on 9 "o unv>y+ c\rse = ages1 a new "o might come 91 or ! old ones be modifi$1 & at once produce effects q diff]5t1 & !n ! fir/ laws resume aga9 _! usual c\rse4 ,& ! new or modifi$ law might be made to produce its extraord9>y or peculi> effects j at ! mom5t :5 "s miracle or special provid5ce w\ld be ne$$4 ,?us :at w\ld be to u a special or miracul\s int]position ( div9e p[]1 might be ! =ese5 & =eorda9$ result ( ,god's orig9al purpose4 ,& if we c conceive h[ su* an effect c\ld be produc$ once1 we _c d\bt t inf9ite wisdom & p[] c\ld 9 l mann] meet e possible case 9 :i* :at we call special & miracul\s provid5ce w\ld be ne$$4 ,) our limit$ p[]s1 we are oblig$1 aft] con/ruct+ a complicat$ ma*9e1 to put x into op]ation be=e we c judge c]ta9ly ( its effects2 & !n1 if our wi%es are n met1 we mu/ alt] ! p>ts1 or 9 "s o!r way meet ! new cases t occur2 & h5ce we f9d x difficult to conceive h[ x c be o!rwise ) ,god4 ,b he saw ! op]ation ( ! va/ ma*9e ( ! univ]se j z cle>ly at ! beg9n+ z at any subsequ5t p]iod4 ,he1 !re=e1 c d at ! beg9n+ :at we c d only aft] exp]i5ce1 viz41 adapt ! p>ts to e v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,if ,i mi/ake n1 we are indebt$ to ,bi%op ,butl] = ! g]m ( ^! views2 b ,pr(essor ,babbage has illu/rat$ !m by ref]5ce to an extraord9>y ma*9e ( 8 own inv5tion1 call$ ,! ,calculat+ ,eng9e4 ,x is adapt$ to p]=m ! mo/ ext5sive & complicat$ num]ical calculations1 ( c\rse ) absolute c]ta9ty1 because its p>ts are arrang$ by c]ta9 laws4 ,& he f9ds t precisely su* effects1 on a small scale1 c be produc$ by ?is ma*9e1 z h be5 imput$ above to ! div9e ag5cy 9 creation4 ,x is mov$ by a weight & a :eel :i* turns at a %ort int]val ar\nd its axis1 & pr9ts a s]ies ( natural numb]s1--#a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 c41--ea* exce$+ its antec$5t by unity4 ,n[1 read]1 let me ask y1 says ,pr(essor ,babbage1 h[ long y w h c\nt$ be=e y are firmly conv9c$ t ! eng9e1 suppos+ its adju/m5ts to rema9 unalt]$1 w cont9ue1 :il/ its motion is ma9ta9$1 to produce ! same s]ies ( natural numb]s4 ,"s m9ds1 p]haps1 are s con/itut$ t1 aft] pass+ ! fir/ hundr$ t]ms1 !y w be satisfi$ t !y are acqua9t$ ) ! law4 ,aft] see+ five hundr$ t]ms1 few w d\bt2 & aft] ! fifty ?\s&? t]m1 ! prop5sity to believe ! succe$+ t]m w be fifty ?\s& & "o1 w be almo/ irresi/ible4 ,t t]m w be fifty ?\s& & "o2 ! same regul> succession w cont9ue2 ! five million? & ! fifty million? t]m w appe> 9 _! expect$ ord]1 & "o unbrok5 *a9 ( numb]s w pass be=e y1 f "o up to "o hundr$ millions4 ,true to ! va/ induction :i* has ?us be5 made1 ! next succe$+ t]m w be "o hundr$ millions & "o2 b aft] t1 ! next numb] pres5t$ by ! rim ( ! :eel1 in/ead ( be+ "o hundr$ millions & two1 is "o hundr$ millions t5 ?\s& & two4 ,! law :i* seem$ to gov]n ?is s]ies fails at ! "o hundr$ million & second t]m4 ,t t]m is l>g] ?an we expect$ by t5 ?\s&4 ,! next t]m is l>g] ?an 0 anticipat$ by ?irty ?\s&4 ,if we /ill cont9ue to obs]ve ! numb]s pres5t$ by ! :eel1 we %all f9d t = a hundr$1 or ev5 = a ?\s& t]ms1 !y cont9ue to foll[ ! new law relat+ to ! triangul> numb]s2 b aft] wat*+ !m = tw5ty-sev5 hundr$ & sixty-"o t]ms1 we f9d t ?is law fails 9 ! case ( ! tw5ty-sev5 hundr$ & sixty-second t]m4 ,if we cont9ue to obs]ve1 ano!r law !n comes into action4 ,?is w cont9ue ?r\gh f\rte5 hundr$ & ?irty t]ms1 :5 a new law is aga9 introduc$1 :i* ext5ds ov] ab\t n9e hundr$ & fifty t]ms2 & ?is1 too1 l all its pr$ecessors1 fails1 & gives place to o!r laws1 :i* appe> at diff]5t int]vals4 ,x is also possible s to arrange ! eng9e1 t at any p]iods1 h[ev] remote1 ! fir/ law %all be int]rupt$ = "o or m times1 & be sup]s$$ by any o!r laws1 aft] :i* ! orig9al law %all be aga9 produc$1 & no o!r deviation %all ev] take place4 ,n[1 x mu/ be rem>k$ t ! law t ea* numb] pres5t$ by ! eng9e is great] by unity ?an ! prec$+ numb]1 :i* law ! obs]v] _h d$uc$ f an induction ( a hundr$ million ( in/ances1 0 n ! true law t regulat$ its action2 & t ! occurr5ce ( ! numb] "o hundr$ million t5 ?\s& & two at ! "o hundr$ million & second t]m 0 z necess>y a consequ5ce ( ! orig9al adju/m5t z 0 ! regul> succession ( any "o ( ! int]m$iate numb]s to its imm$iate antec$5t4 ,! same rem>k applies to ! next app>5t deviation f ! new law1 :i* 0 f\nd$ on an induction ( two ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & sixty-"o t]ms2 & to all ! succe$+ laws1 ) ?is limitation only1 t :il/ _! consecutive introduction at v>i\s def9ite int]vals is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! me*anical /ructure ( ! eng9e1 our k ( analysis does n yet enable u to pr$ict ! p]iods at :i* ! m di/ant laws w be introduc$4--,n9? ,bridgewat] ,treatise4 ,! application ( ^! /atem5ts to ! doctr9e ( special z well z ( miracul\s provid5ce is v obvi\s4 ,if human +5uity c con/ruct a ma*9e :i* %all exhibit ! introduction ( new laws1 aft] ! old ones _h be5 e/abli%$ by an induction ( a hundr$ million ( examples1 & ^! new ones be succe$$ by o!rs1 h[ mu* easi] = ! inf9ite ,god to con/ruct ! va/ & m complicat$ ma*9e ( ! univ]se1 s t new laws1 or modifications ( ! old ones1 %all be introduc$ at v>i\s p]iods ( its hi/ory1 to meet e exig5cy6 ,h[ easy = him s to adju/ ?is ma*9e at ! beg9n+1 t ! new laws & new modes ( action %\ld be introduc$1 precisely at ^? po9ts :]e a special provid5ce w\ld be desirable1 to rew>d ! virtu\s & to puni% ! wick$1 & !n ! old law aga9 assume its dom9ion6 ,& h[ easily1 9 ?is way1 c\ld ! case ( e individual be met1 f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ! _w6 ,i mean1 h[ easy w\ld ?is "w be to inf9ite wisdom & p[]6 ,b if all ev5ts1 miracul\s z well z common1 may dep5d ^u unb5d+ law1 h[ does su* a view diff] f ! "o ,i am n[ oppos+1 viz41 t ! con/ancy ( nature's laws precludes ! idea ( any special int]f]5ce on ! "p ( ,god1 9 human affairs8 ,! ma9 po9t ( diff]5ce1 ,i reply1 is1 t ! advocates ( ! latt] view w n admit any su* ?+ at ! pres5t day z special int]f]5ce1 on ! "p ( ! ,deity1 ) nature4 ,!y admit only uni=m & ord9>y laws1 :i* !y suppose are nev] int]rupt$4 ,?is ,i d5y2 & endeavor to %[1 n only t ! contr>y may be a fact1 b t ,god purpos$ x orig9ally1 & det]m9$ ! laws by :i* x might be accompli%$4 ,! fact t he did ?is be=eh&1 ev5 f et]nity1 no m precludes 8 ag5cy1 ?an ! special int]f]5ce ( a fa!r to help 8 *ild ?r\gh a dang]\s pass is disprov$1 because he =esaw ! dang] & provid$ ! means ( def5ce ev5 be=e ! *ild 0 born4 ,if ! fa!r 0 actually ) ! *ild1 z he w5t ?r\gh ! dang]1 & held out to him ! requisite help1 :at diff]5ce c\ld x make1 ?\gh ! fa!r purpos$ to d s a long "t previ\sly8 ,& if we admit t ,god's effici5cy alone gives p[] to ! ord9>y laws ( nature1 we %all admit t 9 e special law he is z really pres5t ) 8 en]gy1 z a fa!r :o %\ld lead 8 *ild by ! h& ?r\gh ! dang]\s pa?4 ,s t1 practically at lea/1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two views ( ! subject is v great2 ! "o remov+ ,god f> away1 & putt+ law 9 8 place2 & ! o!r br++ him ne>1 & mak+ him ! actual & con/ant ag5t 9 e ev5t4 ,! "o view is practical a!ism1 al?\gh (t5 adopt$ by religi\s m52 ! o!r is practical ,*ri/ianity4 ,by ! pr9ciples ( physical sci5ce1 !n1 ! scriptural doctr9es ( miracul\s & special provid5ce are prov$ to be 9 accordance ) philosophy4 ,! miracles ( revelation are %[n to h be5 prec$$ by ! miracles ( geology2 & are1 !re=e1 9 con=mity ) ! pr9ciples ( ! div9e gov]nm5t4 ,! modifications :i* ,god c make 9 ! causes ( ev5ts out ( human view1 or ! *anges :i* he c produce by lat]al influ5ces ^u ! f9al result1--all1 x may be1 9 con=mity to an et]nal plan1 rea*+ ! m9ute/ ( human affairs1--enable him to execute e purpose ( special provid5ce s z to satisfy e exig5cy4 ,! sceptic may say1 t we _c prove by facts t ,god does s modify & arrange ! laws & op]ations ( nature z to adapt 8 deal+s to ! case ( individuals4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 nei!r c he %[ t ,god does n ?us int]f]e ) nature's uni=mity4 ,x is en\gh to %[ t he c d x )\t a miracle1 9 ord] to e/abli% ! doctr9e ( special provid5ce4 ,h[ (t5 he ex]cises ?is p[]1 we _c "k2 b we may be sure z (t5 z is desirable4 ,a mo/ important application ( ^! pr9ciples may be made to ! subject ( pray]4 ,= 9 answ]+ pray]1 ,god is1 9 fact1 m]ely execut+ "s ( ! purposes ( 8 special provid5ce2 & x is gratify+ to ! pi\s he>t to see h[ he c give an answ] to ! humble/ petition]4 ,no matt] ?\gh all ! laws ( nature seem 9 ! way ( an answ]1--,god c s modify _! action z to con=m !m to ! case ( e petition]4 ,w>1 fam9e1 & pe/il5ce may all be ^u u1 yet humble pray] may turn !m all aside1 & e o!r physical evil2 & t )\t a miracle1 if be/ = u & = ! univ]se4 ,tell a man t ! only effect ( pray] is its reflex influ5ce ^u himself1 9 lead+ him to con=m m /rictly to nature's laws1 & y s5d a p>alysis & a dea? *ill into all 8 moral s5sibilities4 ,inde$1 he _c pray2 b tell him t ,god w be influ5c$1 z is any e>?ly fri5d1 by 8 supplications1 & 8 he>t beats full & /rong1 ! curr5t ( life goes b\nd+ ?r\gh 8 :ole sy/em1 ! gl[ ( heal? mantles 8 *eek1 & all 8 s5ses are r\s$ into int5se & delightful action4 ,! sad influ5ce ( a p]v]sion & misund]/&+ ( ! doctr9e ( nature's con/ancy ^u ! y\?ful m9d is well exhibit$ by a late able writ]4 ,e>ly tra9$ to x "u ! dome/ic ro(1 says ,m',co%1 ! p]son regul>ly engag$ 9 pray] dur+ *ildhood & op5+ manhood4 ,b z he became introduc$ to g5]al society1 & began to feel 8 indep5d5ce ( ! gu>dians ( 8 y\?1 he 0 tempt$ to look ^u ! fa!r's comm&s1 9 ?is respect1 z proce$+ f s\rness & /]nness1 & ! "m's advice z orig9at+ 9 an amiable weakness & timidity4 ,he is n[ c>eless 9 ! p]=mance ( acts :i* 9 "t pa/ _h be5 punctually att5d$ to4 ,h[ %ort1 h[ hurri$1 h[ cold are ! pray]s :i* he n[ utt]s6 ,!n !re come to be morn+s on :i* he is snat*$ away to "s v important or entic+ "w )\t engag+ 9 8 cu/om>y devotions4 ,!re are ev5+s1 too1 foll[+ days ( mad excitem5t or s9ful pleasure1 9 :i* he feels utt]ly indispos$ to g into ! pres5ce ( ,god1 & to be left alone ) him4 ,he feels t !re is an utt] incongruity betwe5 ! ball-room1 or ! !atre1 :i* he has j left1 & ! ?rone ( grace1 to :i* he %\ld n[ g4 ,:at c he say to ,god1 :5 he w\ld pray to him8 ,confess 8 s9s8 ,no2 he does n at pres5t feel ! act to be s9ful4 ,?ank ,god = giv+ him access to su* follies8 ,he has 8 d\bts :e!r ,god approves ( all t has be5 done4 ,b he may ask ,god's bless+8 ,no2 he is sc>cely dispos$ to ackn[l$ge t he ne$s a bless+1 or he d\bts :e!r ! bless+ w\ld be giv54 ,! practical conclusion to :i* he comes is1 t x may be z consi/5t 9 him to betake himself to sleep )\t (f]+ to ,god :at he feels w\ld only be a mock]y4 ,:at is he to d ! foll[+ morn+8 ,x is a critical "t4 ,confess 8 error8 ,no2 *]i%+ z he does ! recollection ( ! gay sc5e 9 :i* he m+l$1 & ) ! ta/e & reli% ( x yet ^u 8 palate1 he is n prep>$ to ackn[l$ge 8 folly4 ,morn+ & ev5+ n[ g & return1 & br+ new gifts f ,god1 & new manife/ations ( 8 goodness2 b no ackn[l$gm5t ( ! div9e b\nty on ! "p ( him :o is yet ev] receiv+ x4 ,no d\bt !re are times :5 he is prompt$ to pray] by p[]ful feel+s1 call$ up by outw>d trials or inw>d convictions2 b ev] :5 ! /orms ( human life w\ld drive him to ! %ore1 !re is a tide beat+ him back4 ,8 c\rse cont9ues to be a v vacillat+ "o--n[ seem+ to approa* to ,god1 & anon driv5 f>!r f him1 till he obta9s f books1 or f lectures1 a smatt]+ ( half-und]/ood sci5ce4 ,he n[ le>ns t all ?+s are gov]n$ by laws1 regul> & fix$1 ov] :i* ! brea? ( pray] c ex]t z little influ5ce1 z !y move on 9 _! allott$ c\rse1 z ! pass+ breeze ( ! e>? ov] ! sun 9 8 circuit4 ,false philosophy has n[ come to ! aid ( guilty feel+s1 & h>d5s _! cold wat]s into an icicle ly+ at 8 v he>t1 cool+ all 8 ardor1 & damp+ all 8 en?usiasm4 ,he looks back1 at times1 no d\bt1 to ! simple fai? ( 8 *ildhood ) a sigh2 b x is z to a pleas+ dream1 or illusion1 f :i* he has be5 awak5$1 & into :i*1 ! spell be+ brok51 he c nev] aga9 fall4--,me?od ( ! ,div9e ,gov]nm5t1 p4 #bbd4 ,o1 :at a *ange w\ld ?is _w exhibit1 7 ! :ole ,*ri/ian *ur* to ex]cise full fai? 9 ,god's ability to answ] pray] )\t a miracle1 only to ! ext5t po9t$ out by philosophy1 to say no?+ ( ! ,bible2 =1 9 fact1 a l>ge proportion ( t *ur*1 conf\nd$ by ! speci\s argum5t d]iv$ f nature's con/ancy1 h virtually yield$ ?is mo/ important pr9ciple to ! dem&s ( scepticism4 ,:5 natural evils1 su* z w>1 fam9e1 dr\ght1 & pe/il5ce1 came ^u our =efa!rs1 !y1 tak+ ! ,bible = _! guide1 obs]v$ days ( fa/+ & pray] = _! removal4 ,b h[ seldom d _! desc5dants foll[ _! example6 ,& yet ev5 physical sci5ce te/ifies t ! fa!rs act$ 9 con=mity to ! true pr9ciples ( philosophy4 ,w\ld t ! ,*ri/ian *ur* w\ld cons5t to be l$ back to ! ,bible doctr9e on ?is subject by philosophy4 ,t same philosophy1 also1 %\ld lead ! good man1 :5 /ruggl+ ?r\gh difficulties1 to ex]cise un%ak5 confid5ce 9 ! div9e protection1 ev5 ?\gh all nature's laws seem array$ aga9/ him2 = at ! unse5 t\* ( ,god's effici5cy1 ! iron b>s ( law %all melt away l wax1 & deliv]ance be giv5 9 ! mid/ ( appall+ dang]s1 if be/ = ! man & = ! univ]se2 & if n be/1 he w n desire x4 ,sci5ce1 too1 bids ! wick$ man n to fancy t ! con/ancy ( nature w %ield him f ! infliction ( m]it$ & special puni%m5t1 %\ld ,god *oose to make b>e ! rod ( 8 ju/ice2 = ! bl[ may come z c]ta9ly 9 ! c\rse ( nature z aga9/ x4 ,let mod]n ,*ri/ian !ology1 !n1 receive meekly ! rebuke adm9i/]$ on ?is important po9t by physical sci5ce4 ,= h[ lame & halt+ a def5ce ( ! ,scripture doctr9e ( special provid5ce & pray] has t !ology be5 able to make6 ,h[ few ( our sy/ems ( !ology conta9 a manful v9dication ( tru?s s important6 ,let n ! ,*ri/ian div9e1 !re=e1 refuse ! aid ?us (f]$ by physical sci5ce4 ,let him no long] indulge gr\ndless jeal\sies aga9/ true philosophy1 z if adv]se to religion4 ,especially let him n spurn ! aid ( geology1 :i* alone1 ( all ! sci5ces1 discloses /up5d\s miracles ( creation 9 e>ly times1 & ?us removes all presumption aga9/ ! miracles ( ,*ri/ianity & special provid5ce at any "t4 ,x is1 inde$1 an in/ructive fact1 t a sci5ce :i* has be5 ?\ght s full ( dang] to ,*ri/ianity %\ld ?us e>ly be f\nd v9dicat+ "s ( ! mo/ peculi> & long-conte/$ doctr9es ( revelation4 ,& yet x ought n to surprise u1 = geology is z really ! "w ( ,god z revelation4 ,& ?\gh1 :5 ill und]/ood & p]v]t$1 %e may h seem$ recreant to h] cele/ial orig91 yet ! m fully h] proportions are develop$1 & h] features br\ght into daylight1 ! m cle>ly d we recognize h] alliance to e ?+ pure & noble 9 ! univ]se4 ,& surely1 says a late writ]1 x mu/ be gratify+ ?us to see a sci5ce1 =m]ly class$1 & n p]haps unju/ly1 among/ ! mo/ p]nici\s to fai?1 once m become h] h&maid2 to see h] n[1 aft] s _m ye>s ( w&]+ f !ory to !ory1 or r f vision to vision1 return once m to ! home :]e %e 0 born1 & to ! alt> at :i* %e made h] fir/ simple (f]+s2 no long]1 z %e fir/ w5t =?1 a wilful1 dreamy1 empty-h&$ *ild1 b ) a matronly dignity1 & a prie/-l /ep1 & a bosom full ( well-e>n$ gifts1 to pile ^u its sacr$ he>?4 ,= x 0 religion :i* gave geology bir?1 & to ! sanctu>y %e ha? once m return$4--,wiseman's ,lectures on ,sci5ce & ,reveal$ ,religion1 p4 #aib1 ,am4 ed4 ,,lecture ,,xi4 ,,! ,,future ,,condition ,,& ,,de/9y ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,man has a /rong] desire to p5etrate ! future ?an ! pa/4 ,& yet ! details ( mo/ future ev5ts are wisely conceal$ f him4 ,!re are two1 & only two1 s\rces ( evid5ce f :i* he c obta9 "s glimpses ( :at w be h]eaft]4 ,! "o is revelation1 ! o!r analogy4 ,s f> z ,god has ?\ght prop] to reveal ! future1 our in=mation is precise & c]ta94 ,b x does n embrace a multitude ( ev5ts ab\t :i* we h /rong curiosity4 ,by analogy is meant a pr$iction ( ! future f ! pa/4 ,on ! pr9ciple t nature is con/ant1 we inf] :at w be f :at has be54 ,if1 h[ev]1 new laws are h]eaft] to come into op]ation1 or if pres5t ag5cies w !n op]ate v diff]5tly f :at !y n[ d1 x is obvi\s t analogy c be only an imp]fect guide4 ,/ill1 9 respect to _m important ev5ts1 its conclusions are infallible4 ,judg+1 = in/ance1 f ! pa/1 we are absolutely c]ta9 t no liv+ ?+ w escape ! great law ( dissolution1 :i*1 ?us f>1 ap>t f ! few exceptions made kn[n to u by revelation1 has be5 univ]sal4 ,! future *anges 9 ! condition ( ! e>?1 z !y are taught u by revelation & analogy1 or1 r1 by geology1 w =m ! subject ( my pres5t lecture4 ,& my fir/ object w be1 to asc]ta91 if possible1 precisely :at ! ,bible tea*es u conc]n+ ^! *anges4 ,we f9d 9 ! ,scriptures sev]al descriptions1 m or less def9ite1 ( ! *anges :i* ?is globe w h]eaft] und]go4 ,"s ( !m1 h[ev]1 are c\*$ 9 ! figurative language ( prophecy1 & o!rs are incid5tal allusions2 & conc]n+ ! precise mean+ ( su* descriptions1 !re w1 ( c\rse1 be a div]sity ( op9ion4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s passages on ?is subject z lit]al & z precise 9 _! mean+ z language c be4 ,n[1 x is "o ( ! rules = int]pret+ language1 t1 :]e a "w conta9s sev]al acc\nts ( ! same ev5t1 ! description :i* is mo/ simple & lit]al ought to be made ! index = obta9+ ! mean+ ( ^? passages :i* are figurative1 or1 on any acc\nt1 obscure4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 select ! passage ( ,scripture :i* all ackn[l$ge to be mo/ pla9 & def9ite1 respect+ ! future de/ruction ( ! e>?1 & ! new heav5s & e>? t are to succe$1 & fir/ inquire into its precise mean+2 aft] :i*1 we %all be bett] prep>$ to asc]ta9 :at modification ( t mean+ o!r passages ( sacr$ writ dem&4 ,x ne$s b a cursory exam9ation ( ! ,bible to conv9ce any "o t ! description 9 ! ,second ,epi/le ( ,pet] ( ! future de/ruction & r5ovation ( ! e>? & heav5s1 is em95tly ! passage fir/ to be exam9$1 because ! fulle/ & cle>e/ on ?is subject4 ,x is ! apo/le's object directly & lit]ally to describe ^! great *anges1 ap>t f all embelli%m5ts ( language4 ,!re %all come1 says he1 9 ! la/ days1 sc(f]s1 walk+ aft] _! own lu/s1 & say+1 ,:]e is ! promise ( 8 com+8 = s9ce ! fa!rs fell asleep1 all ?+s cont9ue z !y 7 f ! beg9n+ ( ! creation4 ,= ?is !y will+ly are ignorant (1 t by ! ^w ( ,god ! heav5s 7 ( old1 & ! e>? /&+ out ( ! wat] & 9 ! wat]2 :]eby ! _w t !n 01 be+ ov]fl[$ ) wat]1 p]i%$4 ,b ! heav5s & ! e>?1 :i* are n[1 by ! same ^w are kept 9 /ore1 res]v$ unto fire1 aga9/ ! day ( judgm5t & p]dition ( ungodly m54 ,b1 belov$1 be n ignorant ( ?is "o ?+1 t "o day is ) ! ,"l z a ?\s& ye>s1 & a ?\s& ye>s z "o day4 ,! ,"l is n slack conc]n+ 8 promise1 z "s m5 c\nt slackness1 b is long suff]+ to u-w>d1 n will+ t any %\ld p]i%1 b t all %\ld come to rep5tance4 ,b ! day ( ! ,"l w come z a ?ief 9 ! night1 9 ! :i* ! heav5s %all pass away ) a great noise1 & ! elem5ts %all melt ) f]v5t heat2 ! e>?1 also1 & ! works t are !re91 %all be burn$ up4 ,see+1 !n1 t all ^! ?+s %all be dissolv$1 :at mann] ( p]sons ought ye to be 9 all holy conv]sation & godl9ess8 ,look+ =1 & ha/+ unto ! com+ ( ! day ( ,god1 :]e9 ! heav5s1 be+ on fire1 %all be dissolv$1 & ! elem5ts %all melt ) f]v5t heat4 ,nev]!less1 we1 accord+ to 8 promise1 look = new heav5s1 & a new e>?1 :]e9 dwelle? righte\sness4 ,x w\ld require too mu* "t1 &1 moreov]1 is n necess>y to ! object ,i h 9 view1 to ent] into m9ute v]bal criticism ^u ?is passage4 ,i w only rem>k t ! phrase translat$ ! e>? & ! works t are !re91 might ) equal propriety be r5d]$ ! e>? & ! works t are !reon2 & yet ! diff]5ce ( mean+ betwe5 ! two modes ( expression is ( no great importance4 ,aga91 by ! t]m heav5s1 9 ?is passage1 we are evid5tly to und]/& ! atmosph]e1 or region imm$iately surr\nd+ ! e>?2 z 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 :]e x is said t ,god call$ ! firmam5t heav5s2 ! plural =m be+ us$ 9 ! ,hebrew1 ?\gh n 9 ! ,engli% translation4 ,:at1 n[1 by a fair exegesis1 is taught 9 ?is passage conc]n+ ! de/ruction & r5ovation ( ! _w8 ,! foll[+ tra9 ( rem>k may conduct u to ! true answ] to ?is inquiry3-- ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?is passage is to be und]/ood lit]ally4 ,x w\ld seem z if x c\ld h>dly be necess>y to pres5t any =mal pro( ( ?is position to any p]son ( common s5se1 :o _h read ! passage4 ,b ! fact is1 t m5 ( no mean reputation z comm5tators h ma9ta9$ t ! :ole ( x is only a vivid figurative prophecy ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,o!rs suppose ! new heav5s & new e>? "h describ$ to exi/ be=e ! conflagration ( ! _w4 ,b ^! new heav5s & e>? are repres5t$ z ! resid5ce ( ! righte\s1 aft] ! burn+ & melt+ ( ! e>?1 :i*1 accord+ to o!r p>ts ( ,scripture1 is to take place at ! end ( ! _w1 or at ! g5]al judgm5t4 ,h[ /range t1 9 ord] to su/a9 a favorite !ory1 able m5 %\ld ?us inv]t ! obvi\s ord] ( ^! great ev5ts1 s cle>ly describ$ 9 ! ,bible6 ,/ill m absurd is x to attempt to fa/5 a figurative "* ^u ?is mo/ simple /atem5t ( inspiration4 ,x is1 inde$1 true1 t ! prophets h sometimes set =? great political & moral *anges1 ! d[nfall ( empires1 or ( di/+ui%$ m51 by ! de/ruction ( ! heav5s & ! e>?1 & ! gr[+ pale & d>k5+ ( ! sun & moon4 ,b 9 all ^! cases ! figurative "* ( ! description is mo/ obvi\s2 :ile 9 ! passage f ,pet] its lit]al "* is equally obvi\s4 ,take1 = example1 ?is /atem5t--,by ! ^w ( ,god ! heav5s 7 ( old1 & ! e>?1 /&+ out ( ! wat] & 9 ! wat]2 :]eby ! _w t !n 01 be+ ov]fl[$ ) wat]1 p]i%$4 ,b ! heav5s & ! e>?1 :i* are n[1 by ! same ^w are kept 9 /ore1 res]v$ unto fire1 aga9/ ! day ( judgm5t & p]dition ( ungodly m54 ,i believe no "o has ev] d\bt$ t ! de/ruction ( ! _w by wat]1 "h describ$1 ref]s to ,noah's deluge4 ,n[1 h[ absurd to admit t ?is is a lit]al description ( t ev5t1 & !n to ma9ta9 ! rema9d] ( ! s5t5ce1 :i* decl>es ! future de/ruction ( t same _w by fire1 to be figurative 9 ! highe/ degree6 ,= if ?is de/ruction mean only ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 or any o!r great political or moral revolution1 ! language is "o ( ! bolde/ figures :i* c be fram$4 ,:o1 t kn[s any ?+ ( ! laws ( language1 does n see ! supreme absurdity ( ?us c\pl+ 9 ! same s5t5ce ! mo/ simple & c]ta9 lit]ality ) ! /ronge/ ( all figures8 ,:at m>k is giv5 u1 by :i* we may "k :]e ! b\nd>y is betwe5 ! lit]al & ! metaphorical s5se8 ,f :at "p ( ! ,bible1 or f :at un9spir$ au?or1 c a p>allel example be adduc$8 ,:at b ! /ronge/ necessity1 ! mo/ decid$ exig5tia loci1 w\ld ju/ify su* an anomal\s int]pretation ( any au?or8 ,nay1 ,i d n believe any necessity c\ld ju/ify x4 ,x w\ld be m reasonable to inf] t ! passage _h no mean+1 or an absurd "o4 ,b surely no su* necessity exi/s 9 ! pres5t case4 ,und]/ood lit]ally1 ! passage tea*es only :at is (t5 express$1 ?\gh less fully1 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ,scripture2 & ev5 ?\gh "s ( ^! o!r passages %\ld be involv$ 9 a degree ( obscurity1--& ,i am n dispos$ to d5y t "s obscurity re/s ^u "o or two ( !m1--x w\ld be no good reason = trans=m+ s pla9 a description into a highly-wr\ght figurative repres5tation2 especially :5 by no +5uity c we ?us alt] m ?an "o "p ( ! s5t5ce4 ,i conclude1 !re=e1 t1 if any "p ( ! ,bible is lit]al1 we are ?us to consid] ?is *apt] ( ,pet]4 ,9 ! second place1 ?is passage does n tea* t ! e>? w be annihilat$4 ,! prevail+ op9ion 9 ?is c\ntry1 probably1 has be51 & /ill is1 t ! de/ruction ( ! _w describ$ by ,pet] w am\nt to annihilation--t ! matt] ( ! globe w cease to be4 ,b 9 all ages !re h be5 _m :o believe t ! de/ruction w be only ! ru9 ( ! pres5t economy ( ! _w1 b n its utt] ext9ction4 ,& surely ,pet]'s description does n imply annihilation ( ! matt] ( ! globe4 ,he makes fire ! ag5t ( ! de/ruction1 &1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! ext5t ( ! ru9 t w foll[1 we h only to inquire :at effect combu/ion w h ^u matt]4 ,! common op9ion is1 t int5se combu/ion actually de/roys or annihilates matt]1 because x is !reby dissipat$4 ,b ! *emi/ kn[s t n "o p>ticle ( matt] has ev] be5 ?us depriv$ ( exi/5ce2 t fire only *anges ! =m ( matt]1 b nev] annihilates x4 ,:5 solid matt] is *ang$ into gas1 z 9 mo/ cases ( combu/ion1 x seems to be annihilat$1 because x disappe>s2 b x has only assum$ a new =m1 & exi/s z really z be=e4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 biblical & sci5tific tru? mu/ agree1 we may be sure t ! apo/le nev] meant to tea* t ! matt] ( ! globe w\ld cease to be1 ?r\gh ! action ( fire ^u x2 nor is !re any ?+ 9 8 language t implies su* a result1 b mo/ obvi\sly ! rev]se4 ,if ^! ?+s be s1 !n1 9 ! ?ird place1 we may inf] t ,pet] did n mean to tea* t ! matt] ( ! globe w\ld be 9 ! lea/ dim9i%$ by ! f9al conflagration4 ,i d\bt n ! suffici5cy ( div9e p[] p>tially or :olly to annihilate ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,b heat1 h[ev] int5se1 has no t5d5cy to d ?is2 x only gives matt] a new =m4 ,& heat is ! only ag5cy :i* ! apo/le repres5ts z employ$4 ,9 %ort1 we h no evid5ce1 ei!r f sci5ce or revelation1 t ! m9ute/ atom ( matt] has ev] be5 de/roy$ s9ce ! orig9al creation2 nor h we any m evid5ce t any ( x ev] w be r$uc$ to ! no?+ness f :i* x sprang4 ,! preval5t ideas ^u ?is subject all result f errone\s notions ( ! effect ( int5se heat4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 ! passage "u consid]ation tea*es u t :atev] ^u or )9 ! e>? is capable ( combu/ion w und]go t *ange1 & t ! entire globe w be melt$4 ,! language ( ,pet] has always seem$ to me extremely int]e/+4 ,he says t ! heav5s or atmosph]e w pass away ) a great noise1 & ! elem5ts %all melt ) f]v5t heat2 ! e>?1 also1 & ! works t are !re91 %all be burn$ up2 look+ =1 & ha/+ unto ! com+ ( ! day ( ,god1 :]e9 ! heav5s1 be+ on fire1 %all be dissolv$1 & ! elem5ts %all melt ) f]v5t heat4 ,?is language approa*es ne>] to an anticipation ( ! sci5tific discov]ies ( mod]n times ?an any o!r "p ( ,scripture4 ,& yet1 at ! "t x 0 writt51 x w\ld n h enabl$ any "o to und]/& ! *emi/ry ( ! great *anges :i* x describes4 ,b1 n[ t _! *emi/ry is und]/ood1 we p]ceive t ! language is adapt$ to x1 9 a mann] :i* no un9spir$ writ] w\ld h done4 ,! atmosph]e is repres5t$ z pass+ away ) a great noise--an effect :i* ! *emi/ w\ld pr$ict by ! union ( its oxyg5 ) ! hydrog5 & o!r gases lib]at$ by ! int5se heat4 ,yet :at un9spir$ writ] ( ! fir/ c5tury w\ld h imag9$ su* a result8 ,aga91 :5 we consid] ! notions :i* !n prevail$1 & :i* are /ill widely diffus$1 :y %\ld ! apo/le add to ! simple /atem5t t ! e>? w\ld be burnt up1 ! decl>ation t its elem5ts w\ld be melt$8 ,= ! impression 01 t ! combu/ion w\ld entirely de/roy ! matt] ( ! globe4 ,b ! *emi/ f9ds t ! great] "p ( ! e>? has already be5 oxidiz$1 or burnt1 & on ?is matt] ! only effect ( ! heat1 unless int5se en\gh to dissipate x1 w\ld be to melt x4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! apo/le _h said only t ! _w w\ld be burnt up1 ! sceptical *emi/ w\ld h inf]r$ t he _h made a mi/ake ?r\gh ignorance ( *emi/ry4 ,b he _c n[ draw su* an inf]5ce2 = ! apo/le's language cle>ly implies t only ! combu/ible matt] ( ! globe w be burnt1 :ile ! elem5ts1 or fir/ pr9ciples ( ?+s1 w be melt$2 s t ! f9al result w be an entire liquid1 fi]y globe4 ,su* a wond]ful adaptation ( 8 description to mod]n sci5ce c\ld n surely h result$ f human sagacity1 b mu/ be ! fruit ( div9e inspiration4 ,& ?is adaptation is ! m wond]ful :5 we f9d x runn+ ?r\gh ! :ole ,bible :]ev] ! sacr$ writ]s come 9 contact ) sci5tific subjects4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! ,bible diff]s f e o!r sy/em ( religion pr(ess$ly f heav54 ,:5ev] o!r sy/ems h treat$ ( ! works ( nature1 !y h sanction$ "s error1 & ?us put into ! h&s ( mod]n sci5ce ! means ( detect+ ! impo/ure4 ,! ,v$as ( ,india adopt ! absurd notions ( an ignorant & poly!i/ic age respect+ a/ronomy1 & ! ,koran adopts z infallible tru? ! absurdities ( ! ,ptolemaic sy/em4 ,b hi!rto ! ,bible has nev] be5 prov$ to come into collision ) any sci5tific discov]y1 al?\gh _m ( its books 7 writt5 9 ! rude/ & mo/ ignorant ages4 ,x does n1 inde$1 anticipate sci5tific discov]y4 ,b ! rem>kable adaptation ( its language to su* discov]ies1 :5 !y are made1 seems to me a m /rik+ m>k ( its div9e orig9 ?an if x _h conta9$ a revelation ( ! :ole sy/em ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,9 ! fif? place1 ! passage "u consid]ation tea*es t ?is e>? w be r5ovat$ by ! f9al conflagration1 & become ! abode ( ! righte\s4 ,aft] describ+ ! day ( ,god1 :]e9 ! heav5s1 be+ on fire1 %all be dissolv$1 & ! elem5ts %all melt ) f]v5t heat1 ,pet] adds1 ,nev]!less1 we1 accord+ to 8 promise1 look = new heav5s & a new e>?1 :]e9 dwelle? righte\sness4 ,n[1 ! apo/le does n "h1 9 s _m words1 decl>e t ! new heav5s & e>? w be ! pres5t _w & its atmosph]e1 purifi$ & r5ovat$ by fire4 ,b x is c]ta9ly a natural inf]5ce t su* 0 8 mean+4 ,= if he int5d$ "s o!r remote & q diff]5t place1 :y %\ld he call x e>?1 &1 especially1 :y %\ld he surr\nd x ) an atmosph]e8 ,! natural & mo/ obvi\s mean+ ( ! passage surely is1 t ! future resid5ce ( ! righte\s w be ?is pres5t t]raque\s globe1 aft] its entire organic & combu/ible matt] %all h be5 de/roy$1 & its :ole mass r$uc$ by heat to a liquid /ate1 & !n a new economy re>$ up on its surface1 n adapt$ to s9ful1 b to s9less be+s1 &1 !re=e1 q diff]5t f its pres5t condition--probably m p]fect1 b /ill ! same e>? & surr\nd+ heav5s4 ,!re are1 inde$1 "s difficulties 9 ! way ( su* a mean+ to ?is passage1 & objections to a mat]ial heav52 & ^! ,i %all notice 9 ! prop] place4 ,b ,i h giv5 :at seems to me ! natural & obvi\s mean+ ( ! passage4 ,su*1 z ,i conceive1 are ! fair inf]5ces f ! apo/le's description ( ! end ( ! _w4 ,let u n[ inquire :e!r any o!r passages ( ,scripture require u to modify ?is mean+4 ,! idea ( a future de/ruction ( ! _w by fire is recogniz$ 9 v>i\s places1 bo? 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,*ri/ speaks m ?an once ( heav5 & e>? z pass+ away4 ,paul speaks ( ,*ri/ z desc5d+1 at ! end ( ! _w1 9 flam+ fire4 ,& ! ,psalmi/ describes ! de/ruction ( ! heav5s & ! e>? z a r5ovation4 ,!y %all p]i%1 says he1 b ?\ ,god %alt endure2 yea1 all ( !m %all wax old l a g>m5t1 & z a ve/ure %alt ?\ *ange !m1 & !y %all be *ang$4 ,9 ,revelation1 aft] ! apo/le _h giv5 a vivid description ( ! f9al judgm5t & its retributions1 he says1 ,& ,i saw a new heav5 & a new e>?2 = ! fir/ heav5 & ! fir/ e>? 7 pass$ away1 & !re 0 no m sea4 ,he !n proce$s to give a m9ute & gl[+ description ( :at he calls ! ,new ,j]usalem1 com+ d[n f ,god1 out ( heav54 ,x is sc>cely possible to und]/& ! :ole ( ?is description z lit]ally true4 ,we mu/ r reg>d x z a figurative repres5tation ( ! heav5ly /ate4 ,& h5ce ! fir/ v]se1 :i* speaks ( ! new heav5s & ! new e>?1 9 almo/ ! same language :i* ,pet] uses1 may be also figurative1 indicat+ m]ely a m exalt$ condition ?an ! pres5t _w4 ,h5ce1 ,i w\ld n use ?is passage to su/a9 ! int]pretation giv5 ( ! lit]al description by ,pet]4 ,& yet x is by no means improbable t ! figurative language ( ,john may h = its basis ! same tru?s :i* are taught by ,pet]4 ,nor ought we to inf]1 because a figure is built ^u t basis 9 ! apocalyptic vision1 t ! simple /atem5ts ( ,pet] are metaphorical4 ,9 ! passage quot$ f ,pet]1 x is said1 ,nev]!less1 we1 accord+ to 8 promise1 look = new heav5s & a new e>?1 :]e9 dwelle? righte\sness4 ,mo/ writ]s h suppos$ ! apo/le to ref] ei!r to ! promise made to ,abraham1 t 8 se$ %\ld inh]it ! l&1 or to a prophecy 9 ,isaiah1 :i* says1 ,behold1 ,i create new heav5s1 & a new e>?1 & ! =m] %all n be rememb]$1 or come into m9d4 ,b be y glad & rejoice =ev] 9 t :i* ,i create2 = behold1 ,i create ,j]usalem a rejoic+1 & h] p a joy4 ,& ,i w rejoice 9 ,j]usalem1 & joy 9 my p2 & ! voice ( weep+ %all be no m he>d 9 h]1 nor ! voice ( cry+4 ,!re %all be no m !nce an infant ( days1 nor an old man t ha? n fill$ 8 days2 = ! *ild %all die a hundr$ ye>s old2 b ! s9n]1 be+ a hundr$ ye>s old1 %all be accurs$4 ,& !y %all build h\ses1 & inhabit !m2 & !y %all plant v9ey>ds1 & eat ! fruit ( !m4 ,!y %all n build1 & ano!r inhabit2 !y %all n plant1 & ano!r eat2 = z ! days ( a tree are ! days ( my p1 & m9e elect %all long enjoy ! works ( _! h&s4 ,! wolf & ! lamb %all fe$ toge!r1 & ! lion %all eat /raw l ! bullock2 & du/ %all be ! s]p5t's meat4 ,!y %all n hurt nor de/roy 9 all my holy m\nta91 sai? ! ,"l4 ,n[1 x seems highly probable t ! new heav5s & e>?1 "h describ$1 repres5t a /ate ( ?+s on ! pres5t e>? be=e ! day ( judgm5t1 & n a heav5ly & immortal /ate2 = s9 & dea? are spok5 ( z exi/+ 9 x2 bo? :i*1 we are assur$1 w be exclud$ f heav54 ,h5ce able biblical writ]s ref] ?is prophecy to ! mill5nial /ate1 or ! p]iod :5 !re w be a g5]al preval5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ?is !y are probably correct4 ,b "s ( ^! writ]s1 z ,l[ & ,:itby1 proce$ a /ep f>!r1 & inf] t ,pet]'s description ( ! new heav5s & new e>? belong also to ! mill5nial p]iod2 fir/1 because !y presume t ! apo/le ref]r$ to ?is promise 9 ,isaiah2 & secondly1 because he uses ! same t]ms1 namely1 new heav5s & new e>?4 ,b are ^! gr\nds suffici5t to ju/ify s important a conclusion8 ,h[ common x is to f9d ! same words & phrases 9 ! ,bible appli$ by diff]5t writ]s to diff]5t subjects1 especially by ! prophets6 ,ev5 if we c suppose ,pet] to place ! new heav5s & ! new e>? be=e ! judgm5t1 9 despite ( 8 pla9 decl>ation to ! contr>y1 yet !re are few :o w d\bt t ! new heav5s & e>? describ$ 9 revelation are subsequ5t to ! judgm5t day1 s vividly describ$ 9 ! v]ses imm$iately prec$+4 ,& z to ! promise ref]r$ to by ,pet]1 if he really describes ! heav5ly /ate1 surely x may be f\nd 9 a multitude ( places2 :]ev]1 inde$1 immortal life & bless$ness are (f]$ to fai? & ob$i5ce4 ,isaiah1 !re=e1 may be giv+ a figurative description ( a glori\s /ate ( ! *ur* 9 ?is _w1 "u ! t]ms new heav5s & new e>?1 emblematical ( ^? real new heav5s & new e>? beyond ! grave1 describ$ by ,pet]4 ,& h5ce1 x seems to me1 ! language ( ! prophet %\ld n be all[$ to set aside1 or modify1 ! pla9 mean+ ( ! apo/le4 ,i %all quote only "o o!r passage ( ! ,bible on ?is subject4 ,i ref] to t difficult text 9 ,romans1 :i* repres5ts ! :ole creation z groan+ & travail+ toge!r 9 pa9 until n[2 & t x w be deliv]$ f ! bondage ( corruption into ! glori\s lib]ty ( ! *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,i h /at$ 9 a =m] lecture1 t ,?oluck1 ! di/+ui%$ ,g]man !ologian1 consid]s ?is a description ( ! pres5t b\nd & fett]$ condition ( all nature1 & t ! deliv]ance ref]s to ! future r5ovation ( ! e>?4 ,su* an exposition *imes 9 p]fectly ) ! views on ?is subject :i* h long & ext5sively prevail$ 9 ,g]many4 ,& x c]ta9ly does give a consi/5t mean+ to a passage :i* has be5 to comm5tators a p]fect labyr9? ( difficulties4 ,if ?is be n its mean+1 !n ,i may safely say t its mean+ has n yet be5 f\nd out4 ,9 view1 !n1 ( all ! important passages ( ,scripture conc]n+ ! future de/ruction & r5ovation ( ! e>?1 ,i ?9k we may fairly conclude t none ( !m require u to modify ! natural & obvi\s mean+ ( ,pet] :i* has be5 giv54 ,9 g5]al1 !y all co9cide ) ! views pres5t$ by t apo/le2 or if1 9 any case1 !re is a slight app>5t diff]5ce1 ! figurative "* ( all o!r /atem5ts besides 8 require u to receive 8 views z ! true /&>d1 & to modify ! mean+ ( ! o!rs4 ,we may1 !re=e1 conclude t ! ,bible does pla9ly & di/9ctly tea* u t ?is e>? w h]eaft] be burn$ up2 9 o!r words1 t all ^u or )9 x1 capable ( combu/ion1 w be consum$1 & ! entire mass1 ! elem5ts1 )\t ! loss ( "o p>ticle ( ! matt] n[ exi/+1 w be melt$2 & !n1 t ! _w1 ?us purifi$ f ! contam9ation ( s91 & surr\nd$ by a new atmosph]e1 or heav5s1 & adapt$ 9 all respects to ! nature & wants ( spiritual & s9less be+s1 w become ! resid5ce ( ! righte\s4 ,( ! precise nature ( t new disp5sation1 & ( ! mode ( exi/5ce !re1 ! ,scriptures are inde$ sil5t4 ,b t1 l ! pres5t _w1 x w be mat]ial1--t !re w be a solid globe1 & a transp>5t expanse ar\nd x1--seems mo/ cle>ly indicat$ 9 ! sacr$ record4 ,! wide-spread op9ion t heav5 w be a sort ( airy ,elysium1 :]e ! pres5t laws ( nature w be unkn[n1 & :]e matt]1 if x exi/1 c exi/ only 9 its mo/ att5uat$ =m1 is a notion to :i* ! ,bible is a /rang]4 ,! resurrection ( ! body1 z well z ! language ( ,pet]1 mo/ cle>ly %[ u t ! future _w w be a solid1 mat]ial _w1 purifi$ inde$1 & beautifi$1 b reta9+ its mat]ialism4 ,let u n[ see :e!r1 9 com+ to ^! conclusions f ,scripture language1 we are influ5c$ by sci5tific consid]ations1 or :e!r _m disc]n+ m9ds h n1 9 all ages1 atta*$ a simil> mean+ to ! inspir$ record4 ,among all nations1 ! hi/ory ( ^: op9ions h come d[n to u1 & especially among ! ,greeks1 ! belief has prevail$ t a cata/rophe by fire await$ ! e>?1 correspond+ to1 or r ! c\nt]p>t (1 a previ\s de/ruction by wat]4 ,^! cata/rophes !y d5om9at$ ! cataclysm1 or de/ruction by wat]1 & ! ecpyrosis1 or de/ruction by fire4 ,! ru9 0 suppos$ to be foll[$1 9 ea* case1 by ! reg5]ation ( ! e>? 9 an improv$ =m1 :i* gradually det]iorat$2 ! fir/ age aft] ! cata/rophe1 con/itut+ ! gold5 age2 ! next1 ! silv] age2 & s on to ! iron age1 :i* prec$$ ano!r cataclysm1 or ecpyrosis4 ,! int]vals betwe5 ^! convulsions 7 reg>d$ z ( v>i\s l5g?s1 b all ( !m ( great duration4 ,^! op9ions ! ,greeks d]iv$ f ! ,egyptians4 ,! belief 9 ! future conflagration ( ! _w also prevail$ among ! anci5t ,jews4 ,philo says t ! e>?1 aft] ?is purification1 %all appe> new aga91 ev5 z x 0 aft] its fir/ creation4--,de ,vita ,mosis1 tom4 ii4--,among ! ,jews1 ^! ideas may h be51 9 "p1 d]iv$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t2 ?\gh its language1 z we h se51 is f> less explicit on ?is subject ?an ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,t di/+ui%$ ,*ri/ian writ]s1 9 all ages s9ce ! adv5t ( ,*ri/1 h und]/ood ! language ( ,pet] z we h expla9$ x1 w\ld be easy to %[4 ,i h room1 h[ev]1 to quote only ! op9ions ( a few di/+ui%$ mod]n writ]s4 ,dr4 ,knapp1 "o ( ! mo/ sci5tific & judici\s ( !ologians1 ?us rem>ks ^u ! passage ( ,pet] already exam9$3 ,x _c be ?\ght t :at is "h said respect+ ! burn+ ( ! _w is to be und]/ood figuratively1 z ,wett/e9 supposes2 because ! fire is "h too directly oppos$ to ! lit]al wat] ( ! flood to be s und]/ood4 ,x is ! object ( ,pet] to refute ! boa/ ( sc(f]s1 t all ?+s _h rema9$ un*ang$ f ! beg9n+1 & t1 !re=e1 no day ( judgm5t & no end ( ! _w c\ld be expect$4 ,& s he says t orig9ally1 at ! "t ( ! creation1 ! :ole e>? 0 cov]$ & ov]fl[$ ) wat]1 7,g54 i417 & t f h5ce ! dry l& appe>$2 & ! same 0 true at ! "t ( ,noah's flood4 ,b !re is yet to come a great fire revolution4 ,! heav5s & ! e>? 7! e>? ) its atmosph]e7 are res]v$1 or kept 9 /ore1 = ! fire1 until ! day ( judgm5t1 7v4 #aj47 ,at t "t ! heav5s w pass away ) a great noise1 & ! elem5ts w be dissolv$ by f]v5t heat1 & e ?+ ^u ! e>? w be burnt up4 ,! same ?+ is taught 9 v]se #ab4 ,b 9 v]se #ac ,pet] gives ! design ( ?is revolution4 ,x w n be annihilation1 b we expect a new heav5s & a new e>?1 :]e9 dwelle? righte\sness1 i4 e41 an entirely new1 alt]$1 & beautiful abode = man1 to be built f ! ru9s ( 8 =m] dwell+-place1 z ! future habitation ( ! pi\s1 7,rev4 xxi4 #a47 ,?is w be v mu* 9 ! same way z a m p]fect & an immortal body w be re>$ f ! body :i* we n[ possess4--,!ology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fdi4 ,f ,dr4 ,*alm]s my extracts w be long] ?an are necess>y to %[ 8 op9ion ^u ?is subject1 because he felicit\sly refutes c]ta9 errone\s ideas1 widely preval5t1 respect+ matt]1 & _s4 ,we "k hi/orically1 says he1 t e>?1 t a solid1 mat]ial e>?1 may =m ! dwell+ ( s9less creatures1 9 full conv]se & fri5d%ip ) ! ,be+ :o made !m4 ,man1 at ! fir/1 _h = 8 place ?is _w1 &1 at ! same "t1 = 8 privilege an uncl\d$ fell[%ip ) ,god1 & = 8 prospect an immortality1 :i* dea? 0 nei!r to int]cept nor put an end to4 ,he 0 t]re/rial 9 respect to condition1 & yet cele/ial1 bo? 9 respect ( "* & enjoym5ts4 ,! common imag9ation t we h ( p>adise on ! o!r side ( dea?1 is t ( a l(ty a]ial region1 :]e ! inmates float 9 e!r1 or are my/]i\sly susp5d$ ^u no?+2 :]e all ! w>m & s5sible accompanim5ts1 :i* give su* an expression ( /r5g?1 & life1 & color+ to our pres5t habitation1 are att5uat$ into a sort ( spiritual elem5t1 t is meagre & imp]ceptible1 & utt]ly un9vit+ to ! eye ( mortals "h bel[2 :]e e ve/ige ( mat]ialism is done away1 & no?+ left b c]ta9 une>?ly sc5es1 t h no p[] ( allurem5t1 & c]ta9 une>?ly ec/asies ) :i* x is felt impossible to sympa?ize4 ,! hold]s ( ?is imag9ation =get all ! :ile t !re is no necess>y connection betwe5 mat]ialism & s92 t ! _w :i* we n[ inhabit _h all ! solidity & amplitude ( its pres5t mat]ialism be=e s9 ent]$ into x2 t ,god1 s f>1 on t acc\nt1 f look+ slightly ^u x1 aft] x _h receiv$ ! la/ t\* ( 8 creat+ h&1 review$ ! e>?1 & ! wat]s1 & ! firmam5t1 & all ! gre5 h]bage1 ) ! liv+ creatures1 & ! man :om he _h rais$ 9 dom9ion ov] !m1 & he saw e ?+ t he _h made1 & behold1 x 0 all v good4 ,!y =get t1 on ! bir? ( mat]ialism1 :5 x /ood out 9 ! fre%ness ( ^? glories :i* ! great ,ar*itect ( nature _h impress$ ^u x1 t ! morn+ />s sang toge!r1 & all ! sons ( ,god %\t$ = joy4 ,!y =get ! appeals t are e :]e made 9 ! ,bible to 8 mat]ial workman%ip1 & h[1 f ! face ( ^! visible heav5s1 & ! g>niture ( ?is e>? :i* we tread ^u1 ! greatness & goodness ( ,god are reflect$ on ! view ( 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,no1 my bre?r51 ! object ( ! adm9i/ration we sit "u is to extirpate s91 b x is n to sweep away mat]ialism4 ,by ! convulsions ( ! la/ day x may be %ak5 & brok5 d[n f its pres5t arrangem5t1 & ?r[n into su* fitful agitations z t ! :ole ( its exi/+ framework %all fall to pieces2 & ) a heat s f]v5t z to melt ! mo/ solid elem5ts1 may x be utt]ly dissolv$4 ,& ?us may ! e>? aga9 become )\t =m & void1 b )\t "o p>ticle ( its sub/ance go+ into annihilation4 ,out ( ! ru9s ( ?is second *aos may ano!r heav5 & ano!r e>? be made to arise1 & a new mat]ialism1 ) o!r aspects ( magnific5ce & beauty1 em]ge f ! wreck ( ?is mighty trans=mation1 & ! _w be peopl$1 z be=e1 ) ! v>ieties ( mat]ial lovel9ess1 & space be aga9 light$ up into a firmam5t ( mat]ial spl5dor4 ,x is1 inde$1 a homage to t mat]ialism1 :i* _m are = expung+ f ! future /ate ( ! univ]se altoge!r1 t1 ere ! immat]ial s\l ( man has rea*$ ! ultimate glory & bless$ness design$ = x1 x mu/ return & knock at ! v grave :]e lie ! m\ld]$ rema9s ( ! body :i* x wore1 & !re inquisition mu/ be made = ! fle%1 & ! s9ews1 & ! bones :i* ! p[] ( corruption has1 p]haps c5turies be=e1 assimilat$ to ! e>? ar\nd !m1 & !n ! m9ute atoms mu/ be reassembl$ into a /ructure t be>s ^u x ! =m1 & l9eam5ts1 & g5]al aspect ( a man1 & ! s\l passes into ?is mat]ial framework1 :i* is h]eaft] to be its lodg+-place =ev]2 & t n z its prison1 b z its pleasant & befitt+ habitation2 n to be trammell$1 z "s w\ld h x1 9 a hold ( mat]ialism1 b to be !re9 equipp$ = ! s]vices ( et]nity2 to walk embodi$ among ! b[]s ( our second p>adise2 to /& embodi$ 9 ! pres5ce ( our ,god4 ,! glorification ( ! visible creation1 says ,?oluck1 ! di/+ui%$ ,g]man div9e1 is m def9itely decl>$ 9 ,rev4 xxi4 #a1 al?\gh x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t a prophetic vision is !re describ$4 ,/ill m def9itely d we f9d ! belief ( a trans=mation ( ! mat]ial _w decl>$ 9 #b ,pet]1 iii4 #g-ab4 ,! idea t ! p]fect$ k+dom ( ,*ri/ is to be transf]r$ to heav51 is prop]ly a mod]n notion4 ,accord+ to ,paul & ! ,revelation ( ,john1 ! k+dom ( ,god is plac$ ^u ! e>?1 9 s f> z ?is itself has "p 9 ! univ]sal trans=mation4 ,?is exposition has be5 adopt$ & def5d$ by mo/ ( ! olde/ comm5tators2 e4 g41 ,*ryso/om1 ,!odoret1 ,hi]onymus1 ,augu/9e1 ,lu!r1 ,koppe1 & o!rs4 ,lu!r says1 9 8 lively way1 ',god w make1 n ! e>? only1 b ! heav5s also1 mu* m beautiful ?an !y are at pres5t4 ,at pres5t1 we see ! _w 9 its work+ clo!s2 b h]eaft] x w be array$ 9 its ,ea/] & ,:itsuntide robes4' ,i _c b feel a/oni%m5t1 says ,dr4 ,john ,pye ,smi?1 t any s]i\s & intellig5t man %\ld h 8 m9d fett]$ ) ! common1 ,i might call x ! vulg>1 notion ( a prop] de/ruction ( ! e>?2 & "s seem to ext5d ! notion to ! :ole sol> sy/em1 & ev5 ! entire mat]ial univ]se2 apply+ ! idea ( an ext9ction ( be+1 a r$uc+ to no?+ness4 ,?is notion has1 inde$1 be5 (t5 us$ to aid impassion$ description 9 s]mons & poetry2 & ?us x has ga9$ s /rong a hold ^u ! feel+s ( _m pi\s p]sons1 t !y h made x an article ( _! fai?4 ,b ,i confess myself unable to f9d any evid5ce = x 9 nature1 reason1 or ,scripture4 ,we c discov] no?+ l de/ruction 9 ! matt] ( ! univ]se z subject$ to our s5ses4 ,masses are dis9tegrat$1 =ms are *ang$1 comp\nds are decompos$2 b n an atom is annihilat$4 ,nei!r h we ! %ad[ ( reason to ass]t t m9d1 ! seat ( intellig5ce1 ev] 01 or ev] w be1 9 a s+le in/ance1 de/roy$4 ,! decl>ation 9 ,scripture t ! heav5s & ! e>? %all flee away1 & no m place be f\nd = !m1 is und\bt$ly figurative1 & d5otes ! mo/ mom5t\s *anges 9 ! sc5es ( ! div9e moral gov]nm5t4 ,if x be ! purpose ( ,god t ! e>? %all be subject$ to a total conflagration1 we p]fectly well "k t ! in/rum5ts ( su* an ev5t lie close at h&1 & wait only ! div9e volition to bur/ out 9 a mom5t4 ,b t w\ld n be a de/ruction2 x w\ld be a m]e *ange ( =m1 &1 no d\bt1 w\ld be subs]vi5t to ! mo/ glori\s results4 ,we1 accord+ to 8 promise1 look = new heav5s & a new e>?1 :]e9 dwelle? righte\sness4--,lectures on ,geology & ,revelation1 p4 #afa1 7#d? ,london edition47 ,says ,dr4 ,griff91 "o ( ! able/ ( ! ,am]ican div9es1 ,a "q "h arises1 :e!r ! new heav5s & new e>? w be creat$ out ( ! ru9s ( ! old2 t is1 :e!r ! old w be r5ovat$ & re/or$ 9 a m glori\s =m1 or :e!r ! old w be annihilat$1 & ! new made out ( no?+4 ,! idea ( ! annihilation ( s _m imm5se & glori\s bodies1 organiz$ ) inimitable skill1 & decl>ative ( inf9ite wisdom1 is gloomy & =bidd+4 ,inde$1 x is sc>cely cr$ible t ,god %\ld annihilate any ( 8 works1 mu* less s _m & s glori\s works4 ,x ought n to be believ$ )\t ! mo/ decisive pro(4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is a mo/ animat+ ?\ght t ?is visible creation1 :i* s9 has m>r$1 :i* ! pollut$ brea? ( m5 & devils has defil$1 & :i* by s9 w be r$uc$ to utt] ru91 w be re/or$ by our ,jesus1 w arise f its ru9s 9 t5fold spl5dor1 & %9e ) m illu/ri\s glory ?an be=e x 0 defac$ by s94 ,aft] a labori\s & anxi\s se>* on ?is int]e/+ subject1 ,i mu/ pron\nce ! latt] to be my decid$ op9ion4 ,& ! same1 ,i f9d1 has be5 ! m common op9ion ( ! ,*ri/ian fa!rs1 ( ! div9es ( ! re=mation1 & ( ! critics & annotators :o h s9ce fl\ri%$4 ,i c\ld produce on ?is side a catalogue ( names :i* w\ld conv9ce y t ?is has c]ta9ly be5 ! common op9ion ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* 9 e age1 z x 0 also ( ! ,jewi%4 ,! words :i* are employ$ to express ! de/ruction ( ! _w d n necess>ily imply annihilation4 ,is x said t ! _w %all p]i%8 ,! same ^w is us$ to express ! anci5t de/ruction ( ! _w by ! flood1 :5 c]ta9ly x 0 n annihilat$4 ,is x said t ! _w %all h an end1 & be no m8 ,?is may be und]/ood only ( ! pres5t =m & organization ( ! visible sy/em8 ,is x said t ! heav5s & ! e>? %all be dissolv$ by fire8 ,b ! natural p[] ( fire is n to annihilate1 b only to dissolve ! composition & *ange ! =m ( sub/ances4--,s]mons1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dej4 ,we h n[ exam9$ ! mo/ important te/imony respect+ ! future de/ruction & r5ovation ( ! e>?2 = inspiration only c c]ta9ly det]m9e its future condition4 ,b sci5ce may ?r[ "s light ^u ! *anges ?r\gh :i* x is to pass4 ,& ,i n[ proce$ to inquire :e!r geology af=ds u any glimpses ( its future condition4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 geology %[s u t ! e>? conta9s )9 itself all ! ag5cies necess>y = its future de/ruction 9 ! mann] po9t$ out 9 ! ,bible4 ,"s au?or has rem>k$ t1 f ! e>lie/ times1 !re has be5 a l\d cry ( fire4 ,we h se5 t x began ) ! anci5t ,egyptians1 & 0 cont9u$ by ! ,greeks4 ,b 9 rec5t times x has wax$ l\d] & f> m di/9ct4 ,! anci5t notions ab\t ! exi/5ce ( fire )9 ! e>? 7 almo/ entirely conjectural1 b )9 ! pres5t c5tury ! matt] has be5 put to ! te/ ( exp]im5t4 ,:]ev]1 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 ! temp]ature ( ! air1 ! wat]s1 & ! rocks 9 deep excavations has be5 asc]ta9$1 x has be5 f\nd high] ?an ! mean temp]ature ( ! climate at ! surface2 & ! exp]im5t has be5 made 9 hundr$s ( places4 ,x is f\nd1 too1 t ! heat increases rapidly z we desc5d bel[ t po9t 9 ! e>?'s cru/ to :i* ! sun's heat ext5ds4 ,! mean rate ( increase has be5 /at$ by ! ,briti% ,association to be "o degree ( ,fahr5heit = e =ty-five feet4 ,at ?is rate1 all kn[n rocks w\ld be melt$ at ! dep? ( ab\t sixty miles4 ,%all we h5ce conclude t all ! matt] ( ! globe bel[ ?is ?ickness 7or1 r1 = ! sake ( r\nd numb]s1 bel[ "o hundr$ miles7 is actually 9 a melt$ /ate8 ,mo/ geologi/s h n se5 h[ su* a conclusion is to be avoid$4 ,& yet ?is w\ld leave only ab\t "o eight hundr$? "p ( ! e>?'s diamet]1 & ab\t "o f\rte5? ( its cont5ts1 or bulk1 9 a solid /ate4 ,h[ easy1 !n1 %\ld ,god give p]mission1 = ?is va/ int]nal fi]y ocean to break ?r\gh its envelope1 & s to bury ! solid cru/ t x %\ld all be burnt up & melt$6 ,x is conceivable t su* a result might take place ev5 by natural op]ations4 ,& c]ta9ly x w\ld be easy = a special div9e ag5cy to accompli% x4 ,x may be ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t ! igne\s fluidity ( ! int]nal "p ( ! globe is too mighty & improbable a conclusion to be bas$ ^u ! increase ( temp]ature1 obs]v$ only to ! dep? ( two or ?ree ?\s& feet4 ,b ?is is n ! only evid5ce ( su* a condition ( ! e>?'s int]ior4 ,?ree hundr$ active volcanoes1 & /ill m num]\s ext9ct ones1 h op5$ _! m\?s & p\r$ =? _! molt5 cont5ts f a great dep?1 to be> witness to ! exi/5ce ( va/ masses ( melt$ rock b5ea? ! e>?'s cru/4 ,! globe1 too1 is flatt5$ at ! poles1 j to ! am\nt x w\ld be by rotation on its axis1 _h x be5 a liquid mass2 &1 !re=e1 !re is e probability t x 0 once liquid2 & if s once1 its int]ior is probably /ill s1 because ! p]iod = cool+ x1 :5 once surr\nd$ by a solid cru/1 mu/ be incalculably long4 ,t ?is solid cru/ has once be5 liquid f heat1 is mo/ obvi\s to all :o c>efully exam9e x4 ,= ! un/ratifi$ rocks h c]ta9ly once be5 melt$1 & mo/ ( ! /ratifi$ s]ies 7 d]iv$ f ! un/ratifi$4 ,aga91 ! organic rema9s dug out f ! deep-seat$ /rata prove t1 :5 !y 7 alive1 ! surface1 ev5 9 high latitudes1 mu/ h be5 subject to a tropical1 or ev5 an ultra-tropical heat2 ?us %[+ u t ! temp]ature ( ! globe has gradually dim9i%$1 z we %\ld expect f ! !ory ( orig9al igne\s fluidity4 ,&1 f9ally1 no o!r hypo!sis b ! gradual cool+ ( ! e>?'s cru/1 & ! p[]ful volcanic ag5cy t mu/ f "t to "t h torn & ridg$ up t cru/1 w acc\nt = ! pres5t fractur$ & ov]turn$ condition ( ! /rata1 & ! elevation ( our cont95t f ! ocean's b$4 ,b ?is supposition does mo/ satisfactorily expla9 all ^! ph5om5a1 & also ^? ( e>?quakes & volcanoes4 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge1 h[ev]1 t all ^! argum5ts fail ( conv9c+ a few geologi/s ( ! doctr9e ( int]nal igne\s fluidity1 to ! ext5t above describ$4 ,b !y all admit t ! facts d prove ! exi/5ce ( va/ oceans ( melt$ matt] b5ea? ! e>?'s cru/4 ,nor d ev5 ^! geologi/s d\bt b ! globe conta9s )9 itself ! ag5cies requisite = a univ]sal conflagration4 ,mr4 ,lyell says t !re mu/ exi/ bel[ enorm\s masses ( matt]1 int5sely heat$1 & 9 _m in/ances 9 a con/ant /ate ( fusion4 ,he says1 also1 ,:5 we consid] ! combu/ible nature ( ! elem5ts ( ! e>?1 s f> z !y are kn[n to u1 ! facility ) :i* _! comp\nds may be decompos$ & made to ent] into new comb9ations1 ! quantity ( heat :i* !y evolve dur+ ^? processes2 :5 we recollect ! expansive p[] ( /eam1 & t wat] itself is compos$ ( two gases1 :i*1 by _! union1 produce int5se heat2 :5 we call to m9d ! numb] ( explosive & detonat+ comp\nds :i* h be5 already discov]$1--we may be all[$ to %>e ! a/oni%m5t ( ,pl9y1 t a s+le day %\ld pass )\t a g5]al conflagration4 ',exc$it pr(ecto omnia miracula1 ullum diem fuisse quo non cuncta conflagr>5t4'--,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 b4 ii4 *ap4 xx4 vol4 ii4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ! refrig]ation ( ! c5tre & cru/ ( ! globe1 says ,d',orbigny1 ! )drawm5t ( matt] has produc$ elevations & depressions on ! consolidat$ cru/2 to :i* movem5ts1 9 connection ) ^? ( ! wat]s1 we mu/ impute ! complete de/ruction ( ! exi/+ fauna4 ,^! dislocations h br\ght ab\t at ea* epo* *anges ( level 9 ! consolidat$ b$s & 9 ! seas4 ,& aft] a p]iod ( agitation1 m or less prolong$1 aft] ea* ( ^! geological revolutions1 diff]5t be+s h be5 creat$ to cov] anew & enliv5 ! surface ( ! e>?4--,c\rs ,elem5taire ,paleontologie1 p4 #adh4 ,all geologi/s1 !n1 agree t ! elem5ts ( ! e>?'s f9al conflagration are conta9$ )9 its bosom or ^u its surface4 ,at pres5t1 ^! elem5ts are s b\nd d[n by c\nt]act+ ag5cies1 t all is quiet & security4 ,b let ! fiat ( ! ,almighty g =? = _! lib]ation1 & ! sc5es ( ! la/ day1 z describ$ 9 ! ,bible1 w comm5ce4 ,! pl\gh%>e ( ru9 w be driv5 onw>d1 until ?is fair _w is all +ulf$1 & no trace ( organic life rema9s4 ,yet to him :o realizes t ! de/ruction is only a necess>y prep>ation = a bright] _w1 :i* w em]ge f ! ru9s ( ! pres5t2 t1 :5 ! matt] ( ! globe has be5 purifi$1 its surface %all be cov]$ ) new & loveli] =ms ( beauty1 surr\nd$ by a /ill m bl& & balmy atmosph]e1 & inhabit$ by s9less & immortal be+s1--to him :o realizes all ?is1 ! desolation w put on ! aspect ( a glori\s trans=mation4 ,9 ! second place1 /ill deep] w be ?is impression1 :5 we recollect t simil> transmutations h already be5 exp]i5c$ by ! e>? ) an improvem5t ( its condition4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ! entire surface ( ! e>? has ev] und]gone a complete fusion s9ce organic life fir/ appe>$ ^u x4 ,b we h reason to ?9k t1 frequ5tly1 at lea/1 :5 "o race ( animals & plants has disappe>$ f ! e>?1 x has be5 ! result ( viol5t cata/rophes1 proce$+ f ! elevation or subsid5ce ( cont95ts or *a9s ( m\nta9s4 ,says ,agassiz1 ,a v rem>kable1 & p]haps ! mo/ surpris+ fact is1 t ! appe>ance ( ! *a9s ( m\nta9s1 & ! inequalities ( ! surface result+ f x1 seem to h co9cid$ g5]ally ) ! epo*s ( ! r5ewal ( organiz$ be+s4--,ed4 ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,oct4 #ahdb1 p4 #cid4--,^! v]tical movem5ts ( su* l>ge portions ( ! e>?'s cru/ c\ld h result$ only f ! direct or indirect ag5cy ( volcanic p[]1 ?\gh ! de/ruction ( organic life1 :i* mu/ h be5 ! consequ5ce1 may h result$ z (t5 f aque\s z igne\s inundations4 ,b usually bo? ag5cies 7 probably conc]n$1 & ! pr$om9ance ( "o or ! o!r ( ^! ag5cies is ( little consequ5ce to ! argum5t2 = if su* wide-spread ru9 has already repeat$ly pass$ ov] ! e>?1 a /ill wid] desolation may be presum$ possible1 if only a little wid] play %all be giv5 to ! ag5ts ( de/ruction4 ,already h ! *anges ( ?is sort :i* ! e>?1 or portions ( x1 h und]gone1 result$ 9 an improv$ condition ( its surface4 ,9 o!r words1 at ea* successive epo*1 animals & plants ( a high] & m p]fect organization h appe>$1 because ! temp]ature1 ! air1 & ! e>?'s g5]al condition h be5 bett] adapt$ to _! happy exi/5ce4 ,! am\nt ( lime/one seems to h be5 con/antly increas+1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ! f]tility ( ! soil2 probably1 also1 ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid has dim9i%$ 9 ! atmosph]e1 z animals ) lungs h be5 multipli$4 ,9 %ort1 !re is a prodigi\s increase1 among ! pres5t inhabitants ( ! globe1 ( animals & plants possess+ complicat$ & delicate organization & l(ti] intellectual p[]s1 ov] all =m] conditions ( ! globe4 ,b we h reason to believe1 f ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures1 t ! next economy ( life :i* %all be plac$ ^u ! globe w f> transc5d all ^? t h gone be=e4 ,e ve/ige ( s91 suff]+1 decay1 & dea? w disappe>4 ,says ! ,bible1 ,!re %all be no m dea?1 nei!r sorr[ nor cry+1 nei!r %all !re be any m pa91 = ! =m] ?+s are pass$ away4 ,& !re %all 9 no wise ent] x any ?+ t defile?1 nei!r :atsoev] worke? abom9ation1 or make? a lie4 ,9 %ort1 ! *ange is no o!r ?an ! conv]sion ( ?is _w into heav54 ,reasonably1 !re=e1 might we anticipate a mo/ ?or\gh de/ruction ( ! pres5t _w1 to prep>e ! way = ! introduction ( su* a glori\s /ate4 ,! ,scriptures describe t /ate by ! mo/ spl5did imag]y t c be d]iv$ f exi/+ nature4 ,x is repres5t$1 figuratively1 no d\bt1 z a spl5did city1 prep>$ ( ,god1 & let d[n to ! e>?4 ,its twelve f\ndations are all preci\s /ones1 its gates pe>ls1 its wall jasp]1 & its /reets pure gold1 z x 71 transp>5t glass4 ,! ,"l ,god ,almighty & ! ,lamb are ! temple ( t city4 ,in/ead ( ! sun & ! moon1 ! glory ( ,god enlight5s x1 & ! ,lamb is ! light !re(4 ,f out ( _! ?rone proce$s ! wat] ( life1 cle> z cry/al1 & along its banks gr[s ! tree ( life1 ) its twelve mann] ( fruits1 yield+ its fruit e mon?4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ! mo/ spl5did & en*ant+ objects 9 nature br\ght be=e u z repres5tatives ( ! new heav5s & ! new e>?4 ,yet we _c le>n f ! ,bible1 or sci5ce1 :at mat]ial dress nature w !n put on4 ,we are taught only t x w f> exce$1 9 spl5dor & p]fection1 ! drap]y :i* %e n[ we>s4 ,we may be assur$ t x w be em95tly adapt$ to a _s t is h5ce=? to be p]fectly holy1 happy1 incorruptible1 & immortal4 ,bo? revelation & geology agree 9 assur+ u t ! new e>?1 :i* w em]ge f ! ru9s ( ! pres5t1 w be improv$ 9 its condition2 b ! p>ticul>s ( t condition are n describ$--probably because we c\ld n1 9 our pres5t /ate1 und]/& !m4 ,su* are ! views conc]n+ ! e>?'s future de/ruction & r5ovation1 :i* appe> to me to be taught by a fair int]pretation ( ,scripture1 & :i* h>monize ) ! tea*+s ( geology4 ,b we are met "h by two =midable difficulties4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 if ! pres5t e>? is to be burnt up & melt$ at ! la/ day1 x mu/ require ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e ano!r solid cru/ %all be =m$ ^u its surface1 capable ( su/a9+ organic natures :i* are mat]ial4 ,b ! ,bible repres5ts ! righte\s1 at ! day ( judgm5t1 z reunit$ to _! bodies1 :i* !y left 9 ! grave1 & ent]+ at once into _! resid5ce ^u ! new e>?4 ,:]e1 !n1 c we f9d ! ?\s&s ( ye>s :i*1 by ?is !ory1 are ess5tial to prep>e ?is resid5ce = _! reception8 ,into :at int]m$iate place1 :at new ,hades1 %all !y pass1 until v]dure %all clo! ! new e>?1 & m ?an ! primeval beauty ( ,ed5 take ! place ( ! volcanic desolation :i* mu/ reign ov] a _w j beg9n+ to cool f inc&esc5t heat8 ,i freely ackn[l$ge t ?is is a s]i\s objection to my !ory2 & p]haps x is insup]able1 unless we resort to miracul\s int]f]5ce4 ,x 7 easy to say1 t ,god c1 9 a mom5t1 conv]t a globe ( fire into a p>adise ( beauty1 & make its l&scapes smile ) *>ms transc5d+ ! b[]s ( p>adise lo/4 ,inde$1 ! ,scriptures repres5t ! ,new ,j]usalem z prep>$ by ,god's own h&s1 & let d[n at once ^u ! e>? to =m ! metropolitan abode ( ! righte\s4 ,b1 aft] all1 ,i am unwill+ ?us to dispose ( ! difficulty4 ,= x is a clumsy way to meet objections1 :5 we und]take to philosophize ^u ev5ts1 ei!r pa/1 pres5t1 or future1 to foi/ 9 a miracle1 9 ord] to eke out our hypo!sis4 ,we ?us make an image ( z incoh]5t p>ts z t 9 ,nebu*adnezz>'s dream1 & z easily brok5 9 pieces4 ,!re is a second mode by :i* ! difficulty "u consid]ation c be completely obviat$1 c\ld we only admit ! !ory on :i* x re/s4 ,"s !ological writ]s h ma9ta9$ t ! day ( judgm5t w occupy a long p]iod1--?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s p]haps1--9 ord] t e individual may exp]i5ce a lit]al trial be=e ! univ]se = all 8 conduct on e>?1 s t ! consci5ce ( e "o 9 t va/ assembly %all approve ! f9al s5t5ce4 ,!y appeal to v>i\s texts ( ,scripture1 :]e x is /rongly /at$ t rigid inquisition w be made on t solemn day into ! conduct & motives ( e individual4 ,& x may be1 inde$1 t su* descriptions are to h a lit]al fulfilm5t2 & if s1 we %\ld h a p]iod long en\gh = ! new e>? to be recov]$ by natural means f its volcanic desolation1 & to be cov]$ ov] ) new =ms ( beauty4 ,b ,i confess ! !ory ( su* a long p]iod ( judgm5t does n seem to me to be su/a9$ by ! mo/ approv$ rules ( exegesis1 & !re=e ,i am unwill+ to re/ ^u x to su/a9 my own hypo!sis4 ,b is x n possible t our difficulty ( conceiv+ h[ ! spiritual body c ent] at once ^u its resid5ce 9 ! new heav5s & e>?1 :ile yet ! globe is only a %oreless ocean ( fire1 results f a mi/ak5 conception ( ! nature ( ! spiritual body8 ,d we n judge ( x by our own pres5t bodies1 & imag9e t x mu/ necess>ily possess su* an organization z w\ld be de/roy$ by ! extremes ( heat & cold8 ,& are we au?oriz$ to draw su* an inf]5ce8 ,! ,scriptures h1 inde$1 left u v mu* 9 ! d>k z to ! specific nature ( ! future glorifi$ body1 :i* ,paul calls a spiritual body4 ,he does n mean t x is compos$ ( _s1 = !n x w\ld n diff] f ! s\l itself1 by :i* x is to be animat$4 ,he c]ta9ly means t x is compos$ ( matt]2 unless1 inde$1 !re be 9 ! univ]se a ?ird sub/ance1 di/9ct bo? f matt] & _s4 ,b ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a sub/ance we h no positive evid5ce2 &1 !re=e1 mu/ conclude ! spiritual body to be matt]2 call$ spiritual1 probably1 because em95tly adapt$ to =m ! immortal resid5ce ( pure _s4 ,yet we le>n f ! apo/le's description t x is n compos$ ( fle% & blood1 :i*1 he says1 _c inh]it ! k+dom ( ,god2 nei!r is x capable ( decay1 l our pres5t bodies4 ,inde$1 ! illu/ration :i* he d]ives f ! decay & g]m9ation ( a k]nel ( :eat %[s u t ! future body w be z mu* unlike ! pres5t z a /alk ( :eat is diff]5t f ! se$ :5ce x sprang2 &1 9 appe>ance1 sc>cely any two ?+s are m unlike4 ,h5ce we may suppose ! resurrection body ( ! righte\s to be z diff]5t f t :i* ! s\l n[ animates z matt] c be1 9 its mo/ div]se =ms4 ,n[1 ! "q arises1 ,d we "k ( any =m ( matt] 9 ! pres5t _w :i* rema9s ! same at all temp]atures1 & 9 all circum/ances1 :i* no *emical or me*anical ag5cies c alt]8--a sub/ance :i* rema9s un*ang$ 9 ! v he>t ( ! ice ar\nd ! poles1 & 9 ! focus ( a volcano2 :i* rema9s unt\*$ by ! mo/ p[]ful reag5ts :i* ! *emi/ c apply1 & by ! mightie/ =ces :i* ! me*anician c br+ to be> ^u x8 ,x seems to me t mod]n sci5ce does r5d] ! exi/5ce ( su* a sub/ance probable1 ?\gh n cognizable by ! s5ses4 ,x is ! lum9if]\s e!r1 t att5uat$ m$ium by :i* light1 & heat1 & electricity are transmitt$ f "o "p ( ! univ]se to ano!r1 by undulations ( inconceivable velocity4 ,?is /range fluid1 ^: exi/5ce & action seems all b demon/rat$ by ! ph5om5a ( light1 heat1 & electricity1 & p]haps1 too1 by ! resi/ance exp]i5c$ by ,encke's1 ,biela's1 & ,halley's comets1 mu/ possess ! extraord9>y *>act]i/ic above po9t$ out4 ,x mu/ exi/ & act :]ev] we f9d light1 heat1 or electricity2 & :]e d we n f9d !m8 ,!y p5etrate ?r\gh :at has be5 call$ empty space2 &1 !re=e1 ?is e!r exi/s !re1 propagat+ its undulations at ! a/oni%+ rate ( two hundr$ ?\s& miles p] second4 ,!y emanate 9 con/ant succession f e int5sely heat$ focus1 su* z ! sun1 ! volcano1 & ! *emical furnace2 &1 !re=e1 ?is /range m$ium is nei!r dissipat$ nor affect$ by ! /ronge/ kn[n heat4 ,bo? light & heat are transmitt$ ?r\gh ice2 &1 !re=e1 ?is e!r _c be congeal$4 ,! same is true ( glass1 & e transp>5t sub/ance1 h[ev] d5se2 & ev5 ! mo/ solid metals convey heat & electricity ) rem>kable facility2 &1 !re=e1 ?is e!r exi/s & acts ) equal facility 9 ! mo/ solid masses z 9 a vacuum4 ,9 %ort1 x seems to be indep5d5t ( *emical or me*anical *anges1 & to act unob/ruct$ 9 all possible modifications ( matt]4 ,&1 ?\gh too evanesc5t to be cognizable by ! s5ses1 or ! mo/ delicate *emical & me*anical te/s1 x possesses1 nev]!less1 a mo/ a/oni%+ activity4 ,n[1 ,i am n go+ to ass]t t ! spiritual body w be compos$ ( ?is lum9if]\s e!r4 ,b1 s9ce we "k n ! composition ( t body1 x is lawful to suppose t su* may be its con/itution4 ,?is is surely possible1 & t is all :i* is ess5tial to my pres5t argum5t4 ,admitt+ its tru?1 ! foll[+ int]e/+ conclusions foll[3-- ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! spiritual body w\ld be unaffect$ by all possible *anges ( temp]ature4 ,x might exi/ z well 9 ! mid/ ( fire1 or ( ice1 z 9 any int]m$iate temp]ature4 ,h5ce x might pass f "o extreme ( temp]ature to ano!r1 & be at home 9 !m all2 & ?is is :at we might hope = 9 a future _w4 ,"s1 inde$1 h imag9$ t ! sun w be ! future heav5 ( ! righte\s2 & on ?is supposition !re is no absurdity 9 ! !ory4 ,nor w\ld !re be 9 ! hypo!sis :i* %\ld locate heav5 9 solid ice1 or 9 ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! second place1 on ?is supposition1 ! spiritual body w\ld be unh>m$ by ^? *emical & me*anical ag5cies :i* matt] 9 no o!r =m c resi/4 ,! "q has (t5 aris51 h[ ! glorifi$ body1 if mat]ial1 w\ld be able to escape all s\rces ( injury1 s z to be immortal z ! s\l4 ,9 ?is hypo!sis1 we see h[ x is possible2 = ?\gh ! :ole globe %\ld *ange its *emical con/itution1 ?\gh worlds %\ld da% ^u worlds1 ! spiritual body1 ?\gh pres5t at ! v po9t :]e ! t]rible collision took place1 w\ld feel no injury2 & safe 9 its immortal habitation1 ! s\l might smile amid ! wreck ( matt] & ! cru% ( worlds4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 on ?is supposition1 ! s\l might communicate its ?\ghts & receive a k ( ev5ts & ( o!r m9ds1 ?r\gh di/ances inconceivably great1 ) ! spe$ ( lightn+4 ,if we suppose ! s\l1 9 su* a t5em5t1 c\ld transmit its ?\ghts & desires1 & receive impressions1 ?r\gh ! lum9if]\s e!r1 ) only ! same velocity z light1 x might communicate ) o!r be+s ^u ! sun1 at ! di/ance ( "o hundr$ million miles1 9 eight m9utes2 & su* a p[] we may reasonably expect ! s\l w h]eaft] possess1 :e!r d]iv$ f ?is or "s o!r ag5cy4 ,we _c believe t1 9 ano!r _w1 ! s\l's communication ) ! re/ ( ! univ]se w be z limit$ z 9 ! pres5t /ate4 ,on ?is supposition1 %e ne$ n w&] ?r\gh ! univ]se to le>n ! ev5ts transpir+ 9 o!r sph]es1 = ! intellig5ce w\ld be borne on ! morn+'s ray or ! lightn+'s w+4 ,f9ally1 on ?is supposition1 ! g]m ( ! future spiritual body may1 ev5 9 ?is _w1 be atta*$ to ! s\l2 & x may be ?is :i* %e w come seek+ aft] on ! resurrection morn+4 ,i "k n b ?is wond]ful m$ium1 9 "s unkn[n =m1 may atta* itself to ! sleep+ du/2 & ?\gh t du/ be scatt]$ ^u ! w9ds1 or diffus$ 9 ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 & trans=m$ into o!r animal bodies1 /ill t g]m may n be lo/4 ,! *emi/ has (t5 be5 p]plex$1 :5 he ?9ks h[ ! bodies ( m5 are decompos$ aft] dea?1 & h[ e p>ticle mu/1 9 "s cases1 pass into o!r bodies2 he has be5 p]plex$1 ,i say1 to see h[ ! resurrection body %\ld be id5tifi$1 & especially h[ ^? p>ticles c\ld become a "p ( diff]5t bodies4 ,p]haps ! hypo!sis "u consid]ation may relieve ! difficulty4 ,p]haps1 too1 x may tea* u h[ ! s\l exi/s & acts1 :5 sep>at$ f ! body4 ,x may act ?r\gh ?is univ]sal m$ium1 ?\gh 9 a mann] less p]fect ?an aft] x has unit$ itself to ! spiritual body rais$ f ! grave4#bj ,b ,i fe> ,i am v5tur+ too f> into ! region ( conjecture4 ,my only object is1 to %[ t we d "k ( a sub/ance :i* might =m a spiritual body :i* %\ld be 9 its elem5t ^u ! new e>?1 ev5 ?\gh x 7 9 ! condition ( a fi]y ocean4 ,x c\ld n1 inde$1 be an organic body ( su* a k9d z heat w\ld de/roy2 ?\gh ,i see no reason :y x may n possess an organism f> m delicate & wond]ful ?an t ( our pres5t bodies1 & yet be unaffect$ by heat or cold1 or me*anical or *emical ag5cies4 ,i d n feel1 !re=e1 t ! objection :i* ,i am consid]+ is insup]able4 ,x results1 ,i appreh5d1 f ! false assumption t ! spiritual body w be subject to ^? influ5ces by :i* our pres5t comp>atively gross bodies are s p[]fully affect$4 ,%all ,i be p>don$ if ,i say t1 9 ! exp]im5ts ( an incipi5t & maltreat$ sci5ce1 we h1 p]haps1 a glimpse ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! s\l w act 9 ! future spiritual body8 = if ^? exp]im5ts be n all delusion1--& h[ c we reasonably inf] t exp]im5ts s multipli$1 s v>i\s1 & 9 _m cases1 :5 n 9 ! h&s ( it9]ant juggl]s1 s fairly p]=m$1--,i say1 h[ c we reg>d all ^! z m]e trick]y8 & if n1 !y are be/ expla9$ by suppos+ ! s\l to act indep5d5tly ( ! bodily organs1 & ?r\gh ! same m$ium :i* we h suppos$ to con/itute ! future spiritual body4 ,9 ?is view1 mesm]ism assumes a mo/ int]e/+ aspect1 =m+1 z x 71 a l9k betwe5 ! pres5t & ! future _w4 ,! !ory :i* ,i h advanc$ does n1 inde$1 fall to ! gr\nd1 ?\gh mesm]ism %\ld be f\nd a delusion2 yet x is b ju/ice to say1 t x fir/ came "u my eye 9 t mo/ classical1 philosophical1 & attractive "w1 ,t[ns5d's ,facts 9 ,mesm]ism4 ,a simil> view1 h[ev]1 0 pres5t$ sev]al ye>s e>li]1 9 a "w by ,isaac ,taylor1 no less +5i\s & pr(\nd1 ! ,physical ,!ory ( ,ano!r ,life1 a "w1 h[ev]1 :i* makes n ! slighte/ allusion to mesm]ism4 ,! au?or supposes su* a /ate ( ?+s z ,i h imag9$ 9 ano!r life to be 9 exi/5ce ev5 n[4 ,! s5sation ( light1 says he1 is n[ believ$ to result f ! vibrations1 n ! emanations1 ( an ela/ic fluid1 or e!r2 b ?is same elem5t may be capable ( ano!r species ( vibrations2 or ! electric or ! magnetic fluids may be susceptible ( "s su* vibrations2 or an elem5t z univ]sally diffus$ z light ?r\gh ! univ]se may be ! m$ium ( sonor\s undulations1 equally rapid & di/9ct1 & s]v+ to connect ! mo/ remote regions ( ! univ]se by ! conveyance ( s\nds1 j z ! mo/ remote are actually connect$ by ! passage ( light4 ,yet ! sonor\s vibrations ( ?is suppos$ elem5t may be f> too delicate to awak5 ! e> ( man1 or1 9 fact1 ( a k9d n p]ceptible by ! human auditory n]ve4 ,we refuse to all[ t a conjecture ( ?is sort is extravagant1 or de/itute ( philosophical probability2 on ! contr>y1 consid] x z borne out1 9 a positive s5se1 by ! discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,might we !n re/ = a mom5t ^u an animat+ conception 7aid$ by ! actual analogy ( light7 su* z ?is1 viz41 t ! field ( ! visible univ]se is ! !atre ( a va/ social economy1 hold+ rational int]c\rse at great di/ances8 ,let u claim leave to indulge ! belief1 :5 we contemplate ! />ry heav5s1 t spee*1 inquiry & response1 comm&s & petitions1 debate & in/ruction1 are pass+ to & fro2 or %all ! imag9ation cat* ! peal+ an!ms ( praise1 at /at$ seasons1 aris+ f wor%ipp]s 9 all qu>t]s1 & fl[+ on ) ?und]+ p[]1 l ! noise ( _m wat]s1 until x meet & %ake ! c\rts ( ! c5tral heav5s8--,physical ,!ory ( ,ano!r ,life1 p4 #bjb1 #c;d ,am4 ed4 ,! second objection to ! view :i* ,i h pres5t$ ( ! future de/ruction & r5ovation ( ! e>?1 z an abode ( ! righte\s1 may be ?us /at$3 ,heav5 is an un*ang+ /ate2 b a _w :i* has be5 burn$ up & melt$1 ev5 if we might suppose spiritual be+s to dwell ^u x1 mu/ und]go /ill fur!r *ange4 ,! radiation ( its heat w\ld =m a cru/ ov] its surface2 ! wat]s1 dissipat$ into vapor1 w\ld be recond5s$2 volcanic ag5cy w\ld ridge up ! cru/ into m\nta9s & valleys2 &1 9 %ort1 geological ag5cies w\ld at l5g? =m su* a surface1 s f> z rocks & soil are conc]n$1 z we n[ tread ^u4 ,& ev5 ?\gh organic be+s %\ld n be aga9 plac$ ^u x1 ^? *anges w\ld proce$1 till1 p]haps1 ano!r & ano!r great cata/rophe by fire might pass ov] x2 nor c we say :]e ^! mutations w\ld end4 ,c we believe su* a _w to be heav58 ,"h1 aga91 z 9 ! la/ objection1 x appe>s to me1 ! ma9 difficulty lies 9 our judg+ ( ! future spiritual body by t organism :i* we n[ inhabit4 ,heav5 is1 inde$1 an un*ang+ /ate ( happ9ess & hol9ess4 ,b does x1 !re=e1 foll[ t !re c be no *ange 9 its mat]ial =m & aspect8 ,i h already %[n t ! spiritual body may be ( su* a composition t no *ange ( temp]ature1 ( place or con/itution1 9 surr\nd+ bodies1 c at all affect x4 ,if ! s\l c\ld be happy 9 "o set ( physical circum/ances :ile 9 su* a t5em5t1 x might be happy 9 any o!r circum/ances ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,b x does n foll[ t ! happ9ess ( ! s\l might n be increas$ by ! *anges ( ! mat]ial _w ar\nd x4 ,:at is x on e>? t af=ds ! greate/ am\nt ( happ9ess d]iv$ f ! ext]nal _w8 ,x is ! imm5se v>iety ( creation1 produc$ *iefly by *emical & me*anical ag5cies4 ,^! *anges af=d u ! mo/ /rik+ exhibitions ( ! wisdom1 p[]1 & b5evol5ce ( ! ,deity1 )9 our k2 & :y may n analog\s1 or /ill m wond]ful *anges1 & great] v>iety1 give /ill high] conceptions ( ! div9e "* to ! inhabitants ( heav51 & excite a pur] & a /rong] love8 ,& to /udy t "* w =m1 ,i d\bt n1 ! gr& employm5t ( heav54 ,:o c tell :at dep?s ( k may !re be laid op5 into ! int]nal con/itution ( matt]1 & its comb9ations1 & especially its union ) _s6 ,& :at sur] means ( br++ out ^! developm5ts ?an *ange1 con/ant & ev]la/+ *ange8 ,= :o c set limits to ^? mutations :i* an inf9ite ,god c produce ^u ! matt] ( ?is va/ univ]se8 ,x is easy to see t !y may be lit]ally inf9ite4 ,once m4 ,we h se5 t ! geological *anges :i* our _w has hi!rto und]gone h be5 an improvem5t ( its condition1 & t ea* successive economy has be5 a bright] exhibition ( div9e wisdom & b5evol5ce3 ,%all ?is progress be arre/$ :5 ! pres5t economy closes8 ,we "k t ! righte\s w =ev] advance 9 hol9ess & happ9ess4 ,:y may n a "p ( t increase dep5d ^u _! introduction into high] & high] economies ?r\gh et]nal ages8 ,may n ?is be "o ( ! modes 9 :i* new developm5ts ( ! "* ( ,god w op5 ^u !m 9 ! _w ( bliss8 ,! ,scriptures repres5t ! mat]ial aspect ( ! new heav5s & ! new e>?1 :5 fir/ ! righte\s ent] ^u !m1 to be "o ( surpass+ glory4 ,b :y may n o!r developm5ts await !m 9 ! r\nd ( et]nal ages1 z _! exp&+ faculties are able to und]/& & appreciate !m8 ,! great] ! v>iety ( new sc5es 9 ! mat]ial _w :i* %all be pres5t$ to ! m9d1 su* z an inf9ite ,deity %all devise1 ! m int5se ! happ9ess ( _! contemplations2 & :o c set limits to ! p]mutations :i* su* a be+ c produce1 ev5 ^u matt]8 ,i c =m no conjecture z to ! nature ( ^? new developm5ts2 nor d ,i believe !y c\ld be und]/ood 9 our pres5t /ate4 ,i feel z if ^? =m$ too l[ an e/imate ( ! new heav5s & ! new e>?1 :o imag9e a repetition !re ( ! mo/ curi\s organic /ructures1 ! mo/ spl5did fl[]s & fruits1 & ! mo/ en*ant+ l&scapes ( ! pres5t _w3 ,i fancy t sc5es f> m en*ant+1 & objects f> m glori\s1 w meet ! s\l at its fir/ entrance ^u ! new e>?1 ev5 ?\gh to mortal vision x %\ld pres5t only an ocean ( fire4 ,i imag9e a ?\s& new inlets into ! s\l--nay1 ,i ?9k ( x z all eye1 all e>1 all s5sation2 n[ plung+ deep] into ! inf9itesimal p>ts ( matt] ?an ! microscope c c>ry u1 & n[ so>+ away1 p]haps on ! waves ( ! my/]i\s e!r1 f> beyond ! k5 ( ! telescope4 ,& if su* is ! fir/ entrance into heav51 :o c conjecture :at new fields & new glories %all op5 be=e ! m9d1 & fill x ) ec/asy1 z x flies onw>d )\t end6 ,b ,i d>e n indulge fur!r 9 ^! hypo!tical1 yet fasc9at+ ?\ghts2 yet let u nev] =get1 t 9 a v %ort "t1 f> %ort] ?an we imag9e1 all ! sc5es ( futurity w be to u a ?rill+ reality4 ,we %all !n "k 9 a mom5t h[ mu* ( tru? !re is 9 ^! speculations4 ,b if !y all prove false1 fully confid5t am ,i t ! sc5es :i* w op5 ^u u w surpass our livelie/ conceptions4 ,! glass ?r\gh :i* we n[ see d>kly w be remov$1 & face to face %all we meet et]nal glories4 ,!n %all we le>n t our pres5t bodily organs1 h[ev] admirably adapt$ to our condition "h1 7 9 fact clogs ^u ! s\l1 int5d$ to fett] its free range1 t we might ! m ri*ly enjoy ! lib]ty ( ! sons ( ,god1 & expatiate 9 ! spiritual body1 ! build+ ( ,god1 ! h\se n made ) h&s1 et]nal 9 ! heav5s4 ,let u1 !n1 live cont9ually "u ! influ5ce ( ! sc5es t await u beyond ! grave4 ,!y w ?us become famili> to u & we %all appreciate _! inf9ite sup]iority to ! objects t s deeply int]e/ u on e>?4 ,we %all be l$ to look =w>d ev5 ) /rong desire1 9 spite ( ! repulsive aspect ( dea?1 to t /ate :]e ! s\l w be fre$ f h] prison-h\se ( fle% & blood1 & c range 9 untir+ fre$om ?r\gh ! b\ndless fields ( k & happ9ess t are 9 prospect4 ,!n %all we le>n to despise ! l[ aims & contract$ views ( ! s5suali/1 ! demagogue1 & ! worldl+4 ,high & noble ?\ghts & aspirations w lift our s\ls above ! murky atmosph]e ( ?is _w1 &1 :ile yet 9 ! body1 we %all beg9 to brea! ! empyreal air ( ! new heav5s1 & to ga!r ! fruits ( ! tree ( life 9 ! new e>?1 :]e righte\sness only %all =ev] dwell4 ,,lecture ,,xii4 ,,! ,,telegraphic ,,sy/em ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,9 ord] to impress "s important tru? or transaction1 m5 h sometimes repres5t$ surr\nd+ inanimate objects z look+ on & witness+ ! sc5e1 or li/5+ to ! words1 & ready ev] aft]w>ds to op5 _! m\? to te/ify to ! facts1 %\ld man d5y !m4 ,i "k ( no writ+s f :i* to d]ive s /rik+ an illu/ration ( ^! /rong figurative repres5tations z ! sacr$ ,scriptures4 ,take1 = a fir/ example1 ! solemn cov5ant ent]$ into betwe5 ,jehovah & ! ,israelites1 9 ! "t ( ,jo%ua4 ,to fix ! transaction z firmly z possible 9 ! m9ds ( ! fickle p1 he took a great /one & set x up !re "u an oak t 0 by ! sanctu>y ( ! ,"l4 ,& ,jo%ua said unto all ! p1 ,behold1 ?is /one %all be a witness unto u4 ,= x ha? he>d all ! words ( ! ,"l :i* he spake unto u4 ,x %all1 !re=e1 be a witness unto y1 le/ ye d5y y\r ,god4 ,9 a second example1 ! prophet ,habakkuk describes ! insatiable wick$ness ( ! ,*aldeans2 & address+ ! nation z an individual1 he says1 ,?\ ha/ consult$ %ame to ?y h\se by cutt+ (f _m p1 & ha/ s9n$ aga9/ ?y s\l4 ,= ! /one %all cry out ( ! wall1 & ! beam out ( ! timb] %all answ] x4 ,su* abom9ations _h ar\s$ ev5 ! mo/ ins5sible "p ( creation1 ! v timb] & ! /one1 to life & indignation4 ,9 a ?ird example1 ! :ole multitude ( ,jews _h j spread _! g>m5ts ^u ! gr\nd = ,*ri/ to ride ov]1 !y mean:ile cry+ out1 ,bless$ be ! ,k+ t come? 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l4 ,peace 9 heav5 & glory 9 ! highe/4 ,b "s ( ! ,ph>isees said1 ,ma/]1 rebuke ?y disciples2 & he answ]$ & said unto !m1 ,if ^! %\ld hold _! peace1 ! /ones w\ld imm$iately cry out4 ,if man refus$ to d homage to ! ,k+ ( glory1 :5 he came among !m1 ! rocks1 m s5sible1 w\ld break =? 9 8 praises4 ,! discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce1 h[ev]1 %[ u t !re is a lit]al s5se 9 :i* ! mat]ial creation receives an impression f all our words & actions t c nev] be effac$2 & t nature1 ?r\gh all "t1 is ev] ready to be> te/imony ( :at we h said & done4 ,m5 fancy t ! wave ( oblivion passes ov] ! great] "p ( _! actions4 ,b physical sci5ce %[s u t ^? actions h be5 transfus$ into ! v texture ( ! univ]se1 s t no wat]s c wa% !m out1 & no erosions1 comm9ution1 or metamorphoses1 c oblit]ate !m4 ,! pr9ciple :i* ,i advance 9 its nak$ =m is ?is3 ,our words1 our actions1 & ev5 our ?\ghts1 make an indelible impression on ! univ]se4 ,?r[n into a poetic =m1 ?is pr9ciple conv]ts creation ,into a va/ s\nd+ gall]y2 ,into a va/ picture gall]y2 ,& into a univ]sal telegraph4 ,?is proposition ,i %all endeavor to su/a9 by an appeal to well-e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( sci5ce4 ,yet1 s9ce "s ( ^! pr9ciples are n ! mo/ common & famili>1 & h n be5 appli$1 except 9 "p1 to ?is subject1 ,i mu/ be m te*nical 9 _! explanation ?an ,i c\ld wi%1 & m m9ute 9 ! details4 ,! gr& po9t1 h[ev]1 on :i* ! :ole subject turns1 is ! doctr9e ( reaction4 ,by ?is is meant ! mutual or reciprocal action ( diff]5t ?+s ^u "o ano!r4 ,?us1 if a body fall to ! e>?1 ! e>? reacts ^u x1 & /ops x1 or ?r[s x back4 ,if sulphuric acid be p\r$ ^u lime/one1 a mutual action ensues2 ! acid acts on ! /one1 & ! /one reacts ^u ! acid1 & a new comp\nd is produc$4 ,if light fall ^u a solid body1 ! body reacts ^u ! light1 :i* x s5ds back to ! eye ) an image ( itself4 ,^! are examples ( :at is meant by reaction1 or ! reciprocal action ( diff]5t sub/ances ^u "o ano!r4 ,b x is n e k9d ( reaction t w prove a p]man5t impression to be made ^u ! univ]se by our conduct4 ,h5ce we mu/ be m specific4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! pr9ciple is prov$ & illu/rat$ by ! doctr9e ( me*anical reaction4 ,f ! pr9ciple1 long s9ce settl$ 9 me*anics1 t action & reaction are equal1 x w foll[ t e impression :i* man makes by 8 words1 or 8 movem5ts1 ^u ! air1 ! wat]s1 or ! solid e>?1 w produce a s]ies ( *anges 9 ea* ( ^? elem5ts :i* w nev] end4 ,! ^w :i* is n[ go+ out ( my m\? causes pulsations or waves 9 ! air1 & ^!1 ?\gh invisible to human eyes1 exp& 9 e direction until !y h pass$ ar\nd ! :ole globe1 & produc$ a *ange 9 ! :ole atmosph]e2 nor w a s+le circumgyration complete ! effect2 b ! s5t5ce :i* ,i am n[ utt]+ %all alt] ! :ole atmosph]e ?r\gh all future "t4 ,s t1 z ,pr(essor ,babbage rem>ks1 to :om we are indebt$ = ! fir/ moral application ( ?is me*anical pr9ciple1 ! air is "o va/ libr>y1 on ^: pages are =ev] writt5 all t man has ev] said1 or woman :isp]$4 ,n a ^w has ev] escap$ f mortal lips1 :e!r = ! def5ce ( virtue or ! p]v]sion ( ! tru?1 n a cry ( agony has ev] be5 utt]$ by ! oppress$1 n a m&ate ( cruelty by ! oppressor1 n a false & flatt]+ ^w by ! deceiv]1 b x is regi/]$ indelibly ^u ! atmosph]e we brea!4 ,& c\ld man comm& ! ma!matics ( sup]ior m9ds1 e p>ticle ( air ?us set 9 motion c\ld be trac$ ?r\gh all its *anges1 ) z mu* precision z ! a/ronom] c po9t out ! pa? ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,no matt] h[ _m /orms h rais$ ! atmosph]e into wild commotion1 & :irl$ x into c\ntless =ms2 no matt] h[ _m conflict+ waves h mix$ & cross$ "o ano!r2 ! pa? ( ea* pulsation is def9ite1 & subject to ! laws ( ma!matics4 ,to foll[ x requires1 inde$1 a p[] ( analysis sup]ior to human2 b we c conceive x to be f> inf]ior to ! div9e4 ,! same ?+ is true ( ! wat]s4 ,no wave has ev] be5 rais$ on _! bosom1 no keel has ev] pl\gh$ _! surface1 :i* has n s5t an influ5ce & a *ange into e ocean1 & modifi$ e wave1 t has roll$ 9 ^u ! f>!/ %ores4 ,z ! vessel crosses ! deep1 ! p>t$ waves close 91 & e trace ( di/urbance soon disappe>s f human vision4 ,nev]!less1 x is c]ta9 t e track ?us furr[$ 9 ! wat]s has s5t an influ5ce ?r\gh _! entire mass1 su* z is calculable by di/9ct =mulae2 & x may be t glorifi$ m9ds1 by ! pr9ciples ( cele/ial ma!matics1 c z easily trace out ! pa?s ( ! unnumb]$ vessels t h cross$ ! wat]s1 z ! a/ronom] c ! pa?s ( ! planets or ! comets4 ,! solid e>?1 too1 is alike t5aci\s ( e impression we make ^u x2 n a footpr9t ( man or bea/ is m>k$ ^u its surface1 t does n p]man5tly *ange ! :ole globe4 ,e "o ( its c\ntless atoms w reta9 & exhibit an inf9itesimal1 b a real1 effect ?r\gh all com+ "t4 ,x is too m9ute1 inde$1 = ! cognizance ( ! human s5ses4 ,b 9 a high] sph]e !re may be inlets ( p]ception acute en\gh to trace x ?r\gh all its be>+s1 & ?us r5d] e atom ( ! globe a liv+ witness to ! actions ( e liv+ be+4 ,9 view ( ^! facts1 we _c reg>d ! gl[+ language ( ,babbage an exagg]ation1 :5 he says1 ,! s\l ( ! negro1 ^: fett]$ body1 surviv+ ! liv+ *>nel-h\se ( 8 infect$ prison1 0 ?r[n into ! sea to light5 ! %ip1 t 8 ,*ri/ian ma/] might escape ! limit$ ju/ice at l5g? assign$ by civiliz$ man to crimes ^: pr(it _h long gild$ _! atrocity1 w ne$1 at ! la/ great day ( human acc\nts1 no liv+ witness ( 8 e>?ly agony3 :5 man & all 8 race %all h disappe>$ f ! face ( our planet1 ask e p>ticle ( air /ill float+ ov] ! unpeopl$ e>?1 & x w record ! cruel m&ate ( ! tyrant4 ,int]rogate e wave :i* breaks unimp$$ on t5 ?\s& desolate %ores1 & x w give evid5ce ( ! la/ gurgle ( ! wat]s :i* clos$ ov] ! head ( 8 dy+ victim4 ,confront ! murd]] ) e corporeal atom ( 8 immolat$ slave1 & 9 its /ill quiv]+ movem5ts he w read ! prophet's d5unciation ( ! prophet k+4 ,! di/+ui%$ ma!matical pr(essor f :om ,i h j quot$ limits ! effects ( ?is ma!matical reaction to ?is globe & its atmosph]e4 ,b if1 z ! philosoph]s n[ g5]ally admit1 !re is a subtile & extremely ela/ic m$ium p]vad+ all space1 :y mu/ !y n ext5d to o!r worlds1 yea1 to ! :ole univ]se8 ,)\t an accurate acqua9tance ) ! facts1 inde$1 x w seem a m]e extravagant imag9ation to say t our mo/ trivial ^w or action s5ds a ?rill ?r\gh\t ! :ole mat]ial univ]se2 b ,i see n :y sob] & legitimate sci5ce does n conduct u to ?is conclusion4 ,nay1 /ill fur!r1 x tea*es u t ! vibrations & *anges :i* our words & actions produce ^u ! univ]se %all nev] cease _! action & reaction till mat]ialism be no m4 ,we v5ture1 !n1 to pu% ?is ?\ght ( ! +5i\s ma!matician into ano!r sph]e1 :i* he did n ent]4 ,! majority1 probably1 ( ! able/ exp\nd]s ( ! ,bible h ma9ta9$1 z previ\sly %[n1 t ! apo/le ,pet] mo/ unequivocally tea*es u t ! new heav5s1 or atmosph]e1 & ! new e>?1 :]e9 dwelle? righte\sness1 are m]ely our pres5t e>? & atmosph]e1 melt$ & burnt by ! fires ( ! la/ day1 & fitt$ up anew1--a second & a loveli] p>adise1--to be ! ev]la/+ abode ( hol9ess & happ9ess4 ,inde$1 to attempt to fix any o!r mean+ ^u ,pet]'s language makes ( x a mo/ absurd jumble ( lit]al & figurative expressions1 & produces an inv]sion ( *ronological ev5ts4 ,b1 admitt+ ! lit]al mean+ ( ! apo/le to be ! true "o1 !n ^? reactions1 produc$ by our words & conduct ^u ! pres5t _w1 %all n be de/roy$ by ! fires ( ! la/ day1 b reappe> 9 ! new economy1 & modify ! pulsations ( ! new heav5s & ! new e>? ?r\gh all et]nity4 ,b ev5 ?\gh heav5 %\ld be 9 "s o!r "p ( ! univ]se1 & n ?is e>? refitt$1 yet1 if x be a mat]ial resid5ce1 :y1 on ! pr9ciples already expla9$1 %\ld x n be rea*$ & affect$ by ^? vibrations :i* ! laws ( ma!matics assure u are n[ spread+ f ea* individual1 z a c5tre1 ?r\gh ! :ole univ]se8 ,! conflagration ( ! e>? w alt] its *emical con/itution1 & conv]t matt] into new =ms2 b ! me*anical "* ( ! atoms w n be de/roy$2 & :5 !y em]ge f ! f9al cata/rophe1 9 new & bright] =ms1 !y may /ill be> & exhibit ! impress ( e ^w & e action :i* !y n[ receive4 ,su* repres5tations z ^!1 ,i am aw>e1 w1 ^u fir/ ?\ght1 seem to mo/ m9ds little bett] ?an ! dreams ( fancy1 al?\gh f\nd$ ^u ! laws ( ma!matics4 ,= h[ soon does e trace disappe> f ! e>? ( ! mo/ t]rible convulsions & ! mightie/ human ef=ts6 ,! %\t ( c\ntless multitudes1 ! ?und] & ! cra% ( battle1 & ev5 ! volcano's bell[+1 are soon succe$$ by unbrok5 sil5ce2 & we _c discov] a trace ( any ( ^? c\ntless sc5es ( noise & convulsion t h be5 act$ ^u ! _w's busy /age4 ,h[ practically absurd1 !n1 to imag9e t any influ5ce goes out f ! feeble ef=ts ( individuals1 t c be recogniz$1 ei!r n[ or h]eaft]1 on ! wide field ( ! univ]se6 ,su* objections z ^!1 h[ev]1 are bas$ ^u ! impression1 ( :i* x is h>d to dive/ ourselves1 t our pres5t means ( di/+ui%+ ! effects ( physical =ces are z p]fect z we c hope = 9 et]nity4 ,& yet1 :o w d\bt t1 :5 our pres5t gross bodies %all be laid aside1 ! s\l1 look+ =? f a spiritual body1 ) quick5$ p[]s & unob/ruct$ vision1 %all p5etrate a new _w 9 ! inf9itesimal p>ts ( creation8 ,:at absurdity 9 ! supposition t !n ! m9ute/ movem5t among ! atoms1 :i* c n[ be discov]$ only by ! ma!matics ( quantities inf9itely small1 may !n /& out z di/9ctly to our inspection z d n[ ! features ( ! l&scape8 ,:at absurdity 9 ! supposition t1 ev5 n[1 !re are f9ite m9ds 9 ! univ]se :o possess ?is quick5$ p[] ( p]ception1 &1 ?\gh 9 di/ant worlds1 d actually "k :at is pass+ "h by ! vibrations :i* our words & actions produce ^u ela/ic matt]8 ,?us f> ,i h spok5 ( ! influ5ce ( our words & actions only ^u ! mat]ial univ]se1 al?\gh ! pr9ciple ) :i* ,i />t$ includes ?\ghts also4 ,b are n actions m]ely ! ext]nal manife/ation ( ?\ghts & purposes8 &1 !re=e1 is n ?\ght ! effici5t ag5cy t impresses ! univ]se8 ,i %all also attempt to %[ t !re are o!r modes 9 :i* ! intellect may d ?is1 aside f ord9>y words & actions4 ,b ,i proce$ to ! second pro( ( ! g5]al pr9ciple4 ,& ,i d]ive x f :at may be call$ optical reactions2 t is1 ! reaction ( light & ! sub/ances on :i* x imp+es4 ,^! ex]t su* an influ5ce ^u x1 t1 :5 x is ?r[n back f !m1 & ent]s ! organs ( vision1 or ev5 a transp>5t l5s1 ) a scre5 beh9d x1 x produces an image ( ^? objects2 9 o!r words1 :at we call vision4 ,n[1 x is ?is fact1 9 connection ) ! progressive motion ( light1 t =ms ! basis ( ?is bran* ( ! argum5t4 ,?\gh light moves ) su* imm5se velocity1 t1 = all practical purposes on e>?1 x is in/antane\s1 yet1 9 fact1 x does occupy a little m ?an a second = e two hundr$ ?\s& miles :i* x passes ov]4 ,h5ce a fla% ( lightn+ occurr+ on e>? w\ld n be visible on ! moon till a second & a qu>t] aft]w>ds2 on ! sun1 till eight m9utes2 at ! planet ,jupit]1 :5 at its greate/ di/ance f u1 till fifty-two m9utes2 on ,uranus1 till two h\rs2 on ,neptune1 till f\r h\rs & a qu>t]2 on ! /> ( ,vega1 ( ! fir/ magnitude1 till =ty-five ye>s2 on a /> ( ! eigh? magnitude1 till "o hundr$ & eighty ye>s2 & on a /> ( ! twelf? magnitude1 till f\r ?\s& ye>s2 & />s ( ?is magnitude are visible ?r\gh telescopes2 nor c we d\bt t1 ) bett] in/rum5ts1 />s ( f> less magnitude might be se52 s t we may confid5tly say t ?is fla% ( lightn+ w\ld n rea* ! remote/ heav5ly body till m ?an six ?\s& ye>s--a p]iod equal to t :i* has elaps$ s9ce man's creation4 ,n[1 suppose t1 on ^! diff]5t heav5ly bodies1 be+s exi/ ) organs ( vision suffici5tly acute to disc]n a fla% ( lightn+ on e>?1 or1 r1 to see all ! sc5es on t hemisph]e ( our _w t is turn$ t[>ds !m2 x is obvi\s t1 on ! remote/ />1 ! e>? w\ld be se51 at ?is mom5t1 j com+ =? f ! ,creator's h&1 9 all ! fre%ness ( ,ed5's glories1 ) our fir/ p>5ts 9 ! beauty ( innoc5ce & happ9ess1 & all ! bea/s ( ! field & ! f[ls ( ! air play+ ar\nd !m4 ,on a /> ( ! twelf? magnitude w\ld be se5 ! _w z x %[$ itself f\r ?\s& ye>s ago2 on a /> ( ! eigh? magnitude1 z x appe>$ "o hundr$ & eighty ye>s ago2 & s on to ! moon1 :]e w\ld be se5 ! occurr5ces ( ! pres5t mom5t4 ,& s9ce !re are t5 ?\s& times t5 ?\s& worlds1 scatt]$ ?r\gh ^! extremes ( di/ance1 is x n cle> t1 tak+ !m all toge!r1 !y d at ?is mom5t conta9 a va/ panorama ( ! _w's entire hi/ory1 s9ce ! h\r :5 ! morn+ />s sang toge!r1 & ! sons ( ,god %\t$ = joy on creation's morn+8 ,?us1 says ! unkn[n au?or ( a little "w entitl$ ,! ,/>s & ! ,e>?1 9 :i* ^! ideas 7 fir/ develop$--?us ! univ]se encloses ! pictures ( ! pa/1 l an inde/ructible & incorruptible record1 conta9+ ! pure/ & ! cle>e/ tru?2 & z s\nd propagates itself 9 ! air1 wave aft] wave1 or1 to take a /ill cle>] example1 z ?und] & lightn+ are 9 reality simultane\s1 b 9 ! /orm ! di/ant ?und] foll[s at ! int]val ( m9utes seconds8 aft] ! fla%1 s1 9 l mann]1 accord+ to our ideas1 ! pictures ( e occurr5ce propagate !mselves into ! di/ant e!r1 ^u ! w+s ( ! ray ( light2 & al?\gh !y become weak] & small]1 yet1 9 immeasurable di/ance1 !y /ill h color & =m2 & z e ?+ possess+ color & =m is visible1 s mu/ ^! pictures also be said to be visible1 h[ev] impossible x may be = ! human eye to p]ceive x ) ! hi!rto discov]$ optical in/rum5ts4 ,?is la/ /atem5t ( ! writ] e "o w ackn[l$ge is true :5 appli$ to ,god2 = :o w d\bt t 8 eye c take 9 at a glance t univ]se :i* he has made8 ,& to d t is to h be=e him ! entire daily hi/ory ( our globe2 nay1 probably1 also1 ( e o!r _w4 ,inde$1 su* a supposition af=ds u a lively conception ( ! div9e omnisci5ce1 s9ce we h only to suppose ?is panorama ( ! indef9ite pa/ to ext5d indef9itely into ! future1 & ! inf9ite picture w also be pres5t at ?is mom5t be=e ! div9e m9d4 ,b is ! supposition an absurdity1 t !re may be 9 ! univ]se creat$ be+s1 ) p[]s ( vision acute en\gh to take 9 all ^! pictures ( our _w's hi/ory1 z !y make ! circuit ( ! numb]less suns & planets t lie embosom$ 9 b\ndless space8 ,suppose su* a be+ at ?is mom5t ^u a /> ( ! twelf? magnitude1 ) an eye turn$ t[>d ! e>?4 ,he might see ! deluge ( ,noah1 j sweep+ ov] ! surface4 ,advanc+ to a ne>] />1 he w\ld see ! patri>* ,abraham go+ out1 n kn[+ :i!r he w5t4 ,com+ /ill ne>]1 ! vision ( ! crucifi$ ,r$eem] w\ld meet 8 gaze4 ,com+ ne>] /ill1 he might alight ^u worlds :]e all ! revolutions & convulsions ( mod]n times w\ld fall ^u 8 eye4 ,inde$1 !re are worlds en\gh & at ! "r di/ances1 9 ! va/ empyrean1 to %[ him e ev5t 9 human hi/ory4 ,we may proce$ a /ep f>!r1 & inquire :e!r su* an exaltation ( vision z we h suppos$ may n be h]eaft] enjoy$ by ! glorifi$ human m9d :5 x passes into ! spiritual body4 ,we c h>dly believe su* a trans=mation possible4 ,b suppose an individual born bl9d to gr[ up to manhood & intellig5ce )\t ev] hav+ be5 told any ?+ ab\t vision4 ,!n suppose ! oculi/ to attempt an op]ation = ! re/oration ( 8 sight1 &1 to prep>e him = ! transition1 let ! wond]s ( human vision be describ$ to him1 & he be told t1 by a few mom5ts ( suff]+1 he c be put 9 possession ( ?is a/oni%+ faculty2 w\ld x n appe> z improbable to him z x n[ does to u1 to imag9e t our vision c be s cl>ifi$ & exalt$1 t we c disc]n ! ev5ts :i* are pass+ 9 di/ant worlds z easily z we n[ d ^? imm$iately ar\nd u4 ,b if su* a p[] ( read+ human hi/ory1 f its panorama spread out on ! face ( ! univ]se1 be n[ possess$ by unfall5 be+s 9 o!r sph]es1 :at idea mu/ !y =m ( ! "* ( man8 ,at "o "t1 !y mu/ reg>d ! race z giv5 up to hopeless rebellion1 & ! inflictions ( v9dictive ju/ice4 ,& !n1 anon1 !y w\ld see ! sceptre ( m]cy /ret*$ out1 & a few fai?ful soldi]s m>*+ "u ! bann] ( virtue & fight+ ! battles ( ! ,"l4 ,surely !y w\ld ne$ a revelation to und]/& ! anomalies & solve ! p>adoxes :i* pass$ "u _! eyes4 ,!y w\ld wond] :y a _w s fill$ ) tok5s ( div9e goodness1 yet s disfigur$ by wick$ness 9 e =m1 _h n long s9ce be5 /ruck f its orbit by ! h& ( div9e ju/ice4 ,?us f>1 9 ! pres5t argum5t1 ,i h be5 foll[+1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 ! track m>k$ out by o!rs4 ,b ,i n[ v5ture to advance into regions hi!rto untrodd5 = any su* purpose2 yet ,i tru/ t ! light :i* we may f9d to guide our /eps may n prove ! bewild]+ gleam ( an ignis fatuus1 b ! lamp ( true sci5ce4 ,my ?ird argum5t is bas$ ^u electric reactions4 ,:atev] may be ! true nature ( electricity1 x is conv5i5t1 & probably leads to no error1 to speak ( x z a fluid1 or r two fluids4 ,= we f9d two k9ds ( electricity1 d5om9at$ positive & negative2 & x is a g5]al fact1 t1 :5 a body is br\ght into "o electrical /ate1 x ?r[s o!r bodies ar\nd x into ! opposite /ate1 by a p[] call$ induction4 ,^? bodies1 ^: electrical condition has be5 ?us alt]$1 w act on o!rs ly+ 9 a remot] circle1 & ^! ^u o!rs1 & s on1 we _c tell h[ widely1 = we h reason to suppose t electricity is a p[] t ext5ds ?r\gh all nature4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t is ! =ce :i* con/itutes :at we call *emical aff9ity by :i* ! con/itu5t p>ts ( all comp\nd bodies are held toge!r2 & 9 ^? /ony & metallic masses1 t occasionally fall f ! heav5s1 we h pro( t ?is same p[] holds sway 9 o!r worlds2 = ! mo/ reasonable supposition is1 t ^! meteors move l ! planets ?r\gh ! regions ( cele/ial space1 & give u "s idea ( ! con/itution ( planet>y worlds4 ,if s1 ! same *emical laws1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! same *emical =ces1 prevail !re z 9 our planet4 ,inde$1 ! uni=mity ( nature w\ld lead u to su* a conclusion 7 !re no facts l ^? ( meteors to tea* x directly4 ,x foll[s1 f ^! pr9ciples1 t1 :5ev] we *ange ! electrical condition ( bodies ar\nd u1 we />t a movem5t to ^: onw>d m>* we c assign no limits b ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,^! waves ( influ5ce consi/ ( a s]ies ( attractions & repulsions1 & are indep5d5t ( ! me*anical reactions already consid]$1 :i* are produc$ by onw>d impulses alone4 ,n[1 a *ange 9 ! electric condition ( bodies is produc$ (t5 by ! slighte/ me*anical1 *emical1 !rmal1 physiological1 & probably ev5 m5tal *ange 9 man4 ,! usual way ( excit+ curr5ts ( electricity is by friction4 ,b *emical action1 z 9 ! galvanic batt]y1 produces a /ill m en]getic & un9t]rupt$ curr5t4 ,! slighte/ *ange ( temp]ature1 also1 may di/urb ! electric equilibrium p]ceptibly4 ,x has be5 ( late asc]ta9$1 likewise1 t a *ange ( physiological condition--t is1 a *ange z to heal?y & normal action--affects ! electricity ( ! p>ts ( ! sy/em1 & consequ5tly ( surr\nd+ bodies4 ,sub/itute a man 9 ! place ( a galvanic batt]y1 mak+ 8 two h&s ! electrodes1 & !re w g out f him an electric curr5t1 t %all s5sibly deflect ! ne$le ( a galvanomet]1 an in/rum5t employ$ = %[+ ! pres5ce ( small portions ( electricity4 ,nay1 fur!r1 x seems to be mo/ probably e/abli%$ z a fact 9 sci5ce1 t a man1 9 ! condition above specifi$1 by a simple act ( 8 w ^u 8 muscles1 by :i* ^? ( "o arm only %all be brac$1 w !reby s5d an electrical curr5t ( "o sort ?r\gh ! galvanomet]1 :ile a l volition1 :i* %all brace ! muscles ( ! o!r arm w set 9 motion an opposite curr5t4 ,x is also asc]ta9$1 t ( ! two sorts ( n]ves :i* supply e muscle1 ! n]ve ( s5sibility is a positive pole ( a ,voltaic circuit1 :ile ! n]ve ( motion1 or ! muscle into :i* x passes1 is a negative pole4 ,s t ! s5sor n]ves act z electric telegraphs to c>ry ! s5sations to ! bra91 & in=m x :at is ne$$1 :ile ! motor n]ves br+ back ! volition to ! muscles--! bra9 act+ z a galvanic batt]y1 v mu* l ! electric organs ( c]ta9 fi%es4 ,f ^! /atem5ts x cle>ly foll[s1 t1 besides ! me*anical effects produc$ by our actions1 !re is also an electric influ5ce excit$ & propagat$ by almo/ e muscul> ef=t1 e *emical *ange )9 u1 e v>iation 9 ! /ate ( heal?1 or vigor1 & especially by e m5tal ef=t2 = no ?\ght1 probably1 c pass ?r\gh ! m9d :i* does n alt] ! physiological1 *emical1 & electric condition ( ! bra91 & consequ5tly ( ! :ole sy/em4 ,! /rong] ! emotion1 ! great] ! *ange2 s t ^? great m5tal ef=ts1 & ^? great decisions ( ! w1 :i* br+ along important moral effects1 d also make ! /ronge/ impression ^u ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,we _c say h[ widely1 by means ( electric =ce1 !y rea*2 b if s subtile a p[] does1 z we h reason to suppose1 p]meate all space1 & all solid matt]1 !re may be no spot 9 ! :ole univ]se :]e ! k ( our mo/ secret ?\ghts & purposes1 z well z our mo/ trivial outw>d act1 may n be transmitt$ on ! lightn+'s w+2 & x may be1 t1 out ( ?is d>k5$ _w1 !re may n be f\nd any spot :]e be+s d n exi/ ) s5sibilities ke5 en\gh to le>n1 ?r\gh electric *anges1 :at we are do+ & ?9k+4 ,if !re be no absurdity 9 suppos+ t ev5 ! me*anical influ5ce ( our actions may be felt ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 /ill less is x absurd to inf] ! same results f electric ag5cies4 ,x w\ld seem1 f rec5t discov]ies1 t electricity has a m intimate connection ) m5tal op]ations ?an any o!r physical =ce4 ,if n id5tical ) ! n]v\s influ5ce1 x seems to be employ$ by ! m9d to accompany t influ5ce to e "p ( ! sy/em2 & ! great] ! m5tal excitem5t1 ! m en]getic ! electric movem5t4 ,x seems to u a m>vell\s discov]y1 :i* enables man to convey & regi/] 8 ?\ghts at ! di/ance ( ?\s&s ( miles by ! electric wires4 ,%\ld x excite any high] wond] to be told1 t1 by means ( ?is same p[]1 all our ?\ghts are transmitt$ to e "p ( ! univ]se1 & c be read !re by ! neut] p]ceptions ( o!r be+s z easily z we c read ! types or hi]oglyphics ( ! electric telegraph8 ,yet :at a />tl+ ?\ght is x1 t ! mo/ secret work+s ( our m9ds & he>ts are mom5t>ily spread out 9 legible *>act]s ov] ! :ole mat]ial univ]se6 nay1 t !y are s wov5 into ! texture ( ! univ]se1 t !y w con/itute a "p ( its web & wo( =ev]6 ,to believe & realize ?is is difficult2 to d5y x is to g 9 ! face ( physical sci5ce4 ,h[ _m ?+s we d believe t are su/a9$ by evid5ce f> less sub/antial6 ,my f\r? argum5t 9 support ( ! g5]al pr9ciple is bas$ ^u odylic reaction4 ,& :at is odylic reaction8 ,:at is odyle8 y w d\btless inquire4 ,x is1 inde$1 a bran* ( sci5ce emphatically new4 ,i "k ( no acc\nt ( x1 save :at appe>s 9 a late "w1 ( ne>ly five hundr$ pages1 by ,b>on ,rei*5ba*1 ( ,vi5na1 entitl$ ,rese>*es on ,magnetism1 ,electricity1 ,heat1 ,light1 ,cry/allization1 & ,*emical ,attraction1 9 _! ,relations to ! ,vital ,=ce1 translat$ by ,william ,gregory1 pr(essor ( *emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,?is writ] endeavors to %[1 by a great numb] ( exp]im5ts1 t !re exi/s 9 all bodies1 & ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 a peculi> pr9ciple1 analog\s to magnetism1 electricity1 light1 & heat1 yet di/9ct f !m all1 to :i* he gives ! "n ( odyle4 ,x is mo/ manife/ 9 p[]ful magnets2 next 9 cry/als1 & exi/s 9 ! human body1 ! sun1 moon1 />s1 heat1 electricity1 *emical action1 &1 9 fact1 ! :ole mat]ial univ]se4 ,^? :o are mo/ s5sitive to ?is influ5ce are p]sons ( feeble heal?1 especially somnambuli/s2 b x is f\nd t ab\t "o ?ird ( individuals1 tak5 promiscu\sly1 & _m 9 good heal?1 are s5sible ( x2 & x 0 by a s]ies ( obs]vations on p]sons ( all classes & conditions = ye>s1 t ! facts h be5 elicit$4 ,! inquiry seems to h be5 conduct$ ) great fairness & sci5tific skill1 & ! au?or has ! confid5ce ( sev]al ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ sci5tific m5 9 ,europe4 ,if !re be no mi/ake 9 ! results1 !y promise to expla9 philosophically _m popul> sup]/itions1 & also ! ph5om5a ( mesm]ism1 )\t a resort to sup]human ag5cy1 ei!r satanic or angelic4 ,!y yield1 also1 an int]e/+ support to ! pr9ciple ( ?is lecture4 ,says ,b>on ,rei*5ba*1 ,!re is no?+ 9 ^! obs]vations :i* he _h j detail$ t1 aft] ! cont5ts ( ! prec$+ treatises1 c mu* surprise u2 b !y are c]ta9ly a f9e additional confirmation ( :at has be5 /at$ 9 reg>d to ! sun & moon1 & also ( ! fact t ! :ole mat]ial univ]se1 ev5 beyond our e>?1 acts on u ) ! v same k9d ( influ5ce :i* resides 9 all t]re/rial objects2 & la/ly1 x %[s t we /& 9 a connection ( mutual influ5ce1 hi!rto unsuspect$1 ) ! univ]se2 s t1 9 fact1 ! />s are n altoge!r devoid ( action on our sublun>y1 p]haps ev5 on our practical1 _w1 & on ! m5tal processes ( "s heads4--,p4 #afb4 ,by ! exp]im5ts "h ref]r$ to by ?is au?or1 he _h endeavor$ to %[1 t ev5 ! light ( ! />s ex]t$ an odylic influ5ce ^u ! human sy/em2 t is1 c]ta9 effects indep5d5t altoge!r ( _! light2 & if !re be no mi/ake 9 ! exp]im5ts1 !y c]ta9ly d %[ ?is4 ,su* a fact almo/ realizes ! sugge/ions already made1 t be+s 9 o!r sph]es may possess su* an exaltation ( s5sibilities z to be able to le>n :at is go+ on 9 ?is _w1 & t x is easy to conceive h[ our s5sorium may be rais$ to ! same exalt$ pit*4 ,my fif? argum5t1 illu/rative ( ! g5]al pr9ciple1 is bas$ ^u *emical reaction4 ,me*anical reaction *anges ! =m & position ( bodies2 *emical reaction alt]s _! con/itution4 ,by ! decomposition ( "s comp\nds1 ! elem5ts are obta9$ = =m+ o!rs2 & su* *anges are go+ on ar\nd u & )9 u 9 great numb]s unp]ceiv$4 ,9 ! worlds above u1 & 9 ! e>? b5ea? u1 f its circumf]5ce to its c5tre1 ! transmutations ( *emi/ry are 9 progress1 & _m ( !m are modifi$ by ! ag5cy ( man2 s t "h is ano!r *annel ?r\gh :i* human actions ex]t an influ5ce ^u ! mat]ial univ]se1 & to an ext5t :i* we _c measure4 ,let u look at "s ( ! modes 9 :i* ?is is done4 ,take1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! facts respect+ photography1 or ! art ( obta9+ sket*es ( objects by means ( ! action ( light4 ,?is is /rictly a *emical process4 ,9 a beam ( light1 t comes to u f ! sun1 we f9d n only rays ( light & heat1 b *emical rays1 :i* act ^u "s bodies to *ange _! con/itution4 ,:5 ^! rays are reflect$ f a human c\nt5ance1 & fall ^u a silv]$ plate1 t has be5 coat$ ) iod9e & brom9e1 !y leave an impression1 :i* is fix$ & br\ght out z a portrait by ! vapor ( m]cury & "s o!r ag5ts4 ,"h ! *emical *anges produc$ by ^! rays are exce$+ly p]fect2 b !y produce effects ^u _m o!r sub/ances1 artificially or naturally prep>$2 su* z pap]1 = in/ance1 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( bi*romate ( pota%1 or ^u vegetation1 ^: gre5 color is probably ! result ( ?is action1 7z is obvi\s f ! fact t plants gr[+ 9 ! d>k are de/itute ( color47 ,inde$1 a l>ge "p ( ! *anges ( color 9 nature dep5d ^u ^! invisible rays4 ,x seems1 !n1 t ?is photographic influ5ce p]vades all nature2 nor c we say :]e x /ops4 ,we d n "k b x may impr9t ^u ! _w ar\nd u our features1 z !y are modifi$ by v>i\s passions1 & ?us fill nature ) dagu]reotype impressions ( all our actions t are p]=m$ 9 daylight4 ,x may be1 too1 t !re are te/s by :i* nature1 m skilfully ?an any human photographi/1 c br+ out & fix ^? portraits1 s t acut] s5ses ?an ours %all see !m1 z on a great canvas1 spread ov] ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,p]haps1 too1 !y may nev] fade f t canvas1 b become specim5s 9 ! great picture gall]y ( et]nity4 ,! ?\ght may p]haps cross "s m9d1 t1 ?\gh ^? human actions :i* are p]=m$ 9 sunlight may be impr9t$ ^u ! univ]se1 yet no de$ ( d>kness c ?us reveal its au?or1 & rema9 an et]nal /igma ^u 8 "n4 ,b !re is ano!r phase to ?is subject4 ,:at is ! evid5ce t ! *emical rays ( a sunbeam are rays ( light8 ,we "k t !y are unequally diffus$ ?r\gh ! spectrum1 be+ mo/ en]getic at its violet extremity2 b !re is no pro( t !y are visible4 ,!y may1 l heat1 ex]t _! appropriate influ5ce1 :i* seems to be ma9ly t ( deoxidation1 & yet n be colorific4 ,if s1 we might expect !m to op]ate 9 ! d>k2 & exp]im5t proves t !y d4 ,an engrav+ on pap]1 plac$ betwe5 an iodiz$ silv] plate & an amalgamat$ copp] plate1 0 left 9 ! d>k = fifte5 h\rs4 ,on expos+ ! amalgamat$ plate to ! vapor ( m]cury1 a v nice impression ( ! engrav+ 0 br\ght out--x hav+ be5 effect$ ?r\gh ! ?ickness ( ! pap]4--,mr4 ,hunt1 ,on ! ,*anges :i* ,bodies are capable ( und]go+ 9 ,d>kness1 ,phil4 ,mag4 vol4 xxii4 p4 #bgg4--,_m l exp]im5ts prove ! exi/5ce2 among bodies1 ( a p[] analog\s to1 if n id5tical )1 t :i* accompanies light1 & is ! basis ( ! photographic process4 ,"s philosoph]s d n reg>d !m z id5tical4 ,b ?is is ( little consequ5ce 9 my pres5t argum5t4 ,= all agree t !re is a p[] 9 nature capable ( impress+ ! outl9es ( "s objects ^u o!rs 9 total d>kness4 ,9 respect to su* cases1 !re are "o or two facts des]v+ ( special notice4 ,&1 fir/4 ,we mu/ n inf]1 because man has yet be5 able to br+ out to human view b a few examples ( ?is sort1 t !y are1 !re=e1 few 9 nature4 ,r %\ld ! discov]y ( a few lead to ! conclusion t nature may be full ( !m1 & t a m delicate & ref9$ *emi/ry may yet disclose !m4 ,= ! few kn[n cases give u a glimpse ( a recondite law ( nature1 :i* mo/ likely p]vades creation4 ,"s reg>d ^! d>k rays z nei!r light1 nor heat1 nor *emical rays1 b a new elem5t2 b1 :atev] its nature1 no reason c be giv5 :y x %\ld op]ate only 9 a few cases1 & ^? ( artificial prep>ation4 ,m probably1 ?r\gh ?is influ5ce1 all bodies br\ght into contact1 or proximity1 impress _! images ^u "o ano!r2 & ! "t may come1 :51 t\*$ by a m subtile *emi/ry ?an man n[ wields1 ^! images %all take a place among obvi\s & p]man5t ?+s 9 ! univ]se1 to ! honor & glory ( "s1 b to ! amazem5t & ev]la/+ contempt ( m4 ,( m1 ,i say2 = wick$ness has (t5] s\ght ! concealm5t ( d>kness ?an mode/ virtue4 ,! f\le/ enormities ( human conduct h always /riv5 to cov] !mselves ) ! %r\d ( night4 ,! ?ief1 ! c\nt]feit]1 ! assass91 ! robb]1 ! murd]]1 & ! s$uc]1 feel comp>atively safe 9 ! midnight d>kness1 because no human eye c scrut9ize _! actions4 ,b :at if x %\ld turn out t sable night1 to speak p>adoxically1 is an un]r+ photographi/6 ,:at if wick$ m51 z !y op5 _! eyes f ! sleep ( dea?1 9 ano!r _w1 %\ld f9d ! univ]se hung r\nd ) fai?ful pictures ( _! e>?ly enormities1 :i* !y _h suppos$ =ev] lo/ 9 ! oblivion ( night6 ,:at sc5es = !m to gaze at =ev]6 ,!y may n[1 inde$1 smile incr$ul\sly at su* a sugge/ion2 b ! disclosures ( *emi/ry may well make !m tremble4 ,analogy does make x a sci5tific probability t e action ( man1 h[ev] deep ! d>kness 9 :i* x 0 p]=m$1 has impr9t$ its image ^u nature1 & t !re may be te/s :i* %all draw x into daylight1 & make x p]man5t s long z mat]ialism endures4 ,!re is ano!r *emical pr9ciple1 call$ catalysis1 ?r\gh :i* human actions may make p[]ful & p]man5t impressions on ! univ]se1 & t1 too1 unp]ceiv$ by man4 ,9 "s cases1 ! m]e pres5ce ( a c]ta9 ag5t1 9 a small quantity1 w produce ext5sive *anges ( con/itution 9 o!r bodies1 :ile ! ag5t itself rema9s unalt]$4 ,?us a /rip ( plat9um w det]m9e ! union ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 9 ! plat9um lamp2 & sulphuric acid1 9 a solution ( />*1 w *ange x fir/ into gum1 & !n into sug>2 :ile nei!r ! plat9um nor ! acid exp]i5ces any *ange4 ,^! are call$ catalytic *anges4 ,m (t51 h[ev]1 ! catalytic ag5t is itself 9 ! process ( *ange1 & x produces an analog\s *ange 9 o!r bodies4 ,a famili> example is yea/1 or f]m5t4 ,?is sub/ance conta9s a pr9ciple call$ dia/ase1 "o "p ( :i* is capable ( conv]t+ two ?\s& p>ts ( />* into sug>2 & ?is is :at is done 9 ! famili> process ( f]m5tation1 :5 we always see v]ifi$ ! scriptural decl>ation1 ,a little leav5 leav5e? ! :ole lump4 ,! precise mann] 9 :i* ! dia/ase op]ates 9 ^! cases we may n be able to expla94 ,! p>ticles ( ! dia/ase1 be+ !mselves 9 motion1 possess ! p[] ( putt+ 9 motion ! p>ticles ( o!r bodies2 & ^!1 aga91 op]ate ^u o!rs1 & s on1 (t5 to an a/oni%+ ext5t4 ,9 ! case ( ! plat9um & ! acid1 h[ev]1 no *ange takes place 9 _! molecules1 & we c only /ate x1 z an unexpla9$ fact1 t !y d produce *anges 9 o!r bodies4 ,we h o!r examples ( catalytic influ5ces 9 nature1 exhibit+ an ag5cy /ill m subtile & en]getic4 ,i ref] to contagi\s & epidemic diseases 9 animals & plants4 ,an influ5ce goes abroad1 & seems to be propagat$ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 trav]s+ :ole cont95ts1 & cross+ wide oceans1 p[]ful & deadly 9 its effects1 yet inappreciable by ! mo/ delicate me*anical or *emical te/s4 ,b ! ph5om5a admit ( explanation by suppos+ a movem5t1 ei!r 9 ! p>ticles ( ! atmosph]e1 or ( ! /ill m subtile & ela/ic m$ium t p]vades all space2 a movem5t />t$ at a p>ticul> spot1 z ! *ol]a 9 ,india1 & ! small-pox or "s epidemic f "s focus1 & communicat+ an unheal?y movem5t f atom to atom1 till x has encircl$ ! e>? & m[$ d[n its hecatombs4 ,n[1 :5 we look at su* facts1 :o c suppose x improbable t man1 :o c h>dly lift a f+] )\t produc+ "s *emical *ange1 %\ld />t "s ( ^! movem5ts1 t may rea* f> beyond 8 imag9ation8 ,& "h1 z 9 ! cases t h prec$$1 we mu/ n e/imate ! actual *ange 9 ! con/itution ( bodies by ! app>5t2 = we "k t multitudes ( su* *anges are pass+ )9 u & ar\nd u1 )\t our cognizance2 & yet !re may be *emical eyes 9 ! univ]se quick en\gh to see !m all1 & to foll[ !m onw>d to ! f9al result2 = !re mu/ be a f9al resultant ( all su* =ces2 nor c we d\bt t1 "s "t or o!r1 & to "s be+s1 if n to ourselves1 x w be manife/4 ,"h1 !n1 is ano!r mode 9 :i* a *emical influ5ce may g =? f u1 rea*+ ! utmo/ limits ( matt] & ( "t2 nay1 p]haps ext5d+ into et]nity1 & reveal+ our actions to ! f9] s5sibilities ( exalt$ be+s4 ,i d]ive my six? argum5t 9 support ( ! g5]al pr9ciple f organic reaction4 ,few p]sons1 save ! zoologi/ & comp>ative anatomi/1 h any idea ( ! great nicety & delicacy ( ! relations t exi/ betwe5 all ! species ( animals & plants1 s t :at affects "o affects all ! re/4 ,p]haps ! subject may be illu/rat$ by suppos+ all ! species ( organic be+s to be di/ribut$ at diff]5t di/ances ?r\gh a holl[ sph]e1 :ile betwe5 !m all !re is a mutual repulsion1 & ! :ole are reta9$ 9 ! =m ( a sph]e by an attract+ =ce direct$ to ! c5tre4 ,by su* an arrangem5t1 if "o species be tak5 out ( ! sph]e1 or its repell5cy become /rong] or weak]1 ! relative position ( all ! re/ w\ld be alt]$4 ,no matt] h[ _m millions ( species !re are1 ! movem5ts ( "o w cause a reaction among all ! re/4 ,n[1 ?is illu/ration1 al?\gh an approximation1 falls %ort ( repres5t+ ! actual /ate ( ?+s 9 nature4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t a relation simil> to ! suppos$ "o exi/s ?r\gh\t ! va/ dom9ions ( animate be+s2 s t y _c oblit]ate or *ange "o species )\t affect+ all ! re/4 ,(t5 ! *ange is effect$ s sl[ly & indirectly t ! be+s exp]i5c+ x are unconsci\s ( x2 or !y may realize "s slight di/urbance ( ! balance 9 organic nature1 & yet be unconsci\s ( ! cause4 ,by ! illu/ration above giv51 :5 "o or m species is remov$ f ! suppos$ sph]e1 or its repell5t =ce weak5$ or /r5g!n$1 al?\gh an influ5ce w rea* all ! o!r species1 yet a new equilibrium w soon be e/abli%$1 & no p]man5tly bad effects seem to foll[4 ,b n s 9 nature4 ,!re ! balance orig9ally fix$ betwe5 diff]5t be+s by inf9ite wisdom is ! be/ possible2 & e *ange1 n int5d$ by ,provid5ce1 mu/ be = ! worse4 ,x 0 int5d$1 = in/ance1 t man %\ld subdue =e/s & extirpate noxi\s plants1 z well z f]oci\s & noxi\s animals2 &1 !re=e1 su* a *ange op]ates to 8 advantage1 b to ! injury ( ! inf]ior animals4 ,yet (t5 he pu%es ?is ext]m9at+ process s f> z to injure himself also4 ,?us ! f>m] wages a rel5tless w> aga9/ c]ta9 birds1 because ( "s slight evils :i* !y occasion4 ,b :5 !y are extirpat$1 opportunity is giv5 = noxi\s insects to multiply1 & to br+ ^u ! f>m] evils mu* great] ?an ^? he ?us escapes4 ,to prev5t an excessive multiplication ( "s species is "o ( ! gr& objects ( ! pres5t balance e/abli%$ among ! :ole4 ,su* an increase is an inevitable effect ( ! ext9ction ( a species1 & x (t5 occasions great mis*ief4 ,! c>nivor\s species1 especially1 7 int5d$ to act z nature's police1 to prev5t a too great increase ( ! h]bivor\s races1 :i* are r5d]$ excessively fruitful to keep ! _w full4 ,if1 !n1 a c>nivor\s species become ext9ct1 ! species on :i* x has f$ w s multiply z to prove great nuisances1 & to produce wide disord] among _m species1 n only ( animals1 b ( plants4 ,& (t5 has man1 9 ?is way1 by ! ext]m9ation ( species1 9 p>ticul> di/ricts1 unwitt+ly br\ght a p[]ful reaction on himself4 ,on ! ,isl& ( ,new ,zeal&1 )9 "o or two hundr$ ye>s pa/1 eight or t5 species ( gigantic birds--! d9ornis & palapt]yx--h become ext9ct1 probably ?r\gh ! p]secution ( man4 ,! natives1 )\t d\bt1 hunt$ !m d[n = food1 until all disappe>$3 & z no quadrup$ ( mu* size inhabits ! isl&1 we ?9k !re is no little plausibility 9 ! sugge/ion ( ,pr(essor ,ow51 t :5 ! birds 7 all gone1 or ne>ly gone1 ! natives 7 tempt$ to ! practice ( cannibalism1 z ! only means ( gratify+ _! passion = meat4 ,:at a t]rible retribution = di/urb+ ! equilibrium ( organic nature6 ,! records ( zoology & botany af=d endless illu/ration ( ?is subject4 ,b ! great tru? :i* !y all tea* is1 t s intimately are we relat$ to o!r be+s1 t almo/ e action ( ours reacts ^u !m = good or evil2 = good1 ^u ! :ole1 :5 we con=m to ! laws :i* ,god has e/abli%$2 & = evil1 :5 by _! violation we di/urb ! equilibrium ( organiz$ nature1 & produce irregul> action4 ,9 ?is latt] case1 we _c tell :]e ! di/urbance1 ?us introduc$1 w end2 = x is n a p]iodical oscillation1 l ! p]turbations ( ! heav5ly bodies1 nor a m]e *ange ( position & int5sity by me*anical =ces4 ,b does n ?is law ( mutual influ5ce betwe5 organic be+s ext5d to o!r worlds8 ,:y %\ld x n be transmitt$ by means ( ! lum9if]\s e!r to ! limits ( ! univ]se8 ,:o kn[s b a bl[ /ruck ^u a s+le l9k ( organic be+s "h may be felt ?r\gh ! :ole circle ( animate exi/5ce 9 all worlds8 ,t is a n>r[ view ( ,god's "w1 :i* isolates ! organic races on ?is globe f ! re/ ( ! univ]se4 ,! m philosophical view ?r[s ! gold5 *a9 ( influ5ce ar\nd ! :ole animal creation1 :e!r small or great1 ne> or remote4 ,rev]t+ to ! reason+ :i* we employ$ 9 trac+ out ! ext5t ( me*anical reaction1 we %all see t organic reaction may ext5d n only to o!r worlds1 b also into et]nity4 ,= if ! matt] ( ! univ]se is to survive ! conflagration ( ! la/ day1 ! future economy ( life mu/ h "s connection ) ! pres5t1 :e!r ?is e>? or "s o!r "p ( ! univ]se be ! !atre ( its developm5t4 ,i speak "h n ( moral influ5ces1 :i* we "k w pass ov] f "t into et]nity1 b ( a physical reaction1 :i* may also rea* beyond ! same gulf4 ,= at lea/ a "p ( ^? creatures1 :o 9 ?is _w h felt ! modify+ p[] ( o!r be+s1 w survive ! _w's f9al cata/rophe1 & occupy mat]ial1 ?\gh spiritual bodies1 ^: g]m is repres5t$ z d]iv$ f _! bodies on e>?4 ,we h reason1 !n1 to suppose "s connection & modify+ influ5ce betwe5 !m4 ,& we might %[1 also1 t moral causes1 :i* s affect ! physical "* "h1 may ex]t a l p[] 9 et]nity4 ,b "t w n p]mit ! argum5t to be foll[$ out4 ,! conclusion1 !n1 f ?is argum5t also1 is1 t probably e action ( ours on e>? modifies ! condition & de/9y ( e o!r creat$ be+ 9 ?is & o!r worlds ?r\gh "t & et]nity4 ,:at ?\gh human exp]i5ce1 dep5d5t on ! bluntness ( mortal s5sibilities1 _c demon/rate su* an influ5ce8 ,%all ! gross p]ceptions ( ?is disord]$ _w be made ! /&>d ( all t exi/s8 ,r let u li/5 to ! sugge/ions ( sci5ce1 :i* tell u ( ! possibility ( s5ses f> m acute 9 o!r worlds1 & 9 a future /ate ( be+--s5ses t c trace out & feel ! vibrations ( ! delicate web ( organic influ5ce t b9ds toge!r ! great & ! small1 ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future1 ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,my sev5? argum5t 9 support ( ! g5]al pr9ciple dep5ds ^u m5tal reaction4 ,m5tal reaction op]ates 9 two ways--indirectly & directly2 indirectly ?r\gh matt]1 directly by ! influ5ce ( m9d ^u m9d1 )\t an int]v5+ m$ium4 ,:5 describ+ electric reactions1 ,i h %[n h[ our ?\ghts & volitions *ange ! electric1 *emical1 & ev5 me*anical condition ( ! body1 &1 ?r\gh ^! m$ia1 t ( all ! mat]ial univ]se2 & ,i ne$ n repeat t argum5t4 ,b to modify ! inanimate _w ?r\gh ^! ag5cies necess>ily affects all o!r intellects1 :i* are connect$ ) matt]2 & s9ce man 9 a future _w is to assume a spiritual body1 we may reasonably suppose t all creat$ be+s are 9 "s way connect$ ) matt]2 &1 !re=e1 by means ( mat]ialism1 ?r\gh ! subtile ag5cies t h be5 nam$1 we may be sure t an influ5ce goes out f e ?\ght & volition ( ours1 & rea*es e o!r intellect 9 ! wide creation4 ,i "k n :e!r1 9 o!r worlds1 _! inhabitants possess s5sibilities acute en\gh to be consci\s ( ?is influ5ce2 c]ta9ly1 9 ?is _w1 x is only to a limit$ ext5t t m5 are consci\s ( x4 ,yet we mu/ admit t x exi/s & acts1 or d5y ! demon/rat$ v]ities ( sci5ce4 ,b is !re n evid5ce t m9d sometimes acts directly ^u o!r m9ds1 )\t any gross1 int]v5+ m$ia8 ,x may1 inde$1 be d\bt$ :e!r any creat$ intellect op]ates1 except 9 connection ) "s =m ( matt]4 ,yet !re are c]ta9 facts 9 ! hi/ory ( individuals 9 an abnormal /ate1 :i* %[ t "o m9d acts ^u ano!r1 indep5d5t ( ! s5ses1 or any o!r mat]ial means or int]communication discov]able by ! s5ses4 ,take ! details ( sleep-wak+1 or somnambulism2 & d n !y pres5t u ) num]\s cases 9 :i* impressions are made by "o m9d ^u ano!r1 ev5 :5 sep>at$ beyond ! sph]e ( ! s5ses8 ,take ! facts respect+ d\ble consci\sness1 & ^? :]e ! p[] 0 possess$ ( read+ ! ?\ghts1 ( o!rs1 or ! facts relat+ to prevision2 & surely !y _c be expla9$ b by ! supposition ( a direct influ5ce ( "o m9d ^u ano!r4 ,/ill m decid$ 9 ?is respect are ! mo/ famili> facts ( artificial somnambulism1 call$ mesm]ism4 ,:atev] may be our views ( ?is unsettl$ bran* ( k z a :ole1 x w\ld seem z if we c\ld n d\bt t its facts prove ! action ( m9d ^u m9d1 indep5d5tly ( bodily organization1 )\t reject+ evid5ce :i* w\ld prove any ?+ else4 ,n[1 if we admit t m9d does op]ate ^u o!r m9ds :ile we are 9 ! body1 indep5d5t ( ! body1 c we tell h[ f> ! influ5ce ext5ds8 ,if electricity1 or "s o!r subtile ag5t1 be ess5tial to ?is action1 x w\ld inde$ transf] ?is example to electric reaction1 b x w\ld /ill be real4 ,yet1 9 ! abs5ce ( all c]ta9 pro( ( ! electric p[] 9 ?is case1 & ) c]ta9 pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( su* an influ5ce1 we may place x among ^? m>vell\s means by :i* man makes an impression1 wide beyond our pres5t k1 ^u ! univ]se1 mat]ial & m5tal2 & x ought to make u feel t our lighte/ ?\ghts & feeble/ volitions may rea* ! out] limit ( intellectual life1 & its consequ5ces meet u 9 di/ant worlds1 & f> d[n ! track ( et]nity4 ,f9ally4 ,i d]ive an argum5t 9 support ( ! g5]al pr9ciple f geological reaction4 ,by ?is expression1 ,i mean ^? reactions ( ^: exi/5ce geology furni%es ! pro(4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 ! reactions already consid]$2 b geology proves t !y h actually op]at$ 9 pa/ "t 9 _m in/ances1 by evid5ce regi/]$ on ! rocks1 & ?us t5ds to confirm our reason+ d]iv$ f o!r s\rces4 ,i d n mean t ! pro( is be=e u ( precisely su* an action z our reason+ has suppos$1 b s analog\s to t suppos$ z to l5d x confirmation4 ,a few examples w illu/rate ! argum5t4 ,! effects ( me*anical reaction are1 p]haps1 mo/ frequ5t & /rik+ 9 ! rocks1 especially ^? deposit$ f wat]4 ,"h we h1 = in/ance1 ! ripple m>ks1 :i* pres5t u ) a fai?ful regi/] ( ! slighte/ movem5t ( ! wat]s1 & also ( ! motions ( ! atmosph]e1 or ( ! curr5ts 9 x1 t agitat$ ! wat]s4 ,9 ! almo/ impalpable p[d] t sometimes con/itutes ! rocks1 we c trace ! slighte/ erosion & comm9ution ( ! /rata f :i* ! deposit 0 worn4 ,9 ! petrifi$ ra9 drops we f9d an indelible trace ( ! mo/ g5tle %[]4 ,& "h1 too1 we c see ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,su* facts1 also1 imply ! op]ation ( electricity & gravity1 ( heat & cold1 collect+ & cond5s+ ! ra91 & br++ x d[n2 & s simil> to pres5t meteorological ph5om5a d ^! anci5t %[]s appe> to h be51 t we may conclude t electrical reactions1 9 all respects1 7 ! same z at pres5t4 ,! pres]vation ( ! tracks ( num]\s animals 9 "s ( ! s&/ones %[s u h[ deep & p]man5t an impression ! mo/ trivial action ( a liv+ be+ may make4 ,9 ^! footm>ks we sometimes notice a *ange 9 ! direction ( ! animal along ! surface2 &1 ( c\rse1 an impression deep] or m %all[ ?an usual1 ( p>ts ( ! foot1 by ! action ( ! muscles employ$ 9 *ang+ ! animal's c\rse4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ! regi/] ( s slight an action z an increas$ or dim9i%$ action ( a p>ticul> muscle ( ! leg4 ,nay1 fur!r1 su* a movem5t af=ds u an infallible regi/] ( an act ( ! animal's w1 s9ce t mu/ h prec$$ ! *ange2 & t implies an electric curr5t1 fir/ inw>d along ! s5sor n]ves1 & !n outw>d along ! motor n]ves4 ,geology lays op5 be=e u a map ( ! *anges 9 organic nature f ! app>5t comm5cem5t ( life on ! globe1 & ?us enables u to see examples ( ?is k9d ( reaction4 ,we f9d diff]5t economies ( life to h appe>$1 b all ( !m mo/ wisely adapt$ to exi/+ circum/ances4 ,9 ea* economy we p]ceive ! balance betwe5 ! diff]5t tribes provid$ =4 ,if1 = in/ance1 "o race ( c>nivor\s species di$ out1 new races 7 creat$ to occupy _! place1 s t ! h]bivor\s species %\ld n ov]run ! globe4 ,?us1 :5 ! e>ly sauroid fi%es dim9i%$1 ! gigantic & c>nivor\s m>9e saurian reptiles 7 introduc$4 ,& :5 ! *amb]$ %ells1 ^: occupants 7 c>nivor\s1 disappe>$ ) ! second>y p]iod1 num]\s univalve mollusks 7 creat$ to fe$ on o!r animals2 al?\gh previ\sly t family 7 h]bivor\s4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 z if ea* successive economy ( organic life _h conta9$ )9 itself ! se$s ( ext9ction4 ,x 01 inde$1 ma9ly a *ange ( climate :i* fir/ caus$ "s species to disappe>4 ,b _! de/ruction s di/urb$ ! balance ( creation t o!rs foll[$1 until total ext9ction 0 ! result1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 (t5 ha/5$ by cata/rophes4 ,?us we h 9 ! /ony volume ( ! e>?'s hi/ory actual examples ( effects result+ f ! acts1 & ev5 volitions1 ( ! inf]ior animals1 :i* c nev] be eras$ :ile ! rocks endure4 ,if1 !re=e1 ) our imp]fect s5ses1 we c see ^! results s di/9ctly1 we may safely inf] t human conduct1 & ?\ght1 & volition impress ^u ! globe1 nay1 ^u ! univ]se1 m>ks :i* no?+ c oblit]ate4 ,! ?\ghts :i* press ^u ! m9d1 9 view ( su* a conclusion1 are num]\s & int]e/+4 ,a few we c h>dly help notic+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :at a c5tre ( influ5ce does man occupy6 ,x is j z if ! univ]se 7 a tremul\s mass ( jelly :i* e movem5t ( 8 made to vibrate f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce4 ,x is z if ! univ]se 7 "o va/ picture gall]y1 9 "s "p ( :i* ! entire hi/ory ( ?is _w1 & ( ea* individual1 is %[n on canvas1 sket*$ by c\ntless arti/s1 ) un]r+ skill4 ,x is z if ea* man _h 8 foot ^u ! po9t :]e t5 ?\s& telegraphic wires meet f e "p ( ! univ]se1 & he 7 able1 ) ea* volition1 to s5d abroad an influ5ce along ^! wires1 s z to rea* e creat$ be+ 9 heav5 & 9 e>?4 ,x is z if we _h ! m ?an ,gorgon p[] ( transmut+ e object ar\nd u into =ms beautiful or hide\s1 & ( s5d+ t transmut+ process =w>d ?r\gh "t & ?r\gh et]nity4 ,x is z if we 7 l9k$ to e creat$ be+ by a gold5 *a91 & e pulsation ( our he>t or movem5t ( our m9d modifi$ ! pulsation ( e o!r he>t & ! movem5ts ( e o!r intellect4 ,wond]ful1 wond]ful is ! position man occupies1 & ! "p he acts6 ,& yet x is n a dream1 b ! delib]ate conclusion ( true sci5ce4 ,secondly4 ,we see 9 ?is subject ! probability t our m9ute/ actions1 & p]haps our ?\ghts1 f day to day1 are kn[n ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,i speak n "h ( ! div9e omnisci5ce1 :i* we "k rea*es e ?\ght & action2 b ,i ref] to creat$ be+s4 ,sci5ce %[s u h[1 9 a v>iety ( modes1 su* k may be convey$ to !m by natural ag5cies2 & we h only to suppose !m to be possess$ ( f> m acute s5sibilities ?an man's1 9 ord] to be affect$ by ^! ag5cies z we are by m p[]ful impressions4 ,& :5 we consid] h[ fett]$ & depress$ a condition ?is _w obvi\sly is 91 because ( its s9fulness1 :o w d\bt b ! unfall5 be+s ( o!r sph]es may enjoy ^? ke5] p]ceptions t w br+ our :ole hi/ory di/9ctly be=e !m1 day by day8 ,! ?\ght is1 inde$1 />tl+1 b n unphilosophical4 ,if ?is sugge/ion be true1 !n may we indulge ! ?\ght z highly probable t our fri5ds1 :o h gone be=e u into ! et]nal _w1 may be z famili> ) our conduct1 our words1 & ev5 our ?\ghts1 z we are ourselves4 ,if we are act+ z we ought1 & s z w please !m1 ?is mu/ be an animat+ idea2 b if we are n1 let x s]ve to /imulate u to our duty1 if a s5se ( ! div9e omnisci5ce is n suffici5t4 ,we inf] f ?is subject1 ?irdly1 ! probability t1 9 a future /ate1 ! p[] ( read+ ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! _w1 & ( individuals1 may be possess$ by man4 ,! nature ( ! future spiritual body1 & ( ! heav5ly /ate & employm5ts1 impresses ! m9d ) ! belief t x w be a condition f> m exalt$ ?an ! pres5t1 & t ! inlets to ! s\l w be cle>$ ( all ob/ructions2 s t no impression made on su* a s5sorium %all fail to give ! m9d a di/9ct p]ception4 ,9 heav51 su* extreme s5sibility might become a s\rce ( ri*e/ pleasure2 9 ! _w ( despair1 an in/rum5t ( sev]e puni%m5t2 yet 9 bo? cases x might be ! natural result ( a man's e>?ly c\rse4 ,n[1 su* an indef9ite exaltation ( ! p]ceptions 9 futurity sc>cely any "o w d\bt4 ,:y %\ld we d\bt any m t x may rise s high t man w be able to read1 ?r\gh ! ag5cies we h po9t$ out1 ! m9ute/ action & ?\ght 9 human exp]i5ce8 ,if1 z we h reason to suppose1 angels c d x n[1 ! ,bible in=ms u t we %all be l ! angels4 ,if ?is view be admitt$1 !n x may be t ! pres5t _w is ! only spot 9 ! univ]se :]e de$s ( wick$ness c be conceal$4 ,9 a s9ful _w we c see reasons :y ! p[] ( concealm5t %\ld exi/ to "s ext5t4 ,= ?\gh no man %\ld d or ?9k any ?+ :i* he is a%am$ to h kn[n1 yet1 if all ! plans ( m5 = ! promotion ( good objects 7 fully kn[n f _! inception1 ! wick$ c\ld g5]ally defeat !m4 ,b 9 a _w ( p]fect hol9ess no su* necessity w\ld exi/1 s9ce ! univ]sal desire w\ld be to promote e wor?y object2 &1 !re=e1 x may be t e s\l w lie p]fectly op5 to ! inspection ( all o!r s\ls--an arrangem5t t seems appropriate to su* a _w4 ,9 :at an aspect does ?is pr9ciple pres5t ! conduct ( ! suicide6 ,tir$ ( e>?ly sc5es1 he ru%es unbidd5 into et]nity to escape !m4 ,b in/ead ( escap+ !m1 he goes :]e e "o ( ^! mortal evils--yea1 & multipli$1 too1 a ?\s& fold--%all />t up 9 8 pa? ) a di/9ctness ( :i* he _h no conception4 ,& h5ce=? he c nev] f9d1 z 9 ?is _w1 ev5 a p>tial deliv]ance f _! t]rible vividness4 ,x is z if1 to avoid ! moonlight1 because too bright1 a man %\ld plunge into ! sun4 ,aga91 if ?is pr9ciple be true1 h[ annoy+ w x be1 to ! man :o has n act$ well 8 "p 9 ?is _w1 to meet 9 et]nity ! ev]-recurr+ mem5toes ( 8 evil de$s6 ,he w h>dly be able to op5 8 eyes )\t see+ "s plague-spot on creation z ! result ( 8 conduct2 & al?\gh inf9ite wisdom & p[] h /ay$ ! plague1 no ?anks are due to him4 ,! t5d5cies ( 8 conduct on e>? w be mo/ di/ress+ to look ^u2 & ^! %all n cease to lie op5 be=e him till ! la/ s& 9 ! glass ( et]nity is run out4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 h[ does ?is pr9ciple /rew ! pa? ( et]nity ) fl[]s to t man :o1 9 ?is _w1 f9ds 8 highe/ pleasure 9 do+ good6 ,n m]ely 8 highe/ & noble/ de$s ( b5evol5ce "h %all loom up 9 bright p]spective !re1 b a ?\s& acts ( private b5efic5ce1 unkn[n to ! _w & =gott5 by himself1 %all /& out di/9ctly on ! mov+ panorama ( t bett] _w2 & he w be amaz$ to see :at a wide & bless$ influ5ce !y h ex]t$1 & w ex]t1 z ! catalytic influ5ce moves on & wid5s 9 its endless m>*4 ,x might h ru9$ him to see ^! fruits 9 ?is _w1 by excit+ pride & va9 glory2 b x w awak5 !re only gratitude & love to ! grace t enabl$ him ?us1 9 "t1 to s[ ! se$s :i* %\ld fill et]nity ) fl[]s1 & fragrance1 & gold5 fruit4 ,f9ally4 ,:at new & a/oni%+ av5ues ( k does ?is subject %[ u w probably op5 ^u ! s\l 9 et]nity6 ,i d n n[ speak ( ! new k ( ! div9e "* :i* w !n a/oni% & delight ! s\l by direct intuition1 b r ( ^? new *annels t w be ?r[n op51 ?r\gh :i* a k ( o!r worlds1 & ( o!r creat$ be+s1 c be convey$ to ! s\l almo/ illimitably4 ,& j consid] :at a field t w be4 ,at pres5t we "k no?+ ( ! inhabitants ( o!r worlds1 & x is only by analogy t we make _! exi/5ce probable4 ,nor1 ) our pres5t s5ses1 c\ld we le>n any ?+ respect+ !m b by an actual visit to ea* _w4 ,b let ! sugge/ions to :i* our reason+s h conduct$ u prove true1--let our s5sorium be s modifi$ & spiritualiz$ t e ?\ght1 ^w1 & action 9 ^? worlds %all come to u ?r\gh pulsations fall+ ^u ! organ ( vision1 or by an electric curr5t ?r\gh ! n]ve ( s5sation1 or by "s transmitt$ *emical *ange1--& on :at vantage gr\nd %\ld we be plac$6 ,)\t leav+ ! spot ( our resid5ce1 suppos+ ! univ]se con/itut$ z x n[ is1 we might /udy out ! "* & con/itution ( ! c\ntless inhabitants ( at lea/ "o hundr$ millions ( worlds1 :i* we "k to exi/2 nay1 ( t5 ?\s& times t numb]1 :i* probably exi/4 ,e movem5t ( matt] ar\nd u1 h[ev] inf9itesimal1 w\ld be freight$ ) new k1 p]haps f di/ant sph]es4 ,e ray ( light t met our gaze f ! broad heav5s above u w\ld pr9t an image ^u our visual organs ( ev5ts transpir+ 9 di/ant worlds1 :ile e electrical fla% might convey "s idea to our m9d nev] be=e ?\ght (4 ,e *emical ray1 too1 might in=m u ( sc5es f> (f 9 ! regions ( night2 & !n :o c calculate :at organic & m5tal influ5ces might be transmitt$ to u f be+s ( all ranks & scatt]$ ?r\gh all worlds8 ,to speak ( organs1 inde$1 z ! m$ium ( p]ceptions 9 ano!r _w1 may be absurd2 b we mean only1 by t t]m1 :atev] may be sub/itut$ = our pres5t organs2 & we assume t ! prop]ties ( matt] w exi/ =ev]2 &1 !re=e1 we may presume t light1 & electricity1 & *emical aff9ity1 & corporeal & m5tal influ5ces w1 "u modifi$ =ms1 be ! modes by :i* k %all ev] be transmitt$4 ,at lea/1 assum+ t !y w be1 & ! magnific5t conceptions we h n[ trac$ out may be h]eaft] realiz$4 ,& surely1 if !y be only slightly probable1 ! anticipation is full ( ?rill+ int]e/1 & ! moral effect ( dwell+ ^u x mu/ be salut>y4 ,x spreads out be=e u fields ( k :i* et]nity c nev] exhau/1 & attractive s immeasurably above all ! k ( e>? t we almo/ wait impati5tly = ! summons to break f our prison-h\se bel[1 & to rise on our new p9ions to cele/ial sc5es4 ,if su* ri* means ( k ( creat$ ?+s be enjoy$ by cele/ial m9ds1 & !y c dr9k x 9 to ! full measure ( _! faculties1 !n "o inevitable effect mu/ be to make !m unite1 ev] & anon1 9 adoration & praise to ! inf9ite ,be+ :o creat$ & su/a9s all1 & ^: glory is illu/rat$ by all 8 works4 ,& we c conceive t !re may be /at$ p]iods1 :51 f e "p ( ! univ]se1 ! an!m ( praise comes roll+ onw>ds t[>ds "s c5tral spot1 :]e ! div9e pres5ce is mo/ felt4 ,o1 h[ gladly w ea* happy s\l1 animat$ by e new accession ( k1 jo9 9 ! swell+ paean z x m\nts up to ! ?ird heav5s6 ,:o kn[s b ?is is ! h\r :5 ! peal is beg9n+8 ,o1 let n ?is _w be ! only spot 9 ! univ]se :]e x %all be unhe>d & unhe$$4 ,surely we see en\gh ( ! div9e glory "h to beg9 ! song1 :i* we hope to p\r =? 9 l(ti] notes on high1 unto ! ,k+ et]nal1 immortal1 invisible1 ! only wise ,god2 to :om be honor & glory1 =ev] & ev]4 ,am54 ,,lecture ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,va/ ,,plans ,,( ,,jehovah4 ,x is int]e/+ & in/ructive to trace ! hi/ory ( man's progress 9 ! k ( ! exi/5ce1 "*1 & plans ( ,jehovah4 ,we %all f9d t progress to h be5 m>k$ by epo*s1 r ?an cont9u\s advancem5t4 ,"s new revelation f heav51 or "s new discov]y 9 sci5ce1 has giv5 a sudd5 expansion to 8 views ( ! ,deity1 :i* h !n rema9$ 9 a good degree /ation>y = a long p]iod4 ,my *ief object 9 ?is lecture is to %[ :at accessions to our k ( ! div9e plans h be5 d]iv$ f sci5ce1 especially f geology4 ,b x w give great] di/9ctness & impressiv5ess to ! subject to take a review ( ! pr9cipal /eps by :i* ! human m9d has rea*$ its pres5t accurate spiritual & enl>g$ views ( ! ,deity4 ,we w fir/ look at man 9 ! rude/ condition 9 society1 9 :i* he has any idea ( ! exi/5ce ( be+s sup]ior to himself4 ,= !re is a /ate ( 8 be+ 9 :i* no su* ideas exi/ 9 8 m9d2 tribes ( m51 & especially individuals1 :o h liv$ 9 a wild /ate1 away f all human int]c\rse1 h be5 f\nd ) no idea ( a sup]ior be+ ( any sort4 ,o!r tribes h exi/$ a little m elevat$ above ! irrational animals1 & ^! h an impression1 d]iv$ p]haps f _! moral s5se1 or gr[+ out ( _! sup]/iti\s fe>s1 t "s p[] exi/s 9 ! univ]se great] ?an !mselves4 ,b hav+ nev] ent]ta9$ an ab/ract idea on any o!r subject1 & dep5d+ alone ^u _! s5ses = _! k1 !y id5tify ,god ) ! mo/ rem>kable objects ( nature4 ,!y li/5 to 8 voice 9 ! w9d & ! ?und]1 9 ! ocean's ro>1 & ! volcano's bell[+2 & !y see him 9 ! sun1 moon1 & />s4 ,!y feel t he mu/ be sup]ior to !mselves2 b h[ mu* sup]ior1 !y "k n4 ,!y nev] ?9k ( him z inf9ite1 because ! idea ( inf9ity on any subject nev] ent]s _! m9d4 ,!y conceive ( ! e>? only z a pla9 ( consid]able ext5t1 b\nd$ by a circle1 beyond :i* _! ?\ghts nev] w&]2 & !y look up to ! heav5s z a dome1 p]haps solid1 /udd$ by lum9\s bodies1 x may be a few feet or y>ds 9 diamet]4 ,!y suppose t1 someh[ or o!r1 ?is sup]ior ,be+ has ! control ( _! de/9ies2 b ! idea ( any ?+ l wor%ip is too spiritual to be conceiv$ (1 except1 p]haps1 "s sup]/iti\s rite1 p]=m$ to deprecate ! div9e displeasure4 ,9 %ort1 e ?+ 9 _! notion ( ,god is indef9ite1 gross1 & conf9$ to ! n>r[ sph]e ( ! s5ses4 ,9 ! second place1 poly!ism1 especially among nations some:at civiliz$1 is an advance 9 man's conceptions ( ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,poly!ism probably orig9at$ 9 ! deification ( di/+ui%$ m54 ,sup]ior m9ds1 :o _h be5 ! lead]s or ! b5efactors ( mank9d1 7 sudd5ly torn f an admir+ _w by dea?4 ,_! bodies 7 left beh9d1 b ! animat+ pr9ciple1 ! immortal m9d1 _h vani%$ 9 a mom5t2 & x 0 a mo/ natural inquiry1 ev5 among ! mo/ ignorant1 :e!r "s undy+ pr9ciple _h n escap$ & gone to a high] sph]e2 = x w\ld be difficult to conceive h[ s mu* intellig5ce & virtue %\ld be qu5*$ 9 a mom5t 9 et]nal night4 ,x w\ld be a mo/ natural & gratify+ conclusion ) survivors1 t _! dep>t$ lead]s & b5efactors /ill liv$1 & 7 9 "s way conc]n$ 9 wat*+ ov] _! int]e/s1 & 9 controll+ _! de/9ies4 ,conjectures ( ?is sort w\ld1 9 a few g5]ations1 settle into positive belief4 ,n[1 ?is w\ld be a mo/ important advance ^u ! gross mat]ialism1 & indef9ite ideas1 :i* id5tifi$ div9ity ) /rik+ objects ( nature2 = if di/+ui%$ w>riors & /atesm5 7 /ill alive aft] _! bodies 7 laid 9 ! grave1 !re mu/ h escap$1 at ! mom5t ( dea?1 "s pr9ciple too subtile to be cognizable by ! s5ses1 or by *emical1 me*anical1 or electrical ag5cies2 & :i*1 !re=e1 may h be5 immat]ial4 ,at lea/1 by su* a belief1 m5 w\ld be l$ ins5sibly to =m an idea ( ! human s\l z an extremely t5u\s1 if n immat]ial1 pr9ciple4 ,especially w\ld educat$ m5--^? devot$ to philosophical pursuits--come at l5g? to h a cle> conception ( a spiritual be+1 nei!r visible by ! s5ses1 nor dep5d5t ^u ! s5ses = ! ex]cise ( its faculties4 ,v soon w\ld ! imag9ation fill ! univ]se ) su* be+s1 & conceive !m z hold+ int]c\rse ) "o ano!r1 & z presid+ ov] all ! objects ( ?is l[] _w1 & direct+ all its de/9ies4 ,x w\ld be v natural1 h[ev]1 to end[ ^! sup]ior be+s ) human *>act]i/ics1 & to suppose !m actuat$ by human passions2 & ?us w\ld ! cele/ial society be repres5t$ z a c\nt]p>t ( t on e>?1 de=m$ by ! same vices & crimes4 ,?is w\ld lead to ! idea ( a gradation 9 rank1 p[]1 & intellect among ! gods1 & to ! conception ( "o z supreme4 ,9 ! popul> my?ology1 h[ev]1 ev5 ,jupit] 0 repres5t$ z act+ "u ! influ5ce ( selfi%ness1 pride1 lu/1 & passion2 & z sometimes br\ght into p]il by 8 p[]ful inf]iors4 ,"s ( ! philosoph]s ( ,greece & ,rome did1 inde$1 give descriptions ( _! supreme div9ity n unwor?y ! biblical views ( ,jehovah4 ,x may be t !y got ! clew to ^! j & elevat$ conceptions f ! ,bible4 ,b x is n difficult to conceive t1 9 ! mann] :i* ,i h describ$1 !y might1 by reason+1 )1 p]haps1 "s h9ts d]iv$ f revelation1 h gradually atta9$ to ^! j & noble conceptions ( ! supreme div9ity4 ,yet x ought n to be =gott5 t ^! exalt$ views ( ! philosoph]s 7 n %>$ at all by ! common p1 & t ev5 ! philosoph]s !mselves 7 = ! mo/ "p poly!i/s4 ,! next /ep 9 man's k ( ,god 0 an immeasurable advance ^u poly!ism4 ,i ref] to ! revelation :i* ,god made ( himself to ! ,jews 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,mo/ ( ?is revelation did1 inde$1 prec$e ! writ+s ( ! ,greek & ,roman philosoph]s1 b x 0 conf9$ to a rude & almo/ unkn[n p1 until ! days ( _! glory _h gone by1 & did n spread ov] ! globe till an opportunity _h be5 af=d$ to prove t ! _w by wisdom knew n ,god4 ,y may1 inde$1 f9d1 9 ! writ+s ( a few philosoph]s1 passages descriptive ( ! natural attributes ( ! ,deity t w comp>e favorably ) ^? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,b 8 moral attributes1 8 b5evol5ce1 m]cy1 ju/ice1 & hol9ess1 are br\ght out 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 a f> m di/9ct & impressive mann] ?an 9 all o!r anci5t writ+s4 ,ano!r po9t1 & a vital "o1 ) ! writ]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 :i* t inspir$ volume goes inf9itely beyond ! philosoph]s1 is ! unity ( ,god4 ,!y tea*1 z a fundam5tal pr9ciple1 & ) all ! e>ne/ness :i* inspiration c be/[1 n only t ,jehovah is supreme1 b t he is ,god alone1 & t no o!r gods exi/4 ,y may1 inde$1 f9d /atem5ts to ?is effect 9 ! works ( ! philosoph]s2 b ! conduct ( ,socrates1 ! mo/ enlight5$ ( !m all1--9 8 dy+ mom5ts1--9 direct+ a sacrifice to be made to ,a,esculapius1 is a good practical comm5t>y ^u _! doctr9e ( ! div9e unity4 ,x %[s t1 ) "s correct notions ( ! supreme div9ity1 !y believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( inf]ior deities2 or1 at lea/1 !y did n reg>d ! popul> error on ?is subject ( importance en\gh to require !m boldly to te/ify aga9/ x4 ,b su* te/imony con/itutes ! burd5 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 z if all o!r religi\s tru?s 7 ( little importance )\t x4 ,& s f> z ^! inspir$ books succe$$ 9 fix+ ?is doctr9e 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,jews1 !y p]=m$ an imm5se s]vice = religion4 ,!y swept at once f ! univ]se ! ?irty ?\s& div9ities ( ,greece & ,rome1 & plac$ ,jehovah only on ! ?rone4 ,b1 = "s reason or o!r1 poly!ism has always be5 a doctr9e mo/ cong5ial to human nature2 especially to ! uncultivat$ m9d2 & ! probability is1 t ! great mass ( ! ,jews1 :ile !y believ$ 9 ! supremacy ( ,jehovah1 /ill suppos$ t ! gods ( ! hea!n _h a real exi/5ce4 ,?is c]ta9ly 0 ! case be=e ! ,babyloni% exile1 ?\gh d\btless ! patri>*s _h m correct notions4 ,?is fact expla9s ! o!rwise unacc\ntable disposition ( ! ,jews to fall away to idolatry1 9 spite ( all :i* ,jehovah did to pres]ve among !m 8 true wor%ip4 ,on ! subject1 also1 ( ! div9e spirituality1 we h evid5ce t ! notions ( ! great mass ( ! ,jewi% nation 7 l[ & confus$4 ,!y di/+ui%$1 x is true1 v cle>ly betwe5 ! body & ! s\l4 ,b !y probably conceiv$ ( ! latt] z a v subtile1 invisible1 corporeal ess5ce1 & n t pure1 immat]ial sub/ance :i* is und]/ood by t t]m 9 metaphysics4 ,! ab/ract ideas atta*$ to ! s\l 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury probably nev] ent]$ _! m9ds2 & ?\gh 9 /rict language !y might be call$ mat]iali/s1 !y 7 by no means su* mat]iali/s z mod]n times h produc$1 :o und]/&+ly d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 & reg>d x z a function ( ! bra94 ,! ,jews ?\ght ( ,god z ! mo/ subtile ess5ce ( :i* !y c\ld =m any idea2 b :e!r he 7 mat]ial1 or immat]ial1 probably !y nev] inquir$4 ,& x _c escape ! notice ( a read] ( ! ,old ,te/am5t h[ frequ5tly ,god is repres5t$ by figures d]iv$ f mat]ial objects4 ,?is 0 9 accommodation to ! rude & uncultivat$ /ate ( mo/ m9ds 9 ^? e>ly days4 ,purely ab/ract tru?s w\ld h convey$ no ideas to m9ds :i* _h nev] be5 accu/om$ to ab/ractions4 ,h5ce x is1 t we meet 9 ! ,bible ) s _m descriptions ( ! ,deity1 :i* !ologians & philosoph]s d5om9ate an?ropopa?ic & an?ropomorphic4 ,x 0 9 accommodation to ! uncultivat$ /ate ( common m9ds1 :i* c\ld =m no conceptions ( ,god t 7 n f\nd$ on "s prop]ty belong+ to man4 ,! language ( ! sacr$ writ]s does1 inde$1 :5 correctly int]pret$1 convey ! idea ( ! mo/ p]fectly simple1 spiritual1 & immat]ial sub/ance z con/itut+ ! div9e ess5ce2 & m9ds accu/om$ to ab/ract ideas f9d no difficulty 9 enucleat+ ! spiritual mean+ ( ,scripture4 ,b _h ! div9e ,be+ be5 describ$ by ab/ract t]ms1 ! great mass ( m51 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 w\ld receive no impressive conception ( ! ,godhead4 ,god1 !re=e1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 reveal$ z mu* conc]n+ himself & 8 plans1 z m5 w\ld und]/&4 ,b o!r revelations & developm5ts w\ld foll[1 :5 ! human m9d %\ld be prep>$ to receive & appreciate !m4 ,! revelations ( ,*ri/ianity h br\ght to light s mu* respect+ ! moral "* & moral gov]nm5t ( ,jehovah1 z to leave little fur!r to be desir$ or expect$ 9 ?is _w4 ,! natural attributes ( ! ,deity h a m spiritual & less an?ropopa?ic aspect 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ?an 9 ! ,old4 ,we are told 9 ! =m] di/9ctly1 t ,god is a _s1 & ^? :o wor%ip him mu/ wor%ip him 9 _s & 9 tru?4 ,b ,god's moral "*1 z develop$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 9 ! plan ( r$emption & salvation1 pres5ts u ) a p]fection & a glory unkn[n 9 all previ\s revelations4 ,we h1 x is true1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t intimations & pr$ictions ( ! plan1 :i* is fully develop$ & exemplifi$ 9 ! new disp5sation4 ,b ^! 7 only %ad[s ( ,jesus ,*ri/ & him crucifi$4 ,:5 he appe>$1 & by 8 suff]+s1 z a sub/itute = man1 reconcil$ div9e ju/ice & m]cy1 & made a cle> exposition ( ! moral law1 & a disclosure ( a future /ate ( retributions1 a flood ( light 0 ?r[n ^u ,god's moral "*4 ,e cl\d t _h re/$ ^u x 0 cle>$ away1 & immaculate hol9ess cov]$ x ) unapproa*able spl5dor4 ,9 %ort1 ! human m9d is incapable ( =m+ a m correct e/imate ( moral excell5ce ?an is exhibit$ 9 ! scriptural plan ( salvation4 ,! m x is m$itat$ ^u1 & ! m we exp]i5ce its practical influ5ce1 ! high] w be our conceptions ( ! moral glory ( ! div9e "*2 nor h we reason to suppose t any fur!r revelations w\ld increase our appreh5sions ( x4 ,= b5evol5ce1 m]cy1 ju/ice1 & grace are "h exhibit$ 9 unlimit$1 t is1 9 inf9ite1 glory & p]fection1 & !re=e c nev] be exce$$4 ,b ?\gh ! exhibitions ( ! div9e "* & plans conta9$ 9 ! ,bible are ?us p]fect & excell5t1 !y are n ! only exhibitions :i* ! univ]se conta9s1 & :i* man is capable ( und]/&+4 ,lo1 ^! are a "p ( 8 ways4 ,! ,bible has left ! wond]s ( ! natural _w :]e x f\nd !m1 to be exam9$ & develop$ by philosophy4 ,"s h ?\ght t x has anticipat$ a few sci5tific discov]ies2 b if x _h done ?is 9 "o in/ance1 x mu/ h c>ri$ ! same plan ?r\gh ! :ole circle ( sci5ce2 else h[ c\ld read]s det]m9e :5 ! sacr$ writ]s 7 describ+ ph5om5a accord+ to appe>ances & g5]al belief1 & :5 accord+ to real sci5tific tru?8 ,b ! fact is1 sci5tific discov]ies are left to man's +5uity2 & z !y are made f "t to "t1 !y br+ out new & spl5did illu/rations ( ! "* & plans ( ,jehovah4 ,let u n[ recur to "s ( ^! discov]ies1 t h op5$ ! wide/ vi/as into ! arcana ( nature4 ,! discov]ies 9 mod]n a/ronomy con/itute ! fif? /ep 9 man's k ( ,god4 ,9 ord] to see h[ mu* man's conceptions ( ! univ]se h be5 enl>g$ by ^! discov]ies1 comp>e ! op9ions :i* prevail$ be=e ! introduction ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em ) :at is n[ c]ta9 k1 f\nd$ ^u physico-ma!matics1 respect+ ! ext5t ( ! univ]se4 ,!n ?is e>? 0 ?\ght to be ! c5tre & ! pr9cipal body ( ! creation1 immovably fix$1 ) ! heav5ly bodies1 g5]ally ?\ght to be ( dim9utive size1 revolv+ ar\nd x e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! e>?1 too1 except 9 ! op9ion ( a few sagaci\s philosoph]s1 0 n imag9$ to be t va/ globe :i* we n[ und]/& x to be1 b a flat surface1 p]haps a few hundr$ or ?\s& miles 9 ext5t1 b\nd$ by a circle1 & re/+ on an imag9>y f\ndation4 ,! heav5ly bodies 7 look$ ^u z little m ?an %9+ po9ts1 or at mo/ a few y>ds1 or by ! mo/ d>+ fancies a few miles1 9 ext5t4 ,:at a *ange h ! telescope1 ! quadrant1 & ! transit in/rum5t1 aid$ by pr(\nd ma!matics1 & ! talismanic p[] ( ! ,newtonian !ory ( gravitation1 produc$6 ,e s*oolboy n[ kn[s t ?is globe1 enorm\s ?\gh x be comp>$ ) :at ! eye c take 9 f ! l(tie/ em95ce1 is b a m]e speck 9 creation1 &1 ) ! exception ( ! moon1 appe>+ f o!r worlds only z "o ( ! smalle/ />s 9 _! heav5s2 s small t its ext9ction w\ld n be notic$4 ,to ! ignorant m9d1 di/ances & magnitudes exce$+ a hundr$ miles are conceiv$ ( only ) great difficulty4 ,b ! a/ronom]1 :5 he conceives ( magnitudes1 mu/ make a ?\s& miles 8 %orte/ unit1 & a million ( miles :5 he conceives ( di/ances 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,& :5 he attempts to g beyond ! sun & ! planets1 ! %orte/ division on 8 measur+ l9e mu/ be ! diamet] ( ! e>?'s orbit2 & ev5 !n he w be borne onw>d s f>1 n on ! w+s ( imag9ation1 b ( ma!matics1 t ?is enorm\s di/ance has vani%$ to a po9t4 ,ev5 !n he has only rea*$ ! ne>e/ fix$ />1 &1 ( c\rse1 has only j ent]$ ^u ! out] limit ( creation4 ,he mu/ prep>e himself = a /ill l(ti] flight4 ,he mu/ give up ! diamet] ( ! e>?'s orbit z ! unit ( 8 measurem5ts1 because too %ort1 & take z 8 /&>d ! passage ( light1 at ! rate ( two hundr$ ?\s& miles p] second4 ,) t spe$ c he g on1 until 8 m9d has reckon$ up six ?\s& ye>s ( seconds1 & he w rea* fix$ />s ^: light has n yet arriv$ at ! e>?1 because x did n comm5ce its j\rney till ! "t ( man's creation4 ,b x is n m]ely 9 respect to di/ance & magnitude t a/ronomy has enl>g$ our k ( ! univ]se4 ,num]ically x has op5$ a field equally wide4 ,?9k ( two ?\s& worlds roll+ nightly ar\nd u1 visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,take ! telescope1 & see ^? two ?\s& multiply to fifty or "o hundr$ millions1 & !n recollect h[ v improbable x is t ! ke5e/ optics ( e>? c rea* m ?an an inf9itesimal "p ( creation4 ,surely ! m9d is z mu* conf\nd$ & lo/1 :5 x attempts to conceive ( ! numb] ( ! worlds 9 ! univ]se1 z :5 x contemplates _! di/ances & magnitudes4 ,9 respect to numb] & di/ance1 at lea/1 we f9d no re/+-place b 9 inf9ity4 ,n[1 :5 we turn our ?\ghts to ! ,au?or ( su* a univ]se1 our conceptions ( 8 p[]1 wisdom1 & b5evol5ce _c b enl>ge 9 ! same ratio z our views ( 8 works4 ,!y mu/1 !re=e1 exp]i5ce a prodigi\s expansion4 ,&1 inde$1 ! m]e/ *ild 9 a ,*ri/ian l&1 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 has a f> wid] & nobl] conception ( ! p]fections ( ,jehovah ?an ! wise/ philosoph] :o liv$ be=e a/ronomy _h gone =? on h] circumnavigation ( ! univ]se4 ,f ! fact1 also1 :i* a/ronomy discloses1 t worlds are 9 widely diff]5t *emical & geological conditions1 "s gase\s & transp>5t1 "s solid & opaque1 & "s liquid & inc&esc5t1 ! m9d c h>dly avoid ! inf]5ce t !y are fulfill+ ! va/ & v>i$ plans ( ,jehovah4 ,! six? /ep 9 man's k ( ,jehovah has be5 made by ! microscope4 ,to give any correct idea ( ! b\ndless field :i* t in/rum5t has op5$ into ! inf9itesimal p>ts ( creation1 x w\ld be necess>y to g into details too ext5d$ = ! pres5t occasion4 ,p]haps ! animalcula or infusoria furni% ! be/ example4 ,9 ! cle>e/ wat]s1 says an able writ]1 & also 9 ! /rongly-tr\bl$ acid & salt fluids ( ! v>i\s zones ( ! e>?2 9 spr+s1 riv]s1 lakes1 & seas2 9 ! int]nal moi/ure ( liv+ plants & animal bodies2 & probably1 at times1 c>ri$ ab\t 9 ! vapor & du/ ( ! :ole atmosph]e ( ! e>?1 exi/s a _w1 by ! common s5ses ( mank9d unp]ceiv$1 ( v m9ute liv+ be+s1 :i* h be5 call$1 = ! la/ sev5ty ye>s1 infusoria4 ,9 ! ord9>y pursuits ( life1 ?is my/]i\s & inf9ite k+dom ( liv+ creatures is pass$ by )\t our k (1 or int]e/ 91 its wond]s4 ,b to ! quiet obs]v] h[ a/oni%+ d ^! become1 :5 he br+s to 8 aid ^? optical p[]s by :i* 8 faculty ( vision is s mu* /r5g!n$6 ,9 e drop ( dirty1 /agnant wat]1 we are g5]ally1 if n always1 able to p]ceive1 by means ( ! microscope1 mov+ bodies1 ( f "o elev5 hundr$ & fiftie? to "o tw5ty-five ?\s&? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & :i* (t5 lie pack$ s closely toge!r t ! space betwe5 ea* individual sc>cely equals t ( _! diamet]4--,pri*>d1 ,hi/ory ( ,infusoria1 p4 #b1 #ahda4 ,aga9 says he1 ,x is h>dly conceivable t1 )9 ! n>r[ space1 ( a gra9 ( mu/>d-se$1 eight millions ( liv+1 active creatures c exi/1 all ri*ly end[$ ) ! organs & faculties ( animal life4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is ! a/oni%+ fact4--,ib4 p4 #c4 ,9 %ort1 :oev] w ?or\ghly /udy ?is subject w be satisfi$ t ,dr4 ,ehr5b]g does n exce$ ! tru? :5 he ass]ts1 z ! result ( 8 inquiries1 t exp]i5ce %[s an unfa?omabl5ess ( organic creations1 :5 att5tion is direct$ to ! smalle/ space1 z x does ( />s1 :5 reveal+ ! mo/ imm5se4--,pri*>d1 p4 #h4 ,he :o foll[s out ! revelations ( ! telescope1 z x p5etrates deep] & deep] into space1 w feel1 :5 he has se5 ! remote/ object :i* its p[] discloses1 t !re mu/ c]ta9ly be a va/ unkn[n region beyond1 inf9itely exce$+ t "o ov] :i* he has pass$4 ,j s is x ) ! microscope4 ,x p5etrates to an a/oni%+ di/ance into ! inf9itesimal =ms ( organic & inorganic matt]2 b e improvem5t 9 ! in/rum5t rea*es a new & equally int]e/+ field2 & ! conclusion =ces itself ^u ! m9d t !re are regions beyond ( indef9ite ext5t1 teem+ ) c\ntless millions ev5 ( organic be+s1 ( a size mu* m dim9utive ?an ^? yet discov]$1 & ) inorganic =ms too m9ute = ! imag9ation to conceive4 ,inde$1 we c no m set limits to creation 9 ! direction po9t$ out by ! microscope ?an 9 t laid op5 by ! telescope4 ,we h5ce get a mo/ impressive conception ( div9e wisdom & b5evol5ce1 :i* c\ld ?us be/[ exquisite organization & life ^u atoms m9ute beyond ! p[] ( ! imag9ation to conceive4 ,inde$1 x seems to me t ! lesson is ev5 m /rik+ ?an ! contemplation ( va/ worlds 9 rapid & h>moni\s motion2 because ! latt] seem to dem& only inf9ite p[]1 b ! =m] requires inf9ite wisdom to direct inf9ite p[]4 ,9 ! sev5? & la/ place1 geology has giv5 great enl>gem5t to our k ( ! div9e plans & op]ations 9 ! univ]se1 & 9 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3-- #a4 ,x exp&s our ideas ( ! "t 9 :i* ! mat]ial univ]se has be5 9 exi/5ce z mu* z a/ronomy does 9 reg>d to its ext5t4 ,to ^? n famili> ) ! details ( geology1 ?is w probably seem a />tl+ & extravagant ass]tion4 ,!re has be51 & /ill is1 an extreme s5sitiv5ess 9 ! m9ds ( intellig5t m5 on ?is subject4 ,& ,i highly respect ! gr\nd f :i* _! appreh5sions spr+1 viz41 a fe> t to admit ! great antiquity ( ! globe w\ld br+ discr$it ^u revelation4 ,& yet ,i believe ! mo/ c&id & able !ologians ( ! pres5t day d n fe> t to admit ! exi/5ce ( ! matt] ( ! _w previ\s to ! six days' "w ( creation1 is inconsi/5t ) ! ,mosaic /atem5t4 ,b if we all[ any p]iod betwe5 its creation & ! six demiurgic days1 x is no m d]ogatory to ,scripture to make t p]iod t5 millions ( ye>s ?an t5 ye>s4 ,= if ! sacr$ writ] w\ld pass ov] t5 ye>s 9 sil5ce1 he c\ld1 ) ! same propriety1 pass ov] t5 millions4 ,n[1 ! long] ,i /udy geology1 ! ne>] d my ideas approximate to ! latt] numb] z a measure ( ! e>?'s duration4 ,let u contemplate a few facts4 ,we are able to trace ! geological *anges t h tak5 place on ! e>? s9ce man's exi/5ce ^u x ) a good deal ( accuracy4 ,= s9ce 8 rema9s are f\nd only 9 alluvium1 we mu/ reg>d all *anges t took place previ\s to ! deposition ( t =mation to h be5 ( an e>li] date ?an 8 creation4 ,n[1 :at are ! *anges :i* ! la/ six ?\s& ye>s h witness$8 ,9 "s places1 ! ag5cy ( riv]s & o!r causes h made an accumulation ( alluvial matt] to ! dep? ( n m ?an "o or two hundr$ feet1 al?\gh 9 p>ticul> places x is sev]al hundr$ feet4 ,^! deposits h be5 pu%$ =w>d at ! m\?s ( "s l>ge riv]s1 s z to cov] hundr$s1 & ev5 ?\s&s1 ( squ>e miles4 ,oceanic curr5ts h also made deposits 9 ! bottom ( wide seas ( consid]able ext5t2 & 9 "s limit$ spots ^! deposits h be5 consolidat$ into rock4 ,! action ( fro/ & gravity1 also1 has crumbl$ f precipit\s l$ges angul> fragm5ts en\gh to =m a slope ( detritus sometimes a hundr$ feet high4 ,! polyp>ia1 or coral build]s1 h advanc$ _! "w only a few feet 9 ?ickness dur+ ?is p]iod1 & soils h accumulat$ 9 "s places ab\t z mu*4 ,volcanic action has occasionally ?r[n up a new isl& f ! ocean's b$2 b only a few ( !m h be5 p]man5t4 ,"s tracts ( c\ntry1 9 no case m ?an a few hundr$ miles 9 ext5t1 h1 by ! same ag5cy1 be5 rais$ a few feet1 or sunk d[n ! same am\nt4 ,b aft] all1 ! e>?'s surface rema9s ess5tially ! same z :5 man 0 plac$ ^u x4 ,n[1 comp>e ^! slight *anges ) ^? :i* h prec$$ x1 ?r\gh ! op]ation ( ! same ag5cies1 s9ce ! fir/ exi/5ce ( animals ^u ! globe4 ,i w n cont5d1 ) "s di/+ui%$ geologi/s1 t ^! same *anges h always op]at$ ) ! same int5sity z at pres5t4 ,b !re are sev]al circum/ances :i* %[ t ! depositions f wat] c\ld n h be5 ess5tially diff]5t 9 anci5t & mod]n times4 ,n[1 j comp>e six or eight miles 9 ?ickness ( ! fossilif]\s deposits ( ! previ\s p]iods ) ! two hundr$ feet ( alluvium accumulat$ dur+ ! hi/oric p]iod2 &1 aft] y h made all reasonable all[ance = ! great] int5sity ( action 9 =m] times1 y w /ill f9d y\rselves conf\nd$ by ! incalculable "t requisite to pile up su* an imm5se ?ickness ( mat]ials1 & !n to h>d5 mo/ ( !m into /one2 especially :5 y call to m9d ! num]\s *anges ( organic life1 & ! va/ am\nt ( animal rema9s :i* !y exhibit4 ,a sup]ficial obs]v] might lump su* a "w1 & cr[d x into a few ?\s& ye>s4 ,b ! m its details are /udi$1 ! long] does ! p]iod appe> t is requisite = its production4 ,ea* successive inve/igation discov]s new evid5ce ( *anges 9 composition1 or organic cont5ts1 or ( v]tical movem5ts effect$ by extremely sl[ ag5cies1 s z to make ! :ole "w immeasurably long4 ,b :5 we h gone back to ! comm5cem5t ( animal exi/5ce on ! globe1 we h tak5 b "o /ep 9 our review ( its e>ly hi/ory4 ,! next backw>d /ep embraces t wide p]iod dur+ :i* ! /ratifi$1 non-fossilif]\s rocks--f> ?ick] ?an ! fossilif]\s--7 deposit$2 probably by ! ag5cy ( fire & wat]4 ,or if we adopt ! metamorphic !ory ( ,mr4 ,lyell1 we %all be /ill m deeply impress$ by ! l5g? ( t p]iod1 dur+ :i* ^! rocks 7 9 a c\rse ( deposition1 consolidation1 & metamorphosis4 ,= he supposes !m orig9ally deposit$ f wat]1 j z mud1 s&1 & gravel n[ are accumulat+ 9 ! ocean's b$1 & to h envelop$ organic be+s1 z simil> mat]ials n[ d4 ,next ! :ole 7 consolidat$1 s z to =m ! exact prototype ( ! exi/+ fossilif]\s rocks2 & f9ally x und]w5t almo/ complete fusion1 by ! sl[ propagation ( int]nal heat upw>ds1 until all ! organic cont5ts 7 oblit]at$1 & a cry/all9e /ructure 0 sub/itut$4 ,nay1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 o!r sy/ems ( rocks1 ( an analog\s "*1 may h prec$$ ! pres5t prim>y /ratifi$ ones1 & h be5 at l5g? entirely melt$ into ! un/ratifi$2 s t we _c say :5 organic life fir/ began on ! globe4 ,b ,i w n press ?is !ory1 because mo/ ( ! able/ geologi/s reject x1 at lea/ 9 its full ext5t4 ,& we h a p]iod long en\gh to conf\nd ! imag9ation1 if we take ! common view1 :i* supposes ! non-fossilif]\s rocks to h be5 deposit$ f wat]1 at a temp]ature too high to admit ! exi/5ce ( organic be+s4 ,we h n[ gone back to t po9t 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory :5 a cru/ _h begun to =m ov] ! %oreless ocean ( melt$ matt]1 ( :i* we h reason to suppose x 0 !n compos$4 ,%all we attempt to trace back t hi/ory any f>!r8 ,! light does1 inde$1 gr[ dim1 & ! clew m & m unc]ta91 ! f>!r we rec$e along ! track ( ! e>?'s exi/5ce4 ,/ill !re are "s scatt]$ rays t seem to recall to u a condition ( ! e>? /ill e>li] ?an t 9 :i* x con/itut$ a molt5 globe4 ,x may h be5 dissipat$ into vapor1 l a comet1 or a nebula2 & subsequ5tly1 by ! sl[ radiation ( its heat1 h be5 cond5s$ into an opaque1 ?\gh a melt$1 inc&esc5t mass4 ,sev]al analogies c]ta9ly ?r[ an air ( plausibility ov] ?is hypo!sis4 ,& if su* 01 inde$1 ! e>lie/ condition ( ! e>?1 ! "t requisite to cond5se x into melt$ matt] mu/ h be5 long] ?an any o!r p]iod ( its hi/ory4 ,:o1 n[1 at all famili> ) ! dynamics ( geological ag5cies1 %all und]take to give an ari?metical expression to ! p]iods t make up ! _w's entire hi/ory8 ,n only does ! reason+ faculty fail to grasp ! entire sum1 b ev5 imag9ation1 z %e flies backw>ds ?r\gh p]iod aft] p]iod1 tires 9 ! ef=t1 & br+s back n ev5 a conjectural result4 ,! same feel+ does1 9 fact1 come ov] ! m9d1 :i* %e exp]i5ces :5 a/ronomy has hurri$ h] f _w to _w1 f sun to sun1 f sy/em to sy/em1 f nebula to nebula1 & yet %e seems no ne>] to ! limits ( creation ?an :5 %e />t$4 ,we "k c]ta9ly t !re are limits2 because matt] _c be inf9ite4 ,b we _c conjecture :]e !y are fix$4 ,we "k1 also t !re 0 a "t :5 ?is _w did n exi/1 an epo* :5 its entire mass 0 spok5 into exi/5ce by ! fiat ( ,jehovah2 because ! ,bible expressly decl>es x4 ,b t epo* is unreveal$4 ,if !re is any tru? 9 geology1 x 0 c]ta9ly m ?an six ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,nay1 t sci5ce c>ries u z f> back into ! arcana ( "t z a/ronomy does into ! arcana ( space4 ,nei!r ! di/ance 9 ! "o case1 nor ! duration 9 ! o!r1 c be e/imat$4 ,b !re is a sublime inspiration 9 ! ef=t to grasp ! subject2 & ,i see n :y !re is n z mu* gr&eur & high gratification 9 ! idea ( va/ duration z ( va/ expansion4 ,& ,i see n :y we d n ga9 z mu* enl>gem5t ( our conceptions ( ! plans ( ,jehovah respect+ ! univ]se 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,we _c b inf]1 f ! pre-,adamic /ate ( our _w1 t x mu/ h subs]v$ o!r purposes ?an to su/a9 its pres5t inhabitants4 #b4 ,9 ! second place1 geology gives u impressive examples ( ! ext5t ( organic life on ! globe s9ce its creation4 ,i %all n cont5d1 ) "s geologi/s1 t ev5 ! prim>y cry/all9e rocks may once h be5 fill$ ) organic rema9s1 :i* h be5 oblit]at$ by heat2 & t1 9 ?is way1 !re may h be5 a numb] ( creations ( organiz$ be+s on ! globe1 ( :i* no trace n[ rema9s4 ,i take z ! basis ( my argum5t only ! relics ( animals & plants actually f\nd 9 ! rocks4 ,& :5 "o sees m\nta9 masses1 (t5 ( small %ells1 & spread ov] wide areas1 he is amaz$ to le>n h[ prolific nature has be54 ,:at a c\ntless numb] ( vegetables1 too1 mu/ h be5 requir$ to produce b$s ( coal f "o to fifty feet ?ick1 & ext5d+ ov] ?\s&s ( squ>e miles1 & alt]nat+ sev]al times ) s&/one 9 ! same bas96 ,!re is reason to believe1 too1 t ! numb] ( animals pres]v$ 9 ! /rata be>s only a small proportion to ^? :i* h be5 utt]ly de/roy$ & decompos$ into _! orig9al elem5ts4 ,= example1 9 ! s&/one along ,connecticut ,riv]1 ! tracks ( m ?an =ty species ( bip$s & quadrup$s h be5 f\nd mo/ di/9ctly m>k$4 ,"s ( ^! bip$s mu/ h be5 ( colossal size--z mu* z twelve or fifte5 feet 9 height4 ,& yet sc>cely any o!r ve/ige ( _! exi/5ce has be5 discov]$4 ,!y 7 ! giant rul]s ( t valley = c5turies2 b !y h all vani%$4 ,h[ num]\s1 !n1 may h be5 ! s(t] animals ( ! anci5t _w1 :i* h n left ev5 a footm>k to c]tify _! exi/5ce to com+ g5]ations6 ,b ! facts rec5tly br\ght to light respect+ infusoria & poly?alamia fill u ) ! greate/ admiration ( ! ext5t ( organic life ^u ! globe4 ,we h already se5 t "s ( ^! animals are s m9ute t eight millions ( !m are f\nd 9 a space n l>g] ?an a mu/>d-se$2 & yet !y _h skeletons ( silex1 lime1 & iron2 &1 ( c\rse1 ^! skeletons h be5 pres]v$2 &1 ?\gh ( ! smalle/ size1 x requires n less ?an =ty-"o billions to make a s+le cubic in*2 yet deposits ( !m1 or ( species n mu* l>g]1 occur1 sev]al feet 9 ?ickness1 & ext5d+ ov] sev]al squ>e miles4 ,nay1 ! *alk ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 & also ( ,we/]n ,asia1 :]e x con/itutes mo/ ( ,m\nt ,lebanon1 & ext5ds s\!rly ?r\gh ,pale/9e into ,arabia & ,egypt1 & also deposits 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ?\s&s ( miles 9 ext5t1--?is rock1 ,i say1 is ne>ly half compos$ ( microscopic %ells4 ,! oolite1 also1 conta9s !m2 &1 inde$1 infusorial rema9s occur 9 fl9t & opal2 &1 z in/rum5ts & obs]vations are p]fect$1 m & m ( ! solid rocks are f\nd to h once con/itut$ ! framework ( animals4 ,x is h>dly to be d\bt$ t su* 0 ! fact ) ne>ly all ! lime/one on ! globe1 occupy+ at lea/ a sev5? "p ( its surface4 ,9 fact1 we seem fa/ com+ to reg>d z sob] tru? ! anci5t adage1 app>5tly s extravagant--,omnis calx e v]mibus2 omne f]rum e v]mibus2 omnis silex e v]mibus4 ,inde$1 x is ! op9ion ( s compet5t a geologi/ z ,dr4 ,mantell t probably !re is n an atom ( ! solid mat]ials ( ! globe :i* has n pass$ ?r\gh ! complex & wond]ful laboratory ( life4--,wond4 ( ,geology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fgj4--,:at a va/ field "h op5s be=e u to contemplate ! f>-rea*+ plans1 ! b5evol5ce1 & ! wisdom ( ! ,deity6 ,9 ! ?ird place1 geology %[s u t ! pres5t sy/em ( organic life on ! globe is b "o l9k ( a s]ies1 ext5d+ v f> backw>d & inf9itely =w>d4 ,revelation describes only ! exi/+ species1 leav+ to sci5ce ! task & ! privilege to lift up ! veil t hangs ov] ! pa/1 & to disclose o!r economies t h pass$ away4 ,h[ _m ( !m h exi/$ we d n c]ta9ly "k4 ,if1 ) ,agassiz1 we *>act]ize !m by _! pr$om9ant tribes1 we might say t all ! p]iod previ\s to ! new r$ s&/one con/itut$ ! reign ( fi%es2 f !nce to ! *alk1 ! reign ( reptiles2 f !nce to ! drift1 ! reign ( mammif]a4 ,b ?is is a less philosophical view ?an t ( ,de%ayes1 :o f9ds five great gr\ps ( animals1 specifically indep5d5t ( "o ano!r4 ,b :o w attempt to fix ! *ronological limits ( ^! sy/ems8 ,we c only say t !y mu/ h be5 exce$+ly long1 if we c place any dep5d5ce ^u exi/+ analogies2 & we "k t ea* "o ( !m is made up ( num]\s subdivisions1 or m9or gr\ps1 widely1 ?\gh n entirely1 diff]5t 9 composition & organic cont5ts4 ,we "k t ! m we exam9e ! :ole s]ies1 ! deep] does our conviction become t its comm5cem5t runs back f>1 v f>1 into ! dep?s ( pa/ et]nity4 ,we "k1 also1 f ! jo9t te/imony ( ,scripture & geology1 t ano!r *ange is to pass ov] ! _w1 to prep>e x = inhabitants f> m elevat$ ?an ^? n[ liv+ ^u x1 & 9 possession ( p]fect hol9ess & p]fect happ9ess4 ,& x may be x w exp]i5ce f> great] *anges1 adapt+ x = high] & high] grades ( be+1 ?r\gh p]iods ( duration to :i* we c assign no limits4 ,o1 :at a va/ *a9 ( be+ is "h spread out be=e ! imag9ation1 rea*+ immeasurably f> into ! dep?s ( ! et]nity :i* is pa/1 & into ! et]nity :i* is to come6 ,:at a field = ! display ( ,god's inf9ite p]fections6 ,:at a vi/a does x op5 to u into ! va/ plans & purposes ( ,jehovah6 ,9 ! f\r? place1 geology reveals to u a curi\s s]ies ( improvem5ts 9 ! condition ( worlds1 z !y pass ?r\gh successive *anges4 ,if ! e>? began its exi/5ce 9 ! /ate ( vapor1 we c h>dly imag9e x 9 t /ate capable ( su/a9+ any organic natures1 =m$ ^u ! g5]al type ( ^? n[ exi/+4 ,nor1 :5 ! vapor 0 cond5s$ into a molt5 globe1 c\ld su* natures inhabit x1 till a cru/ _h =m$ ov] its surface1 & ! heat _h be5 s r$uc$ z n to decompose animals & plants4 ,ev5 !n1 ! natures plac$ ^u x mu/ h be5 ( a peculi> & l[ type ( organization1 capable ( endur+ ! high temp]ature & cata/rophes :i* w\ld de/roy ^? ( m delicate & complicat$ organization4 ,b gradually did ! temp]ature dim9i%1 :ile aque\s & atmosph]ic ag5cies 7 accumulat+ a deep] & a ri*] soil1 s t ! next *ange ( inhabitants w\ld all[ natures ( a high] organization & a d5s] population to occupy ! surface4 ,_! rema9s1 buri$ 9 ! e>?1 w\ld increase ! quantity ( c>bonate ( lime 9 a =m available = ! use ( animals & plants2 t is1 lime w\ld gradually be elim9at$1 by plants & animals1 f its m conceal$ comb9ations 9 ! cry/all9e rocks1 & be conv]t$ into c>bonates1 sulphates1 & humates4 ,a l>g] am\nt ( organic matt] w\ld also be conv]t$ into humus4 ,n[1 lime/one soils are ( all o!rs mo/ favorable to vegetation1 :5 !re is a suffici5t supply ( organic matt]4 ,h5ce e successive *ange becomes m & m adapt$ = animals & plants1 because ! lime & ! organic matt] 9 a /ate favorable = _! support h be5 increas+2 & ! pres5t /ate ( ! surface is m favorable ?an any conditions :i* h prec$$ x1 & accord+ly x is peopl$ ) m p]fect & m num]\s organic natures4 ,c we d\bt b t1 if ano!r *ange passes ov] ! e>?1 ?is same great pr9ciple ( progressive improvem5t w be manife/$ 9 ! r5ovat$ _w8 ,i am n prep>$ to ma9ta91 h[ev]1 t ?is future *ange w be1 l ! pa/ ones1 an improvem5t z to soil & climate2 = ! *ange1 z ,scripture tea*es1 w be accompli%$ by fire2 & s diff]5t w be ! /ate ( exi/5ce 9 ! new e>?1 :]e9 dwelle? righte\sness1 t we _c say h[ f> ! pres5t sy/em ( nature w be introduc$4 ,b t x w be an improv$ condition1 we c h>dly d\bt1 if we inf] any ?+ f ! spl5did figures by :i* x is describ$ 9 ! ,bible1 & f ! "* ( ^? :o are to be its d5iz5s4 ,"s ( ! facts ( mod]n a/ronomy impress u ) ! idea t ?is pr9ciple ( progress may ext5d to o!r worlds4 ,"s ( ^! are 9 a gase\s /ate1 "s cond5s$ into fi]y liquid globes1 "s cov]$ ) a cru/ ( solidifi$ volcanic matt]1 & "s surr\nd$ by a liquid1 l wat]4 ,d n ^! facts ju/ify ! supposition1 t ! *anges :i* our e>? has und]gone are m]ely a s+le example ( a great pr9ciple 9 ,god's gov]nm5t ( ! natural _w8 ,if s1 x pres5ts ! div9e wisdom 9 an int]e/+ aspect4 ,we see ! ,deity employ+ ! same matt] = diff]5t purposes4 ,in/ead ( creat+ x = "o s+le economy ( organic be+s1 he seems to h made x ! !atre = ! display ( 8 b5evol5ce ?r\gh successive p]iods2 b at ! same "t n los+ sight ( ! highe/ use he int5d$ to make ( x1 by ! introduction ( rational & immortal natures ^u x4 ,human wisdom w\ld h pron\nc$ ?is impossible2 b div9e wisdom1 prompt$ by div9e b5evol5ce1 c\ld accompli% x4 ,f9ally1 geology discloses to u *emical *ange z a great animat+1 controll+1 & cons]vative pr9ciple ( ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,:5 ,newton br\ght to light ! pr9ciple ( gravitation1 & %[$ h[ x controls & keeps 9 h>moni\s movem5t ! heav5ly bodies1 he develop$ ! great me*anical p[] by :i* ! univ]se is gov]n$4 ,& ?is p[] 0 suppos$ = a long "t to be sup]ior to all o!rs4 ,b geology has br\ght out a second great controll+ & cons]vative ag5cy1--! *emical p[]1--! second "r h& ( ! ,creator1 z ,dr4 ,mc,culloch expressively calls x4 ,suppose matt] "u ! control ( gravity1 & let x be balanc$ by a c5trifugal =ce4 ,y h1 inde$1 h>moni\s motions among ! cele/ial bodies1 &1 if no di/urb+ cause come 91 y h endless motion4 ,b until y introduce *emical ag5cies1 e ?+ 9 ! individual worlds w\ld be compact$ by gravity into "o dead mass ( matt]1 de/9$ to no resurrection4 ,b let *emical ag5cies leav5 t mass1 let aff9ity & cohesion comm5ce _! segregat+ processes1 & con/ant motion & *ange w\ld foll[1 ) a ?\s& new & spl5did =ms4 ,especially :5 ! ,deity _h infus$ ! liv+ pr9ciple into portions ( t matt]1 & put *emi/ry1 & h] h&maid electricity1 "u ! control ( ! vital p[]1 w\ld ^! worlds teem ) animation1 & c\ntless exhibitions ( beauty4 ,& 9 all kn[n worlds1 ^! *emical *anges are at "w unceas+ly4 ,we "k n :e!r ^? worlds are all inhabit$1 b we h evid5ce t all are und]go+ ! transmutations ( *emi/ry2 n on _! surface m]ely1 b 9 _! deep int]ior4 ,! consequ5ce is1 univ]sal *ange2 *ange (t5 ^u a va/ scale2 *ange ext5d+ ?r\gh ?\s&s & millions ( ye>s1 & ?r\gh ! entire mass ( imm5se worlds4 ,we h glanc$1 9 ^! lectures1 at ! mo/ important ( ^? *anges :i* ?is _w has und]gone1 & we h se5 x to be almo/ univ]sal4 ,we h f\nd t ! entire cru/ ( ! globe1 _m miles 9 ?ickness1 & probably to its c5tre1 has be5 dissolv$ by heat1 & mu* ( x also by wat]2 t a l>ge "p ( x1 at lea/1 has1 by ! same *emi/ry1 be5 made to con/itute portions ( ! animal frame2 t1 ev5 n[1 mu* ( its int]ior is held 9 igne\s solution1 & t probably ! "t 0 :5 its entire mass 0 a molt51 self-lum9\s _w4 ,inde$1 ! conjecture is n )\t "s f\ndation1 :i* c>ries back ?is *emical action "o /ep f>!r1 & makes ! _w orig9ally a diffus$ mass ( nebula4 ,at ?is po9t ( ! argum5t1 geology appeals to a/ronomy1 to %[ h[ widely ?is pr9ciple ( *emical *ange has op]at$1 & /ill op]ates1 9 ! univ]se4 ,we look fir/ at ! nebulae2 = "h we probably f9d matt] 9 its mo/ *aotic & att5uat$ =m1 con/itut+ self-lum9\s1 diffus$ masses ( vapor4 ,9 "s ( !m1 h[ev]1 t matt] has begun to cond5se1 d\btless by ! radiation ( its heat4 ,9 ! comets1 we f9d probably simil> matt]1 "s ( x /ill f>!r advanc$ 9 ! process ( cond5sation1 s t p]haps a ne>ly solid nucleus may exi/4 ,9 ! sun & fix$ />s1 ! cond5sation has gone on s f> t cohesive attraction beg9s to op]ate1 ! lat5t heat ( ! vapor is extricat$1 & melt$ lum9\s worlds are ! result4 ,ar\nd !m1 h[ev]1 !re probably /ill floats a wide atmosph]e ( ! m ela/ic mat]ials1 :i* ! heat dissipates1 ( :i* ! zodiacal light1 p]haps1 furni%es u ) an example4 ,! nebulosity :i* surr\nds ! a/]oids1 ,c]es1 ,pallas1 ,juno1 ,ve/a1 & ,a/rea1 r5d]s x probable t1 ?\gh !y h advanc$ s f> 9 ! process ( refrig]ation z to become opaque1 !y may /ill reta9 heat en\gh to dissipate mu* ( _! sub/ance4 ,/ill f>!r advanc$ t[>ds ! condition ( a habitable _w is ! moon2 & yet volcanic desolation cov]s its surface4 ,n improbably ,jupit] is ne>ly surr\nd$ ) a fluid l wat]1 & ,saturn by a fluid light] ?an wat]--be+ /ill f>!r advanc$ t[>ds ! condition ( ! e>?4 ,i ackn[l$ge t ^! are b slight glimpses ( ! geology & *emi/ry ( o!r worlds4 ,& yet1 tak5 9 connection ) ! geological hi/ory ( our own globe1 d !y n furni% u ) "s extremely probable examples ( ^? *anges to :i* our e>? has be5 subject8 ,!y %[ u t worlds may exi/ 9 ! =m ( vapor1 & t "s are actually at ?is "t 9 ! v>i\s conditions ?r\gh :i* geology supposes ?is _w to h pass$4 ,d we n1 9 ^! examples1 ga!r /rong intimations ( a great law ( *emical *ange 9 ! univ]se8 ,gase\s matt]1 s f> z we "k1 appe>s to h be5 ! e>lie/ /ate ( ! univ]se2 & !n1 by ! ag5cy ( heat1 x passes ?r\gh ! successive *anges ( liquid & solid1 :i* h be5 describ$4 ,! *emical *anges t take place on ! e>?1 "u our imm$iate cognizance1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( wat]1 usually proce$1 "u favorable circum/ances1 9 a cycle2 t is1 ! sub/ance1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh a s]ies ( *anges1 returns at l5g? into ! same condition f :i* x />t$4 ,?us aque\s vapor1 by ! loss ( heat1 is fir/ conv]t$ into wat]1 next into ice1 & !n1 by ! access ( heat1 into wat] aga91 & at la/ into vapor4 ,! "q naturally arises1 :e!r ^? mutations1 ?r\gh :i* worlds are pass+1 may n =m a simil> cycle4 ,we are able to trace !m ?r\gh sev]al /eps1 f gase\s to liquid1 & f ! liquid to ! solid2 & we are assur$1 on ! te/imony ( ,scripture1 t ! next *ange ( ! e>? w be f solid to liquid4 ,& 9 ^? />s :i* 9 pa/ ages h sudd5ly brok5 =? ) rem>kable spl5dor1 & !n disappe>$1 may we n h examples ( o!r worlds burnt up1--n annihilat$1--b delug$ by fire1 & ei!r dissipat$ or aga9 cool$8 ,:at *anges1 if any1 w succe$ ! f9al conflagration ( ! globe1 nei!r sci5ce nor revelation in=ms u4 ,yet1 if ! laws ( nature respect+ heat are n entirely alt]$1 o!r *anges mu/ foll[2 & we h se51 9 a =m] lecture1 t ^? *anges are p]fectly consi/5t ) our ideas ( heav51 & t !y may1 9 fact1 enhance ! happ9ess ( heav54 ,!y may g on =ev]2 9 :i* case1 we c h>dly d\bt b !y w\ld =m a cycle1 ?\gh h[ wide ! circuit we _c conjecture2 or !y may1 at lea/1 rea* an un*ang+ /ate4 ,i confess1 h[ev]1 t ! idea ( p]petual *ange corresponds be/ ) ! analogies ( ! exi/+ univ]se2 & 9 et]nity1 z well z 9 "t1 x may =m an ess5tial elem5t ( happ9ess4 ,9 ?is _w1 too1 ?is unceas+ *ange1 ?\gh x pres5ts at fir/ view a /rong t5d5cy to ru91 is1 9 fact1 ! gr& cons]vative pr9ciple ( mat]ial ?+s4 ,9 a _w ( life & motion l ours1 x is impossible t bodies1 especially organic bodies1 %\ld n be sometimes subject to viol5t dis>rangem5ts & de/ruction f ! me*anical ag5cies :i* exi/2 & 7 no *emical *anges possible1 ultimate & irrem$iable ru9 mu/ be ! result4 ,b ! *emical p[]s1 inh]5t 9 matt]1 soon br+ =? new =ms ( beauty f ! ru9s2 &1 9 fact1 ?r\gh\t all nature1 ! process ( r5ovation usually c\nt]balances t ( de/ruction2 & ?us f>1 inde$1 ! =m] has done m ?an ?is2 = e "t nature has *ang$ h] dress 9 pa/ ages1 %e has put on m lovely robes1 & a fre%] c\nt5ance4 ,c we d\bt t ?is same pr9ciple ( *ange1 op]at+1 z x does1 on a /up5d\s scale ?r\gh ! univ]se1 is "o ( ! great means ( its pres]vation8 ,x seems1 inde$1 p>adoxical to say t in/ability is ! basis ( /ability4 ,b ,i see n :y x is n lit]ally true2 & ,i c h>dly d\bt b ?is pr9ciple is sup]ior to ! laws ( gravity--sup]ior to e o!r law1 9 fact1 = giv+ p]man5ce & security to ! univ]se4 ,x is true t1 9 ! case ( man1 connect$ z dim9ution & decay are ) ! curse d5\nc$ on s91 !y assume1 9 8 view1 a melan*oly aspect2 & ! p]i%able nature ( all creat$ ?+s has ev] be5 view$ by ! s5tim5tali/ ) sad emotions4 ,:at does n fade8 ,! t[] t long _h /ood ,! cru% ( ?und]1 & ! w>r+ w9ds1 ,%ook by ! sl[ b sure de/roy] ,"t1 ,n[ hangs 9 d\btful ru9s o'er its base2 ,& fl9ty pyramids & walls ( brass ,desc5d2 ! ,babylonian spires are sunk2 ,a*aia1 ,rome1 & ,egypt m\ld] d[n4 ,"t %akes ! /able tyranny ( ?rones2 ,& tott]+ empires ru% by _! own weight4 ,?is huge rotundity we tread gr[s old1 ,& all ^? worlds t roll ar\nd ! sun4 ,! sun himself %all die1 & anci5t night ,aga9 involve ! desolate abyss4--,ak5side4 ,if we turn n[ our ?\ghts away f man's dissolution1 & ?9k h[ spe$ily *emical p[] w raise nature out ( h] grave1 9 r5ovat$ & increas$ beauty1 ?is univ]sal t5d5cy to decay puts on ! aspect ( a glori\s trans=mation4 ,we connect ! *anges ar\nd u ) ^? :i* h tak5 place 9 ! great bodies ( ! univ]se2 we see !m all to be b p>ts ( a f>-rea*+ plan ( ! ,deity1 by :i* ! /ability ( ! _w is ma9ta9$1 & its progressive improvem5t secur$4 ,:5 we look =w>d1 fancy k9dles at ! developm5ts ( div9e p[]1 wisdom1 & b5evol5ce :i* w 9 ?is mann] be made 9 ! r\nd ( et]nal ages4 ,we see t :at our ignorance _h mi/ak5 = a defect 9 nature is1 9 fact1 a great cons]vative pr9ciple ( ! univ]se1 :i* ,newton did n discov] because geology _h n yet unfold$ h] record4 ,su* are ! developm5ts ( ! div9e "* & plans unfold$ to u by geology4 ,comp>e !m n[ ) ! views :i* h hi!rto prevail$4 ,! common op9ion has be51 & /ill1 inde$1 is1 t ab\t six ?\s& ye>s ago ?is e>?1 &1 9 fact1 ! :ole mat]ial univ]se1 7 spok5 into exi/5ce 9 a mom5t ( "t2 & t1 9 a few ?\s& m1 !y w1 by a simil> fiat1 be swept f exi/5ce1 & be no m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 geology places ! "t :5 ! matt] ( ! univ]se 0 creat$ out ( no?+ at an epo* indef9itely b imm5sely remote4 ,s9ce t epo*1 ?is matt] has pass$ ?r\gh a multitude ( *anges1 & be5 ! seat ( num]\s sy/ems ( organic life1 unlike "o ano!r1 yet all l9k$ toge!r into "o great sy/em by a mo/ p]fect unity2 ea* m9or sy/em be+ mo/ beautifully adapt$ to its place 9 ! great *a91 & yet ea* successive l9k becom+ m & m p]fect4 ,nor does geology admit t any evid5ce exi/s ( ! future annihilation ( ! mat]ial univ]se2 b r ( o!r *anges1 by :i* new & bright] displays ( div9e wisdom & b5evol5ce %all be br\ght out1 x may be 9 endless succession4 ,geology is n1 inde$1 ins5sible to ! displays ( ! div9e "* :i* are exhibit$ on ! pres5t !atre ( ! _w4 ,inde$1 %e di/9ctly recognizes ! act :i* is n[ pass+ z ! mo/ p]fect ( all4 ,yet ?is sc5e ( ! great drama %e reg>ds z only "o ( ! units ( a simil> s]ies ( *anges t h gone by or w h]eaft] come2 ! *a9 /ret*+ s f> into ! et]nity t is pa/ & ! et]nity t is to come1 t ! extremities are lo/ to mortal vision4 ,d any %r9k back f ^! imm5se conclusions1 because !y s mu* surpass ! views !y h be5 accu/om$ to ent]ta9 respect+ ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! mat]ial univ]se8 ,b :y %\ld !y be unwill+ to h geology lib]alize _! m9ds z mu* 9 respect to duration z a/ronomy has done 9 respect to space8 ,p]haps x is a l+]+ fe> t ! geological views conflict ) revelation4 ,su* fe>s =m]ly kept back _m f giv+ up _! s\ls to ! noble tru?s ( a/ronomy4 ,b !y le>nt1 at l5g?1 t a/ronomy m]ely illu/rates1 & does n oppose1 revelation4 ,x %[$ m5 h[ to und]/& c]ta9 passages ( sacr$ writ respect+ ! e>? & heav5ly bodies :i* !y _h be=e mis9t]pret$4 ,j s is x ) geology4 ,!re is no collision betwe5 its /atem5ts & revelation4 ,x only enables u m correctly to int]pret "s portions ( ! ,bible2 & !n1 :5 we h admitt$ ! new int]pretation1 x br+s a flood ( light ^u ! plans & attributes ( ,jehovah4 ,geology1 !re=e1 %\ld be view$1 z x really is1 ! auxili>y bo? ( natural & reveal$ religion4 ,& :5 its religi\s relations are fully und]/ood1 !ology1 ,i d\bt n1 w be z anxi\s to cultivate its alliance z %e has be5 fe>ful ( x 9 days pa/4 ,%all x any long] be said1 rem>ks ,dr4 ,buckl&1 t a sci5ce :i* unfolds su* abundant evid5ce ( ! be+ & attributes ( ,god1 c reasonably be view$ 9 any o!r light ?an z ! effici5t auxili>y & h&maid ( religion8 ,"s few !re /ill may be :om timidity1 or prejudice1 or want ( opportunity1 all[ n to exam9e its evid5ce2 :o are al>m$ by ! novelty1 or surpris$ by ! magnitude & ext5t1 ( ! views :i* geology =ces on _! att5tion2 & :o w\ld r h kept clos$ ! volume ( witness :i* has be5 seal$ up = ages b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>? ?an to impose on ! /ud5t 9 natural !ology ! duty ( /udy+ its cont5ts--a duty 9 :i*1 = lack ( exp]i5ce1 !y may anticipate a haz>d\s or labori\s task1 b :i*1 by ^? engag$ 9 x1 is f\nd to be a rational1 & righte\s1 & delightful ex]cise ( ! highe/ faculties 9 multiply+ ! evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce1 & attributes1 & provid5ce ( ,god4 ,! al>m1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 excit$ by ! novelty ( its fir/ discov]ies1 has well nigh pass$ away2 & ^? to :om x has be5 p]mitt$ to be ! humble in/rum5ts ( _! promulgation1 & :o h /eadily p]sev]$1 "u ! firm conviction t 'tru? c nev] be oppos$ to tru?1' & t ! works ( ,god1 :5 rightly und]/ood1 & view$ 9 _! true relations1 & f a "r position1 w\ld at l5g? be f\nd to be 9 p]fect accordance ) 8 ^w1 are n[ receiv+ _! high rew>d 9 f9d+ difficulties vani%1 objections gradually )drawn1 & 9 see+ ! evid5ces ( geology admitt$ into ! li/ ( witnesses to ! tru? ( ! great fundam5tal doctr9es ( !ology4--,bridgewat] ,treatise1 vol4 i4 p4 #eic4 ,su*1 !n1 9 conclusion ( ! subject1 is ! religion ( geology4 ,x has be5 describ$ z a region divid$ betwe5 ! b>r5 m\nta9s ( scepticism & ! putrid f5s & quagmires ( infidelity & a!ism2 produc+ only a gloomy & a poison\s vegetation2 cov]$ ) fogs1 & swept ov] by pe/il5tial bla/s4 ,b ?is report 0 made by ^? :o saw x at a di/ance4 ,we h f\nd x to be a l& ab\nd+ 9 ri* l&scapes1 w>m$ by a bright sun1 ble/ ) a balmy atmosph]e1 cov]$ by noble =e/s & sweet fl[]s1 ) fruits savory & heal?ful4 ,we h asc5d$ its l(ty m\nta9s1 & !re h we be5 greet$ ) prospects ( surpass+ lovel9ess & ov]:elm+ sublimity4 ,9 %ort1 n[h]e 9 ! :ole _w ( sci5ce d we f9d regions :]e m ( ! ,deity is se5 9 8 works4 ,to him ^: he>t is w>m$ by true piety1 & ^: m9d has brok5 ! n>r[ %ell ( prejudice1 & c grasp noble ?\ghts1 ^! are delightful fields ?r\gh :i* to w&]4 ,m & m !y mu/ become ! favorite haunts ( su* he>ts & su* m9ds4 ,= !re d views op5 ^u ! s\l1 respect+ ! "* & plans ( ! ,deity1 z l>ge & refre%+ z ^? :i* a/ronomy pres5ts4 ,nay1 9 _! practical be>+1 ^! views are f> m important4 ,me*anical philosophy introduces an unb5d+ & unv>y+ law betwe5 ! ,creator & 8 works2 b geology unveils 8 provid5tial h&1 cutt+ asund] t law at int]vals1 & plant+ ! se$s ( a new economy ^u a r5ovat$ _w4 ,we ?us seem to be br\ght into ne> communion ) ! inf9ite m9d4 ,we are prep>$ to li/5 to 8 voice :5 x speaks 9 revelation4 ,we recognize 8 guid+ & su/a9+ ag5cy at e /ep ( our pilgrimage4 ,& we await 9 confid5t hope & joyful anticipation ^? sublime manife/ations ( 8 "* & plans1 & ^? high] enjoym5ts :i* w greet ! pure s\l 9 ! r\nd ( et]nal ages4 ,,lecture ,,xiv4 ,,sci5tific ,,tru?1 ,,rightly ,,und]/ood1 ,,is ,,religi\s ,,tru?4 ,! connection betwe5 sci5ce & religion has ev] be5 a subject ( deep int]e/ to enlight5$ & reflect+ m9ds4 ,too (t51 h[ev]1 up to ! pres5t "t1 has ! !ologian1 on ! "o h&1 look$ ) jeal\sy ^u sci5ce1 fe>ful t its influ5ce 0 hurtful to ! cause ( true religion2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! philosoph]1 9 ! pride ( a sceptical _s1 has scorn$ an alliance betwe5 sci5ce & !ology1 & ev5 fanci$ _m a discrepancy4 ,bo? ^! op9ions are errone\s2 & disa/r\sly h !y op]at$1 z well ^u sci5ce z ^u religion4 ,! position :i* ,i take1 & :i* ,i %all endeavor to ma9ta91 is1 t sci5tific tru?1 rightly und]/ood1 is religi\s tru?4 ,! proposition may be misund]/ood at its fir/ ann\ncem5t1 b ,i hope1 ere its exam9ation be f9i%$1 to satisfy y t x is true2 & if s1 t x ought to reconcile religion to sci5ce1 & sci5ce to religion4 ,9 arriv+ at correct conclusions conc]n+ ?is /atem5t1 mu* w dep5d on ! mean+ :i* we atta* to ! phrase religi\s tru?4 ,religion is prop]ly def9$ to be piety t[>ds ,god4 ,?is piety implies two ?+s3 fir/1 a correct k ( ,god2 & secondly1 ! ex]cise ( prop] affections 9 view ( t k4 ,! =m] con/itutes ! !oretic "p ( religion1 & is inve/igat$ solely by ! und]/&+4 ,! latt] con/itutes ! practical "p ( religion1 & dep5ds mu* ^u ! w1 ! he>t1 or ! moral p[]s ( man4 ,all tru?1 !re=e1 :i* illu/rates ! div9e "* or gov]nm5t1 or :i* t5ds to produce "r affections t[>ds ,god1 is prop]ly d5om9at$ religi\s tru?4 ,if1 !n1 ,i c %[ t all sci5tific tru?1 rightly und]/ood1 has "o or bo? ( ^! effects1 x w foll[ t x is /rictly religi\s tru?4 ,sci5tific tru? is b ano!r "n = ! laws ( nature4 ,& a law ( nature is m]ely ! uni=m mode 9 :i* ! ,deity op]ates 9 ! creat$ univ]se4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t sci5ce is only a hi/ory ( ! div9e op]ations 9 matt] & m9d4 ,9 ord] to avoid mi/ake1 we mu/ make a di/9ction betwe5 ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 & ! application ( ^? pr9ciples to ! useful arts ( life4 ,! pr9ciples !mselves are an illu/ration ( ! div9e wisdom & b5evol5ce1 b _! application to ! arts illu/rates ! +5uity & wisdom ( man4 ,at ! mo/1 !re=e1 ! latt] only indirectly & remotely exhibits ! "* ( ! ,deity1 :ile ! =m] directly %[s =? 8 p]fections4 ,i n[ proce$ to e/abli% my g5]al proposition1 by %[+1 9 ! fir/ place1 t all sci5tific tru? is adapt$ to prove ! exi/5ce or to illu/rate ! p]fections ( ! ,deity4 ,aft] all t has be5 writt5 on ! subject ( natural !ology1 by su* m5 z ,new9tyt1 ,ray1 ,d]ham1 ,wolla/on1 ,cl>ke1 ,butl]1 ,tuck]1 ,paley1 ,*alm]s1 ,crombie1 ,br[n1 ,br\gham1 ,h>ris1 ,m',co%1 & ! au?ors ( ! ,bridgewat] ,treatises1 ,i ne$ n surely g into details to prove t sci5ce 9 g5]al is a great /oreh\se ( facts to illu/rate ! div9e p]fections & gov]nm5t4 ,x is1 inde$1 a va/ repository1 f :i* mat]ials h be5 drawn on :i* to build ! argum5t = ! div9e exi/5ce & "*4 ,ef=ts h be5 made1 x is true1 9 mod]n times1 to %[ t ! :ole argum5t f design is inconclusive4 ,x is said1 t ?\gh ! op]ations ( nature seem to %[ design & contrivance1 !y ne$ no high] p[]s ?an ^? t exi/ 9 nature itself4 ,!y d n prove ! exi/5ce ( an indep5d5t p]sonal ag5t1 sep>ate f ! mat]ial _w4 ,animals1 & ev5 plants1 possess an inh]5t p[] ( adapt+ !mselves to circum/ances2 & may n a high] ex]cise ( ?is same p[] expla9 all ! op]ations ( nature )\t any o!r ,deity8 ,?is argum5t appe>s to me to be utt]ly set aside by ! foll[+ consid]ations3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is no p[] inh]5t 9 vegetable or animal natures :i* c prop]ly be call$ ! p[] ( contrivance & design1 except s f> z x exi/s 9 _! m9ds4 ,all o!r examples %[ m]ely ! op]ation ( impulse1 or in/9ct1 & w n at all expla9 t wide-rea*+ contrivance & design :i* cause all ! op]ations ( nature to conspire to c]ta9 great results1 & to con/itute "o1 & only "o1 great sy/em4 ,9 ! second place1 ! op]ations ( intellect furni% u ) ! only examples 9 nature ( t k9d ( contrivance & design :i* mu/ h arrang$ & adapt$ ! p>ts ( ! univ]se4 ,b 9 ! ?ird place1 no intellect1 )9 our k1 is capaci\s en\gh to h contriv$ & arrang$ ! univ]se4 ,inde$1 to ! capacity ( t m9d :i* c\ld h done ?is we c assign no limits1 &1 !re=e1 inf] x to be inf9ite4 ,9 o!r words1 we inf] ! exi/5ce ( ! ,deity4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 ! :ole =ce ( ?is argum5t re/s ^u ! suppos$ uni=mity ( nature4 ,= no "o imag9es t !re exi/s at pres5t1 9 nature1 any p[] ( contrivance & design suffici5t to "w a miracle2 9 o!r words1 to introduce new races ( animals & plants4 ,c\ld ?is uni=mity once be brok5 up1 says an +5i\s expositor ( ?is a!i/ic argum5t1 c\ld ?is rigid ord] be once infr+$ = a good & manife/ reason1 x w\ld *ange ! :ole face ( ! argum5t4 ,c\ld we see ! sun /& /ill 9 heav51 t ! wick$ might be ov]?r[n1 !n %\ld we be assur$ ( a p]sonal p[] ) a di/9ct w1 ^: ag5ts & m9i/]s ^! laws 74 ,su* an ev5t w\ld be a miracle4 ,b if su* ev5ts h happ5$1 !y are n a "p ( nature2 x is n nature t tells u ( !m1 & x is only ) h] t we are at pres5t conc]n$4--,presid5t ,hopk9s1 ,qu>t]ly ,obs]v]1 ,oct4 #ahcc1 p4 #cji4 ,geology1 h[ev]1 does reveal to u miracles ( /up5d\s1 import1 miracles ( creation1 :i* inf9ite p[] & wisdom alone c\ld h produc$4 ,h5ce1 if ! te/imony ( t sci5ce be admitt$1 ?is reason+ c no long] /& ! te/ ( exam9ation1 & x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ! argum5t = ,god's exi/5ce f design1 :i* has ev] be5 s satisfactory to e m9d n cl\d$ by metaphysics1 is left /&+ on an immovable f\ndation4 ,to return to ! po9t f :i* we />t$3 x is n necess>y1 ,i say1 to g into a detail$ exam9ation ( ea* p>ticul> sci5ce1 & %[ h[ its pr9ciples prove & illu/rate ! be+ & attributes ( ! ,deity1 = ! "w has already be5 done m ably & ?or\ghly ?an ,i c d x1 & admitt$ by all1 save ! few :o reject ! argum5t f design altoge!r4 ,!re are a few sci5ces1 h[ev]1 :i* h be5 hi!rto *iefly pass$ by1 because !y 7 n suppos$ capable ( ?r[+ any light ( consequ5ce ^u !ology4 ,let u see :e!r ^! sci5ces are z b>r5 ( religi\s int]e/ z has be5 suppos$4 ,geology is a bran* ( k1 :i*1 a few ye>s ago1 w\ld h be5 at once select$ z n only de/itute ( any important religi\s applications1 b z ( a positively injuri\s t5d5cy2 & ev5 n[1 su* is ! feel+ probably ( a majority ( ! religi\s _w4 ,true1 x t\*es religion1 natural & reveal$1 at _m po9ts2 b s novel & />tl+ are its conclusions1 t !y are ?\ght to unsettle m m9ds ?an !y confirm4 ,!y fall 9 ) _m ( ! views ( scepticism1 & especially confirm its d\bts conc]n+ ! age ( ! _w1 & compel ! religi\s man to give up long-*]i%$ op9ions ^u ?is po9t1 & on o!r collat]al subjects4 ,b we h gone into a c>eful exam9ation ( ! religi\s applications ( ?is sci5ce1 & h we n f\nd x mo/ f]tile 9 its illu/rations bo? ( natural & reveal$ religion8 ,let u j recapitulate ! conclusions at :i* we h arriv$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 geology furni%es important illu/rations ( reveal$ religion4 ,x confirms ! /atem5t t ! pres5t cont95ts ( our globe 7 once1 & = an indef9ite "t1 b5ea? ! ocean1 & t !y 7 subsequ5tly lift$ above ! wat]s by int]nal ag5cies4 ,x agrees ) revelation 9 mak+ wat] & heat ! two great ag5ts ( geological *ange ^u & )9 ! e>?1 & t ! "w ( creation1 aft] ! production ( matt]1 0 progressive4 ,x %[s u equally ) revelation1 t ! exi/+ races ( animals & plants on ! globe 7 creat$ at a comp>atively rec5t epo*1 & t man comm5c$ 8 exi/5ce n m ?an six ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,x %[s u1 also1 t ! e>? conta9s )9 itself ! volcanic ag5cy necess>y = its future de/ruction by combu/ion1 z describ$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,b1 p]haps1 ! mo/ important illu/ration ( reveal$ tru?1 :i* geology af=ds1 is ! light :i* x ca/s ^u c]ta9 passages ( ! ,bible relat+ to ! creation4 ,z ^? texts :i* repres5t ! e>? z immovable1 & ! heav5ly bodies z mov+ diurnally ar\nd x1 7 n rightly und]/ood1 until a/ronomy _h discov]$ ! true !ory ( ! sol> sy/em1 s ^? passages :i* relate to ! p]iod ( ! creation ( ! univ]se1 ! introduction ( dea? into ! _w1 & ! ext5t & op]ation ( ! deluge1 7 mis9t]pret$ till geology disclos$ _! true mean+4 ,x is /ill cu/om>y1 inde$1 to speak ( geology & revelation z 9 collision ) ea* o!r on ^! subjects2 b ?is is a false view ( ! case4 ,revelation is illu/rat$1 n oppos$1 by geology4 ,:o ?9ks1 at ?is day1 ( any discrepancy betwe5 a/ronomy & revelation8 ,& yet1 two hundr$ ye>s ago1 ! evid5ce ( su* discrepancy 0 f> m /rik+ ?an any :i* c n[ be (f]$ to %[ geology at v>iance ) ! ,scriptures4 ,we ought1 !re=e1 to look ^u t sci5ce z illu/rat+1 in/ead ( oppos+1 ! ,scriptures4 ,hav+ once admitt$ ! conclusions ( geology z to ! great age ( ! _w1 & a flood ( light is %$ ^u "s ( ! mo/ difficult po9ts bo? ( natural & reveal$ religion4 ,x %[s ! occurr5ce ( num]\s *anges on ! globe :i* no?+ b ! p[] ( ,god c\ld h produc$1 & :i* 9 fact 7 mo/ /rik+ & /up5d\s miracles4 ,h5ce ! argum5ts :i* h s long be5 employ$ to %[ t ! _w is et]nal are r5d]$ nugatory2 = if we c po9t to epo*s :5 entire races ( animals & plants began to exi/ on ! globe1 we prove ! ag5cy ( a ,deity q z /rik+ly z if we c\ld %[ ! mom5t :5 ! matt] ( ! _w 0 summon$ into exi/5ce out ( no?+4 ,9 ! same mann]1 also1 we sil5ce ! argum5t aga9/ ! giv+ ( a revelation f heav51 z well z ! miracles by :i* x is sub/antiat$1 on ! gr\nd t we h no example ( a special int]f]5ce ) ! e/abli%$ c\rse ( nature4 ,"h we h int]positions long ant]ior to man's exi/5ce1 z well z by 8 creation1 :i* take away all improbability f ^? :i* are impli$ 9 a revelation4 ,we h5ce likewise e/abli% ! doctr9e ( a special provid5ce ov] ! _w--a doctr9e prov$ ) great difficulty by any o!r reason+ ( natural !ology4 ,/ill m abundant is ! evid5ce d]iv$ f geology ( ! div9e b5evol5ce4 ,& ?is evid5ce comes mo/ly f ! op]ations & f9al effect ( ! mo/ desolat+ ag5cies1 h]et(ore reg>d$ z a pro( ( malevol5ce1 or1 at lea/1 ( v9dictive ju/ice2 & we may reasonably inf]1 t c\ld we look ?r\gh ! :ole sy/em ( div9e gov]nm5t1 we %\ld f9d t all evil is only a necess>y means ( ! greate/ good4 ,no "o c exam9e exi/+ nature )\t be+ conv9c$ t all its p>ts & op]ations belong to "o great sy/em4 ,geology makes o!r economies ( wide ext5t to pass be=e u1 op5+ a vi/a indef9itely backw>d into ! ho>y pa/2 & x is gratify+ to witness t same unity ( design p]vad+ all prec$+ p]iods ( ! _w's hi/ory1 l9k+ ! :ole into "o mighty s*eme1 wor?y its inf9ite ,contriv]4 ,h[ mu*1 also1 does ?is sci5ce enl>ge our conceptions ( ! plans & op]ations ( ,jehovah6 ,we _h be5 accu/om$ to limit our views ( ! creative ag5cy ( ,god to ! few ?\s& ye>s ( man's exi/5ce1 & to anticipate ! de/ruction ( ! mat]ial univ]se 9 a few ?\s& ye>s m4 ,b geology makes ! p]iod ( man's exi/5ce on ! globe only "o %ort l9k ( a *a9 ( revolutions :i* prec$$ 8 exi/5ce1 & :i* rea*es =w>d immeasurably f> into ! future4 ,we see ! same matt] 9 ! h&s ( inf9ite wisdom1 & by means ( ! great cons]vative pr9ciple ( *emical *ange1 pass+ ?r\gh a multitude ( /up5d\s revolutions1 su/a9+ c\ntless & v>i$ =ms ( organic life1 & pres5t+ an almo/ illimitable panorama ( ! plans ( an inf9ite ,god4 ,if su* is ! fruit :i* geology p\rs into ! lap ( religion1 h[ misund]/ood h be5 its pr9ciples6 ,9 _m a m9d !re is /ill an anxi\s fe> le/ its discov]ies %\ld prove unfavorable to religion2 & !y w\ld feel greatly reliev$ c\ld !y only be assur$ t no influ5ce injuri\s to piety w\ld emanate f t sci5ce4 ,b we c give !m f> m ?an ?is assurance4 ,we c draw f ?is sci5ce m to illu/rate & confirm religion ?an f any o!r2 & we believe t ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ ju/ifies ! g5]al conclusion1 t ^? sci5ces ^: e>ly developm5ts excit$ mo/ appreh5sions ( a collision ) religion1 h ultimately furni%$ ! mo/ abundant illu/rations ( its pr9ciples4 ,ano!r sci5ce reg>d$ z b>r5 ( religi\s applications1 & ev5 z sometimes positively injuri\s1 is ma!matics4 ,its pr9ciples are1 inde$1 ( s ab/ruse a nature1 t x is n easy to frame out ( !m a religi\s argum5t t is capable ( popul> illu/ration4 ,b1 9 fact1 ma!matical laws =m ! basis ( ne>ly all ! op]ations ( nature4 ,!y con/itute1 z x 71 ! v framework ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,:5 we look up to ! heav5ly bodies1 we see !m direct$ & controll$1 along ) ! e>?1 by ^? laws1 :i* v>y n1 by an iota1 f c5tury to c5tury4 ,! inf9ity ( *anges1 :i* are go+ on 9 ! con/itution ( bodies ^u & )9 ! e>?1 *emi/ry r$uces to ma!matical laws4 ,s f> z organic op]ations dep5d ^u *emical *anges1--& ?is is v f>1--ma!matics is ! controll+ p[]4 ,i w n say1 t life & intellect are 9 a /rict s5se "u ! guidance ( ma!matics2 & yet ,i d\bt n t _! op]ations are limit$ & controll$ by its pr9ciples4 ,confid5t am ,i t atmosph]ic *anges1 app>5tly q z anomal\s & irregul> z ! movem5ts ( ! vital & intellectual pr9ciples1 re/ on ma!matics z c]ta9ly z d ! revolutions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,x seems1 !n1 t ?is sci5ce =ms ! v f\ndation ( all argum5ts = ,!ism1 f ! arrangem5ts & op]ations ( ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,we d1 inde$1 neglect ! f\ndation1 & po9t only to ! sup]/ructure1 :5 we /ate ^! argum5ts4 ,b suppose ma!matical laws to be at once /ruck f exi/5ce1 & :at a hide\s *aos w\ld ! univ]se pres5t6 ,:at !n w\ld become ( ! m>ks ( design & unity 9 nature1 & ( ! ,!i/'s argum5t = ! be+ ( a ,god8 ,b ma!matical pr9ciples furni% sev]al int]e/+ illu/rations ( tru?1 ( no small importance4 ,9 a =m] lecture1 we h se5 h[ ! doctr9e ( miracles /&s =? completely v9dicat$ by an appeal to ma!matical laws2 h[1 9 fact1 !y might h =m$ a "p ( ! orig9al plan ( ! univ]se1 :5 fir/ x 0 conceiv$ 9 ! div9e m9d1 & h[ _! occurr5ce may be z mu* ! result ( a fix$ law z ! mo/ common op]ations ( nature2 s t 9 ?is way all improbability ( _! occurr5ce1 on ! gr\nd t nature is con/ant1 is remov$4 ,^! views are illu/rat$ 9 t s+ul>1 yet orig9al "w ( ,pr(essor ,babbage1 call$ ! ,n9? ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 a "w writt51 x is true1 9 "p1 "u ! influ5ce ( exasp]at$ feel+s1 b yet full ( orig9al & +5i\s sugge/ions4 ,b ^! views h be5 s fully pres5t$ 9 ! ,lecture on ,special & ,miracul\s ,provid5ce1 & 9 t ^u ! ,telegraphic ,sy/em ( ! ,univ]se1 t !y ne$ n "h be repeat$4 ,ma!matics1 also1 aids our conceptions ( tru?s ( religion difficult or impossible1 f _! nature1 ( be+ und]/ood by f9ite be+s4 ,all ! attributes ( ! ,deity1 be+ inf9ite1 are ( ?is description4 ,b x seems to me t ! contemplation ( a ma!matical s]ies1 ei!r increas+ or decreas+1 gives u ! /ronge/ appreh5sion ( inf9ity :i* we c atta94 ,x puts into our h&s a ?read by :i* we c f9d our way1 z f> z our p[]s w c>ry u1 t[>ds inf9ity4 ,true1 aft] we h foll[$ ! s]ies till ! m9d /ops exhau/$1 we are no ne>] inf9ity ?an :5 we />t$2 yet we d get mo/ deeply impress$ ) ! unfa?omabl5ess ( ! abyss t sep>ates ! f9ite f ! inf9ite4 ,to _m m9ds all /atem5ts ( ! biblical doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity appe> s absurd & contradictory z to be incapable ( belief4 ,yet let x be /at$ to a man1 = ! fir/ "t1 t two l9es may approa* ea* o!r =ev] )\t meet+1 & x mu/ appe> equally absurd4 ,b aft] y h demon/rat$ to him ! prop]ties ( ! hyp]bola & its asymptote1 ! app>5t absurdity vani%es4 ,s1 :5 ! !ologian has /at$1 t by ! div9e unity he means only a num]ical unity1--9 o!r words1 t !re is b "o ,supreme ,be+1 & t ! ?ree p]sons ( ! ,godhead are "o 9 ?is s5se1 & ?ree only 9 ^? respects n inconsi/5t ) ?is unity1--e philosophical m9d1 :e!r x admits t ! ,scriptures tea* ?is doctr9e or n1 mu/ see t !re is no absurdity or contradiction 9 x4 ,& ?us x may happ51 t ! solution ( a man's difficulties on ?is subject may come f a proposition ( conic sections1 z 9 fact we "k to h be5 ! case4 ,x is said1 h[ev]1 t ma!maticians h be5 unusually prone to scepticism conc]n+ religi\s tru?4 ,if x be s1 x probably orig9ates f ! absurd attempt to apply ma!matical reason+ to moral subjects2 or1 r1 ! devotees ( ?is sci5ce (t5 become s atta*$ to its demon/rations1 t !y w n admit any evid5ce ( a less c]ta9 "*4 ,!y d n realize ! total diff]5ce betwe5 moral & ma!matical reason+s1 & absurdly endeavor to /ret* religion on ! ,procru/ean b$ ( ma!matics4 ,no wond] !y become sceptics4 ,b ! fault is 9 !mselves1 n 9 ?is sci5ce1 ^: natural t5d5cies1 ^u a pure & exalt$ m9d1 are favorable to religion1 because its pr9ciples illu/rate religion4 ,!re are sev]al o!r sci5ces1 ^: e>li] developm5ts 7 suppos$ = a "t to be unfavorable to religion2 & h5ce has orig9at$ a gr\nd ( appreh5sion respect+ sci5ce g5]ally4 ,:5 ! ,cop]nican sy/em ( a/ronomy 0 introduc$1 x 0 ?\ght impossible ev] to reconcile x to ! pla9 decl>ations ( ,scripture2 & h5ce at lea/ "o v5]able a/ronom] 0 oblig$ to recant t sy/em ^u 8 knees4 ,simil> fe>s ( collision betwe5 sci5ce & revelation 7 excit$ :5 *emi/ry ann\nc$ t ! ma9 "p ( ! e>? has already be5 oxidiz$1 &1 !re=e1 c\ld n h]eaft] be lit]ally burnt4 ,because "s physiologi/s h be5 mat]iali/s1 x has be5 inf]r$ t physiology 0 favorable to mat]ialism4 ,b x is n[ f\nd t !y 7 mat]iali/s 9 spite ( physiology1 r ?an f a correct int]pretation ( its facts4 ,/rong appreh5sions h also be5 excit$ respect+ phr5ology & mesm]ism4 ,&1 inde$1 9 _! pres5t aspect1 ^! sci5ces are probably made to ex]t a m unfri5dly influ5ce ^u vital religion ?an any o!r4 ,^? :o pr(ess to und]/& & tea* !m h be51 = ! mo/ "p1 decid$ oppon5ts ( special provid5ce & special grace1 & _m ( !m mat]iali/s4 ,b ?is is n because !re are any special gr\nds = su* op9ions 9 phr5ology or mesm]ism4 ,! latt] bran*1 inde$1 af=ds su* decid$ pro(s ( immat]ialism1 z to h l$ sev]al able mat]iali/s to *ange _! views4 ,nor does phr5ology af=d any /rong] pro( t law gov]ns ! natural _w1 ?an d ! o!r sci5ces4 ,b :5 a man :o is sceptical becomes deeply int]e/$ 9 any bran* ( k1 & fancies himself to be an oracle respect+ x1 he w torture its pr9ciples till !y are made to give te/imony 9 favor ( 8 previ\s sceptical views1 al?\gh1 9 fact1 ! tones are z unnatural z ^? ( v5triloquism1 & z deceptive4 ,:5 true philosophy %all at l5g? det]m9e :at are ! g5u9e pr9ciples ( phr5ology & mesm]ism1 we c judge ( _! be>+ ^u religion2 b ! hi/ory ( o!r sci5ces %[s u t we ne$ h no fe>s ( any collision1 :5 ! :ole subject is br\ght fairly into ! daylight4 ,^u ! :ole1 e "p ( sci5ce1 :i* has be5 suppos$1 by ! fe>s ( fri5ds or malice ( foes1 to conflict ) religion1 has be5 f\nd1 at l5g?1 :5 fully und]/ood1 to be 9 p]fect h>mony ) its pr9ciples1 & ev5 to illu/rate !m4 ,x is high "t1 !re=e1 = ! fri5ds ( religion to cease fe>+ any injury to ! cause ( religion f sci5ce2 & high "t1 also1 = ! enemies ( religion to cease expect+ any su* collision4 ,9 conclusion ( ?is argum5t1 we may safely *all5ge any "o to po9t out a s+le pr9ciple ( sci5ce :i* does n 9 "s way illu/rate ! p]fections ( ! ,deity2 & if he _c1 sci5tific tru? may be appropriately call$ religi\s tru?1 especially s9ce su* illu/rations are ! highe/ use to :i* sci5ce c be appli$4 ,x is no drawback on ! argum5t because s few make ?is use ( sci5ce1 nor because "s attempt to array sci5ce aga9/ religion2 = ?is only %[s h[ m5 may neglect ! mo/ important use to :i* sci5ce c be appli$1 or h[ !y c p]v]t ! ri*e/ gifts4 ,i d]ive a second argum5t 9 support ( ! g5]al position1 t sci5tific tru? is religi\s tru?1 f ! fact t x w survive ! pres5t _w1 & its exam9ation become a "p ( ! employm5ts & enjoym5ts ( heav54 ,! ,scriptures are1 inde$1 sp>+ 9 _! details ( ! specific employm5ts ( ! heav5ly _w1 except s f> z wor%ip & praise are conc]n$4 ,b t wor%ip w und\bt$ly be ! spontane\s impulse ( ! he>t1 7z x is 9 ?is _w :5 acceptable17 9 view ( "s manife/ations ( ! div9e "*4 ,accord+ly1 ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! future song ( ,moses & ! ,lamb1 z ! sa9ts /& ) ! h>ps ( ,god ^u ! sea ( glass1 is1 ,great & m>vell\s are ?y works1 ,"l ,god ,almighty4 ,! works ( ,god1 !n1 w be /udi$ 9 ! future _w2 & :at is t b ! /udy ( ! sci5ces8 ,x is1 inde$1 said by ! apo/le1 t :e!r !re be tongues1 !y %all cease1 t is1 9 a future _w2 :e!r !re be k1 x %all vani% away2 & h5ce x has sometimes be5 inf]r$ t all ! k :i* we acquire 9 ?is _w w disappe> ) ?is _w4 ,b ?is _c be ! mean+ ( ! passage1 = 9 a v>iety ( places ! ,bible repres5ts bo? ! righte\s & wick$ 9 ano!r _w z consci\s ( :at took place on e>?2 &1 unless ! nature ( ! m9d be *ang$ at dea?1 x is n possible to conceive t ! k we acquire "h %\ld be lo/4 ,?is passage may ref] to "o ( ^? gifts ( inspiration peculi> to apo/olic times1 call$ by ! sacr$ writ] ! ^w ( k4 ,b m probably he meant to tea* t1 s mu* bright] & cle>] w be ! disclosures ( ano!r _w1 t mo/ ( our pres5t k w be eclips$ & =gott54 ,b ?is does n imply t our future k w be ess5tially diff]5t 9 nature f t :i* we acquire on e>?4 ,! gr& diff]5ce is1 t n[ we see ?r\gh a glass d>kly1 b !n face to face4 ,we c1 also1 see :y "s bran*es ( sci5ce cultivat$ on e>? %\ld be v mu* modifi$ 9 a future _w4 ,!re are sev]al1 = in/ance1 dep5d5t ma9ly ^u ! pres5t organic con/itution ( nature2 & ( su* bran*es only ! g5]al pr9ciples c survive ! de/ruction ( ! exi/+ framework ( animals & plants4 ,take1 = an example1 anatomy & physiology4 ,we believe1 inde$1 t ! new e>?1 :]e9 dwelle? righte\sness1 w be mat]ial1 & t ! bodies ( m5 w also be mat]ial4 ,b ev5 ?\gh ^! bodies %\ld be organiz$1 we le>n f ! ,scriptures t ?is organization w be v diff]5t f our pres5t bodies4 ,!y1 says ,*ri/1 :o %all be acc\nt$ wor?y to obta9 t _w1 & ! resurrection f ! dead1 nei!r m>ry nor are giv5 9 m>riage1 nei!r c !y die any m2 = !y are equal unto ! angels4 ,paul's vivid description ( ! future spiritual body leaves ! impression on ! m9d t x mu/ be v dissimil> to our pres5t bodies4 ,he does n attempt to def9e ! spiritual body1 probably because we c\ld n und]/& ! def9ition1 s9ce x w\ld be s unlike any ?+ on e>?4 ,he repres5ts x z incorruptible1 p[]ful1 & glori\s1 entirely 9 contra/ ) our pres5t bodies1 & decl>es t x is n fle% & blood1 & t x is n organiz$ l our pres5t bodies4 ,x seems1 !n1 t we h no c]ta9 evid5ce t ! future spiritual body w be organiz$2 & 9 a =m] lecture we h se5 t x is n necess>y to suppose x end[$ ) organs4 ,if n1 x is obvi\s t ! sci5ces ( anatomy & physiology c h no exi/5ce 9 a future _w1 except 9 ! memory4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 !re are "s ?+s 9 ,paul's description ( ! future body t make x q probable t its organization w be mu* m exquisite ?an any ?+ 9 exi/5ce on e>?4 ,he repres5ts x z spr++ f our pres5t bodies z a g]m f a se$2 & ?is w\ld seem to imply organization2 ?\gh we mu/ n inf] too mu* f a m]e rhetorical similitude4 ,b he also repres5ts ! spiritual body z f> transc5d+ ! natural body 9 glory & 9 p[]2 &1 s9ce ! latt] is fe>fully & wond]fully made1 we "k ( no?+ b ! mo/ exquisite organization t c give ! spiritual body su* a sup]iority ov] ! natural4 ,admitt+ t su* w be its /ructure1 &1 al?\gh ! nom5clature ( anatomy & physiology1 :i* is adapt$ to fle% & blood1 %all pass away & be =gott51 yet analog\s sci5ces %all be sub/itut$1 bas$ on facts & pr9ciples f> m int]e/+1 & develop+ relations & h>monies f> m beautiful4 ,x may be ?\ght1 inde$1 t1 s diff]5t w be ^! sci5ces f any ?+ on e>?1 t !re c be no common pr9ciples & no l9k ( connection4 ,b ! long] a man /udies ! works ( ,god1 ! m incl9$ w he be to reg>d ! univ]se1 mat]ial & immat]ial1 z f\nd$ on et]nal pr9ciples2 z1 9 fact1 a transcript ( ! div9e nature2 & t all ! *anges 9 nature are only new developm5ts ( un*ang+ fundam5tal laws1 n ! introduction ( new laws4 ,h5ce ! philosoph] w\ld inf] t 9 exi/+ nature we h ! prototype ( new heav5s & a new e>?2 & al?\gh a future condition ( ?+s may be z diff]5t f ! pres5t z ! plant is f ! se$ out ( :i* x spr+s1 /ill1 z ! se$ conta9s ! embryo ( a future plant1 s ! future _w may1 z x 71 lie coil$ up 9 ! pres5t4 ,if 9 ^! sugge/ions !re is any tru?1 !re may be a g]m 9 ! anatomy & physiology ( ! pres5t _w1 :i* %all survive ! de/ruction ( ! pres5t economy1 & unfold1 9 f> high] beauty & glory1 9 ! m cong5ial climate ( ! new heav5s & ! new e>?4 ,if s1 ! great pr9ciples ( ^! sci5ces :i* are acquir$ on e>?1 & :i* are s prolific 9 exhibitions ( div9e skill1 may n prove to be lo/ k4 ,!y %all be recogniz$ z types ( ^? f> high] & ri*] developm5ts ( organization :i* ! spiritual body %all exhibit4 ,x may be /ill m difficult to %[ t su* a sci5ce z botany w h a place 9 ! new e>?2 simply because we h no c]ta9 k ( ! exi/5ce ( vegetation !re4 ,we c inf] no?+ on ?is subject f ! figurative repres5tations ( ! new ,j]usalem 9 ,revelation1 s9ce ! drap]y is all d]iv$ f ?is _w4 ,b1 on ! g5]al pr9ciple already /at$1 t ! univ]se con/itutes b "o va/ & h>moni\s sy/em1 & all ! economies ^u x1 pa/1 pres5t1 & future1 are only diff]5t developm5ts ( et]nal pr9ciples1 ?is consid]ation1 ,i say1 %\ld make u hesitate be=e we inf] ! annihilation ( ! va/ vegetable k+dom ^u ! de/ruction ( ! pres5t economy ( ! _w4 ,& x does give u an aspect ( extreme b>r5ness & *e]lessness to ?9k ( ! new e>? entirely swept ( e ?+ analog\s to ! exi/+ foliage1 fl[]s1 & fruits4 ,we h attempt$ to %[1 h[ev]1 9 ano!r place1 t ! spiritual body may be ( su* a nature t x might exi/ 9 a temp]ature s high1 or s l[1 z to prev5t ! exi/5ce ( su* organic natures z n[ exi/4 ,b h[ easy = ! ,deity to create su* natures z are adapt$ to extremes ( temp]ature z wide z we n[ are acqua9t$ )2 & t1 too1 on ! same type z exi/+ nature2 s t ! new e>?1 :ile yet an inc&esc5t1 gl[+ ocean1 might teem ) animals & plants1 organiz$ on ! same g5]al pr9ciples z ^? ( ! pres5t e>?6 ,b !re is ano!r supposition4 ,i h endeavor$ to %[ t *ange ev] has be51 & probably ev] w be1 "o ( ! gr& means by :i* m9d is introduc$ to high] sph]es ( enjoym5t2 & ev5 ?\gh ! new e>? at fir/ %\ld be de/itute ( organic natures1 bo? animal & vegetable1 !y might be introduc$ 9 successive & m p]fect economies1 z a means ( increas$ happ9ess1 especially to rational natures4 ,^! are1 inde$1 only conjectures2 b ! balance ( probabilities seems to me to incl9e ! m9d to ! belief t !re may be a botany z well z zoology 9 ! future _w1 f> transc5d+ _! prototypes on e>?4 ,among ! ?+s t we may be c]ta9 w pass away ) ! pres5t _w is ! mode ( communicat+ our ideas by language4 ,?is ! apo/le expressly decl>es :5 he says1 ,:e!r !re be tongues1 t is1 languages1 !y %all cease4 ,n[1 ! acquisition ( languages1 & ! "r use ( language1 or rhetoric & oratory1 con/itute a l>ge "p ( :at m5 call le>n+ on e>?4 ,& ! "q is1 :e!r !re are any pr9ciples on :i* ^! bran*es ( k are bas$ t w become ! elem5ts ( new & high] modes ( communicat+ ?\ght 9 a future _w4 ,^! bran*es are1 inde$1 r to be reg>d$ z arts ?an sci5ces4 ,language is ! drap]y = clo?+ our ?\ghts1 &1 unless we h ?\ghts to clo!1 x becomes useless2 & rhetoric & oratory m]ely %[ u h[ to arrange t drap]y 9 ! mo/ attractive & impressive /yle4 ,b !re is su* a ?+ z ! philosophy ( language & ! philosophy ( rhetoric1 ^: pr9ciples are d]iv$ *iefly f moral & intellectual philosophy4 ,& ^!1 we h reason to believe1 are et]nal4 ,diff]5t z w be ! mode ( communicat+ ?\ghts h]eaft] f ! pres5t1 we %all f9d ! same philosophical pr9ciples ly+ at its f\ndation4 ,h5ce we may expect t !re w be a cele/ial language1 a cele/ial rhetoric1 & a cele/ial oratory1 9 ^: beauty & spl5dor ^? ( e>? w be =gott54 ,i n[ proce$ briefly to consid] ^? sci5ces :i*1 hav+ little connection ) mat]ial organization1 we may m confid5tly ma9ta9 w h an exi/5ce on ! new e>?4 ,x w be h>dly necess>y to sp5d mu* "t 9 prov+ t intellectual philosophy w be "o ( ! subjects ( inve/igation 9 a future _w4 ,= x w\ld be /range if ! noble/ "p ( ,god's workman%ip1 = :i* mat]ialism 0 creat$1 %\ld cease to be an object ( inquiry 9 t _w :]e alone x c be inve/igat$ ) mu* success4 ,:5 we consid] t ! :ole tra9 ( m5tal ph5om5a is con/antly pass+ "u ! m9d's own obs]vation1 & t a va/ am\nt ( "t & tal5t has be5 devot$ to ! subject ev] s9ce man began to philosophize1--t is1 = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1--x w\ld seem z if psy*ology ere ?is mu/ h atta9$ ! precision & c]ta9ty ( ma!matics4 ,b h[ diff]5t is ! fact6 ,i speak n ( a want ( agreem5t 9 op9ion on subord9ate po9ts1 = ^! m9or div]sities mu/ be expect$ 9 any sci5ce n /rictly demon/rative4 ,ev5 a/ronomy ab\nds ) !m4 ,b metaphysical philosoph]s h n yet be5 able to settle fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,!y are n yet agre$ z to ! exi/5ce ( _m ( ! mo/ famili> & important intellectual p[]s & pr9ciples ( action4 ,! sy/ems ( ,locke & ,hume1 con/ruct$ ) great ability1 7 ov]?r[n by ,reid2 ,/ew>t diff]$ mu* f ,reid2 & ,dr4 ,?omas ,br[n has p[]fully attack$ ! fabric erect$ by ,/ew>t4 ,& la/ly1 ! phr5ologi/s1 ) no mean ability1 h endeavor$ to %[ t all ^! philosoph]s are heav5-wide ( ! tru?1 because !y h s mu* neglect$ ! influ5ce ( ! mat]ial organs on ! m5tal p[]s4 ,n[1 ?is div]sity ( result1 arriv$ at by m5 ( su* pr(\nd abilities1 %[s t !re are peculi> difficulties 9 ! /udy ( m9d1 orig9at+1 probably1 9 ! fact t1 9 ?is _w1 we nev] see ! op]ation ( m9d ap>t f a gross mat]ial organization4 ,b 9 ano!r /ate1 :]e no organization w exi/1 or "o f> bett] adapt$ to m5tal op]ations1 we may hope = su* a cl>ification ( ! m5tal eye t ! laws ( m9d w assume ! precision & c]ta9ty ( ma!matics1 & ! relations betwe5 m9d & matt]1 n[ s obscure1 be fully develop$4 ,!n1 ,i d\bt n1 ! pr9ciples ( m5tal sci5ce w furni% a m spl5did illu/ration ( ! div9e p]fections ?an any :i* c n[ be d]iv$ f ! mat]ial _w4 ,w any "o believe t ! pr9ciples ( moral sci5ce & ma!matics w be alt]$ or annihilat$ by ! conflagration ( ! globe8 ,we believe !m no m dep5d5t ^u ! ext]nal univ]se ?an is ! div9e exi/5ce4 ,god exi/s by a necessity ( nature1 & ^! pr9ciples h ! same un*ang+ & et]nal orig94 ,if s1 no *anges 9 ! mat]ial _w c affect !m4 ,s f> z we und]/& !m "h1 we %all f9d !m true h]eaft]2 & we %all d\btless f9d t our pres5t k is b ! m]e twilight ( t bright day :i* w !re p\r its full light ^u ^! subjects4 ,ma!matical & moral tru?s1 :i* we n[ suppose to be g5]al laws1 we %alt !n f9d to be1 9 _m cases1 only ! ramifications ( pr9ciples f> wid]1 :i* we _c n[ discov]1 & :i* we c\ld n compreh5d 7 !y op5 to inspection4 ,& we %all also f9d t moral laws are z c]ta9 & demon/rable z ^? ( ma!matics2 & t !y =m ! adamant9e *a9 :i* holds toge!r ! spiritual _w1 & gives x symmetry & beauty1 z ma!matics l9ks toge!r ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,among m5 :o und]/& biblical int]pretation1 & also ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 ! belief 9 ! annihilation ( ! mat]ial univ]se at ! close ( man's probation>y /ate is fa/ disappe>+1 & ! m scriptural1 philosophical1 & animat+ doctr9e is embrac$1 t !re w be only a *ange ( =m & condition ( our e>? & its atmosph]e1 & t ! matt] ( ! univ]se w survive1 & successively assume new & m beautiful =ms1 x may be et]nally4 ,if s1 all ^? physical sci5ces1 :i* d n dep5d ^u organic /ructure1 w =m subjects ( inve/igation 9 ! heav5ly _w4 ,!re w be ! heav5ly bodies1 gov]n$ by ! same laws z at pres5t1 & (f]+ a noble field = exam9ation4 ,nor w ! heav5ly inhabitants ne$1 z on e>?1 visual organs & optical in/rum5ts1 :i*1 at be/1 af=d u only glimpses ( ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,= !re1 if we rightly conjecture1 w !y possess ! p[] ( le>n+1 ) almo/ intuitive c]ta9ty & intuitive rapidity1 ! "* & movem5ts ( ! mo/ di/ant worlds4 ,nay1 x may be t !y c pass f _w to _w ) ! velocity ( light1 & ?us become bett] acqua9t$ ) _! m intimate condition4 ,?us w ! a/ronomy ( ! cele/ial _w surpass1 beyond conception1 t sci5ce :i* ev5 n[ is reg>d$ z unequall$ = its sublimity4 ,we _c be sure ?r\gh :at mat]ial m$ium ! m9d w act 9 a future _w4 ,b ! mann] 9 :i* we "k heat1 light1 & electricity to be transmitt$1 makes x n impossible t ! same or a simil> m$ium may be ! vehicle ?r\gh :i* ?\ght %all be h]eaft] transmitt$4 ,if s1 we c easily und]/& h[ ! m9d w be able to p5etrate into ! mo/ recondite nature ( bodies1 & le>n ! mode 9 :i* !y act ^u "o ano!r2 = ! curi\s m$ium :i* conveys light & heat does p5etrate all bodies1 :e!r !y be solid or gase\s1 cold or hot4 ,h5ce we may le>n at a glance1 9 a future _w1 m ( ! int]nal con/itution ( bodies1 & ( _! mutual action1 ?an a :ole life on e>?1 sp5t 9 ! /udy ( *emi/ry1 w unfold4 ,!n1 too1 %all we d\btless f9d *emical laws op]at+ on a scale ( gr&eur & ext5t1 limit$ only by ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,univ]sally diffus$ z light1 heat1 & electricity are1 & dilig5tly z _! ph5om5a h be5 /udi$1 yet :at my/]y hangs ov] _! nature & op]ations6 ,!y seem to be too subtile1 & to approximate too ne>ly to immat]ial sub/ances1 to be appreh5d$ by our becl\d$ intellects4 ,:51 !re=e1 our means ( p]ception %all be va/ly improv$1 z we h reason to believe !y w be 9 et]nity1 ^! w become noble !mes = exam9ation4 ,= :o c d\bt t ag5ts s e!real 9 _! nature1 & app>5tly inde/ructible1 & ev5 un*ang$ by any means ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 w survive ! f9al cata/rophe ( our _w8 ,probably1 inde$1 we are all[$ to cat* only glimpses ( _! nature & op]ations on e>?1 s t we may safely anticipate an imm5se expansion ( ! electricity & optics :i* w =m a "p ( ! sci5ce ( heav54 ,we h endeavor$ to %[1 9 a =m] lecture1 t ! future resid5ce ( ! righte\s w be mat]ial2 t x w1 9 fact1 be ! pres5t e>?1 purifi$ by ! fires ( ! la/ day1 & ris+ f ! f9al ru9 9 r5ovat$ spl5dor4 ,we h %[n t ?is is ! doctr9e ( ,scripture1 ( philosophy1 & ( a majority ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,a solid _w1 !n1 w exi/1 ^: geology c be /udi$ by glorifi$ m9ds f> m accurately & successfully ?an ! globe :i* we inhabit2 = ^? m9ds w d\btless be able to p5etrate ! entire mass ( ! globe1 & le>n its :ole /ructure4 ,! f9al conflagration may1 inde$1 = ! mo/ "p1 oblit]ate ! traces ( pres5t & pa/ organic be+s4 ,b accord+ to ! doctr9e ( action & reaction 9 me*anics1 9 *emi/ry1 9 electricity1 & 9 organization1 e *ange t has ev] pass$ ov] ! e>? has left traces ( its occurr5ce :i* c nev] be blott$ out2 & x is n improbable t glorifi$ m9ds w possess ! p[] ( discov]+ & read+ ^! records ( ! pa/1 if n on ! pr9ciple j specifi$1 yet 9 "s o!r way2 s t ! entire geological hi/ory ( our planet w probably pass 9 cle> light be=e !m4 ,po9ts :i* we see only ?r\gh a glass d>kly w !n /& =? 9 full daylight2 & f ! glimpses we are able to obta9 9 ?is _w ( its pres5t geological *anges1 :at a mighty & int]e/+ s]ies w be se5 by cele/ial m9ds6 ,if1 ev5 by ! color$ rays :i* come ^u u ?r\gh ! twilight ( ?is _w1 we are able to see s _m /rik+ illu/rations ( ! div9e "* engrav5 on ! solid rocks1 :at a noble volume ( religi\s tru? %all be f\nd writt5 !re1 :5 ! light ( heav5 %all p5etrate ! e>?'s deep f\ndations6 ,^? f\ndations1 figuratively describ$ 9 revelation z s _m preci\s /ones1 be>+ up a city ( pure gold1 cle> z glass1 w !n reflect a ri*] light ?an ! co/lie/ lit]al gems :i* ! rocks n[ yield4 ,! geology ( heav5 w be respl5d5t ) div9e glory4 ,we see1 !n1 ) a few probable exceptions1 result+ f a diff]5ce betwe5 ! organism ( heav5 & e>?1 t sci5ce w survive ! ru9 ( ?is _w1 & 9 a nobl] =m engage ! m9ds1 & int]e/ ! he>ts1 ( heav5's inhabitants4 ,x w1 inde$1 =m a va/ /oreh\se1 :5ce pi\s m9ds c draw fuel to k9dle into a pur] & bright] flame _! love & _! devotion2 = !nce w !y d]ive new & high] developm5ts ( ! div9e "*4 ,%all we n1 !n1 admit t to be religi\s tru? on e>? :i* 9 heav5 w =m ! food ( p]fectly holy m9ds8 ,! position :i* ,i laid d[n1 at ! outset1 t sci5tific tru?1 rightly appli$1 is religi\s tru?1 seems to me mo/ cle>ly e/abli%$4 ,if admitt$1 !re fl[ f x sev]al inf]5ces ( no small int]e/1 :i* ,i am con/ra9$ to pres5t to y\r consid]ation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i inf] f ?is discussion t ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce are a transcript ( ! ,div9e ,"*4 ,i mean by ?is1 t ! laws ( nature1 :i* are synonym\s ) ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 are n ! result ( any arbitr>y & special enactm5t on ! "p ( ! ,deity1 b fl[ naturally f 8 p]fections2 s t1 9 fact1 ! v>i$ pr9ciples ( sci5ce are b s _m expressions ( ! p]fections ( ,jehovah4 ,if ! univ]se _h only a transi5t exi/5ce1 we might suppose ! laws t gov]n x to be ! result ( a special ord9ation ( ! ,deity1 & de/9$ to p]i% ) ! annihilation ( matt]4 ,b s9ce we h no evid5ce t matt] w ev] p]i%1 & at lea/ probable evid5ce t x w exi/ =ev]1 ! m rational supposition is1 t its laws result f ! nature ( ?+s1 & are only a developm5t ( s _m features ( ! div9e "*4 ,if s1 !n ! mo/ important inquiry 9 ! /udy ( ! sci5ces is to le>n f !m ! phases 9 :i* !y pres5t ! div9e p]fections4 ,9 ! second place1 x does n foll[ f ?is subject t ! mo/ ext5sive acquisitions 9 sci5ce necess>ily imply ! possession ( true piety4 ,piety consi/s 9 ! ex]cise ( "r affections ( he>t t[>ds ,god1 excit$ by religi\s tru?4 ,n[1 ,i h attempt$ to %[ only1 t ! natural t5d5cy ( sci5tific tru? is to excite su* religi\s affections2 b t t5d5cy1 l all o!r good influ5ces1 may be1 & (t5 is1 resi/$4 ,h5ce a man may rea* ! l(tie/ p9nacle ( sci5tific glory ^: he>t has nev] heav$ ) "o religi\s emotion4 ,he may p5etrate to ! v holy ( holies 9 nature's temple1 & yet reta9 8 a!ism1 9 spite ( ! hall[$ influ5ces t surr\nd him4 ,no?+ is pla9] 9 !ory1 &1 alas6 no?+ has be5 m surely confirm$ by exp]i5ce1 ?an t ! possession ( sci5ce is n ! possession ( religion4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 :at a p]v]sion ( sci5ce x is to employ x aga9/ religion6 ,rightly und]/ood1 & fairly int]pret$1 !re is n a s+le sci5tific tru? t does n h>moni\sly accord ) reveal$ z well z natural religion2 & yet1 by sup]ficial m9ds1 almo/ e "o ( ^! pr9ciples has1 at "o "t or ano!r1 be5 reg>d$ z 9 collision ) religion1 & especially ) revelation4 ,"o aft] ano!r h ^! app>5t discrepancies melt$ away be=e ! cle>] light ( fur!r exam9ation4 ,& yet1 up to ! pres5t day1 n a few1 clos+ _! eyes aga9/ ! lessons ( exp]i5ce1 /ill fancy t ! responses ( sci5ce are n 9 unison ) ^? f revelation4 ,b ?is is a s5tim5t :i* f9ds no place ) ! pr(\nd & unprejudic$ philosoph]2 = he has se5 too mu* ( ! h>mony betwe5 ! works & ! ^w ( ,god to d\bt ! id5tity ( _! orig94 ,he kn[s x to be a sad p]v]sion ( sci5tific tru? to use x = ! discr$it ( religion4 ,he kn[s t ! inspiration ( ! ,almighty brea!d ! same _s into sci5ce z into religion2 & if !y utt] discordant tones1 x mu/ be because "o or ! o!r has be5 =c$ to speak 9 an unnatural dialect4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 h[ entirely h ! natural t5d5cies ( sci5ce be5 misund]/ood1 :5 !y h be5 repres5t$ z lead+ to religi\s scepticism6 ,i d n d5y ! fact t _m sci5tific m5 h be5 sceptical4 ,b ,i ma9ta9 t ?is has be5 9 spite ( sci5ce1 r ?an ! result ( its natural t5d5cy2 = we h %[n t t5d5cy 9 all cases to be favorable to piety4 ,o!r m p[]ful causes1 !re=e1 mu/ h op]at$ to c\nt]act ! natural influ5ce ( sci5tific tru? 9 ^? cases :]e m5 em95t = sci5ce h spurn$ away f !m ! au?ority ( religion4 ,among ^! causes1 ! pride ( k is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful2 & be=e ! m9d has atta9$ to v pr(\nd views ( sci5ce1 ?is pride does (t5 ex]t a mo/ disa/r\s influ5ce ^u a man's religi\s feel+s4 ,he is look$ up to z an oracle on o!r subjects1 & :y %\ld he n be equally wise conc]n+ religion8 ,x is natural = him to feel desir\s1 9 su* circum/ances1 ( ris+ above all vulg> & sup]/iti\s views1 & ( conv9c+ 8 fell[-m5 t he has made z great discov]ies 9 religion z 9 sci5ce4 ,he1 !re=e1 calls 9 "q ! prevail+ religi\s op9ions4 ,hav+ once tak5 8 /& aga9/ ! tru?1 pride does n all[ him to rec$e1 & he endeavors to conv]t sci5tific tru? into weapons aga9/ religion4 ,& ?is p]v]sion produces ! impression1 ) ^? n famili> ) its natural t5d5cy1 t sci5ce fo/]s scepticism4 ,ano!r cause ( ?is scepticism is a sup]ficial acqua9tance ) ! religi\s be>+s ( sci5tific tru?4 ,x is "o ?+ to ma/] ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce 9 an ab/ract =m1 & q a diff]5t ?+ to und]/& _! religi\s be>+s4 ,moral reason+ is s diff]5t f physical & ma!matical1 t (t5 a m9d :i* is a prodigy = ! latt]1 is a m]e ,lilliput 9 ! =m]4 ,& yet t m9d may fancy itself z pr(\nd 9 ! "o z 9 ! o!r1 & may1 !re=e1 be z t5aci\s ( its errors 9 religion z ( its demon/rat$ v]ities 9 sci5ce4 ,9 ! foll[+ extract x w be se5 t ,dr4 ,*alm]s imputes ! religi\s scepticism connect$ ) sci5ce *iefly to a sup]ficial acqua9tance ) sci5ce4 ,8 rem>ks may seem unreasonably sev]e & sweep+2 nev]!less1 !y des]ve consid]ation4 ,& !y accord ) ! idea ( ,"l ,bacon1 :o says1 ,a smatt]+ ( philosophy leads to a!ism2 :]eas a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) x br+s him back aga9 to religion4 ,we h he>d1 ,dr4 ,*alm]s rem>ks1 t ! /udy ( natural sci5ce disposes to infidelity4 ,b we feel p]suad$ t ?is is a dang] associat$ only ) a slight & p>tial1 nev] ) a deep1 & adequate1 & compreh5sive1 view ( its pr9ciples4 ,x is v possible t ! conjunction betwe5 sci5ce & scepticism may at pres5t be m frequ5tly realiz$ ?an 9 =m] days2 b ?is is only because1 9 spite ( all t is alleg$ ab\t ?is our m enlight5$ day & m enlight5$ public1 our sci5ce is nei!r s deeply f\nd$1 nor ( su* firm & ?or\gh /aple1 z x 0 wont to be4 ,we h lo/ 9 dep? :at we h ga9$ 9 diffusion2 hav+ nei!r ! massive erudition1 nor ! gigantic s*ol>%ip1 nor ! pr(\nd & well-laid philosophy ( a p]iod t has n[ gone by2 & x is to ?is t ,infidelity /&s indebt$ = h] triumphs among ! sc(f]s & sup]ficiali/s ( a half-le>n$ g5]ation4--,*alm]s's ,works1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bfb4 ,briefly1 b nobly1 has ,sir ,john ,h]s*el v9dicat$ sci5ce f ! *>ge ( sceptical t5d5cies4 ,no?+ c be m unf\nd$ ?an ! objection :i* has be5 tak5 9 lim9e by p]sons1 well mean+1 p]haps1 c]ta9ly ( n>r[ m9ds1 aga9/ ! /udy ( natural philosophy1 &1 inde$1 aga9/ all sci5ce1 t x fo/]s 9 its cultivators an undue & ov]we5+ self-conceit1 leads !m to d\bt ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & to sc(f at reveal$ religion4 ,its natural effect1 we may confid5tly ass]t1 on e well-con/itut$ m9d1 is & mu/ be ! direct contr>y4 ,no d\bt ! te/imony ( natural reason1 on :atev] ex]cis$1 mu/1 ( c\rse1 /op %ort ( ^? tru?s :i* x is ! object ( revelation to make kn[n2 b :ile x places ! exi/5ce & pr9cipal attributes ( a ,deity on su* gr\nds z to r5d] d\bt absurd1 & a!ism ridicul\s1 x unque/ionably opposes no natural or necess>y ob/acle to fur!r progress2 on ! contr>y1 by *]i%+ z a vital pr9ciple an unb\nd$ _s ( inquiry & ard5cy ( expectation1 x unfett]s ! m9d f prejudices ( e k9d1 & leaves x op5 to e impression ( a high] nature1 :i* x is susceptible ( receiv+2 gu>d+ only aga9/ en?usiasm & self-deception by a habit ( /rict inve/igation1 b enc\rag+1 r ?an suppress+1 e ?+ t c (f] a prospect or hope beyond ! pres5t obscure & unsatisfactory /ate4 ,! "* ( ! true philosoph] is to hope all ?+s n impossible1 & to believe all ?+s n unreasonable4--,diss4 on ,/udy ( ,nat4 ,phil4 ,9 speak+ ( geology & revelation1 ,sir ,john says1 ,!re _c be two tru?s 9 contradiction to "o ano!r1 & a man mu/ h a m9d fitt$ nei!r = sci5tific nor = religi\s tru?1 ^: religion c be di/urb$ by geology1 or ^: geology c be di/ort$ f its "* ( an inductive sci5ce by a det]m9ation to accommodate its results to preconceiv$ int]pretations ( ! ,mosaic cosmogony4--,dr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,smi?'s ,lectures1 p4 viii4 #d? edition4 ,we h (t5 m\rn$1 says ,m',co%1 ov] ! attempts made to set ! works ( ,god aga9/ ! ^w ( ,god1 & !reby excite1 propagate1 & p]petuate jeal\sies fitt$ to sep>ate p>ties t ought to live 9 close/ union4 ,9 p>ticul>1 we h always regrett$ t endeavors %\ld h be5 made to depreciate nature ) a view ( exalt+ revelation2 x has always appe>$ to u to be no?+ else ?an ! degrad+ ( "o "p ( ,god's works 9 ! hope !reby ( exalt+ & recomm5d+ ano!r4 ,p]il\s z x is at all times = ! fri5ds ( religion to set !mselves aga9/ natural sci5ce1 x is especially dang]\s 9 an age l ! pres5t4 ,x is no pr(ane "w t is engag$ 9 by ^? :o1 9 all humility1 w\ld endeavor to remove jeal\sies betwe5 p>ties :om ,god has jo9$ toge!r1 & :om man is n at lib]ty to put asund]4 ,we are n l[]+ ! dignity ( sci5ce :5 we comm& x to d :at all ! objects :i* x looks at & admires d--:5 we comm& x to wor%ip ,god4 ,nor are we detract+ f ! honor :i* is due to religion :5 we press x to take sci5ce into its s]vice1 & accept ! homage :i* x is able to pay4 ,we are seek+ to exalt bo? :5 we %[ h[ nature conducts man to ! ?re%old ( religion1 & :5 f ?is po9t we bid him look abroad on ! wide t]ritories ( nature4 ,we w\ld aid at ! same "t bo? religion & sci5ce1 by remov+ ^? prejudices aga9/ sacr$ tru? :i* nature has be5 employ$ to fo/]2 & we w\ld accompli% ?is n by ca/+ aside & disc>d+ nature1 b by rightly int]pret+ x4 ,let n sci5ce & religion be reckon$ z oppos+ citadels1 fr[n+ defiance ^u ea* o!r1 & _! troops br&i%+ _! armor 9 ho/ile attitude4 ,!y h too _m common foes1 if !y w\ld b ?9k ( x1 9 ignorance & prejudice1 9 passion & vice1 "u all _! =ms1 to admit ( _! lawfully wa/+ _! /r5g? 9 a useless w>f>e ) ea* o!r4 ,sci5ce has a f\ndation1 & s has religion2 let !m unite _! f\ndations1 & ! basis w be broad]1 & !y w be two comp>tm5ts ( "o great fabric re>$ to ! glory ( ,god4 ,let ! "o be ! out] & ! o!r ! inn] c\rt4 ,9 ! "o1 let all look1 & admire1 & adore2 & 9 ! o!r1 let ^? :o h fai? kneel1 & pray1 & praise4 ,let ! "o be ! sanctu>y :]e human le>n+ may pres5t its ri*e/ inc5se z an (f]+ to ,god1 & ! o!r ! holie/ ( all1 sep>at$ f x by a veil n[ r5t 9 twa91 & 9 :i*1 on a blood-spr9kl$ m]cy-seat1 we p\r out ! love ( a reconcil$ he>t1 & he> ! oracles ( ! liv+ ,god4--,me?od ( ! ,div9e ,gov]nm5t1 p4 #ddi1 et seq4 ,9 ! fif? place1 sci5tific m5 & religi\s m5 may le>n f ?is subject to reg>d ea* o!r z engag$ 9 a common cause4 ,if x be inde$ true t sci5tific tru?1 rightly appli$1 is religi\s tru?1 !n may ! religi\s man be sure t e sci5tific discov]y w ultimately contribute to ! illu/ration ( ! "* or gov]nm5t ( ! ,deity2 & !re=e %\ld he enc\rage & rejoice 9 all su* inve/igations1 & bid ,god spe$ to ! vot>ies ( sci5ce4 ,ev5 ?\gh he _c see h[ ! new discov]y w illu/rate religion1 & ?\gh1 :5 imp]fectly develop$1 x may seem to h an unfavorable aspect1 he ne$ n fe> to confide 9 ! g5]al pr9ciple t sci5ce & religion are alike ( div9e orig91 & mu/ be 9 h>mony4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! vot>y ( sci5ce %\ld rememb] t ! /ate ( society mo/ favorable to 8 pursuits is "o 9 :i* religion ex]ts ! /ronge/ influ5ce4 ,x is = 8 int]e/1 !re=e1 m]ely z a lov] ( sci5ce1 & mu* m z a moral & acc\ntable ag5t1 to h pure religion prevail4 ,sci5tific & religi\s m5 %\ld1 !re=e1 look ^u ea* o!r z co-labor]s 9 a mo/ noble cause--9 illu/rat+ ! div9e "* & gov]nm5t4 ,all jeal\sy & n>r[-m9d$ exclusiv5ess %\ld be bani%$1 & side by side %\ld !y labor 9 w>m-he>t$ & g5]\s sympa?y4 ,alas6 h[ diff]5t f ?is has be5 ! hi/ory ( ! pa/6 &1 to a great ext5t1 h[ diff]5t x is at pres5t6 ,a /udy ( ! natural _w1 says ,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 tea*es n ! tru?s ( reveal$ religion1 nor d ! tru?s ( religion in=m u ( ! inductions ( physical sci5ce4 ,h5ce x is t m51 ^: /udies are too mu* conf9$ to "o bran* ( k1 (t5 le>n to ov]rate !mselves1 & s become n>r[ m9d$4 ,bigotry is a besett+ s9 ( our nature4 ,too (t5 has x be5 ! att5dant ( religi\s zeal2 b x is p]haps ! mo/ bitt] & unsp>+ :5 f\nd among ! irreligi\s4 ,a philosoph]1 n und]/&+ "o atom ( _! _s1 w sometimes sc(f at ! labors ( religi\s m52 & "o :o calls himself religi\s w1 p]haps1 return a l h>% judgm5t1 & ?ank ,god t he is n z ! philosoph]s2 =gett+1 all ! :ile1 t man c asc5d to no k except by faculties giv5 to him by 8 ,creator's h&1 & t all natural k is b a reflection ( ! w ( ,god4 ,9 h>% judgm5ts1 su* z ^!1 !re is n only mu* folly1 b mu* s94 ,true wisdom consi/s 9 see+ h[ all ! faculties ( ! m9d & all p>ts ( k be> ^u ea* o!r1 s z to "w toge!r to a common end2 m9i/]+ at once to ! happ9ess ( man & 8 ,mak]'s glory4--,disc\rse on ! ,/udies ( ! ,univ]sity1 #e? edition1 p4 #aje1 app5dix4 ,9 ! six? place1 ! subject %[s u :at is ! mo/ important use to be d]iv$ f sci5ce4 ,x does n consi/1 z m5 h be5 suppos+1 9 its application to ! useful arts1 :]eby civilization1 & human com=t & happ9ess are s greatly promot$2 al?\gh m5 h !reby be5 rais$ f a /ate ( b>b>ism & advanc$ to a high po9t on ! scale ( ref9em5t4 ,x is n ! application ( sci5ce z a means ( enl>g+ & discipl9+ ! m9d2 al?\gh ?is w\ld be a noble result ( sci5tific /udy4 ,b x is its application = ! illu/ration ( religion4 ,?is1 ,i say1 is its mo/ important use4 ,= :at high] or nobl] purpose c any pursuit subs]ve ?an 9 develop+ ! "*1 gov]nm5t1 & w ( t inf9ite ,be+1 :o is ! sum & c5tre ( all p]fection & happ9ess8 ,o!r objects accompli%$ by sci5ce are important1 & 9 ! bu/le ( life !y may seem to be its *ief end4 ,b 9 ! calmness ( mature ye>s1 :5 we beg9 to e/imate ?+s accord+ to _! real value1 we %all see t ! religi\s be>+s ( any pursuit f> transc5d 9 importance all its o!r relations2 = all its o!r t5d5cies & uses are limit$ to ?is _w1 & w1 !re=e1 be transi5t2 b e ?+ :i* be>s ! /amp ( religion is immortal1 & e ?+ :i* conc]ns ! ,deity is inf9ite4 ,x is true t b few :o are engag$ 9 sci5tific pursuits make mu* acc\nt ( _! be>+s ^u man's highe/ int]e/s2 b v diff]5t w x be 9 heav54 ,!re1 s f> z we "k1 all ! applications ( sci5ce to ! useful arts w be unkn[n1 & ! great object ( its cultivation w be to ga9 new & cle>] views ( ! p]fections & plans ( ,jehovah1 & ?us to awak5 t[>ds him a deep] rev]5ce & a w>m] love4 ,& su* %\ld be ! ri*e/ fruit ( sci5tific rese>*es on e>?4 ,9 ! sev5? place1 ! subject %[s u t ^? :o are ! mo/ em95t 9 sci5ce ought to be ! mo/ em95t 9 piety4 ,i am f> f ma9ta9+ t sci5ce is a suffici5t guide 9 religion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if left to itself1 z ,i fully admit1-- ,x leads to bewild]1 & dazzles to bl9d4 ,nor d ,i ma9ta9 t sci5tific tru?1 ev5 :5 prop]ly appreciat$1 w comp>e at all1 9 its influ5ce ^u ! human m9d1 ) ^? peculi> & high] tru?s disclos$ by revelation4 ,all ,i cont5d = is1 t sci5tific tru?1 illu/rat+ z x does ! div9e "*1 plans1 & gov]nm5t1 ought to fan & fe$ ! flame ( true piety 9 ! he>ts ( its cultivators4 ,he1 !re=e1 :o kn[s ! mo/ ( sci5ce ought mo/ p[]fully to feel ?is religi\s influ5ce4 ,he is n conf9$1 l ! great mass ( m51 to ! out] c\rt ( nature's magnific5t temple1 b he is admitt$ to ! int]ior1 & all[$ to trace its long halls1 aisles1 & gall]ies1 & gaze ^u its l(ty domes & ar*es2 nay1 z a prie/ he ent]s ! p5etralia1 ! holy ( holies1 :]e sacr$ fire is always burn+ ^u ! alt>s1 :]e hov]s ! glori\s ,s*ek9ah1 & :]e1 f a full or*e/ra1 ! an!m ( praise is ev] asc5d+4 ,petrifi$1 inde$1 mu/ be 8 he>t1 if x cat*es none ( ! inspiration ( su* a spot4 ,he ought to g =? f x among 8 fell[-m5 ) radiant glory on 8 face1 l ,moses f ! holy m\nt4 ,he :o sees mo/ ( ,god 9 8 works ought to %[ ! /amp ( div9ity ^u 8 "*1 & lead an em95tly holy life4 ,f9ally1 ! subject gives great int]e/ & dignity to ! /udy ( sci5ce4 ,x is n /range t ! religi\s man %\ld sometimes f9d 8 ardor damp$ 9 ! pursuit ( "s bran*es ( k1 by ! melan*oly reflection t !y c be ( no use beyond ?is _w1 & w exi/ only z objects ( memory 9 et]nity4 ,he may h devot$ _m a toilsome ye> to ! details & manipulations ( ! arts2 &1 s f> z ?is _w is conc]n$1 8 labors h be5 em95tly salut>y & int]e/+4 ,b all 8 labors & rese>*es c be ( no avail on ! o!r side ( ! grave2 & he _c b feel sad t s mu* /udy & ef=ts %\ld leave results no m p]man5t4 ,or he may h giv5 8 be/ days to load+ 8 memory ) ^? tongues :i* ! ,scriptures assure u %all cease2 or to ^? details ( mat]ial organization :i* c h no place or antitype 9 ! future _w4 ,int]e/+1 !re=e1 z su* pursuits h be5 on e>?1 nay1 indisp5sable z !y are to ! well be+ & progress ( human society1 x is melan*oly to realize t !y =m a "p ( t k :i* w vani% away4 ,! m9d delights 9 ! prospect ( aga9 turn+ its att5tion to ^? bran*es ( k :i* h engross$ & int]e/$ x on e>?1 & ( do+ ?is "u circum/ances f> m favorable to _! inve/igation4 ,& su* an anticipation he may reasonably indulge1 :o devotes himself on e>? to any bran* ( k n dep5d5t on arrangem5ts & organizations peculi> to ?is _w4 ,he may be confid5t t he is inve/igat+ ^? pr9ciples :i* w =m a "p ( ! sci5ce ( heav54 ,%\ld he ev] rea* t pure _w1 he kn[s t ! clogs :i* n[ weigh d[n 8 m9d w drop (f1 & ! cl\ds t obscure 8 vision w cle> away1 & t a bright] sun w p\r its radiance ^u 8 pa?4 ,he is fill+ 8 m9d ) pr9ciples t are immortal4 ,he is engag$ 9 pursuits to :i* glorifi$ & angelic m9ds are devot+ _! l(ty p[]s4 ,o!r bran*es ( k1 highly e/eem$ among m51 %all pass away ) ! de/ruction ( ?is _w4 ,! baseless hypo!ses ( sci5ce1 falsely s call$1 :e!r moral1 intellectual1 or physical1 & ! airy phantoms ( a light & fictiti\s lit]ature1 %all all pass into ! limbo ( =getfulness4 ,b ! pr9ciples ( true sci5ce1 con/itut+1 z !y d1 ! pill>s ( ! univ]se1 %all be> up t univ]se =ev]4 ,h[ _m que/ions ( deep int]e/1 respect+ 8 favorite sci5ce1 mu/ ! philosoph] 9 ?is _w leave unansw]$1 h[ _m po9ts unsettl$6 ,b :5 he /&s ^u ! vantage-gr\nd ( ano!r _w1 all ^! po9ts %all be se5 9 ! bright transp>5cies ( heav54 ,9 ?is _w1 ! vot>ies ( sci5ce may be comp>$ ) ! aborig9es :o dwell ar\nd "s "o ( ! pr9cipal s\rces ( ! ,riv] ,amazon4 ,!y h be5 able1 p]haps1 to trace "o or two1 or x may be a doz51 ( its tribut>ies1 f _! comm5cem5t 9 "s m\nta9 spr+1 & to foll[ !m onw>ds z !y enl>ge by unit+1 s z to be> along ! frail canoes1 9 :i*1 p]haps1 !y pass a few hundr$ miles t[>ds ! ocean4 ,on ! "r & on ! left1 a multitude ( o!r tribut>ies swell ! /ream :i* c>ries !m onw>d1 until x seems to !m a mighty riv]4 ,b !y are ignorant ( ! hundr$ o!r tribut>ies :i* dra9 ! va/ ea/]n slope ( ! ,&es1 & sweep ov] ! wide pla9s1 till _! unit$ wat]s h =m$ ! maje/ic ,amazon4 ,( t riv] 9 its full glory1 & especially ( ! imm5se ocean t lies beyond1 ! natives h no conception2 unless1 p]haps1 "s individual1 m d>+ ?an ! re/1 has float$ onw>d till 8 a/oni%$ eye c\ld sc>cely disc]n ! %ore on ei!r h&1 & be=e him he saw ! illimitable ,atlantic1 :it5$ by ! m>9]'s sail & ! cre/$ waves2 & he may h gone back to tell 8 unbeliev+ c\ntrym5 ! m>vell\s /ory4 ,j s is x ) m5 ( sci5ce4 ,!y are able to trace ) cle>ness a few rills ( tru? f ! f\nta9 head1 & to foll[ !m onw>d till !y unite 9 a great pr9ciple1 :i* at fir/ m5 fancy is ! *ief law ( ! univ]se4 ,b z !y v5ture /ill f>!r onw>d1 !y f9d new tribut>y tru?s com+ 9 on ei!r side1 to =m a pr9ciple or law /ill m broad & compreh5sive4 ,yet x is only a few gift$ & adv5tur\s m9ds t are able1 f "s advanc$ m\nta9 top1 to cat* a glimpse ( ! entire /ream ( tru?1 =m$ by ! h>moni\s union ( all pr9ciples1 & fl[+ on maje/ically into ! b\ndless ocean ( all k1 ! ,inf9ite ,m9d4 ,b :5 ! ,*ri/ian philosoph] %all be p]mitt$ to resume ! /udy ( sci5ce 9 a future _w1 ) p[]s ( inve/igation enl>g$ & cl>ifi$1 & all ob/acles remov$1 he w be able to trace onw>d ! v>i\s ramifications ( tru?1 till !y unite into high] & high] pr9ciples1 & become "o 9 t c5tre ( c5tres1 ! ,div9e ,m9d4 ,t is ! ,ocean f :i* all tru? orig9ally sprang1 & to :i* x ultimately returns4 ,to trace out ! %ores ( t %oreless ,sea1 to measure its measureless ext5t1 & to fa?om its unfa?omable dep?s1 w be ! noble & ! joy\s "w ( et]nal ages4 ,& yet et]nal ages may pass by & see ! "w only begun4 ,footnotes3 #a ,i ought surely to except ! "w ( ,pr(essor ,ba*man1 :i* ,i h n read1 b :i* 0 c]ta9ly writt5 by an able naturali/4 #b ,i am n aw>e t ?is reply to ! objection 0 ev] advanc$1 till ! publication1 by myself1 la/ ye>1 ( a s]mon on ! ,resurrections ( ,spr+1 9 a small volume ( s]mons1 entitl$ ,religi\s ,lectures on "s peculi> ,ph5om5a 9 ! ,f\r ,seasons4 ,i may be mi/ak52 b ,i _c see :y ?is reply does n completely meet ! difficulty1 & free an important doctr9e f an incubus "u :i* x has long la9 half smo!r$4 #c ,i hope x is n vanity to say t ?is subject1 also1 0 fir/ sugge/$ 9 ! s]mon ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ note4 ,if correct1 x op5s an animat+ prospect to ! afflict$ ,*ri/ian4 #d ,! fir/ edition ( ?is "w 0 republi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ,engl& x has rea*$ ! fif? edition1 mu* enl>g$4 #e ,two or ?ree ye>s s9ce ,pr(essor ,bronn describ$ tw5ty-six ?\s& six hundr$ & sev5ty-eight species2 &1 ^u an av]age1 "o ?\s& species are discov]$ e ye>4 ,m4 ,alcide ,d',orbigny1 9 #ahej1 /at$ ! numb] ( mollusks & radiat$ animals alone at sev5te5 ?\s& n9e hundr$ & =ty-sev5 species4 #f ,! news has j rea*$ u t ?is v5]able man is no m4 ,i 0 pres5t la/ summ] at ,hom]ton1 :5 he resign$ ! *>ge ( t belov$ in/itution4 ,f 8 addresses & 8 pray]s1 s r$ol5t ( ! _s ( heav51 ,i might h kn[n t he 0 plum+ 8 w+s = 8 upw>d flight4 ,i am ?ankful t ,i 0 p]mitt$ to see ! man1 :om1 ( all o!rs 9 ,europe1 ,i mo/ desir$ to see4 ,b ,dr4 ,buckl& ,i did n meet2 = he 0 9 an insane hospital1 ) no prospect ( recov]y4 ,alas6 h[ sad to ?9k ( su* ,*ri/ian philosoph]s1 s soon remov$ f ! _w1 or f all conc]n 9 x6 ,c\ld ,i d>e to hope t ,i %all meet !m & k9dr$ spirits be=e ! ?rone ( our common ,r$eem]1 h[ %\ld ,i exclaim ) ,cic]o1 ,o precl>um diem1 quum 9 illud animorum concilium coelumque pr(icisc>1 ut quum ex hac turba et colluvione disc$am6 #g ,?is _h always seem$ to me a v /rong case1 z ,i _h se5 x describ$4 ,b a rec5t visit to ! spot 7,septemb]1 #ahej7 did n make s /rong an impression ^u me z ,i expect$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i f\nd ! head ( ,lake ,lehman1 :]e ! ,rhone ent]s1 to be s n>r[1 t ! detritus br\ght d[n by ! riv] _c spread itself out v f> lat]ally4 ,secondly1 ,i f\nd1 on asc5d+ ! ,rhone1 t x is e :]e a v rapid /ream2 &1 on acc\nt ( ! orig9ation ( its bran*es f glaci]s1 x is always load$ ) mud4 ,s t ! process ( deposition mu/ be go+ on cont9ually4 ,?is _c be ! case 9 "o 9 t5 ( o!r riv]s1 ^: wat]s1 = mo/ ( ! ye>1 are cle>4 ,?is case1 !n1 is only a q unusual exception1 & _c be reg>d$ z a /&>d by :i* to judge ( ! rate ( deposition at pres5t1 or 9 pa/ times4 #h ,= a mu* m m9ute & ext5d$ acc\nt ( ! diff]5t modes propos$ to reconcile geology & revelation1 & inde$ ( _! entire connection1 ,i w\ld ref] to sev]al pap]s 9 ! ,am]ican ,biblical ,repository1 especially to ! numb] = ,octob]1 #ahce1 p4 #bfa4 ,! progress ( sci5ce has1 inde$1 r5d]$ x desirable to *ange a few s5t5ces 9 ^? articles2 b all _! ess5tial pr9ciples ,i /ill ma9ta94 #i ,see ,/u>t & ,hodge on ,rom4 v4 #ab2 also ,*alm]s's ,lectures on ,romans1 ,lecture #bf2 & ,h>ris's ,man ,primeval1 p4 #agh4 #aj ,john/on's ,physical ,atlas1 pp4 #ff1 #gf1 7,philadelphia edition1 #ahej47 #aa ,rev4 ,joseph ,tracy1 ,biblio!ca ,sacra1 ,oct4 #ahej1 p4 #fad4 #ab ,see ! ,frontispiece4 #ac ,! subject ( ?is inf]5ce is treat$ ) great ability & c&or 9 ! ,biblo!ca ,sacra = ,novemb]1 #ahdi1 by my fri5d & colleague1 ,rev4 ,joseph ,hav51 ,jr41 pr(essor ( intellectual & moral philosophy 9 ,amh]/ ,college4 #ad ,9 ?is description ,i h attempt$ to give exactly ! exp]i5ce ( myself & ,john ,tappan1 ,esq41 ) our wives1 :o asc5d$ ,sn[don 9 ,june1 #ahej4 ,a few days aft]1 we asc5d$ ,cad] ,idris1 ano!r m\nta9 ( ,wales1 ne> ,dolgelly1 :]e ! views 7 p]haps equally wild & sublime1 ) ! addition ( a va/ numb] ( trap columns1 & a pseudo-crat]1 ) its jagg$ & fr[n+ sides4 #ae ,:5 ,i visit$ ?is spot1 9 ,septemb]1 #ahej1 ,i 0 s =tunate z to get sight ( a p>ty t _h j comm5c$ ! desc5t f ! summit ( ,mont ,blanc4 ,to ! nak$ eye !y 7 invisible1 b ! :ole tra9 c\ld be di/9ctly se5 ?r\gh a telescope4 ,?is 0 ! ?ird p>ty t _h asc5d$ t m\nta9 9 ! summ] ( #ahej4 ,i d\bt n t ! dang]s h be5 exagg]at$1 & t ! excursion w become common4 ,!re are o!r po9ts ( great int]e/ ar\nd ,*am\ny1 :i* ,i h n notic$1 "s ( :i* ,i visit$1 b n all4 ,i h m5tion$ only ! mo/ common4 #af ,9 ,septemb]1 #ahej1 ,i visit$ ?is well1 & f\nd ! wat] runn+ /ill1 at ! rate ( six hundr$ & sixty gallons p] m9ute at ! surface1 & half t am\nt at ! top ( a tube "o hundr$ & twelve feet high1 f :5ce x c\ld be c>ri$ to any "p ( ,p>is2 &1 9 fact1 does supply "s ( ! /reets4 ,i ta/$ ! wat]1 & f\nd x pleasant1 ?\gh w>m1 7#hd deg4 ,fahr5heit47 #ag ,i adopt ?is division f an able ,am]ican review ( ! ,ve/iges4 #ah ,= ! details ( ?is rem>kable subject1 see ! ,p>!nog5esis ( ,pr(essor ,ow51 p4 #gf1 7,london1 #ahdi27 ,/e5/rup's ,alt]nation ( ,g5]ations1 publi%$ by ! ,ray ,society 9 #ahde1 & ,s$gwick's ,disc\rse on ! ,/udies ( ! ,univ]sity1 ,supplem5t1 p4 #aic1 7,london1 #ahej47 #ai ,! subject ( ?is lecture has be5 ably discuss$1 )9 a few ye>s1 9 mo/ ( ! lead+ p]iodicals 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 ?\gh ,i mu/ say n always ) ! c&or calculat$ to d ! mo/ good4 ,! two mo/ able volumes t h fall5 into my h&s1 on ! subject1 are ,pr(essor ,s$gwick's ,disc\rse on ! ,/udies ( ! ,univ]sity1 c41 7fif? ed41 ,london1 #ahej17 & ,hugh ,mill]'s ,footpr9ts ( ! ,creator1 n[ republi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 #bj ,?is subject has be5 treat$ m fully1 & ,i hope m satisfactorily1 9 a little "w ( m9e1 :i* has j rea*$ its second edition1 entitl$ ,religi\s ,lectures on ,peculi> ,ph5om5a 9 ! ,f\r ,seasons1 7,amh]/1 #ahea47 ,see ! fir/ ,lecture1 on ! ,resurrections ( ,spr+4 ,,union ,,book ,,/ore ,,all5 ,,spi] ,,import]s ,,& ,,deal]s ,,9 ,,s*ool1 ,,law1 ,,m$ical ,,miscellane\s ,,books2 ,pap]1 ,blank ,books2 ,am]ican1 ,engli% & ,fr5* ,/aple & ,fancy ,/ation]y1 ,no4 #adh ,,clay ,,/reet1 ,j bel[ ,montgom]y1 ,,san ,,francisco4 ,,union ,,s*ool ,,book ,,depository4 ,?is dep>tm5t embraces ! late/ editions ( ! mo/ approv$ text books 9 v>i\s languages4 ,,spell]s ,,& ,,read]s4 ,abbot's1 ,mc,guffey's1 ,heman's1 ,swan's1 ,s&]s'1 ,t[n's1 ,web/]'s1 c4 ,,ari?metic4 ,adams'1 ,colburn's1 ,davie's1 ,gre5leaf's1 ,ray's1 ,smi?'s1 ,?ompson's1 c4 ,,geography4 ,mit*ell's1 ,morse's1 ,olney's1 ,smi?'s1 c4 ,,gramm>4 ,br[n's1 ,bullion's1 ,kirkham's1 ,smi?'s1 ,weld's1 c4 ,,hi/ory4 ,,allison',s1 ,bancr(t's1 ,gibbons'1 ,grote's1 ,hildre?'s1 ,humes'1 ,josephus1 ,macauley's1 ,,mo%eim',s1 ,,prescott',s1 ,russell1 ,roll91 ,tytl]'s1 ,will>d's1 c4 ,works on ,geology1 ,botany1 ,*emi/ry1 ,philosophy1 ,a/ronomy1 ,physiology1 c4 ,book-keep+1 ,p5man%ip1 ,ma!matics1 ,agriculture1 ,dome/ic ,economy1 c4 ,,languages4 ,v>i\s works1 compris+1 ,oll5dorf's ,me?od = le>n+ ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 ,g]man1 ,italian1 c4 ,,an?on',s ,,classical ,,s]ies2 also1 ,greek & ,lat9 ,gramm>s1 ,read]s1 ,diction>ies1 c4 ,,ar*itecture4 ,city & ,rural1 ,m>9e & ,naval4 ,,music ,,books4 ,am]ican ,vocali/1 ,devotional ,h>moni/1 ,new ,c>m9a ,sacra1 ,alp9e ,glee ,s+]1 ,dulcim]1 ,"y ,melodi/1 ,sabba? ,s*ool ,gems1 ,sunday ,s*ool ,h>moni/2 ,in/ruction ,books = ,viol91 ,accordeon1 c4 ,,=eign ,,books4 ,hi/ories1 ,biographies1 ,novels1 c41 9 ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 ,g]man1 ,italian1 ,wel% & ,dut*4 ,,law ,,books4 ,compris+ 9 "p works by ,/ory1 ,*itty1 ,gre5leaf1 ,b>b\r1 ,vattell1 ,bright1 ,adams1 ,dean1 ,dunlap2 also1 ,=m ,books1 ,reports1 c4 ,,m$ical ,,books4 ,embrac+ works on ,dome/ic ,m$ic9e1 ,anatomy1 ,surg]y1 ,diseases ( ,wom5 & ,*ildr51 c41 by ,dunglison1 ,hoop]1 ,coop]1 ,meigs1 ,lawr5ce1 ,dewees1 ,wilson1 ,c>p5t]1 ,watson1 ,taylor1 ,*ur*ill1 ,la ,ro*e1 ,nelligan1 c4 ,h also con/antly on h&1 a l>ge /ock ( ,,miscellane\s ,,books1 ,9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ,lit]ature1 among :i* are ! foll[+3 ,,bohn',s ,/&>d1 ,sci5tific1 ,antiqu>ian1 ,classical1 & ,illu/rat$ ,libr>ies--compris+ ab\t #aej vols4 ,,h>p]',s ,family & ,classical d--#bjj vols4 ,,d[n+',s ,agricultural & ,ar*itectural ,works4 ,,b5jam9',s1 ,la ,fev]'s1 ,sloane's & ,griffi?'s ,ar*itecture4 ,,prim]s1 ,toy ,books1 ,juv5ile ,books & ,sabba? 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