,,moral ,,!ology ,a ,complete ,c\rse ,bas$ on ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as & ! ,be/ ,mod]n ,au?orities ,,by ,,john ,a4 ,,m*ugh1 ,o4,p4 ,,& ,,*>les ,j4 ,,callan1 ,o4,p4 ,,revis$ ,,& ,,enl>g$ ,,by ,,edw>d ,p4 ,,f>rell1 ,o4,p4 ,,new ,,york ,,city ,,joseph ,f4 ,,wagn]1 ,,inc4 ,,london3 ,b4 ,,h]d] ,nihil ,ob/at ,,elwood ,,f]r] ,,smi?1 ,o4,p41 ,s4,t4,m4 ,,b5jam9 ,,urban ,,fay1 ,o4,p41 ,s4,t4,,lr4 ,imprimi ,pote/ ,,v ,,rev4 ,,william ,d4 ,,m>r91 ,o4,p41 ,p4,g41 ,s4,t4,m4 ,prov9cial ,nihil ,ob/at ,,john ,a4 ,,goodw9e1 ,j4,c4,d4 ,c5sor ,librorum ,imprimatur ,,francis ,,c>d9al ,,spellman ,ar*bi%op ( ,new ,york ,new ,york1 ,may #bd1 #aieh ,! nihil ob/at & imprimatur are (ficial decl>ations t a book or pamphlet is free ( doctr9al or moral error4 ,no implication is conta9$ !re9 t ^? :o h grant$ ! nihil ob/at & imprimatur agree ) ! cont5ts1 op9ions or /atem5ts express$4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,ref]5ces to ! ,code ( ,canon ,law 9 ?is "w are to ! #aiag v]sion ( ! ,code1 lat] sup]s$$ by ! #aihc v]sion4 ,all ,rights ,res]v$ by ,joseph ,f4 ,wagn]1 ,inc41 ,new ,york ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,preface ,! purpose ( ! pres5t "w is to give a complete & compreh5sive treatise on ,ca?olic ,moral ,!ology1 t is1 on t bran* ( sacr$ le>n+ :i* treats ( ! regulation ( human conduct 9 ! light ( reason & reveal$ tru?4 ,?is new "w /rives to deal ) ! subject z a sy/ematic & ord]ly :ole1 & is bas$ ?r\gh\t on ! pr9ciples1 tea*+ & me?od ( ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 :ile supplem5t+ t great ,doctor ( ! ,*ur* f ! be/ mod]n au?orities4 ,ne$less to say1 !re are _m que/ions & problems connect$ ) mod]n life t did n exi/ :5 ! great classic works on ,moral ,!ology 7 writt51 & to ^! naturally special att5tion has be5 giv5 9 ! treatm5t t foll[s4 ,n[adays1 s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! ,new ,code & ( _m special works on ,canon ,law1 x w\ld be a mi/ake to encumb] ! pages ( a "w l ! pres5t "o ) canonical que/ions ( int]e/ only to ! speciali/1 & :i* are ably & abundantly treat$ 9 f9e comm5t>ies on ! ,code t are already available4 ,likewise1 x w\ld be an error to treat "h matt] p]t95t only to ,dogmatic ,!ology or ,hi/ory4 ,all digressions1 !re=e1 into ali5 fields h be5 avoid$ 9 ?is "w1 ) ! result t a great] numb] ( useful moral que/ions h be5 h]e9 consid]$4 ,b n only is x necess>y to avoid irrelevant subjects1 b x is also ne$ful n to sacrifice ess5tials = accid5tals 9 any "w ( ?is k9d4 ,x is ! fault ( too _m textbooks on ,moral ,!ology to /ress controv]sies1 cite au?ors1 & quote op9ions1 at ! exp5se ( ! pr9ciples & reasons t gov]n & expla9 ! tea*+ giv54 ,?is "w es*ews t me?od1 & is at pa9s ev]y:]e1 fir/ ( all1 to lay ! f\ndations on :i* ! sup]/ructure is to be built1 namely1 ! def9itions & rules t are presuppos$ to moral judgm5ts & conclusions4 ,obvi\sly1 ?is is a m logical way ( proce$+1 & x consequ5tly enables ! /ud5t mu* m easily to und]/& & reta9 ! matt] /udi$1 s9ce he c ?us reason que/ions out = himself4 ,moreov]1 su* a me?od makes = brevity & r5d]s x possible1 z said above1 to treat m subjects ?an c\ld o!rwise be treat$2 x makes x possible to cond5se ! matt] ( _m pages ( l>g] & less accessible works into brief & t]se p>agraphs4 ,b f ?is x %\ld n be ga!r$ t ! "w :i* foll[s aims to pres5t ,moral ,!ology 9 a dryly sci5tific fa%ion4 ,on ! contr>y1 x has be5 our endeavor to treat ! matt] 9 a way t is at once cle>1 solid1 compreh5sive & int]e/+4 ,s9ce ! g5]al & ! ab/ract d n make ! same /rong impression z ! p>ticul> & ! concrete1 laws & axioms are copi\sly illu/rat$ ?r\gh\t ) p]t95t & practical examples t (t5 am\nt to brief casus consci5tiae1 ?us comb9+ ! !ory & ! practice ( ,moral ,!ology4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to ?9k t1 :ile ,moral ,!ology is a te*nical & sci5tific treatise on human conduct1 x deals exclusively or prim>ily ) vice & s91 & t x is int5d$ only to enable ! prie/ rightly to adm9i/] ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance1 di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! v>i\s classes ( s9s & _! consequ5ces4 ,( c\rse1 x does all ?is1 b x %\ld d mu* m2 = x has also a mu* high] purpose1 :i* is to enable man1 n only to "k :at is =bidd5 & h[ he may escape f moral disease & dea?1 b also to und]/& :at are 8 duties & h[ he may live ! life ( grace & virtue4 ,! subject is inde$ m positive ?an negative1 & x %\ld be discuss$ accord+ly4 ,?us1 f> f be+ useful m]ely to confessors z a guide by :i* !y may detect & di/+ui% mortal & v5ial s9s & ! high] & l[] degrees ( culpability1 ,moral ,!ology 9 its broad] aspect %\ld be ( ! greate/ s]vice likewise to ! individual 9 =m+ 8 own habits & "*1 & 9 p>ticul> to ^? :o h ! guidance ( o!rs1 :e!r 9 or out ( ! confessional1 su* z pa/ors1 prea*]s1 tea*]s1 & ! l4 ,consequ5tly1 ! pres5t "w has be5 writt5 ) a view to ! homiletic & pa/oral functions ( ! prie/1 z well z ^? t p]ta9 /rictly to ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,sacram5ts4 ,h]et(ore works on ,moral ,!ology 9 ,engli% h be5 altoge!r too few or too fragm5t>y1 :]eas !y h be5 abundant 9 ! v]nacul>s ( ,cont95tal ,europe--,g]man1 ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 ,italian1 etc4 ,?is does n mean t ! pres5t "w is int5d$ to replace ! ,lat9 text-books us$ 9 our sem9>ies1 b r t x %\ld enable /ud5ts & prie/s to get a m ?or\gh & ready k ( an all-important subject1 & to adapt x m easily to ! v>y+ ne$s ( ! m9i/ry4 ,! section ( ?is "w on ,law has be5 c>efully read by two em95t civil lawy]s4 ,,! ,,au?ors4 ,may #aj1 #aibi4 ,,revisor',s ,,note ,?is is a revision1 n a rewrit+4 ,v>i\s deletions & additions h be5 made ) ! int5t ( br++ ! "w up to date )9 ! scope ( ! orig9al plan & me?ods ( ! au?ors4 ,9 ?is way x has be5 possible to pres]ve ! features t h made ?is manual a /&>d guide = ! pa/ ?irty ye>s4 ,,edw>d ,p4 ,,f>rell1 ,o4,p41 ,s4,t4,,lr41 ,s4,t4,d4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 ,june #h1 #aieh ,,cont5ts ,volume ,i ( pr9t edition1 ?r\gh section #afbe ,,preface ,,introduction ,def9ition ( ,moral ,!ology 7#a-c74--,! ,objects ( ,moral ,!ology 7#d-e74--,! ,s\rces ( ,moral ,!ology 7#f-ab74--,! ,me?ods ( ,moral ,!ology 7#ac-ad74--,! ,hi/ory ( ,moral ,!ology 7#ae-af74--,! ,division ( ,moral ,!ology 7#ag-ah74 ,,"p ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,moral ,,!ology ,"q ,i ,,! ,,la/ ,,end ,,( ,,man ,,& ,,! ,,means ,,to ,,t ,,end ,art4 #a4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,end ,,( ,,man ,! ,exi/5ce ( ! ,la/ ,end 7#ai74--,! ,nature ( ! ,la/ ,end 7#bj74--,! ,atta9m5t ( ! ,la/ ,end 7#ba74 ,art4 #b4 ,,acts ,,z ,,human ,introduction 7#bb74--;,def9ition 7#bc74--,k ,requisite = a ,human ,act 7#bd-cc74--;,cons5t ,requisite = a ,human ,act 7#cd-ci74--,ob/acles to ,cons5t 7#dj-ee74--,two ,k9ds ( ,volunt>y ,acts 7#ef-fb74 ,art4 #c4 ,,acts ,,z ,,moral ,introduction 7#fc74---;,def9ition 7#fd-fi74--,! ,s\rces ( ,morality 7#gj-ge74--;,good ,acts 7#gf-gh74--;,bad ,acts 7#gi-ha74--;,indiff]5t ,acts 7#hb-hf74--,p]fect & ,ess5tial ,goodness 7#hg-hh74--,morality ( ! ,ext]nal ,act 7#hi-ic74--,morality ( ! ,act ,indirectly ,will$ 7#id-ie74--,morality ( ! ,consequ5ces ( an ,act 7#if74--;,imputability 7#ig-aje74 ,art4 #d4 ,,acts ,,z ,,m]itori\s ,introduction 7#ajf74--;,def9ition 7#ajg74--;,divisions ( ,m]it 7#ajh-aae74 ,art4 #e4 ,,! ,,passions ,introduction 7#aaf74--;,def9ition 7#aag74--;,division 7#aah-abj74--,moral ,value ( ! ,passions 7#aba-aca74 ,"q ,,ii ,,good ,,& ,,bad ,,habits ,,introduction 7#acb7 ,art4 #a4 ,,habits ,,9 ,,g5]al ,def9ition 7#acc74--;,division 7#acd-acf74--,/r5g!n+ & ,weak5+ ( ,habits 7#acg-aci74--;,habits & ,morality 7#adj-ada74 ,art4 #b4 ,,good ,,habits1 ,,or ,,virtues ,def9ition 7#adb74--;,division 7#adc-aeb74--,prop]ties ( ! ,virtues 7#aec-aeh74--;,complem5ts ( ! ,virtues 7#aei-aff74 ,art4 #c4 ,,bad ,,habits1 ,,or ,,vices ,def9ition 7#afg74--;,divisions 7#afh74--,mortal ,s9 7#afi-agi74--,v5ial ,s9 7#ahj-ahd74--;,imp]fections 7#ahe74--;,*ange 9 ! ,gravity ( ,moral ,defects 7#ahf-aif74--,! ,di/9ctions ( ,s9s 7#aig-bai74--;,comp>ison ( ,s9s 7#bbj-bbi74--,! ,subjects ( ,s9s 7#bcj-bde74--,! ,causes ( ,s9 7#bdf-bfg74--,! ,motives ( ,s9 7#bfh-bga74--,! ,results ( ,s9 7#bgb-bhc74 ,"q ,,iii ,,law ,,introduction ,art4 #a4 ,,law ,,9 ,,g5]al ,def9ition 7#bhe74--;,division 7#bhf-bhg74--;,collision ( ,laws 7#bhh-bib74--,! ,basis ( ,all ,laws 7#bic-bid74 ,art4 #b4 ,,! ,,natural ,,law ,mean+ 7#bie-bif74--;,division 7#big-cjd74--,prop]ties 7#cje-cbg74 ,art4 #c4 ,,! ,,positive ,,div9e ,,law ,mean+ 7#cbh-ccj74--;,division 7#cca74--,! ,mosaic ,law 7#ccb-cde74--,! ,law ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7#cdf-cfi74 ,art4 #d4 ,,human ,,law ,def9ition 7#cgj74--;,division 7#cga74--,qualities 7#cgb-cgd74--,obligation ( ,human ,laws 7#cge-chd74--;,int]pretation ( ,law 7#che-chf74--,^? ,subject to ,law 7#chg-chh74--;,*ange ( ,law 7#chi-cij74--,! ,law ( ,cu/om 7#cia-djj74--;,disp5sation 7#dja-daj74--;,epieikeia 7#daa-dag74 ,art4 #e4 ,,ecclesia/ical ,,law ,introduction 7#dah-dai74--;,g5]al ,law ( ! ,*ur* 7#dbj-dbb74-- ,lawgiv]s 9 ! ,*ur* 7#dbc-dbd74--,subject-,matt] ( ,*ur* ,law 7#dbe-dbf74--,^? ,b\nd by ,g5]al ,laws 7#dbg-dcd74--,^? ,b\nd by ,p>ticul> ,laws 7#dce-ddf74--,promulgation 7#ddg-ddi74--;,irritant ,laws 7#dej-deh74--,laws ,bas$ on ,presumption 7#dei-dfa74--;,fulfillm5t ( ,law 7#dfb-dhb74--;,int]pretation 7#dcc-dhf74--;,cessation ( ,obligation 7#dhg-dii74--;,cessation ( ,law 7#ejj-eje74--;,cu/om 7#ejf-eac74--,laws 9 a ,wide ,s5se 7#ead-eda74 ,art4 #f4 ,,civil ,,law ,mean+ 7#edb74--,orig9 7#edc-ede74--,subject-,matt] 7#edf-edi74--,^? ,subject to ,civil ,law 7#eej74--,! ,obligation ( ,civil ,law 7#eea-eef74-- ,special ,k9ds ( ,laws 7#eeg-egb74--,o!r ,que/ions 7#egc74 ,"q ,,iv ,,consci5ce ,,introduction 7#egd7 ,art4 #a4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,consci5ce ,def9ition 7#ege74--;,division 7#egf-egi74--,obligation ( ,consci5ce 7#ehj-ehg74--,results ( ,consci5ce 7#ehh-eib74 ,art4 #b4 ,a ,,good ,,consci5ce ,introduction 7#eic74--;,def9itions 7#eid74--;,divisions 7#eie-eif74--,! ,lax ,consci5ce 7#eig-fjf74--,! ,scrupul\s ,consci5ce 7#fjg-fac74-- ,scrupulosity 7#fad-fce74--,practical ,conclusions 7#fcf-fci74 ,art4 #c4 ,a ,,c]ta9 ,,consci5ce ,introduction 7#fdj74--,necessity ( ,c]titude 7#fda-fdb74--,k9ds ( ,c]titude 7#fdc-fec74--;,an ,unc]ta9 ,consci5ce 7#fed-fee74--;,d\bt & ,suspicion 7#fef-ffa74--,op9ion 7#ffb-fga74--,! ,moral ,sy/ems 7#fgb-fge74--,tutiorism 7#fgf-fgi74--,laxism 7#fhj-fha74--,! ,o!r ,sy/ems 7#fhb74-,probabiliorism 7#fhc-fhg74--;,equiprobabilism 7#fhh-gjj74-- ,probabilism 7#gja-gcj74--;,comp5sationism 7#gca-gch74--,practical ,conclusions 7#gci-gdb74 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,special ,,moral ,,!ology ,,introduction 7#gdc7 ,"q ,i4 ,,! ,,duties ,,( ,,all ,,classes ,,( ,,m5 ,,! ,,infus$ ,,virtues 7#gdd-gde7 ,art4 #a4 ,,! ,,virtue ,,( ,,fai? ,introduction 7#gdf-gdi74--,! ,mean+ ( ,fai? 7#gej-gec74--,! ,object ( ,fai? 7#ged-gha74--,! ,acts ( ,fai? 7#ghb-gif74--,! ,habit ( ,fai? 7#gig-hjg74--,! ,gifts ( ,und]/&+ & ,k 7#hjh-haa74 ,art4 #b4 ,,! ,,s9s ,,aga9/ ,,fai? ,introduction 7#hab74--,! ,s9 ( ,unbelief 7#hac-hbe74--;,h]esy 7#hbf-hcd74--;,apo/asy 7#hce-hci74--,! ,s9 ( ,d\bt 7#hdj-hdf74--;,cr$ulity & ,rationalism 7#hdg74--;,dang]s to ,fai? 7#hdh74--;,dang]\s ,read+ 7#hdi-hff74--;,dang]\s ,s*ools 7#hfg-hgd74--;,dang]\s ,m>riages 7#hge-hha74--;,dang]\s ,communication 7#hhb-hhh74--,! ,s9 ( ,blasphemy 7#hhg-ijc74--,s9s ( ,ignorance1 ,bl9dness1 ,dullness 7#ijd-iab74 ,art4 #c4 ,,! ,,comm&m5ts ,,( ,,fai? ,introduction 7#iac74--,! ,comm&m5t ( ,k ( ,fai? 7#iad-ibd74-- ,! ,comm&m5t ( ,int]nal ,acts ( ,fai? 7#ibe-icg74--,! ,negative ,comm&m5t ( ,ext]nal ,pr(ession ( ,fai? 7#ich-idc74--;,dang]s ( ,pr(ession ( ,unbelief 7#idd74--;,=bidd5 ,societies 7#ide-iee74-- ,communication 9 ,wor%ip 7#ief-ige74-;,coop]ation 9 ,religi\s ,activities 7#igf-ihf74--,! ,affirmative ,comm&m5t ( ,ext]nal ,pr(ession ( ,fai? 7#ihg-ajjh74 ,art4 #d4 ,,! ,,virtue ,,( ,,hope ,def9ition 7#ajji-ajag74--,! ,object ( ,hope 7#ajah-ajbf74--,! ,excell5ce ( ,hope 7#ajbg-ajce74--,! ,subject ( ,hope 7#ajcj-ajdj74--,! ,gift ( ,fe> ( ! ,"l 7#ajda-ajeh74--,! ,s9s aga9/ ,hope 7#ajei-ajia74--,! ,comm&m5ts ( ,hope & ( ,fe> 7#ajib-aajd74 ,art4 #e4 ,,! ,,virtue ,,( ,,*>ity ,def9ition 7#aaje-aaad74--,! ,excell5ce ( ,*>ity 7#aaae-aabj74-- ,production ( ,*>ity 7#aaba-aacb74--,! ,object ( ,*>ity 7#aacc-aaeg74--,! ,ord] ( ,*>ity 7#aaeh-aahb74--,! ,acts ( ,*>ity 7#aahc-aaib74 ,art4 #f4 ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,*>ity ,int]nal ,effects ( ,*>ity 7#aaic74--;,joy 7#aaid74--,peace 7#aaie-aaig74-- ,reconciliation 7#aaih-abjd74--,m]cy 7#abje-abji74--;,ext]nal ,effects ( ,*>ity 7#abaj74--;,b5efic5ce 7#abaa-abae74--;,almsgiv+ 7#abaf-abeg74-- ,frat]nal ,correction 7#abeh-abid74 ,art4 #g4 ,,! ,,s9s ,,aga9/ ,,love ,,& ,,joy ,introduction 7#abie74--;,hate 7#abif74--;,hatr$ ( ,god 7#abig-acjc74--;,hatr$ ( ,creatures 7#acjd-acaa74--;,gravity ( ! ,s9 ( ,hatr$ 7#acab-acaf74 --,species ( ! ,s9 ( ,hatr$ 7#acag-acai74--,! ,s9 ( ,slo? 7#acbj-acbe74--,laz9ess 7#acbf74--,lukew>mness 7#acbg74--,! ,s9 ( ,envy 7#acbh-acca74--;,emulation 7#accb74--;,jeal\sy 7#accc74--;,fe> 7#accd74-- ,indignation 7#acce-accf74--;,gravity ( ! ,s9 ( ,envy 7#accg-acdd74-- ,means ( ,ov]com+ ,envy 7#acde-acdf74 ,art4 #h4 ,,! ,,s9s ,,aga9/ ,,peace ,introduction 7#acdg74--;,discord 7#acdh-aced74--;,cont5tion 7#acee-acfb74-- ,acts ( ,s9 aga9/ ,peace 7#acfc74--,s*ism 7#acfd-acge74--,w> 7#acgf-adbg74--;,fight+ 7#adbh-adcd74--;,duell+ 7#adce-adci74--,s$ition 7#addj-addc74 ,art4 #i4 ,,! ,,s9s ,,aga9/ ,,b5efic5ce ,introduction 7#addd74--,sc&al 7#adde-addf74--;,def9ition ( ,sc&al 7#addg74--;,causes ( ,sc&al 7#addh-adeh74--,results ( ,sc&al 7#adei-adfd74--,s9fulness ( ,sc&al 7#adfe-adgd74--,p]sons ,sc&aliz$ 7#adge-adgf74--;,duty ( ,avoid+ ,sc&al 7#adgg-adhg74--;,duty ( ,repair+ ,sc&al 7#adhh-adib74--;,d5ial ( ,sacram5ts 9 ,case ( ,sc&al 7#adic-adid74--,s$uction 7#adie-aeje74--;,coop]ation 9 ,s9 7#aejf-aejh74-- ,k9ds ( ,coop]ation 7#aejh-aeab74--,s9fulness ( ,coop]ation 7#aeac-aead74--,lawfulness ( ,mat]ial ,coop]ation 7#aeae-aebe74-- ,lawfulness ( ,imm$iate ,coop]ation 7#aebf-aebg74--,special ,cases ( ,coop]ation 7#aebh74-;,coop]ation 9 ,read+ ,matt] 7#aebi-aecj74--;,9 ,dances & ,plays 7#aeca-aecb74--;,9 ,sell+ 7#aecc-aecf74--;,9 ,provid+ ,food & ,dr9k 7#aecg-aeci74--;,9 ,r5t+ 7#aedj-aeda74--;,9 ,s]vice 7#aedb-aedd74--;,duties ( ! ,confessor z ,reg>ds ,coop]ation 7#aede-aedf74 ,art #aj4 ,,! ,,comm&m5ts ,,( ,,*>ity ,introduction 7#aedg-aeeb74--,! ,comm&m5t ( ,love ( ,god 7#aeec-aefj74--,! ,comm&m5t ( ,love ( ,self 7#aefa-aegh74--,! ,comm&m5t ( ,love ( ,neighbor 7#aegi-aehd74--;,fulfillm5t ( ! ,comm&m5ts ( ,*>ity 7#aehe-afjh74 ,art #aa4 ,,! ,,gift ,,( ,,wisdom ,introduction 7#afji74--,! ,nature ( ! ,gift ( ,wisdom 7#afaj-afad74-- ,! ,p]sons :o ,possess ,wisdom 7#afae-afah74--,! ,beatitude & ! ,fruits t ,correspond to ,wisdom 7#afai-afbj74--,! ,s9s ,oppos$ to ,wisdom 7#afba-afbe74 ,volume ,,ii ( pr9t edition1 section #afbf to end ,"q ,,ii4 ,,! ,,duties ,,( ,,all ,,classes ,,( ,,m5 7,! ,moral ,virtues7 ,art4 #a4 ,,! ,,virtue ,,( ,,prud5ce ,def9ition 7#afbg74--,objects 7#afbh1 #afbi74--;,c]ta9ty ( ,prud5ce 7#afcj74--;,excell5ce 7#afca1 #afcb74--;,acts 7#afcc74--,qualities 7#afcd74-- ,p>ts 7#afce1 #afcf74--;,integral ,p>ts 7#afcg1 #afch74--,subjective ,p>ts 7#afci-afde74--,pot5tial ,p>ts 7#afdf1 #afdg74--,p]sons ,:o ,possess ,prud5ce 7#afdh-afef74--;,gr[? & ,decay ( ,prud5ce 7#afeg74--,! ,beatitude & ! ,fruits t ,correspond to ,c\nsel 7#affb74--,! ,s9s ,aga9/ ,prud5ce 7#affc74--;,imprud5ce 7#affd-afff74--;,ha/e 7#affg74-- ,?\ghtlessness4--,incon/ancy 7#affi74--;,causes ( ,^! ,s9s 7#afgj74-- ,neglig5ce 7#afga-afgc74--;,false ,prud5ce 7#afgd74--,! ,prud5ce ( ! ,fle% 7#afge1 #afgf74--;,a/ut5ess1 ,trick]y1 ,fraud 7#afgg-afhj74-- ,solicitude 7#afha-afhe74--;,av>ice1 a ,cause ( ,s9s ,aga9/ ,prud5ce 7#afhf74--,! ,comm&m5ts ( ,prud5ce 7#afhg74 ,art4 #b4 ,,! ,,virtue ,,( ,,ju/ice ,introduction 7#afhh74--,! ,nature ( ,ju/ice 7#afhi-agjj74--;,division 7#agja-agjh74--,! ,object ( ,ju/ice 7#agji-agac74--;,comp>ison ( ,ju/ice & ,o!r ,virtues 7#agad-agah74--;,inju/ice 7#agai-agbf74--;,judgm5t 7#agbg-agdd74 ,art4 #c4 ,,! ,,subjective ,,p>ts ,,( ,,ju/ice3 ,,di/ributive ,,& ,,commutative ,,ju/ice ,subjective ,p>ts ( a ,virtue 7#agde74--;,di/ributive & ,commutative ,ju/ice ,comp>$ 7#agdf1 #agdg74--,! ,objects ( ,commutative ,ju/ice 7#agdh-agej74--,re/itution 7#agea-agfa74-,! ,roots ( ,re/itution 7#agfb-aggg74--,re/itution = ,coop]ation 9 ,inju/ice 7#aggh-aghe74-- ,! ,circum/ances ( ,re/itution 7#aghf-agif74--;,causes ,excus+ f ,re/itution 7#agig-ahja74--,"s ,special ,cases ( ,re/itution 7#ahjb1 #ahjc74 ,art4 #d4 ,,! ,,vices ,,oppos$ ,,to ,,commutative ,,& ,,di/ributive ,,ju/ice ,! ,vice aga9/ ,di/ributive ,ju/ice 7#ahjd-ahad74-,! ,vices aga9/ ,commutative ,ju/ice 7#ahae74--;,homicide 7#ahaf-ahea74-,suicide 7#aheb-ahfa74--;,accid5tal ,homicide 7#ahfb-ahfe74--;,bodily ,injury 7#ahff-ahga74--,titles to ,prop]ty 7#ahgb-ahgf74--;,contracts 7#ahgg-ahhi74--,!ft & ,robb]y 7#ahij-aiai74--,lawful ,occupation 7#aibj-aibf74--,occult ,comp5sation 7#aibg-aich74-;,judicial ,inju/ice 7#aici74--;,9 ,judges 7#aidj-aifc74--;,9 ,accus]s 7#aifd-aigd74--;,9 ,def5dants 7#aige-aihc74--;,9 ,witnesses 7#aihd-aiid74--;,9 ,lawy]s 7#aiie-bjjh74--,unju/ ,words 7#bjji74--;,contumely 7#bjaj-bjbg74--;,defamation 7#bjbh-bjge74-;,coop]ation 9 ,defamation 7#bjgf-bjhd74--,re/itution = ,defamation 7#bjhe-bajb74--,:isp]+ 7#bajc-baje74--;,d]ision 7#bajf-baaj74--;,curs+ 7#baaa-baai74--,murmur+ 7#babj74--;,fraud 9 ,contracts 7#baba1 #babb74--;,9 ,sales 7#babc-bacc74--,trad+ 7#bacd1 #bace74--,usury 7#bacf74--,o!r ,frauds 7#bacg1 #bach74 ,art4 #e4 ,,! ,,quasi-,,integral ,,& ,,pot5tial ,,p>ts ,,( ,,ju/ice2 ,,! ,,virtue ,,( ,,religion ,,& ,,! ,,opposite ,,vices ,! ,quasi-,integral ,p>ts ( ,ju/ice 7#baci1 #badj74--,! ,pot5tial ,p>ts ( ,ju/ice 7#bada-badd74--,! ,virtue ( ,religion 7#bade-badh74--,! ,int]nal ,acts ( ,religion 7#badi74--;,devotion 7#baej-baeb74--,pray] 7#baec-bafi74--;,di/ractions 7#bagj-bagd74--,! ,ext]nal ,acts ( ,religion 7#bage74--;,adoration 7#bagf1 #bagg74--,sacrifice 7#bagh-bahb74--,(f]+s 7#bahc1 #bahd74--;,contributions 7#bahe-baij74--,v[s 7#baia-bbbe74--;,cessation ( ,v[s 7#bbbf-bbdc74--,o!r ,ext]nal ,acts ( ,religion 7#bbdd74--,oa?s 7#bbde-bbfb74--;,adjuration 7#bbfc-bbfh74--;,div9e ,praises 7#bbfi-bbgb74--,! ,s9s aga9/ ,religion 7#bbgc74--,sup]/ition 7#bbgd-bbgf74--;,idolatry 7#bbgg-bbha74--;,div9ation 7#bbhb-bbhi74--,va9 ,obs]vance 7#bbij-bbih74-- ,irreligi\sness 7#bbii74--,temptation ( ,god 7#bcjj-bcjg74--,sacrilege 7#bcjh-bcaf74--,simony 7#bcag-bccd74--,s9fulness ( ,simony 7#bcce-bcdc74 ,art4 #f4 ,,! ,,rema9+ ,,pot5tial ,,p>ts ,,( ,,ju/ice2 ,,! ,,gift ,,( ,,piety2 ,,! ,,comm&m5ts ,piety 7#bcdd-bcej74--,rev]5ce 7#bcea-bced74--,ob$i5ce 7#bcee-bcgb74-- ,gratitude 7#bcgc-bchj74--,v5geance 7#bcha-bchd74--,tru?fulness 7#bche-bchh74--,ly+ 7#bchi-bcig74--,m5tal ,res]vation 7#bcih-bdjb74-- ,simulation 7#bdjc1 #bdjd74--;,hypocrisy 7#bdje74--;,braggadocio & ,irony 7#bdjf74--;,brea* ( ,promise 7#bdjg74--,violation ( ,secret 7#bdjh-bdbj74-- ,affability 7#bdba-bdbc74--,lib]ality 7#bdbd-bdbi74--;,equity 7#bdcj-bdcb74-- ,! ,gift ( ,piety 7#bdcc74--,! ,comm&m5ts ( ,ju/ice 7#bdcd-bdcf74 ,art4 #g4 ,,! ,,virtue ,,( ,,=titude ,nature 7#bdcg-bdda74--,m>tyrdom 7#bddb-bdde74--,! ,opposite ,vices 7#bddf74--,! ,p>ts ( ,=titude 7#bddg74--;,greatness ( ,s\l 7#bddh1 #bddi74--,presumption1 ,ambition & ,vanity 7#bdej74--,pusillanimity 7#bdea74--;,greatness ( ,de$1 ,meanness & ,vulg>ity 7#bdeb74--,pati5ce 7#bdec1 #bded74--,/olidity & ,impati5ce 7#bdee74--,/eadfa/ness1 ,effem9acy & ,p]t9acity 7#bdef74--,! ,complem5ts ( ,=titude 7#bdeg74--,! ,comm&m5ts ( ,=titude 7#bdeh-bdfj74 ,art4 #h4 ,,! ,,virtue ,,( ,,temp]ance ,nature 7#bdfa-bdfc74--,! ,opposite ,vices 7#bdfd74--,! ,p>ts ( ,temp]ance 7#bdfe74--;,ab/emi\sness 7#bdff1 #bdfg74--;,fa/+ & ,ab/95ce 7#bdfh1 #bdfi74--,! ,s9s ,oppos$ to ,ab/emi\sness 7#bdgj74--;,gluttony 7#bdga-bdgc74--,sobriety 7#bdgd1 #bdge74--,! ,s9s aga9/ ,sobriety 7#bdgf74--;,drunk5ness 7#bdgg-bdhe74--,purity 7#bdhf1 #bdhg74--,virg9ity 7#bdhh-bdia74--;,impurity 7#bdib-bdif74--,temptations to ,impurity 7#bdig-bejc74--,non-,consummat$ ,s9s ( ,impurity 7#bejd74--;,impure ,?\ghts 7#beje1 #bejf74--;,impure ,rejoic+ 7#bejg74--;,impure ,desire 7#bejh1 #beji74--,lewdness 7#beaj-bead74--,s9fulness ( ,lewdness 7#beae-beah74-- ,moral ,species ( ,lewdness 7#beai74--,! ,consummat$ ,s9s ( ,impurity 7#bebj-bebb74--;,=nication 7#bebc-bebh74--;,defloration & ,rape 7#bebi74--;,adult]y 7#becj74--;,ince/ 7#beca1 #becb74--;,c>nal ,sacrilege 7#becc74--,s9s aga9/ ,nature 7#becd74--,pollution 7#bece-bech74--,! ,s9fulness ( ,pollution 7#beci-beda74--,p5alties 7#bedb74--,! ,pot5tial ,p>ts ( ,temp]ance 7#bedc74--;,cont95ce 7#bedd74--,meekness 7#bede74-- ,ang] 7#bedf-bedi74--,s9ful ,indulg5ce 7#beej74--;,clem5cy 7#beea1 #beeb74--;,humility 7#beec-beef74--,pride 7#beeg-befj74--;,abjectness 7#befa74--,/udi\sness 7#befb74--;,curiosity & ,neglig5ce 7#befc1 #befd74--,mode/y 7#befe74--;,decorum 7#beff74--,mode/ ,relaxation 7#befg1 #befh74--,mode/y 9 ,/yle & ,dress 7#befi1 #begj74--;,complem5ts ( ,temp]ance 7#bega74--;,comm&m5ts ( ,temp]ance 7#begb74 ,"q ,,iii ,,! ,,duties ,,( ,,p>ticul> ,,classes ,,( ,,m5 ,,introduction 7#begc7 ,art4 #a4 ,,! ,,duties ,,( ,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* ,g5]al ,duties ( ! ,fai?ful 7#begd74--;,fir/ ,precept ( ! ,*ur*3 ,sanctification ( ! ,"l's ,day 7#bege74--;,he>+ ,mass 7#begf-begh74-- ,s]vile ,works 7#begi-behb74--;,gravity ( ! ,fir/ ,precept 7#behc74-- ,excuses 7#behd1 #behe74--,second ,precept3 ,ab/95ce 7#behf1 #behg74-- ,fa/+ 7#behh1 #behi74--,?ird ,precept3 ,ye>ly ,confession 7#beij1 #beia74--;,f\r? ,precept3 ,ea/] ,duty 7#beib1 #beic74--;,fif? & ,six? ,precepts 7#beid74--,laws on ! ,index & ,cremation 7#beie74--,! ,special ,duties ( ,cl]ics 7#beif74--,vocation 7#beig1 #beih74--,positive ,duties ( ,cl]ics 7#beii74--,! ,div9e ,(fice 7#bfjj1 #bfja74--;,celibacy 7#bfjb74-- ,negative ,duties ( ,cl]ics 7#bfjc74--,trad+ 7#bfjd74--,/ocks & ,bonds 7#bfje74--;,duties ( ,cl]ical ,sup]iors 7#bfjf74--;,duties ( ,pa/ors 7#bfjg74--;,*>ity to ! ,poor 7#bfjh-bfaj74--,special ,duties ( ,religi\s 7#bfaa74--,! ,v[s 7#bfab74 ,art4 #b4 ,,duties ,,( ,,memb]s ,,( ,,dome/ic ,,& ,,civil ,,society ,husb& & ,wife 7#bfac74--,! conjugal ,debt 7#bfad-bfag74--,morality 9 ,m>riage 7#bfah1 #bfai74--;,contraception & ,onanism 7#bfbj74-- ,bir?-,control 7#bfba1 #bfbb74--;,coop]ation ) ,contraception 7#bfbc74-- ,recapitulation 7#bfbd74--,regulae pro ,confess>iis 7#bfbe74--,! ,duty ( ,conjugal ,companion%ip & ,assi/ance 7#bfbf74--,! ,obligation ( ,m>ry+ 7#bfbg74--,! ,duties ( ,engag$ ,p]sons 7#bfbh1 #bfbi74--,! ,duties ( ,p>5ts 7#bfcj1 #bfca74--,sex ,education 7#bfcb74--,! ,duties ( ,*ildr5 7#bfcc74--,! ,duties ( ,o!r ,relatives 7#bfcd74--,! ,duties ( ,sup]iors 7#bfce74--,! ,duties ( ,subjects 7#bfcf74--,taxes 7#bfcg-bfdb74-- ,vot+ 7#bfdc-bfde74--,! ,duties ( ,employ]s 7#bfdf1 #bfdg74--,! ,duties ( ,employees 7#bfdh74--,labor ,disputes 7#bfdi74--;,employm5t 7#bfej74--,! ,duties ( ,c]ta9 ,pr(essions 7#bfea74 ,"q ,,iv ,,! ,,duties ,,( ,,m5 ,,9 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,sacram5ts ,,introduction 7#bfeb1 #bfec7 ,art4 #a4 ,,! ,,sacram5ts ,,9 ,,g5]al3 ,,! ,,sacram5tals ,nature ( a ,sacram5t 7#bfed74--,matt] & ,=m 7#bfee-bffj74--,necessity ( ! ,sacram5ts 7#bffa-bffc74--,! ,m9i/] ( ! ,sacram5ts 7#bffd74--,requisites = ,valid ,m9i/ration 7#bffe-bffh74--;,= ,lawful ,m9i/ration 7#bffi1 #bfgj74--,! ,recipi5t ( ! ,sacram5ts2 ,requisites = ,valid ,reception 7#bfga-bfgd74--,requirem5ts = ,lawful ,reception 7#bfge74--,obligations ( ! ,m9i/] 9 ,ref]5ce to ! ,recipi5t 7#bfgf-bfhb74--,obligations ( ! ,recipi5t 9 ,ref]5ce to ! ,m9i/] 7#bfhc74--,! ,sacram5tals 7#bfhd74 ,art4 #b4 ,,baptism2 ,,confirmation2 ,,! ,,eu*>i/2 ,,! ,,sacrifice ,,( ,,! ,,mass ,introduction 7#bfhe74--,! ,sacram5t ( ,baptism 7#bfhf74--,solemn & ,private ,baptism 7#bfhg74--;,duties ( ,pa/ors 7#bfhe74--;,duties ( ,p>5ts & ,gu>dians 7#bfhi74--;,duties ( ,sponsors 7#bfij1 #bfia74--;,duties ( ,adult ,recipi5ts 7#bfib74--;,duties ( ! ,m9i/] 7#bfic74--,! ,sacram5t ( ,confirmation 7#bfid74--,! ,m9i/] 7#bfie74--,! ,recipi5t 7#bfif74-- ,! ,sponsors 7#bfig74--,! ,pa/or 7#bfih74--,! ,sacram5t ( ! ,eu*>i/ 7#bfii74--,matt] & ,=m ( ! ,eu*>i/ 7#bgjj74--,! ,m9i/] ( ,consecration 7#bgja1 #bgjb74--,! ,m9i/] ( ,communion 7#bgjc74--,! ,communicant 7#bgjd74--,wor?y ,communion 7#bgje74--;,frequ5t ,communion 7#bgjf74--;,duties ( ,p>5ts1 ,pa/ors1 ,confessors 7#bgjg74--,! ,cu/ody & ,wor%ip ( ! ,eu*>i/ 7#bgjh74--,! ,sacrifice ( ! ,mass2 ! ,celebrant 7#bgji74--,! ,obligation ( ,say+ ,mass 7#bgaj74-- ,dispositions = ,celebration ( ,mass 7#bgaa74--,! ,circum/ances ( ,mass 7#bgab74--;,int]ruption ( ,mass 7#bgac74--;,application ( ,mass 7#bgad1 #bgae74--,/ip5ds 7#bgaf74 ,art4 #c4 ,,rep5tance2 ,,p5ance2 ,,extreme ,,unction ,introduction 7#bgag74--,! ,virtue ( ,rep5tance 7#bgah-bgbf74--,! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance 7#bgbg1 #bgbh74--;,contrition 7#bgbi-bgce74--,resolution ( ,am5dm5t 7#bgcf74--;,confession 7#bgcg-bgdd74--,satisfaction 7#bgde-bgdi74--,! ,m9i/] 7#bgej74--;,jurisdiction 7#bgea1 #bgeb74-- ,res]v$ ,cases 7#bgec1 #bged74--;,absolution )\t ,jurisdiction 7#bgee74-- ,duties ( ! ,confessor be=e ,confession 7#bgef74--;,duties ( ! ,confessor z ,judge 7#bgeg-bgfa74--;,duties ( ! ,confessor z ,physician 7#bgfb74--;,duties ( ! ,confessor z ,tea*] & ,guide 7#bgfc74--;,duties ( ! ,confessor aft] ,confession 7#bgfd74--,rep>ation ( ,defects 7#bgfe1 #bgff74--,! ,seal ( ,confession 7#bgfg1 #bgfh74--;,abuses ( ,confession 7#bgfi-bggc74--,! ,sacram5t ( ,extreme ,unction 7#bggd74--;,duties ( ! ,recipi5t & ! ,m9i/] ( ,extreme ,unction 7#bgge74 ,art4 #d4 ,,holy ,,ord]s2 ,,matrimony ,introduction 7#bggf74--,! ,sacram5t ( ,ord]s 7#bggg74--;,di/9ctions ( ,ord]s 7#bggh74--,! ,hi]>*y 7#bggi74--,! ,matt] & ,=m ( ,ord]s 7#bghj74--,! ,m9i/] ( ,ord9ation 7#bgha1 #bghb74--,! ,recipi5t ( ,ord]s 7#bghc-bghe74--,regi/ration ( ,ord9ations 7#bghf74--,! ,sacram5t ( ,matrimony 7#bghg1 #bghh74--,! ,elem5ts ( ,matrimony z a ,contract 7#bghi-bgic74--,! ,elem5ts ( ! ,sacram5t 7#bgid74--;,duties 9 ,ref]5ce to ,m>riage 7#bgie74--;,engagem5t 7#bgif-bgih74--;,duties to ,p>5ts & to ,*ildr5 7#bgii1 #bhjj74--,pre-,nuptial ,inve/igations 7#bhja74--;,exam9ation ( ! ,p>ties by ! ,pa/or 7#bhjb1 #bhjc74-- ,matrimonial ,imp$im5ts 7#bhjd1 #bhje74--;,imp$i5t ,imp$im5ts 7#bhjf-bhji74--;,dirim5t ,imp$im5ts 7#bhaj-bhai74--;,disp5sations & ,banns 7#bhbj74--;,aft] ! ,exam9ation 7#bhba74--;,in/ruction ( ! ,c\ple 7#bhbb-bhbd74--,religi\s ,prep>ation = ,m>riage 7#bhbe74--,! ,celebration ( ,m>riage 7#bhbf-bhbi74--,validation 7#bhcj74--;,divorce & ,sep>ation 7#bhca74 ,,app5dices plac$ at end ( ,volume ,i 9 pr9t edition ,i4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,common ,,law ,,on ,,prohibition ,,( ,,books ,,ii4 ,,! 8,,ecum5ical ,,movem5t0 ,,index ,,to ,,volumes ,i ,,& ,,ii ,,moral ,,!ology ,a ,complete ,c\rse ,,introduction #a4 ,def9ition4--,moral ,!ology is def9$3 7a7 etymologically1 z ! /udy ( ,god1 consid]$ z ! beg9n+ & ! end ( man's moral life1 i4e41 ( ^? acts t proce$ f reason & w2 7b7 sci5tifically1 z t "p ( ,sacr$ ,!ology :i* treats ( ,god z our ,la/ ,end1 & ( ! means by :i* we may t5d to ,him4 #b4 ,h5ce1 ,moral ,!ology diff]s f v>i\s relat$ sci5ces or habits4 ,?us3 7a7 x diff]s f ,e?ics1 :i* is ! sci5ce ( human conduct z direct$ by reason to man's natural end1 = ,moral ,!ology uses fai? z well z reason1 & is conc]n$ ) man's sup]natural end2 7b7 x diff]s f fai?1 s9ce x includes n only pr9ciples reveal$ by ,god1 b also conclusions d]iv$ f !m2 7c7 x diff]s f synd]esis1 or ! habit t p]ceives ! natural pr9ciples ( morality t are self-evid5t to ! m9d1 = ,moral ,!ology deals also ) sup]natural tru?s & ) tru?s t are n self-evid5t2 7d7 x diff]s f consci5ce1 :i* draws conclusions = individual cases1 s9ce ,moral ,!ology is conc]n$ ) g5]al conclusions4 #c4 ,relation ( ,moral ,!ology to ,dogmatic ,!ology4--7a7 ,!y d n diff] z two di/9ct sci5ces1 = ! ma9 object1 9 ! light ( :i* all else is /udi$1 is ! same 9 bo?--viz41 ,god4 7b7 ,!y d diff] z two quasi-integral p>ts or bran*es ( ! same sci5ce1 ,dogma be+ conc]n$ m ) ! speculative1 & ,moral ) ! practical aspects ( !ology4 ,dogmatic ,!ology is ! m important ( ! two1 z treat+ m directly on div9e ?+s & z be+ ! basis ( ,moral ,!ology4 ,9 ,dogma1 ,god ,himself is consid]$ 9 ,8 own nature & creatures z !y proce$ f ,him z f an exempl>y & effici5t cause1 or ,creator4 ,moral ,!ology cont9ues ! pursuit ( k ( ,god1 conc5trat+ ^u ,him z ,he is ! ,f9al ,cause ( ?+s4 ,creatures emanate f ,god by way ( creation1 & ?is is "p ( ! subject-matt] ( ,dogma2 b creatures return to ,him1 ea* 9 its own prop] way by virtue ( its nature creat$ by ,god & direct$ by ,8 ,provid5ce & ,gov]nm5t1 & ?is return ( creatures to ,god con/itutes ! g5]al subject-matt] ( ,moral ,!ology4 ,z ,div9e ,provid5ce & ,gov]nm5t are cont9uations ( ,8 ,creation1 ,moral ,!ology cont9ues to /udy & to unfold ! implications ( ,dogma's consid]ation ( ,god z ,creator4 ,god is kn[n to h creat$ z an ,intellig5t ,be+ ord]+ ,8 h&iwork to ,himself z end4 ,8 special ma/]piece1 man1 special because he is made to ! ,image ( ,god1 returns to ,god 9 a special way prop] to him z an ,image1 i4e41 by way ( acts ( 8 intellect & w guid$ & mov$ by ,div9e ,provid5ce & ,pr$e/9ation4 ,x is ( ?is special way ( return+ to ,god by man1 ,8 image1 t ,moral ,!ology treats4 ,?us x adds to & p]fects ,dogmatic ,!ology1 enri*+ our k ( ,god by way ( mak+ explicit ! implications ( ,div9e ,creation & ,provid5ce to ,8 image1 man4 #d4 ,! ,objects ( ,moral ,!ology4--7a7 ,! c5tral !me or object ( ,moral ,!ology1 :i* is consid]$ = its own sake & to :i* all else is second>y 7objectum =male quod71 is ,god z ! sup]natural ,end or ,de/9y ( man4 7b7 ,! second>y object 7objectum mat]iale7 is ! means by :i* "o is advanc$ t[>ds "o's ,la/ ,end 7su* z human acts1 virtue1 grace1 ! ,sacram5ts71 or ! ob/acles :i* h9d] "o f atta9+ t ,end 7su* z vice1 temptation1 etc474 7c7 ,! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! above objects are kn[n 7objectum =male quo7 is ! light ( natural reason illum9at$ by fai? /udy+ ! s\rces ( div9e revelation & d$uc+ conclusions f doctr9es reveal$ by ,god4 #e4 ,h5ce ,moral ,!ology includes3 7a7 ! reveal$ doctr9es conc]n+ man's de/9y & duty t are conta9$ 9 ! writt5 & oral ,^w ( ,god & z int]pret$ by _! cu/odian1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 7b7 ! conclusions t are conta9$ 9 revelation2 7c7 ! duties ( man to human laws t are bas$ on ! div9e natural or positive law2 7d7 ! op9ions ( !ologians on matt]s t are disput$1 z 9 ! controv]sy ab\t ! sy/ems ( consci5ce4 #f4 ,! ,s\rces ( ,moral ,!ology1 !re=e1 are3 7a7 ,holy scripture2 7b7 tradition2 7c7 ! decisions ( ,popes1 ,c\ncils1 & ,congregations1 ,laws1 etc42 7d7 ! au?ority ( ,doctors & !ologians2 7e7 natural reason4 #g4 ,holy scripture4--8,all scripture1 inspir$ by ,god1 is pr(itable to tea*1 to reprove1 to correct1 to in/ruct 9 ju/ice0 7,,ii ,tim41 iii4 #af74 7a7 ,?us1 ! de$s n>rat$ 9 scripture conta9 lessons = our in/ruction2 b n all ( !m1 ev5 ?\gh !y be conc]n$ ) holy m51 are (f]$ = our imitation4 7b7 ,! laws ( ! ,old ,te/am5t kn[n z c]emonial 7su* z ! rite ( circumcision71 & ^? call$ judicial 7su* z ! prohibition aga9/ ! tak+ ( int]e/71 are no long] obligatory2 b ! moral precepts1 su* z ^? f\nd 9 ! ,decalogue1 always rema9 9 =ce4 7c7 ,! ord9ances ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are ( ?ree k9ds3 ! ,gospel c\nsels1 :i* are n laws1 b invitations to a high] practice ( virtue ?an is necess>y = salvation 7e4g41 ! advice ( our ,"l t "o sell all & give to ! poor72 ! laws ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* are ! comm&s t x imposes = all times 7su* z ! precepts t "o believe ! ,gospel message1 receive ,baptism1 he> ! ,*ur*1 etc472 tempor>y regulations1 :i* are ^? dispositions t 7 made only = pass+ circum/ances 7su* z ! prohibition issu$ by ! ,apo/les aga9/ ! eat+ ( animals t _h be5 suffocat$74 #h4 ,tradition4--,tradition conta9s ^? doctr9es conc]n+ fai? & morals1 n f\nd 9 scripture1 t 7 giv5 orally by ,*ri/ or inspir$ by ! ,holy ,_s1 & t h be5 h&$ d[n f "o g5]ation to ano!r 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,tradition becomes kn[n to u3 7a7 ?r\gh ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* express$ by h] solemn or ord9>y magi/]ium2 7b7 ?r\gh ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*2 7c7 ?r\gh ! practice ( ! ,*ur* express$ 9 h] univ]sal cu/oms & laws2 7d7 ?r\gh ! wor%ip ( ! ,*ur* express$ 9 h] univ]sal =ms ( pray] & liturgical obs]vance4 #i4 ,decisions4--,9 addition to div9e tradition j spok5 (1 ,moral ,!ology uses3 7a7 ,apo/olic tradition1 :i* comes d[n f ! ,apo/les1 b ^: subject-matt] is n a tea*+ reveal$ to !m1 b an ord9ance :i* !y !mselves made z rul]s ( ! ,*ur* 7e4g41 ! law t ,sunday be sanctifi$ z ! ,"l's day72 7b7 ecclesia/ical tradition1 :i* conta9s regulations made by ! au?orities 9 ! ,*ur* & h&$ d[n to succe$+ times 7e4g41 ! introduction ( c]ta9 days ( fea/ or fa/74 #aj4 ,au?ority ( ,doctors & ,!ologians4--7a7 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as has be5 recogniz$ by ! ,*ur* z h] highe/ !ological au?ority1 & ! ,code ( ,canon ,law 7,canons #ehi1 ,sec4 #a1 & #acff1 ,sec4 #b7 ord]s t 9 all sem9>ies & religi\s h\ses ( /udy ! c\rses ( !ology %all be made accord+ to 8 me?od1 tea*+ & pr9ciples4 7b7 ,:5 ! !ologians agree ) unanimity t a c]ta9 doctr9e p]ta9+ to fai? or morals is div9ely reveal$1 x w\ld be next to h]esy to hold ! opposite2 if !y agree only t x is c]ta91 x w\ld be ra% to contradict !m1 unless new & s]i\s objections unkn[n to !m c be (f]$2 if !y are divid$ betwe5 s*ools & sy/ems 7ev5 ?\gh great claims = op9ions are made by _! p>tisans71 x is lawful = compet5t !ologians to use _! own judgm5t & decide = ! side t seems to h ! bett] argum5ts 9 its favor4 #aa4 ,reason4--,! uses ( natural reason 9 ,moral ,!ology are3 7a7 x demon/rates c]ta9 preambles to ! tea*+s ( ,moral ,!ology1 su* z ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ,8 omnisci5ce & v]acity2 7b7 x corroborates f philosophy _m ( ! reveal$ tea*+s1 viz41 t man's end is n 9 ?+s f9ite1 t he has duties to ,god1 to society1 to himself1 etc42 7e7 x af=ds analogies 9 ! natural ord] by :i* we may illu/rate ! end & duties ( man 9 ! sup]natural ord]2 7d7 x supplies ! means by :i* ! tea*+s on morals may be develop$ into ! conclusions t are conta9$ 9 !m1 by :i* ^? tea*+s may be def5d$ aga9/ ! fallaci\s objections ( adv]s>ies1 & by :i* ! :ole may be arrang$ sci5tifically into a body ( doctr9e4 #ab4 ,moral ,!ology is s]v$ n only by ! v>i\s bran*es ( philosophy 7su* z ,e?ics1 ,!odicy1 ,psy*ology1 ,logic71 b also by _m ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,?us3 7a7 ,m$ic9e & ,physiology are useful = und]/&+ ! morality & imputability ( acts2 7b7 ,sociology & ,economics may ?r[ light on problems conc]n+ ju/ice2 7c7 ,jurisprud5ce is1 ( c\rse1 closely relat$ to que/ions conc]n+ duties t arise f human laws2 7d7 ,hi/ory confirms ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/ian morality by ! lessons ( exp]i5ce4 #ac4 ,! ,me?od to ,be ,foll[$ 9 ,moral ,!ology4-7a7 ,! positive me?od is a simple /atem5t ( moral pr9ciples & doctr9es1 ) little att5tion to argum5t1 except su* z is f\nd 9 ! positive s\rces 7e4g41 scripture1 tradition1 ! decisions ( ! ,*ur*74 7b7 ,! ,s*ola/ic me?od is a sci5tific /atem5t ( moral tea*+ ?r\gh accurate def9ition ( t]ms1 sy/ematic coord9ation ( p>ts1 /rict argum5tation & def5se1 att5tion to controv]sies1 & rec\rse to philosophy & o!r natural k4 7c7 ,! casui/ic me?od1 or case-sy/em1 is ! application ( moral pr9ciples to ! solution ( concrete problems ( lawfulness or unlawfulness4 #ad4 ,! ,s*ola/ic me?od is ! "o be/ suit$ = ! /udy ( ,moral ,!ology1 because x is m sci5tific1 & fits "o bett] to und]/&1 reta91 & apply :at "o le>ns4 ,b x is n exclusive ( ! o!r me?ods1 s9ce x p]fects ! positive me?od1 & is ! gr\ndwork = ! case me?od4 ,ea* me?od has a special suitability = c]ta9 ends4 ,?us3 7a7 ! positive me?od is well adapt$ to prea*+1 & h5ce 0 mu* 9 favor ) ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 z c be se5 f _! moral homilies & treatises2 7b7 ! ,s*ola/ic me?od is ! be/ = /udy1 tea*+1 apologetic1 & 0 foll[$ by ! great classical works ( !ology 9 ! ,middle ,ages & lat]2 7c7 ! case me?od is v helpful to ! sem9>ian & ! prie/ 9 ! ex]cise ( ! m9i/ry ( ! confessional4 #ae4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,moral ,!ology4--,!re are ?ree p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( ,moral ,!ology3 ! ,patri/ic1 ! ,m$ieval1 & ! ,mod]n4 7a7 ,! ,patri/ic ,p]iod 7#a/ to #ab? c5tury74--,! moral writ+s ( !-,fa!rs are popul>1 exhortatory1 & occasional2 & x is n till ! ,middle ,ages t we meet ) works ( sy/ematic ,moral ,!ology4 ,! foll[+ are among ! mo/ notable moral works ( ! ,fa!rs3 ! ,pa$agoga ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7d4 ab\t #bag71 :i* expla9s :at ! ev]yday life ( ! ,*ri/ian %\ld be2 ! ,cate*eses ( ,/4 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem 7d4 #chf72 ! ,de ,(ficiis ,m9i/rorum ( ,/4 ,ambrose 7d4 #cig71 a ,*ri/ian c\nt]p>t ( ,cic]o's "w ,de ,(ficiis2 ! ,de ,civitate ,dei ( ,/4 ,augu/9e 7d4 #dcj71 :i* contra/s love ( ,god & love ( self2 ! ,expositio 9 ,job seu ,moralium libri ,,xxv ( ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great 7d4 #fjd71 :i* consi/s ( moral in/ructions bas$ on ! ,book ( ,job4 ,celebrat$ among ! ascetical & my/ical writ+s are3 ! ,ladd] ( ,p>adise ( ,/4 ,john ,climacus 7#f? c5tury71 ! ,conf]5ces ( ,cassian 7ab\t #daf71 ! ,libri ,v de ,consid]atione ( ,/4 ,b]n>d 7d4 #aaec74 ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great's ,de ,cura ,pa/orali is a sy/ematic "w ( pa/oral !ology1 & is reg>d$ z a classic4 7b7 ,! ,m$ieval ,p]iod 7#ab? to #af? c5tury74--,! me?od ( ! morali/s ( ?is p]iod diff]s f t ( ! ,fa!rs 9 t ! =m] is sy/ematic & philosophical1 & m proximately adapt$ to ! use ( confessors4 ,! ma/]piece ( sci5tific ,moral ,!ology is ( c\rse f\nd 9 ! ,summa ,!ologica ( ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as 7d4 #abgd74 ,works ( casui/ry 7 compos$ by ,/4 ,raymond ( ,p5na=t 7ab\t #abce71 by ,john ( ,freiburg 7d4 #acad71 by ,john ( ,a/i 7ab\t #acag71 by ,angelus ( ,*iavasso 7ab\t #adgf71 by ,sylve/] ,pri]ias 7d4 #aebc74 ,! ,summa ,!ologica ( ,/4 ,anton9us ( ,flor5ce 7d4 #adei7 has be5 call$ an inexhau/ible /oreh\se = manuals ( casui/ry4 ,among ! ascetical writ]s are3 ,/4 ,bonav5ture1 ! ,s]aphic ,doctor 7d4 #abgd71 ,john ,g]son 7d4 #adbi71 ,john ,taul] 7d4 #acfa71 ,bl4 ,h5ry ,suso 7d4 #acff71 & ,d5is ! ,c>?usian 7d4 #adga74 7c7 ,! ,mod]n ,p]iod 7#af? c5tury to ! pres5t74--,*>act]i/ic ( ?is p]iod are ! comm5t>ies writt5 on ,/4 ,?omas1 ! controv]sies ov] ! sy/ems ( consci5ce1 ! appe>ance ( num]\s manuals & special treatises1 & ! att5tion giv5 to *ang$ conditions ( society & ecclesia/ical discipl9e4 ,notewor?y among mod]n works are3 ! ,comm5t>y on ,/4 ,?omas by ,cajetan 7d4 #aecd72 ! writ+s ( ,b>?olomew de ,m$9a 7d4 #aeha71 call$ ! fa!r ( mod]ate ,probabilism2 ! ,de ,pa5it5tia ( ,lugo 7d4 #affj71 a h&book t comb9es speculative & casui/ical !ology2 ! ,roman ,cate*ism1 :i* 0 issu$ by ! au?ority ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t 9 #aeff2 ! ,!ologia ,moralis ( ,/4 ,alphonsus ,liguori 7d4 #aghg71 a "w ^: au?ority is univ]sally recogniz$2 ! celebrat$ treatise on ! virtues by ,lessius 7d4 #afbc72 ! classic "w ( ,su>ez 7d4 #afag71 ,de ,religione2 ! ,summa ,casuum ,consci5tiae ( ,toletus 7d4 #aeif72 ! comm5t>ies ( ,francis de ,victoria 7d4 #aedf71 :i* are writ+s ( extraord9>y m]it4 ,m rec5t works are s num]\s t x is impossible to m5tion !m "h4 #ah4 ,among ! _m mod]n works on ,moral ,!ology :i* h be5 publi%$ abroad1 n a few are 9 ! v]nacul>--9 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 ,italian1 ,spani%1 etc4 ,:ile !y are n int5d$ to replace ! ,lat9 text-books us$ 9 sem9>ies1 ^! are nev]!less a v great help to a full] k ( ! matt] treat$ & to a m ready use ( x 9 ! "w ( ! m9i/ry4 ,s f> !re has be5 a de>? ( works on ,moral ,!ology 9 ,engli%2 & x is ?is want t has occasion$ ! pres5t "w1 :i* aims at pres5t+ ,moral ,!ology1 n only 9 its ess5tials1 b ev5 m 9 detail & ) great] fullness ?an is done by mo/ ( ! text-books commonly 9 use4 ,& yet1 :ile pursu+ ?is l>g] & m compreh5sive plan1 ! au?ors ( ?is new "w h tri$ to be z brief & compact z possible4 ,x has be5 _! endeavor especially to avoid digressions into o!r fields & to sum up p]t95t matt] 9 z cle> & simple a mann] z ! subjects treat$ w p]mit4 #ag4 ,! ,division & ,ord] ( ,p>ts 9 ,moral ,!ology4--,! arrangem5t ( 8 matt] made by ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as 9 ! ,summa ,!ologica is admitt$ly unsurpass$ & unsurpassable 9 ! qualities t good di/ribution %\ld h1 viz41 cle>ness1 connection betwe5 p>ts1 complet5ess4 ,h5ce1 we _c d bett] ?an foll[ ! ord] he has us$ 9 8 treatm5t ( moral subjects4 ,8 g5]al division is z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! ,la/ ,end ( ,man4--,f ! ,la/ ,end acts d]ive _! morality1 ^? be+ good t advance man t[>ds its atta9m5t1 & ^? evil t turn him away f its possession4 ,! ,la/ ,end is consid]$2 7a7 z to its exi/5ce2 7b7 z to its nature 7i4e41 ! con/itu5ts ( supreme beatitude74 7#b7 ,! ,g5]al ,means ,t5d+ to ! ,la/ ,end4--,god is approa*$1 n by ! /eps ( ! body1 b by ! op]ations ( ! s\l1 & ?us x is human acts t lead "o to "o's ,la/ ,end4 ,^! acts are consid]$3 7a7 z !y are 9 !mselves or absolutely1 & accord+ to ! tw(old division ( acts prop] to man 7human acts7 & acts common to man & bea/ 7passions72 7b7 z to ! int]nal pr9ciples f :i* !y proce$1 i4e41 habits1 :e!r good 7virtues7 or bad 7vices72 7c7 z to ! ext]nal pr9ciples by :i* !y are influ5c$4 ,! ext]nal pr9ciple ( evil is ! demon1 :o tempts man to s94 ,! ext]nal pr9ciple ( good is ,god1 :o in/ructs u by ,8 law & ! voice ( consci5ce1 & assi/s u by ,8 grace4 7#c7 ,! ,special ,means ,t5d+ to ! ,la/ ,end4--,^! are our own good works2 h5ce1 "h are consid]$ ! virtues incumb5t on all classes ( m51 i4e41 ! !ological & moral virtues4 #ah4 ,"s ( ! topics j m5tion$ 7e4g41 div9e grace7 are discuss$ fully 9 works on ,dogmatic ,!ology1 & h5ce may be omitt$ "h4 ,aga91 s9ce ! ,la/ ,end ( man is consid]$ at great l5g? 9 dogmatic works on ,es*atology1 little ne$ be said ab\t x "h4 ,h5ce1 x w be conv5i5t to divide ?is "w into two p>ts z foll[s3 ,g5]al ,moral ,!ology1 9 :i* are treat$ ! m remote pr9ciples on duty1 su* z ! ,la/ ,end1 human acts1 good & bad habits1 laws & consci5ce1 grace2 7b7 ,special ,moral ,!ology1 9 :i* are treat$ ! m imm$iate rules conc]n+ duty1 i4e41 man's obligations z reg>ds ! virtues & ! ,comm&m5ts4 ,,"p ,i ,,g5]al ,,moral ,,!ology ,"q ,i ,,! ,,la/ ,,end ,,( ,,man ,,& ,,! ,,means ,,to ,,t ,,end ,art4 #a3 ,,! ,,la/ ,,end ,,( ,,man 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,i-,,ii1 qq4 #a-e2 ,contra ,g5tes1 ,,iv1 cc4 #a-fc47 #ai4 ,exi/5ce ( ! ,la/ ,end4--,e delib]ate act proce$s f ! w1 &1 s9ce ! w pursues good z its goal1 x foll[s t e delib]ate act is done = "s good or end4 ,b1 if ?is end is an imp]fect good1 x is desir$ n = itself b z lead+ up to a p]fect good1 t is1 to "o :i* w leave no?+ beyond x to be desir$2 9 o!r words1 ! int]m$iate end is will$ on acc\nt ( a la/ end4 ,h5ce1 all t a man wills1 he wills directly or indirectly on acc\nt ( a la/ end4 ,all m5 desire _! own happ9ess & p]fection2 b n all und]/& 9 :at beatitude consi/s1 s9ce "s aim ultimately at f9ite goods4 #bj4 ,nature ( ! ,la/ ,end4--,z man's ,la/ ,end is t object :i* w make him p]fectly happy1 x _c consi/3 7a7 9 ext]nal goods1 su* z weal?1 honors1 fame1 glory & p[]1 s9ce "o might h all ^! & yet be v unhappy2 7b7 9 goods ( ! body1 su* z heal?1 beauty1 pleasure & /r5g?1 s9ce all ^! ?+s are pass+1 & moreov] satisfy only a "p1 & t ! l[] "p1 ( man2 7c7 9 goods ( ! s\l1 su* z wisdom or virtue1 s9ce man's intellect is nev] cont5t ) p>ticul> tru?1 nor 8 w ) p>ticul> good1 ! =m] always rea*+ out = ! highe/ tru?1 ! latt] = ! highe/ good4 ,h5ce1 ! ,la/ ,end ( man is ! ,inf9ite ,good1 or ,god 8:o satisfie? ?y desire0 7,psalm cii4 #e74 #ba4 ,atta9m5t ( ! ,la/ ,end4--,god be+ sup]s5sible1 ! act by :i* ,he is atta9$ _c be any op]ation ( ! s5ses1 b mu/ be an act ( ! high] p[]s4 ,man possesses 8 ,la/ ,end ?r\gh ! vision ( ,god1 f :i* result beatific love & e good t is compatible ) ! glorifi$ /ate4 ,= 8we see n[ ?r\gh a glass 9 a d>k mann]1 b !n face to face0 7,i ,cor41 xiii4 #ab72 & !re %all be 8glory & honor & peace to ev]yone t worke? good0 7,rom1 ii4 #aj74 ,art4 #b3 ,,acts ,,z ,,human 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,i-,,ii1 qq4 #f-ag47 #bb4 ,human acts are a means to man's ,la/ ,end1 inasmu* z !y are m]itori\s--i4e41 labors t des]ve a recomp5se 7,i ,cor41 iii4 #h71 /ruggles t des]ve a cr[n 7,,ii ,tim41 ii4 #e74 ,b works are n m]itori\s unless !y are "o's own 7human7 & good 7moral72 &1 s9ce ! rew>d is sup]natural1 !y mu/ also be ! fruit ( grace4 ,h5ce1 we %all speak ( acts 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 7a7 acts z human & free 7,art4 #b72 7b7 acts z morally good 7,art4 #c72 7c7 acts z sup]naturally m]itori\s 7,art4 #d74 #bc4 ,def9ition4--,^? acts are call$ human ( :i* a man is ! ma/]1 & he is ma/] ( 8 actions 9 virtue ( 8 reason & 8 w1 :i* faculties make him sup]ior to non-human ag5ts t act )\t reason & fre$om4 ,h5ce1 ! foll[+ k9ds ( acts done by a human be+ are n call$ human3 7a7 ^? t are n "u ! control ( ! m9d1 because "o is p]man5tly or tempor>ily )\t ! use ( reason or )\t k 7e4g41 ! acts done by ! insane2 by ^? :o are unconsci\s or deliri\s1 "u ! influ5ce ( hypnotism or drugs1 di/ract$ or c>ri$ away by vehem5t fe>1 ang]1 etc42 by infants & un9/ruct$ p]sons72 7b7 ^? t are n "u ! control ( ! w1 ev5 ?\gh !y are kn[n 7e4g41 automatic acts1 su* z ! acts ( ! vegetative p[]s1 gr[?1 circulation ( ! blood2 pa?ological acts1 su* z convulsions2 acts done "u ext]nal viol5ce74 #bd4 ,k ,requisite = a ,human ,act4--,an act is human1 or volunt>y1 :5 x is delib]ately desir$2 &1 s9ce no?+ c be delib]ately desir$ unless x is kn[n1 an act done )\t k is n human or volunt>y4 ,?us1 a deliri\s pati5t does n w ! language he uses1 = 8 m9d is confus$ & he does n und]/& :at he is say+4 #be4 ,! condition ( a p]son )\t k is ignorance1 :i* is def9$ z ! abs5ce ( k 9 "o :o is capable ( kn[+4 ,ignorance is ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,f ! viewpo9t ( t :i* is n kn[n 7i4e41 ( ! object ( ! ignorance71 !re is ignorance ( ! sub/ance ( an act & ignorance ( ! quality ( an act4 ,= example1 ,titus driv+ rapidly 9 ! d>k runs ov] & kills a pet animal ( 8 neighbor1 b kn[s no?+ ( ?is happ5+ 7ignorance ( ! sub/ance ( ! act72 ,balbus1 a *ild1 fires a pi/ol at 8 playmate1 n kn[+ t ?is causes dea? 7ignorance ( ! physical quality ( an act71 & t x is ! s9 ( murd] 7ignorance ( ! moral quality ( an act74 #bf4 ,) ref]5ce to ! w ( ! p]son :o is ignorant1 ?ree k9ds ( ignorance may be di/+ui%$4 7a7 ,ignorance is concomitant 7simultane\s ) ! act ( ! w71 :5 x is n volunt>y1 & yet is n !re=e ! reason ( ! act t foll[s x1 s9ce t act w\ld h be5 done1 ev5 _h !re be5 k4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by ! example ( a hunt] :o int5d$ to kill an enemy1 & kill$ him only accid5tally :ile %oot+ at an animal4 7b7 ,ignorance is consequ5t 7aft] ! act ( ! w71 :5 x is volunt>y1 :i* may happ5 9 diff]5t ways3 fir/1 :5 ignorance is affect$1 z :5 a p]son expressly desires to rema9 ignorant ab\t 8 duties1 s t he may h an excuse = 8 s9s1 or t he may n be di/urb$ 9 8 evil life2 secondly1 :5 he neglects to acquire ! k he ought to possess1 z :5 a hunt] kills a man1 ?9k+ him an animal1 because he took no pa9s to be sure be=e fir+4 7c7 ,ignorance is antec$5t 7be=e ! act ( ! w71 :5 x is n volunt>y1 & is ! cause ( ! act t foll[s s9ce ! act w\ld n h be5 done1 if !re _h be5 k4 ,= example1 a hunt] :o has us$ reasonable dilig5ce to avoid accid5ts1 kills a man :om he mi/ook = a de]4 #bg4 ,) ref]5ce to ! responsibility ( ! p]son :o is ignorant1 !re are two k9ds ( ignorance4 7a7 ,ignorance is inv9cible :5 x _c be remov$1 ev5 by ! use ( all ! c>e t ord9>ily prud5t & consci5ti\s p]sons w\ld use 9 ! circum/ances4 ,?us1 a p]son :o has no suspicions ( 8 ignorance1 or :o has tri$ 9 va9 to acquire in/ruction ab\t 8 duties1 is inv9cibly ignorant4 7b7 ,ignorance is v9cible :5 x c be remov$ by ! ex]cise ( ord9>y c>e4 ,!re are v>i\s degrees ( ?is species ( ignorance3 fir/1 x is m]ely v9cible1 :5 "s dilig5ce has be5 ex]cis$1 b n en\gh2 secondly1 x is crass or sup9e1 :5 h>dly any dilig5ce has be5 us$2 ?irdly1 x is affect$1 :5 a p]son delib]ately aims to cont9ue 9 ignorance4 #bh4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,v>i\s ,k9ds ( ,ignorance on ! ,volunt>9ess ( ,acts4--7a7 ,ignorance ( an act1 :e!r z to its sub/ance or quality1 makes an act involunt>y1 :5 ! ignorance itself is involunt>y1 z w be expla9$ 9 p>agraph #bi4 ,h5ce1 if we ref] to ignorance t is n blamewor?y & to ! guilt ( violat+ ! law ( ,god1 we may say3 8,ignorance excuses40 7b7 ,ignorance does n make an act involunt>y be=e human law1 unless ! law itself presumes ! ignorance or ! ignorance is prov$1 z w be expla9$ 9 ! ,"q on ,law 7see #dhi sqq474 ,=1 :5 law is suffici5tly promulgat$ or a fact p]ta9s to "o's own self1 ! presumption is t ignorance does n exi/1 or t x is culpable4 ,h5ce1 ! g5]al rule ( law common to all =ms ( jurisprud5ce3 8,ignorance does n excuse0 7cfr4 ,canon #af ( ! ,code ( ,canon ,law74 #bi4 ,effects ( ,concomitant1 ,consequ5t1 & ,antec$5t ,ignorance4--7a7 ,concomitant ignorance does n make an act involunt>y1 because x does n cause any?+ t is contr>y to ! w2 b x does make ! act t is p]=m$ non-volunt>y1 s9ce :at is unkn[n _c be actually desir$4 7b7 ,consequ5t ignorance _c make an act entirely involunt>y1 s9ce su* ignorance is itself volunt>y2 b x does 9 a c]ta9 respect make an act involunt>y1 i4e41 inasmu* z ! act w\ld n h be5 done save = ! ignorance4 7c7 ,antec$5t ignorance makes an act entirely involunt>y4 #cj4 ,effects ( ,inv9cible & ,v9cible ,ignorance4--7a7 ,inv9cible ignorance1 ev5 ( :at p]ta9s to ! natural law1 makes an act involunt>y1 s9ce no?+ is will$ except :at is und]/ood4 ,h5ce1 no matt] h[ wrong an act is 9 itself1 ! ag5t is n guilty ( =mal s9 7see #bdi71 if he is inv9cibly ignorant ( ! malice involv$4 7b7 ,v9cible ignorance does n make an act involunt>y1 s9ce ! ignorance itself is volunt>y2 h5ce1 x does n excuse f s94 ,x does n ev5 make an act less volunt>y & less s9ful1 if ! ignorance is affect$ 9 ord] t "o may h an excuse2 = su* a /ate ( m9d %[s t ! p]son w\ld act ! same way1 ev5 ?\gh he _h k4 #ca4 ,v9cible ignorance makes an act less volunt>y & less s9ful3 7a7 :5 ! ignorance is n affect$1 = ! volunt>9ess is measur$ by ! k1 & k "h is lack+2 7b7 :5 ! ignorance1 ?\gh affect$1 0 fo/]$ only ?r\gh fe> t k might compel a /rict] way ( life2 = su* a /ate ( m9d seems to %[ t "o w\ld n act ! same way if "o _h k4 #cb4 ,l to ignorance are ! foll[+3 7a7 error1 :i* is a judgm5t n 9 agreem5t ) ! facts 7e4g41 ,balbus1 a "y *ild1 ?9ks /eal+ is lawful1 because old] p]sons are repres5t$ z /eal+ 9 ! mov+ pictures72 7b7 =getfulness1 :i* is ignorance ( :at 0 once kn[n 7e4g41 ,titus made a /udy ( 8 duties z a ,ca?olic :5 he 0 "y1 b at pres5t :at he does n "k ab\t ^? duties is n inconsid]able72 7c7 inadv]t5ce1 :i* is a lack ( att5tion to :at is be+ done 7e4g41 ,caius1 :o is abs5t-m9d$1 sometimes gets 8 hair cut & goes away )\t pay+1 or takes money t does n belong to him74 #cc4 ,! pr9ciples & conclusions giv5 above ) reg>d to ignorance w apply also to error1 =getfulness & inadv]t5ce2 = 9 all ^! cases ! lack ( actual k at ! mom5t an act is done1 is ei!r will$ or n will$1 & accord+ly ! act itself is ei!r volunt>y or n volunt>y4 ,9 ! examples m5tion$ above1 ,balbus does n w ! guilt ( !ft1 s9ce he does n "k x2 b 8 eld]s d w t guilt1 because !y %\ld "k x4 ,titus is responsible = neglect+ 8 duties1 if he has =gott5 !m ?r\gh 8 own neglect ( !m or o!r fault2 o!rwise1 he is n responsible4 ,caius' inatt5tion is involunt>y1 if due to m5tal conc5tration or di/raction1 & if x is n desir$ by him2 x is volunt>y1 if he is aw>e ( x & cultivates x1 or if he does n try to be m att5tive to 8 duties4 #cd4 ,cons5t ,requisite = a ,human ,act4--,to be human1 an act mu/ proce$ n only f k1 b also f incl9ation2 t is1 x mu/ be volunt>y4 ,?ree ?+s are necess>y 9 ord] t an act be volunt>y3 7a7 x mu/ be agreeable to an int]nal pr9ciple1 i4e41 9 mo/ moral matt]s to ! w4 ,h5ce1 an act t is done aga9/ "o's w on acc\nt ( ext]nal viol5ce is n volunt>y2 7b7 x mu/ be caus$ by ! w4 ,h5ce1 a %[] ( ra9 is said to be agreeable to ! g>d5]1 b n volunt>y s9ce 8 w is n its cause2 7c7 x mu/ be p]=m$ ) a consci\s purpose4 ,h5ce1 natural acts 7su* z sleep+7 & spontane\s acts 7su* z /rok+ "o's be>d abs5t-m9d$ly7 are n volunt>y acts4 #ce4 ,k9ds ( ,volunt>y ,acts4-7a7 ,a volunt>y act is free or necess>y1 accord+ z "o c or _c ab/a9 f x4 ,! vision ( ,god 9 heav5 is volunt>y to ! bless$1 s9ce !y look at ,him kn[+ly & gladly2 b x is n free1 s9ce !y _c av]t _! gaze f t :i* makes !m bless$4 ,! love ( ,god on e>? is volunt>y1 s9ce *os52 b x is also free1 s9ce man is able to turn away f ,god4 7b7 ,an act is p]fectly or imp]fectly volunt>y1 accord+ z ! delib]ation & cons5t t prec$e x are full or only p>tial4 7c7 ,an act is said to be simply--t is1 absolutely--volunt>y1 :5 x is wi%$ "u circum/ances t exi/ "h & n[1 al?\gh 9 itself1 ap>t f ^? circum/ances1 x is n wi%$4 ,x is said to be volunt>y "u a c]ta9 aspect1 :5 x is desir$ = itself1 b n "u exi/+ conditions4 ,?us1 if an arm ne$s to be amputat$ to save life1 ! amputation is absolutely volunt>y1 :ile ! pres]vation ( ! arm is volunt>y only 9 a c]ta9 respect4 ,h5ce1 an act is volunt>y simply or absolutely :5 "o *ooses x1 all ?+s consid]$2 x rema9s involunt>y "u a c]ta9 respect1 inasmu* z ! *oice is made ) reluctance4 7d7 ,an act is volunt>y 9 itself or directly1 :5 x is desir$ 9 itself = its own sake 7i4e41 z an end71 or = ! sake ( some?+ else 7i4e41 z a means74 ,x is volunt>y 9 its cause or indirectly1 :5 x is n desir$ 9 itself1 ei!r z a means or an end1 b is =ese5 z ! result ( some?+ else t is int5d$4 ,examples3 ,titus qu>rels ) 8 neighbors1 at times because he likes to qu>rel1 & at o!r times because he wi%es to make !m fe> him2 h5ce1 8 qu>rels are directly volunt>y4 ,caius is a peaceful man :o dislikes qu>rel+2 b he likes to dr9k too mu* occasionally1 al?\gh he kn[s t he always qu>rels :5 he is "u ! influ5ce ( liquor4 ,?us1 8 qu>rels are indirectly volunt>y4 #cf4 ,an act is volunt>y 9 its cause 9 two ways3 7a7 approv+ly 7physically & morally volunt>y 9 cause71 :5 "o is able & oblig$ n to p]=m ! act t is its cause 7e4g41 ! qu>rels ( ,caius m5tion$ above are approv$ implicitly by him1 s9ce he c\ld & %\ld prev5t ! intoxication :i* is _! cause72 7b7 p]missively 7physically volunt>y 9 cause71 :5 "o is n able or n oblig$ to omit ! act t is its cause 7see #id sqq474 ,examples3 ,balbus1 9 ord] to make a liv+1 has to associate ) p]sons ( qu>relsome "*1 & z a result (t5 he>s %ock+ disputes4 ,titus1 a milit>y comm&]1 ord]s an enemy =tification to be bomb>d$1 al?\gh he kn[s t ?is w involve ! de/ruction ( o!r prop]ty & ! unavoidable kill+ ( "s non-combatants or neutrals4 ,caius writes a book ^: purpose & natural result is edification1 b he =esees t evil-m9d$ p]sons w misund]/& x & take sc&al4 #cg4 ,omissions1 z well z acts1 may be volunt>y4 7a7 ,?us1 !y are directly volunt>y1 :5 !y are will$ z an end or z a means to an end4 ,example3 ,titus fails to reprove ! disord]s ( ^? 9 8 *>ge because he likes disord]1 or because x illu/rates 8 !ory t ev]yone %\ld g ?r\gh an evolution f r\ghness to ref9em5t4 7b7 ,!y are indirectly volunt>y1 :5 _! cause is will$ ) approval or p]mitt$ ) disapproval4 ,example3 ,balbus does n l to miss ,mass1 b he fails to rise f b$ :5 he he>s ! *ur* bell r++1 & z a result does n get to *ur*4 ,if 8 failure to get up 0 due to laz9ess1 ! omission ( ,mass 0 approv$ by ,balbus2 if x 0 due to illness1 ! omission 0 only p]mitt$4 #ch4 ,! effect t foll[s ^u an omission may also be volunt>y4 7a7 ,?us1 x is directly volunt>y1 if ! omission is *os5 z a means to ! effect4 ,example3 ,caius he>s ,titus say t he is go+ to make a c]ta9 bus9ess deal1 & he kn[s t ,titus w suff] a great loss !reby2 b he wi%es ,titus to lose 8 money1 & !re=e says no?+ ab\t ! dang]4 7b7 ,x is indirectly volunt>y1 if "o =esees ! effect1 & approves or p]mits x4 ,examples3 ,balbus sees ,titus attack$ by a hoodlum & realizes t1 unless assi/$1 ,titus w be badly beat5 up2 b he is su* an admir] ( pugilism t1 9 spite ( 8 sorr[ = ,titus1 he decides n to /op ! fight4 ,caius sees 8 fri5d ,sempronius dr[n+1 & fails to g to 8 assi/ance1 because to 8 regret he is n an exp]t swimm]4 #ci4 ,! effect ( an omission is indirectly volunt>y & approv$ by ! w :5 "o is able & b\nd to d :at "o omits4 ,example3 ,balbus receives "s confid5tial docum5ts ) ! und]/&+ t he w gu>d !m sacr$ly2 b fe>+ to lose ! good graces ( ,titus1 :o is curi\s & loquaci\s1 he omits to put ! pap]s away z promis$1 ) ! result t ,titus f9ds !m & reads !m4 #dj4 ,ob/acles to ,cons5t4--,! ob/acles to cons5t are all ^? factors t take away or less5 ! volunt>9ess ( an act4 7a7 ,?us1 ! actual ob/acles t affect ! intellect are r$uc$ to ignorance1 spok5 ( above2 ^? t affect ! w are passion & fe>1 & t :i* affects ! ext]nal p[]s is co]cion4 7b7 ,! habitual ob/acles are habits & abnormal m5tal /ates4 #da4 ,fe> is a di/urbance ( m9d caus$ by ! ?\ght t a future dang] is imp5d+4 ,x is an ob/acle to cons5t 9 v>i\s ways3 7a7 x less5s or takes away fre$om ( judgm5t1 inasmu* z x h9d]s or susp5ds ! reason+ processes2 7b7 x less5s ! volunt>9ess ( *oice1 inasmu* z x makes "o decide = :at is n ( itself agreeable4 #db4 ,an act done "u fe> t imp$$ ! use ( judgm5t is3 7a7 involunt>y1 if ! fe> 0 s great t "o 0 tempor>ily out ( "o's m9d4 ,example3 ,titus is s panic-/rick5 at ! ?\ght t a wild animal is pursu+ him t he fires a revolv] 9 e direction2 7b7 less volunt>y1 if ! fe> prev5ts "o f ?9k+ ) calmness & delib]ation4 ,example3 ,caius is be+ que/ion$ by a /]n exam9] :o dem&s an imm$iate reply4 ,fe>+ to hesitate1 ,caius gives :at he kn[s is a 8bluff+0 answ]4 #dc4 ,! acts ( "o :o is "u fe> are ( v>i\s k9ds4 7a7 ,acts are done ) fe>1 :5 ! fe> is concomitant--i4e41 :5 x is n will$ & does n cause ! act1 b is m]ely its occasion or w\ld r prev5t x4 ,examples3 ,julius is ord]$ "u pa9 ( dea? to dr9k a glass ( w9e1 a ?+ he 0 int5d+ to d & :i* he w\ld h done ev5 )\t any ?reats4 ,balbus walks along a lonely road1 because he mu/ get home1 b he trembles at ! ?\ght ( robb]s4 ,caius1 a highwayman1 at ! po9t ( ! revolv]1 =ces ,balbus to h& ov] 8 purse1 b he fe>s t ! police may arrive be=e he has secur$ ! money4 ,titus1 a bus9ess man1 makes a trip by air1 because he mu/ rea* ano!r city )\t delay1 b he has "s appreh5sions ab\t 8 safety4 ,all ^! m5 act1 n because (1 b ap>t f or 9 spite ( _! fe>s4 7b7 ,acts are done ?r\gh fe>1 :5 fe> causes an act t w\ld n o!rwise be p]=m$4 ,! fe> may be antec$5t 7i4e41 unwill$7 or consequ5t 7i4e41 will$74 ,examples3 ,balbus1 9 ! case m5tion$ above1 surr5d]$ 8 purse because ( involunt>y fe> :i* 0 caus$ by ! revolv] ( ! robb]4 ,claudius makes an act ( sorr[ = s9 because ( volunt>y fe> :i* he produces by ?9k+ ( ! puni%m5t ( hell4 #dd4 ,! effects ( fe>1 :i* d n take away ! use ( reason1 on ! volunt>9ess ( acts are z foll[s4 7a7 ,acts done ) fe> are n made really involunt>y on acc\nt ( ! fe> t accompanies !m1 = !y are done = _! own sake1 n out ( fe> or z a consequ5ce ( fe>4 ,!y may be call$ relatively involunt>y 9 ! s5se t1 by reason ( fe>1 !y are comp>atively unpleasant1 unless "o enjoys ! ?rill ( dang]4 ,examples3 ,balbus1 ,caius & ,titus1 9 ! cases m5tion$ above1 act$ ) p]fect will+ness4 ,:e!r !y enjoy$ _! exp]i5ces or n1 dep5ds on _! attitudes t[>ds adv5ture & excitem5t4 7b7 ,acts done ?r\gh fe> are volunt>y simply & absolutely1 = ! act done "u ! impulse ( fe> is :at ! ag5t consid]s "h & n[ z mo/ desirable4 ,examples3 ,balbus' surr5d] ( 8 purse & ,claudius' act ( contrition are j :at ^! two m5 wi% to d z be/ suit$ to ! circum/ances4 7c7 ,acts done ?r\gh fe> are involunt>y 9 a c]ta9 respect1 if ! ag5t c reta9 8 incl9ation t[>ds ! opposite ( ! act & /ill avoid :at he fe>s2 o!rwise1 !y are 9 no way involunt>y4 ,examples3 ,balbus reta9s 8 lik+ = ! money tak5 f him by =ce1 & h5ce ! surr5d] ( x to ! highwayman1 al?\gh volunt>y1 if all ?+s are consid]$1 is n volunt>y1 if only ! money itself is consid]$4 ,claudius1 on ! contr>y1 reta9s no lik+ = 8 s9s1 = he kn[s t1 if he does1 he w defeat ! purpose ( 8 act ( sorr[1 :i* is to escape ! pa9s ( hell2 h5ce1 8 contrition1 al?\gh ! result ( fe>1 is 9 no respect involunt>y4 #de4 ,passion is a movem5t ( ! s5sitive appetite t[>ds its object ?r\gh love1 desire1 hope1 or its repose !re9 ?r\gh delight4 ,x t5ds t[>ds good1 z fe> t5ds away f evil 7see #aag sqq474 ,passion is an ob/acle to cons5t 9 ! foll[+ ways3 7a7 x takes away volunt>9ess 7i4e41 ! quality ( proce$+ f an int]nal pr9ciple ) k ( ! end ( ! act71 :5ev] x is s int5se z to prev5t k2 7b7 x dim9i%es lib]ty 7i4e41 ! quality ( be+ p]fectly volunt>y1 or indiff]5t z betwe5 _m acts71 ev5 :5 x does n prev5t k4 #df4 ,spiritual appetites =tify ! reason1 b ! opposite is true ( s5sible appetites2 = ^! latt] draw all ! att5tion to ?+s t are l[] & away f ^? t are high]1 & imp$e ! ex]cise ( imag9ation & o!r s5ses t s]ve ! reason4 ,9 extreme & r>e cases passion may be s int5se z to di/ract f or prev5t altoge!r ! ex]cise ( reason1 or to produce insanity4 ,?us1 we sometimes he> ( p]sons los+ _! m9ds ?r\gh affection = money1 or ( p]=m+ irrational de$s "u ! excitem5t ( joy4 #dg4 ,) ref]5ce to ! w1 passion is tw(old4 7a7 ,x is antec$5t1 :5 x prec$es ! act ( ! w & causes x4 ,9 ?is case ! passion arises n f ! w1 b f "s o!r cause 7e4g41 ! bodily /ate1 z :5 a sick man longs = food t is =bidd574 7b7 ,passion is consequ5t :5 x foll[s ! act ( ! w & results f x4 ,?is may happ5 ei!r )\t ! w *oos+ ! passion 7z :5 ! v vehem5ce ) :i* ! w desires "s object causes a correspond+ s5sitive emotion to awak571 or because ! w has delib]ately ar\s$ ! emotion 9 ord] to be able ! bett] to act ?r\gh its coop]ation4 #dh4 ,antec$5t passion makes an act m volunt>y1 s9ce x makes ! w t5d ) great] incl9ation to its object2 b x likewise makes an act less free1 s9ce x imp$es delib]ation & di/urbs ! p[] ( *oice4 ,example3 ,a man :o takes extreme delight 9 sports1 plays volunt>ily1 b is less free ?an if he 7 n s immod]ately incl9$ t way4 #di4 ,consequ5t passion :i* results naturally f an int5se act ( ! w does n increase ! volunt>9ess ( ! act1 s9ce x is n its cause2 b x does %[ t ! act ( ! w is int5se1 = x is only t :i* is will$ vehem5tly t ov]fl[s f ! w & affects ! emotions4 #ej4 ,consequ5t passion :i* results f ! delib]ate *oice ( ! w increases ! volunt>9ess ( ! act t foll[s1 s9ce ! act is p]=m$ ) great] int5sity on acc\nt ( ! passion t has be5 delib]ately excit$4 #ea4 ,:at has be5 said ab\t ! passions t t5d to s5sible good c be appli$ also to ! passions t are conc]n$ ) s5sible evils1 su* z hatr$1 sadness1 av]sion1 boldness1 ang]4 ,if !y are antec$5t1 !y increase ! volunt>9ess ( an act1 b dim9i% its fre$om2 &1 if !y cause a pass+ fr5zy or insanity1 !y take away all responsibility4 ,if !y are consequ5t1 !y ei!r increase ! will+ness ( ! act1 or indicate t x is will$ ) great int5sity4 #eb4 ,viol5ce1 or co]cion1 is ! use ( =ce by an ext]nal ag5t to compel "o to d :at "o does n want to d4 ,its effects on volunt>9ess are3 7a7 x _c affect ! int]nal act ( ! w1 else we %\ld h ! contradiction t ! act ( ! w 0 bo? volunt>y1 z proce$+ f ! w1 & involunt>y1 z proce$+ f ext]nal co]cion2 7b7 x c affect ext]nal acts1 su* z walk+1 & s make !m involunt>y4 ,if a boy is driv5 to s*ool1 ! viol5ce makes 8 go+ involunt>y1 b x does n make 8 w n to g to s*ool involunt>y4 #ec4 ,habits4--,*>act]i/ic ( habits is a con/ant incl9ation1 result+ f repeat$ acts1 to p]=m simil> acts 7see #acc = def9ition ( habit74 ,its effects on ! volunt>9ess ( acts are3 7a7 if ! habit is 9 a s5se involunt>y1 i4e41 caus$ by free acts b retract$ by a s9c]e act ( contrition1 x dim9i%es or ev5 takes away volunt>9ess4 ,if ! actual adv]t5ce to ! act is imp]fect1 ! volunt>iety is dim9i%$2 if adv]t5ce is totally abs5t1 all volunt>iety is tak5 away4 ,?us a drunk>d :o retracts 8 habit & makes an act ( true contrition may aga9 fall into s9 because ( ! acquir$ dispositions to dr9k4 ,!n ! s9s are less volunt>y or at times1 ow+ to total lack ( adv]t5ce1 may be reg>d$ solely z mat]ial s9s4 7b7 if ! habit is volunt>y1 i4e41 acquir$ by free acts & n retract$1 x increases ! volunt>9ess 9 respect to ! incl9ation to act4 ,%\ld all adv]t5ce & delib]ation be tak5 away1 a r>e occurr5ce1 x dim9i%es ! lib]ty ( ! act & consequ5tly its morality z good or bad4 ,volunt>iety1 h[ev]1 is n tak5 away entirely1 s9ce ! habit itself 0 freely will$ & h5ce acts fl[+ f x are volunt>y 9 cause 7see #ce474 ,if suffici5t adv]t5ce rema9s1 ! habit dim9i%es ! fre$om ( ! act ow+ to ! imp$+ ( reason2 b ?is dim9ution ( lib]ty is 9 accord ) ! w ( ! individual :o freely contract$ & cons]ves ! habit to h facility 9 act+4 ,accord+ly1 absolutely speak+1 a volunt>y habit increases ! volunt>iety ( acts caus$ by t habit & consequ5tly increases _! goodness or evil4 ,?us ,/4 ,?omas ass]ts t "o :o s9s f habit s9s f c]ta9 malice1 i4e41 n f ignorance or passion1 b f ! w's own *oice4 #ed4 ,natural prop5sities are incl9ations t arise f bodily con/itution or physical condition 7e4g41 a /rong native attraction to temp]ance or to intemp]ance n acquir$ by frequ5t acts74 ,natural prop5sities h ! same k9d ( influ5ce on ! will+ness ( an act z involunt>y habits 7see #ec474 #ee4 ,pa?ological /ates are diseases ( ! bra9 or n]ves t react ^u ! intellect & ! w1 su* z v>i\s k9ds ( neuroses & psy*oses1 hy/]ia & epilepsy4 ,! influ5ce ( pa?ological /ates on ! volunt>9ess ( acts seems simil> 9 k9d to t ascrib$ to antec$5t passion 7see #dh474 ,caution mu/ be obs]v$ 9 apply+ ^! pr9ciples to p>ticul> k9ds ( m5tal diseases4#a #a ,9 d\bt :e!r an act associat$ ) a pa?ological /ate is free or n1 ! rule ( morali/s is l5i5t4 ,:5 ! act is s9ful1 x is n imput$ z gravely s9ful1 = man is innoc5t until prov5 guilty4 ,if ! act is good1 x is presum$ volunt>y & free &1 consequ5tly1 m]itori\s4 ,see ,prumm]1 ,d4,m41 ,o4,p41 ,manuale ,!ologiae ,moralis 7,b>celona3 ,h]d]1 #aidf71 ,i4 n4#ic4 #ef4 ,two ,k9ds ( ,volunt>y ,acts4--,hav+ discuss$ human or volunt>y acts 9 g5]al1 we %all n[ indicate 9 p>ticul> ! acts t are ( ?is k9d4 ,!re are two classes ( volunt>y acts3 7a7 ^? elicit$ by ! w2 7b7 ^? comm&$ by ! w4 #eg4 ,acts ,elicit$ by ! ,w4--,! fir/ class ( acts "u ! control ( ! w are ^? t are p]=m$ by ! w itself--i4e41 t are begun & complet$ 9 t p[] ( ! s\l4 #eh4 ,!re are ?ree acts ( ! w t are direct$ to ! end ! w has 9 view1 viz41 wi%1 int5tion & fruition4 ,wi% is ! love or incl9ation ( ! w t[>ds ! end )\t any ref]5ce to ! means by :i* x is to be obta9$3 ?is is ! fir/ act ( ! w4 ,int5tion is ! direction ( ! w to ! ga9+ ( ! end ?r\gh c]ta9 means4 ,fruition is ! enjoym5t ( ! end aft] x has be5 ga9$3 ?is is ! la/ act ( ! w4 #ei4 ,!re are ?ree acts ( ! w t are direct$ to ! means & t foll[ aft] int5tion1 viz41 cons5t1 election1 & use4 ,cons5t foll[s ^u ! c\nsel ( ! intellect1 & is an act ( ! w agree+ to sev]al means z suitable = ! int5d$ end4 ,election foll[s aft] a practical judgm5t ( ! intellect ab\t ! means cons5t$ to1 & is an act ( ! w :i* *ooses "o ( ! means 9 pref]5ce to ! o!rs1 z be+ mo/ suitable = ga9+ ! int5d$ end4 ,use is ! act by :i* ! w directs & moves ! o!r p[]s to employ ! p>ticul> means t has be5 *os54 #fj4 ,acts ,comm&$ by ! ,w4--,! second class ( acts t are "u ! control ( ! w are ^? t proce$1 n f ! w itself1 b f ! o!r p[]s "u ! direction ( ! w4 #fa4 ,acts comm&$ by ! w are ( v>i\s k9ds3 7a7 intellectual acts1 su* z judgm5t1 reason+1 etc41 p]=m$ "u ! direction ( ! w1 7b7 s5sible acts su* z sight1 he>+1 imag9ation1 ! passions ( love1 hate1 etc42 7c7 ext]nal corporal acts1 su* z walk+1 writ+1 etc4 ,none ( ! =ego+ acts ne$ be comm&$ by ! w1 z !y may be indelib]ate 7see #bc74 #fb4 ,! foll[+ k9ds ( acts are n subject to ! control ( ! w3 7a7 intellectual acts1 su* z ! ass5t ( ! reason to self-evid5t tru?s1 z reg>ds ! specification ( ! act2 7b7 s5sible acts1 su* z ! passions consid]$ z aris+ f bodily dispositions be=e !y are adv]t$ to2 7c7 acts ( ! vegetative life1 su* z dige/ion & gr[?2 7d7 bodily movem5ts1 su* z ! circulation ( ! blood & ! beat+ ( ! he>t4 ,art4 #c3 ,,acts ,,z ,,moral 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,i-,,ii1 qq4 #ah-bj47 #fc4 ,9 ord] t an act be a means by :i* man may t5d to 8 ,la/ ,end1 x is n suffici5t t x be human 7proce$+ f k & w72 x mu/ also be morally good4 #fd4 ,def9ition4--,morality is ! agreem5t or disagreem5t1 ( a human act ) ! norms t regulate human conduct ) ref]5ce to man's ,la/ ,end4 ,! act :i* is 9 agreem5t ) ^? norms is morally good2 ! act :i* is 9 disagreem5t ) !m is morally bad4 ,an act t nei!r agrees nor disagrees ) ! norms ( morality1 is call$ morally indiff]5t4 #fe4 ,! con/itutive norm ( morality is t :i* gives an act its moral quality4 7a7 ,proximately1 ?is is ! relation ( agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ! act to ! rational nature ( man consid]$ 9 its entirety & ) ref]5ce to its true happ9ess2 7b7 remotely1 ?is norm is ! relation ( ! act to ,god1 ! ,la/ ,end ( man4 #ff4 ,h5ce1 t :i* makes an act morally good is its agreem5t ) ! nature ( man z a rational be+ de/9$ = heav51 & its promotion ( ! glory ( ,god1 :i* is ! purpose ( all creation4 #fg4 ,! manife/ative norm ( morality is t ?r\gh :i* ! moral quality ( acts is kn[n4 7a7 ,proximately1 ?is is "r reason1 :i* is ! sup]ior faculty & guide ( ! w2 7b7 remotely1 x is ! div9e intellect1 f :i* reason receives its light4 #fh4 ,! preceptive norm ( morality is t :i* po9ts out duty ) respect to good & evil4 7a7 ,proximately1 x is consci5ce2 7b7 remotely1 x is ! law ( ,god4 #fi4 ,! species ( morality are ?ree3 7a7 an act is morally good :5 x is 9 h>mony ) ! norms ( morality m5tion$ above 7e4g41 pray]1 works ( *>ity72 7b7 an act is morally bad :5 x is out ( h>mony ) ^? norms 7e4g41 blasphemy1 inju/ice72 7c7 an act is morally indiff]5t :51 if consid]$ 9 ! ab/ract1 x nei!r agrees nor disagrees ) moral norms 7e4g41 walk+1 rid+1 etc474 #gj4 ,! ,s\rces ( ,morality4--,! s\rces f :i* ! morality ( an act is d]iv$ are its own t5d5cies & modes1 9 s f> z !y h a relation ( agreem5t or disagreem5t to ! /&>ds ( morals4 ,^! s\rces are3 7a7 ! object ( ! act1 f :i* x d]ives its ess5ce 7e4g41 ,god is ! object ( *>ity72 7b7 ! circum/ances ( ! act1 by :i* x is modifi$ accid5tally 7e4g41 f]vor is a circum/ance ( ! act ( *>ity72 7c7 ! purpose or end ( ! ag5t1 :i* is ! *ief circum/ance 7e4g41 to please ,god1 z ! purpose ( a "w ( *>ity74 #ga4 ,! object ( an action is t to :i* x prim>ily & naturally t5ds z to its t]m & end1 & f :i* x is nam$4 ,?us1 an alms is direct$ imm$iately & ( its own nature to ! relief ( ! poor 7end ( ! act72 x is only second>ily & f ! direction giv5 x by ! ag5t t x t5ds to g5]osity & edification1 s9ce ! ag5t may give /+ily1 or f a bad motive 7end ( ! ag5t74 #gb4 ,! circum/ances are all ^? conditions1 diff]5t f ! object1 t affect ! morality ( ! act4 ,! *ief moral circum/ances are3 7a7 ! "t 7i4e41 ! duration1 ! "* ( ! day1 z a holyday1 fa/-day1 etc472 7b7 ! place 7i4e41 9 public or 9 private1 9 *ur* or else:]e1 etc472 7c7 ! mann] 7i4e41 ! adv]t5ce or inadv]t5ce1 ! cruelty1 etc472 7d7 ! quantity or quality ( ! ?+ done 7e4g41 t an alms is l>ge or small1 t ! p]son :o is help$ is m or less des]v+1 etc472 7e7 ! purpose ( ! ag5t 7e4g41 t an alms is giv5 to honor ,god72 7f7 ! quality or condition ( ! ag5t 7e4g41 t ! giv] ( an alms is poor himself72 7g7 ! means us$ 7e4g41 t a b5efactor's own money is us$ aga9/ himself74 #gc4 ,) ref]5ce to _! influ5ce on ! moral "* ( acts1 circum/ances are divid$ z foll[s3 7a7 circum/ances t *ange ! k9d ( morality1 by mak+ :at 0 good to be bad1 :at 0 indiff]5t to be good or bad1 :at 0 v5ial to be mortal1 :at belong$ to "o class ( mortal s9s to take on ano!r "*1 etc42 7b7 circum/ances t *ange ! degree ( morality1 by mak+ a good act m or less good1 or by mak+ a bad act m or less bad4 #gd4 ,! purpose or end ( an action is ! reason :i* induces ! ag5t to act4 ,x is ! *ief circum/ance ( an act1 & h5ce is treat$ z a sep>ate s\rce ( morality4 #ge4 ,! end or purpose is tw(old4 7a7 ,x is ! total end :5 x alone is int5d$1 s t ! action is done ) no o!r aim 9 m9d4 ,?us1 if "o helps ! poor only to practise *>ity1 ! total motive is *>ity4 7b7 ,! end is p>tial :5 x is int5d$ along ) ano!r motive ( equal or unequal =ce4 ,?us1 if a p]son helps ! poor 9 ord] to relieve !m & also to b5efit tempor>ily by 8 *>ity1 ! assi/ance ( o!rs is only a p>tial motive ( 8 act2 & if he w\ld n give alms except 9 view ( ! p]sonal advantage he expects1 *>ity becomes ! second>y motive4 #gf4 ,good ,acts4-,an act is said to be entirely good :5 all its elem5ts--its object1 circum/ances & purpose--are 9 con=mity ) ! /&>ds ( morality4 ,?us1 an alms giv5 to "o 9 ne$1 9 a consid]ate mann]1 & purely out ( love = ,god1 is good 9 e respect4 ,fur!rmore1 ! fact t ! circum/ances & purpose ( ! act are good increases ! goodness d]iv$ f ! object ( ! act4 #gg4 ,an act is likewise entirely good :5 at lea/ "o ( its elem5ts is good1 ! o!rs be+ indiff]5t1 & none evil2 = x is ! good alone t is int5d$ 7see #he71 & ?is gives ! moral color to ! :ole act4 ,?is happ5s z foll[s3 7a7 :5 ! object is indiff]5t & ! purpose good1 z :5 "o takes a walk = ! purpose ( p]=m+ a "w ( m]cy2 7b7 :5 ! object is indiff]5t & a circum/ance good1 z :5 "o eats a meal ) int5tional mod]ation2 7c7 :5 ! object is good & a circum/ance indiff]5t1 z :5 "o prays ) un9t5tional /amm]+4 #gh4 ,an act is p>tly good :51 :ile its object is good1 !re is "s evil 9 ! circum/ances t does n neutralize or trans=m ! object4 ,?is happ5s 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 :5 ! object is good & "s m9or circum/ance1 n int5d$ z affect+ ! sub/ance ( ! act1 is evil1 z :5 a p]son prays ) di/ractions2 7b7 :5 ! object is good & a p>tial1 b n pr$om9ant motive is slightly evil1 z :5 a p]son prays 9 public 9 ord] to give edification & also incid5tally to help 8 reputation4 ,9 bo? ^! cases ! good--i4e41 ! wor%ip ( ,god--is desir$ = itself z good1 & ! evil t is simultane\sly desir$ does n *ange ?is good object4 #gi4 ,bad ,acts4-,an act is call$ entirely evil :5 all its elem5ts--its object1 circum/ances & purpose-are contr>y to ! moral norms4 ,?us1 to /eal1 on a l>ge scale1 9 ord] to drive ! victim to desp]ation is an act t is entirely wrong4 ,! wick$ness ( ! circum/ance & ( ! motive increases ! wick$ness ( ! object ( ! act4 #hj4 ,an act is likewise call$ entirely bad1 :5 "o or m ( its elem5ts are ( !mselves good or indiff]5t1 b :5 !re is an elem5t :i* is evil & :i* neutralizes or trans=ms ! good4 ,?is happ5s 9 v>i\s ways3 7a7 :5 ! object is evil1 & ! purpose is good1 z :5 "o /eals 9 ord] to pay "o's debts4 ,! good end is wi%$ only z obta9able ?r\gh a wick$ means1 & ?us ceases to be good2 7b7 :5 ! object is good or indiff]5t1 & ! total purpose is evil1 z :5 "o talks or prays ) no o!r motive ?an to annoy ano!r p]son4 ,! good is will$1 n z good1 b only z a means to evil2 7c7 :5 ! object is good or indiff]5t1 & a p>tial b ult]ior purpose is evil4 ,= example1 if a p]son ext+ui%es a fire 9 ord] to save a neighbor's h\se & ?us be enabl$ to rob him2 if a p]son takes physical ex]cises to develop 8 /r5g? s z to be enabl$ to bully a neighbor4 ,! good act & ! imm$iate end 9 ^! cases are int5d$ n = ! sake ( _! goodness1 b z in/rum5ts to ! accompli%m5t ( ! evil ult]ior end2 7d7 :5 ! object is good or indiff]5t1 & an evil circum/ance is int5d$1 n z a circum/ance1 b z =m+ a unit ) ! object & z affect+ ! sub/ance ( ! act--= example1 :5 a p]son int5ds pray] precisely z di/ract$1 ?us conv]t+ pray] into a s94 ,! good object is will$ 9 su* cases1 n z good1 b z vitiat$ by an evil circum/ance4 #ha4 ,al?\gh an act is totally evil :5 ! good 9 x is absorb$ by ! evil1 ! pres5ce ( :at is good 9 itself c dim9i%1 ?\gh x _c take away1 ! evil4 ,?us1 to lie 9 ord] to help a neighbor is totally evil2 yet1 x is n z great an evil z to lie to hurt t neighbor4 #hb4 ,indiff]5t ,acts4--,an act is entirely indiff]5t if all ! elem5ts 9 x--its object1 circum/ances & purpose--are nei!r h>moni\s nor discordant ) ! /&>ds ( morality4 ,su* an act w\ld be walk+ home rapidly 9 ord] to eat a meal1 if besides ^! factors1 :i* be> no relation to good morals1 !re 0 no?+ else 9 ! act t did be> su* a relation4 #hc4 ,z to ! actual exi/5ce ( a human or volunt>y act t is morally indiff]5t1 we conclude3 7a7 ,consid]$ 9 ! ab/ract & univ]sally1 "s human acts are morally indiff]5t2 = if acts be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to _! objects alone & ap>t f ! circum/ances t accompany !m1 & z !y are classifi$ 9 ! m9d1 x is cle> t _m ( !m h no det]m9ate relations to moral norms--e4g41 read+1 writ+1 walk+1 etc4 7"o c read ei!r good or bad lit]ature72 7b7 consid]$ 9 ! concrete1 & z !y happ5 9 individual cases1 no human acts are morally indiff]5t1 s9ce ! purpose ( ! ag5t is ei!r accord+ to "r reason or aga9/ x1 s t1 9 spite ( ! indiff]5t object1 ! act becomes ei!r good or bad by reason ( ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! good purpose4 #hd4 ,consid]$ ev5 9 ! concrete & 9 individual cases1 all acts t are n human1 b indelib]ate or involunt>y 7see #bc sqq471 are morally indiff]5t--or1 m correctly1 unmoral1 z be+ outside ! g5us ( moral acts on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce 9 !m ( w1 :i* is ! pr]equisite ( morality4 ,?us1 abs5t-m9d$ acts are nei!r good nor bad morally4 #he4 ,z to ! k9d ( int5tion requir$ to make an indiff]5t act morally good1 or :i* %\ld be _h :5 ! act is objectively good1 we conclude3 7a7 ,! good int5d$ mu/ n be solely a s5sible good 7i4e41 ! pleasure t ! act gives71 b also & *iefly a rational good 7i4e41 its con=mity to moral /&>ds71 s9ce man1 unlike ! animals1 0 made1 n = s5sible1 b = rational good4 ,h5ce1 to eat delib]ately ) no o!r end ?an t ( gratify+ ! palate1 is to eat )\t a moral purpose wor?y ( a human be+1 & is a bad act4 7b7 ,! moral good ( virtue :i* is int5d$ 9 acts mu/ n be reg>d$ z ! supreme good1 b %\ld be ref]r$ to ,god1 s9ce ,he alone is ! ,la/ ,end 7see #bj74 ,h5ce1 to eat & dr9k ) mod]ation solely because t is reasonable & suitable to human nature1 if "o excludes ! ,la/ ,end1 is to slight ! necess>y purpose & is morally bad4 7c7 ,! int5tion ( moral good or virtue 9 human acts ne$ n be actual or reflex4 ,?us1 a p]son :o has a previ\sly =m$ int5tion ( liv+ reasonably1 or :o at ! "t ( eat+ int5ds to eat mod]ately = ! sake ( heal?1 suffici5tly int5ds a moral end4 ,likewise1 x is n necess>y t ! ref]5ce ( an act to ! ,la/ ,end be made actually or explicitly4 ,h5ce1 e p]son 9 ! fri5d%ip ( ,god1 9 all 8 delib]ate acts t are n evil1 has a suffici5t ref]5ce ( !m to ,god conta9$ 9 ! fact t he has *os5 ,god = 8 ,la/ ,end1 or 9 t "h & n[ he int5ds "s motive t becomes a rational be+4 #hf4 ,an actual & explicit int5tion ( ! moral goodness ( an act1 & an actual & explicit ref]5ce ( ! act to ! ,la/ ,end1 ?\gh n necess>y1 increase ! moral value ( :at is done4 #hg4 ,axiom ( ,pseudo-,dionysius3 8,t act is good ^: causes are complete2 t act is evil 9 :i* a s+le cause is lack+40 7a7 ,?is axiom c be und]/ood z ref]r+ to p]fect good1 & ! mean+ !n is t an act is n p]fectly good 9 ! moral s5se unless all its elem5ts--its object1 purpose & circum/ances--are good2 j z an oration is n call$ p]fect1 unless all its elem5ts--! speak]1 ! matt]1 ! /yle & ! deliv]y--are :at !y %\ld be4 ,h5ce1 a s+le defect is en\gh to make an act fall %ort ( p]fection4 7b7 ,! axiom c be und]/ood ( ess5tial goodness1 & ! mean+ !n is t an act is n ess5tially good unless all ! causes t contribute to ess5tial goodness--! object ( ! act & any circum/ances t may ?r\gh ! int5tion ( ! ag5t take on ! "* ( object--are good2 j z a man is n said to be heal?y1 unless 8 he>t1 lungs1 & all ! o!r *ief p>ts ( ! body are s\nd4 ,h5ce1 an act is sub/antially bad1 if ei!r its own end 7! object ( ! act7 or ! special purpose _h 9 m9d by ! ag5t 7! end ( ! ag5t7 is bad1 z expla9$ above 9 #gi-ha4 #hh4 ,! axiom ( ,dionysius does n mean3 7a7 t an act _c be ess5tially or sub/antially good & at ! same "t accid5tally bad 7see #gh71 =1 if ev5 "o circum/ance n prop]ly att5d$ to c\ld *ange an act f good into bad1 h[ few good acts w\ld be done ev5 by ! mo/ sa9tly p]sons6 ,example3 ,caius :o sacrifices himself = ! s]vice ( ,god & 8 neighbor1 n[ & !n feels "s slight vanity ov] 8 "w4 ,8 acts rema9 sub/antially good4 7b7 ,! axiom does n mean t an act _c be sub/antially bad & yet h good circum/ances t dim9i% its badness 7see #ha74 #hi4 ,morality ( ! ,ext]nal ,act4--,hav+ consid]$ ! morality ( ! int]nal act1 we %all n[ turn to ! ext]nal act 7su* z giv+ an alms1 /eal+1 & ! l71 & inquire :e!r x has a morality ( its own di/9ct f t ( ! int]nal act 7see #ef ,sqq474 #ij4 ,if ! ext]nal act be consid]$ precisely z x is ! object1 or effect1 ( ! int]nal act ( ! w1 x does n add any ess5tial morality to ! int]nal act1 s9ce1 hav+ no fre$om ( its own1 x is moral only 9 s f> z x proce$s f ! w4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !n1 he :o gives an alms to ! poor1 & he :o w\ld give x if he c\ld1 are equal 9 goodness ( w2 & he :o wi%es to defraud1 & he :o actually defrauds1 are equal 9 malice ( w4 #ia4 ,if ! ext]nal act be consid]$ precisely z x is ! t]m t[>ds :i* ! int]nal act t5ds1 x completes ! ess5tial morality ( ! int]nal act by ext5d+ & communicat+ x )\t4 ,=1 ?\gh ?is ext]nal act _c add a di/9ct morality ( its own1 x does c>ry ! int]nal morality to its natural conclusion & diffuses its good or evil4 ,9 ?is s5se1 he :o actually gives an alms is m des]v+ ?an he :o really desires to give b is unable2 & he :o really defrauds is m repreh5sible ?an he :o wi%es to defraud b _c4 #ib4 ,if ! ext]nal act be consid]$ precisely z some?+ add$ to ! int]nal act1 x c increase ! accid5tal morality ( ! int]nal act by ! reaction ( ! ext]nal circum/ances on ! w4 ,?is c happ5 9 su* ways z ! foll[+3 7a7 ! p]=mance ( ! ext]nal act1 be+ pleasurable or difficult1 increases or decreases ! int5sity ( ! w to act2 7b7 ! p]=mance ( ! ext]nal act1 s9ce x requires m "t ?an ! int]nal act1 prolongs ! latt]2 7c7 ! ext]nal act by reason ( repetition may also increase ! /r5g? ( ! int]nal act4 #ic4 ,fur!rmore1 x is ?r\gh ! ext]nal act t edification or sc&al is giv51 t p5alties or rew>ds = ov]t action are des]v$1 etc4 ,examples3 ,titus be>s murd]\s hatr$ t[>ds ,balbus1 b keeps x conceal$4 ,caius also hates ,balbus1 & fir/ calumniates him1 ?us giv+ sc&al1 & !n kills him1 ?us mak+ himself liable be=e ! law4 #id4 ,! ,morality ( ! ,act ,t ,is ,indirectly ,will$4--,an act is said to be will$ indirectly1 or 9 its cause1 :5 x is =ese5 z ! result ( ano!r act :i* alone is directly int5d$ 7see #ce sqq474 ,accord+ to ! diff]5t moral "* ( ! acts1 !re are f\r cases 9 :i* ! act is will$ indirectly3 7a7 :5 bo? ! act directly will$ & ! resultant act are bad4 ,examples3 ,titus is he>tily oppos$ to qu>rel+ & blasphemy2 b he makes himself drunk to =get 8 tr\bles1 =esee+ t he w qu>rel & blaspheme :ile 9 t /ate4 ,balbus has a real dislike = un*>itable ?\ghts2 b he *ooses ! company ( a notori\s sc&almong] 9 ord] to be amus$1 kn[+ t ?\ghts aga9/ *>ity w be caus$ by li/5+ to him2 7b7 :5 ! act directly will$ is bad & ! resultant act is good4 ,example3 ,caius is v mis]ly :5 sob]1 b lib]al :5 intoxicat$2 to v>y ! monotony ( 8 life1 he decides to become intoxicat$1 b grieves at ! ?\ght ( ! money he may give away to "s des]v+ *>ity be=e he returns to 8 s5ses4 ,sempronius decides on an act ( inju/ice ) sorr[ ov] ! unbidd5 ?\ghts ( remorse or rep5tance t w foll[ 8 act2 7c7 :5 bo? acts are good4 ,example3 ,out ( *>ity ,titus makes up 8 m9d to visit a pi\s relative :o is ill2 & he =esees t ?\ghts ( improv+ 8 own conduct--a ?+ n pleas+ to him--w be occasion$ by ?is visit2 7d7 :5 ! act directly will$ is good & ! resultant act is bad4 ,examples3 ,balbus takes a drug prescrib$ = 8 heal?1 al?\gh he =esees x w make him unable to g to *ur*4 ,caius gives alms to ! poor1 int5d+ only an act ( *>ity1 b he kn[s t ?\ghts ( va+lory w arise4 #ie4 ,! act indirectly will$ sometimes gives1 sometimes does n give1 a new morality4 7a7 ,?us1 if x is good1 x adds no int]nal goodness1 s9ce ! w only p]mits1 )\t int5d+ ! good act4 ,example3 ,caius1 :o does n int5d1 b regretfully p]mits 8 act ( *>ity :i* he =esees1 does n desire ! act ( *>ity4 7b7 ,if x is bad1 ! act indirectly will$ adds a bad act ( ! w1 if ! w desires evil by p]mitt+ :at x has no "r to p]mit4 ,example3 ,titus :o does n prev5t1 :5 he %\ld1 :at w lead to blasphemy on 8 "p1 implicitly desires ! act ( blasphemy4 #if4 ,! ,morality ( ! ,consequ5ces ( an ,act4--,man's life receives its moral "*1 n only f 8 int]nal & ext]nal acts :i* are done 9 ! pres5t & f ^? :i* he kn[s w result f !m 9 ! future1 b also f ! influ5ce 8 acts ex]cise n[ & aft]w>ds ^u 8 fell[man4 ,x is ?is influ5ce ^u o!rs t we n[ speak ( z ! consequ5ces ( an act4 ,accord+ to ! case1 ! consequ5ces sometimes add1 sometimes d n add1 to ! morality ( an act4 ,! good m5 d lives aft] !m1 & also ! evil4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( consequ5ces3 7a7 =ese5 consequ5ces1 :i*1 if int5d$1 add to ! morality ( an act1 s9ce x is cle> t "o :o wi%es ! _m good or evil results ( 8 act is bett] or worse 9 int5tion ?an ano!r :o has no su* wi%4 ,?us1 "o :o kn[s t _m w be edifi$ or sc&aliz$ by 8 conduct1 & wills ! result1 is bett] or worse ?an if he _h no su* w ab\t ^? consequ5ces2 7b7 un=ese5 consequ5ces1 :i*1 if !y foll[ naturally & usually f an act1 make ! act 9 itself bett] or ,worse accord+ to _! "*4 ,?us1 ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e is good z convey+ a k ( tru?1 b x is made bett] on acc\nt ( ! spiritual b5efit ( o!rs t naturally results f x4 ,simil>ly1 ! tea*+ ( evil is made worse on acc\nt ( ! evil consequ5ces x usually produces2 7c7 un=ese5 consequ5ces1 :i*1 if !y foll[ only accid5tally & r>ely f an act1 d n affect its morality1 s9ce an act mu/ be judg$ by :at belongs to its nature1 n by :at is m]ely occasion$ by x4 ,?us1 ! fact t an alms is us$ by ! recipi5t z a means to intemp]ance does n detract f ! goodness ( ! almsgiv+ done = ! sake ( *>ity4 ,likewise1 ! fact t an injury is us$ by ! suff]] z an occasion = spiritual pr(it does n less5 ! wick$ness ( ! injuri\s act4 #ig4 ,imputability4--,j z an act may be an act done by man 7i4e41 high] ?an ! op]ations ( brutes7 & yet n be human 7i4e41 n p]=m$ 9 ! mann] t is prop] to man z man2 e4g41 an act ( reason+ or ( decision dur+ a dream1 see #bc sqq471 s an act may be moral 7i4e41 9 con=mity or disagreem5t ) ! /&>ds ( "r7 & yet n imputable z good or bad to ! ag5t 7e4g41 a pray] or imprecation said by an infant1 or ! drunk5ness ( "o :o did n realize ! p[] ( a liquor74 #ih4 ,imputability is t prop]ty ( an act by :i* x belongs to its ag5t1 n only 9 its physical nature z some?+ ( himself or z an effect produc$ by him or 9 its human quality ( subjection to 8 w1 b 9 its moral "* ( goodness or badness4 ,f contact ) ! moral object1 ! ag5t takes z 8 own some?+ ( ! brightness or defilem5t ( t object1 & s becomes *>geable himself ) goodness or badness4 #ii4 ,! conditions = ! imputability ( an act are3 7a7 ! act mu/ be human--i4e41 x mu/ be p]=m$ kn[+ly & will+ly 7see #bc sqq474 ,"o is n *>geable ) ! quality ( ! act1 if n responsible = its v sub/ance4 ,example3 ,titus suff]s su* int5se pa9 t he does n "k :at he is say+1 & he blasphemes4 ,! morality ( blasphemy is n unkn[n to him1 b 8 pres5t act is n volunt>y1 & h5ce is n imputable2 7b7 ! morality ( ! act mu/ be kn[n1 or be some?+ t %\ld be kn[n1 at lea/ 9 a g5]al way1 to ! ag5t2 = no "o is responsible = :at he is :olly ignorant ( ?r\gh no fault ( 8 own4 ,example3 ,titus1 ,caius1 ,balbus & ,sempronius rob ! or*>d ( _! neighbor4 ,titus 9 good fai? ?9ks he is do+ an act ( virtue1 because ! own] owes money to 8 companions4 ,caius ?9ks t "s k9d ( s9 is be+ committ$1 b he does n "k :e!r x is !ft1 or gluttony1 or :at4 ,balbus ?9ks t only a v5ial s9 ( /eal+ is be+ p]petrat$4 ,sempronius1 ! y\nge/ ( ! cr[d1 looks on ! :ole affair z a "p ( ! day's sport4 ,all committ$ !ft1 & ! act is wrong2 b ,titus & ,sempronius 7 n guilty ( s91 s9ce !y 7 9 good fai?4 ,caius & ,balbus committ$ s91 ! species & degree dep5d+ on ! k !y _h or %\ld h _h 7see #ehh sqq472 7c7 ! morality ( ! act mu/ be will$4 ,if ! act is good1 ! goodness mu/ be int5d$1 s9ce a p]son %\ld n get cr$it = :at he does n wi%4 ,example3 ,titus does n believe 9 virtue1 & ,caius is oppos$ to help+ ! poor2 b bo? give an alms to a begg>1 ! =m] 9 ord] to get rid ( ! begg>1 ! latt] 9 ord] to get rid ( "s old clo!s4 ,h5ce1 nei!r wi%es or receives cr$it = ! *>ity done4 ,if ! act is bad1 ! badness is suffici5tly int5d$ by ! p]=mance ( :at "o kn[s is =bidd5 & wrong4 ,! w *ooses contact ) ! evil object1 & ?us implicitly ) ! evil ( ! object4 ,example3 ,balbus prote/s t he does n wi% to h>m anyone1 & !n proce$s to calumniate 8 neighbors4 ,8 disav[al ( s9ful int5t does n make him any ! less responsible = 8 calumny4 #ajj4 ,imputability may be conceiv$ z mak+ "o responsible = ! moral quality ( an act 9 ?ree ways3 7a7 g5]ically1 if "o %\ld get ! cr$it or dis]$it ( goodness or badness only2 7b7 specifically z to k9d1 if "o gets ! cr$it or discr$it ( a p>ticul> category ( goodness or badness2 7c7 specifically z to degree1 if "o gets ! cr$it or discr$it ( high] or l[] grades ( ! same virtue or vice1 or if "o is made guilty ( mortal or v5ial s94 ,^! po9ts w be discuss$ 9 ! articles on ! virtues & vices 7see #ahf sqq474 #aja4 ,goodness is imputable z foll[s3 7a7 ,z reg>ds int]nal acts1 a p]son is cr$it$ ) all ! goodness ( ! object1 end1 & circum/ances1 9 s f> z x is kn[n & will$ by him4 ,example3 ,titus purposes to pray 9 a p5it5tial po/ure1 9 ord] to obta9 ! virtue ( humility4 ,h5ce1 he has ! cr$it ( wor%ip1 mortification & humility ?r\gh 8 holy desire4 ,if he ?\ght ( ! p5it5tial po/ure1 n z a moral circum/ance1 or if he regrett$ x1 he w\ld h ! act1 b n ! cr$it ( mortification2 7b7 ,z reg>ds ext]nal acts1 a p]son is cr$it$ ) ! great] read9ess or int5sity or duration :i*1 ?r\gh x1 8 w gives to :at is good4 ,example3 ,if ,titus prays 9 ! mann] above describ$1 8 good w is int5sifi$1 & he has ! cr$it ( ?is increase 9 ! accid5tal goodness ( 8 act2 7c7 ,z reg>ds acts indirectly will$1 "o is n cr$it$ ) _! goodness1 if ?is is m]ely p]mitt$4 ,example3 ,sempronius1 :o is sorry t ?\ghts ( a bett] life w g ?r\gh 8 m9d z a consequ5ce ( go+ to *ur*1 has n ! cr$it ( ^? good ?\ghts2 7d7 ,z reg>ds consequ5ces t 7 =ese51 or t naturally result f an act1 "o is n cr$it$ ) _! goodness1 unless x 0 wi%$4 ,example3 ,balbus tea*es religion to *ildr5 because he is paid to d s2 ,caius does s because x is a good act4 ,! consequ5ce t ^! *ildr5 aft]w>ds live virtu\sly is n morally cr$itable to ,balbus1 s9ce he ?\ght no?+ ab\t x2 b x is a circum/ance t increases ! goodness ( ,caius' act1 s9ce he int5d$ 8 tea*+ precisely z x is a good "w2 7e7 ,z reg>ds consequ5ces t are n natural results ( an act1 if !y 7 n =ese5 or int5d$1 !y are n cr$it$ to ! ag5t4 ,example3 ,titus speaks a simple & ord9>y ^w ( good advice to ,sempronius1 b ! impression is s great t ,sempronius und]takes & accompli%es extraord9>y ?+s1 :i* ,titus w\ld n h deem$ possible or advisable4 #ajb4 ,evil is imputable z foll[s3 7a7 ,z reg>ds ! int]nal act1 a p]son is guilty ( all ! evil ( ! object1 end & circum/ances1 z f> z x is kn[n & will$ by him4 ,example3 ,balbus wi%es he c\ld /eal all ! possessions ( ,caius1 & !reby drive ! latt] to suicide4 ,balbus has committ$ !ft & murd] 9 8 he>t2 7b7 ,z reg>ds ! ext]nal act1 "o is guilty ( all ! circum/ances ( great] will+ness1 etc41 :i* x adds to ! int]nal act4 ,example3 ,if ,balbus actually /eals f ,caius & causes 8 dea?1 8 malice is %[n to be v /rong & to ext5d to ! evil consequ5ces ( 8 ext]nal acts2 7c7 ,z reg>ds acts indirectly will$1 "o is guilty ( ! evil !y entail1 if "o c\ld & %\ld h prev5t$ x4 ,example3 ,balbus is guilty ( ! blasphemies he =esees w take place :5 he has tak5 too mu* dr9k1 = he c\ld & %\ld h kept sob]4 7d7 ,z reg>ds ! evil consequ5ces ( acts1 =ese5 or natural1 "o is responsible = ! evil1 if "o c\ld & %\ld h prev5t$ x4 ,examples3 ,titus kn[s t a begg> w use pr(ane language if d5i$ an alms1 b ,titus _c sp>e ! money & is n responsible = :at happ5s4 ,sempronius blasphemes 9 ! company ( _m1 & is !re=e guilty ( ! s9 ( sc&al1 s9ce he has no "r to blaspheme2 7e7 ,z reg>ds ! evil consequ5ces ( acts t c\ld n h be5 =ese51 !y are n imputable4 ,example3 ,balbus /eals fifty c5ts f ,caius1 & ! latt] is s he>tbrok5 t he commits suicide4 ,balbus is n responsible = ! suicide1 s9ce su* a ?+ 0 f> f 8 ?\ghts :5 he /ole4 #ajc4 ,x 0 j said 7#ajb1 d7 t :5 two results1 "o good & "o evil1 foll[ an act1 ! evil is imputable if x c\ld & %\ld h be5 prev5t$4 ,x is n always easy1 h[ev]1 to det]m9e at once :5 ! evil result %\ld be prev5t$1 &1 z cases ( d\ble effect are _m1 x w be useful to give rules t are m p>ticul>iz$1 & t enable "o to decide :5 x is lawful to d t f :i* w foll[ an act indirectly will$1 or a consequ5ce t is evil4 #ajd4 ,x is lawful to p]=m an action f :i* an evil effect is =ese5 :5 ! foll[+ conditions are pres5t3 7a7 ! action will$ itself mu/ be good or at lea/ indiff]5t2 = cle>ly1 if ! action is bad1 x is also unlawful2 7b7 a good effect mu/ also foll[ f ! act1 & x mu/ n be caus$ by ! evil effect2 = ! end does n ju/ify ! means4 ,?us1 x is n lawful to take :at belongs to o!rs 9 ord] to give alms1 = ! evil effect 7/eal+7 results f ! act 7tak+7 imm$iately2 :]eas ! good effect 7almsgiv+7 results only m$iately ?r\gh ! !ft2 7c7 ! ag5t mu/ int5d only ! good effect1 s9ce x is unlawful to wi% evil4 ,?us1 if "o =esees t "o's virtu\s life w cause ! s9 ( envy 9 a neighbor1 ?is evil result ( "o's virtue mu/ n be ent]ta9$ by "o z some?+ pleas+2 7d7 ! ag5t mu/ h a reason suffici5tly weighty = p]mitt+ ! evil result t foll[s 8 act4 ,evil %\ld n ev5 be p]mitt$1 unless !re is adequate comp5sation 9 ! good t is int5d$4 #aje4 ,to judge :e!r a reason = p]mitt+ an evil effect is proportionately grave1 ! foll[+ rules %\ld be kept 9 m9d3 7a7 ! great] ! evil t results1 ! great] mu/ be ! good t is int5d$4 ,?us1 x is n lawful to kill a robb] 9 ord] to save a small am\nt ( money3 b x is lawful to kill an aggressor1 if ?is is necess>y 9 ord] to save "o's life2 7b7 ! great] ! dep5d5ce ( ! evil effect on "o's act1 ! great] mu/ be ! reason = p]=m+ ! act4 ,example3 ,titus gives p]mission to 8 class to play a game aga9/ ano!r class1 =esee+ qu>rels & disputes betwe5 ! teams4 ,less reason is requir$ = grant+ ! p]mission1 if ,titus kn[s t high] au?ority w grant x1 %\ld he refuse x2 7c7 ! m ne>ly ! evil effect foll[s ^u ! act1 ! great] mu/ be ! reason = ! act1 ,?us1 less reason is requir$ to direct a p]son :o looks l a heavy dr9k] to ! city ?an to direct him to a bottle ( /rong dr9k2 7d7 ! m c]ta9 x is t ! evil effect w foll[1 ! great] is ! reason requir$ = plac+ its cause4 ,= example1 "o :o spe$s 9 an automobile on an unfrequ5t$ road1 does n require ! same excus+ cause z "o :o spe$s on a ?or\ghf>e :]e _m o!r c>s are pass+2 7e7 ! m obligation "o has to prev5t ! evil effect1 ! grav] is ! reason requir$ = plac+ its cause4 ,?us1 s9ce p>i%-prie/s1 lawgiv]s1 sup]iors & policem5 are b\nd by _! (fice to prev5t moral disord]s1 a f> great] cause is requir$ 9 !m1 ?an 9 p]sons :o h no su* *>ge1 = do+ :at w h an evil consequ5ce4 ,art4 #d3 ,,acts ,,z ,,m]itori\s 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,i-,,ii1 q4 #ba47 #ajf4 ,:5 ! morality ( an act is attributable to "o z "o's own1 "o becomes wor?y ( praise & rew>d1 if ! act is good1 b des]v+ ( c5sure & puni%m5t1 if ! act is evil4 #ajg4 ,def9itions4--,m]it is ! "r to a rew>d aris+ f works done = ,god4 ,dem]it is ! debt ( puni%m5t incurr$ on acc\nt ( works done aga9/ ,god4 #ajh4 ,divisions4--,accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! p]son :o conf]s ! rew>d1 !re are two k9ds ( m]it3 7a7 human m]it1 or ! claim :i* a p]son has to a rew>d f 8 neighbor1 or f society1 = ! b5efits he has conf]r$ ^u 8 neighbor or society2 7b7 div9e m]it1 or ! "r a p]son has to receive a rew>d f ,god = ! fidelity :]e) he has ex]cis$ /ew>d%ip ov] 8 acts1 ( :i* ,god is ! ,la/ ,end1 or :]e) he has s]v$ society1 ( :i* ,god is ! ,supreme ,rul]4 ,only div9e m]it is "h consid]$4 #aji4 ,accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! object ( ! rew>d1 !re are two k9ds ( m]it3 7a7 natural m]it1 :i* makes "o wor?y ( a rew>d t does n exce$ ! native p[]s or exig5cies ( a creat$ be+1 su* z success1 prosp]ity1 or o!r goods t d n con/itute ! ,la/ ,end ( man 7see #bj74 ,?us1 we read 9 scripture ( pagans or s9n]s :o 7 ble/ ) temporal happ9ess on acc\nt ( _! natural virtues2 7b7 sup]natural m]it1 :i* makes "o wor?y ( ! beatitude surpass+ m]e creat$ p[] t ,god has prep>$ = ^? :o s]ve ,him 7see #bj74 ,x is only ?is k9d ( m]it t is be+ consid]$ "h2 =1 s9ce ! ,la/ ,end ( man is a sup]natural rew>d 7viz1 ! ,beatific ,vision ( ,god71 x foll[s t ! acts by :i* he t5ds to t ,end mu/ be n only human & moral1 b sup]naturally m]itori\s4 #aaj4 ,!re are f\r k9ds ( sup]natural m]it3 7a7 condign m]it 9 ! /rict] s5se1 t is m]it :i* arises f ju/ice1 & :i* presupposes no favor on ! "p ( ! rew>d]4 ,9 ?is s5se ,*ri/ m]it$1 s9ce ev5 ! grace :i* made ,8 m]its sup]natural 0 due to ,him z ! ,god-,man2 7b7 condign m]it 9 ! less /rict s5se1 t is m]it :i* arises inde$ f ju/ice1 b presupposes a favor on ! "p ( ! rew>d]4 ,9 ?is way ! righte\s m]it be=e ,god1 s9ce _! works conf] a "r to _! own rew>d1 :ile ! grace :i* enables !m to p]=m _! works is a div9e favor2 7c7 congru\s m]it 9 ! /rict] s5se1 t is m]it :i* arises n f ju/ice 7s9ce !re is no equality betwe5 ! "w & ! rew>d71 b f ! fitness ( ?+s1 because ! p]son :o m]its is a fri5d ( ,god4 ,9 ?is way all :o are 9 ! /ate ( grace c m]it spiritual goods = o!rs2 7d7 congru\s m]it 9 ! wide s5se1 t is m]it :i* arises f ! lib]ality ( ,god1 :o answ]s a good "w z if x 7 a pray]4 ,9 ?is way ! good works done by s9n]s c be said to m]it conv]sion = !m4 #aaa4 ,! second k9d ( m]it m5tion$ above--i4e41 condign m]it 9 ! less /rict s5se--is t ) :i* we are *iefly conc]n$ "h1 s9ce x is ! k9d ( m]it t mu/ be f\nd 9 human acts 9 ord] t !y may lead man to a sup]natural rew>d4 ,a full] treatm5t ( m]it is f\nd 9 ,dogmatic ,!ology 9 ! ,"q on ,grace4 #aab4 ,! conditions requisite = ! k9d ( m]it n[ 9 "q are3 7a7 t ! "w done be human1 t is1 free1 morally good1 & sup]natural 7i4e41 proce$+ f sanctify+ grace & div9e *>ity72 7b7 t ! "o :o m]its be 9 ! wayf>+ /ate 7i4e41 t he h n already pass$ to f9al rew>d or puni%m5t71 & t he be 9 ! /ate ( grace2 7c7 t ,god has promis$ a rew>d = ! "w done4 ,f ! /atem5ts made above1 x foll[s t all ! human & morally good works ( ^? :o are 9 ! /ate ( grace possess condign m]it4 #aac4 ,! objects ( condign m]it--i4e41 ! rew>ds promis$ by ,god = ! good works done = ,him 9 ?is life--are3 7a7 an increase ( sanctify+ grace2 7b7 ! "r to et]nal life2 7c7 ! atta9m5t ( et]nal life1 if ! "o :o m]its dies 9 grace2 7d7 an increase ( glory4 #aad4 ,! conditions = ! m]it ( /rict congruity are ! same z ^? giv5 above 7#aab71 except ! promise made by ,god1 :i* is n requir$4 ,examples ( ?is k9d ( m]it are ! sanctity ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 :i* made h] des]ve m ?an o!rs to be ! ,"m ( ,god1 & ! conv]sion ( ,/4 ,paul ?r\gh ! m]its ( ,/4 ,/eph54 #aae4 ,= ! m]it ( wide congruity x is necess>y t ! "w done be morally good4 ,examples ( ?is k9d ( m]it are ! sighs ( ! anci5t ,patri>*s1 z obta9+ ! com+ ( ! ,messiah4 ,! j man c m]it ) ! m]it ( wide congruity ! foll[+3 7a7 8 own conv]sion aft] a future fall2 7b7 8 f9al p]sev]ance2 7c7 temporal goods4 ,art4 #e3 ,,! ,,passions 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,i-,,ii1 qq4 #bb-dh47 #aaf4 ,hav+ discuss$ ! acts prop] to man1 we %all n[ speak ( ! passions1 :i* are common to bo? man & bea/4 #aag4 ,def9ition4--,! passions--also call$ ! emotions1 affections1 or s5tim5ts--are acts ( desire2 b1 unlike ! acts ( ! w1 !y are direct$1 n to good appreh5d$ by ! high] kn[+ p[] ( ! intellect1 b to good appreh5d$ by ! l[] kn[+ p[] ( s5se & imag9ation4 ,!y are def9$ z3 acts or movem5ts ( ! s5sitive appetite :i* arise f ! repres5tation ( "s good 9 ! s5se faculties1 & :i* produce "s trans=mation 9 ! body1 su* z palpitation ( ! he>t1 increas$ circulation ( ! blood1 pal5ess1 blu%+1 etc4 #aah4 ,division4--,!re are two classes ( passions2 7a7 ! concupiscible1 :i* h z _! object s5sible good consid]$ z delightful1 or s5sible evil consid]$ z unpleasant1 & :i* are love & hatr$1 desire & flight1 delight & sadness2 7b7 ! irascible1 :i* h z _! object s5sible good or s5sible evil consid]$ z difficult to atta9 or to avoid1 & :i* are hope & despair1 boldness & fe>1 ang]4 #aai4 ,! concupiscible passions are def9$ z foll[s3 7a7 love1 ! fir/ ( ! passions & ! cause ( all ! o!rs1 t5ds to s5sible good consid]$ z desirable1 ab/ract+ f its pres5ce or abs5ce2 :ile hatr$ is ! av]sion f s5sible evil consid]$ precisely z unsuitable & ab/ract+ f its pres5ce or abs5ce2 7b7 desire t5ds to s5sible good t is abs5t1 & flight turns away f s5sible evil appreh5d$ z future2 7c7 delight is ! affection produc$ 9 ! s5sitive appetite by ! pres5ce & possession ( ! object desir$2 7d7 sadness is ! passion :i* dejects ! s\l on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( an evil4 #abj4 ,! irascible passions are expla9$ z foll[s3 7a7 hope rea*es out t[>ds a future good ^: atta9m5t is difficult1 b n impossible2 despair turns away f a good t seems impossible ( atta9m5t2 7b7 brav]y goes out to attack an evil t seems difficult & imm95t1 b n unconqu]able2 fe> falls back be=e a future difficulty t seems irresi/ible2 7e7 ang] is ! desire ( v5geance = an injury receiv$4 #aba4 ,moral ,value ( ! ,passions4--,! ,/oics held t all ! passions are diseases ( ! s\l1 & t "o is p]fect :5 "o arrives at ! condition ( be+ passionless or apa!tic4 ,lucretius1 on ! contr>y1 taught t all ! impulses ( passion are good4 ,! tru? is t ! passions are good or evil accord+ to ! way !y are consid]$4 7a7 ,physically1 ! passions are good1 s9ce !y are ! acts ( natural p[]s1 or ! p]fection & complem5t ( some?+ good 9 itself4 7b7 ,morally1 !y are indiff]5t1 if !y are view$ 9 !mselves1 z ! product ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,= ?is appetite is an irrational p[] ( ! s\l1 simil> to t ( ! bea/s1 & acts are n moral unless rational--i4e41 an act is good or evil only f its relation to reason4 7c7 ,morally1 ! passions are good or bad1 if comm&$ by reason & w1 = ?us !y p>take ( ! good or evil t is 9 ! acts f :i* !y proce$1 j z ! acts ( ! ext]nal memb]s ( ! body are moral 9 s f> z !y execute ! comm&s ( ! w4 ,! passions are volunt>y if comm&$ by ! w1 or n =bidd5 by x4 ,examples3 ,our ,"l look$ ab\t ,him ) ang]1 be+ griev$ at ! bl9dness ( ,8 enemies :o wat*$ ,him 9 ! synagogue 7,m>k1 iii4 #e72 ,he wept ov] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 7,luke1 xix4 #da72 ,he 0 sad at ! approa* ( ,8 passion 7,m>k1 xiv4 #cd74 #abb4 ,! passions are morally good3 7a7 if !y are direct$ by ! w to a morally good object2 = example1 %ame is a praisewor?y passion1 because x is fe> ( :at is di%onorable1 & pity is also good1 because x is accord+ to "r reason1 be+ sorr[ = ! mis=tune ( ano!r2 7b7 if !y are *os5 by ! reason = a good purpose2 = example1 x is good to excite ! emotion ( joy t "o may pray ) great] f]vor1 or to ar\se ! feel+s ( pity1 fe>1 or hope1 9 ord] t "o may be m e>ne/ly mov$ to acts ( m]cy1 rep5tance1 c\rage2 7c7 if ! circum/ances are mod]at$ accord+ to "r reason2 = example1 to grieve ov] ! dea? ( a fri5d excessively1 s t "o is unfitt$ = duty & suff]s 9 heal?1 is unreasonable2 b to grieve ev5 unto te>s1 z ,*ri/ did at ! tomb ( ,laz>us1 is an act ( piety4 ,simil>ly1 ! slight ang] ( ,heli 0 blamable & ! great ang] ( ,moses 0 laudable1 because ! evils 9 bo? in/ances call$ = sev]ity 7,i ,k+s1 ii1 iii2 ,exod41 iii74 #abc4 ,! passions c ei!r dim9i% or increase ! goodness ( an act4 7a7 ,!y dim9i% its goodness1 if !y are antec$5t--i4e41 prior to ! judgm5t ( ! reason--= !y ?us obscure ! m9d & make ! act t foll[s less volunt>y4 ,= example1 !re is less goodness 9 an alms giv5 "u an impulse ( s5tim5tality ?an 9 "o giv5 aft] s]i\s consid]ation ( ! matt] & f a motive ( *>ity4 7b7 ,!y increase its goodness if !y are consequ5t--i4e41 subsequ5t to ! judgm5t & ! result ( ! vehem5ce ( ! w1 or ( delib]ate enc\ragem5t by ! w 7see #dg sqq47--=1 j z ! ext]nal act increases ! goodness ( ! int]nal act1 s is x bett] t man %\ld t5d t[>ds good1 n only ) ! w1 b also ) ! emotions4 ,examples3 ,! spiritual gladness ( ! ,psalmi/ is se5 to h be5 m ?an ord9>ily great f ! fact t x act$ ^u 8 feel+s1 & bo? he>t & fle% rejoic$ 7,ps1 lxxxii4 #c72 to s+ a hymn 9 ord] to enc\rage oneself to great] f]vor or devotion adds to ! goodness ( :at is done1 ?r\gh ! great] promptness or ease x causes 9 ! act t foll[s4 #abd4 ,! passions are morally evil3 7a7 :5 !y are comm&$ by ! w & direct$ to an object1 a purpose1 or circum/ances t are evil1 ,?us1 envy is an ignoble passion1 s9ce x is unreasonable1 be+ sorr[ at ano!r's success4 ,examples2 ,titus dr9ks to excess = ! delight ( intoxication 7bad object72 ,balbus purposely excites 8 imag9ation1 t he may hate m bitt]ly & act m cruelly 7bad end72 ,sempronius loves 8 *ildr5 s immod]ately t he gr[s morose & jeal\s 7bad circum/ance74 7b7 ,! passions are also morally evil :5 !y %\ld be =bidd5 & are n =bidd5 by ! w4 ,example2 ,caius is surpris$ by a sudd5 bur/ ( ang]1 :i*1 ?\gh he judges to be unreasonable1 he does no?+ to *eck4 #abe4 ,! passions c remove1 dim9i% or increase ! evil ( an act4 7a7 ,?us1 antec$5t passions take away all evil1 if 7a ?+ t is r>e7 !y prev5t entirely ! use ( reason2 !y dim9i% malice if !y obscure ! judgm5t4 ,examples3 ,balbus1 fe>+ t he is ab\t to dr[n1 becomes panic-/rick51 seizes ,titus & almo/ dr[ns him4 ,caius1 ?reat5$ ) a black eye if he refuses1 calumniates3 8 calumny w\ld be worse if he act$ coldblood$ly4 7b7 ,consequ5t passions increase ! evil1 = !n !y manife/ a /rong int5tion1 or are ! result ( direct purpose4 ,examples3 ,sempronius attacks ! conduct ( an oppon5t1 n ) dispassionate argum5t & f a love ( tru?1 b ) bitt] p]sonal feel+ & f a desire ( rev5ge4 ,titia works h]self into a rage t %e may be ! m ready = an enc\nt] ) a p]son ( :om %e is unju/ly jeal\s4 #abf4 ,?\gh ! passions are physically good & 9 _! nature morally indiff]5t1 !y may h physical reactions or moral consequ5ces t are h>mful or evil4 ,^! dang]s may be physical1 m5tal or moral4 7a7 ,physical ,dang]s ( ! ,passions4--,x is a well-kn[n fact t !re is a close connection betwe5 ! passions & ! n]ves1 he>t1 & bodily organism 9 g5]al1 & t /rong or p]si/5t emotion c "w great detrim5t to ! heal?1 produc+ disease1 unconsci\sness1 or ev5 dea?4 7b7 ,m5tal ,dang]s ( ! ,passions4--,x is admitt$ by all t ! passions di/urb ! judgm5t1 & c ev5 take away ! use ( reason4 ,= !y act ^u ! body or ! s5ses1 & ^! 9 turn affect ! m9d 9 a way simil> to :at happ5s 9 sleep or intoxication4 ,?us1 love makes "o bl9d to ! defects ( ! object ( "o's love2 fe> makes "o magnify ! evil ( :at is dread$2 melan*oly unbalances ! m9d1 etc4 7c7 ,moral ,dang]s ( ! ,passions4--,x is likewise a matt] ( common exp]i5ce t ! passions are a s\rce ( _m temptations & s9s4 ,(t5 !y are antec$5t 7i4e41 n prem$itat$ or will$71 z :5 !y arise f bodily /ates ov] :i* "o has no control or f imag9ations /rongly fix$ 9 ! m9d1 & at ! same "t t5d to t :i* is n accord+ to "r reason1 rebell+ aga9/ ! law ( ! m9d4 ,?us1 a p]son ^: heal? is bad is easily dispirit$1 & ?is feel+ occasions temptations to despair2 "o ^: memory is haunt$ ) ! image ( a lo/ p>5t becomes a prey to sadness1 :i* makes x difficult to p]=m duties ) ze/ & dilig5ce4 #abg4 ,a passion may become morally bad on acc\nt ( ! physical or m5tal evils connect$ ) x4 7a7 ,?us1 a p]son has duties to 8 own well-be+1 & he indirectly wills 7see #ce sqq41 #id sqq47 to neglect ^! duties1 if he indulges h>mful passions4 ,example3 ,sempronia grieves immod]ately ov] ! dea? ( h] "m1 ) ! result t h] heal? & m5tal vigor are impair$4 7b7 ,a p]son also has duties ) respect to ! life1 heal?1 & happ9ess ( 8 neighbor1 & he *ooses to neglect ^! duties if he unju/ly provokes emotions 9 o!rs1 =esee+ injuri\s consequ5ces 7see #if sqq474 ,examples3 ,titus s vexes ,balbus by petty annoyances t ! latt] loses appetite & sleep1 & becomes an invalid4 ,sempronia s exasp]ates h] fa!r by long-cont9u$ unfilial conduct t ! latt] becomes insane4 ,caius appeals to prejudices 9 ord] to h inju/ice done to a rival4 #abh4 ,z to passions t incite to evil or det] f good1 we mu/ obs]ve ! foll[+3 7a7 if ! passion is consequ5t1 "o is plac+ oneself or o!rs 9 dang] ( s91 & "o's conduct mu/ be judg$ accord+ to ! pr9ciples giv5 9 #beh sqq4 7,examples3 ,titus likes to brood ov] 8 tr\bles1 al?\gh ?is causes temptations to neglect duty2 ,sempronia makes rem>ks to a hot-head$ acqua9tance :i* are a provocation to great un*>itabl5ess72 7b7 if ! passion is antec$5t1 x con/itutes a temptation :i* "o is b\nd to resi/ 7see #beb sqq474 ,example3 ,balbus has a natural dislike = ,caius1 & (t5 feels impell$ to judge him ra%ly or treat him unju/ly4 #abi4 ,antec$5t or involunt>y passions1 z well z o!r involunt>y acts ( imag9ation1 ?\ght & w1 t5d+ to evil1 are sometimes call$ 8fir/ motions ( ! s\l10 z di/+ui%$ f consequ5t or volunt>y passions & acts1 :i* are kn[n z 8second motions ( ! s\l40 ,! fir/ motions are ( two k9ds3 7a7 ^? t prec$e all delib]ation & cons5t1 actual or virtual 7motus primo-primi71 & ^! are free f all s92 7b7 ^? t prec$e full delib]ation & cons5t1 b foll[ on p>tial delib]ation 7motus secundo-primi74 ,^! latt] are v5ial s9s4 ,mo/ !ologians s9ce ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t ma9ta9 t ! inord9ate movem5ts ( passion :i* prec$e ! adv]t5ce ( reason1 su* z lu/1 envy1 slo?1 etc41 are n s9s4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t def9$ t ! fomes peccati has nev] be5 und]/ood by ! ,*ur* to be truly a s9 9 ! baptiz$1 b has be5 call$ s9 by ,/4 ,paul 9 ! s5se t x is f s9 & incl9es to s9 7,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 fif? session74 ,on ! basis ( ?is text "s au?ors argue t x is ( fai? t ! inord9ate motions call$ primo-primi are n s9s = ! baptiz$4 ,! condemnation ( bo? ! fiftie? proposition ( ,baius3 ,! evil desires to :i* reason does n cons5t1 & :i* man endures unwill+ly 7invitus71 are prohibit$ by precept2 & 8 fifty-fir/3 ,lu/1 or ! law ( ! memb]s1 & evil desires ( x1 :i* m5 suff] unwill+ly1 are true disob$i5ce ( ! law2 is int]pret$ z e/abli%+ z c]ta9 ! non-s9fulness ( su* movem5ts 9 infidels4 7,see ,m]kleba*1 ,o4,p41 ,summa ,!ol4 ,mor41 ,vol4 ,i1 n4 #ddh74 ,/4 ,?omas taught o!rwise t su* inord9ate movem5ts ( passion are v5ial s9s 7,summa4 ,!ol4 ,i-,,ii1 q4 #gd1 a4 #c1 ad #bum2 de ,malo q4 #g1 a4 #f4 ad #dm2 de ,v]itate1 q4 #be1 a4 #e74 ,al?\gh !y prec$e ! delib]ation ( reason1 !y atta9 to ! ord] ( moral acts1 h[ev] imp]fectly1 ins(> z s5suality 9 man by its nature is made to be subject to reason4 ,reason c & ought to control ^! motions1 b fails to d s ow+ to ! great numb] ( !m possible to occur4 ,h5ce !y are n involunt>y1 b indirectly volunt>y z s9s ( omission 7,,ii ,di/4 #bd1 q4 #c1 a4 #b2 de ,v]itate1 q4 #be1 a4 #e2 ,quodlib4 ,,iv1 q4 #aa1 a4 #a74 ,s9ce ^! movem5ts are indirectly volunt>y1 ,/4 ,?omas' tea*+ does n conflict ) ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t :i* speaks ( ! fomes z habitual dispositions & n ( its acts :i* ,/4 ,?omas consid]s4 ,cle>ly1 too1 8 tea*+ does n fall "u ! condemnation ( ! propositions ( ,baius2 ) ,baius ! motions are involunt>y1 b = ,/4 ,?omas indirectly volunt>y4 ,/4 ,?omas di/+ui%es ! motions ( s5suality diff]5tly f mod]n manuali/s4 ,= him ! motions-primo-primi arise f corporal dispositions :i* are n "u ! control ( reason & h5ce c n be s9s4 ,motions-secundo-primi arise f "s appreh5sion ( ! int]nal s5ses prop] to ! passions & c1 at lea/ if tak5 s+ly1 & ought to be rul$ by reason4 ,?us1 !y are moral acts 7de ,malo1 q4 ,,vii1 a4 #f1 ad #hum2 ,,ii ,di/4 #bd1 q4 #c1 a4 #b74 #acj4 ,bodily suff]+ or sickness is sometimes call$ a passion ( ! body1 b1 unlike ! passions ( ! s\l1 x is a physical evil4 ,morally consid]$1 x is indiff]5t 9 itself1 b x has contacts ) morality 9 v>i\s ways4 7a7 ,?us1 x may receive morality f ! w4 ,examples3 ,suff]+s endur$ ) resignation are acts ( virtue2 sickness or pa9 inflict$ ^u o!rs is imputable to ! unju/ cause4 7b7 ,x may affect ! morality ( ! act ( ! w4 ,examples3 ,sev]e too?a*e or o!r exquisite pa9 is an ext5uat+ circum/ance 9 s9s ( grumbl+1 = ! suff]+ draws s mu* att5tion to itself t delib]ation on o!r ?+s is mu* dim9i%$2 weakness ( /oma* may be a moral advantage 9 free+ "o f temptations to ov]-eat+4 #aca4 ,?\gh ! passions are good 9 !mselves1 !y are (t5 morally dang]\s4 ,! regulation ( ! passions ?r\gh ! virtues ( =titude & temp]ance w be treat$ lat] on1 b we %all indicate "h "s natural means by :i*1 ,god help+1 _! fir/ motions may be controll$4 7a7 ,?us1 if a passion is n /rong1 x may be repress$ directly by comm& ( ! w4 ,example3 ,! impulse to ang] may sometimes be *eck$ by ! comm& ( sil5ce4 7b7 ,if a passion is /rong1 x may be combat$ ?r\gh o!r activities :i* are its opposites or :i*1 ?r\gh ! am\nt ( en]gy !y call =1 w dim9i% proportionately ! =ce ( ! passion4 ,examples3 ,9 "t ( fe> "o c fall back on ?\ghts ( confid5ce2 9 "t ( m\rn+ "o c seek joy or alleviation 9 ! society ( fri5ds or 9 ! repose ( sleep4 ,/udy or o!r /r5u\s occupation is an excell5t means to ov]come impetu\s passion4 7c7 ,if a passion is p]si/5t1 x may be div]t$ to "s lawful object vividly repres5t$ & held 9 ! imag9ation & ?\ghts4 ,examples4 ,^? :o are incl9$ to love immod]ately ! _w or ! ?+s t are 9 ! _w %\ld direct _! love to div9e goodness4 ,^? :o are incl9$ to be too fe>ful ( m5 %\ld ?9k h[ mu* m ,god is to be fe>$4 ,"q ,,ii ,,good ,,& ,,bad ,,habits #acb4 ,hav+ consid]$ human acts & ! passions1 we n[ pass to a consid]ation ( ! pr9ciples f :i* acts proce$ proximately4 ,^! pr9ciples are1 fir/1 ! faculties1 p[]s or =ces ( ! s\l 7su* z ! intellect1 w1 s5se1 appetite1 & vegetative p[]s72 &1 secondly1 ! habits :i* p]man5tly modify ! faculties4 ,= "s faculties may be turn$ 9 v>i\s directions1 ei!r favorably or unfavorably1 z reg>ds _! ends1 & x is ! /able b5t giv5 to a faculty t is call$ a habit4 ,?us1 ! intellect may be direct$ t[>ds its end1 :i* is tru?1 by ! habit ( k2 or away f t end by ! habit ( ignorance4 ,likewise1 ! w may be direct$ t[>ds or away f its end1 :i* is good1 by virtue or vice4 ,! faculties are treat$ 9 ,psy*ology1 b ! habits1 s9ce !y turn ! faculties t[>ds good or evil1 mu/ be consid]$ 9 ,moral ,!ology1 z well z 9 philosophy4 ,art4 #a3 ,,habits ,,9 ,,g5]al 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,i-,,ii1 qq4 #di-ed47 #acc4 ,def9ition4--,a habit is a p]fect & /able quality by :i* a be+ is well- or ill-affect$ 9 itself1 or ) reg>d to its motions4 ,x diff]s f m]e disposition or t5d5cy1 :i* is an imp]fect & transitory quality4 ,?us1 a sall[ complexion is a habit2 a blu%1 a disposition4 #acd4 ,division4--,habits are v>i\sly divid$1 z foll[s3 7a7 ,f ! viewpo9t ( _! subject1 !y are ei!r entitative or op]ative1 accord+ z !y affect directly ! nature or ! p[]s ( a be+4 ,?us1 9 ! s\l !re are ! entitative habit ( sanctify+ grace & op]ative habits l sci5ce & virtue2 :ile 9 ! body are entitative habits ( heal?1 beauty1 etc4 7b7 ,f ! viewpo9t ( _! object1 habits are good 7i4e41 virtues7 or evil 7i4e41 vices72 7c7 ,f ! viewpo9t ( _! cause1 habits are infus$ or acquir$1 accord+ z !y are sup]naturally produc$ by ,god1 or are naturally obta9$ by man ?r\gh repeat$ acts1 or result f nature )\t repeat$ acts4 ,fai? 9 a baptiz$ infant is an infus$ habit2 k obta9$ ?r\gh /udy is an acquir$ habit2 ! p]ception t ! fir/ pr9ciples ( tru? are to be grant$ is natural4 #ace4 ,op]ative acquir$ habits are def9$ z qualities n easily *ang$1 by :i* a faculty t is able to act 9 v>i\s ways is dispos$ to act 9 "o way ) ease1 read9ess & pleasure4 ,?us1 by tra9+ a man acquires a correct c>riage1 & is able to walk /raight )\t difficulty4 #acf4 ,op]ative infus$ habits are endur+ qualities t give to a faculty ! p[] to p]=m acts t are sup]natural4 ,?us1 ! infus$ virtues ( fai?1 hope & *>ity give to ! intellect & ! w ! ability to elicit acts ) ref]5ce to sup]natural tru? & good4 ,facility & promptitude ) respect to ^! acts come ?r\gh ! use ( ! infus$ p[]4 #acg4 ,/r5g!n+ & ,weak5+ ( ,habits4--,habits are increas$3 7a7 ext5sively :5 !y are appli$ to m objects--?us ! habit ( sci5ce gr[s z x is appli$ to m tru?s2 7b7 int5sively1 :5 !y are root$ m firmly 9 _! subject & become easi] to ex]cise4 ,?is la/ comes ab\t :5 int5se acts ( a habit are frequ5tly repeat$4 ,?us1 a habit ( virtue or vice becomes a second nature1 & x is ex]cis$ ) ev] great] delight & resi/$ ) ev]-increas+ difficulty4 #ach4 ,! infus$ habits _c be dim9i%$1 b !y c be de/roy$ 7see #gde74 ,z to ! acquir$ habits1 !y are weak5$ & de/roy$ *iefly 9 two ways3 7a7 by acts oppos$ to !m1 especially if ^! acts are e>ne/ & frequ5t--?us1 evil cu/om is ov]come by good cu/om1 & vice-v]sa2 7b7 by long discont9uance or disuse4 ,?us1 a p]son :o has le>n$ a =eign language w =get x1 if he fails to speak1 read or he> x4 ,! k ( fir/ pr9ciples1 speculative or moral1 is n lo/1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh =getfulness1 z exp]i5ce %[s4 #aci4 ,accid5tally1 a habit may be corrupt$ ?r\gh injury ( an organ t is necess>y = ! ex]cise ( ! habit4 ,?us1 "r moral judgm5t may be lo/ if c]ta9 areas ( ! bra9 are affect$4 #adj4 ,habits & ,morality4--,! importance ( habits 9 man's moral life is v great4 7a7 ,habits are an index to a man's pa/ c>e]1 = ! ease & facility he n[ possesses ?r\gh !m is ! result ( _m /ruggles & ef=ts & difficulties ov]come1 or ( defeats & surr5d]s & neglect$ opportunities4 7b7 ,habits con/itute a man's moral "*4 ,morally1 a p]son is ! sum ( 8 moral habits & dispositions gr\p$ ar\nd ! c5tral int]e/ or idea ( 8 life4 ,he :o w\ld "k himself1 !re=e1 _c d bett] ?an to exam9e :at are 8 habits1 & :i* is ! pr$om9ant "o among !m4 7e7 ,habits are a prophecy ( ! future4 ,habits are n irresi/ible & d n de/roy fre$om1 b !y produce su* ease & read9ess = act+ 9 "o p>ticul> way t ! probabilities are1 :5 habits are /rong1 t a p]son w cont9ue to foll[ !m 9 ! future z he has done 9 ! pa/1 ?us progress+ or det]iorat+1 z ! case may be4 #ada4 ,duties z reg>ds ,habits4--7a7 ,bad habits %\ld be avoid$ & ^? t h be5 =m$ %\ld be de/roy$ 7see #ach74 ,! means to accompli% ^! victories are div9e help obta9$ ?r\gh pray] & ! o!r in/rum5talities ( grace1 wat*fulness ?r\gh self-exam9ation1 & ! cultivation ( a _s ( self-d5ial1 z well z attack made on ! habit t is =m+ or already =m$ 7see #bee sqq47 7b7 ,good habits %\ld be acquir$1 & ^? already possess$ %\ld be ex]cis$ & put to ! be/ advantage4 ,! means to ?is end1 9 addition to ^? t are sup]natural1 are especially a realization ( ! importance ( good habits1 a great desire to h !m1 & con/ant & regul> ef=t to practise !m 7see #acg74 ,art4 #b3 ,,good ,,habits ,,or ,,virtues 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,i-,,ii1 qq4 #ee-gj47 #adb4 ,def9ition4--,a virtue is a good habit ( ! free p[]s ( ! s\l1 t is a pr9ciple ( good conduct1 & nev] ( conduct t is evil4 ,h5ce1 ! foll[+ are n virtues3 7a7 an occasional incl9ation to good1 = ?is is n a fix$ habit2 7b7 good habits ( ! body or ( ! vegetative p[]s1 etc4 7su* z beauty & heal?71 = ^! are n free2 7c7 k ( ! "r or affection = x )\t any ref]5ce to practice1 = virtue is a pr9ciple ( "r liv+2 7d7 habits t c be appli$ indiff]5tly to good or bad conduct1 su* z human op9ion4 #adc4 ,division4--,! virtues are divid$3 7a7 accord+ to _! diff]5t causes1 into infus$ & acquir$ virtues 7cfr4 #acd sqq4727b7 accord+ to _! diff]5t objects1 into intellectual1 moral & !ological virtues4 #add4 ,! intellectual virtues are ^? habits t p]fect ! intellect ) ref]5ce to its good--i4e41 tru?1 speculative or practical4 #ade4 ,! speculative virtues are ?ree3 und]/&+1 k & wisdom4 7a7 ,und]/&+ or intellig5ce is ! habit ( p]ceiv+ tru?s t are n 9 ne$ ( pro(1 z be+ self-evid5t4 ,axiomatic tru?s or fir/ pr9ciples are ! object ( ?is virtue4 7b7 ,k or sci5ce is ! habit ( p]ceiv+ tru?s t are le>n$ f o!r tru?s by argum5tation1 & t are ultimate 9 "s category ( be+4 ,! object ( ?is virtue embraces ! v>i\s sci5ces 7l a/ronomy7 :i* are conclusions f pr9ciples4 7c7 ,wisdom is ! habit ( le>n+ ?r\gh reason+ ! tru? t is absolutely ultimate2 x is ! k ( ?+s 9 _! supreme cause1 ,god4 ,examples are !ology & philosophy 9 _! highe/ s5se4 #adf4 ,! practical intellectual virtues are two3 prud5ce & art4 7a7 ,prud5ce is an intellectual virtue :i* indicates 9 individual cases :at is to be done or :at is to be omitt$1 9 ord] t "o may act accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( good morals4 7b7 ,art is an intellectual virtue :i* indicates 9 individual cases h[ "o mu/ act 9 ord] to produce ?+s t are useful or beautiful 7e4g41 music1 pa9t+1 build+1 etc474 #adg4 ,! intellectual virtues1 except prud5ce1 are n p]fect virtues1 s9ce1 ,:ile !y make an act good1 !y d n necess>ily make ! ag5t good4 ,a man may h great k ab\t morality1 or be able to produce excell5t works ( art1 & at ! same "t be n virtu\s1 or h no love = 8 "w4 #adh4 ,prud5ce is an intellectual virtue1 s9ce x resides 9 ! intellect2 b x is also class$ among ! moral virtues1 s9ce its object is ! direction ( human acts to _! "r end4 #adi4 ,! moral virtues are ^? habits t p]fect ! w & ! s5sitive appetite ) ref]5ce to _! imm$iate & respective objects2 t is1 !y are habits conc]n$ ) acts z means to ! ,la/ ,end4 ,!y make ! act good1 & make good also him :o p]=ms x2 & !y are ?us sup]ior z virtues to ! intellectual habits4 #aej4 ,!re are f\r pr9cipal moral virtues3 7a7 9 ! intellect !re is prud5ce1 :i* guides all ! actions & passions by direct+ ! o!r moral virtues to :at is good accord+ to reason2 7b7 9 ! w !re is ju/ice1 :i* incl9es a p]son to make 8 actions accord ) :at he owes to o!rs2 7c7 9 ! irascible appetite is =titude1 :i* subjects to reason ! passions t might )draw f good1 su* z fe> ( dang]s & labors2 7d7 9 ! concupiscible appetite is temp]ance1 :i* represses ! motions ( passions t w\ld impel "o to "s s5sible good oppos$ to reason4 ,^! f\r virtues are also call$ c>d9al virtues1 because all ! o!r moral virtues h+e on !m4 #aea4 ,! !ological virtues are ^? t p]fect ! intellect & ! w ) ref]5ce to ,god1 _! ultimate1 sup]natural object4 ,!y are ?ree3 7a7 fai?1 :i* is a virtue infus$ into ! intellect1 giv+ man sup]natural tru?s t are p]ceiv$ by a div9e light2 7b7 hope1 :i* is a virtue infus$ into ! w1 enabl+ man to t5d t[>ds ! sup]natural de/9y disclos$ by fai? z t[>ds an end possible ( atta9m5t2 7c7 *>ity1 :i* is a virtue infus$ into ! w1 unit+ man's affections to ! object ( 8 hope & trans=m+ him into its lik5ess4 #aeb4 ,causes ( ,virtues4--,! causes ( virtue are ?ree3 7a7 nature1 :i* is ! cause ( ! in*oative intellectual & moral virtues1 t is1 ( ! !oretical & practical pr9ciples t are naturally kn[n1 & ( ! incl9ations to virtue t arise f an individual's bodily con/itution2 7b7 practice1 :i* is ! cause ( p]fect$ intellectual & moral virtues1 t is1 ( ! good habits t are =m$ by repeat$ acts 7e4g41 k obta9$ ?r\gh /udy1 temp]ance fix$ 9 ! "* ?r\gh cont9u$ ef=t72 7c7 infusion f on high1 :i* is ! cause ( ! virtues t surpass nature 7i4e41 ( ! !ological virtues & ( ! moral virtues t are conc]n$ ) our acts z ord]$ to ! sup]natural74 #aec4 ,prop]ties ( ! ,virtues4--,f ! def9ition ( virtue giv5 above c]ta9 prop]ties result4 7a7 ,s9ce a virtue makes conduct agree ) a c]ta9 fix$ /&>d1 x does n all[ ( excess or defect4 ,h5ce1 virtue foll[s ! gold5 mean4 7b7 ,s9ce ! o!r moral virtues w\ld g to extremes )\t ! guidance ( prud5ce1 & s9ce prud5ce w\ld n judge aright )\t ! "r dispositions ( ! o!r virtues1 x foll[s t ! f\r moral virtues1 at lea/ 9 _! p]fect /ate1 mu/ always be toge!r4 ,& because *>ity is ! fulfillm5t ( ! :ole law1 he :o has *>ity has also all ! o!r infus$ virtues4 7c7 ,s9ce ! virtues are direct$ t[>ds objects ( v>y+ degrees ( excell5ce1 & s9ce !y are habits1 & are capable ( increase & decrease 7#acg sqq471 x foll[s t bo? virtues ( diff]5t species1 & ^? ( ! same species1 are or may be unequal4 7d7 ,s9ce "s ( ! virtues imply conditions t w n exi/ 9 ! life to come1 x foll[s t ^! virtues w be some:at *ang$ 9 ! bless$4 ,?us1 temp]ance1 :i* subdues ! rebellion ( ! passions1 w n be ex]cis$ 9 heav51 :]e ! passions d n rebel4 #aed4 ,! gold5 mean is f\nd diff]5tly 9 diff]5t virtues4 7a7 ,9 ! case ( ju/ice1 ! mean is det]m9$ by an ext]nal object t is inv>iable1 s9ce ju/ice gives :at is due to o!rs1 nei!r m nor less2 9 ! case ( =titude & temp]ance ! mean is det]m9$ by prud5t judgm5t & is n inv>iable1 s9ce ^! two virtues are conc]n$ ) ! regulation ( ! int]nal passions accord+ to conditions ( individuals & circum/ances4 ,?us1 a debt ( t5 doll>s rema9s ! same :e!r ! debtor is ri* or poor1 :e!r ! cr$itor ne$s x or n4 ,b a glass ( liquor1 :i* w\ld be j en\gh = "o :o 0 well1 might be f> too mu* = him :5 he 0 sick2 & a dang] :i* a man might be expect$ to enc\nt]1 might be too mu* = a woman or a boy4 7b7 ,! mean ( ! intellectual & speculative virtues is ! agreem5t ) objective tru?1 z ly+ betwe5 ! extremes ( false affirmation & false negation4 ,! mean ( ! practical virtue ( prud5ce1 z regulat+ ! moral virtues1 is "r reason1 consid]$ z directive ( ! desires & conduct s z to avoid excess & defect4 7c7 ,! !ological virtues h no mean1 z f> z _! object is conc]n$1 s9ce ,god1 be+ inf9ite 9 tru?1 p[] & goodness1 _c be believ$ 91 hop$ 91 or lov$ too mu*4 ,by reason ( _! subject1 h[ev]1 ^! virtues h a mean1 s9ce x is possible = "o to exce$1 = example1 9 hope by presumptu\sly expect+ :at is n due to "o's condition4 #aee4 ,)\t *>ity "o may possess c]ta9 o!r virtues4 7a7 ,?us1 "o may h ! natural or acquir$ moral virtues1 z is ! case ) _m pagans1 b su* virtues are imp]fect1 s9ce !y d n direct _! subject to ! ,sup]natural ,end ( man2 7b7 "o may h ! sup]natural or infus$ virtues ( fai? & hope1 z is ! case ) ,*ri/ians :o are n 9 ! /ate ( grace4 ,ev5 su* fai? & hope are imp]fect virtues1 & are n m]itori\s4 #aef4 ,consid]$ precisely z virtues 7cfr4 ,article on ,hope71 ! ?ree gr\ps rank z foll[s3 7a7 ! !ological virtues are ! mo/ excell5t1 s9ce !y deal directly ) man's sup]natural end2 7b7 ,by reason ( _! object1 univ]sal tru?1 ! intellectual virtues are sup]ior to ! moral virtues1 :i* are conc]n$ ) p>ticul> goods2 7c7 ! moral virtues1 nev]!less1 are m p]fect z virtues1 =1 s consid]$ 9 ! ord] ( action1 9 p]fect+ ! appetites1 !y are m prop]ly pr9ciples ( action4 #aeg4 ,! highe/ ( ! virtues )9 ea* gr\p are ! foll[+3 7a7 ,*>ity is great] ?an fai? & hope1 s9ce x implies union ) its objects1 :ile ! o!r two imply a c]ta9 di/ance f _! object2 7b7 ,ju/ice is sup]ior to =titude & temp]ance1 s9ce x deals ) actions by :i* man is rightly ord]$1 bo? z to himself & z to o!rs1 :ile ! o!rs deal ) ! passions & ! "r disposition ( man z to himself4 ,! ord] ( ! moral virtues is3 prud5ce1 :i* is ! guide ( ! o!rs2 ju/ice1 :i* deals ) man's actions & ord]s him rightly1 bo? z to himself & z to o!rs2 =titude1 :i* gov]ns ! passions1 ev5 :5 life & dea? are ! issues2 temp]ance1 :i* gov]ns ! passions 9 affairs ( less importance2 7c7 ,! *ief ( ! intellectual virtues is wisdom1 :i* consid]s ! supreme cause ( ?+s1 & !re=e judges ! o!r virtues ( ! intellect4 #aeh4 ,9 ! bless$ ! virtues w rema91 b *ang$ 9 "s respects4 7a7 ,?us1 ! rectitude ( s\l conta9$ 9 ! moral virtues w endure1 b !re w be no rebelli\s passions to ov]come1 no dang]s to oppose1 no debts ( ju/ice to be dis*>g$1 z 9 ?is life2 7b7 ! intellectual virtues acquir$ 9 ?is life w rema91 b ! s\l sep>at$ f ! body w n employ s5se images z 9 its e>?ly exi/5ce2 7c7 fai? & hope w give place to vision & realization1 b *>ity w nev] fall away4 #aei4 ,! ,complem5ts ( ! ,virtues4--,! virtues are habits t supply ! s\l ) an int]nal guide 7prud5ce71 & ) incl9ations to foll[ its direction 7moral virtues74 ,b !re is also a high] ,guide :o speaks to ! s\l1 & x is necess>y t ! incl9ations ( virtue be c>ri$ out 9 a suprahuman mode4 ,h5ce1 ! virtues are complet$ by c]ta9 adjuncts4 ,^! are3 7a7 ! ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 :i* are habits infus$ into ! s\l1 mak+ x s5sitive to ! guidance ( ! ,holy ,_s & docile "u ,8 direction2 7b7 ! ,fruits ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 :i* are acts t gr[ out ( ! virtues & h a special spiritual sweetness atta*$ to !m2 7c7 ! ,beatitudes1 :i* are activities ( special excell5ce hav+ a correspond+ special rew>d atta*$ to !m1 ,! acts are produc$ by ! infus$ virtues & ! ,gifts1 especially by ! ,gifts4 #afj4 ,!re are sev5 ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 :i* are divid$ z foll[s3 7a7 ,!re are ! ,intellectual ,gifts1 :i* make ! s\l m responsive to ! light :i* ! ,holy ,_s %$s ^u tru?s held by fai?4 ,^! ,gifts assi/ ! intellect1 fir/1 9 its appreh5sion ( ! my/]ies ( fai?1 t x may be made to grasp m cle>ly :at x believes 7,gift ( ,und]/&+72 secondly1 9 its judgm5ts1 t x may be illum9at$ s z to adh]e to ! pr9ciples ( fai? & dep>t f _! opposites1 :e!r !re be "q ( judgm5ts ab\t div9e ?+s 7,gift ( ,wisdom71 or creat$ ?+s 7,gift ( ,k71 or human actions 7,gift ( ,c\nsel72 7b7 ,!re are ! ,appetitive ,gifts1 :i* make ! s\l m ready to foll[ div9e motions & inspirations4 ,^! ,gifts aid ! irascible affections by giv+ !m a confid5ce ( victory ov] e p]il & by assur+ safe arrival at ! t]m ( life 7,gift ( ,=titude72 !y aid ! w 9 its social relations by lead+ to a filial love & devotion t[>d ,god 7,gift ( ,piety72 !y assi/ ! concupiscible affections by fill+ !m ) a rev]5ce ( ,god's maje/y & a horror ( (f5d+ ,him 7,gift ( ,fe> ( ! ,"l74 #afa4 ,! ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are sup]ior to ! moral & intellectual virtues1 = ^! virtues p]fect ! p[]s ( ! s\l t !y may be always ready to foll[ ! guidance ( reason1 :ile ! ,gifts make ! p[]s ( ! s\l docile to ! guidance ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 #afb4 ,! ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are inf]ior to ! !ological virtues1 = ^! virtues unite ! s\l to ! ,holy ,gho/1 :ile ! ,gifts only make ! s\l ready to receive ,8 illum9ations & inspirations4 #afc4 ,!re are twelve ,fruits ( ! ,holy ,gho/ enum]at$ by ,/4 ,paul 7,gal4 v1 #bb-bc74 7a7 ,"s ( ^! acts gr[ out ( ! indwell+ ,_s1 & are delightful to ! spiritual ta/e because !y p]fect ! ag5t 9 himself4 ,*>ity1 joy1 & peace indicate t ! s\l is rightly dispos$ z to :at is good2 pati5ce & longsuff]+1 t x is n di/urb$ by evils4 7b7 ,o!rs ( ^! ,fruits give spiritual delight because !y p]fect ! ag5t 9 8 relations to 8 fell[s4 ,good w & k9dness %[ t "o is well-dispos$ t[>ds o!rs2 meekness & fidelity1 t injury does n ov]come him1 or make him deceitful4 7c7 ,/ill o!r ,fruits are delightful because !y ord] a man's life rightly z to ext]nal actions or int]nal passions1 su* z mode/y1 cont95cy1 *a/ity4 #afd4 ,!re are eight ,beatitudes enum]at$ by our ,"l4 7a7 ,"s ( ^! are acts t surpass ! virtues z reg>ds ! use ( ext]nal goods & ! gov]nm5t ( ! passions4 ,?us1 x is lawful to h possessions1 b ! poor 9 _s despise !m2 x is lawful to ex]cise ! irascible passions accord+ to reason1 b ! meek "u div9e guidance keep !mselves 9 tranquillity2 x is lawful to rejoice accord+ to mod]ation1 b ! m\rn]s1 :5 ?is is bett]1 refra9 f all rejoic+4 7b7 ,o!r ,beatitudes are acts t surpass ! virtues ( ju/ice or lib]ality to "o's neighbor4 ,?us1 ^? :o hung] & ?ir/ aft] ju/ice n only dis*>ge _! obligations1 b !y d s ) ! greate/ will+ness2 ! m]ciful be/[ _! b\nty1 n only on _! fri5ds & relatives1 b on ^? :o are mo/ 9 ne$4 7c7 ,/ill o!r ,beatitudes are conc]n$ ) ! acts t mo/ fit "o = ! contemplation ( div9e ?+s1 namely1 t 9 oneself "o be pure or he>t or free f ! defilem5ts ( passion1 & t "o be peaceful ) ref]5ce to o!rs4 7d7 ,! f9al ,beatitude is ! cr[n ( ! o!rs2 = "o is p]fectly atta*$ to pov]ty ( _s1 meekness1 etc41 :5 he is prep>$ = _! sake to suff] p]secution4 #afe4 ,! rew>ds promis$ to ! ,beatitudes are conf]r$1 n only 9 ! life to come1 b also 9 ! pres5t life4 ,b !y are n necess>ily temporal or corporal rew>ds 7su* z ri*es1 pleasure1 ete471 b spiritual beatitude1 :i* is a =eta/e & figure ( ! et]nal joy to come4 #aff4 ,all ! ,beatitudes may be call$ ,fruits ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 s9ce !y are ! outgr[? ( ! indwell+ ,_s & are fill$ ) spiritual sweetness4 ,b ! ,beatitudes are really m excell5t ?an ! ,fruits1 s9ce !y are works ( m ?an ord9>y excell5ce2 :]eas e "w ( virtue t gives delight may be call$ a ,fruit ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,art4 #c3 ,,bad ,,habits ,,or ,,vices 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,i-,,ii1 qq4 #ga-hi47 #afg4 ,def9ition4--,a vice is a habit incl9+ to moral evil4 ,a s9 is an act result+ f a vice1 or t5d+ to ! =mation ( a vice2 or x is any ?\ght1 ^w1 de$ or omission aga9/ ! law ( ,god4 #afh4 ,divisions4--,!re are v>i\s divisions ( s9s4 ,?us3 7a7 accord+ to ! k9d ( delight t is tak5 9 evil1 s9s are ei!r spiritual 7e4g41 va+lory7 or c>nal 7e4g41 intemp]ance72 7b7 accord+ to ! p]son :o is m directly (f5d$ by evil1 s9s are ei!r aga9/ ,god 7e4g41 h]esy1 despair1 blasphemy71 or aga9/ "o's neighbor 7e4g41 !ft1 calumny71 or aga9/ oneself 7e4g41 intemp]ance1 suicide72 7c7 accord+ to ! great] or less gravity ( ! evil1 s9s are ei!r mortal 7e4g41 blasphemy7 or v5ial 7e4g41 idle ?\ghts72 7d7 accord+ z ! evil is done by act+ or n act+1 s9s are ei!r ( commission 7e4g41 !ft7 or ( omission 7e4g41 failure to pay debts72 7e7 accord+ to ! progress ( a s91 !re are ?ree /ages3 fir/1 x is a s9 ( ! he>t :5 x exi/s only 9 ! m9d1 z :5 "o ent]ta9s a wi% = rev5ge2 secondly1 x is a s9 ( ! m\?1 :5 x is manife/$ 9 words1 z :5 "o uses contumeli\s language2 ?irdly1 x is a s9 ( "w :5 x is c>ri$ out 9 act1 z :5 "o /rikes ano!r 9 ! face2 7f7 accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* !y deviate f ! gold5 mean1 s9s are ei!r ( excess 7e4g41 extravagance7 or ( defect 7e4g41 mis]l9ess72 7g7 accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* its guilt is contract$1 s9 is ei!r orig9al 7i4e41 ! loss ( grace inh]it$ f ,adam7 or actual 7i4e41 ! /a9 d]iv$ f "o's own wrongdo+2 sec #bgb sqq474 #afi4 ,mortal ,s94--,a s9 is mortal or deadly1 :5 by x a p]son turns away f ,god1 8 ,la/ ,end1 & pref]s to ,him "s creat$ good1 !reby incurr+ ! debt ( et]nal puni%m5t4 #agj4 ,! fir/ condition necess>y 9 ord] t a s9 may be judg$ mortal is t ! matt] ( ! s9 be grave1 ei!r 9 itself or 9 ! op9ion ( him :o commits x2 x mu/ include turn+ away f ,god & ! sub/itution ( "s creat$ good z ! ,la/ ,end4 #aga4 ,! matt] ( a s9 is kn[n to be grave3 7a7 :5 ! law ( ,god or ( ! ,*ur* decl>es t x is s]i\sly displeas+ to ,god1 or t x w sep>ate "o f ,8 favor or rew>ds2 7b7 :5 "r reason %[s t x does great injury to ! rights ( ,god1 ( society1 ( "o's neighbor1 or ( oneself4 #agb4 ,! matt] ( a s9 is grave 9 two ways4 7a7 ,x is grave f ! "* ( ! act & )\t exception1 :5 ! good :i* is injur$ is inf9ite1 or is a f9ite good ( greate/ importance & indivisible1 ,?us1 h]esy1 despair1 & simony aga9/ div9e law are always s]i\s1 because !y (f5d aga9/ an inf9ite good2 :ile murd]1 ?\gh x injures only a f9ite good1 is nev]!less always grave matt] because e>?ly life is ( highe/ importance among f9ite goods1 & if tak5 away is tak5 entirely4 7b7 ,! matt] ( a s9 is grave f ! "* ( ! act b ) exceptions1 :5 ! good t is injur$ is ( grave importance1 b f9ite & divisible4 ,?us1 ! wor%ip we give to ,god is f9ite & admits ( m & less2 & h5ce a s9 aga9/ wor%ip1 ?\gh s]i\s f ! nature ( ! (f5ce1 may be slight on acc\nt ( ! smallness ( ! irrev]5ce4 ,simil>ly1 ?\gh !ft injures a grave "r1 x is n grave matt] :5 ! am\nt /ol5 is small4 #agc4 ,! second condition requir$ t a s9 be mortal is t !re be full adv]t5ce to ! grave malice ( ! act1 = "o _c be said to sep>ate oneself f ,god unless "o has made ! same am\nt ( delib]ation t is requir$ = any temporal affair ( great mom5t4 #agd4 ,adv]t5ce is ! act by :i* ! m9d gives att5tion to some?+4 ,x is ( two k9ds3 7a7 full adv]t5ce1 :5 !re is no?+ to imp$e p]fect att5tion1 z :5 a p]son is wide awake1 9 full possession ( 8 faculties1 & n di/ract$2 7b7 p>tial adv]t5ce1 :5 !re is some?+ t1 prev5ts entire att5tion1 z :5 a p]son is only p>tly awake2 or n entirely consci\s1 or di/ract$ ) _m ?+s4 #age4 ,h5ce 9 ! foll[+ cases1 ev5 ?\gh !re be s]i\s matt]1 a s9 is n mortal1 on acc\nt ( lack ( full adv]t5ce4 7a7 ,:5 )\t "o's w !re is no full adv]t5ce to ! act itself1 z happ5s ) ^? :o are half-asleep1 or :o are "u ! influ5ce ( drugs1 or :o are m5tally conf9$ by anxiety or physical pa91 etc4 7see on ,human ,acts1 #bd sqq474 7b7 ,a s9 is n mortal :5 !re is no full adv]t5ce to ! s9fulness or to ! gravity ( ! act4 ,^? :o ?r\gh no fault ( _! own are unaw>e t an act is s9ful1 or t x is a mortal s9 7e4g41 *ildr51 ! half-witt$1 or ! un9/ruct$71 h no full adv]t5ce to ! malice ( ! act2 likewise1 ^? :o1 )\t be+ responsible = _! inadv]t5ce1 d n ?9k at ! mom5t ( ! s9fulness or s]i\sness ( :at !y d 7e4g41 ^? :o ?9k out plans = rev5ge be=e !y h tak5 second ?\ght on its immorality74 #agf4 ,signs t indicate t !re 0 no full adv]t5ce are3 7a7 if aft]w>ds "o c sc>cely recall :at happ5$2 7b7 if %ortly aft]w>ds "o _c be sure :at 0 "o's /ate ( m9d at ! "t4 #agg4 ,?\gh full adv]t5ce is requir$ = a mortal s91 x is n requir$ t ?is adv]t5ce be ! mo/ p]fect4 7a7 ,x is n necess>y t ! adv]t5ce be prec$$ by long delib]ation1 = adv]t5ce c be full ev5 :5 ! consid]ation is only mom5t>y1 7b7 ,x is n necess>y t adv]t5ce be cont9u$ dur+ ! commission ( a s91 = :at foll[s is =ese5 if adv]t$ to at ! beg9n+4 7c7 ,x is n necess>y t adv]t5ce to ! malice ( ! s9 be cle> or exact4 ,"o :o p]ceives t !re is "s special malice 9 robb+ a *ur*1 ev5 ?\gh he does n und]/& j :at ! malice is1 has suffici5t adv]t5ce to become guilty ( sacrilege4 ,likewise1 "o :o has d\bts z to :e!r a c]ta9 s9 is mortal1 or :o suspects t x is mortal1 has suffici5t adv]t5ce = grave guilt if he commits t s94 7d7 ,x is n necess>y t adv]t5ce to ! malice ( ! s9 be reflex 7i4e41 t "o adv]t to ! fact t "o is consci\s ( ! gravity ( ! s972 = to w ! malice1 x suffices t "o be consci\s ( ! malice4 7e7 ,x is n necess>y t adv]t5ce to ! malice ( ! s9 be explicit 7i4e41 t "o h 9 m9d ! precise nature ( s9 z an (f5se aga9/ ,god1 :i* produces a /a9 on ! s\l & incurs ! debt ( puni%m5t72 = to w evil & its gravity1 x suffices t "o p]ceive ! evil & its gravity1 ev5 ?\gh "o does n analyze ! mean+ or seek out ! ultimate reasons4 #agh4 ,! ?ird condition requir$ t a s9 be mortal is t full cons5t ( ! w be giv5 x1 = no "o sep>ates him self f ,god except ?r\gh 8 own free *oice4 7a7 ,cons5t is n full1 :5 !re has n be5 full adv]t5ce1 or :5 an act has be5 done "u viol5t compulsion2 7b7 cons5t is full :5 !re has be5 full adv]t5ce & no =ceful compulsion 7see above on ,viol5ce1 #eb74 #agi4 ,indications t cons5t 0 n full are3 7a7 if be=e ! s9 ! p]son 0 ( t5d] consci5ce & _h habitually a horror ( grave s92 7b7 if at ! "t ( ! s9 ! p]son recoil$ f ! s9ful sugge/ion--e4g41 if he _h a hatr$ = x z soon z x 0 fully p]ceiv$1 or if he 0 sadd5$ at ! temptation1 or if he kept f an ext]nal act t c\ld h be5 easily p]=m$2 7c7 if aft] ! s9 ! p]son 0 consci5ti\s1 & yet _h d\bts z to :e!r cons5t 0 giv54 #ahj4 ,v5ial ,s94--,a s9 is v5ial1 or m easily p>donable1 :5 by x "o turns inord9ately t[>ds "s creat$ good1 n s1 h[ev]1 z to =sake ,god z "o's ,la/ ,end or to pref] self-w to ! div9e fri5d%ip4 #aha4 ,! fir/ condition requir$ t a s9 be call$ v5ial is t its matt] be light1 ei!r 9 reality1 or 9 ! inv9cible belief ( him :o commits x4 ,! crit]ia by :i* we may "k :at matt] is light are au?ority & "r reason 7see above1 #aga74 #ahb4 ,! matt] ( a s9 is light 9 two ways4 7a7 ,f ! "* ( ! act1 ! matt] is light :5 ! good :i* is injur$ is f9ite & ( m9or importance4 ,?us1 tru? ab\t trivial ?+s is ( less importance among f9ite goods1 & consequ5tly a small lie ab\t "s unimportant matt]1 :i* helps & does n h>m ! neighbor1 is light matt]4 7b7 ,f ! quantity ( ! matt]1 ! matt] is light :5 ! good injur$ is ( major importance b divisible4 ,an example "h is a !ft t works only small h>m 7see above1 #agb74 #ahc4 ,! second condition = a v5ial s9 is t !re be "s adv]t5ce to ! malice ( ! act4 7a7 ,! adv]t5ce is n full :5 ! matt] is grave1 & ! act done )\t compulsion1 = else ! s9 w\ld n be v5ial b mortal4 7b7 ,! adv]t5ce may be full or p>tial :5 ! matt] is light4 #ahd4 ,! ?ird condition = a v5ial s9 is t !re be "s cons5t ( ! w to ! malice ( ! act4 7a7 ,! cons5t is n full :5 ! matt] is grave1 = else ! s9 w\ld be mortal4 7b7 ,! cons5t may be ei!r full or p>tial :5 ! matt] is light4 #ahe4 ,imp]fections4--,! description ( v5ial s9 j giv5 indicates t x is a volunt>y transgression ( ! law ( ,god 9 matt]s ( light] importance1 & is ?us di/+ui%$ f ! v>i\s classes ( moral imp]fections4 ,^! latt] imp]fections are3 7a7 natural imp]fections1 :i* are ! fall+ %ort on ! "p ( good acts ( ! high] degree ( goodness !y might h possess$4 ,s9ce man is f9ite by nature1 x is inevitable t he be limit$ 9 ! good he does2 & h5ce ?is k9d ( imp]fection is n a transgression or a s92 7b7 p]sonal imp]fections :i* are volunt>y b n transgressions1 are acts or omissions ^: motive is reasonable1 b :i* are contr>y to t :i* is ( c\nsel4 ,example3 to omit he>+ a ,mass t is n obligatory1 :5 "o is able to assi/ at x1 b has a good reason = /ay+ away2 7c7 p]sonal imp]fections :i* are transgressions b n volunt>y1 are acts or omissions done )\t delib]ation1 b :i* are oppos$ to "s law ( less importance4 ,example3 ,to pray ) involunt>y di/ractions4 #ahf4 ,*ange 9 ! ,gravity ( ,moral ,defects4-,an imp]fection becomes a s93 7a7 if ! motive = omitt+ :at is ( c\nsel only is s9ful 7e4g41 to neglect a ,mass t is n ( obligation out ( contempt72 7b7 if a slight indelib]ate transgression has a cause t 0 volunt>y 7e4g41 involunt>y di/ractions caus$ by previ\s neglect74 #ahg4 ,v5ial s9s become mortal :5 t :i* 9 itself is a slight (f5se1 becomes 9 ! individual ag5t a grave (f5se by reason ( "s *ange 9 ! object or ( "s grave malice 9 ! purpose1 circum/ances1 or ! =ese5 results 7see above #ig sqq474 #ahh4 ,a *ange 9 ! object makes v5ial s9 mortal3 7a7 :5 t :i* is light matt] objectively is appreh5d$ subjectively z grave matt] 7e4g41 a p]son tells a small lie or commits a trifl+ !ft1 ?9k+ ^! to be mortal s9s72 7b7 :5 t :i* is light matt] by itself becomes kn[+ly grave matt] ?r\gh ! additions t are made to x 7e4g41 a ?ief /eals small am\nts frequ5tly ) ! int5tion ( hav+ a great am\nt ( ill-gott5 money aft] a "t74 #ahi4 ,x %\ld be not$ t1 :ile ! matt] ( v5ial s9s may coalesce s z to =m grave matt] & con/itute a mortal s91 z j expla9$1 v5ial s9s !mselves d n1 f m]e multiplication1 ev] become mortal1 s9ce ! diff]5ce betwe5 mortal & v5ial s9 is n "o ( quantity1 b ( k9d4 ,h5ce1 :5 acts are slightly s9ful b d n coalesce1 !y multiply v5ial s9s1 b d n =m mortal s94 ,example3 ,com+ a few m9utes late = ,mass e ,sunday4 #aij4 ,! multiplication ( v5ial s9s1 especially :5 !y are held z ( no importance1 disposes = ! commission ( mortal s93 7a7 directly1 by =m+ a habit t calls = ev] great] indulg5ce 7e4g41 petty !fts lead to di%one/y on a l>ge scale72 7b7 indirectly1 by famili>iz+ "o ) wrongdo+ & *ill+ ! love = virtue4 #aia4 ,! wrong purpose ( ! ag5t makes an act t is only v5ially s9ful 7z f> z ! object is conc]n$7 to become mortally s9ful1 :5 ! purpose conta9s a grave malice 9 itself1 = ! act is !n int5d$ only z a means to :at is s]i\sly wrong 7see above #hj74 ,example3 ,to tell a small lie 9 ord] to break up fri5d%ips & s[ hatr$s4 #aib4 ,! circum/ances ( an act t is only v5ially s9ful 9 itself also make ! act mortally s9ful1 :5 !re is grave malice 9 su* circum/ances4 ,cases ( ?is k9d are ! foll[+3 7a7 ,! circum/ance ( ! p]son committ+ ! s9 sometimes *anges ! malice f light to grave4 ,example3 ,unbecom+ levity 9 "o 9 au?ority may cause s]i\s disrespect = 8 (fice & ?us be gravely s9ful2 7b7 ,! circum/ance ( ! mann] 9 :i* an act is p]=m$ may *ange x f a v5ial to a mortal s91 z :5 ! s9 is committ$ out ( contempt1 or is s covet$ t x w\ld be pref]r$ to a grave obligation4 ,examples3 ,"o :o violates a law ( less] mom5t1 n because he reg>ds x z bad1 b because he wi%es to %[ 8 disreg>d ( all law & au?ority2 or "o :o is s atta*$ to games ( *ance t he is prep>$ to /eal a l>ge sum r ?an give !m up4 #aic4 ,! s]i\s h>m t is =ese5 z a result ( v5ial s9 also *anges ! malice f slight to s]i\s4 ,examples3 ,"o :o jok+ly annoys ano!r1 kn[+ t ?is w provoke grave diss5sions2 or "o :o tells small lies to p]sons :o are kn[n = _! un*>itable di/ortions & exagg]ations2 or "o :o agrees to take too mu* /rong dr9k kn[+ f exp]i5ce t ?is inv>iably leads to s]i\s excess4 #aid4 ,mortal s9s become v5ial :5 t :i* 9 itself is a grave (f5se1 becomes light by reason ( "s *ange 9 he object or lack ( full cons5t 9 ! subject4 #aie4 ,a *ange 9 ! object makes a mortal s9 v5ial3 7a7 :5 t :i* is grave matt] objectively1 is appreh5d$ ?r\gh inculpable1 or only v5ially culpable ignorance z light matt] 7e4g41 :5 an un9/ruct$ *ild ?9ks t a s]i\s calumny is only a v5ial s972 7b7 :5 a s9 ^: "* is s]i\s b ^: matt] is divisible is small z to matt] 7e4g11 to be abs5t f a small "p ( ! ,mass on ,sunday72 7e7 :5 a law ^: obligation is grave w cause m ?an slight inconv5i5ce 9 a p>ticul> case1 & ?us becomes ( light obligation = t case 7e4g41 to miss ,mass on ,sunday because ( a difficulty t 0 n unsurm\ntable1 b yet consid]able74 #aif4 ,lack ( suffici5t adv]t5ce or ( full cons5t makes a mortal s9 v5ial2 7a7 :5 )\t s]i\s fault "o does n adv]t to a gravely s9ful act 7e4g41 a desire ( rev5ge72 7b7 :5 )\t s]i\s fault "o does n "k or does n ?9k ab\t ! grave malice ( :at "o is do+ 7e4g41 to repeat a /ory1 n kn[+ or n rememb]+ at ! "t t x is a s]i\s calumny72 7c7 :5 on acc\nt ( consid]able excitem5t1 fe> or o!r di/urbance1 "o gives only p>tial cons5t to an act t is mortally s9ful 7e4g41 :5 "o1 on be+ sudd5ly insult$1 replies ) a s]i\s imprecation74 #aig4 ,! ,di/9ction ( ,s9s4--,!re are ?ree k9ds ( di/9ction ( s9s3 7a7 s9s t diff] accord+ to !ological species1 t is1 accord+ z !y turn or d n turn ! s9n] away f ,god z 8 ,la/ ,end4 ,!re are only two !ological species ( s91 viz41 mortal & v5ial2 7b7 s9s t diff] accord+ to moral species1 t is1 accord+ to _! ess5ces1 or ! v>i\s k9ds ( f9ite good to :i* !y turn ! s9n]4 ,!re are _m moral species ( s9s1 = example1 infidelity1 un*>itabl5ess1 etc42 7c7 s9s t diff] accord+ to numb]1 b agree accord+ to moral species 7e4g41 two di/9ct acts ( un*>itable hatr$74 #aih4 ,! crit]ia = ! specific di/9ction ( s9s are two3 7a7 t :i* makes s9s to diff] specifically is ! diff]5ce ( ! objects to :i* !y t5d1 inasmu* z ^! creat$ goods are out ( h>mony 9 specifically diff]5t ways ) ! /&>ds ( morality 7e4g41 pride & gluttony72 7b7 t by :i* we recognize ! specific diff]5ce ( s9s is ! opposition !y h to virtues or laws t are specifically diff]5t4 ,?us1 pride is oppos$ to humility1 gluttony to temp]ance--two diff]5t virtues4 #aii4 ,! foll[+ rules assi/ u 9 recogniz+ specific di/9ctions ( s9s4 7a7 ,^? s9s are specifically diff]5t :i* are oppos$ to virtues t are specifically di/9ct4 ,?us1 infidelity & despair are diff]5t 9 species1 because oppos$ to fai? & hope1 :i* are two di/9ct species ( virtue4 7b7 ,^? s9s are specifically diff]5t t are oppos$ to specifically diff]5t objects ( "o & ! same virtue--t is1 to functions ( ! virtue1 or to laws conc]n+ x t h intr9sically diff]5t motives4 ,?us1 s9s ( murd]1 !ft1 & false te/imony1 ?\gh oppos$ to ! same virtue ( ju/ice1 are specifically di/9ct1 s9ce !y contrav5e obligations ( t virtue ^: purposes are morally di/9ct4 7c7 ,^? s9s are specifically diff]5t t are oppos$ 9 specifically diff]5t ways to ! same object ( ! same virtue1 "o oppos+ t object by way ( excess & ! o!r by way ( defect4 ,?us1 mis]l9ess & extravagance are specifically di/9ct s9s1 because "o falls %ort (1 :ile ! o!r goes beyond1 ! gold5 mean t is f\nd 9 lib]ality4 #bjj4 ,s9s are n specifically di/9ct3 7a7 :5 !y are oppos$ to ! same virtue 9 ways t are physically1 b n morally1 contr>y4 ,?us1 s9s ( omission & s9s ( commission are physically opposites1 b !y are n morally s1 unless !y (f5d aga9/ diff]5t moral objects 9 ! ways expla9$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,h5ce1 to /eal & to refuse to pay debts1 to take & to keep :at belongs to ano!r1 are n specifically diff]5t s9s2 :]eas to violate two di/9ct precepts ab\t ! same virtue1 "o a comm& & ! o!r a prohibition1 is to commit two species ( s91 "o by omission1 & ! o!r by commission2 7b7 :5 !y are oppos$ to ! same virtue ) ref]5ce to comm&s t diff] 9 _! lawgiv]s1 b n 9 _! motives4 ,?us1 ,god1 ! ,*ur*1 & ! ,/ate all =bid !ft2 b he :o /eals is n !re=e guilty ( ?ree s9s1 = ea* lawgiv] =bids !ft f ! same intr9sic motive1 viz41 because x is an injury4 #bja4 ,"o & ! same act conta9s 9 itself _m s9s1 :5 x has _m malices specifically diff]5t4 ,?us1 he :o kills 8 p>5ts violates two comm&m5ts relative to ! virtue ( ju/ice2 he :o /eals f a *ur* is guilty ( !ft & ( sacrilege4 #bjb4 ,s9s t are multipli$ num]ically )9 ! same species are committ$ 9 ?ree ways3 7a7 by purely int]nal acts1 t is1 acts t are complet$ )9 ! p[]s ( ! s\l & d n t5d to execution 9 "s ext]nal act 7e4g41 unbelief1 envy1 pride1 delight 9 ! ?\ght ( s91 etc472 7b7 by int]nal acts t are n complet$ 9 ! w1 b t5d to execution 9 "s ext]nal act 7e4g41 ! purpose or desire to injure ano!r1 to lie1 etc472 7c7 by ext]nal acts t are p]=m$ or neglect$ by ! bodily faculties "u comm& ( ! w 7e4g41 !ft1 qu>rels1 lies1 omissions ( duty1 etc474 #bjc4 ,acts may be num]ically "o or _m 9 two ways4 7a7 ,physically1 !re is "o act :5 ! ag5t moves or puts into action a p[] ( ! s\l or body only once 7e4g41 to /eal f a *ur*74 ,physically1 !re are _m acts :5 ! ag5t ex]cises diff]5t op]ative faculties1 or ! same "o diff]5t times 7e4g41 to put "o's h& _m times into a money box 9 ord] to /eal ! entire cont5ts74 7b7 ,morally1 !re is "o act :5 a s+le physical act does n conta9 m ?an "o species ( morality1 or :5 sev]al physical acts are unit$ z p>ts ( "o :ole by reason ( ! int5tion ( ! ag5t1 or ! nature ( ! acts !mselves4 ,= example1 ! wi% to /eal is morally "o act4 ,! int5tion to /eal1 ! decision to use c]ta9 means to accompli% ?is int5tion1 ! v>i\s attempts made1 & f9ally ! c>ry+ out ( ! plan--all ^! =m morally b "o act1 s9ce ! acts t foll[ are only ! developm5t ( ! orig9al int5tion4 ,simil>ly1 sev]al curses hurl$ at ano!r =m morally "o act1 if all are utt]$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! same passion ( ang]4 ,f9ally1 acts ( spy+ on ano!r1 ( ent]+ 8 h\se )\t p]mission1 & ( tak+ 8 prop]ty unlawfully1 are morally "o act1 because ! fir/ acts are naturally ! prep>ation = :at foll[s4 #bjd4 ,morally1 !re are sev]al acts :5 a s+le physical act conta9s sev]al species ( malice 7z :5 "o /eals f a *ur*71 or :5 !re are sev]al physical acts n unit$ by any bond ( common purpose or natural subord9ation 7z :5 "o /eals on diff]5t occasions because an opportunity sudd5ly pres5t$ itself1 or z :5 "o misses ,mass on diff]5t ,sundays74 #bje4 ,objects ( acts may also be num]ically "o or _m 9 two ways4 7a7 ,physically1 an object is "o :5 x has its own prop] individuality diff]5t f t ( o!rs4 ,?us1 ea* co9 9 a pocket-book is physically "o ?+1 ea* memb] ( a family is physically "o p]son4 ,objects are physically _m1 :5 !y include m ?an "o di/9ct ?+ or p]son4 ,?us1 physically a pocket-book conta9s _m objects1 z does also a family4 7b7 ,morally1 objects t are physically _m become "o1 if !y are n su* z to require morally di/9ct acts 9 _! reg>d1 & if !y =m accord+ to prud5t judgm5t p>ts ( an integral or collective :ole4 ,o!rwise1 ^! objects are morally _m4 ,example3 ,miss+ ,mass = a :ole ye> con/itutes1 morally speak+1 _m objects1 s9ce x implies _m indep5d5t ext]nal omissions1 or morally di/9ct acts4 ,a box ( ord9>y co9s1 ?\gh x conta9s _m individual pieces ( money1 is commonly reg>d$ z "o integral object2 & likewise religi\s1 civil1 dome/ic1 & f9ancial bodies1 ?\gh ea* is made up ( _m memb]s1 are ea*1 morally speak+1 b "o p]son4 ,! possessions ( diff]5t proprietors1 h[ev]1 are n "o moral object2 nei!r d ! individual1 p]sonal rights ( ! memb]s ( "o gr\p con/itute a s+le object4 #bjf4 ,x is cle> t two s9s specifically diff]5t 9 malice are also num]ically diff]5t 7e4g41 a s9 ( !ft & a s9 ( calumny74 ,! rules t foll[ w p]ta9 only to s9s t are ( ! same species1 b t diff] num]ically )9 ! species 7e4g41 two di/9ct s9s ( !ft1 two di/9ct s9s ( calumny74 #bjg4 ,! rules = ! num]ical di/9ction ( s9s )9 ! same species suppose3 7a7 t ! di/9ction be n tak5 f ! object1 :i* gives ! specific diff]5ce1 b f ! repetition ( acts ) reg>d to "o object1 made ei!r actually 7by diff]5t acts7 or equival5tly 7by :at is equal to diff]5t acts72 7b7 t ! di/9ction be n tak5 f a physical b f a moral consid]ation ( ! acts4 #bjh4 ,?ree rules ( num]ical di/9ction w be giv51 "o = ea* ( ! ?ree foll[+ hypo!ses3 7a7 _m di/9ct acts are conc]n$ ) morally di/9ct objects ( ! same species2 7b7 _m di/9ct acts are conc]n$ ) :at is morally "o object2 7c7 "o act is conc]n$ ) :at are physically _m1 b morally "o object4 #bji4 ,fir/ ,rule ( ,num]ical ,di/9ction4--,_m s9ful acts1 ea* ( :i* is conc]n$ ) an object t is di/9ct 9 numb] 7morally speak+7 f ! objects ( ! o!r acts1 make z _m num]ically di/9ct s9s z !re are acts & objects num]ically di/9ct4 ,example3 ,he :o fires di/9ct %ots & unju/ly kills ?ree p]sons is guilty ( ?ree murd]s4 #baj4 ,second ,rule ( ,num]ical ,di/9ction4--,_m s9ful acts1 all ( :i* are conc]n$ ) an object t is 7morally speak+7 "o & ! same 9 numb]1 make z _m num]ically di/9ct s9s z !re are acts num]ically di/9ct accord+ to moral e/imation4 #baa4 ,:5 ! acts conc]n$ ) ! same object are purely int]nal1 !y are multipli$ num]ically1 accord+ to moral e/imation1 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 :5 !y are repeat$ aft] hav+ be5 r5\nc$ by an act ( ! w4 ,example3 ,he :o hates 9 ! morn+1 rep5ts at noon1 & returns to 8 hate 9 ! aft]noon1 commits two s9s ( hatr$2 7b7 :5 !y are repeat$ aft] hav+ be5 volunt>ily discont9u$1 if ! int]val betwe5 ! two acts is s consid]able t ! second act is n a m]e cont9uation ( ! fir/4 ,example3 ,he :o 9 8 m9d reviles an enemy pass+ by1 !n turns 8 att5tion to 8 "w & ?9ks no m ab\t 8 ang]1 & lat]1 see+ 8 enemy aga91 reviles him m5tally a second "t1 commits two s9s2 7c7 :5 !y are repeat$ aft] hav+ be5 involunt>ily discont9u$1 if a notable p]iod 7say1 ?ree h\rs7 int]v5es betwe5 ! two acts4 ,example3 ,he :o ?9ks ?\ghts ( hatr$ until he falls asleep1 or until he is di/ract$ f !m by some?+ unusual go+ on ab\t him1 or by ! entrance ( a visitor1 commits a second s9 ( hatr$1 :5 he returns to ! same ?\ghts1 if ! int]ruption 0 s long t !re is no moral connection betwe5 ! two acts4 #bab4 ,:5 acts t5d+ to ! same object are int]nal1 b direct$ t[>ds completion 9 "s ext]nal act1 !y are multipli$ num]ically1 9 moral e/imation1 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 :5 !y are repeat$ aft] hav+ be5 r5\nc$4 ,example3 ,he :o decides to /eal1 b rep5ts = 8 s91 & !n aga9 decides to /eal1 commits two s9s2 7b7 :5 !y are repeat$ aft] volunt>y discont9uance1 if ! int]val is n m]ely mom5t>y4 ,example3 ,he :o ?9ks ov] a plan to acquire money unju/ly1 & !n delib]ately turns 8 ?\ght away & gives all 8 att5tion to lawful affairs1 b lat] resumes ! di%one/ plann+1 commits a new s92 7c7 :5 !y are repeat$ aft] involunt>y discont9uance1 if ! int]val is notable 9 view ( ! ext]nal act desir$1 & no?+ ext]nal 0 done t c\ld s]ve z a l9k to unify ! two acts4 ,example3 ,a burgl> plans a robb]y t c\ld easily be c>ri$ out at once1 b he takes no /eps to execute 8 plan1 & soon =gets ab\t x4 ,a mon? lat]1 pass+ ! h\se he _h int5d$ to rob1 he rememb]s 8 plan & c>ries x out4 ,two di/9ct s9s 7 "h committ$4 #bac4 ,involunt>y discont9uance does n1 h[ev]1 sep>ate ! acts into two di/9ct s9s3 7a7 if ! int]val 0 brief 9 view ( ! ext]nal act t 0 desir$ 7e4g41 if ! burgl> above m5tion$ _h =gott5 8 plan = a few days only be=e he r5ew$ x & c>ri$ x out72 7b7 if some?+ _h already be5 done by reason ( ! fir/ act 7e4g41 if ! burgl>1 aft] resolv+ to rob ! h\se1 _h procur$ keys or tools = ! purpose1 & _h kept !m ) ?is 9 m9d1 al?\gh he all[$ mon?s & ye>s to pass )\t mak+ any attempt to fulfill 8 design74 #bad4 ,:5 ! acts t5d+ to ! same object are ext]nal1 !y are multipli$ num]ically 9 moral e/imation1 & make di/9ct s9s z foll[s3 7a7 if ! int]nal acts f :i* !y proce$ are num]ically di/9ct s9s 7e4g41 if a burgl> attempts to rob a h\se1 b leaves 8 "w unf9i%$ because he becomes consci5ce-/rick5 or is int]rupt$1 & lat] makes ano!r plan & ano!r attempt1 !re are two s9s72 7b7 if ! ext]nal acts are ( su* a k9d t no int]nal int5tion c make !m morally "o act1 ev5 :5 "o foll[s directly ^u ! o!r 7e4g41 miss+ ,mass on ,sunday & aga9 on ! foll[+ day1 a holyday1 makes "o guilty ( two di/9ct violations ( ! law74 #bae4 ,9 ! foll[+ cases1 h[ev]1 di/9ct ext]nal acts ) ref]5ce to ! same object d n multiply ! numb] ( s9s3 7a7 :5 ^! acts =m a "p ( "o moral :ole1 & are int5d$ z su* by ! ag5t 7e4g41 "o :o reads a =bidd5 book1 b divides x into p>ts1 read+ only s _m pages a day72 7b7 :5 ^! acts h to "o ano!r ! relation ( means to a common end1 & !y are int5d$ z su* by ! ag5t 7e4g41 v>i\s prep>ations made = robb]y74 #baf4 ,?ird ,rule ( ,num]ical ,di/9ction4--,"o s9ful act1 int]nal or ext]nal1 t is conc]n$ ) objects t are physically _m1 b morally "o1 makes b "o s9 9 numb]4 ,example3 ,he :o /eals a purse t conta9s t5 bills commits "o s92 he :o calumniates a family ( t5 p]sons commits "o s92 he :o /eals :at is ! common prop]ty ( ?ree proprietors commits "o s94 #bag4 ,:5 ! objects are n morally "o ( !mselves1 !y may become s ?r\gh ! belief ( ! "o :o acts1 s9ce di/9ct malices are n incurr$ except z appreh5d$ 7see #ehh-eib74 ,example3 ,he :o tells ?ree diff]5t lies aga9/ a neighbor 7e4g41 t he is a ?ief1 a drunk>d & a li>71 commits "o s9 ( calumny1 if he has 9 m9d g5]al injury to reputation1 b does n ?9k at ! "t ( ! special injuries conta9$ 9 8 calumny4 ,likewise1 he :o calumniates be=e t5 p]sons commits b "o s9 ( calumny1 if1 be+ 9 a passion1 he ?9ks only ( ! h>m he wi%es to cause & n ( ! numb] ( p]sons :o are pres5t4 #bah4 ,:5 ! objects are morally "o1 !y may become _m ?r\gh ! int5tion ( ! "o :o acts4 ,example3 ,he :o calumniates a family ( ?ree p]sons by say+ !y are all di%one/1 commits ?ree s9s1 if he int5ds ?ree di/9ct injuries 7e4g41 aga9/ ! bus9ess ( "o1 ! religi\s reputation ( ano!r1 & ! fri5d%ip ( ! ?ird74 ,s also he :o /eals "p ( ! money 9 a purse1 & lat] on1 hav+ ano!r opportunity1 decides to /eal ! re/1 commits two s9s4 #bai4 ,:5 ! objects are n morally "o 9 !mselves & _c be appreh5d$ z su*1 di/9ct s9s are committ$4 ,example3 ,he :o int5ds to miss ,mass all ye>1 =esees at lea/ 9 a confus$ way _m di/9ct violations ( ! law2 he :o purposes to rob v>i\s proprietors =esees at lea/ 9 a vague way _m sep>ate & complete ext]nal acts ( robb]y4 #bbj4 ,comp>ison ( ,s9s4--,s9s t diff] 9 species diff] also 9 gravity1 ^? be+ m s]i\s t dep>t fur!r f ! norms ( reason & ! law ( ,god4 #bba4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ^? s9s are worse t (f5d aga9/ a m noble object or a m noble virtue4 ,h5ce1 s9s t are directly aga9/ ,god 7su* z infidelity1 despair1 & hatr$ ( ,god7 are ! mo/ s]i\s ( all2 :ile s9s aga9/ human p]sonality 7su* z murd]7 are m s]i\s ?an ^? aga9/ human rights 7su* z !ft74 #bbb4 ,( ^? s9s t are oppos$ to ! same virtue1 t "o is worse :i* is oppos$ to ! pr9cipal incl9ation ( ! virtue4 ,?us1 av>ice is m =eign to ! virtue ( lib]ality ?an ! opposite vice ( prodigality2 timidity is m contr>y to brav]y ?an its opposite ra%ness4 #bbc4 ,! gravity ( a s9 is increas$ 9 ! foll[+ ways3 7a7 by ! circum/ances1 9 s f> z !y give x a new species ( malice 7e4g41 !ft f a *ur*7 or increase its malice )9 ! species 7e4g41 money giv5 prodigally & to ^? :o d n des]ve x1 or money /ol5 9 a l>ge quantity72 7b7 by ! great] will+ness ) :i* ! s9 is committ$4 ,h5ce1 ^? :o s9 ?r\gh ignorance or "u ! excitem5t ( passion are less guilty ?an ^? :o s9 9 cold blood2 7c7 by ! condition ( ! p]son (f5d$4 ,?us1 a s9 is made worse accord+ z ! p]son (f5d$ is ne>] to ,god by reason ( 8 p]sonal hol9ess or ! sacr$ness ( 8 /ate or ! dignity ( 8 (fice1 or is ne>] to ! (f5d] himself4 ,h5ce1 an injury is great] if done to a prie/1 a public (ficial or "o's own family1 ?an if done to ano!r :o has n ! same claim to honor or ju/ice2 7d7 by ! condition ( ! p]son :o s9s4 ,^? :o are bett] in/ruct$ or o!rwise bett] advantag$1 or :o are suppos$ to give good example to o!rs1 s9 m griev\sly by reason ( _! great] +ratitude & ( ! great] sc&al !y give1 :5ev] !y s9 delib]ately2 7e7 by ! evil results t foll[ f ! s91 :5 ^! are will$1 ev5 indirectly or implicitly1 z :5 "o spreads /ories t are b\nd to cause enmities1 /rifes1 & a l[]+ ( ideals 7see #if74 #bbd4 ,spiritual & c>nal s9s1 consid]$ precisely z su*1 & o!r ?+s be+ equal1 may be comp>$ f two viewpo9ts1 viz41 ( malice & ( reputation4 7a7 ,f ! viewpo9t ( malice1 spiritual s9s are worse1 s9ce1 :ile a c>nal s9n] is c>ri$ away by /rong passion & (f5ds directly only 8 own body1 he :o commits spiritual s9s acts ) great] fre$om & (f5ds directly aga9/ ,god & 8 neighbor4 ,h5ce1 ! ,ph>isees1 ?\gh !y despis$ ! fall5 woman1 7 worse ?an %e1 s9ce 9 ! eyes ( ,god _! pride1 envy1 detraction1 hypocrisy1 etc41 7 m hateful crimes4 7b7 ,f ! viewpo9t ( reputation1 c>nal s9s are worse1 s9ce !y lik5 man m to ! bea/1 & are ?us m infam\s4 #bbe4 ,9 actual exp]i5ce1 c>nal s9s are frequ5tly m grave ?an non-c>nal s9s4 7a7 ,_m c>nal s9s are n purely c>nal1 b also conta9 o!r malice1 & cause directly m injury to ,god or ! neighbor ?an a non-c>nal s9 ( ! same category4 ,example3 ,adult]y comb9es bo? lu/ & inju/ice1 & is a great] inju/ice ?an ! non-c>nal s9 ( !ft4 ,rape comb9es lu/ & injury1 & is m injuri\s ?an ! non-c>nal s9 ( ang] result+ 9 bodily bl[s4 ,lascivi\s conv]sation comb9es impurity & spiritual damage to ano!r1 & is m h>mful ?an ! non-c>nal s9 ( detract+ t o!r & caus+ him "s temporal injury4 7b7 ,_m c>nal s9s are accompani$ by great] malice or great] sc&al1 or are foll[$ by great] evils ?an purely spiritual s9s4 ,example3 ,s9s ( impurity or drunk5ness1 committ$ habitually & delib]ately or by adults1 are m malici\s ?an s9s ( pride or ang] committ$ r>ely or )\t full delib]ation1 or by *ildr54 ,drunk5ness or lic5ti\s language & suspici\s intimacies1 committ$ by ^? f :om good example is expect$1 d m to und]m9e religion ?an s9s ( impati5ce or un*>itabl5ess 9 ! same p]sons4 ,! results ( a man's pride 7su* z ambition1 arrogance1 luxuri\s liv+ & deceitfulness7 are (t5 less disa/r\s ?an ! results ( 8 intemp]ance 7su* z detraction1 immode/y1 fights1 extravagance1 disgrace ( family1 etc474 #bbf4 ,s9s diff]5t 9 species rank 9 ! ord] ( gravity1 z said above1 accord+ to _! objects4 ,=1 j z diseases are consid]$ m s]i\s :5 !y affect m important vital organs or functions1 s s9s are m grave :5 !y affect m radical pr9ciples ( human conduct4 ,! great] ! object or end ( action t is injur$1 !re=e1 ! great] is ! h>m done & ! great] ! s9 committ$4 ,h5ce3 7a7 s9s committ$ directly aga9/ ,god are worse ?an s9s committ$ aga9/ creatures1 = ,god is ! end ( all creatures2 7b7 s9s committ$ aga9/ p]sons are great] ?an s9s committ$ aga9/ ?+s1 = p]sons are ! end ( ?+s4 #bbg4 ,( ! s9s committ$ aga9/ ,god1 ! rank accord+ to gravity is3 7a7 s9s aga9/ ! p]sonality ( ,god--t is1 aga9/ ! div9e nature--su* z hatr$ ( ,god 7! greate/ ( all s9s71 infidelity1 despair2 7b7 s9s aga9/ ! peculi> possessions ( ,god--t is1 ,8 ext]nal honor & glory1 & ^? ?+s t belong to ,him 9 a special way1 su* z ! humanity ( ,*ri/ hypo/atically unit$ to ! ,^w1 ! ,sacram5ts1 & ?+s consecrat$ to ,god4 ,su* s9s are idolatry1 sup]/ition1 p]jury1 ! s9s ( ^? :o _h ,*ri/ crucifi$1 simony1 sacrilege1 unwor?y reception ( ! ,eu*>i/ or o!r ,sacram5t1 violation ( v[s1 etc4 #bbh4 ,s9s committ$ aga9/ creatures1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 rank 9 gravity z foll[s3 7a7 ,s9s aga9/ p]sonality are great] ?an s9s aga9/ possessions4 ,example3 ,! s9 ( murd]1 :i* is aga9/ p]sonality1 is worse ?an ! s9 ( !ft1 :i* is aga9/ possessions4 7b7 ,s9s aga9/ be+ are great] ?an s9s aga9/ wellbe+4 ,examples3 ,murd] is worse ?an mutilation1 & sc&al t causes ano!r to lose 8 s\l is worse ?an sc&al t only dim9i%es ano!r's goodness2 murd] & ! irrep>able sc&al take away life1 mutilation & ! less] sc&al only dim9i% ! p]fection ( ! life t is _h4 7c7 ,s9s aga9/ ^? :o h a great] claim are great] ?an s9s aga9/ ^? :o h a less claim4 ,examples3 ,x is a great] s9 to neglect "o's own salvation ?an t ( a neighbor2 to murd] a memb] ( "o's own family1 a b5efactor1 or a p]son di/+ui%$ on acc\nt ( 8 position or virtue1 is a great] crime ?an to murd] a /rang]1 an enemy1 a private individual1 or "o ( bad life4 7d7 ,s9s aga9/ possessions t are de>] are grav] (f5ses4 ,examples3 ,x is worse to /eal away ! peace ( a h\sehold ?an to c>ry (f its mat]ial treasures2 x is worse to rob a man ( 8 good "n ?an to defraud him ( 8 wages4 #bbi4 ,! above rat+ ( s9s is bas$ on _! natures consid]$ 9 ! ab/ract1 t is1 accord+ to ! ess5tial relations !y h to _! own prop] objects4 ,x is impossible to consid] any o!r factor :5 draw+ up g5]al rules ( comp>ison2 = ! circum/ances t ent] into concrete cases ( s9 are innum]able1 & h5ce h to be left out ( consid]ation4 ,by reason ( ^! factors o!r ?an ! object1 h[ev]1 ! rank+ ( s9s accord+ to gravity giv5 above may be *ang$ or rev]s$4 7a7 ,9 ! act ( a great] s9 !re may be ext5uat+ circum/ances1 or 9 ! act ( a less] s9 aggravat+ circum/ances t *ange _! respective ord]4 ,example3 ,detraction is f its nature worse ?an !ft2 b1 if ! detraction does only small h>m & ! !ft great h>m1 ! !ft is worse on acc\nt ( ! circum/ances4 7b7 ,9 ! p]sons :o commit ! s9s !re may be circum/ances t *ange ! ord] ( guilt1 s t he :o commits ! great] s9 is less guilty4 ,examples3 ,by 8 c>eless h&l+ ( a revolv]1 ,balbus un9t5tionally causes la/+ injury to a by/&]4 ,caius )\t malice a=e?\ght1 b enrag$ by an unexpect$ insult1 /rikes a bl[ t de/roys ! sight 9 "o eye ( 8 adv]s>y4 ,titus1 angry because he has be5 dismiss$ f 8 employm5t1 rev5ges himself by defac+ a preci\s "w ( art4 ,! bodily injuries caus$ by ! fir/ two m5 are m h>mful ?an ! injury to prop]ty done by ,titus2 b !y s9n$1 ! "o f ignorance & ! o!r f passion1 :]eas ,titus s9n$ f malice4 ,h5ce1 :ile ! s9s ( ,balbus & ,caius are objectively or mat]ially great]1 t ( ,titus is great] subjectively or =mally 7i4e41 z to guilt74 #bcj4 ,! ,subjects ( ,s94--,by ! subjects ( s9 we und]/& ! p[]s ( ! s\l 9 :i* s9 is f\nd4 ,^! p[]s are sometimes call$ ! mat]ial causes ( s91 j z ! objects to :i* ! s9s t5d are call$ _! =mal causes4 #bca4 ,j z virtu\s habits h _! seats 9 ! w 7e4g41 ju/ice71 9 ! reason 7e4g41 prud5ce71 & 9 ! s5sitive appetites 7e4g41 =titude & temp]ance71 s also contr>y habits ( vice may be f\nd 9 ^! same faculties4 7a7 ,f ! s5sitive appetites proce$ impulses caus$ by s5se appreh5sion or bodily /ates1 :i*1 :5 !y are inord9ate & volunt>y1 are s9ful 7e4g41 lu/1 envy2 see #abi1 on ,second ,motions74 7b7 ,f ! reason proce$ false judgm5ts caus$ by v9cible ignorance1 wrong direction delib]ately giv5 to ! passions1 pleasurable dwell+ on inord9ate ?\ghts1 etc4 7c7 ,f ! w proce$ cons5t giv5 to s9s ( ! o!r p[]s1 desires to commit s91 joy ov] s9 already committ$1 etc4 #bcb4 ,z 0 said above 7#hi-ic71 ! ext]nal acts ( ! memb]s ( ! body h no morality ( _! own1 s9ce !y are completely subject to ! w4 ,consequ5tly1 !re are only ?ree classes ( s9s1 if classification is made accord+ to ! faculties f :i* ! s9s proce$3 7a7 s9s ( s5suality1 :i* 7 spok5 ( above :5 we treat$ ( ! passions 7#agg sqq472 7b7 s9s ( ?\ght2 7c7 s9s ( desire & rem9isc5t approval4 #bcc4 ,pleasurable dwell+ on inord9ate ?\ghts occurs :5 "o delib]ately1 ev5 ?\gh x be only = a mom5t1 turns ov] 9 8 m9d "s s9ful object1 delight+ 9 x z if x 7 actually pres5t1 b n desir+ t x be actually done4 ,example2 ,"o :o imag9es 8 neighbor's h\se burn$ d[n1 & rejoices at ! m5tal picture1 ?\gh = int]e/$ reasons he does n wi% any conflagration 9 ! vic9ity4 #bcd4 ,! s9ful ?\ghts j describ$ are n to be confus$ ) ?\ghts 9 :i* ! object ( ! delight is some?+ else ?an a s9ful picture repres5t$ 9 ! m9d4 ,?\ghts ( ?is latt] k9d are3 7a7 ^? 9 :i* "o takes delight 9 an ext]nal act ( s9 be+ committ$1 z :5 "o de/roys "o's neighbor's prop]ty ) great int]nal satisfaction2 "h ! ?\ght =ms "o s9 ) ! out] act2 7b7 ^? 9 :i* "o delights 9 ! m5tal image1 n z x repres5ts some?+ morally wrong1 b z x conta9s "s object ( lawful delight4 ,!re is a di/9ction betwe5 bad ?\ghts & ?\ghts on ?+s t are bad4 ,examples3 ,a morali/ may ?9k ) pleasure ab\t !ft1 n because he approves ( x1 b because x is a subject he has to "k4 ,a p]son may read detective /ories ) great int]e/1 n because crime appeals to him1 b because ! /yle ( ! au?or is good1 ! details ( ! plot excit+1 ! mann] ( ! crime my/]i\s1 etc4 ,!re is dang] 9 ?\ghts ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 if "o indulges 9 !m f m]e curiosity1 or immod]ately1 or if s9 itself may take an attraction ?r\gh !m4 #bce4 ,! gravity & species ( pleasurable dwell+ on inord9ate ?\ghts v>y accord+ to ! ?+ ?\ght on 7see on ,objects1 etc41 #gj sqq474 7a7 ,if pleasure is tak5 only 9 ! object repres5t$1 ! s9 has ! moral "* ( t object4 ,example3 ,he :o delights at ! ?\ght ( !ft1 is guilty ( !ft2 & if he ?9ks ( a great !ft1 he is guilty ( mortal s94 7b7 ,if pleasure is also tak5 9 ! circum/ances imag$ 9 ! m9d1 ! s9 takes on ! add$ malice conta9$ 9 ! circum/ances4 ,example3 ,he :o delights ov] ! ?\ght ( ! robb]y ( a *ur*1 is guilty ( m5tal !ft & sacrilege4 #bcf4 ,! foll[+ are signs t delight tak5 9 a ?\ght ab\t s9ful ?+s is ab\t _! s9fulness1 & n ab\t "s o!r ( _! prop]ties3 7a7 if "o ?9ks ab\t !m )\t any lawful necessity 7su* z t ( /udy71 b ?r\gh m]e curiosity1 or )\t any good reason2 7b7 if at ! same "t "o loves to ?9k on !m frequ5tly & l+]+ly1 or %[n great satisfaction :5ev] !y are m5tion$4 ,example3 ,"o :o ?9ks ab\t inju/ices = pa/ime & admires !m z great exploits1 :o idolizes crim9als z h]oes or m>tyrs4 #bcg4 ,s9ful joy is an act ( ! w by :i* "o takes delight 9 s9s already committ$ by oneself or by o!rs4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 s9ful joy & joy ab\t ?+s t are s9ful4 7a7 ,s9ful joy rejoices ov] ! iniquity conta9$ 9 pa/ acts1 ei!r because x loves t iniquity 9 itself1 or because x loves x z ! cause ( "s ga94 ,examples3 ,an unju/ & rev5geful man rejoices :5 he ?9ks ( ! oppression he ex]cis$ aga9/ "s helpless p]son :o _h incurr$ 8 wra?4 ,a crim9al recalls ) joy ! p]juries by :i* 8 help]s secur$ 8 escape f ju/ice4 7b7 ,joy ab\t ?+s t are s9ful or consequ5t on s9 rejoices1 n t :at 0 done 0 wick$1 b ov] o!r circum/ances t 7 good or indiff]5t4 ,examples3 ,an employ] admires 9 ! conduct ( a di%one/ employee1 n ! inju/ice committ$1 b ! %rewd mann] 9 :i* ! fraud 0 p]petrat$4 ,a by/&] is v mu* amus$ to witness a fight1 n because he likes discord1 b because ! acts & rem>ks ( ! fight]s are comical4 ,a man rejoices :5 he he>s t a fri5d has committ$ suicide & made him 8 heir1 if ! joy is conf9$ to ! second "p ( ! news4 #bch4 ,! moral gravity & species ( evil rejoic+ has ! same "* z ! pa/ s9s t are its object 7see #gj sqq474 ,= to rejoice ov] s9 is to approve ( x1 & !re=e to be guilty ( x 9 w4 ,example3 ,a prison] :o1 to ov]come melan*oly1 ?9ks ov] ! times he became intoxicat$ 9 ! pa/1 is guilty aga9 ( ^? s9s1 ) _! numb] & circum/ances adv]t$ to4 #bci4 ,:at has be5 said ab\t evil rejoic+ applies likewise3 7a7 to boa/+ ov] s9 committ$1 because ?is implies complac5cy 9 ! s92 7b7 to sorr[ ov] s9 omitt$1 because ?is means t "o approves ( s9 r ?an virtue4 #bdj4 ,to be sorry because "o p]=m$ good t 0 n obligatory is n s9ful ( itself1 b x may become s by reason ( ! evil motive ( ! sorr[1 or ( ! dang] ( s94 ,examples3 ,if a p]son is sorry t he p]=m$ _m unnecess>y devotional ex]cises1 because he injur$ 8 heal? !reby1 8 sorr[ is n s9ful4 ,if he grieves ov] ?is because he n[ dislikes religion1 8 sorr[ is made bad by 8 evil motive4 ,if he regrets t he m>ri$1 ?is is s9ful if x leads him to neglect ! duties ( 8 /ate & commit inju/ice4 #bda4 ,evil desires are acts ( ! w by :i* "o delib]ately int5ds to commit s9 9 ! future4 ,!y are ( two k9ds1 viz41 absolute & conditional3 7a7 absolute or efficaci\s desires are ^? 9 :i* ! m9d is fully made up to c>ry out ! evil design1 come :at may2 7b7 conditional or inefficaci\s desires are ^? 9 :i* ! purpose to commit s9 h+es ^u ! fulfillm5t ( "s ev5t or circum/ance t is explicitly or implicitly will$4 #bdb4 ,absolute evil desires h ! same moral gravity & species z t to :i* !y t5d 7i4e41 !y take _! "* f ! object1 end & circum/ances74 ,example3 ,he :o plans to /eal a l>ge sum f a b5efactor 9 ord] to be able to live 9 idl5ess & dissipation1 s9s gravely aga9/ ju/ice1 & is also guilty ( +ratitude & intemp]ance1 = he has committ$ all ^! s9s 9 8 he>t4 #bdc4 ,conditional evil desires1 if !y are indelib]ate & express r ! prop5sity ( nature ?an ! consid]$ w ( him :o makes !m1 are n =mally s9ful4 ,examples3 ,a poor man :o un?9k+ly wi%es t /eal+ 7 lawful2 a suff]] :o "u ! influ5ce ( pa9 wi%es t ! ,almighty _h n =bidd5 suicide4 #bdd4 ,conditional desires1 if made delib]ately1 are ( two k9ds4 7a7 ,!re are "s desires 9 :i* ! condition will$ 7e4g41 if ?is 7 n a s91 if ?is 7 lawful1 if ?is 7 all[$ by ,god1 etc47 takes away ! malice ( ! act desir$1 s9ce "s laws may be disp5s$ or *ang$4 ,examples3 8,w\ld t ,god _h n pron\nc$ aga9/ tak+ ! prop]ty ( o!rs60 8,i w\ld /ay away f *ur*1 if ?is 7 n ,sunday40 ,desires ( ?is k9d are n s9ful on acc\nt ( _! object1 :i* is n really wi%$1 b on acc\nt ( _! end1 or _! lack ( useful purpose1 & ( ! dang] t ! conditional may become absolute4 7b7 ,!re are o!r desires 9 :i* ! condition does n take away ! malice ( :at is desir$1 ei!r because ! condition is n at all conc]n$ ) ! malice1 or because x wi%es some?+ to become lawful :i* ev5 ,god _c make lawful4 ,examples3 8,i w\ld /eal1 if ?is c\ld be done safely40 8,i w\ld blaspheme1 if ,god p]mitt$40 ,^! desires p>take ( ! malice ( ! ?+s t are wi%$4 #bde4 ,j z we di/+ui%$ above betwe5 bad ?\ghts & ?\ghts on ?+s t are bad1 s may we di/+ui% betwe5 bad desires & desires ( :at is bad4 ,= bad desires t are n m]e velleities are s9ful1 z we h j se52 :]eas ! desire ( :at is physically evil is good1 if ! evil is wi%$1 n = its own sake1 b = ! sake ( "s great] good4 ,example3 ,to desire out ( hatr$ t a neighbor lose 8 arm is a bad desire & s9ful2 b if "o wi%$ ?is z a means to save ! neighbor's life1 :ile he /ill desires some?+ evil1 x is n ! evil b ! b5efit t is int5d$1 & h5ce ! desire itself is n bad4 #bdf4 ,! ,causes ( ,s94--,! causes ( s9 are p>tly int]nal 7i4e41 ^? :i* are 9 man himself7 & p>tly ext]nal 7i4e41 ^? :i* are )\t74 #bdg4 ,! int]nal causes ( s9 are3 7a7 ignorance 9 ! intellect2 7b7 passion 9 ! s5sitive appetites2 7c7 malice 9 ! w4 #bdh4 ,s9ce ignorance & passion may r5d] an act involunt>y 7see #dj sqq471 ! s9s t result f !m are ( two k9ds1 viz41 mat]ial & =mal4 7a7 ,mat]ial or objective s9s are transgressions ( ! law t are involunt>y1 & consequ5tly n imputable z faults4 ,examples3 ,blasphemies utt]$ by "o :o is deliri\s or hypnotiz$2 break+ ( ! fa/ by "o :o is inculpably ignorant ( ! law2 imprecations pron\nc$ by a p]son out ( 8 m9d ?r\gh fe>4 7b7 ,=mal or subjective s9s are transgressions ( ! law t are volunt>y1 & h5ce imputable z faults4 ,!y are n only aga9/ ! law1 z is ! case ) mat]ial s9s1 b !y are also aga9/ consci5ce4 #bdi4 ,ignorance1 passion & malice cause s9 z foll[s3 7a7 ,e s9 results f practical error 7i4e41 f a wrong decision z to :at "o %\ld d "h & n[71 = ! w *ooses wrong only aft] ! intellect has decid$ on wrong4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !n1 x is said t all :o s9 are 9 error 7,prov11 xiv4 #bb71 & t e s9n] is 9 ignorance 7,ari/otle1 ,ni*4 ,e?ics1 ,bk4 ,,iii1 c4#a1 #aaaj;b #bg74 ,b n e s9 results f speculative error 7i4e41 f a false notion or judgm5t ab\t ! lawfulness ( an act 9 g5]al74 else we %\ld h to hold t ev]yone :o s9s is 9 error aga9/ ! fai?2 7b7 ,speculative ignorance causes =mal s91 :5 ! ignorance is culpable & leads to wrongdo+1 z :5 a p]son has nev] tak5 ! pa9s to le>n :at ! law ( fa/ requires & 9 consequ5ce violates ! law1 or :5 an automobili/ ?r\gh c>elessness does n see a p]son cross+ ! /reet & runs him d[n4 ,speculative ignorance causes mat]ial s91 :5 ! lack ( k is inculpable & leads "o to d :at "o w\ld n o!rwise d1 z :5 a *ild %oots a playmate1 n kn[+ t ?is is a s91 or a soldi] %oots a comrade :om1 on acc\nt ( d>kness1 he mi/ook = an enemy spy2 7c7 ,passion1 by cl\d+ ! judgm5t & vehem5tly incit+ ! w1 leads "o to act aga9/ "o's bett] k & to *oose inord9ately ! concupisc5ces ( pleasure1 or possessions1 or glory 7,i ,john1 ii4 #af74 ,if ! passion is volunt>y1 ! result+ s9 is =mal2 b1 if ! passion is involunt>y & takes away ! use ( reason1 ! s9 caus$ is mat]ial2 7d7 ,malice is f\nd 9 a s5se 9 e =mal s91 inasmu* z e s9 is committ$ out ( *oice4 ,b malice 9 ! /rict s5se1 z "h und]/ood1 is a *oice ( s9 made1 n on acc\nt ( prec$+ ignorance or passion1 b on acc\nt ( "s corrupt disposition ( ! s9n] :i* makes s9 pleas+ or acceptable to him1 su* z a vici\s habit or incl9ation :i* he cultivates1 or willful despair or presumption :i* he ent]ta9s4 #bej4 ,ignorance & passion d n always make an act involunt>y 7see #dj sqq471 & h5ce ?ree k9ds ( =mal s9s may be di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! ?ree k9ds ( causes f :i* !y proce$3 7a7 s9s ( weakness1 :i* are ^? t result f antec$5t concupisc5ce or o!r passion t less5s )\t tak+ away ! volunt>9ess ( an act4 ,s9ce ! ,fir/ ,p]son ( ! ,tr9ity is especially describ$ by ! attribute ( almighty p[]1 s9s ( ?is k9d are sometimes call$ s9s aga9/ ! ,fa!r2 7b7 s9s ( ignorance1 :i* are ^? t result f antec$5t & v9cible ignorance4 ,s9ce wisdom is especially attribut$ to ! ,second ,p]son ( ! ,tr9ity1 s9s ( ?is k9d are call$ s9s aga9/ ! ,son2 7c7 s9s ( malice1 :i* are ^? t proce$ entirely f a free w t is undi/urb$ by ignorance or passion4 ,s9ce love is especially ascrib$ to ! ,?ird ,p]son ( ! ,tr9ity1 s9s ( ?is class are sometimes call$ s9s aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,example3 ,"o ^: he>t is s set on weal? t he decides to sacrifice ! fri5d%ip ( ,god = new acquisitions2 "o :o sees cle>ly ! (f5se to ,god a s9 entails1 & delib]ately *ooses x2 "o :o is s jeal\s ( a neighbor t he s*emes to ru9 him2 "o :o s9s habitually )\t fe> or remorse4 #bea4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 s9s ( malice are grav] ?an s9s ( weakness & s9s ( ignorance1 s9ce ! =m] are m volunt>y1 m endur+1 & m dang]\s4 ,b j z s9s ( ignorance & s9s ( weakness may be mortal1 z :5 _! object is s]i\sly wrong1 s s9s ( malice may be v5ial1 z :5 _! object is n s]i\sly wrong4 ,a fully delib]ate lie t works no great h>m is v5ially s9ful1 :]eas a murd] committ$ by "o :o 0 intoxicat$ or mov$ by rage is a mortal s91 if !re 0 suffici5t reflection4 #beb4 ,! ext]nal causes ( s9 are3 7a7 ! devil or o!r evil spirits1 :o by act+ on ! imag9ation or o!r s5sitive p[]s ( ! s\l attempt to draw mank9d to de/ruction2 7b7 ! _w1 t is1 ! p]sons & ?+s ab\t u1 :i* by _! s$uctiv5ess1 or by _! pr9ciples & examples1 t5d to draw away f ! practice ( virtue4 #bec4 ,s9ce free cons5t is impli$ 9 ! concept ( =mal s91 none ( ! int]nal or ext]nal causes ( s9 j m5tion$1 ! *oice ( ! w alone except$1 c actually effect s94 ,h5ce ! di/9ction betwe5 temptation & s94 ,! rebellion ( ! passions1 ! sugge/ions ( evil spirits1 ! s$uctions ( ! _w1 are temptations2 if ! w does n yield to !m1 !re is no s91 b r virtue & m]it4 #bed4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( temptation fully adv]t$ to1 x is n lawful to rema9 indiff]5t 7nei!r cons5t+ nor diss5t+71 s9ce ?is )\t j cause exposes "o to ! dang] 7see #beh sqq47 ( be+ ov]come by s94 #bee4 ,resi/ance to temptation is made by ! act ( ! w :i* comm&s ! o!r p[]s n to yield & )holds its own cons5t to ! s9 sugge/$4 ,?is resi/ance may be3 7a7 implicit or explicit1 accord+ z ! diss5t is express$ 9 :at conta9s x1 or is express$ 9 itself4 ,examples3 ,contempt ( a temptation or displeasure ov] its pres5ce is implicit resi/ance1 :ile ! resolve nev] to yield to x is explicit resi/ance2 7b7 int]nal or ext]nal1 accord+ z x rema9s 9 ! w1 or is also ex]cis$ by ! o!r p[]s4 ,examples3 ,displeasure ov] an un*>itable ?\ght is int]nal resi/ance1 :ile ! read+ ( a book to div]t ! m9d f ! ?\ght is ext]nal resi/ance2 7c7 indirect or direct1 accord+ z ! means employ$ to drive away a temptation are flight or attack4 ,examples3 ,"o :o is di/urb$ by ?\ghts ( hatr$1 resi/s !m indirectly if he goes to ! op]a 9 ord] to be calm$ by music1 :ile he resi/s !m directly1 if he reads pray]fully ,i ,cor4 xiii1 9 ord] to become m *>itable2 7d7 virtual or actual1 accord+ z ! act ( diss5t made1 & n retract$1 is adv]t$ to or n4 ,examples3 ,if a man rejects a temptation ( envy z soon z he notices x1 & repeats ?is act ( rejection until ! temptation has disappe>$1 8 resi/ance is actual2 if he rejects ! temptation once = all z soon z x appe>s1 b is n able to ?9k ( ?is purpose at ea* in/ant1 8 resi/ance 0 actual at ! beg9n+1 b virtual aft]w>ds4 #bef4 ,g5]al rules reg>d+ resi/ance to temptation3 7a7 x is a grave s9 n to resi/ temptation1 :5 ! s9 sugge/$ is grave1 ! dang] ( cons5t s]i\s1 & ! neglig5ce consid]able2 o!rwise ! s9 is v5ial2 7b7 neglig5ce is consid]able :5 ! resi/ance us$ is n at all 9 proportion to ! temptation4 ,example3 ,if a man 7 sudd5ly to adv]t to ! fact t a %rewd plan he _h decid$ on 0 gravely unju/1 he w\ld be s]i\sly neglig5t if he put (f recall+ ! decision till he _h dwelt m fully on its appeal+ features4 #beg4 ,! k9d ( resi/ance to be oppos$ to temptation dep5ds on ! "* & urg5cy ( ! temptation & ! disposition ( ! p]son tempt$4 7a7 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! m s]i\s ! temptation1 ! /rong] %\ld be ! resi/ance4 ,example3 ,"o :o kn[s f exp]i5ce t temptations to hatr$ ov]come him1 if he uses only int]nal resi/ance1 %\ld make use ( ext]nal resi/ance also4 7b7 ,9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! viol5ce ( ! temptation increases 9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( ! resi/ance1 x is bett] t ! resi/ance be int]nal1 indirect1 etc4 ,examples3 ,temptations aga9/ fai? are (t5 ov]come m readily by turn+ ! m9d away f ! d\bts sugge/$ to o!r matt]s4 ,temptations t la/ a long "t may be conqu]$ m easily by despis+ !m ?an by worry+ ab\t !m & r5ew+ prote/ aft] prote/4 ,! same is true z reg>ds temptations aga9/ purity4 #beh4 ,dang] ( s9 is ! likelihood t x w be committ$ 9 c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,x is ( two k9ds1 proximate & remote4 7a7 ,dang] ( s9 is proximate1 :5 !re is moral c]ta9ty t 9 giv5 circum/ances s9 w be committ$1 ei!r because ! g5]ality ( mank9d falls 9 su* cases 7absolute dang]71 or because 9 !m a p>ticul> individual has always fall5 7relative dang]74 ,examples3 ,associat+ ) deprav$ p]sons is a proximate dang] ( s9 = anyone1 s9ce x is a matt] ( univ]sal exp]i5ce t evil associations corrupt good morals4 ,tak+ /rong dr9k is a proximate dang] = "o :o has nev] imbib$ mod]ately 9 ! pa/4 7b7 ,dang] ( s9 is remote1 :5 ! likelihood t s9 w be committ$ is n morally c]ta91 & does n exclude a s]i\s & well-f\nd$ probability or expectation to ! contr>y4 ,example3 ,!re is remote dang] 9 an occasional dr9k1 if a p]son :o _h sev]al times relaps$ into intemp]ance1 has practis$ ab/emi\sness = ye>s4 #bei4 ,possibility ( s9 is ! conceivability b unlikelihood t x w result f a c]ta9 set ( circum/ances4 ,example3 ,att5tion to bus9ess sometimes makes a man av>ici\s1 practices ( piety may deg5]ate into hypocrisy1 etc41 b !re is no natural connection betwe5 indu/ry & devotion1 on ! "o h&1 & gre$ & ins9c]ity1 on ! o!r h&4 ,s9 foll[s naturally f its dang]1 b only accid5tally f its possibility4 #bfj4 ,x is n lawful imprud5tly to expose oneself to ! dang] ( s91 s9ce x is manife/ly aga9/ reason to risk spiritual loss )\t cause4 ,! "* ( ! s9 ( him :o does ?is diff]s accord+ to circum/ances4 7a7 ,he :o ra%ly exposes himself to ! proximate dang] ( grave s91 or to :at he =esees w become proximate dang]1 is guilty ( grave s9 & ( ! species ( s9 to :i* he exposes himself--& ?is ev5 ?\gh ! s9 does n actually foll[4 ,= to love :at is s closely relat$ to ! s9 is to love ! s9 itself4 7b7 ,he :o ra%ly exposes himself to ! remote dang] ( grave s9 or to ! proximate dang] ( v5ial s9 is v5ially guilty4 ,=1 :ile su* action is unreasonable1 x does n imply affection = grave s94 #bfa4 ,x is lawful to expose oneself to ! dang] ( s91 if ?is c be done accord+ to ! laws ( prud5ce1 = o!rwise absurdities w\ld foll[ 7e4g41 t urg5t duties %\ld n be p]=m$1 if "o fe>$ !y conta9$ ! dang] ( s974 ,! requirem5ts ( prud5ce ref]r$ to are3 7a7 t ! "o :o exposes himself to ! dang] ( s9 be sure t 8 motive is good 7viz41 t he firmly int5ds to avoid ! s9 to :i* he may be tempt$ & to accompli% only ! good he desires72 7b7 t ! action he p]=ms & :i* involves ! dang] is necess>y1 & be>s a correspond5ce 9 importance to ! gravity ( ! s9 & ! proximity ( ! risk2 7c7 t means be employ$ 7e4g41 pray]1 pi\s ?\ghts1 spiritual read+1 & ! use ( ! ,sacram5ts71 :i* w s r$uce ! dang] t "o has confid5t assurance t ! dang] w be enc\nt]$ safely4 #bfb4 ,x is lawful to expose oneself to ! possibility ( s91 =1 s9ce almo/ e action may be p]v]t$1 "o :o wi%$ to avoid ! possibility ( s9 w\ld h to leave ?is _w & become confirm$ 9 grace4 #bfc4 ,! ,occasions ( ,s9 are ext]nal circum/ances--p]sons1 places or ?+s--:i* tempt "o to s94 ,examples3 ,p]sons :o invite o!rs to defraud & %[ h[ x c be accompli%$1 !atres :]e irreligi\s plays are /ag$1 books t aim to depreciate virtue1 etc4 #bfd4 ,! occasions ( s9 are ( v>i\s k9ds4 7a7 ,!y are proximate or remote1 accord+ z x is morally c]ta91 or only likely t !y w lead to s94 7b7 ,occasions are necess>y or free1 accord+ z "o is able or n able to ab&on !m )\t difficulty4 ,= example1 "o :o *ooses di%one/ p]sons z 8 associates is 9 a free occasion ( s92 "o :o is imprison$ ) crim9als is 9 a necess>y occasion ( s94 ,an occasion ( s9 is also necess>y :5 ! impossibility ( leav+ x is n physical1 b moral4 ,examples3 ,a wife :o is b\nd to a provok+ husb&2 a p]son :o _c give up an employm5t t (f]s _m temptations1 )\t suff]+ great temporal or spiritual injury1 or )\t incurr+ a worse condition4 7c7 ,occasions are pres5t or abs5t1 accord+ z "o has ! occasion ) him or mu/ g to seek x4 ,examples2 ,intoxicants kept 9 8 home are a pres5t occasion ( s9 = a drunk>d2 a!i/ic lectures are an abs5t occasion ( s9 = "o :o has to g out to he> !m4 #bfe4 ,x is n lawful to rema9 9 a free occasion ( s911 :e!r x be pres5t or abs5t2 = to d s is to expose oneself ra%ly to ! dang] ( s9 7see #beh sqq474 #bff4 ,x is n lawful = "o :o is 9 a necess>y occasion ( s9 to neglect means t are adapt$ to pres]ve him f ! moral contagion by :i* he is surr\nd$2 = to neglect spiritual safegu>ds & protections 9 su* a case is to refuse to resi/ temptation 7see #beb sqq474 ,! means t %\ld be us$ dep5d on circum/ances1 b pray] & firm resolves to avoid s9 %\ld be employ$ 9 e case4 #bfg4 ,! gravity ( ! s9 committ$ by "o :o freely rema9s 9 an occasion ( s91 or :o does n use ! requisite spiritual helps 9 a necess>y occasion1 dep5ds on v>i\s factors3 7a7 if ! s9 to :i* he is tempt$ is light1 he does n s9 gravely2 7b7 if ! s9 to :i* he is tempt$ is s]i\s1 & ! occasion is proximate1 he s9s gravely2 7c7 if ! occasion is remote1 he s9s v5ially4 #bfh4 ,! ,motives ( ,s94--,! purposes t lead m5 to s9 c be consid]$ z foll[s3 7a7 accord+ to ! pr$om9ant vices ( individual m51 :i* are = !m motives = committ+ _! o!r s9s 7p>ticul> motives7--e4g41 a man ^: *ief s9 is unbelief & :o is l$ by x to intol]ance1 blasphemy1 despair1 etc42 7b7 accord+ to ! natural relation%ip & sequ5ce betwe5 s9s !mselves1 by :i* "s are usually ! motives = o!rs 9 all m5 7g5]al motives74 #bfi4 ,! pr$om9ant individual motives = s9 are z num]\s z ! diff]5t *>act]s ( ^? addict$ to s91 & h5ce x is impossible to classify !m4 ,! pr$om9ant g5]al motives = s91 on ! contr>y1 c be assign$ accord+ to ! pr9cipal goods t mo/ (t5 move or repel ) wills ( all :o commit s91 z foll[s3 7a7 goods ( ! s\l1 su* z praise & honor1 inord9ately pursu$ 7! vice ( pride72 7b7 goods ( ! body1 inord9ately desir$ 7! views ( lu/ & gluttony72 7c7 goods t are ext]nal1 unduly lov$ 7! vice ( av>ice72 7d7 "o's own good1 n suffici5tly wi%$ 7! vice ( slo?72 7e7 ! neighbor's good1 n suffivi5tly desir$ 7! vices ( envy & ang]74 #bgj4 ,! sev5 vices m5tion$ above are usually calle ! capital1 or head vices1 s9ce ! o!r s9s are direct$ by !m j z ! o!r p>ts ( ! body are direct$ by ! head4 #bga4 ,among ! sev5 capital vices !re are two t h pr9cipality ov] ! o!rs3 7a7 9 ! int5tion ( ! s9n] ! motive =ce t impels to s9 is always "s inord9ate desire ( 8 own p]sonal excell5ce1 & h5ce pride is ! beg9n+ ( all s92 7b7 9 ! execution ( ! s9 ! opportunity = satisfy+ e base desire is af=d$ by money1 & ?us av>ice is ! root ( n\ri%m5t ( all evils4 #bgb4 ,! ,results ( ,s94--,!re are two k9ds ( s9s f ! viewpo9t ( orig93 7a7 orig9al s91 :i* is inh]it$ f ,adam by all 8 desc5dants 7except ,*ri/ & ! ,bless$ ,virg972 7b7 actual s91 :i* is committ$ by ! p]sonal w ( ea* s9n]4 #bgc4 ,! imm$iate consequ5ces ( orig9al s9 7 t ,adam lo/ = himself & 8 po/]ity ! gifts ( ! /ate ( orig9al innoc5ce4 ,?us3 7a7 ! s\l 9 subjection to ,god 0 end[$ ) ! beauty ( hol9ess1 to :i* succe$$ ! de=mity ( enmity aga9/ ,him2 7b7 ! p[]s ( ! s\l 7 9 h>mony1 ! l[] subject to ! high]1 b to ?is succe$$ a /ate ( disunion & rebellion & :at are call$ ! f\r w\nds ( nature1 ! intellect & w becom+ prone to error & s91 & ! s5sitive appetites t5d+ inord9ately t[>ds delights or away f difficulties2 7c7 ! body :i* _h be5 9 subjection to ! s\l & end[$ ) fre$om f suff]+ & mortality1 became burd5some to ! s\l & subject to pa9 & dea?4 #bgd4 ,! consequ5ces t are common to all s91 bo? orig9al & actual1 are3 7a7 ! s9n] loses ! spiritual beauty to :i* s9 is oppos$1 & ?is loss is call$ ! /a9 ( s91 s9ce ! s\l defiles itself by inord9ate contact ) :at x loves2 7b7 ! s9n] incurs ! debt ( puni%m5t1 s9ce s9 is an inju/ice aga9/ ! int]nal law ( reason & aga9/ ! ext]nal law ( ,god & man4 #bge4 ,! /a9 ( s9 is n3 7a7 a m]e privation or abs5ce ( grace1 = o!rwise all s9s w\ld be ! same2 nor 7b7 a m]e pass+ %ad[ ov] ! s\l1 s9ce ! bad /ate ( ! w c rema9 aft] ! act ( s94 #bgf4 ,! /a9 ( s9 diff]s accord+ to ! s94 7a7 ,! /a9 ( orig9al s9 is ! privation ( orig9al ju/ice 7i4e41 ( ! subjection ( reason & w to ,god71 z be+ a volunt>y privation ?r\gh ! w ( ! fir/ p>5t ,adam2 7b7 ! /a9 ( mortal s9 is ! privation ( sanctify+ grace1 z connot+ ! act ( ! individual w ?r\gh :i* x 0 incurr$2 7c7 ! /a9 ( v5ial s9 is ! privation ( ! f]vor ( *>ity result+ f ! s91 inasmu* z x1 to "s ext5t1 h9d]s ! beauty ( int]ior grace f appe>+ 9 ext]nal acts4 #bgg4 ,! /a9 ( grave s9 is ! disfigurem5t ( dea?1 = 7a7 x removes ! pr9ciple ( sup]natural exi/5ce 7i4e41 grace72 7b7 x takes away ! pr9ciples ( sup]natural activity 7i4e41 ! infus$ habits71 ?\gh fai? & hope may rema92 7c7 x deprives ! s\l ( ! rights t belong to ! spiritually liv+ 7i4e41 ( m]its already acquir$74 #bgh4 ,! /a9 ( v5ial s9 is ! disfigurem5t ( disease1 = 7a7 x disposes "o = spiritual dea? 7i4e41 = mortal s972 7b7 x less5s spiritual vitality1 by sett+ up habits t make ! practice ( ! virtues m difficult4 #bgi4 ,! p5alty ( s9 is ?reefold accord+ to ! ?reefold (f5se ( s94 7a7 ,inasmu* z s9 is aga9/ reason1 x is puni%$ by remorse ( consci5ce2 7b7 inasmu* z x is aga9/ ecclesia/ical1 civil or o!r human law1 x is puni%$ by man2 7c7 inasmu* z x is aga9/ div9e law1 x is puni%$ by ,god4 #bhj4 ,! puni%m5t ( s9 is tw(old accord+ to its duration4 7a7 ,grave s91 s9ce x deprives ( spiritual life & turns man away f 8 ,la/ ,end1 introduces a radical &1 ( itself1 irrep>able disord]1 & ?us incurs an et]nal puni%m5t2 ^? :o die 9 grave s9 w be s5t5c$ to et]nal puni%m5t4 7b7 ,v5ial s9 does n inflict spiritual dea?1 b is a defect or excess1 n z reg>ds ! ,la/ ,end1 b z reg>ds ! means to ! ,la/ ,end4 ,?us1 x incurs1 n an et]nal1 b a temporal puni%m5t4 #bha4 ,! puni%m5t ( s9 is tw(old accord+ to its quality4 7a7 ,s9 by :i* man turns away f 8 ,la/ ,end is puni%$ by ! pa9 ( loss1 ! deprivation ( et]nal happ9ess :i* 0 despis$4 ,?is pa9 may be call$ inf9ite1 inasmu* z x is ! loss ( ,inf9ite ,good4 7b7 ,s91 9 s f> z x is an inord9ate turn+ t[>ds creat$ ?+s1 is puni%$ by ! pa9 ( s5se1 :i* comes ?r\gh creatures4 ,?is pa9 is f9ite4 #bhb4 ,s9 may be a puni%m5t ( s93 7a7 if a lat] s9 results f a =m] s9 7e4g41 ,god may p]mit ^? :o refuse to s]ve ,him1 to become ! s]vants ( _! passions72 7b7 if ! commission ( s9 is accompani$ by int]nal or ext]nal suff]+s 7e4g41 ! jeal\s indulge _! vice at ! exp5se ( great m5tal torm5t74 #bhc4 ,n all ! afflictions t befall mank9d are *a/isem5ts4 ,9 ! /rict s5se1 only ^? evils are puni%m5ts :i* are inflict$ by ! lawgiv] aga9/ ! w ( ! (f5d] z a v9dication ( ju/ice violat$ by ! p]sonal (f5se ( ! latt]4 ,h5ce we mu/ di/+ui% puni%m5t f ! foll[+3 7a7 f satisfaction1 :i* is comp5sation will+ly endur$ = "o's own s91 or freely (f]$ = ano!r's 7e4g41 ,david aft] 8 rep5tance p]=m$ p5ance = 8 s9s2 ,*ri/ on ! cross (f]$ ,8 satisfaction = ! human race72 7b7 f m$ic9al afflictions1 :i* are int5d$1 n z rep>ations to injur$ ju/ice1 b z rem$ies to pres]ve m5 aga9/ s9 or relapse1 or to af=d !m opportunities = progress 7e4g41 ! calamities ( ,job1 ! condition ( ! man born bl9d1 ! dolors ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 ! physical evils ,:i* 9 ?is _w sometimes happ5 to subjects z a puni%m5t on _! rul]s1 etc472 7c7 f ! natural defects ( fall5 human nature1 su* z hung]1 ?ir/1 disease1 etc4 ,^! are only indirectly ! consequ5ces ( orig9al s91 ! direct puni%m5t1 f :i* !y foll[1 be+ ! infirmity & corruption ( nature produc$ by orig9al s94 ,"q ,,iii ,,law #bhd4 ,9 ! previ\s ,"q we consid]$ ! int]nal pr9ciples ( human acts--t is1 habits1 good & bad1 f :i* !y proce$4 ,n[ we %all turn to ! ext]nal pr9ciples1 good & bad1 t move "o to "o's acts4 ,! ext]nal pr9ciple t moves to evil is ! demon1 :o tempts u to s92 ! ext]nal pr9ciple t moves to good is ,god1 :o in/ructs u by ,8 law & helps u by ,8 grace to fulfill x4 ,temptation has be5 discuss$ already1 & grace belongs to ,dogmatic ,!ology2 ! next ,"q to be consid]$1 !re=e1 is ,law4 ,art4 #a3 ,,law ,,9 ,,g5]al 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,i-,,ii1 qq4 #ij-ib47 #bhe4 ,def9ition4--,law is an ord9ance ( ! reason = ! common good promulgat$ by him :o has au?ority 9 ! community4 7a7 ,x is an ord9ance1 t is1 a comm& or prohibition :i* has obligatory & la/+ =ce4 ,h5ce1 advice is n a law1 because n obligatory2 a rule t b9ds only dur+ ! lifetime ( ! lawgiv] or ( ^? :o receiv$ x is n /rictly a law1 because n endur+4 7b7 ,x is an ord9ance ( ! reason1 s9ce ! rule & /&>d ( human acts is reason 7see #fd sqq474 ,h5ce1 ! arbitr>y w ( a rul] comm&+ :at is aga9/ reason w\ld n be law1 b r iniquity4 7c7 ,x is made = ! common good1 t is1 x mu/ t5d to promote1 directly or indirectly1 g5]al happ9ess1 :i* is ! end ( society4 ,h5ce1 ! comm&s ( a tyrant :i* b5efit a few at ! exp5se ( public peace & prosp]ity are n truly laws4 7d7 ,x is made by him :o has au?ority1 t is1 by ! p]son or p]sons :o h ! lawmak+ p[] accord+ to ! =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,h5ce1 ! decisions ( an advisory body or ! decrees ( a usurp] are n laws4 7e7 ,x is made by ! prop] au?ority 9 a community1 t is1 z "h und]/ood1 9 a self-suffic+ community1 :i* has its own means = atta9+ its end & is indep5d5t 9 its own ord] ( o!r societies4 ,h5ce1 ! regulations made by p>5ts = _! family are n call$ laws1 s9ce ! family is n a self-suffic+ society4 7f7 ,x is an ord9ance t has be5 promulgat$1 t is1 br\ght to ! notice ( ^? :om x b9ds4 ,h5ce1 a law t has be5 drawn up b n publi%$ z su*1 is n obligatory ev5 = ^? :o "k ( its exi/5ce4 ,a law becomes obligatory1 h[ev]1 z soon z x has be5 promulgat$1 & ! presumption !n is t ! law is kn[n2 b he :o is inculpably ignorant is n guilty ( =mal s9 if he breaks ! law4 #bhf4 ,division4--,accord+ z ! imm$iate lawgiv] is ,god or man1 laws are div9e or human4 ,div9e laws are ?reefold3 7a7 ! et]nal law is ! ord9ance ( ! div9e m9d :i* f et]nity has direct$ ! motions & actions ( all creatures = ! common good ( ! univ]se2 7b7 ! natural law is ! light ( man's reason z an impression & reflection ( ! et]nal law2 7c7 ! positive div9e law is t :i* ,god ( ,8 free w has add$ to ! natural law1 viz41 ! ,mosaic law "u ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! law ( ! ,gospel "u ! ,new ,te/am5t4 #bhg4 ,human laws are ecclesia/ical or civil accord+ to ! au?ority f :i* !y orig9ate4 #bhh4 ,collision ( ,laws4--,n infrequ5tly x happ5s t opposite laws seem to call = fulfillm5t at ! same "t1 z1 :5 9 case ( unju/ attack x seems t "o is b\nd to def5d oneself & b\nd n to injure ! o!r p>ty4 ,h5ce arises a conflict ( obligations & rights4 ,b ! difficulty is only app>5t2 =1 s9ce ,god is a j & wise lawgiv]1 ,he does n int5d ei!r t "o %\ld be held to impossibilities1 or t a sup]ior obligation %\ld yield to "o t is inf]ior4 ,h5ce1 ! rule 9 su* cases ( app>5t collision ( laws is3 7a7 if a p]son c recognize :i* ( ! two obligations is sup]ior1 he is b\nd to foll[ t "o2 7b7 if he is unable to discov] aft] c>eful exam9ation :i* obligation has ! great] claim1 & mu/ decide at once1 he may decide = ! law ^: obs]vance seems to him saf]2 or1 if he sees no diff]5ce z reg>ds safety1 he may decide = ei!r z he wi%es4 ,if ! decision is wrong1 ! error is involunt>y1 & h5ce n imputable z s94 #bhi4 ,:5 ! cont5d+ precepts belong to diff]5t categories ( law1 ! high] law mu/ be foll[$4 7a7 ,! natural law has prec$5ce ov] ! positive law1 div9e or human4 ,= example1 ! natural law ( self-pres]vation all[$ ,david to eat ! loaves ( proposition1 a ?+ =bidd5 by ! positive div9e law4 ,! same law ( self-pres]vation all[s a />v+ man to take :at does n belong to him accord+ to human laws1 if x is necess>y = 8 life4 ,! same law ( self-pres]vation excuses "o f assi/+ at ,mass1 if "o is v ill4 7b7 ,! positive div9e law has prec$5ce ov] human law4 ,example3 ,! comm& ( ,*ri/ to 8 ,apo/les to prea* ,8 ,"n 0 to be obey$ r ?an ! comm& ( ! ,sanh$r9 to ! contr>y 7,acts1 v4 #ai74 7c7 ,! ecclesia/ical law has prec$5ce ov] civil law1 = ! end ( ! ,*ur* is high] ?an t ( ! ,/ate1 & ! ,*ur*'s judgm5t ab\t ! means to h] end %\ld prevail4 #bij4 ,! prec$5ce ( ecclesia/ical ov] civil law does n mean t ! ,*ur* has ! "r to int]f]e 9 matt]s t belong to ! jurisdiction ( ! ,/ate1 or t ! ,*ur* %\ld insi/ on settl+ e dispute by its own action alone4 7a7 ,a law on matt]s purely civil & political made by ! ,*ur* 9 opposition to a law ( ! ,/ate w\ld n prevail ov] ! latt]1 =1 z ! ,*ur* admits1 8:atev] is to be rang$ "u ! civil & political ord] is rightly subject to ! civil au?ority0 7,leo ,,xiii74 7b7 ,a law on matt]s directly or indirectly spiritual1 made by ! ,*ur* b n necess>y to h] end1 c be made ! subject ( negotiation or ev5 ( compromise by ! ,*ur* 9 ord] to avoid a conflict ( laws2 9 fact1 ! ,*ur* has %[n h] will+ness to make concessions1 :]e possible1 = ! common peace & happ9ess4 #bia4 ,:5 cont5d+ laws belong to ! same category ( laws1 ! m important1 or m urg5t1 or m necess>y law prevails4 7a7 ,! law t def5ds great] goods 7^? t are spiritual1 int]nal1 or common7 has prec$5ce ov] ! law t def5ds less] goods 7! temporal1 ext]nal1 or private74 ,examples3 ,! natural law t "o mu/ save oneself f p]secution & dea? yields to ! natural law t "o mu/ n blaspheme or d5y ,god1 & h5ce "o mu/ pref] to die r ?an blaspheme4 ,! law t "o may n expose "o's life to dang] yields to ! law t ! common welf>e mu/ be def5d$2 h5ce1 citiz5s are oblig$ to g to w> :5 ! nation calls1 pa/ors & physicians to rema9 at _! po/s 9 "t ( pe/il5ce1 disa/]1 etc4 7b7 ,obligations ( ju/ice h prec$5ce ov] obligations ( *>ity1 = 9 ! =m] case a /rict] "r is 9 "q4 ,example3 ,titus is keep+ #e4jj 9 ord] to pay a debt to ,caius1 :o ne$s ! money today2 ,balbus1 :o is v poor1 asks ,titus to give ! money to him4 ,titus %\ld pay ,caius4 7c7 ,negative or prohibitory laws h prec$5ce ov] affirmative or preceptive laws 7see #cga74 ,example3 ,titus is ask$ to write out a te/imonial /at+ t he kn[s t ,balbus is hone/1 compet5t1 etc4 ,balbus has claims on ! help ( ,titus on acc\nt ( a promise made 9 ! pa/2 b ,titus kn[s v well t ,balbus is n compet5t1 hone/1 etc4 ,! law =bidd+ lies prevails "h ov] ! law t "o keep a promise made4 #bib4 ,s9ce rights & duties are correlative--!re be+ a duty t corresponds to e "r1 & vice v]sa--& s9ce bo? are regulat$ by law1 ! pr9ciples giv5 = ! app>5t collision ( laws c be appli$ to ! app>5t collision ( rights4 7a7 ,rights ( a high] k9d h pref]5ce ov] rights ( a l[] k9d4 ,!re=e1 ! rights t arise f bir? itself1 or f ! fact t "o is a human be+ 7e4g41 ! "r to life71 are sup]ior to ! rights t are acquir$ ?r\gh "s condition1 su* z inh]itance or contract 7e4g41 ! "r to prop]ty1 etc474 ,example3 ,titus mu/ get 8 *ild1 :o is 9 dang] ( dea?1 to a hospital )\t delay4 ,balbus is gett+ ready = a pleasure ride1 b ,titus takes 8 c> s9ce !re is no o!r ready means ( gett+ to ! hospital4 ,titus acts )9 8 natural rights1 if ! c> is return$ safely & z soon z possible to ! own]4 ,accord+ to civil law 8 act w\ld be te*nical l>c5y1 b 9 view ( ! necessity c\rts & juries w\ld c]ta9ly n insi/ on ! lett] ( ! law4 7b7 ,inali5able rights 7i4e41 ^? :i* "o may n r5\nce1 because !y are also duties71 su* z ! "r to s]ve ,god1 ! "r to live1 etc41 are sup]ior to ali5able rights 7i4e41 ^? :i* "o may r5\nce71 su* z ! "r to m>ry1 ! "r to own prop]ty1 etc4 ,example3 ,"o may surr5d] ! "r to dr9k intoxicants 9 ord] to s]ve ,god or pres]ve "o's life4 #bic4 ,! ,basis ( ,all ,laws4--,prior to e o!r law & ! gr\nd & pr9ciple ( all laws is ! ,et]nal ,law2 =1 s9ce ?is is ! plan ( ,div9e ,wisdom direct+ f et]nity all acts & movem5ts to _! p>ticul> ends & to ! end ( ! univ]se1 x foll[s t all o!r laws are reflections ( ! et]nal plan & realizations ( ! div9e decree4 ,! ,et]nal ,law diff]s f o!r laws 9 v>i\s ways3 7a7 z to duration4 ,! ,et]nal ,law exi/$ be=e any?+ 0 made1 :]eas all o!r laws beg9 to exi/ :5 !y are promulgat$2 7b7 z to bread? ( application4 ,! ,et]nal ,law regulates1 n only cont+5t ?+s 7su* z actions7 b also necess>y ?+s 7su* z t man %\ld h a s\l1 h&s & feet72 = all ?+s creat$1 :e!r !y be cont+5t or necess>y1 are subject to div9e gov]nm5t4 ,human laws1 z is evid5t1 _c regulate :at is necess>y 7e4g41 x w\ld be fooli% = !m to decree t m5 mu/ or mu/ n h s\ls72 7c7 z to subjects4 ,! ,et]nal ,law rules1 n only rational creatures 7i4e41 angels & m571 b also irrational creatures1 su* z matt]1 plants1 & animals4 ,! =m] are rul$ ?r\gh comm&s1 :i* require t !y direct !mselves to _! ,end2 ! latt] are rul$ ?r\gh ! incl9ations giv5 !m by ,god1 :i* move !m to ! ends ,he desires !m to atta94 ,human laws _c regulate ! acts ( irrational creatures1 = ^! creatures _c und]/& a comm& z su*1 & man _c give !m natural incl9ations 7e4g41 x w\ld be fooli% to make a law = cats aga9/ ! cat*+ ( birds74 #bid4 ,! laws to be consid]$ 9 ! pages t foll[ are temporal & moral4 ,?us3 7a7 !y are laws promulgat$ at "s p>ticul> "t1 ei!r f ! beg9n+ ( humanity 7z is ! case ) ! ,natural ,law7 or lat] 7e4g41 ! ,mosaic ,law1 ! ,*ri/ian ,law1 etc172 7b7 !y are laws regulat+1 n ! necess>y 7z is ! case ) metaphysical or ma!matical laws71 b ! cont+5t2 7c7 !y are laws giv51 n to ! irrational creature 7z is ! case ) physical & biological laws71 b to ! rational1 t x may atta9 its end ?r\gh self-gov]nm5t 9 accordance ) law4 ,art4 #b3 ,,! ,,natural ,,law 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,i-,,ii1 qq4 #ic1 #id47 #bie4 ,mean+4--,! ,natural ,law is s call$ = ! foll[+ reasons3 7a7 x is receiv$ by man1 n ?r\gh special promulgation1 b along ) 8 rational nature4 ,h5ce1 ,/4 ,paul says t ! ,g5tiles1 :o _h n receiv$ ! laws specially promulgat$1 7 a law unto !mselves1 t is1 ?r\gh _! rational nature 7,rom41 ii4 #ad72 7b7 x includes only su* precepts z c be kn[n or d$uc$ f ! v nature ( man1 & ?us "s pagans fulfill$ ! ,law ( ,moses naturally1 i4e41 z reg>ds its natural precepts 7,rom41 ii4 #ad72 7c7 x c be kn[n f ! natural light ( reason )\t in/ruction1 be+ a law writt5 on ! he>t ( man 7,rom1 ii4 #ae74 ,! ,natural ,law is def9$ !ologically z a p>ticipation ( ! ,et]nal ,law 9 man4 ,?ree elem5ts con/itute its ess5ce 9 its integrity3 7a7 a passive p>ticipation ( ! ,et]nal ,law consi/+ 9 man's nature & faculties ) _! incl9ations to _! prop] acts & ends4 ,?is man %>es ) all creatures4 7b7 an active p>ticipation 9 ! ,et]nal ,law prop] to man4 ,?is consi/s 9 ! activity ( man's intellect ?r\gh :i* he %>es 9 ,god's provid5ce & gov]nm5t 9 a special way z "o :o c rule himself & o!rs4 ,reason1 reflect+ ^u ! natural incl9ations & ord]+ !m to _! prop] acts & ends1 =mulates 7c7 a dictate or comm& ( ! practical reason4 ,?is comm& con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ,natural ,law4 8,h5ce ! ,psalmi/ aft] say+ 7,psalm1 ,,iv4 #f73 ,(f] up ! sacrifice ( ju/ice1 z ?\gh "s "o ask$ :at ! works ( ju/ice are1 adds3 ,_m say1 ,:o %[e? u good ?+s1 9 answ] to :i* he says3 ,! light ( ?y c\nt5ance1 ,o ,"l1 is sign$ ^u u4 ,?us ! ,psalmi/ implies t ! light ( natural reason1 :]eby we disc]n :at is good & bad1 :i* is ! function ( ! ,natural ,law1 is no?+ else ?an an impr9t on u ( ! div9e light4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ! ,natural ,law is no?+ else ?an ! rational creature's p>ticipation 9 ! et]nal law0 7,summa ,!ol4 ,i-,,ii1 q4 #ia1 a4#b74 #bif4 ,relation ( ! ,natural ,law to ,o!r ,laws4-7a7 ,! ,natural ,law is inf]ior to ! ,et]nal ,law2 =1 :ile ! ,et]nal ,law exi/s 9 ! m9d ( ,god1 und]iv$ f any o!r law & is regulative ( all creat$ ?+s1 ! ,natural ,law exi/s 9 ! m9d ( man1 z a d]ivation & image ( ! ,et]nal ,law & a rule = man's acts only4 7b7 ,x is sup]ior to ,positive ,law1 = all ,positive ,law is a d$uction f or a det]m9ation ( ,natural ,law4 #big4 ,division4--,s9ce ,natural ,law is ! reflection ( ! et]nal plan ( ,div9e ,wisdom 9 ! reason ( man1 we _c di/+ui% diff]5t species ( x accord+ to diff]5ce ( lawgiv]s or subjects4 ,! objects regulat$ are1 h[ev]1 diff]5t2 & h5ce we may di/+ui% v>i\s precepts ( ,natural ,law4 7a7 ,accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( p]sons to :om natural duties are ow$1 !re are natural laws conc]n+ ,god 7e4g41 t ,god mu/ be honor$71 natural laws conc]n+ self 7e4g41 t "o mu/ n commit suicide71 & natural laws conc]n+ ! neighbor 7e4g41 t inju/ice mu/ n be done74 7b7 ,accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( natural incl9ations 9 man1 !re are1 fir/1 natural laws common to him ) all be+s 7e4g41 ! law ( self-pres]vation1 & h5ce x is a natural duty ( man to take sleep1 food1 dr9k1 rem$ies1 etc41 z necess>y = life72 secondly1 natural laws common to him ) all s5ti5t be+s or animals 7e4g41 ! law ( pres]vation ( ! species1 & h5ce x is a natural duty ( man to re> & provide = 8 *ildr572 ?irdly1 natural laws prop] to man z a rational be+ 7e4g41 ! laws t he %\ld cultivate 8 p[]s ( m9d & w1 & h5ce x is a natural duty ( man to fur!r religion & education1 & to organize into societies & to respect ! rights ( o!rs74 #bih4 ,accord+ to _! necessity = ! prim>y or ! second>y end ( a natural incl9ation1 ! laws ( nature are divid$ into prim>y & second>y4 7a7 ,! prim>y end ( a natural incl9ation is ! cons]vation ( a natural good2 & s x is a prim>y law ( nature t man %\ld take ! food1 dr9k1 sleep & ex]cise necess>y = life1 & t he %\ld avoid poison or o!r ?+s t cause dea?4 7b7 ,! second>y end ( a natural incl9ation is ! bett]m5t ( a natural good1 or its easi] cons]vation2 ?us1 x is a second>y law ( nature t man %\ld use ^? k9ds ( food or dr9k t promote 8 heal?1 t he %\ld be c>eful ab\t 8 diet1 practise mod]ation1 etc4 #bii4 ,prim>y & second>y laws ( nature are also expla9$ z foll[s3 7a7 a prim>y law is "o t expresses ! pr9cipal purpose ( a natural incl9ation 7e4g41 social good1 t is1 ! begett+ & re>+ ( *ildr51 is ! prim>y law ( ! m>ri$ /ate72 7b7 ! second>y law is "o t expresses a less important purpose ( a natural incl9ation4 ,= example1 individual good 7i4e41 companion%ip1 mutual assi/ance1 ! practice ( virtue & fre$om f temptation7 is ! second>y purpose to be promot$ 9 ! m>ri$ /ate4 #cjj4 ,precepts ( ! ,natural ,law may be divid$ also on acc\nt ( ! diff]5t relations !y h to "o ano!r or to our k4 7a7 ,accord+ to ! priority !y h among !mselves1 ! laws ( nature are divid$ into ! fir/ pr9ciple & ! second>y pr9ciples4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple1 :i* is g5]al1 :i* dep5ds on no o!r1 & :i* is ! root ( all ! o!rs1 is3 8,good mu/ be done1 evil omitt$40 ,! second>y pr9ciples are p>ticul>1 & !y apply ?is g5]al pr9ciple to ! natural incl9ations ( man m5tion$ above1 :i* reason indicates z ends ( action--i4e41 z goods to be s\ght4 7b7 ,accord+ to ! priority !y h ) respect to our k ( !m1 ! laws ( nature are divid$1 fir/1 into axiomatic precepts1 :i* are evid5t & are grant$ by all 7e4g41 t good is to be done1 t "o %\ld foll[ reason1 t "o %\ld n d to o!rs :at "o does n wi% done to oneself etc471 &1 secondly1 into inf]r$ precepts 7e4g41 t "o %\ld n /eal f o!rs1 z "o does n wi% o!rs to /eal f oneself74 #cja4 ,! inf]r$ precepts are also ( two k9ds1 namely1 g5]al & p>ticul>4 7a7 ,! g5]al precepts are ^? t are d$uc$ imm$iately f ! axioms z univ]sal conclusions 7e4g41 ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,decalogue1 ! pr9ciple t "o %\ld return :at "o borr[$74 7b7 ,! p>ticul> precepts are ^? t are d$uc$ only remotely f ! axioms z conclusions ab\t cases 9 :i* _m p>ticul> conditions & circum/ances are involv$ 7e4g41 _m conclusions ab\t contracts1 ! conclusion t a loan is to be paid 9 "s p>ticul> way1 at ?is p>ticul> "t1 etc474 #cjb4 ,accord+ to ! inv>iability or p]man5ce ( _! subject-matt]1 ! laws ( nature are ( two k9ds1 namely1 necess>y & cont+5t4 7a7 ,! necess>y laws are ^? ^: matt] always be>s ! same relation ( ess5tial con=mity to or dif=mity f reason4 ,= example1 ! comm&1 8,?\ %alt n take ! "n ( ! ,"l 9 va910 is necess>y1 because ,god rema9s always wor?y ( honor1 & !re is no conceivable or possible case 9 :i* x c\ld become useful to speak ( ,him ) di%onor4 7b7 ,! cont+5t laws ( nature are ^? ^: matt] g5]ally1 b n always1 be>s ! same ess5tial relation to "r reason4 ,= example1 ! comm&1 8,?\ %alt n kill10 is cont+5t1 because1 ?\gh man g5]ally rema9s wor?y ( hav+ 8 life respect$ by o!rs1 !re are cases :5 x might be injuri\s to ! common welf>e1 & h5ce to natural law1 t an individual be p]mitt$ to live1 z :5 he has committ$ & be5 convict$ ( a capital crime4 #cjc4 ,accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* !y oblige1 ! laws ( nature are tw(old1 namely1 absolute & relative4 7a7 ,absolute laws are ^? t oblige = e case & condition1 because ! matt] ) :i* !y are conc]n$ is intr9sically good or bad 9 e in/ance 7e4g41 ! laws =bidd+ m>riage betwe5 p>5t & *ild1 ! law aga9/ poly&ry74 7b7 ,relative laws ( nature are ^? t oblige except 9 case ( a mo/ grave public necessity1 because ! matt] ) :i* !y are conc]n$ is g5]ally & ( its v nature becom+ or unbecom+ 7e4g41 ! laws =bidd+ m>riage betwe5 bro!r & si/]1 ! law =bidd+ polygamy74 #cjd4 ,accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* ! obligation is contract$1 laws ( nature are ( two k9ds1 viz41 ^? ^: obligatory =ce dep5ds entirely on ! nature ( ?+s 7e4g41 ! law t ,god mu/ be honor$71 & ^? ^: obligatory =ce dep5ds ^u1 an act ( ! w ( man freely und]tak+ an obligation1 :i* ! nature ( ?+s !n dem&s t he fulfill 7e4g41 ! laws t ^? :o h made v[s1 oa?s1 contracts1 etc41 %\ld live up to t :i* !y h freely promis$74 #cje4 ,prop]ties4--,s9ce ! ,natural ,law is ! reflection ( ,god's ,et]nal ,law impress$ on ! rational nature ( man1 x has ! foll[+ prop]ties3 7a7 x is bo? decl>ative & imp]ative2 be+ imman5t 9 man1 x decl>es to him 8 duty2 be+ transc5d5t 9 its orig91 x speaks ) ! voice ( au?ority2 7b7 x is univ]sal1 or = all1 = x decl>es ! necessities ( nature1 :i* are ! same 9 all m52 7c7 x is un*angeable1 t is1 x admits ( nei!r abrogation1 nor disp5sation1 nor em5datory int]pretation1 = ! ess5ces ( ?+s1 on :i* x is bas$1 d n *ange2 7d7 x is recognizable & indelible1 t is1 x _c fail to be kn[n & _c be =gott5 by mank9d1 = x is promulgat$ ?r\gh ! light ( reason giv5 to man4 #cjf4 ,! ,natural ,law is ( univ]sal obligation4 ,x is 9 =ce 9 all places1 at all times1 & = all p]sons4 7a7 ,?us1 ^? :o h n ! use ( reason1 su* z infants & ! insane1 are subject to ! ,natural ,law on acc\nt ( _! human nature :i* is injur$ by any transgression ( its incl9ations4 ,_! ignorance1 ( c\rse1 excuses !m f =mal s9 7see #bd sqq41 #ig sqq474 ,example3 ,x is s9ful to induce or p]mit *ildr5 to blaspheme or become intoxicat$1 n only because ( sc&al or ( h>m done to !m1 b also because su* ?+s are necess>ily repugnant to _! dignity z human be+s4 7b7 ^? :o h ! use ( reason are subject to ! ,natural ,law1 & _! transgressions are imputable z =mal s9s & incur ! debt ( puni%m5t4 #cjg4 ,! ,natural ,law is un*angeable1 n z reg>ds additions1 b z reg>ds subtractions4 7a7 ,additions may be made to ! ,natural ,law1 =1 9 _m po9ts n det]m9$ by x1 x is well t supplem5t>y regulations be made to provide = p>ticul> situations4 ,^! additions1 made by ,positive ,law1 div9e & human1 are amplifications r ?an *anges1 = !y mu/ n be out ( h>mony ) ,natural ,law4 7b7 ,subtractions may n be made f ! ,natural ,law--t is1 !re c be no exception :5 x decl>es t a c]ta9 ?+ mu/ always be obs]v$1 & !re c be no abrogation :5 x decl>es t a c]ta9 ?+ mu/ be obs]v$ usually4 #cjh4 ,f ! =ego+ x foll[s t no precept ( ! ,natural ,law c be abrogat$--t is1 repeal$ & depriv$ ( all =ce1 s t :at 0 today a precept ( nature %\ld no long] be su* tomorr[2 = ! necessities ( nature on :i* ! ,natural ,law is bas$ d n *ange4 #cji4 ,z to ! "q :e!r any precepts ( ! ,natural ,law may be disp5s$ or n1 di/9ction mu/ be made betwe5 two k9ds ( disp5sation4 7a7 ,a disp5sation 9 ! /rict s5se is grant$ :5 a legislator relaxes = a p>ticul> case ! obligation ( a law1 al?\gh ! subject-matt] ( ! law /ill rema9s4 ,example3 ,titus is 9 ! class ( ^? :o are b\nd by ! law ( fa/1 b he is exempt$ by compet5t au?ority f ! obligation ( ! law4 7b7 ,a disp5sation 9 ! wide s5se is grant$ :5 ! subject-matt] ( ! law is tak5 away by ! legislator himself or by ano!r1 s t x ceases to be compreh5d$ "u ! law1 al?\gh ! obligation ( ! law /ill rema9s4 ,example3 ,balbus ow$ money to ,caius1 b1 z ,caius =gave him ! debt1 he is no long] 9 ! class ( ^? :o are b\nd by law z debtors to ,caius2 he is n exempt$1 h[ev]1 f ! obligation ( ! g5]al law t "o mu/ pay "o's debts4 #caj4 ,!re are v>i\s op9ions z to ! possibility ( a disp5sation f ! ,natural ,law grant$ by ,god1 b ! foll[+ doctr9e seems ! mo/ probable4 7a7 ,god ,himself _c disp5se 9 any way f ^? precepts ^: matt] is necess>y 7see #cjb71 su* z axiomatic precepts 7viz41 ^? t prohibit malice & ^? t comm& duties to be fulfill$ at a prop] "t & place74 ,= all ! subject-matt] ( ^! precepts is intr9sically ei!r consonant ) or dissonant f "r reason4 ,example3 ,god c\ld n by decree aboli% ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 =1 z long z ,god is ,god1 ,he mu/ rema9 wor?y ( wor%ip1 praise & love2 &1 z long z man is man1 x mu/ be aga9/ 8 rational nature to murd]1 /eal1 lie4 etc4 7b7 ,god _c grant a disp5sation 9 ! /rict s5se f ^? precepts ( ! ,natural ,law ^: matt] is cont+5t1 su* z ! precepts aga9/ ! tak+ ( human life1 aga9/ tak+ possessions f o!rs aga9/ _! w1 etc4 ,=1 z long z ! subject-matt] ( ^! precepts rema9s :at x is suppos$ to be by ! law1 transgression ( !m is necess>ily oppos$ to reason4 ,example3 ,god _c comm& ! kill+ ( a p]son :o has ! "r to life1 nor ! tak+ ( prop]ty t rightly belongs to ano!r4 7c7 ,god c grant a disp5sation 9 ! wide s5se f cont+5t precepts ( ! ,natural ,law--t is1 ,he c make a *ange z reg>ds ! subject-matt]1 s t x no long] falls "u ! law4 ,?us1 s9ce ,god is ! supreme ,"l ( life & prop]ty1 ,he c )\t injury to human rights comm& t a p]son be put to dea? or depriv$ ( 8 prop]ty by ano!r4 ,^! acts w\ld n con/itute murd] 7i4e41 unju/ homicide7 or /eal+ 7i4e41 unlawful tak+72 = ,god has a high] claim on life & possessions ?an ! imm$iate own]s h4 ,examples3 ,! comm& to ,abraham to kill 8 son 0 n a disp5sation f ! law aga9/ murd] any m ?an ! s5d+ ( dea? to ! fir/-born ( ,egypt 0 ! commission ( murd] by ,god4 ,! comm& giv5 ! ,israelites to c>ry away ) !m ! goods ( ! ,egyptians 0 n a disp5sation f ! law aga9/ !ft1 any m ?an ! de/ruction ( ! fruits ( ! ,egyptians by plagues 0 ! commission ( !ft by ,god4 #caa4 ,is ,god able to make a decree :i* sets up a mo/ grave public necessity oppos$ to ! obs]vance ( a law ( nature8 7a7 ,if !re is "q ( absolute laws 7see #cjc71 ?is _c be done1 = ,god _c d5y ,himself by mak+ a disposition contr>y to ,8 ,et]nal ,law4 ,example3 ,we d n read t ,god ev] sanction$ poly&ry or m>riage betwe5 p>5t & *ild1 & x seems t ,he c\ld nev] p]mit su* ?+s z lawful4 7b7 ,if !re is "q ( relative laws 7see #cjc71 ! decree 9 "q c be made by ,god2 = ! unbecom+ness ( t :i* is =bidd5 by a relative law passes away 9 ! face ( a great ne$4 ,example3 ,s9ce ,god desir$ ! propagation ( ! human race f "o man & "o woman1 m>riage betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s 0 n aga9/ ! ,natural ,law at ! beg9n+4 ,s9ce ,god desir$ ! spe$y multiplication ( ! *os5 p aft] ! patri>*al era1 polygamy 0 n repugnant to nature among ! ,jews ( t p]iod4 #cab4 ,is ,god able to remove a natural obligation 9 a case ( private necessity1 t is1 :5 ! fulfillm5t w\ld be h>mful to an individual8 7a7 ,natural obligations t d n dep5d ^u any free cons5t ( ! w giv5 to !m 7see #cjd7 _c be remov$ except by a disp5sation widely s-call$ & :5 _! matt] is cont+5t 7z expla9$ 9 #cji-caj74 ,examples3 ,god c\ld n disp5se an individual f ! duty ( confess+ ,him 9 ord] to escape dea?1 = ! subject-matt] ( ! law "h is necess>y4 ,god1 c\ld disp5se an individual f ! obligation ( n tak+ ! prop]ty ( ano!r1 = ,god is ! pr9cipal own] ( all ?+s1 includ+ ^? possess$ by o!rs4 7b7 ,natural obligations t dep5d ^u ! act or de$ ( human be+s cons5t+ to obligation 7see #cjd7 c be remov$4 ,= s9ce human be+s _c "k all ! circum/ances exi/5t1 or all ! conditions t w arise1 x c happ5 t a ?+ agre$ to or promis$ is only seem+ly good1 or w *ange f good to bad1 s t :ile ! promise or agreem5t made is 9 itself good & naturally obligatory1 its fulfillm5t w\ld "w h>m & evil1 or be useless1 or w\ld prev5t ! accompli%m5t ( a great] good4 ,x is reasonable1 !re=e1 t ,god %\ld release f obligation "h1 ?us *ang+ ! subject-matt] ( ! law1 s t x is no long] compreh5d$ "u ! law 7see #cji-caj74 ,example3 ,titus v[s or swe>s t he w give a c]ta9 alms or make a c]ta9 pilgrimage2 b1 :5 ! "t = fulfillm5t arrives1 8 circum/ances h s *ang$ t x w\ld n be advisable = him to keep ! promise made4 ,! ,*ur*1 act+ 9 ! "n ( ,god1 c decl>e t ! subject-matt] ( ?is promise has become h>mful & is n long] suitable1 & h5ce t ! obligation has ceas$4 #cac4 ,human ,au?ority & ,modification ( ! ,natural ,law4 7a7 ,additions to ! ,natural ,law may be made1 n only by positive laws ( ,god1 b also by human laws ( ,*ur* or ,/ate1 ?r\gh ! introduction ( t :i* ,natural ,law p]mits1 or ! det]m9ation or confirmation ( t :i* ,natural ,law conta9s implicitly or explicitly4 ,examples3 ,division ( prop]ty rights introduc$ by ! law ( nations2 conditions = valid contracts det]m9$ by p>ticul> codes2 ! laws aga9/ !ft & murd] confirm$ by def9ite p5alties prescrib$ = ^? crimes4 7b7 ,subtractions f ,natural ,law _c be made by any human au?ority1 = ,god has n delegat$ ,8 p[] ( disp5s+ :i* ,he has z supreme own] ( all ?+s4 ,examples3 ,no human au?ority c\ld au?orize a fa!r to sacrifice 8 innoc5t son1 nor p]mit a s]vant to c>ry away ! effects t belong to 8 employ]4 #cad4 ,app>5t ,cases ( ,disp5sation f ,natural ,law made by ,human ,au?ority4 7a7 ,! ,*ur* frees f ! obligation ( v[s1 contracts & promissory oa?s1 f imp$im5ts to m>riage1 f esp\sals1 etc4 ,9 s do+1 h[ev]1 %e does n disp5se f ! ,natural ,law t v[s1 contracts1 etc41 %\ld be fulfill$1 b only decl>es 9 ! "n ( ,god t ! subject-matt] ( an obligation contract$ by act ( man's w has become unsuitable = v[1 contract1 etc41 & h5ce is no long] compreh5d$ "u ! law4 7b7 ,societies or private individuals c free f ! obligation ( pay+ or return+ to !m :at !y h a "r to1 z :5 a cr$itor =gives a debt1 or an own] p]mits a ?ief to keep :at he /ole4 ,9 s do+1 h[ev]1 !y d n disp5se f ! law ( nature t "o %\ld pay "o's debts & n keep ill-gott5 goods2 !y only *ange ! quality ( ! ?+s 9 "q s t !y cease to be due ano!r or ill-gott51 & h5ce no long] fall "u ! law4 ,?is diff]s1 too1 f ! disp5sation t ,god c grant2 = ,he c transf] rights )\t ! cons5t ( ! imm$iate own] 7see #caj74 #cae4 ,int]pretation--t is1 explanation ( ! law :i* indicates :e!r or n x obliges 9 a p>ticul> case--may be appli$ to ! ,natural ,law z foll[s3 7a7 ,int]pretation :i* expla9s ! int5tion ! lawgiv] _h 9 mak+ ! law & ! s5se he gave to ! words ( ! law 7v]bal int]pretation71 may be made :5 ei!r a law itself is n entirely cle>1 or "s p]son is n clev] en\gh to see its mean+4 ,example3 ,! comm&m5t1 8,?\ %alt n kill10 ne$s to be int]pret$1 = x does n =bid e k9d ( kill+4 7b7 ,int]pretation :i* expla9s ! int5tion a lawgiv] w\ld h _h1 _h he =ese5 a p>ticul> case 9 :i* 8 law w\ld be h>mful1 & :i* !re=e sets ! w ( ! lawgiv] aga9/ ! words ( ! law 7em5datory int]pretation1 epieikeia71 may n be appli$ to ! ,natural ,law2 = ,god1 unlike human legislators1 =esees ?+s n only 9 g5]al1 b also 9 p>ticul>1 & h5ce !re is no room = correction or b5ign int]pretation ( natural laws4 ,example3 ,titus1 :o 0 a *ronic invalid1 committ$ suicide 9 ord] t 8 family might be fre$ f di/ress4 ,he argu$ t ! ,fif? ,comm&m5t did n =esee ! difficulties ( e>n+ a liv+ "u mod]n conditions1 & t 8 sacrifice w\ld be pleas+ to ,god4 ,titus did n reason well1 = suicide is =bidd5 = motives t apply univ]sally 7e4g41 t society1 & especially "o's family1 are injur$ by ! act ( suicide74 #caf4 ,v]bal int]pretation ( ! ,natural ,law is made z foll[s3 7a7 by private au?ority--t is1 by ^? :o are compet5t1 on acc\nt ( le>n+ & prud5ce1 to und]/& ! mean+ ( ! law1 su* z moral !ologians2 7b7 by public au?ority--t is1 by ^? :o are appo9t$ to rule1 ) ! pr]ogative ( decl>+ ! mean+ ( ! ,natural ,law4 ,! ,pope1 s9ce he mu/ fe$ ! flock ( ,*ri/1 is div9ely con/itut$ to int]pret ,natural ,law1 & does s au!ntically & infallibly4 ,?us1 ! ,*ur* decl>es t c]ta9 matrimonial imp$im5ts are natural1 & !re=e incapable ( be+ disp5s$4 ,on ! compet5ce ( ! ,*ur* to give au?oritative int]pretations ( ! natural law 9 ! field ( morals1 ,pius ,,xii has spok5 cle>ly & =cefully3 8444 x mu/ op5ly & firmly be held t ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* has nev] be5 limit$ to ! b\nd>ies ( /rictly religi\s matt]s' z !y are call$2 b ! :ole cont5t ( ! natural law1 its in/itution1 int]pretation & application are )9 its p[] ins(> z its moral elem5t is conc]n$4 ,= ! obs]vation ( ! natural law1 by ! ord9ation ( ,god1 is ! way by :i* man mu/ /rive to atta9 8 sup]natural end4 ,on ! road to ?is sup]natural end4 x is ! ,*ur* t is 8 lead] & guide4 ,?is is ! way ! ,apo/les act$1 & f ! e>lie/ times ! ,*ur* held to ?is way ( act+ z x does today--& n 9 ! mann] ( a private lead] & c\nselor1 b f ! comm& & au?ority ( ,god0 7,,aas #df #aied #fga-fgb74 #cag4 ,f ! =ego+ x foll[s t ! ,natural ,law is s un*angeable t x _c be abrogat$ or prop]ly disp5s$1 or giv5 an em5datory int]pretation4 ,b1 ?\gh ! law itself rema9s1 !re are cases 9 :i* non-obs]vance ( x is excus$ f guilt4 ,^! cases c be r$uc$ to physical & moral impossibility4 7a7 ,9 cases ( physical impossibility 7i4e41 :5 ! p[]s requisite = obs]vance are want+71 "o is manife/ly excus$2 = law is reasonable1 & x is n reasonable to require impossibilities4 ,examples3 ,infants are n guilty ( s9 aga9/ ! ,natural ,law1 :5 !y d n pray2 = !y lack ! use ( reason1 :i* is presuppos$ by ! notion ( pray]4 ,he :o is unable to "w is n oblig$ to e>n support = relatives4 7b7 ,9 cases ( moral impossibility 7i4e41 :5 a law _c be kept )\t ! infr+em5t ( a high] law or ! loss ( a high] good71 "o is also excus$2 = x is unreasonable to pref] ! less to ! m important4 ,example3 ,titus l5ds a revolv] to ,balbus4 ,lat] he asks t x be return$ to him1 z he wi%es to kill himself4 ,n[1 prop]ty is less valuable ?an life1 & h5ce ,balbus is unable 9 ?is case to obs]ve ! law :i* requires t ?+s borr[$ mu/ be return$4 #cah4 ,moral impossibility is also def9$ z ! inability to obs]ve ! law )\t s]i\s injury or loss to oneself or a ?ird p>ty4 ,s]i\s injuries are su* z deprive "s "o ( great goods1 su* z ! use ( reason1 life1 k1 fri5d%ip1 heal?1 reputation1 prop]ty4 ,s]i\s losses are su* z prev5t "o f obta9+ notable goods1 ,! foll[+ rules indicate :5 grave inconv5i5ce excuses1 & :5 x does n excuse1 f ! guilt aris+ f ! non-obs]vance ( ,natural ,law3 7a7 :5 ! law is negative 7i4e41 prohibitory71 no inconv5i5ce excuses f s92 = t :i* is =bidd5 by ! ,natural ,law is always morally evil1 & h5ce m to be %unn$ ?an ev5 ! greate/ physical evil1 or dea?4 ,example3 ,"o is oblig$1 "u grave or light s91 z ! case may be1 to =feit all temporal goods r ?an blaspheme1 murd]1 lie1 etc42 7b7 :5 ! law is affirmative 7or m&atory71 an inconv5i5ce :i*1 all ?+s consid]$1 is really & relatively grave1 excuses f s92 = t :i* is comm&$ by ! ,natural ,law is n always morally obligatory1 b only at ! "r "t & 9 ! "r circum/ances 7see #cga71 & h5ce its omission is n always morally evil4 ,examples3 ,sempronius v[$ t he w\ld g on foot to a place ( pilgrimage1 b :5 ! day came he _h a spra9$ ankle t w\ld be badly injur$ if he walk$4 ,caius receiv$ a jewel /ol5 f ,balbus & promis$ t he w\ld return x at once to ! own]1 b he f9ds t he _c d s n[ )\t dang]1 ei!r ( ! arre/ ( himself or ( ! "o :o took ! jewel4 ,titus sees a p]son :o has be5 s]i\sly injur$ ly+ by ! roadside1 b he is tir$1 & nei!r gives help himself nor summons aid4 ,9 ! fir/ two cases ! inconv5i5ce is grave1 & h5ce ,sempronius may ride to ! place ( pilgrimage1 & ,caius may return ! jewel to ,balbus lat]2 b ! inconv5i5ce ( ,titus is slight1 & does n excuse him f s94 #cai4 ,j z ! ,natural ,law is un*angeable1 because bas$ on ! un*angeable ,et]nal ,law in/itut+ ! nature ( man1 s is x easily kn[able1 because x is promulgat$ by ! light ( reason4 ,h5ce3 7a7 inv9cible ignorance ( ! entire ,natural ,law is impossible 9 any p]son :o has ! use ( reason2 7b7 complete =getfulness ( ! ,natural ,law by mank9d is impossible4 #cbj4 ,^? :o h n ! use ( reason1 ei!r habitually 7z *ildr5 & ! insane7 or actually 7z ! intoxicat$71 may be inv9cibly ignorant ( ! ,natural ,law--= example1 !y may be unable to p]ceive ev5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,z to ^? :o h ! use ( reason1 !y c be ignorant ( ! ,natural ,law only z foll[s3 7a7 !y _c ev] be inv9cibly ignorant ( ! mo/ g5]al precepts 7su* z 8good is to be done10 8evil is to be avoid$071 = s9ce !y "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong1 !y mu/ also p]ceive t :i* is conta9$ 9 ! concepts ( "r & wrong1 viz41 t ! =m] is some?+ desirable & :i* ought to be done1 ! latt] some?+ undesirable :i* mu/ n be done2 7b7 "o _c1 z a rule1 be inv9cibly ignorant ( ^? precepts t are imm$iately inf]r$ z necess>y conclusions f ! mo/ g5]al precepts 7su* z 8t :i* 0 borr[$ mu/ be return$071 = ! conclusion foll[s s easily f ! manife/ pr9ciple t only 9 exceptional cases c\ld "o be excus$ = n kn[+ its tru?2 7c7 "o c1 ev5 z a rule1 be ignorant ( precepts t are inf]r$ z necess>y b v remote conclusions f ! mo/ g5]al precepts1 7su* z 8t :i* 0 borr[$ mu/ be return$ at su* a "t or place1 or 9 su* a mann] or condition071 = ?is conclusion is s f> remov$ f its premise1 & !re are s _m factors to be consid]$1 t consid]able k & skill 9 reason+ are requir$ = a correct judgm5t--?+s 9 :i* _m p are lack+4 #cba4 ,! ,comm&m5ts ( ! ,decalogue foll[ directly f ! mo/ g5]al precepts ( ! ,natural ,law1 & s to !m may be appli$ :at 0 said 9 ! previ\s p>agraph4 ,h5ce3 7a7 g5]ally speak+1 no p]son :o has ! use ( reason c be inv9cibly ignorant ( ! ,comm&m5ts4 ,/4 ,paul blames ! pagans z inexcusable 9 v>i\s s9s committ$ aga9/ ! ,decalogue2 7b7 9 special cases1 a p]son :o has ! use ( reason c be inv9cibly ignorant ( "o or m ,comm&m5ts2 = :ile ! ,comm&m5ts may be easily inf]r$ by mo/ p]sons f ! common pr9ciples ( "r & wrong1 !re are sometimes involunt>y imp$im5ts t h9d] ! "r employm5t ( reason4 ,?us1 *ildr5 & old] p]sons ^: m5tality is undevelop$1 al?\gh !y "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong1 are frequ5tly unable to draw ! conclusion t foll[s f x 7e4g41 t "o %\ld n tell lies74 #cbb4 ,! ,comm&m5ts reg>d+ :i* inv9cible ignorance may mo/ easily exi/ are3 7a7 ^? t deal ) m]ely int]nal acts1 = ! malice ( violat+ !m is less app>5t4 ,h5ce1 _m !ologians admit t ev5 among ,*ri/ians ! wick$ness ( s9ful ?\ghts & desires may be inculpably unkn[n1 at lea/ :5 ! wick$ness ( ! correspond+ ext]nal acts is also n kn[n2 7b7 ^? t deal ) ! control ( s5suality1 = ! impulse to inord9ate acts is at times mo/ vehem5t4 ,unde !ologi sunt qui affirmant malitiam peccatorum ext]norum contra sextum inv9cibilit] ignor>i posse1 non solum apud infideles1 s$ etiam apud ,*ri/ianos1 ita quod ab adolesc5tibus facile ad tempus ignor>i possit malitia mollitiei4 #cbc4 ,if a ,comm&m5t be appli$ to "s p>ticul> case 9 :i* !re are _m circum/ances to be consid]$1 or "s reason t appe>s to *ange ! subject-matt] ( ! law1 ev5 adults :o h ! p]fect use ( reason may be inv9cibly ignorant2 = 9 su* in/ances we are consid]+1 n an imm$iate1 b a remote conclusion f ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ,natural ,law4 7a7 ,if ! case is difficult relatively 7i4e41 9 view ( ! tra9+ or lack ( education ( ! p]son /udy+ x71 !re c be inv9cible ignorance1 at lea/ = a "t4 ,examples3 ,jep!1 accord+ to ,/4 ,j]ome1 appe>s to h be5 inv9cibly ignorant t x 0 n lawful = him to slay 8 daught]4 ,be+ a soldi] & liv+ 9 a rude age1 he p]haps did n appreciate ! sacr$ness ( human life4 ,unlett]$ p]sons might conceivably ?9k 9 good fai? t x is n wrong to commit p]jury 9 ord] to help "o 9 dang]1 to /eal 9 ord] to pay debts1 to ?9k evil if !re is no int5tion to fulfill x1 to d :at ! majority d or :at is tol]at$1 etc4 7b7 ,if ! case is difficult absolutely 7i4e41 9 view ( ! matt] itself1 :i* is complicat$ & obscure71 !re c be inv9cible ignorance1 ev5 = a long "t4 ,?us1 x is s difficult to settle _m problems p]ta9+ to ju/ice 7i4e41 to ! application ( ! ,sev5? ,comm&m5t7 t we f9d pr(essional !ologians :o take opposite sides1 or admit t1 speculatively speak+1 !y d n "k :]e ! tru? lies4 #cbd4 ,! ,natural ,law c nev] be eras$ f ! he>ts ( m54 7a7 ,9 abnormal circum/ances only1 z :5 ! g5]al p[] ( reason+ has be5 weak5$ or lo/1 c ! ,natural ,law be =gott54 ,?us1 to a deg5]ate :o becomes viol5tly insane murd] & o!r crimes may appe> z good acts4 ,b no community c\ld gov]n itself by ! /&>ds ( madm5 & long survive4 7b7 ,9 normal circum/ances 7i4e41 z long z ! g5]al p[] ( reason+ rema9s unimpair$71 ! ,natural ,law _c be =gott51 z f> z its g5]al pr9ciples or imm$iate conclusions are conc]n$1 al?\gh x may be ov]look$ or lo/ sight ( :5 x is appli$ to p>ticul> cases1 or :5 remote conclusions are d$uc$ f x4 #cbe4 ,z long1 !re=e1 z a body ( m5 rema9 sane1 ev5 ?\gh !y be unciviliz$ or addict$ to crime1 !y _c become oblivi\s ( ! ,natural ,law4 7a7 ,! g5]al pr9ciples 78good is to be done10 8evil is to be avoid$07 _c vani% f ! m9d1 al?\gh1 9 p>ticul> affairs1 ang]1 pleasure1 or "s o!r passion may prev5t m5 f ?9k+ ab\t !m4 ,?us1 :5 ! mob _s takes hold ( a cr[d1 x becomes int5t only on viol5ce or rev5ge1 & gives no ?\ght to consci5ce4 7b7 ,! second>y precepts1 su* z ^? conta9$ 9 ! ,decalogue1 _c be oblit]at$ f ! m9d1 al?\gh 9 apply+ !m to concrete situations a p may g a/ray4 ,!re are _m examples ( laws1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 :i* p]mitt$ or comm&$1 = p>ticul> cases1 ?+s contr>y to ! curr5t application ( natural precepts4 ,?us1 ! ,sp>tans & ! ,romans ord]$ ! murd] ( infants :o 7 weakly & ( slaves ^: ma/] _h be5 kill$4 ,"s anci5t races enc\rag$ robb]ies committ$ beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ! /ates1 & savage tribes h be5 f\nd :o _h ! practice ( putt+ to dea? p>5ts :o 7 ag$ or infirm4 #cbf4 ,! causes ( wrong applications ( ! ,natural ,law are ! foll[+3 7a7 ,"s causes are involunt>y4 ,?us1 ! correct application may be difficult1 z :5 m ?an "o moral pr9ciple has to be consid]$ & appli$2 or1 if ! case is n difficult1 ! p]son :o makes ! application may be m5tally undevelop$1 or 8 m9d may be bl9d$ on acc\nt ( 8 bad education or environm5t4 ,examples3 ,! races :o saw no infamy 9 robb]y committ$ aga9/ _! neighbors1 liv$ 9 a wild age :5 su* acts ( viol5ce seem$ necess>y z measures ( self-protection4 ,! savage kill$ 8 ag$ p>5ts1 because to 8 untutor$ m9d ?is seem$ an act ( m]cy4 7b7 ,"s causes are volunt>y1 su* z neglect ( ! tru?1 vici\s habits1 etc4 ,examples3 ,/4 ,paul blames ! pagans = _! idolatry1 because !y _h d>k5$ _! own m9ds ab\t ,god4 ,pirates & b&its :o came to reg>d viol5ce z necess>y = _! own def5se 7 responsible = _! /ate ( m9d1 inasmu* z !y _h *os5 a life ( crime4 #cbg4 ,transgression ( ,natural ,law1 !re=e1 is n imputable z =mal s9 if x is n volunt>y4 ,h5ce3 7a7 lack ( k excuses1 :5 ignorance is involunt>y 7e4g41 ^? :o h n ! use ( reason1 z infants & ! unconsci\s2 *ildr5 & o!rs m5tally undevelop$ :o _c grasp ! mean+ ( "s precept2 educat$ p]sons :o are unable to get a "r solution ( "s knotty problem ( morals1 etc472 7b7 lack ( cons5t excuses 9 :ole or 9 "p 7z :5 "o acts ?r\gh fe>74 ,art4 #c3 ,,! ,,positive ,,div9e ,,law 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,i-,,ii1 qq4 #ih-ajh47 #cbh4 ,mean+4--,! ,positive ,div9e ,law is ! law add$ by ,god to ! ,natural ,law1 9 ord] to direct ! actions ( man to 8 sup]natural ,end1 to assi/ him to a bett] obs]vance ( ! ,natural ,law1 & to p]fect t :i* is want+ 9 human law4 7a7 ,! ,la/ ,end ( man is n natural1 b sup]natural 7see #bj71 & h5ce x 0 necess>y t1 9 addition to ! precepts :i* guide man t[>ds 8 natural beatitude1 !re %\ld be add$ precepts t w guide him t[>ds 8 sup]natural beatitude3 8,! ,law ( ! ,"l gives wisdom to little ones0 7,ps4 xviii4 #h74 7b7 ,! light ( natural reason 0 suffici5t to in/ruct man 9 ! ,natural ,law1 b ?r\gh s9 t light _h become obscur$1 ) ! result t evil cu/oms set 91 & v _m 7 at a loss h[ to apply ! ,natural ,law1 or appli$ x wrongly4 ,h5ce1 x 0 mo/ suitable t ! ,natural ,law %\ld be summ$ up 9 brief comm&m5ts & giv5 ext]nally by ! au?ority ( ,god4 ,?is 0 done ?r\gh ! ,decalogue1 :i* is a "p ( ! ,positive ,div9e ,law ( bo? ! ,mosaic & ! ,*ri/ian disp5sations3 8,! te/imony ( ! ,"l is fai?ful0 7,ps4 xviii4 #h74 7c7 ,human laws are ! product ( fallible human judgm5t2 !y c direct only su* acts z are ext]nal1 & !y are unable to =bid or puni% _m evil de$s4 ,h5ce1 x 0 necess>y t !re %\ld be positive div9e laws to supply = :at is want+ 9 human law3 8,! law ( ! ,"l is unspott$1 conv]t+ s\ls0 7,ps4 xviii4 #h74 #cbi4 ,! ,positive ,div9e ,law diff]s f ! ,natural ,law z to subject-matt]1 p]man5ce1 & mann] ( promulgation4 7a7 ,! precepts ( ! ,natural ,law are necess>y1 s9ce !y foll[ z necess>y consequ5ces f ! nature ( man1 ! precepts ( ! ,positive ,law ( ,god1 exclud+ ^? t are ext]nal promulgations ( ! ,natural ,law1 are n necess>y1 s9ce !y foll[ f ! free decree ( ,god rais+ man to t :i* is above 8 nature4 7b7 ,! precepts ( ! ,natural ,law are un*angeable1 s9ce ! nature ( man always rema9s ! same4 ,( ! precepts ( ! ,positive ,law ( ,god "s 7 *ang$1 because giv5 only = a "t 7su* z ! c]emonial laws ( ,judaism72 o!rs1 absolutely speak+1 c\ld be *ang$1 because n necess>ily connect$ ) ! end ,god has 9 view 7e4g41 ! laws conc]n+ ,sacram5ts74 7c7 ,! precepts ( bo? k9ds ( law are imm$iately f ,god2 b ! ,natural ,law is promulgat$ only 9 a g5]al way1 ?r\gh ! light ( reason giv5 to man along ) 8 nature1 :ile ! ,positive ,law ( ,god is proclaim$ by special comm&s 7e4g41 8?\ %alt n /eal074 #ccj4 ,! ,positive ,div9e ,law conta9s two k9ds ( precepts1 viz41 natural & sup]natural comm&m5ts4 7a7 ,! natural precepts 7 giv5 9 ord] to recall to ! m9ds ( m5 ! laws kn[able ?r\gh reason :i* _h become obscur$ ?r\gh passion1 cu/om or example4 ,! ,comm&m5ts giv5 to ,moses on ! tablets ( /one r5ew$ ! natural precepts :i* ,god _h writt5 ?r\gh reason on ! he>ts ( m54 7b7 ,! sup]natural precepts 7 giv5 9 ord] to po9t out to m5 ! duties _! sup]natural de/9y impos$4 ,example3 ,! precepts ( fai?1 hope1 *>ity4 #cca4 ,division4--,!re are f\r hi/orical /ates ( man ) ref]5ce to 8 ,la/ ,end1 & to ea* ( ^! correspond positive div9e laws4 7a7 ,! /ate ( ,orig9al ,innoc5ce is t :i* exi/$ 9 ,p>adise be=e ! ,fall4 ,man _h be5 rais$ to ! sup]natural /ate1 & h5ce he 0 oblig$ to ! sup]natural acts ( fai?1 hope1 *>ity1 etc42 he 0 subject to ,god1 bo? z to body & s\l1 & h5ce he 0 oblig$ to (f] "s k9d ( ext]nal sacrifice2 he 0 sanctifi$ imm$iately by ,god1 & h5ce 0 n b\nd to ! use ( any sacram5ts2 b he 0 /ill 9 a /ate ( probation1 & 0 subject to v>i\s special regulations1 su* z ! comm&s to avoid ! fruit ( a c]ta9 tree1 to labor 9 ,ed51 etc4 7b7 ,! /ate ( ! ,law ( ,nature is t :i* exi/$ f ! ,fall to ! giv+ ( ! writt5 law ?r\gh ,moses4 ,x is call$ ! /ate ( ! ,law ( ,nature1 n 9 ! s5se t !re 7 no sup]natural precepts !n 9 =ce1 b 9 ! s5se t !re 7 z yet no writt5 precepts4 ,9 t p]iod man knew ! ,natural ,law1 n f comm&m5ts writt5 on tablets ( /one1 b f ! law ( reason inscrib$ 9 8 he>t2 he knew ! sup]natural precepts1 n f scriptures giv5 him by ,god1 b f tradition or special div9e inspiration4 ,9 addition to ! inn] acts ( sup]natural wor%ip & fai? 9 ! ,messiah to come & ! out] sacrifices1 !re 7 dur+ ?is /ate c]ta9 rites ( purification1 or sacram5ts1 by :i* fall5 man 0 purifi$ f s94 ,a special precept ( ! patri>*ial times 0 ! prohibition made to ,noe aga9/ ! eat+ ( fle% ) blood 9 x4 7c7 ,! /ate ( ! ,mosaic ,law is t :i* exi/$ f ! giv+ ( ! law on ,s9ai until ! giv+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t law by ,*ri/4 7d7 ,! /ate ( ! ,*ri/ian ,law1 or ( ! ,new ,law1 is t :i* began ) ,*ri/ & ! ,apo/les & w cont9ue till ! end ( ! _w4 #ccb4 ,! ,mosaic ,law4--,?is 0 ! special law ( ,god to ! ,jews1 ! p *os5 by ,god z ! race f :i* ! ,savi\r ( ! _w 0 to come4 ,x has two p]iods3 ! p]iod ( prep>ation & ! p]iod ( ! ,law4 7a7,! p]iod ( prep>ation = ! ,law began ) ! ,promise or ,cov5ant giv5 to ,abraham4 ,a law is n giv5 except to a p 7see #bhe71 &1 z ! peoples ( ! _w at t "t _h return$ to ! g5]al corruption t reign$ be=e ! ,deluge1 ,god *ose ,abraham to be ! fa!r ( a new nation 9 :i* true religion %\ld be pres]v$ until ! ,r$eem] ( ! _w _h come4 ,! rite ( circumcision 0 ord]$ z a m>k ( ! cov5ant & a sacram5t ( remission4 7b7 ,! p]iod ( ! ,law began ) ! promulgation ( ! ,decalogue on ,s9ai4 ,! desc5dants ( ,abraham _h gr[n into a nation & _h be5 fre$ f slav]y1 & !y 7 ?us ready to receive a special law4 ,_! hi/ory !reaft] %[s h[ ,god tra9$ !m accord+ to ! patt]n ( ! ,mosaic ,law & prep>$ !m = ! provid5tial mission1 :i*1 ?r\gh ! ,messiah1 %\ld be !irs1 ( giv+ to ! _w ! p]fect & univ]sal ,law ( ! ,gospel4 #ccc4 ,! ,excell5ce ( ! ,mosaic ,law4--7a7 ,! ,law 0 good 7,rom1 vii4 #ab73 x comm&$ :at 0 accord+ to reason & =bade :at 0 oppos$ to reason2 x _h ,god = its ,au?or & prep>$ man = ! ,law ( ,*ri/4 7b7 ,! ,law 0 imp]fect 7,heb41 vii4 #ai72 x 0 giv5 = a "t :5 m5 7 spiritually b *ildr5 & n ready z yet = ! tea*+ & morality ( ! ,gospel2 x =bade s9 & provid$ puni%m5ts1 b ! necess>y helps = obs]v+ x came only f fai? 9 ,*ri/1 ! ,au?or ( ! ,new ,law4 #ccd4 ,! ,subjects ( ! ,mosaic ,law4--7a7 ,! ,jewi% p 7 b\nd by ! ,mosaic ,law4 ,god _h *os5 ,abraham by gratuit\s election to be ! =efa!r ( ! ,messiah1 & x 0 by gratuit\s election t ,he gave ! ,jews a ,law :i* w\ld l5d !m a special hol9ess befitt+ ! promises made _! race4 ,! ,jews1 !re=e1 7 b\nd to m ?+s ?an o!r nations1 z be+ ! ,*os5 ,p2 j z cl]ics are b\nd to m ?+s ?an ! laity1 z be+ ! m9i/]s ( ,god4 7b7 ,! ,g5tiles 7 n b\nd by ! laws peculi> to ! ,mosaic ,code1 b only by ! common precepts1 natural & sup]natural1 t 7 9 =ce 9 ! /ate ( ! ,law ( ,nature4 ,b x 0 p]mitt$ to ,g5tiles to become proselytes1 t by obs]v+ ,mosaic rites !y might m easily & m p]fectly "w out _! salvation4 #cce4 ,! ,duration ( ! ,mosaic ,law4--7a7 ,! ,law began :5 exp]i5ce _h prov$ t k is n suffici5t to make man virtu\s1 t is1 at a "t :51 9 spite ( ! ,natural ,law1 ! peoples 7 turn+ to poly!ism & vice3 8,! ,law 0 giv5 on acc\nt ( transgression0 7,gal1 iii4 #ai74 7b7 ,! ,law end$ :5 exp]i5ce _h %[n t ext]nal obs]vance is n suffici5t = hol9ess1 t is1 at ! "t :5 ,judaism 0 deg5]at+ into =malism1 putt+ ! lett] be=e ! _s ( ! ,law3 8,:at ! ,law c\ld n d1 ,god s5d+ ,8 own ,son1 ha? condemn$ s9 9 ! fle%1 t ! ju/ification ( ! ,law might be fulfill$ 9 u0 7,rom41 viii4 #c1 #d74 #ccf4 ,deut]onomy1 vi4 #a1 describes ! ,mosaic ,law z precepts1 c]emonies & judgm5ts2 & ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t c be classifi$ accord+ to ?is ?reefold division4 7a7 ,! moral precepts def9$ ! duties to ,god & man t arise f ! dictates ( reason & ! ,natural ,law2 7b7 ! c]emonial prescriptions 7 det]m9ations ( ! religi\s duties to ,god conta9$ 9 ! moral law1 & rules conc]n+ ! p]=mance ( wor%ip bas$ on ! positive ord9ance ( ,god2 7c7 ! judgm5ts 7 det]m9ations ( social duties conta9$ 9 ! moral law2 !y 7 ! civil or political code ( ! !ocratic nation :i* _h its =ce f ! positive ord9ance ( ,god4 #ccg4 ,! moral precepts are conta9$ 9 ! ,decalogue1 :i* is a sum ( ! :ole ,natural ,law1 inasmu* z ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! ,natural ,law are implicit !re9 9 _! imm$iate conclusions1 :ile ! remote conclusions are virtually f\nd 9 ! ,comm&m5ts z 9 _! pr9ciples 7see #cja74 #cch4 ,! ,decalogue expresses man's duties3 7a7 t[>ds ,god1 viz41 loyalty 7,fir/ ,comm&m5t71 rev]5ce 7,second71 s]vice 7,?ird7--all ( :i* are ,laws ( ! ,fir/ ,table2 7b7 t[>ds p>5ts 7,f\r?71 & all fell[-m51 viz41 t no inju/ice be done !m by s9s ( de$ 7,fif?1 ,six?1 ,sev5?71 ( m\? 7,eigh?71 or ( he>t 7,n9?1 ,t5?7--all ( :i* are ,laws ( ! ,second ,table4 #cci4 ,! fur!r moral precepts :i* 7 add$ aft] ! giv+ ( ! ,decalogue c all be r$uc$ to "o or ! o!r ( ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts4 ,examples3 ,! prohibition aga9/ =tune-tell+ belongs to ! ,fir/2 ! prohibition aga9/ p]jury & false tea*+1 to ! ,second2 ! comm&m5t to honor ! ag$1 to ! ,f\r?2 ! prohibition aga9/ detraction1 to ! ,eigh?4 #cdj4 ,! c]emonial laws1 :i* prescrib$ ! mann] ( p]=m+ ! div9e wor%ip or ( act+ z befitt$ ! ,*os5 ,p1 & :i* prefigur$ ! wor%ip & p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 7 num]\s1 9 ord] t ! ,jews might be m easily pres]v$ f pagan rites & cu/oms4 ,! c]emonies !y regulat$ 7 ( f\r k9ds3 7a7 ! sacrifices ?r\gh :i* ,god 0 wor%ipp$ & ?r\gh :i* ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/ 0 prefigur$ 7e4g41 ! holocau/s1 peace-(f]+s1 s9-(f]+s72 7b7 ! sacr$ times & places1 ?+s & p]sons set ap>t 9 ord] to give m dignity to div9e wor%ip & to =e%ad[ m di/9ctly ! good ?+s to come2 7c7 ! sacram5ts by :i* ! p or sacr$ m9i/]s 7 consecrat$ to ! wor%ip ( ,god & 7 made to prefigure ,*ri/ 7e4g41 circumcision & ! consecration ( ,levites72 7d7 ! cu/oms :i* regulat$ ! details ( life s t bo? prie/s & p might act z became _! special call+1 & might be types & figures ( ! ,*ri/ian p 7e4g41 ! laws ab\t food1 dress1 etc474 #cda4 ,unlike ! moral laws1 :i* _h exi/$ be=e ,moses z ! ,natural ,law & :i* cont9ue "u ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation1 ! c]emonial laws 7 tempor>y4 ,?us3 7a7 be=e ,moses o!r c]emonies 7 obs]v$ by ! patri>*s 7e4g41 ! sacrifice ( ,abel1 ! alt>s ( ,abraham & ,jacob1 ! prie/hood ( ,mel*is$e*1 etc472 7b7 aft] ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 di/9ctions ( food1 new moons1 sabba?s1 & o!r ,mosaic c]emonies 7 abrogat$1 s9ce ! figures ( future ?+s _h be5 sup]s$$ by rites t commemorat$ b5efits t 7 pres5t4 #cdb4 ,we may di/+ui% f\r p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,mosaic c]emonial law3 7a7 f ,moses until ,*ri/1 x 0 ! div9ely orda9$ mann] ( wor%ipp+ ,god1 & 0 obligatory = ! ,*os5 ,p2 7b7 at ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 :5 ! ,new ,te/am5t began1 ! ,mosaic c]emonial ceas$ to be obligatory2 7c7 until ! ,gospel _h be5 suffici5tly promulgat$ 7i4e41 until ! de/ruction ( ! ,city & ! ,temple ( ,j]usalem71 ! c]emonial law 0 p]mitt$ to ,jewi% conv]ts1 n z prefigur+ ,*ri/1 b z a =m ( div9e wor%ip2 7d7 aft] ! ,gospel _h be5 suffici5tly proclaim$1 x 0 no long] lawful to con=m to ! ,mosaic obs]vances4 #cdc4 ,! judgm5ts or judicial laws ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 int5d$2 7a7 to regulate ! relations ( ! p ( ,god to "o ano!r & to /rang]s accord+ to ju/ice & equity1 & ?us to prep>e !m = ! com+ ( ! ,messiah2 7b7 to be1 consequ5tly1 9 "s sort a figure ( ! social con/itution ( ! ,*ri/ian p4 #cdd4 ,! judicial laws1 l ! c]emonial1 expir$ ) ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,b s9ce1 unlike ! c]emonial laws1 !y 7 n appo9t$ directly z prefigurative ( ,*ri/ianity1 _! provisions1 if n oppos$ to ,*ri/ian law1 c\ld be us$ z "p ( ! civil code ( a ,*ri/ian ,/ate4 #cde4 ,!re 7 f\r k9ds ( judicial precepts3 7a7 ^? conc]n+ rul]s4 ,! gov]nm5t 0 mon>*ical & ari/ocratic1 z be+ adm9i/]$ by ,moses & 8 successors ) ! assi/ance ( a body ( eld]s2 b x 0 also democratic1 inasmu* z ! pr9ces 7 *os5 f ! p & by ! p2 7b7 ^? conc]n+ citiz5s4 ,excell5t laws conc]n+ sales1 contracts1 prop]ty1 & ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 are laid d[n 9 ! ,p5tateu*2 7c7 ^? conc]n+ =eign]s4 ,! relation%ip ( ! ,jews to o!r nations1 :e!r 9 peace or 9 w>1 0 regulat$ by wise & humane laws2 7d7 ^? conc]n+ families4 ,! rights & duties ( husb& & wife1 p>5t & *ild1 ma/] & s]vant1 7 c>efully & consid]ately provid$ =4 #cdf4 ,! ,law ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4--,?is is ! special law giv5 by ,god ?r\gh ,*ri/ to ! :ole _w1 & :i* endures till ! end ( "t4 ,its "* w be und]/ood mo/ readily f a comp>ison ( x ) ! ,law ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 7a7 ,9 bo? ,te/am5ts grace & ! ,holy ,_s are giv5 ?r\gh fai? 9 ,*ri/ 7! int]nal law71 & doctr9es1 comm&m5ts & c]emonies are prescrib$ 7! ext]nal law74 ,b1 :]eas ! ,old ,te/am5t is pr9cipally a law ( works1 ! ,new ,te/am5t is pr9cipally a law ( fai? 7,rom41 iii1 #bg72 ! =m] is conc]n$ mo/ly ) ! ext]nal conduct1 ! latt] regulates1 n only actions1 b also ! int]nal movem5ts ( ! s\l1 ( :i* fai? is ! fir/4 7b7 ,9 bo? ,te/am5ts m5 are ju/ifi$ & sav$ ?r\gh fai? & works 7,heb1 xi41 #ci2 ,rom41 i4 #af71 & n ?r\gh ! ext]nal writt5 law or ! lett]4 ,b x is only ?r\gh ,*ri/1 ! au?or ( ! ,new ,law1 t m5 are enabl$ to p]=m :at ! law requires3 8,! law 0 giv5 by ,moses2 grace & tru? came by ,jesus ,*ri/0 7,john1 i4 #ag74 #cdg4 ,comp>ison ( ! ,two ,te/am5ts f ,o!r ,viewpo9ts4--7a7 ,! aim ( bo? ,laws is to secure ob$i5ce to ,god & hol9ess = man4 ,b ! ,new ,te/am5t1 s9ce giv5 to ^? :o 7 bett] prep>$ & m p]fect1 unveils m cle>ly ! my/]ies ( fai?1 enjo9s m p]fect works1 & supplem5ts ! ,comm&m5ts ) c\nsels ( p]fection 7cfr4 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt74 7b7 ,bo? ,laws make use ( ?reats1 promises & p]suasion 9 ord] to move m5 to ob$i5ce4 ,b1 z ! ,old ,law 0 = ^? :o 7 spiritually b *ildr51 x dwells especially on ! puni%m5ts to be met$ out to transgressors & ! ext]nal rew>ds t w be giv5 to ! ob$i5t 7! law ( fe>72 :]eas ! ,new ,law1 be+ = ^? :o are spiritually mature1 holds out z inducem5ts *iefly ! love ( virtue & rew>ds t are int]nal & spiritual 7! law ( love74 7c7 ,! au?or ( bo? laws is ,god4 ,b1 :ile ! ,old ,law 0 ann\nc$ ?r\gh ,god's s]vants z ! prep>atory disp5sation1 ! ,new ,law 0 proclaim$ by ! ,son ( ,god ,himself z ! f9al economy ( human salvation3 8,god1 :o at sundry times spoke 9 times pa/ to ! fa!rs by ! prophets1 la/ ( all 9 ^! days ha? spok5 to u by ,8 ,son1 :om ,he ha? appo9t$ heir ( all ?+s0 7,heb1 ii4 #a74 #cdh4 ,diff]5ces 9 ! ,precepts ( ! ,two ,laws4--7a7 ,!re is no opposition betwe5 ! comm&m5ts ( ! two ,laws2 = ! c]emonial & judicial precepts ( ! ,old ,law1 :i* conta9$ figure & prophecy1 are fulfill$ 9 ! precepts ( ,*ri/1 :ile ! moral laws ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are confirm$ & p]fect$ by ! moral laws ( ,*ri/3 8,i am n come to de/roy1 b to fulfill0 7,matt41 v4 #ag74 7b7 ,!re is no sub/antial diff]5ce betwe5 ! fai? & works ( ! two ,te/am5ts4 ,=1 t :i* is n[ believ$ explicitly & cle>ly1 0 believ$ implicitly & 9 figure 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ! great] ?+s t n[ are comm&$ 7 conta9$ g]m9ally 9 ! precepts ( ! ,old ,law4 #cdi4 ,! ,old & ! ,new ,law ,comp>$ z to ,difficulty4--7a7 ,if we consid] ! difficulty t arises f ! fulfillm5t ( ext]nal works1 ! ,old ,law 0 mu* m difficult4 ,= :ile ! ,law ( ,moses impos$ num]\s & complicat$ c]emonies & obs]vances1 ! ,law ( ,*ri/ comm&s b few & simple rites4 ,( ! ,old ,law ,/4 ,pet] says t x 0 a yoke1 8:i* nei!r our fa!rs nor we h be5 able to be>0 7,acts1 xv4 #aj7--t is1 x 0 extremely burd5some2 b ( ,8 own ,law ,*ri/ says3 8,my yoke is sweet1 & ,my burd5 light0 7,matt1 xi4 #cj74 ,ev5 ! additions made by ,*ri/ to ! ,old ,law 7e4g41 ! prohibition aga9/ divorce7 really facilitate t :i* ! ,old ,law itself int5d$--viz41 ! p]fection ( man4 ,h5ce1 ! ,old ,law is ! law ( s]vitude2 ! ,new ,law1 ! law ( lib]ty4 7b7 ,if we consid] ! difficulty t arises f int]nal works1 or ! dispositions & motives ) :i* precepts are to be fulfill$1 ! ,new ,law is m difficult2 = x inculcates a l(ti] piety & gives m att5tion to ! _s ) :i* ,god is to be wor%ipp$4 ,b1 s9ce love is ! all-inclusive comm&m5t ( ,*ri/1 & s9ce gladness & f]vor are easy to ! lov]1 ! comm&m5ts ( ,*ri/ 8are n heavy0 7,i ,john1 v4 #c74 #cej4 ,! ,ext]nal ,works ,comm5d$ by ,*ri/4--7a7 ,s9ce ! ,new ,law is ! law ( grace1 x comm&s only ^? ?+s by :i* we are br\ght to grace1 or by means ( :i* we make use ( grace already receiv$4 ,we receive grace only ?r\gh ,*ri/1 & h5ce !re are comm&m5ts reg>d+ ! ,sacram5ts2 we make "r use ( grace by fai? t worke? ?r\gh *>ity1 & h5ce !re are ! precepts ( ! ,decalogue to be kept4 7b7 ,s9ce ! ,new ,law is ! law ( lib]ty1 x does n det]m9e ! details ( ! moral law1 nor prescribe m9utely h[ we mu/ wor%ip ,god & obs]ve ju/ice to o!rs1 z 0 done 9 ! c]emonial & judicial laws ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,m9or dispositions ( ?is k9d h no necess>y relation to int]nal grace1 be+ morally indiff]5t4 ,h5ce1 ,*ri/ left _m ?+s free1 to be det]m9$ lat] accord+ to conditions1 ei!r by ! individual 79 p]sonal matt]s7 or by ! spiritual or temporal au?ority 79 matt]s ( public conc]n74 ,x is contr>y to ! _s ( ! ,gospel1 h[ev]1 t mank9d %\ld be oppress$ ) num]\s & burd5some obs]vances4 #cea4 ,! ,int]nal ,works ,comm&$ by ,*ri/4--,9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 7 giv5 ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,new ,law t summ>ize ! entire duty ( ! ,*ri/ian z to 8 int]nal acts3 8,ev]yone t he>e? ^! ,my words1 & doe? !m1 %all be lik5$ to a wise man t built 8 h\se ^u a rock0 7,matt41 vii4 #bd74 ,?us1 !re are3 7a7 int]nal acts comm&$ z reg>ds our own wills & purposes 7we mu/ avoid n only ext]nal1 b also int]nal s9s & ! occasions ( s92 we mu/ n only d good1 b we mu/ h a good motive1 n plac+ our end 9 human applause or ri*es72 7b7 int]nal acts comm&$ z reg>ds our neighbor 7we mu/ n judge him ra%ly1 unju/ly1 presumptu\sly2 nor mu/ we tru/ him imprud5tly72 7c7 int]ior dispositions ) :i* we mu/ p]=m our duties 7we mu/ avoid inord9ate c>es1 implor+ & expect+ ! div9e assi/ance2 b we mu/ also avoid c>elessness1 hav+ our m9ds set on ! n>r[ way1 & es*ew+ s$uctions74 #ceb4 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,*ri/ on ! ,?ree ,classes ( ,precepts3 ,moral1 ,c]emonial & ,judicial4--7a7 ,z reg>ds ! moral precepts 7i4e41 ! ,decalogue or ,natural ,law71 n "o jot or tittle 0 to pass away4 ,b s little 0 ! s\l ( ^! precepts !n recogniz$ t ,*ri/ gave a new comm&m5t ( love1 by :i* ,8 foll[]s 7 to be kn[n2 & ,he r$uc$ ! :ole law to ! two comm&m5ts ( love ( ,god & love ( our neighbor4 7b7 ,z reg>ds ! c]emonial precepts 7i4e41 ! =ms ( ,jewi% wor%ip71 ^! 7 to be sup]s$$4 ,*ri/ decl>$ ! mann] 9 :i* ,god 0 to be wor%ipp$1 namely1 9 _s & 9 tru?4 ,he in/itut$ ! ,sacrifice ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 appo9t$ ! ritual ( ! ,sacram5ts 7e4g41 ( ,baptism & ! ,eu*>i/71 & taught a =m ( pray] :i* 0 to be us$ by ,8 disciples4 ,o!r ?+s ,he left to be det]m9$ by ! ,*ur*4 7c7 ,z reg>ds ! judicial precepts 7i4e41 ! civil laws ( ! !ocratic nation71 ^! ceas$ to be necess>y ) ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 ^: ,k+dom is spiritual & ) :om !re is no di/9ction ( ,jew or ,g5tile1 s9ce ,8 law is = all4 ,9 fact1 ) ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 9 ,a4,d4 #gj1 =etold by ,*ri/1 bo? ! ,temple wor%ip & ! sep>ate national life ( ,israel came to an end4 ,9 correct+ ! false int]pretations :i* ! ,ph>isees put ^u v>i\s judicial precepts ( _! law 7e4g41 9 %[+ !m t ! law ( retaliation & ! law t public enemies %\ld be put to dea? did n au?orize rev5ge & hatr$71 ,*ri/ indicat$ ! _s t %\ld animate all civil laws1 namely1 love ( ju/ice4 ,he left x to ! wisdom ( future lawgiv]s to apply ! rule ( ju/ice to ! relations betwe5 man & man1 nation & nation1 z circum/ances w\ld require4 #cec4 ,! precepts by :i* ,*ri/ e/abli%$ ! primacy ( ! ,pope & ! hi]>*y may be call$ judicial4 ,b ! details ( ?is con/itution ,he left ! ,*ur* to det]m9e4 #ced4 ,! ,duration ( ! ,law ( ,*ri/4--7a7 ,! ,beg9n+4--,! ,new ,law 0 giv5 ?r\gh ! revelation made by ,*ri/ & ! ,holy ,gho/ to ! ,apo/les2 x 0 ratifi$ at ! ,la/ ,supp] & 9 ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 :5 ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 proclaim$ & ! ,old ,te/am5t came to an end2 x 0 promulgat$1 fir/ at ,j]usalem on ! day ( ,p5teco/1 & lat] ?r\gh\t ! _w by ! prea*+ ( ! ,apo/les4 7b7 ,! ,end4--,! ,law ( ,*ri/ cont9ues till ! end ( "t2 = ?is g5]ation--t is1 ?is la/ p]iod ( _w hi/ory "u ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation--%all n end until ,*ri/ returns to judge mank9d2 8,behold1 ,i am ) y all days1 ev5 unto ! consummation ( ! _w0 7,matt41 xxviii4 #bj74 #cee4 ,! ,subjects ( ! ,law ( ,*ri/4--7a7 ,! ,law ( ,*ri/ is = all3 8,go+1 !re=e1 tea* ye all nations4 tea*+ !m to obs]ve all ?+s :atsoev] ,i h comm&$ y0 7,matt41 xxviii4 #ai74 7b7 ,! ,law ( ,*ri/ does n oblige all 9 ! same way4 ,^? outside ,*ri/ianity are oblig$ directly by ! comm&s to believe & to be baptiz$4 ,*ri/ians are oblig$ directly by ! laws ( fai? & works accept$ 9 ,baptism4 #cef4 ,ignorance ( ! ,law ( ,*ri/4-7a7 ,outsid]s may be 9 inv9cible ignorance ( ! ,law ( ,*ri/4 ,= _m p]sons ?r\gh no fault ( _! own1 9 times pa/ or ev5 today1 h n he>d ! ,gospel message3 8,h[ %all !y believe ,him ( :om !y h n he>d80 7,rom1 x4 #ad74 7b7 ,*ri/ians may be 9 inv9cible ignorance ( ! ,law ( ,*ri/4 ,=1 j z want ( a prea*] causes a pagan to be inv9cibly ignorant ( ! necessity ( ,baptism1 s a lack ( in/ruction 9 ,*ri/ian doctr9e might leave a baptiz$ p]son inculpably ignorant 7e4g41 ( ! duty ( receiv+ ! ,eu*>i/74 #ceg4 ,disp5sation f ! ,law ( ,*ri/4--7a7 ,its ,possibility4--,x _c be d5i$ t ,*ri/ c\ld h disp5s$ f ! positive precepts ( ,8 law1 ei!r directly or ?r\gh ,8 ,*ur*2 = ^? precepts dep5d on ,8 w1 &1 l e o!r legislator1 ,he c relax ,8 law or delegate o!rs to d s4 7b7 ,its ,reality4--,"s believe t ,*ri/ grant$ disp5sations f ,8 ,law 7e4g41 t ,he fre$ ! ,bless$ ,virg9 & ! ,apo/les f ! duty ( receiv+ ,baptism1 t he au?oriz$ ! ,apo/les to give ,baptism )\t m5tion+ ! ,tr9ity71 b ^! op9ions seem unlikely & are n well support$4 ,"s also believe t ! p[] ( loos+ grant$ ! ,*ur* 7,matt41 xvi4 #ai7 includes ! p[] ( disp5s+ f ! ,law ( ,*ri/4 ,! contr>y1 h[ev]1 seems m probable4 ,= ! p[] ( loos+ is c]ta9ly limit$ to su* matt]s z ! good ( ! ,*ur* & ( s\ls requires1 & x is m advantage\s = ! ,*ur* & its memb]s t ! laws giv5 by ,*ri/ ,himself %\ld be absolutely un*angeable1 9 ord] t ! unity ( ! ,*ur* & its dep5d5ce on its ,f\nd] may be m manife/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! alt]nate op9ion has solid gr\nds & argum5ts1 & m]its due consid]ation4 ,"s au?ors di/+ui% a tw(old law ( ,*ri/2 7a7 absolute1 t :i* obliges imm$iately & ( itself indep5d5tly ( any action ( man2 e4g41 ! law conc]n+ ! necessity ( ,baptism or det]m9+ bread & w9e z ! matt] ( ! ,eu*>i/2 7b7 hypo!tic1 :i* presupposes "s human action2 e4g41 ! law ( ! indissolubility ( matrimony :i* urges aft] man has freely will$ to be b\nd by ! laws ( matrimony4 ,simil>ly1 ! b9d+ =ce ( v[s presupposes ! tak+ ( ! v[4 ,z to ! absolute law1 no human au?ority may disp5se f x4 ,z already indicat$1 ! good ( ! ,*ur*1 its unity & /ability1 seem to dem& an un*angeable law4 ,9 reg>d to ! hypo!tical law1 _m ( ! m mod]n au?ors ass]t t ! ,holy ,pontiff c at times disp5se4 ,! p[] ( loos+ implies a p[] ( disp5s+ 9 ! ,*ur* :i* has be5 us$ 9 p>ticul> cases2 e4g41 ratum et non consummatum matrimony4 ,moreov]1 ! p[] to disp5se seems extremely useful & almo/ necess>y = ! prud5t & wise gov]n+ ( ! ,*ur*4 ,=1 ) a *ange ( circum/ances an individual might be imp$$ f do+ a great] good because ( a prec$+ act ( w2 e4g41 "o might be imp$$ f embrac+ ! religi\s life because ( a prior v[ to rema9 9 ! _w to assi/ 9 ,ca?olic ,action 7see ,fanfani1 ,o4,p41 ,!ol4 ,moral4 ,manuale1 ,vol4 ,i1 n4 #acd74 #ceh4 ,int]pretation ( ! ,law ( ,*ri/4-7a7 ,private int]pretation 7epieikeia or equity7 is us$ 9 extraord9>y cases1 n =ese5 by ! lawgiv]1 & x decl>es t a p>ticul> case does n fall "u ! ,law4 ,?is k9d ( int]pretation applies only to human laws1 s9ce ,god =esees ?+s n only univ]sally1 b also 9 p>ticul> 7cfr4 on ,natural ,law1 #cae74 7b7 ,public int]pretation ( ! ,law ( ,*ri/ is made by ! ,*ur*1 9 virtue ( ! commission3 8,tea* all ?+s :atsoev] ,i h comm&$0 7,matt1 xxviii4 #bj74 #cei4 ,public ,int]pretation ( ! ,law ( ,*ri/--7a7 ,! ,*ur* is able to give a decl>ative int]pretation ( ! ,positive ,div9e ,law--t is1 to expla9 its mean+1 to %[ :at cases are compreh5d$ 9 ! law1 :at cases are n1 :5 "o is oblig$1 :5 "o is excus$1 etc4 ,example3 ,! ,*ur* int]prets ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ on ! indissolubility ( m>riage1 expla9+ :5 ! bond is absolutely indissoluble1 ! conditions "u :i* x may sometimes be dissolv$1 etc4 7b7 ,! ,*ur* is able to give det]m9ative int]pretation ( ! ,positive ,div9e ,law--t is1 to settle 9 :at mann] a law mu/ be fulfill$4 ,examples3 ,*ri/ gave ! comm& t ! ,eu*>i/ %\ld be receiv$1 b x 0 ! ,*ur* t det]m9$ :5 & h[ (t5 "o mu/ receive ,communion to comply ) ! wi%es ( ,*ri/4 ,*ri/ in/itut$ only g5]ically ! ess5tial rite ( "s ,sacram5ts1 leav+ x to ! ,*ur* to det]m9e ! rite m specifically4 #cfj4 ,! ,law ( ,*ri/ & ,impossibility4--7a7 ,impossibility does n excuse f a law1 9 :i* an act is necess>y n because x is prescrib$1 b is prescrib$ because x is a necess>y means )\t :i*1 ev5 if "o be n guilty ( neglig5ce1 salvation _c be _h 7necessity ( means74 ,example3 ,infants :o die )\t ,baptism are n held guilty ( neglect+ ! ,sacram5ts1 b lack ( x deprives !m ( ! sup]natural bliss promis$ by ,*ri/4 ,only ,baptism conf]s reg5]ation1 & only ! reg5]at$ are capable ( ! vision ( ,god4 7b7 ,impossibility c excuse f a law 9 :i* an act is necess>y because x is prescrib$1 & :i* !re=e makes "o guilty ( s91 if "o willfully neglects x 7necessity ( precept74 ,example3 ,an adult :o dies )\t ! ,eu*>i/ _c be sav$ if he 0 guilty ( grave neglig5ce2 b he c be sav$1 if x 0 n 8 own fault t he did n receive ,holy ,communion4 ,! ,eu*>i/ increases sup]natural life1 b inculpable lack ( x does n exclude f t life4 #cfa4 ,impossibility--or :at is call$ impossibility--does n always excuse ev5 f ^? div9e laws :i* h only ! necessity ( precept4 7a7 ,physical impossibility is ! lack ( p[] to p]=m an act2 = example1 x is physically impossible = a bl9d man to read4 ,?is k9d ( impossibility1 ( c\rse1 excuses f guilt & puni%m5t4 ,example3 ,titus is dy+ & ?9ks ( ! comm& t he %\ld receive ,viaticum4 ,b he is unable to receive ,communion )\t vomit+4 ,h5ce1 9 8 case ! impossibility excuses f ! div9e comm&4 7b7 ,moral impossibility is ! inability to p]=m an act )\t s]i\s inconv5i5ce2 = example1 x is morally impossible = "o :o has weak eyes to read small pr9t4 ,?is k9d ( impossibility does n excuse1 if a great] evil w result f ! non-obs]vance ( ! law ?an ! evil ( inconv5i5ce t w result f its obs]vance4 ,examples3 ,eleaz] w\ld n eat ! meats =bidd5 by ! law ( ,moses1 pref]r+ to die r ?an give public sc&al 7,,ii ,ma*41 vii4 #ah74 ,! comm& ( ,*ri/ t pa/ors m9i/] to _! flocks obliges1 ev5 if x involves dang] ( dea?1 :5 !re is a great public necessity 7z 9 "t ( pe/il5ce7 or an urg5t private necessity 7z :5 an infant is ab\t to die )\t ,baptism74 #cfb4 ,moral impossibility excuses f div9e laws t h only necessity ( precept1 if ! inconv5i5ce is s]i\s1 ev5 :5 comp>$ to ! evil ( violat+ ! law2 = ,god does n wi% comm&s freely in/itut$ by ,8 w to oblige m rigor\sly ?an ! comm&s ( ! ,natural ,law 7see #bhi1 #cag74 ,examples3 ,*ri/ excus$ ,david = eat+ ! loaves ( proposition 7:i* 0 =bidd5 by ! law ( ,moses7 on acc\nt ( urg5t necessity4 ,a mo/ grave ext]nal inconv5i5ce excuses f ! law ( integrity ( confession 7see ,vol4 ,,ii74 #cfc4 ,:at is ! nature ( ! ,*ur*'s action 9 dissolv+ ! bond ( m>riages t are n ratifi$1 or n consummat$ aft] ratification 7see ,vol4 ,,ii71 ) ref]5ce to ,*ri/'s law ( indissolubility8 7a7 ,"s see 9 ?is an application ( o!r div9e laws t limit ! law ( indissolubility1 & t 7 enunciat$ by ,*ri/ ,himself 9 ,8 tea*+ on ! supremacy ( fai? ov] o!r bonds1 ! sup]iority ( virg9ity to m>riage1 ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* 9 loos+1 etc4 7b7 ,o!rs see 9 ?is an int]pretation1 decl>ative or expansive1 ( ! law ( indissolubility4 7c7 ,/ill o!rs reg>d ^! dissolutions z a removal ( ! prop] matt] ( ! obligation contract$ ?r\gh ! act ( ! human w 7cfr4 ! ,natural ,law1 #cab74 ,! p[] ( loos+ w\ld apply "h z 9 ! case ( v[s4 ,"s au?ors call ?is removal ( matt] 8annulm5t ( act10 8remission ( debt10 8p]mission02 :ile o!rs call x 8disp5sation0 7see #cad74 ,^? :o consid] ! dissolution ( ratum non consummatum matrimony z 8disp5sation0 li/ ! law ( indissolubility z hypo!tical positive law 7see #ceg74 #cfd4 ,c\nsels4--,9 addition to its precepts 7:i* are obligatory71 ! ,new ,law conta9s c\nsels1 :i* are optional1 b :i* are expressly recomm5d$4 #cfe4 ,a c\nsel is a moral direction by :i* "o :o is will+ is advis$ to pref] a high] to a l[] good1 9 ord] !reby to t5d m efficaci\sly t[>ds p]fection & to m]it a great] rew>d4 7a7 ,a c\nsel is n some?+ comm&$4 ,example3 ,our ,"l's direction to ! disciples on _! fir/ mission t !y %\ld n c>ry _! su/5ance ) !m 0 requir$ z a duty t !y might le>n to tru/ 9 ,provid5ce4 ,h5ce1 x 0 n a c\nsel4 7b7 ,a c\nsel is n ev]y?+ good t is n comm&$4 ,example3 ,m>riage is n comm&$ to all1 b x is n a c\nsel1 s9ce ! opposite good1 viz41 celibacy1 is bett] 7,i ,cor41 vii4 #ch74 #cff4 ,t :i* is only c\nsell$ z to its actual p]=mance1 is comm&$ z to its acceptance by ! w = a case ( necessity4 ,example3 ,our ,"l's direction t good be done to p]sonal enemies does n comm& t "o actually conf] favors on !m outside ( ! case ( necessity 7?is is only c\nsell$71 b only t "o be s *>itably incl9$ t "o is ready to help ev5 a p]sonal enemy :o is 9 s]i\s ne$4 #cfg4 ,! sup]iority ( ! c\nsels may be se5 f ! attitudes m5 take to ! goods ( ?is _w4 7a7 ,"s are tak5 up entirely ) ! ?+s ( e>?1 mak+ temporal goods ! end ( life & ! /&>d ( action4 ,^! d n keep ! ,comm&m5ts & _c be sav$4 7b7 ,"s use ! goods ( ?is _w n z ends1 b z subord9ate to ?+s t are high]4 ,^! keep ! ,comm&m5ts & w be sav$2 b _! solicitude ab\t temporal conc]ns less5s ! att5tion !y c\ld give to ?+s ( ! _s4 7c7 ,"s r5\nce entirely ! goods ( ?is life1 9 ord] to give !mselves z completely z possible to ! ?+s ( ,god4 ,^! obs]ve ! c\nsels1 & c m readily atta9 to hol9ess & salvation2 =1 be+ fre$ f num]\s c>es ab\t e>?ly ?+s1 !y c devote !mselves m easily & e>ne/ly to ?+s t are heav5ly4 #cfh4 ,! ,?ree ,c\nsels4--,!re are _m c\nsels giv5 9 ! ,gospels1 b all c be r$uc$ to ?ree1 accord+ to ! ?ree *ief e>?ly goods t may be surr5d]$1 & ! ?ree k9ds ( temptation t come f ^? goods4 7a7 ,! c\nsel ( pov]ty requires t "o give up entirely ext]nal goods or weal?1 f :i* comes ! concupisc5ce ( ! eyes3 8,if ?\ wilt be p]fect1 g sell :at ?\ ha/1 & give to ! poor1 & ?\ %alt h treasure 9 heav50 7,matt1 ,xix4 #ba74 7b7 ,! c\nsel ( *a/ity requires t "o r5\nce entirely c>nal goods ( pleasure1 f :i* arise ! concupisc5ce ( ! fle%3 8,he t give? 8 virg9 9 m>riage1 do? well2 & he t give? h] n1 do? bett]0 7,i ,cor41 vii4 #ch74 7c7 ,! c\nsel ( ob$i5ce requires t "o d5y oneself ! good ( ! s\l :i* is "o's own w1 f :i* comes ! pride ( life3 8,come foll[ ,me0 7,matt1 xix4 #ba74 #cfi4 ,! c\nsels c be foll[$ 9 two ways4 7a7 ,!y are foll[$ completely1 :5 "o accepts !m z a rule = "o's :ole life1 z is done by ^? :o embrace ! /ate ( p]fection 9 ! religi\s life1 tak+ by v[ ! ?ree evangelical c\nsels ( pov]ty1 *a/ity & ob$i5ce4 7b7 ,!y are foll[$ p>tially :5 "o practises !m 9 p>ticul> in/ances4 ,examples3 ,a weal?y man :o gives to ! poor :5 !re is no obligation to d s1 practises ! c\nsel ( pov]ty 9 t case4 ,a p]son :o r5\nces 8 own legitimate wi%es 9 "s matt]1 practises ! c\nsel ( ob$i5ce 9 t case1 z :5 he conf]s "s favor on "o :o has (f5d$ him1 or p>dons a debt4 ,m>ri$ p]sons :o practise conjugal ab/95ce = ! sake ( religion1 foll[ a c\nsel ( *a/ity 7,i ,cor41 vii4 #e74 ,art4 #d3 ,,human ,,law 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,i-,,ii1 qq4 #ie-ig47 #cgj4 ,def9ition4--,s9ce human p]v]sity (t5 ne$s a *eck 9 regulations t are n expressly conta9$ 9 ! ,natural or 9 ! ,div9e ,law1 o!r laws mu/ be made by society1 drawn f ^? high] laws z conclusions or add$ to !m z det]m9ations1 9 ord] to meet special circum/ances & necessities4 #cga4 ,division ( ,human ,laws4-,human laws are v>i\sly divid$4 7a7 ,accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( legislators1 laws are ei!r ecclesia/ical or civil4 b7 ,accord+ to _! mode ( d]ivation f ! ,natural ,law1 laws belong ei!r to ! law ( nations 7jus g5tium7 or to civil law4 ,to ! jus g5tium belong ^? laws :i* are d]iv$ f ! ,natural ,law z conclusions f premises1 e4g41 ! "r to private prop]ty )\t :i* m5 _c live peacefully 9 society4 ,to civil law belongs :atev] is d]iv$ f ,natural ,law by way ( positive det]m9ation by a legislator2 e4g41 ,natural ,law dictates t ! evil-do] be puni%$2 b t ! puni%m5t take a p>ticul> =m1 imprisonm5t1 exile1 dea?1 is a det]m9ation dep5d+ ^u ! w ( ! legislator4 ,! jus g5tium is n int]national law :i* d]ives its =ce & sanction f ! free w ( ! legislator4 ,! law ( nations is common to all m5 & d]ives its =ce f ! conviction ( m5 t su* a law is dem&$ = ! good ( mank9d4 ,x is n a second>y precept ( ! ,natural ,law :i* is d]iv$ f ! prim>y precepts necess>ily4 ,r x is bas$ ^u a cont+5t set ( circum/ances2 x does n spr+ f man's nature absolutely consid]$1 b f ! way 9 :i* man acts & reacts 9 8 society4 7c7 ,accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( _! objects1 laws are ei!r affirmative 7i4e41 preceptive7 or negative 7i4e41 prohibitive74 ,an affirmative law obliges always1 b n = e occasion2 a negative law obliges always1 & = e occasion4 ,example3 ,! ,?ird & ,f\r? ,comm&m5ts are always 9 =ce1 b x is n necess>y to elicit a positive act ( compliance at e in/ant4 ,! o!r ,comm&m5ts1 :i* are negative1 are n only 9 =ce always1 b x is necess>y at e in/ant to omit :at !y =bid4 7d7 ,accord+ to ! obligation :i* !y impose1 laws are ei!r moral1 p5al1 or moral-p5al4 ,moral laws oblige "u pa9 ( s91 p5al laws "u pa9 ( puni%m5t1 moral-p5al laws "u pa9 ( bo?4 7e7 ,accord+ to _! inclusiv5ess1 laws are ei!r p]sonal or t]ritorial4 ,! =m] affect ! p]son = :om ! law is made1 & oblige him ev5 :5 he is outside ! t]ritory ( ! lawgiv]4 ,! latt] affect ! t]ritory1 & h5ce d n oblige a subject :5 he is outside ! t]ritory affect$ by ! law4 7f7 ,accord+ to _! effect1 prohibitive laws are ei!r m]ely prohibitive or irritant4 ,! =m] make :at is =bidd5 illegal1 ! latt] make x also void4 #cgb4 ,qualities4--,! objects or cont5t ( human law mu/ be ( su* a "*3 7a7 t !y d n conflict ) ! ,natural or ! ,div9e ,law2 7b7 t !y be b5eficial to ! community = :i* !y are made4 #cgc4 ,laws fail to be ( public b5efit 9 su* cases z ! foll[+3 7a7 if !y are made )\t a broad view ( ! public good1 :i* has reg>d = diff]5t classes ( p & v>i\s int]e/s1 & :i* provides = ! future z well z = ! pres5t2 7b7 if1 los+ sight ( ! fact t ! majority are n p]fect 9 virtue1 ! lawgiv]s require s mu* t ! law falls into contempt1 & grav] evils result ?an w\ld h happ5$ o!rwise4 ,h5ce1 x is advisable t human laws conf9e _! prohibitions to grav] misde$s1 especially ^? t are h>mful to o!rs & to society1 & re/rict _! comm&s to su* good acts z promote ! common weal4 ,multiplicity ( laws1 excessive p5alties = m9or (f5ses1 cruel & unusual sanctions1 lead to lawlessness4 #cgd4 ,human laws %\ld n prescribe :at is too difficult4 7a7 ,!y %\ld n prescribe h]oic virtue1 unless ! common safety dem&s x1 or a subject has volunt>ily oblig$ himself to x4 ,example3 ,soldi]s 9 w> & pa/ors 9 "t ( pe/il5ce mu/ expose !mselves to dang] ( dea?2 b = ord9>y occasions ! law %\ld n oblige "o to risk "o's life or o!r great good4 7b7 ,!y %\ld n prescribe agreem5t ) ! m9d ( ! legislator or a virtu\s p]=mance ( :at is prescrib$1 unless ! ?+ ord]$ itself dem&s ?is4 ,examples3 ,! law ( annual ,confession & ( ! ,ea/] ,communion requires1 n only t ^! ,sacram5ts be receiv$1 b t !y be receiv$ wor?ily1 = an unwor?y ,confession is no ,sacram5t1 & an unwor?y ,communion does n satisfy ! comm& ( ,*ri/1 ( :i* ! ,*ur* comm& is b a det]m9ation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,l5t5 fa/ obs]v$ by "o :o is n 9 ! /ate ( grace is an act good 9 itself & satisfies ! law4 ,he :o he>s ,mass on a holyday1 n kn[+ t x is a holyday1 satisfies ! obligation1 ?\gh he _h no int5tion ( fulfill+ x4 #cge4 ,obligation ( ,human ,laws4--,all human laws t are j1 :e!r !y be ecclesia/ical or civil1 made by believ]s 9 ,god or unbeliev]s1 are obligatory 9 consci5ce1 7a7 ,f ! beg9n+ ! ,*ur* has made laws & impos$ !m z obligatory 7,acts1 xv4 #bi2 ,i ,cor41 vi4 #d2 ,i ,cor41 xi4 #e2 ,i ,tim41 v4 #i-ab71 & has recogniz$ z obligatory ! laws ( ! ,/ate1 )\t reg>d to ! moral or religi\s qualifications ( ! rul]s 7,i ,pet]1 ii4 #ac-af2 ,rom41 xiii4 #a-g74 7b7 ,human laws are necess>y4 ,! ,natural ,law does n prescribe def9ite p5alties1 :ile ! ,positive ,div9e ,law prescribes only su* z are remote & invisible2 & h5ce1 if !re 7 no human laws hold+ out ! ?reat ( det]m9$ & pres5t puni%m5ts1 ! ,div9e laws w\ld be contemn$4 ,moreov]1 s9ce ! high] laws are sometimes unkn[n1 or prescribe no "t1 place or mann] ( accompli%m5t1 or d n comm& ?+s t w\ld be useful = _! obs]vance1 x is necess>y t !re be laws made by man to secure ! bett] k & fulfillm5t ( ! laws giv5 by ,god ,himself4 #cgf4 ,a human law is unju/ 9 two ways3 7a7 if oppos$ to ! rights ( ,god4 ,examples3 ,! comm& ( ,ph>aoh t ! ,hebrew male *ildr5 be murd]$ 7,exod41 i4 #ag71 ! comm& ( ,antio*us t 8 subjects sacrifice to idols 7,i ,ma*41 ii4 #af-bj71 ! comm& ( ! ,sanh$r9 t ! ,apo/les %\ld cease to prea* 7,acts1 v4 #bi72 7b7 if oppos$ to ! rights ( man4 ,?is happ5s 9 ?ree ways3 ,fir/1 :5 ! purpose ( ! law is n ! common good1 z :5 ! lawgiv] seeks only 8 own pr(it or glory2 secondly1 :5 ! mak] ( ! law has n ! requisite au?ority2 ?irdly1 :5 ! law itself1 al?\gh = ! common good & made by compet5t au?ority1 does n di/ribute burd5s equally or reasonably among ! p4 ,examples3 ,a*ab & ,jezabel1 9 ! affair ( ! v9ey>d ( ,nabo?1 _h 9 view n ! public1 b _! own private b5efit 7,,iii ,k+s1 xvi74 ,! s5t5ce ( dea? pron\nc$ on our ,"l by ! ,sanh$r9 0 illegal1 because1 among o!r reasons1 ! body 0 n assembl$ accord+ to law1 & h5ce _h no au?ority to give s5t5ce4 ,! comm&s giv5 ! ,israelites by ,ph>aoh 7,exod41 v4 #ah71 & to _! subjects by ,ori5tal despots 7,i ,k+s1 viii71 7 unju/1 because ! =m] discrim9at$ aga9/ ! ,israelites1 & ! latt] bore d[n too heavily on all ! p4 ,! =m] civil laws t prescrib$ ! same p5alty ( hang+ = a slight misdemeanor 7su* z ! !ft ( a loaf ( bread by a boy7 z = ! capital crimes ( piracy or murd]1 ! ,/amp ,act ( ,george ,,iii1 & "s mod]n laws t s5t5ce to life imprisonm5t ^? :o h be5 f\r times convict$ ( slight (f5ses1 are m rec5t examples ( unju/ laws4 #cgg4 ,ob$i5ce to unju/ laws is n obligatory 9 ! foll[+ cases4 7a7 ,if a law is oppos$ to ! rights ( ,god1 x is n lawful to d :at t law comm&s or p]mits1 nor to omit :at x =bids4 ,examples3 ,if a law p]mits "o to practise polygamy1 or comm&s "o to blaspheme religion1 "o may n use ! p]mission or obey4 ,if a law =bids "o to give or receive ,baptism1 x has no =ce4 7b7 ,if a law is c]ta9ly oppos$ to ! rights ( man 9 any ( ! ?ree ways m5tion$ 9 ! previ\s p>agraph 7#cgf1 b71 x does n ( itself oblige 9 consci5ce1 s9ce x lacks "s ess5tial condition ( a true law1 & ev5 ! cons5t ( ! majority or ( all does n make x j4 ,h[ev]1 x may oblige accid5tally1 on acc\nt ( ! great] evils t w\ld foll[ on disob$i5ce1 su* z sc&al1 civil di/urbances1 etc4 ,! duty ( subjects is to remon/rate aga9/ su* a law & to "w = its repeal4 #cgh4 ,! obligation ( all laws is n ! same 9 k9d1 or degree4 7a7 ,moral laws oblige "o to d :at is comm&$ or to omit :at is =bidd51 z a duty ow$ 9 consci5ce2 h5ce1 he :o violates a law ( ?is k9d is guilty ( moral fault4 ,p5al laws oblige "o to foll[ :at !y prescribe1 if "o w\ld be free f guilt be=e ! law & n liable 9 consci5ce to ! p5alty prescrib$2 h5ce1 he :o violates a p5al law is guilty ( juridical fault1 &1 if he fur!r illegally resi/s ! p5alty1 he becomes guilty also ( moral fault4 7b7 ,moral laws are n all ( ! same obligatory =ce1 "s ( !m oblig+ "u grave s91 o!rs "u v5ial s94 #cgi4 ,! foll[+ human laws are recogniz$ z moral laws3 7a7 ecclesia/ical laws1 ) few exceptions2 7b7 civil laws t confirm ! ,et]nal or ,div9e ,law1 or t p]ta9 directly to ! common welf>e1 su* z ! laws t det]m9e ! duties ( public (ficials1 ! rights ( inh]itance1 etc4 #chj4 ,! foll[+ human laws are g5]ally reg>d$ z m]ely p5al3 7a7 ecclesia/ical laws :i* expressly /ate t _! obs]vance is n requir$ "u pa9 ( s9 7e4g41 ! /atutes ( _m ,religi\s ,ord]s72 7b7 civil laws ( m9or importance1 or :i* ! legislator imposes z a purely civil duty 7e4g41 "s traffic regulations74 #cha4 ,moral laws oblige "u grave s9 if ! two foll[+ conditions are pres5t3 7a7 if ! ?+ prescrib$ by ! law is ( great importance1 because ( its nature or circum/ances2 7b7 if ! lawgiv] int5d$ to impose a grave obligation4 #chb4 ,a matt] ( light mom5t _c be made ! object ( a law t b9ds "u grave s91 = ?is w\ld impose an intol]able burd51 & w\ld ?us be contr>y to ! common good4 ,:at is unimportant 9 itself1 h[ev]1 may become important on acc\nt ( its purpose or o!r circum/ance4 #chc4 ,! int5tion ( ! legislator to impose a grave moral obligation is recogniz$ ei!r3 7a7 f 8 own decl>ation1 z :5 a *ur* law is comm&$ "u ?reat ( ! div9e judgm5t2 or 7b7 f circum/ances t indicate su* an int5tion1 su* z ! gravity ( ! subject-matt] ( ! law or ! k9d ( p5alty x prescribes1 ! g5]al op9ion ( au?orities1 or ! common practice ( ! community4 #chd4 ,by oblig+ to ! obs]vance ( :at !y comm& & ! avoidance ( :at !y =bid1 laws indirectly oblige to :at is necess>y = su* ob$i5ce4 7a7 ,h5ce1 ! law obliges "o to make use ( ! ord9>y means = its fulfillm5t4 ,examples3 ,he :o has n us$ ord9>y dilig5ce to "k ! law1 s9s aga9/ ! law if he violates its prescriptions4 ,he :o eats meat on a day ( ab/95ce1 because he neglect$ to provide himself ) o!r food1 is guilty ( s94 7b7 ,! law obliges "o to use suffici5t dilig5ce 9 remov+ imp$im5ts to its fulfillm5t or dang]s ( its violation4 ,examples3 ,! law ( he>+ ,mass on ,sunday obliges "o n to /ay up s late on ,saturday t fulfillm5t w be impossible4 ,! law ( fa/+ obliges "o to avoid dang]\s occasions ( its violation4 #che4 ,int]pretation4--,?\gh laws are c>efully fram$ z to language1 d\bts ab\t _! mean+ w (t5 arise--9 ord9>y cases1 because ( lack ( und]/&+ or *anges ( conditions1 & 9 extraord9>y cases1 because f ! circum/ances ! law seems inapplicable4 ,h5ce ! ne$ ( expla9+ ! law1 :i* is done 9 ord9>y cases by int]pretation1 9 extraord9>y cases by epieikeia 7see #daa sqq474 #chf4 ,int]pretation is a g5u9e explanation ( ! law1 t is1 "o t /ates ! mean+ ( ! words ( ! law accord+ to ! int5tion ! lawgiv] _h 9 m9d :5 he *ose !m4 ,x is ( v>i\s k9ds4 7a7 ,accord+ to ! au?or f :om x proce$s1 int]pretation is au!ntic1 if x comes f ! lawgiv] himself or f ano!r au?oriz$ by him2 x is usual1 if x comes f common usage 7i4e41 f ! mann] 9 :i* ! law is cu/om>ily obs]v$72 x is doctr9al1 if x is made by le>n$ m5 accord+ to ! rules ( correct exegesis4 7b7 ,accord+ to ! effect1 int]pretation is decl>ative1 if x cle>s up :at 0 obscure 9 ! law2 x is supplem5t>y1 if x ext5ds or limits ! law1 by add+ to or subtract+ f ! cases includ$ "u x4 7c7 ,accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* x is made1 int]pretation is /rict or wide1 ,/rict int]pretation gives to a ^w ( law t lea/ inclusive & mo/ prop] signification x be>s 7e4g41 x und]/&s 8son0 to /& = son by bir?74 ,wide int]pretation gives to a ^w a m inclusive & less prop] signification 7e4g41 x und]/&s 8son0 to /& = son by bir? or by adoption74 #chg4 ,^? ,subject to ,law4--,only ^? are morally oblig$ to obs]ve human law :o are subjects ( ! lawgiv] & :o h ! use ( reason4 7a7 ,^? :o are n subjects 9 any s5se are n b\nd1 = to obligate by law is an act ( au?ority & jurisdiction2 7b7 ^? :o h n rea*$ ! age ( reason1 or :o are habitually insane1 are n !mselves morally b\nd1 s9ce !y are incapable ( moral obligation4 ,( c\rse1 !y may be re/ra9$ z to acts1 & _! rights may be det]m9$4 #chh4 ,! lawgiv] himself1 ev5 ?\gh n subject1 is held to obs]ve ! laws he makes4 ,?us3 7a7 if ! lawmak+ p[] resides 9 a legislative assembly1 ea* legislator is subject to ! body & h5ce to its laws2 7b7 if ! lawmak+ p[] is ve/$ 9 an individual1 he is n subject to ! coactive =ce ( 8 own laws1 s9ce he _c puni% himself2 b he is subject to _! directive =ce1 inasmu* z ! high] law ( nature requires t ! sup]ior %[ good example by obs]v+ :at he requires ( o!rs4 #chi4 ,*ange ( ,law4--,! gr[? ( k & exp]i5ce1 or ! *ange ( social circum/ances1 requires n[ & !n t human laws be improv$ or adapt$ to new conditions4 ,b1 s9ce laws d]ive a great "p ( _! influ5ce f cu/om1 !y %\ld n be *ang$ unless ! break ) cu/om is comp5sat$ = by ! urg5t necessity ( ! new law1 by its manife/ advantage1 or by ! evid5t iniquity or h>mfulness ( ! old law1 ,9 brief1 ! common good %\ld be ! norm by :i* to decide :e!r a law %\ld be reta9$ or *ang$4 #cij4 ,con/itutional law1 z be+ fundam5tal & organic1 is m immutable ?an ord9>y law4 7a7 ,if giv5 to a society e/abli%$ accord+ to ! positive ord9ance ( a sup]ior1 x _c be abrogat$ or modifi$ by ! legislative au?ority ( t society1 s9ce ?is w\ld be contr>y to ! w ( ! f\nd]4 ,h5ce1 ! ,*ur* has no p[] to *ange ! fundam5tal con/itution giv5 h] by ,*ri/1 :o prescrib$ ! religi\s society z e/abli%$ by ,him to be necess>y4 7b7 ,if a con/itutional law is giv5 to a society :i* is p]fect & necess>y f ! law ( nature1 su* con/itution c be modifi$ = extraord9>y reasons & 9 ! special ways provid$ 7e4g41 by am5dm5ts approv$ by ! p74 #cia4 ,! ,law ( ,cu/om4--,cu/om 7i4e41 a long-cont9u$ practice t has acquir$ b9d+ =ce7 is able to e/abli% a new law or to d away ) an old law4 ,= ! w ( ! lawgiv] is manife/$ n only by words1 z happ5s 9 ! writt5 law1 b also & m cle>ly by repeat$ & cont9u$ acts1 z happ5s 9 ! case ( ! unwritt5 law ( cu/om4 ,9 a democracy x is ! cons5t ( ! p :o foll[ ! cu/om z law t imposes ! obligation2 9 a mon>*y x is ! cons5t ( ! rul] :o p]mits ! cu/om4 #cib4 ,) ref]5ce to _! legal effects1 !re are ?ree k9ds ( cu/oms3 7a7 cu/oms accord+ to ! law1 :i* are ^? t confirm by use an exi/+ law2 9 ?is way cu/om int]prets law 7see #chf72 7b7 cu/oms beside ! law1 :i* are ^? t introduce a new obligation t is n prescrib$ by any writt5 law2 9 ?is way cu/om e/abli%es law2 7c7 cu/oms contr>y to law1 :i* are ^? t remove ! obligation ( a previ\s law2 9 ?is way cu/om repeals1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ! law to :i* x is oppos$4 #cic4 ,cu/om has n ! p[] to e/abli% or repeal a law1 unless x possesses ! requisites ( law itself 7see #bhe74 ,h5ce arise ! foll[+ conditions3 7a7 ,s9ce ! ex]cise ( ! legislative p[] requires fre$om1 cu/oms d n possess legal =ce unless !y h be5 practis$ freely4 ,h5ce1 a cu/om t has be5 e/abli%$ by =ce does n suffice2 7b7 ,s9ce laws c be made only = p]fect societies1 cu/oms h n ! =ce ( law1 unless !y are practis$ by a p]fect society1 or by a majority ( its memb]s :o are repres5tative4 ,h5ce1 a cu/om obs]v$ by a family or by a m9ority ( ! vot]s 9 a body t has its own jurisprud5ce has n ! /atus ( law2 7c7 ,s9ce laws mu/ proce$ f compet5t au?ority1 cu/oms d n make or unmake law1 unless !y h ! approval ( ! rul+ p[]4 ,9 a society :]e ! legislative function re/s ) ! p 7e4g41 9 ! anci5t democracy ( ,a!ns71 ! fact t !y foll[ a cu/om ) ! purpose ( enact+ x into law or ( us+ x aga9/ an exi/+ law is suffici5t approval4 ,b if ! supreme p[] is n ) ! multitude1 _! cu/oms d n obta9 ! =ce ( legislative acts1 unless approv$ by ! con/itut$ au?ority2 7d7 ,s9ce law ne$s to be promulgat$1 a cu/om1 to h ! effect ( law1 mu/ be practis$ by public acts ?r\gh :i* x becomes kn[n to ! p z a :ole4 #cid4 ,cu/oms t h ! o!r requisite conditions beg9 to be obligatory or d]ogatory z soon z ! approval ( compet5t au?ority is _h4 7a7 ,if ! approval is giv5 expressly1 ! cu/om has ! =ce ( law at once2 7b7 if x is giv5 tacitly1 inasmu* z ! lawgiv]1 kn[+ ! cu/om & be+ "u no re/ra9t1 does n disapprove1 ! cu/om has ! =ce ( law z soon z tacit cons5t is recogniz$ by ! le>n$ & prud5t2 7c7 if x is giv5 by ! law itself1 :i* explicitly accepts reasonable cu/oms1 ! cu/om has ! =ce ( law :5 x has la/$ = t5 ye>s1 or o!r l5g? ( "t prescrib$4 #cie4 ,if ! sup]ior disapproves ( a cu/om or ma9ta9s diplomatic sil5ce = fe> ( great] evils1 8 cons5t is )held1 & ! cu/om _c be deem$ z ( legal =ce4 #cif4 ,!re are o!r conditions necess>y t a cu/om may acquire ! =ce ( law4 7a7 ,s9ce a law is an ord9ance kn[+ly impos$ by ! w ( ! legislator1 a cu/om does n con/itute a law if x is foll[$ ?r\gh ! errone\s conviction t x is already a law1 or if !re is no?+ to indicate a w to make x obligatory4 ,signs ( ! int5tion to raise a cu/om to ! dignity ( a law are ! puni%m5t ( transgressors ( ! cu/om1 ! obs]vance ( ! cu/om ev5 at ! co/ ( great inconv5i5ce1 ! op9ion ( ! good t x %\ld be foll[$1 etc4 7b7 ,s9ce a law _c prescribe except :at is reasonable & = ! common good1 a practice oppos$ to ! ,natural or ,div9e ,law1 or expressly reprobat$ by writt5 law z an abuse1 or "o t is injuri\s to ! welf>e ( ! community1 _c become unwritt5 law ?r\gh cu/om4 #cig4 ,!re are special conditions 9 ord] t a cu/om may d away ) an exi/+ law4 7a7 ,a writt5 law is n repeal$ unless ! legislator wills to take away its obligation1 & h5ce desuetude or a cu/om contr>y to law does n abrogate a law unless x manife/s a purpose n to be obligat$ by :at ! law prescribes4 ,?is x does if ! :ole p reg>d a c]ta9 law z a dead lett]1 or feel t circum/ances or ! common welf>e require ! opposite ( :at ! law requires1 & h no scruple 9 act+ uni=mly accord+ to ?is conviction4 7b7 ,a writt5 law is n repeal$1 if x is immutable1 or if a *ange w\ld be prejudicial to ! common int]e/2 simil>ly1 !re=e1 a cu/om _c aboli% a law1 unless ?is law is "o t c be abrogat$ by human acts1 & t is n ess5tial to ! public good4 ,h5ce1 cu/oms contr>y to ! ,comm&m5ts or to ! ,law ( ,*ri/1 cu/oms t are expressly condemn$ 9 ,canon ,law z corruptions1 cu/oms t enc\rage lawlessness or af=d occasions ( s91 c nev] d away ) a law1 no matt] h[ long or by h[ _m !y are practis$4 #cih4 ,^? :o />t a cu/om contr>y to law are sometimes 9 good fai?1 & h5ce are n guilty ( disob$i5ce4 7a7 ,x may be t !y are 9 ignorance ( ! law1 b h ! int]pretative w n to be b\nd by x2 7b7 x may be t !y "k ! law1 b s9c]ely ?9k t1 on acc\nt ( conditions1 x has ceas$ ( itself4 #cii4 ,ev5 :5 a cu/om has be5 />t$ 9 bad fai?1 x may cont9ue ?r\gh good fai?1 & s become n a violation1 b an abrogation ( ! law4 ,*ang$ conditions may make ! law useless or h>mful2 or ! v fact t x is no long] obs]v$ may make x too difficult to en=ce4 #djj4 ,today cu/oms d n s (t5 atta9 ! =ce ( law4 ,moreov]1 s difficult is x to "k :e!r any cu/om has all ! qualities necess>y = e/abli%+1 modify+1 or abrogat+ a law t only an exp]t is compet5t to judge 9 ?is matt]4 #dja4 ,disp5sation4--,human law has n ! immutability ( ! ,div9e ,law4 ,h5ce1 n only may x be *ang$1 b x may also be disp5s$4 ,disp5sation is a relaxation ( ! positive law made = a p>ticul> case by him :o has ! compet5t au?ority4 7a7 ,x is a relaxation ( ! law--t is1 x takes away ! obligation ( ! law4 ,?us1 x diff]s f p]mission1 :i* is fulfillm5t ( :at is conditionally all[$ by ! law4 7b7 ,disp5sation is made = a p>ticul> case--t is1 x is grant$ :5 ! provisions ( ! law1 ?\gh b5eficial to ! community z a :ole1 are n suitable = a p>ticul> p]son or case4 ,?us1 x diff]s1 fir/1 f abrogation & d]ogation1 :i* remove ! obligation ( ! :ole or a "p ( ! law = ! entire community2 &1 secondly1 f privilege1 :i* is grant$ p]man5tly z a private law4 7c7 ,disp5sation is giv5 by compet5t au?ority--t is1 by ! legislator or o!rs :o h ! lawful p[]4 ,?us1 x diff]s f epieikeia & private int]pretation1 :i* are made by ^? :o h no p[] to disp5se4 7d7 ,disp5sation is a relaxation ( ! positive law1 = s9ce ! ,natural ,law is immutable 7see #cje71 no disp5sation c be giv5 f its requirem5ts4 ,?us1 disp5sation diff]s f ! (ficial decl>ation or int]pretation ( ! ,natural or ,div9e ,law 7see #cae74 #djb4 ,^? :o h ! p[] to disp5se f a law are ! lawgiv] & o!rs duly au?oriz$4 7a7 ,! lawgiv] himself c disp5se z foll[s3 9 8 own laws1 s9ce he 0 able to make !m2 9 ! laws ( 8 pr$ecessors1 s9ce 8 au?ority is equal to !irs2 9 ! laws ( 8 inf]iors1 s9ce !y are 8 subord9ates4 7b7 ,o!rs c disp5se :o h receiv$ f ! law1 f _! sup]ior1 or f cu/om ! necess>y au?ority to disp5se4 #djc4 ,^? ,:o ,may ,be ,disp5s$ f a ,law4--7a7 ,s9ce disp5sation is an act ( jurisdiction1 only ^? c be disp5s$ :o are 9 "s way subject to ! disp5s]4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! jurisdiction us$ 9 disp5s+ does n impose an obligation b grants a favor1 x is held t he :o has ! p[] to disp5se o!rs may also disp5se himself1 if 8 p[] is n re/rict$4 7b7 ,s9ce disp5sation is an act ( au?ority1 x may be ex]cis$ ev5 9 favor ( "o :o is abs5t1 or ignorant ( ! disp5sation or unwill+ to accept x4 ,b1 s9ce z a rule favors %\ld n be =c$1 ! validity ( a disp5sation g5]ally dep5ds ^u ! cons5t ( ! "o disp5s$4 #djd4 ,! p[] ( disp5s+ has = its end ! common good1 & !re=e x mu/ be ex]cis$3 7a7 fai? fully1 t is1 n = reasons ( private int]e/ or fri5d%ip2 7b7 prud5tly1 t is ) k ( ! case & ) judgm5t t !re are suffici5t reasons = disp5sation4 #dje4 ,9 ord] t ! reason = a disp5sation be suffici5t1 x is n requir$ t x be s grave z to con/itute a physical or moral impossibility ( keep+ ! law1 s9ce ! obligation ( ! law ceases 9 ! face ( impossibility 7see #cag1 #dhg71 )\t ! ne$ ( disp5sation4 ,h5ce1 less] reasons suffice = disp5sation4 #djf4 ,a disp5sation mu/ be grant$ :5ev] ! law itself or ju/ice requires x4 ,! foll[+ cases are usually giv53 7a7 :5 !re exi/s a reason t requires1 accord+ to law1 t a disp5sation be grant$2 7b7 :5 ! common good1 or ! spiritual good ( an individual1 or 8 protection f "s consid]able evil1 dem&s ! concession ( a disp5sation4 #djg4 ,a disp5sation may be ei!r grant$ or d5i$1 :5 ! case does n dem& x & ! sup]ior aft] c>eful inve/igation is n c]ta9 :e!r ! reason is suffici5t or insuffici5t2 o!rwise1 a great] responsibility w\ld re/ on ! sup]ior ?an ! law c be ?\ght to impose--viz41 t ( atta9+ c]ta9ty :]e x _c easily be _h4 #djh4 ,he :o disp5ses )\t a suffici5t reason is guilty ( ! s9 ( favoritism1 & is responsible = ! discont5t & qu>rels t result4 ,he is guilty ( grave s9 ?us3 7a7 if s]i\s sc&al or o!r inconv5i5ce is caus$1 ev5 :5 ! disp5s] is ! lawgiv] himself2 7b7 if ! law obliges "u grave s9 & ! disp5sation is n grant$ by ! lawgiv]1 b by an inf]ior :o usurps ! "r to disp5se4 #dji4 ,! subject ( disp5sation is guilty ( s93 7a7 if he asks a disp5sation :5 he kn[s = c]ta9 t !re is no suffici5t reason = x2 7b7 if1 hav+ be5 d5i$ a disp5sation1 ev5 ?\gh unju/ly1 he acts aga9/ ! law2 or if he kn[+ly makes use ( an invalid or expir$ disp5sation4 #daj4 ,suffici5t reasons = a disp5sation c be r$uc$ to two classes3 7a7 private welf>e 7e4g41 ! difficulty ( ! law = ! petition]1 a notable b5efit he w receive ?r\gh ! disp5sation1 etc472 7b7 public welf>e 7e4g41 ! b5efits t are secur$ to ! community1 or ! evils t are avoid$ ?r\gh ! disp5sation74 #daa4 ,epieikeia4--,s9ce human laws regulate p>ticul> & cont+5t cases accord+ to :at usually happ5s1 & s9ce !y mu/ !re=e be express$ 9 g5]al t]ms1 exceptional cases w occur t fall "u ! law1 if we consid] only ! g5]al word+ ( its text1 b t d n fall "u ! law1 if we consid] ! purpose ( ! lawgiv]1 :o nev] =esaw ! exceptional cases & w\ld h made diff]5t provision = !m1 _h he =ese5 !m4 ,9 su* exceptional cases legalism insi/s on bl9d ob$i5ce to ! law-books1 b ! high] ju/ice ( epieikeia or equity calls = ob$i5ce to ! lawgiv] himself z int5d+ ! common welf>e & fair treatm5t ( ! rights ( ea* p]son4 #dab4 ,epieikeia may be def9$1 !re=e1 z a mod]ation ( ! words ( ! law :]e 9 an extraord9>y case1 on acc\nt ( _! g5]ality1 !y d n repres5t ! m9d ( ! lawgiv]2 :i* mod]ation mu/ be made 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! lawgiv] himself w\ld h made x1 _h he ?\ght ( ! case1 or w\ld make x n[1 7 he consult$4 ,h5ce1 epieikeia diff]s f ! v>i\s causes t take away ! obligation ( a law1 = x supposes ! non-exi/5ce ( obligation f ! beg9n+ & non-compreh5sion 9 ! law4 ,?us3 7a7 x is n revocation1 desuetude1 re/rictive int]pretation1 or disp5sation2 7b7 x is n cessation on acc\nt ( impossibility2 7c7 x is n presum$ p]mission or self-disp5sation4 #dac4 ,9 its use epieikeia is at once lawful & dang]\s4 7a7 ,x is lawful1 = x def5ds ! common good1 ! judgm5t ( consci5ce1 ! rights ( individuals f subjection to a writt5 docum5t1 & f oppression by ! abuse ( p[]2 7b7 x is dang]\s1 = x re/s on ! judgm5t ( ! individual1 :i* is prone to decide 9 8 own favor to ! detrim5t ( ! common good z well z ( self4 #dad4 ,epieikeia by its v nature imposes c]ta9 limits on its use4 7a7 ,x is bas$ on ! fact t a c]ta9 case is n compreh5d$ 9 a law1 because ! legislator did n =esee x4 ,h5ce1 epieikeia is n applicable to ! ,div9e ,law2 = ! ,div9e ,lawgiv] =esaw all cases t c\ld arise1 & s exclud$ all exceptions 7see #cae74 ,?is is cle> z reg>ds ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts & o!r precepts ( ! ,natural ,law1 s9ce !y deal ) :at is intr9sically good or bad1 & are un*angeable 7see #cjg74 ,b x applies also to ! prescriptions ( ! ,positive ,law ( ,god1 & app>5t cases ( epieikeia1 su* z ! eat+ ( ! loaves ( proposition by ,david 7,i ,k+s1 xxi4 #f71 c be expla9$ by ! cessation ( law or div9e disp5sation4 ,examples3 ,"o may n excuse c]ta9 mod]n =ms ( *eat+ on ! plea t !y 7 n ?\ght ( :5 ! ,decalogue 0 giv54 ,"o may n omit ,baptism on ! gr\nd t ,*ri/ ,himself w\ld h excus$ f x1 _h ,he =ese5 ! circum/ances4 7b7 ,epieikeia is bas$ on ! pr9ciple t ! words ( a law mu/ be subord9at$ to ! common good & ju/ice4 ,h5ce1 x is n applicable to ^? laws ^: univ]sal obs]vance is dem&$ by ! common good--t is1 to irritant laws4 ,any h>d%ip suff]$ by an individual ?r\gh ! effect ( su* laws is small 9 comp>ison ) ! injury t w\ld be done to ! common welf>e if !re 7 any cases n compreh5d$ 9 su* laws2 = irritant laws are ! norms = judg+ ! validity ( contracts & o!r acts1 & public2 security dem&s t !y be uni=m & c]ta94 ,example3 ,"o may n contract m>riage ) a dirim5t imp$im5t1 on ! plea t ! ,*ur* w\ld n wi% ! imp$im5ts to oblige "u ! s]i\s inconv5i5ce t exi/s 9 "o's case4 #dae4 ,! dang]s ( epieikeia also place limitations on its use4 7a7 ,!re is ! dang] t "o may be wrong 9 judg+ t ! lawgiv] did n wi% to include a case "u 8 law4 ,if ?is is n c]ta91 "o %\ld inve/igate to ! be/ ( "o's ability1 & h rec\rse1 if possible1 to ! legislator or 8 repres5tative = a decl>ation or disp5sation4 ,x is nev] lawful to use epieikeia )\t reasonable c]ta9ty t ! legislator w\ld n wi% ! law to apply "h & n[4 7b7 ,!re is ! dang] t "o may be 9 bad fai? 9 decid+ t ! common good or ju/ice requires ! use ( epieikeia2 ! motive 9 reality may be self-int]e/ or escape f obligation1 ,h5ce1 a p]son %\ld n use epieikeia except 9 necessity1 :5 he is ?r[n on 8 own res\rces & mu/ decide = himself2 &1 ev5 !n1 he mu/ be sure t he acts f s9c]ity & dis9t]e/$ness4 #daf4 ,cases 9 :i* ! use ( epieikeia is lawful are ! foll[+3 7a7 ,epieikeia 9 a wide s5se--t is1 a b5ign int]pretation made by a private individual t a p>ticul> case is n compreh5d$ 9 ! int5tion ( ! lawgiv]1 because ! latt] _h n ! p[] to include x--may be us$ = all cases 9 :i* ! opposite int]pretation w\ld set ! law up 9 opposition to ! common welf>e or w\ld "w inju/ice to individuals4 ,example3 ,! law t goods borr[$ mu/ be return$ to _! own]s yields to epieikeia1 if !re is "q ( putt+ weapons into ! h&s ( "o :o w\ld use !m aga9/ ! public security or = ! commission ( murd]2 7b7 ,epieikeia 9 a /rict s5se--t is1 ! judgm5t t a p>ticul> case is n includ$ 9 ! int5tion ( ! lawgiv]1 because ! latt] _h n ! wi% to include x--may be us$ = all ^? cases 9 :i* ! opposite int]pretation w\ld suppose 9 ! lawgiv] a sev]ity t is n likely4 8,! rigor ( ! law may be extreme inju/ice0 7,cic]o1 ,de ,(ficiis1 ,i1 #aj74 ,example3 ,titus has ! opportunity to make a notable sum ( money on a ,sunday morn+1 b _c make use ( ! opportunity )\t miss+ ,mass t day4 ,caius on a fa/ day feels well1 b is tir$ & w be n a little inconv5i5c$ if he fa/s4 ,bo? ,titus & ,caius may use epieikeia1 = ! ,*ur* does n wi% to be unk9d1 nor1 g5]ally speak+1 to h h] laws oblige rigor\sly & = e case4 #dag4 ,?\gh all human law is subject to epieikeia1 ! practice ( ! civil law does n always all[ x4 7a7 ,action on individual responsibility makes "o guilty ( te*nical violation4 ,example3 ,balbus1 fe>+ t 8 h\se may be robb$ or he himself assault$1 borr[s a revolv] & practises %oot+4 ,he _h n "t to get ! necess>y p]mit1 b argu$ t necessity kn[s no law4 ,b1 if he is arre/$1 ! c\rt may hold him guilty ( violat+ ! law4 7b7 ,action 9 a c\rt ( equity1 h[ev]1 w give relief = cases n provid$ = 9 law4 ,example3 ,"o may obta9 an ord] f ! c\rt re/ra9+ a neighbor f injury1 :5 ! law itself gives only ! "r to recov] damages = injury done4 ,art4 #e3 ,,ecclesia/ical ,,law #dah4 ,! ,*ur*1 be+ a p]fect & indep5d5t society1 has ! p[] to make laws = its memb]s 9 ord] to promote ! common spiritual welf>e4 ,^! laws are n an encroa*m5t on ! lib]ty ( ! ,gospel1 = ,*ri/ ,himself be/[$ on ! ,*ur* legislative & o!r gov]nm5tal p[]s suitable to h] mission4 ,! *>t] ( ! legislative au?ority ( ! ,*ur* is conta9$ 9 ! words ( ,*ri/ to ,pet]3 8,i say to !e t ?\ art ,pet]1 & ^u ?is rock ,i w build ,my ,*ur*1 & ! gates ( hell %all n prevail aga9/ x4 ,& ,i w give to !e ! keys ( ! k+dom ( heav54 ,& :atsoev] ?\ %alt b9d ^u e>?1 %all be b\nd also 9 heav52 & :atsoev] ?\ %alt loose on e>?1 x %all be loos$ also 9 heav50 7,matt41 xvi4 #ah1 #ai2 see also ,matt41 xviii4 #ag2 ,luke1 x4 #af74 #dai4 ,! "* ( laws made by ! ,*ur* is z foll[s3 7a7 _! purpose is to guide & assi/ ! individual t he may m easily & p]fectly fulfill ! laws ( ,*ri/1 & to protect & promote ! welf>e ( ! ,*ur* z a :ole2 7b7 _! cont5ts g5]ally d n impose :at is ! height ( p]fection1 b :at is ! m9imum necess>y = salvation 7see #cgd72 7e7 _! numb]1 unlike t ( ! laws ( ! ,synagogue1 is few4 ,!re are only six precepts ( ! ,*ur* t b9d all ! fai?ful2 ! o!r laws ( ! ,*ur* d n all oblige ea* individual1 "s be+ = prelates1 "s = prie/s1 "s = religi\s1 "s = judges1 etc42 7d7 _! obligation is n s /rict z t ( ! laws ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 = !y are m easily *ang$ or disp5s$4 #dbj4 ,g5]al ,law ( ! ,*ur*4--,! g5]al law ( ! ,*ur* is f\nd 9 ! five books ( ! ,code ( ,canon ,law1 promulgat$ by ,b5$ict ,,xv on ,may #bg1 #aiag4 ,x applies only to ! ,lat9 ,*ur*1 except 9 ^? matt]s t ( _! nature affect ! ,ori5tal ,*ur* z well1 & x has be5 9 =ce f ,p5teco/ ,sunday1 ,may #ai1 #aiah4 #dba4 ,! effects ( ! ,code on ! old] legislation are z foll[s3 7a7 x reta9s 9 _! entirety liturgical laws t are n expressly correct$2 agreem5ts ( ! ,holy ,see ) v>i\s nations1 ev5 if !y are oppos$ to ! ,code2 favors1 privileges & indults t are n revok$ 7,canons #b-d72 7b7 discipl9>y laws ( ecclesia/ical orig9 oppos$ to ! ,code are to be held z revok$1 ev5 if !y are p>ticul>1 unless ! contr>y is provid$4 ,discipl9>y laws ( ecclesia/ical orig9 omitt$ by ! ,code are reta9$ 9 =ce1 if !y are p>ticul>2 !y are abrogat$1 if !y are g5]al & n conta9$ at lea/ implicitly 9 ! ,code2 if a g5]al law decre$ a p5alty1 x mu/ be expressly m5tion$ 9 ! ,code to reta9 =ce 7,canon #f72 7c7 cu/oms1 univ]sal or p>ticul>1 oppos$ to ! ,code1 :5 expressly disapprov$ by x1 mu/ be correct$1 ev5 if immemorial2 :5 !y are n expressly disapprov$ by ! ,code1 !y may or may n be cont9u$1 z a rule1 accord+ z !y are immemorial--or "o c5tury old--or n 7,canon #e74 #dbb4 ,! rules laid d[n = ! int]pretation ( ! ,code are z foll[s3 7a7 9 ^? p>ts :]e ! ,code agrees ) ! old] legislation1 x is to be int]pret$ by means ( ! latt]2 7b7 9 ^? p>ts :]e x c]ta9ly disagrees ) ! old] legislation1 x is to be int]pret$ f its own phraseology 7,canon #f74 #dbc4 ,lawgiv]s 9 ! ,*ur*4--,! ,pope1 z ,vic> ( ,*ri/ & ,visible ,head ( ! ,*ur*1 has supreme legislative p[] 9 ! ,*ur* 7,canon #bah73 8,?\ art ,pet]1 & ^u ?is rock ,i w build ,my ,*ur* 4444 ,& ,i w give to !e ! keys ( ! k+dom ( heav51 etc40 7,matt41 xvi4 #ah1 #ai74 ,?us1 ! ,pope c legislate3 7a7 = ! :ole ,*ur*1 ei!r alone or ) ! body ( ! ,episcopate subject to him 9 an ,ecum5ical ,c\ncil1 ei!r directly or ?r\gh ,congregations2 7b7 = any "p ( ! ,*ur*1 ei!r directly or ?r\gh repres5tatives4 ,?us also1 by ,papal concession1 legates may legislate = a place to :i* !y are s5t1 ,praelati nullius = a t]ritory ov] :i* !y are plac$1 ,g5]al ,*apt]s = a ,religi\s ,ord]1 & ! l4 #dbd4 ,! ,bi%ops1 8plac$ by ! ,holy ,gho/ to rule ! ,*ur* ( ,god0 7,acts1 xx4 #bh71 h legislative p[] )9 _! own t]ritory1 dep5d5tly on ! ,pope 7,canon #cce74 7a7 ,!y c make laws1 ea* = 8 own diocese1 ei!r 9 or out ( a synod2 7b7 :5 ga!r$ toge!r 9 c\ncil1 prov9cial or pl5>y1 !y c legislate = ecclesia/ical prov9ces1 or = all ! fai?ful ( _! c\ntry4 #dbe4 ,subject-,matt] ( ,*ur* ,law4--,! end ( ! ,*ur* be+ ! glory ( ,god & ! salvation ( s\ls1 %e c legislate conc]n+ all matt]s t are sacr$ or t ref]1 directly or indirectly1 to ! satisfaction ( man or ! wor%ip ( ,god 7see ,leo ,,xiii1 ,con/4 ,immortale ,dei1 d4 #a ,nov4 #ahhe74 7a7 ,! ,*ur* c call to m9d ^? ?+s t are already prescrib$ by ! ,div9e ,law1 ,natural or ,positive2 &1 al?\gh %e _c disp5se 9 ^! laws 7see #cac-had & exception z to hypo!tical positive law 9 #ceg71 %e c int]pret !m au?oritatively1 & c decide :5 obligations ( ! ,div9e ,law1 t dep5d ^u an act ( ! human w1 cease 7see #cae-caf74 7b7 ,! ,*ur* c det]m9e ^? ?+s t 7 left undet]m9$ 9 ! ,div9e ,law4 ,examples3 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! ,"l's ,day is to be sanctifi$1 ! times & frequ5cy ) :i* ! ,div9e law ( ,communion is to be fulfill$1 ! way 9 :i* ! obligation ( fa/+ is to be compli$ )1 etc4 7c7 ,! ,*ur* c make laws 9 matt]s t 7 left free by our ,"l :5ev] ?is w promote ! bett] obs]vance ( ,8 law 7e4g41 _m *ur* laws = ! cl]gy & religi\s1 = ! conduct ( wor%ip1 = adm9i/ration1 etc474 #dbf4 ,! acts t may be comm&$ by ! ,*ur* are ( v>i\s k9ds4 7a7 ,! ,*ur* may comm& acts t are purely ext]nal 7e4g41 fa/+7 & acts t are p>tly ext]nal & p>tly int]nal1 t is1 ^? ext]nal acts to :i*1 f ! nature ( ?+s or f law1 a special moral act ( ! intellect or w mu/ be jo9$ 7e4g41 a true oa?1 a wor?y confession or ,communion74 7b7 ,! ,*ur* may comm& acts t are purely int]nal1 t is1 acts ( ! intellect or w t are n necess>ily connect$ ) any ext]nal act 7su* z m$itation1 ! int5tion 9 apply+ ,mass1 ctc471 :5ev] %e is expla9+1 apply+1 or det]m9+ ! ,div9e ,law1 or act+ 9 virtue ( ! p[] ( ,*ri/4 ,examples3 ,! ,pope may def9e a dogma to be accept$ int]nally4 ,a confessor may impose z p5ance a pi\s m$itation4 ,! ,*ur* prescribes ! days :5 pa/ors mu/ int5d to (f] ,mass = _! p4 ,a religi\s sup]ior may comm& a spiritual retreat4 7c7 ,x is m probable t1 ap>t f in/ances su* z ^? j giv51 ! ,*ur* _c legislate reg>d+ acts t are purely int]nal4 ,= unlike ! div9e ,legislator1 :o sees ! int]nal acts ( ! s\l & :o c pass judgm5t on !m1 ! ,*ur* _c read ! he>t or judge ! consci5ce4 ,h5ce1 x w\ld appe> useless = ! ,*ur* to give comm&m5ts ab\t acts t elude h] k1 all ! m s s9ce ! ,div9e ,law has giv5 comm&s & prohibitions reg>d+ int]nal acts & no "o c escape ! judgm5t ( ,god4 #dbg4 ,^? ,b\nd by ,g5]al ,laws4--,! g5]al laws ( ! ,*ur* oblige all & only su* p]sons z are at once subjects ( ! ,*ur* & capable ( receiv+ a law 7,canon #ab74 7a7 ,by ,baptism "o becomes a memb] ( ! ,*ur*1 & h5ce x is ! baptiz$ :o are subject to ecclesia/ical laws2 7b7 by h] laws1 ! ,*ur* comm&s only human & delib]ate acts or omissions1 & h5ce x is only ^? :o c reason t are subject to ^? laws4 7c7 ,moreov]1 unless ! law expressly rules o!rwise1 ^? :o1 al?\gh !y h atta9$ ! use ( reason1 h n yet complet$ _! sev5? ye> are n b\nd by purely ecclesia/ical law4 ,specific exceptions are /at$ 9 ! law4 ,?us3 7#a7 ,canons #hed1 ,sec4#b1 & #idj1 ,sec4#a1 reg>d+ ! reception ( ! sacram5ts 9 dang] ( dea?1 ,canon #hei1 ,sec4#a1 /at+ ! precepts ( ,ea/] ,communion1 & ,canon #ijf1 conta9+ ! precepts ( annual confession1 decl>e t ! law 9 ^! matt]s is b9d+ on p]sons hav+ ! use ( reason1 reg>dless ( ! actual completion ( ! sev5? ye>1 ,! law ( fa/+ 9 ,canon #abed1 ,sec4#b b9ds aft] ! completion ( ! tw5ty-fir/ ye>4 7#b7 ,canon #ajii explicitly exempts non-,ca?olics1 9 _! own m>riages1 f ! ecclesia/ical =m ( m>riage2 also ,canon #ajgj exempts !m f ! imp$im5t ( disp>ity ( cult4 7#c7 ,! habitually insane are consid]$ z infants "u sev5 7,canon #hh1 ,sec4#c74 ,accord+ly1 al?\gh !y are b\nd by ! ,div9e ,law dur+ lucid mom5ts1 !y are n usually b\nd by purely ecclesia/ical laws dur+ ?is p]iod4 #dbh4 ,by ! unbaptiz$ are "h und]/ood1 n only ^? :o h nev] receiv$ ,baptism 7su* z infidels1 pagans1 ,mohamm$ans1 ,jews1 cate*um5s71 b also ^? :o 7 baptiz$ invalidly4 ,! div9e law ( receiv+ ,baptism & ent]+ ! ,*ur* applies to ^! p]sons1 b1 z long z !y are unbaptiz$1 !y are n subjects ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?us3 7a7 directly !y are n oblig$ by any ecclesia/ical law1 & h5ce x is n s9ful 9 itself to ask !m to d :at is =bidd5 by su* laws 7e4g41 "w on a holyday72 7b7 indirectly !y become subject to ecclesia/ical law :5 !y ent] into law-gov]n$ relations ) ! baptiz$ :o are subject to *ur* law4 ,example3 ,an unbaptiz$ p]son :o m>ries a ,ca?olic is m>ri$ invalidly1 unless ! law on disp5sation has be5 obs]v$4 #dbi4 ,baptiz$ non-,ca?olics include h]etics & s*ismatics4 ,?us3 7a7 objectively1 ^! p]sons are oblig$ by ecclesia/ical laws1 unless !y are except$ by ! law itself1 & h5ce x is n lawful directly to induce !m to transgress a ,*ur* law 7e4g41 to eat meat on ,friday72 7b7 subjectively1 !y are g5]ally excus$ f =mal s9 9 ! non-obs]vance ( ,*ur* laws1 & x is n a s9 to co-op]ate mat]ially 9 su* non-obs]vance 7e4g41 by giv+ meat on ,friday to a ,prote/ant 9 good fai? :o reque/s x or wi%es x74 #dcj4 ,x is held t ! ,*ur* is m l5i5t z reg>ds ^? baptiz$ z non-,ca?olics1 t is1 ^? :o 7 born & br\ght up 9 "s non-,ca?olic sect4 ,?us3 7a7 laws t h = _! object ! sanctification ( ! individual 7su* z fa/+ & ab/95ce1 ,sunday ,mass1 etc471 are n insi/$ on = !m1 s9ce ?is w\ld hurt r ?an help _! spiritual int]e/s2 7b7 laws t h = _! object ! protection ( ! public welf>e 7su* z ! laws reg>d+ mix$ m>riage71 apply also to baptiz$ non-,ca?olics4 ,o!r au?ors d n admit ?is di/9ction & hold t ^! non-,ca?olics are b\nd by ! laws ( ! ,*ur*1 s9ce ,canon #hg expressly /ates3 ,by ,baptism man is con/itut$ a p]son 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ ) all ! rights & duties ( ,*ri/ians4 ,apo/ates & excommunicat$ p]sons are c]ta9ly b\nd by all ecclesia/ical laws4 #dca4 ,ori5tal ,ca?olics are n b\nd by pontifical laws 7,canon #a7 except 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 :5 ! matt] is dogmatic2 7b7 :5 ! law implicitly ext5ds to !m1 s9ce x conta9s a decl>ation ( natural or div9e law2 7c7 :5 ! law is explicitly ext5d$ to !m4 ,an example ( 7a7 is ,canon #bah2 ( 7b7 ,canon #bbh1b2 ( 7c7 ,canons #fbb1 ,sec4#d & #ajii1 ,sec4#a1 #c4 #dcb4 ,x is a g5]al rule t all p]sons baptiz$1 z j expla9$1 are subject to ecclesia/ical laws1 if !y are habitually able to reason2 b t !y are n subject to ^? laws1 if !y are n habitually able to reason4 ,fir/ ,rule4--,p]sons habitually able to reason are all ^? :o 9 _! normal /ate are able to und]/& ! diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong1 t is1 ! majority ( ^? :o h complet$ sev5 ye>s ( age4 ,su* p]sons are subject to ecclesia/ical laws1 ev5 :5 actually !y are unable to reason on acc\nt ( tempor>y intoxication1 delirium1 d]angem5t1 unconsci\sness1 etc4 ,h5ce1 "o :o w\ld (f] meat on ,friday to a p]son mom5t>ily unbalanc$ on ! plea t 8 condition excus$ him f ! law1 w\ld d wrong2 = ! /ate ( pass+ irresponsibility excuses f =mal s9 7see #bdi71 b n f ! law4 ,second ,rule4--,p]sons habitually unable to reason are all ^? :o h n yet le>n$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong 7e4g41 infants & idiots71 or :o h p]man5tly lo/ all k ( "r & wrong 7e4g41 ! hopelessly insane74 ,^! p]sons are n b\nd by ecclesia/ical laws1 at lea/ n by ^? t are directive4 ,h5ce1 9 itself x is n wrong to give meat on days ( ab/95ce to su* p]sons1 ev5 :5 !y are ,ca?olics4 #dcc4 ,exceptions to ! fir/ rule j giv5 are z foll[s3 7a7 ,accord+ to ,canon ,law1 ! age ( reason comes legally :5 "o has complet$ sev5 ye>s 7,canon #ab74 ,if a boy or girl is able to reason be=e t age1 he or %e is n oblig$ by laws t are purely ecclesia/ical1 al?\gh x is advisable t p>5ts accu/om _! *ildr5 to ! he>+ ( ,mass1 to ab/95ce1 etc41 z soon z ?is c be conv5i5tly done4 ,if a *ild has pass$ ! sev5? ye> & does n appe> able to reason1 he is n b\nd by ecclesia/ical laws4 7b7 ,accord+ to ,canon ,law1 ! age ( pub]ty is fix$ = males at ! completion ( f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 = females at ! completion ( twelve ye>s ( age 7,canon #hh1 ,sec4#b74 ,^! :o h n atta9$ ?is age are excus$ f all p5al laws1 unless a law expressly /ates ! contr>y2 = on acc\nt ( ! want ( mature judgm5t !y des]ve l5i5cy 7,canon #bbcj74 7c7 ,! age ( majority 9 ,canon 7z 9 ,civil7 ,law is rea*$ :5 "o has complet$ tw5ty-"o ye>s 7,canon #hh1 ,sec4#a74 ,m9ors 9 ! ex]cise ( rights are subject to ! p[] ( p>5ts or gu>dians1 except :]e ! contr>y is decl>$ by ! law1 z is ! case = ! reception ( ! ,sacram5ts & ! *oice ( a religi\s life 7,canon #hi74 ,!y are n oblig$ by ! law ( fa/ 7,canon #abed1 ,sec4#b74 #dcd4 ,!re are "s exceptions to ! second rule giv5 9 #dcb4 ,?us1 ^? laws ( ! ,*ur* t grant favors or t invalidate acts c apply ev5 to ^? :o are habitually unable to reason 7su* z infants & ! p]petually dem5t$72 = laws ( ?is k9d are n directive ( ! acts ( subjects4 #dce4 ,^? ,b\nd by ,p>ticul> ,laws4--,! p>ticul> laws ( ! ,*ur* oblige all ^? :o are subject to h] g5]al laws1 & :o become subject to ! laws ( a locality by reason ( domicile or p]sonal pres5ce 7,canon #ac1 ,sec4#b74 #dcf4 ,!re are two k9ds ( domicile4 7a7 ,a true domicile or home is acquir$ 9 a place 9 two ways3 imm$iately1 :5 "o takes up "o's abode !re1 ) ! int5tion ( rema9+ p]man5tly or indef9itely2 f9ally1 aft] t5 ye>s1 :5 "o has liv$ !re s long1 ev5 ?\gh !re 0 no int5tion ( rema9+ p]man5tly 7,canon #ib1 ,sec4#a74 7b7 ,a quasi-domicile or resid5ce is acquir$ 9 a place 9 two ways3 imm$iately1 :5 "o takes up "o's abode !re ) ! int5tion ( rema9+ !re = at lea/ ! great] "p ( ! ye>2 f9ally1 aft] ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 :5 "o has liv$ !re s long 7,canon #ib1 ,sec4#b74 #dcg4 ,) reg>d to abode1 f\r classes ( p]sons are di/+ui%$ 9 ,canon ,law 7,canon #ia73 7a7 an inhabitant1 :o is "o t has a domicile 9 a place & is pres5t !re2 7b7 a resid5t1 :o is "o t has a quasi-domicile 9 a place & is pres5t !re2 7c7 a /rang]1 :o is "o t is outside ! places ( 8 domicile & quasi-domicile2 7d7 a vagus or homeless p]son1 :o is "o t has no domicile or quasi-domicile any:]e4 #dch4 ,! rules z reg>ds ^? :o are n /rang]s are3 7a7 inhabitants & resid5ts are subject to ! diocesan1 prov9cial1 & o!r p>ticul> laws ( _! t]ritory 7,canon #ac1 ,sec4 #b72 7b7 ! homeless are subject to ! local laws ( ! t]ritory :]e !y are pres5t 7,canon #ad1 ,sec4 #b74 #dci4 ,! rules = /rang]s ) ref]5ce to g5]al laws 7,canon #ad1 ,sec4 #a1 n4 #c7 are2 7a7 a /rang] is oblig$ to foll[ ^! laws1 if !y are obs]v$ 9 ! place :]e he is1 ev5 ?\gh !y are n 9 =ce 9 ! place ( 8 domicile or quasi-domicile2 7b7 a /rang] is n oblig$ to obs]ve g5]al laws1 if !y are n 9 =ce :]e he is1 ev5 ?\gh !y are 9 =ce 9 ! place ( 8 domicile or quasi-domicile4 ,?us1 ! g5]al law ( ab/95ce on ,friday does n oblige "o :o is travell+ 9 a place :]e ! law has be5 susp5d$1 ev5 ?\gh he w\ld be oblig$ by x at home4 ,! travell] w\ld d bett]1 h[ev]1 to keep to ! practice ( 8 home4 #ddj4 ,! rules = /rang]s ) reg>d to ! p>ticul> laws ( _! own domicile or quasi-domicile 7,canon #ad1 ,sec4 #a1 n4 #a7 are2 7a7 !y are oblig$ 9 two cases--fir/1 :5 ^? laws are n t]ritorial b p]sonal & obligatory on !m ev]y:]e 7z is ! case ) ! /atutes ( religi\s sup]iors71 & secondly1 :5 ! violation ( a t]ritorial law w\ld be h>mful 9 its own t]ritory 7z :5 by fiction ( law "o mu/ be consid]$ z pres5t on acc\nt ( ! law ( resid5ce72 7b7 !y are n oblig$ 9 o!r cases4 ,?us1 if "o is travell+ on a fea/-day t is a diocesan holyday 9 "o's home diocese1 b n 9 ! diocese :]e "o is1 "o is n oblig$ to he> ,mass4 #dda4 ,! foll[+ are ! rules = /rang]s ) reg>d to ! p>ticul> laws ( ! place :]e !y are3 7a7 !y are oblig$ 9 two cases--fir/1 :5 natural law itself requires t a t]ritorial law be obs]v$ by all1 & secondly1 :5 ! ,*ur* includes /rang]s among ^? :o are subject to a t]ritorial law2 7b7 !y are n oblig$ 9 o!r cases4 ,?us1 if a p]son is travell+ on a fea/-day t is obs]v$ z a holyday ( obligation bo? 9 8 home diocese & 9 ! diocese :]e he is1 b n z a g5]al holyday ( ! ,*ur*1 he is n oblig$ to he> ,mass2 = ! law ( 8 home diocese does n b9d him1 s9ce he is out ( its t]ritory1 & ! law ( ! diocese :]e he is does n b9d him1 s9ce he is n a subject ( t law4 #ddb4 ,! natural law requires t /rang]s %\ld con=m !mselves to local laws 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 :5 non-obs]vance w\ld be a cause ( sc&al1 :i* ! natural law comm&s "o to avoid4 ,9 ?is s5se we und]/& ! rule ( ,/4 ,ambrose3 8,:5 y are at ,rome1 d z ! ,romans d40 ,h5ce1 if a /rang] w\ld cause real sc&al by eat+ meat on a local day ( ab/95ce1 he w\ld be oblig$ to ab/a9 f x2 7b7 :5 a local law deals ) ! solemnities requir$ = validity ( contracts 7,canon #ad1 ,sec4 #a1 n4 #b74 ,if /rang]s 7 n oblig$ by laws ( ?is k9d1 !y c\ld take advantage ( ! inhabitants1 a ?+ t is contr>y to natural ju/ice4 ,?us1 8! place rules ! act02 7c7 :5 ! local law has = its object ! ma9t5ance ( public ord] 7,canon #ad1 ,sec4 #a1 #aa4 #b72 = ! natural law dem&s t public safety be gu>d$4 ,h5ce1 a /rang] :o commits a crime is subject to ! p5alties ( ! local law 7,canon #aeff74 #ddc4 ,examples ( t]ritorial laws t oblige ev5 /rang]s accord+ to ! precept ( ! ,*ur* are ! laws t require all1 ev5 /rang]s1 to foll[ ! ,cal5d> ( ! ,*ur* :]e !y celebrate ,mass1 & to say ! collectae imp]atae prescrib$ by ! bi%op ( ! local diocese4 #ddd4 ,! rules giv5 = /rang]s c be appli$ also to ^? :o are 9 places exempt f local jurisdiction 7e4g41 9 ! mona/]ies ( exempt regul>s74 ,! exempt are ^? :o by fiction ( law are held to be outside ! t]ritory ( e diocese1 & are subject1 n to ! local bi%op1 b directly to ! ,pope 7,canon #eae74 #dde4 ,!re are v>i\s cases1 h[ev]1 9 :i* exempt religi\s are subject to ! t]ritorial laws ( ! diocese :]e !y are4 ,?us3 7a7 :5 !y accept p>i%es 9 a diocese1 !y are subject to ! ,ord9>y 9 ^? matt]s t p]ta9 to ! p>i%es2 7b7 :5 ! common good or ! avoidance ( sc&al requires x1 !y %\ld con=m to a diocesan law4 #ddf4 ,^? :o h a p]sonal privilege c use x any:]e1 = a p]sonal privilege1 l a p]sonal precept1 foll[s ! p]son1 n ! t]ritory4 #ddg4 ,promulgation4--,*ur* laws are promulgat$ z foll[s3 7a7 ! laws ( ! ,holy ,see are promulgat$ by publication 9 ! (ficial p]iodical1 ,acta ,apo/olicae ,s$is4 ,!y become effective ?ree mon?s f ! date ( publication1 unless f ! nature ( ! case !y oblige at once1 or x is o!rwise provid$ 9 ! law itself 7,canon #i72 7b7 ! laws ( a bi%op are promulgat$ 9 ! mann] he decides1 g5]ally by publication 9 ! (ficial p]iodical ( ! diocese4 ,!y become effective z soon z publi%$1 unless x is o!rwise provid$ 9 ! law itself 7,canon #cce1 ,sec4 #b74 #ddh4 ,:5 a law has be5 promulgat$ & become kn[n1 if x beg9s to be obs]v$1 x is said to be accept$2 if x is n obs]v$1 x is said to be n accept$4 ,?is acceptance is n ess5tial to law4 ,h5ce3 7a7 ! obs]vance ( a law by ! p is n necess>y = ! obligatory =ce ( ! law1 = o!rwise ! lawgiv] w\ld be )\t real au?ority2 7b7 ! approval ( ecclesia/ical laws by ! ,/ate is n necess>y = _! validity1 s9ce ,*ur* & ,/ate are di/9ct & indep5d5t societies )9 ! prop] sph]e ( ea*4 #ddi4 ,a law t has be5 promulgat$ may fail to obta9 =ce 9 ! foll[+ ways3 7a7 ?r\gh contr>y cu/om1 already exi/+ & n exclud$ by ! law1 or !n aris+ to abrogate ! law 7see #cia ,sqq472 7b7 ?r\gh appeal ent]$ ) ! lawgiv]4 ,?us1 if a bi%op deems a law ( ! ,pope unsuit$ to 8 diocese1 he expla9s ! reasons to ! ,holy ,see1 & p5d+ ! answ] x is consid]$ t ! lawgiv] does n wi% ! law to oblige4 #dej4 ,irritant ,laws4 ,laws ,bas$ on ,presumption4--,!re are two classes ( human laws t des]ve p>ticul> m5tion on acc\nt ( special difficulties reg>d+ !m3 7a7 irritant laws1 :i* w\ld seem to be unju/1 s9ce !y decl>e null :at accord+ to natural law w\ld be valid2 7b7 laws bas$ on presumption1 :i* w\ld seem to be ( unc]ta9 =ce1 s9ce presumptions are (t5 contr>y to fact4 #dea4 ,an irritant or inhabilitat+ law is "o t expressly or equival5tly decl>es t c]ta9 defects make an act void or voidable1 or a p]son incapable4 ,su* laws are j1 ev5 :5 made by human au?ority1 s9ce x is ! common good t makes !m necess>y1 & ! natural law itself requires t ! common good be promot$4 #deb4 ,irritant laws are ( v>i\s k9ds4 7a7 ,!y are morally or juridically irritant1 accord+ z t :i* is tak5 f ! irritat$ act is ei!r ! natural value x has 9 consci5ce1 or ! positive value x d]ives f ! law4 ,h5ce1 an act may be legally null 7i4e41 h no value t ! law recognizes or protects7 & at ! same "t morally valid 7i4e41 ( j z mu* =ce 9 consci5ce z ?\gh no irritant law exi/$74 7b7 ,irritant laws are m]ely irritant or irritant & prohibitive1 accord+ z !y make an act invalid b n illicit1 or bo? invalid & illicit4 ,?us1 a law t requires c]ta9 =malities = mak+ a w invalidates ! act ( writ+ an in=mal w1 b does n make x an (f5se2 b ! *ur* law ( dirim5t imp$im5ts makes a m>riage contract$ ) "o ( ^! imp$im5ts bo? null & s9ful4 7c7 ,irritant laws are m]ely irritant or irritant & p5al1 accord+ z ! legislator does n or does int5d !m z puni%m5ts4 ,= example1 ! law ( cl&e/9ity is m]ely irritant2 ! law reg>d+ ! imp$im5t ( crime is probably bo? irritant & p5al4 #dec4 ,laws t are m]ely irritant d n oblige "o 9 consci5ce to omit ! act1 b only to suff] ! effect ( irritation2 b laws t are bo? irritant & prohibitive oblige "o 9 consci5ce to omit ! act4 ,example3 ,9 itself1 x is n unlawful to make an in=mal w1 b x is unlawful to m>ry ) a dirim5t imp$im5t4 #ded4 ,z to ! "t :5 irritant laws obta9 _! effect1 ! foll[+ po9ts are important4 7a7 ,ecclesia/ical void+ laws oblige at once 9 consci5ce1 al?\gh l o!r laws ( ! ,*ur* !y are n retroactive1 unless ! contr>y is provid$1 & !y d n oblige 9 case ( a d\bt conc]n+ ! law4 ,example3 ,if esp\sals are made )\t ! canonical =malities1 !re is no duty to live up to !m z su*1 ei!r 9 consci5ce or be=e ! law4 7b7 ,civil void+ laws are g5]ally only civilly irritant1 = z a rule ext]nal means are suffici5t = ! purpose ( ^? laws2 ?us1 !y produce civil irritation at once1 b moral irritation only aft] pron\ncem5t by ! c\rts4 ,h5ce1 aft] a judicial s5t5ce ! void$ act becomes su* morally1 s9ce ! decision is f\nd$ on a presumption ( common dang] 7see bel[1 #dei74 ,examples3 ,"o :o has receiv$ money ?r\gh a w :i* he kn[s to be in=mal 7i4e41 legally invalid71 may reta9 possession until ! civil au?ority decl>es t he has no rights to ! money4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 "o :o has be5 dis9h]it$ ?r\gh a w naturally good1 b n made 9 due =m1 has ! "r to conte/1 if we except ! case ( pi\s beque/s 7see ,vol4 ,,ii74 #dee4 ,laws t make an act voidable or resc9dable d n irritate be=e decl>ation ( nullity by a judge4 ,h5ce1 an act t is resc9dable accord+ to law reta9s its natural =ce until ! c\rt has decid$ aga9/ x4 ,example3 ,acts t 7 done "u ! influ5ce ( grave & unju/ fe>1 or t 7 induc$ ?r\gh deception1 are held z valid until decl>$ null by a judge4 #def4 ,z to ! effects ( ignorance on acts irritat$ by law1 ! ,code /ates t ignorance ( irritat+ 7invalidat+7 & inhabilitat+ 7disqualify+7 laws does n excuse f _! obs]vance1 unless ! law expressly /ates o!rwise 7,canon #af1 ,sec4 #a74 ,morali/s discuss ! influ5ce ( ignorance 7z well z =ce or fe>7 on su* acts z foll[s3 7a7 if ! law is irritant & n p5al1 x has its effect1 9 spite ( ignorance1 ov]sight1 etc42 = ?is ! common good requires4 ,example3 ,"o :o m>ries 8 c\s9 9 good fai?1 be+ inv9cibly ignorant t x is aga9/ ! law1 contracts invalidly2 7b7 if ! law is irritant & p5al1 ! irritation be+ decre$ solely z a puni%m5t1 ignorance1 ov]sight1 etc41 suffici5t to excuse f fault1 excuse also f ! p5alty ( irritation2 = p5alty presupposes fault4 ,be=e ! law1 h[ev]1 ignorance & error z to law or p5alties are n presum$ b mu/ be prov$4 7,nev]!less1 x mu/ be not$ t accord+ to "s au?ors no p5alty is necess>ily or prim>ily int5d$ 9 ecclesia/ical irritat+ & inhabilitat+ laws4 ,?\gh puni%m5t actually results f ! matrimonial imp$im5t ( crime1 = example1 ! imp$im5t z su* prim>ily is a p]sonal disqualification int5d$ to protect ! dignity ( ! sacram5t & good morals4 ,ignorance1 !n1 does n excuse f x4 ,"s au?ors ma9ta9 t ?is is true ( all ecclesia/ical disqualify+ laws47 #deg4 ,g5]ally speak+1 epieikeia may n be us$ 9 ! int]pretation ( irritat+ & inhabilitat+ laws4 ,s9ce !y transc5d ! individual welf>e1 !y dem& uni=m obs]vance ( all subject to !m4 ,"s au?ors p]mit ! use ( epieikeia1 h[ev]1 9 p>ticul> cases 9 :i* ! law itself aims to protect ! individual1 :]eas its obs]vance w\ld t5d r to h>m ! individual or at times ev5 ! int]e/s ( ! community4 ,accord+ly1 x seems probable t an irritant law may cease 9 case ( impossibility or ( a mo/ grave inconv5i5ce t is common4 ,example3 ,if 9 a pagan c\ntry ,*ri/ians 7 s few t !y c\ld m>ry only infidels1 & if di/ance or o!r circum/ances made x impossible to seek a disp5sation1 ! dirim5t imp$im5t ( disp>ity ( wor%ip w\ld seem to cease = ^? ,*ri/ians4 #deh4 ,"s au?ors hold t an irritant law may also cease on acc\nt ( impossibility1 or ( a mo/ grave inconv5i5ce t is only private2 b ?is op9ion _c be deem$ c]ta94 ,an example ( private inconv5i5ce is ! case ( an invalidly m>ri$ p]son :o is ne> to dea? & unable to seek ! disp5sation f ! imp$im5t t has made ! m>riage null4 #dei4 ,a law bas$ on presumption is "o 9 :i* ! lawgiv] rules = c]ta9 cases accord+ to :at exp]i5ce %[s 9 _! reg>d--viz41 t su* cases are g5]ally dang]\s1 or indicative ( a p>ticul> fact4 ,^! laws are n ( unc]ta9 =ce1 = ! cases 9 :i* !y cease to oblige are few & def9ite4 #dfj4 ,:5 a law is bas$ on a presumption ( common dang] & t dang] does n exi/ 9 a p>ticul> in/ance1 ! law nev]!less obliges 7,canon #ba72 = ! end ( ! law is ! common good1 & if x ceas$ = an individual :5ev] its presumption ( dang] 0 n true 9 8 case1 ev]yone c\ld p]suade himself t ! law did n apply to him1 & ?us ! common good w\ld be defeat$4 ,examples3 ,! law aga9/ ! read+ ( irreligi\s books is bas$ on ! presumption ( common dang] ( s91 ! law aga9/ cl&e/9e m>riages on ! presumption ( common dang] ( fraud2 h5ce1 !y oblige ev5 9 ! p>ticul> in/ances :]e ^! dang]s are abs5t4 ,examples ( laws bas$ on ! presumption ( common dang] c be f\nd 9 ,canons #aii2 #dji1 ,sec4 #a2 #dbj2 #dbb2 #ajbb2 #ajbh2 #aaad2 #aaaf2 #aach2 #acif2 #acih4 #dfa4 ,:5 a law is bas$ on ! presumption ( a p>ticul> fact t usually happ5s 9 ! cases ) :i* ! law is conc]n$1 & ! fact 9 an individual in/ance did n happ51 does ! law oblige8 7a7 ,9 consci5ce ! law does n oblige ( itself1 because presumptions mu/ yield to ! tru?2 b x may oblige accid5tally1 if non-obs]vance w\ld cause great public or private h>m4 ,example3 ,! law presumes t a p]son born & br\ght up among ,ca?olics has be5 baptiz$1 & is !re=e subject to ! *ur* laws4 ,b if1 9 fact1 ! p]son 0 nev] baptiz$1 he is n subject to ^? laws1 z long z he rema9s unbaptiz$1 unless !re be "s accid5tal necessity ( keep+ !m1 su* z ! dang] ( sc&al4 7b7 ,be=e ! public au?ority ! law 9 "q does oblige until ! non-exi/5ce ( ! fact presum$ by ! law has be5 prov$ 9 ! mann] requir$ by law4 ,example3 ,:5 p>ties contract m>riage accord+ to ! =m prescrib$ by ! ,*ur*1 ! presumption is t ! contract 0 valid1 &1 z long z t presumption is n ov]come1 ! ,*ur* w n sanction a new m>riage by ei!r ( ! p>ties4 ,b if x c be prov$ 9 c\rt t ?reats or viol5ce produc$ lack ( cons5t1 ! obligation n to contract a new m>riage w t]m9ate be=e ! law4 #dfb4 ,fulfillm5t ( ,law4--,) ref]5ce to ! mann] ( fulfill+ a law !re are a numb] ( que/ions to be consid]$3 7a7 z to ! ext]nal acts1 :e!r or n "o c fulfill ! law = ano!r1 :e!r or n ! omission ( "s slight detail r5d]s compliance insuffici5t1 :e!r or n he :o _c fulfill ! :ole law is b\nd to fulfill a "p ( x1 :e!r or n sev]al obligations c be satisfi$ at ! same "t or by ! same act1 etc42 7b7 z to ! int]nal acts1 :e!r or n "o mu/ h ! int5tion ( meet+ ! wi%es ( ! lawgiv]1 :e!r or n "o mu/ be 9 ! /ate ( grace1 etc4 #dfc4 ,p]sonal fulfillm5t is n always necess>y2 = an affirmative law requires ei!r t "s ?+ be giv51 or t "s p]sonal act be p]=m$4 7a7 ,:5 ! law requires t "s ?+ be giv5 7e4g41 t taxes be paid71 ! obligation c be satisfi$ ?r\gh ano!r1 s9ce a ?+ c be transf]r$ f "o p]son to ano!r1 :o agrees at lea/ int]pretatively2 7b7 :5 ! law requires t a p]sonal act be p]=m$ 7e4g41 t ,mass be he>d on ,sunday71 ! obligation _c be satisfi$ ?r\gh ano!r1 = actions _c be transf]r$ f "o to ano!r4 #dfd4 ,m9ute fulfillm5t is n always necess>y2 = sometimes ! m9or details ( ! fulfillm5t ( a law are expressly prescrib$1 sometimes !y are n4 7a7 ,if ^! details are requir$ by ! law itself or by ! nature ( ! case1 ! law is n satisfi$ if !y are neglect$4 ,example3 ,friday ab/95ce ends exactly at midnight1 & h5ce to eat meat ev5 "o m9ute be=e midnight is to break t ab/95ce4 7b7 ,if ! law does n prescribe m9ute details1 ^! are n requir$ = ! fulfillm5t ( ! obligation2 = laws %\ld n be unduly burd5some4 ,example3 ,"o :o is a few m9utes late = ,mass does n miss ,mass1 if he is pres5t = ! ess5tial p>ts ( ! ,mass4 #dfe4 ,p>tial fulfillm5t is requir$ ( him :o _c make complete fulfillm5t1 only :5 ! "p is comm&$ = its own sake2 = t :i* is comm&$ by a law is consid]$ by ! lawgiv] z ei!r an indivisible unit1 or z a :ole compos$ ( p>ts t h s+ly an indep5d5t moral value & obligation4 7a7 ,if ! ?+ comm&$ is morally an indivisible unit 7e4g41 a pilgrimage to a %r9e71 he :o is n able to fulfill ! :ole law is b\nd to no?+4 ,example3 ,"o :o has made a v[ to g on pilgrimage to a di/ant sanctu>y1 is n b\nd to g "p ( ! way1 if he is unable to make ! entire j\rney4 7b7 ,if ! ?+ comm&$ has p>ts t contribute to ! end ( ! law1 he :o is able to fulfill only "o or m su* p>ts is oblig$ accord+ to 8 ability2 if x is c]ta9 t he c p]=m ev5 a "p1 he is b\nd to t2 if x is n c]ta9 t he c p]=m ev5 a "p1 x w\ld seem t g5]ally he is excus$ f all4 ,examples3 ,a cl]ic :o c say "s b n all ! ,h\rs ( 8 ,(fice1 is oblig$ to say :at he c4 ,a p]son :o c c]ta9ly ab/a91 b :o _c fa/1 is b\nd dur+ ,l5t to ab/a94 #dff4 ,simultane\s fulfillm5t by "o act ( sev]al obligations is lawful1 if ! obligations diff] only mat]ially4 ,!y are said to diff] only mat]ially1 if ! motive ( ! legislator 9 giv+ diff]5t comm&s ab\t ! same ?+ is ! same 9 ea* in/ance2 !y diff] =mally1 if ! legislator has a diff]5t motive 9 ea* in/ance4 ,! motive is recogniz$ ei!r f ! express decl>ation ( ! lawgiv]1 or f int]pretation giv5 ?r\gh au?ority or cu/om4 7a7 ,:5 two comm&s diff] only mat]ially1 x c be presum$ t ! legislator is n unwill+ t !y be fulfill$ by "o & ! same act1 unless x is cle> t he wi%es !m to be fulfill$ by di/9ct acts4 ,example3 ,if "o falls sick at ,ea/] "t & receives ! ,viaticum1 x is n necess>y = him to receive ,communion aga9 9 ord] to make 8 ,ea/] duty2 = ! div9e law ( ,viaticum & ! *ur* law ( ,ea/] ,communion h ! same motive1 & h5ce c be fulfill$ by "o & ! same ,communion4 7b7 ,:5 two comm&s diff] =mally1 x c be presum$1 unless ! opposite is manife/1 t ! legislator wi%es !m to be compli$ ) by di/9ct acts4 ,example3 ,if a confessor imposes a fa/ z a p5ance1 ?is p5ance _c be p]=m$ on a fa/ day2 = ! motive ( ! law ( fa/ is g5]al1 t ( ! sacram5tal p5ance is p>ticul>4 #dfg4 ,simultane\s fulfillm5t by sev]al acts ( sev]al obligations is sometimes possible1 sometimes impossible4 ,= ! acts prescrib$ by diff]5t laws are ei!r capable or incapable ( be+ done at ! same "t4 ,?us1 x is possible to he> a ,mass & to say a p5ance ( "s ,hail ,m>ys at ! same "t4 ,b x does n seem easy = an ord9>y p]son to give att5tion to f\r or m ,masses at ! same "t4 7a7 ,if ! acts d n imp$e "o ano!r & ! legislator is n unwill+1 sev]al laws c be fulfill$ at ! same "t4 ,example3 ,if two ,masses are be+ said on adjo9+ alt>s1 "o c he> bo?--! "o to satisfy ! ,sunday obligation1 ! o!r to p]=m a p5ance receiv$4 7b7 ,if ! acts imp$e "o ano!r1 or if ! legislator wi%es 8 laws to be fulfill$ at di/9ct times1 ! diff]5t obligations _c be satisfi$ simultane\sly4 ,examples3 ,if a di/ract$ p]son has receiv$ a p5ance to he> six ,masses1 he _c he> !m all at once1 on acc\nt ( ! division ( att5tion necess>y4 ,if ! confessor told a p]son to he> ,mass 8?ree times10 ! latt] _c satisfy by he>+ ?ree ,masses at "o "t4 #dfh4 ,:5 a law prescribes n only :at is to be done1 b :5 x is to be done1 ! "t mu/ be obs]v$4 ,b ! obligation does n always cease ) ! expiration ( ! "t4 7a7 ,if ! "t set by ! law is a limit beyond :i* ! obligation ceases1 he :o has n compli$ )9 t "t has no fur!r obligation4 ,examples3 ,he :o did n fa/ on ,*ri/mas ,eve1 w\ld n be oblig$ to fa/ on ,*ri/mas ,day4 ,he :o did n he> ,mass on ,sunday1 w\ld n be oblig$ to he> ,mass on ,monday4 7b7 ,if ! "t set by ! law is n a limit to t]m9ate ! obligation1 b a date fix$ 9 ord] to insi/ on ! obligation1 he :o has n compli$ )9 ! prescrib$ p]iod1 is nev]!less /ill oblig$4 ,examples3 ,he :o has n made ! ,ea/] duty by ,tr9ity ,sunday1 is oblig$ to receive ,communion aft] ,tr9ity4 ,he :o has n paid a debt on ! day requir$ by law1 is b\nd to pay x aft] t day4 #dfi4 ,x dep5ds on ! int5tion ( ! lawgiv] :e!r ! "t he prescribes = fulfillm5t is a limitation ( ! obligation or n4 ,! int5tion ( ! lawgiv] is kn[n ei!r f ! words or purpose ( ! law1 or f cu/om4 #dgj4 ,if ! law decl>es t "s duty mu/ be p]=m$ )9 a det]m9$ p]iod1 all[+ fre$om = e>li] or lat] p]=mance )9 ! p]iod1 ! foll[+ po9ts mu/ be consid]$4 7a7 ,a p]son is n oblig$ to comply e>ly1 if he int5ds to comply be=e ! p]iod has end$4 7b7 ,he is oblig$ to comply e>ly1 if he =esees t lat] he w n be able to d :at is requir$4 ,examples3 ,if a p]son :o has n made 8 ,ea/] duty has ! opportunity to receive ,communion on ,ea/] ,sunday1 & w n h ano!r su* opportunity till ,*ri/mas1 he is oblig$ to receive on ,ea/] ,sunday4 ,b1 if he c communicate any ,sunday dur+ ! ,pas*al "t1 he is n b\nd to d s on "o ( ! e>ly ,sundays4 ,if "o c he> an e>ly ,mass1 b n ano!r ,mass1 on a holyday1 "o mu/ he> ! e>ly ,mass4 #dga4 ,j z "o may n delay fulfillm5t until aft] ! "t set by law1 s nei!r may "o anticipate fulfillm5t be=e ! "t det]m9$1 unless ! law may be consid]$ to all[ ?is4 ,examples3 ,if a p]son has he>d ,mass on ,saturday1 he has no "r to make ?is c\nt = ! foll[+ day4 ,a ros>y said be=e confession _c be consid]$ z p]=mance ( ! p5ance1 if 9 confession "o is giv5 ! ros>y to say4 #dgb4 ,x is held t a cl]ic :o said ! ,brevi>y 9 ! morn+1 j be=e he 0 orda9$ subdeacon & und]took ! obligation ( ! ,(fice1 satisfi$ by t anticipat$ recitation2 likewise1 t a travell] :o he>d ,mass 9 a place :]e a holyday ( obligation ( ! g5]al law 0 n 9 =ce1 has satisfi$ by anticipation1 if lat] 9 ! morn+ he rea*es z 8 de/9ation a place :]e ! holyday is obs]v$4 ,= 9 bo? ^! cases ! law int5ds t ! ,(fice be said1 or ! ,mass be he>d )9 ! day4 #dgc4 ,if a p]son :o is n[ able to d :at ! law requires1 =esees t he w n be able to d ?is :5 ! "t set by ! law arrives1 he is n oblig$ to anticipate fulfillm5t1 ev5 :5 he has ! privilege ( anticipation4 ,examples3 ,a cl]ic :o at #b p4m4 is able to anticipate ,mat9s = tomorr[1 & :o kn[s t lat]1 on acc\nt ( an op]ation1 he w n be able to say 8 ,(fice1 is n b\nd to anticipate2 = no "o is oblig$ to use a privilege4 ,a p]son :o is able to he> ,mass on ,saturday1 & :o kn[s t all ( ,sunday mu/ be sp5t on ! tra91 is n oblig$ to he> ,mass on ,saturday1 ?\gh ( c\rse ?is is ! bett] ?+ to d4 #dgd4 ,! int]nal acts conc]n$ 9 ! fulfillm5t ( a law are3 7a7 ^? 9 ! intellect1 su* z k2 7b7 ^? 9 ! w1 su* z cons5t1 motive4 #dge4 ,k ( :at "o is do+ is sometimes necess>y1 sometimes unnecess>y = ! fulfillm5t ( a law4 7a7 ,if ! law is prohibitive1 k is n necess>y1 s9ce no?+ m is requir$ by ! law ?an ! omission ( :at is =bidd54 ,example3 ,he :o ate no meat on a day ( ab/95ce has fulfill$ ! law1 ev5 ?\gh he 0 unconsci\s all day4 7b7 ,if ! law is preceptive ( a paym5t to be made1 k is n necess>y1 s9ce ! law requires no?+ m ?an ! effect ( an ext]nal act4 ,example3 ,he :o pays 8 taxes :ile intoxicat$ fulfills 8 obligation1 ev5 ?\gh he does n "k :at he is do+4 7c7 ,if ! law is preceptive ( an act to be p]=m$1 k is requir$1 = x is suppos$ t ! act w be ex]cis$ 9 a human mann]4 ,example3 ,he :o sleeps all dur+ ,mass on ,sunday does n fulfill 8 duty1 = ! law int5ds t "o assi/ at ,mass 9 a human way 7i4e41 ) consci\sness ( :at is be+ done74 #dgf4 ,fulfillm5t ( a law is n morally good & m]itori\s1 unless x is volunt>y 7see #ig sqq472 b ! legal obligation is sometimes satisfi$ ev5 by an unwill+ fulfillm5t4 7a7 ,:5 ! law comm&s a paym5t to be made1 "o may w ! contr>y ( :at is comm&$ & yet fulfill "o's obligation4 ,example3 ,he :o pays 8 taxes unwill+ly & "u compulsion satisfies ! law1 :i* requires n an act1 b its effect4 7b7 ,:5 ! law =bids some?+1 x is possible t "o does n w ! omission comm&$ & yet fulfills "o's obligation4 ,example3 ,he :o int5ds to eat meat on a day ( ab/95ce :i* he ?9ks is a meat day1 b1 be+ unable to f9d :at he wants1 omits ! meat1 satisfies ! law1 :i* requires only t "o omit :at is =bidd5 & h no w to violate ! law4 7c7 ,:5 ! law comm&s t an act be p]=m$1 "o mu/ p]=m ! act will+ly1 s9ce ! law be+ = humans int5ds t fulfillm5t be made 9 a human mann]4 ,examples3 ,he :o is dragg$ to *ur* & =cibly deta9$ !re dur+ ,mass1 does n satisfy ! law ( sanctify+ ! ,sunday1 s9ce =ce makes 8 assi/ance at ,mass involunt>y 7see #eb74 ,a *ild t goes to *ur* only to escape puni%m5t satisfies its duty1 if1 9 spite ( reluctance1 x really int5ds to he> ,mass1 = fe> does n necess>ily make an act involunt>y 7see #da sqq474 #dgg4 ,z to ! int5tion requir$ 9 fulfill+ a law1 x is to be not$ t "o mu/ h1 at lea/ implicitly1 ! int5tion ( do+ :at ! law prescribes1 9 ! case giv5 9 ! ?ird section 7c7 ( ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,example3 ,he :o goes to *ur* on ,sunday :ile ,mass is be+ said ) no o!r purpose ?an t ( he>+ ! music or ( wait+ = a fri5d1 does n satisfy ! ,sunday duty1 s9ce he does n at all int5d to he> ,mass4 #dgh4 ,! foll[+ k9ds ( int5tion1 ?\gh to be recomm5d$1 are n necess>y = ! fulfillm5t ( a law4 7a7 ,x is n necess>y1 z a rule1 t "o int5d to satisfy "o's obligation1 = human lawgiv]s h n g5]ally ! p[] or ! int5tion to comm& acts t are purely int]nal 7see #cgd1 #dbf74 ,examples3 ,he :o he>s ,mass on a holyday n int5d+ to p]=m 8 duty1 z he does n "k t x is a holyday1 has satisfi$ ! law4 ,he :o says ! ros>y out ( devotion & !n rememb]s t he has an obligation ( say+ x because ( a promise made or ( a p5ance receiv$1 c reg>d ! ros>y said z a fulfillm5t ( 8 obligation4 7b7 ,x is n necess>y t "o int5d t :i* ! lawgiv] _h 9 m9d z ! purpose ( ! law2 = 8! end ( ! law is n a "p ( ! law40 ,example3 ,a p]son :o takes only "o full meal dur+ ,l5t1 obs]ves ! lett] ( ! law2 b he misses its _s if he eats or dr9ks gre$ily1 da9tily or copi\sly1 9 ord] to avoid ! mortification int5d$ by ! law4 #dgi4 ,if "o int5ds to p]=m :at a law prescribes1 b at ! same "t expressly int5ds n to satisfy1 by t p]=mance1 ! obligation impos$1 "o's act is suffici5t or insuffici5t = fulfillm5t accord+ to ! s\rce f :i* ! obligation arises4 7a7 ,if ! obligation arises f ! w ( ! lawgiv]1 ! act is a suffici5t fulfillm5t1 s9ce ! human lawgiv]1 z said 9 ! previ\s p>agraph1 does n conc]n himself ) :at is purely int]nal4 ,example3 ,if a p]son he>s ,mass on ,sunday out ( devotion1 int5d+ to he> ano!r ,mass 9 satisfaction ( ! ,sunday duty1 he is n b\nd to he> a second ,mass1 z he has already done all t ! law requires4 7b7 ,if ! obligation arises f "o's own w1 z 9 ! case ( a promise or a v[1 ! act above describ$ is n suffici5t fulfillm5t2 =1 z ! obligation arose f ! w1 s also ! mode ( fulfillm5t is to be det]m9$ by ! w4 ,example3 ,"o :o has v[$ to he> ,mass1 & :o n[ :ile he>+ ,mass expressly det]m9es t n ?is b ano!r ,mass w be 9 satisfaction ( 8 v[1 is b\nd by 8 v[ to he> ano!r ,mass4 #dhj4 ,z to virtu\s dispositions 9 fulfill+ a law1 x is to be obs]v$ t1 :ile a good lawgiv] always wi%es !m1 he does n always require !m z a duty ( ob$i5ce4 ,! virtu\s dispositions ref]r$ to are ( two k9ds3 7a7 habitual1 t is1 ! p]man5t spiritual condition ( ! s\l1 su* z ! /ate ( grace1 ! habit ( *>ity1 etc42 7b7 actual1 t is1 ! good mann] 9 :i* ! comm&$ act is done1 su* z dev\t att5tion 9 he>+ ,mass1 he>tfelt contrition 9 mak+ confession1 fre$om f va9-glory 9 fa/+1 etc4 #dha4 ,virtu\s dispositions are or are n comm&$ accord+ z t :i* is prescrib$ is or is n a mix$1 or a purely ext]nal act 7see above1 #dbf74 7a7 ,:5 a mix$ act is comm&$ by law1 ! virtu\s disposition t ! nature ( ! case calls =1 b no?+ fur!r1 is /rictly prescrib$4 ,h5ce1 ! law ( ,ea/] ,communion requires t ,communion be receiv$ 9 ! /ate ( grace1 ! law ( ye>ly confession t ! p5it5t be truly contrite1 ! law ( ,sunday ,mass t !re be suffici5t att5tion to ! ,mass2 b m p]fect dispositions 7su* z fre$om f v5ial s9 9 ! communicant1 p]fect contrition 9 ! p5it5t1 ! /ate ( grace 9 him :o he>s ,mass7 are n requir$ = ! fulfillm5t ( ! laws we are consid]+4 7b7 ,:5 a purely ext]nal ?+ is comm&$1 ! law does n require int]nal dispositions1 & h5ce "o :o p]=ms :at is requir$ is n oblig$ to repeat x on acc\nt ( ! imp]fect way he obey$4 ,example3 ,he :o fa/s :ile he is n 9 ! /ate ( grace is n oblig$ to fa/ aga9 to make good :at 0 lack+ 9 8 previ\s disposition4 #dhb4 ,( c\rse1 :at 0 said 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph has to d only ) s+le laws1 & ) :at is /rictly ne$$ = ! fulfillm5t ( ! law4 ,h5ce3 7a7 he :o s9s because ( ! way 9 :i* he fulfills "o law1 violates ano!r law 7e4g41 "o :o is will+ly1 ?\gh n entirely1 di/ract$ at ,mass1 obeys ! *ur* law ( assi/ance at ,mass on ,sunday1 b he disobeys ! div9e law t he wor%ip ,god dev\tly72 7b7 he :o has less devotion 9 obey+ a law ?an he might h _h1 does n des]ve repreh5sion z a transgressor1 b 8 conduct is less praisewor?y4 #dhc4 ,int]pretation4--,! mean+ ( int]pretation & its v>i\s species 7 expla9$ above 9 #cae sqq4 #dhd4 ,z to ! =ce ( int]pretation ( *ur* laws1 ! foll[+ po9ts mu/ be not$3 7a7 ,au!ntic int]pretation giv5 9 ! =m ( law has ! =ce ( law2 if x is m]ely decl>ative ( words ( ! law c]ta9 9 !mselves1 x does n ne$ promulgation & is retroactive2 if x is supplem5t>y1 x ne$s promulgation & is n retroactive1 s9ce x is a new law 7,canon #ag1 ,sec4 #b72 7b7 ,au!ntic int]pretation giv5 9 ! =m ( judicial s5t5ce or ( rescript 9 a p>ticul> matt] has n ! =ce ( law2 & x obliges only ! p]sons & affects only ! ?+s conc]n$ 7,canon #ag1 ,sec4 #c72 7c7 ,usual int]pretation has ! =ce ( law :5 x is giv5 ?r\gh a legitimate cu/om 7see above1 #cia sqq471 = 8cu/om is ! be/ int]pret] ( law02 7d7 ,doctr9al int]pretation has n ! =ce ( law1 s9ce x does n proce$ f ! lawgiv]4 ,its value dep5ds on ! reasons & ! au?ority by :i* x is support$4 ,:5 all ! doctors agree1 _! int]pretation is morally c]ta92 :5 !y disagree1 ! v>i\s int]pretations h m or less probability4 #dhe4 ,rules = ,doctr9al ,int]pretation4--7a7 ,! words mu/ be und]/ood 9 _! prop] s5se accord+ to text & context1 unless ?is be impossible2 if d\btful1 !y mu/ be judg$ accord+ to p>allel places 9 ! ,code1 ! circum/ances1 reason ( ! law1 & ! m9d ( ! lawgiv] 7,canon #ah74 7b7 ,?+s t are burd5some %\ld be und]/ood 9 _! mo/ re/rict$ s5se 7,canon #ai71 ?+s t are favorable 9 _! wide/ s5se4 ,?us1 ! c5sure pron\nc$ aga9/ simony is und]/ood 9 ! n>r[ s5se ( simony aga9/ ! div9e law2 a privilege grant$ to ! cl]gy is und]/ood 9 ! wide s5se z giv5 to all ! cl]gy4 7c7 ,?+s t rema9 obscure %\ld be und]/ood 9 ! s5se t is lea/ burd5some to subjects4 7d7 ,a p>ticul> law d]ogates f a g5]al law2 b a g5]al law does n d]ogate f a previ\s p>ticul> law1 unless d]ogation is expressly m5tion$ 9 ! g5]al law2 = ! p>ticul> law is consid]$ an exception to ! g5]al law 7,canon #bb74 #dhf4 ,au!ntic int]pretations ( ecclesia/ical laws are giv5 by ! legislator1 8 successor1 or "o delegat$ by ei!r 7,canon #ag1 ,sec4 #a74 7a7 ,! ,pope is ! au!ntic int]pret] ( all ecclesia/ical laws4 ,a special commission appo9t$ by ! ,pope int]prets ! g5]al law ( ! ,code4 7b7 ,! bi%op is ! au!ntic int]pret] ( diocesan laws made by himself or by 8 pr$ecessors4 #dhg4 ,cessation ( ,obligation4--,! ord9>y ways 9 :i* a law ceases to be obligatory = an individual are3 7a7 on ! "p ( ! subject1 t he ceases to be subject to ! law 7exemption71 or is unable to obs]ve x 7excuse72 7b7 on ! "p ( ! lawgiv]1 t he removes ! obligation = ! individual 7disp5sation74 #dhh4 ,z to exemption f ,*ur* laws note3 7a7 he :o ceases to be subject to ! law 7e4g41 "o :o has receiv$ a privilege ( exemption1 or :o has dep>t$ f ! place :]e ! law is 9 =ce71 is ( c\rse n oblig$ by ! law2 7b7 nei!r is he guilty ( any fault if he br\ght ab\t 8 fre$om only j be=e ! law became effective & ) ! sole purpose ( be+ exempt2 = ! law does n oblige t "o rema9 subject to x4 #dhi4 ,excuses f ! law are r$uc$ to two1 namely1 ignorance & impossibility4 7a7 ,ignorance excuses f ! guilt ( non-obs]vance1 if x is inculpable 7see #bd sqq474 ,! "q n[ is :e!r or n & :5 x excuses f legal consequ5ces1 su* z invalidity1 p5alty1 res]vation ( s91 etc4 7b7 ,impossibility excuses f bo? obligation & guilt4 #dij4 ,ignorance ( ecclesia/ical law or ( a p5alty atta*$ to ! law has ! foll[+ effects det]m9$ 9 ! law3 7a7 ,no k9d ( ignorance excuses f irritat+ or inhabilitat+ laws1 unless ! contr>y is expressly provid$ = 9 ! law itself 7,canon #af1 ,sec4 #a74 ,?us a p]son :o contracts m>riage1 :ile ignorant t he & ! o!r p]son are fir/ c\s9s1 is invalidly m>ri$4 7b7 ,affect$ ignorance ( ecclesia/ical law or ( ! p5alty alone does n excuse f any p5alties latae s5t5tiae 7,canon #bbbi1 ,sec4#a74 7c7 ,if ! law conta9s ! foll[+ words3 praesumps]it1 ausus fu]it1 sci5t]1 /udiose1 tem]>ie1 consulto eg]it1 or o!rs simil> to !m :i* require full k & delib]ation1 any dim9ution ( imputability on ! "p ( ei!r ! intellect or ! w exempts ! del9qu5t f p5alties latae s5t5tiae 7,canon #bbbi1 ,sec4#b74 7d7 ,if ! law does n conta9 su* words1 crass or sup9e ignorance ( ! law or ev5 ( only ! p5alty does n exempt f any p5alty latae s5t5tiae2 ignorance t is n crass or sup9e exempts f m$ic9al p5alties1 b n f v9dicative p5alties latae s5t5tiae 7,canon #bbbi1 ,sec4#c1 #a74 #dia4 ,o!r specific det]m9ations ( ! law include3 7a7 ,inculpable ignorance ( ! law itself excludes moral imputability 7,canon #bbjb1 ,sec4#a72 actual inculpable inadv]t5ce or error 9 reg>d to ! law has ! same effect 7,canon #bbjb1 ,sec4#c74 7b7 ,culpable ignorance1 or culpable inadv]t5ce1 or error conc]n+ ! law or conc]n+ ! fact dim9i% imputability m or less 9 proportion to ! culpability ( ! ignorance 7,canon #bbjb1 ,sec4#a74 7c7 ,if ! ignorance1 ev5 inculpable1 affects only ! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( ! p5alty1 x does n exclude imputability ( ! delict1 b x does dim9i% x 7,canon #bbjb1 ,sec4#b74 #dib4 ,absolute or physical impossibility 7i4e41 ! want ( ! p[] or ( ! means ( comply+ ) a law71 ( c\rse1 excuses f its obs]vance2 = no "o is b\nd to :at is impossible4 ,?is applies to div9e law1 & h5ce mu* m to human law4 ,example3 ,he :o is unable to leave ! h\se is n oblig$ to g to ,mass4 #dic4 ,moral impossibility--t is1 ! inability to comply ) ! law )\t extraord9>y labor1 or ! imm95t dang] ( los+ a notable good or ( incurr+ a great evil--does n excuse f ! obs]vance ( ecclesia/ical law :5 ?is law receives ?r\gh circum/ances ! add$ =ce ( ! negative law ( nature4 ,?is happ5s :5 ! evil t w result ?r\gh ! obs]vance ( ! law be>s no proportion to ! evil t w result f its violation1 ! =m] be+ private or temporal or human1 ! latt] public or spiritual or div9e2 = ! law ( nature =bids t ! common welf>e1 or ! salvation ( a s\l1 or ! honor ( ,god be sacrific$ = ! b5efit ( an individual1 or = ! life ( ! body1 or = ! welf>e ( a creature4 ,example3 ,! comm& to ab/a9 f meat on ,friday obliges1 if "o has be5 ord]$ to violate x z a sign ( contempt ( ,god or ( religion1 ev5 ?\gh dea? is ?reat5$ = refusal4 #did4 ,moral impossibility excuses f ! obs]vance ( a human law 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 ,"o is excus$ :5 a consid]able loss 9 heal?1 reputation1 spiritual advantage1 prop]ty1 etc41 or a grave inconv5i5ce w result f obs]v+ a law :i* is n a prohibition ( nature 9 ! s5se ( ! previ\s p>agraph2 = ! legislator _c impose obligations t are ne$lessly heavy1 & h5ce positive law does n oblige 9 case ( su* moral impossibility4 ,example3 ,our ,"l reprov$ ! inhuman rigor ( ! ,ph>isees1 :o insi/$ t _! regulations mu/ be obs]v$1 :atev] ! difficulty or co/4 7b7 ,"o is excus$ :5 a l[] or less urg5t law is 9 conflict ) a law t is high] or m urg5t4 ,9 su* a case ! great] obligation prevails1 & ! less] obligation disappe>s4 ,examples3 ,! div9e laws t "o mu/ pres]ve "o's life or adm9i/] ,baptism to a dy+ p]son prevail ov] ! human law ( att5dance at *ur*4 ,! less urg5t law ( fa/+ yields to ! m urg5t law ( devot+ oneself to duties requir$ by "o's /ate ( life1 if !re is a conflict betwe5 ! two laws4 #die4 ,! loss1 evil or inconv5i5ce t con/itutes moral impossibility ) respect to a law1 mu/ be> a proportion to ! law itself2 & h5ce ! high] or ! m imp]ative ! law1 ! great] mu/ be ! reason t suffices to excuse f x4 #dif4 ,only a le>n$ & prud5t man c det]m9e :e!r moral impossibility exi/s ) ref]5ce to a p>ticul> case1 & h5ce x w\ld be dang]\s = ^? :o are n !ologians to decide1 ei!r = !mselves or = o!rs4 ,! po9ts t h to be consid]$ 9 judg+ are3 7a7 :e!r or n ! difficulty is ( a gravity proportionate to ! importance ( ! law 7e4g41 a grav] reason is requir$ to excuse f a law t obliges "u mortal s9 ?an to excuse f a law t b9ds "u light s972 7b7 :e!r or n ! difficulty is grave 9 relation to ! p]son conc]n$ 7e4g41 an obligation t is easy = a heal?y p]son may be v difficult = "o :o is infirm74 #dig4 ,x is nev] lawful to br+ ab\t ei!r physical or moral impossibility ( obs]v+ a law1 if ?is be done ) ! sole or pr9cipal purpose ( escap+ "o's duty4 ,example3 ,to g away on ,saturday 9 ord] to avoid ,mass on ,sunday4 #dih4 ,x is lawful to cause impossibility ( obs]v+ a law1 if !re be "s suffici5t reason = do+ ?is2 = x is lawful to d some?+ f :i* two effects1 "o good & ! o!r bad1 result1 if ! good effect is ! "o int5d$1 & !re is a suffici5t reason = p]mitt+ ! evil effect 7#ajb sqq474 ,example3 ,x is sometimes lawful to d "s extra "w t is v useful1 ev5 if ! labor makes "o unable to obs]ve a fa/4 #dii4 ,! suffici5t reason spok5 ( 9 ! la/ p>agraph is "o t is proportionate to ! urg5cy & importance ( ! comm& & to ! frequ5cy ( ! non-obs]vance4 ,examples3 ,a great] reason is requir$ to take up "s "w :i* w make x impossible to keep ! fa/1 if ?is be done on ! fa/ day itself1 ?an if x be done ! day be=e4 ,a f> great] reason is requir$ to take up "s "w t makes ! obs]vance ( ! fa/ impossible1 if ?is happ5s frequ5tly or habitually1 ?an if x happ5s only once or twice4 #ejj4 ,cessation ( ,law4--,a law ceases 9 two ways4 7a7 ,x ceases f )\t 7i4e41 f ! act ( ! legislator71 :5 he aboli%es x1 by total or p>tial revocation 7abrogation1 d]ogation71 or by ! in/itution ( a new law directly contr>y to x 7obrogation74 ,9 ! new ,code ( ,canon ,law !re are _m in/ances ( revocation or obrogation ( old] legislation 7see ,canons #bb1 #bc71 z 9 ! matt] ( c5sures & matrimonial imp$im5ts4 ,examples3 ,9 ! diocese ( ,x a m9or fea/ 0 made a holyday ( obligation4 ,?is law 0 abrogat$1 if lat] on x 0 decre$ t nei!r ! prohibition aga9/ s]vile works nor ! precept ( he>+ ,mass 0 obligatory = t fea/2 x 0 d]ogat$ f1 if lat] x 0 decre$ t s]vile works 7 p]mitt$1 b ,mass 0 obligatory = t day2 x 0 obrogat$1 if a lat] law includ$ ! m9or fea/ 9 a li/ ( special days ( devotion = :i* ! he>+ ( ,mass 0 recomm5d$4 7b7 ,a law ceases f )9 7i4e41 ( itself71 :5 ?r\gh *ange ( conditions ! purpose = :i* x 0 made no long] exi/s1 or is no long] s]v$ by ! law4 #eja4 ,! purpose = :i* a law 0 made ceases to be s]v$ by ! law 9 two cases4 7a7 ,a law no long] s]ves its purpose1 if1 f hav+ be5 a b5efit1 x has become a detrim5t1 inasmu* z its obs]vance n[ w\ld be wick$1 or impossible1 or too burd5some4 ,9 ?is case ! law ceases1 s9ce x is n[ contr>y to ! supreme law t ! common welf>e be promot$4 ,example3 ,a p>ticul> law =bade ! use ( fat or grease 9 ! prep>ation ( food on days ( ab/95ce4 ,lat]1 x became impossible to procure ! sub/itutes previ\sly us$4 7b7 ,a law no long] s]ves its purpose1 if1 f hav+ be5 useful1 x has become useless1 inasmu* z x is no long] necess>y = ! end int5d$ by ! lawgiv]4 ,9 ?is case ! law ceases1 = regulations %\ld n be impos$ ne$lessly4 ,example3 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,j]usalem made a law t ! fai?ful %\ld ab/a9 f us+ z food animals t _h be5 /rangl$ 7,acts1 xv4 #bj74 ,! purpose ( ! law 0 to avoid (f5se to ! ,jewi% conv]ts1 :o at t "t =m$ a l>ge "p ( ! ,*ri/ian community & :o _h a religi\s abhorr5ce = su* food4 ,b %ortly aft]w>ds1 ! ,g5tile elem5t hav+ become /rong] 9 ! ,*ur*1 no att5tion 0 paid to c]emonial rules ( ,judaism4 #ejb4 ,a law ceases to s]ve its purpose also z foll[s3 7a7 ,! law becomes h>mful or useless ) ref]5ce to ! purpose ( ! lawgiv] g5]ally & p]man5tly1 if ! *ang$ conditions affect ! :ole community or ! great majority1 & are la/+4 ,9 ?is case ! law ceases2 =1 s9ce x is made = ! community z a :ole & z a la/+ ord9ance1 x _c endure1 if x becomes p]man5tly uns]viceable to ! community4 ,examples are giv5 9 ! previ\s p>agraph4 7b7 ,! law becomes h>mful or useless ) ref]5ce to ! lawgiv]'s purpose privately or tempor>ily1 if ! h>m or uselessness affects only individuals1 or is n la/+4 ,9 ?is case ! law cont9ues to be an in/rum5t ( public welf>e1 or is only mom5t>ily depriv$ ( its b5eficial "*4 ,h5ce x endures2 b = tempor>y inconv5i5ce to ! public a rem$y is _h 9 susp5sion ( ! law1 = inconv5i5ce to individuals 9 disp5sation4 ,example3 ,if ! use ( fats or grease 7 =bidd5 on days ( ab/95ce1 & if = a "t only x 7 impossible to obta9 ! sub/itutes = ! prep>ation ( ! food1 ! law w\ld n cease1 b w\ld be susp5d$ until su* "t z sub/itutes c\ld be obta9$4 #ejc4 ,! inconv5i5ce caus$ to individuals f ! fact t a law does n s]ve its purpose 9 a case be=e !m1 does n always ju/ify ! use ( epieikeia4 7a7 ,if ! obs]vance ( ! law w\ld be detrim5tal to ! purpose int5d$ by ! lawgiv]1 epieikeia might be us$2 = ! lawgiv] does n int5d t 8 law %\ld be an ob/acle to :at he has 9 view z its end4 ,example3 ,caius ne$s to read a book plac$ on ! ,index 9 ord] to def5d ! ,fai? aga9/ attacks1 b he is unable to reque/ ! g5]al faculty to read =bidd5 works4 ,ob$i5ce to ! law 9 ?is case w\ld defeat ! purpose ( ! law1 :i* is ! protection ( fai?1 & h5ce ,caius may use epieikeia4 7b7 ,if ! obs]vance ( ! law w\ld be unnecess>y1 b n detrim5tal z reg>ds ! purpose ( ! lawgiv]1 epieikeia may n be us$2 else ! law w\ld lose its =ce ?r\gh ! judgm5ts ( individuals 9 _! own favor1 & ! common welf>e w\ld suff]4 ,examples3 ,titus has an opportunity to read a book plac$ on ! ,index1 b has n ! "t to apply = p]mission4 ,! "w 0 condemn$ z dang]\s to fai?2 b ,titus is /rong 9 fai?1 & wi%es only to /udy ! lit]>y qualities ( ! writ]4 ,sempronius1 a p>i% prie/1 is reque/$ to (ficiate at a m>riage imm$iately1 )\t proclaim+ ! banns or seek+ a disp5sation f proclamation4 ,! purpose ( ! law ( banns is t imp$im5ts may be detect$ & invalid m>riages avoid$1 & ,sempronius is absolutely c]ta9 t !re is no imp$im5t 9 ! case be=e him4 ,titus & ,sempronius mu/ obs]ve ! law1 & ! same mu/ be said z reg>ds e actual case 9 :i* !re is ! possibility ( self-deception & p]il to ! common good4 ,! !oretical case1 9 :i* nei!r ( ^! inconv5i5ces w\ld be pres5t1 ne$ n be consid]$4 #ejd4 ,! purpose ( ! law ceases to exi/ z foll[s3 7a7 adequately1 :5 all ! reasons on acc\nt ( :i* x 0 made are no long] 9 exi/5ce2 9 su* a case ! law itself ceases1 = ! lawgiv] is n consid]$ z int5d+ to oblige :5 ! reason = obligation has ceas$4 ,example3 ,if ! bi%op ord]s pray]s to be said = ra91 ! pray]s cease to be obligatory :5 ra9 has come2 7b7 inadequately1 :5 ! reason = ! law has ceas$ p>tially1 b n entirely4 ,9 su* a case ! law does n cease1 = x /ill rema9s useful4 ,example3 ,if ! bi%op ord]s pray]s = peace & ra91 ! pray]s are obligatory until bo? reque/s h be5 obta9$4 #eje4 ,a law ceases1 !re=e1 9 great] or less degree1 accord+ to circum/ances4 7a7 ,x ceases entirely or p>tially1 accord+ z x is revok$ or z x becomes useless z to all its provisions1 or only z to "o or m ( !m2 7b7 x ceases p]man5tly or tempor>ily1 accord+ z ! revocation or cessation is only = a "t1 or = good4 #ejf4 ,cu/om4--,9 ,canon ,law cu/om c int]pret1 abrogate or introduce law1 provid$3 7a7 x has ! qualities ( legitimate cu/om1 & 7b7 its exi/5ce is prov$ juridically1 or is notori\s4 #ejg4 ,accord+ to _! ext5sion1 cu/oms are ( v>i\s k9ds4 7a7 ,univ]sal cu/oms are ^? t prevail 9 ! entire ,*ur*2 7b7 p>ticul> cu/oms are ^? t are conf9$ to a t]ritorial portion ( ! ,*ur* 7e4g41 a prov9ce ( ! ,*ur* or ( an ,ord]72 7c7 special cu/oms are ^? t are foll[$ 9 societies t are small]1 b capable ( hav+ _! own laws 7e4g41 indep5d5t mona/]ies72 7d7 mo/ special cu/oms are ^? obs]v$ by individuals1 or by communities n capable ( hav+ _! own legislation 7e4g41 p>i%es74 ,at ! mo/1 cu/oms ( ?is la/ class h only ! =ce ( privilege 7,canon #bf74 #ejh4 ,cu/om is =m$ z foll[s4 7a7 ,z to orig91 x arises f ! practice ( ! p1 :5 ?is practice is foll[$ ) ! purpose ( mak+ or unmak+ a law4 ,h5ce1 ! habitual way ( act+ ( an individual1 ev5 if he be ! sup]ior1 does n give rise to a cu/om4 ,by 8p0 "h is meant a community capable ( hav+ its own law 7,canon #bf74 7b7 ,z to legal =ce1 cu/om arises solely f ! cons5t ( ! ,pope or o!r prelate1 :5 ?is cons5t is express$ by ! law or lawgiv]1 or tacitly admitt$ by him4 ,h5ce1 a cu/om n approv$ by ! sup]ior has no legal =ce 7,canon #be74 #eji4 ,a cu/om c introduce or abrogate any k9d ( ecclesia/ical law or o!r cu/om--p5al1 prohibitive1 irritant--if x is reasonable & has la/$ ! prescrib$ "t 7,canons #bg1 #bh74 ,examples3 ,a law t =bids contr>y cu/oms c be abrogat$1 accord+ to ! ,code1 by su* cu/oms :5 !y are immemorial1 or a c5tury old 7,canon #bg1 ,sec4 #a74 ,! imp$im5t ( disp>ity ( wor%ip became dirim5t ?r\gh cu/om2 x 0 cu/om t introduc$ ! obligation ( ! ,div9e ,(fice1 & t mitigat$ ! e>ly law ( fa/4 #eaj4 ,a cu/om expressly disapprov$ ( 9 law is n reasonable or legitimate1 & _c d]ogate f an exi/+ law1 nor e/abli% a new law 7,canons #bg1 #bh74 #eaa4 ,! "t prescrib$ by ! ,code ( ,canon ,law = ! acquisition ( legal =ce by cu/oms t h n ! p]sonal cons5t ( ! lawgiv] is z foll[s3 7a7 =ty cont9u\s & complete ye>s are requir$ to unmake an ord9>y law2 "o hundr$ ye>s to unmake a law t =bids future contr>y cu/om 7,canon #bg1 ,sec4 #a72 7b7 =ty cont9u\s & complete ye>s are likewise requir$ to make a new law 7,canon #bh74 #eab4 ,! effect ( ! ,code on cu/oms previ\sly exi/+ 0 consid]$ above "u #dba4 #eac4 ,l ! writt5 law1 cu/om ceases3 7a7 f )91 :5 its purpose has ceas$ entirely2 7b7 f )\t1 :5 x is abrogat$ by desuetude1 or by a contr>y law or cu/om 7,canon #cj74 #ead4 ,laws 9 a ,wide ,s5se4--,9 addition to laws /rictly s-call$1 !re are laws 9 a wide s5se1 comm&s or provisions made by ecclesia/ical sup]iors t h n all ! conditions giv5 above 7see #bhe7 = law4 ,su* are3 7a7 precepts1 :i* diff] f law1 because !y are giv5 n to ! community or p]man5tly1 b to individuals or tempor>ily2 7b7 rescripts1 :i* are giv5 ) reg>d to p>ticul> cases & )\t ! solemnity ( law2 7c7 privileges1 :i* are n obligatory2 7d7 disp5sations1 :i* are relaxations ( law grant$ to individuals4 #eae4 ,a precept is a comm& giv5 to individuals1 or = an individual case1 by a compet5t sup]ior4 7a7 ,x is a comm& oblig+ 9 consci5ce1 & s diff]s f c\nsel1 desire1 exhortation4 7b7 ,x is giv5 to individuals1 & ?us diff]s f law1 :i* has ! "* ( univ]sality & /ability4 ,a precept may be impos$ on a community1 b ev5 !n x is p>ticul>1 z be+ giv5 only = an individual case or = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t--= a mon? or a ye>1 or dur+ ! lifetime ( ! sup]ior4 7c7 ,x is giv5 by a compet5t sup]ior4 ,ev5 "h precept diff]s f law1 s9ce laws c be made only by "o :o has jurisdictional or public au?ority 7see above1 #bhe71 :ile precepts may be giv5 also by ^? :o h only dom9ative or private au?ority 7z p>5ts1 heads ( families1 husb&s1 employ]s1 abbesses74 ,9 canonical matt]s precepts may be giv5 by religi\s sup]iors1 p>i% prie/s1 rectors ( sem9>ies1 & = ! c\rt ( consci5ce by ! confessor4 #eaf4 ,precept is simil> to law3 7a7 z to its object1 :i* mu/ be j1 good1 & possible ( obs]vance2 7b7 z to its b9d+ =ce1 s9ce x c be impos$ ev5 on ^? :o are unwill+4 #eag4 ,precepts are p]sonal 7i4e41 !y affect ! p]son to :om !y are giv5 :]ev] he may be71 unless !y are giv5 z t]ritorial 7,canon #bd74 ,h5ce3 7a7 a precept giv5 by "o :o has no t]ritorial au?ority 7e4g41 a religi\s sup]ior7 is p]sonal2 7b7 a precept giv5 by ! ,pope1 ^: au?ority includes e t]ritory1 is also p]sonal2 7c7 a precept giv5 by ! bi%op is p]sonal1 if giv5 to an individual2 x is p]sonal or t]ritorial if giv5 to a community1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! case or ! word+ ( ! precept4 ,example3 ,! precept n to g to !atres dur+ a j\rney1 impos$ by a bi%op "u pa9 ( susp5sion1 obliges ev]y:]e1 bo? z to fault & z to p5alty4 #eah4 ,z to ! =ce ( precepts3 7a7 morally or z to fault1 !y oblige1 s t ! violator is guilty ( disob$i5ce & ( s9 aga9/ any p>ticul> virtue ! sup]ior will$ to impose "u precept2 7b7 juridically or z to ! p5alty prescrib$1 !y d n oblige1 unless ! precept 0 giv5 legally--i4e41 by a writt5 docum5t1 or 9 ! pres5ce ( two witnesses1 etc4 7,canon #bd74 ,example3 ,if a precept 0 giv5 "u ! p5alty ( loss ( (fice1 b )\t ! legal =malities1 ! canonical process & s5t5ce ( deprivation c\ld n be resort$ to4 #eai4 ,a precept expires ( itself ) ! expiration ( ! au?ority t gave x 7e4g41 at ! dea? or cessation ( (fice ( ! sup]ior71 unless ! precept 0 giv5 by docum5t or be=e witnesses 7,canon #bd74 #ebj4 ,a rescript is a writt5 reply made by ! ,holy ,see or ! ,ord9>y to a reque/1 /atem5t1 or consultation4 ,replies ( ?is k9d are employ$ 9 ref]5ce to ! concession ( b5efices & to dispositions to be made conc]n+ litigation & judicial proc$ure4 ,usually !y grant favors1 ei!r transitory--e4g41 a disp5sation--or p]man5t--e4g41 a privilege 7,canons #cf-fb74 #eba4 ,a privilege is a special & p]man5t "r grant$ by a rul] to an individual or community to act contr>y to or beyond ! law4 7a7 ,x is a p]man5t "r1 & s resembles law1 :i* is also /able & =bids int]f]5ce ) :at x grants4 7b7 ,x is a special "r1 & s x diff]s f law1 :i* is g5]al & imposes obligation4 ,x is sometimes /yl$ 8private law40 ,moreov]1 law requires promulgation1 privilege requires only acceptance4 7c7 ,x is grant$ by ! rul] 7i4e41 by ! ,pope1 bi%op1 or o!r legislator71 & ?us x diff]s f p]mission grant$ by a simple sup]ior4 7d7 ,x is grant$ to a p]son1 t is1 to an individual 7,titus1 ,caius1 ,balbus1 etc47 or to a congregation or community2 =1 if grant$ to all1 x w\ld n be special4 7e7 ,a privilege gives ! "r to act contr>y to ! g5]al law 7e4g41 by exempt+ f a tax7 or beyond ! g5]al law 7e4g41 by grant+ ! p[] to disp5se74 ,?us1 a privilege diff]s also f pr]ogatives t are set d[n 9 ! ,code itself 7e4g41 ! special rights & faculties ( ,c>d9als1 bi%ops1 regul>s1 etc471 all ( :i* are laws & n privileges 9 ! /rict s5se4 #ebb4 ,! rules = int]pretation ( privileges are simil> to ^? = ! int]pretation ( law 7see #dhc sqq474 ,!y %\ld be nei!r ext5d$ nor re/rict$1 b %\ld be und]/ood accord+ to ! mean+ ( ! words !mselves 7,canon #fg71 yet s t ! p>ty receiv+ ! privilege w seem to h obta9$ a favor 7,canon #fh74 ,if ! mean+ int5d$ is d\btful1 ! foll[+ rules ( ! ,code 7,canons #ej1 #fh7 %\ld be foll[$3 7a7 wide int]pretation is to be giv5 to ! privileges t are beyond or outside ( ! law & t are n prejudicial to o!rs1 z well z to privileges t 7 giv5 z a rew>d ( m]it2 7b7 /rict int]pretation is to be giv5 to privileges t are contr>y to law 7sav+ ! cases ( privileges grant$ to pi\s causes or 9 favor ( a community71 to privileges grant$ because ( an agreem5t made1 & to privileges t are prejudicial to ?ird p>ties4 #ebc4 ,a privilege is a favor1 & h5ce does n z su* impose ! duty ( acceptance or use2 b obligations ow$ to o!rs (t5 make x necess>y to avail oneself ( a privilege 7,canon #fi74 7a7 ,pr]ogatives grant$ 9 ! law _c be r5\nc$ by individuals1 s9ce _! pres]vation is requir$ by ! common good4 ,example3 ,a cl]ic has no "r to ab&on an immunity :i* ! law gives to 8 /ate4 7b7 ,privileges grant$ to a community c be r5\nc$ by ! community1 b n by its individual memb]s4 ,an individual memb] is n b\nd1 h[ev]1 to use ! privilege1 unless !re be accid5tal reasons1 su* z ! comm& ( a sup]ior1 t require him to d s4 7c7 ,privileges grant$ to individuals ne$ n be us$ by !m1 unless !re be accid5tal reasons t call on "o to use a privilege4 ,example3 ,a prie/ :o has ! privilege ( a private oratory is n b\nd to e/abli% su* an oratory2 b a prie/ :o has ! privilege ( absolv+ f res]v$ cases is b\nd 9 *>ity to use x1 if a p5it5t w\ld o!rwise suff]4 #ebd4 ,disp5sation diff]s f privilege3 7a7 because ! =m] f its nature is tempor>y1 ! latt] p]man5t2 7b7 because ! =m] is always contr>y to ! law1 :]eas ! latt] may be only beyond ! law4 #ebe4 ,! ,pope c disp5se z foll[s3 7a7 9 all ecclesia/ical laws he c grant a disp5sation /rictly s-call$ 7,canon #ha72 7b7 9 div9e laws 9 :i* ! obligation dep5ds on an act ( ! human w 7su* z ! laws ( oa?s1 v[s1 contracts1 etc471 he c grant a disp5sation improp]ly s-call$ 7see above1 #cac sqq41 #ceg71 ,9 o!r div9e laws1 he c int]pret or decl>e1 b he _c disp5se4 #ebf4 ,! ,ord9>y c disp5se z foll[s3 7a7 9 ! g5]al law ( ! ,*ur* :5 he has an explicit or implicit faculty f ! ,pope or f ! law 7,canon #ha72 7b7 9 diocesan laws &1 9 p>ticul> cases1 also 9 laws ( prov9cial & pl5>y c\ncils1 :5 !re is j reason 7,canon #hb72 7c7 9 papal laws made = a p>ticul> t]ritory1 :5 faculty has be5 giv5 explicitly or implicitly1 or rec\rse to ! ,holy ,see is difficult 7,canon #hb72 7d7 9 all ecclesia/ical laws t are disp5sable1 :5 !re is d\bt ( fact 7,canon #ae74 #ebg4 ,! pa/or c disp5se z foll[s3 7a7 f ! g5]al law conc]n+ fea/s ( obligation & f ! laws ( fa/ & ab/95ce4 ,! disp5sation c be grant$ ei!r to 8 own subjects or to /rang]s1 b only = a j reason1 9 individual in/ances & = p>ticul> individuals or families4 ,! bi%op may disp5se ! :ole diocese1 b ! pa/or _c disp5se ! :ole p>i% 7,canon #abde74 7b7 ,:5 !re is dang] ( dea?1 ! pa/or c disp5se f matrimonial imp$im5ts z provid$ 9 ,canon #ajdd4 #ebh4 ,religi\s sup]iors1 local sup]iors includ$1 c disp5se 9 ! laws & /atutes ( _! own in/itutes1 except :]e ?is is =bidd54 ,9 cl]ical & exempt in/itutes ! sup]iors c also disp5se ! subjects & all :o live day & night 9 ! religi\s h\se 7su* z /ud5ts1 gue/s & s]vants7 f ! g5]al laws ( ! ,*ur*1 z foll[s3 7a7 ,! high] sup]iors1 su* z abbots1 g5]als1 prov9cials1 h ! same au?ority 9 ?is respect z ! bi%op has ) ref]5ce to 8 own diocese4 ,h5ce1 !y c disp5se 9 all ecclesia/ical laws 9 :i* ! ,pope disp5ses1 :5 !re is d\bt ( fact1 or rec\rse to ! ,holy ,see is difficult 7,canons #ae1 #ha72 9 case ( necessity1 !y c disp5se f ! laws ( ab/95ce individuals1 or an entire conv5t1 or an entire prov9ce 7,canon #abde1 ,sec4 #b72 !y c disp5se 9 irregul>ities z provid$ 9 ,canon #iij1 ,sec4 #a4 7b7 ,! o!r sup]iors1 local sup]iors includ$1 c disp5se _! subjects f ! laws ( fa/ & ab/95ce 9 ! same mann] z pa/ors are able to disp5se _! p>i%ion]s 7,canon #abde1 ,sec4 #c71 ,religi\s sup]iors are also able to disp5se ! private non-res]v$ v[s ( _! subjects 7,canons #acac1 ,sec4 #b1 #acad74 #ebi4 ,confessors1 :5 delegat$1 c disp5se z foll[s3 7a7 ) ord9>y faculties1 f imp$im5ts1 irregul>ities & p5alties1 z provid$ 9 ,canons #ajdd1 #ajde1 #ihe1 #iij1 #bbij2 7b7 ) privileg$ faculties1 f simple v[s n res]v$ to ! ,pope1 if no injury is done to ! rights ( a ?ird p>ty2 & f occult irregul>ity produc$ by del9qu5cy1 t f homicide except$4 7,9 ! int]nal sacram5tal =um ! confessor c disp5se f ! imp$im5ts indicat$ 9 ,canons #ajdc-ajde47 #ecj4 ,prie/s t assi/ at m>riages c disp5se f imp$im5ts z provid$ 9 ,canons #ajdc-ajde4 #eca4 ,! mann] ( seek+ disp5sations is z foll[s3 7a7 = ! usual disp5sations 7e4g41 ^? f fa/1 ab/95ce1 obs]vance ( fea/s1 & ! v[s t may be disp5s$ by confessors7 no p>ticul> proc$ure is requir$2 7b7 = ! disp5sation t mu/ be s\ght f ! ,holy ,see1 if ! matt] belongs to ! int]nal =um1 ! petition is s5t to ! ,sacr$ ,p5it5ti>y ?r\gh ! ,confessor or ,ord9>y2 if x belongs to ! ext]nal =um1 x is s5t to ! compet5t ,congregation ?r\gh ! p>i% prie/ or ,ord9>y4 ,disp5sation f public m>riage imp$im5ts mu/ be s5t ?r\gh ! ,ord9>y4 #ecb4 ,! mann] ( prep>+ a petition = disp5sation is z foll[s3 7a7 ! "n ( ! p5it5t mu/ n be giv5 9 petitions to ! ,sacr$ ,p5it5ti>y1 b ! "n & address ( ! p>ty to :om ! reply is to be s5t %\ld be cle>ly giv52 7b7 ! petition %\ld be s5t by lett]4 ,x may be writt5 9 any language1 & %\ld /ate ! case ) its circum/ances1 ! favor t is ask$1 & ! true reason = ask+ x4 #ecc4 ,a disp5sation is invalidat$ z foll[s3 7a7 ?r\gh defect ( ! petition1 if x conta9s a sub/antial error1 & ! disp5sation is giv5 on condition ( sub/antial tru? 7,canon #dj72 7b7 ?r\gh defect ( ! petition]1 if he is incapable ( receiv+ ! favor ask$ 7,canon #df72 7c7 ?r\gh defect ( ! disp5sation1 z :5 ! requisite signature or seal is omitt$2 7d7 ?r\gh defect ( ! disp5s]1 z :5 he lacks jurisdiction1 or grants )\t a j & proportionate reason a disp5sation = :i* he has only delegat$ p[] 7,canon #hd74 #ecd4 ,if a disp5sation is unju/ly refus$1 note ! foll[+3 7a7 ord9>ily1 ! subject has n ! "r to hold himself free f ! law2 7b7 9 extraord9>y circum/ances1 :5 ! law ceases1 or no long] obliges 7see #dhg sqq471 ! subject is free4 #ece4 ,! faculty ( disp5s+ %\ld be int]pret$ z foll[s3 7a7 widely1 :5 x 0 grant$ = cases 9 g5]al 7,canon #bjj1 ,sec4#a72 7b7 /rictly1 :5 x is grant$ = a p>ticul> case 7,canon #he74 #ecf4 ,a disp5sation itself %\ld be int]pret$ /rictly 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 :5 ! disp5sation has an odi\s side1 z :5 x is contr>y to law & advantage\s to private int]e/ or is detrim5tal to a ?ird p>ty2 7b7 :5 wide int]pretation is dang]\s1 z favor+ inju/ice1 promot+ ambition1 etc4 7,canons #ej1 #he74 #ecg4 ,a disp5sation ceases intr9sically 9 ! foll[+ ways3 7a7 by ! lapse ( ! p]iod ( "t = :i* x 0 grant$2 7b7 by ! entire & c]ta9 cessation ( ! motive ( ! disp5sation1 if ! effect ( ! disp5sation is divisible--t is1 if ! motive = disp5sation has to be exi/5t ea* "t t ! law calls = an act or omission 7,canon #hf74 ,example3 ,if "o is disp5s$ f ! fa/ or ,(fice on acc\nt ( ill-heal?1 & lat] recov]s1 ! disp5sation ceases4 #ech4 ,a disp5sation ceases extr9sically 9 ! foll[+ ways3 7a7 by ! act ( ! "o :o disp5s$1 if he validly recalls ! disp5sation1 or by 8 cessation f (fice1 if he limit$ ! disp5sation to 8 own t]m ( au?ority 7,canons #hf1 #gc72 7b7 by ! act ( ! "o :o 0 disp5s$1 if he r5\nces ! disp5sation )\t detrim5t to any ?ird p>ty1 & ) ! cons5t ( ! sup]ior 7,canons #hf1 #gb74 #eci4 ,a disp5sation does n cease 9 ! foll[+ cases ?r\gh ! cessation ( ! motive = :i* x 0 giv53 7a7 ,if ! motive ceases only p>tially or d\btfully1 ev5 ?\gh ! effect ( ! disp5sation be divisible--t is1 requir+ ! exi/5ce ( ! motive = ! grant ea* "t ! disp5sation is us$4 ,=1 if ! disp5sation ceas$ 9 su* cases1 its b5efit w\ld frequ5tly be 9 great "p lo/ on acc\nt ( ! worry & scruple to :i* ! p]sons disp5s$ w\ld be expos$4 ,example3 ,balbus has be5 disp5s$ f fa/ on acc\nt ( poor heal?4 ,lat] on he improves1 b has n recov]$ 8 /r5g? entirely1 or at lea/ is n c]ta9 ( 8 recov]y4 ,he may cont9ue /ill to use ! disp5sation4 7b7 ,a disp5sation does n cease if ! motive ceases entirely & c]ta9ly1 b ! effect ( ! disp5sation is indivisible--t is1 remov+ ! entire obligation once = all4 ,example3 ,titus is a wid[] ) sev]al "y *ildr54 ,he wi%es to m>ry 9 ord] to h a home = ! *ildr51 & ?is wi% is ! motive ( a disp5sation giv5 him f an imp$im5t ( aff9ity to ! m>riage he contemplates4 ,b be=e ! m>riage takes place1 ! *ildr5 die1 ,! disp5sation /ill holds good4 #edj4 ,a disp5sation does n cease by reason ( ! grantor 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 ,x does n cease ?r\gh ! grantor's cessation f au?ority1 if x 0 giv5 indep5d5tly ( 8 t]m ( (fice4 ,example3 ,sempronius receiv$ a disp5sation 8valid until recall10 b nev] made use ( x4 ,al?\gh n[ ! grantor has di$1 ! disp5sation cont9ues 9 =ce4 7b7 ,x does n cease1 if ! grantor invalidly recalls ! disp5sation1 z :5 he disp5ses f delegat$ p[] & 8 au?ority ceases ) ! act ( disp5sation4 ,example3 ,balbus1 a confessor1 disp5s$ ,caius f ! law ( ab/95ce1 b n[ wi%es to recall ! disp5sation4 ,! disp5sation rema9s4 #eda4 ,a disp5sation does n cease on acc\nt ( ! p]son disp5s$ 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 ,x does n cease :5 he leaves ! t]ritory ( ! disp5s]1 if ! disp5sation 0 p]sonal4 ,example3 ,a p]son disp5s$ f ! g5]al law ( fa/ by indult grant$ to 8 diocese _c use t disp5sation outside ! diocese2 b if he has a p]sonal disp5sation1 he is disp5s$ ev]y:]e4 7b7 ,x does n cease :5 ! grantee fails to use x1 or acts contr>y to x1 if !re is no r5unciation on 8 "p4 ,examples3 ,sempronius has be5 disp5s$ f ! fa/ ( ,l5t1 b he fa/s on "s days4 ,?is non-use ( ! disp5sation on "s days does n r5ew ! obligation4 ,balbus has receiv$ a disp5sation to m>ry ,sempronia1 b he *anges 8 m9d & m>ries ,claudia4 ,?is act contr>y to ! disp5sation does n take away its =ce1 &1 if ,claudia dies1 he w be free to m>ry ,sempronia4 ,art4 #f3 ,,civil ,,law #edb4 ,mean+4--,j z ! ,*ur* has ! "r & duty to make laws :i* w promote ! spiritual welf>e ( h] memb]s1 s has ! ,/ate ! p[] & obligation to legislate = ! temporal happ9ess ( its citiz5s3 8,!re is no p[] b f ,god & ^? t are1 are orda9$ ( ,god4 ,he 7! rul]7 is ,god's m9i/] to !e = good0 7,rom41 xiii4 #a1 #d74 #edc4 ,orig94--,! au?ority to make civil laws resides 9 t p]son or body to :om accord+ to ! con/itution ( ! ,/ate ! legislative function belongs4 7a7 ,9 an absolute mon>*y1 ! legislative au?ority is ve/$ 9 ! pr9ce2 7b7 9 a /ate t has an appo9t$ or h]$it>y ari/ocracy1 ! legislative p[] may be entru/$1 at lea/ 9 "p1 to a body ( nobles2 7c7 9 a limit$ mon>*y or republic ! lawmak+ function belongs to ! p1 :o ex]cise x ei!r directly or 7z is ! case 9 mo/ mod]n /ates7 indirectly ?r\gh elect$ repres5tatives4 #edd4 ,! acceptance ( civil law by ! p is n necess>y = its obligation1 = ob$i5ce to high] p[]s is comm&$ 7,rom41 xiii1 #e71 &1 if law has no au?ority1 ! common welf>e is defeat$4 ,sev]al po9ts mu/1 h[ev]1 be not$4 7a7 ,! =ego+ pr9ciple is to be und]/ood ( law 9 itself1 =1 if !re is "q ( ! =m ( gov]nm5t or ( him :o ex]cises ! p[]s ( sov]eignty1 acceptance by ! p may be said to be necess>y 9 ! s5se t ! multitude may set up ! p>ticul> sy/em ( rule :i* x pref]s1 & may designate ! individuals :o are to wield au?ority "u ! con/itution adopt$4 7b7 ,! pr9ciple giv5 above is to be accept$ regul>ly speak+1 = !re may be cases 9 :i* ! acceptance ( ! p is requir$ by law itself4 ,example3 ,"u =m] civil con/itutions1 if 9 a c]ta9 place a lawful cu/om 0 9 =ce1 a contr>y law :i* did n expressly aboli% ! cu/om did n oblige unless accept$4 ,b ?is example is !oretical1 = mod]n civil codes d n recognize ! d]ogatory =ce ( cu/om4 ,if ! con/itution ( ! /ate calls = a ref]5dum or plebiscite 7i4e41 submission to ! electors = ratification71 !n ! bill pass$ by ! legislature or a measure propos$ by ! initiative body lacks =ce until accept$4 ,?is illu/rates acceptance ( a propos$ law1 b ! acceptance is supplem5t$ by "s m9i/]ial act4 7c7 ,! pr9ciple giv5 above is to be und]/ood ( ! tak+ effect ( a law1 = ! cont9uance ( a law may dep5d on ! acceptance ( ! p 9 ! s5se t a contr>y cu/om ( ! p is able to abrogate law1 if ! sup]ior cons5ts 7see #ejj sqq474 ,few codes ( mod]n /ates give legal =ce to popul> cu/om2 !y suppose t1 if a law is n satisfactory to ! p1 ! way is op5 to its repeal ?r\gh ex]cise ( ! suffrage4 ,b1 morally speak+1 !re is no obligation to obey a law t has fall5 into desuetude4 #ede4 ,z to laws made by "o :o has no lawful au?ority1 we %\ld note3 7a7 ( !mselves1 !y h no b9d+ =ce1 s9ce law is an act ( au?ority2 7b7 f ! necessities ( ! case1 !y are obligatory1 if1 be+ o!rwise j1 !y are accept$ by ! great body ( ! p2 = to resi/ !m !n w\ld be prejudicial to public ord]4 #edf4 ,subject-,matt]4--,! objects or classes ( temporal goods t fall "u ! regulation ( civil law are _m3 7a7 ext]nal goods1 or goods ( =tune1 :i* %\ld h ! protection ( ! ,/ate2 & ! laws reg>d+ !m %\ld promote agriculture1 comm]ce1 indu/ry1 ! arts1 etc42 7b7 ! goods ( ! body1 :i* are m important /ill1 & h5ce ! law %\ld favor ! family & ! increase ( its memb]s1 & %\ld provide = ! heal? & well-be+ ( ! citiz5s by sanit>y regulations & measures ( relief = ! ne$y1 ! unemploy$1 ! orphans1 & ! ag$2 7c7 ! goods ( ! m9d1 :i* are necess>y = progress & happ9ess1 & h5ce ! law %\ld provide ! means = in/ruction 9 ! secul> arts & sci5ces & = ! g5]al diffusion ( useful k2 7d7 ! goods ( ! w 7i4e41 virtue & morality71 :i* are mo/ important bo? to ! individual & ! community1 & h5ce ! law mu/ safegu>d public dec5cy & sobriety1 & re/ra9 & puni% ! opposite crimes & vices2 7e7 ! social goods ( ! p1 :i* are promot$ by wise legislation conc]n+ ! =m & adm9i/ration ( gov]nm5t1 ! mutual duties & rights ( citiz5s1 ! protection ( ! ,/ate & ( its memb]s1 etc4 #edg4 ,! relation ( civil law to natural law is z foll[s3 7a7 ,! ,/ate has no p[] to make laws t are oppos$ to nature1 =1 s9ce law is an ord9ance accord+ to reason1 any human comm& t is contr>y to nature & !re=e to reason is n law1 b ! corruption ( law4 ,no s91 n ev5 a v5ial s91 c be made obligatory by law4 ,example3 ,! rule ( ,sp>ta t sickly infants 7 to be put to dea? 0 n law b legaliz$ murd]4 7b7 ,! ,/ate has ! p[] to decl>e & en=ce by suitable sanctions ! conclusions t are d]iv$ f ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! law ( nature2 = _m p might be ignorant ( ^! conclusions or incl9$ to disreg>d !m1 unless !y 7 promulgat$ & confirm$ by human law4 ,example3 ,! natural law requires t p>5ts provide = _! "y *ildr51 & t *ildr5 assi/ _! ne$y p>5ts2 ! civil law adopts ^! natural pr9ciples1 compels _! obs]vance1 & puni%es transgressors4 7c7 ,! ,/ate has ! p[] to make concrete & to det]m9e ! provisions ( ! natural law t are ab/ract or g5]al4 ,example3 ,! natural law decrees t "s =m ( gov]nm5t be set up1 t ! p contribute to ! support ( ! gov]nm5t1 t crimes be puni%$1 t ! g5]al welf>e be s]v$1 etc42 ! civil law det]m9es ! special =m ( gov]nm5t1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! rev5ues are to be obta9$1 ! specific p5alties = ea* crime1 ! public measures t are be/ suit$ to ! circum/ances1 etc4 #edh4 ,! relation ( ! civil law to div9e & ecclesia/ical law is z foll[s3 7a7 ,9 matt]s purely spiritual ! ,/ate has no p[] to legislate1 s9ce its end & au?ority are conf9$ to ?+s temporal2 & h5ce ! ,/ate has no "r to int]f]e ) ! fai?1 wor%ip & gov]nm5t ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b1 s9ce morality promotes ! prosp]ity ( ! ,/ate1 & s9ce ! end ( ! individual is spiritual1 ! civil law %\ld respect & favor religion4 7b7 ,9 matt]s t are p>tly spiritual1 p>tly temporal1 ! ,/ate has ! p[] to legislate on ^? aspects t are temporal1 yet s z n to infr+e on div9e or ecclesia/ical "r4 ,example3 ,civil laws on education h ! "r to regulate non-religi\s subjects1 c\rses1 /&>ds1 etc42 b !y h no "r to proscribe religi\s tra9+1 or to prescribe ! tea*+ ( irreligion or immorality1 ,/ate laws on m>riage may require regi/ration1 settle ! civil effects ( m>riage1 etc41 b !y h no "r to int]f]e ) ! unity ( m>riage or ! sanctity ( ! m>riage bond4 #edi4 ,! ,/ate is = ! individual1 & n ! individual = ! ,/ate2 h5ce1 civil law %\ld n int]f]e ) human lib]ties1 except :]e ?is is necess>y = ! common peace & safety or ! lawful opportunity ( ! p z a :ole4 ,h5ce3 7a7 ,human lib]ties t are n inali5able may be limit$ by ! law1 :5 ! public good or ! welf>e ( individuals requires ?is 7see #bib74 ,examples3 ,! ,/ate has ! "r to regulate ! acts ( ^? :o are unable to take c>e ( !mselves 9 matt]s ( importance2 to =bid :at is detrim5tal to ! common int]e/ 7su* z hunt+ & fi%+ at c]ta9 seasons71 to protect ! public :5 x neglects to protect itself1 etc4 ,uncall$-= int]f]5ce by gov]nm5t ) ! p]sonal & private affairs ( individuals--pat]nalism 9 gov]nm5t--is ( c\rse to be avoid$1 = re/riction ( lib]ty is some?+ disagreeable & %\ld n be resort$ to )\t necessity4 7b7 ,human rights t are fundam5tal 7su* z ! rights to live1 to m>ry1 to re> a family1 to be free1 to pursue happ9ess7 %\ld n be trespass$ on by civil law4 ,?us1 ! ,/ate has no "r to =bid m>riage to ! poor1 b on ! contr>y x has ! duty to remove conditions t cause pov]ty4 ,b1 :5 ! common welf>e dem&s ! sacrifice1 ! ,/ate has ! "r to call on citiz5s to expose ev5 life & =tune 9 its def5se4 #eej4 ,^? ,subject to ,civil ,law4--,civil laws oblige all ^? :o are 9 any way subject to _! au?ority4 7a7 ,citiz5s1 :5 9 ! c\ntry1 are b\nd by all ! laws t p]ta9 to !m2 :5 outside ! c\ntry1 !y are b\nd by "s laws1 su* z ^? t regulate _! p]sonal /atus & (fice1 b n by o!rs1 9 p>ticul> su* z are ( a t]ritorial "*4 7b7 ,ali5s are b\nd by ! laws ( ! c\ntry t include !m1 su* z ^? t regulate public ord] & ! mak+ ( contracts4 #eea4 ,! ,obligation ( ,civil ,law4--,civil law1 :5 x has all ! conditions ( valid law1 ev5 if ! legislator is non-religi\s or anti-religi\s1 is obligatory n only be=e ! ,/ate1 b also be=e ,god 7i4e41 9 consci5ce74 ,?is is2 7a7 by reason ( ! natural law1 ( :i* x is a d]ivation 7see above1 #cac72 7b7 by reason ( div9e positive law1 = x is frequ5tly decl>$ 9 scripture & 9 ! ,*ur*'s tea*+ & practice t lawful au?ority repres5ts ,god & mu/ be obey$ = consci5ce' sake3 8,r5d] to ,caes> ! ?+s t are ,caes>'s0 7,matt1 xxii #ba71 8,be subject ( necessity1 n only = wra?1 b also = consci5ce' sake0 7,rom1 xiii4 #e74 #eeb4 ,are subjects oblig$ to (f] !mselves = puni%m5t prescrib$ by law8 7a7 ,if ! fault committ$ 0 m]ely juridical 7i4e41 be=e ! law71 ! p5alty is c]ta9ly n obligatory be=e s5t5ce4 ,example3 ,balbus ?r\gh %e] accid5t1 & )\t design or neglig5ce1 kills a man4 ,if involunt>y homicide is puni%$ by imprisonm5t1 ,balbus is n b\nd to give himself up4 ,engli% common law1 x %\ld be not$1 presumes a man innoc5t until prov$ guilty1 & a man _c be convict$ ( any degree ( homicide on 8 own confession alone4 ,b he may plead guilty to m9or (f5ses4 7b7 ,if ! fault committ$ 0 !ological 7i4e41 be=e ,god7 & ! p5alty is primitive 7i4e41 ! loss ( "s "r or privilege71 ! p5alty is obligatory 9 consci5ce4 ,9 ,canon ,law su* p5alties are sometimes ipso facto1 t is1 be=e s5t5ce 7e4g41 susp5sion ( a cl]ic72 b ! civil law1 x seems1 imposes p5alties only aft] judicial decl>ation4 ,example3 ,titus on acc\nt ( brib]y has =feit$ ! "r to vote2 b he has n be5 decl>$ guilty by c\rt1 & h5ce may cont9ue to use ! "r ( suffrage4 7c7 ,if ! fault 0 !ological & ! p5alty incurr$ is active 7e4g41 exile1 imprisonm5t1 f9e71 ! p5alty is n obligatory be=e s5t5ce2 = x w\ld dem& too mu* ( human nature to require t "o deliv] oneself up to exile1 accept confiscation1 etc4 ,! appreh5sion & det5tion ( ! guilty is impos$ by law z a duty on ! police & o!r (fic]s1 n on ! guilty4 #eec4 ,! k9d ( obligation impos$ dep5ds on ! w ( ! lawgiv]3 7a7 he c oblige "u pa9 ( s91 or "u pa9 ( nullity or puni%m5t2 7b7 he c oblige "u pa9 ( grave s91 or "u pa9 ( v5ial s94 #eed4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! legislator is held to oblige "u pa9 ( s9 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 :5 ! law is a j det]m9ation ( ! natural law 7e4g41 ! laws t det]m9e own]%ip72 7b7 :5 ! law is directly conc]n$ ) & necess>y to ! public good 7e4g41 laws on national def5se 9 "t ( w>1 laws t impose necess>y taxation1 etc42 see above1 #cgi74 #eee4 ,! legislator is held n to oblige "u s9 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 :5 ! law is enact$ z p5al1 or is prud5tly reg>d$ z su*--z is ! case ) laws t are ( m9or importance or t c be en=c$ )\t a moral obligation--laws useful r ?an necess>y2 7b7 :5 ! law is m]ely irritant or inhabilitat+1 ! subject is n oblig$ to omit ! act invalidat$1 b only to suff] ! consequ5ce ( nullity be=e ! law4 #eef4 ,9 d\bt z to ! obligation ( a law1 :at is ! duty ( ! subject8 7a7 ,if !re is d\bt conc]n+ its ju/ice1 ! subject c always obs]ve x ) a safe consci5ce4 ,"o may obey an unju/ law1 until x is judicially decl>$ unju/1 if x is n manife/ly oppos$ to div9e or human rights4 7b7 ,if !re is d\bt :e!r a law obliges "u s9 or n1 ! subject does n s9 directly by non-obs]vance 7see #cge1 #cgf1 #cgg1 #efa74 #eeg4 ,special ,k9ds ( ,laws4--,laws t det]m9e own]%ip are ^? t def9e 9 di/9ct & explicit t]ms ! rights ( citiz5s z to prop]ty1 9 su* matt]s z goods lo/ or f\nd1 prescription1 inh]itance1 copyright1 di/ribution ( prop]ty ( inte/ates1 rights ( wives1 capacity ( m9ors1 contracts1 etc4 ,x is commonly held t ^! laws are obligatory "u s91 ev5 be=e judicial decision3 7a7 because !y are det]m9ations ( ! natural law made by ! au?ority t repres5ts ,god 9 matt]s temporal2 7b7 because !y are necess>y = ! peaceful exi/5ce ( society4 #eeh4 ,irritant or void+ laws are ^? t deprive c]ta9 acts ( legal value4 ,! common welf>e requires t c]ta9 acts1 ev5 if valid naturally1 may be made invalid by ! ,/ate 7e4g41 contracts ent]$ into by m9ors1 donations made "u fe>1 wills devis$ irregul>ly71 & h5ce !re is no d\bt t ! effect ( invalidation c be impos$ "u pa9 ( s94 7a7 ,?is holds ev5 be=e judicial decision1 if x is cle> t ! lawgiv] ought to int5d & does int5d to deprive an act ( its moral validity f ! beg9n+4 ,example3 ,if a lawsuit w\ld put "o p>ty 7e4g41 a m9or7 "u great disadvantage1 ! law c irritate a contract 9 consci5ce & be=e judgm5t is r5d]$4 7b7 ,an irritant law does n oblige "u s9 be=e decl>ation ( nullity1 if x is n cle> t ! legislator int5d$ ?is2 = x c be presum$ t ! ,/ate is cont5t ) ext]nal means z long z ^! are suffici5t = its ends2 &1 s9ce invalidation ( acts is odi\s1 x calls = c]ta9 expression ( 8 int5tion by ! lawgiv]4 ,b aft] s5t5ce has be5 giv51 t :i* is civilly null is also null morally4 ,h5ce1 if ! c\rts decl>e a w to be ( no effect1 because x 0 n drawn legally1 ! decision is b9d+ "u s94 #eei4 ,civil lawgiv]s 9 mod]n times d n1 z a rule1 conc]n !mselves ) moral or natural obligation z su*1 b r consid] only :at regulations w be/ promote ! peaceful int]c\rse ( society4 ,h5ce1 ! "q :e!r a civil irritation obliges 9 consci5ce ipso facto 7i4e41 be=e judicial decl>ation ( a case7 has to be decid$ g5]ally1 n f ! words1 b f ! purpose ( ! law4 7a7 ,an irritant law %\ld be reg>d$ z obligatory ipso facto1 :5 ! g5]al purpose ( law 7viz41 ! common good7 or ! specific purpose ( ?is law requires t !re %\ld be obligation 9 consci5ce ev5 be=e a c\rt decision4 ,examples are laws irritat+ agreem5ts to d :at is illegal1 laws ^: purpose is to protect m9ors or o!rs :o w\ld be at a disadvantage 9 case ( litigation1 or to less5 ! numb] ( cases be=e ! c\rts4 7b7 ,an irritant law %\ld be reg>d$ z n obligatory ipso facto1 :5 ! end ( ! law does n cle>ly dem& obligation be=e judicial decl>ation2 =1 z rem>k$ above1 ! invalidation ( an act is some?+ odi\s1 & h5ce n to be tak5 = grant$4 ,?us1 laws t void an act1 contract or in/rum5t on acc\nt ( lack ( "s legal =m1 d n affect ! natural rights or obligations be=e s5t5ce4 #efj4 ,?\gh ! civil lawgiv] has ! "r to annul c]ta9 acts1 & ?us to ext+ui% moral rights or obligations t w\ld o!rwise exi/1 laws seem+ly irritant frequ5tly h a diff]5t int5tion4 7a7 ,laws t make a claim un5=ceable 9 c\rt d n de/roy ! natural "r ( ! claimant4 ,example3 ,! ,/atute ( ,limitations 9 mod]n /ates g5]ally b>s ! "r to pursue a debtor 9 c\rt aft] six ye>s2 nev]!less1 ! moral obligation ( ! debtor rema9s4 7b7 ,laws t make an act or contract voidable d n nullify1 b only grant to ! p]son conc]n$ ! "r to attack validity be=e ! c\rts4 ,h5ce1 if ! conditions = valid contract requir$ by natural law are pres5t 7k1 cons5t1 etc471 moral rights & obligations are n void$4 ,example3 ,"u ! civil law "s contracts made by m9ors may be retract$ by !m4 ,b1 z long z su* a contract is n disav[$1 ! o!r p>ty has a moral "r to insi/ on its execution2 if x has be5 ratifi$ aft] majority1 ! =m] m9or has no moral "r to seek ! b5efit ( ! law by ask+ = resc9dm5t4 #efa4 ,) ref]5ce to p5alty1 f\r k9ds ( laws c be di/+ui%$4 7a7 ,purely preceptive laws are su* z oblige "u pa9 ( s91 b n "u pa9 ( puni%m5t4 ,!re are *ur* laws ( ?is k9d 7su* z ! comm& to assi/ at ,mass on ,sunday71 & !re are also "s civil laws t d n oblige "u p5alty 7e4g41 /atutes gov]n+ ! age = legal m>riage1 =1 if a c\ple misrepres5t$ _! age1 !y might be prosecut$ = ! misrepres5tation1 b n = ! act ( m>riage74 7b7 ,purely p5al laws are su* z oblige "u pa9 ( juridical fault & puni%m5t1 b n "u pa9 ( s9 7e4g41 a law t puni%es neglig5ce 9 driv+ z def9$ by itself1 ev5 ?\gh !re be no moral culpability involv$74 7c7 ,mix$ laws disjunctively are su* z oblige "u s9 ei!r to obey ! law or to suff] ! p5alty 7e4g41 a law t comm&s "o ei!r to get a lic5se be=e fi%+ or hunt+1 or to pay a f9e if caught do+ ^! ?+s )\t a lic5se74 7d7 ,mix$ laws conjunctively are su* z oblige "u pa9 ( bo? s9 & puni%m5t 7e4g41 ! laws t =bid inju/ice & comm& ! puni%m5t ( transgressors74 #efb4 ,!re is no "q ab\t ! exi/5ce ( laws ( ! fir/ & f\r? classes j describ$1 b "s au?orities argue aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ! o!r two classes1 ma9ta9+ t a law t does n oblige 9 consci5ce is an impossibility4 ,!y argue3 7a7 ! tea*+ ( scripture & ( ! ,*ur* supposes t all j laws oblige 9 consci5ce2 7b7 ! lawgiv] holds ! place ( ,god1 & h5ce "o _c (f5d aga9/ ! law ( man )\t (f5d+ ,god2 7c7 human law1 be+ only a reaffirmation or det]m9ation ( ! high] law1 obliges 9 consci5ce l ! law on :i* x is bas$2 7d7 directions ( a sup]ior t d n oblige "u s9 are c\nsels r ?an laws4 #efc4 ,to ^! & simil> argum5ts ! def5d]s ( ! exi/5ce ( p5al laws reply3 7a7 su* laws d n oblige 9 consci5ce1 "u pa9 ( s9 & ( (f5se to ,god1 to d or to omit z ! law prescribes1 j z a v[ :i* gives "o ! option ( n play+ c>ds1 or else ( giv+ ea* "t an alms1 does n b9d "o 9 consci5ce n to play c>ds2 7b7 b ^? laws d oblige "o 9 consci5ce to respect _! juridical value1 n to resi/ _! en=cem5t1 & to pay ! p5alty ( violation1 j z ! v[ m5tion$ obliges "o 9 consci5ce to give an alms ea* "t "o plays c>ds4 ,! ,*ur* recognizes p5al laws 7see #dej71 & !re is no reason :y civil law may n be p5al4 #efd4 ,ev5 :5 ! transgression ( a purely p5al law is n s9ful by reason ( ! civil law1 x w frequ5tly1 if n usually1 be s9ful by reason ( repugnance to ! law ( ,god4 ,?us3 7a7 ! transgression w be s9ful1 if !re is a wrong int5tion 7su* z contempt = ! law7 or wrong circum/ances 7su* z culpable neglect or "s inord9ate passion72 7b7 ! transgression w be s9ful1 if "o =esees or %\ld =esee evil consequ5ces1 su* z sc&al 7see #if74 #efe4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t "s civil laws are purely p5al1 s9ce !y impose p5alties = fault1 neglig5ce1 or responsibility t is only juridical at times4 ,examples3 ,a law t imposes a f9e on all motori/s caught driv+ ov] a c]ta9 spe$ limit1 ev5 ?\gh !y be free ( moral guilt2 or t makes ! own] ( a c> pay damages = injuries caus$ :ile x 0 us$ by 8 *auffeur4 #eff4 ,ev5 ^! laws oblige "u s9 to "s ext5t4 7a7 ,! transgressor is morally b\nd to ! p5alty prescrib$ by law1 aft] s5t5ce has be5 pass$2 & su* p5alties are j1 = ! common good requires !m4 ,example3 ,! spe$ violator is held to pay ! lawful f9e :5 x has be5 impos$4 ,he may h be5 guiltless ( s91 b ! f9e makes him m c>eful ! next "t4 7b7 ,! (fic]s ( ! law are morally b\nd to appreh5d & convict transgressors4 #efg4 ,_m civil laws are commonly reg>d$ n[adays z disjunctively preceptive or p5al2 &1 s9ce ! cu/om ( ! prud5t af=ds a good norm ( int]pretation 7see above1 #dhd sqq41 #ejf sqq471 ?is common view is a safe guide1 ,example3 ,ev5 consci5ti\s p]sons d n feel t !y h committ$ a s9 if n[ & !n !y run a c> )\t a lic5se1 or fi% 9 a gov]nm5t res]vation )\t ! p]mit requir$ by law1 :5 !re is no dang] or damage to anyone4 #efh4 ,:e!r mo/ mod]n legislatures int5d practically all or ! great majority ( _! laws t are n decl>ations ( natural law or provisions ess5tial to public welf>e to be purely p5al or only disjunctively preceptive1 is a disput$ "q4 ,= ! affirmative view x is argu$3 7a7 ,moral obligation is n necess>y1 s9ce ! en=cem5t ( ! law is well tak5 c>e ( by ! judici>y & ! police2 7b7 ,moral obligation w\ld be h>mful1 = ! laws t are put on ! /atute books e ye>1 along ) ^? already !re1 are s num]\s t1 if all ^! oblig$ 9 consci5ce1 an intol]able burd5 w\ld be plac$ on ! p2 7c7 ,moral obligation is n int5d$1 = legislatures z bodies ei!r despise or disreg>d religi\s motives :5 fram+ laws2 & s _m juri/s today believe t ! dang] ( incurr+ ! p5alty prescrib$ by ! law is ! only obligation ! lawgiv] int5ds to impose1 or t moral obligation mu/ come f consci5ce 7i4e41 be self-impos$72 7d7 ,moral obligation is n admitt$ by cu/om1 ! be/ int]pret] ( law1 = mo/ citiz5s today reg>d civil legislation z n b9d+ "u s94 #efi4 ,oppon5ts ( ! view j expla9$ answ]3 7a7 ,! preval5ce ( crime & ! ineffectiv5ess ( ! c\rts 9 s _m places prove ! ne$ ( moral obligation ( civil laws2 &1 ev5 if ! laws are well en=c$1 ?is w sc>cely cont9ue1 if respect = !m is l[]$2 7b7 ,?\gh !re is an excess ( legislation1 x is n g5]ally true t ! individual citiz5 is burd5$ 9 8 daily life by a multitude ( laws2 7c7 ,lawmak]s today are n m irreligi\s ?an ! pagan rul]s to :om ! scriptures comm&$ ob$i5ce2 &1 ev5 ?\gh !y d n !mselves believe 9 religion or ! obligation ( consci5ce1 !y d int5d to give _! laws e sanction t ! common good requires1 & ?us implicitly !y impose a moral obligation :]ev] ! contr>y is n manife/2 7d7 ,! /atem5t t ! majority ( ! p 9 mod]n /ates reg>d ! civil legislation z a :ole z n obligatory 9 consci5ce may be pass$ ov]1 z !re is no pro( = x4 ,moreov]1 ! cu/om>y int]pretation ( ! citiz5s does n make p5al ! laws :i* ! elect$ repres5tatives int5d$ z preceptive1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! latt] 7see #cid74 #egj4 ,signs t a law is m]ely p5al are ! foll[+3 7a7 ,! express decl>ation ( ! lawgiv] t x obliges only "u p5alty4 ,examples3 ,9 ! ,dom9ican ,con/itutions x is decl>$ t !y oblige1 n "u fault1 b only "u p5alty 7,no4 #cb74 ,! same is true ( ! ,franciscan1 ,r$emptori/ & mo/ rec5t religi\s ,con/itutions4 ,"s civil laws1 x is said1 are =mulat$ ?us3 8,ei!r d ?is1 or pay ! p5alty on conviction40 ,o!r laws def9e puni%able neglig5ce 9 su* a way t x does n ultimately suppose s94 7b7 ,ano!r sign ( a p5al law is ! implicit decl>ation ( ! lawgiv]4 ,if a heavy p5alty is prescrib$ = a transgression reg>d$ by all z v slight proportionately1 ! gov]nm5t implicitly decl>es t x imposes no o!r obligation ?an t ( p5alty4 ,black/one1 9 8 8,comm5t>y on ! ,laws ( ,engl&0 7#agfi71 consid]s z purely p5al all ^? laws 9 :i* ! p5alty inflict$ is an adequate comp5sation = ! civil inconv5i5ce suppos$ to arise f ! (f5se1 su* z ! /atutes = pres]v+ game & ^? =bidd+ ! ex]cise ( trades )\t s]v+ an appr5tice%ip !reto 7,vol4 ,i1 ,sect4 #eh74 7c7 ,a ?ird sign is ! int]pretation ( compet5t au?orities4 ,example3 ,practically all ,ca?olic morali/s1 & ! op9ion ( ! p g5]ally1 consid] z p5al "s laws t are m]ely useful1 b n necess>y 7e4g41 prohibitions aga9/ smok+ or spitt+ 9 c]ta9 public places1 laws on p]mits = fi%+1 hunt+1 etc474 #ega4 ,:atev] may be said ab\t legislatures 9 g5]al1 x _c be argu$ t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !y are indiff]5t or contemptu\s z reg>ds ! moral obligation ( law2 ! public acts & spee*es ( ,congress & ( ! ,/ate ,assemblies %[ t ! elect$ repres5tatives ( ! p respect religion1 & d n wi% to deprive !mselves ( its help 9 _! delib]ations & decisions4 ,nev]!less1 ! op9ion is v preval5t among lawy]s t purely positive law 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is n int5d$ to oblige "u s94 #egb4 ,9 practice1 ! attitude ( ! citiz5 to civil law %\ld be "o ( respect & loyalty4 7a7 ,if a law is good1 ev5 ?\gh ! legislator did n impose a moral obligation1 x %\ld be obey$2 = reason & exp]i5ce %[ t disreg>d = law is a s\rce ( sc&al & ( _m public & private evils4 7b7 ,if a law is n good1 e lawful means %\ld be us$ to h x repeal$ z soon z possible4 ,b ! pr9ciple t a bad law is always be/ ov]come by be+ rigidly en=c$1 is n borne out by hi/ory1 & sometimes ! public good dem&s disreg>d = unreasonable ord9ances4 ,! s-call$ 8,blue ,laws0 are a case 9 po9t4 #egc4 ,o!r que/ions p]ta9+ to civil law t w be f\nd else:]e are3 7a7 ! obligation ( cu/oms1 taxation & milit>y duty2 7b7 ! p[] ( ! ,/ate to inflict capital puni%m5t4 ,"q ,,iv ,,consci5ce #egd4 ,9 ord] t man _m t5d to 8 ,la/ ,end1 x is n suffici5t t ! way be po9t$ out 9 a g5]al mann] 7z is done by ! natural & positive laws71 b ^! laws mu/ be appli$ to ea* act 9 p>ticul> by ! practical reason or consci5ce1 z x passes judgm5t on ! "r or wrong ( an action 9 ! light ( all ! circum/ances4 ,art4 #a3 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,consci5ce 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,i1 q4 #gi1 aa4 #aa-ac47 #ege4 ,def9ition4--,consci5ce is an act ( judgm5t on ! "p ( ! practical reason decid+ by inf]5ce f g5]al pr9ciples ! moral goodness or malice ( a p>ticul> act4 7a7 ,x is an act1 & z su* x diff]s f moral k & intellectual virtues1 :i* are n transitory b endur+4 ,moral und]/&+ 7synd]esis71 by :i* ev]yone naturally p]ceives ! tru? ( g5]al & self-evid5t pr9ciples ( morality2 moral sci5ce1 by :i* ! !ologian or e?ician kn[s ! body ( conclusions drawn f moral pr9ciples2 prud5ce1 by :i* ! virtu\s man is able to make "r applications ( moral rules to individual cases--all ^! are p]man5t /ates & are prep>atory to ! act ( consci5ce1 9 :i* "o makes use ( "o's k to judge ( ! lawfulness or unlawfulness ( an action 9 ! concrete1 z att5d$ by all its circum/ances4 7b7 ,consci5ce is an act ( judgm5t1 & ?us x diff]s f ! o!r acts employ$ by prud5ce--f c\nsel ab\t ! "r means or ways ( action1 & f comm& z to _! use4 ,c\nsel inquires :at is ! "r ?+ to d1 consci5ce gives ! dictate or decision1 ! moral comm& moves to action4 7c7 ,consci5ce is 9 ! reason--t is1 x is a subjective guide1 & ?us x diff]s f law1 :i* is objective4 7d7 ,consci5ce is 9 ! practical reason4 ,unlike o!r judgm5ts1 :i* are speculative & deal n ) action or only ) !oretical aspects ( action 7e4g41 ! judgm5t t ,god is p]fect1 t ! active faculties are di/9ct f ! s\l1 etc471 consci5ce is conc]n$ ) action f ! view-po9t ( its moral ex]cise4 7e7 ,consci5ce is ! inf]5ce f g5]al pr9ciples1 & ?us x diff]s f moral und]/&+ 7synd]esis74 ,?is latt] is a habit by :i* ev]yone :o is m5tally develop$ is able to p]ceive )\t argum5t t c]ta9 m g5]al propositions ( morality mu/ be true1 su* z ! axioms ( ! natural law 7see above1 #cai sqq472 consci5ce draws conclusions f ^? axioms4 7f7 ,consci5ce judges conc]n+ ! morality ( an act4 ,"h lies ! diff]5ce betwe5 consci\sness & consci5ce2 consci\sness is a psy*ological faculty ^: function is to p]ceive "o's own /ates & acts2 consci5ce is a moral judgm5t conc]n+ ! lawfulness or unlawfulness ( ^? /ates or acts4 ,?us1 consci\sness te/ifies t "o is consid]+ ! p]=mance ( a c]ta9 act1 consci5ce judges ! morality1 & p]mits or =bids2 or consci\sness te/ifies t a c]ta9 ?+ 0 done or n done 9 ! pa/1 consci5ce decl>es ! morality--condemn+1 excus+1 or approv+ :at took place4 7g7 ,consci5ce judges conc]n+ a p>ticul> act--t is1 x consid]s an act t is to be done "h & n[ 7or 0 done71 ) all ! att5dant circum/ances4 ,consci5ce1 ?us1 diff]s f moral sci5ce1 :i*1 ?\gh x sy/ematizes ! body ( conclusions drawn f ! natural & positive laws1 is n able to make ! applications = ! innum]able cases t arise4 ,ev5 works conta9+ moral cases1 :i* give solutions = concrete in/ances1 d n take ! place ( consci5ce 9 su* in/ances1 = x is /ill ! individual :o judges ab\t ^? solutions or ab\t _! applicability to 8 p>ticul> circum/ances4 #egf4 ,division4-,consci5ce is v>i\sly divid$4 7a7 ,accord+ z ! act judg$ is 9 ! future or 9 ! pa/1 consci5ce is antec$5t or consequ5t4 ,! antec$5t consci5ce is a monitor :i* decides t a future act w be lawful or unlawful2 ! consequ5t consci5ce is a judge :i* causes peace or remorse = :at has be5 done 9 ! pa/4 7b7 ,accord+ to ! k9d ( direction or decision x gives1 antec$5t consci5ce is comm&+1 =bidd+1 p]mitt+ or c\nsell+2 :ile consequ5t consci5ce is excus+1 approv+1 or condemn+ 7,rom41 ii4 #ae74 #egg4 ,accord+ z x agrees or disagrees ) ! ext]nal div9e or human law1 consci5ce is true or false4 7a7 ,a true consci5ce judges t to be good & comm&$ :i* is really good & comm&$4 ,example3 ,accord+ to law1 "o may use money ( :i* "o has ! disposal4 ,a sum ( money be=e ,balbus is really at 8 disposal4 ,h5ce1 8 consci5ce is true if x decides t he may use ?is money4 7b7 ,a false consci5ce judges ! lawful to be unlawful1 or vice v]sa3 8,! h\r come? t :osoev] kille? y w ?9k t he do? a s]vice to ,god0 7,john1 xvi4 #b74 ,example3 ,balbus w\ld h a false consci5ce1 if he decid$ t he _h no "r to use ! money be=e him4 ,?is w\ld happ5 if he 0 mi/ak5 ab\t ! g5]al pr9ciple1 or ab\t ! fact t ! money 0 at 8 disposal1 or if he drew a wrong inf]5ce f ! premises4 #egh4 ,accord+ to its qualities & suitability z a guide ( conduct1 consci5ce may be view$ ei!r ) ref]5ce to ! w or to ! intellect4 7a7 ,) ref]5ce to ! w1 consci5ce is ei!r good 7"r7 or bad 7wrong71 accord+ z x does or does n proce$ f a well-mean+ int5tion & a "r disposition t[>ds "o's end & duties4 ,example3 ,if ! ,balbus m5tion$ above decid$ t ! money 0 at 8 disposal because he wi%$ to "k ! tru? & _h inve/igat$ to ! be/ ( 8 ability1 8 consci5ce w\ld be good4 ,b1 if he decid$ ?is )\t suffici5t inve/igation & only because he 0 prejudic$ 9 8 own favor1 8 consci5ce w\ld be bad4 7b7 ,) ref]5ce to ! intellect1 consci5ce is ei!r c]ta9 or unc]ta91 accord+ z ! m9d ass5ts to its judgm5t )\t or ) fe> ( error4 ,examples3 ,if ,balbus decides t he has ! "r to use ! money1 & is s firmly conv9c$ t 8 judgm5t is true t he has no fe>s or d\bts1 8 consci5ce is c]ta94 ,b1 if !re rema9 solid difficulties or objections aga9/ 8 judgm5t :i* he _c satisfactorily answ] s t he ass5ts to 8 view only ) ! fe> t he may be wrong1 8 consci5ce is unc]ta94 #egi4 ,a consci5ce may h "s & lack o!rs ( ! qualities j m5tion$4 7a7 ,! same consci5ce may be true & bad1 or false & good--t is1 ! judgm5t ( ! intellect may be 9 agreem5t ) objective facts1 b at ! same "t x may be direct$ by a wrong w & int5tion1 or vice v]sa4 ,examples3 ,caius1 ?r\gh no fault ( 8 own1 is conv9c$ t he is b\nd to tell a lie to help ,sempronius1 because ,sempronius once help$ him by ly+4 ,8 consci5ce is false1 b good4 ,titus is really n b\nd to pay a sum ( money dem&$ ( him4 ,b ! argum5ts by :i* he p]suades himself t he is n b\nd are n hone/1 s9ce he has rec\rse to :at he kn[s are hair-splitt+ di/9ctions1 quibbles & sophi/ical reason+s4 ,8 consci5ce is true1 b bad4 7b7 ,! same consci5ce may be good & unc]ta91 or bad & c]ta94 ,examples3 ,if ! ,caius above-m5tion$ believes he is b\nd to lie1 b has "s qualms or suspicions t su* conduct might n be "r aft] all1 8 consci5ce w\ld be good1 see+ t he meant to d :at is "r2 b x w\ld be unc]ta91 see+ t he is n sure he is "r4 ,if ! ,titus above-m5tion$ _h s habituat$ himself to ins9c]ity & illogical reason+ t he no long] _h any fe>s ab\t 8 own judgm5ts1 & gave firm & unhesitat+ ass5t to 8 decision t he 0 n b\nd to pay ! money dem&$1 8 consci5ce1 ?\gh bad1 w\ld be c]ta9 subjectively4 #ehj4 ,obligation ( ,consci5ce4--,man is b\nd to be guid$ by consci5ce1 bo? negatively & positively--t is1 he mu/ nei!r disobey :5 x =bids1 nor refuse to obey :5 x comm&s4 7a7 ,x obliges by reason ( div9e comm&1 s9ce x acts z ! voice or witness ( ,god mak+ kn[n & promulgat+4 to u ! moral law4 ,h5ce 8all t is n f consci5ce is s90 7,rom1 xiv4 #bc74 7b7 ,consci5ce obliges f ! nature ( ?+s1 =1 s9ce ! w is a bl9d faculty1 x mu/ be guid$ by ! judgm5t1 ( ! intellect1 & mu/ foll[ ! inn] light giv5 x ab\t ! law4 ,ap>t f revelation1 !re is no o!r way ( le>n+ :at ,god wi%es "o to d "h & n[4 #eha4 ,! au?ority ( consci5ce is n1 h[ev]1 unlimit$4 7a7 ,consci5ce is n indep5d5t ( ext]nal law & au?ority4 ,x is n autonom\s morality ( ! reason or w1 nor private inspiration or int]pretation2 = its function is n to e/abli% law or pass judgm5t on x1 b to apply ! law z exp\nd$ by ! ,*ur* to a pres5t case4 ,h5ce1 consci5ce mu/ aim to be true--t is1 to agree ) & express ! objective law4 7b7 ,consci5ce is n indep5d5t ( ! righte\sness ( ! w4 ,x is n a speculative judgm5t1 ^: value dep5ds solely on agreem5t betwe5 ! m9d & ! facts1 z is ! case ) a conclusion ( pure sci5ce4 ,x is a practical judgm5t1 :i* has to guide all man's conduct1 & ?us its value dep5ds on ! relation ( ! means x selects to ! end t[>ds :i* ! means %\ld be direct$4 ,h5ce1 consci5ce mu/ be good--t is1 a judgm5t dictat$ by a w well dispos$ t[>ds ! true end ( life4 7c7 ,consci5ce is n indep5d5t ( ! c]ta9ty ( ! intellect4 ,x is a judgm5t =m$1 n by s5tim5t1 emotion1 or "o's own wi%es1 b by evid5ce & firm conviction2 = its (fice is to guide man reliably 9 ! mo/ important ( affairs4 ,h5ce1 consci5ce mu/ be c]ta9--t is1 a judgm5t to :i* ! intellect yields its unhesitat+ ass5t4 #ehb4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 t consci5ce may be ! prop] rule & mod]ator ( man's moral life1 x mu/ h ! foll[+ qualities3 7a7 ,x mu/ be good1 & practically true--t is1 9 agreem5t ) ! ,la/ ,end ( man &1 z f> z ! ef=ts ( ! individual c atta9 to su* agreem5t1 ) ! objective law--= ! /&>d ( moral good is n ea* "o's wi% or op9ion1 b ,god z ! ,la/ ,end & ! ext]nal natural & positive law z means to t ,end4 7b7 ,x mu/ be c]ta9--t is1 )\t fe> t "o is wrong2 at lea/1 x mu/ h t degree ( c]ta9ty :i* is possible 9 moral matt]s4 ,= to act ) ! fe> t "o is committ+ s91 is to be will+ to d :at may be s91 & is ?us cons5t to s94 #ehc4 ,s9ce consci5ce t has ! requisite conditions is our imm$iate guide 9 moral matt]s1 x foll[s3 7a7 t a consci5ce :i* is true objectively1 good1 & c]ta9 mu/ be foll[$1 :5ev] x comm&s or =bids2 7b7 t a consci5ce :i* is 9 inv9cible error 7see #cj71 b seems to him :o has x to be n only true b c]ta91 mu/ also be foll[$ :5 x =bids or comm&s4 ,examples3 ,if a *ild 7 told & believ$ t he 0 oblig$ to tell a lie to prev5t an evil1 he w\ld be b\nd to d ?is4 ,if a p]son eats :at he wrongly ?9ks to be =bidd5 food1 he is guilty ( ! violation he appreh5ds4 #ehd4 ,exception4--,if inv9cible error results f lack ( suffici5t intellig5ce to be capable ( s9 7see above1 #bdi1 #chg71 !n ! failure to foll[ "o's consci5ce 9 su* error does n make "o guilty4 ,example3 ,if a p]son unable to walk 7 p]suad$ t he 0 b\nd nev]!less to walk to *ur* = ,mass1 8 consci5ce w\ld n make 8 omission s9ful4 ,consci5ce supposes sane judgm5t1 b ! judgm5t we are n[ consid]+ is n sane4 #ehe4 ,a consci5ce t has n ! requisite conditions is n a safe guide1 & h5ce x _c be foll[$4 7a7 ,an errone\s consci5ce may n be foll[$1 if ! error is v9cible & !re is dang] ( s92 nei!r may "o act aga9/ x if !re be dang] ( s94 ,to foll[ su* a consci5ce w\ld be to d :at is wrong & to act 9 bad fai? 7i4e41 to h a bad & errone\s consci5ce72 n to foll[ x1 w\ld be to act aga9/ "o's judgm5t1 wrongly =m$ ?\gh x 01 & to d ins9c]ely :at is "r 7i4e41 to h a bad1 ?\gh true consci5ce74 ,example3 ,a p]son :o has made up 8 m9d t di%one/y is necess>y 9 8 bus9ess1 b :o realizes t 8 reasons are n conv9c+1 s9s aga9/ s9c]ity if he foll[s 8 op9ion2 he s9s aga9/ conviction1 if he does n foll[ 8 op9ion4 ,b 8 pr$icam5t is due to 8 own sophi/ry or bad w1 & ! escape f x requires only t he be hone/ en\gh ) himself to inquire ab\t ! matt]4 7b7 ,a d\btful consci5ce may n be foll[$1 if ! d\bt is su* t "o is n reasonably sure t a c]ta9 act is lawful4 ,example3 ,if a man does n "k :e!r a c]ta9 rem$y w be helpful or s]i\sly h>mful to ano!r1 8 consci5ce is d\btful z to ! lawfulness ( adm9i/]+ ! rem$y1 & x may n be foll[$4 ,if 9 spite ( ?is he makes use ( ! rem$y1 he is guilty ( ! h>m he =esaw1 ev5 ?\gh x does n happ54 #ehf4 ,exception4--,x is lawful to foll[ a v9cibly errone\s consci5ce1 if !re is no dang] ( s9 9 ?is4 ,example3 ,if a p]son has neglect$ inquiry ab\t holydays ( obligation1 & ?r\gh 8 own neglect believes t ,good ,friday is a holyday1 he does n s9 by att5d+ ! s]vices t day4 #ehg4 ,! signs ( a v9cibly errone\s consci5ce are3 7a7 t 9 ! pa/ "o did n use ! same dilig5ce to in=m oneself ab\t "o's religi\s duties z is employ$ by consci5ti\s p]sons2 7b7 t 9 ! pres5t "o has fe>s1 d\bts or suspicions z to "o's own s9c]ity ( judgm5t4 #ehh4 ,results ( ,consci5ce4--,! results ( foll[+ an errone\s consci5ce are z foll[s3 7a7 ,he :o foll[s an errone\s consci5ce1 comm&+ or =bidd+ or p]mitt+1 is n guilty ( s9 if 8 ignorance is inv9cible4 ,example3 ,a *ild :o ?9ks he is oblig$ to lie because he has be5 told to d ?is1 is excus$ f s9 on acc\nt ( 8 ignorance4 7b7 ,he :o foll[s an errone\s consci5ce1 comm&+ or p]mitt+ evil1 is guilty if 8 ignorance is v9cible4 ,example3 ,a gr[n p]son :o has p]suad$ himself t deception is lawful1 obligatory or advisable1 or t tru?fulness is =bidd51 b :o ought to "k bett]1 is n excus$ by ! consci5ce he has =m$ 7see above1 #ig sqq474 #ehi4 ,! results ( disobey+ an errone\s consci5ce are z foll[s3 7a7 ,he :o disobeys an inv9cibly errone\s consci5ce1 is guilty4 ,example3 ,! *ild :o refuses to tell a lie :5 he ?9ks he ought to d s because x has be5 comm&$1 is guilty ( disob$i5ce4 7b7 ,he :o disobeys a v9cibly errone\s consci5ce1 is also guilty4 ,example3 ,caius promises to tell a lie to help ano!r p>ty4 ,! d\bt occurs :e!r or n ?is is lawful1 & he takes no pa9s to settle x correctly1 b decides (fh& t a promise mu/ be kept4 ,:5 ! "t comes1 ,caius becomes al>m$ & does n keep 8 promise1 le/ he get into tr\ble4 ,he is guilty4 #eij4 ,if a consci5ce :i* 0 v9cibly errone\s 9 its orig9 is "h & n[ inv9cibly errone\s1 ! acts t result f foll[+ su* a consci5ce are to be judg$ z foll[s3 7a7 ,!y are mat]ially evil 9 !mselves & =mally evil 9 _! cause4 ,example3 ,titus1 :o int5ds to take a position 9 :i* he w h to advise o!rs1 =esees t lat] on he may make mi/akes co/ly to o!rs1 z a result ( 8 pres5t lack ( suffici5t /udy4 ,he secures ! position1 & tries to make up = =m] neglect ( /udy1 b on "o occasion injures a patron by wrong advice :i* he w\ld n h giv51 _h he work$ m fai?fully z a y\ng] /ud5t4 ,! wrong advice is objectively s9ful 9 itself1 z be+ an injury2 x is subjectively s9ful 9 its cause1 z be+ ! result ( neglig5ce :i* =esaw :at might happ54 7b7 ,! acts 9 "q are n =mally evil 9 !mselves4 ,example3 ,titus 0 =mally guilty ( injury to o!rs at ! "t he =esaw :at w\ld happ5 on acc\nt ( 8 neglig5ce2 he 0 n =mally guilty at ! "t he did ! injury1 because he _h tri$ mean:ile to repair 8 neglig5ce & 0 n consci\s ( 8 ignorance4 #eia4 ,! k9ds ( s9 committ$ 9 consequ5ce ( an errone\s consci5ce are z foll[s3 7a7 ,s9 committ$ by foll[+ a v9cibly errone\s consci5ce is ( ! same gravity & species z ! act = :i* ! consci5ce is responsible1 b ! ignorance is an ext5uat+ circum/ance4 ,example3 ,he :o bl9ds 8 consci5ce s t x decides 9 favor ( grave calumny1 is guilty ( mortal s9 aga9/ ju/ice2 b he is less guilty ?an if he _h s9n$ )\t any p]mission f consci5ce4 7b7 ,s9 committ$ by disobey+ an inv9cibly errone\s consci5ce is ( ! gravity & species appreh5d$ by ! consci5ce4 ,example3 ,a p]son :o tells a small lie1 ?9k+ x a mortal s9 aga9/ *>ity1 is guilty ( ! malice he und]/&s to be 9 8 act4 7c7 ,s9 committ$ by disobey+ a v9cibly errone\s consci5ce is ( ! species t 0 p]ceiv$4 ,example3 ,caius :o did n live up to 8 promise ( tell+ a lie1 aft] he _h decid$ t to keep 8 ^w 0 ! "r ?+ to d1 0 guilty ( a brea* ( promise4 ,z to ! gravity ( s9 aga9/ a v9cibly errone\s consci5ce1 x is always ! same z t appreh5d$ by ! consci5ce1 unless :at is s]i\sly wrong is culpably mi/ak5 = :at is only slightly wrong4 ,examples3 ,if ,caius1 j ref]r$ to1 ?\ght t 8 des]tion ( 8 fri5d inflict$ a grave injury1 he 0 guilty ( grave s94 ,a p]son :o p]suades himself by va9 reason+s t complete intoxication does n diff] 9 gravity f incipi5t intoxication1 is nev]!less guilty ( ! great] malice1 if he puts himself 9 ! =m] /ate2 = 8 wrong op9ion _c *ange ! fact1 & 8 culpable ignorance _c excuse him4 #eib4 ,an errone\s consci5ce may appreh5d some?+ n wrong z wrong1 b 9 an indet]m9ate mann]4 7a7 ,if ! species ( evil is n det]m9ate be=e ! consci5ce1 b an indiff]5t act is ?\ght to be s9ful )\t any def9ite species ( s9 be+ ?\ght (1 he :o acts aga9/ su* a consci5ce seems to commit a s9 ( disob$i5ce4 ,example3 ,a p]son :o ?9ks t smok+ is a s91 ( :at k9d he does n "k1 mu/ h at lea/ vaguely ! op9ion t x is =bidd5 by ! div9e law2 & h5ce1 if he smokes1 he is guilty ( disob$i5ce4 7b7 ,if ! gravity ( ! putative s9 is n det]m9ate be=e ! consci5ce1 b an act is ?\ght to be s9ful )\t ! degree ( s9fulness be+ at all kn[n or ?\ght (1 he :o acts aga9/ su* a consci5ce commits a mortal or a v5ial s9 accord+ to 8 own disposition ) respect to s94 ,if he is s atta*$ to ! s9 he appreh5ds t he int5ds to commit x1 :e!r x be great or small1 he is guilty ( mortal s91 at lea/ 9 s f> z he exposes himself to x4 ,b if he is habitually resolv$ n to commit grave s91 x c be presum$ t he w\ld n d t :i* he appreh5ds z s9ful1 if he ?\ght x 0 a grave (f5se1 ,example3 ,if a p]son errone\sly ?9ks t x is a s9 to read a c]ta9 book1 & !n reads x )\t adv]t+ at all to ! gravity ( ! s9 he appreh5ds1 8 great] or less guilt w h to be judg$ by 8 "*4 ,if he is s consci5ti\s t he w\ld /op read+ at once if he fe>$ ! book 0 s]i\sly h>mful1 he s9s only v5ially2 b if he kn[s t he is lax & is yet resolv$ to read ! book at all co/s1 x seems t he is guilty ( grave s94 ,art4 #b3 ,a ,,good ,,consci5ce 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,i-,,ii1 q4 #ai1 aa4 #e1 #f47 #eic4 ,z 0 expla9$ 9 ! previ\s article1 consci5ce is n a prop] guide unless x is good4 ,9 ?is article we %all speak ( ! good consci5ce & ( its opposite ! v>i\s k9ds ( bad consci5ce4 #eid4 ,def9ition4--,! di/9ction ( good & bad consci5ce is appli$ bo? to consequ5t & antec$5t consci5ce 7see #egf74 7a7 ,! consequ5t consci5ce is good1 & "o is said to h a good consci5ce1 if x te/ifies t pa/ acts 7 rightly p]=m$1 t pa/ s9s 7 =giv51 t "o is 9 ! fri5d%ip ( ,god1 etc42 8,! end ( ! comm&m5t is *>ity f a good consci5ce0 7,i ,tim41 i4 #e72 8,w> a good w>f>e1 hav+ fai? & a good consci5ce0 7ibid41 #ai74 ,! consequ5t consci5ce is bad if x te/ifies 9 a contr>y way3 8,let u draw ne> ) a true he>t1 hav+ our he>ts spr9kl$ f an evil consci5ce0 7,heb41 x4 #bb74 7b7 ,! antec$5t consci5ce1 ) :i* we are n[ conc]n$1 judges ab\t ! morality ( an act to be p]=m$ "h & n[1 or 9 ! future4 ,x is call$ good1 if x is made by "o :o is 9 good fai?--t is1 "o :o s9c]ely loves goodness & :o decides accord+ to ! tru? z f> z he is able to see x4 ,x is call$ bad1 if x is ! judgm5t ( "o :o is 9 bad fai?--t is1 "o :o is 9 error ?r\gh 8 own fault1 or :o arrives at ! tru? by reason+s t are n hone/ or n und]/ood by him4 ,example3 ,speak+ ( ^? :o1 ?\gh fe>+ t idol meats 7 =bidd51 yet ate ( !m because !y saw o!rs d ?is1 ,/4 ,paul says3 8,!re is n k 9 ev]yone4 ,= "s until ?is pres5t1 ) consci5ce ( ! idol1 eat z a ?+ sacrific$ to an idol1 & _! consci5ce be+ weak is defil$0 7,i ,cor41 viii4 #g74 #eie4 ,divisions4--,by tra9+ & c>e a good consci5ce is develop$ & becomes bett]4 7a7 ,a vigilant consci5ce is "o t ass]ts itself promptly & /rongly "u all circum/ances4 7b7 ,a t5d] consci5ce is "o t incl9es to a c>eful obs]vance ( all ! ,comm&m5ts & to a purification ( ! inn] work+s ( ! s\l4 ,a possessor ( ?is k9d ( consci5ce is call$ consci5ti\s4 7c7 ,a timor\s consci5ce moves "o ?r\gh filial fe> to %un ev5 ! slighte/ s9s & imp]fections1 & to use all prud5t ef=ts to avoid occasions & dang]s ( s94 ,! possessor ( ?is k9d ( consci5ce is call$ ,god-fe>+4 #eif4 ,a bad consci5ce t is 9 v9cible error is divid$ accord+ to its effects into ! scrupul\s & ! lax consci5ce4 7a7 ,! lax consci5ce errs on ! side ( lib]ty4 ,x is mov$ by trivial reasons to judge ! unlawful to be lawful1 ! gravely s9ful to be only slightly evil1 t :i* is comm&$ to be only c\nsell$1 & s on4 7b7 ,! scrupul\s consci5ce errs on ! side ( obligation4 ,x is mov$ by trivial reasons to judge t !re is s9 9 some?+ lawful1 grave s9 9 some?+ v5ially wrong1 & obligation 9 some?+ t is only c\nsell$2 x sees inhability or defect :]e ^! d n exi/1 & s on4 #eig4 ,! ,lax ,consci5ce4--,accord+ to ! m or less control x has ov] "o1 ! lax consci5ce may be divid$ into ! incipi5t & ! habitual4 7a7 ,x is incipi5t :5 "o is becom+ famili> ) c>eless decisions & less responsive to remorse ab\t evil done4 ,9 ?is /ate ! consci5ce is said to be sleep+4 7b7 ,x is habitual :5 ?r\gh long-cont9u$ habit "o has become enamor$ ( a worldly1 frivol\s conception ( life1 & is r>ely visit$ by compunction4 ,9 its wor/ /ate1 :5 !re is little hope ( cure1 a lax consci5ce is said to be se>$ or caut]iz$ 7,i ,tim41 iv4 #b74 #eih4 ,accord+ to ! great] or less responsibility ( ! "o 9 error1 a lax consci5ce is ei!r malici\s or n malici\s4 7a7 ,x is malici\s :5 x results f "o's own disreg>d = religi\s tru?1 z 9 ! case ( ! pagans :o did n c>e to "k ,god1 & 7 ?us l$ into p]v]se conceptions ( morality4 ,/4 ,paul calls su* a consci5ce a reprobate s5se 7,rom41 i4 #bh74 7b7 ,x is n malici\s :5 x results f "s less blamable reason1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,*ri/ians at ,cor9? :o ?\ght t ! eat+ ( idol meats 0 s9ful1 b t x 0 to be practis$ on acc\nt ( ! example ( o!rs4 ,/4 ,paul calls ?is a weak consci5ce 7,i ,cor41 viii4 #aj74 #eii4 ,laxity ( consci5ce is ei!r p>tial or entire4 7a7 ,a consci5ce entirely lax takes an easy & indulg5t view 9 all ?+s4 ,x is c>eless bo? 9 little & great matt]s1 bo? 9 direct+ self & 9 direct+ o!rs4 7b7 ,a consci5ce p>tially lax is too lib]al 9 "s ?+s1 b n 9 o!rs4 ,examples3 ,titus is v exact+ ) 8 girls1 & wi%es to h !m models ( virtue2 b he is too easy ) himself & 8 boys4 ,balbus is v loyal to fri5ds1 b has no s5se ( ju/ice z reg>ds ^? :o d n agree ) him4 ,sempronius tries to s]ve bo? ,god & mammon1 be+ v fai?ful to *ur* duties1 b at ! same "t di%one/ 9 bus9ess matt]s4 #fjj4 ,a consci5ce p>tially lax may ev5 comb9e scrupulosity & laxism 7see #faj71 becom+ l a mirror t reflects l>ge objects z small & vice v]sa2 or l a color-bl9d eye3 8,woe to y t call evil good & good evil1 t put d>kness = light & light = d>kness0 7,is41 ,v4 #bj74 ,?is k9d ( consci5ce is call$ ph>isaical4 7a7 ,"o may be lax & scrupul\s ab\t ! same k9d ( ?+s4 ,examples3 ,caius reg>ds great disob$i5ce 9 himself z a mote :i* he doesn't ne$ to worry ab\t1 b small disob$i5ce 9 8 *ildr5 z a beam 9 ! eye :i* he is s]i\sly b\nd to extract 7,matt1 vii4 #c-e74 ,titus is lax ab\t almsgiv+ to ^? f :om he c expect no?+1 b scrupul\s ab\t almsgiv+ to ^? f :om he expects a return lat] on4 7b7 ,"o may be scrupul\s & lax ab\t diff]5t ?+s1 /ra9+ at gnats & swall[+ camels4 ,example3 ,! ,ph>isees 7 scrupul\s ab\t ext]nal obs]vances & m9or ?+s ( ! law1 su* z ti!s2 b !y 7 lax ab\t inw>d ju/ice & ! weighti] ?+s ( ! law1 judgm5t1 m]cy & fai? 7,matt1 xxiii4 #ac-ca74 #fja4 ,causes ( a ,lax ,consci5ce4--7a7 ,if ! laxity is inculpable b habitual1 x is caus$ g5]ally by lack ( ,*ri/ian tra9+ 9 *ildhood & ! influ5ce ( evil pr9ciples & practices t are widespread4 ,9 p>ticul> cases a lax decision ( consci5ce may be due to want ( suffici5t consid]ation or to a sudd5 /orm ( passion t obscures ! reason1 :5 "o has no "t = delib]ation2 & ?us x is inculpable4 7b7 ,if ! laxity is culpable1 its usual causes are an easy-go+ view ( ,god's law & its obligation 7,is1 xliii4 #bd72 or a self-love t sees 9 "o's vices no?+ b virtue or amiable weakness2 or a long-cont9u$ indulg5ce ( s9 t has de/roy$ all ref9em5t ( consci5ce4 #fjb4 ,special ,dang]s ( a ,lax ,consci5ce4--7a7 ,if ! laxity is inculpable1 x is an occasion ( demoralization to o!rs & a prep>ation = =mal s9 9 him :o has ! consci5ce2 7b7 if ! laxity is culpable1 x is ! cause ( =mal s92 & if x is n correct$1 x naturally leads to moral bl9dness1 h>dness ( he>t & imp5it5ce3 8,!re is a way t seeme? to man "r1 & ! ends !re( lead to dea?0 7,prov]bs1 xvi4 #be74 #fjc4 ,s9ce a lax consci5ce is a species ( errone\s consci5ce1 ! rules giv5 above z to ! k9d ( s9s committ$ 9 consequ5ce ( an errone\s consci5ce1 apply also to ! lax consci5ce 7see above1 #ehh ,sqq474 7a7 ,:5 ! laxity is conc]n$ ) ! exi/5ce ( s91 ! consci5ce tak+ :at is s9ful = some?+ lawful1 he :o foll[s su* a consci5ce is guilty or n guilty accord+ z 8 ignorance is culpable or inculpable 7i4e41 z he acts f a bad or a good consci5ce74 ,examples3 ,! man :o practises di%one/y1 because he has *eat$ 8 consci5ce by sophi/ry into decid+ t di%one/y is lawful2 ! *ild :o uses pr(ane language )\t realization ( s91 because he he>s 8 eld]s use x4 ,b if ! lax consci5ce takes :at is s9ful = a duty1 he :o disobeys x is guilty ( s94 ,example3 ,! p]son :o refuses to tell a lie :5 he ?9ks he ought to lie on acc\nt ( a promise made4 7b7 ,:5 ! laxity is conc]n$ ) ! gravity ( s91 ! consci5ce tak+ :at is mortal = v5ial s91 he :o disobeys su* a consci5ce is guilty ( mortal or v5ial s91 accord+ z 8 ignorance is culpable or inculpable 7i4e41 z he acts f a bad or a good consci5ce74 ,examples3 ,a *ild :o ?9ks t calumny or miss+ ,mass is only a v5ial s91 because he sees gr[n up p]sons treat ^! ?+s lightly2 a p]son t1 to solace 8 consci5ce1 advises ) lax associates :o always approve ( :at he wi%es to d or has done4 #fjd4 ,he :o kn[s1 or :o has good reason to ?9k1 t 8 consci5ce is lax1 %\ld guide himself by ! foll[+ rules3 7a7 ) ref]5ce to ! pa/1 if !re is a d\bt :e!r or n s9 0 cons5t$ to or 0 grave1 ! presumption is aga9/ him1 = laxity will+ly contract$ makes "o responsible = :at ensues2 7b7 ) ref]5ce to ! future1 a p]son mu/ make use ( ! means prescrib$ = "o :o is 9 dang] ( s9 7see above1 #beh sqq471 = a lax consci5ce places "o 9 dang] ( s94 #fje4 ,rem$ies ,recomm5d$ = a ,lax ,consci5ce4--7a7 ,! defect ( w or "* %\ld be correct$4 ,example3 ,! presumptu\s %\ld reflect on ! ju/ice ( ,god1 & recall t ! broad way leads to p]dition4 ,^? 9 :om ! wi% is fa!r to ! lax judgm5t %\ld make w> on ! passion t leads !m a/ray4 ,^? :o h become lax ?r\gh bad habits1 %\ld set ab\t acquir+ good habits1 l t ( go+ to ! ,sacram5ts frequ5tly4 7b7 ,! error ( ! intellect %\ld be correct$4 ,example3 ,if a p]son's religi\s tra9+ has be5 neglect$1 he %\ld d :at he c to get correct in=mation & advice z to 8 duties4 ,if "o has be5 influ5c$ by lax ideas or conduct1 "o %\ld *ange "o's read+ or associations4 #fjf4 ,is a lax p]son held responsible1 if he does n "k t he is lax8 7a7 ,if 8 consci5ce is inv9cibly errone\s1 he _c "k t x is lax1 & h5ce he is n responsible2 7b7 if 8 consci5ce is v9cibly errone\s1 he ought to "k t he is lax1 & h5ce he is responsible4 ,examples3 ,! boy ,caius keeps :atev] he f9ds1 because he ?9ks he has a "r to d ?is4 ,! man ,titus does n l *eat+1 b he *eats habitually1 because he ?9ks he has z mu* "r to d s z o!rs4 ,bo? ! boy & ! man are lax1 b nei!r consid]s himself lax2 ! diff]5ce is t ,titus c & ought to "k t he is lax4 #fjg4 ,! scrupul\s ,consci5ce4--,?is is a species ( errone\s judgm5t t sees s9 :]e !re is no s91 or grave s9 :]e !re is only light s91 & ^: reasons are trivial or absurd4 7a7 ,x diff]s1 !re=e1 f a /rict or t5d] consci5ce1 :i*1 :ile x does n exagg]ate s91 judges t "o %\ld try to avoid ev5 slight s9 & imp]fection4 ,?is is ! gold5 mean betwe5 a lax & a scrupul\s consci5ce4 ,p]sons ) ?is sort ( consci5ce are sometimes call$ scrupul\s or s+ul>1 because !y are m exact ?an ! majority4 ,m accurately !y are to be call$ consci5ti\s or ,god-fe>+4 7b7 ,! scrupul\s consci5ce diff]s also f scrupulosity1 :i* is a /ate ( m9d 9 :i* "o ^: judgm5t is n errone\s1 is nev]!less torm5t$ by fe>s or d\bts ab\t 8 moral condition4 #fjh4 ,! rules giv5 above 7#ehh sqq47 = ! errone\s consci5ce apply also to ! scrupul\s consci5ce4 7a7 ,he :o foll[s a scrupul\s consci5ce does n s9 by ?is1 ev5 ?\gh he is v9cibly 9 error2 = !re is no dang] ( s9 9 do+ m ?an is requir$4 ,example3 ,caius is too lazy to make inquiries ab\t 8 religi\s duties1 b he has ! exagg]at$ notion t grace at meals obliges "u pa9 ( grave s94 ,he does n s9 by foll[+ 8 consci5ce1 = grace at meals is recomm5d$ to all4 7b7 ,he :o disobeys a scrupul\s consci5ce commits ! s9 8 consci5ce appreh5ds4 ,example3 ,if ,caius omits grace1 he is guilty ( grave s94 #fji4 ,special ,dang]s ( a scrupul\s ,consci5ce4--7a7 ,z to himself1 ! scrupul\s p]son suff]s f 8 consci5ce2 x makes him guilty ( s9 :]e !re %\ld be no s91 & by its exagg]at$ /rictness x (t5 drives him to ! o!r extreme ( laxity4 7b7 ,z to o!rs1 ! scrupul\s p]son is an annoyance & a detrim5t2 he tries to impose 8 consci5ce on !m1 or at lea/ he makes virtue appe> =bidd+4 #faj4 ,x is possible = a consci5ce to be scrupul\s & lax at ! same "t1 ov]-indulg5t on "s po9ts1 ov]-sev]e on o!rs 7see #fjj74 7a7 ,x may be scrupul\s z reg>ds o!rs1 & lax z reg>ds self1 or vice v]sa4 ,example2 ,p>5ts sometimes are too l5i5t ) !mselves1 b rule _! *ildr5 ) extreme sev]ity2 9 o!r cases !y are meticul\s z to _! own conduct1 b ?9k !y mu/ all[ _! *ildr5 e indulg5ce4 7b7 ,a consci5ce may be scrupul\s 9 m9or matt]s & lax 9 major matt]s4 ,example3 ,! ,jewi% lead]s scrupl$ to take ! money f ,judas or to ent] ! h\se ( ,pilate1 b !y did n hesitate to condemn our ,"l unju/ly4 7c7 ,a consci5ce may be scrupul\s z to ext]nals1 lax z to int]nals4 ,example3 ,! ,ph>isees made mu* ( bodily purifications1 b gave little ?\ght to purity ( m9d & he>t4 #faa4 ,! ,p]plex$ ,consci5ce4--,l to ! scrupul\s consci5ce is ! p]plex$ consci5ce1 :i* judges t 9 a p>ticul> in/ance "o _c escape s91 :e!r "o acts or does n act4 ,example3 ,titus fe>s t1 if he goes to *ur*1 he w s9 by endang]+ 8 heal?1 :i* is feeble2 t1 if he does n g to *ur*1 he w s9 by disobey+ ! law4 ,?is seems to h be5 ! consci5ce ( ,h]od1 :o ?\ght he 0 confront$ ) ! alt]native ( p]jury or murd] :5 ! head ( ,john ! ,bapti/ 0 ask$ ( him 7,matt1 xiv4 #i74 #fab4 ,/4 ,alphonsus gives ! foll[+ directions to assi/ "o :o is p]plex$ 9 consci5ce3 7a7 ,if )\t s]i\s inconv5i5ce decision c be delay$1 reliable advice %\ld be obta9$ 7e4g41 f ! confessor74 7b7 ,if decision _c be delay$1 ! alt]native t seems ! less] evil %\ld be *os54 ,example3 ,! natural law requires t ,titus %\ld n expose 8 life to dang] unnecess>ily4 ,! positive law ( ! ,*ur* requires t he g to ,mass on ,sunday4 ,x is a less evil to omit :at is requir$ by ! law ( ! ,*ur* ?an to omit :at is requir$ by ! law ( ,god4 ,h5ce1 ,titus %\ld decide t he is n oblig$ 9 8 circum/ances to g to *ur*4 7c7 ,if decision _c be delay$ & ! p>ty _c decide :]e ! less] evil lies1 he is free to *oose ei!r2 = he is n b\nd to ! impossible4 #fac4 ,if1 9 ! supposition la/ m5tion$1 ! p]plex$ p]son acts ) ! feel+ t he is committ+ s9 ?r\gh necessity1 is he really guilty or n8 7a7 ,if by ! feel+ ( guilt is meant1 n a judgm5t ( ! m9d1 b a scruple or d\bt1 he is n guilty1 z we %all see bel[ :5 we speak ( scrupulosity4 7b7 ,if by ! feel+ ( guilt is meant a judgm5t ( ! m9d t he has to s9 & an int5tion to welcome ! opportunity1 he is guilty2 b 8 guilt is consid]ably dim9i%$ by ! error & 8 difficult circum/ances4 ,example3 ,titus ?9ks t he s9s :e!r he obeys or disobeys an ord] to take a good dose ( :iskey4 ,he decides to take ! dose1 & feels r pleas$ at ! ?\ght t he w become intoxicat$4 7c7 ,if by ! feel+ ( guilt is meant a judgm5t t "o has to s91 accompani$ by sorr[ at ! necessity1 "o is n guilty1 if "o ?9ks ! matt] ov] to ! be/ ( "o's ability be=e act+2 !re is "s guilt1 if ! p]plexity arises f previ\s culpable neglig5ce & no ef=t :atev] is made to rem$y ?is be=e act+4 ,example3 ,gaia asks h] "m if %e may g = a ride4 ,! "m fe>s t1 if %e refuses1 ,gaia w become desp]ate2 if %e p]mits1 ,gaia w meet unsuitable companions4 ,if ! "m's p]plexity is due to ! fact t %e has nev] tak5 any int]e/ 9 ,gaia1 %e is responsible if %e c>elessly makes a wrong decision2 b if ! p]plexity arises only f ! difficult "* ( ,gaia1 ! "m is n responsible4 #fad4 ,scrupulosity4--,l to ! scrupul\s consci5ce is ! /ate ( scrupulosity1 :i* manife/s itself 9 moral matt]s especially z a va9 fe> or anxiety conc]n+ ! pres5ce or magnitude ( s9 9 "o's act4 ,a psy*opa?ic /ate1 scrupulosity is usually li/$ z a =m ( psy*a/h5ia :i* is *>act]iz$ by weakness ( s\l1 inability to cope ) problems1 & a lack ( psy*ic en]gy4 ,cl9ically exam9$1 ! psy*a/h5ic pres5ts ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics3 7#a7 physically1 he is li/less & always tir$2 7#b7 intellectually1 8 tir$ness makes x impossible = him to conc5trate = long p]iods ( "t2 7c7 psy*ologically1 he is an introv]t conc]n$ ) himself z ! c5t] ( 8 int]e/s & activities4 ,! m common manife/ations ( ! psy*a/h5ic's difficulties include3 self-diffid5ce1 unc]ta9ty1 hesitation1 obsessions & scruples4 ,a species ( psy*a/h5ia1 scrupulosity may be describ$ z an inord9ate preoccupation ) ! moral & religi\s ord]1 a special type ( worry direct$ t[>d ! morality ( actions4 7a7 scrupulosity mu/ be di/+ui%$1 h[ev]1 f ! scrupul\s consci5ce1 inasmu* z scrupulosity is n a judgm5t1 b a fe> t accompanies "o's judgm5t4 ,example3 ,a scrupul\s p]son kn[s v well t x is n a s9 to omit grace1 nor a grave s9 to pray ) "s volunt>y di/raction2 b he worries ov] ^! ?+s z if !y 7 s9s1 or grave s9s4 7b7 scrupulosity mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! t5d] consci5ce1 inasmu* z scrupulosity is an exagg]at$ & h>mful solicitude4 ,a p]son ( t5d] consci5ce is c>eful ev5 9 small] duties1 b 9 a quiet & recollect$ way1 :]eas ! scrupul\s p]son is all excitem5t & di/raction4 7c7 scrupulosity mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! anxi\s or d\btful or guilty consci5ce1 inasmu* z scrupulosity is a baseless fe> or phobia4 ,examples3 ,a p]son :o has practis$ inju/ice = _m ye>s1 has good reason to be p]turb$ 9 consci5ce :5 he reflects t re/itution or rep>ation is a pr]equisite to p>don2 b a "m :o did all %e c\ld to tra9 h] *ildr5 well1 is scrupul\s1 if %e is con/antly reproa*+ h]self t %e %\ld h done bett]4 ,a p]son :o makes a contract :ile fe>+ t x may be unlawful1 because good au?orities hold its unlawfulness1 acts ) a d\btful consci5ce2 b if he fe>s t ! contract is unlawful1 9 spite ( ! fact t o!rs reg>d x z lawful & t 8 only reason = d\bt is t !y may be wrong1 he is scrupul\s4 ,! ,egyptians at ! "t ( ! plagues c\ld reasonably =eca/ griev\s *a/isem5ts on acc\nt ( _! wick$ness 7,wis41 xvii4 #aj72 b a good p]son :o worries con/antly ov] ! possibility ( be+ damn$ mu/ be scrupul\s4 #fae4 ,scruples may be divid$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b ! simple/ division seems to be by virtue ( object1 ext5sion & duration4 ,by reason ( object1 scruples may c5t] on only "o or1 at mo/1 a few moral activities1 e4g41 duties ( *>ity1 or s9s aga9/ *a/ity1 or !y may embrace ! :ole moral life ( ! individual4 ,by reason ( ext5sion1 "s scruples are limit$ to int]ior actions1 o!rs ext5d to ext]nal manife/ations4 ,by reason ( duration1 scruples may be classifi$ z int]mitt5t1 or tempor>y1 & quasi-p]man5t :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! con/itutionally scrupul\s p]son ^: physical & psy*ical disposition incl9e him to scrupulosity4 #faf4 ,! signs or ext]nal manife/ations ( scrupulosity h be5 v>i\sly divid$1 b a simplifi$ division into intellectual1 or cognitive1 affective1 or volitional1 & compulsive suffices = our pres5t purpose4 7a7 ,intellectual3 habitual abulia1 i4e41 an inability to decide1 c\pl$ ) & int]act+ ) con/ant d\bt4 7b7 ,affective3 closely alli$ to ! intellectual /ate is ! feel+ ( insuffici5cy :i* ext5ds to actions1 to ! individual's own p]sonality1 to 8 desire = high] goals1 to 8 abilities1 etc4 ,?is fo/]s & /r5g!ns ! inability to decide4 ,inord9ate fe>s1 anxieties & sadness contribute to ! g5esis & gr[? ( ! s5se ( inadequacy4 7c7 ,compulsive3 num]\s compulsion factors are pres5t 9 m s]i\s cases ( scrupulosity1 e4g41 obsessions1 phobias1 & compulsions prop]ly s call$1 :i* conc]n ext]nal actions or rituals4 ,obsessions include irresi/ible1 p]si/5t & irrational ideas accompani$ by feel+s ( t5sion & fe>4 ,^! ideas :i* plague ! individual are 8discordant10 t is1 out ( h>mony ) 8 habitual attitude1 & 8impulsive10 t5d+ to r$uce !mselves spontane\sly to action4 ,! scrupul\s p]son is fright5$ & flu/]$ by ! ?\ght ( do+ a ?+ = :i* he has a positive abhorr5ce & by 8 inability to get ! ?\ght out ( 8 m9d4 ,phobias ref] to habitual1 irrational fe>s ( a def9ite entity associat$ ) a high degree ( anxiety & unw>rant$ by objective reality4 ,!y are v int5se fe>s1 completely out ( proportion to _! causes or objects4 ,f9ally1 compulsions /rictly s call$ may be def9$ z irresi/ible1 unreasonable urges to p]=m actions to free ! individual f an obsess+ idea4 ,t5sion & anxiety are associat$ if ! act or ext]nal ritual is n p]=m$4 ,= ! confessor1 ! recognition ( a scrupul\s p]son is n too difficult4 ,! p5it5t's own difficulties pres5t ! fir/ & mo/ obvi\s sign1 e4g41 irrational d\bts ab\t cons5t to temptation1 z to ! gravity ( a s91 etc41 & undue conc]n ab\t circum/ances4 ,concomitant signs confirm+ ! judgm5t t a p]son is scrupul\s include3 7a7 ,ob/9acy ( judgm5t2 ,al?\gh ! scrupul\s p]son seeks advice1 frequ5tly f _m confessors1 he t5ds to foll[ 8 own judgm5t4 ,he is incl9$ to ?9k t ! confessor has n und]/ood him1 t he has n giv5 a complete picture ( 8 /ate ( s\l1 etc4 7b7 ,incon/ancy 9 act+ ow+ to inability to judge rightly & ! consequ5t frequ5t *anges ( judgm5t = light reasons4 7c7 ,irrelevant accusations ( multiple circum/ances t t5d to lose ! s9 9 ! maze ( circum/ances4 7d7 ,ext]nal motions by :i* ! individual tries to d away ) ! fe>1 s91 or o!r difficulty4 #fag4 ,causes ( a scrupul\s ,consci5ce4--,al?\gh ! signs ( scrupulosity are easily recognizable1 ! causes are n cle>ly def9$1 & au?ors are n entirely agre$ 9 ?is matt]4 ,a li/+ ( probable causes w\ld include int]nal causes3 7a7 physical--! physical causes are virtually unkn[n4 ,mo/ au?ors admit a con/itutional disposition to scrupulosity1 j z !re is "o to its quasi-g5us1 psy*a/h5ia4 ,r$uctively ?is might involve disord]s 9 ! vago-sympa!tic n]v\s sy/em & ! neuro-endocr9e sy/em4 7b7 psy*ical--! cause is attribut$ to too l[ a psy*ic t5sion4 ,! inability to cope ) obsessions & ! attacks ( phobias s]ve to exhau/ ! individual2 7c7 moral--p]haps a suspici\s & melan*oly "*1 a disposition t is ov]ly impressionable & *angeable1 or a self-op9ionat$ nature1 ov]confid5t ( its own ability4 #fah4 ,! ext]nal causes ( scrupulosity are3 7a7 ! devil1 :o excites va9 fe>s 9 ord] to dim9i% devotion1 to disc\rage ! use ( pray] & ( ! ,sacram5ts1 to drive to tepidity & despair2 7b7 ! neighbor1 :o tea*es scrupulosity by 8 words or example2 association ) p]sons :o are scrupul\s2 ! read+ ( spiritual books ( a rigori/ic "*2 assi/ance by p]sons ( a timid "* at t]rify+ s]mons on ! div9e ju/ice2 ov]ly protective & ov]ly rigor\s education4 #fai4 ,?\gh ,god _c be ! cause ( scrupulosity 9 ! same way z ! evil spirits 7:o use x = man's de/ruction71 nor 9 ! same way z human ag5cies 7:i* are unable to br+ good out ( ! evil !y cause71 ,he does 9 exceptional cases directly p]mit ev5 sa9tly p]sons to be vex$ by scrupulosity t !y may !reby satisfy = s91 or ex]cise !mselves 9 humility & pati5ce1 or %ake (f spiritual torpor4 ,scrupulosity t is sup]natural 9 orig9 is mu* r>] ?an t :i* has a natural s\rce1 & x c be usually recogniz$ by c]ta9 signs1 l ! foll[+2 7a7 :5 x _c be acc\nt$ = by natural causes1 & is g5]ally %ort 9 duration2 7b7 if x is f ! evil spirits1 x leaves ! s\l %ak5 or dismay$1 if f ,god1 x is foll[$ by light & peace4 #fbj4 ,dang]s ( scrupulosity4--,! evil results ( indulg$ scrupulosity are z foll[s3 7a7 temporal evils--! con/ant fe>s & worries ( ! scrupul\s affect ! bra9 & n]ves1 break d[n ! bodily vigor1 & lead to neura/h5ia1 hy/]ia1 insanity or monomania2 7b7 spiritual evils--"t is wa/$ 9 useless regrets & anxieties1 pray] becomes a torture1 confid5ce 9 ,god decreases1 &1 see+ !y d n f9d consolation 9 virtue1 ! scrupul\s (t5 end 9 vice & despair4 #fba4 ,rules to be obs]v$ by ! scrupul\s4--7a7 ,!y mu/ n yield to _! scruples4 ,z 0 said above1 scrupulosity is n a consci5ce1 b only ! c\nt]feit appe>ance ( a consci5ce2 n a help to ! s\l1 b a grave drawback & dang]4 ,h5ce1 ! scrupul\s mu/ le>n to despise _! fooli% fe>s & imag9ations4 7b7 ,!y mu/ foll[ bl9dly ! comm&s ( a prud5t spiritual director4 ,to attempt to make decisions = !mselves is a h>r[+ exp]i5ce = scrupul\s p]sons1 & "o fraught ) great p]il4 ,!y mu/ protect !mselves1 !re=e1 by foll[+ ! decisions made = !m by "o :o w guide !m aright4 ,gradually1 z _! condition improves1 h[ev]1 !y mu/ le>n to take ! initiative & ?us prep>e !mselves to act z responsible p]sons capable ( =m+ a correct judgm5t4 #fbb4 ,n to foll[ _! scruples means3 7a7 t scrupul\s p]sons %\ld recognize _! scruples = :at !y really are 7i4e41 = a spiritual disord]71 & t !y %\ld firmly resolve to use ! means to get rid ( !m2 7b7 t !y w prev5t scruples f aris+ by keep+ !mselves occupi$ ) ext]nal ?+s1 or by int]e/+ !mselves ) matt]s t w exclude ! worrisome ?\ghts2 7c7 t !y w bani% scruples at once1 z !y w\ld a temptation4 ,! two key aims ( ! scrupul\s individual is to c\nt]act 8 introv]sion by great] social activity & to re-tra9 8 faculty s t he w be 9 control at all times4 #fbc4 ,?\gh ! scrupul\s are oblig$ n to he$ _! scruples1 !y r>ely s9 by he$+ !m1 because _! condition is su* t !y are n responsible4 ,=1 z 0 said above 7#dj sqq471 fe> & o!r passions less5 or remove delib]ation & ! volunt>9ess ( acts4 #fbd4 ,to give absolute ob$i5ce to ! spiritual director means3 7a7 t scrupul\s p]sons %\ld recognize t x is wrong = !m to dep5d on _! own prud5ce1 :]eas !y are absolutely safe 9 foll[+ ! advice & precepts ( ! spiritual fa!r :o holds ! place ( ,god2 7b7 t !y %\ld avoid *ang+ directors1 & %\ld adh]e /rictly to ! rules prescrib$ = !m4 #fbe4 ,qualities requir$ = a successful direction ( ! scrupul\s are3 7a7 ,k4 ,! spiritual physician mu/ be able to di/+ui% scrupulosity f spiritual diseases or conditions t are simil>1 le/ he prescribe :at is n suitable = ! case4 ,example3 ,a p]son ( t5d] consci5ce %\ld cont9ue 9 t /ate1 a p]son ( scrupul\s consci5ce ne$s in/ruction t he may put aside 8 errone\s views2 a scrupul\s p]son /&s 9 ne$ ( special guidance4 ,he mu/ also recognize t scrupulosity is a m5tal illness t at times requires ! exp]t treatm5t ( a psy*iatri/4 ,kn[+ 8 own limitations & ! ne$ ( exp]t !rapy1 he %\ld n hesitate to s5d ! p5it5t to a compet5t doctor4 7b7 ,prud5ce4 ,"s p]sons pret5d scrupulosity 9 ord] to get a "n = hol9ess1 or to make a good impression2 ne$less to say1 !y mu/ be dealt ) cauti\sly1 z !y (t5 prove v unscrupul\s4 ,) a p]son :o is really scrupul\s1 ! spiritual director mu/ c>efully obta9 all ! k necess>y to asc]ta9 ! true /ate ( s\l1 prud5tly br+ ! individual to recognize t he is a sick p]son1 help to re/ore 8 confid5ce 9 himself1 9 8 confessor1 9 ,god1 etc4 7c7 ,pati5ce4 ,! scrupul\s are almo/ z tr\blesome to _! directors z !y are to !mselves2 b !y are heavily burd5$ & are unable to help !mselves4 ,! law ( *>ity applies4 ,!y h ! same "r to *>itable treatm5t z o!rs :o are physically suff]+ & ne$y4 7d7 ,firmness4 ,disob$i5ce w defeat e ef=t ( a director to help a scrupul\s p]son4 ,on ?is po9t1 !re=e1 !re mu/ be no l5i5cy3 ! rules laid d[n mu/ be insi/$ on1 ! reasons %\ld n be giv51 & no argum5t or discussion %\ld be all[$4 ,! director %\ld speak ) c]ta9ty & au?ority2 he %\ld be brief1 &1 if he mu/ repeat1 he w d well to use ! same words4 7e7 ,good judgm5t4 ,aft] decid+ t a p]son is scrupul\s1 ! director mu/ discov] :at is ! p>ticul> =m ( scrupulosity 9 ! case1 & mu/ apply rem$ies t are suitable4 #fbf4 ,rules ,conc]n+ ,p]sons ,scrupul\s ab\t ,pa/ ,confessions4--7a7 ,= ! fir/ "t ! confessor may p]mit a g5]al confession ( ! pa/ life1 if ! scrupul\s p5it5t has fe>s ab\t previ\s confessions & has n already made su* a g5]al confession4 ,let ! individual relate 8 :ole /ory at once1 ) all its details & complications4 ,?is might p]haps take m ?an "o confession to complete1 b ! full recital is necess>y if ! scrupul\s p]son is to h confid5ce 9 8 director's k ( 8 exact /ate ( s\l4 7b7 ,aft] ?is g5]al confession1 no m5tion ( pa/ confession mu/ be p]mitt$1 unless ! scrupul\s p]son is ready to swe> )\t hesitation t he is sure t a s9 c]ta9ly grave 0 committ$ by him & nev] rightly confess$4 #fbg4 ,rules ,conc]n+ ,p]sons scrupul\s ab\t ,pres5t ,confessions4--7a7 ,be=e confession1 ! p5it5t mu/ be cont5t ) a c]ta9 brief space ( "t appo9t$ by ! confessor = mak+ 8 exam9ation ( consci5ce & act ( contrition4 ,a long] "t sp5t 9 ^! prep>ations is useful to o!r p5it5ts1 b h>mful to ! scrupul\s4 7b7 ,dur+ confession only ^? s9s ne$ be m5tion$ :i* are se5 f a brief exam5 to be bo? c]ta9 & grave1 & only ^? circum/ances ^: decl>ation is absolutely necess>y4 ,if ! scrupul\s p5it5t beg9s to speak ( d\btful s9s or irrelevant details1 ! confessor mu/ =bid him to g on2 = ?\gh confessions mu/ be complete1 :5ev] possible1 d\bts & details mu/ n be p]mitt$ 9 ! case ( su* scrupul\s p]sons 7see ,vol4 ,,ii74 7c7 ,aft] confession1 if ! confessor judges t !re is n suffici5t matt] = absolution1 he mu/ n yield to ! p5it5t's fe>s1 b mu/ assure him t he does n ne$ absolution & t he may g to ! ,sacram5ts ,)\t x4 #fbh4 ,rules ,conc]n+ ,p]sons scrupul\s ab\t ! ,p]=mance ( ,duties4--7a7 ,! scrupul\s p]son %\ld be in/ruct$ t positive laws1 div9e z well z human1 d n oblige 9 case ( moral impossibility 7i4e41 :5 _! obs]vance is too burd5some72 t ! matt] ab\t :i* he has scruples has become too difficult = him1 & h5ce t he is n oblig$ to x z o!rs are4 7b7 ,! scrupul\s p]son %\ld be comm&$ to leave undone :at 8 va9 fe> calls on him to d2 &1 if ?is does n suffice1 he %\ld be told t he is n b\nd by ! duty :i* causes him su* anxiety4 ,example3 ,titus is scrupul\s ab\t ! p]=mance ( obligatory pray]s1 s mu* s t he is n satisfi$ until he has repeat$ !m sev]al times1 le/ "s syllable may h be5 omitt$ or hurri$ ov]1 or ! int5tion or att5tion may h be5 lo/ sight ( at "s "p ( ! pray]1 or ! devotional po/ure may n h be5 obs]v$ ?r\gh\t4 ,if ,titus _c le>n to say ^! pray]s )\t mak+ s5seless repetitions1 he %\ld be told t ! obligation has ceas$ until su* "t z he is able to fulfill x )\t torture to himself or o!rs4 #fbi4 ,( c\rse1 if h>m is done to ano!r by ! incomplete p]=mance ( a duty1 ev5 a scrupul\s p]son _c be disp5s$ f repetition4 ,example3 ,if a prie/ has n pron\nc$ a sacram5tal =m correctly1 ! fact t he is scrupul\s does n excuse him f repeat+ ! =m correctly4 #fcj4 ,rules ,conc]n+ ,p]sons ,scrupul\s ab\t ! ,commission ,( ,s94--7a7 ,! scrupul\s p]son %\ld be told t he is scrupul\s1 t 8 scrupulosity is n a consci5ce t he is oblig$ to foll[1 b a va9 fe> :i* he is oblig$ to /ruggle aga9/ by obs]v+ ! directions giv5 him4 7b7 ,he %\ld be direct$ n to delib]ate long be=e act+1 b to d :at seems "r to him at fir/2 n to conclude aft] act+ t he has committ$ s91 unless ?is appe>s c]ta9 & evid5t4 ,s9ce ! scrupul\s are ov]-c>eful1 ! presumption is 9 _! favor1 & !y c act & judge prud5tly by disreg>d+ _! fe>s & d\bts4 ,if by decid+ (fh& !y sometimes s9 or fail to recognize s9 9 a pa/ act1 ?is w come f inv9cible ignorance1 & !y w be excus$ f responsibility4 #fca4 ,s9ce a disease is be/ cur$ by remov+ its cause1 ! confessor1 :5 he has diagnos$ a case ( scruples1 %\ld prescribe rem$ies t are oppos$ to ! s\rce ( ! tr\ble4 7a7 ,if scrupulosity seems to come f ,god1 ! p5it5t %\ld be enc\rag$ to reg>d x z a means ( satisfaction = pa/ neglig5ces or z an occasion ( virtue & progress1 to pray incessantly = light & assi/ance1 & to foll[ ! guidance :i* ,god has provid$4 7b7 ,if scrupulosity appe>s to be ! result ( diabolical obsession1 & exorcism seems to be call$ =1 ! suff]] %\ld n be told ?is4 7c7 ,if scrupulosity comes f associations or read+1 ! suff]] %\ld avoid ^! occasions1 & cultivate ! companion%ip ( p]sons or books t are *e]ful & t give a hopeful outlook on "o's duty & de/9y4 #fcb4 ,rem$ies = ,scruples ,t ,are ,m5tal 9 ,orig94--7a7 ,^? :o suff] f fix$ ideas1 phobias1 & delusions1 %\ld n be reprov$ h>%ly & told t _! fe>s are insane1 b %\ld be treat$ ) k9dness & firmness4 ,9 m9i/]+ to ^! tr\bl$ m9ds1 ! be/ c\rse seems to be k9d assurance t !y h no?+ to fe>1 along ) insi/5ce t !y imitate ! example ( ! g5]ality ( good p1 avoid s+ul> practices ( piety1 discuss _! anxieties only ) _! director1 & give !mselves to "s occupation t w di/ract _! att5tion f _! manias4 7b7 ,^? ^: m9ds are ov]-active & giv5 to d\bts & objections mu/ avoid introspection & ! /udy ( moral problems t are too difficult = !m2 !y mu/ take a prop] am\nt ( suitable recreation1 ?9k & plan h[ !y may help o!rs :o are 9 ne$1 & avoid idl5ess4 #fcc4 ,rem$ies = ,scruples ,^: ,orig9 is ,moral4--7a7 ,if scruples arise f a /ubbornness ( "*1 ! p5it5t mu/ be told t ! confessor is bett] fitt$ to judge ! case1 & t x is ! height ( ra%ness & presumption = a scrupul\s p]son to pref] 8 ideas to ^? ( ! prie/4 7b7 ,if a melan*oly or timid nature acc\nts = ! exi/5ce ( scruples1 confid5ce & *e]fulness %\ld be inculcat$1 & ! p5it5t %\ld be enc\rag$ to m$itate frequ5tly on ! goodness ( ,god1 & to rememb] always t ,god is n a h>% taskma/]1 b a k9d ,fa!r4 7c7 ,^? :o are scrupul\s because _! "* is fickle & easily mov$ by e sugge/ion or imag9ation1 ne$ to cultivate s]i\sness1 & to hold /rongly to _! judgm5ts & resolves delib]ately =m$4 ,ob$i5ce to _! director w be ( m la/+ b5efit to ^! & o!r psy*ical scrupulants ?an psy*iatric treatm5ts ?r\gh hypnotism1 m5tal sugge/ion1 & psy*oanalysis2 obs]vance ( ! rules prescrib$ is an excell5t cultivation ( w-p[]1 & x is su/a9$ & p]fect$ by ! motives & helps :i* religion alone c supply4 #fcd4 ,rem$ies = scrupulosity ,^: ,cause ,is ,physical4--7a7 ,! physician is ! prop] p]son to c>e = bodily ills2 h5ce1 a scrupul\s p]son :o is tr\bl$ ) heada*es1 dizz9ess1 sleeplessness1 loss ( appetite1 n]v\sness1 halluc9ations1 etc41 %\ld g to a compet5t & consci5ti\s speciali/ 9 ! heal+ art4 ,removal ( ! causes ( hurry & worry1 mod]ate b suffici5t diet1 fre% air & ex]cise1 & especially cong5ial occupation & surr\nd+s are by g5]al cons5t includ$ among ! be/ natural cures4 7b7 ,! confessor1 if he p]ceives t illness is ! cause ( scruples1 %\ld =bid any spiritual practices t cause or aggravate ! malady4 ,example3 scrupul\s p5it5ts %\ld n be p]mitt$ to practise mortification by depriv+ !mselves ( necess>y sleep1 food1 ex]cise or fre% air1 or to use devotions or au/]ities = :i* !y are physically unfit4 #fce4 ,p]sons :o are scrupul\s & lax at ! same "t ne$ to be direct$ s z to ov]come bo? spiritual maladies4 7a7 ,if !y are m scrupul\s ?an lax1 ! case is less difficult1 z !y incl9e r to ! saf] side1 & x w suffice to apply ! rem$ies indicat$ above = laxity & scrupulosity1 z !y are ne$$4 ,example3 ,titus1 on acc\nt ( scrupulosity1 sp5ds too mu* "t at 8 pray]s1 & ?us neglects ! ex]cise & recreation :i* are necess>y = 8 heal?4 ,he %\ld be in/ruct$ to limit 8 devotions1 to h a regul> "t = !m ea* day1 & to realize t he has an obligation to take prop] c>e ( 8 heal?4 7b7 ,if p]sons are m lax ?an scrupul\s1 ! case is difficult1 z !y incl9e m to evil2 inde$1 if ! tr\ble is ,ph>isaism1 x is well-nigh incurable1 on acc\nt ( ! pride & bl9dness t oppose resi/ance to e ef=t to cure4 ,^! p]sons ne$ to be treat$ ) sev]ity1 s9ce no?+ else w make any impression2 !y %\ld be told 9 pla9 language h[ !y /& & :at is 9 /ore = !m1 unless !y rep5t4 ,examples3 ,caius is extremely c>eful n to be guilty ( s9s ( commission1 b he ?9ks no?+ ( s9s ( omission2 he w\ld n take a po/age /amp )\t express p]mission ( ! own]1 b he neglects f ye> to ye> to pay bills1 & sees no?+ wrong 9 ?is4 ,titus ?9ks himself a sa9t because he wor%ips ! lett] ( ! law1 :5 x is to be appli$ to o!rs2 b he c>es no?+ ab\t its _s1 &1 ?\gh indulg5t to self1 is a tyrant ) o!rs4 ,bo? ^! m5 ne$ to be told t1 f> f be+ good1 !y are v bad2 t1 f> f be+ secure1 !y are 9 great dang]4 ,if ins5sible to repro(s1 !y %\ld be rem9d$ ( ! woes t await ! wilfully bl9d 7,matt41 xxiii4 #ac sqq474 #fcf4 ,practical ,conclusions4--,an in/rum5t is call$ good :5 x produces ) suffici5t exactness ! effects = :i* x 0 int5d$2 x is bad1 if x fails to produce ^? effects4 ,?us1 a timepiece1 a compass1 or a !rmomet] is good if x indicates accurately1 & bad if x indicates inaccurately4 ,b1 z x w\ld be h>mful to guide oneself by an unreliable in/rum5t 7e4g41 by a wat* ) a defective ma9spr+1 or :i* runs fa/ or sl[71 "o naturally corrects ! defects & regulates ! work+ ( ! me*anism4 ,n[1 f :at has be5 said above 9 ?is article1 we see t consci5ce c be a deceptive indicator1 & t its accuracy c be improv$4 ,h5ce1 ! ne$ ( correct+ a bad consci5ce & ( cultivat+ a good consci5ce4 #fcg4 ,rem$ies = a bad consci5ce & means = cultivat+ a good consci5ce are z foll[s3 7a7 ,! remote causes ( a bad consci5ce are 9 ! w itself4 ,a p]son judges wrongly (t5 because he is wrong 9 himself1 wrong 9 8 int5tions & purposes ) reg>d to life z a :ole1 wrong 9 8 attitude t[>ds a p>ticul> l9e ( duty1 wrong 9 8 lack ( s9c]ity ) himself4 ,h5ce1 ! correctives ne$$ are a s9c]e love ( ,god & ( virtue1 c\rage to wi% ! tru?1 & an hone/ exam9ation ( motives & actions3 8,! s5sual man p]ceive? n ! ?+s t are ( ! ,_s ( ,god1 b ! spiritual man judge? all ?+s0 7,i ,cor41 ii4 #ad1 #ae74 7b7 ,! imm$iate causes ( a bad consci5ce are 9 ! intellect4 ,"o judges wrongly because "o cl+s 9 "t ( d\bt to errone\s ideas or pr9ciples4 ,! rem$y1 !re=e1 is to seek dilig5tly = light ?r\gh pray]1 to /udy ! lives & conduct ( ^? :o are models1 to consult ) ! prud5t & ! consci5ti\s4 ,! bad consci5ce says to ,god3 8,dep>t f u1 we desire n ! k ( ,?y ways0 7,job1 xxi4 #ad72 b ! good "o says3 8,tea* me ,?y ju/ifications4 ,?y te/imonies are my delight1 & ,?y ju/ifications my c\nsel0 7,ps4 cxviii4 #ab1 #bd74 #fch4 ,signs ( a ,good ,consci5ce4--7a7 ,extraord9>y hol9ess is n necess>y be=e "o may consid] "o's consci5ce good1 = !re are degrees ( goodness4 ,if1 !re=e1 a p]son's ext]nal life is direct$ by ! duties ( 8 /ate1 & 8 int]nal life1 z f> z he c judge1 is free f s]i\s guilt & guid$ by love ( ,god & hatr$ ( s91 he may safely reg>d 8 w z good4 ,if sometimes he s9s v5ially1 ?is is n because he lacks a good consci5ce1 b because he does n always foll[ x4 7b7 ,extraord9>y dilig5ce 9 /udy+ "o's duties is n necess>y be=e "o may reg>d "o's consci5ce z good1 = o!rwise a heavi] burd5 w\ld be impos$ ?an we c suppose ,god to int5d4 ,a p]son :o is us+ all ! means = obta9+ religi\s in/ruction t are us$ by o!rs 9 8 position & :o are consci5ti\s1 may safely reg>d himself z free f volunt>y error4 ,if sometimes he judges wrongly1 ! mi/ake w be involunt>y & n due to a bad consci5ce4 ,( c\rse1 "o ^: consci5ce is n 9 v9cible error may s9 ev5 mortally1 n because 8 consci5ce is bad1 b because he does n foll[ x4 #fci4 ,! foll[+ are means = pres]v+ & ma9ta9+ a good consci5ce3 7a7 we %\ld judge our motives frequ5tly ) ! sev]ity ) :i* we judge ! motives ( ano!r 7,rom41 ii4 #a71 & z be=e ,god 7,i ,cor41 ii4 #aj72 7b7 we %\ld measure our actions1 n by ! /&>ds ( ! _w1 its maxims & examples1 b by ^? ( ,*ri/ 7,i ,john1 ii4 #ae-ag2 ,,iii ,john1 #aa74 ,art4 #c3 ,a ,,c]ta9 ,,consci5ce 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,i-,,ii1 q4 #eg1 a4 #e2 ,,ii-,,ii1 q4 #dg1 a4 #i47 #fdj4 ,z 0 said above1 only t consci5ce is a safe guide :i* is n only good--t is1 9 agreem5t1 z f> z "o's ef=ts c secure ?is1 ) ! ext]nal law--b also c]ta94 ,a c]ta9 consci5ce is "o :i*1 )\t any prud5t fe> ( err+1 judges t a p>ticul> act is obligatory or unlawful1 & h5ce "h & n[ to be done or omitt$4 #fda4 ,necessity ( ,c]titude4--,we mu/ be sure we are "r be=e we act2 o!rwise1 we expose ourselves to ! dang] ( s9n+1 & !re=e commit s9 7see #ehb74 ,h5ce1 x is necess>y to act ) a c]ta9 consci5ce1 & unlawful to act ) an unc]ta9 consci5ce4 8,if ! trumpet give an unc]ta9 s\nd1 :o %all prep>e himself to ! battle80 7,i ,cor41 xiv4 #h7 may be accommodat$ to consci5ce4 ,9 ,rom41 xiv4 #bb1 #bc1 ! ,apo/le decl>es t he :o acts ) conviction is bless$1 :]eas he :o acts 9 unc]ta9ty is condemn$4 ,examples3 ,sempronia d\bts :e!r x is s9ful to sew on ,sunday2 %e is n sure1 b has grave suspicions t sew+ is s]vile "w2 if %e goes ahead1 %e w be guilty ( violat+ ! law1 z be+ will+ to take ! risk1 & !re=e ! responsibility4 ,titus (f]s ano!r a dr9k1 be+ unc]ta9 :e!r x has poison 9 x or n2 he is guilty ( s91 s9ce he has no "r to expose himself to s9 & 8 neighbor to ! dang] ( dea?4 #fdb4 ,^? p]sons :o act ) a d\btful consci5ce1 & lat] discov] t :at !y fe>$ might be wrong 0 n wrong1 or n s bad z !y suspect$1 mu/ be> 9 m9d3 7a7 t _! pa/ conduct is n to be judg$ by _! newly acquir$ k1 = t conduct mu/ be judg$ by ! k _h at ! "t4 ,example3 ,sempronia does "s "w on ,sunday1 d\bt+ :e!r %e is committ+ a grave or a slight s94 ,lat] %e discov]s t x 0 really only a v5ial s91 & %e congratulates h]self t %e did n s9 s]i\sly4 ,h] judgm5t is wrong1 because %e did n "k at ! "t ( ! "w t x 0 n a grave s92 7b7 t !y mu/ guide !mselves 9 future acts by _! newly acquir$ k4 #fdc4 ,k9ds ( ,c]titude4--,judgm5ts may be c]ta9 9 a great] or less degree4 7a7 ,!y are metaphysically c]ta91 :5 error is absolutely impossible1 ! opposite ( :at is held by ! m9d be+ a contradiction 9 t]ms :i* omnipot5ce itself c\ld n make true4 ,example3 ,! judgm5ts t ! same1 id5tical act _c be bo? good & bad1 t good is to be done & evil to be avoid$1 t ,god is to be honor$1 are metaphysically c]ta91 s9ce !y result imm$iately f ! v concepts ( be+1 ( goodness1 & ( ,god4 7b7 ,judgm5ts are physically c]ta91 :5 error is impossible accord+ to ! laws ( nature1 ! opposite ( :at is held by ! m9d be+ unrealizable except ?r\gh int]v5tion ( ano!r cause4 ,example3 ,! judgm5ts t he :o takes poison w de/roy life1 t he :o applies fire to a h\se w de/roy prop]ty1 are physically c]ta94 because natural ag5cies1 l poison & fire1 act infallibly :5 appli$ to suitable matt]s & "u suitable conditions & left to _! c\rse1 unless !y are ov]rul$ by sup]ior p[]4 7c7 ,judgm5ts are morally c]ta91 :5 error is impossible accord+ to :at is cu/om>y among mank9d1 ! opposite ( :at is held by ! m9d be+ s unlikely t x w\ld be imprud5t to be mov$ by x4 ,examples3 ,"o is morally c]ta9 t :at a reput$ly tru?ful & compet5t p]son relates to "o is true4 ,a p]son is morally c]ta9 t a conclusion he has drawn ab\t 8 duty 9 a p>ticul> in/ance is correct1 if he believes t he has ov]look$ no means ( rea*+ ! tru?4 ,te/imony & inf]5ce1 s9ce !y come f free & fallible ag5cies1 may lead into error2 b1 :5 !y appe> to h ! requisite qualities indicative ( tru?1 !y are = ! mo/ "p reliable & 9 practical life h to be consid]$ z su*4 #fdd4 ,z to ! c]ta9ty t is requir$ 9 ! judgm5t ( consci5ce1 ! foll[+ po9ts mu/ be not$3 7a7 ,metaphysical c]ta9ty is n requir$1 s9ce consci5ce does n deal ) prim>y propositions1 b ) d$uctions ab\t p>ticul> acts4 ,! fir/ moral pr9ciples1 :i* are ! object ( synd]esis1 & at lea/ "s ( ! g5]al conclusions1 :i* are ! object ( moral sci5ce1 are metaphysically c]ta9 7see above #ade1 #cjj71 z !y are bas$ on necess>y relations2 b ! p>ticul> conclusions1 :i* are ! object ( consci5ce1 are conc]n$ ) ! cont+5t & ! individual4 7b7 ,physical c]ta9ty is n requir$ = ! judgm5t ( consci5ce1 s9ce consci5ce is n conc]n$ ) ! activities ( natural ag5ts1 b ) ! activities ( moral ag5ts t act ) fre$om & responsibility4 7c7 ,moral c]titude1 !re=e1 is suffici5t = ! conclusions drawn by consci5ce4 ,t a high] k9d ( c]titude is n necess>y %\ld n surprise u1 = x w\ld be unreasonable to expect t ! same degree ( ass5t be giv5 to judgm5ts t are conc]n$ ) p>ticul> & cont+5t cases z to ^? t are conc]n$ ) univ]sal & necess>y pr9ciples4 #fde4 ,moral c]titude is ( two k9ds3 7a7 c]titude 9 ! /rict s5se1 :i* excludes n only ! fe> ( error1 b e d\bt1 prud5t & imprud5t1 great & small1 ,example3 ,titus ?9ks ( a way 9 :i* he c\ld easily make money di%one/ly2 b 8 consci5ce sees t ! ?+ is manife/ly wrong & decides )\t ! slighte/ fe> or d\bt t x mu/ n be done2 7b7 c]titude 9 ! wide s5se1 :i* excludes all fe> ( error & e s]i\s or prud5t d\bt1 b n "o or o!r slight & imprud5t d\bt4 ,example3 ,caius 0 baptiz$ by an excell5t prie/1 b ! date 0 omitt$ 9 ! regi/]4 ,! d\bt occurs to ,caius t p]haps some?+ ess5tial 0 also omitt$1 & t x may be 8 duty to seek ano!r ,baptism4 ,8 d\bt is unreasonable4 #fdf4 ,moral c]titude 9 ! wide s5se is suffici5t = a safe consci5ce1 ev5 9 matt]s ( great importance1 s9ce x is frequ5tly ! only k9d ( c]titude "o c h1 & he :o w\ld /rive to be free f e slight & baseless suspicion w\ld be soon involv$ 9 a maze ( scruples & p]plexities4 ,example3 ,if ! ,caius above ref]r$ to 7 to yield to 8 d\bt & be rebaptiz$1 a simil> d\bt ab\t ! second ,baptism might easily arise 9 8 m9d1 & he w\ld be no m cont5t$ ?an be=e4 #fdg4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( its object1 c]titude is tw(old4 7a7 ,speculative c]titude ref]s to a judgm5t consid]$ z a g5]al law1 ab/raction be+ made f p>ticul> circum/ances4 ,example3 ,x is speculatively c]ta9 t f>m "w on a holyday is a =bidd5 k9d ( "w1 & t cl]ics are oblig$ to say ! ,div9e ,(fice4 7b7 ,practical c]titude ref]s to a judgm5t :i* is an application ( a g5]al law to a p>ticul> case1 consid]ation be+ giv5 to all ! p]t95t circum/ances4 ,example3 ,x is practically c]ta9 t ,titus may make hay on a holyday1 if o!rwise he w suff] great loss2 & t a cl]ic is excus$ f ! ,div9e ,(fice1 if 8 physician has w>n$ him t he is physically or m5tally unable to p]=m x4 #fdh4 ,speculative c]ta9ty is n suffici5t = consci5ce1 b practical c]titude is requir$1 s9ce consci5ce ref]s n to ab/ract laws b to concrete cases--n to :at is "r if only ! object ( ! act is consid]$1 b to :at is "r :5 "o consid]s ! object1 ! motive1 & all ! circum/ances "h & n[ pres5t4 #fdi4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! argum5ts on :i* x is bas$1 c]titude is ( two k9ds4 7a7 ,demon/rative c]titude is ! ass5t t re/s on a conclusion logically drawn f c]ta9ly true premises4 ,example3 ,caius argues t he is oblig$ to g to ,mass on ,sunday1 because ! law is c]ta91 & x is also c]ta9 t ! law applies to him4 7b7 ,probable c]titude1 :i* is ! ass5t t re/s on a conclusion1 ^: premises1 ?\gh n c]ta91 seem to be true1 & aga9/ :i* !re is no c\nt] conclusion1 or none t _c be readily answ]$ 7see #gjc74 ,example3 ,caius is pretty sure t he is s]i\sly ill1 because he p]ceives a numb] ( al>m+ symptoms2 ! possibility t ^! may be due to imag9ation is exclud$ by ! fact t !y are new & sudd54 ,caius1 !re=e1 concludes t he may hold himself excus$ f att5dance at ,mass4 #fej4 ,probable c]titude is suffici5t = consci5ce1 = 9 moral matt]s x is impossible to h at all times reasons t am\nt to a demon/ration1 & h5ce a p]son acts prud5tly 9 foll[+ a decision t is solidly probable & unoppos$ by any contr>y s]i\s probability4 ,:at is call$ 8probable c]titude0 "h is v diff]5t f probable op9ion1 ab\t :i* !re w be "q bel[ 7#ffb sqq47 #fea4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! mann] 9 :i* x is obta9$1 c]titude is aga9 tw(old4 7a7 ,direct c]titude is t :i* is obta9$ f pr9ciples t are intr9sic to ! case by apply+ to ! matt] ! law conc]n+ x4 ,examples3 ,a judge :o decides accord+ to ! evid5ce & pro(s giv5 9 c\rt t an accus$ is guilty1 & a son :o concludes f ! ,f\r? ,comm&m5t t he is b\nd to help 8 p>5ts 9 necessity1 h direct c]ta9ty 9 _! judgm5ts1 because !y argu$ f pr9ciples t deal ) ! "q be=e !m4 7b7 ,indirect c]titude is t :i* is obta9$ f pr9ciples t are extr9sic to ! case by apply+ to ! matt] 9 h& reflex pr9ciples 7i4e41 rules t direct h[ "o %\ld act 9 d\bt7 or ! pr9ciple ( au?ority 7i4e41 ! argum5t drawn f ! op9ion ( ^? :o are ackn[l$g$ z compet5t to decide74 ,examples2 ,if a judge is n able to =m a c]ta9 judgm5t f intr9sic reasons conc]n+ an accus$1 because /rong argum5ts h be5 giv5 bo? = guilt & = innoc5ce1 he has rec\rse to pr9ciples t h ref]5ce to 8 own /ate ( d\bt1 & :i* decl>e t he mu/ acquit :5 he is n c]ta9 ( guilt4 ,if a man is n able to decide :e!r ! ,f\r? ,comm&m5t obliges him to keep 8 gr&p>5ts or "m-9-law 9 8 home1 :5 !y upset 8 family & are able to take c>e ( !mselves1 he c h rec\rse to ! ext]nal pr9ciple ( au?ority by consult+ 8 confessor4 #feb4 ,direct c]titude is n necess>y = ! judgm5t ( consci5ce1 = (t51 z 9 ! cases j m5tion$1 x is n possible4 ,moreov]1 indirect c]titude suffices to give "o :o is 9 d\bt su* practical assurance t "o's fe>s become unimportant & "o is able to act prud5tly 9 spite ( !m4 7a7 ,! pr9ciple ( au?ority--t 89 d\bt we c safely foll[ ! advice ( ^? :o are exp]ts & tru?ful0--is reliable1 z bo? ! conditions requir$ = au?ority 7viz41 k & tru?fulness7 & also daily exp]i5ce %[4 7b7 ,reflex pr9ciples likewise1 al?\gh !y d n prove :at is d$uc$ f !m1 are well f\nd$1 & po9t s cle>ly ! side to be tak5 :5 judgm5t is susp5d$ betwe5 alt]natives t !y enable "o to act ) all ! c]titude t prud5ce dem&s4 ,example3 ,! pr9ciple t 89 d\bt decision %\ld be giv5 9 favor ( ! accus$10 is bas$ on ! fact t a man's "r to 8 life & lib]ty is s c]ta9 t he does n =feit t "r unless x is prov$ conv9c+ly t he is guilty4 #fec4 ,examples ( unc]ta9 & c]ta9 consci5ces are ! foll[+3 7a7 ,unc]ta9 consci5ce3 ,x is lawful to make a j contract 7major premise c]ta972 b ?is contract is j 7m9or premise a matt] ( d\bt or op9ion72 !re=e1 ?is contract is lawful 7conclusion a matt] ( d\bt or op9ion74 7b7 ,consci5ce directly c]ta93 ,x is lawful to make a j contract 7c]ta972 b ?is contract is j 7c]ta972 !re=e1 ,i may make ?is contract 7c]ta974 7c7 ,consci5ce indirectly c]ta93 ,x is lawful to foll[ compet5t advice or a moral sy/em approv$ by ! ,*ur* 7c]ta972 b a compet5t spiritual advis] or an approv$ sy/em ( ,moral ,!ology holds t ?is k9d ( contract is lawful 7c]ta972 !re=e1 x is lawful = me to make ?is contract 7c]ta974 #fed4 ,an ,unc]ta9 ,consci5ce4--,unc]ta9ty ( consci5ce c be und]/ood 9 two s5ses4 7a7 ,consci5ce is unc]ta9 9 a m /rict s5se1 if ! v]dict ( ! moral judgm5t on a "q ( lawfulness or unlawfulness is t no decision c be giv5 ei!r way1 ei!r because !re are no reasons ( importance on ei!r side 7negative d\bt71 or because ! oppos+ reasons balance s p]fectly t x is impossible to *oose betwe5 !m 7positive d\bt74 ,examples3 ,titus1 wi%+ to d "s draw+ on ,sundays1 asks himself :e!r draw+ is s]vile "w4 ,n kn[+ ! def9ition ( 8s]vile10 he c only reply to 8 d\bt t he has no reasons ei!r = affirmation or = negation4 ,caius reads moral au?ors on ! same "q1 & ! pros & cons seem to him s equally /rong t he _c pron\nce = ei!r side4 7b7 ,consci5ce is unc]ta9 9 a less /rict s5se1 if ! v]dict ( ! moral judgm5t on a "q ( lawfulness or unlawfulness is t ! m9d incl9es to "o side m ?an ! o!r1 b _c decide 9 its favor 7suspicion71 or t x decides = "o side1 :ile p]ceiv+ t ! argum5ts = ! contr>y are n to be despis$ 7op9ion74 ,example3 ,titus decides to sp5d a good "p ( ,sunday tak+ photographs4 ,caius argues t ?is is unlawful2 ,sempronius1 t x is lawful4 ,titus ?9ks ! argum5ts ( bo? are /rong1 b is bett] pleas$ ) ^? ( ,sempronius4 ,if he feels he _c act on ei!r op9ion1 8 /ate ( m9d is :at we call$ suspicion2 if he feels t ! op9ion ( ,sempronius has prevail$1 8 /ate ( m9d is "o ( op9ion4 #fee4 ,f :at 0 said above conc]n+ ! c]titude requisite = consci5ce 7see #fda sqq471 x foll[s t3 7a7 :5 ! /ate ( m9d is positive or negative d\bt1 "o is n all[$ to act2 = a p]son :o is ignorant ( :at he %\ld d1 or :o is fluctuat+ betwe5 opposites1 runs ! risk ( s9 & its consequ5ces1 if he acts bl9dly2 7b7 :5 ! /ate ( m9d is suspicion1 "o is n all[$ to act1 = consci5ce mu/ be m ?an conjecture or incl9ation2 7e7 :5 ! /ate ( m9d is op9ion1 "o is or is n all[$ to act1 accord+ z ! op9ion has or has n ! qualities requir$ = c]titude t is moral & practical 7z expla9$ above 9 #fdc sqq474 #fef4 ,d\bt & ,suspicion4--,! foll[+ are ! duties ( a p]son ^: /ate ( m9d ab\t 8 obligation is "o ( d\bt or suspicion3 7a7 ,if he has no "t to resolve 8 hesitation b mu/ decide at once1 he %\ld foll[ ! rules giv5 = a p]plex$ consci5ce 7see above1 #faa sqq474 ,example2 ,sempronius is ord]$ by 8 fa!r to g on an err&2 by 8 "m1 to rema9 at home4 ,he does n "k :om he %\ld obey1 b argues t !re c be no h>m 9 p]=m+ ! err&1 s9ce he feels t he is =c$ anyway4 ,sempronius' impromptu decision proce$s f a s5se ( moral responsibility2 x is good1 & z c]ta9 z he is able to make x4 7b7 ,if a p]son has "t to resolve 8 hesitation1 he %\ld n tru/ to common s5se1 b %\ld consult moral !ology1 if he is compet5t to und]/& & apply x1 or %\ld h rec\rse to 8 confessor1 if he is n a !ologian4 ,! att5tion giv5 to 8 problem %\ld be proportionate to ! gravity ( ! duty 9 "q1 its importance = ?ird p>ties1 etc4 7see bel[1 #ffg ,sqq474 ,example3 ,if a layman is unc]ta9 :e!r a practice he foll[s 9 8 bus9ess is di%one/1 he %\ld consult a prie/2 if ! prie/ is unc]ta91 he %\ld ref] to 8 !ology & /udy ! matt] until he is able to give a well-f\nd$1 morally c]ta9 judgm5t4 #feg4 ,reflex pr9ciples by ! aid ( :i* a negative d\bt may be solv$1 :5 ! "q is ab\t ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( "s fact connect$ ) obligation1 are ! foll[+3 7a7 ,if ! fact at issue is "o ab\t :i* presumption may be _h f g5]al or p]sonal exp]i5ce1 ! d\bt may be settl$ by ! pr9ciple3 8,9 unc]ta9ty decide accord+ to :at usually happ5s40 ,examples3 ,titus is unc]ta9 :e!r 8 boy ( sev5 ye>s has ! use ( reason & is b\nd to g to ,mass4 ,z a rule1 *ildr5 atta9 discretion at ! age ( sev52 & h5ce ,titus %\ld take 8 boy to ,mass4 ,fr4 ,caius is unc]ta9 :e!r he has said ,t]ce4 ,8 exp]i5ce is t su* unc]ta9ties on 8 "p h always be5 baseless 9 ! pa/2 h5ce1 he may consid] t he has said ,t]ce z usual4 7b7 ,if ! fact at issue is "o ab\t :i* no presumption is af=d$1 ei!r f g5]al or p]sonal exp]i5ce1 rec\rse may be _h to ! pr9ciple3 8,a fact %\ld n be tak5 = grant$1 b mu/ be prov$40 ,examples3 ,sempronia d\bts :e!r h] practice ( say+ ! ,ros>y daily 0 ! result ( a v[2 b1 z !re is no pro( or circum/antial evid5ce ( a v[1 x may be held t h] practice orig9at$ 9 a resolution4 ,caius1 a /rang]1 claims t ,titus owes him = an unpaid debt ( 8 fa!r4 ,titus kn[s no?+ ( ! alleg$ debt1 & ! only sub/antiation = its exi/5ce is ! ^w ( ! /rang]4 ,titus is n oblig$ to pay4 #feh4 ,presumption ( a fact is ( ?ree k9ds accord+ to ,weight3 7a7 ,viol5t presumption is bas$ on indications s significant or num]\s t x leaves only slight room = evasion4 ,?is k9d ( presumption suffices1 b is n ess5tial 9 solv+ d\bts4 ,example3 ,caius has no direct pro( or dispro( t he paid ,titus 9 a c]ta9 bus9ess transaction1 because all ! pap]s h be5 lo/4 ,b he rememb]s di/9ctly t he drew ! money & w5t p]sonally to ! (fice ( ,titus on ! day paym5t 0 to be made1 & t ! latt]1 up to ! "t ( 8 dea? sev]al mon?s lat]1 always act$ z if full settlem5t _h be5 made4 7b7 ,/rong presumption is bas$ on circum/ances or signs s mov+ t !y p]mit "o to inf] a fact z be+ _! natural or usual accompanim5t or result4 ,?is k9d ( presumption suffices 9 solv+ ! d\bts we are consid]+4 ,example3 ,if ,caius1 spok5 ( above1 has no individual recollection ( any circum/ances be>+ on ! paym5t ( 8 debt to ,titus1 b kn[s t x 0 8 inv>iable cu/om to pay all 8 debts promptly1 ! presumption t he paid ?is debt is /rong4 7c7 ,light presumption occurs :5 ! reasons are s slight1 t !y h>dly ev] suffice to p]mit u to inf] a giv5 fact f !m4 ,example3 ,if we suppose t ,caius 0 dilatory 9 pay+ debts1 & t he has no bett] indication ( paym5t hav+ be5 made ?an ! fact t ,titus gave him a cig> ab\t ! "t ( _! bus9ess transaction1 !re is little presumption t ! debt 0 paid4 #fei4 ,reflex pr9ciples t may be us$ to settle negative d\bts ab\t ! quality ( an act p]=m$ are ! foll[+3 7a7 ,if !re is an individual presumption1 ! quality ( ! act may be inf]r$ f :at usually happ5s4 ,example3 ,sempronius _c rememb] :e!r a c]ta9 good "w he und]took 0 prompt$ by zeal or ambition4 ,b1 z he usually tri$ to keep 8 motives pure1 x may be conclud$ t ! "w 9 "q proce$$ f a "r int5tion4 7b7 ,if !re is no individual presumption1 ! quality ( an act may be settl$ f g5]al presumptions or pr9ciples4 ,:5 ! act 0 accord+ to law1 & ! d\bt conc]ns its validity or suffici5cy1 "o may take x t all 0 rightly done2 = x usually happ5s t he :o complies ) ! sub/ance1 also complies ) :at is accessory4 ,moreov]1 ! welf>e ( ! public & ( individuals require t an act done outw>dly accord+ to law %\ld be deem$ z rightly p]=m$ unless ! contr>y c be prov$4 ,h5ce ! rules3 8,9 d\bt decide = ! validity ( :at 0 done02 8,:at has be5 done is presum$ to h be5 rightly done40 ,examples3 ,caia _c rememb] :e!r %e really cons5t$ :5 %e m>ri$ ,titus4 ,sempronius _c rememb] :e!r he _h suffici5t att5tion 9 he>+ ,mass on ,sunday4 ,! presumptions are t ,caia m>ri$ validly & t ,sempronius he>d ,mass prop]ly1 if !y act$ 9 good fai?4 #ffj4 ,reflex pr9ciples t may be us$ to settle negative & inv9cible d\bts conc]n+ law or obligation are ! foll[+3 7a7 ,if no s]i\s reasons c be f\nd to prove or disprove ! exi/5ce ( a law1 or its gravity or application to a pres5t case1 use may be made ( ! pr9ciple3 8,inv9cible ignorance ( ! law excuses f s940 ,example3 ,titus on an emb] day consults all ! s\rces ( in=mation he has to discov] :e!r x is a fa/ day2 b all he c le>n is t "s vigils are fa/ days1 o!rs are n4 7b7 ,if no s]i\s reasons c be f\nd to prove or disprove t a law be>s a c]ta9 mean+1 rec\rse may be _h to su* pr9ciples z ! foll[+3 8,a law obliges only 9 s f> z x is kn[able02 8,! int]pretation may be made aga9/ ! legislator :o c\ld h spok5 m cle>ly02 8,?+s burd5some to ! subjects ( ! law %\ld be con/ru$ n>r[ly2 ?+s favorable1 broadly40 ,example3 ,caius1 :o sup]vises work+m51 has no notion reg>d+ ! mean+ ( ! ^w 8work+man0 z us$ 9 an indult on fa/+--viz41 :e!r x applies to sup]visors ( "w or exclusively to labor]s4 7c7 ,if no s]i\s reasons c be f\nd to prove or directly disprove t a c]ta9 law has ceas$ or be5 abrogat$1 ! pr9ciple to be foll[$ is3 8,9 d\bt decide = t :i* has ! presumption40 ,9 ?is case ! presumption is = ! cont9uance ( ! law1 s9ce x 0 c]ta9ly made1 & !re is no probability = its non-cont9uance4 ,example3 ,sempronius le>ns t c]ta9 mitigations h be5 made 9 ! law ( fa/+1 & wond]s :e!r ! same is true z reg>ds ! law ( ab/95ce2 b he has no reason to ?9k t any *ange has be5 made on ?is latt] po9t4 #ffa4 ,9 ! above cases negative d\bt 0 solv$ g5]ally 9 favor ( non-obligation z aga9/ obligation4 ,b !re are two cases 9 :i* negative d\bt mu/ be settl$ 9 favor ( obligation1 accord+ to ! rule3 8,9 d\bt foll[ t :i* is saf]40 ,! two cases are3 7a7 ,negative d\bt mu/ be settl$ 9 favor ( obligation1 :5 ! d\bt is ab\t a matt] ( su* importance t x does n p]mit ! tak+ ( risks 9 its p]=mance1 z :5 !re is "q ( laws t safegu>d ! supreme rights ( man1 or ( laws t prescribe ! ess5tials to be us$ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,sacram5ts4 ,example3 ,sempronius adopts a newly-born infant ab&on$ at 8 door4 ,z !re is no?+ to indicate :e!r ! baby has be5 baptiz$ or n1 ,sempronius takes ! saf] c\rse & has x baptiz$4 7b7 ,negative d\bt mu/ be settl$ 9 favor ( obligation :5 x p]si/s because no reflex pr9ciple is f\nd1 or none t seems to be suitable = ! case4 ,example3 ,titus wav]s betwe5 unc]ta9ties ab\t ! exi/5ce ( a law2 he c discov] no reasons pro or con1 & he kn[s no pr9ciple or presumption to guide himself by 9 8 difficulty4 ,he does n "k or ev5 ?9k t he may act z if ! law 7 non-exi/5t1 & h5ce he mu/ inquire fur!r1 or else act z if ! law did exi/4 #ffb4 ,op9ion4--,! duty ( "o ^: /ate ( m9d is op9ion is z foll[s3 7a7 ,if he is able to remove e objection aga9/ 8 judgm5t or to make unimportant su* objection or objections z rema91 8 op9ion has become moral c]ta9ty 7see above1 #fdd ,sqq471 & he may foll[ x z a safe guide4 ,example3 ,caius promises to m>ry ,sempronia1 b 8 p>5ts =bid ! m>riage4 ,caius op9es t he %\ld keep 8 promise1 b to be sure he consults 8 pa/or4 ,! latt] %[s him t ! opposition to 8 m>riage is unreasonable1 & ?us sets at re/ ! difficulties ( ,caius4 7b7 ,if a p]son is n able to remove "o or m important objections aga9/ 8 judgm5t1 8 op9ion has n become moral c]titude1 & he may n foll[ x z a safe guide4 ,example3 ,if ,caius' pa/or holds t ! p>5ts are "r & ,caius wrong 9 ! "q ( m>riage ) ,scmpronia1 s t ,caius1 :ile /ill ?9k+ he %\ld keep 8 promise1 has s]i\s fe>s t x w\ld be a wrong /ep1 ! "y man %\ld n foll[ 8 own view4 #ffc4 ,^? :o act :5 _! /ate ( m9d is d\bt1 suspicion1 or unc]ta9 op9ion are3 7a7 guilty ( s91 = !y d n act 9 good fai? 7,rom1 xiv4 #bb1 #bc71 & !y are imprud5t & lov]s ( dang] 7,ecclus41 iii4 #bg72 7b7 guilty ( ! species & gravity ( s9 :i* !y fe> may be 9 _! act2 = !y int]pretatively wi% t to :i* !y expose !mselves4 ,example3 ,if ,titus takes an oa?1 fe>+ t 8 act is p]jury1 he is guilty ( p]jury be=e ,god1 ev5 ?\gh :at he says is true4 #ffd4 ,fe>s or objections aga9/ an op9ion are unimportant z foll[s3 7a7 if !y h only a slight probability 7e4g41 ,titus op9es t he is n oblig$ to say ! second lessons1 because he kn[s t he began !m1 & !re=e mu/ h said !m2 b he fe>s he may be oblig$ to say !m1 because he _c rememb] ! details ( ! lessons1 & h5ce has probably n said !m72 7b7 if !y are improbable 7e4g41 ,caius fe>s t he may h omitt$ ,sext1 al?\gh he recalls go+ to *oir to *ant at ! regul> times47 #ffe4 ,fe>s aga9/ an op9ion are important1 :5 !y are n m]ely possible1 b h su* an appe>ance ( tru? t ev5 a prud5t man w\ld consid] !m z wor?y ( support4 7a7 ,intr9sic signs ( ?is solid probability are ! good argum5ts by :i* ! fe>1 or contr>y ( an op9ion1 is support$4 ,example3 ,titus aft] c>eful exam9ation ( consci5ce decides t he is n oblig$ to m5tion a !ft 9 confession1 because x happ5$ j be=e 8 la/ confession2 yet1 he fe>s t he is oblig$1 because he does n rememb] hav+ ?\ght ( re/itution4 7b7 ,extr9sic signs ( solid probability are ! good au?orities by :om ! contr>y ( ! op9ion is def5d$4 ,example3 ,caius op9es t he is n oblig$ to confess a calumny1 because he is n c]ta9 t x is unconfess$2 he fe>s t he is oblig$1 because ,/4 ,alphonsus1 ^: au?ority is great 9 ,moral ,!ology1 tea*es t a grave s9 mu/ be confess$ unless x is c]ta9 t x has be5 confess$ already4 #fff4 ,he :o is mov$ by unimportant fe>s or difficulties is scrupul\s1 b n s he :o hesitates 9 ! face ( an important difficulty4 ,examples3 ,balbus fe>s he may be guilty ( murd]1 because he left a sick p]son = a mom5t & ! latt] unexpect$ly di$ 9 8 abs5ce 7scrupul\s consci5ce74 ,sempronius fe>s he may be b\nd to re/itution1 because by 8 ridicule he made ,titus lose 8 means ( livelihood 7di/urb$ consci5ce74 #ffg4 ,:at is to be done by "o :o holds an op9ion z to :at he may or may n d "h & n[1 b :o has a s]i\s fe> t 8 op9ion is wrong8 7a7 ,if ! fe> p]si/s z s]i\s1 :5 ! means to remove x 7su* z consid]ation & consultation7 h be5 duly resort$ to1 he %\ld delay1 if ?is is possible1 or foll[ ! saf] c\rse1 if delay is n possible4 ,example3 ,titus mu/ g to confession n[1 b he _c recall :e!r or n a pa/ !ft 0 ev] confess$2 he ?9ks he is n oblig$ to m5tion x n[1 b is f> f feel+ c]ta9 ab\t ?is1 because ( a s]i\s d\bt :i* he _c resolve4 ,! ?+ = him to d is to resolve to confess ! !ft z "o t 0 p]haps unconfess$ be=e4 7b7 ,if ! fe> is remov$ or made unimportant1 by direct means 7su* z !ological argum5t f moral pr9ciples7 or by indirect means 7su* z consultation or ! use ( reflex pr9ciples71 ! op9ion may be foll[$4 ,example3 ,if ,titus1 m5tion$ above1 le>ns f 8 confessor or d$uces f reliable reflex pr9ciples t he is n oblig$ to confess ! !ft1 he may act ) a safe consci5ce 9 foll[+ ?is decision4 #ffh4 ,! au?ority t may be safely foll[$ by a lay p]son :o holds an op9ion1 b fe>s t ! opposite may be true1 is t ( anyone :om he kn[s to be pi\s1 in/ruct$ & prud5t2 =1 z x is impossible = him ei!r to settle ! "q = himself or to rema9 9 p]petual unc]ta9ty1 he mu/ acquire c]ta9ty "h z 9 o!r important affairs by consult+ ^? :o are exp]t & reliable4 ,h5ce1 if ! consci5ce is m]ely op9ionative1 a dep5dable advis] %\ld be conf]r$ ) to make x c]ta94 7a7 ,9 ! case ( an accus+ or excus+ consci5ce1 x is at lea/ advisable t ! d\btful s9 be m5tion$ 9 confession1 & especially by ^? :o are n /rict 9 _! lives & :o are incl9$ to judge _! own acts & motives ) l5i5cy4 7b7 ,9 case ( a =bidd+ or p]mitt+ consci5ce1 x is necess>y t "o seek reliable in=mation :]e x c be _h1 z f p>5ts or tea*]s1 & if ^! _c give x1 f a pa/or or confessor or o!r prie/4 ,example3 ,sempronius ?9ks he has a "r to dr9k a glass ( w9e n[ & !n to be sociable2 b he fe>s he has no "r to d s1 z ! dr9k occasions excitem5t or fooli% rem>ks1 & sometimes makes x difficult = him to get to 8 home safely4 #ffi4 ,! au?ority t may be safely foll[$ by confessors & o!r prie/s 9 resolv+ important d\bts aga9/ a moral judgm5t is z foll[s3 7a7 ,if ! op9ion is support$ z morally c]ta9 by all or ne>ly all ( ! approv$ text-books on moral tea*+1 x may be foll[$2 = surely !re w\ld n be su* unanimity1 if ! objections 7 really =midable4 7b7 ,if ! op9ion is support$ z morally c]ta9 by a goodly numb] 7say1 six or sev57 ( ^? :o are consid]$ z preem95t 9 ,moral ,!ology1 & :o indep5d5tly arriv$ at ! same conclusion1 x may be foll[$2 = ! judgm5t ( _m is bett] ?an t ( "o1 & ! c]ta9ty ( au?orities %\ld prevail ov] ! d\bt ( "o :o has n ! same au?ority4 7c7 ,if ! op9ion has ! support z c]ta9 ( only "o !ologian1 x may be foll[$ )\t fur!r inve/igation1 if he has receiv$ special m5tion f ! ,*ur* z an au?ority & a safe guide4 ,?us1 ! ,holy ,see has expressly decl>$ t ! doctr9e ( ,/4 ,alphonsus may be safely foll[$ by confessors1 & ! approbation giv5 to ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as z ,univ]sal ,doctor makes 8 ^w m conv9c+ ?an a contr>y argum5t bas$ on "o's own reason+4 ,( c\rse1 ?is does n mean t ^! or any o!r private ,doctors are infallible 9 _! judgm5ts1 or t "o %\ld n dep>t f _! tea*+ 9 a po9t :]e ! ,*ur* has decid$ aga9/ !m1 or :]e !re is a manife/ reason = do+ s2 x simply means t !y are s conspicu\s among morali/s = ! correctness ( _! tea*+ t "o :o is 9 d\bt may safely foll[ !m unless ! contr>y is kn[n to him4 #fgj4 ,b "o may be unable to settle "o's difficulty by appeal to au?ority1 z su*1 z 9 ! foll[+ in/ances3 7a7 :5 ! p>ticul> case to be decid$ is n consid]$ at all 9 text-books1 or is n consid]$ "u ! circum/ances t exi/2 7b7 :5 ! au?orities speak hesitat+ly ab\t ! "q1 & say t ! op9ion 9 "q is at mo/ probable1 etc42 7c7 :5 ! au?orities are ab\t equally divid$1 z :5 a few great names are oppos$ to _m names ( inf]ior rank1 or :5 ^? :o are equal 9 k s disagree t half are on "o side1 half on ! o!r4 ,9 c\nt+ au?orities1 h[ev]1 x is n always easy to decide :o %\ld be includ$1 z a writ] may himself be argu+ f ! au?ority ( an individual or ( a s*ool1 & ?us he is n a di/9ct witness 9 favor ( :at he holds4 #fga4 ,:5 a prie/ or o!r p]son suffici5tly in/ruct$ 9 !ology is n able to *ange ?r\gh rec\rse to au?ority an op9ionative or d\btful consci5ce into a c]ta9 consci5ce1 he c /ill obta9 c]titude3 7a7 directly1 by reexam9+ ! "q dilig5tly & ) entire imp>tiality1 until he has discov]$ reasons /rong en\gh to settle x conv9c+ly "o way or ! o!r2 7b7 indirectly1 by submitt+ ! "q to ! arbitram5t ( a reflex pr9ciple t really appe>s true to him1 & p]mitt+ x to decide betwe5 ! op9ion & ! objection1 or betwe5 ! cont5d+ d\bts4 #fgb4 ,! ,moral ,sy/ems4--,!re are two g5]al sy/ems reg>d+ reflex moral pr9ciples3 7a7 ,tutiorism1 :i* tea*es t ! only pr9ciple :i* c *ange unc]ta9ty into c]ta9ty is3 8,:5 "o is undecid$ betwe5 ! saf] & ! less safe1 he mu/ always *oose ! saf]10 because only :at is saf] excludes ! unc]ta9ty ( s9n+2 7b7 ,anti-tutiorism1 :i* tea*es t ! pr9ciple giv5 above is true 9 a few exceptional cases on acc\nt ( special reasons1 b untrue z a rule4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple :i* x sub/itutes = t ( ,tutiorism is3 8,:5 "o is undecid$ betwe5 ! saf] & ! less safe1 "o may *oose ! less safe if x is morally c]ta940 #fgc4 ,( two moral judgm5ts t are comp>$1 x mu/ be not$3 7a7 t "o is saf] :i* dep>ts m f ! dang] ( s9 by decid+ = ! /rict] side4 ,example3 ,9 d\bt :e!r a law exi/s1 :e!r x obliges 9 a pres5t case1 :e!r its obligation is grave1 ! saf] op9ion is t :i* holds = ! affirmative2 7b7 t moral judgm5t is m likely :i* is support$ by /rong] argum5ts4 ,example3 ,t a law has ceas$1 or does n apply 9 a c]ta9 case1 or does n oblige "u s91 is a m likely op9ion if ! argum5ts 9 its favor outweigh ^? aga9/ x4 #fgd4 ,?us1 x may happ5 t an op9ion :i* is saf] is less likely4 ,example3 ,! op9ion t ! precept ( rep5tance obliges "u pa9 ( new s9 f ! mom5t a s9 is committ$ is saf]1 b less likely ?an ! opposite op9ion4 #fge4 ,dang] ( s9 is tw(old4 7a7 ,dang] ( =mal s9 7see #bdi1 #beh7 is a risk tak5 :i* involves1 n only t an act may be unlawful1 b t ! do+ ( x may be unlawful4 ,example3 ,caius eats meat1 d\bt+ :e!r ! day is "o ( ab/95ce & :e!r he is oblig$ to ab/a9 or n4 7b7 ,dang] ( mat]ial s9 7see #bdi1 #beh7 is ! dang] t an act may be unlawful1 n 9 ! concrete or z to its p]=mance1 b 9 ! ab/ract z to itself4 ,example3 ,titus is unable to discov] :e!r ?is is a day ( ab/95ce1 b he is ( ! op9ion t x is n4 ,h5ce1 he takes meat1 argu+ t1 :ile ?is may be a violation ( ! law1 he himself is n guilty ( s91 s9ce he feels t he has a "r to eat meat "u ! circum/ances4 #fgf4 ,tutiorism4--,?is sy/em has be5 condemn$ by ! ,*ur*1 & ) good reason1 = ! foll[+ motives3 7a7 ,if by t :i* is saf]1 ,tutiorism int5ds t :i* is bett]1 x contradicts ! ,gospel1 :i* di/+ui%es betwe5 c\nsel & precept 7see #cfd sqq471 comm&+ :at is good1 b only recomm5d+ :at is bett]4 7b7 ,if by t :i* is saf] ,tutiorism means t :i* favors law aga9/ lib]ty1 x imposes an intol]able yoke on ! consci5ces ( m52 =1 :ile law obliges only 9 s f> z x is promulgat$ & kn[n1 ,tutiorism w\ld b9d "o to obs]ve1 n only :at 0 n kn[n to be obligatory1 b :at 0 held to be mo/ probably n obligatory4 #fgg4 ,a modifi$ =m ( ,tutiorism taught3 8,:5 "o is undecid$ betwe5 ! saf] & ! less safe1 "o mu/ *oose ! saf]1 unless ! less safe is mo/ probable40 ,?is sy/em has n be5 c5sur$ by ! ,*ur*1 b ,ca?olic !ologians ) h>dly an exception h reject$ x1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 7a7 ,mo/ probable1 z und]/ood by ! def5d]s ( ?is sy/em1 is t :i* has su* likelihood & su* appe>ance ( tru? z to remove e probable dang] ( ev5 mat]ial s94 ,?us1 9 reality ?is sy/em requires absolute c]titude & agrees ) ! rigor\s t5et ( ,tutiorism t ev5 a mo/ probable op9ion aga9/ ! law may n be foll[$4 7b7 ,mo/ probable1 z commonly und]/ood1 is t side ( a "q :i* s f> excels ! o!r side t no answ] c be giv5 to any ( its argum5ts1 :ile all ! argum5ts ( ! o!r side c be answ]$4 ,to require ?is 9 moral difficulties is to require ! impossible1 = ev5 ! greate/ !ologians h to be cont5t at times ) less4 #fgh4 ,we are oblig$ always to foll[ a safe c\rse1 t is1 n to expose ourselves to ! dang] ( =mal s9 7see #bdi1 #beh72 b ,tutiorism errs :5 x tea*es t we are also oblig$ always to foll[ ! saf] or safe/ c\rse1 t is1 nev] to expose ourselves ev5 to ! dang] ( mat]ial s94 ,!re are cases1 h[ev]1 :5 we are oblig$ 7because "s law requires x7 to foll[ a saf] c\rse1 t is1 n to expose ourselves or o!rs to "s great h>m4 ,?us1 we mu/ foll[ ! saf] side 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 :5 !re is "q conc]n+ some?+ ess5tial = ! salvation ( ourselves or ( o!rs1 = ! law ( *>ity =bids t any risk be tak5 9 ?is supremely important matt]4 ,example3 ,titus in/ructs ! dy+ ,caius only conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ( ! future life4 ,he %\ld also in/ruct him ab\t ! ,tr9ity & ! ,inc>nation1 :i* is ! saf] c\rse1 s9ce x is m probable t an explicit fai? 9 ^! two my/]ies is a condition ( salvation2 7b7 :5 !re is "q ( "s great spiritual loss or ga9 = ourselves or o!rs1 = ju/ice or *>ity =bids t we take *ances 9 su* affairs4 ,examples3 ,sempronia d\bts :e!r %e is excus$ f ! law ( ab/95ce1 & :e!r %e w be guilty ( s9 if %e eats meat4 ,caius d\bts :e!r att5dance at a c]ta9 s*ool w d h>m to ! religion ( 8 son4 ,balba d\bts :e!r %e is b\nd to inquire ab\t ! tru? ( h] sect4 ,z long z _! s]i\s d\bts rema91 ^! p]sons %\ld foll[ ! saf] c\rse2 7c7 :5 !re is "q ( ! validity or invalidity ( a ,sacram5t1 = ! virtue ( religion requires t ! ,sacram5ts be adm9i/]$ ) fidelity1 & be n expos$ to ! p]il ( nullity4 ,example3 ,x is n lawful to consecrate matt] t has probably be5 sub/antially adult]at$2 7d7 :5 !re is "q ( "s temporal good or evil to oneself or ano!r1 & "o is c]ta9ly oblig$ to promote ! =m] or prev5t ! latt]4 ,examples3 ,caius suspects t a dr9k be=e him is deadly poison2 ,titus suspects t an object at :i* he is prep>+ to %oot is a human be+4 ,nei!r may disreg>d 8 suspicion1 ev5 if its contr>y is m probable1 because ! saf] side mu/ "h be tak54 ,! ,fif? ,comm&m5t =bids "o ne$lessly to imp]il "o's own or ano!r's life4 #fgi4 ,9 em]g5cy "o may expose a ,sacram5t to nullity by tak+ a c\rse t is less safe = ! ,sacram5t1 b saf] = ! subject1 rely+ on ! axiom t ! ,sacram5ts are = m51 & n m5 = ! ,sacram5ts4 ,example3 ,titus is call$ to baptize ! dy+ ,caius4 ,no wat] c be procur$ except rose wat]1 ^: suffici5cy is d\btful4 ,titus n only may1 b %\ld1 use ! d\btful matt]1 s9ce no o!r c be _h4 #fhj4 ,laxism4--,! extreme opposite ( ,tutiorism is ,laxism1 ^: pr9ciple is3 8,:5 "o is undecid$ betwe5 ! saf] & ! less safe1 "o may *oose ! less safe1 if x is only slightly or unc]ta9ly probable10 because :atev] seems at all probable may be prud5tly foll[$1 & s =ms a c]ta9 consci5ce4 ,example3 ,accord+ to ,laxism1 "o w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 foll[+ an op9ion1 because x 0 def5d$ by "o !ologian1 ev5 ?\gh he 0 ( little au?ority4 #fha4 ,?is sy/em has be5 condemn$ by ! ,*ur* = ! foll[+ reasons3 7a7 ,x is contr>y to ! tea*+ ( ! ,gospels & ( ! ,fa!rs1 :i* requires "o to obs]ve ! laws ( ,god ) und]/&+ & dilig5ce2 7b7 ,x leads to corruption ( morals4 ,! ,laxi/s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 7 call$ 9 d]ision ^? 8:o take away ! s9s ( ! _w10 & x 0 aga9/ _! loose tea*+s t ,pascal inveigh$2 7c7 ,its argum5t is ( no value1 = no prud5t p]son w\ld feel t he %\ld foll[ :at 0 only slightly above ! improbable1 or t a law %\ld be deem$ unc]ta9 because an op9ion ( unc]ta9 probability c\ld be quot$ aga9/ x4 #fhb4 ,! true sy/em ( reflex pr9ciples w lie betwe5 ! extremes ( ,tutiorism & ,laxism4 ,z already said1 ^! two doctr9es h be5 c5sur$ by ! ,*ur*2 b !re are o!r sy/ems t are mod]ate1 & t are p]mitt$ by ! ,*ur* & def5d$ by !ologians4 ,^! sy/ems are3 7a7 ,probabiliorism1 ^: pr9ciple is3 8,:5 "o is undecid$ betwe5 ! saf] & ! less safe1 "o may *oose ! less safc only :5 x is m probable02 7b7 ,equiprobabilism1 ^: doctr9e is3 8,:5 "o is undecid$ betwe5 ! saf] & ! less safe1 "o may *oose ! less safe only :5 x affirms ! non-exi/5ce ( ! law1 & is at lea/ equally probable ) ! opposite02 7c7 ,probabilism1 ^: doctr9e is3 8,:5 "o is undecid$ betwe5 ! saf] & ! less safe1 "o may *oose ! less safe :5ev] x is c]ta9ly & solidly probable02 7d7 ,comp5sationism1 ^: doctr9e is3 8,:5 "o is undecid$ betwe5 ! saf] & ! less safe1 "o may *oose ! less safe :5ev] x is c]ta9ly & solidly probable1 & !re is a proportionate reason to comp5sate = ! risk tak540 #fhc4 ,probabiliorism4--,! argum5ts 9 favor ( ,probabiliorism are z foll[s3 7a7 extr9sic or f au?ority4 ,?is sy/em is m anci5t1 &1 :5 ! controv]sy ov] sy/ems began 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ?is 0 ! "o t 0 mo/ favor$ by ! ,*ur* & !ologians2 7b7 intr9sic & direct4 ,an ess5tial note ( c]titude is t x %\ld exclude all d\bt1 = z long z d\bt rema9s !re is only op9ion4 ,b "o :o is undecid$ _c exclude all d\bt1 unless ! argum5ts aga9/ ! d\bts n only balance1 b outweigh ! latt] 7i4e41 unless "o has great] probability on "o's side74 ,h5ce1 he :o acts aga9/ ! saf]1 :i* is always c]ta9 en\gh1 :5 8 own op9ion is n m probable1 acts ) an unc]ta9 consci5ce2 7c7 intr9sic & indirect4 ,9 all o!r matt]s a man is n prud5t if he ass5ts to t :i* is less safe & less probable4 ,?us1 9 ?+s speculative no s*ol> w\ld ?9k ( accept+ a !ory :i* to 8 k 0 fur!r remov$ f ! tru?2 9 ?+s practical no man ( common s5se w\ld pref] a road t seem$ less likely to lead to 8 de/9ation4 ,b we %\ld n be less prud5t ab\t ! good ?an we are ab\t ! true & ! useful4 ,h5ce1 9 d\bt we %\ld always decide 9 favor ( ! law1 unless ! argum5ts = lib]ty are m conv9c+4 #fhd4 ,! answ]s giv5 to ! above argum5ts are3 7a7 ,probabiliorism is n m anci5t z a sy/em1 s9ce none ( ! moral sy/ems 7 =mulat$ be=e ! sixte5? c5tury2 if ,patri/ic & m$ieval au?orities c be quot$ :o decid$ cases probabiliori/ically1 o!rs :o 7 contempor>y c be nam$ :o decid$ accord+ to mild] pr9ciples4 ,moreov]1 ! passages cit$ are frequ5tly obscure1 & d n necess>ily be> a ,probabiliori/ic s5se4 ,t ,probabiliorism enjoy$ m favor at ! beg9n+ ( ! controv]sy is n wond]ful1 s9ce o!r sy/ems 7 m or less id5tifi$ ) ,laxism1 & ! "q at issue _h n be5 /udi$ ?or\ghly4 ,today ,probabiliorism has few def5d]s4 7b7 ,t :i* is m probable by f>1 or mo/ probable1 does ov]come all d\bt1 & is ev5 speculatively c]ta92 b he :o w\ld require ! m probable 9 ?is s5se does n diff] f ! ,tutiori/s spok5 ( above4 ,t :i* is m probable1 b n to a notable ext5t1 does n exclude all d\bt1 = ! v def9ition ( ! m probable is 8t judgm5t :i* appe>s m likely to be true ?an ano!r1 b :i* does n exclude all fe> t ! o!r may be true40 ,h5ce1 if ,probabiliorism calls = ! notably m probable1 x does n diff] f ,tutiorism2 if x calls = ! mod]ately m probable1 x wrongly claims t !re is no probability on ! opposite side4 7c7 ,! true is t :i* is 9 h>mony ) facts1 ! useful t :i* conduces to ! obta9+ ( an end1 ! good t :i* is 9 con=mity ) law4 ,c]ta9ly1 a man is n a prud5t seek] ( tru? if he arbitr>ily pref]s ! less to ! m true-seem+1 nor a prud5t seek] ( ! useful if he *ooses ! less safe way ( obta9+ :at is a necess>y end2 b a man c be a prud5t seek] ( ! good1 ev5 ?\gh he pref]s ! less safe & less probable1 :5 ! law itself1 ! norm ( good1 does n dem& m f him4 ,h5ce1 "o :o makes a judgm5t accord+ to ! anti-,probabiliori/ sy/ems does n feel t he is yield+ ass5t to :at is speculatively less probable2 b t he is mak+ a decision t is practically c]ta92 n t he is *oos+ a p]il\s way1 b "o t is absolutely safe4 #fhe4 ,argum5ts aga9/ ,probabiliorism4--7a7 ,!oretical ,objection4--,! pr9ciple ( ,probabiliorism t x is lawful to act aga9/ ! saf] side :5 ! less safe side is m probable1 _c be ju/ifi$ except on ! gr\nd t inv9cible ignorance ( obligation exi/s1 & h5ce t ! law does n oblige4 ,b ! same argum5t c be us$ 9 favor ( mild] sy/ems2 = ev5 if ! less safe side is only probable1 x makes "o inv9cibly ignorant t "o is oblig$4 ,h5ce1 ! basis ( ,probabiliorism is fatal to its own claims4 7b7 ,practical ,objection4--,a sy/em = ! direction ( consci5ce %\ld be s simple t x c be easily appli$ 9 ! ev]yday affairs ( life4 ,ab/ract que/ions may receive att5tion f morali/s = days & mon?s1 b concrete cases h to be decid$ z a rule )\t delay4 ,b ,probabiliorism is su* a complicat$ sy/em t x is unsuit$ to ev]yday life4 ,/4 ,alphonsus decl>es t he f\nd by ! exp]i5ce ( _m ye>s t ?is sy/em _c be pr(itably us$ 9 ! guidance ( s\ls1 = x imposes an intol]able burd5 on bo? confessors & p5it5ts4 ,& h[ few are s skill$ z to be able to decide quickly1 )\t scruples1 & correctly ab\t ! relative degrees ( probability 9 opposite op9ions6 #fhf4 ,answ]s ( ! ,probabiliori/s4--7a7 ,a probable op9ion aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( obligation does n create inv9cible ignorance1 b only d\bt2 nor does a m probable op9ion aga9/ obligation create inv9cible ignorance1 s9ce x excludes ! less probable op9ion = obligation1 & makes "o ass5t unwav]+ly & 9 good fai?1 ev5 ?\gh errone\sly1 to ! judgm5t t "o is n b\nd4 7b7 ,x is no m difficult to decide :at is m probable ?an to decide :at is equally probable1 or truly & solidly probable2 nor is ! same skill & att5tion expect$ 9 all p]sons & cases1 b ea* p]son mu/ judge accord+ to ! be/ light he has1 & ea* case mu/ receive ! measure ( att5tion its importance calls =4 ,if ,probabiliori/s may become scrupul\s1 may n ,probabili/s become lax8 #fhg4 ,! debate betwe5 ,probabiliorism & its adv]s>ies is n (t5 he>d today1 z mo/ mod]n morali/s give _! allegiance ei!r to ,equiprobabilism 7a modifi$ ,probabiliorism7 or to ,probabilism4 #fhh4 ,equiprobabilism4--,! doctr9e ( ,equiprobabilism is a middle way betwe5 ,probabiliorism & ,probabilism4 ,?us3 7a7 x agrees ) ,probabiliorism 9 hold+ t x is n lawful to foll[ ! less safe1 if ! saf] is m probable1 or if ! saf] is equally probable1 & ! "q is ab\t ! cessation ( ! law2 7b7 x agrees ) ,probabilism 9 hold+ t x is lawful to foll[ ! less safe1 if ! saf] is only equally probable1 & ! "q is ab\t ! exi/5ce ( ! law4 #fhi4 ,! pr9ciple t 8x is n lawful to foll[ ! less safe1 if ! saf] is equally probable & ! "q is ab\t ! cessation ( ! law10 is def5d$ z foll[s by ,equiprobabili/s3 7a7 ,9 real d\bt we %\ld decide 9 favor ( t side :i* is possession4 ,b1 :5 d\bt is ab\t ! cessation ( a law1 ! law is 9 possession2 = !re is no "q t x 0 made4 ,!re=e1 9 su* a d\bt we %\ld decide = ! saf] side1 t is1 t ! law has n ceas$4 7b7 ,a c]ta9 obligation is n compli$ ) by a d\btful fulfillm5t4 ,b d\bts ab\t ! cessation ( ! obligation ( law usually arise f a probability t "o has already fulfill$ ! law4 ,!re=e 9 su* cases we %\ld decide t ! law has n be5 fulfill$--t is1 t its obligation has n ceas$4 #fij4 ,! ,probabili/s reply t3 7a7 x is n true t1 9 equiprobability ab\t ! cessation ( law1 ! law is 9 possession2 = lib]ty is naturally prior to law1 & h5ce has possession 9 d\bt2 7b7 nor is x true t an obligation t has probably be5 compli$ ) or remov$ is c]ta94 #fia4 ,! ,equiprobabili/s answ]3 7a7 lib]ty 0 9 possession1 until x 0 dispossess$ by ! mak+ ( ! law2 7b7 an obligation t c]ta9ly exi/$ mu/ be held z c]ta9ly 9 exi/5ce1 until ! contr>y is prov$2 :]eas a fact1 su* z disp5sation1 abrogation1 or fulfillm5t1 is n prov$ if x is only probable4 #fib4 ,! pr9ciple t 8x is lawful to foll[ ! less safe side1 if ! saf] is only equally probable & ! "q is ab\t ! exi/5ce ( ! law10 is def5d$ z foll[s by ,equiprobabili/s3 7a7 ,9 real d\bt we %\ld favor ! side t is 9 possession4 ,b :5 d\bt is ab\t ! exi/5ce ( a law1 lib]ty is 9 possession2 = lib]ty is prior to law4 ,!re=e1 9 su* d\bt we may decide t !re is no obligation4 7b7 ,an unc]ta9 law does n oblige1 if "o is inv9cibly ignorant ( its exi/5ce4 ,b1 :5 !re are equiprobable reasons aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( a law1 "o is inv9cibly ignorant ( its exi/5ce4 ,!re=e1 9 su* cases "o is n oblig$4 #fic4 ,! pr9ciple t 8x is n lawful to foll[ ! less safe side if ! saf] side is m probable10 is def5d$ z foll[s by ,equiprobabili/s3 7a7 ,9 d\bt improp]ly s call$--t is1 9 t condition ( m9d 9 :i* !re is no fluctuation betwe5 equal argum5ts1 b only "s indecision betwe5 ! m & ! less probable--we %\ld decide 9 favor ( ! m probable1 z be+ morally c]ta94 ,h5ce1 x is n lawful to foll[ :at is less safe & less probable4 7b7 ,a law suffici5tly promulgat$ obliges4 ,b1 :5 x is m probable t a law 0 made or is 9 =ce1 su* law is suffici5tly promulgat$ to ! consci5ce4 ,h5ce1 ! saf] side mu/ be foll[$1 if x is m probable4 #fid4 ,probabili/ ,criticism ( ! ,=ego+ ,argum5ts4 7a7 ,if ! excess ( ! m probable ov] ! less probable is s great t ! latt] is only slightly or d\btfully probable1 ! m probable is equival5t to c]titude2 = c]titude is ass5t )\t fe> ( ! opposite1 & ! fe> ( ! opposite 9 su* a case w\ld be s slight t x may be consid]$ z non-exi/5t4 ,if ! excess is n s great1 ! less probable rema9s solidly & c]ta9ly probable1 & ! m probable is n c]titude1 b op9ion 7t is1 ass5t ) fe> ( ! opposite74 ,! ,equiprobabili/s are speak+ ( great] probability 9 ! second s5se1 & h5ce !y are wrong :5 !y id5tify x ) c]titude 7see above1 #fed74 7b7 ,a law mu/ be s promulgat$ to ! consci5ce t "o kn[s ! law or c\ld "k x ) suffici5t dilig5ce2 x does n suffice t "o c get no fur!r ?an op9ion4 ,x w\ld be unreasonable to oblige "o to obs]ve n only :at is ! law1 b also :at seems to be ! law4 ,n[1 he :o has only m probable op9ion t he is b\nd by "s law1 does n "k t su* obligation exi/s2 he only kn[s t x seems to exi/4 #fie4 ,reply ( ! ,equiprobabili/s4-7a7 ,! m probable always removes ! appe>ance ( tru? f ! less probable4 ,h5ce1 he :o recognizes an op9ion z m probable c ass5t to x )\t any fe> ( error4 7b7 ,"o :o holds x z m probable t he is oblig$ by a c]ta9 law1 does n "k = c]ta9 t he is oblig$ by reason ( t law2 b he does "k = c]ta9 t he is oblig$ by reason ( a high] law4 ,sup]ior to e p>ticul> law is ! g5]al law t no?+ may be done t w deprive law ( its efficacy4 ,b law loses its efficacy if ea* "o is free to decide t he is n b\nd ev5 :5 ! great] weight ( probability is to ! contr>y4 #fif4 ,g5]al ,argum5ts 9 ,favor ( ,equiprobabilism4--7a7 ,f ,au?ority4--,/4 ,alphonsus ,liguori1 :o holds a unique place 9 ! ,*ur* z a morali/1 pref]r$ ,equiprobabilism to e o!r moral sy/em2 & 8 views are foll[$ n only by 8 own ,congregation1 ! ,r$emptori/s1 b by _m o!rs4 7b7 ,f ,comp>ison ) ,o!r ,sy/ems4--,tru? lies midway betwe5 extremes2 = tru? is lo/ ei!r by exagg]ation or by defect4 ,b ,equiprobabilism is a happy m$ium betwe5 ,probabiliorism incl9+ to ,rigorism1 & ,probabilism incl9+ t[>ds ,laxism4 ,h5ce1 ! relation ( ,equiprobabilism to o!r sy/ems is 9 its favor4 7c7 ,f ! ,"* ( ,its ,tea*+4--,accord+ to pr9ciples ( ju/ice univ]sally admitt$ z true1 a judge %\ld pron\nce s5t5ce 9 favor ( ! m probable :5 !re is evid5ce ( unequal weight & 9 favor ( t :i* is 9 possession :5 !re is evid5ce ( equal weight4 ,b ^! pr9ciples ought to be ( univ]sal application4 ,!re=e1 ,equiprobabilism does "r 9 mak+ ^! ! guid+ pr9ciples = ! c\rt ( consci5ce4 #fig4 ,probabili/ ,criticism ( ^! ,argum5ts4--7a7 ,/4 ,alphonsus is "o ( ! greate/ moral !ologians ( ! ,*ur*4 ,:e!r 9 8 lat] ye>s 7#agfb-aghg7 he taught ,equiprobabilism1 is a matt] ( dispute among ^? :o are famili> ) 8 writ+s4 ,b !re is no d\bt t 9 8 mature age 7#agdi-agfb71 :5 he wrote 8 ,moral ,!ology1 he 0 a ,probabili/4 7b7 ,probabilism c likewise claim t x /&s midway betwe5 ! extremes ( ,rigorism 7repres5t$ by ,probabiliorism & ,equiprobabilism71 on ! "o side1 & ( ,laxism1 on ! o!r side4 7c7 ,! pr9ciple ( possession invok$ by ,equiprobabilism applies to matt]s ( ju/ice1 because !re is a presumption t he :o holds prop]ty has a "r to x1 & also because human laws mu/ favor him :o is 9 possession1 le/ prop]ty rights be left unc]ta9 & disputes be multipli$4 ,! pr9ciple ( possession does n apply1 h[ev]1 to o!r matt]s2 if ! law oblig$ "o ye/]day1 h[ c t create a presumption t x obliges "o today1 if "o has good reasons = ?9k+ ! obligation has ceas$8 ,& z = human ord9ances1 :ile !y h jurisdiction ov] ext]nal goods & may aw>d !m 9 case ( d\bt to ! possessor1 !y h n1 & h nev] claim$1 ! "r to make ! pr9ciple ( possession a rule = solv+ all difficulties ab\t duty4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,probabiliorism = :i* ! ,equiprobabili/s claim ! au?ority ( judicial practice c]ta9ly does n apply to crim9al cases1 = 9 ^! prepond]ance ( evid5ce aga9/ an accus$ is n to be foll[$ if !re is a reasonable d\bt4 ,9 civil cases judges apply ! pr9ciple ( probabiliorism1 b x does n foll[ t consci5ce %\ld d ! same1 = ! circum/ances are diff]5t4 ,! judge is seek+ to decide :i* ( two litigants has ! m likely claim1 & h5ce he is b\nd to decl>e = ! side t has /rong] evid5ce4 ,consci5ce is seek+ to decide :e!r an obligation is c]ta9 or unc]ta91 & h5ce x is n oblig$ to decide = obligation :5 ?is is m probable1 b /ill n c]ta94 #fih4 ,answ] ( ,equiprobabili/s to ?is ,criticism4--7a7 ,grant$ t ,/4 ,alphonsus once held ,probabilism1 he reject$ x lat] emphatically1 & :5 dy+ decl>$ t 8 =m] def5se ( ,probabilism 0 ! only ?+ t gave him anxiety4 7b7 ,equiprobabilism is fur!r remov$ f ,rigorism ?an ,probabilism is f ,laxism4 ,x he>s bo? sides ( ! "q--t = lib]ty & t = law--be=e x decides4 ,probabilism is satisfi$ to he> "o side1 t = lib]ty2 or at lea/ x does n comp>e ! two sides4 7c7 ,! pr9ciple ( possession is appli$ m /rictly 9 cases ( ju/ice2 =1 s9ce ju/ice implies a m exact equality & a m rigor\s "r ?an o!r virtues 7see #aed71 disputes 9 matt]s ( ju/ice dem& /rong] pro(s4 ,b e virtue r5d]s to someone 8 due1 & h5ce !re is no reason :y pr9ciples applicable to ju/ice %\ld n be applicable to o!r virtues also4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,probabiliorism1 likewise1 is j z applicable to ! c\rt ( consci5ce z to ! civil c\rt1 s9ce 9 bo? c\rts ! aim is to get ! tru? z ne>ly z possible4 #fii4 ,g5]al ,argum5ts ,aga9/ ,equiprobabilism4--7a7 ,!oretical ,objection4--,if we judge ,equiprobabilism by its argum5ts1 we f9d x unconv9c+1 = t :i* is old 9 x does n agree ) t :i* is new1 & t :i* is new argues equally well = ,probabilism4 ,?us1 ! old argum5ts = ,probabiliorism mean 9 ! la/ analysis t ! great] probability deprives ! opposite side ( all solid probability2 logically1 !n1 "o %\ld conclude t equal probability deprives bo? sides ( all solid probability1 s9ce "o neutralizes ! o!r4 ,! new argum5ts are drawn f ! pr9ciples t 9 d\bt "o %\ld decide 9 favor ( ! side 9 possession1 t a d\btful law does n oblige1 etc4--all ( :i* pr9ciples1 z we %all see1 favor ,probabilism4 7b7 ,practical ,objection4--,if we judge ,equiprobabilism by its adaptibility = use1 we f9d x want+4 ,a moral sy/em %\ld be "o t c be easily und]/ood & appli$1 o!rwise x is unworkable & useless4 ,b ,equiprobabilism is s complicat$ & ab/ruse t ev5 ! pr(essional !ologians :o hold x are (t5 at a loss h[ to apply x1 & are f\nd to give inconsi/5t decisions4 ,h[ c x be expect$1 !n1 t anyone else w be able to decide :e!r ! law or lib]ty is possession1 :e!r ! degree ( probability on "o side is great] ?an or equal to t on ! o!r1 :e!r ! "q has to d ) ! exi/5ce ( ! law or its cessation1 etc48 #gjj4 ,replies ( ! ,equiprobabili/s4--7a7 ,! old 7i4e41 probabiliori/ic7 pr9ciples ( ,equiprobabilism are n contr>y to ! new4 ,a m probable op9ion n only balances ! opposition by its equal argum5ts1 & ?us puts away d\bt1 b x also w9s ass5t by ! surplus 9 its favor1 & ?us c]titude is _h4 ,:5 ! two opposites are equally probable1 !re is a /ate ( true d\bt1 b c]titude is _h by rec\rse to ! pr9ciples ( possession & d\btful law4 ,^! pr9ciples prop] to ,equiprobabilism d n favor ,probabilism1 if "o is imp>tial 9 "o's use ( !m1 & will+ to use !m aga9/ z well z = lib]ty4 7b7 ,equiprobabilism is n m difficult 9 its application ?an ,probabilism4 ,x does n require t "o det]m9e m9utely & exactly ! great] or equal probability ( ! argum5ts = law & = lib]ty1 or t "o devote extraord9>y dilig5ce to ! solution ( ! problem4 ,all x requires is t "o consid] ! matt] s]i\sly1 weigh ! argum5ts on bo? sides imp>tially1 & decide to ! be/ ( "o's ability :i* side appe>s to be m probable or to h ! presumption 9 its favor4 #gja4 ,probabilism4--,! mean+ ( ,probabilism c be se5 f a comp>ison ) ! opposite sy/ems4 7a7 ,unlike ,probabiliorism & ,equiprobabilism1 ,probabilism does n require a great] or equal probability1 b p]mits "o to foll[ :at is less probable2 7b7 unlike ,laxism1 x does n all[ "o to foll[ :at is only slightly or unc]ta9ly probable1 or to apply ! sy/em to all cases ( d\bt4 #gjb4 ,a judgm5t is probable :5 x is support$ by argum5ts t make x seem true1 al?\gh !re may rema9 reasons = d\bt4 ,examples are conclusions bas$ on analogy1 on hypo!sis1 on ! op9ions ( o!rs1 or on ! calculus ( probabilities4 #gjc4 ,probability is ( v>i\s k9ds4 7a7 ,x is absolute or relative1 accord+ z ! support+ reasons are grave1 ei!r :5 consid]$ alone1 or :5 comp>$ ) ! objections4 ,ev5 ! ,probabiliori/s admit t an op9ion t is m]ely probable may be foll[$1 if x is solidly probable & !re is no argum5t aga9/ x 7see #fdi74 7b7 ,we h solid or slight probability1 accord+ z ! support+ motives are or are n su* z w\ld move1 if n conv9ce1 a prud5t man--t is1 a man :o %[s good judgm5t 9 mo/ ?+s4 7c7 ,we h c]ta9 or unc]ta9 probability1 accord+ z a p]son is sure or n1 aft] reasonable consid]ation1 t ! argum5ts seem valid & ! op9ion likely4 7d7 ,probability is int]nal or ext]nal1 accord+ z ! argum5ts are drawn f ! matt] at issue itself 7i4e41 f its nature1 prop]ties1 causes1 effects1 etc47 or f ! au?ority ( ! doctors :o h def5d$ an op9ion4 #gjd4 ,relative probability accord+ to logicians rema9s ev5 :5 a less] is comp>$ ) a great] probability4 7a7 ,if ! oppos+ argum5ts are drawn f diff]5t s\rces1 ! m probable does n attack ! less probable1 & h5ce does n weak5 its probability4 ,example3 ,an intr9sic argum5t has m weight ?an a m]e appeal to au?ority1 b x does n attack ! opposite argum5t1 & h5ce does n dim9i% its probability4 7b7 ,if ! oppos+ argum5ts are drawn f ! same s\rce1 ea* "o weak5s ! opposite1 s9ce !re is direct opposition4 ,b ! m probable does n de/roy ! less probable1 s9ce1 9 spite ( ! great] appe>ance ( tru? on ! "o side1 !re /ill rema9s room = ! possibility t ! o!r side may be true4 #gje4 ,a moral judgm5t is solidly probable :5 ! foll[+ conditions are pres5t3 7a7 ,= ! judgm5t !re mu/ be an intr9sic or extr9sic argum5t t w\ld be consid]$ weighty by a prud5t man4 ,example3 ,an op9ion t has ! support ( a univ]sally ackn[l$g$ au?ority is /rongly probable1 :]eas1 if x has only ! support ( "o obscure writ]1 x is only slightly probable4 7b7 ,aga9/ ! judgm5t !re mu/ be no decisive argum5t f au?ority or reason4 ,example2 ,! judgm5t t a c]ta9 c\rse ( action is lawful because ,/4 ,alphonsus p]mits x1 is ord9>ily solidly probable2 x is n probable1 h[ev]1 if ! op9ion ( ,/4 ,alphonsus 7e4g41 t ,ca?olics may act z sponsors 9 non-,ca?olic baptisms7 has be5 disall[$ by ! ,*ur*1 or if ! argum5t he uses 7e4g41 t conc]n+ ! am\nt t con/itutes grave matt] 9 !ft1 :i* reasons f conditions 9 8 day7 is n /rong4 7c7 ,! argum5ts = ! judgm5t mu/ reta9 _! probability1 if !y are set ov] aga9/ ! argum5ts = ! opposite4 ,manife/ly1 if ! argum5ts are all satisfactorily answ]$ by ! opposite side1 ! judgm5t bas$ on !m ceases to reta9 ! appe>ance ( tru?4 ,probabilism does n require1 h[ev]1 t "o det]m9e ! relative degrees ( probability 9 opposite op9ions4 #gjf4 ,x is n suffici5t accord+ to ! ,probabili/s t ano!r be c]ta9 ( ! probability ( an op9ion2 b ! p]son :o foll[s ! op9ion mu/ himself be c]ta9 t x is solidly probable4 #gjg4 ,reg>d+ ! k9d ( au?ority necess>y to make an op9ion solidly probable f ext]nal evid5ce1 ,probabilism tea*es3 7a7 t absolute probability 7t is1 su* a weight ( au?ority z w\ld appe> /rong ev5 to ! mo/ le>n$7 ought to be e/imat$ by quality r ?an quantity--by ! le>n+1 prud5ce1 imp>tiality1 & indep5d5t /udy ( ! au?ors1 r ?an by _! numb]s4 ,if five di/+ui%$ morali/s arrive by sep>ate /udy at ! same conclusion 7i4e41 t an op9ion is probable71 or if "o ( special reputation 9 a matt] "u "q supports ! probability ( an op9ion1 ! argum5t f au?ority is /rong2 7b7 t relative probability 7t is1 su* a weight ( au?ority z suffices = "o :o is unle>n$1 su* z a *ild1 a halfwit1 an un$ucat$ p]son7 is _h suffici5tly ?r\gh ! ^w ( only "o p]son :o is look$ up to z a guide or in/ructor1 su* z a p>5t1 confessor1 or tea*]4 #gjh4 ,probabilism supposes t "o reg>ds ! op9ion "o foll[s z truly probable1 & t "o is conv9c$ t x is lawful to foll[ su* an op9ion4 ,h5ce1 ! sy/em does n apply 9 c]ta9 cases4 7a7 ,x does n apply to cases 9 :i* !re is no probability on ei!r side--t is1 to cases ( negative d\bt 7see #fef sqq471 :e!r ! d\bt be ( law or ( fact4 7b7 ,probabilism does n apply to cases 9 :i* !re is only slight or unc]ta9 probability = ! less safe side4 ,example3 ,caius has he>d t a c]ta9 novel op9ion is def5d$ by a rec5t au?or1 b he is unc]ta9 ( ! au?or's /&+ z a !ologian1 & he realizes t ! fact t a man has writt5 a book does n make 8 ideas solidly probable4 7c7 ,probabilism does n apply to cases 9 :i* !re is solid probability = ! less safe side1 b "o d\bts :e!r "o c lawfully foll[ x2 = x is always s9ful to act ) a d\btful consci5ce 7see #fda sqq474 ,example3 ,caius has read 9 a reliable "w ( !ology t a p]son 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 :i* are 8 own1 is probably excus$ f ,mass4 ,b ! ^w 8probably0 makes him unc]ta9 :e!r he c foll[ ?is op9ion4 #gji4 ,= ! above-m5tion$ cases1 to :i* _! pr9ciple does n apply1 ,probabili/s ref] to ! rules = a d\btful consci5ce 7see #fef sqq474 ,! foll[+ special rules are giv5 = cases ( negative d\bt3 7a7 ,if ! d\bt is "o ( law & insoluble1 "o is free to act2 = x is a g5]al pr9ciple t an act may be consid]$ lawful1 z long z !re is no s]i\s reason to ! contr>y4 ,example3 ,sempronius goes out into ! c\ntry on ,sunday aft]noon4 ,an opportunity to fi% pres5ts itself1 b ,sempronius beg9s to d\bt :e!r !re is or is n a *ur* law aga9/ fi%+ on ,sundays4 ,z no argum5t = ei!r side is kn[n to him1 he may act on ! g5]al pr9ciple t :at is n =bidd5 is lawful4 7b7 ,if ! d\bt is "o ( fact & insoluble1 & a prohibitory law is involv$1 "o is free to act2 = x is commonly admitt$ t legislators d n int5d _! prohibitions1 :i* are re/rictions ( lib]ty1 to be int]pret$ ) ! utmo/ rigor4 ,example3 ,titus is eat+ a *ick5 d9n] late on ,?ursday night :5 8 wat* /ops4 ,z he has no way ( discov]+ ! "t1 he does n "k :e!r ,friday or ! end ( ! d9n] w arrive fir/4 ,he may cont9ue ! meal1 mak+ no undue delays4 7c7 ,if ! d\bt is "o ( fact1 & a preceptive law is 9 "q1 "o mu/ take reasonable precautions to settle ! d\bt2 = ! lawgiv] wills t ^? :o are subject to ! law %\ld make use ( ! ord9>y means to le>n ! facts on :i* obligation dep5ds 7see above1 #chd74 ,if ! d\bt rema9s insoluble1 "o may decide 9 favor ( lib]ty2 = x may reasonably be presum$ t ! legislator does n int5d to obligate ^? ^: obligation rema9s unc]ta94 ,example3 ,caius d\bts :e!r he has rea*$ ! age ( sixty1 :5 ! obligation ( fa/+ ends4 ,he %\ld try to discov] 8 real age2 b1 if he c f9d no real pro(s ei!r = or aga9/ ! age ( sixty1 he may decide 9 favor ( sixty1 if !re are "s indications t he is ( t age4 #gaj4 ,! solutions giv5 above = cases ( negative d\bt suppose t !re is no o!r or high] law t =bids "o to take ! risk ( decid+ 9 favor ( lib]ty4 ,h5ce1 9 ! foll[+ in/ances "o mu/ decide aga9/ lib]ty3 7a7 9 negative d\bts :5 ! validity ( acts is at /ake4 ,example3 ,titus is unc]ta9 :e!r ! law requires ! age ( f\rte5 = a valid contract ( m>riage2 he is also unc]ta9 :e!r he is f\rte5 ye>s old4 ,! d\bt ( law & ( fact does n excuse ,titus f ! law1 if he wi%es to m>ry4 ,he mu/ cle> up ! d\bts1 & if necess>y he mu/ secure a disp5sation4 7b7 9 negative d\bts :5 reasons ( *>ity or ju/ice =bid "o to take risks4 ,example3 ,caius is unc]ta9 :e!r he paid ,sempronius = "w done = him4 ,he is b\nd to make inquiries ab\t ! matt]4 #gaa4 ,probabilism _c be appli$1 !re=e1 :5 ! m5tal /ate ( ! subject is d\bt1 weakly f\nd$ op9ion1 or practical unc]ta9ty4 ,b1 ev5 :5 "o holds an op9ion z solidly & c]ta9ly probable1 "o may n foll[ x z a moral guide1 if !re is some?+ 9 ! nature ( ! object or matt] itself :i* =bids ?is4 7a7 ,a probability ( law favor+ lib]ty may n be foll[$ 9 ^? matt]s 9 :i* "s natural1 div9e or human law requires "o to foll[ ! saf] side 7see cases enum]at$ above1 #fgh1 #ffa74 ,example3 ,! foll[+ op9ions are probable2 t in/ruction reg>d+ ! ,tr9ity & ! ,inc>nation is n indisp5sable = salvation2 t rye-bread is valid matt] = ! ,eu*>i/4 ,b 9 practice x w\ld be unlawful to take ! risk ( foll[+ ^! op9ions1 except 9 cases ( extreme necessity1 :5 no?+ else c be done4 7b7 ,a probability ( fact favor+ lib]ty may n be foll[$ s long z !re rema9s no?+ m ?an probability ( fact2 =1 :ile ! w ( ! lawgiv] may on acc\nt ( probability ( non-obligation *ange "o's relation to ! law f obligation to non-obligation1 x does n *ange facts4 ,examples3 ,on ,friday ,titus d\bts :e!r a di% be=e him is meat or fi%2 probably x is meat on acc\nt ( its appe>ance1 probably x is fi% on acc\nt ( its odor4 ,at night ,fr4 ,caius is mu* fatigu$1 & d\bts :e!r he has said ,vesp]s4 ,probably he did n1 because he _c recall :at fea/ w be celebrat$ tomorr[2 probably he did1 because he rememb]s hav+ said ,compl9e4 #gab4 ,= probabilities ( fact1 to :i* z su* _! sy/em does n apply1 ,probabili/s (f] ! foll[+ solutions3 7a7 ,9 c]ta9 cases "o may take f ! d\bt ( fact its be>+ on obligation1 by rec\rse to ! manife/ w ( ! legislator z decl>$ 9 ! law itself or express$ ?r\gh disp5sation4 ,examples3 ,:ile he>+ confessions1 ,sempronius d\bts :e!r 8 jurisdiction has already expir$4 ,he _c recall ! date ( expiration1 b1 ?9k+ ! matt] ov]1 he sees t probably ! date has n arriv$4 ,8 difficulty is !re=e solv$1 = ! ,code 7,canon #bji7 supplies jurisdiction 9 cases ( probability ( fact4 ,titus & ,caia wi% to m>ry4 ,!re is a d\bt :e!r or n !y are fir/ c\s9s1 b x seems t probably !y are n s relat$4 ,_! difficulty is solv$ by obta9+ a disp5sation4 7b7 ,9 o!r cases "o may *ange ! probability ( fact into a probability ( law by rec\rse to a probable op9ion or argum5t t "u ! exi/+ d\bt ( fact ! legislator does n wi% ! law to oblige4 ,examples3 ,titus1 :o has :at is probably lawful food be=e him1 argues ) himself t x is n likely t ! ,*ur* wills to put him to ! exp5se1 tr\ble1 & loss ( "t requir$ to ord] o!r food4 ,fr4 ,titus1 :o has probably said ,vesp]s1 argues t !ologians ( au?ority tea* t1 :5 !re is a s]i\s reason = ?9k+ "o has p]=m$ su* an obligation1 x may be presum$ t ! ,*ur* does n require m4 #gac4 ,if a case ( probability ( fact on :i* obligation h+es _c be solv$ by rec\rse to ! express$ or inf]r$ w ( ! lawgiv]1 "o has no *oice b to foll[ ! saf] side1 = !n1 ?\gh x is probable t a c]ta9 ?+ is a fact1 x is n probable t "o has a "r to act4 ,example3 ,sempronius1 :ile hunt+1 sees an object mov+ 9 ! bu%es4 ,! probabilities are t x is n a human be+1 b x is n probable t ,sempronius has ! "r to risk homicide by fir+ at x4 #gad4 ,n all ,probabili/s use ! pr9ciple ( ! presumptive w ( ! lawgiv] = all cases ( negative d\bt2 "s employ diff]5t pr9ciples = diff]5t k9ds ( d\bt1 & sometimes arrive at o!r decisions ?an ^? giv5 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs4 ,?us1 !y give su* rules z ! foll[+3 7a7 ,9 negative d\bt ( law reg>d+ ! lawfulness ( an act1 use ! pr9ciple t law or lib]ty %\ld be foll[$ accord+ z "o or ! o!r is 9 possession 7see #ffj74 ,example3 ,he :o has only slight reasons = ?9k+ t a law exi/s1 or t x is ( grave obligation1 or t x ext5ds to 8 case1 etc41 may decide aga9/ ! law4 ,b he :o has only slight reasons = ?9k+ t a law has be5 abrogat$1 or t a disp5sation has be5 grant$1 etc41 mu/ decide = obligation4 7b7 ,9 negative d\bt ( law reg>d+ ! validity ( a pa/ act1 use ! pr9ciple t :at 0 done is to be held z rightly done4 ,example3 ,he :o has no reasons1 or only trifl+ ones1 = ?9k+ t a ,sacram5t 0 n adm9i/]$ validly or receiv$ validly1 %\ld decide = validity4 7c7 ,9 negative d\bts ( fact1 use ! pr9ciples t "o %\ld judge accord+ to :at usually happ5s1 or t facts mu/ n be tak5 = grant$ b mu/ be e/abli%$1 or t presumption favors t :i* has possession4 ,examples3 ,if !re is no good reason to ?9k t a consci5ti\s p]son gave cons5t to a temptation1 "o may decide = ! negative1 s9ce t w\ld usually be true4 ,if !re is no good reason to ?9k t "o has made a v[1 "o may decide = ! negative1 s9ce ! burd5 ( pro( is ) ! o!r side4 ,if1 9 a "q ab\t fa/ & ab/95ce1 x is unc]ta9 :e!r or n a p]son has rea*$ tw5ty-"o ye>s1 or :e!r ,friday has comm5c$1 ! presumption is = ! negative1 s9ce lib]ty has be5 9 possession2 b if x is unc]ta9 :e!r a p]son has rea*$ ! age ( sixty or :e!r ,friday has end$1 ! presumption is = ! negative1 s9ce ! law has be5 9 possession4 #gae4 ,hav+ discuss$ ! cases to :i* ,probabilism is n ext5d$1 we pass on to ! cases to :i* x is appli$4 ,probabilism is us$ 9 any & e case :]e speculative c]ta9ty z to :at is lawful or unlawful is n _h1 b :]e !re is only speculative probability aga9/ an opposite probability4 7a7 ,probabilism is us$ n only 9 probability ( law1 b also 9 probability ( fact t c be r$uc$ to probability ( law1 z 0 expla9$ above 7see #gab74 7b7 ,probabilism is us$ 9 probability ( law1 :e!r or n ! "q be ab\t ! exi/5ce or ! cessation ( ! law4 ,!re is probability aga9/ exi/5ce ( law1 :5 "o has good reason to ?9k t a law 0 n made or n promulgat$1 or t ! "t :5 x goes into =ce has n arriv$1 or t x does n apply to c]ta9 p]sons or circum/ances1 etc42 !re is probability = cessation ( law1 :5 x is c]ta9 t a law did exi/1 b "o has good reason to ?9k t x ceas$ or 0 abrogat$1 t "o is excus$ or disp5s$ f x4 7c7 ,probabilism is us$ 9 probability ( law1 :e!r ! law 9 "q be natural1 div9e or human--t is1 9 e case ( law :]e inv9cible ignorance is possible 7see #cai sqq41 #cef74 #gaf4 ,! claim ( ,probabilism is t1 9 all ! cases giv5 above1 he :o foll[s an op9ion excus+ him f obligation1 may act ) a practically c]ta9 consci5ce & be free ( all moral guilt1 if ! op9ion is !oretically & s]i\sly probable4 ,! argum5ts = ?is !sis are ( two k9ds3 7a7 extr9sic pro(s1 f ! approval giv5 ,probabilism by ! ,*ur* & ! favor x has enjoy$ among morali/s2 7b7 intr9sic pro(s1 f ! nature ( law & obligation1 & ! sup]iority ( ,probabilism 9 practice4 #gag4 ,extr9sic ,argum5ts4--7a7 ,! ,*ur* gave explicit approval to ,probabilism by prais+ ! !ological works ( ,/4 ,alphonsus 9 :i* ,probabilism is def5d$2 %e gave & cont9ues to give implicit approval by ! fre$om %e has grant$ to ! tea*]s ( ?is sy/em f ! days ( ,b>?olomew ,m$9a1 its fir/ exp\nd] 7#aebg-aeha71 d[n to ! pres5t4 ,! ,*ur* ev5 makes use ( ! pr9ciples ( ,probabilism 9 int]pret+ h] own laws1 z is evid5c$ by su* rules ( law z ! foll[+ 9 ! ,decretals3 8,?+s t are odi\s %\ld be und]/ood /rictly1 ?+s t are favorable widely0 7,rule #ae72 8,:]e ! law is d\btful1 foll[ ! m9imum0 7,rule #cj72 8,:]e ! lawgiv] c\ld h spok5 m cle>ly1 ! int]pretation %\ld be aga9/ him0 7,rule #eg72 8,! k9d] int]pretation %\ld be giv5 p5al laws0 7,rule #hi74 7b7 ,9 ! ,patri/ic & m$ieval p]iods ,probabilism _h n be5 sci5tifically =mulat$1 b _m ( ! ,fa!rs & e>ly ,doctors solv$ cases probabili/ically1 & !re are n a few passages 9 ! great !ologians be=e ! sixte5? c5tury :i* enunciate ! same pr9ciples z ^? advocat$ by ,probabili/s4 ,:5 ! sy/em 0 =mulat$ by ,m$9a 9 #aegg1 x met ) univ]sal favor among ,ca?olic morali/s1 &1 ?\gh x suff]$ an eclipse f ! middle ( ! sev5te5? to ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 x has be5 gr[+ 9 influ5ce s9ce ! days ( ,/4 ,alphonsus1 & appe>s today to h recov]$ its =m] preem95ce4 ,among its adh]5ts are "s ( ! greate/ names 9 ! hi/ory ( !ology1 & x is n conf9$ to any p>ticul> s*ool or body4 #gah4 ,objections ( ,equiprobabili/s4--7a7 ,! praise giv5 to ,/4 ,alphonsus by ! ,*ur* reflects no glory on ,probabilism1 s9ce ! ,sa9t reject$ ,probabilism & pr(ess$ ,equiprobabilism4 ,fur!r1 m ?an "o ,pope1 & especially ,innoc5t ,,xi 7#afgf-afhi71 has express$ a dislike = ,probabilism1 :ile ! sil5ce ( o!rs does n mean m ?an tol]ation4 ,! legal axioms us$ by canoni/s apply to ! ext]nal =um1 & _c be us$ equally 9 ! =um ( consci5ce4 7b7 ,probabiliorism _h ! field be=e ,probabilism1 hav+ be5 =mulat$ & def5d$ be=e ,m$9a appe>$1 & x is t m anci5t sy/em t is repres5t$ today 9 a mild] =m z ,equiprobabilism4 #gai4 ,answ] ( ! ,probabili/s4--7a7 ,/4 ,alphonsus tea*es ,probabilism 9 8 ,moral ,!ology1 :i* is 8 *ief "w2 if lat]1 9 8 old age1 he 0 an ,equiprobabili/1 x c be %[n t ! *ange 0 n free1 b "u compulsion4 ,z to ,pope ,innoc5t ,,xi1 he is ! only ,pope :o express$ disapproval ( ,probabilism1 & ev5 he refra9$ f any (ficial pron\ncem5t4 ,! fact t hundr$s ( works writt5 by ,probabili/s s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury h n be5 c5sur$ or =bidd5 by ! ,*ur* au?orities1 indicates m ?an m]e tol]ation4 7b7 ,probabiliorism1 z a sy/ematiz$ me?od1 prec$$ ,probabilism z a sy/ematiz$ me?od only by a brief int]val1 if at all4 ,be=e ! #af? c5tury nei!r ( ^! sy/ems _h be5 =mulat$1 & nei!r c make mu* ( ! argum5t ( priority 9 "t4 ,z = ,equiprobabilism1 x is fir/ se5 9 ! writ+s ( ,*ri/oph] ,rassl] 7ab\t #agac7 & ( ,eusebius ,amort 7#afib-agge74 #gbj4 ,intr9sic ,argum5ts = ,probabilism4--7a7 ,!oretical ,argum5t4--,an unc]ta9 law does n oblige4 ,b a law is unc]ta9 if !re is a solidly probable op9ion aga9/ its exi/5ce1 or = its cessation1 ev5 ?\gh ! o!r side be equally or m probable4 ,!re=e1 he :o foll[s su* an op9ion does n violate any obligation4 7b7 ,practical ,argum5t4--,probabiliorism & ,equiprobabilism impose on confessors & ! fai?ful impossible burd5s1 s9ce1 z 0 expla9$ above 7see #fhc sqq471 !y require t "o comp>e & weigh probabilities1 decide :e!r or n possession is _h by ! law or by lib]ty1 etc42 :]eas ,probabilism is simple & easily appli$1 requir+ only t "o be conv9c$ t "o's op9ion is really probable1 & t "o use x 9 good fai?4 #gba4 ,! proposition t an unc]ta9 law does n oblige 7sav+ cases ( validity1 etc41 z above1 #fgh71 is def5d$ z foll[s3 7a7 ,if ! unc]ta9ty arises f ! law itself1 because x has n be5 cle>ly word$ or suffici5tly promulgat$1 ! tru? ( ! proposition is manife/1 = ! v nature ( law requires t x be br\ght to ! k ( ^? = :om x is made 7see #bhe74 7b7 ,if ! unc]ta9ty arises f ! inv9cible ignorance ( "o :o is subject to ! law1 ! proposition is true 9 ! s5se t no "o is a transgressor 9 ! int]nal =um :o fails aga9/ a law unwitt+ly 7see #cbg1 #dhi sqq474 ,b an act t transgresses no law is lawful 9 consci5ce1 = all t is n =bidd5 is lawful4 #gbb4 ,! adv]s>ies ( ,probabilism (f] ! foll[+ criticism3 7a7 ,z to ! proposition t 8an unc]ta9 law does n oblige10 ! use ( ?is pr9ciple by ,probabilism may be consid]$ z a begg+ ( ! :ole "q2 = :at is 9 dispute is :e!r1 9 case a law is unc]ta91 !re is or is n a high] law t requires "o to decide = obligation4 ,x c be %[n1 h[ev]1 t !re is su* a high] law2 = ! legislator _c be will+ t 8 ord9ances be at ! m]cy ( e unc]ta9ty or loophole :i* subtle m9ds c devise1 & ,god _c be will+ t ^? :o are subject to laws %\ld expose !mselves to s9 by decid+ aga9/ a law because x appe>s to !m to be ( d\btful obligation4 7b7 ,z to ! pro(s giv5 = t proposition1 !y proce$ f an incomplete enum]ation1 = a law c be d\btful on acc\nt ( v9cible ignorance1 z well z = ! reasons giv54 ,& no "o w ma9ta9 t v9cible ignorance excuses4 #gbc4 ,! ,probabili/s reply3 7a7 ,! pr9ciple t 8an unc]ta9 law does n oblige10 _c r5d] law nugatory1 s9ce !re is "q "h only ( hone/ d\bt1 n ( pret5d$ or responsible ignorance4 ,nei!r c t pr9ciple expose "o to ! dang] ( =mal s9 7see #bdi71 s9ce x is suppos$ t he :o foll[s x is conv9c$ t x is true1 & t he has ! "r to regulate 8 conduct by x4 ,x does expose to ! dang] ( mat]ial s9 7see #bdi71 s9ce ! law ab\t :i* !re is unc]ta9ty may be exi/5t2 b we are n oblig$ to avoid e dang] ( mat]ial s91 else we %\ld be "u ! intol]able necessity ( fulfill+ n only all c]ta91 b all unc]ta9 duties4 ,moreov]1 ! dang] ( mat]ial s9 is n avoid$ by any moral sy/em except ,tutiorism1 s9ce ev5 equiprobable & m probable op9ions may be false4 7b7 ,! enum]ation ( cases ( d\btful law is suffici5t2 =1 z j rem>k$1 only ^? cases are be+ consid]$ 9 :i* "o is judg+ ab\t "o's duty 9 good fai?4 #gbd4 ,! second proposition us$ above z ! ,m9or ( ! argum5t = ,probabilism--t 8a law is unc]ta9 :5ev] !re is a solidly probable op9ion aga9/ its exi/5ce or = its cessation0--is def5d$ by ! v def9ition ( ! t]m 8unc]ta940 ,a ?+ is said to be accept$ z c]ta9 :5 "o yields x firm ass5t & has no s]i\s misgiv+s t x may be false2 h5ce1 ! unc]ta9 is t :i* is n ass5t$ to firmly 7! d\btful71 or t :i* does n exclude s]i\s d\bts ab\t its tru? 7matt] ( op9ion74 ,n[1 a law ^: exi/5ce or obligation seems likely1 b aga9/ :i* !re militates a solidly probable argum5t1 is n s firmly e/abli%$ z to inhibit e prud5t d\bt4 ,9 o!r words1 su* a law is unc]ta94 #gbe4 ,criticism ( ! ,argum5t 9 ! ,prec$+ ,p>agraph4--7a7 ,! supposition on :i* ! argum5t re/s is false4 ,x supposes t ! int]pretation ( ! legal axiom t 8a d\btful law does n oblige10 %\ld be drawn f ! philosophical def9ition ( ! t]ms1 :]eas x %\ld be drawn f ! s5se giv5 x by o!r rules ( law4 ,n[1 !re are canonical rules :i* decl>e t 9 d\bt "o %\ld foll[ t :i* has possession1 or t :i* seems m probable4 ,h5ce1 ! axiom quot$ by ! ,probabili/s ref]s only to cases ( negative d\bt2 ! o!r two rules ref] to cases ( d\bt 9 ! wide s5se1 or to cases ( op9ion2 o!rwise1 we %\ld h to admit t ^! legal maxims are contradictory1 "o to ! o!r4 ,?us1 x appe>s t ,probabilism is bas$ on a pr9ciple =mulat$ to solve difficulties ( an entirely diff]5t k9d f ^? :i* ! sy/em deals )4 7b7 ,! argum5tation itself is fallaci\s4 ,x takes = grant$ t an op9ion is c]ta9ly & solidly probable1 n only :5 x has no opposite or :5 its opposite is less probable1 b also :5 its opposite is equally or m probable4 ,?is _c be4 ,solid probability on ! o!r side ( a "q mu/ create d\bt ab\t an op9ion held1 & s make x at be/ unc]ta9ly probable or probably probable2 :ile great] likelihood or presumption on ! o!r side mu/ make "o's own op9ion appe> imprud5t & unwor?y ( a rational be+1 & !re=e n solidly probable4 #gbf4 ,! ,probabili/s answ]3 7a7 ,! two pr9ciples ) ref]5ce to d\btful law are und]/ood & prov$ by ,probabilism by an analysis ( ! notions ( obligation & inc]titude 7see #bhe1 #fed71 & h5ce !y apply to e case t is re/rict$ to ! "q ( probable lawfulness or unlawfulness4 ,! rules quot$ aga9/ ,probabilism--!re are "s t might also be quot$ aga9/ ,probabiliorism & ,equiprobabilism--are oppos$ to x only 9 appe>ance1 s9ce !y deal ) matt]s t are outside its sph]e 7see #fig74 ,?us1 9 civil cases :5 bo? own]%ip & possession are d\btful1 ! decision mu/ be giv5 = ! m probable side1 s9ce ! issue is n :at is lawful1 b :at seems to be true4 ,z to ! pr9ciple ( possession1 x is n1 z suppos$1 unfavorable1 b favorable to ,probabilism2 s9ce lib]ty1 inasmu* z x is presuppos$ by obligation 7= only ^? :o h fre$om c receive obligation71 has priority & mu/ be giv5 ! b5efit ( ! d\bt1 :5ev] a /rictly probable reason 9 its favor _c be refut$4 7b7 ,solid probability = ! law creates d\bt ( ! tru? ( ! op9ion = lib]ty1 b x does n create d\bt ( its probability2 = tru? is ! agreem5t ( "o's judgm5t ) ! facts1 probability ! appe>ance ( su* agreem5t on acc\nt ( ! argum5ts by :i* ! judgm5t is support$4 ,h5ce1 great] probability = law does n make unc]ta9 ! probability !re is = lib]ty4 ,nei!r is x a sign ( imprud5ce to accept ! less probable1 if "o has s9c]ely & dilig5tly s\ght ! tru?2 = ev5 ! m probable may n be true1 & ! great majority ( morali/s hold t "o is n oblig$ to foll[ x4 #gbg4 ,criticism ( ! ,pragmatic ,te/ ,(f]$ by ,probabili/s4--,probabilism boa/s ( ! ease ) :i* x c be us$ 7see #gjj1 #gbj72 b ! ease ) :i* x c be misus$ is great] /ill4 7a7 ,p]sons n incl9$ to piety mu/ quickly fall into ,laxism1 if !y make use ( ?is sy/em1 = !y w accu/om !mselves to f9d e sort ( pretext to escape unwelcome duties by rais+ d\bts & dignify+ !m ) ! "n ( probable op9ions2 !y w foll[1 n[ "o op9ion1 n[ its contr>y1 accord+ z x suits _! int]e/s2 !y w become /ubborn 9 _! own views1 & unwill+ to *ange or accept in/ruction4 7b7 ,p]sons incl9$ to piety1 if guid$ by ,probabili/ pr9ciples1 w soon lose all int]e/ 9 :at is high] & bett]1 & cont5t !mselves ) ! m9imum2 = 9 e case ( unc]ta9ty ,probabilism p]mits "o to *oose :at is less safe & less probable4 #gbh4 ,g5]al ,answ] ( ! ,probabili/s to ! ,objections ( ! ,prec$+ ,p>agraph4--7a7 ,! hi/ory ( ,probabilism contradicts ^! objections4 ,f its beg9n+ to ! pres5t day x has be5 def5d$ & foll[$ by m5 not$ = piety1 :o us$ k9dness t[>ds o!rs1 b 7 sev]e ) !mselves4 ,:ile ! pr9ciples ( /rict] sy/ems h prov$ a torture bo? to confessors & p5it5ts1 no detrim5t to hol9ess is obs]v$ f ! use ( ,probabilism4 7b7 ,! nature ( ,probabilism refutes ! objections 9 "q4 ,!re is no sy/em s good t x may n be p]v]t$ & turn$ to evil1 & /rict] sy/ems h be5 conv]t$ into ,tutiorism or ,rigorism4 ,b ! logical & usual results ( ,probabilism are n a l[]+ ( moral /&>ds4 ,if ^! evils foll[ x1 !y d s only :5 x is n rightly und]/ood or n rightly appli$4 #gbi4 ,! *>ges ( a t5d5cy to ,laxism are ?us answ]$3 7a7 ,probabilism holds t only le>n$ !ologians are judges ( int]nal probability4 ,o!rs mu/ n decide = !mselves1 b mu/ seek in/ruction f _! spiritual guides :o h compet5t k4 ,! morali/s !mselves mu/ n be s w$d$ to _! op9ions t !y are n always ready to *ange :5 !y f9d !y are wrong or le>n t ! ,*ur* does n admit _! view4 7b7 ,probabilism p]mits "o to use contr>y probable op9ions 9 diff]5t in/ances 7e4g41 to use = "o w or te/am5t ! op9ion t in=mality makes x invalid1 & = ano!r w ! op9ion t in=mality does n make x invalid72 b x does n p]mit contr>y op9ions to be us$ 9 ! same case = "o's advantage 7e4g41 to use ! op9ion t an in=mal w is valid1 9 ord] to secure an inh]itance1 & at ! same "t to use ! op9ion t x is invalid1 9 ord] to escape ! paym5t ( legacies74 7c7 ,probabilism does n sanction ! use ( a probable op9ion1 unless x has be5 exam9$ )\t prejudice1 & has be5 hone/ly judg$ to be ( c]ta9 & solid value 7see #gjh sqq474 ,nei!r does x approve ( ! conduct ( ^? :o put !mselves volunt>ily 9 a /ate ( d\bt4 ,on ! contr>y1 x consid]s su* conduct z s9ful1 & z gravely s1 if ! matt] be s]i\s & if ?is occur frequ5tly4 ,example2 ,titus is unc]ta9 :e!r ?ree h\rs rema9 be=e ,communion "t1 & yet he takes "s refre%m5t1 & ?us makes x d\btful :e!r he has ! "r to receive ,communion4 ,! pr9ciple t a d\btful law does n oblige w enable ,titus to receive ,communion1 b x does n excuse him f v5ial s9 9 putt+ himself )\t cause 9 a /ate ( d\bt & 9 dang] ( mat]ial s94 #gcj4 ,! *>ge ( a t5d5cy to m9imism 9 spiritual matt]s is ?us answ]$3 ,probabilism deals only ) :at is lawful1 n ) :at is bett]2 x aims to %[ only :at "o may d )\t s91 n :at "o ought to d 9 ord] to become p]fect4 ,h5ce1 x is us$ :5 !re is "q ( impos+ obligations1 or ( decid+ :e!r a c]ta9 c\rse is lawful2 = 9 ^! matt]s "o mu/ be k9d1 le/ by exce$+ "o's au?ority "o drive o!rs to s92 b x is n us$ :5 !re is "q ( giv+ spiritual advice & direction1 = "h all %\ld be exhort$ to seek aft] progress 9 hol9ess4 #gca4 ,comp5sationism4--,betwe5 #ahej & #ahhj a numb] ( !ologians1 feel+ t !re 7 s]i\s difficulties aga9/ all ! sy/ems up to !n consid]$1 develop$ a re=m$ or re/rict$ ,probabilism1 :i* w\ld n be op5 to ! criticisms made aga9/ ord9>y ,probabilism1 & yet w\ld h ^? good qualities t make x pref]able to ! /rict] sy/ems4 ,?is new doctr9e is call$ ,comp5sationism1 because x p]mits "o to foll[ a probable op9ion aga9/ ! law only :5 !re is pres5t a suffici5t reason to comp5sate = ?is c\rse ( action4 #gcb4 ,! foll[+ rules are1 !re=e1 giv5 z re/rictions on ! use ( ,probabilism3 7a7 ! m s]i\s or ! m probable ! d\btful law1 ! great] ! reason mu/ be to ju/ify "o 9 act+ aga9/ x2 7b7 ! high] & great] ! good to be obta9$ f ! ex]cise ( fre$om aga9/ a d\btful law1 ! less ! reason t suffices = ex]cis+ fre$om4 #gcc4 ,illu/rations ( ! ,use ( ,comp5sationism4--7a7 ,titus1 a poor man1 is 9 unc]ta9ty1 ?r\gh no fault ( 8 own1 ab\t two debts4 ,he ?9ks x m probable t he owes #aj to ,sempronius1 & #aj c5ts to ,caius2 b he believes x is really probable t he has paid bo? debts4 ,he =esees t1 if he (f]s ! money to ,sempronius1 he w be subject$ to s]i\s qu>rels & vexations1 or at lea/ t v bad use w be made ( ! money2 :ile1 if he (f]s to pay ,caius1 ! latt] may take "s slight (f5se4 ,he decides t !re are proportionate reasons 9 ea* case to ju/ify 8 foll[+ ! less probable op9ion4 7b7 ,fr4 ,titus ?9ks t a p5it5t is m probably b\nd to ask p>don ( "o :om he has (f5d$4 ,b he kn[s t1 if he imposes ! obligation1 ! pres5t good fai? ( ! p5it5t w be *ang$ to bad fai?1 & he w refuse to d :at is impos$4 ,fr4 ,titus decides1 !re=e1 t x w be m pr(itable = ! p5it5t if ! less probable op9ion--t !re is no obligation--be foll[$4 #gcd4 ,! two *ief argum5ts = ,comp5sationism1 :i* are also ! two *ief objections x makes aga9/ ord9>y ,probabilism1 are3 7a7 ,! obligation ( a law dep5ds on ! k "o has ab\t x4 ,if "o kn[s t ! law exi/s1 !re is c]ta9 obligation2 if "o kn[s t ! law does n exi/1 !re is no obligation2 if "o holds x z probable t ! law exi/s1 !re is probable obligation4 ,n[1 s9ce "o may n be excus$ f obligation unless !re is a reason proportionate to ! obligation itself 7see #die71 he :o is "u probable or m probable obligation mu/ h a grav] reason = us+ fre$om ?an he :o is "u no obligation 7aga9/ ,probabilism71 b he ne$ n h z grave a reason z "o :o is "u a c]ta9 obligation 7aga9/ ,probabiliorism74 ,h5ce1 "o may n act aga9/ a probable law1 unless by s do+ !re is "s good secur$ t comp5sates = ! dang] to :i* ! "r ( ! law is expos$4 7b7 ,x is lawful to p]=m a good act f :i* an evil effect w result1 only if "o has a proportionally grave cause = p]mitt+ ! evil effect 7see #ajb sqq474 ,b he :o foll[s ! op9ion = lib]ty aga9/ a m probable or equally probable op9ion = law1 p]=ms an act f :i* w probably result ! evil ( a mat]ial transgression ( law4 ,!re=e1 "o may n use ,probabilism unless by s do+ !re is "s good secur$ t comp5sates = ! dang] ( mat]ial s9 to :i* "o exposes oneself4 #gce4 ,criticisms f ! ,probabili/s4--7a7 ,! dictum t a d\btful law obliges d\btfully _c be appli$1 = 9 actual life !re is no middle way betwe5 decision = ! law & decision = lib]ty1 unless x be indecision4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,comp5sationism mu/ mean1 !n1 t we mu/ always decide = a d\btful law 7:i* is ,tutiorism71 or rema9 9 susp5se 7:i* is no help to ! "o 9 d\bt74 7b7 ,! supposition t !re mu/ always be "s special reason ( good to (fset ! evil ( ! dang] ( mat]ial s9 is n correct4 ,= !re always exi/s a comp5sation proportionate to ! dang]1 namely1 ! ex]cise ( lib]ty1 a great gift ( ,god1 & ! avoidance ( ! burd5 ( fulfill+ all unc]ta9 obligations4 #gcf4 ,reply ( ! ,comp5sationi/s4--7a7 ,! pr9ciple t a d\btful law obliges d\btfully means only t ! reasons 9 favor ( ! law des]ve "s consid]ation1 & %\ld n be put aside unless "o has "s bett] reason ?an m]e arbitr>9ess1 self-w1 or ! int5tion to take always ! easi] way4 ,!re is no "q ( ei!r ,tutiorism or hesitation1 b only ( a prud5t & hone/ fac+ ( ! fact t !re are two sides to "o's d\bt4 7b7 ,x is n true t ! ex]cise ( lib]ty & ! escape f ! burd5 ( unc]ta9 obligations are always a suffici5t comp5sation = ! dang] ( mat]ial s94 ,= mat]ial s9 is n only an evil 9 itself1 z be+ a violation ( law2 x is also ! s\rce ( _m & great evils bo? to ! individual & society1 su* z wrong habits acquir$1 sc&al giv51 etc4 ,lib]ty is a great gift1 b x %\ld n become a cloak = malice4 ,nei!r is ! =ego+ ( lib]ty s great an evil t "o %\ld n be will+ to suff] x n[ & !n 9 ord] to prev5t ! great] evils spok5 ( j above4 #gcg4 ,o!r ,objections ,aga9/ ! ,sy/em ( ,comp5sation4 7a7 ,f ,au?ority4--,comp5sationism is ( v rec5t orig91 & x _c be admitt$ t ! "r solution ( moral difficulties 0 unkn[n be=e ?is new sy/em appe>$4 7b7 ,f ,reason4--,x runs c\nt] to ! pr9ciple commonly accept$ 9 ! controv]sies ( ! sy/ems1 namely1 t ! decisive factor z to obligation 9 d\bt is k4 ,= x introduces a new factor1 t ( suffici5t reason or comp5sation4 7c7 ,f ,s]viceability4--,x is easy to say 9 ! ab/ract t "o %\ld always h a suitable reason = adopt+ a probable op9ion 9 favor ( lib]ty4 ,b1 :5 "o attempts to apply ?is rule to actual cases1 difficulties innum]able arise 7se>*+s ( motives1 comp>ison ( probabilities1 measur+ ( consequ5ces1 etc471 s t = use ,comp5sationism is impossible1 or impracticable4 #gch4 ,reply ( ,comp5sationi/s4--7a7 ,comp5sationism is an example ( doctr9al progression f ! implicit to ! explicit4 ,! pr9ciples on :i* x is bas$ are f\nd 9 ! tea*+ & practice ( ! mo/ anci5t au?orities4 7b7 ,suffici5t reason is n a new pr9ciple1 s9ce x is admitt$ by all morali/s = ! case ( d\ble effect 7see above1 #ajb ,sqq472 its application to ! solution ( d\bts ( consci5ce is n an innovation1 s9ce ! cases ( d\bt & ( d\ble effect are analog\s4 7c7 ,comp5sationism is n int5d$ z a sy/em to be appli$ by ^? :o h n suffici5t !ological tra9+1 b z a guide = morali/s1 directors & confessors4 ,t x is n difficult1 is cle> f ! fact t x is only an application ( ! commonly accept$ pr9ciple ( d\ble effect1 & t ,probabili/s !mselves recomm5d x & make v g5]al use ( x1 z if !y in/9ctively recogniz$ its necessity4 #gci4 ,practical ,conclusions4--,f ! =ego+ discussions "o may d$uce ?ree rules = ! guidance ( ^? :o are n exp]t !ologians3 7a7 ,if y\r /ate ( consci5ce is c]titude 7i4e41 if y are firmly conv9c$ :i* way y\r duty lies71 ent]ta9 no fe>s or scrupul\s d\bts1 &1 hav+ done y\r "p to und]/& y\r obligations1 y ne$ n hesitate to foll[ y\r consci5ce4 7b7 ,if y\r /ate ( consci5ce is imprud5t ass5t 7i4e41 ! acceptance ( :at y recognize z unlikely71 or if x is susp5d$ ass5t 7i4e41 a wav]+ betwe5 opposites71 d n act bl9dly1 b seek tru? & decision4 7c7 ,if y\r /ate ( consci5ce is op9ion 7i4e41 ! acceptance ( :at y reg>d z likely ?\gh unc]ta971 consult y\r confessor or ano!r compet5t !ologian2 if !re is no "t = ?is1 decide = any c\rse t seems true & prud5t 7see on p]plex$ consci5ce1 #faa sqq474 #gdj4 ,reg>d+ ! respective m]its & ! use ( ! rival sy/ems ( consci5ce1 ! foll[+ conclusions may be drawn3 7a7 ,if !re is "q ( :at is to be c\nsell$1 "o %\ld be a 8,meliori/10 = ! bett] & m p]fect is m advisable ?an :at is m]ely good or lawful4 ,all ,*ri/ians %\ld be direct$ to aspire aft] hol9ess1 b1 if "o is unwill+ to foll[ a c\nsel1 x %\ld n be impos$ on him z a precept4 ,naturally1 ( ^? 9 high] /ation high] ?+s are requir$4 7b7 ,z betwe5 d\bt & c]titude reg>d+ obligations1 "o mu/ be a 8,c]titud9i/10 t is1 "o mu/ resolve d\bts or slight probabilities into direct or indirect c]titude 7z 0 expla9$ above 9 #fda sqq474 ,if a d\bt rema9s1 "o mu/ = t case be a ,tutiori/1 t is1 "o mu/ foll[ ! saf] side 7z expla9$ 9 #ffa74 7c7 ,z betwe5 ! saf] & ! less safe1 "o mu/ be a ,tutiori/1 :5 "s law requires ?is1 z is ! case :5 validity or supreme rights are at /ake 7z expla9$ 9 #fgh1 #fgi74 7d7 ,z betwe5 ! m likely & ! less likely1 "o mu/ be a ,probabiliori/1 :5 ?is is accord+ to law1 z is ! case 9 civil suits :]e ! prepond]ance ( evid5ce mu/ be foll[$ 7see #fig74 7e7 ,"o may n foll[ ei!r ,tutiorism 7see above1 #fgf7 z a g5]al moral sy/em1 nor ,laxism 7see above1 #fha74 7f7 ,if a probable op9ion = lib]ty is oppos$ by no contr>y probable op9ion or by none ^: argum5ts _c be ov]come1 "o is free to foll[ t op9ion1 z expla9$ 9 #fdi1 #gjc4 7g7 ,if a probable op9ion = lib]ty is oppos$ by an op9ion t is less1 equally or m probable1 "o is free to act accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ,probabiliorism1 ,equiprobabilism1 ,probabilism or ,comp5sationism1 accord+ to conviction4 #gda4 ,z = ! use ( moral sy/ems by confessors1 ! two foll[+ rules are g5]ally admitt$3 7a7 ,if a p5it5t has =m$ 8 consci5ce accord+ to "o moral sy/em1 ! confessor has no "r to impose on him ! op9ion ( a diff]5t moral sy/em2 = ! ,*ur* all[s lib]ty4 7b7 ,if a p5it5t has n =m$ 8 consci5ce accord+ to any moral sy/em & seeks ! answ] to a moral d\bt1 ! confessor %\ld decide1 n necess>ily = :at 8 own sy/em decl>es lawful1 b = :at appe>s1 all ! circum/ances be+ consid]$1 to be mo/ advantage\s spiritually = ! p5it5t4 ,example3 ,fr4 ,titus is a ,probabili/1 & he usually advises que/ion]s to foll[ op9ions t are less probable2 :ile ,fr4 ,caius1 :o is a ,probabiliori/1 always requires t su* p]sons foll[ ! m probable op9ions4 ,bo? act unwisely4 ,= p]sons :o are bett] dispos$1 x w (t5 be m pr(itable to foll[ :at is m probable or favorable to obligation2 = ^? ,^: dispositions are less good1 mild] op9ions may be recomm5d$1 le/ ! smok+ flax ( goodness t is 9 !m be entirely ext+ui%$4 ,nei!r is x "r to impose z c]ta9 an obligation :i* ! p5it5t1 if he 7 acqua9t$ ) ,moral ,!ology1 w\ld see is controv]t$4 #gdb4 ,9 case ( disagreem5t betwe5 confessor & p5it5t z to :e!r absolution may be giv51 ^: op9ion %\ld prevail8 7a7 ,if ! disagreem5t is conc]n$ ) matt]s ab\t :i* ! confessor himself has to judge 7e4g41 ! disposition ( ! p5it5t1 ! requisite matt] = absolution1 etc471 ! op9ion ( ! confessor mu/ prevail2 = ! act ( judg+ is 8 own1 & he mu/ be guid$ !re=e by 8 own conviction4 7b7 ,if ! disagreem5t is conc]n$ ) matt]s ab\t :i* ! confessor is n ! judge 7su* z ! controv]sies ( s*ools & !ologians71 ! confessor may n refuse absolution to a well-dispos$ p5it5t1 j because ! latt] w n accept ! op9ion ( 8 s*ool or sy/em4 ,if x be manife/ t ! p5it5t's op9ion is false or improbable1 absolution may be d5i$ him1 unless x seems m prud5t to leave him 9 good fai?4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,special ,,moral ,,!ology #gdc4 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,"p ( ?is "w1 ! means to man's ,la/ ,end 7 spok5 ( 9 a g5]al way2 ! features t are common to all good acts--t !y be human1 morally des]v+1 direct$ accord+ to law & consci5ce--7 treat$4 ,9 ! pres5t ,"p ! means to ! ,la/ ,end w be discuss$ 9 p>ticul>1 & we %all consid] 9 turn ! k9ds ( duties t are ow$ by all m5 & ^? ow$ by p]sons 9 special /ates ( life4 ,"q ,i ,,! ,,duties ,,( ,,all ,,classes ,,( ,,m5 #gdd4 ,good habits1 specifically diff]5t1 are all r$ucible to sev5 mo/ g5]al virtues 7see #aej1 #aea71 & h5ce 9 /udy+ ^! sev5 virtues1 we %all at ! same "t /udy all ! common duties ( man4 #gde4 ,! prop]ties ( ! sev5 infus$ virtues are *iefly f\r3 7a7 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ^! virtues may be increas$3 8,?is ,i pray1 t y\r *>ity may m & m ab\nd0 7,phil1 i4 #i74 ,! increase takes place ex op]e op]ato ?r\gh ! ,sacram5ts1 or ex op]e op]antis ?r\gh m]itori\s works--t is1 :5ev] sanctify+ grace1 _! root1 is increas$4 7b7 ,a second prop]ty ( ! infus$ virtues is t !y may be lo/3 8,i h some:at aga9/ !e1 because ?\ ha/ left ?y fir/ *>ity0 7,apoc41 ii4 #d72 8,"s h made %ipwreck conc]n+ ! fai?0 7,i ,tim41 i4 #ai74 ,! loss is caus$ by ! contr>y ( ! virtue3 fai? is lo/ by disbelief1 hope by despair2 *>ity & ! moral virtues are lo/ by any mortal s91 = !y are built on sanctify+ grace1 :i* mortal s9 de/roys4 7c7 ,a ?ird prop]ty ( ! infus$ virtues is t !y _c be dim9i%$ directly4 ,if we leave out ( consid]ation _! opposites 7:i*1 z j said1 remove ^! virtues entirely71 !re is no?+ else t c act directly ^u !m4 ,m]e failure to ex]cise !m _c less5 !m1 s9ce !y are caus$ by div9e infusion1 n by human ex]cise2 v5ial s9 _c less5 !m1 s9ce x does n less5 grace on :i* !y dep5d4 7d7 ,a f\r? prop]ty ( ! infus$ virtues is t !y are dim9i%$ indirectly4 ,failure to practise !m or v5ial s9 does dim9i% ! ease & f]vor ) :i* ! acts ( ^! virtues are ex]cis$2 & ?us indirectly--t is1 by prep>+ ! way = acts t are directly contr>y--neglect or v5ial s9 dim9i%es ! habits !mselves4 ,art4 #b3 ,,! ,,virtue ,,( ,,fai? 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,,ii-,,ii1 qq4 #a-i47 #gdf4 ,! ord] ( ! !ological virtues "h foll[$ is t giv5 by ,/4 ,paul 9 ,i ,cor41 xiii4 #ac--viz41 fai?1 hope1 *>ity4 ,! ord] ( ^! virtues is tw(old3 7a7 accord+ to dignity ! ord] is *>ity1 hope1 fai?2 7b7 accord+ to "t1 ! ord] is t ( ,i ,cor41 xiii4 ,! habits ( ^! ?ree virtues are infus$ at ! same "t 7i4e41 at ! mom5t :5 grace is conf]r$71 b _! acts are n simultane\s1 & "o mu/ believe be=e "o c hope or love4 #gdg4 ,excell5ce ( ! ,virtue ( ,fai?4--7a7 ,fai? is ! beg9n+ ( ! sup]natural life1 ! f\ndation & ! root ( ju/ification1 )\t :i* x is impossible to please ,god & arrive at fell[%ip ) ,him4 7b7 ,x is an anticipation ( ! end ( ! sup]natural life1 = by fai? we believe t :i* we %all behold 9 ! beatific vision3 8,all ^! di$ accord+ to fai?1 n hav+ receiv$ ! promises1 b behold+ !m af> (f1 & salut+ !m & confess+ t !y are pilgrims & /rang]s on ! e>?0 7,heb41 xi4 #ac74 #gdh4 ,utility ( ,fai? = ! ,individual4--7a7 ,?r\gh fai? ! intellect receives a new light1 :i* discloses to x a high] _w--8! wisdom ( ,god 9 a my/]y0 7,i ,cor41 ii4 #g7--;& :i* illum9ates ev5 ?is l[] _w ) a heav5ly brightness1 t man may "k m quickly1 m surely1 & m p]fectly ! natural tru?s t p]ta9 to ,god & duty4 7b7 ,! w is /r5g!n$ to p]=m duties valiantly ?r\gh ! motives & examples :i* fai? (f]s3 ! patri>*s ( old 8by fai? conqu]$ k+doms1 wr\ght ju/ice1 obta9$ promises1 recov]$ /r5g? f weakness0 7,heb41 xi4 #cc74 ,9 adv]sity fai? is a /ay & a consolation3 8,= :at ?+s soev] 7 writt51 7 writt5 = our le>n+1 t ?r\gh pati5ce & ! com=t ( ! scriptures1 we might h hope0 7,rom41 xv4 #d74 #gdi4 ,utility ( ,fai? = ,society4--7a7 ,dome/ic society is def5d$ 9 its security & happ9ess by fai?1 :i* tea*es ! sacram5tal "* ( m>riage1 :i* (f]s ! model ( ! ,holy ,family to ,*ri/ian homes1 :i* nev] ceases to decl>e 9 ! "n ( ,god ! duties ( husb&s & wives1 p>5ts & *ildr54 7b7 ,)\t fai? & religion civil society _c be ma9ta9$ 9 /r5g? & prosp]ity4 ,x is fai? 9 ,god m ?an laws or armies t gives security to life1 reputation1 & prop]ty1 ) ord] & peace at home & abroad4 #gej4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,fai?4--,9 ,holy ,scripture & o!r religi\s writ+s ! ^w fai? has v>i\s mean+s4 7a7 ,sometimes x /&s = a promise1 or = ! quality ( be+ true to "o's promises4 ,examples3 ,/4 ,paul condemns wid[s :o rem>ry aga9/ _! ^w1 8because !y h made void _! fir/ fai? 7promise70 7,i ,tim41 v4 #ab74 ,speak+ ( ! unbelief ( ! ,jews1 he says3 8,%all _! unbelief make ! fai? 7i4e41 fidelity to promise or fai?fulness7 ( ,god )\t effect8 ,god =bid4 ,b ,god is true0 7,rom1 iii4 #c1 #d74 7b7 ,sometimes ! t]m fai? /&s = good reputation1 or = confid5ce 9 ano!r4 ,examples3 8,he t disclose? ! secret ( a fri5d lose? 8 fai? 7cr$it1 reputation71 & %all nev] f9d a fri5d to 8 m9d0 7,ecclus41 xxvii4 #ag72 8,o ?\ ( little fai? 7tru/1 confid5ce71 :y did/ ?\ d\bt80 7,matt41 xiv4 #ca74 7c7 ,sometimes fai? /&s = tru?s or doctr9es (f]$ = "o's belief1 or = ! ass5t ( ! m9d to ! judgm5t ( consci5ce or to ! revelation ( ,god4 ,examples3 8,?\ has n d5i$ ,my fai?0 7t is1 8! tru?s reveal$ by ,me10 ,apoc4 ii4 #ac72 8,all t is n ( fai? 7i4e41 f ! firm conviction ( consci5ce7 is s90 7,rom1 xiv4 #bc72 8,)\t fai? 7i4e41 ass5t to ! unse5 on ! ^w ( ,god7 x is impossible to please ,god2 = he t come? to ,god mu/ believe0 7,heb41 xi4 #f74 #gea4 ,x is fai? only 9 ! la/ s5se t is kn[n z ! !ological virtue ( fai?1 & h5ce ) x alone we are "h conc]n$4 ,/4 ,paul describes ?is fai? z foll[s3 8,fai? is ! sub/ance ( ?+s to be hop$ =1 ! evid5ce ( ?+s t appe> n0 7,heb41 xi4 #a74 ,?is v]se is v>i\sly int]pret$4 7a7 ,accord+ to ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 ! mean+ is3 ,fai? is ! subsi/5ce or anticipat$ exi/5ce 9 ! s\l ( future bless+s t are hop$ =1 ?r\gh ! firm confid5ce x gives2 x is ! conviction ( ! reality ( ! unse54 7b7 ,accord+ to ,/4 ,?omas1 ! mean+ is3 ,fai? is ! sub/ance or basis on :i* is built ! hope ( bless$ness1 or on :i* re/s z on its f\ndation ! :ole "w ( ju/ification2 x is an argum5t produc+ c]ta9ty ( t :i* is n se54 ,! elem5ts ( ,/4 ,?omas' int]pretation h be5 incorporat$ into ! ,vatican ,c\ncil's def9ition3 8,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* pr(esses t ?is fai? :i* is ! beg9n+ ( human salvation is a sup]natural virtue by :i* we1 ) ! aid & inspiration ( ! grace ( ,god1 believe t ! ?+s reveal$ by ,him are true1 n because ! intr9sic tru? ( ^! ?+s has be5 p]ceiv$ by ! natural light ( reason1 b because ( ! au?ority ( ,god ,himself reveal+1 :o c nei!r deceive nor be deceiv$0 7,sess4 #c1 *ap4 #c1 ,d5z4 #aghi74 #geb4 ,?us1 fai? is an intellectual habit & act1 b x diff]s f all o!r intellectual habits & acts z foll[s3 7a7 x diff]s f sci5ce1 vision1 und]/&+1 = its object is 8! ?+s t appe> n02 7b7 x diff]s f op9ion1 d\bt1 suspicion1 = x is a firm 8sub/ance10 a c]ta9 8evid5ce02 7c7 x diff]s f human fai? or belief re/+ on man's ^w & promises1 = x is ! pl$ge1 beg9n+ & corn]/one ( ! happ9ess promis$ by ,god ,himself4 #gec4 ,fai? w n[ be consid]$ accord+ to two aspects3 7a7 objectively1 z reg>ds ! ?+s t are believ$ by him :o has fai?2 7b7 subjectively1 z reg>ds ! habit & act ( ! believ] :i* put him 9 contact ) ^! tru?s ( ! unse5 _w4 #ged4 ,! ,object ( ,fai?4--,!re is a tw(old object ( fai?1 viz41 mat]ial & =mal4 7a7 ,! mat]ial object1 or ! tru? t is believ$1 includes all t is conta9$ 9 ! ,^w ( ,god1 :e!r writt5 or h&$ d[n by tradition4 ,! pr9cipal mat]ial object is ,god ,himself z ! ,deity1 or ,supreme ,tru? 9 ,be+ 7prima v]itas 9 ess5do72 ! second>y mat]ial object embraces all o!r reveal$ tru?s4 7b7 ,! =mal object ( fai?1 or ! motive t prompts "o to give ass5t to ! mat]ial object1 is ! au?ority ( ,god1 :o is ,supreme ,tru? 9 ,kn[+ & ,speak+ 7prima v]itas 9 cognosc5do et dic5do71 & h5ce ,he c nei!r be deceiv$ nor deceive4 #gee4 ,! mat]ial object ( fai? includes all tru?s reveal$ by ,god2 b1 s9ce x belongs to ! ,*ur* to tea* ^? tru?s1 !re is a di/9ction ( tru?s t are reveal$ by ,god b n def9$ by ! ,*ur*1 & tru?s t are reveal$ by ,god & def9$ by ! ,*ur* z reveal$4 ,?us3 7a7 div9e fai? is belief 9 reveal$ tru? t has n be5 decl>$ by ! ,*ur* z reveal$2 7b7 div9e & ,ca?olic fai? is belief 9 a reveal$ tru? t has be5 propos$ z su* by ! ,*ur*1 ei!r solemnly or ord9>ily4 ,example3 ,dogmas conta9$ 9 cre$s1 def9itions ( ,popes or g5]al c\ncils4 ,! ,vatican ,c\ncil has det]m9$ ! object ( ?is fai?3 ,by div9e & ,ca?olic fai? all ^? ?+s mu/ be believ$ :i* are conta9$ 9 ! writt5 ^w ( ,god & 9 tradition1 & :i* are propos$ by ! ,*ur*1 ei!r by a solemn pron\ncem5t or by h] ord9>y & univ]sal magi/]ium1 to be believ$ z div9ely reveal$ 7,ibid41 ,d5z4 #agib74 #gef4 ,! =mal object ( fai? ext5ds to all tru?s t h be5 reveal$ & to no o!rs4 ,!ologians discuss ! /atus ( c]ta9 tru?s connect$ ) revelation conc]n+ :i* ! ,*ur* is gu>ante$ infallibility on acc\nt ( h] tea*+ (fice4 ,special difficulties arise 9 relation to3 a7 dogmatic facts1 t is1 def9itions conc]n+ p>ticul> facts closely relat$ to dogma 7e4g41 t ,anglican ord]s are invalid2 t a p>ticul> book conta9s a s5se contr>y to revelation2 t ?is ,supreme ,pontiff1 legitimately elect$1 is ! successor ( ,/4 ,pet] 9 ! primacy & consequ5tly infallible72 b7 !ological conclusions1 t is1 d$uctions drawn f reveal$ tru?4 ,_m !ologians tea* t bo? dogmatic facts & !ological conclusions :5 def9$ by ! ,*ur* con/itute a special object ( fai? di/9ct f div9e & ,ca?olic fai?1 namely1 ecclesia/ical fai?4 ,accord+ly1 = !m1 ecclesia/ical fai? is ! int]nal ass5t giv5 to tru?s connect$ ) revelation & def9$ by ! ,*ur* z true1 ! motive ( ass5t be+ ! infallibility ( ! ,*ur* 9 h] tea*+ (fice4 ,o!rs d5y ! exi/5ce ( su* fai? & insi/ a7 t dogmatic facts are conta9$ 9 reveal$ doctr9e implicitly z s+ul>s 9 univ]sals & h5ce are believ$ be=e def9ition by div9e fai? implicitly1 & aft] def9ition by div9e & ,ca?olic fai?1 b7 t !ological conclusions be=e def9ition are held by !ological ass5t1 aft]w>ds by div9e & ,ca?olic fai?4 ,"s also h ma9ta9$ t be=e def9ition su* conclusions belong to div9e fai?4 7,= a summ>y ( ! v>i\s tea*+s on ?is problem see ,reg9aldo-,m>ia ,s*ultes1 ,o4,p41 ,introductio 9 ,hi/oriam ,dogmatum1 pp4 #df ff42 ,m>9-,sola1 ,o4,p41 ,l',evolution homog5e du ,dogme ,ca?olique74 #geg4 ,private revelations1 ev5 :5 approv$ by ! ,*ur*1 are n an object ( div9e & ,ca?olic fai?1 = !y =m no "p ( ! revelation giv5 to ! :ole human race t 0 clos$ ) ! dea? ( ! ,apo/les & committ$ to ! ,*ur*4 ,h5ce3 7a7 if !y are negatively approv$ by ! ,*ur*1 ! approval means only t su* revelations conta9 no?+ contr>y to fai? & morals1 & are useful & edify+2 7b7 if !y are approv$ positively 7z is ! case ) ! revelations ( ,/4 ,hildeg>de1 ,/4 ,brigit1 & ,/4 ,ca!r9e ( ,si5a71 ! approval means t !y appe> to be true div9e revelations & may be prud5tly accept$ z su*4 #geh4 ,! ass5t to be giv5 to private revelations1 !re=e1 is z foll[s3 7a7 ,su* revelations %\ld receive ! ass5t ( div9e fai?1 if x is c]ta9 t !y are g5u9e4 ,?is applies to ^? to :om & = :om !y 7 giv51 & probably to o!rs also4 ,x r>ely happ5s1 h[ev]1 t ! g5u95ess ( a private revelation c be critically e/abli%$1 & ! ,*ur* does n require t su* revelations be accept$ by all ! fai?ful4 ,to refuse ass5t1 !re=e1 to a private revelation is n g5]ally an (f5se aga9/ div9e fai?4 7b7 ,private revelations _c receive ! ass5t ( ,ca?olic fai?1 s9ce1 ev5 :5 approv$ by ! ,*ur*1 !y are n propos$ z a "p ( ! ,*ri/ian revelation committ$ to h] c>e4 ,to diss5t f !m1 !re=e1 is n a s9 aga9/ ,ca?olic fai?1 unless 9 reject+ !m "o w\ld also reject def9$ dogma 7e4g41 by d5y+ ! possibility ( revelation74 7c7 ,private revelations are n (f]$ = ! ass5t ( ecclesia/ical fai?1 s9ce 9 approv+ !m ! ,*ur* does n propose !m z necess>ily connect$ ) ! ex]cise ( h] tea*+ (fice or "u gu>antee ( infallibility4 ,to diss5t f !m1 !re=e1 is n a s9 aga9/ ecclesia/ical fai?1 unless o!r errors 7e4g41 aga9/ ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* 9 matt]s connect$ ) revelation7 are also involv$4 7d7 ,private revelations are (f]$ = ! ass5t ( human fai?1 s9ce ! ,*ur* proposes !m to ! fai?ful1 if approv$1 z matt]s ( pi\s op9ion1 :i* are accord+ to ! rules ( prud5ce truly probable on acc\nt ( traditions 9 _! favor1 support$ by suitable te/imony & docum5ts 7,b5$ict ,,xiv1 ,de ,canonizatione ,sanctorum1 lib4 ,,ii1 cap4 #bc2 ,,iii1 cap4 ult42 ,sacr$ ,cong4 ,rites1 ,may #ab1 #ahgg1 n4 #cdai1 ad #b74 ,! ,*ur* p]mits1 b does n exact belief 9 ^! revelations4 ,"o w\ld n be excus$1 h[ev]1 :o reject$ !m ?r\gh pride or contempt1 or )\t suffici5t reason4 #gei4 ,simil>ly1 al?\gh ! ,*ur* (f]s = human fai? alone c]ta9 p>ticul> facts ( hi/ory1 "o :o rejects !m may easily be guilty ( contempt or tem]ity4 ,su* p>ticul> facts are3 7a7 app>itions ( heav5ly be+s 9 po/-,biblical times1 su* z ! appe>ance ( ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael 9 ,monte ,g>gano ab\t #ebe & ! appe>ance ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 at ,l\rdes 9 #aheh1 = :i* ! ,*ur* has in/itut$ fea/s2 7b7 de$s relat$ 9 ! leg5ds ( ! ,sa9ts1 su* z ! victory ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e ( ,alex&ria ov] ! pagan philosoph]s & ! c>ry+ ( h] body to ,mt4 ,s9ai by ,angels1 :i* ! ,*ur* ins]ts 9 ! ,brevi>y lessons2 7c7 ! au!nticity ( relics4 ,9 grant+ c]tificates ( g5u95ess1 ! ,*ur* gu>antees only t !re is suffici5t hi/orical evid5ce or probability = ! belief t p>ticul> bones or o!r objects belong$ to a p>ticul> ,sa9t4 #gfj4 ,_m t5ets ( ! ,*ur*1 inde$1 h n ! pr]ogative ( infallibility--= example1 decrees ( ! ,popes n giv5 ex ca!dra1 decisions ( ,congregations made ) ,papal approval1 tea*+s ( ,bi%ops to p>ticul> memb]s ( ! ,*ur*1 doctr9es commonly held by ,ca?olics z !ological tru?s or c]ta9 conclusions4 ,^! decrees1 decisions1 etc41 receive n ! ass5t ( ,ca?olic fai?1 b :at is call$ religi\s ass5t1 :i* includes two ?+s1 viz41 ext]nal & int]nal ass5t4 7a7 ,ext]nal ass5t %\ld be giv5 su* tea*+s--t is1 ! homage ( respectful sil5ce due to public au?ority4 ,?is does n =bid ! submission ( difficulties to ! tea*+ au?ority1 or ! sci5tific exam9ation ( objections t seem v /rong4 7b7 ,int]nal ass5t %\ld be giv5 su* tea*+--t is1 ! submission ( ! judgm5t ( ! individual to ! judgm5t ( ! tea*] :o has ! au?ority f ,*ri/ & assi/ance f ! ,holy ,_s4 ,?is int]nal ass5t diff]s1 h[ev]1 f ! ass5t ( fai?1 inasmu* z x excludes fe> ( error1 b n ( ! possibility ( error1 & x may lat] on be susp5d$1 call$ into d\bt1 or ev5 revok$4 ,pope ,pius ,x 9 8 ,motu proprio1 8,prae/antia scripturae ,sacrae0 7,nov4 #ah1 #aijg71 indicat$ ! b9d+ =ce ( ! decrees bo? ( ! ,pontifical ,biblical ,commission & ( all doctr9al decrees3 ,all are b\nd 9 consci5ce to submit to ! decisions ( ! ,biblical ,commission :i* h be5 giv5 9 ! pa/ & :i* %all be giv5 9 ! future1 9 ! same way z to ! decrees :i* app]ta9 to doctr9e1 issu$ by ! ,sacr$ ,congregations & approv$ by ! ,supreme ,pontiff2 nor c !y escape ! /igma bo? ( disob$i5ce & tem]ity1 nor be free f grave guilt z (t5 z !y impugn _! decisions ei!r 9 ^w or writ+2 & ?is ov] & above ! sc&al :i* !y give & ! s9s ( :i* !y may be ! cause be=e ,god by mak+ o!r /atem5ts on ^! matt]s :i* are v frequ5tly bo? ra% & false4 7,reaffirm$ by ! ,biblical ,commission on ,feb4 #bg1 #aicd47 #gfa4 ,! objects1 !re=e1 :i* =mally or r$uctively p]ta9 to ! virtue ( fai?1 are z foll[s3 7a7 ,div9e fai? has = its object all ! tru?s reveal$ by ,god z conta9$ 9 ! ,canonical scriptures approv$ by ! ,*ur*1 & 9 ! tea*+s receiv$ by ! ,apo/les f ,*ri/ or ! ,holy ,_s & h&$ d[n to ! ,*ur* z ,tradition4 ,private revelations 9 exceptional cases may also be ! object ( div9e fai?4 7b7 ,ca?olic fai? has = its object all ! tru?s =mally reveal$ 9 scripture & ,tradition t h be5 def9$ z su* by ! ,*ur*4 ,! def9itions ( ! ,*ur* are ei!r solemn 7e4g41 ^? giv5 9 ! ,cre$s1 ex ca!dra def9itions ( ! ,popes1 decisions ( ,ecum5ical ,c\ncils7 or ord9>y 7e4g41 ^? conta9$ 9 ! univ]sal prea*+1 practice or belief ( ! ,*ur*1 encyclical lett]s see ,humani ,g5]is1 n4#bj74 ,equival5t to def9itions are ! condemnations ( error oppos$ to reveal$ tru?s4 7c7 ,accord+ to "s !ologians ecclesia/ical fai? has = its object all infallible decisions ( ! ,*ur* ab\t matt]s n reveal$1 b connect$ ) revelation1 or necess>y = ! ex]cise ( ! tea*+ (fice ( ! ,*ur*4 ,su* are3 7i7 def9itions1 t is1 def9itive decl>ations ( !ological conclusions or ( dogmatic facts1 discipl9>y laws made = ! entire ,*ur*1 canonization ( ! sa9ts1 solemn approbation ( religi\s ,ord]s1 express or special recognition ( ,doctors ( ! ,*ur*1 decl>ation ( ! relation ( private revelations to ! public revelation2 & 7ii7 c5sures1 t is1 condemnations ( tea*+s1 on acc\nt ( falsity1 z h]etical1 ne> to h]esy1 savor+ ( h]esy1 errone\s1 ra%1 etc42 on acc\nt ( _! expression1 z equivocal1 ambigu\s1 presumptu\s1 capti\s1 suspect$1 ill-s\nd+1 (f5sive to pi\s e>s1 etc42 on acc\nt ( _! t5d5cy1 z sc&al\s1 s*ismatical1 s$iti\s1 unsafe1 etc4 ,examples3 ,! def9itions conc]n+ ! s5se ( ! book ,augu/9us1 ! suitability ( ! t]ms 8consub/antial0 & 8transub/antiation10 ! agreem5t ( ! ,vulgate ) ! orig9al scriptures1 ! lawfulness ( ! ins]tion ( ! ,filioque4 7d7 ,religi\s ass5t has = its object all doctr9al pron\ncem5ts ( ! ,*ur* t are n infallible1 b are yet (ficial & au?oritative4 ,examples are ord9>y in/ructions & condemnations giv5 by ,pontifical ,congregations & ,commissions4 ,! ,syllabus ( ,mod]n ,errors issu$ by ,pius ,,ix 0 mo/ likely n an infallible or def9itive docum5t1 al?\gh _m ( ! errors x rejects are contr>y to dogma1 & h5ce1 ev5 ap>t f ! ,syllabus1 !y are to be reject$ z oppos$ to ,ca?olic fai?4 ,likewise1 _m ( its t5ets are drawn f encyclical lett]s4 ,papal allocutions1 radio addresses1 & ! doctr9al p>ts ( ,apo/olic ,con/itutions1 9 !mselves1 are 9 ?is class4 7e7 ,respect is due to ! judgm5t ( ! ,*ur* ev5 9 non-doctr9al matt]s & :]e no obligation is impos$ by h]1 on acc\nt ( h] position & ! c>eful exam9ation giv5 be=e decision4 ,example3 ,x w\ld be disrespectful to reject )\t good reason a pi\s belief :i* ! ,*ur* aft] mature delib]ation has p]mitt$ to be held4 #gfb4 ,?\gh ! tru?s ( fai?s are _m1 ! duty ( believ+ imposes no great burd5 on ! believ]4 ,?us3 7a7 x is n requir$ t explicit belief be giv5 to all ! tea*+s ( fai?2 7b7 x is n requir$ t "o di/+ui% ! p>ticul> k9d ( ass5t 9 case ( unc]ta9ty1 b x suffices to yield ass5t accord+ to ! m9d & int5tion ( ! ,*ur*4 ,example3 ,:5 a gr\p ( propositions is condemn$ "u v>i\s c5sures1 no indication be+ made ( ! c5sure t applies to p>ticul> propositions1 x suffices to hold t all ( !m are false1 & t to ea* ( !m applies "o or m ( ! c5sures li/$4 #gfc4 ,fai? is divid$ into explicit & implicit1 accord+ z ! object believ$ is unfold$ or n to ! m9d4 7a7 ,fai? is explicit reg>d+ any tru?1 :5 ass5t is giv5 to t tru? z kn[n 9 itself & express$ 9 t]ms prop] to itself4 ,example3 ,he has explicit fai? 9 ! ,eu*>i/ :o has be5 in/ruct$ conc]n+ ! mean+ ( ! my/]y1 & :o ass5ts to x accord+ to t di/9ct k4 7b7 ,fai? is implicit reg>d+ any tru?1 :5 t tru? is n kn[n or n accept$ 9 itself1 b is accept$ 9 ano!r tru?4 ,example3 ,he has implicit fai? 9 ! ,eu*>i/ :o has n yet he>d ( x1 b :o accepts all ! tea*+s ( ! ,*ur*1 ev5 ^? he does n "k4 #gfd4 ,fai? is implicit z foll[s3 7a7 ,improp]ly1 fai? is implicit1 if "o does n give ass5t1 b is prep>$ to give x1 if necess>y1 or wi%es to give x4 ,^! pi\s dispositions are n ! act ( fai? itself1 b !y are its beg9n+s1 or prep>ations lead+ up to x2 !y are good1 b n suffici5t4 ,example3 ,a pagan :o says he w\ld accept ! ,*ri/ian cre$1 if he ?\ght x 7 true1 or :o wi%es t he c\ld believe x4 7b7 ,prop]ly1 fai? is implicit1 if "o gives ass5t to a tru? by accept+ ano!r 9 :i* x is conta9$1 z a p>ticul> is conta9$ 9 a univ]sal 7e4g41 he :o explicitly accepts all ! tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity1 implicitly accepts ! ,eu*>i/1 ev5 :5 9 good fai? he ?9ks x is n reveal$71 or z an in/rum5t is involv$ 9 its pr9cipal cause 7e4g41 he :o explicitly believes 9 ! ,r$emption implicity believes 9 ,baptism1 :i* is ! in/rum5t by :i* ,r$emption is appli$71 or z means are conta9$ 9 _! end 7e4g41 he :o explicitly believes t et]nal life is a rew>d1 implicitly believes t good works mu/ be p]=m$ z a means to t end71 or z ! reality is express$ 9 ! figure 7e4g41 ^? 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t :o explicitly believ$ 9 ! ,pas*al ,lamb1 implicitly believ$ 9 ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/ ( :i* ! ,pas*al ,lamb 0 ! figure71 or z ! ass5t ( ! disciple is b\nd up ) ! ass5t ( ! tea*] 7e4g41 ! *ild :o explicitly accepts z true ! doctr9es ( fai? taught by 8 pa/or1 implicitly believes ! s5se & implications conta9$ 9 ! latt]'s in/ructions74 #gfe4 ,! po9ts ab\t :i* explicit fai? is requir$ c be r$uc$ to f\r heads 7see ,cate*ism ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t74 ,^! heads are3 7a7 ,! ?+s to be believ$3 8,prea* ! ,gospel to e creature4 ,he t believe? %all be sav$0 7,m>k1 xvi4 #ae74 ,! ,gospel doctr9e is summ>iz$ 9 ! ,apo/les' ,cre$2 7b7 ,! ?+s to be done3 8,tea* !m to obs]ve all ?+s :atsoev] ,i h comm&$ y0 7,matt41 xxviii4 #bj74 ,! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts 7see ,vol4 ,,ii7 are call$ ! epitome ( ! :ole law2 7c7 ,! ord9ances to be obs]v$2 8,baptize !m 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 & ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/0 7,matt1 xxviii4 #ai74 ,! ,sev5 ,sacram5ts are ! sacr$ in/rum5ts ?r\gh :i* ! m]its ( ! ,passion ( ,*ri/ are appli$ to ! s\l2 7d7 ,! petitions to be made to ,god3 8,?us %all y pray3 ,our ,fa!r1 etc40 7,matt41 vi4 #i74 ,! pray] 7see ,vol4 ,,ii7 giv5 u by ,*ri/ tea*es u bo? ! mann] ( pray] & ! reque/s t %\ld be (f]$4 #gff4 ,fai? 9 ! revelation giv5 by ,god is necess>y = salvation 7,heb41 xi4 #f71 b 9 ! usual provid5ce ( ,god fai? _c be _h or safegu>d$ )\t %ort =mulas ( its pr9cipal doctr9es4 7a7 ,fai? _c be receiv$ )\t su* =mulas1 because1 its doctr9es be+ _m & frequ5tly difficult & ! /udy ( all scripture & ,tradition be+ impossible = mo/ p]sons1 a li/ ( %ort & cle> propositions ( reveal$ tru?s 7,cre$7 is ne$$ t ! fai? may be propos$ & accept$4 7b7 ,fai? _c be reta9$ )\t su* =mulas1 because1 be+ un*ang+ 9 itself & yet = all times & places1 its doctr9es w\ld be easily corrupt$ if !re 7 n an (ficial /&>d 7,symbol7 by :i* bo? tru? & error c\ld be at once recogniz$ 7,i ,cor41 i4 #aj2 ,,ii ,tim41 i4 #ac74 #gfg4 ,! =mulas ( ,*ri/ian tea*+ z summ>iz$ 9 ! ,cre$s1 s9ce !y mu/ be brief & ord]ly1 are divid$ into %ort & connect$ propositions1 :i* are !re=e kn[n z articles4 ,brevity be+ ! "* ( ,cre$s1 n all reveal$ tru?s are express$ 9 !m z articles1 b only ^? t h ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics3 7a7 ,an article ( ! ,cre$ deals ) "o ( ! two ma9 objects ( belief1 namely1 ! end ( man1 :i* is et]nal life 7,heb41 xi4 #a71 & ! means !reto1 :i* is ,jesus ,*ri/ 7,john1 xvii4 #c74 ,o!r ?+s1 :i* are propos$ = fai?1 n = _! own sake1 b only on acc\nt ( _! relation to ^! two ma9 objects 7e4g41 ! w&]+ ( ! ,israelites 9 ! des]t1 ! details ( ! j\rneys ( ,/4 ,paul1 etc471 are n m5tion$ 9 ! ,cre$s4 7b7 ,an article ( ! ,cre$ deals only ) ^? doctr9es conc]n+ et]nal life & ,*ri/ :i* are 9 a special mann] unse5 or difficult1 = fai? is 8! evid5ce ( ?+s t appe> n0 7,heb41 xi4 #a74 ,o!r doctr9es :i* h no special difficulty ( _! own are consid]$ z implicit 9 ^? t express ! g5]al my/]ies1 & h5ce !y are n m5tion$4 ,?us1 ! ?ree ,p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity are giv5 di/9ct articles1 because ! my/]i\sness ( ! ,triune ,god _c be r$uc$ to any m g5]al my/]y1 :]eas ! ,eu*>i/ is n m5tion$1 z hav+ no my/]y t is n impli$ 9 ! articles on ! div9e omnipot5ce & ! sanctification ( man ?r\gh ,*ri/4 #gfh4 ,has !re be5 an increase 9 ! articles ( fai?8 7a7 ,if by increase is meant ! addition ?r\gh new revelation ( ma9 beliefs n conta9$ 9 ! primitive revelation1 !re has nev] be5 an increase 9 ! articles ( fai?2 = f ! beg9n+ ,god made kn[n ,8 own be+1 :i* includes ! et]nal ?+s ( ,god & ! end or happ9ess ( man1 & ,8 provid5ce1 :i* includes ! temporal disp5sations ( ,god & ! means = ! salvation ( man 7,heb41 xi4 #f74 7b7 ,if by increase is meant ! addition ( new revelations t br\ght out m cle>ly & def9itely ?+s conta9$ 9 previ\s revelation1 !re 0 an increase 9 ! articles ( fai? f ! beg9n+ ( revelations d[n to ! end ( ! ,apo/olic age4 ,?us1 ! nature ( ,god & ,8 purpose z reg>ds ! r$emption ( humanity 7 br\ght out ev] m di/9ctly by new revelations 9 ,old ,te/am5t times 7,exod41 vi4 #b71 & 7 giv5 9 f9al & complete =m by ! revelation ( ,*ri/ 7,heb41 i4 #a2 ,eph41 iii4 #e2 ,heb41 xii4 #bg1 #bh2 ,,ii ,tim41 i4 #ac74 7c7 ,if by increase is meant a cle>] & full] explanation ( ! revelation once deliv]$ to ! ,sa9ts1 !re has be5 & always c be an increase ( articles ( fai?4 ,?us1 9 ! ,c\ncil ( ,nicaea ! ,apo/les' ,cre$ 0 amplifi$2 9 ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople ! ,cre$ ( ,nicaea 0 add$ to1 & simil>ly today or tomorr[ ! ,pope c\ld add new explanations or developm5ts to ! ,cre$1 if new h]esies or necessities requir$ t ! true s5se ( revelation already giv5 %\ld be br\ght out m cle>ly or fully4 #gfi4 ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal ,cre$s us$ by ! ,*ur*3 7a7 ! ,apo/les' ,cre$1 :i* accord+ to an e>ly tradition 0 compos$ by ! ,apo/les !mselves be=e !y sep>at$ to prea* ! ,gospel4 ,x 0 9 use f ! fir/ c5turies 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*1 :i* requir$ t ! cate*um5s le>n & recite x be=e receiv+ ,baptism4 ,x is divid$ into twelve articles2 7b7 ! ,nic5e ,cre$1 :i* is us$ 9 ! ,mass & 0 drawn up at ! ,c\ncil ( ,nicaea 7#cbe7 aga9/ ! ,arian d5ial ( ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 & 0 revis$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople 7#cha7 aga9/ ! ,mac$onians1 :o refus$ to ackn[l$ge ! div9ity ( ! ,holy ,gho/2 7c7 ! ,a?anasian ,cre$1 :i* is us$ 9 ! ,(fice ( ,prime & is a resume ( ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,a?anasius on ! ,tr9ity & ,inc>nation4 ,x 0 compos$ 9 ! ,we/ "s "t aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury4 #ggj4 ,summ>y ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,fir/ ,article ( ! ,cre$3 8,i believe 9 ,god1 ! ,fa!r ,almighty1 ,creator ( heav5 & e>?40--7a7 8,i believe10 i4e41 ,i give unhesitat+ ass5t to ,god reveal+ ,8 my/]i\s tru?s2 7b7 89 ,god10 i4e41 ! ,supreme ,be+1 "o 9 nature & ?ree 9 p]sons2 7c7 8! ,fa!r10 i4e41 our ,mak] & ,provid]1 f :om also we receive ! _s ( adoption ( sons2 7d7 8almighty10 i4e41 all-p[]ful1 & !re=e all-wise & end[$ ) e o!r p]fection 9 ! highe/ degree2 7e7 8,creator10 i4e41 :o freely produc$ ! _w out ( no?+1 )\t ext]nal model or ef=t ( any sort1 & :o pres]ves1 rules & moves all creatures2 7f7 8( heav5 & e>?10 i4e41 ( ! _w ( pure spirits1 ( matt]1 & ( man1 :o is at ! conf9es ( matt] & _s--9 o!r words1 ( all f9ite ?+s1 visible & invisible4 #gga4 ,summ>y ( ! ,second ,article3 8,& 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,8 only ,son1 our ,"l40--7a7 8,jesus10 a "n giv5 by comm& ( ,god & mean+ 8,savi\r02 7b7 8,*ri/10 i4e41 8! ano9t$10 because ,he 0 ,k+1 ,prie/1 & ,prophet2 7c7 8,8 only ,son10 i4e41 born ( ! ,fa!r be=e all ages1 ,god ( ,god1 ,light ( ,light1 true ,god ( true ,god1 begott5 n made1 consub/antial ) ! ,fa!r1 by :om all ?+s 7 made2 7d7 8our ,"l10 = z ,god ,he %>es all ! p]fections ( ! div9e nature1 z man ,he has r$eem$ u & ?us des]v$ly acquir$ ! title ( ,"l ov] u1 :ile z ! ,god-man ,he is ! ,"l ( all creat$ ?+s4 ,x %\ld be not$ t !re is no?+ imp]fect or c>nal 9 ! g5]ation ( ! ,son1 or 9 ! procession ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 = ,god is a _s & all-p]fect4 #ggb4 ,summ>y ( ! ,?ird ,article3 8,:o 0 conceiv$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 born ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y40--7a7 8,:o 0 conceiv$40 ,! ,only-begott5 ,son1 ! second ,p]son ( ! ,tr9ity1 = u m5 & = our salvation1 became inc>nate & 0 made man4 ,?us1 ! same ,div9e ,p]son is 9 bo? ! div9e & human natures1 & ! union pres]ves ! prop]ties & ! actions ( bo? natures4 7b7 8,by ! ,holy ,gho/40 ,at ! mom5t :5 ,m>y cons5t$ to ! ann\ncem5t ( ! angel1 ! body ( ,*ri/ 0 =m$ 9 h] womb f h] fle%1 ! rational s\l 0 infus$1 & ! div9e & human natures 7 unit$ 9 ! ,p]son ( ! ,^w4 ,?us1 ,m>y is truly ! ,"m ( ,god4 ,?is conception 0 miracul\s1 accompli%$ )\t ! aid ( man1 ?r\gh ! sole op]ation ( ! ?ree ,p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,be+ an ext]nal "w ( ,god 9 :i* love t[>ds u is especially manife/$1 ! ,inc>nation is attribut$ to ! ,holy ,gho/1 :o 9 ! int]nal life ( ! ,deity proce$s z ! mutual love ( ,fa!r & ,son4 7c7 8,born ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y40 ,m>y 0 ev] a virg91 be=e1 dur+1 & aft] *ildbir?2 immaculate & holy 9 s\l2 ! spiritual ,"m ( :om ,*ri/ians are born 9 hol9ess4 #ggc4 ,summ>y ( ! ,f\r? ,article3 8,suff]$ "u ,pontius ,pilate1 0 crucifi$1 dead & buri$40--7a7 ,! effect ( t :i* is conta9$ 9 ?is article is express$ 9 ! words ( ! ,nic5e ,cre$1 8= u40 ,! passion & dea? ( ,*ri/1 will$ by ,himself1 accompli%$ our salvation1 z satisfaction1 sacrifice & r$emption2 7b7 ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is 0 br\ght ab\t is decl>$ 9 ! words above quot$4 ,9 ,8 human nature ,*ri/ suff]$ agony & pa9 ( body2 ,he 0 s5t5c$ to dea? by ! ,roman gov]nor & nail$ to ! cross4 ,8 s\l & body 7 sep>at$ 9 dea?1 al?\gh ! ,div9ity nev] dep>t$ f ei!r1 & ,8 dead body 0 laid 9 ! tomb4 #ggd4 ,summ>y ( ! ,fif? ,article3 8,he desc5d$ into hell2 ! ?ird day ,he rose aga9 f ! dead40--7a7 8,he desc5d$40 ,aft] ,8 dea? ! s\l ( ,*ri/ w5t to ! abode ( ! dep>t$1 to lib]ate ^? :o 7 !re4 7b7 8,into hell40 ,! "n hell is appli$ 9 a wide s5se to all ^? secret abodes 9 :i* are deta9$ ! s\ls ( ^? :o h n obta9$ ! happ9ess ( heav5--viz41 ! hell ( ! damn$1 9 :i* ! imp5it5t suff] et]nal pa9 ( loss & s5se2 purgatory1 9 :i* ! s\ls ( j m5 are cleans$ by tempor>y puni%m5ts2 limbo1 :]e ! fa!rs ( ! ,old ,te/am5t await$ 9 peaceful repose ! com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,x 0 ?is la/ abode into :i* ! s\l ( ,*ri/ ent]$4 7c7 8,! ?ird day0--i4e41 on ,sunday morn+1 ! ?ird day aft] ,8 burial4 7d7 8,he rose aga940 ,z ,he _h laid d[n ,8 life by ,8 own p[]1 s ,he took x up aga9 by ,8 own p[]4 7e7 8,f ! dead40 ,*ri/ n only return$ to life1 ,he also conqu]$ dea?2 ,he rose to die no m1 & ?us ,he is fir/ 9 ! f9al resurrection4 7f7 8,accord+ to ! scriptures40 ,^! words are add$ 9 ! ,cre$ ( ,con/ant9ople1 to call att5tion to ! fact t ! resurrection is ! atte/ation ( ! tru? ( our ,"l's claims & doctr9e 7,i ,cor41 xv4 #ad1 #ag2 ,matt41 xii4 #ci1 #dj74 #gge4 ,summ>y ( ! ,six? ,article3 8,he asc5d$ into heav51 sitte? at ! "r h& ( ,god1 ! ,fa!r almighty40--7a7 8,he asc5d$40 ,by ,8 own p[] z ,god & man ,*ri/ asc5d$ into heav54 7b7 8,into heav540 ,z ,god1 ,he nev] =sook heav51 ! ,div9ity be+ omnipres5t2 b z man1 body & s\l1 ,he asc5d$ to ! abode ( glory =ty days aft] ! resurrection4 7c7 8,sitte? at ! "r h& ( ,god ! ,fa!r ,almighty40 ,*ri/ is said to /& at ! "r h& ( ,god1 inasmu* z ,he is our ,m$iator ) ! ,fa!r 7,acts1 vii4 #ee2 ,heb41 vii4 #be2 ,john1 xiv4 #b72 ,he is said to sit at ! "r h& ( ! ,fa!r to express ! p]man5t possession ( royal & supreme p[] & glory 7,eph41 i4 #bj-bb2 ,heb41 i4 #ac74 #ggf4 ,summ>y ( ! ,sev5? ,article3 8,f !nce ,he %all come to judge ! liv+ & ! dead40--,!re is a p>ticul> judgm5t at dea?2 at ! end ( ! ,_w1 ( :i* ! "t is unc]ta91 !re w be a g5]al judgm5t1 bo? ( ! liv+ & ! dead4 ,*ri/ w come a second "t1 & z ,judge w pass s5t5ce ei!r ( et]nal loss & pa9 or ( et]nal happ9ess4 #ggg4 ,summ>y ( ! ,eigh? ,article3 8,i believe 9 ! ,holy ,gho/40--,! ,?ird ,p]son ( ! ,tr9ity is equal to ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 proce$s f !m bo? z _! mutual love1 & is spok5 (1 !re=e1 by appropriation1 z ! ,au?or ( works ( grace & sanctification1 9 :i* especially ! *>ity ( ,god is manife/$3 8,! ,holy ,gho/1 ! ,"l & ,giv] ( life1 :o proce$e? f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 :o toge!r ) ! ,fa!r & ! ,son is ador$ & glorifi$1 :o spoke by ! prophets0 7,cre$ ( ,con/ant9ople74 #ggh4 ,summ>y ( ! ,n9? ,article3 8,i believe ! ,holy ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 ! ,communion ( ,sa9ts40--7a7 ,! ,*ur* p]ta9s to ! mat]ial1 n ! =mal object ( div9e fai? 7see #ged71 & h5ce x is n said3 8,i believe 9 ! ,*ur*40 ,we believe ( ! ,*ur* t %e is ! visible society made up ( ! fai?ful scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 call$ also ! h\se ( ,god 7,i ,tim41 iii4 #ae71 ! flock ( ,*ri/1 ! sp\se ( ,*ri/ 7,,ii ,cor41 xi4 #b71 ! body ( ,*ri/ 7,eph41 i4 #bc2 ,col41 i4 #bd72 t besides ! ,*ur* militant on e>?1 compos$ ( bo? ! good & ! bad1 & outside ( :i* are unbeliev]s & ! excommunicat$1 !re is ! ,*ur* triumphant 9 heav5 & ! ,*ur* suff]+ 9 purgatory2 t !re are f\r m>ks by :i* ! true ,*ur* may be recogniz$--viz41 t %e is "o1 holy1 ,ca?olic1 & ,apo/olic2 t %e is div9e 9 h] orig9 & possesses div9ely giv5 p[]s4 7b7 8,! ,communion ( ,sa9ts40 ,! memb]s ( ! ,*ur* h diff]5t (fices1 b !re is among !m a community ( spiritual goods1 ! ,sacram5ts be+ a bond ( union1 & ea* "o pr(it+ accord+ to 8 condition 9 ! good works done by o!rs1 ,! ,*ur* suff]+ is assi/$ by our suffrages1 :ile we 9 turn are help$ by ! int]cessions ( ! ,*ur* triumphant4 #ggi4 ,summ>y ( ! ,t5? ,article3 8,! =giv5ess ( s9s40--,god =gives all s9s1 :5 !y are truly rep5t$ (1 ei!r ?r\gh ,baptism 79 case ( s9s be=e ,baptism7 or ?r\gh ! due ex]cise ( ! p[] ( ! keys giv5 ! ,*ur* 79 case ( s9s aft] ,baptism74 ,v5ial s9s may be =giv5 by private rep5tance4 #ghj4 ,summ>y ( ! ,elev5? ,article3 8,! resurrection ( ! body40--,! s\l is immortal1 ! body mortal4 ,b at ! end ( ! _w ! bodies ( all ! dead1 ev5 ?\gh corrupt$1 %all be re/or$ & reunit$ ) _! pr9ciple ( life--i4e41 ! s\l to :i* !y belong$4 ,sub/antially1 ! ris5 body w be id5tical ) ! mortal body1 b x w h c]ta9 new qualities correspond+ to its new /ate4 #gha4 ,summ>y ( ! ,twelf? ,article3 8,life ev]la/+40--,^? :o die 9 ! fri5d%ip ( ,god w be receiv$ into un5d+ happ9ess1 9 :i* !y w be exempt$ f all evil & enjoy ! beatific vision & o!r div9e gifts4 #ghb4 ,! ,acts ( ,fai?4--,accord+ to ,/4 ,paul1 !re are two acts ( fai?1 "o int]nal1 ! o!r ext]nal3 8,) ! he>t we believe unto ju/ice1 b ) ! m\? confession is made unto salvation0 7,rom41 x4 #aj74 7a7 ,! int]nal act ( fai? is ! firm & con/ant judgm5t ( ! intellect ass5t+ to div9e revelation 7,,ii ,cor41 x4 #e71 b freely & "u ! comm& ( ! w 7,m>k1 xvi4 #af71 be+ mov$ !reto by div9e grace 7,eph41 ii4 #e74 7b7 ,! ext]nal act ( fai? is ! pr(ession be=e ! _w by signs1 su* z words or de$s1 ( ! int]nal ass5t giv5 to div9e revelation4 #ghc4 ,! int]nal act ( fai? is "o1 b x has a ?reefold relation%ip3 7a7 x believes ab\t ,god1 if we consid] ! intellect z ass5t+ to ! mat]ial object2 7b7 x believes ,god1 if we consid] ! intellect z ass5t+ to ! =mal object2 7c7 x believes 9 ,god1 if we consid] ! w z mov+ ! intellect to ass5t1 & t5d+ t[>ds ,god z ! ,la/ ,end4 #ghd4 ,! tru?s to :i* ! ass5t ( fai? is giv5 are ei!r sup]natural or natural4 7a7 ,sup]natural tru?s or my/]ies 7e4g41 ! ,tr9ity ( ,p]sons 9 ,god7 are reveal$ = fai?1 t man may "k1 desire & "w = ! sup]natural de/9y to :i* he has be5 rais$4 7b7 ,natural tru?s 7e4g41 ! ,on5ess ( ,god7 are reveal$ = fai?1 s t mank9d may obta9 m quickly1 m g5]ally1 & m c]ta9ly ! k ( div9e ?+s :i* reason c af=d4 ,x is impossible1 h[ev]1 t an act ( fai? & an act ( k %\ld coexi/ 9 ! same individual ab\t ! same tru?1 = fai? is ( ?+s t appe> n4 #ghe4 ,! act ( fai? is a necess>y prelim9>y to o!r sup]natural acts1 = we d n t5d t[>ds ! sup]natural1 unless we fir/ accept x by belief2 h5ce1 fai? is necess>y4 ,b ! act ( fai? may also be made aft] o!r sup]natural acts1 l ^? ( hope & *>ity2 & s x may be m]itori\s4 7a7 ,! act ( fai? is necess>y1 bo? z a means & z a precept 7see #cfj74 ,! necessity ( means w be treat$ n[1 ! necessity ( precept lat]1 :5 we speak ( ! comm&m5ts ( fai? 7see #iac sqq474 7b7 ,! act ( fai? be=e ju/ification is m]itori\s congru\sly & 9 a wide s5se2 b aft] ju/ification x has condign m]it 7see #aaj74 #ghf4 ,= all adults ! act ( fai? is necess>y = salvation z a necessity ( means 7see #cfj71 = ! ,apo/le says3 8,)\t fai? x is impossible to please ,god0 7,heb41 xi4 #f74 ,! tru?s :i* mu/ be believ$ "u necessity ( means are ( two k9ds4 7a7 ,"o mu/ believe ) implicit fai? all reveal$ tru?s :i* "o does n "k & is n b\nd to "k4 ,an act ( implicit fai? is conta9$ 9 ! =mula3 8,o my ,god1 ,i firmly believe all ! tru?s ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* tea*es1 because ,?\ ha/ reveal$ !m40 7b7 ,"o mu/ believe ) explicit fai? all ! tru?s :i* "o is b\nd to "k4 ,an act ( explicit fai? 9 all ! tru?s necess>y by necessity ( means is conta9$ 9 ! ,apo/les' ,cre$4 ,o!r tru?s t mu/ be explicitly believ$ on acc\nt ( a necessity ( precept w be discuss$ 9 #iah1 #ibj4 #ghg4 ,:at specifically are ! tru?s j ref]r$ to t all are b\nd to "k z a necess>y means8 7a7 ,!ologians g5]ally agree t x has always be5 necess>y = adults to "k & accept two basic my/]ies--,god's exi/5ce1 z ! sup]natural ,end or happ9ess ( man1 & ,8 provid5ce z ex]cis$ 9 supply+ ! means necess>y = sup]natural salvation 7see #gfh74 ,)\t su* belief1 sup]natural hope & *>ity1 at all times necess>y1 are impossible4 7b7 ,a majority ( !ologians hold1 & ) great] probability x seems1 t s9ce ! promulgation ( ! ,gospel x is necess>y = adults to "k & accept ! two basic my/]ies ( ,*risitanity-- viz41 t 9 ,god1 :o is our beatitude1 !re are ?ree p]sons 7! ,tr9ity71 & t ! way to our beatitude is ?r\gh ,*ri/ our ,r$eem] 7! ,inc>nation74 #ghh4 ,ev5 be=e ! ,gospel1 x 0 always necess>y z a means t "o believe explicitly 9 ,god z our sup]natural happ9ess & z ! provid] ( ! means !reto4 ,?us1 ! ,apo/le1 speak+ ( ! anci5t patri>*s1 says3 8,he t come? to ,god1 mu/ believe t ,he is1 & is a rew>d] to !m t seek ,him0 7,heb41 xi4 #f74 ,he t w\ld come to ,god 7i4e41 be sav$71 mu/ believe 9 ,god z ! ,au?or ( glory & ( grace4 ,h5ce1 "o mu/ believe3 7a7 t ,god exi/s1 :o is n a%am$ to be call$ our ,god1 & :o prep>es = u a bett]1 t is1 a heav5ly c\ntry 7,heb41 xi4 #f72 7b7 t ,god is a remun]ator1 f :om mu/ be expect$ ! work+ out ( ,8 promises & ! helps to atta9 ! rew>d1 z well z ! met+ out ( ju/ice4 ,9 ?is fai? is includ$ implicitly a fai? 9 ,*ri/1 & ?us 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t a belief1 at lea/ implicit1 9 ! ,messiah to come 0 always necess>y3 8,man is n ju/ifi$ by ! works ( ! law1 b by ! fai? ( ,jesus ,*ri/0 7,gal41 ii4 #af74 #ghi4 ,s9ce ! promulgation ( ! ,gospel 7see #cdb1 #ced71 x is also necess>y z a means t "o believe explicitly 9 ! my/]ies ( ! ,tr9ity & ,inc>nation4 ,= he :o does n accept ^!1 does n accept ! ,gospel1 :]eas ,*ri/ says3 8,g ye into ! :ole _w1 & prea* ! ,gospel to e creature4 ,he t believe? n %all be condemn$0 7,m>k1 xvi4 #ae1 #af74 7a7 ,!oretically1 ?is op9ion seems m probable ?an ! opposite op9ion2 b *iefly on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ab\t negative infidels1 :i* is discuss$ 9 dogmatic treatises on ,pr$e/9ation & ,grace1 _m !ologians ei!r reject x 7e4g41 ^? :o say t belief 9 ! two great ,*ri/ian my/]ies is necess>y only z a precept1 or t implicit fai? suffices71 or modify x 7e4g41 ^? :o say t belief 9 ^! two my/]ies is n necess>y z a means = ju/ification1 b only = glorification1 & ^? :o say t regul>ly su* fai? is a necess>y means1 b t an exception is all[$ = inv9cible ignorance1 or = ! insuffici5t promulgation ( ! ,gospel 9 _m regions74 7b7 ,practically1 ?is op9ion is saf]1 & h5ce all !ologians1 ev5 ,probabili/s1 hold t "o mu/ act z if x 7 true & c]ta91 :5ev] x is possible to give in/ruction on ! ,tr9ity & ,inc>nation4 #gij4 ,k ab\t ! my/]ies ( fai? is ei!r sub/antial 7by :i* "o kn[s ! ess5tials ( a my/]y7 or sci5tific 7by :i* "o kn[s also its circum/ances & details1 & is able to give a m pr(\nd explanation ( x74 ,sci5tific k is requir$1 on acc\nt ( _! (fice1 9 ^? :o are b\nd to tea* ! fai?1 b sub/antial k suffices = salvation4 ,h5ce1 = an adult to be sav$1 x suffices t he h ! foll[+ k9d ( k ab\t ! f\r great my/]ies3 7a7 ,!re is a ,god :o has spok5 to u1 promis+ freely t ,he w take u to ,himself z our rew>d4 ,x is n necess>y t "o und]/& su* !ological concepts z ! ess5ce ( deity1 ! def9ition ( sup]naturality1 ! =mal & mat]ial objects ( beatitude1 etc42 = _m p]sons are incapable ( und]/&+ !m4 7b7 ,?is ,god1 :o w be our rew>d1 is "o1 b !re are ?ree div9e ,p]sons--! ,fa!r1 ! ,son & ! ,holy ,gho/1 really di/9ct & equal4 ,x is n necess>y t "o und]/& ! di/9ction betwe5 nature & p]son1 nor subtle que/ions ab\t ! processions & prop]ties4 7c7 ,god provides = u1 giv+ u ! helps we ne$1 & also1 if we s]ve ,him1 ! rew>d ,he has promis$4 ,x is n necess>y t "o und]/& ! !ology ( provid5ce1 grace1 & m]it4 7d7 ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o is ,god ! ,son1 became man1 suff]$ & di$ = u1 ?us sav+ u f s9 & w9n+ back = u ! "r to heav54 ,x is n necess>y t "o und]/& sci5tifically t 9 ,*ri/ !re are two natures unit$ hypo/atically 9 ! "o ,p]son ( ! ,^w4 #gia4 ,s9ce ,baptism is fruitless )\t due fai? 9 ! recipi5t1 x is n lawful z a rule to baptize ^? :o lack sub/antial k ( ! f\r my/]ies j m5tion$4 7a7 ,outside ( dang] ( dea?1 x is nev] lawful to baptize a p]son1 adult 9 m9d1 :o is 9 sub/antial ignorance ( any ( ^! f\r my/]ies4 ,su* a p]son mu/ fir/ receive in/ruction4 7b7 ,9 dang] ( dea?1 :5 in/ruction _c be giv51 an adult 9 sub/antial ignorance ab\t ! ,tr9ity & ! ,inc>nation may be baptiz$ conditionally2 = x is probable t explicit k ( ^? two my/]ies is n a necessity ( means 7see #ghi2 ,canon #geb1 ,sec4#b74 #gib4 ,s9ce absolution is invalid if ! p]son absolv$ is incapable ( receiv+ grace1 & s9ce acts ( fai? 9 ! f\r *ief my/]ies are an ess5tial means to ju/ification 9 adults1 absolution giv5 to "o :o is 9 sub/antial ignorance ab\t "o ( ! f\r my/]ies above m5tion$ is c]ta9ly or probably invalid1 z ! case may be4 ,absolution c]ta9ly invalid is nev] lawful1 b absolution probably valid may 9 c]ta9 cases be reg>d$ z lawful be=e adm9i/ration1 & z valid aft] adm9i/ration4 ,h5ce1 ! foll[+ cases mu/ be di/+ui%$3 7a7 ,outside ( dang] ( dea?1 x is n lawful to absolve "o :o is 9 sub/antial ignorance ab\t any ( ^? f\r my/]ies4 ,su* a p]son %\ld be s5t away = fur!r in/ruction1 or giv5 a brief in/ruction !n & !re1 if !re is "t4 7b7 ,9 dang] ( dea?1 :5 in/ruction _c be giv51 an adult 9 sub/antial ignorance ab\t ! ,tr9ity & ,inc>nation may be absolv$ conditionally1 = ! reason giv5 9 ! simil> case ( ,baptism4 7c7 ,aft] ! fact1 absolution giv5 to "o :o 0 9 sub/antial ignorance ( ! ,tr9ity & ,inc>nation1 may be reg>d$ z valid1 s9ce ! op9ion t explicit k ( ^! my/]ies is n a necess>y means1 is at lea/ probable4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ,probabilism a p5it5t :o made confessions ,:ile ignorant ( ^? two my/]ies is n oblig$ to repeat 8 confessions1 s9ce he has probably satisfi$ 8 obligation4 #gic4 ,9 ! foll[+ cases 7:i* w\ld be r>e1 x seems7 ,baptism or absolution _c be adm9i/]$1 ev5 to ! dy+ :o are unable to receive in/ruction3 7a7 :5 x is c]ta9 t ! dy+ p]son is sub/antially ignorant ab\t ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ! ,au?or ( grace & glory2 7b7 :5 x is c]ta9 t ! dy+ p]son is sub/antially ignorant ( ! ,tr9ity & ,inc>nation ?r\gh 8 own fault1 & is unwill+ to he> ab\t !m4 #gid4 ,practical rules = grant+ ! ,sacram5ts 9 case ( d\bt or urg5cy to ^? :o seem to be indispos$ on acc\nt ( sub/antial ignorance are ! foll[+3 7a7 ,9 dang] ( dea?1 :5 in/ruction is out ( ! "q1 if !re is d\bt ab\t 8 ignorance1 ! dy+ p]son %\ld be giv5 ! b5efit ( ! d\bt4 7b7 ,9 dang] ( dea?1 & :5 in/ruction is impossible1 if !re is d\bt ab\t ! m5tal ability ( ! dy+ p]son & 8 obligation to h explicit fai?1 he %\ld receive ! b5efit ( ! d\bt4 7c7 ,9 dang] ( dea? or o!r urg5t necessity1 :5 in/ruction is ne$$ & possible1 x %\ld be giv5 briefly z foll[s3 8,let u say ! act ( fai?3 ,i believe 9 "o ,god1 ! ,fa!r1 ,son & ,holy ,gho/1 :o has promis$ to take to ,himself aft] ?is life all ^? t love ,him1 & :o puni%es ! wick$4 ,i hope to h ! happ9ess ( be+ receiv$ into ,8 companion%ip ?r\gh ! help ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 :o became man & di$ = my salvation40 ,?is or a simil> in/ruction %\ld be giv5 by ! prie/ or lay p]son pres5t 9 baptiz+ an adult :o is ab\t to die4 ,:5 !re is n imm$iate dang] ( dea?1 a p]son :o is baptiz$ or absolv$ aft] %ort in/ruction on acc\nt ( em]g5cy1 %\ld be admoni%$ ( ! duty ( receiv+ full] in/ruction lat] on4 #gie4 ,fai? is ! free ex]cise ( ! free ass5t ( ! intellect to ! unse51 an acceptance ( obligations & tasks h>d to human nature4 ,x is1 !re=e1 an act ( homage to ! au?ority ( ,god1 & is m]itori\s3 8,by fai? ! anci5t patri>*s obta9$ ! promises0 7,heb41 xi4 #cc74 ,is ! fre$om & m]itori\sness ( ?is act ( fai? less5$ if "o seeks = o!r argum5ts ?an ! au?ority ( ,god 9 giv+ "o's ass5t to revelation8 7a7 ,! m]it ( ! act ( fai? is n less5$1 :5 "o seeks human argum5ts = ! ass5t ( cr$ibility :i* is prior to ! ass5t ( fai?2 = x is only ! "p ( prud5ce t "o %\ld fir/ assure oneself ( ! fact t a revelation has be5 made1 be=e "o ass5ts on fai? to ! doctr9es conta9$ 9 t revelation4 ,n[1 ! argum5ts by :i* "o assures oneself ( ! fact ( a revelation are human argum5ts1 su* z pro(s t revelation is possible & suitable1 t !re are miracles1 prophecies & o!r signs to gu>antee ! div9e mission ( ^? :o deliv]$ ! revelation1 etc4 7b7 ,! m]it ( ! act ( fai? is n less5$ if "o seeks human argum5ts = ! preambles ( fai?1 t is1 = ^? div9e tru?s t c be e/abli%$ by natural reason 7su* z ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ,8 inf9ite k & tru?fulness74 ,! p]son :o demon/rates ^! preambles by philosophical pro(s1 has k1 n belief1 ab\t !m2 b ! m]it ( fai? is n lo/1 if1 :ile kn[+ ^! tru?s1 he rema9s will+ to accept !m on ! au?ority ( revelation4 7c7 ,! m]it ( fai? is n less5$1 if "o seeks human argum5ts = ! my/]ies ( fai?1 t is1 = ^? tru?s ( revelation t are above human reason 7su* z ! ,tr9ity & ! ,inc>nation71 provid$ ^! argum5ts are s\ght n = ! demon/ration1 b = ! confirmation or def5se ( dogma4 ,nay1 a p]son ought1 9 s f> z he is able1 to use 8 reason 9 ! s]vice ( fai?1 & to d s is a sign1 n ( little1 b ( great fai?4 8,be ready always10 says ,/4 ,pet] 7,i ,pet]1 iii4 #ae71 8to satisfy ev]yone t aske? y a reason ( t hope :i* is 9 y40 ,& ,/4 ,anselm says3 8,x appe>s to me a sign ( c>elessness1 if1 hav+ be5 confirm$ 9 ! fai?1 we d n take pa9s to und]/& :at we believe40 ,/4 ,?omas writes3 8,:5 a man is will+ to believe1 he loves ! tru?1 m$itates ^u x1 & takes to he>t :atev] reasons he c f9d 9 support !re(2 & ) reg>d to ?is1 human reason does n exclude ! m]it ( fai?1 b is a sign ( great] m]it40 7d7 ,! m]it ( fai? is less5$ if "o seeks human argum5ts z ! =mal object1 t is1 z ! motive on :i* fai? is gr\nd$2 = !n "o does n wi% to believe1 or to believe s readily1 on ! ^w ( ,god alone1 b feels "o mu/ call 9 o!r te/imony to support x4 ,! attempt to und]/& my/]ies or to e/abli% !m by natural reason is oppos$ to ! humble ass5t ( fai?3 8,he t is a se>*] ( maje/y1 %all be ov]:elm$ by glory0 7,prov41 xxv4 #bg72 8,seek n ! ?+s t are too high = !e1 & se>* n into ?+s above ?y ability0 7,ecclus41 iii4 #bb72 8,fai? loses its m]it1 if x is put to ! te/ ( reason0 7,/4 ,gregory ! ,great1 ,hom4 xxvi74 #gif4 ,besides ! int]nal act ( acceptance ( reveal$ tru?1 fai? has also ext]nal acts4 7a7 ,x comm&s ! ext]nal acts ( ! o!r virtues1 t is1 acts direct$ to ! specific ends ( ^? virtues4 ,h5ce1 "o :o fa/s ex]cises an ext]nal act ( ! virtue ( temp]ance1 b x is 8 fai? 9 ! virtue t comm&s ! fa/4 7b7 ,fai? elicits ! ext]nal act ( pr(ession ( fai? z its own prop] ext]nal act direct$ to its own specific end3 8,i believ$1 = :i* cause ,i h spok50 7,ps4 cxv4 #aj2 ,,ii ,cor41 iv4 #ac74 ,ext]nal pr(ession ( fai?1 !re=e1 is n an act proce$+ f fai?2 x is an act ( fai?4 ,! necessity ( ?is act w be consid]$ bel[ 9 ! article ab\t ! comm&m5ts ( fai?4 #gig4 ,! ,habit ( ,fai?4--,fai? is n only an act t passes1 b x is also a p]man5t quality or habit conf]r$ by ,god1 "o ( ! 8mo/ great & p]fect promises0 :i* man mu/ make use ( 7,,ii ,pet]1 i4 #c sqq471 a *>ism t is n = a "t b = all ?is life1 j l hope & *>ity 7,i ,cor41 xiii4 #ac74 ,god1 :o does all ?+s sweetly 7,wis41 viii4 #a71 & :o has provid$ = ,8 natural creatures int]nal p[]s by :i* !y incl9e & move !mselves t[>ds ! ends ( _! activities1 has n done less = ^? :om ,he moves to a sup]natural de/9y2 &1 9 ju/ify+ ! s9n]1 ,he infuses along ) grace ! sup]natural virtues ( fai?1 hope & *>ity 7,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 ,sess4 ,,vi1 ,cap4 #f74 #gih4 ,! virtue ( fai? is ?us def9$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,vatican3 8,fai? is a sup]natural virtue1 by :i*1 ) ! help ( ,god's grace1 we believe ! tru?s reveal$ by ,him1 n on acc\nt ( an intr9sic evid5ce ( ! tru?s !mselves1 p]ceiv$ by natural reason1 b on acc\nt ( ! au?ority ( ,god :o reveal$ !m40 #gii4 ,h5ce1 ! virtue ( fai? has ! foll[+ prop]ties3 7a7 ,x is sup]natural1 n only because its object & motive are sup]natural1 b because x proce$s f a sup]natural pr9ciple1 i4e41 grace 7,john1 vi1 #bi2 ,eph41 ii4 #h74 7b7 ,x is obscure1 because ! believ] ass5ts to t :i* has no intr9sic evid5ce = him4 ,he does n see its tru? z ! bless$ see ,god1 = 8we see n[ ?r\gh a glass 9 a d>k mann]1 b !n face to face0 7,i ,cor41 xiii4 #ab74 ,he does n "k its tru? z he kn[s evid5t or naturally demon/rat$ propositions1 = fai? is ab\t tru?s t surpass reason--?+s 8t appe> n40 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 does n mean t fai? is n rightly call$ a new light add$ to ! m9d1 & t ! motives :i* call = ! acceptance ( fai? are n evid5tly cr$ible4 7c7 ,x is free1 because1 al?\gh "o _c diss5t f t :i* is evid5t intr9sically 7e4g41 t two & two make f\r71 "o is able to diss5t f t :i* is obscure4 7d7 ,x is n a process ( reason+1 b a simple act ( ass5t1 9 :i* "o accepts at ! same "t ! au?ority ( ! ,reveal] & ! tru? ( ,8 revelation4 8,jesus said to h] 7,m>?a73 ,i am ! resurrection & ! life 4444 ,believe/ ?\ ?is8 ,%e sai? to ,him3 ,yea1 ,"l1 ,i h believ$ t ,?\ art ! ,*ri/1 etc40 7,john1 xi4 #be-bg74 7e7 ,x is firm & un%ak5 9 a f> high] degree ?an ! ass5t ( und]/&+ & sci5ce1 s9ce x re/s on ! infallible au?ority ( ,god 7,i ,!ss41 ii4 #ac74 #hjj4 ,be=e ju/ification1 fai? exi/s1 x seems1 only z an act p]=m$ "u ! influ5ce ( actual or transitory grace4 ,aft] ! infusion ( habitual grace1 fai? is a habit or infus$ virtue4 ,b !re are two modes ( exi/5ce *>act]i/ic ( ?is "o habit1 & h5ce ! di/9ction ( liv+ & dead fai? 7,gal41 v4 #f2 ,james1 ii4 #bf74 7a7 ,liv+ fai? is t :i* is in=m$ or animat$ by *>ity4 ,?is latt] virtue is call$ ! s\l ( all ! o!r virtues1 inasmu* z x directs !m to _! supreme end1 div9e fri5d%ip1 & gives m]itori\s value to _! works4 ,all ^? h liv+ fai? :o jo9 to belief a life 9 agreem5t ) belief--t is1 ! /ate ( grace1 love ( ,god & good works4 7b7 ,dead fai? is t :i* is sep>at$ f *>ity4 ,x is a true virtue1 because x directs ! ass5t ( ! intellect to its prop] end2 b x is an imp]fect virtue1 because its acts are n direct$ to ! ,la/ ,end1 & are n m]itori\s ( et]nal life4 ,all ^? :o believe1 b :o d n live up to _! belief 9 matt]s ( importance1 :o neglect s]i\s duties to ,god or o!rs1 h dead fai?4 ,examples are ^? :o call !mselves ,ca?olics1 b neglect att5dance at *ur* & ! reception ( ! ,sacram5ts4 #hja4 ,^? :o h1 or :o _h fai?1 are ! foll[+3 7a7 ! ,angels 9 ! /ate ( probation & our fir/ p>5ts 9 ,p>adise1 = fai? is necess>y z a means 9 e condition %ort ( ! beatific vision 7see #ghe1 #aeh72 7b7 ^? 9 ?is life :o are 9 ! fri5d%ip ( ,god1 & also ^? believ]s :o are n 9 ! fri5d%ip ( ,god1 ! =m] hav+ liv+1 & ! latt] dead fai? 7see #hjj72 7c7 ! s\ls 9 purgatory1 ! anci5t patri>*s 9 limbo4 #hjb4 ,^? :o h n fai? are ! foll[+3 7a7 ^? :o h vision ( ! tru?s ( fai?1 t is1 ! ,sa9ts 9 heav5 & ,*ri/ :ile on e>? 7,i ,cor41 xiii4 #aj72 7b7 ^? :o reject ob/9ately ev5 "o doctr9e ( fai?1 =1 if individual judgm5t is put above ! au?ority ( ,god ev5 9 "o po9t1 ! motive or key/one ( fai?1 & !re=e fai? itself1 is no long] ass5t$ to2 7c7 ! lo/1 =1 be+ cut (f entirely f grace1 ^! possess no virtue infus$ by ,god4 8,! devils believe & tremble0 7,james1 ii4 #ai71 b _! belief is n sup]natural or free1 b natural & unwill+4 #hjc4 ,( ^? :o h fai?1 "s h great]1 & "s less fai?4 ,?us1 our ,"l reprov$ ,/4 ,pet] = 8 little fai? 7,matt41 xiv4 #ca71 & prais$ ! ,woman ( ,canaan = h] great fai? 7,matt41 xv4 #bh74 ,b s9ce all are oblig$ to h supreme confid5ce 9 ,god & to accept all ,he tea*es1 h[ is !re room = diff]5t degrees ( fai?8 7a7 ,fai? mu/ be supreme appreciatively1 t is1 all mu/ put ! =mal object ( fai?1 ! motive ( its ass5t1 above e o!r motive ( ass5t1 = ! ,fir/ ,tru? speak+ des]ves m adh]5ce ?an any o!r au?ority4 ,9 ?is respect1 !re=e1 & 9 ! exclusion ( e d\bt1 ! fai? ( all is equal4 ,b fai? ne$ n be supreme int5sively1 t is1 x is n requir$ t ! intellect %\ld feel ! ass5t ( fai? m ?an ! ass5t giv5 to natural tru?1 or t ! w mu/ exp]i5ce ! highe/ alacrity1 devotion & confid5ce2 = ! tru?s t are ne>] to u move u m vehem5tly ?an d high] & invisible tru?s4 ,h5ce1 9 ?is respect ! fai? ( "o may be m firm or f]v5t ?an ! fai? ( ano!r1 accord+ z "o is m *ildlike1 m lov+1 m int5se 9 8 acceptance ( ,god's ,^w ?an ano!r4 7b7 ,fai? mu/ be univ]sal1 t is1 we mu/ accept ! entire mat]ial object ( revelation1 & none may pick & *oose accord+ to 8 likes or fancies1 = all ( revelation has ,god = its ,au?or4 ,9 ?is respect ! fai? ( all is equal1 all believ]s accept+ twelve articles1 :ile ^? :o accept elev5 or six or "o or none1 are n believ]s4 ,b fai? ne$ n be explicit z to all its doctr9es1 & h5ce1 :ile "o believ] :o is n ?or\ghly in/ruct$ may "k only ! twelve articles ( ! ,cre$1 ano!r believ] :o is bett] in/ruct$ may "k ! hundr$s ( o!r tru?s t are conta9$ 9 ! articles4 ,9 ?is way ! fai? ( "o is great] ext5sively4 #hjd4 ,c fai? gr[ or decl9e 9 ! same p]son8 7a7 ,if !re is "q ( acts ( fai?1 ! lat] acts c be m or less firm or f]v5t ?an ^? t prec$$1 9 ! way expla9$ 9 ! previ\s p>agraph4 ,9 ?is s5se we may und]/& ! ,apo/les to h ask$ ( our ,"l a high] degree ( fai?1 t !y might "w miracles 9 ,8 "n 7,luke1 xvii4 #e74 7b7 ,if !re is "q ( ! habit ( fai?1 x itself is increas$ at e increase ( sanctify+ grace 7see #gde74 ,/4 ,paul writes to ! ,cor9?ians 7,,ii ,cor41 x4 #ae7 t he has hope ( _! 8increas+ fai?40 ,moreov]1 by repeat$ acts ( fai? ! ease & delight ) :i* ! habit is ex]cis$ increases1 z is ! case ) acquir$ habits4 ,b ! habit ( fai? is n dim9i%$ directly z 0 expla9$ reg>d+ ! infus$ virtues 9 g5]al 7see #gde74 #hje4 ,! means ( gr[+ 9 fai? are3 7a7 pray] to ! ,fa!r ( lights3 8,"l1 increase our fai?0 7,luke1 xvii4 #e72 7b7 read+ ( ! scriptures1 ! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts & o!r simil> works1 & att5dance at spiritual in/ructions2 7c7 frequ5t acts ( fai? 9 ! _w we see n & its com+ rew>ds2 7d7 ex]cise ( fai?1 by direct+ our ?\ghts1 words1 & actions accord+ to ! tea*+ ( fai?1 r ?an accord+ to ! maxims ( ! _w2 = 8! j man live? by fai?0 7,heb41 x4 #ch71 & 8fai? )\t works is dead0 7,james1 ii4 #bj74 #hjf4 ,! cause ( fai? is ,god4 7a7 ,x is ,god :o directly ?r\gh revelation1 or indirectly ?r\gh ! ,*ur*1 ! evangeli/s1 prea*]s1 etc41 8br+s ! message be=e man0 7,rom41 x4 #ae72 7b7 x is ,god :o 8causes ! m9d ( man to ass5t0 to ,8 message4 ,no matt] h[ p]suasive ! tea*] or h[ well dispos$ or le>n$ ! he>] may be1 fai? w n come unless ! light ( grace leads ! way 7,eph41 ii4 #h74 #hjg4 ,! effects ( fai? are fe> ( ,god & purification ( ! he>t4 7a7 ,dead fai? causes "o to fe> ! p5alties ( div9e ju/ice1 t is1 to h s]vile fe> 7,james1 ii4 #ai73 liv+ fai? causes "o to fe> s9 itself1 t is1 to h filial fe>4 7b7 ,fai?1 by elevat+ man to high] ?+s1 purifies 8 s\l f ! defilem5ts ( l[] ?+s 7,acts1 xv4 #i73 if fai? is dead1 x at lea/ purifies ! intellect f error2 if x is liv+1 x also purifies ! w f evil4 #hjh4 ,! ,gifts ( ,und]/&+ & ,k4--,z 0 said above 7see #aei71 ! ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are int5d$ z means = p]fect+ ! !ological virtues4 ,!re are two ,gifts t s]ve ! virtue ( fai?1 namely1 ! ,gifts ( ,und]/&+ & ,k4 7a7 ,fai?1 be+ ass5t1 mu/ h a "r idea ( :at is propos$ = acceptance2 b1 z x is obscure 7see #gii71 & z !re are ?+s ap>t f fai? t may corrupt our notion ( x1 ! ,gift ( ,und]/&+ is conf]r$1 a simple p]ception & div9e intuition ?r\gh :i* "o receives a correct notion ( ! my/]ies ( fai?4 7b7 ,fai?1 be+ ! />t+ po9t ( all sup]natural activities1 mu/ be ! norm by :i* we judge ( :at we %\ld ?9k & d 9 ! affairs ( life2 b1 z x is a simple act ( ass5t 7see #gii7 & z ! creatures ( ! _w are a temptation & a sn>e 7,wis41 xiv4 #aa71 ! ,gift ( ,k is giv51 ?r\gh :i* "o receives a correct judgm5t ab\t ! ?+s ( ?is _w4 ,^! !n take on a new & full] significance 9 ! light ( ! tea*+s ( fai?4 #hji4 ,! ,gift ( ,und]/&+ mu/ n be confus$ ) ! ,beatific ,vision4 7a7 ,a p]fect p5etration ( ! my/]ies1 :i* enables "o to p]ceive _! ess5ce & causes 7e4g41 ! h[ & ! :y ( ! ,tr9ity71 is giv5 by ! ,beatific ,vision2 b su* und]/&+ removes all obscurity1 & is !re=e insociable ) fai?4 7b7 ,an imp]fect p5etration ( ! tea*+s ( fai?1 :i* does n take away ! obscurity & my/]i\sness1 is giv5 by ! ,gift ( ,und]/&+1 & is !re=e sociable ) fai?4 ,! effects ( ?is ,gift are3 x di/+ui%es ! tru?s ( fai? f false doctr9es2 x conveys a cle> view ( ! cr$ibility ( ! my/]y ( fai? aga9/ all difficulties & objections2 x gives k ( ! sup]natural import ( ! second>y tru?s ( fai?1 t is1 ( ^? reveal$ happ5+s & facts t are n !mselves sup]natural 7,luke1 xxiv4 #cb72 x gives und]/&+ ( ! practical aspect ( a my/]y--= example1 t ! intratr9it>ian relations ( ! ,div9e ,p]sons are a model = ! regulation ( ! ,*ri/ian life1 9 k & love ( div9e ?+s4 #haj4 ,! ,gift ( ,k1 :i* l ! o!r ,gifts is _h by all ! j1 mu/ n be confus$ ) sacr$ k or !ology1 nor ) ! extraord9>y gifts ( infus$ k & ! *>ism ( k4 7a7 ,! ,gift ( ,k resembles !ology 9 t x reproduces objectively :at reason does :5 x argues f ! visible _w to ! invisible ,creator2 b1 :ile subjectively !ology is ! result ( /udy 9 :i* "o passes successively f premise to conclusion4 ,k is ! result ( a div9e light t may be f\nd ev5 9 ! illit]ate1 & x takes 9 at a glance all t is conta9$ 9 a process ( argum5tation4 ,?r\gh ?is ,gift ! wond]s ( nature1 ! ev5ts ( hi/ory1 ! argum5ts ( philosophy1 lead "o firmly & spontane\sly to ! ,la/ ,end & ! sup]natural realities ( fai?4 7b7 ,infus$ k may h = its object ?+s purely natural 7su* z tru?s ( philosophy & ! ability to speak =eign languages71 :ile ! ,gift ( ,k is conc]n$ only ) fai?1 judg+ :at is to be believ$ or done accord+ to fai?4 7c7 ,! *>ism ( k 7,i ,cor41 xii4 #h7 is a grace giv5 "o = ! b5efit ( o!rs1 by :i* "o is able to communicate to !m successfully ! tea*+s ( fai?2 ! ,gift ( ,k1 on ! contr>y1 proce$s f ! habit ( sanctify+ grace1 & is int5d$ = ! b5efit ( its recipi5t4 #haa4 ,to ea* ( ! ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ correspond ,beatitudes & ,fruits 7see #aei74 7a7 ,to ! ,gift ( ,und]/&+ corresponds ! ,six? ,beatitude3 8,bless$ are ! pure ( he>t1 = !y %all see ,god40 ,= by ,und]/&+ ! m9d is pure f wrong ideas ( tru?1 & sees t ,god is above all t ! intellect c compreh5d4 ,! two fruits t proce$ f ,und]/&+ are fai? 7i4e41 conviction ab\t reveal$ tru?7 & ultimately joy1 9 union ) ,god ?r\gh *>ity4 7b7 ,to ! ,gift ( ,k corresponds ! ,?ird ,beatitude3 8,bless$ are !y t m\rn1 = !y %all be com=t$40 ,= by ,k "o judges rightly ab\t creat$ ?+s1 grieves ov] ! wrong use made ( !m1 & is com=t$ :5 !y are turn$ to _! prop] end4 ,art4 #b3 ,,! ,,s9s ,,aga9/ ,,fai? 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,,ii-,,ii1 qq4 #aj-ae47 #hab4 ,! s9s aga9/ fai? c all be r$uc$ to f\r heads3 7a7 s9s ( unbelief 7see #hac-hhf71 :i* are oppos$ to ! int]nal act ( fai?2 7b7 s9s ( blasphemy 7see #hhg-ijc71 :i* are oppos$ to ! ext]nal act ( fai?2 7c7 s9s ( ignorance 7see #ijd-iaa71 :i* are oppos$ to ! ,gift ( ,k2 7d7 s9s ( bl9dness & dullness 7#iab71 :i* are oppos$ to ! ,gift ( ,und]/&+4 #hac4 ,! ,s9 ( ,unbelief4--,unbelief 9 g5]al is a want ( fai?4 ,x is ( two k9ds1 negative & positive4 7a7 ,negative unbelief is ! abs5ce ( fai? 9 a p]son :o has nev] he>d ( x at all1 or only insuffici5tly4 ,?us1 ! ,indians 9 ,am]ica be=e ! com+ ( ,*ri/ian mission>ies 7 negative unbeliev]s4 ,?is k9d ( unbelief is a puni%m5t1 s9ce x results f orig9al s92 b x is n a s9 itself1 & ^? :o die 9 negative unbelief are lo/1 n on acc\nt ( ?is1 b on acc\nt ( s9s aga9/ ! natural law 7,john1 xv4 #bb2 ,rom41 x4 #ad74 ,) ?is k9d ( unbelief we are n "h conc]n$4 7b7 ,positive unbelief is ! abs5ce ( fai? 9 "o :o has he>d x suffici5tly1 s t ! lack ( x is due to 8 own fault4 ,?is k9d ( unbelief is1 ( c\rse1 a s91 = x supposes t "o is act+ aga9/ ! light "o has receiv$4 #had4 ,positive unbelief is ei!r a refusal or a r5\ncem5t ( fai?4 7a7 ,ord9>y unbelief is a refusal ( fai?1 t is1 non-acceptance ( fai? by "o :o has nev] _h fai?2 7b7 apo/asy1 or des]tion1 is ! ab&onm5t ( fai? by "o :o =m]ly accept$ x4 ,?is is n a di/9ct k9d ( unbelief1 s9ce1 l ord9>y unbelief1 x has = its object or t]m ! d5ial ( reveal$ tru?2 b x is an aggravat+ circum/ance ( unbelief 7,,ii ,pet]1 ii4 #ba74 #hae4 ,! s9 ( unbelief is1 committ$ ei!r directly or indirectly4 7a7 ,x is committ$ directly1 :5 "o rejects :at p]ta9s to fai? 7its acts1 objects or motive72 7b7 x is committ$ indirectly1 :5 "o guiltily places oneself or o!rs 9 ! occasion or dang] ( unbelief4 ,! dang]s aga9/ fai? w be consid]$ aft] ! s9s ( unbelief 7see #hdh-hhf74 #haf4 ,direct s9s ( unbelief are ^? oppos$ to ! elem5ts t belong to ! nature ( fai? & t are conta9$ 9 its def9ition 7see #gea1 #gih74 7a7 ,oppos$ to ! act ( ass5t are s9s ( non-ass5t or diss5t 7see #hag-hci72 7b7 oppos$ to ! c]titude & firmness ( ass5t are s9s ( d\bt 7#hdj-hdf72 7c7 oppos$ to ! "r object ( fai? are s9s ( cr$ulity 7#hdg72 7d7 oppos$ to ! motive ( fai? is rationalism 7#hdg74 #hag4 ,s9s ( non-ass5t are ^? by :i* "o omits to make an act ( fai? :5 "o %\ld4 ,?is k9d ( s9 w be treat$ :5 we come to ! comm&m5ts ( fai? z to its int]nal & ext]nal acts 7see #ibe sqq47 #hah4 ,s9s ( diss5t are s9s ( commission1 & are ( two k9ds3 7a7 privative unbelief1 :i* is ! want ( fai? 9 "o :o has he>d ! fai? suffici5tly & %\ld realize ! obligation ( embrac+ x1 b :o refuses to believe1 al?\gh he makes no opposition to fai?2 7b7 contr>y unbelief1 :i* is ! want ( fai? 9 "o :o has he>d ! fai? & its motives ( cr$ibility suffici5tly to "k ! duty ( embrac+ x1 & :o n only refuses to believe1 b ev5 accepts ! errors oppos$ to fai?4 #hai4 ,:at is ! gravity ( s9s ( diss5t1 d\bt1 & rationalism8 7a7 ,f _! nature1 ^! s9s are always mortal1 = !y refuse to ,god ! homage ( ! intellect & w t is due ,him1 deprive man ( ! beg9n+ ( spiritual life1 & lead to et]nal condemnation 7,m>k1 xvi4 #af74 7b7 ,f _! circum/ances1 ^! & o!r s9s aga9/ fai? may be v5ial 7see #ahj-ahd74 ,?us1 if a man refuses to believe or accepts error1 n hav+ suffici5t k ( 8 obligation or n fully cons5t+ to ! s91 8 fault is v5ial subjectively or =mally4 #hbj4 ,are s9s aga9/ fai? m s]i\s ?an all o!r k9ds ( s98 7a7 ,f _! nature1 s9s aga9/ fai? are worse ?an s9s aga9/ ! moral virtues1 = ! =m] (f5d directly aga9/ ,god ,himself1 b n s ! latt]4 ,hatr$ ( ,god1 h[ev]1 is a great] s9 ?an s9s ( unbelief1 z w be %[n :5 we treat ( s9s aga9/ *>ity4 7b7 ,f _! circum/ances1 s9s aga9/ fai? may be less s]i\s ?an s9s aga9/ ! moral virtues4 ,example3 ,a v5ial s9 aga9/ fai? is less s]i\s ?an a mortal s9 aga9/ ju/ice4 #hba4 ,) reg>d to ! effect ( s9s aga9/ fai? on good acts x %\ld be not$3 7a7 an unbeliev] is able to p]=m works t are e?ically or naturally good 7,rom41 ii4 #ad71 & ! ,*ur* has condemn$ ! opposite tea*+ ( ,baius 7,d5z+]1 ,en*iridion1 n4 #ajbe74 7b7 an unbeliev] is n able to p]=m works t are sup]naturally good & m]itori\s 7see #aab74 #hbb4 ,contr>y unbelief 7see #hah71 :i* n only refuses to believe b also ass5ts to contr>y errors1 has ?ree degrees accord+ to ! great] or less numb] ( tru?s d5i$ or errors admitt$ 9 ^! ?ree degrees4 ,"s !ologians see diff]5t species ( unbelief1 :ile o!r !ologians reg>d !m z only accid5tal modes or circum/ances ( ! "o species ( s94 7a7 ,! mo/ ext5sive d5ial ( fai? is f\nd 9 infidelity1 :i* rejects bo? ,*ri/ & ,8 revelation4 ,to ?is =m ( unbelief belong a!ism1 agno/icism1 pan!ism1 paganism1 poly!ism1 animism1 & d5ials ( ,*ri/ & ,*ri/ianity4 ,! *ief religi\s bodies today t pr(ess su* errors are3 ,confucianism1 ,taoism & ,%9toism 7f\nd$ 9 ,*9a & ,japan71 :i* are poly!i/ic & practise idolatry & ance/or wor%ip2 ,brahmanism 7f\nd$ ab\t #ad c5turies be=e ,*ri/71 :i* is poly!i/ic or animi/ic3 ,buddhism 7f\nd$ #f? c5tury ,b4,c4 9 ,india71 :i* is poly!i/ic & practises idolatry2 ,zoroa/rianism 7f\nd$ 9 ,p]sia ab\t ! #g? c5tury ,b4,c471 :i* is duali/ic2 ,mohamm$anism 7f\nd$ 9 ,arabia 9 ! #f? c5tury ,a4,d471 :i* makes ,mohamm$ & 8 religion sup]ior to ,*ri/ & ,*ri/ianity1 & rejects ! ,tr9ity & ! ,inc>nation4 7b7 ,a less complete dep>ture f fai? is f\nd :5 ,*ri/ & ,8 revelation are accept$ z conta9$ 9 ! figures & prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b reject$ 9 _! fulfillm5t & developm5t 9 ,jesus & ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,?is is ! error ( ,judaism1 :i* today has ab\t #ae million adh]5ts4 7c7 ,a /ill small] degree ( rejection ( fai? exi/s :5 ,*ri/ is recogniz$ z lead] & tea*]1 b n all ( ,8 revelation is accept$4 ,?is k9d ( error is call$ h]esy1 & ^? bodies :i* pr(ess x are kn[n z sects4 ,! *ief h]esies 9 times pa/ 7 ,gno/icism & ,mani*eism 9 ! fir/ c5turies2 ,arianism & ,mac$onianism 9 ! f\r? c5tury2 ,ne/orianism1 ,monophysism & ,pelagianism 9 ! fif? c5tury2 ,mono!lism 9 ! sev5? c5tury2 ,iconoclasm 9 ! eigh? c5tury2 ,photianism 9 ! n9? c5tury2 ,albig5sianism 9 ! elev5? c5tury2 ,wald5sianism 9 ! twelf? c5tury2 ,wicliffism 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury2 ,hussism 9 ! fifte5? c5tury2 ,prote/antism 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ,mod]nism 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,today1 ! err+ ,*ri/ian gr\ps outside ! ,*ur* are ! ,ori5tals1 call$ ,or?odox1 & ! ,prote/ants4 #hbc4 ,s9ce error is n consi/5t1 false tea*+s are f\nd t accept all ! above-m5tion$ degrees ( unbelief1 or borr[ imp>tially f all4 7a7 ,indiff]5tism or ,latitud9>ianism holds t all =ms ( religion are equally true1 & t x makes no diff]5ce :e!r "o is ,buddhi/1 ,jew or ,*ri/ian4 ,9 a modifi$ =m1 ,indiff]5tism tea*es t any =m ( ,*ri/ian belief1 provid$ x suits ! incl9ations ( ! individual conc]n$1 may be foll[$1 & h5ce x is left to ea* "o to decide :e!r he pref]s ,ca?olicism or "o ( ! bodies ( ! ,or?odox ,*ur* or ( ,prote/antism4 ,_m :o pr(ess a d5om9ational cre$ or confession are ,indiff]5ti/s 9 belief4 7b7 ,syncretism holds t !re are tru?s 9 all sep>ate religions1 b t none ( !m has all ! tru?1 & h5ce t "o mu/ select :at is good f ea*1 reject+ ! evil4 ,?us1 ! ,judaiz]s ( ! fir/ c5tury borr[$ f ,judaism1 ! ,gno/ics & ,mani*eans f paganism1 :ile today ,freemasonry1 ,!osophy1 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce & ,spiritism accept1 along ) ! ,gospel1 anci5t pagan1 ,buddhi/ic1 ,brahmani/ic & ,mohamm$an !ories2 f9ally1 ,mormonism endeavors to unite *>act]i/ics ( ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t disp5sations4 ,9 a re/rict$ =m1 religi\s ,syncretism tea*es ! doctr9e ( ,pan-,*ri/ianism--t is1 t tru? is scatt]$ among ! v>i\s ,*ri/ian d5om9ations1 & t all %\ld conf$]ate z equals on ! basis ( m important doctr9es to be agre$ on by all4 #hbd4 ,:at is ! ord] ( gravity 9 unbelief1 z betwe5 infidelity1 ,judaism1 h]esy8 7a7 ,! gravity ( a s9 aga9/ fai? is to be det]m9$ prim>ily f ! subjective resi/ance made to fai?1 s t he s9s m aga9/ ! light to :om great] light 0 giv54 ,! s9 ( unbelief 9 "o :o has receiv$ ! ,gospel 7h]esy71 is great] ?an ! same s9 9 "o :o has accept$ only ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,judaism72 9 "o :o has receiv$ ! revelation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,judaism7 ! s9 ( unbelief is m s]i\s ?an ! same s9 9 "o :o has n receiv$ t revelation 7infidelity74 7b7 ,! gravity ( unbelief is measur$ second>ily f ! objective opposition ( error to tru?1 s t he is f>!r away f fai? :o is f>!r away f ,*ri/ & ! ,gospel4 ,?us1 a ,buddhi/ d5ies ,*ri/ian tru?s m radically ?an a ,jew1 & a ,jew m radically ?an a ,prote/ant4 ,h5ce1 ( ?ree apo/ates1 "o to ,prote/antism1 ano!r to ,judaism & a ?ird to ,buddhism1 ! second s9s m griev\sly ?an ! fir/1 ! ?ird m griev\sly ?an ! second4 #hbe4 ,if we leave out ( consid]ation ! radical tru? ( div9e revelation 7=mal object ( fai?71 x is possible t a h]etic1 9 spite ( 8 acceptance ( ,*ri/ & ! scriptures1 %\ld be f>!r away objectively f fai? ?an an infidel--t is1 t he %\ld d5y m reveal$ tru?s 7mat]ial objects ( fai?74 ,?us1 ! ,mani*eans call$ !mselves foll[]s & disciples ( ,*ri/1 b _! tea*+ on ,god conta9s m errors ?an does ! doctr9e ( _m pagans4 #hbf4 ,h]esy4--,h]esy is def9$ z 8an error manife/ly oppos$ to fai? & ass5t$ to ob/9ately by "o :o _h s9c]ely embrac$ ! fai? ( ,*ri/40 7a7 ,x is call$ 8error10 t is1 positive ass5t giv5 to error1 or diss5t f tru?4 ,h5ce1 ^? :o m]ely act or speak z if !y d n believe1 b :o int]nally d believe1 are n h]etics1 al?\gh 9 ! ext]nal =um !y may fall "u ! presumption ( h]esy4 ,simil>ly1 ^? :o h d\bts or difficulties 9 matt]s ( fai?1 b :o d n all[ ^! to sway _! judgm5t1 are n guilty ( h]esy1 s9ce !y give no positive ass5t to error 7see #hdb sqq474 ,examples3 ,titus is int]nally conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ! ,*ur*'s tea*+2 b he att5ds ,prote/ant s]vices1 says he does n believe ! ,tr9ity1 refuses to make a pr(ession ( fai? requir$ by ! ,*ur*1 sep>ates himself f ob$i5ce to ! au?orities ( ! ,*ur*1 & calls himself an indep5d5t4 ,by 8 =m] ext]nal acts he makes himself guilty ( disob$i5ce & falls "u ! suspicion ( h]esy1 & by 8 la/ ext]nal act he incurs ! guilt ( s*ism2 b1 s9ce int]nally he does n disbelieve1 he is n a h]etic4 ,balbus has d\bts be=e 8 m9d f 8 read+ or conv]sation1 b he mu/ imm$iately give 8 :ole att5tion to a v press+ matt] ( bus9ess1 & s gives nei!r ass5t nor diss5t to ! d\bts4 ,he is n guilty ( h]esy1 s9ce he =m$ no positive errone\s judgm5t4 7b7 ,h]esy is 8oppos$ to fai?40 ,by fai? "h is und]/ood div9e fai?1 especially div9e & ,ca?olic fai? 7see #gee74 ,h5ce1 an error oppos$ to :at "o held to be a g5u9e private revelation1 or to ! public revelation1 especially :5 dogmatically def9$ by ! ,*ur*1 is h]etical4 ,on ! contr>y1 an error oppos$ to ecclesia/ical fai? alone1 to human fai?1 or to human sci5ce1 is n ( itself h]etical4 ,examples3 ,! ,sa9ts :o receiv$ special private revelations f ,*ri/ ) pro(s ( _! g5u95ess w\ld h be5 guilty ( h]esy1 _h !y refus$ to believe4 ,sempronius refuses to believe "s ,biblical tea*+s ab\t ?+s n p]ta9+ to fai? & morals & n expressly def9$ by ! ,*ur* 7e4g41 *ronological1 physical1 geographical1 /ati/ical data74 ,if he really believes t :at he d5ies is conta9$ 9 ! ,bible1 he is guilty ( h]esy4 ,balbus admits ! infallibility & au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 b he does n believe t a c]ta9 ,sa9t solemnly canoniz$ is 9 heav51 t a c]ta9 non-infallible decision ( a ,roman ,congregation is true1 t c]ta9 second lessons ( ! ,brevi>y or c]ta9 relics are g5u9e4 ,he is n a h]etic1 s9ce1 z suppos$1 he d5ies no reveal$ tru?2 b 9 8 fir/ unbelief he s9s aga9/ ecclesia/ical fai?2 9 8 second unbelief1 if ! contr>y ( ! decision has n be5 cle>ly e/abli%$1 he s9s aga9/ ! duty ( religi\s ass5t2 9 8 ?ird unbelief1 he s9s aga9/ prud5ce1 if he has no good gr\nds = 8 op9ion1 or aga9/ ! respect due ! ,*ur*1 if he is mov$ by contempt = its judgm5t4 ,9 a conv]sation betwe5 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d & ,e1 ! foll[+ op9ions are def5d$4 ,a ?9ks t any use ( natural k ) ref]5ce to matt]s ( fai? is wrong2 ,b1 t ! !ologian %\ld employ ma!matics & physical sci5ce1 b avoid reason+ & philosophy2 ,c1 t ! me?od & pr9ciples ( ,s*ola/icism are n suit$ to our ago or to all peoples2 ,d1 t ! psy*ology & cosmology ( ! ,s*ola/ics %\ld be remade entirely2 ,e1 t _m hypo!ses ( ,ari/otle 9 physics h be5 prov$ false4 ,! op9ion ( ,a conta9s h]esies condemn$ 9 ! ,vatican ,c\ncil reg>d+ ! preambles ( fai? & ! motives ( cr$ibility4 ,! op9ions ( ,b & ,c are at lea/ contr>y to ! religi\s ass5t due ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* 7see ,d5z+]1 ,en*iridion1 nn4 #afeb1 #afhj1 #agac1 ,code ( ,canon ,law1 ,canon #acff1 ,sec4#b1 ,humani ,g5]is1 n4 #aa-ad74 ,! op9ion ( ,d1 z x /&s1 conta9s a d5ial ( sev]al doctr9es ( fai?1 su* z ! immortality ( ! s\l & ! creation ( ! _w1 & is ?us implicitly h]etical4 ,! op9ion ( ,e is true & admitt$ by all4 7c7 ,by 8oppos$0 to fai? is meant any judgm5t :i*1 accord+ to ! logical rules ( opposition betwe5 propositions1 is irreconcilable ) ! tru? ( a =mula ( dogma or ( a c5sure ( h]esy4 ,examples3 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t def9$ t 8all s9s committ$ aft] ,baptism c be =giv5 9 ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance40 ,x w\ld be h]etical1 !re=e1 to hold t 8no s9s committ$ aft] ,baptism c be p>don$ 9 ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance0 7contr>y opposition71 or t 8"s s9s committ$ aft] ,baptism _c be absolv$0 7contradictory opposition71 ,simil>ly1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t 7,sess4 ,,vi1 ,c4 #g7 reject$ ! proposition t 8all ,works done be=e ju/ification are s9ful10 & h5ce accord+ to ,logic ! contradictory--viz41 t 8"s works be=e ju/ification are n s9ful0--is ( fai?1 = two contradictories _c bo? be false2 ! contr>y--viz41 t 8no works be=e ju/ification are s9ful0--is n1 h[ev]1 def9$1 = two contr>ies c bo? be false4 7d7 ,h]esy is 8manife/ly oppos$ to fai?40 ,he :o d5ies :at is only probably a matt] ( fai?1 is n guilty ( h]esy4 ,example3 ,! ,in/ruction ( ,eug5ius ,,iv on ! matt] ( ! ,sacram5ts is held by "s au?orities ( note n to be a def9ition1 & h5ce ^? :o accept opposite !ories are n on t acc\nt h]etical4 7e7 ,h]esy is 8ass5t$ to ob/9ately10 ,?is is ! di/9ctive note ( h]esy1 & h5ce ^? :o ass5t to error ?r\gh ignorance1 :e!r v9cible or inv9cible1 are n h]etics1 if !y are will+ to accept ! tru? :5 kn[n4 ,a h]etic1 !re=e1 is "o :o kn[+ly refuses to admit a tru? propos$ by ! ,*ur*1 :e!r 8 motive be pride1 desire ( contradict+1 or any o!r vice4 7f7 ,h]esy is held 8by "o :o _h s9c]ely embrac$ ! fai? ( ,*ri/40 ,?is includes only cate*um5s & ! baptiz$1 = o!rs :o d5y ! tru?s ( fai? are ,jews or infidels1 n h]etics4 #hbg4 ,! s9 ( h]esy 7h]esy be=e ,god71 z j def9$1 diff]s f ! canonical crime ( h]esy 7h]esy be=e ! ,*ur*71 s9ce x is m inclusive4 7a7 ,^! two diff] z reg>ds ! error 9 ! intellect1 = "o is guilty ( ! s91 b n ( ! crime1 ev5 )\t error--t is1 if "o d5ies :at is really false1 ?9k+ x to be def9$ doctr9e2 7b7 !y diff] z reg>ds ! ob/9acy 9 ! w1 = "o is guilty ( ! s91 b n ( ! crime1 if "o is prep>$ 9 m9d & purpose to d5y a tru? n yet def9$1 if x is ev] def9$2 7c7 !y diff] z reg>ds ! tru?s reject$1 = "o is guilty ( ! s91 b n ( ! crime1 if "o rejects div9ely reveal$ tru?s n def9$ z su* by ! ,*ur*2 7d7 !y diff] z reg>ds ! p]son :o d5ies1 = n ev]yone :o m]ely accept$ ! fai? ( ,*ri/ c be guilty ( ! crime ( h]esy1 b only ^? :o aft] ,baptism reta9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ian 7,canon #acbe1 ,sec4#b74 #hbh4 ,v>i\s ,k9ds ( ,h]esy4--7a7 ,h]esy is positive :5 error is accept$ 7e4g41 ! doctr9e ( consub/antiation72 x is negative :5 tru? is d5i$ 7e4g41 ! doctr9e ( transub/antiation74 7b7 ,h]esy is int]nal1 :5 x is 9 ! m9d alone & n ext]nally pr(ess$4 ,x is ext]nal1 :5 express$ 9 an ext]nal way 7i4e41 by words1 signs1 acts or circum/ances t cle>ly indicate pres5t h]esy71 if ?is is done n = a good purpose1 su* z t ( ask+ advice1 b = ! purpose ( pr(ess+ error4 7c7 ,ext]nal h]esy is occult1 :5 x is made kn[n to no "o1 or only to a few2 x is public or notori\s1 :5 x is made kn[n be=e a l>ge numb] & _c be conceal$4 ,example3 ,"o :o calls himself a ,ca?olic & is kn[n z su*1 b :o 9 conv]sation ) a few intimate fri5ds decl>es himself a ,mod]ni/1 is an occult h]etic4 ,"o :o decl>es 9 public addresses or articles t he agrees ) ,mod]nism1 or :o jo9s op5ly an h]etical sect or has always belong$ to "o1 is a public h]etic4 7d7 ,occult & public h]esy may be ei!r =mal or mat]ial1 accord+ z "o is 9 good or bad fai?4 ,h]esy is =mal1 if its malice is kn[n & will$ by ! "o 9 error2 if its malice is n kn[n by him1 x is mat]ial4 #hbi4 ,h]esy is n =mal unless "o p]t9aci\sly rejects ! tru?1 kn[+ 8 error & cons5t+ to x4 7a7 ,"o mu/ "k t "o's belief is oppos$ to div9e revelation or to ,ca?olic fai?4 ,h5ce1 ^? :o 7 born & br\ght up 9 ,prote/antism1 & :o 9 good fai? accept ! confession ( _! d5om9ation1 are n =mal b mat]ial h]etics4 ,ev5 ^? :o are ignorant ( _! errors ?r\gh grave fault & :o hold to !m firmly1 are guilty1 n ( =mal h]esy1 b ( s9ful ignorance 7see #ijd sqq47 7b7 ,"o mu/ will+ly cons5t to ! error4 ,b = =mal h]esy x is n requir$ t a p]son give 8 ass5t out ( malice1 or t he cont9ue 9 ob/9ate rejection = a long "t1 or t he refuse to he$ admonitions giv5 him4 ,p]t9acity "h means true cons5t to recogniz$ error1 & ?is c proce$ f weakness 7e4g41 f ang] or o!r passion72 x c be giv5 9 an in/ant1 & does n presuppose an admonition disreg>d$4 ,h5ce1 if "o sees ! tru? ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 b fe>s t ass5t w involve _m obligations & out ( weakness turns away f ! tru?1 "o !n & !re p]t9aci\sly cons5ts to error4 #hcj4 ,examples ( mat]ial h]esy are3 7a7 ,ca?olics :o d5y c]ta9 dogmas ( fai?1 because !y h n be5 well in/ruct$1 b :o are ready to correct _! errors1 :5ev] ! ,*ur*'s tea*+ is br\ght home to !m2 7b7 non-,ca?olics :o d n accept ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 b :o h nev] _h any misgiv+s ab\t ! t5ets ( _! own d5om9ation1 or :o 9 d\bts h se>*$ = ! tru? to ! be/ ( _! ability4 #hca4 ,! s9fulness ( h]esy is z foll[s3 7a7 =mal h]esy is a grave s91 z 0 said above reg>d+ unbelief 9 g5]al 7see #hai2 ,tit41 iii4 #aj72 7b7 mat]ial h]esy is no s9 at all1 if ! ignorance is inv9cible2 x is a grave or a v5ial s91 accord+ to ! am\nt ( neglig5ce1 if ! ignorance is v9cible4 #hcb4 ,circum/ances ( ! s9 ( h]esy are ( v>i\s k9ds4 7a7 ,circum/ances t *ange ! species4 ,mo/ !ologians hold t ! p>ticul> article d5i$1 or ! p>ticul> sect adh]$ to1 does n con/itute a p>ticul> species ( h]esy1 & h5ce t 9 confession x suffices = "o to accuse oneself g5]ically ( h]esy4 7b7 ,circum/ances t aggravate ! s94 ,! facts t h]esy is ext]nal1 t x is manife/$ to a l>ge numb]1 t x is jo9$ ) apo/asy & adhesion to an h]etical sect1 etc41 increase ! accid5tal malice ( ?is s94 7c7 ,circum/ances t multiply ! numb] ( s9s4 ,x seems t :5 sev]al articles or def9$ tru?s are d5i$ at ! same "t1 s _m num]ically di/9ct s9s are committ$ 7see #bai74 ,example3 ,titus says3 8,i d n accept ! ,resurrection1 ei!r ( ,*ri/ or ( ! dead40 ,! act is "o1 b two s9s are committ$4 #hcc4 ,v>i\s p5alties & inhabilities are incurr$ ?r\gh h]esy1 = example1 excommunication latae s5t5tiae res]v$ to ! ,pope 7,canon #bcad71 loss ( ! p[] ( suffrage 7,canon #afg1 ,sec4#a1 n4#d71 irregul>ity 7,canon #ihd1 n4 #e2 #ihe71 inhability = ! (fice ( sponsor 7,canons #gfe1 #gie71 deprivation ( ecclesia/ical burial 7,canon #abdj1 ,sec4#a1 n4 #a74 ,! excommunication :i* p]haps _h be5 incurr$ by ^? :o n[ wi% to jo9 ! ,*ur* is absolv$ accord+ to ! =m = ! reception ( conv]ts prescrib$ by ! ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 ,july #bj1 #ahei1 & f\nd 9 rituals4 ,rituals publi%$ aft] ,m>*1 #aidb1 conta9 ! =mula ( pr(ession ( fai? & abjuration approv$ by ! ,holy ,(fice4 #hcd4 ,if a confessor %\ld meet ) a case ( h]esy1 8 proc$ure w be z foll[s3 7a7 ,if ! h]esy 0 m]ely int]nal1 no c5sure 0 incurr$1 & e confessor has p[] to absolve f ! s91 no matt] h[ s]i\s x 04 7b7 ,if ! h]esy 0 ext]nal1 b ! p]son 0 9 good fai?1 or ev5 9 affect$ ignorance ( ! s91 or inculpably ignorant ( ! p5alty1 no c5sure 0 incurr$2 = ! excommunication atta*es only to =mal h]esy1 & contumacity 7,canon #bbdb74 7c7 ,if ! h]esy 0 ext]nal & =mal1 b n notori\s 7i4e41 ! p>ty did n publicly jo9 an h]etical sect71 ord9>ily ! case %\ld be br\ght be=e ! bi%op = absolution 9 ! ext]nal or int]nal =um4 ,b 9 urg5t cases e confessor has p[] to absolve z prescrib$ 9 ,canon #bbed4 7d7 ,if ! h]esy 0 public & notori\s 7i4e41 if ! p>ty jo9$ (ficially an h]etical sect71 absolution is regul>ly to be giv5 9 bo? ! ext]nal & int]nal =ums4 ,! case %\ld be submitt$ fir/ to ! ,ord9>y1 unless !re is urg5cy 7,cfr4 ,canon #bbed71 or ! confessor has special p[]s f ,rome4 ,! ,ord9>y c absolve 9 ! ext]nal =um4 ,aft]w>ds1 ! h]etic c be absolv$ by any confessor 9 ! =um ( consci5ce 7see ,canon #bcad1 ,sec4#b47 #hce4 ,apo/asy4--,apo/asy 7etymologically1 des]tion7 has v>i\s mean+s 9 !ology4 7a7 ,9 a special s5se1 x means ! ab&onm5t ( ! religi\s or cl]ical /ate2 b 9 its usual s5se x means ! ab&onm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 7b7 ,apo/asy f fai? 9 a wide s5se includes bo? p>tial ab&onm5t 7h]esy7 & total ab&onm5t2 b1 9 ! /rict s5se1 x means only total ab&onm5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,example3 ,a ,*ri/ian :o d5ies "o article ( ! ,cre$ becomes a h]etic & an apo/ate 9 a wide s5se2 if he rejects ! entire ,cre$1 he becomes an infidel & an apo/ate 9 ! /rict s5se4 7c7 ,apo/asy :i* ext5ds to infidelity is also tw(old3 be=e ,god & be=e ! ,*ur*4 ,! fir/ k9d is committ$ by any p]son :o really _h fai?1 ev5 ?\gh unbaptiz$ or n a ,ca?olic2 ! second k9d is committ$ only by ^? :o 7 baptiz$ & 7 ,ca?olics4 ,examples3 ,a cate*um5 :o accept$ ,*ri/ianity & ask$ = ,baptism1 becomes an apo/ate be=e ,god if he ab&ons 8 belief & purpose & goes back to paganism4 ,simil>ly1 a p]son br\ght up z a ,lu!ran becomes an apo/ate be=e ,god1 if he ab&ons all belief 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,b ! crime ( apo/asy ( :i* ! ,*ur* takes cognizance is ! des]tion ( ,*ri/ianity by a baptiz$ ,ca?olic4 7d7 ,a ,ca?olic apo/atizes f ,*ri/ianity1 ei!r privatively 7by m]ely r5\nc+ all belief 9 ,*ri/71 or contr>ily 7by tak+ up "s =m ( unbelief1 su* z indiff]5tism or free ?\ght1 or by jo9+ "s infidel sect1 su* z ,mohamm$anism or ,confucianism74 #hcf4 ,:at 0 said above reg>d+ ! gravity1 divisions1 p5alties & absolution ( h]esy1 c be appli$ also to apo/asy4 #hhg4 ,z to ! comp>ative gravity ( s9s ( apo/asy1 ! foll[+ %\ld be not$4 7a7 ,apo/asy is n a species ( s9 di/9ct f h]esy1 s9ce bo? are ess5tially ! same 9 malice1 be+ rejections ( ! au?ority ( div9e revelation2 b x is a circum/ance t aggravates ! malice ( unbelief1 s9ce x is m sweep+ ?an h]esy 7see #hbb1 #hbd74 7b7 ,apo/asy into "o =m ( infidelity is n specifically diff]5t f apo/asy into ano!r1 b ! =m ( infidelity is an aggravat+ or ext5uat+ circum/ance4 ,example3 ,paganism is fur!r f fai? ?an ,mohamm$anism2 a!ism fur!r ?an paganism4 #hch4 ,c\ld "o ev] h a j reason = ab&on+ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* or rema9+ outside its fai?8 7a7 ,objectively speak+1 !re c nev] be a j cause = giv+ up ,ca?olicism or = refus+ to embrace x4 ,= ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is ! only true ,*ur*1 & x is ! w ( ,*ri/ t all %\ld jo9 x4 7b7 ,subjectively speak+1 !re may be a j cause = leav+ or n ent]+ ! ,*ur*1 namely1 ! fact t a p]son1 ignorant 9 ?is matt] b 9 good fai?1 believes t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is n ! true ,*ur*4 ,= "o is oblig$ to foll[ an errone\s consci5ce1 &1 if ! error is inv9cible1 "o is excus$ f s9 7see #eha-ehc74 ,examples3 ,a ,prote/ant taught to believe t ! tea*+s ( ! ,*ur* are idolatr\s1 sup]/iti\s & absurd1 is n blam$ = n accept+ !m4 ,a ,ca?olic1 poorly in/ruct$ 9 religion & ?r[n 9 ) non-,ca?olic & anti-,ca?olic associates1 might become really p]suad$1 & )\t s9n+ aga9/ fai? itself1 t x 0 8 duty to become a ,prote/ant4 #hci4 ,apo/asy is committ$ n only by ^? :o leave ! ,*ur* & jo9 "s contr>y religion 7e4g41 ,mormonism71 b also by ^? :o1 :ile pr(ess+ to be ,ca?olics1 ass5t to ! non-,ca?olic pr9ciples ( "s society t claims to be philosophical1 *>itable1 economic1 patriotic1 etc4 ,mu* m are ^? apo/ates :o jo9 societies t op5ly conspire aga9/ ! ,*ur*4 ,su* are3 7a7 ,societies t are really non-,ca?olic sects1 because !y h an infidel or h]etical cre$--e4g41 ,freemasonry 7:i*1 accord+ to its own au?orities1 is a bro!rhood bas$ on ,egyptian my/]ies & claim+ sup]iority to ,*ri/ianity71 ,!osophy 7:i* is a conglom]ation ( nons5sical ideas ab\t ! ,deity1 ,*ri/ & ,r$emption71 ! ,r$ ,int]national1 ^: aims are ! de/ruction ( prop]ty rights1 etc2 7b7 ,societies t are anti-,ca?olic sects1 because _! cre$ is hatr$ ( ! ,*ur*--e4g41 ! ,orangem5's ,society1 ! ,gr& ,ori5t1 ! ,ku ,klux ,klan1 ,junior ,ord]1 etc4 #hdj4 ,! ,s9 ( ,d\bt4--,fai? z expla9$ above mu/ be firm ass5t1 exclud+ d\bt 7see #geb1 #gii71 & h5ce ! say+3 8,he :o d\bts is an unbeliev]40 ,! ^w 8d\bt10 h[ev]1 has _m mean+s1 & 9 "s ( ^? mean+s x is n oppos$ to firm ass5t1 or has n ! volunt>9ess or acceptance ( error t ! unbelief ( h]esy or infidelity includes4 ,to beg9 )1 d\bt is ei!r me?odical or real4 7a7 ,me?odical d\bt 9 matt]s ( fai? is an inquiry into ! motives ( cr$ibility ( religion & ! reasons t support dogma1 made by "o :o has n ! slighte/ fe> t reason or sci5ce c ev] contradict fai?1 b :o consults !m = ! purpose ( cl>ify+ 8 k & ( /r5g!n+ 8 own fai? or t ( o!rs4 ,?is k9d ( d\bt is employ$ by ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 :o que/ions ab\t ea* dogma 9 turn 7e4g41 8,:e!r ,god is good071 & exam9es ! objections ( unbeliev]s aga9/ x2 b unlike 8 namesake1 ! d\bt+ ,apo/le1 he does n )hold ass5t until reason has answ]$ ! objectors1 b answ]s 8 own que/ions by an act ( fai?3 8,9 spite ( all difficulties1 ,god is good1 = ,8 ,^w says3 #8,! ,"l is good to !m t hope 9 ,him1 to ! s\l t seeke? ,him' 7,lam5t1 iii4 #be740 7b7 ,real d\bt1 on ! contr>y1 ent]ta9s fe>s t ! tea*+s ( revelation or ( ! ,*ur* may be untrue1 or t ! opposite tea*+s may be true4 #hda4 ,real d\bt 9 matt]s ( fai? is always unju/ifiable 9 itself1 = !re is nev] any j reason = d\bt+ ,god's ^w2 b x is n always a s9 ( h]esy or ( infidelity4 ,!re are two k9ds ( real d\bt1 viz41 ! involunt>y & ! volunt>y4 7a7 ,d\bt is involunt>y1 :5 x is )\t or contr>y to ! incl9ation ( ! w1 or :5 x proce$s f lack ( k 7see #dj-ee on ! ,imp$im5ts to ,volunt>9ess74 ,example3 ,indelib]ate d\bts1 & d\bts t p]si/ 9 spite ( "o1 lack ! incl9ation ( ! w1 :ile d\bts t proce$ f inv9cible ignorance lack k4 7b7 ,d\bt is volunt>y1 :5 x is accord+ to incl9ation & ) suffici5t k4 #hdb4 ,involunt>y d\bt 9 matt]s ( fai? is nei!r h]etical nor s9ful1 = an act is n s9ful1 unless x is will$ 7see #ii74 7a7 ,indelib]ate d\bts arise 9 ! m9d be=e !y are adv]t$ to & )\t any responsibility ( "o's own = _! appe>ance4 ,f :at 0 said above on fir/ motions ( ! s\l 7see #abi71 x is cle> t su* d\bts are n s9ful4 7b7 ,unwelcome d\bts p]si/ 9 ! m9d aft] !y h be5 adv]t$ to1 &1 s9ce fai? is obscure 7see #geb1 #gii71 x is n possible to exclude all consci\s d\bts1 or ev5 to prev5t !m f occurr+ (t5 or la/+ a consid]able "t4 ,f :at 0 said above on temptation 7see #bec sqq471 x is cle> t1 if ! p]son tr\bl$ ) unwi%$ d\bts makes prompt & suffici5t resi/ance1 he n only does n s91 b ga9s m]it4 ,b1 if 8 resi/ance is n all x %\ld be1 & !re is no dang] ( cons5t to ! temptation1 he s9s v5ially4 7c7 ,ignorant d\bts occur 9 p]sons :o h n receiv$ suffici5t religi\s in/ruction1 ?r\gh no fault ( _! own1 & :o !re=e reg>d ! doctr9es ( fai? z matt]s ( op9ion1 or at lea/ look ^u d\bts z n s9ful4 ,f :at 0 said above on inv9cible ignorance 7see #cj71 x is cle> t su* p]sons d n s9 by _! d\bts4 #hdc4 ,volunt>y d\bt is ent]ta9$ ei!r 9 ignorance = :i* "o is responsible1 or 9 full k2 9 ! =m] case x is indirectly volunt>y1 9 ! latt]1 directly volunt>y4 7a7 ,! d\bts ( "o :o is responsible = !m because he did n use ! means to in/ruct himself 9 ! fai?1 are a s9 ( willful ignorance proportionate to ! neglig5ce ( :i* he 0 guilty2 b1 if he is will+ on bett] k to put aside 8 d\bts & accept ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*1 he is n p]t9aci\s1 & h5ce n guilty ( h]esy or infidelity4 7b7 ,! d\bts ( "o :o is responsible = !m1 & n un9/ruct$ or ignorant 9 fai?1 are sometimes positive1 sometimes negative4 ,nei!r ( ^! k9ds ( d\bt is equival5t to h]esy or infidelity 9 e case4 #hdd4 ,negative d\bt is ! /ate ( m9d 9 :i* "o rema9s susp5d$ betwe5 ! tru? conta9$ 9 an article ( fai? & its opposite1 )\t =m+ any positive judgm5t ei!r ( ass5t to or diss5t f ! article1 or its c]ta9ty or unc]ta9ty4 7a7 ,if ?is susp5sion ( decision results f a wrong motive ( ! w1 :i* directs "o n to give ass5t on ! plea t ! intellect1 :ile n judg+1 (f]s su* =midable difficulties t deception is possible1 !n x seems t ! d\bt] is guilty ( implicit h]esy1 or at lea/ puts himself 9 ! imm$iate dang] ( h]esy4 7b7 ,if ?is susp5sion ( judgm5t results f "s o!r motive ( ! w 7e4g41 f ! wi% to give att5tion "h & n[ to o!r matt]s71 ! guilt ( h]esy is n incurr$1 = no positive judgm5t is =m$4 ,nei!r does x seem1 ap>t f ! dang] ( cons5t to positive d\bt or f ! obligation ( an affirmative precept ( fai? !n & !re 7see #ibe71 t any s]i\s s9 9 matt]s ( fai? is committ$ by su* a susp5sion ( judgm5t4 ,examples3 ,titus1 be+ sc&aliz$ by ! s9ful conduct ( c]ta9 ,ca?olics1 is tempt$ to d\bt ! div9ity ( ! ,*ur*4 ,he does n yield to ! temptation by decid+ t ! div9ity ( ! ,*ur* is really d\btful1 b ! difficulty has s impress$ him t he decides to hold 8 judgm5t 9 abeyance4 ,x seems t !re is "h an implicit judgm5t 7i4e41 "o conta9$ 9 ! motive ( ! d\bt7 9 favor ( ! unc]ta9ty ( ! div9ity ( ! ,*ur*4 ,balbus has ! same difficulty z ,titus1 & x prev5ts him f elicit+ an act ( fai? on v>i\s occasions4 ,b ! reason = ?is is t an urg5t bus9ess matt] comes up & he turns 8 att5tion to x1 or t he does n wi% at ! "t to we>y 8 bra9 by consid]+ su* an important "q z t ( fai?1 or t he ?9ks he c conqu] a temptation m easily by div]t+ 8 ?\ghts to o!r subjects 7see #beg71 or t he puts (f till a m favorable mom5t ! rejection ( ! difficulty4 ,9 ^! cases !re is n h]etical d\bt1 s9ce ,balbus =ms no positive judgm5t1 ev5 implicitly1 b !re may be a s9 aga9/ fai?4 ,?us1 ,balbus w\ld s9 s]i\sly if 8 susp5sion ( ass5t %\ld place him 9 imm$iate dang] ( positive d\bt2 he w\ld s9 v5ially1 if t susp5sion be due to "s slight c>elessness4 #hde4 ,positive d\bt is ! /ate ( m9d 9 :i* "o decides1 on acc\nt ( "s difficulty aga9/ fai?1 t ! latt] is really d\btful & unc]ta91 & t ass5t _c be giv5 to ei!r side4 ,) reg>d to su* a /ate ( m9d note3 7a7 ,if ?is judgm5t is =m$ by a ,ca?olic1 x is h]etical2 = 8 fai?1 z he kn[s & admits1 is ! true fai?1 reveal$ & propos$ z absolutely c]ta94 ,h5ce1 al?\gh he does n d5y ! fai?1 he does positively judge t :at is reveal$ by ,god & propos$ infallibly by ! ,*ur* z c]ta91 is n c]ta91 & ?us 9 8 intellect !re is p]t9aci\s error4 7b7 ,if ?is judgm5t is =m$ by a non-,ca?olic1 x is likewise h]etical1 if ! tru? d\bt$ belongs to div9e or ,ca?olic fai?1 = we are n[ consid]+ ! =mal h]etic :o belongs to a non-,ca?olic sect aga9/ conviction2 b x is n h]etical1 if ! doctr9e d\bt$ belongs only to :at is wrongly consid]$ 9 8 sect z div9e fai?1 or to :at may be call$ ,prote/ant fai? 7i4e41 ! (ficial confession ( 8 religion71 = he does n pr(ess to accept 8 *ur* z an infallible int]pret]4 #hdf4 ,! d\bts ,we h be5 j discuss+ are ! pass+ d\bts t come to ^? :o are believ]s1 or :o consid] !mselves believ]s4 ,!re are also d\bts t are p]man5t1 & t are held by ^? :o class !mselves1 n z believ]s1 b z d\bt]s or agno/ics4 ,"s ( ^! sceptics d\bt all religi\s cre$s1 hold+ t x is works & n beliefs t matt]4 ,?is doctr9e am\nts to infidelity1 s9ce x rejects ,*ri/ian fai? entirely4 ,o!rs pr(ess ,fundam5talism1 :i* accepts a few ,*ri/ian beliefs & consid]s ! o!rs z optional1 pret5d+ t ! true fai? _c be recogniz$ amid s mu* div]sity ( op9ions4 ,?is doctr9e is h]etical1 s9ce x accepts "s & rejects o!rs ( ! articles ( fai?4 #hdg4 ,cr$ulity & ,rationalism4--,oppos$ 9 special ways to ! mat]ial & =mal objects ( fai? are cr$ulity & errors ab\t ! exi/5ce & nature ( revelation4 7a7 ,o!r s9s aga9/ fai? are oppos$ to its mat]ial object 7i4e41 ! articles ( belief71 inasmu* z !y subtract f x by d5y+ ?is or t article4 ,cr$ulity1 on ! contr>y1 adds to ! mat]ial object ( fai? by accept+ a doctr9e z reveal$ :5 !re is no prud5t reason = s do+1 contr>y to ! tea*+ ( scripture t 8he :o is ha/y to believe is light ( he>t0 7,ecclus41 xix4 #d74 ,?is s9 is oppos$ r to prud5ce1 inasmu* z x causes "o to neglect ! consid]ation ( ! reasons on :i* a prud5t judgm5t re/s 7see ,vol4 ,,ii71 & h5ce x does n de/roy ! virtue ( fai?4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 injuri\s to fai?1 s9ce x br+s ,*ri/ianity into contempt1 keeps o!rs f embrac+ ! tea*+s ( ! ,*ur*1 & leads to sup]/ition1 ! 8tw9-si/] ( unbelief40 ,examples3 ,sempronia1 :o is n well educat$1 accepts z matt]s ( fai? e pi\s leg5d1 e m>vell\s report ( miracle no matt] f :at s\rce x comes or h[ suspici\s may be its appe>ance4 ,titus holds _m views consid]$ by good au?orities z improbable or false1 or z at be/ only op9ions1 b he gives !m out z doctr9es ( ! ,*ur* t mu/ be accept$1 or z infallible or reveal$ tea*+4 ,! cr$ulity ( ,sempronia is excusable imprud5ce on acc\nt ( h] ignorance1 if %e has n neglect$ in/ruction2 b t ( ,titus is blamewor?y1 = he ought to in=m himself bett] be=e attempt+ to in/ruct o!rs4 7b7 ,o!r k9ds ( unbelief are oppos$ to ! =mal object ( fai? 7i4e41 to ! au?ority ( revelation z ! motive ( belief72 = implicitly at lea/ !y sub/itute private judgm5t = au?ority4 ,! v>i\s sy/ems ( ,naturalism1 su* z ,deism1 g f>!r & op5ly attack sup]natural revelation z ! gr\nd ( belief4 ,"s ( ^! sy/ems d5y ! fact ( revelation 7e4g41 ,deism71 o!rs its "* 7e4g41 ,mod]nism1 :i* makes revelation to consi/ 9 ! int]nal exp]i5ce ( ! believ]71 o!rs its necessity 7e4g41 ,rationalism74 ,^! het]odox tea*+s p]ta91 "s to infidelity 7e4g41 ,deism71 "s to h]esy 7c4g41 ,mod]nism74 ,! great majority ( ,prote/ants n[adays _c be said to h fai?1 decl>es ,c>d9al ,newman1 s9ce !y d$uce f scripture1 in/ead ( believ+ a tea*]4 ,:at looks l fai? is m]e h]$it>y p]suasion4 #hdh4 ,dang]s to ,fai?4--,"o becomes guilty ( h]esy1 infidelity1 d\bts aga9/ fai?1 etc41 indirectly1 by plac+ oneself 9 ! dang] ( ^? s9s 7see #beh sqq41 on ! ,dang]s ( ,s974 ,dang]s ( ?is k9d are p>tly int]nal1 p>tly ext]nal4 7a7 ,int]nal dang]s to fai? are especially ! foll[+3 intellectual pride or an excessive _s ( indep5d5ce1 :i* makes "o unwill+ to accept au?ority2 love ( pleasure1 :i* sets "o at odds ) ! precepts ( fai?2 neglect ( pray] & piety1 p>ticul>ly 9 "t ( temptation4 7b7 ,ext]nal dang]s to fai? are especially z foll[s3 lit]ature oppos$ to religion2 s*ools :]e unbelief is def5d$2 mix$ m>riages2 association ) unbeliev]s 9 religi\s matt]s2 c]ta9 societies4 #hdi4 ,dang]\s ,read+4--,!re is a ?reefold prohibition aga9/ ! read+ ( lit]ature dang]\s to fai?4 7a7 ,! natural law =bids "o to read or he> read writt5 matt] ( any description :i* "o kn[s is dang]\s to "o's fai?1 ev5 ?\gh x is n dang]\s to o!rs & n =bidd5 by ! law ( ! ,*ur*4 ,= a simil> reason "o may n keep su* mat]ial 9 "o's possession4 ,example3 ,titus & ,balbus read ! lett]s ( a fri5d on ,evolution4 ,titus f9ds no?+ uns\nd 9 ! lett]s1 & is n tr\bl$ by read+ !m2 b !y fill ! m9d ( ,balbus ) d\bts & p]plexities1 z ! subject is above him4 ,?is read+ is naturally dang]\s = ,balbus1 b n = ,titus4 7b7 ,! law ( ! ,*ur* =bids ! use ( c]ta9 k9ds ( writ+s or repres5tations dang]\s to fai? 7,canon #acii71 z well z ( ^? individual writ+s t h be5 d5\nc$ to ! ,holy ,see & plac$ on ! ,index1 or =bidd5 by o!r eccle/ia/ical au?orities4 7,see ,app5dix ,i = ,summ>y ( ,common ,law on ,prohibition ( ,books47 7c7 ,! law ( ! ,*ur* also pron\nces ipso facto excommunication aga9/ ^? :o make use ( works writt5 by unbeliev]s 9 favor ( _! errors 7,canon #bcah74 #hej4 ,z reg>ds ! k9d ( s9 committ$ by us+ writ+s dang]\s to fai?1 ! foll[+ po9ts mu/ be not$3 7a7 ,if a writ+ is dang]\s & =bidd5 "u natural law1 ! s9 committ$ is ( itself grave :5ev] ! dang] itself is s]i\s & proximate2 x is v5ial1 :5 ! dang] is slight or remote4 ,! s9 committ$ dep5ds1 !re=e1 n on ! "t sp5t 9 read+ or ! numb] ( pages cov]$1 b on ! dang] 7see #bfj-bfa1 on ! ,dang]s ( ,s974 ,no s9 at all is committ$1 if ! dang] is slight or remote1 & !re is reason = read+ ! writ+ 9 "q 7e4g41 ! def5se ( tru?74 7b7 ,if ! writ+ is =bidd5 "u ecclesia/ical law1 ! s9 committ$ is ( itself grave1 ev5 ?\gh ! dang] to an individual is n s]i\s or proximate1 = ! law is bas$ on ! presumption ( a common & great dang] 7see #dfj74 ,! s9 is n grave1 h[ev]1 :5 ! prohibition is g5]ally reg>d$ z n b9d+ "u grave s91 or :5 ! use made ( ! writ+ is inconsid]able4 ,no s9 at all is committ$1 if "o has obta9$ ! necess>y p]mission to read =bidd5 works1 & is n expos$ to spiritual dang] 9 us+ ! p]mission4 #hea4 ,!re are two cases 9 :i* ! use ( writ+s =bidd5 by ! ,*ur* is only a v5ial s94 7a7 ,:5 a writ+1 :i* 9 itself is n dang]\s or only slightly dang]\s1 is =bidd51 n on acc\nt ( its cont5ts1 b only on acc\nt ( its lack ( ecclesia/ical approval1 x is n ord9>ily reg>d$ z =bidd5 "u grave s9 7e4g41 ,ca?olic ,translations ( scripture t h n receiv$ ! ,imprimatur74 7b7 ,:5 a writ+ has be5 condemn$ on acc\nt ( its cont5ts or mann] ( pres5tation1 "o does n s9 mortally1 if ! use "o makes ( x is only slight4 #heb4 ,:at con/itutes notable use ( =bidd5 matt] is n det]m9$ by law1 b rec5t morali/s1 be>+ 9 m9d ! "* ( ! law & :at w\ld prove proximately dang]\s to fai? = ! g5]ality today1 (f] ! foll[+ rules3 7a7 notable matt] 9 read+ a book is ?ree or f\r pages f ! m dang]\s p>ts1 f ?irty to sixty pages f ! slightly dang]\s p>ts2 7b7 notable matt] 9 read+ a pap] or p]iodical is habitual use ( x1 or ev5 "o v bitt] article2 7c7 notable matt] 9 ret5tion ( =bidd5 writ+s is a p]iod 9 excess ( ! reasonable "t 7say1 a mon?7 = secur+ p]mission or = deliv]+ ! writ+s to ^? :o h a "r to h !m4 #hec4 ,x is m difficult to decide :at is notable matt]1 :5 a book has be5 condemn$ on acc\nt ( its g5]al t5d5cy4 7a7 ,"u ! natural law1 ( c\rse1 ev5 a page or less is notable matt]1 if x places an individual 9 proximate dang]2 7b7 "u ! positive law1 p]haps any?+ 9 excess ( "o-t5? ( ! book w\ld place "o 9 proximate dang]4 ,b1 z we are deal+ n[ ) ! g5]al t5d5cy ( a writ+1 ?is may h its effect on ! read] be=e he has read "o-t5?1 if ! book is l>ge1 or ! treatm5t is v s$uctive4 ,h5ce1 8"o-t5?0 is an approximation1 r ?an a rule4 #hed4 ,! k9ds ( pr9t$ matt] =bidd5 by ! ,code 7,canon #acii7 are z foll[s3 7a7 ! prohibition ext5ds to books1 to o!r publi%$ matt] 7su* z magaz9es & newspap]s71 & to illu/rations t attack religion & :at are call$ 8holy pictures0 7i4e41 images ( our ,"l & ! ,sa9ts71 if oppos$ to ! m9d ( ! ,*ur*2 7b7 ! prohibition ext5ds to publi%$ matt] dang]\s to fai?1 & !re=e to ! foll[+2 to writ+s or c>icatures t attack ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 miracles or o!r f\ndations ( natural or reveal$ religion1 ,ca?olic dogma1 wor%ip or discipl9e1 ! ecclesia/ical hi]>*y z su*1 or ! cl]ical or religi\s /ate2 to ^? t def5d h]esy1 s*ism1 sup]/ition1 condemn$ errors1 subv]sive societies1 or suicide1 duell+1 divorce2 to non-,ca?olic publications ( ! ,bible & to non-,ca?olic works on religion t are n cle>ly free f opposition to ,ca?olic fai?2 to liturgical works t d n agree ) ! au!ntic texts2 to books t publi% apocryphal indulg5ces & to pr9t$ images ( holy p]sons t w\ld be ! occasion ( error 7e4g41 ! repres5tation ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 human =m74 #hee4 ,! m]e pres5ce1 h[ev]1 ( condemn$ matt] 9 a writ+ does n cause x to fall "u prohibition4 7a7 ,"s works are n =bidd5 unless ! au?or's purpose to tea* error or attack ! tru? is kn[n4 ,h5ce1 books on religion writt5 by non-,ca?olics :i* conta9 errors aga9/ ! ,ca?olic ,fai? are n =bidd51 unless !y deal ) religion ex pr(esso 7i4e41 n incid5tally or cursorily1 b cle>ly = ! purpose ( tea*+74 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 t religion be ! ma9 !me ( ! book1 ,simil>ly1 books t attack religion are =bidd51 n :5 attacks are casual or by ! way1 b :5 !y are made purposely2 & ! same is true z reg>ds books t insult ! cl]ical /ate4 ,! purpose is recogniz$ f ! decl>ation ( ! au?or1 f ! nature ( ! "w1 f ! sy/ematic treatm5t1 l5g? or frequ5cy ( argum5tation or attack1 etc4 7b7 ,o!r works are n =bidd51 unless !y conta9 n only agreem5t ) error1 b also argum5t 9 def5se ( error4 ,?us1 books 9 favor ( h]esy1 s*ism1 suicide1 duell+1 divorce1 ,freemasonry1 etc41 are =bidd5 :5 !y *ampion wrong causes by disput+ 9 _! behalf4 7c7 ,o!r works are =bidd51 n because !y /ate1 b because !y approve ( error4 ,su* are books t attack or ridicule ! f\ndations ( religion or ! dogmas ( fai?1 ^? t disp>age wor%ip1 ^? t are subv]sive ( discipl9e1 ^? t def5d proscrib$ propositions1 ^? t tea* & favor sup]/ition1 etc4 #hef4 ,books t deal ) religion ex pr(esso 7i4e41 ( set purpose71 or obit] 7i4e41 incid5tally71 are z foll[s3 7a7 ,books t are ex pr(esso religi\s are manuals ( !ology1 works ( s]mons1 treatises on ! ,bible1 in/ructions on religi\s duties1 works ( piety1 text-books ( *ur* hi/ory4 ,works ( a pr(ane "*1 su* z sci5tific books1 may also tea* religion ex pr(esso1 b x is n easy z a rule to p]ceive ! int5tion ( tea*+ religion 9 works ( ?is k9d4 7b7 ,books t deal ) religion only obit] are works ( a pr(ane "*1 9 :i* ! subject ( religion is introduc$ only briefly 7e4g41 by way ( illu/ration74 #heg4 ,books deal+ ex pr(esso ) religion & writt5 by non-,ca?olics are3 7a7 =bidd51 if !y conta9 matt] contr>y to ,ca?olic fai?2 7b7 n =bidd51 if x is cle> to "o 7e4g41 f a compet5t review7 t !y conta9 no?+ contr>y to ,ca?olic fai?4 #heh4 ,h[ is "o to "k 9 a p>ticul> case :e!r a book falls "u "o ( ! =ego+ classes =bidd5 by ! ,code8 7a7 ,if ! ,holy ,see has made a decl>ation1 ! matt] is ( c\rse cle>2 7b7 if no decl>ation has be5 made1 & "o is compet5t to judge = oneself1 "o may read z mu* z is necess>y to decide :e!r ! book is "o ( ^? proscrib$ by ! ,code2 b if a p]son has n receiv$ ! education t w\ld fit him = judg+1 he %\ld consult "s p]son m skill$ ?an himself1 su* z 8 p>i% prie/ or confessor4 #hei4 ,is x lawful to read newspap]s1 magaz9es1 or ref]5ce works 7su* z encyclop$ias71 :i* conta9 "s articles contr>y to fai?1 & o!rs t are good or indiff]5t1 if ^! pap]s or books h n be5 condemn$8 7a7 ,if ! read+ or consultation1 on acc\nt ( "o's individual "*1 w subject "o to grave temptations1 !n accord+ to natural law x %\ld be avoid$4 7b7 ,if !re is no s]i\s dang] or temptation1 b ! policy ( ! works or j\rnals 9 "q is anti-religi\s or anti-,ca?olic1 z appe>s f ! space giv5 to ho/ile attack1 _! frequ5cy or bitt]ness ( _s1 !n1 accord+ to ! law ( ! ,code j m5tion$1 "o %\ld avoid su* read+ matt]4 ,examples ( ?is k9d ( lit]ature are pap]s devot$ to a!i/ic or bol%evi/ic propag&a1 anti-,ca?olic %eets1 etc4 7c7 ,if !re is no dang] to ! individual1 & ! editorial policy is n ho/ile1 "o may use su* matt] z is good & useful1 :ile pass+ ov] any elaborate or sy/ematic attack on tru? or def5se ( error4 #hfj4 ,individual books are =bidd5 by "n to all ,ca?olics by ! ,holy ,see & to _! own subjects by ,ord9>ies & o!r local or p>ticul> c\ncils 7,canon #acie74 ,books condemn$ by ! ,apo/olic ,see mu/ be consid]$ z =bidd5 ev]y:]e & 9 :atsoev] language !y may be translat$ into 7,canon #acif74 7a7 ,if a book is =bidd51 "o may n read ev5 ! h>mless p>ts ( x1 = !re is ! dang] t1 if "o "p is read1 ! o!r p>ts w also be read4 ,b1 if ! "p t occasion$ ! prohibition be remov$1 ! prohibition ceases z reg>ds ! rema9d] ( ! book4 7b7 ,if a "w is =bidd51 "o may n read any volume1 if all ! volumes deal ) ! same subject4 ,b1 if ! volumes treat ( diff]5t subjects or ( "o subject t is divisible 7e4g41 univ]sal hi/ory71 "o may read su* volumes z d n conta9 ! dang] t occasion$ ! prohibition4 7c7 ,if all ! works ( an au?or are condemn$1 ! prohibition is und]/ood to apply only to books 7i4e41 n to small] works71 & only to books deal+ ) religion1 unless x appe>s t ! o!r k9ds ( writ+s are also includ$2 b ! prohibition is to be presum$ to include works t appe> aft] ! condemnation1 unless ! contr>y is manife/4 #hfa4 ,"s out/&+ works t h be5 condemn$ are ! foll[+3 7a7 ,9 ,engli%3 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ,! ,roman ,empire 7,gibbons72 ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion 7,&rew ,lang72 ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 7,goldsmi?72 ,! ,roman ,popes 7,ranke72 ,! ,life & ,pontificate ( ,leo ,x 7,roscoe72 ,con/itutional ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 7,hallam72 ,political ,economy 7,mill72 ,happ9ess 9 ,hell 7,miv>t72 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,lit]ature 7,ta9e72 ,reign ( ,*>les ,v 7,rob]tson72 ,zoonomia1 or ,! ,laws ( ,organic ,life 7,d>w974 7b7 ,9 ,fr5*3 ,notre ,dame de ,p>is 7,hugo72 ,life ( ,jesus & eighte5 o!r works ( ,r5an2 all ! works ( ,anatole ,france2 ,! ,social ,contract & f\r works ( ,r\sseau2 ne>ly all ! works ( ,voltaire2 ,! ,gospel & ! ,*ur*1 ,gospel ,/udies1 ,! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ,apropos ( a ,little ,book1 ,! ,religion ( ,israel 7,loisy72 all ! works ( ,jean ,paul ,s>tre2 ,la ,deuxieme ,sexe & ,les ,m&>9s by ,simone de ,beauvoir4 #hfb4 ,:at is meant by 8use0 ( =bidd5 writ+s8 7a7 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ^? 8use0 a writ+ :o read x--t is1 :o g ov] x ) _! eyes1 und]/&+ ! mean+ !re9 conta9$4 ,h5ce1 a p]son does n violate ! *ur* law aga9/ =bidd5 books if he m]ely li/5s to ano!r read2 al?\gh he might s9 aga9/ ! natural law1 & ev5 aga9/ ! *ur* law1 if he induc$ ! o!r to read to him2 nei!r does a p]son violate ! *ur* law1 if he m]ely glances at ! *>act]s1 )\t und]/&+ ! s5se express$4 ,example3 ,titus1 a pr(essor ( !ology1 has p]mission to read =bidd5 books1 & he sometimes reads to 8 class doctr9al passages f works on ! ,index 9 ord] to expla9 & refute errors4 ,balbus exam9es v c>efully ! pages ( a beautifully pr9t$ copy ( a =bidd5 "w1 b he und]/&s h>dly a ^w ( x1 s9ce x is 9 a =eign language4 ,nei!r ,titus' class nor ,balbus are guilty ( read+ z =bidd5 by ! ,*ur*1 = /rict int]pretation is giv5 to p5al laws 7see #dhe74 7b7 ,9 ! second place1 ^? 8use0 a =bidd5 writ+ :o reta9 x--t is1 :o keep x 9 _! home z belong+ to !mselves or borr[$ f ano!r1 or :o give x = safekeep+ to ano!r1 ev5 ?\gh !y are n able to read x4 ,h5ce1 a libr>ian :o has =bidd5 books on 8 %elves does n break ! law1 s9ce ! books are n 8 prop]ty1 nor are !y kept 9 8 home4 ,a bookb9d] also :o receives =bidd5 books is consid]$ z excus$ ?r\gh epieikeia = ! "t ! books are 9 8 %op1 especially if 8 cu/om] has ! p]mission to read ^? books4 ,example3 ,sempronius b\ght an exp5sive "w & !n discov]$ t x is on ! ,index4 ,is he oblig$ to de/roy x8 ,no1 if he does n wi% to de/roy x1 he may1 if he does n delay beyond a mon?1 ei!r give x to someone :o has p]mission to keep x1 or obta9 t p]mission = himself4 7c7 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ^? 8use0 a =bidd5 writ+ :o communicate x to o!rs--= example1 ^? :o make pres5ts ( works t are on ! ,index1 :o l5d su* books to o!rs1 or place !m :]e o!rs w read !m1 :o read to o!rs passages or write out exc]pts = !m4 ,x is lawful1 h[ev]1 = pr(essors 9 !ological & o!r classes ( sacr$ sci5ce to read f =bidd5 works to _! /ud5t body1 if a suitable explanation & refutation exclude all dang]4 7d7 ,la/ly1 ^? fall "u ! law z violators :o co-op]ate 9 ! production or di/ribution ( =bidd5 lit]ature--= example1 publi%]s1 own]s1 au?ors1 translators1 booksell]s1 pr9t]s1 etc4 7cfr4 #igf sqq41 on coop]ation 9 ,wor%ip74 #hfc4 ,! *ur* law on =bidd5 lit]ature affects all ,ca?olics n except$ by law1 no matt] h[ le>n$ !y may be1 :at position !y may hold1 or h[ immune f dang] !y may seem1 unless !y obta9 p]mission to read su* lit]ature f ! ,holy ,see1 ! ,ord9>y1 or _! regul> ,sup]ior 7,canon #adjb74 ,^? except$ by law & :o d n ne$ to seek su* p]mission are c]ta9 prelates & /ud5ts4 7a7 ,c>d9als1 ,bi%ops1 & o!r ,ord9>ies 7,canon #adja71 & likewise major sup]iors 9 exempt cl]ical ord]s 7,canon #aih1 ,sec4 #a7 are n b\nd by ! *ur* prohibition ( books dang]\s to fai?2 7b7 ^? :o are pursu+ !ological or biblical /udies may use =bidd5 editions ( scripture1 provid$ ^! are correct & complete z to ! text1 & conta9 no attacks on ,ca?olic tea*+ 9 ! introductions & annotations 7,canon #adjj74 ,?is p]mission ext5ds n only to sem9>ians1 b also to lay /ud5ts2 n only to ^? :o are at s*ool1 b also to ^? :o are really /udy+ outside ( s*ool1 su* z pr(essors1 writ]s & ^? :o are prep>+ lectures or diss]tations4 #hfd4 ,:5 ! necessity ( read+ a =bidd5 book is urg5t1 & ! opportunity ( ask+ p]mission f ! ,holy ,see or ,ord9>y is lack+1 a p]son ^: duties call = acqua9tance ) su* a book may consid] t ! law does n b9d 9 8 p>ticul> case 7see #daa-dag on epieikeia74 7a7 ,a pr(essor1 editor1 critic1 etc41 :o _h n yet receiv$ p]mission might read a =bidd5 book1 if1 be+ call$ ^u to criticize x1 he c\ld n await ! p]mission2 7b7 a confessor1 pa/or1 etc41 9 simil> circum/ances c\ld read a =bidd5 book 9 ord] to be able to refute x4 #hfe4 ,^? :o h receiv$ p]mission to read books =bidd5 z g5]ally dang]\s to fai?1 may also read pap]s & p]iodicals ( ! same "*1 & !y may use ! p]mission giv5 !m any:]e1 s9ce x is a p]sonal indult 7see #ddf74 ,! foll[+ re/rictions1 h[ev]1 are und]/ood 9 ! grant ( p]mission3 7a7 ,p]mission to read1 no matt] by :om grant$1 does n make x lawful to read :at is really a dang] to "o's fai?1 = ?is 7z expla9$ above 9 #hdi-hej7 is contr>y to natural law4 ,moreov]1 ^? :o h receiv$ an apo/olic indult may n read or reta9 books proscrib$ by _! ,ord9>ies1 unless ! indult ext5ds ev5 to ?is4 7b7 ,p]mission to reta9 does n make x lawful to keep =bidd5 books 9 su* a way t !y w fall into ! h&s ( ^? :o h no "r to read !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is a grave obligation aris+ f ! natural law to prev5t su* a ?+ f happ5+4 ,h5ce1 ^? :o h p]mission to keep writ+s dang]\s to fai? %\ld n place !m on %elves to :i* !re is g5]al access1 or else !y %\ld label !m z dang]\s & =bidd5 7see ,canons #adje1 ,sec4#a1 & #adjc1 ,sec4#b74 #hff4 ,accord+ to ,canon #bcah1 ! foll[+ c5sures are incurr$ ?r\gh ! use ( =bidd5 books3 7a7 ,excommunication specially res]v$ to ! ,apo/olic ,see is incurr$ ipso facto by ^? :o (f] to ! public books1 ev5 ( a non-religi\s "*1 writt5 by apo/ates1 s*ismatics1 or h]etics 9 sy/ematic def5se ( h]esy or s*ism4 ,?is c5sure applies1 fir/1 to ! *ief causes ( publicity ( ! "w--i4e41 to ! au?or :o (f]s x = publication1 & to ! publi%] & pr9t] 7own] or manag] ( ! press7 :o accept x = t purpose--n1 h[ev]1 to remote coop]ators or help]s2 secondly1 to su* *ief causes z und]/& ! "* ( ! book1 ei!r f ! ^w ( ! au?or or f ! cont5ts4 ,x is n incurr$1 if ! "w is n publi%$ 7i4e41 if x rema9s 9 manuscript1 or is circulat$ only privately71 or if x is publi%$ 9 o!r ?an book =m 7e4g41 z a pamphlet1 leaflet or article74 ,ignorance1 if n crass or sup9e 7see #bg71 excuses f ?is c5sure 7,canon #bbbi1 ,sec4#c1 n4 #a74 7b7 ,! same c5sure is incurr$ by ^? :o def5d ! a=em5tion$ books1 ei!r mat]ially 7e4g41 by sav+ !m f de/ruction7 or morally 7e4g41 by def5d+1 prais+1 or recomm5d+ !m74 ,ignorance excuses "h z 9 ! case ( publi%]s4 7c7 ,! same c5sure is incurr$ by ^? :o def5d books ( any au?or condemn$ by "n ?r\gh ,apo/olic lett]s4 ,h5ce1 ! c5sure does n apply to books condemn$ by a pontifical congregation nor to books condemn$ 9 a ,papal ,lett]1 if _! title is n m5tion$4 ,ignorance excuses "h z 9 ! previ\s case4 7d7 ,! same c5sure is incurr$ by ^? :o kn[+ly keep or read any ( ! =bidd5 books m5tion$ s f> 9 ?is p>agraph4 ,! s5se to be atta*$ to ! words 8keep or read0 has be5 giv5 above 7see #hfb74 ,ev5 crass & sup9e ignorance ( law or p5alty1 provid$ x be n affect$1 z well z o!r causes t less5 imputability 7see #dj71 excuse f ?is c5sure 7,canon #bbbi1 ,sec4,sec4#a1 #b74 7e7 ,excommunication n res]v$ is incurr$ ipso facto by au?ors & publi%]s :o are responsible = ! pr9t+ )\t due au?orization ( books ( ,holy ,writ1 or ( notes or comm5t>ies on ! ,bible1 ev5 ?\gh ! text be correct & ! explanation or?odox4 ,?is c5sure is n incurr$ by ^? :o are n responsible = ! pr9t+ done1 su* z typesett]s & read]s4 ,ignorance1 if n crass & sup9e1 excuses "h 7,canon #bbbi1 ,sec4#c74 #hfg4 ,dang]\s ,s*ools4--,) ref]5ce to _! dang] to fai?1 s*ools are ( ?ree k9ds3 7a7 sect>ian s*ools1 9 :i* h]esy or infidelity is prescrib$ z "p ( ! curriculum1 & assi/ance at non-,ca?olic rites is requir$4 ,examples are colleges & univ]sities support$ by ,prote/ant d5om9ations1 sect>ian ,sunday s*ools1 ,bible classes2 7b7 neutral s*ools 7i4e41 s*ools 9 :i* all religi\s tea*+ is =bidd5 & no recognition giv5 to any d5om9ation7 ^: _s & tea*+ 9 secul> bran*es is anti-religi\s or anti-,ca?olic4 ,examples are non-sect>ian colleges or univ]sities 9 :i* mat]ialism is incid5tally taught1 or 9 :i* ! faculty are free?9k]s or bigots2 7c7 neutral s*ools 9 :i* no positive (f5se is giv5 to religion or ! ,*ur*4 ,examples are public s*ools 9 :i* only ! pr(ane sci5ces are taught1 & c>e is ex]cis$ t nei!r ! text-books nor ! tea*]s %all be irreligi\s or int]f]e ) ! religi\s beliefs ( o!rs4 ,r$ucible to ?is category are mix$ s*ools1 t is1 ^? :i* are op5 also to non-,ca?olics 7,canon #acgd74 #hfh4 ,! dang] ( ! =ego+ k9ds ( s*ools to ! fai? ( pupils is z foll[s3 7a7 9 ! sect>ian s*ools !re is dang] ( h]esy or infidelity1 s9ce ! pupils are oblig$ to he> ! def5se ( false doctr9e & to jo9 9 ! s]vices ( a false religion2 7b7 9 ! neutral s*ools ( an anti-religi\s _s ! dang] is ! same1 = ! pupils mu/ att5d c\rses 9 :i* ! int]pretations giv5 to hi/ory1 sci5ce1 philosophy1 lett]s1 etc41 are unfri5dly to ! fai?2 7c7 9 ! neutral s*ools ^: _s is n anti-religi\s1 !re is a dang] ( ,indiff]5tism t arises f ! sy/em itself2 = ! v fact t religion is slight$ t5ds to impress ! /ud5ts ) ! idea t x is unimportant or unrelat$ to o!r matt]s ( life1 & ?is prep>es ! way = d\bt & scepticism4 ,moreov]1 s9ce example tea*es m effectively ?an ! pr9t$ or spok5 ^w1 ! neglect or contempt ( religion by pr(essors & fell[-pupils 9 mix$ s*ools is a dang] to fai?4 #hfi4 ,! lawfulness or unlawfulness ( att5d+ or patroniz+ s*ools dang]\s to fai? mu/ be decid$ accord+ to ! pr9ciples giv5 above on ! occasions ( s9 7see #bfc sqq474 7a7 ,if ! dang] to fai? is volunt>y1 ! use ( su* s*ools is n lawful1 = ^? :o are able are b\nd to seek or provide religi\s education bo? 9 elem5t>y & high] s*ool+ 7see ,canon #acgc74 ,example3 ,9 ! t[n ( ,x !re are good p>o*ial & ,ca?olic high s*ools4 ,sempronius c\ld easily s5d 8 *ildr5 to ^! s*ools1 b he ?9ks t c]ta9 select s*ools (f] great] social & f9ancial advantages1 & s he *ooses !m4 ,8 conduct is n lawful4 7b7 ,if ! dang] to fai? is necess>y1 ! use ( su* s*ools is lawful1 provid$ ! ne$$ precautions are duly obs]v$4 ,example3 ,9 ! c\ntry di/rict ( ,y !re is no s*ool except ! public s*ool1 & !re=e ,balbus s5ds 8 *ildr5 to t s*ool4 ,8 conduct is lawful1 b he mu/ see t 8 *ildr5 receive religi\s in/ruction outside ( s*ool4 #hgj4 ,! dang] to fai? is necess>y :5 !re is no ,ca?olic s*ool1 or none t is suffici5t = ! ne$s ( individual /ud5ts1 & _! p>5ts are unable to s5d !m else:]e4 ,9 su* a case x is lawful to att5d a s*ool t is neutral1 b means mu/ be us$ to make ! proximate dang] remote4 ,su* means are ! foll[+3 7a7 religi\s in/ruction mu/ be tak5 outside ( s*ool1 z 9 special week-day classes1 ,sunday s*ool1 home /udy1 etc42 7b7 special att5tion mu/ be giv5 to ! /r5g!n+ ( fai? on ^? po9ts t are attack$ or slight$ 9 ! neutral s*ool2 7c7 p>5ts1 gu>dians1 or o!rs responsible mu/ see t ! read+ & ! associates ( _! w>ds 9 ! neutral s*ools are good1 & t !y are fai?ful to _! religi\s duties4 #hga4 ,is att5dance at non-,ca?olic s*ools sometimes unlawful1 ev5 :5 !re are s]i\s reasons 9 its favor8 7a7 ,x is unlawful1 if ! s*ools are sect>ian1 & !n no excuse c ju/ify su* att5dance2 =1 9 addition to sc&al & coop]ation 9 false wor%ip1 !re is pres5t a proximate dang] to fai? t is n made remote4 ,p>5ts or gu>dians :o kn[+ly s5d _! *ildr5 to s*ools = education 9 a non-,ca?olic religion are suspect$ ( h]esy & incur excommunication ipso facto1 res]v$ to ! ,ord9>y 7see ,canon #bcai74 ,example3 ,titus s5ds 8 daught] to a sect>ian academy because x is ne>] & *eap] ?an ! ,ca?olic academy4 ,he claims t %e is old en\gh n to lose h] religion1 t opposition w make h] fai? /rong]1 etc4 ,titus' argum5ts are fallaci\s & 8 conduct gravely s9ful4 7b7 ,att5dance at non-,ca?olic s*ools is unlawful1 if ! s*ools are neutral 9 !ory1 b s dang]\s 9 practice t loss ( fai? is practically c]ta9 if "o att5ds4 ,example3 ,balbus s5ds 8 son to an und5om9ational univ]sity :i* is reg>d$ z a hotb$ ( a!ism1 & ^: /ud5ts practically to a man lose all religion4 #hgb4 ,absolution %\ld be d5i$ 9 "s cases to ^? :o s5d _! *ildr5 to non-,ca?olic s*ools1 if !y refuse to *ange4 7a7 ,absolution %\ld be d5i$ on acc\nt ( lack ( fai? 9 ! p>5ts !mselves1 if !y s5d _! *ildr5 to non-,ca?olic s*ools on acc\nt ( _! own ideas t are contr>y to ! tea*+s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,example3 ,sempronius refuses to s5d 8 *ildr5 to p>o*ial s*ools1 because he ?9ks ea* "o %\ld judge ab\t religion = himself1 & n receive x f in/ructors4 7b7 ,absolution %\ld be d5i$ on acc\nt ( ! dang] caus$ to ! fai? ( ! *ildr51 :5 ! *ildr5 are s5t to sect>ian s*ools1 or :5 !y are s5t to neutral s*ools & suffici5t ef=ts are n us$ to c\nt]act ! evil influ5ce !re felt4 7c7 ,absolution %\ld be refus$ on acc\nt ( sc&al or coop]ation 9 evil1 if1 :ile ! p>5ts !mselves are s\nd 9 fai? & prev5t all dang] ( p]v]sion ( _! *ildr51 !y s5d !m to non-,ca?olic s*ools )\t suffici5t reason1 to ! grave dis$ification ( o!rs1 or ! great assi/ance ( un*ri/ian education4 #hgc4 ,absolution %\ld n be d5i$ 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 :5 ! p>5ts h a suffici5t reason = s5d+ _! *ildr5 to non-,ca?olic s*ools 7i4e41 a reason approv$ by ! local ,ord9>y z suffici5t74 ,x belongs only to ! ,ord9>y to decide 9 :at circum/ances & ) :at precautions att5dance at su* s*ools is all[able 7,canon #acgd2 = application to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 see ,holy ,(fice1 #bd ,nov41 #ahge2 ,c\ncil ( ,baltimore1 ,,iii1 n4 #aii1 9 reg>d to elem5t>y & high s*ools4 ,z to colleges & univ]sities1 see ,s4,c4,prop4,fid41 #g ,apr41 #ahfj2 ,fontes1 n4 #dfdi1 ,vol ,,vii1 p4 #cha2 n4#dhfh1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 p4#dje2 also ,s4,c4,prop4,fid41 #f ,aug41 #ahfg72 7b7 :5 ! p>5ts h no suffici5t reason1 b !re is no lack ( fai? on _! "p1 no dang] ( p]v]sion ( ! *ildr51 no grave sc&al or s9ful co-op]ation 9 evil4 #hgd4 ,! pres5ce ( ,ca?olics z tea*]s 9 non-,ca?olic s*ools is b5eficial1 s9ce x less5s to "s ext5t ! evil influ5ce ( su* s*ools2 b !re is also ! dang] t x may cause sc&al or create ! impression t att5dance at ,ca?olic s*ools is n necess>y4 ,h5ce1 x has be5 p]mitt$ by ! ,*ur* 9 c]ta9 cases b only :5 dang] ( sc&al or wrong impression is abs5t4 7a7 ,! secul> sci5ces may be taught by laym5 9 non-,ca?olic s*ools ( high] or l[] education1 if !re is no sc&al1 no unlawful coop]ation1 & no imm$iate dang] ( p]v]sion4 7b7 ,*ri/ian doctr9e may be taught by prie/s to ,ca?olic /ud5ts ( neutral s*ools1 ei!r 9 ! s*ool build+ or else:]e 7z 9 a *ur*71 & c]ta9 prie/s may be appo9t$ z *apla9s = ?is "w 7,sacr$ ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice to ,bi%ops ( ,switz]l&1 ,m>* #bf1 #ahff74 #hge4 ,dang]\s ,m>riages4--,! foll[+ k9ds ( m>riage are dang]\s to ! fai? ( ,ca?olics3 7a7 m>riage ) non-,ca?olics1 unbaptiz$ or bigot$ p]sons 7mix$ m>riages72 7b7 m>riage ) fall5-away ,ca?olics 7t is1 ) ^? :o h giv5 up ! ,ca?olic religion1 al?\gh !y h n jo9$ ano!r71 or ) ^? :o belong to societies =bidd5 by ! ,*ur*4 #hgf4 ,! dang] to fai? 9 ! a=esaid k9ds ( m>riage are s]i\s & proximate1 & h5ce su* unions are =bidd5 by div9e law1 z long z ! dang] is n remov$ or made remote ?r\gh ! use ( precautions4 ,! dang]s are = ! ,ca?olic p>ty & ! *ildr54 7a7 ,! ,ca?olic p>ty is 9 s]i\s dang] ( los+ ! fai? 7i4e41 ( jo9+ ! religion or %>+ ! ideas ( ! o!r p>ty71 or ( d\bt+ ! tru? ( ! ,*ur*1 or ( tak+ refuge 9 ,indiff]5tism4 ,=1 if dome/ic life is peaceful1 ! ,ca?olic may easily be l$ 9 "t to reg>d ) favor ! o!r p>ty's religion or views2 if x is n peaceful1 ! ,ca?olic ?r\gh fe> or annoyance may make compromises or sacrifices 9 matt]s ( fai?1 or else suff] temptations t c\ld h be5 avoid$4 7b7 ,! *ildr5 born are 9 s]i\s dang] ( be+ depriv$ ( ! fai? 7i4e41 ( n be+ br\ght up z ,ca?olics71 or ( hav+ _! fai? weak5$ by ! example ( p>5ts :o d n agree 9 ! matt] ( religion4 ,if ! non-,ca?olic or fall5-away ,ca?olic int]f]es ) ! religion ( ! *ildr51 _! baptism1 religi\s education1 att5dance at *ur*1 etc41 w be =bidd5 or imp$$2 if t p>ty does n int]f]e1 !re w be at lea/ ! example dur+ impressionable ye>s ( "o p>5t :o does n accept ! ,ca?olic fai? or :o disreg>ds its requirem5ts4 ,/ati/ics indicate t "o ( ! *ief s\rces ( leakage 9 ! ,*ur* today is mix$ m>riages4 #hgg4 ,dang]\s m>riages are also =bidd5 by ! law ( ! ,*ur*4 7a7 ,lack ( baptism 9 ! non-,ca?olic p>ty causes ! dirim5t imp$im5t ( disp>ity ( wor%ip 7,canon #ajgj72 7b7 memb]%ip ( ! non-,ca?olic p>ty 9 an h]etical or s*ismatical sect causes ! prohibitive imp$im5t ( mix$ religion 7,canon #ajfj72 7c7 unwor?9ess ( "o ( ! p>ties1 on acc\nt ( notori\s apo/asy or affiliation ) =bidd5 societies 7see #ide sqq471 prev5ts ! pa/or f assi/+ at ! m>riage )\t p]mission f ! ,ord9>y 7,canon #ajfe74 #hgh4 ,no "o may ent] into any ( ! dang]\s m>riages "h consid]$1 unless ! requirem5ts ( ! natural & ecclesia/ical laws be compli$ )4 7a7 ,! natural law requires "u pa9 ( grave s9 t ! dang] ( p]v]sion be remov$1 t no non-,ca?olic c]emony take place1 & t ! ,ca?olic sp\se "w prud5tly = ! conv]sion ( ! o!r p>ty4 7b7 ,! ecclesia/ical law requires "u grave s9 t gu>antees be giv5 t ! requirem5ts ( ! natural law %all be fulfill$ 7,canons #ajfa1 #ajga72 t !re be grave & urg5t reasons = ! m>riage 7ibid472 t disp5sations f ! imp$im5ts be obta9$1 or p]mission1 9 ! case ( unwor?9ess ( "o ( ! p>ties1 to assi/ at ! m>riage be grant$ by ! ,ord9>y 7,canons #ajcf1 #ajfe74 #hgi4 ,! canonical consequ5ces ( dang]\s m>riages illegally contract$ are z foll[s3 7a7 ,^? :o kn[+ly contract a mix$ m>riage )\t disp5sation are ipso facto exclud$ f legitimate ecclesia/ical acts1 7e4g41 ! (fice ( godp>5t71 & f ! use ( sacram5tals1 until a disp5sation has be5 obta9$ f ! ,ord9>y 7,canon #bcge74 ,m>riage contract$ ) ! imp$im5t ( disp>ity ( wor%ip is invalid1 :e!r ! p>ties are 9 ignorance or n 7,canon #ajgj1 ,sec4#af74 7b7 ,ca?olics :o ent] into m>riage be=e a non-,ca?olic m9i/] act+ 9 a religi\s capacity or :o contract m>riage ) ! implicit or explicit und]/&+ t any or all ( ! *ildr5 w be educat$ outside ! ,*ur* incur excommunication latae s5t5tiae res]v$ to ! ,ord9>y 7,canon #bcai74 #hhj4 ,! pr5uptial gu>antees requir$ by *ur* law 9 case ( mix$ or o!r dang]\s m>riages are z foll[s3 7a7 ,accord+ to ! ,code1 no disp5sation = mix$ m>riages w be grant$ unless ! non-,ca?olic p>ty gives a gu>antee t ! dang] ( p]v]sion = ! ,ca?olic p>ty %all be remov$1 & bo? p>ties promise t all ! *ildr5 %all be baptiz$ & br\ght up only 9 ! ,ca?olic fai?4 ,!re mu/ be moral c]ta9ty t ! promises w be kept1 & z a rule !y %\ld be dem&$ 9 writ+ 7,canons #ajfa1 #ajga74 ,! p]mission = m>riage ) fall5-away ,ca?olics is n grant$ until ! ,ord9>y has satisfi$ himself t ! dang] to ! ,ca?olic & ! *ildr5 has be5 remov$ 7,canon #ajfe1 ,sec4#b74 7b7 ,! pre-,code legislation fur!r requir$ t bo? p>ties promise t !re w\ld be no non-,ca?olic c]emony & t ! ,ca?olic promise to "w = ! conv]sion ( ! o!r p>ty4 ,canons #ajfb-ajfc speak ( ^! obligations1 b d n exact promises4 #hha4 ,rem$ies aga9/ mix$ & o!r dang]\s m>riages are ! foll[+3 7a7 ,be=e engagem5t ,ca?olics %\ld be in/ruct$ & enc\rag$ to m>ry ^? ( _! own fai?4 ,?us1 confessors c disc\rage company-keep+ ) non-,ca?olics1 p>5ts c provide _! *ildr5 ) opportunities = meet+ suitable ,ca?olics1 &1 above all1 pa/ors %\ld frequ5tly speak & prea* to old & "y on ! evils ( mix$ m>riages4 7b7 ,aft] engagem5t to a non-,ca?olic has be5 made1 ! non-,ca?olic %\ld be p]suad$ to accept ! ,ca?olic religion1 if he or %e c d ?is ) s9c]ity2 o!rwise1 ! ,ca?olic %\ld be w>n$ ( ! dang] ( ! m>riage1 & ! pa/or %\ld refuse to seek a disp5sation unless !re is a really s]i\s cause 7see ,canon #ajfd2 ,,ii ,pl5>y ,c\ncil ( ,baltimore1 n4 #ccf2 ,,iii ,pl5>y ,c\ncil ( ,baltimore1 n4 #acc74 #hhb4 ,dang]\s ,communication4--,mix$ m>riages are m5tion$ specially among ! communications ) non-,ca?olic t are dang]\s to fai?1 because m>riage is a lifelong & intimate association4 ,b !re are o!r communications ) unbeliev]s t c easily corrupt fai?1 ! less dang]\s be+ communication 9 matt]s t are n religi\s1 & ! m dang]\s be+ communication 9 religi\s matt]s4 7a7 ,non-religi\s or civil communication is association ) non-,ca?olics 9 secul> affairs1 su* z bus9ess1 social life1 education1 politics4 7b7 ,religi\s communication is association ) non-,ca?olics 9 sacr$ s]vices or div9e wor%ip4 #hhc4 ,non-religi\s communication is s9ful z foll[s3 7a7 ,x is s9ful accord+ to natural law1 :5 9 a p>ticul> case x w\ld be a proximate dang] ( p]v]sion freely *os51 or an involunt>y dang] aga9/ :i* "o does n employ suffici5t precaution4 ,examples3 ,titus *ooses infidels & free?9k]s = 8 fri5ds & intimates1 und]/&+ _! "* & bad influ5ce4 ,balba on acc\nt ( h] pov]ty is oblig$ to "w 9 a place :]e all h] companions are unbeliev]s :o sc(f at religion & try 9 e way to w9 h] ov] to _! errors2 yet %e is n conc]n$ to arm h]self m /rongly 9 fai?4 7b7 ,accord+ to ecclesia/ical law1 civil communication is =bidd5 ) ^? :o h be5 excommunicat$ z p]sons to be avoid$ 7,canon #bbfg74 ,su* p]sons are ^? :o lay viol5t h&s on ! ,roman ,pontiff 7,canon #bcdc71 or :o h be5 excommunicat$ by individual "n & z p]sons to be avoid$ ?r\gh public decree or s5t5ce ( ! ,apo/olic ,see 7,canon #bbeh74 ,exception is made1 h[ev]1 = husb& & wife1 *ildr51 s]vants1 subjects1 & = o!rs 9 case ( necessity4 #hhd4 ,religi\s communication is s9ful on acc\nt ( dang] 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 ,if x is a proximate & volunt>y occasion ( s9 aga9/ fai?4 ,examples3 ,sempronius goes to a non-,ca?olic *ur* to he> a m9i/] :o attacks ! div9ity ( ,*ri/ & o!r articles ( ! ,cre$4 ,! purpose ( ,sempronius is to b5efit himself z a public speak]1 b he kn[s t 8 fai? suff]s1 because he admires ! orator4 ,balbus *ooses to li/5 ov] ! radio to attacks on religion & ,*ri/ianity1 :i* cause s]i\s temptations to him4 7b7 ,if x is a necess>y occasion ( s9 & "o does n employ suffici5t precautions aga9/ x1 religi\s communication becomes s9ful4 ,example3 ,titus1 a prison]1 has to li/5 at times to a jail *apla91 :o tea*es t !re are errors 9 ! ,bible1 t man evolv$ f ! ape1 etc4 ,titus feels himself drawn sympa!tically to ^! tea*+s1 b makes no ef=t to /r5g!n 8 fai?4 #hhe4 ,communication ) unbeliev]s t is a remote occasion ( s91 is n s9ful1 = 8o!rwise "o mu/ ne$s g out ( ?is _w0 7,i ,cor41 v4 #i74 ,on ! contr>y1 reasons ( ju/ice or *>ity frequ5tly make x necess>y & comm5dable to h fri5dly deal+s ) ^? ( o!r or no religi\s conviction4 7a7 ,reasons ( ju/ice4 ,x is necess>y to coop]ate ) non-,ca?olic fell[-citiz5s 9 :at p]ta9s to ! welf>e ( our common c\ntry1 /ate1 city1 & neighborhood2 to be j & fair 9 bus9ess relations ) ^? outside ! ,*ur*1 etc4 7b7 ,reasons ( *>ity4 ,ca?olics %\ld be c\rte\s & k9d to all 7,heb41 xii4 #ad71 & be will+ to assi/1 tempor>ily & spiritually1 ^? outside ! ,*ur*4 ,?us1 ,/4 ,paul1 )\t sacrific+ pr9ciple or doctr9e1 made himself all ?+s to all m51 9 ord] to ga9 all 7,i ,cor41 ix4 #ai74 ,inde$1 ! mission ( ! ,*ur* w\ld suff]1 if ,ca?olics today kept alo( f all t goes on ab\t !m4 ,! ,*ur* mu/ tea*1 by example z well z precept1 mu/ be a salt1 a light1 a leav51 an example ( ! ,gospel 9 practice2 & surely ?is m9i/ry w be weak5$ if h] *ildr5 aim at complete isolation & exclusivism4 #hhf4 ,societies t are purely civil or pr(ane--e4g41 social clubs1 *>itable organizations1 temp]ance societies1 labor unions1 t are n id5tifi$ ) any *ur* & are neutral 9 religion--may be dang]\s to fai?4 7a7 ,!re may be dang] on acc\nt ( ! memb]%ip1 ev5 :5 ! nature ( ! society is purely indiff]5t or good4 ,example3 ,x w\ld be dang]\s to fai? to jo9 a convivial society ^: memb]s 7 mo/ly aggressive infidels1 ev5 ?\gh ! purpose ( ! organization 0 only recreation4 7b7 ,!re may be dang] to fai? on acc\nt ( c]ta9 me?ods or pr9ciples ( ! society4 ,example3 ,a ,boys' or ,girls' ,club ^: purpose is to tra9 "y p = good citiz5%ip is dang]\s to fai?1 if x acts z ?\gh ! natural virtues 7 suffici5t1 or z ?\gh moral education belong$ to itself exclusively or pr9cipally4 #hhg4 ,! ,s9 ( ,blasphemy4--,s f> we h spok5 ( ! s9s ( unbelief t are contr>y to ! int]nal act ( fai?4 ,we n[ come to ! s9s t are contr>y to ! ext]nal act1 or pr(ession ( fai?4 ,^! s9s are ( two k9ds3 7a7 ,! less s]i\s s9 is t ( ord9>y d5ial ( ! fai?1 t is1 ! ass]tion t "s article ( fai? is false1 or t "s contr>y error is true4 ,?is s9 w be treat$ bel[ 9 #iac sqq4 on ! comm&m5ts ( fai?4 7b7 ,! m s]i\s s9 is blasphemy1 t is1 ! d5ial to ,god ( some?+ t is ,82 or ! ascription to ,god ( :at does n belong to ,him4 ,( ?is s9 we %all speak n[4 #hhh4 ,blasphemy etymologically is f ! ,greek1 & signifies damage done to reputation or "*2 !ologically1 x is appli$ only to insults or calumnies (f]$ to ,god1 & is ?reefold accord+ to ! ?ree /ages ( s9 describ$ above 7see #afh74 7a7 ,blasphemy ( ! he>t is int]nal1 committ$ only 9 ?\ght & w4 ,s 8! wick$ man said 9 8 he>t3 ,!re is no ,god0 7,ps4 xviii4 #a71 & ! demons & lo/ s\ls blasphem$ ,god )\t words 7,apoc41 xvi4 #i74 7b7 ,blasphemy ( ! m\? is ext]nal1 committ$ 9 spok5 words1 or 9 _! writt5 or pr9t$ repres5tations4 7c7 ,blasphemy ( de$s is also ext]nal1 committ$ by acts or ge/ures4 ,! action ( ,julian ! ,apo/ate 9 ca/+ 8 blood t[>ds heav5 0 int5d$ z a sign ( contempt = ,*ri/4 #hhi4 ,int]nal blasphemy does n diff] f unbelief or disrespect = ,god4 ,we are conc]n$ "h1 !re=e1 only ) ext]nal blasphemy1 :i* is contr>y to ! ext]nal pr(ession ( fai?4 ,ext]nal blasphemy is oppos$ to fai? ei!r directly 7by d5y+ :at is ( fai?7 or indirectly 7by %[+ disrespect to :at is ( fai?71 & h5ce x is ei!r h]etical or non-h]etical4 7a7 ,h]etical blasphemy affirms ab\t ,god some?+ false1 or d5ies ab\t ,him some?+ true4 ,! false affirmation is made directly1 :5 "s creat$ imp]fection is attribut$ to ,god1 or indirectly1 :5 "s div9e p]fection is attribut$ to a creature4 ,example3 ,x is h]etical blasphemy to affirm t ,god is a tyrant or ! cause ( s91 or t man is able to ov]come ,god4 ,x is also h]etical blasphemy to d5y t ,god is able to p]=m miracles1 t ,8 te/imony is true1 etc4 7b7 ,non-h]etical blasphemy affirms or d5ies some?+ ab\t ,god accord+ to tru?1 b 9 a mock+ or blam+ way4 ,?is s9 is oppos$1 !re=e1 to rev]5ce r ?an to fai?1 & w be treat$ lat] among ! s9s aga9/ ! virtue ( religion 7see ,vol4 ,,ii74 ,example3 ,a p]son 9 ang] at ,god says scornfully3 8,god is good60 #hij4 ,! nature ( h]etical blasphemy w bett] appe>1 if we comp>e x ) o!r k9ds ( spee* disrespectful to ,god4 7a7 ,x diff]s f mal$ictions or curses1 7e4g41 8,may ,god de/roy y6071 because ! "o directly (f5d$ 9 blasphemy is ,god ,himself1 :ile 9 a curse x is "s creature ( ,god4 7b7 ,x diff]s f non-h]etical blasphemy1 f p]jury & disreg>d ( v[1 f va9 use ( ! "n ( ,god1 because none ( ^! necess>ily proce$s f a lack ( fai?1 z does h]etical blasphemy4 ,non-h]etical blasphemy proce$s f hatr$ or contempt ( ,god1 p]jury f presumption1 disreg>d ( v[ f disob$i5ce1 va9 use ( ! ,div9e ,"n f irrev]5ce4 7c7 ,h]etical blasphemy diff]s f temptation ( ,god 7e4g41 8,god mu/ help me n[ if ,he c10 said by "o :o exposes himself ra%ly to dang]71 =1 :ile temptation ( ,god implies d\bt1 x is directly an act ( irrev]5ce by :i* "o presumes to put ,god ,himself to pro(1 :]eas h]etical blasphemy is directly an act ( d5ial ( tru?4 #hia4 ,h]etical blasphemy calumniates ,god1 ei!r 9 ,8 own attributes & p]fections1 or 9 ^? creat$ p]sons or ?+s t are specially ,8 by reason ( fri5d%ip or consecration4 ,?us1 we h3 7a7 blasphemy t attacks ! ,div9e ,be+ ,himself1 z 0 expla9$ above2 7b7 blasphemy t attacks :at is especially de> to ,god1 :i* consi/s 9 rem>ks or acts d]ogatory to ! ,bless$ ,virg91 ! ,sa9ts1 ! ,sacram5ts1 ! crucifix1 ! ,bible1 etc4 #hib4 ,unlike ,god1 creatures are subject to imp]fections1 moral or physical1 & ?us x is n always errone\s or blasphem\s to attribute imp]fections to ! ,sa9ts or sacr$ ?+s4 7a7 ,if sacr$ p]sons or ?+s are spok5 ill ( precisely on acc\nt ( _! relation to ,god1 or 9 su* a way t ! evil said ( !m rev]ts on ,god ,himself1 blasphemy is committ$4 ,example3 ,x is blasphem\s to say t ! ,"m ( ,god 0 n a ,virg91 t ,/4 ,pet] 0 a reprobate1 t ,/4 ,an?ony & ,/4 ,simeon ,/ylites 7 snobbi% or ecc5tric1 t ! ,sacram5ts are nons5se1 t relics are an impo/ure1 etc4 7b7 ,if sacr$ p]sons or ?+s are criticiz$ precisely on acc\nt ( _! human or f9ite imp]fections1 real or alleg$1 ! s9 ( irrev]5ce is committ$1 :5 ! criticism is prompt$ by malice or levity4 ,no s9 at all is committ$1 if "o is /at+ facts ) due respect = ! "* ( ! p]sons or ?+s spok5 (4 ,examples3 ,to call a ,doctor ( ! ,*ur* an ignoramus out ( ang] at a !ological op9ion def5d$ by him1 w\ld be ( itself a s]i\s s9 ( disrespect4 ,to speak ( a ,sa9t z a dirty tramp or idle vision>y1 if ! int5tion is to insult1 is also a s]i\s s9 ( disrespect4 ,b1 if "o 7 to say 9 joke t ,/4 ,pet] 0 a baldhead1 ,/4 ,*>les ,borromeo a big nose1 ! s9 ( irrev]5ce w\ld be only slight4 ,no s9 w\ld be committ$1 if "o1 describ+ a religi\s pa9t+ f ! arti/ic /&po9t1 call$ x an abom9ation4 #hic4 ,h]etical blasphemy is express$ n only by s5t5ces t are complete & 9 ! indicative mood1 b also by phrases or int]jections1 by wi%es1 comm&s1 or ev5 signs4 7a7 ,blasphemy is express$ optatively1 imp]atively1 or int]rogatively4 ,examples3 8,away ) ,god60 is equival5t to ! ass]tion t ,god is n et]nal4 8,come d[n f ! cross1 if ,?\ be ! ,son ( ,god0 7,matt41 xxvii4 #dj71 is equival5t to ! /atem5t t ,*ri/ is n ! ,son ( ,god4 ,! "q put to ! ,psalmi/1 8,:]e is ?y ,god80 7,ps4 xli4 #d471 meant 9 ! m\? ( ! ,psalmi/'s enemies t ,jehovah did n exi/1 or 0 p[]less4 7b7 ,blasphemy is express$ ev5 by %ort words1 or by a grunt or snort ( contempt4 ,example3 ,to utt] ! "n ( our ,"l 9 a contumeli\s way signifies t "o reg>ds ,him z ( no acc\nt4 ,! ^w 8hocus-pocus0 is sometimes us$ 9 d]ision ( ! ,mass or o!r sacr$ rites4 7c7 ,blasphemy is express$ by acts t signify disbelief & di%onor1 = example1 to spit or %ake "o's fi/ at heav51 to turn up ! nose or make a wry face at ! m5tion ( ,god1 to trample 9 ! du/ a crucifix1 etc4 #hid4 ,rules = ,int]pret+ ,cases ( ,d\btful ,blasphemy4--7a7 ,cu/om or usage is a bett] guide ?an etymology or gramm> 9 discov]+ :e!r a blasphem\s mean+ is conta9$ 9 c]ta9 common expressions ( an ambigu\s "*4 ,examples3 ,accord+ to signification ! phrase1 8,sacr$ ,"n ( ,god10 is h>mless & might be a pi\s ejaculation1 b accord+ to ! s5se 9 :i* x is tak5 9 ,fr5* x curses ,god & is blasphem\s4 ,accord+ to signification1 ! expression 8,ye gods0 9 ,engli%1 8,?\s& names ( ,god0 9 ,fr5*1 8,?\s& ,sacram5ts0 9 ,g]man1 are blasphem\s2 b accord+ to ! s5se 9 :i* !y are us$ by ! p !y m]ely express surprise1 & are at mo/ a v5ial s9 ( irrev]5ce4 ,! ,engli% language z a :ole is s+ul>ly free f blasphem\s expressions1 j z ,engli% classic lit]ature z a :ole is s+ul>ly free f obsc5ity4 7b7 ,! dispositions or feel+s ( ! us] are a bett] index ( ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( blasphemy ?an ! m]e words1 if ! latt] are capable ( v>i\s s5ses4 ,if d\bt p]si/s ab\t ! s5se ( an ambigu\s expression t c\ld be blasphem\s1 x may be held t no blasphemy 0 int5d$4 ,examples3 ,titus1 a good man1 is s annoy$ try+ to correct 8 *ildr5 t he exclaims3 8,:y did ! ,"l ev] s5d me su* pe/s80 ,balbus1 :o is a hat] ( religion1 answ]s him3 8,:o is to blame if !y are pe/s80 ,s9ce ,titus is habitually religi\s & ,balbus habitually irreligi\s1 ! "q ( ! =m] s\nds l irritation1 ! "q ( ! latt] l blasphemy4 ,claudius is a v religi\s-m9d$ man1 b he meets ) a s]ies ( calamities :i* s /un him t he exclaims3 8,i mu/ be only a /ep-*ild ( ,god4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,he c>es little = me4 ,:y did ,he ev] create me80 ,! s5tim5t seems to be "o ( grief & wond] r ?an ( insult to ,god4 ,balbus is v devot$ to 8 "m1 & (t5 addresses h] 9 hyp]bolic language1 say+ t he adores h]1 t %e is ! goddess at ,^: %r9e he wor%ips1 8 supreme beatitude1 etc4 ,tak5 lit]ally1 ^! expressions are blasphem\s1 b z us$ by ,balbus !y are h>mless4 #hie4 ,! ,s9fulness ( ,blasphemy4--7a7 ,f its v nature 7i4e41 f ! importance ( ! rights x attacks & ! goods x injures71 blasphemy is a mortal s91 s9ce x outrages ! ,maje/y ( ,god1 & de/roys ! virtues ( religion1 love ( ,god1 & frequ5tly fai? itself4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t x 0 puni%$ ) dea? 7,lev41 xxiv4 #ae sqq471 & ,canon #bcbc ( ! ,code prescribes t blasphemy be puni%$ z ! ,ord9>y %all decide4 ,x is also a crime at common law & g5]ally by /atute1 z t5d+ to a brea* ( ! peace & be+ a public nuisance or de/ructive ( ! f\ndations ( civil society2 :5 pr9t$1 x is a libel4 7b7 ,unbelief is ! greate/ ( s9s aft] hatr$ ( ,god 7see #hbj74 ,b blasphemy is ! greate/ ( ! s9s aga9/ fai?1 s9ce to inn] unbelief x adds ext]nal d5ial & insult4 7c7 ,blasphemy _c become a v5ial s9 on acc\nt ( ! smallness ( ! matt] involv$1 = ev5 slight sl&] or scorn becomes great :5 its object is ,god ,himself4 ,example3 ,x is blasphem\s to say t our ,"l 0 n above small or v5ial imp]fections1 or to %[ contempt = ev5 "o ( ! lea/ ( ! ,sa9ts z su*4 7d7 ,blasphemy _c become a v5ial s9 on acc\nt ( unprem$itation1 if at ! "t x is committ$ "o is aw>e ( its "*1 j z murd] does n become a v5ial s91 because "o kill$ ano!r 9 a sudd5 fit ( ang]4 ,example3 ,sempronius has ! habit :5 driv+ 8 refractory mules ( %\t+ at !m3 8,y creatures ( ! devil60 ,a prie/ on he>+ ?is admoni%es ,sempronius t ! expression is blasphem\s4 ,b ,sempronius cont9ues to use x :5ev] ! mules irritate him1 mak+ no ef=t to improve4 #hif4 ,!re are "s cases 9 :i* blasphemy is only a v5ial s9 or no s9 on acc\nt ( ! lack ( delib]ation4 7a7 ,if !re is no adv]t5ce or only semi-adv]t5ce to ! act itself1 ! blasphemy pron\nc$1 unless x be volunt>y 9 its cause 7see #ajb1 #aif71 is n a mortal s94 ,9 ! =m] case1 !re is no s9 at all1 = ! act is n human 7see #cc72 9 ! latt] case !re _c be mortal s91 = !re is no full reflection on ! de$ 7see #age74 ,example3 ,balbus n[ & !n cat*es himself humm+ blasphem\s songs t he he>d ye>s ago1 b he always /ops z soon z he ?9ks ( :at he is say+4 ,titus1 com+ out ( ! e!r aft] an op]ation1 makes a few blasphem\s rem>ks1 b he is s daz$ t he h>dly kn[s :o is speak+4 ,sempronius makes himself drunk1 =esee+ t he w blaspheme :ile out ( 8 s5ses4 ,balbus commits no s91 ,titus may be guilty ( v5ial s91 b ,sempronius is guilty ( mortal s9 9 blasphem+4 7b7 ,if !re is no adv]t5ce or only semi-adv]t5ce to ! malice ( ! act1 ! blasphemy pron\nc$1 if x is n volunt>y 9 its cause1 is n a mortal s92 = "o is n responsible = m ?an "o kn[s or %\ld "k 7see #ii-ajj1 on imputability74 ,examples3 ,titus1 a =eign]1 has be5 taught to repeat c]ta9 blasphem\s phrases1 ^: real mean+ he does n suspect4 ,balbus has ! habit :5 angry ( blasphem+ at 8 mules1 b he is do+ 8 be/ to use m suitable language4 ,sempronius unaw>es gets into a tipsy condition 9 :i* he realizes 8 acts1 b is confus$ ab\t moral di/9ctions1 & h5ce uses blasphem\s expressions :i* he w\ld abhor if he 7 9 8 normal /ate4 ,caius1 a boy1 blasphemes1 ?9k+ t he is committ+ only a v5ial s9 ( 8cuss+40 #hig4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( blasphemy mu/ be not$ ) ref]5ce to ! duty ( confession4 a ,!re are ?ree di/9ct species ( blasphemy--non-h]etical1 :i* is oppos$ to ! virtue ( religion2 h]etical1 :i* is oppos$ to religion & fai?2 diabolical1 :i* is oppos$ to religion1 fai? & ! precept to love ,god4 ,^! species %\ld be di/+ui%$ 9 confession4 ,examples3 ,titus1 ang]$ because 8 ,patron ,sa9t did n obta9 a favor = him1 ironically turns ! ,sa9t's picture to ! wall1 say+3 8,y h great influ5ce ) ,god60 7non-h]etical blasphemy74 ,balbus 9 simil> circum/ances said3 8,i h lo/ all fai? 9 ,sa9ts0 7h]etical blasphemy74 ,sempronia1 ,^: *ild has j di$1 rebels aga9/ ,god & calls ,him a cruel mon/] 7diabolical blasphemy74 7b7 ,circum/ances may aggravate ! malice ( blasphemy4 ,blasphemy t is directly aga9/ ,god ,himself is worse ?an blasphemy aga9/ ! ,sa9ts2 blasphemy aga9/ ! ,bless$ ,virg9 is worse ?an blasphemy aga9/ o!r fri5ds ( ,god2 blasphemy t ascribes evil to ,god is great] ?an blasphemy t d5ies ,him "s p]fection2 blasphemy t excuses itself or boa/s is worse ?an blasphemy t is m conceal$2 blasphemy t expressly int5ds to di%onor ,god is grav] ?an blasphemy t only implicitly int5ds ?is4 ,"s au?ors require t aggravat+ circum/ances be m5tion$ 9 confession1 b o!rs say ?is is n necess>y 7see ,vol4 ,,ii74 #hih4 ,accord+ to ! causes f :i* !y proce$ 7see #bej71 blasphemies are divid$ into ?ree k9ds3 7a7 blasphemy aga9/ ! ,fa!r1 :i* is contumely spok5 aga9/ ,god out ( passion or weakness1 z :5 "o be+ annoy$ uses :at he kn[s to be blasphemy2 7b7 blasphemy aga9/ ! ,son1 :i* is contumely aga9/ ,god spok5 out ( ignorance4 ,?us1 ,/4 ,paul said ( himself t he _h be5 a blasphem]1 & a p]secutor1 & contumeli\s1 b t he obta9$ m]cy1 because he did x ignorantly 9 unbelief 7,i ,tim41 i4 #ab1 #ac72 7c7 blasphemy aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 :i* is contumely aga9/ ,god spok5 out ( %e] malice4 ,su* 0 ! s9 ( ! ,jews1 :o attribut$ ! div9e works ( ,*ri/ to ! pr9ce ( demons 7,matt1 xii4 #ca74 #hii4 ,to ! ,holy ,gho/ are appropriat$ ! sup]natural gifts ( ,god t prev5t or remove s92 &1 z ^! c be r$uc$ to six1 !re are also six s9s aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ 7i4e41 six k9ds ( contemptu\s disreg>d ( spiritual life74 ,! expression ( ?is inn] contempt is a blasphemy4 7a7 ,man is kept f s9 by ! hope m+l$ ) fe> :i* ! ?\ght ( ,god1 z bo? m]ciful & j1 excites 9 him4 ,h5ce1 despair & presumption :i* remove ^! div9e prev5tives ( s9 are blasphemies aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 7b7 ,man is kept f s91 next1 by ! light ,god gives him to "k ! tru? & by ! grace ,he diffuses t all may p]=m good4 ,h5ce1 resi/ance to ! kn[n tru? & displeasure at ! progress ( ,god's k+dom are also s9s aga9/ ! ,_s ( tru? & hol9ess4 7c7 ,man is kept f s9 by ! %amefulness ( s9 itself & ! no?+ness ( ! pass+ satisfaction x af=ds2 = ! =m] incl9es him to be a%am$ ( s9 committ$1 or to rep5t1 :ile ! latt] t5ds to make him tire ( s9 & give x up4 ,h5ce1 ! resolve n to grieve ov] s9 & ob/9ate adh]5ce to su* a resolve are also s9s aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 #ijj4 ,!re is no s9 :i*1 if rep5t$ (1 _c be =giv5 9 ?is life4 ,h[ !n does our ,"l say t ! blasphemy aga9/ ! ,holy ,_s %all n be =giv51 nei!r 9 ?is _w nor 9 ! _w to come 7,matt41 xii4 #ca78 7a7 ,! s9s aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ are unp>donable accord+ to _! nature1 j z "s diseases are incurable accord+ to _! nature1 because n only d !y set up an evil condition1 b !y also remove or resi/ ^? ?+s t c\ld lead to bett]m5t4 ,?us1 if "o despairs1 or presumes1 or resi/s tru? or good1 or det]m9es n to ab&on error or evil1 "o %uts out ! rem$y ( rep5tance1 :i* is necess>y = p>don2 :]eas1 if "o s9s ?r\gh passion or ignorance1 fai? & hope rema9 & help "o to rep5tance4 7b7 ,! s9s aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ are n unp>donable1 if we consid] ! omnipot5ce ( ,god4 ,j z ,god c cure miracul\sly a disease t is humanly incurable1 s c ,he p>don a s9 :i*1 accord+ to its nature1 is unp>donable2 = ,he is able to br+ hope & rep5tance to ^? :o 7 9 despair1 = example4 ,h5ce1 we repeat1 !re is no s9 :i*1 if rep5t$ (1 _c be =giv5 9 ?is life4 #ija4 ,does "o arrive at ! /ate ( malici\s s9 or blasphemy sudd5ly or gradually8 7a7 ,malice 9 s9 7i4e41 ! will+ *oice ( evil by "o :o is n weak5$ by ignorance or passion7 is sometimes due to a disord] 9 ! w itself :i* has a /rong incl9ation t[>ds wrong1 z :5 long-cont9u$ habit has made s9 attractive4 ,x is cle> t 9 su* cases "o does n arrive at blasphemy sudd5ly1 ,example3 ,titus blasphemes ) read9ess & )\t remorse4 ,?is argues t he is an adept & n a beg9n]1 = read9ess & /rong atta*m5t are signs ( practice4 7b7 ,malice 9 s9 is sometimes due to ! fact t ! w has lo/ c]ta9 protections aga9/ s91 & h5ce *ooses s9 readily & gladly1 z happ5s :5 a s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ has be5 committ$4 ,g5]ally1 ! contempt ( ,god's gifts conta9$ 9 s9s aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ does n come sudd5ly1 b foll[s z ! climax ( a progressive det]ioration 7,prov41 xviii4 #c72 b1 s9ce man is free & s9 v allur+1 x is n impossible t "o %\ld sudd5ly become a blasphem]1 especially if "o _h n be5 c>eful be=e 9 o!r matt]s4 ,x is next to impossible1 h[ev]1 t a religi\s-m9d$ man %\ld all at once become a blasphem] or malici\s s9n]4 #ijb4 ,rem$ies ,aga9/ ,blasphemy4--7a7 ,^? :o blaspheme malici\sly %\ld be admoni%$ ( ! enormity ( _! s91 z well z ! absurdity ( defy+ ! ,almighty 7,ps4 ii4 #a1 #d74 ,pray]s & ejaculations 9 praise ( ,god are a suitable p5ance = !m4 7b7 ,^? :o blaspheme ?r\gh habit or out ( sudd5 ang] or passion %\ld be told t at lea/ !y cause great sc&al1 & make !mselves ridicul\s4 ,a good practice = ov]com+ habit or sudd5 outbur/s is t "s mortification or almsde$ or litany %\ld be p]=m$ ea* "t blasphemy is utt]$4 #ijc4 ,absolution ( ,blasphem]s4--7a7 ,if blasphemy is n h]etical1 no c5sure or res]vation is incurr$ "u ! g5]al law1 & e confessor may absolve2 7b7 if blasphemy is h]etical1 excommunication is incurr$ "u ! conditions giv5 above 9 #hcd1 & absolution may be grant$ z expla9$ !re4 #ijd4 ,s9s ( ,ignorance1 ,bl9dness1 ,dullness4--,aft] ! s9s aga9/ fai? itself come ! s9s aga9/ ! ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ t s]ve fai? 7see #hjh73 7a7 aga9/ ! ,gift ( ,k is ! s9 ( ignorance2 7b7 aga9/ ! ,gift ( ,und]/&+ are ! s9s ( bl9dness ( he>t & dullness ( und]/&+4 #ije4 ,ignorance 7z expla9$ 9 #bh & #bdi7 is a cause ( s9--( mat]ial s91 if ! ignorance is antec$5t1 ( =mal s91 if ! ignorance is consequ5t4 ,b ignorance is also a s9 itself1 9 ! s5se n[ to be expla9$4 7a7 ,ignorance may be consid]$ 9 itself 7i4e41 precisely z x is ! abs5ce ( k71 & 9 ?is s5se x is n call$ a s91 s9ce "u ?is aspect x is n oppos$ to moral virtue1 b to k1 ! p]fection ( ! intellect4 7b7 ,ignorance may be consid]$ 9 relation to ! w 7i4e41 precisely z x is a volunt>y defect71 & 9 ?is s5se x is a s91 s9ce "u ?is aspect x is oppos$ to ! moral virtue ( /udiosity 7i4e41 ! "p ( temp]ance :i* mod]ates ! desire ( le>n+ & keeps ! gold5 mean betwe5 curiosity & neglig5ce74 ,?is s9 ( ignorance p]ta9s to neglect1 & is tw(old2 x is call$ affect$ ignorance1 if ! w is /rongly desir\s ( ! lack ( due k1 & is call$ c>eless ignorance1 if ! w is remiss 9 desir+ due k4 ,affect$ ignorance is a s9 ( commission1 c>eless ignorance a s9 ( omission4 7c7 ,ignorance may be consid]$ 9 relation to obligatory acts 7i4e41 precisely z x makes "o volunt>ily incapable ( fulfill+ "o's duties71 & 9 ?is s5se x p>takes ( v>i\s k9ds ( s9fulness1 inasmu* z he :o is volunt>ily ignorant ( 8 duty is responsible = ! mi/akes he w make4 ,?us1 he :o is s9fully ignorant 9 matt]s ( fai?1 w fail aga9/ ! precepts ( t virtue2 he :o does n "k :at 8 /ate ( life z judge1 lawy]1 physician1 etc41 requires1 w fail aga9/ ju/ice2 he :o does n "k :at *>ity dem&s ( him1 w s9 aga9/ *>ity4 #ijf4 ,! malice ( ! s9 ( ignorance 9 matt]s ( fai? is z foll[s3 7a7 ,v9cible ignorance ( ! tru?s "o is oblig$ to "k1 :e!r ! obligation be ( means or ( precept 7see #cfj1 #ghf sqq471 is a grave s91 = fai? 9 ^! tru?s is comm&$ "u pa9 ( los+ salvation 7,m>k1 xvi4 #ae1 #af74 7b7 ,! s9 committ$ is b "o s91 reg>dless ( l5g? ( "t1 & is incurr$ at ! "t "o omits due dilig5ce 9 acquir+ k1 z is ! case ) o!r s9s ( omission4 ,h5ce1 he :o rema9s 9 culpable ignorance ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e = a ye> commits "o s91 b ! l5g? ( "t is an aggravat+ circum/ance4 #ijg4 ,culpable ignorance reg>d+ tru?s ( fai?1 z a di/9ct s91 is z foll[s3 7a7 ,x is n di/9ct f its cause 7i4e41 neglig5ce71 = ignorance is n a s9 at all1 except 9 s f> z x proce$s f neglig5ce4 ,h5ce1 "o w\ld n be oblig$ to accuse oneself ( ! s9s ( omission 9 reg>d to in/ruction 9 ,*ri/ian doctr9e & ( ignorance 9 ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 = ^! are b "o s94 7b7 ,culpable ignorance is n di/9ct f its effect 7i4e41 f a s9 committ$ on acc\nt ( ! ignorance71 if ! tru? "o is ignorant ( has to be kn[n only on acc\nt ( "s pass+ duty t mu/ be p]=m$ "h & n[2 = 9 su* a case ! k is requir$1 n = its own sake1 b = ! sake ( ! duty4 ,h5ce1 ignorance ( fact or ( a p>ticul> law is n di/9ct z a s9 f ! s9 t results f x4 ,examples3 ,titus kn[s t he %\ld n take money t belongs to ano!r2 b ?r\gh 8 own c>elessness he is ignorant ( ! fact t ! money be=e him belongs to ano!r1 & takes ! money4 ,balbus kn[s t ! precept ( ! ,*ur* on fa/+ is obligatory2 b ?r\gh 8 own neglig5ce he is unaw>e t today is a fa/ day1 & does n fa/4 ,titus & ,balbus committ$ "o s9 apiece4 7c7 ,culpable ignorance is di/9ct f its effect1 if ! tru? "o is ignorant ( has to be kn[n = its own sake2 = 9 su* a case "o s9s aga9/ ! virtue ( /udiosity 7see #ije7 by n kn[+ some?+ :i* "o %\ld "k habitually1 & also aga9/ "s o!r virtue by violat+ its precepts z a result ( "o's s9ful ignorance4 ,tru?s "o is oblig$ to "k = _! own sake are ! my/]ies ( fai?1 ! ,comm&m5ts ( ! ,decalogue1 ! ,precepts ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! duties ( "o's own /ate4 ,examples3 ,sempronius ?r\gh 8 own c>elessness does n "k ! my/]y ( ! ,inc>nation1 & z a result blasphemes ,*ri/4 ,titus does n "k t /eal+ is a s91 & !re=e he /eals4 ,9 bo? cases two s9s are committ$1 ! s9 ( ignorance & ! s9 t result$ f ignorance4 #ijh4 ,cases 9 :i* ignorance 9 matt]s ( fai? is n culpable are ! foll[+3 7a7 if "o has us$ suffici5t dilig5ce to acquire k1 "o is n responsible = "o's ignorance2 7b7 if "o has n us$ suffici5t dilig5ce to acquire k1 "o is n responsible = "o's ignorance1 if ! lack ( dilig5ce is n "o's fault4 #iji4 ,suffici5t dilig5ce is a broad t]m & has to be und]/ood ) relation to ! m5tal ability ( ! p]son & ! importance & difficulty ( ! tru? 9 "q4 ,:at is suffici5t dilig5ce 9 an illit]ate p]son1 or ) reg>d to a matt] ( m9or importance1 w\ld be insuffici5t 9 a le>n$ p]son1 or 9 a matt] ( great] importance4 ,h[ev]1 ! foll[+ g5]al rules c be giv53 7a7 ,to be suffici5t1 dilig5ce ne$ n be z a rule supreme 7i4e41 x is n necess>y t "o employ e possible means to acquire in/ruction71 = ev5 ! mo/ consci5ti\s p]sons feel !y h us$ suffici5t dilig5ce :5 !y h employ$ ! usual means = obta9+ religi\s in/ruction2 7b7 ,to be suffici5t1 dilig5ce %\ld equal t :i* is employ$ by good p 9 simil> circum/ances4 ,?us1 ! unle>n$ :o consult ! le>n$ or frequ5t ! in/ructions provid$ = !m1 ! le>n$ :o devote !mselves to /udy z ord]$ & :o seek assi/ance 9 d\bts1 are suffici5tly dilig5t4 #iaj4 ,"o :o has n us$ suffici5t dilig5ce is sometimes responsible1 sometimes n responsible4 7a7 ,a p]son is n responsible = 8 ignorance & lack ( suffici5t dilig5ce1 if he consci5ti\sly desires to h ! prop] am\nt ( in/ruction1 & has n ev5 a suspicion t 8 /udies & k are n suffici5t4 ,example3 ,titus1 hav+ gone ?r\gh a v small cate*ism1 ?\ght t he und]/ood ,*ri/ian doctr9e suffici5tly & _h done all t 0 requir$4 ,b "s ye>s lat] he discov]$1 :5 exam9$1 t he 0 ignorant ( _m important matt]s1 & _h entirely misund]/ood o!rs4 7b7 ,a p]son is responsible = 8 lack ( dilig5ce & k1 if at he>t he does n c>e to "k1 ev5 ?\gh no fe>s or d\bts ab\t 8 ignorance di/urb him4 ,examples3 ,balbus always felt religion a bore4 ,at ,sunday s*ool he 0 daydream+2 n[ dur+ s]mons on ,sunday he falls asleep4 ,! result is t he has _m infidel ideas1 b doesn't "k x1 & is n mu* conc]n$4 ,caius secur$ = himself an (fice1 = :i* he is unfitt$ on acc\nt ( 8 ignorance4 ,b he enjoys 8 position s mu*1 & c>es s little ab\t its responsibilities1 t he does n ev5 dream ( 8 incompet5ce1 & w\ld n try to *ange ?+s if he did4 #iaa4 ,simil> to neglig5ce ab\t ! tru?s ( fai? itself is neglig5ce ab\t tru?s connect$ ) fai?4 7a7 ,an unbeliev] is guilty ( neglig5ce :5 aga9/ consci5ce he fails to pray = light & to inquire or in=m himself ab\t ! cr$5tials ( religion1 revelation1 & ! ,*ur*2 7b7 a believ] is guilty ( neglig5ce if he fails to seek answ]s to objections aga9/ fai?1 :5 ?r[n mu* 9 ! company ( objectors4 #iab4 ,l to s9s ( ignorance are ! two s9s oppos$ to ! ,gift ( ,und]/&+4 7a7 ,dullness ( und]/&+ is a weakness ( m9d z reg>ds spiritual ?+s :i* makes x v difficult = "o to consid] or und]/& !m4 ,x is s9ful inasmu* z x arises f ov]-affection = c>nal ?+s1 especially ! delights ( eat+ & dr9k+4 7b7 ,bl9dness ( m9d is a complete lack ( k ( div9e ?+s due to ! fact t "o refuses to consid] !m le/ "o feel obligat$ to d good1 or to ! fact t "o is s w$d$ to passion t "o gives x all "o's att5tion 7,ps4 xxv4 #d74 ,bl9dness is sometimes a puni%m5t 7,is41 vi4 #aj2 ,wis41 ii4 #ba72 x is a s9 :5 x is volunt>y--t is1 :5 c>nal delights1 especially lu/1 make "o disgu/$ or neglig5t z to ! ?+s ( fai?4 ,ab/95ce & *a/ity are two means t greatly aid spiritual und]/&+1 z is se5 9 ! example ( ,daniel & 8 companions 7,dan4 i4 #ag74 ,art4 #c3 ,,! ,,comm&m5ts ,,( ,,fai? 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,,ii-,,ii1 q4 #af47 #iac4 ,unlike ! comm&m5ts ( ju/ice1 :i* are summ$ up 9 ! ,decalogue1 ! comm&m5ts ( fai? are n giv5 9 any "o place ( scripture2 b !y may be r$uc$ to ?ree3 7a7 "o mu/ acquire k & und]/&+ ( "o's fai? accord+ to "o's /ate 9 life & duties2 7b7 "o mu/ believe int]nally ! tru?s ( fai?2 7c7 "o mu/ pr(ess ext]nally "o's belief4 #iad4 ,! ,comm&m5t ( ,k4--,! fir/ ( ! =ego+ comm&m5ts includes ?ree ?+s4 7a7 ,! doctr9es ( fai? mu/ be taught & mu/ be li/5$ to--8,^! words ?\ %alt tell to ?y *ildr50 7,deut41 vi4 #f71 8,tea* ye all nations0 7,matt1 xxviii4 #ai71 8,he t he>e? y he>e? ,me1 & he t despise? y despise? ,me0 7,luke1 x4 #af74 7b7 ,"o mu/ apply oneself to und]/& :at "o he>s--8,?\ %alt m$itate on ^! words1 sitt+ 9 ?y h\se1 & walk+ on ?y j\rney1 sleep+ & ris+0 7,deut41 vi4 #g71 8,m$itate ^u ^! ?+s1 be :olly 9 ^! ?+s4 ,take he$ to ?yself & doctr9e0 7,i ,tim41 iv1 #ae1 #af74 7c7 ,"o mu/ reta9 :at "o has le>n$--8,?\ %alt b9d ! words ( ! law z a sign on ?y h&1 & !y %all be & %all move betwe5 ?y eyes4 ,& ?\ %alt write !m 9 ! entry & on ! doors ( ?y h\se0 7,deut41 vi4 #h1 #i72 8,h 9 m9d 9 :at mann] ?\ ha/ receiv$ & he>d0 7,apoc41 iii4 #c74 #iae4 ,! means ( communicat+ a k ( ! fai? to unbeliev]s are z foll[s3 7a7 ,! remote means is to get a he>+ f ^? :o h n ! true fai?1 & ?is supposes t "o secure _! good w ?r\gh edify+ example & *>ity t[>ds !m3 8,be )\t (f5se to ! ,jews & ! ,g5tiles1 & to ! *ur* ( ,god2 z ,i also 9 all ?+s please all m51 n seek+ t :i* is pr(itable to myself1 b to _m t !y may be sav$0 7,i ,cor41 x4 #cb1 #cc72 8,let u "w good to all m50 7,gal41 vi4 #aj74 7b7 ,! proximate means ( communicat+ a k ( fai? is ! decl>ation ( ! fai? to non-,ca?olics :o are will+ to he>1 ?r\gh mission>ies s5t to =eign c\ntries1 ,ca?olic lit]ature giv5 to ^? :o are well-dispos$1 invitations to ,ca?olic in/ructions1 public lectures on ! fai?1 ! "q box at missions1 etc4 7see ,canons #acej1 #acea74 coop]ation ) ,ca?olic s*ools & publications1 =eign & home missions1 etc41 makes "o a %>] 9 ! "w ( ! apo/les :o are be>+ ! burd5 ( ! day4 #iaf4 ,! means appo9t$ by ! ,*ur* = communicat+ ! doctr9es ( fai? to ,ca?olics are z foll[s3 7a7 ,= ! ,laity4--,f *ildhood religi\s & moral tra9+ %\ld h ! fir/ place 9 education1 & %\ld n be conf9$ to elem5t>y s*ools1 b cont9u$ 9 second>y & high] s*ools 7,canons #acgb1 #acgc74 ,pa/ors are oblig$ to give cate*etical in/ructions1 & p>5ts mu/ see t _! *ildr5 att5d !m 7,canons #acbi-accf74 7b7 ,= ! ,cl]gy4--,aspirants to ! prie/hood mu/ foll[ ! c\rses prescrib$ = prep>atory & high] sem9>ies or h\ses ( /udies 7,canons #aceb-acga1 #ehg-eib71 & no "o is admitt$ to ,ord]s :o has n pass$ canonical exam9ations 7,canons #iif1 #iig1 #chi1 ,sec4#b74 ,! faculties = he>+ confessions & prea*+ also presuppose exam9ations 7,canons #acdj1 #hgg71 & no "o is to be promot$ to ecclesia/ical (fices1 su* z t ( p>i% prie/1 unless he is judg$ compet5t 9 k 7,canons #dei1 #adi74 ,! cl]gy are enc\rag$ to take univ]sity /udies & degrees 7,canons #achj1 #acgh74 #iag4 ,a p]son applies himself suffici5tly to ! und]/&+ ( ! tea*+ ( fai? :5 he takes c>e t1 bo? ext5sively or 9 quantity & int5sively or 9 quality1 8 k is all t is requir$ ( him4 7a7 ,ext5sively1 ! k %\ld be su* z to include at lea/ all ^? tru?s t h to be kn[n1 because explicit fai? 9 !m is necess>y2 7b7 int5sively1 ! k %\ld be m or less p]fect accord+ to ! great] or less intellig5ce1 rank or responsibility ( ! p]son4 #iah4 ,! tru?s t h to be kn[n by all capable ( ! k are z foll[s3 7a7 ,all mu/ "k1 f ! necessity ( ! case 7necessity ( means71 t !y h a sup]natural de/9y & t ,*ri/ is ! ,way t leads to x2 = "o _c t5d to a de/9ation1 if "o is unaw>e ( its exi/5ce & ( ! road t w br+ "o !re4 ,h5ce1 all mu/ "k ! f\r basic tru?s3 ,god our ,la/ ,end1 ! ,tr9ity1 ! ,inc>nation1 ,god ! ,remun]ator 7see #ghg74 7b7 ,all mu/ "k1 f ! w ( ,*ri/ 7necessity ( precept71 ! o!r tru?s to :i* ,he wi%es !m expressly to ass5t1 & ! duties1 g5]al or p>ticul>1 t ,he wi%es !m to fulfill 7,m>k1 xvi4 #af72 t is1 !y mu/ "k ! doctr9e conta9$ 9 ! ,cre$1 ! comm&m5ts & ord9ances ( ,*ri/ conc]n+ ! ,sacram5ts & pray]1 & ! special obligations ( ea* "o's p>ticul> /ate or (fice4 #iai4 ,z to ! degree ( k t "o mu/ possess int5sively 7i4e41 z to its quality & p]fection71 x is cle> t k ought to be m p]fect 9 ^? :o are m intellig5t or ^: duties call = a m excell5t le>n+4 7a7 ,k ( ! tru?s t %\ld be kn[n by all ! fai?ful ought to be ( a m develop$ k9d 9 ^? ^: m9ds are m mature4 ,a sci5tific & !ological und]/&+ ( religion is n requir$ 9 any lay p]son2 nor %\ld we expect ! same k 9 a *ild z 9 an adult1 or 9 a subnormal p]son z 9 "o :o is normal m5tally4 ,examples3 ,no religi\s in/ruction is necess>y = an idiot 7i4e41 a gr[n-up p]son :o has ! m9d ( a two-ye>-old *ild71 = su* a "o _c reason4 ,a *ild ( sev5 or an imbecile 7i4e41 a gr[n-up p]son ^: m5tality is on a p> ) t ( a *ild ( sev57 may be receiv$ to ,communion1 aft] su* a *ild or imbecile has le>n$ 9 a simple way t ! ,god-,man is receiv$ 9 ! ,eu*>i/ & t x is n common food4 ,a *ild :o is betwe5 t5 & twelve & a moron 7i4e41 a gr[n-up :o is n m5tally su* a *ild's sup]ior7 %\ld receive m in/ruction ?an an imbecile4 7b7 ,k ( sacr$ doctr9e naturally %\ld be great] 9 prie/s ?an 9 ! laity2 = 9 religi\s ?+s prie/s are ! tea*]s1 ! p _! pupils 7,mal41 ii4 #g74 ,a m$iocre k ( !ology 9 a prie/ is n suffici5t1 especially 9 ^! days :5 ! laity are educat$1 :5 !ological que/ions are debat$ on all sides1 & :5 s _m outside ! ,*ur* z well z 9 x are look+ = help & light4 ,a pr(\nd k ( ab/ruse que/ions1 h[ev]1 is n dem&$ ( all prie/s 9 an equal degree3 m is expect$ ( a bi%op ?an ( 8 p>i% prie/s1 m ( a p>i% prie/ ?an ( "o :o has n ! c>e ( s\ls or (fice ( tea*+1 m ( "o :o has to speak to or write = ! bett] educat$ ?an ( "o :o has to d ^! ?+s = ^? :o are less educat$1 etc4 ,k %\ld include n only le>n+1 b also prud5ce 7i4e41 good judgm5t & practical ability to use le>n+ well71 = a prie/ le>ns1 n = 8 own sake alone1 b also = ! b5efit ( o!rs4 #ibj4 ,sci5tific or complete k is n requir$ ( ^? :o are n !ologians1 z 0 said ab\t ! f\r basic tru?s 7see #gij74 ,x suffices = lay p]sons t !y "k 9 a simple way1 accord+ to _! age & capacity1 ! sub/ance ( ! tru?s !y mu/ believe4 ,?us1 !y %\ld "k3 7a7 ,! ,cre$4--,"o %\ld "k ab\t ,god1 t ,he is b "o & t !re are ?ree div9e ,p]sons1 ,fa!r1 ,son & ,holy ,gho/2 t ,god is ! mak] ( ! _w1 & t ,he w rew>d ev]yone accord+ to 8 de$s4 ,"o %\ld "k ab\t ,*ri/1 t ,he is ! ,son ( ,god & ,god ,himself2 t ,he 0 miracul\sly born ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y2 t ,he suff]$ & di$ = our salvation2 t ,he rose f ! dead & by ,8 own p[] asc5d$ into glory & w come aga9 aft] ! g5]al resurrection to judge all4 ,"o %\ld "k ab\t ! ,*ur*1 t x is ! "o true ,*ur* f\nd$ by ,*ri/1 9 :i* are f\nd ! communication ( spiritual goods & ! =giv5ess ( s9s4 7b7 ,! ,decalogue4--,"o %\ld "k ! g5]al mean+ ( ! ,comm&m5ts s z to be able to regulate "o's own conduct by !m4 ,x is n necess>y t a *ild %\ld "k all ! k9ds ( crimes & vices t are =bidd5 by ! ,comm&m5ts4 ,9 fact1 x is bett] = su* n to "k mu* ab\t evil4 ,nor is x requir$ t a layman %\ld "k h[ to make correct applications ( ! ,comm&m5ts to complicat$ situations t require mu* previ\s /udy4 7c7 ,! ,virtues4--,"o %\ld "k en\gh to be able to apply to "o's own life1 = ord9>y cases1 :at a virtu\s life dem&s4 ,x is n necess>y t a *ild %\ld "k ! requirem5ts ( prud5ce z well z an exp]i5c$ p]son1 or t a layman %\ld be able to settle d\bts ( consci5ce z well z a prie/4 ,b ea* %\ld "k en\gh to fulfill :at is requir$ ( "o ( 8 age & condition4 ,bo? old & "y %\ld "k 9 sub/ance ! acts ( fai?1 hope1 *>ity & contrition2 = to ^! all are b\nd4 ,! "y %\ld "k ! laws ( ! ,*ur* t apply to !m 7e4g41 ! law ( ab/95ce72 ! old] p %\ld und]/& ! law ( fa/+ :i* !y are b\nd to obs]ve1 etc4 7d7 ,! ,sacram5ts4--,"o %\ld "k sub/antially ! doctr9e ( ! ,sacram5ts t are necess>y = all1 namely1 ,baptism1 ,p5ance & ! ,eu*>i/4 ,s9ce all ! fai?ful h ! duty ( baptiz+ 9 case ( necessity1 all %\ld "k h[ to adm9i/] lay ,baptism prop]ly & fruitfully4 ,:5 ! "t comes = receiv+ a ,sacram5t1 ! recipi5t %\ld "k en\gh to receive x validly1 licitly1 & dev\tly1 al?\gh less k is requir$ 9 *ildr5 & 9 ! dy+ :o _c be fully in/ruct$ 7see ,canons #geb1 #hed1 #accj1 #acca1 #ajbj74 7e7 ,special ,duties4--,"o %\ld "k ! ess5tials ( "o's condition or /ate ( life & ! "r way to p]=m its ord9>y duties4 ,*ildr5 %\ld und]/& ! obligations ( pupils & ( subjects2 ! m>ri$1 religi\s & prie/s %\ld "k ! duties ( _! respective /ates2 citiz5s1 ! loyalty ow$ to ! community2 (ficials1 judges1 lawy]s1 physicians1 tea*]s1 etc41 ! responsibilities to ! public :i* _! own pr(essions imply4 7f7 ,! ,"l's ,pray]4--,! sub/ance ( ?is =m ( pray] %\ld be kn[n by all1 namely1 t ,god is to be glorifi$1 & t we %\ld ask ( ,him ) confid5ce goods ( s\l & body & deliv]ance f evil4 ,?\gh ,*ri/ is ! only necess>y ,m$iator 7,i ,tim41 ii4 #e71 x is mo/ suitable t all %\ld "k sub/antially ! ,hail ,m>y1 namely1 t we %\ld ask ! int]cession ( h] :o is ! ,"m ( ,god & our ,"m 7,john1 xix1 #bg74 #iba4 ,is a p]son guilty ( s9 :o does n "k :at to d 9 "s mann] t p]ta9s to 8 /ate ( life8 7a7 ,if he is blamably ignorant ( ! nature ( a /ate he has und]tak5 or ( ! ord9>y duties t x imposes1 he is guilty ( s92 = he is1 9 a s5se1 unju/ to himself by obligat+ himself to :at he does n und]/&1 & to o!rs by promis+ :at he _c fulfill4 ,examples3 ,a "y p]son :o m>ries )\t und]/&+ ! mean+ ( ! contract1 or becomes a religi\s )\t kn[+ ! mean+ ( ! v[s1 w\ld be ignorant ( ! nature ( ! /ate embrac$4 ,a prie/ occupi$ 9 ! m9i/ry1 :o does n "k h[ to adm9i/] ! ,sacram5ts validly1 h[ to expla9 ! ,gospels correctly1 h[ to judge usual cases 9 confession rightly1 etc41 w\ld be ignorant ( ! ord9>y duties ( 8 (fice4 ,a rul] :o habitually acts beyond 8 au?ority1 a lawy] :o regul>ly gives wrong advice1 & a tea*] :o makes mi/akes 9 ! elem5ts ( 8 specialty1 w\ld also be ignorant ( _! ord9>y duties4 7b7 ,if a p]son und]/&s ! nature ( 8 /ate & 8 ev]yday duties1 b is ignorant ( recondite po9ts or extraord9>y cases1 he is n guilty2 o!rwise1 no "o c\ld und]take ) a safe consci5ce ! (fice ( pa/or1 physician1 judge1 etc42 =1 ev5 :5 a p]son has devot$ a lifetime to a call+1 he has to admit t he f9ds difficulties or problems t he _c solve (fh&4 ,example3 ,fa!r ,titus gave an incorrect solution ab\t a case ( re/itution1 because he _h to express an op9ion at once1 & !re 7 s _m angles & circum/ances t "s ( !m 7 ov]look$4 #ibb4 ,! means appo9t$ by ! ,*ur* = ! ret5tion ( k 9 matt]s ( fai? are3 7a7 ,= ! ,laity4--,! c\rse ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e %\ld n be discont9u$ ) ! p>o*ial s*ool or ,sunday s*ool1 b %\ld be cont9u$ 9 ! high] s*ools 7,canon #acgc74 ,moreov]1 = adults cate*etical in/ruction is giv5 on ,sundays & fea/ days 7,canon #accb71 & ! p are exhort$ to att5d s]mons on matt]s ( fai? & morals t are prea*$ at p>o*ial ,masses 7,canons #accg-acdh74 7b7 ,= ! ,cl]gy4--,! cl]gy are admoni%$ n to give up /udy aft] ord9ation 7,canon #abi71 & ! law requires t ! junior cl]gy %\ld take exam9ations annually dur+ ! fir/ ?ree or five ye>s aft] ord9ation to ! prie/hood 7,canons #acj1 #eij71 & t all ! cl]gy %\ld take "p 9 !ological conf]5ces sev]al times a ye> 7,canon #aca74 #ibc4 ,:at has be5 le>n$ by he>t is m easily reta9$ 9 ! memory1 & h5ce ! common practice ( committ+ ! ,cate*ism to memory is to be recomm5d$4 ,"s believe t x is obligatory to memorize ! ,cre$ & o!r po9ts m5tion$ above 7see #ibj72 b ?is is unlikely1 s9ce ev5 ! =m ( ! ,decalogue & ( ! ,"l's ,pray] is n id5tical 9 diff]5t p>ts ( scripture4 ,9 ! e>ly c5turies ! cate*um5s 7 oblig$ to le>n ! ,cre$ & ! ,"l's ,pray] by he>t be=e ,baptism1 b !re is no g5]al law t requires ?is at ! pres5t "t4 7a7 ,accord+ to positive law1 "o is n oblig$ to memorize ! words & ord] ( ! ,cre$ & o!r =mulas1 & x may be consid]$ an indication t a p]son has reta9$ suffici5tly :at 0 le>n$1 if he is able to reply correctly to que/ions put to him 7e4g41 to expla9 ! fir/ article ( ! ,cre$ by /at+ ! direct & simple signification ( its t]ms1 & s on ) ! re/74 7b7 ,accord+ to natural law1 "o is oblig$ to le>n by rote i! =mulas ( fai?1 if ?is is possible & !re is dang] ( spiritual detrim5t :5 x is n done4 ,!re is h>dly anyone :o _c by practice commit to memory ! ,our ,fa!r1 ! ,apo/les' ,cre$1 & %ort =ms ( acts ( fai?1 hope1 *>ity1 & contrition2 &1 if none ( !m is ?us kn[n1 x is practically c]ta9 t ! grave duty ( pray] w be neglect$4 ,h5ce1 x seems t !re is a s]i\s obligation ( memoriz+ at lea/ ! ,our ,fa!r4 ,feeblem9d$ p]sons are n oblig$ to memorize1 or ev5 to "k1 ! tru?s ( fai?1 if !y are incapable4 #ibd4 ,confessors %\ld exam9e 9 religion p5it5ts :o %[ signs ( ignorance 7e4g41 9 ! mann] ( mak+ _! confession71 & %\ld grant or d5y absolution accord+ to ! case4 7a7 ,if ! ignorance is ab\t ! tru?s t are necess>y z a means ( ju/ification 7see #gij71 ! p5it5ts %\ld be dealt ) z expla9$ 9 #gib4 7b7 ,if ! ignorance is ab\t ! tru?s t are necess>y because comm&$ & !re is urg5t ne$ ( absolution 7e4g41 on acc\nt ( mortal s9 committ$71 ! p5it5t may be absolv$1 if he is truly contrite & promises to repair 8 neglig5ce by /udy+ 8 religion1 att5d+ ,sunday s*ool1 in/ructions1 etc4 7c7 ,if ! ignorance is ab\t ! tru?s necess>y because comm&$1 & !re is no urg5t necessity ( absolution1 ! p5it5ts may be s5t away )\t absolution4 ,?us1 *ildr5 :o h no s]i\s s9s to confess & :o d n "k h[ to say ! act ( contrition or o!r pray]s1 or :o _c answ] simple que/ions ( ! ,cate*ism1 %\ld be s5t away ) a bless+ & told to /udy ^! ?+s & return :5 !y "k !m bett]4 #ibe4 ,! ,comm&m5t ( ,int]nal ,acts ( ,fai?4--,! second comm&m5t ( fai? m5tion$ above 7see #iac7 is bo? negative & affirmative4 7a7 ,z negative1 x =bids at any "t disbelief or d\bt conc]n+ t :i* ,god proposes = fai?4 ,?is aspect has be5 treat$ above 9 discuss+ ! s9s aga9/ fai? 7see #hac sqq41 #hdj sqq474 7b7 ,z affirmative1 x comm&s t "o at c]ta9 times %\ld give ass5t to ! tru?s reveal$ by ,god4 ,?is aspect ( ! comm&m5t w be consid]$ n[4 #ibf4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! comm& t "o %\ld elicit a positive act ( ass5t to div9e tru? is taught 9 bo? ,te/am5ts4 7a7 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 implicit fai? 9 all scripture 0 requir$2 = lawgiv]s1 prophets1 & inspir$ writ]s spoke z deliv]+ a message f ,god4 ,moreov]1 explicit fai? 9 ,god & ,8 ,provid5ce 0 comm&$ 7see #ghh74 7b7 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 implicit fai? 9 all reveal$ doctr9e is requir$1 :e!r deliv]$ 9 writ+ or z tradition 7,,ii ,!ss41 ii4 #ae74 ,moreov]1 !re is a comm& ( explicit fai? 9 ! ,gospel3 8,?is is ,8 comm&m5t t we %\ld believe 9 ! "n ( ,8 ,son1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 & love "o ano!r1 z ,he ha? giv5 comm&m5t unto u0 7,i ,john1 iii4 #bc74 #ibg4 ,?is comm&m5t obliges adults "u grave s9 z to all reveal$ tru?s4 7a7 ,! prim>y tru?s ( revelation1 tru?s ( fai? & morals to :i* all are comm&$ to give ass5t 7i4e41 to believe explicitly71 are s important t ^? :o refuse to believe !m m]it condemnation 7,m>k1 xvi4 #af74 7b7 ,! second>y tru?s ( revelation--i4e41 ^? t 7 made kn[n by ,god1 n = _! own sake1 b on acc\nt ( _! relation to ! prim>y tru?s 7e4g41 ! names ( ! patri>*s1 ! size ( ,saul1 ! complexion ( ,david & ?\s&s ( simil> facts7--ne$ n be kn[n by all1 = t is impossible4 ,b all are s]i\sly oblig$ to believe t ev]y?+ conta9$ 9 ! ,^w ( ,god is true1 & to be ready to give ass5t ev5 to ! tru?s t are n kn[n4 ,h5ce1 ! m9or tru?s ( revelation mu/ be believ$ "u pa9 ( grave s9--implicitly1 if !y are n kn[n1 explicitly1 :5 !y become kn[n4 #ibh4 ,! obligation ( explicit fai? 9 ! prim>y tru?s or articles ( fai? is n grave ) ref]5ce to e detail conta9$ 9 ^? tru?s4 7a7 ,"s details1 on acc\nt ( _! difficulty1 oblige to explicit fai? only "u v5ial s94 ,su* are 79 ! ,cre$7 ! desc5t into ,limbo1 ! procession ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ! mode ( ! ,communion ( ,sa9ts4 7b7 ,o!r details1 on acc\nt ( less importance1 d n oblige to explicit fai? "u any s94 ,su* are ! facts t x 0 ,pilate "u :om ,*ri/ suff]$1 t x 0 ! ?ird day :5 ,*ri/ rose f ! dead4 #ibi4 ,an affirmative comm&m5t 8obliges at all times1 b n = all times0 7see #cga74 ,h5ce1 ! "q3 ,h[ (t5 or :5 mu/ "o give int]nal ass5t to ! tea*+s ( fai?1 9 ord] to fulfill ! law8 ,be=e answ]+ ?is "q1 let u di/+ui% ?ree k9ds ( laws t may oblige "o to an act ( fai?3 7a7 ! div9e law expressly prescrib+ an act ( fai?2 7b7 ! div9e law prescrib+ an act ( "s o!r virtue1 :i* presupposes an act ( fai?2 7e7 human law prescrib+ some?+ t at lea/ presupposes or includes an act ( fai?4 #icj4 ,! div9e law expressly prescrib+ an act ( fai? 7ab\t :i* we spoke 9 #ibe71 obliges 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 at ! "t :5 ! comm&m5t is fir/ pres5t$ to "o1 & "o recognizes its obligation3 8,prea* ! ,gospel to e creature4 ,he t believe? & is baptiz$ %all be sav$2 he t believe? n %all be condemn$0 7,m>k1 xvi4 #af72 7b7 x also obliges at o!r times dur+ life2 = 8! j man live? by fai?0 7,rom1 i4 #ag74 ,! ,*ur* has reject$ ! ,jans5i/ic tea*+ t an act ( fai? once 9 a lifetime suffices 7see ,d5z+]-,banw>t1 nn4 #aaja1 #aafg1 #abae74 #ica4 ,! comm&m5t ( int]nal belief is br\ght be=e "o = ! fir/ "t1 ei!r ( "o's :ole life or = ! fir/ "t aft] loss ( fai?1 z foll[s3 7a7 ,x is br\ght be=e a p]son = ! fir/ "t 9 8 life1 :5 he fir/ he>s ! tru?s ( fai?1 or fir/ realizes 8 duty ( accept+ !m4 ,examples3 ,a ,ca?olic *ild :o has j rea*$ ! age ( reason & has be5 told 9 ,sunday s*ool t he mu/ believe ! ,cre$ & o!r tru?s he has be5 taught2 an adult ,ca?olic :o he>s = ! fir/ "t ( transub/antiation1 or ( "s o!r dogma j def9$ by ! ,*ur*2 a non-,ca?olic :o has j p]ceiv$ ! tru? ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 7b7 ,! comm&m5t ( int]nal belief is br\ght be=e "o = ! fir/ "t aft] loss ( fai?1 z soon z ! duty ( return+ to belief occurs to ! m9d4 #icb4 ,does ?is comm&m5t require t1 z soon z ! obligation ( fai? dawns on "o1 "o is oblig$ )\t an in/ant's delay to make a =mal & explicit act ( fai?8 7a7 ,z reg>ds *ildr51 on acc\nt ( ! imp]fection ( _! und]/&+1 x c easily happ5 t !y d n p]ceive t ! obligation b9ds !m !re & !n1 or t x b9ds "u s91 & ?us "s "t may elapse aft] ! use ( reason1 or aft] k ( ! comm& ( fai?1 be=e ! omission ( ! act ( belief w\ld become a s94 ,practically e *ild ( ,ca?olic education complies ) ! comm& :51 hav+ le>n$ ! tru?s t mu/ be kn[n1 he says dev\tly ! act ( fai?1 ei!r 9 8 own words or accord+ to ! =m giv5 9 ! ,cate*ism4 7b7 ,z reg>ds adults1 :ile ! entrance ( conv]ts into ! ,*ur* admits ( "s delay = necess>y prep>ation1 ! act ( fai? itself %\ld n be po/pon$ = an in/ant1 once ! necessity ( mak+ x is p]ceiv$ z c]ta94 #icc4 ,z to its frequ5cy or ! times :5 ! act ( fai? %\ld be r5ew$1 !re are v>i\s op9ions1 b 9 actual life ! "q pres5ts no difficulty4 7a7 ,z to !ory1 ! !ologians are divid$1 "s hold+ t ! act ( fai? %\ld be made at lea/ once a ye>1 o!rs hold+ = once a mon?1 /ill o!rs = all ,sundays & holydays4 ,!re is no solid support = any ( ^! op9ions1 & x seems t ! "t & frequ5cy ( acts ( fai? are n det]m9$ by div9e law4 7b7 ,z to practice1 ! !ologians agree t "o :o fulfills ! usual religi\s duties ( a ,ca?olic1 has also fulfill$ ! comm& to r5ew ! act ( fai?4 ,?us1 ^? :o att5d ,mass & receive ! ,sacram5ts1 z ! law ( ! ,*ur* prescribes1 make acts ( fai? 9 do+ s1 :i* satisfy ! div9e law ( fai?4 #icd4 ,^? :o omit to make an act ( fai? 9 "t ( temptation aga9/ fai?1 are also guilty ( s91 if ! omission is ?r\gh s9ful neglect4 7a7 ,if ! act ( fai? is ! only means by :i* ! temptation c be ov]come 7a r>e cont+5cy1 outside ! dang] ( dea?71 "o is ( c\rse gravely b\nd to elicit ! act4 ,! s9 committ$ by "o :o w\ld neglect ! act ( fai? 9 su* a circum/ance is by "s consid]$ z oppos$ to ! negative comm&1 t "o d n diss5t2 by o!rs z oppos$ to ! affirmative comm&1 t "o ass5t to fai?4 ,example3 ,caius is v mu* tempt$ to blasphemy1 & f9ds t ! be/ rem$y is an act ( fai? 9 ! ,maje/y ( ,god4 7b7 ,if ! act ( fai? w\ld be h>mful1 z prolong+ or int5sify+ ! temptation 7a ?+ t is n infrequ5t71 x is bett] to /ruggle aga9/ ! temptation indirectly by turn+ ! att5tion to o!r matt]s 7see #beg1 #hdd74 #ice4 ,o!r cases 9 :i* "o is oblig$ to make an int]nal act ( fai? are z foll[s3 7a7 ,by reason ( a div9e comm&m5t ( "s virtue o!r ?an fai?1 x is sometimes necess>y to make an act ( fai? also4 ,examples3 ,:5 a s9n] is prep>+ himself = ! /ate ( grace1 ( :i* fai? is ! pr]equisite2 :5 "o is tempt$ aga9/ hope1 ju/ice1 etc41 & ne$s to call on fai? to resi/ ! tempt]2 :5 "o is ne> to dea? & mu/ make an act ( *>ity 9 prep>+ to meet ,god4 ,9 ^! cases !re are div9e precepts ( rep5tance1 hope1 ju/ice1 *>ity1 & virtually ( fai?1 :i* is presuppos$4 7b7 ,"o mu/ at times make an int]nal act ( fai? by reason ( a human comm&m5t enjo9+ "s ext]nal act or virtue :i* supposes fai?4 ,examples3 ,! comm& to swe> on ! ,bible1 or by "s my/]y ( religion1 supposes an act ( fai?4 ,! comm&s to receive ,communion at ,ea/] 7,canon #hei71 to make m$itation & spiritual retreats 7,canons #abe1 #abf1 #eie1 #ajja71 to apply ! int5tion ( ,mass 7,canons #cci1 ,sec4 #a1 #dff1 ,sec4 #a71 all include virtually ! comm& ( an act ( fai?1 = ! ?+s requir$ 7,communion1 retreat1 ,mass7 _c be rightly p]=m$ )\t su* an act4 #icf4 ,! act ( fai? is ei!r =mal or virtual1 accord+ z x is made 9 itself1 or 9 ! act ( ano!r virtue t supposes x4 7a7 ,! act ( fai? is =mal1 :5 "o m5tally accepts ! tru?s ( revelation on acc\nt ( div9e au?ority1 ev5 ?\gh "o does n express ! ass5t 9 words or accord+ to any set =mula4 ,?is k9d ( act ( fai? is necess>y :5 "o passes f non-belief or unbelief to belief1 = none ( ! acts prior to fai? conta9s sup]natural ass5t to revelation4 ,h5ce1 ! comm&m5t ( fai? requires 9 *ildr5 or 9 conv]ts f unbelief a =mal act4 7b7 ,! act ( fai? is virtual1 :5 "o elicits ! act ( "s o!r sup]natural virtue )\t ?9k+ expressly ab\t fai?2 = fai? is presuppos$ by all o!r sup]natural virtues1 s9ce "o _c wi% :at "o does n believe4 ,?us1 ! acts ( hope1 *>ity1 & contrition are virtually acts ( fai?4 ,x seems t comm&m5ts ( o!r virtues & ( ! r5ewal ( fai? itself d n require t "o make a =mal act ( fai?1 al?\gh ( c\rse ?is w\ld be ! bett] ?+ to d4 ,?us1 to fulfill ! ,ea/] precept ( ye>ly ,confession & ,communion well1 x is n requir$ t "o make a =mal act ( fai? be=e ,confession1 s9ce fai? is includ$ 9 ! act ( contrition4 ,x is n necess>y1 !n1 t ! p5it5t %\ld say3 8,i believe 9 ! =giv5ess ( s9s1 etc410 = 9 8 purpose to receive =giv5ess he makes a virtual act ( fai? 9 ! t5? article ( ! ,cre$ & 9 ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance1 z well z 9 ! o!r my/]ies ( fai?4 #icg4 ,practically1 !re is no difficulty = confessors ab\t ! violation ( ! comm&m5t reg>d+ int]nal acts ( fai?4 7a7 ,if p5it5ts are in/ruct$ & practical ,ca?olics1 !y h made at "s "t a =mal act ( fai?1 ev5 ?\gh !y d n rememb] ! "t1 = ! act ( fai? prec$es ! acts ( o!r virtues !y are ex]cis+4 ,true1 ?is act ( fai? may n h be5 made z soon z ! age ( reason 0 atta9$ or ! duty ( fai? p]ceiv$1 b inv9cible ignorance excuses ^? :o 7 9 good fai? ab\t ! matt]4 ,regul>ity 9 pray] & o!r duties is an index t ! act ( fai? is be+ r5ew$ 9 su* a way z to comply ) ! comm&m5t4 ,h5ce1 !re is no necessity ( que/ion+ ?is class ( p5it5ts ab\t ! act ( fai?4 7b7 ,if p5it5ts are v ignorant ,ca?olics 7e4g41 "y *ildr571 x is cle> t !y h n made an act ( fai? z !y %\ld1 = no "o believes :at he does n "k4 ,!y %\ld1 !re=e1 be in/ruct$ t x is _! duty to acquire m k1 & to make an act ( fai? along ) _! o!r pray]s4 ,reg>d+ absolution1 see #ibd4 7c7 ,if p5it5ts are in/ruct$ b n practical1 ! confession t !y h neglect$ pray]1 ,mass1 & ! ,sacram5ts1 means t !y h also neglect$ ! comm& ( mak+ acts ( fai?4 ,x is n necess>y1 !re=e1 t ! confessor int]rogate or in/ruct !m ab\t ?is comm&1 & he may absolve !m1 if !y are resolv$ to am5d4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to recomm5d daily acts ( fai?1 hope1 *>ity & contrition to c>eless ,ca?olics1 especially to ^? :o _c att5d ,mass or receive ! ,sacram5ts (t54 #ich4 ,! ,comm&m5t ( ,ext]nal ,pr(ession ( ,fai?4--,! ?ird comm&m5t ( fai? giv5 above 7see #iac7 is bo? negative & affirmative3 7a7 z negative1 x =bids d5ial ( ! fai? or pr(ession ( error oppos$ to fai?2 7b7 z affirmative1 x comm&s t "o make op5 pr(ession ( "o's fai?4 #ici4 ,! exi/5ce ( a prohibition aga9/ d5ial ( ! fai? or pr(ession ( error is taught 9 scripture & ! s9fulness ( su* d5ial is cle> f its nature4 7a7 8,he t %all d5y ,me be=e m51 ,i w also d5y him be=e ,my ,fa!r :o is 9 ,heav50 7,matt41 x4 #cc74 ,d5ial ( ,*ri/ is a griev\s s91 = x entails d5ial by ,*ri/4 7b7 ,he :o d5ies ! fai? is a h]etic or infidel1 if he means :at he says2 he lies1 if he does n mean :at he says1 & 8 lie is a grave injury to ,god1 ^: tru? is call$ into "q1 & aga9/ ! neighbor1 :o is sc&aliz$4 #idj4 ,) ref]5ce to its volunt>9ess1 d5ial ( fai? is ei!r direct or indirect4 7a7 ,x is direct1 :5 "o int5ds to d5y ! fai?2 7b7 x is indirect1 :5 "o does n int5d to d5y ! fai?1 b wills to use words1 acts1 etc41 :i* ei!r f _! signification or use1 or f ! mean+ t w or may be giv5 !m by o!rs1 w 9 ! circum/ances express a d5ial ( ! fai?4 ,examples3 ,a conv]t f paganism conceals a crucifix 9 ! idol ( a temple & !n jo9s ! pagans 9 _! cu/om>y b[s ( rev]5ce1 :ile int5d+ only adoration to ,*ri/ crucifi$ & dete/+ ! idol4 ,titus takes (f 8 hat :5 pass+ any *ur*1 z a m>k ( respect = ! good !y d4 ,balbus1 a conv]t f ,ne/orianism1 recites ! names ( ,ne/orius & ,dioscurus at ,mass1 int5d+ only to honor ! patron ,sa9ts ( ^? two h]esi>*s4 #ida4 ,!re are ?ree ways ( d5y+ ! fai?3 7a7 by words1 spok5 or writt51 z :5 "o says3 8,i am n a ,ca?olic10 8,i d n believe 9 miracles02 7b7 by acts1 z :5 "o dissuades p]sons ( good fai? f ent]+ ! ,*ur*1 or moves !m to ab&on x1 or refuses to g5uflect be=e ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t1 or /udi\sly excludes scapul>s1 pictures & all religi\s symbols2 7c7 by omission1 z :5 "o fails to answ] calumnies aga9/ fai?1 :i* "o c\ld pr(itably answ]1 or fails to prote/ :5 ano!r speaks ( oneself z a non-,ca?olic4 #idb4 ,!re are v>i\s ways 9 :i* error oppos$ to fai? is pr(ess$3 7a7 by words1 z :5 "o says t "o is a free?9k] or ,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/2 7b7 by acts1 z :5 "o (f]s inc5se to an idol1 or receives ! ,"l's ,supp] 9 a ,lu!ran *ur*1 or *e]s an anti-religi\s address2 7c7 by signs1 z :5 "o uses ! ,masonic grip1 we>s ! robes ( a ,buddhi/ bonze1 takes a ,mohamm$an or pagan "n1 etc41 9 ord] to pass oneself (f z a non-,ca?olic2 7d7 by omission1 z :5 "o is sil5t :5 introduc$ z a ,rationali/1 or makes no prote/ :5 ,indiff]5tism is be+ advocat$ by "o's companions4 #idc4 ,! foll[+ are n a d5ial ( fai? or pr(ession ( error3 7a7 ,words t d5y1 n "o's allegiance to religion1 b "o's acceptance ( x z qualifi$ by "s calumni\s designation4 ,examples3 ,titus d5ies t he is a 8,papi/10 because he wi%es 8 que/ion] to use a t]m t is n int5d$ to be an insult4 ,balbus1 ent]+ a pagan region :]e ! "n ,*ri/ian has ! mean+ ( crim9al or enemy on acc\nt ( crimes committ$ !re by :ite m5 9 pa/ times1 says to ! tribesm5 t he is n a ,*ri/ian1 b a foll[] ( ,jesus & a ,ca?olic4 7b7 ,words t conceal "o's rank or /ate 9 ! ,*ur*1 are n aga9/ fai?1 because "o c hold ! fai? )\t be+ 9 a c]ta9 rank or /ate 9 ! ,*ur*1 ,?us1 ,/4 ,pet]'s d5ial t he 0 a foll[] ( ,jesus1 t he _h ev] kn[n ,him1 etc41 01 accord+ to "s au?orities1 n a d5ial ( ! ,div9ity ( ,jesus or ( ! tru? ( ,8 tea*+4 ,example3 ,a ,ca?olic :o hides or d5ies 8 "* ( prie/ or religi\s1 8 memb]%ip 9 a ,ca?olic family1 organization1 race1 does n !reby necess>ily d5y 8 fai?4 7c7 ,de$s t are contr>y to practices ( religion1 b n to ! pr(ession ( fai?1 are n d5ial ( belief2 = "o may be v mu* atta*$ to "o's religion1 ev5 ready to fight = x1 b n will+ to foll[ its requirem5ts4 ,example3 ,caius is c>eless ab\t *ur* duties1 misses ,mass1 eats meat on ,fridays1 & nev] goes to ! ,sacram5ts2 b he always calls himself a ,ca?olic & wi%es to be consid]$ "o4 7d7 ,signs t h "s association ) non-,ca?olic religion1 b d n necess>ily repres5t x 7s9ce !y are indiff]5t 9 !mselves & h o!r & legitimate uses71 d n d5y ! fai?1 :5 n us$ z symbols ( false religion4 ,simil>ly1 ! omission ( signs t are associat$ ) ,ca?olicity1 b :i* are optional1 is n a d5ial ( ! fai?4 ,examples3 ,titus1 :5 travell+ 9 ! ,ori5t1 makes use ( ! national salutation ( ! pagan peoples among :om he lives4 ,balbus builds a *ur* ) ar*itectural features borr[$ f pagan temples4 ,caius we>s a fez or turban 9 ,mohamm$an regions :]e x is n look$ on z a religi\s headge>4 ,sempronius practises circumcision z a hygi5ic measure4 ,claudius does n say grace at meals :5 d9+ 9 public1 & does n we> scapul>s :5 ba?+ at ! sea%ore4 7e7 ,omission ( pr(ession ( fai?1 :5 x is n obligatory1 is n a d5ial ( fai?2 = no "o is b\nd to make kn[n 8 affairs & convictions to e acqua9tance4 ,example3 ,titus works 9 an (fice :]e mo/ ( ! cl]ks are non-,ca?olics4 ,b no "o ev] speaks ab\t religion1 & h5ce x is n kn[n t he is a ,ca?olic4 #idd4 ,dang]s ( ,pr(ession ( ,unbelief4--,! pr9cipal dang]s ( mak+ ext]nal pr(ession ( false religion1 if n ( los+ fai? itself1 are ! foll[+3 7a7 memb]%ip 9 =bidd5 societies2 7b7 communication 9 sect>ian s]vices2 7c7 coop]ation 9 activities ^: t5d5cy or pr9ciples are errone\s4 #ide4 ,=bidd5 ,societies4--,societies are =bidd5 by ! ,*ur* :5 !y are intr9sically or extr9sically evil4 7a7 ,a society is intr9sically evil1 :5 x has an evil purpose1 or uses evil means to obta9 ev5 an hone/ end4 ,?us1 societies or p>ties t conspire aga9/ ,*ur* or ,/ate1 or t seek to und]m9e ,*ri/ian doctr9es or morals1 h an evil purpose2 :ile ^? t dem& absolute secrecy or oa?s ( bl9d ob$i5ce to unkn[n p]sons1 t favor cremation1 use a sect>ian ritual1 promote evil lit]ature1 etc41 are employ+ evil means1 no matt] :at may be ! end 9 view4 7b7 ,a society is extr9sically evil1 :5 its end & means are good1 b memb]%ip 9 x is dang]\s to fai? or morals on acc\nt ( circum/ances 7e4g41 on acc\nt ( ! bad type ( individuals :o make up ! society or control x74 #idf4 ,! ,code 7,canon #fhd7 m5tions ! foll[+ k9ds ( societies z bann$ = ,ca?olics3 7a7 secret societies1 t is1 ^? :i* dem& ( memb]s t c]ta9 ?+s :i* ! society consid]s secrets be told absolutely to no "o outside ! society1 or c]ta9 degrees ( ! society1 n ev5 to ^? :o may legitimately inquire ab\t !m1 su* z ! bi%op or civil sup]ior 9 ! ext]nal =um1 p>5ts ) reg>d to _! *ildr5 n emancipat$1 pa/ors & confessors 9 ! int]nal =um4 ,^? societies are also secret :i* dem& bl9d & absolute ob$i5ce to unkn[n lead]s2 7b7 condemn$ societies1 t is1 su* z h be5 c5sur$ by ! ,*ur*1 or simply =bidd54 ,canon #bcce decrees ipso facto excommunication res]v$ to ! ,holy ,see aga9/ all ^? :o jo9 ,masonic or simil> associations :i* plot aga9/ ! ,*ur* or lawful civil au?ority4 ,among ! societies =bidd5 )\t c5sure are3 v>i\s ,biblical societies1 societies = ! promotion ( cremation1 ! ,knights ( ,py?ias1 ! ,odd ,fell[s1 ! ,sons ( ,temp]ance1 ! ,indep5d5t ,ord] ( ,good ,templ>s1 ,!osophical societies1 ! ,y4,m4,c4,a4 ,female societies affiliat$ ) ^! are also condemn$1 s9ce !y are bran*es ( ! ma9 society--= example1 ! ,rebeccas1 ! ,ea/]n ,/>1 ! ,py?ian ,si/]s4 ,wor?y ( detail$ consid]ation is ! condemnation ( ! ,communi/ ,p>ty & ! p5alties atta*$ to memb]%ip 91 or def5se1 or propagation ( ! ,p>ty4 ,! foll[+ que/ions 7 ask$ ( ! ,holy ,(fice3 #a4 ,:e!r x is licit to jo9 ! ,communi/ ,p>ty or to favor x4 ,reply3 ,9 ! negative2 = ,communism is mat]iali/ic & anti-,*ri/ian2 & ! lead]s ( ! ,communi/s1 al?\gh !y sometimes v]bally pr(ess t !y are n attack+ religion1 9 fact1 nev]!less1 by doctr9e & action %[ !mselves to be enemies ( ,god & ( ! true religion & ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/4 #b4 ,:e!r x is licit to publi%1 propagate1 or read books1 p]iodicals1 daily pap]s1 or %eets :i* promote ! doctr9e or action ( ,communi/s1 or to write 9 !m4 ,reply3 ,9 ! negative3 = !y are =bidd5 ipso iure 7see ,canon #acii74 #c4 ,:e!r ! fai?ful :o kn[+ly & freely d ! acts m5tion$ 9 #a & #b c be admitt$ to ! sacram5ts4 ,reply3 ,9 ! negative1 accord+ to ! ord9>y pr9ciples gov]n+ ! refusal ( ! sacram5ts to ^? :o are n prop]ly dispos$4 #d4 ,:e!r ! fai?ful :o pr(ess ! mat]iali/ic & anti-,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ,communi/s1 & especially ^? :o def5d or propagate x1 incur ipso facto z apo/ates f ! ,ca?olic fai? ! excommunication specially res]v$ to ! ,holy ,see4 ,reply3 ,9 ! affirmative 7,decree ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 ,july #a1 #aidi74 ,! sanction ( excommunication specially res]v$ to ! ,holy ,see 0 impos$ also ^u ^? :o tea* boys & girls 9 associations set up by ! ,communi/s to imbue y\? ) pr9ciples & tra9+ :i* are mat]iali/ic & contr>y to ,*ri/ian morality & fai?4 ,! associations !mselves are subject to ! sanctions ( ! decree ( ,july #a1 #aidi4 ,moreov] p>5ts or gu>dians :o s5d _! *ildr5 to su* associations1 & ! *ildr5 !mselves1 z long z !y h "p 9 ^! associations1 _c be admitt$ to ! reception ( ! sacram5ts 7,monitum ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 ,july #bh1 #aiej74 7c7 s$iti\s societies1 t is1 ^? organizations1 ev5 ?\gh n secret1 :i* aim at ! ov]?r[ ( family & prop]ty rights2 7d7 suspect societies1 t is1 ^? ^: pr9ciples or me?ods h ! appe>ance ( be+ uns\nd4 ,on ,janu>y #aa1 #aiea ! ,holy ,(fice 9 response to ! "q3 8,:e!r ,ca?olics may jo9 ! #8,rot>y ,club'80 issu$ ! foll[+ decree3 8,x is n licit = cl]ics to jo9 ! ,association #8,rot>y ,club' or to be pres5t at its meet+s2 ! laypeople are to be urg$ to pres]ve ! prescript ( ,canon #fhd40 ,! decree seems to h tak5 _m ,engli%-speak+ p by surprise1 "o pap] describ+ x z 8a bewild]+ docum5t40 ,! surprise fl[$ f p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ,rot>y ,clubs z social clubs d$icat$ to bonhomie & community improvem5t4 ,nev]!less1 ! decree 0 9 accord ) ! g5]al tr5d ( ,*ur* policy 9 reg>d to und5om9ational societies4 ,!y are n approv$2 !y are n condemn$ z ,masonry has be5 condemn$4 ,:at is _! position8 ,! response t layfolk are to be exhort$ to obs]ve ,canon #fhd is indicative ( ! attitude ( ! ,*ur* 9 reg>d to su* societies4 ,! canon in/ructs !m to 8bew>e ( secret1 condemn$1 s$iti\s & suspect societies40 ,s9ce ,rot>y ,clubs are seldom consid]$ to be secret & nev] z condemn$ nor z s$iti\s1 ! implication is t !y are suspect4 ,su* 0 ! int]pretation ( ! decree giv5 9 ! ,oss]vatore ,romano ( ,jan4 #bg1 #aiea4 ,9 reg>d to cl]ics1 ! effect ( ! decree 0 to make illicit :at 0 =m]ly simply inexp$i5t2 = ! ,sacr$ ,consi/ory _h repli$ on ,febru>y #d?1 #aibi1 t x 0 n exp$i5t = ,ord9>ies to p]mit cl]ics to jo9 ,rot>y ,clubs1 or to take "p 9 _! meet+s4 ,moreov]1 z ! ,oss]vatore article indicates1 ! prohibition is limit$ to meet+s ( memb]s only & does n ext5d to meet+s at :i* non-memb]s may be pres5t1 provid$ ! purpose ( su* meet+s befits prie/ly activity4 ,! exhortation to layfolk 9 reg>d to 8,rot>y0 simply reaffirms ! ,*ur*'s g5]al attitude to all secul> associations4 ,z e>ly z ,novemb] #e1 #aibj ! ,holy ,(fice1 ref]r+ specifically to ,y4,m4,c4,a41 w>n$ ! ,ord9>ies t ! note ( 8suspicion0 atta*es to all secul> societies4 ,_! ef=ts to promote good works & good moral /&>ds indep5d5t ( religi\s au?ority t5d to fo/] ! _s ( religi\s indiff]5tism & moral naturalism4 ,bo? ! ,spani% hi]>*y 7#aibi7 & ! ,dut* hi]>*y 7#aicj7 h s judg$ ,rot>y4 ,h[ev]1 ! degree ( suspicion to be atta*$ to ea* ,rot>y ,club is a "q ( fact to be det]m9$ 9 specific in/ances by ! prop] local ,ord9>y4 ,:]e evid5ce ( suspicion is available1 exhortati\s n to jo9 ! clubs mu/ be made2 9 ! lack ( su* evid5ce1 ! ord9>ies may ma9ta9 discreet sil5ce4 7e7 societies t aim to elude ! lawful vigilance ( religi\s au?ority4 #idg4 ,! foll[+ organizations fall "u ! c5sure aga9/ ,masonic societies3 7a7 all v>ieties & degrees ( ,freemasonry1 = all ! ,masonic sects are includ$ 9 ! ,canon4 ,! fact t ,am]ican1 ,engli% & ,iri% ,masons h _m excell5t individuals 9 _! ranks1 & lack ! irreligi\s & revolution>y "* ( ! ,masonry ( ,cont95tal ,europe or ,lat9 c\ntries1 does n exempt !m f ! c5sure4 7b7 all organizations simil> to ,masonry1 t is1 secret societies t conspire aga9/ lawful au?ority4 ,su* are societies l ! ,c>bon>i1 ! ,f5ians1 an>*i/s & nihili/s4 #idh4 ,! s9 committ$ by memb]%ip 9 =bidd5 societies is grave1 s9ce ! purpose ( ! law--viz41 ! safegu>d+ ( fai? aga9/ s]i\s dang]--is itself grave4 ,su* memb]%ip is int]pret$ also z a pr(ession ( false religion1 :5 "o jo9s oneself to a body :i* 9 its bran*es or degrees has a false cre$ ( its own4 7a7 ,ev5 ?\gh ! bran* or degree to :i* "o belongs does n require ass5t to su* a cre$1 memb]%ip expresses a fell[%ip ) ^? :o d accept x2 7b7 simil>ly1 p>ticipation 9 ! ritual ( ! lodges is a communication 9 c]emonies expressive ( false religion2 =1 ?\gh _! ext]nals may appe> good or ev5 ,*ri/ian1 ! int]nal mean+ kn[n to ! adepts is anti-,ca?olic or anti-,*ri/ian4 #idi4 ,absolution ( ,^? ,:o ,belong to ,=bidd5 ,societies4--7a7 ,! s9 _c be absolv$ unless !re is rep5tance1 & h5ce absolution _c be grant$ ^? :o )\t suffici5t reason refuse to )draw f memb]%ip1 or :o refuse to discont9ue p>ticipation 9 false rites4 7b7 ,! excommunication is n incurr$ by ^? :o jo9$ =bidd5 societies 9 ignorance ( ! law or ( ! p5alty1 provid$ ! ignorance 0 n crass or sup9e4 ,if ! c5sure 0 actually incurr$1 ! mode ( absolution w dep5d on ! nature ( ! case3 if ! case is occult 7i4e41 if x is n kn[n & n likely to become kn[n t ! p5it5t belong$ to a society =bidd5 "u pa9 ( excommunication71 ! ,ord9>y may absolve or grant faculties to absolve 7,canon #bbcg72 if ! case is a public "o1 & x w\ld be v inconv5i5t to await faculties f ,rome1 absolution is giv5 "u ! condition ( rec\rse to ! prop] au?ority )9 a mon? 7,canon #bbed74 ,_m ,ord9>ies h by ,indult faculties to absolve memb]s ( secret societies4 #iej4 ,nom9al memb]%ip & tempor>y att5dance at meet+s may be p]mitt$ z an exception :5 !re are suffici5t reasons4 7a7 ,nom9al memb]%ip means t "o leaves "o's "n on ! ro/] ( ! society & cont9ues to pay its assessm5ts1 b does n communicate ) ! society or att5d its meet+s4 ,9 #ahif ! ,holy ,(fice repli$ to ! ,am]ican ,bi%ops t ?is k9d ( memb]%ip 9 ! ,odd ,fell[s1 ,sons ( ,temp]ance & ,knights ( ,py?ias might be p]mitt$ "u c]ta9 conditions1 if !re 0 a suffici5t reason 7viz41 t grave mat]ial loss w\ld be incurr$ by )drawal74 7b7 ,tempor>y att5dance at meet+s means t = a %ort "t1 & n = long] ?an absolutely necess>y1 "o is pres5t at ga!r+s ( ! society1 b takes no active "p 9 its false cult4 #iea4 ,! foll[+ conditions 7 laid d[n = p]mission ( nom9al memb]%ip 9 ! ,odd ,fell[s1 ,sons ( ,temp]ance1 etc43 7a7 t ! p5it5t jo9$ ! society 9 good fai?1 be=e kn[+ t x 0 condemn$2 7b7 t !re be no dang] ( sc&al1 or t x be remov$ by ! decl>ation t memb]%ip is only nom9al & only = ! purpose ( avoid+ temporal losses2 7c7 t !re be no dang] ( p]v]sion ( ! p>ty himself or ( 8 family1 9 case ( sickness or ( dea?1 & no dang] ( a non-,ca?olic fun]al4 #ieb4 ,proc$ure ( ! confessor ) a p5it5t :o has incurr$ excommunication on acc\nt ( memb]%ip 9 ! ,masons or o!r l society %\ld be z foll[s3 7a7 ! faculty to absolve mu/ be obta9$ 7see #idi71 7b7 ! foll[+ promises mu/ be exact$ f ! p5it5t--t he w )draw entirely f ! sect & t he w repair1 z well z he c1 ! sc&al he may h caus$2 7c7 ! p5it5t mu/ be requir$ to r5\nce ! sect1 at lea/ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! confessor1 & to deliv] ov] to him ! books1 manuscripts1 insignia1 & o!r objects t are di/9ctive ( x 7! confessor %\ld give ^! objects to ! ,ord9>y z soon z he prud5tly c1 b1 if grave reasons prev5t ?is1 he %\ld burn !m72 7d7 a salut>y p5ance %\ld be giv5 & frequ5t confession urg$4 #iec4 ,proc$ure ( ! confessor ) a p5it5t :o belongs to ! ,odd ,fell[s or o!r society =bidd5 by "n1 b )\t c5sure1 %\ld be z foll[s3 7a7 if ! p5it5t is contrite & promises to leave ! society1 he c be absolv$ )\t special faculties2 7b7 if ! p5it5t is contrite b wi%es to reta9 nom9al memb]%ip1 ! case mu/ be ref]r$ to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ! ,prov9ce or to ! ,apo/olic ,delegate2 7c7 if ! p5it5t wi%es to reta9 full memb]%ip1 he is n rep5tant & _c be absolv$4 #ied4 ,proc$ure ( ! confessor ) a p5it5t :o belongs to a society n condemn$ by "n1 b :i* ! confessor himself reg>ds z evil %\ld be z foll[s3 7a7 if ! confessor is c]ta9 t ! society is "o ( ^? condemn$ implicitly by ! ,*ur*1 because x exacts inviolable secrecy or bl9d ob$i5ce to its lead]s1 or has ,masonic *>act]i/ics1 etc41 he %\ld treat x 9 ! same way z ! societies condemn$ by "n2 7b7 if ! confessor is c]ta9 t ! society is condemn$ by natural law = ! p5it5t be=e him 7e4g41 on acc\nt ( ! evil associates & moral dang]s x conta9s71 he %\ld treat x z any o!r occasion ( s91 b x %\ld be not$ t no prie/ or local ,ord9>y has au?ority to condemn publicly & by "n any society n condemn$ by ! ,*ur*2 7c7 if ! confessor is 9 d\bt1 he %\ld proce$ accord+ to ! rules = an unc]ta9 consci5ce 7see #fgh1 #fgi1 #gdb71 & = ! prud5t adm9i/ration ( ! ,sacram5ts 7see ,vol4 ,,ii74 #iee4 ,z "o ( ! *ief rem$ies aga9/ evil societies is ! =mation ( ,ca?olic societies1 ! ,code 7,canon #fhd7 praises ^? ( ! fai?ful :o enroll z memb]s 9 associations e/abli%$ or recomm5d$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,ca?olic societies di/9ct f religi\s ,ord]s or ,congregations are ( two k9ds4 7a7 ,di/9ctly religi\s societies are ^? in/itut$ = ! purpose ( promot+ a m ,*ri/ian life among _! memb]s1 or ( fo/]+ works ( piety & *>ity1 or ( contribut+ to ! solemnity ( public wor%ip4 ,su* are ! ,secul> ,?ird ,ord]s1 ,confrat]nities ( ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t & ( ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e1 & o!r pi\s unions4 7b7 ,societies t are n di/9ctly religi\s1 b ^: memb]%ip & _s are ,ca?olic1 are ( _m k9ds4 ,su* are ! ,knights ( ,columbus1 ,anci5t ,ord] ( ,hib]nians1 ,ca?olic ,daught]s ( ,am]ica1 ,volksv]e91 ,"y ,m5's ,in/itute1 etc4 #ief4 ,communication 9 ,wor%ip4--,communication ) non-,ca?olics 7z 0 said above 9 #hhb7 is ei!r religi\s or non-religi\s4 ,x is cle> t communication 9 non-religi\s matt]s does n conta9 a pr(ession ( error1 b ! same _c be said ( communication 9 religi\s s]vices1 s9ce ^! are n only acts ( wor%ip1 b also expressions ( fai? 9 ! cre$ ( a c]ta9 religion4 ,we mu/ di/+ui%1 h[ev]1 betwe5 private & public communication4 7a7 ,communication is private1 :5 a ,ca?olic & non-,ca?olic (f] toge!r ! ,"l's ,pray] or o!r simil> pray] z a private devotion1 n z an act ( (ficial wor%ip4 ,private devotion is n ! expression ( a sect>ian cre$1 &1 if !re is no?+ false 9 x & no dang] ( sc&al or p]v]sion f communication betwe5 ,ca?olic & non-,ca?olic 9 su* devotion1 ?is k9d ( communication is n unlawful4 ,9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs !re w be "q ( public communication4 7b7 ,communication is public1 :5 ! rites p]=m$ are ! (ficial s]vices ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* or ( "s non-,ca?olic sect 7e4g41 ! ,mass1 ! ,"l's ,supp] ( ! ,lu!rans1 ! ,ev5song ( ! ,anglicans1 ! pray]-meet+ ( o!r sects74 ,?us1 public communication takes place ei!r :5 non-,ca?olics take "p 9 ,ca?olic wor%ip1 or ,ca?olics take "p 9 non-,ca?olic wor%ip4 #ieg4 ,p>ticipation ( non-,ca?olics 9 ,ca?olic s]vices is ei!r by m]e pres5ce1 or by reception or p]=mance ( ,ca?olic rites4 7a7 ,m]e pres5ce consi/s 9 a purely mat]ial att5dance at a s]vice1 z :5 non-,ca?olics assi/ at ,mass & sit1 rise & kneel ) ! congregation or rema9 seat$ ?r\gh\t4 ,!re is no objection :atev] to ?is k9d ( p>ticipation2 on ! contr>y1 non-,ca?olics %\ld be invit$ to ,ca?olic s]mons & s]vices1 & made to feel welcome1 = 9 :at bett] way c ! div9e comm& ( work+ = _! conv]sion be compli$ )8 ,only excommunicat$ p]sons are exclud$ f ! (fices ( ! ,*ur* 7,canon #bbfi1 ,sec4#a74 ,x is also all[$ t ,ca?olic bi%ops & cl]gy accompany a non-,ca?olic rul] to ! *ur*1 & assign him & 8 escort an honorable place !re94 7b7 ,reception ( ,ca?olic rites is _h :5 non-,ca?olics1 )\t p]=m+ any liturgical function1 receive "s spiritual favor ?r\gh ! rites ( ! ,*ur*1 z :5 a non-,ca?olic receives a prie/'s bless+4 7c7 ,p]=mance ( ,ca?olic rites exi/s :5 a non-,ca?olic ex]cises "s (fice 9 a liturgical function ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 z :5 a ,prote/ant acts z sponsor at a ,ca?olic ,baptism4 #ieh4 ,cases ( reception ( ,ca?olic rites by non-,ca?olics p]mitt$ by law are ! foll[+3 7a7 ,reception ( ,sacram5tals4--,s9ce ! purpose ( ^! rites & objects is to implore graces & temporal favors ) a view to ! illum9ation & salvation ( ! recipi5t1 & s9ce our ,"l ,himself bless$ & cur$ ev5 ! pagans1 ! ,*ur* p]mits bless+s & exorcisms to be conf]r$ on non-,ca?olics 7,canons #aadi1 #aaeb74 ,simil>ly1 bless$ c&les1 palms1 a%es & o!r real sacram5tals may be giv5 to !m4 ,examples3 ,! ,*ur* has p]mitt$ prie/s to visit ! homes ( ,mohamm$ans to bless & pray ov] ! sick1 & also to bless ! h\ses ( s*ismatics1 provid$ !y 7 summon$ & avoid$ all communication 9 pray]4 7b7 ,reception ( ,sacram5ts4-,s9ce x is possible t ! salvation ( a dy+ p]son may dep5d on absolution1 good morali/s1 rely+ on decisions ( ,roman ,congregations1 hold t conditional absolution may be giv5 to a h]etic or s*ismatic :o is dy+ & unconsci\s1 or ev5 to "o su* :o is dy+ & consci\s1 provid$ he is 9 good fai? & contrite1 & dang] ( sc&al has be5 remov$4 7c7 ,reception ( ,fruits ( ! ,mass4--,s9ce ,*ri/ di$ = all1 !re is no?+ 9 ! nature ( ?+s to prev5t ! application ( ,mass to any p]sons :o are liv+ or 9 ,purgatory2 & f ,canon #hji x appe>s t ,mass may be (f]$ = any liv+ p]son1 & also = any deceas$ p]son ab\t ^: salvation we may ent]ta9 hope4 ,h5ce1 nei!r ! div9e nor ! ecclesia/ical law =bids ! application ( ,mass = h]etics1 s*ismatics1 or infidels4 ,! ,*ur* also p]mits ,mass to be said privately1 all sc&al remov$1 = excommunicat$ p]sons4 ,"u ^! same conditions1 !n1 ,mass may be said = non-,ca?olics1 bo? liv+ & dead 7,canon #bbfb1 ,sec4#b1 n4 #b74 7d7 ,reception ( ! ,suffrages ( ! ,*ur*4--,s9ce ,god wi%es all to be sav$ & public peace to be ma9ta9$ 7,i ,tim41 ii71 & s9ce ! ,*ur* desires t ,ord9>ies & pa/ors %\ld h at he>t ! conv]sion ( non-,ca?olics 7,canon #acej71 public pray]s = ! prosp]ity ( non-,ca?olic rul]s & (ficials--likewise s]mons1 missions & o!r works = ! conv]sion ( unbeliev]s--are n only all[$1 b recomm5d$ & requir$4 #iei4 ,non-,ca?olics h n ! same "r z ,ca?olics to receive ! rites ( ! ,*ur*1 & h5ce :5 !y are admitt$ to !m1 !re are c]ta9 re/rictions to be obs]v$4 7a7 ,re/rictions z to ,sacr$ ,?+s4--,z admission ( non-,ca?olics to sacram5tals1 etc41 is a favor1 n a "r1 x %\ld be conf9$ to cases all[$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,?us1 x is =bidd5 to grant indulg5ces or to give ! nuptial bless+ to non-,ca?olics1 & only 9 v exceptional cases may any c]emonies be p]mitt$ at mix$ m>riages 7,canons #aajb1 #aaji74 ,non-,ca?olics may n receive ! ,pax2 may n be invit$ to take "p 9 ! solemn s]vices ( receiv+ a%es on ,a% ,w$nesday1 palms on ,palm ,sunday & c&les on ,c&lemas ,day2 may n receive ecclesia/ical burial 7,holy ,(fice1 ,june #h1 #ahei74 ,*ildr5 s5t by _! p>5ts to non-,ca?olic s]vices may n be confirm$ 7,holy ,(fice1 ,augu/ #bh1 #aghj72 a ,ca?olic prie/ is n all[$ to supply = a non-,ca?olic m9i/]1 by accompany+ ! body ( a non-,ca?olic f ! home to ! gravey>d1 ev5 ?\gh ! body be n br\ght to ,*ur*1 nor ! bell toll$ 7,holy ,(fice1 ,janu>y #bf1 #ahhf74 ,x is n p]missible to l5d a ,ca?olic *ur* to non-,ca?olics = _! s]vices4 7b7 ,re/rictions z to ,p]sons4--,z sup]/ition & irrev]5ce h to be avoid$1 ! sacram5tals may n be adm9i/]$ or giv5 at all to non-,ca?olics ab\t ^: good fai? & purpose !re is d\bt4 7c7 ,re/rictions z to ,mode4--,! ,*ur*1 :ile %e wi%es to help & b5efit non-,ca?olics1 mu/ avoid any?+ t w\ld cause sc&al or h ! appe>ance ( equal recognition ( believ]s & unbeliev]s4 ,?us1 :5 ,mass is (f]$ = outsid]s1 ! same publicity & pomp is n p]mitt$ z :5 !re is "q ( ,ca?olics4 #ifj4 ,z reg>ds ! p]=mance ( ,ca?olic rites by non-,ca?olics1 ! ,*ur* disapproves ( e k9d ( su* p>ticipation1 b does n refuse to tol]ate ! m remote k9d1 :5 !re is grave necessity & no sc&al is caus$4 7a7 ,by m remote p>ticipation we und]/& su* z sc>cely diff]s f passive assi/ance 7e4g41 to act z witness at a m>riage71 or su* z c>ries ) x no recognition z an (ficial ( ! ,*ur* 7e4g41 to act z sub/itute or tempor>y organi/74 ,h5ce1 ! ,*ur* has p]mitt$ ?is k9d ( p>ticipation 9 p>ticul> cases1 :5 ! au?orities decid$ t !re 0 urg5t necessity & no sc&al4 ,examples3 ,morali/s hold t1 :5 a h]etic or s*ismatic has be5 designat$ z sponsor at ,baptism & _c be refus$ )\t grave (f5se1 he may be all[$ to act z witness4 ,! ,holy ,(fice has also decl>$ t h]etics %\ld n be us$ z witnesses at m>riage1 b may be tol]at$ z su* by ! ,ord9>y1 :5 !re is a grave reason & no sc&al 7,augu/ #ah1 #ahia72 t a non-,ca?olic organi/ may be employ$ tempor>ily1 if x is impossible to secure "o :o is a ,ca?olic1 & no sc&al is caus$ 7,febru>y #bc1 #ahbj72 t 9 c]ta9 special circum/ances girls belong+ to a s*ismatical sect might be all[$ to s+ ) ! ,ca?olics at *ur* functions1 especially at ,exposition & ,b5$iction ( ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t 7,janu>y #be1 #aijf74 7b7 ,proximate p>ticipation is ! ex]cise ( functions connect$ ) a sacr$ rite 7e4g41 to act z s]v] at ,mass71 or t imply a recognition ( ! religion ( ! "o :o p>ticipates 7e4g41 to act z repres5tative ( "s sect at a fun]al & receive liturgical honors74 ,! ,*ur* has always refus$ to tol]ate ?is k9d ( p>ticipation4 ,examples3 ,non-,ca?olics may n act z sponsors at ,baptism or ,confirmation "u pa9 ( invalidity ( sponsor%ip 7,canons #gfe1 #gie71 nor *ant ! ,(fice 9 *oir 7,holy ,(fice1 ,june #h1 #ahei71 nor be employ$ z s+]s ( ! liturgical music 7,holy ,(fice1 ,may #a1 #ahhi71 nor c>ry tor*es or lights 9 *ur* c]emonies 7,holy ,(fice1 ,novemb] #bj1 #ahej74 ,likewise1 non-,ca?olics may n become memb]s ( ,ca?olic confrat]nities1 nor assi/ at ,ca?olic s]vices z (ficial repres5tatives ( "s sect or sect>ian society4 #ifa4 ,p>ticipation ( ,ca?olics 9 non-,ca?olic s]vices may happ5 today 9 s _m ways1 & x is s difficult at times to draw ! l9e betwe5 lawful & unlawful communication1 t x is well be=e consid]+ ^! cases to /ate ! g5]al rules t apply "h4 7a7 ,x is lawful to p]=m an act f :i* two effects foll[1 "o good & ! o!r bad1 if ! act 9 itself is good or indiff]5t1 if !re is a suffici5tly grave reason = p]=m+ x1 if ! evil effect is n int5d$1 & if ! evil effect be n prior to ! good effect 7see #ajd74 7b7 ,circum/ances v>y 9 diff]5t localities & c\ntries1 & communication t w\ld signify unity ( belief 9 a place :]e ,ca?olics & non-,ca?olics are v unequal num]ically might be v h>mless 9 a place :]e !re is no great num]ical diff]5ce4 ,(f5se to non-,ca?olics %\ld n be giv5 ne$lessly4 7c7 ,9 d\btful cases ! decision :e!r or n a p>ticul> k9d ( communication is lawful or unlawful p]ta9s to ! ,ord9>y 7,canon #abeh74 #ifb4 ,p>ticipation ( ,ca?olics 9 non-,ca?olic s]vices is ei!r active or passive4 7a7 ,p>ticipation is active :5 "o takes a "p or fulfills "s function 9 an act t is an (ficial expression ( ! wor%ip & belief ( a sect1 ev5 ?\gh ?is takes place outside a *ur*1 or is n op5 to ! g5]al public4 7b7 ,p>ticipation is passive1 if "o m]ely assi/s z a spectator1 & n z a wor%ipp]1 at some?+ p]ta9+ to non-,ca?olic wor%ip4 #ifc4 ,sacr$ ?+s 9 :i* communication is possible are ( ?ree classes3 7a7 ! *ief acts ( div9e wor%ip 7i4e41 ,sacrifices1 ,sacram5ts1 sacram5tals72 7b7 ! second>y acts ( div9e wor%ip 7su* z pray]s1 processions1 v[s1 oa?s1 ! ,div9e ,(fice1 hymn s++1 scripture read+1 etc474 ,9 ! ,prote/ant d5om9ations "s "o or o!r ( ^! is1 z a rule1 ! c5tral or di/9ctive s]vice1 al?\gh "s h o!r prop] features ( _! own1 su* z ! sil5t meet+ ( ! ,quak]s1 ! seance ( ! ,spirituali/s1 ! m>* ( ! ,salvation ,army1 ! *>ity kiss ( ! ,dunk>ds2 7c7 places 7e4g41 *ur*es1 lodge rooms1 cemet]ies71 times 7e4g41 days ( fea/ or fa/71 & objects 7e4g41 images1 badges1 aprons1 bann]s1 robes71 p]ta9+ to div9e wor%ip4 #ifd4 ,x is unlawful = ,ca?olics 9 any way to assi/ actively at or take "p 9 ! wor%ip ( non-,ca?olics 7,canon #abeh74 ,su* assi/ance is intr9sically & gravely evil2 = 7a7 if ! wor%ip is non-,ca?olic 9 its =m 7e4g41 ,mohamm$an ablutions1 ! ,jewi% pas*al meal1 revivali/ic 8hitt+ ! trail10 ! "r h& ( fell[%ip1 etc471 x expresses a belief 9 ! false cre$ symboliz$2 7b7 if ! wor%ip is ,ca?olic 9 =m1 b is "u ! auspices ( a non-,ca?olic body 7e4g41 ,baptism z adm9i/]$ by a ,prote/ant m9i/]1 or ,mass z celebrat$ by a s*ismatical prie/71 x expresses ei!r fai? 9 a false religi\s body or rebellion aga9/ ! true ,*ur*4 #ife4 ,x is unlawful = ,ca?olics to simulate active assi/ance 9 ! wor%ip ( non-,ca?olics1 =1 :ile ! non-,ca?olic rite w\ld be avoid$1 some?+ :i* appe>$ to be t rite w\ld be done1 & ?us pr(ession ( fai? 9 x w\ld be giv54 7a7 ,h5ce1 x is n lawful to d an indiff]5t act :i* by/&]s f ! circum/ances w h to conclude is an act ( false wor%ip4 ,?us1 ,eleaz> w\ld n eat lawful meat :i* 0 put be=e him 9 ord] t he might pret5d to eat ! meat ( sacrifice aft] ! mann] ( ! hea!n 7,,ii ,ma*41 vi74 7b7 ,x is n lawful to accept a false c]tificate ( p>ticipation 9 false wor%ip4 ,h5ce1 ! e>ly ,*ur* condemn$ z apo/ates ! ,libellatics 7i4e41 ^? ,*ri/ians1 :o1 to protect !mselves 9 "t ( p]secution1 obta9$ by brib]y or o!rwise a =g$ or g5u9e magi/rate's c]tificate t !y _h sacrific$ to ! hea!n gods74 #iff4 ,x is unlawful = ,ca?olics to assi/ passively at non-,ca?olic wor%ip1 unless !re are pres5t ! conditions requisite = p]=m+ an act t has two results1 "o good & ! o!r evil 7see #ajd72 = ev5 passive assi/ance frequ5tly involves s94 7a7 ,h5ce1 ! assi/ance itself mu/ be really indiff]5t1 t is1 x mu/ be a m]ely passive pres5ce )\t any active p>ticipation 9 ! s]vice4 ,examples3 ,a p]son :o /&s 9 ! re> ( a ,quak] meet+ h\se z an onlook] assi/s passively2 b "o :o sits quietly among ! o!rs pres5t1 z if 9 m$itation1 assi/s actively4 ,a p]son :o sits 9 a pew dur+ a revival 9 ord] to see :at is go+ on1 assi/s passively2 b1 if he jo9s ) ! congregation 9 b[+1 groan+1 etc41 he assi/s actively4 7b7 ,! evil effect t may result f assi/ance 7su* z sc&al & dang] ( p]v]sion7 mu/ n be prior to ! good effect2 o!rwise1 evil w\ld be done = ! sake ( good4 ,examples3 ,titus1 a non-,ca?olic1 goes to ,mass z a spectator1 ) 8 ,ca?olic fri5d ,balbus4 ,he !n asks ,balbus to assi/ z a spectator at ! s]vices ( 8 d5om9ation1 & ?us see = himself t ! latt] is bett]4 ,balbus1 9 ord] to be c\rte\s1 cons5ts4 ,"h ,balbus aims to %[ polit5ess1 :i* is good1 b ! means he uses--namely1 ! impression he gives t he is n conv9c$ ( ! sup]iority ( 8 own religion--is bad4 7c7 ,! evil effect 7i4e41 remote dang] ( p]v]sion1 unavoidable sc&al7 mu/ n be int5d$ or approv$1 b only p]mitt$4 ,example3 ,caius1 a ,ca?olic public (ficial1 has to att5d fun]als & w$d+s 9 ,prote/ant *ur*es z a m>k ( ! public respect = notable p]sons4 ,he kn[s t a few w take sc&al at 8 action1 b he wi%es only to d 8 duty z an (ficial1 & n to (f5d anyone 7see on ,sc&al74 7d7 ,! cause ( assi/ance mu/ be 9 proportion to ! k9d ( assi/ance4 ,h5ce1 a great] reason is requir$ = assi/ance on sev]al occasions ?an on "o1 = assi/ance at infidel ?an at h]etical s]vices1 = assi/ance at ! prim>y ?an at ! second>y act ( wor%ip1 = assi/ance by a prie/ ?an = assi/ance by a layman1 etc4 ,example3 ,grav] reason w\ld be necess>y to ju/ify assi/ance at a non-,ca?olic fun]al1 if !re 7 signs ( anti-,ca?olicism manife/$ 7e4g41 fl[] designs & regalia ( a ho/ile sect plac$ on ! c(f971 ?an if ! s]vice conta9$ no?+ (f5sive4 #ifg4 ,cases ( communication 9 false sacrificial rites are z foll[s3 7a7 ,active p>ticipation is _h 9 su* acts z ! slay+ & (f]+ ( victims1 ! burn+ ( inc5se be=e idols1 ! eat+ ( sacrificial banquets2 7b7 ,passive p>ticipation is _h :5 "o m]ely wat*es ! rite ( sacrifice )\t tak+ any "p !re94 #ifh4 ,cases ( communication 9 ! ,sacrifice ( ! ,mass are z foll[s3 7a7 ,active p>ticipation is _h 9 su* acts z tak+ ! "p ( deacon 9 a s*ismatical ,mass1 assi/+ at a s*ismatical ,mass ) ! int5tion ( he>+ ,mass =mally 7i4e41 ( (f]+ x ) ! prie/74 ,if on ,sunday1 "o is :]e !re is only a s*ismatical *ur*1 "o is excus$ f ! obligation ( he>+ ,mass1 & may n he> ,mass 9 t *ur* 7,holy ,(fice1 ,decemb] #e1 #afjh2 ,augu/ #g1 #agjd74 7b7 ,passive p>ticipation is _h :5 "o is pres5t m]ely z a spectator1 kneel+ be=e ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t1 b giv+ no o!r signs ( religi\s devotion4 ,?is is p]missible "u ! conditions m5tion$ above 7see #iff71 if !re is no sc&al1 or dang] ( p]v]sion 7,holy ,(fice1 ,april #bd1 #ahid74 #ifi4 ,cases ( p>ticipation 9 ! ,sacram5ts or sacram5tals1 real or reput$1 are z foll[s3 7a7 ,active p>ticipation takes place :5 "o receives a ,sacram5t f a non-,ca?olic m9i/]1 or (f]s "o's *ild to receive a ,sacram5t f su* a m9i/]1 or contracts m>riage 9 ! pres5ce ( su* a m9i/]1 or acts z sponsor at a non-,ca?olic baptism or confirmation or z ! religi\s witness at a non-,ca?olic m>riage1 or answ]s 9 public non-,ca?olic pray]s1 or takes a%es bless$ by s*ismatics4 7b7 ,passive p>ticipation is _h :5 "o m]ely looks on at ! adm9i/ration ( a ,sacram5t or sacram5tal by a non-,ca?olic m9i/]1 )\t signs ( approval or union 9 :at is be+ done4 #igj4 ,!re are c]ta9 cases t seem to be active p>ticipations 9 ,sacram5ts ) non-,ca?olics1 & yet are p]mitt$ by ! ,code4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 !re is no active communication 9 ^? cases4 7a7 ,canons #hhf & #ije all[ ! fai?ful to receive communion & absolution accord+ to a ,rite diff]5t f _! own1 s t "o :o belongs to ! ,lat9 ,rite may lawfully receive 9 ,communion a ,ho/ consecrat$ accord+ to ! ,greek ,rite1 or g to confession to an ,ori5tal prie/4 ,b 9 ^! ,canons !re is "q ( diff]5t ,rites )9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 n ( ^? ( non-,ca?olics4 7b7 ,canons #gdb & #hhb all[ ^? :o are 9 dang] ( dea? to receive ,baptism & absolution f an h]etical or s*ismatical m9i/]1 & !ologians apply ! same pr9ciple to ,extreme ,unction & ! ,viaticum4 ,b !re is no communication 9 non-,ca?olic c]emonies 9 ^! cases1 = ! ,sacram5ts belong to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & = ! sake ( ! dy+ %e au?orizes non-,ca?olic m9i/]s to act z h] repres5tatives1 provid$ !re is no sc&al or dang] ( p]v]sion4 #iga4 ,cases ( p>ticipation 9 non-sacram5tal rites are z foll[s3 7a7 ,oa?s & ,v[s4--,p>ticipation is active :5 "o swe>s 9 words or by o!r signs :i*1 accord+ to local usage1 manife/ belief 9 ! cre$ ( "s sect2 x is n active1 :5 ! mann] ( ! oa? does n signify adh]5ce to a false cre$2 ,example3 ,if "o is requir$ to swe>1 by t\*+ or kiss+ ! non-,ca?olic ,bible1 z a sign ( approval ( ,prote/antism or ,masonry1 "o may n cons5t4 ,b1 if ! ,gov]nm5t pres5ts a non-,ca?olic ,bible ) no ?\ght ( ,prote/antism1 !re is no approval ( ,prote/antism 9 ! "o :o swe>s on t ,bible1 al?\gh1 if ! cu/om is n g5]al1 !re might be sc&al if no prote/ 7 made4 ,a ,ca?olic may br+ 8 own ,bible ) him1 or ask = a copy ( ! ,ca?olic ,bible4 7b7 ,s]vices--,p>ticipation is active :5 "o m>*es 9 an ,anglican procession1 plays ! organ or s+s at ,y4,m4,c4,a4 s]vices1 jo9s 9 ! pray]s or responses (f]$ 9 a ,prote/ant *ur*1 etc4 7,holy ,(fice1 ,july #f1 #ahhi74 ,p>ticipation is passive if "o looks on dur+ a r>e visit1 or li/5s by radio to ! musical program broadca/ f ,prote/ant s]vices1 or if "o is oblig$ to att5d non-,ca?olic s]vices habitually1 n z a pr(ession ( fai?1 b z a matt] ( civil duty or ( dome/ic discipl9e1 z happ5s ) soldi]s or ) inmates ( public in/itutions4 ,p>ticipation is n active if "o adores ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t c>ri$ 9 a s*ismatical procession :i* "o meets by *ance & unavoidably4 ,examples3 ,titus belongs to ! honor>y gu>d ( a /ate rul]1 & has to accompany ! latt] to non-,ca?olic s]vices on c]ta9 /ate occasions4 ,balbus is tutor 9 a non-,ca?olic family1 & is expect$ to take 8 *>ges to _! *ur* & back home on ,sundays4 ,claudia is a maid 9 a non-,ca?olic family1 & is ord]$ to hold "o ( ! *ildr5 :ile x is be+ baptiz$ by ! non-,ca?olic m9i/]4 ,9 all ^! cases ! pres5ce at ! s]vices is purely passive1 s9ce ! int5tion ( ! ,ca?olic pres5t is n to p]=m any religi\s duty1 b only "s civil or dome/ic s]vice 7see ,,iv ,k+s1 v4 #ah74 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! m>tyrs dur+ ! reigns ( ,elizabe? & h] successors refus$ to att5d ! ,anglican s]vices1 because ?is 0 requir$ by law z a sign ( con=mity to ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*--t is1 an active pres5ce 0 prescrib$4 #igb4 ,cases ( p>ticipation 9 religi\s places1 times & objects are z foll[s3 7a7 ,places4--,p>ticipation is active :5 "o ord]s "o's body to be buri$ 9 a sect>ian gravey>d1 :5 "o ent]s a s*ismatical or h]etical *ur* privately 9 ord] to visit ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t or pray1 :5 "o (f]s up ,ca?olic s]vices 9 a non-,ca?olic temple1 if ^! ?+s are look$ ^u by ! public z indications ( id5tity ( belief betwe5 ,ca?olics & non-,ca?olics4 ,p>ticipation is m]ely passive1 if "o visits non-,ca?olic places ( wor%ip out ( curiosity 9 ord] to look at ! pictures1 he> ! music or li/5 to or take "p 9 a political lecture or debate4 ,9 case ( necessity1 ! ,*ur* p]mits ,ca?olic s]vices to be p]=m$ 9 ! same build+ z t :]e9 non-,ca?olic rites are held1 e4g41 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re at ,j]usalem :i* is us$ by v>i\s d5om9ations 7,holy ,(fice1 #ab ,april1 #agjd74 7b7 ,times4--,p>ticipation is active if "o obs]ves new moons1 sabba?s1 & days ( fa/ z prescrib$ 9 ! ,old ,law4 7c7 ,objects4--,p>ticipation is active if "o we>s ! uni=m ( a condemn$ society1 ! r+ or o!r emblem ( ,freemasonry1 etc41 or makes use ( o!r insignia ^: sole purpose is to indicate memb]%ip 9 "s sect1 unless x be evid5t t ^! are us$ = "s o!r purpose 7e4g41 9 ord] to act a c]ta9 "p 9 a play74 #igc4 ,cases ( p>ticipation ?r\gh att5dance at non-,ca?olic religi\s in/ructions are z foll[s3 7a7 ,active p>ticipation 9 wor%ip is _h :5 "o li/5s to a prea*]1 ,sunday s*ool tea*]1 etc41 & signifies approval by jo9+ 9 8,am5s0 or o!r acclamations4 7b7 ,p>ticipation is m]ely passive1 if at *ur* or ov] ! radio1 "o li/5s out ( curiosity1 or 9 ord] to be able to refute errors1 or = ! sake ( p]fect+ oneself 9 diction or eloqu5ce1 or ( %[+ respect to a p]son ^: fun]al oration is be+ deliv]$1 etc4 ,b1 ev5 ?\gh !re be no active p>ticipation1 x w usually be unlawful to li/5 to ^! sect>ian disc\rses on acc\nt ( ! dang] ( p]v]sion to ! li/5] or ( sc&al to o!rs4 ,ca?olics :o are sci5tifically tra9$ & /aun* 9 fai? may = good reasons he> sect>ian s]mons1 b ! great] numb] w\ld be di/urb$ or unsettl$ 7see ! pr9ciples giv5 above on dang]\s books & s*ools1 #hed-heg1 #hfh74 ,moreov]1 ev5 ^? :o h a "r to li/5 to non-,ca?olic religi\s talks h to be on _! gu>d aga9/ sc&al1 = outsid]s may reg>d _! att5tion z approval ( doctr9e or p>ticipation 9 cult1 & ,ca?olics n suffici5tly in/ruct$ may reg>d _! example z an enc\ragem5t to imitate 7cfr4 #igi1 #iha74 #igd4 ,p>ticipation 9 non-,ca?olic assemblages or occasions ^: "* is ( a mix$ k9d 7p>tly religi\s & p>tly non-religi\s7 are p]mitt$ by ! ,*ur*1 :5 due reg>d is _h = avoidance ( sc&al1 p]v]sion1 d5ial ( fai?1 etc4 7a7 ,"s ( ^! occasions are *iefly religi\s1 b are also look$ on z family or civic solemnities1 su* z *ri/5+s1 w$d+s1 fun]als4 ,h5ce1 x is all[$ to assi/ at ! religi\s "p ( ! occasion 9 a passive way = ! sake ( c\rtesy1 or to ex]cise "s function :i* is look$ ^u z belong+ to ! non-religi\s "p ( ! occasion4 ,caution mu/ be tak5 to ensure t ! p>ticul> sect involv$ does n consid] ! ex]cise ( ! p>ticul> function z p>ticipat+ 9 ! religi\s aspect ( ! c]emony4 ,likewise1 on condition t ! possibility ( sc&al1 p]v]sion1 etc41 has be5 remov$1 ! foll[+ functions may be p]=m$4 ,"o may act z a witness at ! *ri/5+ ( a ne> relative :o is n a ,ca?olic2 h[ev]1 x is =bidd5 to be a sponsor1 ev5 by proxy1 at baptisms p]=m$ by a h]etical m9i/] 7,holy ,(fice1 decr41 ,may #aj1 #aggj74 ,to be pallbe>] or und]tak] at a fun]al1 to be an u%] at a w$d+1 to be an extra bridesmaid1 etc41 may be p]mitt$4 7,if ! function ( be/ man or maid ( honor be consid]$ z m]ely att5dants to ! bride or groom1 su* p>ticipation 9 itself w\ld n be illicit2 b s9ce ! dang] ( sc&al might (t5 be pres5t1 su* p>ticipation is dang]\s4 ,x is lawful = a ,ca?olic pa/or to att5d ! fun]al ( a non-,ca?olic fri5d or relative1 provid$ he does n we> 8 sacr$ g>b & takes no "p 9 ! c]emonies4 ,canon #abeh1 ,sec4#b e/abli%es ! g5]al norm regulative ( ^! cases3 a passive or m]ely mat]ial pres5ce may be1 = a s]i\s reason1 tol]at$ z a m>k ( e/eem or social c\rtesy at fun]als1 w$d+s1 & simil> functions1 provid$ !re is involv$ no dang] ( p]v]sion or sc&al2 9 a d\btful case1 ! s]i\s reason = ?is pres5ce mu/ be approv$ by ! local ,ord9>y4 7b7 ,o!r occasions are *iefly non-religi\s 9 "*1 b are also p>tly religi\s1 or h ! appe>ance ( be+ religi\s4 ,su* are1 = example1 ! coronation1 bir?day1 w$d+1 or fun]al ( a rul]1 s*ool comm5cem5ts1 political conv5tions1 patriotic meet+s1 civil m>riage be=e a magi/rate :o is also a non-,ca?olic m9i/]4 ,:5 ^! ex]cises are *iefly non-religi\s or entirely civil1 ev5 ?\gh conduct$ 9 non-,ca?olic *ur*es or by non-,ca?olic m9i/]s1 ! ,*ur* grants p]mission to p>ticipate 9 !m to "s ext5t1 if !re is suffici5t reason4 #ige4 ,among ! mix$ occasions j m5tion$ are n includ$ su* z h an anti-,ca?olic or anti-religi\s _s1 su* z fun]als f :i* all manife/ations ( religion are exclud$ on acc\nt ( hatr$ ( religion1 ent]ta9m5ts held by =bidd5 societies 9 :i* ! memb]s are pres5t 9 regalia1 picnics "u ! auspices ( ! ,orangem51 etc4 #igf4 ,coop]ation 9 ,religi\s ,activities4--,a ?ird dang] ( mak+ ext]nal pr(ession ( a false religion is coop]ation 9 activities ^: t5d5cy or pr9ciples are errone\s 7see #idd74 ,coop]ation 9 a false religion is ( two k9ds1 imm$iate & m$iate4 7a7 ,coop]ation is imm$iate1 :5 "o takes a "p 9 an act ( a false religion itself 7e4g41 by wor%ipp+ an idol74 ,?is k9d ( coop]ation 0 discuss$ above1 z p>ticipation or communication 7see #ief-ige74 7b7 ,coop]ation is m$iate1 :5 "o takes "p1 n 9 an act ( a false religion1 b 9 "s o!r act :i* is a prep>ation = a help to ! act ( a false religion4 ,?is is ! k9d ( coop]ation we are n[ consid]+4 #igg4 ,m$iate coop]ation is ( v>i\s k9ds4 7a7 ,x is proximate or remote1 accord+ z ! prep>ation or help af=d$ to false religion is ne> to or f> f ! religi\s act4 ,?us1 to make ready ! lights1 inc5se1 fl[]s1 etc4 9 front ( an idol is proximate coop]ation2 to give money to an idolatr\s prie/ or bonze is remote coop]ation4 7b7 ,m$iate coop]ation is mat]ial or =mal1 accord+ z ! int5tion ( ! coop]ator is to %>e 9 or help error itself1 or m]ely to help ^? :o are 9 error1 :ile disapprov+ ( _! error4 ,?us1 if "o prep>es a pagan temple = wor%ip or contributes money t[>ds its ma9t5ance because "o's sympa?ies are ) its idolatry1 "o's coop]ation is =mal2 if "o does ^! ?+s only 9 ord] to make a liv+ or to %[ fri5d%ip to an individual pagan1 "o's coop]ation is mat]ial4 ,x is cle> t =mal coop]ation is a grave s9 aga9/ fai?1 & h5ce we %all speak n[ only ( mat]ial coop]ation4 #igh4 ,! pr9ciples gov]n+ ! lawfulness ( mat]ial coop]ation w be treat$ at l5g? bel[ 9 _! prop] place among ! s9s oppos$ to *>ity4 ,b s9ce1 on acc\nt ( ! mix$ conditions ( society today1 !re are innum]able cases ( mat]ial coop]ation 9 religion1 x w be useful to /ate 9 advance 9 ?is place ! pr9ciples be>+ on mat]ial coop]ation & _! application to cases on religion & wor%ip4 ,! pr9ciples are ! same z ^? giv5 = an act t has two effects1 "o good & ! o!r bad4 ,h5ce1 mat]ial coop]ation is n lawful1 except :5 ! foll[+ conditions are pres5t3 7a7 ,! action ( him :o coop]ates mu/ be good 9 itself or at lea/ indiff]5t1 = ( c\rse1 if x is evil1 x is n lawful4 ,?us1 if a p]son 7 to give to "o pagan temple objects he _h /ol5 f ano!r temple1 8 action w\ld be intr9sically s9ful on acc\nt ( ! !ft4 ,simil>ly1 if a p]son 7 to contribute to a collection li/ z 8sympa?iz]0 ) a s*ool = ! propagation ( a!ism or z 8b5efici>y0 f ! sacrifices to be (f]$ an idol1 8 act w\ld be intr9sically s9ful z be+ a promotion ( error or sup]/ition1 ev5 ?\gh he 7 n really a sympa?iz] ) a!ism or a believ] 9 idols4 7b7 ,! int5tion ( him :o coop]ates mu/ be good2 =1 if he wills to help a false religion1 he is guilty ( =mal coop]ation2 if he wills "s o!r wrong end1 he is guilty ( "s o!r species ( s94 ,?us1 if "o :o does n believe 9 idolatry contributes to x on acc\nt ( sympa?y ) anti-,*ri/ian movem5ts1 he is guilty ( enmity to ! tru?4 7c7 ,!re mu/ be a reason = ! coop]ation proportionate to ! gravity ( ! s9 :i* w be committ$ by o!rs1 to ! proximity & necessity ( ! coop]ation1 & to ! obligation :i* "o has ( prev5t+ ! s9 ( o!rs4 ,examples3 ,to contribute to a sect :i* plots ! d[nfall ( legitimate au?ority is nev] lawful1 = !re is no reason ( temporal or private good t c be a comp5sation = ! de/ruction ( ! public good4 ,to contribute to ! build+ ( a ,mohamm$an mosque does n require s s]i\s a reason z to contribute to ! build+ ( a pagan temple1 = mosques are n us$ = idolatry4 ,a grav] reason is ne$$ to ju/ify r++ ! bell or u%]+ ! p to _! seats = a s]vice ( false wor%ip ?an to ju/ify sweep+ & du/+ ! temple ! day be=e ! s]vice1 = 9 ! =m] case ! coop]ation is clos]4 ,a great] reason is requir$ to build a h\se ( false wor%ip1 :5 !re is no "o else to build x1 ?an :5 !re are _m o!rs :o w gladly build x if "o refuses1 = 9 ! =m] case "o's coop]ation is s necess>y t )\t x ! false wor%ip _c take place1 b n s 9 ! latt] case4 ,a mu* m s]i\s reason w\ld be requir$ to ju/ify p>5ts conduct+ _! *ildr5 to a place ( false wor%ip ?an w\ld be requir$ to ju/ify a public *auffeur 9 tak+ pass5g]s ?i!r2 = ! p>5ts h a special duty to gu>d ! religion ( _! *ildr54 #igi4 ,! above pr9ciples on m$iate coop]ation are cle> en\gh1 b x is frequ5tly v difficult to apply !m on acc\nt ( ! unc]ta9ty z to :e!r or n a p>ticul> act ( coop]ation is indiff]5t 9 itself1 or :e!r a p>ticul> reason = coop]ation is suffici5t4 ,b ! foll[+ rules w help3 7a7 ,an act is indiff]5t or good1 :5 x does n t5d to evil f its v nature or ! circum/ances1 b has purposes t are n bad4 ,x is bad :5 ei!r intr9sically 7i4e41 f its nature7 or extr9sically 7i4e41 f circum/ances7 x t5ds necess>ily to evil4 ,examples3 ,a d]isory image ( ,*ri/ & ! manual ( an obsc5e cult are intr9sically evil1 inasmu* z !y necess>ily convey error or immorality4 ,to draw up plans = a temple ( idolat]s 9 a ,*ri/ian c\ntry w\ld h ! appe>ance ( favor+ ! propagation ( idolatry2 to "w on ! con/ruction ( a temple 9 a pagan c\ntry :]e ! l5d+ ( "o's labor is reg>d$ z a sign ( acceptance ( paganism1 to help build a meet+ h\se = a sect t plots ! ov]?r[ ( gov]nm5t or religion--all ^! acts are indiff]5t 9 !mselves 7= "o may also draw plans & put up walls = good or indiff]5t purposes71 b f ! circum/ances !y are evil 9 ! cases giv54 7b7 ,reasons = coop]ation may be rank$ z great1 great] & greate/ accord+ to ! k9ds ( goods t are at /ake1 & _! suffici5cy or insuffici5cy may be det]m9$ by measur+ !m ) ! gravity ( ! coop]ation t is giv54 ,great reasons are3 fe> ( s]i\s suff]+1 or ( ! wra? ( husb& or o!r sup]ior1 or ( loss ( an opportunity to make a consid]able pr(it4 ,great] reasons are3 fe> ( loss ( position1 or ( notable detrim5t to reputation or =tune1 or ( sev]e imprisonm5t4 ,among ! greate/ reasons = coop]ation 9 ! wor%ip ( a false religion are ! foll[+3 dang] ( loss ( life or limb1 ( p]petual imprisonm5t1 ( great di%onor1 ( loss ( all "o's e>?ly possessions1 ( di/urbance ( ! public peace4 #ihj4 ,cases ( coop]ation 9 false religion t occur mo/ frequ5tly are3 7a7 contributions made to s*ools1 *ur*es1 in/itutions2 7b7 labor giv5 to build+s & objects ( wor%ip or in/ruction2 7c7 labor giv5 to acts ( wor%ip or in/ruction4 #iha4 ,contributions to false wor%ip are unlawful1 ev5 ap>t f sc&al1 dang] ( p]v]sion1 & ! bad int5tion ( ! coop]ator 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 ,:5 on acc\nt ( circum/ances ! contributions are signs ( sympa?y ) religi\s errors4 ,examples3 ,titus gives _m /ip5ds = ,masses to a s*ismatical prie/4 ,balbus1 :5 ask$1 contributes lib]ally to a fund = ! build+ ( a hall "u ! auspices ( a!i/s4 ,caius1 )\t be+ ask$1 gives a small donation t[>ds ! erection ( a pagan temple4 ,claudius s5ds 9 a subscription to ! treasury ( a political organization ^: purpose is anti-religi\s1 & promises to support _! ticket4 7b7 ,contributions1 ev5 ?\gh !y manife/ no sympa?y ) religi\s error1 are unlawful1 :5 !re is no reason = ! coop]ation1 or only an insuffici5t reason4 ,examples3 ,caius contributes to a pagan temple = no o!r reason ?an t he has n ! he>t to refuse anyone4 ,titus adv]tises con/antly 9 an antireligi\s pap] 9 ord] to help 8 bus9ess 7cfr4 #aecj74 #ihb4 ,if !re is no bad int5tion on ! "p ( ! contributor1 & if ! dang] ( sc&al or p]v]sion is exclud$1 contributions are p]mitt$ "u ! foll[+ conditions1 ( :i* bo? mu/ be pres5t3 7a7 ,! contribution mu/ n be a m>k ( sympa?y ) religi\s error4 ,?is condition w be fulfill$ m readily 9 c\ntries ( mix$ religion1 :]e ,ca?olics & non-,ca?olics h be5 long associat$ toge!r1 & :]e non-,ca?olic d5om9ations are engag$ 9 _m ?+s o!r ?an ! prea*+ ( _! doctr9es1 su* z works ( b5evol5ce4 ,example3 ,balbus contributes at times to ! build+ or ma9t5ance ( ,prote/ant orphan asylums1 hospitals1 & s*ools1 9 a locality :]e ^! in/itutions are op5 to all & a contribution is n reg>d$ z a sign ( agreem5t ) sect>ian purposes4 7b7 ,!re mu/ be a suffici5t reason = mak+ ! contribution1 su* z ! common good or great private necessity4 ,examples3 ,claudius contributes to ! build+ ( a non-,ca?olic *ur*1 9 ord] t ,ca?olics may ?us obta9 exclusive use ( a *ur* till !n us$ by ,ca?olics & non-,ca?olics alike4 ,titus buys tickets = baza>s1 lawn fetes1 oy/] supp]s1 dances1 picnics & o!r ent]ta9m5ts held = ! b5efit ( non-,ca?olic *ur*es1 s9ce1 if he does n d ?is1 he w lose trade & 8 bus9ess w be injur$4 #ihc4 ,! build+ ( h\ses ( false wor%ip1 ! production & sale ( articles us$ 9 false wor%ip1 are unlawful also 9 two cases3 7a7 :51 on acc\nt ( circum/ances1 !y are a m>k ( approval ( ! false wor%ip4 ,examples3 ,*ri/ians ( ,japan 7 =bidd5 by ! ,*ur* to coop]ate 9 ! erection ( alt>s or temples to idols1 ev5 if ?reat5$ ) dea? or exile1 & ! reason ( ! prohibition seems to h be5 9 ea* in/ance t su* "w 0 look$ on & dem&$ z a pr(ession ( fai? 9 paganism4 ,simil>ly1 ! con/ruction ( non-,ca?olic edifices 9 a ,ca?olic c\ntry1 ( a pagan temple 9 a ,*ri/ian c\ntry1 or ( an a!i/ic hall1 w\ld be signs ( approbation ( error4 ,x is difficult to see h[ "o :o sells idols to ^? :o reque/ !m = purposes ( idolatry does n %[ favor to false wor%ip1 al?\gh he might be excus$ if1 "u ?reat ( great h>m1 he deliv]$ !m ) a prote/ t he 0 act+ "u compulsion2 7b7 :5 !re is no reason1 or no suffici5t reason1 = coop]ation ) false wor%ip4 ,example3 ,balbus helps to build non-,ca?olic places ( wor%ip = no o!r reason ?an t he is ask$ to d s1 or t he receives good pay4 #ihd4 ,build+ non-,ca?olic temples or furni%+ ! appurt5ances ( wor%ip1 sc&al & o!r evil be+ avoid$1 are lawful "u two conditions z above3 7a7 ! "w mu/ n be reg>d$ z a sign ( approval ( false wor%ip4 ,examples3 ,! ,*ur* has p]mitt$ ,*ri/ians to assi/ 9 ! con/ruction ( ,mohamm$an mosques1 :5 ?is 0 done unwill+ly by !m & "u compulsion4 ,! manufacture ( /atues ( ,buddha or ( o!r idols is n a sign t "o approves ( idolatry1 because ^! objects h legitimate uses1 su* z adornm5t ( palaces or art gall]ies4 ,simil>ly1 ! production & di/ribution ( emblems ( a non-,ca?olic sect or secret society is reg>d$ z be+ 9 itself an indiff]5t sect1 on acc\nt ( ! v>i\s uses to :i* su* objects may be put2 7b7 !re mu/ be a reason suffici5tly grave = do+ ?is k9d ( "w4 ,h5ce1 a great] reason is ne$$ to build a pagan temple ?an a ,mohamm$an mosque1 & grav] reason to build a mosque ?an an h]etical place ( wor%ip2 likewise1 great] reason is requir$ to coop]ate z ar*itect ?an z hir] & sup]visor ( labor1 great] reason to coop]ate z sup]visor ( labor ?an z /onecutt]1 bricklay]1 etc42 great] reason is requir$ to ju/ify sell+ ?an mak+ idols2 great] reason to ju/ify sell+ alt> clo?s & breads = ! ,"l's ,supp] ?an = sell+ pews & /a9$ glass w9d[s4 ,examples3 ,s9ce lights1 b5*es1 bells1 tables1 clo?s1 etc41 are n necess>ily int5d$ = direct use 9 acts ( wor%ip1 a suffici5t reason = sell+ !m to non-,ca?olic *ur*es is ! pr(it t w be made4 ,b1 s9ce ve/m5ts & *alices p]ta9 directly to wor%ip1 a m s]i\s reason is requir$ = sell+ !m ?an bus9ess ga9s4 #ihe4 ,mak+ ! prep>ations = non-,ca?olic s]vices is unlawful 9 ! two cases giv5 above1 t is1 :5 !re is approval or insuffici5t reason4 7a7 ,if ! "w manife/s an approval ( ! s]vices1 x is unlawful4 ,su* positions z sexton1 sacri/an1 u%]1 beadle1 *ur*-w>d51 & tru/ee1 imply recognition ( ! wor%ip or memb]%ip 9 ! congregation1 al?\gh ! same does n seem to be true ( memb]%ip 9 ! civil corporation ( a *ur*1 nor ( ext]nal (fices su* z janitor1 c>etak]1 & attorney4 ,examples3 ,balba1 an ,anglican :o is sick1 wi%es h] m9i/] to br+ h] communion4 ,%e asks h] nurse1 ,titia1 :o is a ,ca?olic1 to telephone ! m9i/] to br+ communion1 & also directs ,titia to prep>e an alt> & assi/ ! m9i/] on 8 arrival by light+ ! c&les1 mak+ responses1 etc4 ,titia may n cons5t1 = su* imm$iate coop]ation w\ld mean approval ( & p>ticipation 9 ,anglican rites4 ,claudius1 a ,ca?olic1 is hir$ by ! m9i/] ( a ,prote/ant *ur* to take c>e ( ! y>d & g>d5 ab\t ! *ur* & p>sonage4 ,sometimes ! m9i/] asks ,claudius to play ! *imes 9 8 *ur* t[] :i* call ! p to ! s]vices4 ,! g>d5+ "w is indiff]5t1 b ! play+ ( ! *imes seems at lea/ an unlawful coop]ation1 s9ce x is an invitation to non-,ca?olic wor%ip4 7b7 ,if !re is no suffici5t reason = ! "w1 x is unlawful4 ,examples3 ,gaia1 a ,ca?olic1 acts z scrubwoman & clean] 9 a s*ismatical *ur* = no o!r reason ?an fri5d%ip = memb]s ( ! alt> society4 ,on c]ta9 fea/ days h] husb&1 ,caius1 a ,ca?olic1 takes pilgrims to ! s*ismatical *ur* 9 a bus1 only because he makes consid]able pr(it4 #ihf4 ,mak+ prep>ations = non-,ca?olic s]vices1 sc&al & o!r dang] be+ avoid$1 is lawful :5 ! two conditions giv5 above are pres5t4 7a7 ,h5ce1 ! prep>ations mu/ conta9 no indication ( approval ( ! s]vices4 ,examples3 ,if ,titia1 ! nurse m5tion$ 9 ! previ\s p>agraph1 call$ 9 an ,anglican nurse to receive & fulfill ! ord]s ( ,balba1 %e w\ld %[ t %e did n h]self approve ( ! rites1 & h] act w\ld be indiff]5t 9 itself4 ,if %e c\ld n avoid telephon+ ! m9i/] )\t s]i\s consequ5ces1 x w\ld n be unlawful = h] to tell him t ,balba wi%$ him to call4 ,%e might ev5 9 great necessity prep>e ! table h]self1 b c\ld take no "p 9 ! rite4 ,! acts ( tell+ ! m9i/] t a visit f him 0 desir$ & ( prep>+ ! table w\ld n be1 9 ! circum/ances1 approv+ ( ! rite t foll[$4 ,if ,claudius m5tion$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraph w\nd up ! clock 9 ! *ur* t[]1 or rang ! bell at c]ta9 times to indicate ! h\r ( ! day1 8 acts w\ld be indiff]5t1 s9ce !y h no necess>y ref]5ce to wor%ip4 7b7 ,!re mu/ be a reason suffici5tly grave = engag+ 9 ! "w t prep>es = ! s]vices4 ,examples3 ,if ,caia m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph 7 9 great pov]ty & c\ld f9d no o!r employm5t1 ?is w\ld be a suffici5t reason = h] coop]ation4 ,likewise1 if h] husb& drove a bus t c>ri$ pass5g]s to :atev] de/9ation !y desir$1 & he c\ld n refuse to let !m (f at ! *ur* )\t be+ dismiss$ or caus+ o!r l inconv5i5ces1 he w\ld h suffici5t reason = 8 coop]ation4 #ihg4 ,! ,comm&m5t ( ,ext]nal ,pr(ession ( ,fai?4--,! ?ird comm&m5t ( fai? 7m5tion$ 9 #iah7 has be5 consid]$ s f> 9 its negative aspect--t is1 z a prohibition aga9/ ! d5ial ( tru? or ! pr(ession ( error4 ,x rema9s to consid] x 9 its affirmative aspect--t is1 z a precept ( pr(ession ( fai? or ( d5ial ( error4 #ihh4 ,! ways ( mak+ pr(ession ( fai? are v>i\s3 7a7 ,x is made implicitly1 if "o p]=ms acts t suppose fai?2 explicitly1 if "o decl>es 9 words "o's int]nal belief4 ,?us1 a ,ca?olic pr(esses 8 fai? implicitly by obs]v+ ! precepts ( ! ,*ur*2 explicitly1 by recit+ be=e o!rs an act ( fai? or ! ,cre$4 7b7 ,! decl>ation ( "o's fai? 9 words is made 9 ord9>y ways1 if "o affirms x to o!rs1 privately or publicly1 or if "o tea*es x or def5ds x 9 debate2 x is made solemnly1 if x is recit$ accord+ to a prescrib$ =m z a c]emony4 ,?us1 a ,ca?olic :o answ]s to a que/ion] t he is a ,ca?olic1 or :o expla9s ! tru?s ( fai? to an inquir]1 or :o replies to ! objections ( an unbeliev]1 makes an ord9>y pr(ession ( fai?2 "o :o reads be=e ! bi%op or o!r designat$ au?ority a =mula prescrib$ by ! ,*ur*1 makes solemn pr(ession ( fai?4 ,! solemn pr(ession ( fai? is usually made be=e ! alt>1 on :i* c&les are light$2 & he :o makes pr(ession ( fai? kneels be=e ! au?ority :o receives x4 ,sometimes witnesses are pres5t & ! pr(ession is sign$4 7c7 ,! solemn pr(ession ( fai? is sometimes an abjuration 7i4e41 a decl>ation ( "o's adh]5ce to ! fai? ( ! ,*ur* & a recantation ( previ\s errors72 sometimes x is a decl>ation or oa? t "o rejects errors or accepts tru?s4 ,?us1 conv]ts be=e reception into ! ,*ur* abjure ! errors !y =m]ly held2 (ficials 9 ! ,*ur* be=e assum+ au?ority make a pr(ession ( fai? 9 :i* !y reprobate ,mod]nism & express _! belief 9 ! ,cre$ & ! tea*+s ( ! ,*ur*4 #ihi4 ,! exi/5ce ( a div9e precept ( pr(ession ( fai? is prov$ f revelation & intr9sic reasons1 z foll[s3 7a7 8,if ?\ confess ) ?y m\? ! ,"l ,jesus1 & believe 9 ?y he>t t ,god ha? rais$ ,him up f ! dead1 ?\ %alt be sav$4 ,= ) ! he>t we believe unto ju/ice1 b ) ! m\? confession is made unto salvation0 7,rom41 x4 #i1 #aj74 ,?is precept obliges "u grave s91 s9ce x is requir$ = salvation4 7b7 ,! fir/ reason = ext]nal pr(ession ( fai? is ! honor ( ,god2 = x is a m>k ( disrespect to ,god to be a%am$ or afraid to ackn[l$ge oneself z a believ] 9 ,8 ,^w or a witness to its tru?1 on acc\nt ( :at o!rs may ?9k or say or d4 7c7 ,a second reason = ! ext]nal pr(ession ( fai? is "o's own good4 ,x is well kn[n t fai? is /r5g!n$ by ext]nal acts1 & t x gr[s weak & decays among ,ca?olics :o h no prie/s or *ur*es or means ( practis+ _! fai?4 7d7 ,a ?ird reason = pr(ession ( fai? is ! good ( o!rs1 = ! confession ( fai? is an enc\ragem5t to ^? :o are /rong 9 fai?1 an example to ^? ^: fai? is weak1 & a light to ^? :o h n ! fai?4 #iij4 ,! div9e precept ( pr(ession ( fai?1 s9ce x is affirmative1 does n call = fulfillm5t at e mom5t4 ,x obliges only at ^? times :5 ! honor ( ,god1 ! ,reveal] ( ,tru?1 or ! ne$s ( our neighbor1 :o is call$ to ! tru?1 dem& t "o decl>e ext]nally "o's int]nal belief4 7a7 ,! honor ( ,god dem&s a confession ( fai?1 :5 a refusal to give x signifies t "o does n accept ! tru?s reveal$ by ,god1 t revelation conta9s error1 etc4 7b7 ,! ne$s ( our neighbor dem& a confession ( fai?1 :5 a refusal to give x w prev5t ano!r f embrac+ ! fai?1 or w cause him to lose x or give up its practices1 etc4 #iia4 ,! honor ( ,god or ! good ( ! neighbor calls = an ext]nal pr(ession ( fai? at ! foll[+ times3 7a7 :5 a p]son is jo9+ ! ,*ur* or return+ to x1 = ! ,*ur* is a visible society & memb]%ip 9 x %\ld be visible2 7b7 :5 a ,ca?olic is int]rogat$ ab\t 8 fai?1 = "h ! honor ( ,god & ! good ( o!rs require t he be n a%am$ ( ,*ri/ or ,8 ,words 7,luke1 ix4 #bf71 & t he %\ld cause 8 light to %9e be=e m5 7,matt41 v4 #af72 7c7 :5 a ,ca?olic is 9 ! company ( o!rs :o are ridicul+ or calumniat+ ! fai?1 & a prote/ is look$ = f him on acc\nt ( 8 au?ority1 k1 etc4 #iib4 ,! pr(ession ( fai? made by "o :o is jo9+ ! ,*ur* mu/ be ext]nal1 b ! same publicity is n necess>y = e case4 7a7 ,secret pr(ession ( fai? is made :5 ! reception ( a conv]t is kn[n only to himself & ! prie/ :o receiv$ him4 ,?is is p]mitt$ only 9 grave necessity1 :5 ! spiritual good ( ! conv]t requires x1 & no injury is done to ! honor ( ,god or ! ,welf>e ( ! neighbor4 ,example3 ,titus is dy+ & wi%es to be baptiz$1 b = an important reason he is unwill+ to h ! fact ( 8 conv]sion disclos$4 ,fa!r ,balbus1 !re=e1 baptizes )\t witnesses4 7b7 ,private pr(ession ( fai? is made :5 ! reception ( a conv]t is made be=e ! prie/ & two witnesses1 b ! fact ( ! conv]sion is n made kn[n to o!rs on acc\nt ( circum/ances4 ,?is is p]mitt$ only = a %ort "t & = s]i\s reasons 7see #icb1 #iic71 z ! task ( conceal+ "o's fai? = a long "t is mo/ difficult & is dang]\s to fai? itself4 ,example3 ,caius is a pagan :o wi%es to become a ,ca?olic1 b is kept back on acc\nt ( dang]s f 8 fell[-pagans1 :o w p]secute him z an apo/ate4 ,he1 !re=e1 asks to be receiv$ z a secret ,*ri/ian1 ) lib]ty to pr(ess no religion ext]nally4 ,?is may be p]mitt$ = a "t1 until ,caius c move to "s o!r place1 b x _c be p]mitt$ p]man5tly4 7c7 ,public pr(ession ( fai? is made :5 ! reception ( a conv]t is made be=e ! prie/ & two witnesses1 & ! conv]t !reaft] makes x kn[n t he is a ,ca?olic by att5d+ ,mass1 receiv+ ! ,sacram5ts1 etc4 ,?is k9d ( pr(ession ( fai? is ord9>ily requir$1 b !re is no law mak+ x necess>y = a conv]t to publi% ! news ( 8 conv]sion4 #iic4 ,a difficult case occurs :5 "o :o wi%es to become a conv]t is unable to make public pr(ession ( ,ca?olicity )\t suff]+ v great detrim5t1 & is unable to make private pr(ession )\t cont9u+ 9 ext]nal practices ( ! non-,ca?olic religion4 ,an example ( ?is w\ld be a non-,ca?olic girl :o is ?reat5$ ) de/itution by h] p>5ts if %e becomes a ,ca?olic op5ly1 & :o kn[s t %e w be =c$ to g to *ur* ) !m if %e becomes a ,ca?olic privately4 ,!re are ?ree c\rses 9 su* a case3 7a7 public pr(ession ( ,ca?olicism at once c\ld be advis$ if ! p>ty %[$ signs ( a special div9e call & ( a h]oism equal to ! difficulties ! public pr(ession w\ld entail2 7b7 private pr(ession ( ,ca?olicism c\ld be tol]at$ = a "t1 if ! p>ty 0 ( su* age & circum/ances z to appe> able to cope successfully ) ! temptations & p]plexities t beset ?is c\rse2 7c7 delay ( ,baptism until ?+s take a bett] turn w\ld be ! mo/ prud5t plan1 if ! deprivation ( spiritual advantages w\ld 9 ! long run prove a less] evil ?an ! inconv5i5ces ( public or private pr(ession ( ,ca?olicism4 #iid4 ,exam9ation ab\t "o's religi\s /atus ref]s ei!r to "o's fai?1 or to some?+ n necess>ily connect$ ) fai?4 7a7 ,:5 a p]son is exam9$ ab\t 8 fai? 7e4g41 :e!r he is a ,ca?olic1 :e!r he believes 9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,real ,pres5ce1 or 9 ,papal ,infallibility71 pr(ession ( fai? is obligatory1 if its omission is equival5t to d5ial4 7b7 ,:5 he is exam9$ ab\t some?+ n necess>ily connect$ ) fai?1 d5ial or concealm5t ( ! tru? w\ld n be d5ial ( fai?1 & concealm5t might be lawful1 if ! "q 7 unfair4 ,evasion w\ld be s9ful1 if ! d5ial or concealm5t conta9$ a lie or caus$ sc&al4 ,examples3 ,if a mission>y 9 ,engl& or ,irel& 9 ! sixte5? c5tury _h refus$ to admit t he 0 a prie/ or religi\s1 or a layman _h refus$ to confess t he _h h>bor$ a prie/ 9 8 h\se or _h assi/$ at ,mass1 ^! d5ials w\ld n necess>ily conta9 a d5ial ( ! fai?4 #iie4 ,exam9ation ab\t "o's fai? is made ei!r by a private p]son or by public au?ority4 7a7 ,:5 a p]son is que/ion$ ab\t 8 religi\s belief by a private p]son1 he is n b\nd by reason ( ! "q itself to make a pr(ession ( 8 fai?1 = a private p]son has no au?ority to call ^u "o 9 ! capacity ( a solemn & public witness2 b he is b\nd to make a pr(ession ( fai? by reason ( circum/ances1 if ! honor ( ,god or ! good ( 8 neighbor requires t he decl>e 8 belief4 ,examples3 ,titius is kn[n z a v iniquisitive & m$dlesome "*1 :o is cont9ually ask+ o!rs ab\t _! p]sonal affairs & putt+ silly que/ions4 ,:]e=e1 ^? :o "k him are accu/om$ to pay no att5tion to 8 que/ions1 or to tell him to m9d 8 bus9ess1 or to give him "s humor\s reply4 ,"o day ,titius ask$ ,balbus1 :om he knew v well to be a ,ca?olic3 8,:at is y\r religion80 ,balbus retort$3 8,:at is y\rs80 & left him4 ,caius is /udy+ ,*ri/ianity ) a view to embrac+ x1 & asks ,sempronius' op9ion on miracles4 ,sempronius1 fe>+ ! ridicule ( "s o!rs pres5t if he admits belief 9 miracles1 says t he kn[s no?+ ab\t t subject4 ,balbus _h a "r to d5y an answ] to 8 que/ion]2 b ,sempronius %\ld h repli$ = ! edification ( ,caius & ! honor ( ,god4 7b7 ,:5 a p]son is que/ion$ ab\t 8 religi\s belief by public au?ority1 8 obligation to make a pr(ession ( fai? is c]ta91 if ! que/ion] has ! "r accord+ to law to ask ! "q1 & if x is made to "o individually & out ( hatr$ ( ! fai?2 = to ?is case apply ! words ( ,*ri/3 8,y %all be br\ght be=e gov]nors & k+s = ,my sake1 = a te/imony to !m & to ! ,g5tiles0 7,matt41 x4 #ah74 #iif4 ,9 ! foll[+ cases1 "o is n b\nd to confession ( fai? on acc\nt ( ! public au?ority t puts ! "q1 al?\gh "o may be b\nd on acc\nt ( ! circum/ances3 7a7 ,:5 ! "q is n put to an individual1 b to a :ole community1 by a law :i* requires !m 9 "t ( p]secution to deliv] !mselves up z ,*ri/ians or ,ca?olics1 !re is no obligation to comply ) ?is law1 s9ce x is unju/1 & nei!r ! honor ( ,god nor ! good ( o!rs requires "o to make ! pr(ession ( fai? x dem&s 7see #cgg1 #eeb74 7b7 ,:5 ! "q is put to an individual by "o 9 au?ority b contr>y to ! law ( ! l&1 !re is no obligation to answ]4 ,?us1 if accord+ to civil law ! magi/rates h no "r to exam9e ab\t matt]s ( consci5ce & "o ( !m %\ld nev]!less d s1 ! p>ty que/ion$ c\ld treat ! "q z out ( ord] & d5y any answ]4 7c7 ,:5 ! "q is made accord+ to law1 b does n proce$ f hatr$ ( ! fai?1 "o is n oblig$ positively to pr(ess "o's fai?1 unless ! omission w\ld seem to ^? pres5t to be a d5ial ( fai?4 ,?us1 a p]son might rema9 sil5t1 or say t he did n wi% to answ]1 t he did n wi% to say :at 8 belief 01 etc41 & 9 ! circum/ances x w\ld seem t he w\ld n be d5y+ 8 fai?1 b m]ely = "s reason refus+ to discuss x :5 he ?\ght !re 0 no necessity4 #iig4 ,! ?ird case m5tion$ above 7see #iia71 9 :i* "o is oblig$ to pr(ess "o's fai? publicly1 is :5 ! fai? is4 be+ attack$ 9 "o's pres5ce4 ,! honor ( ,god & ! good ( ! neighbor !n require "o to speak out4 7a7 ,?us1 if ! doctr9es ( ! fai? are be+ blasphem$ or ridicul$1 "o %\ld def5d !m1 if "o is able4 ,o!rwise1 "o %\ld prote/ or leave ! company1 if ?is w be advantage\s to religion4 7b7 ,if sacr$ ?+s are be+ pr(an$1 "o %\ld resi/ physically1 if "o is able to prev5t :at is go+ on4 #iih4 ,debates on religion betwe5 ,ca?olics & non-,ca?olics are n 9 !mselves wrong1 b z a rule !y are useless & inexp$i5t4 7a7 ,t su* debates are n ess5tially wrong1 is cle> f ! fact t a suitable def5d] ( ! fai? is able by argum5tation to %[ ! misconceptions t are ent]ta9$ ab\t ! fai? & ! fallaci\s objections t are made aga9/ x4 ,?is is honorable to ,god & pr(itable to ! neighbor3 8,saul conf\nd$ ! ,jews t dwelt at ,damascus1 affirm+ t ?is is ! ,*ri/ 4444 ,he spoke also to ! ,g5tiles & disput$ ) ! ,greeks0 7,acts1 ix4 #bb1 #bi74 7b7 ,t controv]sy is g5]ally unpr(itable is a matt] ( exp]i5ce4 ,religi\s debates (t5 lead to bitt]ness1 & seldom effect conv]sions4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 an ev]-pres5t dang] t ! sophi/ry or eloqu5ce ( an adv]s>y may give him ! appe>ance ( victory to ! discr$it ( ! fai?1 = ev5 a fooli% p]son c raise difficulties :i* only a wise man c answ]4 #iii4 ,consequ5tly ! rule gov]n+ religi\s disputations is t !y %\ld be avoid$1 unless ecclesia/ical au?ority deems !m useful at times4 7a7 ,if no provocation is (f]$1 or if no good seems likely to result f a debate1 x %\ld be avoid$4 7b7 ,if "o is attack$ & x seems t ! honor ( ,god & ! good ( s\ls w be s]v$ by a debate1 !n capable & prud5t speak]s are p]mitt$ by ! ,*ur* to def5d ! fai?1 provid$ p]mission is secur$ f ! ,holy ,see1 or1 9 case ( urg5cy1 f ! local ,ord9>y 7,canon #acbe1 ,sec4#c74 ,! prescriptions ( ?is ,canon 7 reaffirm$ rec5tly by ! ,holy ,(fice & appli$ especially to 8ecum5ical0 conv5tions convok$ to promote *ur* unity4 ,ca?olics1 bo? lay & cl]ical1 may 9 no way be pres5t at su* meet+s )\t ! previ\s cons5t ( ! ,holy ,see 7,holy ,(fice1 ,monitum1 ,june #e1 #aidh74 ,see ,app5dix ,,ii4 #ajjj4 ,! div9e precept ( pr(ession ( fai? s f> consid]$ obliges on acc\nt ( ! virtue ( fai? itself1 t is1 on acc\nt ( ! ext]nal honor or s]vice due to ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,!re is also a div9e precept ( pr(ession ( fai? :i* obliges on acc\nt ( o!r virtues t may require su* a pr(ession ( fai? to be made 7e4g41 on acc\nt ( *>ity or ju/ice74 ,! omission ( ! pr(ession ( fai? 9 ^! cases1 h[ev]1 is n a s9 aga9/ fai?1 b aga9/ ! o!r virtues1 & %\ld be confess$ z su*4 7a7 ,ju/ice requires a pr(ession ( fai? :51 by reason ( 8 (fice1 a p]son has ! duty ( tea*+ o!rs 9 ! fai?1 = to tea* ! fai? is to manife/ "o's own belief 9 x4 ,h5ce1 bi%ops & o!r pa/ors are oblig$ to prea*3 8,woe is unto me1 if ,i prea* n ! ,gospel0 7,i ,cor41 ix4 #af72 & _! tea*+ is a manife/ation ( fai?3 8,hav+ ! same _s ( fai?1 z x is writt53 ,i believ$1 = :i* cause ,i h spok52 we also believe1 & !re=e we speak also0 7,,ii ,cor41 iv41 #ac74 7b7 ,*>ity requires a pr(ession ( fai? :5 a p]son has n ! (fice ( tea*]1 b has a suitable opportunity to imp>t in/ruction to "o :o is 9 great ignorance ab\t religion4 ,=1 z *>ity requires "o to p]=m corporal works ( m]cy = ! suff]+ & de/itute1 s x requires "o to p]=m spiritual works ( m]cy = ! spiritually indig5t1 su* z to in/ruct ! ignorant1 to c\nsel ! d\btful4 ,?us1 a lay p]son :o c prud5tly d s 7! circum/ances ( "t1 place1 p]son1 etc41 be+ duly consid]$71 ought 9 *>ity to in/ruct 9 fai? & morals ! neglect$ *ildr5 ar\nd him4 #ajja4 ,"o is n b\nd to give in/ruction ab\t matt]s ( fai? or morals :5 ?is w\ld lead to m h>m ?an good2 b misrepres5tation mu/ be avoid$4 7a7 ,! purpose ( in/ruction is to fulfill ! w ( ,god & to b5efit o!rs2 !re=e1 if ^! ends are n obta9$ b r defeat$ by an in/ruction1 x %\ld be omitt$4 ,! tru? is always good 9 itself1 b its communication may n be exp$i5t on acc\nt ( ! recipi5t1 :o1 be+ immature1 may be h>m$ by ! wrong impression he w receive1 or :o1 be+ badly dispos$1 may use k z a means to wrongdo+4 ,/rong meat %\ld n be giv5 to infants 7,heb41 vi4 #aa-ad72 pe>ls %\ld n be ca/ be=e sw9e 7,matt41 vii4 #f74 ,examples3 ,! my/]ies ( ! fai? 7e4g41 transub/antiation71 %\ld be expla9$ ) caution to ^? :o are n well in/ruct$1 le/ !y be ov]:elm$ ) ! brightness & misund]/&4 ,difficult matt]s 7su* z pr$e/9ation7 or dang]\s subjects 7su* z sex duties7 %\ld n be discuss$ indiscrim9ately ) all k9ds ( p]sons4 ,x is n "r to in/ruct ^? :o are 9 ignorance ( _! duty1 if ?is is n absolutely necess>y & "o =esees t in/ruction w n prev5t !m f cont9u+ 9 evil ways b w only add to _! guilt4 ,x is wrong to put ! ,bible into ! h&s ( ^? :o w use x = bad purposes4 7b7 ,misrepres5tation or suppression is a lie1 & 9 matt]s ( doctr9e a d5ial ( fai?2 h5ce1 x is nev] lawful4 ,! rule to be foll[$1 !re=e1 9 tea*+ ! fai? is t "o communicate ! same doctr9e to all1 b accord+ to ! capacity ( 8 he>]s--to "s 9 outl9e & to o!rs m fully4 ,?is 0 ! me?od ( ,*ri/1 :o 8) _m p>ables spoke to !m ! ^w1 accord+ z !y 7 able to he>0 7,m>k1 iv4 #cc74 #ajjb4 ,! ,*ur* has ! duty n only ( keep+ ! fai? unt>ni%$ among ,ca?olics1 b also ( spread+ x among non-,ca?olics1 ,prote/ants1 ,jews & infidels1 z f> z circum/ances w all[4 ,= ,god 8,w h all m5 to be sav$1 & to come to ! k ( ! tru?0 7,i ,tim41 ii4 #d74 ,^?1 !re=e1 :o assi/ mission>y "w = unbeliev]s at home or abroad1 d a "w ?rice ble/1 = 7a7 x is a ?anksgiv+ (f]+ to ,god1 te/ify+ our appreciation ( ! gift ( fai? :i* we h receiv$ f ,him1 7b7 x is a "w ( *>ity to ourselves1 = by help+ o!rs to receive ! fai? we /r5g!n our own fai?1 & 7c7 x is an act ( supreme m]cy to ^? :o are sitt+ 9 d>kness & ! %ad[ ( dea?4 #ajjc1 ,9 addition to ! div9e precepts1 !re are also ecclesia/ical laws prescrib+ pr(ession ( fai?4 7a7 ,ecclesia/ical precepts ( pr(ession ( fai? = v>i\s (ficials are conta9$ 9 ,canon #adjf & 9 ! ,sacrorum ,anti/itum ( ,pius ,x 7,septemb] #a1 #aiaj71 & ,canon #bdjc decrees t ^? :o contumaci\sly refuse to make ! pr(ession ( fai? ( ,canon #adjf may be depriv$ ( _! (fice4 ,conv]ts to ! fai? :o are receiv$ )\t absolute ,baptism make an abjuration 7,holy ,(fice1 ,july #bj1 #ahei71 & p]sons :o h incurr$ excommunication on acc\nt ( apo/asy1 h]esy or s*ism are absolv$ 9 ! ext]nal =um aft] juridical abjuration 7,canon #bcad74 7b7 ,! purpose ( ^! ecclesia/ical laws is to prev5t ! acceptance ( spiritual or temporal jurisdiction or au?ority 9 ! ,*ur*1 or ! commission ( tea*+ or ! b5efits ( memb]%ip by ^? :o are unbeliev]s4 ,h5ce1 ! purpose is grave1 & ! laws !mselves are held to b9d "u grave s94 7c7 ,! p]sons b\nd by ^! ecclesia/ical laws are bo? ecclesia/ics & laym51 namely1 ^? :o are ab\t to be receiv$ into or reconcil$ ) ! ,*ur*1 & ^? :o are ab\t to be admitt$ to "s dignity1 ord]1 (fice or function 7su* z c&idates = ! ranks ( ,c>d9al1 bi%op1 canon1 p>i% prie/1 religi\s sup]ior1 pr(essor1 prea*]1 confessor1 doctor1 etc74 7d7 ,! =m ( ! pr(ession ( fai? is ! ,trid5t9e or ,pian giv5 9 ! ,bull ( ,pius ,,iv1 ,injunctum ,nobis1 ( ,novemb] #ac1 #aefd1 ) additions ref]r+ to ! ,vatican ,c\ncil4 ,! oa? aga9/ ,mod]nism prescrib$ 9 ! ,sacrorum ,anti/itum ( ,pius ,x1 ( ,septemb] #a1 #aiaj1 is also obligatory4 7e7 ,! times :5 ^! pr(essions ( fai? mu/ be made are at admission into ! ,*ur* & at ! reception or r5ewal ( an (fice4 #ajjd4 ,! affirmative precepts ( pr(ession ( fai?1 div9e & ecclesia/ical1 oblige only at ! prop] "t & place1 & !re=e on o!r occasions "o is n oblig$ to make pr(ession ( fai?4 7a7 ,h5ce1 "o may avoid a pr(ession ( fai? by evad+ int]rogation 9 "t ( p]secution--= example1 ?r\gh ! paym5t ( money to be exempt$ f exam9ation1 or ?r\gh flight4 ,z ^! acts indicate t ! p]son is unwill+ to d5y 8 fai?1 b has reasons = wi%+ to pres]ve 8 life or to avoid ! dang] ( apo/asy1 !y are n ( !mselves unlawful1 & may be a duty4 7b7 ,"o may omit a pr(ession ( fai? by conceal+ "o's religion1 :5 prud5ce calls = concealm5t r ?an publication4 #ajje4 ,flight 9 "t ( p]secution is lawful or unlawful accord+ to circum/ances1 s9ce 9 itself x is some?+ indiff]5t1 be+ simply ! act ( mov+ f "o place to ano!r4 7a7 ,flight is unlawful1 if "o's circum/ances are su* t "o w d an injury to ju/ice or *>ity by dep>ture4 ,h5ce1 a pa/or w\ld s9 aga9/ ju/ice if he fl$ 9 "t ( p]secution1 leav+ 8 flock :o /ood 9 ne$ ( 8 pres5ce3 8,! good %eph]d give? 8 life = 8 %eep4 ,b ! hirel+ & he t is n ! %eph]d1 see? ! wolf com+1 & leave? ! %eep & flie?0 7,john1 x4 #aa1 #ab74 ,h5ce also1 "o :o has no c>e ( s\ls b ^: pres5ce is necess>y to a p]secut$ community %\ld pref] out ( *>ity _! spiritual good to 8 own bodily safety3 8,we ought to lay d[n our lives = ! bre?r50 7,i ,john1 iii4 #af74 7b7 ,flight is necess>y1 if "o's circum/ances are su* t "o w d an injury to ju/ice or *>ity by rema9+4 ,h5ce1 if a pa/or's life is necess>y = 8 flock1 :ile 8 abs5ce c be suppli$ by o!rs :o w take 8 place1 ju/ice to 8 subjects requires t he save 8 life = _! sake4 ,?us1 = ! good ( s\ls ,/4 ,pet] escap$ f prison 7,acts1 xii4 #ag sqq472 ,/4 ,paul fl$ f ,damascus 7,acts1 ix4 #bd1 #be72 our ,"l ,himself hid :5 ! ,jews took up /ones to ca/ at ,him 7,john1 viii4 #ei74 ,simil>ly1 if a p]son is v fe>ful le/ 8 c\rage may fail him if he is br\ght be=e ! p]secutors1 *>ity to self requires t he take flight s z to escape ! dang] ( apo/asy4 7c7 ,flight is p]missible1 if !re is no duty to rema9 & no duty to dep>t3 8,:5 !y %all p]secute y 9 ?is city1 flee into ano!r0 7,matt41 x4 #bc74 ,h5ce1 if "o's pres5ce is useful b n necess>y 9 "t ( p]secution1 x is lawful = "o to flee4 ,"s au?orities hold t ! des]tion ( ,jesus by ! disciples dur+ ! ,passion 0 n s9ful flight4 #ajjf4 ,to refuse to flee :5 flight is p]missible1 is usually n advisable1 = ?is is dang]\s = mo/ p]sons4 ,x w\ld be advisable1 h[ev]1 if a p]son _h /rong & prud5t confid5ce ( 8 victory1 _h ! "r int5tion1 & us$ ! means to prep>e himself = ! /ruggle4 #ajjg4 ,concealm5t ( "o's fai? is lawful1 if ! requisite conditions are pres5t4 7a7 ,?us1 x is n lawful to conceal "o's fai? at times :5 a pr(ession ( x is call$ = by div9e or ecclesia/ical law 7see #iia1 #ajjc72 at o!r times x is lawful4 ,example3 ,titus is travell+ 9 a c\ntry :]e !re are no ,ca?olic *ur*es1 & :]e no "o ev] asks him ab\t 8 religion4 ,he nev] tells anyone :at he is4 7b7 ,x is n lawful to conceal "o's fai? f a di%one/ motive4 ,example3 ,if ,titus conceals 8 religion 9 ord] n to be unju/ly discrim9at$ aga9/1 8 motive is good2 b if he wi%es to be tak5 = a non-,ca?olic1 8 motive is evil4 7c7 ,x is n lawful to conceal "o's fai? 9 a s9ful way4 ,example3 ,if ! means ( concealm5t employ$ by ,titus imply deception or d5ial ( ! fai? 7su* z ly+ ab\t 8 orig9 & active p>ticipation 9 non-,ca?olic wor%ip71 he is guilty ( s9ful concealm5t4 ,b1 if ! means employ$ are p]missible 7su* z sil5ce ab\t himself1 omission ( grace be=e & aft] meals1 eat+ meat on ,fridays 9 virtue ( disp5sation1 etc471 8 me?od ( concealm5t is n s9ful4 #ajjh4 ,g5]ally speak+1 concealm5t ( "o's religion is n advisable4 7a7 ,! reasons = concealm5t are (t5 imag9>y1 r ?an real4 ,we see t ,ca?olics :o are n a%am$ ( _! religion1 or afraid to h x kn[n t !y practise x1 are respect$ = _! s9c]ity & consci5ti\sness ev5 9 bigot$ regions1 :ile on ! contr>y ^? :o are apologetic or :o d n live up to _! religion are look$ d[n on z c[>ds or hypocrites4 7b7 ,! means employ$ = concealm5t w cause endless d\bts & scruples1 = x is (t5 difficult to decide :at means are lawful & :at unlawful4 ,art4 #d3 ,,! ,,virtue ,,( ,,hope 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,,ii-,,ii1 qq4 #ag-bb47 #ajji4 ,def9ition4--,! ^w 8hope0 is v>i\sly us$4 7a7 ,9 a wide & improp] s5se1 x signifies ! expectation ( "s wi%$-= evil1 or desire )\t expectation4 ,h5ce1 colloquially "o hopes = mis=tune to ano!r 7hope ( a future evil71 or t ano!r has succe$$ or is 9 good heal? 7hope ( pa/ or pres5t good71 or t "s unlook$-= =tune w turn up 7hope )\t expectation74 7b7 ,9 its /rict & prop] s5se1 hope signifies ! expectation ( "s desir$ good 9 ! future4 ,?us1 "o hopes to pass an exam9ation1 or to recov] f illness4 #ajaj4 ,hope1 /rictly und]/ood1 is ( v>i\s k9ds4 7a7 ,x is an emotion or an affection1 accord+ z x proce$s f ! s5sitive or ! rational appetite4 ,! emotion ( hope is an incl9ation ( ! irascible appetite to possess "s object kn[n ?r\gh ! s5ses & appreh5d$ z good & atta9able1 & is f\nd bo? 9 man & 9 ! brutes4 ,! affection ( hope is a spiritual incl9ation1 t5d+ to good z kn[n ?r\gh ! reason4 7b7 ,hope is ei!r natural or sup]natural1 accord+ z x t5ds ei!r to goods t are temporal & )9 ! p[] ( man to acquire1 or to goods t are et]nal & above ! unaid$ p[]s ( creatures4 ,x is 9 ?is latt] s5se t hope is n[ tak54 #ajaa4 ,sup]natural hope is und]/ood1 sometimes 9 a wide s5se1 sometimes 9 a /rict s5se4 7a7 ,9 a wide s5se1 x is us$ objectively to designate ! object1 mat]ial or =mal1 ( hope4 ,?us1 ,/4 ,paul is speak+ ( ! mat]ial object ( hope 7i4e41 ( ! ?+s hop$ =71 :5 he says3 8,hope t is se5 is n hope0 7,rom41 viii4 #bd71 8,look+ = ! bless$ hope0 7,tit41 ii4 #ac72 :ile ! ,psalmi/ is speak+ ( ! =mal object ( hope 7i4e41 ! motive ( hope71 :5 he says3 8,?\ ha/ be5 my hope1 a t[] ( /r5g? aga9/ ! face ( ! enemy0 7,ps4 lx4 #d74 7b7 ,9 a /rict s5se1 hope is us$ subjectively to designate ! act or habit ( hope4 ,! act ( hope is spok5 ( 9 ! foll[+ texts3 8,we are sav$ by hope0 7,rom41 viii4 #bd72 8,rejoic+ 9 hope0 7,rom41 vii4 #ab74 ,! habit ( hope is indicat$ 9 ^! v]ses f ,job & ,/4 ,paul3 8,?is my hope is laid up 9 my bosom0 7,job1 xix4 #bg72 8,!re rema9 fai?1 hope1 *>ity1 ^! ?ree0 7,i ,cor41 xiii4 #ac74 ,hope is n[ tak5 9 ! /rict s5se1 z a virtue or infus$ habit1 f :i* proce$ sup]natural acts4 #ajab4 ,! virtue ( hope is def9$3 8,an infus$ habit1 by :i* we confid5tly expect to obta91 ?r\gh ! help ( ,god1 ! rew>d ( ev]la/+ life40 7a7 ,x is 8an infus$ habit40 ,^! words express ! g5us to :i* hope belongs1 & !y set x ap>t f ! emotion & ! affection ( hope1 z well z f any acquir$ habit ( hop+ = purely natural goods4 ,a natural virtue ( hope1 /r5g!n+ ! w ) ref]5ce to natural happ9ess1 is n necess>y 9 any /ate ( man1 fall5 or unfall51 = ! w does n /& 9 ne$ ( a sup]add$ virtue ) respect to ^? ?+s t fall )9 its prop] sph]e ( action4 7b7 ,hope is a habit 8by :i* we expect1 etc40 ,^! words express ! specific subjective elem5ts ( hope1 t is1 ! p[]s ( ! s\l 9 :i* x resides & ! k9ds ( acts x p]=ms4 7c7 8,?r\gh ! help ( ,god40 ,^! words express ! =mal object or motive ( hope4 7d7 8,! rew>ds ( et]nal life40 ,^! words express ! mat]ial object ( hope1 t is1 ! ?+ t is hop$ =4 #ajac4 ,!re is a g5]al simil>ity betwe5 ! virtue ( hope & natural hope z reg>ds _! objects & acts4 7a7 ,natural hope is ! result ( a love ( "s good1 & s diff]s f fe>1 :i* is ! dread ( "s evil4 ,simil>ly1 ! virtue ( hope spr+s f a love ( heav5ly goods 7,rom41 viii4 #bd1 #be74 7b7 ,natural hope has to d ) a good t is abs5t1 & x is !re=e desire1 n enjoym5t4 ,simil>ly1 ! virtue ( hope looks =w>d to goods n z yet atta9$3 8,we hope = t :i* we see n1 we wait = x ) pati5ce0 7,rom1 viii4 #be74 7c7 ,natural hope1 unlike m]e desire1 seeks a good ^: atta9m5t is n c]ta9 or easy1 & h5ce x presupposes c\rage4 ,simil>ly1 ! virtue ( hope dem&s /r5g? ( s\l3 8,d ye manfully & let y\r he>t be /r5g!n$1 all ye t hope 9 ! ,"l0 7,ps4 xxx4 #be74 7d7 ,natural hope t5ds t[>ds an objective1 :i*1 :ile difficult1 is n impossible2 h5ce1 x expects ) confid5ce1 =1 :5 an object ( desire is impossible1 "o does n hope = x1 b despairs4 ,! virtue ( hope also is confid5t3 8,hold fa/ ! glory & confid5ce ( hope unto ! end0 7,heb4 iii4 #f74 #ajad4 ,*ri/ian hope is sup]ior to natural hope1 because x is a sup]natural virtue4 7a7 ,x is a virtue1 s9ce its acts are comm&$ by ,god1 & ?r\gh x ! w is direct$ to its beatitude & ! secure means ( realiz+ its l(ty aspirations3 8,i h incl9$ my he>t to d ,?y ju/ifications = ev]1 = ! rew>d0 7,ps4 cxviii4 #aab72 8,tru/ 9 ! ,"l1 & d good0 7,ps1 xxxvi4 #c74 7b7 ,*ri/ian hope is a sup]natural virtue1 s9ce ?r\gh x man is sanctifi$ & sav$3 8,i 7,wisdom7 am ! "m ( holy hope0 7,ecclus41 xxiv4 #bd72 ,god 8ha? reg5]at$ u into a lively hope0 7,i ,pet41 i4 #c72 8,we are sav$ by hope0 7,rom41 viii4 #bd72 8,ev]yone t ha? ?is hope 9 ,him sanctifie? himself0 7,i ,john1 iii4 #c74 #ajae4 ,?\gh hope seeks its own rew>d1 x is n !re=e m]c5>y or egoti/ic4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t hope produces idealism & self-sacrifice1 :ile ! lack ( x leads to engrossm5t 9 ! ?+s ( "t & s5se & to selfi%ness4 7a7 ,?us1 ! hope ( ! j man is n sep>at$ f *>ity1 & h5ce he loves ,god above all1 & 8 neighbor z himself3 8,i h incl9$ my he>t to d ,?y ju/ifications =ev]1 = ! rew>d0 7,ps4 cxviii4 #aab74 7b7 ,! hope ( ! s9n] is a prep>ation = *>ity1 s9ce he mu/ desire *>ity z a means to ! beatitude he wi%es3 8,he t hope? 9 ! ,"l %all be heal$0 7,prov41 xxviii4 #be74 #ajaf4 ,j z fai? is divid$ into liv+ & dead fai?1 s hope is divid$ into animat$ & inanimat$ hope4 7a7 ,animat$ hope is t to :i* is jo9$ ! /ate ( grace & *>ity1 & :i* is !reby p]fect z a virtue & m]itori\s4 ,?is hope is /rong]1 because we hope m confid5tly f fri5ds4 ,an act ( animat$ hope is m p]fect :5 comm&$ by ! virtue ( *>ity1 less p]fect :5 n s comm&$--t is1 he :o makes an act ( hope out ( love ( ,god p]=ms a bett] "w ?an he :o makes an act ( hope out ( "s o!r motive 7su* z self-enc\ragem5t74 7b7 ,inanimat$ hope is t to :i* ! /ate ( grace & *>ity is n jo9$1 & :i* !re=e is an imp]fect virtue & n m]itori\s4 #ajag4 ,! foll[+ divisions ( hope made by ! ,quieti/s are n admissible3 7a7 ,! division ( hope into natural hope 7:i* seeks its own good1 & :i* is p]mitt$ to ! ord9>y fai?ful7 & sup]natural hope 7:i* is entirely dis9t]e/$1 & :i* is necess>y = ! p]fect7 conta9s ,rigorism2 = s9ce natural hope is ( no avail t[>ds ju/ification or = m]it1 x w\ld foll[ t )\t dis9t]e/$ love ( ,god "o c\ld n obta9 =giv5ess1 nor c\ld an act be m]itori\s4 7b7 ,! division ( hope into two sup]natural species1 ! "o dis9t]e/$ 7:i* desires heav5ly goods = ! glory ( ,god alone7 & ! o!r int]e/$ 7:i* desires heav5ly goods = ! advantage ( self71 is useless2 = acts ( dis9t]e/$ love belong to *>ity1 n to hope 7,d5z41 #acbg-acdi74 #ajah4 ,! ,object ( ,hope4--,by ! object ( hope we mean ?ree ?+s3 7a7 ! good t is hop$ = 7mat]ial object1 ! end :i* is int5d$72 7b7 ! p]son = :om t good is hop$ 7! end = :om72 7c7 ! gr\nd or f\ndation ( hope 7=mal object74 #ajai4 ,! mat]ial object ( hope is tw(old1 namely1 ! prim>y object1 :i* is desir$ = its own sake1 & ! second>y1 :i* is desir$ on acc\nt ( ! prim>y object4 7a7 ,! prim>y object ( hope is ,god ,himself1 ! inf9ite good1 consid]$ z our ,la/ ,end & ,beatitude 7,ps4 lxxii4 #be74 ,connot$ 9 ?is object is ! beatific vision1 ! f9ite act by means ( :i* ! creature atta9s to ! possession ( ,god4 ,! prim>y object ( our hope is ! imp]i%able cr[n 7,i ,cor41 ix4 #be71 glory 7,col41 i4 #bg71 ! glory ( ! *ildr5 ( ,god 7,rom41 v4 #b71 salvation 7,i ,!ss41 v4 #h71 et]nal life 7,tit41 i4 #b71 entrance into ! holy ( holies 7,heli1 x4 #ai1 #bc71 ! inh]itance incorruptible & undefil$ t _c fade1 res]v$ 9 heav5 7,i ,pet41 i4 #d71 ! vision ( ,god 7,i ,john1 iii4 #c74 ,x is ?is object especially t di/+ui%es sup]natural f natural hope 7,i ,cor41 xv4 #ai74 8,f ,god10 says ,/4 ,?omas 7,,ii-,,ii1 q4 #ag1 a4 #b71 8we %\ld expect no?+ less ?an ,god ,himself40 7b7 ,! second>y object ( hope embraces all ^? creat$ ?+s t assi/ "o to atta9 "o's ,la/ ,end4 ,we may hope = all ^? ?+s = :i* we may pray1 z ,/4 ,augu/9e rem>ks4 #ajbj4 ,! prim>y object ( hope includes3 7a7 ess5tial beatitude1 t is1 ! beatific vision2 7b7 accessory beatitude1 t is1 all resultant joys1 su* z glory ( s\l & body1 ! companion%ip ( ! ,sa9ts1 security f h>m1 & ! l4 #ajba4 ,! second>y object ( hope includes3 7a7 spiritual goods1 su* z graces2 7b7 temporal goods1 su* z heal? & ! means t w enable u1 at lea/ indirectly1 to "w = ! life to come & acquire m]it2 7c7 deliv]ance f evils t w\ld h9d] spiritual goods2 7d7 all t promotes "o's salvation1 su* z labors = ,god4 #ajbb4 ,! p]son = :om et]nal life is hop$ may be ei!r oneself or "o's neighbor4 7a7 ,absolutely speak+ 7i4e41 ap>t f ! supposition ( fri5d%ip t[>ds a neighbor71 a p]son c hope only = himself2 = ! salvation ( o!rs is n atta9$ by him1 b by !m2 & ?us1 if !re is no bond ( affection1 x _c ar\se 9 him t feel+ ( c\rage\s confid5ce :i* belongs to hope4 7b7 ,accid5tally 7i4e41 on ! supposition ( fri5d%ip or *>ity t[>ds o!rs71 "o c hope = !m2 = love makes a p]son reg>d ! good ( o!rs z 8 own4 ,?us1 ,/4 ,paul is hopeful = ! p]sev]ance ( ! ,philippians 7,phil41 i4 #f71 & he labors = ! ,cor9?ians t 8 hope = !m may be /eadfa/ 7,,ii ,cor41 i4 #g74 #ajbc4 ,! =mal object ( hope is tw(old1 namely1 ! prim>y object1 :i* is ! pr9cipal cause t effects our salvation1 & ! second>y object1 :i* is a second>y or in/rum5tal cause ( salvation4 7a7 ,! prim>y motive ( hope is ,god ,himself1 ! ,au?or ( salvation1 & h5ce x is said3 8,curs$ be ! man t tru/e? 9 man0 7,j]1 xvii4 #e74 7b7 ,! second>y motive ( hope are creatures by :om "o is assi/$ 9 obta9+ ! means = salvation 7su* z ! ,sa9ts1 :o aid u by _! int]cessions74 ,?us1 9 ! ,salve ,reg9a1 our ,lady is address$ z 8our hope40 ,! m]its ( ,*ri/ & our own m]its1 s9ce !y are in/rum5ts us$ by ,god1 are motives ( hope4 #ajbd4 ,on :at div9e attribute is ! virtue ( hope bas$8 7a7 ,ess5tially1 hope is bas$ on ,god's "* ( omnipot5t help]2 = ! specific & diff]5tiat+ note ( ?is virtue is its c\rage\s confid5ce1 & ?is1 9 view ( ! surpass+ height "o expects to atta9 & ! feebl5ess ( all creat$ ef=ts1 mu/ rely on ! assi/ance ( ,"o :o is equal to ! task3 8,! ,"l is my rock & my /r5g?4 ,god is my /rong ,"o1 9 ,him w ,i tru/0 7,,ii ,k+s1 xxii4 #b1 #c72 8,y h hop$ 9 ! ,"l ,mighty =ev]0 7,is41 xxvi4 #d72 8,! "n ( ! ,"l is a /rong t[]2 ! j runne? to x & %all be exalt$0 7,prov4 xviii4 #aj74 7b7 ,second>y 7i4e41 z reg>ds acts t x presupposes1 or t are connect$ ) x71 hope is conc]n$ ) o!r div9e attributes4 ,?us1 a p]son does n hope unless he fir/ believes t ,god has promis$ beatitude & t ,he is true to ,8 promises1 unless he reg>ds beatitude z some?+ desirable2 & s he :o hopes has plac$ 8 dep5d5ce on ! loyalty ( ,god to ,8 giv5 ^w1 & on ! desirability ( ,god z ! prize ( life's ef=ts3 8,let u hold fa/ ! confession ( our hope )\t wav]+1 = ,he is fai?ful t ha? promis$0 7,heb41 x4 #bc72 8,unto ! hope ( life ev]la/+1 :i* ,god1 :o lie? n1 ha? promis$ be=e ! times ( ! _w0 7,tit41 i4 #b72 8,! ,"l is my portion1 !re=e w ,i wait = ,him0 7,lam41 iii4 #bd72 8,fe> n1 ,i am ?y rew>d1 exce$+ great0 7,g541 xv4 #a74 ,j z fai? presupposes a beg9n+ ( belief & a pi\s incl9ation t[>ds x1 s does hope presuppose fai? & ! love ( ,god1 z ,he is our beatitude4 #ajbe4 ,omnipot5t div9e help z ! f\ndation ( hope c be und]/ood 9 two s5ses3 7a7 ,x may be tak5 = "s creat$ help1 t is1 = "s gift ( ,god possess$ by u 7su* z habitual or actual grace1 m]its1 virtues1 etc74 ,x is n 9 ?is s5se t div9e help is call$ ! motive ( hope2 = ev5 a s9n] c & %\ld hope1 & ! j man's m]its1 :ile !y are dispositions = beatitude1 are n a pr9cipal cause t w conduct him to x4 7b7 ,?is div9e help may be tak5 = uncreat$ help1 t is1 = ! act by :i* ,god conf]s ,8 gifts ^u u4 ,9 ?is s5se only is div9e aid ! basis ( hope4 ,= if a p]son is ask$ :y he is confid5t ( salvation1 he w n answ]1 8,because ,i am 9 ! /ate ( grace & d good works10 b 8,because ,i "k t ,god w help me40 #ajbf4 ,! div9e p]fections includ$ 9 ! title ( help] n[ giv5 to ,god are3 7a7 ess5tially1 ! almighty p[] ( ,god2 = ?is is ! imm$iate & suffici5t reason = ! confid5t expectation t "o w at la/ possess ! same object ( felicity z ,god ,himself4 ,! high] & m difficult ! goal "o sets be=e oneself1 ! great] mu/ be ! res\rces on :i* "o c\nts = success2 7b7 second>ily1 ^! p]fections include ! inf9ite k9dness ( ,god2 = x is ! goodness ( ,god t prompts ,him to employ ,8 omnipot5ce 9 assi/+ creatures to atta9 _! ,la/ ,end4 ,man has hope1 !re=e1 ( atta9+ supreme felicity1 because he relies on supreme p[] to aid him1 :ile ?is supreme p[] aids him1 because x is direct$ by inf9ite goodness & m]cy4 ,?us1 ! ,psalmi/ says3 8,i h tru/$ 9 ,?y m]cy0 7,ps4 xii4 #f74 ,j z fai? re/s proximately on ! reliability ( ,god & remotely on ,8 p]fection ( be+1 s hope re/s proximately on ,god's almighty p[] & radically on ,8 goodness & p]fection4 #ajbg4 ,! ,excell5ce ( ,hope4--,hope is a !ological virtue1 & is !re=e sup]ior to ! moral virtues4 7a7 ,x is a !ological virtue1 inasmu* z x t5ds imm$iately to ,god ,himself4 ,z 0 said above 7see #ajai1 #ajbc71 we hope = ,god & we hope 9 ,god3 8,9 ,god is my salvation & my glory4 ,he is ! ,god ( my help1 & my hope is 9 ,god0 7,ps4 lxi4 #h72 8,:at is my hope8 ,is x n ! ,"l80 7,ps4 xxxviii4 #h72 8,9 ,!e1 ,o ,"l1 h ,i hop$0 7,ps4 xxx4 #a74 ,h5ce1 ! ,apo/le numb]s hope along ) ! o!r !ological virtues 7,i ,cor41 xiii4 #ac74 8,by fai? ! h\se ( ,god receives its f\ndations1 by hope x is re>$1 by *>ity x is complet$0 7,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,s]m4 xxvii41 #a74 7b7 ,! two moral virtues t mo/ resemble hope are longsuff]+ & magnanimity1 = ! =m] is ! expectation ( good t is di/ant1 :ile ! latt] is ! read9ess to enc\nt] difficulties 9 ! que/ ( high ideals4 ,b ^! two virtues belong to c\rage1 r ?an to hope2 = ! goods !y seek are f9ite1 & ! difficulty !y enc\nt] is ext]nal /ruggle1 :]eas ! good :i* hope seeks is inf9ite1 & ! difficulty lies 9 ! v greatness ( t good4 #ajbh4 ,!re are v>i\s po9ts ( view f :i* virtues may be comp>$ "o ) ano!r4 7a7 ,"o virtue is prior to ano!r 9 duration1 :5 x prec$es ! latt] 9 "t4 ,?us1 ! natural virtues t pagans h be=e _! conv]sion are prior 9 duration to ! sup]natural virtues t are receiv$ 9 ,baptism4 7b7 ,"o virtue is prior to ano!r by nature1 or 9 ! ord] ( g5]ation1 :5 x is ! necess>y prep>ation or disposition = t o!r1 :i* ess5tially presupposes x4 ,?us1 ! intellectual virtues are naturally prior to ju/ice1 = a man _c w to give o!rs _! due1 unless he fir/ kn[s t ?is is 8 duty4 7c7 ,"o virtue is prior to ano!r virtue 9 excell5ce z a habit1 :5 x has an object t is m elevat$ & compreh5sive1 & :5 x is fitt$ to be ! guide ( ! o!r virtue4 ,= ! /&>d ( comp>ison ( habits mu/ be tak5 f ! objects to :i* !y t5d1 & f :i* !y d]ive _! specific "* 7see #acd74 ,?us1 ! habit ( philosophiz+ is 9 itself m noble ?an ! habit ( accumulat+ weal?1 = tru? is bett] ?an money4 7d7 ,"o virtue is prior to ano!r 9 excell5ce accord+ to ! g5]al concept ( virtue1 :5 x does m to set ! w "r4 ,= ! /&>d ( comp>ison !n is to be tak5 f ! influ5ce ex]cis$ on "o's acts 7z ! ^w 8virtue0 or 8p[]0 intimates71 & ! w is ! motor p[] t sets ! o!r faculties 9 motion4 ,?us1 = "o :o has debts to pay1 x is bett] t he give 8 "t to e>n+ money ?an to /or+ 8 m9d ) ! lore ( sci5ti/s2 ju/ice has m ( a claim on him ?an k4 #ajbi4 ,comp>ison ( ,hope ) ,fai?4--7a7 ,^! virtues are n ! same1 =1 :ile fai? makes u cl+ to ,god z ! giv] ( tru? & ass5t to :at is obscure to u1 hope makes up turn to ,him z ! au?or ( beatitude & /rive = t :i* is difficult = u4 7b7 ,fai? & hope are normally equal 9 duration1 s9ce z a rule !y are infus$ at ! same "t 7z 9 ,baptism74 ,accid5tally1 h[ev]1 fai? may prec$e hope1 z :5 "o :o pres]ves 8 fai? loses hope on acc\nt ( despair1 & lat] recov]s x4 7c7 ,!y are unequal z to natural prec$5ce1 fai? be+ prior to hope1 s9ce bo? glory & grace--! objects ( hope--mu/ be kn[n ?r\gh fai? 7,heb41 xi4 #f74 7d7 ,!y are unequal 9 _! excell5ce z habits1 fai? be+ sup]ior to hope1 z ! intellectual habits are sup]ior to ! moral2 = fai? is regulative & directive ( hope1 & has an object m ab/ract & univ]sal4 7e7 ,!y are unequal 9 _! excell5ce accord+ to ! g5]al concept ( virtue1 hope be+ sup]ior to fai?1 z ! moral virtues are sup]ior to ! intellectual 7see #aef74 ,= hope includes a rightness ( ! w t[>ds ,god t is n includ$ 9 ! concept ( fai?1 :i* is *iefly intellectual1 & x is ! w t moves ! o!r p[]s to action4 #ajcj4 ,comp>ison ( ,hope ) ,*>ity4--7a7 ,^! virtues are n ! same1 =1 :ile fai? & hope adh]e to ,god z ! pr9ciple f :i* "o d]ives tru? or goodness1 *>ity adh]es to ,god = ,8 own sake4 ,hope t5ds t[>ds ,god z our good1 f :om beatitude & ! means !reto are to be expect$2 b *>ity unites u to ,god s t we live = ,god r ?an = self4 7b7 ,hope & *>ity are normally equal z to duration1 b accid5tally hope may prec$e *>ity1 z :5 "o commits a mortal s91 b reta9s 8 hope ( salvation1 & lat] recov]s *>ity4 ,!re is "q n[ only ( ! habits1 because ! acts ( ! s9n] lead+ up to *>ity--fai?1 fe>1 hope1 contrition1 etc4--are = ! mo/ "p successive1 al?\gh 9 a sudd5 conv]sion hope may be virtually includ$ 9 *>ity4 7c7 ,!y are unequal z to natural prec$5ce1 hope be+ prior to *>ity1 =1 j z fe> naturally leads to int]e/$ love su* z is conta9$ 9 hope1 s does ?is int]e/$ love prep>e "o = a high] love t is dis9t]e/$3 8,! end ( ! comm&m5t is *>ity f a pure he>t0 7,i ,tim41 i4 #e74 ,we speak "h ( hope unanimat$ by *>ity2 = animat$ or liv+ hope tru/s 9 ,god z a fri5d1 & h5ce presupposes *>ity4 7d7 ,!y are unequal 9 excell5ce1 = hope proce$s f imp]fect love1 :i* desires ,god = ! sake ( ! "o :o loves1 :ile *>ity is p]fect love & desires ,god = ,8 sake4 #ajca4 ,hope1 z said above 7see #ajae-ajag71 is good & virtu\s ev5 :5 sep>at$ f *>ity1 or :5 ex]cis$ )\t ! actual motive ( *>ity4 ,b imp]fect or less p]fect hope mu/ n be confus$ ) ! foll[+ acts1 :i* h only ! appe>ance ( hope3 7a7 acts t remove ! mat]ial object ( hope1 :i* are su* z look = all beatitude 9 some?+ diff]5t f ,god 7e4g41 9 second>y joys ( heav572 7b7 acts t d injury to ! objects ( hope1 su* z ^? t subord9ate !m to less] goods 7e4g41 hope :i* puts self above ,god or delight above virtue74 #ajhb4 ,?ree types ( ! latt] k9d ( pseudo-hope may be di/+ui%$3 7a7 ,egoti/ical hope is t :i* places ! end = :i* beatitude is hop$ 7i4e41 self1 z 0 said 9 #ajbb7 above ! end :i* is beatitude 7i4e41 ,god ! ,la/ ,end1 z 0 said 9 #ajai sqq471 or :i* places subjective beatitude 7i4e41 ! act ( intuitive vision by :i* beatitude is atta9$7 above objective beatitude 7i4e41 ,god z ! object 9 :i* beatitude consi/s74 ,j z ! intellect is 9 error :5 x mi/akes ! conclusion = ! premise1 s is ! w 9 disord] :5 x takes a means = ! end4 ,h5ce1 :ile !re is no?+ inord9ate 9 a man's hop+ = food on acc\nt ( eat+ & 9 8 eat+ on acc\nt ( heal? 7s9ce 9 reality heal? is ! purpose ( eat+1 & eat+ ! purpose ( food71 x is extremely inord9ate to hope = ,god on acc\nt ( ! beatific vision or on acc\nt ( self1 s9ce ,god is ! ,end ( all1 & ! beatific vision is only ! condition = atta9+ to ?is ,la/ ,end1 & self m]ely ! subject to :om ,god & ! beatific vision are to be giv5 = its p]fection ?r\gh !m4 7b7 ,epicurean hope is t :i* places pleasure above ! o!r elem5ts t p]ta9 to subjective beatitude4 ,! subjective happ9ess ( man consi/s ess5tially 9 ! act t is highe/ & di/9ctly human--namely1 9 ! act ( ! intellect see+ ,god intuitively2 h5ce1 pleasure--ev5 ! *ief spiritual pleasures-%\ld be e/eem$ z some?+ second>y & consequ5t4 7c7 ,utilit>ian hope is t :i* places rew>d above virtue1 z if ! latt] 7 m]ely a means1 z :5 "o says3 8,if !re 7 no heav51 ,i w\ld practise no virtue40 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( good3 7i7 useful good1 or t :i* is desirable only because x s]ves z a means to some?+ else 7e4g41 bitt] m$ic9e1 :i* is wi%$1 n = its own sake1 b = ! sake ( heal?72 7ii7 moral good1 or t :i* is desir$ = its own sake1 z be+ agreeable to ! rational nature ( man 7su* z virtue72 7iii7 delightful good1 t is1 ! repose or satisfaction ( ! w 9 possession ( t :i* is desirable = its own sake4 ,x is a mi/ake1 !re=e1 to reg>d virtue z m]ely a useful good1 some?+ t is disagreeable 9 itself & _c be practis$ on acc\nt ( its inh]5t goodness4 ,x is also a mi/ake to consid] heav5 z some?+ above & ap>t f virtue2 = et]nal life is ! p]fect fl[]+ & fruitage ( ! moral life t has be5 plant$ & develop$ "h on e>?4 ,! ?+s ( ?is _w are only means to virtue1 & virtue rea*es its climax 9 ! beatific vision4 ,! delights ( heav5 are results ( t vision1 n its end4 #ajcc4 ,hope1 !re=e1 mu/ seek ,god z ! *ief good2 x mu/ n pref] ! less] to ! great]1 & x mu/ n hold virtue z good only 9 view ( ! rew>d4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 hope seeks ,god z its own good1 & x ne$ n be jo9$ to dis9t]e/$ love1 9 ord] to be a true virtue4 7a7 ,h5ce1 x is n necess>y t "o hope ) ! proviso t1 9 ! impossible hypo!sis t ,god 7 unwill+ to rew>d virtue1 ! rew>d w\ld n be expect$2 = x is n necess>y to consid] *im]ical cases4 7b7 ,x is n necess>y t hope be elicit$ by ! act ( *>ity 7i4e41 t "o always direct "o's desire ( salvation to ! end t ,god may be glorifi$71 = ?us ! motive ( hope w\ld cease to be active1 & ! less] virtue w\ld be absorb$ 9 *>ity4 7c7 ,x is n necess>y t hope be comm&$ by ! act ( *>ity 7i4e41 t "o hope = salvation z "o's own good1 only :5 a previ\s act ( *>ity has bidd5 t ?is be done z a m>k ( love t[>ds ,god71 = to desire t :i* ,god wi%es "o to desire is 9 itself good & laudable1 & /&s 9 ne$ ( no o!r act to ju/ify x4 #ajcd4 ,disc\ragem5t & aridity occur ev5 9 ! lives ( great ,sa9ts1 & at su* times1 :5 pure love ( ,god seems almo/ impossible1 hope comes to ! rescue by (f]+ enc\ragem5t & spurr+ on to activity4 ,h5ce1 ! importance ( ?is virtue 9 ! spiritual life2 = 7a7 hope is an an*or ( ! s\l 9 times ( tempe/1 s9ce x (f]s reasons = pati5ce & good *e] 7,heb1 vi4 #ai2 ,ecclus41 iii4 #i2 ,rom41 xii4 #ab1 viii #be2 ,i ,!ss41 v4 #h72 7b7 hope gives w+s to ! s\l 9 times ( we>9ess1 s9ce ! motives x pres5ts are inducem5ts to c\rage & good works 7,is41 xl4 #ca1 xxx4 #ae2 ,ps4 cxviii4 #cb2 ,heb41 ,x4 xi74 #ajce4 ,! foll[+ means are recomm5d$ = gr[? 9 hope3 7a7 to ask ?is f ,god3 8,grant u1 ,o ,"l1 an increase ( fai?1 hope1 & *>ity0 7,missal1 #ac? ,sunday aft] ,p5teco/72 7b7 to m$itate on ! rew>ds ( heav5 & ! motives ( hope1 & to make correspond+ acts 7,,ii ,cor41 iv4 #ah2 ,ecclus41 ii4 #aa-ac72 7c7 to h rec\rse to ,god 9 all our ne$s1 ca/+ all our c>e on ,him 7,i ,pet41 v4 #g72 7d7 to "w c\rage\sly = salvation & to pres]ve purity ( consci5ce 7,ps4 xxvi4 #ad2 ,i ,john1 iii4 #ba1 #bb74 #ajcf4 ,! ,subject ( ,hope4--,by ! subject ( hope we mean ! p[] ( ! s\l to :i* ?is virtue belongs & also ! p]sons :o are capable ( hope4 7a7 ,! faculty ( ! s\l 9 :i* hope resides is ! w1 = ?is virtue seeks ! good1 n ! true4 7b7 ,! p]sons capable ( hope are all ^? :o h n yet receiv$ _! f9al rew>d or puni%m5t4 #ajcg4 ,! virtue ( hope does n rema9 9 ! bless$4 7a7 ,!y _c hope = ! pr9cipal object ( bliss1 s9ce !y already enjoy x3 8,hope t is se5 is n hope4 ,= :at a man see?1 :y do? he hope =80 7,rom41 viii4 #bd74 7b7 ,! bless$ c desire second>y objects1 su* z ! cont9uance ( _! /ate1 ! glorification ( _! bodies1 ! salvation ( ^? :o are /ill on e>?1 etc42 b ?is desire belongs to ! virtue ( *>ity1 s9ce ) ! bless$ !re is no long] ! /ruggle & expectation ( ! future t is conta9$ 9 ! desire ( hope4 ,moreov]1 ! desire ( objects o!r ?an ,god does n con/itute ! !ological virtue ( hope1 :i* t5ds directly to ,god4 #ajch4 ,z to ! dep>t$ :o are n 9 heav51 we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ^? 9 hell & ^? 9 purgatory4 7a7 ,^? :o are 9 hell1 :e!r demons or m51 _c hope2 = x is "p ( _! puni%m5t t !y "k _! loss is et]nal 7,matt41 xxv4 #da2 ,prov41 xi4 #g74 ,dante expresses ?is tru? :5 he says t on ! gates ( hell x is writt53 8,hope ab&on ye t ent] "h40 ,only 9 an improp] s5se c ! lo/ be said to hope1 inasmu* z !y desire evils1 or ?+s o!r ?an heav54 ,unbaptiz$ infants ei!r d n "k _! loss1 or else are n torm5t$ by ! ?\ght t heav5 is = !m unatta9able1 realiz+ t its privation has result$ f no p]sonal fault ( _! own4 7b7 ,^? :o are 9 purgatory h hope2 =1 al?\gh !y are c]ta9 ( _! salvation1 x /ill rema9s true t !y mu/ asc5d ?r\gh difficulties to _! rew>d4 ,h5ce1 9 ! ,mass ! ,*ur* prays = ! dep>t$ 8:o sleep ! sleep ( peace0--t is1 :o are secure ab\t _! salvation4 ,! ,fa!rs 9 limbo also _h hope be=e _! introduction into heav53 8,all ^! di$ accord+ to fai?1 n hav+ receiv$ ! promises1 b behold+ !m af> (f & salut+ !m1 & confess+ t !y are pilgrims & /rang]s on ! e>?4444 ,!y desire a bett]1 t is to say a heav5ly c\ntry0 7 ,heb41 xi4 #ac1 #af74 #ajci4 ,z to ^? :o h n yet pass$ f ?is mortal life1 "s h hope1 o!rs h x n4 7a7 ,^? :o h no hope are unbeliev]s & ^? believ]s :o h reject$ hope4 ,unbeliev]s h no !ological hope1 s9ce fai? is 8! sub/ance 7i4e41 basis7 ( ?+s to be hop$ =0 7,heb41 xi4 #a74 ,h5ce1 ev5 ?\gh "o accepts ! ,article ( ! ,cre$1 8,i look = ! resurrection ( ! dead & ! life ( ! _w to come10 "o's hope is n real1 if "o culpably rejects "s o!r ,article2 = !n "o expects ! end )\t ! necess>y means 7,heb4 xi4 #f74 ,believ]s :o despair ( salvation1 or :o d n look to ,god = x1 h n ! virtue ( hope2 =1 j z fai? is lo/ if its object or motive is n accept$1 s also hope p]i%es if its object is n expect$ or its motive is n reli$ on4 7b7 ,^? :o h hope are all believ]s n guilty ( a s9 contr>y to hope4 ,s9n]s _c expect to be sav$ if !y cont9ue 9 s91 b !y c expect ?r\gh ! grace ( ,god to be fre$ f s9 & to m]it et]nal life2 inde$1 !y are b\nd to believe t ,god wi%es _! salvation & to hope = x4 #ajdj4 ,! c]ta9ty ( hope does n exclude ! unc]ta9ty ( fe>2 on ! contr>y1 man mu/ bo? hope & fe>1 z reg>ds 8 salvation4 7a7 ,if a p]son looks to ! motives ( hope 7i4e41 ,god's p[] & m]cy71 he has ! assurance ( fai? t ,god c & w help him to atta9 salvation2 & ?us !re arises 9 him a firm & un%ak5 hope3 8,i "k :om ,i h believ$1 & ,i am c]ta9 t ,he is able to keep t :i* ,i h committ$ unto ,him1 aga9/ t day0 7,,ii ,tim41 i4 #ab2 cfr4 ,heb41 vi4 #ah2 ,ps4 xxiv4 #b2 ,ps4 xxx4 #b42 ,rom41 xiv4 #d7 7b7 ,b1 if a p]son looks to 8 own frailty & rememb]s t o!rs h hop$ & yet h be5 lo/1 he is n c]ta9 t he w coop]ate ) ,god & be sav$1 & h5ce he mu/ fe> 7,eccles41 ix4 #a sqq42 ,i ,cor41 iv4 #d1 ix4 #bg74 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t decl>es t no "o c promise himself ) absolute c]ta9ty t he w p]sev]e 7,sess4 ,,vi1 ,cap4 #ac74 ,!re=e1 x is writt53 8,he t ?9ke? himself to /&1 let him take he$ le/ he fall0 7,i ,cor41 x4 #ab72 8,) fe> & trembl+1 "w out y\r salvation0 7,phil41 ii4 #ab74 #ajda4 ,! ,gift ( ,fe> ( ! ,"l4--,! ,gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/ t p]fects ! virtue ( hope is ,fe> ( ! ,"l 7see #aei sqq472 = 7a7 hope is ! root f :i* ! ,gift ( ,fe> is d]iv$1 s9ce hope jo9s ! affections to ,god1 & fe> acts ^u ! s\l t is ?us t5d+ t[>ds its beatitude--we fe> to lose :at we hope =2 7b7 fe> assi/s hope1 s9ce x makes u dread1 n ! loss ( beatitude or ( div9e help1 b ! lack ( coop]ation on our own "p ) ! assi/ance giv5 by ,god4 #ajdb4 ,n e k9d ( fe> p]ta9s to ! ,gift call$ ,fe> ( ! ,"l4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 physical & moral fe>4 7a7 ,fe>1 physically consid]$1 is ! emotion treat$ above 7see #da sqq41 #abj71 :i* manife/s itself 9 av]sion1 ba%fulness1 %ame1 dismay1 al>m1 horror1 etc4 ,?is k9d ( fe>1 l ! o!r passions 7see #aba71 is morally indiff]5t 9 itself4 7b7 ,fe>1 morally consid]$1 is a dread ( imm95t evil z lead+ "o to ,god or away f ,him4 ,9 ?is s5se fe> is n[ discuss$4 #ajdc4 ,! object ( fe> is always "s evil1 = ! good does n repel1 b attracts4 ,! motive ( fe>1 h[ev]1 is some?+ good2 = "o dreads evil on acc\nt ( "s good "o wi%es to obta9 or reta94 ,by reason ( ! motive1 !n1 fe> may be divid$ into two moral species1 namely1 fe> ( ! _w & fe> ( ,god4 7a7 ,fe> ( ! _w is t :i* dreads creatures m ?an ,god1 because x sets m /ore by ! ?+s ( "t ?an by ^? ( et]nity4 ,?us1 ,/4 ,pet]'s d5ial ( ,*ri/ 0 prompt$ by fe> ( ! _w4 ,:5 ! object ( ?is fe> is loss ( ! e/eem ( m51 x is call$ human respect4 7b7 ,fe> ( ,god is t :i* dreads ! ,creator m ?an creatures1 because x prizes ,him above all4 ,?us1 ,/4 ,pet]'s dea? = ,*ri/ proce$$ f 8 fe> ( ,god4 #ajdd4 ,fe> ( ! _w is always s9ful1 because x makes "o (f5d1 or be will+ to (f5d1 ,god = ! sake ( escap+ "s temporal evil4 ,x is =bidd5 by our ,"l3 8,fe> ye n !m t kill ! body & are n able to kill ! s\l1 b r fe> ,him t c de/roy bo? body & s\l 9 hell0 7,matt1 x4 #bh74 ,elias 7or ,eliseus7 is prais$ because ( 8 fre$om f fe> ( ! _w3 8,9 8 days he fe>$ n ! pr9ce0 7,ecclus41 xlviii4 #ac74 ,we %\ld note1 h[ev]1 ! di/9ction betwe5 habitual fe>1 on ! "o h&1 & actual or virtual fe>1 on ! o!r h&4 7a7 ,habitual worldly fe> is a /ate1 n an act--t is1 ! condition ( ^? :o are 9 mortal s91 & h !re=e pref]r$ self to ,god z ! supreme end ( life4 ,x is a matt] ( fai? t n all ! acts ( s9n]s or unbeliev]s are bad1 = !y are able to seek c]ta9 p>ticul> or natural goods4 7b7 ,actual fe> ( ! _w is a delib]ate *oice ( s9 out ( fe> ( "s temporal evil2 virtual fe> is a delib]ate act proce$+ f su* a *oice ?\gh )\t adv]t5ce to ! *oice or fe>4 ,9 bo? ^! k9ds ( fe> !re is s91 = actual fe> comm&s evil1 virtual fe> executes x4 ,examples3 ,sempronius int]nally resolves to be guid$ by 8 fe> ( imprisonm5t r ?an by ! law ( ,god aga9/ p]jury 7actual fe>74 ,he !n proce$s to p]jure himself1 adv]t+ to :at he says1 b n ?9k+ ab\t 8 previ\s fe> 7virtual fe>74 #ajde4 ,! species ( s9 to :i* worldly fe> belongs are z foll[s3 7a7 ,! !ological species ( ?is s9 dep5ds on ! disposition ( ! p]son4 ,he s9s mortally1 if on acc\nt ( fe> he is ready to (f5d ,god s]i\sly2 he s9s v5ially1 if on acc\nt ( fe> he is prep>$ to commit only a v5ial s94 ,examples3 ,titus1 9 ord] to escape imprisonm5t or exile1 swe>s falsely4 ,balbus1 hav+ be5 abs5t f 8 (fice )\t leave1 tells a little lie to escape repro( = ?is misdemeanor4 ,titus' fe> is a grave s91 t ( ,balbus a v5ial s94 7b7 ,! moral species ( worldly fe> is1 z a rule1 ! same z ! species ( ! s9 to :i* x leads1 s t b "o s9 is committ$ & ne$ be confess$4 ,! reason is t g5]ally ! object ( fe> is some?+ t des]ves to be dread$1 & t ! av]sion f x is n wrong except 9 s f> z x is c>ri$ to ! extreme ( us+ s9 z a means ( escape4 ,example3 ,caius is wrongly suspect$ ( !ft4 ,to free 8 reputation he swe>s falsely ab\t a circum/ance t appe>s incrim9at+4 ,8 fe> ( los+ 8 good "n is n a s9 9 itself1 & h5ce he is guilty ( ! "o s9 ( p]jury4 #ajdf4 ,!re are exceptional cases :5 fe> is a di/9ct s9 f ! s9 to :i* x leads4 7a7 ,if ! fe> ( los+ "s temporal good is s great t "o is prep>$ to commit any s9 to escape ! loss1 & if lat] by reason ( ?is fe> "o swe>s falsely1 two s9s are committ$--"o aga9/ *>ity1 because a temporal good 0 pref]r$ to ,god1 & ! o!r aga9/ religion1 because ,god 0 call$ on to witness to falsehood4 7b7 ,if ! fe> is t "o w n be able to commit "o k9d ( s91 & ?is induces "o to commit ano!r k9d ( s91 evid5tly two s9s are committ$4 ,example3 ,balbus wi%es to calumniate ,caius1 b is n able to d s himself4 ,fe>+ t ,caius w escape 8 v5geance1 he /eals money & (f]s x to ,sempronius z an inducem5t to calumniate ,caius4 ,! two s9s1 calumny & !ft1 are committ$4 #ajdg4 ,n e fe> ( man or ( temporal evil falls "u worldly & s9ful fe>4 7a7 ,to fe> or rev]5ce man 9 ^? ?+s 9 :i* he repres5ts ! au?ority ( ,god is a duty3 8,r5d] to all m5 _! dues 444 fe> to :om fe>1 honor to :om honor0 7,rom41 xiii4 #g74 7b7 ,to fe> temporal evils 7su* z loss ( life1 reputation1 lib]ty1 prop]ty7 9 a mod]ate & reasonable mann]1 is good4 ,h5ce1 our ,"l bids u pray = deliv]ance f evil4 #ajdh4 ,fe> ( ,god is ( two specifically di/9ct k9ds1 accord+ z ! object "o dreads is (f5se ( ,god or puni%m5ts f ,god4 7a7 ,s]vile fe>1 t ( a s]vant ) reg>d to 8 ma/]1 dreads s9 because ( ! puni%m5t x entails2 7b7 filial fe>1 t ( a son ) reg>d to 8 fa!r1 dreads s9 because ( ! (f5se to ,god t is conta9$ 9 x4 #ajdi4 ,s]vile fe> may be consid]$ ei!r z to its sub/ance or z to its accid5ts4 7a7 ,! sub/ance or ess5ce ( s]vile fe> is d]iv$ f its object 7see #ga71 t is1 f ! evil ( p5alty :i* x entails2 7b7 ! accid5ts ( s]vile fe> are its circum/ances 7see #gb71 su* z ! /ate ( ! p]son :o has ! fe>1 ! mann] 9 :i* he fe>s1 etc4 #ajej4 ,s]vile fe> 9 itself is good & sup]natural4 7a7 ,t s]vile fe> is good1 is a dogma ( fai? def9$ 9 ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t 7,sess4 ,,vi1 ,c4 #h2 ,sess4 ,,xxiv1 ,c4 #e74 ,our ,"l recomm5ds ?is fe> :5 he says3 8,i w %[ y :om ye %all fe>4 ,fe> ye ,him :o aft] ,he ha? kill$1 ha? p[] to ca/ into hell4 ,yea1 ,i say to y1 fe> ,him0 7,luke1 xii4 #e74 ! object ( ?is fe> is p5alty1 :i* is an evil1 & consequ5tly some?+ t ought to be dread$4 7b7 ,t s]vile fe> is sup]natural1 foll[s f ! fact t its acts are sup]natural4 ,x comes f ! ,holy ,gho/ t man may prep>e himself = grace2 x is 8! beg9n+ ( wisdom0 7,ps4 cx4 #aj71 because ?r\gh x ! wisdom ( fai? fir/ becomes effective z a rule ( action1 caus+ man to dep>t f s9 on acc\nt ( ! ju/ice ( ,god :i* x makes kn[n to him4 ,s]vile fe> is ?us f> sup]ior to t natural fe> ( pa9 & suff]+ :i* all h4 #ajea4 ,?\gh s]vile fe> is good1 useful & praisewor?y1 x is n p]fect4 7a7 ,x is inf]ior to filial fe>2 =1 :ile s]vile fe> looks ^u ,god z a p[]ful ma/] :o _c be (f5d$ ) impunity1 filial fe> reg>ds ,him z a lov+ ,fa!r :om "o does n wi% to (f5d4 ,h5ce1 ! ,old ,law1 giv5 amid ! ?und] ( ,s9ai & ) _m ?reats aga9/ transgressions1 is less p]fect ?an ! ,new ,law1 :i* relies m on love ?an on fe> 7,rom41 viii4 #ae2 ,heb41 xii4 #ah-be2 ,gal41 iv4 #bb sqq474 7b7 ,s]vile fe>1 al?\gh x is reg>d$ by "s !ologians z an infus$ habit1 is n a ,gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 s9ce x may coexi/ ) mortal s94 ,x seems t x is n ev5 a virtue1 s9ce x turns man away1 n f moral1 b f physical evil2 b a numb] ( au?orities consid] x z a second>y act ( ! virtue ( hope4 #ajeb4 ,s]vile fe>1 z to its circum/ances1 may be evil4 7a7 ,! circum/ance ( ! /ate ( ! p]son :o has s]vile fe> is good1 :5 ! p]son is a fri5d ( ,god2 x is evil1 :5 t p]son is an enemy ( ,god4 7b7 ,! circum/ance ( ! mann] 9 :i* s]vile fe> is elicit$ is good1 if puni%m5t is n fe>$ z ! greate/ evil2 x is bad1 if puni%m5t is fe>$ z ! greate/ evil1 = !n "o makes self ! pr9cipal end ( life1 & w\ld be dispos$ to s9 )\t re/ra9t1 7 !re no puni%m5t4 #ajec4 ,! effect ( evil circum/ances on s]vile fe> itself is z foll[s3 7a7 ,s]vile fe> is n r5d]$ evil because ( ! evil /ate ( ! p]son :o fe>s4 ,j z a p]son :o is habitually fooli% may actually say or d some?+ wise1 s a p]son :o is habitually wick$ may p]=m virtu\s acts4 ,mortal s9 is no m a defect ( s]vile fe> 9 a s9n] ?an x is a defect ( fai? or hope 9 "o :o has fai? or hope )\t works2 nei!r fai? nor hope nor fe> is to be blam$ = ! /ate ( mortal s91 b ! p]son :o has ^? gifts ( ,god is at fault4 ,true1 ! s9n]1 by reason ( 8 lack ( love ( ,god1 does n put fe> ( s9 above fe> ( puni%m5t4 ,b f ?is x does n foll[ t he puts fe> ( puni%m5t above fe> ( s91 = he may fe> puni%m5t absolutely 7i4e41 )\t mak+ any comp>ison betwe5 ! evil ( s9 & ! evil ( puni%m5t74 ,! fe> :i* makes no comp>isons is good1 or else we mu/ say t only filial fe> avails1 :i*1 z said above1 is n true4 7b7 ,s]vile fe> is r5d]$ evil z to ! mann] 9 :i* x is p]=m$1 :5 "o comp>es s9 & puni%m5t1 dislikes only ! latt]1 & avoids s9 only to escape puni%m5t4 ,?is k9d ( fe> is slavi%1 = x makes "o d some?+ good unwill+ly1 l a slave =c$ to labor aga9/ 8 wi%es1 :]eas ,god is pleas$ only ) s]vice t comes f a will+ _s 7,i ,p>41 xxviii4 #i74 #ajed4 ,h5ce1 we mu/ di/+ui% ! foll[+ cases ( s]vile fe>3 7a7 ,fe> ( puni%m5t is purely s]vile :5 x makes a p]son avoid s91 b does n make him put away 8 love ( ,god4 7b7 ,fe> ( puni%m5t is n purely s]vile1 :5 x causes a s9n] n only to cease f s91 b to give up 8 affection = s92 ?is fe> is di/9ct f *>ity1 b prep>es = x3 8,! fe> ( ! ,"l drive? out s90 7,ecclus41 i4 #bg74 7c7 ,/ill less is ! fe> ( puni%m5t purely s]vile1 :5 x leads a j man1 :o already dete/s s9 z an (f5se aga9/ ,god1 to dete/ x z involv+ puni%m5t f ,god4 ,?is fe> exi/s along ) *>ity1 = ! love ( ,god & ! "r love ( self are n exclusive4 ,b1 z *>ity increases1 s]vile fe> mu/ decrease2 ! m a p]son loves ,god1 ! less is he conc]n$ ab\t 8 own good1 ! m confid5tly does he hope 9 ,god1 & h5ce ! less does he fe> p5alty4 #ajee4 ,!re are two degrees ( filial fe> to be di/+ui%$3 7a7 ,initial fe> is t ( beg9n]s 9 *>ity4 ,on acc\nt ( pa/ s9s1 !y fe> puni%m5ts f ,god2 on acc\nt ( _! pres5t love ( ,god1 !y fe> !y may be aga9 sep>at$ f ,him4 ,! second fe> is /rong] ) !m1 & x comm&s t ! fir/ fe> be ar\s$ to hold ! w m firmly aga9/ :atev] might sep>ate f love4 ,( ?is fe> x is said3 8,! fe> ( ,god is ! beg9n+ ( ,8 love0 7,ecclus41 xxv4 #af74 7b7 ,p]fect$ fe> is t ( ^? :o are e/abli%$ 9 *>ity4 ,! m ! love ( ,god sways ! he>t1 ! m is e o!r love1 t ( self includ$1 subjugat$ to ! love ( ,god1 & ! less is "o tr\bl$ by ! ?\ghts ( evils t may befall self4 ,ev5 9 ?is pres5t life "s s\ls are s /rong 9 ! love ( ,god t all s]vile fe> disappe>s3 8,i am sure t nei!r dea? nor life 444 %all be able to sep>ate u f ! love ( ,god0 7,rom41 viii4 #ch1 #ci72 8,p]fect *>ity ca/e? out fe>1 because fe> ha? pa91 & he t fe>e? is n p]fect$ 9 *>ity0 7,i ,john1 iv4 #ah74 #ajef4 ,! p]fect$ fe> ( ,god has two acts3 7a7 ,9 ! pres5t life1 :]e x is possible t "o may (f5d ,god & lose ,8 fri5d%ip1 "o dreads ! commission ( (f5se & ! loss ( fri5d%ip4 ,?is fe> %\ld be always ) u3 8,keep ,8 fe> & gr[ old !re90 7,ecclus41 ii4 #f74 ,) ! gr[? ( *>ity !re is a correspond+ gr[? 9 ! fe> ( sep>ation f ,god1 because ! m ard5tly ,god is lov$1 ! m "o realizes ! greatness ( ! loss su/a9$ ?r\gh s94 7b7 ,9 et]nal life1 :]e s9 & sep>ation f ,god are impossible1 ! bless$ d n fe> ^! evils3 8,he t %all he> ,me1 %all re/ )\t t]ror1 & %all enjoy abundance )\t fe> ( evils0 7,prov41 i4 #cc74 ,b 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,div9e ,maje/y ! ,angels & ,sa9ts are fill$ ) awe & rev]5ce3 8,i saw !m t _h ov]come ! bea/1 s++3 ,:o %all n fe> ,!e1 ,o ,"l1 & magnify ,?y "n80 7,apoc41 xv4 #c1 #d72 8,! pill>s ( heav5 tremble & dread at ,8 beck0 7,job1 xxvi4 #aa72 8,?r\gh :om 7,*ri/7 ! ,angels praise ,?y maje/y1 ! ,dom9ations wor%ip x1 ! ,p[]s are 9 awe0 7,preface ( ! ,mass74 ,?is holy fe> is un5d+1 = ! inf9ite di/ance betwe5 ,god & ,8 creatures1 ,8 incompreh5sibility to !m1 w nev] cease3 8,! fe> ( ! ,"l is holy1 endur+ =ev] & ev]0 7,ps4 xviii4 #aj74 #ajeg4 ,! filial fe> ( ,god is id5tical ) ! ,gift ( fe> ( ! ,"l1 spok5 ( 9 scripture3 8,he %all be fill$ ) ! _s ( ! fe> ( ! ,"l0 7,is41 xi4 #c74 ,! function ( ! ,gifts is to make ! s\l docile to ! inspirations ( ! ,holy ,_s1 & to supplem5t or s]ve ! habits ( virtue1 & bo? ^! b5efits are conf]r$ by filial fe>4 7a7 ,?is fe> makes ! s\l ready to foll[ impulses prompt$ by ,god1 = ?r\gh x we subject ourselves to ,god z our ,fa!r1 rev]+ ,8 wondr\s maje/y & fe>+ to /ray f ,him4 ,inde$1 ?is is ! fir/ ( ! ,gifts1 = ! realization ( "o's no?+ness be=e ,god is ! />t+-po9t ( promptitude 9 receiv+ ,8 tea*+ & guidance4 7b7 ,filial fe> is a pr9ciple f :i* proce$ acts ( all ! moral virtues1 inasmu* z ! rev]5ce = ,god's surpass+ maje/y & respect = ,8 almighty p[] & ju/ice incl9e "o to lay aside pride1 intemp]ance1 & e vice1 & ex]cise good works t are pleas+ to ,him3 8,! root ( wisdom is to fe> ! ,"l1 & ! bran*es !re( are long-liv$0 7,ecclus41 i4 #bg74 7c7 ,filial fe> is especially & prim>ily relat$ to ! virtue ( hope1 = ^! two complem5t ea* o!r1 z d ! emotions ( hope & fe>4 ,hope aspires to conqu] ! heights ( heav51 & feels t ,god is on its side2 fe> rem9ds "o ( ! greatness ( ,god & ( ! dang]s ( ov]-confid5ce4 ,ea* !n is necess>y to balance ! o!r3 8,! ,"l take? pleasure 9 !m t fe> ,him1 & 9 !m t hope 9 ,8 m]cy0 7,ps4 cxlvi4 #aa74 #ajeh4 ,to ! ,gift ( ,fe> correspond ! fir/ ,beatitude & ! fruits ( mode/y1 cont95cy & *a/ity4 7a7 ,filial fe> makes "o realize t all b ,god is z no?+1 & h5ce t true greatness mu/ be s\ght1 n 9 ! self-e/eem ( pride1 nor 9 ! ext]nal pomp ( ri*es & honors1 b 9 ,god alone3 8,"s tru/ 9 *>iots1 & "s 9 horses2 b we w call ^u ! "n ( ! ,"l our ,god0 7,ps4 xix4 #h74 ,?is is ! disposition ( s\l to :i* is promis$ ! ,fir/ ,beatitude3 8,bless$ are ! poor 9 _s1 = !irs is ! k+dom ( heav50 7,matt1 v4 #c74 ,to ! fir/ ( ! ,gifts1 9 ! ord] ( prep>ation1 corresponds ! fir/ ( ! ,beatitudes4 7b7 ,filial fe> makes "o dread ! ?\ght ( sep>ation f ,god1 & h5ce x leads "o to use temporal ?+s ) mod]ation1 or to ab/a9 f !m entirely1 ,to x1 !n1 p]ta9 ! ,fruits ( ! ,_s1 :i* ,/4 ,paul names 8mode/y1 cont95cy1 *a/ity0 7,gal1 v4 #bc74 #ajei4 ,! ,s9s ,aga9/ ,hope4--,!re are two s9s contr>y to hope3 7a7 despair1 :i* is ! opposite ( hope by defect2 7b7 presumption1 :i* is ! opposite ( hope by excess4 #ajfj4 ,s9ce hope has _m elem5ts ( :i* x is compos$1 despair--or ! fall+ %ort ( hope--may happ5 9 v>i\s ways4 7a7 ,hope is a turn+ ( ! s\l t[>ds beatitude1 & s ! omission ( ! act ( hope may be call$ despair 7negative despair74 7b7 ,hope reg>ds beatitude z its good1 & s av]sion f div9e ?+s may be call$ despair 7despair improp]ly s-call$74 7c7 ,hope pursues a good t is difficult ( atta9m5t1 & s he :o is deject$ by ! difficulty is said to despair4 7d7 ,hope firmly believes t its goal may be rea*$1 & h5ce "o :o d\bts ! possibility ( success 9 ! que/ ( heav5 is 9 despair4 7e7 ,hope has ! expectation ( "o day ent]+ into et]nal life1 & h5ce he is guilty ( despair :o admits t salvation w be secur$ by o!rs1 b d5ies t he himself %\ld expect x4 #ajfa4 ,def9ition ( ,despair4--,leav+ out ( consid]ation negative despair & despair improp]ly s-call$1 ! s9 we are n[ consid]+ may be def9$ z foll[s3 8,despair is an act ( ! w by :i* "o turns away f ! beatitude "o desires1 n "u ! aspect 9 :i* x appe>s z good1 b because "o appreh5ds x z impossible1 or too difficult1 or nev] to be realiz$1 & "u ?is aspect z evil40 7a7 ,despair is an 8act ( ! w10 & z su* x diff]s f ! intellectual s9 ( unbelief4 ,! ,novatians1 :o reject$ ! =giv5ess ( s9s1 & a h]etic :o d5ies ! future life1 are guilty by ^! acts ( s9 aga9/ fai?1 ?\gh ( c\rse "o :o disbelieves mu/ also despair 7see #ajbi1 #gea74 7b7 ,despair is a positive 8turn+ away f beatitude40 ,x diff]s1 !re=e1 f ! m]e omission ( ! act ( hope or f an act ( feeble hope1 z well z f ! s9s aga9/ ! moral virtues1 :i* consi/ prim>ily 9 a turn+ t[>ds "s creat$ good4 7c7 ,despair turns away 8f ,god10 & ?us x diff]s f despond5cy ab\t o!r ?+s4 7d7 ,despair turns away f ,god 8appreh5d$ z good & desir$ z ! beatitude ( man10 = no "o is said to despair ( :at he consid]s evil or undesirable4 ,h5ce1 despair diff]s f av]sions & fe>s2 su* z hatr$ ( ,god 7:i* reg>ds ,him z evil7 or fe> ( ,god 7:i* ?9ks ( ,him1 n z a rew>d]1 b z ! au?or ( *a/isem5t74 7e7 ,despair1 h[ev]1 does n reject ,god1 because ,he is good & desirable1 b because ,he is appreh5d$ z a 8beatitude t is impossible10 or too difficult = "o1 or z a good t "o w nev] atta9 to4 ,= a p]son does n turn away f t :i* he reg>ds z ! object ( 8 happ9ess1 unless he consid]s t !re is "s inconv5i5ce 9 seek+ aft] x4 #ajfb4 ,is despond5cy ab\t ?+s o!r ?an ,god a s98 7a7 ,x is ! s9 ( pusillanimity1 :5 x makes a p]son ab&on hope ( some?+ :i* he is capable ( atta9+ & :i* he %\ld aim at1 z :5 /ud5ts1 on acc\nt ( ! labor requir$1 give up hope ( le>n+ a c]ta9 subject :i* !y h be5 assign$4 ,?is s9 w be treat$ 9 ! section on ,=titude4 7b7 ,x is no s91 if a p]son gives up ! expectation ( some?+ ab\t :i* he has no reason to hope1 or :i* he is n oblig$ to hope =4 ,examples3 ,caius gives up ! hope ( gett+ an education1 because he lacks money to pay ! exp5ses4 ,balbus ceases to pray = heal?1 because he ?9ks x is n ,god's w to grant t reque/4 ,titus ab&ons ! expectation ( a long life1 & ev5 at times wi%es = dea?4 #ajfc4 ,to wi% = dea? may include despair ( salvation or o!r s94 7a7 ,if ?is wi% means t "o has no desire = any k9d ( exi/5ce 7z :5 "o desires ext9ction71 manife/ly et]nal life is n look$ =1 & h5ce !re is despair4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t su* expressions z1 8,w\ld t ,i _h nev] be5 born60 8,w\ld t ,i 7 out ( exi/5ce60 (t5 signify no?+ m ?an we>9ess ( life on e>?1 or disgu/ ) conditions4 7b7,if ! wi% is n = annihilation1 b only t ,god s5d dea?1 x is n a s9 ( despair2 b if ! wi% is inord9ate1 "s o!r species ( s9 is committ$--= example1 if ! p]son wi%+ to die is n resign$ or submissive to ,god's w 9 ! matt]1 he is guilty ( rebellion aga9/ ,provid5ce1 & 8 s9 is grave1 if !re is suffici5t reflection & cons5t4 7c7 ,if ! wi% is m]ely = dea? & is n inord9ate1 x may be an act ( virtue1 z :51 out ( a long+ = heav51 "o delib]ately desires to be tak5 f ?is _w1 if ?is be pleas+ to ,god4 ,?us1 ,/4 ,paul said t he desir$ 8to be dissolv$ & to be ) ,*ri/0 7,philip41 i4 #bc74 #ajfd4 ,c]ta9 acts ( fe> or sadness mu/ n be mi/ak5 = despair3 7a7 acts t are praisewor?y1 l s]vile & filial fe> spok5 ( above 7see #ajdh sqq471 grief ov] s91 etc42 7b7 acts t are a trial f ,god1 su* z spiritual desolations 9 holy p]sons1 scruples ab\t =giv5ess ( s9s1 anxieties ab\t pr$e/9ation1 p]sev]ance1 or ! ,judgm5t2 7c7 acts t are s9ful1 su* z worldly fe>1 fe> ( ,god t is purely s]vile1 timidity 7i4e41 an excessive dread ( dea? or o!r evils74 ,^? :o fe> t1 on acc\nt ( _! frailty1 !y may n acquire a good habit or ov]come an evil "o1 are guilty ( pusillanimity4 ,^? :o1 on acc\nt ( sadness1 neglect pray] are guilty ( spiritual slo?4 #ajfe4 ,!re are two species ( despair1 namely1 ! despair ( unbelief & ! despair t is f\nd ev5 9 ^? t h fai?4 7a7 ,! despair ( unbelief arises f a judgm5t contr>y to fai?1 z :5 "o holds z g5]al pr9ciples t salvation is impossible1 t ,god is n m]ciful to s9n]s1 t all s9s or c]ta9 s9s _c be =giv54 ,?us1 ,/4 ,paul designates ! pagans :o d n accept ! ,f9al ,resurrection z ^? 8:o h no hope0 7,i ,!ss41 iv4 #ab74 7b7 ,! despair ( believ]s arises f a judgm5t =m$ by !m :i* is n directly oppos$ to fai?1 b :i* is errone\s1 & is induc$ by "s wick$ habit or passion4 ,example3 ,titus lives a v disord]ly life1 & s ?9ks t he is pr$e/9$ to hell1 or t he is too weak to rep5t & p]sev]e4 ,s9ce 8 pr$e/9ation & p]sev]ance are n matt]s ( fai?1 he is n guilty ( unbelief by 8 judgm5t ab\t !m1 b ! judgm5t itself is wrong1 & "o :i* he has no "r to =m or act on4 #ajff4 ,signs :i* indicate t a p5it5t suff]+ depression has n be5 guilty ( despair are3 7a7 if he reta9s ! fai? & has n ab&on$ ! usual practices ( religion & piety2 7b7 if he reta9s ! fai?1 b has giv5 up "s ( its practices ?r\gh disc\ragem5t or weakness1 b int5ds to rep5t4 ,8 s9 is slo? or c[>dice or atta*m5t to "s vice4 #ajfg4 ,h5ce1 ! errone\s judgm5t t prec$es despair is simil> to t :i* prec$es e act ( s91 namely1 x is always practically errone\s1 ?\gh n always speculatively s4 7a7 ,judgm5t is speculatively errone\s ) reg>d to duty1 :5 "o decides t 9 g5]al some?+ is lawful :i* is unlawful2 or vice v]sa1 z :5 "o ?9ks t ly+ is pleas+ to ,god4 ,x is cle> t ?is k9d ( error ne$ n prec$e s91 or else all s9n]s w\ld err aga9/ ! fai?4 7b7 ,judgm5t is practically errone\s ab\t duty1 :5 a p]son decides t "h & n[ he %\ld d some?+ :i* 9 fact he %\ld n d1 z :5 he kn[s well t ly+ is displeas+ to ,god1 & yet makes up 8 m9d t1 all ?+s consid]$1 he ought to tell a lie4 ,x is cle> t ?is k9d ( error prec$es e s91 = no "o wills some?+ unless 8 judgm5t has fir/ told him t he ought to w x4 ,! s9n] fir/ judges 9 a p>ticul> case t he %\ld pref] ! good ( pleasure or ( utility to ! good ( virtue1 or he fir/ neglects to consid] ! "r mann] 9 :i* he %\ld act3 8,!y err t "w evil0 7,prov41 xiv4 #bb74 #ajfh4 ,! ,malice ( ,despair4--7a7 ,despair is a s91 = ,holy ,scripture decl>es woe to ! fa9!>t$1 :o tru/ n ,god & lose pati5ce 7,ecclus41 ii4 #ae1 #af71 & x holds up ! despair ( ,ca9 & ,judas = repreh5sion4 ,! malice ( despair appe>s 9 ?is1 t x is bas$ on a p]v]se judgm5t t "o ought n to labor = salvation 9 confid5t expectation1 despite ,god's promise & comm& to ! contr>y4 7b7 ,x is a mortal s9 accord+ to its nature1 = x de/roys ! !ological virtue ( hope1 turns man away f ,god 8 ,la/ ,end1 & leads to irrep>able loss4 #ajfi4 ,9 ! foll[+ cases despair is n a mortal s91 nor at times ev5 a v5ial s94 7a7 ,:5 !re is n suffici5t reflection1 despair is n a grave s94 ,examples3 ,^? :o are ignorant ( ! s9fulness ( despair1 ^? :o on acc\nt ( great disc\ragem5t or fe> d n fully adv]t to _! despair ( am5dm5t1 d n s9 gravely4 ,despair is (t5 a result ( insanity4 7b7 ,:5 !re is n full cons5t ( ! w1 despair is n a grave s94 ,examples3 ,^? :o1 on acc\nt ( a melan*oly disposition1 incl9ation to pessimism1 pa/ s9s1 etc41 are tempt$ to give up ! hope ( salvation1 are n guilty ( s91 provid$ !y fight aga9/ ^! sugge/ions ( ! m9d or imag9ation4 #ajgj4 ,! gravity ( despair z comp>$ ) o!r s9s is z foll[s3 7a7 ,despair is a great] s9 ?an (f5ses aga9/ ! moral virtues1 = ! *ief incl9ation ( despair is av]sion f ,god1 :]eas ! *ief incl9ation ( ! latt] k9d ( s9s is conv]sion t[>ds creatures4 ,?us1 a p]son :o dr9ks excessively does n prim>ily int5d (f5se aga9/ ,god1 b 8 own enjoym5t or escape f c]ta9 worries4 7b7 ,despair 9 itself is less s]i\s ?an ! s9s ( unbelief & hatr$ ( ,god2 =1 :ile despair is oppos$ to ,god z ,he is our good1 ! o!r two s9s are oppos$ to ,god's own tru? & goodness4 7c7 ,despair is m s]i\s ?an ! s9s ( unbelief & hatr$ ( ,god ) ref]5ce to ! dang] x conta9s = ! s9n]2 = x p>alyzes ef=t & resi/s rem$ies3 8,:y is my sorr[ become p]petual & my w\nd desp]ate1 s z to refuse to be heal$80 7,j]41 xv4 #ah7 8,if ?\ lose hope1 be+ we>y 9 ! day ( di/ress1 ?y /r5g? %all be dim9i%$0 7,prov41 xxiv4 #aj74 ,despair is1 !re=e1 a s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 a sort ( attempt at spiritual suicide4 ,b 7see #ijj7 x is n unp>donable & may be ov]come by div9e grace4 #ajga4 ,x is important to "k ! causes ( despair1 = ?is k enables u to di/+ui% x f ! my/ical /ate kn[n z 8! d>k night ( ! s\l10 & to prescribe suitable rem$ies4 ,despair comes f "o's own fault1 :]eas my/ical purgation f ,god is a prep>ation = a high] /ate ( div9e union4 ,! causes ( despair c be r$uc$ to two1 luxury & slo?4 7a7 ,! second>y *>act]i/ic ( a hopeful pursuit ( heav5 is c\rage1 ! adv5tur\s _s :i* =egoes ease & com=t = ! sake ( high] ?+s1 despis+ ! dang] & difficulty4 ,h5ce1 ! vice ( lu/1 s9ce x makes "o love bodily delights & disreg>d or und]e/imate ^? t are spiritual1 is a cause ( despair1 z well z ( o!r s9s oppos$ to ! spiritual life 7,gal41 v4 #ag74 7b7 ,! *ief & mo/ di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( hope is its *e]ful confid5ce ( success4 ,h5ce1 ! vice ( slo?1 s9ce x is sadness weigh+ d[n ! s\l & mak+ x unwill+ to ?9k rightly or to ex]t itself1 is ! pr9cipal cause ( despair 7,prov41 xvii4 #bb74 #ajgb4 ,! app>5t despair t is a trial to holy p]sons c be di/+ui%$1 !re=e1 f ! s9 ( despair1 especially by two signs3 7a7 ?\gh !y are spiritually desolate & f9d no joy 9 religi\s practices1 ^! p]sons d n turn to unlawful delights = consolation1 b reta9 _! dislike = l[] pleasures2 7b7 ?\gh ov]come ) dismay at ! ?\ght ( _! own imp]fection & ( ,god's hol9ess1 !y d n s lose he>t z to give ov] _! ex]cises ( piety 7cf4 ,/4 ,john ( ! ,cross1 ,! ,d>k ,night1 ,bk4 ,i1 e4 #i ff474 #ajgc4 ,spiritual writ]s make ! foll[+ recomm5dations = cases ( spiritual desolation3 7a7 ! afflict$ p]sons %\ld und]/& t ! deprivation ( =m] s5sible devotion is a sign ( ,god's love & has be5 exp]i5c$ by ! ,sa9ts1 & %\ld1 !re=e1 possess _! s\ls 9 peace1 leav+ to ,god ! "t & mann] ( ,8 heav5ly visitation2 7b7 !y %\ld n burd5 !mselves ) new & heavi] mortifications1 le/ !y be ov]come by too great sorr[1 b %\ld g on ) _! accu/om$ good works1 & realize t1 ?\gh bitt] to !m1 ^! works are n[ all ! m pleas+ to ,god 7,ibid41 c4 #aj74 #ajgd4 ,"s ,rem$ies = ! ,s9 ( ,despair4--7a7 ,if ! cause is lu/1 "o %\ld le>n t spiritual joys are nobl] & m endur+ ?an ! joys ( ! fle%1 & %\ld take ! means to sacrifice ! l[] 9 favor ( ! high]4 7b7 ,if ! cause ( despair is spiritual slo?1 "o %\ld m$itate on ! greatness ( ,god's p[]1 m]cy & love1 & %\ld avoid :atev] fo/]s undue sadness1 8le/ he be swall[$ up ) ov]-mu* sorr[0 7,,ii ,cor41 ii4 #g74 ,?us1 ^? :o are torm5t$ by ! ?\ghts ( pa/ s9s or future temptations mu/ subject _! scruples to direction1 & rememb] ! m]cy %[n to ! good ?ief1 to ,magdal5e1 & o!r p5it5ts2 ^? :o h lo/ c\rage because !y read spiritual books ( a rigor\s or t]rify+ nature1 or h be5 advis$ to attempt t = :i* !y 7 unsuit$1 %\ld seek m prud5t in/ruction & c\nsel2 ^? :o are naturally n]v\s or melan*oly1 %\ld employ su* !rapeutical or prev5tive measures z are useful or necess>y4 ,all %\ld foll[ ! direction ( ,/4 ,pet] to labor ! m1 t by good works !y may make sure _! call+ & election 7,,ii ,pet41 i4 #aj74 #ajge4 ,presumption is ! "n giv5 to c]ta9 acts ( ! intellect4 7a7 ,sometimes x signifies an arrogant self-e/eem1 z :5 an ignorant p]son ?9ks he is able to dispute ) a le>n$ s*ol>4 7b7 ,sometimes x is a judgm5t ab\t ! affairs ( o!rs made ra%ly or out ( fe>3 8,a tr\bl$ consci5ce always presume? griev\s ?+s0 7,wis41 xvii4 #aj74 7c7 ,sometimes x is a conclusion bas$ on probable evid5ce1 & :i* by juri/s is call$ viol5t1 /rong1 or weak presumption accord+ to ! evid5ce 7see #feh74 #ajgf4 ,presumption is also a "n giv5 to v>i\s acts ( ! w4 7a7 ,x is us$1 9 a good s5se1 to signify an excell5t confid5ce or hope1 :i* seems ra% accord+ to human /&>ds1 b is really well f\nd$1 s9ce x re/s on ! imm5sity ( ! div9e goodness4 ,?us1 ,judi? pray$3 8,o ,god ( ! heav5s1 ,creator ( ! wat]s & ,"l ( ! :ole creation1 he> me a poor wret*1 mak+ supplication to ,!e1 & presum+ on ,?y m]cy0 7,jud41 ix4 #ag74 ,?us1 too1 ,abraham hop$ aga9/ hope 7,rom41 iv4 #ah74 7b7 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ! ^w 8presumption0 is appli$ to acts ( ! w 9 a bad s5se1 & indicates ! purpose to d :at exce$s "o's p[]s4 #ajgg4 ,"h we are conc]n$ only ) presumption z x is an act ( ! w *oos+ to d :at exce$s "o's p[]4 8,p[]0 may he und]/ood 9 ?ree ways1 & ?us !re are ?ree k9ds ( s9s all be>+ ! "n ( presumption4 7a7 ,if a p]son *ooses to ov]/ep 8 moral p[] 7i4e41 8 "r ( action71 he is guilty ( ! g5]al s9 ( presumption1 :i* is n a special category ( s91 b a circum/ance common to any k9d ( s9 9 :i* "o acts ) full k1 & )\t subjection to any fe> or co]cion4 ,h5ce1 9 ,canon ,law x is said 9 v>i\s places3 8,if anyone %all presume to transgress0 7i4e41 if anyone %all coldblood$ly transgress74 7b7 ,if a p]son wi%es to accompli% by 8 own ef=ts some?+ s great & difficult t x surpasses 8 physical p[]s1 he is guilty ( ! special s9 ( presumption t is oppos$ to ! moral virtue ( magnanimity or greatness ( s\l1 :i* attempts great ?+s = :i* x is suit$4 ,?us1 he is presumptu\s :o und]takes a pr(ession1 :5 he has no suffici5t k ( its duties 7cf4 ,luke1 xiv4 #bh sqq474 ,?is may be call$ ! moral s9 ( presumption4 7c7 ,if "o wi%es to obta9 ?r\gh div9e aid some?+ t surpasses ev5 ! div9e p[] to conf]1 "o is guilty ( ! special s9 ( presumption t is oppos$ to ! !ological virtue ( hope1 :i* expects f ,god only su* ?+s z are wor?y ( ,god & z ,god has promis$4 ,?us1 he :o looks =w>d to a free admission into et]nal bliss1 )\t rep5tance or ob$i5ce1 does injury bo? to ! "* ( ,god & to ! virtue ( hope4 ,x is ?is special s9 ( presumption t we are n[ consid]+4 ,x may be call$ ! !ological s9 ( presumption4 #ajgh4 ,def9ition ( ,presumption4--,! !ological s9 ( presumption may be def9$ z foll[s3 8,an act ( ! w by :i* "o ra%ly expects to obta9 et]nal happ9ess or ! means !reto40 7a7 ,x is an act ( ! w1 & h5ce is di/9ct f intellectual s9s1 su* z disbelief 9 ! ju/ice ( ,god or ! necessity ( rep5tance4 7b7 ,x is an act ( pleas+ expectation1 & s diff]s g5]ically f fe>1 :i* is an act ( dreadful expectation4 7c7 ,x is a ra% expectation1 & s is specifically oppos$ to hope1 :i* is well-f\nd$ expectation4 #ajgi4 ,! objects ( presumption are mat]ial & =mal4 7a7 ,! mat]ial object is et]nal happ9ess & ! means !reto1 su* z =giv5ess ( s91 obs]vance ( ! ,comm&m5ts1 etc4 ,?is object by ext5sion w\ld include also su* extraord9>y sup]natural gifts z ! hypo/atic union1 equality 9 glory ) ! ,"m ( ,god1 etc42 = x w\ld be ra% to expect aga9/ ,8 w :at ,god has made unique privileges4 7b7 ,! =mal object1 or motive1 ( presumption is div9e m]cy n jo9$ ) ju/ice1 or div9e p[] n regulat$ by wisdom1 z :5 "o hopes = heav5 because "o reasons t ,god is too m]ciful to be a j judge ( s9n]s4 ,! motive by ext5sion w\ld include also ! unaid$ p[] ( human nature reli$ on z equal to ! task ( work+ out salvation1 z :5 a man feels s confid5t ( 8 own virtue & 8 security aga9/ temptation t he ?9ks he c disp5se ) pray] & all appo9t$ means ( grace & yet save 8 s\l4 ,simil>ly1 a p]son is presumptu\s if he feels t x is absolutely impossible = him to be lo/1 because he has receiv$ ,baptism or o!r ,sacram5ts4 #ajhj4 ,presumption is ra%1 !re=e1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 7a7 because x leads "o to expect :at is impossible accord+ to ! absolute or ord9>y p[] ( ,god 7e4g41 to %>e 9 "s div9e attribute1 to sit at ! "r h& ( ,*ri/ 9 glory71 or 7b7 because x makes "o expect to obta9 sup]natural goods 9 ways o!r ?an ^? orda9$ by ,god 7e4g41 to obta9 =giv5ess )\t rep5tance1 to obta9 glory )\t m]its or grace74 #ajha4 ,! nature ( presumption z comp>$ ) temptation ( ,god & blasphem\s hope is z foll[s3 7a7 !y are alike1 inasmu* z all ?ree wrongly expect some?+ f ,god2 7b7 !y diff]1 = presumption looks t[>ds salvation & "o's own happ9ess1 :]eas temptation ( ,god seeks ra%ly "s sign f ,god z a pro( t ,he is wise1 good1 p[]ful1 etc41 or t ! p]son is innoc5t1 holy1 etc41 & blasphem\s hope expects t ,god w help "o 9 work+ rev5ge or committ+ o!r s94 #ajhb4 ,! ,malice ( ,presumption4-7a7 ,x is a s91 because x is an act ( ! w agreeable to false intellectual judgm5ts1 namely1 t ,god w p>don ! imp5it5t or grant et]nal life to ^? :o h n labor$ = x4 7b7 ,x is a mortal s91 s9ce x does grave injury to ! div9e attributes4 ,we _c hope too mu* 9 ,god1 b we c expect :at a p]fect ,god _c grant2 9 ?is latt] respect--t is1 9 its contempt ( ,god's maje/y & ju/ice--consi/s ! (f5se ( presumption4 7c7 ,x is a s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 because x makes "o despise ! grace ( ,god1 rep5tance1 etc41 z if !y 7 n necess>y4 #ajhc4 ,! gravity ( presumption z comp>$ ) o!r s9s1 is z foll[s3 7a7 ,x is grav] ?an s9s aga9/ ! moral virtues1 because x is directly aga9/ ,god4 ,?us1 !ological presumption1 be+ injuri\s to ! p[] ( ,god1 is a m s]i\s (f5se ?an moral presumption1 :i* is an exagg]ation ( ! p[] ( man4 7b7 ,x is less grave ?an despair1 =1 :ile presumption is a disreg>d ( ,god's v9dictive ju/ice1 despair is a disreg>d ( ,8 m]cy1 & ,god's v9dictive ju/ice is due to ! s9s ( man1 ,8 m]cy to ,8 own goodness4 7c7 ,presumption is less grave1 !re=e1 ?an unbelief & hatr$ ( ,god1 :i*1 z said above1 are m wick$ ?an despair 7see #ajgj74 #ajhd4 ,presumption & ,unbelief4--7a7 ,presumption is jo9$ ) unbelief :5ev] x proce$s f a speculatively false judgm5t ab\t matt]s ( fai?4 ,p]sons1 h[ev]1 :o are 9 error 7e4g41 ,pelagians1 ,lu!rans1 ,calv9i/s1 etc471 may be 9 good fai?1 & h5ce guiltless ( ! =mal s9 ( presumption4 ,examples3 ,caius expects to w9 heav5 by 8 own unaid$ ef=ts 7,pelagian presumption74 ,balbus expects to be equal 9 glory to ! greate/ ,sa9ts1 & to be sav$ by ! m]its ( ,*ri/ )\t rep5tance or obs]vance ( ! ,comm&m5ts 7,lu!ran presumption74 ,titus expects to be sav$ on ! /r5g? ( we>+ scapul>s1 practis+ c]ta9 devotions1 or giv+ alms1 :ile he :olly disreg>ds *ur* duties & important ,comm&m5ts 7,ph>isaic presumption74 ,sempronius ?9ks t all memb]s ( 8 sect are pr$e/9$1 & h5ce conc]ns himself little ab\t ! ,comm&m5ts1 be+ p]suad$ t all mu/ end well ) ! elect 7,calv9i/ic presumption74 7b7 ,presumption is committ$ )\t unbelief1 :5 x proce$s f a practical judgm5t t "o %\ld act z if salvation 7 obta9able )\t m]its or rep5tance1 or z if natural ef=ts 7 alone suffici5t1 al?\gh speculatively "o does n accept su* errors 7see #ajfg74 ,! same is true :5 presumption spr+s f a failure to consid] ! div9e ju/ice or ! e/abli%$ means ( obta9+ salvation4 #ajhe4 ,presumption & ,loss ( ! ,virtue ( ,hope4--7a7 ,presumption prop]ly s-call$ 7i4e41 hope ( ! impossible7 takes away ! virtue ( hope1 = x removes ! motive & reasonabl5ess ( ! virtue2 n[1 ! ess5ce ( true hope is a reasonable expectation1 j z ! ess5ce ( fai? is ass5t to div9e au?ority4 ,h5ce1 he :o expects future bless$ness unreasonably 7i4e41 ?r\gh 8 own ef=ts alone or ?r\gh exagg]at$ m]cy ex]cis$ by ,god71 is n hopeful1 b presumptu\s4 7b7 ,presumption improp]ly s-call$ 7i4e41 hope ( ! unc]ta97 does n take away ! virtue ( hope1 s9ce x does n remove ! motive ( hope4 ,?us1 "o :o commits s91 tru/+ to g to confession & to make re/itution aft] he has enjoy$ ! b5efits ( wrongdo+1 is presumptu\s 9 ! s5se t he puts himself 9 a /ate ( s91 = x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! "t to rep5t w be grant$ him4 ,h[ev]1 he is rely+ on ! m]cy ( ,god1 :i* nev] ab&ons man dur+ life1 & n on 8 own ef=ts1 or on p>don giv5 freely4 ,he is guilty ( a want ( *>ity t[>ds self1 & ( inju/ice to 8 neighbor1 r ?an ( a want ( hope4 #ajhf4 ,presumption prop]ly s-call$ is a s9 r>ely committ$ by ,ca?olics4 ,= 7a7 ! presumption ( unbelief is exclud$ by _! fai? 9 ! ju/ice ( ,god & 9 ! necessity ( rep5tance & good works2 7b7 ! presumption t is n ! (fspr+ ( errone\s doctr9es is also unusual1 because ev5 ^? :o g on s9n+ ) ! expectation ( be+ sav$ 9 ! end1 g5]ally h ! purpose ( rep5t+ at "s future date4 #ajhg4 ,is a s9 worse because committ$ ) ! hope t lat] x w be p>don$8 7a7 ,if1 at ! mom5t ( s91 a p]son has ! int5tion to cont9ue 9 s91 ?\gh he hopes = p>don1 he is guilty ( presumption1 & 8 s9 is made worse4 7b7 ,if he has ! int5tion ( s9n+1 b hopes = p>don1 & is resolv$ to rep5t lat] on z a means to p>don1 he is n guilty ( presumption4 ,! int5tion n to cont9ue 9 s9 dim9i%es ! s91 = x %[s t "o is n s /rongly atta*$ to evil4 #ajhh4 ,! int5tion to s9 n[ & rep5t lat] v>ies 9 malice accord+ to circum/ances4 7a7 ,if ! hope ( obta9+ =giv5ess is concomitant z reg>ds ! s9 n[ committ$--t is1 if "o s9s ) ! hope1 b n because ( ! hope ( p>don-"o is less guilty4 ,example3 ,titus :ile on a t\r indulges 9 mu* drunk5ness1 because he has ! opportunity & is n kn[n2 b he int5ds to rep5t on 8 return home4 7b7 ,if ! hope ( obta9+ =giv5ess is antec$5t z reg>ds ! s9--t is1 if "o s9s because ( ! hope ( p>don--"o is m guilty4 ,example3 ,balbus /ays away f ,mass mo/ ,sundays1 because he reasons ) himself t ,god is k9d & x w be easy to obta9 p>don4 ,caius1 :5 urg$ to rep5t1 always replies t x w be a simple matt] to turn ov] a new leaf at ! h\r ( dea?4 ,sempronius goes on multiply+ s9s f day to day1 because he argues t x is j z easy to be p>don$ late z e>ly1 j z easy to rep5t ( a hundr$ s9s z ( t54 #ajhi4 ,9 ! foll[+ cases presumption is n a grave s93 7a7 no mortal s9 is committ$1 if !re is n suffici5t reflection2 = example1 a p]son :o is inv9cibly ignorant ( ! s]i\sness ( presumption1 or :o on acc\nt ( immaturity has exagg]at$ ideas ( 8 own /r5g?1 does n s9 gravely if he presumes on ,god's m]cy or 8 own p[]2 7b7 no mortal s9 is committ$1 if !re is n full cons5t ( ! w4 ,= example1 ,titus is a self-made man1 & h5ce is incl9$ at times to feel t he c "w out ev5 8 salvation )\t any assi/ance1 b he rids 8 m9d ( ?is presumptu\s ?\ght z soon z he takes notice ( x4 #ajij4 ,are !re cases 9 :i* presumption & despair are trans=m$ into v5ial s91 n on acc\nt ( ! imp]fect k or cons5t ( ! subject1 b on acc\nt ( ! slightness ( ! matt] involv$8 7a7 ,if !re is "q ( presumption & despair prop]ly s-call$1 !y are nev] v5ial on acc\nt ( ! lightness ( ! matt]1 = ! matt]1 man's et]nal de/9y1 mu/ always be an affair ( ! utmo/ mom5t4 7b7 ,if !re is "q ( presumption & despair 9 a wid] s5se1 ^! s9s may be v5ial on acc\nt ( smallness ( matt]2 = !y may be und]/ood ) ref]5ce to ?+s o!r ?an salvation4 ,examples3 ,titus despairs ( 8 success 9 ov]com+ a habit ( arriv+ late = 8 meals or ( talk+ too mu*4 ,balbus imprud5tly tru/s to 8 own ef=ts to get up promptly 9 ! morn+1 or to fight aga9/ "s slight di/raction 9 pray]4 #ajia4 ,! causes ( presumption are z foll[s3 7a7 ! presumption :i* dep5ds too mu* on "o's own p[]s arises f va+lory1 =1 ! m "o desires glory1 ! m is "o incl9$ to attempt ?+s t are above "o1 especially su* z are new & w attract applause2 7b7 ! presumption t dep5ds ra%ly on div9e assi/ance seems to result f pride1 = a p]son :o desires & expects p>don )\t rep5tance1 or heav5 )\t m]its1 mu/ h a v exagg]at$ op9ion ( 8 own importance4 #ajib4 ,! ,comm&m5ts ( ,hope & ( ,fe>4--,s9ce hope is a necess>y prep>ation = ju/ification1 & s9ce man %\ld t5d t[>ds ! sup]natural beatitude prep>$ = him by ,god1 we _c be surpris$ t scripture 9 _m places inculcates ! duty ( hope4 7a7 ,9 ! fir/ legislation1 giv5 9 ! ,decalogue1 nei!r fai? nor hope are enjo9$ by di/9ct ,comm&m5ts1 =1 unless man already believ$ & hop$ 9 ,god1 x w\ld be useless to give him comm&m5ts f ,god4 ,h5ce1 9 ! ,decalogue fai? & hope are presuppos$1 fai? be+ enjo9$ only 9 s f> z x is taught1 z :5 ! law beg9s ) ! words3 8,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god0 7,exod41 xx4 #b71 & hope be+ prescrib$ only 9 s f> z promises are add$ to ! precepts1 z 9 ! ,fir/ & ,f\r? ,comm&m5ts4 7b7 ,9 ! lat] laws !re are giv5 di/9ct comm&m5ts ab\t hope1 9 ord] to rem9d man t he mu/ obs]ve n only ! law1 b also t :i* ! law presupposes4 ,?us1 we read3 8,hope 9 ,him1 all ye congregation ( p0 7,ps4 lxi4 #i72 8,*>ge ! ri* ( ?is _w n to be high-m9d$1 nor to hope 9 ! unc]ta9ty ( ri*es1 b 9 ! liv+ ,god0 7,i ,tim41 vi4 #ag74 #ajic4 ,s9ce acts ( hope are obligatory = all adults 9 ?is life1 ! ,quieti/s 7 9 error :5 !y def5d$ dis9t]e/$ love & absolute holy indiff]5ce 7,d5z+]1 #abba ff41 #acbg-acdi74 7a7 ,h5ce1 man c at times make acts ( pure love ( ,god1 9 :i* self is n ?\ght ab\t1 or ev5 acts ( r5unciation ( beatitude on condition t t 7 possible & necess>y2 b ! habitual /ate ( pure love1 9 :i* self-int]e/ is entirely lo/ sight (1 _c be admitt$ 7,philip41 iii4 #ad2 ,,ii ,tim41 iv1 #h74 7b7 ,indiff]5ce to ! happ5+s ( life1 s9 exclud$1 is good2 b x is n lawful to be indiff]5t ab\t "o's own salvation1 or ! means !reto4 ,indiff]5ce ab\t salvation is n holy1 b unholy4 #ajid4 ,is x lawful to desire to surr5d] beatitude = ! sake ( ano!r's spiritual good8 7a7 ,if !re is "q ( beatitude itself1 ?is is n lawful4 ,! pray] ( ,moses t he be /rick5 f ,god's book 7,exod41 xxxiii4 #ca1 #cb71 & ( ,/4 ,paul t he suff] loss ( ,messianic b5efits 7,rom41 ix4 #c71 7 only velleities or hyp]bolical expressions ( _! great love = _! race4 7b7 ,if !re is "q1 n ( beatitude itself1 b ( some?+ t ref]s to x 7su* z ! "t ( receiv+ x1 pres5t c]ta9ty ab\t its possession71 "o may be will+ to sacrifice ?is good = ! b5efit ( 8 neighbor4 ,?us1 ,/4 ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs 0 will+ to h 8 entrance into heav5 delay$ = ! sake ( 8 flock 7cfr4 ,philip41 i4 #bb sqq471 & ,/4 ,ignatius ,loyola w\ld h pref]r$ to rema9 unc]ta9 ( salvation & labor = s\ls1 r ?an to be c]ta9 ( salvation & die at once4 #ajie4 ,at :at times does ! comm&m5t ( hope oblige8 7a7 ,9 its negative1 or prohibitory aspect1 ?is comm&m5t obliges = all times & at all times 7see #cga74 ,h5ce1 x is n lawful to despair1 ev5 :5 ?+s are d>ke/1 nor to presume1 ev5 :5 !y are brighte/4 7b7 ,9 its affirmative1 or preceptive aspect1 ?is comm&m5t obliges = all times1 b n at all times4 ,h5ce1 ! law ( hope rema9s always 9 =ce1 b "o is n oblig$ at e in/ant to make acts ( hope4 #ajif4 ,by reason ( ! virtue ( hope itself 7i4e41 on acc\nt ( ! response "o %\ld make to ! promises ( ,god conc]n+ et]nal life71 an act ( hope is obligatory on ! foll[+ occasions3 7a7 ,su* an act is obligatory at ! beg9n+ ( ! moral life1 t is1 at ! "t :5 "o fir/ realizes t "o mu/ *oose betwe5 ,god & creatures z ! object ( "o's happ9ess4 ,?is mom5t occurs = all :5 ! age ( reason is atta9$1 & to x we may apply 9 ?is connection ! words ( ,*ri/3 8,seek ye fir/ ! k+dom ( ,god & ,8 ju/ice0 7,matt1 vi4 #cc74 ,?is mom5t occurs = ^? :o are 9 ! /ate ( s9 z soon z !y p]ceive ! necessity ( turn+ f creatures t[>ds ,god3 8,delay n to be conv]t$ to ! ,"l1 & def] x n f day to day0 7,ecclus1 v4 #h74 7b7 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ! moral life1 "o is also b\nd to r5ew ! act ( hope3 8,! grace ( ,god our ,savi\r ha? appe>$ to all m51 in/ruct+ u t we %\ld live sob]ly1 & ju/ly1 & godly 9 ?is _w1 look+ = ! bless$ hope0 7,titus1 ii4 #aa1 #ab71 8,s]v+ ! ,"l1 rejoic+ 9 hope0 7,rom41 xii4 #aa1 #ab72 8,he t pl\ghe?1 %\ld pl\gh 9 hope0 7,i ,cor41 ix4 #aj74 ,ev5 ^? :o are m p]fect mu/ h on 8! helmet ( hope0 7,i ,!ss41 v4 #h71 = by hope all are sav$ 7,rom1 viii4 #be74 7c7 ,x seems t at ! end ( life "o is especially b\nd to elicit an act ( hope1 z on t mom5t et]nity dep5ds 7,heb41 iii4 vi74 ,b1 if "o has receiv$ ! ,la/ ,sacram5ts or is o!rwise well prep>$ = dea? & undi/urb$ by temptations to despair1 !re is no manife/ ne$ ( mak+ an express act ( hope 7cfr4 #icj74 #ajig4 ,h[ frequ5tly %\ld acts ( hope be made dur+ life8 7a7 ,ab\t ! !oretical "q1 !re is ! same div]sity ( op9ion z ) reg>d to ! act ( fai? 7see #icc74 7b7 ,b1 practically1 !re is agreem5t among !ologians t ! comm&m5t is fulfill$ by all ^? :o make an act ( hope :5 ?is is necess>y to pres]ve ! virtue on acc\nt ( dang] ( presumption or despair1 & :o comply ) ! duties ( a ,*ri/ian life1 su* z att5dance at ,mass & ! reception ( ! ,sacram5ts4 #ajih4 ,h[ %\ld ! act ( hope be made8 7a7 ,! act is made explicitly1 :5 "o expresses "o's confid5t expectation1 ! objects expect$ & ! basis ( ! expectation1 z :5 "o prays accord+ to ! =mulas ( ! ,cate*ism or pray] books3 8,o my ,god1 rely+ on ,?y all-p[]ful assi/ance & m]ciful promises1 ,i firmly hope to obta9 p>don = my s9s1 ob$i5ce to ,?y comm&m5ts1 & life ev]la/+40 ,?is =m ( ! act ( hope is recomm5d$1 s9ce x expresses ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! virtue4 7b7 ,! act ( hope is made implicitly1 :5 "o (f]s petitions to ,god z "o ought2 = ! confid5ce t accompanies e good pray] makes x an expression ( hope ( ,god & ( hope 9 ,god4 ,?us1 ! words1 8,?y ,k+dom come10 utt] ! s\l's expectation ( bliss & its reliance on ,god4 ,! implicit act ( hope satisfies ! comm&m5t1 & h5ce ^? :o comply ) ! duty ( pray]1 comply also ) ! duty ( hope4 #ajii4 ,by reason ( "s virtue o!r ?an hope 7cfr4 #ice71 !re also arises at times an obligation ( mak+ an act ( hope4 7a7 ,if ano!r virtue w be lo/ or endang]$ )\t ! assi/ance ( hope1 "o is b\nd to make an act ( hope4 ,examples3 ,titus is s disc\rag$ by ! difficulties ( 8 duties t he w n p]=m !m1 unless he /irs up 8 w by ?9k+ ( ! rew>d4 ,balba1 on acc\nt ( aridity1 f9ds pray] s h>d t %e w give x up1 unless ! motive ( future bless$ness is be=e h] m9d4 7b7 ,if ano!r comm&m5t presupposes an act ( hope1 "o is b\nd to ! act ( hope1 al?\gh x may be made virtually or implicitly1 z be+ conta9$ 9 ano!r virtue4 ,example3 ,sempronius is 9 ! /ate ( s91 & !re=e oblig$ to rep5tance4 ,s9ce rep5tance presupposes hope ( p>don z a means to salvation1 ,sempronius mu/ n only grieve ov] 8 s9s1 b mu/ also h confid5ce 9 ! div9e m]cy4 #aajj4 ,d ^? p]sons s9 aga9/ hope by omission :o wi% !y c\ld rema9 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! pres5t life =ev]8 7a7 ,if ^? p]sons are s dispos$ t !y w\ld will+ly =ego heav5 = e>?1 !y are guilty ( a neglect ( ! precept ( hope 7,i ,tim41 vi4 #ag74 ,hope requires t ,god be ! *ief object ( our desires1 b ^! p]sons give ! fir/ place to creatures 7see #ajai1 #ajca74 7b7 ,if su* p]sons are n will+ to rel9qui% heav51 & _! wi% to rema9 "h =ev] m]ely d5otes an ov]-fondness = life or its goods or an exce$+ dread ( dea?1 hope is n exclud$1 b !y are guilty1 slightly or s]i\sly accord+ to ! case1 ( inord9ate love ( creatures4 7c7 ,if su* p]sons mean by _! wi% only t !y are v mu* atta*$ to some?+ ( e>? & wi% to reta9 x z long z ,god w all[1 !re is no s9 committ$4 ,?us1 man & wife happily mat$ or o!r fri5ds sometimes express ! wi% t bo? might live =ev]1 mean+ only t ! ?\ght ( any sep>ation is unpleasant4 #aaja4 ,s f> we h spok5 ( ! necessity ( precept ( ! act ( hope4 ,b !re is also a necessity ( means1 z 0 said above ab\t fai? 7see #ghe1 #iah71 z reg>ds bo? ! act & ! habit ( hope4 7a7 ,! act ( hope is an indisp5sable condition ( salvation = all adults4 ,! unju/ifi$ man _c prep>e himself = p>don unless he hopes 9 ,god's m]cy2 he _c resolve on am5dm5t ( life unless he relies on ! necess>y div9e help4 ,! ju/ifi$ man mu/ e>n heav5 by 8 works & mu/ pray to ,god 9 8 necessities--?+s t are impossible )\t ! firm confid5ce ( hope 7,rom41 vi4 #bc74 7b7 ,! habit ( hope is an indisp5sable condition ( salvation = all1 infants includ$4 ,= x is by ju/ification1 9 :i* ! s\l & its v>i\s p[]s are sanctifi$ 7,rom41 v4 #f71 t "o is elevat$ to ! sup]natural sph]e & made ready = ! beatific vision4 #aajb4 ,! habit ( hope is n lo/ by e s9 aga9/ hope4 7a7 ,x is n lo/ by s9s ( omission1 = x dep5ds on div9e infusion1 n on human acts 7see #gde74 7b7 ,x is n lo/ by s9s ( commission t d n remove its =mal object or motive1 su* z s9s aga9/ *>ity & ! moral virtues4 ,= x is possible = "o to expect ext]nal happ9ess & at ! same "t n love ,god = ,8 own sake1 or n regulate "o's conduct con=mably to ! happ9ess desir$1 j z x is possible = "o to believe & yet n practise "o's belief 7see #ajaf1 #ajcj74 7c7 ,hope is lo/ by s9s ( commission t remove its f\ndation or its =mal object4 ,h5ce1 s9s ( unbelief 7s9ce !y remove ! f\ndation ( hope7 & s9s ( desp]ation & despair 7s9ce !y take away ! =mal object ( hope7 are de/ructive ( ?is virtue4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t s9s :i* only 9 a wid] s5se are nam$ presumption & despair1 d n remove ! object1 nor consequ5tly ! virtue ( hope4 ,examples3 ,titus does n believe 9 a future life1 & h5ce does n expect x4 ,claudius believes 9 a future life1 b he is s weak 9 virtue t he has giv5 up all expectation ( its rew>ds = himself4 ,balbus1 on ! contr>y1 is liv+ on /ol5 prop]ty & int5ds to cont9ue to d s1 b he hopes t someh[ all w turn out well 9 ! end4 ,sempronius1 :o is associat$ ) ,balbus1 int5ds to make a dea?b$ rep5tance & re/itution4 ,! s9s ( ! fir/ ?ree are ru9\s to hope1 s9ce by reason ( !m !re is no expectation ( salvation1 or only an expectation t is n bas$ on div9e p[]4 ,! s9 ( ,sempronius is presumptu\s1 s9ce x risks a mo/ grave dang] imprud5tly2 b x is n !ological presumption1 s9ce x expects =giv5ess ?r\gh div9e p[] & 9 a way t does n exce$ div9e p[]4 ,x is n contr>y to1 b beyond !ological hope4 #aajc4 ,div9e ,comm&m5ts ,conc]n+ ,fe>4--7a7 ,s]vile fe> 0 n comm&$ 9 ! ,decalogue by any di/9ct precept1 = fe> ( puni%m5t is suppos$ 9 ^? :o receiv$ ! law2 x 01 h[ev]1 comm&$ !re implicitly1 inasmu* z p5alties 7 atta*$ to transgressions4 ,lat]1 9 ord] to keep man m /rictly to ! law already giv51 in/ructions or comm&m5ts ab\t ! necessity ( fe> 7 giv54 ,?us1 ,job says3 8,i fe>$ all my works1 kn[+ t ,?\ did/ n sp>e ! (f5d]0 7,job1 ix4 #bh71 & ! ,psalmi/ prays3 8,pi]ce ,?\ my fle% ) ,?y fe>1 = ,i am afraid ( ,?y judgm5ts0 7,ps4 cxviii4 #abj72 our ,"l comm&s3 8,fe> ,him t c de/roy bo? s\l & body 9 hell0 7,matt1 x4 #bh74 7b7 ,filial fe>1 on ! contr>y 7i4e41 rev]5tial love ( ,god71 s9ce x is ! pr9ciple f :i* proce$ ! ext]nal acts ( respect & homage enjo9$ 9 ! ,decalogue1 0 inculcat$ at ! "t ! fir/ law 0 giv54 8,:at do? ! ,"l ?y ,god require ( !e1 b t ?\ fe> ! ,"l ?y ,god1 & walk 9 ,8 ways1 & love ,him1 & s]ve ! ,"l ?y ,god80 7,deut41 x4 #ab74 #aajd4 ,z to ! times & frequ5cy ( obligation1 ! pr9ciples & conclusions giv5 above = hope c be appli$ also to fe>4 ,art4 #e3 ,,! ,,virtue ,,( ,,*>ity 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,,ii-,,ii1 qq4 #bc-bg47 #aaje4 ,def9ition4--,! ^w 8*>ity0 7c>um1 :at is held de>1 highly e/eem$7 is us$ ei!r 9 a m g5]al1 or 9 a p>ticul> s5se4 7a7 ,9 its m g5]al s5se1 x is appli$ to acts or feel+s ( a k9dly nature t[>ds o!rs1 :e!r or n ,god be conc]n$ 9 !m z ! object or motive4 ,?us1 x is appli$ to k9dly judgm5ts ab\t o!rs1 to a b5evol5t disposition t[>ds _! welf>e1 to gratuit\s relief ( ! ne$y or suff]+1 to ! be/[al ( gifts = public b5efit1 & ! l4 ,9 scripture ! ^w is sometimes appli$ to fri5d%ip3 8,x is bett] to be invit$ to h]bs ) *>ity ?an to a fatt$ calf ) hatr$0 7,prov41 xv4 #ag74 7b7 ,9 its p>ticul> s5se1 *>ity ref]s to div9e love1 t is1 to ! love ( ,god = man or ! love ( man = ,god4 ,"h we are consid]+ *>ity z ! virtue by :i* ! creature loves ,god = ,8 own sake1 & o!rs on acc\nt ( ,god4 #aajf4 ,love 9 g5]al is ! incl9ation t[>ds a suitable good1 or :at is consid]$ z "o's good4 ,x is ! root ( all appetites ( ! s\l1 & h5ce ! importance t ! object ( love be a true good4 7a7 ,e attraction is bas$ on ! recognition ( "s suitability 9 a c]ta9 good t attracts1 & s is bas$ on love4 ,example3 ,love may result f desire1 z :5 f a desire ( money spr+s love ( ! giv] ( money2 b 9 ! la/ analysis x w be f\nd t ! desire itself came f a previ\s love1 = a p]son w\ld n wi% = money1 unless he saw 9 x "s advantage :i* incl9$ him t[>ds its possession4 7b7 ,e repulsion is bas$ on ! fact t a c]ta9 ?+ is oppos$ to t :i* is suitable = self1 & h5ce results f love4 ,example3 ,love sometimes is an effect ( hate1 z :5 "o loves ,a because he hates ,a's enemies2 nev]!less1 hate is basically always ! result ( "s love1 = "o hates only ^? ?+s t imp$e or de/roy :at "o loves4 7c7 ,e satisfaction is due to ! possession or pres5ce ( some?+ helpful or cong5ial1 & s x presupposes love4 ,example3 ,a p>ticul> satisfaction may cause love1 z :5 "o loves a p]son because 8 company is ent]ta9+2 b ! satisfaction is due to ! love "o has ( be+ ent]ta9$4 #aajg4 ,! effects ( love are two2 7a7 union ( affection1 = ! lov] reg>ds ! object ( love z ano!r self & desires its pres5ce2 he delights to ?9k ( x & wi%es :at x wi%es2 7b7 sep>ation f o!r ?+s1 = ! lov]'s ?\ghts are on ! object ( 8 love1 & he is jeal\s ( any?+ t might take x f him4 #aajh4 ,sev]al degrees ( love may be di/+ui%$3 7a7 ,natural love is ! t5d5cy ( ?+s to _! ends :i* results1 n f k1 b f nature1 & :i* is f\nd 9 ! irrational & inanimate z well z 9 high] =ms ( be+4 ,?us1 we may say t fire loves to burn1 t e be+ loves its own exi/5ce2 7b7 ,s5se love 7amor7 is ! attraction t foll[s on k obta9$ ?r\gh ! s5ses1 & t exi/s 9 ! brutes z well z 9 man4 ,?us1 a dog loves bones1 a cat loves fi%4 ,sex-attraction is a species ( s5se love2 7c7 ,rational love 7dilectio7 arises f ! reflection ( ! m9d1 & is a *oice bas$ on ! judgm5t ( ! reason conc]n+ ! wor? ( ! belov$ object4 #aaji4 ,rational love is ( two k9ds3 7a7 love ( desire 7amor concupisc5tiae71 :i* is affection = an object :i* "o desires = oneself or = ano!r1 9 su* a way t good is n wi%$ = ! object1 b ! goodness ( ! object is wi%$ = some?+ else 7?us1 "o loves food or money ) ! love ( desire1 because "o does n wi% good = !m1 b f !m72 7b7 love ( b5evol5ce 7amor b5evol5tiae71 :i* is _h = an object to :i* "o wi%es good 7?us1 "o loves a poor p]son ) ! love ( b5evol5ce :5 "o wi%es to give him food or money74 #aaaj4 ,! love ( b5evol5ce is call$ fri5d%ip :5 ! foll[+ conditions exi/3 7a7 :5 ! love is mutual1 =1 if "o p>ty :o is lov$ does n reciprocate ! o!r p>ty's affection1 !y are n consid]$ fri5ds2 7b7 :5 ! love is bas$ on "s simil>ity :i* is a bond ( union1 = fri5d%ip supposes t ! p>ties h common int]e/s & t !y delight 9 ea* o!r's company1 :i* is impossible )\t cong5iality 7see ,ecclus41 xiii4 #ai74 ,?us1 !re is fri5d%ip ( relative = relative1 ( citiz5 = citiz51 ( soldi] = soldi]1 ( s*ol> = s*ol>4 ,true1 ^? :o belong to ! same /ate 9 life are (t5 enemies2 b ?is is due1 n to ! simil>ity ( _! life1 b to "s individual dissimil>ity1 z :5 "o is successful & ! o!r unsuccessful1 "o ri* & ! o!r poor4 ,ari/otle rem>k$ t pott]s nev] got along toge!r1 & ,prov]bs1 xiii4 #aj1 says t betwe5 ! pr\d !re are always qu>rels2 = ea* pott] saw 9 ! o!r pott] "o :o took away pr(its1 & ea* pr\d man sees 9 ano!r pr\d man an ob/acle to p]sonal glory4 ,unfri5dly feel+ may exi/1 !n1 among ^? :o are alike1 b fri5d%ip is impossible :5 ! p>ties h no?+ special 9 common4 #aaaa4 ,two k9ds ( fri5d%ip mu/ be di/+ui%$4 7a7 ,! fri5d%ip ( utility or ( pleasure is t by :i* "o desires good = "o's fri5d1 n = ! fri5d's sake1 b = "o's own advantage or gratification4 ,h5ce1 fri5d%ips ( ?is k9d conta9 "s love ( b5evol5ce1 b !y are prompt$ by love ( desire4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is admixture ( selfi%ness1 !y fall %ort ( fri5d%ip 9 ! true/ s5se4 ,examples3 ,titus cultivates ! fri5d%ip ( ,balbus1 because ! latt] is weal?y & w patronize 8 bus9ess2 ,balbus1 on 8 "p1 returns ! fri5d%ip ( ,titus1 because he f9ds 8 prices *eap] 7a fri5d%ip ( conv5i5ce or utility74 ,caius & ,claudius associate toge!r mu* & help ea* o!r gladly1 b ! only ?+ t draws !m toge!r is ! amusem5t !y get out ( ea* o!r's companion%ip 7a fri5d%ip ( pleasure74 7b7 ,! fri5d%ip ( virtue is t by :i* "o desires good = ano!r1 & by :i* ! cause ( attraction is ! virtue ( ! fri5ds4 ,?is is true fri5d%ip1 because x is unselfi% & has ! highe/ motive2 x is naturally la/+1 s9ce x is built on moral goodness1 ! real good ( an intellig5t be+ 7,ecclus41 vi4 #ad-af74 ,example3 ,david & ,jona?an became fri5ds because ea* recogniz$ ! o!r's virtue4 #aaab4 ,*>ity is a true fri5d%ip betwe5 ,god & ,8 intellectual creature1 = 9 scripture ! j are call$ ! fri5ds ( ,god 7,john1 xv4 #ae2 ,james1 ii4 #bc2 ,ps4 cxxxviii4 #ag71 & ! conditions ( true fri5d%ip are affirm$ ab\t _! relation to ,god4 7a7 ,!re is a mutual love ( b5evol5ce betwe5 ,god & ! j3 8,i love !m t love ,me0 7,prov41 viii4 #bj72 8,he t love? ,me %all be lov$ ( ,my ,fa!r1 & ,i w love him0 7,john1 xiv4 #ba74 7b7 ,!re is a common bond2 =1 :ile accord+ to nature ,god & man are inf9itely di/ant1 accord+ to grace man is an adopt$ son ( ,god & ! heir to glory 9 :i* he w %>e happ9ess ) ,god4 #aaac4 ,*>ity is tw(old1 namely1 uncreat$ & creat$4 7a7 ,uncreat$ *>ity is ,god ,himself4 ,! entire ,tr9ity is call$ *>ity1 j z ,x is also call$ tru?1 wisdom1 etc43 8,god is *>ity1 & he t abide? 9 *>ity1 abide? 9 ,god0 7,i ,john1 iv4 #h74 ,! ,holy ,gho/ especially is call$ *>ity1 because he proce$s 9 ! ,tr9ity z love4 ,h5ce1 9 ! ,v5i ,creator ,he is address$ z 8,f\nt ( life1 fire1 *>ity1 & spiritual ano9t+40 7b7 ,creat$ *>ity is a sup]natural habit add$ to ! w1 incl9+ x to ! ex]cise ( love ( ,god & enabl+ x to act ) promptness & delight3 8,! *>ity ( ,god is p\r$ out 9 our he>ts by ! ,holy ,gho/ :o is giv5 to u0 7,rom41 v4 #e74 ,we are conc]n$ "h only ) creat$ *>ity4 #aaad4 ,creat$ *>ity is def9$3 8,a sup]natural virtue infus$ by ,god1 ?r\gh :i* we love ) fri5d%ip ,god1 ! au?or ( our beatitude1 on acc\nt ( ,8 own goodness1 & our neighbor1 on acc\nt ( ,god40 ,*>ity is giv5 ) sanctify+ grace1 b diff]s f x1 inasmu* z grace is a pr9ciple ( be+ & makes man himself holy1 :]eas *>ity is a pr9ciple ( act+ & makes acts holy4 #aaae4 ,! ,excell5ce ( ,*>ity4--,human fri5d%ip ( ! l[] k9d is n a virtue1 :ile t :i* is high] is r ! ext5sion or result ( virtue ?an a virtue 9 itself4 ,! div9e fri5d%ip1 h[ev]1 con/itutes ! !ological virtue ( *>ity4 7a7 ,?us1 *>ity is a virtue1 s9ce ?r\gh x our acts are regulat$ by _! supreme /&>d & our affections unit$ to ! div9e goodness4 7b7 ,*>ity1 al?\gh x ex]cises a sway ov] ! o!r virtues1 is di/9ct f !m2 = x has its own prop] object1 namely1 ! div9e goodness1 all-p]fect 9 itself3 8,^! ?ree3 fai?1 hope & *>ity0 7,i ,cor41 xiii4 #ac74 7c7 ,*>ity1 al?\gh x includes our neighbor z well z ,god among ! objects ( love1 is b "o virtue1 s9ce x has b "o end 7i4e41 ! goodness ( ,god71 & x is bas$ on b "o fell[%ip 7i4e41 ! beatific vision to be be/[$ by ,god74 #aaaf4 ,*>ity is less p]fect ?an ! act ( ! intellect by :i* ,god is se5 intuitively 9 ! beatific vision1 b x is preem95t among ! virtues ( ?is life4 7a7 ,?us1 x is sup]ior to ! normal virtues1 = :ile !y regulate actions by ! inf]ior rule ( reason1 *>ity regulates !m by ! supreme rule1 :i* is ,god ,himself4 7b7 ,x is sup]ior to ! o!r !ological virtues1 s9ce x t5ds to ,god 9 ,himself1 :]eas fai? & hope t5d to ,god z ,he is ! pr9ciple :5ce we d]ive tru? & bless$ness3 8,! greate/ ( ^! is *>ity0 7,i ,cor41 xiii4 #ac74 #aaag4 ,! o!r virtues require *>ity = _! p]fection4 7a7 ,)\t *>ity ! o!r virtues are ei!r false virtues1 or true b imp]fect virtues2 = !y are !n direct$1 n to ! univ]sal & la/ ,end1 b at mo/ to "s p>ticul> & proximate good end4 ,nor are !y m]itori\s )\t *>ity1 = 8if ,i %\ld di/ribute all my goods to fe$ ! poor1 & if ,i %\ld deliv] my body to be burn$1 & h n *>ity1 x pr(ite? me no?+0 7,i ,cor41 xiii4 #c74 7b7 ,) *>ity ! o!r virtues become true & p]fect virtues4 ,examples3 ,titus gives alms to ! poor 9 ord] to w9 !m to infidelity 7false *>ity74 ,caius avoids drunk5ness1 n because he dislikes x1 b because he is a mis] & dislikes to sp5d money 7false temp]ance74 ,balbus has no religion1 b is v fai?ful to 8 family duties 7imp]fect ju/ice74 ,claudius dis*>ges 8 duties to 8 family & neighbors out ( love = ,god 7p]fect ju/ice74 #aaah4 ,! influ5ce ( *>ity on ! o!r virtues is express$ by v>i\s titles4 7a7 ,*>ity is call$ ! in=m+ pr9ciple ( ! o!r virtues4 ,?is does n mean t *>ity is ! type on :i* ! o!r virtues are modell$1 or ! int]nal "* t makes !m :at !y are2 o!rwise1 all ! virtues w\ld be absorb$ 9 ! "o virtue ( *>ity4 ,x means1 !n1 t ! o!r virtues d]ive ! quality ( p]fect virtue f *>ity1 ?r\gh :i* !y are direct$ to ! ,la/ ,end4 7b7 ,*>ity is call$ ! f\ndation & root ( virtues 7,eph41 iii4 #ag71 n 9 ! s5se t x is a mat]ial "p ( !m1 b 9 ! s5se t x supports & n\ri%es !m4 7c7 ,x is also spok5 ( z ! end & ! "m ( ! o!r virtues1 because x directs ! o!r virtues to ! ,la/ ,end1 & produces _! acts by comm&+ _! ex]cise3 8,! end ( ! comm&m5t is *>ity0 7,i ,tim41 i4 #e74 #aaai4 ,*>ity causes ! o!r virtues1 negatively by =bidd+ evil1 affirmatively by comm&+ good 7,i ,cor41 xiii1 #d-g74 7a7 ,x =bids t evil be done ! neighbor1 ei!r 9 desire or 9 de$3 8,*>ity envie? n1 deale? n p]v]sely40 7b7 ,x =bids evil passions by :i* "o is injur$ 9 oneself1 su* z pride1 ambition1 gre$1 ang]3 8,*>ity is n puff$ up1 is n ambiti\s1 seeke? n h] own1 is n provok$ to ang]40 7c7 ,x =bids t "o h>m "o's own s\l by ?\ghts or desires ( wrong3 8,*>ity ?9ke? no evil1 rejoice? n 9 iniquity40 7d7 ,x comm&s t good be done ! neighbor1 be>s ) 8 defects1 rejoices ov] 8 good & be/[s b5efits ^u him3 8,*>ity is pati5t1 is k9d2 rejoice? ) ! tru?1 be>e? all ?+s40 7e7 ,x comm&s t good be done t[>ds ,god by ! practice ( ! !ological virtues ( fai? & hope1 & by cont9uance 9 !m3 8,*>ity believe? all ?+s1 hope? all ?+s1 endure? all ?+s40 #aabj4 ,direction is giv5 by *>ity to ! o!r virtues t makes !m p]fect & m]itori\s4 7a7 ,actual direction--t is1 ! int5tion "h & n[ to believe1 or hope1 etc41 out ( love = ,god--?\gh m p]fect1 is n requir$ = m]it 9 fai?1 hope & o!r virtues3 o!rwise1 m]it w\ld become extremely difficult & r>e4 7b7 ,habitual direction--t is1 ! m]e fact t "o has ! habit ( *>ity1 ?\gh x 9 no way influ5ces an act ( fai?1 or ( hope1 etc1 n[ made--does n suffice2 o!rwise1 x w\ld foll[ t an act ( fai? recit$ by a p]son 9 ! /ate ( *>ity1 b "h & n[ unconsci\s1 is m]itori\s1 :i* w\ld make m]it too easy4 7c7 ,virtual direction--t is1 ! influ5ce ( an int5tion1 once made & nev] retract$1 ( act+ out ( love = ,god1 :i* cont9ues1 ?\gh x is n adv]t$ to1 :ile "o believes1 hopes1 etc4--at lea/ is necess>y2 o!rwise1 "o w\ld make oneself des]v+ ( ! ,la/ ,end1 )\t ev] hav+ desir$ x1 = ! o!r virtues d n t5d to ! ,la/ ,end 9 itself4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 !re is no p]son 9 ! /ate ( grace :o does n p]=m all 8 acts t are human & virtu\s "u ! direction ( *>ity1 actual or virtual4 #aaba4 ,production ( ,*>ity4--,! virtue ( *>ity belongs to ! appetitive "p ( ! s\l1 b supposes a judgm5t by :i* its ex]cise is regulat$4 7a7 ,?us1 ! p[] ( ! s\l 9 :i* *>ity dwells is ! w1 = its object is good appreh5d$ by ! intellect2 b 7b7 ! judgm5t by :i* x is regulat$ is n human reason1 z is ! case ) ! moral virtues1 b div9e wisdom 7,eph41 iii4 #ai74 #aabb4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,*>ity4--7a7 ,*>ity is n caus$ by nature1 nor acquir$ by ! p[]s ( nature4 ,natural love ( ,god1 inde$1 is possible )\t grace2 b *>ity is a sup]natural fri5d%ip bas$ on a fell[%ip 9 ! beatitude ( ,god4 7b7 ,x is introduc$ or begott5 by o!r virtues1 9 ! s5se t !y prep>e "o to receive x f ,god 7,i ,tim41 i4 #e74 #aabc4 ,! cause ( *>ity1 !n1 is ,god1 :o infuses x into ! s\l3 8,! *>ity ( ,god is p\r$ =? 9 our he>ts by ! ,holy ,gho/1 :o is giv5 to u0 7,rom41 v4 #e74 ,! measure accord+ to :i* ,god infuses ! gift ( *>ity dep5ds on ,8 w & b\nty4 7a7 ,! ,angels receiv$ *>ity at _! creation1 accord+ to _! natural rank1 s t ^? :o 7 high] excell$ ^? :o 7 l[]1 bo? 9 nature & 9 grace4 7b7 ,^? :o receive *>ity ?r\gh infant baptism h x accord+ 8to ! measure ( ! giv+ ( ,*ri/0 7,eph41 iv4 #g2 cfr4 ,john1 iii4 #h2 ,i ,cor41 xii4 #b74 7c7 ,^? :o receive *>ity ?r\gh rep5tance1 h x1 8ev]yone accord+ to 8 prop] ability0 7,matt41 xxv4 #ae71 t is1 accord+ to ! disposition ) :i* he has prep>$ himself4 ,b ! prep>ation itself dep5ds on ! grace ( ,god 7,col41 i4 #ab74 #aabd4 ,*>ity may be increas$3 8,i pray t y\r *>ity may m & m ab\nd0 7,philip41 i4 #i74 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be not$ t3 7a7 ! increase is n 9 ! motive ( *>ity1 = ! goodness ( ,god is supreme & incapable ( increase1 nor is x 9 ! objects ( *>ity1 = ev5 ! l[e/ degree ( ?is virtue ext5ds to all ^? ?+s t mu/ be lov$ on acc\nt ( ,god2 7b7 ! increase1 !n1 is 9 ! mann] 9 :i* *>ity exi/s 9 ! s\l1 9 t x becomes m deeply root$ & takes /rong] hold ( ! w1 ^: acts ( love become correspond+ly m int5se & f]v5t4 ,j z k gr[s z x becomes cle>] & m c]ta91 s does *>ity progress to high] degrees z x exi/s m firmly 9 its subject4 #aabe4 ,) ref]5ce to ! increase ( *>ity1 acts ( love are ( two k9ds3 7a7 ! less f]v5t are ^? t d n surpass ! degree ( *>ity "o already possesses2 7b7 ! m f]v5t are ^? t surpass ! degree ( *>ity "o has4 ,example3 ,if "o has t5 degrees ( habitual *>ity1 an act ( five degrees is less f]v5t1 an act ( fifte5 degrees is m f]v5t4 #aabf4 ,e act ( *>ity1 ev5 ! less f]v5t1 contributes to an increase ( ! *>ity "o already possesses4 ,?is is true :e!r ! act be elicit$ by *>ity 7i4e41 an act ( love ( ,god71 or comm&$ by *>ity 7i4e41 an act ( "s o!r virtue p]=m$ out ( love = ,god74 ,e act ( *>ity m]its f ,god an increase ( ! habit ( *>ity 7see ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 ,sess4 ,,vi1 ,c4 #cb74 ,ev5 a cup ( cold wat] giv5 9 ! "n ( a disciple %all n g )\t its rew>d 7,matt41 ,x4 #db74 #aabg4 ,z to ! mann] & "t 9 :i* ! increase takes place1 !re are v>i\s op9ions1 b ! foll[+ po9ts sum up :at seems m probable3 7a7 ,! increase ( ! habit ( *>ity m]it$ by a m f]v5t act is conf]r$ at once1 = ,god conf]s ,8 gifts :5 "o is dispos$ = _! reception4 ,example3 ,titus1 :o has habitually t5 degrees ( *>ity1 makes an act ( *>ity ^: degree is fifte52 he !reby m]its ! increase ( ! habit1 & x is conf]r$ at once4 7b7 ,! increase ( ! habit ( *>ity m]it$ by less f]v5t acts is n conf]r$ until ! mom5t "o ent]s into heav5 or purgatory1 = !re is no "t dur+ life on e>? :5 "o has a disposition equal to ! add$ quantity conta9$ 9 less f]v5t acts1 s9ce1 z j said1 m f]v5t acts are rew>d$ at once by ! increase t corresponds to !m1 :ile less f]v5t acts d n dispose "o = an increase !n & !re4 ,b ! increase mu/ be conf]r$ :5 "o ent]s into glory2 o!rwise1 "o w\ld lose ! degree ( beatitude "o m]it$ dur+ life4 ,h5ce1 ^? :o make _m--ev5 ?\gh less f]v5t--acts ( *>ity dur+ life1 w receive a v high degree ( rew>d = !m h]eaft]4 #aabh4 ,! increase ( *>ity w come to an end 9 ! future life1 :5 "o has atta9$ ! degree ( p]fection to :i* "o 0 pr$e/9$ by ,god 7,philip1 iii4 #ab74 ,b1 z long z a p]son lives "h bel[1 he may cont9ually gr[ 9 *>ity1 = ea* increase makes him capable ( receiv+ f ! inf9ite p[] ( ,god a fur!r p>ticipation 9 ! inf9ite *>ity1 :i* is ! ,holy ,gho/ 7,,ii ,cor41 vi4 #aa74 #aabi4 ,*>ity is absolutely p]fect1 :5 x loves ,god 9 ! same degree 9 :i* ,he is lovable--t is1 inf9itely2 b x is cle> t s great *>ity is possible only to ,god4 ,*>ity is relatively p]fect1 :5 "o loves ,god z mu* z "o c4 ,?is relatively p]fect *>ity is possible to man 7,matt1 v4 #dh2 ,i ,john1 ii4 #e1 iv4 #ab1 #ag72 b x has ?ree degrees3 7a7 ,! p]fect *>ity ( heav51 :i* is n possible 9 ?is life1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t "o is con/antly occupi$ 9 ?9k+ ( ,god & lov+ ,him4 7b7 ,! p]fect *>ity ( e>?1 :i* is special to "s ( ! j1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t "o gives all "o's "t to div9e ?+s1 z f> z ! necessities ( mortal exi/5ce all[4 7c7 ,! p]fect *>ity ( e>? t is common to all ! j1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t habitually "o gives "o's :ole he>t to ,god1 p]mitt+ no ?\ght or desire oppos$ to ! div9e love4 #aacj4 ,^? :o are gr[+ 9 *>ity are divid$ into ?ree classes3 7a7 ! beg9n]s1 or ^? ^: *ief c>e is fre$om f s9 & resi/ance to :at is contr>y to div9e love2 7b7 ! pr(ici5ts1 or ^? :o mu/ /ill fight aga9/ temptation1 b ^: *ief att5tion is giv5 to progress along ! way ( virtue2 7c7 ! p]fect1 or ^? :o are progress+ 9 hol9ess1 b ^: *ief desire is to rea* ! end ( ! j\rney & be ) ! object ( _! love 7,philip41 i4 #ac74 #aaca4 ,! ,decl9e ( ,*>ity4--7a7 ,actual *>ity c decl9e1 9 ! s5se t subsequ5t acts c be less f]v5t ?an ^? t prec$$ 7,apoc41 ii4 #d74 7b7 ,habitual *>ity _c gr[ less 9 itself4 ,! only causes t c be suppos$ = a decl9e 9 habitual *>ity are omission ( ! act ( *>ity & commission ( v5ial s92 ! =m]1 h[ev]1 _c less5 *>ity1 s9ce ?is habit1 be+ infus$1 does n dep5d on human acts2 ! latt]1 :i* is a disord] ab\t ! means to ! end1 does n contradict *>ity1 :i* is ! "r ord] ( man ) ref]5ce to 8 ,la/ ,end itself4 ,?us1 *>ity diff]s f human fri5d%ips1 :i* gr[ cold ?r\gh neglect or slights4 7c7 ,habitual *>ity c be less5$1 fir/1 ) ref]5ce to ! disposition t makes = its pres]vation & increase 7z :5 "o commits num]\s & dang]\s v5ial s9s71 & secondly1 ) ref]5ce to itself 7z :5 "o ris+ f s9 has less *>ity ?an he _h be=e74 ,b 9 nei!r ( ^! cases does ! same num]ical habit decrease4 #aacb4 ,! ,loss ( ,*>ity4--7a7 ,! *>ity ( ! bless$ _c be lo/1 because !y see ,god z ,he is1 & are con/antly occupi$ 9 lov+ ,him4 ,b ! *>ity ( e>?1 s9ce x proce$s f a less p]fect k & is n always 9 use1 may be surr5d]$ by man's free w 7see ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 ,sess4 ,,vi1 ,cap4 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 ,c4 #bc74 7b7 ,! habit ( *>ity is lo/1 n only by any s9 aga9/ ! love ( ,god1 b by any o!r mortal s9 oppos$ to o!r virtues 7see ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 ,sess4 ,,vi1 ,cap4 #ae74 ,e mortal s9 is a turn+ away f ! ,la/ ,end1 & s is incompatible ) *>ity1 :i* is a turn+ to ,god1 ! ,la/ ,end3 8,he t ha? ,my comm&m5ts & keepe? !m1 he x is t love? ,me0 7,john1 xiv4 #ba74 ,v5ial s9 dim9i%es ! f]vor ( *>ity1 b does n remove *>ity itself4 #aacc4 ,! ,object ( ,*>ity4--,!re is a ?reefold object ( *>ity3 7a7 ! =mal object1 t is1 ! reason = love1 :i* is ! inf9ite amiability ( ,god 9 ,himself1 z kn[n f ! sup]natural illum9ation ( fai?2 7b7 ! prim>y mat]ial object1 t is1 ! *ief ?+ :i* *>ity loves1 :i* is ,god 7i4e41 ! div9e ,ess5ce1 ! div9e ,p]sons1 ! div9e attributes73 8,?\ %alt love ! ,"l1 ,?y ,god4 ,?is is ! greate/ & ! fir/ comm&m5t0 7,matt1 xxii4 #cg1 #ch72 7c7 ! second>y mat]ial object1 t is1 ! ?+ lov$ because ( ,god1 :i* is self & ! neighbor3 8,& ! second is l to ?is3 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself0 7ibid1 #ci74 #aacd4 ,! love ( creatures is n always an act ( ! virtue ( *>ity4 7a7 ,s9ful love ( creatures1 by :i* "o loves !m m ?an ,god or inord9ately1 de/roys or deviates f *>ity4 ,h5ce1 ,/4 ,john says3 8,love n ! _w1 nor ! ?+s t are 9 ! _w0 7,i ,john1 ii4 #ae74 7b7 ,natural love ( creatures1 by :i* "o loves !m on acc\nt ( reasons ap>t f love ( ,god 7su* z ! b5efits "o d]ives f !m or ! excell5ces !y possess71 is n *>ity1 ev5 ?\gh good4 ,?us1 gratitude :i* sees 9 ano!r only a b5efactor1 fri5d%ip :i* sees 9 ano!r only a cong5ial _s1 & philan?ropy :i* sees 9 ano!r only a fell[-man1 diff] f *>ity1 al?\gh !y are good 9 !mselves4 7c7 ,sup]natural love ( creatures1 by :i* "o loves !m on acc\nt ( ! div9e t is 9 !m1 inasmu* z !y are fri5ds ( ,god or made = ! glory ( "o's div9e ,fri5d1 does n diff] specifically f love ( ,god1 = 9 bo? loves !re is ! same motive 7viz1 ! amiability ( ,god ,himself74 #aace4 ,s9ce *>ity is fri5d%ip1 x does n include among its objects ^? ?+s t are lov$ ) ! love ( desire 7see #aaji71 t is1 ^? ?+s ^: good is desir$1 b = ano!r4 7a7 ,h5ce1 *>ity itself is n an object ( *>ity1 = x is lov$ n z a fri5d1 b z a good t "o wi%es = "o's fri5ds4 ,! same applies to o!r virtues & to beatitudes4 7b7 ,irrational creatures are n objects ( *>ity1 = a fell[%ip ) !m 9 fri5d%ip1 & especially 9 ! beatific vision1 is impossible4 ,we c love !m out ( *>ity1 h[ev]1 inasmu* z we desire _! pres]vation = ! sake ( ^? :om we love ) *>ity 7e4g41 desir+ t !y be pres]v$ = ! glory ( ,god or ! use ( man74 #aacf4 ,love ( self is ( v>i\s k9ds4 7a7 ,s9ful self-love is t by :i* a p]son loves himself accord+ to 8 l[] & corrupt nature1 & n accord+ to 8 high] or rational nature1 or loves himself egoti/ically to ! hurt ( o!rs4 ,( ^? :o indulge _! passions x is said3 8,9 ! la/ days %all come dang]\s times4 ,m5 %all be lov]s ( !mselves0 7,,ii ,tim41 iii4 #a1 #b72 ( ^? :o love !mselves selfi%ly x is said3 8,all seek ! ?+s t are _! own1 n ! ?+s t are ,jesus ,*ri/'s0 7,philip41 ii4 #ba72 :]eas *>ity seeke? n h] own 7,i ,cor41 xiii47 to ! exclusion ( o!rs1 b desires :at is = ! advantage ( ! neighbor 7,i ,cor41 x4 #cc74 7b7 ,natural self-love is t necess>y desire :i* ea* "o has = 8 own good1 happ9ess1 exi/5ce1 etc4 7,,ii ,cor41 v4 #d71 or any desire = reasonable self-improvem5t t is n prompt$ by a sup]natural love ( ,god4 ,?is love is /rong] ?an love = ano!r1 = x implies n m]ely union1 b unity4 ,x is n fri5d%ip1 b ! root ( fri5d%ip1 = "o is said to be fri5dly t[>ds ano!r :5 "o holds him z ano!r self4 7c7 ,sup]natural self-love is t love :i* "o has = ,god1 & consequ5tly = self z a fri5d ( ,god4 #aacg4 ,if by 8self0 we und]/& ! sub/ance & nature ( man1 z compos$ ( s\l & body1 !n bo? good & bad und]/& aright ! mean+ ( self & desire its pres]vation4 ,b if by 8self0 we mean pr9cipally ! inw>d man & second>ily ! outw>d man 7,,ii ,cor41 iv4 #af71 !n only ! good und]/& :at self is1 & h a true love = x1 :]eas ! wick$ hate _! own s\ls 7,ps4 x4 #f74 ,= ! five m>ks ( true fri5d%ip are %[n to ! inn] man by ! good1 to ! outw>d man by ! s9n]3 7a7 ! good are solicit\s = ! life ( ! s\l1 ! wick$ = t ( ! body2 7b7 ! good desire spiritual treasures = ! s\l1 ! wick$ c>nal delights = ! body2 7c7 ! good labor to provide = ! ne$s ( ! s\l1 ! wick$ "w only = ! ne$s ( ! body2 7d7 ! good are pleas$ to conv]se ) _! s\ls1 f9d+ !re ?\ghts ( pa/1 pres5t & future good ?+s to delight !m1 :ile ! wick$ seek to di/ract !mselves f :olesome ?\ght by pleasure2 7e7 ! good are at peace ) _! s\ls1 :]eas ! wick$ are tr\bl$ by consci5ce4 #aach4 ,sup]natural love ( self1 :i* p]ta9s to *>ity1 ext5ds n only to ! s\l1 b also to ! body2 = 7a7 accord+ to its nature1 ! body is good1 s9ce x is f ,god & may be employ$ = ,8 s]vice 7,rom41 vi4 #ac71 & h5ce x may be lov$ out ( *>ity ) ! love ( desire on acc\nt ( ! honor x may give to ,god & ! s]vice x may r5d] 9 good works2 7b7 accord+ to grace1 ! body is capable ( %>+ 9 second>y beatitude1 ?r\gh glorification ) ! s\l1 & h5ce x may be lov$ ) *>ity & ) ! love ( b5evol5ce1 inasmu* z we desire = x a %>e 9 beatitude3 8,we w\ld n be unclo!d1 b clo!d ov]1 t t :i* is mortal may be swall[$ up by life0 7,,ii ,cor41 v4 #d72 7e7 accord+ to ! consequ5ces ( s9 t are 9 x1 ! body is a drag on ! s\l1 or a h9drance to x1 & "o %\ld n love b r desire ! removal ( its imp]fections4 ,h5ce1 ,/4 ,paul desir$ to be fre$ f ! body 7,rom41 vii4 #bd2 ,philip11 i4 #bc71 & ! ,sa9ts h %[n _! hatr$ ( ! body's corruption by ! mortifications to :i* !y subject$ x 7,john1 xii4 #be74 #aaci4 ,love ( neighbor is ( ?ree k9ds3 7a7 s9ful love1 :i* is all love t is excessive1 irregulat$1 or direct$ to :at is evil 9 o!rs2 7b7 natural love1 :i* is all love t is attract$ by "s excell5ce ( a human or creat$ k9d1 su* z k or skill2 7c7 sup]natural love1 :i* is t by :i* "o is drawn t[>ds ano!r on acc\nt ( ! div9e 9 him1 su* z 8 gifts ( grace & ( heav5ly call+4 #aadj4 ,h5ce1 x seems t !re is no su* ?+ z a special & di/9ct virtue ( human fri5d%ip4 7a7 ,?us1 fri5d%ips ( utility or ( pleasure are cle>ly n virtues1 s9ce !y are n caus$ by attraction t[>ds moral good4 7b7 ,virtu\s fri5d%ips are ! consequ5ces ( virtues r ?an virtues1 = ! attraction "o has = "o's fri5d arises f ! attraction = ! virtue "o sees 9 him4 ,?us1 fri5d%ip = ano!r because he is n ! slave ( passion1 is an ex]cise ( ! virtue ( temp]ance4 7c7 ,sup]natural fri5d%ips are n di/9ct f ! virtue ( *>ity1 = ! gifts & graces :i* evoke !m are p>ticipations ( ,god's goodness1 :i* is ! object ( *>ity4 #aada4 ,! neighbors :om we are to love accord+ to *>ity are all ^? :o c h ) u ! relation ( sup]natural fri5d%ip1 t is1 all rational creatures4 7a7 ,h5ce1 ! ,angels are objects ( ?is love1 & 9 ! resurrection m5 w be fell[-citiz5s ) !m 7,heb41 xii1 #bb72 7b7 our fell[-m5 are objects ( ?is love1 = !y also are call$ to ! heav5ly companion%ip 7ibid41 #bc74 #aadb4 ,*>ity = ,s9n]s4--,%\ld we love ) *>ity ^? :o are s9n]s & enemies ( ,god8 7a7 ,if we consid] s9n]s precisely z enemies ( ,god1 we may n love !m1 = _! s9 is an evil1 an (f5se to ,god & a hurt to !mselves4 ,on ! contr>y1 we %\ld hate ev5 9 ^? :o are ne>e/ to u :atev] is oppos$ to love ( ,god 7,luke1 xiv4 #bf74 7b7 ,if we consid] s9n]s precisely z creatures ( ,god1 we may n love !m ) *>ity or z fri5ds1 if !y are demons or lo/ s\ls2 = 9 _! case fell[%ip ) u 9 beatitude is out ( ! "q4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 love _! nature out ( *>ity t[>ds ,god1 desir+ t x be pres]v$ by ,him = ,8 glory4 7c7 ,if we consid] s9n]s precisely z creatures ( ,god1 we may love !m ) *>ity or z fri5ds1 if !y are /ill 9 ! pres5t life2 = we %\ld wi% t ,god may be glorifi$ 9 !m by _! conv]sion & salvation4 ,! comm&m5t ( love ( neighbor 0 n re/rict$ to lov+ ! j4 #aadc4 ,if s9n]s be consid]$ precisely z !y are enemies ( ,god1 is x lawful to hate !m & wi% evil to !m8 7a7 ,x is lawful to hate ! evil t is 9 s9n]s1 b n _! p]sons4 ,he :o hates _! s91 loves !mselves1 = _! s9 is aga9/ _! own int]e/s4 ,9 ?is way ! ,psalmi/ hat$ s9n]s 7,ps4 cxviii4 #aac1 cxxxviii4 #cb74 7b7 ,x is lawful to wi% t puni%m5t ov]take s9n]s1 if "o is actuat$1 n by a _s ( malevol5ce1 b by love ( ju/ice 7,ps4 lvii4 #aa2 ,wis41 i4 #ac2 ,ps4 x4 #h74 ,x is also lawful to wi% t ! s9fulness t is 9 !m may be de/roy$1 t !y !mselves may be sav$4 ,9 ?is s5se we may und]/& "s ( ! imprecations t are met 9 scripture 7,ps4 ciii4 #ce74 ,?us1 a judge s5t5ces a crim9al1 n because he hates ! man be=e him1 b because he wi%es to re=m him1 or to protect society1 or to d an act ( ju/ice4 #aadd4 ,! evils ( puni%m5t or ( de/ruction ( s9 are 9 a broad] view n evils1 b goods4 ,b ! foll[+ puni%m5ts may n be desir$3 7a7 t anyone liv+ lose 8 s\l & be condemn$ to hell1 = *>ity requires t we desire ! salvation ( s9n]s2 7b7 t a s9n] be puni%$ by bl9dness ( he>t & g f bad to worse4 ,he :o wi%es s9 approves ( ! (f5se to ,god2 b x does n seem unlawful to wi% t ,god p]mit a p]son to fall into s91 z a means to a spiritual awak5+4 #aade4 ,association ) ,s9n]s4--7a7 ,x is nev] lawful to associate ) s9n]s 9 _! s9s1 = ?us "o becomes a %>] 9 _! guilt4 ,h5ce1 ,/4 ,paul says3 8,g out f among !m & be ye sep>ate0 7,,ii ,cor41 vi4 #ag74 7b7 ,x is n lawful to associate ) s9n]s ev5 9 matt]s indiff]5t or good1 if "o is weak & apt to be l$ away by !m into s9 7see #beh sqq474 7c7 ,x is lawful to associate ) s9n]s 9 ?+s n =bidd51 if "o is n endang]$1 & if "o aims to conv]t !m to bett] ways4 ,?us1 our ,"l ate ) s9n]s1 because ,he came to call !m to rep5tance 7,matt41 ix4 #aj-ac74 #aadf4 ,fri5d%ip ) ,s9n]s4-7a7 ,if ?is means t we l & dislike ! same ?+s z ! s9n]s1 x is an evil fri5d%ip1 & x %\ld be discont9u$2 7b7 if x means t we seek to br+ ! s9n] to imitate our good likes & dislikes1 ! fri5d%ip p]ta9s to *>ity 7,j]1 xv4 #ai74 #aadg4 ,%\ld "o cont9ue to %[ signs ( special reg>d to a fri5d :o has tak5 to ways ( s98 7a7 ,z long z !re is hope ( bett]m5t1 "o %\ld n d5y ! o!r ! b5efits ( fri5d%ip4 ,if x w\ld be wrong to des]t a fri5d because he 0 p]i%+ f />vation1 mu* m w\ld x be wrong to des]t him because he 0 p]i%+ morally4 7b7 ,b if all hope ( bett]m5t has gone1 "o %\ld give up a companion%ip :i* is n pr(itable to ei!r p>ty1 & may prove h>mful4 #aadh4 ,*>ity t[>ds ,enemies4--,enemies c be consid]$ 9 two s5ses3 precisely z enemies1 or precisely z human be+s de/9$ = beatitude4 7a7 ,if consid]$ z enemies1 !y are n to be lov$ ) *>ity--t is1 x %\ld be displeas+ to u t !y are enemies & oppos$ to u1 = x w\ld be contr>y to *>ity to love 9 a neighbor t :i* is evil 9 him4 7b7 ,if consid]$ z human be+s1 enemies %\ld be lov$ ) *>ity--t is1 _! nature creat$ by ,god & capable ( receiv+ grace & glory %\ld be pleas+ to u1 = love ( ,god %\ld make u love all t belongs to ,him1 ev5 t :i* is n well dispos$ t[>ds ourselves4 #aadi4 ,! precept ( love ( enemies did n orig9ate ) ! law ( ,*ri/4 7a7 ,x p]ta9s to ! natural law1 = 7i7 x foll[s f ! natural pr9ciple3 8,d unto o!rs z y w\ld h !m d unto y10 & 7ii7 x 0 kn[n by natural reason 7e4g41 ,plato & ,cic]o knew x74 7b7 ,love ( enemies 0 comm&$ 9 ! ,old ,law1 be+ ! second great comm&m5t ( t law 7,matt41 xxii4 #ci71 & 0 taught 9 v>i\s ,old ,te/am5t books 7,lev41 xix4 #ag1 #ah2 ,exod41 xxiii #d1 #e2 ,prov41 xxi4 #ba1 #bb74 7c7 ,x 0 r5ew$ by ,*ri/1 :o correct$ ! false int]pretation ( ,leviticus1 xix4 #ah1 giv5 by ! scribes & ,ph>isees1 :o taught3 8,?\ %alt love ?y fri5d & hate ?y enemy40 ,9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt our ,"l decl>es3 8,i say to y3 ,love y\r enemies3 d good to !m t hate y3 t y may be ! *ildr5 ( y\r ,fa!r :o is 9 heav50 7,matt41 v4 #dd1 #de74 #aaej4 ,! foll[+ examples ( love ( "o's enemies are f\nd 9 ! ,bible3 7a7 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,joseph =gave 8 bre?r5 :o _h sold him into ,egypt1 ,david sp>$ ! life ( 8 p]secutor ,saul & wept ov] ! ungrateful ,absalom1 & ,moses pray$ = ! p :o _h rebell$ aga9/ him2 7b7 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t our ,"l m\rn$ ov] ,j]usalem :i* _h reject$ ,him1 & on ! ,cross pray$ = ,8 enemies4 #aaea4 ,:at k9d ( love mu/ we ent]ta9 = enemies8 7a7 ,a g5]al love ( enemies is t :i* ext5ds to all neighbors = ! love ( ,god1 no exception be+ made z reg>ds enemies4 ,?is k9d ( love is requir$4 ,example3 ,caius makes an act ( love 9 :i* he decl>es 8 love = 8 neighbor1 b m5tions no names4 ,titus makes ?is act ( love3 8,i love all except ,caius40 ,! act ( love made by ,caius is suffici5t1 t ( ,titus is insuffici5t4 7b7 ,a special love ( enemies is t :i* ext5ds to !m 9 p>ticul>1 n z includ$ 9 ! human race or ! community1 b z individuals1 z :5 "o expressly m5tions ! "n ( an enemy 9 8 act ( love4 ,?is k9d ( love ( enemies is n requir$ at all times4 #aaeb4 ,is !re an obligation ( special love ( enemies8 7a7 ,9 cases ( necessity 7e4g41 :5 ! omission ( a special love w\ld br+ on hate71 "o is b\nd to special love4 7b7 ,outside ( cases ( necessity1 "o is b\nd to be will+ to love an enemy 9 p>ticul>1 if ! necessity %\ld arise4 7c7 ,outside ( necessity1 "o is n b\nd to love an enemy 9 p>ticul>1 = x is impossible to give su* att5tion ev5 to all ^? :o are n enemies4 ,b to give an enemy m love ?an is requir$ is a sign ( p]fect *>ity4 #aaec4 ,! pr9ciples j giv5 z to int]nal love ( enemies apply also to ext]nal love1 or to ! signs by :i* int]nal love is manife/$4 ,= ,/4 ,john says3 8,let u n love 9 ^w1 nor 9 tongue1 b 9 de$1 & 9 tru?0 7,i ,john1 iii4 #ah74 7a7 ,h5ce1 x is n lawful to d5y to an enemy ! common signs ( *>ity 7i4e41 su* b5efits z are be/[$ on 8 community or class z a :ole71 = to d s w\ld be to signify a desire = rev5ge 7,lev41 xix4 #ah74 ,consequ5tly1 he :o excludes 8 enemies f pray]s (f]$ = 8 neighbor s9s aga9/ *>ity4 7b7 ,9 cases ( necessity1 z :5 an enemy is 9 great ne$ z to life1 fame1 =tune or salvation1 "o is b\nd to %[ special signs ( *>ity1 su* z salutation1 conv]sation1 assi/ance1 etc4 ,?us1 we are told3 8,if ?y enemy be hungry1 give him to eat2 if he be ?ir/y1 give him to dr9k0 7,prov41 xxv4 #ba74 7c7 ,outside ( cases ( necessity1 "o is b\nd to be ready to assi/ an enemy1 %\ld !re be ne$4 7d7 ,outside ( necessity1 "o is n b\nd actually to manife/ p>ticul> love = an enemy1 by speak+ to him1 trad+ ) him1 visit+ him1 etc4 ,h5ce1 ,david1 al?\gh he _h p>don$ ,absalom1 w\ld n meet him 7,,ii ,k+s1 xiv4 #bd74 ,to conf] special b5efits on an enemy :5 !re is no obligation is a c\nsel ( p]fection3 8,d good to ^? t hate y0 7,matt41 v4 #bd74 ,?is heaps coals ( fire ^u ! head ( ! enemy1 cur+ him by ! salut>y pa9 ( rep5tance1 & s ov]comes evil by good 7,rom41 xii4 #bj1 #ba74 #aaed4 ,! common signs ( *>ity are n limit$ to ^? t are %[n to all mank9d1 b include also su* z are usually %[n by "o ,*ri/ian to ano!r ,*ri/ian1 by "o citiz5 to a fell[-citiz51 by a relative to a relative1 etc4 ,?us1 to make a social call1 ?\gh x w\ld be a sign ( special reg>d 9 ! case ( "o n a relative1 might be only a common sign ( *>ity 9 ! case ( a relative4 7a7 ,h5ce1 x is aga9/ *>ity to d5y an enemy signs ( *>ity t are cu/om>ily %[n to all m54 ,example3 ,titus dislikes ,balbus1 & !re=e refuses to sell to him1 does n return 8 salutations1 speaks to all o!rs 9 company1 :ile ignor+ ,balbus1 & w n ev5 answ] if ,balbus addresses him4 7b7 ,x is aga9/ *>ity to d5y an enemy signs ( *>ity t are commonly %[n to all ^? to :om "o is simil>ly relat$4 ,examples3 ,claudia calls on h] o!r *ildr5 frequ5tly & makes !m pres5ts1 b %e keeps away f "o daught]1 ev5 :5 ! latt] is sick & poor & %e is call+ next door4 ,sempronius habitually invites to 8 h\se = family fe/ivities all 8 relatives except 8 bro!r4 7c7 ,x is aga9/ *>ity to d5y to an enemy "s b5efit n commonly %[n1 b :i* "o has be/[$ out ( lib]ality on ! gr\p to :i* ! latt] belongs4 ,9 su* a case a special sign ( *>ity becomes common4 ,example3 ,titus prep>es a banquet = a neighbor+ in/itution1 & purposely s5ds no invitation to two memb]s :om he dislikes4 #aaee4 ,! rule t common signs ( *>ity mu/ be %[n does n apply1 if "s high] or m urg5t duty requires t !y be omitt$3 h[ev]1 int]nal *>ity mu/ p]si/ all ! :ile4 7a7 ,?us1 by reason ( *>ity ow$ to self or to ! bett] int]e/s ( an (f5d]1 "o %\ld at times omit ! common signs ( *>ity4 ,examples3 ,caius avoids ,balbus1 ) :om he has _h a qu>rel1 because he kn[s well t ,balbus is seek+ "s pretext to get rev5ge4 ,titus has a surly way ( speak+1 & 8 "m1 9 ord] to cure him1 does n answ] until he has spok5 civilly4 7b7 ,by reason ( ju/ice1 ! signs ( *>ity %\ld sometimes be d5i$ z a puni%m5t4 ,examples3 ,claudia puni%es h] *ildr51 :5 !y are disob$i5t1 by refus+ !m = a "t privileges giv5 ! o!r *ildr54 ,= ! same reason %e refuses to call on a daught] :o ran away f home & m>ri$ a wor?less fell[4 7c7 ,by reason ( ju/ice1 ! signs ( *>ity %\ld be refus$1 :5 ?is is requir$ = ! protection ( "o's own rights4 ,example3 ,titus goes ab\t defam+ ,sempronius & 8 family1 b appe>s v affable :5 he meets ,sempronius2 ! latt] kn[s all ?is1 & h5ce is v cool ) ,titus1 to %[ t ! injuries are n held z light4 #aaef4 ,! foll[+ are ! rules = judg+ :e!r 7ap>t f sc&al to o!rs7 s9 has be5 committ$ ?r\gh refusal ( ! signs ( *>ity3 7a7 ,if int]nally !re is hatr$ 7i4e41 a contempt = "o's neighbor1 z if he 7 unwor?y ( common *>ity71 or malevol5ce 7i4e41 a w to ex]cise spite71 !n "o is guilty ( grave un*>itabl5ess1 unless ! smallness ( ! matt] makes x only a v5ial s94 7b7 ,if ext]nally ! d5ial ( *>ity is su* t 9 ! judgm5t ( a prud5t man x indicates real hatr$1 & ! injur$ p>ty p]ceives ?is & is sc&aliz$ or hurt !reby1 ! s9 ( un*>itabl5ess is committ$1 ev5 ?\gh !re be no int]nal hatr$4 ,! gravity dep5ds on ! sc&al or (f5se caus$ ! o!r p>ty4 ,example3 ,claudius & ,balbus1 once v fri5dly1 h _h a disagreem5t4 ,n[1 :5 ,claudius sees ,balbus com+ 9 8 direction1 he turns (f by a side /reet1 n to %[ hatr$1 b to avoid a meet+4 ,if ,balbus does n "k ?is1 or does n c>e1 no s9--or at mo/ only a v5ial s9--is committ$2 b if ,balbus is deeply w\nd$ or sc&aliz$ by ?is conduct1 ,claudius s9s s]i\sly aga9/ *>ity4 #aaeg4 ,refusal ( ,greet+s4--7a7 ,to refuse to ex*ange a b[ or salutation 7su* z 8,good morn+07 indicates a want ( *>ity1 :5 su* mutual c\rtesy is expect$ accord+ to cu/om2 n1 h[ev]1 :5 cu/om does n require x1 ,example3 ,9 ,balba's (fice ! girls employ$ usually salute "o ano!r on arrival & dep>ture1 b ,balba nev] salutes ,titia1 & h5ce is reg>d$ z h] enemy4 ,on ,caius' /reet ! neighbors are ( a v mix$ k9d1 & x is n cu/om>y to speak to ev]ybody4 ,h5ce1 ! fact t ,caius nev] salutes c]ta9 neighbors1 :om he dislikes1 does n signify any un*>itabl5ess on 8 "p4 7b7 ,to refuse to salute ano!r fir/1 :]e cu/om expects ?is1 is a m>k ( un*>ity1 unless "o has a suffici5t excuse4 ,examples3 ,claudius has a grudge aga9/ ,sempronius1 an eld]ly man :o is mu* 8 s5ior1 & says he w nev] salute him z o!rs d4 ,titus refuses to greet ,balbus1 8 acqua9tance1 :5 !y meet1 because 9 ! pa/ ,balbus has treat$ 8 greet+s ) contempt1 & %[s t he does n c>e to notice ,titus4 7c7 ,to refuse to return a salutation s9c]ely giv5 indicates a want ( *>ity4 #aaeh4 ,! ,ord] ( ,*>ity4--,*>ity n only requires t we love ,god1 ourselves1 & our neighbors1 b x also obliges u to love ^! objects accord+ to a c]ta9 ord]1 "s be+ pref]r$ to o!rs4 7a7 ,god mu/ be lov$ above all1 m ?an self 7,matt1 xvi4 #bd71 m ?an fa!r & "m 7,matt41 x4 #cg2 ,luke1 xiv4 #bf71 = ,he is ! common good ( all1 & ! s\rce ( all good4 7b7 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 "o %\ld love self m ?an "o's neighbor1 = ! love ( self is ! model = ! love ( neighbor 7,matt41 xxii4 #ci71 & nature itself incl9es to ?is 9 accordance ) ! say+3 8,*>ity beg9s at home40 7c7 ,among neighbors ^? %\ld be lov$ m :o h m ( a claim on acc\nt ( _! great] ne>ness to ,god or to ourselves4 #aaei4 ,love c become great] 9 two ways3 7a7 objectively1 :5 ! p]son lov$ is e/eem$ z ( great] wor?1 or has m titles to affection1 or has a m endur+ "r to be lov$2 7b7 subjectively1 :5 ! p]son lov+ is m t\*$ & mov$ 9 8 feel+s1 ev5 ?\gh ! object be n m amiable 9 itself4 #aafj4 ,! ,"* ( our ,love ( ,god4--7a7 ,x mu/ be supreme objectively1 s9ce ,he is inf9ite p]fection & has ! highe/ ( all claims on our love4 ,h5ce1 "o %\ld be dispos$ to suff] any loss r ?an ab&on ,god4 7b7 ,x mu/ be supreme subjectively1 9 our desire1 t is1 realiz+ t ,god is ! highe/ good1 we %\ld at lea/ wi% to give ,him ! utmo/ ( our f]vor & ardor4 7c7 ,x ne$ n be supreme subjectively1 9 fact2 = we are n always ma/]s ( our feel+s1 & ?+s t are ne>] to u affect u m ?an ^? t are m important1 b remote f s5se4 ,h5ce1 x is n aga9/ *>ity t "o %\ld be m mov$ s5sibly at ! ?\ght ( a de> human fri5d ?an at ! ?\ght ( ,god1 provid$ ! w places ,god above all4 #aafa4 ,reg>d+ ! love ( ,god = ! sake ( rew>d1 we mu/ note3 7a7 ,if !re is "q ( ! et]nal rew>d1 "o may love & s]ve ,god = ! sake ( rew>d1 provid$ "o makes ! rew>d ! end ( "o's s]vice1 b n ! end ( ,god2 = salvation is really ! end ( our fai? 7,i ,pet41 i4 #i71 b ,god is ! end ( all1 & ,he is to be pref]r$ to all4 ,?is love ( ,god = ! sake ( rew>d coexi/s ) *>ity1 = "o may love a fri5d = 8 own sake1 & at ! same "t expect b5efits f ! fri5d%ip1 provid$ ! love ( b5evol5ce is upp]mo/4 7b7 ,if !re is "q ( a temporal rew>d1 "o may love & s]ve ,god = ! sake ( ! rew>d1 n 9 ! s5se t spiritual ?+s are made a means & temporal ?+s _! end1 b 9 ! s5se t "o hopes "o's s]vice ( ,god w be s bless$ t "o w h heal?1 /r5g? & opportunity1 s z to be enabl$ to cont9ue & progress 9 t s]vice4 #aafb4 ,reg>d+ ! love ( self 7i4e41 ( ! inn] man1 or our spiritual nature71 we %\ld note3 7a7 ,objectively1 "o e/eems o!rs :o are high] 9 sanctity ?an oneself 7e4g41 ! ,bless$ ,virg971 z m wor?y ( love4 ,b "o may desire = self accord+ to *>ity su* progress 9 virtue t "o w pass "s o!rs :o are n[ bett] ?an oneself2 = ! virtue ( *>ity is giv5 u t we may p]fect ourselves4 7b7 ,subjectively1 "o holds self z be+ ne>] ?an o!r p]sons1 & ?us loves oneself ) a great] int5sity4 #aafc4 ,is x lawful to sacrifice "o's own spiritual goods = ! b5efit ( a neighbor8 7a7 ,"o may n sacrifice necess>y spiritual goods = ! b5efit1 spiritual or temporal1 ( any "o1 n ev5 ( ! :ole _w2 = 9 s do+ "o inflicts a w\nd on "o's own s\l & pref]s ! good ( o!rs to "o's own spiritual welf>e4 ,h5ce1 x is n lawful to wi% to be damn$ 9 place ( ano!r2 to commit s91 mortal or v5ial1 to prev5t ano!r f s9n+2 or to expose oneself to ! c]ta9 & proximate dang] ( s9 = ! sake ( ano!r's spiritual progress4 7b7 ,"o may1 h[ev]1 sacrifice unnecess>y or less necess>y spiritual goods = ! b5efit1 spiritual or temporal1 ( a neighbor2 =1 by do+ ?is1 "o *ooses ! c\rse :i* ,god wi%es1 & does n less5 b r increases "o's own pr(it4 ,?us1 a prie/ %\ld int]rupt 8 devotions to he> ! confession ( a p5it5t2 a daught] %\ld give up ! idea ( becom+ a nun z long z h] p>5ts ne$ h]2 a lay p]son %\ld /ay away f ,mass on ,sunday1 if an invalid has to be c>$ =1 or a dy+ p]son mu/ be baptiz$2 x is laudable to make ! h]oic act ( *>ity1 by :i* "o transf]s ! satisfactory value ( "o's good works to ! s\ls 9 purgatory2 "o may expose oneself to a remote dang] ( s9 9 ord] to p]=m a great s]vice ( *>ity1 z 9 wait+ on a sick p]son :o on acc\nt ( irritability is a great temptation to ang]2 "o may wi% t "o's entrance into heav5 be delay$1 s t "o may labor long] = s\ls 7,philip41 i4 #bc1 #bd74 #aafd4 ,! ,love ( ! ,body4--7a7 ,"o %\ld pref] ! spiritual welf>e ( "o's neighbor to "o's own bodily welf>e1 = our neighbor is call$ to be a p>tak] ) u 9 ! beatific vision1 :ile ! body w %>e only 9 accid5tal glory4 7b7 ,"o %\ld pref] "o's own bodily welf>e to t ( ano!r1 all o!r ?+s be+ equal1 = x has m ( a claim on "o4 #aafe4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( spiritual necessity 9 :i* a neighbor may be plac$1 & 9 :i* "o might be call$ on to sacrifice "o's bodily welf>e = ! o!r's good 7cfr4 #abcf71 ,?us1 !re is3 7a7 extreme spiritual ne$1 or t 9 :i* a neighbor w p]i% et]nally unless help is giv5 him1 z :5 an infant is ab\t to die )\t baptism2 7b7 grave spiritual ne$1 or t 9 :i* a neighbor runs grave dang] ( los+ 8 s\l unless help is giv51 z :5 a dy+ p]son1 :o is 9 mortal s91 asks = a confessor1 because he is sc>cely able to make an act ( p]fect contrition2 7c7 ord9>y spiritual ne$1 or t 9 :i* a neighbor is 9 remote dang] ( damnation1 or 9 proximate dang] ( s91 b c easily help himself1 z is ! case ) ^? :o f *oice live 9 occasions ( s94 #aaff4 ,= a neighbor :o is 9 extreme spiritual ne$1 "o %\ld risk dea? 7,i ,john1 iii4 #af7 or less] evils1 if ! foll[+ conditions are pres5t3 7a7 if !re is a good prospect ( success 9 help+ ! ne$y "o 7e4g41 a "m is n oblig$ to und]go an op]ation dang]\s to h] life1 9 ord] to secure ! baptism ( h] *ild1 if x is unc]ta9 t ! baptism c be adm9i/]$72 7b7 if !re is no "o else :o c & w give ! ne$$ help2 7c7 if !re is no reason ( public good t /&s 9 ! way2 ?us1 if by help+ "o 9 extreme ne$ a p]son w\ld lose 8 life1 & s deprive ( 8 aid a l>ge numb] :o are also 9 extreme ne$1 he %\ld pref] to help ! _m r ?an ! "o4 #aafg4 ,= a neighbor :o is 9 grave spiritual necessity1 ! same risk is n requir$ ( all4 7a7 ,! risk ( dea? itself is requir$ ( pa/ors ( s\ls 7,john1 x4 #aa71 s9ce !y h b\nd !mselves to ?is4 ,h5ce1 a pa/or :o w\ld refuse to g to a p>i%ion] dy+ ( pe/il5ce & ne$+ absolution & ,extreme ,unction1 w\ld (f5d aga9/ ju/ice1 :ile ano!r prie/ :o w\ld g to su* a dy+ p]son w\ld practise ! p]fection ( *>ity2 = ! dy+ p]son c help himself by an act ( contrition1 & ! /range prie/ is n b\nd by (fice to c>e = him4 7b7 ,! risk ( "s great corporal evil 7su* z a sickness or impairm5t ( heal?7 %\ld be tak5 ev5 by ^? :o are n pa/ors ( ! p]son 9 ne$1 if !re is no "o else to help4 ,?us1 if a pa/or 7 sick1 ano!r prie/ ought to visit a dy+ p]son1 ev5 at ! risk ( cat*+ a sev]e cold4 #aafh4 ,= a neighbor :o is 9 ord9>y spiritual necessity *>ity requires t some?+ be done 7,ecclus1 xvii4 #ab74 7a7 ,b x does n require ! risk ( life or ( s]i\s bodily loss1 = ! p]son 9 dang] c easily & bett] help himself4 ,?us1 x is n necess>y t "o %\ld p5etrate into ! haunts ( crim9als & endang] "o's life1 9 ord] to drag away "o :o *ooses to g to su* places4 7b7 ,x does require t "o be will+ to und]go a slight bodily inconv5i5ce or deprivation4 ,?us1 an ord9>y heada*e or ! loss ( a meal ought n to /op "o f c\nsell+ ano!r 9 ord] to keep him away f bad company4 #aafi4 ,if only corporal good 7life1 heal?1 lib]ty1 etc47 is comp>$ ) corporal good ( ! same k9d1 !n1 z said above1 "o %\ld pref] "o's own good to t ( ano!r4 ,?us1 x is n lawful to (f] oneself z sub/itute = a condemn$ crim9al1 or to put "o's family into bankruptcy to save ano!r family f bankruptcy4 ,b1 if a neighbor's corporal good is ( a m important k9d or is connect$ ) high] goods1 !n "o may sacrifice "o's own good = t ( ano!r4 7a7 ,?us1 "o may pref] a great] corporal good ( a neighbor to a less] corporal good ( "o's own4 ,examples3 ,"o may weak5 "o's heal? to save ano!r's life4 ,"o may give ( "o's blood = a transfusion to assi/ ano!r :o is 9 dang] ( dea?4 7b7 ,"o may pref] an equal corporal good ( a neighbor to an equal corporal good ( "o's own1 if ! common good requires ?is2 = ! good ( all is pref]able to t ( an individual4 ,?us1 "o may expose oneself to ! p]il ( dea? 9 ord] to protect a public p]son ^: life is v important to ! nation4 ,?us1 policem5 & firem51 soldi]s & sailors1 are daily imp]ill+ _! own safety = ! safety ( ! public4 7c7 ,"o may pref] an equal corporal good ( ano!r1 :o is only a private individual1 to "o's own equal good1 if ! int5tion is to practise virtue1 to assi/ a p]son 9 ne$1 or to give edification4 ,at lea/1 x is m probable t ?is is lawful1 = ! good ( virtue is a high] good ?an ! good ( ! body1 & ! ,fa!rs praise holy m5 :o sold !mselves into slav]y1 or :o gave !mselves z ho/ages to b>b>ians1 = ! lib]ation ( captives2 & !y hold up = admiration ,damon & ,py?ias1 ea* ( :om 0 ready to die = ! o!r4 ,h5ce1 x is n aga9/ ! *>ity ow$ to self to jump into a riv] & risk "o's life 9 ord] to rescue a dr[n+ p]son1 = h]oic *>ity is a hott] adornm5t to self ?an m]e1 ord9>y *>ity4 ,simil>ly1 if two explor]s 9 a wild]ness h only en\gh provisions = "o to rea* civilization1 "o ( !m may surr5d] 8 rations to ! o!r1 t bo? may n be lo/4 #aagj4 ,!re are two exceptions to ! rules j giv53 7a7 ,a p]son %\ld n risk 8 life = ano!r's life1 if he !reby endang]s 8 own salvation 7e4g41 if he is 9 a /ate ( s9 & _c reconcile himself to ,god74 ,b ?is case is !oretical1 = x is admitt$ t "o :o makes ! supreme sacrifice ( giv+ 8 life ) a virtu\s int5tion1 has n only *>ity1 b ! p]fection ( *>ity 7,john1 xv4 #ac71 :i* w c]ta9ly purify him ev5 f a multitude ( s9s4 7b7 ,"o %\ld n risk "o's life = ! life ( ano!r1 if a ?ird p>ty has a high] claim on him4 ,?us1 a m>ri$ man1 :o has a dep5d5t wife & *ildr51 may n ?r[ away 8 life = ! sake ( a fri5d4 #aaga4 ,! ord] ( *>ity betwe5 diff]5t neighbors is z foll[s3 7a7 z to good 9 g5]al 7e4g41 ! atta9m5t ( salvation71 we %\ld love all neighbors alike1 = we %\ld desire salvation = all2 7b7 z to good 9 p>ticul> 7e4g41 ! degree ( beatitude71 we %\ld love "s m ?an o!rs4 ,?us1 we %\ld desire a high] degree ( glory = ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ?an = ! ,sa9ts4 #aagb4 ,! reasons = lov+ "o neighbor m ?an ano!r c be r$uc$ to two4 7a7 ,"o neighbor may be ne>] to ,god ?an ano!r1 & h5ce m des]v+ ( love--= example1 a sa9tly acqua9tance may be ne>] to ,god ?an a s9ful relative4 7b7 ,"o neighbor may be ne>] to ourselves on acc\nt ( relation%ip by blood or m>riage1 fri5d%ip1 civil or pr(essional ties1 etc4 ,?us1 a c\s9 is ne>] by nature to 8 c\s9 ?an ano!r p]son :o is n a relative4 #aagc4 ,! ord] ( *>ity z betwe5 ^? ne>] to ,god & ^? ne>] to self is z foll[s3 7a7 ,objectively1 we %\ld e/eem m ^? :o are bett]1 & desire = !m t high] degree ( ,god's favor :i* belongs to _! m]its4 ,b we may desire = ^? ne>] to ourselves t !y w f9ally surpass 9 hol9ess ^? n[ bett] ?an !y are1 & ?us atta9 to a great] beatitude4 ,moreov]1 :ile we pref] 9 "o respect 7i4e41 t ( hol9ess7 a sa9tly p]son1 :o is a /rang]1 we pref] 9 _m respects 7e4g41 on acc\nt ( relation%ip1 fri5d%ip1 gratitude7 ano!r :o is less holy4 7b7 ,subjectively1 ! love = ^? ne>] to self is great]1 t is1 m int5se1 m vividly felt4 ,! pref]5ces = ^? ne>] to self1 !re=e1 f> f be+ wrong or ! expression ( m]e natural love1 are expressions ( *>ity itself4 ,= x is ,god's w t m love %\ld be %[n to ^? :o are ne>] to u3 8,if any man h n c>e ( 8 own1 & especially ( ^? ( 8 h\se1 he ha? d5i$ ! fai?1 & is worse ?an an infidel0 7,i ,tim41 v4 #h74 ,h5ce1 *>ity itself incl9es "o to h m love = "o's own1 & x sup]naturalizes filial piety1 patriotism1 & fri5d%ip4 #aagd4 ,! ord] to be foll[$ 9 ! manife/ation ( *>ity w correspond ) ! ord] ( *>ity itself4 7a7 ,to ^? to :om great] objective love is due1 on acc\nt ( _! hol9ess1 m respect due to _! excell5ce %\ld be %[n4 7b7 ,to ^? to :om great] return ( love is due on acc\nt ( ! b5efits !y h %[n 7z p>5ts1 fri5ds1 etc471 m assi/ance %\ld be giv5 spiritually & temporally4 ,t is1 if "o _h to *oose betwe5 help+ ei!r a relative or a /rang] :o 0 m virtu\s1 "o w\ld h to decide 9 favor ( ! relative4 7c7 ,to ^? to :om great] subjective love is due1 m signs ( affection 7su* z visits7 %\ld be giv54 #aage4 ,exceptions to ! above are ! foll[+ cases1 9 :i* ! good ( ! bett] p]son %\ld be pref]r$3 7a7 if ! common good requires su* a pref]5ce4 ,?us1 public int]e/ dem&s t 9 conf]r+ positions1 mak+ appo9tm5ts1 or vot+ = c&idates1 "o %\ld n be guid$ by family affections or private fri5d%ips1 b only by ! common welf>e2 & "o %\ld decide 9 favor ( ! bett] man2 7b7 if ! p]son ne>] to self has =feit$ 8 claims to pref]5ce4 ,?us1 a son :o has treat$ 8 fa!r ) contempt & is a wa/rel1 may be depriv$ ( 8 %>e ( ! family goods 9 favor ( /rang]s :o are self-sacrific+ & :o promote "s holy cause4 #aagf4 ,! ord] ( *>ity betwe5 v>i\s k9ds ( natural relation%ips is z foll[s3 7a7 ! relation%ip t arises f consangu9ity is prior & m /able1 s9ce x arises f nature itself & _c be remov$2 7b7 ! relation%ip ( fri5d%ip1 s9ce x arises f "o's own *oice1 may be m cong5ial & may be pref]r$ ev5 to k9%ip1 :5 !re is "q ( society & companion%ip 7,prov41 xviii4 #bd74 #aagg4 ,9 practice1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 "o %\ld manife/ m love to a relative 9 ^? ?+s t belong to ! relation%ip4 7a7 ,to ^? :o are relat$ by blood1 corporal or temporal assi/ance is m due4 ,if "o has to *oose betwe5 help+ "o's indig5t p>5ts or an indig5t fri5d1 "o %\ld r help "o's p>5ts4 7b7 ,to ^? :o are spiritually relat$ 7e4g41 pa/or & p>i%ion]1 director & p5it5t1 god-p>5t & god-*ild71 m spiritual assi/ance 9 in/ruction1 advice & pray] is due4 ,?us1 a pa/or is suppos$ to be m solicit\s ab\t in/ruct+ 8 congregation ?an 8 relatives :o belong to ano!r congregation4 7c7 ,to ^? :o are relat$ by "s special tie1 political1 milit>y1 religi\s1 etc41 m is due 9 ?+s political1 milit>y1 religi\s1 etc41 ?an to o!rs4 ,?us1 a soldi] owes ob$i5ce to 8 (fic]1 & n to 8 fa!r1 9 matt]s t p]ta9 to army life2 a prie/ owes def]5ce to an ecclesia/ical sup]ior 9 cl]ical matt]s1 n to 8 p>5ts4 #aagh4 ,k9%ip1 z be+ an old] & m fundam5tal relation%ip1 %\ld h prec$5ce 9 assi/ance ov] any o!r k9d ( private relation%ip 9 case ( conflict & extreme necessity4 7a7 ,?us1 z reg>ds spiritual matt]s 7e4g41 call+ a prie/ to give absolution71 if a p>5t & a spiritual fa!r 7 bo? 9 extreme necessity1 "o's fir/ duty w\ld be to "o's p>5t4 7b7 ,z reg>ds temporal matt]s1 if "o has to *oose betwe5 assi/+ "o's ne$y p>5ts & rema9+ 9 "s relation%ip 9 :i* "o _c help !m1 "o %\ld give up ! relation%ip1 if possible4 ,?us1 a ,religi\s is all[$ to return to ! _w1 if 8 p>5ts require 8 support4 #aagi4 ,! ord] ( *>ity z betwe5 k9sfolk gives pref]5ce ( c\rse to ! ne>] relatives-p>5ts1 *ildr51 wife4 ,betwe5 ^! ne>] relatives !re is also an ord] ( pref]5ce1 z foll[s3 7a7 objectively 7or ) ref]5ce to ! great] or less claim to respect & honor71 ! ord] is3 fa!r1 "m1 wife1 *ildr52 7b7 subjectively 7or ) ref]5ce to ! great] or less int5sity ( affection71 ! ord] is ! rev]se1 namely3 *ildr51 wife1 p>5ts4 #aahj4 ,! foll[+ %\ld be not$ ab\t ?is ord] ( pref]5ce betwe5 ! memb]s ( "o's family3 7a7 ! basis ( pref]5ce giv5 is only k9%ip1 & h5ce !re may be o!r consid]ations to *ange ! ord] giv5 7e4g41 a pi\s "m is rightly m respect$ & honor$ by h] *ildr5 ?an a wor?less fa!r72 7b7 !re is no notable excess 9 ! claim ( "o memb] ( ! family ov] t ( ano!r1 & h5ce ^? ^: affections d n foll[ ! ord] giv5 are n guilty ( s]i\s s94 #aaha4 ,! ord] 9 :i* relatives h a claim on assi/ance :5 sev]al are 9 equal ne$ is z foll[s3 7a7 9 cases ( ord9>y ne$ ! ord] is1 fir/1 ! wife1 = a man leaves 8 p>5ts = 8 wife 7,g541 ii4 #bd71 second1 ! *ildr51 = ord9>ily p>5ts mu/ provide = *ildr51 & n *ildr5 = p>5ts 7,,ii ,cor41 xii4 #ad71 ?ird1 p>5ts2 aft] ^! come 9 ord]1 bro!rs & si/]s1 o!r relatives1 fri5ds1 fell[-citiz5s ( ! same locality or c\ntry1 all o!rs2 7b7 9 case ( extreme ne$1 h[ev]1 p>5ts are to be pref]r$ to all o!rs1 ev5 to wife1 *ildr5 or cr$itors1 s9ce "o receives life f p>5ts4 #aahb4 ,! ord] ( *>ity is also obs]v$ 9 heav54 7a7 ,?us1 ,god is lov$ above all1 n only objectively1 b also subjectively1 = ,8 amiability is bett] und]/ood & is n = a mom5t neglect$4 7b7 ,self is lov$ less1 objectively1 ?an ^? :o are high]1 & m1 objectively1 ?an ^? :o are l[] 9 glory3 = ! /ate ( ! bless$ is fix$1 & ea* ( !m desires t :i* ,god wills4 ,b1 subjectively1 ea* loves self ) a m int5se love1 s9ce *>ity itself incl9es t "o fir/ direct self t[>ds ,god1 & !n wi% ! same = o!rs4 7c7 ,among neighbors1 s9ce love ( !m w be entirely div9e1 ! reason ( e>?ly pref]5ces 7su* z dep5d5ce ( "o on ano!r7 hav+ ceas$1 ^? :o are m p]fect 9 hol9ess w be lov$ ) deep] appreciation & affection ?an ^? :o are ne>] by k9%ip or fri5d%ip4 #aahc4 ,! ,acts ( ,*>ity4--,! pr9cipal act ( ! virtue ( *>ity is love4 ,x is sometimes spok5 ( z b5evol5ce1 b 9 reality ! love ( *>ity includes m ?an m]e b5evol5ce4 7a7 ,?us1 b5evol5ce wi%es well to ano!r accord+ to a "r judgm5t1 & s x p]ta9s to *>ity1 :i* rejoices 9 ! p]fections ( ,god & wi%es beatitude to man2 b 7b7 love is a union ( affection ) ano!r1 :i* makes "o reg>d him z ano!r self1 & s x p]ta9s to *>ity1 :i*1 z said above1 is a sup]natural fri5d%ip1 ,"o c be b5evol5t t[>ds a /rang] & = a pass+ mom5t1 b love is intimate & la/+1 f its nature4 #aahd4 ,ex]cise ( ! ,act ( ,love4--7a7 ,f b5evol5ce proce$ gladness at ! p]fections ( ,god 7,i ,pet41 i4 #h71 zeal = ,8 ext]nal glory 7,i ,pet41 iv4 #aa71 grief ov] s9 committ$ aga9/ ,him 7,ps4 lxxii4 #c71 ob$i5ce to ,8 comm&m5ts 7,john1 xiv4 #ae1 #ba1 #bc74 7b7 ,f ! union ( affection proce$ a w>m? ( incl9ation & a p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! ?+s ( ,god1 s t "o rejoices ov] ! div9e p]fections1 n m]ely because "o kn[s t ?is is a duty1 b because "o feels ! atta*m5t ( a fri5d = all t p]ta9s to ,god4 #aahe4 ,*>ity loves ,god3 7a7 = ,8 own sake2 7b7 imm$iately2 7c7 entirely2 7d7 )\t measure4 #aahf4 ,we love ,god = ,8 own sake1 9 ! s5se t !re is no?+ di/9ct f ,god t causes ,him to be lov$4 7a7 ,?us1 !re is no ult]ior end on acc\nt ( :i* ,he is lov$1 = ,he is ! ,la/ ,end ( all2 7b7 !re is no p]fection diff]5t f ,8 nature t makes ,him lovable1 s9ce ,he is p]fection itself2 7c7 !re is no s\rce ( ,8 goodness on acc\nt ( :i* ,he is lov$1 s9ce ,he is ! ,primal ,s\rce4 #aahg4 ,we may love ,god = ! sake ( rew>d 7see #aafa71 on acc\nt ( b5efits1 & = fe> ( puni%m5t1 9 ! foll[+ s5ses3 7a7 ! et]nal rew>d is ! proximate end ( our love ( ,god3 8,receiv+ ! end ( y\r fai?1 ev5 ! salvation ( y\r s\ls0 7,i ,pet41 i4 #i72 b ! end ( salvation itself1 & ! ,la/ ,end ( love ( ,god1 is ,god ,himself2 7b7 temporal rew>ds1 b5efits receiv$1 & ! wi% to avoid puni%m5t1 are dispositions t lead up to love ( ,god1 or to progress 9 ,8 love2 b !y are n ! end ( ! act ( love4 #aahh4 ,*>ity loves ,god imm$iately1 & s diff]s f natural love ( ,god4 7a7 ,?us1 natural love ( ,god rises f love ( neighbor :om we see to love ( ,god :om we d n see1 j z natural k rises f ! creature to ! ,creator4 7b7 ,*>ity1 on ! contr>y1 t5ds to ,god fir/1 & by reason ( ,him includes ! neighbor 9 its love4 #aahi4 ,*>ity loves ,god entirely4 7a7 ,b ?is does n mean t ! creature's love is adequate to ! amiability ( ,god1 = ,god is inf9ite1 :]eas love 9 ! mo/ p]fect creature mu/ be f9ite4 7b7 ,x means1 ) ref]5ce to ! object ( love1 t *>ity loves ev]y?+ t p]ta9s to ,god--ea* ( ! ,div9e ,p]sons1 all ( ! div9e p]fections4 7e7 ,x means1 ) ref]5ce to ! p]son :o loves1 t he loves ,god to ! be/ ( 8 ability1 by subord9at+ all else to ,god & pref]r+ ,8 love to o!r loves4 ,on e>?1 *>ity gives to ,god ! greate/ objective love2 9 heav51 x also gives ,him ! greate/ subjective love 7see #aabi73 8,?\ %alt love ! ,"l1 ?y ,god1 ) ?y :ole he>t0 7,deut41 vi4 #e74 #aaij4 ,*>ity loves ,god )\t measure1 z ,/4 ,b]n>d says 7,de dilig5do ,deo1 cap4 #a74 ,god has fix$ a degree ( p]fection 9 *>ity beyond :i* a s\l w n progress1 b no "o %\ld set a limit = himself1 = love has to d ) ,god1 :o is n measur$1 b is ! measure ( all ?+s4 7a7 ,h5ce1 9 ! int]nal act ( love1 !re is no possibility ( excess1 s9ce ! ,object is inf9itely amiable & ! ,end ( all1 & s ! great] ! *>ity1 ! bett] x is4 7b7 ,9 ext]nal acts proce$+ f *>ity1 h[ev]1 !re is a possibility ( excess1 s9ce ^! acts are a means to an end1 & h to be measur$ by *>ity & reason4 ,?us1 x w\ld be excessive to give m to /rang]s ?an to "o's ne$y p>5ts1 = ?is act w\ld n be accord+ to ! rule ( *>ity4 ,x w\ld also be excessive to p]=m works ( *>ity1 :5 "o ought to be att5d+ to h\sehold duties1 = reason requires t ev]y?+ be done at its prop] "t & place4 #aaia4 ,! love ( an enemy may be a bett] act ?an ! love ( a fri5d1 :5 !re are special excell5cies 9 ! =m] love t are n f\nd 9 ! latt]4 7a7 ,?us1 if ! enemy1 all ?+s consid]$1 is a bett] p]son ?an ! fri5d1 & if he is = t reason objectively pref]r$1 ?is is z x %\ld be 7see #aagc74 7b7 ,if ! p>ties are ( equal m]it1 an act ( love t[>ds ! enemy on acc\nt ( sup]natural *>ity is bett] ?an an act ( love t[>ds ! fri5d on acc\nt ( natural affection3 8,if y love !m t love y1 :at rew>d %all y h8 d n ev5 ! publicans ?is80 7,matt1 v4 #df74 #aaib4 ,if all o!r ?+s are equal1 ! love ( ! fri5d is ess5tially bett]1 :ile ! love ( ! enemy is bett] 9 "s m9or respects4 7a7 ,?us1 ! love ( ! fri5d has a bett] object1 = ! fri5d :o loves u is bett] ?an ! enemy :o hates u2 x has also an object t has a great] claim on *>ity1 z be+ ne>] to self4 ,h5ce1 x is ess5tially a bett] & m m]itori\s act4 7b7 ,! love ( ! enemy is m difficult1 & may ?us be a m conv9c+ sign t "o really loves ,god4 ,b ! fact t an act is m difficult does n suffice to make x m m]itori\s1 or else we %\ld h to say t ! love ( neighbor is m m]itori\s ?an ! love ( ,god4 ,art4 #f3 ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,*>ity 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,,ii-,,ii1 qq4 #bh-cc47 #aaic4 ,int]nal ,effects ( ,*>ity4--,!re are ?ree acts ( ! s\l t result f love1 viz41 joy1 peace1 m]cy4 7a7 ,! joy ( *>ity is a repose or delight ( ! s\l 9 ! p]fections ( ,god & 9 ! union ( self & ! neighbor ) ,him3 8,! fruit ( ! ,_s is *>ity1 joy0 7,gal41 v4 #bb74 7b7 ,! peace ( *>ity is ! h>mony ( man ) ,god1 self & ! neighbor3 8,!re is mu* peace to ^? t love ,?y law0 7,ps4 cxviii4 #afe74 7c7 ,m]cy is an incl9ation ( ! w to relieve ! mis]y ( ano!r2 x foll[s f *>ity1 = love ( ! bro!rhood 8weeps ) !m t weep0 7,rom41 xii4 #aj1 #ae74 #aaid4 ,joy4--,! precept ( *>ity includes a precept ( joy1 & h5ce ! ,apo/le says3 8,rejoice 9 ! ,"l always2 aga91 ,i say1 rejoice0 7,philip41 iv4 #d1 #e74 ,?is joy ( *>ity has ! foll[+ prop]ties3 7a7 x is ab\t good1 n ab\t iniquity1 & x is n unre/ra9$2 x rejoices 89 ! ,"l02 7b7 x %\ld n be discont9u$ or int]rupt$ by s91 b %\ld rejoice 8always40 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be mix$ ) sorr[ ov] s9 or ! delay ( entrance into ! pres5ce ( ,god 7 ,rom41 xii4 #ae2 ,ps4 cxix4 #e71 = only 9 heav5 w joy be fill$ 7,john1 xv4 #aa74 ,/4 ,paul spoke ( himself z 8sorr[ful1 yet always rejoic+0 7,,ii ,cor41 vi4 #aj74 #aaie4 ,peace4--,! precept ( *>ity also includes a precept ( peace1 & our ,"l comm&s3 8,h peace among y\rselves0 7,m>k1 ix4 #di74 ,peace1 l joy1 has two prop]ties3 7a7 x %\ld be g5u9e 7i4e41 x %\ld be a cont5tm5t & agreem5t bas$ on "r71 = !re is a false peace1 ( :i* ,*ri/ says3 8,i am n come to br+ peace0 7,matt1 x4 #cd71 :i* re/s 9 a good t is only app>5t1 & :i* does n exclude great evil & anxiety 7,wis41 xiv4 #bb71 7b7 peace is con/ant1 =1 z long z *>ity rema9s1 !re are fri5dly relations ) ,god & man1 & ord] 9 ! int]ior ( ! s\l4 ,p]fect tranquility1 x is true1 is f\nd only 9 heav54 ,on e>?1 di/urbances may arise 9 ! l[] "p ( ! s\l1 or f )\t1 b ! w cont9ues 9 ! peace ( ,god 7,,ii ,cor41 i4 #d74 #aaif4 ,reconciliation ( a s9n] to ,god is effect$ ?r\gh an act ( p]fect *>ity3 8,he :o loves ,me1 w be lov$ by ,my ,fa!r & ,i w love him0 7,john1 xiv4 #ba74 7a7 ,?us1 s9 is wa%$ away1 ev5 be=e ,baptism or absolution1 :5 ! s9n] makes an act ( love ( ,god jo9$ ) a desire1 at lea/ implicit1 ( receiv+ ! ,sacram5t ( ,baptism or ,p5ance4 ,! act ( love is n ! cause1 b ! f9al disposition introduc+ ju/ification4 7b7 ,! puni%m5t ( s9 is =giv51 :5 "o makes an act ( love1 or p]=ms a good de$ out ( love ( ,god2 b ! degree ( remission corresponds to ! f]vor ( ! *>ity4 #aaig4 ,does ! precept ( peace dem& unanimity ( judgm5ts8 7a7 ,9 matt]s ( great] importance1 !re %\ld be agreem5t 9 judgm5ts2 else1 !re w n be t h>mony ( wills1 desir+ ! same ?+s & dislik+ ! same ?+s1 :i* con/itute peace4 ,9 necess>y ?+s1 !re=e1 !re %\ld be unity ( judgm5ts3 8,i besee* ( y1 bre?r51 by ! "n ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 t y all speak ! same ?+1 & t !re be no s*isms among y1 b t y be p]fect 9 ! same m9d & 9 ! same judgm5t0 7,i ,cor41 i4 #aj74 7b7 ,9 matt]s ( slight importance1 diff]5ce ( op9ion does n remove fri5d%ip1 = ea* "o ?9ks t 8 judgm5t w bett] s]ve ! good t is s\ght alike by all4 ,we f9d t ev5 v holy m5 h disagre$ on matt]s ( op9ion--= example1 ,paul & ,b>nabas on ! "q :e!r or n ,m>k %\ld be tak5 on ! second mission>y j\rney 7,acts1 xv4 #cg71 ,j]ome & ,augu/9e on ! /atus ( ,mosaic obs]vances aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,disputes may (f5d aga9/ *>ity1 h[ev]1 if !y become too p]sonal or too heat$1 z sometimes happ5s ev5 to m9ds occupi$ ) heav5ly ?+s 7e4g41 !ologians1 spiritual writ]s74 #aaih4 ,reconciliation ) enemies is necess>y1 9 ord] t peace may be ma9ta9$4 ,x includes3 7a7 int]nally1 ! putt+ away ( ?\ghts & feel+s contr>y to concord2 7b7 ext]nally1 signs ( r5ew$ *>ity1 if !re has be5 an op5 brea*4 #aaii4 ,! duty ( reconciliation does n necessitate ! =giv5ess ( e k9d ( wrong suff]$ f an enemy--t is1 x does n always oblige "o freely to remit ! consequ5ces ( an enemy's acts4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( wrong3 7a7 (f5ses1 :i* are su* contradictions (f]$ to ! w ( ano!r z d n trespass on any /rict "r or occasion any damage4 ,example3 ,balbus1 :o is 9 great di/ress1 asks 8 fri5d ,titus to secure employm5t = him4 ,titus c\ld easily d ?is favor1 b he refuses2 7b7 injuries1 :i* are violations ( ! /rict "r ( ano!r1 b )\t damage4 ,example3 ,claudia addresses ,caia 9 v disrespectful language :5 no witnesses are pres5t2 7c7 damages1 :i* are ! tak+ f ano!r ( :at is 81 or h>m done to him z reg>ds 8 s\l1 8 life1 8 fame1 or 8 =tune4 ,examples are !ft1 sc&al1 assault & sl&]4 #abjj4 ,:e!r an (f5d] asks p>don or n1 "o is oblig$ to =give ! (f5se--t is1 to put aside all av]sion1 indignation & hatr$3 8,=give u our trespasses1 z we =give !m t trespass aga9/ u0 7,matt41 vi4 #ab74 ,b1 grant+ t "o desires salvation = ! (f5d] z = o!rs1 %[s ! common signs ( *>ity1 & is n prompt$ by hatr$1 ! foll[+ are n requir$3 7a7 t "o s p>don ! (f5se z to take ! (f5d] back to ! same special fri5d%ip z may h exi/$ be=e2 7b7 t "o ov]look an injury s z n to require satisfaction 7& h5ce1 )\t act+ aga9/ *>ity1 ,gaia may insi/ on an apology f ,claudia = ! disrespectful language us$ by ! latt]72 & 7c7 t "o r5\nce re/itution or rep>ation = damage done "o4 ,no "o is oblig$ to give to ano!r :at is "o's own1 &1 if !re is no o!r way ( secur+ "o's rights1 "o may h rec\rse to c\rt4 ,if ! result ( prosecution w be puni%m5t ( ! (f5d] r ?an re/itution 7z 9 case ( libel or sl&]71 x is n un*>itable to prosecute ! (f5d]1 if "o's motive is ! fulfillm5t ( ju/ice1 ! prev5tion ( ! same wrong to o!rs1 or ! honor ( "o's family 7,lev41 xix4 #ag74 #abja4 ,!re are cases1 h[ev]1 9 :i* *>ity requires "o to =give a debt ( satisfaction or re/itution1 namely1 :5 ?is w\ld impose too heavy a burd5 on ! (f5d]1 comp>$ ) ! b5efit t w\ld be d]iv$ !refrom4 7a7 ,?us1 re/itution %\ld n be insi/$ on1 :5 ! (f5d] is rep5tant & c ill af=d to pay ! debt1 & ! p>ty (f5d$ c easily get along )\t ! paym5t4 7b7 ,puni%m5t %\ld n be insi/$ on1 if ! h>m done ! (f5d] or 8 family w be out ( proportion to any good t may result4 7c7 ,prosecution %\ld n be us$1 if a wrong c be amicably adju/$ out ( c\rt 7,i ,cor41 vi4 #a74 #abjb4 ,:o %\ld make ! advances t[>ds reconciliation aft] a rupture ( *>itable relations8 7a7 ,if only "o p>ty 0 ! (f5d]1 he %\ld normally make ! fir/ move t[>ds reconciliation4 ,x is ( c\nsel1 b n ( precept1 t ! innoc5t p>ty ask = reconciliation1 unless ! circum/ances require t he %\ld d s1 z :5 ! (f5d$ p>ty c mu* m easily make ! advances1 or :5 great sc&al w arise1 or :5 ! (f5d] w become h>d5$ 9 hate & lose 8 s\l1 if ! p>ty (f5d$ does n make ef=ts = peace4 7b7 ,if bo? p>ties 7 (f5d]s1 he :o (f5d$ m s]i\sly %\ld make ! advances4 7c7 ,if bo? (f5d$ equally1 he :o 0 fir/ to di/urb ! peace %\ld also be fir/ to "w = its re/oration4 7d7 ,if x does n appe> :i* ( ! p>ties 0 m to blame 9 any ( ! =ego+ ways1 bo? are equally b\nd4 #abjc4 ,! mann] ( seek+ reconciliation is z foll[s3 7a7 ,reconciliation c be s\ght ei!r 9 p]son1 or ?r\gh an int]m$i>y :o is a fri5d to bo? p>ties4 7b7 ,x c be s\ght ei!r explicitly 7by express+ regret & ask+ p>don71 or implicitly 7by a fri5dly conv]sation or favors %[n74 ,g5]ally speak+1 an inf]ior 7e4g41 a *ild7 %\ld explicitly reque/ reconciliation ) a sup]ior 7e4g41 a p>5t72 b x w suffice = a sup]ior to seek =giv5ess f an inf]ior implicitly4 #abjd4 ,! "t = seek+ reconciliation is ! e>lie/ possible mom5t3 8,if ?\ (f] ?y gift at ! alt>1 & !re ?\ rememb] t ?y bro!r ha? any?+ aga9/ !e1 leave !re ?y (f]+ be=e ! alt>1 & g fir/ to be reconcil$ to ?y bro!r1 & !n com+ ?\ %alt (f] ?y gift0 7,matt1 v4 #bc1 #bd74 7a7 ,?us1 int]nal reconciliation 7i4e41 rep5tance on ! "p ( ! (f5d] & =giv5ess on ! "p ( ! "o (f5d$7 %\ld n be delay$1 & %\ld prec$e any sacr$ action1 su* z (f]+ a gift to ,god1 if ?is latt] is to be acceptable & m]itori\s4 7b7 ,ext]nal reconciliation 7i4e41 ask+ p>don & mak+ satisfaction7 & ! manife/ation ( =giv5ess %\ld be att5d$ to z soon z ! circum/ances ( "t & place p]mit4 ,! resolve to be reconcil$ ext]nally is includ$ 9 int]nal reconciliation1 b prud5ce dictates t "o wait = ! suitable occasion1 le/ precipitation make matt]s worse4 #abje4 ,m]cy4--,f *>ity results m]cy1 = he :o loves 8 neighbor z a fri5d 9 ,god1 mu/ grieve ov] ! latt]'s sorr[s z if !y 7 8 own4 ,our ,"l comm&s3 8,be ye m]ciful1 z y\r ,heav5ly ,fa!r is also m]ciful0 7,luke1 vi4 #cf74 ,b n all compassion is true m]cy or sup]natural4 7a7 ,?us1 z reg>ds ! object t causes sorr[1 true m]cy grieves ov] ! evils t befall ano!r aga9/ 8 w1 su* z sickness1 failure 9 an ent]prise1 or undes]v$ mis=tune4 ,b wilful evil1 su* z s91 provokes n m]cy1 b r indignation1 al?\gh "o may compassionate s9n]s on acc\nt ( ! ills _! s9s br+ on !m 7,matt41 ix4 #cf74 7b7 ,z reg>ds ! int]nal cause ( sorr[ or sympa?y1 sup]natural m]cy arises f ! love ( *>ity = ! "o suff]+2 natural m]cy1 f ! fe> "o has t a simil> evil may ov]take oneself1 or t oneself may suff] loss on acc\nt ( ano!r's mis=tune4 7c7 ,z reg>ds ! act ( m]cy1 x is to be not$ t x proce$s f ! w1 regulates ! emotions1 & is itself regulat$ by reason4 ,?us1 m]cy diff]s f ! s5sible di/ress a ref9$ p]son exp]i5ces at ! sight ( suff]+1 :i*1 ?\gh good 9 itself1 may nev] lead to a wi% to alleviate sorr[4 ,?us1 also1 x diff]s f unregulat$ sympa?y1 :i* be/[s help or =giv5ess indiscrim9ately1 )\t ?\ght ( ! great] evils t may result2 x diff]s f s5tim5tality1 :i* does n re/ra9 te>s & o!r emotional expressions )9 due b\nds4 ,! virtue ( m]cy has a c>e = ! int]e/s ( ju/ice1 b m]e pity1 l prejudice1 bl9ds ! m9d to :at is true & "r4 #abjf4 ,! causes ( an unm]ciful _s are3 7a7 lack ( *>ity t[>ds "o :o is 9 mis]y2 7b7 pride or too mu* prosp]ity1 :i* makes "o feel t o!rs suff] ju/ly1 or t "o is above _! condition 7,prov41 xxviii4 #d72 7c7 great mis=tunes or fe>s t h h>d5$ "o's disposition1 or made "o self-c5t]$4 #abjg4 ,m]cy ,comp>$ ) ! ,o!r ,moral ,virtues4--7a7 ,m]cy1 if tak5 = ! emotion ( sympa?y z regulat$ by reason1 is inf]ior to prud5ce & ju/ice1 :i* are p]fections ( ! high] p[]s ( ! s\l 7i4e41 ( ! intellect & w74 7b7 ,m]cy1 if tak5 = an act ( ! w dislik+ ! mis]y ( ano!r & mov+ "o to remove t mis]y1 surpasses ! o!r moral virtues2 inde$1 x may be said to be some?+ div9e1 & h5ce m ?an a virtue4 ,c]ta9ly1 x is ! greate/ ( ! virtues t h to d ) ! neighbor1 = ( its nature x implies fre$om f "s defect & ! relief ( t defect 9 o!rs1 :i* is n ! case ) o!r virtues4 ,?us1 :ile prud5ce directs acts & ju/ice r5d]s to o!rs _! due1 ^! d n ( !mselves remove ignorance or de/itution 9 a neighbor4 #abjh4 ,m]cy ,comp>$ ) ,*>ity4--7a7 ,9 itself 7i4e41 consid]$ precisely z to its ess5tial notes ( fre$om f mis]y & relief giv5 to ! mis]able71 m]cy is ! greate/ ( ! virtues4 ,=1 c>ri$ to its highe/ developm5t1 fre$om f defect means inf9ite p]fection2 :ile relief ( defect 9 o!rs means t1 out ( inf9ite love = ! ,supreme ,good1 relief is p\r$ out by ,god on ,8 creatures4 ,?us1 9 ,god m]cy is an ext5sion ( ! love ,god has t[>ds ,8 own goodness1 = ! b5efit ( creatures1 & is great] ?an *>ity3 8,! m]cy ( ,god is above all ,8 works0 7,ps4 cxliv4 #i74 7b7 ,9 its subject 7i4e41 consid]$ precisely z to ! p]fection x br+s to its possessor71 m]cy is inf]ior 9 creatures to *>ity4 ,= x is bett] to be unit$ by love to ! ,supreme ,good ?an to remove evil 9 a creature3 8,above all ^! ?+s h *>ity0 7,col1 iii4 #ad74 ,m]cy is ! sum ( ! ,*ri/ian religion z f> z ext]nal works are conc]n$1 b *>ity is ! sum ( ,*ri/ianity z reg>ds int]nal acts4 #abji4 ,! ,obligation ( ,m]cy4-7a7 ,! natural law itself inculcates m]cy1 b ^? n influ5c$ by div9e revelation h n highly e/eem$ x or practis$ x4 ,?us1 ,plato wi%$ t all ! poor might be s5t into exile4 ,virgil ?\ght t fre$om f pity 0 a sign ( wisdom2 ,s5eca call$ m]cy a vice ( ! s\l2 ,nietzs*e taught t compassion has no place 9 ! morality ( ! sup]man4 7b7 ,! div9e law comm&s m]cy1 especially 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,assi/ance ( ! poor1 ! wid[s1 ! orphans1 ! sick1 ! captives1 ! slaves & o!r un=tunates is ev]y:]e insi/$ on3 8,i w %[ !e :at ! ,"l require? ( !e3 v]ily to d ju/ice1 & to love m]cy1 & to walk solicit\s ) ?y ,god0 7,mi*41 vi4 #h74 #abaj4 ,ext]nal ,effects ( ,*>ity4--,?ree ext]nal effects ( *>ity w n[ be consid]$-b5efic5ce1 almsgiv+ & frat]nal correction4 ,^! are n di/9ct virtues1 b only sep>ate acts p]ta9+ to ! virtue ( *>ity & proce$+--l love1 joy & peace--f ! same motive ( love ( ,god4 7a7 ,?us1 b5efic5ce naturally results f *>ity1 s9ce "o ( ! acts ( fri5d%ip is to d good to "o's fri5d2 7b7 almsgiv+ is "o ( ! special ways 9 :i* b5efic5ce is ex]cis$2 7c7 frat]nal correction is a species ( spiritual almsgiv+4 #abaa4 ,b5efic5ce4--,n e act ( help+ o!rs is virtu\s1 nor is all virtu\s assi/ance call$ b5efic5ce4 7a7 ,?us1 to assi/ o!rs 9 evil is malefic5ce1 nor is x virtu\s to help !m ) an evil purpose4 ,examples3 ,to give money to crim9als to help !m defeat ! law is p>ticipation 9 crime4 ,to give pres5ts to o!rs 9 ord] to receive a return ( favor f !m is cupidity 7,luke1 xiv4 #ab74 7b7 ,to assi/ o!rs or to give to !m out ( compassion = mis]y1 is m]cy2 to d s out ( a s5se ( obligation1 is ju/ice2 to d s out ( love ( ,god1 is b5efic5ce4 #abab4 ,b5efic5ce is a duty1 & l *>ity %\ld be univ]sal3 8,:ile we h "t1 let u "w good to all m50 7,gal41 vi4 #aj72 8,d good to !m t hate y0 7,matt41 v4 #dd74 ,b ?is does n mean t no discrim9ation is to be us$ 9 b5efic5ce1 or t impossibilities are requir$4 7a7 ,n e k9d ( activity 9 :i* o!rs are engag$ is des]v+ ( assi/ance1 n e k9d ( suff]+ ( o!rs may be remov$4 ,examples3 ,crim9als or enemies ( ! ,/ate are n to be assi/$ 9 _! wrongdo+1 b "o may attempt to br+ !m to bett] conduct2 "o :o has be5 ju/ly s5t5c$ to prison may n be aid$ to escape1 b he may be visit$ & consol$ & giv5 religi\s assi/ance4 7b7 ,n all c be help$ individually2 ev5 ! ri*e/ & mo/ g5]\s p]son c b5efit only a small p]c5tage ( ^? :o are des]v+4 ,*>ity requires1 h[ev]1 t "o be s dispos$ t "o w\ld help all individually1 if x 7 possible1 & t "o does help all g5]ally1 by pray+ = bo? ,ca?olics & non-,ca?olics4 #abac4 ,s9ce x is impossible to help all individually1 b5efic5ce %\ld be regulat$ by ! ord] ( *>ity 7see #aagd sqq471 & p>ticul> good %\ld be done to ^? ) :om on acc\nt ( conditions ( "t or place "o is m closely associat$4 ,h5ce1 ! foll[+ g5]al rules are giv53 7a7 ,9 b5efits t p]ta9 to a p>ticul> k9d ( relation%ip2 "o %\ld give ! pref]5ce1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 to ^? ) :om "o has t relation%ip4 ,examples3 ,to make a banquet = ano!r is a b5efit p]ta9+ to fri5d%ip1 & h5ce %\ld be %[n to "o :o is a fri5d1 r ?an to "o :o is a bus9ess associate1 b n an intimate4 ,to support ano!r p]son is a b5efit p]ta9+ to k9%ip1 & h5ce %\ld be %[n to a p>5t1 r ?an to a /rang]4 7b7 ,9 b5efits giv5 to ^? ) :om "o has ! same k9d ( relation%ip1 "o %\ld give ! pref]5ce1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 to ^? ne>] 9 relation%ip4 ,example3 ,9 disp5s+ alms1 "o %\ld help "o's own family r ?an di/ant relatives4 #abad4 ,if o!r ?+s are n equal1 ! =ego+ rules mu/ sometimes be rev]s$4 7a7 ,:5 ! common good is involv$1 pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 ^? :o repres5t x1 ev5 ?\gh o!rs are ne>] to "o z reg>ds private good4 ,h5ce1 a citiz5 %\ld help ! =tunes ( 8 adopt$ c\ntry r ?an ^? ( 8 "m c\ntry2 9 a civil w> "o %\ld aid r "o's comrades ?an "o's k9sm5 :o are on ! opposite side4 7b7 ,:5 a supreme good ( a private p]son is at /ake1 "o %\ld pref] to help him1 ev5 if a /rang]1 r ?an ano!r :o is a fri5d1 or relative1 b :o is n 9 ! same di/ress4 ,example3 ,"o %\ld give "o's loaf to a man dy+ ( />vation r ?an to "o's own fa!r1 :o is hungry b n />v+4 7c7 ,:5 ! means ) :i* a b5efit is be/[able belong to ano!r1 "o mu/ pref] to give back :at belongs to ! o!r1 ev5 if ?is p]son is a /rang]1 r ?an use x = ! good ( a fri5d or relative4 ,?us1 if a p]son has /ol5 money or has borr[$ money f a /rang]1 he mu/ return x to ! own]1 r ?an make a pres5t ( x to 8 own wife4 ,an exception w\ld be ! case 9 :i* ! wife 0 9 dire necessity1 :]eas ! own] 0 n2 b ! duty ( re/itution w\ld rema9 = ! future4 #abae4 ,no g5]al rule c be laid d[n = all cases 9 :i* "o p>ty is ne>] to self & ! o!r p>ty m 9 ne$1 & _m su* cases h to be decid$ accord+ to prud5t judgm5t 9 view ( all ! circum/ances4 ,x %\ld be not$ t1 ?\gh wife & *ildr5 are ne>] to "o ?an p>5ts1 ! latt] h a great] claim on *>ity :5 !y are 9 equally extreme necessity1 on acc\nt ( ! supreme b5efit ( life receiv$ f !m4 ,b ord9>ily "o is b\nd r to provide = "o's *ildr5 7,,ii ,cor41 xii4 #ad74 #abaf4 ,almsgiv+4--,almsgiv+ is def9$3 8,assi/ance to "o :o is 9 ne$1 giv5 out ( compassion & = ! love ( ,god40 ,h5ce1 ?is act p]ta9s to v>i\s virtues4 7a7 ,x is elicit$ by ! virtue ( m]cy1 :i* means t compassion = mis]y is ! imm$iate pr9ciple :i* produces almsgiv+4 7b7 ,x is comm&$ by ! virtue ( *>ity1 :i* means t love ( ,god is ! remote pr9ciple or end ( an alms1 =1 z said above 7see #abje71 m]cy itself is an effect ( *>ity 7,i ,john1 iii4 #ag74 7c7 ,second>ily1 x may also be comm&$ by o!r virtues4 ,?us1 if a p]son gives an alms to satisfy = 8 s9s1 he p]=ms an act ( ju/ice2 if he gives 9 ord] to honor ,god1 he p]=ms an act ( religion2 if he gives )\t undue grief ov] ! loss ( :at he gives1 he practises lib]ality4 #abag4 ,qualities ,recomm5d$ = ,almsgiv+4--7a7 ,alms %\ld n be giv5 o/5tati\sly 7,matt1 vi4 #b sqq471 ?\gh x is (t5 edify+ t !y receive publicity 7,matt41 v4 #af72 7b7 !y %\ld be giv5 *e]fully 7,,ii ,cor41 ix4 #g74 #abah4 ,=ms ( ,almsgiv+4--7a7 ,9 ! /rict s5se1 an alms is a gift made )\t any obligation ( paym5t or return2 7b7 9 a wide s5se1 almsgiv+ includes sell+ on cr$it z a favor to a poor cu/om]1 a loan grant$ at a l[ rate ( int]e/ or )\t int]e/1 help 9 secur+ employm5t1 etc4 ,?us1 if a poor man is suffici5tly help$ by ! use ( an article1 !re is no ne$ ( mak+ him a pres5t ( x4 #abai4 ,almsgiv+ is to be di/+ui%$1 also1 f m]e giv+4 7a7 ,?us1 assi/ance giv5 ! poor out ( a bad motive 7e4g41 to lead !m away f _! religion1 to induce !m to crime7 is s9ful2 7b7 assi/ance giv5 ! poor out ( a m]ely natural good motive 7e4g41 pity = _! suff]+s7 is philan?ropy1 b n *>ity 7,i ,cor41 xiii4 #c71 & may coexi/ ) ! /ate ( hatr$ ( ,god4 #abbj4 ,corporal alms1 9 ! =m ( bodily necess>ies giv5 freely 9 !mselves or 9 _! money equival5t1 are ( z _m k9ds z !re are bodily ne$s4 7a7 ,h5ce1 ! common necessities ( food1 dr9k1 clo?+ & %elt] %\ld be provid$ z alms to ! />v+ & to ^? :o lack suffici5t clo?+1 or :o are )\t a home4 7b7 ,special necessities1 :e!r int]nal 7su* z sickness7 or ext]nal 7su* z p]secution or imprisonm5t71 %\ld be reliev$ or assuag$ by rem$ies1 visits1 protection or relief4 7c7 ,! necessity ( ! body aft] dea? is t x be c>$ = ) ! honor :i* ! memory ( ! deceas$ des]ves1 & h5ce burial ( ! dead is numb]$ among ! corporal alms4 #abba4 ,?us1 !re are sev5 corporal works ( m]cy4 7a7 ,^? t p]ta9 to ! ne$s ( ! body dur+ life are m5tion$ by our ,"l 9 ,matt41 xxv4 #ce1 #cf4 7b7 ,! burial ( ! dead is prais$ 9 scripture z a good "w1 z we see 9 ! cases ( ,tobias 7,tob41 i1 ii1 xii71 & ( ^? :o buri$ our ,"l 7,matt1 xxvi4 #ab1 xxvii4 #eg sqq474 #abbb4 ,spiritual alms1 consi/+ ( assi/ance giv5 ^? :o suff] want 9 m9d or _s1 are ei!r pray]s1 by :i* div9e aid is ask$ = !m1 or v>i\s acts by :i* human aid is conf]r$4 ,^! acts are also ( two k9ds1 & con/itute sev5 spiritual works ( m]cy4 7a7 ,! defects f :i* a s\l suff]s1 & :i* are n moral1 include ignorance 9 ! intellect1 d\bt 9 ! practical judgm5t1 & sadness 9 ! affections2 & h5ce ! acts ( almsgiv+ = su* cases are in/ruction1 c\nsel1 & com=t4 7b7 ,! defects ( s\l :i* are moral are ! guilt ( s9 & its consequ5ces--t is1 ! (f5se giv5 & ! burd5s t result = ! s9n] or o!rs4 ,! correspond+ spiritual alms are admonition aga9/ s91 p>don ( ! (f5se done to self1 pati5ce 9 be>+ ) ! difficult ways ( o!rs1 especially if !y err ?r\gh infirmity1 or will+ness 9 help+ !m to be> ! consequ5ces ( _! errors 7,rom41 xv4 #a74 #abbc4 ,! giv+ ( spiritual alms may suppose sup]iority or au?ority 9 ! giv] ov] ! receiv]1 or a c]ta9 proc$ure to be foll[$2 h5ce1 9 ! adm9i/ration ( spiritual b5efits1 ! due ord] ( "t1 place & p]sons has to be rememb]$4 7a7 ,?us1 9 ! in/ruction ( ! ignorant1 x is n e k9d ( ignorance t is a defect1 b only ! ignorance ( ?+s "o mu/ "k2 & x is n e p]son :o is to give ! ne$$ in/ruction4 7b7 ,9 ! correction ( s9n]s1 x is n e k9d ( repro( t is to be us$1 b g5tl5ess & secret admonition %\ld be employ$ :]e possible 7,prov41 xxvii4 #f74 #abbd4 ,comp>ison ( ,corporal & ,spiritual ,alms4--7a7 ,spiritual alms are bett]1 because _! nature is high] & !y are ( great] b5efit to ! recipi5t1 ev5 ?\gh he appreciates !m less4 ,?us1 x is bett] to enjoy peace ( m9d ?an to fea/ sumptu\sly4 7h7 ,corporal alms are sometimes m necess>y 9 a p>ticul> case1 & h5ce !y %\ld be att5d$ to fir/4 ,?us1 = "o suff]+ f hung] food is m necess>y ?an words ( com=t 7,james1 ii4 #ae1 #af74 #abbe4 ,?\gh corporal alms are n spiritual 9 ! assi/ance !y give1 !y are spiritual 9 _! effects4 7a7 ,?us1 !y bless ! recipi5t corporally1 by reliev+ 8 hung] or o!r ne$2 7b7 !y bless ! giv] spiritually1 s9ce ,god w rew>d 8 *>ity 7,ecclus41 xxiv1 #ac1 #ad71 & ! p]son help$ w pray = 8 b5efactor 7ibid41 #ae74 #abbf4 ,! ,duty ( ,giv+ ,alms4--7a7 ,! natural law requires t we d to o!rs z we w\ld be done by1 & !re is no "o :o does n wi% t help be r5d]$ him if he falls into ne$4 ,moreov]1 ! common welf>e requires t ! ri* assi/ ! poor1 = o!rwise !re w be discont5t & disord]4 ,h5ce1 ev5 unbeliev]s are n exempt f ! obligation ( almsgiv+4 7b7 ,! div9e law1 9 bo? ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 comm&s almsgiv+3 8,give alms out ( ?y sub/ance1 & turn n away ?y face f any poor p]son0 7,tob41 iv4 #g72 8,dep>t f ,me1 y curs$1 into ev]la/+ fire1 = ,i 0 hungry1 & y gave ,me n to eat0 7,matt41 xxv4 #da-db72 8,let u love1 n 9 ^w1 nor 9 tongue1 b 9 de$ & 9 tru?0 7,i ,john1 iii4 #ah74 ,tobias1 ,dorcas1 ,cornelius1 & ,za*eus are prais$ = _! *>itable gifts4 #abbg4 ,almsgiv+1 be+ an affirmative comm&m5t1 does n oblige = e mom5t ( "t1 b only :5 "r reason calls = x on acc\nt ( ! /ate ( ! giv] or ( ! receiv]4 7a7 ,! /ate ( ! giv] requires him to give alms only :5 he has a sup]fluity ( goods1 = no "o is b\nd to deprive himself ( :at is necess>y = 8 own use 7see #aafd1 #aafi74 ,john ! ,bapti/ said to ! p3 8,he t ha? two coats1 let him give to him t ha? none2 & he t ha? meat1 let him d 9 l mann]0 7,luke1 iii4 #aa74 8,t :i* rema9e?10 says our ,"l1 8give z alms0 7,luke1 xi4 #da74 7b7 ,! /ate ( ! receiv] gives him a claim on *>ity1 :5 he is 9 necessity & unable to help himself4 ,temporal goods1 accord+ to ! w ( ,god1 are = ! b5efit ( ! :ole human race2 &1 :ile ! own]%ip ( p>ticul> goods belongs to ! rightful possessor1 he %\ld n )hold ! use ( !m f ^? :o are 9 ne$1 :5 he has m ?an he ne$s = 8 own use4 ,nei!r is x necess>y t "o be ask$ = an alms2 "o is oblig$ to give x :5 "o kn[s t "o's neighbor is 9 want1 ?\gh unable or a%am$ to beg = help4 #abbh4 ,x is n a precept1 !re=e1 b only a c\nsel1 t "o give alms 9 o!r cases4 7a7 ,?us1 :5 "o is 9 equal ne$ oneself & has no sup]flu\s goods1 "o may give to ano!r2 7b7 :5 "o's neighbor is n 9 ne$1 or is able to help himself1 "o may /ill give to him out ( *>ity1 if he is des]v+ 7see #aafi74 #abbi4 ,sup]fluities are ^? goods t rema9 ov] & above :at are necess>y = life1 or ! ma9t5ance ( "o's /ate ( life ju/ly acquir$ & socially useful4 7a7 ,necess>ies ( life are ! goods "o mu/ h to provide food1 clo?+ & home = oneself & "o's family4 ,among necess>ies ( life we may include :at "o has to set aside = old age1 sickness1 increase ( family1 & ! future su/5ance ( dep5d5ts :o w ne$ x 7,,ii ,cor41 xii4 #ad74 ,b !y %\ld n be ext5d$ to include imag9>y cases1 or all ! possible cases ( p]sonal ne$ t may arise 9 ! future2 o!rwise1 "o is guilty ( t exagg]at$ solicitude = ! morr[ :i* our ,"l =bids 7,matt1 vi4 #cd74 7b7 ,necess>ies ( /ate are ! goods a p]son mu/ h to keep up 8 position & t ( 8 family accord+ to ! /&>d ( liv+ ( 8 class4 ,?is includes provision = ! education & advancem5t ( "o's *ildr51 = hospitality1 adornm5t ( home1 & ! c>e & improvem5t ( "o's bus9ess2 b x does n include provision = excessive pleasures or luxuries1 or improbable future opportunities ( bett]+ "o's condition2 o!rwise1 ev5 ! weal?ie/ p]son might say t all 8 money 0 ti$ up & t he _h no sup]flu\s goods4 #abcj4 ,:at is necess>y = ! dec5cy ( p>ticul> /ations 9 life8 7a7 ,?is does n consi/ 9 any fix$ am\nt1 =1 ev5 :5 consid]able additions to or subtractions f a p]son's weal? h be5 made1 he may reta9 & support ! same social rank4 7b7 ,x consi/s1 !re=e1 9 ! am\nt suffici5t = him to ma9ta91 accord+ to ! op9ion ( prud5t m51 :at is becom+ 9 "o ( 8 class4 ,?us1 "o's position may require t "o d mu* ent]ta9+ or keep up an exp5sive h\sehold1 or x may require only t "o live mod]ately4 #abca4 ,! giv+ 9 alms ( goods = :i* ! giv] himself has ne$ is gov]n$ by ! foll[+ rules3 7a7 ,necess>ies ( life %\ld be giv5 away to ano!r1 z a matt] ( precept1 if ! common good is b\nd up ) ! life ( t o!r1 b n ) "o's own life2 !y may be giv5 away to ano!r1 z a matt] ( c\nsel1 :5 ! common good does n require x1 b ! high] good ( virtue invites "o to sacrifice "o's life = "o's neighbor 7probable op9ion74 ,examples3 ,"o %\ld give away "o's la/ loaf to save ! life ( a lead] on :om ! salvation ( 8 p dep5ds4 ,"o may make ! same sacrifice1 if "o is s+le & )\t dep5d5ts1 & ano!r is m>ri$ & has a dep5d5t family4 ,b "o may n give away :at is necess>y = ! life ( "o's family 7,i ,tim41 v4 #h74 7b7 ,necess>ies ( /ate1 at lea/ 9 "p 7see #abea71 %\ld be giv5 away to ano!r1 z a matt] ( precept1 if ! public good or ! life ( a private individual are at /ake1 or if t :i* is giv5 9 alms c be easily recov]$ & w n[ prev5t a v grave calamity2 !y may be giv5 away1 z a matt] ( c\nsel1 if ! high] good ( virtue invites "o to embrace volunt>y pov]ty3 8,if ?\ w\ld/ be p]fect1 g sell all t ?\ ha/ & give to ! poor0 7,matt41 xix4 #ba74 ,examples3 ,"o %\ld (f] "o's =tunes 9 support ( "o's gov]nm5t1 if 9 "s crisis ! nation _c o!rwise be sav$4 ,"o may give up ri*es & become poor 9 ord] to foll[ ,*ri/ 9 ! religi\s life4 #abcb4 ,sup]fluities ( "o's /ate are ! goods f :i* ! precept ( almsgiv+ requires t assi/ance ord9>ily be giv54 ,b ! m]e fact t "o has a sup]fluity does n oblige "o to give alms4 ,z 9 e virtu\s act1 s also 9 almsgiv+ !re mu/ be n only an object accord+ to reason1 b also circum/ances accord+ to reason4 ,h5ce1 "o :o has a sup]fluity is b\nd to give alms only :5 ! prop] conditions ( "t1 place1 p]son1 etc41 are pres5t4 7a7 ,z reg>ds "t1 a p]son is n oblig$ to devote to almsgiv+ ! "t t is ne$$ = o!r duties4 7b7 ,z to p]sons1 a p]son is n oblig$ to give alms1 if !re is no ne$y p]son kn[n to him4 #abcc4 ,z to ne$1 we may di/+ui% ?ree classes ( p]sons3 7a7 ,^? 9 app>5t ne$ are su* z pret5d pov]ty1 sickness1 or mis=tune1 9 ord] to get sympa?y & f9ancial aid 7e4g41 pr(essional begg>s74 ,alms %\ld n be giv5 p]sons ( ?is k9d1 s9ce !y take :at w\ld be giv5 to ! really poor & ne$y4 ,r !y %\ld be expos$ & puni%$4 7b7 ,^? 9 real ne$ ?r\gh *oice %\ld n be help$1 if !y take to begg+ because !y are too lazy to "w1 or f9d x pr(itable to live (f o!rs2 = !y h no "r to beg1 be+ able to help !mselves1 & x w\ld be wrong to enc\rage !m 9 idl5ess & an imposition on o!rs 7,,ii ,!ss41 iii4 #aj74 ,b ^? :o are volunt>ily poor = ,*ri/'s sake1 :e!r !y belong to a religi\s ord] or n1 are wor?y ( respect & x is m]itori\s to assi/ !m4 7c7 ,^? :o are 9 real ne$ aga9/ _! w1 %\ld be assi/$2 =1 ev5 ?\gh !y became de/itute ?r\gh _! own fault1 !y are 9 fact unable to help !mselves n[4 #abcd4 ,reg>d+ money obta9$ "u ! false pret5se ( pov]ty & ! duty ( re/itution1 ! foll[+ rules may be giv53 7a7 ,if a p]son obta9s consid]able alms by pret5d+ to be bl9d1 disabl$1 9 great want1 etc41 & he is n afflict$ or 9 ne$1 he %\ld give back ! money to ! donors or1 if ?is is impossible1 to ! poor1 s9ce ! donors wi%$ to help ! poor1 n to enc\rage idl]s4 7b7 ,if "o obta9s only a small am\nt "u a false pret5se ( pov]ty1 "s morali/s say !re is no duty ( re/itution1 s9ce ! donor may be presum$ to give unconditionally 9 ! case ( m9ute sums2 likewise1 if a begg> is really poor b exagg]ates 8 ne$1 x does n seem t he is b\nd to re/itution1 = ^? :o give alms expect a c]ta9 am\nt ( romanc+ f tramps & o!r pr(essional begg>s4 #abce4 ,:at is "o's duty 9 cases ( d\btful ne$8 7a7 ,m9ute inquiries are inexp$i5t1 s9ce ! really des]v+ are (t5 unwill+ to publi% _! ne$s2 7b7 refusal ( alms except 9 cases :]e "o is c]ta9 ( ! ne$1 is n a good g5]al rule to foll[1 s9ce x is a less evil t an unwor?y p]son be help$ ?an t a wor?y "o be refus$4 #abcf4 ,!re are ?ree degrees ( corporal ne$ 7cfr4 #aafe74 7a7 ,a p]son is said to be 9 extreme ne$1 :5 he is 9 manife/ dang] ( los+ 8 life1 if help is n giv5 him at once4 ,?is does n mean1 h[ev]1 t a p]son is n 9 extreme ne$ until he is brea?+ 8 la/ brea?2 = at t mom5t he is beyond ! rea* ( human aid4 7b7 ,a p]son is 9 grave ne$1 :5 he is 9 probable dang] ( dea?1 or is 9 manife/ dang] ( "s v s]i\s mis=tune1 su* z sev]e sickness1 amputation ( "s memb]1 long & bitt] imprisonm5t1 insanity1 loss ( good "n1 r$uction f weal? to pov]ty1 de/ruction ( home by fire1 etc4 7c7 ,a p]son is 9 common ne$1 :5 he suff]s ! inconv5i5ce ( pov]ty1 su* z be+ oblig$ to beg1 to deprive himself ( _m ?+s1 to we> poor clo!s or to eat ord9>y victuals1 b is n 9 dang] ( any s]i\s loss4 #abcg4 ,rules on ,giv+ ,alms f ! ,sup]fluities ( ,"o's ,/ate4--7a7 ,to ^? :o are 9 extreme or grave necessity alms mu/ be giv5 9 ea* individual case1 = ^! cases are r>e1 & ! p]sons 9 ne$ h a p]sonal claim on "o's *>ity :5 ?is is ! sole means ( sav+ !m f dea? or o!r great evil4 ,example3 ,la/ ye> ,titus sav$ a "m f dea? & h] *ild f disease by giv+ 8 money & s]vices free ( *>ge4 ,?is w\ld n exempt him f ! duty ( do+ a l *>ity1 if a l necessity pres5ts itself n[4 7b7 ,to ^? :o are 9 common necessity alms mu/ be giv5 f "t to "t--n[ to "o1 n[ to ano!r1 z prud5ce dictates--b !re is no obligation = an individual case4 ,ev5 ! ri*e/ man c\ld n give to all :o are 9 common ne$1 & _! want is n s press+ t any "o ( !m c be said to h an individual claim4 #abch4 ,gravity ( ! ,obligations to ,give ,alms4--7a7 ,= cases ( extreme & grave necessity1 ! obligation ( almsgiv+ is grave4 ,!re is g5]al agreem5t among !ologians on ?is po9t1 s9ce ! loss suff]$ by ! neighbor is s]i\s & ! )hold+ ( help indicates a lack ( *>ity 7,i ,john1 iii4 #ag74 ,example3 ,! prie/ & ! levite :o pass$ by ! w\nd$ man on ! road to ,j]i*o 7 guilty1 f ! nature ( _! act1 ( mortal s94 7b7 ,= cases ( common necessity1 ! obligation ( almsgiv+1 z x appe>s1 is also grave2 = x seldom happ5s t "o is call$ on to assi/ ^? :o are 9 extreme or grave necessity1 :]eas almsgiv+ is inculcat$ z an ord9>y duty1 & ! reasons giv5 by our ,"l 9 ,matt41 xxv4 #da-df1 = exclusion f heav5 seem to be neglect ( alms 9 common necessity4 ,b "s !ologians hold t ! obligation is only light1 s9ce ! ne$ is light2 &1 s9ce ^! au?orities are num]\s & ( repute1 a confessor c\ld n refuse absolution to a ri* man :o refus$ on pr9ciple to give any?+ to ^? 9 common necessity4 ,su* a "o %\ld be advis$1 r ?an reprov$1 on ?is po9t4 #abci4 ,f :at 0 said above1 ! foll[+ conclusions may be drawn ab\t ! gravity ( ! s9 ( refus+ alms3 7a7 ,x is c]ta9ly a mortal s9 to refuse alms to "o 9 extreme or grave ne$1 & probably also a grave s9 to refuse ev] to give alms to ^? 9 common ne$1 7b7 ,x is n a mortal s9 to refuse an alms 9 a p>ticul> case1 if "o is n sure ( ! obligation 7e4g41 if !re is d\bt ab\t "o's ability to give ! alms or ! o!r's ne$71 or if x seems t o!rs w give assi/ance1 or t ! ne$ w disappe>1 or t "o w suff] "s s]i\s inconv5i5ce by giv+1 etc4 #abdj4 ,refusal ( ,alms & ,re/itution4--7a7 ,! m]e refusal ( an alms does n oblige "o to make re/itution4 ,= re/itution is ! giv+ back to ano!r ( :at /rictly belongs to him1 & x _c be said t a poor p]son has a /rict "r to a gift f ano!r4 ,a violation ( *>ity may be gravely s9ful1 & yet n oblige to re/itution4 7b7 ,! refusal ( an alms1 if jo9$ ) inju/ice1 does oblige "o to make re/itution4 ,?us1 if by ?reats or =ce "o prev5ts a />v+ man f tak+ ! food t has be5 d5i$ him1 inju/ice is committ$2 = 9 extreme necessity "o has ! /rict "r to take :at is necess>y1 & rep>ation %\ld be made if ?is is prev5t$4 #abda4 ,alms giv5 f ill-gott5 goods are sometimes lawful1 sometimes unlawful4 7a7 ,if ! acquisition ( ! goods 0 unju/1 because !y belong to ano!r & ! pres5t possessor has no "r to keep !m1 x is n lawful to give !m z alms1 = !y mu/ be return$ to ! own]4 ,an exception w\ld h to be made1 h[ev]1 = ! case ( extreme necessity1 = 9 su* a case ! p]son 9 dang] ( dea? w\ld h a "r prior to t ( ! own] n 9 ne$4 ,example3 ,x is unlawful to give /ol5 money z an alms to ! poor1 :5 "o is able to re/ore x to ! rightful own]4 7b7 ,if ! acquisition ( ! goods 0 unju/1 because bo? giv] & receiv] act$ aga9/ law & =feit$ _! rights to possession1 ! =m] has no claim to re/itution1 nor ! latt] to ret5tion1 & ! goods ought to be devot$ to alms4 ,example3 ,if a simoniacal transaction is =bidd5 "u pa9 ( loss ( ! price paid & receiv$1 ! receiv] is oblig$ to give ! money to ! poor4 7c7 ,if ! acquisition 0 n unlawful1 b ! mann] ?r\gh :i* x 0 made 0 unlawful1 ! ga9 is %ameful1 b /ill x belongs to ! "o :o has e>n$ x1 & may be devot$ to alms4 ,example3 ,titus hir$ ,balbus to "w on ,sundays4 ,! violation ( ! ,sunday law 0 a s91 b ! labor giv5 0 s]viceable to ,titus & difficult to ,balbus4 ,h5ce1 ! latt] is n b\nd to give back ! money1 b may keep x & use x = a good purpose4 #abdb4 ,?\gh %ameful ga9 may be us$ = almsgiv+1 x %\ld n be devot$ to sacr$ purposes1 :5 ?is w cause sc&al or be irrev]5t to religion4 ,?us1 ! *ief prie/s w\ld n accept ! 8blood money0 ( ,judas = ! use ( ! temple 7,matt41 xxvii4 #f71 because ! law =bade ! (f]+ ( gifts t 7 an abom9ation to ! ,"l 7,deut41 xxiii4 #ah2 ,ecclus41 xxxiv4 #bc74 #abdc4 ,! ,proce$s ( ,gambl+ & ,almsgiv+4--7a7 ,pr(its made f gambl+ may n be us$ = alms1 :5 "o is b\nd to re/ore !m to ! los]4 ,?us1 accord+ to natural law he :o w9s money at c>ds or simil> games f a m9or or o!r p]son :o has n ! "r to dispose ( money1 or :o w9s ?r\gh fraud1 mu/ give back ! w9n+s4 ,likewise1 re/itution is due accord+ to "s1 if ! civil law makes su* aleatory contracts null & void2 b o!rs d5y ?is4 7b7 ,pr(its made f gambl+ may be devot$ to alms1 :5 accord+ to law "o has a "r to !m1 z :5 "o has play$ = recreation1 ) mod]ation & ) fairness to ! los]4 #abdd4 ,p]sons :o may give alms are all ^? :o h a "r to dispose ( goods z gifts4 ,o!rs :o h no su* g5]al "r 7e4g41 religi\s1 wives1 *ildr5 & s]vants71 may also give alms z foll[s3 7a7 ,!y may give alms f any goods t belong to !m1 & ( :i* !y h ! control4 ,?us1 a wife may give alms f money :i* is h] own1 by inh]itance1 e>n+s1 etc4 7b7 ,!y may give alms f su* goods z are plac$ 9 _! *>ge & disp5sation4 ,?us1 ! procurator ( a religi\s h\se has ! "r to give alms ) p]mission ( 8 sup]ior & accord+ to 8 ,con/itution 7,canon #ecg74 ,a religi\s :o is a p>i% prie/ may adm9i/] & disp5se p>i% alms 7,canon #fcj1 ,sec4#d74 7c7 ,!y may give alms ) express or impli$ p]mission4 ,?us1 *ildr5 may give articles ( food to ! poor1 :5 _! p>5ts cons5t4 7d7 ,!y may give alms )\t p]mission 9 a case ( extreme ne$4 ,?us1 a wife c\ld make use ( h] husb&'s money )\t 8 cons5t1 if ?is %\ld be necess>y to save a life4 #abde4 ,! "r ( a wife to give alms f h] husb&'s e>n+s is z foll[s3 7a7 f ! money giv5 h] = ! support ( h]self & ! family1 ! wife may give reasonable alms2 7b7 f ! common money ( ! family %e may give alms ) h] husb&'s express or presum$ cons5t4 ,b1 if he is mis]ly & unwill+ to give alms1 %e may nev]!less use :at is reasonable accord+ to ! family res\rces = almsgiv+ 7e4g41 9 help+ h] impov]i%$ p>5ts74 #abdf4 ,! "r ( s]vants to give alms f ! goods ( _! employ] is z foll[s3 7a7 ! rule is t s]vants h no "r to give away any?+ t belongs to _! employ] )\t 8 express p]mission1 =1 if p]mission c\ld be presum$1 ! prop]ty ( employ]s w\ld n be safe2 7b7 an exception to ! rule is made = su* ?+s z are to be ?r[n away 7e4g41 leav+s ( ! table71 s9ce if !y are giv5 9 alms ! proprietor suff]s no loss4 #abdg4 ,s9ce *>ity %\ld be univ]sal1 no class ( p]sons1 su* z /rang]s1 unbeliev]s or s9n]s1 may be exclud$ f ! b5efit ( almsgiv+ 7,matt1 v4 #de74 ,h[ev]1 *>ity is also well ord]$1 & h5ce !re is a pref]5ce to be obs]v$1 z foll[s3 7a7 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 "o %\ld favor ^? :o are ne>] to oneself by bonds ( k9%ip1 fri5d%ip1 etc41 s9ce _! claim on "o's *>ity is great]4 ,*>ity beg9s at home4 7b7 ,if o!r ?+s 7su* z wor?9ess1 ne$ or public utility7 are on ! side ( ^? n relat$ by k9%ip1 fri5d%ip1 etc41 ! ord] ( pref]5ce may be rev]s$4 ,?us1 if a p]son _h to *oose betwe5 help+ a di/ant relative = :om he 0 n specially responsible1 & :o 0 a wor?less fell[1 or :o 0 n 9 great ne$ or :o 0 n ( great value to ! community1 & help+ a /rang]1 :o 0 mo/ des]v+1 or 9 dire di/ress1 or ( great value to ! community1 ! latt] %\ld be assi/$ r ?an ! =m]4 7c7 ,9 case ( two /rang]s 9 equal pov]ty1 "o %\ld help fir/ ! "o :o is m wor?y or :o feels 8 di/ress m4 ,?us1 a p]son :o is poor ?r\gh mis=tune is m des]v+ ?an "o :o gambl$ 8 money away2 ^? :o 7 once weal?y feel ! suff]+s ( pov]ty m ?an ^? :o are inur$ to a life ( privation4 #abdh4 ,is x p]missible = "o appo9t$ to di/ribute alms to keep "s himself1 if he is really poor8 7a7 ,if ! p]sons are designat$ to :om ! alms are to be giv51 ! di/ributor mu/ give only to !m2 7b7 if x is left to ! discretion ( ! di/ributor1 he may keep a reasonable alms = himself4 #abdi4 ,! am\nt t %\ld be giv5 9 alms has to be measur$ accord+ to ! income ( ! giv] & ! ne$ ( ! receiv]4 7a7 ,z to ! income ( ! giv]1 he %\ld give 9 proportion to 8 income3 8,accord+ to ?y ability be m]ciful4 ,if ?\ h mu*1 give abundantly2 if ?\ h little1 take c>e ev5 s to be/[ will+ly a little0 7,tob41 iv4 #i74 ,a ri* man :o sp5ds m 9 ! b>b] %op on cosmetics1 etc41 ?an he gives to ! poor1 & a poor man :o gives m t[>ds alms ?an to ! fe$+ ( 8 own family1 are n giv+ accord+ to _! means4 7b7 ,z to ! ne$ ( ! receiv]1 a p]son %\ld give 8 %>e t[>ds provid+ = ! case be=e him4 ,?us1 if !re is no "o else :o c or w give1 & a neighbor is 9 grave necessity1 a *>itable p]son w be> ! :ole exp5se1 z 0 done by ! good ,sam>itan4 ,b if ! necessity is ord9>y 7z 9 ! case ( /reet begg>s71 or !re are o!rs :o w help1 a small] alms suffices4 ,/eady employm5t is a bett] *>ity ?an tempor>y doles1 inasmu* z x gives p]man5t assi/ance4 #abej4 ,h5ce1 9 ! foll[+ cases alms are excessive3 7a7 ,:51 outside ! in/ances giv5 9 #abca1 "o gives away all ! necess>ies ( "o's life or /ation4 ,! poor wid[ :o gave all h] liv+ 7,luke1 xxi4 #a-d7 is prais$1 b d\btless %e 0 able someh[ to obta9 en\gh to provide = h] own life4 7b7 ,alms are excessive :5 "o gives f "o's sup]fluities s mu* t ! recipi5ts are spoil$ & enc\rag$ to d no?+ = !mselves1 ,= ! purpose ( almsgiv+ is n t ^? :o h weal? be impov]i%$ & o!rs enabl$ to live 9 luxury1 b t ! poor be reliev$ ( suff]+ & ! ri* ga9 ! m]it ( *>ity 7,,ii ,cor41 viii4 #ac74 #abea4 ,reg>d+ ! obligation ( giv+ all ! goods ( "o's /ation 9 life or ( "o's sup]fluities1 ! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be not$3 7a7 ,"s !ologians hold t1 9 a case ( extreme necessity1 "o is b\nd to give all ! goods necess>y to "o's /ate ( life1 s9ce a neighbor's life is a m important good ?an "o's own position 9 life4 ,o!rs d5y ?is on ! gr\nd t "o is n b\nd1 ev5 = pres]v+ "o's own life1 to h rec\rse to extraord9>y means & s lose ! rank & /yle ( liv+ "o has4 ,?us1 a self-support+ work+man w\ld n be oblig$ to r$uce himself to begg>y 9 ord] to prolong ! life ( a dy+ p]son4 ,a well-to-d p]son is n oblig$ to sell 8 (fice1 conveyance1 books1 & o!r ?+s ne$$ = 8 bus9ess or pr(ession1 9 ord] to rescue a captive held = ransom by b&its4 7b7 ,!re are !ologians :o hold t "o is b\nd to give away all "o's sup]flu\s weal? 9 alms1 ev5 ap>t f cases ( extreme or grave necessity2 b o!rs tea* t1 :ile ?is is ( c\nsel1 x is n obligatory1 s9ce ! ne$s ( ! poor w be suffici5tly reliev$ if all :o h means give some?+ f _! sup]fluities4 ,moreov]1 ! ret5tion ( "s sup]flu\s goods is necess>y = ! promotion ( indu/rial & comm]cial ent]prises1 &1 by increas+ national weal?1 ?is policy indirectly b5efits ! poor4 #abeb4 ,ecclesia/ical law1 h[ev]1 requires all cl]ics :o enjoy a b5efice to give all t rema9s ov] & above f ! returns ( ! b5efice1 aft] !y h provid$ = _! own dec5t ma9t5ance1 to ! poor or to pi\s causes4 ,?is obligation is held z grave4 ,x w be treat$ bel[ :5 we come to ! special duties ( ! cl]gy4 #abec4 ,is !re any def9ite am\nt or p]c5tage1 !n1 :i* %\ld be contribut$ to alms8 7a7 ,= a case ( extreme or grave necessity1 "o %\ld contribute en\gh1 accord+ to "o's ability1 ei!r 9 conjunction ) o!rs or alone 7if o!rs w n help71 to give relief4 ,?us1 if a neighbor is ab\t to die ( />vation1 a *>itable man w give food free ( *>ge4 ,if a poor man is ab\t to be treat$ unju/ly1 a *>itable lawy] w give him advice )\t *>ge4 ,b x is n necess>y t "o provide extraord9>y rem$ies or helps--= example1 t "o pay ! exp5ses ( a trip to ,europe = a poor p]son ^: heal? w\ld be b5efitt$ by ! travel4 7b7 ,= cases ( common necessity1 ,/4 ,alphonsus held t "o %\ld give two p] c5t ( :at rema9s f ! ye>ly income aft] ! necessities ( life & /ation h be5 tak5 c>e (4 ,b o!r morali/s believe t today ! am\nt _c be fix$ ma!matically1 & t only ! g5]al direction c be giv5 t "o %\ld be g5]\s accord+ to "o's means1 & regulate "o's ye>ly alms accord+ to ! preval5ce ( pov]ty4 #abed4 ,is x bett] to give a little to _m1 or mu* to "o p]son 9 ne$8 7a7 ,if ! "o p]son is 9 great ne$1 & o!rs are only 9 slight ne$1 x is bett] to give to ! "o 9 great ne$4 ,example3 ,if "o has t5 doll>s to give 9 alms1 x is bett] to buy an ov]coat = ,titus :o is %iv]+ f ! cold1 ?an to give t5 "o-doll> bills to t5 m5 :o ne$ new coll>s & neckties4 7b7 ,if ! ne$ is equal1 x is bett] to divide ! alms1 = ?us m di/ress is alleviat$ & ! dang] ( spoil+ a recipi5t ) ov]mu* b\nty is avoid$4 ,example3 ,caius has #cj1jjj to give 9 *>ity & !re are ?ree des]v+ in/itutions ( *>ity kn[n to him1 all ( :i* are 9 great ne$--a hospital1 an orphan asylum & a s*ool4 ,he ought to divide 8 money betwe5 ! ?ree4 #abee4 ,! ,"t = ,giv+ ,alms4-7a7 ,"o %\ld give at "o "t all ! am\nt ( "o's alms = a c]ta9 p]iod1 if "o is able to d ?is1 & !re is a ne$ t calls = x--8,he gives twice :o gives quickly0 7,prov41 iii4 #bh7--;= ! poor may p]i% or may be driv5 to acts ( desp]ation or viol5ce1 if help is po/pon$4 7b7 ,"o may di/ribute "o's almsgiv+ if !re is no urg5t call = x--t is1 "o may make p>tial contributions at v>i\s times1 reta9+ mean:ile money = almsde$s 9 ord] to inve/ x = future *>ities1 or to await great] ne$s to :i* x may be appli$1 etc4 #abef4 ,! ,mann] ( ,giv+ ,alms4--7a7 ,"o gives alms directly :5 "o m9i/]s relief p]sonally to ! ne$y1 giv+ food to ! />v+ & m$ic9e to ! sick1 help+ to put out a fire1 etc4 7b7 ,"o gives alms indirectly :5 "o pays taxes = ! support ( alms-h\ses1 public hospitals1 orphan asylums1 homes = ! ag$1 ! insane1 etc42 :5 "o contributes to *>itable collections or drives or to organizations = relief 7su* z ! ,/4 ,v9c5t de ,paul ,society72 :5 "o assi/s or promotes movem5ts = ! free education ( ^? :o _c pay1 = ! bett]m5t ( liv+ & work+ condition ( labor]s1 = security aga9/ loss ( employm5t1 p5sions = ! ag$1 etc4 #abeg4 ,public *>ity done by ! ,/ate is useful & necess>y "u ! conditions ( mod]n life1 b x does n & _c take ! place ( *>ity done by ! ,*ur* or by private individuals4 7a7 ,/ate-adm9i/]$ *>ity does n rea* all1 or ev5 ! mo/ des]v+1 cases ( ne$4 ,h5ce1 ^? :o pay _! taxes = ! support ( /ate *>ities are n !reby exempt$ f ! obligation ( contribut+ to cases !y may meet1 especially ( extreme or grave necessity4 ,! paym5t ( ^! taxes1 h[ev]1 dim9i%es ne$1 & s x also dim9i%es ! am\nt "o is b\nd to give 9 alms4 7b7 ,/ate *>ity provides = ! corporal ne$s ( ! recipi5t1 & x is impos$ z compulsory on ! giv]4 ,h5ce1 x _c take ! place ( alms giv5 by ! ,*ur* or by individuals t w c>e = bo? s\l & body1 & t are giv5 *e]fully & receiv$ gratefully4 #abeh4 ,frat]nal ,correction4--,frat]nal correction is def9$3 8,an act ( *>ity & m]cy by :i* "o uses suitable words or o!r means 9 ord] to conv]t "o's neighbor f s9 to virtue40 7a7 ,?us1 x is an act ( *>ity1 = x is a love ( our neighbor & ! desire ( 8 spiritual welf>e t prompts ?is correction4 ,h5ce1 ! admonition ( a s9n] = 8 own good diff]s f a correction adm9i/]$ to a wrongdo] = ! good ( ano!r or ( ! public2 ! =m] is frat]nal correction & is an act ( *>ity1 :ile ! latt] is judicial correction & is an act ( ju/ice4 7b7 ,frat]nal correction is an act ( m]cy1 =1 j z fe$+ ! hungry & o!r corporal alms remove bodily mis]y1 s does admonition ( s9n]s remove spiritual mis]y4 7c7 ,frat]nal correction uses suitable words or o!r means1 = :ile x proce$s f *>ity & m]cy1 x mu/ be regulat$ by prud5ce4 ,x is n an easy matt] to correct ano!r successfully1 & h5ce ! ne$ ( good judgm5t z to ! means to be employ$1 :e!r !y %all be words or equival5t signs 7e4g41 sad looks1 a ge/ure ( disapproval1 a *ange ( subject ( a s9ful conv]sation1 or refusal ( help71 & :e!r "o %all use repro(1 in/ruction1 c\nsel1 or w>n+4 7d7 ,frat]nal correction aims at turn+ a neighbor f s9 to virtue4 ,x is ! prop] rem$y = s9s ( neglig5ce1 z judicial correction is = s9s ( malice4 ,x is appli$1 also1 *iefly to ! cure ( s9 t has already be5 committ$2 b x %\ld be ext5d$ s z to include ! prev5tion ( s9 9 ! future1 s9ce !re is no less an obligation ( prev5t+ ?an ( remov+ s94 ,h5ce1 ^? :o are 9 dang]\s occasions receive frat]nal correction :5 a *>itable w>n+ is giv54 7e7 ,frat]nal correction is giv5 to a neighbor 7i4e41 to an individual71 & s x diff]s f ! g5]al c5sure ( vice t is giv5 by prea*]s1 ^: duty x is to correct s9s t are preval5t1 provid$ ?is be done prud5tly1 9 su* a way z to effect good & n h>m4 ,unpopul>ity or o!r su* h&icaps d n excuse a prea*] f ! duty ( correction4 #abei4 ,frat]nal correction is a grave duty1 & m important ?an t ( almsgiv+4 7a7 ,! natural law requires t a p]son %\ld d unto o!rs z he w\ld wi% !m to d unto himself1 & ev]yone ought to wi% t1 if he ne$s correction1 x w be giv5 him4 ,ev5 ! pagans proclaim$ ! ne$ ( correction4 ,s5eca desir$ to h a monitor :o1 by advice & repro(1 w\ld gu>d him aga9/ ! dang]s ( evil examples & conv]sations2 & ,plautus said t a fri5d :o refuses to *ide ! faults ( 8 fri5d is himself wor?y ( blame4 7b7 ,! div9e positive law also comm&s t "o %\ld correct "o's bro!r 9 ord] to save him f ano!r (f5se 7,ecclus41 xix4 #ac1 #ad71 & to w9 him back to good 7,matt4 xviii4 #ae71 t ! spiritual %\ld in/ruct ) mildness ^? :o h committ$ "s transgression 7,gal1 vi4 #a71 t a s9n] %\ld n be treat$ z an enemy1 b admoni%$ z a bro!r 7,,ii ,!ss41 iii4 #ae74 #abfj4 ,does ! duty ( frat]nal correction oblige "o to g out & seek a p]son :o is liv+ a life ( s98 7a7 ,if ! s9n] is "u "o's c>e1 s t "o is responsible = him1 !re is a duty to seek him z long z !re is hope ( am5dm5t2 = ! good %eph]d goes aft] ! lo/ %eep 7,matt41 xviii4 #ab1 #ac74 ,h5ce1 p>5ts1 pa/ors & sup]iors mu/ try to w9 back _! subjects f ! ways ( s94 7b7 ,if ! s9n] is n "u "o's c>e1 !re is no duty to seek him out2 = obligations t are ow$ to our neighbor 9 g5]al1 b n to any det]m9ate p]son1 d n require t we g out to look = ! p]sons to be aid$1 b only t we aid ^? :om we meet4 ,h5ce1 a private p]son is n oblig$ to frequ5t ! haunts ( vice & crime 9 ord] to re=m ^? :o are !re2 b ! community at l>ge has duties reg>d+ su* cases4 #abfa4 ,s9ce ! precept ( frat]nal correction is affirmative1 x does n oblige = e "t & place2 acts ( virtue mu/ be s p]=m$ t n only ! object & ! motive %all be good1 b ! circum/ances also %\ld be suitable4 ,b ! object & motive ( correction 7viz41 ! conv]sion ( a s9n]7 are prim>y1 & ! circum/ances ( "t1 place1 etc41 second>y consid]ations4 7a7 ,h5ce1 correction is good & a duty :5 x w s]ve to conv]t or improve a s9n]1 n[ or lat]1 al?\gh x may be imp]fect z to "s ( ! circum/ances4 7b7 ,correction is n good1 nor a duty1 :5 x w n s]ve to conv]t ! s9n]1 ev5 ?\gh o!r circum/ances w\ld seem to call = x 7,ecclus41 xxxii4 #f74 ,consequ5tly1 a p]son ought n to correct :5 ei!r he or ! o!r p]son is "u ! influ5ce ( ang]1 le/ matt]s be made worse4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is said ( frat]nal1 n ( judicial correction2 = a judge or o!r sup]ior mu/ condemn ev5 :5 ! culprit w n be made bett]1 9 ord] to re/ra9 him f evil & to provide = ! common good1 ! protection ( ju/ice1 & ! avoidance ( sc&al4 #abfb4 ,9 ! foll[+ cases frat]nal correction defeats its own purpose3 7a7 :5 ! s9n] w n be bett]$ by ! correction1 = 8 cont9uance 9 s9 w become grav] by reason ( 8 rejection ( ! admonition2 7b7 :5 ! s9n] w become h>d5$ & embitt]$ by correction1 & z a result commit m num]\s or m s]i\s s9s4 ,?us1 if "o kn[s t a blasphem] is only made worse by scold+ or remon/rances1 x is a s9 to attempt to correct him z to ^? ways3 8,rebuke n a scorn] le/ he hate !e0 7,prov41 ix4 #h74 #abfc4 ,! duty ( frat]nal correction dep5ds1 !re=e1 on ! k or op9ion "o has ab\t ! success x w h4 ,h5ce1 ! foll[+ cases may occur3 7a7 ,if "o is c]ta9 t ! correction w be b5eficial1 "o %\ld give x2 if "o is c]ta9 x w n be b5eficial1 "o %\ld omit x4 7b7 ,if x is likely t ! admonition w be pr(itable1 & c]ta9 t x w n be positively h>mful1 x %\ld be giv51 = a physician 9 ord] to help a sick p]son %\ld give a rem$y t is h>mless1 ev5 ?\gh only probably b5eficial1 if !re is no?+ else t c be done4 7c7 ,if x is d\btful :e!r ! admonition w d any good1 & also d\btful :e!r x w d h>m 7e4g41 :5 "o is deal+ ) a /rang]1 ^: "* "o does n "k71 "o %\ld weigh ! good & ! evil & decide accord+ly1 z w be expla9$ 9 ! next p>agraph4 #abfd4 ,cases ( d\bt conc]n+ ! advantage ( a frat]nal correction may occur z foll[s3 7a7 ,if ! good expect$ is sup]ior to ! evil t is fe>$1 "o %\ld give ! correction4 ,example3 ,if x seems t a s9n]1 if admoni%$1 may suff] great confusion or be = a "t e/rang$1 b may also be f9ally conv]t$1 ! good result ( conv]sion is to be pref]r$ to prev5tion ( confusion or e/rangem5t4 ,if x seems d\btful :e!r correction w help or hurt a dy+ man1 ! good ( 8 salvation %\ld be pref]r$ to ! good ( fre$om f a new s94 7b7 ,if ! good expect$ & ! evil fe>$ are ab\t equal1 ! correction %\ld be omitt$1 s9ce ! negative precept ( n injur+ a neighbor outweighs ! affirmative precept ( do+ him a s]vice4 #abfe4 ,:5 is s9 committ$ by omitt+ frat]nal correction8 7a7 ,if ! correction is omitt$ out ( *>ity1 ! omission is good & m]itori\s4 ,example3 ,titus omits to correct ,sempronius1 because he ?9ks ! repro( w\ld d h>m to ! latt] or to o!rs1 or because he awaits a m favorable occasion4 7b7 ,if ! correction is omitt$ contr>y to *>ity 7i4e41 because a p]son hates 8 neighbor or disreg>ds 8 spiritual welf>e71 ! omission is a mortal s94 ,example3 ,caius neglects to correct ,sempronius1 because he pref]s to see ,sempronius g to ru9 r ?an lose 8 fri5d%ip or incur 8 enmity4 7c7 ,if ! correction is omitt$ 9 spite ( *>ity1 ! omission is a v5ial s94 ,example3 ,balbus1 :o is n a sup]ior1 fails to correct ,sempronius1 because ?r\gh frailty he fe>s to give (f5se1 or to be consid]$ ov]-bold1 b he pref]s ! latt]'s spiritual welf>e to 8 own human fe>s & int]e/s1 & w\ld give ! correction1 if he felt t x 0 absolutely necess>y4 #abff4 ,! s9 committ$ by delay+ frat]nal correction is to be judg$ accord+ to ! rules j giv5 ab\t omission ( correction4 ,b is x lawful to put (f correction 9 ! hope t ! s9n]1 ?r\gh exp]i5ce ( ! evil effects ( s91 may become m tractable8 7a7 ,if !re is hope ( pres5t am5dm5t ?r\gh correction1 ?is %\ld n be delay$2 o!rwise1 "o is c>eless ab\t ! honor ( ,god1 ! edification ( o!rs1 & ! possible h>d5+ ( ! s9n] or 8 dea? 9 ! mid/ ( 8 s9s4 7b7 ,if !re is no probability ( pres5t am5dm5t ?r\gh correction1 "o c only wait 9 ! hope t ! exp]i5ce ( ! evils ( s9 may br+ ! prodigal back to ,god4 #abfg4 ,x is n (t5 necess>y = "o :o is n a sup]ior to make frat]nal correction1 s9ce !re are _m conditions t mu/ exi/ be=e "o is oblig$ to x4 ,^! conditions include ! purpose to be atta9$1 ( :i* we h j spok51 & ! prop] circum/ances1 :i* are z foll[s3 7a7 ! fault to be correct$ %\ld be a kn[n & s]i\s s92 7b7 ! p]son to give ! correction %\ld be "o :o has ! "r & duty to correct2 7c7 ! mann] ( giv+ ! correction %\ld be su* z w promote ! end 9 view4 #abfh4 ,"o %\ld n attempt to correct a fault1 unless "o is morally sure t a fault has be5 committ$1 or is ab\t to be committ$4 ,= ?is reason ! scrupul\s1 :o are incl9$ to suspect or see evil :]e !re is none1 are g5]ally excus$ f ! duty ( mak+ corrections4 ,reasons :y d\bt1 fe>1 suspicion or rumor d n suffice1 are3 7a7 correction is n pleasant to ! "o correct$1 &1 if 8 guilt is n provable1 he w be able to argue ) ! corrector1 & s qu>rels & enmities w result2 7b7 *>ity bids u to give ! b5efit ( ! d\bt to a neighbor1 &1 if ?is is n done1 ! "o :o is be+ correct$ w be able to correct ! corrector on acc\nt ( un*>itable suspicions4 #abfi4 ,is "o oblig$1 !re=e1 to make inquiries into ! conduct ( ^? :om "o suspects ( wrongdo+8 7a7 ,if !re is "q ( judicial correction1 ! public au?ority is b\nd 9 ju/ice to exam9e juridically into matt]s ( d\bt be=e act+4 7b7 ,if !re is "q ( frat]nal correction1 a p>5t or o!r sup]ior is b\nd 9 *>ity to make pat]nal inquiries into ! conduct ( 8 subjects2 =1 z a fa!r does n wait until 8 *ildr5 ask = corporal goods b inquires ab\t _! ne$s1 s nei!r %\ld he wait until _! spiritual di/ress is br\ght to 8 att5tion4 ,! sup]ior "h %\ld avoid ! extremes ( suspicion1 on ! "o h&1 :i* w lead him to act ra%ly & w9 = him ! hatr$ ( 8 subjects1 & ( ov]-tru/fulness1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* w fo/] all k9ds ( secret irregul>ities4 ,likewise1 he %\ld n betray a special wat*fulness ab\t "o individual t w be h>mful to ! latt]'s reputation4 7c7 ,if !re is "q ( frat]nal correction1 private individuals %\ld n inquire into ! affairs ( o!rs4 ,^? :o g ab\t spy+ on or %ad[+ o!rs1 ev5 if _! purpose is to re=m1 are act+ aga9/ *>ity to !mselves & to ! p]sons !y wi% to improve2 _! own affairs w suff]1 s9ce ! numb] :o ne$ re=mation is l>ge1 & ! p]son :o is be+ inve/igat$ w be annoy$ or o!rwise injur$3 8,lie n 9 wait1 nor seek aft] wick$ness 9 ! h\se ( ! j1 nor spoil 8 re/0 7,prov41 xxiv4 #ae74 #abgj4 ,! k9ds ( faults t call = frat]nal correction are z foll[s3 7a7 grave s9s %\ld be correct$1 = o!rwise "o all[s a s\l to p]i% t might h be5 sav$ 7,matt41 xviii4 #ad1 #ae71 7b7 slight s9s or transgressions ( rules %\ld also be correct$1 :5 !y are ! occasion ( grave sc&al or disord] 9 a community1 & sup]iors :o are neglig5t ab\t ?is commit mortal s92 7c7 slight s9s or transgressions %\ld n be correct$ 9 ord9>y cases1 = ^! faults are s num]\s t1 if "o _h to correct !m1 an intol]able burd5 w\ld be laid on ev]yone1 ,p]sons :o scold & lecture ov] e trifl+ misde$ are reg>d$ z pe/s & d m h>m ?an good4 #abga4 ,! purpose ( frat]nal correction is to save "o :o is 9 dang] ( los+ 8 s\l4 ,h5ce1 x %\ld n be re/rict$ to ^? s9s t are an (f5se to ! corrector1 b x %\ld ext5d also to s9s t are aga9/ ,god1 ! neighbor1 or ! (f5d] himself4 #abgb4 ,s9ce frat]nal correction is giv5 = ! purpose ( conv]t+ a s9n] f ! evil ( 8 ways1 x is n call$ = :5 "o's neighbor is n a s9n]1 /rictly speak+1 or has already re=m$4 ,?us1 !re is no ne$ ( ?is correction 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 :5 a p]son s9s ?r\gh ignorance & is n guilty ( =mal s92 7b7 :5 a p]son :o 0 a s9n] 9 ! pa/ has giv5 up 8 old ways4 #abgc4 ,a p]son :o s9s f v9cible ignorance %\ld n be correct$ unless ! two foll[+ conditions are pres5t3 7a7 !re mu/ be hope ( am5dm5t1 o!rwise ! admonition w\ld only aggravate ! s9n]'s guilt2 7b7 !re mu/ be no great] evil t w result f ! admonition & correction4 #abgd4 ,a p]son :o s9s f inv9cible ignorance is n guilty ( =mal s91 & h5ce1 z said above1 he is n a subject = frat]nal correction4 ,b *>ity (t5 requires t he be in/ruct$ especially by sup]iors1 confessors1 etc41 ) a view to ! prev5tion ( v>i\s evils4 ,^! evils are ( ! foll[+ k9ds3 7a7 injury to ,god1 z :5 a p]son unacqua9t$ ) ! language uses expressions t are blasphem\s2 7b7 injury to self1 z :5 a *ild n und]/&+ ! p[] ( liquor becomes intoxicat$2 7c7 injury to ! neighbor1 z :5 a p]son :o does n "k t x is a fa/ day causes sc&al by n keep+ ! fa/4 #abge4 ,if !re is hope t ! in/ruction w h a good result1 "o %\ld in/ruct ! inv9cibly ignorant 9 ord] to prev5t injury to ,god1 !mselves1 or _! neighbor2 b1 if x seems t an in/ruction w d only h>m or m h>m ?an good1 x %\ld be omitt$4 ,! duty ( in/ruction re/s especially on sup]iors1 su* z p>5ts1 tea*]s1 confessors4 ,^! pr9ciples are appli$ to v>i\s cases z foll[s3 7a7 ,a mat]ial s9 may h be5 committ$ 9 ! pa/4 ,titus ?r\gh inadv]t5ce ate meat on a day ( ab/95ce1 b gave no sc&al2 ,balbus did ! same ?+1 & ?is caus$ consid]able sc&al4 ,n[1 !re might be an obligation ( tell+ ,balbus :at he did 9 ord] to repair ! sc&al1 b no su* obligation w\ld exi/ 9 ! case ( ,titus4 ,sempronius & ,caius bo? m>ri$ invalidly1 b are 9 good fai?4 ,if ,sempronius is told ab\t 8 m>riage1 matt]s c be easily rectifi$2 b if ,caius is in=m$ t 8 m>riage is null1 he w ab&on 8 putative wife & 8 family1 & !re w be s]i\s discords & sc&als4 ,h5ce1 ,sempronius %\ld be told1 b n ,caius4 7b7 ,mat]ial s9 may be ab\t to be committ$ aga9/ ! natural or div9e law4 ,titus is ab\t to de/roy :at he ?9ks is an ab&on$ & useless picture1 b :i* is 9 reality a v valuable "w ( art belong+ to ,balbus4 ,caius is go+ to ! alt> to be m>ri$2 ,claudius kn[s ( a dirim5t imp$im5t to ! m>riage1 b _c make x kn[n )\t caus+ a sc5e & giv+ great sc&al4 ,titus %\ld be in/ruct$1 b x is a duty to say no?+ to ,caius4 7c7 ,mat]ial s9 may be ab\t to be committ$ aga9/ human law4 ,sempronius sees ,claudius & o!rs eat+ meat on a day ( ab/95ce1 :i* !y h =gott54 ,he also sees ,fa!r ,balbus1 :o has =gott5 to put on an alb or a *asuble1 go+ to ! alt> to say ,mass4 ,!re is no obligation to call ! att5tion ( ,claudius to ! day ( ab/95ce1 b = ! sake ( respect to div9e wor%ip ! att5tion ( ,fa!r ,balbus %\ld be direct$ to ! miss+ ve/m5ts4 #abgf4 ,c]ta9 pa/ s9s d n dem& frat]nal correction3 7a7 ^? s9s t h be5 rep5t$ (1 especially if !re is no dang] ( a relapse 7e4g41 a wife %\ld n be always rem9d+ h] n[ sob] husb& t he 0 addict$ to dr9k be=e he met h]72 7b7 ^? s9s t w 9 all probability be rem$i$ %ortly )\t "o's int]v5tion4 ,h5ce1 x is n necess>y to reprove ,titus because he drank too mu*1 if he is n c>eless ab\t 8 salvation & w soon approa* ! ,sacram5ts1 or if 8 p>5ts or wife are bett] fitt$ to make ! correction & w n fail to d s4 #abgg4 ,to :at p]sons may correction be giv58 7a7 ,judicial correction c be giv5 only to "o's subjects1 s9ce x supposes au?ority2 7b7 frat]nal correction c be giv51 n only to inf]iors & equals1 b also to sup]iors4 ,= *>ity %\ld be %[n to all ^? :o are 9 ne$ ( assi/ance1 &1 ! high] ! (fice1 ! great] ! dang]4 ,sup]iors :o are giv+ sc&al or do+ h>m to o!rs %\ld be remon/rat$ ) by _! equals1 or1 if ne$ be1 by _! subjects4 ,frat]nal correction among ! cl]gy is especially advantage\s4 #abgh4 ,:5 frat]nal correction is giv5 to a sup]ior3 7a7 ! sup]ior %\ld take a prop] correction ) gratitude & humility1 imitat+ ,/4 ,pet] :5 reprov$ by ,/4 ,paul 7,gal41 ii4 #aa72 7b7 ! inf]ior %\ld give ! correction )\t boldness or h>%ness1 b respectfully & mildly3 8,an eld]ly man rebuke n1 b entreat him z a fa!r0 7,i ,tim41 v4 #a74 ,x is bett] t ! p]son giv+ ! correction be himself ( "s /&+1 le/ ! act seem to proce$ f contempt1 & s only embitt] ! sup]ior :o is at fault4 ,example3 ,*ildr5 %\ld plead ) p>5ts :o /eal1 get drunk or neglect religion1 to m5d _! ways4 #abgi4 ,:at p]sons may adm9i/] correction8 7a7 ,judicial correction z j said c be giv5 only by a sup]ior2 7b7 frat]nal correction may be giv5 by any p]son :o is n s unfitt$ t a correction f him w necess>ily be useless or h>mful4 ,x is n requir$1 h[ev]1 t "o be immaculate1 = if immunity f all s9 7 necess>y 9 a corrector1 :o c\ld reprove del9qu5ts 7,i ,john1 i4 #h78 #abhj4 ,! fact t a p]son is kn[n to be a s9n]1 or n 9 ! /ate ( grace1 or guilty ( ! same ?+s he reproves1 does n unfit him = giv+ a frat]nal correction2 because1 9 spite ( 8 own s9fulness1 he may reta9 a "r judgm5t & s be able to correct wrongdo+4 ,9 ! foll[+ cases1 h[ev]1 correction made by a s9n] is repreh5sible1 on acc\nt ( circum/ances o!r ?an t ( ! p]son3 7a7 ! motive ( ! correction is s9ful1 :5 ! s9n] corrects only 9 ord] to di/ract att5tion f himself1 to conceal bad de$s by good words1 to practise rev5ge1 etc42 7b7 ! mode ( ! correction is s9ful :5 ! s9n] corrects ) pride1 z if he himself 7 above correction3 8,:]e9 ?\ judge/ ano!r ?\ condemne/ ?yself1 = ?\ do/ ! same ?+s :i* ?\ judge/0 7,rom1 ii4 #a72 7c7 ! consequ5ces ( correction made by a s9n] are an evil circum/ance1 z :5 sc&al results4 ,?us1 if a p]son :o is guilty ( f> great] s9s corrects 8 neighbor1 ?is has a demoraliz+ effect1 :5 ! impression is giv5 t good words r ?an good de$s are important4 #abha4 ,"o :o pref]s 8 neighbor's conv]sion to 8 own deviates f ! "r ord] ( *>ity1 s9ce he %\ld love himself m4 ,b a p]son may )\t any transgression aga9/ ! precept ( frat]nal correction seek to correct 8 neighbor be=e he has correct$ himself4 7a7 ,?us1 f ! nature ( correction itself or f ! provisions ( ! comm&m5t1 !re does n seem to be any obligation ( correct+ self be=e correct+ o!rs2 = a humble correction made by a s9n] ) ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 unwor?9ess to c5sure o!rs1 or by a s9n] :o is ?\ght to be good or to h re=m$1 may be j z efficaci\s z a correction made by a truly virtu\s man4 ,b x is ( c\nsel t "o correct oneself z a means t[>ds ! bett] correction ( ano!r4 7b7 ,because ( special reasons1 a p]son may be o!rwise oblig$ to correct himself be=e he attempts to correct ano!r1 z :5 self-correction is ! only means t[>ds obta9+ "s necess>y end4 ,?us1 a sup]ior :o _c en=ce discipl9e because he is unobs]vant himself1 ! fri5d ( a dy+ man :o _c conv]t ! latt] unless he gives evid5ce ( 8 own conv]sion1 a p]son :o _c repair ! sc&al he has giv5 unless he manife/s rep5tance--all ^! %\ld beg9 by correct+ !mselves4 ,"o %\ld take ! beam out ( "o's own eye1 if o!rwise "o _c remove ! mote f a neighbor's eye 7,matt1 vii4 #e74 #abhb4 ,all suitable p]sons1 !n1 are b\nd by ! duty ( frat]nal correction3 8,he gave to e "o ( !m comm&m5t conc]n+ 8 neighbor0 7,ecclus41 xvii4 #ab74 ,b ! duty re/s m heavily on "s ?an on o!rs4 7a7 ,?us1 bi%ops & o!r pa/ors are held out ( ju/ice to frat]nal correction1 & ev5 at ! p]il ( life4 7b7 ,o!r prelates1 confessors1 p>5ts1 husb&s1 ma/]s1 tea*]s & gu>dians1 are held to frat]nal correction f *>ity & by reason ( _! (fice2 b !y are n held to ?is duty :5 !re is grave p]sonal dang] to !mselves4 7c7 ,private p]sons are held out ( *>ity1 b _! obligation is less ?an 9 ! case ( ^? ^: (fice requires !m to make corrections4 #abhc4 ,a p]son is n b\nd to make a correction = ! sole reason t he is able to make x successfully4 ,= he is excus$3 7a7 if correction by him is n necess>y1 z :5 p>5ts or o!rs bett] able ?an himself w att5d to ! matt]2 7b7 if 8 correction w br+ on himself evils :i* he is n oblig$ to incur4 #abhd4 ,an obligation ( mak+ a correction ev5 :5 ?is w cause an injury to ! corrector1 exi/s 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 ,if ! correction is necess>y to av]t extreme spiritual evil 7i4e41 damnation71 "o %\ld be prep>$ to make a sacrifice1 ev5 ( life itself1 to give ! correction 7see #aafe74 ,example3 ,titus is dy+ ( a contagi\s disease1 & w lose 8 s\l1 if ,balbus does n come to advise him4 7b7 ,if ! correction is necess>y to av]t grave spiritual evil1 a pa/or %\ld be will+ to risk 8 life1 & ano!r p]son %\ld be will+ to risk ! loss ( money1 & ev5 "s injury to heal?4 ,b a subject is n b\nd to correct 8 sup]ior1 :5 ?is w br+ on him p]secutions2 a scrupul\s p]son is n b\nd to correct1 = ?is w\ld cause him worries & suff]+4 #abhe4 ,! mann] ( mak+ a correction is z foll[s3 7a7 ,! int]nal dispositions %\ld include *>ity t[>ds ! "o correct$ & humility z reg>ds "o's own fitness4 ,= frat]nal correction is n oppos$ to ! comm&s ( be>+ ) ! weaknesses ( o!rs 7,gal1 vi4 #b71 & ( n pr\dly pref]r+ self to o!rs 7,philip41 ii4 #c74 ,"o %\ld correct inf]iors pat]nally1 equals k9dly1 & sup]iors respectfully4 ,9 e correction !re %\ld be s]i\sness m+l$ ) mildness4 7b7 ,! ext]nal ord] to be foll[$ is t giv5 by our ,"l 9 ,matt41 xviii4 #ae-ah1 namely1 t1 :5 possible1 admonition %\ld be giv5 privately1 & t "o %\ld n proce$ to accusation be=e sup]iors until o!r means1 su* z ! call+ 9 ( witnesses1 h prov$ unavail+4 ,! ord] to be foll[$ 9 frat]nal correction is n only ( ! positive div9e law1 b x is also ( ! natural law4 ,= ! natural law requires t we d = o!rs :at we wi% done = ourselves1 & !re is no "o :o does n desire t correction be giv5 him 9 su* a way t ! lea/ possible injury be done to 8 feel+s & to 8 good "n4 #abhf4 ,9 :at cases %\ld secret admonition be us$8 7a7 ,= public s9s 7i4e41 real s9s kn[n or soon to be kn[n to ! l>g] "p ( ! community71 no secret admonition is requir$1 s9ce ! guilt is already publicly kn[n2 a public correction1 on ! contr>y1 is necess>y to rem$y ! sc&al3 8,!m t s9 reprove be=e all1 t ! re/ also may h fe>0 7,i ,tim41 v4 #bj74 7b7 ,= occult s9s t are aga9/ ! common good or ! good ( a ?ird p]son no secret admonition is requir$1 b "o %\ld d5\nce !m imm$iately2 = ! spiritual or corporal welf>e ( ! multitude or ( an innoc5t private individual is a great] good ?an ! reputation ( ! guilty p]son4 ,exception %\ld be made1 h[ev]1 = ! case 9 :i* "o is c]ta9 t by a secret admonition "o c correct ! s9n] & prev5t ! h>m t ?reat5s o!rs4 ,examples3 ,if ,titus kn[s t !re is a plot to rob ! h\se ( ,balbus1 & t any ef=t to dissuade ! crim9als w\ld only br+ him into dang]1 he ought to w>n ,balbus or ! au?orities4 ,if ,claudius kn[s t 9 8 s*ool a c]ta9 /ud5t is tea*+ ! o!r boys to /eal & become drunk1 he %\ld make ?is kn[n1 & h5ce _c be absolv$ if he refuses4 ,b ! seal ( ! confessional mu/ be obs]v$4 7c7 ,= occult s9s t are n aga9/ ! common good or t ( a ?ird p]son1 "o %\ld h rec\rse to secret admonition be=e mak+ ! s9s kn[n4 ,?is w save ! s9n] f loss ( reputation & f consequ5t h>dness 9 s92 x w also save o!rs f a %>e 9 8 infamy1 or f ! sc&al caus$ by publicity4 #abhg4 ,:at is ! obligation ( report+ an occult s9 t is do+ h>m 9 a community1 :5 ! p]son :o reports w suff] = tell+ :at he kn[s8 7a7 ,if h>m to ! community w result f sil5ce1 "o is oblig$ ev5 at ! co/ ( great inconv5i5ce to speak 7see #abhd74 ,example3 ,claudius kn[s t a fell[-/ud5t has a bad influ5ce ov] 8 companions1 & is lead+ m & m ( !m into /eal+1 ) ! result t a l>ge numb] w be corrupt$ & ! in/itution disgrac$4 ,b he _c speak )\t s]i\s h>m to himself1 because he also has be5 implicat$1 or because in=m]s are reg>d$ & treat$ z traitors4 7b7 ,if "s private h>m w result f sil5ce1 "o is n b\nd at ! co/ ( great inconv5i5ce to speak4 ,example3 ,if ,claudius kn[s t only "o or two are be+ l$ a/ray1 he is n b\nd to implicate himself or to incur ! ignom9y ( be+ reg>d$ z a spy4 #abhh4 ,!re are exceptional cases 9 :i* occult faults1 n injuri\s to o!rs1 are reprov$ publicly1 )\t previ\s private admonition4 7a7 ,god z ! supreme rul] has ! "r to publi% hidd5 s9s1 al?\gh ,he admoni%es m5 secretly ?r\gh ! voice ( consci5ce or ?r\gh ext]nal prea*+ or o!r means4 ,/4 ,pet]1 9 mak+ kn[n ! s9 ( ,ananias & ,saphira1 act$ z ! in/rum5t ( ,god's ju/ice & 9 virtue ( a revelation giv5 him 7,acts1 v4 #c1 #d1 #i74 7b7 ,memb]s ( a society :o are agre$ to rem9d "o ano!r publicly ( transgressions ( _! regulations1 d n violate ! ord] ( frat]nal correction giv5 by ,*ri/1 if !re is no?+ defamatory 9 ^! rem9d]s4 ,example3 ,! proclamations made 9 ! *apt] ( faults 9 religi\s ord]s4 #abhi4 ,may a prelate 7e4g41 9 a visitation7 oblige 8 subjects to c>ry to him1 )\t a previ\s secret admonition ( ! p]son to be accus$1 in=mation ab\t ! secret s9s ( fell[-subjects t are n h>mful to o!rs8 7a7 ,if a s9 is entirely secret1 & ! subjects h n r5\nc$ _! "r to reputation 9 ! sight ( ! prelate1 ! latt] has no "r to give ord]s t he be in=m$ at once1 s9ce ! rule giv5 by ,*ri/ requires t a frat]nal correction be fir/ giv54 ,a subject w\ld be b\nd1 !re=e1 if su* ord]s 7 giv51 to obey ! div9e injunction1 r ?an t ( ! prelate 7,acts1 v4 #c1 #d1 #i74 7b7 ,if a s9 is entirely secret1 b subjects h r5\nc$ _! "r to receive fir/ a private admonition1 a prelate may require t in=mation be br\ght to him at once4 ,?is is ! rule 9 c]ta9 religi\s societies2 b ev5 9 !m a s9 %\ld n be report$ to ! prelate if ! s9n] has already am5d$1 nor %\ld ! high] sup]ior be in=m$ if ! imm$iate sup]ior c take c>e ( ! matt] suffici5tly4 ,^! religi\s h a "r to _! reputation4 7e7 ,if a s9 is n entirely secret1 because !re are "s indications 7su* z ill-repute or gr\nds = suspicion71 a prelate may require t in=mation be br\ght to him imm$iately4 #abij4 ,if1 aft] sev]al private admonitions h be5 made1 !re is no hope ( success by ?is me?od1 :at %\ld be done8 7a7 ,if x appe>s t ! o!r means prescrib$ by our ,"l w be successful1 !y %\ld be tri$1 j z a physician has rec\rse to new rem$ies :5 old ones h fail$4 7b7 ,if x appe>s t any fur!r ef=ts w d h>m r ?an good1 ! attempt to correct a private s9 t h>ms only ! s9n] %\ld be giv5 up4 #abia4 ,! ord] to be foll[$ 9 frat]nal correction1 aft] p]sonal repro( or remon/rance has fail$1 is z foll[s3 7a7 ,"o %\ld enli/ ! s]vices ( "o or two o!rs to assi/ 9 mak+ ! bro!rly correction4 ,! conv]sion ( ! culprit is m important ?an 8 reputation ) ^! o!rs2 :]eas _! k ( ! matt] safegu>ds ! corrector f ! *>ge ( be+ a mis*iev\s talebe>]1 %\ld ?+s g fur!r1 & x %\ld ar\se ! culprit to ! ne$ ( correct+ himself1 be=e 8 case is br\ght be=e ! sup]ior = correction4 7b7 ,:5 o!r ?+s h fail$1 rec\rse %\ld be _h to ! sup]ior ( ! p]son at fault1 if !re is hope t ?is w prove successful4 ,if ! sup]ior is imprud5t or giv5 to wra? or is kn[n to dislike ! p]son to be correct$1 or if ! latt] w\ld only be enrag$ by a repro( f ?is sup]ior1 *>ity w\ld urge "o to say no?+ ab\t ! matt]4 ,example3 ,titus makes himself intoxicat$ f "t to "t4 ,balbus is ! only "o :o kn[s ?is1 & he tries to correct ,titus4 ,b1 z ! latt] d5ies ! accusation1 ,balbus asks ,caius & ,sempronius1 fri5ds ( ,titus1 to be witnesses2 & all ?ree ( !m make an ef=t to conv]t ,titus4 ,?is correction also has no effect1 & s ,balbus & ! o!r two make ! matt] kn[n to ! p>5ts ( ,titus1 t !y may wat* _! son m c>efully & keep him away f occasions ( dr9k4 #abib4 ,:at are ! duties ( a sup]ior to :om a subject has be5 report$ = frat]nal correction8 7a7 ,he %\ld try to discov] ! tru? ( ! matt]4 ,means to ?is end are a consid]ation ( ! "* & motives ( ! accus]1 ! reply :i* ! accus$ makes 9 8 own def5se1 & 9 case ( necessity a confrontation ( accus] & accus$1 a cross-exam9ation1 etc4 7,i ,cor41 i4 xi2 ,dan41 xiii4 #e74 ,^? :o make a practice ( gladly c>ry+ tales to sup]iors are di/urb]s ( peace1 & !y %\ld be giv5 to und]/& t _! accusations are n want$1 & t !y %\ld m9d _! own bus9ess4 7b7 ,if ! sup]ior has reason to believe t ! accusation 9 "q is true1 he %\ld use mod]ate rem$ial measures1 :ile at ! same "t pres]v+ ! good "n ( ! p]son to be correct$4 ,= ! in=mation has be5 br\ght be=e him1 n z judge1 b z fa!r ( ! p]son accus$1 & h5ce public puni%m5ts or corrections injuri\s to reputation mu/ be avoid$4 ,removal f an (fice1 a *ange ( place & special vigilance may be us$1 :5 ?is c be done prud5tly4 #abic4 ,cases 9 :i* a subject may be report$ to 8 sup]ior = frat]nal correction )\t previ\s admonitions are n impossible2 = ! law giv5 by ,*ri/ conc]n+ ! ord] to be foll[$ is affirmative1 & h5ce obliges only "u ! prop] circum/ances4 7a7 ,?us1 if previ\s admonitions w\ld be h>mful1 :]eas an admonition by ! sup]ior w be b5eficial1 rec\rse %\ld be _h at once to ! sup]ior4 7b7 ,if an admonition by ! sup]ior w be m advantage\s1 ! o!r admonitions may be omitt$4 ,?us1 if ! sup]ior is m rev]$ by ! p]son to be correct$ & w be li/5$ to m readily1 or if !re is dang] ( delay 9 mak+ previ\s admonitions1 x is bett] t ! matt] be br\ght be=e ! sup]ior at once4 ,:at is said ( ! sup]ior c be appli$ also to "s o!r pi\s & prud5t p]son f :om a correction w\ld be bett] receiv$4 #abid4 ,! obligation ( frat]nal correction by private individuals may be summ$ up z foll[s3 7a7 ,"o is b\nd to correct :5 "o is c]ta9 ab\t a grave s9 :i* w n be correct$ except by oneself1 & :5 "o has good reason to hope t ! correction w be pr(itable to ! s9n] & n unreasonably h>mful to ! corrector4 ,^? :o int]f]e :5 ^! conditions are n pres5t are m$dlesome or imprud5t1 r ?an *>itable4 7b7 ,"o is b\nd to report to a sup]ior :5 "o is c]ta9 ab\t a grave s9 :i* is h>mful to ! community or :i* _c be correct$ s well by private admonition1 if "o believes t x w n be report$ except by oneself1 & t "o's report w be = ! good ( o!rs & n an undue detrim5t to oneself4 ,^? :o report ( _! own *oice :5 ^! conditions are n exi/5t1 are malici\s tale-be>]s or ra% news-c>ri]s1 r ?an *>itable accus]s4 ,art4 #g3 ,,! ,,s9s ,,aga9/ ,,love ,,& ,,joy 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,,ii-,,ii1 qq4 #cd-cf47 #abie4 ,! s9s aga9/ *>ity & its subord9ate virtues c be r$uc$ to ! foll[+3 7a7 hatr$1 :i* is oppos$ to love2 7b7 slo? & envy1 :i* are contr>y to ! joy ( *>ity2 7c7 discord & s*ism1 :i* are oppos$ to ! peace ( *>ity2 7d7 sc&al1 :i* is ! opposite ( b5efic5ce & frat]nal correction4 #abif4 ,hate4--,hate is an av]sion ( ! w to some?+ :i* ! intellect judges evil1 t is1 contr>y to self4 ,z !re are two k9ds ( love1 s !re are also two k9ds ( hate4 7a7 ,hatr$ ( dislike 7odium abom9ationis7 is ! opposite ( love ( desire1 =1 z ?is love incl9es to some?+ z suitable & advantage\s = self1 s hatr$ ( dislike turns away f some?+1 z be+ consid]$ unsuitable & h>mful to self4 7b7 ,hatr$ ( enmity 7odium inimicitiae7 is ! opposite ( love ( b5evol5ce1 =1 z ?is love wi%es good to ! object ( its affection1 s hatr$ ( enmity wi%es evil to ! object ( its dislike4 #abig4 ,hatr$ ( ,god4-,a ?+ _c be hat$ unless x is look$ ^u z evil1 & h5ce ,god _c be hat$ except by ^? :o reg>d ,him z evil to !mselves4 7a7 ,?us1 ^? :o see ! ,div9e ,ess5ce 7i4e41 ! bless$71 _c hate ,god1 = ,8 ,ess5ce is goodness itself1 &1 !re=e1 ! bless$ c see 9 ,god only reasons = love4 7b7 ,^? :o see ,god obscurely ?r\gh ! ?+s made by ,him 7i4e41 wayf>]s on e>?71 _c hate ,god consid]$ z ! au?or ( effects t are 9 no way displeas+ to ! w1 su* z exi/5ce1 life1 intellig5ce2 b !y c hate ,god z ! au?or ( effects displeas+ to _! w1 su* z law & puni%m5t4 ,?us1 no "o c hate ,god because ,god has giv5 him be+1 = exi/5ce ( itself is some?+ good & desirable2 b a deprav$ w c hate ,god = hav+ =bidd5 s91 or = inflict+ *a/isem5ts1 or = p]mitt+ "s evils to accompany ! bless+s ( life4 ,t hatr$ ( ,god is n a m]e possibility1 ! scriptures 9 _m places atte/3 8,! pride ( !m t hate ,!e asc5de? =ev]0 7,ps1 lxiii4 #bc71 8,n[ !y h se5 & hat$ bo? ,me & ,my ,fa!r0 7,john1 xv4 #bd74 #abih4 ,x %\ld n be inf]r$ f :at has j be5 said t x is n ,god 9 ,himself t is hat$1 b only ,8 works2 nor t x is a s9 aga9/ ,god to dislike evils or ev5 div9e puni%m5ts4 7a7 ,?us1 ,god ,himself is n ! pr9ciple or motive cause ( ! hatr$ direct$ aga9/ ,him1 = 9 ,god !re is no evil t c produce dislike2 b ,god is ! t]m or object ( ! hatr$ ar\s$ 9 ! s9n] by ! div9e effects t displease him1 z ! texts giv5 above f scripture indicate4 ,= example1 a man hates 8 neighbor on acc\nt ( c]ta9 defects he p]ceives or ?9ks he p]ceives2 ! defects are ! pr9ciple1 b ! neighbor is ! t]m ( ! hatr$4 7b7 ,dislike ( ! evils t are 9 ! _w1 or ( *a/isem5ts s5t by ,god1 is n dislike ( ,god ,himself1 s9ce ,god does n ask u to love evil1 b only to endure su* evils z _c be cur$4 ,ev5 murmurs aga9/ ,provid5ce are usually manife/ations ( impati5ce1 n ( hatr$ ( ,provid5ce4 ,x is only ! s9n] t dislikes ,god ,himself = p]mitt+ or inflict+ evils1 :o is guilty ( hatr$ ( ,god4 #abii4 ,hatr$ ( ,god ( v>i\s k9ds4 7a7 ,z reg>ds ! int5tion1 x is ei!r int]pretative or =mal4 ,int]pretative hatr$ is av]sion t is n int5d$ directly or = its own sake1 b only indirectly & by reason ( some?+ else ^: love is pref]r$4 ,=mal hatr$ is an av]sion t is int5d$ directly & expressly 9 itself4 ,e mortal s9 is an act ( int]pretative hatr$ ( ,god1 s9ce mortal s9 consi/s 9 plac+ "o's own pleasure or int]e/ above ! fri5d%ip ( ,god2 b x is only ! special s9 :i* attacks ,god directly t con/itutes =mal hate4 ,?us1 he :o murd]s 8 enemy does n directly int5d dislike ( ,god1 b rev5ge2 :]eas ! condemn$ murd]] :o blasphemes ,god1 because he is to be execut$1 directly dislikes ,god4 7b7 ,z reg>ds ! degree ( malice x conta9s1 =mal hatr$ ( ,god is ei!r dislike or enmity4 ,dislike ( ,god is ! s9 ( ^? :o d n l "s attribute ( ,god2 enmity t[>ds ,god is ! s9 ( ^? :o wi% "s evil to ,god4 ,?us1 "o :o delib]ately wi%es t ,god w\ld sanction inju/ice dislikes ! div9e attribute ( ju/ice1 :ile an unju/ man :o wi%es he might be rid ( ,god & ,8 judgm5t is guilty ( enmity to ,god4 #acjj4 ,hatr$ ( ,god z a ,special ,s94--7a7 ,int]pretative hatr$ ( ,god is n a special s9 b a g5]al circum/ance ( e mortal s92 b =mal hatr$ is a special s91 & inde$ "o t is comp>atively r>e1 & t mu/ be specially m5tion$ 9 confession4 ,?is is a s9 :i* is di/9ct1 n only f ! s9s aga9/ ! o!r !ological virtues 7e4g41 unbelief1 despair71 b also f ! s9s aga9/ ! o!r objects ( *>ity 7e4g41 hatr$ ( ! neighbor74 7b7 ,=mal hatr$ ( ,god is n a special s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ 7see #hii72 b its malice p]vades e su* s91 & x is ?us a g5]al s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,= example1 presumption is a dislike ( ,god's law :i* requires t "o mu/ atta9 salvation ?r\gh ! obs]vance ( ! comm&m5ts2 rejection ( ! kn[n tru? is a dislike ( ,god's revelation4 #acja4 ,! ,gravity ( ,hatr$ ( ,god4-7a7 ,x is a mortal s9 f its nature1 & c nev] be v5ial on acc\nt ( ! smallness ( ! injury1 b only on acc\nt ( lack ( delib]ation or cons5t4 ,dislike ( ev5 "o attribute ( ,god is a grave injury1 = ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to ,god is p]fect & inf9itely lovable4 7b7 ,hatr$ ( ,god is ! wor/ ( all mortal s9s2 = x is directly oppos$ to ,god 7! supreme good7 & to *>ity 7! mo/ excell5t virtue 9 a creature71 :]eas o!r mortal s9s (f5d aga9/ ^! goods only indirectly4 #acjb4 ,! comp>ison j made betwe5 hatr$ ( ,god & o!r s9s supposes t ! o!r s9s d n include hatr$ ( ,god1 = x is cle> t simple hatr$ ( ,god exi/+ 9 ! w is less s]i\s ?an a composite s91 su* z ext]nal blasphemy utt]$ to manife/ int]nal hatr$ ( ,god4 7a7 ,?us1 hatr$ ( ,god )\t unbelief is worse ?an unbelief )\t hatr$ ( ,god2 7b7 hatr$ ( ,god )\t hatr$ ( ! neighbor is worse ?an hatr$ ( ! neighbor )\t hatr$ ( ,god4 #acjc4 ,degrees ( ,malice 9 ,hatr$ ( ,god4--7a7 ,a new species ( s9 is add$ to hatr$ ( ,god1 :5 out ( hatr$ "o proce$s to s9 aga9/ creatures1 or to commit o!r (f5ses aga9/ ,god ,himself4 ,example3 ,titus hates ,god1 & !re=e p]secutes ^? :o believe 9 ,god1 & also blasphemes ,god4 7b7 ,a new degree ( malice is add$ to hatr$ ( ,god :5 "o proce$s f dislike to enmity1 or :5 ! circum/ances ( p]son1 place1 mann]1 etc41 aggravate ! malice4 ,example3 ,hatr$ ( ,god outw>dly manife/$ adds ! evil ( sc&al2 n s hatr$ ( ,god t is conceal$4 #acjd4 ,hatr$ ( ,creatures4--,all dislike ( ,god is s9ful1 because !re is no?+ 9 ,god t m]its dislike4 ,b 9 creatures imp]fections are f\nd z well z p]fections4 7a7 ,h5ce1 dislike ( ! imp]fections ( our neighbor 7i4e41 ( all t is ! "w ( ! devil or ( 8 own s9fulness71 is n aga9/ *>ity1 b accord+ to *>ity2 = x is ! same ?+ to dislike ano!r's evil z to wi% 8 good4 ,?us1 ,god ,himself is said to hate detractors1 t is1 detraction 7,rom41 i4 #cj71 & ,*ri/ bids ,8 foll[]s hate _! p>5ts :o w\ld be an imp$im5t to _! progress 9 hol9ess1 t is1 ! s9ful opposition ( ^? p>5ts 7,luke1 xiv4 #bf74 ,only :5 dislike is c>ri$ beyond reason is x s9ful4 ,?us1 a wife :o dislikes h] husb&'s habit ( drunk5ness s mu* t %e w n give him a necess>y m$ic9e on acc\nt ( ! alcohol x conta9s1 c>ries h] dislike to extremes4 7b7 ,dislike ( ! p]fections ( nature or ( grace 9 our neighbor 7i4e41 ( any?+ t is ! "w ( ,god 9 him71 is contr>y to *>ity4 ,?us1 ,god does n hate ! detractor himself1 nor %\ld *ildr5 ev] hate ! p]son ( a p>5t1 or ! natural relation%ip he holds to !mselves1 no matt] h[ bad ! p>5t may be4 ,z ,/4 ,augu/9e says3 8,"o %\ld love ! s9n]1 b hate 8 vices40 #acje4 ,! same pr9ciples apply to dislike ( self4 7a7 ,?us1 "o %\ld dislike "o's own imp]fections1 = !y are ! enemies ( "o's s\l4 ,s1 contrition is def9$ z a hatr$ & dete/ation ( "o's vices1 & x is a virtue & an act ( *>ity to self4 7b7 ,"o %\ld n dislike ! good "o has1 except 9 s f> z x is associat$ ) evil4 ,?us1 "o %\ld n regret "o's hone/y1 ev5 if by reason ( x "o loses an opportunity to make a l>ge sum ( money2 b "o may regret hav+ m>ri$1 if "o's *oice has be5 un=tunate & has made "o's life mis]able4 #acjf4 ,%\ld a p]son dislike 9 o!rs _! opposition to himself8 7a7 ,if _! opposition is unju/1 he %\ld dislike x1 = x is !n a s9 9 !m & an injury to himself1 & *>ity to !m & to self requires t he %\ld dislike :at is h>mful to all conc]n$4 7b7 ,if _! opposition is j1 he %\ld l x1 = x is virtu\s 9 !m & b5eficial to himself3 8,bett] are ! w\nds ( a fri5d ?an ! deceitful kisses ( an enemy0 7,prov41 xxvii4 #f74 #acjg4 ,direct enmity to self is n possible1 = nature incl9es ea* "o s /rongly to love ( self t x is impossible = anyone to wi% evil to himself z evil3 8,no "o hate? 8 own fle%0 7,ephes41 v4 #bi74 ,b indirectly a p]son may be at enmity ) himself1 inasmu* z he wi%es evil "u ! guise ( good2 & h5ce ,/4 ,augu/9e1 comm5t+ on ! words1 8,he t love? 8 life %all lose x0 7,john1 xii1 #be71 says3 8,if y love self wrongly1 y hate x2 if y hate self rightly1 y love x40 ,?is indirect enmity to self happ5s 9 two ways4 7a7 ,a p]son sometimes wi%es himself :at is n a true1 b only an app>5t good1 z :5 he *ooses ! satisfaction ( rev5ge r ?an t ( p>don ( injuries4 7b7 ,a p]son sometimes *ooses :at is good1 n = 8 true1 b = 8 l[] self1 z :5 he decides to gratify ! body at ! exp5se ( ! s\l4 #acjh4 ,is x ev] lawful to wi% evil to self or to o!rs8 7a7 ,x is n lawful to wi% anyone evil z evil1 = ev5 ,god 9 puni%+ ! lo/ does n w _! puni%m5t z x is evil to !m1 b z x conta9s ! good ( ju/ice4 ,h5ce1 x is contr>y to *>ity to wi% t a crim9al be put to dea?1 if "o's wi% does n g beyond ! suff]+s & loss ( life ! crim9al w endure4 7b7 ,x is lawful to wi% evil z good1 or1 9 o!r words1 to wi% mis=tunes t are bless+s 9 disguise4 ,?us1 "o may wi% t a neighbor lose 8 arm1 if ?is is necess>y to save 8 life4 #acji4 ,"o may easily be self-deceiv$ 9 wi%+ evil to "o's neighbor "u ! pretext t x is really good "o desires1 = ! true int5tion may be hatr$ or rev5ge4 ,h5ce1 ! foll[+ conditions mu/ be pres5t :5 "o wi%es evil z good3 7a7 ,on ! "p ( ! subject 7i4e41 ( ! p]son :o wills ! evil71 ! int5tion mu/ be s9c]ely *>itable1 proce$+ f a desire t ! neighbor be b5efitt$4 ,?us1 x is lawful to wi% t a gambl] may meet ) rev]ses1 if :at is int5d$ is1 n 8 loss1 b 8 awak5+ to ! ne$ ( a new k9d ( amusem5t4 ,/4 ,paul rejoic$ t he _h made ! ,cor9?ians sorr[ful1 because _! sorr[ work$ rep5tance 9 !m 7,,ii ,cor41 vii4 #g-aa74 ,( c\rse1 ! desire ( a neighbor's good does n conf] ! "r to wrong him1 = ! end does n ju/ify ! means4 7b7 ,on ! "p ( ! object 7i4e41 ( ! evil :i* is wi%$ to ano!r71 x mu/ be comp5sat$ = by ! good :i* is int5d$4 ,x is n lawful to desire ! dea? ( ano!r on acc\nt ( ! prop]ty "o expects to inh]it1 = ! neighbor's life is m important ?an private ga92 b x is lawful to wi%1 out ( int]e/ 9 ! common welf>e1 t a crim9al be captur$ & puni%$1 = x is only by ! v9dication ( law t public tranquillity c be secur$ 7,gal41 v4 #ab74 #acaj4 ,is x lawful to wi% ! dea? ( self or ( a neighbor = "s private good ( ! "o ^: dea? is wi%$8 7a7 ,if ! good is a spiritual "o & m important ?an ! spiritual good conta9$ 9 ! desire to live1 x is lawful to desire dea?4 ,?us1 x is lawful to wi% to die 9 ord] to ent] into a bett] life1 or to be fre$ f ! temptations & s9fulness ( life on e>?4 ,b x is n lawful to wi% to die 9 ord] to sp>e a few individuals ! sc&al !y take f "o's life1 if t life is ne$$ by o!rs z a s\rce ( edification 7,philip41 i4 #ba sqq474 7b7 ,if ! good is a temporal "o b suffici5tly important1 x does n seem unlawful to desire dea?4 ,?us1 we %\ld n blame a p]son suff]+ f a pa9ful & incurable disease1 :i* makes him a burd5 to himself & to o!rs1 if1 ) resignation to ! div9e w1 he prays = ! release ( dea?2 = 8dea? is bett] ?an a bitt] life0 7,ecclus41 xxx1 #ag74 ,b lack ( p]fect heal? or a feel+ ( we>9ess is n a good reason = wi%+ to die1 especially if "o has dep5d5ts1 or is useful to o!rs4 #acaa4 ,is x ev] lawful to wi% spiritual evil to anyone8 7a7 ,spiritual evil ( iniquity may nev] be desir$1 = ! desire ( s91 mortal or v5ial1 is a s9 itself 7see #bdb71 & x _c be *>itable1 = *>ity rejoice? n ) iniquity 7,i ,cor41 xiii4 #f74 ,x is wrong1 !re=e1 to wi% t our neighbor fall into s91 (f5d ,god1 dim9i% or =feit 8 grace1 or lose 8 s\l4 ,on ! contr>y1 we are comm&$ to pray t he be deliv]$ f su* evils4 7b7 ,! good t ,god draws out ( spiritual evil may be desir$4 ,"s are p]mitt$ to fall into s91 or be tempt$1 t !y may become m humble1 m *>itable1 m vigilant1 m f]v5t4 ,x seems t ! p]mission ( s9 9 ! case ( ! elect is "o ( ! b5efits ( ,god's pr$e/9ation1 inasmu* z ,god int5ds x to be an occasion ( great] virtue & /rong] p]sev]ance4 ,x is n lawful to wi% t ,god p]mit anyone to fall into s91 b x is lawful to wi% t1 if ,god has p]mitt$ s91 good w foll[ aft] x4 #acab4 ,gravity ( ! ,s9 ( ,hatr$ ( ,neighbor4--7a7 ,hatr$1 :e!r ( dislike or ( enmity1 is f its nature a mortal s91 s9ce x is directly oppos$ to ! virtue ( *>ity1 :i* is ! life ( ! s\l4 7b7 ,dislike1 if enmity is n jo9$ to x1 is r>ely 9 fact a mortal s94 ,av]sions & antipa?ies = o!rs usually are ei!r indelib]ate1 or h to d ) :at are real or fanci$ defects 9 o!rs4 ,dislike is a mortal s9 only :5 "o despises ano!r s mu* t "o delib]ately loa!s ev5 t :i* is ( div9e prov5ance 9 ! o!r1 or dislikes a real imp]fection s immod]ately z to inflict s]i\s injury 7e4g41 by refus+ p>don or ! common signs ( *>ity1 by giv+ grave sc&al1 etc47 7c7 ,enmity 9 fact is (t5 only a v5ial s91 ei!r because "o wi%es only a small h>m 7e4g41 ! loss ( a small sum ( money71 or because "o wi%es h>m1 ev5 a great h>m 7e4g41 ! commission ( mortal s971 )\t full delib]ation4 ,enmity is a mortal s91 h[ev]1 :5 "o delib]ately wi%es a grave evil 7e4g41 mortal s9 or ! loss ( reputation7 to "o's neighbor4 #acac4 ,hatr$ ,comp>$ ) ,o!r ,s9s ,aga9/ ! ,neighbor4--7a7 ,hatr$ is a grav] s9 ?an o!r int]nal s9s aga9/ ! neighbor1 su* z envy1 ang]2 =1 :ile ea* ( ^! latt] attacks "s p>ticul> k9d ( good ( ! neighbor or only to a limit$ degree1 hatr$ may be direct$ aga9/ any good & kn[s no measure4 ,?us1 covet\sness is direct$ aga9/ ! ext]nal goods or possessions ( a neighbor1 :ile hate may ext5d to ei!r int]nal or ext]nal goods4 ,envy is oppos$ to ! neighbor's good relatively1 9 s f> z x is consid]$ an ob/acle to "o's own glory1 b hate dete/s ano!r's good absolutely4 ,! hat] f9ds 8 satisfaction1 n 9 any pr(it d]iv$ = self1 b 9 8 av]sion = ano!r's good1 & ! h>m t is wi%$ 8 neighbor4 ,?is comp>ison "h made %\ld be und]/ood1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 s t hatr$ ( ano!r's life is contra/$ ) envy ( 8 life1 etc42 =1 if ! goods are n ! same1 hatr$ may be a less] s91 z :5 hatr$ ( a neighbor's temporal good is comp>$ ) envy ( 8 spiritual good4 7b7 ,hatr$ ( a neighbor is a m s]i\s s9 ?an ext]nal (f5ses done aga9/ him1 = hatr$ sets ! w wrong1 & x is 9 ! w t s9 takes root3 8,he :o hates 8 bro!r is a murd]]0 7,i ,john1 iii4 #ae74 ,! ext]nal act1 on ! contr>y 7e4g41 kill+ an innoc5t man71 is n a =mal s9 :5 ! w is guiltless4 7c7 ,hatr$ is a less h>mful s9 to ! neighbor ?an ext]nal (f5ses2 = example1 int]nal dislike & malevol5ce w n break any bones1 z may happ5 f a sev]e bl[4 #acad4 ,:y is hatr$ n numb]$ among ! capital vices8 ,z 0 said above 7see #bfi71 a capital vice is "o f :i* naturally & usually o!r species ( s9 take _! orig94 ,n[1 hatr$ ( ,god or ! neighbor1 9 ! natural & usual c\rse ( s91 does n prec$e1 b r foll[s o!r s9s4 ,h5ce1 hatr$ is n a capital s94 ,?is w appe> m cle>ly if we di/+ui% two k9ds ( hatr$3 7a7 ,hate ( t :i* is truly evil & oppos$ to ! true good ( man 7e4g41 hate ( vice71 is naturally prior to o!r dis9cl9ations1 s9ce rational nature fir/ incl9es "o to love its good & hate its evil 7see #aajf74 7b7 ,hate ( t :i* is n evil 7z hate ( ,god or ( ! neighbor71 is naturally subsequ5t to o!r s9s1 = x is only a nature already corrupt t dete/s true goodness4 ,?is does n mean1 h[ev]1 t ! :ole catalogue ( less] s9s mu/ h be5 committ$ be=e hatr$ is arriv$ at1 nor t 9 individual cases a s9n] has n ! fre$om to hate be=e he has committ$ less grave s9s4 #acae4 ,9 a c]ta9 wide s5se1 h[ev]1 x may be said t hatr$ ( ! neighbor goes be=e all o!r s9s aga9/ ! neighbor1 j z 0 rem>k$ above 7#abii7 conc]n+ s9s aga9/ ,god4 7a7 ,h5ce1 int]pretative hate--i4e41 a feel+ aga9/ ano!r t makes "o act 9 effect z if !re 7 hatr$--does prec$e ! o!r s9s4 ,?us1 if ,titus1 :o bore no ill-w to ,balbus1 becomes enrag$ aga9/ him & inflicts dea?1 ! murd] is trac$ back to ang]1 b ?is ang] may be call$ hate1 inasmu* z dislike ( ! life ( ,balbus is includ$ 9 ! desire ( rev5ge4 7b7 ,=mal hate--i4e41 dislike ( ano!r t is absolute1 & n modifi$ by su* consid]ations z desire ( rev5ge or sorr[ ov] "o's own inf]iority--does n prec$e1 b r foll[s ! o!r s9s1 z 0 expla9$ 9 ! previ\s p>agraph4 ,x is only ?is s9 ( =mal hate t is a special s94 ,titus 9 ! example murd]$ ,balbus1 n because he _h an absolute dislike = him1 b because ! ?ir/ = rev5ge made ,balbus displeas+ to him4 #acaf4 ,! causes ( ! s9 ( hatr$ are z foll[s3 7a7 causes t dispose "o to hate are ang] & envy1 = to desire evil to ano!r1 = rev5ge or on acc\nt ( "o's own glory1 prep>es ! way to desire evil to him absolutely1 :i* is hatr$4 ,envy1 h[ev]1 disposes to hate m ?an ang]1 s9ce x is m ak9 to hatr$3 ang] wi%es evil to ano!r z some?+ ow$ to ju/ice1 b bo? envy & hatr$ look ^u ! neighbor's good z a ?+ di/a/eful4 7b7 ,! cause t induces s9ful hatr$ ( ! neighbor is envy2 = "o _c hate t :i* is good unless "o reg>ds x z 9 "s way disagreeable1 & x is ! vice ( envy t makes "o reg>d "o's neighbor's good z "o's own evil4 ,hatr$ ( ,god also indirectly results f envy1 =1 :ile ! creature does n envy ,god1 8 envy ( 8 neighbor bre$s hatr$ ( 8 fell[-man1 & ?is 9 turn may produce hatr$ ( ,god4 #acag4 ,v>i\s ,species ( ! ,s9 ( ,hatr$4--7a7 ,hatr$ ( ,god & hatr$ ( ! neighbor are s9s specifically di/9ct1 & h5ce to be decl>$ specifically 9 confession4 ,!y are oppos$ to ! same virtue ( *>ity1 b1 on acc\nt ( ! g5]ical diff]5ce ( s9 aga9/ ,god & s9 aga9/ ! creature1 !y mu/ be class$ z diff]5t species ( s94 7b7 ,hatr$ ( ! neighbor 9 itself is b "o species ( s91 s9ce all its acts h ?is "o ess5tial "* 9 common1 t evil is wi%$ to a neighbor z evil--t is1 "o wi%es ano!r evil 9 g5]al or e k9d ( evil1 b does n specify p>ticul> evils1 su* z damnation or dea?4 7c7 ,hatr$ ( ! neighbor on acc\nt ( its circum/ances or results may be connect$ ) s9s ( o!r species4 ,?us1 he :o hates 8 neighbor because ! latt] is pi\s1 adds irreligion to 8 hatr$2 he :o out ( hatr$ wi%es ! dea? ( 8 neighbor1 adds ! guilt ( murd] to hatr$2 he :o out ( hatr$ wi%es to de/roy 8 neighbor's prop]ty1 adds ! guilt ( inju/ice to 8 hatr$3 he :o hates 8 p>5ts1 adds impiety to un*>itabl5ess2 he :o calls d[n a curse on ano!r1 adds mal$iction to hate4 #acah4 ,p5it5ts :o accuse !mselves ( hatr$ (t5 h 9 m9d a s9 specifically di/9ct f ! s9 ( hatr$1 or an act n s9ful at all4 7a7 ,?us1 8hatr$ ( ,god0 is sometimes us$ to signify a want ( resignation to ! div9e w4 7b7 8,dislike ( ! neighbor0 is sometimes us$ to signify uncong5iality on acc\nt ( diff]5ce ( "*1 etc41 or positive disapproval ( qualities or acts t des]ve dislike or c5sure4 ,?us1 a p5it5t :o always feels ill at ease 9 ! company ( a neighbor on acc\nt ( "s natural incompatibility or ( "s fe> :i* he himself does n und]/&1 or :o dreads meet+ an individual ^: mann]s are boori% or ^: conv]sation is di/a/eful1 may accuse himself ( s9ful dislike4 7c7 8,wi%+ evil to ! neighbor0 is sometimes us$ to signify "o's desire t ju/ice take its c\rse or t ! ord] ( *>ity be obs]v$4 ,?us1 a p5it5t :o wi%$ = ! common good t a crim9al be puni%$1 or accord+ to *>ity t 8 fri5d w\ld defeat o!rs 9 competition = a prize1 may accuse himself t he wi%$ h>m to ! crim9al or _h luck to ! competitors aga9/ 8 fri5d4 #acai4 ,circum/ances ( hatr$ %\ld be m5tion$ 9 confession z foll[s3 7a7 :5 !y add a new species--?us1 ! p]son hat$ 7e4g41 "o's fa!r7 or ! evil wi%$ 7e4g41 a fall into mortal s91 loss ( reputation1 dea?1 etc47 may add a new s9 to t ( hate2 7b7 :5 !y multiply ! numb] ( s9s )9 ! species ( hate1 z :5 "o hates a l>ge numb] ( p]sons 7see #bai74 #acbj4 ,! ,s9 ( ,slo?4--,slo? is a sadness or dejection ( ! w ab\t ! div9e good "o possesses1 & arises f a want ( e/eem = "o's ,la/ ,end & ! means !reto4 7a7 ,slo? is a sadness ( ! w4 ,h5ce1 ! s9 ( slo? diff]s f ! passion ( sadness1 & also f bodily we>9ess4 ,! passions 7z said 9 #aba7 are n evil 9 !mselves1 b become evil :5 ex]cis$ immod]ately1 or turn$ to an evil object4 ,weakness or we>9ess ( body is n s9ful1 b x disposes "o = ! passion ( sadness1 & ?is 9 turn may tempt ! w to slo?1 :5 duties ow$ to ,god are to be att5d$ to4 7b7 ,slo? is a sadness ab\t good1 & s x diff]s f sadness ab\t ! smallness ( "o's good4 ,humility dem&s t "o be s5sible ( "o's own %ortcom+s & ( ! great] m]its ( ^? :o are bett]4 ,b x is n humility b +ratitude & slo? to depreciate & grieve ov] ! good :i* "o has receiv$ f ,god1 su* z ! gift ( fai?1 memb]%ip 9 ! ,*ur*1 etc4 7c7 ,slo? is sadness ab\t ! div9e good1 :i* is lov$ by *>ity4 ,?us1 ! s9 ( slo? diff]s f ! circum/ance ( slo?1 :i* is f\nd 9 e s94 ,!re is no s9 t does n conta9 a sadness or disgu/ ab\t ! act ( ! opposite virtue2 ! v ?\ght ( mod]ation is depress+ to ! glutton1 & religion is associat$ ) gloom by ! irreligi\s4 ,b :at is special to ! s9 ( slo? is1 t x grieves ab\t t div9e good itself ov] :i* *>ity rejoices1 & :i* is ! end ( all ! o!r virtues4 7d7 ,slo? is a sadness ab\t ! div9e good z %>$ by self1 t is1 ab\t ! end (f]$ oneself & ! means !reto1 su* z et]nal beatitude1 ! fri5d%ip ( ,god1 ! ,sacram5ts1 ! ,comm&m5ts1 good works & o!r div9e gifts :i* %\ld be e/eem$ & receiv$ ) gladness4 ,slo? ?us diff]s f hatr$ ( ,god1 :i* is a sadness ov] ,god's own goodness2 & f envy1 :i* is a sadness ov] ! good ( ! neighbor4 7e7 ,slo? is a sadness ov] ! div9e good1 :i* is consid]$ by "o z an evil4 ,! s9 ( slo? looks ^u ! joys ( heav5 or ! practice ( virtue ) contempt2 x directly spurns !m z unwor?y ( love 7cfr4 ,num41 xxi4 #d74 ,h5ce1 slo? diff]s f laz9ess or idl5ess1 = ?is latt] s9 dislikes ! ex]cise ( virtue1 n because x consid]s virtue z evil1 b because x has a dread ( ! labor & ex]tion :i* virtue entails1 & is ov]mu* 9 love ) repose & ease4 #acba4 ,slo? is a s94 7a7 ,x is =bidd5 by ,god3 8,b[ d[n ?y %\ld] & be> wisdom1 & be n griev$ ) h] b&s0 7,ecclus41 vi4 #bf74 7b7 ,x is an evil sorr[1 = x grieves ov] good4 7c7 ,x has evil effects1 s9ce x keeps man f 8 duty1 swall[+ him up ) ov]mu* sorr[ 7,,ii ,cor41 ii4 #g74 #acbb4 ,qualities ( ! ,s9 ( ,slo?4--7a7 ,slo? is a special s91 s9ce1 z expla9$ above1 its individual objects diff]5tiate x f ! g5]al slo?fulness t is f\nd 9 e s91 z well z f hatr$1 envy & laz9ess4 ,b x is a s91 by comp>ison1 r>ely committ$4 7b7 ,x is a mortal s91 f its nature1 s9ce x is a horror & dete/ation = ! div9e good4 ,x is implicitly =bidd5 9 ! ,?ird ,comm&m5t1 7c7 ,x is a capital s9 7i4e41 a vice naturally productive ( o!rs71 = sadness incl9es man to _m evils z means ( escape f sorr[ or ( consolation 9 sorr[4 #acbc4 ,9 ! foll[+ cases slo? is n a mortal s94 7a7 ,x is n a mortal s9 if 9 ! object !re is n grave matt]4 ,:5 a p]son is griev$ at ! ?\ght t he w be =c$ to "s spiritual good :i* is n ( precept b ( c\nsel1 he does n s9 !reby1 = "o does n s9 by n *oos+ ! c\nsels4 ,/rictly speak+1 h[ev]1 ?is grief is n ! s9 ( slo?1 :i* is a sorr[ ov] ! div9e good t "o is b\nd to accept ) joy4 7b7 ,slo? is n a mortal s91 if 9 ! subject !re is n suffici5t reflection or full cons5t4 ,h5ce1 m]e bodily we>9ess 9 s]v+ ,god1 is no s9 at all1 & a feel+ ( disgu/ = spiritual ?+s1 n cons5t$ to1 is only a /ruggle ( ! fle% aga9/ ! _s1 & at mo/ a v5ial s94 #acbd4 ,s9s t ,spr+ f ,slo?4--7a7 ,to escape 8 sadness ab\t div9e ?+s1 ! slo?ful man avoids or flees ! ?+s t sadd5 him--8 la/ end 7s9 ( despair7 & ! means !reto 7s9s ( c[>dice & c>elessness74 ,he also attacks ! causes ( 8 grief--! p]sons :o w\ld lead him to ,god 7s9 ( rancor7 or ! spiritual ?+s !mselves 7s9 ( malice74 7b7 ,to console himself = ! want ( joy 9 spiritual ?+s1 he seeks com=t 9 =bidd5 ?+s3 8 m9d is unquiet & curi\s ab\t t :i* does n conc]n him1 8 talk is excessive1 8 bodily movem5ts are re/less1 & he mu/ be cont9ually mov+ f place to place4 #acbe4 ,! ,conque/ ( ,slo?4--7a7 ,flight is a suitable =m ( resi/ance to temptation1 :5ev] ! temptation gr[s /rong] by ?9k+ ov] ! matt]1 z is ! case ) temptations aga9/ purity 7,i ,cor41 vi4 #ah74 7b7 ,attack is a suitable =m ( resi/ance1 :5 ! temptation becomes weak] z "o ?9ks ov] ! matt] 7see #beg74 ,?is is ! case ) slo?1 =1 ! m "o gives oneself to ! consid]ation ( spiritual ?+s1 ! m pleas+ d !y become4 #acbf4 ,laz9ess1 z di/9ct f ! capital vice ( slo?1 is a g5]ic "n giv5 to a numb] ( s9s or circum/ances ( s91 & h5ce x w be treat$ 9 sev]al places4 7a7 ,?us1 neglig5ce is a want ( prompt decision ab\t duties to be p]=m$4 ,x is oppos$ to ! virtue ( dilig5ce or solicitude1 :i* p]ta9s to prud5ce4 ,h5ce1 neglig5ce w be consid]$ among ! s9s aga9/ prud5ce4 7b7 ,sluggi%ness 7pigritia7 is a t>dy p]=mance ( duty1 & w be consid]$ among ! s9s oppos$ to dilig5ce4 7c7 ,c>elessness 7torpor7 is a p]functory dis*>ge ( duties1 )\t ?\ght or love4 ,x is "o ( ! consequ5ces ( slo? giv5 above 7see #acbd71 & h5ce x is a s9 aga9/ *>ity4 7d7 ,indol5ce is an excessive dislike ( labor or ex]tion1 caus$ by an inord9ate love ( recreation or bodily re/4 ,x w be consid]$ :5 we treat ! s9 ( s(tness or delicacy1 :i* is oppos$ to =titude4 7e7 ,idl5ess is ! actual omission ( "o's duty on acc\nt ( indol5ce1 & h5ce x is consid]$ among ! s9s aga9/ ! v>i\s precepts4 ,?us1 "u ! precepts ( *>ity & ( ju/ice w be discuss$ ! omission ( labor to :i* "o is b\nd4 #acbg4 ,! s9 ( c>elessness ab\t ! s]vice ( ,god is also kn[n z tepidity or lukew>mness4 ,x consi/s 9 a want ( f]vor1 & causes "o to live 9 spiritual languor1 wi%+ on ! "o h& to live holily & avoid s91 b fe>+ on ! o!r h& ! ef=t & g5]osity requir$ = ! practice ( virtue & ! /ruggle aga9/ evil4 ,x is1 !re=e1 mo/ dang]\s4 7a7 ,ev5 if x is only int]nal1 x may be m dang]\s to ! "o conc]n$ ?an grave s9 itself1 s9ce ?reats & promises t move a s9n] are (t5 unavail+ ) "o :o is tepid & mov+ on to grave s94 ,?us1 we read3 8,i "k ?y works1 t ?\ art nei!r cold1 nor hot4 ,i w\ld t ?\ w]t cold or hot4 ,b because ?\ art lukew>m1 & nei!r cold1 nor hot1 ,i w beg9 to vomit !e out ( my m\?0 7,apoc41 iii4 #ae1 #af74 7b7 ,if x is ext]nal1 ?is s9 is a dang] to o!rs :o witness ! disrespectful way 9 :i* "o prays or ex]cises o!r duties ow$ to ,god4 #acbh4 ,! ,s9 ( ,envy4--,envy is a sadness at ! good ( a neighbor1 :i* "o consid]s z a detrim5t to "o's own excell5ce or glory1 & !re=e z an evil to self4 7a7 ,envy is a species ( sadness1 t is1 x is a displeasure ( ! w at ! pres5ce ( :at "o reg>ds z an evil4 ,9 ?is way envy diff]s f ! s9 ( rejoic+ at ! evils ( o!rs1 :i*1 z w be said bel[ 7see #acdb71 is "o ( ! consequ5ces ( envy1 al?\gh bo? are ( ! same species4 ,?us also1 envy diff]s f pride & va+lory 7:i* are n av]sions b incl9ations71 & f covet\sness 7:i* is ! desire ( :at belongs to ano!r74 7b7 ,envy is ab\t "s good1 especially ab\t ^? goods f :i* m5 obta9 ! e/eem & honor ( o!rs1 su* z virtue1 ability1 rank1 success1 prosp]ity4 ,?us1 envy diff]s f sorr[ ab\t evil or ! evil effects ( good1 su* z rep5tance = "o's s9s1 regret t "o is n z good z o!rs1 displeasure at ! bad use t m5 make ( heal? or weal?4 7c7 ,envy is ab\t ! good ( a neighbor1 = only an insane p]son w\ld feel *agr9 at ! sup]iority ( ,god1 & self-envy is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,?us1 envy diff]s f sorr[ at ! good ( ,god 7hatr$ ( ,god71 & f sorr[ at ! good ( self 7slo?74 ,a p]son may be said1 h[ev]1 to envy ,god 9 ! s5se t he is mortifi$ at ! ext]nal glory ( ,god1 if he feels himself an antagoni/ ( t glory4 ,9 ?is way ! devil is said to envy ! attributes ( ,god1 because !y ov]come 8 ef=ts to promote impiety1 & man is said to envy ! ,holy ,gho/1 :5 he is discont5t$ at ! progress ( hol9ess 9 ! s\ls ( m54 7d7 ,! envi\s man consid]s 8 neighbor's good z a detrim5t to 8 own good4 ,?is is ! di/9ctive trait ( envy :i* sets x ap>t f o!r =ms ( rep9+ at ano!r's good =tune4 ,?us1 displeasure at ! excell5ce or glory ( ano!r )\t ref]5ce to detrim5t to self is n envy1 b hatr$2 ) ref]5ce to ! unwor?9ess ( ano!r1 x is n envy1 b indignation4 7e7 ,h5ce1 envy looks on ! neighbor's prosp]ity z a calamity to self1 z a sort ( puni%m5t & ! contradiction ( "o's own desires4 ,"h envy /&s 9 contra/ ) m]cy1 =1 :ile ! m]ciful reg>d ! mis=tunes ( neighbors z ! mis=tunes ( !mselves1 ! envi\s reg>d ! prosp]ity ( o!rs z _! own mis=tune4 #acbi4 ,! ,objects ( ,envy4--7a7 ,! mat]ial objects are _m1 b !y are r$uc$ to excell5ce & glory4 ,excell5ce includes e k9d ( desirable quality4 ,glory is ! honor1 fame & praise t foll[ on public k ( "o's excell5ce4 ,z a rule1 envy is conc]n$ ) ! excell5ce ( glory1 b x may also be ab\t int]nal or objective excell5ce4 ,?us1 if two disputants are alone1 ! less able w p]haps envy ! great] k ( ! m able2 b1 if !re is an audi5ce1 ! m able w p]haps envy ! great] applause receiv$ by 8 less able oppon5t4 7b7 ,! =mal object ( envy is "o1 namely1 ! detrim5t to ! excell5ce or glory ( self :i* ! envi\s p]son sees 9 ! excell5ce or glory ( ano!r4 ,detrim5t mu/ n be und]/ood absolutely "h1 z if ! envi\s p]son lo/ some?+ or fail$ to obta9 some?+ on acc\nt ( ! o!r p]son4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood relatively1 9 ! s5se t ! envi\s p]son feels t ! situation betwe5 himself & ! o!r p]son is no long] ! same1 t ! latt] has ga9$ on him or pass$ him1 & has ?us less5$ 8 excell5ce4 #accj4 ,! ,subjects ( ,envy4--7a7 ,! p]sons mo/ incl9$ to envy are ( two q diff]5t types1 namely1 ! ambiti\s & ! pusillanim\s4 ,! ambiti\s man ard5tly covets honors1 & he is correspond+ly sadd5$ :5 o!rs surpass him1 especially if he already enjoys repute or is n f> remov$ f ! object ( 8 desires4 ,! pusillanim\s man1 be+ petty1 holds e small advancem5t ( o!rs z great & z a bl[ to 8 own pre/ige4 ,he is1 !re=e1 fill$ ) int5se envy1 :]e a diff]5t p]son w\ld see little or no cause = su* a feel+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^? :o recognize _! own unsuitability = :at is above !m1 & ^? :o are great ( s\l1 are n s mu* incl9$ to envy4 ,!re are few1 h[ev]1 ev5 among ! mo/ p]fect1 :o are n tempt$ to envy 9 "s =m4 7b7 ,! p]sons :o are mo/ likely to be envi$ are ^? :o 9 "s way or o!r are "o's likes or equals1 = "o does n feel t "o is ?r[n into ! %ade by a p]son :o is always f> above "o1 or by ^? :o are f> remov$ 9 "t1 place1 age1 etc4 ,?us1 a begg> w envy a fell[-begg> :o becomes a millionaire1 b n ^? acqua9tances :o 7 always ri*1 & /ill less ! =tunate p]sons :om he kn[s only f he>say4 ,! eld] son envi$ 8 bro!r1 n 8 fa!r 7,luke1 xv4 #bh74 ,_m exceptions to ?is are only app>5t4 ,?us1 p]sons sometimes are envi\s ( ^? f> above !m1 b x is because ^! h advanc$ at _! exp5se1 z :5 a poor p]son envies ^? :o h ! prop]ty he once own$4 ,p]sons are sometimes envi\s ( _! equals :o h n surpass$ !m1 b x is because ^! latt] h obta9$ ) little or no ef=t :at !y !mselves h ga9$ only by h>d "w4 ,p]sons are sometimes envi\s ( _! inf]iors1 b ?is is because !y make a comp>ison f "s viewpo9t 9 :i* !re is equality1 z :5 an old man envies a y\? ! advantages t 7 n enjoy$ 9 8 own y\?1 or ! pres5t promotion t surpasses 8 own4 #acca4 ,x 0 said above 7see #acac7 t hatr$ diff]s f o!r s9s aga9/ *>ity1 inasmu* z x dislikes ano!r's good unqualifi$ly1 :]eas ^! o!r s9s dislike 8 good ) "s qualification4 ,h5ce1 envy diff]s f hate1 because envy is a qualifi$ displeasure4 ,x diff]s f o!r k9ds ( displeasure ov] ! prosp]ity ( o!rs1 because ! qualification 9 ea* case is diff]5t4 7a7 ,?us1 emulation is displeas$ at ! ?\ght ( a neighbor's prosp]ity1 n because x does n l 8 success1 b because x dislikes ! unsuccess ( self4 ,example3 ,titus is griev$ :5 he ?9ks ( ! virtue ( ,balbus1 because he himself lacks virtue4 7b7 ,fe> dislikes ! prosp]ity or sup]iority ( ano!r1 n on acc\nt ( ! prosp]ity or sup]iority 9 itself1 b on acc\nt ( ! evil results x appreh5ds f t prosp]ity4 ,example3 ,caius is displeas$ at ! elevation ( ,claudius1 because he kn[s ! latt] is 8 enemy & w p]secute him4 ,he is also displeas$ t1 9 spite ( 8 own great] le>n+ & s\ndness1 he has n ! influ5ce possess$ by ,balbus1 :o misleads _m by long-w9d$ sophi/ry4 7c7 ,indignation 7nemesis7 is displeas$ t a neighbor has a c]ta9 good1 ( :i* he is unwor?y4 ,example3 ,sempronius is angry because ,titus1 :o is di%one/1 succe$s 9 bus9ess4 7d7 ,envy grieves ov] a neighbor's prosp]ity1 n because x ?9ks ?is prosp]ity w actually br+ ab\t a less5+ ( ! honor ( self1 b because x reg>ds ! v fact ( t prosp]ity1 9 itself & ap>t f any consequ5ces1 z a *ange 9 "o's relation%ip to ! neighbor1 & to t ext5t an obscuration ( ! glory ( self4 ,example3 ,balbus is griev$ at ! prosp]ity ( ,claudius1 because he kn[s ,claudius w use 8 res\rces to defame him4 ,caius is griev$ at ,claudius' prosp]ity1 because he reg>ds x z a reflection on 8 own fame1 s9ce he is less prosp]\s4 ,balbus fe>s1 ,caius envies4 #accb4 ,is emulation a s98 7a7 ,if emulation is ab\t spiritual ?+s1 x is n s9ful1 b praisewor?y4 ,/4 ,paul enc\rages a holy rivalry among ! ,cor9?ians = ! high] gifts ( ,god 7,i ,cor41 xii4 #ca74 ,/4 ,j]ome writes to ,laeta t h] daught] %\ld be associat$ ) o!r girls z fell[-pupils1 t ! progress ( ! latt] & ! praises !y receive may act z a spur to ! daught] n to be outdone4 ,"o :o equals or surpasses ! virtue or k ( ano!r does n take away or less5 ! o!r's good1 b improves 8 own good2 & ?us emulation is n h>mful1 b b5eficial 9 spiritual matt]s4 7b7 ,if emulation is ab\t temporal ?+s1 x is also lawful to be sorry at _! abs5ce4 ,b1 if ! desire is inord9ate1 !n emulation is s9ful4 ,example3 ,sempronius is n inf]ior 9 ability to ,titus1 & h5ce1 :ile n desir+ monopoly or dislik+ competition1 he is sorry t he has n atta9$ an equal success 9 bus9ess4 ,balbus is v defici5t 9 education1 9 initiative & 9 "*1 :ile ,caius excels 9 all ^! qualities2 & yet ,balbus is discont5t$ t he does n hold ! responsible position ( ,caius1 or "o ( equal importance4 ,! emulation ( ,sempronius is reasonable1 t ( ,balbus is unreasonable4 #accc4 ,rivalry is call$ jeal\sy1 :5 x proce$s f a love s ard5t t x wi%es to h exclusive possession ( ! object lov$4 ,?is jeal\sy is lawful or unlawful1 accord+ z ! p]son :o loves has or has n exclusive rights4 7a7 ,jeal\sy is unlawful 9 a "m :o is vex$ because h] *ild loves 8 fa!r z well z h]self4 ,! *ild ought to love bo? p>5ts1 & x is an evil jeal\sy t makes ! "m grieve :5 ! *ild does ?is4 7b7 ,jeal\sy is lawful 9 a wife :o grieves because h] husb& gives to o!rs ! affection he promis$ w\ld be h]s alone4 ,scripture speaks ( ,god ,himself z jeal\s ( ! fidelity ( ,8 creatures1 & decl>es t ,he w suff] no rival1 b mu/ h sole dom9ion ov] ! he>t 7,josue1 xxiv4 #ai sqq472 & ,/4 ,paul tells ! ,cor9?ians t he is jeal\s ( !m1 ) ! jeal\sy ( ,god1 because !y h n be5 fai?ful to 8 prea*+1 b h be5 fri5dly to false tea*]s 7,,ii ,cor41 xi74 #accd4 ,is grief at ! prosp]ity ( ano!r a s91 :5 x is caus$ by fe> ( ! h>m he w d8 7a7 ,if x is cle> t ! o!r w use 8 prosp]ity to act aga9/ ju/ice or *>ity or ! l1 x is n a s9 to grieve ov] ! prosp]ity4 ,=1 s9ce x is "r to deprive a neighbor ( ! means ( s9n+ :5 "o has ! p[] to d s1 x is n wrong to wi% t he lack$ ^? means4 ,?us1 x is n a s9 to grieve ov] ! election ( an (ficial :o w promote lawbreak]s & p]secute ! law-abid+3 8,:5 j m5 increase1 ! p %all rejoice2 :5 ! wick$ %all be> rule1 ! p %all m\rn0 7,prov41 xxix4 #b74 ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great decl>es t1 z x is n un*>itable to rejoice at ! d[nfall ( an enemy1 nei!r is x envi\s to be sadd5$ at 8 success2 s9ce 8 d[nfall is a bless+ to ! oppress$1 :ile 8 success means inju/ice to _m4 7b7 ,if x is cle> t ! o!r w use 8 p[]1 weal?1 or o!r goods to inflict evils t are des]v$ or n unju/1 x is wrong to be sorry t he has ! p[]1 weal?1 etc41 j z x w\ld be wrong to deprive him ( !m4 ,?us1 x is wrong to grieve ov] ! election ( an hone/ (ficial :o w correct abuses & puni% lawbreak]s4 ,x is n unlawful1 h[ev]1 = a lawbreak] to be sorry = himself at ! prospect ( ! p5alty he w receive4 7c7 ,if x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! o!r w use 8 prosp]ity to d injury to oneself or to o!rs1 x is lawful to fe> & to be on "o's gu>d1 b x is n lawful to grieve unconditionally at ! prosp]ity1 j z x is n lawful 9 ! circum/ances to deprive ! o!r ( 8 prosp]ity4 #acce4 ,is grief at ! prosp]ity ( ano!r s9ful1 :5 x is caus$ by 8 unwor?9ess ( prosp]ity8 7a7 ,if ! indignation c\ld be ab\t spiritual ?+s1 ( c\rse x w\ld be s9ful2 b ?is is n possible1 = x is precisely spiritual goods 7su* z virtues7 t make "o des]v+4 ,indignation1 !n1 is ab\t temporal goods1 :i* are enjoy$ by ! bad1 z well z ! good4 7b7 ,if ! indignation is ab\t temporal ?+s own$ by ! wick$1 & "o grieves t !y h prosp]ity1 s9 is committ$4 ,= x is ,god :o di/ributes to ! undes]v+ ! goods !y h2 ,8 purpose is j1 namely1 t ^! goods may be = ! correction or ! puni%m5t ( ! wick$2 ^? :o grieve ov] ! prosp]ity ( ! unwor?y ov]look ! fact t et]nal goods are a rew>d to man1 temporal goods only a tru/ to be adm9i/]$4 ,h5ce1 ! ,psalmi/ says3 8,be n emul\s ( evil-do]s1 nor envy !m t "w iniquity1 = !y %all %ortly )] away z grass0 7,ps4 xxxvi4 #a74 #accf4 ,two special cases ( sorr[ ov] ! prosp]ity ( ! wick$ mu/ be consid]$4 7a7 ,if "o sorr[s precisely because ! prosp]ity is _h by an undes]v+ p]son1 & is n ?9k+ ( ! div9e cause & purpose 9 human affairs1 x does n seem t "o s9s2 =1 ab/ract+ f ,div9e ,provid5ce1 !re does appe> an unsuitability 9 ! prosp]ity enjoy$ by ! wick$1 & h5ce x is some?+ to be sorry ab\t4 ,b su* sorr[ is at lea/ a prep>ation = ! s9 spok5 ( 9 ! previ\s p>agraph1 & s x %\ld be %unn$3 8,my feet 7 almo/ mov$1 my /eps _h well-nigh slipp$1 9 ang] at ! wick$1 see+ ! prosp]ity ( s9n]s0 7,ps4 lxxii4 #b1 #c74 7b7 ,if "o sorr[s precisely because ! s9n] w use 8 prosp]ity 9 su* a way z to become m wick$ & to incur *a/isem5t1 ! sorr[ is n un*>itable1 b *>itable4 #accg4 ,sorr[ at be+ surpass$ by ano!r on acc\nt ( ! relative loss ( glory to self1 ) ! wi% t ! o!r _h n ! good t makes him sup]ior1 is envy1 z expla9$ above4 ,?is sorr[ is a s94 7a7 ,?us1 x is condemn$ 9 scripture3 8,let u n be made desir\s ( va+lory1 envy+ "o ano!r0 7,gal1 v4 #bf72 8,! patri>*s ?r\gh envy sold ,joseph into ,egypt0 7,acts1 vii4 #i71 8,*>ity envie? n0 7,i ,cor41 xiii4 #d74 7b7 ,x is n reasonable to be griev$ at ! prosp]ity ( o!rs1 s9ce prosp]ity is some?+ good & an object ( joy r ?an ( sorr[4 #acch4 ,f its nature envy is a mortal s94 7a7 ,?us1 x is directly oppos$ to ! pr9cipal acts ( *>ity1 :i* are love ( ! neighbor1 desire ( 8 good1 & joy ov] 8 prosp]ity2 & *>ity is ! life ( ! s\l 7,i ,john1 iii4 #ad74 ,second>y acts ( *>ity1 su* z kiss+ ! sores ( a lep]1 may be omitt$ )\t loss ( love1 b envy de/roys love itself4 7b7 ,envy is directly contr>y to m]cy2 =1 :ile m]cy grieves at ! evil ( o!rs1 envy grieves at _! good4 ,! envi\s are n m]ciful1 nei!r are ! m]ciful envi\s4 #acci4 ,envy is a great] s9 ?an ! o!r k9ds ( sorr[ at a neighbor's good4 7a7 ,?us1 envy grieves ov] ! neighbor's good 7ev5 if he is wor?y71 & is great] or less 9 proportion to t good2 7b7 emulation grieves ov] "o's own defici5cy1 fe> ov] ! consequ5ces ( ! o!r's good1 indignation ov] ! prosp]ity ( "o :o is unwor?y4 #acdj4 ,envy is n a mortal s9 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 if ! object is n grave1 z :5 "o is envi\s ab\t "s trifle 7su* z good looks72 7b7 if ! subject does n give suffici5t reflection or full cons5t1 z :5 infants are jeal\s ( "o ano!r1 or adults feel ! /irr+s ( envy4 ,ev5 holy m5 are n above ! fir/ movem5ts or incl9ations t[>ds envy1 & v _m envi\s ?\ghts are n mortal1 because n fully adv]t$ to4 #acda4 ,degrees ( ,gravity 9 ,s9s ( ,envy4--7a7 ,!re are no diff]5t species ( envy ( ! neighbor1 = all acts ( envy h ! "o ess5tial trait t !y are sorr[ ov] ! excell5ce ( ano!r1 view$1 n absolutely 9 itself1 b relatively z a less5+ ( "o's own excell5ce4 ,we %\ld di/+ui%1 h[ev]1 ! envy :i* is a s9 aga9/ ,god 7viz41 envy at ano!r's spiritual good1 or sorr[ at ! diffusion ( grace7 f ! envy :i* is a s9 aga9/ ! neighbor4 7b7 ,!re are diff]5t degrees ( envy )9 ! species1 accord+ to ! great] or less excell5ce ( ! good :i* is envi$4 ,?us1 x is a great] s9 to be envi\s ab\t spiritual ?+s 7e4g41 ano!r's influ5ce = good7 ?an ab\t temporal ?+s 7e4g41 ano!r's ability to get money72 x is a great] s9 to be envi\s ab\t ! wellbe+ ( ! body ?an ab\t dress1 /yle1 etc4 #acdb4 ,envy is "o ( ! capital vices1 t is1 x is an evil tree :i* f its v nature yields ! evil fruits ( o!r s9s4 ,! fruits ( envy are progressive 9 evil4 7a7 ,?us1 9 ! beg9n+ ( envy1 "o tries to dim9i% ! glory ( ! p]son "o envies1 ei!r secretly 7s9 ( :isp]+7 or op5ly 7s9 ( detraction74 7b7 ,9 its progress1 envy rejoices at ! adv]sity ( ! neighbor1 if its attempt to injure succe$s2 or x sorr[s ov] 8 cont9u$ prosp]ity1 if its ef=t at black5+ has fail$4 ,rejoic+ at a neighbor's adv]sity is n diff]5t specifically f envy2 b ! affliction ov] ! neighbor's prosp]ity n[ spok5 ( is ( ! same species z ! vice :i* s\ght to und]m9e ! neighbor4 ,?us1 if ! envi\s p]son resort$ 9 va9 to detraction1 8 grief at ! failure ( 8 ef=ts is 9 guilt a s9 ( detraction4 7c7 ,9 its consummation1 envy becomes hatr$1 z 0 said above on ! causes ( hate 7see #acaf74 #acdc4 ,envy is n ! fir/ ( ! sev5 capital vices4 7a7 ,?us1 x is caus$ by pride1 = "o :o inord9ately desires 8 own excell5ce w easily grieve ov] :at he reg>ds z ! less5+ ( t excell5ce by ! excell5ce ( ano!r4 7b7 ,x is caus$ by va+lory1 = "o :o inord9ately longs = fame & honors1 w easily be griev$ ov] ! fame & honors enjoy$ by o!rs4 #acdd4 ,9 :at way is envy preem95t among s9s8 7a7 ,envy is n ! mo/ enorm\s vice1 =1 z said above 7see #acja71 hatr$ ( ,god is f its nature ! wor/ ( all s9s4 ,b !re is "o k9d ( envy--namely1 envy ( a bro!r's spiritual good--:i* has a place among ^? grave/ (f5ses call$ 8s9s aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/0 7see #hii74 7b7 ,envy is mo/ l to ! s9 t br\ght all woe into ! _w1 = 8by ! envy ( ! devil dea? ent]$ ! _w0 7,wis41 ii4 #bd74 ,x 0 sorr[ at ! gifts be/[$ ^u our fir/ p>5ts t mov$ ! demon to tempt !m1 & accord+ly 8 envy l$ to _! fall & to ! loss ( orig9al ju/ice by ! ,:ole race4 #acde4 ,useful ,consid]ations aga9/ ,envy4--7a7 ,envy is useless1 s9ce x does n obta9 t on :i* "o's he>t is set1 or obta9s x only by ! sacrifice ( *>ity1 :i* is some?+ bett]4 7b7 ,envy is h>mful1 s9ce x c>ries its own torm5t ) x 7,g541 iv4 #e2 ,wis41 vi4 #be2 ,prov41 xiv4 #cj71 & br+s on _m s9s aga9/ ! neighbor4 ,?r\gh envy ! fir/ murd] 0 committ$ 7,g541 iv4 #h71 & x 0 envy t br\ght ab\t ! crucifixion ( ,*ri/ 7,matt1 xxvii4 #ah74 #acdf4 ,useful practices aga9/ envy are3 7a7 ! uproot+ ( its causes1 pride & va+lory2 7b7 ! cultivation ( an unselfi% *>ity & ( emulation ( :at is be/ 9 o!rs3 8,s t by all means1 :e!r by occasion1 or by tru?1 ,*ri/ be prea*$1 9 ?is ,i rejoice1 yea1 & w rejoice0 7,philip41 i4 #ah72 8,let u consid] "o ano!r1 to provoke unto *>ity & to good works0 7,heb41 x4 #bd74 ,art4 #h3 ,,! ,,s9s ,,aga9/ ,,peace 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,,ii-,,ii1 qq4 #cg-db47 #acdg4 ,! foll[+ s9s are oppos$ to ! peace ( *>ity3 7a7 discord1 :i* is oppos$ to peace 9 wills2 7b7 cont5tion or qu>rel+1 :i* is oppos$ to peace 9 words2 7e7 s*ism1 w>1 fights & s$ition1 :i* are oppos$ to peace 9 works4 #acdh4 ,discord4--,z "h und]/ood1 discord is a disagreem5t 9 ! wills ( two or m p]sons 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to ! div9e good1 or ! good ( ! neighbor1 & conc]n+ :i* *>ity requires t !y be 9 agreem5t4 7a7 ,discord is a disagreem5t 9 wills1 t is1 9 wi%es & desires4 ,h5ce1 x is n ! same z diff]5ce ( op9ion 7see #aaig71 :i* is a disagreem5t 9 judgm5ts4 7b7 ,x is ab\t matt]s 9 :i* agreem5t is necess>y1 t is1 9 :i* ! law ( ,god requires t all wi% ! same ?+s1 & h b "o he>t & s\l4 ,?us1 discord diff]s f disagreem5t ab\t matt]s ( sup]]ogation4 ,examples3 ,titus & 8 wife are at v>iance1 because ,titus is unwill+ to give any alms4 ,balbus & 8 wife are at v>iance1 because %e wi%es him to give away 9 alms m ?an is /rictly necess>y4 ,9 ! fir/ husb& !re is discord1 b n 9 ! second4 7c7 ,discord is oppos$ to ! div9e good1 or ! good ( ! neighbor4 ,?us1 x diff]s f a disagreem5t ) ano!r :o is attack+ ! div9e good or ! good ( ! neighbor4 ,! /&>d ( concord is ! div9e w1 & he only ( ! p]sons at v>iance is discordant :o is n 9 h>mony ) ! div9e w4 7d7 ,discord is conf9$ to ^? matt]s 9 :i* *>ity calls = agreem5t4 ,if x be "s o!r virtue t dem&s unanimity 7e4g41 ju/ice71 ! disagreem5t is n discord 9 ! special s5se n[ employ$1 ,?us1 he ^: w refuses cons5t to ! comm& ( a sup]ior is disob$i5t2 he ^: w refuses to pay ! debt due a cr$itor is di%one/4 #acdi4 ,!re are two k9ds ( discord3 7a7 int5tional discord1 :i* is ! act ( "o :o kn[+ly & purposely contradicts 9 a matt] ab\t :i* *>ity requires t he agree2 7b7 un9t5tional discord1 :i* is a disagreem5t betwe5 p]sons1 :o bo? int5d ! div9e good or ! good ( ! neighbor1 b :o are divid$ 9 op9ion z to :at t good "h & n[ requires4 #acej4 ,s9fulness ( ,int5tional ,discord4--7a7 ,f its nature1 ?is species ( discord is a mortal s91 s9ce x directly excludes *>ity4 ,h5ce1 ^? :o are guilty ( discord %all n obta9 ! k+dom ( heav5 7,gal1 v4 #ba74 7b7 ,f ! lack ( suffici5t reflection or cons5t1 ! fir/ impulses t[>ds discord are n mortal s9s4 #acea4 ,s9fulness ( ,un9t5tional ,discord4--7a7 ,f its nature1 ?is k9d ( discord is n oppos$ to *>ity1 nor is x s9ful2 = ! concord ( *>ity consi/s 9 a union ( wills1 n 9 a union ( op9ions4 ,?us1 ! disagreem5t betwe5 ,paul & ,b>nabas ab\t ,john ,m>k 7,acts1 xv4 #ci7 0 n s9ful1 al?\gh ! diff]5ce ( judgm5t indicat$ _! human limitations4 7b7 ,f its circum/ances1 ?is k9d ( discord may be s9ful1 z :5 x is caus$ by culpable ignorance 9 matt]s ( fai?1 or is c>ri$ on ) ob/9acy4 #aceb4 ,by :om is ! s9 ( discord committ$8 7a7 ,x is committ$ sometimes by "o p>ty only1 z :5 "o kn[+ly resi/s ! w ( ano!r :o wi%es to p]=m a necess>y act ( *>ity4 7b7 ,x is committ$ at o!r times by bo? p>ties1 z :5 ea* 9 def5d+ 8 own good infr+es kn[+ly on ! *>ity due ! o!r4 #acec4 ,is x lawful to promote divisions1 :5 "o's purpose & ! result w be good8 7a7 ,to promote division t takes away ! concord ( *>ity is nev] lawful1 b a mortal s93 8,!re are six ?+s ! ,"l hates1 & a sev5? :i* ,8 s\l dete/s1 a s[] ( discord among bre?r50 7,prov41 vi4 #af1 #ai74 7b7 ,to promote division t takes away a concord ( malice is lawful & praisewor?y4 ,?us1 ,/4 ,paul introduc$ a diss5sion betwe5 ! ,ph>isees & ! ,sadducees1 :o _h be5 9 agreem5t aga9/ him 7,acts1 xxiii4 #f1 #g74 ,b ! int5tion ( ! ,apo/le 0 to w9 ! ,ph>isees to ! def5se ( ! ,resurrection & ( himself1 n to incite ! ,sadducees to a d5ial ( ! ,resurrection1 & s !re 0 no "q ( 8 us+ evil means = a good end4 #aced4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,discord4--7a7 ,! disagreem5t ) ! w ( a neighbor arises f envy4 ,= he :o consid]s ! excell5ce ( 8 neighbor z a less5+ ( 8 own excell5ce1 is incl9$ to contradict ! wi%es ( ! neighbor1 ev5 if he recognizes !m z good4 7b7 ,! pref]5ce ( "o's own w & p]si/5ce 9 x are due to pride & va+lory4 ,= he :o unduly desires 8 own excell5ce or fame does n wi% to yield to o!rs or *ange 8 purposes4 ,he feels t1 ev5 ?\gh he is 9 ! wrong1 he mu/ n take :at he reg>ds z a position ( inf]iority4 #acee4 ,cont5tion4--,cont5tion is discord c>ri$ into words or equival5t signs1 7i4e41 a dispute or alt]cation71 9 :i* "o d5ies :at ! o!r affirms4 ,x is divid$ z foll[s3 7a7 by reason ( ! int5tion1 x is ei!r an inve/igation ( ! tru?1 a def5se ( ! tru?1 or an attack on ! tru?2 7b7 by reason ( ! mann] 9 :i* x is conduct$1 x is ei!r suitable or unsuitable to ! p]sons & ! matt] 9 "q4 #acef4 ,cont5tion ^: aim is ! discov]y ( ! tru? is lawful z foll[s4 7a7 ,su* cont5tion is lawful & useful 9 itself1 = x is a means ( acquir+ useful k1 ( see+ bo? sides ( a "q1 & ( %>p5+ ! m9d = ! refutation ( error4 ,h5ce1 a conte/ 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice1 a controv]sy 9 a sci5tific j\rnal1 a public debate on "s important matt]1 & a !ological disputation are accord+ to _! nature lawful1 & may be necess>y4 ,ev5 to argue aga9/ ! tru?1 = ! sake ( practice 9 discussion or to br+ out ! tru? m cle>ly & =cibly1 is1 ap>t f dang]1 sc&al1 or prohibition1 n unuseful4 7b7 ,debate is unlawful 9 its mann] :5 a disputant does n argue accord+ to ! rules1 appeals to prejudice or ignorance1 uses an insult+ tone or unp>liam5t>y language1 etc4 #aceg4 ,! ,s9 ( ,cont5tion4--,cont5tion is a s9 :5 its aim is ! concealm5t or discomfiture ( ! tru?4 7a7 ,f its nature ?is k9d ( cont5tion is a mortal s91 = x is ! ext]nal expression ( int]nal discord 9 matt]s ab\t :i* *>ity requires concord & ! same spee*4 ,h5ce1 ! ,apo/le numb]s cont5tion among ! works ( ! fle% t exclude f ! k+dom ( ,god 7,gal1 v4 #bj74 7b7 ,f ! lightness ( ! matt] or ! imp]fection ( ! cons5t1 ?is k9d ( cont5tion is v (t51 if n usually1 only a v5ial s91 or no s9 at all4 ,examples3 ,a p]son argues aga9/ :at he kn[s is true1 b ! matt] is trivial 7e4g41 8 weight72 or he is di/ract$ by ! heat ( dispute or ! tactics ( ! o!r p>ty4 #aceh4 ,mortal s9 is n committ$ by cont5tion1 !re=e1 unless ! tru?s aga9/ :i* "o cont5ds are ( a s]i\s k9d4 ,su* tru?s are3 7a7 tru?s ( a religi\s or moral "*1 su* z ! doctr9es ( fai? & ! comm&m5ts ( ,god2 7b7 natural tru?s ( a univ]sal "*1 ! k ( :i* p]ta9s to ! p]fection ( ! intellect1 su* z fir/ pr9ciples2 7c7 natural tru?s ( a p>ticul> "* 9 :i* important rights are involv$4 ,example3 ,an hi/orian :o writes aga9/ "s des]v$ly rev]$ p]son ( ! pa/1 or a lawy] :o attempts to prove aga9/ an accus$ :at he kn[s is n a fact1 are guilty ( ! s9 ( cont5tion4 #acei4 ,h5ce1 "o may be def5d+ "o k9d ( tru? & cont5d+ aga9/ ano!r k9d ( tru? at ! same "t4 ,/4 ,paul1 accord+ly1 makes ! di/9ction betwe5 ann\ncem5t ( ! tru? out ( *>ity & ann\ncem5t ( ! tru? out ( cont5tion 7,philip1 i1 #ae sqq474 7a7 ,! tru? is def5d$ out ( *>ity :5 "o does n use tru? z a means = ! def5se ( error2 7b7 x is def5d$ out ( cont5tion :5 "o makes use ( x z a means = ! propagation ( error4 ,?us1 :ile ,/4 ,paul 0 imprison$ at ,rome 9 #fa1 c]ta9 p]sonal enemies prea*$ ,*ri/1 b at ! same "t spoke or h9t$ falsehoods aga9/ ,/4 ,paul 9 ord] to und]m9e 8 au?ority or add to ! bitt]ness ( 8 captivity4 ,simil>ly1 if "o def5ds ! tru? to make oneself appe> diff]5t or bett] ?an "o is1 "o speaks f cont5tion4 #acfj4 ,ways 9 :i* "o is guilty ( ! mortal s9 ( cont5tion3 7a7 :5 "o cont5ds =mally aga9/ ! tru?1 t is1 :5 "o kn[s ! tru? & int5ds to ov]come x or suppress x2 7b7 :5 "o cont5ds virtually aga9/ ! tru?1 t is1 :5 "o is s b5t on c>ry+ "o's po9t t "o does n c>e :e!r x is true or false4 ,?us1 ! ,sophi/s aim$ to w91 "r or wrong4 #acfa4 ,:5 ! aim ( cont5tion is ! ov]?r[ ( error3 7a7 9 itself1 su* cont5tion is good & praisewor?y1 & at times necess>y2 7b7 by reason ( circum/ances1 x may be a v5ial or a mortal s94 ,examples3 ,a dispute on a matt] t is unbecom+1 su* z :i* ( ! disputants is great] 7,luke1 xxii4 #bd72 dispute ) great] w>m? ?an ! case requires2 a dispute t leads to sc&al or o!r evil consequ5ces1 z 9 religi\s controv]sies 7,i ,tim41 ii4 #ad74 #acfb4 ,! ,causes ( ,s9ful ,cont5tion4--7a7 ,! cause ( t :i* is pr9cipal 9 cont5tion--namely1 ! dep>ture f ! tru? held by ano!r & ! /& made = error--is envy1 pride & va+lory1 z said above 7see #ahed7 conc]n+ discord4 7b7 ,! cause ( t :i* is second>y 9 cont5tion--namely1 ! wrangl+ or bawl+ mann] & ! %\ts or screams ( ! cont5d]s--is ang]4 #acfc4 ,! s9s 9 act aga9/ ! peace ( *>ity are ! foll[+3 7a7 s*ism :i* is oppos$ to ! peace ( ! spiritual society1 ! ,*ur*2 7b7 w>1 :i* is oppos$ to int]national peace1 & s$ition1 :i* is oppos$ to national peace2 7c7 fight+1 :i* is oppos$ to peace betwe5 individuals4 #acfd4 ,s*ism4--,s*ism 7etymologically1 a split1 r5t7 is def9$3 8,a volunt>y sep>ation ( oneself f ! unity ( ! ,*ur*40 7a7 ,s*ism is a volunt>y sep>ation1 t is1 a sep>ation int5d$ = its own sake4 ,e s9n] 9 a s5se sep>ates himself f unity1 = s9 divides "o f ,god 7,is41 lix4 #b72 b x is only ! s*ismatic :o expressly int5ds sep>ation z su*4 ,o!r s9n]s expressly int5d "s inord9ate gratification4 ,moreov]1 s*ism is n ! same ?+ z ! /ate ( ! unbaptiz$1 :o h n sep>at$ !mselves f unity1 or ( ! excommunicat$1 :om ! ,*ur* h]self reject$ f h] body on acc\nt ( "s s9 o!r ?an s*ism4 7b7 ,s*ism is a sep>ation f unity1 & s x diff]s f disbelief 9 unity 7h]esy7 & dislike ( unity 7hatr$74 ,"o may sep>ate oneself f unity1 al?\gh "o believes 9 x4 ,"o may hate unity1 & yet n sep>ate oneself f x4 ,fur!r1 s*ism does n necess>ily include affiliation ) "s s*ismatical body or ! sett+ up ( su* a body4 7c7 ,s*ism is a sep>ation ( oneself f unity--t is1 s*ism does n deprive ! ,*ur* ( ! note ( unity1 b sep>ates ! s*ismatic himself f t unity :i* is 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! s*ismatic may wi% to take away ! unity ( ! ,*ur*1 b he accompli%es only ! loss ( union ( himself ) ! ,*ur*4 7d7 ,s*ism is a sep>ation f unity1 t is1 f fell[%ip 9 ! my/ical body ( ,*ri/ 7,i ,cor41 xii74 ,x is a refusal to recognize ! au?ority ( ! head ( ! ,*ur*1 or to communicate ) ^? subject to him4 ,?us1 s*ism diff]s f disob$i5ce to ! head ( ! ,*ur* or to p>ticul> prelates 9 ! ,*ur*1 = "o may disobey ord]s & /ill recognize ! au?ority ( him :o gives ! ord]s4 7e7 ,s*ism is a sep>ation f ! unity ( ! ,*ur*1 t is1 ( ! spiritual k+dom ( ,*ri/ on e>?4 ,h5ce1 rebellion 9 matt]s purely civil aga9/ a *ur*man :o has civil au?ority1 is n s*ism1 b is unju/ w> or s$ition4 ,s*ism is possible only 9 ! ,*ur* ,militant1 = ! memb]s ( ! ,*ur* ,suff]+ & ! ,*ur* ,triumphant _c fall away f unity4 #acfe4 ,! ,pr9cipal ,s*ismatical ,movem5ts4--7a7 ,9 ,apo/olic times !re 7 local factions & diss5sions1 ?\gh n real s*isms1 at ,cor9? 7,i ,cor41 i4 #aj sqq47 & 9 ,asia ,m9or 7,,iii ,john1 i4 #aj74 7b7 ,9 po/-,apo/olic times !re h be5 num]\s s*isms1 su* z t ( ! ,novatians at ,rome 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 t ( ! ,meletians 9 ,egypt 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 t ( ! ,donati/s 9 ,africa 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 t ( ! ,acacians 9 ! ,ea/ 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,! mo/ lam5table ( all ! s*isms1 because ( ! numb] ( ^? :om x l$ away f unity1 0 ! ,ea/]n ,s*ism1 begun by ,photius 9 ! n9? c5tury & made p]man5t "u ,mi*ael ,ca]ul>ius 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 #acff4 ,s*ism is volunt>y 9 two ways3 7a7 directly1 :5 "o int5ds s*ism itself1 wi%+ to sep>ate oneself f ! head or memb]s ( ! ,*ur*2 7b7 indirectly1 :5 "o int5ds to d t f :i* s*ism foll[s4 ,?us1 a p]son :o pref]s to act z if he 7 n a memb] ( ! ,*ur* r ?an desi/ f 8 design ( call+ or presid+ ov] an unau?oriz$ ,c\ncil1 is guilty ( s*ism1 ev5 ?\gh he does n directly int5d sep>ation f ! ,*ur*4 ,8 case is simil> to t ( "o :o does n wi% to kill 8 neighbor1 & yet is det]m9$ to d some?+ f :i* ! neighbor's dea? w surely result4 #acfg4 ,!re is a ?reefold unity ( ! ,*ur*1 z foll[s3 7a7 unity 9 ! !ological virtues & 9 ! ,sacram5ts4 ,all ! fai?ful h ! same fai?1 hope1 *>ity1 ,sacram5ts1 & ?us !re is a unity ( simil>ity2 7b7 unity betwe5 head & memb]s4 ,!re is b "o head ( ! ,*ur*1 ,*ri/ 9 heav5 & ! ,vic> ( ,*ri/ an e>?4 ,?us1 !re is a unity ( subord9ation2 7c7 unity betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,all ! fai?ful =m b "o society1 & all are p>ts ( "o great :ole4 ,?us1 !re is a collective unity4 #acfh4 ,! s9 ( s*ism is committ$ 9 two ways 7,canon #acbe1 n4 #b74 7a7 ,x is committ$ by sep>ation f ! head ( ! ,*ur* on e>? & ! key/one ( unity1 t is1 ! ,pope 7,col41 ii4 #ah1 #ai74 ,! m]e fact t a man is 9 rebellion aga9/ 8 bi%op does n make him a s*ismatic1 if he cont9ues to ackn[l$ge subjection to ! ,holy ,see4 ,b su* rebellion is (t5 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds s*ism4 7b7 ,! s9 ( s*ism is also committ$ by sep>ation f ! memb]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?us1 "o :o refuses to communicate ) ,ca?olics 9 matt]s ( fai? or wor%ip1 *oos+ to act z an indep5d5t 9 ^? ?+s1 is a s*ismatic4 #acfi4 ,rejection ( a decision or comm& ( ! ,pope c happ5 9 ?ree ways3 7a7 ,! reason = reject+ ! decision may be ! ?+ comm&$1 & n ! "o :o gave ! comm&1 z :5 a p]son refuses to keep a fa/ or make a re/itution comm&$ by ! ,pope1 because he consid]s x too difficult4 ,9 ?is case ! p]son is guilty ( disob$i5ce1 b n ( s*ism1 ev5 ?\gh he p]si/s 9 8 refusal2 = he rejects a comm&m5t ( ! ,*ur*1 n ! head ( ! ,*ur*4 7b7 ,! reason = reject+ ! comm& may be ! "o :o gave ! comm&1 consid]$ z a private individual4 ,z ! ,pope 9 8 p]sonal relations is n above human weakness1 he may be sway$ by hatr$1 prejudice or impulsiv5ess 9 issu+ comm&s to or =m+ judgm5ts ab\t individual subjects4 ,h5ce1 if we suppose t x is reasonably c]ta9 t a ,pope is unfavorable to an individual1 & t ! latt] accord+ly is unwill+ to h a case 9 :i* he is conc]n$ fall "u ! imm$iate decision ( t ,pope1 nei!r s*ism nor any o!r s9 is committ$2 = x is natural t ! p]son %\ld wi% to protect 8 own int]e/s aga9/ unfairness4 7c7 ,! reason = reject+ ! ,pope's judgm5t may be ! "o :o gave ! comm& consid]$ 9 8 (ficial capacity z ,pope4 ,9 ?is case ! p]son is guilty ( s*ism1 s9ce he disobeys1 n because ! ?+ ord]$ is difficult or because he fe>s t ! individual w be unju/1 b because he does n wi% to recognize ! au?ority ( ,pope 9 him :o issu$ ! judgm5t4 #acgj4 ,comp>ison ( ,h]esy & ,s*ism4--7a7 ,^! s9s are n ! same1 s9ce h]esy is oppos$ to fai?1 s*ism to *>ity4 ,a p]son :o really believes t ! ,*ur* is "o 9 its head & its body1 may nev]!less out ( pride1 hatr$1 ambition1 int]e/1 self-suffici5cy1 etc41 decide n to recognize ! au?ority ( ! head1 or n to communicate ) ! body4 7b7 ,!re is an intimate union betwe5 h]esy & s*ism1 s9ce e h]etic sep>ates himself f ! unity ( fai?1 :ile s*ism is always f\nd to adopt "s h]esy z a ju/ification = its sep>ation 7,i ,tim41 i4 #f74 ,?us1 ! ,ea/]n ,s*ism soon trump$ up *>ges ( h]esy aga9/ ! ,*ur*1 & hi/ory %[s t s*ism almo/ inv>iably leads to a d5ial ( papal primacy4 #acga4 ,! ,opposition betwe5 ,s*ism & ,*>ity4--7a7 ,*>ity 9 itself is a spiritual bond ( unity betwe5 ! s\l & ,god1 = love is unitive4 ,"o :o s9s aga9/ ?is unity by (f5d+ ,god or 8 neighbor1 is n !reby a s*ismatic1 s9ce "o may hate an individual1 = example1 )\t hat+ ! ,*ur*4 7b7 ,*>ity 9 its effect is ! communion ( all ! fai?ful 9 "o my/ical body ( ,*ri/1 = *>ity inspires ! desire to love1 n only individuals1 b also ! spiritual society =m$ ( individuals 9 ! entire _w4 ,"o :o s9s aga9/ ! unity & peace ( ! ,*ur* is a s*ismatic4 #acgb4 ,! ,s9fulness ( ,s*ism4--7a7 ,s*ism has a special s]i\sness1 s9ce x is oppos$ to ! union & peace ( mank9d z a :ole 9 ! univ]sal spiritual society :i* is ! ,*ur*4 ,x seems to be ! greate/ s9 aga9/ ! neighbor2 = o!r s9s are aga9/ ! individual or aga9/ ! multitude 9 temporal ?+s1 :ile ?is s9 is aga9/ ! multitude & 9 spiritual ?+s4 ,scripture 7cfr4 ,i ,cor41 i4 #aj7 & ,tradition 7e4g41 ,/4 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ,/4 ,ignatius ( ,antio*1 ,/4 ,ir5aeus1 ,/4 ,cyprian1 ,/4 ,augu/9e7 en]getically condemn ! s9 ( s*ism4 7b7 ,objectively1 x is n z s]i\s z unbelief1 s9ce unbelief is aga9/ ,god1 s*ism aga9/ ! neighbor2 b subjectively1 or 9 its consequ5ces1 x may be great] ?an unbelief1 z :5 a s*ismatic s9s ) great] contempt ?an an unbeliev]1 or is an occasion ( m dang] to o!rs4 #acgc4 ,s*ism1 l h]esy1 may be ei!r =mal or mat]ial 7see #hbh74 7a7 ,=mal s*ism is t describ$ above1 9 :i* "o wi%es to sep>ate oneself f ! unity ( ! ,*ur*1 & is 9 culpable revolt4 ,x is a mortal s94 7b7 ,mat]ial s*ism is t 9 :i* "o is 9 fact sep>at$ f ! unity ( ! ,*ur*1 b is 9 good fai?4 ,an example is ! ,great ,s*ism ( ! ,we/ 7#acgh-adag71 :5 !re 7 rival claimants = ! ,papacy1 & inv9cible ignorance among ! p z to :o 0 ! true head4 ,?is k9d ( s*ism is n a mortal s94 #acgd4 ,! ,spiritual ,p[]s ( ,s*ismatics4--7a7 ,! p[] ( ,ord]s is n lo/ ?r\gh s*ism1 = t p[] is conf]r$ ?r\gh a consecration1 & ! consecrations ( ! ,*ur* are p]man5t4 ,h5ce1 a s*ismatical prie/ c p]=m validly ! acts t p]ta9 to ! p[] ( ,ord]s1 su* z ! celebration ( ,mass & adm9i/ration ( ! ,sacram5ts2 b he does n p]=m ^? acts lawfully1 unless ! ,*ur* p]mits1 = ! p[] ( ,ord]s %\ld n be us$ by an inf]ior except z p]mitt$ by ! sup]ior4 7b7 ,! p[] ( jurisdiction may be lo/ ?r\gh s*ism1 = t p[] dep5ds on a commission receiv$ f a sup]ior1 :i* may be )drawn by him4 ,h5ce1 a s*ismatical prie/ depriv$ ( jurisdiction c\ld n absolve1 excommunicate1 grant indulg5ces1 or p]=m o!r acts t p]ta9 to ! p[] ( jurisdiction4 #acge4 ,! law ( ! *ur* on ! p[]s ( s*ismatics is z foll[s3 7a7 ,all s*ismatics incur ipso facto excommunication1 z well z v>i\s inhabilities & p5alties 7,canon #bcad74 ,x is fitt+ t ^? :o sep>ate !mselves %\ld be decl>$ outside ! communion ( ! fai?ful1 & ?is is :at ,moses comm&$ to be done at ! "t ( ! s*ism ( ,core3 8,dep>t f ! t5t ( ^! wick$ m5 & t\* no?+ ( !irs1 le/ y be involv$ 9 _! s90 7,num41 xvi4 #bf74 7b7 ,! excommunicat$ are =bidd5 ! celebration ( ,mass & ! active use & adm9i/ration ( ! ,sacram5ts & sacram5tals1 except :5 ! fai?ful apply to !m or :5 !re is dang] ( dea?1 z decl>$ 9 ,canon #bbfa4 7c7 ,! excommunicat$ are d5i$ ! p[] ( jurisdiction except 9 c]ta9 cases :]e ! ,*ur* grants x = ! sake ( ! common good4 ,?us1 !y may give absolution 9 dang] ( dea? 7,canon #hhb71 or 9 common error 7,canon #bji71 or at reque/1 if !y are n vit&i or s5t5c$ 7,canon #bbfa74 ,x is ! tea*+ ( le>n$ au?orities t ! ,roman ,*ur* = ! good ( s\ls has all[$ ecclesia/ical jurisdiction to rema9 9 ! s*ismatic ,ori5tal ,*ur*es = ! conf]r+ ( ! ,sacram5ts4 #acgf4 ,w>4--,w> is def9$ z a /ate ( conflict betwe5 two or m sov]eign nations c>ri$ on by =ce ( arms4 7a7 ,x is a /ate ( conflict1 & s diff]s f pass+ conflicts1 su* z battles1 skirmi%es1 campaigns4 ,! enemy 9 w> is n only ^? ) :om "o is actually fight+1 b all ^? :o side ) !m1 z c\nsellors1 help]s1 etc4 7b7 ,w> is betwe5 sov]eign nations1 & s diff]s f civil w>1 s$ition1 riots1 duels4 ,moreov]1 w> is made by nation aga9/ nation1 n aga9/ p>ticul> individuals or gr\ps ( individuals )9 a nation4 7c7 ,x is c>ri$ on by =ce ( arms1 & s diff]s f trade w>1 rivalry 9 prep>$ness = w>1 emb>go1 blockade1 brea* ( diplomatic relations1 etc4 #acgg4 ,!re are two k9ds ( w>1 j & unju/4 7a7 ,w> is j :5 und]tak5 = a "r cause 7e4g41 ! indep5d5ce ( ! nation72 7b7 x is unju/ :5 und]tak5 = a wrong cause 7e4g41 ! enslavem5t ( a nation74 #acgh4 ,j w> is ei!r (f5sive or def5sive4 7a7 ,(f5sive w> is attack made on an enemy 9 ord] to av5ge an injury or en=ce a "r 7e4g41 invasion ( ! enemy's t]ritory to obta9 comp5sation = damages inflict$ by him72 7b7 def5sive w> is resi/ance to unju/ attack made or m5ac$ by an enemy 7e4g41 w> made on ! invad] ( "o's c\ntry74 #acgi4 ,j w> is call$ def5sive 9 two s5ses4 7a7 ,9 ! /rict s5se1 x is def5sive :5 ! nation ^: rights are unju/ly attack$ does n initiate ho/ilities1 t is1 does n decl>e or beg9 ! w>4 7b7 ,9 a less /rict s5se1 x is def5sive :5 ! nation unju/ly attack$ decl>es w> or /rikes ! fir/ bl[4 ,?us1 if ! innoc5t nation knew t ! enemy 0 secretly prep>+ w> aga9/ its indep5d5ce1 x w\ld be on ! def5sive1 ev5 ?\gh x decl>$ w>4 #achj4 ,w> is n aga9/ ! law ( ,god4 7a7 ,"u ! law ( nature ,mel*is$e* bless$ ,abraham return+ f victory ov] ! f\r k+s 7,g541 xiv4 #ah-bj74 7b7 ,"u ! writt5 law1 ,god _m times ord]$ or approv$ ( w>1 z c be se5 f ,exodus & foll[+ books 9 num]\s places4 7c7 ,"u ! ,new ,law1 ,john ! ,bapti/ ackn[l$g$ ! lawfulness ( ! soldi]'s pr(ession 7,luke1 iii4 #ad71 a c5turion 0 prais$ by ,*ri/ 7,matt1 viii4 #aj71 ,acts1 x4 #b1 speaks ( ! (fic] ,cornelius z a religi\s man1 & ,/4 ,paul lauds w>riors ( ! ,old ,te/am5t su* z ,g$eon1 ,b>ac1 ,samson1 etc4 7,heb1 xi4 #cb-cd74 ,our ,"l ,himself us$ physical =ce aga9/ evildo]s 7,john1 ii4 #ad sqq474 #acha4 ,c]ta9 say+s ( our ,"l--= example1 t ^? :o take ! sword %all p]i% by ! sword 7,matt1 xxvi4 #eb71 & t "o %\ld n resi/ evil 7,matt1 v4 #ci7--;are n an endorsem5t ( extreme pacifism1 b are respectively a condemnation ( ^? :o )\t due au?ority h rec\rse to viol5ce1 & a c\nsel ( p]fection1 :5 ?is s]ves bett] ! honor ( ,god or ! good ( ! neighbor4 ,moreov]1 ^! words ( ,*ri/ 7 address$1 n to /ates1 :i* are responsible = ! welf>e ( _! memb]s1 b to individuals4 ,! ,quak]s h done excell5t s]vice = ! cause ( _w peace1 b _! tea*+ t all w> is contr>y to ! law ( ,*ri/ _c be admitt$4 ,! _s ( ! ,gospel includes ju/ice z well z love4 #achb4 ,w> is n aga9/ ! law ( ! ,*ur*4 7a7 ,! ,*ur* has nev] condemn$ w> z su*4 ,%e has always labor$ = ! promotion ( peace or = ! less5+ ( ! evils ( w>s t c\ld n be prev5t$2 b h] (ficial decl>ations & ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs & ,doctors %[ t %e recogniz$ t rec\rse to arms by nations is n necess>ily s9ful4 7b7 ,! ,*ur* has put h] approval on "s w>s z necess>y & laudable4 ,?us1 ! ,crusades1 to :i* ! salvation ( ,*ri/ian civilization is due1 7 promot$ by ! ,*ur*2 milit>y ord]s = ! def5se ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re 7 in/itut$ by h]1 & %e has rais$ to ! honors ( ! alt> soldi]s l ,seba/ian1 ,maurice1 & ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs4 #achc4 ,w> is n aga9/ ! law ( nature4 7a7 ,z ! law ( nature all[s ev5 a private individual to use =ce to drive (f an unju/ aggressor1 x _c be unlawful = a nation to h rec\rse to def5sive w> :5 its rights are invad$4 7b7 ,z ! law ( nature all[s ! individual to seek satisfaction = injury & re/itution = loss1 x _c be unlawful = a nation to make (f5sive w> :5 ano!r nation w n make rep>ation1 unless compell$ to x by =ce4 ,if physical co]cion 7 unlawful1 a consci5celess nation w\ld take advantage ( ?is at ! exp5se ( o!r nations1 & ?us a premium w\ld be set on iniquity4 #achd4 ,l e o!r act1 w> is n morally good1 unless its object1 its purpose & its circum/ances are 9 accord ) "r4 ,w> is n lawful1 !re=e1 unless ! ?ree foll[+ conditions exi/3 7a7 ,ho/ilities mu/ be au?oriz$ by ! public au?ority1 = ! c>e ( ! ,/ate aga9/ int]nal & ext]nal di/urbances has be5 committ$ to ! rul] 7,rom41 xii4 #d2 ,ps4 lxxxi4 #d71 & ! individual or ! subject /ate c h rec\rse = protection ( its rights to ! high] au?ority4 7b7 ,!re mu/ be a j cause = w>1 t is1 "s fault on ! side ( ! o!r nation2 =1 if a nation may n use =ce aga9/ its own subjects )\t suffici5t reason1 mu* less may x d s aga9/ ^? :o are n its subjects4 7c7 ,!re mu/ be a "r int5tion1 t is1 ! desire to obta9 "s good or to w>d (f "s evil4 ,ev5 if w> is decl>$ by ! prop] au?ority & !re is a suffici5t reason = x1 ^? :o take "p 9 ! w> are guilty ( s9 if !y h evil motives1 su* z ! ex]cise ( cruelty1 rev5ge1 pride1 or av>ice4 ,to delight 9 w> because "o loves excitem5t or wi%es to %[ "o's skill or get promotion1 is n a "r frame ( m9d4 #ache4 ,:at public au?ority has ! "r to decl>e w>8 7a7 ,ord9>ily1 only ! sov]eign p[]--t is1 ! p]son or body 9 :om ! *ief au?ority is ve/$ accord+ to ! con/itution ( ! nation--c make w>4 ,w> is an act ( ! nation1 & h5ce only ! au?ority t repres5ts ! nation c make w>4 ,subord9ate bodies 9 a conf$]ation or union ( /ates h ! "r to make w>1 if cu/om or law all[s x4 7b7 ,9 extraord9>y circum/ances1 an inf]ior p[] c au?orize w>1 z :5 w> is necess>y & x is impossible to await a decl>ation f ! sov]eign p[]4 ,?us1 if a prov9ce 7 sudd5ly invad$1 x w\ld be lawful = ! head ( ! prov9ce to make w> on ! invad]s at once4 ,x seems1 inde$1 t ! head ( a prov9ce c\ld ju/ly au?orize ! invasion ( a neighbor+ /ate1 to protect su* prov9ce aga9/ aggressions1 if ! c5tral au?ority w\ld d no?+2 = su* a w> w\ld be really def5sive4 #achf4 ,9 ord] t ! cause ( w> be j1 x is necess>y t ! enemy nation has done or n[ m5aces an injury :i* _c be repair$ )\t w>1 & :i* is s s]i\s t ! evils ( w> are less ?an t ( tol]ation4 7a7 ,?us1 a s]i\s injury or grave di%onor inflict$ by ano!r nation is ! only j cause = ! arm$ conflict :i* con/itutes w>1 = w> is ex]cis$ z a puni%m5t or a compulsion1 & ^! are unju/ if no grave & =mal fault is suppos$4 7b7 ,only an injury t _c be o!rwise repair$ is a j cause = w>1 because a /ate has no "r to use =ce aga9/ ano!r sov]eign /ate except z a la/ resort4 ,h5ce1 if ! c\ntry at fault has already made satisfaction or has promis$ to make satisfaction1 w> %\ld n be decl>$4 7c7 ,only an injury s grave t x outweighs ! risks & losses ( w> is a ju/ification = mak+ w>1 = :5 two effects1 "o good & "o evil1 foll[ f an act1 !re mu/ be a proportionately grave reason = p]mitt+ ! evil effect be=e act+ 7see #ajd1 #aje74 ,x w\ld be wrong to av5ge "s small insult or "s isolat$ injury at ! exp5se ( imm5se treasure & enorm\s loss ( life4 ,mod]n w>f>e is s deva/at+ t only ! grave/ reasons kn[n to society c au?orize x4 ,=1 accord+ to sci5ti/s1 a s+le ,h-bomb may cause dea? & de/ruction ov] a wide area1 p]haps ! space ( a hundr$ squ>e miles4 ,9 view ( ! havoc :i* is =ese5 to outweigh ! b5efits ( victory1 x c\ld happ5 t a nation ) ju/ice on its side & ! pot5tial to wage w> w\ld nev]!less n be ju/ifi$ 9 wag+ w> 7see #adaj74 ,?is de/ructive p[] ( mod]n weapons1 h[ev]1 ne$ n imply a sweep+ condemnation ( all w>f>e4 ,spiritual values1 e4g41 fre$om f tyranny1 fre$om to wor%ip ,god1 /ill hold primacy ov] mat]ial values & c be deem$ s preci\s z to outweigh ! great loss ( lives & prop]ty involv$ 9 def5d+ !m or recov]+ !m ?r\gh mod]n w>f>e4 8,a p m5ac$ by1 or already victims ( unju/ aggression1 if x desires to ?9k & to act 9 a ,*ri/ian mann]1 _c rema9 9 passive indiff]5ce0 7,pope ,pius ,,xii1 ,*ri/mas ,message ( #aidh74 #achg4 ,9 comp>+ ! advantages & disadvantages ( w>1 "o %\ld take into consid]ation1 n only ! losses oneself w suff]1 b also ! losses t w be suff]$ by o!rs4 7a7 ,?us1 if ! enemy nation w be ru9$ z ! price ( "o's obta9+ "s small "r1 *>ity w\ld urge t "o ab/a9 f w>4 7b7 ,if ! _w 9 g5]al or po/]ity w suff] great] evils mat]ially or spiritually ?an a nation is n[ suff]+ f ! d5ial ( "s non-ess5tial "r1 *>ity at lea/ %\ld rule out a decl>ation ( w>4 #achh4 ,is !re a j reason = w>1 :5 a fault has be5 committ$ on bo? sides8 7a7 ,if ! injuries are ab\t equal & /ill 9 be+1 !re is no reason = w>1 = nei!r nation is 9 a position to accuse ! o!r ( inju/ice4 7b7 ,if ! injuries are q unequal or "o nation has %[n a will+ness to cease f injury1 ! less guilty nation has a "r to make w>2 b x %\ld fir/ cle> itself ( inju/ice1 be=e x proce$s to *a/ise inju/ice 9 ! o!r4 #achi4 ,suffici5t causes = mak+ w> are3 7a7 grave injury to ! honor ( a nation1 su* z insult to its rul] or ambassadors 7,,ii ,k+s1 x472 7b7 injury to ! natural "r ( ! nation to exi/5ce1 self-pres]vation1 prop]ty1 free action )9 its own sph]e2 ?us1 a p may make w> to def5d _! indep5d5ce 7,i ,ma*41 iii4 #ei71 to recov] t]ritory tak5 f !m unju/ly1 to resi/ a violation ( neutrality 7,,ii ,k+s1 viii4 #e71 to protect _! own citiz5s & comm]ce2 7c7 injury to ! rights ( ! nation "u positive law4 ,?us1 a nation may make w> to uphold important int]national agreem5ts1 to en=ce ! obs]vance ( treaties1 & ! l4 #acij4 ,injury done to a ?ird nation or to ! subjects ( a ?ird nation may also be a suffici5t reason = w>4 7a7 ,?us1 out ( ju/ice1 a nation is oblig$ to help its allies 9 a j w>2 = to help ^? ) ^: int]e/s "o's own int]e/s are involv$ is only self-def5se4 7b7 ,out ( *>ity1 a nation t has ! "r ( int]v5tion may lawfully g to w> to protect a weak] nation aga9/ a /rong] & bully+ nation1 to assi/ a gov]nm5t unju/ly attack$ by its subjects1 or to help innoc5t subjects :o are tyranniz$ ov] by _! gov]nm5t4 #acia4 ,is x lawful to g to w> ov] religion or morality8 7a7 ,error 9 ! religion or immorality 9 ! practices ( ano!r p is n a suffici5t reason = mak+ w> on !m4 ,no "o c be =c$ to believe1 says ,/4 ,augu/9e2 & x is likewise true t no "o c be =c$ to love virtue1 :]eas ext]nal con=mity )\t conviction or love is hypocritical4 ,moreov]1 a nation has no au?ority to correct ! s9s ( ^? n subject to x4 ,h5ce1 x w\ld n be "r to attack a p = ! sole reason t x 0 pagan or polygam\s4 7b7 ,int]f]5ce1 h[ev]1 ) ! religi\s rights ( o!rs or s9ful practices t are injuri\s to o!rs are a suffici5t reason = w>4 ,no w> ev] _h a m legitimate cause ?an ! ,crusades1 :i* 7 und]tak5 to def5d ! ,*ri/ian religion aga9/ ! unspeakable atrocities ( infidels4 ,! cause ( humanity ju/ifies a w> to put an end to su* evils z cannibalism or human sacrifice4 #acib4 ,is x lawful to make w> on ano!r nation 9 ord] to br+ to x ! b5efits ( mod]n civilization8 7a7 ,if ! unciviliz$ nation lacks a gov]nm5t & suff]s f disord]1 x is an act ( *>ity = a civiliz$ nation to set up a gov]nm5t !re :i* w act = ! b5efit ( ! p ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is also lawful to make w> on ^? :o resi/ ! gov]nm5t ?us e/abli%$4 7b7 ,if ! unciviliz$ nation has its own ord]ly =m ( gov]nm5t & is at peace1 no o!r nation has ! "r to int]f]e "u pretext ( introduc+ a high] type ( gov]nm5t4 ,colonial expansion is n a suffici5t reason = w> 9 su* circum/ances4 #acic4 ,! foll[+ causes = w> are n suffici5t3 7a7 ,motives cle>ly s9ful are su* z d n suppose any injury done by ! o!r nation1 b r "s evil passion ( pride1 gre$1 jeal\sy1 suspicion1 or selfi%ness on "o's own side4 ,h5ce1 x is n lawful to g to w> = ! glory ( a rul] or ( ! nation1 = ! enl>gem5t ( "o's t]ritory1 = ! advantage t may be ga9$ ov] a comm]cial rival1 = ! pres]vation ( ! balance ( p[]1 or = ! prev5tion ( difficulties at home4 7b7 ,motives app>5tly j1 b really s9ful1 are injuries done by ano!r1 if "o has secretly provok$ !m 9 ord] to h a pretext = w>4 ,x is n "r to make w> on a p because ( attacks made by _! citiz5s1 if ^! attacks 7 purposely caus$ by "o's own citiz5s4 7c7 ,motives ( displeasure ) ano!r nation are n suffici5t z motives = w>1 if ! o!r nation has violat$ no "r ( ju/ice1 b only act$ 9 a way n consonant ) *>ity or fri5d%ip4 ,?us1 ! fact t "o nation d5ies ano!r f9ancial assi/ance or ! t>iff advantages grant$ to a ?ird nation is n a casus belli2 = 9 matt]s ( b5evol5ce or privilege !re is no /rict claim or title1 & h5ce no "r to h rec\rse to arms4 #acid4 ,is w> lawful :5 ! ju/ice ( ! cause is d\btful8 7a7 ,! gov]nm5t may n decl>e w>1 unless x is morally c]ta9 t "r is on its side4 ,! consequ5ces ( w> are s dreadful1 & ! use ( =ce aga9/ ano!r nation is su* an extreme measure1 t "o %\ld refra9 f ho/ilities z long z "o's moral "r is unc]ta94 7b7 ,volunte]s n already enli/$ may n (f] _! s]vices to a bellig]5t1 unless !y are morally c]ta9 t 8 cause is j4 ,!y p>ticipate 9 w> f *oice1 & !y %\ld assure !mselves t _! *oice is correct4 7c7 ,subjects call$ to ! colors %\ld fight = _! c\ntry1 ev5 if !y are 9 d\bt ab\t ! ju/ice ( ! cause1 = ! presumption is on ! side ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,?is does n mean1 h[ev]1 t "o %\ld be will+ to fight = "o's c\ntry1 "r or wrong4 nor t "o w\ld be oblig$ to fight = a cause manife/ly unju/1 or to obey an ord] flagrantly wrong4 #acie4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( 8moral c]titude0 9 ! previ\s p>agraph8 7a7 ,"s morali/s believe t a high degree ( probability ( ! righte\sness ( 8 cause suffices 9 ord] t a rul] may take /eps t[>ds w>4 7b7 ,! great] numb] ( morali/s1 h[ev]1 hold t no degree ( probability suffices4 ,! ju/ify+ reasons mu/ be cle>] ?an day1 & ! /ate :i* goes to w> mu/ n ent]ta9 a s+le d\bt t its cause is "r4 ,?is op9ion we pref]2 =1 if a jury may n s5t5ce an accus$ to dea? z long z !re is a reasonable d\bt ( 8 innoc5ce1 nei!r ought a nation to pass :at is really a dea? s5t5ce on hundr$s or ?\s&s ( citiz5s z long z !re exi/s a d\bt ( a compell+ reason = su* a c\rse4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ t a rul] :o has only probable evid5ce t an injury has be5 done already1 may h c]ta9ty t x w be done1 if x is n prev5t$ by w>4 #acif4 ,is x possible t ! cause ( w> %\ld be j on bo? sides8 7a7 ,mat]ially or objectively1 ! cause ( w> is j only on "o side1 =1 if "o nation has ! "r to dem& satisfaction or re/itution1 manife/ly ! o!r nation has no "r to refuse or resi/4 7b7 ,=mally or subjectively1 ! cause ( w> is j only on "o side1 if ! facts & obligations are kn[n to bo? disputants1 = ! nation t kn[s ! "r ( ! o!r side & yet opposes x1 does n act 9 good fai?4 7c7 ,=mally or subjectively1 ! cause ( w> is j on bo? sides1 if ! nation t is objectively 9 ! wrong is subjectively p]suad$ t x is 9 ! "r4 ,&1 ev5 ?\gh a gov]nm5t is 9 bad fai?1 its p z a rule w be 9 good fai? z a result ( n und]/&+ ! facts or m]its ( ! controv]sy4 #acig4 ,x is possible t !re %\ld be objective ju/ice & inju/ice on ! same side4 7a7 ,?us1 ! side :i* is j z reg>ds ! cause ( ! w>1 may be unju/ 9 its conduct ( ! w> on acc\nt ( ! unlawful means x employs to w91 or its cont9uation ( a hopeless /ruggle4 7b7 ,! side :i* 0 j z reg>ds ! orig9al cause ( ! w>1 may be unju/ z reg>ds a new cause t appe>s4 ,?us1 a nation :i* goes to w> to rega9 a lo/ t]ritory1 b :i* cont9ues to fight = ! sake ( conque/ aft] ! legitimate end has be5 a*iev$1 cont5ds = a j cause at ! beg9n+1 b = an unju/ cause lat] on4 7c7 ,! side ^: gr\nds are ju/ifiable f ! imm$iate po9t ( view may be 9 ! wrong if causes are trac$ f>!r back4 #acih4 ,:at are ! duties be=e ! beg9n+ ( w>1 accord+ to natural law8 7a7 ,exam9ation ( ! ,cause ( ,w>4--,x is cle> t ^? *>g$ ) ! decl>ation ( w> are b\nd to exam9e dilig5tly & pray]fully into ! dispute1 weigh+ ! reasons on bo? sides1 & ask+ light f on high4 ,to ?is end !y %\ld seek ! c\nsel1 n ( a few1 b ( _m--n m]ely among ^? :o are exp]ts 9 ! diplomatic1 legal1 economic1 & milit>y aspects ( ! "q1 b also among ^? :o w look at ! matt] f its e?ical side & :o are guid$ by fairness & ju/ice4 ,s9ce x is ! p :o h to be> ! burd5s ( w>1 x seems t _m w>s 9 ! pa/ w\ld h be5 prev5t$1 _h ! wi%es ( ! p be5 consult$4 7b7 ,judgm5t ab\t ! ,m]its ( ! ,controv]sy4--,x is also cle> t ^? :o h to decide = w> or peace %\ld be imp>tial 9 _! judgm5t4 ,h5ce1 !y h to be on _! gu>d aga9/ j+oism1 yell[ j\rnalism1 & w> int]e/s1 z well z aga9/ ! pacifi/ or ! favor] ( a =eign c\ntry at ! exp5se ( 8 own4 ,!y %\ld n proce$ to (f5sive w>1 if _! cause rema9s d\btful1 unless ! o!r side provokes w> by refus+ peaceful settlem5t2 b1 if !y are 9 possession1 !y h ! "r to make def5sive w>4 7c7 ,judgm5t ab\t ! ,feasibility ( ,w>4--,prud5ce dem&s t1 ev5 :5 a nation is conv9c$ t x has a j cause to make w>1 x %\ld nev]!less refra9 f ?is1 unless x has a well-gr\nd$ expectation t w> w improve matt]s 7,luke1 xiv4 #ca1 #cb74 ,/atesm5 :o plunge _! p into adv5tures ^: end !y _c at all =esee1 are crim9als4 7d7 ,ef=ts at ,peaceful ,solution4--,ev5 if ! cause is j & ! w> feasible1 ho/ilities %\ld n be resort$ to except z a la/ means4 ,h5ce1 pacific means--su* z direct negotiation1 m$iation1 arbitration1 judicial settlem5t1 or pressure ?r\gh trade emb>goes1 boycotts1 brea* ( diplomatic int]c\rse1 etc4--%\ld be tri$ 9 ! fir/ place4 #acii4 ,! ,*ief ,duties be=e ,beg9n+ ,w>1 ,accord+ to ,int]national ,law4--7a7 ,be=e w> is decl>$1 an ultimatum %\ld be issu$ to ! o!r nation1 (f]+ x f9al t]ms & a la/ opportunity to make apology or satisfaction4 7b7 ,=eign]s :o are 9 "o's t]ritory %\ld be giv5 an opportunity to settle _! affairs & leave ! c\ntry )9 a reasonable "t4 7c7 ,ambassadors & o!r repres5tatives ( ! enemy %\ld be provid$ ) passports4 #adjj4 ,9 itself1 z said above 7see #achj sqq471 w> is n unlawful4 ,b 9 ! light ( ! conditions requir$ = a j w> & ( circum/ances z !y are today1 c w> at ! pres5t "t be ev] ju/ifiable8 7a7 ,if ! supreme int]e/s ( a nation are at /ake 7su* z its indep5d5ce1 ! policies or int]e/s vital to its exi/5ce1 its obligations "u cov5ant or treaty ( peace71 w> c /ill be lawful today1 = a nation _c surr5d] its "r to self-def5se1 or betray its solemn engagem5ts ( coop]ative def5se4 7b7 ,if less ?an supreme int]e/s are at /ake1 w> today seems unju/ifiable1 = :at proportion is !re betwe5 ! m9or int]e/s ( a s+le or sev]al nations & ! enorm\s de/ruction ( mod]n w> & ! dislocation ( int]national security8 ,ef=ts ( /atesm5 to secure a _w pact1 outlaw+ or r5\nc+ w> z a means ( national policy1 indicates progress = ?is view4 #adja4 ,:at are ! duties dur+ w>8 7a7 ,"o %\ld use e lawful means1 accord+ to "o's position1 to secure victory = "o's c\ntry4 ,fight+ to ga9 only a 8/alemate10 9 itself1 is immoral4 7b7 ,"o %\ld avoid su* means z are oppos$ to natural or int]national law4 #adjb4 ,x is n true t all is fair 9 w>1 = ev5 a j cause _c sanction unju/ means4 ,! comm&m5ts ( ,god & ! laws ( nations reta9 _! =ce ev5 amid ! cla% ( arms4 ,examples ( acts ( w> t are unlawful1 z be+ oppos$ to ! natural law are ! foll[+3 7a7 acts ( irreligion1 su* z wanton de/ruction ( *ur*es or mona/]ies2 7b7 attempts to s$uce enemy soldi]s f ! ob$i5ce or loyalty ow$ _! comm&]s2 7c7 murd]1 t is1 ! direct kill+ ( innoc5t & un>m$ p]sons1 z :5 "o refuses qu>t] to soldi]s :o wi% to surr5d]1 fires on an (fic] be>+ a flag ( truce1 s9ks pass5g] %ips n engag$ on err&s ( w>1 massacres ! civil population by raids f ! air1 places a def5celess population at ! m]cy ( savages or crim9als employ$ z soldi]s2 7d7 ! di%onor+ ( wom51 ! e/abli%m5t ( bro!ls = soldi]s2 7e7 /eal+1 su* z ! unau?oriz$ pillage ( a t[n or c\ntryside2 7f7 ly+1 su* z break+ treaties1 n keep+ fai? ) ! foe1 ent]+ into p]jur$ agreem5ts1 circulat+ false /ories ( atrocities1 =g+ ( docum5ts1 etc4 #adjc4 ,j w> is resi/ance to unju/ aggression1 & s ! same means are lawful 9 w>f>e z are lawful 9 private aggression4 7a7 ,?us1 ! means us$ aga9/ an aggressor mu/ n be evil 9 !mselves1 z :5 a p]son protects himself aga9/ a murd]] by mak+ an innoc5t p]son a %ield4 ,h5ce1 9 w> "o may n use any means t is oppos$ to ! law ( ,god1 or to human contracts or o!r obligations4 7b7 ,! means employ$ mu/ be su* z are really necess>y = ov]p[]+ ! aggressor4 ,?us1 x is n lawful to kill a burgl> :5 w\nd+ him w suffice = ! protection ( "o's prop]ty4 ,likewise1 9 w> x is n lawful to ext]m9ate or depopulate an enemy1 if ! end ( w> c be atta9$ by depriv+ ! enemy ( 8 weapons4 #adjd4 ,! pr9cipal classes ( acts ( w> f ! moral /&po9t are3 7a7 acts 9 :i* viol5ce is done to ?+s connect$ ) religion2 7b7 acts ( viol5ce aga9/ p]sons2 7c7 acts ( viol5ce aga9/ prop]ty2 7d7 acts us$ to conceal tru?4 #adje4 ,acts ( ,w> & ,sacr$ ,times4--7a7 ,x is lawful to c>ry on w>f>e1 (f5sively or def5sively1 on fea/s1 :5 ?is is necess>y1 j z x is lawful to d s]vile "w on ^? days 9 case ( necessity 7,i ,ma*41 ii4 #da2 ,john1 vii4 #bc74 7b7 ,b if a susp5sion ( ho/ilities c be arrang$ = fea/ days 7especially = ! great] ones1 su* z ,*ri/mas & ,ea/]71 w>f>e %\ld be discont9u$ at ^? times4 #adjf4 ,acts ( ,w> & ,sacr$ ,places4--7a7 ,x is lawful to attack a *ur* build+1 if x is c]ta9ly be+ us$ = milit>y purposes4 ,x is also lawful to attack =tifications1 & ?us un9t5tionally to h>m adjac5t *ur* build+s4 7b7 ,x is n lawful1 ap>t f ^! reasons ( real milit>y necessity1 to injure sacr$ places or edifices4 #adjg4 ,acts ( ,w> & ,sacr$ ,p]sons4--7a7 ,x is lawful = cl]ics to coop]ate 9 a j w> 9 spiritual ways1 z by exhortations1 pray]s1 & religi\s m9i/rations4 ,moses pray$ = ! armies ( ,israel dur+ battle 7,exod41 xvii4 #h sqq471 ! prie/s accompani$ ,josue ar\nd ! wall ( ,j]i*o 7,jos41 vi4 #d71 & ,/4 ,b]n>d & o!r holy m5 prea*$ crusades4 7b7 ,x is n lawful1 ap>t f necessity 7z 9 case ( conscription71 = cl]ics to take "p 9 actual fight+4 ,w>f>e is unbecom+ 9 a cl]ic1 because he is enroll$ = a spiritual w>f>e 7,,ii ,tim41 ii4 #d71 & because 8 lead]1 ,*ri/1 %$ ,8 own blood1 n t ( o!rs 7,matt1 xxvi4 #eb74 ,h5ce1 ! ,*ur* =bids cl]ics to volunte] z soldi]s 7,canon #ada74 #adjh4 ,! p]sons to :om viol5ce is done dur+ w> are3 7a7 ,combatants1 t is1 all ^? :o are engag$ 9 ! actual promotion ( ! w>4 ,direct combatants are ! fight]s1 su* z ! (fic]s & privates ( army1 navy1 & air =ce2 indirect combatants are ! un>m$ auxili>ies ( ! soldi]s 9 milit>y ways1 su* z mak]s ( munition1 transport]s ( supplies1 & ^? 9 ! communication s]vice4 7b7 ,non-combatants are enemy subjects :o are nei!r fight]s nor auxili>ies ( ! arm$ =ces1 su* z *apla9s & memb]s ( ! m$ical s]vice 9 ! army1 p]sons 9 civil life & occupation1 old m51 wom51 & *ildr54 7c7 ,neutrals are ^? :o are n subject to ei!r ( ! w>r+ cont5d]s1 & :o take no "p 9 ! ho/ilities1 al?\gh !y may sympa?ize ) "o side4 #adji4 ,! ,kill+ or ,w\nd+ ( ,enemy ,combatants4--7a7 ,accord+ to natural law1 x is lawful to kill or w\nd ! enemy 9 battle1 or to />ve him by blockade1 j z x is lawful 9 self-def5se to kill or w\nd an unju/ aggressor4 7b7 ,accord+ to int]national law1 x 0 expressly =bidd5 to attack 9 ways t make w> m cruel )\t ha/5+ ! decision4 #adaj4 ,! ,kill+ or ,w\nd+ ( ,non-,combatants4--7a7 ,! indirect kill+ ( non-combatants 7i4e41 kill+ :i* is un9t5tional & unavoidable7 is lawful1 accord+ to ! rules giv5 = d\ble effect 7see #ajc1 #ajd74 ,h5ce1 x is lawful to bomb>d ! =tifications1 ars5als1 munition works1 & b>racks ( a t[n1 to s9k pass5g] l9]s t are c>ry+ arms or /ores to ! enemy1 to cut (f food supplies f a t[n or c\ntry 9 ord] to />ve out its troops1 al?\gh ^! measures w entail ! dea?s ( "s civilians z well z ( combatants4 ,humanity requires1 h[ev]1 t an ef=t be made to sp>e ! non-combatants1 :5 possible1 z by s]v+ w>n+ ( attack1 s t !y may be remov$ to safety4 ,:5 x is a "q1 h[ev]1 ( ! use ( mod]n weapons 7! atom1 hydrog5 or cobalt bombs7 on milit>y t>gets 9 ! vic9ity ( l>ge cities1 :]e x is =ese5 t _m ?\s&s ( civilians w be kill$ or sev]ely w\nd$1 !n ! pr9ciple ( d\ble effect seems to rule out ! lawfulness ( us+ su* deva/at+ weapons4 ,! imm$iate evil effect1 ! slaught] ( ! innoc5ts1 c\ld h>dly be call$ incid5tal & only reluctantly p]mitt$4 ,concretely1 ! inevitable results ( ! use ( su* weapons w\ld h to be int5d$ directly1 if n z an end1 at lea/ z a means4 7b7 ,! direct kill+ ( non-combatants 7i4e41 kill+ :i* is int5tional7 is unlawful & con/itutes ! s9 ( murd]4 ,oblit]ation bomb+1 ! dropp+ ( ,h-bombs or atom bombs on a resid5tial section ( a city conta9+ no milit>y objectives1 are ( ?is "*2 = !y are attacks on civilians4 ,x c n be argu$ t su* an attack w\ld probably break d[n ! morale ( ! citiz5s to su* an ext5t t !y w\ld =ce _! rul]s to make peace & s save _m ?\s&s ( lives4 ,= ?is argum5t is bas$ on ! pr9ciple t a good end ju/ifies evil means4 ,occasionally x is argu$ t mod]n 8total0 w>f>e dem&s t all citiz5s contribute to ! w> ef=t & t consequ5tly ev]yone is a combatant4 ,! argum5t c h>dly be su/a9$1 = ,ca?olic doctr9e insi/s t ^? ^: p>ticipation is only remote & accid5tal are n to be classifi$ z combatants4 ,9 a well-docum5t$ article on 8,! ,morality ( ,oblit]ation ,bomb+10 by ,john ,c4 ,=d1 ,s4,j4 7,!ological ,/udies1 ,v1 #aidd1 pp4 #bfa-cji71 ! validity ( ! di/9ction betwe5 combatants & innoc5t non-combatants1 ev5 9 ! condition ( mod]n w>1 is upheld4 ,fr4 ,=d %[s t 9 an indu/rial city1 z f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?ree-f\r?s ( ! population belong to ! non-combatant category1 & he li/s m ?an a hundr$ trades or pr(essions :i*1 accord+ to ! natural law1 exclude _! memb]s f ! category ( combatants4 ,direct attacks on su* a population cle>ly w\ld con/itute unju/ifiable kill+ or w\nd+ ( non-combatants4 #adaa4 ,! ,s5t5ce ( ,dea? = ,milit>y ,crimes4--7a7 ,x is lawful to s5t5ce to dea? p]sons guilty ( int]national crime1 su* z ^? :o approa* :5 w>n$ to halt1 civilians :o fire on ! troops1 gu]rillas1 pirates1 spies & des]t]s4 7b7 ,x is n lawful to s5t5ce to dea? p]sons n guilty ( int]national crime4 ,?us1 a private soldi] %\ld n be execut$ because "u ord]s he kill$ a non-combatant2 a ho/age1 n guilty ( any capital crime1 %\ld n be put to dea?1 because 8 fell[-citiz5s = :om he is held rebel or break fai?4 #adab4 ,imprisonm5t & ,re/ra9t4--7a7 ,combatants may be made prison]s ( w>1 non-combatants are subject to ! re/rictions ( milit>y rules :5 _! t]ritory is occupi$1 & 9 v exceptional cases !y may be transport$ beh9d _! enemy's l9es4 7b7 ,prison]s ( w> & inhabitants ( occupi$ t]ritory are to be treat$ z human be+s1 b n bett] ?an ! soldi]s ( "o's own army4 ,!y may n be r$uc$ to slav]y1 held z ho/ages1 tortur$ or />v$ to dea?1 or plac$ 9 front tr5*es z a %ield to "o's own =ces4 #adac4 ,! ,de/ruction or ,seizure ( ,prop]ty ,dur+ ,w>4--7a7 ,! milit>y prop]ty ( ! enemy nation or ( its subjects may be confiscat$ or de/roy$1 j z an individual has ! "r to de/roy ! weapon ( an unju/ aggressor4 ,h5ce1 a comm&] may demoli% =tifications1 w> factories1 air%ips1 w>%ips1 weapons & artill]y2 he may cut (f or seize supplies & provisions ( money1 food or dr9k4 7b7 ,! public1 non-milit>y prop]ty ( ! enemy may be occupi$ by a successful invad]4 ,he may appropriate movable goods 7works ( art & "s o!rs are except$ by int]national law71 & he may use immovable goods 7public places ( wor%ip1 museums1 etc41 are except$ by law74 7c7 ,z to private prop]ty ( enemy subjects on l&1 int]national law requires t immovables g5]ally be respect$1 & movables c be seiz$ only = "s necess>y purpose ( w>4 ,requisitions & contributions may be exact$ & soldi]s may be billet$ 9 ! homes ( citiz5s1 b only s mu* may be levi$ z is ne$$ = army ma9t5ance & civil adm9i/ration1 & comp5sation mu/ be made1 or a receipt be giv5 = future comp5sation4 ,w> is made1 n aga9/ private p]sons1 b aga9/ ! /ate4 7d7 ,z to private prop]ty on sea1 ! usage has be5 t ! m]*ant %ips ( ! enemy may be captur$ & made a lawful prize4 7e7 ,! prop]ty ( neutrals on l& mu/ n be mole/$1 unless x is n really neutral1 z :5 x is be+ us$ by ! enemy4 ,z reg>ds ! %ips & %ipp+ ( neutrals on ! high seas1 !y are n up to ! pres5t protect$ by int]national agreem5t4 ,r ! naval p[]s are divid$ betwe5 ! !ories ( comm& ( ! seas & fre$om ( ! seas4 ,?us1 ,great ,brita9 claims ! "r to se>*1 seize & hold ! vessels or c>goes ( neutrals :o c>ry contrab& or attempt to trade ) ! enemy 9 ! face ( a blockade4 #adad4 ,x is an axiom t booty tak5 9 w> belongs1 n to ! private soldi]s1 b to _! gov]nm5t4 ,h5ce1 ! "q arises3 ,are private soldi]s1 :o take ! goods ( citiz5s )\t au?orization f _! (fic]s1 b\nd to make re/itution8 7a7 ,if !y take :at is necess>y = _! own su/5ance1 !y act aga9/ milit>y discipl9e1 b n aga9/ ju/ice1 & are n b\nd to re/ore4 7b7 ,if !y take o!r ?+s1 !y are b\nd to re/ore1 s9ce int]national agreem5ts make ?is a duty ( ju/ice4 ,b1 if nei!r ( ! bellig]5ts obs]v$ ?is agreem5t1 ! obligation ( re/itution _c be insi/$ on z grave4 #adae4 ,is x lawful to give ov] a city to be loot$ by ! soldi]y8 7a7 ,9 anci5t times1 ?is 0 sometimes p]missible1 z :5 comp5sation & victory 9 a j w> 0 o!rwise impossible4 7b7 ,9 mod]n times & accord+ to pres5t int]national law1 loot+ is /rictly =bidd54 ,violation ( agreem5ts by city heads gives no "r to attack ! prop]ty ( ! citiz5s :o are n responsible1 & valiant def5se ( ! city by its troops does n =feit ! rights ( ! inhabitants to _! goods4 #adaf4 ,/ratagems 9 ,w>4--7a7 ,x is lawful to use v>i\s artifices = conceal+ "o's plans f ! enemy1 su* z cam\flage1 smoke scre5s1 c5sor$ reports ( engagem5ts1 etc4 ,?us1 ,josue by comm& ( ! ,"l prep>$ an ambu% = ! citiz5s ( ,hai 7,jos41 viii4 #b74 7b7 ,x is lawful also to conceal "o's id5tity by we>+ ! uni=ms ( ! enemy 9 ord] to obta9 in=mation ab\t 8 plans4 ,! ,"l comm&$ ,moses to s5d out m5 to spy on ! l& ( ,*anaan 7,num41 xiii4 #a74 ,:ile x is n lawful to tell or signify untru?1 x is lawful to conceal ! tru? f ^? :o h no "r to "k x4 #adag4 ,reprisals are acts ( retaliation by :i* "o replies to unlawful aggressions ( ! enemy by equival5t aggressions aga9/ him4 ,_! morality dep5ds on circum/ances4 7a7 ,?us1 if ! act ( ! enemy is oppos$ only to int]national law1 x is n unlawful to use ! same act aga9/ him1 =1 s9ce he has brok5 fai?1 ! treaty obligation no long] b9ds ! o!r side4 ,= example1 if ! enemy1 contr>y to agreem5t1 uses poison gas 9 w>f>e1 x is lawful to use poison gas aga9/ him4 ,reprisals %\ld n be made1 h[ev]1 )\t au?orization f ! prop] au?ority4 7b7 ,if ! act ( ! enemy is oppos$ to natural law1 x is n p]missible to retaliate by ! same k9d ( acts4 ,two wrongs d n make a "r4 ,b "o may retaliate 9 lawful ways1 or else issue a prote/ & await comp5sation at ! conclusion ( ! w>4 ,?us1 if ! enemy murd]s ! civil population1 ?is does n ju/ify "o 9 murd]+ enemy citiz5s :o are 9 "o's p[]4 #adah4 ,duties ( ! ,nation ,victori\s 9 ,w>4--7a7 ,! victori\s nation mu/ n prolong ! w> aft] victory has be5 ga9$1 or aft] ! enemy has su$ 9 good fai? = peace or armi/ice4 7b7 ,x mu/ n exact f ! defeat$ foe m ?an x has a j "r to4 #adai4 ,! ,rights ( ! ,victor4--7a7 ,if ! cause ( ! victori\s nation 0 unju/1 its victory gives x no claim1 = might does n make "r4 ,on ! contr>y1 x may be oblig$ to make re/itution to ! defeat$ nation = ! losses x has suff]$4 7b7 ,if ! cause ( ! victor 0 j1 ! victori\s nation has a claim to ?ree ?+s3 7i7 to ! satisfaction or re/itution = ! sake ( :i* ! w> 0 und]tak52 7ii7 to comp5sation = damages caus$ by ! enemy dur+ ! w>1 & 7iii7 to gu>antees aga9/ a recurr5ce ( ! =m] injury4 ,sup]vision ( peace treaties by an imp>tial tribunal has mu* to recomm5d x1 s9ce victors are prone to disreg>d *>ity & ju/ice :5 treat+ ) a conqu]$ foe1 & to extort f him =c$ agreem5ts4 #adbj4 ,! ,obligation ( a ,victor ,^: ,cause 0 ,unju/4--7a7 ,if ! victori\s nation f\ght 9 good fai?1 & only lat] p]ceiv$ ! inju/ice ( its cause1 x is b\nd to re/ore only ^? ?+s :i* x has n consum$1 & :i* make x bett] (f ?an x 0 be=e ! w>4 7b7 ,if x f\ght 9 bad fai?1 x %\ld re/ore all4 ,victory does n prove t "o 0 "r1 b only t "o 0 /rong]4 ,x does n make a bad cause good4 #adba4 ,! ,obligation ( a ,victor ,:o ,f\ght ,)\t ,due ,au?orization1 or ) a ,wrong ,purpose4--7a7 ,soldi]s :o inflict damage on ! enemy aga9/ ! ord]s ( ! comm&]s 7e4g41 by burn+ dwell+s1 robb+ private citiz5s1 murd]+1 etc471 are oblig$ to re/itution = ^? injuries1 = su* acts are n w>1 b brig&age4 7b7 ,soldi]s :o fight ) a wrong motive 7e4g41 out ( hatr$71 are n oblig$ to re/itution1 s9ce !y h n committ$ inju/ice2 = simil>ly a judge1 :o s5t5ces a convict$ crim9al1 s9s if 8 motive is hate1 b he is n held to re/itution4 #adbb4 ,:at ,indemnity may be ,impos$ on ! ,vanqui%$8--7a7 ,accord+ to ju/ice1 "o may exact comp5sation = ! losses & exp5ses "o has su/a9$ on acc\nt ( w>1 s9ce ! enemy is responsible = ^!4 7b7 ,accord+ to *>ity1 "o may be oblig$ to rel9qui% "p ( :at is ow$1 or to grant easi] t]ms ( paym5t1 or to cancel a debt1 z :5 ! enemy is greatly impov]i%$1 or _c easily pay at pres5t4 #adbc4 ,9 cases ( d\bt1 z :5 c\nt] claims are made & nei!r p>ty is entirely victori\s1 or :5 a vanqui%$ nation d5ies its ability to pay :at is dem&$1 rec\rse may be _h to o!r ways ( settlem5t4 7a7 ,?us1 9 ! =m] case a compromise or mutual condonation ( claims1 especially if bo? sides are exhau/$ by ! w>1 seems ! reasonable solution4 7b7 ,9 ! latt] case submission to an imp>tial tribunal ( arbitration w\ld b5efit ! victors z well z ! vanqui%$1 s9ce 9 ! long run x is n to ! advantage ( ! =m] t ! latt] be depriv$ ( its goods & productivity4 #adbd4 ,gu>antees = ! ,future4--7a7 ,"o may insi/ on su* gu>antees z w insure aga9/ a probable r5ewal ( ! (f5se committ$ by ! conqu]$ nation4 ,h5ce1 "o may require t x de/roy or deliv] ov] =tifications & munition plants1 s9k w>%ips1 r$uce its milit>y =ce1 puni% c]ta9 individuals1 or depose c]ta9 rul]s4 7b7 ,"o may n insi/ on su* gu>antees z w make a r5ewal ( w> by ! enemy1 n[ or 9 ! future1 absolutely impossible4 ,z said above1 a nation has ! "r to g to w> to def5d itself aga9/ aggression1 b x has no "r to "w at de/roy+ equality or competition on ! "p ( o!r nations4 ,h5ce1 x is n lawful to dem& t ! conqu]$ nation surr5d] its indep5d5ce or ! managem5t ( its affairs1 or t "o be all[$ to annex all ! t]ritory tak5 dur+ w>1 if "o's rights or reasonable security does n require ^! conditions4 ,subjugation or tempor>y occupation are lawful1 h[ev]1 if !re is no o!r way ( obta9+ r$ress or securities4 #adbe4 ,puni%m5t ( ,enemy ,soldi]s = ,crimes ,committ$ dur+ ,w>4--7a7 ,special crimes committ$ dur+ w> 7e4g41 massacres ( non-combatants7 may be puni%$1 b ! puni%m5t %\ld be visit$ on ^? responsible1 n on ^? :o m]ely execut$ ord]s4 7b7 ,! crime ( ! w> itself %\ld n be rev5g$ on private soldi]s1 = x is unju/ to puni% subjects = ! madness ( _! (fic]s & rul]s4 ,z to ! latt]1 moral guilt is n easily e/abli%$4 ,! ,nur5b]g trials held comm&]s & high (fic]s responsible = crimes aga9/ humanity1 & n )\t prec$5t4 #adbf4 ,prep>ation = ,future ,w>s4--7a7 ,reasonable prep>$ness is n only lawful1 b a duty ( ! /ate to its own p4 ,a nation %\ld h su* a milit>y e/abli%m5t or su* alliances z w safegu>d its "r aga9/ probable attack4 7b7 ,unreasonable prep>$ness is unlawful s9ce x burd5s ! p & prep>es ! way = w>4 ,examples ( unreasonable prep>ations3 ma9t5ance ( an army or navy f> 9 excess ( ^? nations ( simil> rank2 oppressive milit>y exp5ses or burd5s2 maneuv]s (f5sive to o!r gov]nm5ts or too dang]\s = ! troops engag$2 ru9\s competition 9 armam5ts4 #adbg4 ,prep>ation = peace or aga9/ w> is a duty no less obligatory ?an prep>ation = def5sive w>4 ,two *ief ways ( prep>+ = peace3 7a7 w = peace2 7b7 "w = peace4 7a7 ,! w = peace is promot$ :5 ! nations educate _! p to a realization ( ! bro!rhood ( man1 ( ! wrongfulness & folly ( a n>r[ nationalism1 ( ! s9fulness ( w> :i* has n all ! conditions ( a j w> 9 its favor4 ,)\t ! w = peace1 conf]5ces & treaties w effect little4 7b7 ,"w = peace is done by all :o give _! s]vice to practical plans = ! prev5tion ( w> & ! pres]vation ( la/+ _w amity4 ,among ^! plans are agreem5ts among nations to sub/itute moral "r = mat]ial =ce1 to aboli% conscription & armam5ts1 to e/abli% int]national tribunals1 associations & _w c\rts1 to make arbitration ( disputes among !mselves compulsory1 to codify int]national law4 ,hi/ory be>s witness to ! _m & great s]vices to humanity :i* ! ,popes h r5d]$ by act+ z arbit]s betwe5 nations t 7 on ! po9t ( w>4 ,if jeal\sies prev5t agreem5t among gov]nm5ts1 ! peoples ( ! _w %\ld nev]!less cont9ue to "w = peace & by con/itutional means make _! wi%es prevail among ! gov]nm5ts4 ,) ! ,*ur* we %\ld pray3 8,f pe/il5ce1 fam9e & w>1 deliv] u1 ,o ,"l40 #adbh4 ,fight+4--,fight+ is an angry conflict betwe5 two or m p]sons c>ri$ on by means ( physical viol5ce4 7a7 ,?us1 x is an angry conflict1 & s diff]s f conte/s ( /r5g? or skill made = ! sake ( sport1 amusem5t1 recreation1 heal?1 ex]cise & tra9+4 ,h5ce1 wre/l+ & box+ mat*es1 football games1 f5c+ & simil> a?letic conte/s1 9 :i* fair play & a sportsmanlike _s prevail1 are n fight+ z "h und]/ood4 ,simil>ly1 ! t\rnam5ts ( ! m$ieval knights 7 sports or spectacles1 r ?an fights4 7b7 ,x is a conflict1 & s diff]s f puni%m5t inflict$ by lawful au?ority1 z :5 a police (fic] uses 8 club to prev5t a crime1 a p>5t or tea*] *a/ises insubord9ate *ildr51 or a sob] man scuffles ) an inebriate to take away 8 flask or ) a lunatic to deprive him ( a weapon4 7c7 ,x is a conflict betwe5 two or m individuals1 & s diff]s f w> & s$ition1 :i* are conflicts betwe5 nations or p>ts ( a multitude4 7d7 ,x is conduct$ by means ( physical viol5ce1 t is by ! infliction ( bodily injuries or h>m4 ,?us1 fight+ diff]s f qu>rel+1 :i* is a dispute 9 words4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ! attack be made by fi/s1 f+]nails or tee?1 or by weapons or missiles1 or :e!r ! bodily h>m be direct 7e4g41 a black5$ eye7 or indirect 7e4g41 a hat knock$ (f ! head74 #adbi4 ,k9ds ( ,fight+4--7a7 ,z to its orig91 fight+ is provok$ or unprovok$1 accord+ z "o :o fights is attack+ ano!r or def5d+ himself aga9/ attack4 7b7 ,z to its mann]1 x is an ord9>y fight or a duel1 accord+ z x takes place )\t or ) previ\s arrangem5t & /ipulat$ conditions4 7c7 ,z to its eject1 ! civil law di/+ui%es betwe5 assault & batt]y4 ,assault is a %[ ( viol5ce aga9/ ! p]son ( ano!r1 z :5 "o lifts "o's fi/ or cane 9 a ?reat5+ mann] to put ano!r 9 fe> ( bodily h>m4 ,batt]y is ! actual infliction ( p]sonal viol5ce1 z :5 "o /rikes1 pu%es1 scrat*es1 bites1 or spits on ano!r4 #adcj4 ,! ,s9fulness ( ,fight+4--7a7 ,unprovok$ fight+ is f its nature a mortal s94 ,x is class$ among ! works ( ! fle% t exclude f ! k+dom ( heav5 7,gal1 v4 #bj1 #ba71 & x is ess5tially oppos$ to ! *>ity ow$ to a neighbor4 ,x is frequ5tly only a v5ial s91 ei!r because ! act is n entirely delib]ate1 z :5 "o fights 9 sudd5 ang]1 or because ! viol5ce is ( a trifl+ k9d1 z :5 s*ool-*ildr5 pull "o ano!r's hair or ?r[ sn[balls4 7b7 ,fight+ "u provocation is no s9 at all1 :5 "o int5ds only to def5d "o's rights & does n g beyond :at is necess>y = lawful def5ce1 z :5 "o /ruggles ) a burgl> :o is try+ to ent] "o's h\se1 & pu%es him ?r\gh ! door4 ,x is a v5ial s91 :5 ! p]son :o is resi/+ aggression acts ) "s slight degree ( hate or rev5gefulness1 or inflicts a little m injury ?an is really necess>y4 ,x is a mortal s91 :5 ! p]son :o 0 attack$ fights 9 a _s ( hate & rev5ge1 or delib]ately & ne$lessly seeks to kill or s]i\sly maim ! adv]s>y4 #adca4 ,causes ( ,fight+4--,! rem$y ( s9ful fight+ is ! removal ( its causes4 ,! s\rces ( fight+ are proximate & remote4 7a7 ,! imm$iate cause is ang]4 ,! angry man provokes fights 7,prov41 xv4 #ah1 xxix4 #bb71 = ang]1 be+ a desire ( rev5ge1 is n cont5t to injure ano!r secretly1 b wi%es to puni% him--t is1 to injure him 9 su* a ,way t he w "k he is be+ puni%$ & w feel grief on t acc\nt4 ,ang] also bl9ds "o to ! fooli%ness ( "o's actions1 & s leads "o precipitately into qu>rels & fights 7,prov41 xviii4 #f74 7b7 ,! remote cause ( fight+ is an inord9ate desire ( temporal ?+s1 su* z weal?1 p[]1 ease3 8,:y are !re w>s & disputes among y8 ,is x n because ( ! desires t w> among y\r memb]s80 7,james1 iv4 #a74 ,^? :o are ov]mu* conc]n$ ) _! own int]e/s1 easily take (f5se at :at !y consid] slights or insults or opposition1 _! rage bur/s =?1 & !y proce$ at once to visit rev5ge on ^? at :om !y are (f5d$4 ,x 0 gre$ & envy t caus$ ! h]dsm5 ( ,pale/9e to fill up ! wells dug by ,isaac & to fight ) 8 s]vants = possession 7,g541 xxvi4 #ad sqq474 #adcb4 ,hatr$ & ,fight+4--7a7 ,hatr$ is n necess>ily a cause ( fight+4 ,! hat] wi%es evil to 8 neighbor1 n z puni%m5t1 b absolutely2 8 passion is calm]1 m la/+1 & m insatiable ?an t ( ! angry man4 ,if x suits him1 he w bide 8 "t pati5tly1 pret5d+ fri5d%ip1 b all ! :ile plott+ ru9 to ! "o he hates4 7b7 ,hatr$ at times does br+ on fight+1 =1 if ! hat] sees t he c safely attack op5ly1 he w use qu>rel+ & fight+ z a means to 8 purpose4 #adcc4 ,occasions t ,frequ5tly ,br+ ,on ,fight+4--7a7 ,boa/+ ab\t self or depreciation ( o!rs 9 ! pres5ce ( p]sons :o w take (f5se occasions fights1 = 8he t boa/e? & puffe? himself up /irre? up qu>rels0 7,prov41 xxviii4 #be74 ,?us1 disputes ov] ! respective m]its ( nations or political p>ties (t5 br+ on bloody enc\nt]s4 7b7 ,drunk5ness occasions fights1 = x s /upefies ! m9d t "o m9imizes "o's dang] & exagg]ates "o's own /r5g?1 & s is embold5$ to attack o!rs 7,prov41 xxiii4 #bi1 #cj74 #adcd4 ,evil ,consequ5ces ( ,fight+4--7a7 ,*>ity is w\nd$ by fight+1 :]efrom !re (t5 result la/+ hates1 discords1 sc&als4 7b7 ,ju/ice is w\nd$ by fight+1 z :5 a p]son unju/ly maims or kills 8 neighbor1 & is himself imprison$ or execut$1 to ! disgrace & deprivation ( 8 dep5d5ts4 #adce4 ,duell+4--,a duel is a pre>rang$ combat betwe5 two p]sons f\ght ) deadly weapons1 = ! purpose ( settl+ a private qu>rel4 7a7 ,?us1 x is a combat1 & h5ce ! 8suicide duel10 9 :i* ! cont5d]s draw lots ) ! und]/&+ t ! los] mu/ kill himself )9 a specifi$ "t1 is n prop]ly a duel4 7b7 ,a duel is pre>rang$1 t is1 ! "t1 place1 & weapons are det]m9$ 9 advance4 ,h5ce1 if two feudi/s meet accid5tally & proce$ at once to %oot1 _! combat is n /rictly a duel4 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 t a =mal lett] ( *all5ge & a lett] ( acceptance prec$e ! fight4 7c7 ,x is betwe5 two p]sons1 t is1 a det]m9ate combatant is mat*$ aga9/ a det]m9ate oppon5t4 ,a true duel1 h[ev]1 might be c>ri$ on betwe5 _m c\ples simultane\sly1 z 9 ! fight betwe5 ! twelve soldi]s ( ,abn] & ! twelve soldi]s ( ,joab 7,,ii ,k+s1 ii4 #ac-ag74 ,! pres5ce ( seconds or witnesses is n ess5tial to a duel4 7d7 ,a duel is f\ght ) deadly weapons1 t is1 ) su* arms z are capable ( inflict+ sev]e w\nds1 s t !re is s]i\s dang] ( grave w\nd or mutilation or dea?4 ,!re is no duel1 !re=e1 if "o fights ) weapons t _c d s]i\s h>m 7su* z fi/s1 light /icks1 mud71 or if by agreem5t "o uses dang]\s weapons 9 a way t precludes injury 7e4g41 by padd+ ! edge ( "o's sword1 load+ "o's revolv] ) blanks1 fir+ into ! air1 z 9 %am or mock duels74 ,b academic duels1 9 :i* /ud5ts try to /ab ea* o!r 9 ! face ) small dagg]s1 are true duels2 =1 :ile ! fight]s are well protect$ 9 vital p>ts & s]i\s or fatal w\nds r>ely happ51 x rema9s true t ?is mann] ( fight+ is mortally dang]\s4 ,! same rem>k applies to duels f\ght on condition t only "o or two r\nds ( %ots %all be fir$1 or t fight+ %all cease z soon z blood has be5 drawn4 7e7 ,a duel is f\ght = ! purpose ( settl+ a private qu>rel4 ,a h&-to-h& combat dur+ battle betwe5 two soldi]s ( cont5d+ armies is n a duel 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 s9ce !re is no private qu>rel betwe5 !m1 b only ! public qu>rel ( _! c\ntries4 #adcf4 ,! ,morality ( ,duell+4--7a7 ,g5]ally1 ! duel is mortally s9ful4 ,l ord9>y fight+1 x is aga9/ *>ity1 & 9 addition x includes a w to kill or gravely injure ano!r1 to expose "o's own life or limb to *ance1 & to usurp ! function ( ! ,/ate4 ,?is applies to ! *all5g$ z well z to ! *all5g]1 = "o c decl9e ! combat to :i* "o is d>$4 7b7 ,exceptionally1 a duel w\ld n be s9ful1 if x took on ! "* ( a w>1 or ( self-def5se aga9/ an unju/ aggressor4 ,?us1 9 ord] to %ort5 a w> or to less5 ! blood%$1 x might be lawful to make ! :ole issue dep5d on a s+le combat betwe5 ! comm&]s or betwe5 *ampions *os5 f oppos+ armies1 z 9 ! case ( ,david & ,golia? 7,i ,k+s1 xvii72 b 9 mod]n times su* a practice has be5 ab&on$4 ,aga91 if a p]son _h to *oose betwe5 c]ta9 dea?1 if he refus$ a duel1 & possible dea?1 if he cons5t$ to a duel1 x w\ld seem t he is 9 ! position ( "o attack$ by an unju/ aggressor2 b x is n easy to picture su* a case z happ5+ 9 normal conditions4 #adcg4 ,! ,fallacy ( ! ,argum5ts = ,duell+4--7a7 ,! amusem5t ( ! spectators 0 ! purpose ( ! gladiatorial duels f\ght 9 anci5t ,rome4 ,b today !re is no "o :o w\ld n grant t ! but*]+ ( human be+s to make a holiday = ! populace is savag]y4 7b7 ,! decision ( d\btful cases be=e ! c\rts 0 ! purpose ( ! judicial duels f\ght among ! ,g]mans & ,lomb>ds 9 ! e>ly ,middle ,ages4 ,b manife/ly su* duels are a temptation ( ,god1 s9ce !y ra%ly call on ,him to disclose1 ?r\gh a duel betwe5 ! litigants1 :at ! evid5ce 9 c\rt did n disclose4 ,! outcome ( ! duel %[s :i* p>ty is /rong] or m skilful1 n :i* is 9 ! "r4 7c7 ,tra9+ 9 brav]y & ! t]m9ation ( s]i\s diff]5ces is ! excuse (f]$ = milit>y & univ]sity duels4 ,b to kill1 cripple1 or brutalize y\? does n make ! nation /rong]1 & ! sub/itution ( viol5ce = law z a means ( settl+ disputes is an enc\ragem5t to crime4 7d7 ,satisfaction = insults or o!r injury1 or ! avoidance ( ! reputation ( be+ a c[>d1 is ! reason giv5 = s-call$ affairs ( honor4 ,b is x n a sup]/ition & a relic ( b>b>ism to ?9k t di%onor is wip$ out by a di%onorable fight1 or t a p]son %[s himself brave because he lacks ! moral brav]y to act aga9/ ! wrong op9ions ( ! multitude8 #adch4 ,p5alties aga9/ ,duell+4--7a7 ,*ur* law deprives ( ecclesia/ical burial ^? :o die z ! result ( a duel1 if unrep5tant 7,canon #abdj72 x also decl>es excommunication res]v$ simply to ! ,holy ,see & infamy aga9/ duelli/s & _! help]s 7,canon #bcea74 7b7 ,civil law 9 ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries makes duell+ a crime4 ,if dea? results1 x is reg>d$ z murd]1 & ! seconds are liable to puni%m5t z accessories4 #adci4 ,:at is ! moral duty ( re/itution on acc\nt ( injuries caus$ 9 a duel8 7a7 ,! *all5g] & 8 heirs h no "r to re/itution4 7b7 ,! *all5g$1 if he accept$ will+ly1 has no "r to re/itution1 = 8 free acceptance ( ! fight implies ! cession ( su* a "r4 7c7 ,! *all5g$1 if he accept$ "u grave compulsion1 has ! "r to re/itution4 ,if he is w\nd$1 ! aggressor %\ld pay ! m$ical exp5se2 if he is kill$1 ! heirs %\ld be comp5sat$4 #addj4 ,s$ition4--,s$ition is a discord betwe5 diff]5t factions ( ! same multitude s grave z to ext5d to physical conflict1 & to ! de/ruction ( ! unity ( ! ,/ate4 7a7 ,x is a discord1 t is1 a disagreem5t ( wills1 & s x resembles s*ism1 w> & fight+4 ,diff]5ce ( op9ion 9 ! political p>ties ( a c\ntry is n s$ition1 s9ce !re is a unity ( w & purpose 9 all ( !m ) ref]5ce to ! common good & ! peace ( ! ,/ate 7cfr4 #aaig1 #acdh74 ,9 fact1 "u a democratic sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 ! exi/5ce ( "s opposite p>ties has prov$ a useful1 if n necess>y means ( /imulat+ ! int]e/ ( citiz5s1 & ( exp$it+ ! bus9ess ( legislation4 7b7 ,s$ition is betwe5 diff]5t factions ( ! same multitude1 t is1 betwe5 diff]5t sections or gr\ps ( ! same body politic4 ,?us1 x diff]s f w> 7:i* is betwe5 /ates71 & f fight+ 7:i* is betwe5 individuals74 7c7 ,s$ition ext5ds to physical conflict1 t is1 x t5ds f its "* to break out into viol5ce & to array ! opposite factions 9 fight aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,if n accompani$ by actual ho/ilities1 x is simple s$ition4 ,b1 if fight+ has begun1 x is insurrection or rebellion1 :5 ! p seek to ov]?r[ ! gov]nm5t2 x is civil w>1 if "o "p ( ! nation seeks to sec$e f or ov]come ! o!r4 7d7 ,x is prejudicial to ! civil unity & peace ( ! p1 t is1 x t5ds to ! viol5t dismemb]m5t ( ! ,/ate1 or at lea/ to ! di/urbance ( ! common good4 ,?us1 s$ition is m s]i\s ?an riots1 tumults1 gang-w>f>e1 & l p>ticul> di/urbances1 :i* are n direct$ aga9/ ! ,/ate itself1 or aga9/ ! h>mony ( ! :ole body ( ! p4 ,s$ition diff]s also f ! peaceful sep>ation ( p>ts ( a /ate1 & f ! lawful self-def5se ( ! p aga9/ a tyrannical gov]nm5t4 #adda4 ,f ! def9ition giv5 above1 x is pla9 t s$ition is a special di/9ct species ( s94 7a7 ,x diff]s f spiritual discord1 = unlike s*ism x is oppos$1 n to ! unity ( ! ,*ur*1 b to ! unity ( ! ,/ate4 7b7 ,x diff]s f o!r k9ds ( temporal discord1 = unlike w> & fight+ x is oppos$1 n to peace betwe5 nations or individuals1 b to peace betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! same civil body4 ,w> takes away peace ) =eign]s1 s$ition takes away peace ) fell[-citiz5s2 fight+ attacks a private p]son or p]sons1 s$ition attacks ! public welf>e ( ! c\ntry4 #addb4 ,s$ition 9 ! /rict mean+ giv5 x above is always s9ful4 7a7 ,?us1 x is a mortal s9 f its nature1 s9ce x is oppos$ to :at is manife/ly "o ( ! greate/ ( temporal goods1 namely1 ! unity ( ! ,/ate4 7b7 ,x is oppos$ to *>ity1 z de/roy+ ! bond ( peace2 x is oppos$ to ju/ice1 z injur+ a unity bas$ on law & common utility1 to :i* ! nation has a /rict "r4 7c7 ,s$ition is grav] 9 "s p]sons ?an 9 o!rs4 ,?us1 ! moral causes ( s$ition 7i4e41 ^? t s[ discords or promote disaffection7 are m responsible ?an ^? :o are l$ & :o c>ry out acts ( viol5ce4 ,! gravity ( ! s9 9 ea* case dep5ds on ! am\nt ( damage t is due to "o's influ5ce or acts4 #addc4 ,is "o :o resi/s a tyrannical gov]nm5t guilty ( ! s9 ( s$ition8 7a7 ,:5 resi/ance is made by legal & pacific means1 su* z ! rejection ( a bad gov]nm5t at ! polls1 !re is no s$ition4 7b7 ,:5 legal & pacific means are impossible & arm$ aggression aga9/ a tyrant w b5efit ! common good1 a rebel is n guilty ( ! s9 ( s$ition4 ,9 ?is case1 x is r ! bad rul] :o causes discords & is s$iti\s aga9/ ! common good1 :]eas ! p only def5d !mselves accord+ to ! laws4 ,?us1 ! rebellion ( ! ,ma*abees aga9/ _! ,syrian oppressors 0 n s$iti\s4 7c7 ,:5 legal means are impossible b arm$ aggression w n b5efit ! common good1 a rebel is guilty ( ! s9 ( s$ition4 ,art4 #i3 ,,! ,,s9s ,,aga9/ ,,b5efic5ce 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,,ii-,,ii1 q4 #dc47 #addd4 ,hav+ discuss$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs ! s9s oppos$ to ! int]nal acts ( *>ity 7love1 joy & peace71 we come n[ to treat ( sc&al & coop]ation :i* are oppos$ to ! ext]nal acts ( *>ity--b5efic5ce & bro!rly correction4 #adde4 ,sc&al4--,sc&al is d]iv$ f a ,greek ^w signify+ a sn>e or trap prep>$ = an enemy1 or a /one or block laid 9 ! road t he may /umble or trip ov] x4 ,9 use1 x is appli$ 9 a wide or g5]al s5se1 & 9 a /rict or special s5se4 7a7 ,9 its wide s5se1 x ref]s to any k9d ( h>m1 especially ( a spiritual or moral nature1 t "o br+s on o!rs4 7b7 ,9 its /rict s5se1 x ref]s to a fall into s9 :i* "o occasions = o!rs by misconduct4 #addf4 ,! foll[+ are "s examples ( ! ^w 8sc&al0 z employ$ 9 its wide s5se3 7a7 ,x is us$ to signify physical or natural injuries ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,?us1 ! s]vants ( ,ph>aoh call$ ! plagues br\ght on ,egypt by ,moses a sc&al 7,exod41 x4 #g71 & ! ,psalmi/ says ( ! s9n] t he laid a sc&al 7calamity7 aga9/ 8 bro!r 7,ps4 xlix4 #bj74 ,^? :o spread defamatory gossip are call$ sc&al-mong]s1 & 8sc&al0 (t5 signifies opprobrium or disgrace1 z :5 ,%akespe>e speaks ( ! wrangl+ ( nobles z a sc&al to ! cr[n4 7b7 ,! ^w 8sc&al0 is also us$ to signify moral injuries di/9ct f inducem5t to s94 ,?us1 ! %ock & (f5se giv5 to virtu\s p]sons by blasphem\s language spok5 9 _! he>+ is describ$ z a sc&al1 & "o :o w\ld prev5t ano!r f foll[+ "s m p]fect c\rse or practice to :i* !re is no obligation 7su* z ent]+ religion1 say+ grace at meals1 etc471 is sometimes said to sc&alize4 #addg4 ,def9ition ( ,sc&al4--,9 ! /rict s5se1 sc&al is def9$ z 8any conduct t has at lea/ ! appe>ance ( evil & t (f]s to a neighbor an occasion ( spiritual ru940 7a7 ,by conduct is und]/ood ext]nal behavior or mann] ( act+ 9 ! pres5ce ( o!rs4 ,?us1 sc&al diff]s f s91 = s9 is committ$1 n only by ext]nal acts done be=e o!rs1 b also by int]nal ?\ghts & desires & ext]nal acts t are secret4 7b7 ,sc&al is conduct :i* is evil at lea/ 9 appe>ance1 t is1 s9ful1 or f ! circum/ances seem+ly s9ful4 ,?us1 an act is n sc&al\s1 if x is morally indiff]5t or a less good1 & is p]ceivable z be+ su*4 7c7 ,sc&al t5ds to spiritual ru91 t is1 to a fall into s91 great or small4 ,"h sc&al /rictly und]/ood diff]s f sc&al 9 ! wide s5ses giv5 9 ! previ\s p>agraph4 7d7 ,sc&al is an occasion ( a fall into s91 t is1 x sets an example ( s9 be=e ! att5tion1 & ?us sugge/s to ! w t ! w imitate ! s94 ,sc&al is n1 h[ev]1 ! cause ( s91 = a p]son causes 8 own s9 9 yield+ cons5t to ! sugge/ion (f]$ by sc&al4 7e7 ,sc&al is to ano!r4 ,a p]son may be said to sc&alize himself 9 ! s5se t by 8 looks or acts he puts himself 9 an occasion ( s9 7,matt41 v4 #bi1 #cj71 or inasmu* z he malici\sly makes ! acts ( a virtu\s neighbor an occasion ( s92 b sc&al is m prop]ly und]/ood ( an occasion ( s9 prep>$ = "o's neighbor4 #addh4 ,causes ( ,sc&al4--,!re are v>i\s divisions ( sc&al accord+ to ! k9ds ( ext]nal acts4 7a7 ,!re is sc&al 9 words1 z pr(ane language or calumnies spok5 9 a ga!r+ ( p4 7b7 ,!re is sc&al 9 acts1 z :5 "o is p]ceptibly drunk or fights 9 a city /reet4 ,sc&al applies also to ?+s1 9 s f> z !y are ! result ( acts or relat$ to acts1 su* z dis$ify+ books1 pictures1 dress4 ,?us1 "o gives sc&al by hav+ s9ful objects on display1 su* z pr(ane mottoes on "o's wall1 obsc5e adv]tisem5ts or ann\ncem5ts on "o's billbo>ds4 7c7 ,!re also may be sc&al 9 omission1 z :5 "o is conspicu\sly abs5t f ,mass on ,sundays4 #addi4 ,! foll[+ k9ds ( s9ful acts are n sc&al\s1 = !y are unkn[n to o!rs1 & h5ce _c sugge/ s93 7a7 int]nal acts1 su* z wick$ ?\ghts1 desires1 emotions2 7b7 ext]nal acts conceal$ f o!rs1 su* z inaudible pr(anity1 intoxication n noticeable by o!rs1 omission ( an obligatory p5ance ab\t :i* o!rs h no k4 #adej4 ,!re are1 likewise1 v>i\s divisions ( sc&al accord+ to ! int]nal purpose ( ! sc&aliz]4 7a7 ,sc&al is directly int5tional1 :5 ! purpose ( ! sc&aliz] is to lead o!rs to ! guilt ( s9 7diabolical sc&al74 ,example3 ,titus blasphemes religion be=e ,caius 9 ord] t ! latt] may become irreligi\s1 & ?us be m easily p]suad$ to foll[ a life ( crime4 7b7 ,sc&al is indirectly int5tional :5 ! purpose ( ! sc&aliz] is to p]=m "s action ^: nature is su* t x w lead o!rs to ! guilt ( s91 & he is det]m9$ to p]=m t action1 al?\gh n directly will+ ! neighbor's guilt t w result4 ,example3 ,titus does n l to see 8 *ildr5 drunk1 b he likes to get drunk himself occasionally1 kn[+ all ! :ile t 8 example enc\rages !m to dr9k4 #adea4 ,9 ! foll[+ cases !re is no int5tion ( sc&al3 7a7 :5 "o does an act t has no appe>ance ( evil1 & "o nei!r directly nor indirectly wills t x %\ld be an occasion ( s9 to anyone4 ,example3 ,balbus p]=ms 8 duties fai?fully1 al?\gh he kn[s to 8 regret t 8 fidelity occasions envy & hatr$ 9 ,claudius2 7b7 :5 "o does an act t is evil or app>5tly evil1 b is inv9cibly ignorant ( ! sc&al x may give4 ,example3 ,sempronius & ,titus conv]se toge!r 9 a =eign tongue :i* !y confid5tly ?9k ,caius does n und]/&4 ,! conv]sation is dis$ify+1 & ,caius1 :o does und]/&1 is %ock$ by :at !y say4 #adeb4 ,! act ( ! sc&aliz] :o int5ds1 directly or indirectly1 ! spiritual ru9 ( 8 neighbor1 is call$ active sc&al1 :ile ! act ( ! p]son :o takes occasion f ! active sc&al to incur spiritual ru91 is call$ passive sc&al4 ,active & passive sc&al are sometimes toge!r1 sometimes ap>t4 7a7 ,?us1 !re is bo? active & passive sc&al1 :5 ! sc&aliz] wills ! fall ( 8 neighbor1 & ! sc&aliz$ does fall4 7b7 ,!re is active b n passive sc&al1 :5 ! sc&aliz] wills ! fall ( 8 neighbor1 b ! latt] does n fall into ! sn>e4 7c7 ,!re is passive b n active sc&al1 :5 "o makes ! good action rightly p]=m$ by ano!r an occasion ( s94 ,?us1 "s made ! life & passion ( our ,"l a pretext = n accept+ ,him 7,matt41 xiii4 #eg2 ,john1 vi4 #fb2 ,i ,cor41 i4 #bc71 & are said to h be5 sc&aliz$ at ,him4 #adec4 ,z to ! act t occasions ! spiritual ru9 ( ano!r1 x mu/ be wrong ei!r 9 reality or 9 appe>ance4 7a7 ,! sc&al\s act is wrong 9 reality1 :5 x is =bidd5 z a s9--= example1 (f]+ sacrifice 9 ! temple ( an idol1 or div]t+ to p]sonal use money collect$ = ! poor4 7b7 ,! sc&al\s act is wrong 9 appe>ance1 :5 on acc\nt ( circum/ances x seems to be an act =bidd5 z a s94 ,?us1 to take "p 9 a banquet held 9 a pagan temple might seem l p>ticipation 9 sacrificial rites 7,i ,cor41 viii4 #aj71 to exp5d secretly ! money collect$ = ! poor might h ! appe>ance ( improp] use ( funds 7,,ii ,cor41 viii4 #bj1 #ba74 ,h5ce1 ,/4 ,paul directs2 8,f all appe>ance ( evil refra9 y\rselves0 7,i ,!ss41 v4 #bb74 #aded4 ,! acts wrong 9 reality or 9 appe>ance t give sc&al are innum]able1 s9ce ! :ole _w is seat$ 9 wick$ness 7,i ,john1 v4 #ai74 ,b today !re are a numb] ( acts t %\ld be specially m5tion$1 z !y occasion s9 (t5] or = m p]sons ?an o!r acts4 ,among ^! are3 7a7 occasions ( s9 aga9/ fai?1 su* z a!i/ical lit]ature1 z discuss$ 9 ! section on fai?2 7b7 occasions ( s9 aga9/ morals1 su* z obsc5ity 9 dress1 pictures1 plays1 writ+s1 & dances4 ,^! la/-m5tion$ w be discuss$ n[ 9 sep>ate p>agraphs4 #adee4 ,obsc5ity4--,obsc5ity is a quality ( words1 acts or objects by :i* impure ?\ghts are convey$1 or impure desires or actions sugge/$4 ,we may consid] x ei!r int]nally 7i4e41 9 ! int5tion ( ! p]son :o uses ! words1 acts or objects7 or ext]nally 7i4e41 9 ! nature ( ! ?+s !mselves :i* are us$74 7a7 ,?us1 int]nal obsc5ity1 or ! w to use :at w corrupt ! m9ds & morals ( o!rs1 is ( c\rse a mortal s94 ,if ! int5tion is to deprave ano!r1 ! guilt ( direct sc&al is incurr$2 if ! int5tion is only to satisfy "o's own wi% to use ! s9ful words1 acts or objects1 ! guilt is t ( indirect sc&al4 ,?us1 a woman :o dresses fa%ionably 9 ord] to excite impure love is guilty ( direct sc&al2 if %e dresses immode/ly1 n to excite impure love1 b to foll[ a fa%ion1 %e is guilty ( indirect sc&al4 7b7 ,ext]nal obsc5ity is ! t5d5cy ( words1 acts or objects !mselves to call up impure images 9 ! m9d1 or to excite impure desires or actions 9 ^? to :om !y are pres5t$4 ,! use ( su* words1 acts1 etc41 is !re=e a mortal s94 ,=1 if ! ?+ said or done is wrong 9 itself 7su* z obsc5e language71 x is a sc&al\s s9 aga9/ purity1 if x is wrong on acc\nt ( ^? :o w be influ5c$ 7su* z a talk on sex matt]s to immature or weak p]sons71 x is a s9 ( sc&al4 ,h5ce1 a good or ev5 religi\s motive 7su* z in/ruction1 refutation ( error1 heal?1 or my/icism7 does n excuse ! employm5t ( :at is cle>ly obsc5e1 = ! end does n ju/ify ! means4 #adef4 ,x is n always easy to det]m9e 9 p>ticul> cases :5 a ?+ is obsc5e f its v nature1 b ! foll[+ g5]al rules c be giv53 7a7 ,pictures1 /atues & o!r images are obsc5e1 :5 !y repres5t sc5es ( immoral or sexual acts1 or lascivi\s attitudes or po/ures2 also1 :5 !y repres5t nude or p>tly nude human figures1 ut qu&o dep+untur v]5da adultorum vel pectora aut p>tes m9us hone/ae muli]um4 7b7 ,female dress or adornm5t is lascivi\s1 :5 !re is a notable display ( ! p]son ?r\gh abbreviat$ skirts1 necks1 & sleeves2 or a sugge/iv5ess express$ 9 transp>5cy ( mat]ial or a clos5ess ( fit t br+s out ! l9es & curves ( ! figure2 or 9 an extremity ( fa%ion ^: /rik+ color or design w make ! we>] conspicu\s & direct special att5tion to h] physical *>ms4 7c7 ,plays on ! /age or mov+ picture scre5 are obsc5e by reason ( ! lesson taught 7z :5 purity is d]id$ or impurity condon$71 by reason ( ! ?+ repres5t$ 7z :5 ! ma9 !me is impurity1 or :5 acts ( impurity are repres5t$ or sugge/$1 or :5 sexual passion is emphasiz$71 or by reason ( ! play]s 7z :5 !y are not$ = immorality1 or :5 _! dress is indec5t1 or _! language objectionable74 7d7 ,dances are obsc5e 9 !mselves :5 ! po/ures1 movem5ts1 or contact ( ! danc]s is indec5t2 !y are obsc5e by reason ( ! danc]s1 :5 ^! are indec5tly attir$4 ,public dance halls1 cab>ets1 road h\ses1 & night clubs--:]e !re is no sup]vision & "y girls come unatt5d$ to dance until late h\rs ) m5 unkn[n to !m1 & :]e !re is intoxication & boi/]\sness--are ! natural haunts ( ! obsc5e dance1 b x may be f\nd ev5 9 m respectable places4 7e7 ,books or o!r writ+s conta9 obsc5ity ,:5 !y inculcate or recomm5d impure acts1 or advise h[ ^! may be committ$2 :5 !y treat s9s ( impurity or n>rate immoral facts or /ories 9 su* a mann] z to make vice seem allur+ or p>donable to ! int5d$ read]2 :5 an erotic composition by language1 allusions1 details1 sympa!tic treatm5t1 etc41 gives prom95ce to animal passion4 #adeg4 ,z is /at$ else:]e 7see #adfa sqq471 sc&al is n giv5 unless ! p]sons affect$ by "o's conduct are susceptible to evil influ5ce4 ,h5ce1 !re is no obsc5ity :5 on acc\nt ( circum/ances !re is no sugge/ion ( evil 9 ?+s :i* "u o!r conditions w\ld be immoral & s$uctive4 7a7 ,images ( ! nude 9 ! /udio ( an arti/1 & anatomical *>ts1 figures or illu/rations 9 a book int5d$ = ! in/ruction ( m$ical m51 are n class$ z obsc5e1 s9ce ! p]sons = :om !y are made are suppos$ to be s mu* "u ! influ5ce ( ! e/hetic or sci5tific pr9ciples ( _! pr(essions t no h>m w be tak54 7b7 ,! obsc5ity ( dress is l>gely dep5d5t on its novelty1 = ?+s t are usual cease to excite special att5tion4 ,?is we c see f ! fact t /yles t are cons]vative today w\ld h be5 extreme t5 ye>s ago4 ,& s ! scanty attire ( hot c\ntries1 ! dress ( ! ba?+ bea*1 & ! mod]ate decollete tol]at$ 9 private ga!r+s are n obsc5e 9 _! own prop] times & places4 7c7 ,plays :i* conta9 gross or unseemly expressions or passages are n !re=e obsc5e1 if 9 ! ma9 !y uphold dec5cy & morality2 o!rwise1 we %\ld h to reg>d z immoral ev5 ! classic drama4 ,newman says ( ,%akespe>e3 8,(t5 z he may (f5d aga9/ mode/y1 he is cle> ( a worse *>ge1 s5suality1 & h>dly a passage c be in/anc$ 9 all t he has writt5 to s$uce ! imag9ation or to excite ! passions40 ,x is a simple matt] to omit f plays ( ?is k9d ! ^w or phrase t is (f5sive to mod]n e>s or to ! innoc5ce ( y\?4 7d7 ,! fact t "s individuals f9d all danc+ a /rong /imulus to impure passion does n prove t e dance is obsc5e4 ,"s types ( dance1 x is true1 might be rightly call$ 8! devil's m>*02 o!r dances1 nam$ aft] v>i\s animals1 may also be sugge/ive4 ,b !re are also /&>d types ( dance 9 :i* _m exp]i5ce n temptation1 b innoc5t pa/ime1 & :i* h also physical1 e/hetic & social values4 7e7 ,to books & o!r writ+s %\ld be appli$ :at 0 said ab\t plays1 namely1 t !y are n to be class$ z obsc5e on acc\nt ( isolat$ passages unsuit$ = ! read+ ( *ildr5 or o!r susceptible p]sons1 or excitable to pruri5t or impure m9ds4 ,ev5 ! ,bible may seem objectionable to a prude1 & ! indec5t w g ?r\gh its pages ) a f9e-too? comb 9 ! se>* = indec5t matt]2 b public op9ion w rightly class z a lunatic ! p]son :o w\ld endeavor to h ! ,bible rat$ z obsc5e4 #adeh4 ,p]sons ,:o ,give ,sc&al on ,acc\nt ( ,obsc5ity4--7a7 ,9 case ( obsc5e pictures or /atues1 sc&al is giv5 by ! arti/s1 pa9t]s1 sculptors or o!rs :o make ! images1 & by ! responsible p]sons :o place !m 9 museums1 gall]ies1 p>ks or o!r places to :i* !re is g5]al admission4 7b7 ,z reg>ds female dress1 ! guilty p>ties are proximately ! we>]s1 b remotely & pr9cipally ! design]s & society lead]s :o impose _! w 9 mak+ ! fa%ions dang]\s & 9 caus+ "o extreme mode to foll[ quickly ^u ano!r4 7e7 ,) respect to obsc5e plays1 ! sc&al is giv5 by playwrights1 manag]s1 actors & actresses1 & ^? :o patronize or applaud !m4 ,! public itself & ! civil au?orities %>e 9 ! guilt1 :5 !y sup9ely tol]ate ! degradation ( ! /age & ! corruption ( morals4 7d7 ,9 ! case ( obsc5e dances1 ! giv]s ( sc&al are ! proprietors ( resorts :]e ! dances are held1 ! musicians & s+]s 7especially :5 ! songs !mselves are obsc5e71 & ! danc]s1 spectators & o!r patrons4 7e7 ,9 ! case ( salaci\s publications or writ+s1 au?ors1 publi%]s1 pr9t]s1 v5dors1 & ! read+ public %>e responsibility = ! sc&al4 ,gov]nm5t c5sor%ip ( ! press is n desirable1 b gov]nm5t suppression ( obsc5ity has always be5 ! policy ( c\ntries ( ,engli% orig94 ,! private citiz51 !n1 is n free ( guilt if he takes no int]e/ ev5 :5 he sees piles ( indec5t magaz9es1 pictures1 etc41 be+ sold op5ly on ! news/&s4 ,canon ,law 7,canon #adjd7 =bids booksell]s to sell1 l5d1 or keep books t deal ex pr(esso ) obsc5ity1 ?\gh !re is no objection to expurgat$ editions1 z 9 ! case ( classical works4 #adei4 ,results ( ,sc&al4--,! spiritual ru9 occasion$ by sc&al is s94 7a7 ,?us1 =mal or mat]ial s9 may be ! result ( sc&al4 ,example3 ,titus blasphem$ be=e a boy :o did n und]/& ! mean+ ( ! ^w & be=e a y\? :o did und]/&1 ) ! result t bo? repeat$ ! same blasphemy4 ,?us1 ! sc&al giv5 by ,titus produc$ mat]ial s9 9 ! boy & =mal s9 9 ! y\?4 7b7 ,mortal s9 or v5ial s9 may be ! result ( sc&al1 j z a /one 9 ! road may cause ei!r a fall or a /umble4 7c7 ,s9 ( ! same species or s9 ( a diff]5t species f t committ$ by ! sc&al-giv] may be ! result ( sc&al4 ,?us1 a calumny spok5 aga9/ a neighbor may induce a he>] ei!r to repeat ! calumny1 or to imitate ! act imput$ by ! calumniator1 or to give up religion4 7d7 ,s9 already committ$ by ! p]son sc&aliz$ or s9 :i* is new to him1 s9 he _h 9 m9d to commit or s9 he _h n contemplat$--any "o ( ^! results suffice = sc&al4 ,example3 ,x is sc&al to recall to drunk5ness by bad example a p]son :o _h re=m$1 or by bad example to br+ back to ano!r's m9d & desire a s9 on :i* he 0 once resolv$4 #adfj4 ,sc&al resembles solicitation & complicity1 s9ce l !m x ex]cises an evil influ5ce on o!rs2 b x is n id5tical ) !m4 7a7 ,?us1 solicitation influ5ces ano!r to evil by c\nsel1 p]suasion1 comm&1 or invitation2 sc&al may influ5ce to evil ei!r 9 ^! ways or by m]e example4 ,aga91 solicitation does n necess>ily int5d ! fall ( ano!r into guilt1 z does sc&al4 ,?us1 "o may solicit ano!r to get drunk :o _h already det]m9$ to get drunk1 or "o may p]suade ano!r t drunk5ness is no s91 & !n solicit him to drunk5ness4 ,b1 if "o :o int5ds ! demoralization & corruption ( 8 neighbor solicits him to drunk5ness1 solicitation is jo9$ ) sc&al4 7b7 ,complicity or coop]ation influ5ces ano!r to evil by help+ him 9 ! commission ( s92 sc&al influ5ces him to evil by sugge/+ t he commit s94 ,example3 ,titus1 an eld]ly man1 gets drunk or praises drunk>ds 9 ! pres5ce ( ,balbus1 a y\?4 ,influ5c$ by ^! acts & words1 ,balbus tells 8 acqua9tance ,claudius t he int5ds to get drunk1 & ,claudius supplies him ) ! intoxicants4 ,titus is guilty ( sc&al1 ,claudius ( coop]ation4 #adfa4 ,! p]sons be=e :om dis$ify+ words1 de$s or omissions are done1 are ( two classes4 7a7 ,p]sons apt to be sc&aliz$ are ^? :o are n exp]i5c$ ei!r 9 vice 7especially t to :i* ! dis$ify+ example w\ld lead71 or 9 virtue 7especially ! opposite virtue72 = su* p]sons are readily subject to bad influ5ce4 ,?us1 "y p]sons ,^: "* is yet un=m$1 ! ignorant & well-mean+ p]sons :o are weak1 are peculi>ly dispos$ to be l$ a/ray by example4 7b7 ,p]sons n apt to be sc&aliz$ are ^? :o are habitually s bad or s good t any?+ dis$ify+ done be=e !m is n calculat$ to influ5ce _! attitude t[>ds evil4 #adfb4 ,may a p]son hold himself guiltless ( sc&al1 !re=e1 because 8 wrongdo+ 0 committ$ be=e ^? :o are n apt to be sc&aliz$8 7a7 ,if he is c]ta9 t ! witnesses w n be weak5$ morally on 8 acc\nt1 & if he does n int5d _! fall1 he is free ( ! guilt ( sc&al4 ,?us1 if "o blasphemes 9 ! pres5ce ( a lady r5[n$ = piety1 or ( a r\gh cr[d ( m5 ^: daily talk is int]sp]s$ ) blasphemies1 x is practically sure t no sc&al is giv54 7b7 ,if a p]son is n c]ta9 t ! witnesses w suff] no moral h>m ?r\gh 8 example1 he _c hold himself z n guilty ( sc&al4 ,=1 no matt] h[ good or h[ bad ! witnesses may appe> to him1 !y may n be z fix$ 9 "* z he ?9ks1 & 8 misconduct may be ! />t+ po9t = !m ( a d[nw>d c\rse or ( a m rapid desc5t into evil4 ,g5]ally speak+1 !re is ?is unc]ta9ty ab\t ! influ5ce ( bad example1 = ! read+ ( "* is no easy matt]1 & _m s9s are int]nal4 #adfc4 ,!re are two cases especially1 :5 ev5 ! v good may become bad or ! v bad become worse ?r\gh =ce ( evil example3 7a7 :5 ! s9 committ$ is f its nature v allur+4 ,sic auctores c5s5t vix fi]i posse qu9 9 mat]ia luxuriae malum exemplum peccati motus cieat2 7b7 ! second case is :5 ! au?ority ( ! "o :o gives sc&al is great4 ,= ! fact t he sides ) or seems to side ) evil1 w demoralize ! good & enc\rage ! wick$ 9 wrongdo+4 #adfd4 ,passive sc&al 7see #adeb71 t is1 ! spiritual fall consequ5t on ! example ( ano!r1 is ( two k9ds3 7a7 sc&al giv51 :i* is a fall into s9 occasion$ by conduct really dis$ify+1 z :5 a y\? becomes drunk because he has se5 8 eld]s intoxicat$2 7b7 sc&al tak51 :i* is a fall into s9 occasion$ by conduct irreproa*able 9 itself1 b wrongly int]pret$1 ei!r out ( malice 7,ph>isaic sc&al71 or out ( ignorance or frailty 7sc&al ( little ones74 ,! ,ph>isees 7 sc&aliz$ at our ,"l's d9+ ) s9n]s1 because !y !mselves 7 unm]ciful 7,matt41 ix4 #aa sqq471 & ! weak bre?r5 at ,cor9? 7 sc&aliz$ at ! eat+ ( c]ta9 meats1 because _! consci5ces 7 t5d] 7,i ,cor41 xi4 #bc sqq474 #adfe4 ,s9fulness ( ,sc&al4--7a7 ,sc&al 9 ! wide s5se is n necess>ily a s94 ,?us1 ,/4 ,pet] act$ out ( love = 8 ,ma/] :5 he wi%$ to dissuade ,him f ! ,passion1 b our ,"l1 9 ord] to correct m vigor\sly ! wrong ideas ( ,pet]1 call$ !m a sc&al 7,matt41 xvi4 #bc74 7b7 ,passive sc&al is always a s9 9 ! "o :o falls because ( ! conduct ( ano!r2 b x does n always suppose t ! conduct :i* occasion$ ! fall 0 a s91 z is cle> f ! rem>ks made above on ,ph>isaic sc&al & ! sc&al ( little ones4 7c7 ,active sc&al is always a s9 9 ! "o ^: conduct occasions ! fall ( ano!r1 s9ce t conduct is ei!r s9ful1 or has su* an appe>ance ( s9 t x %\ld h be5 omitt$4 ,b x does n always suppose a s9 9 ! p]son :o witnesses ! sc&al1 = he may proce$ )\t a fall 9 spite ( ! ob/acle plac$ 9 8 pa?4 #adff4 ,is sc&al a di/9ct species ( s91 or only a circum/ance t may happ5 to any k9d ( s98 7a7 ,passive sc&al is n a special k9d ( s94 ,= ! sc&aliz$ p]son may fall into any & e k9d ( s91 & ! fact t example occasions 8 fall does n add any special or new opposition to ! virtue aga9/ :i* he (f5ds4 ,?us1 he :o breaks ! fa/ because he saw o!rs break ! fa/1 is guilty ( ! same s9 ( intemp]ance z ^? :o gave him sc&al4 ,b passive sc&al may be an aggravat+ or an ext5uat+ circum/ance1 aggravat+ if ! sc&al 0 tak51 ext5uat+ if ! sc&al 0 giv54 7b7 ,active sc&al1 if x is only indirectly int5tional 7see #adej7 & is (f]$ by conduct evil 9 itself1 is n a special s94 ,! reason is t 9 su* sc&al "o does n specially int5d ! spiritual ru9 ( a neighbor1 b only ! satisfaction ( "o's own desire4 ,?us1 he :o breaks ! fa/ be=e o!rs to satisfy 8 own appetite1 does n directly wi% ! corruption ( ^? o!rs1 & h5ce 8 s9 is t ( intemp]ance ) ! add$ circum/ance ( bad example4 7c7 ,active sc&al1 if x is only indirectly int5tional & is (f]$ by conduct n evil b evil-appe>+1 is r$uctively ! special s9 ( sc&al1 ,=1 s9ce all active sc&al is s9ful1 & 9 ?is case !re is no o!r species ( s91 ! conduct n be+ really evil 9 itself1 ! s9 9 "q mu/ be r$uc$ to sc&al4 ,?us1 "o :o is disp5s$ f ! law ( ab/95ce & :o eats meat on a day ( ab/95ce 9 ! pres5ce ( o!rs :o "k he is a ,ca?olic b d n "k he is disp5s$1 does n s9 aga9/ temp]ance1 b aga9/ edification4 ,8 s9 is t ( sc&al only r$uctively1 s9ce he does n directly w ! fall ( o!rs4 ,!re is also ! circum/ance t ! law ( ab/95ce may suff] z a result ( ! sc&al4 7d7 ,active sc&al1 if x is directly int5tional 7see #adej71 is directly also ! special s9 ( sc&al4 ,= ?is k9d ( sc&al directly int5ds ! spiritual ru9 ( a neighbor1 & s is directly oppos$ to a special good ( ano!r p]son & to ! special *>itable act ( frat]nal correction4 ,h5ce1 a p]son :o breaks ! fa/ 9 ord] to lead 8 neighbor into a l transgression is guilty ( bo? intemp]ance & sc&al2 he :o to make 8 neighbor s9 appe>s to break ! fa/1 is guilty ( sc&al1 b n ( intemp]ance4 #adfg4 ,practical ,applications ( ! ,prec$+ ,p>agraph to ,confession4--7a7 ,species ( ,s9s4--,9 case ( passive sc&al !re is only "o species ( s9 to be confess$1 namely1 ! intemp]ance occasion$ by bad example2 9 case ( active sc&al indirectly int5d$ & (f]$ by evil conduct1 !re is only "o species ( s91 namely1 intemp]ance1 ) ! circum/ance ( publicity or bad example2 9 case ( active sc&al indirectly int5d$ & (f]$ by evil-seem+ conduct1 !re is only "o species ( s91 namely1 sc&al2 9 case ( active sc&al directly int5d$1 !re is only ! species ( sc&al1 if ! conduct ( ! sc&aliz] is only evil-seem+1 b !re are sev]al species ( s91 if 8 conduct is really evil1 namely1 8 own intemp]ance & ! sc&al he gives4 7b7 ,numb] ( ,s9s4--,z _m s9s ( sc&al are committ$ z !re are p]sons pres5t to be sc&aliz$1 = sc&al is giv5 to ^? pres5t z individuals1 n z p>ts ( a gr\p 7see #bai74 ,h5ce1 "o commits m sc&als by be+ drunk on a public /reet ?an by be+ drunk ) a roomful ( companions2 & by attack+ religion be=e a l>ge assembly ?an by attack+ x be=e a small circle4 7c7 ,circum/ances ( ,int5tion & ,conduct4--,^? :o give bad example %\ld confess especially ! end & ! means employ$1 = on ^! dep5ds ! important di/9ction betwe5 directly int5tional & indirectly int5tional sc&al & ! specific "* ( ! s9 committ$1 z expla9$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 7d7 ,circum/ance ( ,condition ( ! ,p]sons ,involv$4--,?is %\ld be m5tion$ 9 confess+ sc&al1 if x adds a new malice4 ,?us1 ! fact t sc&al is giv5 by a sup]ior b\nd by 8 (fice to give good example1 adds to ! violation ( *>ity a violation ( ju/ice2 ! fact t ! p]son ^: ru9 is int5d$ is consecrat$ to ,god1 or m>ri$1 or a relative1 adds to ! malice ( int5tional sc&al aga9/ *a/ity2 ! fact t a p]son is sc&aliz$ entirely aga9/ 8 w1 makes ! s9 sc&al r ?an simple solicitation4 7e7 ,circum/ance ( ! ,result ( ,sc&al4--,! results ( sc&al %\ld be confess$ :5 !y add a new malice to ! s9 or induce an obligation ( re/itution4 ,?is subject w be consid]$ 9 ! ?ree foll[+ p>agraphs4 #adfh4 ,is ! sc&aliz] guilty ( ! species ( s9 to :i* 8 conduct is calculat$ to lead ! sc&aliz$8 7a7 ,if ! sc&al is directly int5tional1 t is1 if ! sc&aliz] int5ds t "s special s9 or s9s %all be committ$ by ! "o sc&aliz$1 ! =m] is guilty 9 desire ( t :i* he int5ds t ! latt] %all be guilty ( 9 reality 7cfr4 #if1 #ajb74 ,h5ce1 if by calumniat+ cl]ics or religi\s or *ur* memb]s "o int5ds t "o's li/5]s %all be induc$ to repeat ^! calumnies1 or to d :at ! calumniat$ p]sons 7 said to d1 or to ab&on religion1 "o is guilty 9 desire ( ! p>ticul> s9 or s9s t "o wills4 7b7 ,if ! sc&al is only indirectly int5tional1 t is1 if ! sc&aliz] =esees b does n expressly w ! fall ( ! sc&aliz$ 7e4g41 if he calumniates o!rs to injure ! calumniat$ & n ^? :o he> ! calumny71 ! matt] is m difficult1 & au?orities diff] 9 _! op9ions4 ,"s morali/s ?9k t ! sc&aliz] is guilty ( ! result he =esees1 because he wills x int]pretatively by (f]+ ! occasion = x4 ,o!rs ?9k t he is n guilty ( ! result =ese51 because he does n effect x1 ei!r 9 int5tion 7= he does n desire x7 or 9 reality 7= he is n b\nd1 except by *>ity1 to prev5t its accompli%m5t 9 o!rs72 he p]mits1 b does n approve1 ! s9 ( 8 neighbor4 #adfi4 ,a practical application ( ! previ\s p>agraph to confession may be made z foll[s3 7a7 ^? :o are guilty ( direct sc&al mu/ confess n only _! own s91 b also ! s9 to :i* _! conduct leads _! neighbor2 7b7 ^? :o are guilty ( indirect sc&al are n oblig$1 accord+ to ! second op9ion giv5 above1 to confess ! species ( s9 to :i* _! conduct incit$ ! behold]1 & h5ce1 if _! conduct 0 only evil-seem+1 x suffices = !m to confess t !y gave sc&al4 #adgj4 ,is ! sc&aliz] responsible = ! injuries to ?ird p>ties result+ f ! s9s occasion$ by 8 sc&al8 7a7 ,accord+ to "o op9ion1 he is b\nd to make 8 %>e ( re/itution = inju/ices occasion$ by 8 own bad example1 because x is admitt$ t he :o c\nsels inju/ice is s b\nd1 & example is m p]suasive ?an words ( c\nsel4 ,h5ce1 "o :o /eals f 8 employ] be=e fell[-employees1 & s br+s on a cu/om ( /eal+ among !m1 is b\nd to re/ore1 n only :at he took himself1 b also a %>e ( o!r losses n made good to ! employ]4 7b7 ,accord+ to ! m common op9ion1 h[ev]1 ! sc&aliz] 9 ! pres5t case is n held to re/itution1 except z reg>ds 8 own ill-gott5 goods1 ev5 if !re is "q ( sc&al directly int5d$4 ,=1 ei!r ! sc&aliz] is n guilty ( ! inju/ice committ$ by ! o!rs1 z n desir+ x2 or1 at any rate1 he is only ! occasion1 n ! cause or coop]ator 9 t inju/ice4 #adga4 ,if sc&al am\nts to incitation or coop]ation1 ! guilt ( ! neighbor's s9 & responsibility = injury ! neighbor causes are incurr$ by ! sc&aliz]4 7a7 ,?us1 bad example may am\nt to incitation to s91 z :5 a p]son kn[s t o!rs are direct$ to imitate him1 & yet he gives !m bad example4 ,ev5 ?\gh he does n directly int5d _! fall into s91 he does int5d 8 own conduct1 :ile realiz+ t !re is atta*$ to x ! circum/ance t x is an invitation to s92 & h5ce x w\ld seem t ! guilt ( ?is s9 is also contract$4 7b7 ,bad example may am\nt to coop]ation 9 s91 z :5 a p]son by 8 bad example %[s o!rs ! way to commit s91 :i* !y c\ld n h le>n$ )\t 8 example4 ,h5ce1 if a p]son op5s a safe to /eal1 kn[+ t o!r di%one/ p]sons are obs]v+ 9 ord] to le>n ! comb9ation & /eal1 x seems t to "s ext5t he %>es 9 ! guilt & duty ( re/itution ( ! ?ieves :o le>n f him4 ,!re is no d\bt t a defam] is b\nd to make rep>ation1 n only be=e 8 imm$iate li/5]s1 b also be=e o!rs :o h li/5$ to !m2 =1 by defam+ be=e talkative p]sons1 he virtually au?oriz$ !m to spread 8 words4 #adgb4 ,! ,gravity ( ! ,s9 ( ,sc&al4--7a7 ,f its nature all active sc&al is a mortal s94 ,x turns man away f ,*ri/ 7,i ,cor41 viii4 #ab72 x is spiritual murd]1 de/ructive ( ! s\ls ( o!rs1 & s contr>y to ! m]cy & bro!rly correction requir$ by *>ity 7,rom1 xiv4 #ae72 x br+s on oneself ! wra? ( ,god 7,matt41 xviii4 #f71 & on "o's family1 fri5ds & pr(ession obloquy & disgrace4 7b7 ,f ! indelib]ation ( ! act or f ! smallness ( ! matt]1 active sc&al may be v5ial1 z w be se5 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph4 #adgc4 ,mortal & ,v5ial ,sc&al4--7a7 ,passive sc&al is always a s91 mortal or v5ial accord+ to ! fall occasion$ by ! conduct witness$4 ,b mortal s9 may be occasion$ by v5ial s91 z :5 an inf]ior takes ! lib]ty to blaspheme1 because 8 sup]ior us$ pr(ane language2 & v5ial s9 may be occasion$ by mortal s91 z :5 ! blasphemy ( an infidel provokes 8 neighbor to use pr(ane language aga9/ ! blasphem]4 7b7 ,active sc&al indirectly int5d$ is sometimes a v5ial s91 z :5 ! sc&al\s conduct is only a v5ial s91 or is no s9 b has ! appe>ance ( a slight s92 sometimes x is a mortal s91 z :5 ! sc&al\s conduct is a mortal s91 or :5 a p]son s despises ! spiritual welf>e ( 8 neighbor t he *ooses to d an evil-seem+ act t w cause ! neighbor to fall into s]i\s s94 7c7 ,active sc&al directly int5d$ is sometimes a v5ial s91 z :5 a p]son int5ds by conduct v5ially s9ful to lead a neighbor into v5ial s92 sometimes x is a mortal s91 z :5 "o int5ds to lead "o's neighbor into mortal s91 or commits a mortal s9 9 ord] to lead "o's neighbor into v5ial s94 #adgd4 ,increase & decrease 9 gravity ( sc&al dep5ds on ! int]nal dispositions ( ! sc&al-giv] & ! ext]nal influ5ce he has on ! p]son sc&aliz$4 7a7 ,! int]nal factors on :i* ! quantity ( sc&al dep5ds are ! am\nt ( delib]ation & ! degree ( int5tion4 ,x is m s]i\s to speak a sc&al\s ^w ) prem$itation ?an to speak x some:at ?\ghtlessly2 m sc&al\s to speak x :5 ! he>]'s spiritual ru9 is directly int5d$1 ?an :5 t ru9 is n directly int5d$4 7b7 ,! ext]nal factors on :i* ! quantity ( sc&al dep5ds are ! am\nt ( influ5ce ! bad example has & ! "* ( ! evil to :i* x leads4 ,x is m s]i\s to corrupt ,a1 :o w\ld n o!rwise h be5 corrupt$1 ?an to corrupt ,b1 :o w\ld h be5 corrupt$ ev5 )\t "o's bad example2 x is m s]i\s to cause ano!r to commit mortal s91 ?an to cause him to commit v5ial s94 #adge4 ,p]sons ,sc&aliz$4--,is x possible to sc&alize p :o are firmly root$ 9 virtue8 7a7 ,if ! "q be und]/ood ( sc&al 9 a wide s5se1 ev5 ! p]fect may be sc&aliz$4 ,!y may be %ock$ & horrifi$ at ! evil example !y witness2 !y may be h9d]$ f p]=m+ ! ext]nal good works !y desire to accompli% 7,i ,!ss41 ii4 #ah74 ,b ^! ?+s d n h9d] !m int]nally1 or sep>ate !m f ! love ( ,god 7,rom41 viii4 #ch1 #ci74 7b7 ,if ! "q be und]/ood ( possibility 9 an absolute s5se1 ev5 ! p]fect may suff] real sc&al1 t is1 !y may be influ5c$ to s9 on acc\nt ( ! example witness$4 ,s9ce !y are n confirm$ 9 grace 9 ?is life1 x is n repugnant t !y commit s9 & lose grace4 7c7 ,if ! "q be und]/ood ( possibility 9 a relative s5se--t is1 if we consid] :at we %\ld expect 9 view ( ! "* ( p]fect m51 & :at does usually happ5--! p]fect _c be sc&aliz$1 s9ce !y are s firmly unit$ to ,god t ! say+s or do+s1 no matt] ( :om1 _c cause !m to s9 7,ps4 cxxiv4 #a1 #b71 al?\gh !y may at times be di/urb$ !reby 7,ps4 lxxii4 #b74 #adgf4 ,is x possible t ! p]fect %\ld give sc&al8 7a7 ,if ! "q be und]/ood ( absolute possibility1 ev5 ! p]fect may give sc&al1 s9ce !y are n immune f defect 7,i ,john1 i4 #h74 7b7 ,if ! "q be und]/ood ( relative possibility1 z expla9$ above1 ! p]fect _c sc&alize1 = _! s9s are mo/ly int]nal acts n entirely delib]ate1 :ile ! ext]nal words or acts 9 :i* !y fall %ort deviate s slightly f "r z to (f] no occasion ( s9n+ to ano!r4 ,! p]fect man is "o :o is on 8 gu>d1 especially t he become n a /umbl+-block to o!rs1 & x is !re=e a r>e exception :5 he causes sc&al4 #adgg4 ,duty ( ,avoid+ ,sc&al4--,at times x is impossible to avoid giv+ sc&al1 unless "o surr5d]s "s spiritual or temporal good4 ,h5ce1 on ?is po9t !re are two que/ions to be consid]$3 7a7 ,:5 is "o oblig$ to surr5d] spiritual goods = ! sake ( avoid+ sc&al8 7b7 ,:5 is "o oblig$ to surr5d] temporal goods = ! sake ( avoid+ sc&al8 #adgh4 ,! ,surr5d] ( ,spiritual ,goods 9 ord] to ,avoid ,sc&al4--7a7 ,spiritual goods t are s necess>y t "o _c give !m up )\t committ+ s9 may n be surr5d]$2 =1 accord+ to ! ord] ( *>ity1 "o mu/ be m solicit\s to keep oneself f s9 ?an to pres]ve o!rs1 & moreov] a good end does n ju/ify s9ful means4 ,h5ce1 x is n lawful to commit mortal or ev5 v5ial s9 to avoid giv+ sc&al to ano!r4 ,examples3 ,"o may n tone d[n ! doctr9e ( "r & wrong 9 ord] to keep ano!r f blasphemy4 ,"o may n tell a slight lie to keep ano!r f tak+ undes]v$ (f5se4 7b7 ,spiritual goods :i* c be put aside )\t s9 are n to be neglect$ on acc\nt ( malici\s or ,ph>isaic sc&al1 z long z !re is a good reason :i* calls = _! use2 = ! p]son :o takes malici\s sc&al f ^! spiritual ?+s is 9 difficulty ?r\gh 8 own fault & c rescue himself1 & x is n reasonable t 8 malice %\ld be p]mitt$ to imp$e ! b5efit ( o!rs4 ,?us1 our ,"l decl>$ t no att5tion 0 to be giv5 ! sc&al :i* ! ,ph>isees took f ,8 doctr9e 7,matt41 xv4 #ad74 7c7 ,spiritual goods :i* c be put aside )\t s9 %\ld be neglect$ on acc\nt ( ,ph>isaic sc&al1 if !re is no great reason = _! use2 = "o %\ld n give ano!r an occasion ( s9n+1 ev5 if ! o!r is 9 bad fai?1 unless !re is necessity4 ,?us1 our ,"l decl>$ t ! act ( tea*+ tru? to o!rs %\ld be omitt$1 if x w\ld only provoke rejection 7,matt1 vii4 #f74 ,example3 ,a wife may omit say+ grace al\d1 if h] pray] moves h] husb& to mimicry or to attempts to make ! pray] a mock]y4 7d7 ,spiritual goods :i* c be put aside )\t s9 %\ld be omitt$ on acc\nt ( ! sc&al ( little ones1 z long z x rema9s sc&al f weakness or ignorance2 = *>ity requires t "o assi/ ^? :o are 9 spiritual ne$1 & p]sons :o are 9 dang] ( sc&al ?r\gh no fault1 or ?r\gh a slight fault ( _! own1 are 9 spiritual ne$4 ,h5ce1 "o %\ld conceal or delay ! p]=mance ( good works t are n necess>y1 if !y w\ld sc&alize ! weak1 or else "o %\ld expla9 to ^! p]sons ! righte\sness ( su* works4 ,9 any case1 "o %\ld n d ^! works be=e ^? :o )\t malice w be sc&aliz$1 b %\ld await su* a "t z w give !m bett] k1 or put !m 9 bad fai?4 ,examples3 ,if a p]son kn[s t p]sonal acts ( piety :i* he p]=ms seem to "s well-mean+ p]sons sup]/iti\s & w %ake _! fai?1 he %\ld omit ^! acts :5 su* p]sons are pres5t4 ,if p>5ts are sc&aliz$ because a *ild wi%es to leave !m 9 ord] to become a prie/ or a religi\s1 ! *ild %\ld delay = a :ile1 if !re is hope ( a *ange ( view on _! "p4 #adgi4 ,z 0 said 9 ! *apt] on law 7see #bhh sqq471 ! high] law has ! pref]5ce 9 case ( a conflict4 ,n[1 natural law itself requires t "o avoid ! sc&al ( ! weak4 ,h5ce ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 ,negative precepts ( ! natural law may n be contrav5$ 9 ord] to avoid ! sc&al ( ! weak2 = su* contrav5tion is necess>ily s9ful4 ,h5ce1 "o may n lie or commit p]jury to prev5t sc&al4 7b7 ,affirmative precepts ( ! natural law %\ld be contrav5$ 9 ord] to avoid ! sc&al ( ! weak1 b only :5 su* sc&al is a great] evil ?an ! omission ( ! ?+ comm&$4 ,?us1 "o %\ld omit a frat]nal correction or a puni%m5t1 if ! "o correct$ w\ld be made worse1 or ! puni%m5t occasion a s*ism4 ,b "o may n neglect to help a p]son 9 extreme ne$ because ( sc&al4 7c7 ,precepts ( ! div9e law %\ld be contrav5$ on acc\nt ( sc&al ( ! weak1 unless contrav5tion ( ! law is a great] evil ?an p]mission ( ! sc&al4 ,?us1 ! prea*+ ( ! ,gospel is comm&$ by div9e law1 & yet x may be omitt$ to avoid sc&al 7,matt41 vii4 #f74 ,item integritas confessionis de jure div9o e/1 et tam5 po5it5s deb]et peccatum sil]e1 si intellig]et confess>ium cui ex necessitate confit]i deb]et grave ex eo sc&alum passurum4 ,b x is n lawful to omit ,baptism 9 ord] to avoid sc&al to ^? :o w be provok$ to ang] or blasphemy4 7d7 ,precepts ( ecclesia/ical law %\ld be contrav5$1 :5 o!rwise !re w arise a sc&al ( ! weak :i* is a grav] evil ?an ! contrav5tion ( ! precepts4 ,?us1 a p>i%-prie/ %\ld say ,mass on ,sunday1 ev5 ?\gh n fa/+1 if ?is is necess>y 9 ord] to avoid great sc&al among ! p4 ,a wife may omit ,mass or a fa/1 9 ord] to prev5t h] ignorant husb& f us+ blasphemies or imprecations1 or to avoid notable diss5sions 9 ! home4 ,puella quae scit juv5em infirmum ex suo aspectu sc&aliz>i debet sacro omisso domi man]e4 #adhj4 ,9 ord] t sc&al ( ! weak may be consid]$ a great] evil ?an contrav5tion ( a grave precept1 x is necess>y t ! foll[+ conditions be v]ifi$3 7a7 ,! evil ( ! sc&al mu/ be c]ta9 & grave1 = an unc]ta9 or slight sc&al is n a great] evil ?an c]ta9 contrav5tion ( a grave precept4 ,?us1 if "o only has vague fe>s t sc&al may be giv51 or if "o has no det]m9$ p]son 9 m9d & ?9ks only t someone or o!r w be h>m$1 !re is no excuse = contrav5tion ( ! precept4 7b7 ,! evil ( contrav5+ ! precept mu/ n impose intol]able h>d%ips or lead to great] sc&als2 = "o is n requir$ to attempt ! impossible1 or to give sc&al 9 ord] to avoid sc&al4 ,?us1 x w\ld be unreasonable to expect t a /ud5t %\ld nev] read ! classical poets or philosoph]s ( ,greece or ,rome1 le/ sc&al be giv5 "s p]son ov]/rict 9 ?is matt]2 t a wife abs5t h]self f ,mass p]man5tly1 le/ h] ignorant husb& be provok$ to rage2 t a "y lady be depriv$ ( fre% air & ex]cise1 le/ an old relative be dis$ifi$4 ,if we h to *oose betwe5 occasion+ irreligion 9 "o p]son by att5d+ ,mass & occasion+ irreligion 9 _m p]sons by /ay+ away f ,mass1 we %\ld r p]mit ! sc&al ( ! "o4 ,morali/s g5]ally hold t sc&al ( ! weak does n ju/ify abs5ce f obligatory ,mass (t5] ?an once or twice1 & "s hold t x does n require abs5ce f ,mass at all4 #adha4 ,good works t are ( c\nsel only 7su* z evangelical pov]ty71 & ^? t are obligatory only "u c]ta9 conditions 7su* z almsde$s71 may be m easily put aside 9 ord] to avoid sc&al ( ! weak4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t = "s p]sons ^! works are ( precept1 & h5ce !y are to be judg$1 z reg>ds ^? p]sons1 accord+ to ! rules giv5 = contrav5tion ( precepts4 7a7 ,?us1 ! c\nsels are obligatory = ^? :o h v[$ !m 7e4g41 religi\s74 7b7 ,corporal & spiritual works ( m]cy are obligatory = prelates & o!r cl]ics because ( _! (fice4 #adhb4 ,spiritual goods1 !re=e1 :e!r ( precept or ( c\nsel1 are n to be surr5d]$ entirely on acc\nt ( any sc&al1 :e!r x be ,ph>isaic sc&al or sc&al ( ! weak4 ,b1 out ( *>ity = o!rs1 ^! goods %\ld n be made use ( 7ap>t f necessity7 9 a way t w\ld occasion spiritual ru9 to anyone4 ,h5ce1 if !re is dang] ( sc&al3 7a7 !y %\ld be conceal$1 z :5 "o goes to ,mass e>ly 9 ! morn+ or by ano!r way1 s z n to occasion blasphemy 9 "o's neighbor2 7b7 !y %\ld be delay$1 z :5 "o puts (f a frat]nal correction until ! o!r p]son is 9 a frame ( m9d to be correct$ ) pr(it2 7c7 !y may be us$ b %\ld be expla9$1 z :5 "o is call$ to give ,baptism to a p]son dy+ 9 a notori\s resort & takes witnesses ) him1 or tells ! by/&]s ! reason ( 8 visit4 #adhc4 ,:5 ,%\ld ,temporal ,goods be ,surr5d]$ = ! ,sake ( ,avoid+ ,sc&al4--7a7 ,temporal goods ( :i* "o is n ! own]1 b only ! cu/odian or adm9i/rator1 may n be surr5d]$ at w on acc\nt ( sc&al2 = no "o has ! "r to give away ! prop]ty ( o!rs4 ,h5ce1 rul]s 9 ,*ur* or ,/ate may n arbitr>ily surr5d] common prop]ty2 gu>dians may n give up ! prop]ty ( _! *>ges4 7b7 ,temporal goods ( :i* "o is own] %\ld be surr5d]$ on acc\nt ( ! sc&al ( little ones1 unless a great] evil results f su* surr5d]2 =1 z said above 7see #aafe sqq471 "o %\ld be will+ to suff] "s detrim5t 9 temporal ?+s to av]t f "o's neighbor detrim5t 9 spiritual ?+s4 ,h5ce1 "o %\ld ab/a9 f a c]ta9 food1 if "o's eat+ ( x w cause spiritual ru9 to "s innoc5t p]son 7,i ,cor41 viii4 #ac74 7c7 ,temporal goods are n to be surr5d]$ on acc\nt ( ,ph>isaic sc&al2 = ?is w\ld be injuri\s to ! common good1 s9ce x w\ld enc\rage ! wick$ to despoil ! consci5ti\s1 & x w\ld also be injuri\s to ! wick$ !mselves1 s9ce !y w\ld cont9ue 9 s9 by keep+ :at 0 n _! own4 ,h5ce1 "o may dem& money ow$1 ev5 if ! debtor is gre$y & w use pr(ane language4 #adhd4 ,! surr5d] ( temporal goods spok5 ( 9 ! previ\s p>agraph may be und]/ood 9 a numb] ( s5ses4 7a7 ,x c be und]/ood ei!r ( ! act ( giv+ ano!r :at is held by u & is our own prop]ty1 or ( ! act ( p]mitt+ ano!r to keep t :i* is held by him b :i* belongs to u4 ,*>ity may call = ei!r k9d ( surr5d] z a means to ! avoidance ( sc&al4 ,example3 ,r ?an h a bitt] qu>rel or lose a fri5d%ip ov] a few c5ts ( *ange1 x is bett] to let ! o!r man keep :at he owes y1 or give him :at y d n owe1 if he is also 9 good fai?4 7b7 ,! surr5d] ( temporal goods c also be und]/ood ei!r ( ! int]nal will+ness to sacrifice temporal ?+s = ?+s spiritual1 :5 necessity requires1 or ( ! actual ext]nal sacrifice4 ,*>ity dem&s ! int]nal will+ness1 b x does n always dem& ! actual sacrifice2 = sometimes su* a sacrifice w\ld be h>mful to ! common welf>e & ! welf>e ( individuals4 ,?us1 ! say+ ( our ,"l t we %\ld n cont5d ) a neighbor :o wi%es to take our coat1 b %\ld r let him take our cloak z well 7,matt1 v4 #dj71 & ! say+ ( ,/4 ,paul t ! ,cor9?ians %\ld pref] to suff] injury & fraud r ?an h lawsuits aga9/ fell[-,*ri/ians 7,i ,cor41 vi4 #g71 are to be und]/ood ( a will+ness to sacrifice temporal ?+s 9 ord] to avoid sc&al1 :5 a great] good makes ?is necess>y4 ,b ^? texts d n mean t x is obligatory or advisable to make an actual sacrifice at o!r times4 7c7 ,! surr5d] ( temporal goods may be und]/ood ei!r ( a giv+ ov] to o!rs )\t prote/ or remon/rance1 or ( a yield+ to !m only aft] "o has tri$ to prev5t sc&al )\t incurr+ temporal loss4 ,*>ity does n require1 ev5 :5 !re is dang] ( sc&al ( ! weak1 t "o %\ld surr5d] "o's goods )\t any ef=t to save !m4 ,?us1 if an ignorant ,ca?olic is %ock$ because 8 prie/ asks = money to support ! ,*ur*1 ! latt] w d him a s]vice by expla9+ ! "r ! ,*ur* has to be support$ & ! duty ( ! memb]s to contribute4 #adhe4 ,temporal goods may be und]/ood "h ei!r ( ?+s ( great value 7e4g41 necess>ies ( life7 or ( ?+s ( m9or value 7e4g41 luxuries74 7a7 ,?us1 if sc&al w place a neighbor 9 extreme spiritual ne$1 ev5 ?+s ( great value %\ld be surr5d]$1 if ?is is necess>y to avoid sc&al4 7b7 ,if sc&al w n place him 9 extreme ne$1 "o is n oblig$ to surr5d] any except ?+s ( m9or value 7see #aafe sqq474 ,?us1 ,/4 ,paul does n ask t 8 conv]ts give up all food 9 ord] to avoid sc&aliz+ ! weak1 b only su* food z !y c get along )\t 7,rom1 xiv4 #ae2 ,i ,cor41 viii4 #ac74 #adhf4 ,%\ld *ur* goods ev] be surr5d]$ 9 ord] to avoid sc&al ( ! weak8 7a7 ,on ! "o h&1 goods ( ! ,*ur* h a special sacr$ness1 because !y h be5 giv5 & set ap>t = spiritual purposes & ! common good ( ! ,*ur*4 ,h5ce1 he w\ld be an unfai?ful /ew>d :o w\ld devote !m to m]ely temporal ends1 su* z ! enri*m5t or exaltation ( himself or ( 8 fri5ds1 or :o w\ld ali5ate !m )\t due au?ority4 7b7 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! temporal goods ( ! ,*ur* are to s]ve spiritual ends1 & ! spiritual mu/ n be subord9at$ to ! temporal4 ,h5ce1 "o ( ! *ief causes ( sc&al 9 ! ,*ur* is ! appe>ance ( av>ice 9 *ur*m5 7ev5 z reg>ds goods t are n p]sonal1 b common71 especially if !y seem to put money be=e ! salvation ( ! p4 ,!re are times1 !re=e1 :5 to avoid sc&al a prelate or prie/ ought to =ego some?+ really due ! ,*ur*4 #adhg4 ,cases ( ,sc&al & ,r5\ncem5t ( ,*ur* ,goods4--7a7 ,if !re is "q ( ,ph>isaic sc&al alone1 "o %\ld n r5\nce ! goods ( :i* "o is ! cu/odian1 b %\ld resi/ spoliation z f> z "o is able4 ,?us1 ,/4 ,?omas ( ,cant]bury w\ld n agree to ! invasion ( *ur* rights by ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,s also a pa/or %\ld n neglect ! collection ( dues ne$$ = ! ma9t5ance ( ! *ur*1 because "s malcont5ts w take (f5se at ?is2 nei!r %\ld he yield to ! extortionate dem&s ( "s hir$ p]son :o w be sc&aliz$ because m is n paid4 7b7 ,if !re is "q ( ! sc&al ( ! weak1 concessions %\ld be made1 le/ spiritual ?+s be made to suff] = ! temporal4 ,?us1 ,/4 ,paul w\ld n accept any support = himself f p]sons newly conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity1 le/ ?is prove a h9drance to ! prea*+ ( ! ,gospel 7,i ,cor41 ix4 #ab74 ,= ! sake ( ! ignorant or ! weak1 !re=e1 ! ,*ur* does n insi/ on dues & o!r paym5ts1 until ^! p]sons h _h ! opportunity ( le>n+ _! duty4 ,! fai?ful1 inde$1 are b\nd to contribute to ! pa/ors :o s]ve !m1 b ! precept is an affirmative "o1 & obliges !re=e n at all times1 b :5 ! conditions ( "t1 place1 p]son1 etc41 make ?is possible4 ,x w\ld be a real sc&al ( ! weak1 if a p]son 7 driv5 f *ur* because he did n realize 8 duty ( contribut+1 or if a poor p]son 7 tax$ beyond 8 means1 or if an afflu5t cl]ic 7 always ask+ = money & nev] giv+ to ! ne$y1 or if a prie/ 7 to talk collections in/ead ( doctr9e1 or devot$ mo/ ( 8 "t to money-mak+ ent]prises4 ,any?+ t comm]cializes religion is also a sc&al bo? to ,ca?olics & non-,ca?olics4 #adhh4 ,duty ( ,repair+ ,sc&al4-,! p>agraphs imm$iately prec$+ h spok5 ( ! duty ( avoid+ sc&al4 ,!re is also a duty ( repair+ sc&al t has be5 giv54 7a7 ,?us1 !re is a duty ( *>ity to repair ! sc&al "o has giv52 =1 if all are requir$ to practise frat]nal correction1 ^? especially are b\nd to ?is :o are responsible = ! s9s ( o!rs4 7b7 ,!re is sometimes a duty ( legal ju/ice1 z :5 sup]iors1 :o are b\nd f _! (fice to give good example1 give sc&al to _! subjects4 7c7 ,!re is sometimes a duty ( commutative ju/ice1 z :5 ! sc&aliz] has employ$ unju/ means 7su* z =ce1 fe> or traps7 9 ord] to lead ano!r into sc&al4 #adhi4 ,ways ( ,repair+ ,sc&al4--7a7 ,sc&al is repair$ publicly or privately4 ,rep>ation is public1 :5 x is made be=e ! community1 & private1 :5 x is made be=e individuals4 7b7 ,sc&al is repair$ explicitly or implicitly4 ,explicit rep>ation is made by retractation ( "o's words1 by condemnation ( "o's acts1 by ! de/ruction ( "o's sc&al\s writ+s1 by ef=ts to br+ back to virtue ^? :om "o has misl$1 etc4 ,implicit rep>ation is made by re=mation ( "o's conduct1 ! ab&onm5t ( t :i* gave sc&al1 ! practice ( good example1 pray] = ! p]son sc&aliz$1 etc4 #adij4 ,p>ticul> ,k9ds ( ,sc&al to be ,repair$4--7a7 ,sc&al is public or private4 ,public sc&al is giv5 be=e ! community at l>ge1 z :5 "o op5ly apo/atizes s t x is ! talk ( ! :ole neighborhood or t[n1 or writes a sign$ article favor+ a!ism1 or makes a dis$ify+ spee* be=e a ga!r+ ( p4 ,sc&al is private1 :5 x is giv5 be=e a few p]sons1 & :5 x does n t5d to become g5]ally kn[n1 z :5 husb& & wife qu>rel be=e _! dome/ic circle4 7b7 ,sc&al is ord9>y or extraord9>y4 ,ord9>y sc&al is giv5 by bad example alone2 extraord9>y sc&al adds to bad example injury or inju/ice1 or ! debt ( puni%m5t = a crime4 ,?us1 "o :o becomes slightly intoxicat$ at a p>ty gives ord9>y sc&al2 :ile "o :o by trick]y s*emes to get ano!r into a situation 9 :i* he w be effectually sc&aliz$1 or :o /rikes an in(f5sive prie/1 or :o spreads dis$ify+ pr9t$ matt]1 is guilty ( extraord9>y sc&al4 #adia4 ,x re/s ) ! prud5t judgm5t ( ! confessor or ecclesia/ical au?ority to decide 9 p>ticul> in/ances ! way 9 :i* sc&als are to be repair$4 ,b 9 g5]al ! foll[+ rules may be giv53 7a7 ,public sc&al %\ld be repair$ publicly1 ev5 ?\gh x has n actually s$uc$ ^? :o are aw>e ( x2 = o!rwise ! evil influ5ce rema9s4 ,?us1 a drunk>d %\ld take ! pl$ge ( total ab/95ce1 or else give an example ( sobriety2 an apo/ate %\ld r5\nce 8 errors z op5ly z he def5d$ !m4 7b7 ,private sc&al may be repair$ privately1 t is1 be=e ! few p]sons :o 7 sc&aliz$4 ,?us1 ! husb& & wife :o qu>rell$ be=e _! *ildr5 make rep>ation :5 !y tell ! *ildr5 n to qu>rel1 & :5 !y /r5g!n ?is advice by good example4 7c7 ,ord9>y sc&al may be repair$ implicitly1 t is1 by turn+ ov] a new leaf4 ,?us1 "o :o has be5 away f ,mass & ! ,sacram5ts = a long "t makes rep>ation :5 he appe>s at *ur*1 goes to confession1 & receives ,communion2 "o :o has be5 keep+ bad company makes rep>ation :5 he sep>ates f 8 =m] associates4 7d7 ,extraord9>y sc&al is repair$ explicitly1 t is1 by mak+ ! re/itution or satisfaction :i* ju/ice dem&s1 or by p]=m+ ! p5alty requir$ by ! law4 ,?us1 if ?r\gh trea*]y a p]son has s$uc$ ano!r f virtue1 he mu/ ei!r himself or ?r\gh o!rs endeavor to recall ! sc&aliz$ p]son to 8 =m] virtue2 if a p]son has be5 guilty ( lay+ viol5t h&s on a cl]ic1 he mu/ p]=m ! p5ance prescrib$2 if a p]son has di/ribut$ sc&al\s lit]ature1 he mu/ try to /op its circulation1 or to di/ribute contr>y lit]ature4 #adib4 ,:5 satisfaction requires public apology or retraction1 ?is c be made 9 v>i\s ways4 7a7 ,?us1 "o may )draw ?r\gh ! press false /atem5ts publicly made2 7b7 "o may apologize be=e a numb] ( witnesses au?oriz$ to make ?is kn[n2 7c7 "o may retract be=e ! pa/or or confessor1 ) ! und]/&+ t ! prie/ w lat] decl>e t all due satisfaction has be5 made4 #adic4 ,d5ial ( ,sacram5ts 9 ,cases ( ,sc&al4--,is x lawful to adm9i/] ! ,sacram5ts to "o :o has n made satisfaction = public sc&al8 7a7 ,if ! obligation ( rep>ation is n grave1 x is lawful to adm9i/] ! ,sacram5ts1 s9ce ! p]son :o gave ! sc&al is n subject to grave s9 & unwor?y ( ! ,sacram5ts1 & 8 admission to !m w n be a new sc&al4 7b7 ,if ! obligation ( rep>ation is grave1 x is lawful to admit ! p>ty 9 "q to ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance2 = e p]son rightly dispos$ has a "r to absolution1 & ! fact t a p]son :o gave sc&al goes to confession is edify+4 ,b absolution %\ld be giv5 on condition t rep>ation = ! sc&al is s]i\sly promis$4 7c7 ,if ! obligation ( rep>ation is grave1 x is n lawful z a rule to admit to ! o!r ,sacram5ts1 until ! rep>ation has be5 actually p]=m$4 ,?us1 if x is notori\s 9 a p>i% t a c]ta9 individual has be5 liv+ 9 a s]i\s occasion ( s9 or has be5 circulat+ impi\s doctr9es1 ! occasion ( s9 %\ld be remov$ or ! doctr9es %\ld be retract$1 be=e ! individual is admitt$ to ,communion1 etc42 o!rwise1 a new sc&al w\ld be giv5 ! fai?ful f ! app>5t approval giv5 ! sc&aliz] by ! m9i/] ( ! ,sacram5t receiv$4 #adid4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 h[ev]1 ! ,sacram5ts o!r ?an ,p5ance may also be giv5 be=e rep>ation = grave sc&al has be5 made1 namely1 :5 ! circum/ances are su* t ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,sacram5ts w (f] no sc&al4 7a7 ,?us1 a dy+ p]son :o is p5it5t b unable to p]=m "s satisfaction = sc&al giv5 is grant$ ! ,sacram5ts4 7b7 ,a p]son :o is well dispos$1 b :o has n yet made satisfaction = sc&al1 may sometimes be giv5 ,communion privately4 7c7 ,a p]son :o is n well dispos$1 & :o w n make satisfaction = sc&al1 is sometimes p]mitt$ to contract m>riage be=e ! prie/1 namely1 :5 !re is a grave reason = m>riage & sc&al is preclud$4 #adie4 ,s$uction4--,hav+ discuss$ sc&al1 :i* leads o!rs into s9 by bad example1 we %all n[ consid]1 fir/1 solicitation or s$uction1 :i* leads o!rs into s9 by moral inducem5t1 &1 secondly1 coop]ation1 :i* assi/s ano!r to s9 7see #adfj74 #adif4 ,s$uction is "s ext]nal act 7words1 writ+1 signs or ge/ure7 by :i* "o directly & explicitly seeks to w9 ! cons5t ( ano!r to s94 ,!re are v>i\s modes ( solicitation4 7a7 ,!re is comm& to s91 :i* is an au?oritative direction to commit s9 impos$ by a sup]ior on 8 subject4 ,comm& is giv5 expressly1 z :5 a fa!r tells 8 son to /eal2 or implicitly1 z :5 he tells 8 son t x w please him if ! son /eals4 7b7 ,!re is c\nsel to s91 :i* is direct p]suasion to d evil made ?r\gh argum5t t s9 is lawful1 or ?r\gh in/ruction on ! ways ( committ+ s91 or ?r\gh advice1 reque/1 promises1 ?reats1 etc41 z :5 "o writes 9 praise ( suicide to a p]son :o is v disc\rag$1 & recomm5ds x4 7c7 ,!re is enticem5t :i* is an indirect p]suasion to s9 made ?r\gh flatt]y1 ins9uation1 calumny1 n>ratives1 etc4 ,?us1 ,absalom work$ on ! p ( ,israel & beguil$ !m into rebellion aga9/ 8 fa!r 7,,ii ,k+s1 xv4 #a-f74 ,^? :o ridicule temp]ance & s lead o!rs to dr9k excessively1 entice to drunk5ness4 ,a ho/ :o (f]s little except f9e meats on a ,friday entices to ! violation ( ab/95ce4 #adig4 ,! ,malice ( ,solicitation4--7a7 ,! gravity ( ?is s9 accord+ to its nature is mortal1 b x may be v5ial on acc\nt ( imp]fect delib]ation or smallness ( matt] 7see #adgc74 ,?us1 x is a mortal s9 to comm& "o's son to commit gr& l>c5y or p]jury1 a v5ial s9 to comm& him to commit petty !ft or tell a h>mless lie4 7b7 ,! circum/ances ( ! s9 t aggravate or ext5uate are ! great] or less degree ( delib]ation & malice1 ! great] or less evil ( ! s9 to :i* "o induces "o's neighbors1 etc4 7see #adgc1 #adgd74 7c7 ,! species ( ! s9 ( solicitation is tw(old2 !re is ! s9 ( sc&al1 oppos$ to *>ity1 inasmu* z a neighbor is l$ to s91 & !re is also ! s9 :i* "o p]suades a neighbor to commit 7see #adfh sqq474 #adih4 ,applications to ,confession & ,satisfaction4--7a7 ,s9ce ! s$uc] will$ ! species ( s9 to :i* he induc$ 8 neighbor1 x does n suffice t he tell 9 confession t he induc$ ano!r to s92 he mu/ also tell ! species ( s9 7e4g41 !ft71 to :i* he induc$ or attempt$ to induce ano!r4 7b7 ,s9ce ! s$uc] is guilty ( inju/ice aga9/ ! p]son s$uc$1 if he employ$ fraud1 traps1 viol5ce1 etc41 x does n suffice 9 su* cases m]ely to confess t he s$uc$2 he mu/ also tell t he us$ unju/ means to s$uce4 7c7 ,s9ce ! s$uc] is guilty ( spiritual damage1 he is b\nd to make rep>ation = sc&al giv5 7see #adhh sqq474 7d7 ,s9ce ! s$uc] is responsible = temporal damages t are due to 8 influ5ce 7e4g41 :5 he comm&s ,a to /eal f or calumniate ,b71 he is held to re/itution = any su* damages 7see ,vol4 ,,ii on ,ju/ice74 #adii4 ,9 confess+ a s9 ^: nature implies an accomplice 7e4g41 obsc5e conv]sation71 is x necess>y to m5tion ! circum/ance t "o s$uc$ ! o!r p>ty8 7a7 ,if ! s$uction includes a special malice aga9/ *>ity or aga9/ ju/ice1 x %\ld be m5tion$4 ,?us1 if ! p>ty s$uc$ _h be5 innoc5t & 0 sc&aliz$1 or 0 trapp$ into s91 ! fact ( s$uction %\ld be m5tion$4 7b7 ,if ! s$uction includes no special malice aga9/ *>ity or ju/ice1 x seems !re is no obligation to m5tion x4 ,?us1 if ! p>ty solicit$ _h be5 liv+ a life ( s9 & cons5t$ to ! solicitation )\t any detrim5t to ideals or any unwill+ness1 no sc&al is giv5 & no inju/ice committ$ by ! solicitation1 z f> z t p>ty is conc]n$1 & !re seems to be no reason :y ! circum/ance ( s$uction mu/ be confess$4 #aejj4 ,s$uction is incitem5t to s91 & s diff]s f m]e p]mission ( s9 9 ano!r4 ,x is nev] lawful to incite to s91 b x is lawful = a suffici5t reason to p]mit s9 9 o!rs1 z 0 said above 9 ref]5ce to ,ph>isaic sc&al 7see #adgg1 #adhb1 #adhc74 ,b1 9 apply+ ?is pr9ciple to concrete cases1 x is sometimes difficult to draw ! l9e betwe5 incitem5t & m]e p]mission4 ,we %all discuss n[ ! foll[+ cases 9 :i* ?is difficulty occurs3 7a7 :5 "o reque/s ano!r to d some?+ :i* "o kn[s w be a s9 = him2 7b7 :5 "o advises ano!r to commit a less r ?an a great] evil2 7e7 :5 ! opportunity = ano!r to commit s9 is n remov$1 or is prep>$4 #aeja4 ,is x lawful to ask ano!r to d some?+1 :5 "o kn[s t he w n cons5t )\t s9n+8 7a7 ,if ! ?+ reque/$ is s9ful 9 itself1 ! reque/ is also s9ful4 ,h5ce1 x is n lawful to ask a ?ief to sell ! goods he has /ol51 nor is x lawful to reque/ absolution f a prie/ :o lacks jurisdiction4 7b7 ,if ! ?+ reque/$ is lawful 9 itself1 b !re is no suffici5t reason = ! reque/ 9 view ( ! fact t ! o!r w s9 by grant+ x1 ! reque/ is s9ful4 ,h5ce1 x is n lawful to ask baptism f a p]son :o is 9 ! /ate ( s91 :5 "o c easily obta9 x f ano!r p]son :o is 9 ! /ate ( grace4 7c7 ,if ! ?+ reque/$ is lawful1 & !re is a suffici5t reason = ! reque/1 "o does n s9 by mak+ ! reque/4 ,h5ce1 x is lawful = ! sake ( ! common welf>e to require t witnesses take an oa?1 ev5 ?\gh "o kn[s t "o ( !m w commit p]jury4 #aejb4 ,is x lawful to advise ano!r to commit a less evil 9 pref]5ce to a great] evil8 7a7 ,if ! o!r has n made up 8 m9d to commit ei!r evil1 x is n lawful to advise t he d ei!r4 ,?us1 to c\nsel ano!r to /eal1 & to make 8 victims ! ri* r ?an ! poor1 is a species ( s$uction4 7b7 ,if ! p]son has made up 8 m9d to commit ! great] evil & ! less] evil is virtually conta9$ 9 ! great]1 x is lawful to advise t he omit ! =m] = ! latt]4 ,= 9 ?us act+ "o prev5ts ! great] evil & does n cause ! less] evil1 s9ce x is virtually conta9$ 9 ! great] evil :i* ! o!r p]son _h already decid$ on4 ,?us1 if ,titus is b5t on /eal+ #ajj1 ,balbus is n guilty ( s$uction1 if he p]suades ,titus to take only #aj4 ,we are suppos+1 ( c\rse1 t ,titus is s det]m9$ to /eal t x is out ( ! "q to det] him f tak+ at lea/ a small am\nt4 7c7 ,if ! p]son 9 "q has decid$ on ! great] s9 & ! less] is n virtually conta9$ 9 ! great]1 x is n lawful to recomm5d t he commit ! small] in/ead ( ! great] s94 ,=1 if "o does ?is1 "o does n save ! o!r f ! int]nal guilt ( ! great] s9 int5d$1 :ile "o does add ! malice ( ! less] s9 :i* 0 n int5d$4 ,?us1 if ,titus plans to kill ,caius1 x is n lawful to advise t he rob him in/ead1 or t he kill ,claudius in/ead1 = robb]y is a specifically di/9ct s9 f murd]1 & ,claudius is a diff]5t p]son f ,caius4 ,b1 if ,titus plann$ to kill ,caius 9 ord] to rob him1 x w\ld n be unlawful to po9t out t ! robb]y c\ld be c>ri$ out )\t murd] & to advise accord+ly4 #aejc4 ,n all !ologians accept ! la/ solution j giv54 7a7 ,"s reject x1 & hold t1 ev5 :5 ! less] evil is n virtually conta9$ 9 ! great]1 x is lawful to advise ! less]4 ,!y argue t :at "o does !reby is n to commit ! less] evil1 to induce x or approve x1 b only to p]mit x 9 ord] to less5 ! h>m t w be done1 & !y confirm _! argum5t f scripture 7,g541 xix4 #h74 ,accord+ to ?is op9ion1 !n1 :i* has "s good au?orities 9 its favor1 x w\ld be lawful to advise robb]y 9 ord] to dissuade ano!r f ! great] evil ( murd]4 7b7 ,o!rs modify ! solution giv5 9 ! previ\s p>agraph1 & hold t x is lawful to propose ! less] evil or m5tion x1 provid$ "o does n attempt to induce ! o!r p]son to c>ry x into effect4 #aejd4 ,is x lawful s to pre>range circum/ances t an occasion ( s9 w seem to (f] itself to ano!r8 7a7 ,if ! end & ! means us$ are good1 ?is is lawful2 = !re is no sc&al or s$uction1 b s9 or ! dang] ( s9 is p]mitt$ = a proportionately grave reason4 ,examples3 ,sempronius kn[s t someone is robb+ 8 desk1 & x is important t he discov] ! ?ief4 ,he leaves ! desk op5 & wat*es f concealm5t to see :e!r a suspect$ p]son :o is com+ to ! room w /eal4 ,claudius is q c]ta9 t ,titus is /eal+ 8 *ick5s1 b he ne$s evid5ce 9 ord] to h ,titus convict$ & det]r$ f future /eal+4 ,s1 he leaves doors op5 & hides himself ) witnesses t ,titus may be caught 9 ! act4 7b7 ,if ! end or means is bad1 x is n lawful to prep>e an opportunity = s91 because 9 ei!r case "o int5ds some?+ s9ful4 ,examples3 ,sempronius kn[s t 8 wife ,titia has be5 unfai?ful & he ?reat5s to leave h]4 ,%e1 wi%+ to h a c\nt]*>ge to make or to secure evid5ce to discr$it 8 ^w1 hires v>i\s dissolute females to lay traps = him & 8 fri5ds4 ,claudius out ( rev5ge wi%es t ,caius be s5t to jail1 & he !re=e employs ag5ts to provoke ,caius into some?+ crim9al 9 ^w or de$ t w ju/ify inc>c]ation4 ,balbus kn[s t ,m]curius is a dang]\s "*1 & he frames a s*eme by :i* ,m]curius w be invit$ to p>ticipate 9 an act ( b&itry & be captur$4 ,titia & ,claudius s91 because _! purpose is wrong2 ,balbus s9s because he uses wrong means4 ,all ?ree are guilty ( s$uction1 at lea/ 9 int5tion4 #aeje4 ,s$uction 0 describ$ above 7see #adif7 z an inducem5t to s9 ?r\gh su* manife/ means z comm&1 c\nsel1 or enticem5t4 ,b !re is also a m subtle =m ( s$uction1 :i* does n appeal directly to ! intellect or w1 b makes a physical approa* by act+ ^u ! body1 s5ses1 or imag9ation4 ,?is is a m cunn+1 b none ! less guilty =m ( s$uction1 examples ( :i* are ! foll[+3 7a7 ,s$uction ?r\gh bodily /ates is exemplifi$ 9 ^? :o m9i/] secretly to o!rs dr9ks or drugs or foods t w produce emotional di/urbances or m5tal confusion & make !m m susceptible to temptation4 7b7 ,s$uction ?r\gh ! s5ses is exemplifi$ 9 ^? :o surr\nd o!rs ) pictures1 companions1 music1 examples1 etc41 t cont9ually speak ( ! desirability ( vice or ! undesirability ( virtue4 7c7 ,s$uction ?r\gh ! imag9ation is se5 9 hypnotism or sugge/ion :5 us$ to produce a vivid & /rong impression ( some?+ dang]\s to be ?\ght on4 ,a _s ( bigot$ uni=mity :i* dem&s t all dress1 ?9k & act alike ev5 9 matt]s :]e !re %\ld be lib]ty1 may also be v s$uctive2 =1 r ?an commit ! unp>donable s9 ( seem+ que]1 a p]son may take to drunk5ness or :atev] vice is popul> 9 8 cr[d or gr\p4 #aejf4 ,coop]ation 9 ,s94--,coop]ation or p>ticipation 9 s91 /rictly und]/ood1 is help af=d$ ano!r1 :om "o has n s$uc$1 to c>ry out 8 purpose ( s9n+4 7a7 ,h5ce1 coop]ation diff]s f sc&al & solicitation1 = ^! lead into s9 "o :o _h n decid$ on s91 :ile coop]ation supposes t ! o!r p>ty _h already made up 8 m9d to s94 ,! sc&aliz] leads into s91 b does n help 9 its commission2 ! coop]ator does n lead into s9 b he helps 9 its commission4 7b7 ,coop]ation1 h[ev]1 may include sc&al & solicitation z reg>ds future s9s or z reg>ds ?ird p>ties4 ,example3 ,balbus1 :o _h decid$ on 8 own initiative to /eal1 f9ds to 8 surprise t 8 conduct receives aid & com=t f ,titus1 a p]son ( "s au?ority4 ,?is coop]ation w act z an example or incitem5t to ,balbus to repeat ! (f5se1 & w likewise be an occasion ( s9 to o!rs4 #aejg4 ,coop]ation is also diff]5t f complicity z foll[s3 7a7 ,! coop]ator acts z assi/ant or subord9ate ag5t to ! "o :o commits s91 provid+ him ) moral or physical help1 or supply+ him ) ! means requisite = ! act ( s94 ,?us1 he ^: s]vices are comm&e]$ by robb]s & :o c>ries away ! /ol5 goods1 or :o puts a revolv] into ! h& ( "o b5t on murd] or obsc5e books into ! h&s ( "o b5t on ! corruption ( y\?1 is a coop]ator4 7b7 ,! accomplice acts z an equipr9cipal or coord9ate ag5t ) ano!r 9 ! commission ( ! same s91 p]=m+ 8 own prop] "p or %>e ( ! jo9t act ( s94 ,?us1 he :o enli/s z a memb] ( a robb] b& & acts z _! *auffeur or look\t at ! "t ( 8hold-ups10 or :o fights a duel1 or :o c>ries on an obsc5e dialogue1 or li/5s will+ly to obsc5e talk1 is an accomplice4 ,! accomplice is always guilty1 b ! coop]ator may be guiltless4 #aejh4 ,k9ds ( ,coop]ation4--,divisions ( ,coop]ation accord+ to ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,acts4--7a7 ,f ! viewpo9t ( ! int]nal act1 coop]ation is ei!r =mal or mat]ial1 accord+ z "o does or does n int5d ! s9 ^: ext]nal commission "o is aid+4 ,examples3 ,caius (f]s a burgl> in=mation z to ways ( climb+ into a second-/ory w9d[4 ,claudius1 be+ cov]$ by a revolv]1 makes no resi/ance or outcry :ile b&its are rifl+ 8 employ]'s (fice4 ,caius is an abettor ( crime & a =mal coop]ator on acc\nt ( 8 guilty int5t2 ,claudius aids ! commission ( burgl>y1 b he is only a mat]ial coop]ator1 s9ce he does n int5d :at ! crim9als int5d4 7b7 ,f ! viewpo9t ( ! ext]nal act1 coop]ation is positive or negative1 accord+ z "o does some?+ to help ! pr9cipal ag5t1 or does no?+ to imp$e him4 ,9 ! examples giv5 above1 ,caius 0 a positive1 ,claudius a negative coop]ator4 ,positive coop]ation is giv5 9 a moral mann]1 z :5 "o votes = an unju/ law or s5t5ce1 or *e]s a s9ful rem>k2 or 9 a physical mann]1 z :5 "o helps b&its to b9d & gag _! victims1 or leaves doors & w9d[s unfa/5$ = ! conv5i5ce ( ?ieves4 #aeji4 ,divisions ( ,coop]ation accord+ to its ,degree ( ,influ5ce4--7a7 ,f ! viewpo9t ( its activity1 coop]ation is ei!r occasional or effective4 ,by occasional coop]ation is und]/ood t :i* leads ano!r into s91 or all[s him to be drawn into s91 b does n assi/ him to commit s9 7e4g41 sc&al\s example1 failure to give a frat]nal correction or admonition74 ,by effective coop]ation is und]/ood assi/ance giv5 ano!r enabl+ him to c>ry out1 or to c>ry out m easily1 an act ( s9 on :i* he _h resolv$4 ,z is cle> f ! explanation giv5 above 7see #aejf71 !re is "q "h only ( effective coop]ation4 7b7 ,f ! viewpo9t ( its ne>ness to ! act ( ! pr9cipal ag5t1 coop]ation is ei!r imm$iate or m$iate1 accord+ z "o %>es 9 ! s9ful act ( ! pr9cipal ag5t1 or 9 "s act t prec$$ or foll[$ x4 ,?us1 he :o helps a ?ief to c>ry away /ol5 goods is an imm$iate coop]ator1 :ile he :o suppli$ ! ?ief ) necess>y keys be=e ! !ft1 & he :o (f]$ refuge to ! ?ief or concealm5t = ! /ol5 goods aft] ! !ft1 are m$iate coop]ators4 7c7 ,f ! viewpo9t ( ! dep5d5ce on x ( :at is done1 coop]ation is ei!r indisp5sable or n indisp5sable1 accord+ z ! pr9cipal ag5t _c act )\t x1 or c4 ,example3 ,balbus supplies intoxicants to ,titus & ,sempronius1 :o are intemp]ate4 ,titus _c secure intoxicants except f ,balbus2 ,sempronius c secure !m else:]e4 ,balbus' coop]ation is indisp5sable = ,titus1 b n = ,sempronius4 #aeaj4 ,coop]ation is also divid$ f ! viewpo9t ( responsibility or ( ! consequ5ces incurr$ ?r\gh x1 into unju/ coop]ation & m]ely unlawful coop]ation4 7a7 ,unju/ coop]ation is p>ticipation 9 ! guilt ( an injury done to a ?ird p>ty :i* involves ! duty ( re/itution or /rict rep>ation4 ,?us1 ^? :o act z 8f5ces0 or receiv]s ( /ol5 goods1 coop]ate 9 inju/ice & are b\nd to re/itution to ! rightful own]s4 7b7 ,unlawful coop]ation is p>ticipation 9 a s9 t conta9s no inju/ice to a ?ird p>ty1 & t entails only ! obligations ( rep5tance & satisfaction1 &1 if ! case requires x1 ( am5ds = sc&al1 pro(s ( s9c]ity1 avoidance ( dang]s & submission to p5alty4 ,?us1 ^? :o coop]ate by m>ry+ illegally1 or by provid+ obsc5e lit]ature to p]sons :o dem& x & insi/ on hav+ x1 are guilty ( s9 & also fall "u v>i\s puni%m5ts prescrib$ 9 law4 ,coop]ation1 9 s f> z x is unju/1 w be treat$ specially "u ! head ( ,ju/ice 7see ,vol4 ,,ii72 "h we are conc]n$ ) coop]ation 9 g5]al1 & z x is a s9 aga9/ *>ity4 #aeaa4 ,=mal coop]ation is ei!r explicit or implicit4 7a7 ,x is explicit1 :5 ! end int5d$ by ! coop]ator 7f9is op]antis7 is ! s9 ( ! pr9cipal ag5t4 ,examples3 ,balbus gives inc5se money to an idolat]1 because he approves ( idolatry & wi%es to see idolatr\s rites p]=m$4 ,caius jo9s an an>*i/ic society because he agrees ) its aims & wi%es to help 9 _! fulfillm5t4 7b7 ,=mal coop]ation is implicit1 :5 ! coop]ator does n directly int5d to associate himself ) ! s9 ( ! pr9cipal ag5t1 b ! end ( ! ext]nal act 7f9is op]is71 :i* = ! sake ( "s advantage or int]e/ ! coop]ator docs int5d1 includes f its nature or f circum/ances ! guilt ( ! s9 ( ! pr9cipal ag5t4 ,examples3 ,balbus dete/s idolatry1 b 9 ord] to %[ c\rtesy he helps a pagan to burn inc5se be=e an idol1 or he assi/s 9 ! repair+ ( a pagan %r9e1 ?\gh 8 act is look$ on z a sign ( wor%ip4 ,caius jo9s a free?9k+ society1 n because he likes its pr9ciples1 b because he wi%es to obta9 ?r\gh memb]%ip c]ta9 social or f9ancial advantages :i* he _c obta9 9 any o!r way4 #aeab4 ,m$iate coop]ation is also subdivid$ into proximate & remote4 7a7 ,x is proximate or remote by reason ( ne>ness1 accord+ z ! act ( s9 w foll[ closely or o!rwise on ! act ( coop]ation4 ,?us1 he :o gives a ladd] to a burgl> coop]ates 9 a remote prep>ation2 he :o holds ! ladd] :ile ! burgl> goes up coop]ates 9 a proximate prep>ation4 7b7 ,m$iate coop]ation is proximate or remote z to def9it5ess1 accord+ z ! prep>ation po9ts cle>ly or only vaguely to ! commission ( s94 ,proximate coop]ation is an action :i*1 f its nature or circum/ances1 is reg>d$ z morally connect$ ) ! evil action ( ! pr9cipal ag5t1 :ile remote coop]ation is an action t has no su* moral connection ) ! s9 t is committ$4 ,?us1 he :o sells a revolv] to a gunman :o is prep>+ = a murd] coop]ates proximately1 :ile he :o sells ! mat]ials = ?is weapon coop]ates only remotely4 ,aga91 if "o sells to a burgl> a 8jimmy10 a d>k lant]n1 a mask1 a revolv]1 & explosives1 ! coop]ation is def9ite1 s9ce ! circum/ances indicate t robb]y is contemplat$4 ,b if "o sells a burgl> a pair ( s(t-s\nd+ %oes1 ! coop]ation is indef9ite1 = ! burgl> may wi% !m 9 ord] to give no di/urbance 9 8 own home1 & n 9 ord] to attract no att5tion 9 ! homes ( o!rs4 #aeac4 ,! ,s9fulness ( ,coop]ation4--,! ,s9fulness ( ,=mal ,coop]ation4--7a7 ,=mal coop]ation is always s9ful1 = x includes ! approval ( ! s9 ( ano!r & ! will+ p>ticipation 9 ! guilt ( t s94 7b7 ,=mal coop]ation is f its nature oppos$ to *>ity2 = *>ity disapproves ( ! s9s ( o!rs & /rives to prev5t !m1 :ile =mal coop]ation1 on ! contr>y1 approves & assi/s ! s9s ( o!rs4 7c7 ,=mal coop]ation is also oppos$ to ! virtue violat$ by ! s9 ( ! pr9cipal ag5t1 9 s f> z ! w ( ! coop]ator delights 9 or approves ( ! circum/ance ( help giv5 to ! s9 ( ! o!r 7see #adfh74 ,?us1 if "o op5s ! door to a call] :om "o suspects to be a burgl> & at ! same "t m5tally sympa?izes ) ! act ( burgl>y1 "o is guilty 9 w ( ! act "o approves4 7d7 ,=mal coop]ation z to its ext]nal act is oppos$ to ! virtue violat$ by ! coop]ator1 :5 ! ext]nal act has a malice ( its own4 ,?us1 if "o swe>s falsely 9 ord] to conceal ! pres5ce ( a burgl> hidd5 9 ! h\se1 "o is guilty ( p]jury2 if "o disobeys ! laws ( ! ,*ur* by m>ry+ cl&e/9ely1 "o is guilty ( disob$i5ce2 if "o sc&alizes ?ird p>ties by coop]at+ ) s91 "o is guilty ( sc&al2 if "o %>es 9 fraud1 "o is guilty ( inju/ice1 etc4 ,h5ce1 9 confession x does n suffice to say t "o has coop]at$ 9 s91 b "o mu/ also tell ! s9 committ$ & ! necess>y circum/ances4 #aead4 ,! ,s9fulness ( ,mat]ial ,coop]ation4--7a7 ,mat]ial coop]ation1 9 itself1 is s9ful2 = *>ity comm&s t "o /rive to prev5t ! s9 ( ano!r1 & mu* m !re=e does x =bid "o to help 9 ! s9 ( ano!r4 7b7 ,mat]ial coop]ation1 9 case ( great necessity1 is n s9ful2 = *>ity does n oblige "u s]i\s inconv5i5ce to self1 & x does n =bid "o to coop]ate by an indiff]5t act to prev5t a neighbor f committ+ a great] evil ?an ! evil he has 9 m9d4 ,he :o coop]ates mat]ially ?r\gh necessity does n cause s91 b uses 8 own "r1 :i* ! bad w ( ! o!r abuses & makes an occasion ( s9 7see #addg d74 #aeae4 ,lawfulness ( ,mat]ial ,coop]ation4--,! conditions necess>y 9 ord] t mat]ial coop]ation be lawful are ! same z = any o!r act t has a d\ble result 7see #ajd72 = f ! coop]ation foll[ two results1 "o t is bad 7viz41 ! s9 ( ! o!r p]son7 & "o t is good 7viz41 ! avoidance ( loss or ! ret5tion ( good74 ,two ( ! conditions requir$ 9 ! pr9ciple ( d\ble result ne$ n be consid]$1 h[ev]1 s9ce _! pres5ce is manife/ly assur$ by ! v fact t ! coop]ation is m]ely mat]ial4 7a7 ,?us1 ! condition t ! good effect mu/ n be secur$ ?r\gh ! evil effect is v]ifi$2 =1 if "o int5ds ! s9 ( ! o!r p>ty z a means to ! good end1 coop]ation is =mal4 ,h5ce1 if ,balbus helps ,claudius to get s9fully drunk1 s t ,claudius may g to confession ! soon]1 ! coop]ation ( ,balbus 9 ! drunk5ness ( ,claudius is =mal4 7b7 ,! condition t ! evil effect is n int5d$ is also v]ifi$2 = ! v def9ition ( mat]ial coop]ation excludes ! int5tion ( ! s9 committ$ by ! o!r p>ty4 #aeaf4 ,h5ce1 we may conf9e our att5tion to ! two rema9+ conditions /at$ 9 ! pr9ciple ( d\ble effect1 & conclude t mat]ial coop]ation is lawful :5 & if ! act ( ! coop]ator is itself good or indiff]5t1 & he has a reason suffici5tly weighty = p]mitt+ ! s9 ( ! o!r p>ty4 #aeag4 ,! fir/ condition ( mat]ial coop]ation is t ! act ( ! coop]ator mu/ be good or at lea/ indiff]5t2 =1 if x is evil1 ! coop]ation becomes implicitly =mal4 ,b1 s9ce x is (t5 difficult to det]m9e 9 p>ticul> in/ances :e!r coop]ation is intr9sically evil or m]ely indiff]5t1 "o mu/ exam9e ! nature & circum/ances ( ! act4 7a7 ,?us1 accord+ to its nature1 an act ( coop]ation is intr9sically evil1 if x has no uses except su* z are evil2 x is indiff]5t1 if1 accord+ to ! int5tion ( ^? :o use x1 x is n[ good1 n[ evil4 ,h5ce1 x is intr9sically wrong to assi/ 9 ! manufacture or di/ribution ( obsc5e books or pictures1 or ( drugs or in/rum5ts us$ exclusively = immoral purposes1 s9ce ! only use to :i* su* ?+s c be put is s9ful4 ,x is also intr9sically wrong to take "p ev5 remotely 9 pagan sup]/itions1 or to give any imm$iate assi/ance to an act :i* f its nature is oppos$ to ! ,six? ,comm&m5t4 ,b x is n intr9sically wrong to assi/ 9 ! manufacture ( fire>ms or poisons1 :i* h _m good uses1 or to act z bodygu>d to a p]son :o fe>s h>m f o!rs4 7b7 ,accord+ to its circum/ances1 an act ( coop]ation is evil1 if by reason ( adjuncts x is wrong1 z :5 x signifies approval ( evil1 gives sc&al to o!rs1 endang]s ! fai? or virtue ( ! coop]ator1 or violates a law ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?us1 x is n f ! nature ( ! act wrong to invite a p$e/rian to ride 9 "o's c>2 b x is wrong f ! circum/ances :5 ! p$e/rian asks to be tak5 to a spot :]e he int5ds to commit robb]y4 ,x is n wrong intr9sically to "w at build+ a temple2 b x is wrong f ! circum/ances1 :5 ?is act is reg>d$ by ! public z a sign ( adh]5ce to a false religion1 or :5 ! act causes sc&al 7see #ihc74 ,! laws ( ! ,*ur* on mix$ m>riage or neutral s*ools af=d o!r examples ( coop]ation lawful 9 "o set ( circum/ances1 b unlawful 9 ano!r on acc\nt ( significance1 sc&al1 dang]1 etc4 #aeah4 ,b ! circum/ance t ! coop]ator kn[s = c]ta9 t ! pr9cipal ag5t w use ! coop]ation = s9ful purposes1 or w take sc&al to ! ext5t ( be+ /r5g!n$ 9 8 evil designs by reason ( ! assi/ance giv51 does n necess>ily make coop]ation evil4 7a7 ,?us1 ! coop]ator may "k f ! decl>ation ( ! pr9cipal ag5t j :at is to be done1 & yet h no w :atev] to concur 9 ! evil4 ,h5ce1 if a p]son is =c$ at ! po9t ( a revolv] to help 9 robb+ 8 own gue/s1 he kn[s v well :at is be+ done1 b he c]ta9ly does n approve ( x4 7b7 ,! coop]ator may "k t sc&al w be occasion$ by ! coop]ation1 ei!r to ! pr9cipal ag5t or to o!rs1 b he may h suffici5t reasons = p]mitt+ x 7see #adgh1 #adhb74 ,?us1 if ! employee ( an und]tak+ e/abli%m5t has ord]s to assi/ at ! fun]al ( an an>*i/1 & w lose 8 means ( livelihood if he does n comply1 he is n oblig$ to suff] ?is great detrim5t to avoid ,ph>isaic sc&al or ev5 sc&al ( ! weak4 ,b he %\ld1 if possible1 decl>e 8 want ( sympa?y ) an>*y1 if he kn[s ( "s an>*i/ pres5t :o reg>ds 8 coop]ation z a m>k ( sympa?y = ! pr9ciples ( ! deceas$4 #aeai4 ,! second condition = lawful mat]ial coop]ation is t ! coop]ator %\ld h a reason suffici5tly weighty = p]mitt+ ! evil connect$ ) 8 coop]ation4 ,! /&>ds = judg+ :e!r a reason is suffici5tly weighty1 are ! rules giv5 above on p]mission ( an evil effect 7see #aje74 7a7 ,h5ce1 ! grav] ! s9 t w be committ$1 ! grav] ! reason requir$ = coop]ation4 ,?us1 a great] reason is requir$ = coop]ation 9 assault ?an = coop]ation 9 !ft4 7b7 ,! ne>] ! coop]ation is to ! act ( s91 ! great] ! reason requir$ = coop]ation4 ,?us1 he :o sells pap] to ! publi%] ( obsc5e books coop]ates remotely2 he :o sets ! type or reads ! pro(s ( su* books coop]ates proximately4 ,a great] reason is necess>y = ! latt] ?an = ! =m] coop]ation4 7c7 ,! great] ! dep5d5ce ( ! evil act on "o's coop]ation1 ! great] ! reason requir$ = coop]ation4 ,?us1 a m s]i\s reason is ne$$ to ju/ify giv+ intoxicants to a p]son :o abuses liquors1 if he is unable to procure !m else:]e1 ?an if he c easily get !m f o!rs4 ,b ! fact t1 if y d5y intoxicants or o!r coop]ation1 ano!r p]son w grant :at y d5y1 is n ( itself a suffici5t reason = coop]ation4 7d7 ,! m c]ta9 ! evil act1 ! great] ! reason requir$ = coop]ation4 ,example3 ,titus gets drunk frequ5tly1 ,balbus at int]vals4 ,h5ce1 a great] reason is ne$$ = provid+ liquor to ,titus ?an to ,balbus4 7e7 ,! m obligation "o is "u to avoid ! act ( coop]ation or to prev5t ! act ( s91 ! great] ! reason mu/ be = coop]ation4 ,h5ce1 a mu* great] reason is necess>y = lawful coop]ation by ^? :o are b\nd ex (ficio1 f piety or ju/ice1 to prev5t a s9 7su* z p>5ts1 spiritual directors1 & policem57 ?an on ! "p ( ^? :o are n s b\nd4 #aebj4 ,reasons = coop]ation correspond 9 gravity ) ! importance ( ! goods or evils involv$ 7see #aafc sqq474 7a7 ,h5ce1 a grave reason = coop]ation exi/s :51 if "o refuses x1 a great good w be lo/ or a great evil incurr$4 ,a day's wages or income is g5]ally a great good2 a sev]e or long-cont9u$ pa91 great ang] ( an employ] or o!r sup]ior1 ?+s t br+ on notable annoyance1 %ame1 repugnance1 etc41 are examples ( great evils4 7b7 ,a v grave reason = coop]ation is ! ga9 or ret5tion ( a v great good or ! avoidance ( a v great evil4 ,a notable p]c5tage ( ! goods ( "o's /ation 9 life %\ld be consid]$ z a v great good4 ,a sev]e & long-cont9u$ illness1 unemploym5t on ! "p ( ! breade>n] ( a ne$y family1 s]i\s detrim5t to "o's honor1 reputation or peace ( m9d1 etc41 are examples ( v great evils4 7c7 ,grav] reasons = coop]ation are ^? t surpass ! v grave )\t be+ supreme1 su* z ! loss ( "o's /ation 9 life1 incurable disease1 loss ( an eye or o!r pr9cipal memb]1 sev]e or p]petual imprisonm5t4 7d7 ,mo/ grave reasons = coop]ation are ! public safety ( ,*ur* or ,/ate1 loss ( all "o's prop]ty1 dea?1 extreme disgrace1 & ! l4 #aeba4 ,:5 ! s9 committ$ by ! pr9cipal ag5t is grave1 b conta9s no inju/ice to a ?ird p>ty1 ! reasons = coop]ation ne$ n be s s]i\s z :5 ! s9 is grave & unju/4 7a7 ,?us1 imm$iate & indisp5sable coop]ation is ju/ifi$ 9 ord] to avoid grave loss to self2 = example1 "o may ask absolution f an unwor?y m9i/]1 9 ord] to recov] ! /ate ( grace m quickly4 7b7 ,imm$iate & n indisp5sable coop]ation1 or m$iate & indisp5sable coop]ation1 is lawful :5 x is necess>y 9 ord] to avoid a mod]ate loss4 ,examples3 ,"o may receive ,communion f an unwor?y m9i/] 9 ord] to make ! ,ea/] duty m conv5i5tly4 ,"o may supply intoxicants to a drunk>d 9 ord] to avoid a brawl1 if !re is no "t to call 9 ! /rong arm ( ! law to subdue ! drunk>d4 7c7 ,m$iate & n indisp5sable coop]ation is ju/ifi$ ev5 by avoidance ( a slight loss4 ,example3 ,a but*] may sell meat on ,friday to a cook :o w s]ve x to "s p]sons b\nd by ab/95ce1 if ! cook c easily get ! meat f o!rs & ! pr(it w g else:]e1 unless ! but*] sells h] ! meat4 #aebb4 ,:5 ! s9 committ$ by ! pr9cipal ag5t is a grave inju/ice to a private p>ty1 ! reasons = coop]ation ne$ n be s s]i\s z :5 ! s9 is aga9/ ! public good4 7a7 ,?us1 imm$iate & indisp5sable coop]ation is p]missible1 if )\t x "o _c avoid a loss to self t is bo? c]ta9 & ( a high] k9d1 or at lea/ a great] "o ( ! same k9d ?an t :i* w be suff]$ by ! injur$ p>ty2 = ?is latt] w\ld be unreasonable1 if he expect$ "o to suff] a great] loss 9 ord] to sp>e him4 ,example3 ,m]curius1 a s]vant1 is ?reat5$ ) in/ant dea? if he does n op5 a safe ( 8 employ]1 take f x c]ta9 pap]s1 & deliv] !m to a burgl>4 7b7 ,imm$iate & n indisp5sable coop]ation1 or m$iate & indisp5sable coop]ation1 is all[$ if necess>y = ! avoidance ( an equal loss to self4 ,examples3 ,! burgl> m5tion$ above c bl[ op5 ! safe if ,m]curius refuses to op5 x1 b1 if he is put to ?is tr\ble1 he w /eal f ,m]curius valuables comp>able to ! pap]s 9 ! safe4 ,claudius1 a s]vant1 op5s a backdoor1 ! only way ?r\gh :i* a burgl> c ent] secretly1 because he is tak5 by surprise1 & refusal on 8 "p w inevitably co/ him ! loss ( pap]s equally z valuable z ^? ! burgl> wi%es to secure4 ,sempronius wi%es to rob a h\se1 b he _c get !re )\t ! assi/ance ( ,caius1 a *auffeur4 ,caius und]/&s ! purpose ( ,sempronius1 b1 if he refuses to take him to ! h\se1 ,sempronius w give out in=mation t w d almo/ z mu* h>m to ,caius z ! robb]y w\ld d to ! own] ( ! h\se4 7c7 ,m$iate & n indisp5sable coop]ation is ju/ifi$ by ! avoidance ( a loss to self less ?an ! loss ( ! injur$ p>ty1 b 9 proportion to x1 ,example3 ,balbus is usually hone/1 b today he is go+ out to 8fleece0 a numb] ( unsuspect+ victims1 & he gives ord]s to 8 s]vant ,titus to get 8 coat & hat & op5 ! door1 & to 8 *auffeur ,caius to drive him to ! gambl+ place4 ,titus & ,caius h an inkl+ ( ,balbus' plans1 b no pro(s4 ,if !y disobey 8 ord]s1 o!r s]vants w d :at ,balbus asks1 ! sw9dl+ w n be /opp$1 b ,titus w be demot$1 & ,caius ?r[n out ( ! position necess>y = 8 livelihood4 #aebc4 ,:5 ! s9 committ$ by ! pr9cipal ag5t is aga9/ "s good ( a public "*1 ?\gh n aga9/ ! common safety1 /ill great] reasons are necess>y = coop]ation ?an ^? giv5 above4 7a7 ,?us1 imm$iate & indisp5sable coop]ation is all[$ to avoid a great] public evil1 or an equal public evil jo9$ ) grave loss to self2 = x is lawful to p]mit a less] 9 ord] to escape a great] evil4 ,?us1 ! law may tol]ate c]ta9 evils = ! sake ( public tranquillity1 if ! attempt to suppress !m w\ld lead to s]i\s di/urbances4 ,"o may delay to d5\nce a practice t is do+ h>m to a family1 if an imm$iate compla9t w\ld cause an equal h>m to ! family & br+ on ! mak] ( ! compla9t a s]i\s evil4 7b7 ,imm$iate & n indisp5sable coop]ation1 or m$iate & indisp5sable coop]ation1 is p]mitt$ :5 x is necess>y to avoid an equal public evil1 or a v s]i\s p]sonal evil proportionate accord+ to prud5t judgm5t to ! public h>m done4 ,?us1 an actor :o has a h>mless "p 9 a some:at evil play may act x = a "t1 if ! company c easily obta9 sub/itutes b he _c easily obta9 o!r employm5t & ne$s 8 wages4 ,simil>ly1 ! own] ( ! only !atre 9 t[n may r5t x to t company 9 ord] to be able to refuse x to ano!r company t is worse4 7c7 ,m$iate & n indisp5sable coop]ation may be all[$ :5 !re is ne$ ( avoid+ a grave loss to self :i* _c be prev5t$ except by coop]ation4 ,?us1 ! u%]s 9 ! !atre :o h no pres5t way ( support+ dep5d5ts except by ! wages !y are e>n+1 may help patrons to seats1 ev5 :5 ! play t is be+ %[n is n morally unobjectionable4 #aebd4 ,:5 ! s9 committ$ by ano!r is direct$ aga9/ ! necess>y public welf>e 7i4e41 aga9/ ! common safety ( ,*ur* or ,/ate71 "o may n coop]ate1 b %\ld resi/4 ,9 ?is case3 7a7 coop]ation is unlawful1 = !re is no great] public good to ju/ify x1 & mu* less c x be ju/ifi$ by private good2 7b7 resi/ance %\ld be made1 if possible2 = ! individual %\ld be will+ to suff] loss1 spoliation1 & dea? itself to cons]ve ! safety ( ! ,*ur* or ( ! ,/ate4 #aebe4 ,9 giv+ reasons suffici5t = coop]ation ) s9s injuri\s to ! s9n] alone or to "s ?ird p>ty1 we consid]$ only ! h>m or loss to oneself t w\ld result f a refusal to coop]ate4 ,b ! good ( o!rs may also suffice = coop]ation4 7a7 ,?us1 ! good ( ! s9n] may ju/ify "o 9 coop]at+1 z :5 "o assi/s 9 ord] to prev5t ! commission ( a great] evil4 ,x w\ld n be wrong to give :isky to "o :o wi%$ to make himself drunk1 if o!rwise he w\ld take poison$ alcohol4 7b7 ,! good ( a ?ird p>ty may ju/ify coop]ation1 z :5 "o assi/s 9 p]petrat+ a m9or injury aga9/ him 9 ord] to /op a major injury4 ,x w\ld n be wrong to b9d & gag a man :o 0 be+ robb$1 if o!rwise a burgl> w\ld murd] him4 7c7 ,! common good w (t5 be a ju/ify+ reason4 ,?us1 9 political affairs x is at times necess>y 9 indiff]5t matt]s to compromise ) oppon5ts1 ^: g5]al policies "o does n approve1 9 ord] to secure ! election ( good citiz5s or ! pass+ ( good laws1 :5 ^! ends are v important = ! g5]al welf>e4 ,x is lawful to adm9i/] a ,sacram5t to "o :o is unwor?y 9 ord] to avoid a public evil1 su* z di/urbance or sc&al among ! p4 #aebf4 ,lawfulness ( ,imm$iate ,coop]ation4--7a7 ,if "o _c coop]ate imm$iately )\t p]=m+ an act t is intr9sically evil 7see #aeag71 imm$iate coop]ation is1 ( c\rse1 unlawful4 ,?us1 if "o help$ a trembl+ assass9 to adm9i/] poison or to /ab or %oot to dea? ! victim1 "o w\ld be an accomplice 9 murd]2 if "o assi/$ a decrepit pagan to burn inc5se be=e an idol1 "o w\ld be an accomplice 9 false wor%ip4 7b7 ,if "o c coop]ate imm$iately )\t p]=m+ an act intr9sically evil1 imm$iate coop]ation is held lawful by "s au?orities1 b !re are o!rs :o say t all imm$iate coop]ation is s9ful4 #aebg4 ,argum5ts = ! ,oppos+ ,op9ions on ,imm$iate ,coop]ation4--7a7 ,^? :o d5y ! lawfulness ( all imm$iate coop]ation argue t imm$iate coop]ation does n diff] f complicity1 & h5ce t x is always intr9sically wrong4 ,if !ft is ! tak+ away ( goods )\t ! k & cons5t ( ! own]1 :at %all we call ! act ( a s]vant :o assi/s a ?ief by c>ry+ out ! family silv] to a wait+ automobile8 ,! fact t ! s]vant does ?is to save himself f w\nds or dea? _c *ange ! moral "* ( ! act1 else we %all h to say t ! end may ju/ify ! means4 ,& :at is said ( !ft1 c be said likewise ( o!r species ( s94 7b7 ,^? :o affirm ! lawfulness ( imm$iate coop]ation 9 c]ta9 cases argue t circum/ances may take away evil f an act ( assi/ance giv5 to a s9n]1 s t ! act becomes indiff]5t or good4 ,?us1 !ft is ! tak+ away ( :at belongs to ano!r aga9/ ! reasonable w ( ! own]4 ,n[1 ! own] w\ld be unreasonable if he 7 unwill+ t "o %\ld coop]ate 9 remov+ 8 goods1 if "o _h to d s 9 ord] to protect "o's life1 at lea/ if "o _h n engag$ to def5d 8 goods2 = "o is b\nd to protect "o's life 9 pref]5ce to ! goods ( ano!r4 ,if a />v+ man may take a loaf ( bread )\t ! own]'s cons5t1 :y may n "o save "o's life by assi/+ a desp]ate crim9al to c>ry (f money8 ,moreov]1 x is commonly admitt$ t a p]son 9 great ne$ may lawfully ask a ,sacram5t f a m9i/] :o is unwor?y & :o w s9 by conf]r+ x2 t is1 "o may coop]ate imm$iately ) ! unwor?y adm9i/ration ( a ,sacram5t & yet be free ( guilt on acc\nt ( ! circum/ances4 #aebh4 ,special ,cases ( ,coop]ation4--,! cases ( coop]ation1 l ^? involv+ sc&al1 are innum]able1 b !re are c]ta9 cases :i* occur today m frequ5tly ?an o!rs1 namely1 ^? ( coop]ation ) evil publications1 dances1 & !atres1 & ^? ( ! coop]ation ( m]*ants1 innkeep]s1 r5t]s1 s]vants1 & work+m54 ,coop]ation 9 s9s aga9/ fai? & s9s aga9/ ju/ice are treat$ 9 _! prop] places1 b x w be useful "h to speak ( ^! o!r special k9ds ( coop]ation1 s9ce !y (f] _m difficulties & a consid]ation ( !m n[ w illu/rate ! g5]al pr9ciples on coop]ation j giv54 ,h[ev]1 ! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be not$3 7a7 ,! application ( ! def9itions & rules ab\t coop]ation to p>ticul> cases is "o ( ! mo/ difficult tasks ( ,moral ,!ology1 & h5ce !re w be f\nd great div]sity ( op9ion among !ologians on p>ticul> po9ts4 ,space =bids a discussion "h ( ! oppos+ op9ions1 & we %all h to cont5t ourselves1 9 "s ( ! illu/rations t foll[1 ) solutions t are likely1 b ^: opposites are also likely4 7b7 ,! cases t foll[ are treat$ accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( coop]ation4 ,b frequ5tly 9 actual life !re w be o!r factors to be consid]$1 su* z ! occasion ( s9 to oneself or sc&al to o!rs4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 !n1 t :5 a p>ticul> k9d ( mat]ial coop]ation is "h said to be lawful1 ?is mu/ be und]/ood z ab/ractly speak+2 = 9 an individual in/ance !re may be circum/ances ( dang] or dis$ification :i* w\ld make x unlawful--a ?+ t (t5 happ5s4 #aebi4 ,=mal ,coop]ation ) ,evil ,read+ ,matt]4--7a7 ,cases ( =mal coop]ation on acc\nt ( explicit int5tion to d h>m are ^? ( ! manag]s1 editors1 ord9>y collaborators & au?ors ( p]iodicals1 newspap]s1 books1 etc41 :i* are oppos$ ex pr(esso to fai? & good morals2 = ^! p]sons are ! bra9s :i* direct & select :at is to be writt5 & publi%$1 & ! matt] !y are creat+ or putt+ on pap] is evil1 & has no direct purpose except evil4 7b7 ,cases ( =mal coop]ation on acc\nt ( implicit int5tion to d h>m are ^? ( ! responsible heads ( pr9t+ or publi%+ firms & _! pr9t]s1 :o agree to publi% su* objectionable writt5 matt]2 ( booksell]s1 own]s ( news/&s1 etc41 :o agree to sell x2 =1 z we suppose1 ^! p]sons und]/& t ! matt] 9 "q is intr9sically h>mful & gravely =bidd54 #aecj4 ,coop]ation ) evil newspap]s & o!r read+ matt] is mat]ial & lawful if ! matt] itself is n entirely evil1 t is1 if x has good uses z well z bad1 & "o has a reason = coop]ation t is j & proportionate to ! k9d ( coop]ation4 ,! foll[+ are examples ( coop]ation t may be m]ely mat]ial & lawful3 7a7 ,moral coop]ation is giv5 by writ]s ( good matt] :o assi/ z collaborators2 by ^? :o (f] small notices or adv]tisem5ts2 by read]s :o use a book1 p]iodical1 newspap]1 etc41 = ! good matt] x conta9s & skip ! re/4 ,= all ^! p]sons contribute 9 a great] or less degree1 accord+ to _! influ5ce1 reputation1 & ability1 to ! pre/ige & success ( ! j\rnal1 magaz9e or volume1 ) :i* _! names are connect$ or :i* !y patronize4 ,reasons suffici5t to excuse 9 ^! cases1 giv5 by "s au?ors1 are ! foll[+3 = a p]man5t contributor1 a v grave reason1 su* z ! ne$ ( support = 8 family :i* he _c e>n 9 any o!r way2 = an occasional contributor1 a r grave reason1 su* z ! opportunity ( refut+ error or ( sett+ =? true pr9ciples 7see ,canon #achf1 ,sec4 #b72 = ! habitual read]1 a reason some:at grave1 su* z ! advantage ( reports useful = 8 bus9ess :i* _c be f\nd else:]e2 = ! occasional read]1 a slight reason1 su* z ent]ta9m5t to be d]iv$ f read+ a good /ory2 = ! small adv]tis]1 a slight reason1 su* z pr(it 9 bus9ess4 ,^? :o by laudatory descriptions 9 adv]tisem5ts or book reviews urge o!rs to buy & read evil books are guilty ( s$uction1 r ?an coop]ation 7see #adie74 7b7 ,f9ancial coop]ation is giv5 by ^? :o end[ or subsidize a publication1 by %>ehold]s1 by l>ge adv]tis]s1 by subscrib]s1 etc4 ,reasons consid]$ suffici5t 9 ^! cases are z foll[s3 = ! orig9al provid]s ( capital1 only a mo/ grave reason2 = ! buy]s ( mu* /ock or adv]tis+ space1 only a v grave reason2 = subscrib]s1 a grave reason su* z w\ld suffice = habitual read+4 7c7 ,mat]ial assi/ance is giv5 by ^? :o produce or di/ribute a publication & by ^? :o furni% necess>y mat]ial4 ,among ! produc]s1 ! proximate coop]ators are1 fir/1 ! manag]s ( ! pr9t+ company1 &1 secondly1 ! pr9t]s1 ! 8read]s0 & ! correctors2 ! remote coop]ators are ! typesett]s1 arrang]s ( ink & pap]1 b9d]s1 & ma*9e op]ators4 ,= proximate coop]ation x is held t a mo/ grave reason suffices1 z :5 a pr9t] _c o!rwise support himself & 8 family2 = remote coop]ation a grave reason is ne$$4 ,among ! di/ributors1 !re are degrees ( proximity 9 coop]ation z foll[s3 fir/1 ^? :o put ! read+ matt] into ! h&s ( o!rs 7e4g41 by keep+ x on ! tables 9 _! wait+ rooms or (fices72 next1 ^? :o keep x = pur*as]s :o may ask = x2 f9ally1 ^? :o are employ$ z keep]s ( news/&s1 newsboys1 etc4 ,we _c ?9k ( any reason suffici5t to excuse ! fir/ k9d ( coop]ation1 s9ce !re is no lack ( good read+ matt] :i* doctors1 lawy]s1 b>b]s1 etc11 c provide = ^? :o are wait+ 9 _! rooms2 = ! second k9d ( coop]ation1 a v grave reason suffices1 su* z loss ( trade by a poor booksell]1 if he w\ld n supply 8 patrons ) popul> books or p]iodicals ( a less elevat$ k9d2 = ! ?ird k9d ( coop]ation1 a grave reason suffices4 ,among ! suppli]s are ^? :o sell to ! pr9t] 8 ink1 type1 ma*9]y1 etc4 ,^! coop]ate only remotely1 & x is held t pr(it is a suffici5t reason = _! coop]ation4 ,?is we admit1 if ! coop]ation is n indisp5sable1 b we d n ?9k t pr(it alone w\ld uni=mly ju/ify volunt>y coop]ation ^u :i* dep5d$ ! publication ( p]nici\s matt]4 #aeca4 ,=mal ,coop]ation ) ,evil ,dances or ,plays4--7a7 ,cases ( =mal coop]ation on acc\nt ( explicit int5tion to d h>m are ^? ( ! orig9ators ( s9ful dances & ! writ]s ( indec5t plays4 7b7 ,cases ( =mal coop]ation on acc\nt ( implicit int5tion to d h>m are ^? ( ! managem5ts t produce bad %[s1 organize bad dances1 or make ! arrangem5ts or issue ! invitations = ^! affairs4 #aecb4 ,mat]ial ,coop]ation ) ,evil ,dances or ,plays4--,mat]ial coop]ation is lawful1 if ! coop]ation is n itself intr9sically wrong1 & if !re is a suffici5t reason = p]mitt+ x4 7a7 ,cases ( imm$iate mat]ial coop]ation are ^? ( play]s & danc]s :o h h>mless p>ts 9 ! p]=mance4 ,a v grave reason1 su* z avoidance ( p5ury1 is consid]$ z suffici5t excuse "h1 at lea/ = a "t4 7b7 ,cases ( proximate mat]ial coop]ation are ^? ( musicians or s+]s1 :o d n p]=m lascivi\s music2 ( spectators1 :o %[ no approval ( ! evil t is done2 ( ^? :o buy tickets b d n att5d4 ,a m s]i\s reason is requir$ 9 ! musician at ! dance ?an 9 ! musician at ! play1 = ! =m] directs ! dance1 :ile ! latt] only accompanies ! play4 ,likewise1 a m s]i\s reason is requir$ :5 "o att5ds (t51 or :5 "o's patronage is ess5tial to ! success ( ! occasion1 ?an :5 "o att5ds only r>ely1 or :5 ! play or dance does n dep5d on "o's pres5ce or patronage4 7c7 ,cases ( remote mat]ial coop]ation are ^? ( ! own]s :o r5t _! !atres or dance-halls or cab>ets1 ( u%]s1 gu>ds1 box-(fice employees1 /age h&s1 etc4 ,x is held t pr(it is a suffici5t reason to ju/ify ! own]s 9 r5t+ _! places1 if ! !atrical company or dance managem5t c readily f9d o!r places 9 case !y are s5t away4 ,! u%]s1 gu>ds1 & ! l are excus$1 if !y _c easily f9d o!r employm5t2 b ?is does n ju/ify gaz+ on immode/ spectacles or laugh+ at or applaud+ obsc5e jokes4 #aecc4 ,=mal ,coop]ation by ! ,manufacture or ,sale ( ,objects ,^: ,sole ,purpose is ,gravely or ,v5ially ,s9ful4--7a7 ,cases ( explicit coop]ation are ^? ( ! inv5tor ( contraceptives or ( in/rum5ts t fru/rate g5]ation1 ( ! design]s ( blasphem\s repres5tations or ( tablets 9 honor ( false deities1 ! au?ors ( some:at pr(ane or irrev]5t c>ds1 & ! l4 7b7 ,cases ( implicit coop]ation are ^? ( p]sons :o1 = pr(it only1 make or sell objects su* z ^? j m5tion$1 :ile kn[+ t ! purpose to :i* !y naturally t5d is ! commission ( s94 #aecd4 ,mat]ial coop]ation by ! manufacture or sale ( objects t are us$ = gravely or v5ially s9ful purposes1 is lawful "u ! conditions giv5 9 #aeae4 ,h5ce1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! coop]ation itself mu/ n be intr9sically s9ful1 t is1 ! object made or sold mu/ h good z well z evil uses4 ,!re are two classes ( objects ( ?is k9d3 7a7 !re are "s objects :i* may h good uses1 b :i* 9 fact are ne>ly always made to s]ve bad ends 7e4g41 idols1 insignia ( =bidd5 societies1 pictures ( ! nude1 ultra-fa%ionable dress1 c]ta9 drugs or poisons1 blackjacks1 & pi/ol sil5c]s72 7b7 !re are o!r objects :i* are indiff]5t 9 !mselves1 al?\gh (t5 employ$ = s9ful uses 7e4g41 dice1 play+ c>ds & *ips1 r\ge1 lip/icks1 necklaces & o!r fem99e adornm5ts1 imitation jewelry1 adult]at$ articles1 & ! l74 #aece4 ,! rules ab\t proportionate cause = coop]ation by ! manufacture or sale ( ?+s t are employ$ 9 committ+ s9 are ^? giv5 above 9 #aeai4 7a7 ,h5ce1 ! great] ! s9 t w be committ$ or ! m h>mful ! consequ5ces t w ensue f ! use ( an object1 ! great] ! reason requir$ = mak+1 repair+ or sell+ x4 ,9 "s in/ances only a mo/ grave reason w excuse1 su* z p]il ( in/ant dea? = refusal4 ,?us1 "o may n sell poison or drugs to a p]son :o contemplates suicide1 murd]1 or abortion4 ,"o may n sell n>cotics to a p]son :o asks = !m 9 good fai? & :o _c obta9 !m else:]e1 b :o w become a drug-fi5d if !y are giv5 him4 ,"o may n sell morph9e1 h]o91 etc41 to a p]son :o is already a drug-addict & :o w abuse ! drugs1 unless !re is a v grave reason = n refus+1 su* z dang] t refusal w lead him to set fire to ! build+4 ,if "o has all ! play+ c>ds 9 "s remote hamlet1 "o %\ld n sell !m )\t grave reason to a cu/om] :o w sp5d a great "p ( ! "t at games to ! neglect ( s]i\s duties1 nor )\t a v grave reason to a cu/om] :o is a c>d %>p] & :o w sw9dle _m innoc5t victims1 or to a gambl] :o w wa/e ! money due to 8 wife & family4 7b7 ,! m closely relat$ an object is ) s9ful uses1 ! grav] mu/ be ! excuse = hav+ "p 9 its manufacture or sale4 ,?us1 an ord9>y reason 7e4g41 pr(it7 might suffice = sell+ a lamb to a pagan or attractive ornam5ts ( dress to a woman1 :]e only a v grave or mo/ grave reason w\ld suffice = sell+ inc5se to a pagan or ornam5ts t are frequ5tly us$ z amulets or *>ms4 ,g5]ally speak+1 x is s]i\sly wrong & gravely s9ful to make or sell articles ^: ord9>y use is gravely s9ful4 7c7 ,! m a cu/om] dep5ds on a det]m9ate manufactur] or m]*ant to obta9 su* an object1 ! m s]i\s mu/ be ! reason = mak+ or sell+ x4 ,?us1 a grave reason1 su* z a notable loss1 is suffici5t reason = sell+ a special fancy app>el to a notori\s 8vampire0 7i4e41 a woman :o c>ries on sc&al\s flirtations 9 ord] to get pres5ts71 if ! adornm5ts c be obta9$ f o!r dressmak]s or modi/es or /ores2 b a mu* grav] reason w\ld be requir$1 if ! app>el c\ld n be pur*as$ except at "o place4 ,9 ! =m] case1 refusal to sell w\ld n prev5t ! activities ( ?is woman2 9 ! latt] case1 x w\ld at lea/ h9d] h] to "s ext5t4 7d7 ,! m c]ta9 x is t an object w be employ$ s9fully1 ! great] mu/ be ! reason = mak+1 repair+ or sell+ x4 ,examples3 ,sempronius1 a curio deal]1 is ask$ by ?ree m5 = a /atue ( ,joss along ) joss-/icks & pap]s4 ,! fir/ cu/om] says he int5ds to use ^! articles = religi\s rites2 ! second w n tell :at 8 purpose is2 ! ?ird wi%es to pres5t ! articles to a museum4 ,sempronius may n sell to ! fir/ cu/om] except = a mo/ grave reason1 su* z fe> ( dea? if he refuses2 he may n sell to ! second cu/om] )\t a v great reason1 su* z a v consid]able loss to himself2 he may sell to ! ?ird cu/om] = an ord9>y reason1 su* z ! pr(it he makes f ! sale4 ,titus1 :o sells fire>ms1 kn[s t "s ( 8 cu/om]s1 ?\gh he has no p>ticul> individuals 9 m9d1 w use ^! weapons unlawfully 9 poa*+ or %oot+ out ( season4 ,s9ce evil is n to be presum$ ( any p>ticul> individual1 ,titus has ! "r to sell to all = ! usual reason ( bus9ess pr(it4 #aecf4 ,is a m]*ant b\nd to inquire ! use :i* a cu/om] w make ( an article t is (t5 employ$ = s98 7a7 ,if ! positive law requires t ! m]*ant in=m himself1 he is b\nd to make inquiries necess>y = obta9+ ! in=mation4 ,?us1 if ! civil law =bids ! sale ( weapons )\t a p]mit or ( poisons )\t a prescription1 ! m]*ant has to ask = ! cu/om]'s au?orization to buy4 7b7 ,if ! positive law has no su* regulation1 we %\ld di/+ui% betwe5 articles t are frequ5tly us$ = s9 & articles t are g5]ally us$ = s94 ,:5 an article ( ! =m] class is reque/$1 !re is no obligation to make inquiries1 = su* an obligation w\ld be unduly burd5some2 b1 if an article ( ! latt] class is desir$1 "o %\ld make inquiries1 unless "o is morally c]ta9 t ! int5tion ( ! cu/om] is good1 or !re is a v grave reason = seek+ no in=mation4 ,?us1 "o may sell a deck ( c>ds to a /rang] )\t ask+ = pro(s t he is n a confid5ce man 9 disguise2 b "o may n sell deadly poison to an entire /rang] m]ely on ! /r5g? ( 8 ^w t he ne$s x = m$ical or o!r lawful purposes4 #aecg4 ,s9ful ,coop]ation 9 ,provid]s ( ,food & ,dr9k4--7a7 ,!re is explicit =mal coop]ation ) s9s ( gluttony1 drunk5ness1 violation ( fa/ or ab/95ce1 :5ev] "o gladly supplies ! means = ^! s9s to ^? :o are ab\t to commit !m4 ,?us1 if a ho/ supplies a gue/ :o is ov]dr9k+ ) all ! intoxicants ! latt] desires1 & secretly wi%es t ! gue/ may make himself drunk1 !re is explicit coop]ation4 ,!re is implicit =mal coop]ation :5 he :o supplies ! food or dr9k does n directly int5d evil1 b :5 ! act ( giv+ ! food or dr9k is f ! circum/ances ( ! case an evil act1 z :5 a p]son is giv5 a meal :i* w n agree ) him & w make him sick or aggravate a malady1 or :5 a p]son :o wi%es to violate a fa/ o/5tati\sly to %[ contempt is furni%$ ) ! eatables he asks =4 7b7 ,!re is unlawful mat]ial coop]ation :5 "o does n approve ( ! s9 t w be committ$1 b nev]!less )\t suffici5t reason supplies ! food or dr9k4 ,?us1 !re is s9ful coop]ation :5 a re/aurant own] gives meat on ,friday to "o n disp5s$1 = no o!r reason ?an ! pr(it he himself w make4 #aech4 ,mat]ial coop]ation 9 provid+ food or dr9k to ^? :o ask x1 b h no "r to take x1 is lawful :5 "o has ! "r to provide ! food or dr9k1 & !re is a suffici5t reason = coop]ation4 ,! suffici5cy ( ! reason dep5ds on circum/ances1 z expla9$ 9 #aeai4 7a7 ,h5ce1 a great] reason is requir$ :5 ! s9 t ! o!r p]son w commit w be great]4 ,?us1 a grave reason1 su* z indignation ( a cu/om]1 might suffice = coop]ation ) a v5ial violation ( temp]ance or ab/95ce2 b a grav] reason1 su* z a s]i\s qu>rel1 is requir$ if ! violation w be mortally s9ful4 ,a grav] reason is also necess>y :5 ! consequ5ces w be m h>mful 7e4g41 ! fights ( ! drunk>d1 or ! s]i\s illness ( "o :o has neglect$ 8 diet7 ?an :5 !y are less h>mful 7e4g41 ! fooli% talk ( ! drunk>d1 or ! /upefaction ( ! glutton74 7b7 ,a great] reason is requir$ :5 ! coop]ation is clos]4 ,?us1 9 supply+ meat ! but*] coop]ates only remotely1 :ile ! cook :o prep>es x & ! wait] :o s]ves x coop]ate proximately4 7c7 ,a great] reason is necess>y :5 "o's coop]ation is ess5tial to ! commission ( ! s94 ,?us1 9 a l>ge t[n :]e !re are _m re/aurants1 ! fact t a cu/om] w\ld qu>rel if d5i$ meat on a day ( ab/95ce w\ld excuse coop]ation1 :]eas 9 a small village :i* has only "o eat+ place1 x seems !re %\ld be a m s]i\s reason1 su* z blasphemies or boycott or /rike aga9/ "o's bus9ess :i* ! refusal ( meat might evoke4 7d7 ,a great] reason is call$ = :5 ! s9 ( ! o!r p]son is m c]ta9 to foll[4 ,?us1 a re/aurant-keep] :o is patroniz$ by /rang]s ( all k9ds1 temp]ate & intemp]ate1 ,ca?olic & non-,ca?olic1 may s]ve w9e at meals1 :]e ?is is all[$1 & provide meat on days ( ab/95ce = all com]s2 = ! d9]s are n kn[n to him1 & x w\ld n be possible = him to in=m himself :e!r !y are sob] 9 _! habits or exempt$ f ! law ( ab/95ce4 ,b 9 a bo>d+ h\se ! l&lady %\ld n cons5t to h /rong bev]ages on ! table1 :5 %e kn[s t "s ( ^? pres5t w !reby become intoxicat$2 nei!r %\ld %e agree to provide meat on ,fridays = a ,ca?olic :o is n excus$ f ab/95ce1 unless !re is a s]i\s reason1 su* z ! loss ( ?is bo>d] :i* %e _c af=d on acc\nt ( h] pov]ty4 ,moreov]1 s9ce disp5sation is giv5 f ! laws ( fa/ & ab/95ce b n f ! law ( temp]ance1 !re is less c]ta9ty ab\t ! int5t to s9 :5 "o asks = meat on ,friday ?an :5 "o asks = a great quantity ( liquor to be br\ght to "o's table4 ,drunk5ness is also m c]ta9 :5 a p]son :o asks = dr9k is already some:at "u its influ5ce4 #aeci4 ,! s9s ) :i* "o coop]ates by supply+ food or dr9k to o!rs :o h no "r to x are m or less s]i\s accord+ z !y violate ! natural law or only positive human law4 7a7 ,?us1 violation ( fa/ & ab/95ce is oppos$ to ! natural law :5 x is int5d$ z a manife/ation ( hatr$ ( religion4 ,"o may n coop]ate ) a violation ( fa/ & ab/95ce :i* is manife/ly ( ?is "*4 7b7 ,violation ( temp]ance is also oppos$ to natural law1 & d\bly s :5 x leads to su* evils z qu>rels1 fights1 murd]s1 blasphemies1 etc4 ,x is n lawful to coop]ate ) intemp]ance1 unless ?is is necess>y 9 ord] to prev5t ! commission ( a great] s9 by ! o!r p]son1 or a s]i\s loss to oneself4 ,?us1 x is n unlawful to supply :isky to a burgl> :o wi%es to get drunk1 if ?is is ! only way "o c prev5t ! robb]y ( a ?ird p>ty or s]i\s injury to oneself4 7c7 ,violation ( a fa/ or ab/95ce 9 itself is oppos$ only to positive law2 &1 s9ce fa/+ is m difficult ?an ab/95ce1 "o is m easily excus$ f ! obs]vance ( ! =m] ?an f t ( ! latt]4 ,h5ce1 if !re is a d\bt :e!r a cu/om] has a "r to receive ! food or dr9k he asks =1 a re/aurant-keep] c decide m readily 9 ! cu/om]'s favor if !re is "q ( fa/ or ab/95ce ?an if !re is "q ( intemp]ance1 & m readily /ill if !re is "q ( fa/ ?an if !re is "q ( ab/95ce4 ,g5]ally speak+1 a re/aurant-keep] may supply meat on ,friday to all :o ask x1 provid$ he has o!r sub/antial food indicat$ on 8 bill ( f>e & %[s himself will+ to s]ve t z well z meat4 #aedj4 ,r5t+ ( ,h\ses or ,rooms & coop]ation 9 ,s94--7a7 ,he :o r5ts to p]sons :o wi% to c>ry on disord]ly1 immoral1 idolatr\s1 unlawful1 or o!r s9ful occupations or practices1 is guilty ( =mal or unlawful mat]ial coop]ation1 if he approves ( ! conduct ( ! r5t]s or has no suffici5t reason = r5t+ to !m4 ,! same is true if 9 a simil> way "o p]mits p]sons b5t on evil 7e4g41 pickpockets7 to l\nge 9 "o's (fices1 hotels1 etc4 7b7 ,he :o gives ! use ( 8 h\se1 room1 hall1 field1 etc41 to p]sons :o w employ !m = evil1 is only a mat]ial & n a guilty coop]ator1 if !re is no prohibition ( 8 act1 & he has a suffici5t reason = x4 #aeda4 ,examples ( reasons suffici5t = coop]ation 9 r5t+ are z foll[s3 7a7 ,a v grave reason4--,9 civitatibus 9 quibus majoris mali vit&i causa p]missum e/1 licet loc>e domum m]etricibus1 dummodo non sequatur grave nocum5tum vic9is hone/is vel major ansa pecc&i ob domus situm1 et adsit ratio proportionate gravis1 utputa quod alii locatorii non ads9t1 dom9us notabile damnum patiatur si domus non occupetur1 et m]etrices facile alium locat>ium obt9]e poss9t4 ,hodie v]o quum con/et m]etrices pl]asque invite vitam turpem ex]c]e 7:ite slav]y7 et morbis pessimis morteque praematura affligi1 m]etricium v]o nocum5tum multig5um bono publico 7! social evil7 inf]re1 omnis vir probus abhorrebit a pretio loc>io ab adm9i/ratoribus lupan>ium oblato4 7b7 ,a m grave reason4--,meet+s ^: purpose is contr>y to ! common good 7e4g41 anti-religi\s ga!r+s71 ev5 ?\gh p]mitt$ by civil law1 %\ld n be giv5 ! use ( "o's premises except 9 a r>e case ( ! greate/ necessity4 #aedb4 ,unlawful ,coop]ation ( ,s]vants1 ,employees1 & ,work+m54--7a7 ,coop]ation is =mal if ^! int5d ! s9 ( _! employ] ) :i* !y coop]ate1 or if ! act ( coop]ation is itself intr9sically evil4 ,?us1 a bookkeep] does no wrong 9 m]ely keep+ a record ( receipts & exp5ses2 b1 if he notices _m in/ances ( great frauds & inju/ices done by 8 firm & keeps at 8 po/ 9 ord] t di%one/y may be cov]$ up & cont9u$1 he becomes a =mal coop]ator4 ,b a bookkeep] :o falsifies or de/roys records 9 ord] t 8 bus9ess may be able to issue an incorrect /atem5t ( its f9ancial condition is involv$ 9 its guilt1 ev5 ?\gh 8 motive is pity or loyalty4 ,o!r examples ( =mal coop]ation are ^? ( a secret>y :o takes d[n dictation :i* conta9s blasphem\s or obsc5e expressions1 & ( a taxi-driv] :o tells 8 pass5g]s h[ to get to gambl+ d5s1 or :o helps a crim9al to get away by driv+ him ?r\gh d>k /reets4 7b7 ,coop]ation is mat]ial & unlawful1 :5 ! int5tion & ! act itself are n evil1 b :5 !re is no suffici5t reason = ! coop]ation4 ,?us1 ! foll[+ proposition 0 condemn$ by ,innoc5t ,,xi 9 #afgi z sc&al\s & p]nici\s3 8,famulus qui submissis hum]is sci5t] adjuvat h]um suum asc5d]e p] f5e/ras ad /upr&am virg9em1 et multoties eidem subs]vit def]5do scalam1 ap]i5do januam1 aut quid simile coop]&o1 non peccat mortalit]1 si id faciat metu notabilis detrim5ti1 puta ne a dom9o male tractetur1 ne torvis oculis aspiciatur1 ne domo expellatur0 7,d5z+]1 n4 #abja74 ,?\gh ! acts ( coop]ation ( ! s]vant "h m5tion$ are n intr9sically evil1 ! coop]ation is proximate & positive & habitual1 & ! wrong done s s]i\s t only a mo/ grave reason1 su* z fe> ( dea?1 c\ld ju/ify ! help giv5 by ! s]vant to 8 ma/]4 #aedc4 ,lawful ,coop]ation ( ,s]vants1 ,work+m51 or ,employees4--7a7 ,if coop]ation is remote & is n indisp5sable to ! s9 to be committ$1 ! m]e fact t "o is employ$ by ! pr9cipal cause w excuse2 = ! employee is n suppos$ to "q ! employ] ab\t ! reasons ( ord]s giv51 & he is n responsible = ! int5tions ( ! employ]1 b = ! p]=mance ( :at is assign$ to himself4 ,h5ce1 ! foll[+ k9ds ( coop]ation are held p]missible = no o!r reason ?an t ( s]vice3 c>ry+ liquor or food to an employ] :o wi%es to make himself drunk or to break ! fa/1 buy+ & c>ry+ to him pap]s :i* he %\ld n read1 giv+ him 8 hat & coat or gett+ 8 c> ready z he />ts out to attack an enemy1 op5+ ! door to a sl&]] :om ! mi/ress ( ! h\se wi%es to employ4 ,also1 a public taxi-driv] may take 8 patrons to clubs or road-h\ses :]e !y w become intoxicat$1 if he is 9 no way responsible = _! int5tion & %[s no approval ( x1 & !y c g j z well )\t him4 7b7 ,if coop]ation is proximate1 ! m]e fact t "o is employ$ is n suffici5t z an excuse = coop]ation2 !re mu/ be "s o!r reason t is suffici5tly weighty 9 view ( ! gravity ( ! s9 & ! o!r circum/ances4 ,?us1 to drive "o's employ] to ! place :]e he is to receive /ol5 valuables is ju/ifiable1 if "o is "u ?reat ( great bodily h>m if "o refuses4 ,item ob incommodum gravius evit&um p]mittitur famulo def]re litt]as h]i amatorias ad amasiam cum qua illicitum comm]cium habet1 tempus et locum conv5i5di amasiae nunti>e1 excubias ag]e dum simul ads9t4 ,b a s]vant :o is call$ on habitually to coop]ate 9 ^! ways %\ld secure ano!r position1 if possible4 #aedd4 ,! pr9ciples giv5 z to s]vants %\ld be appli$ likewise to o!r p]sons :o are subord9ates1 ) due all[ance made = ! diff]5ce ( circum/ances4 7a7 ,?us1 *ildr51 wives1 pupils1 etc41 may be less excusable 9 coop]ation ?an s]vants1 s9ce ! =m] may be 9 a bett] position to remon/rate aga9/ :at is ord]$4 ,h5ce1 if ! ma/] ( ! h\se :o sometimes goes on a spree ord]s a s]vant to br+ him 8 demijohn1 disob$i5ce might be m difficult ?an if ! same ord] 0 giv5 ! wife4 7b7 ,*ildr51 wives1 pupils1 etc41 may be m excusable1 s9ce unlike ! s]vants !y may be unable to g else:]e4 ,^? :o agree to "w at places kn[n z vici\s resorts1 or :o let _! employ] und]/& t !y w n see or he> _m ?+s1 or :o habitually p]=m s]vices proximately relat$ to s9 7:at is call$ 8dirty "w071 are guilty ( =mal coop]ation1 at lea/ :5 !y c secure good employm5t else:]e4 ,*ildr51 on ! contr>y1 may be s dep5d5t on a tyrannical fa!r t !y _c refuse coop]ation )\t s]i\s consequ5ces to !mselves4 #aede4 ,duties ( ,confessors4--,in/ruction %\ld be giv5 to p5it5ts :o are guilty ( s9ful coop]ation4 7a7 ,! confessor %\ld in/ruct ignorant p5it5ts on ! s9fulness ( _! coop]ation1 :5 !re is a duty ( ju/ice to d ?is1 z :5 ! p5it5ts ask to be in/ruct$2 or :5 !re is a duty ( *>ity1 z :5 ! s9fulness ( ! coop]ation 9 "q is kn[n to _m p]sons1 or ! p5it5ts by reason ( coop]ation are giv+ great sc&al or are 9 s]i\s dang]4 7b7 ,! confessor %\ld n in/ruct ignorant p5it5ts on ! s9fulness ( _! coop]ation--at lea/1 n = a "t--if !y are 9 good fai? & if grav] evils w\ld result f ! in/ruction ?an f sil5ce4 #aedf4 ,obligations to be ,impos$ on ,p5it5ts on ,acc\nt ( ,s9ful coop]ation4--7a7 ,"s cases ( coop]ation cause ! culprit to fall "u ecclesia/ical p5alties1 = example1 ^? :o act z seconds or spectators at duels 7,canon #bcea74 7b7 ,"s cases entail a duty ( rep>ation = sc&al giv51 z :5 "o has aid$ ! diffusion ( irreligi\s or obsc5e lit]ature or :isp]+s among ! p4 7c7 ,"s k9ds ( coop]ation include dang]\s occasions ( s9 :i* "o is b\nd to avoid1 z :5 "o works = a man :o produces adult]at$ w>es or gets money "u false pret5ses4 ,art4 #aj3 ,,! ,,comm&m5ts ,,( ,,*>ity 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,,ii-,,ii1 q4 #dd47 #aedg4 ,!re is no comm&m5t conc]n+ *>ity 9 ! ,decalogue1 b *>ity is implicitly conta9$ 9 all ! comm&m5ts ( o!r virtues2 = *>ity is ! end ( e comm&m5t 7,i ,tim41 i4 #e74 ,?us1 ! comm&m5ts ( ! fir/ table ( ! ,law t5d to ! love ( ,god2 ! comm&m5ts ( ! second table to ! love ( neighbor4 ,on acc\nt ( its supreme importance1 h[ev]1 *>ity 0 made ! object ( special comm&m5ts 9 bo? ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t4 7a7 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 at ! second giv+ ( ! tables ( ! ,law1 x is decl>$3 8,n[1 ,israel1 :at do? ! ,"l ?y ,god require ( !e1 b t ?\ fe> ! ,"l ?y ,god1 & walk 9 8 ways1 & love him1 & s]ve ! ,"l ?y ,god1 ) all ?y he>t & ) all ?y s\l80 7,deut41 x4 #ab74 7b7 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 our ,"l1 be+ ask$ :i* is ! great comm&m5t 9 ! law1 repli$3 8,?\ %alt love ! ,"l1 ?y ,god1 ) ?y :ole he>t1 & ) ?y :ole s\l1 & ) ?y :ole m9d4 ,?is is ! greate/ & ! fir/ comm&m5t4 ,& ! second is l to ?is3 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself4 ,on ^! two comm&m5ts dep5de? ! :ole law & ! prophets0 7,matt1 xxii4 #cg-dj74 #aedh4 ,*>ity mu/ come 8f a pure he>t1 & a good consci5ce & fai? unfeign$0 7,i ,tim41 i4 #e71 & ^! words may be us$ to indicate h[ all o!r comm&m5ts h *>ity = _! purpose4 7a7 8,a pure he>t0 is _h by ! obs]vance ( ! negative comm&m5ts ( ! natural law1 :i* =bid evil1 or ( ! comm&m5ts ab\t ! virtues regulative ( ! passions2 & x is a disposition prep>atory = ! love ( ,god1 s9ce an impure he>t w be tak5 up ) evil or ) e>?ly ?+s1 & s turn$ away f ! goodness ( ,god4 7b7 8,a good consci5ce0 is _h by ! obs]vance ( ! affirmative comm&m5ts ( ! natural law1 or ( ! comm&m5ts regulative ( actions2 & x too t5ds to *>ity z its goal1 = a bad consci5ce fills "o ) dread & horror ( ! ju/ice ( ,god4 7c7 8,fai? unfeign$0 is _h by ! obs]vance ( ! sup]natural law1 or ( ! comm&m5ts ab\t wor%ip ( ! true ,god2 & x leads up to *>ity1 = a feign$ fai?1 or false wor%ip1 sep>ates "o f ! tru? ( ,god4 #aedi4 ,?\gh *>ity is b "o virtue 7see #aaae71 x has two acts3 "o ab\t love ( ,god1 :i* is ! end1 & ano!r ab\t love ( neighbor1 :i* is a means to t end4 7a7 ,if all und]/ood t ! end includes ! means & ! means supposes ! end1 !re w\ld be no necessity = two di/9ct comm&m5ts2 = !re is no love ( ,god )\t love ( neighbor 7,i ,john1 iv4 #bj71 & he :o loves 8 neighbor has fulfill$ ! law 7,rom41 xiii4 #h74 7b7 ,b s9ce _m w\ld n p]ceive t "o ( ! comm&m5ts ( *>ity conta9s ! o!r1 x 0 necess>y to propose ^! comm&m5ts sep>ately3 8,we h ?is comm& f ,god t he :o loves ,god love also 8 bro!r0 7,i ,john1 iv4 #ba74 #aeej4 ,*>ity ext5ds to o!r objects ?an ,god & ! neighbor1 namely1 to self & "o's own body 7see #aacc sqq472 x also has o!r acts ?an t ( love1 su* z ! acts ( joy1 peace1 b5efic5ce 7see #aaic sqq471 & ! suppression ( un*>itable hatr$1 slo?1 envy 7see #abie sqq471 etc4 ,nev]!less1 on ! two comm&m5ts ( love ( ,god & love ( neighbor dep5d ! :ole law & ! prophets 7,matt41 xxii4 #dj71 & o!r comm&m5ts ab\t *>ity are n necess>y4 7a7 ,?us1 ! objects ( love are ei!r ! end or ! means to ! end1 &1 z ! two comm&m5ts ( *>ity ref] to bo? ( ^!1 !y omit no?+ t is to be lov$4 ,x 0 n necess>y to make express comm& ( love ( self1 = nature incl9es to t suffici5tly1 & ! duty ( keep+ love ( self )9 b\nds is provid$ = 9 ! comm&m5ts t ,god be lov$ above all & ! neighbor z oneself4 7b7 ,! acts ( *>ity di/9ct f love result f love1 & ! acts oppos$ to *>ity are virtually =bidd5 9 ! comm&m5ts ( _! opposites4 ,h5ce1 !re 0 no ne$ ( explicit precepts ab\t ! second>y acts ( *>ity or ( explicit prohibitions ( ! s9s aga9/ *>ity4 ,b = ! sake ( ^? :o might n p]ceive t ! m9or functions ( *>ity are comm&$ & acts ( un*>itabl5ess =bidd5 9 ! two great comm&m5ts1 special & explicit laws 7 giv5 :i* enjo9 peace1 joy1 etc41 & =bid hatr$1 envy1 etc4 #aeea4 ,! precepts ( ! second>y acts ( *>ity are3 7a7 joy3 8,rejoice 9 ! ,"l always0 7,phillip41 iv4 #d72 7b7 peace3 8,foll[ peace ) all m50 7,heb41 xii4 #ad72 & 7c7 b5efic5ce3 8,:ile we h "t1 let u d good to all0 7,gal41 vi4 #aj74 #aeeb4 ,! prohibitions ( un*>itabl5ess are z foll[s3 7a7 aga9/ hatr$3 8,?\ %alt n hate ?y bro!r 9 ?y he>t0 7,lev1 xix4 ,,x72 7b7 aga9/ slo?3 8,b[ d[n ?y %\ld] & he> h] 7wisdom71 & be n griev$ ) h] b&s0 7,ecclus41 vi4 #bf72 7c7 aga9/ envy3 8,let u n be made desir\s ( va+lory1 provok+ "o ano!r1 envy+ "o ano!r0 7,gal41 v4 #bf71 7d7 aga9/ discord3 8,speak ! same ?+s & let !re be no s*isms among y0 7,i ,cor41 i4 #aj72 & 7e7 aga9/ sc&al3 8,put n a /umbl+-block or a sc&al 9 y\r bro!r's way0 7,rom41 xiv4 #ac74 #aeec4 ,! ,comm&m5t ( ,love ( ,god4--,9 ! comm&m5t ( love ( ,god two ?+s are express$3 7a7 ! matt] ( ! comm&m5t is ,god1 ! object ( love2 7b7 ! mann] ( ! comm&m5t is t ,god be lov$ z ! ,la/ ,end1 to ^: love all o!r love is to be subord9at$4 #aeed4 ,!re is a tw(old mann] or mode ( p]=m+ a virtu\s act3 7a7 ,! intr9sic mode is t :i* comes f ! nature ( ! virtue comm&$4 ,?us1 9 ! ,f\r? ,comm&m5t is includ$ n only ! sub/ance ( an act 7viz41 t honor be %[n71 b also ! mode ( ! act 7i4e41 t su* honor & s mu* honor be %[n z is ow$ to a p>5t by 8 *ild74 ,! intr9sic mode is always includ$ 9 a comm&m5t along ) ! sub/ance ( ! act prescrib$ 7cfr4 #dhj sqq474 7b7 ,! extr9sic mode is t :i* belongs to "s virtue diff]5t f ! "o comm&$4 ,?is mode is n includ$ 9 a comm&m5t4 ,?us1 if honor be %[n to p>5ts out ( love ( ,god1 ! mode ( love ( ,god is extr9sic to ! comm&m5t1 = ! comm&m5t is conc]n$ ) ! virtue ( filial piety1 & ! mode ( ! act p]ta9s to *>ity1 :i* is a virtue di/9ct f filial piety4 #aeee4 ,! intr9sic mode ( p]=m+ an act ( virtue is also tw(old3 7a7 ,! ess5tial mode is t )\t :i* an act is n virtu\s4 ,?us1 he :o gives to 8 indig5t p>5ts accord+ to 8 means & _! ne$s fulfills ! ess5tial mode ( ! ,f\r? ,comm&m5t1 =1 if he gave !m less ?an he c\ld af=d & !y ne$$1 8 act w\ld n come up to ! requirem5ts ( ! comm&m5t4 7b7 ,! ideal mode ( ! p]=mance ( virtue is t :i* adds to ! virtue great] goodness & value1 & :i* is int5d$ by a lawgiv] z ! end1 b n z ! object ( 8 comm&4 ,?us1 he :o gives to 8 indig5t p>5ts n only suffici5tly1 b also ) a great will+ness & *e]fulness1 fulfills ! ,f\r? ,comm&m5t ) great] p]fection ?an ano!r :o supports 8 p>5ts ) less alacrity4 #aeef4 ,! mode ( ! love ( ,god prescrib$ 9 ! fir/ & great comm&m5t is t ,god be lov$ ) ! :ole he>t1 etc4 ,b 8to love ) ! :ole he>t1 etc410 c be und]/ood 9 v>i\s s5ses4 7a7 ,?us1 x may be und]/ood to mean a love t is subjectively or int5sively great1 z :5 "o loves ,god ) mu* f]vor & affection4 ,?is mode ( love is ideal1 s9ce ! measure ( lov+ ,god is to love ,him )\t measure1 b x is n ess5tial4 ,! end ( ! comm&m5t is t we love ,god ev] m & m1 & p]=m :at is requir$ ) ev] great] promptitude & gladness2 b ! comm&m5t does n fix any c]ta9 degree ( int5sity1 al?\gh x w\ld be inord9ate to *oose to love ,god less int5sely ?an we love creatures 7see #aafj74 7b7 8,to love ) ! :ole he>t0 may be und]/ood to mean a love t is objectively or appreciatively great1 z :5 "o e/eems & loves ,god z ! ,supreme ,good4 ,?is mode ( love is ess5tial1 & h5ce )\t x ! comm&m5t is n obs]v$4 ,h[ev] mu* "o loves ,god1 if "o does n love ,him z ! ,supreme ,good1 "o does n love ,him aright1 & does n practise ! virtue ( *>ity t is comm&$4 #aeeg4 ,love ( ,god f ! :ole he>t1 objectively or appreciatively und]/ood1 is ei!r actual or habitual4 7a7 ,actually1 "o loves ,god ) "o's :ole he>t :5 !re is nev] any int]ruption or di/raction to "o's love1 & "o is cont9ually engag$ 9 an act ( lov+ ,god above all else4 ,?is is ! ideal mode ( fulfill+ ! comm&m5t ( love1 & x is also ! end to :i* ! comm&m5t is int5d$ to lead4 ,b x is only 9 heav51 :]e ,god w be all 9 all 7,i ,cor41 xv4 #bh71 t ?is ideal fulfillm5t w take place4 7b7 ,habitually1 "o loves ,god ) "o's :ole he>t :5 "o is 9 ! /ate ( grace1 pref]r+ ! love ( ,god to e contr>y love1 al?\gh x is only at int]vals t "o is able to make acts ( love4 ,?is is ! ess5tial mode ( fulfill+ ! comm& ( love "h on e>?4 ,! :ole he>t mu/ be giv5 to ,god to ! exclusion ( love = any mortal s91 = mortal s9 sep>ates f ,god4 #aeeh4 ,! mode ( lov+ ,god is express$ 9 v>i\s places 9 scripture 7,deut41 vi4 #e2 ,matt41 xxii4 #cg2 ,m>k1 xii4 #cj2 ,luke1 x4 #bg71 & !re are slightly diff]5t int]pretations giv5 to ! words by :i* x is convey$4 ,?us1 "s exegetes see 9 ! expressions 8he>t10 8s\l10 8m9d10 8/r5g?10 synonym\s significations ( ! "o ?\ght t ,god %\ld be lov$ ov] all1 & !y ?9k t diff]5t words are us$ only 9 ord] to give great] cle>ness & en]gy to ! ?\ght4 ,b ! foll[+ seems also a reliable explanation3 7a7 ,god mu/ be lov$ ) "o's :ole he>t1 t is1 ! w mu/ n int5d any ,la/ ,end o!r ?an ,god2 7b7 ,god mu/ be lov$ ) "o's :ole m9d1 s\l & /r5g?1 t is1 ! p[]s mov$ by ! w--intellect1 appetites & executive faculties--mu/ be subject to ,god1 mu/ be regulat$ accord+ to ,8 w1 & mu/ c>ry out ,8 comm&m5ts4 #aeei4 ,love ( ,god ) "o's :ole he>t excludes1 !n1 opposite loves1 b x does n exclude o!r loves t are n opposite or o!r dispositions t are less p]fect4 7a7 ,?us1 love ( ,god ) "o's :ole he>t does n exclude love ( self or ( neighbor4 7b7 ,love ( ,god ) "o's :ole he>t does n exclude ! use ( acts 9 ref]5ce to ,god t d n rea* ! height ( dis9t]e/$ love1 su* z acts ( hope1 gratitude1 or fe> 7see #ajcc1 #ajed1 #ajic74 #aefj4 ,!re are v>i\s degrees ( p]fection 9 ! fulfillm5t ( ! comm&m5t ( love ( ,god4 7a7 ,! mo/ p]fect fulfillm5t is f\nd 9 heav51 :]e !re is no turn+ f ! love ( ,god by grave s91 no imp$im5t to its ex]cise by v5ial s91 & no int]ruption ( its act by o!r occupations4 7b7 ,! m p]fect fulfillm5t ( ?is comm&m5t f\nd on e>? is modell$ on ! love ( ,god ex]cis$ by ! ,sa9ts 9 heav51 & ! ne>] "o approa*es to ! model1 ! bett] does "o fulfill ! comm&m5t4 ,?us1 he :o avoids n only :at is aga9/ *>ity 7i4e41 mortal s971 b also1 z f> z possible1 :at is aside f *>ity 7i4e41 v5ial s971 loves ,god m p]fectly ?an "o :o is c>eless ab\t v5ial s92 & he :o %uns1 n only ?+s unlawful t are h>mful to *>ity1 b also ?+s lawful t int]rupt ! ex]cise ( *>ity1 loves ,god m1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ?an ano!r :o avoids ! unlawful1 b ^: m9d is greatly occupi$ ) lawful temporal matt]s4 7c7 ,! ord9>ily p]fect fulfillm5t ( ! comm&m5t is f\nd 9 all ^? :o1 bo? 9 _! int]nal & 9 _! ext]nal acts1 avoid all t is contr>y to ! love ( ,god1 al?\gh !y fall into v5ial s9 & are mo/ly occupi$ ) temporal affairs4 ,?us is *>ity ! bond ( p]fection 7,col1 iii4 #ad71 ! tie t b9ds man to 8 highe/ good2 ^? :o keep ! comm&m5ts = its sake are foll[]s aft] p]fection1 ^? :o embrace c\nsels = its sake are 9 ! /ate ( p]fection4 #aefa4 ,! ,comm&m5t ( ,love ( ,self4--,love ( self is und]/ood 9 _m s5ses4 7a7 ,accord+ to its moral "*1 love ( self is ei!r s9ful or virtu\s1 & virtu\s self-love is ei!r natural or sup]natural 7z 0 expla9$ 9 #aacf74 7b7 ,accord+ to its physical "*1 love ( self is ei!r innate or elicit$4 ,innate love ( self is ! t5d5cy ( nature to desire :at p]ta9s to ! p]fection ( self1 su* z exi/5ce & its pres]vation 7see #aajh74 ,elicit$ love ( self is ! *oice on ! "p ( ! reason & w ( an ultimate happ9ess = self & ( ! means !reto4 #aefb4 ,*>ity obliges ea* "o capable ( precept to an elicit$ sup]natural love ( self4 ,! obligation is grave = ! foll[+ reasons3 7a7 ! love ( ,god includes love ( self1 = we _c love ,god truly unless we also love ^? ?+s t are ,81 especially ,8 rational creatures made to ,8 image & de/9$ = ,8 society2 7b7 ! love ( neighbor supposes love ( self1 = ! comm&m5t ( love 7,matt41 xxii4 #ci7 (f]s love ( self z ! model = love ( o!rs4 #aefc4 ,! goods :i* ! law ( *>ity to self requires "o to desire & seek aft]1 are all ^? ?+s t are necess>y = ! atta9m5t ( "o's happ9ess & due p]fection4 7a7 ,?us1 z to sup]natural goods1 "o is b\nd to obta9 = oneself ?+s necess>y = salvation4 ,"o is oblig$1 !n1 to acquire a suffici5t k ( ! fai?2 to ent] into a /ate ( life = :i* "o is suit$ 7e4g41 matrimony or religion72 to avoid s9 & ! occasions ( s92 n to delay conv]sion = a notable l5g? ( "t2 to put oneself 9 ! /ate ( grace1 especially at ! h\r ( dea?4 ,b "o is n oblig$ to p]=m ^! duties ) ! motive ( *>ity 9 m9d1 nor to elect = self works ( sup]]ogation or c\nsels ( p]fection4 7b7 ,z to intellectual goods1 "o is b\nd to seek :at is necess>y = a prop] fulfillm5t ( ! duties ( "o's /ation 9 life4 ,?us1 "o owes x 9 *>ity to oneself to seek ! education & tra9+ t are presuppos$ 9 "o's pr(ession or occupation1 & to be/[ ! necess>y /udy & att5tion4 ,see above1 on ! intellectual virtues 7#add sqq47 & on ! s9 ( ignorance 7#ijd sqq474 7c7 ,z to corporal goods1 "o is oblig$ to use ! ord9>y means = pres]v+ life & heal? 7on ! desire ( dea?1 see #ajfc74 ,h5ce1 9 matt]s ( food1 dr9k1 clo?+1 & recreation1 ea* "o is 9 duty b\nd to foll[ ! laws ( hygi5e4 7d7 ,z to ! ext]nal goods ( p]son 7i4e41 honor & reputation71 !re is a /rict duty ( gu>d+ !m or ( recov]+ !m1 z f> z possible4 7e7 ,z to ext]nal goods ( =tune 7i4e41 weal? & possessions71 "o mu/ aim to acquire z mu* z is necess>y = "o's subsi/5ce & ! fulfillm5t ( duties to o!rs4 ,h5ce ! duty ( labor = ^? :o d n possess ! necess>y means4 ,b *>ity to self does n dem& t "o aspire to rea* ! top ( ! ladd] 9 ! f9ancial _w or to accumulate a v l>ge surplus4 ,"o may inde$ lawfully seek to become a millionaire1 or to become s weal?y z to be able to retire ) leisure1 if "o goes ab\t ?is lawfully2 b !re is no obligation to /rive aft] m ?an is reasonably necess>y4 #aefd4 ,man owes x to himself to put to good use ! tal5ts ,god has be/[$ ^u him = 8 self-improvem5t & self-developm5t4 ,x is a s91 !re=e1 great] or less accord+ to circum/ances1 to neglect ! c>e ( ! m9d or ( ! m5tal culture "o %\ld possess4 7a7 ,?us1 reason is ! faculty t elevates man above ! irrational _w1 & k is ! p]fection & excell5ce ( t faculty4 ,:at life or heal? is to ! body1 reason or k is to ! m9d2 & s1 j z x is a s9 aga9/ ! body to neglect life or heal?1 x is also a s9 aga9/ ! m9d to neglect reason or k4 ,p]sons pr$ispos$ to insanity :o expose !mselves to ali5ation ( m9d by ! use ( drugs or /rong spirits or by practices or occupations t expose !m to %ocks 7su* z gambl+71 & o!rs :o value ignorance1 scepticism1 & error z if ^! infirmities 7 goods1 s9 aga9/ ! m9d1 at lea/ mat]ially4 7b7 ,reason & k are also necess>y 9 numb]less ways to man's bodily1 social1 cultural1 & religi\s life4 ,)\t ! elem5ts ( a g5]al education 9 read+1 writ+ & ari?metic1 "o is v s]i\sly h&icapp$ 9 mak+ a b>e liv+2 & )\t ! education ( ! high s*ool1 college or univ]sity1 "o is frequ5tly "u a disadvantage 9 seek+ to bett] oneself or improve "o's position4 ,besides ^! utilities = practical affairs1 education has advantages ( a l(ti] k9d3 x makes its possessor a m capable citiz51 a m pleasant companion & fri5d1 a m influ5tial expon5t ( good causes1 & a great] cr$it to ! religion he practises2 x gives enjoym5t to leisure1 com=t to re/1 & dignity to success2 ! labor ( acquir+ x is a discipl9e ( ! w2 ! ta/e = high] ?+s x imp>ts is a natural protection aga9/ mu* t is evil2 ! m5tal p[] & k t are its gifts enable "o to expose error & fallacy & to uphold ! tru? & ! "r4 ,x is ( precept1 !re=e1 t "o acquire ! moral & m5tal tra9+ :i* "o's salvation & call+ 9 life make necess>y2 x is ( c\nsel--& ! c\nsel is "o t %\ld be mu* urg$ 9 our times--t "o :o has ! opportunity ( atta9+ to a high] pr(ici5cy1 to ! advantage ( self & society1 %\ld avail himself ( t opportunity4 #aefe4 ,examples ( ,s9s ,committ$ by ,neglect ( ,necess>y ,education--7a7 ,directly1 "o s9s aga9/ ! duty ( cultivation ( ! m9d :5 ?r\gh laz9ess or malice "o slights ! means ( acquir+ necess>y k--z :5 pupils abs5t !mselves f s*ool1 or give no att5tion to ! tea*] or no prep>ation to _! lessons2 or :5 collegians sacrifice /udy to a?letics & amusem5ts4 7b7 ,indirectly "o s9s aga9/ ! duty ( k1 :5 "o is responsible = habits t imp$e or prev5t necess>y conc5tration ( m9d1 z :5 "o goes ab\t s mu* socially t ! m9d is always 9 a :irl1 or reads s mu* light lit]ature t ev]y?+ s]i\s becomes a bore1 or ov]eats s mu* t ! bra9 becomes sluggi%1 or pays no att5tion to ! wise rule t a s\nd m9d ne$s a s\nd body4 #aeff4 ,! prop] c>e ( ! body & ( heal? is n m]ely a ?+ next to godl9ess2 x is a moral duty1 & s a "p ( godl9ess4 ,god ,himself on ,s9ai gave to ! ,*os5 ,p ( old a sanit>y code1 & ! fai?ful obs]vance by or?odox ,jews ( ^? regulations has _h mu* to d ) ! sup]ior heal? & longevity ( _! race4 ,moral ,!ology1 !re=e1 is n digress+ f its prop] subject-matt]1 if x gives "s att5tion to rules ( heal?4 ,! duties ow$ to physical well-be+ c be r$uc$ to ! foll[+3 7a7 to secure = ! body ! ?+s ne$$ = ! ma9t5ance & repl5i%m5t ( its sub/ance & vigor1 su* z food1 air1 sleep & ex]cise2 7b7 to w>d (f or remove ^? ?+s t are injuri\s to or de/ructive ( heal?1 su* z excessive heat or cold1 wa/e matt]1 poisons1 & disease2 7c7 to assi/ ^! physical means by psy*ical or spiritual ones1 su* z *e]fulness & ! w to keep well & fit4 #aefg4 ,food & dr9k are naturally a prime requisite = life1 s9ce !y furni% ! mat]ial f :i* ! body is built & r5ew$4 ,!y %\ld be us$1 h[ev]1 9 su* a way z to s]ve _! purpose4 7a7 ,?us1 ! quantity & quality h to be regulat$ accord+ to ! ne$s ( ! individual & circum/ances1 & s w v>y ) climate1 age1 heal?1 & occupation4 ,! di/9ction ( clean & unclean foods does n exi/ 9 ! ,new ,law 7,rom41 xiv4 #ad2 ,matt41 xv4 #ag-bj71 b x is cle> t ! same k9ds or am\nts ( food & dr9k d n agree ) all con/itutions2 t ov]eat+1 und]eat+1 & want ( v>iety 9 diet are n conducive to good heal?4 ,physicians recomm5d t some?+ raw be eat5 e day & some?+ indige/ible at e meal1 & t a p]son wat* 8 weight1 keep+ a little ov]weight up to middle life & a little und]weight aft] t age4 7b7 ,! mann] ( eat+ is ( fir/-rate importance1 s9ce ! dige/ion is h>m$ if "o eats )\t appetite or ) m5tal preoccupation on deep subjects1 or bolts ! food1 or makes excessive use ( reli%es or condim5ts4 #aefh4 ,fre% air1 on :i* ! production ( pure blood & ! cont9uance ( vitality dep5d1 is ano!r necessity ( life4 ,h5ce1 we may well he$ ! foll[+ rules :i* hygi5i/s lay d[n on ?is po9t3 7a7 let 9 fre% air & sun%9e to ! places :]e y live & "w1 & exclude du/ & smoke2 7b7 we> light1 loose & por\s clo?+1 s t ! sk9 may h air2 7c7 get out ( doors 9 ! op5 air "p ( ! "t e day1 ev5 ?\gh ! wea!r is un9vit+1 = sun%9e or natural light is also a requisite ( good heal?2 7d7 brea! ?r\gh ! nose1 & n ?r\gh ! m\?4 ,brea?+ %\ld be deep1 sl[ & regul>1 & "o %\ld take deep-brea?+ ex]cises sev]al times a day2 7e7 sleep 9 a well-v5tilat$ room1 or out-(-doors if possible4 #aefi4 ,re/ & relaxation are ne$ful = body & m9d alike1 t ! burd5s ( life may n be> too heavily1 & nature may be all[$ to ex]cise h] m9i/ries ( r5ewal & re/oration4 ,b "h1 z 9 o!r ?+s1 ! guid+ rule mu/ be mod]ation4 7a7 ,?r\gh excess1 "s h>m _! heal? by indulg+ 9 too mu* repose4 ,a /rong1 heal?y individual :o rema9s 9 b$ f midnight till noon1 or :o gives mo/ ( ! aft]noon to a prolong$ nap1 is /or+ up m en]gy ?an he or %e ne$s1 & w feel ! worse = x4 ,simil>ly1 p]sons ^: life is "o r\nd ( vacations or div]sions pay = _! aimless exi/5ce 9 v>i\s k9ds ( m5tal or n]v\s disord]s1 to say no?+ ( ! moral dang]s to :i* !y are expos$ 7,ecclus41 xxxiii4 #bi74 7b7 ,?r\gh defect1 on ! o!r h&1 "s injure _! heal? by depriv+ !mselves ( ! sleep or re/ !y ought to take4 ,! "t t %\ld be giv5 to repose diff]s ) ! individual4 ,! "y1 bra9-work]s & ! feeble are 9 great] ne$ ?an o!rs2 b !re is no "o :o c disp5se ) 8 prop] %>e ( re/4 ,x is s9ful1 !re=e1 to r$uce ne$$ sleep by late retir+ or e>ly ris+1 or to "w unremitt+ly to su* an ext5t t ! bodily p[]s & resi/ance become unequal to ! dem&s made on !m & unfitt$ = duties4 ,accord+ to physicians1 sev5 h\rs out ( e tw5ty-f\r %\ld be sp5t 9 b$1 & ! h\rs be=e midnight are mu* m preci\s = re/ ?an ! e>ly morn+ h\rs4 ,"s holidays & vacations are a necessity 9 ^! days ( rapid & /r5u\s life4 #aegj4 ,physical ex]cise is a factor ( good heal?1 = x /irs up ! circulation ( ! blood1 assi/s dige/ion1 & rids ! body ( surplus weight4 ,moreov]1 x has great value = ! m9d 7to :i* x gives div]sion & refre%m5t7 & = ! s\l 7s9ce x promotes temp]ance & *a/ity74 ,if tak5 9 ! =m ( sports1 physical ex]cise is a tra9+ 9 coop]ation ) o!rs1 9 loyalty1 discipl9e1 & fairness4 ,b heal? is impair$ by excess z well z by defect 9 ex]cise4 7a7 ,examples ( ov]-ex]cise are a?letes :o c>ry on endurance te/s to ! po9t ( exhau/ion1 devotees ( viol5t =ms ( conte/s or mat*es t ov]tax ! he>t1 etc4 7b7 ,examples ( "u-ex]cise are ablebodi$ p]sons :o pref] to l\nge ab\t ! h\se all day r ?an be/ir !mselves2 also ^? :o "w indoors all day & :o f *oice ride r ?an walk1 no matt] h[ %ort ! di/ance !y h to g1 etc4 ,p]sons ( s$5t>y life :o c d s1 %\ld ex]cise e day1 pref]ably out-(-doors1 play+ at "s game l golf1 tak+ a brisk walk ( ab\t five miles1 or do+ "s manual labor1 su* z g>d5+ or saw+ wood4 ,regul> gymna/ics or sett+-up ex]cises1 & ! habit ( sitt+1 /&+1 & walk+ erect at all times are prescrib$ by exp]ts on heal? z v important4 #aega4 ,"u ! head ( prev5tive or curative measures t ought to be att5d$ to = ! sake ( bodily well-be+ are ! foll[+3 7a7 ,9 "t ( heal? sickness has to be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,suitable clo?+ & %elt] mu/ be us$ z protection aga9/ injuri\s effects ( heat or cold2 cleanl9ess mu/ be cultivat$ by su* means z daily ba?s1 frequ5t ablutions1 wa%+ ( tee?1 tongue & gums2 infections mu/ be avoid$2 drugs or /imulants hurtful to "o's heal? mu/ n be indulg$ 91 & att5tion mu/ be giv5 to daily1 regul> & natural elim9ation & to ! exclusion ( poisons f ! sy/em4 ,accord+ to au?orities1 "o %\ld dr9k at lea/ six glasses ( wat] a day1 b w>m wat] is (t5 pref]able to cold or hot4 7b7 ,9 "t ( sickness ef=ts mu/ be made at re/oration ( heal?1 if ?is is possible4 ,x is ( obligation to use ! ord9>y means to recov] physical fitness1 t is1 to take rem$ies & m$ic9es t are suitable1 n on ! advice ( acqua9tances or adv]tisem5ts1 b on ! recomm5dation ( a compet5t physician 9 ^: k & skill "o has p]fect confid5ce 7,ecclus41 xxxviii4 #a sqq474 ,b !re is no obligation to h rec\rse to extraord9>y means ( recov]y1 su* z a trip to a m balmy climate :5 "o's purse _c af=d x4 ,simil>ly1 a v pa9ful & unc]ta9 op]ation or mutilation is n obligatory1 unless "o has dep5d5ts1 & ! dang] to life f ! op]ation is slight4 ,9 "t ( sickness1 z well z 9 heal?1 we %\ld n omit to implore ! div9e aid4 #aegb4 ,! /ate ( m9d has v mu* to d ) good or bad heal?4 ,x is well kn[n1 = in/ance1 t a happy1 *e]ful attitude helps dige/ion & sleep2 :]eas worry1 fe>1 ang] or o!r emotional /ress w br+ on dyspepsia1 insomnia1 disease1 & p]haps insanity4 ,we %\ld n ov]look1 !re=e1 ! importance ( ! m5tal factor 9 our ef=ts to ma9ta9 good heal?4 7a7 ,natural means ( cultivat+ an ev5 temp] & a buoyant disposition are3 "s k9d ( labor or occupation1 avoidance ( hurry & worry 9 "o's affairs1 cultivation ( "s int]e/+ hobby or avocation t w v>y ! monotony ( bus9ess or "w1 use ( cong5ial recreations1 :e!r ( a m ref9$ 7e4g41 conv]sation ) fri5ds1 lit]ature1 music1 art1 ! drama1 travel to hi/oric or beautiful sc5es1 etc47 or ( a m mat]ial k9d 7e4g41 read+ tales ( my/]y or adv5ture1 rais+ pet animals1 witness+ baseball games1 races1 etc41 play+ billi>ds1 c>ds1 etc41 smok+1 att5d+ banquets1 picnics1 etc474 ,a s5se ( humor & laught] 9 mod]ation are good = ! heal? & n oppos$ to spirituality4 7b7 ,religi\s practices are all-important = *e]fulness ( _s4 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce1 inde$1 is 9 error :5 x holds t fai? ?9ks or wills sorr[ & disease & dea? out ( exi/5ce1 = evil is a reality2 b virtue & a good consci5ce rid "o ( _m enemies to peace1 & !re exi/ 9 ! ,*ur* _m sup]natural & miracul\s means t b5efit body1 m9d & _s4 #aegc4 ,p]sons :o give exagg]at$ att5tion to _! heal? _c ju/ify !mselves by ! comm&m5t ( *>ity to self2 = ?is comm&m5t has to be int]pret$ accord+ to ! ord] ( *>ity z expla9$ above 7see #aafd sqq474 ,! bodily good has to be c>$ =1 b ) due subord9ation to high] goods 7,matt1 vi4 #be2 ,rom41 xiv4 #af74 7a7 ,?us1 spiritual goods are m important ?an ^? ( ! body1 & x is lawful to practise mortifications by fa/+s1 vigils1 hair-%irts1 & ! l1 :i*1 ?\gh afflictive to ! fle%1 are refre%+ to ! _s1 provid$ all be done accord+ to holy prud5ce4 7b7 ,intellectual goods are bett] ?an ^? ( ! body1 & x is n s9ful to devote oneself to /udies1 rese>*es & o!r m5tal occupations 9 pref]5ce to manual labor or a?letic ex]cises :i* w\ld improve "o's physique1 b n "o's m9d4 ,x is ev5 lawful = ! sake ( m5tal improvem5t to suff] "s slight detrim5t to heal?4 7c7 ,public good is great] ?an private good1 & h5ce x is n only lawful b laudable to expose heal?1 or ev5 life1 = ! advancem5t ( sci5ce or ! welf>e ( ! community4 ,_m m5 & wom5 9 daily life d ?is z "p ( ! day's "w4 #aegd4 ,does *>ity to self oblige "o to desire honors1 su* z dignities1 titles1 positions or rank1 prec$5ce1 te/imonials1 eulogies1 m$als1 decorations1 monum5ts1 & ! l8 7a7 ,*>ity to self dem&s t "o /rive to acquire ! excell5ce t is expect$ ( "o1 & s to be des]v+ ( honor4 ,= we mu/ let our light %9e be=e m5 7,matt41 v4 #af2 ,rom41 xii4 #ag2 ,,ii ,cor41 vii4 #ba74 7b7 ,*>ity to self does n require t "o actually secure honors4 ,= "o _c =ce ano!r to decl>e "o's praises1 s9ce he may be prejudic$ or ignorant1 & x is n seemly to s+ "o's own greatness or m]it 7,,ii ,cor41 x4 #ah71 except 9 self-def5se 7,,ii ,cor41 xii4 #aa74 7c7 ,*>ity to self w\ld require "o to seek aft] an honor1 if ! honor 7 necess>y & ! mann] ( seek+ x honorable4 ,?us1 x is a duty to self to seek to obta9 a diploma or c]tificate ( good "* or pr(ici5cy1 if ?is docum5t is ne$$ to ex]cise ! pr(ession = :i* "o has tra9$4 7d7 ,*>ity to self w\ld =bid "o to seek aft] an honor1 if ! honor w\ld prove h>mful1 or if x c\ld n be obta9$ 9 a respectable way4 ,?us1 if an honor rightfully belong$ to ano!r1 or if x 7 be/[$ 9 recognition ( evil done1 or if x w\ld impose obligations = :i* "o kn[s oneself to be unsuit$1 or if x c\ld n be atta9$ except by di%one/y1 *>ity to self w\ld urge "o to fly f ! honor4 7e7 ,*>ity to self 9 o!r cases w\ld p]mit "o ei!r to seek an honor 7z :5 a dignity w be useful & w be employ$ = good1 & is n s\ght out ( va+lory or hypocrisy7 or to =ego x 7z :5 x is n necess>y & "o is mov$ to %un x1 n out ( contempt1 b out ( "s virtu\s motive74 #aege4 ,does *>ity to self require "o to desire a good "n8 7a7 ,*>ity to self does require t "o desire to be wor?y ( a good "n1 = "o owes x to oneself z well z to o!rs to be blameless 7,phil41 ii4 #ad-af7 & to provide good ?+s 9 ! sight ( m5 7,rom41 xii4 #ag74 7b7 ,*>ity to self does require t "o desire to h a good "n4 ,spiritually1 a good "n is an advantage1 = _m a "o is enc\rag$ to cont9ue 9 virtue by ! good op9ion :i* o!rs h ( him1 :ile _m ano!r is disc\rag$ f attempt+ or cont9u+ a good life because he has a bad reputation4 ,temporally also1 a good "n is useful or necess>y1 =1 if o!rs d n tru/ u or respect u1 we %all f9d x difficult to secure employm5t or position1 or to ex]cise our (fice fruitfully4 ,h5ce1 scripture admoni%es3 8,take c>e ( a good "n1 = ?is %all cont9ue ) !e1 m ?an a ?\s& treasures preci\s & great0 7,ecclus41 xli4 #ae74 7c7 ,*>ity to self does n require t "o actually h a good "n1 s9ce reputation may be lo/ ?r\gh ! "w ( detractors or ?r\gh "o's own un9t5tional imprud5ce1 or ?r\gh circum/ances ov] :i* "o has no control4 7d7 ,*>ity to self ord9>ily requires t "o seek to acquire a good "n1 if x has n yet be5 e>n$1 also to pres]ve x1 :5 ga9$1 to recov] x1 :5 lo/2 =1 z a rule1 !re is no great] good = :i* ! good ( reputation %\ld be sacrific$4 ,! means to be employ$1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be evil1 z :5 "o uses hypocritical pret5se 9 ord] to pass z a man ( piety1 or has rec\rse to ly+ or duell+1 to und]m9+ or attack+ ano!r 9 ord] to recov] "o's reputation4 ,a good "n is built up by fidelity to ! duties ( "o's call+ & ! avoidance ( :at may be (f5sive or sc&al\s to o!rs2 x is pres]v$ or rebuilt by good de$s1 especially ^? "o is kn[n or suppos$ to h lack$1 & 9 case ( ne$ by words ( self-def5se1 v9dicat+ "o's conduct1 or refut+ asp]sions or false *>ges4 7e7 ,*>ity does n require "o to seek aft] a good "n1 :5 ?is %\ld or may be sacrific$ = ! sake ( "s high] good4 ,/4 ,paul fai?fully practis$ :at he prea*$1 t no di%onor might be reflect$ on ! ,gospel2 & yet 8 enemies look$ on him z a s$uc] & a nobody1 z a melan*oly & av>ici\s man4 ,b ! ,apo/le answ]$ 8 traduc]s t nei!r honor nor di%onor1 nei!r evil report nor good report1 w\ld move him f ! ex]cise ( 8 m9i/ry 7,,ii ,cor41 vi4 #d sqq74 #aegf4 ,sacrifice ( reputation is n lawful1 h[ev]1 unless !re is a proportionately grave reason & ! means are good4 7a7 ,! end mu/ be good & relatively important1 n only if comp>$ ) ! good ( p]sonal reputation1 b also if comp>$ ) ! public good & ! rights ( ?ird p>ties4 ,examples3 ,x w\ld n be "r to all[ oneself to be defam$ 9 ord] to cov] up ! tracks ( a rascal :o des]v$ puni%m5t1 or to di/ract att5tion f an evil t is be+ done2 = ! purpose w\ld !n be ! defeat ( ju/ice or ! success ( "s s9ful plan4 ,9 su* cases ! end w\ld n be good4 ,nei!r w\ld x be "r to all[ ! sacrifice ( a good "n = ! notoriety & money pr(its to be ga9$ 9 /age or book royalties4 ,! practice ( _m "y m5 ( accept+ imput$ faults1 ( :i* !y are n guilty1 9 ord] to be popul>1 or int]e/+1 or attractive1 is also s9ful4 ,money _c buy back a lo/ reputation1 & popul>ity ) ! ?\ghtless is no comp5sation = disgrace be=e ! judici\s & loss ( self-respect4 ,9 ^! cases ! end is n important1 if comp>$ ) ! advantage ( a good "n4 ,& ev5 :5 an end is good & m important ?an "o's fame1 !re w frequ5tly be rights ( o!rs involv$ t =bid a sacrifice ( reputation1 z :5 a passive attitude 9 ! face ( calumny w\ld give sc&al or ca/ discr$it on "o's pr(ession1 (fice1 "w1 religion1 family1 or fri5ds4 7b7 ,! means mu/ be good4 ,examples3 ,ev5 if ! ambition to be 8a good fell[0 is praisewor?y1 drunk5ness & pr(anity are n suitable ways ( w9n+ e/eem1 & ! same applies to pret5d+ wick$ness or accus+ oneself ( imag9>y escapades & vices to please a circle :i* admires wildness 9 y\?4 ,! means us$ 9 ^! cases 7drunk5ness1 pr(anity1 ly+7 are evil 9 !mselves4 ,aga91 ! wi% to cultivate humility does n ju/ify "o 9 giv+ sc&al by consort+ ) evildo]s z intimates1 or by conduct+ oneself 9 su* a way z to l[] ! e/eem or respect t is ent]ta9$ = "o's position4 ,! means us$ 9 ^? cases are at lea/ evil-seem+ & dis$ify+4 #aegg4 ,is self-detraction1 t is1 ! revelation ( "s real fault or defect1 lawful8 7a7 ,if !re is "q ( faults or defects t are ( a public nature & g5]ally kn[n1 a disclosure made 9 a good _s & 9 a prop] mann]1 & f :i* b5eficial & n h>mful results c be =ese51 is lawful1 & sometimes obligatory4 ,example3 ,balbus has calumniat$ 8 neighbors1 & he n[ admits ! fact1 n to boa/ ab\t or excuse x1 b to make satisfaction2 he does n repeat ! details ( 8 defamatory rem>ks1 b m]ely /ates t he wi%es to retract :at he _h no "r to say2 he has e reason to ?9k t 8 pres5t c\rse w undo ! h>m caus$ by ! defamation4 ,balbus does "r 9 ?us ackn[l$g+ 8 mi/ake4 7b7 ,if !re is "q ( faults or defects n g5]ally kn[n1 ! reasons = m5tion+ !m %\ld be m s]i\s1 unless ! s9s are ( a trifl+ nature4 ,examples3 ,caius once s]v$ a t]m 9 jail = di%one/y1 b he is n[ a dec5t citiz54 ,8 family w\ld be sc&aliz$ & w\ld feel disgrac$1 if !y knew ?is4 ,b ,caius ?9ks x w\ld be a suitable rep>ation to tell !m ( 8 =m] guilt4 ,caius is wrong4 ,to speak ( 8 pa/ exp]i5ce w\ld only add ! s9 ( sc&al to ! old "o1 & !re are o!r ways 9 :i* he c d p5ance 9 fur!r expiation ( di%one/y4 ,claudius wi%es to m>ry ,sempronia1 b ! latt] insi/s t !re mu/ be no secrets betwe5 husb& & wife1 & t he mu/ give h] complete & accurate answ]s on c]ta9 que/ions ab\t 8 pa/ c>e]--= example1 :e!r he has ev] be5 drunk1 :e!r he has ev] wi%$ to be drunk1 :e!r he has ev] _h que/ionable relations ) o!r wom51 etc4 ,claudius %\ld n deceive ,sempronia1 nor leave h] 9 ignorance ( any s]i\s objection to ! m>riage1 ev5 if %e =got to m5tion x 9 h] que/ions2 b he owes x to himself n to put himself 9 h] p[] by giv+ h] in=mation :i* %e w\ld probably use aga9/ him !n or lat]4 ,titus has /ol5 a consid]able sum1 &1 = ! sake ( gett+ advice & direction on h[ to make re/itution1 he consults a prud5t fri5d :o w reg>d 8 communication z confid5tial1 j z if he 7 a confessor4 ,titus does n act aga9/ 8 own reputation by tell+ 8 case to ?is fri5d4 #aegh4 ,confession ( ,s9s aga9/ ,*>ity ,ow$ to ,self4--7a7 ,x is n necess>y to decl>e 9 confession t "o has act$ aga9/ ! *>ity due to self1 if !re is "q only ( s9s 9 :i* transgression ( t *>ity 0 n directly int5d$2 = to say t "o has s9n$ aga9/ ,god by blasphemy1 or aga9/ self by intemp]ance1 or aga9/ ! neighbor by inju/ice1 is equival5t to say+ t "o has hurt "o's own s\l by s94 7b7 ,x is necess>y to decl>e a want ( *>ity to self1 if "o has expressly int5d$ su* a s94 ,?us1 if a p]son :o has be5 admoni%$ to h c>e = 8 own s\l is s enrag$ !reat t he v[s to deliv] 8 s\l ov] to evil1 & !reupon proce$s to commit v>i\s k9ds ( s91 he does n decl>e 8 true /ate ( consci5ce by m]ely m5tion+ ^! latt] s9s4 ,a case ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 is n usual 7see #acjg74 #aegi4 ,! ,comm&m5t ( ,love ( ,neighbor4--,*>ity to fell[-creatures1 especially to memb]s ( ! *os5 nation1 0 comm&$ 9 ! ,old ,law4 7a7 ,?us1 int]nal love 0 made obligatory4 ,! ,"l =bade hatr$1 rev5ge1 remembrance ( injuries 7,lev41 xix4 #ag71 & comm&$ love ( fell[-citiz5s 7ibid47 & k9dness to =eign]s dwell+ 9 ! l& 7,lev41 xix4 #cc74 7b7 ,ext]nal love 0 also obligatory4 ,alms & help 7 to be giv5 ! ne$y 7,deut41 xxii4 #a1 #b1 xv4 #aa71 loans 7 to be made )\t int]e/ 7,deut41 xxiii4 #ai71 k9dness 0 to be %[n to wid[s1 orphans1 ! bl9d1 ! crippl$ 7,exod41 xxii4 #bb1 #bc2 ,lev41 xix4 #ad71 "p ( ea* h>ve/ 0 to be left = ! poor1 & 9 ! ?ird1 sev5? & fiftie? ye>s special assi/ance 0 to be r5d]$ ! ne$y 7,lev41 xix4 #i1 xxv4 #b-ab2 ,deut41 xiv4 #bh1 #bi74 #aehj4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* is ! law ( love1 ! precept ( *>ity to neighbors is giv5 ) great] cle>ness & p]fection4 7a7 ,?us1 int]nal love mu/ be univ]sal & modell$ on ! love :i* ,*ri/ _h = humanity4 ,enemies are to be lov$ z well z fri5ds1 ! bad z well z ! good 7,matt41 v4 #dc-de71 ,g5tiles z well z ,jews1 s9ce !re is "o ,"l ( all 7,rom41 x4 #ab74 ,! new comm&m5t1 ^: obs]vance w m>k ! fai?ful foll[]1 is an imitation ( ! *>ity ( ,*ri/ 7,john1 xiii4 #cd1 #ce74 7b7 ,ext]nal *>ity mu/ be practis$1 ev5 at ! co/ ( self-sacrifice 7,i ,john1 iii4 #af71 = x w be reg>d$ by ,*ri/ z done to ,himself 7,matt41 xxv4 #dj71 & w be ! subject ( int]rogation & eulogy at ! judgm5t 7,matt41 xxv4 #cd-df74 #aeha4 ,9 giv+ ! comm&m5t ( love t[>ds fell[-creatures1 our ,"l indicat$ bo? ! reason = ! love & ! mode 9 :i* ! love %\ld be ex]cis$3 8,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself0 7,matt1 xxii4 #ci74 7a7 ,! reason = ?is love is t a fell[-creature is our neighbor1 or1 z x is else:]e express$1 our bro!r 7,i ,john1 iv4 #bj1 #ba71 our fri5d 7,lev41 xix4 #ah74 ,he1 l ourselves1 is made to ! image ( ,god & is de/9$ = ! same beatitude4 7b7 ,! mode ( ?is love is t x %\ld be simil>1 ?\gh n equal1 to ! love "o has = oneself4 ,h5ce1 ! end ( lov+ our neighbor %\ld be ,god1 t x may be a holy love2 ! rule to be foll[$ 9 lov+ him %\ld be t we agree ) 8 wi%es 9 good1 b n 9 evil1 t ! love may be j2 ! mann] ( lov+ him %\ld be t "o wi%es him well1 n t "o only seeks pleasure or advantage f him1 & s ! love w be s9c]e4 ,=1 z love ( self mu/ be holy1 j & s9c]e1 ! same qualities are requir$ 9 love ( ! neighbor4 #aehb4 ,! foll[+ conditions mu/1 !re=e1 be met 9 ! love ( neighbor :i* *>ity comm&s3 7a7 ,love mu/ n be ( a covet\s or selfi% or sup]ficial k9d1 b mu/ be s9c]ely b5evol5t & b5efic5t 7see #aaji74 ,^? :o wi% to reta9 ! companion%ip or association ( a neighbor because ?is r$\nds to _! own ga91 on acc\nt ( 8 weal?1 influ5ce1 etc41 :ile h>m+ ! neighbor1 love !mselves r ?an ! neighbor4 ,nor is love ( neighbor g5u9e if x exi/s only 9 ! emotions1 or if x is manife/$ only 9 expressions ( good w2 = true love includes b5evol5ce & w be translat$ into b5efic5ce :5 ! occasion pres5ts itself 7,james1 ii4 #ad sqq42 ,i ,john1 i4 #bb74 ,p]sons :o are mo/ ready to %$ te>s at ! di/ress ( o!rs1 or :o are mo/ pr(use 9 complim5ts or good wi%es1 are frequ5tly mo/ unwill+ to assi/ o!rs1 especially if "s sacrifice is necess>y4 7b7 ,! love ( ! neighbor mu/ n be a s9ful b5evol5ce or b5efic5ce1 b mu/ desire = him & conf] on him :at are real1 & n m]ely app>5t goods1 su* z we ought to desire = ourselves 7,matt41 vii4 #ab74 ,^? :o secure = o!rs l[] & unnecess>y goods at ! sacrifice ( ^? t are high] & necess>y1 putt+ weal?1 pleasure1 or position above virtue & a good consci5ce1 h n ! love ( *>ity1 = 8:at does x pr(it a man to ga9 ! :ole _w1 & lose 8 s\l80 7,matt41 viii4 #cf74 7c7 ,! love ( ! neighbor mu/ n be purely natural1 b mu/ wi% = him & conf] on him real goods out ( a sup]natural motive4 ,?is motive is ! fri5d%ip "o has = ,god1 s t ! neighbor is lov$ because ,god loves him & desires to communicate to him a %>e 9 ! div9e life ?r\gh grace & glory4 ,! motive ( *>ity is abs5t1 !re=e1 :5 "o loves only "o's fri5ds1 :5 "o is k9d to o!rs out ( pity1 or g5]osity1 or admiration = _! good qualities1 if !re is no ?\ght ( ,god 9 ?is philan?ropy or humanit>ianism4 #aehc4 ,! comm&m5t ( love ( neighbor is suffici5tly compli$ ) z to its acts by all ^? :o are lead+ a good ,*ri/ian life4 7a7 ,?us1 ! int]nal acts ( s9c]e affection1 peace1 joy1 & m]cy are ex]cis$ by pray] = ! liv+ & ! dead1 or a dev\t recitation ( ! ,"l's ,pray]4 7b7 ,! ext]nal acts ( spiritual & corporal m]cy are p]=m$ by ^? :o are giv+ accord+ to _! means & ! necessities !y meet4 #aehd4 ,! comm&m5t ( love ( neighbor is suffici5tly compli$ ) z to its motive1 ev5 ?\gh ! sup]natural motive is n actually pres5t be=e ! m9d1 or o!r & natural motives are also pres5t4 7a7 ,?us1 ! sup]natural motive directs our love ( neighbor1 if x is pres5t virtually1 z w be expla9$ 9 #aeij4 7b7 ,natural motives ( love t are good 9 !mselves 7su* z ties ( relation%ip or nationality1 common intellectual or o!r int]e/s1 ! virtue or ability ( a neighbor7 d n detract f ! sup]naturality ( love1 provid$ _! influ5ce is subord9at$ to ! div9e fri5d%ip & ! desire ( beatitude = ! neighbor4 ,ev5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( natural repugnance is n inconsi/5t ) *>ity2 on ! contr>y1 *>ity is se5 to be great1 if = love ( ,god "o does good to implacable enemies1 or waits on p]sons suff]+ f a loa?some disease4 #aehe4 ,fulfillm5t ( ! ,comm&m5ts ( ,*>ity4--,we speak n[ only ( ! comm&m5t ( love1 9 :i* ! o!r comm&m5ts ( *>ity are conta9$ 7see #aeej b74 ,! love :i* is comm&$ mu/ h ! foll[+ qualities3 7a7 on ! side ( ! subject :o loves1 x mu/ be int]nal & made at ! prop] times--t is1 "o mu/ love f ! he>t & affection1 z well z 9 works & manife/ations1 & mu/ make & r5ew ! act ( love z ! law requires2 7b7 on ! side ( ! object lov$1 x mu/ be bo? univ]sal & well-ord]$2 "o mu/ n only love all to :om *>ity is due 7see #aacc sqq471 b "o mu/ also be/[ love accord+ to ! rank ( prec$5ce 9 :i* *>ity is due 7see #aaeh sqq474 #aehf4 ,! act ( *>ity c be made 9 v>i\s ways4 7a7 ,x is made 9 itself1 :5 "o elicits or expresses love2 x is made 9 its manife/ations1 :5 "o p]=ms an act ( virtue di/9ct f *>ity4 ,"o :o s9c]ely loves ,god ) 8 :ole he>t w keep ! comm&m5ts 7,john1 xiv4 #ba71 & h5ce acts ( temp]ance1 ju/ice1 =titude1 etc41 may be call$ acts ( love1 9 ! s5se t !y are indications ( love4 7b7 ,! act ( *>ity may be made int]nally or ext]nally4 ,?us1 affection = ano!r z a fri5d 9 ,god1 & a s9c]e desire ( 8 good1 are int]nal acts ( love2 :ile spiritual or temporal alms be/[$ ^u him1 su* z in/ruction or aid 9 "t ( sickness1 are ext]nal acts ( love4 7c7 ,! act ( *>ity may be made explicitly or implicitly4 ,*>ity is call$ explicit ) ref]5ce to a p]son or object :i* is lov$ 9 itself1 & n z includ$ 9 ano!r2 x is call$ implicit ) ref]5ce to a p]son or object lov$ z includ$ 9 ano!r1 z :5 means & end involve ea* o!r1 or a "p is conta9$ 9 ! :ole4 ,?us1 he :o loves ,god above all ?+s loves ,god explicitly & 8 neighbor implicitly2 he :o loves 8 neighbor z a future co-%>] 9 bliss loves 8 neighbor explicitly & ,god implicitly 7see #aedi72 he :o includes all mank9d 9 a common act ( love1 gives explicit love to ! race collectively1 & implicit love to individual memb]s ( ! race n m5tion$ 7e4g41 enemies or /rang]s74 #aehg4 ,= ! fulfillm5t ( ! comm&m5t ( *>ity o!r acts ( virtue are n en\gh4 ,!re mu/ also be love4 7a7 ,?us1 z to *>ity t[>ds ,god1 our ,"l decl>es t love ( ,god is ! great comm&m5t on :i* ! o!rs dep5d1 & ,/4 ,paul makes salvation dep5d on love3 8,if any man love n our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 let him be ana!ma0 7,i ,cor41 xvi4 #bb74 7b7 ,z to *>ity t[>ds ! neighbor1 ! fulfillm5t ( o!r comm&m5ts 9 8 reg>d is inf]ior to ! fulfillm5t ( ! comm&m5t ( frat]nal love1 & ?us ! comm&m5ts ( ju/ice to o!rs are di/9ct f ! comm&m5t ( love4 ,innoc5t ,,xi condemn$ ! proposition t we are n oblig$ to love our neighbor by a =mal act ( love 7,d5z+]1 ,en*iridion1 n4 #aafj74 #aehh4 ,= ! fulfillm5t ( ! law ( *>ity1 ext]nal acts ( love are n en\gh2 !re mu/ also be int]nal love or affection4 7a7 ,) reg>d to *>ity t[>ds ,god1 !re c be no "q ( ext]nal *>ity ?r\gh acts ( b5efic5ce1 z is cle>2 b "o is oblig$ to signify "o's love ( ,god1 if sil5ce w\ld cause sc&al or convey an expression ( hatr$ ( ,god4 ,m]e lip-s]vice1 h[ev]1 w n d1 = ,god mu/ be lov$ & s]v$ f ! he>t 7,matt41 xxii4 #cg2 ,eph41 vi1 #f2 ,,ii ,!ss4 iii41 #e2 etc474 7b7 ,) reg>d to *>ity t[>ds ! neighbor1 ext]nal *>ity is comm&$ 7see #abaj sqq4 & #aeea74 ,b !re mu/ also be int]nal *>ity1 = we are bidd5 to love our neighbor z we love ourselves 7,matt1 xxii4 #ci71 z ,*ri/ lov$ u 7,john1 xv4 #ab71 f ! he>t 7,i ,pet41 i4 #bb74 ,if a man di/ribut$ 8 goods to fe$ ! poor1 n out ( love1 b out ( vanity or o!r s9ful motives1 8 act w\ld n be an ex]cise ( *>ity4 ,innoc5t ,,xi condemn$ ! proposition t we may satisfy ?r\gh ext]nal acts alone ! precept ( lov+ our neighbor 7,d5z+]1 n4 #aafa74 #aehi4 ,mu/ ! int]nal act ( love be explicit8 7a7 ,love ( ,god %\ld be explicit1 = ! comm&m5t ( *>ity is t ,god be lov$ z ! ,la/ ,end1 & ! o!r comm&m5ts are to be obs]v$ z means to t ,end 7see #aabj1 #aedg74 ,! ,la/ ,end is t :i* is lov$ = its own sake1 & h5ce di/9ctly1 :ile ! means are lov$ = ! sake ( ! ,la/ ,end4 7b7 ,love ( ! neighbor is requir$ to be explicit z reg>ds all neighbors 9 g5]al1 :5 ?is is necess>y = ! pres]vation ( *>ity t[>ds ,god1 or ! fulfillm5t ( obligations ( *>ity t[>ds man2 x %\ld be explicit z reg>ds an individual1 :5 ?is is necess>y = ! prop] dis*>ge ( ext]nal works or o!r duties ( *>ity1 z :5 "o w n be able to ov]come a temptation to hatr$ unless "o makes an act ( *>ity :i* expressly includes ! p]son "o is tempt$ to hate4 ,b "o :o loves 8 neighbor implicitly ?r\gh an act ( sup]natural love ( ,god1 & neglects no ext]nal duty ( *>ity t[>ds o!rs1 is consid]$ to h suffici5tly compli$ ) ! law 9 ord9>y circum/ances4 #aeij4 ,! ,int5tion ( ,p]=m+ ,all ,good ,works out ( ,love = ,god4--7a7 ,?is int5tion is actual1 :5 "o expressly wills ,god z ! ,la/ ,end ( "o's actions4 ,! comm&m5t ( lov+ ,god above all ?+s does n require an actual ref]5ce ( ea* good "w to ,8 love 7see #aabj1 #he1 #hf74 7b7 ,?is int5tion is virtual b explicit1 :5 previ\sly a p]son _h ! actual int5tion & nev] retract$ x1 & n[ acts "u ! influ5ce ( t explicit & unretract$ int5tion1 ?\gh he does n adv]t to ! ,la/ ,end z he n[ acts4 ,?us1 if an act ( love ( ,god above all ?+s is made sup]naturally by a ,*ri/ian or naturally by a non-,*ri/ian1 & lat] on by reason ( ! acts ( love ^! p]sons give alms to ! poor & d n ?9k ( ,god z !y give ! alms1 _! works are n actually1 b virtually & explicitly done = ,8 love4 ,! comm&m5t ( love ( ,god1 z we %all see 7#aeic sqq471 obliges "o at c]ta9 times to elicit an act ( love ( ,god z ! ,la/ ,end1 lov$ above all ?+s else 79 unbeliev]s x mu/ be an act ( natural b5evol5ce1 & 9 believ]s an act ( sup]natural *>ity72 &1 s9ce su* an act includes a consecration ( "o's works to ,god1 ! comm&m5t requires likewise at c]ta9 times a virtual & explicit ref]5ce ( good works to ! love ( ,god4 7c7 ,! int5tion is virtual & implicit1 :5 !re is no previ\s act ( love ( ,god influ5c+ a pres5t act1 b ?is act itself is good1 t5d+ f its "* & object to ! ,la/ ,end1 & x is precisely its "* & object t cause x to be *os5 by ! ag5t4 ,?us1 if an infidel1 :o has made no (f]+ ( 8 works to ,god1 gives an alms out ( love ( m]cy1 or honors 8 p>5ts out ( love ( piety1 or pays 8 debts out ( love ( ju/ice1 he has explicit love = virtue & implicit love = ! ,au?or & ,end ( virtue4 ,! comm&m5t ( love ( ,god1 be+ affirmative1 does n oblige "o at all times to elicit acts ( love ( ,god z ! ,supreme ,good1 & h5ce1 ap>t f ! occasions :5 t affirmative comm&m5t calls = ex]cise1 a virtual & implicit int5tion ( act+ = ! sake ( ,god suffices to excuse f s94 #aeia4 ,applications ( ! ,prec$+ ,p>agraph4--7a7 ,a ,*ri/ian :o makes acts ( love ( ,god at ! necess>y times fulfills ! comm&m5t ( lov+ ,god ) 8 :ole he>t & ! precepts ( do+ all ?+s = ! glory ( ,god 7,i ,cor41 x4 #ca71 & 9 *>ity 7,i ,cor41 xvi4 #ad71 & 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ 7,col41 iii4 #ag74 7b7 ,an infidel inv9cibly ignorant ( ! sup]natural law1 :o makes acts ( natural b5evol5ce ) ref]5ce to ,god :5 he %\ld1 does n s9 aga9/ ! precept ( *>ity1 & obs]ves ! law ( natural love4 7c7 ,a p]son :o 9 no way ref]s a delib]ate act to love ( ,god1 natural or sup]natural1 s9s 9 t act4 ,8 s9 is v5ial1 if ! evil int5d$ is small 7e4g41 an alms giv5 purely out ( va+lory72 x is mortal1 if ! evil is grave 7e4g41 an alms giv5 = ! purpose ( s$uction into s]i\s s974 #aeib4 ,x %\ld n be inf]r$ f :at has be5 said on ! qualities :i* *>ity mu/ h1 or ! influ5ce x mu/ ex]cise1 t ! duty ( love ( ,god is only = ! p]fect1 or t x is ) difficulty accompli%$4 7a7 ,on ! contr>y1 *>ity is a univ]sal obligation1 = x is ! fir/ comm&m5t 7,matt41 xxii4 #ch71 & he :o does n love is accurs$ 7,i ,cor41 xvi4 #bb74 7b7 ,nei!r is ! comm&m5t h>d 7,i ,john1 v4 #c71 = nature itself incl9es "o to love ! ,supreme ,good1 & grace helps "o to remove ! imp$im5ts to a love ( fri5d%ip t w cl+ to ,god above all4 ,! obs]vance ( ! comm&m5ts indicates t "o is guid$ habitually by love1 :ile a dev\t recitation ( ! ,"l's ,pray] is an actual expression ( t love2 & h5ce consci5ti\s p]sons %\ld n worry le/ !y may h be5 want+ 9 ,god's love4 #aeic4 ,) ref]5ce to ! times :5 ! precepts ( *>ity oblige1 we %\ld di/+ui% ?ree k9ds ( precepts3 7a7 ! negative precepts =bid s9s aga9/ *>ity 7su* z hatr$1 envy1 sc&al1 etc471 & !y oblige at all times2 7b7 ! positive precepts ( ext]nal b5efic5ce oblige :5 occasion requires1 z 0 said above 7see #abaj sqq472 7c7 ! positive precepts ( int]nal love oblige at c]ta9 special times1 z w n[ be expla9$4 #aeid4 ,! precept ( love ( ,god obliges directly--t is1 by reason ( ! virtue ( *>ity itself--at ! foll[+ times3 7a7 at ! beg9n+ ( ! moral life1 t is1 ( ! use ( reason2 7b7 dur+ life2 7c7 at ! close ( life1 or :5 "o is ab\t to die 7,d5z+]1 nn4 #aaja1 #abhi74 #aeie4 ,! ,obligation ( an ,act ( ,love ( ,god at ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,moral ,life4--7a7 ,! beg9n+ ( ! moral life "h signifies ! mom5t :5 a *ild arrives at a full use ( reason1 & is able to delib]ate on ?+s ( grave importance1 su* z ! duty ( hav+ a supreme purpose 9 life & ( do+ good & avoid+ evil4 ,?is mom5t does n co9cide necess>ily ) any fix$ p]iod ( ! *ild's age 7e4g41 ! sev5? ye>71 b dep5ds on ! gradual developm5t ( ! moral consci5ce & may be e>li] or lat] accord+ to intellig5ce1 surr\nd+s1 education1 etc1 7see #icb74 7b7 ,! act ( love ( ,god "h signifies ! turn+ to ,god z "o's ,la/ ,end1 b x may be made ei!r =mally or virtually1 accord+ to ! k _h4 ,a =mal act ( love ( ,god is made1 :5 "o has explicit k1 ei!r ?r\gh fai? or ?r\gh natural reason1 conc]n+ ,god z ! ,supreme ,good & ,la/ ,end1 & :5 "o loves ,him z su*4 ,a virtual act ( love ( ,god consi/s 9 a resolution to direct "o's life accord+ to reason1 or 9 a love ( ! goodness ( virtue2 = 9 su* an act !re is impli$ a love ( ! ,au?or & ,end ( moral good4 ,! fai?ful :o _c rememb] hav+ made ?is fir/ act ( *>ity :5 !y came to ! use ( reason1 %\ld n di/urb !mselves at ?is1 = ! comm&m5t 0 fulfill$ by any s]vice !y freely (f]$ to ,god4 7c7 ,! reason = requir+ an act ( love at ! beg9n+ ( ! moral life is1 t 9 t mom5t "o has ! *oice plac$ be=e "o ( good or evil1 & t fai?1 hope & *>ity1 be+ fundam5tal precepts1 %\ld prec$e ! o!r virtues ( ! law4 #aeif4 ,ignorance z ,excus+ f ! ,act ( ,love ( ,god4--7a7 ,ignorance ( ,god z ! ,au?or ( ! sup]natural ord] excuses f ! precept ( sup]natural love or *>ity1 if x is inv9cible ignorance4 ,?us1 a pagan :o kn[s no?+ ( revelation does n s9 by omitt+ an act ( *>ity t[>ds ,god4 7b7 ,ignorance ( ,god z ! ,au?or ( ! ord] ( nature does n excuse f a natural act ( b5evol5ce t[>ds ,god1 if ! p]son 9 ignorance1 ?\gh an infidel1 has suffici5t use ( reason1 = ignorance ( ,god is !n inexcusable 7,rom41 i4 #bj74 #aeig4 ,! ,obligation ( ! ,act ( ,love ( ,god ?r\gh\t ,life4--7a7 ,! exi/5ce ( an obligation to make frequ5t acts ( love ( ,god dur+ life is a consequ5ce ( ! prepond]ant "p play$ by *>ity among ! virtues 7see #aaae sqq471 = h[ is "o to regulate "o's life accord+ to ! virtues1 if "o does n frequ5tly r5ew t virtue :i* is ! inspiration & direction ( all ! o!rs8 ,! ,old ,te/am5t requires t "o h ! comm&m5t ( love ( ,god frequ5tly 9 "o's ?\ghts 7,deut41 vi4 #e-g71 & 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t x is call$ ! comm&m5t on :i* all ! o!rs dep5d 7,matt41 xxii4 #cg-dj74 ,! ,*ur* has condemn$ propositions t made infrequ5t p]=mance ( ! act ( love--su* z once 9 a lifetime1 once 9 five ye>s--suffici5t 7,d5z+]1 nn4 #aaee-aaeg74 7b7 ,! details ( ?is obligation--t is1 ! frequ5cy ) :i* & ! times at :i* ! act ( love ( ,god mu/ be made "u pa9 ( grave s9--is a matt] ( dispute among au?orities4 ,"s ?9k once 9 ?ree ye>s suffici5t2 o!rs1 guid$ p]haps by ! analogy ( ! precept ( ye>ly ,communion1 reg>d once a ye> z suffici5t2 o!rs1 ) ,/4 ,alphonsus1 hold = once a mon?1 bas+ _! op9ion on ! difficulty ( ov]com+ temptations if acts ( love ( ,god are omitt$ = m ?an a mon?2 o!rs1 ) ,scotus1 ?9k ! act ( love ( ,god %\ld be made once a week1 =1 s9ce ! ,sundays are set aside = ! wor%ip ( ,god1 ! ,*ur* seems to h !reby det]m9$ ) reg>d to ! act ( div9e *>ity t :i* ! law ( ,god _h left undet]m9$2 f9ally1 "s tea* t an act ( love ( ,god mu/ be made daily1 argu+ t ,*ri/ comm&$ ! ,"l's ,pray] to be said daily1 & t its fir/ petitions conta9 =mal acts ( love ( ,god4 #aeih4 ,none ( ! oppos$ op9ions j giv5 c be consid]$ z demon/rat$ & !oretically c]ta94 ,b 9 actual life ?is (f]s no difficulty1 & ! foll[+ are accept$ z practical rules t may be act$ on3 7a7 ,^? :o live habitually 9 ! /ate ( grace may be reg>d$ z hav+ fulfill$ suffici5tly ! comm&m5t ( love ( ,god1 = 8if any man love ,me1 he w keep ,my ^w0 7,john1 xiv4 #bc74 7b7 ,^? :o live habitually 9 an occasion ( s9 or 9 s9 itself1 no d\bt neglect ! comm&m5t ( love ( ,god2 b x is n necess>y t !y accuse !mselves ( ! omission to _! confessor1 s9ce x is und]/ood 9 ! m5tion ( ! occasion ( s9 or bad habit4 ,! confessor1 h[ev]1 ought to admoni% c>eless p5it5ts ab\t ! obligation ( love ( ,god1 ( recitation ( ! ,our ,fa!r1 etc4 ,mortal s9 revokes ! direction ( "o's works t[>ds ,god1 &1 ?\gh "o is n oblig$ to r5ew t direction imm$iately aft] rep5tance1 a delay beyond f\r or five mon?s accord+ to "s au?ors w\ld be notable4 #aeii4 ,obligation ( ! ,act ( ,love ( ,god at ! ,close ( ,life4--,! duty ( mak+ an act ( love ( ,god :5 "o is at ! po9t ( dea? is admitt$ by all = ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 ! dy+ p]son is directly oblig$ to make an act ( love ( ,god :5 ?is is ! only way 9 :i* he c secure ju/ification1 z :5 he is n 9 ! /ate ( grace & _c receive ! ,sacram5ts2 7b7 ! dy+ p]son is indirectly oblig$ to make an act ( love ( ,god :5 o!rwise he _c securely /ruggle aga9/ temptations to despair1 d\bt1 etc4 #afjj4 ,! duty ( mak+ an act ( love ( ,god at ! "t :5 dea? is ne> is consid]$ z d\btful by "s au?orities :5 ! foll[+ po9ts are morally c]ta93 7a7 :5 ! dy+ p]son has already suffici5tly compli$ ) ! duty ( mak+ an act ( love 7e4g41 :5 he made su* an act j be=e he fell into dang] ( dea?71 or is n[ 9 ! /ate ( grace 7e4g41 :5 he has receiv$ absolution ) attrition j be=e or aft] ! dang]72 & also 7b7 :5 ! dy+ p]son w n expose himself on acc\nt ( omission ( ! act ( *>ity to ! violation ( any s]i\s comm&m5t4 #afja4 ,9 practice1 ! prie/ :o is att5d+ ! dy+ p]son %\ld act z foll[s3 7a7 ,he %\ld rem9d ! dy+ p]son ( ! obligation1 if x appe>s c]ta91 & %\ld sugge/ to him ! motives & assi/ him 9 pron\nc+ ! =m4 ,9 _m manuals ( ! ,ritual exhortations & aspirations suitable = ?is purpose are giv54 7b7 ,! prie/ %\ld recomm5d ! act ( love ( ,god1 ev5 ?\gh ! obligation does n appe> c]ta91 if no h>m w result f 8 do+ s4 ,= ?is w bett] prep>e ! dy+ p]son = entrance into et]nity4 7c7 ,he %\ld n speak ( ! act ( love ( ,god1 if ! obligation is unc]ta9 & h>m w\ld result f 8 do+ s 7e4g41 if ! dy+ p]son is 9 good fai?1 & w\ld be mu* di/urb$ if told ab\t ! act ( love to be made74 #afjb4 ,?us f> we h spok5 ( ! obligation :i* ! precept ( love ( ,god imposes directly1 or by reason ( *>ity itself4 ,!re is also an obligation t is indirect1 or by reason ( "s virtue or comm&m5t di/9ct f *>ity4 7a7 ,?us1 by reason ( a virtue di/9ct f *>ity1 "o is b\nd to make an act ( love ( ,god1 if ?is act is ! only means ( avoid+ s9 aga9/ t virtue4 ,example3 ,titus suff]s sev]e temptations to inju/ice1 & f9ds t only ! love ( ,god keeps him f inju/ice4 ,9 temptation1 !re=e1 he %\ld make an act ( love ( ,god4 7b7 ,by reason ( a comm&m5t di/9ct f t ( *>ity1 "o is b\nd to make an act ( love ( ,god1 if o!rwise "o _c fulfill rightly ! comm&m5t 9 "q4 ,?us1 if a p]son has to receive or adm9i/] a ,sacram5t ( ! liv+1 or solemnly to adm9i/] a ,sacram5t1 :5 he is n 9 ! /ate ( grace & has n ! opportunity ( receiv+ absolution1 he is oblig$ to make an act ( p]fect contrition1 :i* includes an act ( love ( ,god4 #afjc4 ,an implicit love ( neighbor is conta9$ 9 e true act ( love ( ,god 7see #aedi1 #aehf74 ,b 9 "s cases love ( neighbor mu/ be explicit 7see #aehi74 7a7 ,?us1 "o is b\nd to explicit love directly 7or by reason ( *>ity itself71 :5 ! law ( *>ity requires ?is4 ,p] accid5s1 *>ity requires an int]nal act ( love1 :5 )\t ?is act "s good comm&$ by *>ity 7e4g41 reconciliation ) an enemy1 alms to "o 9 di/ress7 w n be done1 or "s evil =bidd5 by *>ity 7e4g41 hatr$1 rev5ge7 w n be ov]come4 ,p] se1 x does n seem t *>ity requires explicit acts ( love t[>ds ! neighbor1 b only ^? implicit acts conta9$ 9 ! love ( ,god2 9 practice1 h[ev]1 consci5ti\s p]sons frequ5tly make explicit acts ( frat]nal *>ity1 z :5 !y pray = ! liv+ & ! dead1 or say ! ,our ,fa!r ) due att5tion & devotion4 7b7 ,"o is b\nd to explicit love indirectly 7or by reason ( "s o!r virtue ?an *>ity71 :5 ap>t f su* explicit love t o!r virtue _c be ex]cis$ z comm&$4 ,example3 ,balbus is (t5 tempt$ to defraud ,caius1 & does n resi/ ! temptation successfully1 unless he puts himself into a *>itable disposition t[>ds ,caius4 #afjd4 ,! ,necessity ( ,*>ity4--7a7 ,! habit ( *>ity is necess>y z a means 7see #cfj1 #ghe7 = all p]sons1 infants includ$1 s t )\t x no "o c be sav$4 ,= x is only ) ?is virtue t "o possesses ! div9e indwell+ 7,i ,john1 iv4 #af71 & is made a fri5d ( ,god4 ,^? :o h n ! w$d+ g>m5t ( *>ity are ca/ into ! out] d>kness 7,matt41 xxii4 #ac74 7b7 ,! act ( *>ity is also necess>y z a means ( salvation to all adults1 = x is only by actual *>ity t !y turn t[>ds _! ,la/ ,end1 & )\t actual *>ity !y are 9 dea? 7,i ,john1 iii4 #ad74 ,a p]son :o is ju/ifi$ ?r\gh attrition jo9$ ) a ,sacram5t receives grace & ! habit ( *>ity1 & by 8 volunt>y acceptance he cons5ts to ! div9e fri5d%ip & ?us makes an act ( *>ity4 7c7 ,! act ( *>ity is obligatory "u grave precept at ! beg9n+ ( ! moral life1 frequ5tly dur+ life1 & at ! h\r ( dea? 7see #aeid sqq474 #afje4 ,is x possible t a s9 aga9/ ! love ( ,god be only v5ial8 7a7 ,! imp]fection ( ! act makes su* a s9 only v5ial1 z :5 )\t full delib]ation "o wi%es to omit an obligatory act ( love4 7b7 ,! slightness ( ! matt] makes su* a s9 v5ial1 :5 x is aside f1 b n contr>y to1 ! love ( ,god1 z :5 "o makes an act ( love ( ,god ) culpable lukew>mness4 ,v5ial s9 is n1 /rictly speak+1 oppos$ to ! comm&m5t ( love1 s9ce x does n de/roy love4 #afjf4 ,z ! ord] ( *>ity is comm&$ z a "p ( ! law ( *>ity1 "o is oblig$ n only to love ^? to :om love is comm&$1 b also to give great] love to ^? to :om great] love is due4 7a7 ,god mu/ be lov$ above all creatures1 s9ce ,he is to be lov$ ) ! :ole he>t 7,deut41 vi4 #e2 ,matt41 x4 #cg74 7b7 ,self mu/ be lov$ m ?an ! neighbor1 = love ( neighbor is comm&$ only z l to t ( self 7,matt41 xxii4 #i74 7c7 ,"o %\ld love "o's neighbor m ?an "o's own body1 s9ce we ought to lay d[n our lives = ! bre?r5 7,i ,john1 iii4 #af74 ,! claims ( self & ( ! neighbor to love are 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ! spiritual goods ( self1 ! spiritual goods ( ! neighbor1 ! bodily goods ( self1 ! bodily goods ( ! neighbor1 ! ext]nal goods ( self1 ! ext]nal goods ( ! neighbor4 7d7 ,among neighbors1 ^? :o are bett] or m ne>ly relat$ to self %\ld be giv5 ! pref]5ce 9 love2 = we %\ld d good to all1 b especially to ^? :o are ( ! h\sehold ( ! fai? 7,gal1 vi4 #aj71 & ^? p]sons are specially blam$ :o h no c>e = _! own & = ^? ( _! own h\se 7,i ,tim41 v4 #h74 ,! claims ( neighbors on our help 7z 0 expla9$ 9 #aagf sqq47 rank 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 wife1 *ildr51 p>5ts1 bro!rs & si/]s1 o!r relatives1 fri5ds1 dome/ics1 citiz5s ( ! same t[n1 /ate1 & c\ntry1 &1 f9ally1 all o!rs4 #afjg4 ,! ord] ( *>ity is comm&$1 because x is a mode intr9sic to ! p]=mance ( ! act ( *>ity 7see #aeed72 x is a circum/ance )\t :i* ! act ( love is n 9 proportion to ! p]son to :om x is %[n4 ,?us1 love giv5 to ,god is n 9 proportion to ,8 lovabl5ess1 if x is exce$$ by ! love giv5 to a creature2 love giv5 to ! memb]s ( "o's family is n 9 proportion to _! claims1 if x is less ?an ! love giv5 to /rang]s4 7a7 ,h5ce1 outside cases ( a neighbor's ne$1 ! law ( *>ity requires t "o give him ! am\nt ( int]nal love t corresponds ) ! ext]nal *>ity due to him4 ,?us1 love = a fa!r %\ld be 9 proportion to ! ext]nal honor "o is b\nd to %[ "o's p>5t2 love = a bro!r 9 proportion to ! ext]nal m>ks ( fri5d%ip t are due a bro!r4 ,he :o has no filial love = 8 p>5ts1 or frat]nal love = 8 bre?r51 does n fulfill ! law ( *>ity4 7b7 ,9 cases ( a neighbor's ne$1 ! law ( *>ity requires t ! int]nal love be 9 proportion to ! ext]nal *>itable assi/ance "o %\ld give4 ,?us1 if a p>5t & a /rang] are 9 equal necessity1 m help & m love are due ! p>5t2 b if a /rang] is 9 ne$1 & a p>5t is n 9 ne$1 m help & m correspond+ love1 z to t p>ticul> case1 are due ! /rang]4 #afjh4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t !re is a tw(old love ( ! neighbor4 7a7 ,obligatory love is t :i* is comm&$1 & :i* is due ano!r z a debt1 su* z love = ,god1 = a p>5t1 = all neighbors 9 g5]al1 etc4 ,! am\nt ( love = fell[-creatures t is obligatory is1 ( c\rse1 n inf9ite1 = no creature is inf9itely lovable2 nei!r is x ma!matically fix$1 =1 z said above1 x may be great] or less accord+ to circum/ances2 b x is comp>ative or relative--t is1 x %\ld agree ) ! high] or l[] claim to ext]nal *>ity t a neighbor has on "o4 7b7 ,optional love1 or love ( sup]]ogation1 is t :i* is n comm&$1 b :i* may be giv5 lawfully1 su* z special fri5d%ip outside a case ( ne$ = an enemy or /rang]4 ,z !re is no precept reg>d+ ?is k9d ( love1 nei!r is !re any precept reg>d+ ! ord] ( love z betwe5 ^? to :om x is giv51 & "o may inv]t ! ord] t is obligatory z reg>ds comm&$ love4 ,?us1 if a bro!r & a c\s9 are bo? well-to-d1 & "o has prop]ty to bequea? to :i* nei!r ( !m has any "r1 x is n aga9/ *>ity to leave m to ! c\s9 & less to ! bro!r1 or "s to ! c\s9 & none to ! bro!r4 ,?is supposes1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! matt] ( obligatory love ! pref]5ce 9 ord] ( *>ity has be5 %[n ! bro!r 7z expla9$ 9 #aaeh-aahb74 ,art4 #aa3 ,,! ,,gift ,,( ,,wisdom 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,,ii-,,ii1 qq4 #de1 #df47 #afji4 ,wisdom is ! ,gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/ :i* corresponds ) & s]ves ! virtue ( *>ity 7see #aei sqq41 #hjh sqq41 #ajda sqq471 & h5ce x is discuss$ 9 ?is place4 ,! foll[+ po9ts conc]n+ ,wisdom w be treat$3 7a7 ! ,nature ( ! ,gift ( ,wisdom2 7b7 ! ,p]sons :o ,possess ! ,gift ( ,wisdom2 7c7 ! ,beatitude ( ! ,peacemak]s1 :i* p]ta9s especially to ,wisdom2 7d7 ! ,s9 ( ,fooli%ness1 :i* is oppos$ to ,wisdom4 ,s f> is x f be+ improp] to give "s space 9 ,moral ,!ology to ! ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 7z if !y p]ta9$ only to high] my/icism71 t x is ev5 necess>y to emphasize !m4 ,! ,gifts are ess5tial to salvation1 & play a mo/ important "p 9 ! daily spiritual life1 :e!r 9 correct+ or re9=c+ ! virtues1 or 9 giv+ imm$iate direction f ! ,holy ,_s4 ,man1 x is true1 does n set !m into action1 b x is man's "p to value !m1 to hold himself 9 read9ess = !m1 & to he>k5 to _! :isp]$ enlight5m5t & c\nsel4 ,! ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are ! v s\l ( ,!ology & ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 #afaj4 ,! ,nature ( ! ,gift ( ,wisdom4--,wisdom is def9$ z 8a habit = judg+ ?+s 9 ! light ( _! ,fir/ ,cause1 ! ,supreme ,good1 :i* is infus$ into ! s\l along ) sanctify+ grace40 7a7 ,wisdom is a habit1 & s x diff]s f pass+ acts4 ,?us1 a man 9 ! /ate ( s9 :o avoids idolatry1 judges 9 ! light ( ! highe/ cause t wor%ip is n to be giv5 to creatures2 b he lacks ! indwell+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 & !re=e does n judge 9 virtue ( t special in/9ct or p[] :i* orig9ates f ! abid+ pres5ce ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 7b7 ,wisdom judges1 & ?is sets x ap>t f habits t belong to ! w 7e4g41 ! ,gifts ( ,piety1 ,=titude1 & ,fe>71 z well z f habits ^: *ief act is ass5t 7e4g41 ! virtue ( ,fai?7 or p5etration 7e4g41 ! ,gift ( ,und]/&+74 7c7 ,! /&>d by :i* ,wisdom judges ?+s is ! ,fir/ ,cause ( all1 or ! ,supreme ,good1 z :5 our ,"l expla9$ t ! condition ( ! man born bl9d 0 due to ! purpose ( ,god to be glorifi$ ?r\gh t bl9dness 7,john1 ix4 #c74 ,! wise man is he :o goes back to fir/ pr9ciples1 to ! orig9s ( ?+s1 to ultimate purposes2 b x is n e wisdom t e/imates ?+s accord+ to ! ,supreme ,good1 & !re is a false wisdom 7see #afbc7 ^: canon ( excell5ce is ! imp]fect good oppos$ to ,supreme ,good4 ,! ,gift ( ,wisdom1 !re=e1 is di/9ct f s9ful wisdom1 :i* is wise at do+ evil 7,j]41 iv4 #bb72 f p>ticul> wisdom1 :i* und]/&s well ! !ory & practice ( "s sci5ce1 art1 or pr(ession1 & is able !re=e to decide correctly & to arrange successfully su* matt]s z fall "u a special k9d ( activity1 z 9 m$ic9e or ar*itecture or /rategy 7,i ,cor41 iii4 #aj74 7d7 ,! ?+s t make up ! object ( ,wisdom are1 9 ! fir/ place1 div9e ?+s 7e4g41 ! attributes1 plans1 gov]nm5t1 op]ations ( ,god72 &1 9 ! second place1 creat$ ?+s1 :e!r 9 ! speculative ord] 7e4g41 m9d & matt]1 good & evil1 sci5ce1 religion1 hi/ory71 or 9 ! practical ord] 7i4e41 human actions74 ,wisdom contemplates ! div9e z kn[n f fai? or ! beatific vision1 & !n1 ) ! ?+s ( ,god z its rule1 x judges ! ?+s ( e>? & directs ! conduct ( m53 8,! spiritual man judge? all ?+s0 7,i ,cor1 ii1 #ae74 ,?us does ,wisdom diff] f ! ,gifts ( ,k & ( ,c\nsel2 = ,k is conc]n$ directly ) second>y causes & rises f ! creature to ! ,creator1 ,:ile ,c\nsel is n a speculative b a practical ,gift1 & is a response to direction giv5 by ! ,holy ,_s = ! guidance ( conduct4 7e7 ,! ,gift ( ,wisdom is an infus$ p]fection ( ! intellect1 8a wisdom desc5d+ f on high0 7,james1 iii4 #ae74 ,h5ce1 :ile x resembles ! virtue ( ,wisdom1 :i* also judges human & div9e ?+s ?r\gh fir/ causes 7see #ade71 x diff]s f t virtue1 ev5 ) ref]5ce to ! same objects1 on acc\nt ( its diff]5t way ( approa*4 ,!ology & philosophy judge correctly because !y employ /udy & ! inve/igation ( reason2 b ! ,gift ( ,wisdom has a "r judgm5t because x dep5ds1 n on analysis or argum5tation1 b on a sup]natural k _h ?r\gh fai? 7or vision 9 case ( ! bless$7 & a sup]natural exp]i5ce ( ,god ?r\gh *>ity4 ,wisdom may express itself1 inde$1 9 ! concepts & language ( philosophy or !ology1 b x is n ?r\gh sci5tific processes t x kn[s & judges4 7f7 ,! ,gift ( ,wisdom is infus$ into ! s\l along ) sanctify+ grace2 =1 l ! o!r ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 x is int5d$ to supplem5t ?r\gh ! action ( ! ,holy ,_s ! control ex]cis$ by grace1 :i* is imp]fect on acc\nt ( ! limitations ( ! virtues4 ,! ,gift ( ,wisdom1 !re=e1 is an ord9>y & normal fact 9 ! spiritual life1 & mu/ n be confus$ ) r>e & extraord9>y ph5om5a--) ! 8^w ( wisdom0 7,i ,cor41 xii4 #h71 :i* 0 grant$ to ! ,apo/les & at times to o!r prea*]s ( ! fai?1 nor ) ! cle> contemplation ( ,god be/[$ 9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 nor ) ! infus$ k or light ( glory enjoy$ by ,*ri/ & "s ( ! ,sa9ts :ile on e>?4 ,?us1 :ile all :o are 9 ! /ate ( grace possess ! ,gift ( ,wisdom1 comp>atively only a few h receiv$ ! 8^w ( wisdom0--t is1 ! ability to in/ruct o!rs 9 ! high] my/]ies ( fai? & to expla9 to !m ) ease & 9 suitable language ! mean+ ( ^! my/]ies & _! relation to supreme causes4 ,bo? ^! graces are sup]natural1 b1 :ile ! ,gift ( ,wisdom is ne$$ by ea* individual = 8 own sanctification1 ! ^w ( wisdom is ne$$ only 9 c]ta9 cases = ! sanctification ( o!rs4 #afaa4 ,f ! =ego+ def9ition x is se5 t ,wisdom belongs bo? to ! w & to ! intellect4 7a7 ,9 its cause1 ,wisdom belongs to ! w4 ,! cause ( "r judgm5t by means ( div9e ?+s is ei!r ! suitability ( ! intellect1 :i* kn[s well h[ to judge1 or ! suitability ( ! w1 :i* is incl9$ t[>ds div9e ?+s4 ,?us1 he :o is well v]s$ 9 moral sci5ce w give a correct decision ab\t a case ( *a/ity z x falls "u ! inquiry ( reason1 & he :o is *a/e w judge correctly ab\t ! same case1 ev5 )\t moral sci5ce1 b f ! sympa?y he has = ! virtue4 ,! intellectual virtue ( ,wisdom1 !n1 judges aright because ! intellect is s\nd 9 its proc$ures2 b ! ,gift ( ,wisdom is "r 9 its judgm5ts1 because ! w has be5 unit$ to ,god ?r\gh *>ity1 s t !re has result$ 9 "o a suitability = judg+ ab\t ! ?+s ( ,god3 8,give me "o :o loves1 & he w und]/& :at ,i say0 7,augu/9e1 ,tract4 xxvi4 9 ,joan474 7b7 ,9 its ess5ce1 ,wisdom belongs to ! intellect1 = x consi/s 9 judgm5t1 & ?is is an act t is ex]cis$1 n by ! affections1 b by ! reason4 ,?r\gh love ! s\l becomes "o _s ) ,god 7,i ,cor41 vi4 #ag71 & ! w exp]i5ces ! sweetness ( ?is union 7,ps4 xxxiii4 #i72 ! intellect !n judges conc]n+ ! div9e :i* has be5 ! object ( its my/ical communion4 ,! ,gift ( ,wisdom1 built z x is on fai? & *>ity1 diff]s utt]ly f private int]pretation ( revelation 7:i* is subv]sive ( fai?7 & f ! ,mod]ni/ic exp]i5ce ( ! div9e 7:i* is expla9$ z a natural intuition _h by a special religi\s s5se ( a reality t is div9e & yet only subjective & unkn[able74 #afab4 ,f ! def9ition & explanation ( ! ,gift ( ,wisdom x also foll[s t ?is ,gift is practical z well z speculative4 7a7 ,prim>ily1 ,wisdom is speculative1 = "o mu/ consid] div9e ?+s 9 !mselves be=e "o applies !m to o!r ?+s2 &1 moreov]1 ! object ( ,wisdom is ,god1 :o is ! fir/ tru? 9 ! ord] ( k or speculation4 ,x is by ,wisdom1 !n1 z well z by ! o!r intellectual ,gifts or extraord9>y graces1 t ! act ( sup]natural contemplation is ex]cis$2 b ,wisdom1 m p]fect ?an ! o!r ,gifts1 asc5ds at once to ?+s t are heav5ly1 div9e & et]nal1 & ?9ks ( ,god z transc5d+ 9 p]fection e kn[n or kn[able degree ( creat$ excell5ce1 & z be+ mo/ true1 mo/ beautiful1 mo/ lovable 7,eph41 iii4 #ag-ai74 7b7 ,second>ily1 ,wisdom is practical1 = ,god :om x contemplates is ! supreme rule ( action1 z well z ! fir/ tru?4 ,?us does ! high] ,gift ( ,wisdom unite 9 itself :at are f\nd sep>ate 9 l[] virtues--! speculative quality ( ! virtue ( ,wisdom & ! practical quality ( ,prud5ce 7see #afbj74 #afac4 ,! practical uses ( ! ,gift ( ,wisdom are indicat$ 9 ,coloss41 iii4 #af-ag1 iv4 #f3 8,let ! ^w ( ,*ri/ dwell 9 y abundantly1 9 all ,wisdom1 tea*+ & admoni%+ "o ano!r 9 psalms1 hymns & spiritual canticles1 s++ 9 grace 9 y\r he>ts to ,god4 ,all :atsoev] y d 9 ^w or 9 "w1 d all 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4444 ,walk ) ,wisdom t[>ds !m t are )\t1 r$eem+ ! "t4 ,let y\r spee* be always ) grace1 season$ ) salt40 7a7 ,! contemplation ( div9e ?+s is useful = in/ruction 9 ! tru?s ( fai? & ! duties ( religion 78tea*+ & admoni%+ "o ano!r072 = ! m9d becomes 9 a way div9e1 l ! ?+s on :i* x dwells1 fill$ ) k ( ,god & ( ,*ri/ & ( ! means ( hol9ess4 7b7 ,wisdom helps "o to fulfill ! duty ( pray+ to ,god ) rev]5ce & int]ior devotion 78s++ 9 y\r he>ts to ,god072 = ,wisdom makes "o p]ceive & feel ! sweetness & attraction ( ! ?+s ( ,god4 7c7 ,x directs "o 9 bo? words & works 78d all 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/072 = ! intellect :i* judges ?+s 9 ! light ( et]nity & ) ! f]vor ( div9e *>ity w n mislead 9 matt]s ( salvation4 7d7 ,x enables "o to pr(it by opportunities ( edification 78r$eem+ ! "t072 = ! example ( a life direct$ by t5d] love ( ,god & by k9dness & c\rtesy to all is a recomm5dation ( virtue & religion 9 ! sight ( ! _w4 #afad4 ,wisdom is a ,gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 & is numb]$ ) ! o!r six communications ( ! ,_s3 8,& ! ,_s ( ! ,"l %all re/ ^u him1 ! ,_s ( ,wisdom1 etc40 7,is41 xi4 #b74 7a7 ,lik5ess to ! ,o!r ,gifts4--,! ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ are en]gies diffus$ 9 ! p[]s ( ! s\l z in/rum5ts ( ! sup]natural gov]nance ( ! indwell+ ,_s1 j z ! moral virtues are ! in/rum5ts ( ! natural gov]nance ( reason4 ,! infus$ virtues 7e4g41 fai? or *>ity71 unlike ! acquir$ virtues 7e4g41 temp]ance or =titude71 d n suffice = ! gov]nm5t ( ! s\l2 =1 :ile ^! latt] are accord+ to nature1 ! =m] surpass nature1 & are receiv$ by x imp]fectly4 ,h5ce ! ne$ ( ! ,gifts1 :i* on e>? supplem5t ! infus$ virtues1 /r5g!n+ !m aga9/ contr>y vices1 develop+ second>y acts ( ! virtues :i* ! virtues only initiate1 & 9 heav5 p]fect+ ! bless$ 9 good4 7b7 ,unlik5ess to ! ,o!r ,gifts4--,wisdom1 :i* is enum]at$ by ,isaias 9 ! fir/ place1 is also giv5 ! highe/ rank among ! ,gifts by !ologians1 on acc\nt ( its great] elevation1 m univ]sal scope1 & ! directive p[] x ex]cises4 ,fitt+ly1 !n1 is ,wisdom assign$ z ! ,gift t s]ves ,*>ity1 ! que5 ( ! virtues3 ,*>ity loves ,god above all ?+s2 ,wisdom dwells ) delight ^u ! object ( ?is love 7,wis41 viii4 #af71 looks ^u life ) ! eyes ( love1 & 9 direct+ its human actions communicates to !m some?+ ( ! savor & sweetness ( div9e *>ity4 #afae4 ,! ,p]sons ,:o ,possess ,wisdom4--,! ,gift ( ,wisdom1 z said above 7see #afaj71 is giv5 ) sanctify+ grace1 & h5ce only ^? & all ^? :o are 9 ,god's fri5d%ip h ?is sup]natural end[m5t4 7a7 ,only ^? 9 ! /ate ( grace h div9e ,wisdom1 = )\t love ( ,god x is impossible to h t "r judgm5t ( ?+s t is consequ5t on ! reli% = & connaturality ) div9e ?+s4 ,h5ce1 x is said3 8,wisdom w n ent] into a malici\s s\l1 nor dwell 9 a body subject to s9s0 7,wis41 i4 #d74 7b7 ,all ^? :o are 9 ! /ate ( grace h ! ,gift ( ,wisdom1 = man is s weak & ! sup]natural virtues are s f> above him t1 ev5 :5 he has receiv$ ^! virtues1 he is unable to make prop] use ( !m or to pres]ve !m 9 "t ( temptation1 unless he has receiv$ ! supplem5t>y =ces t w enable him to obey m easily & promptly ! voice & impulse ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,?us1 ,*>ity de/9es man to beatitude1 b1 unless he has ,wisdom to value ?is virtue & privilege1 to spurn ! false wisdom ( ! _w1 to ?9k on ! love ( ,god ) delight & to make x ! norm ( 8 judgm5ts & decisions1 he w n progress 9 ,*>ity1 nor reta9 x1 nor arrive at ! beatitude to :i* x de/9es him4 #afaf4 ,?\gh all :o are 9 ! /ate ( grace possess all ! ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ^! ,gifts are n _h 9 ! same way by all _! possessors4 ,?us1 ! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be not$ ) ref]5ce to ! ,gift ( ,wisdom3 7a7 ,! ,gifts1 l ! infus$ virtues1 are possess$ habitually by baptiz$ *ildr5 & insane p]sons1 & actually by adults4 ,j z infants h ! possession b n ! use ( c]ta9 natural gifts 7su* z reason & responsibility71 s likewise sup]natural life & p[]s are grant$ !m ?r\gh baptismal reg5]ation1 b ! ex]cise ( ?is life & ( ^! p[]s is prev5t$ by _! inability to realize :at !y possess & to make use ( x4 ,! lack ( bodily developm5t1 :i* imp$es ! use ( natural reason1 also imp$es ! use ( sup]natural ,wisdom4 7b7 ,! ,gift ( ,wisdom is _h 9 itself by all :o are 9 ! /ate ( grace2 b 9 its ext5sion1 :i* is ! 8^w ( ,wisdom10 x is possess$ only by highly gift$ s\ls :o h a special mission f ,god 7see above1 #afaj sqq474 ,) sanctify+ grace1 ea* "o receives ! sup]natural ,gift ( judg+ rightly ab\t heav5ly ?+s & ( regulat+ 8 conduct by !m 9 s f> z is necess>y = ! atta9m5t ( salvation2 o!rwise1 we %\ld h to say t grace is inf]ior to nature1 & does n provide :at is necess>y = its end4 ,b ! ability to expla9 heav5ly ?+s s z to draw o!rs to ! tru?1 & to apply heav5ly doctr9es to ! guidance ( o!rs s z to lead !m to good1 is "o ( ! gifts freely giv51 :i* ! ,_s divides accord+ z ,he wills 7,i ,cor41 xii4 #aa73 8,to "o by ! ,_s is giv5 ! ^w ( ,wisdom1 to ano!r ! ^w ( ,k1 etc40 7ibid1 #h74 #afag4 ,! ,gift ( ,wisdom 9 itself 7i4e41 z int5d$ directly = ! b5efit ( ! recipi5t & n = ! b5efit ( o!rs7 is also _h 9 v>y+ degrees4 7a7 ,?us1 diff]5t p]sons d n possess ?is ,gift 9 equal measure2 = to "s is grant$ ! contemplation ( l(ti] my/]ies n grant$ to o!rs1 & suprahuman ,wisdom plays a great] "p 9 ! direction ( "s lives ?an 9 t ( o!rs4 7b7 ,! same p]sons d n possess ,wisdom 9 an equal degree at all times4 ,?us1 9 ,baptism all ! ,sev5 ,gifts are receiv$1 b 9 ,confirmation !y are 9 "s way p]fect$1 ei!r 9 !mselves by a great] ref9em5t or s5sibility to ! action ( ! ,holy ,_s1 or z reg>ds _! possession by _! subject ?r\gh a firm] hold ( !m4 #afah4 ,! ,ex]cise ( ! ,gift ( ,wisdom4--7a7 ,! ext]nal magi/]ium 7i4e41 revelation & ! tea*+ ,*ur*7 conveys ! tru?s ( fai? to ! m9d ( ! believ]4 7b7 ,! int]nal ,tea*]1 ! ,holy ,gho/1 illum9ates ! s\l ) ,wisdom1 s t x pond]s on ! fir/ pr9ciples ( fai? & makes ! love ( !m control its judgm5ts1 ,words1 & actions3 8,y h ! unction f ! ,holy ,"o & "k all ?+s0 7,i ,john1 ii4 #bj71 t is1 all t is ne$$ = salvation4 #afai4 ,! ,beatitude & ! ,fruits t ,correspond to ,wisdom4--,! ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 by supply+ = :at is imp]fect 9 ! habits ( virtue 7e4g41 by protect+ fai? aga9/ dullness ( p]ception1 hope aga9/ presumption1 *>ity aga9/ di/a/e = div9e ?+s71 give to ^! virtues a p]fectionm5t l to t :i* !y w h 9 ! /ate ( beatitude1 & to _! ex]cise a correspond+ enjoym5t4 ,h5ce1 to ! ,gifts1 :i* are mo/ excell5t habits1 correspond ^? mo/ p]fect or mo/ delightful acts ( virtue kn[n z ,beatitudes & ,fruits 7see #aei sqq474 7a7 ,!re appe>s a special correspond5ce ( ! sev5? beatitude 78,bless$ are ! peacemak]s1 = !y %all be call$ ! sons ( ,god10 ,matt41 v4 #i7 ) ,wisdom1 bo? z reg>ds _! m]it1 & z reg>ds _! rew>d4 ,! "w ( ,wisdom is to r$uce all ?+s to unity1 to see life & ! _w z a :ole1 to look ^u creatures z p>ts ( "o great div9e plan4 ,simil>ly1 ! "w ( ! peacemak]s is to put an end to diss5sion & division & to reconcile ! w>r+ p[]s ( ! s\l1 or to introduce h>mony betwe5 ^? t are at enmity3 8,! ,wisdom t is f above is peaceable0 7,james1 iii4 #ag74 ,aga91 ! rew>d promis$ ! peacemak]s is t !y %all be call$ ! sons ( ,god1 & ( ,wisdom x may be said t x makes "o ! image ( ! ,son ( ,god1 :o is ,et]nal ,wisdom4 7b7 ,! ,fruits ( ! ,holy ,gho/ t are assign$ to ,wisdom are1 ) reg>d to ,god3 *>ity1 or a t5d] love ( ,god 78,! *>ity ( ,god is p\r$ out 9 our he>ts10 ,rom41 v4 #e471 joy1 or delight at union ) ,god 78,rejoice 9 ! ,"l always10 ,phillip41 iv4 #d71 peace1 or security 9 ! enjoym5t ( ,god 78,!re is mu* peace to !m t love ,?y law10 ,ps4 cxviii4 #afe74 ,! ,fruits t h ref]5ce to ! love ( neighbor are3 goodness1 or an int]nal b5evol5ce *>act]iz$ by sweetness 78,! fruit ( ! light is 9 all goodness10 ,eph41 v4 #i71 & k9dness1 or a b5efic5ce accompani$ by *e]fulness 78,! ,"l loves ! *e]ful giv]10 ,,ii ,cor41 ix4 #g74 #afbj4 ,/4 ,james 7iii4 #ag1 #ah7 describes ! direction :i* ,wisdom gives to human actions 7see #afab1 #afac7 & ! fruit ( peace to :i* x conducts !m1 z foll[s3 8,! ,wisdom t is f above1 fir/ inde$ is *a/e1 !n peaceable2 mode/1 easy to be p]suad$2 cons5t+ to ! good1 full ( m]cy & good fruits1 )\t judg+1 )\t dissimulation4 ,& ! fruit ( ju/ice is s[n 9 peace to !m t make peace40 7a7 ,?us1 fir/1 ,wisdom directs "o to be free f s9 78*a/e071 = ! fe> ( ! ,"l is ! beg9n+ ( ,wisdom 7,ps4 cx4 #aaj74 7b7 ,next1 ,wisdom directs "o to "w = peace )9 "o's own s\l1 by foll[+ mod]ation :]e "o c decide = oneself 78mode/071 by seek+ advice :]e "o is 9 d\bt 78easy to be p]suad$074 7c7 ,fur!r1 ,wisdom directs "o to be peaceful t[>ds o!rs1 to be well dispos$ t[>ds _! good or b5efit 78cons5t+ to ! good071 compassionate & helpful 9 _! di/ress 78full ( m]cy & good fruits071 n p>tial or hypocritical 9 criticiz+ _! defects 78)\t judg+1 )\t dissimulation074 7d7 ,f9ally1 ,wisdom1 hav+ s[n 9 peace1 reaps ! peace ( righte\sness4 ,false wisdom leads to wrangl+ & disord]1 true ,wisdom to concord & h>mony4 #afba4 ,! ,s9s ,oppos$ to ,wisdom4--,j z bl9dness & dullness-t is1 ! want ( all or ( suffici5t p]ceptiv5ess 9 spiritual ?+s--are oppos$ to ! ,gift ( ,und]/&+ 7see #iab71 s /upidity & fooli%ness--t is1 ! want ( all or ( suffici5t good judgm5t ab\t spiritual ?+s--are oppos$ to ! ,gift ( ,wisdom4 #afbb4 ,fooli%ness is def9$ z 8a sl[ness & d>kness ( m9d t is due to "s moral defect1 & t makes x difficult = "o to judge rightly ab\t ! ,la/ ,end ( ?+s & ! ,*ief ,good40 7a7 ,fooli%ness is sl[ & d>ksome1 & ?us ! contr>y ( ,wisdom1 :i* is al]t & disc]n+4 7b7 ,x is a defect ( judgm5t1 & s diff]s f ! s9s ( bl9dness & dullness ( he>t4 7c7 ,x is an error ( judgm5t ab\t ! *ief conc]n ( life & ! ?+s ( greate/ value1 & ?us x is diff]5t f ! innoc5t simplicity ( _m good p]sons1 ^: judgm5t is n s\nd 9 affairs ( ?is _w4 7d7 ,x is br\ght on by moral fault1 & is !re=e n to be id5tifi$ ) inv9cible ignorance1 :i* is a physical imp]fection caus$ by nature1 z 9 ! weak-m9d$ & ! insane4 #afbc4 ,j z true ,wisdom seems fooli%ness to ! _w1 s does true fooli%ness seem wisdom to ! _w 7,i ,cor41 iii4 #ah sqq474 ,!re is a c\nt]feit wisdom1 :i* places its la/ end 9 "s creat$ good1 & :i* is !re=e fooli%ness be=e ,god4 ,/4 ,james 7iii4 #ae7 describes false wisdom z 8e>?ly1 s5sual1 devili%02 & ^! words express v well ?ree *ief classes ( worldly wisdom4 7a7 ,"s ( ! worldly-wise aim above all ?+s at amass+ & increas+ weal? or o!r ext]nal possessions 7e>?ly wisdom74 7b7 ,o!rs seek *iefly pleasure1 heal?1 com=t1 or o!r bodily goods 7animal wisdom74 7c7 ,o!rs imitat+ ,lucif]1 :o is k+ ov] all ! sons ( pride 7,job1 xli4 #be71 devote _! :ole lives solely to ! pursuit ( inord9ate excell5ce ( "s k9d--t is1 ( selfi% dom9ation or honors or glory1 etc4 7devili% wisdom74 #afbd4 ,! fooli%ness we are n[ consid]+ is s9ful1 = x is a volunt>y *oice ( evil1 a violation ( comm&m5ts1 & ! ru9ation ( man4 ,9 scripture ! t]m 8fool0 is appli$ to ! wick$1 ! impi\s1 ! objects ( div9e ang] 7,ps4 xiii4 #a71 & h5ce x 0 t our ,"l decl>$ sev]e p5alty aga9/ ^? :o call ano!r a fool 7,matt41 v4 #bb74 7a7 ,fooli%ness is a volunt>y *oice ( evil1 = x consi/s 9 a turn+ away f spiritual ?+s or an entire absorption 9 ! ?+s ( ?is _w1 ) ! result t "o becomes unfitt$ to judge aright conc]n+ ! values ( human exi/5ce3 8,! animal man does n p]ceive ! ?+s ( ! ,_s ( ,god0 7,i ,cor41 ii4 #ad74 ,b ! fact t 8 ta/e is p]v]t$1 & t he has no reli% = ! spiritual1 is due to 8 own delib]ate rejection ( good & ! cultivation ( evil4 7b7 ,fooli%ness is a violation ( comm&m5ts ab\t ! k & employm5t ( tru? 7see #iad sqq473 8,see h[ y walk1 n z unwise1 b z wise0 7,eph41 v4 #ae1 #af74 7c7 ,fooli%ness leads to p]dition1 =1 be+ defective 9 its judgm5t1 x b>t]s away ! future = pres5t satisfaction & sells its bir?right = a mess ( pottage3 8,! prosp]ity ( fools de/roys !m0 7,prov41 i4 #cb72 8,?\ fool1 ?is night %all ?y s\l be requir$ ( !e0 7,luke1 xii4 #bj74 #afbe4 ,! causes ( ! s9 ( fooli%ness1 z 0 said above 7see #afbc71 are ! wrong & s9ful views tak5 ( life1 :i* make m5 judge all ?+s by ! /&>ds ( ga9 or pleasure or p[]1 r ?an by ! /&>d ( ! ,fir/ ,cause1 9 comp>ison ) :om all ^! l[] goods are b trivial4 ,b1 among all ! vices t lead mank9d a/ray f ,wisdom1 ! preem95ce is held by lu/1 = its attraction is great] & its hold on ! s\l m complete4 ,z *a/ity especially disposes = heav5ly contemplation & ,wisdom 7see #iab7 by ! ref9em5t & elevation & spirituality x gives ! m9d1 s does s5suality especially indispose = ^! goods by ! co>s5ess & degradation & mat]ialism t foll[ 9 its wake4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,special ,,moral ,,!ology 7,cont9u$7 ,"q ,,ii ,,! ,,duties ,,( ,,all ,,classes ,,( ,,m5 7,,! ,,moral ,,virtues7 #afbf4 ,aft] ! !ological virtues1 :i* (f] to ,god ! s]vices ( fai?1 hope & *>ity1 & :i* direct man to 8 ,la/ ,end1 foll[ ! c>d9al or moral virtues1 :i* p]fect ! actions & passions ( man1 & make ( !m means = t5d+ to ! ,la/ ,end4 ,( ^! f\r virtues 7prud5ce1 ju/ice1 =titude & temp]ance71 prud5ce is rank$ fir/1 z be+ ! director ( ! o!rs4 ,art4 #a3 ,,! ,,virtue ,,( ,,prud5ce 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,,ii-,,ii1 qq4 #dg-ef47 #afbg4 ,def9ition4--,all ! def9itions ( prud5ce are 9 sub/antial agreem5t1 & f !m we may =mulate a detail$ def9ition z foll[s3 8,prud5ce is ! virtue t consults well ab\t ! means to be us$ = lead+ a good life & applies ! k acquir$ ?r\gh consultation to p>ticul> cont+5cies z !y arise40 7a7 ,?us1 prud5ce consults well1 = its (fice is to /udy ways & means to "r conduct1 & to arrive at a s\nd judgm5t 9 spite ( v>i\s unc]ta9ties or unkn[n factors4 ,( ! two practical virtues ( ! intellect1 namely1 art & prud5ce1 ! =m] deals ) ! application ( "r reason to cases 9 :i* !re are1 = ! mo/ "p1 c]ta9 & det]m9ate ways ( arriv+ at ! end 9 view 7e4g41 ! rules ( logic or gramm>1 ! me?ods ( music or sculpture72 :ile ! latt] has to d ) ! application ( "r reason to cases 9 :i* ! ways ( obta9+ ! end 9 view are n c]ta9 or det]m9ate 7i4e41 ! inf9itely v>i$ que/ions ( lawfulness or unlawfulness t pres5t !mselves 9 concrete & p>ticul> situations74 7b7 ,prud5ce /udies ! means to a good life2 & h5ce we d n consid] a man z g5]ally prud5t1 if he consults well = ?is or t p>ticul> good end1 b n = ! g5]al end ( lead+ a good life4 ,nev]!less1 prud5ce falls %ort ( ! ,gift ( ,wisdom1 = prud5ce is conc]n$ ) human good1 wisdom ) div9e good4 7c7 ,prud5ce applies k to ! direction ( conduct1 = ! purpose ( ! practical virtues ( ! intellect is to guide ! activities & productions ( man accord+ to ! light ( "r reason4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t :]eas ! application ( k is intr9sic to prud5ce1 x is extr9sic to art2 = prud5ce includes 9 its v ess5ce a det]m9ation ( ! w to goodness1 b n s art4 ,h5ce1 a pa9t] is n ! less skill$ 9 8 pr(ession if he volunt>ily fails to ex]cise x or ex]cises x badly1 b a p]son skill$ 9 moral sci5ce is imprud5t if volunt>ily he fails to use 8 k or uses x amiss4 ,! s9 aga9/ art is n to "k2 ! s9 aga9/ prud5ce is ei!r n to "k :at "o %\ld "k or n to apply rightly :at "o does "k4 #afbh4 ,! ,objects ( ! ,act ( ,prud5ce4--7a7 ,prud5ce is conc]n$1 n ) speculative tru? 7i4e41 ) ^? ?+s t are kn[n = ! sake ( k71 b ) practical tru? 7i4e41 ) ^? ?+s t are kn[n = ! sake ( use74 ,x aims1 n to inve/igate & discov] :at is ! nature ( virtue1 b to guide man s t he may become virtu\s & practise virtue4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! acts ( ! speculative reason1 al?\gh !y d n belong to prud5ce itself1 are l o!r acts subject to ! direction ( prud5ce2 = 9 pursu+ speculative /udies "o %\ld use good judgm5t z to ! subjects to be consid]$1 ! "t1 place1 mann]1 etc41 ( /udy4 7b7 ,prud5ce is n conc]n$ ) necess>y tru?s & fir/ pr9ciples ( morality1 b ) _! application to cont+5t & p>ticul> cases1 j z a physician is call$ on to cure1 n a univ]sal or ab/ract man1 b ! p>ticul> & individual man be=e him4 ,b s9ce "o _c well apply t ( :i* "o is ignorant1 ! prud5t man mu/ be acqua9t$ bo? ) ! g5]al rules ( "r liv+ & ) ! p>ticul> ?+s to :i* 8 k is to be appli$4 ,he lacks prud5ce1 !re=e1 :o f v9cible ignorance does n "k a g5]al pr9ciple 7e4g41 t too mu* dr9k is bad71 or a case to :i* t pr9ciple %\ld be appli$ 7e4g41 t ! quantity ( dr9k be=e "o is too mu*74 #afbi4 ,x is cu/om>y to di/+ui% a tw(old object ( a virtue1 namely1 ! mat]ial object 7i4e41 ! k9d ( activity ! virtue p]fects1 :e!r 9 ! field ( k1 or ( action1 or ( production7 & ! =mal object 7i4e41 ! special viewpo9t ( goodness f :i* ! mat]ial object is consid]$74 7a7 ,! mat]ial object ( prud5ce embraces individual human actions p]=m$ "u *oice & freely 7agibilia74 7b7 ,! =mal object ( prud5ce is ! "r delib]ation1 decision1 & direction 7recta ratio7 to be giv5 to human actions1 ) a view to ! obs]vance ( ! gold5 mean4 #afcj4 ,necessity ( ,c]titude4--,prud5ce1 be+ an intellectual virtue1 mu/ h c]ta9ty 7see on ! ,c]ta9 ,consci5ce1 #fdj sqq474 ,b ) reg>d to p>ticul> cont+5cies 7e4g41 :e!r ,balbus ought to m>ry ,caia7 !re are v>i\s k9ds ( c]ta9ty4 7a7 ,!re is ! c]ta9ty ( k bas$ on a g5]alization f exp]i5ce ( :at happ5s 9 ! majority ( cases 7e4g41 t p]sons well mat$ by reason ( bir?1 age1 dispositions1 etc41 m>ry successfully74 ,?is k9d ( c]ta9ty belongs to moral sci5ce4 7b7 ,!re is also a c]ta9ty ( k bas$ on ! indications 9 a p>ticul> case 7e4g41 t ,balbus & ,caia appe> to h cong5ial dispositions & a mutual affection t w make _! m>riage a success74 ,?is is ! c]ta9ty ( op9ion1 & :ile x may suffice z a rule = consci5ce 7see ! ,sy/ems ( ,consci5ce1 #fgb sqq471 ev5ts d n always v]ify its pr$ictions4 ,h5ce x is said3 8,! ?\ghts ( mortal m5 are fe>ful & our c\nsels unc]ta90 7,wis41 ix4 #ad74 7c7 ,!re is f9ally ! c]ta9ty ( practical tru?1 :i* consi/s 9 h>mony ) a good w4 ,?is is ! c]ta9ty t is prop] to prud5ce1 = ?is virtue is n a matt] ( reason alone4 ,h5ce1 ev5 ?\gh a matt] prop]ly decid$ on %\ld n take place or %\ld fail ( ! purpose int5d$ 7e4g41 if ! m>riage ( ,balbus & ,caia is prev5t$ or turns out badly71 x rema9s t prud5ce 0 n deceiv$ 9 its decision1 = t decision :5 made 0 accord+ to "r reason & a good w 7see #egh74 #afca4 ,relation ( ,prud5ce to ! ,o!r ,moral ,virtues4--7a7 ,prud5ce does n direct ! moral virtues to _! own prop] ends2 = ! k ( ^? ends comes f synt]esis1 or moral und]/&+ 7i4e41 ! natural p]ception ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( "r & wrong71 :ile ! incl9ation to ^? ends is f ! moral virtues !mselves4 ,prud5ce does n deal ) fir/ pr9ciples1 nor is x an incl9ation t[>ds p>ticul> ends4 ,h5ce1 x is ! intellectual virtue ( synt]esis t directs ! moral virtues ?r\gh ! dictate t "r reason mu/ be foll[$1 t mod]ation mu/ be obs]v$1 t ! passions ( ang]1 pleasure1 sorr[1 etc41 mu/ be s regulat$ t bo? extremes ( excess & defect w be avoid$4 7b7 ,prud5ce directs ! moral virtues to ! ways & means by :i* _! ends are to be atta9$2 = ! regulation ( ?+s p>ticul> & v>iable1 su* z ways & means1 p]ta9s to prud5ce4 ,synt]esis is conc]n$ ) necess>y pr9ciples1 & ! moral virtues give a uni=m & /eady incl9ation to foll[ ! mean ( "r reason1 b nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r c indicate h[ pr9ciples are to be appli$ or h[ incl9ations are to be put 9 practice4 ,h5ce1 x is ! "w ( moral sci5ce to det]m9e :at or h[ mu* ang]1 pleasure1 sorr[1 etc41 is mod]ate = ! av]age case2 b prud5ce has to decide ?is = a p>ticul> case "h & n[ 7see on ,consci5ce1 #ege74 ,)\t prud5ce brav]y becomes foolh>d9ess1 temp]ance deg5]ates into fanaticism1 & m]cy *anges to weakness4 #afcb4 ,prud5ce1 inde$1 directs ! acts ( all ! virtues1 rul+ ! virtues inf]ior to x 7i4e41 art & ! moral virtues71 & s]v+ ! virtues t are its sup]iors 7i4e41 ! speculative intellectual virtues & ! !ological virtues74 7a7 ,?us1 9 ex]cis+ ! intellectual virtues ?r\gh /udy1 contemplation1 art1 etc41 "o w\ld g sadly a/ray if "o did n consult prud5ce z to ! "t1 mann]1 & me?od ( p]=m+ ^! acts4 ,h5ce1 a h\sewife :o sp5t too mu* "t 9 m$itation w\ld neglect h] dome/ic duties4 7b7 ,9 ex]cis+ ! !ological virtues1 ?r\gh acts ( fai?1 hope1 & *>ity1 !re is also ne$ ( prud5ce1 = x is n possible to cont9ue 9 ^! acts )\t int]ruption1 s9ce !re are times :5 o!r acts ( virtue h to be att5d$ to1 & also times = repose4 ,?us1 a p]son :o goes ab\t giv+ alms to ! poor at h\rs :5 he is suppos$ to be at "w = :i* he receives pay1 is n prud5t 9 8 *>ity1 s9ce he does n *oose ! "r "t to ex]cise x4 #afcc4 ,! ,ex]cise ( ,prud5ce4--,! acts t belong to prud5ce are ^? t "o ne$s 9 ord] to direct "o's conduct to t mod]ation :i* is ! end ( virtue4 ,!y are ?ree3 delib]ation1 decision1 direction4 7a7 ,h5ce1 9 ! fir/ place1 prud5ce takes c\nsel on1 & delib]ates ab\t1 ! ways & means2 7b7 aft] ways & means h be5 discov]$1 x passes judgm5t 7see #ege7 on _! suitability 7e4g41 t re/itution %\ld be made at su* a "t1 9 su* a way1 9 su* an am\nt1 etc41 or t mod]ation 9 eat+ & dr9k+ requires t ?is or t am\nt be tak51 t ?is or t k9d ( food be avoid$1 etc472 7c7 f9ally1 b *iefly1 prud5ce gives ! comm& t :at has be5 decid$ on be c>ri$ out1 :e!r ?is be ! que/ ( c]ta9 ?+s t are advantage\s or ! avoidance ( c]ta9 ?+s t are dang]\s4 #afcd4 ,qualities ( ,prud5ce4--,! qualities t %\ld *>act]ize prud5ce are c>efulness & confid5ce4 7a7 ,c>efulness is a wat*ful att5tion giv5 to delib]ation & judgm5t enabl+ "o to act ) read9ess & decision :5 ! mom5t = action has arriv$4 ,its necessity = prud5ce is cle>1 = "o does n c\nsel or judge well unless "o has a matt] at he>t1 is anxi\s ab\t its success1 & devotes to x s]i\s /udy & vigilance2 nor does "o direct well if !re is hesitation & delay in/ead ( promptness 9 p]=m+ :at has be5 decid$ on4 ,9 a ^w1 "o %\ld be quick 9 execution1 b sl[ 9 delib]ation4 ,h5ce ! admonition ( ,/4 ,pet] to be prud5t1 & to be att5tive to pray] z a prep>ation = a good life & = ! judgm5t 7,i ,pet]1 iv4 #g74 ,an example ( c>efulness is ,/4 ,paul1 :o 0 solicit\s ab\t all 8 *ur*es 7,i ,cor41 xi4 #bh71 ev] inquir+ ab\t _! condition1 _! progress1 _! ne$s1 etc4 7b7 ,confid5ce1 z a quality ( prud5ce1 is a reliance on judgm5ts c>efully =m$ :i* excludes worries & undue hesitations4 ,?is is necess>y z a balance to c>efulness2 = :ile x is true t absolute c]ta9ty is n to be expect$ 9 =m+ decisions ab\t c\rses ( action 7! future ev5t & also _m pres5t ?+s be>+ on x be+ unkn[n to u71 x is also true t ov]c>efulness bl9ds ! judgm5t & p>alyzes decision4 ,9 ! "* ( ,hamlet ,%akespe>e pictures ! man :o is imprud5t ?r\gh excess ( caution4 #afce4 ,! ,p>ts or ,k9ds ( ,prud5ce4--,z ! divisions ( p>ts correspond ) ! divisions ( :oles1 we %\ld note t !re are ?ree k9ds ( :oles3 a subjective1 an integral1 & a pote/ative :ole4 7a7 ,a subjective :ole is "o t is pres5t z to its entire ess5ce & all its p[] 9 ea* ( ! p>ts4 ,?is k9d ( :ole is f\nd 9 ! g5us1 ea* ( ^: species p>takes ( ! entire nature & en]gy includ$ 9 ! g5]ic concept1 j z ! mode ( be+ & ( act+ express$ by ! t]m 8animal0 is f\nd fully 9 dogs1 cats1 horses1 & s on ) ! o!r k9ds ( animals4 7b7 ,an integral :ole is "o t is n pres5t 9 all its fullness ei!r ( ess5ce or ( p[] 9 ! s+le p>ts4 ,?is k9d ( :ole is f\nd 9 a f9i%$ composite made up ( het]og5e\s units1 su* z a h\se2 = nei!r walls1 nor ro(1 nor f\ndation1 nor any o!r s+le portion ( ! build+ is a complete h\se or has all ! uses ( a h\se1 b if any "o ( !m is lack+ ! h\se is n integral or complete4 7c7 ,a pote/ative :ole is "o t is pres5t 9 all its ess5ce1 b n 9 all its p[] 9 ea* s+le "p4 ,?is k9d ( :ole is exemplifi$ 9 an active pr9ciple function+ ?r\gh div]se faculties1 su* z ! s\l :i* ?9ks1 wills1 p]ceives1 accompli%es by means ( m9d1 w1 s5se1 & bodily organs4 ,! s\l is pres5t 9 its entirety 9 ea* ( ^!1 s9ce x is a simple sub/ance1 b 9 "o x ex]cises "o p[]1 9 ano!r a diff]5t p[]1 9 none ( !m all its p[]s4 #afcf4 ,x is cu/om>y to speak also ( ! integral1 subjective & pote/ative p>ts ( a moral virtue4 7a7 ,?us1 ! quasi-integral p>ts ( a virtue are ^? functions )\t :i* its act is n p]fectly p]=m$2 & ) :i* x is m p]fect4 7b7 ,! subjective p>ts are ! species into :i* ! virtue is divid$4 7e7 ,! quasi-pote/ative p>ts are c]ta9 subsidi>y or annex$ virtues :i* h to d ) ! second>y acts ( a pr9cipal virtue1 z n hav+ ! full efficacy ( ! latt]4 #afcg4 ,integral ,p>ts ( ,prud5ce4--,! integral p>ts ( prud5ce1 consid]$ z a cognitive virtue or z an index ( ! "r means1 are ^? acts :i* enable "o to h k & to acquire k4 7a7 ,?us1 ! acts requisite = ! possession ( k ab\t ways & means are ! memory ( ! pa/ & ! und]/&+ ( ! pres5t situation4 7b7 ,! acts requisite = ! acquisition ( new k are docility1 by :i* "o le>ns f o!rs1 & quickness ( p]ception1 by :i* "o discov]s = oneself4 #afch4 ,! integral p>ts ( prud5ce1 consid]$ z an op]ative or a preceptive virtue--t is1 z ! c\nsellor & director ( life & behavior--are ! acts )\t :i* "o _c make good use ( k z appli$ to conduct4 7a7 ,?us1 k ( g5]al pr9ciples mu/ be appli$ to p>ticul> affairs1 & ?is supposes t "o kn[s h[ to reason correctly1 h[ to inf] ! p>ticul> f ! g5]al1 h[ to put facts toge!r4 ,ev5 ^? :o are n skill$ dialecticians h a c]ta9 am\nt ( natural logic1 & are able to make good use ( data or premises 9 draw+ conclusions ab\t _! obligations1 & ?us to make a prud5t application ( :at !y "k4 7b7 ,k ga9$ ?r\gh delib]ation has to be effectually made use (2 t is1 ! reason mu/ impose its judgm5t c>efully =m$1 mu/ det]m9e ! l9e ( action to be foll[$1 mu/ prop]ly dispose ! means 9 view ( ! end4 ,?is requires t a p]son %\ld s direct 8 future acts z means to ! end he has 9 view t !y w be good 9 !mselves 7=esight or provid5ce7 & 9 _! circum/ances 7circumspection71 & t he w be gu>d$ aga9/ ext]nal imp$im5ts t might h9d] him1 /e]+ cle> ( bo? ,scylla & ,*>ybdis 7caution73 8,! prud5t man consid]e? 8 /eps0 7,prov41 xiv4 #ae74 ,examples3 ,titus wi%es to help ! poor1 & decides on c]ta9 me?ods ( rais+ ! money t are di%one/ & dis$ify+4 ,balbus wi%es to induce ,caius to g to *ur*1 & !re=e %[s him m>ks ( fri5d%ip1 n reflect+ t ^! acts ( fri5d%ip1 on acc\nt ( ! "* ( ,caius1 w ar\se only haught9ess or suspicion4 ,claudius1 9 ord] to practise mortification1 resolves on a fa/1 b also makes up 8 m9d to visit c]ta9 fri5ds :o w try to make him break 8 resolution4 ,sempronius resolves to provide well = 8 family & also = c]ta9 des]v+ *>ities1 b he fails to insure 8 prop]ty1 to inve/ 8 money well & to make a w1 ) ! result t nei!r 8 family nor ! poor are provid$ = z he _h int5d$4 ,titus lack$ =esight1 ,balbus 0 n circumspect1 ,claudius & ,sempronius 7 incauti\s4 #afci4 ,! ,subjective ,p>ts or ,species ( ,prud5ce4--,prud5ce 9 g5]al is ! "r direction ( human actions to _! ends2 & h5ce !re w be z _m diff]5t k9ds ( prud5ce z !re are diff]5t k9ds ( ends ( human actions4 ,b ! division ( ends w be into ! p>ticul> good ( ! individual & ! common good ( ! multitude1 & ?us !re are ! two species ( individual or p]sonal prud5ce & social prud5ce4 7a7 ,individual prud5ce is ! "r managem5t ( 8 own acts by ! individual1 ) a view to 8 p]sonal uprightness4 7b7 ,social prud5ce is ! "r managem5t ( ! acts ( o!rs or ( self1 ) a view to ! g5]al welf>e ( a society4 #afdj4 ,social prud5ce 9 turn is subdivid$ 9 accordance ) ! two classes ( society1 ! p]fect & ! imp]fect1 into political & dome/ic prud5ce4 7a7 ,political prud5ce is ! "r adm9i/ration ( ! affairs ( a l>g] multitude1 su* z ! ,/ate4 7b7 ,dome/ic prud5ce is ! "r adm9i/ration ( ! affairs ( ! family4 #afda4 ,political prud5ce1 accord+ to usage1 (t5 has or may be> an unfavorable & evil signification4 ,h5ce1 z we are consid]+ n[ ! virtue ( prud5ce1 we %\ld rem>k t political prud5ce "h is some?+ v diff]5t f political me?ods or practices t are wise 9 evil1 b n 9 good1 ?\gh (t5 call$ prud5t 7see #afea1 #afgd sqq474 ,examples3 7a7 ,evil =ms ( gov]nm5t1 su* z tyranny1 olig>*y1 or mob rule1 _c be said to h ! virtue ( political prud5ce1 no matt] h[ successful !y may seem1 = !y d n rule 9 ! int]e/s ( ! p at l>ge1 & ?is int]e/ is ! v beg9n+ & end ( true social prud5ce4 7b7 ,evil practices 9 ! regulation ( gov]nm5t or ( political p>ties--su* z employm5t ( f\l means to ma9ta9 ! int]e/s ( ! ,/ate1 corruption1 brib]y1 intimidation1 us$ = ! purpose ( w9n+ ! election ( a ticket or c&idate--_c be honor$ ) ! "n ( prud5ce1 b %\ld r be call$ ,ma*iavellism & di%one/ politics4 #afdb4 ,prud5ce ex]cis$ = ! b5efit ( ! nation z a :ole %\ld be f\nd1 n only 9 rul]s1 b also 9 private citiz5s4 ,we may di/+ui%1 !n1 ! foll[+ k9ds ( prud5ce3 7a7 9 ^? :o conduct ! affairs ( ! nation !re %\ld be gov]nm5tal prud5ce or /atesman%ip4 ,( rul]s prud5ce 9 ! highe/ degree is expect$2 = ! *ief function ( prud5ce is to direct actions1 & ! heads ( ,/ates mu/ direct n only _! own actions b ^? ( great bodies ( m54 ,scripture speaks ( prud5ce & ju/ice z ! two virtues t are especially ne$$ 9 a pr9ce 7,j]41 xxiii4 #e72 7b7 9 ^? :o direct ! def5se ( ! nation aga9/ its enemies !re %\ld be milit>y prud5ce1 = brav]y has to be guid$ by wisdom3 8,a wise man is /rong1 & a kn[+ man1 /\t & valiant1 because w> is manag$ by due ord]+1 & !re %all be safety :]e !re are _m c\nsels0 7,prov41 xxiv4 #e1 #f72 7c7 9 subjects !re %\ld also be political prud5ce1 =1 z !y are rational be+s & memb]s ( society1 !y %\ld will+ly rule _! acts accord+ to ! law & %\ld fulfill _! own p>ticul> (fices ) a view1 n only to _! own individual good1 b to ! good ( ! :ole community4 #afdc4 ,utility ( ,prud5ce = ,society4--,h5ce1 we see t none ( ! virtues is selfi% or conc]n$ exclusively ) ! good ( individuals4 7a7 ,?us1 prud5ce1 z j said1 is political & dome/ic z well z individual2 7b7 ju/ice is legal 7i4e41 t[>ds society7 z well z commutative 7i4e41 t[>ds individuals72 7c7 ev5 temp]ance 7e4g41 avoidance ( drunk5ness7 & c\rage 7e4g41 def5se ( public safety7 p]ta9 to ! common good & are comm&$ 9 laws ( ! ,/ate4 #afdd4 ,prud5ce att5ds *iefly to good morals1 b x att5ds also to o!r goods t b5efit human life4 7a7 ,?us1 p]sonal prud5ce directs "o1 n only to seek aft] virtue1 b also to seek aft] lawful conv5i5ces & to %un su* ?+s z are emb>rass+ or undesirable4 ,h5ce1 ! prud5t man acts s z to avoid (f5se & to ga9 ! good w ( o!rs2 he /udies ! dispositions ( ^? ) :om he lives1 s z to live peaceably1 etc42 he protects himself aga9/ ! attacks & sn>es ( ! unfri5dly 7cfr4 ,acts1 xxiii4 #f2 ,matt41 xxii4 #ag74 7b7 ,dome/ic prud5ce provides n only = ! virtu\s lives ( ! memb]s ( ! h\sehold1 b also = _! heal? & happ9ess1 food & clo?+1 & o!r necessities & lawful pleasures 7,luke1 xii4 #db74 7c7 ,political prud5ce is ex]cis$1 n only 9 ! regulation ( ! conduct ( ! p ?r\gh good laws1 b also 9 ! promotion ( _! welf>e1 peace1 prosp]ity1 & cont5tm5t4 7d7 ,milit>y prud5ce provides = religion & good morals1 by appo9t+ *apla9s1 giv+ opportunity = religi\s ex]cises1 insi/+ on discipl9e & milit>y virtues1 etc42 b x also looks aft] ! int]e/s ( ! individual m51 ! effici5cy ( all bran*es ( ! s]vice1 prep>$ness ( ! fight+ =ces1 etc4 #afde4 ,nei!r %\ld practical prud5ce or practicality 7i4e41 ! kn[+ :at to d & h[ to d x7 be id5tifi$ ) m]ely mat]ial pursuits1 s9ce x is a quality t p]vades all human activity1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/1 f ! manual to ! intellectual1 f ! temporal to ! spiritual4 ,j z !re are unpractical me*anics & bus9ess m5 :o are n skill$ at _! "w1 s also !re are practical /ud5ts & *ur* p :o d _! own "w well & get good results4 #afdf4 ,! ,pot5tial ,p>ts ( ,prud5ce4--,z 0 expla9$ 9 #afcf1 ! pot5tial p>ts ( a virtue are c]ta9 annex$ virtues1 usually inf]ior ones1 t h to d ) ! second>y acts ( a virtue to :i* !y are subord9at$4 ,! pr9cipal act ( prud5ce is direction1 its second>y acts are delib]ation & decision 7#afcc74 ,h5ce1 we h ! foll[+ pot5tial p>ts ( prud5ce3 7a7 wise delib]ation 7eubulia71 :i* is a habit ( debat+ ) oneself accord+ to correct me?ods ! means to be employ$ = virtu\s *oice2 7b7 wise decision1 :i* is an habitual /ate ( ! m9d :i* makes x ready to draw "r conclusions ab\t ! means to be *os5 = virtu\s conduct4 #afdg4 ,wise delib]ation & wise decision diff] f prud5ce1 :i* is wise direction1 & !y are subject to x j z c\nsellors are subject to a comm&]4 ,b is x possible = ^! ?ree virtues to exi/ ap>t8 7a7 ,if !re is "q only ( natural dispositions to ^! virtues1 !y may exi/ ap>t4 ,?us1 we f9d t c]ta9 p]sons h an imag9ation ready to discov] ways & means2 t o!rs are n s inv5tive1 b are rem>kable = common s5se 9 *oos+ ! mo/ suitable means2 & t /ill o!rs are s incl9$ to "s virtue t !y w promptly make use ( means t t5d to x4 ,! fir/ class are readily li/5$ to 9 delib]ations1 ! second 9 decisions1 :ile ! ?ird are usefully employ$ 9 execut+ matt]s t suit _! natural b5t 7e4g41 ! naturally g5]\s 9 disp5s+ alms74 7b7 ,if !re is "q ( ! virtues !mselves1 !y d n exi/ ap>t2 = a man is n prud5t if he does n delib]ate z he %\ld 7e4g41 if he se>*es = evil means to effect 8 good purpose71 or if he does n decide z he %\ld 7e4g41 if he concludes to pref] evil means to ! good ones 8 delib]ation _h %[n him71 or if he does n direct 8 actions z he %\ld 7e4g41 if he neglects to c>ry out :at he _h decid$ on z a necess>y duty or p]=ms x 9 a c>eless or improp] way74 ,true prud5ce1 !n1 is wise 9 delib]ation1 9 decision1 9 direction4 ,a good man may be excus$ if he is n res\rceful1 or if he lacks s\nd judgm5t 9 worldly matt]s1 b "o :o is imprud5t 9 ! matt] ( a virtu\s life is n a good man4 #afdh4 ,! ,p]sons ,:o ,possess ,prud5ce4--,political prud5ce1 if und]/ood ( ! ability to rule well1 is n f\nd 9 all p]sons1 n ev5 9 all ! good4 7a7 ,?us1 ^? :o are imprud5t 9 _! own affairs are n fitt$ to rule1 & h5ce a man :o is unju/1 or intemp]ate1 or c[>dly1 lacks political prud5ce3 8,if "o kn[s n h[ to gov]n 8 own h\se1 h[ w he be able to take c>e ( ! ,*ur* ( ,god80 said ,/4 ,paul 9 discuss+ ! qualifications ( prelates 7,i ,tim41 iii4 #e74 ,he :o does n "k h[ to obey well does n "k h[ to rule well4 7b7 ,^? :o h infus$ prud5ce on acc\nt ( ! /ate ( grace are n necess>ily fitt$ to gov]n1 = ev5 *ildr5 h ! grace ( prud5ce ?r\gh ,baptism & !re are _m gr[n-up p]sons ( sa9tly lives :o are n a success 9 (fice & adm9i/ration4 ,?us1 ,pope ,cele/9e ,v1 ?\gh a mo/ holy man1 resign$ f ! ,papacy1 because he felt himself unequal to ! task ( rul+ 9 tr\bl\s times4 7c7 ,^? :o h acquir$ prud5ce ?r\gh reason & exp]i5ce1 & :o are !re=e j1 temp]ate & /rong1 are morally well fitt$ 9 natural end[m5ts to rule4 ,he :o has le>n$ to obey well is prep>$ to le>n to rule well4 #afdi4 ,political prud5ce p]ta9s to subjects z well z to rul]s1 al?\gh n 9 ! same mann]4 7a7 ,?us1 rul]s 9 ! civil community %\ld h political prud5ce 9 a supreme degree1 or /atesman%ip1 s t !y may be able to dis*>ge well ! function ( sov]eignty entru/$ to !m1 :e!r z legislators by delib]at+ wisely & *oos+ suitable laws1 or z judges by correctly int]pret+ & apply+ ! law1 or z executives by ma9ta9+ ! gov]nm5t & en=c+ its laws4 7b7 ,! citiz5s :o ex]cise ! p[] ( suffrage %\ld be gift$ ) no small degree ( political prud5ce3 !y %\ld be loyal to ! in/itutions1 laws1 & welf>e ( ! c\ntry1 able to =m a good judgm5t ab\t m5 & measures t are ! issues 9 a campaign1 & ready to vote accord+ to conviction r ?an prejudice or p]sonal int]e/4 7c7 ,! p c also ex]cise political prud5ce :5 obey+ ! laws1 z :5 !y act f a s5se ( duty & z rational be+s1 n unwill+ly or bl9dly2 = ?us !y rule !mselves z freem5 & enlight5$ be+s1 delib]at+ & decid+ ) !mselves h[ !y may coop]ate = ! common good & direct+ _! acts accord+ to law4 #afej4 ,! pr9ciples j giv5 conc]n+ political prud5ce w apply also1 due proportion be+ obs]v$1 to dome/ic prud5ce4 7a7 ,h5ce1 x is ! duty ( ^? :o h au?ority ov] a family or a simil> community to cultivate dome/ic prud5ce1 )\t :i* !y _c dis*>ge rightly ! duties ( _! position ( p>5t1 rector1 sup]ior1 manag]1 etc4 ,confessors & directors ( s\ls ne$ especially to be prud5t2 = ev5 ?\gh a prie/ is ?or\ghly gr\nd$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( a moral sy/em ( consci5ce & 9 ! tea*+s ( ascetical !ology1 he w h to be guid$ by prud5ce 9 mak+ use ( 8 k1 s z to apply x well 9 ! great v>iety ( cases t w come be=e him1 & to decide :at w be mo/ useful = ! spiritual welf>e ( ea* individual subject4 7b7 ,x is ! duty ( ^? :o elect or appo9t o!rs to positions ( au?ority 7su* z ! positions ( gu>dian1 tea*]1 sup]9t5d5t1 etc47 to be assur$ be=eh& ( ! fitness ( ! p]son *os5 z reg>ds prud5ce1 namely1 t he is devot$ to ! welf>e ( ^? :om he w rule1 t he has acquir$ suffici5t k & exp]i5ce1 & t 8 habits are temp]ate1 resolute1 j4 #afea4 ,relations betwe5 ,prud5ce & ,o!r ,virtues4--,9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs ! possession ( prud5ce has be5 jo9$ ) ! moral virtues4 ,h5ce ! "q pres5ts itself3 ,c "o :o lacks ! moral virtues possess prud5ce8 7a7 ,evil prud5ce1 :i* *ooses ways & means well adapt$ to "s nef>i\s s*eme1 & imp]fect prud5ce1 :i* means & judges well b does n /rongly resolve1 are ( c\rse f\nd 9 s9n]s4 ,evil prud5ce is call$ aft] ! virtue1 because x is a c\nt]feit ( ! latt]'s goodness1 b x is m prop]ly nam$ a/ut5ess or cunn+4 ,its s9fulness is /rongly express$ 9 ,rom41 viii4 #f1 :i* decl>es t ! prud5ce ( ! fle% is dea?4 ,imp]fect prud5ce is also s9ful1 = x p]mits a "r judgm5t to rema9 ineffectual & is ?us recreant to consci5ce4 ,examples ( evil prud5ce are ! unju/ /ew>d m5tion$ 9 ! ,gospel 7,luke1 xvi4 #a71 :o 0 wise en\gh to *eat 8 ma/] & s]ve 8 own int]e/s1 & artful sw9dl]s :o "k h[ to lure _! victims & !n escape )\t detection4 ,in/ances ( imp]fect prud5ce are p]sons :o delib]ate well on ! means to ov]come assaults ( temptation or to escape occasions ( s91 b ^: resolutions nev] la/4 7b7 ,indiff]5t prud5ce is res\rceful 9 f9d+ ways to accompli% purposes t are good1 b t are n necess>ily ref]r$ to moral aims4 ,?us1 c]ta9 m5 seem to h an uncanny in/9ct 9 bus9ess or indu/ry ( hitt+ on ! me?ods t lead to success & ( act+ at ! "r "t1 & a simil> fact is obs]v$ 9 ! fields ( sci5ce1 m$ic9e1 art1 etc4 ,?is k9d ( ability ( kn[+ & do+ ! "r ?+ is v>i\sly describ$ z insight1 discrim9ation1 tact1 & is v>i\sly expla9$ z luck1 g5ius1 indu/ry1 etc4 ,b1 morally speak+1 x is nei!r virtu\s nor s9ful1 s9ce we f9d1 = example1 t m5 end[$ ) bus9ess acum5 or a practical s5se ( ! uses ( "s art or sci5ce devote _! tal5ts sometimes to good1 sometimes to evil1 accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( _! *>act]s4 7c7 ,good prud5ce is t :i* 9 ?\ght & 9 act functions well ) reg>d to ! means = lead+ a good life4 ,x is only ?is prud5ce t receives ! "n ( virtue2 &1 s9ce x is cle> f its concept t x supposes a good life1 we mu/ conclude t ! virtue ( prud5ce is n f\nd 9 s9n]s4 ,x may happ51 !re=e1 t a man is mo/ sagaci\s 9 manag+ temporal affairs1 or mo/ skillful 9 adm9i/]+ ! spiritual int]e/s ( o!rs1 & )al mo/ imprud5t1 because he neglects 8 own salvation4 #afeb4 ,s9s t ,cause ,"o to ,=feit ! ,virtue ( ,prud5ce4--7a7 ,infus$ prud5ce is lo/ by any & e act ( mortal s91 :e!r ! s9 be aga9/ ! k _h ?r\gh fai? or ! k _h ?r\gh reason4 7b7 ,acquir$ prud5ce is lo/ by repeat$ acts ( mortal s9 oppos$ to ! k _h ?r\gh reason1 b n by "o sole act4 ,?us1 a p]son :o ?r\gh exp]i5ce & practice has become prud5t 9 ov]com+ pa/ vices1 loses ?is prud5ce if he disreg>ds ! lessons ( ! pa/ & exposes himself to ! old dang]s ( mortal s9 7see #ach74 #afec4 ,we may sum up z foll[s reg>d+ s9n]s & ! possession ( ! virtue ( prud5ce3 7a7 s9n]s guilty ( v5ial s9 only h infus$ prud5ce1 & also ! habit ( natural prud5ce1 if !y h acquir$ x by _! own ef=ts2 7b7 s9n]s guilty ( mortal s9 aga9/ sup]natural light 7e4g41 ^? :o s9 aga9/ fai? or hope7 h n ! infus$ virtue ( prud5ce1 ?\gh !y may h ! acquir$ virtue2 7c7 s9n]s guilty ( habitual mortal s9 aga9/ natural light 7e4g41 ^? :o are accu/om$ to s9 aga9/ temp]ance or ju/ice7 h nei!r ! infus$ nor ! acquir$ virtue ( prud5ce4 ,ev5 "o mortal s91 ?\gh x w n take away ! incl9ation ( ! habit ( prud5ce1 w deprive "o ( ! p]fection ( ! virtue ( prud5ce1 = :i* x is requir$ t 9 e act !re be a judgm5t agreeable to a good w4 #afed4 ,! ,virtue ( ,infus$ ,prud5ce 9 ,^? ,:o ,are 9 ! ,/ate ( ,grace4--7a7 ,infants 9 ! /ate ( grace ?r\gh ,baptism possess ?is virtue 9 an habitual1 b n 9 an actual mann]--t is1 on acc\nt ( _! sanctification !y h ! p[]1 b on acc\nt ( _! want ( reason !y h n ! use ( ! p[]4 7b7 ,all adults 9 ! /ate ( grace h ?is virtue bo? habitually & actually1 z f> z ! ne$ ( salvation requires its ex]cise4 ,grace enables !m ei!r to p]ceive :at !y %\ld d to live well1 or to seek c\nsel f ! bett] in/ruct$ & to di/+ui% betwe5 good & bad advice4 7c7 ,"s adults 9 ! /ate ( grace h good judgm5t 9 a sup]ior degree & are able to direct n only !mselves b o!rs1 & to delib]ate & decide rightly1 n only 9 matt]s necess>y = salvation1 b 9 all k9ds ( affairs p]ta9+ to ! direction ( human life4 #afee4 ,c ! ,acquir$ ,virtue ( ,prud5ce ,exi/ 9 ,"y ,p8--7a7 ,if !re is "q ( a =m$ habit ( prud5ce1 ! virtue is n 9 ! "y1 b 9 ^? :o are advanc$ 9 ye>s4 ,acquir$ prud5ce is orig9at$ by delib]ation on p>ticul> cases & by habit1 & ^! are n _h )\t exp]i5ce & "t4 ,h5ce1 ?is virtue is to be look$ = 9 ! eld]ly1 bo? because ! passions t di/urb calm delib]ation are no long] s impetu\s 9 !m1 & because _! ye>s h taught !m _m lessons & giv5 !m ! opportunity to acquire fix$ ways ( act+3 8,9 ! anci5t is wisdom1 & 9 l5g? ( days prud5ce0 7,job1 xii4 #ab2 cfr4 ,,iii ,k+s1 xii74 7b7 ,if !re is "q ( a =mative prud5ce1 ?is is f\nd 9 ! "y1 = !y delib]ate & decide at times ) judgm5t & firmness1 &1 if su* acts are frequ5tly repeat$1 !y w ev5tually proce$ f a settl$ moral incl9ation4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 t ! moral tra9+ ( ! "y beg9 e>ly1 t in/ruction1 c\nsel & direction be giv5 !m by p>5ts & o!r guides1 s t ! way ( virtue may be made m easy4 ,! "y are 9 duty b\nd to li/5 frequ5tly1 will+ly & rev]5tly to ! admonitions ( _! eld]s1 & h5ce ! mod]n t5d5cy ( y\? to act z critics ( morals is z fooli% z x is presumptu\s4 #afef4 ,is ,!re ,su* a ,?+ z an ,in/9ctive or ,native ,prud5ce8--7a7 ,if we speak ( ! k ( univ]sal pr9ciples ( "r & wrong :i* are appli$ by prud5ce1 ^? pr9ciples t are mo/ g5]al are kn[n naturally 7i4e41 ev5 )\t in/ruction or inf]5ce71 b n s ! less g5]al pr9ciples t foll[ f !m 7see #cbj sqq474 ,broadly speak+1 !re=e1 "o might say t prud5ce is natural1 = 9 respect ( its fir/ pr9ciples x has a natural evid5ce2 b x is m correct to say t k ( fir/ pr9ciples belongs to intuitive reason or und]/&+1 :i* is also call$ synt]esis 9 ref]5ce to practical tru?s 7see #ade71 & :i* is a gift ( nature4 7b7 ,if we speak ( ! p>ticul> k ( virtu\s aims t is presuppos$ to prud5ce1 "o may possess naturally a "r judgm5t ab\t ^? aims1 inasmu* z ! "r objectives ( human life are n v>iable b det]m9ate1 & accord+ly may be ! c5t]s ( attraction to nature1 :i* is drawn to ! inv>iable & det]m9ate1 z is se5 9 irrational creatures4 ,9 fact1 c]ta9 p]sons are by nature dispos$ to c]ta9 virtues 7e4g41 temp]ance71 & readily =m accurate judgm5ts z to :at conc]ns ^! virtues4 ,broadly speak+ aga91 we may say t prud5ce is natural 9 ! s5se t nature disposes "s p]sons to judge rightly ab\t moral ends4 7c7 ,if we speak ( ! p>ticul> k conc]n+ ways & means to fulfill virtu\s purposes1 !re is no natural k ( ?is k9d1 = ! ways & means to mod]ation are inf9itely v>i$ accord+ to ! diff]5ces ( affairs1 p]sons1 & circum/ances4 ,& s9ce prud5ce /rictly und]/ood is conc]n$1 n ) univ]sal pr9ciples or ! ends ( virtues1 b ) individual cases & ! p>ticul> means to be employ$1 x foll[s t 9 ! /rict s5se prud5ce is n natural4 ,b j z we f9d t "s m5 are bett] fitt$ by nature to judge correctly 9 speculative matt]s1 s also "s p]sons are sup]ior to o!rs 9 ! ability to reason ab\t practical cases & ! means conducive to morality4 #afeg4 ,! ,gr[? & ,decay ( ,prud5ce4--7a7 ,z repeat$ acts =m a habit ( prud5ce1 s d repeat$ acts /r5g!n prud5ce already =m$1 especially :5 ! *ief act ( prud5ce 7i4e41 ! comm& t ?+s wisely delib]at$ on be p]=m$7 is (t5 br\ght into play4 ,ev5 infus$ prud5ce is augm5t$ & p]fect$ by use & practice3 8,/rong meat is = ! p]fect1 = !m :o by cu/om h _! s5ses ex]cis$ to ! disc]n+ ( good & evil0 7,heb41 v4 #ad74 7b7 ,z prud5ce consi/s prim>ily 9 a dictate :i* applies ! reason's k to ! control ( w & conduct1 ?is virtue is corrupt$ *iefly by passion4 ,we see t ^? :o are sway$ by pleasure or pa9 lose sight ( ! true motive ( *oice & action1 & d n issue to !mselves ! ord] :i* prud5ce & _! bett] judgm5t inspire4 ,?us1 lu/ deceiv$ ev5 ! eld]s ( ! p 7,dan41 xiii4 #ef71 & bribes bl9d ev5 ! prud5t 7,exod41 xxiii4 #h74 ,nature enables a man to judge rightly ab\t ! univ]sal pr9ciples ( "r & wrong2 b1 :5 judgm5t is to be giv5 ab\t p>ticul> l9es ( action1 8z a man is1 s he judges10 ! lic5ti\s man judg+ = pleasure1 ! c[>dly man = neglect ( duty4 ,h5ce1 ! moral virtues mu/ be unit$ ) prud5ce1 else x p]i%es4 7c7 ,z prud5ce presupposes a fund ( g5]al moral pr9ciples1 =getfulness is an imp$im5t to ?is virtue2 yet n s t e loss ( memory :i* deprives "o ( arts & sci5ces w also take away prud5ce4 ,=1 :ile art & sci5ce consi/ entirely ( k1 prud5ce has also a moral elem5t d]iv$ f a "r incl9ation ( ! w t[>ds goodness1 & its *ief (fice is ! utilization ( pr9ciples 9 practice4 ,! virtu\s man w cont9ue to foll[ prud5ce1 ev5 ?\gh he has =gott5 its !ory or rules1 guid+ himself by good habits =m$ or by ! c\nsel ( ^? wis] ?an himself4 #afeh4 ,! ,gift ( ,c\nsel4--,! ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ supplem5t ! !ological virtues by m9i/]+ to !m2 b !y supplem5t ! moral virtues1 ( :i* prud5ce is ! fir/1 by aid+ & p]fect+ !m4 ,! ,gift t corresponds directly to prud5ce is ,c\nsel1 = bo? are conc]n$ ) ! direction ( human acts1 prud5ce direct+ by ! /&>d ( human reason & c\nsel by ! ,holy ,gho/ ,himself4 #afei4 ,def9ition4--,c\nsel is def9$ z 8an infus$ habit :i* makes ! s\l prompt to receive & act ^u ! enlight5m5t (f]$ by ! ,holy ,gho/ ab\t ! means to be *os5 ) a view to its own et]nal salvation40 7a7 ,c\nsel is diff]5t f ! virtue ( wise delib]ation spok5 ( 9 #afdf2 =1 :ile ! virtue enables "o to d good 9 a human mann] & f "o's own motion 7e4g41 by seek+ advice1 by mak+ inquiries1 etc471 ! ,gift enables "o to d good 9 a sup]human mann] & "u ! motion ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 7i4e41 by he>k5+ to ! advice (f]$ by ,god74 7b7 ,c\nsel is diff]5t also f ! *>ism ( good c\nsel1 :i* makes c]ta9 p]sons rem>kable z advisors or directors4 ,?us1 ,ma?a?ias :5 dy+ said to 8 sons3 8,i "k t y\r bro!r ,simon is a man ( c\nsel2 give e> to him always1 & he %all be a fa!r to y0 7,i ,ma*41 ii4 #fe74 ,/4 ,anton9us ( ,flor5ce 0 s successful 9 guid+ ^? :o came to him ) _! difficulties t he 0 call$ 8,anton9us ( ! ,c\nsels40 ,! ,gift is int5d$ to b5efit its possessor1 & x is !re=e _h by all ! j2 b ! *>ism is = ! b5efit ( o!rs1 & is freely be/[$ accord+ to ! w ( ,god only on c]ta9 individuals :o h a special mission ( direct+ or assi/+ _! neighbors4 #affj4 ,subject-,matt] ( ,c\nsel4--,! subject-matt] ( ! ,gift ( ,c\nsel embraces all t p]ta9s to salvation1 bo? ! ?+s t are necess>y & are comm&$ & ! ?+s t are n necess>y & are only c\nsell$4 #affa4 ,! ,gift ( ,c\nsel may direct "o at times to c\rses t are s+ul> & extraord9>y4 ,b1 s9ce ! ,apo/olic rule is t "o %\ld n believe e _s b %\ld prove ! spirits :e!r !y are f ,god 7,i ,john1 iv4 #a2 ,i ,!ss41 v4 #ba71 p]sons :o feel call$ to unusual k9ds ( life %\ld submit _! ideas to ! judgm5t ( ! ,*ur*3 8,arise & g into ! city1 & !re x %all be told !e :at ?\ mu/ d0 7,acts1 ix4 #g74 #affb4 ,! ,beatitude & ,fruits t ,correspond to ! ,gift ( ,c\nsel4--7a7 ,c\nsel directs "o to all ! means t are useful = ! atta9m5t ( life et]nal1 b especially to acts ( m]cy1 =1 z ,/4 ,augu/9e rem>ks1 )\t m]cy %[n to o!rs we _c be fre$ f our own evils4 ,cognate to ,c\nsel1 !re=e1 is ! ,fif? ,beatitude3 8,bless$ are ! m]ciful1 = !y %all obta9 m]cy0 7,matt41 v4 #g74 7b7 ,c\nsel is practical1 & h5ce its ultimate result w be action ( "s k9d4 ,! acts :i* its f>see+ view puts especially into ex]cise are acts ( m]cy1 & acts ( m]cy h sweetness & agreeabl5ess :5 accompani$ by a sympa!tic love ( ! afflict$ & a *e]ful & g5]\s s]vice ( _! ne$s4 ,!re belong to m]cy1 !n1 ! two delightful acts or fruits ( ! ,_s m5tion$ 9 ,gal41 v1 #bb1 & call$ goodness 7i4e41 int]nal b5evol5ce7 & k9dness 7i4e41 ext]nal b5efic5ce74 #affc4 ,! ,s9s ,aga9/ ,prud5ce4--,!re are two classes ( s9s oppos$ to prud5ce4 7a7 ,manife/ly oppos$ to x are ^? s9s t consi/ 9 a want ( ! acts or conditions requisite = prud5ce4 ,^! may be call$ s9s ( imprud5ce or s9s t (f5d prud5ce by way ( non-use4 7b7 ,seem+ly alli$ ) prud5ce are ^? s9s t consi/ 9 a wrong application ( ! acts or conditions ( ! virtue4 ,^! may be call$ s9s ( pseudo-prud5ce1 or s9s t (f5d aga9/ prud5ce by way ( abuse4 ,we %all speak fir/ ( imprud5ce & !n ( pseudo-prud5ce4 #affd4 ,k9ds ( ,imprud5ce4--,!re are ?ree k9ds ( imprud5ce4 7a7 ,negatively consid]$1 imprud5ce is no?+ m ?an ! abs5ce ( prud5ce1 & x is n necess>ily a s94 ,?us1 *ildr5 & "y p ?r\gh no fault ( _! own are negatively imprud5t1 ?\gh ( c\rse _! lack ( prud5ce may be trac$ back to orig9al s94 7b7 ,privatively consid]$1 imprud5ce is ! failure to h ! habitual prud5ce t "o is b\nd & able to possess4 ,?is failure is due to ! fact t "o has tak5 no pa9s to educate oneself ?r\gh /udy1 s]mons1 in/ructions1 etc41 s z to be able to act prud5tly :5 ! occasion arises4 ,privative imprud5ce is !re=e r$ucible to ! s9 ( neglig5ce1 al?\gh neglig5ce itself1 z be+ oppos$ to c>efulness 7#afcd71 is also aga9/ prud5ce1 z we %all see4 7c7 ,contr>ily consid]$1 imprud5ce is ! volunt>y omission ( "s act or condition dem&$ by prud5ce 7z :5 "o is s tak5 up ) amusem5ts t "o makes no ef=t to delib]ate on an important matt] or delib]ates ) undue ha/e71 or ! volunt>y commission ( an act exclusive ( an act or condition ( prud5ce 7z :5 "o expressly contemns delib]ations or decides to act aga9/ ! rules ( prud5ce74 ,?is k9d ( imprud5ce is a mortal s9 :5 x leads away f ?+s necess>y = salvation2 o!rwise x is a v5ial s94 #affe4 ,s9fulness ( ,imprud5ce4--,is imprud5ce a g5]al s91 t is1 a s9 :i* is includ$ 9 e k9d ( s98 7a7 ,imprud5ce is n includ$ 9 e k9d ( s9 9 ! s5se t x =ms a "p ( ! v nature ( e k9d ( s92 =1 j z prud5ce has its own special acts 7i4e41 to direct accord+ to reason71 di/9ct f ^? ( o!r virtues1 s has imprud5ce its own special defects t d n belong to o!r k9ds ( s94 7b7 ,imprud5ce is includ$ 9 e k9d ( s9 9 ! s5se t ev]yone :o s9s acts imprud5tly 9 s9n+2 =1 j z "o does n act virtu\sly unless prud5ce directs "o1 s "o does n act s9fully unless !re is "s defect 9 ! delib]ation1 or decision1 or direction giv5 by reason4 #afff4 ,x %\ld be not$ t1 :ile ! defects aga9/ delib]ation1 decision1 & direction are s _m diff]5t k9ds ( imprud5ce1 !y d n =m species ( s9 di/9ct f ! motivat+ s9 if !y are all direct$ to "o evil purpose4 ,h5ce1 if a p]son has delib]at$ badly1 decid$ badly1 & direct$ badly 9 ! matt] ( /rik+ a prie/1 he ne$s to confess b "o s91 namely1 t ( lay+ sacrilegi\s h&s on a cl]ic4 #affg4 ,! ,s9 ( ,ha/e4--,! s9 ( ha/e or precipitancy passes ov] or hurries ov] ! processes ( delib]ation t ought to prec$e action2 x devotes little or no att5tion to memory ( pa/ exp]i5ces1 und]/&+ ( pres5t conditions1 or conjecture ( future possibilities2 x does n give to a "q ! prop] am\nt ( /udy or ( consultation4 ,x is ( two k9ds1 ord9>y & ra%4 7a7 ,ord9>y precipitancy results f a /rong incl9ation ( ! w or ( ! passions1 z :5 a p]son speaks 9 ang] be=e he has ?\ght ( ! s]i\s consequ5ces ( 8 words1 or m>ries )\t reflection1 or pur*ases an article ! wor? ( :i* he does n "k1 or agrees to some?+ ab\t :i* he is 9 ! d>k1 etc4 ,bo? ,holy ,writ & popul> prov]bs /rongly condemn ?is s94 7b7 ,ra% precipitancy results f contempt ( ! law1 z :5 "o s despises an ord9ance z to violate x )\t ! slighte/ hesitation or reflection4 ,?is s9 p]ta9s to pride z well z to imprud5ce4 ,9 v>i\s c5sures ! ^w 8ra%ness0 or 8tem]ity0 is us$ z "h giv51 z :5 excommunication is pron\nc$ aga9/ ra% violators ( ! law4 #affh4 ,! ,s9 ( ,?\ghtlessness4--,! s9 ( ?\ghtlessness or inconsid]ation is a neglect or contempt ( ! means ( arriv+ at a wise decision4 ,x is a failure1 !re=e1 to make use ( "r und]/&+1 :i* looks well at ! p>ticul> case be=e x & /udies & measures x 9 ! light ( fir/ pr9ciples4 7a7 ,he is guilty ( ?\ghtlessness1 !n1 :o fails to d :at he c to judge rightly ab\t 8 duty2 nor is he excus$ if he leaves ! :ole matt] to ,god1 = x is temptation ( ,god to expect t ,he w provide :5 man does n d 8 own "p 7,prov41 iv4 #be74 7b7 ,he is n guilty ( ?\ghtlessness :o has n ! opportunity ( judg+1 or :o lacks suffici5t k1 or :o is tak5 unaw>es2 nor is he guilty ( temptation ( ,god1 if 9 su* difficulties he commits all to ,provid5ce4 ,?us1 :5 v>i\s nations 7 ga!r$ toge!r to fight aga9/ ,juda1 ,k+ ,josaphat pray$3 8,z we "k n :at to d1 we c only turn our eyes to ,!e0 7,,ii ,p>41 xx4 #ab74 ,& ,our ,"l promis$ special help to ! disciples = cases ( ne$ :5 !y 7 unable to help !mselves 7,matt41 x4 #ai74 #affi4 ,! ,s9 ( ,incon/ancy4--,! s9 ( *angeabl5ess or incon/ancy is committ$ :51 ow+ to ang]1 jeal\sy or o!r inord9ate passion1 ! reason repudiates ?+s t _h be5 rightly decid$ on & fails to act on judgm5ts t _h be5 rightly made 7,is41 xxxvii4 #c74 ,f incon/ancy result incont95ce 7i4e41 in/ability 9 ! face ( pleasure7 & effem9acy 7i4e41 in/ability 9 ! face ( sadness74 #afgj4 ,causes ( ! ,s9s ( ,ha/e1 ,?\ghtlessness1 & ,incon/ancy4--7a7 ,e inord9ate desire br+s on ^! s9s by div]t+ ! m9d f a good to an evil object4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t ! av>ici\s1 ! ambiti\s1 ! angry1 ! jeal\s1 etc41 d n li/5 to reason1 b act imprud5tly3 8,:]e envy+ & cont5tion is1 !re is incon/ancy0 7,james1 iii4 #af74 7b7 ,desire ( pleasure1 especially ( v5]eal pleasure1 is mo/ fatal to prud5ce by ext+ui%+ ! judgm5t ( reason4 ,! intellect is immat]ial & is occupi$ ) ab/ract tru?1 :]eas s5sual delights are imm]s$ 9 ! mat]ial & s5sible4 ,h5ce1 c>nal s9s are m injuri\s to prud5ce ?an spiritual s9s4 ,! s5sual man n m]ely does n li/5 to reason1 b he does n ev5 he> x4 ,v5us /eals away ! reason1 said ,ari/otle1 & ?is tru? is well exemplifi$ 9 ,k+ ,solomon4 #afga4 ,! ,s9 ( ,neglig5ce4--,! s9 ( neglig5ce is oppos$ to c>efulness or dilig5ce1 & consi/s 9 ! failure ( ! reason to direct prop]ly an act1 or "s circum/ance ( an act1 to :i* "o is oblig$4 7a7 ,neglig5ce is a g5]al s9 9 ! s5se t x has no special matt] ( its own1 su* z a passion to be mod]at$ 7z is ! case ) temp]ance & =titude7 or an action to be regulat$ 7z is ! case ) ju/ice74 ,! acts ( reason %\ld ext5d to e k9d ( matt]1 & h5ce a p]son may be neglig5t 7& likewise incon/ant1 ?\ghtless1 ha/y7 ) ref]5ce to any k9d ( action or passion4 7b7 ,x is prop]ly a special s91 z be+ ! opposite ( c>efulness1 :i* is a special act ( prud5ce4 #afgb4 ,neglig5ce is di/9ct f ! foll[+ s9s3 7a7 f laz9ess & lukew>mness1 :i* are defects ( ! ext]nal act1 :ile neglig5ce is a defect ( ! int]nal act 7see #acbf1 #acbg72 7b7 f s9s ( omission1 :i* p]ta9 to ext]nal acts & are results ( neglig5ce1 & are oppos$ to "s o!r virtue ?an prud5ce 7e4g41 neglig5ce 9 pay+ debts is aga9/ ju/ice72 7c7 f incon/ancy1 :i* fails to comm& an act to :i* "o is b\nd1 z ?\gh "o 7 imp$$1 :ile neglig5ce fails because !re is a want ( promptness 9 ! w4 ,! incon/ant man is easily div]t$ f 8 c\rse2 ! neglig5t man is sl[ 9 gett+ "u way4 #afgc4 ,! ,s9fulness ( ,neglig5ce4--7a7 ,x is a mortal s9 :5 "s act or circum/ance necess>y = salvation is omitt$ on its acc\nt 7e4g41 :5 a debtor puts (f f day to day ! paym5t ( a bill1 & 9 consequ5ce causes a great injury71 or :5 x proce$s f contempt or pref]5ce ( ! creature to ,god4 7b7 ,x is a v5ial s9 :5 ! act or circum/ance omitt$ is n necess>y = salvation 7e4g41 :5 a judge causes a slight inju/ice by reason ( 8 procra/9ation71 or :5 x proce$s f a want ( f]vor4 #afgd4 ,false ,prud5ce4--,s f> we h consid]$ ! s9s ( imprud5ce2 n[ we %all speak ( ! s9s ( false prud5ce1 :i* turn to wrong objects ! acts t prud5ce employs = good1 or :i* use inord9ately ! c>e t prud5ce employs 9 mod]ation4 ,?us1 !re are sev]al k9ds ( imitation-prud5ce4 7a7 ,prud5ce is 9 love ) ! good ( virtue z ! end ( life2 ! prud5ce ( ! fle% is 9 love ) "s pleasure or utility1 & makes ?is good ! c5t] ( attraction = all its acts4 7b7 ,prud5ce delib]ates & judges ab\t good & lawful means = its end2 a/ut5ess delib]ates & judges h[ x may make use ( evil means1 & x employs trick]y & fraud to p]=m :at x decides on4 7c7 ,prud5ce is *iefly conc]n$ ab\t ! spiritual1 b its conc]n is n excessive2 solicitude = temporal ?+s or = ! morr[ is m anxi\s ab\t ! ?+s ( ?is _w1 or is unduly anxi\s ab\t spiritual ?+s4 #afge4 ,! prud5ce ^: end is bad is ! s9 ( ^? ,:o c\nsel1 judge1 & direct well z to ! means = secur+ temporal goods :i* !y h made ! supreme purpose ( _! lives4 ,?is s9 is giv5 ! "o g5]al "n1 8prud5ce ( ! fle%10 f ,rom41 viii4 #f1 :]e ! aspirations ( ! fle% are contra/$ ) ! aspirations ( ! _s4 ,b x is also sometimes di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! diff]5t k9ds ( creat$ ?+s 9 :i* false prud5ce puts its desire1 or accord+ to ! diff]5t k9ds ( allurem5ts to su* creat$ goods4 7a7 ,?us1 ^? :o aim *iefly at int]nal goods 7i4e41 bodily pleasures1 heal?1 etc47 are said to h ! prud5ce ( ! fle%1 :ile ^? :o long mo/ly aft] ext]nals 7su* z f9e clo!s1 jewelry1 e/ates1 etc47 are said to h ! prud5ce ( ?is _w3 8,! *ildr5 ( ?is _w are m prud5t 9 _! g5]ation ?an ! *ildr5 ( light0 7,luke1 xvi4 #h74 7b7 ,we may also divide prud5ce ab\t a wrong end into e>?ly1 animal & devili%1 accord+ to ! ?reefold s\rce ( temptation1 z 0 expla9$ above 9 #afbc4 #afgf4 ,s9fulness ( ! ,prud5ce ( ! ,fle%4--7a7 ,if prud5ce ( ! fie% be und]/ood 9 its /rict] mean+ z designat+ ! condition ( ^? :o make ! ?+s ( ?is _w ! be-all & ! end-all ( exi/5ce1 x is a mortal s92 = x is impossible t "o %\ld h two la/ ends or s]ve two ma/]s ^: int]e/s are opposite3 8,! wisdom ( ! fle% is an enemy to ,god1 = x is n subject to ! law ( ,god1 nei!r c x be0 7,rom41 viii4 #g74 7b7 ,if prud5ce ( ! fle% be tak5 9 a less /rict s5se z signify+ ! behavior ( ^? :o make ,god ! supreme end ( _! lives1 b :o 9 "s affair plan %rewdly = a p>ticul> end t does n entirely squ>e ) "r reason1 x is !n a v5ial s94 ,an example is a ho/ :o is v practical 9 buy+ supplies & mak+ all ! arrangem5ts = a banquet at :i* ! gue/s w conduct !mselves ) too mu* hil>ity4 7c7 ,if prud5ce ( ! fle% be us$ 9 a wide or improp] s5se z signify+ ! c>e ( ! body & o!r temporal ?+s = ! sake ( a good end1 x is n s9ful1 b virtu\s4 ,?us1 a p]son :o is c>eful ab\t 8 diet 9 ord] t he may cons]ve 8 heal? & be enabl$ to "w m effici5tly & fruitfully1 is virtu\sly prud5t4 ,! use ( ! t]m 8prud5ce ( ! fle%10 = ^! la/ two cases is inaccurate & mislead+4 #afgg4 ,a/ut5ess1 ,trick]y & ,fraud4--,! prud5ce ^: means are bad is ! s9 ( ^? :o skillfully plan & c>ry out wick$ ways & me?ods ( secur+ "s desir$ end1 ev5 ?\gh x be a good end4 7a7 ,! plann+ ( wick$ means ?r\gh :i* "s design c be successfully a*iev$ is ! s9 ( a/ut5ess1 & ! p]sons :o are well-fitt$ = su* ?+s are kn[n z s*em]s & plott]s4 ,! c\nsel ( ! ,jews aga9/ ,*ri/ 7,matt41 xxvi4 #c-e7 & ! brib]y ( ! sepul*re gu>ds 7,matt41 xxviii4 #ab-ad7 are examples ( a/ut5ess4 7b7 ,! c>ry+ out ( a/ute plans may be done ei!r by viol5ce or by /eal?2 b1 z evil loves to hide itself & to pose z good le/ its success be endang]$1 s*em]s usually resort to trick]y & fraud4 ,"l ,bacon's essay on 8,dissimulation0 is a good description ( ! me?od ( worldly policy4 #afgh4 ,trick]y 9 g5]al is ! secret employm5t ( s9ful means ) ! view to impose on o!rs & ?us ga9 "s advantage "o has 9 m9d4 ,h5ce1 x has a wide application & includes fraud z well z o!r uses ( unlawful means4 ,b trick]y may be di/+ui%$ f fraud z foll[s3 7a7 trick]y is ! execution ( an a/ute plan by words calculat$ to deceive or circumv5t ano!r p]son4 ,words are ! *ief means ( communication betwe5 m51 & h5ce trick]y is m usual ?an fraud4 ,examples ( trick]y are ! artful traps prep>$ = ,our ,"l by ! ,ph>isees :5 ) app>5t respect !y ask$ ,8 views ab\t ! condemnation ( ! adult]ess 7,john1 viii4 #c sqq47 & ! paym5t ( tribute 7,matt41 xxii4 #ag71 _! purpose be+ to obta9 evid5ce t ,he spoke aga9/ ! ,law2 7b7 fraud is ! execution ( a/ute plans by means ( di%one/ actions1 z :5 a p]son *eats by n obs]v+ ! rules ( a game1 or defrauds by sell+ inf]ior goods1 or imposes on o!rs by pass+ himself (f z _! fri5d1 etc4 #afgi4 ,trick]y may be us$ = good z well z evil ends1 & ?us ,/4 ,paul dis[ns ! practice ( p]suad+ m5 to embrace ! ,fai? by appeal+ to _! prejudices or by ton+ d[n ! ,gospel3 8,we r5\nce ! hidd5 ?+s ( di%one/y1 n walk+ 9 craft9ess1 nor adult]at+ ! ^w ( ,god2 b by manife/ation ( ! tru? comm5d+ ourselves to e man's consci\sness 9 ! sight ( ,god0 7,,ii ,cor41 iv4 #b74 #afhj4 ,! gravity ( ! s9s ( a/ut5ess1 trick]y & fraud dep5ds on ! "* ( ! object1 end & circum/ances4 7a7 ,?us1 on acc\nt ( ! object ! s9 is grave :5 ! means *os5 are v bad 7e4g41 s]i\s calumnies71 v5ial :5 ! means are slightly evil 7e4g41 lies ab\t unimportant matt]s72 7b7 on acc\nt ( ! end ! s9 is mortal :5 "o int5ds to p]petrate a s]i\s (f5se 7e4g41 clev] ruses to get into a h\se 9 ord] to rob x71 v5ial :5 ! purpose is n s bad 7e4g41 *eat+ at c>ds 9 ord] to w9 a small sum72 7c7 on acc\nt ( ! circum/ances ! s9 is made mortal by "s grave defect or disord] 9 ! act result+ f ! condition ( "t1 place1 p]son1 etc4 ,?us1 !re might easily be great sc&al if a p]son ( au?ority 7 kn[n to lie habitually1 z x suit$ 8 int]e/s4 #afha4 ,solicitude4--,ano!r =m ( spuri\s prud5ce is solicitude1 t is1 an inord9ate c>efulness ab\t temporal ?+s or ab\t ! future4 ,its s9fulness appe>s f ! foll[+ consid]ations4 7a7 ,our ,"l condemns solicitude3 8,be n solicit\s !re=e say+3 #8,:at %all we eat1 or :at %all we dr9k1 or :]e) %all we be clo!d8' 444 ,be n solicit\s = ! morr[1 = ! morr[ w be solicit\s = itself4 ,suffici5t = ! day is ! evil !re(0 7,matt1 vi4 #ca1 #cd74 7b7 ,solicitude seeks temporal ?+s )\t ! mod]ation t reason requires1 does n duly e/eem ! spiritual1 & does n confide 9 ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,)\t any human c>e ,god be/[s ^u man ! gift ( life itself1 provides = ! animals & plants1 directs ! :ole inanimate creation1 & x is !re=e unreasonable to fret & fume ov] ! temporal ?+s ( "o individual z if ,god 7 unable or unwill+ to see to !m 7,matt1 vi4 #be sqq474 #afhb4 ,cases ( ,unlawful ,solicitude ab\t ,temporalities4--7a7 ,solicitude is s9ful on acc\nt ( ! ?+s s\ght if "o makes temporal ?+s ! end ( life1 z :5 a p]son foll[s religion purely z a bus9ess matt]1 = ! sake ( ! liv+ & worldly advantages ?is secures4 7b7 ,solicitude is s9ful on acc\nt ( ! immod]ate desire ( obta9+ "s good1 :5 "o pursues ! temporal ) su* avidity t ! spiritual is made to suff]1 z :5 a p]son devotes s mu* "t & ?\ght to bus9ess1 politics1 society or sci5ce t religion is m & m set aside 9 8 life3 8,! c>es ( ?is _w *ok$ up ! ^w0 7,matt41 xiii4 #bb74 7c7 ,solicitude is s9ful on acc\nt ( ! immod]ate fe> ( los+ a temporal good1 :5 "o is det]r$ f religion by ! ?\ght t fidelity to virtue means ! sacrifice ( ! necess>ies ( life4 ,examples ( ?is immod]ate solicitude are p]sons :o nev] att5d *ur* or contribute to religion1 le/ !y lose "t or money1 or :o practise race-suicide to escape ! burd5 ( support+ a family4 #afhc4 ,cases ( ,lawful ,solicitude4--7a7 ,:5 ! end is a g5u9e temporal good1 mod]ate solicitude is n only lawful b is a duty dictat$ by prud5ce4 ,?us1 a man :o labors indu/ri\sly & :o saves1 sp5d+ economically = ! support ( himself & 8 dep5d5ts & ! upkeep ( 8 home & bus9ess1 is prud5t 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 provid$ he is n too mu* absorb$ 9 money-mak+ or too anxi\s ab\t f9ancial affairs3 8,"w mu/ be att5d$ to1 b worry mu/ be bani%$0 7,/4 ,j]ome74 7b7 ,:5 ! end is a spiritual "o1 mod]ate solicitude is also a duty4 ,?us1 ,/4 ,paul 0 solicit\s = 8 ,*ur*es 7,,ii ,cor41 xi4 #bh71 ,timo?y = ! ,philippians 7,phil41 ii4 #bj72 ^? :o h *>ge z almon]s %\ld be solicit\s = ! goods giv5 = ! poor1 etc4 #afhd4 ,cases ( ,unlawful ,solicitude ab\t ! ,future4--7a7 ,solicitude is unlawful on acc\nt ( ! end t is int5d$1 :5 "o makes temporal ?+s "o's god1 & is !re=e p]turb$ ab\t ! future1 z :5 a p]son has set 8 he>t ^u obta9+ "s honor by fair means or f\l1 & is re/less & di/urb$ 9 m9d le/ x escape him4 7b7 ,solicitude is unlawful on acc\nt ( immod]ate desire1 :5 "o seeks = m ?an "o %\ld1 z :5 a p]son :o has suffici5t means busies himself ab\t too _m ?+s & deprives himself ( peace & heal? 9 ord] to be weal?i] 9 ! future4 7c7 ,solicitude is unlawful on acc\nt ( ! unsuitability ( ! "t1 :5 "o anticipates ! season = c>e1 z :5 a f>m] worries dur+ plant+ season ab\t ! h>ve/1 & dur+ h>ve/ "t ab\t ! next plant+4 ,^? :o will+ly occupy & disquiet !mselves ) =ebod+s ( dire calamities t are unc]ta9 7e4g41 ! imm95t de/ruction ( ! _w7 or ( evils t _c be prev5t$ 7e4g41 _! dea?71 are also guilty ( s9ful solicitude4 #afhe4 ,cases ( ,lawful ,solicitude ab\t ! ,future4--7a7 ,:5 ! end is a lawul temporal good1 mod]ate solicitude ab\t ! future is good1 = provid5ce = ! future is a "p ( prud5ce 7see #afed74 ,scripture praises ! ant :i* ga!rs its food 9 ! summ] aga9/ ! w9t] 7,prov41 vi4 #f74 ,joseph /or$ up a res]ve ( gra9 7,g541 xii4 #cd sqq472 ,our ,"l appo9t$ ,judas to act z treasur] = ,himself & ,8 foll[]s 7,john1 xii4 #f72 ! ,apo/les kept = future exp5ses (f]+s made f ! sale ( fields 7,acts1 iv4 #cd1 #ce74 7b7 ,:5 ! end is spiritual1 reasonable solicitude is also good1 & ?is is se5 9 ! conduct ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians :o ga!r$ alms 9 advance t !y might h ! means to be/[ assi/ance dur+ a fam9e :i* _h be5 pr$ict$ 7,acts1 xi4 #bg sqq474 #afhf4 ,false ,prud5ce & ,av>ice4--,! s9s ( false prud5ce are caus$ *iefly by av>ice4 7a7 ,!y are s9s 9 :i* reason plays a great "p1 ?\gh x is n put to a good use2 & h5ce !y d n naturally spr+ f c>nal vices or c[>dice1 :i* obscure reason4 ,av>ice1 on ! contr>y1 reasons mu* on h[ x may get & keep2 x is %rewd1 cunn+1 delib]ate1 =esight$4 7b7 ,!y are s9s t h rec\rse to /eal? & secrecy1 & ?us are unlike pride1 va+lory1 & ang]1 :i* incl9e to display & op5ness4 ,b av>ice puts utility above consid]ations ( glory or rev5ge1 & pref]s to be )\t fame or to be> ) slights r ?an lose pr(its4 #afhg4 ,comm&m5ts ( ,prud5ce4--,prud5ce is n expressly comm&$ 9 ! ,decalogue1 b !re are precepts conc]n+ ?is virtue 9 o!r p>ts ( ,scripture4 7a7 ,prud5ce is n enjo9$ 9 ! ,decalogue1 because ! t5 comm&m5ts are conc]n$ ) ^? ends ( virtue t are manife/ to all1 :]eas prud5ce is ab\t ! means to practise virtue4 7b7 ,prud5ce is comm&$ 9 _m places ( ,scripture3 8,get wisdom & ) all ?y possession pur*ase prud5ce0 7,prov41 iv4 #g72 8,walk 9 ! ways ( prud5ce0 7ibid1 ix4 #f72 8,pur*ase prud5ce1 = x is m preci\s ?an silv]0 7ibid1 xvi4 #af72 8,be ye prud5t z s]p5ts0 7,matt41 x1 #af72 8,speak ! ?+s t become s\nd doctr9e1 t ! ag$ m5 be sob]1 *a/e1 prud5t0 7,tit41 ii4 #a1 #b72 8,be prud5t & ,wat* 9 pray]s0 7,i ,pet]1 iv4 #g74 ,art4 #b3 ,,! ,,virtue ,,( ,,ju/ice 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,,ii-,,ii1 qq4 #eg-fj47 #afhh4 ,aft] prud5ce foll[s ju/ice4 ,?is virtue regulates human actions & r5d]s to o!rs _! due1 & s x has preem95ce ov] =titude & temp]ance1 :i* gov]n ! passions & make man virtu\s z reg>ds 8 own acts only & n z reg>ds 8 neighbor4 ,! logical ord]1 !n1 is t ju/ice %\ld prec$e =titude & temp]ance4 #afhi4 ,nature ( ,ju/ice4--,9 ,god ju/ice is an attribute 9 virtue ( :i* ,he s treats ,8 creatures t !y c h no well-f\nd$ compla9t aga9/ ,him3 8,8 own ju/ice support$ ,him4 ,he put on ju/ice z a brea/plate0 7,is1 lix4 #af1 #ag74 ,9 man x is goodness t[>ds ,god or t[>ds neighbors2 & x is call$ 9 ,scripture by v>i\s names1 su* z 8ju/ice10 8equity10 8tru?10 8righte\sness40 7a7 ,9 a wide s5se1 ju/ice signifies ! g5]al virtue ( hol9ess1 or ! collection ( all ! virtues1 z :5 ,our ,"l says3 8,bless$ are !y t hung] & ?ir/ aft] ju/ice 7i4e41 hol9ess70 7,matt41 v4 #f74 ,hol9ess1 z a sup]natural life communicat$ to ! s\l1 is also call$ ju/ice or ju/ification3 8,! ju/ice ( ,god by fai? ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 unto all & ^u all !m t believe 9 ,him0 7,rom41 iii4 #bb74 7b7 ,9 a /rict s5se1 x signifies ! special moral virtue t consi/s 9 a firm purpose ( ! w to give to ev]yone 8 due or "r3 8,love ju/ice1 y t are judges ( ! e>?0 7,wis41 i4 #a72 8,if 9 e de$ y speak ju/ice0 7,ps4 lvii4 #b74 ,9 its /rict s5se ! ^w 8ju/ice0 is h]eaft] us$4 #afij4 ,def9ition ( ,"r4--,"r signifies orig9ally t :i* foll[s a /raight c\rse or does n deviate f ! true /&>d1 z 9 ! expressions 8"r ahead10 8to be 9 ! "r40 ,b 9 moral matt]s "r has ! d]iv$ mean+ ( t :i* is good1 prop]1 suitable2 & 9 g5]al x is ( two k9ds1 objective & subjective1 ! =m] be+ ! f\ndation ( ! latt]4 7a7 ,objective "r is t :i* is prescrib$ by law1 or x is ! law itself z ! rule & /&>d ( :at ought to be done1 especially 9 ! relations ( m5 t[>ds "o ano!r4 ,9 ?is s5se !re is a tw(old "r1 natural & positive1 accord+ z reason itself or free w imposes a law 7see #bhf1 #bif74 7b7 ,subjective "r is t relation%ip introduc$ betwe5 m5 by reason ( ! laws gov]n+ _! conduct "o to ano!r1 :i* gives to "o an au?ority to ex]cise c]ta9 capabilities 7active "r1 "r prop]ly s-call$71 & imposes on ano!r ! necessity ( respect+ t au?ority 7passive "r1 duty74 #afia4 ,"r prop]ly s call$ is def9$ z ! moral p[] ( do+ or possess+ some?+4 7a7 ,x is a moral p[]1 t is1 a p[] creat$ by ! moral law giv+ "o a true title & =bidd+ o!rs to int]f]e ) its enjoym5t & use4 ,x is n a physical p[]1 = might does n make "r2 on ! contr>y1 he :o has moral p[] is sometimes h9d]$ f ex]cis+ x by ano!r :o has physical p[]4 ,nor is x a m]e legal p[]1 or capacity to act validly & )9 human law1 b an e?ical p[] t enables "o to act licitly be=e ,god & consci5ce4 7b7 ,x is a p[] to d 7e4g41 to labor7 or to h 7e4g41 to own l&74 ,! =m] includes also ! moral p[] to =be> action 7e4g41 to re/ on ,sunday71 to require t ano!r act 7e4g41 pay :at he owes me71 or t he =be> action 7e4g41 keep (f my prop]ty72 :ile ! latt] includes also ! p[] to acquire1 to use1 to transf]1 etc4 #afib4 ,divisions ( ,"r4--7a7 ,by reason ( its s\rce1 or ( ! law f :i* x spr+s1 a "r is ei!r natural 7e4g4 ! "r to life1 lib]ty1 pursuit ( happ9ess71 positive-div9e 7e4g41 ! "r to receive ! ,sacram5ts71 positive-human 7e4g41 ! "r ( p>i%ion]s t ,mass be said = !m by _! pa/or1 ! "r ( citiz5s to vote & to be vot$ =74 7b7 ,by reason ( its t]m1 or ( ! p[] :i* x conf]s1 a "r is /rict 7legal7 or non-/rict 7moral74 ,"o has a /rict "r :5 some?+ is due "o1 because x is "o's own by a prop] & exclusive title 7e4g41 ! "r to life & prop]ty74 ,"o has a non-/rict "r :5 some?+ is due "o1 only because x is some?+ common t is to be di/ribut$ & "o is a des]v+ memb] ( ! community 7e4g41 ! "r to receive an appo9tm5t f ! gov]nm5t71 or because virtue 7e4g41 ! "r to receive gratitude = b5efits %[n7 or ! p]fection ( virtue 7e4g41 ! "r to be treat$ ) lib]ality or affability or fri5d%ip by o!rs7 requires x4 #afic4 ,natural rights are subdivid$ z foll[s3 7a7 9 respect ( _! object1 "s rights are absolute1 z be+ bas$ on nature alone 7e4g41 ! "r ( a *ild to support f its p>5t arises f natural orig972 or !y are relative1 z be+ bas$ on nature 9 its relation to concrete & cont+5t facts 7e4g41 ! "r ( an own] to private possession ( 8 l& arises f ! nature ( l&1 :i* 0 made to s]ve man1 & f ! cont+5t fact t x _c s]ve man z a rule )\t private own]%ip72 7b7 9 respect ( _! s\rce1 "s rights are innate1 t is1 !y are _h f bir? by ! v fact ( human nature 7e4g41 ! "r ( life 9 ! newborn *ild72 o!rs are acquir$1 t is1 obta9$ 9 c\rse ( "t ?r\gh "s cont+5t fact4 ,?us1 titles to goods ( =tune :i* ! own] is ! fir/ to possess 7orig9al titles7 are obta9$ by occupation & accession2 titles to goods obta9$ f o!rs 7d]ivative titles7 are obta9$ ?r\gh prescription1 inh]itance1 contract2 7c7 9 respect to _! firmness1 "s rights are ali5able1 t is1 !y are su* z may be r5\nc$ or sup]s$$ lawfully1 s9ce !y are n obligatory 7e4g41 ! "r to m>ry1 ! "r to dr9k alcohol72 :ile o!rs are inali5able1 t is1 n subject to r5unciation or deprivation1 z be+ obligatory 7e4g41 ! "r to repel temptation1 ! "r to s]ve ,god74 #afid4 ,signs by :i* ,/rict & ,non-,/rict ,rights ,may ,be ,di/+ui%$4--7a7 ,t to :i* "o has a /rict "r belongs to "o z "o's own1 & h5ce x mu/ be det]m9ate or det]m9able4 ,! "r ( a begg> to receive "s assi/ance f someone is n a /rict "r1 s9ce x _c be urg$ aga9/ any p>ticul> ?+ or any individual p]son2 b ! "r ( a cr$itor is a /rict "r1 s9ce x c be urg$ aga9/ ! debtor = a def9ite am\nt4 7b7 ,t to :i* "o has a /rict "r is ow$ 9 ju/ice1 & h5ce x may be en=c$ by legal means1 or 9 case ( ne$ by physical =ce4 ,! "r ( a *ild n to be slight$ 9 ! di/ribution ( pres5ts made by its p>5ts1 ! "r ( a p]son :o has _h a fall+ out ) ano!r t ! latt] %all accept advances = a reconciliation1 & ! "r ( a b5efactor t ! b5efici>ies %[ signs ( gratitude1 are n /rict rights1 because !y _c be en=c$ 9 c\rts ( ju/ice1 b ! "r ( a labor] aga9/ 8 employ] is a /rict "r1 s9ce x c be v9dicat$ by legal means4 ,x %\ld be not$ t a /rict "r is "o t is grant$ z a prop]1 exclusive & en=ceable p[] by any law1 :e!r natural or positive1 & h5ce ! fact t human law w n v9dicate a "r 7e4g41 ! "r aris+ f a contract naturally good1 b legally n def5sible1 ! "r ( a p>5t to 8 *ild's respect7 does n prove t ! "r is n /rict4 #afie4 ,a /rict "r to h or to own is ei!r 9 re or ad rem4 7a7 ,a "r 9 re 7real or complete "r7 is ! "r to t :i* "o already lawfully has z "o's own 7e4g41 ! "r t ,caius has to ! wages paid him by ,balbus74 7b7 ,a "r ad rem 7p]sonal or in*oate "r7 is ! "r to t :i* "o is entitl$ to obta9 z "o's own 7e4g41 ! "r t ,caius has to receive ! wages promis$ him by ,balbus74 #afif4 ,legal ,en=cem5t ( ,/rict ,rights4--7a7 ,! "r 9 re au?orizes rec\rse to a real action 7actio 9 rem71 t is1 to a suit aga9/ ! ?+ itself1 no matt] :]e x be or by :om x be held1 z :5 "o sues to recov] "o's prop]ty ?r\gh ! ejectm5t ( a wrongful possessor2 = ! ?+ is imm$iately & juridically b\nd to him :o has ! "r1 z be+ 8 own4 7b7 ,! "r ad rem enables "o to en=ce "o's claim by a p]sonal action 7actio 9 p]sonam71 t is1 to br+ a suit aga9/ a def9ite p]son on :om "o has a claim by reason ( contract1 dome/ic relation%ip1 fiduci>y position1 etc41 z :5 "o sues = recov]y on acc\nt ( ! non-fulfillm5t ( ! conditions ( a compact4 #afig4 ,! "r 9 re to prop]ty is ei!r p]fect or imp]fect4 7a7 ,a p]fect "r 7"r ( full dom9ion7 is t :i* enables "o to ex]cise all ! pr]ogatives ( own]%ip1 t is1 to dispose at w ( an object 7e4g41 to sell1 l5d1 give away1 etc471 to use x 7e4g41 to occupy a h\se1 to make alt]ations 9 x1 to te> x d[n1 etc471 & to exclude o!rs 7e4g41 to put a f5ce ab\t "o's prop]ty to exclude ! public74 7b7 ,an imp]fect "r 7"r ( p>tial dom9ion7 is _h :5 "o is re/rict$ z to ! "r ( ! disposition ( "o's goods1 = example1 :5 "o is =bidd5 to sell2 or :5 "o has ! "r ( disposition )\t ! "r ( use1 = example1 :5 "o is =bidd5 on acc\nt ( ! v[s ( religion to use prop]ty "o owns 7radical dom9ion72 or :5 "o has ! "r ( use )\t ! "r ( disposition1 = example1 :5 "o is =bidd5 to make p]man5t alt]ations 9 a h\se "o occupies z t5ant 7indirect or useful dom9ion72 or :5 "o has ! o!r rights ( own]%ip b lacks ! "r ( exclusion1 = example1 :5 "o may n exclude a neighbor's flock f graz+ 9 "o's pa/ure 7own]%ip subject to s]vitude74 #afih4 ,! ,subject ( ,ju/ice1 or ! ,faculty ( ! ,s\l 9 ,:i* ,x ,exi/s4--7a7 ,ju/ice is n 9 ! intellect1 = we are n call$ j because we "k a ?+ rightly1 b because we act rightly2 7b7 nor is x 9 ! s5sitive appetite1 s9ce a s5se faculty does n appreh5d ! relations betwe5 rights & duties2 7c7 h5ce1 ju/ice is 9 ! rational appetite or w4 #afii4 ,! ,objects or ,subject-,matt] ( ,ju/ice4--7a7 ,! mat]ial object ( ju/ice 7i4e41 all ^? ?+s ) :i* x deals7 is remotely ! ext]nal ?+s :i* are ! objects ( ex*ange & di/ribution among m51 & proximately ! actions by :i* !y are ex*ang$ or di/ribut$4 7b7 ,! =mal object ( ju/ice 7i4e41 t :i* x pr9cipally int5ds 9 deal+ ) its mat]ial object7 is t ! rights ( o!rs1 or _! inviolable moral p[] ( do+1 hav+ or acquir+1 may be respect$4 ,ju/ice ?us diff]s f *>ity4 ,= *>ity is ow$ also to self1 ju/ice only to ! neighbor2 *>ity consid]s ! neighbor z he is "o ) self & gives him :at belongs to self1 :ile ju/ice consid]s ! neighbor z he is di/9ct f self & gives him :at belongs to him4 #agjj4 ,s9ce ju/ice is %[n n to self b to ano!r1 x is n s fully-realiz$ :5 two p]sons are 9 "s s5se "o4 7a7 ,p>5t & *ild are especially "o1 s9ce ! *ild is f ! p>5t & a "p ( ! p>5t1 & h5ce ! natural obligations t spr+ f _! special relation%ip p]ta9 to ! virtue ( filial & pat]nal piety1 :i* is n /rictly ju/ice1 b obliges m /rictly on acc\nt ( ! great] rights involv$4 ,b obligations t spr+ f relation%ips t are common 7e4g41 f a contract betwe5 a fa!r & 8 son7 p]ta9 to /rict ju/ice2 = 9 ^! relation%ips !y treat ) "o ano!r1 n z fa!r & son1 b z man & man4 ,employ] & employee may also be consid]$ z "o1 inasmu* z ! latt] is ! ag5t or in/rum5t ( ! =m]1 & ! same conclusions may !re=e be appli$ to !m4 7b7 ,husb& & wife are less p]fectly "o ?an p>5t & *ild & ?an ma/] & s]vant1 = nei!r is desc5d$ f ! o!r1 & nei!r is s]vant to ! o!r4 ,b s9ce !y =m "o conjugal society & ! husb& is head ( ! wife1 !y owe "o ano!r /rict] obligations ?an if !y 7 /rang]s to "o ano!r1 al?\gh ^? obligations p>take less rigor\sly ( ! "* ( ju/ice4 #agja4 ,division ( ,ju/ice4--,ju/ice is divid$ accord+ to ! rights x respects into legal & p>ticul>4 7a7 ,legal ju/ice 7obs]vance ( law7 is t :i* is ow$ by ! individual1 :e!r he be rul] or subord9ate1 to ! community ( :i* he =ms a "p1 or to ! law & ! common good ( ! entire body4 7b7 ,p>ticul> ju/ice 7fairness7 is t :i* is ow$ to ! private good ( an individual4 #agjb4 ,is legal ju/ice a di/9ct & sep>ate virtue1 or only a g5]al condition f\nd 9 all virtues8 7a7 ,practically speak+1 legal ju/ice is a g5]al virtue1 inasmu* z its desire ( promot+ ! common good w impel a man to obs]ve all ! laws & to practise o!r virtues ?an ju/ice1 su* z =titude & temp]ance4 ,! law comm&s u to p]=m ! actions ( ! c\rage\s man1 ( ! temp]ate man1 ( ! g5tle man1 & h5ce1 z ,ari/otle says 7,e?ics1 lib4 ,v1 cap4 #b71 legal ju/ice is (t5 reg>d$ z ! supreme virtue1 ! summ>y ( all virtue1 m glori\s ?an ! /> ( eve or dawn4 7b7 ,ess5tially1 x is a di/9ct virtue1 = x alone moves a man prim>ily & directly to respect ! rights ( ! common good z be+ t great] :ole ( :i* ! individual is b a "p4 ,x diff]s ev5 f patriotism & filial piety 7= ^! are mov$ by "o's own debt to ! s\rce ( "o's life7 & f ob$i5ce 7= legal ju/ice seeks ! welf>e ( ! community ev5 9 ?+s t are n comm&$74 #agjc4 ,comp>ison ( ,legal & ,p>ticul> ,ju/ice4--7a7 ,p>ticul> ju/ice p>takes m ( ! nature ( ju/ice1 = !re is a great] di/9ction or sep>ation betwe5 ! p>ty :o has an obligation & ! p>ty :o has a "r1 :5 ! latt] is an individual1 ?an :5 ! latt] is a :ole ( :i* ! =m] is a "p4 ,a di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( ju/ice1 z said j above1 is t x takes acc\nt ( ! indep5d5ce or 8o!rness0 ( ^? betwe5 :om x exi/s1 s mu* s t only 9 a metaphorical s5se c we speak ( ju/ice :5 only "o p]son & nature is 9 "q 7e4g41 ju/ice betwe5 man & 8 s\l1 body1 p[]s74 7b7 ,legal ju/ice is a m p]fect virtue ?an p>ticul> ju/ice or filial piety1 s9ce x seeks a high] object 7t is1 ! common good z su*7 & is m volunt>y4 #agjd4 ,is ! "r :i* ! community has to receive f ! goods ( its memb]s "o ( legal or "o ( p>ticul> ju/ice8 7a7 ,! "r ( em95t doma9 7i4e41 ! "r :i* ! ,/ate has ov] ! goods ( private p]sons :5 !y are necess>y = ! common good7 is a "r ( legal ju/ice1 = ev5 )\t compulsion ! citiz5 %\ld be will+ to contribute :at is necess>y = ! community ( :i* he is "p4 7b7 ,! "r ( ! memb]s ( a gov]nm5t to receive comp5sation = _! s]vices is a "r ( p>ticul> ju/ice1 = !re is an implicit contract betwe5 ! rul]s & ! ,/ate t ! =m] w s]ve ! int]e/s ( ! latt] & t ! lat] w pay ! exp5ses ( ! =m]1 z if bo? p>ties 7 private individuals 7see #agjh74 #agje4 ,di/ributive & ,commutative ,ju/ice4--,on acc\nt ( ! inequality or equality ( ! individuals betwe5 :om x exi/s1 p>ticul> ju/ice is subdivid$ into di/ributive & commutative1 :i* are di/9ct species ( ju/ice4 7a7 ,t ! di/9ction is well-f\nd$ is prov$ by ! fact t ?is ju/ice--t is1 relations t[>ds p>ticul> p]sons--is ei!r ! relation ( :ole to "p or ( "p to "p4 ,! =m] relations are gov]n$ by di/ributive ju/ice1 :i* is def9$ z ! virtue t incl9es ! rul]1 z ! repres5tative ( ! community1 to portion out ! public goods 7e4g41 money1 honors1 (fices7 & burd5s 7e4g41 taxes71 n accord+ to favoritism or p]sonal likes1 b accord+ to m]its & abilities2 ! latt] relations are gov]n$ by commutative ju/ice1 :i* is def9$ z ! virtue t incl9es ! individual to pay to o!r individuals :at is _! due1 :e!r ! rights be p]sonal 7e4g41 ! "r to reputation7 or real 7e4g41 ! "r to wages or price74 ,commutative ju/ice receives its "n f ! fact t x is (t5e/ call$ = 9 commutations 7i4e41 9 ex*anges1 su* z buy+ & sell+74 7b7 ,t ! di/9ction ( p>ticul> ju/ice into di/ributive & commutative is specific appe>s f ! fact t ! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( ju/ice 7viz41 debt ow$ ano!r & equality betwe5 paym5t & debt7 are f\nd 9 ea* ( ^! k9ds ( ju/ice 9 a way prop] to itself4 ,!re is a debt 9 commutative ju/ice :5 a ?+ is ow$ ano!r because he has an individual "r to x & x is already "u 8 dom9ion2 !re is a debt ( di/ributive ju/ice1 :5 a ?+ is ow$ ano!r because he has a community int]e/ 9 x & a "r t x be entru/$ to him 9 view ( 8 m]its or abilities4 #agjf4 ,?us1 ! equality obs]v$ 9 commutative ju/ice is ari?metical1 or ( quantity 7e4g41 if a horse is wor? #ajj1 x is j to pay #ajj = x72 ! equality obs]v$ 9 di/ributive ju/ice is geometrical1 or ( proportion 7e4g41 if "o :o _h an av]age ( #ij 9 a civil s]vice exam9ation receives a position t pays #ij1 x is j to give ano!r ^: av]age 0 #hj a position t pays #hj74 ,an indication ( ! specific diff]5ce betwe5 di/ributive & commutative ju/ice is t ! same individual may be j 9 private matt]s & unju/ 9 public matt]s4 ,example3 ,titus1 an (fice-hold]1 pays 8 p]sonal debts fai?fully1 b he appo9ts only 8 fri5ds1 :e!r !y be wor?y or unwor?y1 to important honors4 #agjg4 ,corrective ,ju/ice4--,corrective 7i4e41 v9dicative or punitive7 ju/ice is a virtue incl9+ a public p]son or a sup]ior1 su* z a rul]1 magi/rate1 or judge1 to inflict on evil-do]s p5alties adequate to _! faults4 ,x is n to be confus$ ) j v5geance or retaliation1 :i* is ! virtue t mod]ates 9 a private p]son ! desire = puni%m5t ( an (f5se aga9/ self1 & :i* is n ju/ice /rictly speak+1 ei!r commutative or di/ributive1 b only a pot5tial "p ( ju/ice 7z /at$ bel[ 9 ,article #f74 7a7 ,?us1 corrective ju/ice is elicit$ by commutative ju/ice1 = a puni%m5t is inflict$ by a judge 9 ord] t !re may be equality betwe5 ! satisfaction made by ! evil-do] & ! debt ow$ to ano!r on acc\nt ( ! (f5se4 ,x aims at r$ress+ an unfairness by tak+ away s mu* f ! (f5d] & add+ s mu* to ! p>ty (f5d$1 t bo? w /& 9 ! same position z be=e4 ,if ! p]son puni%$ accepts ! p5alty 9 ! same _s1 he also practises commutative ju/ice4 7b7 ,corrective ju/ice may be comm&$ by legal ju/ice1 = ! judge may int5d ! puni%m5t = ! sake ( ! common good1 z well z ( ! individual :o has be5 injur$4 #agjh4 ,diff]5t ,species ( ,ju/ice 9 ,"o ,act4--,diff]5t species ( ju/ice may be pres5t 9 "o & ! same act4 7a7 ,! same act may be elicit$ by "o k9d ( ju/ice & comm&$ by ano!r k9d ( ju/ice 7see #ef sqq471 z 9 ! examples giv5 j above ( v9dicative ju/ice4 7b7 ,! same act may be elicit$ by two k9ds ( ju/ice1 z :5 a debt is ow$ bo? 9 virtue ( commutative & ( di/ributive ju/ice4 ,"s ?9k an example ( ?is is f\nd 9 ! paym5t ( gov]nm5t employees1 = paym5t is made by di/ribution f common funds 7di/ributive ju/ice71 & x is ow$ = s]vices contract$ = 7commutative ju/ice74 ,b x seems m correct to say t wages = s]vices giv5 ! community are due 9 commutative ju/ice r ?an 9 di/ributive ju/ice2 = 9 ! =m] ju/ice equality is betwe5 :at is giv5 & :at is receiv$1 9 ! latt] betwe5 ! proportion receiv$ by "o & ! proportion receiv$ by ano!r1 & gov]nm5t sal>ies %\ld be paid on ! basis ( value receiv$ 9 s]vice 7see #agjd1 #agee1 #agfg74 #agji4 ,! ,object ( ,ju/ice4--,! function ( a moral virtue is to direct accord+ to mod]ation all ^? ?+s t are subject to ! free w ( man1 & c be regulat$ by reason1 namely1 ! actions ( man & ! ext]nal ?+s ( :i* he makes use4 7a7 ,! actions ( man c be und]/ood ei!r 9 a wide s5se1 s z to include bo? ^? int]nal affections t are accompani$ by notable bodily *anges 7! passions1 su* z ang]1 sadness71 & ^? actions t d n s /rongly act ^u ! body 7op]ations74 ,e virtue has = its object action 9 ! wide s5se1 = virtue is def9$ z a habit t makes ! ag5t good & 8 action good2 b n e virtue has action 9 ! /rict s5se = its object1 s9ce ! virtues ( =titude & temp]ance regulate1 n ! op]ations1 b ! passions4 7b7 ,op]ations are ( two k9ds1 namely1 int]nal1 by :i* m5 d n communicate ) "o ano!r 7su* z ?\ghts & desires71 & ext]nal1 by :i* m5 communicate ) "o ano!r4 ,^! latt] ei!r h to d ) ext]nal ?+s 7su* z l&1 h\ses1 money1 produce1 etc471 & we !n h su* op]ations z loan1 sale1 lease & o!r contracts1 or no ext]nal ?+ is introduc$1 & we h su* op]ations z honor1 praise1 calumny1 etc4 ,all ! moral virtues h to d ) ! int]nal op]ation ( *oice1 = virtue is a good election ( ! w2 b !re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ju/ice & ! o!r moral virtues1 t =titude & temp]ance m]ely dispose ! intellectual appetite = a good *oice by ! regulation !y give to ! s5sitive appetite1 :ile ju/ice has = its prop] act to *oose well ! means = mod]at+ ext]nal op]ations4 ,z = ext]nal op]ations !mselves1 ^! are ! objects ( ju/ice1 b n ( ! o!r two moral virtues4 #agaj4 ,! purpose ( ! o!r moral virtues is to regulate man 9 himself2 = ! passions t are mod]at$ by =titude & temp]ance 7su* z fe> & desire7 affect prim>ily _! subject & n o!r p]sons4 ,! purpose ( ju/ice1 on ! contr>y1 is to regulate man 9 8 relations to o!rs2 = ext]nal op]ations & ?+s directly affect o!rs1 ei!r help+ or injur+ !m1 ,b bo? ! passions & ext]nal op]ations h effects & consequ5t ends t give !m new relation%ips1 & h5ce we may di/+ui% betwe5 ! prim>y object to :i* a virtue t5ds directly1 & ! second>y object to :i* x t5ds only indirectly on acc\nt ( ! effects ( ! prim>y object4 7a7 ,! prim>y object ( ju/ice is ext]nal op]ations & ext]nal ?+s2 ! prim>y object ( =titude & temp]ance is ! passions1 = ju/ice seeks ! good ( o!rs1 :]eas =titude & temp]ance seek ! good ( ! ag5t4 7b7 ,! second>y object ( ju/ice is ! passions1 :5ev] its pr9cipal object _c be easily regulat$ )\t regulation ( ! passions4 ,?us1 :5 lu/ urges to ! inju/ice ( adult]y or av>ice to ! inju/ice ( d5ial ( paym5t due1 ju/ice calls on ! virtue ( temp]ance or lib]ality1 z ! case may be1 to mod]ate ! passion oppos$ to x4 ,simil>ly1 ! second>y object ( =titude & temp]ance may be ext]nal op]ations1 :5ev] ! effect on ! subject ( ! pr9cipal object 7i4e41 ! passions7 has reactions 9 ref]5ce to o!r p]sons4 ,?us1 if fe> is mod]at$ by =titude & desire by temp]ance1 ^! virtues h ext]nal consequ5ces su* z combat aga9/ evil1 ab/95ce f food or dr9k t belongs to o!rs2 b if ang] is immod]ate1 x may lead to unju/ attack1 & if desire is immod]ate1 x may lead to ! inju/ice ( !ft ( food or dr9k4 #agaa4 ,! ,gold5 ,mean ( ,virtue4--,! gold5 mean ( virtue is n ! same 9 all ! moral virtues 7see #aed74 7a7 ,?us1 =titude & temp]ance regulate ! passions = ! b5efit ( _! subject1 t he may avoid 9 !m ! extremes ( excess & defect4 ,h5ce1 ! middle way !y foll[ mu/ be det]m9$ by reason f a consid]ation ( ! subject & 8 circum/ances 7! mean ( reason71 & s w v>y ) diff]5t subjects & ) individual cases4 ,?us1 9 ! matt] ( temp]ance x is an old say+ t :at is "o man's meat is ano!r man's poison4 ,x w\ld be absurd to say1 !re=e1 t !re is only "o middle way ( temp]ance1 & t all p]sons mu/ con=m to ! same rule z to quality & quantity ( food & ! "t & mann] ( eat+ & dr9k+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! rule "h mu/ suit ! subject1 & t w be mod]ate :i* agrees ) ! heal?1 appetite1 duties1 mann] ( life1 etc41 ( ! p]son4 7b7 ,ju/ice1 on ! contr>y1 regulates ext]nal op]ations = ! b5efit1 n ( ! subject1 b ( o!r p]sons :om !y affect1 9 ord] t ! subject 9 deal+ ) o!rs may avoid inequality1 :i* means excess on "o side & defect on ! o!r side4 ,h5ce1 ! middle way ( ju/ice is discov]$ by reason f a consid]ation ( ext]nal ?+s or acts ow$ to o!r p]sons 7! mean ( reason & ( ! ?+71 & s x does n v>y ) ! circum/ances ( ! subject4 ,if ! real value ( a horse is #ajj--;x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ! sell] be a pr9ce or a peasant1 :e!r ! buy] be ri* or poor--! j paym5t w be #ajj4 ,excess w be unfair to ! buy]1 defici5cy to ! sell]4 #agab4 ,?\gh ! mean ( ju/ice is det]m9$1 n by ref]5ce to ! p]son :o acts1 b by ref]5ce to "s ext]nal ?+1 x may be t ?is ext]nal ?+ _c be evaluat$ )\t consid]ation ( ! p]son to :om ju/ice is ow$4 7a7 ,9 di/ributive ju/ice ?is is always ! case1 = ! mean ( ! ?+ 9 di/ributions consi/s 9 equality betwe5 relative proportions ( di/ributions & relative m]its or abilities ( p]sons to :om di/ributions are made4 ,h5ce1 di/ributive ju/ice mu/ consid] ! conditions ( ! p]son to :om x is ow$ z comp>$ ) ! conditions ( o!r p]sons1 9 ord] to obs]ve equality by giv+ prop] %>es to all4 7b7 ,9 commutative ju/ice1 ?is is sometimes ! case1 namely1 :5 ! condition ( a p]son :o has be5 (f5d$ 7e4g41 t he is a rul]7 increases ! debt ( satisfaction t is ow$ him2 = ! mean ( ! ?+ 9 commutative ju/ice is equality betwe5 ! paym5t & ! debt4 #agac4 ,is obs]vance ( ! mean ( ! ?+ suffici5t to make an act j1 no matt] :at may be ! dispositions ( ! subject8 7a7 ,if !re is "q ( mat]ial ju/ice1 ! reply is 9 ! affirmative1 = a virtue is said to be ex]cis$ mat]ially :5 its mean is obs]v$4 ,! mean ( =titude & temp]ance _c be obs]v$ )\t ref]5ce to ! condition ( ! subject 7e4g41 he is n brave :o und]takes a difficult task t is beyond 8 /r5g?72 b ! same is n true ( ju/ice 7e4g41 he is j :o pays ! la/ p5ny ( a debt ?\gh ! paym5t 0 beyond 8 means & requir$ a sacrifice74 7b7 ,if !re is "q ( =mal ju/ice1 ! reply is 9 ! negative1 = a virtue is said to be ex]cis$ =mally 7i4e41 f a virtu\s habit7 :5 ! motive ( ! subject & ! circum/ances are agreeable to reason4 ,?us1 he :o p]=ms de$s ( valor purely out ( va+lory ex]cises =titude mat]ially1 n =mally2 & likewise he :o pays 8 debts fai?fully1 m]ely 9 ord] to avoid ! p5alties ( ! law1 ex]cises ju/ice mat]ially b n =mally4 #agad4 ,comp>ison ( ,ju/ice & ! ,o!r ,virtues4--,! diff]5ces betwe5 p>ticul> ju/ice & ! o!r moral virtues are1 !re=e1 ! foll[+3 7a7 ju/ice is = ! good ( ano!r1 ! o!r virtues = ! good ( ! ag5t himself2 7b7 ju/ice deals ) ext]nal actions & ?+s1 ! o!rs ) ! passions2 7c7 ju/ice foll[s a mean ( ! ?+1 ! o!rs a mean ( reason2 7d7 ju/ice is _h mat]ially )\t any suitability to ! circum/ances ( ! ag5t1 n s ! o!r virtues4 #agae4 ,:ile ju/ice is inf]ior to ! !ological & intellectual virtues 7see #aef1 #aeg1 #ajbh71 x is sup]ior to mo/ ( ! moral virtues t p]fect ! s5sitive or ! intellectual appetite4 ,! sup]iority ( ju/ice to =titude1 temp]ance1 & ! annex$ virtues1 su* z m]cy 7see #abjg71 is se5 f ! foll[+ reasons4 7a7 ,legal ju/ice is great] ?an ^? o!r virtues1 =1 :ile !y pursue ! private good ( _! subject1 x seeks ! public good4 8,great is ! spl5dor ( ju/ice10 says ,/4 ,ambrose 7,de ,(ficiis1 lib4 ,i1 cap4 #bh71 8:i* is born = o!rs r ?an = itself1 & :i* aids society & ! community4 ,x holds high position1 t all may be subject to its judgm5t1 t x may be/[ assi/ance1 n refuse responsibility1 take ^u itself ! dang]s ( o!rs40 ,moreov]1 s9ce ! law comm&s u to p]=m ! actions ( ! c\rage\s man1 ( ! g5tle man & ( ! temp]ate man1 legal ju/ice1 z ,ari/otle says 7,e?ics1 lib4 ,v1 cap4 #b71 is (t5 reg>d$ z ! supreme virtue1 ! summ>y ( all ! virtues1 m glori\s ?an ! /> ( eve or dawn4 7b7 ,private ju/ice is also great] ?an ^? o!r virtues1 s9ce x p]fects a nobl] p[] ( ! s\l 7viz41 ! w71 & seeks ! good1 n only ( its own possessor1 b also ( o!rs4 ,ju/ice too is imp>tial or bl9d z betwe5 p]sons1 dem&+ satisfaction1 ev5 ?\gh a debtor be a mon>*1 & grant+ r$ress1 ev5 ?\gh an injur$ p>ty be ! humble/ or mo/ undes]v+ ( mank9d4 ,an indication t ju/ice is nobl] ?an regulation ( ! passions is se5 by ,ari/otle 7,e?ics1 lib4 ,v1 cap4 #d7 9 ! fact t x is m difficult & r>]3 8,_m p are capable ( exhibit+ virtue at home1 b incapable ( exhibit+ x 9 relation to _! neighbor4 ,accord+ly1 !re seems to be good s5se 9 ! say+ ( ,bias1 t #8(fice w reveal a man1' = "o :o is 9 (fice is at once br\ght into relation & association ) o!rs4 ,z !n ! wor/ ( m5 is he :o exhibits 8 depravity bo? 9 8 own life & 9 relation to 8 fri5ds1 ! be/ ( m5 is he :o exhibits 8 virtue1 n 9 8 own life only1 b 9 relation to o!rs2 = ?is is a difficult task40 #agaf4 ,two virtues ( ! s5sitive appetite t appe> m excell5t ?an ju/ice are c\rage & lib]ality1 b 9 reality ju/ice is nobl] ?an !y4 7a7 ,?us1 c\rage seems to be bett]1 because x is m ess5tial to ! common good 9 "t ( great dang]2 b 9 reality ju/ice is m useful to ! community1 = at all times1 :e!r 9 peace or 9 w>1 x is ju/ice t pres]ves unity & cont5tm5t among ! p & promotes c\rage & devotion to ! public welf>e4 7b7 ,lib]ality seems to be bett] ?an ju/ice1 because x gives m ?an is due1 :ile ju/ice gives only :at is due4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ju/ice is ( m g5]al advantage1 s9ce ( necessity lib]ality mu/ be exceptional & %[n only to comp>atively few1 :ile ju/ice mu/ be ex]cis$ cont9ually & mu/ be %[n to all2 ju/ice is also m necess>y1 = "o mu/ be j 9 ord] to be lib]al1 & n vice v]sa1 s9ce no "o is prais$ z g5]\s unless he fir/ pays ! debts ( ju/ice2 f9ally1 al?\gh lib]ality gives m ?an is due & may ?us be a great] private b5efit1 ju/ice )\t lib]ality is m s]viceable to ! common int]e/ ?an lib]ality )\t ju/ice4 #agag4 ,two virtues ( ! w :i* "s au?orities hold to be m important ?an ju/ice are ! virtues ( religion & m]cy4 7a7 ,! virtue ( religion has a nobl] object1 s9ce x regulates ! wor%ip ow$ to ,god1 :ile ju/ice regulates ! ?+s ow$ to man2 & its obligation is /rict] ev5 ?an t ( legal ju/ice4 7b7 ,! virtue ( m]cy1 :i* is a rational incl9ation ( ! w to relieve ! suff]+ or mis=tune ( o!rs1 is held to be great] ?an ju/ice1 because to relieve ! di/ress ( ! community or ( an individual indicates great] p]fection ?an to pay m]ely :at is due to ano!r4 #agah4 ,virtues may be comp>$1 n only f ! viewpo9t ( ! objective excell5ce :i* !y h f _! own natures 7:]eby !y are unequal & rank accord+ to ! greatness ( _! objects71 b also f ! viewpo9t ( ! subjective p>ticipation ( !m 9 ! s\ls ( _! possessors4 7a7 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 all ! virtues are equal 9 _! possessor1 s9ce all ( !m alike are relat$ to *>ity z _! p]fection 7see #aaah71 & all ( !m increase or dim9i% 9 l proportions ) ! gr[? or decl9e ( grace1 :i* is _! root 7see #gde74 7b7 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 too1 ! rank ( ! virtues may dep>t f ! ord] ( ! dignity ( _! objects4 ,= ! facility & promptitude ( ex]cise ( an infus$ virtue does n dep5d =mally on ! infus$ virtue itself1 b on subjective conditions1 su* z natural incl9ation or cu/om1 or on a special gift ( ,god 7see #ace1 #acf72 & h5ce x may happ5 t a sa9t %[s great] excell5ce & enjoys great] r5[n 9 an inf]ior ?an 9 a sup]ior virtue4 ,?us1 ,abraham 0 s+ul> 9 fai?1 ,moses 9 meekness1 ,josue 9 brav]y1 ,david 9 f]vor & devotion 7,ecclus41 xlv-xlviii71 & ,/4 ,joseph is prais$ z 8a j man0 7,matt41 i4 #ai74 #agai4 ,inju/ice4--,j z ! ^w 8ju/ice0 is tak5 9 a wide s5se = hol9ess or ! collection ( all ! virtues1 & 9 a /rict s5se = a special c>d9al virtue1 s likewise ! ^w 8inju/ice0 is tak5 widely z a synonym = any transgression1 iniquity1 or s9 78,he s5de? ra9 ^u ! j & ! unju/10 ,matt41 v4 #de71 b /rictly = violation ( ! special virtue ( ju/ice 78,he> :at ! unju/ judge sai?10 ,luke1 xviii4 #f74 ,x is ( ?is latt] inju/ice t we n[ speak4 #agbj4 ,species ( ,inju/ice4--,inju/ice is ( two k9ds4 7a7 ,legal inju/ice is a special vice t moves "o to despise ! common good or to act aga9/ x int5tionally4 ,?us1 if "o /eals or ov]eats m]ely to gratify a passion = money or = food1 !re is a c]ta9 condition ( legal inju/ice1 inasmu* z "o violates a law2 b if "o does ^! ?+s also or solely to injure ! common good1 !re is a special s9 ( legal inju/ice1 to be decl>$ 9 confession4 7b7 ,p>ticul> inju/ice is a special vice aga9/ ! private good ( o!rs t moves "o to seek = m ?an is "o's %>e1 or to desire m ( ! b5efits & less ( ! burd5s ?an equality appo9ts4 ,examples3 ,to sell above ! j price or buy bel[ ! j price 7commutative inju/ice72 to %[ favoritism 9 ! di/ribution ( public (fices or burd5s1 z :5 a p]son 9 au?ority %[]s public b5efits on 8 unwor?y relatives or fri5ds1 & ov]burd5s ) taxes ^? :o are n 8 fri5ds 7di/ributive inju/ice74 #agba4 ,! ,!ological ,species ( ,legal & ,p>ticul> ,inju/ice4--7a7 ,f its nature inju/ice is a mortal s91 = x is an attack on a v great good1 namely1 ! peace & security ( society2 ! v f\ndations ( ord]ly community life are %ak5 :5 inju/ice is done ei!r to common or to private rights4 ,moreov]1 acts ( inju/ice 7unlike s9s ( m]e passion71 if ! matt] is s]i\s1 (f5d aga9/ *>ity1 ! life ( ! s\l2 = *>ity 8envie? n1 deale? n p]v]sely0 7,i ,cor41 xiii4 #d72 :ile inju/ice injures ! neighbor & leads to hatr$1 qu>rels1 & sep>ations4 ,h5ce1 ! ,apo/le says ( inju/ice3 8,d n err3 nei!r adult]]s1 nor ?ieves1 nor covet\s1 nor extortion]s1 %all possess ! k+dom ( ,god0 7,i ,cor41 vi4 #aj72 & ,our ,"l1 speak+ ( ju/ice1 says3 8,if y w\ld ent] into life1 keep ! comm&m5ts0 7,matt1 xix4 #ah74 7b7 ,f want ( suffici5t adv]t5ce 9 ! subject 7see #agc sqq471 or f smallness ( matt] 9 ! object 7see #agb71 a s9 ( inju/ice may be only v5ial4 ,?us1 if "o takes money t belongs to ano!r on acc\nt ( v9cible ignorance due to slight neglig5ce1 or if "o takes only a small am\nt t does no s]i\s injury1 ! inju/ice is v5ial4 #agbb4 ,rule = ,det]m9+ ! ,gravity ( ,s9s ( ,inju/ice4--,! rule = judg+ :e!r ! matt] ( a s9 ( inju/ice is great or small1 is ! quantity ( injury x inflicts1 or ! degree ( reasonable unwill+ness ( ! (f5d$ p]son to suff] ! inju/ice2 = s9s aga9/ ! neighbor are culpable precisely on acc\nt ( & 9 proportion to ! h>m !y d to o!rs4 ,h5ce1 s9ce e inju/ice (f5ds ei!r ! public or private good1 or bo?1 ! foll[+ acts ( inju/ice are gravely s9ful3 7a7 mortal s9 is committ$ :5 injury is done to a private "r 9 a matt] ( su* great mom5t t ! p]son (f5d$ is reasonably & gravely unwill+ to sanction ! inju/ice 7e4g41 cases ( calumny1 adult]y1 inc5di>ism74 ,b if ! injury itself is small & ! p>ty (f5d$ is nev]!less gravely unwill+ to suff] x1 only v5ial s9 is committ$ aga9/ ju/ice1 b !re may be a mortal s9 done aga9/ *>ity1 z :5 "o /eals a wor?less tr9ket1 kn[+ t ! own] is s unreasonably atta*$ to x t ! loss w almo/ break 8 he>t or w provoke 9 him viol5t ang]1 pr(anity1 etc42 7b7 mortal s9 is also committ$ :5 injury is done to a public "r 9 a matt] s important t ! community is ) good reason gravely av]se to ! commission ( ! injury4 ,?is happ5s :5 ! common good is directly attack$1 z :5 a citiz5 rebels aga9/ lawful gov]nm5t1 or :5 ! peace & security ( ! community is imp]ill$ because ( injury done to a private p]son1 z :5 "o /eals a sum t is consid]able f a weal?y p]son1 ev5 ?\gh ! latt] w n s]i\sly feel ! loss4 ,h5ce1 an injury to a private p]son t does n s]i\sly h>m him may s]i\sly h>m ! community1 & be gravely s9ful on acc\nt ( ! disa/r\s consequ5ces to social ord] t w\ld foll[ if su* an injury 7 n gravely =bidd54 #agbc4 ,moral ,species ( ,legal & ( ,p>ticul> ,inju/ice4--,^! are di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! ma9 classes ( objects or rights t are injur$ or (f5d$ 7see #aii74 ,h5ce1 !re are ! foll[+ f\r k9ds ( inju/ice3 7a7 injuries to spiritual rights or goods1 :e!r natural or sup]natural 7e4g41 sup]/ition1 idolatry1 simony72 7b7 injuries to int]nal goods ( s\l 7e4g41 lies7 or ( body 7e4g41 murd]1 mutilation72 7c7 injuries to ext]nal goods1 :e!r incorporeal 7e4g41 calumny7 or corporeal 7e4g41 !ft1 fraud74 #agbd4 ,accid5tal ,=ms ( ,inju/ice4--,!re are also _m accid5tal =ms ( inju/ice1 t is1 v>iations t d n ( !mselves *ange ! moral species 7see #bjj74 7a7 ,?us1 z to its mann]1 inju/ice is done ei!r positively1 by action 7e4g41 by /eal+ f an employ]71 or negatively1 by omission 7e4g41 by all[+ ano!r to /eal f "o's employ]74 ,9 bo? cases ! same k9d ( inju/ice is committ$2 = example1 he :o p]mits !ft is j z mu* a ?ief z if he _h /ol5 himself4 7b7 ,z to its consequ5ces = ! injur$ p]son1 inju/ice is ei!r m]ely injuri\s or injuri\s & damag+1 accord+ z a /rict "r is violat$ )\t loss 7e4g41 adult]y f :i* no *ild is born71 or ) loss to ! injur$ p>ty 7e4g41 adult]y f :i* a *ild is born74 ,! "* ( ! s9 is ! same 9 bo? cases1 b 9 ! latt] case re/itution is due 7cfr4 #aaii1 #abjj74 ,! loss 7damnum7 t results f violation ( a /rict "r 7injuria7 may be 9 int]nal goods 7su* z salvation1 life1 heal?1 sanity ( m9d7 or 9 ext]nal goods 7su* z reputation1 money1 prop]ty74 7c7 ,z to its consequ5ces = ! p>ty :o does ! injury1 inju/ice is ei!r pr(itable to him 7z 9 ! case ( unju/ tak+7 or unpr(itable 7z 9 ! case ( unju/ damage74 ,! moral species is ! same 9 ei!r case1 = ! fact t ! unju/ p]son ga9s by 8 inju/ice does n make ! injury great]1 & ! fact t he does n ga9 does n make ! injury less4 #agbe4 ,injury is n suff]$ by "o :o kn[s & wills an act t is done contr>y to 8 "r 7,rule #bg ( ! ,decretals71 = su* a "o c$es 8 "r4 ,h5ce1 if a man looks out ) a smile :ile neighborhood boys take apples f 8 or*>d & ! latt] take ?is z p]mission1 no inju/ice1 mat]ial or =mal1 is done4 ,b ! legal maxim ne$s int]pretation1 = ! foll[+ two conditions are necess>y 9 ord] t !re be a surr5d] ( "r3 7a7 ! p>ty :o cons5ts mu/ be able to surr5d] 8 "r1 s9ce1 if he is n able to d s1 8 cession is invalid4 ,h5ce1 "o :o kills a p]son ask+ = dea? is unju/ to ,god & to ! ,/ate2 "o :o commits adult]y ) a woman ^: husb& gives p]mission is unju/ to ! m>riage /ate & ! lawful *ildr52 "o :o /rikes a cl]ic :o waiv$ 8 privilege ( canon 7privilegium canonis7 is unju/ to ! cl]ical /ate2 "o :o takes prop]ty f a w>d ) ! latt]'s cons5t1 is unju/ to ! e/ate1 s9ce ! w>d has no au?ority to ali5ate x4 ,_m ( ! m>tyrs1 x is true1 wi%$ to lose _! lives at ! h&s ( p]secutors1 b ?is meant only t !y cons5t$ to ! w ( ,god1 n t !y cons5t$ to _! own murd] by ! tyrants1 = !y _h n ! "r to give ! latt] dom9ion ov] _! lives2 7b7 ! p>ty :o cons5ts mu/ really w to yield 8 "r1 & h5ce1 if !re is error1 fraud1 fe> or viol5ce1 ! cession is ( no effect4 ,?us1 a buy] :o ?r\gh ignorance takes a defective article or pays an exorbitant price1 a workman :o ?r\gh necessity accepts less ?an a liv+ wage1 or a man :o yields 8 purse to a burgl> at ! po9t ( ! revolv]1 does n surr5d] 8 rights1 s9ce true cons5t is want+4 ,simil>ly1 :5 "o foll[s ! c\nsel ( ,*ri/ n to resi/ spoliation 7,matt41 v4 #dj7 or :5 a sa9tly p]son rejoices ov] injury done him 7,heb41 x4 #cd71 ! int5tion is n to surr5d] rights to ! unju/1 nor to approve _! conduct1 b to practise h]oic virtue by pati5ce1 humility1 =giv5ess1 etc4 #agbf4 ,int]nal ,inju/ice4--,does int]nal inju/ice 7i4e41 ! int5tion ( injur+ ano!r7 make an ext]nal action unju/8 7a7 ,if ! int5tion makes ! ext]nal act to be a violation ( a /rict "r1 x also makes ! ext]nal act unju/4 ,?us1 to take a book f ano!r's room is ( itself an indiff]5t action1 = !re may be1 no violation ( "r 7e4g41 :5 ! int5tion is to borr[71 or !re may be su* violation 7e4g41 :5 ! int5tion is to /eal74 7b7 ,if ! int5tion does n make ! ext]nal act a violation ( /rict "r1 ev5 ?\gh t act be h>mful to ! o!r p>ty1 x does n make ! ext]nal act unju/4 ,h5ce1 if ! o!r p>ty has no /rict "r aga9/ ! ext]nal act 7e4g41 ,titus sees ! h\se ( ,balbus on fire1 b he is n hir$ to take c>e ( ,balbus' prop]ty1 & he gives no al>m 9 ord] t ! h\se may burn d[n7 or if ! ag5t has a /rict "r to p]=m ! ext]nal act 7e4g41 ,claudius1 a judge1 condemns ,sempronius1 accord+ to law1 b 8 *ief int5tion is ! h>m he w inflict on ! latt]71 ! unju/ int5tion does n make ! ext]nal act unju/4 ,b 9 ^! cases s91 & ev5 grave s91 is committ$ aga9/ *>ity4 #agbg4 ,judgm5t4--,judgm5t1 or ! "r det]m9ation ( :at is j & due to o!rs1 is ! prop] act ( ! virtue ( ju/ice1 & h5ce ,ari/otle 7,e?ics1 lib4 ,v1 cap4 #g7 decl>es t p take _! disputes to a judge z to ju/ice p]sonifi$4 ,judgm5t is ei!r public or private4 7a7 ,public judgm5t is pass$ by a judge :o has ! au?ority to compel disput+ p>ties to abide by 8 decisions4 7b7 ,private judgm5t is pass$ by individuals )\t public au?ority conc]n+ ! morals or conduct ( o!rs4 #agbh4 ,s9ce judgm5t is an act ( virtue1 x is lawful1 & we f9d t bo? 9 ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t m5 h be5 appo9t$ ) au?ority to judge o!rs4 ,?us1 ,god ord]$ t judges be *os5 9 all ! cities ( ,israel 7,deut41 xvi4 #ah72 ,/4 ,paul decl>es t ! judge is ! m9i/] ( ,god 7,rom41 xiii4 #d71 & f ,apo/olic times tribunals h be5 set up 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,b c]ta9 conditions are requir$ = moral goodness1 bo? 9 ^? :o ask = judgm5t & 9 ^? :o pass judgm5t4 7a7 ,?us1 ^? :o seek judgm5t mu/ be actuat$ by prop] motives & mu/ conduct !mselves 9 a virtu\s mann]4 ,our ,"l 9 ,matt41 v1 tea*es t x is bett] to suff] temporal loss r ?an to cont5d 9 judgm5t f a motive ( rev5ge to ! prejudice ( "o's spiritual good1 & ,/4 ,paul condemns ! ,cor9?ians because !y gave sc&al by reason ( _! lawsuits be=e hea!n tribunals & _h rec\rse to frauds & injuries 9 _! litigation 7,i ,cor41 vi4 #a sqq474 7b7 ,^? :o pass judgm5t mu/ h a good int5tion1 mu/ proce$ accord+ to law1 & mu/ decide accord+ to prud5ce4 ,if ! fir/ condition is want+1 judgm5t is unju/ or o!rwise s9ful1 accord+ z ! judge *ooses aga9/ ! "r or is m]ely prompt$ by "s human motive 7su* z hatr$1 ang]1 va+lory1 av>ice72 if ! second condition is lack+1 judgm5t1 if public1 is usurp$ or illegal1 if ! ?ird condition is n _h1 judgm5t is ra%4 ,b x %\ld be not$ t ! ,*ur* has condemn$ ! tea*+ ( ,wicliff t (fice & au?ority are =feit$ by s9n]s 7,d5z+]1 #eie1 #eig74 #agbi4 ,fir/ ,condition ( ,righte\s ,judgm5t4--,! fir/ condition ( righte\s judgm5t is t ! purpose ( ! judge be j & s9c]e4 ,b is x possible = judgm5t to be righte\s if ! judge is a bad man--t is1 if he is 9 ! /ate ( mortal s98 7a7 ,if ! s9 ( ! judge is public1 & judgm5t is giv5 aga9/ a s9 ( ! same "* 7e4g41 if a notori\s ?ief passes s5t5ce on ano!r ?ief71 s]i\s sc&al is giv52 = ju/ice is discr$it$ & an occasion (f]$ = criticism ( au?ority & = lawlessness4 ,b if ! s9 is n ( ! same "* z ! "o condemn$ 7e4g41 if a notori\s ?ief passes s5t5ce on a murd]]71 ! sc&al is n grave 9 s f> z ju/ice is conc]n$4 7b7 ,if ! s9 is n public1 x is cle> t no sc&al is giv52 & if ! judge is mov$ by ! duty ( 8 (fice & by zeal = ju/ice to condemn ev5 ! same k9d ( s9 ( :i* he himself is guilty1 he commits no s9 :atsoev] 9 s do+ 7cfr4 #abhj74 ,b he is guilty ( hypocrisy if he uses ! opportunity to pret5d a p]sonal righte\sness :i* he does n possess4 ,x is ?is t ,our ,"l reprobat$ 9 ! ,ph>isees1 :o1 al?\gh guilty ( _m & grave crimes1 wi%$ to put to dea? an adult]ess 9 ord] t !y !mselves might ?us %9e z immaculate4 ,! words1 8,let him t is )\t s9 among y ca/ ! fir/ /one0 7,john1 viii4 #g71 condemn hypocrisy 9 judges1 ?\gh !y d n require t a judge be free f all s94 ,b ?\gh s9n]s may act aga9/ s9 z lawmak]s1 prosecutors1 judges1 jurym51 police1 etc41 !y %\ld be admoni%$ by _! (fice to re=m !mselves accord+ to ! words ( ,/4 ,paul3 8,9 judg+ ano!r1 ?\ condemne/ ?yself1 = ?\ do/ ! same ?+s :i* ?\ judge/0 7,rom41 ii4 #a74 #agcj4 ,second ,condition4-,! second condition ( righte\s judgm5t is legality1 if !re is "q ( judgm5t 9 c\rt4 7a7 ,?us1 ! judge mu/ h public au?ority1 =1 j z laws _c be made except by public au?ority1 nei!r c !y be int]pret$ except by ! same au?ority 7,rom41 xiv4 #d74 ,h5ce1 proce$+s t are n held 9 ! prop] place1 at ! prop] "t1 or 9 ! mann] prescrib$ by law are void1 & ! same is true if a c\rt has n jurisdiction ov] ! p>ties or ov] ! subject-matt] 9 controv]sy4 7b7 ,! judge mu/ adm9i/] ju/ice accord+ to ! law & ! usual me?od obs]v$ 9 c\rts1 s9ce 8 (fice is to int]pret1 n to make law or cu/om 7jus dic]e1 non fac]e74 ,8 op9ions z prec$5ts may affect ! developm5t & gr[? ( law1 & h5ce he is especially b\nd to be fai?ful to g5]al pr9ciples t are b9d+ on him4 ,if a /atute 9 its op]ation is f\nd to imp$e ! j disposition ( controv]sies1 judges p]=m a public s]vice by indicat+ ?is to ^? :o h au?ority to regulate proc$ure4 ,if ! application ( a law w\ld "w inju/ice1 no judge c 9 consci5ce pron\nce s5t5ce accord+ to t law2 b !re are _m cases recogniz$ 9 jurisprud5ce 9 :i* c\rts ( equity af=d relief to rights t _c be def5d$ or protect$ 9 c\rts ( law1 & 9 cases ( ?is k9d ! judge %\ld be guid$ by recogniz$ pr9ciples ( natural ju/ice & ! rules ( 8 c\rt4 #agca4 ,?ird ,condition4--,! ?ird condition ( righte\s judgm5t is t ! s5t5ce or decision be prud5t or well-f\nd$4 ,?us1 9 a judicial process ! facts ( a case mu/ be exam9$ & ! rules ( evid5ce be obs]v$ 9 judg+ ! mean+ ( ! facts4 ,s9ce ra% judgm5t is a s9 committ$1 n only ext]nally & 9 public1 b also & especially int]nally & 9 private conclusions =m$ ab\t ! "* or de$s ( o!rs1 & s9ce x is "o ( ! commone/ ( s9s1 x w be well to expla9 its nature some:at fully4 7a7 ,x is an int]nal s91 & s x diff]s f ext]nal acts aga9/ ! neighbor2 b calumny1 detraction1 & unju/ s5t5ce are its outw>d expressions4 7b7 ,ra% judgm5t is an int]nal s9 ( decision 9 :i* some?+ is affirm$ or d5i$ m5tally ab\t a neighbor1 & s x diff]s f a m]e repres5tation or ?\ght4 ,?is di/9ction is important = scrupul\s p]sons :o ?9k t m]e sugge/ions aga9/ o!rs t fla% ?r\gh _! m9ds are ra% judgm5ts4 ,^! sugge/ions are a v common temptation1 &1 if repell$1 are an occasion ( m]it2 !y become s9ful only :5 ent]ta9$ ) pleasure4 7c7 ,ra% judgm5t is a decision unfavorable to ano!r 9 matt]s ( "* or honor4 ,?us1 x diff]s f favorable decisions 7z :5 )\t reason "o holds t ano!r is virtu\s or has extraord9>y m]it71 & f unfavorable decisions on matt]s o!r ?an "* or honor 7z :5 "o concludes t a neighbor is m5tally or physically defici5t1 & ^! defects are n connect$ ) depravity nor consid]$ z ignom9i\s71 & f unfavorable decisions t relate to s9 b are n p]sonal 7z :5 "o ?9ks t an expression us$ by an ignorant man is blasphem\s1 b passes no judgm5t on ! /ate ( consci5ce ( ! man74 7d7 ,ra% judgm5t is a decision t expresses conviction1 & n m]e supposition4 ,?us1 x diff]s f ! prud5tial attitude by :i* "o assumes = ! sake ( security t a /rang] is to be di/ru/$1 s9ce he may be di%one/4 7e7 ,ra% judgm5t is a c]ta9 conviction or judgm5t1 t is1 "o :i* holds its own view z true & c]ta9 & does n consid] ! opposite ( its view z wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,?us1 x diff]s f d\bt 7t is1 a /ate 9 :i* ! m9d is susp5d$ betwe5 ! unfavorable view & its opposite1 & does n incl9e to "o m ?an ! o!r71 f suspicion 7t is1 a /ate 9 :i* ! m9d incl9es to ! unfavorable view1 b does n ass5t to x z be+ ei!r probable or c]ta971 & f op9ion 7t is1 a /ate 9 :i* ! m9d ass5ts to ! unfavorable view z be+ probably true1 b admits t x may be untrue74 ,^! v>i\s =ms ( m5tal reaction 7 treat$ 9 #fed sqq4 7f7 ,ra% judgm5t is ra%1 t is1 a belief bas$ on insuffici5t au?ority1 or an inf]5ce t is really gr\ndless or n well drawn f premises4 ,?us1 if "o judges t "o's neighbor is a ?ief1 because ?is 0 told "o by an hone/ & well-in=m$ p]son1 ! judgm5t is prud5t2 b1 if "o judges ?is on ! ^w ( a p]son :o is unreliable or :o has no k ( ! facts1 ! judgm5t is imprud5t4 ,aga91 if "o judges t x is c]ta9 t "o's neighbor is a ?ief1 because "o has evid5ce t removes all d\bt1 ! judgm5t is prud5t2 b if ! evid5ce is m]ely probable1 an op9ion bas$ on x is prud5t1 b a judgm5t bas$ on x is imprud5t4 ,x is n ra% to hold t ! majority ( mank9d are lo/1 or t ! pres5t g5]ation is n z good z ! g5]ation t prec$$1 if "o has good reasons = su* beliefs2 b a sweep+ & all-inclusive pessimism 9 su* matt]s is unw>rant$4 #agcb4 ,! reasons = a judgm5t may be suffici5t = some?+ else1 b insuffici5t = ! judgm5t actually =m$4 7a7 ,?us1 !y may be reasons suffici5t = judg+ t "o k9d or degree ( s9 has be5 committ$1 b insuffici5t z reg>ds ano!r k9d or degree ( s94 ,= example1 if "o breaks ! lock ( ano!r's desk1 !re is an argum5t = willful trespass1 b ?is alone does n prove l>c5y or ! int5t to /eal4 7b7 ,!y may be suffici5t = d\bt & insuffici5t = suspicion1 suffici5t = suspicion & insuffici5t = op9ion1 or suffici5t = op9ion & insuffici5t = judgm5t4 #agcc4 ,ra% ,judgm5t4--,op9ion1 suspicion1 & d\bt are also ra%1 if !re is no suffici5t reason to w>rant !m4 7a7 ,?us1 if !re are no probable reasons = an unfavorable op9ion1 x is ra% to =m su* an op9ion4 ,= example1 ! m]e fact t two m5 h frequ5t & :isp]$ conf]5ce toge!r does n make x likely t !y are plott+ evil4 7b7 ,if !re are no suffici5t reasons = incl9+ t[>ds an unfavorable op9ion or = susp5d+ all ass5t1 suspicion & d\bt are ra%4 ,= example1 ! m]e fact t a man ent]s a h\se :5 ! own]s are abs5t is no reason to suspect him ( di%one/ purposes1 or ev5 to h d\bts1 if he is ( good reputation & ent]s ! h\se 9 daylight & 9 a usual way4 #agcd4 ,s9fulness ( ,ra% ,judgm5t4--,ra% judgm5t /rictly und]/ood1 !n1 is a firm ass5t ( ! m9d1 bas$ on insuffici5t data1 & giv5 to ! view t a neighbor is or has be5 guilty ( s94 7a7 ,f its nature ?is s9 is mortal1 = x consi/s 9 a contempt =1 & an injury to1 :at is reg>d$ z "o ( ! *ief goods ( man1 namely1 ! favorable op9ion ( him t is ent]ta9$ by o!rs4 ,x is d5\nc$ 9 ,scripture z an injury to ! law itself 78,he t judge? 8 bro!r judge? ! law10 ,james1 iv4 #aa71 & z m]it+ condemnation 78,judge n1 & y w n be judg$1 condemn n & y w n be condemn$10 ,luke1 vi4 #cg74 7b7 ,f ! imp]fection ( ! act or f ! lightness ( ! matt] ra% judgm5t may be only a v5ial s91 z :5 unf\nd$ suspicions arise 9 ! m9d )\t adv]t5ce to _! s9fulness1 or :5 "o ra%ly judges 9 "s small matt] 7e4g41 t ano!r p]son /ole a p9 or a c5t74 #agce4 ,ra% judgm5t is n mortally s9ful 9 an individual case unless ! foll[+ conditions are pres5t3 7a7 !re mu/ be p]fect delib]ation1 t is1 full adv]t5ce to ! judgm5t itself & to its s9fulness & gravity 7see #age74 ,!re is no full adv]t5ce to ! s9fulness & gravity ( ! judgm5t1 h[ev]1 if "o does n p]ceive at lea/ 9 a confus$ mann] t "o is decid+ 9 "o's m9d )\t suffici5t reason t "o's neighbor is guilty ( s]i\s s91 & is !reby do+ ! latt] a great injury4 ,b x is n necess>y t ! ra% judgm5t cont9ue = a consid]able "t1 = ! malice dep5ds on ! evil done1 n on ! l5g? ( "t x has la/$2 7b7 !re mu/ be s]i\s ra%ness1 = ! s9fulness ( ! judgm5t re/s on its ra%ness4 ,h5ce1 if "o judges a s9 to be c]ta9 :i* is v probable or almo/ c]ta91 !re is no great imprud5ce & !re=e no s]i\s s92 7c7 !re mu/ be grave injury & contempt1 = 9 ^! ! malice ( ra% judgm5t consi/s4 ,h5ce1 if "o judges t ano!r is a drunk>d & nei!r ! latt] p]son nor o!rs 9 ! same place reg>d drunk5ness z v di%onorable1 !re is no great h>m done4 ,simil>ly1 if "o judges t "s indet]m9ate individual ( a multitude or gr\p is a rascal1 or t a /rang] :om "o sees on ! /reet late at night is out on an evil err&1 or t an unkn[n p>ty se5 f a di/ance is on 8 way to a disreputable meet+1 x does n seem t !re is great injury done2 = "o does n greatly res5t lack ( e/eem 9 o!rs to :om "o is n kn[n4 #agcf4 ,rules on ,p]fect ,adv]t5ce to ,ra%ness ( ,judgm5t4--7a7 ,!re is p]fect adv]t5ce :5 "o actually p]ceives t ! reasons = "o's unfavorable judgm5t are v insuffici5t2 7b7 !re is p]fect adv]t5ce :5 "o virtually p]ceives ! s]i\s insuffici5cy ( ! reasons1 t is1 :5 "o c\ld & %\ld p]ceive x1 b is v9cibly bl9d to x 7see #cj1 #ca7 on acc\nt ( "s passion wilfully indulg$1 su* z hatr$ or envy ( ! p]son judg$4 ,9 ^! cases "o judges ) neglig5ce & precipitancy 9 a s]i\s matt] 7see ,imprud5ce74 #agcg4 ,rules on ,insuffici5cy ( ,reasons = ,unfavorable ,judgm5ts4--7a7 ,^? au?orities = s9 are n suffici5tly tru/wor?y ^: reliability is ( inf]ior wor? 7e4g41 because !y are enemies ( ! p]son aga9/ :om !y speak1 or calumniators1 or gossip]s1 or ( bad reputation1 etc471 or ^: /ory does n m]it ! cr$5ce !y claim = x 7e4g41 because ! p]son aga9/ :om !y speak is kn[n z upright74 ,if bo? ! au?orities = a /ory & ! p]son aga9/ :om !y speak are equal 9 good qualities1 !re is suffici5t reason = d\bts1 b no?+ m4 7b7 ,^? argum5ts = s9 are n suffici5t :i* create = :at is conclud$ only a slight presumption 7see #feh71 t is1 :i* (f] facts t are nev]1 or seldom1 or n necess>ily causes or effects or indications ( s94 ,?us1 x is ra% to judge t a mature man & woman conv]s+ toge!r 9 a dignifi$ mann] & 9 a public & op5 place are discuss+ obsc5e matt]s2 or t a respectable p]son ^: face is flu%$1 or ^: h& trembles1 or :o slips on ! /reet1 has be5 imbib+ too freely2 or t a man climb+ into a second /ory on a frequ5t$ highway & 9 broad daylight is a burgl>4 ,?is rule may be express$ 9 o!r words by say+ t reasons = draw+ unfavorable conclusions are insuffici5t :5 9 view ( ! circum/ances & "t1 place1 p]sons1 de$1 etc41 no prud5t p]son w\ld consid] ! conclusions z w>rant$4 #agch4 ,rules on ,gravity ( ,matt] 9 ,ra% ,judgm5ts4--7a7 ,f ! nature ( ! ?+ ascrib$ to ! o!r p]son1 only judgm5ts t mortal s9 has be5 committ$ are grave matt]2 = only mortal s9 is 9 itself a grave reproa*4 7b7 ,f ! circum/ances ( p]sons or acts1 ra% judgm5t ( mortal s9 may be only v5ial2 = x sometimes happ5s t c]ta9 k9ds ( s]i\s s9s are n consid]$ v ignom9i\s 9 c]ta9 p]sons or conditions4 ,?us1 9 "s places x is consid]$ honorable = soldi]s or /ud5ts to h w\nd$ adv]s>ies 9 duels2 "s p]sons ( a r\gh k9d are pr\d ( _! pr(ici5cy 9 blasphemy or obsc5ity2 :]e drunk5ness is common1 x is n consid]$ z v disgraceful4 7c7 ,f ! circum/ances ( p]sons or acts1 ra% judgm5ts ( v5ial s9 or ( :at is n s9 at all may be mortal2 = to ^? f :om mu* is expect$ slight] defects may be causes ( great disgrace4 ,?us1 x is v di%onor+ to ! p>ties conc]n$ to ?9k t a prelate is an habitual li>1 t a nun visits too (t51 t a public (ficial is illegitimate or /upid or afflict$ ) syphilis1 & !re=e unwor?y ( 8 position4 #agci4 ,! ,moral ,species ( ! ,s9 ( ,ra% ,judgm5t4--7a7 ,x is a s9 aga9/ ju/ice1 because x infr+es ! /rict "r ( ! neighbor t he be n judg$ guilty ( evil )\t suffici5t reason1 & t he be n held wor?y ( contempt until he has cle>ly =feit$ ! "r to respect4 ,x is true t judgm5t z "h tak5 is an int]nal act1 & t x 0 said above t only ext]nal acts =m ! subject-matt] ( ju/ice2 b int]nal acts t are ref]r$ imm$iately to ext]nal acts1 z concupisc5ce t5ds to lu/ & ang] to injury1 may be class$ ) ^! ext]nal acts4 ,h5ce1 int]nal judgm5t naturally leads up to ext]nal judgm5t1 & s x p]ta9s to ju/ice1 j z ! desire to /eal is unju/ & ! desire to make re/itution is j4 7b7 ,x is a s9 aga9/ *>ity1 because x does n practise b5evol5ce 78,*>ity ?9ke? no evil10 ,i ,cor41 xiii4 #e71 & is usually associat$ ) ill-w or envy4 ,he :o judges ra%ly does n love 8 neighbor z himself1 = he does n obs]ve ! rule n to d to o!rs :at he w\ld n h done to himself4 #agdj4 ,! moral species ( ra% judgm5t is n *ang$ accord+ to ! species ( s9 attribut$ to ano!r 7su* z h]esy1 di%one/y1 impurity71 & ^! circum/ances ( ! ra% judgm5t ne$ n be m5tion$ 9 confession4 #agda4 ,! ,moral ,species ( ,ra% ,op9ion1 ,suspicion & ,d\bt4--,d ! conclusions giv5 above on ! !ological species ( ra% judgm5t apply also to ra% op9ion1 suspicion1 & d\bt8 7a7 ,"s !ologians answ] 9 ! affirmative1 & argue t ! same grave injury & contempt ( ! neighbor is f\nd 9 ^! s9s z 9 ra% judgm5t1 & t ,scripture makes no di/9ction betwe5 ! "o & ! o!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y say1 murmur+s1 detractions1 & hatr$s are caus$ (t5] by d\bts1 suspicions1 & op9ions1 s9ce firm & c]ta9 judgm5ts are n s (t5 =m$2 & moreov] !re is no "o :o w\ld n pref] to be judg$ c]ta9ly guilty ( =nication ?an to be d\bt$ or suspect$ ( m he9\s crimes1 su* z ince/ or sodomy4 7b7 ,o!r !ologians answ] 9 ! negative1 & argue t suspicion & d\bt d n inflict a sev]e h>m1 s9ce !y /op %ort ( firm decision ( ! m9d & s are incomplete injuries :i* dim9i% r ?an take away ! e/eem due to ano!r4 ,b ! def5d]s ( ! affirmative reply t1 :ile op9ion1 suspicion & d\bt are incomplete z reg>ds ass5t1 !y are n incomplete z reg>ds delib]ation & cons5t1 & s c be mortally s9ful1 z is se5 9 ! case ( d\bts aga9/ fai? 7see #hdj sqq474 7c7 ,/ill o!r !ologians hold t ra% op9ions1 suspicions & d\bts are f _! nature mortal s9s on acc\nt ( ! argum5ts = ! fir/ op9ion1 b t 9 actual exp]i5ce !y are usually v5ial on acc\nt ( ! imp]fection ( ! act 7s9ce on acc\nt ( human frailty d\bts1 suspicions1 or evil op9ions ( o!rs c easily arise be=e !y are notic$71 or ! lightness ( ! matt] 7= !re is r>ely "o ( ^! m5tal /ates )\t "s reason t seems to be at lea/ approximately a ju/ification74 ,b x seems likely t ra% judgm5ts !mselves are seldom mortal s9s1 s9ce ! conditions = mortal s9 are n (t5 realiz$ 9 !m4 #agdb4 ,! ,*ief ,reasons = ,ra% ,conclusions ab\t ! ,"* ( ,o!rs4--7a7 ,a fir/ reason is t ! p]son :o draws ! conclusion is bad himself4 ,evil-do]s are v prone to suspect o!rs ( evil1 = s9 seems s delightful to !m t !y ?9k o!rs mu/ f9d ! same pleasure 9 x3 8,! fool :5 he walke? 9 ! way1 s9ce he himself is a fool1 e/eeme? all m5 fools0 7,eccles41 x4 #c74 7b7 ,a second reason is t ! wi% is (t5 fa!r to ! ?\ght4 ,?us1 if "o hates or envies ano!r or is ang]$ aga9/ him1 ev5 trifles light z air w suffice to make "o judge him guilty ( s94 ,j z love bl9ds an infatuat$ lov] to ! s9s or crimes ( ! object ( 8 affection1 s does prejudice give a di/ort$ vision t c see no?+ b evil 9 ! object ( its dislike4 7c7 ,a ?ird reason = ra% views unfavorable to o!rs is long exp]i5ce 9 deal+ ) human nature4 ,?us1 old m5 sometimes become n m]ely cauti\s1 :i* is reasonable1 b unduly suspici\s4 ,simil>ly1 ^? :o h enc\nt]$ _m trials or disappo9tm5ts 9 life (t5 become cynical & misan?ropic1 & to !m ! actions ( all _! fell[m5 appe> ei!r evil or at lea/ spoil$ by an evil purpose4 #agdc4 ,ra% ,d\bts4--,d\bt ab\t ! probity ( o!rs is s9ful1 :5 !re are no suffici5t reason = x2 = example1 x w\ld be unreasonable to susp5d judgm5t ab\t a man ( excell5t reputation because a well-kn[n calumniator _h spok5 aga9/ him4 ,b a d\bt may be reasonable1 z :5 a p]son has _h a good reputation = hone/y b a reliable witness decl>es t he is di%one/4 ,9 su* a case %\ld "o decide = ! innoc5ce or = ! guilt ( ! p>ty call$ into d\bt1 or %\ld "o susp5d judgm5t on ! matt]8 7a7 ,x is n lawful to int]pret reasonable d\bts 9 a s5se unfavorable to ano!r p]son1 = ?is w\ld am\nt to ra% judgm5t1 s9ce ! reasons are suffici5t = d\bt b n = decision4 ,h5ce1 x w\ld be wrong to believe t a p]son ( good repute 0 a ?ief1 because ano!r p]son ( good repute said s4 7b7 ,x is lawful to susp5d judgm5t 9 case ( reasonable d\bts1 if !re is no obligation ( decid+ "o way or ! o!r1 = 9 s do+ "o does no injury ei!r to "o's own intellig5ce 7s9ce ! d\bt is reasonable7 or to ! honor ( ano!r p]son 7s9ce1 z suppos$1 !re is no obligation ( judg+ positively 9 8 favor74 ,j z !re is no duty ( mak+ acts ( love ( our neighbor on e occasion1 nei!r is !re a duty ( decid+ d\bts to 8 advantage on e occasion1 or ( hav+ any op9ion ab\t him :atev]4 ,"s au?ors d n admit ?is1 b ! common tea*+ is aga9/ !m4 7c7 ,x is n lawful to susp5d judgm5t1 b ! reasonable d\bt mu/ be resolv$ 9 a favorable s5se1 if !re is an obligation or a wi% to decide "o way or ! o!r2 o!rwise "o w\ld decide 9 an unfavorable s5se & be guilty ( ra% judgm5t4 ,?is is :at is meant by ! well-kn[n maxim t d\bts ab\t ! "* ( a neighbor %\ld be settl$ 9 favor ( ! neighbor4 ,h5ce1 if "o 7 9 s]i\s dang] ( =m+ a ra% judgm5t & c\ld n o!rwise ov]come ! temptation1 a susp5sion ( judgm5t %\ld give place to favorable judgm5t4 ,x is true t "o may be frequ5tly 9 error by ?us judg+ well ( mank9d1 s9ce man is incl9$ to evil f 8 y\? 7,g541 viii4 #ba7 & ! numb] ( fools is inf9ite 7,eccles41 i4 #ae74 ,b x is a less evil to fall into ! speculative error ( tak+ a bad man = good ?an by adopt+ ano!r c\rse to fall into ! practical error ( becom+ bad oneself by violat+ a law ( prud5ce1 ju/ice & *>ity2 & x is less h>mful t _m s9n]s %\ld receive m cr$it ?an !y des]ve1 ?an t "o j man %\ld be depriv$ ( ! good op9ion t belongs to him4 ,pseudo-,ambrose 7,apol4 ii1 ,david1 c4 #b1 n4 #e7 says t ^? :o judge o!rs ra%ly (t5 become worse by ?is act ?an ! p]sons !y judge2 & ,/4 ,?omas rem>ks t favorable op9ions ( o!rs h>m no "o1 :]eas unfavorable op9ions are a wrong to innoc5t p]sons4 #agdd4 ,! int]pretation ( d\bts 9 a favorable s5se does n mean t "o may n take into consid]ation ! possibility ( dang] or deception & use rem$ies or precautions4 ,?is c\rse is n ra% judgm5t1 = ev5 :5 "o judges t ano!r p]son is good1 "o kn[s t ! judgm5t is possibly wrong1 & !re=e _c be entirely reli$ on = ext]nal guidance4 7a7 ,x is lawful1 !re=e1 to act z if "o did h a bad op9ion ( ano!r :5 !re is a possibility ( h>m t mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,?us1 a fa!r may =bid 8 *ildr5 to keep company ) o!r *ildr51 = ^! latt] may be corrupt2 an employ] may keep 8 money "u lock & key1 because s]vants may be di%one/2 a travell] may c>ry weapons1 because ! inhabitants among :om he travels may be trea*]\s4 ,ev5 ?\gh appe>ances are favorable1 "o may be on "o's gu>d1 = appe>ances are (t5 deceptive4 7b7 ,x is n lawful1 h[ev]1 to protect oneself or o!rs 9 su* a ne$lessly conspicu\s or (f5sive mann] z to sadd5 or defame ! o!r p>ty aga9/ :om "o takes ! precautions4 ,?us1 x w\ld be unju/ & un*>itable to g ab\t o/5tati\sly lock+ safes & draw]s :5ev] a c]ta9 p]son appe>$1 = ?is w\ld be equival5t to say+ t he 0 a ?ief4 ,art4 #c3 ,,! ,,subjective ,,p>ts ,,( ,,ju/ice3 ,,commutative ,,& ,,di/ributive ,,ju/ice 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,,ii-,,ii1 qq4 #fa1 #fb47 #agde4 ,! ,?ree ,species ( ,ju/ice4--,! subjective p>ts ( a virtue are ^? t p>take ( its ess5ce & t are ! subord9ate species into :i* x may be di/+ui%$1 z prud5ce is divid$ into individual1 dome/ic & political 7see #afci74 ,!re are ?ree species ( ju/ice1 & _! division is tak5 f ! ?reefold relation t exi/s 9 a :ole4 7a7 ,?us1 legal ju/ice directs ! p>ts to respect ! rights ( ! :ole1 & x is ex]cis$ by all ^? :o promote ! common good ( a society by fulfill+ well ! duties :i* p]ta9 to _! position & rank 9 ! society4 7b7 ,di/ributive ju/ice regulates ! :ole 9 ref]5ce to ! p>ts1 & x is ex]cis$ by all ^? :o seek = su* a di/ribution ( ! common ?+s ( a society z accords ) ! inequalities ( m]it & ability ( ! memb]s4 ,h5ce1 di/ributive ju/ice is f\nd n only 9 ! heads ( a /ate1 or family1 or o!r body1 b also 9 ! subord9ates :o are cont5t ) ! fair di/ributions made by ! heads4 7c7 ,commutative ju/ice ord]s ! relations betwe5 ! p>ts1 & x is ex]cis$ by all :o practise fair deal+ ) _! equals1 t is1 by /ates ) /ates1 families ) families1 societies ) l societies1 individuals ) individuals2 or ) ^? :o act z _! equals1 z :5 a society act+ z a moral p]son makes a contract ) "o ( its memb]s z ano!r moral p]son4 #agdf4 ,resemblance betwe5 ,di/ributive & ,commutative ,ju/ice4--,! g5]al lik5ess betwe5 di/ributive & commutative ju/ice may be summ$ up z foll[s3 7a7 !y h ! same remote matt]1 s9ce bo? alike are conc]n$ ) ext]nal ?+s1 p]sons or works4 ,?us1 ?+s su* z goods ( =tune may be di/ribut$ by ! community to its memb]s1 or may be ex*ang$ by individuals betwe5 !m2 labors to be p]=m$ may be assign$ by ! community or may be agre$ on by private p]sons ?r\gh contract2 7b7 !y h ! same g5]al =m1 s9ce bo? alike seek to impress equality on ! matt] ) :i* !y deal1 by r5d]+ 9 ^! ?+s to e "o 8 due1 & by mak+ man's actions t[>ds 8 neighbor to foll[ ! mean ( reason & ( ! ?+ 7see #agaa74 #agdg4 ,! ,special ,diff]5ces betwe5 ,di/ributive & ,commutative ,ju/ice4--7a7 ,!y diff] 9 _! proximate matt]1 t is1 9 ! op]ations by :i* use is made ( ext]nal ?+s1 p]sons or works2 = :ile di/ributive ju/ice acts ?r\gh di/ribution 7or division71 appo9tm5t1 or assignm5t among _m1 commutative ju/ice acts ?r\gh ex*ange1 or transf] f "o to ano!r betwe5 two p]sons4 7b7 ,!y diff] 9 _! special =m2 = di/ributive ju/ice seeks equality & ! gold5 mean1 accord+ to proportion1 :ile commutative ju/ice seeks ! same accord+ to quantity 7see #agab74 ,di/ributive ju/ice does n treat p>ties z equals1 b gives to ea* "o accord+ to 8 p]sonal wor?--to ! m des]v+ ! sup]ior positions & high sal>ies1 to ! less des]v+ ! inf]ior positions & l[] sal>ies4 ,commutative ju/ice1 on ! o!r h&1 treats ! p>ties z equal1 & decrees t debts mu/ be paid & injuries repair$1 ev5 ?\gh paym5t or rep>ation mu/ be made by a good man to a bad man1 & t ! recomp5se mu/ equal ! diff]5ce creat$ betwe5 ! p>ties by ! debt or ! injury4 #agdh4 ,commutations ( ,commutative ,ju/ice4--,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( commutations or ex*anges us$ by commutative ju/ice1 b !y d n create new species ( ju/ice1 s9ce !y are only accid5tal modes ( ! act ( giv+ ! equival5t ( :at "o receives4 ,!y are classifi$ z foll[s3 7a7 involunt>y commutations1 :i* are ^? 9 :i* rep>ation is made = ! use aga9/ ! w ( ano!r ( ! ?+s1 p]sons1 or works t p]ta9 to him4 ,?us1 ! prop]ty ( ano!r is us$ unlawfully by secret !ft & by op5 robb]y2 ! p]son ( ano!r is injur$ by murd] & w\nds2 ! honor ( ano!r by secret calumny & detraction1 by op5 false te/imony & contumely2 ! rights ( ano!r to p]sons are us$ unlawfully by adult]y ) 8 wife1 by s$uction ( 8 s]vant1 & ! l2 7b7 volunt>y commutations1 :i* are ^? 9 :i* comp5sation is made = a b5efit t "o d]iv$ ) ! own]'s cons5t f some?+ t 0 81 or 9 :i* "o gives or returns to ano!r :at is 84 ,!y include ! v>i\s =ms ( contracts1 or agreem5ts betwe5 two p>ties 9 :i* ! cons5t ( bo? to ! same proposal is ext]nally manife/$ & obligation is produc$ to abide by ! t]ms ( agreem5t4 #agdi4 ,=ms ( ,contract4--,! *ief =ms ( contract are ! foll[+3 7a7 gratuit\s contracts1 :i* are ^? t conf] advantage on only "o ( ! contractants1 or ^? 9 :i* no paym5t or comp5sation = 8 acts or goods is made to "o p>ty by ! o!r p>ty4 ,!y include unilat]al contracts1 :i* produce obligation on "o side only 7e4g41 a promise1 gift1 te/am5t71 & bilat]al contracts1 :i* produce obligation on bo? sides4 ,! bilat]al contracts are also kn[n z bailm5ts1 or und]/&+s :]eby a ?+ or bus9ess is transf]r$ f "o p]son to ano!r 9 tru/1 on condition t a return w be made to ! own]1 ,!y include ! foll[+ contracts3 loans1 9 :i* return mu/ be made ( ! id5tical ?+s borr[$ 7commodatum71 or ( a ?+ simil> 9 k9d 7mutuum72 deposit1 9 :i* a ?+ mu/ be return$ aft] safekeep+ 7depositum72 an ag5cy1 9 :i* "o conducts ! bus9ess ( ano!r ) ! obligation ( mak+ returns1 ei!r f express contract 7m&atum7 or f imput$ agreem5t 7negotiorum ge/io74 ,9 commodatum & mutuum ! advantage is _h by ! bailee1 9 ! o!r ?ree by ! bailor2 7b7 on]\s contracts ( c]ta9 ev5t1 :i* are ^? t conf] an advantage on bo? p>ties1 & 9 :i* ! ?+ agre$ on is c]ta9 & def9ite4 ,!y include contracts 9 :i* "o p>ty transf]s own]%ip to ! o!r 7e4g41 buy+ & sell+1 b>t]1 loan at int]e/1 contracts = annuities1 /ocks & bonds7 or useful dom9ion 7e4g41 lease ( prop]ty1 contractor's agreem5t1 hire ( labor71 & contracts 9 :i* bo? p>ties transf] rights to a moral p]son ( :i* !y are ! memb]s 7p>tn]%ip72 7c7 on]\s contracts ( unc]ta9 ev5t1 :i* are ^? t conf] advantage on bo? p>ties1 b 9 :i* ! ?+ agre$ on is cont+5t & unc]ta94 ,examples are insurance1 wag]1 gam+ contracts1 lott]y1 & /ock m>ket speculation2 7d7 subsidi>y contracts1 :i* are ^? t are made 9 ord] to give security to pr9cipal contracts to :i* !y are annex$ or = ^: sake !y are made4 ,su* are gu>anty & surety1 pl$ge & pawn1 & mortgage4 #agej4 ,! ,equality ,s\ght by ,commutative ,ju/ice4--,! equality 9 quantity s\ght by commutative ju/ice means t 9 involunt>y transactions ! (f5d] mu/ suff] a puni%m5t equal to ! injury he (f]$ or mu/ pay a recomp5se equal to ! damage he caus$1 & t 9 volunt>y transactions "o mu/ give ! equal ( :at "o receives4 ,b ?is c be und]/ood 9 two ways4 7a7 ,?us1 equality may be tak5 = id5tity 9 species1 9 ! s5se t ! same k9d ( ?+ mu/ be tak5 or return$ 7e4g41 a life = a life1 an eye = an eye1 a too? = a too?74 ,?is k9d ( equality w d 9 "s in/ances1 z 9 cases ( ex*ange ( goods1 b z a rule x w\ld n be fair to bo? p>ties4 ,?us1 if a subject /rikes a rul]1 he is n suffici5tly puni%$ if he receives ! same k9d ( bl[1 = ! injury to ! rul] is great] on acc\nt ( 8 (fice2 :5 a man /eals a c[ or a %eep1 he is n suffici5tly puni%$ if he re/ores :at he took1 = he w\ld suff] no loss & ! community ^: peace he _h (f5d$ w\ld g )\t satisfaction 7,exod41 xxii4 #a72 if "o gives "o's c[ = ano!r's c[1 or if a %oemak] trades 8 products = ! clo!s made by a tailor1 ! ex*ange may be unfair1 s9ce ! ?+ giv5 on "o side may be bett] ?an t giv5 on ! o!r side4 7b7 ,equality may be und]/ood z id5tity 9 value1 9 ! s5se t ! ?+ tak5 or return$ has ! same quantity ( goodness or excell5ce z ! ?+ receiv$1 no matt] h[ !y diff] 9 species4 ,?is k9d ( equality mu/ be obs]v$ z a rule bo? 9 involunt>y & volunt>y transactions4 ,?us1 = injury done to m]*&ise paym5t is made 9 money1 or vice v]sa4 ,if equality 9 value is n possible1 because ! good = :i* "o owes is on a high] plane ?an ! good :i* "o is able to give1 x seems t ju/ice requires "o to approximate equality z f> z possible1 & h5ce mayhem or defamation %\ld be comp5sat$ = by ! goods ( =tune 7see #ahjb & #bjij74 #agea4 ,re/itution4--,ju/ice n only comm&s t "o pay or give back :at is due 9 volunt>y transactions1 b also t "o repair injury :i* "o has caus$ 9 involunt>y transactions4 ,b ! f\r acts ( paym5t1 re/oration1 satisfaction1 & re/itution mu/ n be confus$4 7a7 ,?us1 paym5t is ! lawful be/[al by "o p]son on ano!r p]son ( some?+ ( value 9 return = "s o!r ?+ ( value4 ,x is cle> t paym5t diff]s f satisfaction & re/itution1 s9ce x supposes no act ( inju/ice done4 7b7 ,re/oration is ! return to ano!r ( 8 prop]ty ( :i* "o _h j possession1 z :5 a borr[] gives back to ! l5d]1 or a depositee to ! depositor4 ,?is also diff]s f satisfaction & re/itution1 s9ce x is a volunt>y transaction 7see #agib1 #agif74 #ageb4 ,diff]5ces betwe5 ,satisfaction & ,re/itution4--7a7 ,!y diff] z to _! pr9ciple or cause1 s9ce satisfaction is due = injury to honor1 re/itution = injury to goods by unju/ det5tion or unju/ damage4 ,h5ce1 a p]son :o has di%onor$ ano!r 7e4g41 by disrespect7 is b\nd to satisfaction2 a p]son :o has injur$ ano!r 7e4g41 by de/roy+ 8 goods7 is b\nd to re/itution2 a p]son :o has bo? injur$ & di%onor$ ano!r 7e4g41 by add+ insults to robb]y7 is b\nd to re/itution & satisfaction4 7b7 ,satisfaction & re/itution diff] z to _! t]m or object1 s9ce satisfaction is *iefly conc]n$ ) ! p]son to :om am5ds mu/ be made 7z by apology71 :ile re/itution is *iefly conc]n$ ) ! ?+ :i* mu/ be giv5 back 9 itself or 9 its equival5t4 #agec4 ,:5 ,re/itution ,is ,due4--,re/itution is ! act by :i* "o places ano!r 9 r5ew$ possession or own]%ip or *ance ( own]%ip ( t :i* is ow$ to him because x is 8 by reason ( a /rict "r 9 re or ad rem2 9 o!r words1 x re/ores ! equality t exi/$ be=e an injury 0 done to ! goods ( ano!r4 7a7 ,?us1 re/itution is n due = violation ( virtues o!r ?an ju/ice1 because ^! virtues are n conc]n$ ) /rict obligations & rights4 ,rep5tance & satisfaction are due = all s9s1 b !y are n ! same ?+ z re/itution4 ,h5ce1 "o is n b\nd to re/itution if "o refus$ to help ) alms a p]son 9 extreme ne$1 or if1 n be+ oblig$ to x by (fice1 "o neglect$ to ext+ui% a fire or to prev5t a robb]y4 ,^! are s9s aga9/ *>ity1 n aga9/ ju/ice4 7b7 ,re/itution is n due = violations ( virtues t p]ta9 to ju/ice b d n conf] /rict rights1 & h5ce x is only a violation ( commutative ju/ice t entails ! obligation ( re/itution4 ,?us1 if "o has be5 surly or ungrateful1 no legal "r has be5 violat$ & no re/itution is due4 #aged4 ,does ,di/ributive ,inju/ice ,oblige to ,re/itution8--7a7 ,if only di/ributive inju/ice is committ$ 7e4 g41 if a p>5t gives 8 *ildr5 all necess>ies b %[s special favor to ^? t are less des]v+71 !re is no duty ( re/itution1 = !re is no /rict claim to special favors4 7b7 ,if commutative inju/ice accompanies ! di/ributive inju/ice 7e4g41 if a rul] acts aga9/ 8 agreem5t to give ! be/ position to ! p]son :o passes ! be/ exam9ation71 !re is a duty ( re/itution1 = !re is a /rict claim to rights "u contract4 #agee4 ,di/ributive ,ju/ice & ! ,violation ( ,/rict ,rights4--,inju/ice 9 di/ribution is frequ5tly accompani$ by inju/ice 9 transaction on acc\nt ( "s /rict "r violat$1 & h5ce by reason ( ! latt] inju/ice !re w be a duty ( re/itution 7see #agjh1 #ahjh74 7a7 ,?us1 di/ributive inju/ice is accompani$ by violation ( a /rict "r ( society :5 an unfair di/ribution is contr>y to agreem5t made ) ! community 7e4g41 :5 "o is appo9t$ or paid especially to make fair di/ributions1 or ! law or contract expressly imposes ?is obligation71 or :5 x causes h>m to ! community :i* "o is b\nd ex (ficio to prev5t 7e4g41 :5 "o appo9ts z public physician or surgeon a p]son :o is entirely unfitt$ = ! po/74 7b7 ,di/ributive inju/ice is accompani$ by violation ( a /rict "r ( an individual :5 x is aga9/ contract 7e4g41 :5 a p]son und]takes to select ! be/ /atue or portrait pres5t$ 9 a conte/1 b *ooses "o t is inf]ior71 or :5 x inflicts loss on a private p]son 7e4g41 :5 a tax assessor requires m ?an is due f "s p]sons1 or an exam9] admits to a s*ool :i* receives only a limit$ numb] an unwor?y c&idate & ?us excludes a wor?y "o1 or a bo>d rejects a wor?y c&idate z unwor?y74 #agef4 ,commutative ,ju/ice & ,unfair ,aw>ds ( ,prizes4--,unfair aw>ds ( prizes 9 competitions are n violations ( commutative ju/ice unless ! foll[+ conditions are pres5t3 7a7 ! promise ( aw>d mu/ be giv5 z a contract b9d+ 9 ju/ice1 = if ! promisor int5ds only to b9d himself 9 fidelity1 ! promisee obta9s no /rict "r4 ,h5ce1 an unfair di/ribution is n aga9/ commutative ju/ice if a competition has n ! "* ( a real conte/ or ( an on]\s compact to rew>d ! p]son :o surpasses 8 rivals1 b is r an opportunity to compete = ! free b\nty ( ! promisor 7e4g41 if ! organiz] ( an ent]ta9m5t (f]s a prize = ! prettie/ baby71 or an enc\ragem5t to useful indu/ry 7e4g41 a fir/ prize = ! be/ g>d5 9 a neighborhood74 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! promise is "p ( an on]\s contract1 ! promisor is b\nd 9 ju/ice & ! promisee obta9s a /rict "r4 ,?is is ! case :5 ! competition has ! "* ( a real conte/1 9 :i* ! conte/ants mu/ und]go special labor1 prep>ation1 exp5se or tr\ble1 etc41 9 ord] t ! aw>d be giv5 to ! mo/ m]itori\s2 7b7 ! ?+ promis$ z subject ( aw>d mu/ be ! prize1 & n m]ely a claim or "r to be consid]$ = ! prize4 ,h5ce1 if an exam9ation is held 9 ord] t a numb] ( wor?y p]sons may be li/$ = future vacancies 9 (fices or dignities1 ! p]son :o passes z mo/ wor?y has no /rict "r to be giv5 an (fice or dignity1 b only to be consid]$ = x4 #ageg4 ,has a p]son :o passes z mo/ wor?y 9 an exam9ation held 9 ord] to fill a vacant po/ a /rict "r to receive ! po/8 7a7 ,accord+ to ! common op9ion he has a /rict "r1 because !re is at lea/ an implicit contract to ! effect t ! position w be giv5 to ! mo/ wor?y1 s9ce ! exam9ation is competitive4 7b7 ,accord+ to "s au?orities he has no /rict "r1 because public positions are n to be reg>d$ z rew>ds ( m]it1 & ! exam9ation is n "p ( a contract b is only a means us$ by a sup]ior to assi/ him 9 act+ accord+ to di/ributive ju/ice4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 9 ?is op9ion an unju/ aw>d is a s91 & at times a grave s91 aga9/ di/ributive ju/ice1 & may accid5tally be jo9$ ) commutative inju/ice 7see #agee74 7c7 ,"u ! civil s]vice me?od1 or m]it sy/em1 ( appo9tm5t1 ! appo9t+ (ficial is b\nd by law to obs]ve ! rules ( ! civil s]vice commission4 ,! usual proc$ure is = ! commission to submit ! names ( ! ?ree p]sons highe/ on ! exam9ation li/4 ,position on ! li/ is det]m9$ by competitive exam9ation plus pref]5tial po9ts = vet]ans1 exp]i5ce 9 jobs1 etc4 7,on ! :ole ! pref]5tial sy/em does n seem to involve any inju/ice to ^? :o d n receive ! pref]5ce47 ,"o ( ! ?ree mu/ be *os5 = ! fir/ vacancy2 = ! second vacancy ! rema9+ two1 toge!r ) ! next highe/ eligible1 are propos$4 ,grave inju/ice aga9/ di/ributive ju/ice w\ld be done 9 n proce$+ accord+ to ! legal me?od1 & "s degree ( inju/ice might be done to an eligible :o is illegally remov$ f a li/1 pass$ ov]1 etc4 ,( ! ?ree highe/ eligibles no "o has a /rict "r to ! vacant po/1 b solely ! "r to be s]i\sly consid]$4 #ageh4 ,:at %\ld be said ( a sup]ior :o w\ld promote undes]v+ p]sons to ecclesia/ical b5efices8 7a7 ,z reg>ds guilt1 x is a mortal s9 to conf] a b5efice on "o :o is unwor?y1 or ev5 7:5 !re is "q ( a b5efice to :i* ! c>e ( s\ls is atta*$7 on "o :o is less wor?y 7see ,canon #dei1 ,sec4 #a74 7b7 ,z reg>ds re/itution1 !re is an obligation ( rep>ation to ! community1 :5 x is made to suff] loss1 & ( comp5sation to an individual :o is pass$ ov] 9 spite ( 8 /rict "r 7see ?ree prec$+ p>agraphs74 #agei4 ,! ,obligation ( ,re/itution4--7a7 ,! obligation is bo? ( natural & div9e law4 ,reason itself dictates t ev]yone %\ld receive 8 due1 & revelation expressly comm&s re/itution1 z :5 x decl>es t he :o has injur$ 8 neighbor's field or v9ey>d mu/ re/ore accord+ to ! damage done 7,exod41 xxii4 #e74 7b7 ,! obligation is bo? ( means & ( precept1 = )\t re/itution ! (f5d] does n obta9 p>don f ,god 7,eze*41 xxxiii4 #ac sqq12 ,tob41 ii4 #bj sqq474 ,h5ce1 "o :o has s]i\sly injur$ 8 neighbor _c be sav$ unless he actually makes re/itution1 if he is able1 or int5ds to make re/itution :5 possible1 if "h & n[ he is n able to d s4 ,a debtor :o makes no ef=t to make re/itution 7e4g41 "o :o refuses to d5y himself luxuries1 to curtail 8 exp5ses1 to leave re/itution money 9 8 w71 _c be said to h a s9c]e int5tion ( fulfill+ 8 duty4 ,b x is n true t a p]son :o dies 9 v5ial s9 on acc\nt ( re/itution neglect$ mu/ rema9 9 ,purgatory till all ! re/itution is made2 = ?is w\ld make ! puni%m5t dep5d on ! neglig5ce ( ! heirs or on accid5t4 7c7 ,! obligation is grave if ! damage 7absolute or relative7 & ! fault 7 bo? grave1 = re/itution is an obligation ( /rict ju/ice 7see #agec72 ! obligation is light if bo? ! damage & ! fault 7 light1 = ! injury !n is light4 #agfj4 ,duties ( ,confessors ab\t ! ,obligation ( ,re/itution4--7a7 ,z to confession1 ! p5it5t is oblig$ to m5tion ! numb] ( s9s committ$ aga9/ ! duty ( re/itution1 if !re h be5 _m acts ( int5tion n to pay 7see #bjb sqq472 b z a rule ^? :o h = a long "t cont9u$ 9 s9ful neglect ( ! duty ( re/itution h committ$ only "o s9 !reby1 or else !y d n appreh5d _! duty ( m5tion+ ! di/9ct int]nal acts1 & h5ce confessors are advis$ n to "q ov]mu* ab\t ?is4 7b7 ,z to absolution1 ! p5it5t lacks true contrition if he is "u a s]i\s obligation to make re/itution & is wilfully oppos$ to ! p]=mance ( ?is duty at all or at ! prop] "t4 ,su* a "o may n be absolv$4 ,b ! confessor %\ld n admoni% a p5it5t ( ! duty ( re/itution1 if ! p5it5t is 9 good fai? & ! admonition w\ld only d h>m4 ,if ! obligation ( re/itution is only light1 absolution may n be refus$1 & prud5ce w (t5 advise t no admonition ab\t ! obligation be giv54 #agfa4 ,!re are a numb] ( situations possible :5 damage done is grave & culpability slight4 7a7 ,?us1 ! damage may be entirely involunt>y1 z :5 ! (f5d] c\ld n =esee x & did n wi% x 7e4g41 ,sempronius commits a v5ial s9 by speak+ h>%ly to ,claudius1 :om he likes1 b ! latt] is s depress$ at ?is t he commits suicide74 ,9 ?is case !re is cle>ly no obligation ( re/itution4 7b7 ,! damage may be volunt>y only int]pretatively1 z :5 ! (f5d] c\ld n =esee x1 b w\ld h will$ x _h he =ese5 x 7e4g41 ,sempronius is glad :5 he le>ns t ,claudius committ$ suicide1 b w\ld be mu* surpris$ if he knew t a h>% ^w ( 8 caus$ x74 ,9 ?is case accord+ to "s !re is a grave duty ( re/itution1 because int]nal guilt & ext]nal damage are pres5t2 b o!rs1 ) great] probability1 d5y ! duty ( re/itution1 = ! damage 0 n caus$ by ! int]nal s9 ( hate1 :i* is n effective ( itself1 nor by ! ext]nal h>% ^w1 :i* 0 an occasion r ?an a cause 7see #addg1 #agfc74 7c7 ,! damage may be volunt>y directly1 z :5 ! (f5d] wills x 9 itself 7e4g41 ,titus /eals a consid]able sum f ,balbus1 b he is inv9cibly ignorant & ?9ks t ! weal? ( ,balbus makes ! s9 only v5ial71 or ! damage done is volunt>y indirectly 7e4g41 ,caius is guilty ( slight c>elessness 9 gu>d+ 8 cattle1 & !y get into a neighbor's g>d5 & cause great damage to crops2 ,caius =esaw "s damage1 b he c\ld n h =ese5 ! actual grave damage t 0 done74 ,ab\t ^! cases !re are v>i\s op9ions1 :i* w be giv5 9 #agfe4 #agfb4 ,! ,roots ( ,re/itution4--,! roots or s\rces ( re/itution are usually r$uc$ to two1 accord+ to ! foll[+ two g5]al k9ds ( injury inflict$ on o!rs3 7a7 unju/ damage1 :i* is ! loss inflict$1 on ! goods ( ano!r1 )\t advantage to ! (f5d]1 z 9 murd] or inc5di>ism2 7b7 unju/ possession1 :i* is ! loss inflict$ on ano!r by ! possession ( 8 goods )\t 8 cons5t or aga9/ 8 w1 to ! advantage ( ! (f5d]1 z :5 a murd]] /eals f 8 victim1 or an inc5di>y gets ! insurance f ! h\se he de/roy$4 #agfc4 ,unju/ damage t obliges to re/itution is only an act 7or omission7 t is bo? injuri\s 7be+ a guilty violation ( ano!r's /rict "r7 & productive ( loss4 ,h5ce ! foll[+ conditions3 7a7 ! act mu/ be objectively unju/1 a contrav5tion ( a /rict "r 9 re or ad rem 7see #afie sqq471 = example1 /eal+ or keep+ back ! wages due an employee4 ,b x is objectively unju/ to deprive ano!r ( a non-/rict "r 7e4g41 ! "r ( a begg> to an alms7 by unju/ means1 su* z =ce1 fraud1 calumny1 etc4 ,if a neighbor is n h9d]$ f 8 /rict "r & unfair means are n employ$1 !re is no objective inju/ice 7e4g41 :5 a m]*ant improves 8 place ( bus9ess & ?us draws away cu/om]s f a rival m]*ant72 7b7 ! act mu/ be efficaci\sly unju/ or ! true cause ( ! loss :i* ano!r suff]s1 = "o is n responsible = :at does n proce$ f "o's act4 ,an act is n efficaci\sly unju/1 !re=e1 if x is only ! occasion ( damage 7e4g41 ,titus /eals & ,balbus imitates him2 ,claudius /eals1 & on acc\nt ( circum/antial evid5ce n arrang$ by ,claudius1 ,sempronius is arre/$ & s5t5c$ to prison71 or if x is only a conditio s9e qua non 7e4g41 ,caius gives :isky to ,julius1 :o ne$s its /imulation to n]ve himself = a crime71 or if x is only an accid5tal cause 7e4g41 ,titus /eals a small sum ( money f a mis]1 & ! latt]1 to ! great surprise ( ,titus1 becomes insane72 7c7 ! act mu/ be subjectively unju/1 t is1 culpable & imputable2 = "o is n b\nd to satisfy = acts t are inculpable or n imputable 7see #ig sqq474 ,!re mu/ be ei!r !ological culpability1 t is1 ! int5tion to h>m ano!r1 :i* is s9ful be=e ,god 7e4g41 he :o purposely sets fire to 8 neighbor's b>n71 or juridical culpability1 t is1 c>elessness :i* causes injury to ! legal "r ( ano!r 7e4g41 he :o lights a fire ne> 8 neighbor's build+s & by 8 abs5t-m9d$ness p]mits ! build+s to cat* fire74 #agfd4 ,"s ,causes ,t ,remove or ,dim9i% ,!ological ,culpability4--7a7 ,m5tal d]angem5t or passion 7e4g41 great fe> or ang]7 may make an injuri\s act un9t5tional & s take away natural liability = re/itution 7see #dj sqq471 b ! civil law does n always admit ! excuse1 & aft] s5t5ce ! (f5d] is b\nd to pay4 7b7 ,accord+ to "s au?orities1 error ab\t ! ext5t ( ! h>m t is be+ done1 if inv9cible1 excuses f re/itution = damage t 0 n appreh5d$1 z :5 a ?ief ?r[s a gem into ! ocean1 ?9k+ t x is only an imitation gem4 ,b ! (f5d] w\ld be held = ! entire loss1 if s5t5c$4 7e7 ,error ab\t ! p]son injur$1 ev5 ?\gh inv9cible1 probably does n excuse f re/itution1 if ! int5tion 0 to h>m a class 7e4g41 ,sempronius int5ds to kill ,balbus1 because ! latt] is a policeman1 b by accid5t he kills ano!r policeman7 or an individual 7e4g41 ,caius int5ds to kill ,titus & by mi/ake kills ,claudius1 ! tw9-bro!r ( ,titus74 7d7 ,error ab\t ! ?+ injur$1 ev5 ?\gh inv9cible1 probably does n excuse f re/itution1 if ! int5tion 0 to d damage 7e4g41 ,julius puts poison 9 a plate 9 ord] to kill 8 neighbor's dog1 b ! cat takes ! poison & is kill$74 #agfe4 ,re/itution = ,damages ,t ,are ,only ,v5ially ,s9ful b ,s]i\sly ,h>mful4--7a7 ,:5 "o injuri\s act is committ$ 7z :5 ?r\gh slight c>elessness "o sets fire to "o's neighbor's *ick5 coop71 "s d5y1 b o!rs affirm1 ! duty ( re/itution1 :ile /ill o!rs di/+ui% accord+ to ! full or only p>tial adv]t5ce to ! s9fulness ( :at is done4 ,( ^? :o hold = re/itution1 "s ?9k t all ! damage %\ld be repair$1 s9ce all 0 caus$2 b o!rs ?9k t x suffices to repair "p1 s9ce ! culpability 0 limit$4 7b7 ,if sev]al injuri\s acts1 :i* tak5 s+ly are slight b tak5 toge!r are s]i\s1 7 done to ! same p]son 7e4g41 a wait] break+ di%es at v>i\s times :ile work+ = ! same proprietor71 re/itution is due z soon z ! s9n] realizes ! am\nt ( h>m he has caus$2 b x is disput$ :e!r ! obligation is grave or light4 ,if ! injuries 7 done to diff]5t p]sons 7e4g41 a boy break+ w9d[s 9 _m h\ses 9 ! neighborhood71 !re is m probably only a light obligation4 #agff4 ,re/itution on ,acc\nt ( ,law = ,damages ,t ,are ,only ,juridically ,culpable4--7a7 ,be=e s5t5ce ( c\rt !re is no obligation ( re/itution1 = x w\ld be too heavy a burd5 to impose ?is 9 view ( ! abs5tm9d$ness ( s _m p]sons & ! num]\s di/ractions "o enc\nt]s4 7b7 ,aft] s5t5ce ( c\rt !re is an obligation ( re/itution1 = ! law :i* gives ! c\rt a "r to impose x is reasonable1 s9ce juridical fault is (t5 accompani$ by !ological fault1 & moreov] m5 w ?us be l$ to a great] prud5ce 9 ! c>e ( _! own goods & 9 respect = ^? ( o!rs4 #agfg4 ,re/itution on ,acc\nt ( ,contract = ,damages ,t ,are ,only ,juridically ,culpable4--7a7 ,express contract obliges to re/itution ev5 = light fault 7i4e41 ! omission ( precautions tak5 by ! m prud5t71 or mo/ light fault 7i4e41 ! omission ( precautions tak5 by ! mo/ prud5t only71 or1 if s /ipulat$1 = no fault at all4 7b7 ,impli$ contract p]haps also obliges to re/itution = juridical fault1 = x seems t equity requires "o to make good ! losses caus$ by ! abs5ce ( a c>e :i* ! contract took = grant$4 ,?us1 if ! advantage is ) ! bailor alone 7e4g41 gratuit\s deposit71 ord9>y c>e is expect$ & ! bailee is n held 9 dang] to pref] ! bailor's goods to 8 own2 if ! advantage is ) bo? p>ties 7e4g41 on]\s deposit or loan71 x seems t m ?an ord9>y c>e is dem&$ & t usually ! obligor may give pref]5ce to 8 own goods4 #agfh4 ,re/itution = ,c>eless ,dis*>ge ( ,fiduci>y ,duties1 z 9 ! ,case ( ,physicians1 ,lawy]s1 ,spiritual ,advis]s4--7a7 ,if !re 0 !ological fault1 re/itution is due1 unless ! injur$ p>ty took ! risk ^u himself4 7b7 ,if !re 0 only juridical fault1 x seems !re is no natural duty ( re/itution1 s9ce no inju/ice 0 done2 b a c\rt may oblige to damages4 #agfi4 ,two ,cases 9 ,:i* ,culpability ,seems ,d\btful4--7a7 ,:5 "o has inculpably done or omitt$ some?+ f :i* damage to ano!r c be =ese51 & "o has n[ become aw>e ( ! dang] 7z :5 ,balbus lights a fire on 8 own prop]ty & sees t a *ange ( ! w9d makes ?is fire dang]\s = 8 neighbor's b>n71 "o mu/ prev5t ! damage1 if ?is c be done )\t equal or great] damage to oneself2 o!rwise "o mu/ make re/itution4 7b7 ,:5 "o has culpably done or omitt$ some?+ f :i* damage to ano!r 0 =ese51 b has tri$1 ?\gh 9 va91 to prev5t ! damage aft] ! cause 0 plac$1 re/itution is due if ! cause 0 physical 7e4g41 ,claudius gave poison to ,titus1 & !n mov$ by remorse gave an antidote1 b ,titus di$71 s9ce ! p>ty :o set ! cause 9 op]ation is responsible2 b if ! cause 0 moral 7e4g41 ,balbus ord]$ a gunman to beat up ,caius1 b )drew ! ord]1 & ! gunman on 8 own responsibility !n assault$ ,caius71 re/itution is n due :5 ! revocation ends "o's influ5ce ^u ! damage t ensues4 #aggj4 ,?ree ,k9ds ( ,unlawful ,possessors4--,! second root ( re/itution m5tion$ above 7#agfb7 is unju/ possession1 :i* includes ! acceptance or ! ret5tion ( ano!r p]son's goods aga9/ ! latt]'s w4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( unlawful possessors3 7a7 ! possessor 9 good fai?1 :o is "o t has be5 inv9cibly ignorant ( ! unlawfulness ( 8 possession1 b n[ le>ns 8 error 7e4g41 a buy] :o discov]s t ! horse he pur*as$ did n belong to ! sell] b 0 /ol5 prop]ty72 7b7 ! possessor 9 d\btful fai?1 :o is "o t has s]i\s reasons = fe>+ 8 possession is unlawful 7e4g41 ! buy] ( a horse le>ns t ! sell] is kn[n to h sold "s /ol5 prop]ty1 or t ! price he *>g$ = ! horse 0 rem>kably small72 7c7 ! possessor 9 bad fai?1 :o is "o t kn[s 8 possession is unju/ 7e4g41 a buy] :o pur*ases a horse :i* he knew _h be5 /ol5 by ! sell]74 #agga4 ,obligations ( ! ,possessor 9 ,good ,fai? 9 ,ref]5ce to ! ,prop]ty ,itself4--7a7 ,if ! prop]ty is /ill 9 8 keep+1 he is g5]ally oblig$ to return x to ! own]1 = a ?+ calls = its own]4 ,an exception w\ld be ! case 9 :i* ! possessor c n return ! prop]ty to ! own] )\t a great] loss to 8 own prop]ty4 7b7 ,if ! prop]ty has p]i%$1 ! possessor is g5]ally oblig$ or n to re/itution accord+ z he has be5 enri*$ or n by ! prop]ty2 = "o p]son %\ld n be enri*$ at ! exp5se ( ano!r1 b prop]ty p]i%es to its own]4 7c7 ,if ! prop]ty is 9 possession ( a ?ird p>ty to :om ! possessor transf]r$ x1 he is g5]ally oblig$ or n to re/itution to ! ?ird p>ty1 on ! latt]'s dispossession1 accord+ z he has be5 enri*$ or n by ! ?ird p>ty's goods2 = if he receiv$ no?+ = ! goods1 he is cle>ly b\nd to no?+1 b if he receiv$ paym5t1 he mu/ indemnify ! buy] :o is evict$ = lack ( title4 #aggb4 ,obligations ( ! ,possessor 9 ,good ,fai? 9 ,ref]5ce to ! ,fruits ( ! ,prop]ty4--7a7 ,he mu/ re/ore ! fruits ( ! ?+ itself t are 9 exi/5ce1 = ! ?+ fructifies to its own]4 ,h5ce1 he %\ld re/ore to ! own] ! natural fruits 7e4g41 ! fruit on ! own]'s trees7 & ! civil fruits 7e4g41 ! money receiv$ f hire ( ! own]'s horse74 7b7 ,he mu/ re/ore ! fruits ( ! ?+ itself :i* are n 9 exi/5ce1 b f :i* he has be5 enri*$ 7e4g41 ! net pr(it f la/ ye>'s crops :i* ! possessor has 9 ! bank74 7c7 ,he is n oblig$ to re/ore ! fruits ( 8 own labor or indu/rial fruits 7e4g41 ! extraord9>y int]e/ d]iv$ f ! own]'s money ?r\gh ! good judgm5t & en]gy ( ! possessor71 nor ! fruits t he consum$ )\t enri*m5t 7e4g41 ! vegetables he gave away or wa/$74 #aggc4 ,rights ( ! ,possessor 9 ,good ,fai? 9 ,d$uct+ ,exp5ses4--7a7 ,he may d$uct = all exp5ses t h b5efit$ ! own]1 t is1 = all ! money he sp5t 9 necess>y or useful ways 9 pres]v+ or c>+ = ! prop]ty4 7b7 ,he may n d$uct = exp5ses t h n b5efit$ ! own]1 or :i* ! own] w\ld n h reasonably au?oriz$1 su* z special beautification ( ! prop]ty4 ,b he may take away su* adornm5ts add$ by him z c be remov$ )\t injury to ! prop]ty4 #aggd4 ,obligations ( ! ,possessor 9 ,bad ,fai? 9 ,ref]5ce to ! ,prop]ty ,itself4--7a7 ,if ! prop]ty is /ill 9 8 keep+1 he mu/ return x to ! own]1 = a ?+ calls = its own]4 ,b if ! actual possessor _h ! prop]ty f ! ?ief & c\ld n re/ore x to ! own] )\t s]i\s loss to himself1 x is held by "s t he c\ld return x to ! ?ief 9 ord] to recov] 8 money4 7b7 ,if ! prop]ty has p]i%$ or re/itution ( x has become impossible1 he mu/ comp5sate ! own]1 ev5 ?\gh he has n be5 enri*$1 unless ! goods w\ld h p]i%$ equally ) ! own]2 = he is !n ! efficaci\s cause ( ! loss4 ,! same pr9ciple may be appli$ to damages ?r\gh det]ioration4 ,! civil law (t5 holds ! ?ief responsible1 no matt] h[ ! goods p]i%$ 9 8 h&s4 7c7 ,if ! prop]ty is 9 possession ( a ?ird p>ty :o b\ght x 9 bad fai? f ! possessor 9 bad fai?1 ! sell] is n b\nd to re/itution to 8 pur*as] on ! pur*as]'s eviction1 unless !re 0 agreem5t to t effect2 = he :o buys1 kn[+ t !re is no good title1 buys at 8 own risk4 #agge4 ,obligation ( ! ,possessor 9 ,bad ,fai? 9 ,ref]5ce to ! ,fruits ( ! ,prop]ty4--7a7 ,he mu/ re/ore ! natural & civil fruits1 ev5 ?\gh ! own] w\ld n h obta9$ !m f ! ?+1 b he may keep ! indu/rial fruits4 7b7 ,he mu/ make re/itution = ! pr(its lo/ & ! losses suff]$ by ! own] ?r\gh ! unju/ deprivation ( 8 prop]ty1 = ^! are damages ( :i* ! possessor 0 ! unju/ & efficaci\s cause4 #aggf4 ,obligations ( ! ,possessor 9 ,d\btful ,fai? ,:o ,began ,possession 9 ,good ,fai? 7,sup]v5+ ,d\bt74--7a7 ,if he does n culpably neglect attempts to settle 8 d\bt1 he becomes a possessor 9 good fai?4 ,if ! d\bt is settl$ aga9/ him1 he mu/ re/ore 7#agga72 if ! d\bt cont9ues1 he may reta9 possession & prescribe 7i4e41 acquire own]%ip ?r\gh long ex]cise ( own]%ip rights71 = presumption favors ! possessor1 b he mu/ he will+ to re/ore1 %\ld ano!r appe> z ! rightful own]4 7b7 ,if he culpably neglects attempts to settle ! d\bt1 he becomes a possessor 9 bad fai?4 ,if ! d\bt is settl$ aga9/ him1 he mu/ re/ore 7#ahjj71 at lea/ = ! "t dur+ :i* 8 culpability 0 grave2 if ! d\bt cont9ues & its settlem5t is impossible ?r\gh 8 fault1 x seems t he %\ld %>e ratably ) ano!r claimant accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! respective claims2 if ! d\bt cont9ues & !re is no o!r claimant1 x seems t he may act on ! pr9ciple t presumption favors ! possessor4 #aggg4 ,obligations ( ! ,possessor 9 ,d\btful ,fai? ,:o ,began 9 ,bad ,fai? 7,antec$5t ,d\bt74--7a7 ,if ! prop]ty came to ! possessor 9 d\btful fai? )\t legal title 7e4g41 by viol5ce71 he has ! obligations ( "o 9 bad fai?1 = presumption favors ! =m] possessor4 7b7 ,if ! prop]ty came to him by legal title 7e4g41 by gift or sale71 b f a =m] possessor ( d\btful or suspect$ fai? 7e4g41 "o :o seem$ to h ! prop]ty ?r\gh !ft71 he mu/ attempt to settle ! d\bt4 ,%\ld ! d\bt nev]!less cont9ue1 "s ?9k he %\ld divide x ) ano!r probable claimant1 b o!rs believe he may reta9 all4 7e7 ,if ! prop]ty came to him by legal title & f a =m] possessor 9 good fai?1 he mu/ attempt to settle ! d\bt2 b if ! d\bt rema9s 9 spite ( 8 inquiries1 he may reta9 ! prop]ty 9 good fai?1 z long z matt]s cont9ue 9 ! same /ate4 #aggh4 ,coop]ators & ,re/itution4--,re/itution is ow$ = coop]ation 9 inju/ice :5 ! coop]ator becomes at lea/ p>tially an unju/ & efficaci\s cause ( damage to ano!r4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ?is coop]ation may be ( a limit$ k9d1 z :5 x ext5ds only to ! mode ( ! damage1 or :5 x is n indisp5sable to ! commission ( ! injury4 7a7 ,?us1 he :o coop]ates only z to ! mode ( injury is probably liable only = t damage :i* he add$ to ! sub/antial damage4 ,?us1 if ,balbus int5d$ to /eal #aj1 & ,claudius p]suad$ him to /eal #bj1 x seems t ! influ5ce ( ,claudius ext5d$ only to ! am\nt ( #aj4 7b7 ,he :o coop]ates1 b ^: assi/ance is n necess>y1 is b\nd to re/itution z a coop]ator1 s9ce he is an unju/ & efficaci\s cause ( damage4 ,?us1 if ,caius /eals = ,sempronius1 kn[+ t1 %\ld he refuse1 ,m]curius w\ld c>ry out ! ord]s ( ,sempronius1 ! read9ess to /eal on ! "p ( ,m]curius does n excuse ,caius or make 8 act any less h>mful4 #aggi4 ,positive coop]ators 9 injury are b\nd to re/itution :5 _! act is ! unju/ & efficaci\s cause ( ! damage4 ,! pr9cipal cases ( positive coop]ation are ! foll[+3 7a7 a m&ator is a sup]ior :o explicitly or implicitly comm&s an inf]ior subject to commit an act ( inju/ice1 z :5 a fa!r bids 8 son to /eal4 ,! m&ator bids ano!r to act 9 8 "n1 & !re=e he is ! pr9cipal & n ! accessory or second>y cause ( injury4 ,he mu/ indemnify bo? ! victim & ! ag5t = losses he caus$ !m2 b he is n liable if he effectively recall$ 8 m&ate be=e ! damage 0 done2 7b7 an advisor is "o :o ?r\gh in/ruction or p]suasion induces ano!r p]son to commit an injury :i* is n done 9 ! "n ( or = ! b5efit ( ! advisor himself4 ,he mu/ make re/itution bo? to ! p]son ^: injury he recomm5d$ & to ! p]son to :om he gave ! advice = ! damages he br\ght ^u !m4 ,^? :o give wrong advice 9 good fai?1 or :o recall _! advice be=e ! damage is done1 are g5]ally excus$ f responsibility4 ,bad example does n seem to be equival5t to bad advice1 & he :o recomm5ds a less] evil only because he wi%es to prev5t a great] "o is n an efficaci\s cause ( ! less] evil 7see #aejb1 #aejc72 7c7 an implicit advisor 7palpo7 is "o :o by flatt]y1 excuse1 blame1 ridicule or o!r su* indirect means leads ano!r to commit inju/ice aga9/ a ?ird p>ty4 ,! implicit advisor is b\nd to re/itution = damages caus$ or rep>ation d5i$ ?r\gh 8 fault2 7d7 a protector or enc\rag] 7receptans7 is "o :o kn[+ly & will+ly be/[s ^u a malefactor1 z su*1 security or com=t1 9 ord] t ! latt] may d injury ) great] confid5ce or omit re/itution = evil already done4 ,he is b\nd to re/itution = ! unju/ damage or ret5tion ( prop]ty caus$ by him2 7e7 a cons5t] is "o :o gives 8 vote1 decision1 or approval to inju/ice1 or d5ies x to ju/ice4 ,he mu/ recall 8 cons5t to iniquity be=e evil results f x1 & he mu/ make re/itution = damages t dep5d on 8 conduct2 7f7 a p>tak] 9 inju/ice is "o :o gives assi/ance 9 ! commission ( inju/ice1 positively & physically1 by %>+ 9 ! injury or 9 "s previ\s or subsequ5t act naturally connect$ ) x4 ,if he is a coop]ator 9 unju/ damage1 he mu/ indemnify ! injur$ p>ty2 if he is a coop]ator 9 unju/ ret5tion ( prop]ty1 he mu/ give back to ! own] ! /ol5 goods receiv$ by him 7#aggd74 #aghj4 ,negative coop]ators are ^? :o by _! sil5ce or inaction p]mit an injury to be done or to g unrepair$4 ,!y are b\nd to re/itution = ! damages caus$ by !m2 b x seems t p] se at lea/ !y are n b\nd to re/itution = bribes tak5 by !m or f9es lo/ ?r\gh _! fault4 ,_! responsibility = damages supposes ! usual conditions1 namely3 7a7 !y mu/ be ! efficaci\s causes ( damage1 & h5ce if _! sil5ce or inaction is involunt>y1 or if outcry or resi/ance w\ld be useless !y are n responsible2 7b7 !y mu/ be unju/ causes1 t is1 !re mu/ be an obligation to act ow$ by reason ( /rict "r1 contract1 or impli$ contract4 ,examples are confessors :o culpably neglect to give p5it5ts ne$$ spiritual advice1 p>5ts :o p]mit damage to be done by _! *ildr5 :o h n ! use ( reason1 vot]s :o abs5t !mselves & ?us cause damage !y 7 b\nd by contract to prev5t1 own]s ( animals :o s9fully p]mit _! bea/s to ravage ! fields ( ano!r p]son1 doorkeep]s :o all[ ?ieves to ent] a h\se "u _! *>ge1 collectors :o p]mit bills to g unpaid4 ,b if ! obligation is ow$ by reason ( "s o!r virtue ?an commutative ju/ice 7e4g41 "o is b\nd only 9 *>ity to turn 9 a fire al>m :5 "o notices a fire1 if "o is n ! cu/odian ( ! h\se71 "o s9s1 & at times gravely1 by inaction2 b !re is no duty ( re/itution4 #agha4 ,! ,circum/ances ( ,re/itution4--,by ! circum/ances ( re/itution are und]/ood ! p]sons by :om & to :om comp5sation is to be made1 ! ?+s to be re/or$1 ! mann]1 "t & place ( re/itution4 #aghb4 ,! p]sons b\nd to make re/itution are all ^? :o s+ly or coop]atively commit inju/ice4 ,b :5 sev]al commit inju/ice toge!r1 ! foll[+ k9ds ( causes ( ! inju/ice mu/ be di/+ui%$3 7a7 ! causes are equal :5 !re is no subord9ation among ! coop]ators2 !y are unequal :5 "o is a pr9cipal ^u :om ! o!rs dep5d z second>y causes or in/rum5ts 7e4g41 :5 "o hires ?ieves to /eal = "o72 7b7 ! causes are consid]$ z total causes ( ! injury :5 !y are pr9cipal causes1 or equal b indisp5sable coop]ators1 or conspirators2 & p]haps also if !y are suffici5t causes 7e4g41 ,caius & ,sempronius ea* fire at a neighbor's c[ & ea* inflicts a mortal w\nd71 or if ! ?+ damag$ is ei!r n divid$ 7su* z a v9ey>d7 or indivisible 7su* z a pa9t+74 ,9 o!r causes coop]ators are consid]$ z p>tial causes ( ! injury4 #aghc4 ,coop]ators 9 damage are b\nd to re/itution ei!r 9 solidum or pro rata4 7a7 ,?us1 !y are b\nd 9 solidum 7i4e41 jo9tly & sev]ally7 = all ! loss :5 !y are total causes ( ! damage1 ,b ! pr9cipal cause is b\nd absolutely1 ! second>y or equal cause only conditionally1 t is1 ! pr9cipal mu/ pay all ! re/itution himself1 ! o!rs mu/ pay all only :5 ! pr9cipal or o!r associates fail to d _! duty4 7b7 ,!y are b\nd pro rata 7i4e41 ea* "o accord+ to 8 %>e7 :5 !y are only p>tial causes ( ! damage4 ,! obligation ( re/itution 9 solidum %\ld n be impos$1 if x is unc]ta91 or if ! coop]ator is 9 good fai? & ! admonition w\ld only produce h>m4 #aghd4 ,! ord] ( re/itution among coop]ators 9 injury is accord+ to ! priority ( ! obligation ( "o to t ( ano!r1 9 ! s5se t "o is oblig$ to pay all & ! o!r is oblig$ only 9 ! =m]'s default4 ,?is ord] ( priority 9 obligation is 9 =ce :5 _m coop]ators are b\nd 9 solidum & :5 !y coop]at$ 9 diff]5t ways 7e4g41 "o z possessor1 ano!r z advisor1 ano!r z p]=m]1 etc474 ,! ord] g5]ally giv5 by morali/s is z foll[s3 7a7 ! possessor is b\nd fir/ ( all1 s9ce he has ! goods ( ano!r & ! goods call = _! own]2 7b7 ! coop]ators are b\nd next 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ! orig9ator 7su* z a p]petrator act+ 9 8 own "n1 or a m&ator72 ! p]petrator act+ 9 ! "n ( ano!r2 ! o!rs :o aid$ ! commission ( ! act 7su* z advisors1 flatt]]s1 etc472 ^? :o did n prev5t or resi/ inju/ice4 #aghe4 ,! obligations ( coop]ators :5 re/itution 9 full is made by "o ( _! numb]1 or :5 condonation ( debt is made to "o ( _! numb]1 are z foll[s3 7a7 if re/itution 0 due pro rata1 ! o!r coop]ators mu/ indemnify _! associate :o paid all1 or mu/ pay _! %>es to ! injur$ p>ty :o gave condonation only to "o ( _! gr\p2 7b7 if re/itution 0 due 9 solidum1 paym5t by or condonation to a pr9cipal cause frees ! second>y causes2 b paym5t by or condonation to a second>y cause does n exempt a pr9cipal cause1 & ! latt] is /ill held ei!r to ! second>y cause or to ! injur$ p>ty1 z ! case may be2 paym5t by or condonation to an equal cause does n exempt ! o!r equal causes4 #aghf4 ,! p]son to :om re/itution mu/ be made is ! p]son ^: /rict "r has be5 violat$1 or1 9 8 abs5ce1 x is society4 ,b ! foll[+ cases %\ld be di/+ui%$3 7a7 :5 ! injur$ p]son is kn[n = c]ta9 & 8 "r is c]ta91 re/itution %\ld be made to ! injur$ p]son or 8 repres5tatives or successors1 or1 if ?is is n possible1 to *>itable or pi\s causes2 7b7 :5 ! injur$ p]son is entirely unkn[n1 if ! "o :o is ! cause ( ! loss is 9 good fai?1 8 obligations are ^? ( a possessor 9 good fai?2 b if he is 9 bad fai?1 ! common op9ion is t he is b\nd1 at lea/ f cu/om>y law1 to make re/itution by giv+ to ! poor or to religion2 7c7 :5 ! injur$ p]son is p>tly unkn[n1 ! p]son :o is ! cause ( ! loss %\ld make re/itution to ! be/ ( 8 ability4 ,if ! d\bt ext5ds to only a few p]sons 7say f\r or five71 any "o ( :om may be ! injur$ p]son1 re/itution %\ld be divid$ 9 ! be/ way possible among ^! p]sons2 if ! d\bt ext5ds to _m1 b ! injur$ p]sons 7 only a few1 x seems t re/itution may be made by giv+ to *>ity or religion ei!r 9 ! place ( ! injury or else:]e2 if ! d\bt ext5ds to _m1 & ! injur$ p]sons 7 _m inhabitants ( ! locality1 re/itution mu/ be made if possible to ! injur$ p>ties !mselves1 o!rwise to "s public cause ( ! local community4 #aghg4 ,ord] ( ,pref]5ce ,among ,cr$itors4--,! natural ord] ( pref]5ce is to be %[n to cr$itors :5 ! debtor is unable to pay !m all4 7a7 ,^? :o h a "r 9 re 7e4g41 ^? ^: prop]ty is held by ! debtor7 h prec$5ce ov] ^? :o h only a "r ad rem 7e4g41 ^? :o are cr$itors f contract74 7b7 ,cr$itors f on]\s contract or del9qu5cy1 x is g5]ally admitt$1 h priority ov] cr$itors f gratuit\s contract4 7c7 ,cr$itors f del9qu5cy & cr$itors f on]\s contract1 accord+ to :at seems to be ! common op9ion1 are equal 9 rights & %\ld be settl$ ) pro rata4 7d7 ,debts t are c]ta9 h priority ov] debts t are unc]ta91 accord+ to "s2 o!rs d5y ?is1 b admit t ! unc]ta9 debts ne$ be paid only 9 proportion to _! probability4 7e7 ,cr$itors :o are c]ta9 are by "s pref]r$ to cr$itors :o are unc]ta92 b o!rs ?9k t paym5t to ! poor1 9 place ( ! unkn[n cr$itor1 is ! latt]'s presum$ w1 & t x has an equal /&+ ) debts ow$ to kn[n cr$itors4 7f7 ,poor cr$itors h no j claim to pref]5ce ov] ri* cr$itors2 b *>ity dictates t1 :5 ! poor cr$itor is 9 di/ress1 he %\ld be giv5 ! pref]5ce4 7g7 ,e>li] cr$itors h a pref]5ce ov] lat] cr$itors 9 a real claim1 b x is disput$ :e!r ?is holds also 9 a p]sonal claim4 7h7 ,! cr$itor :o asks = a settlem5t soon] has a pref]5ce1 if ! petition is made juridically1 & p]haps also if x is made privately4 #aghh4 ,! ord] ( pref]5ce among cr$itors accord+ to civil law is g5]ally z foll[s3 7a7 propriet>y cr$itors 7i4e41 ^? ^: prop]ty is held by ! debtor72 7b7 privileg$ cr$itors 7i4e41 ^? ^: debts h a special urg5cy1 su* z judicial exp5ses1 doctors' bills1 wages = hir$ help1 liv+ co/s1 etc472 7c7 hypo!catory cr$itors 7i4e41 ^? :o h claims aga9/ ! prop]ty ( ! debtor1 9 ! =m ( li5s1 mortgages1 etc472 7d7 common cr$itors 7i4e41 all ^? :o are paid aft] ! previ\s cr$itors h be5 satisfi$74 ,am]ican law conta9s provisions 9 reg>d to dispositions ( prop]ty made dur+ ! f\r mon?s be=e bankruptcy is til$1 s z to protect ! cr$itors ( a p]son :o is insolv5t4 ,! prop]ty ( a bankrupt is plac$ 9 ! h&s ( an assignee & all[ance is made = ! debtor's ne$s & p]fect$ li5s 7i4e41 *>ges legally made ^u prop]ty = debt74 ,! prop]ty is !n subject to levy by ! cr$itors z foll[s3 ma9t5ance exp5ses1 legal fees1 co/s ( adm9i/ration1 wages ( workm51 taxes1 debts hav+ priority "u ,f$]al or ,/ate law4 #aghi4 ,! 8,?+0 to ,be ,re/or$4--7a7 ,9 case ( unju/ possession1 ! id5tical object mu/ be re/or$1 if x has an individual value2 o!rwise x may be re/or$ 9 its equival5t4 7b7 ,9 case ( contract1 ! id5tical object mu/ be re/or$1 if t is ! agreem5t 7e4g41 9 loan ( a *attel1 or deposit71 o!rwise x may be re/or$ 9 its equival5t 7e4g41 9 loan ( money74 #agij4 ,! 8,am\nt0 ( ,re/itution 9 ,c]ta9 ,cases4--7a7 ,:5 an ,object ,_h ,v>i\s ,values ,dur+ ! ,"t ( ,its ,possession 9 ,bad ,fai?4--,if ! *ange 0 f an int]nal cause & 0 = ! bett] 7e4g41 ! calf /ol5 by a ?ief has become a c[71 ! return mu/ be made 9 ! improv$ /ate2 if ! *ange 0 f an int]nal cause1 & 0 = ! worse b w\ld h happ5$ 9 any case 7e4g41 ! c[ tak5 by ! ?ief has become old71 return mu/ be made 9 ! actual /ate2 if ! *ange 0 f an int]nal cause & = ! worse1 :i* w\ld n h happ5$ _h ! object rema9$ ) ! own] 7e4g41 a c[ tak5 by a ?ief has become lame on acc\nt ( ! ?ief's c>elessness71 return mu/ be made also = ! det]ioration4 ,if ! *ange 0 f an ext]nal cause 7e4g41 ! w9e tak5 by a ?ief has ris5 & decl9$ 9 value sev]al times71 x seems t practically no?+ m c be impos$ by way ( re/itution ?an ! value ! object _h :5 tak54 7b7 ,:5 ,unju/ ,damage has be5 ,done4--,if ! damage 0 caus$ positively1 ! injur$ p]son mu/ be indemnifi$ entirely1 if ! damage 0 caus$ negatively1 ! injur$ p>ty %\ld be indemnifi$ m or less accord+ to ! reasonable expectation he _h ( ! ga9 ( :i* he 0 depriv$4 #agia4 ,! 8,mann]0 ( ,mak+ ,re/itution4--,! g5]al rule is t x %\ld be made 9 su* a way t ! injury w be repair$ & ! injur$ p]son indemnifi$ = 8 loss4 ,g5]ally speak+1 !re is fre$om ( *oice z to v>i\s =ms 9 ! modes ( re/itution4 ,?us1 x may be made publicly or secretly1 directly or ?r\gh an int]m$i>y1 positively 7by paym5t7 or negatively 7by cancellation ( a debt74 ,x may ev5 be made )\t ! k & int5tion ( ! p>ties4 7a7 ,?us1 ! injur$ p>ty may be comp5sat$1 ev5 ?\gh he is unaw>e t he 0 *eat$ or t he is be+ paid back2 7b7 ! (f5d] may re/ore1 ev5 ?\gh he does n "k he is do+ s 7e4g41 if he pays :ile intoxicat$71 & probably ev5 ?\gh he has no express int5tion ( do+ s 7e4g41 if he makes a pres5t ( #aj1 & !n rememb]s t he ow$ damages to ! am\nt ( #aj74 #agib4 ,second ,re/itution4--,natural law mu/ be appli$ to c]ta9 cases 9 :i* re/itution s5t ?r\gh an int]m$i>y p]i%es on ! way ?r\gh no fault ( ! debtor4 7a7 ,if ! debt is ow$ on acc\nt ( possession 9 good fai?1 ! debtor is n b\nd to a second re/itution4 7b7 ,if ! debt is ow$ on acc\nt ( contract1 ! goods p]i% to ! own]4 ,?us1 if ! contract 0 "o ( loan1 ! loss mu/ be borne by ! l5d]2 if x 0 "o ( sale1 by ! sell]4 7e7 ,if ! debt is ow$ on acc\nt ( del9qu5cy1 !re is an obligation to a second re/itution1 unless ! injur$ p>ty assum$ ! risk ( transmission4 ,x is held z probable t ! *oice ( ! confessor z int]m$i>y = re/itution has ! cons5t ( ! injur$ p>ty1 & h5ce t1 if ! re/itution p]i%es on ! way ?r\gh *ance or ! fault ( a ?ird p>ty1 !re is no duty ( second re/itution4 #agic4 ,! 8,"t0 ,:5 ,re/itution ,mu/ ,be ,made4--7a7 ,int]nal re/itution1 or ! purpose ( re/or+1 mu/ be made at once1 t is1 z soon z "o adv]ts to ! necessity ( ?is resolve4 7b7 ,ext]nal re/itution1 or ! fulfillm5t ( ! resolution1 mu/ be made at ! fir/ suitable opportunity4 #agid4 ,unju/ ,refusal to ,make ,re/itution or ,pay ,bills4--7a7 ,^? :o unju/ly refuse to make re/itution or to pay _! bills at ! prop] "t are guilty ( mortal or v5ial s9 accord+ to ! damage _! refusal causes to ! cr$itor4 7b7 ,!y are n wor?y ( absolution if !re is s]i\s bad fai? on _! "p1 z :5 !y h _m times brok5 _! promises1 or :5 !y refuse to pay ev5 ! "p or in/allm5t :i* is )9 _! p[]4 7c7 ,!y are b\nd to additional damages = ! losses caus$ by ! unju/ifiable delay4 #agie4 ,! 8,place0 ,:]e ,re/itution ,mu/ ,be ,made4--7a7 ,he :o is a debtor on acc\nt ( injury mu/ make re/itution at ! place :]e ! ?+ w\ld be 7 x n = ! injury4 7b7 ,he :o is a debtor on acc\nt ( possession 9 good fai? %\ld notify ! own] :]e ! prop]ty is1 b he is n oblig$ to br+ x to ! own]4 7c7 ,he :o is a debtor on acc\nt ( contract mu/ abide by ! agreem5t1 or by ! /atutes t regulate ! contract4 ,?us1 9 ?is c\ntry ! place ( deliv]y 9 sales is accord+ to law ! sell]'s place ( bus9ess or 8 resid5ce4 #agif4 ,burd5 ( ,exp5se or ,loss ,:5 ,re/itution ,is ,s5t to ! ,place ( ! ,cr$itor4--7a7 ,if ! obligation ( re/itution arises f injury1 ! debtor is g5]ally b\nd to pay ! transportation & to /& ! loss :5 ! goods p]i% 9 transit4 7b7 ,if ! obligation arises f contract1 ! exp5ses & losses mu/ be borne accord+ to ! agreem5t4 ,if no?+ 0 /ipulat$1 x seems equitable t ! exp5ses ( transportation be borne by ! p>ty :o b5efits or :o reque/$ ! contract4 ,accord+ to ! ,sales ,act 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! sell] is ! los] :5 goods p]i% 9 transit1 if a place ( deliv]y _h be5 agre$ on2 b ! buy] is ! los] :5 9 pursuance ( ! contract ! goods _h be5 deliv]$ to a c>ri] = transmission to ! buy] 7see #ahhh d74 #agig4 ,! ,causes ,t ,excuse ,tempor>ily f ,re/itution4--,^! causes c be r$uc$ to two1 namely1 physical & moral impossibility4 7a7 ,physical impossibility exi/s :5 ! debtor has n ! means to pay & _c secure !m2 & x excuses z long z x cont9ues4 ,"o :o is bankrupt is excus$ f re/itution dur+ ! cont9uance ( 8 insolv5cy2 if he lat] becomes able to pay1 x seems to "s t ! civil decl>ation ( bankruptcy accord+ to ! law ( ! c\ntry releases him f fur!r paym5t1 unless 8 bankruptcy 0 fraudul5t or due to culpable neglect4 7b7 ,moral impossibility exi/s :5 ! debtor has ! means1 b _c pay imm$iately )\t incurr+ a loss ( a high] ord] 7e4g41 if he pays ! small sum ( money1 he w lose 8 own excell5t reputation71 or )\t suff]+ a great] loss 9 8 own goods ( ! same ord] 7e4g41 if he pays ! money1 he w be r$uc$ to />vation71 or )\t surely br++ on a f> great] evil ?an delay ( re/itution to ! cr$itor or a ?ird p>ty 7e4g41 if a /ol5 weapon is return$ to its own]1 he w commit suicide or murd]74 #agih4 ,! ,causes ,t ,excuse ,p]man5tly f ,re/itution4--,^! causes c also be r$uc$ to two g5]al ones1 namely1 ! cessation ( ! object & ! t]m9ation ( ! obligation ?r\gh ! act ( ! cr$itor1 or ( ! debtor1 or ( au?ority4 7a7 ,?us1 ! cessation ( ! object releases f ! duty ( re/itution :5ev] ! object p]i%es to its own]1 z :5 x is lo/ by a possessor 9 good fai? :o has n be5 enri*$ by x1 or ev5 by a possessor 9 bad fai?1 if x w\ld h be5 lo/ equally by ! own] 7see #agga1 #aggd74 7b7 ,! t]m9ation ( obligation ?r\gh ! act ( ! cr$itor occurs :5 ! cr$itor freely & lawfully excus$ ! debtor f paym5t4 ,9 "s cases condonation may ord9>ily be presum$1 ei!r on acc\nt ( ! affection ( ! cr$itor = ! debtor 7e4g41 9 case ( debts ow$ by *ildr5 to _! p>5ts7 or on acc\nt ( ! famili> relation%ip betwe5 ! p>ties & ! smallness ( ! debt 7e4g41 9 case ( appropriation by s]vants or employees ( "s unimportant articles n kept "u lock & key71 or on acc\nt ( ! indig5ce ( ! debtor & ! smallness ( ! damage 7e4g41 9 case ( trifl+ h>m to goods ( a weal?y p]son1 if !re 0 no great malice & ! debtor is v poor74 7c7 ,! t]m9ation ( obligation is also effect$ by equival5t paym5t1 :i* 9 c]ta9 cases is made by paym5t ( ! cr$itor's cr$itor1 or ! cancellation ( an equal debt ow$ ! debtor by ! cr$itor1 & p]haps also by a gift made ! cr$itor by ! debtor & equal 9 value to ! debt4 ,occult comp5sation by ! cr$itor is ! secret tak+ by him ( :at he is entitl$ to :5 ! debtor w n give x ( 8 own accord4 ,?is is lawful :5 ! debt is c]ta91 o!r means ( recov]y impossible1 & ! comp5sation n injuri\s2 b x cov]s re/itution1 & h5ce ! cr$itor _c accept ano!r paym5t f ! debtor4 7d7 ,! t]m9ation ( obligation is also effect$ by ! act ( compet5t au?ority4 ,?us1 judicial decl>ation frees f ! duty ( re/itution a p]son :o has lawfully & 9 good fai? receiv$ c]ta9 goods z damages or aw>d2 prescription 7see #ahge7 gives a cle> title to prop]ty held by adv]se possession ov] a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s1 & x frees f ! duty ( paym5t1 at lea/ 9 c]ta9 cases 7?\gh n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates72 papal composition = good reasons exempts f _! obligation ^? :o owe re/itution to pi\s causes or to *ur* prop]ty injur$ by !m4 #agii4 ,condonation ( ! dome/ic !fts ( wives & *ildr5 ( ! family _c be presum$ 9 all cases 7see #aijc74 7a7 ,?us1 if ! ?+s /ol5 are articles ( food & dr9k 7or tobacco71 & 7 consum$ by ! memb]s ( ! family1 !re is no duty ( re/itution1 s9ce ! fa!r or husb& is !n unwill+1 n s mu* t ^! ?+s %\ld be tak51 z t !y %\ld be tak5 furtively4 7b7 ,if ! ?+s tak5 d n fall "u ! class ( eatables & are /ill 9 ! possession ( ! ?ief1 !y %\ld be re/or$4 ,h5ce1 if a son /eals money f 8 fa!r 9 ord] to h ! means = debau*]y1 he mu/ give back t money4 7c7 ,if ! ?+s tak5 7 n eatables1 b 7 ( great value & h be5 consum$ or ali5at$1 x w dep5d on circum/ances :e!r re/itution is obligatory or n4 ,?us1 if ! fa!r ?9ks mu* ( ! son :o took ! money & ! family does n miss x mu*1 condonation may p]haps be tak5 = grant$2 b if ! son is n on good t]ms ) 8 fa!r1 or if ! !ft is v h>mful to ! family1 re/itution may be due4 #ahjj4 ,excuse f ,re/itution on ,acc\nt ( ,d\btfulness ( ,obligation4--7a7 ,"o :o d\bts positively & 9 good fai? :e!r or n he did damage to ano!r is excus$ f re/itution if ! d\bt is ab\t ! fact ( ! damage 7e4g41 :e!r 8 competitor lo/ bus9ess7 or ab\t 8 own culpability 7e4g41 :e!r he circulat$ a calumny ab\t 8 competitor72 he is probably held to re/itution pro rata ( ! d\bt1 if ! d\bt is ab\t ! responsibility ( 8 culpable act = ! damage t foll[$ 7e4g41 :e!r 8 calumny or ! poorness ( ! competitor's w>es caus$ ! fall+ (f 9 bus9ess72 he is probably held to only 8 %>e1 if ! d\bt is :e!r 8 culpable act 0 responsible = ! :ole or only a "p ( ! damage 7e4g41 :e!r 8 calumny caus$ all ! damage1 9 view ( ! fact t o!rs 7 also spread+ calumnies74 7b7 ,"o :o d\bts positively & 9 good fai? :e!r ! re/itution ow$ by him has be5 paid 7e4g41 :e!r 8 fell[s 9 calumny h paid _! portions ( re/itution1 :e!r he has paid a bill = goods or s]vices receiv$7 is held to full paym5t by "s1 to "p 7pro rata7 paym5t by o!rs1 to no?+ by o!rs4 ,"s morali/s ?9k ! presumption favors ! cr$itor1 o!rs t x favors ! debtor1 o!rs t x favors nei!r & t a compromise is ! "r solution4 #ahja4 ,d\bt does n excuse re/itution 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 :5 x is m]ely negative & ! presumption is aga9/ ! d\bt] 7e4g41 :5 a p]son kn[s t he pur*as$ & receiv$ goods1 b does n "k :e!r or n he paid = !m1 & has no reason to ?9k he did pay72 7b7 :5 x is 9 bad fai?1 t is1 kn[+ly or int5tionally produc$ 7e4g41 :5 two m5 simultane\sly fire at a neighbor's c[1 kn[+ t x w ?us become impossible to det]m9e ! au?or ( ! damage74 #ahjb4 ,special ,cases4--,!re are "s special cases ( re/itution = negative injury 9 ?w>t+ ano!r's prospects1 or = positive injury to goods ( =tune1 ( body1 ( s\l1 or ( _s4 7a7 ,= ,fru/ration ( ,ano!r's ,good4--,re/itution is due = keep+ ano!r f a good to :i* he has a /rict "r 7e4g41 an (fice to :i* he has be5 *os51 prop]ty = :i* he has paid71 or = us+ =ce1 fraud1 bribes1 or o!r unju/ means to keep ano!r f a good to :i* he has a non-/rict "r 7e4g41 a position = :i* he has made application1 a gift :i* ano!r contemplates be/[+ on him74 ,! am\nt ( re/itution %\ld be calculat$ accord+ to ! previ\s probability ( success on ! "p ( ! injur$ p>ty & ! p]man5t results ( ! injury4 7b7 ,= ,injury ,done to ,goods ( ,=tune4--,private injuries are spok5 ( else:]e 7see #agfb sqq471 & n[ we consid] only injuries t are 9 "s way public4 ,commutative inju/ice entail+ re/itution to ! community is committ$ by damage to public prop]ty1 brea* ( contract made ) ! community1 unju/ means employ$ to prev5t ! gov]nm5t f obta9+ its dues1 unju/ coop]ation 9 any ( ! a=em5tion$ acts2 commutative inju/ice entail+ rep>ation to individuals is committ$ :5 ! transgression ( a law places an undue burd5 on a fell[-citiz5 7e4g41 :5 "o unju/ly escapes milit>y or jury s]vice & causes a sub/itute to be call$ :o w\ld n h be5 call$ o!rwise1 or :5 "o unju/ly evades "o's taxes & !reby c]ta9ly causes ! taxes ( o!rs to be rais$74 ,if a tax law is j1 x obliges 9 consci5ce1 b :e!r z p5al or preceptive1 :e!r 9 virtue ( legal or commutative ju/ice1 is a mu* debat$ "q2 & h5ce ! "q ( s9 & ( re/itution due is n easily settl$4 ,impossibility or a g5]al & admitt$ cu/om excuse f re/itution 7see #bfcg sqq474 7c7 ,= ,injury ,done to ,goods ( ,body or ,p]sonal ,goods4--,accord+ to "o view no re/itution is due = m]ely p]sonal injuries1 s9ce ! damage _c be repair$ by a good ( ! same k9d z t :i* 0 tak5 away 7e4g41 ! murd]] _c give back life to 8 victim72 b accord+ to ano!r view re/itution is due = ^! injuries1 s9ce ju/ice requires t e k9d ( damage be repair$ z f> z possible 7see #agea & #bjij74 #ahjc4 ,re/itution = ,v>i\s ,k9ds ( ,damage ,done to ,p]sons4--7a7 ,= ,bodily ,injury by ,unju/ ,homicide or ,mutilation4--,! (f5d] 7or 8 heirs7 is oblig$ to re/itution to ! victim 7or 8 heirs or dep5d5ts7 = spiritual loss 7su* z dea? )\t ! ,sacram5ts71 probably = p]sonal loss 7su* z pa91 facial disfigurem5t71 & = real losses due to ! injury 7su* z hospital exp5ses1 loss ( support by ! wid[ & orphans74 ,! spiritual loss is comp5sat$ by spiritual goods1 su* z suffrages = ! dep>t$1 ! p]sonal loss by comp5sation suit$ to ! circum/ances 7e4g41 money employm5t71 ! real loss by paym5t ( m$ical exp5ses1 loss ( "t1 support lo/ by dep5d5ts1 etc4 ,! (f5d] is n liable = damages ( :i* he is n ! unju/ cause 7e4g41 ! alms t w be lo/ by poor p]sons on acc\nt ( homicide1 s9ce !y h no /rict "r to ! alms71 or ! efficaci\s cause 7e4g41 ! pay t w be lo/ by cr$itors on acc\nt ( homicide1 = z a rule ! slay] _c =esee ?is71 nor = damages :i* ! injur$ p]son cle>ly condones4 7b7 ,= ,bodily ,injuries by ,=nication or ,adult]y4--,9 case ( =nication ! (f5d] owes re/itution to ! p]son s$uc$ & also at times to ! latt]'s p>5ts1 & bo? s9n]s are b\nd to support _! illegitimate *ild4 ,! =m ( ! comp5sation w dep5d mu* on circum/ances1 b 9 g5]al x %\ld be ei!r m>riage ) ! p]son s$uc$ or "s k9d ( pecuni>y comp5sation4 ,x %\ld be not$ t a promise to m>ry1 ev5 ?\gh x is canonically valid1 gives no action to en=ce m>riage1 b ev5 an invalid engagem5t gives rise to action = unju/ mat]ial damages1 su* z loss ( *ance to m>ry or loss ( money sp5t 9 view ( ! m>riage 7see ,canon #ajag74 ,9 case ( adult]y ! guilty p>ty or p>ties are b\nd to make re/itution to ! injur$ husb& if an illegitimate *ild is be+ re>$ at 8 exp5se1 & also to ! legitimate *ildr5 = injuries to _! /rict rights1 z 9 ! dim9i%$ inh]itance receiv$ f _! p>5ts on acc\nt ( ! illegitimate *ild4 ,a *ild is n oblig$ to accept ! ^w ( 8 "m t he is illegitimate1 b if he is c]ta9 ab\t 8 illegitimacy1 he may n take t to :i* he is n entitl$4 ,9 re/itution = =nication or adult]y1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to pres]ve ! good names ( all ! p>ties conc]n$4 7c7 ,= ,injuries ( ,s\l4--,9 case ( unju/ & efficaci\s damage to physical goods 7e4g41 :5 "o by fraud or =ce adm9i/]s to ano!r drugs or intoxicants t take away ! use ( reason or self-control1 :5 a pr(essor neglects 8 (fice ( tea*+ or tea*es error71 re/itution is c]ta9ly due = any mat]ial damages t result1 & probably = ! p]sonal injury alone4 ,9 case ( damage to spiritual goods1 by inducem5t to commit s9 or by dissuasion f good1 re/itution is due :5 ! influ5ce ex]t$ 0 unju/ 7e4g41 by fraud1 =ce1 ?reats71 n :5 x 0 m]ely un*>itable 7e4g41 by advice1 p]suasion1 reque/1 example74 ,re/itution = spiritual damage may be made negatively1 t is1 by removal ( ! unju/ influ5ce2 b if a p]son :o 0 s$uc$ has 9 consequ5ce become a h>d5$ s9n]1 x seems t re/itution %\ld be made positively1 t is1 by c\nsels1 reque/s1 pray]s to ,god1 & o!r prud5t means calculat$ to recall ! injur$ p>ty to a life ( virtue4 ,art4 #d3 ,,! ,,vices ,,oppos$ ,,to ,,commutative ,,& ,,di/ributive ,,ju/ice 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,,ii-,,ii1 qq4 #fc-gh47 #ahjd4 ,! ,vice ,oppos$ to ,di/ributive ,ju/ice4--,favoritism 7i4e41 acceptance ( p]sons1 p>tiality7 is def9$ z 8a species ( inju/ice :i* moves "o to di/ribute ! common goods or burd5s ( society1 n accord+ to m]it or fitness1 b accord+ to "s o!r & imp]t95t /&>d40 7a7 ,! common goods include (fices1 honors1 functions1 :ile ! common burd5s include taxes1 contributions1 & p5alties4 7b7 ,! common goods ( :i* we n[ speak are ^? t belong to society & t mu/ be portion$ out to its memb]s ju/ly4 ,h5ce1 !re is no "q ( goods t belong to private p]sons1 :i* ! own]s are n oblig$ to give to o!rs unless x be 9 virtue ( *>ity or lib]ality4 ,a ri* man is n guilty ( acceptance ( p]sons1 if he be/[s 8 l>gesses on ^? :o are less 9 ne$ or less des]v+1 b m acceptable to himself2 & ,god is n unju/ :5 he gives unequal graces to ^? :o are equally s9n]s 7,matt41 xx4 #ad1 #ae74 7c7 ,! "r /&>d ( j di/ribution is m]it or fitness1 z :5 an applicant is appo9t$ to ! po/ ( tea*] or sup]ior on acc\nt ( good "* & k4 ,any o!r /&>d :i* leaves m]it & fitness out ( consid]ation is unju/1 z :5 a public (ficial selects = (fices or honors1 n ^? :o h work$ ! h>de/ or :o give ! mo/ promise1 b ^? :o h m money or :o are relat$ to himself4 #ahje4 ,! ,s9fulness ( ,favoritism f ,revelation4--,9 ,holy ,scripture favoritism is reprov$ 78,h[ long w y judge unju/ly & accept ! p]sons ( ! wick$80 ,psalm lxxi4 #b71 & imp>tiality is prais$ 78,?\ art a true speak] & tea*e/ ! way ( ,god 9 tru?1 nei!r c>e/ ,?\ = any man1 = ,?\ do/ n reg>d ! p]son ( man10 ,matt41 xxii4 #af2 8,ma/]s1 "k t ! ,"l bo? ( s]vants & y is 9 heav51 & !re is no respect ( p]sons ) ,him10 ,eph41 vi4 #i74 ,di/ributive ju/ice is comm&$ 9 _m passages ( ,holy ,writ 78,consid] n ! p]son ( ! poor1 nor honor ! c\nt5ance ( ! mighty2 b judge ?y neighbor accord+ to ju/ice10 ,levit4 xix4 #ae2 8,!re %all be no diff]5ce ( p]sons1 y %all he> ! little z well z ! great1 nei!r %all y respect any man's p]son10 ,deut41 i4 #ag2 8,?\ %alt n accept p]sons nor gifts10 ,deut41 xvi4 #ai2 cfr4 ,james1 ii4 #a sqq474 #ahjf4 ,! ,s9fulness ( ,favoritism f ,reason4--,favoritism transgresses a div9e comm& & sub/itutes p]sonal w = "r 9 ! treatm5t ( subjects by sup]iors4 ,h5ce1 x is morally evil1 = disob$i5ce is s9ful 9 ! high z well z 9 ! l[1 & violation ( rights is unju/ :e!r ! rights be ( ! community or ( ! individual4 #ahjg4 ,! ,gravity ( ! ,s9 ( ,favoritism4--7a7 ,f its nature1 favoritism is a mortal s92 = x is a =m ( inju/ice 7see #agdf71 & inde$ x is no less damag+ ?an commutative inju/ice 7e4g41 !ft7 & is (t5 accompani$ by ! latt]4 7b7 ,f its matt] & f ! lack ( delib]ation or cons5t x may be v5ial4 ,?us1 if favoritism is %[n 9 a trifl+ matt] 7e4g41 9 conf]r+ a po/ t is unremun]ative & unimportant7 or 9 a small degree 7e4g41 9 pref]r+ an applicant :o is only slightly less wor?y71 !re is only v5ial inju/ice4 #ahjh4 ,di/ributive inju/ice is also frequ5tly accompani$ by commutative inju/ice4 7a7 ,?us1 a fir/ class ( common goods t are di/ribut$ are ^? int5d$ prim>ily = ! common good1 & only indirectly & second>ily = ! good ( individuals1 su* z public (fices1 dignities1 & b5efices4 ,he :o di/ributes ^! (fices unfairly1 by appo9t+ unwor?y p]sons1 or by appo9t+ ! less wor?y :5 he is "u contract to appo9t ! m wor?y1 violates commutative ju/ice & is held to re/itution to ! community2 b ! wor?y or m wor?y p]sons slight$ _h no /rict "r1 & h5ce no re/itution is due !m1 unless !re 0 a compact ) !m or unju/ means 7 us$ to exclude !m 7see #agee74 7b7 ,a second class ( common goods are ^? t are int5d$ prim>ily = ! b5efit ( individuals1 su* z a fund creat$ = ! relief ( ! de/itute or afflict$ or p5sions set aside = ^? :o h des]v$ well ( society4 ,he :o di/ributes ^! goods unfairly is guilty ( commutative inju/ice aga9/ private p]sons1 s9ce ! goods 7 de/9$ = !m1 & !y _h a "r ad rem to ! goods1 & h5ce to ^! p]sons re/itution is ow$4 #ahji4 ,favoritism 9 ,spiritual ,matt]s4--7a7 ,p>tiality 9 grant+ favors is s9ful1 & gravely s :5 ! matt] is s]i\s4 ,examples are ! grant to ! unwor?y ( ! p[] ( ,ord]s or ( jurisdiction1 ! concession ( p]missions & disp5sations to "o's fri5ds t are d5i$ to o!rs4 7b7 ,p>tiality 9 impos+ burd5s is also s9ful1 z :5 a prelate issues an on]\s comm&1 & grants exemption to 8 fri5ds4 ,b if ! ?+ comm&$ is obligatory already by reason ( law1 x %\ld be obs]v$ 9 spite ( ! favoritism ( ! prelate4 #ahaj4 ,:o is to be consid]$ z m wor?y = appo9tm5ts 9 spiritual matt]s8 7a7 ,! m wor?y p]son is ! "o :o w bett] s]ve ! common good 9 ! (fice4 ,h5ce1 ! m pi\s or ! m le>n$ man is n necess>ily ! m wor?y1 = ano!r may h great] indu/ry1 influ5ce1 executive ability1 initiative1 prud5ce1 exp]i5ce1 etc41 & s be bett] suit$ to fill ! position4 ,b no p]son %\ld be consid]$ z wor?y ( spiritual (fices unless 8 moral "* is good1 & excell5ce 9 temporal ?+s does n comp5sate = neglig5ce 9 spiritual matt]s4 7b7 ,! m wor?y p]son is ! "o :o is m available :5 ! appo9tm5t has to be made4 ,h5ce1 ! "o :o is bett] gift$ = ! (fice is n necess>ily ! m wor?y1 = ano!r may be bett] kn[n & x may be impossible to make inve/igations & comp>isons at ! mom5t4 #ahaa4 ,op9ion ( ! ,applicant or ,appo9tee ab\t ,8 ,own ,fitness4--7a7 ,! applicant ne$ n ?9k t he is wor?y or ! mo/ wor?y2 inde$1 accord+ to ,/4 ,?omas1 x w\ld be presumptu\s = him to ?9k s highly ( himself1 & he w\ld ?us become unwor?y4 ,x suffices1 !n1 t ! applicant h 9 m9d only to try = ! (fice1 leav+ ! decision ab\t fitness to ! exam9] or appo9t]4 7b7 ,! acceptor :o feels t he is unwor?y or less wor?y is n guilty ( inju/ice2 = he is n ! judge ( 8 own abilities & may rely on ! judgm5t ( ^? :o appo9t him4 ,moreov]1 he c tru/ to div9e grace & 8 own ef=ts to make up = any defici5cy or inf]iority ( :i* he is consci\s4 ,b x seems t1 if ! appo9tee 7 absolutely c]ta9 t 8 appo9tm5t 0 unju/1 he w\ld be b\nd to surr5d] 8 (fice1 if ?is 7 possible4 #ahab4 ,favoritism 9 ,secul> ,matt]s4--,d ! conclusions 9 ref]5ce to ecclesia/ical (fices apply also to secul> (fices8 7a7 ,9 bo? cases di/ributive ju/ice is violat$ by favoritism1 = ! /&>d foll[$ is n m]it or fitness1 & ?us ! m wor?y p]sons are injur$4 ,! op9ion t civil society has dom9ion ( public (fices & !re=e ! "r to di/ribute !m at w1 )\t reg>d to ! m]its or fitness ( p]sons select$1 is n probable2 = civil rul]s1 l spiritual rul]s1 %\ld consid] !mselves z m9i/]s & disp5s]s only 7,i ,cor41 iv4 #a71 & ev5 if !y _h dom9ion ov] (fices1 !y w\ld be b\nd to use t p[] = ! b5efit ( ! public = :om !y rule4 7b7 ,9 bo? cases also commutative ju/ice is violat$ 9 "s in/ances1 ! (f5se be+ ei!r aga9/ society or aga9/ individuals 7see #agee1 #ahjh74 ,?us1 an (ficial :o appo9ts a subord9ate kn[+ t he w oppress & rob1 is responsible & b\nd to re/itution to ! victims z be+ a coop]ator 9 inju/ice4 #ahac4 ,favoritism 9 ,m>ks ( ,e/eem or ,honor ,%[n to ,o!rs4--7a7 ,!re is no favoritism if honor & e/eem are %[n to ^? :o des]ve x on acc\nt ( _! virtue or position4 ,h5ce1 x is n unju/ b j to %[ special m>ks ( v5]ation to holy p]sons1 & ev5 to ^? :o are n holy1 b ^: au?ority or age des]ves respect 7su* z rul]s & prelates1 p>5ts & ag$ m574 7b7 ,!re is favoritism if honor & e/eem are %[n to ^? :o h no g5u9e claim to x on acc\nt ( goodness or rank4 ,?us1 weal?y m5 are wor?y ( special respect on acc\nt ( goodness :5 !y employ _! ri*es 9 useful ways1 or on acc\nt ( preem95ce 9 ! community 9 rank1 ability1 influ5ce1 etc41 & he :o %[s special c\rtesy or att5tion to ! weal?y = reasons su* z ^! is n a respector ( p]sons4 ,b if m]e weal? is wor%ipp$1 s9ful favoritism is %[n1 z :5 a villa9\s ri* man is honor$ & a wor?y poor man is despis$1 or well-dress$ p]sons are conduct$ honorably to com=table seats 9 *ur* & good p]sons ^: attire is poor are treat$ ) contempt 7,james1 ii74 #ahad4 ,favoritism 9 ,judges 7,umpires1 ,arbitrators7 & ! ,l4--7a7 ,9 ! c\rse ( a trial !re may be favoritism 9 matt]s left to ! judge's discretion4 ,?is does n happ51 h[ev]1 :5 ! discretion>y p[] is int5d$ = ! judge's own b5efit 7e4g41 :5 on a free day he decides to he> "o side r ?an ! o!r71 b :5 x is meant = ! b5efit ( ! litigants 7e4g41 :5 he grants to "o side a long] "t = prep>ation ( its case ?an to ! o!r side & = no reason p]t95t to ! matt] at issue74 7b7 ,9 ! s5t5ce pron\nc$ !re is favoritism1 if ! decision is n bas$ on ! m]its ( ! litigants1 b on extrane\s consid]ations1 su* z ! fact t "o ( ! p>ties is a fri5d or relative ( ! judge or arbitrator1 or belongs to ! same political p>ty or bus9ess1 etc43 8,x is n good to accept ! p]son ( ! wick$1 to decl9e f ! tru? ( judgm5t0 7,prov41 xviii4 #e74 ,if ! argum5ts are ab\t ev5ly balanc$ on bo? sides1 x w\ld be favoritism to decide 9 favor ( "o aga9/ ! o!r4 ,alex&] ,,vii condemn$ ! proposition t a judge may take money 9 su* a case ( d\bt to decide = "o p>ty 7,d5z+]1 n4 #aabf74 #ahae4 ,! ,vices aga9/ ,commutative ,ju/ice4--,^! vices c be classifi$ "u two g5]al heads3 7a7 ! vices committ$ 9 involunt>y commutations 7see #agdh71 :i* include de$s aga9/ ! p]son 7su* z homicide1 mutilation1 imprisonm5t7 & aga9/ prop]ty 7su* z !ft & rap9e71 & unju/ words1 :e!r spok5 dur+ judicial process 7by judges1 advocates1 witnesses1 etc471 or outside ( judicial process 7su* z contumely1 detraction1 etc72 7b7 vices committ$ 9 volunt>y commutations 7see #agdh71 :i* include fraud & usury4 #ahaf4 ,homicide4--,life de/roy$ is ei!r t ( an irrational be+ 7i4e41 ( a plant or bea/7 or ( a rational be+4 ,9 ! latt] case we h homicide1 :i* is def9$ z foll[s3 8an act or omission ( a human be+ t is ! efficaci\s cause 7see #agfc7 ( ! dea? ( a human be+40 ,a p>5t :o d5ies 8 *ild ! food1 rem$ies or climate :i* x ne$s & :i* he c af=d commits homicide by omission2 a physician :o practises abortion commits homicide by act4 ,! foll[+ di/9ctions ( homicide h a be>+ on its sub/antial morality 7i4e41 its lawfulness or unlawfulness73 7a7 9 ref]5ce to ! int5tion1 homicide is ei!r volunt>y or involunt>y1 & volunt>y homicide is int5d$ ei!r z a puni%m5t or z a def5se2 7b7 9 ref]5ce to ! slay]1 homicide is ei!r ! act ( a public or ( a private p]son1 ( a cl]ic or ( a layman2 7c7 9 ref]5ce to ! p]son sla91 homicide is ei!r ! kill+ ( "o :o is guilty or ( "o :o is innoc5t1 ei!r ! kill+ ( a neighbor or ( self 7suicide72 7d7 9 ref]5ce to ! mann]1 homicide is ei!r direct or indirect1 accord+ z ! action f :i* dea? results is f its nature 7f9is op]is7 productive ( dea? or ( "s o!r effect4 ,?us1 x is directly homicidal to practise embryotomy 7i4e41 ! de/ruction ( ! vital organs ( a fetus7 or abortion 7i4e41 ! ejection ( a fetus at a /age ( developm5t :5 x is unable to live outside ! "m71 b x is n directly homicidal to give a pregnant woman rem$ies necess>y = h] life1 al?\gh h>mful to ! fetus2 = ! object or purpose ( ! =m] is to kill1 ( ! latt] to cure4 #ahag4 ,o!r di/9ctions ( homicide h a be>+ on its add$ or accid5tal malice4 7a7 ,a new species ( s9 is add$ to t ( inju/ice :5 o!r virtues are (f5d$ aga9/4 ,?us1 ! virtue ( piety is violat$ :5 ! victim is a p]son to :om ! slay] ow$ special respect & devot$ness1 z 9 p>ricide1 regicide1 fratricide1 uxoricide2 ! virtue ( religion is (f5d$ :5 murd] is committ$ 9 a *ur*4 7b7 ,an aggravat+ circum/ance is add$ by ! great] delib]ation ) :i* ! homicide is plann$1 or ! great] trea*]y or cruelty ) :i* x is execut$ 7e4g41 assass9ation1 dea? by />vation74 ,"s circum/ances1 h[ev]1 may be morally indiff]5t1 su* z ! fact t ! victim is kill$ by "o k9d ( poison r ?an ano!r4 #ahah4 ,! ,kill+ ( ,animals 7or ,vegetation74--7a7 ,9 itself1 ! kill+ ( animals is n s9ful2 = animals are made = ! use ( man4 ,h5ce1 x is lawful to kill1 n only h>mful animals1 su* z ^? t prey on human be+s or bre$ pe/il5ce or de/roy prop]ty1 etc41 b also o!r animals1 :5 _! dea? is necess>y = "s good purpose1 su* z ! provision ( food1 clo?+ or m$ic9e = man4 7b7 ,9 its circum/ances1 ! kill+ ( animals may be s9ful1 & ev5 gravely s9ful1 z :5 "o kills ! animals ( "o's neighbor 7,exod1 xxii4 #aj1 #aa71 or hunts aga9/ ! law1 or injures society by prodigal de/ruction ( animal or plant life1 or kills animals 9 cruel ways4 ,! sk9n+ ( animals alive1 9 ord] to secure f9]-look+ furs to satisfy ! vanity ( wom51 is an inhuman b>b>ism ( ! wor/ type t %\ld be reprobat$ by ev]ybody4 #ahai4 ,:5 ,homicide ,is ,lawful4--,kill+ ( human be+s is lawful 9 two cases4 7a7 ,x is lawful :5 ! common safety requires t ! ,/ate inflict dea? = a crime 7capital puni%m5t72 = j z x is lawful to amputate a gangr5\s memb] :i* ?reat5s to de/roy ! body1 s is x lawful to remove f human society by dea? an individual :o m5aces ! safety ( ! community4 7b7 ,x is lawful :5 ! safety ( an individual dem&s t he kill an unju/ aggressor 7self-def5se72 = a man owes 8 fir/ duty to 8 own life 9 su* a case1 & ! aggressor 9 mak+ a deadly attack volunt>ily assumes ! risk ( be+ kill$4 ,x is m correct1 h[ev]1 to say "h t x is lawful to def5d "o's life ) resultant dea? to ! (f5d] 7z w be expla9$ bel[1 9 #ahbf1 #ahbh1 #ahcd74 #ahbj4 ,argum5ts = ! ,lawfulness ( ,capital ,puni%m5t4--7a7 ,scripture4--,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! dea? s5t5ce 0 prescrib$ = c]ta9 m s]i\s crimes1 su* z murd] 78:osoev] %all %$ man's blood1 8 blood %all be %$10 ,g541 ix4 #f72 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ,our ,"l recognizes t ! p[] ( a judge to s5t5ce to dea? comes f above 7,john1 xix4 #aj71 & ,/4 ,paul decl>es t pr9ces d n wield ! sword )\t reason1 b act z m9i/]s ( ,god :5 !y puni% evil-do]s 7,rom41 xiii4 #d74 7b7 ,tradition4--,! ,*ur* has always taught ! lawfulness ( capital puni%m5t & reject$ contr>y errors1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,wald5sians condemn$ by ,innoc5t ,,iii4 7c7 ,reason4--,! ,/ate has bo? ! duty & ! "r to promote ! common good & to def5d x aga9/ its enemies1 :e!r by w> aga9/ ext]nal foes or by co]cive measures aga9/ int]nal di/urb]s ( ! peace4 ,n[1 ! exp]i5ce ( all ! c5turies & ( all c\ntries has %[n t1 g5]ally speak+1 ! lives ( law-abid+ p]sons & ! g5]al peace are n suffici5tly protect$ unless ! supreme p5alty be appo9t$ = c]ta9 crimes4 #ahba4 ,?\gh lawful1 capital puni%m5t is n always necess>y2 = x is a means to an end1 & x may be omitt$1 !re=e1 :5 ! end c be obta9$ by ! use ( o!r & less sev]e means4 7a7 ,?us1 a g5]al susp5sion ( ! capital puni%m5t is lawful 9 a community ^: memb]s are peaceful & n incl9$ to viol5ce or o!r crimes subv]sive ( law & ord]4 ,:e!r su* ideal conditions exi/ today may be d\bt$1 & inde$ "s c\ntries t aboli%$ ! dea? p5alty h f\nd t ?is prov$ an inc5tive to crime & !y 7 =c$ to re/ore ! =m] laws4 7b7 ,a p>ticul> exemption f capital puni%m5t is lawful1 :5 !re are good reasons recogniz$ by law = commutation or clem5cy4 ,?is has be5 ! practice ( gov]nm5ts ?r\gh\t hi/ory1 & is ju/ifi$ :5 x fur!rs ! common welf>e1 or at lea/ %[s m]cy to a des]v+ individual )\t h>m to society4 ,b a judge has to condemn :5 ! law & ! facts call = condemnation1 & ! au?ority 9 :om ! p>don+ p[] is ve/$ has to use 8 p[] prud5tly1 le/ he enc\rage lawlessness4 #ahbb4 ,x is n morally lawful to put crim9als to dea? unless ! foll[+ conditions are pres5t3 7a7 ! crime mu/ be ext]nal & ( su* a "* t ! public welf>e requires ! supreme puni%m5t1 ei!r on acc\nt ( ! enormity ( ! act 7e4g41 murd]71 or on acc\nt ( its dang] 7e4g41 sleep+ at "o's po/ 9 "t ( w>74 ,fur!r1 ! crime mu/ be c]ta9 & suffici5tly e/abli%$1 =1 s9ce ! puni%m5t %\ld fit ! (f5se & ! law presumes innoc5ce until guilt is prov$1 no "o %\ld be s5t5c$ to dea? except = a s]i\s & c]ta9 crime4 ,! ,fif? ,am5dm5t to ! ,am]ican ,con/itution decl>es t no p]son %all be depriv$ ( life1 lib]ty or prop]ty )\t due process ( law2 7b7 ! s5t5ce ( dea? & its execution %\ld be p]=m$ by ^? :o h public au?ority = ^! acts & 9 ! mann] requir$ by law4 ,= capital puni%m5t is a means ( self-def5se us$ by society1 & its use p]ta9s !re =e to ! repres5tatives ( society4 ,moreov]1 if private individuals ex]cis$ ?is function1 accus$ p]sons w\ld n receive ! consid]ation ( _! rights or ! opportunity ( def5se due !m1 & ! public peace w\ld be ov]?r[n by murd]s ( rev5ge committ$ 9 ! "n ( ju/ice4 7c7 ! p5alty %\ld be c>ri$ out 9 a humane & ,*ri/ian mann]1 z is manife/4 ,! convict$ man %\ld be all[$ "t & opportunity to make 8 peace ) ,god &1 if possible1 to say f>ewell to relatives4 ,sl[ & agoniz+ =ms ( kill+ are ( c\rse entirely wrong1 no matt] h[ wick$ ! crim9al :o is be+ execut$4 ,! ,am]ican law & o!r laws d n p]mit a pregnant woman to be execut$ until %e has deliv]$ h] *ild4 #ahbc4 ,unlawful ,kill+ ( ,(f5d]s4--,! kill+ ( (f5d]s is1 !re=e1 unlawful 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 :5 ! (f5se is n s]i\s or fully delib]ate 7e4g41 involunt>y manslaught]71 or :5 x has n be5 suffici5tly e/abli%$ 7e4g41 if x is n c]ta9 t ! suppos$ victim ( murd] is dead or t he di$ f a homicidal act74 ,9 civiliz$ c\ntries today ! law inflicts capital puni%m5t only = ! mo/ s]i\s crimes1 & ! ,/ate has to prove its case beyond reasonable d\bt be=e ! puni%m5t c be decre$4 ,b 9 ! pa/ dea? 0 (t5 ! p5alty = horse- or %eep-/eal+1 or ev5 small] (f5ses1 & 9 times ( excitem5t m5 h sometimes be5 s5t5c$ to dea? )\t a fair trial2 7b7 :5 ! s5t5ce ( dea? is n pron\nc$ or execut$ legally4 ,^? :o lyn* ! p]petrators ( he9\s crimes are (t5 9 good fai?1 especially if ! processes ( ! law are too sl[ or unc]ta91 b s9ce !y act )\t au?ority1 _! de$ is really murd]4 ,! same is true ( a husb& :o kills 8 wife tak5 9 adult]y1 ( ! relative ( a s$uc$ girl :o kills ! s$uc]1 ( an (fic] ( ! law :o unnecess>ily or )\t au?orization kills a man s5t5c$ to dea? :5 ! latt] is try+ to escape4 ,! ,/ate has ! "r1 ?\gh1 to decl>e a notori\s malefactor outlaw$1 & ?us to give to private citiz5s ! "r to take him dead or alive1 or to kill him on sight2 b x is cle> t ! ex]cise ( ?is "r is a dang]\s rem$y & "o to be us$ sp>+ly2 7c7 :5 ! mode ( kill+ or ! circum/ances are repugnant to ,*ri/ian feel+4 ,today capital puni%m5t is g5]ally inflict$ 9 a humane mann]1 b hi/ory records _m cruel =ms ( execution1 z :5 m5 7 hang$1 drawn & qu>t]$1 or burn$ at ! /ake1 or put to dea? amid ! je]s & curses ( ! populace4 #ahbd4 ,is ,tyrannicide ,lawful8--7a7 ,if ! rul] is a tyrant 9 act 7t is1 "o :o has a lawful title to rule b :o abuses 8 au?ority71 x is n lawful to kill him on acc\nt ( 8 misde$s or crimes1 s9ce ! subject has n ! au?ority to act 9 ! "n ( ! nation 7,rom41 xiii4 #a sqq42 ,i ,pet]1 ii4 #ah74 ,9 case ( self-def5se1 h[ev]1 z :5 ! tyrant unju/ly makes a p]sonal attempt on ! life ( a citiz51 ! latt] has ! "r to kill4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance condemn$ ! doctr9e ( ,wycliff t e subject has ! "r to assass9ate a tyrannical pr9ce1 a doctr9e t w\ld make ! position ( e rul] unsafe1 s9ce !re are always p]sons :o ?9k !y are victims ( p]secution4 ,! nation1 h[ev]1 has ! "r to depose or ev5 to execute a wick$ rul]1 = gov]nm5t is giv5 to rul]s = ! b5efit1 n = ! de/ruction1 ( ! common good4 7b7 ,if ! rul] is a tyrant 9 title 7t is1 a usurp]71 x is n lawful to kill him1 :5 he has already obta9$ peaceful possession2 = "h aga9 x _c be said t ! kill] w\ld h ! au?orization ( ! nation4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! tyrant has n obta9$ possession b is /ruggl+ = x1 8 /atus w n be t ( rul] b ( public enemy1 & x w be lawful to kill him z an act ( w>1 provid$ ! conditions ( a j w> are pres5t 7see #achd74 #ahbe4 ,judges & ,execution]s 9 ,canon ,law4--,accord+ to ! law ( ! ,*ur* 7,canon #ihd1 nn4 #f1 #g71 ^? :o pass ! dea? s5t5ce z judges & ! execution]s & _! imm$iate & volunt>y help]s become irregul> 7i4e41 incapable ( lawfully receiv+ ,ord]s or ( ex]cis+ _! p[]s74 ,! reasons = ?is anci5t discipl9e are *iefly two3 7a7 cl]ics are ! m9i/]s ( ,*ri/1 & !re=e !y %\ld be l _! ,high ,prie/1 ^: sacrifice !y (f] at ! alt>4 ,n[ ,*ri/ 8:5 ,he 0 revil$1 did n revile1 :5 ,he suff]$1 ,he ?reat5$ n1 b deliv]$ ,himself to him t judg$ ,him unju/ly0 7,i ,pet]1 ii4 #bc74 ,h5ce1 x is unbecom+ t cl]ics %\ld condemn to dea? or kill _! fell[-m51 ev5 crim9als2 7b7 cl]ics are ! m9i/]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & !re=e !y %\ld con=m !mselves to its _s ( mildness4 ,! div9e law itself decl>es t a bi%op %\ld n h private qu>rels or inflict bl[s 7,i ,tim41 iii4 #c71 b ! *ur* law goes fur!r & decl>es t a cl]ic %\ld n ev5 act z public judge or execution] 9 capital cases4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t inflict$ corporal puni%m5ts & dea?1 & h5ce we read t its prie/s & levites put s9n]s to dea? ) _! own h&s 7,exod41 xxxii4 #bh2 ,num41 xxv4 #g1 #h2 ,i ,k+s1 xv4 #cc2 ,,iii ,k+s1 xviii4 #dj2 ,i ,ma*41 ii4 #bd71 b ! law ( ,*ri/ conta9s no s5t5ces ( dea? or ( bodily *a/isem5t4 #ahbf4 ,! ,"r ( ,self-,def5se4--,! second case ( lawful homicide m5tion$ above 7#ahai7 is ! kill+ ( an unju/ aggressor1 n int5d$ by ! slay]1 b consequ5t on 8 def5se ( 8 life aga9/ ! aggressor4 ,?is "r ( self-def5se is grant$ by natural law itself1 & has be5 d5i$ by b few morali/s4 7a7 ,?us1 nature incl9es man to pref] 8 own life to t ( ano!r1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 & !re=e x au?orizes him to def5d 8 life ev5 at ! co/ ( an aggressor's life4 ,ev5 ! brute animals are arm$ by nature to def5d !mselves aga9/ attack4 7b7 ,! natural law also p]mits "o to p]=m an act f :i* two effects w foll[1 "o good & ! o!r bad1 provid$ ! good effect alone is int5d$ & !re is a suffici5t reason = p]mitt+ ! evil effect 7see #ajd74 ,9 ! pres5t case ! kill+ ( ! aggressor is an evil1 :ile ! protection ( ! innoc5t p>ty is a good2 b x is only ! protection t is int5d$1 & ! kill+ is n an extreme measure 9 view ( ! greatness ( ! good t is at /ake4 #ahbg4 ,! "r ( self-def5se is also sanction$ by human laws4 7a7 ,?us1 *ur* law recognizes ?is "r 9 ! words ( ,innoc5t ,,iii3 8,all laws p]mit "o to repel =ce by =ce1 b ! def5se mu/ n be immod]ate1 nor ex]cis$ f desire ( rev5ge40 ,accord+ to ! ,code 7,canon #ihe1 n4 #d7 irregul>ity arises f volunt>y homicide1 b ?is does n include ! case ( lawful self-def5se1 al?\gh a provisional disp5sation mu/ be ask$ =4 ,a cl]ic has ! "r ( self-def5se1 z well z a layman4 7b7 ,civil law also has always admitt$ ! "r ( a p]son assail$ by ano!r to def5d himself1 ev5 by kill+ ! assailant1 if !re is no o!r alt]native4 #ahbh4 ,conditions = ! ,ex]cise ( ,?is ,"r4--7a7 ,! assault mu/ be a true aggression 7i4e41 an act ( viol5ce ?reat5+ ! life ( ! p]son assault$7 & unju/ 7i4e41 an attack made )\t public au?ority72 7b7 ! resi/ance mu/ be true self-def5se 7i4e41 an act us$ to w>d (f attack or to make ! assailant p[]less7 & mod]ate 7i4e41 ! p]son attack$ mu/ n use m =ce ?an necess>y & he mu/ n int5d to kill ! assailant74 #ahbi4 ,! p]son :o is kill$ mu/ be a true aggressor1 = o!rwise ! slay] is himself ! aggressor & guilty ( unju/ifiable homicide4 ,kill+ is !re=e unju/ 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 :5 ! oppon5t is n us+ true viol5ce1 z :5 he m]ely prays & hopes t y may die or be kill$2 7b7 :5 he is n us+ actual viol5ce1 z :5 he is dis>m$ or helpless1 or :5 he has only ?reat5$ to kill y 9 ! future1 or to br+ y to ! gall[s by 8 te/imony or vote4 #ahcj4 ,mu/ "o wait1 !n1 until ! aggressor has actually attack$1 be=e us+ self-def5se8 7a7 ,"o ne$ n wait until physical aggression has />t$ 7e4g41 until ! adv]s>y has fir$ a %ot or /ruck a bl[72 o!rwise self-def5se w\ld v (t5 be futile4 7b7 ,"o %\ld wait until moral aggression has be5 %[n be=e proce$+ to def5se2 t is1 ! o!r p>ty mu/ p]=m "s ext]nal act :i* accord+ to ! judgm5t ( a prud5t p]son at ! "t & place is "o ) ! act ( physical aggression1 z :5 an angry man rea*es = a gun or knife1 or a desp]ado advances 9 a ?reat5+ mann]4 #ahca4 ,! aggression mu/ also be unju/ or contr>y to ! "r ( ! p]son attack$4 7a7 ,?us1 if ! aggression is j1 x is n lawful to kill ! aggressor4 ,h5ce1 x is n lawful to kill an (fic] ( ! law :o is mak+ an arre/1 or gu>d+ a prison]1 or lead+ him to execution4 7b7 ,if ! aggression is n j1 self-def5se is lawful4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ! aggression is =mally unju/ 7e4g41 :5 ! aggressor attacks y because he wi%es to wreak rev5ge1 or because he fe>s y71 or only mat]ially unju/ 7e4g41 :5 y are a /rang] to ! aggressor1 b he is drunk1 or a dope fi5d1 or a maniac74 ,simil>ly1 a son may def5d himself aga9/ 8 p>5t1 a subject aga9/ 8 sup]ior1 a layman aga9/ a cl]ic1 an adult]] aga9/ ! injur$ husb&1 a calumniator aga9/ ! p]son calumniat$2 = au?ority or p]sonal injury suff]$ does n give ^! p]sons ! "r to inflict by private au?ority ! puni%m5t ( dea?4 #ahcb4 ,self-def5se mu/ be m]ely a protection ( self aga9/ future evil & n a puni%m5t ( ! aggressor = pa/ attacks1 = capital puni%m5t belongs to society1 n to private p]sons4 ,h5ce1 if an aggressor has tak5 to flight1 or has be5 dis>m$1 or knock$ s5seless1 or has begg$ = m]cy1 x is n p]missible to kill him4 #ahcc4 ,self-def5se mu/ be mod]ate1 = injury or ! dea? ( a human be+ is a ?+ t %\ld be avoid$ :5 possible4 7a7 ,?us1 ! p]son attack$ mu/ n reply ) =ce at all1 if ?is is possible4 ,he %\ld escape1 or call a policeman1 or ?r[ ! weapon out ( ! w9d[1 etc41 if ^! means w suffice4 ,"s au?ors excuse f flight ^? :o w\ld suff] disgrace if !y ran away f dang]1 su* z ^? :o are pugili/s or pr(essional fight+ m54 7b7 ,! p]son attack$ %\ld use only su* =ce z is necess>y1 if =ce mu/ be employ$4 ,?us1 if ! aggressor c be made helpless by ! use ( gas1 p]man5t bodily h>m %\ld n be done him2 if he c be subdu$ ) ! fi/s1 knife or pi/ol w\nds %\ld n be resort$ to2 if w\nds w suffice to hold him at bay 7e4g41 by blackjack+71 kill+ %\ld n be resort$ to4 ,9 ! heat ( a fight1 h[ev]1 ! p]son assail$ sometimes un9t5tionally goes beyond :at mod]ation requires4 #ahcd4 ,! int5tion ( ! p]son :o uses =ce to repel an unju/ aggressor mu/ be good4 7a7 ,?us1 z 8 end he mu/ int5d only ! pres]vation ( 8 own life & look ^u ! dea? ( 8 neighbor z a mis=tune4 7b7 ,z ! means to ?is end he mu/ int5d only to /op ! attack t is be+ made1 n to br+ on ! dea? ( ! aggrcssor4 ,^? :o are commission$ by public au?ority to put a human be+ to dea? 7e4g41 ! public execution] or soldi]s 9 "t ( w>7 may int5d ^! homicides1 s9ce !y are means to ! common good2 b ! dea? ( "o private p]son is n a means to ! good ( ano!r private p]son1 & h5ce x %\ld n be directly aim$ at4 #ahce4 ,! m9d ( ! p]son :o def5ds himself aga9/ ! unju/ aggressor mu/ also be free f s9ful dispositions1 su* z hatr$ & rev5ge2 o!rwise he s9s aga9/ *>ity4 ,our ,"l reprobat$ ! tea*+ ( ! ,scribes t x is lawful to return injury = injury 9 a rev5geful _s1 & decl>$ t "o %\ld pref] to receive a second bl[ r ?an return a bl[ = ! sake ( rev5ge 7,matt41 v4 #ch sqq42 cfr4 also ,rom41 xii4 #ai74 #ahcf4 ,:5 ,self-,def5se ,is ,obligatory4--,self-def5se is sometimes an obligation4 7a7 ,?us1 x is an obligation1 if ! only factors consid]$ are ! life ( ! guilty aggressor & ! life ( ! innoc5t p]son :o is assail$2 = ! life ( ! innoc5t %\ld n be sacrific$ = ! guilty1 & *>ity indicates t ! fir/ duty ( ! p]son attack$ is to himself4 7b7 ,x is an obligation1 if1 on acc\nt ( circum/ances1 ! p]son attack$ owes x to o!rs to pres]ve 8 life--= example1 if he is ! fa!r ( a dep5d5t family1 or a public (ficial ^: life is v necess>y = ! welf>e ( ! community1 or ^: (fice x is to resi/ ^? :o m5ace public security4 ,?is is true f ! viewpo9t ( society also1 = ! _w ne$s ! good m5 x has1 :ile !re are too _m wick$ m5 already4 #ahcg4 ,sometimes self-def5se is n obligatory4 7a7 ,?us1 x is m]ely optional1 :5 no duty to o!rs comm&s self-def5se & a div9e c\nsel invites "o to omit x 7see #aafi74 ,h5ce1 if ! assailant is c]ta9ly 9 mortal s91 :ile ! p]son assail$ is c]ta9ly 9 ! /ate ( grace1 x w\ld be v comm5dable to die r ?an kill ! assailant1 9 ord] to grant him "t = rep5tance4 ,b a case ( ?is k9d is r !oretical ?an practical1 = h[ c\ld "o be sure t ! assailant w\ld pr(it by ! opportunity all[$ him ( do+ p5ance8 ,at any rate1 ! sacrifice is optional1 = ! aggressor is ei!r =mally unju/1 & h5ce n 9 extreme spiritual ne$1 or only mat]ially unju/1 & x w be unc]ta9 :e!r he is 9 spiritual ne$ or :e!r1 if he is 9 su* ne$1 ! respite w be us$ by him 7see #aafe sqq474 7b7 ,self-def5se is unlawful accord+ to "s1 if ! life ( ! assailant is necess>y = ! common good1 & ! life ( ! p]son assail$ is n necess>y4 ,b ?is w\ld be a v r>e case4 #ahch4 ,def5se ( ,neighbor's ,life4--,! pr9ciples on def5se ( "o's own life aga9/ an unju/ aggressor1 ev5 at co/ ( ! latt]'s life1 may be appli$ to ! life ( an innoc5t ?ird p>ty4 7a7 ,?us1 x is necess>y to def5d ! innoc5t p]son1 ev5 if ! aggressor has to be kill$1 :5 "o is b\nd to give ?is protection by natural duty 7e4g41 because ! innoc5t p]son is "o's *ild or fa!r & ! aggressor is n a relative71 or by contract 7e4g41 because "o is a hir$ bodygu>d or policeman74 7b7 ,x is lawful to def5d ! innoc5t p]son1 ev5 if ! aggressor has to be kill$1 & ev5 ?\gh !re is no duty ( nature or contract to give ?is protection 7,exod41 ii1 #ab74 ,b x is disput$ :e!r x is also necess>y to d ?is4 ,! affirmative op9ion calls att5tion to ! extreme bodily ne$ ( ! innoc5t p>ty1 ! negative to ! extreme spiritual ne$ ( ! aggressor4 ,x is n necess>y to risk "o's life 9 ord] to protect ! life ( ! innoc5t p>ty1 unless ! public safety is 9 p]il1 or "o has und]tak5 ?is obligation 7see #aafi74 #ahci4 ,a private individual may def5d life at ! co/ ( ! life ( an unju/ aggressor1 because he is oblig$ or p]mitt$ to protect ! life t has m ( a claim on him4 ,he may also def5d c]ta9 o!r mo/ important goods t belong to him or to 8 neighbor1 ev5 if ne$ be at ! co/ ( ! unju/ aggressor's life1 because ! common good is m valuable ?an ! life ( ! aggressor1 & ! def5se ( ^? goods is b\nd up ) ! common good4 ,?us1 if x 7 n p]missible to def5d valuable prop]ty ev5 to ! ext5t ( kill+ a burgl>1 crim9als w\ld be enc\rag$1 peaceful citiz5s w\ld be at a disadvantage1 & ! public security w\ld greatly suff]4 ,among ! goods n[ spok5 ( are goods ( =tune & goods ( body4 ,x is n always obligatory1 h[ev]1 to ex]cise ! "r ( extreme self-def5se 7e4g41 9 case ( violation1 provid$ no cons5t is giv5 ! de$74 #ahdj4 ,def5se ( ,goods ( ,=tune ,aga9/ an ,unju/ ,aggressor4--7a7 ,if ! attack is equival5t to an attack on life 7e4g41 ! aggressor wi%es to take ! la/ loaf f a />v+ man or ! plank f a dr[n+ man71 or if x seems to be an attack on life 7e4g41 ! burgl> ent]s a room z if he meant to kill71 ! kill+ ( ! unju/ aggressor is n unlawful1 z is cle> f ! previ\s p>agraphs4 7b7 ,if ! attack is made on goods ( =tune only1 b !y are ( great value & actually possess$1 ! "q is disput$4 ,accord+ to "s1 kill+ 9 ?is case is unlawful1 because life is m valuable ?an prop]ty2 b ! common op9ion is t kill+ is lawful1 bo? because ,scripture excuses ! p]son :o kills ! nocturnal robb] 7,exod41 xxii4 #b71 & because ! public safety is at /ake & !re=e ju/ifies extreme measures4 7c7 ,if ! attack is made only on goods ( =tune1 & !y are n yet possess$ 7e4g41 a legacy "o hopes to obta97 or h only a small value 7e4g41 "o gold piece71 kill+ is unlawful2 = !re is no proportion betwe5 ext]nal goods t are only hop$ = or t are ( m9or importance & ! life ( a human be+4 ,pope ,innoc5t ,,xi condemn$ ! tea*+ t "o may use homicidal def5se to protect a co9 or ! prospect ( receiv+ an (fice4 #ahda4 ,def5se ( ,bodily ,purity ,aga9/ an ,unju/ ,aggressor4--7a7 ,if ! attack is equival5t to an attack on life1 or seems to be an attack on life1 self-def5se ev5 by kill+ is lawful1 & h5ce x may be p]missible to kill "o :o is attempt+ rape4 7b7 ,if ! attack is on bodily purity only1 b p] actum consummatum luxuriae1 ! "q is controv]t$4 ,"o op9ion is t kill+ may n be resort$ to1 = ! aggressor _c take away purity ( s\l1 & ! purity ( body t he violates is less good ?an life4 ,! opposite op9ion holds t kill+ may be employ$ 9 self-def5se1 s9ce bodily purity has a high] value ?an ev5 notable goods ( =tune1 especially z violation is usually accompani$ by spiritual damage or disgrace ( family1 etc42 & ! public int]e/ dem&s t su* outrages be /]nly suppress$ on acc\nt ( ! /rong incl9ation ( _m p]sons to commit !m4 7c7 ,if ! attack is on bodily purity only1 & p] actum non-consummatum luxuriae 7e4g41 p] osculum vel amplexum71 kill+ is n ju/ifi$1 b o!r means ( def5se1 su* z bl[s or w\nds1 may be us$4 #ahdb4 ,def5se ( ,bodily ,integrity ,aga9/ an ,unju/ ,aggressor4--7a7 ,if ! attack is equival5t to an attack on life 7e4g41 if ! aggressor int5ds to mutilate or w\nd1 b !re is dang] t he w kill71 def5se ev5 ) resultant kill+ is lawful4 7b7 ,if ! attack is n equival5t to an attack on life1 b is v notable 7z :5 a pr9cipal memb] w be lo/ or ! p]son horribly disfigur$71 "s au?orities claim t def5se :i* w\ld cause ! aggressor's dea? is unlawful1 because dea? is too heavy a price to pay = w\nds4 ,b aga9/ ?is x may be argu$ t ! loss ( limbs or organs is m s]i\s ?an ! loss ( money1 &1 9 "s respects1 is m damag+ ?an violation4 ,! civil law gives a p]son ! "r to protect himself 9 body & limbs1 ev5 by kill+ ! assailant :5 absolutely necess>y4 7c7 ,if ! attack m5aces only a m9or detrim5t 7e4g41 a black eye or bloody nose71 c]ta9ly kill+ is unju/ifi$4 ,b ! p]son attack$ may hit h>d] & (t5] ?an ! assailant1 if he is able1 s t ! latt] may bew>e ( him ano!r "t4 #ahdc4 ,def5se ( ,honor or ,reputation4--,:5 honor or reputation is unju/ly attack$1 ! m p]fect c\rse is to be> ! injury pati5tly & to p>don ! (f5se1 accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/4 ,b x is n s9ful to def5d honor & reputation1 j z x is n s9ful to def5d life1 limbs & prop]ty4 ,h[ f> may "o g 9 def5se ( honor or reputation aga9/ an unju/ aggressor8 7a7 ,if ! aggression is m]ely 9 words 7z :5 ! (f5d] calls ! o!r p>ty a li>1 or says t he is illegitimate71 x is n lawful to use viol5ce1 at lea/ su* z w\ld cause dea?2 = !re are o!r & less dra/ic means ( def5se t suffice 7e4g41 to answ] ! allegations1 or ev5 to retort ! same epi!ts aga9/ ! aggressor71 &1 unless ! viol5ce ( ev5 ju/ifiable res5tm5t 7 re/ra9$1 ! _w w\ld be fill$ ) disord] & homicidal viol5ce4 ,innoc5t ,,xi & ,alex&] ,,vii condemn$ ! doctr9e t "o may kill 9 ord] to prev5t ! spread ( calumny4 7b7 ,if ! aggression is 9 de$s 7z :5 ! (f5d] slaps ! o!r p]son or ?r[s mud or rott5 eggs at him71 x is n lawful to kill2 = "h also def5se c be made 9 o!r ways 7e4g41 by br++ ! aggressor be=e ! c\rt = puni%m5t1 or1 if ?is _c be done1 by return+ slap = slap1 etc474 ,innoc5t ,,xi reject$ ! proposition t x is lawful to kill ! aggressor :o gave "o a bl[ & !n fl$4 ,x is only :5 ! aggressor is cont9u+ 8 attack1 & imp]ill+ ! innoc5t p>ty 9 life or limb1 t ! latt] may repel ! extreme =ce by extreme =ce4 #ahdd4 ,kill+ ( ! ,innoc5t4--,s f> we h spok5 ( ! kill+ ( malefactors & unju/ aggressors1 :i* "u c]ta9 conditions is n s9ful4 ,! next subject is ! kill+ ( ! innoc5t1 t is1 ( ^? :o are nei!r malefactors nor unju/ aggressors wor?y ( dea?4 7a7 ,! kill+ ( ! innoc5t by human au?ority1 if x is done directly & int5tionally1 is always s9ful1 :e!r ! cause be a private individual or society4 ,b s9ce ,god is ! ,ma/] ( life & dea?1 ,he c\ld comm& ! dea? ( an innoc5t p]son1 z 0 done :5 he bade ,abraham to sacrifice 8 son 7,g541 xxii4 #ab74 7b7 ,! kill+ ( ! innoc5t1 if x is indirect & un9t5tional1 is n s9ful :5 !re is a s]i\s reason = p]=m+ an act f :i* ! kill+ results2 = x is lawful to p]=m an act f :i* two effects foll[1 if ! good is int5d$ b ! evil only p]mitt$1 & !re is a suffici5t ju/ify+ reason 7see #ajc sqq474 #ahde4 ,unlawful kill+ ( ! innoc5t is a mo/ he9\s crime4 7a7 ,x is an injury to ! rights ( ,god ov] human life1 & is =bidd5 9 ! ,fif? ,comm&m5t ( ! ,decalogue3 8,?\ %alt n kill0 7,exod41 xx4 #ac74 ,to judges ! special comm& 0 giv53 8,! innoc5t & j p]son ?\ %alt n put to dea?0 7,exod41 xxiii4 #g74 ,! man-slay] de/roys ! image ( ,god1 a crime s dete/able t 9 ,scripture ,god decl>es t ,he w rev5ge ! blood ( man1 ev5 ?\gh %$ by a bea/ 7,g541 ix4 #e2 ,exod41 xxi4 #bh74 7b7 ,x is a mo/ grave s9 aga9/ ! individual1 = x deprives him ( 8 *ief natural good & ! means ( secur+ & enjoy+ _m great spiritual goods4 ,if ! p]son kill$ desir$ or ask$ = dea?1 no inju/ice is done to him1 s9ce he waiv$ 8 "r1 b un*>itabl5ess is committ$1 s9ce ! neighbor's life %\ld be lov$1 & ! un*>itabl5ess is great] accord+ z ! p]son is m wor?y ( love4 ,scripture numb]s murd] among ! s9s t cry to heav5 = v5geance 7,g541 iv4 #aj1 ix4 #e74 7c7 ,x is an outrage aga9/ society1 = su* kill+ unduly deprives ! community ( "o ( its memb]s1 causes sc&al & di/urbs ! peace4 ,h5ce1 ! law has always inflict$ ! sev]e/ puni%m5t on slay]s ( ! innoc5t4 #ahdf4 ,s9ce ! end does n ju/ify ! means1 ! foll[+ ends d n ju/ify ! direct & int5tional kill+ ( innoc5t p]sons3 7a7 ! public good does n excuse1 = example1 if an enemy 7 to ?reat5 de/ruction aga9/ a city unless x put to dea? an innoc5t p]son :o dwelt 9 its bord]s4 ,! crim9al on acc\nt ( 8 lawlessness is an ob/acle to ! common good1 b ! law-abid+ citiz5 promotes ! common good & x w\ld be h>mful to ! public peace if he c\ld be put to dea? )\t any fault ( 8 own4 ,! ,/ate is = ! citiz51 n ! citiz5 = ! ,/ate4 ,b if ! common safety dep5d$ on ! sacrifice ( "o man's life1 *>ity & patriotism w\ld require ?is man to make ! sacrifice spontane\sly 7see #aafi72 t is1 he %\ld deliv] himself to ! enemy1 & 7 he to refuse1 x seems ! community w\ld h ! "r to deliv] him4 ,simil>ly1 x is n lawful to kill ho/ages1 ev5 ?\gh ! enemy has brok5 fai?1 or kill$ "o's subjects2 7b7 ! private good ( o!r individuals does n excuse2 = example1 x is n lawful to kill a maniac le/ he d h>m to ^? ar\nd him1 at lea/ unless ! conditions ( unju/ aggression are fulfill$4 ,simil>ly1 x is n lawful to kill a woman ) *ild1 9 ord] to baptize ! *ild2 7c7 ! private good ( ! individual himself does n excuse2 = example1 x is n lawful to %oot or poison ^? :o are mortally w\nd$ or suff]+ f an incurable disease1 or :o are old & helpless1 9 ord] to sp>e !m suff]+4 ,b "o may give a p]son at ! po9t ( dea? a m$ic9e t may ha/5 ! end1 if !re is good hope t x w cure him & o!r rem$ies are futile1 = ! purpose is n to kill b to cure 7see #bdhe74 ,x is lawful also = embalm]s to puncture ! he>t or sev] an art]y ( a p]son :o seems to be dead1 if !re are c]ta9 signs ( 8 dea?1 = ! purpose is n to kill ?is p]son1 b to free 8 fri5ds f fe> t he is buri$ alive4 #ahdg4 ,indirect or ,un9t5tional ,kill+ ( ! ,innoc5t4--,indirect & un9t5tional kill+ ( ! innoc5t is lawful 7#ahgb7 only :5 !re is a reason ( suffici5t gravity 7i4e41 "o ( a value proportionate to ! life ( ! innoc5t p]son74 7a7 ,! public safety is su* a suffici5t reason4 ,?us1 9 "t ( w> x is lawful to attack a city1 ev5 ?\gh ! dea? ( _m non-combatants w result1 or to *>ge ! enemy1 ev5 ?\gh innoc5t p]sons h be5 plac$ by ! latt] z a %ield to 8 front ranks4 7b7 ,private safety f dea? is n a suffici5t reason1 if x does n comp5sate = ! loss1 or if x is secur$ unlawfully 7see #ajd74 ,?us1 if ,balbus _c escape f an unju/ aggressor )\t runn+ d[n & kill+ an unbaptiz$ infant or a man ^: life is v necess>y = ! community1 ! temporal life ( ,balbus does n comp5sate = et]nal life lo/ by ! infant 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & ! m]e private good ( ,balbus does n comp5sate = ! public good sacrific$ 9 ! second in/ance4 ,aga91 if ,caius _c escape f dr[n+ )\t pu%+ a %ipwreck$ companion f ! only plank :i* is insuffici5t = bo?1 or if ,sempronius :o has be5 s5t5c$ to dea? = crime _c escape execution unless he kills 8 gu>d1 ! means ( secur+ safety are unlawful4 7c7 ,private safety f dea? is a suffici5t reason1 if x comp5sates = ! loss & is secur$ lawfully4 ,h5ce1 if ! life ( ! innoc5t p]son is only ( equal importance1 self-def5se aga9/ an unju/ aggressor by means ( flight t w involve ! innoc5t p]son's dea? does n make "o guilty ( homicide 7e4g41 ,titus is spe$+ 9 8 c> 9 ord] to escape a pursu] b5t on murd] & he _c avoid hitt+ & kill+ a cripple :o crosses ! road74 ,if self-def5se is conduct$ by means ( attack1 "o may use viol5ce aga9/ ! aggressor 7e4g41 "o may %oot at him1 al?\gh an innoc5t p]son :om he is us+ z a %ield w be kill$71 b n aga9/ ! innoc5t p]son 7e4g41 "o may n %oot at ! innoc5t p]son 9 ord] to deprive ! aggressor ( 8 %ield1 nor may "o hold ! innoc5t p]son be=e "o 9 ord] t he receive ! assailant's bullet74 #ahdh4 ,de/ruction ( ! ,unborn4--7a7 ,direct & int5tional de/ruction ( ?is k9d is unlawful & is kn[n z feticide1 :5 ! fetus is kill$ )9 ! womb1 or abortion1 :5 a non-viable fetus is expell$ f ! womb4 ,x is n abortion to ha/5 ! bir? ( a viable fetus 7i4e41 "o :i* is ab\t six or sev5 mon?s old & c live outside ! womb71 s9ce ! *ild c be kept alive1 b grave reasons are requir$ to make x licit1 s9ce x pres5ts a risk to ! *ild's life4 ,b to deliv] or expel a non-viable fetus is abortion4 ,e direct abortion is reg>d$ by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* z murd] & is p5aliz$ ) ! c5sure ( excommuuication 7,canon #beej1 ,sec4 #a74 ,x might be argu$ t ! direct kill+ ( :at is surely a human be+ is murd]1 b :5 does ! fetus become a human be+8 ,! anci5t !ory ( ,ari/otle1 foll[$ by ,/4 ,?omas & mo/ m$ieval au?ors1 ma9ta9s t ! embryo did n become human until "s "t aft] conception1 an op9ion t /ill has great probability physically4 ,o!rs ma9ta9 t animation is simultane\s ) conception4 ,s9ce we d n "k ! exact mom5t ( animation1 ! mom5t ( conception mu/ be accept$ 9 practice z ! beg9n+ ( human life4 ,probabilism is rul$ out 9 ?is in/ance1 = !re is no d\bt ab\t ! law & its application3 we mu/ n directly kill :at is probably a human be+4 ,accord+ly1 abortion is consid]$ to be murd]4 ,h5ce1 ev5 9 ! case ( a girl :o has be5 rap$--al?\gh x is a probable op9ion t measures may be tak5 to remove ! sem5 f-h] body--x w\ld be gravely s9ful to give any treatm5t :i* w\ld abort an impregnat$ ovum4 7b7 ,indirect & un9t5tional kill+1 or r p]mission ( dea?1 is n unlawful 9 su* a case1 :5 !re is a proportionately grave reason1 su* z ! life ( ! "m4 ,?us1 x is p]missible to give ! "m a rem$y necess>y to cure a mortal disease 7e4g41 m$ic9al drugs1 ba?s1 injections1 or op]ations on ! ut]us71 ev5 ?\gh ?is w br+ on abortion or ! dea? ( ! fetus2 = ! "m is n oblig$ to pref] ! temporal life ( ! *ild to h] own life4 ,b ! baptism ( ! *ild mu/ be att5d$ to1 = its salvation dep5ds on ! ,sacram5t1 & ! et]nal life ( ! *ild is to be pref]r$ to ! temporal life ( ! "m1 if ! conditions ( #aaff are v]ifi$4 7c7 ,contempor>y moral op9ion consid]s t 9 tubal pregnancies 7ectopic ge/ation7 ! tube itself is 9 a pa?ological condition long be=e rupture ( ! tube1 z exp]ts 9 ob/etrics tea*1 & h5ce c be excis$ z a diseas$ organ ( ! human body4 ,z su*1 ! excision ( su* a tube w\ld be 9 itself a morally indiff]5t act &1 grant+ v]ification ( ! o!r conditions = ! pr9ciple ( d\ble effect1 c\ld be licitly p]=m$4 7,= a hi/ory ( ! moral "q1 m$ical te/imony & full argum5tation see ,*apt] ,x ( ,m$ical ,e?ics by ,*>les ,j4 ,mc,fadden1 ,o4,s4,a47 ,"s !ologians1 h[ev]1 believe t ! tube _c be remov$ unless x c be prov$ 9 ea* case t a pa?ological condition1 plac+ ! woman 9 dang] ( dea?1 exi/s4 ,! fir/ view is accept$ z suffici5tly safe to be foll[$ 9 practice4 7,see ,francis ,j4 ,connell1 ,c4,,ss4,r41 ,morals 9 ,politics & ,pr(essions1 p4 #aah47 #ahdi4 ,x is unlawful positively to kill ! "m 9 ord] t ! unborn *ild may be sav$ or baptiz$4 ,:5 a caes>ean section (f]s ! sole *ance ( sav+ ! "m's life1 x is p]mitt$4 ,x is s]i\sly d\btful :e!r a "m is morally oblig$ to und]go ! op]ation 9 situations :]e a ?reat to h] life exi/s4 ,9 ?is case1 if baptism 9 ! ut]us is possible )\t increas+ ! dang] to ! "m's life1 x %\ld be attempt$4 ,:5 a caes>ean section does n (f] any *ance ( sav+ ! "m's life1 b w directly contribute to h] dea?1 ! op]ation %\ld n be p]=m$4 ,"o mu/ await ! dea? ( ! "m & !n obs]ve ! norm ( ,canon #gdf2 8,imm$iately aft] ! dea? ( a pregnant woman1 a caes>ean section %\ld be done 9 ord] t ! fetus may be baptiz$40 ,! proc$ure to be foll[$ is outl9$ 9 m$ical-e?ics books4 7,see ,mc,fadden op4 cit41 pp4 #bdd ff47 #ahej4 ,direction 9 ,cases ( ,d\bt1 ,ignorance1 or ,error4--7a7 ,9 case ( d\bt1 if !re are positive & solid reasons = believ+ t an op]ation p]=m$ to save a woman's life w n be de/ructive ( ! life ( a fetus1 ! op]ation seems lawful2 = 9 d\bt1 ! woman1 z ! c]ta9 possessor ( life1 has ! presumption4 7b7 ,9 case ( ignorance or error 7e4g41 :5 a p5it5t asks :e!r a c]ta9 op]ation is p]missible1 or a surgeon 9 good fai? p]=ms an op]ation t is n lawful71 ei!r a tru?ful answ] %\ld be giv5 to que/ions1 or sil5ce %\ld be obs]v$ :5 an admonition w\ld only be h>mful 7e4g41 if to require ! ,caes>ean op]ation f a dy+ "m w\ld h no o!r result ?an to make h] die 9 bad fai? in/ead ( good fai?74 #ahea4 ,canonical ,p5alties = ,homicide & ,abortion4--7a7 ,homicide1 if volunt>y1 produces irregul>ity 7,canon #ihe1 n4 #d7 & subjects ! guilty p>ty to exclusion f legitimate ecclesia/ical acts or to degradation f ! ecclesia/ical /ate 7,canon #bced74 ,moreov]1 a *ur* is violat$ by ! crime ( homicide 7,canon #aagb74 7b7 ,abortion ( a human fetus1 :5 ! effect is produc$1 br+s irregul>ity on ^? :o procure x & also on ! coop]ators 7,canon #ihe1 n4 #d74 ,moreov]1 ^? :o procure abortion effectively1 ! "m n except$1 incur excommunication latae s5t5tiae res]v$ to ! ,ord9>y1 &1 if cl]ics1 !y are to be depos$ 7,canon #bcej74 #aheb4 ,suicide4--,suicide1 or ! kill+ ( oneself1 is1 l homicide 9 g5]al1 ( v>i\s k9ds4 7a7 ,?us1 9 ref]5ce to ! int5tion1 x is volunt>y or involunt>y1 accord+ z x proce$s f k & *oice1 or z x is committ$ )\t realization ( :at is done or )\t ! int5tion to produce dea?4 ,examples ( involunt>y suicide are a p]son :o is tempor>ily insane on acc\nt ( imp5d+ calamity & dr[ns himself1 & a p]son :o1 attempt+ to fright5 ano!r by pret5d+ to hang himself1 actually /rangles to dea?4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to say t no p]son :o commits suicide is free1 b no d\bt a l>ge p]c5tage ( ^? :o kill !mselves are n responsible = _! act4 7b7 ,9 ref]5ce to ! mode1 suicide is direct1 if t :i* is done t5ds f its nature to ! dea? ( ! p]son :o does x 7e4g41 fir+ a pi/ol into "o's bra972 x is indirect1 if t :i* is done t5ds f its nature to ano!r end 7e4g41 to /ruggle ) a crim9al :o is fir+ a revolv]74 ,direct suicide is committ$ 9 _m ways1 all ( :i* c be r$uc$ to positive 7e4g41 ! eat+ or dr9k+ ( deadly poison7 & negative 7e4g41 ! refusal to eat or dr9k any?+74 #ahec4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 direct & indirect suicide is also expla9$ z foll[s3 7a7 direct suicide is an act or omission t has b "o effect1 namely1 dea? 7e4g41 tak+ deadly poison72 7b7 indirect suicide is an act or omission t has two effects1 "o ( :i* is ! p]il ( dea?4 ,?is p]il ( dea? is c]ta91 if dea? always foll[s 7e4g41 jump+ f ! ro( ( a skyscrap]72 proximate1 if dea? usually foll[s 7e4g41 jump+ f a ?ird- or f\r?-/ory w9d[72 remote1 if dea? n[ & !n foll[s 7e4g41 jump+ f a second-/ory w9d[74 #ahed4 ,s9fulness ( ,suicide4--,volunt>y & direct suicide is always a mo/ grave s91 if committ$ )\t due au?ority 7i4e41 ! comm& ( ,god74 7a7 ,x is a grave injury aga9/ ! rights ( ,god1 = x usurps ,8 au?ority1 refuses ,him ! s]vice ,he desires1 spurns ! gift ,he has be/[$1 di%onors ! image ( ,god 7,g541 ix4 #f71 & de/roys ! prop]ty ( ,god3 8,?\1 ,o ,"l1 ha/ ! p[] ( life & dea?0 7,wis41 xvi4 #ac74 7b7 ,x is an (f5se aga9/ society1 = ! community has a "r to be b5efit$ by ! lives ( its memb]s1 & to receive a return = ! protection & assi/ance x af=ds !m4 ,moreov]1 dea? by suicide is usually felt z a great sorr[ & disgrace by ! relatives ( ! dep>t$1 & x has a demoraliz+ effect on _m p]sons ( sugge/ible m9ds4 ,! fact t ! dea? ( ?is or t man is n felt z a loss by a family or ! ,/ate1 b r z a relief1 is no argum5t2 = if suicide 7 left to human decision1 h[ _m fatal mi/akes w\ld be made 7see #dfj76 ,p]sons valuable to society w\ld ra%ly kill !mselves1 fe>+ 9 a mood ( depression t !y 7 wor?less2 o!rs :o c\ld contribute no?+ 9 mat]ial ways w\ld de/roy !mselves & deprive _! fell[-m5 ( an example ( =titude1 or at lea/ ( ! opportunity ( %[+ *>ity & m]cy to ! ne$y4 7c7 ,direct & volunt>y suicide is a s9 aga9/ ! deepe/ natural incl9ation1 = self-pres]vation is call$ ! fir/ law ( nature 7see #bih71 & also aga9/ t love ( self :i* *>ity requires 7see #aacf sqq474 ,s9ce *>ity to self is m obligatory ?an *>ity to ! neighbor1 suicide is a m s]i\s s9 ?an o!r =ms ( homicide4 ,nor is x excus$ by ! desire ( "s good = self4 ,! suicide does n bett] himself by 8 act1 =1 s9ce he has n fulfill$ 8 tru/ 9 ?is life1 :at c he expect 9 ! next life8 ,he escapes ! less] evils ( physical mis]ies or moral temptations1 b he incurs ! great] evils ( physical dea? & ( moral c[>dice & defeat1 to say no?+ ( 8 puni%m5t 9 ! h]eaft]4 #ahee4 ,coop]ation 9 ,suicide4--,coop]ation 9 suicide has ! guilt ( unlawful homicide4 7a7 ,?us1 ^? :o incite1 advise1 comm&1 or assi/ ano!r to commit suicide are guilty ( moral murd]4 7b7 ,^? :o c>ry out toge!r a suicide pact are guilty bo? ( suicide & ( moral murd]4 #ahef4 ,p]mission or ,au?orization to ,commit ,suicide4--7a7 ,div9e au?ority c\ld comm& or p]mit suicide1 s9ce ,god has ! p[] ov] life & dea?4 ,b :e!r ,god has ev] done ?is is unc]ta94 ,"s argue = ! affirmative f ! dea? ( ,sampson1 :o pull$ d[n ! h\se ^u himself say+3 8,let me die ) ! ,phili/9es0 7,judges1 xvi4 #cj71 & ( ,razias :o kill$ himself to escape ill-usage 7,,ii ,ma*41 xiv4 #cg sqq471 & f ! acts ( c]ta9 female m>tyrs :o f love ( ,god or f ! desire to pres]ve *a/ity ru%$ to _! dea?s4 ,b o!rs ?9k t inv9cible ignorance may expla9 ^! cases4 ,! act ( ,sampson may also be und]/ood z indirect suicide lawfully committ$ = ! public good ( 8 c\ntry4 7b7 ,human au?ority1 accord+ to "s au?ors1 c\ld au?orize a condemn$ malefactor really guilty ( a capital crime to execute himself2 =1 !y argue1 !re is little diff]5ce betwe5 op5+ "o's m\? to swall[ poison adm9i/]$ by an execution] & tak+ x ) "o's own h&s1 z 0 done by ,socrates4 ,o!rs d5y t ,god has giv5 ! ,/ate ! au?ority to ord] suicide1 & !y decl>e t x is bo? unnecess>y & inhuman to =ce a condemn$ man to be 8 own execution]4 ,/ill o!rs believe t ! ,/ate c\ld comm& self-execution1 at lea/ 9 necessity1 b t su* a puni%m5t is s /range1 cruel & unnatural t x %\ld be avoid$2 =1 if x is %ock+ to ask a fa!r to execute 8 *ild1 mu* m %ock+ w\ld x be to ask a man to kill himself4 ,! argum5t is inconclusive :i* says t because x is lawful to p]=m an act prep>atory = dea?1 b :i* is indiff]5t & w\ld nev] cause dea? 7su* z op5+ ! m\? = poison71 x is also lawful to p]=m ! act :i* inflicts dea? 7su* z tak+ ! poison74 #aheg4 ,indirect ,suicide4--,indirect suicide is committ$ :5 "o is ! cause ( an act or omission1 indiff]5t 9 itself1 b f :i* "o =esees z a result t "o's life w be lo/ or notably %ort5$1 ,?is k9d ( 8suicide0 is lawful :5 & if ! conditions = a case ( d\ble effect are pres5t--9 o!r words1 if !re is a proportionately grave reason = p]mitt+ ! evil effect 7see #ajc sqq474 ,! foll[+ reasons are consid]$ suffici5t3 7a7 ! public good1 = ! welf>e ( society is a great] good ?an ! life ( an individual4 ,eleaz> is prais$ because he expos$ himself to dea? 9 ord] to deliv] 8 p 7,i ,ma*41 vi4 #dc sqq474 ,x is n s9ful1 !n1 b r obligatory = a soldi] to advance aga9/ ! enemy or to bl[ up an enemy =tification1 ?\gh x be c]ta9 t 8 own dea? w result2 nor is x wrong = a pa/or to g ab\t m9i/]+ to 8 flock dur+ a pe/il5ce1 ?\gh x be c]ta9 t he w fall a victim to ! plague4 ,explor]s & exp]im5t]s may also risk _! lives = ! advancem5t ( sci5ce2 7b7 ! good ( ano!r suffices = indirect suicide1 :5 he is 9 extreme spiritual ne$4 ,inde$1 !re may be an obligation ( *>ity to risk "o's life = ! salvation ( a s\l 7see #aaff74 ,h5ce1 x is lawful to g z a mission>y to a c\ntry ^: climate is s try+ t /rang]s die !re aft] a few ye>s2 7c7 ! high] good ( self 7i4e41 ! good ( virtue7 ju/ifies indirect suicide1 :5 !re is an urg5t reason = ex]cis+ a virtue 9 spite ( ! p]il ( dea?4 ,?us1 = ! sake ( *>ity a %ipwreck$ pass5g] may yield 8 place 9 ! life-boat to 8 p>5t1 wife1 fri5d1 or neighbor2 = ! sake ( fai?1 "o may refuse to flee 9 "t ( p]secution 7see #ajjf71 or may refuse & %\ld refuse to take food or dr9k (f]$ z a m>k ( idolatry2 = ! sake ( *a/ity a virg91 at ! p]il ( h] life1 may jump f a high w9d[ or resi/ ! assailant1 al?\gh x does n seem t ?is is obligatory if no int]nal cons5t w be giv5 to ! rape2 = ! sake ( ju/ice1 a crim9al 9 ! dea? h\se :o has an opportunity to escape f prison1 may decide to rema9 & be execut$1 or a malefactor condemn$ to die by />vation may refuse to take food secretly br\ght him2 = ! sake ( mortification1 "o may practise mod]ate au/]ities1 z by fa/+s1 wat*+s1 sc\rg+s1 hair-%irts1 etc41 :i* sometimes %ort5 life1 ?\gh g5]ally !y l5g!n x2 7d7 ! pref]able temporal good ( self suffices1 t is1 "o may risk ! dang] ( dea? to escape ano!r dang] t is m likely to happ5 or m t]rible4 ,?us1 a man 9 a burn+ build+ may leap f a high w9d[1 ev5 ?\gh dea? f ! fall is almo/ c]ta91 = dea? by burn+ is m t]rible2 a prison] :o is ab\t to be tortur$ to dea? may make a break = lib]ty if he sees a *ance ( escape1 = dea? is m c]ta9 if he rema9s4 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 "o may engage 9 haz>d\s b useful occupations1 su* z work+ on high build+s1 or z a div] or m9]1 = x is bett] to live a %ort] "t ) employm5t & ! necessities ( life1 & to be ( s]vice to ! public1 ?an to live a long] "t )\t ^! advantages4 ,b a work] %\ld n und]take dang]\s tasks = :i* he is unfitt$ or unprep>$1 & ! employ] is b\nd to safegu>d ! lives ( ! work]s4 #aheh4 ,! same reasons are n suffici5t 9 all cases4 7a7 ,?us1 ! great] ! risk ( dea?1 ! m s]i\s ! reason requir$4 ,h5ce1 to save ! money "o has x might be lawful to jump f a second-/ory w9d[1 b n f a high] w9d[ :5 ! fall w\ld mo/ likely kill "o4 7b7 ,! m imm$iate ! dang] ( dea?1 ! m s]i\s ! reason requir$4 ,?us1 to save money "o might lawfully ent] a qu>ant9$ h\se1 b ! risk w\ld n be p]mitt$ if ! h\se 7 tott]+ 9 an e>?quake4 7c7 ,! m notable ! %ort5+ ( life1 ! great] ! reason ne$$ to p]mit x4 ,?us1 if ! practice ( a c]ta9 mortification or labor r$uces ! expectancy ( life = a few ye>s1 a less] reason suffices ?an if x r$uces ! expectancy = t5 or m ye>s4 #ahei4 ,indirect suicide is unlawful & has ! guilt ( self-murd] :5 ! reason = risk+ dea? is frivol\s or insuffici5t or s9ful4 7a7 ,examples ( insuffici5t reasons are f\nd 9 ! cases ( p]sons :o engage 9 occupations or actions t are v dang]\s to life or limb b ( little public or private value1 z :5 = ! sake ( p]=m+ a feat a man walks a tight-rope1 pricks himself ) p9s & ne$les1 or puts 8 head into a lion's m\?4 ,b if ! p]=m] is v skillful & has no o!r means ( livelihood1 x seems t he may ex]cise 8 art = ! sake ( ent]ta9m5t4 7b7 ,examples ( s9ful reasons = risk+ dea? are f\nd 9 p]sons :o abbreviate _! lives by ov]-eat+1 drunk5ness1 habitual indulg5ce 9 /rong spirits1 or immod]ate passion ( any k9d2 & also 9 ^? :o refuse to make use ( ! ord9>y means = ! pres]vation ( heal? 7see #aeff sqq47 or ( ! ord9>y rem$ies aga9/ disease 7see #aega74 ,x is n necess>y t "o be anxi\s to live long 7see #ajfc71 b x is obligatory to use ! normal means = ! pres]vation ( life1 & ^? :o notably neglect ^! means are guilty ( indirect suicide4 #ahfj4 ,is x suicidal to refuse a surgical op]ation pron\nc$ necess>y = life8 7a7 ,if ! op]ation is likely to be successful & !re is no good reason = refus+ x1 x seems t "o may n refuse x )\t ! guilt ( indirect suicide1 al?\gh "o might be excus$ on acc\nt ( good fai?4 7b7 ,if ! success ( ! op]ation is d\btful1 or if !re is a good reason = refus+1 "o :o refuses is n guilty ( suicide4 ,among ! good reasons are spiritual ones 7e4g41 mode/y1 ! fe> ( fall+ into blasphemy or despair "u ! pa9 are giv5 by "s writ]s7 & temporal ones 7e4g41 ! pov]ty t w\ld be br\ght ^u ! pati5t's family or ! h>d%ip t w\ld result = ! pati5t himself74 #ahfa4 ,canonical ,p5alties = ,suicide4--7a7 ,^? :o attempt suicide are irregul> ex delicto 7,canon #ihe1 n4 #e74 7b7 ,if !y die1 !y are n giv5 ecclesia/ical burial unless !y gave signs ( rep5tance be=e dea? 7,canon #abdj1 n1 #c71 &1 if !y recov]1 !y are subject to v>i\s p5alties 7,canon #bcej1 ,sec4 #b74 7c7 ,if x is d\btful :e!r a p]son committ$ suicide1 or 0 responsible1 ! d\bt is decid$ 9 8 favor1 provid$ no sc&al is likely4 #ahfb4 ,accid5tal ,homicide4--,accid5tal homicide is t :i* happ5s )\t any direct purpose to kill4 ,b ! foll[+ cases %\ld be di/+ui%$3 7a7 :5 ! homicide is n volunt>y1 ei!r 9 itself or 9 its cause 7see #ce1 #id71 t is1 :5 ! slay] _h no int5tion to kill & c\ld n =esee t dea? w\ld result f 8 act or omission2 7b7 :5 ! homicide is volunt>y only 9 its cause1 inasmu* z ! p]son :o kills is guilty ( neglig5ce 9 a lawful ?+1 or ( some?+ unlawful1 & dea? results f ! neglig5ce or f t :i* is unlawful1 al?\gh !re 0 no direct wi% to kill4 #ahfc4 ,! ,case ( ,"o ,f ,^: ,lawful ,act or ,omission ,homicide ,accid5tally ,results4--7a7 ,if ?is p]son 0 n guilty ( neglig5ce1 he is n responsible = ! resultant homicide1 s9ce x 0 n volunt>y1 ei!r directly or indirectly4 ,?us1 if a man :o 0 said to be dead1 b :o kn[s no?+ ab\t ! report1 calls at 8 home & 8 wife drops dead on see+ him1 he is n responsible = h] dea?4 7b7 ,if ! p]son 9 "q 0 neglig5t1 he is guilty ( homicide 9 a great] or less degree accord+ to ! s]i\sness ( 8 neglect4 ,?us1 a sane man :o fl\ri%es a load$ revolv] 9 a cr[d$ room is responsible if ! revolv] goes (f & kills someone pres5t2 b a nurse :o leaves a sick room = j a mom5t ) ! result t h] pati5t falls out ( b$ & is kill$1 is only slightly responsible at ! mo/1 if !re 0 little reason to expect :at happ5$4 #ahfd4 ,! ,case ( ,"o ,f ,^: ,unlawful ,act or ,omission ,homicide ,accid5tally ,results4--7a7 ,if ?is p]son 0 n neglig5t & 8 conduct 0 n dang]\s to ! lives ( o!rs1 he is n guilty ( homicide2 = ! dea? t ensu$ 0 n volunt>y1 ei!r directly or indirectly4 ,?us1 if a ?ief is driv+ away c>efully ) a /ol5 automobile & a reckless p$e/rian gets 9 front ( ! c> & is kill$1 ! driv] is guilty ( !ft1 b n ( homicide4 7b7 ,if ! p]son 9 "q 0 n neglig5t b 8 conduct 0 nev]!less dang]\s to ! lives ( o!rs1 he is guilty ( homicide2 = ! dea? t foll[$ 0 volunt>y indirectly1 s9ce he c\ld h =ese5 ! homicide & %\ld h avoid$ ! conduct4 ,?us1 if a p]son /rikes lightly a pregnant woman & %e suff]s an abortion1 or if "o :o is n a surgeon tries to mutilate an innoc5t p]son & kills him1 he is responsible = ! dea?1 s9ce ! acts committ$ rema9$ dang]\s to life1 no matt] h[ c>eful ! (f5d] may h be5 to avoid kill+4 #ahfe4 ,moral & ,legal ,guilt4--,! law may hold "o responsible = homicide1 ev5 ?\gh !re is no !ological guilt 7see #agff sqq474 7a7 ,?us1 "o may be held responsible = ! consequ5ce ( acts only juridically neglig5t1 z :5 an automobili/ :ile driv+ at a spe$ unreasonable 9 law1 b n 9 fact1 kills a p$e/rian4 7b7 ,"o may be held responsible = acts committ$ by ^? subject to "o's c>e or control1 z :5 a man keeps a dog loose n kn[+ t x is vici\s & x kills a neighbor's *ild1 or :5 he illegally l5ds 8 c> to a m9or1 ?9k+ ! latt] is a good driv]1 & ! m9or c>elessly runs d[n a p]son 9 ! road4 #ahff4 ,bodily ,injuries4-,inju/ice is done n only by de/roy+ ! life ( a human be+1 b also by h>m+ him 9 8 rights to bodily integrity or well-be+4 ,! *ief bodily injuries are ! foll[+3 7a7 mutilation1 :i* deprives a p]son ( limbs or memb]s1 )\t inflict+ dea?2 7b7 w\nd+1 :i* by an act ( viol5ce 7su* z a /ab or bl[7 breaks ! cont9uity ( ! body1 or impairs its /r5g? or beauty2 7c7 enfeeblem5t1 :i* impairs or de/roys ! heal?1 /r5g?1 or com=t ( ! body 9 unlawful ways 7e4g41 by deprivation ( necess>y food1 sleep1 fre% air1 by communication ( infection1 by beat+1 haz+1 etc472 7d7 re/ra9t1 :i* h9d]s ! lawful ex]cise ( ! bodily p[]s 7e4g41 by hold+ a p]son aga9/ 8 w1 by *a9+ him to a po/1 by lock+ him 9 a room74 #ahfg4 ,mutilation4 ,9 g5]al1 any k9d ( act :i* injures or impairs bodily integrity is call$ mutilation4 ,9 ! /rict s5se1 mutilation is any cutt+ (f1 or "s equival5t action1 ?r\gh :i* an organic function or a di/9ct use ( a memb] is suppress$ or directly dim9i%$4 ,accord+ly1 ?ree di/9ct types ( mutilation are possible3 7a7 :5 a "p ( ! body ) a di/9ct function is excis$2 7b7 :5 a di/9ct organic function is totally suppress$1 )\t excision ( ! organ2 7c7 :5 ! function is directly less5$ or p>tially suppress$4 #ahfh4 ,morality4 7a7 ,liceity4 ,! basic pr9ciple gov]n+ ! morality ( mutilation is3 ,man is n ! ma/] ( 8 own life1 b only ! cu/odian4 ,accord+ly1 nei!r is he ma/] ( 8 own body4 ,?us1 ,pope ,pius ,,xii1 speak+ ( ! 8,surgeon's ,noble ,vocation0 7,! ,ca?olic ,m9d1 ,aug4 #aidh1 pp4 #dij ff471 decl>$3 8,god alone is ,"l ( ! life & integrity ( man1 ,"l ( 8 memb]s1 8 organs1 8 pot5cies1 p>ticul>ly ( ^? :i* make him an associate 9 ! "w ( creation4 ,nei!r p>5ts1 nor sp\se1 nor ! individual 9 "q may dispose ( !m at w40 ,z /ew>d1 man has duties t[>d 8 body1 its heal? & welf>e1 accord+ to ! norms ( reason & ! div9e law1 s t x may be a means ( 8 atta9+ life ) ,god4 ,act+ 9 accord ) ^! norms & ! end ( life1 x may become necess>y & licit = man to mutilate 8 body 9 ord] to safegu>d heal? or to save 8 life4 ,! pr9ciple express+ ! morality ( mutilation1 kn[n z ! pr9ciple ( totality 7,pius ,,xii1 ,n\s v\s saluons1 ,,aas #de-fgd71 may be =mulat$3 ,man may licitly mutilate 8 body only ins(> z ?is is exp$i5t = ! good ( ! :ole4 ,9 fact1 su* mutilation is (t5 obligatory1 s9ce "o mu/ use ord9>y means to protect 8 life & heal?1 & s9ce ! "p is = ! :ole4 ,?us1 "o w\ld be b\nd to und]go an op]ation = app5dicitis 9 ord] to save "o's life4 ,al?\gh an organ be n diseas$1 x may "u c]ta9 circum/ances be remov$4 ,?us1 a surgeon op]at+ = h]nia may remove a heal?y app5dix1 %\ld ! dang] ( adhesions be =ese5 t w\ld require a lat] op]ation4 ,nor is x necess>y t !re be a 8pres5t0 dang]4 ,! words ( ,pope ,pius ,,xii1 t mutilations are p]missible :5 requir$ 8to avoid 444 s]i\s & la/+ damage0 7,,aas #dd-ghb71 are sugge/ive ( ! liceity ( prophylactic op]ations4 7,see m$ical-e?ics texts = special cases1 su* z lobotomy1 ?alamotomy1 exp]im5tation1 etc47 ,! problem ( mutilation involv$ 9 organic transplantation = ! b5efit ( a neighbor is highly controv]t$ at ! pres5t "t1 ,pope ,pius ,,xii discuss$ ! legality ( corneal transplants f ! dead to ! liv+ 7,! ,pope ,speaks1 ,autumn1 #aief1 pp4 #aih ff471 b he did n t\* ! matt] ( transplants f liv+ bodies4 ,9 ?is controv]sial matt]1 ! foll[+ pr9ciples seem to be cle>3 #a7 ,mutilation = ! good ( ! neighbor _c be ju/ifi$ by ! pr9ciple ( totality1 = ! subord9ation impli$ 9 ! pr9ciple is *>act]i/ic ( a physical1 n a moral1 n ev5 ! ,my/ical1 body4 #b7 ,m9or mutilations1 su* z sk9 grafts or blood transfusions1 are c]ta9ly p]missible4 ,! speculative basis is /ill a matt] ( dispute4 #c7 ,x is solidly probable extr9sically t organic transplantations may be p]mitt$1 possibly out ( *>ity & = a proportionate reason4 ,"s cont5d1 h[ev]1 t ! act ( mutilation involv$ is intr9sically evil & c n be ju/ifi$ by ! extr9sic motive ( *>ity4 ,mutilation is lawful by public au?ority 9 puni%m5t ( a crim9al2 = if ! /ate has ! "r to inflict dea? = s]i\s crime1 mu* m has x ! "r to indict ! less] puni%m5t ( mutilation4 ,! exp$i5cy1 h[ev]1 ( ex]cis+ ! "r mu/ be judg$ 9 t]ms n only ( puni%m5t1 b also ( prev5tion ( crime4 ,mutilation has no necess>y connection 7ap>t f special circum/ances7 ) det]r+ crim9als f fur!r crime4 7b7 ,9 o!r cases mutilation is unlawful2 = j z man is n ! ma/] ( 8 life1 nei!r is he ! ma/] ( 8 limbs1 & he commits a wrong aga9/ ,god1 society1 & ! individual if he de/roys p>ts ( 8 body :5 nei!r public good nor private safety dem&s t ?is c be done4 ,?us1 mutilation ( a crim9al p]=m$ by private au?ority is unlawful4 ,h5ce1 a husb& may n mutilate a man :o has brok5 up 8 home4 ,mutilation ( an innoc5t p]son t x n necess>y = 8 bodily safety is unlawful4 ,ev5 spiritual good is n a suffici5t reason2 = example1 "o may n ca/rate oneself 9 ord] to escape temptation1 = ?is op]ation does n take away passion1 &1 moreov]1 !re are spiritual means :i* suffice aga9/ temptation4 ,:5 ,our ,"l says t "o %\ld cut (f a h& or foot t causes sc&al 7,matt41 xviii4 #h71 ,he is speak+ metaphorically ( ! avoidance ( ! occasions ( s94 ,mu* less is temporal good a suffici5t reason = mutilation4 ,h5ce1 a y\? may n h 8 tee? pull$ 9 ord] to escape milit>y s]vice2 a paup] may n h 8 arm amputat$ 9 ord] to get l>g] alms2 a boy may n be ca/rat$ 9 ord] to give him a bett] s++ voice2 a woman may n h ! hy/]ectomy or o!r simil> op]ations p]=m$ m]ely to prev5t conception2 a man may n h ! op]ation ( vasectomy p]=m$ on him 9 ord] to prev5t g5]ation4 #ahfi4 ,morality ( ,/]ilization4 ,mutilations :i* fru/rate ! p[] ( procreation 9 m5 & wom5 are call$ /]ilization4 ,two k9ds are di/+ui%$2 indirect1 to remove diseas$ organs2 direct1 to prev5t conception4 7a7 ,indirect /]ilization 7also call$ by _m !rapeutic7 is lawful :5 x is necess>y to save life or heal?4 ,! e?ical pr9ciple involv$ is ! indirect volunt>y or ! pr9ciple ( d\ble effect4 ,h5ce1 vasectomy may be us$ to prev5t idiocy or dea?1 or to remove or allay physiological abnormalities t br+ on c]ta9 sexual p]v]sities or di/urbances1 if x is likely t ^! evils are imm95t or pres5t & t ! op]ation w be b5eficial4 7b7 ,direct /]ilization by public au?ority includes bo? punitive & eug5ical /]ilization4 ,! latt] 0 condemn$ by ,pope ,pius ,,xi 9 ,ca/i ,connubii4 ,9 context ! ,holy ,fa!r 0 deal+ ) ! false claims made 9 ! "n ( eug5ics t ! ,/ate might legitimately /]ilize ^? :o by reason ( h]$it>y defect might be consid]$ likely to g5]ate defective (fspr+4 ,?is position is vehem5tly reject$3 8,public magi/rates h no direct p[] ov] ! bodies ( _! subjects4 ,!re=e :]e no crime has tak5 place & !re is no cause pres5t = grave puni%m5t1 !y c nev] directly h>m or tamp] ) ! integrity ( ! body1 ei!r = ! reasons ( eug5ics or = any o!r reason4 ,/4 ,?omas tea*es ?is :51 inquir+ :e!r human judges = ! sake ( prev5t+ future evils c inflict puni%m5t1 he admits t ! p[] inde$ exi/s z reg>ds c]ta9 o!r =ms ( puni%m5t1 b ju/ly & prop]ly d5ies x z reg>ds ! maim+ ( ! body40 ,9 ! same context1 punitive /]ilization1 :e!r z puni%m5t = crime or z det]r5t1 0 also decl>$ to be unlawful4 ,h[ev]1 fasciole #ad ( ! ,,aas = #aicj em5d$ ! text & seems to h )drawn ! =mal condemnation ( punitive /]ilization4 a subject ( !ological discussion at ! "t4 ,! matt] _h n be5 clos$ & ! em5dation _h ! =ce ( reop5+ ! "q4 ,!ological op9ion is /ill divid$ z to ! liceity ( punitive /]ilization4 ,"s /ill ma9ta9 t s9ce ! /ate c inflict ! sup]ior p5alty ( dea? = s]i\s crime1 a =tiori also ! less] puni%m5t ( /]ilization4 ,o!rs d5y ! liceity1 = /]ilization does n a*ieve ! ess5tial purposes ( puni%m5t2 x is n corrective1 prev5tive1 retributive1 or em5datory4 ,accord+ly punitive /]ilization is unreasonable & inconv5i5t4 ,?is latt] view prevails among mo/ mod]n moral !ologians4 ,confirmation = ! view is s\ght 9 ! response ( ! ,holy ,(fice 7,,aas #cb-gc7 t direct /]ilization is prohibit$ by ! law ( nature4 ,s9ce punitive /]ilization has z its imm$iate effect1 :e!r z an end or z a means1 /]ility ( ! g5]ative pot5cy1 x may well fall "u ! category ( direct & h5ce also "u condemnation ( ! ,holy ,(fice4 #ahgj4 ,o!r ,bodily ,puni%m5ts4--,o!r bodily h>ms 7w\nds1 bl[s1 re/ra9t7 may n be inflict$ except "u ! foll[+ conditions3 7a7 !re mu/ be suffici5t au?ority4 ,! ,/ate1 be+ a p]fect society1 has great] co]cive p[]1 & may inflict p5alties t are ( a p]man5t "*1 su* z dea? or mutilation or w\nds 7e4g41 by br&+72 & x may impose re/ra9t1 n only f unlawful1 b also f lawful acts4 ,! family1 be+ an imp]fect society1 has a limit$ co]cive p[]1 & h5ce ! fa!r1 or ^? :o hold 8 place 7e4g41 tea*]s71 may adm9i/] corporal *a/isem5ts t are n ( an irrep>able k9d to 8 *ildr5 7su* z beat+s1 :ipp+s74 ,o!r p]sons may puni% or re/ra9 only 9 case ( urg5t necessity 7e4g41 "o may hold a /rang] :o is ab\t to commit murd]2 "o may *a/ize a neighbor+ boy :o _c be kept f depr$ations on "o's prop]ty 9 any o!r way74 ,x is n wrong1 h[ev]1 to inflict mod]ate bodily hurts1 if ! o!r p]son is n unwill+ & !re is a reasonable purpose1 su* z ex]cise1 tra9+ 9 ! art ( box+ or wre/l+1 recreation1 or mortification2 7b7 !re mu/ be a suffici5t reason = ! h>m done4 ,! good ( ! public is a suffici5t reason2 = example1 :5 a crim9al is incorrigible & x is dang]\s = him to be at l>ge1 x is n unreasonable to give him a life s5t5ce4 ,! good ( ! individual is also suffici5t2 = example1 :5 a surgeon has to w\nd 9 ord] to cure1 :5 a fa!r has to use ! rod 9 ord] to improve ! *ild or to uphold discipl9e 7,prov41 xiii4 #bd1 xxiii4 #ac72 7c7 !re mu/ be mod]ation 9 ! h>m or pa9 inflict$4 ,?us1 :ile *ildr5 %\ld n be spoil$1 nor prison]s pamp]$1 ! o!r extreme ( maltreatm5t or torture mu/ be avoid$4 ,x is cruel to box *ildr5 s\ndly on ! e>s1 or to pu% !m r\ghly ab\t1 or to tie !m up 9 ! d>k1 z !y may suff] p]man5t injury f su* me?ods4 ,likewise1 x is b>b>\s to s5d convicts to a place or prison s horrible t !y lose _! m9ds or fall victims to l+]+ disease1 or to inflict excruciat+ puni%m5ts by rack1 ?umb-screw1 prolong$ sc\rg+s1 etc4 #ahga4 ,injury to ,heal?4--,h>m unju/ly done to ! heal? ( o!rs is s9ful1 &1 if ! h>m is great1 ! s9 is mortal4 ,examples3 7a7 ,h>m to heal? is done negatively by omission ( duty1 z :5 a m$ical man or physical director does n use suffici5t c>e & a pati5t !reby suff]s detrim5t to heal?1 or an employ] does n see t 8 factory or place ( bus9ess is sanit>y1 or t ! "w is n too exhau/+ ) ! result t employees lose _! vigor4 7b7 ,h>m to heal? is done positively by acts or objects t t5d to deprive ano!r ( ! means to physical well-be+ 7e4g41 annoyances1 noises t prev5t sleep1 adult]at$ food1 ma9t5ance ( a nuisance :i* creates suffocat+ smells or h>mful vapors1 etc471 or t br+ to ano!r ! infection ( disease 7e4g41 :5 a well p]son is made to live or room ) "o :o has tub]culosis74 #ahgb4 ,!ft & ,robb]y4--,hav+ consid]$ ! injuries to p]son committ$ by homicide1 mutilation1 imprisonm5t1 etc41 we %all n[ take up ! injuries to prop]ty committ$ by !ft & robb]y4 ,private own]%ip ( prop]ty is all[$ by natural & div9e law1 & x is necess>y :51 z at pres5t1 human affairs _c be well manag$ "u ano!r sy/em4 ,x has its limits1 h[ev]1 s9ce x is subord9ate to ! public good1 & *>ity requires t ^? :o h ! goods ( ?is _w %>e !m ) ^? :o are 9 ne$ 7see #abaj sqq474 ,! *ief titles to private own]%ip are ! foll[+3 7a7 orig9al titles1 :i* are ^? by :i* "o takes possession & dom9ion ( goods t h nev] _h or h n n[ an own]1 & ^! are r$uc$ to two1 namely1 occupation 7i4e41 ! tak+ possession ( a mat]ial ?+7 & accession 7i4e41 ! union ( a mat]ial ?+ ) "o's prop]ty72 7b7 d]ivative titles1 :i* are ^? by :i* "o obta9s dom9ion1 ?r\gh transf] ( "r1 ( ! goods t belong to ano!r4 ,^! titles are produc$ by ! law itself 7z 9 prescription71 or by ! law & ! free w ( man 7z 9 inh]itance f te/am5t or f inte/ate71 or by ! free w ( man 7z 9 contracts74 #ahgc4 ,! ,*ief ,k9ds or ,ways ( ,occupation4--7a7 ,animals4--,dome/ic animals 7e4g41 dogs1 cats7 may n be occupi$1 ev5 ?\gh !y h /ray$ f _! own]2 tam$ animals 7e4g41 bees1 pigeons1 songbirds7 may be occupi$ only :5 !y h recov]$ _! lib]ty2 wild animals 7e4g41 birds1 foxes1 fi%es1 h>es1 etc41 at l>ge7 may n be occupi$1 unless !y are kept 9 a small enclosure f :i* !y _c escape4 7b7 ,l& & ,plants4 ,^! may be occupi$ only :5 !y h no pres5t own]4 7c7 ,treasure-trove4--,?is is a deposit ( preci\s movables hidd5 away s long ago t x is impossible to discov] ! own]4 ,accord+ to natural law x may be occupi$ by ! f9d]1 b ! civil law sometimes decides t ! f9d mu/ be divid$ ) ! own] ( ! place or ) ! gov]nm5t4 7d7 ,lo/ ,prop]ty4--,?is embraces ^? movables :i* an own] has rec5tly p>t$ )1 ?r\gh accid5t or =getfulness1 )\t any int5tion ( giv+ up 8 own]%ip ( !m1 & :i* are n[ easily f9dable1 al?\gh _! own] is n kn[n4 ,! f9d] is oblig$ to make reasonable ef=ts to f9d ! own]4 ,if he neglects to make ^! ef=ts1 proportionate to ! wor? ( ! f\nd article1 & is conv9c$ t he might h f\nd ! own]1 he is consid]$ by "s !ologians to be a possessor 9 bad fai? & b\nd to res]ve ! article = ! own] or turn x ov] to ! poor or to pi\s causes4 ,hav+ made ! ef=t unsuccessfully1 accord+ to natural law1 he may use ! article z 8 own4 ,! prescriptions ( civil law z to ! "t int]val be=e he may beg9 to use ! article mu/ be obs]v$4 7e7 ,ab&on$ ,goods4--,accord+ to natural law "o may occupy goods volunt>ily rel9qui%$ by ! own] 7e4g41 an old automobile left by ! roadside71 b ! civil law sometimes aw>ds c]ta9 classes ( goods 7e4g41 immovables7 to ! ,/ate4 7f7 ,vacant ,goods4--,accord+ to natural law ! goods ( "o :o di$ )\t heirs may be occupi$2 b "u ! civil law !y usually devolve to ! ,/ate1 :e!r !y be movables or immovables4 #ahgd4 ,pr9ciples on ,accession4--7a7 ,accord+ to natural law1 if ! two ?+s unit$ are sep>able1 !n ea* own] %\ld be giv5 8 own prop]ty2 b if ! ?+s are insep>able & "o is m valuable1 ! own] ( ! m valuable "p keeps all1 b comp5sates ! own] ( ! less valuable "p2 if ! ?+s are insep>able & ( equal value1 !re is jo9t own]%ip4 7b7 ,accord+ to positive law1 ^! natural pr9ciples are appli$ to v>i\s cases ( accession1 :e!r x be natural 7z ?r\gh gr[? ( plants or deposit ( l& by riv]s7 or artificial 7z ?r\gh *ange made 9 a mat]ial by labor1 or addition ( "o sub/ance to ano!r74 ,^! details are treat$ 9 books on law4 #ahge4 ,prescription4--,prescription laws 7see #agih7 are valid 9 consci5ce1 s9ce !y are det]m9ations ab\t prop]ty rights made 9 ! int]e/ ( ! common welf>e4 ,b ! foll[+ conditions are requir$ = acquisition ( prop]ty ?r\gh prescription3 7a7 ! object ( prescription mu/ be a ?+ prescriptible accord+ to natural & positive law4 ,?us1 natural rights & public prop]ty may n be prescrib$ aga9/2 7b7 ! subject ( prescription mu/ be a p]son capable ( possess+1 & he mu/ be hone/ly conv9c$ t he has a "r to :at he possesses2 7c7 ! claim ( ! subject to ! object mu/ re/ on possession1 on app>5t title to ! prop]ty1 & on ! lapse ( ! legal "t dur+ :i* possession has be5 held or own]%ip has rema9$ undisput$4 #ahgf4 ,wills4--,a w is a decl>ation made 9 legal =m 7i4e41 ) ! solemnities requir$ by law7 ( ! disposal to be made ( "o's prop]ty aft] "o's dea?4 ,defects 9 a w or legacy sometimes op]ate to take away ! moral obligations ( obs]v+ x4 7a7 ,?us1 if ! defect is "o ( natural law 7e4g41 a w made "u duress71 !re is no moral "r or obligation produc$ by reason ( ! gift4 7b7 ,if ! defect is ( positive law only & makes ! w resc9dable 7e4g41 a w n subscrib$1 z by law requir$1 9 pres5ce ( ! te/ator71 ! gift is good 9 consci5ce until adv]se decision ( c\rt4 7c7 ,if ! defect is ( positive law only & makes ! w ipso facto invalid 7e4g41 a legatee acts z witness to a w71 ! gift is good 9 consci5ce1 if !re is "q ( pi\s causes1 s9ce prop]ty donat$ to ,god may n be ali5at$ by human laws4 ,b ! ,*ur* desires civil =malities to be obs]v$ 9 ! mak+ ( wills 7,canon #aeac74 7d7 ,if ! defect is positive & ipso facto invalidat+1 & !re is "q ( pr(ane causes1 ! w is n good 9 consci5ce1 ev5 be=e decl>ation ( c\rt4 #ahgg4 ,contracts4--,a contract may be de9$ z a mutual agreem5t conc]n+ ! transf] ( a "r4 #a4 ,a contract is a mutual agreem5t1 i4e41 !re mu/ be cons5t ( at lea/ two p>ties to ! same object4 ,an (f] made b n accept$ is n a contract1 = only "o p>ty cons5ts4 #b4 ,! contractants transf] a "r :i* produces 9 mo/ in/ances "u ju/ice a correspond+ obligation ( do+ or omitt+ some?+4 ,promises1 pl$ges1 pacts1 etc41 :ile !y impose obligations bas$ on tru?fulness1 loyalty1 etc41 are n contracts4 ,see #ahhh 7a74 #c4 ,! obligation 9 ju/ice may be on bo? sides 7bilat]al7 or only on "o side 7unilat]al71 b cons5t mu/ be on bo? sides4 ,! elem5ts ( a contract are made up ( ess5tials & accid5tals4 7a7 ,! ess5tials include ! subject-matt]1 ! p>ties contractant1 _! agreem5t1 & ! ext]nal =m t manife/s ! agreem5t4 7b7 ,! accid5tals include bonds1 oa?s1 conditions & modes4 #ahgh4 ,! subject-matt] ( a contract--t is1 ! ?+ or action or =be>ance ) :i* ! agreem5t is conc]n$--mu/ h ! foll[+ qualities3 7a7 x mu/ be some?+ possible1 = "o may n und]take :at "o _c p]=m4 ,?us1 "o _c b9d oneself by an accessory contract 7su* z surety%ip71 if ! pr9cipal contract itself is ipso facto invalid4 ,b if ! impossibility is only moral 7i4e41 great difficulty71 "o :o kn[+ly und]takes ! ardu\s is b\nd to fulfill 8 promise2 if x is only p>tial1 "o is held to ! "p t is possible2 if x is culpable1 "o is b\nd to repair damage caus$ ! o!r p>ty ?r\gh non-fulfillm5t2 7b7 x mu/ be some?+ disposable1 = "o may n transf] t ov] :i* "o has no "r ( control or transf]4 ,?us1 "o may n contract to sell public prop]ty t is extra comm]cium1 or prop]ty ( :i* "o has only ! possession1 or goods ov] :i* o!rs h a claim 7e4g41 a debtor may n be/[ gifts to ! detrim5t ( cr$itors' rights71 or goods n transf]able = pay 7e4g41 paym5t = a favorable decision by a judge1 or prop]ty ow$ to a ?ird p>ty7 or = money 7e4g41 academic degrees1 public (fices1 ,sacram5ts1 indulg5ces72 7c7 x mu/ be some?+ exi/5t & det]m9able1 = no "o wi%es to contract = a "r t is valueless & illusory4 ,?us1 "o may n sell %>es ( a /ock company t has no assets1 or an indef9ite h\se or lot or *attel2 7d7 x mu/ be some?+ good & lawful1 = "o may n b9d oneself to iniquity4 ,if x is s9ful 7e4g41 a contract to sell a h\se 9 ord] to spite a ?ird p>ty71 ! agreem5t is p] se valid4 ,b if ! sub/ance is evil 7e4g41 a contract = =nication made ) a pro/itute71 ! agreem5t is null be=e ! p]=mance ( ! promis$ s92 b x seems to _m t aft] p]=mance ( ! s9 ! promisor is oblig$ to pay ! money promis$1 unless ! law makes ! contract void 7see #ahhf c74 ,if ! law m]ely d5ies protection to a s9ful engagem5t1 or =bids x "u p5alty1 x w\ld seem t aft] p]=mance ( ! s9 "o may foll[1 z f> z /rict ju/ice is conc]n$1 ! rule t "r is ) ! possessor4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates immoral & illegal contracts & ^? t are oppos$ to public policy are g5]ally reg>d$ z null1 b 9 "s cases ! law decl>es immoral conditions de futuro non-exi/5t & consid]s ! agreem5t to :i* !y are add$ z valid 7e4g41 wills & gifts int] vivos 9 "s codes74 #ahgi4 ,s9ful ,contracts4--,!re is no =m ( contract t may n be made s9ful z to its sub/ance on acc\nt ( ! wick$ (f] or consid]ation 7e4g41 sale may deal ) immoral objects1 labor may be giv5 to crim9al projects71 b !re are c]ta9 =ms ( contract t are p>ticul>ly op5 to abuse & h5ce are frequ5tly associat$ ) evil circum/ances or results4 ,"s contracts are (t5 illicit accord+ to natural law4 7a7 ,?us1 a gift is s9ful1 on ! "p ( ! donor1 :5 x is made by an employ] = ! purpose ( s$uc+ a s]vant1 & on ! "p ( ! s]vant1 :5 x is accept$ = ! purpose ( enc\rag+ ! unlawful att5tions ( ! employ]2 b if ! gift is unconditional1 !re is no obligation 9 ju/ice to return x4 7b7 ,borr[+ is s9ful1 :5 ! l5d] is 9 great] ne$1 or :5 "o becomes unduly obligat$ to ! l5d]2 l5d+ is s9ful :5 ! l5d] _c af=d to "p ) ! ?+ loan$1 or :5 ! borr[] is enc\rag$ 9 ?riftlessness1 or :5 he w make evil use ( ! ?+ borr[$1 etc4 7c7 ,wag]s are frequ5tly s9ful1 s9ce _m ( !m are incitem5ts to s9 7e4g41 a bet t ano!r is afraid to get drunk71 or results ( s9ful motives 7e4g41 bets made 9 ord] to deceive1 or to satisfy av>ice1 or to live )\t "w71 or causes ( great evils 7e4g41 de/itution ( families1 frauds1 sc&al1 & corruption74 7d7 ,gam+ is s9ful :5 ! =m ( ! sport is objectionable 7e4g41 ! anci5t gladiatorial fights 9 :i* ! combatants kill$ ea* o!r71 or :5 ! motives or circum/ances are wrong 7e4g41 to play z a pr(essional gambl] s z to avoid "w1 to play c>ds all day ,sunday1 to play = high] /akes ?an "o c af=d1 to sp5d "t 9 8gambl+ hells074 7e7 ,lott]y is s9ful :5 ! object is bad 7e4g41 ! raffle ( an important (fice ) ! risk t incompet5t p]sons may be *os571 or :5 ! circum/ances are bad 7e4g41 if p]sons are l$ into sup]/ition or idl5ess & prodigality74 7f7 ,speculation is s9ful 9 _m in/ances1 s9ce x (t5 br+s on a gambl+ fev] t makes ! speculator useless to himself & 8 dep5d5ts1 & causes pov]ty & crime4 7g7 ,pawn+ ( prop]ty is (t5 unju/ifiable1 s9ce x makes p]sons deprive !mselves ( necess>y prop]ty 9 ord] to indulge 9 "s useless or extravagant :im ) borr[$ money4 #ahhj4 ,illegal ,contracts4--,= reasons ( public policy ! positive law puts its disapproval on _m ( ! above-m5tion$ contracts1 at lea/ 9 c]ta9 in/ances4 7a7 ,?us1 sometimes ! law makes a contract un5=ceable 9 c\rt1 ?\gh ! natural obligation is n affect$4 ,h5ce1 if a wag] is only d5i$ a he>+ be=e a judge1 ! w9n] may keep 8 ga9s1 & ! los] %\ld pay4 7b7 ,if ! law m]ely decl>es t a contract is illegal1 ! effect seems to be t ! contract reta9s its natural validity unless ! p>ty :o has suff]$ by x wi%es to disav[ x4 ,z to ! s9fulness ( su* a contract1 t dep5ds on :e!r or n ! law is p5al or preceptive 9 int5t4 ,?us1 _m reg>d laws t make bett+ illegal z preceptive "u v5ial s91 :ile o!rs reg>d !m z punitive only4 ,o!r examples ( illegal contracts are3 gifts made to a judge 9 connection ) a trial2 lott]y1 9 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 c]ta9 games ( *ance1 9 "s ,/ates2 & 9 ,canon ,law1 z reg>ds ! cl]gy1 alcatory games = money1 speculation & trad+ 7,canons #ach1 #adb74 7c7 ,if ! law makes a contract voidable1 ! effect is t ! contract possesses its natural =ce until adv]se decision is giv5 by c\rt4 ,h5ce1 if a wag] is voidable 9 law1 ! w9n] may keep 8 ga9s until oblig$ by a judge to give !m up1 b ! los] is n b\nd to pay1 unless he confirms ! wag]4 7d7 ,if ! law makes ! contract ipso facto void1 ! agreem5t loses its natural =ce 7see #eeh-efj74 ,9 mo/ ( our ,/ates1 wag]+ contracts are illegal & void :e!r by /atute or by judicial decision4 ,9 _m ( ^! ,/ates ! /atute p]mits ! recov]y ( ! money f ! w9n] or ! /akehold]4 ,gifts (f]$ z bribes are invalid1 & ^? :o give or take su* gifts are guilty ( s]i\s s9 & ( a crim9al (f5se4 ,9 "s ( our ,/ates1 c]ta9 gam+ contracts are also null4 #ahha4 ,qualities ,necess>y 9 ! ,p>ties ,contractant4--,! p>ties contractant mu/ h ! foll[+ qualities3 7a7 f natural law x is necess>y t !y h ! use ( reason suffici5t to und]/& :at !y are do+4 ,incompet5t are babies & ! insane1 & also ^? :o are totally drunk or o!rwise tempor>ily d]ang$4 ,less compet5t are ! half-witt$ & ^? :o ne$ a gu>dian 9 important matt]s2 7b7 f positive law x is necess>y t !y be n legally exclud$4 ,9 ,canon ,law adm9i/rators ( *ur* prop]ty & solemnly pr(ess$ religi\s are unable to make c]ta9 contracts 7,canons #aebg1 #ecf74 ,9 civil law !re are re/rictions on ! contractual p[]s ( m9ors1 wives1 ali5s1 gu>dians & corporations4 ,p]sons n yet conceiv$ are n capable 9 civil law ( receiv+ a donation1 & !re are _m prohibitions aga9/ ! t5d] or acceptance ( gifts by ^? :o c reasonably be suspect$ ( ex]cis+ undue influ5ce or ( be+ subject to undue influ5ce4 #ahhb4 ,legal ,privileges ( ,m9ors4--,! law grants c]ta9 b5efits to m9ors & ! l2 = example1 9 "s cases !y are n b\nd by a non-execut$ agreem5t1 :ile ! o!r p>ty is b\nd1 or 9 an execut$ contract !y may recov] prop]ty )\t re/or+ or (f]+ to re/ore ! consid]ation1 if !y h no?+ ) :i* to replace x4 7a7 ,m9ors & o!r p]sons :o are legally incompet5t to contract1 may avail !mselves ( ! b5efits ( ! law ) a good consci5ce1 if !y are 9 good fai?2 = x is j t ! law %\ld protect ^? :o are unable to protect !mselves1 & ^? :o make contracts ) su* p]sons %\ld "k t !y 7! compet5t p>ties7 act at _! own risk4 7b7 ,m9ors & o!r p]sons legally incompet5t may n avail !mselves ( ! b5efit ( ! law if !y h act$ 9 bad fai? 7e4g41 if a m9or by deceit induc$ ! o!r p>ty to sell to him74 #ahhc4 ,qualities ,necess>y = ,valid ,cons5t4--,! agreem5t or cons5t ( ! contract+ p>ties mu/ h ! foll[+ qualities3 7a7 x mu/ be int]nal1 t is1 "o mu/ accept 9 w & n m]ely 9 words ! proposal or consid]ation (f]$ by ! o!r p>ty4 ,if "o cons5ts only to ! =m ( ! contract1 ! contract is null1 & ! same is probably true if "o does n accept int]nally ! obligations ( ! contract2 if "o cons5ts to ! obligations1 b does n int5d to fulfill !m1 ! contract is valid1 b unlawful4 ,"o :o contracts invalidly s9s1 & is b\nd 9 ! ext]nal =um to keep ! contract s]i\sly made1 & 9 ! int]nal =um to repair ! damage to ! o!r p>ty by giv+ true cons5t or mak+ re/itution4 ,"o :o contracts unlawfully also s9s1 & is b\nd to ! engagem5t2 7b7 x mu/ be ext]nal1 t is1 "o mu/ manife/ 9 "s s5sible way "o's agreem5t to ! proposition conta9$ 9 an (f]$ contract4 ,sil5ce gives cons5t only :5 ! contract is favorable to ! p>ty :o is sil5t1 or :5 t p>ty %\ld & easily c\ld manife/ 8 lack ( cons5t1 if ! proposal did n please him4 ,9 ! case ( contracts betwe5 p>ties :o are n 9 ea* o!r's pres5ce1 ! intimation to ! (f]] ( ! (f]ee's acceptance is n necess>y = validity1 if ! contract is gratuit\s2 b ! contr>y seems to be true1 at lea/ p] se1 if ! contract is on]\s4 ,we %all speak lat] 7#ahhe7 on ! legal =malities requir$ 9 contracts2 7c7 x mu/ be mutual1 t is1 !re mu/ be a meet+ ( m9ds 9 ! same s5se1 or agreem5t ( bo? p>ties to ! same ?+4 ,mutuality requires t cons5t be contemporane\s1 t is1 t ! acceptance ( "o be giv5 :ile ! (f] ( ! o!r /ill holds good4 ,b x does n require t ! p>ties be 9 ea* o!r's pres5ce1 or t !y contract ?r\gh direct p]sonal communication1 or 7at lea/ accord+ to natural law7 t ! k ( ! accompli%m5t ( mutual agreem5t be kn[n to ! (f]]4 ,! law 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates g5]ally is t an (f] may be )drawn imm$iately or aft] a reasonable "t1 unless x 0 made on "t = a consid]ation2 & t a contract betwe5 ! abs5t beg9s only on receipt by ! (f]] ( ! acceptance ( ! (f]ee1 if ! =m] /ipulat$ = ?is1 or if ! (f]] uses "o means ( communication z 8 ag5cy & ! (f]ee ano!r4 ,9 o!r cases x beg9s ! mom5t t acceptance is entru/$ to ! ag5t ( ! (f]]2 7d7 x mu/ be free1 t is1 x mu/ h ! adv]t5ce & volunt>9ess necess>y = a human act4 ,if ! contract is ( grave import1 !re %\ld be ! same k9d ( delib]ation z is necess>y = commission ( a mortal s9 7see #agc sqq472 if x is ( less] import1 ! delib]ation %\ld correspond ) ! s]i\sness ( ! case4 ,b "s au?ors ?9k !re %\ld be p]fect delib]ation 9 e contract1 s9ce ! contractants are assum+ obligations ( ju/ice4 #ahhd4 ,defects t ,invalidate ,cons5t4--,! defects t vitiate cons5t by tak+ away k or *oice r5d] contracts ei!r void or voidable 7see #dj-ee74 ,^! imp$im5ts are ! foll[+3 7a7 error1 :i* is a judgm5t ( fact or ( law 9 ref]5ce to ! contract1 n 9 h>mony ) ! tru?1 b n malici\sly caus$ by o!r p]sons4 ,if error is sub/antial 7t is1 ab\t ! nature ( ! contract or ! nature ( ! subject-matt] ( ! contract71 ! agreem5t is naturally void2 if error is only accid5tal 7t is1 ab\t features ( ! contract1 subject-matt] or co-contractant1 t are only incid5tally int5d$71 an on]\s agreem5t is naturally valid1 b positive law 9 ! int]e/ ( fre$om w (t5 grant ! privilege ( resc9dm5t 7see ,canon #afhd1 n4 #b74 ,b if error _c be prov$1 c\rts w /& = ! validity ( a contract2 7b7 fraud1 :i* is error or mi/ake ab\t a contract caus$ 9 "o ( ! p>ties by ! di%one/ repres5tations ( ! o!r p>ty or ( a ?ird p]son 7e4g41 :5 an insurance ag5t deceives ab\t ! b5efits1 or a policy-tak] deceives ab\t 8 age or heal?74 ,fraud exi/s1 !n1 :5 !re is int5tion1 at lea/ indirect1 to mislead1 & /atem5ts1 acts or omissions calculat$ to mislead2 b ! usual boa/s ( v5dors & adv]tis]s ab\t ! wond]ful excell5ce ( _! w>es are n fraudul5t1 s9ce ! public und]/&s t su* talk mu/ be tak5 cum grano salis4 ,! effects ( fraud on ! value ( contracts are ! same z ^? produc$ by error2 b x %\ld be not$ t ! p]son guilty ( ! fraud is b\nd to make good ! losses ( ! injur$ p>ty1 ev5 ?\gh ! contract be valid & n resc9dable1 or ?\gh ! guilty p]son be n a p>ty to ! contract2 7c7 fe>1 :i* is a di/urbance ( m9d caus$ by ! belief t "s dang] is imp5d+ on oneself or o!rs 7see #da sqq474 ,x makes a contract invalid 9 natural law1 :5 x takes away all cons5t 7e4g41 :5 x ov]p[]s ! reason1 or makes "o diss5t int]nally f :at is agre$ to ext]nally71 & probably also :5 x takes away p]fect fre$om 9 a gratuit\s contract1 or makes "o ent] into a contract = immunity f an unju/ vexation2 x r5d]s an act or engagem5t invalid accord+ to positive law 9 _m special cases 7e4g41 ! ,canons decl>e null elections1 resignations1 m>riages1 v[s1 etc41 :i* are made "u ! influ5ce ( fe>74 ,contracts are consid]$ naturally voidable if "o ( ! p>ties unju/ly extorts ! cons5t ( ! o!r by grave fe>1 or if a ?ird p>ty intimidates a p]son into be/[+ some?+ ?r\gh gratuit\s contract2 & ! positive law g5]ally treats agreem5ts ent]$ into "u grave fe> z resc9dible 7see ,canon #ajc1 n4 #b74 ,fe> unju/ly caus$1 ev5 ?\gh x does n make a contract void or voidable1 is at times a reason = ! duty ( re/itution1 z :5 a ?ird p>ty by 8 unju/ ?reats =ces an innoc5t p]son to make exp5sive contracts z a measure ( protection1 & probably also :5 a ?ird p>ty directly con/ra9s "o to make an on]\s contract ) a p]son :o kn[s no?+ ab\t ! co]cion4 ,fe>1 no matt] h[ great1 does n 9 any way weak5 a contract1 if !re is cons5t & ! fe> is induc$ by a natural cause 7e4g41 a /orm71 or by a human cause act+ ju/ly 7e4g41 an injur$ man ?reat5+ a lawsuit72 7d7 viol5ce or co]cion1 :i* is l to fe>1 ! latt] be+ moral =ce & ! =m] physical =ce 7see #eb74 ,accord+ to natural law1 viol5ce invalidates a contract1 unless we suppose t x is only concomitant1 z :5 ,sempronius uses co]cion to make ,balbus sign a contract :i* ,balbus is really will+ to sign4 ,positive law does n recognize1 or w set aside1 agreem5ts made "u ov]p[]+ con/ra9t 7see ,canon #ajc1 n4 #a74 #ahhe4 ,=m ( ,contract4--,! =m ( a contract is ! ext]nal mann] 9 :i*1 accord+ to ! positive law1 ! int]nal cons5t ( ! p>ties mu/ be express$ & manife/$4 7a7 ,?us1 ,canon ,law 9 c]ta9 contracts 7e4g41 engagem5t ( m>riage1 m>riage1 ali5ation ( *ur* prop]ty7 requires specifi$ solemnities "u pa9 ( nullity ( act4 7b7 ,civil law 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates designates v>i\s =malities to be us$ 9 transf]s ( prop]ty 7e4g41 t a de$ = real e/ate be writt51 sign$1 seal$ & atte/$2 t a gift be made by deliv]y or equival5t act2 t c]ta9 contracts be 9 writ+2 t no contract be ( wor? unless x be = a consid]ation1 or else be on pap] ) seal atta*$74 ,! law has ! "r to annul in=mal contracts ipso facto1 b :e!r ?is is ! int5tion 9 mod]n codes is a matt] ( dispute4 ,! practical rule to be foll[$1 !n1 is t ! possessor is to be favor$1 unless !re has be5 a c\rt decision aga9/ 8 claim4 ,x %\ld be not$1 too1 t "s legal conditions1 su* z valuable consid]ation 9 simple contracts1 are requir$ = en=ceability1 n = validity1 & h5ce a good contract want+ "s su* condition1 ?\gh indef5sible be=e ! c\rts1 is obligatory 9 consci5ce4 #ahhf4 ,! ,accid5tals ( a ,contract4--7a7 ,bond is ! agreem5t by ! obligor ( a contract to pay a c]ta9 =feit to ! obligee1 if ! =m] does n p]=m 8 contract or does n p]=m x be=e a c]ta9 date4 ,?is agreem5t obliges 9 consci5ce1 if ! promise 0 s]i\sly made1 if ! p5alty is n excessive1 & if ! brea* ( agreem5t is culpable4 7b7 ,oa?s add$ to contracts h moral effects on ! contracts !mselves & also on acts contr>y to !m4 ,z reg>ds ! contract1 an oa? adds ! obligation ( religion to t ( ju/ice1 if ! contract is valid & irresc9dable2 & ! common op9ion is t x /r5g!ns a contract extr9sically1 t is1 x induces an obligation ( religion to keep ! promise1 if ! oa? is invalid or resc9dable by positive law only & 9 favor ( a private privilege2 b an oa? 9 no way /r5g!ns a contract t is naturally invalid or resc9dable positively on acc\nt ( ! public good4 ,z reg>ds acts t are contr>y to an invalid or resc9dable contract t 0 confirm$ by a valid oa?1 !y are s9ful1 z be+ irreligi\s1 b n invalid nor unju/ 7see #bbfj74 7c7 ,conditions are accid5ts or circum/ances s add$ to a contract t ! cons5t or diss5t is made dep5d5t ^u _! exi/5ce or fulfillm5t4 ,an immoral condition1 if unfulfill$1 takes f ! contract all obligation1 exception be+ made = sep>able p>ts t are n affect$ by ! immoral clause2 b if x has be5 fulfill$1 x seems t !re is a moral obligation to pay ! consid]ation promis$ 7see #ahgh d74 7d7 ,modes are accid5ts or circum/ances s add$ to a contract z to qualify ! rights or duties ( ! contractants1 or ! purpose1 matt] or "t ( ! contract1 b n s z to make ! cons5t dep5d5t on ! fulfillm5t ( ! ?+ designat$4 ,?us1 if ,titus leaves money to ,balbus1 *iefly because ,balbus is 8 nephew1 & second>ily because he imposes on ,balbus ! obligation ( us+ ! money = 8 education1 ,balbus 9 accept+ ! money accepts also ! obligation1 b ! gift does n lapse if ! obligation is n compli$ )4 ,if a donor adds an immoral mode to 8 gift 7e4g41 t ! donee use 9 immoral ways ! money left him71 ?is purpose is reg>d$ z non-exi/5t & ! gift /&s 9 spite ( x4 ,if an ag5t violates a mode 7e4g41 he pays #ajja :5 he 0 direct$ to pay #ajjj7 b n a condition 7e4g41 t he pur*ase l& & n a h\se71 ! contract /&s4 #ahhg4 ,! ,moral ,obligation ( ,ent]+ into a ,contract4--7a7 ,!re is a duty ( ju/ice :5 "o is "u public or private engagem5t to make a contract4 ,examples are a m]*ant :o op5s a /ore = public patronage1 or an auctione] :o holds a sale be=e invit$ patrons1 or an own] :o makes ) ano!r p]son a contract to sell1 or a man & woman :o make solemn esp\sals4 7b7 ,!re is a duty ( *>ity :5 a neighbor is 9 su* ne$ t he des]ves to be help$1 = example1 by a loan or by assi/ance to make a loan3 8,f him t w\ld borr[ ( !e turn n away0 7,matt41 v4 #db72 8,a good man is surety = 8 neighbor0 7,ecclus41 xxix4 #ah74 #ahhh4 ,e valid contract obliges to fai?ful p]=mance z a duty ( consci5ce1 ev5 ?\gh x be un5=ceable & )\t civil obligation4 ,we %all discuss ! prop]ties ( ?is obligation4 7a7 ,quality ( ! ,obligation4--,on]\s contracts oblige 9 virtue ( commutative ju/ice & "u pa9 ( re/itution2 gratuit\s contracts oblige accord+ to "s f ju/ice1 accord+ to o!rs f fidelity1 accord+ to o!rs f fidelity or ju/ice z ! obligor int5ds 7see #afib1 #agec74 ,9 practice "o may foll[ ! rule t a lib]al promise or wag] or o!r gratuit\s contract obliges only f fidelity ) no duty ( re/itution1 unless x be c]ta9 t ! promisor int5d$ to b9d himself 9 ju/ice4 ,"o is responsible1 h[ev]1 = damages resultant on brea* ( promise4 ,! obligation seems to be "o ( legal ju/ice only :5 ! ?+ promis$ is some?+ on :i* a pecuni>y value _c be set & consi/s 9 compliance ) law 7e4g41 9 surety%ip or bail = keep+ ! peace or appe>+ 9 c\rt74 7b7 ,quantity ( ,obligation4--,9 on]\s contracts ! degree ( obligation dep5ds on ! importance ( ! subject matt]1 & h5ce x is a mortal s9 to violate a contract 9 :i* a grave "r is conc]n$2 9 gratuit\s contracts ! degree ( obligation dep5ds entirely1 accord+ to "s1 on ! w ( ! p]son :o lib]ally b9ds himself1 b o!rs hold t x dep5ds on ! importance ( ! subject-matt]4 7c7 ,subjects ( ,obligation4--,! p>ties to ! contracts & ^? :o take _! place 7e4g41 heirs1 executors7 or :o are responsible = ! contract 7e4g41 ^? :o comm&$ ! agreem5t7 are morally b\nd to fulfill ! agreem5t1 :ile o!rs are b\nd n to int]f]e ) ! fulfillm5t4 7d7 ,objects ( ,obligation4--,directly1 !re is ! duty ( obs]v+ :at is conta9$ explicitly or implicitly 9 ! agreem5t1 & indirectly ( mak+ good any losses caus$ by brea* ( contract4 ,a resc9dable contract obliges until x is lawfully disaffirm$ by ! p>ty :o has ! "r to break x2 a quasi-contract imposes on ! p>ty :o has b5efit$ by ! s]vices or exp5ses ( ano!r a moral obligation ( mak+ comp5sation4 ,if a contract transf]s own]%ip 7e4g41 contract ( sale pass+ title to buy]1 mutuum71 ! transf]ee mu/ be> ! risks & exp5ses ( ! ?+ transf]r$2 b if x does n transf] own]%ip 7e4g41 contract to sell1 commodatum7 or has n yet done s 7e4g41 contract ( sale 9 :i* title w pass lat]1 on deliv]y or paym5t71 ! transf]] has ! risk & exp5se 7see #agif74 #ahhi4 ,cessation ( ,obligation4--,! obligation ( a contract ceases 9 v>i\s ways3 7a7 by action ( ! contractants1 z :5 a promisee r5\nces 8 "r1 or ea* ( ! p>ties to a promise has made a gratuit\s promise 9 favor ( ! o!r & "o refuses to keep 8 ^w2 7b7 by action ( law1 = example1 by prescription1 by annulm5t2 7c7 by impossibility1 z :5 a ?+ freely promis$ has become unlawful or useless1 or :5 ! donee ( a gift mortis causae dies be=e ! donor4 #ahij4 ,!ft4--,!ft is ! secret tak+ ( :at belongs to ano!r1 ) ! int5tion ( appropriat+ x to oneself1 aga9/ ! reasonable wi%es ( ! own]4 7a7 ,x is a tak+1 t is1 a c>ry+ away ( goods4 ,b !ft also includes ! receiv+ or keep+ ( prop]ty1 s9ce ! h>m done is ! same z :5 ! goods are c>ri$ away4 ,h5ce1 he :o does n re/ore borr[$ or deposit$ or f\nd objects1 or :o does n pay back a loan1 :5 he c\ld & %\ld1 is a ?ief4 7b7 ,x is a secret tak+1 t is1 ! prop]ty is tak5 away )\t ! k ( ! own] or lawful possessor1 ev5 ?\gh he be pres5t4 ,9 ?is respect !ft diff]s f robb]y4 7c7 ,x is ! tak+ ( prop]ty4 ,?is includes n only corporeal ?+s 7e4g41 books1 money1 jewelry1 clo?+71 b also incorporeal ?+s 7e4g41 pat5ts1 tradem>ks1 copyrights71 & ev5 p]sons if !y are look$ on z possessions4 ,h5ce1 plagi>ism or infr+em5t ( copyright or man-/eal+ or kidnapp+ 7i4e41 ! c>ry+ (f ( ano!r's slave or *ild7 are =ms ( !ft4 7d7 ,x is ! tak+ ( prop]ty t belongs to ano!r1 t is1 ( goods ( :i* ano!r p]son is ! own]1 or lawful possessor z usufructu>y1 gu>dian1 deposit>y1 etc4 ,h5ce1 "o c /eal f oneself by tak+ "o's goods by /eal? f ! bailee ) ! design ( *>g+ him = _! value or ( depriv+ him ( _! use to :i* he has a "r4 7e7 ,x is ! tak+ away ( goods ) ! int5tion ( appropriat+ !m to "o's own possession1 use or enjoym5t to ! exclusion ( ! rightful own]4 ,h5ce1 /rictly speak+1 x is n !ft to c>ry away prop]ty ) ! int5tion ( borr[+ x = a "t or ( de/roy+ x2 b ^! are acts ( unlawful possession or ( unlawful damage4 ,x is obligatory to take an object f ano!r1 if ?is is necess>y to prev5t ! commission ( a crime 7e4g41 to take away & hide ! gun ) :i* ano!r int5ds to kill74 7f7 ,x is aga9/ ! wi%es ( ! own]4 ,?is ref]s to ! sub/ance 7t is1 ! conv]sion ( ! prop]ty to "o's use71 n to ! mode 7t is1 secrecy ) :i* x is done74 ,h5ce1 if ! own] is unwill+ t ! prop]ty be tak51 he :o takes x is guilty ( !ft2 if ! own] is n unwill+ t x be tak51 b is unwill+ t x be tak5 )\t 8 k1 he :o takes x 9 ?is way s9s at lea/ v5ially1 b is n guilty ( !ft 9 ! /rict s5se4 7g7 ,x is aga9/ ! reasonable wi%es ( ! own] or possessor2 = no injury is done if he does or %\ld cons5t to ! loss4 ,! own] does cons5t if ! p]son :o takes ! goods is act+ accord+ to a g5]al & recogniz$ cu/om 7e4g41 :5 a s]vant takes ?+s left ov] f h] employ]'s table1 :i* x is c]ta9 ! latt] does n wi% to keep72 ! own] %\ld cons5t1 if ju/ice =bids t he prev5t ! tak+ 7e4g41 :5 a />v+ man is tak+ food f "o :o has pl5ty71 or if dome/ic duty comm&s t he %\ld give ! ?+ tak5 7e4g41 :5 a wife takes f h] husb&'s pockets ! ne$$ money he d5ies 8 family1 = a wife & family h ! "r to receive f ! head ( ! h\se support accord+ to _! /ation & means74 ,b ! own] is n b\nd to cons5t to ! loss ( 8 goods f ! m]e fact t he misuses !m to 8 own spiritual disadvantage1 or owes !m 9 *>ity to ! tak]4 ,h5ce1 x is !ft to take a flask f ! pocket ( "o :o dr9ks too mu*1 or to /eal a book f "o :o is h>m$ by read+ x1 or to fil* money f a ri* man because "o is poor & he w n give an alms4 #ahia4 ,unau?oriz$ ,use ( ,ano!r's ,funds4--,:at is ! guilt ( "o :o uses = 8 own purposes ! money ( ano!r entru/$ to him = o!r purposes8 7a7 ,!re is no !ft1 = x is suppos$ t ! purpose ( ! us] is to make only a tempor>y loan ( ! money4 7b7 ,!re is an act ( inju/ice1 if ! p]mission ( ! own] _c be presum$2 = ! rights ( an own] are violat$ :5 "o conv]ts 8 prop]ty to uses displeas+ to him4 ,?us1 if ! prospect is t ! own] may nev] get 8 money back or t he w lose pr(its by ! use made ( x1 ! guilt ( unju/ damage is incurr$1 at lea/ 9 int5tion 7e4g41 a deposit>y uses a deposit to buy /ocks on m>g91 or a company (ficial makes an unau?oriz$ loan in/ead ( inve/+ ! am\nt = ! company's b5efit74 7c7 ,!re is no s91 if ! p]mission ( ! own] c be reasonably presum$2 = to him :o will+ly cons5ts no injury is done4 ,?us1 if "o :o is manag+ ! funds ( ano!r has ! *ance to make a l>ge am\nt ( money today by us+ ^? funds = himself b _c get 9 t\* ) ! own]1 ! latt]'s cons5t c be presum$1 if he w suff] no pres5t loss & x is absolutely c]ta9 t 8 funds w be return$ tomorr[4 ,b on acc\nt ( ! risk t is ord9>ily pres5t1 ?is case w\ld be r>e4 #ahib4 ,comp>ison ( ,!ft & ,robb]y4--7a7 ,!y diff] 9 species1 = !ft conta9s inju/ice to an own] 9 8 prop]ty1 b robb]y1 :i* is an unju/ & viol5t tak+ ( :at belongs to ano!r1 conta9s inju/ice bo? to prop]ty & to p]son4 ,! unwill+ness ( ! own] 9 ! case ( !ft is due to 8 ignorance ( 8 loss2 9 ! case ( robb]y x is due to intimidation or =ce4 7b7 ,!y diff] 9 gravity1 robb]y be+ accord+ to its nature ! m s]i\s k9d ( /eal+2 = ! robb] does a tw(old injury1 & ! own]'s unwill+ness to be robb$ is great]4 #ahic4 ,k9ds ( ,!ft & ,robb]y4--7a7 ,!re are _m v>ieties ( !ft1 ! diff]5ces aris+ f ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! /eal+ is done4 ,?us1 he :o /eals f ! ,*ur* is guilty ( sacrilegi\s !ft2 he :o uses ! public goods = 8 private ends commits peculation2 he :o takes f 8 p>5ts practises dome/ic ?iev]y4 7b7 ,!re are also _m ways 9 :i* robb]y or rap9e is committ$4 ,! foll[+ p]sons are guilty ( robb]y3 pirates1 b&its1 highwaym51 burgl>s1 usur]s1 pr(ite]s1 v5al judges1 unm]ciful cr$itors :o deprive debtors ( necess>ies1 debtors :o escape paym5t by fraudul5t bankruptcy1 pr(ite]s1 labor]s :o extort unju/ wages1 ^? :o =ce subord9ates to contribute graft1 & blackmail]s4 ,two =ms ( robb]y are describ$ 9 ,scripture z s9s t cry to heav5 = ju/ice1 namely1 defraud+ labor]s ( _! wages 7,james1 v4 #d7 & oppression ( ! poor1 :i* happ5s especially :5 "o d5ies _! rights to ^? :o are unable to def5d !m4 ,! foll[+ p]sons are also class$ z ?ieves3 pickpockets1 spong]s1 smuggl]s1 =g]s1 c\nt]feit]s1 embezzl]s1 & ^? :o misappropriate funds entru/$ to !m4 ,9 ! civil law !ft is also kn[n z l>c5y1 & is def9$ z ! unlawful sev]ance ( p]sonal prop]ty f ! possession ( its own]4 ,! foll[+ k9ds ( l>c5y are di/+ui%$3 7a7 9 respect to ! mann] ( p]petration1 a !ft is l>c5y :5 ! prop]ty is tak5 f ! possession ( ! own] by "o :o _h no possession1 :e!r ! latt] be a /rang] or a cu/odian2 x is embezzlem5t :5 committ$ by "o ^u :om ! own] _h conf]r$ tempor>y possession on acc\nt ( a fiduci>y relation%ip betwe5 !m2 x is false pret5ce :5 committ$ by "o :o procures p]man5t possession or own]%ip ?r\gh fraudul5t repres5tations2 7b7 ,9 respect to ! matt] or quantity /ol51 !ft is call$ petit l>c5y :5 x falls bel[ a c]ta9 sum fix$ by ! law1 gr& l>c5y :5 x exce$s t sum4 #ahid4 ,! ,s9fulness ( ,!ft4--7a7 ,f its nature !ft--&1 mu* m1 robb]y--is a grave s92 = x is oppos$ to ! virtues ( *>ity & ju/ice1 x is expressly =bidd5 9 ! ,sev5? ,comm&m5t 78,?\ %alt n /eal10 ,exod41 xx4 #ae71 & x excludes f et]nal life 78,nei!r ?ieves nor extortion]s %all possess ! k+dom ( ,god10 ,i ,cor41 vi4 #aj74 ,! ?ief attacks ! sacr$ "r ( ! individual to 8 prop]ty1 & imp]ils ! peace & /ability ( society itself4 ,!ft is a grave s91 ev5 :5 x is committ$ by little & little1 z happ5s :5 a m]*ant gives und]weight habitually3 8,a deceitful balance is an abom9ation to ! ,"l0 7,prov41 xi4 #a74 ,! proposition t re/itution = a l>ge sum tak5 9 p>ts at diff]5t times is n a grave duty 0 condemn$ by ,innoc5t ,,xi 7,d5z+]1 #aahh74 ,canonical p5alties = !ft include exclusion f acts & (fices1 c5sures1 & deposition 7,canon #bced74 7b7 ,f ! imp]fection ( ! act !ft may be only a v5ial s91 = example1 :5 ! ?ief is a kleptomaniac & /eals )\t adv]t5ce1 or :5 he is inv9cibly ignorant t ! ?+ tak5 is n 8 own or is ( great value1 or f ! smallness ( ! matt] involv$ 7e4g41 :5 ! ?+ tak5 has little value1 or ! own] is oppos$ r to ! /eal?y mann] ( tak+ ?an to ! tak+1 or is only slightly unwill+ to lose ! goods74 #ahie4 ,!ft ( a small am\nt may be a mortal s9 7see #ahg74 ,?is may happ53 7a7 on acc\nt ( ! int]nal or subjective circum/ances1 z :5 ! ?ief int5ds to /eal z mu* z he c or a l>ge am\nt "h & n[1 or :5 he int5ds to /eal a small am\nt "h & new b to keep ?is up e day until he has /ol5 a consid]able am\nt1 or :5 a *ild /eals a small sum f its p>5ts & falsely ?9ks t ! !ft is gravely s9ful 9 itself2 7b7 on acc\nt ( ext]nal or objective circum/ances1 z :5 ! am\nt tak5 today is small b con/itutes1 ) am\nts previ\sly tak51 a l>ge sum1 or :5 ! ?ief =esees s]i\s consequ5ces f 8 act 7e4g41 t ! p]son f :om ! goods are tak5 w fall "u suspicion & be dis*>g$ or arre/$74 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! consequ5ces ( ! !ft d n necess>ily make ! s9 grave precisely z x is a s9 ( !ft 7e4g41 9 ! case j giv5 ! !ft 0 a v5ial s91 b ! unju/ damage 0 a mortal s971 or ev5 precisely z x is a s9 ( inju/ice 7e4g41 if "o /eals a picture ( small value1 =esee+ t ! own] w be afflict$ beyond measure at ! loss1 ! s9 aga9/ ju/ice is small1 b ! s9 aga9/ *>ity is mortal74 #ahif4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! am\nt t con/itutes grave matt] 9 !ft or robb]y 7or 9 unju/ damage7 is a v difficult task1 because ! factors ^u :i* ! injury dep5ds are to "s ext5t d\btful & v>y 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,h5ce1 !re is a great div]sity ( op9ion among morali/s on ?is subject1 & x w frequ5tly be unc]ta9 9 an individual case :e!r a !ft is mortally or only v5ially s9ful 9 itself4 ,b on acc\nt ( ! spiritual & temporal int]e/s t are conc]n$ x is necess>y to give at lea/ g5]al rules = direction t w enable "o to di/+ui% betwe5 grave & v5ial !ft1 & to "k :5 ! duty ( re/itution is s]i\s1 :5 light4 #ahig4 ,morali/s are 9 agreem5t on ! foll[+ po9ts3 7a7 ! /&>d = measur+ gravity ( matt] is n an inv>iable "o1 b w diff] accord+ to circum/ances ( times & places4 ,?us1 money has mu* less pur*as+ p[] today ?an x _h be=e ! ,civil ,w>1 & ! same am\nt w n g s f> nor la/ s long 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z 9 "s c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,h5ce1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 x is less h>mful to /eal ! sum ( #aj 9 #aieh ?an x 0 to /eal ! same sum 9 #aheh1 less h>mful to /eal t am\nt f an ,am]ican ?an to /eal its equival5t f a ,european2 7b7 ! /&>d = a p>ticul> c\ntry & p]iod is to be int]pret$ morally1 n ma!matically2 = x dep5ds on ! op9ions or e/imates ( ! prud5t1 :i* aft] all are only approximations & subject to revisions4 ,h5ce1 x w\ld be absurd to draw su* a h>d & fa/ di/9ction betwe5 grave & v5ial !ft--= example1 to decide f ! am\nts alone t he :o /ole #ej is c]ta9ly guilty ( mortal s9 & fit = hell1 :ile he :o /ole #di4ii is guilty ( v5ial s9 only & n fit = hell4 ,! figures giv5 by morali/s = grave matt] are av]ages1 & h5ce !y _c be expect$ to suit ea* individual locality or mom5t or injur$ p]son4 ,b1 be+ bas$ on actual conditions1 !y are s]viceable4 ,if a sum /ol5 is mu* above or bel[ !m1 !y indicate truly ! !ological species ( ! s92 if x is only a little above or bel[ !m1 !y af=d a basis = probability1 or at lea/ %[ t !re is room = d\bt4 #ahih4 ,morali/s are also at "o 9 measur+ ! injury ( !ft by ! foll[+ consid]ations3 7a7 x %\ld be e/imat$ by ! prop]ty loss1 t is1 t !ft %\ld be deem$ a grave s9 :i* 9 view ( all ! circum/ances & ! common op9ion indicts a notable loss on ! own] 9 8 prop]ty rights4 ,?is is a matt] ( common s5se1 = e "o c see t x is a v diff]5t ?+ to /eal a c5t & to /eal #ajj4 7b7 x %\ld be e/imat$ by ! p]sonal injury1 t is1 by ! unwill+ness ( ! proprietor to suff] ! loss4 ,?is is also cle>1 s9ce ! unwill+ness ( ! proprietor is "o ( ! +r$i5ts ( !ft1 z 0 expla9$ above 9 ! def9ition1 & ev]yone w readily grant t an am\nt :i* w\ld be notable if /ol5 f a /rang]1 w\ld n be notable if /ol5 f an indulg5t p>5t4 #ahii4 ,!re are two op9ions ab\t ! e/imation ( ! prop]ty loss4 7a7 ,?us1 an old] op9ion held t ! /&>d %\ld be an absolute "o1 t is1 t ! loss %\ld be det]m9$ indep5d5tly ( ! weal? or pov]ty ( ! p]son injur$1 s9ce ! f9ancial situation ( ?is p]son is a purely extr9sic circum/ance ( ! !ft4 ,! ri* man has j z mu* "r to 8 #aj z ! poor man has to 8 #aj1 & x is !re=e j z injuri\s to deprive ! =m] ( ! sum z x is to deprive ! latt]4 ,:at is a mortal !ft 9 "o case is a mortal !ft 9 e case4 7b7 ,a lat] op9ion1 :i* seems to be ! common "o today1 di/+ui%es two /&>ds3 an absolute "o1 :i* fixes "o highe/ am\nt t is always grave matt] on acc\nt ( its magnitude1 h[ev] weal?y ! los] may be1 & a relative "o1 :i* proposes a scale ( l[] am\nts t are grave matt] on acc\nt ( ! economic condition ( ! p]sons /ol5 f4 ,x is argu$ t a relative /&>d %\ld be set up1 s9ce ! injury ( !ft is c]ta9ly felt m by ^? :o h less means to fall back on2 & t an absolute /&>d is also necess>y1 s9ce )\t x ! prop]ty ( ! ri* w\ld n be suffici5tly safegu>d$ & ! peace & ord] ( society w\ld be endang]$4 #aijj4 ,op9ions on ! ,am\nts t ,are ,grave ,matt]4--7a7 ,! old] op9ion1 accord+ to :i* !re is only "o inv>iable /&>d = all classes & conditions1 reg>ds z grave matt] ! am\nt necess>y to support = a day1 accord+ to 8 /ate & obligations1 a man ^: f9ancial condition is midway betwe5 weal? & pov]ty2 = ! loss ( a day's support is usually look$ on z a s]i\s loss1 & a /&>d = all %\ld be tak5 f ! av]age4 ,?is daily support am\nt may be reckon$ f ! am\nt ( daily wages or income4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiee ! av]age daily wage 0 betwe5 #ad & #ae1 b1 if only skill$ labor]s or ^? :o are 9 mod]ately prosp]\s circum/ances are consid]$1 ! av]age w\ld be consid]able high]4 ,p]haps x w\ld range betwe5 #be & #cj4 ,or if we /rike a m$ium betwe5 ! highe/ & ! l[e/ figures giv5 by ! advocates ( two /&>ds1 we %\ld arrive at approximately #cj or #ce4 7b7 ,! common op9ion today fixes ! absolute am\nt1 :i* is grave matt] ev5 :5 !ft is f ! weal?ie/ p]son or society z ! equival5t ( a week's wages = ! head ( a family liv+ 9 fairly good circum/ances b dep5d5t ^u 8 "w = its support4 ,z to ! actual am\nt1 au?ors diff]4 ,?us1 ,fa!r ,francis ,connell1 ,c4,,ss4,r41 wrote 9 #aide 9 ,am]ican ,ecclesia/ical ,review 7p4 #fi73 8,to lay d[n a g5]al norm 9 view ( actual conditions & value ( money1 x w\ld seem t ! actual sum = grave !ft w\ld be ab\t #dj40 ,9 #aidf1 writ+ 9 ! ,homiletic & ,pa/oral ,review 7p4 #fid71 ,fa!r ,joseph ,donovan1 ,c4,m41 /at$3 8,x is h>d to see h[ less ?an #ajj c\ld be absolutely grave ) ! *ances ( a high] am\nt be+ probably s4099 ,?is sum 0 criticiz$ z be+ excessive & did n meet ) ready acceptance by all moral !ologians4 ,on page #abg ( ! ?ird pr9t+ ( 8 ,outl9es ( ,moral ,!ology 7#aiee71 ,fa!r ,francis ,j4 ,connell1 ,c4,,ss4,r41 sugge/$ #ge z a reasonable absolute sum consid]+ ! value ( money at ! "t1 &1 z a practical norm1 ! sum has be5 acceptable to mo/ confessors & au?ors4 ,relatively grave matt] corresponds ) ! am\nt ne$$ to support a work] & 8 family = a day or1 accord+ to "s1 ! am\nt requir$ = ! support ( ! work] alone4 ,relatively grave matt] w\ld range f ab\t #e f a poor p]son on relief1 ?r\gh #bj-ce f skill$ labor]s & p]sons 9 com=table circum/ances1 to #ge f ! weal?y4 ,! latt] sum con/itutes ! absolute /&>d4 ,= a g5]al norm to e/abli% relatively grave matt]1 !n1 an acceptable proc$ure is to take ! daily e>n+ p[] or exp5ses ( ^? :o d n belong to ! weal?ie/ classes1 b :o j b>ely make a liv+ by reason ( _! "w or *>ity4 99 ,?is is n to sugge/ t ! au?ors cit$ hold to ! 8week's pay norm0 z ! /&>d4 ,fa!r ,connell1 = example1 def9es ! absolute z 8a sum :i* is s l>ge t society w\ld suff] mu* if x c\ld be /ol5 )\t grave s9 ev5 f ! ri*e/ or f a weal?y corporation0 7op4 cit41 pp4 #abg-abh74 ,! int]e/ 9 cit+ ! au?ors is to %[ ! precise sums sugge/$ by !m at v>i\s times reg>dless ( ! norm us$ 9 arriv+ at ! p>ticul> am\nt sugge/$4 #aija4 ,:at is grave matt] 9 !ft ( sacr$ objects8 7a7 ,if ^! objects h a value t may be measur$ by money 7e4g41 ! gold or jewels t ent] into a reliqu>y71 grave matt] is e/imat$ by ! mat]ial value1 j z 9 pr(ane objects4 7b7 ,if ^! objects h no monet>y value 7e4g41 sacr$ relics71 grave matt] is judg$ f ! dignity or r>ity ( ! object4 ,?us1 x w\ld be a s]i\s s9 to /eal ev5 ! smalle/ spl9t] f ! ,true ,cross4 #aijb4 ,x 0 said above 7#ahih7 t ! gravity ( !ft is e/imat$1 n only by ! prop]ty loss1 b also by ! p]sonal loss1 t is1 ! reluctance1 unwill+ness or sorr[ ( ! own] at ! deprivation ( 8 goods4 ,?is does n mean t a great] unwill+ness on ! "p ( ! own] increases ! gravity ( ! !ft1 if ! own]'s unwill+ness is excessive or unreasonable 7e4g41 x is n a mortal s9 ( !ft to /eal a doll> f a mis]1 if ! mis] on acc\nt ( 8 love ( money feels ! loss z ke5ly z ano!r p]son 9 8 place w\ld feel ! loss ( #dj74 ,b a less unwill+ness ( ! own] dim9i%es ! injury1 & h5ce increases ! am\nt necess>y = grave matt]4 ,!re are ?ree reasons especially t dim9i% ! unwill+ess ( ! own] at ! loss ( 8 prop]ty4 7a7 ,?us1 by reason ( ! p]sons :o /eal1 ! own] is less unwill+ :5 ^! p]sons h a great] claim on 8 affection 7e4g41 8 *ildr5 or wife71 or :5 cu/om p]mits !m to "s ext5t a great] fre$om ?an is grant$ to o!rs 7e4g41 s]vants1 employees74 7b7 ,by reason ( ! ?+s /ol51 ! own] is less unwill+ :5 ^! are ?+s ( less value1 l crops1 t are produc$ mo/ly by nature & are left expos$1 su* z fruits gr[+ by ! wayside1 bran*es & pieces ( fall5 timb] ly+ on uncultivat$ l&4 7c7 ,by reason ( ! mann] ( ! !ft1 ! own] is usually less unwill+ :5 goods are tak5 gradually & on sev]al occasions1 or piecemeal1 ?an :5 !y are tak5 all at once4 #aijc4 ,! ,common ,op9ion on ,dome/ic ,!fts & ,grave ,matt]4--7a7 ,9 !ft f "o's p>5ts ab\t d\ble ! usual quantity is requir$4 ,b 9 an individual case ! p>5ts may be j z unwill+1 & ) good reason1 to be despoil$ by memb]s ( ! family z by outsid]s1 & 9 su* a case ! rule w\ld n apply4 ,h5ce1 9 consid]+ !fts by *ildr5 "o mu/ be> 9 m9d ! ability ( ! family to suff] ! loss1 ! numb] ( ! *ildr51 ! uses to :i* ! /ol5 goods are put1 ! lib]ality or ?rift ( ! p>5ts1 ! affection or dislike :i* ! p>5ts h = ! *ild :o /eals1 etc4 ,?us1 if poor p>5ts are d5y+ !mselves 9 e way 9 ord] to re> & educate a l>ge family1 !fts f !m are a s]i\s matt]4 7b7 ,9 !ft f "o's husb& ev5 a great] am\nt is requir$4 ,b !re are exceptions1 z :5 ! husb& is especially unwill+ to h 8 prop]ty /ol5 by 8 wife1 = example1 :5 ! money %e takes is devot$1 n to ! b5efit ( ! family or o!r useful purposes1 b to vanity or s91 or to ! great detrim5t ( ! husb& or family 7see #agii74 #aijd4 ,!ft f ,"o's ,wife or ,m9or ,*ild4--7a7 ,accord+ to ! law 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a wife _c /eal f h] husb& nor ! husb& f ! wife1 b ?is pr9ciple has ref]5ce to ! common prop]ty ( :i* husb& & wife are jo9t t5ants 7,rob9son1 ,elem5t>y ,law1 ,sec4 #efc74 ,bo? husb& & wife may h also _! own sep>ate prop]ty1 & 9 t case ei!r ( !m is guilty ( inju/ice if he or %e damages or takes )\t leave ! goods ( ! o!r4 7b7 ,accord+ to ,am]ican law1 ! fa!r has ! "r to ! e>n+s ( 8 m9or *ildr5 :o live ) him & receive _! ma9t5ance f him2 b ! law gives ! fa!r no "r ov] ! sep>ate real or p]sonal e/ate ( ^! *ildr54 ,h5ce1 a p>5t w\ld be guilty ( !ft if he unlawfully took or us$ ! individual prop]ty ( 8 *ild4 #aije4 ,! ,common ,op9ion on ,!fts ,committ$ by ,employees4--7a7 ,if ! ?+s /ol5 are small articles :i* ! employ] cu/om>ily supplies = 8 help 7e4g41 food & dr9k = dome/ic s]vants1 p5cils & pap] = 8 cl]ks71 ! !ft is n s]i\s z a rule4 ,b !re are exceptions1 z :5 ! employee gives or sells to o!rs ^! articles1 or :5 he uses or wa/es !m to su* a degree t ! employ] suff]s a consid]able loss4 ,& "o %\ld also consid] su* circum/ances z ! great or small value ( ! s]vices giv5 by ! employee1 8 good or bad /&+ ) ! employ]1 etc4 7b7 ,if ! ?+ /ol5 is n meant = consumption 7e4g41 furni%+s ( ! home or (fice1 m]*&ise ( ! /ore1 tools or ma*9]y ( ! factory7 or is ( a v preci\s k9d 7e4g41 r>e w9es or exp5sive br&s ( tobacco71 grave matt] is ( ! same am\nt z :5 an outside p]son does ! /eal+4 ,9 fact1 ! guilt ( ! employee is m s]i\s on acc\nt ( 8 abuse ( confid5ce or violation ( contract4 ,! prop]ty ( employ]s w\ld be subject to con/ant risk1 if employees 7 p]mitt$ great] lib]ties ?an outsid]s4 #aijf4 ,!ft ( ,?+s ab\t ,^: ,loss ! ,own] ,is ,less ,conc]n$4--7a7 ,vegetation t ,belongs to ! ,public & ,is ,left ,unprotect$4--,if ^! ?+s are ( m9or importance 7e4g41 wild fruits or b]ries1 brok5 twigs1 bran*es1 etc41 9 public l&s71 x seems t x is n !ft to take !m1 at lea/ :5 "o is poor & a memb] ( ! community2 = laws aga9/ su* acts are g5]ally reg>d$ z p5al4 ,b "o s9s1 & may ev5 s9 gravely1 :5 ext5sive damage is done to public prop]ty 7e4g41 by cutt+ d[n trees1 c>ry+ away fl[]s & plants1 injur+ %rubs1 etc474 7b7 ,vegetation t ,belongs to ,private ,p>ties & ,is ,left ,unprotect$4--,if only a small quantity is tak5 7e4g41 an apple or a bun* ( grapes hang+ ov] a public highway tak5 by a pass]by71 x seems no !ft is done1 unless ! own] or law expressly =bids4 ,b x seems to be a v5ial s9 to take m 7e4g41 z mu* z a hungry p]son c eat71 & a mortal s9 to take a quantity ^: m>ket value is equal to grave matt]4 #aijg4 ,travell+ ,)\t ,pay+ ,f>e4--,is x !ft to ride 9 public conveyances )\t pay+ ! f>e8 7a7 ,if "o rides )\t paym5t or ticket1 x seems t !ft is committ$1 unless ! company is will+ to give a free ride4 ,x may be said t ! company suff]s no loss on acc\nt ( "o pass5g] :o has n paid = 8 transportation1 s9ce ! same numb] ( c>s & ! same exp5ses w\ld be requir$ ev5 )\t t pass5g]4 ,b s9ce ! own]s are unwill+ to furni% _! s]vice gratis1 he :o takes x )\t pay is guilty ( !ft4 7b7 ,if "o rides )\t paym5t1 b uses ! ticket ( ano!r1 !re is no inju/ice if ! rules ( ! company p]mit ?is 7e4g41 ,a buys a r\nd-trip ticket1 b gives ! return ticket to ,b71 b !re is fraud if ! rules ( ! company & ! agreem5t ( ! pur*as] make ! ticket non-transf]able 7e4g41 ,b uses ! half-rate ticket :i* ,a _h receiv$ z a p]sonal privilege f ! railroad company74 #aijh4 ,small ,!fts ,:i* ,am\nt to a ,l>ge ,sum4--,small am\nts /ol5 may accumulate into a l>ge am\nt4 ,?is happ5s 9 ! foll[+ ways3 7a7 ! ?ief takes small sums on diff]5t occasions f ! same p]son or f diff]5t p]sons1 & cont9ues at ?is until he has /ol5 a consid]able am\nt2 7b7 ! ?ief conspires ) o!r ?ieves to /eal on ! same occasion f "o p]son or sev]al p]sons1 &1 ?\gh ! sum he /eals is small1 ! sum tak5 by ! :ole gr\p is consid]able4 ,simil>ly1 petty damages or vexations may accumulate into a mortal inju/ice4 ,?us1 if ,claudius1 aim+ to break d[n ! heal?1 sanity1 success1 reputation1 bus9ess1 etc41 ( ,balbus1 plans & c>ries out a sy/ematic campaign ( small injuries daily repeat$ = ye>s1 ,claudius is guilty at lea/ 9 purpose ( s]i\s damage4 #aiji4 ,small !fts t gr[ into a l>ge !ft are mortally s9ful 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 !y are mortally s9ful by reason ( ! previ\s int5tion :5 "o /eals a little n[ & a little aga91 b has x 9 m9d f ! outset to /eal a total sum t w be grave matt]1 or :5 "o conspires ) o!rs to /eal a notable sum al?\gh "o's own %>e w n be a notable am\nt4 ,9 ^! cases ! purpose is to commit a grave inju/ice1 ei!r aga9/ an individual 7if all is tak5 f "o p]son7 or aga9/ society 7if portions are tak5 f v>i\s p]sons71 & h5ce "o is int]nally guilty ( grave s91 ev5 ?\gh "o has n yet p]=m$ x ext]nally4 ,examples are m]*ants :o use false weights & measures1 or :o adult]ate _! commodities ) small portions ( wat]1 etc41 & ?us make l>ge pr(its by m9ute *eat+2 7b7 !y are mortally s9ful by reason ( ! subsequ5t int5tion :5 "o _h no purpose to /eal a l>ge am\nt1 b adv]ts to ! fact t a small !ft "h & n[ committ$ w con/itute grave matt] if add$ to previ\s petty !fts1 or t ! am\nt ( /ol5 goods n[ possess$ is l>ge1 & nev]!less resolves to g ahead ) ! !ft or to reta9 ! /ol5 goods4 ,?is does n mean t a numb] ( v5ial s9s coalesce into a mortal s9 7see #ahi71 b only t ! object ( a s9 :i* is slight 9 itself becomes s]i\s on acc\nt ( ! circum/ance t x is morally connect$ ) previ\s s9s4 ,! la/ act 9 a connect$ s]ies mu/ n be tak5 s+ly1 b 9 connection ) ! acts t prec$e1 z is se5 9 ! violation ( a fa/ or 9 omission ( p>ts ( an h\r4 ,9 ! cases n[ consid]$1 !re=e1 grave inju/ice is actually & purposely done1 & mortal s9 is committ$1 ev5 ?\gh !re 0 no ?\ght ( ?is 9 advance4 #aiaj4 ,! case ( "y m5 :o are educat$ free ( *>ge 9 ! expectation t !y w g on to ! prie/hood & :o d n p]sev]e4--7a7 ,if !y act 9 bad fai? 7i4e41 if !y ent] ! college or sem9>y m]ely to get _! education1 or to avoid "w1 or if !y rema9 aft] !y h ab&on$ ?\ght ( ! cl]ical /ate71 !y are guilty ( !ft & b\nd to re/itution4 7b7 ,if !y are n 9 bad fai? 7i4e41 if !y wi% to try out _! vocation1 or if !y beg9 ) ! int5tion to p]sev]e71 !y are n guilty ( inju/ice4 ,?is is true1 ev5 ?\gh !y are reject$ on acc\nt ( idl5ess or o!r faults1 provid$ !re 0 no int5tion to defraud4 #aiaa4 ,9 ! foll[+ cases small !fts :i* add$ to o!rs make a l>ge sum seem n to be ! cause ( grave loss1 & h5ce n mortally s9ful3 7a7 ! small !ft ( "o p]son foll[+ on ! small !fts ( o!rs1 :5 !re is no bond ( example1 advice1 conspiracy1 etc41 to unite ! v>i\s !fts2 = none ( ! ?ieves c be held responsible = ! "p ( ! loss caus$ by ! o!rs4 ,example3 ,titus1 kn[+ t ,balbus has be5 *eat$ by v>i\s p]sons to ! am\nt ( #i & t #aj w be a s]i\s loss to ,balbus1 proce$s to /eal #a f ,balbus3 7b7 ! small !fts ( sev]al p]sons :o /eal toge!r1 & :o influ5ce "o ano!r only by example2 = example is an occasion1 n a true cause ( ! imitator's act 7see #addg1 #agfc74 ,example3 ,sempronius & ,claudius g into a /ore toge!r & f9d t !re is no "o ar\nd4 ,sempronius !reupon /eals a numb] ( articles & leaves4 ,claudius notices ?is & /eals o!r ?+s1 :i* w make ! total loss s]i\s4 #aiab4 ,moral ,connection betwe5 ,repeat$ ,acts ( ,!ft4--,! moral connection betwe5 repeat$ acts ( !ft by "o p]son is necess>y1 z 0 said1 9 ord] t ^! acts unite into "o grave s94 ,?is moral connection does n exi/1 h[ev]1 if ! s]ies is brok5 by int]ruption or revocation4 7a7 ,?us1 ! connection is brok5 by int]ruption :5 !re is a long int]val betwe5 small !fts1 because !fts t are small & infrequ5t d n inflict sev]e loss on individuals or society4 ,?is supposes1 ( c\rse1 t !re is no int5tion to practise small ?iev]y habitually 9 ord] to become enri*$ by x1 b t "o /eals n[ & !n z opportunity or necessity occurs1 or 7accord+ to "s7 t "o int5ds to /eal only small am\nts & at long int]vals4 7b7 ,! connection is also brok5 by re/itution or revocation4 ,x is cle> t1 if ! ?ief has giv5 back 8 =m] !fts1 !y %\ld n be comput$ ) lat] !fts2 & x seems also--?\gh "s d n admit ?is--t1 if he has s9c]ely resolv$ to give back ?+s tak5 be=e 7e4g41 ?+s :i* are useless = him71 !re is no moral connection betwe5 ! pa/ !fts & a !ft he is committ+ n[4 #aiac4 ,int]val ( ,"t betwe5 ,acts ( ,!ft4--,! int]val ( "t t breaks ! connection betwe5 small !fts _c be det]m9$ ) ma!matical exactness1 b ! foll[+ rule seems to be accurate en\gh3 !fts comb9e to =m a great !ft only :5 consid]able prop]ty is tak5 by degrees1 b )9 su* a brief p]iod ( "t z to be ( notable advantage to ! ?ief & ( notable disadvantage to ! los]4 ,"s morali/s ?9k t six mon?s is a long space1 suffici5t to prev5t union betwe5 !fts1 b t two mon?s is too %ort a space to prev5t ! union2 o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 believe t ! am\nts /ol5 %\ld be tak5 into consid]ation2 & h5ce t ! foll[+ int]vals betwe5 !fts sep>ate !m into di/9ct v5ial s9s )\t coalesc5ce3 7a7 a p]iod ( "o ye> betwe5 !fts1 ea* ( :i* almo/ am\nts to grave matt]1 :5 ! prop]ty is kept 7e4g41 :5 a dressmak] :o has kept n a little ( h] patron's mat]ial ( a twelvemon? ago does ! same ?+ aga9 ?is ye>72 7b7 a p]iod ( two mon?s1 :5 ! matt]s are almo/ grave1 b ! prop]ty is n kept 7e4g41 :5 a ?ief :o beat a re/aurant out ( ! price ( a v elaborate meal at ! beg9n+ ( ,janu>y does ! same ?+ at ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*74 ,b x is h>d to see h[ "o c\ld h ! habit ( /eal+ 9 ?is way & n h ! int5tion ( /eal+ a l>ge am\nt1 = a p]son :o /eals :at is almo/ grave matt] e two mon?s or s mu/ realize t he w %ortly be enri*$ to a consid]able ext5t by 8 di%one/y4 ,moreov]1 ! int]val ( two mon?s might be ne$$ by ! ?ief = avoid+ suspicion2 7c7 a p]iod ( "o mon?1 :5 ! ?+ /ol5 falls f> %ort ( grave matt] 7e4g41 a meal ( simple f>e pla9ly cook$ & s]v$72 7d7 a p]iod ( ab\t two weeks1 :5 ! matt]s are v small 7e4g41 :5 a ?ief takes a few secret sips f a w9e bottle on ea* ( 8 =tnightly visits to a c]ta9 h\se1 or c>ries away "s trifl+ object z a s\v5ir74 ,^! !fts w\ld n surpass five or t5 c5ts a mon?2 7e7 "s au?ors ?9k t "o week or p]haps ev5 "o day w prev5t coalesc5ce betwe5 extremely small !fts2 & surely !re are "s paltry objects 7e4g41 a p9 or ne$le1 a mat*1 a small lump ( coal1 a piece ( /r+7 :i* w\ld n total a l>ge value ev5 aft] _m ye>s h pass$4 #aiad4 ,species & ,numb] ( ,petty ,!fts t ,coalesce into ,grave ,matt]4--7a7 ,if ! !fts proce$ f a previ\sly =m$ purpose ( /eal+ by in/allm5ts a l>ge sum1 ea* ( !m is a mortal s91 b !y d n =m num]ically di/9ct s9s1 unless !re 0 a revocation ( ! int5t 7see #bad1 #bae74 7b7 ,if ! !fts did n proce$ f a previ\sly =m$ plan1 ^? t prec$$ ! culm9at+ !ft 7i4e41 ! "o ^: addition makes ! quantity grave7 are s _m sep>ate v5ial s9s ( !ft4 ,! culm9at+ !ft is a mortal s91 if ! ?ief adv]ts to ! fact t he has n[ /ol5 a notable sum2 o!rwise x is a v5ial s94 ,! act1 aft] ! gravity ( ! matt] has be5 notic$1 is ! initial mortal s91 if x means cons5t to ! grave inju/ice done 7e4g41 ret5tion ( ! ill-gott5 goods1 int5tion n to make re/itution72 x is an additional mortal s91 if x means a r5ewal ( cons5t to ! grave inju/ice previ\sly done 7e4g41 ! !ft ( a new small am\nt ) ! purpose ( keep+ x z well z ! re/74 #aiae4 ,sum ,requir$ = ,grave ,matt] 9 ,petty ,!fts t ,coalesce4--7a7 ,accord+ to "o op9ion1 x is always l>g] ?an ! sum requir$ = grave matt] 9 a !ft ( ! same am\nt on a s+le occasion2 = ! own] does n feel ! loss s mu* :5 8 goods are /ol5 9 small am\nts & at diff]5t times4 ,?us1 a man is less unwill+ to h #ajj /ol5 f him ?r\gh pilf]+s ( c5ts & doll>s ov] a p]iod ( a ye> or two ?an to h x all /ol5 f him on "o day4 7b7 ,accord+ to ano!r op9ion1 grave matt] = petty !fts is n l>g] ?an grave matt] = l>ge !fts ( ! same am\nt1 if ! petty ?ief _h ! int5tion all along to accumulate a notable sum4 ,b "s :o are ( ?is op9ion make an exception = ! case :5 ! petty ?ief /eals n f "o b f sev]al own]s1 = 9 ?is way ! loss is di/ribut$ & less h>m done4 ,grave matt] 9 ?is case1 !y say1 is ! same z absolutely grave matt]4 #aiaf4 ,!re are v>i\s op9ions on ! am\nts requir$ = grave matt] 9 ! case ( petty !fts t coalesce4 7a7 ,if all ! !fts are aga9/ ! same p]son1 ! usual op9ion fixes grave matt] at "o & "o-half times or twice ! am\nt fix$ = l>ge !fts4 ,"s au?ors limit ?is to cases :]e9 ! ?ief _h n ! purpose f ! beg9n+ to /eal a great am\nt 7see #aiae71 & "s /ate t ! am\nt = l>ge !fts :i* is consid]$ is ! relative1 n ! absolute sum4 7b7 ,if ! !fts are aga9/ diff]5t p]sons1 "s ?9k t grave matt] is ! same z ! absolute matt] ( "o l>ge !ft1 :ile o!rs make x "o & "o-half times or twice t am\nt4 ,"h aga9 "s morali/s limit ^! increases 9 ! sum = grave matt] to cases :]e9 !re 0 no purpose f ! beg9n+ to /eal a notable am\nt4 #aiag4 ,!ft f ,jo9t ,own]s4--,is x a grave s9 to /eal a consid]able am\nt ( prop]ty t belongs to jo9t own]s8 7a7 ,if ! am\nt tak5 is absolutely grave1 ! s9 is s]i\s = ! reasons giv5 9 #ahih sqq42 7b7 if ! am\nt tak5 is relatively grave 7e4g41 because a community is v poor1 or because ! own]s are only two or ?ree & ! individual loss is heavy71 ! s9 is s]i\s2 7c7 if ! am\nt tak5 is n relatively grave1 z happ5s :5 an organization is n poor & has _m memb]s or :5 ! loss w be s di/ribut$ among ! jo9t own]s z to be little felt by !m individually1 ! s9 is n s]i\s4 #aiah4 ,re/itution 9 ,cases ( ,!ft4--7a7 ,re/itution is ow$ = ! prop]ty /ol54 ,he :o /ole a s]i\s am\nt b gave back "p1 reta9+ only :at is light matt]1 is b\nd "u v5ial s9 to re/ore ! re/4 ,confessors %\ld urge re/itution ev5 ( small am\nts1 :5 possible1 9 ord] to det] m5 f !ft1 & x may sometimes be useful to require *ildr5 to seek a condonation f _! p>5ts = a simil> reason4 7b7 ,re/itution is ow$ also = damage caus$ by ! !ft 7see #ahie74 ,?us1 if "o /eals ! tool ( a poor f>m]1 :i* is ( little value 9 itself b :i* br+s on him a s]i\s loss1 "o is responsible = ! loss z well z = ! tool4 #aiai4 ,cases ( ,d\bt4--7a7 ,d\bts ( ,law4--,! rules giv5 by morali/s on grave matt] 9 !fts are n to be reg>d$ z c]ta9 & au!ntic1 s9ce !y are only ! op9ions ( !ologians1 & h no obligatory sanction f ! ,*ur*4 ,!y are reasonable & well f\nd$1 inde$1 b 9 spite ( !m !re w occur cases :]e9 x is d\btful :e!r a !ft is mortal or v5ial 7see #ahif74 ,x is no disgrace to be ignorant 9 su* difficult cases1 = ,/4 ,augu/9e himself admitt$ t he did n always "k :]e to draw ! l9e4 ,h5ce1 confessors %\ld n feel oblig$ to decide ) f9ality 9 e in/ance :e!r ! s9 committ$ 0 9 itself grave or light2 on ! contr>y1 x w sometimes be necess>y to avoid a def9ite answ]1 :ile call+ att5tion to ! s9fulness ( all !ft & ! duty ( re/itution4 ,b ! obligation ( re/itution %\ld n be impos$ z c]ta91 :]e ! doctors disagree4 7b7 ,d\bts ( ,fact4--,! application ( ! rules = grave matt] w also be at times v difficult on acc\nt ( unc]ta9ties ab\t circum/ances ( "t1 p]son1 etc4 ,9 su* cases "o mu/ h rec\rse to ! sy/ems = decision 9 ! pres5ce ( a d\btful consci5ce4 ,if a ?ief does n "k f :om he /ole1 x may be d\btful :e!r ! matt] is relatively grave or only light2 b ! presumption !n w be t ! los] 0 a p]son ( av]age means4 ,aga91 :5 !re is a /rong likelihood t an own] 0 n greatly unwill+1 "o mu/ insi/ t ! !fts cease = ! future1 b "o _c always impose re/itution4 ,if a petty ?ief does n "k h[ mu* he /ole1 or :e!r all ! !fts 7 f ! same p]son1 or :e!r ! int]vals betwe5 ! !fts 7 great or small1 or :e!r he _h ! int5tion f ! outset to take a l>ge sum1 ! confessor w h to =m an op9ion by que/ion+ ! p5it5t on ! "t ( 8 la/ confession1 ! am\nts he g5]ally took1 ! g5]al frequ5cy ( ! !fts1 etc4 #aibj4 ,conv]sion ( ,o!rs' ,prop]ty4--,! conv]sion ( prop]ty own$ by o!rs or held by !m may be p]mitt$1 or at lea/ tol]at$1 :5 ! own] or possessor w\ld be unreasonable if he object$ z 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 9 extreme necessity1 = accord+ to natural law ea* "o has ! "r to pres]ve 8 life by us+ ! temporal ?+s ( ! e>? 7see #aega74 ,9 dang] ( dea? ?+s necess>y = escap+ ! dang] become common prop]ty1 & no injury is done by ! p]son 9 dang] if he uses ! goods ( ano!r p]son to save 8 own life2 7b7 9 c]ta9 cases :5 occult comp5sation is ! only way 9 :i* "o c def5d or secure "o's "r to prop]ty1 = x is n wrong to take :at is "o's due1 if ?is is done )\t h>m to ! rights ( o!rs4 #aiba4 ,conditions = ,lawful ,occupation ( ! ,goods ( ,o!rs 9 ,extreme ,ne$4--7a7 ,! occupation mu/ be necess>y = secur+ "o's own or ano!r's natural "r to "s supreme good1 su* z life or :at is almo/ ! equival5t ( life 7e4g41 fre$om f cruel re/ra9t1 escape f fe>ful disease74 ,a supreme good is at /ake1 !n1 :5 "o is 9 extreme1 quasi-extreme1 or mo/ grave ne$ 7see #abcf71 t is1 expos$ to ! c]ta9 or v probable p]il ( los+ life1 limbs1 lib]ty1 sight1 *a/ity1 etc42 occupation is necess>y :5 !re is no o!r way 7e4g41 by begg+7 to av]t ! dang]4 7b7 ,! occupation mu/ be made )\t detrim5t to ! rights ( o!rs4 ,h5ce1 "o may n occupy m ?an is really necess>y to escape ! dang]2 "o may n occupy at all if ! own] is situat$ 9 an equal dang] 7e4g41 "o may n take ! plank f a man 9 dang] ( dr[n+ 9 ord] to save oneself72 "o may n reta9 ! ?+ tak51 if ! dang] has pass$ 7e4g41 "o :o comm&e]$ 8 neighbor's c> 9 ord] to escape f a ?ug mu/ return ! c>74 ,! neglect to ask p]mission1 h[ev]1 does n exce$ a v5ial s9 & does n impose ! duty ( re/itution1 if !re is a real reason = occupation4 ,"o may n take ! goods )\t p]mission1 if ?is c be obta9$ )\t too mu* difficulty2 nor =cibly1 if possession c be _h peaceably4 #aibb4 ,re/itution = ,occupi$ ,goods4--,is ! occupi] b\nd to re/itution = occupi$ goods t 7 consum$ 7e4g41 food & dr9k71 if he aft]w>ds becomes able to pay = !m8 7a7 ,if ! occupi] _h no prospect at ! "t ( ev] be+ able to pay = :at he took1 he is n b\nd to re/itution--n because ( possession1 s9ce ! ?+ has p]i%$1 nor because ( ! tak+1 s9ce !re 0 no on]\s contract1 nor because ( injury1 s9ce he act$ )9 8 rights4 ,! own] _c compla9 at ?is1 s9ce *>ity obliges him to give ( 8 own free w to "o :o is 9 supreme ne$ & n to expect t ! alms be paid back1 :ile ju/ice =bids t he imp$e ! appropriation ( :at is ne$$ by ! p]son 9 di/ress4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t a case ( ?is "* w\ld r>ely happ51 &1 if x did happ51 ! m dec5t ?+ w\ld be to pay = :at 0 us$4 ,"s morali/s ?9k t m probably !re w\ld be an obligation ( ju/ice to d ?is1 s9ce occupation is lawful only 9 s f> z x is necess>y4 7b7 ,if ! occupi] _h ! prospect at ! "t ( be+ able to pay = :at he took1 he is b\nd to re/itution2 = "o %\ld n occupy m ?an is necess>y1 &1 if a loan suffices to tide "o ov] a difficulty1 x is n "r to expect a gift4 ,h5ce1 m5 :o raid bak]y %ops 9 times ( food %ortage1 are b\nd to make re/itution to ! bak]s :5 able4 #aibc4 ,occupation 9 ! ,case ( ,m]ely ,grave ,necessity4--,is x lawful to occupy 9 m]ely grave or ord9>y necessity8 7a7 ,?is is n lawful1 = o!rwise ! doors w\ld be op5$ to !fts )\t numb]1 & bo? ! security ( prop]ty & ! peace ( ! public w\ld be at an end4 ,innoc5t ,,xi condemn$ ! proposition t x is p]missible to /eal 9 great ne$ 7,d5z+]1 n4 #aahf74 7b7 ,su* occupation is less s9ful ?an to occupy )\t necessity1 & inde$ ! !ft may be only v5ial if "o is 9 grave ne$ & has va9ly s\ght "w or *>ity to relieve ! difficulty1 z :5 a poor man :o is n able to give 8 *ildr5 all ! food !y ne$ /eals provisions n[ & !n4 #aibd4 ,occupation ( a ,l>ge ,sum by ,"o 9 ,dire ,ne$4--7a7 ,"o op9ion holds t ev5 = ! sake ( avoid+ dea? ?is is n p]missible1 = "o has no "r to extraord9>y means = ! protection ( "o's life4 7b7 ,a second op9ion ma9ta9s t ?is occupation is lawful1 "u ! conditions giv5 9 #aiba2 = life is m preci\s ?an ev5 a l>ge sum ( money1 & 9 su* extreme ne$ prop]ty "r yields to ! "r to life4 7c7 ,a ?ird op9ion di/+ui%es betwe5 ! case 9 :i* extreme necessity is proximate or urg5t 7e4g41 an un>m$ ,wat*man is ?reat5$ ) in/ant dea? if he does n h& ov] at once ! money he has 9 *>ge7 & ! case 9 :i* x is only remote 7e4g41 ! doctor tells a poor man t he w die %ortly f tub]culosis unless he goes to a m heal?y altitude1 b ! pati5t is too poor to foll[ ^! in/ructions74 ,9 ! =m] case ! p]son 9 ne$ may take :at is necess>y 7on acc\nt ( ! reasons = ! second op9ion & also because ! civil laws all[ ?is71 b he is n b\nd to d s 7on acc\nt ( ! reasons = ! fir/ op9ion72 9 ! latt] case1 m probably he has no "r to occupation1 = ?is w\ld be prejudicial to ! public welf>e & is moreov] /rictly =bidd5 by civil laws 7see #aega1 #abec74 #aibe4 ,duty ( ! ,own] t[>ds ,"o 9 ,dire ,ne$4--7a7 ,9 *>ity ! own] is b\nd to come to ! aid ( ! ne$y p]son2 b1 if he neglects ?is duty1 he does n (f5d ju/ice & is n held to re/itution 7see #abdj1 #agec74 7b7 ,9 ju/ice ! own] is b\nd n to prev5t ! ne$y p]son f tak+ or us+ :at he is entitl$ to2 b %\ld ! own] d ?is & ! necessity cease1 !re is no duty ( re/itution1 = ! "r ( ! ne$y p]son ends ) ! necessity4 #aibf4 ,lawfulness ( ,receiv+ ,support f a ,?ief4--,is x lawful = ! wife & family to receive support f ! head ( ! family1 :5 he is a ?ief8 7a7 ,x is lawful :5 ! p]sons /ol5 f are n ?us depriv$ ( _! goods or ( ! prospect ( re/itution4 ,?is happ5s :5 ! actual support does n come f ! /ol5 prop]ty1 & ! ?ief is able to make re/itution f o!r prop]ty t belongs to him1 or ! wife & *ildr5 e>n z mu* = ! family by _! "w z !y receive 9 support4 ,9 ?is case ! family may take f ! ?ief ev5 ?+s t are n necess>y = _! support4 7b7 ,x is lawful :5 ! p]sons /ol5 f are depriv$ ( re/itution1 b ! obligation ( re/itution has ceas$ on acc\nt ( grave necessity 7see #agig74 ,?is happ5s :5 ! support does n actually come f ! /ol5 prop]ty1 b ! ?ief is unable to make re/itution f 8 own prop]ty )\t depriv+ 8 own family :o are 9 grave ne$4 ,9 ?is case ! family may take f ! ?ief only su* ?+s z are necess>y = !m accord+ to _! /ation 9 life4 7c7 ,x is lawful :5 ! p]sons /ol5 f are depriv$ ( _! goods1 b ! "r to occupy ^! goods has aris5 on acc\nt ( ! extreme necessity ( ! family 7see #aibj sqq474 ,?is happ5s :5 ! support comes f ! /ol5 prop]ty itself4 ,b ! family may use only :at is really necess>y = ! relief ( _! dire di/ress4 #aibg4 ,comp5sation4-,comp5sation is ( two k9ds1 /rict or legal & wide or extra-legal4 7a7 ,9 a /rict s5se1 comp5sation is c\nt]claim1 or ! comp>ison ( ! debts ( two p]sons to "o ano!r ) a view to ! cancellation ( "o or ( bo? debts4 ,?is me?od ( ext9ction ( debt is all[$ by law 9 ord] to r$uce ! am\nt & exp5ses ( litigation4 ,x is kn[n z rec\pm5t or (fset :5 a def5dant br+s a cross-action aga9/ a pla9tiff = non-fulfillm5t by ! latt] ( "s "p ( ! contract 9 controv]sy1 & z set-(f :5 ! def5dant introduces ! debt ow$ to him ov] aga9/ ! debts su$ = by ! pla9tiff4 ,c\nt]claim is j :5 no injury is done to "o p>ty 7e4g41 x w\ld be unju/ to keep ! horse ( ,titus :i* y _h borr[$1 simply because ,titus ow$ y a debt equal to ! value ( ! horse1 = ! horse might be wor? m to ,titus72 x is legal :5 recogniz$ by ! law 7cfr4 #agig1 #agih74 7b7 ,9 a wide s5se1 comp5sation is ! summ>y recov]y by a cr$itor ( ! ?+ or ! debt ow$ him by ! debtor4 ,! recov]y is summ>y 9 ! s5se t ! cr$itor does n g to law1 or proce$ accord+ to law1 b takes f ! debtor ei!r op5ly 7op5 comp5sation7 or secretly 7occult comp5sation7 :at is ow$4 #aibh4 ,lawfulness ( ,occult ,comp5sation4--7a7 ,ord9>ily1 or p] se1 x is n lawful2 = x conta9s su* evils z disreg>d ( due process ( law1 sc&al1 infamy1 public di/urbance1 ! m5ace t ! common good w be h>m$ by frequ5t abuse1 ! dang] t ! debtor w suff] loss ?r\gh a second paym5t ( ! same debt1 etc4 ,innoc5t ,,xi condemn$ ! proposition t dome/ic s]vants may practise occult comp5sation :5 !y decide t _! s]vices are wor? m ?an ! sal>y !y are receiv+ 7,d5z+]1 n4 #aahg74 7b7 ,exceptionally1 or p] accid5s1 x is lawful2 = "u c]ta9 conditions x (f5ds nei!r public nor private welf>e & x is necess>y = ! v9dication ( a "r4 ,j z ! natural law gives au?ority to occupy ! goods ( ano!r 9 case ( extreme ne$1 s does x ju/ify occult comp5sation 9 ! special cases j m5tion$4 #aibi4 ,unlawful ,occult ,comp5sation & ,re/itution4--,does unlawful occult comp5sation oblige "o to re/itution8 7a7 ,if ! comp5sation is n only unlawful b also injuri\s 7e4g41 a s]vant takes :at is n due h] "u ! pretext ( comp5sation71 x is n rightly call$ comp5sation1 b is really !ft1 & re/itution is due4 7b7 ,if ! comp5sation is unlawful b n injuri\s 7e4g41 a s]vant takes :at is really due h]1 b %e c\ld h obta9$ x by ask+ = x71 !re is no !ft or duty ( re/itution1 s9ce ! prop]ty ( ano!r 0 n /ol54 #aicj4 ,conditions ,requir$ by ,commutative ,ju/ice = ,occult ,comp5sation4--7a7 ,be=e ! ,comp5sation4--,!re mu/ be a /rict "r to ! ?+ tak52 =1 if !re is no su* "r1 "o takes :at belongs to ano!r aga9/ 8 w1 or commits !ft4 ,h5ce1 if an employ] has freely promis$ to make a gift to 8 s]vant & !n fails to keep ! promise1 ! s]vant has no "r to take :at 0 promis$1 s9ce x is ow$ f lib]ality or fidelity or gratitude1 b n f commutative ju/ice4 ,! same applies to a non-necess>y heir :o has be5 left no?+ 9 a w1 s9ce he _h no /rict "r4 ,x is also unju/ to take secret comp5sation = a debt t has n yet fall5 due4 7b7 ,dur+ ! ,comp5sation4--,no wrong mu/ be done to ! debtor 7e4g41 by tak+ m ?an is due1 by tak+ an article :i* ! debtor ne$s = e>n+ 8 liv+7 or to ?ird p>ties 7e4g41 by tak+ goods deposit$ by !m ) ! debtor74 ,if possible1 comp5sation %\ld be made f goods ( ! same nature & k9d z ^? t 7 tak5 or damag$1 = ! debtor %\ld n be =c$ to "p ) ?+s he wi%es to reta9 & :i* are n necess>y = ! cr$itor's satisfaction4 7c7 ,aft] ! ,comp5sation4--,"o mu/ avoid injury to ! debtor 7e4g41 ! keep+ ( a paym5t :i* is n[ n ow$ by him & :i* "o c refuse or return to him7 & to ?ird p>ties 7e4g41 ! ca/+ ( suspicion on a s]vant 9 ord] to div]t att5tion f "o's act ( occult comp5sation74 #aica4 ,mu/ ! /rictness ( ! "r be morally c]ta91 or1 9 o!r words1 mu/ reasonable d\bt ( fact & ( law be exclud$8 7a7 ,z to d\bt ( fact1 x mu/ be exclud$2 = 9 su* d\bt ! presumption is ) ! possessor1 or at lea/ x is c]ta9ly wrong to p]=m an act t w probably be injuri\s to ano!r p]son 7see #gac74 ,moreov]1 ev]yone c see t ! public good w\ld suff] greatly1 if occult comp5sation 7 p]missible :5 ! exi/5ce ( a debt is unc]ta94 ,h5ce1 if x is only probable t "o sold goods to ano!r p]son or t ano!r p]son has n yet paid = s]vices receiv$ by him1 occult comp5sation mu/ be avoid$4 7b7 ,z to pure d\bt ( law1 ! "q is controv]t$4 ,"s ?9k t x also mu/ be exclud$1 s9ce ! possessor %\ld n be depriv$ ( possession unless x is c]ta9 t !re is a "r to d ?is4 ,o!rs ?9k t occult comp5sation may be us$ 9 spite ( a m]e d\bt ( law1 if ! d\bt conc]ns only ! mode ( mak+ ! comp5sation1 or if ! probability 9 favor ( ! cr$itor is s /rong t a judge c\ld consci5ti\sly decide = him aga9/ ! possessor4 ,examples ( d\bts ( law "h are ?ree cases t are 9 dispute among au?ors1 namely1 :e!r "o may take money z comp5sation = defamation t w n be repair$ by re/oration ( fame 7see #ahjb1 #ahjc71 :e!r "o may d5y rep>ation = defamation :5 "o has be5 defam$ by ! o!r p>ty & has n receiv$ re/itution1 :e!r "o has rights to a legacy ( :i* "o is depriv$ on acc\nt ( a m]e in=mality 9 ! docum5t4 ,9 ^! cases ! "r is held by "s au?orities to be probable1 b ! decision 9 a p>ticul> in/ance %\ld be made only on ! advice ( a le>n$ & consci5ti\s p]son1 s9ce ! matt] is v complicat$ & !re is great dang] ( self-deception4 #aicb4 ,"s ,cases 9 ,:i* ,!re ,is a ,/rict ,"r to ,comp5sation4--7a7 ,employees 7i4e41 s]vants1 work+m51 artisans1 (ficials1 etc47 h a /rict "r :5 !y are injur$ by ! employ]'s non-obs]vance ( ! contract 7e4g41 ! /ipulat$ sal>y is n paid2 unju/ subtractions are made f ! sal>y1 z by f9es = ! inadv]t5t & infrequ5t break+ ( tools1 etc41 ab\t :i* !re 0 no agreem5t 9 ! contract2 labors n contract$ = are exact$71 or :5 an unju/ contract is impos$ on !m 7e4g41 !y are induc$ by =ce or ?reats to accept less ?an a liv+ wage2 advantage is tak5 ( _! grave necessity to wr+ f !m agreem5t to su* a wage74 7b7 ,m]*ants h a /rict "r :5 a debt :i* !y _c collect is c]ta9ly ow$ !m1 or :5 !y sold bel[ ! m9imum j price1 because =c$ to ?is unju/ly1 or because !y made a mi/ake 9 *>g+4 ,!y may comp5sate !mselves by dim9i%+ weights or measurem5ts4 7c7 ,"o has a "r to comp5sation :o has be5 condemn$ "u a s5t5ce manife/ly unju/1 because ! law is c]ta9ly unju/ or because ! judge cle>ly gave a wrong decision 9 a matt] ( fact 7e4g41 he errone\sly presum$ t a debt _h be5 contract$1 or t x _h n be5 paid74 #aicc4 ,"s ,cases 9 ,:i* ,!re ,is ,no ,"r to ,comp5sation4--7a7 ,employees h no "r to comp5sation = subtractions f _! sal>y1 if !y culpably injure ! prop]ty ( _! employ]1 or if !y agre$ to su* subtractions2 nor = ! smallness ( _! wage1 if !y freely accept$ x 7e4g41 if !y reg>d$ x z a favor to be employ$1 & ! employ] did n really ne$ !m71 or if x is made up = by pres5ts1 bo>d or lodg+1 opportunity = good tips1 etc42 nor = unusual labors1 if !y hir$ !mselves out = g5]al s]vice 7unless !y are ask$ to p]=m "w ( an entirely un=ese5 k9d1 su* z a v p]il\s mission71 or if !y und]took ^! labors freely )\t ! k or wi% 7express or tacit7 ( ! employ]4 7b7 ,m]*ants h no "r to comp5sation = goods sold by !m bel[ ! m9imum j price1 if !y freely agre$ to sell at t price4 #aicd4 ,*ildr5 & ,employees & ,comp5sation4--,"s special que/ions arise = consid]ation 9 case ( p>5ts :o employ _! own *ildr51 & ( employ]s :o are =c$ to und]pay on acc\nt ( ! di%one/y ( _! help4 7a7 ,*ildr5 :o "w = _! p>5ts & :o are entitl$ to a sal>y1 by agreem5t or f ! law1 h ! same rights z o!r employees1 b inju/ice aga9/ !m w\ld be less frequ5t4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! fa!r has a "r to ! s]vices & wages ( 8 unemancipat$ *ild1 b ! *ild becomes indep5d5t ( ! fa!r :5 x rea*es ! age ( majority or :5 ! fa!r rel9qui%es 8 "r4 7b7 ,employees :o are und]paid because ! employ] is *eat$ by 8 help h ! "r to occult comp5sation1 if !y are =c$ to take less ?an a liv+ wage 7#aicb72 o!rwise ?is is n p]missible1 unless x be c]ta9 t ! employ] is n unwill+ t ! hone/ employees receive m ?an _! pay4 ,9 practice1 on acc\nt ( ! great p]il ( inju/ice1 x is advisable t su* work]s seek bett] pay ?r\gh _! organizations or else look = employm5t else:]e4 #aice4 ,conditions ,requir$ by ,legal ,ju/ice = ,occult ,comp5sation4--7a7 ,occult comp5sation mu/ n be us$ if paym5t c easily be obta9$ ?r\gh suit at law or agreem5t2 = ! ord] ( law & ! public welf>e require t "o %\ld n h rec\rse to ! extraord9>y means ( occult comp5sation if ord9>y means w suffice & n cause notable difficulties4 ,b z a rule x seems ?is obliges only "u v5ial s91 s9ce ord9>ily ! dep>ture f normal proc$ure 9 ?is matt] is n s]i\sly detrim5tal to public morals or ord]2 & x does n impose a duty ( re/itution1 s9ce he :o takes only :at belongs to him does n (f5d aga9/ commutative ju/ice4 ,inde$1 if x is c]ta9 t o!r means w be futile 7e4g41 because "o has n suffici5t evid5ce to w9 or because ! decision w\ld he bias$7 or h>mful 7e4g41 because great diss5sions w be ar\s$1 or heavy exp5ses incurr$ 9 litigation71 occult comp5sation is n ev5 v5ially unlawful4 7b7 ,occult comp5sation1 accord+ to law1 %\ld n be us$ by a bailee1 = he has a li5 = 8 s]vices & prop] exp5ditures 9 c>+ = ! object bail$1 b n = any o!r debt ! bailor may owe him 7,bolles1 ,h&y ,law ,book74 ,?is is obligatory at lea/ = ! ext]nal =um4 #aicf4 ,"s ,conditions ,requir$ by ,*>ity = ,occult ,comp5sation 7see #aafe1 #abcf1 #adhc74--7;a7 ,*>ity t[>ds ! ,debtor4--,! cr$itor %\ld see1 :5 possible1 t ! debtor suff]s no loss by occasion ( ! comp5sation4 ,h5ce1 9 ord] to sp>e ! debtor ! evils ( a bad consci5ce 9 ref]5ce to ! debt or ( a second paym5t ( ! debt1 ! cr$itor %\ld1 if possible1 in=m ! debtor t ! debt is cancell$ or t paym5t is n expect$4 7b7 ,*>ity t[>ds ,?ird ,p>ties4-,! cr$itor %\ld1 if possible1 prev5t any tr\ble or loss to o!rs t might be occasion$ by ! comp5sation1 su* z suspicion ( !ft t might fall on s]vants4 #aicg4 ,! ,lawfulness ( ,op5 ,comp5sation4--7a7 ,if "o's prop]ty is be+ /ol5 or c>ri$ away1 x is lawful to protect or recov] x by =ce2 = ?is is only j def5se4 7b7 ,if "o's prop]ty has already be5 c>ri$ away b is /ill 9 be+ & 9 a safe place1 legal ju/ice requires t "o seek r$ress f ! c\rts4 ,b x does n seem a s]i\s fault if "o recov]s goods by us+ mod]ate =ce1 s9ce ! prop]ty is "o's own & ! public mann] ( seiz+ x enables ! law to take cognizance ( ! case4 ,am]ican law recognizes ) c]ta9 re/rictions ! rights ( recaption & ( entry :]eby a p]son takes possession )\t legal process ( goods unlawfully tak5 or )held f him 7,rob9son1 ,elem5t>y ,law1 ,sec4#bci1 #bdj74 7c7 ,if a debt ow$ to "o is d5i$ by ! debtor1 x is n lawful to take paym5t f him by =ce1 s9ce ?is is aga9/ ! law & productive ( sc&al & di/urbance1 & moreov] "o is n ! own] ( ! goods :i* "o ?us takes by =ce4 #aich4 ,not&a pro ,confess>iis4--7a7 ,ante factum1 r>issime consul5da e/ occulta comp5satio1 tum quia ut plurimum illicita e/ 7#aibh7 utpote p]iculo inju/itiae1 sc&ali1 p]turbationis pl5a1 tum quia lex civilis non solet eam ut rem$ium agnosc]e s$ potius ut furtum habet4 ,publice de occulta comp5satione non exp$it loqui1 et prae/at ut qui privatim de ea int]rog5tur1 etiam datis conditionibus ad liceitatem necess>iis1 p] modum tol]ationis tantum annuant4 7b7 ,po/ factum1 facilius 9 favorem ut5tis comp5satione judic>i pote/1 9 ord9e ad re/itutionem1 s$ prud5t]1 et quasi evasive loqu5dum1 ne praxis ita ag5di ut p] se et g5]alit] licita approb>i videatur4 #aici4 ,judicial ,inju/ice4--,we pass n[ f inju/ices committ$ by de$ to ^? committ$ by words1 & %all consid] fir/ unju/ words spok5 9 c\rts ( law & next unju/ words spok5 9 private or outside ( legal processes4 ,judicial inju/ice w be treat$ "u ! foll[+ heads3 7a7 inju/ice 9 judges2 7b7 inju/ice 9 pla9tiffs or accus]s2 7c7 inju/ice 9 def5dants2 7d7 inju/ice 9 witnesses2 7e7 inju/ice 9 lawy]s4 #aidj4 ,! ,(fice ( ,judge4--,judgm5t is ! prop] act ( ju/ice 7#agbg7 & !re=e :5 ex]cis$ "u due conditions x is n only lawful1 b virtu\s4 ,! ex]cise ( public judgm5t belongs to ! judge1 :o is a p]son ve/$ ) au?ority to decide litigat$ que/ions 9 civil or crim9al cases4 7a7 ,?us1 9 ! /rict s5se1 a judge is ! (ficial :o has public au?ority to preside ov] tribunals ( ju/ice1 9 :i* major matt]s are tri$ & a =mal proc$ure is foll[$1 & ^: function x is to direct ! c\rse ( ! proce$+s & to settle que/ions ( fact or ( law t arise4 7b7 ,9 ! wide s5se1 a judge is any p]son :o has lawful au?ority to pass an obligatory s5t5ce 9 crim9al or civil matt]s4 ,! "n may be appli$1 !n1 to ^? :o preside ov] a tribunal 9 :i* m9or or urg5t que/ions are consid]$ & treat$ summ>ily 7ju/ices ( ! peace1 police magi/rates1 etc472 to ^? :o d n preside ov] a tribunal1 b :o are attorneys at law appo9t$ z (fic]s ( a c\rt to pass on "s issue ( a p5d+ proce$+ or suit 7ref]ees72 to ^? :o act z assi/ants ( ! presid+ judge1 by det]m9+ ! tru? ( alleg$ facts 9 civil cases1 or ! innoc5ce or guilt ( an accus$ 9 crim9al cases 7trial jurym572 to ^? :o are *os51 by ! p>ties to ! dispute or by a c\rt1 z sub/itutes = ! ord9>y c\rts provid$ by law1 to he> & settle1 )\t legal =malities1 ! matt] 9 controv]sy 7arbitrators74 #aida4 ,classes ( ,c\rts4--,!re are v>i\s classes ( c\rts & !re=e v>i\s k9ds ( judges4 7a7 ,?us1 accord+ to _! relative dignity & jurisdiction !re are high] & l[] c\rts1 c\rts ( ! fir/1 second & la/ in/ance4 7b7 ,accord+ to ! cases !y try1 c\rts are ei!r civil 79 :i* r$ress ( private injuries is s\ght7 or crim9al 79 :i* ! community prosecutes public wrongs74 7c7 ,accord+ to ! law :i* !y use c\rts are ecclesia/ical or secul>4 7d7 ,accord+ to ! =m ( proc$ure us$ & ! rem$ies appli$1 c\rts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are divid$ into c\rts ( common law1 c\rts ( equity1 probate1 admiralty1 & milit>y c\rts4 #aidb4 ,jurisdiction4--,au?ority is necess>y 9 a judge1 = judgm5t is a b9d+ decision t may be execut$ by =ce1 & ?is supposes t he :o pron\nces ! judgm5t is ! sup]ior ( ! p]son on :om ! judgm5t is pass$1 ,h5ce1 he :o acts z judge :5 he lacks jurisdiction acts invalidly 7unless jurisdiction is suppli$1 z 9 common error = an ecclesia/ical judge1 9 ,canon #bji71 & (f5ds aga9/ ! rights ( ano!r judge & ( ! p]son on :om he passes s5t5ce4 ,examples w\ld be secul> judges act+ 9 ecclesia/ical cases or ecclesia/ical judges act+ 9 temporal cases4 #aidc4 ,! ,qualifications ( a ,judge4--7a7 ,m5tally1 he mu/ be end[$ ) k ( ! law & ) prud5ce1 s z to be compet5t to pron\nce correctly on ! que/ions t are br\ght to him = decision2 =1 z be+ ! au?oriz$ int]pret] & cu/odian ( ! law1 he is b\nd by quasi-contract ) ! community & ) ^? :o appe> be=e him to be compet5t = ^! (fices4 ,if a judge realizes t he is incompet5t 9 ^! ways1 he mu/ ei!r resign 8 (fice1 or make up = 8 defici5cy by /udy or consultation ) ^? :o are m le>n$ ?an himself4 ,a juryman1 be+ a layman to ! law1 is n expect$ to h ! m5tal equipm5t ( a lawy]2 b x is 8 duty to give 8 att5tion to ! /atem5ts1 argum5ts & te/imony & to ! in/ructions ( ! judge4 7b7 ,morally1 ! judge mu/ be a lov] ( ju/ice1 :e!r commutative1 di/ributive or legal2 = ! prop] (fice ( ! judge is to apply ! law to p>ticul> cases & to decl>e (ficially ! mutual rights & obligations ( litigants :o are be=e him4 ,he mu/ n be a respect] ( p]sons1 "o :o is mov$ = or aga9/ a man on acc\nt ( rank1 position or weal?1 nor "o :o is sway$ by fe> or favor1 by popul> outcry or p]sonal ambition4 ,n only legal b also commutative ju/ice obliges him to p]=m 8 duties consci5ti\sly2 = 9 tak+ 8 (fice he ent]s into a quasi-contract ) ! community to execute 8 functions fai?fully & well1 & simil>ly by try+ a case he engages t ^? be=e him w receive ev5h&$ ju/ice4 ,a juror %\ld be a consci5ti\s p]son :o is op5m9d$ & free f prejudice = or aga9/ ^? on :om he has to vote4 #aidd4 ,conduct ( a ,judge4--,a judge mu/ be above suspicion1 s9ce respect = ! c\rts is ! v life ( ! ,/ate4 ,b !re is good reason to suspect a judge :o judges 9 8 own case1 or 9 a case 9 :i* he w be naturally incl9$ to favor "o side4 ,h5ce ! duty ( ab/a9+ f c]ta9 ?+s4 7a7 ,?us1 he %\ld avoid bus9ess1 social & political activities t w give gr\nd = belief t he uses 8 (fice = ! promotion ( private int]e/s4 7b7 ,he %\ld n act 9 a case 9 :i* 8 own advantage or ! advantage ( 8 fri5ds might appe> to conflict ) ! duty ( /rict imp>tiality1 z :5 he has p]sonal litigation 9 ! c\rt1 or :5 a ne> relative ( 8 is p>ty 9 a controv]sy1 or :5 "o ( ! conte/ants is 8 p]sonal or political fri5d or enemy1 etc4 ,canon #afac ( ! ,code =bids a *ur* judge to act 9 ! case ( a p]son relat$ by blood or m>riage 9 ! direct l9e or 9 ! fir/ & second degrees ( ! collat]al l9e1 or ( a p]son = :om he is gu>dian or adm9i/rator1 or 9 cases 9 :i* he _h previ\sly act$ z advocate or proxy1 or f :i* he /&s to pr(it or lose4 7c7 ,he %\ld refra9 f conduct t w\ld t5d to ar\se d\bts ( 8 imp>tial attitude1 su* z incivility to c\nsel or witnesses1 unexpla9$ rul+s t h ! appe>ance ( arbitr>9ess1 private int]views or deal+s ) "o ( ! p>ties be=e him 9 ways calculat$ to influ5ce 8 action4 #aide4 ,accept+ ,gifts f ,litigants or ,o!rs4--,may a judge take money or o!r goods f ^? ^: int]e/s are submitt$ to him1 su* z litigants or lawy]s 9 8 c\rt or _! fri5ds8 7a7 ,if ! goods are extort$ by ?reats or pressure or unju/ vexation1 ! judge is guilty ( robb]y1 s9ce he =cibly takes t to :i* he has no "r4 7b7 ,if ! goods are giv5 z paym5t = ! judge's s]vices dur+ ! trial1 ! judge s9s aga9/ commutative ju/ice 9 receiv+ paym5t = s]vices already due1 s9ce 8 sal>y comes f ! community & obliges him to adm9i/] ju/ice )\t *>ge to ^? :o seek x4 ,nei!r is x lawful to take money z comp5sation = try+ "o case be=e ano!r1 or = ha/5+ a case1 or = giv+ unusual dilig5ce to a complicat$ case1 or = decid+ = "o side :5 ! evid5ce is equal on bo? sides4 ,b ! law c\ld p]mit a judge to collect 8 exp5ses f bo? p>ties if ! trial necessitat$ a p]sonal outlay ( money 7e4g41 = travel or hire ( assi/ants7 & !re 0 no public fund to defray ^! co/s4 7c7 ,if ! goods are (f]$ z bribes1 9 ord] t ! judge may be influ5c$ to act aga9/ ju/ice1 x is cle> t grave inju/ice is done bo? to ! community & to ! p>ty :o is injur$4 7d7 ,if ! goods are giv5 z free gifts1 ) no condition atta*$1 "s ?9k !y may be lawfully accept$1 if !re is little probability t !y w influ5ce ! judge 7e4g41 because !y are small or giv5 aft] ! trial has end$74 ,b o!rs hold1 & x seems m correctly1 t bo? natural & positive law =bids ?is4 ,natural law =bids because ( ! dang] 78,pres5ts & gifts bl9d ! eyes ( judges1 & make !m dumb 9 ! m\?1 s t !y _c correct10 ,ecclus41 xx4 #ca71 & because ( ! mi/ru/ & sc&al t w result4 ,x is incorrect to suppose t small gifts & gifts (f]$ aft] s5t5ce w\ld n h influ5ce1 = ! cont5d+ p>ties w\ld soon come to vie ) "o ano!r 9 mak+ gifts1 :ile judges w\ld beg9 to ?9k ab\t ! gratuities t might be look$ = at ! conclusion ( a trial4 ,canon ,law =bids all ecclesia/ical judges & all :o assi/ 9 c\rt to accept any gifts :atev] t are (f]$ 9 connection ) ! trial 7,canon #afbd71 & ! civil law provides sev]e p5alties = bribes (f]$ z gifts4 7e7 ,if goods are giv5 z a m]e alms or f civility or hospitality 7e4g41 food & dr9k su* z is usually (f]$ to a gue/ or visitor71 x does n seem unlawful 9 itself to accept !m1 b1 s9ce !re is a dang] ( suspicion & sc&al1 ev5 ?is %\ld be avoid$4 #aidf4 ,obligation ( a ,judge to ,re/ore ,goods ,receiv$ 9 ! ,above-,m5tion$ ,ways4--7a7 ,if ret5tion ( ! goods is contr>y to ! reasonable wi%es ( ! p]son :o gave !m1 re/itution is necess>y4 ,h5ce1 ! judge mu/ give back money t 0 extort$ & ! paym5ts made by private p>ties = ! ex]cise ( 8 (ficial duties4 7b7 ,if ret5tion ( ! goods is contr>y to law1 re/itution is also necess>y4 ,h5ce1 if a judge has tak5 a bribe1 he mu/ give x back1 because ! agreem5t is null1 & he _c lawfully keep 8 "p ( ! compact by act+ contr>y to ju/ice4 ,! same is true :5 ! law voids ! contract :]eby he receiv$ ! goods1 or :5 a c\rt decree obliges him to return a free gift be/[$ ^u him4 7c7 ,if ret5tion ( ! goods is n contr>y to ! w ( ! giv] nor to ! law1 re/itution is n necess>y4 ,h5ce1 if a judge has receiv$ a pure gift & no corruption 0 int5d$ or practis$1 he s9n$ 9 tak+ x1 b ! donation 0 valid & !re is no obligation to return x4 ,& ev5 ?\gh he has tak5 a bribe1 & 9 consid]ation ( x has act$ aga9/ ju/ice1 x seems !re is no natural obligation to make re/itution to ! p>ty :o gave ! bribe1 s9ce ! latt] has receiv$ a consid]ation = 8 paym5t1 b ! judge is held to indemnify ! injur$ p>ty4 #aidg4 ,duties ( a ,judge 9 ! ,c\rse ( a ,trial4--7a7 ,! purpose ( ! inve/igation is to discov] ! tru? 9 ! matt] be=e ! c\rt1 & consequ5tly x is ! duty ( a judge to give a case ! /udy & att5tion x des]ves4 7b7 ,! me?od ( proc$ure is int5d$ to secure a fair he>+ = bo? p>ties & s to exp$ite bus9ess t ! litigants w n be h>m$ by ne$less delays4 ,! judge %\ld !re=e obs]ve ! necess>y & cu/om>y =ms ( law1 :ile avoid+ wa/e ( "t & unnecess>y int]ruptions4 8,x is n ! cu/om ( ! ,romans10 said ,fe/us to ! ,jews :o ask$ him to condemn ,paul1 8to condemn any man1 be=e t he :o is accus$ h 8 accus]s pres5t1 & h lib]ty to make 8 answ]1 to cle> himself ( ! ?+s laid to 8 *>ge0 7,acts1 xxv4 #ae74 #aidh4 ,duties ( a ,judge at ! ,conclusion ( a ,trial4--7a7 ,! s5t5ce mu/ be j1 t is1 x mu/ be bas$ on ! law & ! evid5ce4 ,ev5 ?\gh a judge does n p]sonally approve ( a law1 ?9k+ x unwise or unnecess>y or ov]-sev]e1 he %\ld nev]!less en=ce x2 = he is appo9t$1 n to *ange or re=m1 b to apply ! law1 yet s1 h[ev]1 t ! _s is n sacrific$4 7b7 ,s5t5ce mu/ n be relax$ z a rule1 = o!rwise ! rights ( ! ,/ate or ( ! p>ty w9n+ ! case w be h>m$4 ,b !re are times :5 ! public good or "s o!r suffici5t reason calls = relaxation1 & 9 su* cases judges h ! p[] to refra9 f pass+ s5t5ce or to susp5d or respite a s5t5ce already ann\nc$4 ,! defeat$ p>ty %\ld be all[$ ! opportunity :i* ! law grants him = seek+ a rev]sal ( ! judgm5t4 #aidi4 ,s5t5ce ,pass$ "u a ,law ,manife/ly ,unju/4--7a7 ,if ! law is manife/ly oppos$ to div9e or natural law & s5t5ce "u x w\ld comm& ! commission ( an act intr9sically evil 7e4g41 cohabitation ( ^? :o are n really m>ri$1 8m]cy kill+0 ( ! physically or m5tally incapacitat$1 eug5ic /]ilization ( defectives or crim9als71 ! judge %\ld resign r ?an give su* a s5t5ce4 7b7 ,if ! law is manife/ly oppos$ to div9e or natural law & s5t5ce "u x w\ld inflict a griev\s p5alty 7e4g41 dea? or long imprisonm5t7 on ! transgressor ( ! law1 s5t5ce w\ld be unlawful4 ,b if only a light p5alty w\ld be inflict$ 7e4g41 a small f9e or %ort conf9em5t71 x seems t s5t5ce might be tol]at$2 = ! p]son condemn$ might be consid]$ to yield 8 rights 9 su* a case = ! sake ( ! public good1 :i* suff]s f ! loss ( consci5ti\s (ficials4 ,! act ( ! judge 9 giv+ ! s5t5ce w\ld be only mat]ial coop]ation1 :i* is lawful = grave reasons 7see #aeae sqq474 7c7 ,if ! law is manife/ly oppos$ to ecclesia/ical law1 s5t5ce may be giv5 lawfully1 if sc&al is avoid$ & ! ,*ur* yields h] "r 9 ! case1 z is sometimes done 9 favor ( ,ca?olic judges1 le/ !y be depriv$ ( _! positions4 #aiej4 ,may a ,ca?olic ,judge ,grant a ,decree ( ,divorce8---,ap>t f sc&al or a positive ecclesia/ical prohibition3 7a7 ,! judge may grant a divorce to a c\ple n m>ri$ validly al?\gh !y h _h a m>riage c]emony recogniz$ by civil law4 ,?is w\ld occur 9 ! case ( ,ca?olics m>ri$ be=e a civil magi/rate or non-,ca?olic m9i/]4 ,also1 :5 ! ,*ur* has pron\nc$ a m>riage invalid1 civil divorce may be grant$ = ! sake ( civil effects4 7b7 ,divorce may be grant$ if ! judge kn[s t "o ( ! p>ties w invoke ! ,paul9e privilege4 7c7 ,if ! judge is morally c]ta9 t nei!r p>ty w attempt rem>riage & t ! divorce is be+ s\ght m]ely = ! sake ( civil effects1 he may grant ! divorce4 ,9 ! case ( ,ca?olics ! cons5t ( ,*ur* au?orities w\ld be requir$ = ?is proc$ure4 7d7 ,if ! m>riage is valid & x is kn[n t ! p>ties w attempt a new m>riage1 "s consid] t a decree ( divorce is intr9sically evil1 s9ce x b applies a law t attempts1 contr>y to div9e "r1 to dissolve ! m>riage bond4 ,o!rs 7& ?is is ! m common view today7 di/+ui% & ?9k t ! decree ( divorce does n conc]n ! religi\s obligation ( ! petition]s1 b is simply an (ficial decl>ation t ! /ate reg>ds ! civil effects ( ! m>riage z no long] exi/+4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances1 7e4 g41 loss ( (fice = refusal to accept a divorce case1 loss ( pre/ige1 antagonism1 etc471 su* a decree1 9 itself morally indiff]5t1 may be p]mitt$4 7e7 ,if !re is "q ( p>tial divorce 7i4e41 sep>ation f b$ & bo>d7 ( ,ca?olic sp\ses1 a decree is lawful1 ! ,*ur* cons5t+1 = a reason recogniz$ by ecclesia/ical au?ority1 su* z adult]y4 #aiea4 ,:5 ,evid5ce ,is ,contr>y to ,p]sonal ,k ( ,judge4--7a7 ,9 a civil case1 ! judge %\ld foll[ ! public evid5ce r ?an 8 private k2 = he acts z a public1 n z a private1 p]son4 ,moreov]1 ! ,/ate has ! p[] to transf] prop]ty f "o to ano!r1 :5 ! common good requires ?is1 & ! common good requires t civil decisions be bas$ on public evid5ce r ?an on private in=mation4 ,"s morali/s d5y ?is conclusion on ! gr\nd t x is intr9sically wrong to =ce a p]son to pay :o does n owe1 ev5 ?\gh ! evid5ce is aga9/ him4 7b7 ,9 a crim9al case1 ! judge %\ld foll[ ! evid5ce r ?an 8 own k1 if ! evid5ce calls = acquittal ( ! accus$2 = x is bett] = ! public welf>e t a guilty man escape ?an t ! judicial ord] be neglect$ & a rule admitt$ t might convict ! innoc5t z well z ! guilty4 7c7 ,9 a crim9al case 9 :i* ! evid5ce po9ts to guilt :ile ! judge's private k assures him ( ! innoc5ce ( ! accus$1 ! judge mu/ n condemn1 if !re is any legal way to avoid x4 ,b if ! evid5ce /&s & ! judge has to pron\nce s5t5ce1 x is n easy to det]m9e ! c\rse t %\ld be foll[$4 ,accord+ to ,/4 ,?omas1 ! judge %\ld condemn1 s9ce he is a public (ficial & mu/ !re=e be guid$ by ! allegations & pro(s (f]$ dur+ ! trial1 especially s9ce public ord] & respect = law dep5d on ! good reputation ( ! c\rts4 ,if judges c\ld disreg>d at w ! evid5ce (f]$ on acc\nt ( private k !y claim$ to h1 ! confid5ce ( ! public 9 ! integrity ( c\rts w\ld be %ak51 m5 w\ld take ! law into _! own h&s1 & peace & ord] on :i* ! happ9ess ( ! community dep5d w\ld be at an end4 ,moreov]1 ! judge is n guilty 9 s5t5c+ 9 ?is case1 s9ce he does n int5d evil & acts accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( d\ble effect 7see #ajc sqq474 ,accord+ to a second op9ion attribut$ to ,/4 ,bonav5ture1 ! judge %\ld acquit1 s9ce x is intr9sically wrong to condemn to dea? a p]son ab\t ^: innoc5ce "o is c]ta94 ,accord+ to a ?ird op9ion1 :i* ,/4 ,alphonsus consid]s z probable1 ! judge %\ld condemn 9 m9or crim9al cases 9 :i* only pecuni>y p5alties are impos$ 7= ! ,/ate has ! "r to ex]cise em95t doma9 9 ord] to safegu>d an important public good l t ( respect = ! law & ! c\rts72 b he %\ld acquit 9 major cases 9 :i* p]sonal puni%m5ts are inflict$1 = society has no "r to deprive an innoc5t p]son ( life or lib]ty4 #aieb4 ,:5 ! ,judge ,is ! ,unju/ ,cause ( ,damag+ ,evid5ce4--,9 "s cases ! judge may be ! unju/ cause ( ! evid5ce t convicts an innoc5t man1 z :5 ! judge has committ$ a crime & ?r[n suspicion on ! accus$ 7,dan1 xiii71 or :5 ! judge has mov$ o!rs to te/ify falsely aga9/ a man he kn[s to be innoc5t4 7a7 ,"o op9ion holds t ! judge w\ld be oblig$ to condemn1 on acc\nt ( ! reasons j giv5 = ! op9ion ( ,/4 ,?omas1 if ! judge 7 unable to ov]come ! evid5ce4 ,b ^? :o hold ?is add t ?is is purely speculative1 = 9 a concrete case !re w\ld be _m ways by :i* ! judge c\ld extricate bo? himself & ! accus$ f ! difficulty4 7b7 ,ano!r op9ion says t 9 no case c\ld ! judge ( ! pres5t hypo!sis condemn4 ,^? :o favor ?is op9ion decl>e t ,/4 ,?omas is to be und]/ood only ( ! case 9 :i* ! judge is n ! cause ( ! unju/ accusation2 = "o :o has culpably plac$ a cause ( damage is b\nd to remove t cause be=e x acts1 if ?is is possible1 & 9 ! pres5t in/ance x is possible = ! judge1 if all o!r ?+s h fail$1 to free ! innoc5t p]son by te/ify+ = him1 or ev5 by ackn[l$g+ 8 own guilt4 #aiec4 ,practical ,conclusions ab\t ! ,?ree ,controv]t$ ,op9ions ,giv5 ,above 9 #aiea4--7;a7 ,9 a case tri$ accord+ to ,canon ,law1 x seems t ! op9ion ( ,/4 ,?omas %\ld be foll[$1 s9ce ,canon #ahfi1 n4 #b1 decl>es t ! ecclesia/ical judge mu/ n give s5t5ce unless he is c]ta9 ab\t ! matt] ( ! s5t5ce1 & t 8 c]ta9ty mu/ be d]iv$ f ! acts & pro(s ( ! trial4 7b7 ,9 a case tri$ accord+ to civil law1 x seems t ! :ole controv]sy is today v (t5 ( little practical importance2 = c\rt decisions are n[ frequ5tly left to jurym51 & ^! m5 mu/ ei!r h no private c]ta9ty be=e !y are admitt$ to _! (fice 7z is ! case 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates71 or !y h ! obligation ( us+ private k 9 ca/+ _! vote & ( communicat+ x to fell[-jurors dur+ ! delib]ations 7z is ! case 9 "s o!r c\ntries74 ,h5ce1 ! moral "q :e!r x is lawful to decide accord+ to private k aga9/ ! public evid5ce l>gely disappe>s4 ,b :5 a case ( ! k9d n[ consid]$ does occur1 ! position ( ! civil law also agrees1 x seems1 ) t ( ,/4 ,?omas3 8,nei!r ! judge nor ! jury c consid] a private fact ( :i* !y h a m]ely p]sonal k1 h[ev] important may be its be>+ on ! issue1 unless x has be5 br\ght to _! att5tion by evid5ce prop]ly produc$ 9 op5 c\rt0 7,rob9son1 ,elem5t>y ,law1 ,sec4 #ccd74 ,b ! lighte/ p5alty all[$ by ! law %\ld be impos$ 9 su* a case4 ,if a judge 7 privately c]ta9 t a jury v]dict 0 unju/1 he c\ld (f] 8 own te/imony or appeal to ! p>don+ p[]4 #aied4 ,! pr9ciple t a judge mu/ be guid$ only by 8 public k applies also to o!r (ficials :o are requir$ to foll[ ! results ( a public inve/igation1 b n to ^? :o are requir$ to act accord+ to _! be/ k1 :e!r public or private4 7a7 ,?us1 public k mu/ be ! guide ( ^? :o are m9i/]s ( a c\rt & on :om x falls to execute its decrees2 = !y are ! in/rum5ts & subjects ( ! presid5t ( ! c\rt4 ,if !y h private in=mation ( a mat]ial & relevant k9d1 !y %\ld disclose x z witnesses4 7b7 ,private k t is oppos$ to & m reliable ?an public k mu/ be ! guide ( ^? :o are suppos$ to act accord+ to ! mo/ tru/wor?y k !y h4 ,h5ce1 a sup]ior :o has ! p[] to make appo9tm5ts to (fice %\ld disreg>d ! votes ( 8 advisors1 if he c prove t !y are wrong 9 _! op9ions ab\t a nom9ee = (fice4 ,he may confirm or annul _! *oice accord+ to 8 hone/ consci5ce4 #aiee4 ,:5 ,guilt ,is ,d\btful 9 ,crim9al ,cases4--,9 a crim9al case or a case 9 :i* puni%m5t is inflict$1 if ! guilt ( ! accus$ is d\btful1 ! s5t5ce %\ld be = acquittal2 = no "o %\ld be condemn$ unless 8 guilt is morally c]ta9 7see #agbh sqq474 7a7 ,?us1 accord+ to ,canon ,law1 an ecclesia/ical judge :o is n c]ta9 t s5t5ce = ! pla9tiff w be j1 mu/ decl>e t ! latt] has n e/abli%$ 8 case & mu/ dismiss ! def5dant1 ?\gh exception is made = cases t h ! favor ( law 7su* z m>riage1 lib]ty1 te/am5ts1 ,canon #ahfi1 n4 #d74 ,canon ,law places ! burd5 ( pro( on him :o makes an ass]tion1 & x rules t ! def5dant is to be acquitt$ if ! pla9tiff or accus] fails to prove1 ev5 ?\gh ! p]son on trial says no?+ 7,canon #agdh74 7b7 ,accord+ to ! civil law ! rules on evid5ce also favor ! accus$ 9 cases ( d\bt4 ,he mu/ n be held guilty unless ! ,/ate has prov$ affirmatively & beyond reasonable d\bt e mat]ial allegation 9 ! indictm5t4 ,9 capital cases ! evid5ce ( guilt mu/ be equival5t 9 weight & conclusiv5ess to ! direct te/imony ( two compet5t & reliable witnesses4 ,a reasonable d\bt 9 ! m9d ( a juryman is "o = :i* he c give himself an adequate & satisfactory reason 7,rob9son1 ,elem5t>y ,law1 ,sec4 #fjh74 #aief4 ,d\bt 9 ,civil ,cases4--,9 civil cases1 if x is unc]ta9 aft] ! inve/igation = :om ! decision %\ld be giv51 ! foll[+ rules seem to be j3 7a7 if ! p>ties are unequal 9 claim1 ! decision %\ld be = ! "o ^: claim is m weighty2 = ! judge is appo9t$ by society to inve/igate ! tru? ( a controv]sy & to decide accord+ to ! m]its ( ! case4 ,?us1 decision %\ld be = ! p>ty ,^: argum5ts are ( at lea/ equal /r5g?--b :o has legitimate possession 7= 8possession is n9e po9ts 9 law071 or ^: case enjoys ! favor ( ! law 7e4g41 9 ,canon ,law1 ! cases ( wid[s1 w>ds1 m9ors71 or = ! p>ty ^: case is /rong] & m probable4 ,innoc5t ,,xi condemn$ ! proposition t a judge may decide = ! side ^: argum5ts are less probable 7,d5z+]1 n4 #aaeb72 7b7 if ! p>ties are equal 9 _! claims1 "s ?9k t prop]ty 9 dispute %\ld be equally divid$ betwe5 ! conte/ants1 o!rs t ! p>ties %\ld be p]suad$ to compromise1 or1 if ?is is impossible1 t ! decision may be giv5 = ei!r "o ( !m4 ,b if positive law regulates ! mann] ( proce$+ 9 su* a case1 its provisions %\ld be foll[$4 ,?us1 9 ,canon ,law1 if a judge is 9 d\bt z to :i* "o ( two competitors has possession1 he may grant x to bo? ( !m indivisibly1 or he may comm& !m to deposit x ) a seque/]1 p5d+ ! settlem5t ( ! dispute 7,canon #afig74 #aieg4 ,:at %\ld be decid$ :5 ! def5dant has possession ) probable title & ! pla9tiff has m probable title8--7a7 ,if ! possession is n c]ta91 or n c]ta9ly legitimate1 decision %\ld be = ! pla9tiff1 = unc]ta9 possession does n create any presumption ( "r & h5ce ! m probable case prevails4 7b7 ,if ! possession is c]ta9ly legitimate1 ! common op9ion is t decision %\ld be = ! def5dant2 = c]ta9 possession is n ov]come by m probable1 b only by c]ta9 argum5ts = ! pla9tiff4 ,"s au?ors1 h[ev]1 believe t ! judge %\ld decide = ! pla9tiff1 s9ce possession prevails only :5 ! argum5ts are ( equal /r5g? on bo? sides2 or at lea/ t he c\ld decide = him1 s9ce x is probable t ! pla9tiff by pres5t+ a m conv9c+ case has suffici5tly e/abli%$ 8 "r to eject ! def5dant4 #aieh4 ,! ,/&>d by ,:i* a ,judge ,%\ld ,weigh ! ,evid5ce4--7a7 ,:5 ! prov+ =ce ( an argum5t is settl$ by ! law itself1 ! legal rule %\ld be foll[$4 ,?us1 9 ,canon ,law c]ta9 k9ds ( pro(s are expressly decl>$ to be demon/rative 7e4g41 a public in/rum5t n conte/$1 ,canon #ahaf71 :ile o!r pro(s are held to be insuffici5t or only ( p>tial value 7e4g41 c]ta9 k9ds ( te/imony1 ,canon #agef74 ,likewise 9 civil law public docum5ts are prima facie evid5ce1 oral int]pretation ( a writt5 docum5t :i* contradicts its language is n admitt$1 etc4 7b7 ,:5 ! prov+ =ce ( an argum5t is left to ! discretion ( ! judge1 he mu/ foll[ 8 consci5ce1 t is1 he mu/ s9c]ely & imp>tially decide to ! be/ ( 8 ability ! value ( ! argum5t1 :e!r x is decisive1 or likely1 or ,weak4 ,?us1 9 judg+ circum/antial evid5ce a juryman mu/ use 8 own common s5se & intellig5ce 9 det]m9+ :e!r ! premises are d\btful or ! inf]5ce illogical2 9 e/imat+ te/imony a judge mu/ be> 9 m9d ! quality ( ! witnesses & ! "* ( _! te/imony4 #aiei4 ,! ,moral ,obligation ( a ,judicial ,s5t5ce t ,is ,c]ta9ly ,j4--7a7 ,x is b9d+ 9 consci5ce2 = x is m]ely ! application ( law to a p>ticul> case1 & law obliges 7see #cgg74 7b7 ,x obliges 9 virtue ( legal ju/ice :5 ! case is only p5al1 & h5ce he :o is f9$ by c\rt is held z a duty ( ob$i5ce to pay ! f9e2 x obliges 9 virtue ( commutative ju/ice :5 ! case is ab\t a /rict "r1 & h5ce if ! c\rt requires an heir to pay a legacy1 ! latt] mu/ make re/itution = neglect ( ?is duty 7see #agbh74 #aifj4 ,! ,moral ,obligation ( a ,judicial ,s5t5ce t ,is ,c]ta9ly ,unju/4--7a7 ,if ! s5t5ce is unju/ because x is ! application ( an unju/ law1 x produces no obligation 9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! judge _c lawfully apply ! law 7see #aidi72 = an unju/ law does n oblige 9 consci5ce p] se1 b only p] accid5s 7see #cgg1 #dfa74 7b7 ,if ! s5t5ce is unju/ because x is n bas$ on ! law or ! evid5ce1 or because ! trial 0 n conduct$ fairly1 x produces no obligation p] se1 b !re may be an obligation p] accid5s1 z :5 sc&al or great public di/urbance w o!rwise result4 ,h5ce1 "o :o ?r\gh pla9 inju/ice is depriv$ ( an inh]itance has ! "r to occult comp5sation 7see #aibh71 :ile ! o!r p>ty is b\nd to re/itution ( ! inh]itance 7unless he is 9 good fai? or has prescrib$7 & also to damages1 if he w5t to law 9 bad fai?4 #aifa4 ,! ,moral ,obligation ( a ,judicial ,s5t5ce 9 ,case ( ,d\bt4--7a7 ,if ! d\bt is ab\t fact or law1 n ab\t ! "r ( ! judge to give s5t5ce 7see #aiee sqq471 ! s5t5ce may be safely foll[$2 = x is ! (fice ( ! judge to settle d\btful matt]s1 & to promote ! common welf>e by end+ litigation4 ,?us1 9 d\btful crim9al cases ! judge sometimes acquits a guilty man1 & 9 d\btful civil cases he sometimes aw>ds prop]ty to "o :o has no "r to x2 b ^! s5t5ces are n unju/1 s9ce !y are bas$ on rules :i* long exp]i5ce has %[n to be necess>y = ! public welf>e4 7b7 ,if ! d\bt is ab\t ! ju/ice ( ! s5t5ce1 !re is an obligation ( consci5ce to obs]ve ! judgm5t1 s9ce ! presumption favors ! judge4 ,7 ?is n s1 ! au?ority ( tribunals ( ju/ice w\ld be at an end1 = almo/ ev]yone :o loses a case ?9ks t he has be5 treat$ unju/ly4 ,b "o may ent] an appeal1 :]e ?is is all[$ by law4 #aifb4 ,:5 a ,judge ,is ,b\nd to ,re/itution4--,a judge is b\nd to re/itution :5 he causes unju/ damage to ! community or to litigants 7see #agfb sqq471 & h5ce he mu/ ei!r recall 8 unju/ act1 or repair to ! be/ ( 8 ability ! h>m done4 ,b ! conditions = unju/ damage mu/ be v]ifi$ 7see #agfc74 7a7 ,?us1 ! judge's act mu/ be objectively unju/1 t is1 9 violation ( a /rict "r "u commutative ju/ice4 ,?is happ5s :5 he conducts ! trial unju/ly 7e4g41 :5 he neglects ! ess5tial proc$ure1 tries )\t an accus]1 & ! l7 or :5 he passes unju/ s5t5ce 7e4g41 condemns )\t pro( ( fact or crime1 or 9 spite ( evid5ce = innoc5ce1 votes = acquittal :5 !re is no reasonable d\bt ( guilt1 imposes p5alties t are insuffici5t or excessively sev]e1 or aw>ds prop]ty to "o :o to 8 k has no "r to x74 7b7 ,! judge's act mu/ be efficaci\sly unju/1 t is1 x mu/ be ! real cause ( ! loss su/a9$ by ! o!r p]son4 ,h5ce1 !re is no duty ( re/itution if loss does n result 7e4g41 if ! p>ty :o is 9 ! "r w9s 9 spite ( unfairness on ! "p ( ! judge71 or if loss _c be trac$ to ! judge's action 7e4g41 :5 a judge is n entirely imp>tial 9 8 *>ge to ! jury1 b 8 words d n influ5ce !m1 z !y w\ld h giv5 an unfair v]dict anyway74 7c7 ,! judge's act mu/ be subjectively unju/1 t is1 ! judge mu/ be s]i\sly responsible = ! damage on acc\nt ( 8 culpable ignorance1 neglig5ce1 or malice4 ,ev5 ?\gh he has made mi/akes ?r\gh excusable inadv]t5ce or error1 he becomes s]i\sly responsible = damage1 if1 =esee+ x1 he does n d :at is 9 8 p[] to av]t x 7see #agfi74 #aifc4 ,:5 a ,judge ,is ,n ,b\nd to ,re/itution4 ,a judge is n b\nd to re/itution1 h[ev]1 = violations ( virtues o!r ?an commutative ju/ice4 7a7 ,?us1 *>ity is (f5d$1 b n ju/ice1 if ! judge has p]sonal hatr$ aga9/ a p]son be=e him1 b does n p]mit ?is to influ5ce 8 conduct or decisions4 7b7 ,legal1 b n commutative1 ju/ice is (f5d$1 if ! judge is neglig5t ab\t exempl>y damages1 provid$ ! common good does n suff]2 = !re does n seem to be any /rict "r to ! f9e be=e s5t5ce has be5 giv54 ,?is is disput$1 h[ev]1 by "s morali/s1 :o hold t ! judge is "u contract ) ! community 9 ?is matt]1 & h5ce t he (f5ds commutative ju/ice1 if he is habitually & to notable am\nts indulg5t ab\t f9es4 #aifd4 ,k9ds ( ,accusation4--,f inju/ice committ$ by judges we pass n[ to t committ$ by accus]s4 ,x %\ld be not$ t !re are two k9ds ( accusation3 7a7 extrajudicial accusation is t :i* is br\ght be=e a sup]ior 9 ord] t he may correct or re/ra91 )\t rec\rse to judicial process1 a subject :o is del9qu5t4 ,?is is evangelical or canonical correction1 :i* 0 discuss$ 9 #abic1 #abhi2 7b7 judicial accusation1 ) :i* we are n[ conc]n$1 is t :i* is br\ght be=e a judge1 9 ord] t r$ress may be obta9$ ?r\gh judicial process aga9/ an accus$ p]son4 #aife4 ,judicial accusation is also made 9 two ways4 7a7 ,! accus] sometimes does n act z "o ( ! two antagoni/ic p>ties1 & does n assume ! burd5 ( prov+ 8 accusation4 ,he makes an (ficial compla9t or d5unciation1 & !n drops out ( ! case1 leav+ x to ! magi/rate or o!r (fic] to exam9e :e!r a process %\ld be in/itut$ & ! in=m] summon$ z a witness4 7b7 ,! accus] is sometimes "o ( ! two antagoni/ic p>ties dur+ ! process1 & he !n assumes ! burd5 ( prov+ 8 accusation4 ,9 ,canon ,law !re are two k9ds ( processual accus]s1 ! actor 9 civil cases & ! accus] 7an (ficial kn[n z ! promotor ju/itiae7 9 crim9al cases4 ,9 ,am]ican law1 ! accus] 9 cases ( private wrong is kn[n z ! pla9tiff2 9 cases ( public wrong he is ! ,di/rict ,attorney or public prosecutor4 #aiff4 ,! ,duty ( ,judicial ,accusation or ,d5unciation4--7a7 ,if a wrong has be5 committ$ :i* is directly prejudicial to ! common welf>e 7e4g41 treason1 c\nt]feit+1 b&itry71 !re is an obligation to make accusation1 = ea* memb] ( society is held to come to its assi/ance :5 its peace & ord] are endang]$1 & ?is is done by coop]at+ ) ! tribunals ( ju/ice4 ,duty to "o's family also requires t "o prosecute1 :5 ?is is necess>y 9 ord] to protect its memb]s aga9/ "s great evil4 7b7 ,if a wrong has be5 committ$ :i* is n imm$iately prejudicial to ! common welf>e1 !re is n p] se an obligation ( accusation2 = ! purpose ( accusation is to obta9 puni%m5t or ! correction ( a wrong--an end t %\ld n be waiv$ :5 ! common good is at /ake1 b :i* may be waiv$ :5 private int]e/s are conc]n$4 ,b p] accid5s1 or by reason ( circum/ances1 !re is (t5 an obligation ( d5\nc+ or accus+ private wrongs4 #aifg4 ,cases 9 ,:i* ,!re ,is a ,duty ( ,mak+ ,compla9t ab\t ,private ,wrongs4--7a7 ,su* compla9t is obligatory 9 virtue ( commutative ju/ice1 :5 by reason ( 8 (fice1 oa?1 or function a p]son is "u contract to accuse violators ( ! law2 & h5ce s]i\s neglig5ce 9 su* a p]son entails ! duty ( re/itution = any damage caus$ ?r\gh 8 fault4 ,examples "h w\ld be a wat*man :o fails to report !fts1 a man s]v+ on ! gr& jury :o does n vote = an indictm5t :5 he %\ld1 a prosecutor :o is c>eless4 ,! obligation is grave :5 ! dang] or injury to ! common good is s]i\s4 7b7 ,?is compla9t is obligatory 9 virtue ( legal ju/ice1 :5 !re is a positive precept ( ! law :i* requires t accusation be made4 ,! civil law r>ely obliges to ?is z a duty ( consci5ce1 b !re are a numb] ( cases 9 ,canon ,law 9 :i* x is a duty ( consci5ce to d5\nce 7e4g41 :5 !re has be5 a sollicitatio ad turpia74 7c7 ,?is compla9t is obligatory 9 virtue ( *>ity1 :5 )\t s]i\s inconv5i5ce "o c !reby save a neighbor f a grave evil1 su* z unju/ s5t5ce ( dea? or infamy3 8,deliv] !m t are l$ to dea?0 7,prov41 xxiv4 #aa72 8,rescue ! poor1 & deliv] ! ne$y out ( ! h& ( ! s9n]0 7,psalm lxxxi4 #d74 #aifh4 ,is a ,malefactor ,b\nd to ,accuse ,himself8--7a7 ,z a rule1 he is n b\nd to confess guilt1 ei!r explicitly or implicitly1 = ?is is too mu* oppos$ to natural incl9ation1 & h5ce is n dem&$ by law 7see #eeb74 ,?is seems to be true ev5 ?\gh an accus$ has unju/ly decl>$ himself innoc5t1 & has n be5 que/ion$ fur!r or has be5 acquitt$2 = legal ju/ice obliges ! accus$ to give a true answ] only :5 he is be+ que/ion$ 7see #aigh74 ,9 ,canon ,law ^? :o w\ld su/a9 damage f _! own te/imony are n b\nd to take ! witness /&1 & h5ce p]sons :o reasonably fe> t _! evid5ce w subject !mselves or _! relatives to infamy1 vexation or o!r disadvantage _c be =c$ to te/ify 7,canon #agee1 n4 #b74 ,9 civil law "o may n be convict$ on "o's own te/imony alone1 unless ! confession 0 volunt>y1 t is1 made nei!r "u fe>1 nor ) ! hope ( favor1 nor z ! result ( any species ( co]cion 7,rob9son1 ,elem5t>y ,law1 ,sec4#fjh74 7b7 ,9 exceptional cases1 "o w\ld be b\nd to accuse oneself1 namely1 if !re 7 a grave & urg5t necessity ( ! community :i* outweigh$ ! loss t w\ld foll[ f self-accusation 7see #aegf1 #aegg74 ,self-accusation is also a duty :5 "o is ! gravely culpable cause ( ! puni%m5t ( an innoc5t p]son1 if !re is no o!r lawful way ( free+ him1 & ! self-accusation w n br+ on "o a mu* m s]i\s evil ?an t :i* ! innoc5t p]son suff]s4 #aifi4 ,e?ical ,conditions = ,lawful ,accusation or ,d5unciation4--7a7 ,!re mu/ be no injury to ! common welf>e4 ,h5ce1 if ! ord] & peace ( society w\ld be di/urb$ by ! accusation ( a crime :i* 0 private & f :i* no fur!r damage c\ld be anticipat$1 x w\ld be bett] to leave ?is occult crime unpuni%$ r ?an br+ on great] evils to ! public4 7b7 ,!re mu/ be no injury to private welf>e4 ,h5ce1 if ! accus] does n believe t 8 accusation is j1 or if he kn[s t !re is no suitable evid5ce = 8 *>ges1 or if he is exclud$ by law f mak+ an accusation 7e4g41 :5 8 k has be5 d]iv$ f ! confessional or 9 o!r confid5tial ways71 x w\ld be unju/ to accuse2 if ! (f5d] (f]s to make full satisfaction = a private wrong & has already am5d$1 or 0 n accu/om$ to commit su* wrongs1 or if ! loss he w suff] f ! accusation w be f> 9 excess ( ! wrong he has done1 x w\ld be un*>itable to make =mal accusation 7see #abjj1 #abja74 #aigj4 ,p]sons ,:o ,may ,n ,act z ,accus]s4--,g5]ally speak+1 ! foll[+ p]sons are naturally incapable ( act+ z accus]s3 7a7 ^? :o are guilty ( great] misde$s or :o are infam\s1 s9ce x is unbecom+ = !m to accuse2 7b7 ^? :o are enemies ( ! o!r p>ty1 s9ce !y are sway$ by spite or rev5gefulness2 7c7 ^? :o are ne> relatives ( ! o!r p>ty1 s9ce x is unnatural = !m to attack _! own fle% & blood4 #aiga4 ,9 ,^: ,favor ,may ,"o ,d5\nce a ,private ,wrong8--7a7 ,"o may d5\nce x 9 "o's own favor1 = "o is n oblig$ to sacrifice "o's "r to r$ress1 & h5ce accusation is p]missible 7see #aaii74 ,^? :o are consid]$ z "o p]son ) ! injur$ p>ty may accuse = him1 su* z p>5ts1 husb&1 wife1 *ildr54 7b7 ,"o may d5\nce a private wrong 9 favor ( an innoc5t ?ird p>ty1 z :5 an innoc5t p]son is be+ h>ass$ by oppression1 ev5 ?\gh "o c def5d him only ) notable inconv5i5ce to oneself 7see #aifg74 7c7 ,"o may d5\nce a private wrong 9 favor ( ! guilty p>ty himself1 z :5 he is guilty ( (f5ses t are h>mful only to himself 7e4g41 drunk5ness1 impurities71 if he has a bad reputation already or 8 del9qu5cies are manife/4 #aigb4 ,accusation & ,frat]nal ,correction4--,:e!r obligatory or p]missible accusation %\ld be prec$$ by a frat]nal correction is controv]t$ among morali/s4 ,b p]haps ! two opposite views may be reconcil$ z foll[s3 7a7 p] se1 t is1 9 view ( ! purpose ( accusation 7puni%m5t1 v9dication ( ju/ice1 example71 !re is no duty ( previ\s frat]nal admonition1 s9ce ! purpose ( ! admonition is ! am5dm5t ( ! wrongdo] 7see above1 #abhi1 #abic72 7b7 p] accid5s1 t is1 9 view ( ! circum/ance t !re may be hope ( correct+ ! wrongdo] & ( av]t+ evil1 & t puni%m5t may n be v necess>y to ! public welf>e1 previ\s frat]nal correction = secret del9qu5cies may sometimes be a duty ( *>ity4 #aigc4 ,unju/ ,accusation4--,inju/ice 9 accusation is committ$ 9 ! foll[+ ways3 7a7 injury is done ! accus$ :5 a crime is falsely imput$ to him ?r\gh malice 7calumny71 or ?r\gh a too great read9ess to believe rumors 7ra%ness72 7b7 injury is done ! community if "o ^: duty x is to conduct a prosecution makes only a %am attack or colludes ) ! def5se 7prev>ication71 or if )\t good reason he ab&ons ! prosecution 7t]giv]sation74 #aigd4 ,cessation ( ,duty ( ,accusation4--,! duty ( accusation ceases3 7a7 :5 accusation is f\nd to be unju/1 = example1 :5 ! prosecutor discov]s ! accus$ is really innoc5t1 etc4 7see #aifi72 7b7 :5 accusation is f\nd to be useless1 = example1 :5 "o discov]s t ! au?orities are already aw>e ( ! fact ab\t :i* "o int5d$ to give in=mation1 or :5 "o p]ceives t ! *>ge _c be sub/antiat$4 #aige4 ,! ,def5dant4--,! p>ty :o is requir$ to make answ] to ! *>ges ( ! pla9tiff or prosecutor is kn[n z ! def5dant or ! accus$4 ,we %all n[ speak ( ! ways 9 :i* he may be guilty ( inju/ice1 & %all consid] ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 ! def5dant 9 civil cases2 7b7 ! accus$ 9 crim9al cases :o is innoc5t2 7c7 ! accus$ 9 crim9al cases :o is guilty4 #aigf4 ,! ,duties ( ! ,def5dant 9 ,civil ,cases4--7a7 ,be=e ,s5t5ce4--,if ! cause ( ! pla9tiff is cle>ly j1 ! def5dant z a matt] ( ju/ice %\ld recognize ! claim & )draw f ! case4 ,b a def5dant may take exception to argum5ts (f]$ by ! pla9tiff :i*1 ?\gh actually valid1 are n juridically made4 7b7 ,aft] ,s5t5ce4--,if ! cause ( ! pla9tiff is cle>ly j b loses 9 c\rt1 ! def5dant is oblig$ 9 consci5ce to pay ! claim1 ev5 ?\gh ! pla9tiff does n appeal ! case2 he is also oblig$ 9 consci5ce to indemnify ! pla9tiff = ! exp5ses ( litigation1 if ! latt] lo/ ! case on acc\nt ( unju/ means employ$ by ! def5dant4 #aigg4 ,! ,duties ( ,"o ,:o ,has ,be5 ,arre/$ on a ,crim9al ,*>ge4--7a7 ,if ! accus$ p]son is innoc5t1 he may take to flight or ev5 (f] positive resi/ance1 provid$ he does no injury to ^? :o attack him1 & public sc&al or disord] does n result f ! resi/ance4 ,?is is accord+ to natural law1 :i* p]mits "o to use self-def5se aga9/ unju/ aggression2 b s9ce ! positive law requires ! accus$ to submit to arre/ t is n manife/ly unlawful & emp[]s ! (fic]s to employ =ce aga9/ ^? :o resi/1 x seems t g5]ally ! accus$ %\ld p]mit himself to be tak5 "u prote/1 if he _c escape4 7b7 ,if ! accus$ p]son is guilty1 he may take to flight1 s9ce he has n yet be5 s5t5c$ z guilty nor (ficially depriv$ ( 8 lib]ty2 b he may n (f] resi/ance to ^? :o are s5t to appreh5d him1 s9ce _! aggression aga9/ him is n unju/4 ,! accus$ p]son1 if n yet convict$1 may ev5 use indiff]5t means to escape f prison1 su* z saw+ 8 way out or elud+ ! vigilance ( ! gu>ds2 b he may n employ s9ful means1 su* z brib]y ( (ficials4 #aigh4 ,duty ( ! ,accus$ to ,plead ,guilty1 if ,que/ion$ by ! ,judge4--7a7 ,if ! accus$ is innoc5t1 he may n plead guilty1 z is cle>4 ,if to escape mo/ grave evils he did plead guilty1 he w\ld be guilty ( ly+ 7if "u oa?1 ( p]jury71 b n ( self-defamation2 =1 z ! own] ( 8 reputation1 he has ! "r to sacrifice x 9 ord] to escape great] evils4 ,nei!r w\ld he be guilty ( suicide1 accord+ to "s1 if ! dea? p5alty 7 ! consequ5ce ( ! confession2 = 8 purpose w\ld be to avoid :at he dread$ m ?an dea?4 7b7 ,if ! accus$ is guilty1 he mu/ reply tru?fully1 if ! judge has ! "r to ask ! "q2 = if ! judge has ! "r to "q1 ! accus$ has ! obligation to answ]1 ev5 ?\gh unpleasant ?+s w befall him 9 consequ5ce4 7c7 ,if ! accus$ is guilty1 b ! judge has no "r to ask ab\t 8 guilt 7t is1 if ! judge does n "q juridically or accord+ to law1 or if he que/ions f a false presumption ( guilt71 or if ! accusation _c be prov$ juridically1 ! accus$ is n oblig$ to answ]4 ,he may keep sil5ce or evade ! tru?1 b x is n lawful to lie4 #aigi4 ,legal ,"r ( a ,judge to ,"q a ,prison] ab\t ,8 ,guilt4--7a7 ,accord+ to old] legislation a judge _h ?is "r1 & c\ld en=ce x by torture1 :5 ! common good 0 involv$ & ! guilt ( ! prison] 0 likely on acc\nt ( infamy or manife/ indications ( crime or half-pro( ( guilt4 ,9 itself1 ?is practice 0 n oppos$ to natural law & _h "s good results2 b x 0 op5 also to _m abuses4 ,"s morali/s tea* t a judge _c impose a grave obligation ( confess+ guilt 9 capital or simil> cases1 if ! accus$ has o!rwise a hope ( escape & no great evil is likely to befall ! common int]e/s by reason ( an acquittal4 ,!y argue t human law _c oblige s rigor\sly z a rule4 7b7 ,accord+ to mod]n civil legislation ! "r ( exact+ a confession is d5i$ to a judge4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,am]ican law no p]son may be compell$ 89 any crim9al case to be a witness aga9/ himself0 7,con/itution1 ,article ,v74 ,9 ,am]ican law ! plea ( n guilty is n a lie1 ev5 ?\gh ! accus$ kn[s t he is guilty1 =1 z ev]yone und]/&s1 ! plea means ei!r t "o is innoc5t or t "o is us+ ! privilege ( n confess+4 ,nei!r is x consid]$ a lie to say t an unprovable *>ge is a calumny1 = an accusation t _c be prov$ juridically is juridically a calumny4 7c7 ,! g5]al law ( ! ,*ur* rules = ecclesia/ical processes t1 :5 ! judge que/ions ! p>ties-litigant1 !y are oblig$ to answ] & to confess ! tru?1 unless ! "q is n legitimate 7e4g41 que/ions ab\t irrelevant or privileg$ matt]s1 or que/ions made 9 a capti\s or lead+ mann]71 or ! answ] w\ld incrim9ate ! p>ties !mselves 7,canon #agdc74 ,nei!r is an ecclesia/ical judge p]mitt$ to put an accus$ 9 a crim9al case "u oa? to tell ! tru? 7,canon #agdd74 ,an in/ruction ( ! ,holy ,(fice ( #ahff requir$ t ! guilty p>ty 9 a case ( solicitation %\ld confess1 b ! in/ruction 0 directive r ?an preceptive4 ,p>ticul> law 7e4g41 ! /atutes ( a ,religi\s ,in/itute7 might p]haps prescribe confession by an accus$1 b mo/ ,con/itutions ( ,religi\s ,in/itutes b9d only "u p5alty1 &1 z = ! re/1 an ecclesia/ical sup]ior c\ld at mo/ advise1 b c\ld n impose1 confession by an accus$4 #aihj4 ,rights & ,duties ( ,accus$ 9 ,conduct+ ,8 ,own ,def5se4--7a7 ,9 ,ref]5ce to ,judge or ,attorneys4--,! accus$1 if que/ion$1 may n conceal ! tru? by lies1 ambiguities1 or half-tru?s1 s9ce ^! are evil means1 nor may he use evasion if he is lawfully int]rogat$4 ,b if ! "q put to him is unlawful1 he may evade an answ]4 ,x is commonly held t lies told 9 giv+ te/imony or evid5ce are n necess>ily mortal s9s1 z !re may be no p]jury committ$ or grave h>m done ano!r by reason ( !m 7e4g41 :5 an innoc5t man 8doctors0 a pap] & !reby )\t h>m+ anyone escapes f an unju/ s5t5ce74 7b7 ,9 ,ref]5ce to ! ,oppon5t or ,8 ,witnesses4--,! accus$ has ! "r to disclose secret b real crimes ( ! accus]s1 :5 ?is is an ex]cise ( 8 legal "r ( tak+ exception to ! witnesses z incompet5t1 or ( 8 natural "r ( cle>+ himself ( ! *>ge aga9/ him4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ! evid5ce ( ! accus]s is true or false1 :e!r giv5 accord+ to ! ord] ( law or n4 ,b he mu/ n g beyond ! limits ( mod]ate self-def5se 7see #ahbf74 ,innoc5t ,,xi condemn$ ! proposition t x is probable t calumny may be us$ )\t mortal s9 z a def5se ( "o's ju/ice or honor 7,d5z+]1 n4 #aaid74 #aiha4 ,if ! accus$ objects secret crimes ( ! opposition1 he mu/ bew>e ( inju/ice or un*>itabl5ess4 7a7 ,?us1 x is unju/ to disclose crimes t _c be prov$1 or t are irrelevant 7e4g41 x may be irrelevant to prove t ! p]son :o te/ifies t ! accus$ committ$ murd] is himself a =nicator1 b x w\ld be relevant to %[ t ?is witness is a li>1 or di%one/1 or an enemy ( ! accus$71 or t ne$ n be reveal$ 7e4g41 if ! witness's te/imony c be ov]come by %[+ t ! witness is weak-m9d$ or "u obligations to ! opposition1 x is n necess>y to defame him74 7b7 ,x is un*>itable to disclose a crime1 if ! witness w suff] f> m f ?is defamation ?an ! accus$ w\ld suff] f ! te/imony4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! witnesses are giv+ false evid5ce ( _! own accord1 !y take ! risk ( revelations by ! def5se4 #aihb4 ,rights & ,duties ( an ,accus$ ,:o ,has ,be5 ,f\nd ,guilty4--7a7 ,appeals4--,x is lawful to appeal f a s5t5ce t is unju/ 7:e!r because ( ! innoc5ce ( ! accus$1 or ( ! illegality ( ! process71 because appeal is a means ( self-def5se grant$ to ! innoc5t4 ,x is n lawful to appeal f a s5t5ce t is c]ta9ly j1 m]ely 9 ord] to cause delay or to defeat an adv]s>y2 b "o may make an appeal :5 !re are j reasons 7e4g41 9 crim9al cases ! hope ( gett+ an easi] s5t5ce or ( prolong+ life1 9 civil cases ! discov]y ( new pro(s1 or ( probable argum5ts aga9/ ! s5t5ce giv574 ,b "o :o has pl$g$ 8 ^w n to appeal f ! decision ( an arbitrator %\ld abide by 8 promise1 & !re is no appeal f ! f9al decision ( ! highe/ c\rt1 :i* 9 ! ,*ur* is ! ,roman ,pontiff 7,canon #ahhj71 & 9 ! ,/ate ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 7b7 ,escape f ,prison4--,if ! s5t5ce 0 unju/1 x is lawful to escape1 unless ! means employ$ are intr9sically evil 7e4g41 kill+ ( gu>ds71 or ! results w be m h>mful ?an cont9uance 9 prison 7e4g41 ! ov]?r[ ( public ord]1 ! too great risk ( ! attempt to escape74 ,if ! s5t5ce 0 j1 !re are v>i\s op9ions on ! lawfulness ( flight4 ,"s ?9k x is nev] lawful1 because a j s5t5ce is a precept ( au?ority & %\ld be obey$2 o!rs ?9k t flight is lawful 9 grave cases 7e4g41 :5 ! prison] has be5 s5t5c$ to dea? or to life imprisonm5t1 or :5 ! conditions ( prison life are unbe>able1 because human law _c impose z a normal regulation :at is too difficult = human nature72 /ill o!rs ?9k t flight is always lawful1 because ! c\rt s5t5ce is t ! prison] be =cibly conf9$1 n t he rema9 9 prison volunt>ily4 ,b "o is n necess>ily b\nd to escape 7see #aheg74 7c7 ,resi/ance to ,s5t5ce4--,if ! s5t5ce is unju/1 resi/ance is n unlawful p] se1 because "o has ! "r ( self-def5se aga9/ unju/ aggression 7,eze*4 xxii4 #bg74 ,h5ce1 if "o 7 condemn$ to execute oneself 7e4g41 by tak+ poison71 ! common op9ion is t ! s5t5ce w\ld be unju/ 7see #ahef71 & !re=e n obligatory4 ,if ! s5t5ce is j1 ev5 ?\gh x be a capital s5t5ce1 resi/ance is n lawful1 = ! judge :o duly pron\nces s5t5ce on a guilty man has ! "r to ob$i5ce 7,rom41 xiii4 #a-e74 #aihc4 ,jail-,break+ & ,re/itution4--,if "o does n s9 by jail-break+1 is "o b\nd to re/itution = ! damages connect$ ) ! escape8 7a7 ,if ! damages are n caus$ by1 b only foll[ accid5tally on ! flight 7e4g41 escape ( o!r prison]s1 dismissal ( gu>ds71 !re is no obligation to make re/itution = !m2 = ! flight w\ld n be ! efficaci\s or ! unju/ cause ( su* damages4 7b7 ,if ! damages result f ! flight z f _! efficaci\s & unju/ cause1 !re is an obligation ( re/itution 7see #agfc71 z :5 a prison]1 9 ord] to escape1 does ne$less damage1 or damage out ( all proportion to ! evil f :i* he seeks to escape4 ,b ord9>y prop]ty damage1 su* z a hole cut 9 a wall1 does n seem unju/1 if !re is no o!r way to get out4 #aihd4 ,reliability ( ,witnesses & ,te/imony4--,a witness 9 c\rt is a p]son :o decl>es dur+ a judicial proce$+ t he kn[s "s /atem5t1 de$ or omission 9 ref]5ce to ! matt]s at issue4 ,! te/imony ( witnesses has prov+ =ce only 9 s f> z ^! p]sons appe> to h k ( ! matt]s on :i* !y te/ify & appe> to be tru?ful4 ,h5ce1 c]ta9 k9ds ( witnesses & c]ta9 k9ds ( te/imony are unreliable4 7a7 ,?us1 a witness is unreliable ei!r ?r\gh 8 own fault 7e4g41 if he is reg>d$ 9 8 community z bel[ ! /&>d 9 tru?fulness1 or has ! reputation ( be+ a calumniator7 or )\t 8 own fault 7e4g41 if 8 p[]s ( obs]vation or 8 memory are subnormal1 or he is devot$ or ho/ile to or dep5d5t on "o ( ! cont5d+ p>ties74 ,x is a duty1 inde$1 to presume good ( a p]son 9 :om ! opposite does n appe>1 if he is ! only "o ^: int]e/s are conc]n$2 b :5 !re is dang] to a ?ird p>ty1 "o mu/ be on "o's gu>d 7see #agdd74 ,h5ce1 ,/4 ,john admoni%es n to believe e _s 7,i ,john1 iv4 #a74 7b7 ,te/imony is unreliable because ( ! numb] ( ! witnesses 7e4g41 "o witness is (t5 legally insuffici5t to prove1 especially 9 grav] matt]s71 or ! quality ( _! evid5ce 7e4g41 because 9 sub/antial po9ts a witness contradicts himself or is contradict$ by 8 co-witnesses1 or because !re are signs ( collusion or conspiracy71 or ! c\nt]-evid5ce ( ! opposition4 #aihe4 ,obligation ( ,freely ,appe>+ z a ,witness4--7a7 ,!re is an obligation ( commutative ju/ice to (f] te/imony1 if "o is "u contract to d ?is1 z :5 "o is hir$ z a detective or ag5t to ga!r evid5ce aga9/ lawbreak]s4 7b7 ,!re is an obligation ( legal ju/ice to te/ify1 ev5 at ! co/ ( s]i\s inconv5i5ce1 if ! te/imony is necess>y = av]t+ a s]i\s evil t ?reat5s ! common welf>e4 ,a p]son :o kn[s ( a plot aga9/ ! peace ( ! ,/ate %\ld br+ ?is to ! notice ( ! au?orities1 ev5 at ! risk ( 8 life4 ,b a p]son :o kn[s t a crime has be5 committ$1 is n b\nd to give witness ab\t x1 if ! escape ( its au?or w n be a s]i\s detrim5t to public or private welf>e 7e4g41 if "o kn[s t an app>5t case ( suicide 0 really a homicide committ$ by accid5t74 7c7 ,!re is an obligation ( *>ity to te/ify 7b n at ! co/ ( s]i\s inconv5i5ce71 if ! te/imony is necess>y = av]t+ a s]i\s evil t ?reat5s a private p]son4 ,a p]son :o c prove t ! evid5ce :i* is ab\t to hang an innoc5t man is false %\ld te/ify = ! accus$1 unless ! te/imony w br+ an equal evil ^u himself4 #aihf4 ,obligation ( ,appe>+ "u ,lawful ,citation to ,give ,te/imony4--7a7 ,he :o avoids citation 7e4g41 by flight into ano!r jurisdiction1 by concealm5t ( 8 p]son :5 ! subpo5a is be+ s]v$71 m probably does n violate legal ju/ice by ?is act1 s9ce a precept t has n be5 receiv$ _c be violat$4 7b7 ,he :o disreg>ds citation (f5ds legal ju/ice1 s9ce ! summons to appe> has a claim on 8 ob$i5ce4 ,b x does n seem t he violates commutative ju/ice1 unless ! p>ty = :om he c\ld te/ify has a /rict "r to ! te/imony4 #aihg4 ,obligation ( ,witness to ,answ] ,tru?fully4--,a witness :o is que/ion$ legitimately 7i4e41 by "o :o has ! au?ority to "q him7 & juridically 7i4e41 accord+ to ! =m & ord] prescrib$ 9 law7 is oblig$ p] se to answ] accord+ to ! tru? z he kn[s x1 = "o is b\nd to obey a sup]ior :5 he gives a lawful comm&4 ,b !re are exceptions to ?is rule p] accid5s1 t is1 :5 a high] law exempts "o f ! necessity ( divulg+ a c]ta9 matt]1 or :5 ! "q ask$ ref]s only to :at "o kn[s juridically4 ,9 all ^! cases ! witness may answ] t he does n "k1 = he has no k t he may1 or %\ld1 or mu/ use4 7a7 ,?us1 ! natural law p]mits retic5ce :5 a revelation w\ld "w notable damage to ! witness or ^? closely relat$ to him1 = ! comm& ( a sup]ior does n oblige "u su* great inconv5i5ce4 ,?is supposes1 ( c\rse1 t ! revelation is n requir$ 9 ord] to prev5t a great h>m to ! commonweal? or a f> great] h>m to a private p]son ?an t :i* ?reat5s ! witness4 ,a p]son :o kn[s t he w be assass9at$ if he te/ifies aga9/ a p[]ful crim9al is n ord9>ily b\nd to make ! sacrifice4 ,canon & civil law excuse witnesses f mak+ disclosures t w\ld expose !m to prosecution or p5alties 7see ,canon #agee1 ,sec4 #b1 n4 #b74 7b7 ,! natural law comm&s retic5ce :5 a revelation w\ld be injuri\s to div9e1 public or private rights4 #aihh4 ,matt]s ,reg>d+ ,:i* a ,witness ,%\ld ,n ,te/ify4--,!re are c]ta9 cases 9 :i* natural law =bids a witness to make kn[n a fact ab\t :i* he is que/ion$4 7a7 ,a witness may nev] te/ify to matt]s kn[n to him only f ,sacram5tal ,confession1 = to break ! seal ( confession is an injury to ! rights ( ,god4 ,9 an ecclesia/ical process a prie/ may n te/ify f ,sacram5tal k1 ev5 ?\gh he has ! p5it5t's p]mission 7,canon #ageg1 ,sec4 #c1 n4 #b74 7b7 ,a witness may n te/ify z a rule to matt]s t are kn[n to him only 9 a confid5tial way1 su* z ! communications betwe5 lawy] & cli5t1 physician & pati5t2 = ! public int]e/ z well z ! int]e/ ( individuals requires t g5]ally !re be security aga9/ defamation = ^? :o give _! confid5ce to o!rs1 especially if !y are 9 great ne$ ( pr(essional assi/ance4 ,privileg$ communications are recogniz$ bo? 9 ,canon ,law 7,canon #agee1 ,sec4 #b7 & 9 civil law4 ,b k obta9$ z a secret may be us$ :5 ?is is necess>y 9 ord] to av]t a great evil t ?reat5s ! public welf>e or ! welf>e ( an innoc5t p]son1 :e!r ?is p]son be ! giv] ( ! secret1 or a ?ird p>ty1 or oneself2 = to oblige to secrecy 9 ^! cases w\ld be to ?r[ protection ar\nd crime4 ,?us1 a lawy] may make disclosures ( confid5tial k1 if ?is is necess>y 9 ord] to def5d himself aga9/ ! false accusations ( a cli5t1 or to prev5t a crime :i* ! cli5t int5ds to commit4 7c7 ,a witness may n te/ify to matt]s ab\t :i* he has unju/ k 7e4g41 by wire-tapp+1 by unju/ co]cion1 by intoxicat+ ano!r p]son1 by read+ private pap]s )\t p]mission71 =1 z ! k 0 unju/ly acquir$1 x _c be ju/ly us$ 7see #bdbj74 #aihi4 ,!re are also c]ta9 cases 9 :i* a "q ref]s only to :at ! witness kn[s juridically1 or 9 :i* he is call$ ^u to answ] accord+ to ! m9d ( ! que/ion]4 7a7 ,if ! witness is ask$ to /ate :at he kn[s ab\t a case1 he is n oblig$ to m5tion :at he m]ely ?9ks or :at he is unc]ta9 ab\t2 & if he is ask$ :at he has he>d1 he is n oblig$ to /ate :at 0 told him by p]sons ( poor au?ority4 7b7 ,if he is ask$ :e!r ! accus$ 0 to 8 k guilty ( a crime1 he is n oblig$ to m5tion an act ( ! accus$ t 0 unlawful b done 9 good fai?4 ,b 9 a civil case1 9 :i* inquiry is made ab\t juridical faults1 ! witness %\ld te/ify ev5 to ! exi/5ce ( del9qu5cies 9 :i* !re 0 no elem5t ( !ological fault4 7c7 ,if he is ! only "o :o has k ( a del9qu5cy & x w be c]ta9ly useless = him to te/ify ab\t ! matt] )\t corroboratory evid5ce1 x seems t he may keep sil5ce ab\t :at he kn[s4 ,b if ! te/imony ( "o witness is suffici5t accord+ to law1 !n ! witness %\ld speak ( ! facts kn[n to him4 #aiij4 ,s9fulness ( ,false ,te/imony4--,:5 we speak ( false te/imony1 we mean te/imony :i* ! witness kn[s to be false4 7a7 ,by reason ( 8 false oa?1 ! witness is guilty ( p]jury1 :i* is a grave s9 aga9/ ! virtue ( religion4 7b7 ,by reason ( ! injury done by ! te/imony1 ! witness is guilty ( inju/ice1 :i* f its nature is a grave s94 ,9 ! ,decalogue 7,exod41 xx4 #af7 false te/imony is =bidd5 among ! s9s aga9/ ju/ice3 8,?\ %alt n be> false te/imony aga9/ ?y neighbor40 ,legal ju/ice is (f5d$1 s9ce false te/imony is an act ( disob$i5ce to lawful au?ority1 & usually commutative ju/ice is also violat$1 s9ce by false te/imony "o ( ! litigants z a rule suff]s loss4 7c7 ,by reason ( ! delib]ate falsehood1 ! witness is guilty ( ly+1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n always a grave s94 #aiia4 ,x may happ5 !n1 ?\gh r>ely1 t false te/imony is only a v5ial s91 = example1 :5 ! witness is n "u oa? & he gives false te/imony 9 a matt] ( small importance1 or )\t full delib]ation on :at he is say+1 or :5 he =ges or corrupts a docum5t to supply = ano!r t has be5 lo/ & f :i* 8 c]ta9 "r c\ld be prov$4 #aiib4 ,obligation ( ,witness to ,make ,re/itution4--,! obligations ( re/itution by a witness on acc\nt ( failure to p]=m 8 duties prop]ly are z foll[s3 7a7 if ! witness has n s9n$ aga9/ commutative ju/ice1 !re is no obligation ( re/itution 7see #agec74 ,h5ce1 if he has evad$ te/imony to :i* he 0 b\nd 9 legal ju/ice or *>ity alone1 he is guilty ( s91 b he is n held to re/itution4 ,simil>ly1 if he has giv5 false te/imony & !reby depriv$ ! ,/ate ( a f9e "u a p5al law1 or sav$ a guilty p>ty f puni%m5t1 he has s9n$ aga9/ legal ju/ice1 b is n oblig$ to make good ! f9e or pay damages2 7b7 if ! witness has s9n$ aga9/ commutative ju/ice1 mat]ially b n =mally1 he is n ! gravely guilty cause ( damage1 & h5ce is n oblig$ f ju/ice 7b !re may be an obligation f *>ity7 to make re/itution 7see #agfd74 ,b if he p]ceives t 8 te/imony 0 mat]ially or v5ially unju/ & w cause s]i\s damage1 he is oblig$ to recall 8 te/imony1 or 9 "s o!r suitable way prev5t ! damage1 if ?is is possible 7see #agfi72 7c7 if ! witness has s9n$ aga9/ commutative ju/ice =mally1 he is ! efficaci\s & culpable cause ( ! damage t results1 & h5ce is b\nd to re/itution1 unless !re is an excus+ cause 7see #agig sqq474 ,?us1 if false te/imony1 or te/imony ab\t matt]s :i* ! witness _h no "r to disclose1 has l$ to ! dea? s5t5ce = an innoc5t man1 ! witness :o gave t te/imony mu/ retract1 ev5 at ! risk ( 8 own life2 = 9 equal dang] ! rights ( ! innoc5t h ! pref]5ce4 ,aga91 if ,titus by false te/imony has sav$ ,balbus f pay+ damages = injury done to public prop]ty1 ,titus mu/ make re/itution = ! loss caus$1 if ,balbus w n make rep>ation4 #aiic4 ,is a witness guilty aga9/ commutative ju/ice :5 he unlawfully conceals facts & damage results !reby to ano!r p]son8 7a7 ,if by concealm5t is meant ! de/ruction ( evid5ce 7e4g41 ! burn+ ( a w or lett] or =g+71 ! witness or o!r p]son responsible is guilty ( a positive act ( commutative inju/ice & is b\nd to re/itution4 7b7 ,if by concealm5t is meant sil5ce ab\t mat]ial facts t ! witness is lawfully call$ on to disclose1 di/9ction has to be made betwe5 ! witness :o is n oblig$ f contract to give evid5ce & ! witness :o is s b\nd4 ,! =m] witness is a negative coop]ator & s9s aga9/ legal ju/ice & *>ity2 ! latt] witness is a negative coop]ator & s9s aga9/ commutative ju/ice 7see #aghj74 #aiid4 ,paym5t ( ,witnesses4--,is a witness p]mitt$ to accept pay = giv+ true & lawful te/imony8 7a7 ,= ! te/imony itself a witness may n accept pay1 = he is b\nd to tell ! tru? freely1 j z ! judge is b\nd to disp5se ju/ice freely4 7b7 ,= ! exp5ses he incurs & ! "t he loses by reason ( 8 assi/ance 9 c\rt1 he may accept pay2 s9ce1 z ,/4 ,paul says1 he :o does a s]vice = ano!r is n requir$ to meet ! exp5ses ( ! s]vice 7,i ,cor41 ix4 #g74 ,bo? ,canon & civil law make all[ances = suitable comp5sation to be grant$ to witnesses 7see ,canons #aghg1 #aghh74 ,b if a witness receives comp5sation 9 excess ( :at is all[$ by law1 ! c\rt & ! adv]se p>ty h a "r to be in=m$ ( ?is4 #aiie4 ,lawy]s4--,lawy] is ! g5]al t]m us$ to designate all ^? :o are v]s$ 9 ! law & :o give assi/ance to o!rs 9 legal ways dur+ lawsuits or ap>t f !m4 7a7 ,?us1 ap>t f lawsuits a lawy] may act z legal advis]1 giv+ in/ruction1 in=mation or direction on rights & duties "u ! law4 7b7 ,dur+ a lawsuit he advises ab\t ! case 7jurisconsult7 or c>ries on = cli5ts ! prosecution or def5se 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice4 ,! lawy]s :o att5d to only ! m me*anical p>ts ( a suit are sometimes call$ attorneys1 9 di/9ction f c\nsellors or c\nsel1 :o argue & plead 9 ! c\rtroom1 b g5]ally 8attorney-at-law0 & 8lawy]0 are synonym\s t]ms4 ,! c\nsellors are kn[n 9 ,engl& z b>ri/]s :5 !y conduct cases 9 sup]ior c\rts2 !y are call$ solicitors 9 *anc]y1 & advocates 9 ,roman law4 ,canon ,law di/+ui%es betwe5 ! advocate :o def5ds1 & ! procurator :o repres5ts1 a litigant2 ! =m] argues = 8 cli5t by invok+ ! law 9 8 favor2 ! latt] acts m]ely z ! repres5tative ( 8 cli5t & is re/rict$ by 8 commission4 #aiif4 ,! ,qualifications ( ,lawy]s4--7a7 ,! m5tal & moral requisites are compet5cy 9 ! k ( _! pr(ession & devotion to ju/ice1 morality1 ! con/itution1 & law 7see #aidc74 ,a lawy] %\ld be zeal\s = ! dignity & reputation ( ! b> & loyal to associates1 b n afraid to take action aga9/ practices t are detrim5tal to 8 honorable pr(ession4 7b7 ,! legal requisites = practis+ z a lawy] v>y ) ! place or gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,canon ,law1 x is necess>y t an advocate be a doctor or exp]t 9 ecclesia/ical jurisprud5ce1 t he be tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 duly approv$1 etc4 7see ,canons #afeg sqq474 #aiig4 ,! ,duties ( a ,lawy] 9 ,introduc+ ,cases4--7a7 ,he may n /ir up litigation1 z a means ( br++ himself occupation & ga94 ,! ,cate*ism ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 ,translat$ into ,engli% ) ,notes 7,joseph ,f4 ,wagn]1 ,inc41 ,new ,york ,city1 #aibc71 p4 #dge1 d5\nces ?is practice z among ! *ief violations ( ! ,t5? ,comm&m5t4 ,among lawy]s x is reg>d$ z unpr(essional1 & at common law x is an indictable (f5se4 7b7 ,a lawy] may n take or assi/ an unju/ cause--"o1 namely1 t is 9 opposition to moral or positive law1 z :5 a p>ty comes to him ) ! reque/ t he conduct a spite case ^: purpose is to h>ass or oppress an innoc5t p]son4 ,he :o def5ds inju/ice is a coop]ator1 & is !re=e guilty 7see #aggi74 ,b if a case has a good f\ndation 9 law1 ! lawy] is n b\nd to inquire into ! subjective dispositions or ! consci5ce ( ! cli5t 9 ! matt]1 & he may take ! case ev5 ?\gh he does n "k t ! cli5t is 9 good fai?4 7c7 ,a lawy] %\ld n refuse a j cause1 m]ely because ! p]son he is ask$ to assi/ is indig5t or n 9 favor4 ,commutative ju/ice does n oblige him to (f] 8 s]vices to "o 9 ne$ ( !m2 b !re is a duty ( legal ju/ice to give 8 be/ ef=ts if he is appo9t$ z c\nsel = a poor p]son1 & also at times a duty ( *>ity to d ?is if he is ask$ = legal help by "o :o is 9 ne$4 #aiih4 ,! precept ab\t works ( m]cy1 be+ affirmative1 does n oblige = e in/ance1 b only :5 ! due circum/ances ( "t1 place1 opportunity1 etc41 are pres5t4 ,h5ce1 a lawy] is n oblig$ by *>ity to devote himself to e des]v+ case t is pres5t$ to him 7see #abbg74 7a7 ,?us1 z to place1 *>ity does n require t "o g ab\t look+ = ! ne$y1 b t "o help ^? :o are at h&4 7b7 ,z to "t1 *>ity does n require t "o take c>e ( future ne$s1 b t "o help ^? :o are 9 pres5t di/ress4 7c7 ,z to p]sons1 *>ity does n require t help be giv5 to all alike1 = "s h a great] claim on "o's *>ity ?an o!rs 7,i ,tim41 v4 #h74 7d7 ,z to ne$1 *>ity does n comm& t help be giv5 ^? :o c easily help !mselves1 or :o c obta9 x f ?ird p>ties :o are bett] fitt$ to be/[ x4 #aiii4 ,*>ity does n oblige to works ( almsgiv+1 if ! inconv5i5ce to ! donor is out ( proportion to ! di/ress f :i* ! donee is rescu$ 7see #aaeh74 ,! inconv5i5ces t correspond ) ! v>i\s degrees ( di/ress are ?us expla9$ by !ologians3 7a7 if di/ress is extreme 7e4g41 a prison] is ab\t to be s5t5c$ to dea? unju/ly71 a proportionate inconv5i5ce is1 accord+ to "s1 a grave loss1 or1 accord+ to o!rs1 ! loss ( at lea/ a "p ( ! necess>ies ( "o's /ate 7see #abca1 #abea72 7b7 if di/ress is v grave or grave 7e4g41 an accus$ man w be s5t5c$ unju/ly to a long & h>% imprisonm5t71 ! loss ( goods )\t :i* "o's /ate ( life _c be ma9ta9$ s becom+ly is1 accord+ to "o op9ion1 n excessive2 b1 accord+ to ano!r view1 any notable loss or inconv5i5ce is excessive2 7c7 if di/ress is ord9>y 7e4g41 an accus$ w be unju/ly s5t5c$ to a small f9e71 ! loss ( goods t are purely sup]flu\s is1 accord+ to "s1 a proportionate inconv5i5ce1 b o!rs ?9k t only su* assi/ance ne$ be giv5 z w cause no inconv5i5ce :atev]1 su* z advice or o!r s]vice giv5 dur+ sp>e times4 #bjjj4 ,:5 ,is a ,cause to ,be ,reg>d$ z ,unju/8--7a7 ,9 civil cases ! suit or def5se is unju/ :5 x cle>ly has no moral "r4 ,a lawy] :o recomm5ds litigation 9 a case ( ?is k9d is unju/ to ! adv]se p>ty1 if t p>ty loses2 he is unju/ to 8 cli5t1 if ! cli5t loses & is ?us put to unnecess>y exp5se4 ,g5]ally speak+1 a ,ca?olic lawy] ought n to accept a divorce case4 ,! lawy]'s position is diff]5t f t ( a judge4 ,occasionally a judge _c refuse a case )\t s]i\s inconv5i5ce to himself 7see #aidi1 #aiig72 ! lawy]1 h[ev]1 is free to accept or refuse ^! cases4 ,! g5]al prohibition is f\nd$ on ! fact t 9 ?is c\ntry mo/ divorce cases are means to an invalid rem>riage4 ,"s !ologians argue t s9ce x is ! rem>riage1 n ! divorce1 t is intr9sically evil1 a lawy] might accept a divorce case = a v grave reason1 e4g41 to relieve desp]ate f9ancial conditions4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ow+ to ! dang] ( sc&al1 ! exception w\ld be r>e4 ,exceptions :i* are possible include cases :]e divorce is s\ght = a m>riage t is invalid coram ecclesiam1 e4g41 civil m>riage ( ,ca?olics1 or simply = ! settlem5t ( civil effects ,:]e no dang] ( rem>riage is involv$4 ,9 all cases involv+ ,ca?olics1 ! lawy] %\ld be> 9 m9d ! necessity impos$ ^u ,ca?olics by ! ,?ird ,c\ncil ( ,baltimore to consult ecclesia/ical au?orities be=e seek+ civil sep>ation f b$ & bo>d4 7b7 ,9 crim9al cases ! prosecution is unju/ if ! accus$ is cle>ly innoc5t4 ,b ! def5se is n unju/1 ev5 ?\gh ! accus$ is kn[n to be guilty1 = bo? natural & positive law give ! accus$ a "r ( def5se1 & h5ce he may *oose or may be giv5 an advocate1 9 spite ( 8 guilt4 #bjja4 ,duty ( a ,lawy] ,:5 ! ,ju/ice ( a ,cause ,is ,d\btful4--7a7 ,9 a civil cause1 ! lawy] may act1 :e!r = ! pla9tiff or = ! def5dant4 ,he may ev5 take a case ^: ju/ice seems less probable1 = ! purpose ( ! trial is to settle ! d\bt1 & n infrequ5tly ! cause t seem$ d\btful or less probable at ! outset is v9dicat$ by ! exam9ation4 ,"s morali/s di/+ui% = cases 9 :i* ! d\bt is "o ( fact betwe5 ! def5dant & ! pla9tiff3 if ! =m]'s case is less or equally probable1 !y say1 "o may take x1 b n s if ?is is true ( ! latt]'s case4 7b7 ,9 a crim9al case1 :5 life1 reputation or o!r grave issue is involv$1 ! common op9ion is t a lawy] may n prosecute if ! case ( ! p is d\btful or less probable1 b he may def5d1 z 0 j said1 ev5 ?\gh he is c]ta9 t ! accus$ is guilty4 ,! (fice ( ! prosecutor is n necess>ily to secure a conviction1 b to see t ju/ice is upheld1 :ile ! (fice ( ! def5d] is to take c>e t an accus$ p]son is depriv$ ( no "r or protection t he %\ld h "u ! law4 #bjjb4 ,if a lawy] ?r\gh ignorance takes an unju/ case1 ?9k+ x j1 he is excus$ or n excus$ accord+ to ! "* ( 8 ignorance 7see #bh1 #bdi74 7a7 ,?us1 antec$5t ignorance excuses f s9 & re/itution2 7b7 concomitant ignorance excuses f re/itution1 b n f s92 7e7 consequ5t ignorance excuses f nei!r s9 nor re/itution1 if x is crass or affect$1 b x dim9i%es responsibility1 if x is only slightly s9ful4 #bjjc4 ,duty ( a ,lawy] ,:o ,discov]s t a ,case ,is ,really ,unju/4--7a7 ,a lawy] :o took a case 9 ! belief t x 0 j1 b discov]s t x is really unju/1 owes x to himself to ab&on ! case1 = he _c honorably coop]ate ) iniquity4 ,! same pr9ciple applies1 if a cli5t insi/s ^u unju/ c\rses 9 ! support ( 8 case1 ev5 ?\gh ! cause itself be j4 7b7 ,! lawy] owes x to 8 cli5t 9 ! hypo!sis we are consid]+ to pres]ve ! latt]'s confid5ce inviolate 7see #aihh74 ,he %\ld endeavor to p]suade ! cli5t to ab&on ! case2 b s9ce ! cli5t's case is unju/1 he may n recomm5d a compromise1 except p]haps 9 ref]5ce to exp5ses4 #bjjd4 ,lawy]'s ,duties t[>ds ,cli5t4--,s9ce e contract dep5ds on ! mutual cons5t ( ! contractants1 & s9ce ! purpose ( ! p]son :o reta9s a lawy] is to receive hone/ advice & assi/ance & to give 9 return a fair comp5sation1 x foll[s t ! lawy]'s duty to a cli5t is to give :at is ?us expect$ & n to exact m ?an ?is des]ves4 7a7 ,be=e ! case ! lawy] %\ld be p]fectly c&id ) ! cli5t z to ! advisability ( litigation or ( ! employm5t ( himself z c\nsel 9 ! case4 ,if !re is a reason :y he w\ld be a less desirable advocate 9 ! case1 he %\ld speak ( ?is1 s t 8 consultant may h fre$om ( *oice4 ,he %\ld also /udy ! "q pres5t$ to him1 & give 8 hone/ op9ion on ! /r5g? ( ! case4 ,if a fair & amicable adju/m5t outside ( c\rt c be made1 ! lawy] %\ld recomm5d t ?is be done1 & if x is n cle> :i* p>ty is "r1 he %\ld advise a compromise4 7b7 ,dur+ ! case ! lawy] %\ld be fai?ful to ! int]e/s ( 8 cli5t & dilig5t 9 ! affairs = :i* he is engag$4 ,loyalty dem&s t ! advocate give 8 undivid$ devotion to 8 cli5t 7e4g41 he may n give assi/ance to ! adv]se p>ty1 he may n receive gifts or comp5sations f t p>ty2 see ,code1 ,canons #afff1 #bdjg71 & t he respect ! cli5t's confid5ces 7e4g41 he may n use to ! cli5t's disadvantage ! in=mation giv5 him74 ,dilig5ce requires t ! lawy] use 8 be/ ability & ef=ts to ! end t ! cli5t1 no matt] h[ poor or unpopul> or p]secut$1 may receive all ! rem$ies or def5ses t ! law grants him1 & t 8 case may be t]m9at$ ) all possible spe$4 7c7 ,aft] ! case he %\ld be hone/ 9 8 *>ges & true to ! confid5ce t 0 repos$ 9 him4 ,! comp5sation = ! lawy]'s s]vices %\ld be j1 t is1 a fair return = :at he gave4 ,! am\nt ( ! fee %\ld be fix$1 !re=e1 by su* /&>ds z ! law or cu/om1 or by ! value ( t :i* ! lawy] devotes to ! case 7e4g41 8 "t & labor1 8 loss ( o!r employm5t or prospects1 ! risk he takes 9 und]tak+ ! case71 or ( t :i* ! cli5t receives 7e4g41 ! am\nt :i* he ga9s1 ! b5efit he receives74 ,! weal? ( a cli5t does n ju/ify an excessive *>ge1 b ! pov]ty ( ! cli5t makes x a duty ( *>ity at times to less5 ! *>ges or to make no *>ges at all 7see #abcf-abci74 ,x is cle> t a lawy] %\ld n comp5sate himself f ! cli5t's bus9ess contr>y to ! latt]'s j wi%es4 #bjje4 ,lawy]'s ,duties t[>ds ,o!r ,p>ties4--,! duties ( ! lawy] to 8 cli5t d n exempt him f c]ta9 duties to o!r p]sons :o h a "p 9 ! trial2 = he is responsible to 8 own consci5ce & _c act on ! pr9ciple t he mu/ w9 at any co/1 or t ! cli5t takes all ! blame = any?+ di%onorable t is done4 7a7 ,?us1 respect is due to ! judge & polit5ess to ! opposite p>ty1 8 lawy]s & witnesses4 ,abusive language & improp] p]sonalities1 !re=e1 %\ld n be resort$ to1 & cu/om>y c\rtesies %\ld be %[n4 7b7 ,tru? & fair deal+ are due to ^? to :om or aga9/ :om ! plead+ is direct$4 ,x is contr>y to tru?fulness to cite /atutes or decisions t are no long] 9 =ce1 to misquote laws1 te/imony or ! language ( oppon5ts1 to ass]t z a fact :at has n be5 prov$1 to introduce false witnesses or docum5ts1 to coa* cli5ts or witnesses 9 untrue /ories1 to resort to quibbles or sophi/ry1 etc42 x is unfair to attempt to ga9 special favor f a judge or a jury1 to make improp] /atem5ts or rem>ks ) a view to influ5c+ ! jury or ! by/&]s or ! public2 to conceal ! argum5ts ^u :i* "o relies until ! opposition has no opportunity to reply2 9 a ^w1 to practise any ( ! tricks ( pettifogg]y4 #bjjf4 ,concealm5t ( ,tru? 9 ,pres5t+ a ,case4--,is concealm5t ( ! tru? 9 ! pres5tation or def5se ( a case s9ful8 7a7 ,if concealm5t is n unju/ or m5daci\s1 x is lawful4 ,inde$1 a lawy] %\ld conceal su* facts z w\ld be h>mful to 8 own case 7e4g41 incid5ts t are really ( no mom5t1 b t w\ld create prejudice aga9/ 8 cli5t71 or z he has le>n$ 9 confid5ce4 ,?is is n unju/1 s9ce ! opposite p>ty has no "r to ! k1 & x is n deception1 s9ce x does n cause b m]ely p]mits o!rs to draw errone\s conclusions4 ,nei!r is an advocate b\nd 9 ju/ice to po9t out to ! opposition matt]s favorable to _! case1 ( :i* !y are ignorant or :i* !y d n notice4 7b7 ,if concealm5t is unju/ or m5daci\s1 x is unlawful4 ,?us1 if a lawy] discov]s t s]i\s fraud has be5 practis$ or t ! c\rt or ! opposition has be5 h>mfully impos$ ^u1 he is unju/ if he takes advantage ( ?is ?r\gh sil5ce4 ,simil>ly1 a prosecutor is unju/ if he suppresses facts or te/imony or pap]s t w\ld e/abli% ! innoc5ce ( an accus$ p]son4 #bjjg4 ,! ,s9fulness ( ,introduc+ ,false or ,corrupt$ ,docum5ts4--7a7 ,tru?fulness is s9n$ aga9/ by ?is practice1 :e!r ! docum5t be entirely fictiti\s or a copy sub/itut$ = an orig9al t has be5 lo/1 or an au!ntic in/rum5t has be5 *ang$ or int]polat$ 7see #aihj a1 #aiia74 7b7 ,?is practice is also aga9/ legal ju/ice1 s9ce ! law requires t no misrepres5tations be made ab\t ! evid5ce produc$4 ,inde$1 ?is is a v s]i\s matt]1 =1 if x 7 ev] p]missible to tamp] ) docum5t>y evid5ce1 a way w\ld be op5$ to frauds innum]able to ! great detrim5t ( ! public4 7c7 ,commutative ju/ice is (f5d$ by ?is =m ( di%one/y1 if ! cause def5d$ is n c]ta9ly j2 = ! opposite p>ty1 s9ce ju/ice is p]haps on 8 side1 has ! "r t he be n defeat$ by untru?ful means4 ,b if ! cause def5d$ is c]ta9ly j1 !re is n p] se any violation ( commutative ju/ice1 s9ce ! adv]se p>ty is n depriv$ ( any?+ t is 81 b is r prev5t$ f do+ inju/ice2 p] accid5s1 ?\gh1 !re might be commutative inju/ice 7e4g41 if ! use ( a =g$ exhibit 0 kn[n to be risky & did actually lose ! case = a cli5t74 7d7 ,*>ity to self is violat$ by ?is deception1 s9ce a lawy] %\ld n value 8 cli5t's int]e/s above 8 own consci5ce1 reputation & prospects4 #bjjh4 ,:5 a ,lawy] ,is ,b\nd to ,re/itution4--7a7 ,unju/ damage obliges to re/itution 7see #agfc71 & h5ce a lawy] mu/ indemnify 8 cli5t or ! opposite p>ty = ! losses ei!r "o suff]s ?r\gh 8 unju/ conduct4 ,! cli5t has a "r to re/itution if he 0 put to unnecess>y exp5se because 8 lawy] did n tell him ! case 0 hopeless or too risky1 or if he lo/ a case because ! lawy] 0 v incompet5t or neglig5t or help$ ! opposite p>ty1 or if he 0 injur$ 9 8 reputation or prospects by ! violation ( 8 confid5ces4 ,! opposite p>ty is entitl$ to re/itution if he lo/ a "r or 0 condemn$ because ! lawy] unju/ly took ! case aga9/ him1 or if he suff]$ o!r injuries because ! lawy] employ$ f\l means to 8 disadvantage4 ,if a lawy] acts z ! m&at>y ( 8 cli5t 9 ! use ( inju/ice1 ! duty ( re/itution re/s prim>ily on ! cli5t & second>ily on ! lawy] 7see #aghc72 if ! lawy] alone is guilty1 he is responsible = all ! damage done4 ,!re is no duty ( re/itution if only legal ju/ice is violat$ 7e4g41 if "s deception is practis$ 9 ord] to w9 = ! side t is 9 ! "r71 or if *>ity is wrong$ 7e4g41 if "o refuses to take ! case ( a p]son :o is 9 ne$74 7b7 ,unju/ possession also obliges to re/itution 7see #aggj71 & h5ce a lawy] :o appropriates goods ( 8 cli5t aga9/ ! latt]'s "r1 or :o *>ges exorbitant rates = 8 s]vices1 or :o drags out a case = lucre's sake1 or :o has n refund$ :5 he )drew f a case1 %\ld re/ore 8 ill-gott5 goods4 ,if ! am\nt ( a fee is settl$ by law1 an attorney :o takes m ?an ! legal sum does n necess>ily incur ! duty ( re/itution4 ,all w dep5d on ! "* ( ! law1 :e!r x is p5al or preceptive1 & if preceptive1 :e!r x obliges 9 virtue ( legal or ( commutative ju/ice4 #bjji4 ,unju/ ,words4--,we %all n[ take up ! inju/ice t is done ?r\gh words spok5 outside ( a judicial process1 or ! classes ( v]bal inju/ice t are n peculi> to c\rts1 b are committ$ on all sorts ( occasions1 public & private4 ,! pr9cipal s9s "h are di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! diff]5t injuries int5d$ by ! s9ful speak]1 & are z foll[s3 7a7 s9ful words t signify or effect 9 ano!r p]son ! evil ( guilt1 !reby depriv+ him ( b5efits t are connect$ ) virtue4 ,"s evil speak]s deprive _! neighbor ( tributes t are paid to virtue by o!rs1 su* z honor 7injury by contumely71 fame 7injury by defamation71 fri5d%ip 7injury by :isp]+72 :ile o!r evil speak]s deprive a p]son ( ! tribute ( virtue paid by 8 own consci5ce1 namely1 self-respect & peace ( m9d 7injury by d]ision72 7b7 s9ful words t signify or effect aga9/ ano!r p]son ! evil ( puni%m5t4 ,! words are kn[n "u ! g5]al "n ( curs+4 #bjaj4 ,contumely4--,contumely is unju/ di%onor %[n to a p]son 9 8 pres5ce4 7a7 ,x is unju/1 & h5ce ^? are n guilty ( contumely :o speak words t are n honorable to p]sons des]v+ ( repro( 7e4g41 9 ,luke1 xxiv4 #be1 ,our ,"l calls ! two disciples 8fooli% & sl[ ( he>t02 9 ,gal41 iii4 #a1 ,/4 ,paul addresses ! ,galatians z 8s5seless074 ,simil>ly1 x is n contumeli\s to call ano!r p]son by a "n t s\nds some:at disrespectful1 if ?is is done 9 bant] or pleasantry & w be tak5 9 good "p by ! o!r & d no h>m4 ,?us1 to s5d a comic val5t9e or good-natur$ly to ridicule "s ( ! spectators at a f>ce is n contumeli\s z a rule1 s9ce mo/ p]sons are n gall$ by ^! gibes1 nor are ! jokes tak5 s]i\sly z a rule by ! public4 ,b c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ bo? 9 s]i\s & playful rebukes to keep )9 mod]ation4 ,/4 ,augu/9e decl>es t ev5 9 corrections "o %\ld use reproa*ful t]ms sp>+ly & only 9 case ( great necessity4 7b7 ,contumely is di%onor1 & s x is di/+ui%$ f injuri\s words t (f5d "s o!r "r 7e4g41 detraction (f5ds reputation74 ,honor is an ext]nal manife/ation ( ! respect felt = ano!r's excell5ce or sup]iority 9 "s natural or sup]natural p]fection giv5 by ,god1 su* z virtue1 au?ority1 nobility1 rank1 weal?1 etc4 ,contumely1 !re=e1 is ei!r negative1 z :5 "o o/5tati\sly refuses to %[ ano!r ! honor due him 7e4g41 ! salute or title or def]5ce :i* cu/om all[s him71 or positive1 z :5 "o manife/s signs ( disrespect 7e4g41 names d]ogatory to virtue or intellig5ce1 or :i* mean t ! p]son address$ is vile & contemptible74 7c7 ,contumely is %[n to ano!r 9 8 pres5ce1 t is1 x is an affront direct$ to 8 p]son imm$iately 7e4g41 ! mock]y ( ,eliseus by ! little boys ne> ,be!l1 9 ,,iv ,k+s1 ii1 #bc71 or m$iately 7e4g41 ! di%onor ( ,david's ambassadors by ! ,ammonites1 9 ,,ii ,k+s1 x71 or at lea/ to 8 k 7e4g41 ! enemies ( ,/4 ,paul 9 ,phil41 i4 #ag1 :o spoke ( him insult+ly 9 ! expectation t _! words w\ld be c>ri$ to him74 #bjaa4 ,are all p]sons des]v+ ( honor8 7a7 ,if honor be tak5 9 its /ricte/ s5se = rev]5ce %[n to a p]son :o is "o's sup]ior 9 "s good quality1 or = v5]ation = ! prop] excell5ce ( mank9d 7viz41 virtue71 !n honor _c be %[n except to ^? :o are m exalt$ ?an oneself or to ^? :o are virtu\s4 7b7 ,if honor be tak5 9 its wid] & m usual s5se = respect = a good quality1 natural1 moral or sup]natural1 9 :i* a neighbor is m wor?y at lea/ ?an "s o!rs1 !n honor c be %[n to e rational creature 7except ! damn$1 :o are irretrievably wick$ & outside ! pale ( fri5d%ip72 = !re is no "o1 h[ev] bad or l[ly1 9 :om !re is n some?+ t des]ves respect4 ,/4 ,paul exhorts ,*ri/ians to be be=eh& 9 honor+ "o ano!r 7,rom41 xii4 #aj71 & he urges t ea* e/eem ! o!r z bett] ?an himself 7,philip41 ii4 #c74 #bjab4 ,v>i\s ,=ms ( ,contumely4--7a7 ,by reason ( ! signs us$ or ! ext]nal =m x takes1 contumely is ei!r 9 words 7e4g41 ! names 8?ief10 8lunatic10 8ba/>d07 or 9 de$s t are equival5t to ^w 7e4g41 (f5sive c>toons or c>icatures1 insult+ val5t9es or po/c>ds1 8poison$ p50 lett]s1 lampoons1 scurril\s or opprobri\s ge/ures or acts1 s>donic gr9s1 mimicry74 7b7 ,by reason ( ! ?+ signifi$ or ! contemptible quality t x ascribes to ano!r contumely is also di/+ui%$ into reproa*1 :i* accuses ano!r ( s9 7e4g41 ( drunk5ness71 revilem5t 7convicium71 :i* ascribes to ano!r ei!r a fault or its consequ5ces 7e4g41 drunk5ness or imprisonm5t1 or diseases ( alcoholism71 taunt+ 7improp]ium71 :i* twits ano!r ) mis=tunes or inf]iority 7e4g41 8 l[ly orig9 or pov]ty or ! favors "o =m]ly %[$ him74 #bjac4 ,mann] ( ,confess+ ,contumely 9 ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance4--7a7 ,circum/ances t are ( an ess5tial k9d1 t is1 ^? t *ange ! species or add a new species1 mu/ be m5tion$ 7e4g41 ! fact t contumely 0 blasphem\s or calumni\s or sc&al\s or direct$ aga9/ a cl]ic or p>5ts74 7b7 ,circum/ances t are m]ely accid5tal1 su* z ^? giv5 9 ! previ\s p>agraph1 ne$ n be m5tion$1 = !y are m]ely v>i\s ways ( committ+ ! same s9 ( contumely4 #bjad4 ,! ,s9fulness ( ,contumely4--7a7 ,f its nature contumely is a grave s9 ( inju/ice1 = x robs "o ( honor1 :i* is m priz$ ?an any o!r ext]nal possession1 s9ce x is a te/imony to virtue & to ! e/eem ( fell[m5 hone/ly e>n$4 ,h5ce1 m5 w (t5 sacrifice heal? or weal? or life itself to save honor4 ,he :o calls 8 bro!r a fool is des]v+ ( hell 7,matt41 v4 #bb71 & ! contumeli\s are class$ ) ^? :o are deliv]$ ov] to a reprobate s5se 7,rom41 i4 #cj74 ,b1 z s9s ( ! tongue are imputable only 9 s f> z !y express ! m9d ( ! speak]1 contumeli\s words are gravely s9ful only :5 !y proce$ f a direct purpose to inflict s]i\s disgrace 7e4g41 ,titus applies to ,balbus an epi!t t is n reg>d$ z v abusive1 b 8 purpose is to manife/ 8 supreme contempt71 or f an indirect int5tion to effect ?is 7e4g41 ,claudius jok+ly addresses ,sempronius by a v disgraceful title1 n mean+ any great h>m1 b kn[+ t ,sempronius w feel ?is deeply or t 9 ! eyes ( ! by/&]s he w be greatly di%onor$74 7b7 ,f ! imp]fection ( ! act or ! smallness ( ! matt]1 contumely is made a v5ial s94 ,?us1 if "o :o is sudd5ly c>ri$ away by ang] or :o is n ?9k+ ( :at he says calls ano!r p]son a v vile "n1 !re is n suffici5t adv]t5ce = a grave (f5se2 & if "o :o is act+ ) full delib]ation addresses ano!r 9 language t is only slightly disrespectful1 !re is n suffici5t h>m done to con/itute a mortal s94 #bjae4 ,! gravity ( ! matt] 9 contumely dep5ds1 n only on ! "* ( ! signs ( disrespect1 b also on ! p]sons conc]n$4 7a7 ,?us1 ! less ! respect :i* ! (f5d] owes ! (f5d$ p>ty1 ! less ! (f5se4 ,h5ce1 = a subord9ate to call 8 sup]ior a li> or an ass is a m griev\s fault ?an = a sup]ior to give ! "n to 8 subord9ate4 7b7 ,! less au?oritative ! ^w ( ! p]son :o utt]s contumely1 or ! less evil animus t atta*es to 8 spee*1 ! less ! di%onor & ! s94 ,?us1 fi%wom5 7 once notori\s = vitup]ation1 b little att5tion or weight 0 giv5 to _! words4 ,a p]son ( t "*1 !n1 might commit only a v5ial s9 by a v abusive ^w1 :]eas a p]son ( m respectable "* w\ld s9 mortally by us+ ! same expression4 ,simil>ly1 :5 p>5ts or tea*]s b]ate _! subjects z fools1 blockheads1 dunces1 etc41 !re is g5]ally no bad _s beh9d ^! exclamations1 & h5ce ! use ( su* expressions is n v s9ful1 ev5 :5 correction is n be+ made4 #bjaf4 ,is ! gravity ( contumely less5$ by ! fact t ! (f5d$ p]son feels ! injury less8 7a7 ,if ! contumely is felt less because ! di%onor itself is less1 ! gravity ( ! s9 is ( c\rse less5$1 = example1 if ! p]son (f5d$ is less des]v+1 or ! p]son :o (f5ds is n tak5 s]i\sly 7see #bjae74 7b7 ,if ! contumely is felt less only because ! p]son di%onor$ is v meek & pati5t1 ! gravity is n less5$1 b is r increas$ 7see #agbe74 ,if ! p]son (f5d$ does n feel ! injury at all 7e4g41 because he is v ?ick-sk9n$ or is v =tunate71 less damage is done1 b ! wrong rema9s1 o!rwise1 !ft f ! ri* c\ld be excus$ on ! plea t !y w n miss :at is /ol54 #bjag4 ,! ,causes ( ,contumely4--7a7 ,pride is sometimes a cause1 inasmu* z ^? :o consid] !mselves bett] ?an o!rs are quick to express ! contempt !y feel = o!rs1 if !y hope t ?is w add to _! own glory 7,prov41 xi4 #b74 ,b a pr\d p]son w j z (t5 disda9 to revile ^? :om he despises4 7b7 ,fooli%ness 7see #afba7 is sometimes a cause ( contumely1 = ! fooli% man speaks )\t ?9k+ z he %\ld or )\t c>+ :at damage 8 words may cause 7,prov41 xx4 #c74 ,h5ce1 ^? :o speak abusively to o!rs m]ely 9 ord] to raise a laugh among ! by/&]s1 little c>+ ab\t ! disrespect !y %[1 _c excuse !mselves on ! plea t x 0 all a joke4 7c7 ,ang] is ! usual cause ( contumely1 = ! angry man seeks to %[ 8 rev5ge 9 "s op5 & manife/ way1 & !re is no easi] or m ready means to ?is end ?an bitt]1 scornful or je]+ words4 ,h5ce ! dang] ( contumeli\s reprim&s giv5 by sup]iors4 ,! subject w be enrag$ by ! h>d names appli$ to him1 & ! sup]ior 9 8 wra? w easily g to extremes1 ev5 ( mortal s91 on acc\nt ( ! language he uses 7e4g41 exagg]at$ invective7 or on acc\nt ( circum/ances 7e4g41 ! sc&al giv574 #bjah4 ,! ,duty ( ,be>+ ) ,contumely4--7a7 ,z to ! int]nal disposition1 "o %\ld be ready & will+ to suff] insults )\t mak+ any answ] to !m1 if ?is is necess>y4 ,= ! precept ( pati5ce requires t "o be prep>$ 9 m9d to tol]ate injuries & to give place to wra?1 %\ld ! circum/ances at any "t call = su* re/ra9t4 ,9 ?is s5se ,our ,"l spoke :5 ,he comm&$ t "o turn ! o!r *eek to ! /rik] 7,matt1 v4 #ci71 & ,he practis$ ,8 tea*+ by mak+ no reply to ! insol5ce ( ^? :o 7 implacable or :o only s\ght mat]ial = accusations4 7b7 ,z to ext]nal conduct1 "o %\ld repel contumely :5 !re are good & suffici5t reasons = ?is c\rse1 & h5ce ,our ,"l prote/$ aga9/ ! unlawful bl[ giv5 ,him 9 ! c\rt room1 & :i* ! judge %\ld h reprim&$ 7,john1 xviii4 #bc74 ,he also refut$ ^? :o decri$ ,him z a blasphem]1 or glutton1 or demoniac1 or political di/urb]4 ,b if no good end w be s]v$ by self-def5se1 or if great] evils w foll[ f x1 no answ] %\ld be made4 ,"o %\ld be m desir\s to possess ! "r to honor & fame--viz41 virtue & a wor?y life--?an to possess honor & fame !mselves1 = goodness is always a bless+1 b prosp]ity is n unfrequ5tly a real mis=tune4 ,inde$1 ,our ,"l says t to be p]secut$1 revil$ & calumniat$ places "o 9 ! same class z ! good m5 ( ! pa/ 7,matt41 v4 #aa74 #bjai4 ,! ,*ief ,reasons = ,resi/ance to ,contumely or ,detraction4--7a7 ,! good ( ! (f5d]1 9 ord] t 8 boldness be subdu$ & t he be det]r$ f su* injuries 9 ! future1 is a suffici5t reason4 ,h5ce ! words ( ,prov]bs 7xxvi4 #e7 t "o %\ld answ] a fool1 le/ he ?9k himself wise4 7b7 ,! good ( o!rs is ano!r reason1 9 ord] t !y be n demoraliz$ by ! vilification ( "o :om !y h look$ up to z an example & guide1 especially if sil5ce w appe> to be a sign ( weakness or c>elessness or guilt4 ,h5ce1 ,/4 ,gregory says t prea*]s %\ld answ] detractors1 le/ ! ,^w ( ,god be )\t fruit4 7c7 ,! good ( self is a ?ird reason = reply+ to contumely1 = to enjoy ! respect & e/eem ( o!rs helps _m a good p]son to act wor?ily ( ! op9ion 9 :i* he is held1 & x re/ra9s _m a s9n] f desc5d+ to worse ?+s ?an ^? ( :i* he is guilty4 ,h5ce1 ,eccl41 xli4 #ae1 admoni%es t "o take c>e ( a good "n1 & ,prov41 xxii4 #a1 places a good "n above weal?4 #bjbj4 ,! ,duty ( ,"o ,:o ,answ]s ,contumely or ,detraction4--7a7 ,! _s ( ! answ] %\ld be t ( *>ity1 n t ( rev5ge or ( unquiet or exagg]at$ anxiety ab\t p]sonal honor or fame2 o!rwise "o becomes l to ! (f5d] 7,prov41 xxii1 #b74 ,a p]son w\ld s9 ev5 by sil5ce 9 ! face ( contumely1 if ! _s beh9d 8 non-resi/ance 0 malici\s 7e4g41 if he int5d$ to enrage ! o!r p>ty ! m by disreg>d+ ! attack74 7b7 ,! mann] ( ! answ] %\ld be mod]ate1 & ! reply %\ld n g beyond ! b\nds ( reasonable self-def5se 7see #ahcc74 ,x is lawful to d5y ! *>ge1 or by retort to turn ! tables on ! assailant1 or to sue him = sl&] or libel2 b x is n lawful to *all5ge him to a duel or to utt] calumnies 7see #ahdc74 #bjba4 ,! ,duty ( ,mak+ ,re/itution = ,contumely4--7a7 ,if contumely is n contr>y to commutative ju/ice1 !re is no duty ( re/itution4 ,h5ce1 di%onor t is purely negative1 su* z ! refusal to uncov] on meet+ a cl]gyman1 does n oblige "o to make re/itution1 = ! omission is contr>y to ! virtue ( obs]vance or rev]5ce b n to commutative ju/ice4 ,! case w\ld be diff]5t1 h[ev]1 if negative di%onor 7 s m>k$ or noticeable z to be equival5t to positive disrespect1 z :5 at ! entrance ( a di/+ui%$ p]sonage all 9 ! room arise except "o man :o rema9s seat$ & gives a bitt] look at ! newcom]4 7b7 ,if contumely is contr>y to commutative ju/ice1 re/itution is due4 ,all agree t commutative ju/ice is violat$ :5 contumely becomes vilification1 or :5 an insult is committ$ 9 ! pres5ce ( onlook]s ) ! purpose ( mak+ ! (f5d$ p]son seem contemptible 9 _! eyes4 ,b !re are two op9ions ab\t ! case :5 contumely is m]ely revilem5t1 or an insult (f]$ :5 !re are no o!rs pres5t & ! purpose is to make ! (f5d$ p]son appe> vile 9 8 own eyes4 #bjbb4 ,op9ions on ! ,duty ( ,re/itution = ,revilem5t4--7a7 ,"o op9ion holds t injury is done1 n damage1 & h5ce t satisfaction is ow$ r ?an re/itution4 ,fur!r1 x is held t satisfaction is p5al & s n obligatory 7except out ( *>ity7 be=e judicial s5t5ce4 7b7 ,ano!r op9ion says t damage is done z well z injury1 s9ce m5 reg>d an insult1 ev5 ?\gh (f]$ 9 private1 z an unju/ deprivation ( a great good4 ,satisfaction ( a v humiliat+ k9d1 su* z ! begg+ ( p>don on b5d$ knees1 z be+ p5al1 c await an ord] f au?ority1 b ! ord9>y =ms ( rep>ation1 su* z expression ( regret or reque/ = =giv5ess1 %\ld be made )\t any su* ord] 7,matt41 v4 #bd74 #bjbc4 ,:at ,k9d ( ,rep>ation ,%\ld ,be ,made = ,contumely8--7a7 ,9 g5]al1 ! rule is t contumely %\ld be repair$ by a be/[al ( ! same k9d ( goods z ^? ( :i* ! (f5d$ p>ty 0 depriv$2 & h5ce di%onor is repair$ by honor1 disrespect by respect4 ,! injur$ p>ty %\ld be aw>e t rep>ation is be+ made1 or at lea/ t honor is be+ %[n him4 ,if by reason ( contumely "o is responsible = o!r damages t foll[$ 7e4g41 if "o =esaw t "o's affront w\ld lead to money losses1 enmities1 qu>rels1 blood%$1 etc471 "o is duty b\nd to make good ^! losses also4 7b7 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! honor t %\ld be (f]$ 9 atonem5t is g5]ally an apology1 = ?is is bo? satisfaction = ! wrong done & a tok5 ( e/eem4 ,at times1 accord+ to "s1 m is requir$1 = if ! insult 0 v gross1 a m]e reque/ = p>don is p]haps n suffici5t2 on ! o!r h&1 less may suffice1 z :5 ! indignity 0 slight4 ,_m au?ors hold t a respectful apology is suffici5t rep>ation = any contumely4 ,among ! less] =ms ( re/itution = di%onor are signs ( fri5d%ip1 c\rte\s greet+s1 a pleasant *at1 an invitation to call at "o's home1 a d9n] or toa/1 a eulogi/ic spee*1 etc4 #bjbd4 ,! ,mann] ( ,mak+ ,apologies4--7a7 ,!y %\ld be made ) at lea/ z mu* =mality z accompani$ ! insult4 ,h5ce1 if ! injury 0 public1 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( error %\ld also be public4 7b7 ,!y may be made ei!r p]sonally or by int]m$i>y4 ,if ! guilty p]son _c v well appe> be=e ! (f5d$ p]son1 he may s5d 8 regrets by lett] or ?r\gh a repres5tative4 #bjbe4 ,s9ce ! gravity ( contumely dep5ds on ! relations betwe5 ! p>ties & o!r circum/ances1 an apology is n always necess>y4 7a7 ,?us1 if ! (f5d] is an inf]ior or an equal1 an apology %\ld be made = a s]i\s insult1 at lea/ :5 ! (f5d$ p]son insi/s on x4 ,?us1 a *e]ful salutation by a *ild does n atone = a vile "n appli$ to 8 fa!r4 ,if an inf]ior di%onors a sup]ior ?r\gh ignorance1 he makes am5ds by ackn[l$g+ 8 ignorance & %[+ respect1 z 0 done by ,/4 ,paul 7,acts1 xxiii4 #e74 7b7 ,if ! (f5d] is a sup]ior1 an apology is nev] necess>y1 le/ by abas+ himself he lose ! pre/ige :i* 8 (fice %\ld h4 ,h5ce1 if a fa!r has us$ h>% language to 8 *ild1 x w\ld n be seemly = him to ask ! *ild's p>don1 b he %\ld %[ "s m>k ( k9dness to heal ! w\nd4 #bjbf4 ,cessation ( ,obligation ( ,re/itution4--,! obligation ( re/itution = contumely ceases 9 c]ta9 cases 7see #agig1 #agih74 7a7 ,?us1 impossibility excuses1 z :5 "o _c make rep>ation )\t r5ew+ an old feud t has be5 buri$ & =gott54 7b7 ,=giv5ess by ! (f5d$ p]son excuses4 ,! (f5d$ p>ty =gives ! debt expressly :5 he says or %[s t he does n c>e to h an apology2 he =gives implicitly1 :5 he retaliates by an equally injuri\s action1 def5ds himself by retort+ equal contumely on 8 adv]s>y1 or obta9s equival5t satisfaction f a c\rt ( ju/ice4 #bjbg4 ,a confessor %\ld n impose ! duty ( an apology 9 c]ta9 cases4 7a7 ,?us1 if ?is comm& w\ld be h>mful1 x %\ld be omitt$1 z :5 a p5it5t is 9 good fai? & w\ld be put 9 bad fai? by ! admonition4 7b7 ,if ?is comm& is n necess>y1 x %\ld be omitt$1 z :5 ! duty ( an apology has ceas$ = "o reason or ano!r4 ,9 ! case ( *ildr5 :o speak or act disrespectfully to _! eld]s1 x may at times be tak5 = grant$ t ! eld]s1 especially ! p>5ts1 d n expect an apology = trifl+ cases ( disrespect4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x may (t5 be advisable to require su* *ildr5 to apologize = _! rud5ess1 9 ord] to cure !m ( x4 #bjbh4 ,defamation4--,defamation 7backbit+7 is ! unju/ black5+ ( ! reputation ( ano!r p]son by secret words4 7a7 ,x is unju/1 t is1 x has no reasonable motive to ju/ify x4 ,defamation diff]s f j revelation ( secret faults4 7b7 ,x is a black5+ or besmir*+1 t is1 a tak+ away or less5+ ( fame4 ,defamation ca/s a %ad[ ov] or totally obscures ! brilliance ( a good reputation4 7c7 ,x is aga9/ reputation1 t is1 aga9/ ! favorable op9ion & report ( ! public on ! virtue & "* or o!r good qualities ( a p]son1 ,?us1 x is defamation to say t an individual is a drunk>d1 or t a pr(essional man is incompet5t1 if ^! p]sons are n kn[n to h su* defects4 ,if a p]son has no reputation "h & n[1 except a bad "o 7e4g41 a crim9al :o has j be5 convict$ & s5t5c$ to prison1 a loaf] :o is (t5 se5 intoxicat$ on ! /reets1 a woman :o is (t5 he>d p$dl+ sc&als71 x is n defamation to speak ab\t ! true & public faults ( ?is p]son2 nor is x s9ful to speak ?us if !re is "s suitable reason 7e4g41 to discuss a murd] trial t is be+ report$ 9 ! pap]s1 or to tell a humor\s incid5t t w d no h>m74 ,b ^? :o uselessly or h>mfully discuss ! kn[n weaknesses ( _! neighbors are s9n]s call$ gossip]s or fault-f9d]s4 7d7 ,x is aga9/ ! reputation ( a p]son1 t is1 ( an individual possess$ ( "r4 ,! p>ty (f5d$ by defamation c be a natural p]son 7i4e41 a rational be+1 :e!r infant or adult1 high or l[1 ri* or poor7 or an artificial p]son 7i4e41 a society1 gr\p or collection ( individuals end[$ ) reason72 he c be ei!r a liv+ or a deceas$ p]son1 = dea? does n de/roy ! s\l nor take away ! "r to reputation4 7e7 ,x is aga9/ ! reputation ( ano!r1 t is1 defamation z n[ us$ is a s9 ( inju/ice1 & "o _c be /rictly unju/ to oneself2 b 8self-defamation0 may be us$ 9 a wid] s5se to designate a s9 oppos$ to *>ity 7see #aege sqq474 7f7 ,x is accompli%$ by means ( words1 t is1 by oral communication or its equival5t4 ,"o c defame1 !re=e1 by ^w ( m\?1 by deaf & dumb language1 by writ+1 by a ge/ure1 by sil5ce1 or by a look4 7g7 ,x is done by words or signs t are secret1 t is1 by words or signs express$ be=e o!rs b 9 ! abs5ce ( ! p]son :o is defam$1 or at lea/ :5 he is ?\ght to be abs5t 7backbit+74 ,! defam] is l ! ?ief :o wi%es to d h>m b does n wi% ! victim to "k ! au?or ( ! h>m4 #bjbi4 ,! ,diff]5ces betwe5 ,defamation & ,contumely4--7a7 ,!y diff] 9 _! purposes1 = ! defam] int5ds to hurt ano!r 9 8 reputation be=e ! public1 :ile ! contumeli\s man int5ds to hurt ano!r 9 8 honor1 ei!r 9 8 own eyes or 9 ^? ( o!rs4 7b7 ,!y diff] 9 _! mann] ( proc$ure1 = defamation is beh9d ! back1 contumely be=e ! face1 ( ! p>ty :o is injur$4 ,! defam] has "s respect = 8 enemy1 = he fe>s to face him & resorts to und]m9+1 b ! contumeli\s s9n] despises 8 enemy & %[s x by insult+ him to 8 face4 #bjcj4 ,v>i\s ,=ms ( ,injury to ,good ,"n4--7a7 ,by reason ( ! int5tion1 ! injury is ei!r defamatory 7z :5 d]ogatory ?+s are said ab\t ano!r beh9d 8 back7 or contumeli\s 7z :5 d]ogatory ?+s are insult+ly said to him 9 8 pres5ce74 ,h5ce1 !re c be injury to reputation t is n contumeli\s 7e4g41 ! secret spread+ ( a rumor t ,balbus is a drunk>d72 !re c be contumely t is n injuri\s to fame 7e4g41 ! address+ ( ,balbus z a drunk>d :5 no else is by1 or :5 ^? pres5t "k already t he is a drunk>d71 & contumely t is injuri\s to reputation 7e4g41 :5 "o calls ,balbus a drunk>d be=e o!rs :o ?\ght he 0 a sob] man74 7b7 ,by reason ( ! purpose1 defamation is will$ ei!r explicitly or implicitly4 ,9 ! =m] case ! defam] expressly int5ds ! black5+ ( 8 neighbor's reputation2 9 ! latt] case he int5ds some?+ unnecess>y1 su* z m]e indulg5ce ( levity or talkativ5ess1 ?\gh ! black5+ ( 8 neighbor is =ese54 ,explicit defamation is regul>ly a mortal (f5se1 implicit defamation a v5ial "o2 b ! degrees ( s9fulness may be *ang$1 if ! =m] s9 causes slight1 or ! latt] s9 s]i\s damage4 7c7 ,by reason ( ! injury done defamation is ei!r detraction or calumny4 ,detraction black5s a reputation by reveal+ faults or defects t are real2 calumny 7sl&]7 injures reputation by /ories t are untrue4 ,a common =m ( calumny is a mixture ( tru? & falsehood 7e4g41 :5 a hi/orian ascribes to a villa91 9 addition to real crimes1 faults ( :i* ! latt] 0 innoc5t71 or ( half-tru?s t convey ! impression ( :at is untrue 7e4g41 :5 a hi/orian n>rates t a c]ta9 "* kill$ a man & does n give ! backgr\nd or causes ( ! kill+1 su* z provocation1 *all5ge1 mi/ake2 or :5 a biograph] tells ( ! crimes ( 8 subject & glosses ov] ! virtues1 or makes no m5tion ( 8 am5dm5t74 7d7 ,by reason ( ! means us$ defamation is ei!r direct or indirect4 ,direct defamation is m op5 & positive2 indirect defamation is r conceal$ or negative4 ,!re is also ! di/9ction ( sl&] 7:i* is oral7 & libel 7:i* is writt5 or pr9t$74 ,libel is m griev\s1 s9ce x has a p]man5ce t is n f\nd 9 spok5 words4 #bjca4 ,examples ( ,indirect ,defamation4--7a7 ,fa9t praise is a subtle mode ( defamation1 z :5 "o says ( an abs5t p]son t he has n committ$ murd] yet1 or t l ev]yone he has "s good po9ts1 = to ! li/5]s ?is indicates t ! speak] does no hold a high op9ion ( ! p]son discuss$4 7b7 ,sil5ce is also at times a hidd5 =m ( defamation1 z :5 ,titus says to ,balbus t ! abs5t ,caius is good & ,balbus out ( malice answ]s3 8,let's talk ab\t some?+ else2 we mu/ be *>itable01 or :5 ,sempronius falsely decl>es 9 company t ! abs5t ,claudius is to ! k ( ,julius a deprav$ "* & ,julius1 :o is pres5t1 makes no prote/ aga9/ ! misrepres5tation4 7c7 ,depreciation is defamatory1 z :5 "o says t a p]son :o is be+ discuss$ is n z pi\s or reliable z is commonly believ$1 or t !re is great room = improvem5t1 or t he is mu* bett] n[ ?an 9 times pa/1 or t !re is ano!r side to ! picture1 or t he is good1 b4444 7d7 ,d5ial ( good qualities is defamatory1 :5 x less5s ! e/eem 9 :i* a p]son is held4 ,! good qualities "h ref]r$ to are ^? t r5d] a p]son di/+ui%$ or comm5dable among 8 fell[s3 *iefly ^! are moral qualities 7viz41 virtu\s habits1 dispositions & acts72 second>ily1 natural & int]nal qualities 7su* z le>n+1 quickness ( m9d1 exp]i5ce1 /r5g? & heal? ( body1 & 9 wom51 beauty72 f9ally1 natural & ext]nal goods 7su* z weal?1 fam\s ance/ry1 able assi/ants 9 bus9ess1 or ! excell5t m]*&ise suppli$1 etc474 #bjcb4 ,examples ( ,direct ,defamation4--,! foll[+ are examples ( direct defamation3 7a7 s9i/] int]pretation1 z :5 "o /ates t words or acts ( a neighbor t 7 good or at lea/ op5 to a good int]pretation1 7 dictat$ by gre$1 ambition1 pride1 etc42 7b7 unju/ revelation 7detraction71 z :5 "o reveals secret faults or crimes2 7c7 exagg]ation1 z :5 "o magnifies a v5ial into a mortal s91 an exceptional or indelib]ate fault into an habitual or delib]ate s92 or :5 "o di/orts a s9 ( "o species into a s9 ( ano!r & f> m he9\s species1 or accuses a :ole class or body ( m5 because "o ( _! numb] has fall54 ,^? :o add _! own little detail or circum/ance to a defamatory tale z !y pass x along are prov]bial examples ( exagg]ation3 8,fama crescit eundo02 7d7 false accusation 7calumny7 is ! wor/ k9d ( defamation4 ,innoc5t ,,xi condemn$ ! proposition t "o may probably use calumny )\t s]i\s s9 z a def5se ( "o's own ju/ice & honor 7see ,d5z+]1 n4 #aaid74 #bjcc4 ,direct defamation is committ$ ei!r by pla9 words or by ins9uation4 7a7 ,examples ( defamation by innu5do are ^? ambigu\s expressions or half-veil$ accusations t ar\se suspicion & (t5 d m injury ?an pla9 accusations4 ,?us1 to say ) a laugh or 9 an ironical tone t a c]ta9 p]son is human1 or broadm9d$1 or prud5t may be equal to volumes ( abuse1 s9ce ! words c h a bad mean+ z well z a good "o4 ,simil>ly1 su* expressions z1 8,:at ,i "k ab\t him is n to be told10 8,i "k :at no "o w\ld believe10 etc41 may be tak5 = slurs on "*4 7b7 ,examples ( defamation by pla9 spee* are all ^? innum]able /atem5ts :i*1 ei!r 9 g5]al t]ms 7e4g41 t ano!r p]son is a sc\ndrel1 a villa91 a reprobate7 or 9 specific ones 7e4g41 t ano!r p]son is a blasphem]1 a ?ief1 a li>71 t5d to black5 ! good "n ( a neighbor4 #bjcd4 ,good ,repute or ,fame4--,good repute or fame is ( v>i\s k9ds4 7a7 ,?us1 by reason ( its object1 good reputation is ei!r negative or positive4 ,a negatively good reputation consi/s 9 ! abs5ce ( any unfavorable op9ion or belief ab\t a p]son1 :ile a positively good reputation is ! common judgm5t 9 favor ( a p]son's wor?4 7b7 ,by reason ( its relation to ! real "* ( a p]son1 x is ei!r true or false4 ,?us1 if a man is reg>d$ by ! community z hone/1 8 reputation is true :5 he is really hone/1 b x is false :5 he is 9 fact di%one/4 7c7 ,by reason ( its degree1 x is ei!r ord9>y or extraord9>y4 ,ord9>y good repute is t :i* e p]son ne$s1 & x consi/s 9 ! public belief t an individual is tru/wor?y & compet5t 9 ! affairs & duties t p]ta9 to 8 /ate or occupation4 ,extraord9>y fame is t :i* is n necess>y1 su* z ! celebrity :i* a p]son enjoys = unusual ability z a /atesman1 orator1 f9ancial exp]t1 ma!matician1 or = virtue t is f> above ! av]age4 #bjce4 ,! ,"r to ,good ,reputation4--7a7 ,^? :o are absolutely unkn[n 7i4e41 bo? z to _! id5tity & _! "*7 h no "r to reputation1 s9ce reputation atta*es to "o :o c be nam$ or describ$1 & h5ce x is n defamation 7?\gh x might be ra% judgm5t7 to say t a /rang] :o pass$ on ! /reet & 0 lo/ 9 ! d>kness mu/ h be5 a crim9al4 7b7 ,^? :o are kn[n by sight or "n1 b :o h n z yet %[n :at !y are1 h a "r to a negatively good reputation1 = a man %\ld n be consid]$ evil until 8 conduct has giv5 gr\nd = unfavorable judgm5t 7see #agbg sqq474 ,x is n defamation to say ab\t an unkn[n family t has mov$ into a locality t we d n "k :at k9d ( p !y are1 b x is defamation to say t !y are likely undesirable4 7c7 ,^? :o are kn[n 9 a place & :o h already acquir$ a good "n !re h a "r to a positively good reputation2 =1 if ! reputation is true1 x is a good :i* !y h hone/ly acquir$2 if x is false1 x is a good ( :i* !y are 9 possession1 & possession itself is entitl$ to respect4 #bjcf4 ,s9fulness ( ,detraction4--,! civil law does n g5]ally puni% sl&] if ! sl&]] c prove t 8 /atem5ts are true1 b ?is does n make v]aci\s defamation morally lawful4 ,god dete/s & puni%es crimes 7e4g41 =nication7 ( :i* human law sometimes takes no acc\nt4 ,! h>mfulness ( v]aci\s defamation is bo? public & private4 7a7 ,defamation ,does ,public ,h>m4--,! peace & ord] ( ! community w\ld be s]i\sly di/urb$1 if x 7 lawful to attack reputations simply because "o 0 p]suad$ t !y 7 unf\nd$3 ! p]son detract$ w\ld be hamp]$ 9 8 (ficial bus9ess & social relations1 innoc5t p]sons w\ld be black5$ z well z ! guilty1 & ! fri5ds & relatives w\ld suff] ) ! p]son detract$4 7b7 ,defamation ,does ,private ,h>m4--,! peace & security ( ! individual w\ld be uselessly assail$4 ,reputation is pr(itable bo? 9 spiritual & temporal ways1 & x is !re=e a ru?less act to rob a p]son ( x1 :5 he has done no?+ 9 public to =feit x & its possession by him is h>mful to no "o4 #bjcg4 ,"r to ,true & ,false ,reputation4 ,!re is1 nev]!less1 a diff]5ce betwe5 ! "r to a true & ! "r to a false reputation4 7a7 ,?us1 ! "r to a true reputation is an absolute & univ]sal "r1 "o :i* does n cease 9 any case1 = tru? & ju/ice dem& t "o %\ld n repres5t z evil a p]son :o is really good4 ,?is "r applies to an extraord9>y1 z well z to an ord9>y reputation4 7b7 ,! "r to a false reputation is a relative & limit$ "r1 "o :i* ceases :5 ! common good on :i* x re/s no long] supports x 7e4g41 :5 x _c be ma9ta9$ )\t inju/ice74 ,moreov]1 !re is no "r to an extraord9>y reputation1 if x is bas$ on false premises1 = ! common good does n require su* a "r1 & h5ce x is n detraction to %[ t ! r5[n ( an individual = sup]ior skill or success is built up on adv]tis+ alone or m]ely on un9=m$ rumor4 #bjch4 ,s9fulness ( ,gossip or ,criticism ab\t ,real & ,kn[n ,defects4--7a7 ,x is n unju/1 p] se1 s9ce x does n take away fame1 t be+ non-exi/5t4 7b7 ,x is s9ful1 if !re is no suffici5t reason = x1 b n mortally s9ful p] se1 s9ce grave h>m is n done to ! reputation ( "o ^: reputation is already bad4 ,! s9 committ$ is usually t ( idle talk or ( un*>itabl5ess1 by reason ( ! dis$ification (f]$ ! li/5]s1 or ! malice t prompts ! speak]1 or ! sadness t is caus$ to ! p]son gossip$ ab\t4 ,gossip is dang]\s1 s9ce x prep>es ! way = detraction1 z detraction prep>es ! way = calumny4 #bjci4 ,moral ,species ( ,defamation4--7a7 ,morali/s agree t wrongful defamation is a s9 aga9/ ju/ice & *>ity4 ,x violates ju/ice1 s9ce x infr+es a "r :i* is n less /rict ?an t ( proprietor%ip ov] goods ( =tune2 x violates *>ity1 s9ce x is oppos$ to fri5d%ip & love ( neighbor4 ,!y also agree t o!r species ( s9 c be add$ to defamation 7e4g41 infidelity1 z :5 "o d5ies t ,*ri/ 0 s9less1 or blasphemy1 z :5 "o defames a ,sa9t74 7b7 ,morali/s disagree on ! "q :e!r c]ta9 =ms ( defamation are di/9ct sub-species or only degrees ( "o l[e/ species4 ,"s hold t detraction & calumny are di/9ct species1 because calumny adds m5dacity to defamation2 o!rs say t detractions ab\t specifically diff]5t s9s are di/9ct k9ds ( detraction 7e4g41 t x is "o species ( s9 to say t a neighbor is a drunk>d1 & ano!r species to say t he is a ?ief1 & ! reason is t ! reputation = temp]ance is a diff]5t ?+ f ! reputation = hone/y1 etc472 /ill o!rs hold t defamation ( p>5ts & o!r imm$iate relations is a special =m ( defamation1 z be+ contr>y to piety4 ,!re are1 on ! contr>y1 !ologians :o reject all ^! di/9ctions & hold t ! diff]5ce betwe5 defamations is only "o ( m or less1 s9ce all ( !m h ! *>act]i/ic note ( attack on reputation1 :i* is "o "r4 ,h5ce1 j z ! /eal+ ( a c[ & ! /eal+ ( a cat are only great] & less] =ms ( ! s9 ( !ft1 s likewise calumny & detraction1 etc41 are only major & m9or degrees ( ! s9 ( defamation 7see #bjab1 #bjac1 #baae74 #bjdj4 ,species ( ,s9s ( ,defamation4--,s9ce ! species ( s9s mu/ be p>ticul>iz$ 9 confessions1 ! "q ( ! di/9ction betwe5 defamations has practical importance4 ,! common op9ion on ! l9e ( action to be obs]v$ seems to be z foll[s3 7a7 ! p5it5t is oblig$ z a rule 9 s]i\s matt]s to tell :e!r 8 defamation 0 simple detraction or calumny4 ,! reason = ?is1 accord+ to "s1 is ! specific diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two s9s2 accord+ to o!rs1 ! reason is t o!rwise ! confessor _c "k :e!r ! s9 0 mortal or v5ial1 or :at re/itution is to be impos$4 ,z to detraction ( p>5ts or sup]iors1 x seems t ! quality ( ! p]son detract$ %\ld be m5tion$1 if !re 0 any incitem5t to disrespect or disob$i5ce2 7b7 ! p5it5t is n oblig$ to m5tion ! s9s or defects he ascrib$ to ! p]son he defam$4 ,nor %\ld ! confessor inquire ab\t ?is unless x is necess>y 9 ord] to "k :at 0 ! gravity ( ! s9 or :at k9d ( rep>ation %\ld be enjo9$ 7cfr4 #bjac74 ,moreov]1 que/ions ab\t :at 0 said might easily lead to a disclosure ( ! "n ( ! p]son defam$1 & ?us ! confessional w\ld be turn$ into a place ( defamation4 #bjda4 ,! ,num]ical ,multiplication ( ,defamations4--7a7 ,!y are multipli$ :5 !re are _m s9ful acts ab\t di/9ct objects2 = example1 :5 ,balbus calumniates ,caius today z a ?ief & ,claudius tomorr[ z ano!r ?ief1 !re are two calumnies 7see #bji74 7b7 ,defamations are multipli$ :5 !re are _m s9ful acts ab\t ! same object2 = example1 :5 ,balbus calumniates ,caius today z a ?ief & repeats ! same calumny tomorr[1 !re are two calumnies4 ,b if ,balbus beg9s 8 /ory today & does n f9i% x till tomorr[1 !re is "o calumny 7see #bad1 #bae74 7c7 ,defamations are multipli$ :5 !re is "o s9ful act ab\t _m di/9ct objects2 = example1 :5 ,balbus calumniates by say+ t ! two wor/ ?ieves he kn[s are ,caius & ,claudius1 !re are two s9s4 ,b if ,caius & ,claudius are reg>d$ z a unit 7e4g41 if !y are ! firm ( ,caius & ,claudius71 !re is "o s94 ,a l calumny w\ld be t ,caius came f a di%one/ family 7see #baf-bai74 ,if ,balbus calumniates ,caius be=e t5 p]sons1 he does n commit t5 defamations1 x seems1 b t5 sc&als1 s9ce ! t5 =m a body 9 ! matt] ( fame1 b are individuals 9 ! matt] ( example4 ,if ,balbus calumniates by say+ t ,caius has brok5 all ( ! t5 comm&m5ts1 !re may be t5 calumnies or b "o calumny1 accord+ to ! int5tion & ! effect 7see #bag1 #bah74 #bjdb4 ,! ,!ological ,species ( ,defamation4--7a7 ,f its nature defamation is a mortal s91 & h5ce ! ,apo/le decl>es 7,rom1 i4 #bi1 #cj7 t detractors are hateful to ,god4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x inflicts an atroci\s injury on ! public welf>e1 s[+ ev]y:]e hatr$s1 diss5sions & disord]s--s mu* s t detractors are rightly call$ an abom9ation to mank9d 7,prov41 xxiv4 #i74 7b7 ,f ! smallness ( ! matt] or ! imp]fection ( ! act defamation may be only a v5ial s94 ,criticism ( o!rs is a vice s widespread t almo/ all mank9d 7ev5 pi\s p]sons7 w\ld be involv$ 9 cont9ual mortal s9s1 7 x n = ! fact t s9s ( spee* are frequ5tly ! result ( ignorance1 ?\ghtlessness1 or sudd5 passion 7,james1 iii4 #b sqq471 & t ! ?+s said are frequ5tly ( no great h>m to ! p]son criticiz$4 #bjdc4 ,! gravity ( ! h>m done by defamation is well express$ by ,/4 ,b]n>d :5 he says t defamation at "o bl[ inflicts a mortal ,w\nd on ! p]son defam$1 on ! defam] himself1 & on ! li/5]4 7a7 ,?us1 ! p]son defam$ is robb$ & (t5 irrep>ably ( a good "n1 "o ( ! mo/ e/eem$ ( possessions2 he is depriv$ ( _m spiritual & temporal opportunities1 & is frequ5tly dragg$ d[n to social & moral ru91 & ev5 to suicide4 ,scripture says t ! tongue ( ! detractor has ! %>pness ( a razor1 & x comp>es him to an arr[ dipp$ 9 poison1 & to a bit+ s]p5t4 7b7 ,! defam] de/roys 8 own good "n1 at lea/ 9 ! sight ( ,god1 = he defiles 8 own s\l ) guilt2 he disgraces himself be=e o!rs1 s9ce x is well kn[n t defamation is ! vice ( ^? :o feel !mselves inf]ior or guilty4 ,&1 wor/ ( all1 8 s9 is seldom rep5t$ ( or repair$ by satisfaction1 s9ce ! defam] is g5]ally too pr\d1 hateful1 jeal\s or rev5geful to ackn[l$ge 8 error1 or is s bl9d t ! ?\ght ( ! h>m he has done & ( ! grave obligation ( satisfaction nev] crosses 8 m9d4 7c7 ,! li/5] is sc&aliz$ & contam9at$ by :at he he>s1 8 ideals are %att]$1 8 respect = virtue or religion is de/roy$1 & he is enc\rag$ to cont9ue ! "w ( ! defam]4 #bjdd4 ,comp>ison ( ,defamation ) ,o!r ,injuries aga9/ ! ,neighbor4--7a7 ,defamation is less s9ful ?an injuries to int]nal goods1 & h5ce homicide & adult]y1 :i* are oppos$ to ! good ( ! body & ( life itself1 are grav] s9s ?an defamation4 7b7 ,defamation is less s9ful ?an injury to high] ext]nal goods p]petrat$ 9 a contemptu\s mann]1 = defamation be+ secret does n add insult to injury4 ,h5ce1 j z robb]y is m (f5sive ?an !ft1 s is contumely m s9ful ?an defamation4 7c7 ,defamation is m s9ful ?an injury to l[] ext]nal goods1 su* z l&s & money1 = fame along ) honor approa*es spiritual ?+s on acc\nt ( _! relation to virtue1 :]eas weal? is ( ! ord] ( corporeal ?+s4 ,h5ce1 ! ,scriptures tea* t a good "n is m important ?an great ri*es 7,prov41 xxii4 #a71 m endur+ ?an ?\s&s ( va/ & preci\s treasures 7,ecclus41 xli1 #ae74 #bjde4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! =ego+ comp>ison is bas$ on ! nature ( ! s9s comp>$1 = by reason ( circum/ances ! ord] giv5 may be rev]s$2 = example1 a slight indignity is less s]i\s ?an an outrage\s calumny1 ! !ft ( ?\s&s ( doll>s is f> m s9ful ?an ! circulation ( a ludicr\s /ory t is h>mful1 b only 9 a slight degree1 to ! reputation ( a neighbor 7cfr4 #bbj sqq474 #bjdf4 ,rule = ,det]m9+ ! ,s]i\sness ( ,defamation4--,! rule = det]m9+ :e!r ! matt] ( defamation is s]i\s or n is ! am\nt ( h>m done by ! defamation1 & h5ce n "o b sev]al factors h to be consid]$4 7a7 ,?us1 ! defect ascrib$ to ! neighbor has to be consid]$1 = "s k9ds ( defects 7e4g41 littl5ess ( body or prodigality7 are less disgraceful ?an o!rs 7e4g41 dw>fi%ness ( m9d or s\l or nigg>dl9ess71 & x is m h>mful to reveal "o mortal s9 ?an to reveal a hundr$ v5ial s9s4 7b7 ,! p]son defam$ is to be consid]$1 = imput$ defects t are n h>mful to "o p]son may be h>mful to ano!r 7e4g41 ! *>ge ( be+ a top] might be consid]$ praise among p]sons ( gay or r\gh habits1 b x w\ld be reg>d$ z disgraceful among s]i\s & ref9$ p]sons74 7c7 ,! p]son :o defames is also to be consid]$1 = little att5tion is paid to ! talk ( "s1 b mu* weight is giv5 to ! slighte/ words ( o!rs4 ,inde$1 "s p]sons' condemnation is equival5t to praise4 7d7 ,f9ally1 ! p]sons be=e :om ! defamation is spok5 are to be consid]$1 = ev]yone kn[s t x is mu* m h>mful & dang]\s to speak ill ( o!rs be=e c]ta9 ones ?an be=e o!rs 7cfr4 #adfa1 #adfb74 #bjdg4 ,! ,h>m ,done by ,reason ( ! ,defects ,reveal$4--7a7 ,if ! defects are natural imp]fections ( s\l or body t d n connote moral /a9 or turpitude1 & if no great detrim5t is caus$ by revelation 7e4g41 to say t ano!r p]son is deaf1 hun*back$1 a begg>1 or d5se71 disclosure is n 9 itself s]i\s1 or ev5 s9ful2 = little or no h>m is done1 & ! defects are ( su* a "* t !y c be readily discov]$ by obs]vation4 ,b if ! defects are v ignom9i\s or h>mful1 defamation is a grave s9 7e4g41 to say t a v di/+ui%$ p]son is illegitimate1 or ( a mix$ race1 or t 8 imm$iate relative 0 a crim9al74 7b7 ,if ! defects are relat$ to moral /a91 b d n imply x1 revelation ( !m is n a grave s91 provid$ no great loss is caus$ by x 7e4g41 to say t a p]son is scrupul\s ab\t himself1 or has c]ta9 peccadillos or human imp]fections74 ,if a %ortcom+ is usually und]/ood z a prop5sity r ?an z a fault 7e4g41 quick temp]1 high-/rung disposition1 pride1 clos5ess ) money71 !re is little if any h>m done by speak+ ( x4 ,b if ! defects m5tion$ are su* z imply or ins9uate actual moral lapses 7e4g41 to say t a p]son has a v5]eal disease & ! cause is unkn[n1 or t he has delirium trem5s or morph9ism1 or is ( a v passionate nature71 ! revelation is defamatory & m or less s9ful4 7c7 ,if ! defects are moral1 he :o reveals !m is guilty ( s9ful defamation4 ,b ! h>m done by ! imputation ( moral guilt is great] 9 "s cases & less 9 o!rs4 ,"s s9s are m disgraceful f _! degradation 7e4g41 c>nal s9s1 see #bbd71 & f ?is po9t ( view x is worse to accuse a neighbor ( gluttony or sexual irregul>ity ?an ( pride4 ,"s s9s 7e4g41 solicitation1 sodomy7 are especially he9\s 9 ! eyes ( ! law & produce legal infamy1 because !y are m h>mful to ! public or m subject to public contempt 7see ,canons #bcbj1 #bcbh1 #bcdc1 #bcea1 #bcef1 #bceg74 ,!re are also "s defamations t are less h>mful to reputation1 b m damag+ to mat]ial prosp]ity 7e4g41 x is usually m hurtful to ! prospects ( a p]son 9 bus9ess to be *>g$ ) incompet5cy1 di%one/y1 or c>elessness ?an to be *>g$ ) religi\s indiff]5ce or impurity74 ,f9ally1 !re are gradations 9 ! malice ( ! same k9ds ( s9 7see #aig71 z 9 ! angry ?\ght1 ! angry ^w1 ! angry de$1 9 tips9ess & drunk5ness1 9 occasional & habitual ly+1 etc4 #bjdh4 ,is x s9ful to n>rate ! secret faults ( ano!r1 if at ! same "t "o tells ( 8 rep5tance & am5dm5t8 7a7 ,if ! infamy rema9s 9 spite ( ! rem>ks ab\t a *ange ( life = ! bett] 7z is g5]ally ! case71 ! n>rator is guilty ( s9ful detraction4 ,?us1 x is v h>mful to "o 9 an exalt$ position if x is giv5 out t he 0 at "o "t bibaci\s1 b succe$$ 9 ?or\ghly cur+ 8 appetite4 ,! same pr9ciple applies to ^? :o praise 9 "o matt] & detract 9 ano!r 7e4g41 by /at+ t a p]son is v le>n$1 b also v di%one/74 7b7 ,if ! infamy does n rema91 because ! atonem5t is s extraord9>y z to make ! he>]s ?9k little or no?+ ab\t ! fault1 ! n>rator is n guilty ( s9ful detraction4 ,?us1 x is n detraction to n>rate t a sa9t 0 s griev$ ov] a lie he told t he did lifelong p5ance = x1 or t a p]son :o 0 once lukew>m--a ?+ t is q common--has 9 lat] ye>s become f]v5t 9 an uncommon degree4 ,b ! /igma t atta*es to uncommon s9s or c>nal s9s is h>dly ov]come by ! m5tion ( rep5tance1 unless ! p]son spok5 ( is already long dead or is "o f :om v little is expect$4 #bjdi4 ,! ,h>m ,done by ,reason ( ! ,p]son ,defam$4--7a7 ,s]i\s faults are sometimes attribut$ to c]ta9 p]sons )\t s]i\s s91 because1 on acc\nt ( ! life l$ by ^! p]sons or ! notoriety !y h already a*iev$1 !y suff] no s]i\s detrim5t :5 defects l to ^? already kn[n are *>g$ aga9/ !m4 ,?us1 if x is well kn[n t a p]son keeps company ) a fa/ set or consorts ) a t\gh gang1 he suff]s little if "o reveals t he uses pr(anity1 gambles1 dr9ks to excess1 etc42 & if x is kn[n t a p]son has ^! vices1 he is n h>m$ mu* by m5tion ( a p>ticul> in/ance or by ! additional report t he has be5 arre/$ = *eat+ & disord]ly conduct4 ,b ! case is diff]5t if defects unlike ^? already kn[n are *>g$ 7e4g41 if "o says ( a p]son kn[n z a li> t he is also a ?ief71 unless ! p]son spok5 ( has s black a "n z an all-ar\nd *eat t no new crime *>g$ to 8 acc\nt c give a deep] dye to 8 reputation4 7b7 ,light faults or acts t are n s9ful 9 !mselves are sometimes matt] ( grave defamation :5 spok5 ( c]ta9 p]sons1 namely1 :5 s mu* is expect$ f ^! p]sons t ev5 m9or defects are s]i\s blots on _! fame4 ,?us1 to say t a layman is a confirm$ li> or loves ! opposite sex might be only a v5ial s9 or no s9 at all1 b ! same /atem5ts ab\t a grave cl]ic w\ld be s]i\sly defamatory4 #bjej4 ,defamation supposes t ! p>ty :o is injur$ is 9 possession ( a good "n4 ,b x is possible t ! same individual :o enjoys a good "n 9 "o place or "t1 has a bad "n 9 ano!r place or "t4 ,h5ce1 a numb] ( special cases on defamation pres5t !mselves = consid]ation4 7a7 ,?us1 !re is ! case 9 :i* a p]son :o has a good "n "h is juridically infam\s else:]e2 t is1 he has lo/ 8 good "n else:]e ?r\gh a f9al & valid s5t5ce1 conviction1 or confession made 9 a public trial 7see ,canon #baig74 7b7 ,!re is ! case 9 :i* a p]son :o has a good "n "h is actually infam\s else:]e1 t is1 8 crime is kn[n to s _m p]sons !re t x is morally impossible to keep x secret or excuse x4 7c7 ,!re is ! case 9 :i* a p]son :o has a good "n n[ 0 9 bad repute =m]ly2 t is1 8 bad "n ( ! pa/ has be5 =gott5 or has be5 oblit]at$ by _m ye>s ( good liv+4 #bjea4 ,mean+ ( ! ,expression 8,infam\s 9 a ,c]ta9 ,place40--7a7 ,! place ref]r$ to is ei!r a clos$ community 7e4g41 a mona/]y1 a college1 a family7 or an op5 community 7e4g41 a village1 a neighborhood1 a p>i%1 a t[n1 a city72 7b7 ! notoriety ref]r$ to is ei!r univ]sal 7i4e4 kn[n to all ! community71 or g5]al 7i4e41 kn[n to ! great] "p ( ! community71 or suffici5t 7i4e41 kn[n to s _m & su* talkative p]sons t ! :ole community w %ortly be made to %>e 9 x74 ,a crime kn[n only to "o or two1 or to a small circle ( ,*ri/ian-liv+ p]sons1 is n notori\s4 #bjeb4 ,numb] ( ,p]sons ,:o ,are ,requir$ = ,suffici5t ,notoriety4--7a7 ,"s au?ors assign c]ta9 def9ite figures = ?is purpose--= example1 9 a clos$ community ( ?irty or a hundr$ memb]s a fact is notori\s if kn[n to sev5 or fifte52 9 a neighborhood ( =ty p]sons1 if x is kn[n to eight individuals f diff]5t families2 9 a village ^: population is "o ?\s&1 if x is kn[n to tw5ty "h & !re2 9 a t[n ( five ?\s& p1 if x is kn[n to =ty "h & !re4 7b7 ,o!r au?ors hold t no inv>iable rule c be giv51 b t 9 ea* case ! matt] has to be det]m9$ by a prud5t judgm5t bas$ on ! "* ( ! crime1 ! quality ( ! guilty p]son & ( ! p]sons pres5t at ! "t1 ! publicity ( ! place1 etc4 ,?us1 if ! crime 0 committ$ 9 "s c5tral spot f :i* news 0 quickly dissem9at$1 a small] numb] ( spectators w\ld make a de$ notori\s 9 ! surr\nd+ t]ritory4 #bjec4 ,publicity ( ,commission or ,report4-,actual infamy or disrepute is produc$ ei!r by ! publicity ( ! crime or by ! publicity ( ! report4 7a7 ,?us1 a crime has publicity 9 its commission :5 x 0 done 9 a public place 7e4g41 on ! /reet1 9 a public room7 or 9 a private place b be=e a consid]able numb] ( p]sons1 or :5 its indications 7 publicly giv5 7e4g41 by a confession1 by ma9t5ance ( a suspect$ woman 9 "o's home71 or :5 x 0 submitt$ to public notice or judgm5t 7e4g41 ! acts ( "o 9 public (fice1 ! words ( "o :o deliv]s a public address1 ! de$s ( "o :o boa/s ab\t !m74 7b7 ,a crime has publicity 9 its report1 :5 x is widely kn[n1 :e!r due to ! talk ( ! p1 or to presumptions or suspicions4 #bjed4 ,revelation ab\t a ,p]son ,:o ,is ,juridically 9 ,disrepute ,else:]e4--7a7 ,?is exposure is n contr>y to commutative ju/ice1 accord+ to ! common op9ion1 = ! condemnation deprives ! crim9al ( 8 "r to fame 7z reg>ds ! matt] 9 :i* he is f\nd guilty7 9 all places1 & x is (t5 to ! int]e/ ( ! public to "k :o has be5 convict$ ( crime else:]e4 ,exception %\ld be made = ! case 9 :i* a trial is conduct$ secretly 9 ord] to sp>e ! reputation ( ! condemn$1 z :5 a corporation expels "o ( its memb]s aft] a he>+ & an unfavorable vote 7see #bjeg74 7b7 ,?is revelation is contr>y to *>ity :5 x deprives a p]son )\t reason ( ! good fame :i* he possesses & :i* he w\ld n o!rwise h lo/2 = we %\ld love our neighbor z ourselves4 ,example3 ,balbus s]v$ a t]m 9 jail 9 ! t[n ( ,a1 on acc\nt ( drunk5ness4 ,he !n mov$ to ! di/ant t[n ( ,b & by 8 good conduct built up an excell5t reputation4 ,claudius f ,a arrives & malici\sly spreads ar\nd ! news t ,balbus _h be5 once 9 jail = drunk5ness4 ,claudius s9s gravely aga9/ *>ity4 #bjee4 ,revelation ab\t a ,p]son ,:o ,is ,actually 9 ,disrepute ,else:]e4--,if ! p]son 9 "q w 9 all likelihood soon lose ! reputation he has "h1 ! foll[+ cases mu/ be consid]$3 7a7 if ! disrepute is bas$ on ! publicity ( a misde$1 ! revelation is n oppos$ to commutative ju/ice2 = he :o s9s publicly !reby resigns 8 "r to reputation z reg>ds all ^? p]sons & places to :i* k ( 8 del9qu5cy is likely to arrive4 ,! revelation is aga9/ *>ity1 h[ev]1 if !re is no suffici5t reason = x2 b s9ce ! news w\ld be soon br\ght hi!r f o!r s\rces1 no great h>m is done & no s]i\s s9 committ$ by ! revelation2 7b7 if ! disrepute is bas$ on public rumor & ! rumor is unju/1 revelation1 accord+ to "s1 is oppos$ to commutative ju/ice1 s9ce x is no?+ b a cont9uation & ext5sion ( ! orig9al injury4 ,o!rs hold t1 unless "o kn[s ! rumor to be false1 revelation is n unju/ 9 ?is case1 s9ce1 z is suppos$1 ! reveal] 0 n ! au?or ( ! rumor1 & ^? to :om he spoke w\ld h le>n$ x %ortly ev5 )\t him4 ,( c\rse1 if ! p]son ab\t :om ! revelation is made suff]s "s consid]able damage by reason ( ! e>ly loss ( 8 good "n1 ! p]son :o makes ! revelation unnecess>ily is guilty ( s]i\s s94 ,& rumor %\ld nev] be repres5t$ z an e/abli%$ fact4 #bjef4 ,if ! revelation is made ab\t "o :o is actually 9 disrepute else:]e1 b :o is 9 little dang] on t acc\nt ( los+ ! good "n :i* he has "h1 op9ions diff] reg>d+ ! ext5t ( ! guilt4 7a7 ,"s hold t revelation 9 ?is case is a grave s9 aga9/ *>ity1 s9ce 9 a s]i\s matt] x sadd5s a neighbor1 & ?us violates ! rule ( love to d unto o!rs z we w\ld h !m d unto u2 & o!rs add t x is also a grave s9 aga9/ ju/ice1 if ! p>ty spok5 aga9/ is solicit\s ab\t 8 fame1 s9ce x deprives him )\t reason ( a great good to :i* he is entitl$ on acc\nt ( undi/urb$ possession4 7b7 ,o!rs hold t ?is revelation is n a grave s91 ei!r aga9/ ju/ice 7s9ce ! "r ( ! community to "k ab\t crimes t 7 committ$ else:]e prevails ov] ! "r ( ! individual7 or aga9/ *>ity 7s9ce *>ity does n oblige "u grave inconv5i5ce74 7c7 ,o!rs aga9 di/+ui% betwe5 diff]5t cases1 ,?us1 "s say t1 if ! crime 9 "q is "o t is v detrim5tal to ! public 7e4g41 murd]1 treason1 :ite slave traffic1 sc&al\s impurity71 ! op9ion "u 7b7 is true2 :]eas1 if x is "o t is n ( t "* 7e4g41 drunk5ness 9 a private p]son71 ! op9ions "u 7a7 are true4 ,"s also di/+ui% 9 ! case ( non-p]nici\s del9qu5cies betwe5 ^? t are notori\s else:]e by reason ( ! public way 9 :i* s9 0 committ$ & ^? t are notori\s only on acc\nt ( rumor2 9 ! =m] case1 !y say1 ! manife/ation is n unju/1 =1 al?\gh public good does n call = x1 ! guilty p]son himself has =feit$ 8 "r by ! public mann] 9 :i* he s9n$2 b 9 ! latt] case x may easily be unju/ 7see previ\s p>agraph74 ,! m]e fact1 h[ev]1 t a fault :i* conta9s no ?reat to ! public welf>e 0 committ$ 9 a public mann] does n seem to be a suffici5t reason = manife/ation 7e4g41 :5 x w injure a man 9 e>n+ a liv+ or 9 support+ 8 family71 & we believe t "o :o speaks ( su* a fault )\t necessity s9s aga9/ *>ity1 if n aga9/ ju/ice1 & t ! s9 is (t5 mortal4 #bjeg4 ,notoriety 9 a ,clos$ ,community4--,notoriety 9 a clos$ community is n absolute publicity1 & h5ce ! conclusions j giv5 on absolute publicity d n apply to clos$ communities4 7a7 ,?us1 if a fault is actually notori\s 9 a clos$ community1 ! memb]s may speak ab\t x to "o ano!r1 if !re is any suffici5t reason = ?is4 ,h5ce1 if ! majority ( ! memb]s ( a religi\s h\se "k ab\t a fault t has be5 committ$ !re1 x may be divulg$ to "o :o is 9 ignorance ab\t x = 8 in/ruction or w>n+4 ,simil>ly1 s]vants 9 a h\se may tell o!r dome/ics ab\t faults :i* are commonly kn[n 9 ! h\se4 7b7 ,if a fault is notori\s 9 a clos$ community b n outside1 ! memb]s z a rule may n speak or write ab\t x to outsid]s )\t inju/ice1 = g5]ally speak+ !re is no reason aris+ f necessity or utility = su* a revelation4 ,moreov]1 ! community itself suff]s 9 repute f su* disclosures1 s9ce outsid]s w be impress$ ) ! ?\ght t ! community has wick$ memb]s or is lax1 & t !re is a lack ( unity among !m4 ,to c>ry /ories f "o mona/]y or h\se to ano!r 7ev5 ( ! same ,ord]7 is a =m ( detraction to outsid]s1 accord+ to ,/4 ,alphonsus4 #bjeh4 ,revelation ab\t a ,p]son ,=m]ly 9 ,disrepute4--,:5 ! revelation conc]ns "o :o 0 9 disrepute =m]ly1 b :o has a good "n n[1 ei!r because 8 crime has be5 =gott5 or because he has liv$ x d[n1 a di/9ction mu/ be made betwe5 juridical & actual notoriety4 7a7 ,if ! =m] disrepute 0 juridical notoriety1 ! revelation ( x is n unju/1 s9ce condemnation pron\nc$ 9 a c\rt ( law gives ! "r to o!rs to make ! s5t5ce kn[n 9 any place or at any "t2 b m probably x is mortally un*>itable1 if made )\t necessity1 s9ce x h>ms ! o!r p]son or 8 family 9 ! reputation :i* he has hone/ly recov]$1 ?us depriv+ him ( a good mo/ useful to him & hurtful to no "o else4 7b7 ,if ! =m] disrepute 0 actual notoriety only1 ! revelation is un*>itable1 accord+ to all1 s9ce x does n obs]ve ! gold5 rule ( do+ to o!rs z we w\ld be done by4 ,_m hold t x is also unju/1 s9ce an oblit]at$ crime is ! same z an occult crime1 :i* _c be divulg$ )\t inju/ice 7see #bjfg74 ,moreov]1 ! p]son :o has built up = himself a new reputation has a "r to x1 & by ! revelation ( ! old reputation ?is "r is infr+$1 inasmu* z 8 pres5t good "n is also lo/ or made useless4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! common good sometimes makes exceptions1 & ?us x is n =bidd5 to hi/orians to make revelations ab\t happ5+s t ?r[ a new & unfavorable light on ! y\? or e>li] ye>s ( p]sons no long] liv+ 7see #bjgb ,sqq474 #bjei4 ,case 9 ,:i* ! ,"n ( ! ,p]son ,defam$ ,is ,n ,giv54--7a7 ,if !re is no?+ to indicate ! individual & no reflection is ca/ on a body to :i* he belongs1 p] se no s9 is committ$4 ,h5ce1 if "o says1 8,a c]ta9 p]son :om we %all call ,balbus /ole a %eep10 !re is no defamation 9 ! n>rative1 ev5 ?\gh a real happ5+ is describ$4 ,simil>ly1 if "o says t 9 ! city :]e he is speak+ !re are _m crim9als1 or t ev5 among 8 num]\s auditors !re are d\btless "s :o are liv+ 9 mortal s91 !re is no defamation4 7b7 ,if !re is some?+ to indicate ! individual meant1 or if reflection is ca/ on a body to :i* ! individual belongs1 s9 is committ$ by ! rem>ks4 ,h5ce1 if ! n>rative ab\t ,balbus & ! /ol5 %eep w5t on to describe incid5ts s t ! he>]s c\ld easily p]ceive t ,balbus 0 a p]son kn[n to !m1 ?is p]son w\ld be injur$ 9 8 fame4 ,aga91 if "o /ates t 9 a c]ta9 city :i* "o names #ij ( ! m>ri$ p are addict$ to drunk5ness1 or t ! p>ty :o 0 guilty ( "s sc&al\s act 0 a memb] ( a ,religi\s ,in/itute1 h>m is br\ght directly ^u individuals or damage is done to societies4 ,x is true t an organization is n really discr$it$ by ! misde$s ( "o ( its memb]s1 b 9 popul> op9ion v (t5 ! disgrace ( "o is ! disgrace ( all4 #bjfj4 ,defamation ( ,deceas$ & ,legal ,p]sons4--7a7 ,defamation ( ! dead1 :e!r !y be long or only rec5tly dead1 is s9ful p] se1 s9ce ! dep>t$ are capable ( a glori\s or +lori\s memory1 & x is reasonable t "o %\ld wi% "o's good "n to be respect$ aft] "o's dea?1 bo? = "o's own sake & = ! sake ( o!rs4 ,h5ce ! say+1 8,de mortuis nil nisi bonum40 ,b p] accid5s x is n s9ful to make revelations ab\t ! dead :5 ?is is necess>y = hi/orical tru? 7see #bjgb sqq474 ,defamation ( ! dead 9 itself is less s9ful ?an defamation ( ! liv+1 s9ce ! dead h less ne$ ( a good reputation2 b circum/ances may be su* t "o :o defames a dead p]son does s]i\s h>m & commits a mortal s94 7b7 ,defamation ( legal p]sons is also s9ful p] se1 s9ce ^! bodies possess along ) o!r rights ( natural p]sons ! "r to a good "n4 ,public e/eem is v necess>y = !m1 & !y are protect$ 9 _! enjoym5t ( x by ! laws4 ,?us1 x is injuri\s to /ate t a c]ta9 ,religi\s ,ord] or mona/]y or diocese is relax$1 or t a c]ta9 bus9ess corporation is n well manag$4 ,b p] accid5s x is n s9ful to make revelations ab\t organizations1 :5 !re is a suffici5t reason = ! revelation 7see #bjfg74 ,= example1 if a political p>ty is prey+ on ! citiz5s1 or if a m]cantile h\se is practis+ frauds1 ! common good w\ld require "o to make ^! facts kn[n4 ,nei!r is x s9ful to m5tion faults or defects t are notori\s1 = example1 t a c]ta9 gov]nm5t is w>like1 t a c]ta9 p is backw>d1 t a c]ta9 gr\p is devot$ to errone\s pr9ciples or practices 7,tit41 i4 #ab74 #bjfa4 ,! ,h>m ,done by ,reason ( ! ,p]son ( ! ,defam]4--7a7 ,! p]son ( ! defam] increases ! h>m :5 8 au?ority is great]4 ,a p]son :o is suppos$ to be bett] in=m$ 7e4g41 "o :o reports t he 0 an eyewitness ( ! ev5t he n>rates71 or :o enjoys a bett] reputation = tru? 7e4g41 "o :o is 9 an (ficial position1 or :o is ?\ght to be hone/ & dis9t]e/$71 does m h>m by defamation ?an ano!r ^: au?ority is weak4 7b7 ,! p]son ( ! defam] decreases ! h>m :5 8 au?ority is less4 ,h5ce1 ^? :o give out unfavorable reports ab\t o!rs ) res]vations 7su* z 8p]haps10 8x is n impossible10 8x seems s1 b ,i w\ld n swe> to x10 etc471 & also ^? ^: weight z au?orities is light 7su* z talkative1 lightm9d$1 envi\s1 gossipy1 or untru?ful p]sons71 d less h>m ?an p]sons :o are held 9 high] repute4 ,! confessor %\ld n let ^! defam]s (f easily1 h[ev]1 s9ce _m ( !m act on ! pr9ciple t if en\gh mud is ?r[n1 no matt] h[ fooli% ! *>ges1 "s ( ! mud w /ick4 #bjfb4 ,"o ( ! commone/ =ms ( defamation is ! n>ration ( "s crime or defect at second h&1 z :5 ! defam] introduces 8 rem>ks z foll[s3 8,!y say10 or1 8,x is report$10 or1 8,i he>10 etc4 7a7 ,! mode ( defamation "h less5s ! s9 :5 x weak5s ! effect ( ! /ory ^u ! he>]s4 ,h5ce1 if "o says t ! talk ( ! t[n is t ,claudius is a heavy dr9k]1 & ! li/5]s ga!r f ?is only t !re is a vague rumor :i* _c be trac$ to any s\rce or be confirm$ by any fact & :i* is !re=e unreliable1 ! h>m is less4 7b7 ,! mode ( defamation "h does n less5 ! s9 :5 x does n weak5 ! impression ( ! /ory2 on ! contr>y1 x increases ! s9 :5 x adds /r5g? to ! /ory4 ,h5ce1 if "o says t ,claudius is said to be an excessive dr9k]1 & if f ! phras+ ! li/5]s w und]/& t ! report orig9at$ ) v good au?orities1 or t x is bas$ on g5]al k ( ! public1 ! h>m is great]4 ,ju/ice is violat$ if ! n>rative itself incl9es ! he>]s to s9i/] ?\ghts or suspicions1 = !n ! n>rator causes ! h>m2 *>ity alone may be violat$ if x is only ! "* ( ! li/5]s 7e4g41 _! suspici\s or frivol\s m9ds or _! own guilt7 t eng5d]s 9 !m evil op9ion1 = !n ! n>rator only occasions ! h>m 7cfr4 #addg1 #adfd74 #bjfc4 ,! ,h>m ,done by ,reason ( ! ,li/5]s4--7a7 ,! quality ( ! li/5]s makes a diff]5ce1 s9ce x may cause ! p]son defam$ to suff] m or less readily 9 _! eyes 7e4g41 if !y are suspici\s1 or prejudic$1 or cr$ul\s1 or guilty !mselves1 !y w m easily believe evil ab\t o!rs7 or 9 ! eyes ( o!rs 7e4g41 if ! li/5]s are newsmong]s or enemies ( ! p]son defam$1 ! spread ( ! defamatory /ory is m c]ta974 ,! loss itself may be great] or less on acc\nt ( ! "* or position ( ! li/5] 7e4g41 loss ( reputation ) a fri5d or a virtu\s p]son is felt m1 loss ( reputation ) cu/om]s or employ]s is m damag+1 etc474 7b7 ,! quantity ( ! li/5]s also makes a diff]5ce1 s9ce x is m h>mful1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 to be defam$ be=e sev]al ?an be=e "o4 ,h5ce1 ! fact t _m p]sons are pres5t :5 ! defamation is utt]$ is an aggravat+ circum/ance ( ! s94 ,:e!r x multiplies ! s9 num]ically1 s t "o commits z _m s9s ( defamation z !re are p]sons :o he> & are impress$1 is a disput$ po9t4 ,^? :o hold = multiplication argue t ! defam$ p]son has a di/9ct "r to 8 reputation ) ea* p]son pres5t2 ^? :o d5y multiplication cont5d t ! "r to reputation is a s+le object1 s9ce reputation is ! op9ion ( o!rs1 :e!r !y be _m or few4 ,?is latt] view seems to be m common1 & its practical be>+ is t a p5it5t ne$ n m5tion ! numb] ( p]sons be=e :om he defam$ 8 neighbor 7see #bag74 #bjfd4 ,is ! malice ( defamation aggravat$ by ! fact t ! li/5]s are peculi> & ?9k ! defect m5tion$ is f> m s]i\s ?an x really is8 7a7 ,if only ! h>m to reputation is consid]$1 x does n seem t ! ov]-/rict notions ( ! li/5]s increase ! s9fulness ( defamation2 = ! h>m to reputation is to be measur$ by ! common op9ion1 n by ! s+ul> ideas ( c]ta9 p]sons4 ,example3 ,sempronius tells t ,balbus wa/es a little "t 9 tell+ humor\s incid5ts & read+ detective /ories4 ,! small gr\p ( auditors ?9k t ?is is "o ( ! blacke/ ( crimes4 7b7 ,if o!r h>ms are tak5 into acc\nt1 ! peculi> ideas ( ! li/5] may add to ! s9fulness ( defamation4 ,?us1 if a "y p]son ( delicate consci5ce w be sc&aliz$ at he>+ t ,caius plays c>ds1 or if old] li/5]s w be l$ by ?is rem>k to take _! trade away f ,caius1 ! s9s ( sc&al & ( unju/ damage are add$ to defamation4 ,defamation (t5 de/roys 9 ! li/5] all fai? 9 humanity1 or all belief 9 religion4 #bjfe4 ,detraction to ,"o ,discreet ,p]son4--,is detraction a mortal s91 if ! revelation ( a s]i\s s9 is made )\t suffici5t reason b to only "o prud5t & discreet p]son1 :o w nei!r divulge ! in=mation1 nor be influ5c$ by x to ! h>m ( ! p>ty spok5 aga9/8 7a7 ,if ! purpose ( ! speak] is to inflict s]i\s injury on 8 neighbor1 mortal s9 is committ$1 s9ce ! gravity ( ! s9 is measur$ by ! malevol5ce ( ! w4 7b7 ,if ! purpose ( ! speak] is n to inflict s]i\s injury1 b only to indulge 8 love ( talk1 levity ( m9d1 etc41 ! gravity ( ! s9 dep5ds on ! actual h>m t is done2 = "o wills indirectly ! h>m connect$ ) "o's acts1 ev5 :5 "o does n desire x directly 7see #ajb74 ,h5ce1 if ! h>m is 9 fact s]i\s1 mortal s9 is incurr$ by ! detractor1 unless he is excus$ f x by ! imp]fection ( 8 delib]ation or cons5t4 ,h[ mu* h>m1 !n1 is done 9 ?is case8 ,mo/ morali/s1 x seems1 ?9k grave h>m is done1 s9ce ! loss ( good "n ) "o prud5t man is g5]ally m di/a/eful ?an its loss ) _m light-m9d$ p]sons4 ,"s morali/s1 h[ev]1 diss5t f ?is view1 & hold t ! h>m done is small4 ,!y argue t ! loss ( good "n ) "o prud5t p]son 7exception be+ made = ! cases :5 he is ! "o p]son ^: e/eem is priz$ above t ( all o!rs1 or :5 ! crime reveal$ is an enorm\s or v degrad+ "o7 is n a great bl[ to reputation1 s9ce reputation consi/s 9 ! op9ion ( _m p]sons1 & s9ce a prud5t man w be incl9$ to help r ?an h>m "o :o has be5 defam$ 9 8 pres5ce4 ,! advocates ( ! fir/ op9ion appeal also to ! analogy ( contumely & ra% judgm5t1 = ^! two s9s are grave1 ev5 :5 ! loss ( honor or good op9ion is 9 respect to "o p]son only4 ,b _! adv]s>ies d5y ! assum$ p>ity3 =1 :ile contumely includes ! purpose to injure & ra% judgm5t includes ! imputation to ano!r ( a defect ( :i* he is n guilty or n kn[n to be guilty1 ! detraction n[ consid]$ is innoc5t bo? ( design to injure & ( calumny4 ,bo? op9ions are probable1 b ! =m] seems to be m common & m likely4 #bjff4 ,belittl+ a ,p]son to ,himself4--,x is n impossible to belittle a p]son to himself1 = example1 to make him believe t lie is illegitimate1 t he is reg>d$ ) contempt by o!rs1 t 8 ability is m$iocre or 8 "* defective1 etc4 ,is ?is defamation1 or is x s9ful8 7a7 ,to l[] a p]son 9 8 own e/imation is n defamation 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 s9ce defamation is prop]ly an injury to ! reputation t "o has ) "o's neighbors or ) ! public1 n to ! op9ion "o has ( oneself4 ,?is s9 belongs r to d]ision 7see #bajf74 7b7 ,to l[] a p]son 9 8 own eyes is s9ful or n s9ful accord+ to ! purpose int5d$ or ! means employ$4 ,?us1 if a p>5t1 wi%+ to correct ! pride or presumption ( 8 son1 gives ! latt] a true picture ( 8 fail+s or limitations1 ! act is "o ( virtu\s correction4 ,b if an envi\s p]son1 wi%+ to produce a s5se ( inf]iority 9 ano!r1 deprives ! latt] ( rightful peace ( m9d & ( reasonable confid5ce 9 self1 *>ity & ju/ice are violat$ & !re is a duty ( re/itution4 #bjfg4 ,disclos+ ,matt]s ,detrim5tal to ,?ird ,p>ty4--,9 :at cases is x lawful to disclose to o!rs matt]s t w be detrim5tal to ! reputation ( a ?ird p>ty8 7a7 ,if ! communication is false1 x is nev] lawful1 no matt] h[ important ! reason2 = ! end does n ju/ify ! means4 ,x is s9ful1 !re=e1 to resort to calumny z a def5se ( "o's own reputation or dignity 7see #bjce1 #bjcf74 7b7 ,if ! communication is tru?ful & ! matt] is already well kn[n to ! p]sons address$1 !re is no defamation1 unless ! communication makes ^! p]sons /rongly conv9c$1 :]eas !y _h be5 r unc]ta9 be=e1 or reveals to !m "s important detail ab\t :i* !y _h be5 9 ignorance4 7c7 ,if ! communication is tru?ful1 b ! defects are secret & unkn[n to ! p>ties address$1 !re is defamation1 unless ! p]son ^: defects are reveal$ has lo/ 8 "r to good "n on acc\nt ( ! "r ( ano!r p]son :i* has prec$5ce & _c o!rwise be upheld 7cfr4 #bjce74 ,9 ?is latt] case !re is no obligation to ma9ta9 sil5ce1 nei!r f ju/ice 7s9ce ! less] "r mu/ yield to ! great] "r7 nor f *>ity 7s9ce ?is virtue does n oblige at ! co/ ( great inconv5i5ce74 ,?us1 ,our ,"l made kn[n to ! ,apo/les t ! ,ph>isees 7 hypocrites 7,luke1 xii1 #a2 ,matt41 xvi4 #f71 & ,/4 ,paul told ,timo?y t ,alex&] & ,hym5eus _h nei!r fai? nor a good consci5ce 7,i ,tim41 i4 #bj74 #bjfh4 ,rights t ,h ,prec$5ce ov] a ,false ,reputation4--7a7 ,! public good is to be pref]r$ to a false reputation1 = ! public welf>e is ! gr\nd = ! "r to su* reputation1 ! subject himself be+ unwor?y ( ! good "n he be>s 7see #bjcg74 ,x is "r1 !re=e1 to d5\nce crim9als or conspirators to ! prop] au?orities1 or to te/ify aga9/ !m4 ,employ]s h ! duty to discuss toge!r ! fail+s or imp]fections ( _! employees t int]f]e ) ! bus9ess2 subjects %\ld manife/ abuses ab\t :i* !y are ask$ 9 a canonical visitation2 /ud5ts 9 a college %\ld give in=mation ab\t companions :o are deprav+ ! morals ( ! /ud5t body or ex]cis+ an evil influ5ce on ! o!r resid5ts1 etc4 7b7 ,! private good ( innoc5t p>ties may be pref]r$ to ! fame ( "o :o enjoys a false reputation4 ,"o may reveal secret defects = "o's own def5se2 = example1 a p]son ^: life1 honor or prop]ty is be+ unju/ly attack$ may reveal s9s ( ! guilty 9 ord] to det] !m or weak5 _! au?ority2 a p]son :o has be5 injur$ by 8 sup]ior or ano!r p>ty may speak ( ?is to a fri5d = ! sake ( obta9+ consolation1 or to a confessor1 a lawy] or o!r advis] = ! sake ( obta9+ c\nsel or assi/ance4 ,"o may also reveal secret defects = ! protection ( o!rs2 = example1 "o %\ld put unsuspect+ p]sons on _! gu>d aga9/ s$uc]s1 impo/ors1 quacks2 "o %\ld reveal imp$im5ts t /& 9 ! way ( a m>riage1 or %\ld w>n a "y woman t ! man to :om %e is engag$ is a crim9al or diseas$2 "o %\ld make kn[n ! true au?or ( a crime = :i* an innoc5t p]son is ab\t to suff]2 "o %\ld tell ! tru? to inquir]s ab\t ! incompet5cy ( s]vants or o!r p]sons :om "o has employ$4 7c7 ,! high] good ( ! p]son ^: faults are reveal$ may also be pref]r$ to ! l[] good ( 8 false reputation2 = x is to 8 int]e/ t 8 high] good be promot$1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( an inf]ior good4 ,x is lawful to tell p>5ts ab\t ! misde$s ( _! *ildr5 7e4g41 t a daught] is involv$ 9 a sc&al\s liaison71 9 ord] t ! latt] may be correct$2 or to speak to ! fri5ds ( wayw>d p]sons ab\t ! misconduct ( ! latt] 9 ord] t pray]s may be said = _! conv]sion4 #bjfi4 ,unlawful ,attack on ,ano!r's ,false ,reputation4--,if ! false reputation ( ano!r is n ! unju/ cause ( a loss t is fe>$1 x is n "r to deprive him ( 8 good "n4 ,examples3 7a7 ,x is n lawful to accuse a p]son :o is ab\t to be promot$ to "s (fice or dignity ( :i* he is wor?y1 if ! motive ( ! accusation is to secure ! honor = oneself or "o's fri5d2 o!rwise ambiti\s p]sons w\ld be enc\rag$ to practise spy+1 manufactur+ ( evid5ce1 etc41 & ! public peace w\ld be greatly di/urb$4 7b7 ,x is n lawful to accuse a p]son :o is giv+ "o no (f5se1 if ! motive ( ! accusation is to di/ract att5tion f oneself or to make oneself %9e by ! comp>ison4 #bjgj4 ,conditions t ,ju/ify ,revelation ( ,ano!r's ,defects4--,9 reveal+ defects on acc\nt ( "s necess>y good1 "o mu/ obs]ve ! conditions = an act ( d\ble result 7see #ajc74 7a7 ,?us1 ! action itself mu/ n be evil1 & h5ce "o may n break ! seal ( secrecy to :i* "o is b\nd 7z w be said 9 ! next ,article 9 discuss+ violations ( secrets71 nor make use ( k unju/ly acquir$1 nor reveal m or to m p]sons ?an ! case dem&s1 nor reveal any?+1 if a w>n+ to ! (f5d] w suffice 7see #abhf74 7b7 ,! good result mu/ be int5d$1 & ! evil result ( detrim5t to fame mu/ be only p]mitt$4 ,^? :o assign pi\s motives 7pity1 zeal1 s9c]ity7 = talk aga9/ a neighbor1 b :o are really actuat$ by hatr$1 rev5ge1 ambition to defeat a rival1 or o!r l passion1 s9 on acc\nt ( _! wrong int5tion4 ,a hypocritical =m ( defamation is practis$ by "s p]sons ext]iorly dev\t1 :o "u ! pretext ( ask+ pray]s = _! neighbor's conv]sion spread /ories ab\t ^? :om !y dislike4 7c7 ,! reason = p]mitt+ ! evil mu/ be suffici5tly weighty4 ,h5ce1 ! good result int5d$ mu/ be "o t is likely to foll[ on ! revelation1 & x mu/ be ( "s importance2 = x w\ld be cruel to ?r[ away a neighbor's good "n on ! m]e possibility t a consid]able good w\ld be secur$1 or on ! c]ta9ty t only a slight b5efit w\ld be obta9$4 ,x does seem1 h[ev]1 t ! good :i* is hop$ = mu/ be ( an equal dignity ) ! good ( fame1 s9ce ! innoc5t & ! guilty p>ty are n on ! same foot+1 & fur!rmore all admit1 = example1 t ! fame ( an employee :o is /eal+ f 8 employ] is n to be pref]r$ to ! goods ( ! employ]4 ,9 d\bt ab\t ! s]i\sness ( ! evil foll[+ on revelation1 ! innoc5t p>ty is to be favor$4 #bjga4 ,revelations ab\t ,public ,(ficials or ,c&idates = ,public ,(fice4--7a7 ,^! are lawful :5 ! public good calls = !m 7e4g41 :5 a man has us$ corrupt practices 9 ord] to be elect$1 or :5 he is incompet5t1 or :5 he has be5 guilty ( malfeasance 9 (fice71 & ! conditions ( ! previ\s p>agraph are obs]v$4 7b7 ,^! revelations are unlawful :5 ! public good suff]s f !m 7e4g41 :5 ! safety or dignity ( society itself w\ld be injur$ by attacks on ! head ( gov]nm5t71 or :5 ! due conditions are n obs]v$ 7e4g41 :5 "o resorts to p]sonalities ab\t a des]v+ public (ficial1 or practises muckrak+ because ( m]e prejudice or p>tisan%ip74 ,! law p]mits fair comm5t on public p]sons or works1 b x also grants an action = criticism t conta9s unfair asp]sions ( p]sonal "* or unju/ accusations ab\t public conduct4 #bjgb4 ,revelations ab\t ,hi/orical ,p]sonages4--7a7 ,^! revelations are n lawful unless !re is a proportionate reason t ju/ifies !m4 ,= hi/orians !re are suffici5t reasons to n>rate imp>tially ! crimes z well z ! virtues ( ^? :o appe> 9 _! pages4 ,^! reasons are3 ! nature ( hi/ory z a record ( facts & causes 78! fir/ law ( hi/ory is t x d>e n tell any untru?1 t x fe> n to tell any tru?10 ,leo ,,xiii72 ! rights ( ! p]sons :o are treat$ 9 ! annals 7e4g41 x is (t5 impossible to und]/& ! de$s ( "o "* 9 hi/ory or to d him ju/ice unless ! secret crime ( ano!r "* is reveal$72 ! rights ( ! read]s 7e4g41 ! read] has ! "r to "k t ! p]secutors ( religion h be5 wick$ 9 _! p]sonal lives74 ,! hi/orian1 !re=e1 may se>* = mat]ial be>+ on ! lives & de$s ( hi/orical p]sonages ( ! pa/1 he may collect simil> mat]ial relat+ to curr5t ev5ts1 he may n>rate defects or del9qu5cies ( ! pa/ t 7 unkn[n or =gott54 ,b matt]s ( a purely private "* t h no be>+ on public ev5ts d n belong1 accord+ to "s morali/s1 to ! legitimate prov9ce ( ! hi/orian2 = o!rwise !re w\ld be an end to ! rights ( ! dead ov] _! fame4 ,moreov]1 !re is ! risk ( calumny & ( violation ( elem5t>y ju/ice1 s9ce ! hi/orian is a self-appo9t$ judge & ! p]son condemn$ is n able to def5d himself4 7b7 ,^! hi/orical revelations are n lawful unless ! conditions m5tion$ 9 #bjgj are obs]v$4 ,?us1 a hi/orian %\ld n write d[n details t 7 told him 9 confid5ce by a p]son long s9ce dead2 he %\ld n be sway$ ei!r by unreasonable likes or unreasonable dislikes 9 ! expression ( 8 views2 he %\ld n publi% :at w cause h>m r ?an good1 su* z circum/ances 9 ! lives ( p]sons rec5tly deceas$ :i*1 if reveal$1 w be detrim5tal to liv+ p]sons4 #bjgc4 ,x is n always easy to det]m9e :e!r m h>m is likely to result if ! p]sons ^: glory is dimm$ are high 9 public e/eem on acc\nt ( ! pre/ige ( _! (fice or _! great exploits4 ,mu* w dep5d on circum/ances & on ! au?or's mann] ( treatm5t4 7a7 ,?us1 p] se1 or f ! nature ( ?+s1 x does n cause great] h>m to n>rate tru? ab\t ! imp]fections ( great m51 = only error or prejudice or evil has reason to fe> ! tru?4 ,! inspir$ ,scriptures !mselves deal c&idly ) ! public fail+s ( p]sonages :o 7 high 9 religi\s or civil position1 = example1 ! hesitation ( ,moses1 ! infidelity ( ,a>on1 ! fall ( ,k+ ,david1 ! disob$i5ce ( ! prophet ,jonas1 ! d5ials ( ,pet]1 ! d\bts ( ,?omas1 ! treason ( ,judas4 ,^! hi/ories are n h>mful1 b1 on ! contr>y1 conta9 mo/ useful lessons ( in/ruction1 w>n+ & direction4 7b7 ,p] accid5s1 or on acc\nt ( special conditions1 x may be m h>mful to write ( ! fail+s ( ! great 7cfr4 #ajja74 ,?us1 ! class ( p]sons = :om "o is writ+ may be immature 7e4g41 a textbook ( hi/ory = *ildr5 w\ld give sc&al if x spoke op5ly ( sexual crimes71 ! conditions ( ! "t may be unfavorable 7e4g41 a new hi/orical production might lead to injury to "s class ( p]sons at a "t ( great prejudice aga9/ !m71 ! total effect ( a book may be bad 7e4g41 *ronicles ( sc&als1 hi/orical biographies or novels or plays writt5 9 a s$uctive mann]74 ,! class ( mod]n writ]s kn[n z 8debunk]s10 ^: aim x is to de/roy all h]o-wor%ip1 (f5d aga9/ tru? & ideals by ! prom95ce !y give to evil1 :ile ! s-call$ psy*ological hi/orians are frequ5tly purely subjective z well z immoral4 #bjgd4 ,revelations ab\t ,p]sons ,:o ,figure 9 ! ,news ( ! ,day4--7a7 ,if ! matt]s reveal$ are ( a public nature1 ! lawfulness or unlawfulness ( ! revelation w dep5d on ! reasons = x & ! mann] 9 :i* x is giv54 ,9 discuss+ political affairs1 a newspap] has ! "r to call att5tion to mi/akes & faults ( public m51 s9ce ! fre$om ( ! press 9 ?is respect is a protection to lib]ty & to progress1 & ^? :o ent] public life implicitly cons5t to criticism ( _! conduct2 9 report+ ! news1 a newspap] has ! "r to speak ( murd]s1 robb]ies & o!r public crimes t h be5 committ$1 s9ce ! common good requires t ! au?ors ( public (f5ses be kn[n z su*4 ,b if ?is k9d ( news is diss]viceable 9 any in/ance to ! ord]1 peace or dignity ( ! community1 or if ! news is obta9$ 9 unju/ or di%onorable ways1 or if ! motive is m]ely to gratify curiosity1 to indulge prejudice1 or to make money1 ! newspap] managem5t is morally guilty1 ev5 ?\gh x may be legally )9 its "r4 ,yell[ j\rnalism & 8tabloidism0 are repreh5sible because !y are injuri\s to ! m9ds & morals ( _! read]s on acc\nt ( ! undue prom95ce giv5 to crime1 ev5 ( ! mo/ disgu/+ sort1 & ! appeal made to s5se & emotion r ?an to ?\ght4 7b7 ,x ! matt]s reveal$ are ( a private nature1 ! morality ( ! revelation has to be judg$ by ! pr9ciples giv5 9 #bjfg sqq4 ,x w\ld be wrong to make a practice ( spy+ into ! private life & affairs ev5 ( public p]sons m]ely to add int]e/ to "o's columns2 b if !re is "s really important advantage to ! public or to a private p]son t w be s]v$1 & if ! o!r conditions are obs]v$ 7see #bjgj71 "o may publi% ev5 private defects t are real & c]ta94 #bjge4 ,inju/ice 9 ,pr(essional ,critics4--7a7 ,inju/ice is done by pr(essional critics 7su* z book review]s1 dramatic & art critics1 & ! l7 to ! p]sons :o rely ^u _! op9ion1 if !re is a compact ) !m to give a compet5t & unbias$ judgm5t & ! compact is n liv$ up to by ! critic ) resultant damage to ! cli5t 7see #agic74 ,if !re is no compact1 ! critic is nev]!less guilty ( deception & un*>itabl5ess1 if he p]=ms 8 (fice c>elessly 7e4g41 by eulogiz+ a wor?less book or play or picture74 7b7 ,inju/ice is done ! p]son criticiz$1 if 8 "w is und]valu$ purposely 7e4g41 because ! critic is jeal\s1 or 9 an ill humor or is hir$ by o!rs to dispraise71 or if uncall$-= p]sonalities are indulg$ 9 at ! exp5se ( ! p]son's fame4 ,a c>p+ critic may by ! /roke ( ! p5 spoil ! "w ( ye>s1 & h5ce ignorance does n excuse ^? c5sors :o practise :olesale & unfair d5unciations 7see #ije74 #bjgf4 ,coop]ation 9 ,defamation4--,n only ! defam] s9s1 b also ^? :o coop]ate ) him4 ,among ! coop]ators ) defamation are ^? :o give ord]s = defamation1 ^? :o %[ h[ x c be done1 ^? :o protect defam]s1 & ^? :o p>ticipate 9 defamation by direct+ ! conv]sation to a c]ta9 subject or by jo9+ 9 ! criticisms4 ,! mo/ ord9>y =m ( p>ticipation 9 defamation is t ( ! li/5]1 = no "o defames successfully unless he has a sympa!tic li/5]4 ,^? :o li/5 to detraction 9 su* a way z to cons5t to :at is said %>e 9 ! guilt ( ! detraction4 ,?is happ5s z foll[s3 7a7 ! li/5] cons5ts directly to defamation :5 he spurs ! speak] on 7e4g41 by say+1 8,tell u ab\t ,s-&-,s10 by ins9c]ely prais+ an abs5t p]son 9 ord] to excite dispraise1 by nodd+ approv+ly1 *e]+1 or smil+1 by %[+ great m>ks ( favor to ^? :o br+ him news aga9/ o!rs or ( disfavor to ^? :o refuse to d ?is71 or :5 he rejoices int]nally at ! defamation he he>s1 because he hates ! victim3 7b7 ! li/5] cons5ts indirectly to defamation :5 he does n spur ! speak] on nor approve ( :at is said1 b omits to /op ! defamation or to prote/ aga9/ x1 :5 he c\ld & %\ld d "o or ! o!r ( ^! ?+s4 #bjgg4 ,s9fulness ( ,direct ,cons5t to ,defamation4--,! li/5] :o cons5ts directly %>es 9 ! guilt ( ! defam] accord+ to ! words ( ,/4 ,paul3 8,!y :o d su* ?+s 7detractors1 etc47 are wor?y ( dea?1 & n only !y t d !m1 b !y also t cons5t to !m t d !m0 7,rom41 i4 #cb71 ,inde$1 ,/4 ,b]n>d says t x is n easy to say :i* is m des]v+ ( condemnation1 to defame or to li/5 to defamation4 ,b we may di/+ui% z foll[s3 7a7 he :o spurs ! defam] on is m guilty ?an ! defam]4 ,?is li/5] s9s aga9/ ! detractor :om he sc&alizes by induc+ to s91 aga9/ ! detract$ :om he deprives ( 8 good "n4 ,?us1 he is bo? un*>itable to ! detractor & unju/ to ! detract$1 & is ! mov+ cause ( all ! h>m t is done 7cfr4 #bjfe72 7b7 he :o he>s ! defam] will+ly may be m guilty int]nally ?an ! defam]1 s9ce 8 hatr$ ( 8 neighbor & 8 love ( inju/ice may be m int5se2 b ext]nally 8 s9 is less1 s9ce1 z is suppos$1 he is n b\nd to resi/ ! defamation & he does n give any coop]ation to ! ext]nal inju/ice4 ,he s9s aga9/ ju/ice affectively 7i4e41 9 wi%71 b n effectively 7i4e41 9 ^w or de$74 #bjgh4 ,p]sons ,:o ,li/5 f ,curiosity4--,:at ( ^? li/5]s :o he> defamation will+ly1 n because !y approve ( ! h>m or evil t is be+ done1 b because !y are unusually curi\s or ! speak] is unusually int]e/+8 7a7 ,if ^! li/5]s c\ld & %\ld /op ! defamation1 !y cons5t to x indirectly by _! sil5ce & ?us are guilty 7cfr4 #bjgi74 7b7 ,if ^! li/5]s are n able or are n b\nd to /op ! defamation1 "s w\ld nev]!less hold !m guilty ( grave s91 s9ce !y wi% to he> some?+ only because ! k w give !m pleasure1 kn[+ all ! :ile t ?is k _c be _h except at ! exp5se ( ! good op9ion !y h ( a neighbor4 ,b ! g5]al view is t 9 ?is case !re is no grave s92 = ! li/5] does n approve ( ! moral evil 7he is int]e/$ only 9 ! graceful or eloqu5t or witty mann] ( ! speak]1 or ! /rang5ess ( ! ?+s relat$1 or he is only conc]n$ to he> ! late/ news1 cfr4 #bcd71 & :at he he>s does n cause ! l[]+ ( 8 neighbor 9 8 own op9ion4 ,b "h x is suppos$ t ! li/5] 9 no way enc\rages ! defamation & t he is n b\nd to /op x4 ,curiosity ab\t ?+s t d n conc]n "o is1 h[ev]1 a v5ial s94 #bjgi4 ,s9fulness ( ,indirect ,cons5t to ,defamation4--,! li/5] :o cons5ts indirectly to defamation by n imp$+ x z he %\ld is also guilty ( s91 & 9 ,scripture 8 conduct is /rongly =bidd53 8,h no?+ to d ) detractors0 7,prov41 xxiv4 #ba72 8,h$ge 9 ?y e>s ) ?orns1 he> n a wick$ tongue0 7,ecclus41 xxviii4 #bh74 7a7 ,x is commonly admitt$ t ! li/5] 9 "q s9s d\bly aga9/ *>ity1 & griev\sly if ! defamation is s]i\sly h>mful2 = he s9s aga9/ ! detractor by refus+ to give a bro!rly correction 7see #abeh sqq471 & he s9s also aga9/ ! "o detract$ by refus+ to raise 8 voice 9 behalf ( ! abs5t :o _c def5d himself4 7b7 ,x is also commonly admitt$ t1 if ! li/5] is ! sup]ior ( ! defam] or ( ! p]son defam$1 he s9s m gravely1 s9ce he is specially b\nd to correct 8 subject :o is detract+ 9 8 pres5ce1 or to def5d 8 abs5t subject :o is be+ defam$4 ,if ! li/5] is a private p]son n responsible = ! defam$ p]son's reputation1 he does n s9 aga9/ ju/ice by 8 indirect cons5t to ! defamation4 ,inde$1 ! inf]iors or equals ( ! defam] r>ely s9 gravely by _! neglect+ to oppose 8 defamatory rem>ks4 #bjhj4 ,guilt ( ,sup]ior ,:o ,cons5ts to ,defamation4--,is ! sup]ior :o indirectly cons5ts to defamation ( a non-subject by a subject guilty !reby ( inju/ice8 7a7 ,z reg>ds ! spiritual injury 7i4e41 ! guilt ( s9 incurr$ by ! defam]71 ! sup]ior is guilty ( inju/ice t[>ds 8 subject1 if by reason ( 8 (fice or contract he is b\nd to correct faults & neglects to d s4 ,?us1 a bi%op or pa/or is support$ by 8 p1 & !re is at lea/ an impli$ agreem5t t he w direct !m 9 spiritual matt]s & reprove _! faults4 ,h5ce1 x seems t a spiritual sup]ior ( ?is k9d is unju/1 if he fails to correct a subord9ate :o c>ries defamatory tales to 8 e>s4 7b7 ,z reg>ds ! tempor>y injury 7i4e41 ! detrim5t to fame incurr$ by ! p]son malign$71 all dep5ds on :e!r ! sup]ior is b\nd by reason ( 8 (fice or contract to prev5t injury to non-subjects by ^? :o are 8 subjects4 ,if ! sup]ior ex]cises 8 au?ority 9 ! temporal ord] & has an agreem5t ) ^? n subject to him to protect !m aga9/ defamation by 8 subjects1 he is b\nd 9 ju/ice to abide by 8 agreem5t4 ,b ! common op9ion is t a sup]ior 9 ! spiritual ord] is n responsible ex (ficio = ! fame or o!r temporal welf>e ( ^? n subject to him4 #bjha4 ,is ! sup]ior :o indirectly cons5ts to defamation ( a subject guilty !reby ( inju/ice8 7a7 ,if ! sup]ior has au?ority 9 ! temporal ord]1 he is unju/ by 8 inaction1 9 s f> z law1 cu/om or agreem5t hold him to prev5t ! defamation ( 8 subject4 ,?us1 a gu>dian entru/$ ) ! c>e ( 8 w>d's reputation is unju/ if he makes no ef=t to prev5t defamation ( ! latt]4 7b7 ,if ! sup]ior is 9 ! spiritual ord]1 "s believe t he is unju/ by inaction1 s9ce fame is closely connect$ ) spiritual goods1 be+ necess>y = moral influ5ce ov] o!rs & useful = p]sonal p]sev]ance 9 virtue4 ,b o!rs--& x seems m commonly--d5y ?is1 & /ate t ! relation betwe5 fame & spiritual goods is only accid5tal4 #bjhb4 ,circum/ances ,:i* ,less5 ,guilt ( ,indirect ,cons5t4--,indirect cons5t to defamation is (t5 only a v5ial s94 7a7 ,?us1 by reason ( ! lightness ( ! matt]1 z :5 only trivial defects are m5tion$ by ! defam]2 7b7 by reason ( insuffici5t reflection1 z :5 ! li/5] is di/ract$ 9 m9d & does n cle>ly adv]t to ! s9fulness ( ! words he he>s2 7c7 by reason ( insuffici5t cons5t1 z :5 ! failure to /op or prote/ aga9/ ! defamation is due to slight laz9ess1 to ba%fulness1 or to fe> ( ! speak]1 at lea/ :5 ! defamation is n extremely h>mful to fame or o!r good1 or gravely sl&]\s4 #bjhc4 ,inaction 9 ! ,face ( ,defamation4--,inaction 9 ! face ( defamation ( a ?ird p>ty is sometimes no s9 at all4 7a7 ,?us1 !re is no s9 :5 "o is unable to act 7e4g41 :5 a sl&]\s spee* is be+ deliv]$ by a p]son 9 au?ority :o w n suff] any int]ruption to be made71 or is unable to act ) any success 7e4g41 :5 ! attempt to correct w\ld provoke worse defamation1 :5 ! li/5] is too unskill$ to refute or remon/rate74 ,scrupul\s p]sons %\ld n attempt to correct1 s9ce !y are n suit$ = ?is4 ,_! attempts to def5d an abs5t p]son w\ld g5]ally make !m ridicul\s1 & w\ld (t5 be unju/ to ! p]son :om !y suspect$ ( defamation4 7b7 ,!re is no s9 :5 "o is n oblig$ to act 7e4g41 :5 int]f]5ce w expose "o to v s]i\s evils1 :5 ! defamation is n grave or is n tak5 v s]i\sly1 :5 ! li/5] is unc]ta9 :e!r ! speak] is really guilty ( defamation or :e!r he himself is b\nd to int]v5e74 ,x is sometimes unwise to int]rupt a defamatory /ory1 = _m su* /ory seems to promise dire disclosures at its beg9n+1 b :5 he>d to ! end is se5 to be an affair ( no importance or to conta9 little t is new or />tl+ or cr$ible4 #bjhd4 ,ways ( ,oppos+ ,defamation ,made 9 ,"o's ,pres5ce4--7a7 ,positive resi/ance is made by a comm& to ! defam] to be sil5t1 or by refutation ( 8 words if !y are false1 or by a rebuke if 8 words are true4 ,?is mode ( correction is g5]ally requir$ if ! li/5] is ! sup]ior ( ! defam]1 & is sometimes suitable if he is ! latt]'s equal4 7b7 ,negative resi/ance is made by leav+ ! company1 by hav+ no %>e 9 ! conv]sation1 by *ang+ ! subject1 by %[+ displeasure or at lea/ gravity 9 "o's looks or acts3 8,! nor? w9d drive? away ra91 z do? a sad c\nt5ance a backbit+ tongue0 7,prov41 xxv4 #bc74 ,?is mode ( resi/ance is usually ! prop] "o = an inf]ior1 & z a rule is f\nd m satisfactory ev5 betwe5 equals 7see #abfg74 #bjhe4 ,re/itution = ,defamation4--,re/itution = injuries committ$ is necess>y 7see #agei71 & h5ce x is requir$ ( ! defam]4 ,9 ! language ( ,scripture 7,prov41 xiii4 #ac71 he t speaks ill ( 8 neighbor obliges himself = ! future4 ,! two injuries to be repair$ are3 7a7 ! unju/ tak+1 t is1 ! fame ( :i* he has depriv$ 8 neighbor2 7b7 ! unju/ damage1 t is1 ! detrim5t to fame or ! losses t result$ f ! defamation 7su* z failure to obta9 or keep a position1 decl9e ( bus9ess1 etc41 :i* 7 =ese5 at lea/ 9 a confus$ mann]74 ,x is cle> !re is no duty ( re/itution1 if 9 spite ( talk aga9/ a neighbor he suff]$ no loss 7e4g41 if ! li/5]s gave no he$ or cr$5ce to ! talk74 #bjhf4 ,gravity ( ,obligation ( ,re/itution4--,! obligation ( re/itution = defamation is grave or light accord+ to ! degree ( injury done1 & ! grave obligation b9ds ev5 at ! exp5se ( s]i\s inconv5i5ce1 ! light obligation at ! co/ ( small inconv5i5ce4 ,b ! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be not$3 7a7 ! injury is n necess>ily grave if ! defect imput$ to ano!r is grave1 = _m circum/ances h to be consid]$ 7e4g41 blasphemy is a s]i\s *>ge1 b x w\ld n be v h>mful to a man publicly kn[n z v impi\s1 see #bjec sqq472 7b7 ! injury is n necess>ily slight if ! defect imput$ is slight1 = circum/ances may make ! injury consid]able 7e4g41 x is n v defamatory to say t a woman is v talkative1 or unable to speak or spell correctly1 b ?is w\ld be v damag+ if x lo/ ! woman a v lucrative position z secret>y74 #bjhg4 ,conditions ,:i* ,entail ,duty ( ,re/itution4--,re/itution is n obligatory unless "o is ! unju/ & efficaci\s au?or ( ! damage 7see #agfc74 ,h5ce1 disclosures unfavorable to ! reputation ( o!rs entail ! duty ( re/itution only :5 ! foll[+ conditions are pres5t3 7a7 ! detrim5t to fame or o!r loss mu/ be unju/ objectively1 & h5ce ^? :o h a j reason = expos+ ! vices ( o!rs are n held to re/itution2 7b7 ! detrim5t mu/ be unju/ subjectively1 & h5ce "o :o 9 good fai? speaks ( a neighbors s91 ?9k+ t x is true & public1 :]eas x is false or secret1 is n b\nd to re/itution1 if he discov]s 8 error aft] ! results ( ! defamation h be5 remov$ 7see1 h[ev]1 #bajb74 ,b if he discov]s 8 mi/ake :ile ! neighbor is /ill "u a cl\d because ( ! report1 he becomes f t mom5t responsible & subjectively unju/1 if he does n take /eps z f> z he conv5i5tly c to correct ! error 7see #agfi72 7c7 ! detrim5t mu/ be due to oue's act z to its efficaci\s cause1 & h5ce "o is n b\nd to re/itution if a li/5] und]/&s "o to disp>age :5 9 fact "o has n disp>ag$4 #bjhh4 ,coop]ators & ,re/itution4--,^? :o coop]ate 9 inju/ice are also held to re/itution 7see #aggh sqq471 & h5ce ! foll[+ are b\nd to indemnify a defam$ p]son3 7a7 positive coop]ators are held to re/itution1 su* z ^? :o comm&1 c\nsel1 or enc\rage defamation4 ,! same is true ( ^? :o %>e 9 a defamatory conv]sation or :o m]ely li/51 b by _! que/ions1 or %[ ( int]e/ or approval1 induce ! defam] to cont9ue1 or to speak ) m assurance2 7b7 negative coop]ators are also held to re/itution1 if !y 7 b\nd 9 ju/ice to resi/ or imp$e defamation4 ,?is w apply *iefly to a sup]ior :o does n prev5t1 z he %\ld1 ! defamation ( 8 subject or community1 :e!r by a subject or a non-subject 7see #bjhj sqq474 #bjhi4 ,circum/ances ( ,re/itution4--,we %all n[ speak ( ! circum/ances ( re/itution = defamation3 7a7 ! p]sons b\nd to re/itution besides ! defam]1 namely1 8 heirs1 ! li/5]s1 etc42 7b7 ! p]sons to :om re/itution is to be made2 7c7 ! mann] ( mak+ re/itution2 7d7 ! "t = mak+ re/itution 7see #agha sqq474 #bjij4 ,re/itution = ,defamation to ,be ,made by an ,heir ( ! ,defam]4--7a7 ,= ! injury to fame1 x seems t ! heir is n b\nd1 s9ce ! duty ( re/itution ( fame is a p]sonal "o1 t is1 an obligation to p]=m an act ( retraction or apology1 n an obligation to pay comp5sation 7see #dfc74 ,b "s hold t defamation may be satisfi$ = by pecuni>y comp5sation 7#agej1 #ahjb71 & t1 if ! injur$ p>ty %\ld insi/ on ?is k9d ( comp5sation = ! infamy suff]$1 ! heirs w\ld be oblig$ to pay x4 7b7 ,= ! damages result+ f injury to fame ! heir is b\nd1 s9ce re/itution = losses is a real "o & re/s ^u ! prop]ty or e/ate ( ! deceas$4 ,b ^? :o are 9 good fai? are sometimes to be left undi/urb$1 le/ !y become guilty ( =mal s94 #bjia4 ,! ,p]sons to ,:om ,re/itution = ,defamation ,is to ,be ,made4--7a7 ,to ! p]son defam$ re/itution ( fame is ow$1 & ?is is true ev5 :5 ! p]son is already dead4 ,j z "o :o di%onors ! dead by desecrat+ _! tombs or _! rema9s owes x to _! memory to make rep>ation1 s "o :o defames ! dead owes x to _! reputation to make re/itution4 ,9 fact1 ! heirs may be b\nd 9 consci5ce to insi/ ^u ?is re/itution1 & x seems !y _c condone x1 s9ce x is n _! own fame t has be5 hurt4 7b7 ,to ! li/5]s re/itution is n ow$1 s9ce no inju/ice 0 done !m1 b rep>ation = sc&al giv5 !m may be obligatory4 ,&1 s9ce ju/ice to ! p]son defam$ requires retraction or o!r rep>ation1 ! defam] mu/ recall 8 words be=e ! p]sons to :om he address$ !m4 ,h5ce1 if defamation appe>$ 9 a j\rnal1 ! honorable rep>ation %\ld also appe> 9 ! same j\rnal & ) ! same prom95ce giv5 x z 0 giv5 ! (f5sive rem>ks4 #bjib4 ,responsibility ( ,defam] = ,spread ( ,defamation4--,is ! defam] b\nd to recall 8 words to ! wid] audi5ce t le>n$ !m f 8 fir/ li/5]s8 7a7 ,if ! defam] is n responsible = ! spread ( 8 talk beyond ! circle :i* he address$ 7e4g41 if he impos$ /rict sil5ce ^u 8 li/5]s or _h good reason to ?9k t !y w\ld keep 8 rem>ks to !mselves1 & 8 words nev]!less leak$ out71 ! common op9ion is t he is n held to rep>ation be=e ! subsequ5t li/5]s4 7b7 ,if ! defam] is responsible = ! spread ( 8 talk 7e4g41 if he gave 8 li/5]s p]mission to quote or repeat1 or if he knew well t !y w\ld c>ry 8 words f> & wide71 he is b\nd to rep>ation be=e ! lat] li/5]s1 9 s f> z ?is is possible1 especially if he 0 guilty ( calumny4 ,:e!r he or 8 li/5]s h ! fir/ duty ( re/itution w dep5d on ! relation%ip 9 _! coop]ation 7see #aghd74 ,if he c d no?+ bett]1 he %\ld admoni% 8 li/5]s to retract be=e _! li/5]s4 #bjic4 ,! ,fir/ ,way ( ,mak+ ,re/itution = ,defamation4--7a7 ,if ! defamation 0 by calumny1 ! defam] 7& also ! propagator7 mu/ take back 8 words1 admitt+ t :at he said 0 untrue4 ,if necess>y1 he %\ld also make affidavit to ?is effect1 or ev5 admit t he li$4 ,! reason is t ! innoc5t p>ty has a great] "r to 8 fame ?an ! guilty p>ty4 ,b ! defam] is n oblig$ to confess 8 own malice1 :5 ?is is n necess>y1 & x may suffice to say m]ely t 8 =m] /atem5t 0 n correct4 7b7 ,if ! defamation 0 by detraction1 ! defam] _c tru?fully say t 8 words 7 false1 & he mu/ c\nt]act directly or indirectly ! effect ( 8 defamation by some?+ favorable to ! p]son he has injur$4 ,if ! li/5]s w n be confirm$ 9 _! belief by 8 explanation1 ! defam] %\ld expla9 to !m t 8 /atem5ts 7 unju/1 t he _h no "r to make !m1 t he wi%es !m to reg>d z unsaid all t he said1 etc4 7direct revocation74 ,if ?is cure w\ld be worse ?an ! sickness by /r5g!n+ ! belief ( ! li/5]s t ! defamation 0 true1 ! defam] %\ld be sil5t ab\t 8 =m] /atem5ts4 ,b he %\ld s honor or praise ! p]son defam$ t o!rs w be l$ to believe1 n t re/itution is be+ made1 b t ! =m] good op9ion !y _h ( ! p]son defam$ 0 correct 7indirect revocation74 ,?us1 if ! defam] kn[s t ! injur$ p]son has re=m$1 he may call att5tion to & emphasize ! virtues he n[ has2 if ! defam$ p]son has /ill ! same fail+1 he may be excus$1 :5 possible1 or prais$ = ! good qualities he does possess1 or he may be spok5 ( 9 g5]al t]ms ( e/eem2 if ! li/5]s h be5 l$ to di%onor ! p]son :o 0 detract$1 ! defam] may %[ special signs ( e/eem or confid5ce to ! latt]1 etc4 #bjid4 ,o!r ,me?ods ( ,mak+ ,re/itution4--,if ! li/5]s w n be impress$ by any ( ! me?ods ( satisfaction j indicat$1 :at %\ld be done8 7a7 ,if1 9 ! case ( calumny1 ! li/5]s are unwill+ to accept ! =mal /atem5t t ! defamation 0 untrue1 ! defam] is oblig$ to no?+ m4 ,= ! sl&]] has done all t is possible to *ange ! errone\s view ( ! li/5]s1 & ! bad op9ion !y h ( _! neighbor mu/ n[ be attribut$1 n to ! defam]1 b to _! own wick$ness or /ubbornness4 7b7 ,if ! li/5]s _c be prop]ly impress$ by ! direct or indirect revocation ( detraction1 ! defam]1 be+ unable to make honorable comp5sation by re/oration ( fame1 %\ld make a pr(itable comp5sation by ! be/[al ( a b5efit t w 9 "s way be comm5surate ) ! good ( reputation & be acceptable to ! o!r p>ty4 ,?us1 if ! p]son defam$ is satisfi$ ) money or some?+ measurable 9 t]ms ( money1 he %\ld be giv5 damages2 if ?is k9d ( comp5sation is ( little use or is n e/eem$ 7few p]sons ( honor w\ld take money alone z pay = a lo/ reputation71 he %\ld be giv5 "s o!r good :i* 9 8 own judgm5t & t ( a prud5t man is m ne>ly an equival5t = ! good ( :i* he has be5 depriv$4 ,an apology is n suffici5t1 s9ce ! begg+ ( p>don does n re/ore :at 0 tak52 nei!r is x g5]ally advisable1 because ! admission to ano!r t "o has be5 secretly defam+ him & is n[ sorry = ?is may lead to qu>rels & hatr$s r ?an to =giv5ess & peace4 #bjie4 ,legal ,rep>ation = ,defamation4--,"o :o has be5 s5t5c$ by a lawful judgm5t ( c\rt to rep>ation & p5alty = defamation is oblig$ to ob$i5ce1 b if ! satisfaction decid$ on by a jury is excessive or meag]1 x c be set aside by ! c\rt4 ,9 ,canon ,law 7,canon #bcee7 "o :o has be5 convict$ ( defamation may be s5t5c$3 7a7 to satisfaction2 7b7 to damages2 7c7 to suitable p5alties1 ev5 to susp5sion or removal f (fice or b5efice4 #bjif4 ,! ,"t ,:5 ,re/itution = ,defamation ,is to ,be ,made4--7a7 ,x %\ld be made z soon z possible1 = ! long] x is delay$ ! great] ! injury t is suff]$1 s9ce defamation becomes h>d] to correct z x progresses1 or at lea/ has a long] life :5 x is n correct$ e>ly4 ,b prud5ce w sometimes dictate t "o await a psy*ological or favorable mom5t = a retractation4 7b7 ,re/itution %\ld be promis$ be=e absolution is giv51 &1 if !re is a well-f\nd$ d\bt ab\t ! s9c]ity ( a promise1 ! confessor may delay absolution until re/itution has be5 made4 #bjig4 ,cessation ( ,duty ( ,re/itution4--,! duty ( re/itution ceases1 at lea/ tempor>ily1 9 c]ta9 cases 7see #agig sqq471 & h5ce "o :o has be5 guilty ( inju/ice ?r\gh defamation is sometimes excus$ f rep>ation4 7a7 ,?us1 "o is excus$ tempor>ily on acc\nt ( impossibility2 7b7 "o is excus$ p]man5tly on acc\nt ( ! cessation ( ! o!r p>ty's good "n or ! t]m9ation ( "o's own obligation4 #bjih4 ,excuse f ,re/itution on ,acc\nt ( ,impossibility4--7a7 ,physical impossibility excuses1 = example1 :5 "o does n "k :o ! p]sons 7 be=e :om "o detract$1 or _c recall :o ! p]son 0 :om "o defam$4 ,b 9 ?is case ! defam] %\ld at lea/ make satisfaction by pray+ = ! p]son :om he defam$1 or by hav+ ,masses (f]$ = him4 7b7 ,moral impossibility excuses f re/itution1 z :5 ! defam] w suff] a f> great] loss ?an he inflict$ on ! p]son defam$ 7e4g41 if ! defam] _c retract )\t los+ 8 life1 or a reputation :i* is f> m valuable ?an t ( ! obscure p]son :o 0 defam$74 ,b if ! defam] has subject$ ! injur$ p>ty to ! p]il ( dea?1 or if he has calumniat$ an innoc5t man1 he mu/ make satisfaction ev5 at ! p]il ( 8 own life or at ! co/ ( 8 own fame2 = ! "r ( ! innoc5t prevails ov] t ( ! guilty defam]4 #bjii4 ,excuse f ,re/itution on ,acc\nt ( ,cessation ( ,o!r ,p>ty's ,good ,"n4--,! defam] may also be excus$ f re/itution on acc\nt ( cessation ( ! o!r p>ty's good "n ?r\gh ano!r cause1 z :5 ! secret defect fir/ made kn[n by ! defam] becomes public f ano!r s\rce4 7a7 ,! detractor is excus$ f ! duty ( re/or+ reputation1 s9ce ! p]son he defam$ has n[ indep5d5tly ( ! fir/ defamation lo/ 8 "r to reputation 7see #bjec sqq474 7b7 ,! detractor is n excus$1 h[ev]1 f paym5t = damages :i* ! defam$ p]son suff]$ f ! fir/ defamation or = exp5ses :i* x caus$ him4 ,"s morali/s hold him obligat$ also = "s comp5sation = ! infamy suff]$ be=e ! crime became public ?r\gh o!rs4 #bajj4 ,excuse f ,re/itution on ,acc\nt ( ! ,t]m9ation ( ,obligation4--7a7 ,! act ( ! defam$ p]son ends ! obligation1 :51 )\t injury to o!rs1 he expressly or tacitly condones ! (f5se2 = he has dom9ion ov] 8 own fame1 z he has ov] 8 own money or l&s4 ,?us1 x may (t5 be presum$ t p>5ts ov]look ! re/itution ow$ !m by _! *ildr5 = criticisms made by ! latt]4 7b7 ,! act ( ! defam$ p]son also ends ! obligation1 accord+ to ! common op9ion1 :5 he has inflict$ an equal injury by defam+ 8 defam] & is unwill+ to make satisfaction = ! injury2 = ?\gh x is unlawful to repay evil ) evil1 & ?\gh "o damage does n cure ano!r damage1 he :o w n pay a cr$itor _c insi/ t ! cr$itor pay him an equal debt4 ,?us1 if ,titus has burn$ ! b>n ( ,claudius & ,claudius !n burns ! b>n ( ,titus1 & nei!r w pay damages1 ! debts neutralize ea* o!r1 if ! losses are equal4 ,! same pr9ciple applies 9 defamatory recrim9ations4 #baja4 ,"r ( ,defam$ ,p]son to ,condone ,injury4--,! p]son defam$ has ! "r to condone ! injury1 if x is only p]sonal to himself1 b he has n always ! "r to condone ! injury :5 ! defamation causes h>m to o!rs4 7a7 ,?us1 ! defam$ p]son w\ld s9 aga9/ ju/ice & 8 act w\ld be invalid1 if he =gave ! debt ( re/itution despite ! fact t 8 own fame 0 necess>y = ! fame ( o!rs 7e4g41 :5 a monk loses 8 good "n1 ! mona/]y is also disgrac$71 or 0 necess>y = ! fulfillm5t ( duties ow$ by him 9 ju/ice to o!rs 7e4g41 :5 a prelate1 prie/ or public (ficial loses 8 good "n1 ! good influ5ce he %\ld ex]cise ov] 8 subjects is end$74 ,?is conclusion is probable4 7b7 ,! defam$ p]son w\ld s9 aga9/ *>ity1 b 8 act w\ld be valid1 if he =gave ! debt ( re/itution despite ! fact t 8 fame 0 necess>y = ! fulfillm5t ( *>itable duties ow$ to o!rs1 or t 8 sil5ce 9 ! face ( defamation w\ld cause great sc&al 7e4g41 :5 a prea*] loses 8 reputation1 8 words d n move1 & ?us he is unable fruitfully to accompli% works ( *>ity by in/ruct+ ! ignorant1 etc474 #bajb4 ,excuse f ,re/itution ,:5 ,reputation ,has ,be5 ,recov]$4--,! obligation ( re/itution = defamation also ceases :5 reputation has be5 recov]$ )\t any act on ! "p ( ! defam]2 = x is cle> t "o is n b\nd to give back t :i* is already _h4 ,b re/itution may be due1 nev]!less1 = damages incurr$1 & "s ?9k t comp5sation 7e4g41 apology1 honor1 praise7 %\ld be made = ! injury ( infamy t exi/$ be=e ! good "n 0 rega9$4 ,! usual ways 9 :i* reputation is recov]$ )\t ! act ( ! defam] are3 7a7 by ov]?r[ ( ! defamation1 z :5 ! facts aga9/ x become manife/1 or :5 witnesses prove its falsity1 or :5 a tribunal decl>es x a crim9al libel2 7b7 by oblivion1 z :5 a misde$ ( ye>s ago has fad$ entirely out ( ! public memory4 ,if ! defam] is unc]ta9 :e!r 8 pa/ defamations h be5 =gott51 he has to act ) great prud5ce2 =1 if he makes inquiries ! memory ( ! defamations may be awak5$1 :ile if he says no?+1 ! defamations1 because nev] correct$ or retract$1 may break out anew4 ,he %\ld consid] ! circum/ances1 !re=e1 & treat ! defam$ p]son z he w\ld wi% himself to be treat$ 9 a l case4 #bajc4 ,:isp]+ or ,tale-,be>+4--,:isp]+ 7susurratio71 also call$ mis*ief-mak+ & tale-be>+1 is a spee* unfavorable to ano!r p]son secretly made ) ! purpose ( break+ up a virtu\s fri5d%ip4 7a7 ,x is unfavorable spee*1 t is1 ! :isp]] says some?+ to 8 li/5] t w turn ! latt] aga9/ ! p]son spok5 ab\t4 ,! ?+ attribut$ to ! abs5t p]son may be ei!r some?+ evil or some?+ t is only seem+ly evil1 b 9 ei!r case x w be some?+ displeas+ to ! li/5]4 ,:isp]+1 !re=e1 does n necess>ily include defamation4 7b7 ,x is secret1 t is1 ! :isp]] speaks privately1 & usually 9 ! way ( confid5ce to ! p]son ^: m9d he wi%es to impress4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 he goes n[ to "o ( ! fri5ds1 n[ to ano!r1 speak+ 9 diff]5t s5ses to ea*1 to make 8 "w d\bly effective4 ,?is k9d ( :isp]] is kn[n z d\ble-tongu$3 8,! :isp]] & ! d\ble-tongu$ is accurs$0 7,ecclus41 xxviii4 #ae74 7c7 ,x is aim$ at ! break+ up ( a fri5d%ip1 t is1 ! :isp]] int5ds to de/roy ! feel+ ( respect & affection :i* 8 li/5] has = ! abs5t p]son1 or ev5 to in/ill into ! li/5]'s m9d a feel+ ( disrespect & dislike = ! abs5t p]son4 ,:isp]+1 !re=e1 is incomplete :5 x ends a fri5d%ip1 & complete :5 x makes enemies ( ^? :o _h be5 fri5ds & s[s discords & qu>rels3 8,a passionate man k9dle? /rife1 & a s9ful man w tr\ble 8 fri5ds1 & br+ 9 debate 9 ! mid/ ( !m t are at peace0 7,ecclus41 xxviii4 #aa72 8,:5 ! tale-be>] is tak5 away1 cont5tions %all cease0 7,prov41 xxvi4 #bj74 ,:isp]+1 !n1 diff]s f simple defamation1 ^: purpose is to /eal away fame1 = ! mis*ief-mak] int5ds to /eal away fri5d%ip4 7d7 ,x is direct$ aga9/ a virtu\s fri5d%ip1 = !re is no s9 b r an act ( *>ity 9 ! ef=t to end a s9ful or h>mful fri5d%ip1 z :5 a p>5t tries to keep 8 daught] away f a wick$ man ) :om %e is infatuat$1 or 8 son away f a disord]ly set ^: companion%ip appeals to ! y\? 7see #acec74 #bajd4 ,! ,s9fulness ( ,:isp]+4--7a7 ,!ological ,species4--,:isp]+ is f its nature a mortal s91 s9ce x is hateful to ,god 7! s\l ( ! ,"l dete/e? 8him t s[e? discord among bre?r510 ,prov41 vi4 #ai71 & deprives man ( ! boon ( a virtu\s fri5d%ip1 ! greate/ ( ext]nal goods4 8,a fai?ful fri5d is a /rong def5ce1 & he t ha? f\nd him ha? f\nd a treasure4 ,no?+ c be comp>$ to a fai?ful fri5d1 & no weight ( gold & silv] is able to c\nt]vail ! goodness ( 8 fidelity4 ,a fai?ful fri5d is ! m$ic9e ( life & immortality0 7,ecclus41 vi4 #ad-af74 ,:isp]+ is a great] s9 ?an contumely or defamation1 s9ce honor is less e/eem$ ?an fri5d%ip1 & reputation is only a means to fri5d%ip4 7b7 ,moral ,species4--,g5]ally1 :isp]+ is a s9 aga9/ ju/ice on acc\nt ( ! unju/ means 7e4g41 =ce1 fraud1 lies1 detractions7 to :i* x resorts2 b f its nature x is only a s9 aga9/ *>ity1 = ! injur$ p>ty has no /rict "r to fri5d%ip1 :i* is a free relation%ip t may be t]m9at$ at w by ei!r ( ! p>ties4 #baje4 ,circum/ances ,:i* ,affect ! ,species ( ,:isp]+4--,is ! species ( :isp]+ *ang$ by circum/ances8 7a7 ,! !ological species is *ang$ :5 ! s9ful act is imp]fect 9 malice 7e4g41 :5 ! :isp]] _h n reflect$ well on ! evil t w\ld be caus$ by him71 or :5 ! h>m done is slight 7e4g41 :5 no enmity 0 caus$ & ! fri5d%ip brok5 up 0 n /rong or important to ! fri5ds74 ,x is n a small matt]1 h[ev]1 to de/roy fri5d%ips t are v necess>y1 su* z ! fri5d%ip betwe5 husb& & wife1 betwe5 p>5t & *ild4 7b7 ,! moral species is n subdivid$1 =1 ?\gh !re are diff]5t k9ds ( fri5d%ips 7see #aaaa71 :isp]+ is n direct$ aga9/ ! special features1 b aga9/ ! g5]al "* common to all ( !m1 namely1 unity ( s\l & mutual affection4 ,h5ce1 ! :isp]] is n oblig$ to m5tion 9 confession :e!r ! fri5d%ip he broke up 0 bas$ on utility1 or pleasure1 or virtue4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t a new species may be add$ to :isp]+4 ,?us1 he :o sep>ates husb& & wife1 int5d+ to secure ! wife = himself1 is guilty also ( adult]y2 he :o sep>ates a bus9ess man & 8 patrons1 int5d+ to attract ! trade to himself1 is guilty also ( !ft2 he :o sep>ates rul] & subjects by 8 :isp]+1 is also guilty ( s$ition1 etc4 #bajf4 ,d]ision4--,d]ision is a je/ t reproa*es ano!r ) "s defect or evil 9 ord] to put him to confusion4 7a7 ,x is a je/1 t is1 x is spok5 9 fun & consi/s 9 mak+ ! defects ( ano!r p]son ! object ( laught] or amusem5t4 ,?us1 x diff]s 9 mann] f contumely1 detraction & :isp]+1 :i* are spok5 s]i\sly4 7b7 ,its purpose is ! confusion ( ! p]son ridicul$1 t is1 x int5ds to take f him ! good op9ion t he is entitl$ to h ( himself & ! peace ( consci5ce t he enjoys4 ,?us1 x diff]s 9 object & purpose f ! o!r injuri\s words hi!rto consid]$ 7see #bjji74 ,! int5tion to put ano!r p]son out ( c\nt5ance by ridicule is ei!r =mal or mat]ial1 accord+ z ! purpose be=e ! m9d is to disconc]t t p]son1 or only to h "o's joke1 ?\gh "o sees t ?is w mean %ame & suff]+ = ! victim ( ! joke4 #bajg4 ,di/9ction betwe5 ,d]ision & ,je/+4--,mod]ate je/+ at ano!r's exp5se is n d]ision1 nor s9ful1 if x is ju/ifi$ by a reasonable motive4 7a7 ,?us1 a s]i\s motive = je/+ at ano!r is frat]nal correction4 ,to ridicule a p]son :o is mak+ a fool ( himself is (t5 ! be/ way to correct him1 = _m p]sons are less mov$ at be+ call$ wick$ ?an at be+ call$ absurd4 ,simil>ly1 a satirical rebuke sometimes s]ves to aba% a p]son :o has an exalt$ op9ion ( himself4 ,9 su* cases a tru? spok5 9 je/ is an act ( *>ity to a s9n]4 7b7 ,a playful motive = je/+ at ano!r is recreation4 ,! good-natur$ ex*ange ( bant] ab\t trivial defects betwe5 p]sons :o enjoy ?is give & take is a reasonable =m ( amusem5t 9 itself2 inde$1 x p]ta9s to ! virtue kn[n z eutrapelia4 ,b "s p]sons :o enjoy a je/ at ! exp5se ( ano!r are extremely s5sitive to ridicule & fly into a rage if fun is pok$ at !mselves1 or ev5 if !y suspect t someone is laugh+ at !m4 #bajh4 ,ev5 je/+ ^: purpose is good may be s9ful on acc\nt ( ! (f5sive or immod]ate way 9 :i* x is conduct$ 7see #bjaj74 ,!re are ?ree g5]al =ms ( je/1 b !y d n con/itute di/9ct species ( s9 :5 je/ is unlawful1 s9ce ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is accid5tal z f> z morality is conc]n$4 7a7 ,?us1 je/ ( ! m\? is "o t is made by words or laught]4 7b7 ,a je/ ( ! face is made by ! expression ( ! c\nt5ance 7e4g41 by wr9kl+ up ! nose1 /ick+ out ! tongue74 7c7 ,a je/ ( act1 or practical joke1 is "s trick play$ on ano!r1 horseplay1 & ! l4 #baji4 ,! ,s9fulness ( ,d]ision4--7a7 ,:5 ! d]id] makes light ( a grave evil1 he commits a mortal s91 = he %[s grave contempt t[>ds ! p]son d]id$1 treat+ ! latt] z if he 7 entirely wor?less--"o ^: mis=tunes 7 matt]s = joke4 ,inde$1 d]ision is a m s]i\s injury ?an contumely1 = ! contumeli\s p]son treats ! evil ( 8 neighbor z some?+ s]i\s1 :]eas ! d]id] makes sport ( x & is ?us m insult+4 ,9 ,scripture grave puni%m5t is ?reat5$ to d]id]s3 8,god %all scorn ! scorn]s0 7,prov41 iii4 #cd74 ,b if an evil grave 9 itself is commonly look$ ^u z light on acc\nt ( ! inf]ior condition ( ! p]son :o has ! defect 7viz41 because he is an infant or an idiot71 !re is no grave s9 ( contempt4 7b7 ,:5 ! d]id] makes light ( an evil t is really light1 !re is no contempt %[n1 b !re may be s]i\s emb>rassm5t caus$ to ! p]son d]id$4 ,= ! peace ( a good consci5ce is a great bless+ 78,our glory is ?is1 ! te/imony ( our consci5ce10 ,,ii ,cor41 i4 #ab2 8,a secure m9d is l a cont9ual fea/10 ,prov41 xv4 #ae71 & t :i* di/urbs x c be a s]i\s di/ress & h>m4 ,if ! butt ( ! joke does n take ! matt] mu* to he>t1 ! s9 is v5ial4 ,b %\ld he suff] great m5tal pa9 or di/urbance on acc\nt ( ! ridicule1 ! quality ( ! s9 is disput$4 ,"s ?9k t mortal s9 is committ$1 if ! d]id] =esees ! s]i\s evil t w ensue2 b o!rs hold t ! s9 is v5ial1 s9ce x is ! ov]-s5sitiv5ess ( ! p]son d]id$ t acc\nts = 8 great discomfiture ( m9d4 #baaj4 ,! gravity ( ! s9 ( d]ision is increas$ by ! object aga9/ :om x is direct$2 = ! great] ! rev]5ce due a p]son1 ! great] ! injury %[n by mak+ a mock]y ( him4 7a7 ,?us1 ! wor/ =m ( d]ision is t :i* is direct$ aga9/ ,god1 & x is n di/9ct f blasphemy4 ,h5ce1 ,isaias 7,,iv ,k+s1 xix4 #f7 calls ! d]id]s ( ! ,god ( ,israel blasphem]s1 & ,/4 ,luke 7xxii4 #fd1 #fe7 says t ! soldi]s :o gave ,our ,"l a mock coronation spoke 9 blasphemy4 7b7 ,next 9 gravity is d]ision ( p>5ts1 & ,scripture decl>es ! special horror ( ?is s93 8,! eye t mocke? at 8 fa!r1 let ! rav5s ( ! brooks pick x out & ! "y eagles eat x0 7,prov41 xxx1 #ag74 7c7 ,f9ally1 !re is a special enormity 9 d]ision ( sa9tly p]sons1 = virtue des]ves honor1 & ^? :o di%onor x det] m51 z f> z 9 !m lies1 f cultivat+ or e/eem+ x4 #baaa4 ,curs+4--,curs+ 9 g5]al is ! speak+ ( evil = "s p]son or ?+1 t is1 9 ord] t ! evil spok5 may befall him or x4 ,?us1 x diff]s f contumely & d]ision1 :i* are ! speak+ ( evil to ano!r1 & f defamation & :isp]+1 :i* are ! speak+ ( evil aga9/ ano!r4 ,curs+ is also diff]5t f pr$iction ( evil1 & "s passages 9 ! ,imprecatory ,psalms1 ?\gh c\*$ 9 t]ms ( mal$iction1 are prophecies ( ! future1 r ?an curses4 ,an example is ,psalm cviii1 :i* =etells ! fate ( ! traitor ,judas4 ,curs+ is express$ 9 two ways3 7a7 imp]atively1 :5 "o pron\nces ) au?ority t puni%m5t is to be inflict$ or evil visit$ ^u "s p]son or object4 ,9 ?is way ,god decrees et]nal or temporal p5alties aga9/ s9n]s1 judges s5t5ce crim9als1 & ! ,*ur* ana!matize ! contumaci\s2 7b7 optatively1 :5 "o :o has n ! p[] or au?ority to comm& puni%m5t1 expresses ! wi% t mis=tune or evil ( "s k9d may ov]take a p]son or ?+4 ,examples are3 8,bad luck to y10 8,may y break y\r leg10 8,! devil take y10 8,god damn y40 ,a curse made 9 ! =m ( a pray] is call$ an imprecation4 #baab4 ,:5 ,curs+ ,is ,n ,s9ful4--,curs+ a p]son is n s9ful :5 ! evil :i* is ord]$ or wi%$ is n int5d$ z to ! evil t is 9 x1 b z to "s good2 = s ! int5tion is direct$ to good1 n to evil4 7a7 ,?us1 evil may be ord]$ on acc\nt ( ! good ( ju/ice t is 9 x1 z :5 a judge decrees capital puni%m5t1 :i* 9 its physical be+ is an evil1 b morally is ! v9dication ( ju/ice & !re=e a good4 ,"s ( ! curses made by holy m5 9 ! ,bible are ( ?is "*3 !y proclaim ! j s5t5ce ( ,god1 z :5 ,elias call$ d[n fire f heav5 ^u 8 p]secutors 7,,iv ,k+s1 i71 & ,eliseus curs$ ! boys t mock$ him 7,,iv ,k+s1 ii4 #bd72 or !y express ! submission ( ! human w to ! j decree ( ,god3 8,& ! ,levites %all pron\nce ) a l\d voice1 #8,curs$ be he t abide? n 9 ! words ( ?is law1' & all ! p %all say1 #8,am5'0 7,deut41 xxvii4 #ad1 #bf74 7b7 ,evil may be desir$1 if ! int5tion takes 9 only ! good ( public or ( private utility t is conta9$ 9 x1 z :5 "o hopes a jury w f9d a dang]\s crim9al guilty1 if "o has 9 view1 n ! suff]+s or dea? ( ! crim9al1 b ! safety ( ! community4 ,x is "r1 !re=e1 to wi% confusion & defeat to ! enemies ( religion1 ( ! ,*ur*1 or ( "o's c\ntry2 x is lawful to pray ,god to visit a s9n] ) sickness t he may !reby be re=m$ or prev5t$ f h>m+ o!rs4 ,b 9 wi%+ evils "o mu/ rememb] t x is n always lawful to d :at "o wi%es may happ5 9 "s lawful mann]1 nor is x lawful to wi% a great] evil z a means ( escape f a less] evil 7see #acjh sqq474 #baac4 ,s9fulness ( ,curs+4--,curs+ a p]son is s9ful :5 ! evil ord]$ or wi%$ is int5d$ precisely z x is ! hurt or loss ( ?is p]son4 7a7 ,f its nature ?is s9 is mortal1 s9ce x %uts out ! curs] f heav5 78,nei!r curs]s nor extortion]s %all possess ! k+dom ( ,god10 ,i ,cor41 vi4 #aj71 & x is ess5tially oppos$ to *>ity1 be+ ! natural expression ( hatr$ 7see #abif74 ,b1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 optative curs+ is less s]i\s ?an defamation1 = x is less h>m to ano!r to wi% him evil 7e4g41 t he be defam$7 ?an to inflict t evil on him4 7b7 ,f ! imp]fection ( ! act or ! lightness ( ! matt]1 curs+ becomes at times a v5ial s94 ,! act is imp]fectly delib]ate :5 "o curses 9 a sudd5 fit ( temp]2 x is imp]fectly int5tional1 :5 "o curses 9 fun or f habit & does n really wi% t ! evils pron\nc$ %\ld be fulfill$4 ,! curses1 8,g to hell10 8,god damn y10 are usually n meant or und]/ood to express a wi% t ! p]son address$ be consign$ to et]nal puni%m5t4 ,h5ce1 !y are g5]ally 9 !mselves v5ial s9s only4 ,b x %\ld be rememb]$ t v5ial curses ( ?is k9d may become mortal by reason ( sc&al 7e4g41 :5 p>5ts habitually address su* curses to _! *ildr51 or o!r sup]iors to _! subord9ates71 or by reason ( irrev]5ce 7e4g41 :5 *ildr5 curse _! p>5ts74 ,! matt] ( a curse is light :5 ! evil spok5 is h>mful only 9 a small degree 7e4g41 to wi% t a p]son may lose a small sum ( money74 #baad4 ,rules = ,decid+ z to ,gravity ( ! ,s94--,p]sons :o h express$ a grave curse aga9/ a neighbor are sometimes 9 d\bt :e!r !re 0 en\gh ill-w 9 ! curse to make x a mortal s94 ,= su* d\bts !ologians give ! foll[+ rules3 7a7 if ! reason = d\bt+ is t aft] ! curse "o cool$ (f & hop$ t no evil w\ld happ5 to "o's neighbor1 mortal s9 0 committ$ dur+ ! curse1 b ! bad disposition quickly pass$ away2 7b7 if ! reason = d\bt+ is t "o is n sure ab\t ! /ate ( m9d "o 0 9 dur+ ! curse1 a good index ( t /ate ( m9d w be ! feel+ "o has t[>ds ! p]son :o 0 curs$4 ,?us1 if "o is well dispos$ t[>ds t p]son1 ! presumption is t ! curse 0 n meant except z an expression ( ang]2 b if "o is ho/ile to t p]son1 ! presumption is r t ! evil 9 ! curse 0 really int5d$4 ,if "o is indiff]5t z reg>ds ! p]son :om "o curs$1 ! presumption w foll[ :at "o is accu/om$ to desire 9 "o's curses1 :e!r t be to give =ceful expression to displeasure or to manife/ a malevol5t hatr$4 #baae4 ,circum/ances ,:i* ,*ange ! ,moral ,species ( ,curs+4--,!re are c]ta9 circum/ances ( p]son & objects :i* *ange ! moral species ( curs+1 & :i* mu/ !re=e be m5tion$ 9 confession4 7a7 ,?us1 by reason ( diff]5ce 9 ! p]sons curs$ ! species is *ang$1 = :]e special love or rev]5ce is ow$ a special s9 is committ$ by hatr$ or irrev]5ce4 ,! grave/ curse is t aga9/ ,god1 :i* is ! s9 ( blasphemy 7see #hhg sqq474 ,next 9 wick$ness is ! curse aga9/ "o's p>5ts1 :i* is a s9 ( impiety4 7b7 ,by reason ( diff]5ce 9 ! evils t are desir$1 ! species is also *ang$1 s9ce ! ess5tial malices ( ! w & ( ! de$ are ! same 7see #ij1 #bdb74 ,9 ?is respect curs+ diff]s f contumely & detraction1 = 9 ^! s9s ! evils spok5 are n pleas+1 b r displeas+ to ! speak] 7see #bajc74 ,h5ce1 he :o wi%es dea? to 8 neighbor commits murd] 9 8 he>t1 he :o wi%es loss ( prop]ty is a ?ief at he>t1 etc4 ,b if "o curses a neighbor 9 a g5]al way1 )\t m5tion+ any p>ticul> evil1 "o s9s by hatr$4 #baaf4 ,num]ical ,multiplication 9 ,s9s ( ,curs+4--7a7 ,by reason ( ! specific diff]5ce 9 ! evils wi%$ 7e4g41 dea?1 disgrace1 pov]ty71 "o is guilty ( sev]al s9s by "o & ! same act2 =1 ?\gh ! act is physically "o1 x is morally _m1 z 0 said 9 ! previ\s p>agraph4 ,b "s au?ors add t only "o s9 is committ$ if all ! evils wi%$ are unit$ 9 ! m9d z expressions ( ! "o s9 ( hate or z means ( ! "o purpose ( injury 7see #bag74 7b7 ,by reason ( ! diff]5t p]sons curs$1 "o is also guilty ( sev]al s9s by "o & ! same act1 or at lea/ is guilty ( "o s9 t is equival5t to _m2 = he :o curses a :ole family or gr\p1 =mally & expressly int5ds evil to ea* memb]1 & ?us he diff]s f a ?ief :o /eals f _m p]sons1 b does n w individual injuries 7see #bah74 #baag4 ,! ,curs+ ( ,evil4--7a7 ,x is n s9ful to curse evil z su*1 t is1 to wi% t s9 or wrong may be defeat$4 ,h5ce1 x is lawful to pray aga9/ ! evil spirits1 ! enemies ( ,god & man4 ,b x is s9ful to curse any creature ( ,god1 ev5 ?\gh he is among ! lo/1 = ! nature ( e creature is good1 s9ce x comes f ,god4 7b7 ,x is n s9ful to curse evil tropologically1 t is1 to curse a creature ( ,god t is tak5 to repres5t evil1 z be+ its cause 7e4g41 ,job curs$ ! day ( 8 bir?1 ! beg9n+ ( _m evils71 or location 7e4g41 ,david curs$ ,m\nt ,gelboe1 ! spot :]e ,saul & ,jona?an 7 sla971 etc4 ,b x w\ld be a s9 to curse ^! creatures ( ,god 9 !mselves4 #baah4 ,x is n s9ful to curse an irrational creature on acc\nt ( its relation to man1 if !re is a suffici5t reason to curse man himself 7see #baab71 ei!r on acc\nt ( ! good ( ju/ice 7e4g41 :5 ,god curs$ ! e>? z a puni%m5t on ,adam1 :5 ,*ri/ curs$ ! fig-tree z a sign ( ! curse on ,judea71 or on acc\nt ( ! good ( utility 7e4g41 :5 "o wi%es t ! liquor ord]$ by a drunk>d may be lo/74 #baai4 ,unlawful ,curs+ ( an ,irrational ,creature4--7a7 ,x is unlawful to curse an irrational creature1 consid]$ precisely z a creature ( ,god1 = 9 s do+ "o reflects on ,god ,himself1 & incurs ! guilt ( blasphemy4 7b7 ,x is unlawful to curse an irrational creature1 consid]$ precisely 9 relation to man1 if !re is no j cause to curse man4 ,?us1 if "o wi%es t a neighbor's cattle may die1 int5d+ only ! h>m t w be done ! neighbor1 "o is guilty ( s9ful curs+ 7see #baac74 7c7 ,x is unlawful to curse an irrational creature1 consid]$ precisely 9 itself1 = su* an act is va9 & useless4 ,^? :o curse ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r1 ! inf]tility ( ! soil1 ! /ubbornness ( mules or o!r animals1 ! uselessness ( a tool1 etc41 d n g5]ally speak+ commit a grave s91 s9ce !y int5d only to voice _! impati5ce ) conditions t are displeas+4 #babj4 ,murmur+4--,murmur+ is ! expression ( unju/ discont5t or compla9t by in>ticulate s\nds or by secret words4 7a7 ,x is unju/1 & s x does n diff] ess5tially f ! s9s ( spee* giv5 above4 ,if x is an inju/ice to honor1 x is r$ucible to contumely2 if x is an injury to fame1 x p]ta9s to defamation1 etc4 ,! inju/ice ( murmur+ results ei!r f ! ?+ compla9$ ( 7e4g41 a *ild murmurs aga9/ ! j ord]s ( its p>5ts71 or f ! mann] ( ! compla9t 7e4g41 a subord9ate compla9s aga9/ an unju/ ord]1 b angrily1 contemptu\sly1 or uselessly74 7b7 ,x is made by in>ticulate s\nds 7e4g41 by :i/l+1 grunt+71 or by secret words 7e4g41 9 :isp]$1 inaudible mann]74 ,?is is an accid5tal diff]5ce betwe5 murmur+ & o!r vocal s9s4 #baba4 ,fraud4--,hav+ discuss$ ! v>i\s k9ds ( inju/ice t are committ$ 9 involunt>y commutations1 we n[ pass on to ! /udy ( ^? inju/ices t are done 9 volunt>y transactions 7see #agdh74 ,^! vices c be r$uc$ to ! foll[+3 7a7 inju/ices p]petrat$ aga9/ a p]son :o is entirely unwill+ 7viz41 !ft & robb]y71 z :5 "o /eals an object t _h be5 entru/$ to "o z a pl$ge or loan1 or compels ano!r1 by fe> or viol5ce1 to sign a contract unfavorable to himself & :i* he does n wi% to agree to4 ,x is unnecess>y to speak ( !ft & robb]y 9 contracts1 s9ce ! same pr9ciples apply to !m z to !ft & robb]y outside ( contracts 7see #ahij sqq472 7b7 inju/ices p]petrat$ aga9/ a p]son :o is p>tly will+1 s9ce he cons5ts to a contract1 b is also p>tly unwill+1 s9ce unfairness or fraud is us$ aga9/ him4 ,^! injuries are ( two g5]al k9ds3 fraud1 a s9 committ$ 9 buy+ & sell+ & o!r contracts 9 :i* paym5t is made = "s valuable consid]ation2 usury1 a s9 committ$ 9 ! loan ( money 9 :i* paym5t is made = some?+ t is nonexi/5t4 #babb4 ,def9ition ( ,fraud4--,by fraud 7see #afgg-afgi7 we "h und]/& any unlawful conduct on ! "p ( "o p>ty to a contract t puts ! o!r p>ty "u a disadvantage 9 agree+ to ! contract 7e4g41 misrepres5tations ab\t ! excell5ce ( m]*&ise71 or t takes away ! equality t %\ld exi/ betwe5 ! p>ties 7e4g41 an excessive price *>g$ = m]*&ise2 see #agej74 ,! contract ( sale is ! type ( all on]\s contracts 7see #agdi71 & to x all ! o!rs1 :e!r c]ta9 or aleatory1 c be r$uc$1 = 9 e "o ( !m !re is a ?+ t is pur*as$ 7e4g41 9 aleatory contracts ! hope ( secur+ "s prize71 & a price t is paid = ! object ( pur*ase4 ,h5ce1 x w suffice to speak ( ! frauds t are committ$ 9 sales1 & ! same pr9ciples t gov]n ^! c be appli$ to o!r k9ds ( contract4 #babc4 ,two ,k9ds ( ,inju/ices 9 ,sales4--,equality betwe5 ! buy] & ! sell] requires t ea* give ! o!r a good equival5t = :at he receives4 ,h5ce1 ! inju/ices committ$ 9 sales are r$ucible to two k9ds3 7a7 inju/ices 9 ! prices *>g$ or paid2 7b7 inju/ices z to ! goods furni%$ or tak54 #babd4 ,inju/ice ,reg>d+ ! ,price4--,s9 is committ$ 9 ref]5ce to ! price *>g$ z foll[s3 7a7 by fraud1 :5 "o ( ! p>ties uses deception aga9/ ! o!r p>ty 9 ord] to *>ge m or pay less ?an is fair2 = "o :o is p>ty to a contract has ! "r t no ly+ or trick]y be us$ aga9/ him1 a contract be+ an agreem5t to :i* k & cons5t are requisite2 7b7 by ov]*>ge or und]paym5t2 = sale has = its purpose ! mutual advantage ( ! buy] & sell]1 & h5ce "o ( !m %\ld n be ov]burd5$ = ! advantage ( ! o!r1 b ! burd5s & b5efits %\ld be equally di/ribut$4 ,h5ce1 x is unju/ to sell an object = m ?an x is wor?1 or to buy x = less ?an x is wor?4 #babe4 ,! ,crit]ia ( a ,j ,price4--7a7 ,! con/itutive norm ( a j price is n m]ely subjective1 t is1 ! fairness does n dep5d on ! arbitr>y wi%es or on ! special ne$s ( ! contractants1 or on "s monopoly :i* controls ! prices2 x is objective1 t is1 f\nd$ on ! value ( ! ?+ sold1 its capacity to be ( b5efit & satisfaction to its possessor1 its r>ity1 ! am\nt ( labor put into its production & c>e1 etc4 7b7 ,! manife/ative norm = commodities t are 9 common use 7su* z ! necessities ( life & ! m usual luxuries7 is ! common judgm5t express$ ei!r 9 law 7legal price7 or 9 ! free cu/om ( buy]s & sell]s at a p>ticul> place & "t 7m>ket price72 = objects t are n 9 common use & t h no settl$ price 7e4g41 r>e ar*eological f9ds1 anci5t docum5ts or pa9t+s7 ! norm is ! prud5t & free judgm5t ( ! p>ties1 or ! decision ( an exp]t *os5 by !m4 #babf4 ,! ,obligation ( ,obs]v+ ,prices ,settl$ by ,law ,or ,cu/om4--7a7 ,! legal price 7e4g41 9 "s c\ntries ! prices on gov]nm5t monopolies1 su* z tobacco & salt71 :i* 9 mod]n times is r>e1 is ord9>ily obligatory 9 virtue ( commutative ju/ice1 s9ce its disreg>d h>ms "o ( ! p>ties to ! sale4 ,b 9 exceptional cases ! price may = reasons ( equity be no long] obligatory 7e4g41 :5 ! lawgiv] does n insi/ on its obs]vance74 7b7 ,! m>ket price is ord9>ily ( l obligation1 & = ! same reason4 ,b x %\ld be not$ t ! curr5t price all[s ( "s latitude1 s9ce ! common e/imate does n agree on exactly ! same figure1 & h5ce !re is a highe/1 a l[e/1 & an av]age price4 ,inju/ice is done :5 "o sells above ! highe/ m>ket price1 t is1 :5 "o *>ges a sum notably 9 excess ( t *>g$ by o!rs at ! same place & "t2 or :5 "o buys bel[ ! l[e/ m>ket price1 t is1 :5 "o pays a sum notably less ?an t paid by o!r buy]s4 ,/4 ,alphonsus gives z a rule t :5 a commodity is valu$ at #e1 x may be sold = #f or b\ght = #d2 :5 valu$ at #aj1 x may be transf]r$ or acquir$ = #ab or #h2 :5 valu$ at #ajj1 x may be ex*ang$ = #aje or #ie4 #babg4 ,:5 ! ,m>ket ,price ,may ,be ,disreg>d$ ,)\t ,inju/ice4--,9 "s exceptional cases "o may disreg>d ! m>ket price )\t inju/ice1 if !re are reasons t ju/ify ?is4 7a7 ,reasons t re/ on ! matt] ( ! contract are t ! ?+ on sale has increas$ or decreas$ 9 value 7e4g41 ! m]*&ise is ( extraord9>y excell5ce or r>ity71 or t ! contractant w\ld lose or risk loss f ! sale itself by keep+ to ! m>ket price 7e4g41 ! buy] w\ld by 8 pur*ase deprive himself ( money t c\ld be us$ m pr(itably 9 ano!r transaction2 ! article if sold w\ld h to be replac$ by ! sell] at a high] price2 ! v5dor by wait+ c make a bett] sale lat]2 ! object :i* a p]son wi%es to pur*ase is especially priz$ by ! own] & _c be duplicat$74 ,9 ^! cases1 h[ev]1 ! v5dor %\ld give notice to ! buy] t = special reasons a high] price is be+ ask$1 s t ! latt] may h ! *oice ( go+ else:]e1 if he pref]s4 7b7 ,reasons t re/ on ! mann] ( ! contract are t c]ta9 exceptional =ms ( sales are ju/ifi$ by law or cu/om & d n violate basic ju/ice4 ,auction sales are ( ?is k9d1 &1 if ! conditions ( aleatory contracts are obs]v$ s t ! risk w be equal on bo? sides1 x is n unfair to take a price above ! highe/ curr5t price or to bid & buy bel[ ! m9imum price4 #babh4 ,if ! reason = ! increase is ! accommodation ( ! sale itself to ! pur*as]1 because he specially prizes ! article1 does x ju/ify an increase above ! m>ket price8 7a7 ,if ! article has become ( great] value to _m because ( its own wor?1 ! m>ket value has also ris51 & "o may raise "o's price2 b if its great] value to _m is due only to public di/ress1 z 9 "t ( w>1 x w\ld be a cruel =m ( inju/ice kn[n z pr(ite]+ to raise ! price exorbitantly4 7b7 ,if ! article has become ( great] value to "o p]son only1 ! sell] may n raise 8 price = t reason1 s9ce ! special wor? ! article has is n inh]5t 9 x1 & h5ce x may n be sold by ! own] z if x 7 8 own possession4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! pur*as] wi%$ to add some?+ z a free gift1 !re w\ld be no objection to 8 do+ s4 ,! same pr9ciples apply to ! pur*ase ( an article at less ?an its value1 = ! sole reason t ready money has special value = ! sell]4 #babi4 ,unju/ ,sales ,bas$ on ,ignorance ( ,real ,value4--,!re are also cases 9 :i* an object is pur*as$ at an unju/ price because its true value 0 unkn[n to ! contractants or 0 hidd54 7a7 ,if ! value 0 unkn[n on acc\nt ( sub/antial error 7e4g41 a woman buys pa/e ornam5ts1 ?9k+ !y are g5u9e diamonds71 ! contract is invalid2 if x 0 unkn[n on acc\nt ( ! individual error ( a contractant 7e4g41 a woman buys a diamond ( great value = a few doll>s1 because ! sell] did n "k ! value ( ! jewel71 ! contract is unju/2 if x 0 unkn[n on acc\nt ( public error reflect$ 9 ! curr5t price 7e4g41 an art deal] buys at a l[ price a ma/]ly pa9t+1 because 8 sup]ior judgm5t enables him to recognize 9 x qualities :i* o!rs did n p]ceive71 ! contract is bo? valid & j4 ,x is also lawful to buy at ! pres5t prices :5 "o kn[s f s\rces t "o c honorably use t ! objects pur*as$ w soon rise greatly 9 value1 = "o is n b\nd to %>e ) o!rs "o's p]sonal k4 7b7 ,if ! hidd5 value is no man's prop]ty or is ab&on$ 7e4g41 a man buys a field 9 :i* he1 b n ! own]1 kn[s t a treasure is conceal$1 or he buys a goose & f9ds gold pieces 9 its /oma* & _c discov] h[ !y got !re71 ! buy] is entitl$ to acquisition2 b if x has an own] :o c be discov]$ 7e4g41 a man buys a coat 9 a second-h& /ore & discov]s a l>ge quantity ( money 9 bills sew$ inside ! l9+1 & is able to trace back ! coat to its =m] we>]1 if he tries71 ! buy] is b\nd to re/itution4 #bacj4 ,obligation ( ,re/itution on ,acc\nt ( ,unju/ ,prices4--7a7 ,unju/ ,possession4--,if !re 0 bad fai? )\t fraud1 ! sell] %\ld re/ore ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at he receiv$ & ! highe/ curr5t price1 ! buy] ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at he paid & ! l[e/ curr5t price4 ,ov]*>ges or und]paym5ts 9 conv5tional prices %\ld be comp5sat$ = accord+ to a reasonable /&>d1 su* z ! decision ( ! exp]ts4 7b7 ,unju/ ,damage4--,if !re 0 bad fai? & fraud ) resultant damages to "o ( ! p>ties1 ! losses %\ld be made good1 ev5 ?\gh ! j price itself 0 n violat$ by excess or defect 7see #agfb74 7c7 ,nullity4--,if !re 0 good fai? on bo? sides1 !re is no obligation ( re/oration1 unless we suppose sub/antial error1 lack ( prop] cons5t1 conditional agreem5t1 etc41 :i* make ! sale null or resc9dable 7see #agbe74 #baca4 ,inju/ice ,reg>d+ ! ,?+ ,sold4--,hav+ spok5 ( ! inju/ices committ$ 9 ref]5ce to ! price1 we %all n[ treat ( ! inju/ices committ$ 9 ref]5ce to ! ?+ sold4 ,! contract supposes t ! ?+ sold be ( a c]ta9 "*1 & h5ce inju/ice is done if "o ( ! p>ties wilfully misleads ! o!r ab\t t "*4 7a7 ,?us1 ! species ( ! ?+ sold ent]s into ! contract1 & s x is unju/ to deceive ano!r p]son ab\t ! nature ( ! ?+ t is be+ sold 7e4g41 if ! sell] gives inf]ior sub/itutes or adult]at$ goods to ^? :o desire ! g5u9e & pure article1 or if ! buy] deceives an inexp]i5c$ m]*ant into ?9k+ t ! high-grade clo?+ mat]ial he has = sale is l[ grade74 7b7 ,! quantity ( ! ?+ sold is also a "p ( ! contract1 & x is unju/ to take advantage by giv+ less or tak+ m ?an is agre$ on3 8,?\ %alt n h div]s weights 9 ?y bag1 a great] & a less1 nei!r %all !re be 9 ?y h\se a great] bu%el & a less0 7,deut41 xxv4 #ac1 #ad74 7c7 ,! quality ( ! ?+ sold belongs to ! contract1 & h5ce !re is fraud if "o ( ! p>ties deceives ! o!r ab\t x 7e4g41 if ! horse sold is sickly or sl[1 :5 he is suppos$ to be heal?y & spe$y74 #bacb4 ,defects 9 ! ,?+ ,sold4--,if !re are defects 9 an article sold1 b a fair r$uction 9 ! price is made on acc\nt ( ! imp]fection ( ! article1 !re is no inju/ice 9 ! price4 ,b ! sell] is unju/1 nev]!less1 if he conceals ! defects 9 spite ( a contr>y condition 9 ! contract1 = he injures ! buy] by lead+ him into an agreem5t aga9/ 8 w4 7a7 ,!re is an indicat$ condition :5 ! buy] inquires :e!r !re are defects 9 ! article1 hav+ ! int5tion to take no?+ t has any consid]able defect4 ,9 su* a case if ! sell] conceals ev5 an accid5tal defect 7i4e41 "o t makes ! article less suitable = ! buy]71 ! contract is null on acc\nt ( lack ( cons5t1 or at lea/1 z o!rs ?9k1 x is resc9dable on acc\nt ( ! fraud practis$4 ,b if a defect is inconsid]able1 ! contract1 unless x is expressly /ipulat$ to ! contr>y1 is good & lawful1 = !re is h>dly any?+ t has n "s small defects4 7b7 ,!re is an impli$ condition :5 ! buy] makes no inquiry1 b !re is a sub/antial defect 7i4e41 "o t makes ! article dang]\s or unsuitable = ! pur*as]71 & ?is defect is hidd51 ei!r because x is ( a k9d t w\ld escape mo/ p]sons1 or because ! pur*as] is inexp]i5c$ or unable to p]ceive x = himself4 ,s9ce e p]son :o buys int5ds to get some?+ useful1 !re is no cons5t & ! contract is invalid1 if "o is giv5 some?+ h>mful 7e4g41 corrupt$ or poison\s food in/ead ( good food71 or some?+ entirely useless to him ei!r = s]vice or = sale 7e4g41 a lame horse in/ead ( a s\nd horse = "o :o deals 9 race-horses74 #bacc4 ,circum/ances 9 ,:i* ,defects ,ne$ ,n ,be ,reveal$4--,fairness ( price be+ suppos$1 ! sell] is n unju/ 9 n call+ att5tion to defects 9 ! ?+ he sells1 if ! buy] does n ask ab\t defects & !re is no impli$ condition t ! sell] %\ld volunte] ! in=mation4 ,?is happ5s z foll[s3 7a7 if ! defect is hidd51 b only accid5tal1 !re is no condition t ! sell] %all po9t out ! defect1 = ! und]/&+ is only t ! buy] %all receive some?+ s]viceable at a fair return = 8 money1 ,nev]!less1 mo/ m]*ants wi% to please ! public & w take back or ex*ange an article t is n satisfactory2 7b7 if ! defect is op51 b accid5tal1 !re is no condition t ! sell] %all in/ruct ! buy] ab\t ?+s t ! latt] c & %\ld obs]ve = himself2 = x is suppos$ t ! buy] w ex]cise ord9>y c>e & prud5ce 9 mak+ pur*ases1 nor is ! sell] paid = supply+ ?is1 nor = assi/+ ! buy] to make good b>ga9s4 ,?us1 if a man 7 to buy a "o-ey$ horse1 because he _h n exam9$ ! horse1 he %\ld blame 8 own neglig5ce1 n ! sil5ce ( ! sell]1 = 8 bad b>ga94 #bacd4 ,def9ition ( ,trad+4--,trad+ 7negotiatio7 9 ! /rict s5se is ! pur*ase ( an object ) ! int5tion ( sell+ x un*ang$ at a pr(it4 ,if any "o ( ! conditions m5tion$ 9 ?is def9ition are lack+1 !re is trad+ 9 a wide s5se4 7a7 ,?us1 trad+ includes pur*ase1 & h5ce he :o sells ! produce ( 8 own f>m or v9ey>d is n /rictly a trad]2 7b7 !re mu/ be an int5tion ( resell+ ! ?+ b\ght1 & h5ce !re is trad+ only 9 a wide s5se if "o buys an article = "o's own use b1 f9d+ x unsuitable to t use1 sells x to ano!r p]son2 7c7 ! object mu/ be sold un*ang$1 t is1 9 ! same =m 9 :i* x 0 receiv$1 o!rwise !re is n /rict negotiation1 z :5 "o buys colors & canvas & makes !m into a picture2 7d7 ! object mu/ be sold at a high] price ?an 0 paid = x1 & h5ce x is n trad+ 9 ! /rict s5se to let a cu/om] h an article = j :at x has co/ oneself4 #bace4 ,! ,morality ( ,trad+ 9 ! ,/rict ,s5se4--7a7 ,9 itself1 trad+ has ! appe>ance ( evil1 inasmu* z money-mak+ may be an enc\ragem5t to av>ice4 ,b 9 reality pr(it z an end is morally indiff]5t1 nei!r good nor bad1 & all w dep5d on ! ultimate reason = :i* "o engages 9 bus9ess4 ,he :o makes ! :ole purpose ( 8 exi/5ce ! acquisition ( ga9 is a mat]iali/1 b he :o has "s high] end1 su* z public b5efit or private ma9t5ance1 is virtu\s 9 8 aims4 7b7 ,= cl]ics1 trad+ is =bidd5 by ,canon ,law 7,canon #adb71 & ! reason is t cl]ics %\ld be free f ! di/ractions & dang]s ( comm]ce1 s z to devote !mselves entirely to _! own spiritual duties 7,,ii ,tim41 ii4 #d74 #bacf4 ,usury4--,! s9 ( usury is committ$ 9 two ways4 7a7 ,usury 9 ! /rict s5se is ! tak+ ( int]e/ by reason ( intr9sic title 7i4e41 on acc\nt ( ! use7 = money or o!r fungible loan$ on condition t x be re/or$ 9 k9d 7mutuum74 ,?is is unju/ s9ce x exacts paym5t = t :i* is nonexi/5t1 t is1 = use1 z a di/9ct value1 ( a fungible ^: only value is 9 its use 7see ,ari/otle1 ,politics1 ,bk4 ,i1 ,*4 #aj1 #abeh;b #b-h2 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,summa ,!ologica ,,ii-,,ii1 q4 #gh1 a4 #a74 ,?is 0 ! op9ion ( mo/ m$ieval !ologians bas$ on ! fact t money 0 solely a m$ium ( ex*ange4 ,int]e/ 0 p]mitt$1 h[ev]1 on ! gr\nds ( extr9sic titles1 e4g41 comp5sation = ! exp5se ( a transaction 7damnum em]g5s71 ! loss ( opportunity to make good b>ga9s 7lucrum cessans74 7b7 ,usury 9 ! wide s5se1 :i* is all too common1 is ! tak+ ( int]e/ = a fungible loan$ at mutuum1 :]e !re is an extr9sic title 7e4g41 ! loss or inconv5i5ce suff]$ by ! l5d]7 = ! int]e/1 b ! rate *>g$ is unju/1 exce$+ t fix$ by law or t :i* is fair & reasonable 7see ,canon #aedc74 ,?is is unju/ :5 ! l5d] takes m ?an 8 loan is wor?2 x is un*>itable :5 ! l5d] does n dem& m ?an ! wor? ( 8 loan1 b does exact :at is due 9 a he>tless mann]4 ,examples ( usury 9 ! wide s5se are ! acts ( loan %>ks :o take advantage ( ! di/ress ( ! poor to make !m pay enorm\s int]e/ = small loans1 or :o hold ! debtor to ! /rict lett] ( ! agreem5t at a great loss to him4 ,9 rec5t ye>s a new concept ( usury 9 ! wide s5se has em]g$4 ,x is bas$ ^u ! fact t 9 mod]n times ! function ( money has *ang$4 ,9 anci5t times x 0 solely a m$ium or measure ( ex*ange t c\ld n be turn$ easily into capital4 ,) ! em]g5ce ( ! capitali/ic sy/em1 opportunities = inve/m5t increas$1 & money assum$ ! role ( a factor ( production4 ,money assum$ a new value & function3 x became virtually productive1 & s today money does fructify4 ,to place money1 !n1 at ! disposal ( ano!r to be employ$ 9 pr(itable v5tures con/itutes an economic s]vice &1 z su*1 is wor? its price z any o!r s]vice4 ,?is price ( money con/itutes mod]n int]e/1 :i* seems to diff] radically f ! old contract ( int]e/ & to be m "o ( hire or lease4 ,s view$1 int]e/1 or ! price ( money1 is det]m9$ 9 ! same way z ! price ( any o!r s]vice2 ! unju/ price1 or usury1 is an excessive price4 ,?is is ! mod]n concept ( usury4 #bacg4 ,pr9ciples ,obligatory 9 ,all ,=ms ( ,contract4--,! pr9ciples ( equality & hone/y t are morally obligatory 9 sales & loans at int]e/ are also obligatory 9 o!r =ms ( contract4 ,! foll[+ are examples ( equality4 7a7 ,gratuit\s ,contracts4--,obvi\sly ^! contracts d n require equality 9 respect to recomp5se1 s9ce _! nature is t no recomp5se is giv5 = :at is receiv$4 ,b 9 o!r ways equality mu/ be obs]v$4 ,?us1 !re mu/ be mutual cons5t1 (f] on "o side & acceptance on ! o!r2 !re mu/ be mutual respect1 = ea* mu/ honor ! gratuit\s promises made to ! o!r2 !re mu/ be a return ( ! same ?+ 9 quality & quantity z 0 borr[$1 unless ?is w\ld mean 7z 9 mutuum7 a loss to ! borr[]1 etc4 ,moreov]1 ! fact t all ! advantage is receiv$ by "o p>ty is balanc$ by ! fact t ?is p>ty mu/ be> ! ord9>y exp5ses & is held to special c>e himself1 b _c exact special c>e 9 ! o!r p>ty4 ,?us1 a borr[] has all ! advantage f a loan1 & he is oblig$ to use extreme c>e 9 us+ ! l5d]'s prop]ty1 :ile a depositor has all ! advantage f ! contract ( deposit & _c dem& m ?an ord9>y dilig5ce ( ! deposit>y 9 gu>d+ ! goods left ) him4 7b7 ,aleatory ,contracts4--,aleatory contracts1 or contracts ( *ance1 are conc]n$ ) "s unc]ta9 ev5t ^: outcome dep5ds ^u luck or skill or a comb9ation ( bo?4 ,! *ief =ms are bett+1 lott]y & gam+ 7all are consid]$ z gambl+71 to :i* mu/ be add$ insurance & m>ket speculations4 ,all ( ^! are indiff]5t 9 !mselves & obta9 _! morality f circum/ances4 ,h[ev]1 gambl+1 besides con=m+ to ! requirem5ts ( contracts 9 g5]al1 mu/ obs]ve "s special conditions to gu>antee its lawfulness3 #a7 ,! outcome %\ld be objectively unc]ta9 & n a 8sure ?+0 to be truly a contract ( *ance4 ,:ile ! contractants may be subjectively c]ta9 ( w9n+1 nei!r may s manipulate ! matt] z to exclude ! o!r's *ance ( w9n+4 ,%\ld "o insi/ ^u bett+ aga9/ ano!r's assurance ( a c]ta9 outcome1 he is mak+ a gift1 h>dly a bet4 #b7 ,ea* mu/ /ake :at belongs to himself & is n ne$$ = satisfy+ o!r obligations1 e4g41 support+ "o's family1 pay+ cr$itors1 etc4 ,failure to obs]ve ?is condition leads to _m s9s ( !ft or neglig5ce4 ,%\ld a p]son gamble ) money belong+ to ano!r1 p] se he has a "r to ! w9n+s "u ! title ( indu/rial fruits4 ,h[ev]1 if x w\ld be impossible = him to re/ore 9 ! ev5t ( a loss1 ! wag] is void & ! w9n+s mu/ be re/or$ to ! o!r play]1 s9ce ! am\nt bet c\ld n be lawfully won by ! o!r conte/ant4 #c7 ,a reasonable proportion %\ld be obs]v$ betwe5 :at is bet & ! probable w9n+s1 & all bett+ %\ld (f] a fair *ance ( w9n+4 ,equality is n necess>y1 b odds & h&icaps %\ld be (f]$ by ! favor$ side4 ,h[ev]1 ! odds may be waiv$ by o!r bettors4 #d7 ,hone/y mu/ prevail to exclude fix+ ! outcome or an unlawful /yle ( play4 ,! conv5tions ( ea* bet or game e/abli% ! norms ( *eat+4 ,?us1 hidd5 c>ds1 m>k$ c>ds1 false dice void a bet4 ,b runn+ a horse solely to 8tight5 him0 or 8r\nd him into %ape0 )\t full ef=t to w9 is expect$ 9 horse rac+4 ,w9n+s ?r\gh *eat+ mu/ be refund$4 #e7 ,! los] mu/ pay4 ,s9ce civil law =bids _m =ms ( organiz$ gambl+1 ! "q arises :e!r a wag] t has be5 outlaw$ con/itutes matt] = a valid contract t mu/ be fulfill$4 ,if ! law is purely p5al1 ! contract is valid & ! obligations ensue2 if x is a law t b9ds morally1 !n ! contract is invalid1 & ! los] probably ne$ n pay1 b has act$ s9fully 9 gambl+4 ,al?\gh n s9ful 9 itself1 gambl+ is s op5 to s]i\s abuse t x has be5 /rictly regulat$ by civil laws :i* b9d 9 consci5ce4 ,insurance is r$uc$ to ! category ( contracts ( *ance1 al?\gh its purpose is diff]5t f gambl+1 = x is conc]n$ n ) an unc]ta9 good1 i4e41 to make money quickly1 b ) an unc]ta9 evil1 i4e41 to avoid loss4 ,9 _m in/ances an individual :o does n take out insurance gambles m ?an "o :o does4 ,conditions ,requisite = ,validity4 ,! special conditions requisite = ! validity ( an insurance contract are f\nd$ ^u its aleatory nature4 ,?is involves especially t ! matt] ( ! contract is 9 "s way outside ! control ( bo? insur$ & insur] & beyond _! p[]1 bo? legal & moral1 to gov]n be=eh&4 ,f ?is foll[s ! second ess5tial condition1 t !re be "s risk = bo? p>ties4 ,"s morali/s today ma9ta9 t _m insurance contracts are unju/ to ! insur$ by reason ( defect ( proportionate risk on ! "p ( ! insur]4 ,!y argue t ! insur] avoids all risks & makes increas+ pr(its annually :5ev] insurance is on su* a l>ge scale t ! use ( /ati/ical tables favors ! insur]4 ,! fact t insurance companies are li/$ among ! mo/ weal?y corporations l5ds cr$5ce to ! argum5t & expla9s :y "s morali/s favor ! insur$ 9 cases ( re/itution n involv+ fraud on ! "p ( ! b5efici>y4 ,o!r morali/s insi/ t su* inju/ice c n be prov$1 t high pr(its are ow+ to increas$ effici5cy & bett] s]vice1 t premiums are adju/$ :5 x becomes app>5t t !y are out ( proportion to ! risks involv$ by ! insur]s4 ,on ! "p ( ! insur] is requir$ ! ability to pay indemnities occurr+ at ! normal rate1 b n to cov] all at once4 ,8 "r to ! premiums is correlative to ! obligation to pay ! /ipulat$ indemnities1 :ile 8 liabilities are bas$ ^u probable losses occurr+ successively4 ,9 reg>d to ! insur$1 8 basic obligation is to make an hone/ & complete disclosure ( ! risk involv$4 ,moral cases1 = ! mo/ "p1 are conc]n$ ) error1 innoc5t misrepres5tation1 & fraud on ! "p ( ! insur$4 ,bo? ! natural & civil law indicate ! effect ( ^! elem5ts on an insurance contract4 ,! natural law invalidates a contract 9 :i* cons5t ( "o or bo? p>ties arises f sub/antial error conc]n+ ! nature or ! matt] ( ! contract--9 insurance1 ! risk involv$4 ,9 g5]al1 !n1 :5ev] ! error ( ! insur$ is su* t he w\ld n h contract$ _h he kn[n ! facts1 ! contract is invalid1 ev5 if ! error 0 due to innoc5t non-disclosure or misrepres5tation on ! "p ( ! insur$4 ,9 su* cases1 ! innoc5t insur$ has no "r to ! indemnity ow+ to ! invalidity ( ! contract2 he has1 h[ev]1 a natural "r to all premiums paid out1 s9ce no contract is involv$ & ! insur] has no claim to !m4 ,9 case ( fraud1 at lea/ aft] judicial decision1 ! insur$ w\ld h no "r to ! premiums & mu/ also recomp5se ! insur] = exp5ses su/a9$4 ,error is consid]$ accid5tal & z n invalidat+ 9 natural law :5 ! insur]1 kn[+ ! facts1 w\ld h issu$ a policy1 b at a high] premium4 ,9 ?is case ! b5efici>y may accept ! indemnity1 b mu/ return ! diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ow$ 9 premiums4 ,a special case ( sub/antial error involv+ a disease unkn[n to ! insur$ & undiscov]$ or undiscov]able by ! insurance company doctors is consid]$ by morali/s z n invalidat+ a contract 9 natural law4 ,x is argu$ t ! insur] mu/ assume su* risks & t ! insur$ int5ds to cov] su* unkn[n conditions4 ,moreov]1 an invalidat+ clause conc]n+ su* a cont+5cy may be consid]$ p5al 9 nature & obligatory only aft] ! s5t5ce ( a judge4 ,insurance contracts & ! civil laws gov]n+ !m are s complicat$ t exp]t legal k is requir$ to und]/& ! legal /atus ( _m insurance cases4 ,h[ev]1 a few dispositions ( ! civil law :i* diff] f ! t5ets ( ! natural law %\ld be kept 9 m9d by ! prie/ or confessor 9 deal+ ) ! matt]s4 ,two favor ! insurance companies ov] ! insur$3 #a7 :5 fraud or misrepres5tation lead to accid5tal error1 ! contract is decl>$ void or voidable2 #b7 innoc5t non-disclosure or misrepres5tation 9 good fai? lead+ to accid5tal error also r5d] ! insurance contract voidable or p]haps ev5 void4 ,x is probable t ! b5efici>y 9 su* cases might be p]mitt$ to claim ! b5efits due him accord+ to ! naturally valid contract1 s9ce ^! civil law dispositions are contr>y to ! conclusions ( ! natural law4 ,he w\ld be oblig$1 h[ev]1 to re/itution = damages caus$ by 8 fraud or misrepres5tation committ$ ) grave !ological fault4 ,"o prescription recogniz$ by civil law & 9 "s places made m&atory favors ! insur$1 ! convalidat+ or inconte/ability clause4 ,! insurance company recognizes ! validity ( ! policy aft] a specifi$ p]iod ( "t has elaps$1 ev5 9 cases involv+ fraud on ! "p ( ! insur$4 ,if ! contract prior to ! "t 0 voidable1 ! company loses its "r to conte/ its validity2 if ! contract 0 void1 x becomes convalidat$4 ,by t]ms ( ?is clause1 ! natural-law obligation to re/ore by reason ( fraud ceases & ! b5efici>y may lawfully keep ! insurance money4 ,obligations ,aris+ aft] ! ,policy ,is ,issu$4 #a7 ,! insur$ mu/ pay ! premiums at ! times & accord+ to ! t]ms /at$ 9 ! policy4 #b7 ,! insur$ mu/ n increase ! risk assum$ by ! company4 ,concretely1 9 cases ( prop]ty insur$1 ! insur$ is b\nd 9 commutative ju/ice n to delib]ately de/roy or damage ! prop]ty cov]$ by ! policy "u p5alty ( los+ all rights to comp5sation4 ,comp5sation c\ld be claim$1 h[ev]1 if ! damag+ or de/ructive action 0 only !ologically "r4 #c7 ,he mu/ n claim or accept indemnity = articles n damag$2 he mu/ n submit a claim beyond a j e/imate ( ! real damage4 ,"s morali/s ma9ta9 t a claim may be made = a high] am\nt ) ! int5tion ( gett+ a j value aft] ! insurance adju/or has made 8 inve/igation & l[]$ ! e/imat$ value4 ,! adju/or's e/imate1 ev5 if high] ?an ! insur$ e/imate1 may be accept$ provid$ no means h be5 tak5 to prev5t a full & free exam9ation ( damage4 ,op]ations on ! /ock m>ket & simil> m>kets are prim>ily contracts ( buy+ & sell+2 !y become contracts ( *ance :5 !y assume ! quality ( speculation1 i4e41 gambl+ on future *anges ( prices4 ,x is g5]ally conc$$ t su* contracts are n morally wrong 9 !mselves & foll[ ! laws ( bett+4 ,additional ju/ification is add$ on ! gr\nd t su* transactions 9 _m in/ances supply ! capital requir$ = l>ge-scale op]ations1 future deliv]ies1 etc4 ,occasional diss5t+ voices insi/ t c]ta9 aspects ( su* transactions1 e4g41 deal+ 9 future values ( :eat1 rye1 & o!r commodities1 are immoral s9ce !y t5d to det]m9e prices indep5d5t ( ! real value ( ! products1 ! laws ( supply & dem&1 etc4 ,h[ev]1 ! argum5ts seem to involve m abuses controllable1 if n actually controll$1 by m>ket+ laws & civil laws r ?an any immorality 9 ! op]ations !mselves4 7c7 ,on]\s ,contracts4--,^! contracts require t !re be equality betwe5 ! recomp5se & ! ?+ receiv$4 ,?us1 9 a lease ! lessor mu/ n *>ge excessive r5t1 & ! lessee mu/ pay ! r5t fai?fully2 9 a contract ( labor1 ! employ] mu/ pay a fair wage 7t is1 "o t at ! m9imum w meet ! prim>y ne$s ( ! work] & 8 family to live 9 frugal com=t1 & :i* w moreov] equal ! special value ( ! s]vice giv52 = a complete treatm5t ( ! !ology ( ! j wage1 see ,fr4 ,j]emiah ,newman1 8,! ,j ,wage10 ,!ology ,dige/1 ,vol4 #b1 ,spr+ #aieg1 pp4 #abj-abf1 & 8,a ,note on ! ,liv+ ,wage10 by ,edw>d ,dui1 ,s4,j41 9 ! same issue71 & ! labor] on 8 "p mu/ give a fair day's "w z to quantity & quality2 9 p>tn]%ip1 ! memb]s mu/ divide ! pr(its & loss accord+ to a reasonable di/ribution2 9 gu>anty1 pl$ge1 & mortgage1 ju/ice requires t ! burd5 assum$ be n out ( proportion to ! b5efit t is receiv$4 #bach4 ,fraudul5t ,contracts4--,examples ( fraud 9 contracts are ! foll[+3 7a7 9 gratuit\s contracts1 a donee :o by false repres5tations obta9s a gift1 a l5d] :o fails to make kn[n to ! borr[] defects or dang]s 9 ! ?+ loan$2 7b7 9 on]\s contracts1 a l&lord :o conceals defects f "o :o is r5t+ a h\se1 memb]s ( a bus9ess conc]n :o keep back in=mation f p>tn]s or :o give out false /atem5ts 9 ord] to entice inve/ors1 cr$itors :o conceal _! k ab\t ! unreliability ( a man = :om surety is giv5 !m2 7c7 9 aleatory contracts1 9 a pure wag]1 a p]son :o bets on a ?+ suppos$ to be unc]ta9 b ab\t :i* he has c]ta9 in=mation1 or :o kn[s t he w be unable to pay %\ld he lose1 or :o w all[ no odds ?\gh he kn[s t ! probabilities are 9 8 favor2 9 gam+1 a play] :o pret5ds to be ignorant 9 ord] to inveigle ano!r p]son into a game ( skill1 or :o does n obs]ve ! rules ( ! game1 or :o fixes ! c>ds or dice = himself 9 a game ( *ance2 9 lott]y1 a draw] :o manipulates ! lots s z to favor "s ( ! play]s1 etc4 ,art4 #e3 ,,! ,,quasi-,,integral ,,& ,,pot5tial ,,p>ts ,,( ,,ju/ice2 ,,! ,,virtue ,,( ,,religion ,,& ,,! ,,opposite ,,vices 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,,ii-,,ii1 qq4 #gi-ajj47 #baci4 ,! ,quasi-,integral ,p>ts ( ,ju/ice4--,! integral p>ts ( a virtue are c]ta9 functions necess>y = ! p]fect use ( ! virtue2 = example1 memory1 p]ception1 docility & quickness are ne$$ = ! fulle/ ex]cise ( prud5ce 7see #afdh sqq474 ,^! p>ts are call$ "h 8quasi-integral10 s z n to be confus$ ) ! prop]ly integral p>ts1 or divisions ( quantity1 9 a mat]ial composite4 ,9 its fir/ use 8integral "p0 is spok5 ( bodily ?+s2 9 its d]iv$ use ( incorporeal ?+s 7su* z virtues74 ,! two previ\s articles treat$ ! subjective p>ts ( ju/ice2 ! pres5t article w beg9 ) a consid]ation ( ! integral p>ts & ! opposite s9s4 #badj4 ,! integral p>ts ( ju/ice are express$ 9 ! words ( ,psalm xxxiii4 #ae--8,turn away f evil1 & d good0--= ! p]fectly j man w bo? e/abli% ! equality ( ju/ice by giv+ o!rs _! dues1 & w pres]ve t equality by refra9+ f injuries4 7a7 ,?us1 ^! integral p>ts are acts ( virtue1 & h5ce ! avoidance ( evil "h is n a purely negative attitude2 x includes a positive repudiation by ! w ( all wi% to h>m o!rs1 & x is ex]cis$ especially :5 "o is attack$ & yet refuses to resort to inju/ice4 7b7 ,^! integral p>ts ( ju/ice are also di/9ct1 "o f ! o!r4 ,! o!r moral virtues regulate ! passions by br++ !m to ! mod]ation t lies midway betwe5 two evil extremes1 & h5ce 9 respect to ^? virtues to turn away f evil is ! same ?+ z to d good4 ,b ju/ice regulates human op]ations & ext]nal ?+s bo? by r$uc+ !m to due equality & also by avoid+ t :i* upsets ! equality1 & ?us 9 ! matt] ( ju/ice x is "o ?+ to d good1 ano!r ?+ to avoid evil4 7c7 ,^! integral p>ts ( ju/ice are also special1 t is1 !y are di/9ct f o!r virtues4 ,=1 :ile e virtue turns away f evil & does good1 ! two acts we are n[ consid]+ d ^! ?+s ) ! express purpose ( fulfill+ ju/ice4 ,?us1 he :o obs]ves ! comm&s & prohibitions ( ! law 9 ord] to r5d] to ,god & ! common good _! dues1 is p]fect 9 g5]al or legal ju/ice2 he :o gives to o!r individuals :at is ow$ !m & also avoids do+ !m injury1 is p]fect 9 p>ticul> ju/ice4 ,to ! two integral p>ts ( ju/ice are oppos$ ! two s9s ( transgression & omission 7see #ce-ci74 #bada4 ,! ,pot5tial ,p>ts ( ,ju/ice4--,! pot5tial p>ts ( ju/ice1 t is1 its annex$ virtues1 are ^? good habits t are subsidi>y to ju/ice1 p>tak+ 9 "s degree1 b n entirely1 ( its nature or activity4 ,we saw above 7#affd sqq47 t wise delib]ation & wise decision belong to prud5ce1 inasmu* z !y are conc]n$ ) ! gov]nm5t ( conduct by reason1 b t !y fall %ort ( its pr9cipal act1 :i* is wise direction1 & h5ce !y are c\nt$ z pot5tial p>ts4 ,9 l mann]1 !re are a numb] ( virtues :i* mu/ be assign$ to ju/ice1 s9ce !y regulate man's w t[>ds o!rs1 b :i* mu/ be consid]$ z its pot5tial p>ts1 because !y d n %>e 9 "o or ! o!r ( ! two rema9+ ess5tial notes ( /rict ju/ice1 namely1 t a return is giv5 :i* is equal to a debt1 & t ! debt is ow$ on acc\nt ( a /rict or legal "r 7see #afib74 #badb4 ,9 ! foll[+ enum]ation are giv5 ! *ief pot5tial p>ts ( ju/ice 9 :i* !re is a /rict debt1 b n an equal repaym5t4 7a7 ,?us1 to ,god man owes :atev] honor & v5]ation he manife/s1 b ) all 8 ef=ts man c nev] pay to ,god a wor%ip t is equal to ! debt4 ,?us1 man _c suffici5tly ?ank ,god = ,8 b5efits3 8,:at return c ,i make to ! ,"l = all t ,he has done = me80 7,psalm cxv4 #ab74 ,! virtue ( religion1 !re=e1 is a pot5tial "p ( ju/ice4 7b7 ,to p>5ts *ildr5 _c make a full return = ! b5efits ( life & upbr++1 & ! same may be said ( "o's c\ntry3 8,a due return is out ( ! "q 9 honors paid to ! gods & to p>5ts 444 b a p]son is consid]$ to be virtu\s if he pays su* reg>d z lies )9 8 p[]0 7,ari/otle1 ,e?ics1 lib4 ,,viii1 cap4 #af74 ,h5ce1 ! virtue ( piety is also a pot5tial "p ( ju/ice4 ,9 exceptional cases1 h[ev]1 a *ild may make an equal or ev5 a great] return to 8 p>5ts = ! b5efits receiv$ f !m2 = example1 by sav+ 8 fa!r f dea? he makes an equal return = ! b5efit ( life1 & by conv]t+ 8 p>5ts to ! fai? he gives !m spiritual life1 :i* is m valuable ?an ! natural life he receiv$ f !m4 7c7 ,to m5 ( virtue we are unable to make a suffici5t return = ! good !y d u by _! in/ruction & example1 & h5ce ! honor we %[ !m is less ?an ! b5efit we receive f !m4 ,! virtue ( rev]5ce 7obs]vantia7 is !n a pot5tial "p ( ju/ice4 #badc4 ,degrees ( ,moral ,debt4--,! rema9+ pot5tial p>ts ( ju/ice are ^? 9 :i* !re is n a legal debt1 :i* is en=c$ by "s law1 b a moral debt to :i* "o is oblig$ f ! dec5cy or ! great] dec5cy ( virtue4 ,!re are1 !n1 two degrees ( moral debt4 7a7 ,a moral debt is m urg5t1 :5 )\t its fulfillm5t "o _c keep to ! dec5cy ( virtue1 t is1 "o _c pres]ve ! "* ( a virtu\s man4 ,?us1 if a moral debt is consid]$ f ! side ( ! debtor1 he is oblig$ to %[ himself 9 words & de$s to o!rs :at he really is1 has be51 or int5ds to be 7virtue ( tru?fulness72 if ! debt be view$ f ! side ( ! cr$itor to :om "s recomp5se is ow$1 !re is ! duty ( gratitude to him = 8 b5efits & ( puni%m5t = 8 injuries 7virtues ( gratitude & v9dication74 ,^! p>ts ( ju/ice j m5tion$ are readily di/+ui%able f acts t p]ta9 to g5]al or p>ticul> ju/ice & t are ow$ z legal debts4 ,?us1 tru?ful te/imony on ! witness /& is a legal obligation1 = ! p]son :o que/ions has a /rict "r to he> ! tru?2 b v]acity 9 social int]c\rse1 or ! habit ( speak+ ! tru? to o!rs1 is a moral obligation1 "o impos$ by ,god b n en=c$ legally4 ,comp5sation = s]vices be/[$ accord+ to contract is a legal duty1 & ! debtor c be compell$ to pay2 b ?ankfulness = gifts or o!r b5efits is only a moral duty1 & g5]ally laws d n take acc\nt ( +ratitude4 ,puni%m5t ( a del9qu5t by public au?ority is an act ( commutative ju/ice2 b puni%m5t met$ out by a private p]son 9 self-def5se1 :o appeals to ! law or :o =cibly b lawfully repels an injury1 is an act ( a virtue annex$ to ju/ice4 7b7 ,a moral debt is less urg5t1 :5 )\t its fulfillm5t "o c pres]ve virtue1 b n ! m becom+ or m p]fect c\rse ( virtue4 ,! *ief examples "h are ! virtues ( fri5d%ip or affability & ( lib]ality4 ,to treat o!rs 9 a fri5dly mann] & to make oneself agreeable 9 company is suitable1 n *iefly because ( any b5efits "o has receiv$ f o!rs1 b because "o is bett] = ?is oneself & by x ! ways ( life are made easi] = all4 ,likewise lib]ality is n due1 b x %[s a bett] disposition z to money & o!r temporal goods to be will+ to di/ribute !m to o!rs will+ly & g5]\sly4 ,)\t fri5d%ip & lib]ality ! peace & h>mony ( social int]c\rse may be ma9ta9$1 b ) !m x is ma9ta9$ m easily & receives an add$ grace & di/9ction4 #badd4 ,epieikeia4--,! above-m5tion$ pot5tial p>ts ( ju/ice are adjuncts ( p>ticul> ju/ice4 ,!re rema9s "o m virtue to be not$1 t ( epieikeia or equity1 :i* p]ta9s to legal ju/ice4 ,?is is a subjective "p ( ju/ice1 s9ce x is ! sup]ior function ( legal ju/ice1 guid+ x to foll[ :at is sub/antial "r1 & pres]v+ x f ! dang] ( m]e legalism or ov]-/rict int]pretation or application ( ,writt5 law 7see #ceh74 ,) ?is1 ! cr[n+ virtue ( ju/ice1 ! enum]ation ( its p>ts is br\ght to a close4 #bade4 ,! ,virtue ( ,religion4--,we %all n[ proce$ to treat ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ju/ice 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 giv5 above 7#badb-badd71 beg9n+ ) ! virtue t r5d]s to ,god ,8 due4 ,religion 7hol9ess7 is def9$ z 8a moral virtue t disposes u to (f] to ,god ! wor%ip & honor t belong to ,him z ! supreme ,au?or ( all ?+s40 7a7 ,?us1 religion is a moral virtue1 =1 ?\gh x t5ds t[>ds ,god1 x is n numb]$ among ! !ological virtues1 b among ! moral virtues1 be+ "o ( ! pot5tial p>ts ( ju/ice4 7b7 ,x is an incl9ation1 t is1 x is a habit ( ! s\l or ! ex]cise ( t habit 9 "s act4 ,! acts ( religion are ei!r elicit$ by x or comm&$ by x1 accord+ z !y are its own prop] activities & proce$ directly f x & are direct$ imm$iately to ,god 7e4g41 acts ( adoration1 sacrifice1 pray]71 or belong to "s o!r virtue employ$ by religion = ! honor ( ,god2 = example1 to visit ! wid[s & orphans 9 _! tribulation is an act ( m]cy1 to keep oneself unspott$ f ?is _w is an act ( temp]ance1 b :5 us$ = ! honor & glory ( ,god ^! acts are also acts ( religion 7,james1 i4 #bg74 7e7 ,x is paid to ,god1 t is1 be+ an act ( ju/ice1 x r5d]s to ano!r :at is ,8 due4 ,religi\s honor giv5 ! sa9ts or sacr$ images ref]s to ,god1 = ^: sake !y are v5]at$4 7d7 ,x is paid to ,god z ! ,supreme ,be+1 t is1 j z we are b\nd to t5d to ,god & to s]ve ,him1 because ,he is our ,la/ ,end1 s are we b\nd to honor ,him1 because ,he is our ,mak] & ,rul]4 7e7 ,x (f]s to ,god ! tribute ( wor%ip1 t is1 "s int]nal or ext]nal "w done 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( ,god's ,maje/y & ) ! purpose ( impress+ ! wor%ipp] or o!rs ) ! s5se ( ,8 greatness1 or x is ! s5se ( t greatness4 #badf4 ,religion z a ,moral ,virtue4--7a7 ,religion takes its rank among ! moral1 n among ! !ological1 virtues4 ,a !ological virtue has ! ,la/ ,end = its imm$iate object or subject-matt] 7e4g41 fai? is conc]n$ directly ) ,god1 s9ce x believes ,him & 9 ,him71 & has no mean ( virtue 7e4g41 fai? _c g to extremes by believ+ ,god too mu*72 :]eas a moral virtue has ! means to ,god = its imm$iate object 7e4g41 ju/ice is conc]n$ directly ) ! actions we owe to o!rs7 & x mu/ obs]ve ! gold5 mean 7e4g41 ju/ice mu/ pay ! j price1 nei!r m nor less1 & at ! prop] "t1 place1 & to ! prop] p]son1 etc474 ,n[1 x is cle> t religion has = its imm$iate object ! due p]=mance ( wor%ip1 al?\gh ,god is ! p]son = ^: sake x is (f]$ & ,8 excell5ce ! f\ndation ( its necessity2 & also t "o mu/ obs]ve mod]ation 9 wor%ip z to circum/ances ( place1 "t1 etc41 al?\gh x is impossible to be extreme 9 ! quantity or f]vor "o gives to wor%ip1 s9ce ev5 ! be/ ef=ts w fall %ort ( ! honor ,god des]ves 7,ecclus41 xliii4 #cc74 7b7 ,religion is ! greate/ ( ! moral virtues1 s9ce ! p]son 9 ^: favor x is ex]cis$ is ,god ,himself1 & its obligation is correspond+ly /rict] ?an t ( ! o!r virtues4 ,g5]al & p>ticul> ju/ice are ow$ to creatures1 b ! claim ( a creature is mu* less ?an t ( ,god4 ,!re is no contradiction 9 mak+ religion a "p ( ju/ice & !n pref]r+ x to ju/ice1 = x is m correct to speak ( ! integral & pot5tial p>ts ( virtues z quasi-p>ts1 s9ce !y are call$ p>ts only f analogy to p>ts t are f\nd 9 mat]ial or liv+ ?+s1 ?\gh !y are n simil> to ^? p>ts 9 all respects 7see #afdg1 #afdh1 #baci74 ,nei!r does ! fact t religion _c pay 9 full make x inf]ior to ju/ice1 s9ce 9 matt]s ( virtue good w take prec$5ce ov] ! ability to pay4 ,s9ce religion is ! supreme moral virtue1 irreligion is ! *ief (f5se aga9/ ! moral virtues 7e4g41 malici\s blasphemy is worse ?an inju/ice or intemp]ance74 #badg4 ,sup]iority ( ,religion z a ,virtue4--,religion1 !re=e1 is sup]ior to ! foll[+ virtues3 7a7 x is sup]ior to legal ju/ice1 ! *ief ( ! moral virtues t deal ) human & natural good2 7b7 x is sup]ior to humility1 ! *ief ( ! moral virtues mod]ative ( ! passions2 7c7 x is sup]ior to m]cy1 ! greate/ ( ! virtues t relieve di/ress1 = religion is (f]$ to ,god1 n = ,8 utility1 b = ,8 ext]nal glory & our b5efit2 7d7 x is great] ?an rep5tance1 = x honors ,god1 :ile rep5tance only disposes or prep>es = satisfaction to ,8 honor2 7e7 x is great] ?an l>ge ext]nal (f]+s made to ,god )\t _s1 = 8ob$i5ce is bett] ?an victims0 7,i ,k+s1 xv4 #bb72 t is1 ! int]nal acts ( religion 7rev]5ce & devotion7 are ( m importance ?an ext]nal acts ( wor%ip conduct$ ) great pomp or magnific5ce b )\t ! inn] rev]5ce1 ! ob$i5ce or o!r dispositions pleas+ to ,god4 #badh4 ,necessity ( ! ,acts ( ,religion4--7a7 ,! int]nal acts 7devotion & pray]7 are *iefly necess>y1 = ^! are ex]cis$ by ! s\l1 & x is ?r\gh !m t ! ext]nal acts are made tru?ful3 8,god is a _s & ^? :o adore ,him mu/ adore 9 _s & 9 tru?0 7,john1 iv4 #bd74 7b7 ,! ext]nal acts 7adoration1 sacrifice1 etc47 are also necess>y to man4 ,god does n ne$ ^! acts 7,psalm xlix4 #ac71 x is true1 = no creature c add to ! glory ,god has f ,himself4 ,b man ne$s ! elevation & p]fection :i* he receives f communication ) ! ,supreme ,be+1 &1 z he is n all _s1 he mu/ employ symbols & c]emonies to ar\se1 hold & /r5g!n ! affections ( 8 s\l4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh ! c]emonial law ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 aboli%$ by ,*ri/ 7see #cdb71 ! ,*ri/ian religion recognizes ! ne$ ( c]emonies1 z is pla9 bo? f ! ,scriptures & ! tea*+ & practice ( ! ,*ur* at all times4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t we read t ,our ,"l us$ vocal pray]1 pray$ on ,8 knees1 & made use ( sacr$ hymns2 & l ext]nal acts ( religion are ascrib$ to ,/s4 ,pet]1 ,paul1 & ,/eph5 7,luke1 xxii4 #ca2 ,matt41 xxvi4 #ci2 ,acts1 ii4 #db1 vii4 #ei1 ix4 #dj74 ,public wor%ip is also a necessity on acc\nt ( ! nature ( ! ,*ur* z a visible society4 #badi4 ,! ,int]nal ,acts ( ,religion4--,^! int]nal acts are (f]+s made to ,god ( ! wor%ip ( ! s\l itself1 & !y may be r$uc$ *iefly to two3 7a7 devotion1 :i* is ! (f]+ ( ! w & ! highe/ act ( religion1 s9ce f ! w ! o!r acts arise2 7b7 pray]1 :i* is ! (f]+ ( ! intellect2 = 9 pray] ! ?\ghts ( ! m9d rise to ,god z an oblation made to ,him4 #baej4 ,def9ition ( ,devotion4--,devotion is def9$ z 8! w to give oneself readily to ^? ?+s t p]ta9 to ! div9e s]vice40 ,we f9d an example ( x 9 ,exod41 xxxv4 #ba1 :]e x is said t ! multitude (f]$ fir/ fruits to ! ,"l ) a mo/ ready & dev\t m9d4 ,"o :o is devot$ to ano!r is /rongly atta*$ to t o!r's int]e/s1 & s "o :o is dev\t is zeal\s = ! s]vice ( ,god4 7a7 ,?us1 devotion is an act ( ! w1 t is1 an (f]+ ( oneself to ! s]vice ( ,god1 ! ,la/ ,end4 ,b devotion w be f\nd 9 o!r acts 9 s f> z !y are done "u ! w's impulse1 su* z pray]1 adoration1 sacrifice4 ,! looks1 ge/ures1 & voice ( ^? :o pray or take "p 9 s]vices ( div9e wor%ip are influ5c$ by int]nal devotion1 & s become fitt+ expressions ( honor %[n to ,god & an inspiration to behold]s4 7b7 ,devotion conta9s a ready will+ness1 t is1 ! dev\t p]son is quick to *oose ! div9e honor z a purpose1 quick also to select & to employ suitable means = ?is purpose4 ,! great model ( ?is is ,our ,"l1 :o decl>$ t ,8 v food 0 to s]ve ,8 ,fa!r 7,john1 iv4 #cd74 7c7 ,devotion is ex]cis$ 9 ?+s t p]ta9 to ! div9e s]vice1 t is1 to ! wor%ip or honor ( ,god4 ,?us1 he :o (f]s himself to ,god int5d+ ! (f]+ z an act ( spiritual union or fri5d%ip ex]cises ! virtue ( *>ity1 :ile he :o =ms ! int5tion ( do+ good 9 ord] to glorify ,god ex]cises devotion4 ,b devotion & *>ity are n sep>at$1 = *>ity inspires devotion & devotion n\ri%es *>ity4 #baea4 ,devotion %\ld n be confus$ ) emotion1 spiritual consolation1 or pi\s ex]cises kn[n z devotions4 7a7 ,?us1 emotion or pleasure ( a non-religi\s k9d is n devotion1 ?\gh sometimes mi/ak5 = x :5 ! emotion or pleasure is ( an elevat+ k9d & occasion$ by religi\s ex]cises4 ,nei!r e/hetic joy 7e4g41 ov] ! music1 ! c]emonies1 ! ar*itecture ( ! *ur*71 nor lit]>y pleasure 7e4g4 ov] a sublime passage ( ,holy ,writ or a *>m+ liturgical composition71 nor intellectual satisfaction 7e4g41 ov] ! ref9em5t & culture imp>t$ by religi\s tru?s71 is necess>ily jo9$ ) t /rong atta*m5t to ,god & incl9ation to d ,8 w :i* is ! s\l ( devotion4 7b7 ,spiritual consolations are sometimes call$ devotion1 b !y are n ! same ?+ z ! devotion we n[ speak (4 ,sub/antial devotion ) :i* we are n[ conc]n$ is 9 ! w & consi/s 9 ! /rong incl9ation to praise & honor ,god1 :]eas accid5tal devotion is r 9 ! s5sible appetite & consi/s 9 a feel+ ( sweetness or elevation 9 ex]cises ( piety :i* sometimes reacts ^u ! body1 z :5 a dev\t p]son weeps = joy at ! ?\ght ( ,god4 ,sub/antial devotion is ess5tial & %\ld be ma9ta9$1 ev5 ?\gh !re is no feel+ ( attraction or f]vor4 ,an example ( ?is is furni%$ by ,our ,"l1 :o pray$ e>ne/ly dur+ ! agony 9 ! g>d5 & ! desolation on ! cross4 ,accid5tal devotion is n ( itself evil1 nor useless1 & x may be desir$ & pray$ =2 b x is dang]\s = ^? p]sons :o are puff$ up by x1 or :o become inord9ately atta*$ to x1 or :o are dispos$ to mi/ake x = sub/antial devotion1 =1 l ! consol+ vision ( ,?abor1 x is pass+ & is n an end 9 itself4 7c7 ,devotions are v>i\s =ms ( ext]nal cult %[n to ,god1 ,*ri/1 ! ,bless$ ,virg91 ! ,sa9ts1 celebrat$ %r9es1 etc41 :e!r ( a liturgical or a popul>1 ( a public or a private k9d4 ,examples are ! ,=ty ,h\rs' ,devotion1 nov5as1 consecrat$ days & mon?s1 ! use ( scapul>s1 m$als1 etc41 pilgrimages1 & ! l4 ,all ^! devotions t h ! approval ( ! ,*ur* are good & useful 9 !mselves4 ,b devotees (t5 made a bad use ( !m1 sub/itut+ devotions = devotion & ! non-ess5tial = ! ess5tial1 z :5 religion is made to c5t] 9 pictures or music or a s5tim5tal atta*m5t = "s favorite ,sa9t4 ,p]sons :o multiply ext]nal obs]vances may be )\t ! lea/ degree ( real devotion4 #baeb4 ,ext]nal & ,int]nal ,cause ( ,devotion4--,! ext]nal cause ( devotion is ,god1 :o by grace be/[s ! w ( s]v+ ,him gladly1 & !re=e ! ,*ur* prays ,god to be/[ ^u u ! disposition ( piety & devotion1 & to increase 9 u devotion unto salvation4 ,b !re is also an int]nal cause1 namely1 m5tal pray] or consid]ation ( div9e ?+s1 = ! w foll[s on ! intellect4 ,h5ce1 x is impossible to animate ext]nal acts ( wor%ip ) true devotion1 unless "o practises daily or frequ5t m5tal pray]4 ,! subjects ( m5tal pray] t promote devotion are r$ucible to two3 7a7 "o %\ld ?9k on "o's own weakness 7s9s1 dang]s1 temptations1 etc47 & "o's ne$ ( ,god1 = ?is s]ves to remove ! imp$im5ts to devotion4 ,^? :o w\ld be devot$ to ,god mu/ free !mselves f presumption & self-confid5ce 9 ! _s ( ! pilgrim go+ up to ! ,temple :o said2 8,i w raise my eyes to ! m\nta9s f :i* help come? to me0 7,psalm cxx1 #a72 7b7 "o %\ld ?9k on po9ts t w excite ! love ( ,god1 su* z ! ?\ght ( ,8 goodness1 ! memory ( ,8 b5efits1 ! my/]ies ( ! life ( ,*ri/2 = ^! consid]ations by inspir+ *>ity w !reby indirectly introduce devotion to ,god4 8,x is good = me to cl+ fa/ to ,god & to place my hope 9 ! ,"l10 said ! ,psalmi/1 aft] he _h ?\ght ov] ! bless+s receiv$ f ,provid5ce 7,psalm lxxii4 #bh74 #baec4 ,pray]4--,pray] c be tak5 9 v>i\s s5ses4 7a7 ,?us1 9 ! wide/ s5se pray] is any act ( religion or a holy life4 ,/4 ,augu/9e says t a good life is ! be/ ( all pray]s1 & ! comm& ( ,*ri/ t we pray always has be5 und]/ood to mean t we %\ld always foll[ good4 7b7 ,9 a less wide s5se1 pray] is ! rais+ ( ! m9d to ,god1 9 ord] to praise1 adore1 ?ank ,him1 etc4 ,! motive ( v5]ation "h pres5t di/+ui%es pray] f m]e ?\ghts ab\t ,god z :5 "o /udies or discusses !ological subjects to satisfy curiosity or to imp>t in=mation4 7c7 ,9 its /rict s5se1 pray] is ! ask+ = suitable ?+s f ,god4 ,by suitable ?+s are meant su* z are lawful & becom+1 & h5ce x w\ld n be a pray]1 b a mock]y1 to ask ,god = help to accompli% s9 or = miracles 9 trivial matt]s4 ,we are n[ consid]+ pray] 9 its /rict & less wide s5ses4 #baed4 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,pray]4--7a7 ,pray] 9 its nature is an act ( ! reason1 = x is a conv]sation or communication ) ,god4 ,x belongs1 h[ev]1 n to ! speculative1 b to ! practical reason1 s9ce x is n a m]e process ( appreh5sion1 judgm5t or reason+1 b ! arrangem5t & pres5tation ( reque/s1 plans1 etc41 be=e ,god ) a view to _! acceptance by ,him4 ,by pray]1 !n1 we d n und]/& ?9k+ on ,god1 z 9 m$itation & contemplation 7?\gh ^! are kn[n z m5tal pray]71 b speak+ to ,god4 7b7 ,pray] 9 its orig9 is an act ( ! w1 = ! practical reason pres5ts be=e ,god only su* ?+s z are desir$ by him :o prays4 ,pray] is ! int]pret] ( desire4 ,inde$1 ,god may take ! w = ! reque/ & grant :at has n yet be5 ask$3 8,! ,"l he>d ! desire ( ! poor0 7,ps4 ix4 #ag72 8,be=e !y cry ,i %all he> !m0 7,is41 lxv4 #bd74 ,moreov]1 pray] %\ld spr+ out ( an incl9ation t[>ds ,god ,himself & a desire = union ) ,him 7,ps4 xli4 #a4 #b2 ,ps4 xxvi4 #d74 #baee4 ,! ,necessity ( ,pray]4--7a7 ,pray] is n necess>y on ,god's acc\nt1 z ?\gh ,he ne$$ to be in=m$ ( our wants1 or c\ld n be happy )\t our homage1 or might be induc$ to *ange ,8 plans2 7b7 x is necess>y = our own sakes1 =1 al?\gh ,god c\ld & sometimes does grant favors unask$1 ,he wi%es t ord9>ily we %\ld h ! d\ble b5efit ( ! pray] & ( ! favor giv5 9 answ] to ! pray]4 ,god c\ld grant ! crops ( ! fields )\t human cultivation1 or ev5 tools & f9i%$ articles )\t human inv5tion or labor1 b man w\ld !n lose ! fruits t belong to labor ( m9d & body4 ,pray] is mo/ b5eficial1 ev5 :5 unansw]$3 x attracts man to p]=m 8 basic duty ( honor+ 8 ,creator1 to keep 9 use 8 spiritual p[]s1 & to ex]cise ! necess>y virtues ( fai?1 hope & *>ity2 x gives him ! privilege ( speak+ directly ) ,god & ) ,*ri/ & ( ask+ = :at he desires--an intimacy t mu/ 9 "t correct & elevate man's :ole spiritual life2 !n pray] is a p\r+ out ( ! he>t to ,god ! ,heav5ly ,fa!r1 & ?is w af=d relief 9 times ( mis=tune or p]il4 #baef4 ,! ,duty ( ,pray] = all ,adults4--7a7 ,pray] is necess>y f div9e precept1 z is decl>$ 9 _m passages ( ,scripture4 ,?us1 we are comm&$ to wat* & pray 7,matt1 xxvi4 #da71 to pray always & n to fa9t 7,luke1 xviii4 #a71 to ask & to knock 7,matt41 vii4 #g sqq471 to pray )\t ceas+ 7,i ,!ss41 v4 #ag71 to wat* 9 pray]s 7,i ,pet]1 iv4 #g74 ,9 ! ,mass ! ,"l's ,pray] is prefac$ ) ! words3 8,comm&$ by salut>y precepts & admoni%$ by div9e in/ructions1 we make bold to say3 ,our ,fa!r1 etc40 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no div9e precept ( vocal pray] or z to ! use ( ! =m ( words giv5 by ,*ri/1 b "o mu/ pray at lea/ m5tally & 9 ! mann] indicat$ by ,*ri/4 7b7 ,pray] is also necess>y z a means 7see #cfj71 at lea/ g5]ally speak+2 n t ,god c\ld n save man )\t pray]1 b t ,he has made x an indisp5sable condition1 z is true also ( ,baptism1 )\t :i* salvation is n conf]r$4 ,?is is ! common op9ion & x re/s on /rong argum5ts4 ,?us1 !re are c]ta9 necess>y goods 7su* z p]sev]ance7 t _c be _h except ?r\gh pray]1 & !re are c]ta9 necess>y duties 7su* z ! acts ( fai?1 *>ity1 & religion7 t are n ex]cis$ ap>t f pray]4 ,!n1 !re is ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* & ( ! ,fa!rs & ,doctors t pray] is ne$$ 9 ord] to obs]ve ! ,comm&m5ts 7,c\ncil ( ,tr5t71 t no "o is assi/$ :o does n pray 7,g5nadius71 t pray] is to ! s\l :at brea? is to ! body 7,/4 ,b5$ict71 t he :o prays w c]ta9ly be sav$1 :ile he :o prays n w surely be lo/ 7,/4 ,alphonsus74 #baeg4 ,times & ,frequ5cy ( ,pray]4--,z to ! times & frequ5cy ( pray]1 9 fulfillm5t ( ! obligation1 !re are ! same op9ions & conclusions z = ! acts ( fai?1 hope1 & *>ity 7see #ibi sqq41 #ajie-ajig1 #aeic sqq474 ,on ?is po9t we may conclude z foll[s3 7a7 directly1 or by reason ( ! precept ( pray] itself1 !re is a duty to pray at ! beg9n+ ( ! moral life1 frequ5tly dur+ life 7:e!r daily1 weekly1 mon?ly1 ye>ly1 etc4 _c be precisely det]m9$2 b !re is no practical difficulty1 s9ce ^? :o dev\tly he> ,mass at ! times comm&$ comply ) ! duty ( pray]71 & also 9 dang] ( dea?4 ,at ! outset ( ! moral life ! reason & w %\ld turn to ,god1 & ?is is pray] at lea/ 9 ! wide/ s5se2 dur+ life pray] %\ld be frequ5t & cont9u\s accord+ to ! words ( ,scripture2 at ! h\r ( dea?1 pray] is necess>y1 s9ce we are specially bidd5 to ask = p]sev]ance till ! end2 7b7 indirectly1 or by reason ( "s precept di/9ct f t ( pray]1 pray] is necess>y :5ev] "o ne$s to h rec\rse to ,god to fulfill "s comm& or avoid some?+ prohibit$4 ,?us1 "o %\ld pray at ,mass1 = accord+ to *ur* law ,mass mu/ be he>d dev\tly2 "o %\ld pray :5 a dang]\s temptation assails "o1 or :5 !re are great calamities1 especially ( a public "*1 = accord+ to ! precept ( *>ity "o mu/ help oneself & o!rs 9 difficulties4 #baeh4 ,practical ,coroll>ies ab\t ,pray] ) ,ref]5ce to ,confession4--7a7 ,practical ,ca?olics1 t is1 ^? :o comply ) ! precepts ( ! ,*ur*1 b :o accuse !mselves ( neglect+ morn+ & ev5+ pray]s or grace at meals1 _c be judg$ guilty ( s91 ev5 ( v5ial s91 on acc\nt ( ?is neglect2 = !re is no common precept directly oblig+ to su* pray]s4 ,b !re may (t5 be a v5ial s9 = o!r reasons1 z :5 ! omission is due to a _s ( lukew>mness1 or :5 indirectly !re is a duty to pray at ^? times = special reasons1 su* z daily ne$s or temptations4 ,we d n agree1 !n1 ) ! op9ion t omission ( morn+ & ev5+ pray]s1 especially :5 x is habitual1 is nev] suffici5t matt] = absolution4 7b7 ,unpractical ,ca?olics1 t is1 ^? :o h be5 away f ,mass or ! ,sacram5ts contr>y to ! laws ( ! ,*ur* z habitual transgressors1 & :o say no?+ ab\t _! neglect ( pray]1 %\ld be que/ion$ :e!r 9 all ! ye>s ( abs5ce f _! duties !y h also omitt$ all pray]s4 ,=1 if ?is be ! case1 !y h s9n$ aga9/ ! duty ( pray]4 ,morn+ & ev5+ pray] & grace at table %\ld be e>ne/ly recomm5d$ to all1 because ^! are cu/oms t h come d[n f ! e>lie/ times1 & also because ^? :o disreg>d !m (t5 come to neglect all pray]1 or at lea/ expose !mselves to dang]s or to ! loss ( preci\s graces4 #baei4 ,to ,:om ,may ,pray] ,be ,(f]$8--,only ,god may be address$ z ! ,be/[] ( favors 78,! ,"l give? grace & glory10 ,ps4 lxxxiii4 #ab71 b ! ,sa9ts may be pray$ to z int]cessors be=e ,god 78,! smoke ( inc5se ( ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts asc5d$ up be=e ,god f ! h&s ( ! angel10 ,apoc41 viii4 #d74 ,h5ce1 ! ,*ur* asks ,god to h m]cy on u2 x asks ! ,sa9ts to pray = u4 ,x is lawful privately to invoke ! pray]s ( an infant :o di$ aft] baptism1 ( a s\l 9 ,purgatory1 & "o may ask ! pray]s ( ^? :o are /ill alive1 z ,/4 ,paul frequ5tly does 9 8 ,epi/les4 ,!re is no comm& t we pray to ! sa9ts1 & h5ce "o :o did n pray to !m w\ld n be guilty ( grave s9 p] se2 b !re w\ld be grave s91 if _! int]cession 0 neglect$ on acc\nt ( contempt1 & v5ial s91 if "o fail$ to call on !m 7especially on ! ,bless$ ,virg91 ! ,m$iatrix ( all graces7 on acc\nt ( neglig5ce ab\t "o's own spiritual good4 #bafj4 ,! ,p]sons = ,:om ,pray] ,is ,(f]$4--,!re is an obligation ( *>ity to pray = ourselves & also = o!rs1 = we %\ld ask = ! ?+s t we are oblig$ to desire 7see #bafa74 ,?is duty is taught 9 ,holy ,scripture 7e4g41 ,our ,"l pray$ = ,pet]2 ,/4 ,paul asks = ! pray]s ( 8 ,*ur*es2 ,/4 ,james1 9 v4 #af1 admoni%es u to pray = "o ano!r t we may be sav$72 also 9 ! cre$ & liturgy ( ! ,*ur*1 = we pr(ess belief 9 ! communion ( sa9ts1 & (f] ,masses & suffrages = ! liv+ & ! dead4 ,"o %\ld pray = enemies 9 common pray]s t are (f]$ = all1 & 9 special pray]s = !m 9 p>ticul>1 :5 !re is a special reason1 su* z _! grave necessity or ! sc&al t w\ld be giv5 if "o refus$ to jo9 9 a special pray] = "o's enemy 7,matt41 v4 #dd72 b "o may n pray = ! success ( ! evil projects ( an enemy1 & "o is n oblig$ to make special pray]s = him ap>t f necessity 7see #aaea74 ,= ! excommunicat$ "o %\ld pray 9 private pray]s & also 9 public pray]s1 :5 ?is is p]mitt$ by ! law1 z 9 ! s]vices ( ,good ,friday & "u c]ta9 conditions 9 ,masses 7,canon #bbfb74 ,= s9n]s pray]s %\ld be said1 unless !y are already lo/4 ,! s\ls 9 ,purgatory are also to be pray$ =1 al?\gh ! obligation does n seem grave1 s9ce x is n c]ta9 z to any p>ticul> s\l t x is 9 ne$ ( our pray]s4 ,z to ! bless$1 "o may pray = _! canonization or accid5tal glory1 n = _! ess5tial glory1 :i* !y already possess4 #bafa4 ,?+s t ,may ,be ,pray$ =4--7a7 ,evils4--,"o may nev] pray = moral evil1 ev5 ( ! slighte/ k9d1 & x w\ld be a grave irrev]5ce to besee* ,god to become our help] 9 ! commission ( s94 ,z to physical evils1 "o may n ask !m z evils or = _! own sake2 b x is lawful to pray = !m 9 ! l>g] s5se 9 :i* !y are goods4 ,?us1 = oneself "o may ask f ,god sickness1 pov]ty or dea?1 9 s f> z ^! ills are means ( correction1 improvem5t1 m]it1 p5ance1 or escape f s92 = an enemy "o may ask t ,god re/ra9 him1 ev5 by ! use ( temporal mis=tunes1 if ?is be necess>y to keep him f s94 7b7 ,indiff]5t ,?+s4--,"o may n desire an indiff]5t ?+1 if !re is no moral purpose to ju/ify x 7see #hc74 ,h5ce1 "o may n ask ,god = ! gratification ( idle wi%es 7e4g41 t "o w9 a game 9 :i* ! only purpose 9 ga971 b x does n seem t !re is grave irrev]5ce 9 s do+4 7c7 ,temporal ,goods4--,^! may n be ask$ = f a prim>y int5tion1 s9ce we mu/ seek fir/ ! k+dom ( ,god & ,8 ju/ice 7,matt41 vi4 #cc71 :i* are m important2 nei!r may we ask = any det]m9ate temporal ?+ unconditionally1 s9ce we are unc]ta9 :e!r x w prove b5eficial or h>mful4 ,b temporal ?+s may be ask$ = f a second>y int5tion 7t is1 9 s f> z !y are means t assi/ u to atta9 spiritual goods7 & conditionally 7t is1 "u ! proviso t !y w prove spiritually b5eficial74 ,?us1 ! ,*ur* prays = protection aga9/ /orms & di/urbances1 & asks = good wea!r1 abundant h>ve/s1 peace1 etc4 7d7 ,spiritual ,goods4--,et]nal salvation & ! means !reto we %\ld pray = z ! pr9cipal objects ( our desire & %\ld ask = !m unconditionally2 = ,god is our true ,end1 & ! ?+s t lead to ,him _c be h>mful to u4 ,miracles may be ask$ =1 b x is wrong to beg ,god = privileges t are res]v$ = o!rs 7e4g41 to sit at ! "r h& ( ,*ri/ 9 glory74 #bafb4 ,! ,qualities ( ,pray]4--7a7 ,z to its mann]1 pray] is ei!r unaccompani$ or accompani$ by ext]nal acts ( wor%ip1 su* z bodily ge/ures or spee*4 ,b n infrequ5tly ! ?\ghts are voic$ 9 words1 & we !n h :at is kn[n z vocal pray]4 ,pray] made by a private p]son = himself or o!rs may be int]nal2 b public pray] t is (f]$ by ! m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! "n ( ! ,*ur* %\ld be vocal1 s9ce x %\ld be manife/$ to ! p = :om x is be+ (f]$4 ,b ! use ( words or o!r ext]nal signs is advantage\s ev5 9 private pray]1 s9ce x excites great] devotion 9 a p]son & is a help to att5tion4 7b7 ,z to p]si/5ce1 pray] is cont9u\s or int]rupt$4 ,pray] %\ld be cont9u\s if !re is "q ( its cause1 :i* is pray]fulness ( _s1 or desire ( salvation2 & 9 ?is s5se may be und]/ood ! words ( ,scripture t comm& u to pray always 7,luke1 xviii4 #a2 ,eph41 vi4 #ah2 ,i ,!ss41 v4 #ag 71 ,b if we speak ( pray] itself1 x is impossible to pray unceas+ly 9 ?is life1 z !re are _m o!r ?+s t h to be done & re/ is a necessity4 7c7 ,z to quantity1 pray]s are l5g?y or brief4 ,our ,"l reject$ ! belief ( ! pagans t ! efficacy ( pray] dep5ds on _m words 7,matt1 vi4 #g71 b ,he did n =bid long pray]s1 s9ce ,he (t5 sp5t nights 9 pray]4 ,! rule ab\t ! l5g? ( private pray]s is t "o %\ld pray = su* a space ( "t z is favorable to devotion1 & %\ld cease f pray] z soon z x becomes t$i\s2 simil>ly1 public devotions %\ld n be s l5g!n$ out t ^? pres5t become we>i$ & inatt5tive4 ,! ,fa!rs ( ! ,des]t 7 wont to (f] _m brief b ard5t ejaculatory pray]s1 fe>+ t pray] long drawn out w\ld fall away f ! f]vor ( int5tion ) :i* x began4 ,b1 if devotion cont9ues1 pray] %\ld n easily be brok5 (f4 #bafc4 ,! ,confid5ce ,requisite = ,successful ,pray]4--7a7 ,confid5ce mu/ exclude d\bt or di/ru/ 9 ref]5ce to ,god or pray] itself3 8,h[ %all !y call on ,him :om !y h n believ$80 7,rom41 ,x4 #ad72 8,let n t man 7t wav]e?7 ?9k t he %all receive any?+ ( ! ,"l0 7,james1 i4 #f1 #g74 7b7 ,confid5ce does n exclude d\bt ab\t "o's own dispositions 78,x is n = our ju/ice t we pres5t our pray]s be=e ,!e1 b = ! multitude ( ,?y t5d] m]cies072 on ! contr>y1 ! pray] ( ! ,ph>isee 0 n he>d1 because he tru/$ 9 himself 7,luke1 xviii4 #i74 ,nei!r does confid5ce 9 pray] mean t "o may ask unconditionally = temporal ?+s 7see #bafa c74 #bafd4 ,int5tion & ,att5tion4--,att5tion is ! volunt>y application ( ! m9d to t :i* is done1 or ! consid]ation or adv]t5ce ( ! m9d giv5 to an act4 ,x diff]s f int5tion1 :i* is an act1 n ( ! reason1 b ( ! w1 consi/+ 9 ! purpose to p]=m an act4 ,pray] requires bo? int5tion & att5tion4 7a7 ,!re mu/ be int5tion1 = pray] 9 its orig9 is an act ( ! w & x p]ta9s to religion only because ( ! devotion by means ( :i* x is elicit$4 ,a man :o1 :ile read+ al\d f a novel1 recites ! words ( a pray] conta9$ 9 ! novel1 does n pray1 = 8 int5tion is pleasure or in/ruction1 n wor%ip4 ,& ev5 "o :o says or answ]s pray]s att5tively dur+ s]vices does n really pray if 8 motive is n "o ( religion4 7b7 ,!re mu/ be att5tion1 = pray] is ( its nature an act ( ! m9d 7see #baed74 ,a p>rot or a phonograph is n said to pray :5 x repeats ! words ( ! ,our ,fa!r or ,hail ,m>y4 #bafe4 ,! ,int5tion ,requir$ 9 ,pray]4--7a7 ,an actual int5tion is _h :5 "o ei!r expressly or implicitly wills to (f] a pray]1 z :5 "o says int]nally2 8,i w n[ say a pray]10 or :5 )\t su* express act "o delib]ately p]=ms t :i* is a pray]1 mak+ int]nal acts ( fai?1 recit+ ! ,ros>y1 read+ f a pray]-book1 etc4 ,?is k9d ( int5tion is necess>y at ! beg9n+ ( pray]1 & is ! be/ t may be _h dur+ ! c\rse ( pray]4 7b7 ,a virtual int5tion is _h :5 "o is occupi$ 9 pray] on acc\nt ( an actual int5tion previ\sly =m$ & n retract$1 b "h & n[1 on acc\nt ( human weakness1 "o is ?9k+ ( indiff]5t ?+s imp]t95t to ! pray] & its purpose4 ,?is k9d ( int5tion cont9ues unless )drawn directly by contr>y int5tion or indirectly by ! p]=mance ( acts inconsi/5t ) pray]4 ,virtual int5tion suffices dur+ ! c\rse ( pray]1 = a cont9u\s & un9t]rupt$ actual int5tion is humanly impossible4 ,! m ! m9d /ruggles to keep ! ?\ght fix$ on "o object alone1 ! m d o!r ?\ghts arise to di/ract1 z exp]i5ce proves4 7c7 ,an habitual int5tion is _h :5 "o is occupi$ 9 pray]1 n on acc\nt ( any actual int5tion previ\sly =m$1 b on acc\nt ( a prop5sity or incl9ation result+ f previ\s acts4 ,?is is n prop]ly an int5tion & x does n suffice = pray]1 s9ce ) x ! acts p]=m$ d n proce$ actually or virtually f any det]m9ation ( ! w4 ,?us1 a p]son :o is asleep or intoxicat$ is n said to pray :5 he me*anically repeats well-kn[n words ( pray]1 = 8 w has no "p 9 ^? words1 any m ?an ! w ( ! somnambuli/ has "p 9 ! dang]\s walks he takes4 #baff4 ,! ,att5tion 9 ,pray]4--7a7 ,by reason ( its object1 att5tion is ext]nal or int]nal1 accord+ z ! m9d is tak5 up only ) ! ext]nals ( pray] 7i4e41 ! exclusion ( ext]nal acts inconsi/5t ) pray] & ! prop] bodily po/ure7 or ) ! ?+s int]nal to pray] 7i4e41 ! words1 s5se & purpose ( ! pray]74 ,int]nal att5tion is call$ v]bal or sup]ficial :5 x is direct$ only to ! words1 z :5 a p]son :o does n und]/& ! mean+ ( a pray] says x c>efully s z n to mispron\nce ! words2 x is lit]al1 :5 x is direct$ only to ! s5se1 z :5 a p]son :o says a v obscure pray] pays close att5tion s z to foll[ its mean+2 x is spiritual1 :5 x is direct$ to ! purpose ( pray] 7i4e41 ! wor%ip ( ,god by an act ( religion71 or to ! objects ( pray] 7i4e41 et]nal salvation or ! means !reto1 su* z grace & ! virtues1 ! my/]ies ( religion1 etc474 7b7 ,by reason ( its subject1 att5tion is ei!r p]fect or imp]fect4 ,p]fect att5tion excludes e di/ract+ ?\ght1 ev5 su* z are involunt>y2 imp]fect att5tion excludes volunt>y b n involunt>y di/ractions4 #bafg4 ,acts t ,exclude ,ext]nal ,att5tion4--,:at ext]nal actions are inconsi/5t ) ext]nal pray] & exclusive ( ext]nal att5tion8 7a7 ,^? acts exclude ext]nal att5tion :i* ei!r f _! nature 7on acc\nt ( ! great m5tal application !y dem&7 or f ! weakness ( a p]son's m9d 7= x is n ev]yone :o c l ,julius ,caes> ?9k on sev]al ?+s at ! same "t7 make x impossible to h recollection 9 pray] :5 ^? acts are be+ p]=m$4 ,acts ( ?is k9d are read+ ab\t o!r matt]s1 pa9t+1 writ+1 c>ry+ on conv]sation ) ^? ar\nd1 boi/]\s laugh+1 etc4 ,b if ! "o :o prays engages 9 ^! acts inadv]t5tly 7e4g41 if a p]son recit+ ! ,brevi>y does n notice t he is giv+ consid]able att5tion to an inscription or adv]tisem5t on an adjac5t wall71 ! di/raction is m]ely involunt>y & inculpable4 7b7 ,^? acts d n exclude ext]nal att5tion t ei!r n at all or only 9 slight measure int]f]e ) int]nal recollection 9 pray]4 ,su* acts are sl[ walk+1 rid+1 look+ ab\t at ! sc5]y1 pick+ a fl[] n[ & !n1 dress+1 undress+1 ba?+1 comb+ ! hair1 etc1 ,! ,*ur* prescribes c]ta9 pray]s to be said :ile ! prie/ ve/s = ,mass1 & x 0 an old rule among ! monks to jo9 labor & pray]4 #bafh4 ,:5 ,ext]nal ,att5tion ,is ,suffici5t4--,is ext]nal att5tion suffici5t 9 pray] :5 int]nal att5tion is volunt>ily exclud$8 7a7 ,9 public pray]s ext]nal att5tion is suffici5t z to a numb] ( effects4 ,?us1 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,sacram5ts ! want ( int]nal att5tion 9 ! m9i/] does n make ! ,sacram5t invalid1 s9ce ! ,sacram5ts produce grace ex op]e op]ato2 9 public suffrages ! indevotion & di/raction ( ! prie/ d n deprive ! b5efici>y ( ! impetratory fruit1 s9ce ! public pray]s are (f]$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,*ur* itself2 9 ! ,div9e ,(fice m]ely ext]nal att5tion suffices to fulfill ! positive obligation1 accord+ to _m1 because x is n c]ta9 t ! ,*ur* requires m4 7b7 ,9 all pray]s m]e ext]nal att5tion is insuffici5t = ! p]sonal effects ( impetration1 m]it & satisfaction4 ,= to pray ) willful indevotion is n an act des]v+ ( remission1 rew>d & a favorable answ]1 b r ( puni%m5t 78,be=e pray] prep>e ?y s\l & be n z a man t tempte? ,god10 ,eeclus41 xviii4 #bc72 x is disrespectful to ,god & !re=e _c claim ! b5efits ( an act ( wor%ip4 #bafi4 ,! ,k9d ( ,int]nal ,att5tion ,requir$ 9 ,pray]4--7a7 ,! m9imum t suffices = ! p]sonal b5efits ( m]it & impetration is ! v]bal or ! lit]al att5tion1 & ! imp]fect att5tion t is mix$ ) "s unwill$ di/ractions or m9d w&]+s4 ,inde$1 a p]son :o int5ds to pray well1 b ^: :ole pray] is a cont9ual di/raction 9 spite ( 8 ef=ts to be recollect$1 does n lose1 b r by reason ( 8 good w & ef=t increases1 8 m]it4 ,b = spiritual refre%m5t !re mu/ be fre$om f di/raction2 =1 j z a /ud5t gets no m5tal n\ri%m5t f a lesson if 8 m9d is _m miles away1 & a li/5] gets no in/ruction f a disc\rse spok5 9 a =eign language 7,i ,cor41 xiv4 #d71 s "o :o prays ) an abs5t m9d loses ! devotion & joy t are af=d$ by actual communion ) heav5ly ?\ghts4 7b7 ,! maximum t %\ld be aim$ at 9 pray] = ! great] bless+ x br+s is ! spiritual att5tion fix$ on ! pres5ce ( ,god & ! p]fect att5tion t keeps away z f> z possible ! int]ruption f any va91 p]v]se or extrane\s ?\ghts4 #bagj4 ,di/ractions4--,j z c]ta9 ext]nal acts exclude ext]nal att5tion1 s also c]ta9 int]nal /ates exclude int]nal att5tion4 ,^! latt] are kn[n z di/ractions1 & may be def9$ z int]nal acts or omissions oppos$ to ! nature or purpose ( pray]1 b p]=m$ dur+ pray]4 7a7 ,di/ractions are ei!r acts or omissions4 ,?us1 a p]son :o slumb]s lightly or is p>tly asleep dur+ pray] is inatt5tive or want+ by omission2 :ile ! p]son :o ?9ks out plots = /ories or plays dur+ pray] "t is di/ract$ or want+ by commission4 7b7 ,di/ractions are sometimes oppos$ to ! nature ( pray]4 ,to ! nature ( vocal pray] belong ! words & ! s5se1 & h5ce1 ev5 ?\gh "o is rapt 9 m$itation1 !re is no vocal pray] if words are mispron\nc$ or left out or s *ang$ or transpos$ z to make nons5se or no s5se1 ?\gh neglig5ce ab\t a ^w "h & !re does n necess>ily exclude sup]ficial att5tion4 ,^? :o f long famili>ity ) =ms ( pray] are able to repeat !m automatically1 ) no ?\ght ab\t ! words or _! mean+1 direct or my/ical1 are n di/ract$ if _! ?\ghts are on ! motive ( pray]4 ,b x w\ld n be fitt+ to obs]ve no ord] 9 ^! matt]s1 = example1 to dwell always on ! glori\s my/]ies dur+ passiontide pray] & on ! sorr[ful my/]ies dur+ pas*al pray]s4 7c7 ,di/ractions are sometimes oppos$ to ! purpose ( pray]4 ,! purpose ( pray] itself is ! union ( ! m9d ) ,god1 :ile ! purpose ( ! "o :o prays is ! special good to :i* he directs 8 pray]4 ,union ) ,god is necess>y above all 9 pray]1 & ?\gh x ne$ n be expressly ?\ght on1 z 0 said above 7#bafi71 yet !re mu/ be no ?\ght 9 ! m9d contr>y to x4 ,?\ghts1 desires & imag9ations are contr>y to ! end ( pray] :5 !y are n means to t end 7e4g41 s9ful ?\ghts1 idle ?\ghts1 ?\ghts on lawful occupations or affections t h no?+ to d ) ! pray]71 or :5 !y are means to t end b are p]v]t$ to a purely natural use 7e4g41 :5 v]bal att5tion is made an ex]cise 9 voice culture1 or lit]al att5tion a grammatical /udy1 or att5tion to ! purpose ( pray] means t "o is speculat+ on fooli% que/ions ab\t div9ity or ?9k+ on ! money1 food1 or clo?+1 = :i* "o is pray+ z if !y 7 ! ends ( pray]74 ,scrupul\s p]sons make att5tion itself a di/raction1 = !y worry all dur+ pray] le/ _! ?\ghts be w&]+1 & s !y are ?9k+ ab\t !mselves r ?an ab\t ! words1 mean+ or purpose ( pray]4 7d7 ,di/ractions occur dur+ pray]4 ,h5ce1 an int]ruption is n a di/raction1 z :5 "o :o is pray+ is call$ to att5d to "s bus9ess or leaves (f pray] = ! mom5t to make a note ( "s important ?\ght t came to m9d4 ,nei!r is ! break+ (f ( pray] a di/raction1 z :5 "o />ts to pray b feels s di/ract$ or unwell z to give ov] = ! "t be+ ! attempt to pray4 #baga4 ,volunt>y & ,involunt>y ,di/ractions4--7a7 ,volunt>y di/ractions result 9 ! fir/ place f purpose1 z :5 "o :o is pray+ delib]ately dozes at int]vals :5 he feels dr[sy1 or delib]ately turns ov] 9 8 m9d ! po9ts ( an address he int5ds to give2 !y result 9 ! second place f neglig5ce1 z :5 ! p]son :o is pray+ does n expressly wi% to be inatt5tive1 b hurries ?r\gh 8 words ) no pa9s to keep 8 ?\ghts on :at he is do+ or :y he is do+ x4 ,^? :o r>ely speak or read ab\t div9e ?+s1 b give !mselves mu* to fooli% read+ or talk1 prep>e = !mselves _m di/ractions1 unless !y c\nt]act ?is by special aids to recollection1 su* z pictures or pray] books4 7b7 ,involunt>y di/ractions are ^? t result nei!r f purpose nor f c>elessness1 b f human weakness4 ,?us1 a p]son :o is tr\bl$ ) scruples or ) a sev]e heada*e or n]v\s /ra91 :o is worn out bodily or mu* worri$ m5tally1 or :o is surr\nd$ by noise or di/urbance1 is (t5 physically unable to conc5trate 8 m9d = any l5g? ( "t1 no matt] h[ mu* he may desire to d s4 ,inde$1 ,/4 ,?omas says t x is h>dly possible = anyone to say an ,our ,fa!r )\t "s di/raction1 & _m p]sons are di/ract$ aga9/ _! w by e slight s\nd or movem5t t falls "u _! notice4 #bggb4 ,s9fulness ( ,di/raction 9 ,pray]4--7a7 ,involunt>y di/ractions are n s9ful1 s9ce "o is n b\nd to ! impossible4 ,h5ce1 a p5it5t :o has no?+ except ^! di/ractions to confess may n be absolv$1 s9ce !re is no matt] = absolution 9 8 confession4 7b7 ,volunt>y di/ractions are s9ful1 s9ce1 ?\gh "o is free to address ,god at any "t1 "o is b\nd to d ?is 9 a respectful mann] & 9 _s & 9 tru?1 z ,god requires4 ,communion ) ,god is by means ( ! m9d1 & x is disrespectful to turn ! m9d away to o!r ?+s :5 ! communion has be5 s\ght4 ,besides1 lip s]vice is displeas+ to ,god1 j z burnt (f]+s 7 n acceptable :5 made )\t love4 ,b ! s9 is ( its nature only v5ial2 = ! int5tion to pray1 toge!r ) ! ess5tial moral goodness ( ! act1 is reta9$1 & ! defect consi/s 9 ! circum/ance t ! int5tion is execut$ remissly 7see #gh74 #bagc4 ,:5 is volunt>y di/raction a grave & :5 a v5ial s98 7a7 ,x is a v5ial s9 :5 "o says a non-obligatory pray]1 ev5 ) ! express w to be inatt5tive1 & also :5 "o says an obligatory pray] 7su* z ! ,div9e ,(fice7 ) di/ractions due to c>elessness1 b )\t ab&onm5t ( ! int5tion to pray4 7b7 ,x is a mortal s9 :5 "o indulges 9 di/ractions f contempt1 & also :5 "o says an obligatory pray] ) di/ractions t la/ dur+ a notable "p ( ! pray] & t are delib]ately ent]ta9$4 #bagd4 ,di/ractions dur+ ,div9e ,(fice are ! abs5ce ( ! att5tion :i* ! ,*ur* requires "u grave s9 = satisfaction ( ! canonical obligation4 ,!re are two op9ions ab\t ! k9d ( di/ractions t make recitation insuffici5t & gravely s9ful4 7a7 ,accord+ to ! old] op9ion1 int]nal att5tion is requir$1 b x seems t g5]ally ^? :o ma9ta9 ?is view d n hold t int]nal di/ractions alone deprive ! ,(fice ( its suffici5cy4 ,?us1 !y /ate t "o :o has _h volunt>y di/ractions may consid] t he has fulfill$ 8 duty1 unless he is c]ta9 t he also adv]t$ to 8 /ate ( di/raction & did no?+ to end x4 7b7 ,accord+ to ! op9ion ( _m mod]n au?ors1 ext]nal att5tion suffices4 ,h5ce1 9 ?is view mortal s9 is incurr$ by notable defect 9 ext]nal1 b n 9 int]nal att5tion4 #bage4 ,! ,ext]nal ,acts ( ,religion4--,we proce$ n[ to ^? acts ( religion :i* are p]=m$ 9 an outw>d mann]4 ,b x %\ld be not$ t j z devotion & pray] f9d ext]nal expression 7z 9 vocal pray]71 s ! ext]nal acts ( religion %\ld proce$ f int]nal devotion4 ,! outw>d religi\s acts may be classifi$ "u ?ree gr\ps3 7a7 ! acts 9 :i* "o (f]s "o's body z a m>k ( v5]ation to ,god 7adoration72 7b7 ! acts 9 :i* "o (f]s ext]nal goods1 :e!r giv5 7sacrifices1 (f]+s1 fir/-fruits1 ti!s7 or promis$ 7v[s72 7c7 ! acts 9 :i* "o makes use ( div9e ?+s to honor ,god 7,sacram5ts1 oa?s1 adjuration1 praises74 #bagf4 ,def9ition ( ,adoration4--,adoration or wor%ip is honor %[n to ,god ?r\gh bodily acts (f]$ 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( ,8 supreme excell5ce & ( our dep5d5ce on ,him4 7a7 ,?us1 x is ackn[l$gm5t ( dep5d5ce on ,god1 & z su* x diff]s f m]e honor1 :i* may be %[n ev5 to an equal4 7b7 ,x is an ackn[l$gm5t ( supreme excell5ce1 & s x diff]s f v5]ation %[n to creatures :o are above u4 ,adoration 7latria71 !re=e1 is n ! same ?+ z ! sacr$ cult or v5]ation %[n ! ,bless$ ,virg9 7hyp]dulia7 & ! ,sa9ts 7dulia7 on acc\nt ( _! sup]natural grace & glory2 mu* less is x ! same ?+ z ! civil cult %[n to p]sons illu/ri\s = natural qualities1 su* z acquir$ k1 political dignity or p[]1 etc43 8,! ,"l ?y ,god %alt ?\ adore & ,him only %alt ?\ s]ve0 7,matt1 iv4 #aj74 #bagg4 ,unity & ,v>iety ( ,adoration4--,adoration is b "o1 ?\gh x has v>i\s expressions4 7a7 ,! unity ( adoration dep5ds on ! unity ( its object4 ,!re is b "o ,god to :om belong ! v>i\s div9e attributes1 & ! ?ree ,div9e ,p]sons %>e ! same maje/y4 ,h5ce1 !re is b "o adoration4 7b7 ,! v>iety 9 adoration is 9 ! expression4 ,! high] expression ( adoration is int]nal3 x does n dep5d on bodily acts or places1 & x is (f]$ by ,angels z well z by man4 ,! l[] expression ( adoration is made ?r\gh bodily acts1 su* z g5uflections1 pro/rations1 pray] ) face to ! ea/1 & ! use ( sacr$ places = wor%ip1 all ( :i* ext]nals are employ$ z aids to devotion & symbols ( ! div9e glory 7,matt41 xviii1 #bj2 ,luke1 xix4 #df74 ,"s ( ! actions "h m5tion$ are sometimes us$ 9 ! religi\s or civil cult %[n to creatures1 b int]nal adoration belongs to ,god alone4 #bagh4 ,def9ition ( ,sacrifice4--,sacrifice is ! (f]+ to ,god & a real *ang+ ( a s5sible ?+1 made by a lawful m9i/]1 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( ,god's supreme dom9ion & ( our subjection to ,him4 7a7 ,x is an (f]+ or oblation2 t is1 "o makes a gift directly to ,god ,himself4 ,?us1 sacrifice diff]s f contributions ( ! p made = ! cl]gy or ! *ur*4 7b7 ,x (f]s a s5sible ?+1 t is1 "s object p]ceptible by ! s5ses or hidd5 "u s5sible species2 = sacrifice is an outw>d sign ( ! inn] (f]+1 by :i* ! s\l itself is subject$ to ,god4 7c7 ,x is made by a lawful m9i/]1 = sacrifice is a public act p]=m$ 9 ! "n ( ! community1 & h5ce x may be (f]$ only by ^? :o repres5t ! community4 ,/4 ,paul decl>es t a high-prie/ is *os5 f m5 to (f] sacrifice1 & t no "o may take ! honor to himself unless he is call$ z ,a>on 0 7,heb41 v4 #d74 7d7 ,x is made to ,god alone1 s9ce ,god alone is our ,fir/ ,beg9n+ & ,la/ ,end3 8,he :o sacrifices to o!r gods besides ! ,"l %all be put to dea?0 7,exod41 xxii4 #bj74 ,mass 9 honor ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 or ! ,sa9ts means t sacrifice is (f]$ ,god 9 ?anksgiv+ = _! m]its or 9 petition t we may imitate _! virtues4 ,oblations may be made to m51 b sacrifice may be (f]$ only to ,god4 7e7 ,x is ?r\gh a real *ange ( ! ?+ (f]$1 :i* ?us becomes ! victim ( sacrifice2 = ! supreme act ( wor%ip res]v$ to ,god acts ^u ! sub/ance itself ( an ext]nal ?+ to signify t ! wor%ipp] (f]s 8 own be+ to ,god4 ,! *ange 9 ! ?+ sacrific$ consi/s 9 its be+ made sacr$1 or set ap>t z ! c5tral object 9 ! supreme act ( wor%ip4 7f7 ,x is made 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( ,god's supreme dom9ion & ( our subjection to ,him2 t is1 x is an act ^: direct & prop] end is ! ex]cise ( ! virtue ( religion4 ,?us1 sacrifice diff]s f acts ( self-sacrifice su* z cont95ce1 ab/95ce1 m>tyrdom1 ev5 :5 !y are (f]$ 9 honor ( ,god1 = ! direct & prop] end ( ^! acts is "s o!r virtue ?an t ( religion4 ,! act ( sacrifice may h no purpose except wor%ip1 b o!r virtu\s acts h _! own ends to make !m praisewor?y1 ev5 :5 !y are us$ z acts ( wor%ip4 #bagi4 ,! ,ess5tials ( ,sacrifice4--7a7 ,! outw>d sign may be said to consi/ ( matt] & =m4 ,! matt] is "s s5sible ?+ us$ z victim1 :e!r x be inanimate 7e4g41 ! bread & w9e ( ,mel*is$e*71 or animate 7e4g41 ! pas*al lamb71 or human 7e4g41 ,our ,"l 9 ,8 passion74 ,! =m is "s s5sible action t makes ! victim sacr$ by d$icat+ x to sacrificial oblation 7e4g41 ! break+ ( bread1 ! libation ( w9e1 ! (f]+ ( ! sla9 lamb1 ! volunt>y & visible acceptance ( dea? by ,our ,"l74 ,9 ! ,mass ,*ri/ is sacrific$1 n z exi/+ "u ,8 own appe>ances1 b z pres5t "u ! sacram5tal species & (f]$ ?r\gh ,8 repres5tatives2 & h5ce 9 ! ,mass ! ,victim is s5sible by means ( ! species t signify & conta9 ,him1 :ile ! d$ication by ! ,supreme ,prie/ is made s5sible ?r\gh ! words ( ! m9i/]+ prie/ :o acts = ,*ri/4 7b7 ,! inn] ?+ t is signifi$ 9 sacrifice is prim>ily ! (f]+ ( self to ,god1 9 recognition t f ,him we h our be+ & 9 ,him is our happ9ess4 ,b second>ily x signifies ! fruits we d]ive f union ) ,god 7e4g41 ! b5efits ( r$emption & salvation74 ,?us1 ! sacrificial dea? ( ,*ri/ is also a symbol ( man's dea? to s9 & life 9 ,god 7,i ,pet]1 iv4 #a74 #bahj4 ,! ,obligation ( ,sacrifice4--7a7 ,! int]nal or spiritual sacrifice is obligatory = all1 s9ce all are b\nd to (f] ,god devotion ( w1 communion ( m9d1 recognition ( ,8 supremacy4 7b7 ,! ext]nal sacrifice improp]ly s call$1 :i* consi/s 9 ! practice ( works ( virtue1 is obligatory = all 9 s f> z comm&$ acts are conc]n$1 b n :5 virtu\s de$s are ( sup]]ogation4 7c7 ,! ext]nal sacrifice prop]ly s call$1 :i* consi/s 9 an outw>d sign indicative ( int]nal wor%ip ( ,god1 is by natural law necess>y1 = reason itself %[s to man t he is an inf]ior & dep5d5t be+1 & s %\ld ackn[l$ge ! sup]iority ( ,god & 8 own submission by acts suitable to 8 nature z a be+ compos$ ( body & s\l1 & = :om s5sible ?+s are signs ( spiritual tru?s4 #baha4 ,exemptions ,bas$ on ! ,natural ,law4--,?\gh ! ext]nal sacrifice /rictly s call$ is obligatory f natural law1 x is n a prim>y precept ( nature1 nor does nature det]m9e its details4 7a7 ,h5ce1 ! fact ( ! obligation may be unkn[n to an individual1 s9ce 7?\gh reason indicates x7 x is n evid5t & re/s ^u a numb] ( premises f :i* x has to be reason$ out4 ,unlike ! duty ( honor+ p>5ts1 :i* is imm$iately inf]r$ f natural pr9ciples1 ! duty ( (f]+ sacrifice is only remotely inf]r$1 & h5ce admits ( inv9cible ignorance 7see #cbj74 7b7 ,! mann] ( fulfill+ ! obligation1 s9ce n def9$ by natural law1 has to be det]m9$ by positive laws1 or1 9 ! abs5ce ( ^!1 by suitability to ! circum/ances 9 :i* "o lives4 ,be=e ! positive div9e law 0 giv51 !re 0 no obligatory rite = sacrifice & ! oblation 0 n entru/$ to any special body ( m51 & h5ce we read t 9 ! times ( ! patri>*s !re 0 great fre$om z to ! c]emonies & ! m9i/ry employ$ 9 sacrifice4 ,b "u ! ,mosaic ,law ! mann] ( sacrific+ 0 m9utely prescrib$ & its (fice entru/$ to ! sons ( ,a>on1 ev5 to ! exclusion ( mon>*s2 :ile "u ! law ( ,*ri/ !re is b ! "o sacrifice ( ! ,cross p]petuat$ 9 ! ,mass 9 an unbloody mann]1 & ! m9i/]s :o h p[] to (f] sacrifice are only ! bi%ops & prie/s4 #bahb4 ,is ,sacrifice ,sup]ior to ,all ! ,o!r ,acts ( ,religion8--7a7 ,sacrifice is n sup]ior to ! int]nal act ( religion1 = devotion or ! int]nal sacrifice is ! s\l t animates & moves ! ext]nal rites 7see #badi73 8,! multitude (f]$ victims & praises & holocau/s ) a dev\t m9d0 7,,ii ,p>41 xxix4 #ca72 8,ob$i5ce is bett] ?an sacrifice0 7,i ,k+s1 xv4 #bb74 7b7 ,sacrifice is preem95t among ! ext]nal acts ( religion4 ,"s acts ( religion are optional 7e4g41 v[s1 oa?s1 adjurations71 b sacrifice is a natural obligation4 ,"s acts ( religion are obligatory1 b m>ks ( respect simil> to !m may also be %[n to creatures 7e4g41 cu/om>y (f]+s1 praises71 :]eas no k9d ( sacrifice may be (f]$ to a creature4 ,"s acts ( religion are res]v$ to ,god1 b !y h no rite t is peculi> to ! wor%ip ( ,god & t may n be ex]cis$ by all 7e4g41 acts ( adoration71 :]eas sacrifice has a s]vice res]v$ to ,god & :i* only prie/s c p]=m4 ,sacram5ts are prim>ily = ! welf>e ( man2 sacrifice is prim>ily = ! honor ( ,god4 ,non-sacrificial acts ( religion may be p]=m$ 9 ! "n ( an individual 7e4g41 adoration71 :]eas sacrifice is 9 ! "n ( ! community2 o!r acts ( religion may signify dep5d5ce on ,god = temporal & corporal ?+s 7e4g41 (f]+ ( fir/-fruits71 b sacrifice signifies ! dep5d5ce ( ! s\l itself on ,god = exi/5ce & beatitude4 #bahc4 ,(f]+s4--,(f]+s are gifts made imm$iately to ,god1 to be employ$ )\t *ange = div9e wor%ip or = ! ne$s ( ! m9i/]s ( div9e wor%ip1 ! purpose be+ to wor%ip ,god by ! tribute paid4 7a7 ,?us1 (f]+s are gifts2 t is1 !y are (f]$ to ,god )\t ! compulsion ( any law1 or at lea/ )\t any det]m9ation by law ( ! am\nt to be giv54 ,natural reason tea*es man t he %\ld be/[ some?+ f 8 goods 9 ?is mann] z a ?ank (f]+ = ! div9e b\nty1 :5 !re are repres5tatives ( ,god to :om ! gift may be giv54 ,! gift %\ld be a free-w (f]+ 7,exod41 xxv1 #b71 unless !re are special circum/ances t r5d] x a debt1 su* z contract1 promise1 cu/om1 or ! ne$ ( ! m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur*4 7b7 ,!y are made imm$iately to ,god ,himself1 & s !y diff] f ti!s or o!r dues t are paid to ! cl]gy = _! support4 7c7 ,!y are n *ang$ at all 9 ! act ( wor%ip 7e4g41 an (f]+ ( sacr$ vessels or alt> furni%+s71 or at lea/ !y are n *ang$ into ! sacr$ condition ( a sacrificial victim 7e4g41 (f]+s ( c&les1 inc5se1 etc41 t are consum$ dur+ ,mass74 ,?us1 simple oblation diff]s f sacrificial oblation4 7d7 ,!y are devot$ to ! s]vice ( ,god1 s9ce !y are gifts made to ,him4 ,h5ce1 !y are us$ 9 div9e wor%ip &1 if consecrat$ 7e4g41 *alices1 ve/m5ts71 may n be us$ = o!r purposes2 or !y are us$ = ! ne$s ( ! m9i/]s ( div9e wor%ip or ( ! poor1 s9ce ^? :o s]ve ! alt> %\ld live by ! alt> 7,i ,cor41 ix4 #ad71 & ,our ,"l %>$ ,8 purse ) ! poor 7,matt41 xxvi4 #i1 #aa74 7e7 ,!y are giv5 z a m>k ( honor to ,god1 especially 9 recognition ( favors receiv$ f ,him4 ,?us1 9 ! ,old ,law ! p 7 oblig$ to give ! fir/-fruits ( _! fields & crops to ,god1 9 ?anksgiv+ = ! gift ( ! promis$ l& & ( its fruits 7,deut41 xxvi4 #aj74 #bahd4 ,goods ,unsuitable z ,(f]+s to ,god4--,!re are c]ta9 goods1 h[ev]1 t %\ld n be us$ z (f]+s to ,god4 7a7 ,?us1 ^? goods t are =bidd5 by positive law may n be (f]$ to ,god4 ,9 ! ,old ,law c]ta9 animals c\ld n be (f]$ to ,god1 ei!r because !y 7 legally unclean 7e4g41 dogs 7 associat$ ) pagan rites & 7 reg>d$ z symbols ( rapacity71 or because !y 7 ( inf]ior quality 7e4g41 a bl9d or lame %eep or o!r animal wor?less to its own]74 7b7 ,^? goods t ! (f]] has no "r to give away or t are unsuitable on acc\nt ( circum/ances may nev] be giv5 z (f]+s to ,god4 ,?us1 "o may n make an (f]+ to ,god ( money t belongs to ano!r 7,ecclus41 xxxiv4 #ba72 a son may n give z a gift to ,god ! money he %\ld sp5d on 8 ne$y p>5ts 7,matt41 xv4 #c-f74 ,nei!r may "o (f] corrupt$ w9e = ! ,mass1 nor ! wages ( pro/itution to ! *ur* if !re w be sc&al1 nor gifts t are mean & contemptible1 etc4 #bahe4 ,contributions4--,contributions to ! support ( ! cl]gy & *ur* causes are nei!r sacrifices nor (f]+s 9 ! /rict s5se ( ^! words1 s9ce !y are giv5 n directly to ,god b to ! m9i/]s ( ,god4 ,! mann] ( mak+ contributions to ! ,*ur* has v>i$ ) "t4 7a7 ,?us1 9 ! fir/ ages ( ! ,*ur* cl]ics hav+ ! c>e ( s\ls 7 support$ by ! volunt>y gifts ( ! p4 ,^! gifts 7 made especially dur+ ,mass4 ,bread & w9e & o!r ?+s necess>y = div9e wor%ip & ! support ( ! cl]gy 7 br\ght at ! ,(f]tory 7! orig9 ( ! pres5t ,(f]tory collection71 :ile food = ! agapae or = ! poor 0 pres5t$ = a bless+ t[>ds ! end ( ! ,canon1 or be=e ,mass4 7b7 ,aft] peace _h be5 giv5 to ! ,*ur* & ! numb] ( ! fai?ful & ( ! cl]gy _h greatly increas$1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to devise means = a m regul> & c]ta9 supply ( income4 ,z e>ly z ! six? c5tury ! anci5t cu/oms ( fir/-fruits & ti!s 7 made ! subjects ( concili> enactm5ts & impos$ z specific taxes on crops or rev5ues4 ,a m p]man5t sy/em ( *ur* support 0 t ( end[m5ts or b5efices :i*1 ow+ to ! increas+ difficulties ( old] me?ods1 sprang up ab\t ! six? c5tury & became univ]sal 9 ! elev5?4 ,fees 9 connection ) ! adm9i/ration ( sacr$ rites & /ip5ds = ,masses 7 9 use 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 7c7 ,today ! sy/em ( b5efices is ! rule1 :ile fir/-fruits & ti!s are r>e1 ?\gh recogniz$ by ,canon ,law4 ,9 "s c\ntries :]e b5efices h be5 confiscat$1 "p comp5sation is made 9 ! =m ( p5sions2 9 o!r c\ntries 7e4g41 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates7 ! free-w (f]+s ( ! fai?ful is ! usual sy/em4 #bahf4 ,obligation ( ,contribut+ to ! ,support ( ! ,cl]gy4--7a7 ,natural ,law4--,^? :o s]ve ! common welf>e1 :e!r 9 spiritual or 9 temporal matt]s1 %\ld be support$ by ^? :om !y s]ve2 =1 z _! "t & labor is giv5 to o!rs1 x is a duty ( ju/ice t ^! latt] make a return = ! b5efits receiv$4 ,h5ce1 j z citiz5s are naturally b\nd to contribute to public (ficials1 s are ! fai?ful naturally b\nd to contribute accord+ to _! means to ! m9i/]s ( religion4 7b7 ,div9e ,law4--,our ,"l comm&$ ,8 disciples to dep5d = _! ma9t5ance on ^? to :om !y prea*$ 78,= ! labor] is wor?y ( 8 meat10 ,matt41 x4 #aj72 & h5ce ,/4 ,paul says 7,i ,cor41 ix4 #ac1 #ad73 8,!y :o "w 9 ! holy place eat ! ?+s t are ( ! holy place1 & !y t s]ve ! alt> p>take ) ! alt>4 ,s also ! ,"l orda9$ t !y :o prea* ! ,gospel %\ld live by ! ,gospel40 7c7 ,*ur* ,law4--,! ,canons reaffirm :at is ( natural & div9e law1 namely1 t ! fai?ful are oblig$ to support ! cl]gy 7,canon #adif72 & z to ! mann] ( mak+ contributions !y sanction local cu/oms1 su* z p>i% paym5ts 7,canon #dfc7 & ti!s & fir/-fruits 7,canon #aejb71 comm& ! paym5t ( ca!draticum 7,canon #aejd71 etc4 #bahg4 ,! ,*ur*1 ! ,apo/olic ,see1 individual *ur*es & moral p]sons ( ecclesia/ical law h ! "r to ! temporal means requisite = _! mission2 & h5ce ! fai?ful h ! duty to contribute to necess>y *ur* causes1 su* z div9e wor%ip1 ! spread ( ! ,gospel1 & *>ity 7,canons #adie sqq474 #bahh4 ,quality ( ! ,obligation ( ,contribut+ to ! ,*ur*4--7a7 ,! obligation is "o ( ju/ice z well z ( religion1 = !re is a quasi-contract betwe5 ! fai?ful on ! "o side & ! ,*ur* & its m9i/]s on ! o!r side1 ! latt] be+ oblig$ to give spiritual m9i/ries & b5efits1 ! =m] to supply ! temporal su/5ance & means4 ,h5ce1 ,/4 ,paul comp>es ! sal>ies giv5 to ! cl]gy to ! wages or fruits paid to ! labor]4 ,x is n /range t ^? :o s[ spiritual ?+s = o!rs1 %\ld reap f ! temporal ?+s ( ! latt]3 = a soldi] does n s]ve at 8 own exp5se2 a plant]1 a %eph]d1 a pl[man1 & a ?re%] expect a %>e f _! labors2 inde$1 ev5 ! animal t s]ves man is wor? its keep 7cfr4 ,i ,cor41 ix4 #d sqq474 7b7 ,! obligation is grave1 because x arises bo? f ju/ice & f religion 7see #agdh1 #badh74 ,he :o refuses to contribute to ! ,*ur* evades paym5t = s]vices giv5 him & also d5ies to div9e wor%ip 8 %>e ( support4 #bahi4 ,attitude ,t[>ds ,p]sons ,refus+ to ,contribute4--,! duties ( ! prie/ t[>ds ^? :o refuse to contribute _! %>e to ! support ( ! ,*ur* may be def9$ z foll[s3 7a7 z to absolution1 x %\ld n be d5i$ unless !re is c]ta9ty t ! p5it5t is 9 grave s94 ,h5ce1 accord+ to ,k5rick & ! common op9ion1 unless !re is a law fix+ a tax or ! del9qu5t *ur* memb] is inflict+ sev]e privation on ! *ur* or heavy burd5s on o!rs :o h to contribute m ?an _! %>e1 ! confessor %\ld n enjo9 paym5t "u pa9 ( d5ial ( absolution4 ,ap>t f ^! cases1 ! ,*ur*1 = ! sake ( s\ls1 does n insi/ ^u h] "r1 z we see 9 ! deal+s ( ,/4 ,paul ) ! ,cor9?ians :o neglect$ to give t[>ds 8 support4 ,! ,apo/le did n correct ^! m51 al?\gh he w\ld h done s _h he consid]$ !m guilty ( mortal s92 7b7 z to re/itution1 x seems x %\ld n be insi/$ on4 ,"o :o has guiltily refus$ to pay 8 *ur* dues has (f5d$ ju/ice1 x is true1 b ! ,*ur* is conc]n$ m ) spiritual ?an ) temporal ?+s1 & r ?an place an ob/acle to ! conv]sion ( a s9n] or occasion sc&al to ! weak1 %e pref]s to =ego :at is really h] due 7see #adhg72 7c7 z to adm9i/ration ( ! ,sacram5ts or sacram5tals1 x %\ld n be d5i$ to ^? :o are unable or unwill+ to pay ! cu/om>y fees4 ,! recipi5t ( ! rites disgraces himself by unwill+ness to d :at o!rs d1 b religion itself w\ld be degrad$ if ! rites 7 refus$ = reasons ( money4 #baij4 ,^? to ,:om ,religi\s ,contributions ,are ,due4--7a7 ,! entire ,*ur* %\ld contribute to ! support ( ! ,pope1 ! ,pa/or ( ! :ole flock ( ,*ri/1 :o is *>g$ ) ! welf>e ( all4 ,9 ! ,old ,law ! ,levites !mselves 7 oblig$ to pay ti!s to ! high-prie/ 7,num1 xviii4 #bf sqq472 b ! am\nt to be giv5 to ,pet]'s ,p5ce is left to ! g5]osity & religi\s devotion ( ! contributors4 7b7 ,ea* individual *ur* or body 9 ! ,*ur* %\ld contribute to its own bi%op or sup]ior a j am\nt = necess>y uses1 z det]m9$ by law or lawful cu/om4 #baia4 ,v[s4--,a v[ is a promise made to ,god to p]=m t :i* is bett]4 7a7 ,x is a promise1 t is1 an agreem5t by :i* "o b9ds oneself "u obligation to ano!r to d or omit some?+ 7,eccles41 v4 #c1 #d71 ,?us1 a v[ diff]s f delib]ation ab\t do+ good or ! purpose to d x1 = x includes 9 addition to delib]ation & purpose ! decree ( ! reason :i* places "o "u ! moral necessity ( p]=m+ "o's promise4 ,?us1 p]sons :o make good resolutions or :o promise !mselves t !y w c>ry out c]ta9 good c\rses 7e4g41 a drunk>d :o takes ! pl$ge to ab/a9 f intoxicants7 d n s9 aga9/ a v[ :5 !y break _! resolutions4 ,ev5 a promise or resolution made "u oa? is n necess>ily a v[2 & h5ce "o :o swe>s to obs]ve *a/ity may be fre$ f ! obligation by an ecclesia/ical sup]ior :o has n ! p[] ( disp5s+ f a v[ ( *a/ity 7see #bbcd1 #bbfb74 7b7 ,a v[ is a promise made to ,god2 t is1 ! p]son :o takes ! v[ int5ds to honor ,god & to b9d himself to ,god4 ,a v[ may be made 9 honor ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 or o!r ,sa9t1 9 ! s5se t "o v[s to ,god :at "o promises to ! ,sa9t1 or t "o calls on ! ,sa9t to witness or to assi/ ! v[1 or t "o (f]s ! v[ pr9cipally to ,god & second>ily to ! ,sa9t4 ,h5ce1 if "o 7 to make a promise to a ,sa9t 7e4g41 if a girl promises p]petual virg9ity to ! ,bless$ ,virg97 ) no ?\ght ab\t ,god or no ?\ght ( oblig+ oneself be=e ,god1 ! act w\ld be a promise p]ta9+ to ! virtue ( v5]ation 7dulia71 b x w\ld n be an act ( religion or a v[4 ,promises made to liv+ p]sons ev5 "u solemn circum/ances 7e4g41 a dea?-b$ promise made to a dy+ "m7 are sacr$1 b !y h n ! nature ( a v[4 7c7 ,a v[ is a promise to p]=m t :i* is bett]2 t is1 s9ce a v[ is a free promise made to ,god1 to :om only good is pleas+ & to :om ! less] good is less pleas+1 a v[ does n promise ,god :at is evil or entirely indiff]5t or less pleas+4 ,x w\ld di%onor a human be+ to promise him some?+ (f5sive1 x w\ld n honor him to promise some?+ va9 or useless1 x w\ld n %[ him special honor to promise to d some?+ less agreeable to him4 ,h5ce1 x w\ld be irreligi\s to take a v[ to /eal1 or to c\nt "o's /eps1 or to pref] m>riage itself to celibacy4 ,c]ta9 solemn promises are call$ v[s 7e4g41 ! v[s ( ,baptism1 ! m>riage v[s71 b !y are n v[s 9 ! /rict s5se z "h und]/ood1 = !y d n promise t :i* is bett]1 ! promisors hav+ no int5tion to place on !mselves ! obligation ( religion4 #baib4 ,! ,v>i\s ,k9ds ( ,v[s4--7a7 ,by reason ( its object1 a v[ is ei!r p]sonal 7i4e41 ! promise ( "s act or omission1 su* z a fa/ or ! avoidance ( an occasion ( s971 real 7i4e41 ! promise ( "s paym5t or object1 su* z an alms71 or mix$ 7i4e41 ! promise ( "s action & "s object1 su* z pilgrimage to a %r9e ) an (f]+74 7b7 ,by reason ( its subject1 a v[ is ei!r s+ul> 7i4e41 made by a physical p]son7 or common 7i4e41 made by a moral p]son or community74 7c7 ,by reason ( its duration1 a v[ is ei!r tempor>y 7e4g41 a v[ tak5 = "o ye>7 or p]petual 7i4e41 a v[ tak5 = life74 7d7 ,by reason ( its mann]1 a v[ is ei!r absolute 7e4g41 an unconditional v[ ( *a/ity7 or conditional 7e4g41 a v[ to g on pilgrimage1 if "o recov]s "o's heal?2 a v[ to ent] religion1 if p>5ts cons5t74 ,a conditional v[ is ei!r non-p5al1 z 9 ! example j giv51 or p5al1 9 :i* ! promise is t "o %all und]go a p5alty if fault is committ$ 7e4g41 a v[ to say ! ,ros>y e "t "o uses pr(ane language1 to fa/ e "t "o becomes intoxicat$1 to give alms e "t "o is di%one/74 7e7 ,by reason ( its =m a v[ is ei!r express 7i4e41 ext]nally manife/$ by words or o!r signs7 or tacit 7i4e41 ext]nally assum$ by reason ( "s (fice to :i* x is annex$1 z :5 "o takes ! subdiaconate 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur*1 to :i* is atta*$ ! duty ( celibacy4 7,x mu/ be not$1 h[ev]1 t "s au?ors consid] celibacy aris+ f ! subdiaconate z a duty aris+ f ecclesia/ical law & n f a v[47 ,! express v[ 9 turn is explicit 7i4e41 manife/$ by signs t imm$iately express ! v[1 z :5 ! v[] m5tions pov]ty & *a/ity7 or implicit 7i4e41 manife/$ by signs t express ano!r v[ :i* includes ! implicit v[1 z :5 ! v[] m5tions only ob$i5ce accord+ to ! rule1 b ! rule includes ! o!r two v[s ( pov]ty & *a/ity74 ,an explicit v[ is ei!r det]m9ate 7i4e41 "o 9 :i* ! ?+ promis$ is def9itely indicat$1 z :5 "o v[s a pilgrimage7 or disjunctive 7i4e41 "o 9 :i* ! v[] promises to p]=m at 8 w "o or m out ( a numb] ( ?+s indicat$1 z :5 he v[s ei!r to make a pilgrimage or to p]=m a fa/74 7f7 ,by reason ( its position be=e ! ,*ur*1 a v[ is ei!r private 7i4e41 "o made )\t ! int]v5tion or acceptance ( ! ,*ur*1 z :5 a p]son 9 dang] ( %ipwreck makes a v[ = 8 safety7 or public 7i4e41 "o made be=e ! ,*ur* & accept$ 9 its "n by an ecclesia/ical sup]ior1 z 9 ! ess5tial v[s made 9 approv$ ,ord]s or ,congregations74 ,! public v[ is ei!r simple or solemn1 accord+ z ! ,*ur* has det]m9$ = diff]5t religi\s in/itutes4 #baic4 ,v[s 9 ,canon ,law4--,! canonical dispositions 9 ref]5ce to v[s 9 g5]al w be f\nd 9 ,canons #acjg-acae1 :ile religi\s v[s are treat$ 9 ! section on religi\s 7,canons #dib sqq471 & ! effects ( v[s on matrimony are decl>$ 9 ,canons #ajgb1 #ajgc1 #ajeh4 ,a full] treatm5t ( ! canonical aspects ( v[s ?an c be giv5 "h w be f\nd 9 comm5t>ies on ^! p>ts ( ! ,code4 #baid4 ,di/9ction betwe5 ,solemn & ,simple ,v[s4--,is ! di/9ction betwe5 a solemn & a simple v[ "o ( div9e or "o ( ecclesia/ical law8 7a7 ,z to accid5tal solemnity 7i4e41 ! conditions ( "t1 place1 age1 fitness1 rubrics1 etc471 ! solemn v[ dep5ds on ! ,*ur*1 = !re is no d\bt t ! ,*ur* has ! "r to det]m9e ^! matt]s z circum/ances may require4 ,h5ce1 ! ,*ur* may appo9t conditions = ! validity ( a solemn v[1 & %e may also *ange ^! conditions z %e sees fit4 7b7 ,z to ! ess5tial solemnity 7i4e41 ! int]nal *>act]i/ic t di/+ui%es ! solemn f o!r v[s71 ! solemn v[ dep5ds1 n on ! law ( ! ,*ur*1 b on ! div9e law1 s9ce1 unlike o!r v[s1 x is n a m]e promise ( acts1 b an irrevocable giv+ ov] to ,god ( "o's p]son itself & an int]nal spiritual consecration or esp\sals accept$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,?is is d5i$1 h[ev]1 by "s au?orities1 :o place ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! solemn & ! simple v[ 9 ! diff]5t juridical effects :i* !y produce 9 ,canon ,law1 ! solemn v[ mak+ acts oppos$ to x invalid & ! simple v[ r5d]+ oppos$ acts illicit1 b n invalid 7see ,canon #egi74 ,all agree t ! ,*ur* may = j reasons disp5se ev5 9 solemn v[s4 #baie4 ,k & ,delib]ation ,necess>y = ,valid ,v[4--,9 ! intellect ( him :o takes a v[ !re mu/ be su* k & delib]ation z are requir$ = mak+ an important contract1 = he :o takes a v[ assumes a grave obligation 7see #ahhc74 ,! rule giv5 by _m is t ! delib]ation :i* suffices = a mortal s9 suffices also = a v[1 b ?is does n appe> to be exact1 s9ce a mortal s9 may be committ$ :5 !re is only a confus$ p]ception ( ! gravity ( ! s9 7see #agg74 7a7 ,?us1 a v[ is invalidat$ by sub/antial ignorance or error 7e4g41 ,titus1 ?9k+ 8 gold wat* is brass1 v[s to give x z an alms2 ,balbus1 ?9k+ t a di/ant sanctu>y is n v f> (f1 v[s to make a pilgrimage to x2 ,claudius1 be+ wrongly in=m$ t 8 fa!r is sick1 makes a v[ to g on a pilgrimage = 8 fa!r's recov]y71 b n by ignorance or error t is m]ely accid5tal 7e4g41 ,sempronius1 ?9k+ t a sanctu>y :i* is f\r miles away is only ?ree miles di/ant1 v[s to g !re on pilgrimage1 b he w\ld h made ! v[1 ev5 ?\gh he _h kn[n ! true di/ance2 ,caius1 int5d+ *iefly to p]=m an act ( religion1 & second>ily to visit a fri5d1 v[s a pilgrimage to a neighbor+ t[n1 n be+ aw>e t ! fri5d has mov$ else:]e74 ,! v[s ( religion1 accord+ to ! common op9ion1 are n invalidat$ on acc\nt ( ignorance or error ab\t accid5tals1 ev5 ?\gh ! v[s w\ld n h be5 tak5 _h ^! accid5tals be5 kn[n2 = ! common good dem&s t ! religi\s /ate1 l ! m>ri$ /ate1 h /ability1 & t ^? :o ent] x int5d to accept all ! obligations t g ) x4 7b7 ,a v[ is invalidat$ by ! abs5ce ( full delib]ation 7e4g41 v[s made by *ildr5 :o h n ! p]fect use ( reason1 by p]sons :o are only half-consci\s or :o are deliri\s or labor+ "u a hy/]ical delusion or fix$ idea1 by p]sons :o act on ! impulse ( ! mom5t )\t full adv]t5ce to ! import or =ce ( ! v[71 b n by ! abs5ce ( long or /udi\s delib]ation 7e4g41 a v[ is valid if "o has ?\ght ov] its mean+ & obligation1 ev5 ?\gh "o has done ?is hurri$ly & )\t reflection on ! details & has regrett$ ! v[ soon aft] its pron\ncem5t74 #baif4 ,fre$om ( ,w ,necess>y = ,valid ,v[4--,9 ! w ( ! p]son :o takes a v[ !re mu/ be fre$om ( *oice1 & ! abs5ce ( su* imp$im5ts z take away self-det]m9ation or cons5t4 7a7 ,?us1 ! natural law itself invalidates a v[ made "u =ce or "u su* fe> z takes away ! p[] ( giv+ due delib]ation to ! v[4 7b7 ,! natural law1 accord+ to _m1 invalidates a v[ made "u fe> t is grave 7?\gh n di/urb+ to ! reason71 & t is produc$ unju/ly & ) a view to co]ce "o into mak+ ! v[4 ,! reason = ?is op9ion is t ,god _c accept a promise to ,himself caus$ by inju/ice1 nor c "o be held to a promise made "u unju/ pressure4 7c7 ,! positive law 7see ,canon #acjg1 ,sec4#c7 invalidates a v[ giv5 "u grave & unju/ fe>4 ,_m canoni/s int]pret ?is law z mean+ t ev5 :5 ! unju/ fe> is n employ$ z a means to =ce "o into tak+ ! v[1 b does 9 reality cause "o to take ! v[1 ! promise is null 9 bo? =ums 9 virtue ( ,canon ,law4 #baig4 ,cases 9 ,:i* ,fe> ,does ,n ,invalidate a ,v[4--7a7 ,all admit t fe> does n invalidate :5 x proce$s f a natural cause 7e4g41 v[s made dur+ a /orm at sea7 or an int]nal cause 7e4g41 v[s made "u ! influ5ce ( fe> t "o w fall into s9 )\t ! protection ( ! v[72 = 9 ^! cases "o *ooses a less] burd5 to avoid a great] "o1 & ! ?+ *os5 is involunt>y1 n simply1 b only 9 a c]ta9 respect 7see #dd74 7b7 ,x is commonly admitt$ t fe> does n invalidate :5 x proce$s f an ext]nal & j cause 7e4g41 if a guilty p]son 7 ?reat5$ ) ! p5alties ( law unless he v[$ n to repeat ! (f5se71 s9ce ! cause ( ! v[ is !n int]nal r ?an ext]nal1 namely1 ! guilt ( ! p]son :o takes ! v[ & 8 wi% to evade puni%m5t4 #baih4 ,v[s ( ,d\btful ,validity4--,9 ! foll[+ cases x is disput$ :e!r fe> invalidates a v[4 7a7 ,x is disput$ :e!r fe> unju/ly caus$ invalidates 9 ! =um ( consci5ce :5 x is light 7e4g41 ,titia con/antly importun$ by h] p>5ts to ent] religion makes a v[ to foll[ _! wi%es74 ,"s answ] 9 ! negative1 because a fe> t is slight bo? 9 itself & 9 its influ5ce on ! v[] _c be consid]$ z ! real cause ( ! v[4 ,o!rs answ] 9 ! affirmative1 because light reasons d move p]sons to take grave /eps1 & x is n reasonable to ?9k t ,god w accept a v[ br\ght on by unju/1 ?\gh light1 fe>4 7b7 ,x is also disput$ :e!r grave fe> unju/ly caus$ invalidates1 :5 ! p]son :o causes ! fe> int5ds to =ce ! v[]1 n to ! v[1 b to some?+ else 7e4g41 ,balbus ?reat5s to kill ,caius unless ! latt] pays a l>ge sum ( money1 & ,caius v[s to give ! money to religion if he escapes ! dang]74 ,"s hold = ! affirmative & ref] to ,canon #acjg1 m5tion$ above4 ,o!rs hold = ! negative because ! v[ is tak51 n to accommodate ! aggressor1 b to honor ,god & b5efit self4 ,?is is ! int]pretation giv5 ! pre-,code legislation4 ,/ill o!rs di/+ui%1 affirm+ invalidity = ! case 9 :i* fe> is ! cause ( ! v[ & d5y+ invalidity = ! case :5 fe> is only ! occasion ( ! v[4 #baii4 ,! ,int5tion ,necess>y = a ,valid ,v[4--,z 0 said 9 ! explanation ( ! def9ition1 a v[ mu/ include a w to b9d oneself1 t is1 ! int5tion to make a v[4 7a7 ,! object ( ?is int5tion is ! obligation itself1 n its fulfillm5t4 ,h5ce1 he :o makes a v[1 b int5ds n to oblige himself1 v[s invalidly2 = he has two contr>y int5tions & 7unless ! int5tion to v[ is /rong]7 ! sub/ance ( ! v[ is exclud$4 ,on ! contr>y1 he :o makes a v[1 int5d+ n to fulfill x1 v[s validly b illicitly1 s9ce he really int5ds to oblige himself1 b he s9s by 8 purpose n to keep 8 v[ 7see #ahhc74 7b7 ,! quality ( ! int5tion mu/ be su* t ! "* ( ! v[ z a delib]ate act & a s9c]e agreem5t to obligation w be pres]v$4 ,h5ce1 an habitual int5tion 7e4g41 ,claudius int5d+ to take a v[ on ! morr[ pron\nces ! words ( promise :ile asleep7 does n suffice1 because ! act made ) su* an int5tion is n delib]ate or human4 ,likewise1 an ext]nal int5tion 7e4g41 ,balba =c$ by h] p>5ts to ent] a conv5t takes ! v[s1 int5d+ only ! ext]nal rite7 & an indirect int5tion 7e4g41 ,sempronius1 =esee+ t if he dr9ks c]ta9 liquors he w b9d himself by v[ to a numb] ( ?+s1 takes ! dr9ks & makes ! v[s7 are n suffici5t1 because ) !m !re is no real agreem5t to obligation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x suffices to h an actual b implicit or tacit int5tion 7e4g41 ,titus receives subdeacon%ip int5d+ ! obligations annex$ to ! (fice1 b n kn[+ t celibacy is a duty v[$ by subdeacons71 or a virtual int5tion 7e4g41 ,caius int5d$ to make religi\s pr(ession1 b at ! mom5t ( pron\nc+ ! v[s he is di/ract$ & gives no att5tion to ! words71 = 9 ei!r case !re is a human act & real agreem5t to obligation 7see #bafd1 #bafe74 #bbjj4 ,! ,matt] ( a ,v[4--7a7 ,a v[ is a free promise1 & h5ce its matt] mu/ n be some?+ necess>y4 7b7 ,a v[ is made to ,god1 & h5ce its matt] mu/ n be some?+ t is n pleas+ to ,him4 #bbja4 ,v[s t ,promise ,some?+ ,necess>y4--7a7 ,if ! necessity is absolute1 because a c]ta9 ?+ mu/ be or _c be1 a v[ is invalid4 ,a v[ to die is null1 because dea? is a necessity2 a v[ to avoid v5ial s91 delib]ate & indelib]ate1 is null1 because x is impossible )\t a special privilege f ,god to keep su* a v[2 a v[ t "o's *ild %all ent] religion is also null1 because "o has no p[] ov] t :i* dep5ds on ! w ( ano!r4 ,! v[s made by communities d n oblige _! successors or po/]ity z v[s1 b only z laws or cu/oms hav+ ! =ce ( law1 or z contracts to :i* agreem5t is giv51 etc4 7b7 ,if ! necessity is hypo!tical1 because a c]ta9 ?+ mu/ be done or omitt$ if "o is to obs]ve ! natural or positive law1 ! v[ is valid4 ,= ?\gh x is necess>y to obs]ve a comm&m5t 7e4g41 to avoid intoxication71 x is n necess>y to add to ! exi/5t obligation ! new obligation ( religion4 ,! mo/ suitable matt] = a v[1 h[ev]1 is some?+ t is ( c\nsel1 b n ( precept1 = example1 to practise celibacy4 #bbjb4 ,:5 ,fulfillm5t ( ,v[ ,is ,only ,p>tly ,possible4--7a7 ,if ! v[] int5d$ t 8 promise %\ld be an entire "o oblig+ him to fulfillm5t ( all ! items1 ! v[ is invalid1 s9ce its fulfillm5t z int5d$ is impossible4 ,?us1 if "o v[$ to g on foot to a place ( pilgrimage b 0 unable to accompli% ! j\rney on foot1 or v[$ to g to ,rome & became unable to g ! full di/ance1 !re w\ld be no obligation4 7b7 ,if ! v[] int5d$ t 8 promise %\ld be sev]able1 ! difficulty c be settl$ z foll[s3 he is held to no?+ if ! matt] is sev]able b ! pr9cipal "p impossible 7e4g41 if he v[$ to g on a pilgrimage & also to g b>efoot$1 he is n b\nd to g b>efoot$ an equal di/ance if ! pilgrimage becomes impossible74 ,he is held to ! "p t is possible1 if x is really sev]able & 0 int5d$ z ! pr9cipal "p ( ! v[ 7e4g41 if he v[$ to g on a pilgrimage & to g b>efoot$1 b is unable to g b>efoot$74 7c7 ,if ! int5tion ( ! v[-mak] is unc]ta91 x seems he is held to p]=m :at is possible 7e4g41 if "o has v[$ to pay = ! erection ( a *ur* b becomes unable to pay = m ?an a "p ( ! exp5se72 b if !re is a good reason to presume t he int5d$ an entire v[1 or a sev]able v[ ^: *ief "p has become impossible1 "o may decide ! d\bt 9 ! s5se ( t presumption 7cfr4 #dfe74 #bbjc4 ,v[s t ,promise ,some?+ ,displeas+ to ,god4--7a7 ,v[s t promise :at is always evil 7e4g41 to /eal7 are invalid &1 on acc\nt ( ! irrev]5ce1 gravely s9ful1 at lea/ if ! s9 promis$ is mortal4 7b7 ,v[s t promise some?+ t may turn out ei!r evil or good 7e4g41 ,jep!'s v[ to immolate ! fir/ liv+ be+ t came be=e him7 are imprud5t1 & %\ld n be kept z to ! "p t is s9ful4 #bbjd4 ,:at %\ld be said ( v[s t promise some?+ good1 b t h an evil end or o!r evil circum/ances8 7a7 ,! v[ is invalid & illicit if ! evil circum/ance affects ! ?+ promis$ itself1 s t ! fulfillm5t ( ! v[ mu/ be s9ful1 = example1 :5 "o promises to give an alms 9 ord] to s$uce ! recipi5t into s9 or to build a *ur* 9 ord] to gratify pride or spite4 ,simil>ly1 invalid & illicit are v[s made to obta9 some?+ evil 7e4g41 ! v[ ( an alms 9 ord] to obta9 success 9 a robb]y7 or to r5d] ?anksgiv+ = success 9 evil already done 7e4g41 ! v[ to give ,god half ! booty tak5 9 robb]y72 = su* v[s c n be fulfill$ )\t ! implicit prote/ation t ,god is ! au?or ( s94 7b7 ,! v[ is valid b illicit if ! evil circum/ance affects only ! act ( v[+2 = ! ?+ promis$ is good & is to be p]=m$ prop]ly1 b ! disposition ( ! v[] is n free f s9 z he makes 8 promise4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! evil circum/ance does n always deprive ! act ( v[+ ( sub/antial goodness 7see #gh74 ,?us1 if "o v[s to build a *ur* & ! sole motive = mak+ ! v[ is ! applause "o w receive1 ! v[ is sub/antially illicit2 b if va+lory is only a second>y motive1 ! v[ is sub/antially licit4 7c7 ,! v[ is valid & licit if ! evil circum/ance affects nei!r ! act promis$ nor ! act ( v[+1 bo? ( ^! be+ good4 ,?us1 x is lawful to v[ an alms = e "t "o yields to a s9ful habit4 ,x is also lawful to v[ an (f]+ to ,god if "o escapes unhurt f a duel1 = su* a v[ does n ask ,god to bless ! duel b to protect "o's life4 #bbje4 ,v[s t ,promise ,some?+ ,indiff]5t4--7a7 ,^! v[s are invalid if !re is no circum/ance to make ! promise honorable to ,god 7e4g41 if "o promises to save up a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( "o's e>n+s ea* mon?74 ,! s9 committ$ by ^? :o v[ necess>y1 impossible or indiff]5t ?+s1 does n seem to exce$ v5ial fault p] se1 = ! v[ is illicit1 n because its matt] is evil & displeas+ to ,god1 b because x is n good & pleas+ to ,him4 ,! s9 seems to be "o ( levity r ?an ( irrev]5ce4 7b7 ,^! v[s are valid & lawful if !re is a circum/ance t makes ! indiff]5t subject-matt] honorable to ,god 7e4g41 if "o v[s to save up s mu* ea* mon? 9 ord] to practise frugality1 or to set aside means = "s *>itable or pi\s cause74 #bbjf4 ,mean+ ( a ,bett] ,good4--,x is also necess>y = validity ( a v[ t ! ?+ promis$ be a bett] good2 = ?is is ! w ( ,god1 our sanctification 7,i ,!ss41 iv4 #c71 & ! v[ is made to ,god4 7a7 ,by ! bett] good is n meant t :i* has no good sup]ior to x1 = !n "o c\ld v[ only ! mo/ excell5t good1 :i* is n true4 7b7 ,by ! bett] good1 !n1 is und]/ood t :i* is pref]able to its contr>y good 7e4g41 virg9ity is bett] ?an m>riage71 t :i* is absolutely or objectively pref]able to its contradictory 7e4g41 x is bett] to give an alms ?an n to give "o1 x is bett] to keep ! law ( fa/+ ?an n to keep x71 t :i* is relatively or subjectively bett] ?an its contradictory 7e4g41 x is bett] to m>ry ?an to commit =nication1 or live 9 concub9age1 or give sc&al1 or leave *ildr5 illegitimate74 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 x is n advisable to v[ matrimony1 =1 ev5 if ! v[ is n invalid1 x seems to h little advantage4 ,if a p]son ?9ks m>riage is bett] = him1 let him take ! m>riage v[s or engage to m>ry ! woman ( 8 *oice4 #bbjg4 ,v[s ,invalidat$ by ,promise ( ,less] ,good4--7a7 ,! v[ to d :at is less pleas+ to ,god 7e4g41 nev] to make a v[1 nev] to embrace a c\nsel7 is invalid p] se4 ,!re may be cases1 h[ev]1 9 :i* a v[ ( ?is k9d w\ld be bett] & !re=e valid 7e4g41 :5 a p]son :o is prone to mak+ v[s is bidd5 by ! confessor to make no o!r v[s )\t advice74 7b7 ,! v[ to d :at may easily become less pleas+ to ,god also seems to be invalid4 ,?us1 if "o 7 to make a v[ to play no m games 9 ord] to give m "t to pray] or to avoid temptations1 ! v[ might lat] be a cause ( spiritual h>m1 = at times x is m pleas+ to ,god to take recreation ?an to ab/a9 f x4 #bbjh4 ,case 9 ,:i* ,"o ,has ,tak5 ,two ,opposite ,v[s4--7a7 ,if ! v[s are equally good1 or if x is d\btful :i* is bett]1 ! fir/ prevails2 ! second be+ impossible does n oblige4 7b7 ,if ! second is c]ta9ly bett]1 x prevails1 & ! fir/ does n oblige1 be+ impossible4 ,?us1 if "o has fir/ v[$ to g on a pilgrimage & next to /ay at home & att5d ! sick dur+ an epidemic1 ! pilgrimage %\ld n /& 9 ! way ( ! m urg5t good ( c>+ = ^? 9 di/ress4 #bbji4 ,! ,obligation ( a ,v[4--,e valid v[ obliges to fulfillm5t1 = x is a promise1 & loyalty to promises is a moral duty4 ,scripture decl>es t "o mu/ pay "o's v[s1 & t x is bett] n to v[ ?an to v[ & n fulfill 7,eccles41 v4 #d71 t ,god w hold z s9 ! neglect ( a v[ 7,deut41 xxiii4 #ba71 t a fai?less promise displeases ,him 7,eccles41 ,v4 #c74 7a7 ,! ,quality ( ! ,obligation4--,a v[ is an act ( religion1 s9ce x promises to ,god a tribute ( honor1 ev5 ?\gh ! ?+ promis$ 7e4g41 a fa/1 virg9ity7 does n belong to wor%ip b to "s o!r virtue4 ,h5ce1 ! violation ( a v[ is a s9 aga9/ fidelity & also aga9/ religion4 ,b x seems t sacrilege is committ$ only by s9s aga9/ c]ta9 v[s1 namely1 ^? ^: matt] is a sacr$ ?+ d$icat$ to ,god2 = example1 ! violation ( ! v[ to fa/ w\ld n be sacrilegi\s1 :ile ! violation ( a public v[ ( *a/ity is a sacrilege4 ,all transgressions ( v[s1 z su*1 are s9s ( ! same species1 namely1 s9s aga9/ religion4 7b7 ,! ,quantity ( ! ,obligation4--,a v[1 z be+ a duty ( religion 7see #badf1 #badh71 obliges "u grave s94 ,b 9 an individual case ! s9 committ$ may be only v5ial on acc\nt ( lightness ( matt] or imp]fection ( ! act4 #bbaj4 ,gravity ( ! ,obligation ( a ,v[4--,a v[ has ! nature ( a private law1 s9ce x is an obligation :i* ! v[-mak] volunt>ily imposes on himself4 ,b a law obliges "u grave s9 :5 ! subject-matt] itself & ! int5tion ( ! lawgiv] require /rict obligation 7see #cha sqq474 ,h5ce1 gravity ( matt] 9 a v[ dep5ds on ! great importance ( ! ?+ v[$ & on ! w ( ! v[] to assume a grave obligation4 7a7 ,?us1 ! ?+ v[$ mu/ be ( great importance1 ei!r 9 itself 7e4g41 *a/ity7 or f its relation to div9e wor%ip 7e4g41 a fa/1 a communion74 ,"o _c oblige oneself to a grave obligation "u a v[ ^: matt] is absolutely & relatively ( m9or importance 7e4g41 a daily ,hail ,m>y1 an alms ( tw5ty-five c5ts2 see #chb74 7b7 ,! int5tion ( ! v[] mu/ be to b9d himself "u grave s94 ,he is free n to oblige himself by v[ at all1 & h5ce1 %\ld he elect to v[1 he may b9d himself1 ev5 ?\gh ! matt] ( ! v[ is ( great importance1 ei!r "u grave or "u light s9 7or only to p5alty71 z he wi%es4 ,exception mu/ be made1 h[ev]1 = public v[s tak5 9 religi\s in/itutes & = ! v[ ( *a/ity & celibacy tak5 9 ! reception ( subdeacon%ip1 = ! law ( ! ,*ur* on acc\nt ( ! public good decrees t ^! v[s oblige "u grave s94 #bbaa4 ,rules = ,det]m9+ ,:at ,is ,important ,matt] 9 a ,v[4--7a7 ,9 p]sonal v[s1 an act ( omission may be made ! subject ( grave obligation1 if x may be made ! subject ( grave precept by ! ,*ur* 7e4g41 ! he>+ ( ,mass1 ,confession1 ,communion1 a fa/ or ab/95ce1 a ,ros>y74 7b7 ,9 real v[s1 "s fix grave matt] accord+ to ! /&>ds = commutative ju/ice 7see #ahif sqq474 ,b su* a rule seems unsuitable4 ,! am\nts absolutely & relatively grave 9 !ft are det]m9$ by ! weal? ( ! p]son /ol5 f1 b1 s9ce ,god is own] ( all ?+s1 we d n see h[ ^? am\nts c\ld be fix$ 9 ref]5ce to ,him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! duty ( religion obliges m /rictly ?an t ( commutative ju/ice1 & h5ce x does n seem t grave matt] %\ld be ! same = bo?4 ,9 practice1 ! matt] is n grave :5 x is q inconsid]able 7say less ?an a doll>71 or :5 ! v[] int5ds only a light obligation4 ,if ! matt] is n inconsid]able & ! int5t ( ! v[] is unc]ta91 "o may decide z to ! obligation ( ! v[ f presumptions bas$ on cu/om1 ! circum/ances ( ! v[1 or ! rule t grave obligation is n to be tak5 = grant$ 7see #gji1 #gad1 #fei74 #bbab4 ,coalesc5ce ( ,light into ,grave ,matt]4--7a7 ,if ! v[] has det]m9$ ! relation ( ! items ( ! v[ "o to ano!r1 coalesc5ce c be judg$ f 8 int5tion4 ,?us1 if ! v[] int5ds t ! items %all be p>ts ( "o :ole1 !re is coalesc5ce 7e4g41 if he v[s to give fifty c5ts 9 alms daily & neglects ?is = a ye>1 !re is grave s972 b if he int5ds ! items z sep>ate promises1 !re is no coalesc5ce 7e4g41 if he v[s to say a ,hail ,m>y e day & neglects ?is = a ye>1 !re are _m v5ial s9s74 ,if "s ( ! items h be5 p]=m$1 o!rs omitt$1 & ! omissions coalesce1 !re is grave s9 accord+ to "s z soon z a notable quantity is rea*$1 b o!rs believe t !re is grave s9 only :5 a notable p]c5tage 7say "o-?ird or "o-f\r?7 ( ! matt] v[$ has be5 neglect$4 7b7 ,if ! v[] has n det]m9$ ! relation betwe5 ! items ( ! v[1 ! presumption z a rule favors coalesc5ce 9 real v[s1 non-coalesc5ce 9 p]sonal v[s 7z 9 ! examples ( a v[ to give fifty c5ts daily & ( a v[ to say a ,hail ,m>y e day74 ,b !re are exceptions1 z :5 "o v[s to give a small alms e ,saturday 9 honor ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 = ! *ief int5tion 9 ?is case may be to %[ respect to ! ,"m ( ,god & n to give a c]ta9 am\nt to ! poor4 #bbac4 ,! ,"t ,:5 a ,v[ ,obliges4--7a7 ,a negative v[ 7e4g41 n to dr9k c]ta9 intoxicants7 obliges at once & always 7see #cga74 7b7 ,an affirmative v[ to :i* ! v[] has annex$ a "t = fulfillm5t obliges at ! "t det]m9$4 ,if ! "t 0 int5d$ z a pr9cipal circum/ance 7e4g41 a v[ to say ! ,ros>y on ! ,fea/ ( ! ,assumption71 ! v[ ceases ) t "t1 ev5 ?\gh p]=mance 0 culpably neglect$2 b if ! "t 0 int5d$ only z a second>y circum/ance 7e4g41 a v[ to g to confession next week made by "o :o ne$s x badly71 ! v[ cont9ues 9 =ce ev5 aft] ! "t set has elaps$ )\t fulfillm5t 7see #dfh sqq474 ,anticipation ( fulfillm5t on acc\nt ( inability to fulfill at ! "t appo9t$ 9 ! v[1 is n necess>y1 unless ! v[ 0 atta*$ to a c]ta9 space & _c be fulfill$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ?is space2 = example1 if "o has v[$ to say ! ,ros>y today & =esees t ! :ole aft]noon w be occupi$1 "o %\ld say ! ,ros>y 9 ! =5oon 7see #dgj1 #dga74 7c7 ,an affirmative v[ = :i* ! v[] has fix$ no special "t %\ld be accompli%$ z soon z ?is c be conv5i5tly done1 = su* is ! rule 9 e absolute promise1 &1 moreov]1 no bett] "t = fulfillm5t c be assign$2 8,:5 ?\ ha/ made a v[ to ! ,"l ?y ,god1 ?\ %alt n delay to pay x1 because ! ,"l ?y ,god w require x4 ,& if ?\ delay x %all be imput$ to !e = a s90 7,deut41 xxiii4 #ba74 #bbad4 ,delay 9 ,fulfill+ ,v[4--,s9 may be committ$ by delay+ to keep a gravely obligatory v[ = :i* no date 0 set4 7a7 ,!re is no s9 if ! delay is reasonable 9 view ( ! subject-matt] ( ! v[ 7e4g41 to put (f a ,ros>y or fa/ = two or ?ree days1 a pilgrimage ( #ej miles = a week1 a pilgrimage ( #ajjj miles = sev]al mon?s1 etc47 or ( ! circum/ances 7e4g41 if "o has to delay entrance into religion until "o has bett] heal? or has clos$ up a bus9ess74 7b7 ,!re is v5ial s9 if ! delay is unreasonable b does n notably dim9i% :at is promis$ or endang] its fulfillm5t4 ,?us1 a ,ros>y1 a fa/1 or a pilgrimage is z good next ye> z ?is ye>1 &1 ap>t f dang] ( =gett+ or omitt+1 no lapse ( "t seems to con/itute a notable delay 9 respect to su* obligations4 7e7 ,!re is mortal s9 if ! delay is unreasonable & notably depreciates :at is promis$ or notably endang]s p]=mance ( ! v[4 ,?us1 to put (f ! fulfillm5t ( a v[ to ent] religion less5s ! value ( ! ?+ promis$1 if "o waits until old age2 x imp]ils ! promise1 if "o rema9s 9 ! _w = sev]al ye>s expos$ to ! dang] ( los+ vocation4 ,morali/s hold t ?ree or f\r ye>s w\ld be a consid]able delay 9 ref]5ce to a v[ to ent] religion4 #bbae4 ,! ,p]son ,oblig$ to ,fulfill a ,v[4--7a7 ,a p]sonal v[ obliges only ! v[]1 because by its nature a v[ is a law :i* "o imposes on oneself 7see #dfc1 #afif1 #ahh74 ,b v[s tak5 by a city or community may be obligatory on ! subjects 9 virtue ( law1 & v[s tak5 by ance/ors may oblige po/]ity 9 virtue ( lawful & obligatory cu/om4 7b7 ,a real v[ 7& a mix$ v[ z to ! "p t is real7 obliges also ! heirs1 = ?is k9d ( v[ is a debt ( ! v[]'s e/ate 7see ,canon #acaj74 ,! obligation ( ! heirs is "o1 n ( religion1 b ( ju/ice1 & !y are n held beyond ! res\rces ( ! e/ate4 #bbaf4 ,! ,mann] ( ,fulfill+ a ,v[4--7a7 ,z to ,int]nal ,disposition4--,x is n necess>y t "o h at ! "t ( fulfillm5t ! purpose ( fulfillm5t1 provid$ !re is no int5tion exclusive ( t purpose1 = ! v[ b9ds "o only to d :at 0 promis$ 7cfr4 #dgg74 ,h5ce1 if "o has v[$ to he> ,mass & !n he>s a ,mass out ( devotion1 n ?9k+ ( ! v[1 "o may take ?is assi/ance at ,mass z a satisfaction ( ! v[4 7b7 ,z to ,ext]nal ,p]=mance4--,if a v[ is p]sonal1 "o mu/ p]=m x p]sonally1 = "o's own act 0 promis$1 & h5ce1 if p]sonal p]=mance becomes impossible1 x is n necess>y or valid to use a proxy2 if a v[ is real1 "o may use goods giv5 by o!rs1 b "o is n oblig$ 9 case ( pov]ty to seek ! goods ( ano!r1 s9ce "o's own goods 7 promis$4 #bbag4 ,! ,obligation ( ,c]ta9 ,k9ds ( ,v[s4--7a7 ,conditional ,v[4--,! v[] is n oblig$ by ! v[ unless ! condition is fulfill$1 & ?is is probably true ev5 :5 ! condition is equival5tly1 b n =mally1 fulfill$ 7e4g41 ,titus1 :o has to support 8 "m1 v[s to ent] religion z soon z %e contracts m>riage1 b ! "m unexpect$ly dies & ,titus is ?us fre$ ( h] support74 ,! v[] is n guilty ( s9 aga9/ ! v[ if he prev5ts ! fulfillm5t ( ! condition1 unless he uses unlawful means4 ,su* means are n employ$ if "o is n oblig$ to fulfill ! condition 7e4g41 a v[ to pay an alms ( #aj if "o gets drunk71 or if non-fulfillm5t is due to weakness1 n to ! purpose to defeat ! v[ 7e4g41 a v[ to pay an alms ( #ajj1 if "o rema9s sob] = a ye>1 :5 ! v[] becomes intoxicat$ accid5tally or ?r\gh frailty be=e ! ye> is up71 or if non-fulfillm5t is due to ! ex]cise ( "o's "r 7e4g41 a v[ to ent] religion if "o's p>5ts cons5t1 :5 ! v[] 9 lawful ways p]suades 8 p>5ts n to cons5t74 ,! v[] is guilty ( s9 aga9/ ! v[1 if he uses unlawful means to prev5t ! condition's fulfillm5t 7e4g41 if he gets drunk purposely 9 ord] to evade ! alms promis$ = sobriety1 or if he uses fraud or =ce to keep 8 p>5ts f cons5t+ to a v[ :i* he has made dep5d5t on _! cons5t74 7b7 ,p5al ,v[4--,! v[] is n oblig$ by ! v[ if ! act aga9/ :i* ! v[ is made is committ$ by him b is n s9ful 7e4g41 ,claudius v[$ n to play c>ds1 b on a c]ta9 occasion did play aft] hav+ receiv$ a disp5sation71 or is only mat]ially s9ful 7e4g41 ,balbus v[$ n to use pr(ane language1 b on a c]ta9 occasion did use su* language inadv]t5tly71 or is n s9ful aga9/ ! v[1 at lea/ if ! p5alty is = violation ( ! v[ 7e4g41 ,caius v[$ n to qu>rel "u p5alty ( an alms = break+ ! promise1 b on a c]ta9 occasion did qu>rel1 adv]t+ to ! s9 aga9/ *>ity1 b n to ! v[71 or is v5ially s9ful on acc\nt ( ! imp]fection ( ! act1 at lea/ if ! p5alty is grave4 ,if ! v[] has n det]m9$ ! numb] ( times ! p5alty is to be paid1 x seems t x %\ld be paid only aft] ! fir/ fault1 if ! p5alty is grave & "o t is n cu/om>ily repeat$ 7e4g41 a di/ant pilgrimage1 a l>ge alms71 b %\ld be repeat$ aft] e fault if ! p5alty is slight & "o t is cu/om>ily repeat$ 7e4g41 a decade ( ! ,ros>y1 a small alms74 7c7 ,disjunctive ,v[4--,! v[ is null if "o ( ! objects to be *os5 f is evil1 va9 or impossible 7e4g41 a v[ ei!r to e>n or to /eal ! money = an alms74 ,! v[] is held to no?+ if be=e 8 *oice "o ( ! ?+s to be *os5 f has become impossible 7e4g41 ,claudius v[s to give "o or ! o!r ( two *alices he owns1 b be=e he makes 8 *oice "o ( ! *alices is /ol571 or if aft] 8 *oice ! ?+ *os5 becomes impossible 7e4g41 ,claudius decid$ to give ! l>g] ( two *alices1 b be=e he c\ld give x1 x 0 /ol574 ,! v[] is held1 h[ev]1 if "o ( ! ?+s to be *os5 f has become impossible be=e *oice ?r\gh ! v[]'s own fault 7e4g41 ,claudius' *alice 0 /ol5 be=e 8 *oice because he _h culpably delay$ to make a *oice71 or if ! ?+ n *os5 has become impossible aft] ! *oice 7e4g41 ,claudius decid$ to give ! l>ge *alice & ! small "o 0 /ol5 aft]w>ds74 7d7 ,d\btful ,v[4--,d\bts ab\t ! ess5tials1 t is1 :e!r a v[ 0 really made 7e4g41 :e!r x 0 a v[ or only a resolution1 :e!r !re 0 ! requisite int5tion or delib]ation1 :e!r ! v[ 0 invalid on acc\nt ( fe>1 etc471 or :e!r a v[ c]ta9ly made 0 fulfill$1 mu/ be settl$ accord+ to ! pr9ciples = direct+ a d\btful consci5ce 7see #fgb sqq474 ,?us1 if x is m probable t a v[ 0 made or t a v[ 0 n fulfill$1 ! decision mu/ be = obligation accord+ to ! ,probabiliori/s2 b if !re rema9s a positive d\bt :e!r only a resolution 0 made1 or :e!r a v[ 0 fulfill$1 !re is no obligation accord+ to ! ,probabili/s4 ,d\bts ab\t accid5tals1 t is1 :e!r a v[ 0 ( ?is k9d or t 7e4g41 ! circum/ances ( quality1 quantity1 numb]1 etc471 mu/ be settl$ accord+ to reasonable rules ( int]pretation ( ! m9d ( ! v[]4 #bbah4 ,g5]al ,rules ( ,int]pretation ( ,d\btful ,v[s4--7a7 ,private v[s mu/ be int]pret$ accord+ to ! express$ or presumptive int5tion ( ! v[]1 = a v[ is a private law1 & ! v[] ! lawmak]4 7b7 ,public v[s mu/ be int]pret$ accord+ to ! s\nd doctr9e ( approv$ au?orities on !ology & ,canon ,law4 #bbai4 ,special ,rules = ,int]pret+ ! ,m9d ( ! ,v[]4--7a7 ,a d\btful v[ %\ld be int]pret$ f int]nal evid5ce1 t is1 f ! language ( ! v[ itself & ! significance usually atta*$ to ! t]ms us$1 = ! presumption is t ! v[] meant to express himself 9 ! ord9>y spee* us$ = v[s4 ,?us1 a v[ ( 8virg9ity0 usually means ! same z a v[ ( 8*a/ity10 & %\ld be s und]/ood unless !re is reason = a /rict] int]pretation4 ,! language ( a v[ is to be und]/ood 9 ! light ( ! purpose ( ! v[] 7e4g41 a v[ to give a *alice to a *ur* does n mean a glass *alice1 s9ce ! ,*ur* employs only *alices ( preci\s metal72 a v[ to he> ,mass daily does n mean t "o mu/ he> two ,masses on ,sunday1 s9ce ! purpose ( ! v[ is to let no day pass )\t assi/ance at ,mass4 7b7 ,a d\btful v[ t _c be suffici5tly con/ru$ f int]nal evid5ce %\ld be judg$ f g5]al presumptions1 t is1 f ! cu/om z reg>ds ! v[ tak5 7e4g41 "o :o v[s an alms is und]/ood to promise ! am\nt t o!rs 9 8 condition promise71 f ! cu/om or law z reg>ds ! matt] ( ! v[ 7e4g41 "o :o v[s a p]petual fa/ is und]/ood to promise a fa/ on days o!r ?an ,sundays & holydays1 = ! *ur* law di/+ui%es betwe5 fa/ days & fea/ days71 f ! rules gov]n+ ! int]pretation ( laws 7e4g41 s9ce ?+s odi\s are to be ( /rict int]pretation1 he :o v[s to give some?+ may himself det]m9e :at he wi%es to give1 provid$ x is n ridicul\sly small71 f ! conditions t are impli$ 9 e v[ z to possibility1 ! rights ( o!rs1 *ange 9 circum/ances1 etc4 7e4g41 he :o promises to become a religi\s means t he w d s1 if a ,religi\s ,ord] w accept & keep him2 he :o promises a gift means t he w give )\t prejudice to ! claims ( ?ird p>ties1 etc474 #bbbj4 ,! ,advantages ( ,v[s to ! ,v[]s4--7a7 ,a fir/ advantage is t a v[ /r5g!ns ! w ( ! v[] to d good & avoid evil4 ,?is is an important advantage1 s9ce human nature is s weak & incon/ant & s mu* 9 ne$ ( helps t w add resolution & p]sev]ance to its ef=ts4 ,! v[ is a promise b9d+ n only 9 honor b also z a religi\s duty1 & an act t has a special claim on div9e assi/ance & a favorable answ]1 & h5ce x is a p[]ful ally to a virtu\s life4 ,true1 he :o takes a v[ is subject to great] s9 if he is unfai?ful4 ,b !re is no good t has n "s risk atta*$ to x1 & ! risk "h is due1 n to ! v[ itself1 b to ! weakness ( ! w :i* may use x improp]ly4 ,! p]son :o ?9ks only ( ! dang]s ( /orms w nei!r s[ nor reap 7,eccles41 xi4 #d74 7b7 ,a second advantage is t a v[ makes ! good done m m]itori\s & praisewor?y4 ,x adds to ! virtue practis$ 7e4g41 ab/95ce7 ! virtue t directs 7viz1 div9e wor%ip or religion1 ! mo/ excell5t among ! moral virtues72 x (f]s ,god a m p]fect subjection1 s9ce x pres5ts to ,him1 n only a s+le act "h & n[1 b ! p[] itself ( ! w to d ! opposite2 x acts f a great] resolution & firmness1 a circum/ance t gives p]fection to virtue4 ,all ?is %\ld be und]/ood p] se1 or ) ! qualification 8o!r ?+s be+ equal02 = if we suppose t a p]son :o has no v[ s]ves ,god ) great *>ity & f]vor1 !re is no d\bt t he is bett] be=e ,god ?an "o :o has v[s & p]=ms !m c>elessly & reluctantly4 #bbba4 ,:5 a ,good ,v[ ,may ,be ,s9ful4--,a v[ good 9 itself may be s9ful or ! occasion ( s9 on acc\nt ( ! dispositions ( ! v[]4 7a7 ,?us1 9 tak+ v[s "o commits s9 if "o acts imprud5tly 9 n tak+ into consid]ation ! circum/ances4 ,h5ce1 be=e mak+ a v[ "o %\ld consid] c>efully & consult "o's confessor or director or "s o!r prud5t man4 7b7 ,aft] tak+ v[s "o commits s9 by regrets1 if ^! regrets include ! desire n to comply ) obligations 7e4g41 :5 "o regrets hav+ liv$ up to a v[ 9 ! pa/ or int5ds n to live up to x 9 ! future1 or :5 "o keeps ! v[ only f human motives & wi%es "o c\ld violate x71 or if !y manife/ +ratitude t[>ds ,god 7e4g41 :5 "o regrets )\t good reason t "o ev] took ! v[74 ,! s9 committ$ by desire n to comply ) obligation is mortal or v5ial accord+ to ! nature ( ! obligation2 ! s9 ( +ratitude is v5ial4 ,!re is no s9 at all1 x seems1 if = a reasonable cause "o regrets hav+ made a v[ or wi%es !re 7 no obligation to p]=m some?+ ( sup]]ogation t "o v[$1 unless by su* wi%es "o is expos$ to temptations & ! dang] ( s9n+ aga9/ ! v[4 #bbbb4 ,m]it ( ,fulfill+ a ,v[ t ,"o ,regrets4--,if "o regrets hav+ made a v[ b int5ds to keep x1 is ! good "w p]=m$ bett] by reason ( ! v[8 7a7 ,if ! int5tion to keep ! v[ is prompt$ by a religi\s motive 7e4g41 ! desire to please ,god or ! fe> to (f5d ,him71 ! good "w is m m]itori\s ?an if !re 7 no v[1 = x has ! d\ble value ( an act ( religion & ( an act ( "s o!r virtue1 ( a good "w done & ( a v[ to d x4 7b7 ,if ! int5tion to keep ! v[ is prompt$ by a human motive 7e4g41 ! desire to please "s human p]son or to secure "s temporal b5efit71 ! good "w is n made m m]itori\s1 b inde$ is n m]itori\s at all1 s9ce n done = ,god's sake4 #bbbc4 ,:o ,c ,make a ,v[8--,e p]son liv+ 9 ! /ate ( mortal exi/5ce1 :e!r ,ca?olic or non-,ca?olic1 is able to take a v[1 unless !re is an imp$im5t ( natural or positive law4 7a7 ,natural law excludes v[s made by ^? :o are n ma/]s ( _! own acts or :o h n ! use ( reason2 =1 s9ce a v[ is a law :i* "o kn[+ly places on oneself1 x _c be made by ^? :o h n ! "r ( disposition ov] _! acts or :o d n und]/& ! mean+ ( ! obligation4 ,h5ce1 religi\s & o!r subject p]sons are re/rict$ z to ! "r ( mak+ v[s1 :ile infants & insane p]sons are utt]ly incapable ( mak+ a v[4 7b7 ,positive law ( ! ,*ur* has laid d[n c]ta9 conditions = ! validity ( public v[s 7e4g41 age1 p]=mance ( ! novitiate1 etc471 & h5ce ^? p]sons 9 :om ! conditions are n f\nd are incapable ( tak+ ^! v[s4 ,! p[] ( b9d+ & loos+ has be5 giv5 ! ,*ur*1 & ! regulations on public v[s ex]cise ?is p[] = ! b5efit ( ! ,*ur* z a :ole & ( ! p]sons :o take v[s1 ,z to private v[s1 x is a matt] ( dispute :e!r ! ,*ur* has ! p[] to appo9t conditions = !m1 s9ce !y are int]nal acts 7see #dbf71 b x seems t no su* conditions h ev] be5 made4 #bbbd4 ,tw(old ,dep5d5ce on ! ,w ( ,ano!r4--,^? :o are n ma/]s ( _! own acts are unable to v[ on acc\nt ( _! subjection to or dep5d5ce on ! w ( ano!r4 ,!re is a tw(old dep5d5ce ( ?is k9d4 7a7 ,!re is a dep5d5ce ( ! w ( ! subject1 z 9 ! case ( religi\s :o h v[$ ob$i5ce to _! rule & sup]iors1 & 9 ! case ( ^? :o h n atta9$ ! age ( pub]ty & :o mu/ be guid$ & rul$ by _! fa!r or gu>dian4 ,?is dep5d5ce means1 n t ! subject mu/ h ! positive cons5t ( ! sup]ior = e act1 b t he mu/ n w or d any?+ contr>y to ! j w ( ! sup]ior4 7b7 ,!re is a dep5d5ce ( ! matt] ( ! v[1 :5 x is subject to ! wi%es ( ano!r p]son1 z happ5s 9 ! case ( ^? :o h obligations to o!rs4 ,?us1 a wife _c make a v[ ( *a/ity )\t ! cons5t ( h] husb&1 o!rwise %e infr+es ^u conjugal rights2 a s]vant _c make a v[ to sp5d 9 visit+ *ur*es "t = :i* he is paid2 a son :o lives ) 8 p>5ts & is n emancipat$ _c v[ to give 8 e>n+s 9 alms1 = he owes !m to 8 family4 #bbbe4 ,! ,validity ( ,v[s ,made by ,subjects4--7a7 ,if ! v[ is aga9/ ! rights ( ano!r p]son1 x is invalid )\t 8 cons5t4 ,?us1 if a wife makes a v[ ( *a/ity )\t h] husb&'s cons5t1 ! v[ obliges h] to ask 8 cons5t1 b x has no =ce if he refuses 8 cons5t4 7b7 ,if ! v[ is aga9/ ! subjection due ano!r1 x is invalid if he d5ies 8 cons5t4 ,?us1 if a religi\s v[s an act = :i* accord+ to 8 rule p]mission mu/ be s\ght1 ! v[ has no actual =ce until ! p]mission is obta9$2 if he v[s an act t is good 9 itself1 b absolutely =bidd5 9 8 rule 7e4g41 if a novice b\nd to rema9 9 ! cloi/] v[$ to g on a pilgrimage71 ! v[ is null1 s9ce x is bett] to keep ! rule4 7c7 ,if ! v[ is nei!r aga9/ ! "r ( ano!r nor aga9/ ! subjection due1 x seems t ! v[ is valid )\t ! k & cons5t ( ! sup]ior4 ,?us1 if a religi\s privately v[s to d :at is comm&$ 9 a p>ticul> law or rule1 or :at is c\nsell$ by 8 sup]iors1 or :at is good & n =bidd51 ! v[ is valid until annull$ by ! sup]ior2 =1 z 0 said 9 ! previ\s p>agraph1 ! subject is n b\nd to h ! positive cons5t ( 8 sup]ior = all acts1 & x is suppos$ n[ t ! ?+ v[$ is n detrim5tal to ! rights ( ! sup]ior or o!rs4 #bbbf4 ,cessation ( ,v[s4--,s9ce a v[ is a private law1 x may cease1 j z a law ceases 9 c]ta9 cases 7see #ejj sqq474 ,!re are1 !re=e1 two ways 9 :i* a v[ ceases or ceases to oblige4 7a7 ,! v[ ceases f )91 or f int]nal causes1 :5 ! matt] ( ! v[ has s *ang$ z to be detrim5tal or useless1 or ! purpose ( ! v[ is no long] s]v$ by ! v[4 ,= ! nature ( a v[ is t x promotes a bett] good to ! great] glory ( ,god4 ,x is cle> also t a tempor>y v[ ceases :5 ! "t limit fix$ to x has expir$1 & t a conditional v[ ceases if ! condition is n fulfill$ 7e4g41 "o v[s an alms ( ?anksgiv+ if "o's "m recov]s f sickness1 b %e dies74 7b7 ,! v[ ceases f )\t1 or f ext]nal causes1 :5 x is remov$ or susp5d$ by ! au?ority ( ,god to :om x 0 made 7disp5sation7 or by ! au?ority ( "o :o has p[] ov] ! w ( ! v[] or ov] ! matt] ( ! v[ 7annulm5t71 or ev5 by ! au?ority ( ! v[] himself 9 s f> z belongs to him ! "r to sub/itute "s equal or bett] "w = ! "w v[$ 7commutation74 #bbbg4 ,public v[s d n cease f intr9sic causes1 = ?is w\ld be productive ( _m disadvantages to religi\s communities & to ^? :o take v[s 9 !m4 ,! *ief cases 9 :i* private v[s cease = int]nal reasons are z foll[s3 7a7 ,!y cease on a sub/antial *ange 9 ! ?+ promis$1 = !n ! subject-matt] has become morally diff]5t4 ,!re is a sub/antial *ange if ! matt] ( ! v[ has become illicit 7e4g41 ,titus v[$ an alms to a begg>1 b he le>ns t ! begg> w use ! alms to become drunk71 or if x has become useless 7e4g41 ,claudius v[$ n to visit a c]ta9 h\se on acc\nt ( ! bad language us$ !re1 b ! guilty p>ties h n[ mov$ away71 or if x has become an ob/acle to a great] good 7e4g41 ,balbus v[$ to g on a pilgrimage1 b an epidemic has brok5 out & x is bett] = him to rema9 home & c>e = ! sick71 or if x has become impossible 7e4g41 ,sempronius v[$ to give an alms1 b lo/ 8 money & _c af=d to keep ! promise74 ,"s also ?9k !re is a sub/antial *ange :5 circum/ances are s diff]5t t1 _h ! v[] be5 able to =esee !m1 he w\ld n h tak5 ! v[4 7b7 ,!y cease on ! disappe>ance ( ! pr9cipal reason t induc$ ! v[] to make 8 promise4 ,?us1 if ,caius v[s a sum ( money to an in/itution solely because x is poor & x becomes weal?y be=e he has fulfill$ 8 v[1 8 obligation is at an end 7see ,canon #acaa74 #bbbh4 ,annulm5t ( ,v[s4--,! annulm5t ( a v[ is made 9 two ways1 directly & indirectly4 ,a full treatm5t ( ?is subject w be f\nd 9 comm5t>ies on ,canons #acab1 #dii1 #hh1 #hi1 #fge1 #eja4 7a7 ,direct annulm5t is ! op]ation ( a p]son di/9ct f ! v[] :i*1 by affect+ imm$iately ! v[]'s act1 recalls ! v[ & makes x ( no =ce4 ,h5ce1 ?is k9d ( annulm5t may be ex]cis$ by all ^? :o h su* private au?ority ov] ! w ( ! v[] z to be able ei!r to confirm or to cancel 8 acts4 ,private au?ority ov] ! w ( ano!r is conta9$ 9 ! pat]nal p[] ( ! fa!r ov] 8 *ildr51 9 ! dome/ic p[] ( ! husb& ov] 8 wife1 & 9 ! gov]n+ p[] ( a religi\s sup]ior ov] 8 subjects4 ,! pat]nal p[] may be ex]cis$ to annul ! v[s ( *ildr5 7at lea/1 ( ^? :o h n rea*$ pub]ty71 s9ce ^! *ildr5 are incompet5t to decide = !mselves4 ,! gov]n+ p[] also may annul directly ! private v[s ( pr(ess$ subjects made aft] pr(ession1 s9ce ^! subjects h made a quasi-contract ( submission 9 ?is matt]4 ,! dome/ic p[] ( ! husb&1 accord+ to "s1 _c directly annul ! po/-matrimonial v[s ( ! wife1 s9ce ! wife is compet5t to direct h]self 9 ^! affairs1 & has made no engagem5t ( subjection 9 _! reg>d2 b o!rs argue t at lea/ positive law 7,num41 xxx4 #b-ag2 ,eph41 v4 #bd7 gives ! husb& ?is au?ority4 ,! pat]nal p[] 9 ?is matt] is _h1 n only by ! fa!r1 b also by ^? :o take 8 place 7su* z ! gu>dian or ! "m72 ! gov]n+ p[] is _h by religi\s sup]ioresses1 by imm$iate & o!r regul> sup]iors1 by bi%ops 9 ref]5ce to _! non-exempt communities1 & by ! ,pope 9 ref]5ce to all communities4 7b7 ,indirect annulm5t is ! op]ation ( a p]son di/9ct f ! v[] :i*1 by affect+ ! matt] or object ( ! v[1 susp5ds ! obligation produc$ by ! v[4 ,h5ce1 ?is k9d ( annulm5t may be ex]cis$ by all ^? :o h a "r ov] ! matt] ( ! v[1 :5 & z long z ! v[ is prejudicial to _! "r4 ,?us1 ! ,pope may annul a v[ ( any ( ! fai?ful t is detrim5tal to 8 rights or ! rights ( ! ,*ur*2 p>5ts may annul ! v[s ev5 ( _! *ildr5 :o h atta9$ pub]ty1 :5 ^! v[s int]f]e ) family ord]2 religi\s sup]iors may annul ! v[s ( novices t are h>mful to religi\s discipl9e2 husb&s & wives may annul ea* o!r's v[s t trespass on conjugal rights2 a ma/] may annul a v[ ( 8 s]vant t keeps ! s]vant f p]=m+ "w due ! ma/]4 #bbbi4 ,reason ,necess>y = ,annulm5t ( a ,v[4--,is a j reason necess>y = annulm5t ( a v[8 7a7 ,= validity x is n necess>y t !re be a j reason1 s9ce !re is always ! implicit condition 9 a v[3 8unless ! sup]ior or o!r p]son ^: cons5t is necess>y refuses40 7b7 ,= lawfulness x is necess>y t !re be a j reason1 = x is n lawful to deprive ,god ( honor promis$ ,him1 unless "o has a good reason to d s 7see ,canon #acab74 ,b ! s9 committ$ by "o :o annuls or :o asks = annulm5t )\t suffici5t reason does n regul>ly exce$ a v5ial s94 #bbcj4 ,diff]5ces betwe5 ,direct & ,indirect ,annulm5t4--7a7 ,direct annulm5t ext+ui%es a v[1 s9ce x affects ! act ( v[+ itself1 & h5ce1 if a fa!r annuls ! v[ ( 8 son :o has n rea*$ ! age ( f\rte51 ! v[ ceases entirely4 ,indirect annulm5t1 on ! contr>y1 only susp5ds a v[1 s9ce x affects only ! matt] ( ! v[ & ?is matt] may be )drawn f ! p[] ( him :o annuls4 ,?us1 if a ma/] annull$ ! v[ ( 8 cook to he> ,mass daily1 ! v[ w\ld revive :5 ! cook took s]vice else:]e4 7b7 ,he :o has p[] to annul directly may ex]cise ! p[] ev5 ?\gh he grant$ p]mission = ! v[1 or promis$ n to annul x1 or gave 8 approval to x2 = he reta9s 8 p[] ov] 8 subject & may *ange 8 own decision4 ,b he :o has only indirect p[] ( annulm5t m probably may n annul once he has giv5 8 p]mission or ratification to a v[2 = 8 p[] is only ov] ! matt] ( ! v[1 & ?is1 aft] he has cons5t$ to its d$ication to ,god1 is no long] "u 8 control4 #bbca4 ,disp5sation4--,a disp5sation is ! relaxation ( a v[ grant$ 9 ! "n ( ,god by "o :o has compet5t jurisdiction4 7a7 ,x is a relaxation1 t is1 x removes ! obligation 7see #dja74 ,?us1 a disp5sation diff]s f a m]e decl>ation or int]pretation t a law is n b9d+4 7b7 ,x is a relaxation ( ! v[1 t is1 ! disp5sation1 at lea/ 9 mod]n practice1 takes away n only ! obligation b also ! v[ itself4 ,x is n m]ely a susp5sion or a commutation1 b a total removal ( ! v[4 7c7 ,x is grant$ 9 ! "n ( ,god2 t is1 ! disp5s] act+ = ,god remits ! promise t 0 made to ,god4 ,?us1 a disp5sation diff]s f an annulm5t1 = ! latt] is made by ! annull] 9 8 own "n on acc\nt ( ! au?ority he has ov] ! w ( ! v[] or ov] ! matt] ( ! v[4 7d7 ,x is giv5 by "o :o has compet5t jurisdiction1 t is1 public spiritual au?ority 9 ! ,*ur* ov] ! ext]nal =um4 ,=1 z a v[ is an obligation to ,god1 x _c be remov$ )\t ! act ( ^? :om ,god has appo9t$ z ,8 repres5tatives 9 spiritual matt]s4 ,"h aga9 a disp5sation diff]s f an annulm5t1 = ! latt] requires1 n ! p[] ( jurisdiction1 b only dom9ative or dome/ic p[]4 #bbcb4 ,reasons ,suffici5t = a ,disp5sation4--,a disp5sation is grant$ 9 ! "n ( ,god1 & !re=e1 unlike an annulm5t1 x requires a j reason = its validity2 = ! remission ( a religi\s promise _c be satisfactory to ,god1 unless !re exi/s a ju/ify+ reason4 ,a disp5sation conc$$ = insuffici5t reasons is invalid1 ev5 ?\gh all ! p>ties conc]n$ 7 9 good fai?2 b1 9 d\bt1 ! presumption is t ! reasons 7 suffici5t4 ,! reasons suffici5t = a disp5sation c be r$uc$ to two classes3 7a7 ! public good ( ! community or ( ! ,*ur* 7e4g41 if a p]son b\nd by v[ leads a dissolute life to ! sc&al ( ! public72 7b7 ! private good ( ! v[] 7e4g41 if he f9ds ! obs]vance ( ! v[ too difficult1 if he took ! v[ )\t mu* delib]ation or ) su* fe> z is insuffici5t to nullify1 see #baie1 #baif74 #bbcc4 ,s9fulness ( an ,unnecess>y ,disp5sation f ,v[s4--7a7 ,! sup]ior :o grants ! disp5sation is guilty if he is c]ta9 t !re is no suffici5t reason = x1 or if he d\bts :e!r !re is any reason = x4 ,b he disp5ses validly & lawfully1 if he is c]ta9 t !re is a reason = ! disp5sation1 b d\bts :e!r ! reason is suffici5t 7see #djg71 ,usually1 a sup]ior :o has be5 ask$ = a disp5sation %\ld n be anxi\s ab\t 8 "r to give x1 = ! v insi/5ce ( ! subject indicates t ! v[ has become h>mful or useless4 7b7 ,! subject is guilty if he asks = a disp5sation :ile kn[+ t he has no "r to ask = x1 or if he uses x :ile kn[+ t !re 0 manife/ly no suffici5t reason = x4 ,b 9 case ( d\bt :e!r ! reason 0 suffici5t1 ! subject %\ld be guid$ by ! judgm5t ( ! sup]ior1 n by 8 own1 = ! decision belongs to ! sup]ior4 #bbcd4 ,p]sons ,:o ,h ! ,p[] ( ,disp5sation4--,! ,*ur* has ! p[] to disp5se bo? public & private v[s1 = ,our ,"l gave ?is p[] :5 ,he said3 8,:atsoev] ?\ %alt loose ^u e>?1 %all be loos$ 9 heav50 7,matt41 xvi4 #ai71 & ! p[] ?us giv5 has be5 ex]cis$ f ! beg9n+ 7see #cad74 ,^? :o h ! p[] ( disp5sation are ! foll[+3 7a7 ! ,pope1 s9ce he is ! ,vic> ( ,*ri/1 has ! fullness ( disp5s+ p[]4 ,he may disp5se f e disp5sable v[1 solemn v[s includ$1 & !re are c]ta9 v[s f :i* he alone may disp5se4 ,! v[s res]v$ to ! ,pope or 8 delegate are almo/ all public v[s & ! two private v[s ( p]fect & p]petual *a/ity & ( entrance into a ,religi\s ,ord] ( solemn v[s4 ,! two latt] v[s are res]v$1 h[ev]1 only :5 made absolutely & ) p]fect fre$om by "o :o has complet$ 8 or h] eighte5? ye>2 7b7 local ,ord9>ies 7& sup]iors ) quasi-episcopal jurisdiction1 su* z regul> prelates7 c disp5se f ! non-res]v$ v[s4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 su* z urg5t necessity or a d\btful v[1 !y c also disp5se f ! two private v[s res]v$ to ! ,pope4 ,^! matt]s are treat$ m fully by canoni/s1 especially 9 connection ) ,canons #beh & #ajde4 ,x is ! common op9ion t regul> confessors :o h ! privileges ( ,m5dicants c disp5se1 ei!r 9 confession or outside ( confession1 f all non-res]v$ v[s n made pr9cipally = ! advantage ( a ?ird p>ty & accept$ by him4 ,p>i%-prie/s & o!r confessors may disp5se f a v[ ( *a/ity discov]$ at ! la/ mom5t :5 all prep>ations h be5 made = m>riage 7see ,canon #ajde74 #bbce4 ,disp5sation f ,religi\s ,v[ ( ,*a/ity4--,does ! ,*ur* disp5se f ! v[ ( *a/ity tak5 9 religi\s pr(ession or 9 ! reception ( ,sacr$ ,ord]s8 7a7 ,!re are no kn[n examples ( public disp5sation ( prie/ly celibacy = ! sake ( contract+ m>riage1 b disp5sations are grant$ f ! religi\s v[ ( *a/ity4 7b7 ,!re h be5 cases 9 :i* subdeacons & deacons 7 p]mitt$ to m>ry = ! sake ( "s common good ( ! ,*ur* or ( a nation1 & 9 :i* ! m>riages ( prie/s 7 validat$1 z at ! "t ( ! ,anglican ,s*ism & ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,b ! cl]ics ?us disp5s$ 7 =bidd5 ! ex]cise ( _! cl]ical p[]s4 #bbcf4 ,disp5sation f a ,v[ ,made = ! ,b5efit ( a ,?ird ,p>ty4--7a7 ,if ! promise is gratuit\s & n yet accept$ by ! ?ird p>ty1 ! disp5sation c be giv52 = 9 su* a case ! only obligation is "o aris+ f ! v[1 & ! ,*ur* c disp5se f v[s4 ,h5ce1 if "o v[$ to h ,masses said = ! s\l ( a deceas$ p]son or to give alms to ! poor )\t det]m9+ any p>ticul> p]sons1 ! v[s c be disp5s$4 7b7 ,if ! promise is gratuit\s & accept$ by ! ?ird p>ty1 b is made *iefly 9 honor ( ,god & only second>ily = ! b5efit ( ! ?ird p>ty1 x is probable t ! disp5sation c be giv54 ,= t :i* is second>y 9 ! promise %\ld foll[ t :i* is prim>y1 & "h ! v[1 :i* is ! prim>y int5tion1 is disp5sable4 7c7 ,if ! promise is gratuit\s & accept$1 b ! purpose to b5efit ! ?ird p>ty is n subord9ate to ! purpose to make a v[1 or if ! promise is on]\s1 ! disp5sation _c regul>ly be giv54 ,! reason is t 9 ^! cases !re is "q n only ( a v[ b also ( a contract1 n only ( an obligation to ,god b also ( an obligation to man1 & ju/ice dem&s t ! rights ( a p>ty to a contract be n tak5 away )\t 8 cons5t4 ,?us1 a v[ ( /ability made on entrance into a ,congregation _c be disp5s$ )\t ! cons5t ( ! ,congregation itself1 = ! v[ 0 also a contract betwe5 ! ,congregation & ! v[]4 ,!re are exceptions1 h[ev]1 z :5 ! ?ird p>ty r5\nces 8 "r1 or :5 ! ,pope1 9 virtue ( 8 supreme au?ority ov] ecclesia/ical goods or ( 8 dom9ative au?ority1 grants a disp5sation = :i* !re are j & suffici5t reasons4 #bbcg4 ,p]sons ,:o ,may ,be ,disp5s$ f ,v[s4--7a7 ,disp5sation may be grant$ to subjects &1 9 c]ta9 cases1 ev5 to non-subjects4 ,?us1 a sup]ior ^: faculty is n re/rict$ may disp5se himself 7see #djc72 b x is advisable t disp5sation be always s\ght f ano!r p]son on acc\nt ( ! dang] ( self-deception4 ,a local ,ord9>y also has ! p[] to disp5se1 n only 8 own subjects1 b also outsid]s :o are 9 8 t]ritory 7see ,canon #acac74 7b7 ,disp5sation may be giv5 ei!r 9 ! confessional or outside ( ! confessional1 unless ! contr>y is /ipulat$ 9 ! faculty4 ,x is m suitable1 h[ev]1 t x be giv5 9 ! confessional4 7e7 ,disp5sation may n be grant$ except to ^? :o are will+ to accept x1 & 9 ?is respect x diff]s f an annulm5t1 :i* may be made ev5 aga9/ ! w ( ! v[]4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! v[] plac$ ! obligation on himself freely 7see #djc74 ,?is holds at lea/ z reg>ds ! disp5sation ( a private v[4 #bbch4 ,commutation ( ,v[s4--,! commutation ( a v[ is ! sub/itution ( "s good "w = ! "o promis$ by v[ ) ! transf] ( ! religi\s obligation to ! new "w4 ,commutation diff]s f annulm5t & disp5sation1 = ^! take away ! obligation :ile commutation only *anges ! matt]1 ! obligation ( ! v[ rema9+ un*ang$4 ,?us1 if ! v[ to make a pilgrimage is commut$ into pray]s1 "o is no long] oblig$ to make ! pilgrimage1 b "o is b\nd "u v[ to say ! sub/itut$ pray]s4 ,! p[] ( ! ,*ur* to commute v[s is cle> f :at 0 said above ab\t ! p[] ( disp5sation1 = he :o c d :at is great] c also d :at is less4 #bbci4 ,k9ds ( ,good ,works t ,may ,be ,sub/itut$ = ,v[s4--7a7 ,! good "w c be a bett] "w ?an ! old "o1 t is1 a "w :i*1 if n m difficult1 is m pleas+ to ,god & m spiritually advantage\s to ! v[]4 ,h5ce1 if "o has v[$ to give an alms to a poor /rang]1 ! v[ may be commut$1 if ! /rang] has n accept$ ! promise1 9 favor ( ano!r /rang] :o is poor] or 9 favor ( "o's fa!r :o is also poor4 7b7 ,! good "w may be a "w equally good1 t is1 "o :i* morally speak+ has ! same difficulty or spiritual value4 ,?us1 "o pray] may be ex*ang$ = ano!r ( equal l5g?1 "o alms = ano!r ( equal am\nt1 "o pilgrimage = ano!r ( equal di/ance4 ,b equality is to be det]m9$1 n ma!matically b morally1 & h5ce "o k9d ( "w may be ex*ang$ = ano!r1 "o k9d ( v[ = ano!r1 & x is n necess>y t ! works be ( exactly ! same wor?4 ,9 fact1 ! new "w1 :i* objectively is only equal1 is subjectively bett]1 s9ce x is m advantage\s to ! v[]4 7c7 ,! good "w may be a "w less good1 t is1 "o :i* is cle>ly less difficult or m]itori\s1 z :5 a ,mass is commut$ into a ,ros>y4 #bbdj4 ,p]sons ,:o ,h ,au?ority to ,commute a ,v[4--7a7 ,! commutation ( a non-res]v$ v[ into some?+ bett] or equally good may be made by ! v[] himself1 if !re are no rights ( a ?ird p>ty to =bid ?is4 ,= ! ends ( ! orig9al v[ 7viz41 ! honor ( ,god & ! spiritual welf>e ( ! v[]7 are ?us bett] or at lea/ equally s]v$4 ,b ord9>ily "o %\ld n commute "o's own v[s1 s9ce = mo/ p]sons x is n an easy matt] to decide :at is a bett] or an equal good4 ,h[ _m und]/& ! respective rank ( ! virtues8 ,& ev5 if "o does "k1 = example1 t religion is bett] ?an temp]ance1 "o _c decide f ?is alone t a ,ros>y is an equal or a bett] sub/itute = a fa/4 ,"o :o wi%es commutation = 8 v[1 !re=e1 %\ld consult 8 confessor or ano!r prie/4 7b7 ,! commutation ( a v[ into some?+ less good c be grant$ only by ! "o :o has a special faculty2 = ?is k9d ( commutation p>takes ( ! nature ( a disp5sation1 inasmu* z x relaxes to "s ext5t ! orig9al v[4 ,^? :o h ! p[] ( disp5s+ 7e4g41 regul> confessors :o h ! privileges ( ,m5dicants7 h also ! p[] ( commut+2 b ^? :o h only ! p[] ( commut+ may n *ange a v[ into some?+ t is ( notably less value4 ,a good rule to foll[ 9 commut+ a v[ into some?+ less is t m frequ5t reception ( ! ,sacram5ts be ! sub/itute ord]$4 ,! limitations on disp5sations by reason ( ! rights ( ?ird p>ties 7see above #bbcf7 apply also to commutations4 #bbda4 ,! ,cause ,requir$ = ,commutation ( a ,v[4--7a7 ,= commutation into some?+ bett] no cause is requir$1 s9ce ! new "w is its own ju/ification4 7b7 ,= commutation into some?+ ( equal value1 "s cause is requir$1 s9ce x is a m>k ( incon/ancy & !re=e displeas+ to ,god to give ov] "o's promises )\t good reason4 ,b a light reason is suffici5t1 su* z great] devotion or less dang] ( violat+ ! v[4 7c7 ,= commutation into some?+ ( less value1 a proportionate reason is necess>y1 n only = lawfulness1 b also m probably = validity1 s9ce ?is k9d ( commutation is a p>tial disp5sation4 ,b ! reason ne$ n be s s]i\s z t ne$$ = a full disp5sation4 #bbdb4 ,rev]sion to ,orig9al ,v[4--,! return to ! orig9al v[ by "o ^: v[ has be5 commut$ is always lawful1 & 9 c]ta9 cases may be obligatory4 7a7 ,x is lawful1 ev5 ?\gh ! v[ 0 commut$ into some?+ bett]2 = a commutation is a privilege1 & !re is no obligation ( us+ a p]sonal privilege 7see #ebc74 ,"s au?ors hold t ?is doctr9e does n apply :5 ! v[] himself commut$ 8 v[ into some?+ bett]1 b ! common op9ion is t ! pr9ciple ( privilege applies to e case1 & t "o may ev5 *oose betwe5 diff]5t works if a v[ has be5 commut$ a numb] ( times4 ,^? :o make v[s %\ld be on _! gu>d1 h[ev]1 aga9/ frequ5t & ne$less *anges1 s9ce incon/ancy is h>mful spiritually4 7b7 ,! return to ! orig9al v[ is obligatory accord+ to "s :5 ! v[] commut$ 8 own v[ to some?+ bett] & ! new matt] has become impossible2 = ! effect ( ! commutation 0 n to ext+ui% ! old v[ at once1 b to (f] a satisfaction 9 its place1 & h5ce :5 ?is satisfaction proves impossible ! v[ mu/ be p]=m$4 ,o!rs d5y ?is & ma9ta9 t ! old v[ is ext+ui%$ imm$iately1 s9ce "o :o commutes a =m] v[ is imm$iately held "u v[ to ! sub/itut$ "w4 ,all agree1 h[ev]1 t if ! commutation is grant$ by au?ority1 ! old v[ is ext+ui%$ & !re is no duty to return to x if ! sub/itut$ "w becomes impossible1 ev5 ?\gh ! impossibility is due to ! v[]'s own fault4 ,h5ce1 if a pilgrimage is commut$ into a fa/ & ! v[] ?r\gh 8 c>elessness becomes sick & unable to fa/1 !re is no obligation ei!r to make ! pilgrimage or to fa/4 ,x %\ld be not$1 ?\gh1 t private v[s made be=e religi\s pr(ession are susp5d$ only s long z ! v[] rema9s 9 ! in/itute he has jo9$1 & h5ce1 if he is dismiss$ or leaves1 ! v[s revive 7,canon #acae74 #bbdc4 ,duties ( ,confessors 9 ,ref]5ce to ,private ,v[s4--7a7 ,a confessor %\ld n readily p]mit p5it5ts to take private v[s1 s9ce a v[ is a s]i\s matt] & %\ld receive mature delib]ation4 ,a v[ tak5 ha/ily 9 a fit ( f]vor w likely be soon rep5t$ ( 7see #bbba74 ,b if x seems t a p5it5t w be b5efit$ by a v[1 ! confessor %\ld give p]mission1 ?\gh x w frequ5tly be advisable to limit ! duration ( ! v[ at fir/ to a mon? or a ye> or o!r fix$ p]iod4 7b7 ,nor %\ld a confessor be easy 9 recomm5d+ commutations ( private v[s1 le/ ^? :o h tak5 !m be enc\rag$ to make cont9ual *anges4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if !re is a good reason = a *ange 7su* z dang] or difficulty 9 ! old matt] or great] devotion 9 ! new matt]71 ! confessor %\ld n /& 9 ! way ( a commutation4 ,confessors :o h n ! faculties mu/ h rec\rse to au?ority = disp5sations & disp5sative commutations1 & ! same c\rse is advis$ = "s difficult cases ( annulm5t 7e4g41 :5 a husb& & wife h made a mutual v[ ( cont95ce74 #bbdd4 ,ext]nal ,acts ( ,religion 9 ,honor ( ,god4--,we n[ pass on to consid] ^? ext]nal acts ( religion 9 :i* ! wor%ipp] makes use ( div9e ?+s 9 ord] to %[ honor to ,god 7see #bage74 ,^! sacr$ ?+s are ( two classes1 namely1 objects ^: use is ! sanctification ( man 7,sacram5ts & sacram5tals7 & words ^: use is ! p[] !y h on o!rs or ! manife/ation ( rev]5ce t[>ds ,god 7! ,div9e ,"n74 ,sacram5ts & sacram5tals w be dealt ) lat]4 ,= ! pres5t we %all speak ( ! honor %[n to ,god by ! use ( ,8 ,"n1 & h5ce we %all take up 9 turn ! foll[+ subjects3 7a7 use ( ! div9e "n to confirm be=e o!rs "o's decl>ations or promises 7oa?s72 7b7 use ( ! div9e "n to move o!rs to d or omit some?+ 7adjuration72 7c7 use ( ! div9e "n to express praise & invocation4 #bbde4 ,oa?s4--,an oa? is ! call+ ^u ,god to witness ! tru? ( :at we say4 7a7 ,x is a call+ ^u ,god2 t is1 x is ! selection ( ,god z ! witness ( :at is said4 ,! oa? is n m]ely an address made to o!rs or a decl>ation t a fact is kn[n to ,god 7e4g41 8,god kn[s %e has be5 a good woman072 x is an address or invocation made to ,god ,himself4 ,nei!r is x a m]e pray] t ,god w 9 "s way br+ out ! tru?fulness ( :at is said2 x is an appeal to ,him to corroborate t tru?fulness by ,8 own te/imony4 ,nei!r does x appeal to te/imony already giv5 7e4g41 ! words ( ,god f\nd 9 ,sacr$ ,scripture71 b to te/imony to be giv5 ab\t ! pres5t matt]4 ,a pray] to ,god to prove "o's innoc5ce or ! pro( ( a !ological proposition f ! ,^w ( ,god is n1 !re=e1 an oa?4 7b7 ,x is a call+ on ,god1 & h5ce if appeal is made to "s creature 7e4g41 9 ! expression1 8^u my ^w ( honor07 or to "s false deity 7e4g41 8,by ,jove1 ,i'll d t071 !re is no oa?4 7c7 ,x calls on ,god to be> witness2 t is1 x confirms ! tru? ( "o's words by ,god ,himself1 :o c nei!r deceive nor be deceiv$4 ,he :o swe>s does n ask t ,god int]v5e "h & n[ by "s visible or miracul\s sign1 b t ,god confirm1 :]e & :5 x pleases ,him1 :at is said1 at lea/ on t day :5 ,he w cle> up ! hidd5 ?+s ( d>kness & reveal ! secrets ( he>ts 7,i ,cor41 iv4 #e74 ,! prov+ =ce ( ! oa? is t "o :o believes 9 ,god w n be s wick$ or ra% z to call ^u ! ,all-,holy to def5d iniquity & falsehood4 #bbdf4 ,! ,v>i\s ,k9ds ( ,oa?s4--7a7 ,by reason ( ! matt]1 an oa? is ei!r ass]tory or promissory4 ,an ass]tory oa? ref]s to ! pa/ or pres5t 7e4g11 8,i swe> t ,i saw ! accid5t10 8,i swe> t ,i am insolv5t071 a promissory oa? to ! future 7e4g41 8,i swe> t ,i w execute my (fice fai?fully074 ,! promissory oa? is ei!r )\t a pact made ) ano!r 7e4g41 9 ! comm9atory oa?1 8,i swe> t ,i w prosecute1 if y d t07 or ) a pact4 ,?is latt] oa? is call$ confirmatory1 &1 accord+ z ! pact is ) ,god or ) man or ) bo?1 x is ei!r a sworn v[1 or a sworn contract1 or a sworn v[ & contract4 7b7 ,by reason ( its mode1 an oa? is ei!r conte/atory 7invocatory7 or execratory4 ,! conte/atory oa? simply calls on ,god z a witness 7e4g41 8,god is my witness t ?is is true10 8,i swe> by ,god1 etc4074 ,! execratory oa? asks ,god1 ev5 ?\gh ! ,div9e ,"n is n expressly m5tion$1 to puni% ! swe>] 9 8 own p]son or 9 ! p]sons or goods t p]ta9 to him1 if ! /atem5t made is n true 7e4g41 8,may ,god /rike me dead1 if ?is is n true60 8,may ! devil take my *ildr51 if ,i swe> falsely6074 ,! =m commonly us$1 8,s help me ,god & ^! holy ,gospels60 has an execratory s5se1 ! mean+ be+ 8,may ,god help me if ,i speak truly1 may ,he d5y me help if ,i speak falsely60 7c7 ,by reason ( ! p]son invok$1 an oa? is ei!r explicit or implicit4 ,! =m] calls on ,god by "n 7e4g41 8,god is my witness10 8,i speak ! tru? 9 ,*ri/072 ! latt] calls on "s creature z ! reflection ( a div9e attribute1 or 9 "s o!r way ! repres5tative ( ,god 7e4g41 ! oa? ( ,moses 9 ,deut41 xxx4 #ai3 8,i call ^u heav5 & e>? ?is day to witness t ,i h (f]$ y life & dea?074 7d7 ,by reason ( its legal =m1 an oa? is ei!r solemn or simple1 judicial or extra-judicial4 ,! solemn oa? is tak5 ) c]emony 7e4g41 be=e ! alt>1 ) h& plac$ on ! ,bible1 ) uprais$ h&1 etc472 ! simple oa? is tak5 privately1 )\t special =m ( words or c]emony4 ,! judicial oa? is tak5 9 c\rt or 9 ref]5ce to ! public decision ( que/ions ( "r1 fact or del9qu5cy 7e4g41 9 ,canon ,law ! oa?s ( calumny1 malice1 etc41 :i* are treat$ 9 canonical works72 ! extra-judicial oa?1 solemn or simple1 is tak5 on o!r occasions 7e4g41 :5 two contractants /r5g!n _! compact by oa?74 ,examples ( solemn oa?s 9 ! ,bible are f\nd 9 ,g541 xiv4 #bb1 xxiv4 #b1 #c2 ,j]emias1 xxxiv4 #ah4 #bbdg4 ,moral ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,v>i\s ,k9ds ( ,oa?s4--7a7 ,ess5tially1 !re is no diff]5ce1 s9ce all ! k9ds agree 9 ! pr9cipal features m5tion$ 9 ! def9ition4 7b7 ,accid5tally1 !re is a diff]5ce 9 circum/ances ( =m1 solemnity1 etc4 ,moreov]1 "o k9d ( oa? may be m obligatory 7e4g41 ! solemn oa? on acc\nt ( ! special delib]ation giv5 x & ! sc&al caus$ by its non-obs]vance is m sacr$ ?an ! simple oa?71 or x may h o!r species ( obligation besides t ( religion 7e4g41 ! oa? to keep a compact b9ds 9 ju/ice z well z religion74 #bbdh4 ,lawfulness ( ,oa?s4--7a7 ,x is lawful to take an oa? t has ! necess>y qualities1 = 9 ,scripture ,god ,himself is repres5t$ z swe>+ 7,g51 xxii4 #af2 ,psalm cix4 #d1 ,heb41 vi4 #ac1 vii4 #ba71 holy m5 swe> & are prais$ = swe>+ z !y %\ld 7,,ii ,cor41 i4 #bc2 ,psalm xiv4 #d71 & ! ,*ur* has always made use ( oa?s4 ,! orig9 ( oa?s is man's fai? 9 ,god1 & _! purpose is ! useful "o ( l5d+ au?ority to important ass]tions4 ,inde$1 an oa? is an act ( religion1 = m5 swe> only by "o :o is great] 7,heb41 vi4 #ac71 & h5ce an oa? is a pr(ession ( rev]5ce = ,god's sup]ior k1 tru?1 & ju/ice4 7b7 ,x is n lawful to take an oa? t lacks a necess>y quality4 ,"h we %\ld note an important diff]5ce betwe5 an oa? & o!r acts ( religion1 su* z v[s4 ,an oa? is n desirable = its own sake1 s9ce x is occasion$ by human weakness & unreliability2 h5ce1 l m$ic9e & o!r necessities occasion$ by evil1 x %\ld be us$ only 9 s]i\s ne$ & sp>+ly4 ,a v[ or o!r act ( religion1 on ! contr>y1 orig9ates f ! desire to honor ,god1 ev5 ap>t f necessity1 & h5ce x may be us$ (t5]4 ,?is expla9s :y ,scripture =bids ! habit ( swe>+ 7,ecclus41 xxiii4 #i2 ,matt41 v4 #cc2 ,james1 v4 #ab72 b x is a wrong int]pretation ( ^! texts t sees 9 !m an absolute prohibition ( oa?s4 ,f ! context & o!r passages x is cle> t ! ,scriptures j cit$ reprove ! ,ph>isees :o taught t promiscu\s swe>+ 0 lawful1 provid$ only ! matt] 0 true or ! ,div9e ,"n 0 n us$1 & also ^? p]sons :o delight$ to swe> on all occasions4 #bbdi4 ,necess>y ,qualities ( a ,lawful ,oa?4--,! necess>y qualities t %\ld accompany an oa? are express$ 9 ,j]emias1 iv4 #b3 8,& ?\ %alt swe>1 #8,z ! ,"l live?1' 9 tru?1 & 9 judgm5t & 9 ju/ice40 ,judgm5t ref]s to ! good dispositions ( ! p]son :o swe>s1 tru? & ju/ice to ! righte\sness ( ! cause = :i* he swe>s4 7a7 ,?us1 an oa? %\ld h judgm5t2 t is1 ! p]son :o swe>s %\ld d s only f s]i\s necessity1 ) fai? & devotion1 & 9 a mann] respectful to ,god :om he invokes4 ,an oa? t lacks judgm5t is call$ incauti\s or disrespectful1 z :5 "o swe>s ab\t a trivial matt] or swe>s jok+ly4 7b7 ,an oa? %\ld h tru?2 t is1 "o %\ld n swe> except to t :i* "o believes to be true1 aft] reasonable dilig5ce has be5 us$ 9 seek+ = ! tru?4 ,an oa? t lacks tru? is call$ false or p]jur$1 z :5 "o swe>s to :at "o kn[s or believes to be false1 or promises :at "o does n int5d to fulfill1 or swe>s t "o is c]ta9 :5 "o has only op9ion1 or swe>s ) a purely m5tal res]vation1 or swe>s aft] insuffici5t inve/igation ( a matt]4 7c7 ,an oa? %\ld h ju/ice2 t is1 "o %\ld n promise :at "o has no "r to promise 7e4g41 to tell a lie71 & "o %\ld n say :at "o has no "r to say 7e4g41 :at is defamatory74 ,! matt] ( ! oa?1 !n1 bo? z to its object & its circum/ances1 mu/ be good1 ev5 ?\gh "o is swe>+ tru?fully & respectfully4 ,an oa? t lacks ju/ice is call$ a wick$ oa?1 z :5 "o promises "u oa? to commit murd]1 or n to foll[ :at is ( c\nsel1 or swe>s ab\t a real fact 9 su* a way z to d unnecess>y h>m to ano!r p]son or to boa/ ab\t "o's own crimes4 #bbej4 ,s9ful ,oa?s4--7a7 ,an incauti\s or disrespectful oa? is f its nature only a v5ial s91 s9ce its malice consi/s1 n 9 any direct injury to ! div9e tru? or o!r attribute1 b only 9 levity ( m9d2 &1 moreov]1 x is n oppos$ to ! purpose ( an oa?1 :i* is to confirm ! tru?4 ,b accid5tally x may be a s]i\s s9 on acc\nt ( ! sc&al x gives 7e4g41 :5 a p]son ( /&+ swe>s )\t necessity71 or on acc\nt ( ! dang] to :i* x exposes ! swe>] 7e4g41 :5 "o swe>s habitually & is !reby put 9 ! occasion ( swe>+ falsely or unju/ly74 ,on acc\nt ( ! evils ( famili>ity1 etc41 to :i* habitual swe>+ leads1 ,our ,"l w>n u to be cont5t z a rule to support ! tru? ) simple ass]tion or d5ial 7,matt41 v4 #b74 ,at lea/ = ord9>y1 daily communications ! ^w ( a ,*ri/ian or hone/ man ought to be suffici5t )\t 8 oa?4 7b7 ,a ly+ or p]jur$ oa? is f ! nature ( ! act always 7see #agb7 a mortal s91 s9ce x consi/s ess5tially 9 contempt = ,god & disrespect = ,8 attributes4 ,! p]jur] d>es to ask ,god to be an accomplice 9 a lie1 or else supposes t ,god c be deceiv$4 ,h5ce1 only by reason ( ! imp]fection ( ! act c p]jury ev] escape ! guilt ( mortal s91 z :5 "o commits p]jury )\t suffici5t reflection on or full cons5t to ! oa? or to its falsity4 ,pope ,innoc5t ,,xi condemn$ ! doctr9e t p]jury is only a light s9 7,d5z+]1 n4 #aagd74 ,9 ,canon ,law ^? :o p]jure !mselves are deb>r$ f act+ z witnesses or giv+ exp]t te/imony1 & are subject to p5alties at ! discretion ( ! ,ord9>y 7see ,canons #ageg1 #agie1 #bcbc74 ,9 ,am]ican civil law p]jury is a false oa? giv5 be=e a tribunal & is a crime aga9/ public ju/ice1 :ile subornation ( p]jury & false oa?s giv5 on private occasions are also crimes or puni%able (f5ses4 7c7 ,a wick$ oa?1 ev5 ?\gh ! ?+ sworn to be true & ! oa? be giv5 only aft] consid]ation & 9 a respectful mann]1 is a s9 aga9/ religion & any o!r virtue x (f5ds4 ,! s9 committ$ by reason ( ! oa? is f its nature mortal accord+ to "s1 s9ce ! swe>] gravely insults ,god by ask+ ,him to become a p>tak] 9 s9 & by turn+ into an in/rum5t ( s9 :at %\ld be an act ( religion2 o!rs hold t ! s9 is only v5ial1 s9ce x is n s]i\s disrespect to ask ,god to witness ! tru? ( :at is true2 o!rs aga9 make ! gravity ( ! s9 dep5d on ! wick$ness ( ! matt] or circum/ances4 ,?is wick$ness committ$ by reason ( ! /atem5t or promise is v5ial or mortal accord+ to ! case4 ,?us1 !re is grave inju/ice 9 reveal+ a fact s]i\sly detrim5tal to ano!r & :i* "o is b\nd to keep z confid5tial2 !re is v5ial sc&al 9 swe>+ 9 ord] to lead ano!r p]son into a slight fault ( detraction2 !re is a grave s9 ( impurity 9 promis+ to commit adult]y2 !re is a light s9 ( !ft 9 promis+ to /eal a small sum ( money4 ,f9ally1 o!rs hold t ! oa? is mortally s9ful :5 x fur!rs a grave s9 7e4g41 an oa? confirm+ s]i\s detraction71 & t x is v5ial 9 o!r cases 7e4g41 an oa? confirm+ a boa/ ab\t pa/ mortal s9s74 #bbea4 ,m5tal ,res]vation 9 an ,oa?4-7a7 ,/rict m5tal res]vation 7i4e41 ! int]nal re/riction ( "o's words s t ! li/5] _c ga!r ! true mean+1 z :5 "o says "o has se5 ,rome1 mean+ a picture ( ,rome7 is a lie1 & h5ce _c be us$ 9 an oa? )\t p]jury4 ,see propositions condemn$ by ,innoc5t ,,xi 7,d5z+]1 n4 #aagf74 7b7 ,wide m5tal res]vation 7i4e41 ! int]nal re/riction ( "o's words t may be ga!r$ by ! li/5] f circum/ances1 z :5 a s]vant says 8 ma/] is n at home1 mean+ t he _c be se57 is lawful only :5 !re is "s reason ( ju/ice or *>ity t dem&s x4 ,h5ce1 x is a mortal s9 to swe> ) ?is k9d ( res]vation :5 ! que/ion] has ! "r to "k ! tru?2 x is no s9 at all :5 ! que/ion] has no "r to "q & m5tal res]vation is ! only escape f a s]i\s evil4 ,if ! que/ion] has no "r to dem& an oa? & ! depon5t has no "r to use m5tal res]vation 7e4g41 :5 ! oa? is only private & n conc]n$ ) contract or o!r important matt]71 ! s9fulness ( a m5tal res]vation is a matt] ( dispute4 ,"s ?9k ! oa? is mortally s9ful1 because x is gravely irrev]5t to ,god to call on ,him to witness te/imony meant to deceive4 ,o!rs ?9k ! oa? is only v5ially s9ful1 because ! (f5se is n aga9/ tru? or ju/ice1 b only aga9/ judgm5t or discretion4 #bbeb4 ,coop]ation 9 ,s9ful ,oa?s4--7a7 ,=mal coop]ation is nev] lawful1 because x makes ! coop]ator w ! guilt ( :at is done4 ,?us1 he :o by comm&1 c\nsel1 promise1 etc41 induces ano!r to swe> falsely is guilty z ! pr9cipal or accessory to ! crime 7see #aeac1 #aggh74 7b7 ,mat]ial coop]ation is lawful :5 !re is a suffici5t reason = x1 z :5 a public (ficial dem&s ! oa? accord+ to law f a p]son :o1 z he kn[s1 w swe> falsely4 ,= ! public good dem&s t 9 c]ta9 cases oa?s be adm9i/]$1 not)/&+ t = "s p]sons ?is w prove an occasion ( p]jury4 ,b ! lawgiv] %\ld n multiply temptations by dem&+ sworn /atem5ts unnecess>ily2 o!rwise ! oa? becomes a m]e =mality depriv$ ( prov+ value1 & ! crime ( p]jury is made common4 #bbec4 ,s9ful ,oa?s ,dem&$ or ,accept$ by ,private ,p]sons4--7a7 ,incauti\s or ,disrespectful ,oa?s4--,x is n lawful to ask or receive an oa?1 :5 !re is no great public or private ne$ = x2 o!rwise "o makes a sacr$ act *eap & common4 ,nei!r is x lawful to ask or receive an oa? f ^? :o d n believe 9 oa?s 7e4g41 ! ,m5nonites1 "s ,quak]s72 o!rwise "o compels ano!r to swe> aga9/ 8 consci5ce & indev\tly4 ,^? :o believe t oa?s are s9ful may be requir$1 nev]!less1 to b9d !mselves on _! solemn ^w ( honor1 & may be puni%$ 9 ! same mann] z p]jur]s if !y speak falsely4 7b7 ,p]jur$ ,oa?s4--,x is n lawful = a private p]son to ask or receive an oa? f ano!r1 if he is sure t ! latt] w commit p]jury2 b "o may ask & receive an oa?1 ev5 ?\gh "o does n "k :e!r ! o!r p]son w swe> truly or n1 if "o has a suffici5t reason4 7c7 ,wick$ ,oa?s4--,x is cle>ly unlawful to ask or receive a wick$ oa?1 9 :i* some?+ s9ful is promis$ or /at$2 = ! ?+ itself is !n desir$ & !re is =mal coop]ation4 ,b x is n necess>ily s9ful to ask or receive a wick$ oa?1 9 :i* ! s9fulness is f\nd1 n 9 ! matt] ( ! oa?1 b 9 ! dispositions ( ! swe>]1 = !re may be only mat]ial coop]ation4 ,?us1 he :o exacts a sworn promise ( murd] agrees to murd]1 b he :o dem&s a sworn /atem5t aga9/ a ?ird p>ty = :i* !re is necessity does n necess>ily agree to hatr$1 if ! p]son tak+ ! oa? swe>s out ( hate or rev5ge4 #bbed4 ,fictiti\s ,oa?s4--,a fictiti\s oa? is "o 9 :i* a p]son swe>+ ext]nally has no int5tion int]nally to call on ,god z a witness4 7a7 ,?is k9d ( oa? is invalid1 =1 z 0 j said1 )\t a real int5tion to swe> !re is no oa?4 ,h5ce1 a fictiti\s oa? produces no obligation ( religion1 b !re may be an obligation ( ju/ice1 z :5 ! oa? is ! unju/ cause ( damage to ano!r4 7b7 ,?is k9d ( oa? is s9ful1 =1 if x te/ifies to error1 x includes ! grave s9 ( ext]nal di%onor to ,god2 if x te/ifies to tru?1 x includes ! v5ial s9 ( tak+ ,god's "n 9 va94 ,! fictiti\s oa? is a grave s9 if ! circum/ances are su* t a s9c]e oa? is gravely obligatory1 z :5 a sup]ior or judge lawfully imposes an oa? 9 a s]i\s matt]1 or ! p>ties to an important on]\s contract b9d !mselves by oa? 9 ord] to /r5g!n _! pact4 #bbee4 ,expressions ,confus$ ) ,oa?s4--,expressions t are sometimes mi/ak5ly confus$ ) s9ful swe>+ are ! foll[+3 7a7 pr(ane or vulg> talk1 su* z 8,hell10 8,! devil10 8,doggone x02 7b7 curs+1 su* z 8,g to hell10 8,god damn y10 8,damn x01 7e7 contumely1 su* z 8ba/>d10 8son ( a bit*02 7d7 va9 use ( ! "n ( ,god1 su* z 8by ,god10 8,*ri/10 etc41 :5 us$ z common exclamations2 7e7 temptation ( ,god1 su* z3 8,if !re is a ,god1 may ,he /rike me dead602 7f7 blasphemy1 su* z3 8,may ,god p]i%1 if ?is is n true60 ,! expressions1 8,?is is z true z ! ,gospel10 8,god's own ^w is n m tru?ful10 8,i am z innoc5t z ! ,bless$ ,virg910 etc41 if us$ to confirm ! tru?1 are n meant to ass]t ! speak]'s equality to ,god & ! ,sa9ts1 & h5ce !y are v5ial s9s ( tak+ ! ,"l's "n 9 va94 ,b1 if !y are us$ to confirm error1 !y are mortal s9s ( blasphemy4 #bbef4 ,obligation ,impos$ by ,promissory ,oa?4--,an ass]tory oa? imposes ! obligation ( tell+ ! tru? & ( repair+ any damage t results f ! falsity or inju/ice ( ! decl>ation4 ,9 addition1 a promissory oa? b9ds "o 9 virtue ( religion to p]=m "o's promise2 =1 z said above 7#bbdi71 an oa? mu/ h tru?4 ,h5ce1 ,scripture bids ^? :o h sworn to fulfill ! promise 7,matt41 v4 #cc7 n to make ! ^w ( no effect 7,num1 xxxi4 #c74 ,b ! ?+ promis$ mu/ be possible & lawful1 or o!rwise ! oa? lacks judgm5t or ju/ice4 7a7 ,?us1 an impossible promise is n b9d+1 = no "o c oblige himself to p]=m :at he _c p]=m 7cfr4 #bbja72 7b7 an unlawful promise is n b9d+1 = no "o c oblige himself to p]=m :at he is b\nd n to d4 ,?us1 an oa? to rev5ge murd] by murd] is null1 & s9 is committ$ bo? 9 tak+ & 9 keep+ x4 #bbeg4 ,obligation ,impos$ by ,negative ,oa?s4--,! obligation ( a sworn promise n to d :at is bett] 7e4g41 n to take a v[71 or to d :at is va9 & useless 7e4g41 an oa? to c\nt ! /eps "o takes71 dep5ds on ! circum/ances4 7a7 ,if !re are no rights ( a ?ird p>ty involv$1 ^! oa?s d n hold 7e4g41 he :o swe>s n to v[ acts laudably 9 disreg>d+ ! oa?74 ,= "o may n call ,god to witness or be gu>antee = t :i* is less pleas+ to ,him1 or :i* 9 no way honors ,him1 & = :i* !re is no claim on ! "p ( a ?ird p]son4 7b7 ,if !re are rights ( a ?ird p>ty involv$1 ^! oa?s oblige "o to give ! ?ird p>ty :at he is entitl$ to f ! promise 7e4g41 a nurse :o swe>s to rema9 ) a sick p]son may n violate ! oa? by ent]+ religion74 #bbeh4 ,obligation ( ,oa? ,is ,p]sonal4--,an oa? add$ to a promise made to man & obligatory 9 ju/ice is p]sonal1 & h5ce x b9ds ! "o :o makes ! oa?1 b n 8 heirs 7see #bbaf74 #bbei4 ,int]pretation ( ,promissory ,oa?s4--7a7 ,an oa? %\ld be int]pret$ /rictly1 = ! presumption is t ! promisor int5d$ to place ^u himself ! lea/ possible burd54 ,?us1 if a p]son swe>s to obs]ve ! /atutes ( a c]ta9 ,congregation1 x %\ld be und]/ood t he pl$ges himself to pres5t1 n to future /atutes2 if he swe>s n to gamble1 ! oa? does n =bid games 9 :i* money is n play$ =4 ,b if ! promisor acts deceitfully1 ! oa? is to be int]pret$ accord+ to ! int5tion ( him :o receives ! promise 7,canon #acba74 7b7 ,an oa? is always subject to ! limitations & res]vations :i* ! nature ( ! case1 law1 or cu/om dem&s4 ,h5ce1 ev5 ?\gh an oa? is made unconditionally1 ! foll[+ conditions are und]/ood3 8,if fulfillm5t w be physically & morally possible10 8sav+ ! rights ( sup]iors10 8unless ! o!r p>ty r5\nces 8 "r10 8unless ! o!r p>ty fails to keep 8 "p ( ! agreem5t10 8unless !re comes a notable *ange 9 conditions40 ,if ! promisor expla9s be=eh& to ! promisee :at he und]/&s by ! oa?1 he swe>s only 9 ! s5se ?us set =? by him4 7c7 ,an oa? foll[s ! nature & conditions ( ! act 7e4g41 resolution1 promise1 v[1 contract7 t x confirms1 = ! accessory foll[s ! pr9cipal4 ,h5ce1 if ! act to :i* ! oa? is atta*$ _c be obligatory 7e4g41 an act detrim5tal to et]nal salvation1 or ! public good1 or ! rights ( a ?ird p>ty71 ! oa? gives no /r5g? to ?is act 7,canon #acah72 if ! act is naturally invalid 7e4g41 a promise obta9$ ?r\gh sub/antial fraud71 ! oa? is also invalid2 if ! act does n become effective 7e4g41 a promise n accept$71 nei!r does ! oa? become effective2 if ! act ceases to oblige 7e4g41 a promise ( secrecy made = a "t71 ! oa? also ceases to oblige2 if ! act is n obligatory "u grave s91 ! oa? is n obligatory "u grave s9 7e4g41 if "o swe>s to obs]ve ! /atutes ( a univ]sity1 "o is n b\nd to obs]ve ^? t are commonly neglect$1 "o commits no s9 by transgress+ ^? t are m]ely p5al or optional1 & "o commits no grave s9 by violat+ ^? t oblige "u v5ial s974 #bbfj4 ,k9d ( ,obligation ,produc$ by a ,valid ,promissory ,oa?4--7a7 ,! obligation is "o ( religion1 because ! significance ( ! oa? is t x adds ! duty ( respect ow$ to ,god to ! duty ( fidelity ow$ to ! promise4 ,m5 swe> 9 ord] to make _! promises m tru/wor?y ?r\gh ! sacr$ness ( ! oa?4 ,! violation ( a promissory oa? is1 !re=e1 always a s9 aga9/ religion4 ,!re are o!r s9s add$ 9 "s species ( oa?1 namely1 a second s9 aga9/ religion 9 case ( a sworn v[1 a s9 aga9/ ju/ice & fidelity 9 case ( a sworn contract1 a second s9 aga9/ religion & a s9 aga9/ ju/ice & fidelity 9 case ( a sworn v[ & contract 7see #bbdf a74 7b7 ,! obligation1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 is less ?an t produc$ by a v[1 because ! v[ b9ds 9 virtue ( fidelity to ,god1 b ! oa? only 9 virtue ( respect4 ,! obligation ( fidelity seems to be /rong]1 because unfai?fulness always conta9s disrespect1 b n vice v]sa4 ,moreov]1 9 ! case ( a v[ n only ! fulfillm5t ( ! promise1 b ! ?+ promis$ itself is sacr$1 :i* is n true 9 ! case ( an oa?4 ,an ass]tory oa?1 h[ev]1 seems to be m b9d+ ?an a v[1 because x is a great] injury to ,god to make ,him ! witness = falsehood ?an to break a promise made to ,him4 #bbfa4 ,degree ( ! ,obligation ( a ,valid ,promissory ,oa?4--7a7 ,! obligation is grave1 f ! nature ( an oa?1 because ! virtue ( religion is preem95t among ! moral virtues 7see #badf74 ,!re is no d\bt t mortal s9 is committ$ :5 "o gives a sworn promise & has no int5tion to fulfill x1 = ?is is p]jury 7see #bbej b72 & also :5 "o unju/ly refuses to live up to an important engagem5t made "u oa?1 = ?is is irreligion & inju/ice 9 a s]i\s matt]4 ,! rem>ks on grave matt] 9 v[s 7#bbaa7 apply "h1 b1 s9ce ! v[ obliges m /rictly1 a some:at great] am\nt is ne$$ = s]i\s matt] 9 violation ( an oa?4 7b7 ,! obligation may be light on acc\nt ( ! smallness ( ! matt] involv$4 ,ev5 a v[1 :i* is m b9d+ ?an an oa?1 may be ( v5ial obligation 9 ?is way 7see #bbaa74 ,a p]son :o makes a promise "u oa?1 fully int5d+ to keep ! promise1 b :o lat] *anges 8 m9d )\t suffici5t reason1 does n %[ disrespect to ,god1 s9ce :5 ! oa? 0 made he int5d$ to abide by x1 & does n s]i\sly injure 8 neighbor1 s9ce1 z we suppose1 ! matt] ( ! oa? is small4 ,! s91 !re=e1 is "o ( incon/ancy or levity1 &1 if !re is disrespect1 x is slight4 ,?us1 if a p]son :o _h sworn to dr9k no m w9e took a drop n[ & !n1 ^! transgressions w\ld be only v5ial4 ,"s au?ors1 h[ev]1 believe t e unfai?fulness to a promissory oa?1 no matt] h[ small ! subject-matt]1 is a grave s91 because p]jury is committ$ by ! brea* ( promise4 ,?is is commonly d5i$1 because ! mean+ ( a promissory oa? is t ,god is call$ on to witness ! tru? ( a pres5t int5tion & ! obligation 7great or small7 ( a future p]=mance4 #bbfb4 ,cessation ( ,obligation ( ,promissory ,oa?4--,! obligation ( a promissory oa?1 l t ( a v[ 7see #bbbf71 ceases intr9sically or extr9sically4 7a7 ,intr9sically1 an oa? ceases :5 !re is a sub/antial *ange 9 ! matt] 7e4g41 x is or has become impossible or unlawful1 z 9 ,h]od's oa? to ,salome71 :5 ! pr9cipal reason = ! oa? has ceas$ 7e4g41 ,titus swore to give an alms to ,sempronius because ! latt] 0 poor1 b be=e ! alms 0 giv5 ,sempronius became ri*71 or :5 ! "t or condition by :i* ! oa? 0 limit$ t]m9ates ! obligation4 7b7 ,extr9sically1 an oa? ceases by condonation 7e4g41 :5 ! ,/ate or a private p]son to :om a sworn promise has be5 made yields ! "r & remits ! obligation71 by annulm5t 7e4g41 :5 a fa!r nullifies ! oa? ( 8 m9or *ild71 by disp5sation 7e4g41 :5 ! ,*ur* absolves f an oa? tak5 "u grave compulsion71 by commutation 7e4g41 :5 ! ,*ur* *anges ! matt] ( a sworn v[ into some?+ m suitable74 ,^? :o c annul1 disp5se or commute v[s h ! same p[] ov] oa?s2 b if ! disp5sation ( an oa? is detrim5tal to o!rs :o are unwill+ to =ego ! promise1 only ! ,apo/olic ,see c disp5se1 & !n on acc\nt ( a necess>y reason 7see ,canon #acbj74 #bbfc4 ,adjuration4--,adjuration is ! invocation ( ! "n ( ,god us$ 9 a reque/ or comm& to ano!r p]son 9 ord] to move t p]son to d or omit some?+4 7a7 ,x is an invocation1 & 9 ?is respect x is l an oa?1 = bo? an oa? & an adjuration call ^u ! "n ( ,god4 7b7 ,x calls ^u ! "n ( ,god ei!r explicitly 7e4g41 8,i comm& y 9 ! "n ( ,god07 or implicitly 7e4g41 8,i besee* y = ! sake ( ! passion ( ,*ri/074 ,if comm& or reque/ is made 9 ! "n ( a creature & )\t ref]5ce to ,god's attributes reflect$ 9 !m1 !re is n1 prop]ly speak+1 an adjuration1 z :5 "o implores a favor f ano!r p]son 9 ! "n ( a ,patron ,sa9t1 or ( "o's c\ntry1 p>5ts1 fri5d%ip1 etc4 7c7 ,x is us$ 9 a comm& or a reque/1 & ?us x diff]s f pray]1 :i* _c be made 9 ! =m ( a comm&4 ,b adjuration may be us$ 9 pray]s to ,god ,himself or to ! ,sa9ts1 z is done 9 obsecrations4 7d7 ,its purpose is to move ano!r to an act or omission1 & ?us x is diff]5t f an oa?4 ,! end ( an oa? is to confirm "o's words by ! te/imony ( ,god2 ! end ( an adjuration is to influ5ce ano!r to a c]ta9 c\rse ?r\gh an appeal to 8 respect1 fe> or love ( ,god4 #bbfd4 ,! ,species ( ,adjuration4--7a7 ,adjuration is solemn or simple 7private74 ,! solemn adjuration is made 9 ! "n ( ! ,*ur* by h] m9i/]s & 9 ! ritual =m prescrib$ by h]1 z 9 ! exorcisms ( ,baptism4 ,! simple adjuration is made by private p]sons & )\t ritual c]emony4 7b7 ,adjuration is imp]ative or deprecative4 ,! imp]ative is giv5 9 ! =m ( a comm& to inf]iors or demons1 z :5 ,/4 ,paul writes to ! ,!ssalonians3 8,i *>ge y by ! ,"l t ?is epi/le be read0 7,i ,!ss41 v4 #bg74 ,! deprecative is giv5 9 ! =m ( a reque/ made to ,god or to any creature n damn$1 z :5 ,/4 ,paul writes to ! ,romans3 8,i besee* y1 bre?r51 by ! love ( ,god t y pres5t y\r bodies a liv+ sacrifice0 7,rom41 xii4 #a74 #bbfe4 ,qualities ( ,lawful ,adjuration4--,adjuration is lawful & an act ( ! virtue ( religion1 s9ce x pr(esses rev]5ce = ! div9e attributes 9 us+ !m z ! mo/ efficaci\s motives ( appeal4 ,b1 l an oa?1 adjuration mu/ be accompani$ by qualities t make x lawful4 7a7 ,?us1 !re mu/ be judgm5t1 & h5ce ^? p]sons are guilty ( s9 :o employ adjuration )\t necessity 7e4g41 ^? :o con/antly urge ! love ( ,god & o!r religi\s motives :5 ask+ = any favor71 or )\t devotion 7e4g41 ^? :o 9 ang] are wont to comm& 8= ,god's sake10 etc474 ,! s9 committ$ does n seem grave1 s9ce !re is no great disrespect & ! malice consi/s 9 tak+ ,god's "n 9 va91 n 9 insult4 7b7 ,!re mu/ be tru?1 & h5ce an adjuration is s9ful :5 us$ = a ly+ cause1 z :5 a well-to-d p]son pret5ds to be indig5t & begs t alms be giv5 him = ! love ( ,god4 ,! s9 committ$ does n seem grave1 s9ce ! act to :i* ! o!r p]son is invit$ is good1 & ! act ( adjuration itself does n ask ,god to te/ify to ! lie1 b only uses ,8 "n )\t reason4 ,if ! deception is mortally s9ful1 h[ev]1 "s au?orities ?9k t ! adjuration add$ to x is a grave s9 aga9/ religion4 7c7 ,!re mu/ be ju/ice1 & !re=e an adjuration is s9ful :5 us$ to obta9 some?+ unlawful1 z :5 "o dem&s 9 ! "n ( ,god t ano!r p]son tell a lie or commit murd]4 ,! adjuration is gravely irrev]5t to ,god if ! ?+ s\ght 7e4g41 murd]7 is a mortal s92 x is lightly irrev]5t1 accord+ to ! common op9ion1 if ! ?+ s\ght 7e4g41 a h>mless lie7 is only a v5ial s94 #bbff4 ,p]sons ,:o ,may ,be ,adjur$4--,god may be adjur$1 b only 9 a deprecative mann]1 z is done 9 ! obsecrations1 8?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/10 8?r\gh ,?y ,passion & ,dea?10 etc4 ,! purpose ( adjurations address$ to ,god is n to *ange ! div9e decrees1 b to obta9 ?r\gh ,8 goodness :at ,he int5d$ f et]nity t we %\ld obta9 by pray]4 ,b ! same =m ( adjuration _c be us$ = all creatures4 7a7 ,?us1 deprecative adjuration may be us$ 9 ref]5ce to ^? :o are 9 "s way "o's sup]iors4 ,h5ce1 we may pray ! ,angels & ,sa9ts to grant a pray] = ! love ( ,god1 & a begg> may ask 9 ,our ,"l's "n t a weal?y man give him an alms4 7b7 ,imp]ative adjuration may be us$ 9 address+ subjects or inf]iors4 ,adjuration ( demons mu/ n be made 9 fri5dly words1 nor ) a view to obta9+ s]vices or k f !m1 b 9 words ( reproa* & only z a means to end _! nef>i\s activities4 7e7 ,no k9d ( adjuration may be us$ 9 reg>d to irrational creatures1 s9ce !y are )\t k suffici5t = receiv+ a comm& or a reque/4 ,! adjurations ( animals1 ! elem5ts1 inanimate objects1 etc41 t are conta9$ 9 ! ,ritual1 mu/ be und]/ood z deprecative adjurations address$ to ,god1 or imp]ative adjurations address$ to evil spirits1 t ! creatures pray$ ov] may be to our b5efit & n to our hurt4 ,examples are ! exorcisms ( wat]1 salt1 mice1 locu/s1 h\ses1 or /orms4 #bbfg4 ,! ,use ( ,exorcisms4--7a7 ,z to _! effect1 exorcisms are ( two k9ds1 exorcisms 9 ! /rict s5se 7i4e41 ! expulsion ( demons f possess$ p]sons7 & exorcisms 9 ! wide s5se 7i4e41 ! dim9ution ( demonic influ5ce74 ,examples ( ! =m] are f\nd 9 ! ,gospels1 :]e ,our ,"l drives out _m evil spirits f afflict$ p]sons2 examples ( ! latt] are f\nd 9 ! exorcisms adm9i/]$ 9 ,baptism & 9 ! exorcisms ( salt1 wat] & o!r inanimate or irrational creatures4 7b7 ,z to _! mann]1 exorcisms are also ( two k9ds1 ! solemn & ! private4 ,! =m] are made 9 ! "n ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! mann] prescrib$ by ! ,ritual1 & _! adm9i/ration is res]v$ to cl]ics :o h a special & express p]mission f ! ,ord9>y 7,canon #aaea1 ,sec4 #a74 ,! latt] k9d may be made ev5 by memb]s ( ! laity1 & we read t c]ta9 ,sa9ts1 l ,/4 ,an?ony & ,/4 ,ca!r9e ( ,si5a1 _h great p[] ov] evil spirits4 ,x is recomm5d$ t prie/s frequ5tly use private exorcisms1 at lea/ secretly1 = p]sons :o are vex$ by temptations or scruples1 & = :i* !y may use ! =m3 8,9 ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 unholy _s1 ,i comm& y to dep>t f ?is creature ( ,god40 #bbfh4 ,! ,effects ( ,adjurations4--7a7 ,adjurations address$ to "o's fell[-m5 ^u e>? impose no obligation ( religion ^u ! p]sons address$4 ,h5ce1 if a ri* man turns a deaf e> to an appeal = *>ity made 9 ! "n ( ,god1 he violates *>ity b n religion2 if a *ild disreg>ds a comm& urg$ ^u him = ! love ( ,god1 he violates ob$i5ce b n religion4 7b7 ,adjurations address$ to demons are n ( infallible efficacy1 at lea/ z to ! entire effect int5d$1 = p[] ov] ! spirits ( d>kness is giv5 only 9 su* measure z is ne$$ = ! propagation ( ! ,gospel4 ,b we believe t an exorcism pron\nc$ lawfully by "o :o has ! ,ord] ( ,exorci/ acts ex op]e op]ato1 at lea/ to re/ra9 ! wick$ness ( ! demons3 8,9 ,my "n !y %all ca/ out demons0 7,m>k1 xvi4 #ag74 #bbfi4 ,praise ( ,god4--,hav+ discuss$ oa?s & adjurations1 9 :i* honor is %[n ! "n ( ,god1 & ! imm$iate end ( :i* is or may be "s human advantage1 we come n[ to ! honor %[n ! "n ( ,god by praise 9 :i* ! imm$iate end is "s spiritual advantage4 ,praise is def9$ z 8! decl>ation ( ano!r's greatness ) approval40 ,! div9e praises include ! pray]s ( wond]1 ( honor1 ( ?anksgiv+2 b !y diff] f pray] prop]ly s call$ or petition 7see #baec74 #bbgj4 ,int]nal & ,ext]nal ,praise ( ,god4--7a7 ,int]nal praise is express$ by ! ?\ghts & affections ( ! s\l4 ,?is is ! mo/ important "p ( praise1 & )\t x ext]nal praise loses mu* ( its value4 ,our ,"l reprov$ ! ,ph>isees = honor+ ,god ) _! lips1 :ile _! he>ts 7 f> f ,him 7,matt41 xv4 #h71 & ,/4 ,paul admoni%es ! ,ephesians to s+ & make melody to ! ,"l 9 _! he>ts 7,ephes1 v1 #ai74 7b7 ,ext]nal praise is express$ 9 words 78,i w bless ! ,"l at all times1 ,8 praise is always 9 my m\?10 ,psalm xxxiii4 #a71 or 9 song 78,admoni%+ "o ano!r 9 psalms1 hymns & spiritual canticles1 s++ 9 grace 9 y\r he>ts to ,god10 ,col41 iii4 #af71 or by music 78,praise ,him ) s\nd ( trumpet1 ) psalt]y & h>p1 ) timbrel & *oir1 ) /r+s & organs1 ) high-s\nd+ cymbals10 ,psalm cl74 #bbga4 ,excell5ce ( ,praise ( ,god4--7a7 ,praise ,is ,due to ,god4--,8 ess5ce & attributes are ineffable & above all praise 7,ecclus41 xliii4 #cc71 & !y mu/ be honor$ by ! sup]ior acts ( wor%ip & rev]5ce4 ,b ! effects ( ,8 goodness %[n to u %\ld be decl>$ & glorifi$3 8,i w rememb] ! t5d] m]cies ( ! ,"l1 ! praise ( ! ,"l = all ! ?+s ! ,"l ha? be/[$ ^u u0 7,is41 lxiii4 #g74 7b7 ,praise ( ,god ,is ,advantage\s to ,man4--,int]nal praise lifts ! s\l on high & prep>es x to receive b5efits f ,god1 :ile ext]nal praise helps ! m9d to keep its att5tion fix$ on ,god1 excludes ^? ?+s t are contr>y to ,him1 & (f]s edification to o!rs4 ,/4 ,augu/9e n>rates 9 8 ,confessions h[ pr(\ndly he 0 mov$ 9 _s1 ev5 to te>s1 on he>+ ! hymns & canticles ( ! ,*ur*4 #bbgb4 ,qualities t ,%\ld ,be ,pres5t 9 ! ,div9e ,praises4--7a7 ,int]nally1 !re %\ld be devotion4 ,x is useful t ^? :o p]=m or assi/ at ! praises ( ,god und]/& :at is said1 b x suffices = devotion t !y "k ,8 greatness & goodness is be+ proclaim$4 ,! int5tion %\ld be to honor ,god1 & h5ce !re is no act ( p]sonal religion if 9 recit+ or he>+ ,god's praises "o int5ds only o/5tation or pleasure2 att5tion %\ld also be giv5 to :at is said1 & h5ce ,/4 ,augu/9e says t x is a s9 to ?9k r ( ! music ?an ( ! praise ( ,god proclaim$ by ! music 7see #bafd sqq474 7b7 ,ext]nally1 ! div9e praises %\ld be respectful to ,god & helpful to recollection & devotion4 ,h5ce1 ! law ( ! ,*ur* excludes f h] s]vices all t is ( a di/urb+1 pr(ane or s9ful "*1 su* z !atrical displays1 musical in/rum5ts t di/ract ! m9d f religi\s ?\ghts1 lascivi\s airs or ^? sugge/ive ( ! dance4 ,! ,code prescribes t impure music ( e k9d mu/ be elim9at$ f *ur*es 7,canon #abfd71 & ,pius ,x 9 8 ,motu ,proprio ( #aijc lays d[n ! rule t !re mu/ be no?+ 9 ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur* t is calculat$ to dim9i% piety1 give reasonable sc&al or disgu/1 or (f5d ! decorum ( sacr$ functions or ! sacr$ness ( ! place 7see also ,in/ruction on ,sacr$ ,art ,holy ,(fice1 #cj ,june1 #aieb1 ,,aas #dd-edb74 ,! s9 committ$ by misbehavior or levity dur+ div9e s]vices dep5ds on ! s]i\sness ( ! disrespect %[n to ,god or ! sc&al giv5 ! behold]s4 #bbgc4 ,! ,s9s aga9/ ,religion4--,inasmu* z religion is a moral virtue & !re=e consi/s 9 ! obs]vance ( a gold5 mean1 ! s9s oppos$ to x are ! extremes ( excess or defect4 7a7 ,! s9s ( excess (f5d1 n because !y (f] too mu* wor%ip to ,god 7a ?+ t is impossible71 b because !y exce$ by giv+ wor%ip :]e x is n due or 9 a mann] t is n due 7sup]/ition74 7b7 ,! s9s ( defect (f5d by d5y+ due religi\s rev]5ce to ,god ,himself 7temptation ( ,god1 p]jury7 or to sacr$ ?+s 7sacrilege1 simony74 #bbgd4 ,sup]/ition4--,sup]/ition is false religion1 or a vice t (f]s improp] wor%ip to ! true ,god or div9e wor%ip to a false god4 ,improp] wor%ip ( ! true ,god is ei!r false or sup]flu\s4 7a7 ,false wor%ip is oppos$ to ! tru? ( religion 7e4g41 ,old ,te/am5t rites :i* signify t ,*ri/ is /ill to come71 or ( rites 7e4g41 ,mass by a layman1 ,mass accord+ to a =m disapprov$ by ! ,*ur*71 or ( facts 7e4g41 fictiti\s revelations1 ec/asies1 my/icism1 miracles1 relies71 or ( morals 7e4g41 human sacrifice1 praises ( ,god to ! accompanim5t ( lascivi\s words or music1 etc474 7b7 ,sup]flu\s wor%ip is (f]$ :5 an ext]nal obs]vance 9 no way s]ves ! purposes ( religion 7viz41 ! glory ( ,god1 ! elevation ( ! s\l to ,him1 ! repression ( ! passions71 or is oppos$ to law or common cu/om4 ,! purposes ( religion are n s]v$ by actions fooli% 9 !mselves 7e4g41 ! repeat$ mumbl+ ( mean+less s\nds7 or 9 _! int5t 7e4g41 undue emphasis giv5 to m9or details ( a religi\s act1 su* z color ( ! c&les on ! alt>1 ! /ature ( ! celebrant1 ! h\r or condition ( ! wea!r1 etc41 z if weighty consequ5ces dep5d$ on !m74 ,! *a9 pray] is ano!r example ( a sup]/ition t places all ! virtue ( an act ( wor%ip 9 "s small ext]nal circum/ance4 ,! law & cu/om are n foll[$ 9 su* sup]/itions z additional crosses1 alleluias1 cr$os1 etc41 made 9 violation ( ,mass rubrics1 or a devotion consi/+ ( fa/s on ,sundays1 or new =ms ( piety t lack ecclesia/ical approval4 ,!re is no sup]/ition1 h[ev]1 9 modes ( wor%ip approv$ by ! ,*ur* 7su* z nov5as1 tridua1 ,gregorian ,masses1 & ! l71 = ! ,*ur* recognizes no devotion or c]emony unless x is true & useful z an expression ( religion4 #bbge4 ,! ,s9fulness ( ,improp] ,wor%ip ( ,god4--7a7 ,false wor%ip is f its nature a grave s92 x is s]i\sly insult+ to ,god because x (f]s ,him di%onor z honor1 & x is also s]i\sly h>mful to man because x ca/s discr$it by its falsity on ! "n ( religion4 7b7 ,sup]flu\s wor%ip is f its nature a v5ial s91 s9ce x conta9s no notable irrev]5ce t[>ds ,god &1 be+ outlaw$1 does n reflect on religion4 ,accid5tally1 h[ev]1 x may be a mortal s91 z :5 x is p]=m$ 9 su* a way z to cause great sc&al4 #bbgf4 ,wor%ip ( ,false ,deity4--,wor%ip ( a false deity is p]=m$ by (f]+ a creature an act ( homage due to ,god alone4 ,h5ce1 !re are ?ree species ( ?is sup]/ition3 7a7 a creature is recogniz$ z ,god1 :5 x is (f]$ a s]vice 7su* z sacrifice7 t te/ifies to supreme & inf9ite excell5ce 7idolatry72 7b7 a creature is giv5 ! cr$it ( div9e k1 :5 in/ruction ab\t hidd5 matt]s :i* only ,god c\ld be/[ is ask$ f x 7div9ation71 7c7 a creature is treat$ z ! supreme rul]1 :5 assi/ance :i* only ,god c grant is s\ght f x 7va9 obs]vance74 #bbgg4 ,def9ition ( ,idolatry4--,idolatry is ! supreme wor%ip ( latria (f]$ to a creature4 7a7 ,x is supreme wor%ip1 & h5ce ! inf]ior rev]5ce ( hyp]dulia1 dulia1 or civil honor1 (f]$ respectively to ! ,bless$ ,"m1 angels1 sa9ts1 sup]iors1 etc41 is n idolatry4 ,! ext]nal signs ( wor%ip t belong to ,god alone 7su* z sacrifice1 temples1 prie/hood1 alt>s1 etc471 may nev] be us$ 9 ! v5]ation ( creatures2 nor ! signs t are common to ,god & creatures 7su* z g5uflexions1 pro/rations1 pray]s1 etc471 if ! int5tion is to adore4 7b7 ,idolatry is (f]$1 t is1 by x an act ( wor%ip is int5d$ or is at lea/ p]=m$ 9 a s]i\s mann]4 ,h5ce1 x w\ld n be idolatry s to enact a pagan c]emony t ! onlook]s c\ld und]/& t no religi\s rite 0 be+ p]=m$ 7e4g41 if x 7 done on ! /age1 or 9 a jok+ mann]74 7c7 ,idolatry is (f]$ to a creature1 & h5ce ! relative honor t is %[n ! images ( ! ,tr9ity or ( ,*ri/ on acc\nt ( ! p]sons repres5t$ by !m is n idolatry4 ,! creature to :om idolatry is %[n is ei!r a p]son 7e4g41 an ,angel1 ! s\l ( a dep>t$ p]son1 a liv+ human be+71 or an irrational creature 7e4g41 ! bull ,apis1 a sacr$ plant71 or an inanimate sub/ance 7e4g41 /atues or pictures1 ! elem5ts1 ! heav5ly bodies71 or a fictiti\s be+ 7e4g41 ,jupit] & ! o!r gods ( my?ology74 #bbgh4 ,! ,k9ds ( ,idolatry4--7a7 ,idolatry is ei!r int]nal or ext]nal4 ,int]nal idolatry has ! int5tion to adore a creature1 z :5 a ,satani/ (f]s sacrifice to demons4 ,ext]nal idolatry p]=ms an outw>d rite t signifies adoration ( a creature1 al?\gh !re is no w to give adoration1 z :5 a ,*ri/ian out ( fe> ( dea? reluctantly burns inc5se be=e an idol4 7b7 ,int]nal idolatry is ei!r p]fect or imp]fect4 ,p]fect idolatry includes belief 9 a false god1 z :5 an ignorant pagan prays to ! sun & moon4 ,imp]fect idolatry is committ$ :51 )\t belief 9 a false god1 !re is ! w to (f] x div9e wor%ip on acc\nt ( hatr$ ( ,god1 wi% to obta9 favors f demons1 or ! l4 #bbgi4 ,! ,s9fulness ( ,idolatry4--7a7 ,idolatry is a mo/ griev\s crime4 ,x entails rebellion aga9/ ! maje/y ( ,god1 attack on ! virtue ( religion1 unbelief or d5ial ( fai?1 & sc&al2 & h5ce x is =bidd5 9 ! fir/ comm&m5t3 8,?\ %alt n h /range gods be=e ,me4 ,?\ %alt n adore !m1 nor s]ve !m0 7,exod41 xx4 #c sqq474 7b7 ,idolatry 9 itself & 9 its highe/ degree is ! mo/ griev\s ( s9s1 = x includes bo? hatr$ ( ,god 7s9ce x w\ld deprive ,him ( ,8 unique excell5ce by giv+ ,8 honors to creatures7 & blasphem\s unbelief 7s9ce ! idolat] publicly pr(esses t ,god is n above all74 ,n[1 x 0 said above t unbelief1 hatr$ ( ,god & blasphemy are ! mo/ enorm\s ( s9s 7see #hbj1 #hie1 #acja1 #acjb71 & s x foll[s t ! wor/ =m ( idolatry is grav] ?an o!r s9s4 7c7 ,idolatry1 by reason ( ! dispositions ( ! p]son :o commits x1 may be less griev\s ?an o!r s9s4 ,?us1 x is worse to hate or d5y ,god int]nally ?an to wor%ip an idol ext]nally only2 x is worse to blaspheme ) great hatr$ & contempt ?an to practise idolatry ) less malice4 ,imp]fection ( ! act1 z 9 cases ( ignorance or want ( cons5t1 makes ! s9 v5ial1 or no =mal s9 at all4 #bbhj4 ,comp>ison ( ,diff]5t ,s9s ( ,idolatry4--7a7 ,int]nal idolatry is worse ?an ext]nal idolatry1 because ! =m]1 ?\gh n ! latt]1 includes approval ( ! sup]/ition committ$4 7b7 ,imp]fect idolatry is worse ?an p]fect idolatry1 if bo? be consid]$ precisely z idolatry1 s9ce ! =m] proce$s f malice1 & ! latt] f great] or less ignorance4 7c7 ,ext]nal idolatry is aggravat$ :5 its motive is m s9ful or makes ! act m volunt>y 7e4g41 x is worse to pret5d sacrifice to an idol if ! motive is to +ratiate oneself ) ! idolat]s or to spite ! ,*ri/ians1 ?an if ! motive is to escape dea? at ! h&s ( ! pagans74 #bbha4 ,idolatry ,possible 9 ,*ri/ian ,wor%ip4--,! guilt ( idolatry may be incurr$ ev5 by ,*ri/ians (f]+ wor%ip to ,god4 7a7 ,?us1 9 ! adoration ( ! ,eu*>i/ !re w\ld be idolatry1 at lea/ mat]ial1 if an unconsecrat$ ho/ 7 expos$ = v5]ation or giv5 9 communion4 7b7 ,9 ! v5]ation ( ! ,sa9ts !re w\ld be idolatry1 if !y 7 honor$ or invok$ z if !y possess$ div9e attributes4 #bbhb4 ,def9ition ( ,div9ation4--,div9ation 7soo?say+1 =tune-tell+7 is a =m ( sup]/ition 9 :i* ! evil spirits are invok$ explicitly or implicitly ) a view to ! discov]y ( :at is future or occult4 7a7 ,x is a =m ( sup]/ition1 because x seeks to obta9 ?r\gh natural means k t _c be _h except f ,god1 or sub/itutes o!r tea*]s = ,god4 7b7 ,x conta9s ! invocation ( evil spirits1 = ! in=mation s\ght surpasses ! p[]s ( nature &1 be+ illicit1 _c be expect$ f sup]natural p[]s t are good 7su* z ,god1 ! ,angels1 ! ,sa9ts74 7c7 ,! invocation is explicit or implicit4 ,!re is explicit call+ on ! evil spirits :5 "o prays to ! demon or makes an agreem5t ) him2 !re is implicit invocation :5 "o does n address an evil _s1 b does employ means = ! discov]y ( k :i* are n adequate1 ei!r f _! nature or f ! w ( ,god1 = ! desir$ effect4 7d7 ,! k desir$ is ( future or occult ?+s1 t is1 ( su* ?+s z _c be =ese5 9 _! causes or discov]$ by natural means 7su* z ! future acts ( free be+s1 ! secret ?\ghts ( ! he>t74 #bbhc4 ,di/9ction betwe5 ! ,fact & ,s9 ( ,div9ation4--7a7 ,! fact ( div9ation--t is1 ! actual manife/ation by evil spirits ( ?+s humanly unkn[able--is n impossible1 s9ce ! demons are f> sup]ior to man 9 intellig5ce & k1 & x is ! tea*+ ( revelation t !y use _! p[]s to mislead & s$uce mank9d4 ,_! k1 h[ev]1 does n ext5d to future cont+5cies1 nor to ! secrets ( he>ts1 & _! ^w _c be reli$ on4 ,a case ( real communication by an evil _s is t ( ! girl ( ,philippi possess$ by a py?onical _s 7,acts1 xiv4 #af-ah71 & "s ?9k t ! same c be said ( ! ,wit* ( ,endor 7,i ,k+s1 xxvii4 #g-be72 b no d\bt !re h be5 _m in/ances ( div9ation 9 :i* ! int]v5tion ( demons 0 only imag9>y4 7b7 ,! s9 ( div9ation is committ$ :5 "o has ! w to receive occult k f =bidd5 s\rces1 or uses ! means to obta9 k f ^? s\rces1 ev5 ?\gh !re be no communication or response on ! "p ( ! spirits ( evil4 #bbhd4 ,=ms ( ,explicit ,invocation4--,div9ation 9 :i* !re is explicit invocation ( ! demon is ( v>i\s k9ds accord+ to ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* in/ruction is giv5 or expect$4 7a7 ,?us1 ! m$ium is direct if x is an ext]nal s5sible appe>ance repres5t+ ! demon 7prae/igium7 or an int]nal picture 9 ! imag9ation or a dream conta9+ 8 answ] 7oneiromancy74 7b7 ,! m$ium is indirect & rational :5 x is a human be+1 dead or liv+4 ,div9ation ?r\gh ! evocation ( ! dep>t$ is kn[n z necromancy1 :ile t :i* is giv5 ?r\gh liv+ possess$ p]sons is call$ py?onism4 ,mod]n ,spiritism p>takes ( ! "* ( bo? necromancy 7s9ce ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ are consult$7 & py?onism 7s9ce p]sons suppos$ to be "u ! control ( famili> spirits act z m$iums74 7c7 ,! m$ium is indirect & irrational :5 x is "s solid body 7su* z iron1 /one or cry/al7 9 :i* figures or signs appe>2 idols f :i* oracles are receiv$2 tables or ouija bo>ds f :i* answ]s are giv5 by raps or writ+2 div9+ rods suppos$ to lead ! way to any hidd5 p]son or ?+1 etc4 7geomancy72 or "s liquid body 7hydromancy71 or air 7a]omancy71 or fire 7pyromancy71 or ! entrails ( sacrificial victims or natural prodigies1 su* z lightn+ 7h>uspicy74 ,"h also may be m5tion$ ! sup]/ition ( ordeal by fire1 boil+ wat]1 combat1 etc41 once us$ to det]m9e ! guilt or innoc5ce ( an accus$ p]son4 #bbhe4 ,=ms ( ,implicit ,invocation4--,div9ation 9 :i* !re is only implicit invocation ( evil spirits is manifold1 j z ! natural causes f :i* pret]natural k is expect$ are manifold4 ,among ! pr9cipal =ms are ! foll[+3 7a7 t :i* is made f ! human m9d1 :5 clairvoyance or clair-audi5ce is employ$4 ,x is suppos$ t c]ta9 p]sons h ! natural gift1 at lea/ :5 9 a trance or hypnotic /ate1 ( p]ceiv+ :at is done or said at a di/ance )\t any ( ! normal means ( communication1 & ev5 ( read+ m9ds4 ,?is suppos$ inborn gift is sometimes call$ second sight or telepa?y4 ,"s au?orities hold t !re is suffici5t evid5ce = vision at a di/ance z a six? s5se 9 c]ta9 individuals1 especially among primitive peoples & p]sons b\nd by a tie ( blood or intimate fri5d%ip4 ,moreov]1 _m facts le>n$ ?r\gh telepa?y seem to h be5 v]ifi$ suffici5tly to r5d] telepa?y probable4 ,accord+ly1 to believe telepa?y or to practice x1 exclud+ all sup]/ition & invocation ( demons1 is n illicit4 7b7 div9ation t is made f ! human body 9 physiognomy1 phr5ology1 & *iromancy4 ,! physiognomi/ pret5ds t he is able to discov] ! hidd5 "*1 lat5t abilities or defects1 secret ?\ghts1 etc41 by a /udy ( ! features or expression ( ! c\nt5ance4 ,! phr5ologi/ claims t he c read ! m5tal & moral traits ( a p]son f ! bumps or prom95ces ( ! skull4 ,! *iromanti/1 or palmi/1 promises to =etell ! future1 read ! pa/1 discov] ! pres5t secret "* & aptitudes ( an individual f an inspection ( ! %ape1 l9es & configuration ( 8 h& & ( ! "* ( ! l9es & m>ks ( 8 palms2 7c7 div9ation t is made f non-human & necess>y ev5ts 9 a/rology4 ,?is pseudo-sci5ce gives pr$ictions ab\t ! =tunes ( an individual drawn f a /udy ( 8 horoscope 7i4e41 ! aspect ( ! heav5ly bodies at ! mom5t ( 8 bir?7 & ( c]ta9 rules ( int]pretation2 7d7 div9ation t is made f non-human & cont+5t ev5ts 9 augury & auspice1 :i* div9e f ! voices or mann] ( flight ( birds2 9 om5 or port5t1 :i* div9e ! future f "s *ance happ5+ 7su* z meet+ ) a r$-hair$ woman or a hun*back1 a sneeze1 etc471 9 sortilege1 :i* div9es by lots or signs arbitr>ily *os5 7su* z ! lett]s t appe> on op5+ a book at r&om1 ! numb]s or figures t appe> :5 c>ds are drawn or dice ?r[n74 ,sup]/itions ab\t om5s are ( two k9ds1 "s happ5+s be+ reg>d$ z signs ( good luck 7e4g41 to f9d a p971 o!rs z signs ( bad luck 7e4g41 to meet a black cat1 to spill ! salt1 to break a mirror1 to raise an umbrella 9 ! h\se74 #bbhf4 ,! ,malice ( ! ,s9 ( ,div9ation4--7a7 ,! ,!ological ,species4--,if !re is explicit invocation ( evil spirits1 div9ation is ( its nature a mortal s9 t admits ( no lightness ( matt]1 = x gives div9e wor%ip to a creature1 acts on fri5dly t]ms ) ! enemy ( ,god1 & prep>es "o = apo/asy & et]nal damnation4 ,if !re is no explicit invocation ( ! spirits ( evil1 ! s9 is ( its nature mortal on acc\nt ( ! implicit comm]ce ) ! devil2 b g5]ally ! s9 w be light on acc\nt ( ! dispositions ( ! (f5d] 7e4g41 because he is ignorant1 or consults div9ation z a joke or f curiosity1 or has no fai? 9 x74 ,h5ce1 ! fai?ful %\ld be w>n$ n to g to =tune-tell]s or put fai? 9 dreams1 b1 ap>t f su* cases z s]i\s sc&al1 habitual direction ( "o's life by sup]/ition1 coop]ation 9 s]i\s s9 ( a div9]1 etc41 ! s9 w usually be v5ial1 at lea/ 9 "y p4 ,p]sons :o occasionally act or omit to act 9 "s indiff]5t matt] on acc\nt ( dreams !y h _h are (t5 excus$ f all s9 on acc\nt ( ! fe> or hope :i* ! dreams excit$4 7b7 ,! ,moral ,species4--,all =ms ( div9ation1 x is commonly held1 belong to ! same species ( wor%ip ( a false god 7,deut41 xviii4 #aj-ab74 ,yet1 ! confessor %\ld be told ab\t an explicit pact ) evil spirits1 if !re 0 "o1 s9ce ?us he w be able to decide ! gravity ( ! s9 & to make inquiries ab\t o!r s9s t usually accompany su* a pact 7e4g41 blasphemy1 promise to s]ve ! devil1 sacrileges1 etc474 #bbhg4 ,:5 ,k ,is ,obta9$ f ,god4--,!re is no s9 ( div9ation :5 k is obta9$ f ,god4 7a7 ,?us1 ,god c communicate directly 9 a vision or dream1 & !re are examples ( ?is 9 ,scripture1 ,b g5]ally "o %\ld n be guid$ by dreams z if !y 7 means = sup]natural k1 s9ce ne>ly all dreams are produc$ by natural causes4 ,x is n s9ful to believe t a dream ( an extraord9>y k9d 7e4g41 "o 9 :i* ! future is wond]fully =etold or a w>n+ giv51 or :i* produces great spiritual good7 0 s5t by ,god4 7b7 ,god c communicate ?r\gh o!r human be+s1 & h5ce x is n sup]/iti\s to put fai? 9 ! private visions or revelations t h be5 recogniz$ by ! ,*ur*1 or t h ! m>ks ( g5u95ess requir$ by ! ,*ur*4 7c7 ,god has sometimes communicat$ ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( irrational be+s or by means ( port5ts4 ,?us1 ,g$eon took ! words ( enemy soldi]s z a premonition ( victory 7,judges1 vii4 #ae72 ,eliez] *ose a sign by :i* to recognize ! woman :o %\ld be ! wife ( ,isaac 7,g51 xxiv4 #ad72 ! ordeal ( bitt] wat]s 0 prescrib$ 9 ,numb]s1 v4 #aa sqq42 ,josue discov]$ ! guilt ( ,a*an by lots 7,josue1 vii4 #ad71 & ,/4 ,mat?ias 0 elect$ to ! ,apo/olate by lots 7,acts1 i4 #bc-bf74 ,b ^! 7 exceptional cases 9 :i* m5 7 inspir$ to consult ,god z !y did1 & x w\ld be sup]/iti\s to seek k 9 ^! ways aga9/ ! w ( ,god4 ,^? :o desire light & guidance %\ld h rec\rse to ! tea*]s ,god has provid$ on e>? & %\ld pray to ,god1 leav+ to ,him ! ways & means ( ,8 answ]4 ,h5ce1 ! ,*ur* has decl>$ x unlawful1 ev5 9 private1 to call ^u ! good spirits to give answ]s ?r\gh automatic writ+ 7,collect4 de ,prop4 ,fide1 #ahid71 or to int]rogate ! dead at spiriti/ic seances 7,,aas1 #aiag1 ,,ix1 #bfh74 ,x is n sup]/iti\s1 h[ev]1 9 a grave matt] :5 !re is no ord9>y means ( in/ruction at h&1 to (f] a pray] to ,god & !n h rec\rse to lots to decide :at c\rse %all be foll[$ 7,prov41 xvi4 #cc74 #bbhh4 ,:5 ,k ,is ,obta9$ ,?r\gh ,natural ,causes4--,!re is no s9 ( div9ation :5 k ( ! future or ( hidd5 ?+s is obta9$ ?r\gh proportionate natural causes or indications4 7a7 ,?us1 k ( future happ5+s is naturally d$ucible f _! necess>y causes1 :5 ^! causes are kn[n4 ,! effect may be pr$ict$ ) c]ta9ty if ! cause is s det]m9$ to "o c\rse t its result is inv>iable 7e4g41 ! revolution ( ! e>? ar\nd ! sun always br+s on ! f\r seasons ( ! ye>72 x may be pr$ict$ ) ! greate/ probability if ! cause is s con/itut$ t almo/ always x has a c]ta9 consequ5ce 7e4g41 a se$ prop]ly plant$ usually gr[s into a tree74 ,h5ce1 !re is no sup]/ition 9 a/ronomical pr$ictions1 wea!r =eca/s by meteorologi/s1 tables ( life expectancy drawn up by insurance exp]ts1 etc41 s9ce ^! are inf]5ces f kn[n sci5tific laws4 7b7 ,k ( hidd5 ?+s is naturally d$ucible ) m or less c]ta9ty f ! pres5ce ( _! kn[n causes1 or effects1 or indications4 ,h5ce1 a physician is n accus$ ( sup]/ition if he reasons out ! "* or phase ( an int]nal disease f ! symptoms t exhibit !mselves4 ,morali/s today g5]ally agree t ! use ( ! magic w& 7div9+ rod1 dipp+ rod1 d[s]7 = ! discov]y ( subt]ranean spr+s1 m9]al deposits1 oil wells1 etc41 is n sup]/iti\s1 al?\gh !re is "s diff]5ce ( op9ion & unc]ta9ty ab\t ! cause ( ! ph5om5on4 ,x is true t _m means ( detection or discov]y1 suppos$ly sci5tific1 are due to misund]/&+ ( sci5tific pr9ciples or ( logic2 b _! au?ors1 s9ce !y rely on natural causes1 are guilty ( ignorance or quack]y r ?an sup]/ition4 #bbhi4 ,use ( ,lots4--,is x lawful to use lots 9 settlem5t ( "s bus9ess1 :5 !re is no int5tion to seek pret]natural oracle8 7a7 ,x is lawful to d ?is1 if !re is "s reason ( necessity or utility or amusem5t to ju/ify ! lots1 & no inju/ice or prohibition ( law4 ,h5ce1 if !re is no o!r conv5i5t me?od ( decision1 "o may use ! draw+ ( /raws or c>ds to decide h[ l&s or goods %all be divid$ betwe5 claimants1 or :i* ( sev]al competitors %all receive a rew>d or (fice4 7b7 ,x is n lawful to d ?is1 if !re is a prohibition ( law 7e4g41 ecclesia/ical elections may n be made by lot71 or if !re is no necessity = ! lots 7e4g41 x is at lea/ fooli% to use ! ,gospels = decid+ by lot matt]s t c\ld be decid$ by reflection71 or if injury is done ano!r p]son 7e4g41 to decide by lot :5 ! m]its ( two conte/ants are unequal1 to practise unfairness 9 ! draw+74 #bbij4 ,va9 ,obs]vance4--,va9 obs]vance is a sup]/ition t ascribes to c]ta9 ?+s effects = :i* !y h no natural or communicat$ p[]4 7a7 ,x ascribes ! effects to natural ?+s1 b x supposes t 9 "s way sup]natural =ces1 n ( religion1 are at "w 9 or ?r\gh ^! ?+s4 ,?us1 j z 9 div9ation1 !re is 9 va9 obs]vance ei!r an express or an impli$ invocation ( ! spirits ( evil4 ,! al*emi/s1 :o ?\ght !re 0 a philosoph]'s /one able to transmute base metals into gold or an elixir t c\ld greatly prolong life1 look$ to natural causes1 & h5ce to t ext5t seem to be guilty ( false sci5ce1 r ?an ( sup]/ition4 ,sci5tific mat]ialism1 ?\gh1 is a crass] =m ( ignorance ?an any sup]/ition t tru/s 9 sup]-mat]ial p[]s4 7b7 ,! ?+s :i* va9 obs]vance makes use ( are p]sons1 acts1 objects1 circum/ances1 happ5+s1 etc4 ,ev5 sacr$ ?+s may be employ$ z ! mat]ial = va9 obs]vance1 z happ5s :5 "s accid5tal & unnecess>y circum/ance ( a sacr$ rite 7e4g41 ! size or color ( c&les7 is giv5 ! cr$it ( ! sacr$ results4 ,"h aga9 va9 obs]vance & div9ation are alike1 s9ce ! same means are employ$ by bo?4 7c7 ,! effects look$ = 9 va9 obs]vance1 or ! purpose _h 9 view1 is "s fact or ev5t4 ,x is ?is *>act]i/ic t di/+ui%es va9 obs]vance f div9ation3 ! latt] aims at occult k1 ! =m] at supranatural results4 ,! expect$ fact or ev5t is some?+ t surpasses ! natural p[]s ( physical or human ag5cies 7e4g41 s5sation )\t s5se excitants1 m9d-read+ )\t ext]nal indications1 sci5tific k )\t /udy1 bodily feats )\t correspond+ bodily p[]s1 detection ( secret & hidd5 ?+s )\t human means = detection71 or ev5 ( ! invisible _w ( spirits 7e4g41 creation1 g5]ation ( new sub/ances1 evocation ( ! dead1 int]nal motion ( man's w74 7d7 ,!re is no natural p[] 9 ! ?+s us$ = produc+ ! sub/ance or mode ( ! desir$ effects1 t is1 no inh]5t & suffici5t =ce or activity4 ,h5ce1 va9 obs]vance is n to be confus$ ) sci5tific m>vels or natural wond]s ^: explanation is unkn[n to ! g5]al public1 or :i* _c be fully expla9$ by sci5ti/s !mselves4 ,?us1 ! baffl+ tricks ( :ite magic are due to leg]dema91 v5triloquism1 ocul> delusions1 & ! l2 ! physiological *anges 7e4g41 convulsions1 hy/]ia1 somnambulism1 bodily cures7 produc$ 9 mesm]ism1 hypnotism1 ?\ght heal+1 etc41 are expla9$ by sugge/ion & ! motor p[] ( images excit$ to produce bodily motions1 passions1 or *anges2 ! m5tal ph5om5a 7e4g41 hyp]ae/hesia1 wondr\s visions1 increas$ vigor ( m9d7 ( c]ta9 drugs su* z ha%i%1 mescal & opium1 are caus$ by prop]ties ( ^! drugs4 7e7 ,!re is no communicat$ p[] 9 ! ?+s employ$1 t is1 no in/rum5tal virtue be/[$ by a high] cause4 ,h5ce1 s9ce ,sacram5ts1 sacram5tals1 & miracle-work+ relics h f ,god 9 a great] or less degree an efficacy = results above nature1 !re is no sup]/ition 9 _! prop] use1 ,b1 z 0 not$ j above1 sacr$ ?+s !mselves may be us$ sup]/iti\sly1 z happ5s :5 !y are reg>d$ z pr9cipal ag5ts1 or :51 contr>y to fact1 !y are deem$ to act infallibly or indep5d5tly ( any human coop]ation or disposition4 #bbia4 ,=ms ( ,va9 ,obs]vance4--,among ! =ms ( va9 obs]vance are ! foll[+3 7a7 ^? by :i* "o puts into use va9 c]emonies or objects 9 ! expectation t !y w secure c]ta9 desir$ effects1 or puts an exagg]at$ confid5ce 9 lawful rites or sacr$ objects2 7b7 ^? by :i* "o directs "o's life ?r\gh =tuit\s & imp]t95t happ5+s 9 ! belief t !y h ! p[] to influ5ce "o's =tunes favorably or adv]sely4 ,?is =m ( sup]/ition is l div9ation by om5s2 ! diff]5ce is t 9 us+ om5s "o *iefly seeks = k ( ! future1 :ile 9 obs]v+ *ance ev5ts "o *iefly int5ds ! direction ( "o's conduct4 ,examples are f\nd 9 p]sons :o fe> to make a j\rney on ,friday or to beg9 any important affair dur+ ! d>k ( ! moon4 #bbib4 ,va9 ,obs]vances f :i* ,desir$ ,effects ,are ,expect$4--7a7 ,useful results are sometimes expect$1 su* z k = ! m9d 7notori\s art7 or heal? = ! body 7heal+ obs]vances74 ,! notori\s art consi/$ 9 ! repeat+ ( c]ta9 =mulas or ! gaz+ ^u c]ta9 figures1 pray]s & fa/s at times be+ add$1 & x 0 suppos$ t ^! practices w\ld obta9 infus$ k )\t ! necessity ( labor or /udy4 ,heal+ obs]vances are rem$ies us$ = man or bea/ t manife/ly h no natural curative prop]ties 7e4g41 a buckeye or rabbit's foot c>ri$ 9 ! pocket to w>d (f rheumatism74 7b7 ,wondr\s results are sometimes expect$1 su* z ! p[] to br+ on /orms1 telek9esis1 mat]ialization1 & levitation1 ?r\gh ! use ( incantations1 !urgic sacram5ts1 spiriti/ic rites1 etc4 ,?is is kn[n z ! black art or black magic4 7c7 ,evil effects are sometimes expect$1 su* z ! p[] to blight ano!r by a glance 7evil eye or fasc9ation71 ! p[] to ca/ a spell ov] ano!r p]son by c]ta9 spok5 words1 to br+ disease or mis=tune on a p]son by pi]c+ or /rik+ 8 effigy1 to excite impure love = a det]m9ate p]son by ! adm9i/ration ( love philtres or *>ms1 etc4 7sorc]y1 wit*craft74 #bbic4 ,di/9ction betwe5 ! ,fact & ! ,s9 ( ,va9 ,obs]vance4--7a7 ,! ,fact4--,! demons h naturally p[]s ov] our _w t surpass ^? ( human or physical ag5ts1 & x is n impossible = !m to produce prodigies or seem+ miracles4 ,! magicians ( ,egypt by en*antm5ts & c]ta9 secrets *ang$ rods into s]p5ts1 etc4 7,exod41 vii4 #ab1 viii4 #g72 ! ,new ,te/am5t n>rates t ,simon ! ,magician bewit*$ ! ,sam>itans by 8 magic 7,acts1 viii4 #aa71 & x cle>ly =etells ! ly+ wond]s ( ,satan & ,anti*ri/ 7,matt41 xxiv4 #bd2 ,,ii ,!ss41 ii4 #i74 ,b !re are limits to ! p[] ( ! fall5 spirits2 = example1 !y _c infuse k1 & occultism has contribut$ no?+ to ! advancem5t ( sci5ce or civilization4 ,moreov]1 _m effects t h be5 attribut$ to demonic int]v5tion 7 due to natural causes or to fraud 7e4g41 a l>ge proportion ( spiriti/ic ph5om5a71 or !y 7 suppos$ to exi/ only because ! popul> m9d 0 c>ri$ away by excitem5t or 0 b5t on p]secution 7e4g41 mo/ ( ! wit*craft accusations ( a few c5turies ago74 7b7 ,! ,s94--,va9 obs]vance 9 :i* !re is no express invocation ( evil spirits is common en\gh2 ev5 religi\s1 educat$ & practical p]sons are f\nd to act on sup]/iti\s hopes or fe>s or to put confid5ce 9 *>ms or amulets4 ,b va9 obs]vance t includes an express invocation ( demons is a comp>atively r>e s94 ,x is n impossible1 h[ev]1 t a p]son %\ld come to su* a pass ( despair or malice z to wi% to h deal+s ) ,satan1 or %\ld be s c>ri$ away by curiosity1 desire ( weal?1 p[]1 fame1 or honor z to be will+ to b>t] 8 s\l 9 ex*ange = !m4 ,t !re 7 pr(essional wiz>ds f anci5t times is a matt] ( hi/ory1 & ,scripture conta9s sev]e prohibitions aga9/ deal+s ) !m 7,levit41 xix4 #ca1 xx4 #bg2 ,deut41 xviii4 #aj74 #bbid4 ,sup]/ition 9 ,religi\s ,obs]vances4--,sup]/ition is sometimes f\nd ev5 9 religi\s obs]vances4 7a7 ,?us1 !re is sup]/ition 9 ! obs]vance itself :5 va9 additions are made to an approv$ usage 7e4g41 ! addition to a pray] aga9/ sickness ( ge/ures1 brea?+s1 gibb]i%1 etc41 t h no significance ( rev]5ce = ,god74 7b7 ,!re is sup]/ition 9 ! mann] ( ! obs]vance :5 "o attributes ! virtue ( a sacr$ rite or object to "s unimportant circum/ance 7e4g41 ! %ape ( ! reliqu>y 9 :i* a relic is c>ri$1 ! 8propiti\s0 day on :i* a sacram5tal 0 receiv$71 or expects f a sacr$ ?+ an effect :i* x has no p[] to produce 7e4g41 infallible c]ta9ty ( salvation f ! p]=mance ( a c]ta9 devotion or ! pres5ce ( a holy picture or bless$ object74 ,x is n sup]/ition1 h[ev]1 to atta* significance to circum/ances t h a sacr$ mean+ 7e4g41 holydays1 figures t h a religi\s symbolism71 or to put a confid5ce 9 sacr$ ?+s t is bas$ on _! "* or approv$ usage 7e4g41 ! hope & tru/ t bless+s w be impetrat$ & salvation itself ?r\gh fidelity to an au?oriz$ devotion74 #bbie4 ,s9fulness ( ,va9 ,obs]vance4--,! malice ( va9 obs]vance is ess5tially ! same z t ( div9ation1 = 9 bo? sup]/itions ! same virtue ( religion is (f5d$ by ! s9ful cult t is p]=m$4 7a7 ,?us1 !re is mortal s9 f ! nature ( ! act1 :5 va9 obs]vance is ex]cis$ ) invocation ( evil spirits or ) false religi\s rites 7= a s]i\s injury is done to ! honor due to ,god71 or :5 a va9 obs]vance is meant to br+ a curse or grave mis=tune on a neighbor 7= a s]i\s inju/ice is will$74 7b7 ,!re is regul>ly only a v5ial s91 :5 a va9 obs]vance is ( a non-religi\s k9d1 consi/+ 9 fooli% he$ giv5 to *ance happ5+s 7su* z a rabbit runn+ across ! road1 ! m5tion ( dea?1 ! pres5ce ( a p]son reg>d$ z a ,jonah71 or ! use ( improportionate means 7e4g41 to *ange "o's place at a c>d table 9 ord] to *ange ! luck74 ,= usually !re is no irrev]5ce 9 su* practices1 & at ! wor/ !y are fooli% & idle acts4 ,(t5 !re is no s9 at all1 ! va9 obs]vance be+ due to ignorance or ! wi% to joke4 7c7 ,!re is no s9 at all1 b r subjective virtue1 9 religi\s practices to :i* on acc\nt ( simplicity or inv9cible ignorance too mu* p[] is attribut$1 z :5 "o :o is fai?ful to ! ess5tial duties ( religion has great] confid5ce 9 "s p]sonal devotion ( 8 own ?an 9 !m4 ,b sup]/ition ( ?is k9d1 ?\gh 9 itself x is ! lea/ repreh5sible =m ( sup]/ition1 may be v h>mful & dis$ify+4 #bbif4 ,coop]ation 9 ,div9ation or ,o!r ,=m ( ,sup]/ition4--7a7 ,=mal coop]ation is ( c\rse nev] lawful 7e4g41 to act z ! m$ium or "o ( ! deceiv]s at a spiriti/ic meet+74 7b7 ,mat]ial coop]ation is lawful only :5 !re is a proportionately grave reason1 no dang] ( s91 & no sc&al4 ,?us1 x seems t no s9 is committ$ by a sci5ti/ :o assi/s at a spiriti/ic seance 9 ord] to discov] ! frauds t are resort$ to1 or :o makes exp]im5ts ) table turn+ or plan*ette movem5ts 9 ord] to exam9e into ! !ory t ! ph5om5a are due to ! action ( ! p]sons pres5t4 #bbig4 ,d\btful ,cases ( ,va9 ,obs]vance4--,cases 9 :i* x is a matt] ( d\bt or dispute :e!r div9ation or va9 obs]vance is pres5t4 7a7 ,!re is sometimes unc]ta9ty :e!r an extraord9>y fact is due to natural or supranatural causes1 ,?us1 au?orities commonly take ! position1 x seems1 t c]ta9 ph5om5a ( ,spiritism 7e4g41 ! app>5tly automatic movem5t ( tables on :i* a gr\p ( p]sons re/ _! f+] tips1 ! answ]s to que/ions t are rapp$ out by su* tables71 & ( m5tal heal+ 7e4g41 ! cure ( bodily ailm5t by sympa?y or moral influ5ce71 are accompli%$ ?r\gh natural p[]s ( matt] or m9d4 ,b o!r au?orities incl9e to a supranaturali/ic explanation4 7b7 ,!re is also at times unc]ta9ty :e!r a fact or practice has a religi\s or an irreligi\s "*4 ,z to facts1 !y sometimes appe> to be s m>vell\s z to pass ! natural1 & yet x is difficult to det]m9e :e!r _! s\rce is good or evil 7e4g41 :5 an ignorant p]son n not$ = piety seems to h a rem>kable ability = treat+ & cur+ all k9ds ( diseases74 ,z to practices1 !y are sometimes susceptible ( a religi\s or a sup]/iti\s int]pretation4 ,?us1 "o :o says1 8,god bless u10 at a sneeze may int5d a pray] aga9/ sickness2 "o :o knocks on wood aft] boa/+ may int5d a pray] to ,him :o di$ on ! wood ( ! cross1 le/ he be puni%$ = boa/+4 #bbih4 ,licitness ( ,us+ ,d\btfully ,sup]/iti\s ,means4--,x is lawful to use means t are only d\btfully sup]/iti\s if ! foll[+ conditions are pres5t3 7a7 int]nally or subjectively1 !re mu/ be a good consci5ce ab\t ! use ( ! means4 ,! rule c be foll[$ t :at is n c]ta9ly ( a supranatural "* may be reg>d$ z natural1 b t :at seems to be supranatural is n to be ascrib$ to ,god unless x has ! m>ks & fruits ( a div9e "w4 ,:5 lawfully us+ means ( a dubi\s "*1 x is advisable to make an inn] prote/ation t "o acts f reasonable necessity1 & has no wi% to take "p 9 sup]/ition2 7b7 ext]nally or objectively1 !re mu/ be no?+ 9 ! object or circum/ances or results to make ! use ( ! means illicit4 ,?us1 ev5 ?\gh a practice be n sup]/iti\s1 x may be unlawful because ( ! immorality ( its object or t5d5cy 7e4g41 frauds us$ by psy*ical rese>*]s1 obsc5e messages giv5 by laboratory telepa?i/s71 or ( its purpose 7e4g41 table-rapp+ us$ z ! in/rum5t ( pret5d$ religi\s revelations71 or because ( ! evil consequ5ces = body or s\l 7e4g41 devotees ( ! ouija bo>d give sc&al to o!rs & (t5 end 9 insanity or suicide74 #bbii4 ,irreligi\sness4--,we n[ proce$ to ! f\r s9s t (f5d religion by defect1 namely1 temptation ( ,god & p]jury1 :i* %[ disrespect to ,god ,himself1 & sacrilege & simony1 :i* %[ disrespect to holy ?+s 7see #bbgc74 ,p]jury has be5 treat$ above 7see #bbdi71 & h5ce we %all consid] n[ only ! o!r ?ree =ms ( irreligi\sness4 #bcjj4 ,temptation ( ,god4--,temptation ( ,god is a ^w or de$ t puts ,god to ! te/ to discov] :e!r ,he possesses or w ex]cise "s p]fection4 7a7 ,x is a ^w or de$1 su* z a pray] ^: purpose is to discov] :e!r ,god is possess$ ( k1 p[] or goodness1 or an act ( defiance p]=m$ 9 ord] to prove t !re is no ,god4 7b7 ,x puts ,god to ! te/1 t is1 ! temptation is n s$uctive 7s9ce x is impossible to influ5ce ,god to s971 b exp]im5tal4 ,he :o tempts ,god desires t ,god give "s pro( ( ,8 attributes4 7c7 ,x is conc]n$ ) ,god1 h5ce !re is no temptation ( ,god if "o legitimately te/s out ! "* ( a human be+4 ,god ,himself tempt$ by trial holy m5 l ,abraham1 ,job1 & ,tobias 9 ord] t _! virtue might be manife/$ & an example giv5 to o!rs4 ,& ( spirits ,/4 ,john says3 8,believe n e _s1 b try ! spirits if !y be ( ,god1 because _m false prophets are gone out into ! _w0 7,i ,john1 iv4 #a74 7d7 ,! purpose is to discov]1 )\t reg>d to ! ord9>y means ( in/ruction & guidance appo9t$ by ,god1 :e!r ,god possesses or w ex]cise an attribute2 t is1 temptation ( ,god is due to unbelief or to presumption4 #bcja4 ,cases ,:]e9 ,!re ,is no ,temptation ( ,god4--7a7 ,to seek a pro( ( div9e p]fections is n temptation ( ,god1 if ! purpose is only to f9d new reasons = :at "o already accepts1 or to exp]i5ce 9 an affective way :at "o already admits speculatively4 ,h5ce1 a !ologian may /udy ! attributes ( ,god ) a view to fur!r illum9ation2 h5ce also1 "o may prove ! sweetness ( ,god or ! goodness ( ,8 w f ! spiritual ta/e or reli% = div9e ?+s 7,psalm xxxiii4 #i2 ,rom41 xii4 #b74 7b7 ,to seek a sign ( ,god's w or a manife/ation ( ,8 p]fections is n temptation ( ,god1 if ?is is done1 n f curiosity1 o/5tation or o!r va9 motive1 b f "s reason ( necessity or great utility1 z :5 ,g$eon pray$ = a sign t ! ,"l _h spok5 to him or 0 ) him 7,judges1 vi4 #ag1 #cg71 or :5 ,elias call$ on ,jehovah to %[ ,8 p[] be=e ! wor%ipp]s ( ,baal 7,,iii ,k+s1 xviii4 #cg74 ,h5ce1 he does n tempt ,god :o1 :5 ord9>y means ( direction fail him 9 "s critical affair1 asks humbly = a sign ( ,god's w2 or :o 9 a matt] ( great mom5t asks = miracul\s help if x be pleas+ to ,god to grant x2 or :o exposes himself to s]i\s dang] = "s priceless good t _c o!rwise be _h1 9 ! tru/ t ,god w be ) him4 #bcjb4 ,k9ds ( ,temptation ( ,god4--7a7 ,9 relation to its s\rce1 temptation ( ,god arises ei!r f unbelief or f presumption4 ,! =m]1 :i* is temptation ( ,god 9 ! /rict s5se1 exi/s :5 "o disbelieves or d\bts "s attribute ( ,god & seeks to put x to ! pro(1 z :5 ! ,israelites 9 ! des]t call$ into "q ! provid5ce & p[] ( ,jehovah 7,exod41 xvii4 #g1 ,psalm lxxvii4 #ah1 #ai71 or :5 a p]son d\bt+ ! ,real ,pres5ce asks = a miracul\s sight ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,eu*>i/4 ,! latt] s91 :i* is temptation ( ,god 9 ! wide s5se1 is committ$ :5 a believ+ p]son asks )\t a j cause = a miracul\s manife/ation ( ,god's w1 or p[]s1 or ( "s o!r ?+1 z :5 a lazy man asks t 8 "w be done 9 "s miracul\s way1 or a ra% man neglects ! ord9>y c>e ( 8 heal?1 ask+ t ,god supply = 8 c>elessness4 ,b temptation ( ,god is n to be id5tifi$ ) ! !ological s9 ( presumption 7see #ajha74 7b7 ,9 relation to its mann]1 temptation ( ,god is ei!r express or int]pretative4 ,x is express :5 "o int5ds by "o's ^w or act to put ,god to ! pro( 9 respect to k1 p[]1 reliability1 or o!r p]fection 7z :5 ! ,jews dem&$ t ,*ri/ come d[n f ! ,cross1 if ,he 7 ! ,son ( ,god7 or to satisfy a va9 curiosity or boldness 7z :5 ,h]od ask$ ,*ri/ to "w "s miracles = 8 amusem5t74 ,temptation ( ,god is int]pretative :5 "o does n int5d to discov] ,god's p]fections or make presumptu\s reque/s1 b nev]!less s acts or omits to act t "o's conduct is useful = no?+ except temptation ( ,god1 z :5 a believ] ra%ly promises a miracle to conv9ce an unbeliev]1 a sick man refuses to use any m$ical c>e 7,ecclus41 xxxviii4 #d71 a lectur] goes entirely unprep>$ to 8 lecture1 etc4 ,pray] made )\t ! prop] dispositions is a quasi-temptation ( ,god 7,ecclus41 xviii4 #bc71 because x is disrespectful & presumptu\s2 b x is n real temptation ( ,god1 nor ( its nature mortally s9ful1 ! direct end ( ! act be+ laz9ess or "s o!r /ate ( s\l unsuitable to pray]4 #bcjc4 ,causes t ,exclude ! ,int]pretative ,temptation ( ,god4--,!re is no int]pretative temptation ( ,god /rictly speak+ if "o acts ra%ly or enc\nt]s dang]1 b does n at all expect miracul\s or special int]v5tion f ,god4 ,?is happ5s z foll[s3 7a7 :5 "o is unconc]n$ :e!r evil results or n1 or desires t x may result 7e4g41 :5 a p]son :o is tir$ ( life seeks a dang]\s occupation = ! div]sion & excitem5t x af=ds1 or :5 a p]son practises ab/95ce f c]ta9 rem$ies z an act ( mod]ate mortification72 7b7 :5 "o does n wi% ! evil result1 b is s /upid or ra% z to believe t an imprud5t risk c be tak5 & evil escap$ ?r\gh *ance or good luck1 z :5 a /ud5t goes up = a difficult exam9ation ) slight prep>ation1 tru/+ t only ! ?+s he kn[s w be ask$4 #bcjd4 ,refusal ( ,m$ic9e or ,hygi5ic ,c>e4--7a7 ,if !re is a suffici5t reason = ?is conduct1 no s9 is committ$4 ,!re may be suffici5t reasons ( a natural k9d 7e4g41 t ! rem$ies are h>mful or useless or too exp5sive71 or ( a sup]natural k9d 7e4g41 ,/4 ,aga?a refus$ all m$ic9es because ,god ,himself 0 h] physician1 c]ta9 ,sa9ts 7 div9ely inspir$ to make no ef=t to remove bodily maladies on acc\nt ( ! spiritual pr(it d]iv$ f !m74 7b7 ,if !re is no suffici5t reason = ?is conduct1 x is s9ful4 ,?us1 "o s9s aga9/ fai?1 if ! reason = ! conduct is disbelief 9 ! exi/5ce ( evil 7e4g41 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce or ,eddyism attributes sickness & pa9 to imag9ation1 & says t ! only cure is 8fai?072 "o s9s by temptation ( ,god1 if ! reason = ! conduct is va9 expectation ( miracles2 "o is guilty ( suicide or homicide1 if ! purpose is to end life1 etc4 #bcje4 ,! ,s9fulness ( ,temptation ( ,god4--7a7 ,to d\bt ! p]fections ( ,god1 or to call ^u ! extraord9>y ,provid5ce ( ,god 9 disreg>d ( ! ord9>y ,provid5ce ,he has e/abli%$ is ! ess5ce ( temptation ( ,god4 ,x is s9ful1 because x includes ei!r unju/ifiable d\bt or v9cible ignorance 9 ! intellect or presumption 9 ! w4 ,h5ce ! comm& giv5 9 ,deut]onomy 7vi4 #af73 8,?\ %alt n tempt ! ,"l ?y ,god40 ,b inv9cible ignorance excuses f s91 & h5ce _m ( ^? :o 9 times pa/ resort$ to ordeals by pa9ful or dang]\s te/s 7e4g41 walk+ on burn+ coals1 risk+ dea? 9 deep wat]s71 9 ord] t ,god might settle a d\btful matt]1 71 on acc\nt ( _! good fai?1 guiltless ( temptation ( ,god4 ,! practice 0 condemn$ by ! ,*ur* 9 ! n9? c5tury4 7b7 ,to d\bt ab\t ! positive & unkn[n w ( ,god1 or to call ^u ! extraord9>y ,provid5ce ( ,god 7i4e41 ! direct int]v5tion ( ! ,fir/ ,cause71 )\t disreg>d ( ! ord9>y ,provid5ce 7i4e41 ( second causes appo9t$ by ,god71 is n s9ful1 if x is ju/ifi$ by necessity4 ,?us1 be+ unable to resi/ ! nations leagu$ aga9/ him1 ,josaphat pray$3 8,z we "k n :at to d1 we c only turn our eyes to ,!e0 7,,ii ,p>al41 xx4 #ab74 ,& ,our ,"l promis$ ! disciples t1 :5 !y %\ld be unable to prep>e _! def5se on acc\nt ( ! p]secutions to :i* !y 7 subject$1 ! ,_s ,himself w\ld speak ?r\gh !m 7,matt41 ,x4 #ai71 & t ,he w\ld enable !m to d ?+s z difficult z mov+ m\nta9s :5 real necessity call$ = x 7,matt41 xvii4 #ai74 ,x is n unbelief to d\bt ab\t matt]s p]ta9+ to ,god t are really d\btful 7i4e41 n ,8 p]fections1 b ,8 positive & unkn[n w71 & h5ce "o does n tempt ,god :o asks = div9e gu>antees ( a religion propos$ z div9ely reveal$ 7see #gie72 x is n presumption to ask ,god = a sign or pro(1 if ,god directs "o to d ?is 7e4g41 ,abraham 9 ,g541 xv4 #h1 0 inspir$ to seek a sign t ! promis$ l& w\ld be giv5 8 po/]ity2 ,a*az 9 ,isaias1 vii4 #aa1 0 bidd5 = ! sake ( o!rs to ask = a sign71 or if1 :5 a sign f ,god seems necess>y or v useful1 "o prays = x prud5tly & on condition t ! reque/ is pleas+ to ,god 7e4g41 ! ,apo/les 9 ,acts1 iv4 #cj1 pray$ = signs & wond]s 9 confirmation ( _! prea*+74 #bcjf4 ,! ,malice ( ,temptation ( ,god4--7a7 ,x is a s9 directly aga9/ religion1 = "o %[s contempt to ,god :5 "o dem&s t ,he prove ,8 p]fections1 or :5 "o takes ! lib]ty to disreg>d ! ord9>y means ,he has e/abli%$ & to call = o!rs4 ,! s9 is less1 h[ev]1 ?an t ( sup]/ition1 s9ce temptation ( ,god pr(esses d\bt1 :ile sup]/ition pr(esses positive error4 ,temptation ( ,god (f5ds also aga9/ o!r virtues1 su* z fai? 7e4g41 :5 "o d\bts ! p]fections ( ,god71 hope 7e4g41 :5 "o presumes t ,god w d all )\t "o's coop]ation71 *>ity 7e4g41 :5 a p]son exposes 8 own life to risk or 8 neighbor to sc&al 9 a va9 confid5ce t ! dang] w be miracul\sly av]t$74 7b7 ,x is a mortal s9 f its nature1 s9ce x (f5ds religion4 ,b x may be v5ial on acc\nt ( ! imp]fection ( ! act1 z :5 f weakness ( fai? or )\t reflection "o asks unnecess>ily = a sign 7,luke1 i4 #aa-bj74 ,x may be v5ial also f ! lightness ( ! matt]1 if ! temptation is int]pretative1 z :5 "o presumes on ! div9e aid 9 a slight sickness1 an unimportant talk1 or o!r small affair4 #bcjg4 ,z a rule temptation ( ,god is only a v5ial s91 & 9 an individual case x is r>ely mortal1 except 9 ! foll[+ in/ances3 7a7 :5 "o int5ds a grave (f5se aga9/ ,god1 z by d\bt+ ,8 goodness1 dem&+ or attempt+ a miracle to satisfy curiosity2 7b7 :5 "o exposes oneself to grave p]il1 z by leap+ f ! ro( ( a high build+1 refus+ all rem$ies or means ( pres]v+ heal?1 neglect+ to provide = "o's su/5ance1 etc41 9 ! expectation t ,god w miracul\sly provide2 7c7 :5 "o causes grave h>m to o!rs1 z :5 a p]son ra%ly ask+ = signs exposes fai? to ! d]ision ( unbeliev]s or sc&alizes believ]s4 #bcjh4 ,sacrilege4--,sacrilege 9 ! wide s5se is any s9 aga9/ ! virtue ( religion4 ,b 9 ! /rict s5se1 9 :i* x is n[ tak51 x is def9$ z 8! violation ( a sacr$ ?+40 7a7 ,sacrilege is aga9/ a ?+1 t is1 aga9/ "s p]son1 place or object d$icat$ to div9e wor%ip z a possession ( ,god4 ,sacrilege diff]s f ! two previ\s s9s ( irreligiosity 7namely1 temptation ( ,god & p]jury72 = !y are aga9/ ! rev]5ce due to ,god ,himself1 :ile sacrilege is aga9/ ! rev]5ce due to ?+s on acc\nt ( _! use 9 ! wor%ip ( ,god4 7b7 ,x is aga9/ a sacr$ ?+1 t is1 aga9/ ! sanctity :i* a ?+ acquires f its d$ication to ,god 7e4g41 :5 a *ur* or a *alice is consecrat$ to div9e wor%ip1 :5 a virg9 is d$icat$ to ,god by v[71 or f ! immunity or privilege conf]r$ on x by ! ,*ur* on acc\nt ( its d$ication to ,god 7e4g41 ! cl]ical privileges ( =um & ( canon 9 ,*ur* ,law74 ,b sacrilege is pres5t only :5 a sacr$ ?+ is attack$ 9 t special quality or relation 9 :i* x is sacr$4 ,h5ce1 he :o violates ! *a/ity ( a virg9 consecrat$ to ,god is guilty ( sacrilege1 s9ce x is h] *a/ity t 0 v[$ to ,god2 he :o /rikes h] is also guilty ( sacrilege1 s9ce he attacks ! sacr$ immunity :i* ! law conf]s on h]2 he :o calumniates h] or /eals f h] is n guilty ( sacrilege1 s9ce h] "n & goods are n consecrat$ to div9e wor%ip nor protect$ by its special sacr$ness 9 law4 7c7 ,sacrilege is a violation1 t is1 an action or omission physically or morally injuri\s to ! sacr$ "* ( a p]son1 place or ?+4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! injury done 9 sacrilege & t done 9 simony is t ! =m] inju/ice belongs to ! class ( wrongs inflict$ 9 involunt>y commutations1 su* z !ft or robb]y 7see #agdh1 #ahae71 :]eas ! latt] inju/ice p]ta9s to ! category ( wrongs p]petrat$ 9 volunt>y commutations1 su* z buy+1 sell+1 or l5d+4 ,9 bo? cases !re is an injury to ! prop]ty or possession ( ,god1 b ! diff]5ce is t 9 sacrilege ! p>ties involv$ are ! sacrilegi\s p]son act+ z aggressor aga9/ ,god1 9 simony ! p>ties are two m5 b>ga9+ toge!r to buy & sell ! sacr$ ?+s ( ,god4 #bcji4 ,:at ,k9d ( ,consecration ,mu/ ,be ,violat$ to ,con/itute ,sacrilege8--,!re are v>i\s op9ions ab\t ! k9d ( assignm5t to wor%ip necess>y = ! sacr$ness :i* is injur$ by sacrilege4 7a7 ,! op9ion t seems to be common today holds t ! assignm5t mu/ be made ?r\gh "s public rite or consecration on ! "p ( ! ,*ur*4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to ?is view1 ! violation ( a private v[ or resolution is n sacrilegi\s1 b r p]fidi\s or disloyal4 ,! argum5t = ?is op9ion is t ! public acceptance ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* has control ov] div9e wor%ip1 is a necess>y factor 9 mak+ any?+ sacr$ to t wor%ip2 & t _m absurdities w\ld foll[ f ! pr9ciple t ea* individual has ! p[] to give ! sacr$ness 9 "q to 8 own p]son1 acts or possessions4 7b7 ,accord+ to a /rict] op9ion1 no public assignm5t is necess>y if ! consecration is a p]sonal "o2 & h5ce ! violation ( ev5 a private v[ ( *a/ity w\ld be sacrilegi\s4 ,! argum5t is t ev5 a private v[ affect+ ! p]son sets x ap>t z a sacr$ ?+4 7c7 ,accord+ to a /ill /rict] view1 no public assignm5t to wor%ip is necess>y1 :e!r ! consecration be p]sonal or non-p]sonal1 & h5ce ev5 ! violation ( a v[ to fa/ w\ld be sacrilegi\s4 ,! argum5t is t any?+ set ap>t = ,god's honor1 ei!r publicly or privately1 becomes sacr$ to ,him4 #bcaj4 ,is ,sacrilege a ,special ,s98--7a7 ,z reg>ds its matt] or subject sacrilege may be call$1 ?\gh improp]ly1 a g5]al s91 9 ! s5se t _m diff]5t classes ( s9s may be sacrilegi\s 7e4g41 murd] is sacrilegi\s :5 a sacr$ p]son is kill$1 lu/ is sacrilegi\s :5 a p]son v[$ to ,god is violat$2 !ft is sacrilegi\s :5 objects consecrat$ to div9e wor%ip are /ol51 etc474 7b7 ,z reg>ds its =m or ess5ce1 & h5ce prop]ly speak+1 sacrilege is a special s91 because !re is a peculi> de=mity conta9$ 9 ! v nature ( sacrilege t is n 9 o!r s9s1 namely1 ! disrespect %[n to ,god ?r\gh contempt = ?+s t are sacr$ to ,him4 ,moreov]1 !re may be a s9 ( sacrilege t is sep>ate f o!r s9s1 su* z murd]1 lu/1 & !ft1 = example1 :5 ! "r ( asylum is violat$4 #bcaa4 ,! ,species ( ,sacrilege4--7a7 ,p]sonal sacrilege is committ$ :5 ! sacr$ness ( a p]son is violat$4 ,?is happ5s 9 ! fir/ place :5 bodily or real h>m 7e4g41 gravely s9ful /rik+1 cit+ be=e a secul> tribunal1 subject+ to civil duties or burd5s1 su* z milit>y s]vice7 is done to a cl]ic2 & 9 ! second place :5 a grave s9 ( un*a/ity is committ$ by or ) a p]son d$icat$ to ,god by a v[ 7at lea/ by a public v[7 ( *a/ity4 ,sacrilege committ$ ?r\gh bodily or real h>m is treat$ by canoni/s "u ! que/ions ( ! privileges ( canon 7,canon #aai71 =um 7,canon #abj71 immunity 7,canon #aba74 ,sacrilegi\s impurity committ$ ) a p]son v[$ to *a/ity & sacrilegi\s impurity committ$ by a p]son v[$ to *a/ity are grave s9s ( lu/1 ev5 ?\gh !y be only ( ?\ght or desire4 7b7 ,local sacrilege is committ$ :5 ! sacr$ness ( a place is injur$4 ,a place is consid]$ sacr$ or religi\s :5 x possesses sanctity z be+ consecrat$ or bless$ = div9e wor%ip or = burial ( ! fai?ful1 namely1 *ur*es1 public or semi-public oratories1 & consecrat$ cemet]ies4 ,injury is done to ! hol9ess ( ! place by desecration or pr(anation4 ,desecration is ! p]=mance 9 a sacr$ place ( a notori\s act ( irrev]5ce :i* s spiritually contam9ates x t ! div9e (fices may n be lawfully celebrat$ !re9 until ! rite ( reconciliation has be5 p]=m$4 ,canon #aagb enum]ates f\r causes ( desecration3 ! crime ( homicide2 ! injuri\s & s]i\s %$d+ ( human blood2 impi\s or sordid uses 7e4g41 if a *ur* 7 turn$ into a bro!l or gambl+ d51 a dump1 or cattle /able71 & burial ( an infidel or p]son excommunicat$ by condemnatory or decl>atory s5t5ce4 ,pr(anation ( a sacr$ place is a disreg>d = ! religi\s respect or immunity due to x :i* 9 "s way mat]ially contam9ates x 7e4g41 if a *ur* is n kept nice & clean2 if m>kets & fairs are held 9 its prec9cts2 if x is us$ = %[s1 plays1 mov+ pictures1 banquets1 c\rt proce$+s2 if ! "r ( asylum is violat$2 if ! *ur* is brok5 into1 s]i\sly defac$1 burn$74 ,^! matt]s are treat$ m fully 9 comm5t>ies on ,canons #aagb sqq4 7c7 ,real sacrilege is committ$ :5 ! sacr$ness ( an object is violat$4 ,an object is sacr$ :5 x conta9s ! ,au?or ( hol9ess or conf]s hol9ess 7viz41 ! ,eu*>i/ & ! o!r ,sacram5ts71 :5 x is naturally relat$ to ! ,sacram5ts or sacr$ p]sons 7e4g41 ! sacr$ vessels1 images & relics ( ! ,sa9ts71 :5 x is set aside = ! uses ( wor%ip 7e4g41 holy wat] & o!r sacram5tals1 c&les = ! alt>7 or ! ma9t5ance ( ! ,*ur* or its m9i/]s 7viz41 movables & immovables ( a p>i%1 money left = ! support ( ! cl]gy1 sem9>ians1 etc474 ,injury is done to ! hol9ess ( an object by unwor?y treatm5t or by unju/ damage or conv]sion4 ,examples ( unwor?y treatm5t are ! foll[+3 ! invalid or s9ful adm9i/ration or reception ( a ,sacram5t1 p>odies ( ,sacr$ ,scripture1 sc&al\s mann] ( enact+ sacr$ rites or say+ pray]s1 use ( sacr$ *alices or o!r sacr$ vessels or ( bless$ articles = pr(ane purposes1 use ( unbless$ holy articles = sordid or ignoble purposes1 h&l+ ( *alices1 etc41 by ^? :o h no "r to t\* sacr$ vessels 7,canon #acjf74 ,examples ( unju/ damage or conv]sion are3 contemptu\s break+ or burn+ ( relics1 oils1 pictures us$ = wor%ip2 !ft ( moneys or goods belong+ to ! ,*ur*4 #bcab4 ,special ,cases ,reg>d+ ,local ,sacrilege4--,local sacrilege is n committ$ by e s91 ev5 ?\gh grave1 t is done 9 a holy place1 = ! "* ( ?is sacrilege is t x be su* an injury to ! sacr$ness ( ! place z to make :at %\ld be hall[$ seem horrible1 or contemptible1 or common4 ,h5ce1 !re is no sacrilege 9 detractions1 lies1 p]juries1 blasphemies1 or 9 mo/ int]nal s9s1 :5 committ$ 9 a *ur* or cemet]y4 ,b !re are two k9ds ( s9s :i* are sacrilegi\s pr(anations ( holy places1 namely1 !ft & impurity4 7a7 ,!ft 9 a holy place is c]ta9ly sacrilegi\s :5 ! ?+ tak5 is sacr$ 7e4g41 a *alice1 money 9 ! votive /&s74 ,x is probably n sacrilegi\s :5 ! ?+ tak5 is n sacr$ 7e4g41 ! pocketbook ( a p]son kneel+ 9 ! *ur*71 & if ! ?+ tak5 0 n left 9 ! cu/ody ( ! place4 ,?is matt]1 h[ev]1 is disput$4 7b7 ,impurity1 if ext]nal & p]fect 7volunt>ia effusio sem9is71 is sacrilegi\s1 ?\gh "u ! ,code x does n seem to be a desecration4 ,! same is probably true ( ext]nal b imp]fect s9s 7su* z t\*es1 looks1 words1 ge/ures74 ,int]nal acts ( impurity are n sacrilegi\s1 unless !y include a desire to s9 ext]nally 9 a holy place4 #bcac4 ,cases ,:]e9 ,!re ,is ,no ,sacrilege4--,9 ! foll[+ cases no sacrilege is committ$3 7a7 :5 ! ?+ violat$ is n sacr$4 ,!re is no p]sonal sacrilege 9 an act ( un*a/ity committ$ by a p]son privately v[$ to *a/ity 7common op9on74 ,:ile "s au?ors tea* t p]sonal sacrilege is committ$ by ! violation ( pov]ty & ob$i5ce 7see ,m]kelba*1 ,summa ,!ologiae ,moralis ,,ii1 n4#hjd1 #d71 x seems bett] to hold ! opposite op9ion & re/rict p]sonal sacrilege to violations ( *a/ity by p]sons ) religi\s v[s or admitt$ to ! religi\s /ate4 ,!re is no local sacrilege 9 ! pr(ane use ( a place devot$ to works ( piety b n specially set ap>t = !m by ,*ur* au?ority 7su* z a private oratory1 or a hospital conduct$ by ! laity71 nor 9 ! burial ( infidels 9 an unbless$ gravey>d4 ,!re is no real sacrilege 9 pr(ane use ( ?+s :i* are n set ap>t exclusively = sacr$ use 7e4g41 to use ! c&elabra & c&les ( ! alt> to read by 9 "o's room71 or :i* h n be5 made sacr$ 7e4g41 to /eal money promis$ b n deliv]$ to ! ,*ur* or ! p]sonal belong+s ( a cl]ic72 7b7 :5 ! ?+ injur$ is sacr$1 b ! action or omission is n oppos$ to ! attribute 9 :i* x is holy1 or to a law made to ensure respect = x4 ,?us1 a p]son :o has ! v[ ( *a/ity does n commit sacrilege if he becomes intoxicat$ or uses pr(ane language1 = he 0 n consecrat$ aga9/ ^? s9s2 a sacr$ place is n sacrilegi\sly violat$ by an act n oppos$ to its hol9ess or ! respect dem&$ = x by ! law 7e4g41 organ recitals or aw>ds = ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e 9 *ur*1 sale ( c&les 9 ! ve/ibule1 physical viol5ce aga9/ a di/urb] ( div9e s]vice74 ,sacrilege is n done 9 rev]5tly de/roy+ an old & tatt]$ ve/m5t1 9 respectfully h&l+ agnus deis1 relics1 unus$ palls1 & o!r objects t may be t\*$ by all4 #bcad4 ,sacr$ness z ,aggravat+ ,circum/ance ( ,s94--,b a s9 t is n sacrilegi\s is (t5 made worse by reason ( ! sacr$ness ( "s ?+ ) :i* ! s9 is connect$4 7a7 ,?us1 ! s9 is aggravat$ by su* circum/ances z p]son & place4 ,9 ?is way x is worse = a p]son v[$ to ,god to blaspheme or lie ?an = "o :o has no v[2 x is worse to c>ry on frivol\s or calumni\s conv]sations 9 *ur* ?an on ! /reet4 7b7 ,! s9 receives ! additional malice ( sacrilege if ! s9n] expressly int5ds ! circum/ance ( "t1 place1 etc41 9 ord] to %[ contempt4 ,?us1 x is n sacrilege to get drunk on a ,sunday or holyday1 unless "o wi%es by ! s9 to %[ di%onor to ! sacr$ "t2 x is n sacrilege to conduct oneself ) levity 9 *ur*1 unless "o wi%es by ! levity to %[ contempt = ! place4 #bcae4 ,! ,malice ( ,sacrilege4--7a7 ,! moral malice ( sacrilege is t ( irreligi\sness 7see #bbii74 ,! ?ree k9ds ( sacrilege 7p]sonal1 local & real7 are commonly reg>d$ z ?ree di/9ct species ( s92 =1 j z injuries done to a man's p]son1 to 8 immovable prop]ty1 & to 8 movable goods are look$ ^u 9 law z diff]5t k9ds ( (f5ses1 s are injuries (f]$ to ! m9i/]s ( ,god1 ! h\se ( ,god1 & ! objects us$ 9 ! s]vice ( ,god unequal 9 ! di%onor :i* !y give to ,god be=e ! public4 ,m probably !re are no sub-species ( ^! ?ree classes ( sacrilege4 ,h5ce1 9 s f> z ! disrespect to ,god is conc]n$1 !re seems no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! s9 ( violat+ & t ( /rik+ a consecrat$ virg94 7b7 ,! !ological malice ( sacrilege is mortal f ! nature ( ! s94 ,j z x is gravely insult+ to a man to treat 8 repres5tatives or 8 home or *attels ) contempt1 likewise disrespect = ! ?+s ( ,god is disrespect = ,god ,himself4 ,! s]i\sness ( sacrilege is se5 f ! puni%m5ts visit$ on ,core1 ,da?an & ,abiron 7,num41 xvi71 on ! sons ( ,heli 7,i ,k+s1 ii4 #ag1 iv4 #aa71 on ,k+ ,bal?as> 7,dan41 v4 #b sqq471 & on ! sell]s 9 ! temple 7,john1 ii4 #ad74 ,sacrilege may be v5ial1 h[ev]1 on acc\nt ( ! imp]fection ( ! act 7e4g41 :5 "o /rikes a prie/ )\t reflect+ t he is a cl]gyman7 or ! smallness ( ! matt] 7e4g41 to quote ,scripture 9 a dec5t joke1 to use alt> l95 t is only slightly soil$ or torn1 to t\* ! *alice )\t p]mission1 to /eal a few p5nies f a *ur*74 #bcaf4 ,conditions t ,gov]n ,gravity ( ,sacrilege4--,to decide 9 a concrete case :e!r a sacrilege is gravely or lightly s9ful1 "o %\ld consid] ! int]nal /ate ( m9d ( ! (f5d] & ! ext]nal "* ( ! (f5se4 7a7 ,?us1 if ! purpose is directly & =mally to di%onor ,god1 ! s9 is grave1 b1 if !re is "s o!r purpose1 x may be light4 7b7 ,if ! ?+ di%onor$ is m closely relat$ to ,god1 or if ! act ( di%onor is 9 public e/imation m insult+1 ! s9 is m s]i\s4 ,unwor?y treatm5t ( ! ,eu*>i/ is ! wor/ ( sacrileges2 ill-usage ( a sacr$ p]son is worse ?an disrespect = a sacr$ place2 tread+ ! ,sacr$ ,species "u foot is m contemptu\s ?an an unwor?y ,communion1 etc4 #bcag4 ,simony4--,simony d]ives its "n f ,simon ,magus1 ! fir/ p]son 9 ,new ,te/am5t times1 z f> z we "k1 :o committ$ ?is crime4 ,= x is writt5 ( ,simon 7,acts1 viii4 #ah sqq47 t he attempt$ to buy f ,/4 ,pet] ! p[] ( imposition ( h&s4 ,b ! s9 0 n unkn[n 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 z we see f ! examples ( ,baalam 7,numb41 xxii4 #g71 ,giezi 7,,iv ,k+s1 v4 #bj sqq471 & ,jason 7,,ii ,ma*41 iv4 #g sqq474 #bcah4 ,def9ition ( ,simony4--,simony is def9$ z 8! /udi$ w to buy or sell = a temporal price or consid]ation some?+ t is spiritual ei!r intr9sically or extr9sically40 7a7 ,simony is 9 ! w1 = x is an act ( inju/ice pret5d+ to h or to receive ! "r ( dom9ion ov] spiritual ?+s t belong to ,god alone1 & inju/ice is a vice ( ! w4 ,h5ce1 simony is n an int]nal s9 ( ! intellect2 =1 ?\gh "o :o practises simony ext]nally makes to "s ext5t a pr(ession ( belief 9 ! h]esy t man is ! own] ( spirituals & gives gr\nds = ! suspicion t he holds t ! sale ( spirituals is lawful1 yet he may "k well t ! ?+s ( ,god are priceless & /ill wi% to give or receive a price = !m4 ,aga91 simony is n to be id5tifi$ ) ! ext]nal act ( b>ga9+ = spirituals2 =1 ?\gh ! law puni%es only ext]nal or complet$ simony1 ! guilt & malice ( ! s9 is pres5t ev5 :5 "o has ! desire to traffic 9 spiritual ?+s1 b makes no ov]tures or compact4 7b7 ,simony is a /udi$ w2 t is1 x is an act ( free & delib]ate *oice select+ "s =m ( int]nal or ext]nal simony z a desirable means4 ,h5ce1 x is n suffici5t = ! s9 ( simony t !re be an int]nal wi% n fully volunt>y on acc\nt ( inculpable ignorance or imp]fect cons5t2 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 is x necess>y = incurr+ ! guilt ( simony t !re be a mutual pact1 b x suffices t "o p>ty alone h ! w to make ! pact or to obligate ano!r p>ty to simony4 7c7 ,x is a wi% to buy or sell1 t is1 to give or receive a temporal ?+ 9 ex*ange = a spiritual ?+4 ,!re is "q "h1 !n1 n only ( ! contract ( sale1 b ( any o!r =m ( on]\s contract1 su* z hire1 r5t1 loan1 ex*ange1 d ut des1 facio ut facias1 etc4 ,to be simoniacal1 h[ev]1 a contract ne$ n be fulfill$ or explicitly manife/$2 x suffices t x be unfulfill$ or tacitly made1 if ! s9ful int5t c be ga!r$ f ! circum/ances ( ! case4 ,h5ce1 f ! pres5t "p ( ! def9ition x foll[s t !re is no simony 9 a gratuit\s contract 7e4g41 :5 "o gives a gift to ano!r hop+ & expect+ t ! lat] f gratitude w give 9 return some?+ spiritual :i* x is lawful to be/[ f gratitude2 :5 a poor p]son (f]s to make a nov5a = b5efactors :o give him an alms74 ,x is simony1 h[ev]1 to make an on]\s contract "u ! guise ( a gratuit\s contract1 = example3 8,i give y ?is money z a pure gift on condition t y w n be ungrateful b w give me ?is spiritual favor z a pure gift40 7d7 ,! price or consid]ation 9 simony is "s ?+1 action or =be>ance :i* 9 "s way is ( advantage to ! recipi5t4 ,simony 9 ! /ricte/ s5se is committ$ :5 a temporal ?+ is (f]$ = a spiritual ?+ 7e4g41 money paid = a ,sacram5t72 simony 9 ! wide s5se is committ$ :51 contr>y to ! law on simony1 ?+s l 9 "* are ex*ang$ 7#bcbc a74 ,?us1 if ! ,*ur* =bids ,mass to be ex*ang$ = ,mass1 or b5efice = b5efice1 or ! (fice ( sacri/an = t ( sexton1 transgressors are guilty ( ! second =m ( simony4 7e7 ,! matt] ( simony is some?+ intr9sically or extr9sically spiritual4 ,9 g5]al1 ! spiritual is t :i* proce$s f ,god or t5ds to ,him z ! ,au?or or ,end ( et]nal salvation 7viz41 ! de/9y1 law1 means1 works1 etc41 propos$ to u 9 ,*ri/ian revelation & religion74 ,among ^! ?+s ^? are intr9sically spiritual t p]ta9 to ! sup]natural ord] on acc\nt ( "s inh]5t "* ( _! own 7e4g41 grace1 ,sacram5ts1 ,mass1 miracles7 or "s intimate union ) ?+s spiritual 7e4g41 b5efices atta*$ to spiritual (fices1 consecration to be giv5 a *alice72 ^? are extr9sically spiritual t are 9 !mselves temporal1 b 9 *ur* law are treat$ z spiritual = ! sake ( rev]5ce to ! intr9sically spiritual 7e4g41 *rism 9 reg>d to ! mat]ial itself ( ! oil & o!r +r$i5ts74 ,if ! matt] ( a contract is nei!r intr9sically nor extr9sically spiritual1 !re is no simony 9 buy+ or sell+ x 7e4g41 devotional books1 h\sehold furni%+s ( a rectory1 p]sonal effects ( a cl]ic74 #bcai4 ,temporal ,price 9 ,simony4--,! temporal price 9 simony is "s temporal good or advantage4 ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great di/+ui%es ?ree k9ds ( simoniacal prices z foll[s3 7a7 ! price f ! h& 7munus a manu7 is ei!r money or ?+s t h a money value1 su* z movable or immovable prop]ty1 corporeal or incorporeal rights4 ,x w\ld be simony to give a b5efice 9 ex*ange = a sum ( money1 = a loan1 = real e/ate2 7b7 ! price f ! tongue 7munus a l+ua7 is any k9d ( patronage1 su* z praise1 recomm5dation1 protection1 def5se1 opposition to competitors1 etc4 ,x w\ld be simony to conf] a b5efice 9 ex*ange = ! influ5ce 9 "o's favor :i* ! recipi5t ( ! b5efice w\ld ex]cise ) "s p[]ful p]son1 = 8 vote 9 an election1 etc42 7c7 ! price 9 s]vice 7munus ab obsequio7 is any k9d ( temporal labor or assi/ance giv5 = ano!r's b5efit1 su* z ! managem5t ( 8 bus9ess or ! in/ruction ( 8 *ildr54 ,x w\ld be simony to grant a b5efice 9 ex*ange = "w done z secret>y1 treasur]1 or advisor4 #bcbj4 ,! ,spiritual ,?+ 9 ,simony4--,! ?+ inh]5tly spiritual 9 simony is also ( ?ree k9ds4 7a7 ,t :i* is spiritual f its nature is a ?+ t is sup]natural 9 itself1 su* z sanctify+ grace1 ! ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 & ! p[] ( ord]s or ( jurisdiction4 7b7 ,t :i* is sup]natural f its cause is a ?+ produc$ by a sup]natural ag5cy or p[]1 su* z heal? obta9$ ?r\gh miracle4 7c7 ,t :i* is sup]natural f its effect is a ?+ hav+ ! virtue ( produc+ sup]natural results1 ex op]e op]ato1 or ex op]e op]antis1 or z an occasion 7e4g41 ,sacram5ts1 pray]s1 s]mons74 #bcba4 ,temporal ,?+ ,unit$ ) ,spiritual4--,9 ! two foll[+ ways ?+s are made spiritual 9 ref]5ce to simony ?r\gh intimate union ) spirituals3 7a7 by necess>y connection1 :5 a temporal ?+ is s annex$ ) a spiritual ?+ t x _c exi/ )\t x4 ,?is includes ! ?+s annex$ consequ5tly1 & p]haps also ^? annex$ concomitantly & intr9sically 7see #bcbb72 7b7 by contractual connection1 :5 a spiritual & a temporal are ! p>tial objects ( a contract1 z :5 9 ! sale ( a consecrat$ *alice ! price is rais$ on acc\nt ( ! consecration4 #bcbb4 ,temporal ,?+ ,annex$ to ,spiritual4--,9 ?ree ways a temporal ?+ is annex$ to a spiritual ?+4 7a7 ,! temporal ?+ is annex$ antec$5tly if x prec$es ! spiritual ?+ z its prep>$ or appo9t$ or presuppos$ matt] or subject4 ,?us1 all ?+s t receive a consecration or bless+ 7e4g41 *alices1 ros>ies7 or a prop]ty to :i* a "r ( patronage is atta*$ are ( ?is k9d4 ,relics are prop]ly ( ?is category1 b1 s9ce !y h usually no mat]ial value1 x is cu/om>y to include !m among/ spirituals4 7b7 ,! temporal ?+ is annex$ concomitantly if x is simultane\s ) ! spiritual ?+ z be+ ! action or labor t produces x4 ,if ! union is ess5tial & insep>able1 ! temporal ?+ is said to be annex$ intr9sically 7e4g41 ! "w p]=m$ 9 say+ ,mass1 prea*+1 mak+ a sick call72 if ! union is n ess5tial1 ! temporal ?+ is said to be annex$ extr9sically 7e4g41 ! special "w p]=m$ 9 say+ ,mass1 if x has to be sung1 or said 9 a di/ant *ur*1 or at a det]m9$ h\r74 7c7 ,! temporal ?+ is annex$ consequ5tly :5 x presupposes ! spiritual ?+ z ! cause on :i* x dep5ds4 ,?us1 ! rev5ues ( a p>i% are a temporal ?+1 b !y foll[ on ! pa/oral (fice :i* is a spiritual ?+4 #bcbc4 ,! ,v>i\s ,k9ds ( ,simony4--7a7 ,9 ref]5ce to its matt] or ! law violat$1 simony is ei!r aga9/ natural & div9e law or aga9/ positive ecclesia/ical law4 ,simony aga9/ div9e law consi/s 9 ! ex*ange = temporalities ( ?+s t are spiritual or intimately annex$ to ! spiritual 7see #bcba71 su* z ,sacram5ts1 indulg5ces1 or jurisdiction4 ,simony aga9/ *ur* law consi/s 9 an ex*ange t has ! appe>ance ( simony aga9/ div9e law1 or t easily leads to simony aga9/ ! div9e law1 & is consequ5tly =bidd5 by ! ,*ur* 9 ord] to safegu>d religi\s respect = sacr$ ?+s1 z :5 "o violates ! law by tak+ money = holy oils4 ,9 ! =m] k9d ( simony1 ?+s ( diff]5t ord]s 7spirituals & temporals7 are ex*ang$ "o = ! o!r2 9 ! latt] k9d ( simony1 ?+s ( ! same sort 7spirituals = spirituals1 temporals = temporals1 etc47 are ex*ang$ :]e ! law =bids 7,canon #gbg74 7b7 ,9 ref]5ce to its mann]1 or ! way 9 :i* x is committ$1 simony is int]nal or ext]nal4 ,int]nal simony is ! w1 )\t ! ext]nal agreem5t1 to ex*ange spirituals = temporals2 x is purely m5tal if no?+ ext]nal is done by reason ( ! int]nal w2 x is n purely m5tal if some?+ ext]nal is done by reason ( ! int]nal w 7e4g41 if ! p]son :o desires to commit simony makes a money pres5t to ano!r 9 ! hope t ! latt] w feel morally b\nd to give some?+ spiritual 9 return1 or if "o gives some?+ spiritual look+ = a sub/antial gift ( money z comp5sation74 ,ext]nal simony is an outw>d pact freely ent]$ into betwe5 two p>ties to ex*ange spirituals = temporals4 ,x is call$ purely conv5tional1 if nei!r p>ty has z yet p]=m$ 8 "p ( ! agreem5t2 x is semi-real or mix$1 if "o ( ! p>ties has execut$ 8 "p2 x is real if bo? p>ties h p]=m$1 at lea/ 9 "p1 :at !y agre$ to4 ,a simoniacal compact is explicit1 if express$ by cle> words or signs 7e4g41 8,i w pay #ajj = y\r vote072 x is tacit1 if circum/ances indicate ! evil int5tion 7e4g41 v unusual pres5ts giv5 be=e an election74 #bcbd4 ,confid5tial ,simony4--,simony committ$ 9 ref]5ce to b5efices is call$ confid5tial because ! contract is illegal1 giv+ no judicial protection1 & !re is only ! confid5ce or reliance on ano!r's ^w to give assurance t ! agreem5t w be kept4 ,canoni/s discuss at l5g? ! foll[+ contracts 9 :i* x is committ$3 7a7 ! contract p] accessum grants a b5efice ) ! agreem5t t ! grantee w lat] resign1 s t access to x may be _h by ! grantor or a ?ird p>ty at pres5t incapable2 7b7 ! contract p] +ressum resigns a b5efice n yet tak5 possession ( ) ! und]/&+ t ! p]son :o n[ ent]s into possession w leave ! place op5 = 8 pr$ecessor if he himself resigns or is promot$2 7e7 ! contract p] regressum resigns a b5efice already possess$ ) ! und]/&+ t x may be recov]$ by ! p]son n[ resign+ or by a ?ird p>ty2 7d7 ! contract p] res]vationem p>tis obta9s a b5efice = ano!r ) ! /ipulation t he w pay a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( its rev5ues to ! p]son :o obta9s x = him or to a ?ird p>ty 7see ,canon #adda74 #bcbe4 ,simony ,aga9/ ,div9e ,law4--,simony aga9/ div9e law is committ$ 9 ref]5ce to spiritual ?+s :5 a temporal price is =mally or virtually giv5 or receiv$ = !m4 7a7 ,?us1 ! temporal ?+ is =mally set up z ! price1 :5 x is reg>d$ or treat$ z ! end ( ! spiritual ?+ or action itself 7f9is op]is71 "o ( ! ?+s ex*ang$ be+ us$ z ! measure ( value ( ! o!r4 ,?is happ5s :5 a p]son wills to buy or sell a spiritual ?+1 ei!r because he ?9ks t its value may be express$ 9 t]ms ( money or o!r temporal ?+1 or because he judges t he %\ld treat x z ?\gh money 7 its equival5t1 z :5 "o fulfills a spiritual (fice & excludes e o!r motive ?an t ( lucre 7,d5z+]1 n4 #aaif74 7b7 ,! temporal ?+ is virtually set up z ! price1 :5 x is int5d$ z ! sole proximate end ( ! ag5t himself 7f9is op]antis71 ?\gh !re is no explicit ?\ght ab\t values or prices or comp>isons4 ,?is happ5s :5 "o gives a temporal ?+ & has no o!r imm$iate p]sonal purpose 9 ?is act ?an ! acquisition ( a spiritual ?+1 or p]=ms a pret5d$ly gratuit\s s]vice1 int5d+ !reby to obligate ! b5efici>y to ! grant ( "s spiritual b5efit1 or be/[s a 8gratuit\s0 temporal favor z comp5sation = a spiritual b5efit or vice v]sa 7,d5z+]1 n4 #aaie74 ,?is is simony1 = he :o explicitly int5ds only an ex*ange1 implicitly int5ds a price2 & if x 7 n simony1 !n simony w\ld be almo/ entirely an entity ( ! m9d1 s9ce x is a v simple matt] to w t ! temporal ?+ ex*ang$ %all be n ! price1 b only ! motive ( ! contract or gratuit\s comp5sation4 #bcbf4 ,! temporal ?+ is n made ! virtual price ( ! spiritual ?+1 if !re is a lawful proximate motive 7i4e41 "o recogniz$ by ! ,canons or legitimate cu/om7 = giv+ ! temporal ?+ & ! desire ( receiv+ ! spiritual ?+ is only ! remote reason or occasion ( ! act4 ,= 9 su* a case ! temporal ?+ is giv5 = a lawful purpose & is n ! price ( a spiritual ?+4 ,examples3 7a7 ,if ! recipi5t ( ! temporal ?+ has a "r to x1 !re is no simony4 ,?us1 ! m9i/]s ( ! alt> h a "r to _! support 7see #bahf71 & x is n simoniacal1 :5 ask+ spiritual ?+s f !m 7e4g41 ! application ( ,mass to "o's int5tion1 ! p]=mance ( ,sacram5ts & sacr$ functions71 to (f] a /ip5d or fee2 7b7 if ! be/[] ( ! temporal ?+ gives x freely out ( pure fri5d%ip1 lib]ality1 *>ity1 gratitude or good w1 s t x is an absolute gift1 !re is no simony1 ev5 ?\gh he hopes or expects t he w receive some?+ spiritual z a m>k ( appreciation4 ,b 8a *>itable or fri5dly gift0 may easily be palliat$ simony2 t is1 !re may be a pret5se ( lib]ality to conceal ! real purpose ( pur*as+ spirituals ) temporals4 #bcbg4 ,rules ( ,alex&] ,,iii = ,det]m9+ ,simony4--,alex&] ,,iii gave sev]al rules = det]m9+ :e!r a gift is made f lib]ality or ) simoniacal int5t4 7a7 ,! foll[+ are m>ks ( simoniacal int5t3 ! quality ( ! giv] 7e4g41 t he is poor1 or 9 great ne$1 or n cu/om>ily g5]\s71 ! quantity ( ! gift 7e4g41 t x corresponds ) ! value ( a vacant b5efice1 t x is surpris+ly l>ge71 ! "t ( ! gift 7e4g41 t x is made :5 ! donee is n 9 any special ne$1 or :5 he is ab\t to conf] an (fice1 or aft] h9ts h be5 made74 ,if a gift is be/[$ 9 connection ) a spiritual ?+ receiv$1 ! presumption is = simoniacal int5t1 unless !re 0 a s9c]e & reasonable motive = ! gift4 7b7 ,! foll[+1 on ! contr>y1 are m>ks ( a lib]al int5t3 ! quality ( ! giv] 7e4g41 t he is weal?y1 not$ = k9dness & compassion1 or lib]al to all1 or is a relative ( ! donee72 ! quantity ( ! gift 7e4g41 t x is small or normal 9 size71 ! "t ( ! gift 7e4g41 if x is made :5 necessity1 fe/al occasion1 or ! l calls = x74 #bcbh4 ,simony aga9/ ,div9e ,law 9 ,ref]5ce to ,?+s ,annex$ to ,spirituals4--7a7 ,x is simony aga9/ div9e law to buy or sell ?+s annex$ to spirituals consequ5tly 7e4g41 ! rev5ues ( a b5efice7 or concomitantly & intr9sically 7e4g41 ! ord9>y labor & fatigue connect$ ) prea*+1 say+ ,mass72 = 9 ! =m] case ! temporal gr[s out ( a spiritual & is morally "o ) x1 :ile 9 ! latt] case ! temporal has no value except 9 s f> z x is jo9$ ) ! spiritual4 7b7 ,x is n simony aga9/ div9e law to buy or sell ?+s annex$ to spirituals antec$5tly 7e4g41 bless$ c&les1 sacr$ ve/m5ts71 if ! price is n rais$ on acc\nt ( ! spiritual ?+1 or ?+s annex$ concomitantly & extr9sically 7e4g41 ! extraord9>y labor & fatigue caus$ by say+ ,mass 9 a di/ant place or at a late h\r72 = 9 bo? cases ! temporal has its own prop] value & is n consid]$ z insep>able f ! spiritual4 ,!re is simony aga9/ div9e law1 h[ev]1 if ! price is rais$ on acc\nt ( ! spiritual "p 7e4g41 if some?+ is add$ = ! bless+ giv5 a c&le71 & simony aga9/ *ur* law if ! transaction is =bidd5 z simoniacal 7e4g41 d$uctions & paym5ts made 9 ! act ( pref]m5t to a b5efice are contr>y to ,canon #adda74 #bcbi4 ,conditions ,necess>y = ,simony aga9/ ,ecclesia/ical ,law4--7a7 ,!re mu/ be an ex*ange ?r\gh "s k9d ( on]\s contract1 b x suffices t ! und]/&+ be tacit & non-execut$1 z 0 expla9$ above 7see #bcbc74 7b7 ,!re mu/ be a law ( ! ,*ur* :i*1 f a motive ( respect = sacr$ ?+s1 =bids ! ex*ange4 7c7 ,! simoniacal ex*ange is made1 :e!r a temporal annex$ to a spiritual is giv5 = ano!r temporal annex$ to a spiritual 7e4g41 b5efice = b5efice71 or a spiritual = a spiritual1 or a temporal = a temporal4 ,canoni/s enum]ate ! foll[+ z examples ( simony ( ecclesia/ical law3 gifts made 9 connection ) a competitive exam9ation = a p>o*ial b5efice1 ) ord9ation or grant ( c]ta9 te/imonial lett]s 7,canon #ede71 ) erection ( confrat]nities2 sale ( bless$ oil or *rism1 or ( ! "r ( patronage 7,canon #adgj72 remun]ation = collection ( /ip5ds or = exp5ses ( ,mass 7,canons #hdj1 #acjc74 #bccj4 ,c]ta9 & ,unc]ta9 ,simony4--7a7 ,cases 9 :i* simony is c]ta9 are ! adm9i/ration ( ,sacram5ts or sacram5tals to ! unwor?y = ! sake ( ! fee or favors1 ! sale ( indulg5ces1 taxes or *>ges made contr>y to law 7e4g41 = a ,mass ( b9ation74 ,o!r examples are giv5 9 #bcbc sqq4 ,! ,*ur* dem&s t c]ta9 m9i/rations 7e4g41 ,confirmation1 ,eu*>i/1 ,p5ance1 ,extreme ,unction1 ,ord]s7 be gratis1 b !re may be local cu/oms or conditions t ju/ify exceptions4 ,"s morali/s tea* t !re is no simony :5 a /ip5d is exact$ = an obligatory m9i/ry1 if ! simoniacal motive is abs5t4 7b7 ,cases 9 :i* simony is controv]t$ are ^? 9 :i* a tax or /ip5d 9 excess ( :at is j or lawful is exact$ 7e4g41 a ,mass /ip5d high] ?an cu/om p]mits74 ,"s claim !re is simony1 because ! excess mu/ be = ! spiritual ?+2 o!rs hold t !re is no simony1 b only an unju/ increase 9 ! /ip5d all[$ = support2 o!rs say t !re is no simony 9 ! int]nal =um if ! int5t is n simoniacal1 b t !re is simony 9 ! ext]nal =um on acc\nt ( ! presumption ( simoniacal int5t4 #bcca4 ,d\btful ,cases ( ,simony4--,9 "s gifts & paym5ts ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( simony dep5ds on ! object = :i* !y are giv54 7a7 ,?us1 :5 !y are giv5 = omission ( a spiritual act1 !re is simony if ! omission includes ! ex]cise ( spiritual p[] 7e4g41 to omit absolution is to reta9 s9s or c5sures72 !re is no simony if ! omission is ! m]e ex]cise ( free w 7e4g41 to omit ,mass1 confession74 7b7 ,:5 !y are giv5 = omission ( opposition or annoyance1 s t "o may be able to obta9 "s (fice or b5efice1 !re is simony if ! temporal ?+ is !reby giv5 = ! b5efice itself or = ! way to x 7i4e41 if "o has no /rict "r to ! spiritual ?+1 or if ! opposition is j71 z :5 ! c&idate = a b5efice pays a competitor to )draw1 or pays an accus] to keep sil5ce2 !re is no simony if ! temporal ?+ is giv5 = fre$om f unju/ vexation 7i4e41 if "o has a /rict "r to ! spiritual ?+ & ! opposition is cle>ly unju/1 z :5 "o :o has acquir$ a "r to an (fice pays an enemy to desi/ f plac+ imp$im5ts74 ,! paym5t made by ,jacob to ,esau = ! bir?right1 to :i* ,jacob 0 entitl$ by div9e disposition1 may be reg>d$ z hav+ _h = its end1 n ! pat]nal bless+ & o!r spiritual rights ( ! fir/-born1 b immunity f p]secution by ,esau4 7e7 ,:5 !y are giv5 = in/ruction1 !re is simony if ! in/ruction has = its direct purpose ! spiritual b5efit ( ! disciple 7e4g41 cate*etical in/ructions1 s]mons1 spiritual direction72 !re is no simony if ! in/ruction has = its direct purpose ! improvem5t ( ! m9d or ! utility or advantage :i* ! disciple w d]ive f x 7e4g41 in/ruction 9 !ology1 prep>ation = exam9ations74 7d7 ,:5 !y are giv5 = admission to religi\s life1 !re is simony if ! money is paid = ! religi\s /ate itself1 ! v[s1 or o!r spirituals2 !re is no simony if ! money is paid = ! temporal support ( ! religi\s in/itute1 t x may be able to meet its exp5ses4 #bccb4 ,cases 9 ,:i* a ,transaction ,is ,n ,simoniacal1 b ,lawful4--7a7 ,!re is no simony :5 a temporal is giv5 on ! occasion ( b n = a spiritual4 ,?is happ5s :5 !re is a j title = be/[al ( ! temporal1 su* z "r ( support 7e4g41 pa/ors' sal>ies1 ,mass /ip5ds1 fees71 extr9sic values 9 a "w or object 7e4g41 ! special labor 9 say+ ,mass "u c]ta9 conditions1 &1 accord+ to "s1 ! special affection "o has = a relic1 ! lucrum cessans on acc\nt ( "s function p]=m$74 7b7 ,!re is no simony :5 some?+ ( value is giv5 9 ex*ange1 b n = a spiritual1 nor 9 contrav5tion ( an anti-simony law4 ,?is happ5s :e!r l be ex*ang$ = l 7e4g41 ,mass = ,mass71 or a temporal = a ?+ associat$ ) a spiritual z ! latt]'s subject 7e4g41 money = a ros>y or cemet]y plot :i* has be5 bless$74 ,9 ! =m] case !re is no prohibition2 9 ! latt]1 ! temporalities h _! own di/9ct values :i* may be paid =1 if ! price is n rais$ on acc\nt ( ! spiritual 7see ,canons #gcj1 #aeci74 #bccc4 ,cases 9 ,:i* a ,transaction ,is ,n ,simoniacal1 b ,is ,s9ful4--7a7 ,s9s aga9/ ,god4--,"o :o p]=ms functions ( religion prim>ily & pr9cipally1 z f> z 8 p]sonal motive 7f9is op]antis7 is conc]n$1 = ! sal>y1 /ip5d or fee1 is n guilty ( simony1 s9ce he does n reg>d ! temporal ev5 virtually z ! price ( ! spiritual4 ,b he does s9 by indevotion1 & ! s9 may ev5 be mortal 7e4g41 a canon goes to *oir *iefly because ?is yields him a liv+74 ,(f5ses committ$ 9 ! matt] ( ,mass /ip5ds are n call$ simony 9 ! ,code1 b ! p5al law classes !m ) (f5ses aga9/ religion1 z may be se5 f ,canon #bcbd4 ,nepotism1 favoritism 9 giv+ (fices1 & political & di%one/ maneuv]s to obta9 *ur* dignities are n 9 !mselves simoniacal2 b !y are an unwor?y & sc&al\s treatm5t ( sacr$ ?+s4 7b7 ,s9s aga9/ ,o!rs4--,x is n simony b inju/ice to d5y ! ,sacram5ts to p>i%ion]s :o d n contribute1 to ov]*>ge 9 lawful fees1 & also1 accord+ to "s1 to take money = ! omission ( a spiritual act ow$ 9 ju/ice 7e4g41 = refusal to he> ! confession ( a p>i%ion]71 or to dem& money z ! /ip5d = ! p]=mance ( su* a spiritual act 7e4g41 = he>+ a confession74 ,x is disob$i5ce to take money 9 ways =bidd5 7e4g41 to take ,mass /ip5ds 9 ! confessional1 to e>n money by gambl+ or trad+ =bidd5 9 ! ,canons74 ,aga91 x is n /rictly simony to put up z ! /akes 9 a game a spiritual ?+ 7e4g41 ! recitation ( ! ,ros>y7 aga9/ a temporal ?+ 7e4g41 t5 doll>s71 = !re is no int5tion to value ! spiritual ?+ by ! temporal2 b su* a practice is sc&al\s4 ,gre$ ab\t gett+ or keep+ money p]ta9s to av>ice1 n necess>ily to simony4 #bccd4 ,cases 9 ,:i* a ,transaction ,is ,n ,simoniacal1 b ,virtu\s4--7a7 ,"s acts done 9 ,god's honor 7e4g41 to pur*ase a spiritual object1 su* z a sacr$ vessel or relic1 f a p]son :o w\ld misuse x71 :5 ! pur*as] int5ds ! prev5tion ( pr(anation4 ,x is c]ta9ly n irrev]5ce to a sacr$ ?+ to use means necess>y to rescue x f su* irrev]5ce4 7b7 ,"s acts done = ! good ( o!rs 7e4g41 to give prizes to *ildr5 :o frequ5t ! ,sacram5ts or ,sunday s*ool1 d[ries to "y girls t !y may be able to ent] religion1 free education to wor?y "y m5 z an inducem5t to embrace ! ecclesia/ical /ate74 ,9 all ^! cases !re is no pur*ase ( a spiritual ?+1 because ! temporal is a pure gift1 & ! spiritual is receiv$1 n by ! giv] ( ! temporal1 b by ano!r4 ,!re is no simony 9 ! fees impos$ = disp5sations or 9 ! alms sometimes prescrib$ = indulg5ces2 = ! temporal is n a price paid = ! spiritual1 b 9 ! "o case ei!r a p5ance or a *>ge = exp5ses1 & 9 ! o!r a spiritual good "w & duty prescrib$ z a condition = a spiritual b5efit4 7e7 ,"s acts done = ! spiritual good ( self 7e4g41 if "o 7 9 dang] ( dea? & c\ld be baptiz$ only by a p]son ,:o dem&$ money = ! s]vice1 x w\ld n be simony to pay ! money1 s9ce ! price w\ld be (f]$1 n = ! ,sacram5t1 b = ! removal ( an unju/ annoyance74 #bcce4 ,!ological ,malice ( ! ,s9 ( ,simony4--7a7 ,simony aga9/ ! div9e law is a mortal s9 f its nature & 9 e in/ance4 ,no matt] h[ small ! spiritual ?+ t is sold1 x is priceless1 & a grave injury is done by putt+ a price on x4 ,simony is a s]i\s injury to ,god1 s9ce x usurps ,8 place z ! only ,"l ( spiritual ?+s 7,i ,cor41 iv1 #a71 to ! spiritual ?+s !mselves1 s9ce x e/imates _! wor? by vile mat]ial ga9 7,prov41 iii4 #ae2 ,acts1 viii4 #bj71 & to ! recipi5ts1 :o %\ld receive ! gifts ( ,god freely 7,matt1 x1 #h74 ,h5ce1 ,/4 ,pet] d5\nc$ ,simon ,magus z des]v+ ( p]dition 7,acts1 viii4 #bj71 & 9 law simony is spok5 ( z ! wor/ ( pe/s1 a canc]1 leprosy1 a sc\rge4 7b7 ,simony aga9/ ecclesia/ical law is a mortal s9 f its nature1 s9ce x is =bidd5 z a protection to religion & "u grave s92 b 9 p>ticul> cases x may be only a v5ial s91 s9ce ! *ur* laws d n b9d "u grave s91 :5 ! matt] or ! dang] is n s]i\s1 z 0 said 9 #chb4 #bccf4 ,moral ,malice ( ! ,s9 ( ,simony4--7a7 ,simony is r$ucible to real sacrilege 7see #bcaa c74 ,x is treat$ sep>ately = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 on acc\nt ( ! l>ge numb] ( que/ions t p]ta9 to x1 & also because !re is reason to consid] x z a di/9ct species ( s9 7#bcjh c74 ,h5ce1 ! moral malice ( simony is t ( irreligi\sness4 7b7 ,simony ( div9e law & simony ( ecclesia/ical law1 accord+ to ! m common & likely op9ion1 are alike 9 moral malice4 ,= al?\gh ! m]e prohibition ( ! ,*ur* does n make a non-sacr$ ?+ sacr$1 x does make ! non-sacr$ ?+ unsaleable precisely because relat$ to ?+s t are sacr$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! motive ( ! law is ! protection ( sacr$ ?+s aga9/ ! appe>ance or dang] ( simony1 & ! motive ( ! law is ! factor t det]m9es ! moral "* ( precepts & prohibitions ( human law4 ,?us1 to miss ,mass on ,sunday is a s9 aga9/ religion1 because ! ,*ur* comm&s 9 virtue ( religion t ,mass be he>d on ,sunday2 to eat meat on ,friday is a s9 aga9/ temp]ance1 because ! ,*ur* =bids ! use ( meat on ,friday 9 virtue ( temp]ance4 ,h5ce1 x is n m]ely disob$i5ce1 b simony1 to violate a law :i* =bids a c]ta9 contract because ( its ne>ness to ! sale ( spirituals = temporals4 ,moreov]1 he :o willfully exposes himself to ! imm$iate dang] ( "s s9 wills ! malice ( t s94 #bccg4 ,invalidity & ,p5alties ( ,simoniacal ,contracts4--7a7 ,e simoniacal contract is invalid & ( no =ce ei!r 9 ! ext]nal or 9 ! int]nal =um1 because x sells :at is unsaleable "u div9e or ecclesia/ical law4 ,if ! contract has to d ) b5efices1 (fices or dignities 7e4g41 8,y vote z ,i wi% & ,i w give y su* & su* favors10 8,y obta9 = me su* a dignity & ,i w pay y well071 ! appo9tm5t to !m is r5d]$ null & void1 ev5 ?\gh ! simoniacal act be done by a ?ird p>ty )\t ! k ( ! b5efici>y1 unless x be done by t ?ird p>ty to injure ! b5efici>y or aga9/ 8 prote/ 7,canon #gbi74 ,invalidity is also produc$ 9 case ( simoniacal resignations 7,canon #ahe71 commissions 7,canon #adda71 pres5tations 7,canon #adfe1 ,sec4 #b71 & prescription does n op]ate = "o :o holds a b5efice obta9$ ?r\gh simony 7,canon #addf74 7b7 ,c]ta9 simoniacal contracts subject ! guilty p>ties to special puni%m5ts4 ,?us1 ! p5alty = simony 9 appo9tm5ts1 elections or promotions to (fice & dignities is excommunication latae s5t5tiae res]v$ simply to ! ,holy ,see1 & deprivation =ev] ( all "r ( nom9at+1 vot+1 pres5t+1 & susp5sion 7,canon #bcib72 ! p5alty = simony 9 elevation to ,ord]s or 9 use ( o!r sacram5ts is suspicion ( h]esy & susp5sion res]v$ to ! ,holy ,see 7,canon #bcga74 #bcch4 ,:5 ! ,canonical ,p5alties = ,simony ,d ,n ,apply4--7a7 ,purely m5tal simony is n subject to ecclesia/ical p5alties1 s9ce ! ,*ur* does n pron\nce on int]nal acts4 ,b ?is does n take away ! s]i\s guilt 9 ! sight ( ,god4 7b7 ,ext]nal simony is subject to ecclesia/ical p5alties1 b canoni/s dispute ab\t ! mean+ ( c]ta9 ,canons1 = example1 :e!r only real simony falls "u ! puni%m5ts latae s5t5tiae1 :e!r ! p5alties ( ,canons #gbi & #bcib apply only to simony ( div9e law1 or to simony ( ecclesia/ical law z well4 #bcci4 ,influ5ce ( ,simony on ,spiritual ,effects4--7a7 ,on ,effects ( ! ,p[] ( ,ord]s4--,sacram5ts adm9i/]$ simoniacally are valid1 = ! law nullifies only ! contract made ab\t ! ,sacram5t1 n ! ,sacram5t itself4 ,x seems also t 9 ! case ( sacram5tals 7su* z simple bless+s impos$ on articles7 ! bless+ is n lo/ by sale ( ! article1 provid$ ! price is ask$ only = ! object & n = ! bless+4 ,a bless$ or consecrat$ object loses its bless+ or consecration :5 x is put up = public sale 7,canon #acje74 7b7 ,on ,effects ( ! ,p[] ( ,jurisdiction4--,acts ( jurisdiction are valid 9 spite ( simony1 unless !re is special provision to ! contr>y4 ,indulg5ces are lo/ ipso facto1 if any?+ temporal is tak5 = ! indulg5c$ object 7,canon #ibd74 ,religi\s pr(ession1 x seems1 is valid1 ev5 ?\gh simoniacal4 #bcdj4 ,re/itution ( ! ,temporal ,price ,receiv$ = a ,spiritual ,?+4--7a7 ,if ! simoniacal contract is semi-real 7t is1 if ! spiritual consid]ation has n be5 receiv$71 ! price mu/ be re/or$2 = we h !n ! case ( an immoral & unexecut$ contract 7see #ahgh d74 7b7 ,if ! simoniacal contract is real 7t is1 if ! spiritual consid]ation has be5 receiv$71 ! price %\ld be giv5 back2 = ! case !n is "o ( commutative ju/ice1 a temporal price be+ tak5 = a ?+ 7e4g41 a bless+7 t has no temporal price1 or = a s]vice t "o 0 b\nd to give gratis 7e4g41 p>o*ial s]mon by ! pa/or74 ,b if a s]vice 0 n obligatory1 x is held by "s t !re is no c]ta9 duty ( re/itution1 if ! spiritual ?+ _c be re/or$ 7e4g41 :5 "o receiv$ a /ip5d = a ,mass ( b9ation or dem&$ an excessive fee = a sacr$ function74 #bcda4 ,re/itution ( ! ,temporal ,price ,receiv$ = ,temporal ,?+s ,annex$ to ,spirituals4--,re/itution is obligatory z foll[s3 7a7 :5 commutative ju/ice is violat$1 z :5 "o *>ges = a bless$ c&le or ros>y 9 excess ( its m>ket value or j price1 or :5 by fe> or =ce "o compels ano!r to ex*ange a *alice = a ciborium2 7b7 :5 law or judicial s5t5ce imposes re/itution z a p5alty = an (f5se1 z :5 = money "o has resign$ "o's b5efice 9 favor ( ano!r p]son4 #bcdb4 ,circum/ances ( ,re/itution = ,simony4--7a7 ,! ,"t = ,re/itution4--,if simony is aga9/ natural law1 re/itution is due be=e s5t5ce2 if aga9/ ecclesia/ical law only1 re/itution is due only aft] s5t5ce4 7b7 ,! ,p]son to ,:om ,re/itution ,is to ,be ,made4--,satisfaction %\ld be giv5 to ! own]1 or injur$ p>ty 7e4g41 to ! p]son :o 0 *>g$ = a bless+71 or1 if ?is is impossible1 to ! poor or pi\s causes4 ,! rev5ues d]iv$ f a b5efice simoniacally obta9$ %\ld be re/or$ to ! *ur* to :i* ! b5efice belongs1 unless ?is is advantage\s to ! guilty p>ties1 or probably to *>ity1 or religion1 or ! successor 9 ! b5efice4 7c7 ,excuses f ,re/itution4--,impossibility1 condonation or ! p]mission ( ! ,*ur*1 express or presum$1 excuses f ! duty ( re/itution4 #bcdc4 ,re/itution ( ,spiritual ,?+ ,simoniacally ,receiv$4--,! spiritual ?+ simoniacally receiv$ mu/ be re/or$ ev5 be=e ! s5t5ce ( ! judge 7,canon #gbi1 ,sec4#a74 7a7 ,?us1 if x is a b5efice1 (fice or dignity t 0 obta9$ or conf]r$ ?r\gh simony1 x mu/ be resign$2 nor may ! guilty p>ty keep ! fruits1 unless he 0 9 good fai? & p]mission is giv54 7b7 ,if ! spiritual ?+ is some?+ o!r ?an a b5efice1 x %\ld likewise be giv5 up1 provid$ x is ( a k9d t c be re/or$ 7e4g41 x is impossible to re/ore a ,sacram5t receiv$ or a consecration giv5 to a *ur*7 & re/itution w n cause irrev]5ce 7e4g41 x w\ld be irrev]5t to re/ore bless$ objects or relics to ! sell] if he meant to pr(ane !m74 ,art4 #f3 ,,! ,,rema9+ ,,pot5tial ,,p>ts ,,( ,,ju/ice2 ,,! ,,virtue ,,( ,,piety2 ,,! ,,comm&m5ts 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,,ii-,,ii1 qq4 #aja-abb47 #bcdd4 ,hav+ treat$ ( religion1 ! *ief pot5tial "p ( ju/ice1 we %all new consid] ! rema9+ subsidi>y virtues ( ! pres5t gr\p1 namely1 piety1 rev]5ce1 tru?fulness1 gratitude1 v9dication1 fri5d%ip1 lib]ality1 equity 7see #bada-badc74 #bcde4 ,! ,virtue ( ,piety4--,9 g5]al1 piety is ! virtue t incl9es "o to %[ due recognition ( indebt$ness to ^? f :om "o has receiv$ life & exi/5ce4 ,!re are ?ree s5ses ( ! ^w3 7a7 9 its /ricte/ mean+1 x ref]s to ! dutifulness ow$ to ! imm$iate or second>y causes ( our be+1 namely1 p>5ts & c\ntry2 7b7 9 a d]iv$ mean+1 x is appli$ to ! religi\s duties ow$ to ,god1 :o is our ,heav5ly ,fa!r & ! ,fir/ ,au?or ( our be+4 ,h5ce1 ^? :o are fai?ful to ! wor%ip ( ,god are call$ pi\s & ! div9e s]vices are kn[n z works ( piety2 7c7 9 its wide/ mean+1 piety is appli$ to works ( m]cy1 s9ce !y are mo/ pleas+ to ,god z a tribute ( filial devotion4 ,! m]ciful man has pity 7piety71 because 8 k9dness to ! un=tunate honors ,god m ?an victims or sacrifices4 ,h5ce1 s9ce ,god is m]ciful1 ,he ,himself is sometimes call$ pi\s3 8,! ,"l is compassionate 7pius7 & m]ciful0 7,ecclus41 ii4 #ac74 #bcdf4 ,def9ition ( ,piety4--,piety 9 ! /ricte/ s5se is def9$ z 8a moral virtue t incl9es "o to pay to fa!r & fa!rl& ! duty ( respect & assi/ance t is ow$ !m z ! au?ors & su/a9]s ( our be+40 7a7 ,x is a moral virtue1 "o p]ta9+ to ju/ice1 & h5ce x diff]s f ! special duty ( *>ity ow$ to p>5ts & c\ntry 7see #aaeh1 #aaga sqq474 ,*>ity loves p>5ts & c\ntry out ( love = ,god ^: creatures !y are2 piety honors !m 9 recognition ( ! b5efits receiv$ f !m & ! au?ority ve/$ 9 !m4 7b7 ,piety is %[n to fa!r & fa!rl&2 t is1 j z religion gives wor%ip to ,god 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( ,8 excell5ce & our dep5d5ce ^u ,him1 s does piety %[ due respect to ^? :o hold ! place ( ,god 9 our respect on e>?4 ,filial piety is ow$ to ! "m z well z to ! fa!r1 & 9 a less degree to o!r relatives1 inasmu* z !y %>e or cont9ue ! blood ( "o's p>5ts & may be reg>d$ z repres5t+ !m 7e4g41 bro!rs & si/]s1 husb& or wife74 ,patriotism belongs to "o's native l& or ! c\ntry1 nation1 /ate1 city1 etc41 ( :i* "o is a citiz52 & x %\ld include1 n only fell[-citiz5s1 b also ! fri5ds & allies ( "o's c\ntry4 ,he :o is ! adopt$ citiz5 ( a c\ntry %\ld love ! place ( 8 bir?1 b loyalty & ob$i5ce are ow$ to ! nation to :i* he has transf]r$ 8 allegiance4 7c7 ,piety (f]s respect & assi/ance4 ,! fir/ duty is ow$ to p>5ts on acc\nt ( _! position ( prog5itors & sup]iors2 ! second is ow$ to _! condition :5 !y are infirm or de/itute or o!rwise 9 ne$4 ,x is m probable t filial piety is violat$ only :5 ! p]sonal goods 7e4g41 life1 heal?1 body1 fame1 honor7 ( p>5ts are injur$1 & t injury to _! real goods p]ta9s to fraud1 !ft or damage1 r ?an to impiety4 ,moreov]1 on acc\nt ( ! community ( goods t exi/s betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr51 real injuries betwe5 !m are n rigor\sly acts ( inju/ice & require m ?an ! ord9>y grave matt] = s]i\s s9 7see #aijb74 7d7 ,piety is ow$ to p>5ts & c\ntry z ! au?ors & su/a9]s ( our be+4 ,?us1 x diff]s f legal ju/ice1 :i* is ! duty ow$ ! ,/ate or community1 precisely z x is ! :ole ( :i* "o is a "p4 ,x diff]s likewise f commutative ju/ice1 :i* is obligatory 9 agreem5ts ) p>5ts or o!r sup]iors1 = ! duty is !n ow$ !m z p>tn]s to a free contract4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is nobility ( ! =mal object1 filial piety & patriotism are v l to religion & rank next aft] x 9 ! catalogue ( virtues4 #bcdg4 ,! ,rev]5ce ,requir$ by ,piety4--7a7 ,p>5ts %\ld be honor$ int]nally by ! e/eem 9 :i* _! p>5tal dignity & m]its 7n _! p]sonal fail+s7 are held2 ext]nally1 by ! m>ks ( respect cu/om>ily %[n to p>5ts4 7b7 ,relatives %\ld receive a l[] degree ( respect comm5surate ) ! ne>ness & quality ( ! k9%ip4 ,?us1 p>5ts %\ld treat _! *ildr5 ) ! consid]ation ow$ to memb]s ( ! family1 & n z s]vants or /rang]s1 bro!rs & si/]s & relatives ( remot] degree %\ld give "o ano!r t c\rtesy & reg>d :i* respect = common p>5ts or ance/ors calls =4 ,l9eal relatives are ne>] ?an collat]als1 & eld] relatives 7su* z gr&p>5ts1 uncles & aunts7 are m entitl$ to respect ?an y\ng] relatives 7su* z gr&*ildr51 nephews & nieces74 7e7 ,c\ntry %\ld be honor$1 n m]ely by ! admiration "o feels = its greatness 9 ! pa/ or pres5t1 b also & prim>ily by ! t5d] feel+ ( v5]ation "o has = ! l& t has giv5 "o bir?1 nurture & education4 ,ev5 ?\gh a c\ntry be poor & humble1 x %\ld be patriotically rev]$ 7,ps4 cxxxvi74 ,ext]nal manife/ations ( piety t[>ds c\ntry are ! honors giv5 its flag & symbols1 m>ks ( appreciation ( its citiz5%ip 7,acts1 xxi4 #ci71 & ef=ts to promote its true glory at home & abroad4 #bcdh4 ,! ,assi/ance ,requir$ by ,piety4--7a7 ,p>5ts %\ld be help$ 9 _! ne$s1 spiritual or temporal4 ,if !y are sick1 !y %\ld be visit$2 if !y are poor1 !y %\ld be assi/$2 if !y are 9 ne$ ( ! ,sacram5ts or pray]s or suffrages1 ^! spiritual means %\ld be provid$4 ,b a son is n b\nd to pay ! debts ( 8 deceas$ fa!r :o left him no?+1 s9ce ! debt 0 a p]sonal "o4 7b7 ,relatives %\ld also be assi/$ 9 _! ne$s1 especially if ! necessity is urg5t & ! relation%ip close 7z 9 ! case ( bro!rs & si/]s74 ,b ?is duty is n z /rict z t ow$ to p>5ts1 &1 if ! relation%ip is di/ant1 !re is no special obligation ( piety4 7c7 ,c\ntry is help$ by ! aid giv5 to fell[-c\ntrym5 :o are 9 moral1 m5tal or corporal ne$4 ,! noble/ patriots are ^? :o devote _! lives1 labors or sub/ance to ! promotion ( religion1 education & cont5tm5t among _! p1 to ! correction ( real evils t ?reat5 decay or disa/] to ! national life1 & to ! pres]vation ( ^? special ideals & in/itutions t con/itute :at is *>act]i/ic & be/ 9 ! nation4 #bcdi4 ,s9s aga9/ ,piety4--7a7 ,by ,excess4--,exagg]at$ respect = relatives or c\ntry is a s91 s9ce x is n accord+ to ord] or reason4 ,?us1 :ile *ildr5 %\ld n di%onor _! p>5ts "u ! pretext ( religion 7,matt41 xv4 #c-i71 nei!r %\ld !y be m devot$ to _! p>5ts ?an to ,god 7,luke1 xiv4 #bf2 ,matt41 viii4 #bb71 nor neglect ,god's call :5 _! p>5ts d n ne$ !m 7,matt41 iv4 #bb74 ,?us also1 patriotism %\ld n deg5]ate into patriolatry1 9 :i* c\ntry is en%r9$ z a god1 all-p]fect & all-p[]ful1 nor into j+oism or *auv9ism1 ) _! boa/fulness or contempt = o!r nations & _! disreg>d = int]national ju/ice or *>ity4 7b7 ,by ,defect4--,disrespect = p>5ts is felt :5 !y are despis$ on acc\nt ( _! pov]ty1 ignorance1 or feebl5ess2 x is %[n by ^w 7e4g41 :5 !y are address$ 9 bitt]1 reproa*ful1 or contemptu\s spee*2 or :5 !y are ill spok5 ( to o!rs71 by signs 7e4g41 :5 mock+ ge/ures or mimicry are us$ to ridicule !m71 by de$s 7e4g41 :5 !y are ?reat5$ or /ruck71 & by omissions 7e4g41 :5 _! *ildr5 are too pr\d to recognize !m or to give !m tok5s ( honor74 ,disrespect = "o's c\ntry is felt :5 "o is imbu$ ) anti-nationali/ic doctr9es 7e4g41 ! pr9ciples ( ,int]nationalism :i* hold t loyalty is due to a class1 namely1 ! work]s ( ! _w or a capitali/ic gr\p1 & t c\ntry %\ld be sacrific$ to selfi% int]e/s2 ! pr9ciple ( ,humanit>ianism1 :i* holds t patriotism is incompatible ) love ( ! race2 ! pr9ciple ( ,egoism :i* holds t ! individual has no obligations to society72 x is practis$ :5 "o speaks contemptu\sly ab\t c\ntry1 disreg>ds its good "n or pre/ige1 subord9ates its rightful pre-em95ce to a class1 section1 p>ty1 p]sonal ambition1 or gre$1 etc4 #bcej4 ,malice ( ,s9s aga9/ ,piety4--7a7 ,! moral malice is di/9ct f t ( o!r s9s1 s9ce inju/ice committ$ aga9/ ! debt ow$ to ! human pr9ciple ( exi/5ce has a special "* ( wrong1 z be+ oppos$ to a special k9d ( "r4 ,p>ricide & matricide h always be5 look$ on z hav+ a peculi> enormity among s9s ( homicide2 & simil>ly1 disrespect to fa!r & "m are great] evils ?an disrespect to p]sons :o h no l claim to honor4 ,h5ce1 he :o has /ruck 8 fa!r mu/ m5tion ! circum/ance ( relation%ip 9 confession1 s9ce x is a circum/ance t *anges ! species ( ! s94 ,b he :o has /ruck 8 f\r? c\s9 ne$ n confess ! relation%ip1 = di/ant k9%ip1 ?\gh an aggravat+ circum/ance1 does n give ! injury ! "* ( impiety4 7b7 ,! !ological malice ( ! s9 is grave f ! s9's nature1 s9ce piety ranks next to religion & is ! object ( a special comm&m5t & promise f ,god4 ,b ! s9 may be v5ial on acc\nt ( lightness ( ! (f5se 7e4g41 :5 "y *ildr5 answ] back or speak saucily to _! p>5ts1 b )\t contempt7 or on acc\nt ( ! less] importance ( ! p]son (f5d$ 7e4g41 :5 a bro!r slaps 8 bro!r1 ! s9 is n z s]i\s z :5 a *ild /rikes 8 p>5t74 ,*ildr5 :o h be5 s]i\sly disrespectful to _! p>5ts are oblig$ to beg p>don2 b to impose ! obligation regul>ly 9 confession is deem$ unwise1 s9ce insi/5ce may only lead ! p5it5t to new s9s1 & moreov] ! =giv5ess ( p>5ts may g5]ally be presum$ :5 !re is am5dm5t4 #bcea4 ,! ,virtue ( ,rev]5ce4--,?is virtue is kn[n 9 ,lat9 z obs]vantia1 because its object is p]sons ( au?ority1 :om x c>efully obs]ves 9 ord] to rev]e _! dignity & to le>n _! comm&s4 ,x is def9$ z 8a moral virtue :i* incl9es "o to r5d] to p]sons ( high] position ! tribute ( honor & ob$i5ce t is due _! au?ority40 7a7 ,x is a moral virtue1 t is1 "o conc]n$ imm$iately ) ! direction ( human acts4 ,rev]5ce belongs to ju/ice because x r5d]s to o!rs :at is due !m4 7b7 ,! p]sons to :om x does ju/ice are ^? ( high] position1 t is1 sup]iors :o rule ov] u or ov] o!rs1 & m5 di/+ui%$ = virtue1 k or o!r excell5t qualities t make !m fit to gov]n4 ,sup]ior "h does n mean t ! p]son :o receives rev]5ce mu/ be 9 e way bett] ?an ! p]son :o %[s rev]5ce 7e4g41 he :o is sup]ior 9 jurisdiction owes "s rev]5ce to a subject :o is m le>n$ or virtu\s ?an himself71 or t !re mu/ be inequality betwe5 ! "o :o gives & ! "o :o receives rev]5ce 7e4g41 two di/+ui%$ p]sons ( equal rank & m]it owe mutual rev]5ce to ea* o!r on acc\nt ( ! sup]iority :i* ea* has to _m o!rs74 7c7 ,! reason = rev]5ce is ! au?ority ve/$ 9 ^! p]sons1 t is1 ! excell5ce ( _! /ate1 :i* gives !m a high] dignity ?an o!rs1 & _! (fice ( rul+1 :i* emp[]s !m to direct a subject to 8 prop] end4 ,"h we see t rev]5ce is a di/9ct virtue1 =1 :ile piety & rev]5ce are bo? =ms ( v5]ation1 ! motive ( ea* is diff]5t4 ,?us1 a *ild owes to 8 fa!r piety1 because f ! fa!r 0 receiv$ ! beg9n+ ( 8 life1 & rev]5ce1 because f ! fa!r is receiv$ direction to 8 end4 ,aga91 a subject owes ! rul]s ( 8 c\ntry bo? piety & rev]5ce3 piety1 z reg>ds _! relation to ! common good & ! nation 7e4g41 :5 ! rul] is giv5 8 special salute71 rev]5ce1 z reg>ds _! p]sonal rank & glory 7e4g41 :5 assi/ance is giv5 ! rul] to less5 ! burd5 ( 8 (fice74 7d7 ,! fir/ tribute paid by rev]5ce is honor1 :i* is a te/imony giv5 to wor?1 & is (f]$ to ! dignity or rank ( ! sup]ior4 ,honor diff]s f rev]5ce z ! effect diff]s f ! cause1 or ! means f ! end2 = x is rev]5ce t prompts "o to %[ honor1 & honor is meant to excite 9 o!rs rev]5ce = ! p]son honor$4 ,! debt ( honor is due ^? :o are sup]ior 9 jurisdiction1 f legal ju/ice2 x is due to ^? :o are sup]iors1 b n 9 jurisdiction1 n f legal ju/ice1 s9ce ! law does n en=ce x1 b f moral obligation1 s9ce x is dec5t & becom+4 7e7 ,! second tribute ( rev]5ce is ob$i5ce1 :i* is submission to law1 & is (f]$ to ! rul+ p[] ( ! sup]ior4 ,?is tribute ( rev]5ce is paid only to "o's own rul+ sup]ior1 s9ce o!rs h no p[] to impose ^u "o _! w or precept4 #bceb4 ,species ( ,honor4--7a7 ,z to k9ds1 !re is common honor :i* is %[n to all & by all 7e4g41 ,god honors ! ,sa9ts1 & ,tobias & ,m>do*aeus 7 honor$ by _! sov]eigns71 & ! special honor ( homage :i* includes submission & is %[n only by inf]iors or s]vants to _! sup]iors or ma/]s4 7b7 ,z to modes1 !re is honor 9 g5]al & praise1 :i* is a special =m ( honor2 ,praise is giv5 9 spee* or writ+2 honor is %[n n only by words1 b also by de$s 7e4g41 by salutations1 pro/rations7 & ?+s 7e4g41 by monum5ts1 pres5ts1 banquets1 titles74 7c7 ,z to motives1 !re is civil honor 7i4e41 ! respect %[n to ! temporal au?ority ( rul]s1 tea*]s1 employ]s1 etc471 religi\s honor 7i4e41 ! respect %[n to ! spiritual au?ority ( ! ,pope1 bi%ops1 prie/s1 etc471 & sup]natural honor 7i4e41 ! respect giv5 to ! virtue ( holy m574 ,?is la/ honor is kn[n z dulia 7s]vice7 :5 (f]$ to ! ,sa9ts :o reign ) ,*ri/ 9 heav51 z hyp]dulia 7sup]ior s]vice7 :5 (f]$ to ! ,"m ( ,god4 #bcec4 ,obligation ( ,%[+ ,honor to ,des]v+ ,excell5ce4--7a7 ,common honor %\ld be giv5 to all :o are n irrevocably evil & malignant1 t is1 x %\ld be %[n to all creatures1 ! damn$ except$4 ,=1 z 0 said above1 !re is no "o :o is n possess$ ( sup]iority 9 "s respect1 & x is ev5 reasonable to believe t ! mo/ unpromis+ p]son is bett] ?an oneself 9 "s quality or o!r4 ,h5ce1 ! ,scriptures admoni% u to honor all 7,i ,pet]1 ii4 #ag71 to be be=eh& 9 giv+ honor to "o ano!r 7,rom41 xii4 #aj71 & humbly to believe t o!rs are sup]ior 7,phil41 ii4 #c74 ,b 9 be/[+ honor1 :ile "o %\ld h at lea/ 9 g5]al an honorable op9ion ( o!rs1 ! duty ( ext]nal honor does n oblige at all times or 9 all circum/ances2 & ! same k9d ( honor is n to be giv5 by or to all p]sons4 ,^? :o %[ ! ord9>y signs ( *>ity 7z !y %\ld7 9 greet+s1 salutations1 c\rtesies1 & ! l1 comply suffici5tly ) ! duty ( common honor4 7b7 ,special honor %\ld be giv5 all ^? :o h a "r to x3 8,tribute to :om tribute is due1 honor to :om honor is due0 7,rom41 xiii4 #g74 ,?us1 rul]s & prelates %\ld be giv5 ! respect due _! /ation1 ev5 ?\gh p]sonally !y are wick$1 = 9 ! honor giv5 _! rank rev]5ce is %[n to ,god1 ^: m9i/]s !y are1 & to ! community :i* !y repres5t4 ,!re is a moral1 ?\gh n a legal1 obligation to honor m5 di/+ui%$ = hol9ess = _! own sakes s9ce1 :ile honor is n a suffici5t rew>d ( virtue1 x is a di/+ui%$ m>k ( recognition1 & = ! sake ( o!rs1 s9ce virtue 9 honor is l a lamp plac$ ^u a /& & %9+ = _m 7,matt41 v4 #ae74 #bced4 ,obligation ( ! ,religi\s ,cult ( ,dulia4--7a7 ,!re is no /rict duty ( giv+ v5]ation to ! ,bless$ ,virg91 ! ,angels1 ,sa9ts1 images1 or relics1 = absolutely speak+ x suffices = salvation to adore ,god4 ,b x is ( fai? t ! cult ( ^! holy p]sons & ?+s is lawful & useful2 h5ce he :o %\ld neglect x w\ld n m]ely disreg>d ! e>ne/ advice ( ! ,*ur*1 b he w\ld also d5y to ,god's fri5ds & h]oes ! honors !y des]ve 7,ecclus41 xliv4 #a2 ,heb41 xi71 & w\ld deprive himself ( preci\s helps ( int]cession & inspiration4 ,"s believe x is at lea/ v5ially s9ful nev] to invoke ! ,bless$ ,virg91 & surely !re w\ld be s9--& p]haps ev5 grave s91 p] accid5s--if ! neglect 0 sc&al\s or p]il\s to salvation4 7b7 ,!re is an obligation 9 p]=m+ acts ( cult to make ! v5]ation suitable to ! dignity ( ! object 7e4g41 to ! ,"m ( ,god belongs hyp]dulia1 to ! ,sa9ts ( ,god dulia2 to holy p]sons is giv5 absolute cult1 to holy objects relative cult7 & con=mable to ! laws ( ! ,*ur* 7e4g41 ! titles ( ,v5]able1 ,bless$1 ,sa9t are conf]r$ only by ! ,*ur*2 public cult may be p]=m$ only by ^? au?oriz$ to act 9 ! "n ( ! ,*ur* & only by su* rites z h be5 approv$74 ,x is lawful privately to pray to infants :o di$ aft] ,baptism1 &1 accord+ to _m1 to ! s\ls 9 ,purgatory2 b x w\ld be sup]/iti\s to give to ! damn$ or false sa9ts ! cult t belongs only to ! canoniz$ ,sa9ts4 #bcee4 ,ob$i5ce4--,ob$i5ce is a moral virtue annex$ to ju/ice :i* incl9es "o to comply promptly & will+ly ) ! comm& ( "o's sup]ior1 because x is a comm& & obligatory4 7a7 ,ob$i5ce is prompt & will+1 & s x diff]s f =c$ or unwill+ or t>dy submission & f s]vile & politic ob$i5ce 7:i* w\ld n obey 7 x n = fe> or self-int]e/71 = ^! lack ei!r ! good w or ! good motive requir$ by virtue4 ,note also t ! virtue ( ob$i5ce diff]s f ! v[ ( ob$i5ce 9 ?is1 t ! v[ obliges to ! ext]nal p]=mance ( a comm&1 :ile ! virtue includes also int]nal submission4 7b7 ,x is %[n to a sup]ior4 ,betwe5 equals !re is n ob$i5ce 9 ! /rict s5se1 ?\gh "o ( !m may out ( *>ity or fri5d%ip yield to :at ! o!r desires4 7c7 ,x is compliance ) a comm&1 t is1 ) a law or precept impos$ by au?ority4 ,"s au?orities hold t x is an act ( ob$i5ce to fulfill ! kn[n w ( a sup]ior1 ev5 ?\gh x has n be5 impos$ z obligatory2 b o!rs see 9 su* a fulfillm5t1 n ob$i5ce1 b ! p]fection or _s ( ob$i5ce4 ,?us1 if a son kn[s t 8 fa!r wi%es him to p]=m a c]ta9 "w1 b has receiv$ no ord]s to d x & leaves x undone1 ?is omission accord+ to ! fir/ op9ion is disob$i5ce1 :ile accord+ to ! second x is a want ( ! _s ( ob$i5ce4 7d7 ,x obeys precisely because ! sup]ior's w has be5 express$ z a comm&4 ,x is ?is int5tion t sets (f ob$i5ce f o!r acts ( virtue ab\t comm&$ matt]s4 ,!re is a mat]ial ob$i5ce :i* is a circum/ance ( o!r virtues & may be call$ a g5]al virtue 7e4g41 :5 "o keeps ! fir/ comm&m5t out ( love = ,god1 !re is *>ity2 :5 "o keeps ! sev5? comm&m5t out ( love ( hone/y1 !re is ju/ice74 ,! =mal ob$i5ce ( :i* we n[ speak is a peculi> & di/9ct virtue1 because x keeps ! law simply because x is law & z su* %\ld be kept4 #bcef4 ,p[] ( ,jurisdiction & ,dom9ative ,p[]4--,!re are two k9ds ( p[] t conf] moral au?ority to impose a comm&--! p[] ( jurisdiction & dom9ative p[]4 7a7 ,! p[] ( jurisdiction is _h by "o :o rules 9 a p]fect society 7,*ur* or ,/ate71 :i* has supreme au?ority & ! "r to impose laws4 7b7 ,dom9ative p[] is _h by "o :o rules 9 an imp]fect society1 :i* has dep5d5t au?ority & ! "r to impose precepts only4 ,?is p[] arises ei!r f ! v nature ( society z a body compos$ ( sup]ior & subjects 7e4g41 9 ! family ! *ildr5 are necess>ily subject to ! fa!r71 or f agreem5t betwe5 ! p>ties conc]n$ 7e4g41 ! wife by m>ry+ becomes subject to h] husb&1 ! s]vant by tak+ employm5t becomes subject to ! employ]1 ! religi\s by ent]+ a community or by v[+ ob$i5ce becomes subject to ! sup]ior74 #bceg4 ,degrees ( ,ob$i5ce4--,ascetical au?ors di/+ui% ?ree degrees ( ob$i5ce3 7a7 ext]nal ob$i5ce1 :i* p]=ms ) exactness ! ?+ comm&$ ?\gh !re is no he>t or will+ness 9 its act2 7b7 int]nal ob$i5ce1 :i* jo9s will+ness to ext]nal submission ?\gh ! judgm5t d\bts ! wisdom or value or good fai? ( ! comm&2 7c7 bl9d ob$i5ce1 :i* submits ! judgm5t itself to ! sup]ior's judgm5t1 provid$ ( c\rse ! ?+ ord]$ is n cle>ly s9ful 7,matt1 ix4 #i2 ,g541 xxii4 #c sqq42 ,matt41 ii4 #ac sqq474 #bceh4 ,comp>ison ( ,ob$i5ce ) ! ,o!r ,virtues4--7a7 ,ob$i5ce1 z 0 expla9$ above 7#bcee71 is di/9ct f ! o!r virtues on acc\nt ( its diff]5t =mal object4 ,its act is f\nd sometimes jo9$ ) o!r virtues 7e4g41 to fa/ dur+ ,l5t 9 ord] to keep ! law is an act ( ob$i5ce1 b x is also an act ( temp]ance if actuat$ by love ( mod]ation1 or an act ( religion if (f]$ z homage to ,god72 b ob$i5ce may be sep>ate f o!r virtues1 z :5 a sup]ior comm&s or =bids some?+ indiff]5t 9 ord] to try a subject's ob$i5ce 7e4g41 to take a walk solely because x has be5 comm&$ is an act ( ob$i5ce only74 7b7 ,ob$i5ce is less p]fect ?an ! !ological virtues1 s9ce x belongs to ! moral virtues1 :i* are n directly conc]n$ ) ,god ,himself b ) ! means to union ) ,him 7,i ,tim41 i4 #e74 ,among ^? moral virtues t consi/ 9 contempt ( temporal ?+s1 ob$i5ce :i* s]ves ,god 9 all ?+s has a c]ta9 preem95ce1 inasmu* z x contemns = ,god's sake ! noble/ human good1 "o's own w1 :]eas ! o!r virtues contemn l[] goods 7^? ( ! body & ext]nal ?+s72 on ! o!r h&1 ob$i5ce is inf]ior to religion1 s9ce1 :ile ob$i5ce consi/s 9 v5]ation ( ! law1 religion consi/s 9 v5]ation ( ,god ,himself4 ,b acts ( wor%ip p]=m$ )\t devotion or )\t reg>d = ,god's w are n to be comp>$ ) respectful ob$i5ce1 s9ce ! =m] are s9s & ! latt] is bo? religi\s & ob$i5t2 h5ce1 x is said t ob$i5ce is bett] ?an sacrifice 7,i ,k+s1 xv4 #bb71 :i* means t int]nal devotion is to be pref]r$ to m]e ext]nal wor%ip4 ,spiritual writ]s praise ob$i5ce z ! gu>dian ( all ! virtues & ! safe road 9 :i* !y walk 7,prov41 xxi4 #bh74 #bcei4 ,comp>ison ( ,acts ( ,ob$i5ce4--7a7 ,all acts ( ob$i5ce are ( ! same species1 s9ce 9 spite ( div]sity ( sup]iors or ( laws !re is always 9 ob$i5ce ! same ess5tial "* on acc\nt ( ! motive4 ,:oev] may be ! sup]ior or :atev] may be ! law1 ! reason = ob$i5ce is always ! au?ority t comm&s & ! obligation t x imposes4 ,?us1 :e!r "o obeys ,god1 or ! ,*ur*1 or ! ,/ate1 or p>5ts1 ! virtue is always "o & ! same4 7b7 ,all acts ( ob$i5ce are n ( ! same p]fection1 = circum/ances 7e4g41 ! will+ness1 ! duration1 ! difficulty7 add to ! m]it ( ob$i5ce4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t to obey by p]=m+ :at "o likes is n necess>ily less virtu\s ?an to obey by p]=m+ :at "o dislikes2 = ! ?+ lik$ may be some?+ h>d t appeals to few & may be p]=m$ f a _s ( will+ ob$i5ce1 :]eas ! ?+ t is dislik$ may be some?+ easy & may be p]=m$ ) less will+ness4 #bcfj4 ,! ,duty ( ,ob$i5ce4--,s9ce ob$i5ce is obligatory because a sup]ior has ! "r to comm&1 ! ext5t ( ! duty dep5ds on ! ext5t ( ! sup]ior's au?ority4 7a7 ,?us1 ,god mu/ be obey$ 9 all ?+s t ,he comm&s1 = ,he is ,"l ( all & _c comm& :at is unlawful3 8,let u d all t ! ,"l has spok5 & we %all be ob$i5t0 7,exod41 xxiv4 #g74 ,man is n b\nd1 h[ev]1 to wi% all t ,god wi%es 9 p>ticul>1 s9ce ,god wi%es ?+s f ! viewpo9t ( ! univ]sal good1 & ! creature f ! viewpo9t ( ! limit$ good kn[n to him 7e4g41 x is n lawful = man to wi% ! damnation or ! mis=tune ( ^? :om ,god w p]mit to suff] ^! evils72 b man is b\nd to wi% t :i* ,god desires him to wi% 7e4g41 t 8 neighbor w n be lo/1 t 8 fa!r w n n[ die74 ,nei!r is man b\nd to p]=m :at ,god propos$ to him z a c\nsel4 ,9 c]ta9 in/ances 7,g541 xxii4 #b2 ,exod41 xii4 #cf2 ,osee1 i4 #b7 x appe>s t ,god comm&$ s91 b only a fooli% or blasphem\s p]son w\ld int]pret ! facts 9 t impossible s5se4 ,9 ! physical ord]1 a miracle wr\ght by ,god is n contr>y to ! law ( nature e/abli%$ by ,him1 b to ! usual c\rse ( nature2 & simil>ly ! comm&s ref]r$ to 7 n contr>y to ! laws ( virtue1 b to ! usual mann] ( virtue1 z 0 expla9$ 9 #cjh sqq4 7b7 ,man mu/ be obey$ 9 all ^? ?+s 9 :i* he has lawful au?ority to comm&1 fir/1 because ,god ,himself requires ?is & he :o resi/s resi/s ,god 7,rom1 xii4 #b72 next1 because )\t ob$i5ce ! peaceful ord] ( society _c be ma9ta9$4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! sup]ior be wick$ or an infidel1 ob$i5ce is due him1 = x is giv5 him1 n 9 8 p]sonal1 b 9 8 (ficial capacity 7,matt1 xxiii4 #b1 #c74 ,! ,scriptures comm& ob$i5ce to all classes ( lawful sup]iors1 :e!r ecclesia/ical 7,heb1 xiii4 #ag71 civil 7,titus1 iii4 #a2 ,i ,pet]1 ii4 #ac71 or dome/ic 7,eph1 vi4 #a1 v4 #bb-bd1 vi4 #e-h74 #bcfa4 ,:5 ,ob$i5ce ,is ,n ,lawful or ,obligatory4--,ob$i5ce to a human sup]ior is n lawful or n obligatory 9 ^? matt]s 9 :i* ! sup]ior has no au?ority to comm&4 7a7 ,x is n lawful to obey a human sup]ior :5 8 comm& is cle>ly contr>y to ! comm& ( a high] sup]ior1 & !re=e unlawful4 ,?us1 "o may n obey any human sup]ior :5 he ord]s s91 ev5 a v5ial s91 = we mu/ obey ,god r ?an man 7,acts1 v4 #bi2 ,rom41 iii4 #h72 nei!r may "o obey a subord9ate (ficial :o comm&s some?+ cle>ly oppos$ to ! law or to ! regulations ( 8 own sup]ior4 ,x does n belong to ! subject1 h[ev]1 to sit 9 judgm5t on 8 sup]ior1 & h5ce1 unless ! unlawfulness ( a comm& is manife/1 ! subject mu/ presume t x is lawful4 7b7 ,x is n necess>y to obey a human sup]ior :5 8 comm& exce$s 8 compet5cy1 or :5 he ord]s ?+s ov] :i* he has no control4 ,?us1 ,god alone has au?ority ov] ! int]nal action ( ! s\l & ov] ! natural /ate ( ! body2 & z reg>ds ^! ?+s all m5 are equal1 "o inde$ be+ less p]fect m5tally or bodily ?an ano!r1 b none be+ subject to ano!r 9 ^! matt]s4 ,div9e law regulates ! int]ior 7e4g41 ! comm& to believe1 ! prohibition to covet71 b human law is conf9$ to ext]nal acts2 div9e law c regulate ?+s p]ta9+ to ! nature ( ! body 7e4g41 ,god c\ld comm& an individual to m>ry1 or to obs]ve virg9ity1 or to ab/a9 f all food71 b human law is conc]n$ ) ext]nal ?+s1 9 :i* m5 are unequal1 & x _c take away natural rights to life or ! means !reto 7see #bib on ,inali5able ,rights74 ,moreov]1 ev5 z reg>ds ext]nal acts & ?+s1 ! au?ority ( a sup]ior is limit$ by ! b\nds :i* its nature gives x2 = example1 temporal au?ority _c comm& spiritual acts1 a rul] plac$ ov] "o t]ritory or gr\p _c comm& = o!rs1 a con/itutional body _c make laws beyond ! p[]s conf]r$ by its con/itution1 ecclesia/ical laws or cu/oms reject$ by ! ,code _c be en=c$1 etc4 ,x is cle>1 too1 t no sup]ior may comm& ! execution ( :at is physically or morally impossible1 & g5]ally a subject %\ld n be requir$ to practise h]oic virtue 7e4g41 to expose 8 life to dang]2 see #cgd74 ,if a comm& is pla9ly ridicul\s 7t is1 if x lacks a reasonable motive71 x w\ld be m p]fect to obey1 b x seems x w\ld n be a s9 to disreg>d x4 #bcfb4 ,ob$i5ce 9 ,cases ,:]e ,!re ,is ,normally ,no ,obligation4--,if a sup]ior ov]/eps 8 au?ority1 ! subject may obey :5 ! matt] is lawful & ! motive ( submission is good4 ,9 c]ta9 cases x is ev5 obligatory to obey a sup]ior 9 matt]s ov] :i* normally he w\ld n h au?ority4 ,su* cases are ! foll[+3 7a7 on acc\nt ( a v[ or o!r free & moral agreem5t1 a subject is held to ob$i5ce 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to ! nature ( ! body 7e4g41 :5 he has made a v[ ( virg9ity74 ,! ,*ur* _c impose virg9ity1 b he :o has v[$ to obs]ve x1 mu/ fulfill ! conditions & precautions necess>y = its obs]vance1 & c be ord]$ s to d2 7b7 on acc\nt ( circum/ances1 su* z sc&al or dang] ( great evils1 x is sometimes necess>y to yield submission to a comm& t is n ( itself obligatory 7see #cgf1 #cgg74 #bcfc4 ,int]nal ,actions & ,human ,sup]iors4--,int]nal actions 9 !mselves d n fall "u human au?ority1 & h5ce ! ,apo/le says3 8,judge n be=e ! "t until ! ,"l come1 :o w make manife/ ! c\nsels ( ! he>t0 7,i ,cor41 iv4 #e74 ,b 9 two ways ^! actions may be dealt ) au?oritatively by human sup]iors4 7a7 ,?us1 9 ! int]nal =um & !re alone1 int]nal acts !mselves are subject to a human sup]ior2 = ! confessor kn[s & acts !re1 n z man1 b z ! repres5tative ( ,god1 & h5ce he may pass on & prescribe int]nal ?\ghts & desires j z ,god may pass on !m & prescribe !m4 7b7 ,9 ! ext]nal =um1 ! ,*ur* deals ) int]nal acts 9 s f> z !y ent] into an ext]nal act z a necess>y +r$i5t ( its goodness or malice1 z :5 %e comm&s a dev\t communion or pron\nces c5sure aga9/ judges :o are sway$ by fe> or favor4 ,?is "q 0 treat$ above 9 #dbf4 #bcfd4 ,obligation ( ! ,v[ ( ,ob$i5ce4--7a7 ,! v[ obliges a religi\s to obs]ve ! comm&s ( sup]iors t are giv5 accord+ to ! rule :i* ! religi\s pr(ess$4 ,h5ce1 !re w\ld be no obligation 9 virtue ( ! v[ ( p]=m+ comm&s t are n au?oriz$ explicitly or implicitly 9 ! rule 7e4g41 if a cloi/]$ religi\s 7 bidd5 to engage 9 hospital "w71 nor1 unless o!rwise v[$1 ( keep+ ea* prescription ( ! rule or con/itutions4 ,a comm& to accept a relaxation f ! rule is obligatory1 unless ! disp5sation is cle>ly invalid 7cfr4 #bbbe1 #bbcg74 7b7 ,! obligation is grave only :5 sup]iors comm& 9 a grave matt] & ) ! int5tion ( impos+ a grave precept4 ,! int5tion ( a sup]ior is indicat$ by a =m ( words & o!r circum/ances :i* ! rule or con/itutions prescribe = ! imposition ( a grave precept4 #bcfe4 ,s9s aga9/ ,ob$i5ce4--,s9ce ob$i5ce is a moral virtue & !re=e obs]ves a mean1 !re is bo? an excess & a defect t x avoids4 7a7 ,?us1 ! s9 ( excess is n f\nd 9 ! quantity ( ob$i5ce1 = ! m ob$i5t a subject is1 ! m is he wor?y ( praise4 ,x is f\nd1 !re=e1 9 o!r circum/ances ( ! act ( submission1 z :5 "o obeys a p]son or a comm& :i* "o %\ld n obey4 ,s9ful submission is j z =eign to ob$i5ce z sup]/ition is to religion2 cr++ submission or s]vility 9 matt]s :]e "o %\ld ?9k & judge = oneself is only a simulacrum ( ob$i5ce4 7b7 ,! s9 ( defect is f\nd 9 disob$i5ce to a lawful comm&4 ,?is s9 may also be said to include bo? excess & defect--! =m] because ! subject foll[s 8 own desires m ?an he %\ld1 & ! latt] because ! sup]ior does n receive :at he is entitl$ to 7see #agaa sqq474 #bcff4 ,def9ition ( ,disob$i5ce4--,disob$i5ce is ! transgression ( ! lawful comm& ( a sup]ior4 7a7 ,x is a transgression1 t is1 a volunt>y neglect or refusal to p]=m :at is ord]$ or to omit :at is =bidd51 or to p]=m or omit at ! "t or 9 ! mann] ord]$4 ,?us1 !re is no disob$i5ce if fulfillm5t is impossible--= example1 if a subject :o is summon$ to pres5t himself at a c]ta9 place does n receive ! notice or becomes too ill to make ! j\rney1 or if he is ask$ to give :at he _c give1 or if he is burd5$ ) s _m laws or regulations t he _c ev5 "k :at !y are1 mu* less attempt to obs]ve !m4 7b7 ,disob$i5ce transgresses a lawful comm&1 t is1 "o :i* is morally good & issues f compet5t au?ority4 ,x is n disob$i5ce to refuse to d :at is evid5tly illicit 7e4g41 to lie or /eal71 or :at is illegally ord]$ 7e4g41 to submit to arre/ bl9dly1 to p]=m :at ! law =bids ! sup]ior to ord]74 7c7 ,x is violation ( a comm&1 t is1 ( a law or precept4 ,h5ce1 x is n disob$i5ce to neglect advice or exhortations or reque/s made by sup]iors1 if ! subject-matt] is n o!rwise obligatory 7e4g41 a daught] is n disob$i5t if %e does n *oose ! husb& pick$ out = h] by h] p>5ts74 7d7 ,x is aga9/ ! comm& ( a sup]ior1 & h5ce1 if !re is opposition betwe5 laws or precepts1 ! high] law & ! high] sup]ior prevails 7#bhh sqq474 #bcfg4 ,! ,k9ds ( ,disob$i5ce4--7a7 ,by reason ( ! subject1 disob$i5ce is ei!r mat]ial or =mal1 accord+ z ! transgressor int5ds only ! satisfaction ( 8 s9ful desire aga9/ "s o!r virtue1 or int5ds ! violation ( ob$i5ce itself4 ,mat]ial disob$i5ce is f\nd 9 e s91 s9ce e s9 is a transgression1 & 9 ?is s5se ! pride ( ! orig9al s9 is call$ disob$i5ce 7,rom41 v4 #ai72 b =mal disob$i5ce is a special s91 & x is committ$ only :5 ! s9n] transgresses purposely 9 ord] n to submit4 7b7 ,by reason ( ! object1 =mal disob$i5ce is contempt ei!r = ! law or = ! sup]ior4 ,9 ! =m] case ! transgressor despises ! comm&m5t giv5 him & v5ts 8 dislike 9 disob$i5ce2 9 ! latt] case ! transgressor belittles ! au?ority ( ! lawmak] or sup]ior :o made ! law or :o gave ! precept2 or scorns 8 s9fulness1 ignorance1 or l[ bir?2 or hates or envies him1 & !re=e proce$s to break 8 laws or precepts4 ,if contempt moves "o to rebel aga9/ e comm&1 x is p]fect2 if x ext5ds to only "o or ano!r matt]1 x is imp]fect4 #bcfh4 ,x is n s9ful contempt ( a p]son 9 au?ority1 h[ev]1 if ! subject does n admire 8 "*1 or agree ) 8 op9ions1 or approve ( 8 c\rses1 :5 ! subject has good reason = 8 view & does n =get ! respect & ob$i5ce due to au?ority & law4 #bcfi4 ,!ological ,s9fulness ( ,=mal ,disob$i5ce4--7a7 ,f its nature =mal disob$i5ce is a grave s91 s9ce x is contr>y to *>ity1 :i* is ! life ( ! s\l & ! end ( ! law4 ,love ( ,god dem&s t we keep ,8 comm&m5ts & be submissive to ,8 repres5tatives 7,rom41 xiii4 #b2 ,john1 xiv1 #ba2 ,rom41 ii4 #bc1 xiii4 #b2 ,luke1 ,x4 #af74 ,disob$i5ce is class$ by ,/4 ,paul ) ! wor/ s9s ( ! anci5t pagans 7,rom41 i4 #cj7 & ( ! s9n]s ( ! la/ days 7,,ii ,tim1 iii4 #a71 ) wit*craft & idolatry 7,i ,k+s1 xv4 #bc74 7b7 ,f ! imp]fection ( ! act =mal disob$i5ce is sometimes only a v5ial s91 z :5 9 a sudd5 fit ( ang] aga9/ 8 sup]iors a *ild refuses to obey 8 tea*]s or p>5ts4 7c7 ,f ! lightness ( ! matt]1 =mal disob$i5ce is only a v5ial s91 if ! contempt is imp]fect & n direct$ aga9/ ,god1 & ! matt] ( ! comm& or transgression is n s]i\s 7e4g41 if "o gets up a few m9utes late 9 ! morn+ once or twice z a prote/ aga9/ a regulation74 ,b1 ev5 ?\gh ! matt] is n s]i\s 9 itself1 =mal disob$i5ce is a grave s91 :5 ! contempt is p]fect 7e4g41 if 9 a _s ( defiance & ( an>*i/ic contempt = all 8 laws "o pays no he$ to "s m9or regulation ( a sup]ior71 & p]haps also :5 contempt is direct$ aga9/ a div9e precept 7e4g41 if ) ! feel+ t ! eigh? comm&m5t is fooli% or useless1 "o tells small lies72 = 9 ! =m] case !re is grave contempt1 9 ! latt] case blasphemy4 #bcgj4 ,moral ,species ( ,disob$i5ce4--7a7 ,9 =mal disob$i5ce1 if ! comm& belongs to "s special virtue1 !re are two s9s1 namely1 t aga9/ ob$i5ce & t aga9/ ! virtue int5d$ by ! lawgiv] 7e4g41 :5 out ( contempt "o violates ! ?ird comm&m5t72 b1 if ! comm& 0 giv5 = ! sake ( ob$i5ce only1 !re is b ! "o s9 ( =mal disob$i5ce 7e4g41 :5 out ( /ubbornness a *ild refuses to d ! /udy or o!r "w impos$ by p>5ts or tea*]s74 7b7 ,9 mat]ial disob$i5ce1 if ! comm& 0 giv5 = ! sake ( "s special virtue1 !re is b ! "o s9 aga9/ t virtue1 z :5 "o breaks ! fif? or six? comm&m5t to satisfy passion2 b if ! comm& 0 giv5 = ! ex]cise ( submission only1 !re is b ! "o g5]al s9 ( disob$i5ce1 z :5 a *ild eats betwe5 meals aga9/ ! comm& giv5 by 8 "m4 #bcga4 ,circum/ances t ,aggravate ,=mal ,disob$i5ce4--,"o act ( =mal disob$i5ce c be worse ?an ano!r su* act 9 two ways3 7a7 by reason ( ! rank ( ! p]son :o gave ! comm&4 ,?us1 x is m s]i\s to disobey ,god ?an to disobey man1 & m s]i\s to disobey a high] ?an a l[] sup]ior2 7b7 by reason ( ! rank :i* ! ?+ comm&$ has 9 ! int5tion ( ! sup]ior4 ,?us1 :5 disobey+ ,god x is m s]i\s to transgress aga9/ ! high] ?an aga9/ ! l[] good1 = ,god always pref]s ! bett] good2 b 9 disobey+ man alone x is m s]i\s to transgress aga9/ ! good1 high] or l[]1 :i* ! lawgiv] has m at he>t4 #bcgb4 ,comp>ison ( ,=mal ,disob$i5ce ) ,o!r ,s9s4--7a7 ,disob$i5ce aga9/ ,god 7e4g41 contempt = ,8 law7 is worse ?an s9s aga9/ ! neighbor 7e4g41 murd]1 !ft1 adult]y74 ,?is is true :5 ^! latt] s9s d n include =mal disob$i5ce aga9/ ,god1 =1 p] se & o!r ?+s be+ equal1 a s9 aga9/ ,god is m s]i\s ?an a s9 aga9/ a creature2 x is also true :5 s9s aga9/ creatures include =mal disob$i5ce aga9/ ,god b (f5d a less important comm&m5t1 z :5 ! "o s9 is p]jury & ! o!r !ft4 7b7 ,contempt = ! lawgiv]1 ev5 )\t disob$i5ce1 is worse ?an contempt = ! law ) disob$i5ce1 s9ce ! lawgiv] is ( great] importance ?an 8 precept4 ,?us1 x is worse to blaspheme ,god ?an to despise ,8 comm&m5t2 x is worse to hold a sup]ior 9 contempt ?an to disreg>d 8 precept4 #bcgc4 ,! ,virtue ( ,gratitude4--,religion1 piety1 rev]5ce & ob$i5ce are annex$ to ju/ice on acc\nt ( a legal debt2 ! virtues t rema91 beg9n+ ) gratitude1 are assign$ to ju/ice on acc\nt ( a moral debt only 7see #badc74 ,gratitude is def9$ z 8a moral virtue t incl9es "o to ackn[l$ge ) appreciation & to repay ) gladness ! favors "o has receiv$40 7a7 ,! object ( gratitude is favors receiv$1 t is1 "s good useful & acceptable to ! recipi5t & gratuit\sly be/[$4 ,?us1 gratitude is n ow$ = a ?+ t is h>mful 7e4g41 = aid 9 ! commission ( s91 = gifts (f]$ ) purpose ( brib]y or simony7 or useless 7e4g41 = old articles :i* ! giv] only wi%$ to get rid ( & =c$ "o to take74 ,nei!r is gratitude ow$ = pres5ts made ) ! purpose ( ridicule or (f5se4 ,f9ally1 no ?anks are due = :at 0 ow$ 9 ju/ice 7e4g41 wages = "w p]=m$71 ?\gh c\rtesy dem&s a pleasant response to e good "o receives1 ev5 :5 x is n a favor4 7b7 ,! (fices ( gratitude are ackn[l$gm5t & repaym5t4 ,! =m] consi/s 9 ?\ghts or words1 su* z remembrance ( b5efactors1 praise ( _! good de$s1 words ( ?anks2 ! latt] consi/s 9 acts or ?+s1 su* z honor1 s]vice1 assi/ance1 & gifts 7,tob41 xii4 #b1 #d74 #bcgd4 ,two ,k9ds ( ,gratitude4--7a7 ,9 a wide s5se1 gratitude is ! recognition ( favors receiv$ f sup]iors1 & does n diff] f religion1 piety & rev]5ce1 by :i* "o gives due ackn[l$gm5t to ,god z ! fir/ cause ( all b5efits1 to p>5ts z ! second cause ( life & tra9+1 & to rul]s z ! second cause ( direction or guidance or ( public & common b5efits4 7b7 ,9 its /rict s5se1 gratitude ref]s only to special & private b5efits di/9ct f ^? m5tion$ above4 ,gratitude1 !n1 is a di/9ct virtue & foll[s 9 ord] aft] rev]5ce4 #bcge4 ,is great] gratitude due to ,god = ! gift ( innoc5ce or = ! gift ( rep5tance8 7a7 ,if we consid] only ! greatness ( ! favor1 ! "o :o has be5 pres]v$ f s9 owes m gratitude to ,god2 =1 p] se & o!r ?+s be+ equal1 x is a great] favor to be kept f s9 ?an to be rescu$ f x4 7b7 ,if we consid] ! lib]ality ( ! favor1 ! "o :o has receiv$ ! gift ( rep5tance %\ld be m ?ankful1 = ,god is m g5]\s :5 ,he be/[s ,8 grace on "o :o des]v$ puni%m5t4 #bcgf4 ,circum/ances ( ,gratitude4--7a7 ,to ,:om ,gratitude ,%\ld ,be ,%[n4--,e b5efactor %\ld be repaid int]nally 7e4g41 by k9d remembrance & pray]s7 & also ext]nally1 unless ?is is impossible 7e4g41 :5 he has become s deprav$ t "o c h no deal+s ) him74 ,! int]nal debt is less5$ if ! b5efactor 0 less b5evol5t 7e4g41 if he gave grudg+ly1 or 9 an unk9d mann]1 or only ) a view to self-adv]tisem5t71 = ! gift is e/eem$ *iefly f ! good w ( ! giv]2 ! ext]nal debt is less5$ if ! b5efactor /&s less 9 ne$ ( ext]nal help 7e4g41 if he is weal?y or fam\s74 7b7 ,by ,:om ,gratitude ,%\ld ,be ,%[n4--,e p]son :o is favor$ %\ld be ?ankful4 ,!re is no "o s high t ano!r _c be 8 b5efactor1 & ! greate/ or weal?ie/ p]son %\ld n feel x b5ea? 8 dignity to repay ev5 small favors s9c]ely giv54 ,nei!r is !re anyone s l[1 :e!r *ild or paup]1 t he _c to "s ext5t1 by 8 respect1 affection1 pray]s1 etc41 recomp5se 8 b5efactors4 7c7 ,! ,"t = ,gratitude4--,int]nal gratitude %\ld be imm$iate1 & %\ld be %[n by ! k9dly mann] 9 :i* a favor is receiv$2 b ext]nal repaym5t %\ld await a suitable "t1 z x seems =c$ or unappreciative to give a favor 9 return z soon z "o is receiv$4 7d7 ,! ,degree ( ,gratitude ,ow$4--,if ! favor 0 be/[$ by reason ( a fri5d%ip ( utility1 ! gratitude %\ld correspond ) ! b5efit receiv$2 b1 if x 0 be/[$ out ( pure fri5d%ip or lib]ality1 ! gratitude %\ld be measur$ by ! b5evol5ce t prompt$ ! favor4 ,h5ce1 z ,s5eca rem>ks1 gratitude is sometimes m due to "o :o be/[s small favors1 b ) lib]ality & will+ness & dis9t]e/$ness4 e ,! ,am\nt ( ,recomp5se = ,favors4--,x is suitable t "o repay b5efactors by giv+ m ?an 0 receiv$ f !m1 if ?is is possible2 = o!rwise "o w seem only to give back all or "p ( :at 0 receiv$4 ,b 9 gratitude1 z 9 b5efits1 ! good w c\nts = m ?an ! favor2 & h5ce if "o _c hope to surpass ! favor 7e4g41 ! case ( *ildr5 9 relation to p>5ts71 "o c at lea/ surpass 9 desire & int]nal b5evol5ce4 #bcgg4 ,! ,s9s aga9/ ,gratitude4--7a7 ,s9ce gratitude is a moral virtue1 ! s9s aga9/ x are ei!r by excess 7e4g41 if "o is grateful = ?+s "o %\ld n desire71 or by defect 7t is1 by +ratitude74 ,s9ce gratitude incl9es to surpass favors receiv$1 x is m (f5d$ by lack ( ?anks or +ratitude ?an by excessive ?anks4 7b7 ,z to its motive1 +ratitude is tw(old1 mat]ial & =mal4 ,=mal +ratitude consi/s 9 contempt = ! b5efit or ! b5efactor1 z :5 ! p]son favor$ disda9s :at has be5 done = him1 & !re=e omits to give ?anks or commits "s injury aga9/ ! b5efactor4 ,mat]ial +ratitude is any injury done a b5efactor )\t contempt = him or 8 favor4 7c7 ,z to its mode1 =mal +ratitude is also tw(old1 t by omission & t by commission4 ,! =m] is ! culpable neglect ( ! grateful act ( repay+ a b5efactor1 or ( ! grateful ^w ( ?ank+ him1 or ( ! grateful ?\ght ( rememb]+ him ) affection2 ! latt] is ! culpable return ( evil = good 7,j]em41 xviii4 #bj2 ,exod41 xviii4 #c7 by an injuri\s act1 or by a ^w 9 contempt ( ! favor1 or by a ?\ght t x is a disfavor4 #bcgh4 ,! ,moral ,species ( ,+ratitude4--7a7 ,mat]ial +ratitude is n a special s91 s9ce x may be f\nd 9 all k9ds ( s9s committ$ aga9/ a b5efactor2 = example1 e violation ( a comm&m5t is an act ( +ratitude to ,god1 & e injury done a human b5efactor is an act ( +ratitude to man4 ,b mat]ial +ratitude is an aggravat+ circum/ance1 s9ce x is worse to h>m ^? to :om we owe ?anks ?an to h>m o!rs4 7b7 ,=mal +ratitude is a special s91 = x is ! d5ial ( a special debt ow$ 9 dec5cy1 & :i* a special virtue requires "o to pay 7see #bcgd74 ,/4 ,paul li/s +ratitude ) o!r special classes ( s9 7,,ii ,tim41 iii4 #b74 #bcgi4 ,! ,!ological ,species ( ,+ratitude4--7a7 ,=mal +ratitude f its nature seems to be a mortal s91 s9ce x is aga9/ *>ity1 :i* bids u love our b5efactors4 ,x may be v5ial1 h[ev]1 on acc\nt ( ! imp]fection ( ! act or ! smallness ( ! matt]4 ,?us1 to (f5d a b5efactor 9 "s trifl+ matt] w\ld n be mortal1 ev5 ?\gh !re be "s slight contempt 9 ! act4 7b7 ,mat]ial +ratitude is v5ial or mortal accord+ to ! nature ( ! injury done ! b5efactor4 ,?us1 a small injury is done :5 "o gives a *eap pres5t to a b5efactor f :om "o _h receiv$ a valuable gift1 = 8 "r to m 0 n /rict1 & h5ce ! s9 is v5ial2 b a grave injury is done :5 "o s]i\sly calumniates a b5efactor1 & ! s9 is !n mortal4 #bchj4 ,is ,x ,"r to ,conf] ,favors on ! ,ungrateful8--7a7 ,if ! favors w be ( b5efit1 "o %\ld n desi/ m]ely because ( ! +ratitude ) :i* !y are receiv$4 ,x is n always c]ta9 t ! b5efici>y is ungrateful1 & !re may be reason to hope = 8 improvem5t 7,luke1 vi4 #ce74 7b7 ,if ! favors are n b5eficial1 because ! recipi5t is made worse 7e4g41 arrogant1 lazy7 ?r\gh !m1 !y %\ld be discont9u$4 #bcha4 ,! ,virtue ( ,v5geance4--,j z gratitude returns good = evil1 s does v5geance 7v9dicatio7 return evil = evil1 t is1 ! evil ( puni%m5t = ! evil ( s94 ,v5geance is def9$ z 8a moral virtue t incl9es a private p]son to use lawful means = ! puni%m5t ( wrongdo+1 ) a view to ! satisfaction ( public or private ju/ice40 7a7 ,v5geance is a virtue ( private p]sons2 t is1 x belongs to ^? :o are n *>g$ (ficially ) ! puni%m5t ( (f5ses4 ,! duty ( public p]sons1 su* z judges1 is a mu* /rict] "o & p]ta9s to ! virtue ( v9dictive ju/ice1 :i* is a =m ( commutative ju/ice2 :]eas v5geance is only a virtue annex$ to ju/ice 7see above1 #bada sqq474 ,v9dictive ju/ice att5ds to ! equality betwe5 fault & puni%m5t1 v5geance to ! protection ( ! p]son :o has be5 injur$4 7b7 ,v5geance is conc]n$ ) ! puni%m5t ( wrongdo+1 or ! infliction ( "s pa9ful retribution ^u "o :o has already committ$ an injury4 ,?us1 ?is virtue is n /rictly id5tical ) lawful self-def5se1 :i* is direct$ aga9/ an evil t is n pa/ b pres5t1 ?\gh self-def5se may be rat$ z a second>y act ( ! virtue ( v5geance4 7c7 ,v5geance uses only lawful means2 t is1 x seeks r$ress or rep>ation f ! au?orities :o h ! "r to give x & foll[s due process ( law4 ,?is virtue diff]s1 !n1 f private rev5ge1 v5detta1 lyn* law1 ex]cise ( ! 8unwritt5 law10 etc41 :i* are acts ( s9ful viol5ce1 ?\gh sometimes subjectively excusable on acc\nt ( ignorance4 ,! virtue ( v5geance is also ex]cis$ by ^? :o desire t ju/ice may be done aga9/ malefactors1 or :o visit ^u !m ) mod]ation su* puni%m5ts z are n =bidd5 to private p]sons 7e4g41 d5ial ( fri5d%ip74 ,p>5ts also ex]cise ?is virtue :5ev] !y prop]ly correct & *a/ise _! *ildr54 7d7 ,v5geance has = its ends public & private ju/ice1 t is1 ! v9dication ( ! "r ord] ( society or ! comp5sation or satisfaction ( an injur$ p]son4 ,if "s o!r good motive causes "o to desire requital ( evil de$s1 ! act w p]ta9 to ano!r virtue3 ?us1 if "o aims at ! am5dm5t ( ! evil-do]1 "o's act p]ta9s to *>ity2 if "o desires by ! det]r5t ( puni%m5t to secure ! peace & prosp]ity ( ! commonweal?1 ! act is "o ( legal ju/ice2 if "o seeks ! honor ( ,god1 ! act is "o ( religion1 etc4 ,if an evil motive prompts ! desire ( puni%m5t1 ! wi% is n virtu\s at all1 b s9ful4 ,?us1 he :o labors to h a crim9al captur$1 s5t5c$ & execut$1 & ^: int5tion is n ! v9dication ( ju/ice b ! gratification ( jeal\sy1 hatr$1 cruelty or o!r l passion1 s9s griev\sly & p]haps makes himself worse ?an ! crim9al4 ,to return evil = evil 9 ?is way is to be ov]come by evil 7,rom41 xii4 #ag-ba74 #bchb4 ,! ,morality ( ,v5geance4--7a7 ,v5geance is lawful1 s9ce x p]ta9s to ju/ice1 & ,our ,"l decl>es t x is f\nd 9 ! j & is approv$ by ,god 7,luke1 xviii4 #g74 ,x is1 moreov]1 a special virtue1 = x regulates ! special natural incl9ation :i* moves man to attack :at is h>mful & injuri\s & has its own di/9ctive ends 7see #bcha74 ,x is closely relat$ to =titude & zeal1 :i* prep>e ! way = x2 zeal1 be+ a f]v5t love ( ,god & man1 inspires indignation aga9/ inju/ice1 :ile =titude removes ! fe> t might keep "o back f attack on inju/ice4 ,accid5tally1 h[ev]1 on acc\nt ( great] evils1 v5geance is sometimes unlawful1 z :5 x w\ld involve ! innoc5t ) ! guilty1 or fall m heavily ^u ! less guilty 7,matt41 xiii4 #bi1 #cj74 7b7 ,v5geance is obligatory :5 an injury to oneself is also an injury to a public or o!r necess>y good 7e4g41 to ! rights ( ,god or ( ! ,*ur*74 ,h5ce x 0 t ,elias & ,eliseus puni%$ ^? :o maltreat$ !m 7,,iv ,k+s1 i4 #i sqq41 ii4 #bc1 #bd71 t inspir$ writ]s pray ,god to puni% ! wick$ 7,psalms xviii1 xxxiv1 lxviii1 cviii1 lxxviii1 cxxxvi2 ,j]emias1 xi4 #bj1 xvii1 #ah1 xviii4 #ba1 xx4 #ab71 & ,pope ,sylve/] excommunicat$ ^? :o s5t him into exile4 ,if an injury to oneself is m]ely p]sonal1 "o %\ld be will+ to =ego puni%m5t ( ! guilty p]son1 & %\ld actually d s :5 ?is c\rse is exp$i5t1 z ,our ,"l tea*es 9 ,mat!w1 vi4 #ad1 #ae 7see #aaih sqq474 ,:5 no necessity requires "o to v9dicate a p]sonal wrong1 ! m p]fect c\rse is to p>don ! wrong = ! sake ( ,god2 = 9 av5g+ injuries to self !re is always ! dang] ( su* evils z selfi% motive1 arrogance1 hatr$1 sc&al1 & ! loss ( su* goods z peace ( m9d1 conv]sion ( ! o!r p>ty1 edification1 & great] claim on ,god's =giv5ess ( self4 ,h5ce1 v5geance is call$ 8a little virtue10 s9ce x is s (t5 ! less p]fect way4 #bchc4 ,excess & ,defect4--,punitive ju/ice is a moral virtue & h5ce %\ld be *>act]iz$ by mod]ation z to all its circum/ances4 ,x %\ld avoid ! extremes ( excess & defect4 7a7 ,! s9 ( excess "h is cruelty1 :i* 9 ! quality or ! quantity ( ! puni%m5t (f5ds human rights or surpasses ! measure ( ! crime or ! cu/om ( ! law4 ,?us1 x is immoral to associate "y prison]s ) h>d5$ crim9als1 to deprive an (f5d] ( religi\s opportunities2 x is inhuman to treat a human be+ z if he 7 a brute or less ?an a brute 7e4g41 by conf9em5t 9 a loa?some dungeon1 by ov]work ) />vation1 by torture72 x is unfair to use sev]e puni%m5ts unkn[n to law or cu/om1 or ^: rigor f> surpasses ! degree ( (f5se4 ,!re is excess ev5 9 m$ic9al or re=matory p5alties1 if a high] good is sacrific$ = a l[] 7e4g41 ! spiritual = ! temporal1 a major = a m9or good quality71 = !n ! rem$y is worse ?an ! disease4 7b7 ,! s9 ( defect 9 puni%m5ts is laxity1 :i* rew>ds crime1 or all[s x to g unpuni%$1 or imposes p5alties :i* are agreeable to (f5d]s1 or n a det]r5t1 or n at all equal to ! (f5se4 ,scripture condemns ?is l5ity :5 x decl>es t ! p>5t :o sp>es ! rod spoils ! *ild 7,prov41 xiii4 #bd74 ,9 weigh+ ! gravity ( a del9qu5cy acc\nt %\ld be tak5 ( ! fault itself1 ( ! injury done & ! sc&al giv54 ,9 ! fault consid]ation mu/ be _h ( ! objective elem5t 7i4e41 ! nature & importance ( ! law violat$71 ( ! subjective elem5t 7i4e41 ! age1 in/ruction1 education1 sex1 & /ate ( m9d ( ! (f5d]71 ( ! circum/ances 7e4g41 ! "t1 ! place1 ! p]sons involv$1 & ! frequ5cy74 ,see ,canon #bbah4 #bchd4 ,circum/ances ( ,punitive ,ju/ice4--7a7 ,puni%m5ts t ,may ,be ,us$4--,puni%m5t is virtu\s only 9 s f> z x re/ra9s f evil ^? :o _c be re/ra9$ by love ( virtue1 b only by fe> ( p5alty4 ,h5ce1 p5alties %\ld consi/ 9 ! deprivation ( goods t are m priz$ ?an ! satisfactions obta9$ ?r\gh del9qu5cies4 ,bo? div9e & human laws1 !re=e1 h e/abli%$ z puni%m5ts ! loss ( a bodily good 7e4g41 by dea?1 flogg+1 imprisonm5t7 or ( an ext]nal good 7e4g41 by exile1 f9e1 infamy71 ! *ief inducem5ts to crime be+ f\nd 9 bodily or ext]nal ?+s4 ,! extreme p5alty ( dea? %\ld be res]v$ = extreme cases1 & ! o!r p5alties %\ld be suit$ to ! crime1 s z to remove ! inc5tive or means 7e4g41 di%one/y %\ld be puni%$ by loss ( goods1 calumny by infamy1 lu/ by pa91 etc474 7b7 ,p]sons ,:o ,may ,be ,puni%$4--,puni%m5t aga9 is virtu\s only because x p]ta9s to ju/ice & rights ! inequality caus$ by s94 ,accord+ly1 no "o %\ld be puni%$ unless he has s9n$ or volunt>ily transgress$4 ,x is unlawful to puni% ! innoc5t = ! guilty1 or to puni% an innoc5t p]son 9 ord] to keep him f future s9s4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t ,god inflicts temporal evils on ! j = ! sake ( spiritual goods 7e4g41 t !y may n become atta*$ to ?is _w1 may h opportunities ( m]it1 & may give good example72 t "o p]son may be puni%$ = ! s9 ( ano!r :5 he associates himself ) or approves ( t s91 z :5 c>eless p>5ts h bad *ildr5 or c>eless subjects bad rul]s 7,job1 xxxiv4 #cj2 ,exod1 xx4 #e72 t = a suffici5t reason an innoc5t p]son may be depriv$ ( a good = :i* he is unfitt$ 7e4g41 ord9ation :5 "o is irregul> by defect7 or to :i* he has no p]sonal or absolute claim 7e4g41 ! family prop]ty :5 x is lo/ to ! *ildr5 because ! fa!r is f9$74 #bche4 ,! ,virtue ( ,tru?fulness4--,hav+ treat$ ! virtues ( gratitude & v5geance1 :i* deal ) moral obligations caus$ by an act ( ! "o ow$1 we n[ pass on to tru?fulness1 :i* is a moral obligation aris+ f ! acts ( ! "o ow+ 9 :i* he communicates ) o!rs4 ,= he :o speaks1 writes1 or o!rwise manife/s 8 m9d to o!rs puts himself "u a duty ( n deceiv+4 ,tru?fulness or v]acity is def9$ z 8a moral virtue t incl9es "o duly & fai?fully to express :at is 9 "o's m9d40 7a7 ,x is a virtue1 t is1 a good habit1 & s x diff]s f tru?1 :i* is ! object ( intellectual habits4 ,?us1 ! ,fir/ ,tru? or ,god is ! object ( fai?4 ,tru?fulness is n ! object ( a virtue1 b x is a virtue4 7b7 ,x is a moral virtue4 ,x deals ) ext]nal ?+s 7viz41 ! words or signs by :i* we express our ?\ghts71 & s x is n a !ological virtue2 moreov]1 ?\gh ! k ( tru? belongs to ! intellect1 ! "r manife/ation ( tru? dep5ds on a good w1 & s tru?fulness is n an intellectual virtue3 ! tru?ful man may be unle>n$1 b he loves hone/y4 7c7 ,x regulates ! expression ( ! m9d1 t is1 ! words1 writ+1 ge/ures1 conduct1 & o!r ext]nal signs1 s z to make !m con=mable to ! m9d :i* !y /& =4 ,tru?fulness deals ) int]nal ?+s 7e4g41 :5 ! speak] says t he has good heal? or is well dispos$ t[>ds ano!r7 & ) ext]nal ?+s z !y appe> to ! speak] 7e4g41 :5 he says t he is c]ta9 or believes t a report is accurate74 7d7 ,x is a fai?ful expression ( :at is 9 ! m9d or belief4 ,h5ce1 "o may be tru?ful :ile mak+ /atem5ts contr>y to fact1 or untru?ful :ile mak+ /atem5ts agreeable to facts1 = tru?fulness is s9c]ity1 n correctness4 7e7 ,x is a due expression ( "o's m9d or belief2 t is1 x is giv5 :5 & :]e & z x %\ld be giv54 ,a p]son :o speaks out 8 m9d on all occasions1 ) no reg>d = results1 is n a li>1 b he is at lea/ imprud5t1 & he _c be said to possess ! virtue ( tru?fulness1 = e virtue is prud5t4 ,examples ( ?is are p]sons :o unnecess>ily indulge self-praise by tell+ _! true virtues or p]fections 7,prov41 xxvii4 #b71 or :o va+lori\sly or o!rwise fooli%ly publi% _! true s9s or imp]fections 7,is4 iii4 #i74 #bchf4 ,! ,excell5ce ( ,tru?fulness4--7a7 ,tru?fulness is a virtue1 s9ce x makes "r use ( language & o!r signs by employ+ !m = ! tru?1 & also s]ves society1 :i* re/s on ! tru/ t m5 h 9 ! words & promises ( _! fell[-m54 ,/4 ,paul admoni%es ! ,ephesians 7iv4 #be7 t ea* "o speak ! tru? to 8 neighbor1 s9ce all are memb]s ( ! o!r4 7b7 ,x is a moral virtue1 pres]v+ mod]ation 9 conv]sations & o!r int]*anges ( ?\ght4 ,?is virtue sees t facts are nei!r exagg]at$ nor und]/at$1 t tru? is n manife/$ :5 x %\ld be conceal$1 nor conceal$ :5 x %\ld be spok54 7c7 ,x is a special virtue1 =1 :ile ! o!r moral virtues regulate actions & ext]nal ?+s1 none ( !m except tru?fulness regulates ^? objects precisely 9 _! "* ( m$ia or in/rum5ts = signify+ & convey+ ?\ghts1 op9ions1 & decisions4 ,& s9ce a great "p ( human life is occupi$ 9 conf]5ce or correspond5ce ) o!rs1 tru?fulness is "o ( ! mo/ useful ( ! virtues & "o ^: ex]cise is mo/ frequ5tly call$ =4 7d7 ,x is a virtue annex$ to ju/ice4 ,on ! "o h&1 x is l ju/ice1 s9ce x pays a debt :i* "o social be+ owes ano!r ( speak+ ! tru?2 on ! o!r h&1 x falls %ort ( ju/ice1 s9ce ! debt is moral1 n legal4 ,?is is said ( tru?fulness 9 ord9>y int]c\rse1 = 9 judicial process & 9 contracts !re is also a legal obligation ( ju/ice to tell ! tru?4 #bchg4 ,s9c]ity & ,fidelity4--,two virtues t p]ta9 to tru?fulness are s9c]ity & fidelity4 7a7 ,s9c]ity 7simplicity7 is ! virtue ( "o :o is consi/5t ) himself1 avoid+ duplicity & d\ble deal+ ( e k9d1 su* z lies1 equivocations1 sophi/ries1 speci\s excuses1 quibbles1 di%one/ %ifts1 di/ractions1 concealm5ts1 & ! l4 7b7 ,fidelity 7loyalty7 is ! virtue ( "o :o fulfills promises t are obligatory only 9 virtue ( 8 ^w freely giv54 ,x diff]s f con/ancy1 :i* is conc]n$ n ) promises b resolutions1 & f virtues conc]n$ ) promises t are obligatory 9 virtue ( legal debt1 su* z contracts1 promissory oa?s 7see #afib1 #agdi1 #agec1 #ahhh74 ,fidelity makes an hone/ man's ^w z good z 8 bond1 & x is !re=e "o ( ! mo/ appreciat$ ( virtues 7,matt41 xxv4 #ba2 ,psalm xiv74 ,horace calls x ! si/] ( ju/ice4 #bchh4 ,vices ,oppos$ to ,tru?fulness4--7a7 ,by defect "o s9s aga9/ tru? ?r\gh ly+ & brea* ( promise2 7b7 by excess "o s9s aga9/ tru?fulness 9 violation ( secret or o!r unju/ifiable disclosures4 #bchi4 ,ly+4--,a lie is a ^w spok5 ) ! purpose ( /at+ :at is n true4 7a7 ,x is said to be a ^w1 by :i* is meant any ext]nal sign consi/+ 9 spee* or its equival5t4 ,a lie may be express$ by language1 oral or writt51 by signs1 by ge/ures1 by ins9uation1 by expressive sil5ce1 by actions or conduct 7see #bjab1 #bjbh74 7b7 ,a lie is spok51 t is1 express$ ext]nally4 ,b ! guilt is f\nd 9 ! w1 & h5ce ^? :o plan lies are guilty ( m5dacity1 ev5 ?\gh !y d n c>ry out _! plans4 7c7 ,a lie is told ) purpose2 t is1 !re is a comp>ison by ! intellect ( ! sign ) ! ?+ signifi$ & a volunt>y *oice ( ! insuffici5t sign to be us$4 ,an infant or an unconsci\s p]son1 !re=e1 may tell an untru?1 b he _c tell a lie4 ,moreov]1 a p]son :o has no good comm& ( language or no cle> und]/&+ ( a subject is n guilty ( ly+ :5 9 spite ( 8 ef=ts to ! contr>y he gives mislead+ impressions4 ,b ^? :o d n ?9k be=e !y speak1 or :o use language c>elessly or inaccurately1 may be guilty ( inju/ice & deception1 or ev5 ( indirect ly+4 7d7 ,! purpose ( a lie is ! /atem5t ( :at is n true1 or ! pret5se t :at is n 9 "o's m9d is 9 "o's m9d4 ,j z tru? is ! agreem5t ( ! ^w ) ! ?\ght1 s a lie is ! disagreem5t ( ^w ) ?\ght4 ,b a lie ne$ n be entirely false1 & inde$ "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s ( lies is :at is kn[n z a half-tru?1 9 :i* "s real facts are told 9 ord] to give support to pret5d$ facts1 or 9 :i* valid argum5ts are adduc$ to ?r[ du/ 9 ! eyes z reg>ds o!r argum5ts t are sophi/ical4 #bcij4 ,/atem5ts ,liable to ,misund]/&+ or ,mis9t]pretation4--,a ^w t suffici5tly expresses "o's idea is n a lie or a deception1 ev5 ?\gh ano!r idea w be tak5 f x by a li/5] or is convey$ by its m]e lett]4 7a7 ,?us1 misund]/&+ due to defect1 n ( ! speak]1 b ( ! li/5]1 does n make "o's words untru?ful1 any m ?an x makes !m sc&al\s 7see #adfb71 z :5 ! li/5] has n giv5 att5tion to :at 0 said 7,john1 xxi4 #bc74 ,ev5 a spee* word$ obscurely because ! matt] is obscure1 or because ! li/5] w\ld be h>m$ by pla9] spee* 7see #ajja71 is n m5daci\s b prud5t4 7b7 ,mis9t]pretation to :i* a /atem5t is op5 on acc\nt ( its word+ does n make ! /atem5t untru?ful1 if ! context or circum/ances suffici5tly disclose ! true mean+ ( ! words4 ,examples3 hyp]bolical1 ironical or o!r metaphorical spee*2 words spok5 9 je/ or 9 t]ms ( cu/om>y polit5ess1 su* z 8y\r mo/ ob$i5t s]vant01 /atem5ts made inquir+ly or hypo!tically 7e4g41 :5 a judge or prosecutor accuses a def5dant ( crime 9 ord] to discov] ! tru?2 cfr4 ,g541 xiii4 #i71 or by way ( m]e quotation or ( fictiti\s n>rative 7e4g41 fairy tales1 /ories1 rev]ies71 or ( disputation z 9 s*ool debates ex]cis$ = ! sake ( practice 9 argum5tation4 ,x is n a lie to write "u a p5-"n1 to speak accord+ to ! p]sonality "o repres5ts 7,g541 xxxi4 #ac2 ,tob41 v4 #ah71 to answ] accord+ to ! m9d ( a que/ion]1 z :5 ,a says to ,b3 8,h y se5 y\r fa!r80 mean+1 8,d y "k :]e he is80 & ,b replies3 8,i h n se5 him10 mean+ 8,i d n "k :]e he is40 ,ly+ conte/s1 9 :i* fi%]m51 sportsm51 etc41 vie ) "o ano!r to see :o c tell ! mo/ incr$ible y>n or tall tale1 are n 9 !mselves s9ful1 b !re may be circum/ances 7= example1 sc&al1 deception1 dang]7 t make !m repreh5sible4 #bcia4 ,divisions ( ,lies4--7a7 ,intr9sically1 or 9 respect to its nature z a dep>ture f ! speak]'s m9d1 e lie is ei!r an exagg]ation1 :i* tells m ?an ! tru?1 or a suppression1 :i* tells less ?an ! :ole tru?4 ,he :o affirms :at he does n believe1 or :o /ates z c]ta9 :at he ?9ks is unc]ta91 exagg]ates2 he :o d5ies :at he believes1 or :o /ates z d\btful :at he holds z c]ta91 is guilty ( suppression4 7b7 ,extr9sically1 or 9 respect to purpose1 mode1 & result1 lies are ( _m k9ds4 ,z to mode1 a lie is ei!r spok5 or act$1 ! =m] be+ a falsehood & ! latt] a simulation or hypocrisy4 ,z to its imm$iate purpose1 a lie is meant ei!r to express falsehood only or to deceive1 ! =m] be+ misrepres5tation & ! latt] deceit 7e4g41 if ,claudius kn[s t he calumniat$ & t ,sempronius he>d ! calumny1 & yet braz5ly d5ies ! calumny to ,sempronius1 !re is misrepres5tation72 if ,claudius tries to mislead o!rs :o only suspect him & gives false alibis1 !re is deceit4 ,z to its ult]ior purpose1 a lie is meant = good 7an (fici\s or jocose lie7 or = evil 7a p]nici\s lie71 or is direct$ to bo? good & evil4 ,z to its result1 a lie sometimes produces & sometimes does n produce a /atem5t at v>iance ) fact2 x sometimes deceives & sometimes does n deceive ! auditors4 #bcib4 ,classification ( ,lies4--,e lie is h>mful f its nature1 s9ce x t5ds to deceive o!rs & s to di/urb ! good ord] ( society4 ,b ! reason t moves p]sons to lie is n always evil1 & h5ce we h ! foll[+ classes ( lies4 7a7 ,"s lies are told = a good purpose1 z :5 "o lies 9 ord] to please 7jocose lie7 or to s]ve ano!r 7(fici\s lie74 ,jocose lies include all k9ds ( humor\s & int]e/+ n>rations & descriptions meant only to af=d pleasure1 b giv5 out z facts by "o :o does n believe !m to be facts4 ,untru?s told 9 su* a way 7e4g41 ) a laugh or 9 a playful tone1 especially if ! auditors h a s5se ( humor7 t x is cle> !y are n meant to be tak5 s]i\sly1 are n jocose lies or lies ( any k9d4 ,(fici\s lies are told ) a view to assi/+ or accommodat+ a neighbor1 t he may receive "s good 7e4g41 to hold out false promises z an inducem5t to good conduct7 or escape "s evil 7e4g41 to fill ! e>s ( a despond5t man ) false reports ( good news 9 ord] to revive 8 spirits74 ,x seems t we %\ld reg>d z (fici\s lies v>i\s /atem5ts made by ,jacob 7,g541 xxvii4 #ce71 ,david 7,i ,k+s1 xx4 #f1 xxi4 #b1 xxvii4 #aj71 & ,judi? 7,x4 xi4 xii74 7b7 ,"s lies are told = an evil purpose1 z :5 "o lies m]ely to indulge a prop5sity = falsehood or = ! %e] pleasure ( ly+ 7lies ( incl9ation71 or :5 "o lies to injure ano!r p]son 7p]nici\s lies74 #bcic4 ,motives = ,ly+4--,! motives = ly+ are n always simple1 & x may happ5 t 9 "o & ! same lie !re are sev]al motives ( diff]5t "*4 7a7 ,?us1 an (fici\s lie is n always dictat$ by pure b5evol5ce4 ,x may be selfi% 7e4g41 :5 "o lies to conceal ! del9qu5cy ( ano!r 9 :i* "o 0 involv$71 z well z altrui/ic 7e4g41 :5 ! li> d]ives no b5efit f ! lie71 or self-sacrific+ 7e4g41 :5 ! li> is put to exp5se1 tr\ble or loss ?r\gh 8 lie74 7b7 ,an (fici\s lie may also be p]nici\s & jocose1 = x may affect diff]5t p]sons 9 diff]5t ways4 ,?us1 if ,claudius calumniates ,julius 9 ord] to %ield ,balbus f ! bad op9ion ( ,caius1 :o does n "k ,balbus1 & to amuse ,sempronius :o kn[s ! tru?1 ! lie is p]nici\s z reg>ds ,julius1 (fici\s z reg>ds ,balbus1 & jocose z reg>ds ,sempronius4 #bcid4 ,comp>ison ( ! ,gravity ( ,v>i\s ,lies4--7a7 ,lies ( exagg]ation are n worse z lies ?an lies ( suppression1 = 9 bo? cases ! tru? is dep>t$ f4 ,b x is m imprud5t to ov]/ate ?an to und]/ate1 & 9 ?is s5se ! lie ( exagg]ation is worse4 7b7 ,lies are aggravat$ by ! purpose to h>m1 & ! great] ! h>m1 ! great] ! s94 ,?us1 ! wor/ ( all p]nici\s lies is t :i* is direct$ aga9/ ,god1 z 9 false religi\s doctr9e2 & ! lie t h>ms a man 9 spiritual goods is worse ?an a lie t h>ms 9 temporal ?+s only4 7c7 ,lies are mitigat$ by ! purpose to help1 & ! great] ! good int5d$ ! less ! s94 ,9 o!r words1 lies t are n p]nici\s are n s bad z p]nici\s lies1 (fici\s lies are less s9ful ?an jocose lies1 (fici\s lies told = ! sake ( "s great good are n s grave z ^? told = ! sake ( a less] good4 ,?us1 x is a less evil to lie 9 ord] to save a man's life ?an to lie 9 ord] to take 8 life2 x is less s9ful to lie 9 ord] to sp>e ano!r ! %ock ( bad news ?an to lie = ! sake ( embelli%+ a tale2 x is a less (f5se to lie 9 ord] to w>d (f a bodily h>m ?an to lie 9 ord] to prev5t a f9ancial loss4 #bcie4 ,s9fulness ( ,all ,lies4--,b ?\gh lies are unequal 9 s9fulness1 x rema9s t no lie1 ev5 ! smalle/ 7su* z are call$ fibs or :ite lies71 is ev] ju/ifi$1 ev5 by ! greate/ good 7,job1 xiii4 #g71 = a lie is intr9sically evil1 & ! end does n ju/ify ! means4 7a7 ,a lie is a s91 because x is an abuse ( spee* & o!r signs giv5 by ,god = ! manife/ation ( tru?2 because x is an unfri5dly & unsocial act1 t5d+ to ! disruption ( k9dly relations betwe5 m52 because x is directly oppos$ to tru?1 ! prop] & di/9ctive good ( ! human m9d4 ,ev5 ! pagans h reg>d$ li>s ) contempt & consid]$ lies z disgraceful1 & ev5 ^? :o lay no claim to virtue feel gravely insult$ if call$ li>s4 ,9 _m places ! ,scriptures =bid ly+ 7,exod41 xxiii4 #g2 ,levit41 ,xix4 #aa2 ,prov41 xii4 #bb2 ,ecclus41 xx4 #bf2 ,col41 iii4 #i71 & ,/4 ,paul especially 7,eph41 iv4 #be7 is v cle> on ?is po9t3 8,putt+ away ly+1 speak ye ! tru? e man ) 8 neighbor1 = we are memb]s "o ( ano!r40 ,! ,fa!rs & ! !ologians are g5]ally agre$ t no necessity1 n ev5 ! dang] ( dea?1 excuses a lie1 any m ?an x excuses !ft or adult]y4 ,if ,god c\ld approve ( ev5 "o lie1 w\ld n t approval und]m9e our fai? 9 ,8 own v]acity8 ,surely we h no implicit confid5ce 9 "o :o helps to deceive u ev5 9 a small matt]4 7b7 ,a lie1 consid]$ precisely z a lie1 seems f its nature to be only a v5ial s91 = ! disord] ( us+ signs aga9/ "o's m9d is n s]i\s1 & ! h>m done society by m]e d5ial ( tru? is n necess>ily grave 7! case w\ld be o!rwise if tru? c\ld be d5i$ on pr9ciple z a lawful ?+74 ,ev5 pi\s p]sons d n reg>d h>mless lies z v s9ful 7see #badc1 #bchf74 ,h5ce1 z jocose & (fici\s lies h no o!r malice ?an t ( untru?fulness & z ! malice is less5$ by ! int5tion1 !y are g5]ally v5ial2 b "s extr9sic circum/ance 7su* z sc&al1 ! fact t "o lies habitually & )\t scruple1 or disa/r\s results7 may r5d] !m mortal4 ,p]nici\s lies h ano!r malice besides t ( untru?fulness1 & accord+ly ! case ) !m is diff]5t4 #bcif4 ,:5 ,ly+ ,entails ,no ,=mal ,s94--,lies are sometimes free f all =mal s9 on acc\nt ( ignorance 7z 9 ! case ( *ildr5 or un9/ruct$ p]sons1 :o ?9k !y may use lies 9 case ( great difficulty7 or on acc\nt ( irresponsibility 7z 9 ! case ( c]ta9 defectives :o seem to be born li>s74 #bcig4 ,p]nici\s ,lies4--,p]nici\s lies are mortal s9s f _! nature1 b may become v5ial f ! imp]fection ( ! act or ! lightness ( ! matt]4 ,= a p]nici\s lie s9s n aga9/ tru? only1 b also aga9/ ju/ice or *>ity4 ,h5ce1 x is said t ! li> de/roys 8 own s\l 7,wis41 i4 #aa71 t a lie is abom9at$ & hat$ by ! ,"l 7,prov41 vi4 #ag1 xii4 #bb71 t x has ! devil = its fa!r 7,john1 viii4 #dd71 t x br+s d[n div9e v5geance 7,ps4 v4 #g7 & w receive its portion 9 ! pool ( fire & brim/one 7,apoc41 xxi4 #h74 ,?is s9 is committ$ 9 two ways1 z foll[s3 7a7 a lie is p]nici\s :5 its matt] is h>mful1 z be+ contr>y to s\nd doctr9e1 good morals or true sci5ce4 ,h5ce1 a prea*] s9s gravely if ! sub/ance ( 8 pulpit tea*+ is m5daci\s 7e4g41 if 9 a s]mon he enunciates or def5ds errone\s pr9ciples ( conduct71 v5ially if he lies ab\t accid5tals 7e4g41 if he gives ! wrong *apt] or v]se = a text72 a sci5ti/1 a physician1 a juri/1 or ! l is simil>ly guilty ( a p]nici\s lie :5 he misleads ! public by unreliable in=mation4 ,a p5it5t 9 ! confessional & a witness 9 c\rt lie p]nici\sly if _! /atem5ts ab\t relevant matt]s are untrue1 = ! "o injures ! ,sacram5t & ! o!r injures public ju/ice2 b if ! lie is ab\t "s matt] ( slight importance1 ! s9 is v5ial1 unless !re is no o!r matt] 9 ! confession1 or ! te/imony is "u oa?2 7b7 a lie is also p]nici\s :5 ! int5tion ( ! li> is to injure ,god or 8 neighbor1 ev5 ?\gh ! matt] itself is n oppos$ to true doctr9e or is n (ficial te/imony4 ,examples are f\nd 9 ^? :o lie 9 a humor\s way 9 ord] to injure or sadd5 o!rs4 #bcih4 ,concealm5t ( ! ,tru?4--,tru?fulness is (f5d$ n only by ! decl>ation ( falsity 7i4e41 ( :at is n 9 ! m9d71 b also by ! unlawful concealm5t ( ! tru? 7i4e41 ( :at is 9 ! m9d74 ,! tru? is conceal$ ei!r negatively or positively4 7a7 ,!re is negative concealm5t ( ! tru?1 :5 "o has rec\rse to sil5ce or evasion4 ,ev]yone admits t ?is k9d ( concealm5t is lawful :5 !re is no obligation to give in=mation1 or :5 !re is an obligation n to give x4 ,?us1 a p]son :o is besieg$ by newspap] report]s does n feel obligat$ to answ] all _! que/ions2 a p]son :o is int]rogat$ by curi\s individuals ab\t 8 bus9ess or f9ancial affairs1 does n feel guilty if he evades _! que/ions by *ang+ ! subject1 or by ask+ !m simil> que/ions1 or by putt+ !m (f till a m conv5i5t "t1 etc4 7b7 ,!re is positive concealm5t ( ! tru?1 :5 "o gives a reply 9 language t is obscure to ! li/5] or obscure 9 itself4 ,if ! li/5] has no "r to ! tru?1 x is n wrong to speak to him 9 words :i* he w n und]/& 7e4g41 9 te*nical or sci5tific t]ms72 = if he is deceiv$1 he c blame only 8 own imp]t95ce or dullness4 ,! case is m difficult1 h[ev]1 if ! reply is obscure 9 itself1 t is1 if use is made ( ambiguity or m5tal res]vation4 #bcii4 ,m5tal ,res]vation4--,m5tal res]vation is an act ( ! m9d by :i* a speak] re/ricts or limits 8 words to a mean+ :i* !y d n naturally or cle>ly convey2 or x is an int]nal modification ( an ext]nal spee* deliv]$ )\t any or )\t cle> ext]nal modification4 ,!re are two k9ds ( m5tal res]vation4 7a7 ,/rict m5tal res]vation is t 9 :i* ! int]nal modification is manife/$ by no?+ ext]nal1 nei!r by ! natural s5se ( ! words 7i4e41 ! mean+ t ord9>ily atta*es to !m7 nor by _! accid5tal s5se 7i4e41 ! mean+ !y receive f _! context1 su* z ! circum/ances ( "t1 place1 usage1 p]son :o que/ions1 p]son :o is que/ion$1 etc474 ,example3 ,titus1 :o /ruck ,balbus ) a club1 d5ies t he hit him1 mean+ t x 0 ! club :i* hit ,balbus directly4 7b7 ,broad m5tal res]vation is t 9 :i* ! int]nal modification c be p]ceiv$1 at lea/ by a prud5t p]son1 ei!r f ! natural s5se ( ! words 7because !y are kn[n to be capable ( diff]5t mean+s71 or f ! context 7because circum/ances indicate t ! words are n to be tak5 9 _! obvi\s s5se74 ,example3 ,claudius accid5tally ran aga9/ & w\nd$ ,sempronius & ! latt] ?9ks t someone /ruck him a bl[4 ,claudius d5ies t he /ruck ,sempronius1 or decl>es to ^? :o h no "r to ask t he kn[s no?+ ab\t ! matt]4 #bdjj4 ,lawfulness ( ,m5tal ,res]vation4--7a7 ,/rict m5tal res]vation is unlawful & has be5 condemn$ by ! ,*ur* 7see ,d5z+]1 nn4 #aagd-aagh74 ,! reasons are1 fir/1 t x is a lie1 s9ce x employs words t d n at all express :at ! speak] has 9 m9d1 & 8 m5tal res]vation _c give !m a significance !y d n possess2 secondly1 t1 if x 7 lawful1 e di%one/ p]son c\ld easily escape ! guilt ( ly+ & yet deceive at w4 ,accord+ to ,scripture ! sophi/ical speak] is hateful 7,ecclus41 xxxvii4 #bc71 b ! j man speaks & swe>s )\t guile 7,ps4 xxxiii4 #ad1 xxiii4 #d74 7b7 ,broad m5tal res]vation is unlawful :5 !re is a reason t =bids its use1 or :5 !re is no suffici5t reason to ju/ify its use4 ,res]vation is =bidd5 :5 a que/ion] has ! "r to an answ] free f all ambiguity1 = example1 :5 a pa/or que/ions p>ties prep>+ = m>riage1 :5 a p]son :o is ab\t to be induct$ into (fice is ask$ ab\t 8 fre$om f disqualifications1 :5 a witness 9 c\rt is int]rogat$ ab\t matt]s on :i* he c te/ify1 :5 "o p>ty to a contract seeks f ! o!r necess>y k ab\t ! contract2 = 9 all ^! cases injury is done by concealm5t ( ! tru?4 ,res]vation is n ju/ifi$1 unless x is necess>y 9 ord] to secure "s good or avoid "s evil1 :e!r spiritual or temporal1 :e!r = self or = ano!r1 & ! end comp5sates by its importance = ! deception t may be caus$4 ,ap>t f su* necessity m5tal res]vation is1 to say ! lea/1 a dep>ture f ! virtue ( ,*ri/ian s9c]ity or simplicity1 :i* p]ta9s to tru?fulness & :i* =bids "o to conceal ! tru? f o!rs :5 !re is no good reason = concealm5t 7,matt1 v4 #cg74 ,moreov]1 ! fri5dly relations ( mank9d w\ld be impair$ if x 7 lawful to speak equivocally ev5 :5 trifl+ ?+s are discuss$ or :5 !re is no reason to be secretive4 7c7 ,broad m5tal res]vation is lawful :5 !re is a suffici5t reason = x1 su* z ! public welf>e 7e4 g41 ! pres]vation ( /ate secrets or ( milit>y plans71 spiritual welf>e 7e4g41 ! prev5tion ( blasphemy or intoxication71 bodily welf>e 7e4g41 ! prev5tion ( dea? or murd]71 or f9ancial welf>e 7e4g41 ! prev5tion ( robb]y74 ,b ! res]vation mu/ be necess>y1 z be+ ! only lawful means t w secure ! end 7e4g41 "o %\ld n use res]vation :5 evasion or sil5ce w suffice72 & x %\ld n be injuri\s to ! rights ( ano!r 7e4g41 x %\ld n be employ$ aga9/ ! common good1 9 favor ( a private good74 ,! reason = ! pres5t conclusion is f\nd 9 ! pr9ciple ( d\ble result 7see #ajc sqq47 & 9 ! fact t a broad m5tal res]vation is n intr9sically evil1 s9ce x conta9s no lie or ins9c]ity & causes no injury to individuals or society4 ,!re is no lie1 because ! words correspond ) ! ?\ght1 ei!r f _! natural signification 79 case ( d\ble-mean+ words71 or f _! accid5tal signification 79 case ( words ^: mean+ is v>i$ by ! context72 !re is no ins9c]ity1 = ! aim is only to conceal a tru? t %\ld n be made kn[n2 !re is no injury to ! li/5] or que/ion]1 s9ce1 if he is deceiv$1 ?is is due to 8 own he$lessness or dullness or unju/ifi$ curiosity2 !re is no injury to society1 s9ce ! g5]al welf>e dem&s t !re be "s hone/ means ( elud+ unju/ inquiries & ( protect+ important secrets4 ,our ,"l ,himself1 :o is inf9itely above all suspicion ( duplicity or ins9c]ity1 may h us$ broad m5tal res]vations :5 ,he decl>$ 7,john1 vii4 #h-aj7 t ,he w\ld n g up to ,j]usalem1 t ! daught] ( ,jairus 0 n dead b sleep+ 7,matt41 ix4 #bd74 ,o!r cases ( m5tal res]vation 9 ,scripture are f\nd 9 ,eliseus 7,,iv ,k+s1 vi4 #ai74 #bdja4 ,:5 ,is ,broad ,m5tal ,res]vation ,lawful8--,!re is g5]al agreem5t t broad m5tal res]vation is lawful 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 x is lawful & obligatory :5 "o is b\nd to keep ! tru? f ! p]son :o asks x4 ,h5ce1 ^? :o are que/ion$ ab\t secrets :i* sacram5tal or pr(essional confid5ce =bids !m to disclose 7e4g41 confessors1 doctors1 lawy]s1 /atesm51 & secret>ies7 %\ld d5y k1 or1 if h>d-press$1 ev5 ! facts4 ,! answ]1 8,i d n "k0 or 8,no10 9 ^! cases simply means3 8,i h no p]sonal or communicable k40 ,9 w> "t a gov]nm5t has ! "r to c5sor ! news 9 ord] to keep in=mation f ! enemy4 ,a reason ( *>ity might also make x obligatory to disguise ! tru? by m5tal res]vation 7e4g41 :5 a cle> reply giv5 to ! "q ( a sick p]son w\ld only weak5 a sl5d] hope ( sav+ 8 life1 or :5 exact in=mation giv5 to a gunman w\ld enable him to ov]take an int5d$ victim72 7b7 x is lawful :5 a reasonable local cu/om p]mits "o to )hold ! tru?4 ,?us1 an accus$ p]son1 ev5 ?\gh guilty1 has ! "r to plead n guilty1 :i* means t he does n confess guilt2 a p]son :o has a visitor at an unseasonable h\r may s5d ^w t he is n at home1 :i* means t %e is n at home to visitors1 a p]son :o is ask$ = an alms or a loan :i* he _c conv5i5tly grant may answ]1 accord+ to _m1 t he has n ! money1 :i* means t he has no money to sp>e = ^? purposes 7see #bbea74 #bdjb4 ,ambigu\s ,answ]s4--,are ambigu\s answ]s :i* are n giv5 accord+ to ! que/ion]'s m9d1 & = :i* !re are no reasonable ju/ifications1 to be class$ z lies8 7a7 ,if ! answ]1 ev5 9 ! sett+ ( its context1 reta9s its ambiguity or c be int]pret$ 9 two ways1 !re is n /rictly speak+ a lie1 = ! words signify1 ?\gh obscurely1 :at is 9 ! speak]'s m9d4 ,b ?is is a =m ( ins9c]ity kn[n z equivocation or quibbl+1 :i* _m reg>d almo/ z disreputable z pla9 ly+4 ,! pagan oracles t made pr$ictions t w\ld suit any turn ( ev5ts & politicians :o s ^w !mselves z to be on opposite sides at ! same "t are examples ( equivocation4 7b7 ,if ! answ]1 ?\gh v]bally susceptible ( two s5ses1 is contextually limit$ to "o s5se1 x is a lie2 = x does n express ! speak]'s m9d4 ,?us1 if ,titus kn[s t ,balbus is good physically or m5tally b n morally1 he equivocates by answ]+ t ,balbus is good1 if f ! circum/ances ?is indicates only t 9 "s way or o!r ,balbus is good2 b ,titus lies by answ]+ t ,balbus is good & re/rict+ 8 mean+ to physical goodness or indu/ry1 if ! "q prop\nd$ ref]r$ to moral goodness4 #bdjc4 ,simulation or ,pret5ce4--,a special =m ( untru?fulness is simulation or pret5ce1 :i* uses ext]nal de$s or ?+s to signify ! contr>y ( :at "o ?9ks or int5ds int]nally4 7a7 ,simulation uses ext]nal de$s or ?+s1 & ?us !re is an accid5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ly+ & simulation1 ! "o be+ untru?fulness 9 ^w & ! o!r untru?fulness 9 de$ 7see #afgh sqq474 7b7 ,x employs de$s or ?+s to signify4 ,unlike words1 de$s & ?+s 7 n meant pr9cipally to signify1 & h5ce n all conduct at v>iance ) "o's ideas is simulation4 ,"o may act )\t any ?\ght ( ! impression ! act makes on o!rs 7e4g41 :5 "o keeps sob]1 n f wi%1 b f necessity74 ,& ev5 :5 an act is done ) ! int5tion to influ5ce o!rs by x1 ! purpose may be1 n to signify1 b to conceal some?+ 7e4g41 ,josue fl$ f ! troops ( ,hai to keep !m f a k ( 8 plans1 ,jos41 viii4 #a sqq42 ,david feign$ insanity to conceal 8 id5tity1 ,i ,k+s1 xxi4 #aa4 sqq474 ,?us1 simulation tea*es error1 & dissimulation hides tru? f ^? :o h no "r to x4 ,t dissimulation is g5]ally recogniz$ z lawful is se5 f su* examples z /ratagems1 ambu%es1 cam\flage 9 w>1 disguises 9 detective "w1 & concealm5t ( m>riage by c\ples n ready = h\sekeep+4 7c7 ,x signifies ! contr>y ( :at "o has 9 m9d1 z :5 "o :o is sad laughs & jokes to make o!rs ?9k he is happy1 or "o :o is well apes ! actions ( a sick man s z to appe> unwell1 or :5 "o :o hates 8 neighbor treats him z a fri5d 9 public4 ,a special =m ( simulation is hypocrisy1 :i* makes a %[ ( virtue t "o does n possess at all or 9 ! degree pret5d$4 ,!re is no simulation if ! ext]ior corresponds ) :at "o has is m9d1 = example1 at ,emmaus ,*ri/ made z ?\gh ,he w\ld g f>!r 7,luke1 xxiv4 #bh71 b ,he meant n to /op )\t an invitation4 #bdjd4 ,! ,s9fulness ( ,simulation4--7a7 ,9 g5]al1 simulation is a s91 s9ce x is no?+ else ?an an act$ lie4 ,b de$s1 ) ! few exceptions ( b[s1 nods1 ge/ures & ! l1 are n f _! nature signs ( ?\ghts1 & ^? employ$ to s]ve z signs are m indet]m9ate & equivocal ?an words2 h5ce1 x is n always z easy to decide t an act is simulatory z to decide t a ^w is a lie4 ,?us1 x is n simulation to make use ( false hair1 false tee?1 or false jewelry z means ( protection or ( adornm5t1 !re be+ no int5tion to mislead2 nei!r is x simulation = a wick$ cl]ic to we> ! cl]ical g>b1 = ! dress signifies prim>ily 8 /ate1 & n necess>ily 8 p]sonal moral "*4 7b7 ,9 p>ticul>1 simulation by hypocrisy & trea*]y is dete/able2 = hypocrisy pro/itutes works ( virtue to ! ignoble ends ( applause or lucre or worse1 :ile trea*]y uses ! intimacy or m>ks ( fri5d%ip z means = betrayal4 ,! mo/ /++ rebukes ( ,our ,"l 7 giv5 ! hypocritical ,ph>isees 78,bl9d guides1 :it$ sepul*res1 s]p5ts1 g5]ation ( vip]s10 ,matt41 xxiii4 #bc sqq471 & among ! sadde/ words ( ,*ri/ are ^? address$ to ,judas 78,do/ ?\ betray ! ,son ( man ) a kiss80 ,luke1 xxii4 #dh74 ,aga9/ ! =m] he pron\nc$ woes1 & ,he decl>$ t x 7 bett] if ! latt] _h nev] be5 born 7,matt41 xxvi4 #bd74 #bdje4 ,s9fulness ( ,hypocrisy4--7a7 ,hypocrisy 9 its /ricte/ s5se is ! simulation ( "o :o wi%es to seem b n to be virtu\s4 ,?is s9 is mortal1 s9ce x c>es no?+ = virtue1 & its ext]nal pret5se is b a mock]y4 ,x is ?is hypocrisy t is s sca?+ly d5\nc$ 9 ,scripture4 7b7 ,hypocrisy 9 a less /rict s5se is ! simulation ( "o :o is 9 mortal s91 b wi%es = "s reason to appe> virtu\s or to lead a d\ble life4 ,! s9 is mortal or v5ial accord+ to ! motive2 = example1 to act ! hypocrite 9 ord] to s$uce ano!r is a mortal s91 ?\gh1 if ! motive is only vanity1 ! s9 is v5ial4 ,x %\ld be not$ t x is n hypocrisy = a j cause to conceal "o's s9 by dissimulation2 inde$1 ,isaias sev]ely blames ^? :o sc&alize o!rs by flaunt+ _! wick$ness be=e ! public 7,is1 iii4 #i74 7c7 ,hypocrisy 9 ! wide/ s5se assumes ! appe>ance ( a high degree ( sanctity above t requisite = salvation1 z :5 a p]son ( ord9>y goodness tries to ga9 ! reputation ( miracle-work]1 or to pass z "o bett] ?an o!rs 9 fai?1 zeal1 humility1 etc4 ,?is s9 is n mortal 9 itself1 b x may become mortal on acc\nt ( "s motive1 "s means1 or "s o!r circum/ance4 ,!re is no hypocrisy at all1 h[ev]1 9 %[+ oneself = ! virtue "o really has2 on ! contr>y1 he lies1 :o be+ good pret5ds t he is n good1 or :o be+ free ( a vice pret5ds t he is guilty ( x4 #bdjf4 ,self-,glorification & ,self-,depreciation4--,two =ms ( ly+ ab\t self are self-glorification & self-depreciation4 7a7 ,braggadocio is untru?ful self-glorification1 z :5 "o pret5ds to be ( royal desc5t1 or makes a display ( weal? beyond "o's means1 or poses z an au?ority on matt]s ( :i* "o is ignorant1 or tries by bluff to make "o's defects seem p]fections4 ,?is s9 is mortal :5 ! lie is s]i\sly injuri\s to ,god or o!rs 7,eze*41 xxviii4 #b1 ,luke1 xviii4 #aa71 or :5 ! motive is gravely s9ful1 su* z grave arrogance1 ambition1 or av>ice4 7b7 ,feign+ ( defects 7irony7 is untru?ful self-depreciation1 z :5 "o falsely d5ies a good quality :i* "o possesses 7e4g41 an excessively humble man d5ies ! good de$s t o!rs ascribe to him1 ?\gh he kn[s !y are real71 or :5 "o falsely admits a bad quality :i* "o lacks 7e4g41 a p]son :o wi%es to curry favor accuses himself ( misde$s :i* he kn[s nev] happ5$74 ,?is s9 is usually less ?an braggadocio1 s9ce z a rule its purpose is to avoid (f5se to o!rs2 b x may be s]i\s s9 on acc\nt ( "s circum/ance1 z :5 "o speaks ill ( self 9 ord] to sc&alize or s$uce ano!r4 ,at times ! feign+ ( defects is a conceal$ braggadocio1 z :5 "o dresses 9 rags1 hop+ by ?is exp$i5t to acquire repute z a p]son ( great spirituality 7,prov41 xxvi1 #be2 ,matt41 vi4 #af2 ,ecclus41 xix4 #bc74 #bdjg4 ,infidelity & ,violation ( a ,secret4--,x rema9s to speak ( ! vices ( infidelity & violation ( secret 7see #bchh a74 ,z to ! =m]1 s9ce x has be5 discuss$ else:]e 7#ahgg sqq41 #ahhh1 #ahhi2 see also ! matt] on ,promissory ,oa?s71 x w suffice "h to ask ! "q3 ,is ! brea* ( a promise freely giv5 a s98 7a7 ,if obs]vance ( ! promise is due f fidelity only1 !re is no legal fault1 b !re is moral fault1 & h5ce ! brea* ( ! promise is a s94 ,! malice is ess5tially ! same z t ( untru?fulness 7see #bcie71 = bo? ! li> & ! promise-break] %[ !mselves unreliable1 ! =m] because 8 words d n squ>e ) 8 m9d & ! latt] because 8 de$s d n live up to 8 plight$ ^w4 ,brea* ( promise1 !n1 seems p] se to be a v5ial s91 ?\gh !re are (t5 circum/ances 7su* z damage done7 t make x mortal4 7b7 ,if obs]vance ( ! promise is n due ev5 f fidelity1 on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( "s defect1 !re is no moral obligation to keep ! promise & no s9 is committ$ by n keep+ x4 ,! defects ref]r$ to are su* z make ! promise lack =ce f ! beg9n+ 7e4g41 if x 0 immoral or extort$ by =ce71 or deprive x ( ! =ce x _h 7i4e41 inability on ! "p ( ! promisor or loss ( "r on ! "p ( ! promisee74 ,! promisor is unable to keep ! promise1 if ! ?+ promis$ has become physically impossible 7e4g41 he no long] has ! /r5g? or ! means to p]=m :at he promis$71 or morally impossible 7e4g41 ! ?+ promis$ has become unlawful1 or a notable *ange has tak5 place :i*1 c\ld x h be5 =ese51 w\ld h prev5t$ ! promise74 ,! promisee loses 8 "r if ! sole or pr9cipal reason t dictat$ ! promise has ceas$1 or if ! promise has become useless to ! promisee1 or if ! promisor has be5 releas$1 or if ! promisee =feits 8 claim by 8 own p]fidy t[>ds ! promisor 7see #bbef sqq41 #ahhi74 #bdjh4 ,def9ition ( a ,secret4--,a secret is a matt] 7e4g41 an inv5tion1 valuable in=mation1 conceal$ virtues1 ! fact t a crime has be5 committ$7 kn[n privately by only "o p]son or by s few t x is nei!r public prop]ty nor notori\s4 ,morali/s di/+ui% ! foll[+ k9ds ( secrets3 7a7 a natural secret1 :i* is "o t _c be reveal$ )\t caus+ injury or annoyance to ano!r1 z :5 ! revelation w h>m a p]son 9 8 reputation1 honor1 influ5ce prop]ty4 ,x is call$ natural = x arises f ! v nature ( ! matt] ( ! secret & n f any promise or contract4 7b7 a promis$ secret1 :i* is "o t a p]son has promis$1 b only aft] he _h already le>n$ x1 to gu>d inviolate4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ! promisor le>n$ ! secret f ! promisee or f "s o!r s\rce2 7c7 an entru/$ or committ$ secret1 :i* is "o t a p]son promis$ 7& be=e he le>n$ x7 to keep f o!rs4 ,! promise "h is ei!r implicit or explicit4 ,an implicit promise ( secrecy is "o t is dem&$ by ! confid5tial nature ( communications betwe5 two p>ties 7pr(essional secret71 z :5 physicians1 lawy]s1 prie/s1 p>5ts1 or fri5ds are told ( private matt]s on acc\nt ( _! position or relation%ip4 ,an explicit promise is "o t is giv5 9 express t]ms1 z :5 ,a says to ,b3 8,i h a matt] ( great importance to tell y1 b y mu/ fir/ promise t y w keep x secret02 & on ,b promis+1 ,a confides to him ! secret4 #bdji4 ,s9fulness ( ,violat+ a4 ,secret4--,a secret is ! prop]ty ( its own]1 & to x he has a /rict "r2 = if x is a good secret 7su* z an orig9al idea or discov]y71 x is ! product ( 8 labor or at lea/ a possession :i* he has lawfully come by2 if x is an evil secret 7su* z a crime ( :i* he has be5 guilty71 x may n be made kn[n )\t infr++ on 8 "r ( reputation4 ,x is no m lawful to violate ! "r to a secret ?an to violate ! "r to prop]ty1 &1 z !re are ?ree k9ds ( injuries to prop]ty1 s !re are ?ree k9ds ( injuries to a secret4 7a7 ,?us1 ! "r ( possession is injur$ by ^? :o by fraud or =ce or o!r illegal means deprive ano!r ( 8 secret 7e4g41 by secretly int]cept+ private lett]s1 by mak+ a p]son drunk 9 ord] to le>n a secret74 7b7 ,! "r ( use is injur$ by ^? :o on acquir+ k ( a secret guide !mselves or o!rs by x to ! detrim5t ( ! own]'s rights4 7c7 ,! "r ( disposition is injur$ by ^? :o reveal a secret :i* !y 7 oblig$ n to reveal4 #bdaj4 ,pry+ ,into ,o!rs' ,secrets4--,to seek to discov] ! secrets ( o!rs is n lawful unless ! foll[+ conditions are pres5t3 7a7 "o mu/ h a "r to ! k4 ,h5ce1 if !re is "q ab\t a crime t has be5 committ$ or t is ab\t to be committ$1 "o has a "r to inve/igate 9 ord] to prev5t h>m to public or private good2 9 w> "o may try to discov] ! plans ( ! enemy4 ,b x is n lawful to pry into purely p]sonal matt]s1 to fi% f o!rs natural or confid5tial secrets :i* !y are b\nd to keep1 to /eal f ano!r ! ?\ghts1 plans1 inv5tions1 etc1 :i* are 8 own2 7b7 "o mu/ use only hone/ means to discov] secrets to :i* "o has a "r 7#aejd74 ,?us1 x does n seem lawful g5]ally to inebriate ano!r 9 ord] to le>n 8 secret1 & x is c]ta9ly s9ful to resort to lies or simulation or immorality4 #bdaa4 ,read+ ,ano!r's ,lett]s or ,pap]s4--,:5 is x lawful to read ! lett]s or o!r pap]s ( ano!r p]son8 7a7 ,?is is lawful :5 ! writ+s are n int5d$ to be secret to anyone1 z :5 a circul> is meant = public use1 :5 greet+s are writt5 on a po/c>d :i* all may read1 & :5 a lett] is left op5 & ?r[n away or o!rwise ab&on$4 ,b a seal$ lett]1 or "o left op5 9 a private room1 or "o lo/ 9 a public place1 is secret4 ,if a lett] or manuscript has be5 torn up by its own] & ?r[n away on ! /reet or o!r public place1 x does n seem lawful to piece ! fragm5ts toge!r & read ! writ+1 =1 ?\gh ! pap] has be5 ab&on$1 ! own] by de/roy+ x has indicat$ 8 w to keep ! cont5ts secret4 7b7 ,x is also lawful to read ! writ+ ( o!rs t are n secret z reg>ds oneself1 z :5 "o has receiv$ a j p]mission f ! writ] to p]use a lett] writt5 by him1 or :5 "o may presume su* p]mission on acc\nt ( fri5d%ip ) ! writ]1 or :5 rule or lawful cu/om gives ! sup]ior ( an in/itution ! "r to inspect ! correspond5ce ( 8 subjects4 ,exception mu/ be made = exempt$ matt] = :i* !re is no p]mission1 su* z lett]s conta9+ consci5ce matt]s & lett]s direct$ to high] religi\s sup]iors 7see ,canon #faa74 7c7 ,x is also lawful to read ! writ+s ( o!rs t are meant to be secret1 if "o has a "r to "k :at is 9 !m3 = 9 su* a case ! own] w\ld be unreasonable if he wi%$ to exclude "o f ! k4 ,?us1 ! public au?ority 7e4g41 9 "t ( w>7 has ! "r to op5 & read lett]s & private pap]s1 :5 ?is is necess>y = ! common good2 p>5ts & heads ( bo>d+ s*ools may exam9e ! correspond5ce ( _! subjects1 ?\gh p>5ts %\ld respect consci5ce matt] & o!rs %\ld n read family secrets2 private individuals h ! natural "r1 z a measure ( self-def5se1 to read ano!r's lett]1 :5 !re is a prud5t reason = ?9k+ t x conta9s some?+ gravely & unju/ly h>mful to !mselves 7su* z conspiracy1 a trap1 calumny74 #bdab4 ,lawfulness ( ,utiliz+ ,k ( ,secret4--,"o is said to use ! k obta9$ f a secret :5 "o guides "o's conduct by ! k1 do+ or omitt+ :at "o w\ld n o!rwise d or omit4 ,is ?is use ( a secret lawful8 7a7 ,if !re 0 a promise n to use ! secret1 su* use is unlawful 7see #bdad74 ,brea* ( promise is !n1 9 case ( a m]ely promis$ secret1 an act ( infidelity at lea/1 & 9 case ( an entru/$ secret an act ( inju/ice4 ,?us1 :5 "o consults a pr(essional p]son1 !re is a tacit und]/&+ t ! k communicat$ w n be us$ aga9/ "o's int]e/s or )\t "o's cons5t1 & h5ce a lawy] w\ld be unju/ if1 on le>n+ 9 ! c\rse ( "w = a cli5t t ! latt]'s bus9ess 0 n prosp]\s1 he gave ^w ( ?is to "o ( ! cli5t's cr$itors4 7b7 ,if !re 0 no promise n to use ! secret1 ! use ( x is nev]!less unju/1 if x infr+es a /rict "r 7e4g41 to make money f a secret process on :i* ano!r has a pat5t1 to get k ( ano!r's in=mation & plans ?r\gh read+ 8 lett]s & !reby to prev5t him f secur+ a vacant position71 or if x is equival5t to unju/ revelation ( a secret4 ,! use is uneh>itable if x h>ms ano!r p]son )\t necessity 7e4g41 to take away "o's trade f a des]v+ m]*ant solely because "o has le>n$ t on "o occasion he 0 accid5tally intoxicat$74 7c7 ,if !re 0 no promise to avoid use & no h>m w be done by use1 x is lawful to use a secret = a non-necess>y good 7e4g41 to raise ! price on "o's prop]ty :5 "o accid5tally le>ns ?r\gh ov]he>+ a secret conv]sation t ! prop]ty is wor? ! high] price71 & x is obligatory to use x = a necess>y good 7e4g41 to assi/ a neighbor :5 "o is told "u secret t he is 9 dire ne$ ( "o's *>itable help74 ,ev5 ?\gh h>m w result to ano!r by use ( ! secret1 use is n s9ful if x infr+es no "r & c\ld be sacrific$ only at great inconv5i5ce to oneself1 z :5 "o has discov]$ by "o's own indu/ry "s important tru? 9 an art or sci5ce :i* ano!r _h previ\sly discov]$ b _h neglect$ to make 8 own by exclusive "r1 or :5 "o le>ns "u secret t ano!r p]son is "o's enemy & has to be wat*$ & avoid$4 #bdac4 ,! ,s9 ,committ$ by ,/eal+ or ,unduly ,us+ ! ,secret ( ,ano!r4--7a7 ,f its nature 7cases ( m]e fidelity except$7 ! s9 is mortal1 z be+ a violation ( commutative ju/ice or ( *>ity4 ,injury to prop]ty rights1 :e!r 9 goods or 9 k1 is violation ( a /rict "r 7see #ahij1 #ahid74 ,! s9 is aggravat$ by ! great] import ( ! secret or by ! great] damages or displeasure caus$4 7b7 ,f ! imp]fection ( ! act or ! lightness ( ! matt] ! s9 may become v5ial1 z :5 "o ?\ghtlessly reads ano!r p]son's lett]s1 or op5s correspond5ce )\t au?ority1 feel+ morally sure t !re is no?+ confid5tial 9 x1 or makes use ( an unimportant secret )\t p]mission4 #bdad4 ,! ,obligation ( ,keep+ a ,secret4--7a7 ,! natural secret obliges p] se "u grave s92 = violation ( x (f5ds *>ity & ju/ice by sadd5+ & h>m+ a neighbor4 ,! s9 may become v5ial on acc\nt ( lightness ( matt]1 z :5 little sadness or h>m is caus$4 7b7 ,! promis$ secret obliges ord9>ily "u light s9 only2 = z a rule ! promisor int5ds to obligate himself 9 virtue ( fidelity alone 7#ahhh71 & ! obligation ( fidelity1 z said above 7see #bdjg71 is n grave4 ,b exceptionally ! obligation may be grave1 z :5 ! promisor int5d$ to b9d himself 9 virtue ( ju/ice & "u grave s91 or :5 ! secret is natural z well z promis$4 7c7 ,! entru/$ secret obliges p] se "u grave s92 = !re is a duty ( commutative & ( legal ju/ice to keep x1 on acc\nt ( ! rights ( contract & ( ! common good t are involv$4 ,! violator ( an entru/$ secret injures private good by disreg>d = contract1 & he injures public good by weak5+ confid5ce 9 (ficials or pr(essional p]sons to :om o!rs mu/ g = advice or assi/ance4 ,violation ( a committ$ secret may be only a v5ial s9 on acc\nt ( ! lightness ( ! matt]4 ,?us1 "s ?9k x is n a s]i\s inju/ice to reveal a secret to "o v discreet p]son1 if ! p]son ^: secret is made kn[n is n v mu* oppos$ to ?is & no o!r damage w result 7see #bjfe74 #bdae4 ,comp>ison ( ,secrets z ,reg>ds ,b9d+ ,=ce4--7a7 ,! promis$ secret obliges less ?an ! natural or ! entru/$1 z 0 said 9 ! previ\s p>agraph4 7b7 ,! natural secret obliges less p] se ?an ! entru/$ secret1 = ! safegu>d+ ( ! latt] is agre$ to 9 an on]\s contract1 :ile no engagem5t is made to keep ! =m]4 7c7 ,"s entru/$ secrets are m sacr$ ?an o!rs4 ,?us1 a secret confid$ f necessity is m b9d+ ?an "o confid$ )\t necessity2 a secret "o has sworn to keep is m obligatory ?an a secret "o has giv5 "o's ^w ( honor to keep2 a pr(essional secret is m imp]i\s ?an a private secret2 a /ate secret is f> m important ?an any secret ( private individuals4 ,! mo/ inviolable ( all secrets is t ( ! confessional1 because its violation is always a sacrilege4 #bdaf4 ,cases ,:]e9 ,x ,is ,n ,necess>y to ,keep a ,secret4--7a7 ,if !re has be5 no obligation f ! "t ! secret 0 le>n$1 x is n necess>y to keep x4 ,?us1 if a m]ely promis$ secret 0 accept$ "u compulsion & revelation w be advantage\s & n h>mful1 x does n seem necess>y to keep ! secret4 7b7 ,if ! obligation ( ! secret has ceas$1 x is n necess>y to be sil5t4 ,examples are cases 9 :i* secrecy 0 promis$ only = a c]ta9 space ( "t1 or 9 :i* a matt] =m]ly secret has become public1 or 9 :i* ! own] ( ! secret wi%es x to be divulg$1 or 9 :i* he has n kept fai? ) ! possessor ( ! secret1 provid$ ( c\rse t 9 ^! cases no injury or unnecess>y h>m is done by mak+ kn[n ! secret4 ,simil>ly1 if ! recipi5t ( ! secret _c keep x )\t grave h>m 7e4g41 dea?7 to himself1 he is n b\nd by x1 unless *>ity 7see #aafe1 #abcf7 or ju/ice calls = ! contr>y4 ,commutative ju/ice w\ld dem& sil5ce 7?\gh _m make exception = a mo/ grave reason1 reg>d+ a promise to ! contr>y z prodigal7 if !re _h be5 an express contract to gu>d ! secret at all risks2 legal ju/ice w\ld dem& x1 if ! safety ( ! republic 7 involv$4 #bdag4 ,cases ,:]e9 ,x ,is ,n ,lawful to ,keep a ,secret4--7a7 ,if a secret _c be kept )\t great] h>m to ! common good1 x may n be kept1 = legal ju/ice requires t private good be subord9at$ to public safety4 ,! violation ( secrets is a h>m to ! public good & a great] h>m ?an ord9>y evils aga9/ ! community 7su* z ! escape ( a guilty p]son72 b x is a less h>m ?an s]i\s evils aga9/ ! p 7su* z m5ace to public heal?1 s$ition1 or treason74 ,! possessor ( a natural or promis$ secret mu/ make x kn[n at ! comm& ( lawful au?ority1 z 9 c\rt2 b ! sup]ior has no "r to "q ab\t entru/$ secrets ( a necess>y k9d1 & ?is is usually recogniz$ by positive law 9 ! protection ext5d$ to pr(essional communications4 7b7 ,if a secret _c be kept )\t great] h>m to ! private good ( ! own] ( ! secret1 di/9ction is made betwe5 a non-entru/$ & an entru/$ secret4 ,9 ! =m] case ! secret may n be kept1 = *>ity bids "o to help a neighbor escape a great] evil1 & ! own] ( ! secret w\ld be unreasonable if he 7 oppos$ to its revelation 7see #eja sqq474 ,9 ! latt] case1 "s are ( ! op9ion t ! secret %\ld be kept1 if x is pr(essional 7s9ce ! public good !n takes prec$5ce ov] ! private good ( ! own] ( ! secret71 b ?is is d5i$ by o!rs4 ,example3 ,titus kn[s t ,balbus is ab\t to m>ry ) a secret imp$im5t t w nullify ! m>riage1 b he _c p]suade ,balbus to disclose ?is imp$im5t to ! pa/or4 7c7 ,if a secret _c be kept )\t great] h>m to ! private good ( a ?ird p>ty 7i4e41 "o o!r ?an ! own] ( ! secret71 di/9ction is made betwe5 cases1 accord+ z injury is or is n done by ! own] ( ! secret to ! ?ird p>ty4 ,if no injury is done ! ?ird p>ty1 ! secret %\ld be kept 7e4g41 if "o kn[s 9 confid5ce t ,sempronius has made an inv5tion :i* w sup]s$e an inv5tion made by ,claudius1 "o is n at lib]ty to make ?is kn[n to ! latt]1 = ,sempronius has done no injury to ,claudius74 ,if1 h[ev]1 injury is done ! ?ird p>ty by ! own] ( ! secret :5 ! secret is kept1 "o %\ld n keep ! secret2 = *>ity requires t "o help an innoc5t p]son to escape f h>m1 ev5 if ?is has to be done at ! exp5se ( h>m to ! guilty cause ( ! h>m4 ,examples3 ,if "o kn[s z a secret t ,a1 ,b & ,c h conspir$ to murd] ,d tomorr[ night1 & "o _c o!rwise prev5t ! murd]1 "o %\ld if possible break ! secret1 at lea/ by s5d+ w>n+ to ,d t 8 life is 9 dang] tomorr[ night4 ,if a doctor kn[s t a man :o is ab\t to contract m>riage is syphilitic & pret5ds t he is s\nd1 & if ! doctor _c p]suade ?is man to make ! facts kn[n to ! int5d$ wife1 ! doctor himself %\ld give notice to ! woman1 accord+ to "s au?orities1 unless ! laws ( ! c\ntry =bid su* use ( pr(essional k4 #bdah4 ,:at %\ld ! possessor ( an entru/$ secret d1 if f ! secret he kn[s t ! "o :o entru/$ x is guilty ( a crime = :i* an innoc5t ?ird p]son is ab\t to be convict$ & s5t5c$8 7a7 ,if ! guilty p>ty is responsible = ! plight ( ! innoc5t p>ty 7e4g41 because he falsely accus$ him or ?rew suspicion on him71 natural law w\ld require ! possessor ( ! secret to make kn[n ! true /ate ( affairs2 = ! guilty p>ty is !n ! unju/ cause ( damage & is b\nd to accuse himself 7see #agfc74 ,revelation ( ! true culprit w\ld n be necess>y1 h[ev]1 if !re 0 "s o!r way ( sav+ ! innoc5t p]son4 7b7 ,if ! guilty p]son is n responsible = ! difficulty 9 :i* ! innoc5t p]son f9ds himself1 n hav+ us$ any means to br+ ! latt] into suspicion1 "s believe t ! secret %\ld be kept1 s9ce ! guilty p]son has !n ! "r to keep 8 secret & !re=e has also ! "r t 8 confidants keep x 7see #aifh74 ,b o!rs1 :ile grant+ t ! guilty p]son is n oblig$ to accuse himself1 d5y t ! confidant is n oblig$ to accuse him2 = ! "r ( ! guilty t 8 secret be kept & ! "r ( ! innoc5t t he be n depriv$ ( life or lib]ty are 9 conflict & unequal1 & he :o pref]s ! =m] "r does an injury to ! innoc5t p]son 7see #bhh74 #bdai4 ,! previ\s "q 0 conc]n$ ) an innoc5t ?ird p>ty4 ,if ! hold] ( ! secret is also ! accus$1 x seems he is n oblig$1 unless p]haps :5 he agre$ to x1 to pref] ! inviolability ( ! secret to 8 own ju/ification2 = ! acceptance ( a secret does n mean t "o b9ds oneself to grave h>d%ip = its pres]vation 7see #bdah74 ,! ?+ to d w\ld be to w>n ! guilty p]son to escape 9 "t1 & !n to exculpate oneself by mak+ kn[n ! tru?4 #bdbj4 ,lawfulness ( ,reveal+ a ,secret ,le>n$ by ,/eal? or ,=ce4--,is x lawful1 9 ord] to av]t "s great evil1 to use or reveal aga9/ ! int]e/s or wi%es ( its own] a secret :i* "o has le>n$ by /eal? 7e4g41 by spy+1 eavesdropp+1 wiretapp+1 unau?oriz$ inspection ( pap]s7 or by =ce8 ,v>i\s answ]s are giv5 to ?is "q1 b to u ! foll[+ seems ! be/3 7a7 if ! /eal? or =ce w\ld n be unju/ "h & n[1 because ! own] ( ! secret has a duty to disclose x 7e4g41 on acc\nt ( ! public good1 on acc\nt ( ! extreme ne$ ( a private p]son71 or ! o!r p>ty has a "r to seek aft] x 7e4g41 because he _c o!rwise def5d himself aga9/ ! unju/ vexation ( ! own] ( ! secret71 ! answ] is 9 ! affirmative2 = 9 su* a case !re is only appli$ ! pr9ciple ( lawful occupation or ( lawful self-def5se 7see #aibj sqq41 #ahai74 ,b if ! /eal? or =ce is excessive 9 its mann] or productive ( unnecess>y h>m1 x is s9ful & induces ! duty ( re/itution1 nor is !re any "r to make su* use or su* revelation ( a secret z is s9ful 9 itself 7e4g41 on acc\nt ( calumnies1 sc&als1 disord]s72 7b7 if ! /eal? or =ce w\ld be unju/ "h & n[1 ! answ] is 9 ! negative2 = 9 su* a case !re is real !ft ( a secret1 a p]son's mo/ intimate possession1 & a cont9uation ( ! orig9al injury by ! use ( ! /ol5 prop]ty aga9/ its own]1 or at lea/ an unlawful conv]sion ( prop]ty4 ,h5ce1 if !re is no grave or proportionate reason = ! use ( ! secret1 or if o!r & simpl] me?ods c be employ$1 ! secret may n be us$4 ,^? :o play ! detective o/5sibly = o!r reasons b really = purposes ( blackmail or o!r p]sonal advantage1 are !re=e 9 ! same class z ?ieves & are b\nd to re/itution2 _! s9 is p] se mortal1 = secrets are usually e/eem$ m highly ?an money1 & x w\ld be s]i\sly detrim5tal to ! public weal if ! practice ( us+ secrets unlawfully obta9$ 7e4g41 by secretly tak+ d[n privileg$ communications or /ate secrets7 7 p]missible4 #bdba4 ,! ,virtues ( ,affability & ,lib]ality4--,^! two virtues1 ?\gh !y are n s important z ^? t prec$$1 are /ill mo/ useful to human life 7see #badc74 ,affability 7fri5dl9ess1 polit5ess7 is a virtue :i* incl9es a p]son to %[ himself 9 s]i\s matt]s prop]ly agreeable to o!rs 9 ord] ?us to fulfill a duty to society4 7a7 ,affability has = its object to be agreeable to o!rs1 t is1 9 looks1 mann]1 words & de$s to treat !m ) k9dness & consid]ation1 & s to give !m pleasure4 ,affability is m ?an m]e civility1 :i* avoids rud5ess & obs]ves necess>y proprieties1 b does n manife/ a graci\s _s4 ,! g5tleman1 accord+ to ,c>d9al ,newman 78,idea ( a ,univ]sity10 ,disc\rse viii1 #aj71 is "o :o does n inflict pa9 & ^: great conc]n is to make o!rs at _! ease & at home4 ,! true g5tleman is consid]ate = all 8 company1 gu>ds aga9/ unseasonable allusions or topics1 is seldom prom95t 9 conv]sation & nev] we>isome1 makes light ( 8 own favors1 nev] speaks ( himself except :5 compell$1 avoids p]sonalities & ins9uations ( evil1 & is indulg5t t[>ds oppon5ts4 7b7 ,affability is z agreeable z is becom+1 or prop]2 t is1 x obs]ves ! gold5 mean1 att5d+ to mod]ation & circum/ances1 suit+ its deportm5t to ! "t1 place1 occasion1 & p]sons & obs]v+ ! recogniz$ laws ( etiquette = social1 (ficial1 bus9ess1 religi\s1 dome/ic & o!r relations4 ,inde$1 !re are times :5 affability %\ld n be %[n1 z :5 x is necess>y to display sev]ity & displeasure1 or ev5 to sadd5 o!rs1 = ! sake ( "s high] good 7,,ii ,cor41 vii4 #h1 #i74 7c7 ,its purpose is to fulfill a social duty4 ,)\t affability ! ways ( life are made r\gh] & m difficult = all1 & !re=e1 s9ce man is a social be+1 x becomes obligatory t ea* "o %\ld s conduct himself t[>ds o!rs z to avoid ! displeas+ & to cultivate ! pleas+4 ,?us1 affability is less ?an fri5d%ip 7see #aaaj71 s9ce x does n include special b5evol5ce & is %[n to fri5d & foe alike2 b x is m ?an poli%1 = x consi/s n m]ely 9 ext]nal good mann]s b *iefly 9 an int]nal s5se ( responsibility to society & ( def]5ce to its requirem5ts4 ,affability is at its be/1 h[ev]1 :5 prompt$ by fri5d%ip & ,*ri/ian *>ity4 ,a modicum ( c\rtesy1 if accompani$ by s9c]ity & goodness ( he>t1 is m appreciat$ ?an pr(use complim5t & c]emony beh9d :i* !re is little g5u95ess or little affection4 7d7 ,affability regulates conduct 9 s]i\s matt]s1 = ! regulation ( amusem5ts or recreations p]ta9 *iefly to mode/y & falls "u temp]ance r ?an ju/ice4 ,ari/otle calls ! virtue directive ( games eutrapelia1 :i* may also be call$ reasonable relaxation1 urbanity1 or pleasantness4 #bdbb4 ,(fices ( ,affability4--,all1 & especially ! cl]gy1 %\ld practise c\rtesy1 imitat+ ,/4 ,paul1 :o became all ?+s to all m51 9 ord] to ga9 all to ,*ri/ 7,i ,cor41 ix4 #bb71 & foll[+ 8 advice to be )\t (f5se to ,jew or ,g5tile or to ! ,*ur* ( ,god 7,i ,cor41 x4 #cb74 ,! (fices ( affability c be r$uc$ to ! negative & ! positive1 z foll[s3 7a7 ! negative (fices are ! avoidance ( excess 7adulation7 & defect 7surl9ess72 7b7 ! positive (fices are ! obs]vance on special occasions ( ! appropriate =ms & usages & on all occasions ! ex]cise ( a g5tle & ?\ghtful reg>d = ! feel+s ( o!rs4 #bdbc4 ,! ,s9s aga9/ ,affability4--7a7 ,adulation is ! vice ( ^? :o 9 ! ef=t to please o!rs g beyond :at is prop]1 ( ! complaisant man :o aims to gratify by m]ely conv5tional or extravagant complim5ts1 & ( ! flatt]] :o seeks to w9 favors = himself by expressions ( fulsome admiration4 ,adulation is %[n by exagg]at$ debasem5t ( self 7s]vility1 obsequi\sness71 z well z by exagg]at$ exaltation ( o!rs 7toadyism74 ,! s9 ( adulation is n grave f its nature1 be+ only an excessive w to please2 b circum/ances sometimes make x grave1 su* z its matt] 7e4g41 :5 "o complim5ts ano!r's s9s1 ,is41 v4 #bj71 its effect 7e4g41 :5 ! p]son flatt]$ w be made pr\d71 or its purpose 7e4g41 :5 ! flatt]] means to s$uce ! o!r p]son1 ,prov41 xxvii4 #f74 ,l to adulation 9 its exagg]ation1 b unlike x 9 mann]1 is ! display ( fri5dl9ess by (f5sive famili>ity or boi/]\s conduct4 7b7 ,surl9ess is ! s9 ( ^? :o are ungraci\s 9 _! mann]s1 n because ( hate or ang]1 b because ( a desire to be unpleasant & to make o!rs yield to !mselves4 ,! surly man is always ready to contradict or argue1 he is h>d to please1 s5sitive1 s\r 9 visage1 gruff 9 words1 & mu* giv5 to compla9t or sull5 sil5ce4 ,surl9ess is p] se worse ?an adulation b n a mortal s92 = x is f>!r remov$ f affability ?an adulation1 b does n necess>ily inflict a sev]e w\nd on *>ity4 ,b ! smoo? palav]] is usually a m dang]\s "* ?an ! morose man 7,ps4 cxl4 #e74 ,l to surl9ess is ! boori%ness ( ^? :o f cynicism or laz9ess despise ref9em5t1 or f gre$ neglect prop] mann]s at table4 ,b entirely diff]5t f surl9ess is t dignity :i* c be res]v$ )\t be+ di/ant or h>d ( approa*1 & t s]i\sness :i* c be grave or sil5t )\t be+ ungraci\s4 #bdbd4 ,lib]ality4--,lib]ality is a virtue t mod]ates ! love ( ri*es & incl9es "o 9 ord9>y affairs to be/[ "o's own goods ^u o!rs will+ly1 :5 & z "r reason may dictate4 7a7 ,x mod]ates ! love ( ri*es2 t is1 x makes "o value & e/eem money at its true wor?4 ,9 ?is respect x p]ta9s at lea/ improp]ly to temp]ance inasmu* z ! love ( money is a passion4 ,lib]ality is ?us di/+ui%$ f m]cy & b5efic5ce4 ,^! virtues are op5-h&$ f *>ity1 & give because ano!r is 9 ne$ or is lov$2 lib]ality1 on ! contr>y1 may be )\t *>ity & its b\nty may be %[n ev5 to ^? :o are n 9 ne$ or :o are n lik$1 = x is free 9 us+ money precisely because x does n prize ext]nal ?+s excessively4 7b7 ,x incl9es "o to be/[ "o's own possessions1 or freely to communicate !m4 ,9 ?is respect lib]ality is assign$ to ju/ice1 s9ce its object is ext]nal ?+s z ow$ by a c]ta9 moral debt to o!rs4 ,s9ce lib]ality consi/s prim>ily 9 a g5]\s incl9ation1 ev5 ! poor may h ?is virtue2 9 fact1 ! poor (t5times1 be+ less w$d$ to money1 are f> m dispos$ to lib]ality ?an ! ri*4 7c7 ,x functions 9 ord9>y affairs1 = !re is a special virtue ( magnific5ce t makes weal?y m5 sp5d money lavi%ly 9 ent]prise ( ! greate/ mom5t4 7d7 ,! b5efici>y ( lib]ality is ano!r1 = no special virtue is ne$$ to make "o use money freely = "o's own ne$s or com=t4 7e7 ,lib]ality be/[s gladly1 b accord+ to "r reason1 = !re is no m]it 9 unwill+ gifts1 & no virtue 9 gifts be/[$ unsuitably z to "t1 place1 purpose1 p]son1 quantity1 quality1 etc4 ,lib]ality1 !n1 is n inconsi/5t ) prud5ce ab\t temporal affairs1 t is1 ) economy :i* adapts exp5ditures to income1 ) ?rift :i* puts some?+ by = ! future1 & ) frugality :i* sp>es unnecess>y exp5ses on self1 especially 9 ! matt] ( luxuries 7see #afha sqq474 #bdbe4 ,! ,importance ( ,lib]ality4--7a7 ,lib]ality is n ! greate/ virtue4 ,x is less ?an temp]ance1 = temp]ance regulates ! passions 9 ref]5ce to ! body1 :ile lib]ality regulates !m 9 ref]5ce to ext]nals2 x is less ?an =titude & ju/ice1 :i* s]ve ! common good1 :]eas lib]ality reg>ds individuals2 x is less ?an ! virtues t are conc]n$ ) div9e ?+s1 = lib]ality has to d directly ) temporals4 7b7 ,lib]ality is "o ( ! mo/ useful ( virtues s9ce x disposes "o to use money well 9 ! s]vice ( ,god & humanity1 & gives "o an influ5ce t c be employ$ = good 7,ecclus41 xxxi4 #bh74 ,accord+ to ,ari/otle1 ! virtues t *iefly attract fame are fir/ brav]y1 next ju/ice1 & !n lib]ality4 ,moreov]1 ?is virtue ( g5]osity is "o ( ! sure/ indexes ( int]nal religion & *>ity1 z be+ ! natural expression ( devotion & b5evol5ce 7see #bahe1 #abaa71 :ile mis]l9ess is a sign ( coldness t[>ds ,god & man4 #bdbf4 ,vice ( ,av>ice4--,! vice :i* is oppos$ to lib]ality by defect 9 giv+ is av>ice1 :i*1 prop]ly speak+ or z di/+ui%$ f !ft & robb]y1 is an immod]ate desire1 love or delight ent]ta9$ 9 respect to ext]nal corporal goods1 su* z l&s or money4 7a7 ,! ,absolute ,malice ( ,av>ice4--,?is s9 is p] se v5ial1 s9ce x is only an excess 9 ! love ( a ?+ t is 9 itself indiff]5t & lawful2 b x becomes mortal if ! affection = money is s great t "o is prep>$ to sacrifice grave obligations = its sake 7e4g41 to /ay away f *ur* r ?an contribute to religion or ! suff]+ poor74 ,x is n m]ely c>nal1 s9ce n conc]n$ ) bodily pleasure2 nor m]ely spiritual1 s9ce ri*es are n a spiritual object2 h5ce1 x /&s midway betwe5 spiritual & c>nal vices4 7b7 ,! ,comp>ative ,malice ( ,av>ice4--,9 reg>d to de=mity1 av>ice is n worse ?an o!r s9s1 b r ! contr>y4 ,! less ! good to :i* a vice is oppos$1 ! less ! deprivation caus$ by ! vice2 & h5ce s9ce ext]nal goods1 to ^: prop] e/eem av>ice is oppos$1 are less important ?an div9e or human goods1 x foll[s t av>ice is n s s9ful z irreligion1 homicide1 !ft1 etc4 ,9 reg>d to %amefulness1 h[ev]1 av>ice is worse ?an o!r s9s4 ,! less valuable ! creat$ good t a vice pursues1 ! m disgraceful ! vice2 & h5ce s9ce ! mis] sets 8 he>t on ext]nal ?+s1 :i* are ! l[e/ ( all goods1 pref]r+ !m to goods ( body & ( s\l 7e4g41 to heal?1 education7 & ev5 to div9e goods1 he is rightly reg>d$ z m contemptible ?an o!r s9n]s4 ,"s =ms ( av>ice1 too1 are m despicable ?an o!rs4 ,?us1 9 "s p]sons av>ice %[s itself 9 _! fe> to consume or exp5d = _! own necess>y uses 7p>simony1 p5uri\sness72 9 o!rs x %[s itself by an unwill+ness to give to o!rs 7/+9ess1 nigg>dl9ess71 or a will+ness to live at ! exp5se ( o!rs 7spong+72 f9ally1 ! mo/ disgu/+ =m ( av>ice is se5 9 ^? :o _c be> to "p ) _! possessions ei!r = _! own sake or = ! sake ( o!rs1 & f9d _! happ9ess 9 m]e possession 7mis]l9ess74 ,9 reg>d to influ5ce1 av>ice has a pre-em95ce among s9s t causes x to be numb]$ among ! sev5 capital vices4 ,a capital vice is "o ( ! *ief s\rces ( evil attraction t produces o!r s9s1 & x is cle> t immod]ate love ( ri*es is "o ( ! mo/ prolific ( s9s4 ,all are drawn to happ9ess1 & money seems to secure ! requisites = happ9ess 7,ecclus41 x4 #af72 h5ce we see t = ! sake ( hold+ to money m5 become h>d ( he>t 7,matt41 xxiii4 #ad2 ,luke1 xvi4 #ba71 = ! sake ( acquir+ x !y become c>nal & re/less 9 m9d 7,ecclus41 xiv4 #i2 ,matt41 xiii4 #bb7 & h rec\rse to de$s ( viol5ce 7,,iii ,k+s1 xxi4 #b71 ( deception 7,acts1 xxiv4 #bf71 ( p]jury 7,matt41 xxviii4 #ab sqq471 ( fraud 7,luke1 xvi4 #d sqq471 & ( trea*]y 7,matt41 xxvi4 #ae74 ,av>ice is at ! same "t "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s ( s9s1 = x w lead a man to sell ev5 8 own s\l 7,ecclus41 ,x4 #aj7 & to commit any enormity 7,i ,tim41 vi4 #i71 & "o ( ! mo/ incurable1 = ! mis] nev] has en\gh 7,prov41 xxx4 #ae1 #af7 & is always able to make believe t 8 av>ice is prud5ce or "s o!r virtue 7,wis41 xv4 #ab74 #bdbg4 ,vice ( ,prodigality4--,! vice oppos$ to lib]ality by excess 9 giv+ is prodigality1 :i* is an insuffici5t reg>d = temporal ?+s & an extravagant be/[al ( !m on o!rs4 7a7 ,x is an insuffici5t c>e = temporal ?+s3 t is1 z ! mis] loves money too mu*1 s ! prodigal e/eems x too little2 z ! mis] is ov]-anxi\s to get & keep money1 s ! prodigal is c>eless ab\t e>n+ or sav+4 7b7 ,x is an extravagant be/[al ( temporal ?+s2 t is1 ! prodigal gives m ?an he %\ld1 or else ! circum/ances d n call = 8 gift1 z :5 he gives :5 or :]e or to :om he %\ld n give4 #bdbh4 ,! ,s9fulness ( ,prodigality4--7a7 ,f its nature x is v5ial4 ,! prodigal is n ! absolute own] ( 8 goods1 b a /ew>d :o is held to adm9i/] !m accord+ to reason4 ,b 8 s9 is n grave1 s9ce x does n injure o!rs & ! goods ( :i* he deprives himself are ( ! l[e/ k9d4 7b7 ,f its circum/ances x may be mortal4 ,?us1 x is made mortal on acc\nt ( ! purpose 7e4g41 extravagant pres5ts made ) a view to s$uction or brib]y71 or ! consequ5ces 7e4g41 wa/efulness :i* makes "o unable to pay debts or assi/ a relative :o is 9 grave ne$71 or ! special obligation ( devot+ sup]fluities to *>ity1 z :5 "o squ&]s ! excess rev5ues ( a b5efice 7see #abeb74 #bdbi4 ,comp>ison ( ,av>ice & ,prodigality4--7a7 ,!y are associable1 = ! same p]son may be bo? av>ici\s & prodigal1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t respects 7e4g41 "s p]sons are sp5d?rifts 9 giv+ money away1 & are ?us =c$ to be grasp+ to get money & ready to obta9 x by any means1 f\l or fair74 7b7 ,!y are unequal 9 malice4 ,prodigality is less s9ful ?an av>ice1 because x is less remov$ f lib]ality1 less h>mful to self & o!rs1 & less difficult to cure4 ,x is said t prodigality is ! vice ( y\?1 av>ice ! vice ( old age4 #bdcj4 ,! ,virtue ( ,equity4--,! virtues t h be5 s f> treat$ 9 ! pres5t ,article are =ms ( p>ticul> ju/ice1 & !y h ! /atus ( adjuncts or pot5tial p>ts4 ,we %all conclude ! li/ ( virtues gr\p$ ) ju/ice by discuss+ equity1 :i* belongs to g5]al 7legal7 ju/ice & has ! rank ( a subjective "p 7see above1 #afce1 #afcf1 #agde1 #agja1 #agjd74 #bdca4 ,def9ition ( ,equity4--,9 law1 equity is any c\rt sy/em ( extraord9>y ju/ice 9 :i* ! /&>d is natural hone/y z decl>$ by ! consci5ce ( ! judge or by a body ( rules & proc$ures t supplem5t or ov]ride ! usual rules & proc$ures :]e ^! are too n>r[ or limit$4 ,?us1 9 ,engl& & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\rts ( equity are ^? t take c>e ( def9$ special cases = :i* !re is no rem$y 9 ! usual or common law c\rts 7,rob9son1 ,elem5t>y ,law1 ,sec4#cdh74 ,b z "h tak5 equity is a moral virtue1 & is ( two k9ds1 p>ticul> equity :i* p]ta9s to p>ticul> ju/ice 7natural equity7 & g5]al equity :i* belongs to legal ju/ice 7legal equity74 7a7 ,natural equity is a moral virtue t incl9es "o n to insi/ unnecess>ily on "o's /rict or legal rights :5 to d s w be unpleasant or burd5some to o!rs4 ,x is exemplifi$ 9 ! acts ( an employ] :o freely grants a bonus to des]v+ employees 9 addition to ! wage promis$1 & ( a cr$itor :o grants an ext5sion ( "t to a h>d-press$ debtor4 ,?is virtue p>takes ( bo? *>ity & ju/ice2 ( *>ity1 s9ce x temp]s ju/ice ) m]cy2 ( ju/ice1 s9ce x is really id5tical ) ! virtue ( affability or fri5dl9ess m5tion$ above 7#bdba74 ,its obligation z an act ( ju/ice is n grave1 s9ce ! debt is n ( a rigor\s k9d4 7b7 ,legal equity is a moral virtue t incl9es "o to ju/ice beyond ! common laws1 or x is a correction ( ! law 9 t :]e9 ! law by reason ( its univ]sality is manife/ly defici5t4 ,! law is said to be defici5t "h :5 its application 9 a p>ticul> case w\ld be prejudicial to ! supreme purpose ( law 7i4e41 to ! common good or to equal ju/ice74 ,"s precepts ( ! natural law 7e4g41 ! prohibitions aga9/ ly+ & adult]y7 _c be defici5t 9 ?is way & ne$ no sup]vis+ equity4 ,b o!r precepts ( natural law1 accord+ to "s 7e4g41 ! comm& t a deposit be return$ to ! depositor71 & also precepts ( positive law are f\nd to be unsuitable 9 exceptional cases4 ,! reason = ?is defect 9 a good law lies 9 ! nature ( ! case2 = ^! laws mu/ be made 9 view ( :at happ5s 9 ! majority ( cases1 & accord+ly !y are c\*$ 9 g5]al t]ms & p]mit ( exceptions :i* ! lawgiv] himself w\ld all[ 7see on ,epieikeia1 #daa sqq74 #bdcb4 ,! ,greatness ( ,legal ,equity4--7a7 ,x is a di/9ct virtue1 s9ce x incl9es ! w to d good & avoid iniquity 9 a matt] ( special difficulty4 ,x is n a transgression ( law1 s9ce x upholds ! _s :5 ! lett] dep>ts f ! _s1 & prizes ! lawgiv]'s int5tion to d :at is j & "r above ! lawgiv]'s words4 7b7 ,x is a subjective "p ( common ju/ice1 s9ce all t is conta9$ 9 ! concept ( ju/ice belongs to equity4 ,?us1 x diff]s f ! pot5tial & integral p>ts ( ju/ice s f> treat$ 9 ,articles #e & #f4 7c7 ,x p]ta9s to ! species1 n ( p>ticul>1 b ( g5]al or legal ju/ice2 = equity ext5ds to all ! virtues & is conc]n$ ) ! debt ow$ to ! common good4 ,?us1 p] se its obligation is grave 7see #agba74 7d7 ,x is ! high] "p ( legal ju/ice4 ,j z prud5ce has two p>ts--good judgm5t 7synesis71 :i* settles ord9>y cases ( morals accord+ to ! usual rules ( conduct1 & acute judgm5t 7gnome71 :i* passes on moral problems t are out ( ! ord9>y run--s legal ju/ice has two acts1 a l[] :i* applies ! law to usual cases1 & a high] 7equity7 :i* applies m remote pr9ciples 7viz41 t ! common good be n injur$1 nor inju/ice done7 :]e ! imm$iate pr9ciples ( ! law are cle>ly inadequate4 ,?us1 if a madman dem&s f a deposit>y ! return ( 8 revolv] 9 ord] to commit murd]1 ! lett] ( ! law w\ld uphold ! madman1 b equity w\ld decide aga9/ him2 if ! enemy are attack+ a city & "o _c repel !m except by disreg>d+ an ord9ance ( ! city1 ! law w\ld =bid "o to transgress ! ord9ance1 :ile equity w\ld comm& "o to transgress x4 7e7 ,equity is1 !re=e1 ! noble/ act ( /rict ju/ice4 ,= legal ju/ice is pref]r$ to p>ticul> ju/ice 7#agjc1 #agae71 & equity is ! sup]ior act ( legal ju/ice4 ,9 w & int5tion ! common good & ju/ice mu/ take prec$5ce ov] laws & /atutes at all times2 b 9 act ! supreme ends ( law are s]v$1 except 9 extraord9>y cases1 by ob$i5ce to law4 #bdcc4 ,! ,complem5ts ( ,ju/ice4--,to ea* ( ! v>i\s virtues correspond c]ta9 complem5ts1 namely1 ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,fruits ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 & ,beatitudes 7see #aei74 7a7 ,! ,gift t corresponds to ju/ice is piety1 =1 l ju/ice1 piety is ex]cis$ t[>ds ano!r1 & moreov] piety is ! completion ( ! virtue ( religion1 ! highe/ developm5t ( ju/ice4 ,?is ,gift is def9$ z 8an infus$ habit t r5d]s ! s\l well dispos$ t[>ds ,god z its k9d ,fa!r1 & makes x quickly responsive to ! ,holy ,_s :5 ,he moves x to acts ( filial affection t[>ds ,god40 ,z ! virtue ( piety is %[n to e>?ly fa!rs1 s ! ,gift ( ,piety is %[n to ! ,fa!r 9 heav53 8,y h receiv$ ! _s ( adoption ( sons1 9 :i* we cry3 ,abba1 ,fa!r0 7,rom41 viii4 #ae74 ,religion honors ,god z ,"l1 piety z ,fa!r2 filial fe> rev]es ,8 maje/y1 piety ,8 lov+k9dness4 ,& z a *ild t5d]ly loves all t belongs to a good fa!r1 s piety makes ! s\l rejoice & be glad 9 ! ?+s ( ,god1 9 ! ,sa9ts1 ! ,scriptures1 ! practices ( religion1 & ! l4 7b7 ,! ,beatitudes assign$ "h are ! f\r? 7,bless$ are !y t hung] & ?ir/ aft] ju/ice1 = !y %all h _! fill71 :i* agrees ) ju/ice1 & ! fif? 7,bless$ are ! m]ciful1 = !y %all obta9 m]cy71 :i* is suitable = piety inasmu* z "o :o f9ds 8 love & joy 9 ,god z ,fa!r w be compassionate to ! suff]+ creatures ( ,god4 ,l ju/ice1 bo? ( ^! ,beatitudes are ex]cis$ 9 ref]5ce to ! neighbor 7see #afd74 7c7 ,! ,fruits t seem mo/ appropriate "h are good w & k9dness1 :i* f9d a sweet joy 9 purpos+ & p]=m+ s]vices = o!rs4 ,l ju/ice1 ^! acts h ref]5ce to o!rs 7#afc72 l piety1 !y see 9 _! neighbors ! *ildr5 ( ! same heav5ly ,fa!r4 ,?us1 ju/ice :5 alone is guid$ by prud5ce2 x pays :at is due to ,god z ,"l1 to man z neighbor2 x acts p]haps ) pa91 b f a s5se ( duty4 ,b :5 ju/ice is sup]naturally p]fect$1 x is ! ,_s ( ,piety :i* guides1 & :i* makes "o to see 9 ,god "o's ,fa!r & 9 man ! *ild ( ,god2 ev5 t :i* is n ow$ is giv5 f m]cy1 & !re is a hung] & ?ir/ = ju/ice2 & 9 ! paym5t ( duty to o!rs !re is at la/ a joy f\nd 9 ! v difficulty itself4 #bdcd4 ,! ,comm&m5ts ( ,ju/ice4--,! v>i\s precepts reg>d+ ju/ice are conta9$ 9 ! ,decalogue4 ,= ju/ice consi/s 9 ! fulfillm5t ( duties t[>ds o!rs :e!r !y be sup]iors1 equals or inf]iors4 ,! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts sum up ^! duties ( ju/ice2 ! fir/ ?ree prescribe ! duties ow$ to ,god1 ! f\r? ! duties ow$ to human sup]iors1 & ! o!r six ! obligations :i* man has to 8 equals or to all fell[m54 #bdce4 ,! ord] ( ! ,comm&m5ts is mo/ appropriate1 = _! purpose is to =m man to virtue & to lead him to p]fection1 :i* consi/s 9 ! love ( ,god & neighbor 7see #aaah1 #aeec sqq471 & !y !re=e outl9e fir/ ! s]vice t is ow$ to ,god 7,comm&m5ts ( ! ,fir/ ,table7 & next ! s]vice t is ow$ to man 7,comm&m5ts ( ! ,second ,table74 7a7 ,! ,comm&m5ts ( ! ,fir/ ,table lay ! f\ndation ( ! edifice ( ju/ice1 = !y tea* u t our fir/ duty is to r5d] to ,god ! ?+s t are ,god's4 ,we mu/ avoid1 !re=e1 ! excess ( sup]/ition 7,?\ %alt n h /range gods be=e ,me7 & ! defect ( irreligi\sness 7,?\ %alt n take ! "n ( ! ,"l ,?y ,god 9 va972 we mu/ practise ! virtue ( religion 7,rememb] ?\ keep holy ! ,sabba? ,day74 7b7 ,! ,comm&m5ts ( ! ,second ,table beg9 ) ! duties ow$ to ^? to :om we are mo/ b\nd aft] ,god1 namely1 p>5ts1 c\ntry1 sup]iors 7,honor ?y fa!r & ?y "m74 ,next foll[ prohibitions aga9/ injuries done to any neighbor by de$s or words1 :e!r ! h>m be to 8 p]son 7,?\ %alt n kill71 or to ^? :o are z "o p]son ) him 7,?\ %alt n commit adult]y71 or to a neighbor's ext]nal corporal goods 7,?\ %alt n /eal71 or to 8 ext]nal incorporeal goods ( fame & honor 7,?\ %alt n be> false witness aga9/ ?y neighbor74 ,f9ally1 !re are prohibitions aga9/ ?\ghts or desires injuri\s to ! neighbor1 m5tion be+ made specially ( ^? int]nal s9s t are mo/ common on acc\nt ( ! utility 7,?\ %alt n covet ?y neighbor's goods7 or ! pleasure 7,?\ %alt n covet ?y neighbor's wife7 !y af=d4 #bdcf4 ,we %all n give "h any special treatm5t ( ! ,decalogue4 ,r we ref] ! read] to ! excell5t explanations t are conta9$ 9 ,"p ,,iii ( ,! ,cate*ism ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t4 ,moreov]1 ea* ( ! ,comm&m5ts has be5 treat$ 9 ! pres5t "w1 *iefly 9 ! ,articles on ju/ice1 & supplem5t>y matt] c be drawn f "s o!rs ( its articles4 ,= ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 h[ev]1 we give "h a li/ ( ref]5ces1 %[+ ! passages ( ?is ,moral ,!ology 9 :i* ! ,comm&m5ts ( ! ,decalogue are expla9$4 7a7 ,?us1 = ! ,fir/ ,comm&m5t read on sup]/ition 7#bbgd sqq47 = ! prohibitory "p1 on fai?1 hope & *>ity 7#gdf sqq47 = ! p]ceptive "p4 7b7 ,= ! ,second ,comm&m5t read on irreligi\sness 7#bbii7 = ! prohibitory "p2 on oa?s1 adjuration & praise 7#bbde sqq47 = ! preceptive "p4 7c7 ,= ! ,?ird ,comm&m5t z to its natural precept1 read on ! virtue ( religion 7#bade sqq472 z to its positive precept1 read on positive laws 7#cdj sqq41 #ceb1 #dbe7 & on ! fir/ ,comm&m5t ( ! ,*ur* 7see #bege sqq474 7d7 ,= ! ,f\r? ,comm&m5t read on ! virtues ( piety1 rev]5ce1 ob$i5ce & gratitude 7#bcdd sqq474 ,o!r matt] w be f\nd "u *>ity 7#aaeh sqq41 #abaa sqq47 & "u ! duties ( p>ticul> /ates4 7e7 ,= ! ,fif? ,comm&m5t read on homicide1 suicide1 & bodily injury 7#ahaf-ahga74 ,o!r matt] w be f\nd 9 ! ,articles on *>ity 7#aegi sqq41 #aaic sqq47 & on affability 7#bdba sqq474 7f7 ,= ! ,six? ,comm&m5t read on inju/ice 7#agai sqq471 on re/itution 7#ahjc71 & on ! virtue ( temp]ance 7#bdfa sqq474 7g7 ,= ! ,sev5? ,comm&m5t read on commutative & di/ributive ju/ice 7#agde sqq471 on re/itution 7#agea sqq471 on injuries to prop]ty 7#ahgb-aich71 on fraud 7#baba sqq471 on lib]ality 7#bdbd sqq474 7h7 ,= ! ,eigh? ,comm&m5t read on judicial inju/ice 7#aici sqq471 on unju/ words 7#bjji ,sqq471 & on tru?fulness 7#bche sqq474 7i7 ,= ! ,n9? & ,t5? ,comm&m5ts read on int]nal s9s 7#bcj sqq471 & on ! malice ( ! int]nal act ( s9 7#hi-ic74 ,art4 #g3 ,,! ,,virtue ,,( ,,=titude 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,,ii-,,ii1 qq4 #abc-adj47 #bdcg4 ,! ,virtue ( ,=titude4--,?is virtue ranks next aft] ju/ice & be=e temp]ance4 ,prud5ce has ! greate/ am\nt ( goodness s9ce x deals directly ) reason1 ! ess5tial good ( man2 ju/ice is next because x realizes ! dictates ( reason 9 human affairs2 ! o!r virtues uphold ! reign ( reason aga9/ ! rebellion ( passion1 =titude repress+ fe>1 ! mo/ p[]ful foe ( reason1 & temp]ance subdu+ pleasure1 :i* is aft] fe> ! /ronge/ ( reason's enemies 7cfr4 #aeg1 #afbg1 #afhh74 ,=titude is nobl] ?an temp]ance because m closely relat$ to reason2 x is ! m difficult virtue1 because x is h>d] to be> pa9 ?an to ab/a9 f pleasure4 #bdch4 ,=titude 9 ,g5]al4--,=titude 7etymologically1 /r5g?1 vigor1 firmness7 9 g5]al is a moral quality :i* makes a p]son un%ak5 f ! "r by dang] or difficulty4 ,x has v>i\s s5ses4 7a7 ,x is us$ = a seem+ virtue1 :i* has ! act b n ! requisites 7i4e41 ! k & ! free *oice7 ( a moral virtue4 ,?us1 "s are brave f ignorance or want ( reflection1 because !y d n realize ! dang] 7e4g41 intoxicat$ p]sons7 or because habit makes !m act )\t ?\ght1 or because _m successes h r5d]$ !m ov]-sangu9e2 o!rs are brave f compulsion1 because c[>dice is sev]ely puni%$1 or f passion1 because !y are beside !mselves ) pa91 ang]1 desire1 etc4 7b7 ,x is us$ = an in*oate virtue or a natural fitness to )/& attack or enc\nt] dang]4 ,?us1 "s p]sons are s con/itut$ physically t ! ?\ght ( risk1 pa91 or dea? does n affect !m /rongly 7fe>lessness1 intrepidity71 or ev5 attracts !m 7adv5tur\sness74 ,?is k9d ( bodily brav]y is a prep>ation or pr$isposition = moral c\rage4 7c7 ,=titude is also ! "n ( a g5]al virtue or r ( a g5]al condition :i* mu/ be f\nd 9 e virtue4 ,= !re is no virtue )\t firmness & p]si/5ce 9 good1 z ! "n virtue 7i4e41 /r5g?7 indicates4 ,?us1 a p]son :o is weakly incl9$ to temp]ance & opposes no /rong resi/ance to temptation _c be said to possess ! virtue ( temp]ance4 7d7 ,f9ally1 =titude is ! "n ( a special virtue :i* conf]s vigor & /eadfa/ness 9 a special k9d ( trial1 su* z p]ils & pa9s :i* ?reat5 or inflict sev]e evils4 ,x is ( ?is =titude t we n[ speak4 #bdci4 ,def9ition ( ,=titude4--,=titude is def9$ z 8a virtue :i* 9 ! face ( ! greate/ evils mod]ates ! passions ( fe> & confid5ce )9 ! b\nds dictat$ by "r reason40 7a7 ,! prim>y object ( =titude is ! passions1 or motions ( ! s5su\s appetite ?r\gh :i* ! appetite is attract$ or repell$ by an object br\ght be=e x z good or evil1 agreeable or disagreeable4 ,ju/ice is conc]n$ ) op]ations1 =titude & temp]ance ) passions 7see #agji74 7b7 ,! passions t *iefly fall )9 ! scope ( =titude are fe> & confid5ce2 & ?us x is set ap>t f temp]ance1 :i* deals ) ! passions ( pleasure4 ,=titude has to d ) t :i* is disagreeable to s5se1 temp]ance ) t :i* is agreeable4 ,fe> is a di/urbance ( s\l produc$ by ! imm95ce ( an ext]nal evil t _c be easily escap$2 confid5ce is a feel+ ( self-reliance impell+ "o to face or attack a ?reat5+ evil4 7c7 ,! function ( =titude is to mod]ate fe> & confid5ce1 or to keep !m to ! happy mean betwe5 excess & defect4 ,! passions 9 !mselves are n evil1 b !y ne$ regulation 7see #aba1 #abb72 & h5ce )\t =titude "o falls ei!r into c[>dice or ra%ness4 7d7 ,=titude acts 9 ! face ( ! greate/ evils1 t is1 ev5 :5 dea? itself1 ! greate/ ( corporal evils & ! k+ ( t]rors1 is at h&4 ,virtue is ! act ( a p]fect man1 & h5ce we d n ascribe =titude to a man :o is n brave except 9 ref]5ce to ?+s t are fe>ful only slightly or n at all 7su* z hav+ a too? pull$ or a f+] lanc$74 ,! "r regulation ( fe> spr+s1 !re=e1 f diff]5t good qualities1 accord+ to ! k9ds ( objects t inspire al>m3 to =titude 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 if !re is "q ( supreme natural evil 7t is1 dea? or its equival5t 9 deadly disease1 mortal w\nd or torture72 to =titude 9 a wid] s5se1 if !re is "q ( less] corporal evils 7e4g41 bl[s1 w\nds or mutilation t d n cause dea?72 to "s o!r virtue1 if !re is "q ( o!r k9ds ( evils 7e4g41 lib]ality regulates ! fe> ( los+ money74 7e7 ,! motive ( =titude is con=mity ) "r reason4 ,! c\rage\s p]son despises dang]s because he wi%es to hold fa/ to virtue & has = 8 la/ aim ,god & true beatitude4 ,=titude is ex]cis$1 !n1 only :5 "o is c\rage\s 9 a good cause2 ! end ( ! "w 7f9is op]is71 or at lea/ ! end ( ! ag5t 7f9is op]antis71 mu/ be virtu\s4 ,! aim ( brav]y itself is virtu\s :5 x is ! common good 7e4g41 soldi]s fight+ 9 def5se ( c\ntry7 or ! good ( a p>ticul> virtue 7e4g41 a judge cont5d+ = ju/ice1 a virg9 = purity1 a m>tyr = religion72 ! aim ( ! brave man is good :5 he p]=ms an indiff]5t act = virtue's sake 7e4g41 waits on ano!r dur+ pe/il5ce because ( fri5d%ip1 goes on a p]il\s j\rney because ( a pilgrimage74 ,on ! contr>y1 =titude is n ex]cis$ if brav]y has no?+ to d ) virtue 7e4g41 ! imp]turbability dur+ sickness or %ipwreck ( a p]son :o _h resolv$ on suicide71 or if x is oppos$ to virtue 7e4g41 ! d>+ & coolness ( a pirate1 b&it1 gunman or duell]72 to risk ignoble dea? ) bravado is n a virtue4 #bddj4 ,! ,two ,acts ( ,=titude4--7a7 ,! mod]ation ( fe> is foll[$ by endurance or firmness 9 ! mid/ ( dang]1 z 9 ! case ( ! m>tyrs4 ,?is act 9 common spee* is m especially designat$ 8=titude40 ,x is n accurate to speak ( x z passive resi/ance or passive c\rage4 ,by x1 inde$1 no ext]nal act is p]=m$1 b ?is is due to a mo/ firm int]nal resolution & self-control1 su* z a refusal to accept defeat1 surr5d] pr9ciples or make peace ) wrong4 ,endurance to und]go is n ! same ?+1 !n1 z /oical indiff]5ce or apa?y4 7b7 ,! mod]ation ( confid5ce is foll[$1 :]e circum/ances call = x1 by prud5t attack or ev51 :5 discretion is ! bett] "p ( valor1 by retreat z 9 w>riors4 ,a truly brave man does n fe> to be call$ a c[>d1 & h5ce he w n advance :5 reason =bids nor hesitate to retire :5 reason comm&s4 ,brave endurance is a nobl] act ( =titude ?an brave attack2 = endurance /ruggles aga9/ sup]ior /r5g?1 x feels ! evil already pres5t1 & its fight is long & cont9u\s1 :]eas attack is borne on by a s5se ( p[]1 ! object ( dread is /ill 9 ! di/ance1 & its ru% is quick & pass+ 7,prov41 xvi4 #cb74 ,h5ce1 n all :o are c\rage\s 9 attack are c\rage\s "u attack4 ,b bo? acts are noble1 & ea* is necess>y at its prop] "t4 #bdda4 ,! ,excell5ce ( ,=titude4--7a7 ,its ,rank4--,=titude is "o ( ! f\r pr9cipal or c>d9al virtues4 ,a pr9cipal virtue is "o t ex]cises 9 ! mo/ difficult circum/ances "o ( ! f\r qualities t e moral virtue mu/ h4 ,^! qualities are firmness 7= e virtue is a habit or /rongly root$ quality71 rectitude 7s9ce a virtue incl9es to ! good z ! "r or obligatory71 mod]ation 7s9ce a virtue is moral1 or measur$ accord+ to reason71 & discretion 7s9ce good incl9ations mu/ be guid$ by true direction74 ,n[1 j z rectitude is mo/ difficult1 on acc\nt ( self-love1 9 deal+ ) o!rs1 & mod]ation 9 gov]n+ ! appetites1 & discretion 9 rul+ "o's own actions1 s firmness is mo/ difficult 9 ! pres5ce ( ! greate/ dang]s2 & !re=e ) ju/ice1 temp]ance1 & prud5ce mu/ also be associat$ =titude z "o ( ! *ief ( all virtues4 ,^! f\r pr9cipal virtues are also call$ c>d9al virtues 7f c>do1 a h+e71 because ! :ole moral life ( man h+es on !m4 ,?us1 ?\gh p]ils ( dea? are comp>atively r>e1 ! occasions ( su* p]ils are common & "o is con/antly call$ on to ex]cise =titude 7e4g41 to be prep>$ to incur mortal enmities r ?an =sake ju/ice1 or purity1 or religion74 7b7 ,its ,utility4--,=titude has a c]ta9 g5]al utility1 = x is f\nd to be ( advantage ev]y:]e4 ,?us1 brave m5 & j m5 are admir$ 9 peace z well z 9 w>1 :]eas lib]al m5 are s]viceable only 9 c]ta9 matt]s 7,ari/otle74 ,=titude is l a /rong t[]1 or l an army t protects ! o!r virtues1 & !re are cont9ual dem&s = its ex]cise4 ,! life ( man is a w>f>e 7,job1 vii4 #a71 & a manly _s is ne$$ to /ruggle aga9/ ! temptations1 injuries1 infirmities1 & trials t ?reat5 virtue4 ,)\t =titude1 !n1 no "o c be sav$1 = ! k+dom ( heav5 is captur$ only by ! aggressive 7,matt41 xi4 #ab71 & only ^? :o fight %all receive ! cr[n 7,,ii ,tim41 ii4 #e74 #bddb4 ,m>tyrdom4--,z judgm5t is ! *ief act ( ju/ice 7see #agbg71 s m>tyrdom is ! *ief act ( =titude1 & 9 a s5se ! mo/ p]fect ( all acts4 ,= m>tyrdom is def9$ z 8! volunt>y acceptance = ! sake ( ,god ( a viol5t dea? inflict$ out ( hatr$ ( virtue40 ,m>tyrdom belongs to =titude :i* produces x1 to love ( ,god :i* comm&s x 7,i ,cor41 xiii4 #ac71 & to fai? :i* attracts x4 ,m]ely z an act ( c\rage1 x is inf]ior to "s o!r acts1 s9ce =titude is n ! highe/ virtue1 & ! goods = :i* m>tyrdom is und]gone mu/ be pref]able to m>tyrdom itself4 ,b 9 two ways m>tyrdom is ! greate/ act ( virtue4 7a7 ,?us1 int]nally x has *>ity = its end1 & 8great] love ?an ?is no man ha?1 t a man lay d[n 8 life = 8 fri5ds0 7,john1 xv4 #ac72 x is ! greate/ sign ( love ( ,god4 7b7 ,ext]nally x is a pr(ession ( fai? 9 ! sup]iority ( ! invisible & future to ! visible & pres5t goods1 & no m efficaci\s pro( ( ?is fai? c be giv5 ?an m>tyrdom 7,job1 ii4 #d2 ,,ii ,cor41 iv4 #aa74 #bddc4 ,k9ds ( ,m>tyrdom4--,! ^w m>tyrdom is sometimes us$ loosely or less accurately1 & h5ce we di/+ui% ! foll[+ k9ds ( m>tyrdom3 7a7 false m>tyrdom is dea? suff]$ 9 an evil cause1 z :5 "o dies = errone\s pr9ciples or doctr9es 7e4g41 = an>*y71 ,m>tyrdom is te/imony ( blood giv5 to ! tru?1 n to error1 & h5ce x is n ! suff]+ b ! cause t makes ! m>tyr4 ,improp] m>tyrdom is dea? suff]$ = "s purely natural good1 z :5 a p]son dies = ! cause ( sci5ce or ( a political p>ty1 or 9 def5se ( natural tru?s ab\t ,god b )\t a religi\s motive2 7b7 true & prop] m>tyrdom1 :i* is n ! virtue b ! cr[n ( m>tyrdom1 is dea? inflict$ on an infant out ( hatr$ = ,*ri/1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,holy ,innoc5ts4 ,?is is baptism ( blood = infants1 z ! virtue is = adults1 supply+ ! place ( baptism ( wat] 7,matt41 x4 #ci72 7c7 ! virtue ( m>tyrdom 9 ! sight ( ,god 7!ological m>tyrdom7 is ei!r 9 desire or 9 act4 ,m>tyrdom ( desire1 :i* is ! wi% to die = ,god1 may h ! same ess5tial glory z m>tyrdom 9 act1 b x lacks ! accid5tal glory1 s9ce x does n really suff] ! trial 7see #hi-ic74 ,m>tyrdom 9 act1 :i* is ext]nal suff]+ = ju/ice's sake1 has ?ree degrees3 ! l[e/ degree is suff]+ t lacks "o or o!r ( ! ess5tial conditions 7see #bddd7 = supreme self-sacrifice 7imp]fect m>tyrdom71 ! high] degree has all ! ess5tial conditions 7p]fect m>tyrdom71 :ile ! highe/ degree has also ! accid5tals t are mo/ suitable = m>tyrdom 7complete m>tyrdom72 7d7 ! virtue ( m>tyrdom 9 ! sight ( ! ,*ur* 7canonical m>tyrdom7 is t :i*1 9 addition to ! conditions = p]fect m>tyrdom1 possesses also ext]nal indications suffici5t to prove _! exi/5ce & "*4 #bddd4 ,conditions = ,m>tyrdom4--,s9ce m>tyrdom is a virtue & ! supreme te/imony1 x mu/ h ! foll[+ conditions3 7a7 ! cause ( ! m>tyrdom mu/ be fai? 7e4g41 p]secution because ! m>tyr is a ,ca?olic71 or "s virtue conta9+ a pr(ession ( fai?1 inasmu* z a div9e good 7e4g41 *a/ity7 or a human good 7e4g41 ! tru? ( a sci5ce1 ! safety ( "o's c\ntry7 is def5d$ = ! sake ( ,god2 7b7 ! p]secutor mu/ act f hatr$ ( virtue1 b x is n necess>y t he be an unbeliev]1 or t he av[ 8 hatr$ ( virtue z ! motive ( p]secution1 or t he pron\nce or execute ! s5t5ce ( dea? himself2 7c7 ! m>tyr mu/ accept m>tyrdom will+ly 7actual or virtual int5tion suffices1 & p]haps also habitual72 he mu/ be free f guilt t provok$ ! s5t5ce1 & mu/ be 9 ! /ate ( grace or at lea/ rep5tant2 he mu/ die f a virtu\s motive1 n f va+lory1 despair1 or o!r s9ful reason4 ,"s make non-resi/ance a condition = :at we call$ p]fect m>tyrdom1 :ile o!rs make x a condition = :at we call$ complete m>tyrdom2 accord+ to ! =m] op9ion ! crusad]s or o!r soldi]s dy+ 9 a j w> _c be call$ m>tyrs ( religion1 b accord+ to ! second op9ion !y may be rank$ ) ! m>tyrs2 7d7 ! puni%m5t inflict$ on ! m>tyr mu/ be dea?1 ei!r in/ant 7z 9 decapitation7 or delay$ 7z 9 gradual />vation1 dea? by sl[ poison+1 mortal w\nds1 imprisonm5t or o!r h>d%ip71 ,h5ce1 ^? :o are n put to dea?1 b :o are tortur$1 mutilat$ or imprison$ 7e4g41 ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/71 are confessors ( ! fai?1 b only 9 an imp]fect s5se are !y m>tyrs4 ,"s believe t suff]+ is necess>y = p]fect m>tyrdom1 & h5ce t ^? :o are put to dea? pa9lessly are n1 /rictly speak+1 m>tyrs2 b o!rs--& ) bett] reason1 x seems--d5y ?is4 ,^? :o are n kill$ 7e4g41 p]sons :o die f disease contract$ :ile att5d+ ! sick or f au/]ities71 or :o are kill$ by !mselves 7e4g41 ! ,circumcellions :o ?\ght to w9 m>tyrdom by suicide71 are n m>tyrs 7on ! cases ( ,/s4 ,apollonia & ,pelagia1 see #ahef74 #bdde4 ,practical ,que/ions ab\t ,m>tyrdom4--7a7 ,! ,desire ( ,m>tyrdom4--,a g5]al desire = or ! will+ness to suff] m>tyrdom if ! necessity %\ld arise is requir$ = salvation 7,i ,john1 iii4 #af2 ,rom41 x4 #aj74 ,ap>t f necessity1 a special desire ( m>tyrdom is n ( precept1 s9ce m>tyrdom is an act ( p]fection2 b su* a desire is ( c\nsel1 s9ce x is enc\rag$ by ,*ri/ 7,i ,pet]1 ii4 #ba71 & _m ,sa9ts h pray$ = m>tyrdom4 7b7 ,! ,*oice ( ,m>tyrdom4--,regul>ly x is n lawful to (f] oneself freely = m>tyrdom1 = to d s gives ! tyrant an occasion ( committ+ inju/ice1 & z a rule !re are n suffici5t reasons ( public or private good = p]mitt+ 8 s9 7see #ajc sqq474 ,exceptionally x is lawful1 :5 !re is no dang] t "o w be ov]come & !re are urg5t reasons = ! act1 su* z ! glory ( ,god or ! peace ( ! fai?ful4 7c7 ,provocation ( ,m>tyrdom4--,regul>ly x is n lawful to br+ on a p]secution by aggression 7e4g41 by de/roy+ idols71 s9ce g5]ally ?is w make "o guilty ( complicity & presumption4 ,b !re are exceptional cases1 :5 ! good ( s\ls dem&s attack on evils 7,dan41 xiv4 #bf2 ,matt41 xiv4 #c1 #d74 ,x is n provocation ( p]secution1 h[ev]1 to live virtu\sly 7,tob41 ii4 #h1 #i71 or to reprove a p]secutor aft] "o has be5 appreh5d$ 7,,ii ,ma*41 viii4 #ae-ag2 ,acts1 vii4 #ea-ed74 7d7 ,flight f ,m>tyrdom4--,flight is sometimes s9ful1 sometimes obligatory1 sometimes optional1 accord+ to circum/ances1 z 0 expla9$ 9 #ajje1 #ajjf4 #bddf4 ,s9s ,oppos$ to ,=titude4--7a7 ,numb]4--,! vices oppos$ to =titude are f\r1 two ( excess & two ( defect1 accord+ z fe> & confid5ce are n regulat$ z to "t1 place1 mann] & o!r circum/ances 9 ! way ( mod]ation4 ,he :o fe>s :5 or z he %\ld n1 is timor\s 7e4g41 "o :o kills himself because he fe>s ! h>d%ips ( life1 "o :o neglects religion out ( human respect72 he :o does n fe> :5 or z he %\ld1 is ins5sible 7e4g41 "o :o exposes himself to p]il ( dea? = ! sake ( excitem5t74 ,he :o does n d>e :5 or z he %\ld1 is c[>dly 7e4g41 a sup]ior :o does n correct z he %\ld72 he :o d>es :5 or z he %\ld n1 is foolh>dy 7e4g41 a sup]ior :o corrects :5 !re is no *ance ( a good result74 7b7 ,malice4--,^! s9s p] se are v5ial1 s9ce excess or defect 9 emotions1 :i* 9 !mselves are indiff]5t1 is n a s]i\s disord]4 ,b !y become mortal if !y lead to grave evil 7e4g41 if f fe> ( p]secution "o becomes a pagan71 or to grave dang] 7e4g41 if f foolh>d9ess "o exposes oneself to dea? or mutilation74 ,ins5sibility & foolh>d9ess are caus$ by pride or va+lory1 by contempt = life or = ! /r5g? ( o!rs4 ,timidity & c[>dice dim9i% culpability1 ?\gh !y d n remove x4 #bddg4 ,! ,p>ts ( ,=titude4--,z has be5 said above1 ! p>ts ( a virtue are subjective1 integral & pot5tial 7see #afce1 #afcf74 7a7 ,=titude has no subjective p>ts1 = x is conc]n$ ) a v specializ$ matt]1 namely1 ! dang] ( dea?2 & h5ce !re is no room = diff]5ces ( k9d1 al?\gh !re are diff]5ces ( degree 7e4g41 great] c\rage is ne$$ to face an ignom9i\s or cruel dea? ?an to face dea? amid applause or ) little suff]+74 7b7 ,! integral p>ts ( =titude are ^? t are necess>y = ! p]fect function+ ( its (fices 9 ref]5ce to major dang]s 7i4e41 ( dea?74 ,n[1 ! fir/ act ( =titude1 namely1 attack1 requires greatness ( s\l 7:i* makes "o love ! be/ ?+s & despise all t is oppos$ to !m7 & greatness ( de$ 7:i* makes "o p]=m g5]\sly :at 0 nobly will$74 ,! second act ( =titude1 namely1 endurance1 requires pati5ce 7t ! s\l be n ?r[n into dejection by difficulties7 & /eadfa/ness 7t ! s\l be n turn$ aside f its purpose or we>i$ by long-cont9u$ opposition74 7c7 ,! pot5tial p>ts ( =titude are ! f\r j nam$1 b z ex]cis$ 9 ref]5ce to m9or dang]s4 #bddh4 ,greatness ( ,s\l4--,greatness ( s\l or nobility 7,lat91 magnanimitas7 is a virtue t incl9es "o to aspire aft] excell5ce 9 ?+s mo/ honorable1 b to e/eem & use honors !mselves ) mod]ation4 7a7 ,! fir/ act ( ?is virtue is aspiration4 ,x desires ! high] manife/ations ( e virtue--! ?+s t are m difficult & t befit a g5]\s & elevat$ _s1 su* z great au/]ity1 great labor1 great sacrifice1 etc4 ,?us1 x resembles =titude1 = bo? virtues are ex]cis$ 9 difficult circum/ances4 7b7 ,! second act ( ?is virtue is mod]ation4 ,x e/eems honors at _! true wor?1 = x is greatly conc]n$ to possess ! high] honors 7i4e41 good repute be=e ,god & godly m571 kn[+ t ^! are solid & la/+1 b x is less conc]n$ ab\t l[] honors 7i4e41 ! e/eem & applause ( ! _w71 kn[+ t ^! are frail1 fleet+1 & common to good & bad alike4 ,h5ce1 ! great ( s\l are n elat$ 9 prosp]ity or deject$ 9 adv]sity4 ,?is virtue "h diff]s f =titude1 s9ce =titude is conc]n$ ) dang]s1 :i* are unpleasant1 :ile greatness ( s\l is occupi$ ) honors :i* are pleasant4 #bddi4 ,comp>ison betwe5 ,greatness ( ,s\l & ,humility4--,greatness ( s\l & humility are diff]5t1 b n contr>y4 7a7 ,?us1 greatness ( s\l makes "o reg>d oneself z wor?y ( great ?+s1 :5 "o is inde$ wor?y ( !m on acc\nt ( gifts be/[$ by ,god 7,luke1 i4 #df74 ,h5ce1 ! great ( s\l put ! good above ! pr(itable1 !y d n busy !mselves unduly ab\t less] ?+s1 !y are sl[ to ask & quick to grant favors1 !y are n outdone 9 g5]osity1 !y are n subs]vi5t be=e ! mighty1 & !y are famili> only ) fri5ds4 ,b if !y are truly great ( s\l1 !y are also humble1 kn[+ t ! good is f ,god1 & t ( !mselves !y are weak & s9ful4 7b7 ,greatness ( s\l makes "o reg>d oneself z sup]ior to l[] ?+s1 = x makes "o loa! any?+ t w\ld be unbecom+ ! gifts "o has receiv$ f ,god4 ,h5ce1 z ,/4 ,?omas says1 ! noble "* does n flaunt 8 ideals1 nor obtrude himself into places or (fices ( honor2 he does n compla9 or rememb] injuries2 he is n haughty ) inf]iors b g5tle & consid]ate ) all2 9 mann] he is quiet & unhurri$1 speaks s9c]ely1 & is n mu* giv5 ei!r to praise or to blame o!rs4 ,b ?\gh ! noble p]son despises all t is petty1 he is n pr\d2 & h5ce he c see ! good t is 9 o!rs1 & he rev]es ^? :o are sup]ior to himself4 #bdej4 ,vices ,oppos$ to ,greatness ( ,s\l by ,excess4--,! vices oppos$ to greatness ( s\l by excess are su* z desire great de$s1 or honors1 or fame1 :5 or :]e or h[ !y %\ld n be desir$4 7a7 ,excessive desire ( great de$s is presumption1 :i* attempts to d great] ?+s ?an "o is able to p]=m 7cfr4 #ajge sqq471 ,?is happ5s 9 conceit$ p]sons :o ov]e/imate _! own abilities1 tak+ on !mselves (fices = :i* !y are incompet5t or ex]cis+ p[]s = :i* !y h no au?ority2 also 9 vulg> p]sons :o mi/ake _! =tuit\s advantages1 su* z weal? or influ5ce or bir?1 = "* & ability4 ,presumption is a mortal s9 :5 its cause is a grave s9 7e4g41 lack ( fai?7 or :5 its effects are v h>mful 7e4g41 :5 "o :o is ignorant presumes to tea* or practise m$ic9e1 :5 "o :o is morally frail presumes to ent] occasions ( s974 ,!re is no s9 if "o attempts too mu* 9 good fai? & f inculpable ignorance4 7b7 ,excessive desire ( honors 7see #bjaj1 #bjaa1 #bcea7 is ambition1 or an inord9ate hank]+ aft] di/9ctions & def]5ce4 ,! great ( s\l desire honors :5 ^! are due to _! /ation or :5 !re is a j reason1 su* z ! glory ( ,god or ! advantage ( ! neighbor 7,matt41 v4 #ae1 #af2 ,heb41 v4 #d74 ,! ambiti\s1 on ! contr>y1 seek to be honor$ beyond _! des]ts 7e4g41 :5 an ignorant man longs = academic degrees1 a tyrant wi%es to be respect$ on acc\nt ( 8 tyranny1 an inf]ior man seeks to p]petuate himself 9 tempor>y elective (fices1 a ri* man or a?letic h]o expects t he w be rev]$ above ^? :o are em95t = virtue or le>n+71 or !y seek honor = its own or _! own sake1 l ! ,ph>isees :o lov$ ! fir/ places at fea/s & ! fir/ *airs 9 ! synagogues1 & salutations 9 ! m>ket place1 & to be call$ by m5 ,rabbi 7,matt41 xxiii4 #g2 cfr4 ,i ,tim41 iii4 #a sqq42 ,matt41 xx4 #be74 ,?is s91 be+ excessive desire ( some?+ indiff]5t1 is n p] se mortal2 b x is made mortal ei!r by a cause t is s]i\sly s9ful 7e4g41 if "o's :ole life is b a mad *ase = pref]m5ts7 or by a result t is s]i\sly h>mful 7e4g41 if "o commits or is ready to commit s]i\s inju/ice or un*>itabl5ess to w9 a covet$ dignity74 ,ambition is cur$ *iefly by *>ity1 = *>ity is n ambiti\s 7,i ,cor41 xiii4 #e2 cfr4 ,gal41 v4 #ac74 7c7 ,excessive desire ( praise or celebrity is vanity 7see #bjbh1 #bbfi74 ,! great ( s\l desire ! good op9ion ( _! fell[-m5 7see #aege sqq471 b !y also desire t _! good reputation be well f\nd$1 & _! motive is ! glory ( ,god or ! spiritual pr(it ( man4 ,! va91 on ! contr>y1 are eag] = admiration & praise = :i* !re is no ju/ification 7e4g41 ^? :o wi% to be prais$ = virtues !y d n possess7 or :i* are valueless 7e4g41 ^? :o fi% = complim5ts ov] ?+s ( no great importance1 su* z good looks or dress1 or :o wi% to appe> le>n$ among ! un$ucat$1 or :o crave notoriety71 or seek admiration )\t a prop] motive 7e4g41 ^? :o adv]tise !mselves = self-glorification alone74 ,vanity1 l ambition1 is p] se only a v5ial s91 b x becomes mortal on acc\nt ( its cause 7e4g41 :5 ! motive is to conceal crimes t are plann$71 or its results 7e4g41 :5 ! desire to be fam\s makes "o boa/ ( "o's crimes1 or refuse to repair injuries done to o!rs1 or neglect ! honor ( ,god71 or its matt] 7e4g41 :5 "o is va9 ab\t a reputation = skillful inju/ice74 ,vanity is "o ( ! capital s9s 7see #bfh sqq471 s9ce x is "o ( ! motives t *iefly lead m5 into s92 = all desire excell5ce1 & 9 consequ5ce ! love ( r5[n is "o ( ! *ief inc5tives to action4 ,ev5 ! ambiti\s crave honors because ( ! glory honors br+4 ,! (fspr+ ( vanity includes ! s9s by :i* a man seeks unlawfully to %[ (f 8 good po9ts1 or to prove t he is n inf]ior & ?us capture popul>ity or glory4 ,9 ! fir/ class are ! publication by ^w or de$ ( "o's own true or pret5d$ exploits 7boa/+ hypocrisy71 ! cultivation ( novelties & ecc5tricities design$ to attract att5tion 7su* z s+ul>ity 9 op9ion1 9 pronunciation1 9 dress1 etc474 ,9 ! latt] class are s9s ( intellect :i* make "o hold ob/9ately to "o's views 7/ubbornness71 s9s ( w :i* make "o resi/ desires ( o!rs 7discord71 s9s ( ^w :i* make "o l\dly dispute 7cont5tion71 s9s ( de$ :i* make "o refuse to yield to au?ority 7disob$i5ce74 #bdea4 ,vice ,oppos$ to ,greatness ( ,s\l by ,defect4--,! s9 oppos$ to greatness ( s\l by defect is pusillanimity 7littl5ess ( s\l71 :i* does n desire great ?+s :5 "o %\ld desire !m4 7a7 ,pusillanimity is s9ful1 because x excludes nobility ( s\l1 spr+s f a lazy ignorance ( "o's own ability & wor? & f a false fe> ( failure1 & leads to ! loss ( great ?+s t c\ld be done = ,god & humanity4 ,! ,scriptures reprove ,jonas1 :o fl$ f ! great task set = him by ,god 7,jonas1 i4 #a sqq471 & ! fe>ful s]vant :o hid 8 tal5t 9 a napk9 7,matt1 xxv4 #bd sqq474 ,pusillanimity is n to be confus$1 !re=e1 ) humility2 = humility excludes ! unreasonable or immod]ate desire ( excell5ce1 :]eas pusillanimity represses ev5 t desire ( greatness :i* is reasonable & mod]ate4 ,inde$1 meanness ( _s may be associat$ ) pride on acc\nt ( ob/9ate refusal to take ^u oneself :at is comm&$ 7,prov41 xxvi4 #af74 ,?us1 ,moses & ,j]emias %[$ humility by _! fe>s ( unwor?9ess 7,exod1 iii4 #aa2 ,j]em41 i4 #f71 b !y w\ld h s9n$ by pusillanimity1 & also by pride1 _h !y held out aga9/ ,god's *>ge to !m4 7b7 ,pusillanimity is p] se a v5ial s9 7see #bdej71 b x may become mortal on acc\nt ( its matt] or consequ5ces1 z :5 "o is s self-depreciative z to neglect grave obligations ( correct+ abuses4 ,x is ess5tially m evil ?an presumption1 = x turns "o away f ?+s & pursuits t are noble1 & is ?us m oppos$ to greatness ( s\l2 b radically presumption is m evil1 z x spr+s f pride 7,ecclus41 xxxvii4 #c74 ,! dread ( attempt+ great de$s or pursuits is sometimes no s9 at all1 z :5 x is due to inculpable ignorance ( :at "o c d or :at "o des]ves1 or f a fe> t ov]p[]s judgm5t1 or f bodily disease1 or f a s5se ( inf]iority caus$ by education1 excessive repression & habit 7,col41 iii4 #ba74 #bdeb4 ,greatness ( ,de$4--,greatness ( de$ is ! execution ( ! great ?+s to :i* "o is incl9$ by greatness ( s\l4 7a7 ,! virtue is a g5]al "o1 if x includes e k9d ( noble p]=mance2 x is a special "o1 if re/rict$ to pr9cely g5]osity 9 ! exp5diture ( l>ge sums = great works 7virtue ( magnific5ce or munific5ce74 ,! munific5t p]son sp5ds l>ge sums f 8 purse 9 behalf ( ! wor%ip ( ,god 7e4g41 9 build+ *ur*es1 mona/]ies1 etc471 & = ! common good 7e4g41 9 f\nd+ s*ools1 9 end[+ educational in/itutions1 hospitals1 etc474 ,?is virtue resembles =titude by ! gr&eur ( its accompli%m5t2 x falls %ort ( =titude1 s9ce x deals n ) sacrifice ( self b ) sacrifice ( goods4 ,! ,maec5ases & ! g5]\s patrons ( religion are among ! greate/ b5efactors ( humanity1 = )\t !m ! be/ ?+s w\ld (t5 langui% = want ( support4 7b7 ,! vices oppos$ to ?is virtue are meanness by defici5cy & vulg>ity by excess4 ,! mean man is unable to d ?+s on a great scale1 & pref]s to ru9 a noble "w r ?an make ! prop] outlay 7e4g41 aft] plann+ a beautiful *ur*1 he w spoil x by us+ *eap mat]ials74 ,! vulg> man1 on ! contr>y1 is avid = o/5tation1 or heavy exp5diture :5 !re is no call = x4 ,he is lib]al to works ( less importance 7e4g41 8 own usual p]sonal ne$s or com=ts71 b p5uri\s ) works ( great importance 7e4g41 *>itable causes72 or he lavi%es money ne$lessly on great works1 z :5 8 resid5ce is ov]-ornam5t$ & (f5sive to good ta/e1 or :5 8 w$d+ breakfa/ is s]v$ ) pr(use extravagance & wa/e 9 ord] to make a display ( weal?4 ,p] se1 ^! s9s are v5ial1 b !y may be mortal on acc\nt ( circum/ances4 ,munific5ce is ! virtue ( ! ri*1 b ev5 ! poor may h ! m]it ( ?is virtue1 by a good int5tion1 especially :5 !y %[ lib]ality to great ent]prises accord+ to _! means4 #bdec4 ,pati5ce4--,pati5ce is a virtue :i* f ! love ( mod]ation s controls ! sadness caus$ by pres5t afflictions t ?is passion nei!r excessively di/urbs ! int]nal p[]s ( ! s\l nor produces any?+ inord9ate 9 ! ext]nal conduct4 ,h5ce x diff]s f ! foll[+3 7a7 f temp]ance1 =1 al?\gh temp]ance also regulates sadness1 ! sadness ) :i* x deals is caus$ by lack ( pleasures1 :ile t ) :i* pati5ce deals is caus$ by ! pres5ce ( evils1 especially ( ^? br\ght on by annoyances f o!rs2 7b7 f ! endurance ( =titude1 = =titude regulates fe> ( dea?1 :ile pati5ce regulates sadness caus$ by evils ( :atev] nature1 su* z sickness1 b]eavem5ts1 loss ( money1 p]secution2 7c7 f longsuff]+ & con/ancy1 = ! matt] ( ^! virtues is a good :i* _c be obta9$ except by long wait+ or a good :i* mu/ be cont9ually ex]cis$1 :]eas ! matt] ( pati5ce is an evil t has to be endur$ 9 ! pres5t4 ,b s9ce ! delay ( a desir$ good causes sadness 7,prov41 xiii4 #ab71 & s9ce cont9uance 9 good is irksome to ! fle%1 bo? longsuff]+ & con/ancy are includ$ "u pati5ce4 #bded4 ,! ,greatness ( ,pati5ce4--7a7 ,its ,rank4--,pati5ce is less ?an ! !ological virtues1 & also is inf]ior to prud5ce & ju/ice1 :i* p]fect "o 9 goodness2 x is also less ?an =titude & temp]ance1 :i* pres]ve f ! greate/ imp$im5ts to goodness2 = ! (fice ( pati5ce is only to pres]ve "o f less] imp$im5ts1 namely1 ! common adv]sities ( life4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 pati5ce is a "p ( =titude--a pot5tial "p1 because x does n connote ! supreme h]oism ( =titude1 & an integral "p1 because c\rage 9 ! face ( dea? is bett]$ by ! s]5ity :i* pati5ce imp>ts4 7b7 ,its ,necessity4--,pati5ce is a mo/ useful virtue4 ,)\t x "o _c long cont9ue 9 ! way ( virtue on acc\nt ( ! _m trials man enc\nt]s 7,heb41 x4 #cf71 :]eas ) x ! enemies ( o!r virtues are de/roy$2 & h5ce x is call$ ! root & gu>dian ( virtue 7cfr4 ,rom41 v4 #c1 #d2 ,james1 i4 #b-d2 ,luke1 xxi4 #ai74 ,b !re are degrees ( pati5ce3 ! l[e/ is equanimity1 :i* (f5ds ,god nei!r 9 ?\ght1 ^w nor de$ ev5 ?\gh sorely tri$ 7,job1 ii4 #g-aj72 a high] degree is submission1 :i* pref]s adv]sity to prosp]ity 7,ps4 cxviii4 #ga72 ! highe/ degree is joyful resignation1 :i* smiles at grief & rejoices 9 tribulation 7,,ii ,cor41 xii4 #aj1 vii4 #d74 #bdee4 ,! ,vices ,oppos$ to ,pati5ce4--7a7 ,! s9 ( defici5cy 9 sorr[ is /olidity1 :i* is a brutal ins5sibility t is mov$ nei!r by "o's own nor by o!rs' mis=tunes4 ,?is is n a virtue1 b an inhuman & unnatural way ( life1 :i* takes no acc\nt ( man z a feel+ z well z a reason+ be+4 7b7 ,! s9 ( excess 9 sorr[ is impati5ce1 :i* m\rns excessively "u afflictions1 or 9 looks1 words or de$s expresses a compla9+ & rebelli\s _s 7,prov4 xiv4 #ag2 ,judi?1 viii4 #bd1 #be74 ,/olidity & impati5ce are p] se v5ial s9s1 b !y become mortal p] accid5s on acc\nt ( "s circum/ance1 z :5 ! unfeel+ man gives great sc&al by 8 h>dhe>t$ acts1 or ! impati5t man blasphemes 7see #bdej1 #bdea74 #bdef4 ,/eadfa/ness4--,/eadfa/ness is a virtue :i* is s devot$ to ! goodness ( cont9u+ 9 ! "r t x is n fatigu$ by ! l5g? ( "t or ! repeat$ ef=t requir$ = a good "w 7virtue ( p]si/5ce or p]sev]ance71 nor di%e>t5$ by ! opposition :i* a good "w enc\nt]s 7virtue ( manl9ess or con/ancy71 b goes on unmov$ until ! conclusion :i* "r reason calls = has be5 arriv$ at4 7a7 ,! ,virtue4--,/eadfa/ness belongs to =titude1 s9ce ! ess5ce ( bo? is a /ruggle aga9/ difficulty2 b /eadfa/ness is ! inf]ior1 s9ce x is nobl] & m h]oic to be undismay$ by ! p]il ( dea? ?an to be unconqu]$ by /ra9 ( monotony or opposition4 ,/eadfa/ness is a mo/ important virtue1 = x avails "o little to beg9 a "w well if x is n c>ri$ to a successful conclusion4 ,)\t x "o puts h& to ! pl[ b looks back 7,luke1 ix4 #fb71 or beg9s to build b does n f9i% 7,l1 xiv4 #cj72 ) x ! "w begun is cr[n$1 ! h>ve/ w be reap$ 7,gal41 vi4 #i1 #aj71 & salvation secur$ 7,matt41 x4 #bb74 ,scripture ab\nds ) exhortations to /eadfa/ness 7,i ,cor41 xv4 #eh2 ,phil41 iv4 i2 ,,ii ,tim41 iii4 #ac2 ,ecclus41 xi4 #ba1 #bb1 v4 #ab2 ,john1 viii4 #ca2 ,heb41 xii4 #g72 b f9al p]sev]ance is a special gift ( ,god 7,i ,pet]1 v4 #aj74 7b7 ,! ,opposite ,vices4--,oppos$ to /eadfa/ness by defici5cy is ! vice ( effem9acy or weakness1 by excess ! vice ( p]t9acity4 ,! effem9ate p]son1 lack+ /am9a to g on 9 a necess>y good1 surr5d]s to we>9ess or opposition by ab&on+ ! und]tak+ or by tak+ up ) evil 7,matt41 xi4 #g1 #h74 ,! p]t9aci\s p]son cont9ues 9 ! c\rse he has begun :5 "r reason bids him to discont9ue1 z :5 "o has tak5 a v[ & does n wi% to accept ! disp5sation :i* a *ange ( circum/ances necessitates4 ,^! s9s are v5ial unless !y g c\nt] to a grave duty1 z :5 an effem9ate p]son gives up ! resolution to avoid a v dang]\s occasion ( s91 or ! head/rong p]son det]m9es to fa/ dur+ ! rema9d] ( ,l5t :5 ?is w s]i\sly injure 8 heal?4 #bdeg4 ,! ,complem5ts ( ,=titude4--,we %all n[ speak ( ! ,gift1 ! ,beatitude1 & ! ,fruits t correspond to =titude 7see #aei & #bdcc74 7a7 ,! ,gift ( ,=titude is an infus$ habit :i* makes ! appetitive p[]s readily responsive to ! enc\ragem5t ( ! ,holy ,_s & fill$ ) a c\rage t is m ?an human4 ,?us1 ! ,gift ( ,=titude supplies = :at is want+ 9 ! virtue ( =titude4 ,! virtue is regulat$ by ! rules & measure ( human prud5ce1 b ! ,gift is inspir$ by ! pres5ce & comm& ( ! ,holy ,_s ,himself 7,ps4 xliii4 #d1 xvii4 #b1 #c72 ! virtue /r5g!ns ! s\l1 b ! ,gift supports ev5 ! weakness ( ! fle%1 = ! ,_s helpe? our infirmity 7,rom41 viii4 #bf2 cfr4 ,luke1 xxii4 #dc72 ! virtue aids "o aga9/ ! p]ils ( dea?1 b ! ,gift /r5g!ns 9 difficulties bo? ( life & dea?1 re9=c+ n only c\rage b also ! alli$ virtues1 greatness ( s\l1 munific5ce1 pati5ce & p]sev]ance1 = we c d all ?+s 9 ,him t /r5g!ns u 7,phil41 iv4 #ac72 ! virtue gives firm resolution to adh]e to ! "r 9 spite ( dea? itself1 b ! ,gift adds ! un%ak5 confid5ce t "o %all surm\nt e difficulty & w9 ! cr[n ( victory 7,rom41 viii4 #ca sqq474 7b7 ,! ,beatitude :i* is ! special ex]cise ( ! ,gift ( ,=titude is ! eigh?3 8,bless$ are !y t suff] p]secution = ju/ice's sake1 = !irs is ! k+dom ( heav50 7,matt1 v #aj74 ,! ,gift ( ,=titude makes ! p]secut$ feel a great confid5ce & security 9 ! mid/ ( ! /ruggle1 & ?is is a =eta/e ( ! copi\s1 exce$+ & et]nal rew>d t foll[s ?is ,gift 7,g541 xv4 #a2 ,rom41 viii4 #ah2 ,,ii ,cor41 iv4 #ag2 ,ps4 xciii4 #ai2 ,,ii ,cor41 i1 #a74 ,o!rs assign to ?is ,gift ! ,beatitudes ( ! meek & ( ^? :o hung] & ?ir/ = hol9ess4 7c7 ,! ,fruits t are mo/ appropriate "h are pati5ce 9 be>+ evil & longsuff]+ 9 await+ or p]=m+ good2 = ^! are acts t add a f9i% ( maturity to =titude 7see #bddg1 #bded1 #bdef71 & 9 _! mo/ excell5t /ate 7see #bded7 ! p]=mance ( !m is no long] bitt] b sweet4 #bdeh4 ,! ,comm&m5ts ( ,=titude4--7a7 ,=titude itself is comm&$ bo? 9 ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t are f\nd precepts ( brav]y 9 bodily w>f>e1 z 9 ,deut4 xx4 #c3 8,he>1 ,o ,israel1 y jo9 battle ?is day aga9/ y\r enemies4 ,let n y\r he>t be dismay$1 be n afraid1 d n give back1 fe> ye !m n40 ,! ,new ,law comm&s c\rage be=e spiritual foes2 8,y\r adv]s>y ! devil goe? ab\t l a ro>+ lion1 seek+ :om he may dev\r1 :om resi/ ye /rong 9 fai?0 7,i ,pet]1 v4 #h72 8,resi/ ! devil & he w fly f y0 7,james1 iv4 #g72 8,fight ! good fight0 7,i ,tim41 vi4 #ab74 ,x also comm&s =titude 9 ! pres5ce ( corporal dang]s3 8,fe> n !m t kill ! body1 b _c kill ! s\l0 7,matt41 x4 #bh74 7b7 ,! annex$ virtues are c\nsell$ :5 7z is ! case ) greatness ( s\l & munific5ce7 !y incl9e to ! excell5t & sup]abundant2 !y are comm&$ :5 7z 9 ! case ( pati5ce & p]sev]ance7 !y are necessitat$ by normal conditions ( e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,greatness ( s\l is recomm5d$ 9 ! invitations to be p]fect 7,matt41 v4 #dh71 to love ,god m ard5tly 7see #aefj7 & to foll[ ! c\nsels 7see #cfd sqq471 & 9 ! praise be/[$ on ! excell5t virtue ( ,noe 7,g541 vi4 #i71 ( ,john ! ,bapti/ 7,matt41 xi4 #aa71 & ( ,m>y ,magdal5e 7,luke x4 #db74 ,munific5ce is recomm5d$ 9 ! eulogies ( ,solomon 7,ecclus41 xlvii4 #bj71 ( ,magdal5e 7,m>k1 xiv4 #i7 & ( ,joseph ( ,arima!a 7,luke1 xxiii4 #ej ff474 ,pati5ce is comm&$ 9 ,luke1 xxi4 #ai 7,9 pati5ce possess y\r s\ls71 & 9 ,rom41 xxii4 #ab 7,be pati5t 9 tribulation72 p]sev]ance 9 ,ecclus41 ii4 #d 7,9 sorr[ endure71 9 ,matt41 x4 #bb 7,he t p]sev]es to ! end %all be sav$71 9 ,i ,cor41 xv4 #eh 7,be /eadfa/ & unmovable7 & 9 ,heb4 xxi4 #g 7,p]sev]e "u discipl9e74 #bdei4 ,obligation ( ! ,precepts ( ,=titude & ,annex$ ,virtues4--7a7 ,! precepts ( =titude are negative or prohibitory1 & !re=e x is obligatory at all times to omit :at !y =bid 7see #cga74 ,x is nev] lawful to be timor\s1 ins5sible1 c[>dly1 or foolh>dy--to d any?+ intr9sically wrong1 ev5 to escape dea? 7see #cag1 #cah74 ,b x is n necess>y to sacrifice life = ! fulfillm5t ( an affirmative precept1 unless injury to ,god or ! common safety1 or an extreme spiritual loss to self w o!rwise result 7see #cag1 #hah1 #cfa74 7b7 ,! precepts ( pati5ce & p]sev]ance are also negative1 & h5ce x is nev] lawful to be guilty ( /olidity1 impati5ce1 effem9acy or /ubbornness4 ,b s9ce pati5ce & p]sev]ance are n s difficult z =titude1 !y h also affirmative precepts4 ,^! latt] laws oblige always1 b n = e occasion 7see #cga74 ,?us1 "o mu/ be always will+ to ex]cise pati5ce1 b "o :o is sp>$ trials has n ! occasion to ex]cise ! virtue4 ,pati5ce itself nev] ceases to be a virtue1 b !re is a pseudo-pati5ce :i* consi/s 9 tol]ation ( evils t %\ld n be tol]at$1 & :i* is n a virtue b a k9d ( sup95ess or sp9elessness t p]ta9s to effem9acy r ?an to pati5ce4 #bdfj4 ,subjects ( ,=titude4--7a7 ,laws h univ]sal ext5sion1 & h5ce x w\ld n be true to say t active =titude is a mascul9e1 passive =titude or pati5ce a fem99e virtue4 ,b great] c\rage is expect$ 9 "s ?an 9 o!rs on acc\nt ( great] /r5g? 7e4g41 ! adult1 ! physically well7 or great] necessity 7z 9 soldi]s1 policem51 firem51 pa/ors1 physicians1 rul]s74 7b7 ,! c\nsel ( munific5ce1 h[ev]1 is only = ! ri* z reg>ds ex]cise1 s9ce o!rs h n ! means :]e) to ex]cise ?is virtue4 ,art4 #h3 ,,! ,,virtue ,,( ,,temp]ance 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,,ii-,,ii1 qq4 #ada-agj47 #bdfa4 ,def9ition ( ,temp]ance4--,temp]ance is a moral virtue :i* regulates accord+ to reason ! gratification ( ! l[] pleasures & desires ( s5se4 7a7 ,x mod]ates pleasure & desire1 & 9 consequ5ce also ! sadness caus$ by ! abs5ce ( pleasure4 ,j z a special virtue 7=titude7 is ne$$ to *eck ! /ronge/ ( ! repell$ emotions 7fe> ( dea?71 s likewise a special virtue 7temp]ance7 is necess>y to bridle ! mo/ vehem5t ( ! attract$ emotions 7pleasure & desire74 7b7 ,x mod]ates s5sible pleasure1 t is1 satisfactions d]iv$ f ! use ( ! ext]nal s5ses--sight1 he>+1 smell1 ta/e1 & t\*4 ,spiritual pleasures1 :i* are d]iv$ f ! l(ti] p[]s ( intellect1 w & imag9ation 7e4g41 f ! /udy ( !ology1 ! read+ ( classical lit]ature1 ! meet+ ( "m & *ild or ( fri5d & fri5d71 h no opposition to reason1 except accid5tally :5 a /ill high] activity :i* %\ld be ex]cis$ is imp$$ by !m4 ,"s ( ^! 7su* z ! pleasures ( ! intellect7 may be call$ purely spiritual1 s9ce !y make little or no impression on ! s5sible appetite2 o!rs1 on ! contr>y 7su* z ! pleasures ( ! w71 may be call$ mix$ pleasures1 s9ce at times !y vehem5tly excite ! s5sitive appetite & p[]fully affect ! body 7e4g41 mo!rs h be5 kn[n to die ( joy at ! return ( a *ild :o 0 ?\ght to be dead74 7c7 ,temp]ance mod]ates ! l[] s5sible pleasures1 t is1 ! satisfactions caus$ prim>ily by t\* & ta/e1 & second>ily by o!r s5ses1 9 ! activities necess>y = pres]vation ( ! individual 7eat+ & dr9k+7 & ( ! race 7sexual int]c\rse74 ,^! passions are call$ ! l[]1 animal1 or c>nal pleasures1 s9ce !y are common to man & bea/1 & are /rongly rebelli\s aga9/ reason4 ,! special virtue ( temp]ance is necess>y1 !n1 to make man foll[ reason1 n ,bac*us or ,v5us4 ,! high] s5sible pleasures1 on ! o!r h&1 are produc$ by a s5sible object1 n on acc\nt ( any relation to v5]eal or gu/atory delight1 b on acc\nt ( a p]fection 9 ! object t makes x suitable to ! s5se 7e4g41 ! enjoym5t d]iv$ f beautiful sc5]y1 classical music1 fragrant roses1 or d[ny or velvety clo?74 ,! e/hete or ! connoisseur obta9s f ^! agreeable s5sations a pleasure unkn[n to ! animals1 & "o t is n f its nature refractory to reason nor s$uctive to c>nal excess4 ,h5ce1 ^! high] s5sual pleasures are n gross1 b ref9$2 !y %\ld be mod]at$ by prud5ce1 b !y are n s dang]\s z to dem& a special virtue1 l temp]ance1 = _! regulation4 ,nei!r %\ld we class ) c>nal pleasures ! joys ( physical well-be+1 su* z ! refre%m5t ( sleep1 ! exhil>ation ( a sea ba? or ( a massage1 ! com=t ( a balmy breeze1 ! ease ( /r5g?1 or ! relaxation ( ex]cise4 #bdfb4 ,! ,rule ( ,mod]ation4--,! rule ( mod]ation :i* temp]ance imposes on ! c>nal appetites is ?is3 8,indulge only z necessity requires & duty all[s40 ,= pleasure is a means ^: end is "s reasonable ne$ ( life1 & x is !re=e a p]v]sion to make pleasure an end by indulg+ x ap>t f ne$ & duty 7see #he74 ,b necessity is to be und]/ood broadly1 s z to include n only ! ess5tials1 b also ! conv5i5ces ( life 7e4g41 season+s & dess]ts ) food74 7a7 ,z to v5]eal pleasures1 !n1 ! rule means t !y %\ld n be us$ outside matrimony1 nor 9 matrimony except = ! procreation ( *ildr5 & ! o!r lawful ends ( m>riage4 7b7 ,z to ! pleasures ( ! table1 !y %\ld n be indulg$ except = ! b5efit ( m9d & body1 & 9 su* mann]1 quantity1 quality1 etc41 z ?is purpose requires4 ,b "o may regulate "o's food or dr9k by ! high] purpose ( mortification1 & p>take ( less ?an ! body dem&s "h & n[4 #bdfc4 ,! ,excell5ce ( ,temp]ance4--7a7 ,temp]ance is among ! f\r pr9cipal or c>d9al virtues4 ,x keeps 9 ord] "o ( ! passions t is mo/ natural & mo/ necess>y = ! pres5t life1 & among ! virtues x excels 9 ! quality ( mod]ation1 s9ce x *a/5s ! incl9ation t is h>de/ to hold )9 b\nds1 & gu>ds ! s5ses1 ! gateways ( ! s\l 7see #bdda74 8,wisdom tea*es temp]ance1 prud5ce1 ju/ice & =titude1 ?an :i* !re is no?+ m useful 9 life0 7,wis41 viii4 #g74 7b7 ,9 its nature temp]ance is n ! *ief b ! lea/ ( ! moral virtues4 ,= ju/ice & brav]y are ( great] s]vice to ! common welf>e1 & ! good ( ! multitude1 z ,ari/otle rem>ks1 is m div9e ?an ! good ( ! individual4 ,b 9 accid5tal respects temp]ance has a sup]iority2 = x is m t5d] & graceful ?an =titude1 m ardu\s ?an ju/ice1 & !re is p]haps no o!r virtue ^: ex]cise is s con/antly call$ =4 #bdfd4 ,! ,vices ,oppos$ to ,temp]ance4--7a7 ,! vice ( defici5cy has be5 call$ ins5sibility1 & consi/s 9 an unreasonable dislike ( ! inf]ior s5sible pleasures1 :i* makes "o unwill+ to use !m :5 & z reason comm&s4 ,?us1 ! ,/oics & ,mani*ees believ$ t mat]ial joys are intr9sically evil1 & !re h be5 fanatical advocates ( teetotalism 7e4g41 ! ,aqu>ians7 & ( purity 7e4g41 ! ,puritans :o w\ld n p]mit a man to kiss 8 wife on ,sunday1 ! prudi% & c5sori\s :o fe> or suspect evil )\t reason1 ! ,ph>isees :o ?9k !y are defil$ if a s9n] speaks to !m1 ! misogyni/s :o disapprove ( m>riage74 ,! s9 is v5ial p] se1 s9ce x does n submit to passion2 b x may be mortal on acc\nt ( "s circum/ance1 z :5 ! m>riage debt is unju/ly refus$ or necess>y n\ri%m5t is n tak54 ,?is vice is r>] ?an its opposite1 & x mu/ n be confus$ ) au/]ity1 :i* = ! sake ( a spiritual good =egoes "s lawful b unnecess>y s5sible enjoym5t4 7b7 ,! vice ( excess is immod]ation1 :i* includes gluttony & impurity4 ,?is is ! mo/ disgraceful ( s9s1 because ! mo/ unwor?y ( a rational be+2 x enslaves man to pleasures ( :i* ! l[] animals are capable2 unlike o!r vices1 x conta9s 9 itself no?+ ( intellig5ce1 indu/ry1 g5]osity1 & no?+ t w\ld at all lik5 x to virtue4 ,! l[e/ dep?s ( degradation are rea*$ :5 immod]ation is bruti% ev5 9 its mann]1 z :5 "o is glutton\s ( human fle% or desir\s ( sodomitic pleasure4 ,immod]ation is call$ by ,ari/otle a 8*ildi% s910 because1 z a *ild is eag] = pleasures & w foll[ !m unduly unless in/ruct$ & tra9$1 s also an immod]ate p]son ?9ks only ( 8 appetite1 & w g f bad to worse unless he accepts ! discipl9e ( reason4 ,b ! *ild is excusable1 :ile ! immod]ate man %\ld "k bett]4 ,immod]ation is worse ?an timidity2 =1 :ile ! =m] seeks selfi% delight & acts ) will+ unre/ra9t1 ! latt] seeks self-pres]vation & is "u "s ext]nal m5ace4 #bdfe4 ,! ,p>ts ( ,temp]ance4--7a7 ,! subjective p>ts or species ( temp]ance are two1 s9ce !re are two di/9ct objects ( ! virtue4 ,^! objects are ! two delights ( t\* t are rul$ by ! virtue1 namely1 ^? associat$ ) ! nutritive & ^? associat$ ) ! g5]ative function4 ,! fir/ subjective "p ( temp]ance includes ab/emi\sness z to food & sobriety z to dr9k2 ! second "p includes *a/ity1 z reg>ds ! pr9cipal sexual act 7copulation71 & dec5cy or pudicity1 z reg>ds ! second>y acts 7kisses1 t\*es1 embraces1 etc74 7b7 ,! integral p>ts are also two1 s9ce !re are two conditions = ! p]fect ex]cise ( temp]ance4 ,^! conditions are ! fe> & avoidance ( :at is disgraceful 7%amefac$ness1 res]ve1 or delicacy7 & ! love ( :at is honorable 7virtue ( propriety or ref9em5t74 ,%amefac$ness is a passion1 b1 z physical fe>lessness is a disposition = moral c\rage1 s is ! fe> ( incurr+ reproa* a prep>ation = virtue4 ,h5ce1 ?is delicacy is a laudable passion1 & is ascrib$ *iefly to temp]ance1 ^: opposite is *ief among ?+s disgraceful4 ,propriety is also assign$ to temp]ance1 because x is an attraction t[>ds t :i* is spiritually good & beautiful1 a habit mo/ useful = temp]ance1 :i* mu/ subord9ate ! delightful to ! good1 ! c>nal to ! spiritual4 7c7 ,! pot5tial p>ts ( temp]ance are its m9or or s]vant virtues4 ,!y resemble temp]ance inasmu* z _! *ief praise is 9 mod]ation1 b !y are inf]ior to x inasmu* z t :i* is mod]at$ by !m is less recalcitrant ?an ! sexual or gu/atory appetites4 ,fir/ among ^! pot5tial p>ts are ^? ^: task ( mod]at+1 :ile n ( ! greate/ difficulty1 is yet m ?an ord9>ily difficult2 & "h we h cont95ce1 :i* calms a w agitat$ by immod]ate passion1 & meekness1 :i* gov]ns ! passion ( ang]4 ,next among ! pot5tial p>ts are ^? ^: task ( mod]at+ (f]s less or ord9>y difficulty1 because !y keep 9 ord] matt]s less remov$ f reason4 ,all ! virtues ( ?is second gr\p are giv5 ! common "n ( mode/y4 ,!y are r$uc$ to f\r3 humility & /udiosity1 :i* mod]ate ! int]nal appetites ( excell5ce & ( le>n+ respectively2 mode/y ( be>+ & mode/y ( liv+1 :i* regulate respectively ! ext]nal acts ( ! body & ! ext]nal goods ( food1 dr9k1 clo?+1 furni%+s1 etc4 #bdff4 ,ab/emi\sness4--,ab/emi\sness is a virtue t mod]ates accord+ to reason ! desire & enjoym5t ( ! pleasures ( ! table4 7a7 ,x is a special virtue1 because ! appetite x curbs is v p[]ful1 & on acc\nt ( ! body's ne$ ( n\ri%m5t is (t5 tempt$4 7b7 ,x mod]ates by avoid+ bo? defect & excess 9 meals z to "t1 place1 quantity1 quality1 etc4 ,!re is n1 !n1 "o /&>d am\nt ( food = all1 s9ce ! ne$s & duties ( all are n ! same1 & h5ce he :o takes m or less ?an is normal or usual _c f t alone be accus$ ( be+ unab/emi\s4 ,nei!r is ! mean = an individual s rigidly fix$ z n to p]mit "s latitude )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,x %\ld be not$ "h too t ab/emi\sness is n ! same ?+ z ab/95ce4 ,?us1 a p]son :o is immod]ately ab/95t1 d5y+ himself ! food necess>y = life or = duty or = optional works bett] ?an 8 ab/95ce1 is n ab/emi\s1 s9ce he is n guid$ by prud5ce or obligation4 7c7 ,x mod]ates accord+ to reason2 t is1 x decides :at is prop] = an individual1 n m]ely f ! viewpo9t ( bodily heal?1 vigor1 & longevity1 z is done by ! arts ( m$ic9e & hygi5e1 b also & *iefly f ! viewpo9ts ( high] goods1 su* z m5tal p[]1 control ( passion1 au/]ity4 7d7 ,x mod]ates ! pleasures ( ! table1 t is1 ! desire = & actual enjoym5t ( food & non-intoxicat+ bev]ages4 ,mod]ation 9 intoxicants is ! special virtue ( sobriety1 :i* w be discuss$ lat]4 ,h5ce1 a p]son :o dr9ks too mu* g+] ale or wat]1 tea or c(fee1 s9s aga9/ ab/emi\sness2 he :o dr9ks too mu* :isky1 be]1 or w9e s9s aga9/ sobriety4 #bdfg4 ,degrees ( ,ab/emi\sness4--7a7 ,! l[] degree practises temp]ance1 tak+ suffici5t food & dr9k = ! pres]vation1 n only ( life & heal?1 b also ( ! v p9k ( physical condition1 yet s z to avoid all excess4 7b7 ,! high] degree practises au/]ity1 tak+ less ?an is necess>y = ! be/ condition1 or /r5g? or com=t ( ! body1 b suffici5t = life & heal?4 ,! au/]e p]son eats less ?an he c\ld reasonably take1 b n less ?an 8 heal? & "w dem&4 ,! subtraction he makes 9 8 food w m likely b5efit 8 heal? 9 ! long run & promote longevity1 =1 9 ! wise words ( old ,gal51 8ab/emi\sness is ! be/ m$ic9e40 ,b ev5 ?\gh ?is au/]ity be slightly detrim5tal to heal?1 or may slightly abbreviate life1 x is /ill lawful1 s9ce ! high] goods ( ! m9d & ( virtue may always be secur$ at su* reasonable sacrifice ( corporal goods 7see #aafd sqq41 #aefa sqq474 #bdfh4 ,au/]ity4--,! two *ief =ms ( au/]ity 9 food & dr9k are fa/+ & ab/95ce4 7a7 ,nature4--,! natural fa/ is ! omission ( all eat+ & dr9k+1 or ! omission to receive into ! /oma* any?+ :atev] t has ! nature ( food1 dr9k or m$ic9e4 ,! moral fa/ is ! omission to take a c]ta9 quantity ( food t c\ld be tak5 )\t intemp]ance4 ,ab/95ce is ! omission to take a c]ta9 quality ( food1 su* z meat or eggs4 7b7 ,k9ds4--,fa/ & ab/95ce are 9 respect to duration ei!r p]petual 7e4g41 ! ab/95ce f meat ( ! ,c>?usians7 or tempor>y 7e4g41 ! ab/95ce = ,fridays & o!r appo9t$ days ( ! fai?ful g5]ally72 ei!r volunt>y 7e4g41 a fa/ :i* "o assumes "u private v[7 or obligatory 7e4g41 ! fa/s & ab/95ces prescrib$ 9 ! g5]al or p>ticul> laws ( ! ,*ur*74 ,! ecclesia/ical fa/ & ab/95ce w be spok5 ( lat] :5 we treat ( ! precepts ( ! ,*ur* & ,holy ,communion4 #bdfi4 ,! ,excell5ce ( ,fa/+ & ,ab/95ce4--7a7 ,lawfulness4--,fa/+ & ab/95ce are acts ( virtue1 = !y subdue ! unruly fle%1 fit ! m9d = div9e contemplation 7,dan1 x4 #c sqq471 satisfy = s9s 7,joel1 ii4 #ab71 & add weight to pray]s 7,tob41 xii4 #h2 ,judi?1 iv4 #aa2 ,matt41 xvii4 #bj74 ,! greate/ m5 ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts practis$ fa/+--,moses1 ,samson1 ,elias1 ,john ! ,bapti/1 & ,/4 ,paul4 ,our ,"l ,himself fa/$ =ty days & =ty nights 7,matt1 iv4 #b74 ,/4 ,paul1 !re=e1 numb]s fa/+ ) o!r virtues3 8,9 fa/+s1 9 k1 9 *a/ity0 7,,ii ,cor41 vi4 #e74 ,examples ( ab/95ce are ,daniel avoid+ meat 7,dan1 i4 #h sqq47 & ,eleaz> :o di$ r ?an eat =bidd5 sw9e fle% 7,,ii ,ma*41 vi4 #ah sqq474 ,ab/5tion f solid or liquid n\ri%m5t is n a virtue1 h[ev]1 if practis$ f purely indiff]5t or evil motives1 = example1 m]ely 9 ord] to recov] heal? ?r\gh diet1 or to tra9 = an a?letic conte/1 or to pres]ve %ape & beauty1 or to commit suicide1 or to simulate virtue1 or to pr(ess false doctr9es or if c>ri$ to extremes4 ,! =ty-day fa/s ( ,moses1 ,elias & ( ,our ,"l are = our admiration1 b v few are able to imitate ^! examples4 7b7 ,obligation4--,fa/+ & ab/95ce 9 g5]al are obligatory "u natural law1 because )\t !m c]ta9 necess>y ends _c be obta9$4 ,!y are rem$ies = pa/ s9s & pres]vatives aga9/ future s9s2 &1 z s9 is ! common /ate ( man 7,james1 iii4 #b2 ,gal41 v4 #ag71 x w\ld be presumptu\s to neglect ^! antidotes4 ,"u ! positive law fa/+ & ab/95ce h be5 prescrib$ 9 detail1 & ?is 0 necess>y s9ce x is ! duty ( ! ,*ur* to det]m9e ! "t1 mann] & o!r circum/ances ( natural duties ( religion :i* ! natural law itself has n det]m9$4 #bdgj4 ,! ,s9s ,oppos$ to ,ab/emi\sness4--7a7 ,! s9 ( defici5cy 9 ! matt] ( food is self-/>vation4 ,?is is ! s9 ( ^? :o are m>tyrs to fa%ion1 :o 9 ord] to h a frail figure foll[ a diet 7e4g41 d5y+ oneself all sub/antial food to r$uce obesity7 t und]m9es _! con/itutions & leaves !m a prey to disease4 ,x is also ! s9 ( ^? :o f unwise zeal = rigor\s fa/+ deprive !mselves ( ! necess>ies ( life1 or eat :at _! /oma*s rebel aga9/4 ,?is s9 does n diff] f suicide or bodily injury treat$ above 7see #aeff sqq41 #aheg sqq474 8,x is ! same ?+ to kill y\rself by sl[ degrees z to kill y\rself 9 a mom5t4 ,& he :o kills himself by fa/+ is l "o :o (f]s ,god a sacrifice f /ol5 prop]ty0 7,/4 ,j]ome74 7b7 ,! s9 ( excess 9 food is gluttony4 ,!re is no s9 9 desir+ food or 9 tak+ food ) satisfaction1 = ! ,au?or ( nature has will$ t su* an ess5tial act z eat+ %\ld be pleasurable1 & x is a fact t dige/ion & heal? suff] :5 food is tak5 )\t appetite or a peaceful frame ( m9d4 ,b ! glutton goes to excess by ! inord9ate & unreasonable enjoym5t he takes 9 fe$+ himself4 #bdga4 ,ways ( ,committ+ ,gluttony4--,!re are _m ways ( committ+ gluttony1 b !y c all be r$uc$ to two heads4 7a7 ,gluttony 9 food is excess 9 ! sub/ance1 quantity1 or quality ( ! ?+s eat54 ,! g\rmet is extremely fa/idi\s ab\t ! sub/ance ( 8 food2 he mu/ h ! mo/ da9ty or co/ly or r>e vi&s1 & no?+ else w satisfy him4 ,cannibalism seems to be lawful 9 extreme necessity1 b x is n lawful to kill human be+s 9 ord] to eat !m4 ,! gorg] or g\rm& may n be p>ticul> ab\t ! k9d ( food t is giv5 him1 b he desires a l>ge quantity1 m ?an is good = him4 ,! epicure is too h>d to please z to quality2 ev5 :5 !re is no fe/al occasion1 he mu/ h a great v>iety ( foods & !y mu/ be mo/ c>efully prep>$1 s t he may get ! utmo/ joy ( ! palate4 ,we %\ld n class among gluttons1 h[ev]1 ^? :o require special foods or special cook+ = a good reason1 z :5 heal? or h>d "w =ces "o to obs]ve a /rict diet4 7b7 ,gluttony 9 eat+ is excess z to ! "t or mann] ( tak+ food4 ,!re is excess ab\t ! "t :5 a p]son is ov]-eag] ab\t ! d9n] bell1 eats be=e or (t5] ?an he %\ld1 or l+]s too long at table4 ,!re is excess ab\t ! mann] :5 a p]son eats gre$ily1 hurri$ly1 or selfi%ly1 ru%+ at 8 food l a tig]1 bolt+ x l a dog1 or depriv+ o!rs l a pig4 #bdgb4 ,! ,s9fulness ( ,gluttony4--7a7 ,gluttony is a mortal s9 :5 x is s s]i\s z to turn man away f 8 end itself1 mak+ him pref] 8 appetite to ,god4 ,?us1 ^? s9 gravely :o are su* high liv]s t !y are unable to pay _! debts1 to ! s]i\s detrim5t ( cr$itors2 or :o gorm&ize s mu* t !y c d little "w & h to sp5d mo/ ( _! "t 9 ex]cis+ or tak+ cures2 or ^: heavy eat+ is ! occasion ( s]i\s s9s ( ang]1 impurity1 or neglect ( religi\s or o!r duties4 ,to all ^! apply ! words ( ,/4 ,paul 7,phil41 iii4 #ai73 8,^: god is _! belly40 ,to eat until "o vomits seems to be a mortal s91 if ! vomit is caus$ by ! enorm\s quantity ( food consum$1 = su* an act seems to be gravely oppos$ to reason2 b !re is no grave s9 if ! vomit is due to ! quality ( ! food or ! weakness ( ! /oma*4 7b7 ,gluttony 9 itself is a v5ial s9 s9ce x is a disord] ab\t ! means1 & n a turn+ away f ! end4 ,?is happ5s :5 "o is inord9ately fond ( ga/ronomic joys1 b is n prep>$ to sacrifice grave duties = _! sakes4 ,?us1 a p]son :o gives too mu* indulg5ce to a sweet too?1 or :o likes to /uff himself n[ & !n1 b :o doesn't disable himself or give sc&al by 8 weakness1 s9s v5ially4 #bdgc4 ,gluttony z a ,capital ,s94--7a7 ,! fir/ condition ( a capital s9 is t x be "o ( ! ma9 s\rces ( evil attraction4 ,?is condition is v]ifi$ ( gluttony1 = all seek happ9ess1 & gluttony conta9s "o ( ! +r$i5ts ( happ9ess1 namely1 pleasure 9 an unusual degree4 ,among all s5sual delights ^? ( ! palate & /oma* are admitt$ to be1 along ) ^? ( sexual love1 ! mo/ int5se4 ,! fir/ ( ! ?ree temptations ) :i* ,satan assail$ ,*ri/ 0 t ( gluttony 7,matt41 iv4 #a-d74 7b7 ,! second condition ( a capital vice is t x be ! f9al or motive cause ( a l>ge crop ( s9s4 ,?is condition is also v]ifi$ 9 gluttony1 s9ce ! gre$y man is s 9 love ) 8 pet vice t 9 ord] to pamp] x he is ready to suff] v>i\s k9ds ( evils :i* he %\ld n p]mit4 ,evils ( s\l t are caus$ by gluttony are3 heav9ess 9 ! m9d1 = an ov]load$ /oma* unfits ! m9d to reflect on high] ?+s or to consid] ! duty ( mod]ation 9 rejoic+1 9 words or 9 acts 7,ecclus41 ii4 #c72 absurd mir? 9 ! w1 a feel+ ( security & gladness & unre/ra9t1 = ! glutton ?9ks only ( 8 pres5t cont5tm5t & does n consid] ! evils ( 8 s92 loquacity 9 ^w1 = 8 m5tal faculties be+ dull$ & 8 w hil>i\s ! glutton gives free re9 to 8 tongue1 (t5 s9n+ by detraction1 betrayal ( secrets1 contumely1 & blasphemy 7,prov41 ,x4 #ai72 levity 9 act1 = ! glutton wi%es to give v5t to 8 animal spirits1 & he does s by unbecom+ jokes & cl[ni%ness4 ,evils ( body due to gluttony are dirt9ess & disease3 ! glutton is (t5 fil?y 9 8 mann] ( eat+1 8 brea? is fetid1 he is mu* occupi$ ) natural necessities1 excretion & exgurgitation1 & he suff]s f g\t or indige/ion or "o ( ! num]\s o!r maladies t are ! price ( ov]9dulg5ce4 #bdgd4 ,sobriety4--,sobriety 9 its /ricte/ s5se is a virtue t keeps "o to ! mod]ation ( temp]ance 9 ! lik+ = intoxicat+ liquors & 9 _! use4 7a7 ,?us1 sobriety is conc]n$ ) intoxicants1 t is1 ) sub/ances t produce a poison\s effect ^u ! n]ves & bra94 ,x is1 !re=e1 a diff]5t virtue f ab/emi\sness1 s9ce x has to subdue a vice f> m allur+ & delet]i\s ?an gluttony4 ,alcohol has ! same effect z a n>cotic drug1 = x b5umbs bo? m9d & body1 sometimes to ! po9t ( ins5sibility1 s t ^? :o are "u its influ5ce are unable to ?9k1 speak or regulate _! movem5ts prop]ly2 b x gives a feel+ ( exhil>ation & elevation & leaves beh9d x an insatiable crav+1 s t ^? :o h once tak5 too mu* are v likely to repeat ! act4 ,habitual intoxication breaks d[n bo? morals & heal?1 & ! top] goes to a disgraceful & e>ly grave4 7b7 ,sobriety is conc]n$ ) liquors1 t is1 ) bev]ages & m$ic9es4 ,b second>ily x also controls ! appetite = n>cotics1 su* z opium1 *lor(orm1 tobacco1 & ! desire to inhale /rong liquors or vapors or gases :i* may produce intoxication4 #bdge4 ,obligation to ,practise ,sobriety4--,sobriety %\ld be cultivat$ by all1 b c]ta9 ones are m b\nd to x ?an o!rs4 7a7 ,?us1 on acc\nt ( ! great] physical evils ( insobriety 9 _! reg>d1 ! virtue %\ld be especially cultivat$ by ! "y1 ! old1 wom51 & p]sons ( s$5t>y life4 ,"y p are greatly h>m$ by too mu* alcohol1 because x /unts _! gr[? & affects !m m s]i\sly 9 m9d & body ?an adults4 ,! old h n ! /r5g? to ?r[ (f ! poison ( too mu* /imulation & are accord+ly m injur$4 ,wom51 be+ m excitable ?an m51 are m easily affect$ by /rong dr9k1 & h5ce among ! anci5t ,romans females ab/a9$ f w9e4 ,f9ally1 ^? :o lead a s$5t>y or indoor life d n s easily get ! poison out ( _! sy/ems1 & !y feel ! evil effects m ?an ^? :o live out ( doors or :o engage 9 manual "w4 ,b !re is no con/itution1 h[ev] iron x may be1 t is n conqu]$ 9 ! end by alcoholism4 7b7 ,on acc\nt ( ! great] spiritual ills t result f _! insobriety1 ! virtue ( sob]ness is m imp]ative 9 c]ta9 individuals4 ,?us1 !re are "s :o d great] spiritual h>m to !mselves by intoxication1 = example1 ! "y1 ^: passions are m easily inflam$1 & females1 :o are m readily tak5 advantage (2 & h5ce ,/4 ,paul recomm5ds sobriety to wom5 & "y m5 p>ticul>ly 7,i ,tim41 iii4 #aa2 ,tit41 ii4 #f74 ,!re are also "s :o d great] h>m to o!rs by intoxication1 su* z ^? :o %\ld in/ruct o!rs 7,tit41 ii4 #b71 or :o %\ld give good example 7,i ,tim41 iii4 #b71 or :o are rul]s ov] ! p 7,prov41 xxxi4 #d74 #bdgf4 ,! ,s9s aga9/ ,sobriety4--7a7 ,! s9 ( excess may be call$1 = want ( a special "n1 ov]-sobriety4 ,x is committ$ by ^? :o condemn all lik+ = or enjoym5t ( intoxicants z intr9sically evil 7e4g41 ! ,mani*ees1 :o said t w9e 0 ! gall ( ! devil72 also by ^? :o d5y to !mselves or o!rs intoxicants :5 ! use ( !m is necess>y 7e4g41 ! ,encratites1 :o w\ld all[ only wat] = ! ,eu*>i/1 or a fanatical teetotal] :o w\ld see a man die r ?an give him a necess>y dose ( :isky74 7b7 ,! s9 ( defici5cy aga9/ sobriety is drunk5ness1 :i* is a volunt>y & unju/ifi$ loss ( ! use ( reason br\ght on by ! consumption ( too mu* intoxicat+ liquor4 ,drunk5ness z a s9 7active drunk5ness71 !re=e1 is to be di/+ui%$ f drunk5ness z a condition 7passive drunk5ness74 ,!re is active drunk5ness or ! s9 ( drunk5ness :5 intoxication is bo? volunt>y & inexcusable2 !re is passive drunk5ness or ! m]e /ate ( drunk5ness :5 "o or ! o!r ( ^! two conditions is lack+4 ,usually ^? :o s9 by drunk5ness seek ! pleasure or =getfulness :i* potations br+1 b ?is is n ess5tial1 x seems1 to ! s9 ( inebriety2 ! malice ( drunk5ness is f\nd n m]ely 9 ! excessive pleasure1 b especially 9 ! subord9ation ( _s to ! fle% & 9 ! damage done to m9d & body4 ,h5ce1 a p]son :o yields to ! insi/5ce ( a banquet companion t he dr9k w9e :i* is disgu/+ to him1 is guilty ( drunk5ness if he takes too mu*4 #bdgg4 ,cases ( ,m]e ,passive ,drunk5ness4--7a7 ,involunt>y ,drunk5ness4--,?is occurs :5 !re is inv9cible ignorance ( fact 7e4g41 :5 an adult becomes intoxicat$ 9 good fai?1 because he _h no reason to suspect t a cocktail or eggnog 0 v /rong1 or t 8 /oma* 0 v weak71 or ( law 7e4g41 :5 a *ild gets drunk because he does n "k t x is wrong to d s71 or :5 !re is lack ( int5tion 7e4g41 :5 dr9k is =c$ on a p]son :o does n want x74 7b7 ,excusable ,drunk5ness4--,?is occurs accord+ to mo/ !ologians :5 !re is a proportionately grave reason :i* ju/ifies ! evil ( intoxication 7see #ajc sqq474 ,su* grave reasons are ! sav+ ( life 7e4g41 to escape dea? f snake bite71 ! cure ( s]i\s disease 7e4g41 *ol]a or influ5za71 ! avoidance or mitigation ( sev]e suff]+ 7e4g41 be=e a surgical op]ation1 or aft] a v pa9ful accid5t1 or :5 !re is no o!r means ( help+ a grave case ( insomnia74 ,9 all ^! cases x is g5]ally admitt$ t "o may br+ on unconsci\sness by ! use ( ane/hetics & s$atives 7su* z *lor(orm1 e!r1 morph9e1 opium72 & !re is no reason :y we %\ld n view intoxicants also 9 ! light ( rem$ies :i* may be tak5 on ! advice ( physicians or o!r compet5t p]sons if o!r rem$ies _c be _h4 ,"s !ologians1 h[ev]1 refuse to excuse intoxication = any reason1 s9ce !y reg>d drunk5ness z intr9sically evil4 ,9 addition to ! excuses j m5tion$ "s also give t ( escape f viol5t dea?1 z :5 a burgl> ?reat5s to kill unless ^? pres5t make !mselves helpless by intoxication4 ,b all agree t intoxication is n excus$ by ord9>y advantages1 su* z escape f slight physical pa9 7e4g41 too?a*e1 seasickness71 nor by ! desire to avoid :at c be avoid$ by o!r & m suitable means 7e4g41 worry ab\t "o's tr\bles1 an unpleasant meet+ or conv]sation74 #bdgh4 ,! ,morality ( ,total ,ab/95ce4--7a7 ,obligation4--,p] se1 !re is no obligation ( ab/a9+ f e or any k9d ( intoxicat+ bev]age1 ei!r p]petually or tempor>ily1 = food & dr9k 7 int5d$ by ,god = ! use ( man & ! mod]ate use ( intoxicants1 especially :5 ! p]c5tage ( alcohol is light1 is f\nd by _m to be a help to dige/ion1 a refre%+ /imulant1 an excell5t tonic & rem$y4 ,! example ( ,our ,"l1 :o *ang$ wat] into w9e1 :o p>took ( w9e at banquets1 & :o made w9e "o ( ! elem5ts ( ! mo/ sacr$ ( rites1 is pro( t x is n s9ful to dr9k /rong liquors4 ,?is is also cle>ly taught 9 ! ,bible1 :i* praises mod]ate dr9k+ ( w9e 7,ecclus41 xxxi #cf71 recomm5ds t a little be tak5 = a weak /oma* 7,i ,tim41 v4 #bc71 & decl>es t x is n :at ent]s ! m\? t defiles 7,matt41 xv4 #b74 ,b1 p] accid5s1 !re is an obligation ( total ab/95ce :5 a great] good requires t "o sacrifice intoxicants1 :e!r ! good be ( self 7e4g41 :5 intoxicants are a s]i\s dang] to "o's heal? or morals1 or :5 "o is b\nd by v[ or pl$ge to ab/a9 f !m7 or ( ano!r 7e4g41 :5 ! use ( intoxicants gives s]i\s sc&al1 ,rom41 xiv4 #ba74 ,if ! common safety is s]i\sly imp]ill$ ?r\gh drunk5ness1 & obligatory ab/95ce c be en=c$ & w be ! mo/ reasonable me?od ( correct+ ! evil1 we c see no objection to prohibition laws4 ,b :e!r ^! conditions exi/ 9 ?is or t p>ticul> place or case is a "q ( fact & has to be decid$ by imp>tial /udy4 7b7 ,lawfulness4--,p] se1 x is also p]missible to ab/a9 freely f all intoxicants1 = ! sake ( "s high] good 7e4g41 9 ord] ! bett] to apply ! m9d to /udies1 ,ecclus41 ii4 #c71 to sil5ce calumni\s tongues1 to practise mortification1 or to give good example4 ,b1 p] accid5s1 x is n lawful to ab/a9 :5 law 7e4g41 9 ! celebration ( ,mass7 or necessity 7e4g41 a man dy+ f influ5za :o _c be sav$ )\t :iskey7 requires "o to dr9k spirits4 ,examples ( total ab/95ce are ! ,naz>ites 7,num41 vi4 #c71 ,samson 7,judges1 xiii4 #g71 ,judi? 7,jud41 xii4 #b1 #ai71 & ,john ! ,bapti/ 7,luke1 i4 #ae74 #bdgi4 ,degrees ( ! ,s9 ( ,drunk5ness4--7a7 ,! s9 ( p]fect or complete drunk5ness is a volunt>y excess 9 intoxicants c>ri$ s f> t "o loses tempor>ily ! use ( reason4 ,?is does n mean t "o mu/ become ins5sible or fall 9 a /upor or be unable to walk or h delirium trem5s 7dead drunk71 b only t "o loses ! m5tal p[] to direct oneself morally1 ev5 ?\gh "o /ill reta9s en\gh judgm5t to direct oneself physically 7e4g41 to cross ! /reet or asc5d ! /airs safely1 or to f9d "o's own qu>t]s )\t help74 ,! indications ( p]fect drunk5ness are t ! intoxicat$ p]son no long] di/+ui%es betwe5 "r & wrong1 p]petrates evils he w\ld abhor 9 8 "r s5ses 7e4g41 beats 8 wife1 runs d[n a p$e/rian1 blasphemes1 or provokes qu>rels71 & _c rememb] on sob]+ up ! *ief ?+s he said or did :ile drunk4 7b7 ,! s9 ( imp]fect or incomplete drunk5ness is a volunt>y excess 9 intoxicants c>ri$ s f> t "o is some:at confus$ 9 m9d1 b does n lose ! use ( reason4 ,h5ce1 a p]son :o is physically imp$$ ?\gh n m5tally incapable on acc\nt ( dr9k1 :o /agg]s1 speaks incoh]5tly1 or sees unc]ta9ly1 b :o kn[s t he %\ld n beat 8 wife1 or kill1 or blaspheme1 or qu>rel1 etc41 is imp]fectly drunk4 ,!re are also circum/ances t aggravate ! evil ( p]fect or imp]fect drunk5ness4 ,?us1 x is worse to be a top] or habitual drunk>d ?an to be an occasional drunk>d1 & worse to g on a long spree ?an to be drunk only = an ev5+4 #bdhj4 ,malice ( ! ,s9 ( ,drunk5ness4--7a7 ,p]fect drunk5ness is a mortal s91 because x is a grave disord] to deprive oneself ( moral judgm5t & ?us expose oneself to ! dang] ( p]petrat+ s]i\s crimes & injuries4 ,moreov]1 x is a mon/r\s ?+ to despoil oneself unnecess>ily ( reason1 ! greate/ natural good ( man1 & to make oneself = ! "t be+ a maniac1 m l a bea/ ?an a human be+4 ,/4 ,paul decl>es t ^? :o w\ld put on ,*ri/ mu/ put away drunk5ness ) o!r works ( d>kness 7,rom41 xiii4 #ac71 & t drunk>ds %all n inh]it ! k+dom ( ,god 7,gal1 v4 #ba74 ,! op9ion t p]fect drunk5ness is only v5ial if n habitual is n[ obsolete1 & ! op9ion t p]fect drunk5ness is n mortal unless x la/s a consid]able "t 7say1 m ?an an h\r7 is commonly reject$2 = ! ess5tial malice ( drunk5ness dep5ds on its nature1 n on its frequ5cy or duration4 ,a p]son :o takes en\gh to make himself completely drunk & !n escapes ! consequ5ces by artificial means 7e4g41 by us+ a drug or br++ on a vomit71 does n s9 mortally by drunk5ness2 b x seems t su* a sw9i% p]son mu/ s9 mortally by reason ( gluttony1 injury to heal?1 or sc&al4 7b7 ,imp]fect drunk5ness is a v5ial s91 because ! h>m done is n consid]able1 = a tipsy man usually suff]s no?+ m ?an a slightly fuddl$ bra9 & "s un/ead9ess ( body4 ,inde$1 if w9e or be] produces no?+ m ?an a _s ( mod]ate hil>ity & talkativ5ess1 !re is no s94 ,accid5tally1 imp]fect drunk5ness may be a mortal s9 by reason ( circum/ances1 z :5 ! p]son :o is intoxicat$ gives great sc&al on acc\nt ( 8 position or (fice1 or :5 ! motive is to inflame passion or to commit o!r s]i\s s91 or :5 ! drunk5ness is con/antly repeat$1 or :5 ! drunk>d s]i\sly neglects 8 bus9ess1 family1 or religi\s duties1 or does o!r grave h>m 9 consequ5ce ( 8 love ( ! bottle4 ,9 fact1 !re may be grave s9 :5 "o is n intoxicat$ at all1 b is only a tippl]4 ,= ! habit ( dr9k+ alcoholic bev]ages frequ5tly 7e4g41 a nip or dram ( :isky sev]al times a day7 is1 accord+ to m$ical au?ority1 m h>mful to ! sy/em 7alcoholism7 ?an intoxication at long int]vals1 especially if ! portion is g5]\s & ! dr9k] is "y4 #bdha4 ,drunk5ness ,comp>$ ) ,o!r ,s9s4--7a7 ,x is n ! wor/ ( s9s4 ,s9s aga9/ ! !ological virtues are m wick$1 s9ce !y (f5d aga9/ div9e good1 :]eas drunk5ness is aga9/ human good4 ,_m s9s aga9/ ! moral virtues are worse1 s9ce !y injure a great] human good2 = example1 x is m h>mful to take away life ?an to susp5d ! use ( reason4 7b7 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ ru9\s ( s9s 9 its consequ5ces 7see #bdgb1 #bdgc73 fir/1 = society1 s9ce a l>ge p]c5tage ( crime1 insanity1 de/itution1 & mis]y is due to intemp]ance2 secondly1 to religion1 s9ce indulg5ce 9 "o s5sual pleasure %>p5s ! appetite = o!rs1 :ile creat+ a di/a/e = spiritual ?+s1 = ef=t & self-sacrifice2 ?irdly1 to ! intellect1 = /rong dr9k /eals away ! m9d & memory2 f\r?ly1 to ! body1 = drunk5ness n only pro/rates ! n]v\s sy/em at ! mom5t & has mo/ pa9ful aft]-effects 9 bur/+ heada*es & disabl$ /oma*1 b x also causes p]man5t disa/]s 7to bra91 he>t1 n]ves1 kidneys1 & liv]71 weak5s ! resi/ance to disease & br+s on an e>ly dea?2 fif?ly1 to goods ( =tune1 s9ce drunk>ds squ&] _! all = dr9k2 six?ly1 to po/]ity1 s9ce intemp]ate p>5ts transmit con/itutional weakness to _! *ildr54 #bdhb4 ,responsibility ( ,drunk>d = ,s9s ,committ$ ,:ile ,intoxicat$4--7a7 ,if ! drunk5ness is fully volunt>y & culpable1 he is responsible = all ! s9s he =esaw or %\ld h =ese52 = !n ^! s9s are will$ 9 _! cause 7see #id sqq474 ,h5ce "o :o is accu/om$ :ile "u ! influ5ce ( liquor to blaspheme1 betray secrets1 qu>rel1 etc41 %\ld confess t he committ$ !m :ile drunk1 or t he 0 prep>$ to commit !m 9 gett+ drunk4 ,"u simil> conditions "o :o misses ,mass because he 0 drunk is responsible = ! omission2 "o :o is too drunk to att5d to a bus9ess appo9tm5t & !reby causes loss to ano!r is held to re/itution4 ,b1 if grave s9s are =ese5 only 9 a v confus$ way1 g5]ally !y w be imputable only z v5ial 9 !mselves4 7b7 ,if ! drunk5ness is fully volunt>y & culpable1 b ! s9s t ensu$ 7 n =ese5 & c\ld n humanly h be5 =ese51 ! drunk>d is excus$ at lea/ 9 "p f ! guilt ( ^! s9s4 ,h5ce1 a p]son :o gets drunk = ! fir/ "t or :o usually sleeps aft] gett+ drunk is n responsible = ! bad language he uses1 if ! ?\ght ( pr(anity 0 f>!/ f 8 m9d :5 he became drunk4 ,b if ?is p]son 0 n completely drunk & _h "s realization ( ! malice & sc&al ( bad language1 he is at lea/ v5ially guilty ( pr(anity & sc&al4 7c7 ,if ! drunk5ness 0 involunt>y1 ! drunk5 p]son is excus$ entirely 9 case ( complete drunk5ness2 he is excus$ p>tially 9 case ( incomplete drunk5ness t did n exclude "s realization ( ! s9fulness ( :at he said or did :ile intoxicat$ 7see ,canon #bbja1 ,sec4#c74 ,9 ! civil law drunk5ness is n held to be an excuse = a crim9al act1 b x may negative a specific int5t 7,rob9son1 ,elem5ts ( ,law1 ,sec4,sec4#dga1 #ebe1 #eca74 #bdhc4 ,mat]ial ,coop]ation 9 ! ,s9 ( ,drunk5ness--7a7 ,if !re is no grave reason = ! coop]ation1 x is illicit4 ,m]e hospitality is n a suffici5t reason = furni%+ a table ) a great supply ( /rong dr9ks :5 "s ( ! gue/s are dipsomaniacs1 & m]e good fell[%ip does n ju/ify "o :o has be5 treat$ to ord] ano!r r\nd ( treats if "s ( ! dr9k]s are already inebriat$4 ,p>5ts or o!rs 9 au?ority :o get drunk be=e _! subjects are guilty ( sc&al2 ^? :o enc\rage drunk5ness are guilty ( s$uction2 ^? :o supply o!rs ) dr9k 9 ord] t ^! may become drunk>ds are guilty ( =mal coop]ation4 7b7 ,if !re is a grave reason = coop]ation1 x is n illicit 7#aeae sqq41 #aech sqq474 ,:e!r x is lawful to p]suade ano!r to get s9fully drunk 9 ord] to keep him f ! commission ( a great] evil 7e4g41 homicide or sacrilege71 is a disput$ "q 7see #aejb74 #bdhd4 ,is x lawful to make ano!r p]son drunk :5 he w be guiltless ( s91 & !re is a grave reason8 7a7 ,accord+ to "o op9ion ?is is n lawful1 because drunk5ness1 l impurity1 is intr9sically evil & nev] p]missible1 s9ce ! end does n ju/ify ! means4 ,h5ce1 j z x w\ld be wrong to induce a drunk5 p]son to impurity1 s x w\ld also be wrong to intoxicate a *ild or an insane p]son 7see #cjf74 7b7 ,accord+ to ! common op9ion1 x is lawful to intoxicate oneself = a grave reason 7see #bdgg b71 & h5ce also x is lawful to intoxicate ano!r = a simil> reason4 ,?us1 if a crim9al 7 ab\t to bl[ up a build+ & de/roy _m lives1 x w\ld be p]missible or ev5 obligatory to put p[]ful intoxicants into 8 dr9k s z to make him helpless4 ,if "o 7 ab\t to be roa/$ by cannibals & c\ld escape by mak+ ! cannibals drunk1 x w\ld n be s9ful to make !m drunk4 #bdhe4 ,licit ,use ( ,n>cotics4--,!re are a great _m sub/ances t produce ! same effects on m9d & body z intoxicat+ liquors1 namely1 ! n>cotic poisons1 su* z morph9e1 opium1 *lor(orm1 e!r1 or laugh+ gas4 ,to !m !n w apply ! pr9ciples giv5 above 9 ref]5ce to /rong dr9k4 ,?us1 x w\ld be a s]i\s s9 to make oneself ins5sible by us+ morph9e1 if !re 7 no j reason2 b x is lawful to take e!r = an op]ation1 gas :5 hav+ a too? pull$1 morph9e :5 x is ord]$ by a physician to relieve pa91 etc4 ,9 8 address ( ,feb4 #bd1 #aieg to a symposium ( ! ,italian ,society ( ,anae/hesiology 7,! ,pope ,speaks1 ,summ]1 #aieg1 pp4 #cc ff47 ,pope ,pius ,,xii consid]$ "s special aspects ( ! use ( drugs 9 ! practice ( analgesis4 ,among ! que/ions submitt$ to him = consid]ation 7 ! foll[+3 #a7 ,is !re a g5]al moral obligation to refuse analgesis & to accept physical pa9 9 a _s ( fai?8 ,aft] indicat+ t 9 c]ta9 cases ! acceptance ( physical suff]+ is a matt] ( s]i\s obligation1 ! ,pope respond$ t !re 0 no conflict ) ! _s ( fai? to avoid pa9 by ! use ( n>cotics4 ,pa9 c & does prev5t ! a*ievem5t ( high] goods & int]e/s & may licitly be avoid$2 obvi\sly1 too1 ! pa9 may be will+ly accept$ 9 fulfillm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian duty ( r5unciation & ( int]ior purification4 #b7 ,is x lawful = ! dy+ or ! sick :o are 9 dang] ( dea? to make use ( n>cotics :5 !re are m$ical reasons = _! use8 ,! ,pope respond$2 8,yes--provid$ t no o!r means exi/1 & if1 9 ! giv5 circum/ances1 t action does n prev5t ! c>ry+ out ( o!r moral & religi\s duties40 ,! duties ref]r$ to include settl+ important bus9ess1 mak+ a w1 or go+ to confession4 7,%\ld a dy+ man refuse fir/ to att5d to ^! duties & p]si/ 9 ask+ = n>cotics1 ! doctor c adm9i/] ! drugs )\t r5d]+ himself guilty ( =mal co-op]ation 9 ! fault committ$1 :i* results1 n f ! n>cotics b f ! immoral w ( ! pati5t47 ,among ! conditions & circum/ances laid d[n = ! licit use ( n>cotics 9 ! case 9 "q are ! foll[+3 8if ! dy+ p]son has receiv$ ! la/ ,sacram5ts1 if m$ical reasons cle>ly sugge/ ! use ( anae/hesia1 if 9 deliv]+ ! dose ! p]mitt$ am\nt is n exce$$1 if ! int5sity & duration ( ! treatm5t is c>efully reckon$1 & f9ally1 if ! pati5t cons5ts to x1 !n !re is no objection1 ! use ( anae/hesia is morally p]missible40 #c7 ,c n>cotics be us$ ev5 if ! less5+ ( pa9 probably be accompani$ by a %ort5+ ( life8 ,! ,pope respond$ t 8e =m ( direct eu?anasia1 t is1 ! adm9i/ration ( a n>cotic 9 ord] to produce or ha/5 dea?1 is unlawful because 9 t case "o presumes to dispose directly ( life 444 ,if betwe5 ! n>cotics & ! %ort5+ ( life !re exi/s no direct causal l9k1 impos$ ei!r by ! int5tion ( ! int]e/$ p>ties or by ! nature ( ?+s 7z w\ld be ! case if ! suppression ( ! pa9 c\ld be atta9$ only by ! %ort5+ ( life71 & if1 on ! contr>y1 ! adm9i/ration ( n>cotics produces two di/9ct effects1 "o1 ! relief ( pa9 & ! o!r ! %ort5+ ( life1 !n ! action is lawful4 ,h[ev] x mu/ be det]m9$ :e!r !re is a reasonable proportion betwe5 ^! two effects & :e!r ! advantages ( ! "o effect comp5sate = ! disadvantages ( ! o!r4 ,x is important also to ask oneself :e!r ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce does n make x possible = ! same result to be obta9$ by o!r means4 ,f9ally1 9 ! use ( ! n>cotics1 "o %\ld n g beyond ! limits :i* are actually necess>y40 #bdhf4 ,! ,virtue ( ,purity4--,z ab/emi\sness & sobriety preside ov] ! pleasures ( ! self-pres]vative in/9ct1 s purity gov]ns ^? t p]ta9 to ! species-pres]vative in/9ct4 ,purity is an inclusive "n = ! virtues ( *a/ity & dec5cy or pudicity1 & its (fice is to regulate proximately ! int]nal movem5ts ( ! s\l 7?\ghts & desires7 & remotely ! ext]nal words & acts t h to d ) sexual delights4 7a7 ,*a/ity 9 its /ricte/ s5se is a virtue t mod]ates or *a/5s ?r\gh reason v5]eal pleasure1 *iefly z to its pr9cipal or consummat$ act 7i4e41 int]c\rse1 sem9ation7 or z to its pr9cipal bodily c5t]s 7i4e41 ! g5ital organs74 ,h5ce1 !re is a tw(old *a/ity1 conjugal & celibate3 conjugal *a/ity ab/a9s f unnatural pleasure1 & uses ! natural reasonably 9 m>riage2 celibate *a/ity ab/a9s f all v5]eal pleasure1 z be+ unlawful 9 ! s+le /ate4 7b7 ,dec5cy 7pudicitia7 9 its /ricte/ s5se is a virtue t mod]ates by ! s5se ( %ame v5]eal pleasure *iefly 9 its second>y or non-consummat$ ext]nal acts 7e4g41 looks1 conv]sations1 t\*es1 embraces1 kisses71 :i* are relat$ to ! pr9cipal act z be+ an enticem5t to x1 its prep>ation1 or its ext]nal sign & accompanim5t4 ,! conjugal act1 ?\gh lawful1 occasions a feel+ ( %ame1 & ! same is true ( ! non-consummat$ acts2 b dec5cy is especially conc]n$ ) ^! latt]1 because !y are usually m op5ly p]=m$ ?an ! consummat$ act4 ,dec5cy means1 !n1 t manife/ations ( c>nal desire %\ld be conduct$ ) a s5se t ?is desire arises f a l[] & rebelli\s passion1 remov$ 9 itself f>!/ f reason1 & n m suit$ = unre/ra9$ expression or public exhibition ?an o!r l[] animal acts4 ,! s5se ( %ame & dec5cy is a protection to ! virtue ( ! unm>ri$ & ! m>ri$1 re/ra9+ ! =m] f ! unlawful & hold+ ! latt] to mod]ation 9 ! use ( ! lawful4 #bdhg4 ,*a/ity & dec5cy are n sep>ate virtues2 r dec5cy is a circum/ance ( *a/ity4 7a7 ,?us1 *a/ity mod]ates also ! second>y acts1 = reason mu/ *a/ise ! pleasure t is tak5 9 ^! acts1 if ?is passion is to be kept 9 due b\nds1 7b7 ,dec5cy mod]ates also ! prim>y act1 = 9 ! use ( m>riage !re %\ld be no?+ unwor?y1 no?+ to br+ a blu% ( confusion4 #bdhh4 ,virg9ity4--,! highe/ =m ( *a/ity is virg9ity1 :i* is a purity unblemi%$ t reta9s ! bloom ( its orig9al innoc5ce4 ,conjugal *a/ity uses v5]eal pleasures mod]ately & virtu\sly2 virg9ity ab/a9s f !m entirely & virtu\sly4 ,virg9ity is ?reefold4 7a7 ,virg9ity ( body is fre$om f corruption 9 ! g5itals1 :i* means t a male has nev] _h sexual int]c\rse1 t ! hym5 ( a female is inviolate4 ,?is physical purity belongs to ! virtue ( virg9ity accid5tally1 see+ t x is ! result or indication ( ! virtue2 b x does n belong to ! virtue ess5tially1 s9ce virtue is 9 ! s\l1 n 9 ! body4 ,h5ce1 "o may be virg9al 9 body )\t ! virtue ( virg9ity 7e4g41 a new-born infant71 or vice v]sa 7e4g41 a woman v[$ to virg9ity :o has be5 rap$74 7b7 ,virg9ity ( ! l[] "p ( ! s\l 7! passions7 is fre$om f v5]eal pleasure volunt>ily exp]i5c$4 ,prim>ily1 ?is ref]s to pleasure 9 consummat$ acts1 second>ily to pleasure 9 non-consummat$ acts & int]nal acts ( ?\ght & desire4 ,?is k9d ( purity belongs to ! virtue ( virg9ity ess5tially1 s9ce sexual pleasures are ! mat]ial elem5t or subject-matt] ( virg9ity1 ^: (fice x is to exclude all indulg5ce ( !m4 ,h5ce1 a p]son :o has _h ev5 "o volunt>y exp]i5ce ( ^! satisfactions1 lawful or gravely unlawful1 has lo/ virg9ity p]man5tly1 ?\gh ! virtue ( *a/ity may rema9 or may be recov]$4 ,= virg9ity _c cont9ue :5 its subject-matt] has be5 remov$4 ,x %\ld be not$ t involunt>y pleasures1 z 9 nocturnal pollution or 9 rape or 9 passive sp]mic dis*>ges1 are n detrim5tal to ! virtue ( virg9ity4 7c7 ,virg9ity ( ! high] "p ( ! s\l 7! m9d7 is ! int5tion to ab/a9 f e v5]eal act 9 ! future4 ,?is purity ( s\l also belongs to ! virtue ( virg9ity ess5tially1 be+ its =mal elem5t1 s9ce acts ( ! s5sitive appetites are made moral & virtu\s only f ! direction & influ5ce ( reason & w4 ,h5ce1 "o :o has _h no exp]i5ce ( volunt>y c>nal pleasure1 b :o int5ds to m>ry & use its rights or to act un*a/ely1 has n 9 ! fir/ case ! virtue ( virg9ity1 or 9 ! second case ! virtue ( *a/ity4 #bdhi4 ,loss ( ,virg9ity4--,physical or bodily virg9ity once lo/ c nev] be recov]$1 = ?is virg9ity means t a c]ta9 bodily action or passion has n occurr$1 :]eas ! loss means t su* action or passion has occurr$4 ,( c\rse1 a miracle c\ld re/ore bodily integrity4 ,b a m important "q is ?is3 is moral virg9ity1 or ! virtue ( virg9ity1 also irrecov]able8 7a7 ,if ! virtue has be5 lo/ z to its *ief mat]ial elem5t1 x _c be recov]$4 ,?is mat]ial elem5t 7i4e41 ! abs5ce ( all volunt>y sem9al exp]i5ce7 _c be re/or$1 = ev5 ,god _c make :at has be5 exp]i5c$ a non-actuality4 ,h[ev]1 x %\ld be not$ once = all t loss ( virg9ity does n necess>ily imply loss ( conjugal *a/ity1 & t lo/ *a/ity may be recov]$ by rep5tance4 7b7 ,if virg9ity has be5 lo/ z to its =mal elem5t1 & ! int5tion n to ab/a9 0 unlawful & naturally1 ?\gh n actually1 productive ( sem9ation 7e4g41 copulation ( a completely asp]matic adult1 or int]nal & int5se libid9\s s9 f :i* accid5tally pollution does n result71 x seems t ! virtue _c be recov]$4 ,= 9 ^! cases ! s9n] wills1 at lea/ indirectly1 ! loss ( ! *ief mat]ial elem5t ( virg9ity1 & x seems repugnant to reason to ascribe ! glory ( virg9ity to "o :o has s9n$ 9 ?is way4 ,non exp$it regul>it] mon]e po5it5tes de eorum virg9itate irrep>abilit] amissa1 s$ prae/at qua]5tibus respond]e omnia peccata remitti de quibus contritio habeatur4 7c7 ,if virg9ity has be5 lo/ z to its =mal elem5t & ! int5tion n to ab/a9 0 lawful 7e4g41 a maid n "u v[ decid$ to m>ry & h *ildr51 b *ang$ h] m9d & decid$ to rema9 s+le71 or 0 unlawful b nei!r naturally nor actually productive ( sem9ation 7e4g41 ext]nal un*a/ity ( a *ild incapable ?r\gh impub]ty ( emissions1 or int]nal & only mildly excit+ un*a/ity ( an adult71 ! virtue may be recov]$1 c]ta9ly 9 ! fir/ case & probably also 9 ! second case4 ,= ! matt] ( virg9ity is c]ta9ly n tak5 away by ! m]e int5tion to h lawful v5]eal pleasure1 nor probably ev5 by pleasures t d n t5d to sem9ation4 ,recov]y ( virg9ity is made 9 ! "o case by ! retractation ( contr>y int5tion & 9 ! o!r case by rep5tance & r5ewal ( good purpose4 #bdij4 ,conditions ,necess>y = ! ,virtue ( ,virg9ity4--7a7 ,z to its mann]1 x seems m probable t ?is purpose mu/ be express$ z a v[4 ,! reason = ?is accord+ to "s is t virg9ity is a special virtue only because ( ! sacr$ "* :i* religion gives x1 & accord+ to o!rs also because ( ! un%akable r5unciation :i* is conf]r$ by a v[4 ,b x is also held z probable t unv[$ virg9ity may be call$ a less] degree ( ! special virtue ( virg9ity1 ,at lea/1 x is a high] degree ( ! virtue ( *a/ity4 7b7 ,z to its motive1 virg9ity mu/ be ju/ifi$ by an extr9sic reason4 ,*a/ity is ju/ifi$ by its own end1 :i* is reasonable mod]ation4 ,virg9ity1 on ! contr>y1 is n self-ju/ificatory1 s9ce 9 itself x is unfruitful & )\t advantage4 ,h5ce1 x is n praisewor?y unless x s]ves "s high] good ?an t ( propagation1 su* z a good ( ! m9d 7e4g41 ,plato rema9$ s+le = ! sake ( philosophy7 or ( ! w 7e4g41 ! ,new ,te/am5t recomm5ds virg9ity = ! sake ( great] devotion to ! ?+s ( ,god74 ,virg9ity t results f m]e contempt = s5sible pleasure w\ld be an excess1 & cont95ce embrac$ m]ely to escape ! burd5s ( m>riage & to lead an easy1 self-indulg5t1 irresponsible life w\ld be selfi%ness2 b virg9ity foll[$ f an ideal ( self-sacrifice :i* reason approves obs]ves ! gold5 mean 7see ,pius ,,xii1 ,sacra ,virg9itas1 ,m>* #be1 #aied74 #bdia4 ,! ,excell5ce ( ,virg9ity4-7a7 ,virg9ity has ! highe/ rank among ! v>i\s =ms ( *a/ity4 ,e k9d ( *a/ity 7pre-nuptial1 conjugal1 vidual7 is ( great importance1 because to ?is virtue is entru/$ ! "r propagation ( ! entire race & ! moral & physical heal? ( ! individual 9 ! mo/ insi/5t ( passions4 ,! mat]ial reproduction ( ! race is inde$ a m urg5t ne$ ?an virg9ity1 s9ce )\t x ! human species w\ld die out2 & if !re 7 dang] ( race ext9ction1 x w\ld be m imp]ative to m>ry ?an to rema9 cont95t4 ,b if we conf9e our att5tion to ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s & comp>e virg9ity & non-virg9al *a/ity f ! viewpo9t ( nobility1 x mu/ be said virg9ity is m valuable bo? to ! community & to ! individual ?an ! o!r k9ds ( *a/ity4 ,x is m valuable to ! community1 s9ce ! example ( its excell5ce is a protection to public morals1 & its p]man5ce gives ! opportunity = a m g5]al & ready s]vice ( society4 ,x is m valuable to ! individual1 s9ce to be occupi$ ) ! ?+s ( ,god is bett] ?an to be engross$ 9 ! ?+s ( ! _w1 & ! unm>ri$ h ! opportunity to devote m "t ) less di/raction to high] ?+s4 ,scripture affirms ! sup]iority ( virg9ity to m>riage by its tea*+ 7e4g41 ,our ,"l 9 ,matt41 xix4 #ab1 c\nsels virg9ity2 ,/4 ,paul 9 ,i ,cor41 vii4 #g sqq41 says t x is ! bett] & m bless$ /ate71 by its examples 7,our ,"l1 ! ,bless$ ,virg91 ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/1 & 9 ! ,old ,disp5sation ,josue1 ,elias1 ,eliseus1 ,j]emias71 & by its promis$ rew>ds 7,apoc41 xiv4 #d74 ,a popul> philosophy ( mat]ialism today makes repress$ sex-urges responsible = hy/]ia & o!r emotional di/urbances1 b exp]i5ce proves t cont95ce b5efits bo? psy*ical & physical heal?4 7b7 ,virg9ity does n rank fir/ among all ! virtues4 ,! !ological virtues surpass x1 be+ its goal2 m>tyrdom & religi\s ob$i5ce are great]1 because !y sacrifice ! sup]ior goods ( life & ( ! w4 ,x may happ51 !n1 t a p]son 9 ! m>ri$ /ate or a p5it5t 7,luke1 vii4 #cf sqq47 is p]sonally m holy ?an "o d$icat$ to cont95ce2 a m>ri$ p]son or p5it5t may surpass a virg9 9 fai?1 hope & *>ity1 & may be !re=e1 simply speak+1 m p]fect4 #bdib4 ,! ,s9 ( ,impurity4--,?is s91 :i* is also kn[n z lu/1 is an inord9ate desire ( sexual pleasure4 7a7 ,its object is sexual pleasure1 t is1 ! s5se ( physical enjoym5t 9 ! bodily organs or ( psy*ical satisfaction 9 ! l[] appetites ( ! s\l d]iv$ f acts relat$ to g5]ation4 ,h5ce1 we %\ld di/+ui% impurity f s5suality 7:i* is an inord9ate atta*m5t to e/hetic pleasure or o!r high] s5se-pleasure71 f luxury 7:i* is an excessive desire ( heal? & com=t71 & f ! vice call$ curiosity 7:i* is an ov]-fondness = intellectual delights1 see #bdfa74 ,b x %\ld be not$ t s5sual pleasure easily leads to v5]eal delight1 & t intellectual curiosity ab\t sex matt]s is dang]\s1 & h5ce ?is s5suality & curiosity may be1 & frequ5tly are1 a temptation to impurity 7see bel[ on ,temptations to ,impurity74 7b7 ,impurity is 9 desire1 = ! passions 9 !mselves are indiff]5t 7see #aba71 & !y become s9ful only :5 _! abuse is cons5t$ to by ! w4 7c7 ,impurity is inord9ate2 t is1 x takes pleasure aga9/ lhe dictate ( reason4 ,?is happ5s :5 sexual gratifications are indulg$ by ! unm>ri$1 or by ! m>ri$ 9 unnatural ways4 ,x is a p]v]sion & a s9 to *eat ! /oma* 9 ord] to gratify ! palate1 because ,god will$ t ! pleasure ( eat+ %\ld s]ve ! n\ri%m5t ( ! body1 or1 z ! prov]b has x1 because man does n live to eat1 b eats to live4 ,n[1 sex pleasure has be5 orda9$ by ,god z an inducem5t to p]=m an act :i* has = its purpose ! propagation & education ( *ildr51 duties t _c be rightly att5d$ to except 9 ! m>ri$ /ate4 ,h5ce1 ^? :o seek v5]eal pleasure outside ( matrimony1 or outside ! way int5d$ by nature1 act unreasonably1 = !y sacrifice ! end = ! means4 ,in/9ct guides ! animal aright 9 ^! matt]s1 b man is a nobl] creature & mu/ guide himself by religion & reason4 #bdic4 ,k9ds ( ,impurity4--7a7 ,impurity is consummat$ :5 ! act is cont9u$ to its natural conclusion & complete v5]eal satisfaction is _h4 ,?is occurs 9 sem9ation1 :i* is ! t]m9ation ( ! process set up by ! impure ?\ght & desire & ! realization ( its full pleasure4 ,sem9ation occurs ei!r 9 ! process ( coition1 or 9 extracoitional issues kn[n z 8pollution40 ,equival5t to sem9ation1 morally speak+1 are o!r emissions or secretions t accompany complete or almo/ complete gratification1 b 9 :i* ! fluid is n prolific 7e4g41 ! ure?ral emissions 9 boys :o h n atta9$ pub]ty or 9 eunu*s1 ! vag9al fl[ 9 wom51 ure?ral di/illations74 ,consummat$ impurity is ei!r natural 7t is1 suitable = reproduction1 ! end int5d$ by nature71 z 9 =nication or adult]y1 or unnatural 7t is1 n suit$ = reproduction71 z 9 sodomy or pollution4 7b7 ,impurity is non-consummat$ :5 n c>ri$ to its natural conclusion ( complete satisfaction & sem9ation4 ,!re are two classes ( ! non-consummat$ s9s1 namely1 ! int]nal 7z 9 ?\ghts & desires7 & ! ext]nal or lewdness 7z 9 words1 looks1 kisses74 ,?is happ5s )\t c>nal commotion 7e4g41 :5 a frigid old man ?9ks ) m5tal pleasure only on ! wild de$s ( 8 y\?71 or ) c>nal commotion1 t is1 ) an excitem5t & /imulation 9 ! g5ital organs t prep>es ! way = sem9ation4 #bdid4 ,gravity ( ! ,s9 ( ,impurity4--7a7 ,impurity is a mortal s91 because x is a disord] t affects a good ( ! highe/ importance 7viz1 ! propagation ( ! race71 & br+s 9 its tra9 public & private1 moral & physical1 evils ( ! mo/ s]i\s k9d4 ,man has no m "r to degrade 8 body by lu/ ?an he has to kill x by suicide1 = ,god is ! absolute ,"l ov] ! body & ,he sev]ely =bids impurity ( e k9d4 ,^? :o d ! works ( ! fle%1 :e!r accord+ to nature 7e4g41 =nicators & adult]]s7 or aga9/ nature 7e4g41 sodomites7 or by unconsummat$ s9 7e4g41 ! unclean1 ! impure71 %all n obta9 ! k+dom ( ,god 7,gal41 v4 #ai2 ,i ,cor41 vi4 #i sqq471 nor h any inh]itance ) ,*ri/ 7,eph41 v4 #e74 7b7 ,impurity is n ! wor/ ( s9s1 because s9s aga9/ ,god 7e4g41 hatr$ ( ,god1 sacrilege7 are m he9\s ?an s9s aga9/ creat$ goods1 & s9s ( malice are m inexcusable ?an s9s ( passion or frailty4 ,b c>nal s9s are peculi>ly disgraceful on acc\nt ( _! animality 7see #bdfd b1 #bbd71 & 9 a ,*ri/ian !y are a k9d ( pr(anation1 s9ce 8 body has be5 giv5 to ,*ri/ 9 ,baptism & ! o!r ,sacram5ts 7,i ,cor41 vi4 #aa-ai74 7c7 ,impurity is "o ( ! sev5 capital vices4 ,! capital s9s h a preem95ce 9 evil1 z ! c>d9al virtues h a sup]iority 9 good4 ,! preem95ce 9 evil is due1 fir/1 to "s special attractiv5ess ( a vice t makes x an end = ! commission ( o!r s9s1 :i* are us$ z means to x or are incurr$ = its sake2 or1 secondly1 to a p[] & influ5ce t is s /rong z to hurry ^? "u its sway into v>i\s k9ds ( s94 ,n[1 impurity is a moral disease t ravages e "p ( ! s\l1 its deadly effects appe>+ 9 ! reason1 ! w & ext]nal spee*2 = ! m "o subjects oneself to ! dom9ion ( passion1 ! less fitt$ does "o become = ! high] & nobl] ?+s ( life2 & ! m ignoble ! inn] life1 ! m vulg>1 *eap & degrad+ w be ! conv]sation4 ,h5ce1 ! ,fa!rs trace back to impurity ! foll[+ s9s ( imprud5ce 9 ! m9d3 wrong appreh5sion1 ab\t ! end or purpose ( life1 & precipitancy 9 delib]ation1 ?\ghtlessness 9 decision1 incon/ancy 9 direction1 9 ref]5ce to ! means to ! end 7see #afic sqq474 ,!y also trace to impurity ! foll[+ s9s 9 ! w3 z to ! end1 voluptu>ism 7:i* subord9ates all to fle%ly pleasure7 & hatr$ ( ,god 7:i* abhors ! ,supreme ,lawgiv] :o =bids & puni%es lu/72 z to ! means1 love ( ! pres5t & horror ( ! future life 7s9ce ! c>nal man revels 9 bodily pleasures & dreads ! ?\ght ( dea? & judgm5t74 ,f9ally1 !y trace ! foll[+ s9s ( ! tongue to ! vice ( impurity3 ! subject ( ! lewd man's talk is fil?y1 = out ( ! he>t ! m\? speake? 7,matt41 xii4 #cd71 ! expression itself is fooli%1 s9ce passion cl\ds 8 m9d1 ! orig9 ( 8 talk is empt9ess ( m9d :i* %[s itself 9 frivol\s words1 & 8 purpose is unsuitable amusem5t1 :i* leads to f>cical or vulg> jokes4 #bdie4 ,evil ,fruits ( ,impurity4--,9 addition to ^! moral consequ5ces1 impurity is also prolific ( _m o!r evil fruits4 7a7 ,?us1 = ! s9n] himself x is l a cruel goad t con/antly annoys him & takes away 8 peace 7,/4 ,ambrose71 l a sword t kills ! nobl] in/9cts 7,/4 ,gregory ! ,great71 l a desc5t f human dignity to a condition bel[ ! bea/s 7,/4 ,eusebius ( ,caes>ea74 7b7 ,= society x is disa/r\s 9 _m ways1 s9ce x propagates dread m5tal & physical diseases1 disrupts ! peace ( families1 br+s disgrace & de/itution on innoc5t *ildr51 eats away =tunes & leads up to innum]able crimes ( inju/ice & viol5ce4 #bdif4 ,is ,impurity ,ev] a ,v5ial ,s98--7a7 ,by reason ( ! imp]fection ( ! act1 impurity is v5ial :5 !re is no suffici5t delib]ation or cons5t4 ,inv9cible ignorance 9 ref]5ce to ! six? comm&m5t itself sometimes happ5s1 especially 9 ref]5ce to int]nal s9s ( ?\ght1 to ext]nal s9s ( pollution if ! p]son is "y1 & to o!r ext]nal s9s :5 !re is "s complication ( circum/ances 7e4g41 kiss+ & o!r intimacy by engag$ p]sons1 onanism :5 m>ri$ p]sons are poor or ! woman sickly72 & m frequ5tly !re is inv9cible ignorance ab\t details ( ! six? comm&m5t 7e4g41 ab\t ! precise !ological or moral malice ( :at is kn[n to be s9ful74 7b7 ,by reason ( ! matt]1 impurity accord+ to ! common tea*+ is always mortal if directly will$1 b sometimes v5ial if only indirectly will$4 ,impurity is directly will$ :5 "o posits an act int5d+ to obta9 f x unlawful v5]eal delectation1 or p]ceives t su* delectation is already pres5t & cons5ts to x4 ,no matt] h[ brief ?is volunt>y ass5t1 no matt] h[ slight ! commotion ( ! animal nature1 no matt] h[ f> f ! consummat$ is ! impure act 9 "q1 !re is always a s]i\s injury done to a great good or at lea/ 7exception is made = ! case ( m>ri$ p]sons7 ! proximate dang] ( su* injury1 & h5ce mortal s9 7see #bfj74 ,t ev5 slight yield+ to impurity is a s]i\s p]il is ! tea*+ ( ,scripture 7:i* decl>es t lu/ has kill$ ev5 ! /ronge/1 ,prov41 vii4 #bf71 ( ! ,*ur* 7:i* condemns ! op9ion t libid9\s kisses are n dang]\s1 see ,d5z+]1 ,en*iridion1 n4 #aadj71 ( !ology 7:i* rem9ds u t by orig9al s9 reason has be5 d>k5$1 ! w enfeebl$ & ! passions /r5g!n$71 & ( exp]i5ce 7:i* %[s t ^? :o expose !mselves to passion's flame w be burnt74 ,a small sp>k ( fire is n trivial 9 ! vic9ity ( a p[d] magaz9e1 a m9ute flaw 9 a ma*9e is n unimportant if x may br+ on disa/]1 a fir/ /ep is n safe if x is made on a slipp]y d[nw>d declivity4 7c7 ,impurity is indirectly will$ :5 delib]ately & )\t suffici5t reason "o posits an act :i* is n v5]eal pleasure 7:e!r ! act be good1 su* z a pray] made ) great s5sible f]vor1 or bad1 su* z gluttony1 or indiff]5t1 su* z read+ a book1 look+ at a picture1 tak+ a ba?71 b :i* produces =ese5 v5]eal pleasure 7consummat$ or non-consummat$7 t "o nei!r int5ds nor directly cons5ts to4 ,impurity ?us indirectly will$ is s9ful1 because ! pleasure is =ese5 & p]mitt$ )\t suffici5t reason 7see #ajb71 or 9 o!r words because "o exposes oneself to dang] ( int]nal defilem5t 7cons5t71 or ext]nal pollution )\t ju/ification 7see #bfj74 ,indirect impurity is mortal :5 !re is proximate dang] ( grave s9 9 ! act done1 t is1 :5 ! posit$ act p] se or f its nature /rongly incites ! ag5t to sexual passion1 z :5 "o gazes long & fix$ly at obsc5e pictures1 kn[+ t always or ne>ly always ?is ar\ses impure emotions4 ,! s9 is v5ial :5 !re is only remote dang] ( grave s94 ,?is happ5s :5 ! posit$ act is n ( a v5]eal k9d 7an unnecess>y conv]sation on indiff]5t topics7 or is only mildly excit+ 7e4g41 a pass+ glance at an obsc5e object71 or :5 ! ag5t himself is n greatly affect$ by x 7e4g41 :5 an old man1 or "o :o is ( v cold disposition1 or an arti/ ^: only ?\ght is ! e/hetic excell5ce1 c>efully /udies a picture ( ! nude74 #bdig4 ,temptations to ,impurity4--,be=e treat+ ! v>i\s k9ds ( impurity1 we %all speak briefly ( temptations t occasion ?is s9 & ( ! duties ( ! p]son tempt$4 7a7 ,ext]nal temptation comes f ! devil or ! _w1 & ! duty ( /ruggl+ aga9/ x has be5 treat$ else:]e 7see #beb1 #adee sqq41 #adie sqq474 ,?us1 he :o f9ds t c]ta9 p]sons1 places or ?+s are = him a temptation to impurity mu/ be guid$ by ! pr9ciples giv5 = occasions ( s9 7#bfc sqq472 he :o f9ds t ano!r wi%es to s$uce him into impurity mu/ refuse all int]nal cons5t 7see #bed sqq471 & mu/ also resi/ viol5ce :5 !re is hope ( success1 or :5 ?is is necess>y to avoid giv+ sc&al or yield+ cons5t 7see on self-def5se1 #ahda74 7b7 ,int]nal temptation comes f ! fle%4 ,x consi/s 9 in*oative di/urbances or excitem5ts ( ! organs or fluids t s]ve g5]ation 7e4g41 erections1 clitoral movem5ts74 ,sometimes x is produc$ involunt>ily1 )\t any int5tion or cons5t ( ! w1 by physiological /ates 7e4g41 conditions ( ! blood1 n]ves1 etc41 due solely to ! wea!r1 to disease1 to aphrodisiac prop]ties ( ailm5t1 to clo?+1 or position7 or by psy*ical /ates 7e4g41 spontane\s images or appetites ( ! s\l m5tion$ 9 #abi71 & 9 ^! cases ! temptation is manife/ly free f all s94 ,/4 ,pius ,v condemn$ ! tea*+ ( ,baius t ^? :o suff] motions ( concupisc5ce aga9/ _! w are transgressors ( ! comm&3 8,?\ %alt n covet0 7see ,d5zig]1 ,en*iridion1 nn4 #ajej1 #ajea1 #ajge74 ,sometimes ! temptation is directly volunt>y1 z :5 ! passion is delib]ately awak5$ = ! purpose ( s91 & !n !re is grave guilt 7see #bdif b74 ,sometimes ! temptation is indirectly volunt>y1 z :5 ) ! =esight ( ! passion b )\t desire ( x an action is p]=m$ t ar\ses x4 ,9 ?is la/ case1 if !re is a j reason = ! excitatory action 7e4g41 a physician sees & he>s ?+s t are calculat$ to be a temptation1 b 8 reason is ! ex]cise ( 8 pr(ession71 no s9 is committ$2 b if !re is no j reason = ! action 7e4g41 a p]son reads an erotic book1 & curiosity is 8 only motive71 s9 is committ$1 & its gravity dep5ds on ! am\nt ( dang] to :i* "o exposes oneself 7see #bdif c74 #bdih4 ,resi/ance to ,int]nal ,temptations4--,! fight aga9/ int]nal temptations is ( v>i\s k9ds4 7a7 ,by reason ( its subject1 ! conflict is *iefly 9 ! w1 to :i* x belongs to give or )hold cons5t2 second>ily1 9 ! o!r p[]s ( ! s\l & ! body1 :i* "u comm& f ! w p]=m acts design$ to ov]come temptation4 7b7 ,by reason ( its mann]1 ! conflict is ei!r removal ( ! temptation 7i4e41 cessation f an act :i* produces ! temptation7 or resi/ance1 passive or active4 ,passive resi/ance is ! susp5sion ( activity relative to ! temptation till x ends ( itself1 z :5 int]nally ! w nei!r cons5ts nor diss5ts1 or ext]nally no?+ is done = or aga9/ ! temptation4 ,active resi/ance is positive opposition (f]$ to temptation4 ,x is made 9 two ways3 fir/1 by way ( flight1 z :5 int]nally ! m9d turns away to o!r ?\ghts 7e4g41 absorb+ /udies1 m$itation on ! passion ( ,*ri/71 or ! w devotes itself to o!r subjects ( resolve 7e4g41 acts ( love ( ,god or ( purity71 or ext]nally ! body is remov$ or fre$ f conditions t excite temptation2 secondly1 by way ( attack1 z :5 int]nally ! m9d turns aga9/ ! temptation 7e4g41 ?9k+ ( its dang]s1 call+ on ,god to drive x away71 or ! w rejects ! temptation 7e4g41 by despis+ x1 by express+ dislike1 disapproval & unwill+ness1 by firmly resolv+ n to yield1 by decid+ on measures aga9/ ! passion71 or :5 ext]nally ! body is subject$ to pa9 or mortification4 7c7 ,by reason ( its circum/ances1 resi/ance to temptation is ei!r prolong$1 z :5 ! act by :i* ! w resi/s is ( consid]able duration or is r5ew$ at frequ5t int]vals1 or is brief1 z :5 ! act ( rejection is mom5t>y & is n repeat$4 #bdii4 ,:at ,opposition to ,temptation ,is ,suffici5t8--,opposition to temptations ( ! fle% mu/ be suffici5t to remove ! temptation1 :5 ! temptation is due to ! cont9uance ( "o's own s9ful or unju/ifi$ act2 = "o is oblig$ to cease f s9 or ! unreasonable4 ,?is happ5s 7a7 :5 ! temptation is directly volunt>y--= example1 "o :o wi%$ to exp]i5ce temptation & !re=e reads a v s$uctive book mu/ give ov] ?is read+2 or 7b7 :5 ! temptation is n directly volunt>y & is )\t suffici5t reason--= example1 "o :o exp]i5ces c>nal temptation due to a book :i* he reads f idle curiosity mu/ desi/ f ! book4 ,b "o is n b\nd to omit or int]rupt necess>y or useful acts1 su* z re/ & sleep1 pray] & *>ity2 cons5t %\ld be d5i$ ! evil1 b ! good %\ld be cont9u$4 #bejj4 ,insuffici5t1 ,h>mful & ,unnecess>y ,opposition4--,9 o!r cases opposition to temptations ( ! fle% mu/ be su* z is suffici5t to keep "o f cons5t1 t is1 to protect "o aga9/ ! proximate dang] ( s94 7a7 ,h5ce1 t resi/ance is insuffici5t :i* does n /r5g!n ! w4 ,x seems t passive w-resi/ance is ( ?is k9d1 s9ce x is mo/ difficult = ! w to rema9 inactive 9 ! pres5ce ( c>nal /imulation or motions ( ! s5sible appetites )\t be+ mov$ by ! evil sugge/ion4 ,9 ext]nal resi/ance1 h[ev]1 passive opposition suffices :5 x alone is feasible1 z :5 temptation gr[s out ( necess>y "w1 or re/ t _c be discont9u$ or int]rupt$ by active resi/ance1 provid$ ! w regi/]s int]nally its displeasure or disapproval2 b ext]nal passivity is n p]missible :5 ! w ne$s ! help ( ext]nal resi/ance1 z 9 ! case ( vehem5t & prolong$ temptations4 7b7 ,t resi/ance is h>mful :i* /r5g!ns ! temptation4 ,h5ce1 resi/ance by direct attack or by =mal rejection is (t5times to be omitt$ 9 favor ( resi/ance by flight or by contempt2 = x is a common tea*+ ( ! ,fa!rs & ,doctors confirm$ by exp]i5ce t dwell+ on reasons & means ( repell+ passion (t5 adds to its /r5g?1 & t resolv+ mightily & expressly to cru% a weak & pass+ temptation (t5 s]ves only to give x a long] life4 ,x is bett] to bru% a mosquito away ?an to risk "o's neck by *as+ x up & d[n /airs4 7c7 ,t resi/ance is unnecess>y :i* dem&s a physical or moral impossibility4 ,?us1 a prolong$ act ( resi/ance or "o repeat$ at int]vals ( a few m9utes1 or a resi/ance t includes extreme corporal au/]ities1 is n requir$ 9 ord9>y cases at lea/4 ,:5 a temptation is unusually vehem5t or is due to "o's own fault1 !re %\ld be proportionately great] resi/ance to (fset ! great] dang]2 b :5 a temptation is only mod]ately dang]\s1 x suffices to reject x firmly b briefly & to repeat ?is :5 !re arises a new crisis or dang] & ! r5ewal ( resi/ance is useful4 #beja4 ,weapons aga9/ ,c>nal ,temptations4--,! mo/ p[]ful weapons aga9/ c>nal temptations are spiritual ones1 & ( ^! ! mo/ necess>y is grace1 :i* %\ld be ask$ 9 pray] 7,wis41 viii4 #ba71 especially ?r\gh ! int]cession ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y 7see ,pius ,,xii1 ,sacra ,virg9itas1 ,m>* #be1 #aied74 ,b corporal means1 *iefly ( a prev5tive k9d1 %\ld n be neglect$4 7a7 ,physical measures are ! obs]vance ( :at are n[ (t5 spok5 ( z sex hygi5e = normal & sex !rapeutics = abnormal cases4 ,special heal? rules ^: obs]vance conduces to good morals are especially ! cultivation ( habits ( bodily cleanl9ess1 ( h>d m5tal & physical "w1 ( vigor\s ex]cise & ! avoidance ( unheal?ful habits 7su* z con/ipation1 drug or _s /imulation71 unsuitable clo?+ or sleep+ conditions4 ,surgical or m$ical treatm5t = /ructural abnormalities or = m5tal or bodily diseases t react unfavorably on sex life requires ! s]vice ( a consci5ti\s & compet5t physician4 7b7 ,religi\s measures are v>i\s =ms ( corporal mortification1 su* z cu/ody ( ! eyes & o!r s5ses1 deprivation 9 food 7fa/+ & ab/95ce7 & sleep 7vigils1 night wat*es71 afflictive p5ances ?r\gh ! use ( hair%irts1 pa9ful girdles1 sc\rges or discipl9es4 ,b au/]ities mu/ be suit$ to ! heal?1 age1 condition1 duties & o!r circum/ances ( ! p]son :o practises !m1 & %\ld n be us$ )\t ! cons5t ( "o's confessor or spiritual director4 #bejb4 ,s9fulness ( ,neglig5ce 9 ,resi/+ ,temptations4--,x is s9ful n to /ruggle aga9/ temptation1 s9ce he :o 9 no way resi/s1 n ev5 passively1 surr5d]s or yields to s94 ,h5ce1 ! ,*ur* condemn$ ! quieti/ic indiff]5ce to temptation ( ,mol9os 7,d5z+]1 nn4 #abcg1 #abeg1 #abfg74 ,x is also s9ful to resi/1 b only insuffici5tly1 z reg>ds promptness1 vigor1 mann]1 etc4 7a7 ,! ,!ological ,malice4--,x is mortally or v5ially s9ful to be neglig5t aga9/ temptation1 accord+ to ! greatness or smallness ( ! dang] to :i* ! neglig5ce exposes "o 7see #bef-bfb74 ,?us1 x is n a s]i\s s9 to omit all resi/ance to a weak & dy+ temptation1 or to neglect f indol5ce or o!r v5ial fault all ext]nal resi/ance :5 ! dang] is made remote by ! int]nal displeasure or resolution2 b x is a s]i\s s9 to trifle ) any v attractive temptation or to put (f resi/ance until a progress+ temptation has gr[n =midable & made self-control difficult1 & ?is is true ev5 ?\gh cons5t is n f9ally giv5 to ! impure sugge/ion4 7b7 ,! ,moral ,malice4--,neglig5ces 9 ref]5ce to c>nal temptations d n diff] specifically b only 9 degree1 accord+ to ! approa* ! /imuli make t[>ds complete lu/4 ,ev5 :5 !re is an object 7e4g41 =nication1 adult]y7 be=e ! m9d1 ! diff]5ce 9 species ( ! object1 x seems1 does n induce a diff]5ce 9 species ( ! s91 s9ce ! s9 is ! g5]al "o ( c>elessness 9 pres5ce ( temptation4 ,h5ce1 x suffices to confess t "o has be5 remiss 9 bani%+ impure emotions or ?\ghts4 #bejc4 ,applications4--7a7 ,! pr9ciples "h giv5 9 ref]5ce to emotions ( ! s5sible appetite & rebellions ( ! fle% %\ld be appli$ to o!r involunt>y acts 9 ! imag9ation1 reason & w 7see #abi74 ,?us1 ?\ghts or images ( impure sc5es t pass ?r\gh ! m9d %\ld be treat$ 9 ! same way z temptations ( ! fle%4 7b7 ,! pr9ciples "h giv5 ab\t ! p]son :o suff]s temptation %\ld also be appli$ to ! p]son :o causes temptation4 ,s9ce x is a mortal s9 to commit impurity1 x is also a mortal s9 to solicit impurity2 s9ce x is a mortal s9 ( lu/ to make oneself drunk 9 ord] to exp]i5ce c>nal emotions1 x is also a mortal s9 ( lu/ to make ano!r p]son drunk t he may become likewise inflam$2 s9ce x is a mortal s9 to expose oneself to extreme dang] by read+ a pornographic "w1 x is also a mortal s9 to wi% to expose ano!r to a l dang]4 ,& ?is is true ev5 ?\gh ! temptation is unsuccessful4 ,physicians :o m9imize ! wrong ( ma/urbation1 or :o c\nsel =nication to "y m5 on ! absurd plea t cont95ce is unheal?y or productive ( impot5cy1 %>e 9 ! guilt ( pollution or =nication :i* !y c\nsel2 & "y p]sons :o seek to w9 ! s9ful love ( o!rs by n\ri%+ _! hair1 pa9t+ _! faces1 expos+ _! bodies1 etc41 h ! guilt1 if n ! ga91 ( s$uction4 #bejd4 ,non-,consummat$ ,s9s ( ,impurity4--,^! include all ^? prep>atory s9s 9 :i* unlawful sex pleasure is n c>ri$ to completion by coition or pollution4 ,we %all speak fir/ ( ! int]nal s9s ( ?\ght1 delight1 & desire 7see #bcb sqq471 & next ( ! ext]nal s9s ( unlawful looks1 words1 kisses1 & embraces4 #beje4 ,impure ,?\ghts4--,impure ?\ghts 7delectatio morosa7 are repres5tations 9 ! m9d or imag9ation ( impure v5]eal objects 9 :i* delib]ate pleasure is tak54 7a7 ,!y are repres5tations1 t is1 m5tal pictures or images ( ?+s abs5t f ! s5ses1 b ?\ght ( or imag9$ z pres5t4 ,?us1 impure ?\ghts diff] f desires1 :i* consi/ 9 attraction ) w to accompli%1 & also f s5se contact ( v>i\s k9ds ) objects pres5t to ! eyes1 e>s1 or t\*4 7b7 ,!y are jo9$ ) delib]ate pleasure ( ! w1 t is1 "o int5ds !m or cons5ts ev5 mom5t>ily to !m aft] p]ceiv+ _! pres5ce & malice1 ev5 ?\gh c>nal pleasure is n felt or does n ?reat54 ,?us1 impure ?\ghts diff] f tempt+ ?\ghts1 :i* are transi5t & unwi%$ =ms t appe> 9 ! m9d1 & are ?\ght on be=e _! true "* is adv]t$ to1 or :i* ga9 a lodg+ 9 spite ( ef=ts to eject !m4 ,a tempt+ ?\ght is n s9ful1 b an occasion ( m]it :5 resi/$1 no matt] h[ long x endures 7see #bdig b74 7c7 ,! pleasure is tak5 9 a v5]eal object1 t is1 9 ! ?\ght ( =nication1 adult]y or o!r c>nal s91 committ$ by oneself or by ano!r4 ,h5ce1 impure ?\ghts are n to be confus$ ) ! pleasure tak5 9 k ab\t impurity 7e4g41 a pr(essor ( m$ic9e or morality is n impure :5 he rejoices at ! sexual k he possesses & :i* is necess>y = 8 duties1 or will+ly ?9ks ab\t sex matt]s :5 x is necess>y or useful = him to d s71 or ) pleasure tak5 9 ! morally indiff]5t mann] ( ! v5]eal s94 ,= example1 amusem5t ov] a ridicul\s feature ( a s9 :i* "o dete/s is n an impure ?\ght 7see #bcc-bcf74 #bejf4 ,! ,malice ( ,impure ,?\ghts4--7a7 ,! ,!ological ,malice4--,impure ?\ghts are mortal s9s3 = he :o delib]ately rejoices at ! ?\ght ( s91 loves s9 & is !re=e guilty ( x4 ,!y are v5ial s9s :5 !re is imp]fect adv]t5ce1 & also :5 !re is lightness ( matt] on acc\nt ( ! remot5ess ( ! dang] ( a ?\ght only indirectly volunt>y4 ,!y are mortal :5 !re is full delib]ation & ! impure ?\ght is directly volunt>y or gravely dang]\s 7see #bdif74 7b7 ,! ,moral ,malice4--,impure ?\ghts h ! same specific malice z ! repres5tation ( ! object :i* is ent]ta9$ z a welcome gue/ 9 ! m9d2 = n only is impurity giv5 ! hospitality ( ! m9d1 b a p>ticul> k9d ( impurity 7see #ij1 #bce74 ,h5ce x foll[s1 fir/1 t a specifically diff]5t object 7z is ! case ) diff]5t consummat$ s9s7 makes a specifically diff]5t s9 7e4g41 to ?9k pleasurably ( unlawful int]c\rse is m5tal =nication if ! p]sons 9 m9d are unm>ri$1 & is m5tal adult]y if ! p]son 9 m9d is m>ri$72 secondly1 t objects n specifically diff]5t--z is ! case ) diff]5t non-consummat$ s9s ( lewdness--d n make specifically diff]5t s9s 7e4g41 to ?9k pleasurably ( a s9ful kiss & to ?9k s9fully ( a s9ful t\* are bo? m5tal lewdness or impure ?\ghts72 ?irdly1 t special malices ( ! object f :i* ! m9d c presc9d--viz41 ^? :i* 9 ! ext]nal act d n *ange ! species or d n expla9 ! v5]eal pleasure--& f :i* x does presc9d1 are n incurr$ 7e4g41 to ?9k pleasurably ( s9 ) a woman :o is m>ri$ & a relative1 if ! ?\ght t %e is m>ri$ or "o's relative is n pleas+ or is displeas+1 is m5tal =nication1 n m5tal adult]y or m5tal ince/74 ,9 praxi v]o consulitur confess>iis ut regul>it] ab/9eant a quae/ionibus de specie morali delectationis morosae2 nam fideles pl]umque nesciunt facilit] di/+u]e int] species morales cogitationum1 et sic int]rogatio evad]et vel inutilis1 vel etiam ratione mat]iae p]ieulosa4 ,ad haec quum casus crebriores s9t1 maximo esset incommodo1 tum confess>iis1 tum po5it5tibus1 si sac]dos exquir]et quae vix cognosci possunt4 ,sufficit igitur ord9>ie sciscit>i de specie !ologica 7utrum voluntas complacu]it71 vel de specie morali g5]ali 7utrum actus int]nus delectatio morosa vel potius desid]ium fu]it74 ,see ,canon #hhh1 ,sec4#b2 ,norms = ,confessors 9 ,deal+ ) ! ,six? ,comm&m5t1 ,holy ,(fice1 ,may #af1 #aidc4 #bejg4 ,impure ,rejoic+4--,impure rejoic+ is a delib]ate pleasure ( ! m9d yield$ to ! recollection ( a pa/ s9 ( impurity4 ,h5ce1 ?is s9 ( rejoic+ is committ$ :5 "o ?9ks ) approval ( a =nication ( =m] days1 b ! s9 ( rejoic+ is n committ$ :5 "o conf9es "o's pleasure to "s good consequ5ce ( a =nication 7e4g41 ! excell5t *ild t 0 born71 or to a lawful pleasure ( ! pa/1 z :5 a wid[] ?9ks )\t pres5t c>nal commotion or dang] ( 8 =m] m>ri$ life4 ,! circum/ances are m readily will$ "h ?an 9 impure ?\ghts1 = "h ! m9d is pictur+ an actual1 n an imag9>y case ( s91 & ! m5tal repres5tation w !re=e be m di/9ct2 nev]!less1 9 ! case ( impure rejoic+ ! moral sub-species--at times ev5 ! di/9ction betwe5 impure rejoic+ & impure ?\ghts--is usually n p]ceiv$4 ,! pr9ciples ( ! previ\s p>agraph apply to impure rejoic+4 #bejh4 ,impure ,desires4--,impure desire is a delib]ate int5tion to commit impurity 9 ! future4 7a7 ,x is a delib]ate int5tion1 t is1 a purpose or w to :i* cons5t is giv5 int]nally4 ,h5ce1 an impure desire is n ! same ?+ z a /atem5t ( fact1 z :5 a passionate p]son decl>es t he w\ld s91 7 x n = fe> ( ! consequ5ces1 mean+ only t he is frail1 n t he wi%es to s94 ,nei!r is x ! same z a m]e velleity1 :i* desires v5]eal pleasure "u circum/ances t w\ld make x lawful1 z :5 a m>ri$ man wi%es t he 7 lawfully m>ri$ to a woman o!r ?an 8 pres5t wife1 or t bo? he & ! o!r woman 7 free to m>ry ea* o!r4 ,b ^! velleities are fooli% & v5ially s9ful1 & (t5 on acc\nt ( dang] !y are mortally s9ful4 ,an impure desire exi/s :5 ! w cons5ts unconditionally 7z :5 a p]son decides or wi%es to =nicate tomorr[7 or conditionally "u a proviso t does n take away ! malice 7z :5 a p]son decides t he w\ld =nicate 7 x n = fe> ( puni%m5t1 or ,wi%es t x 7 lawful = him to practise =nication74 7b7 ,x is an int5tion to commit impurity1 & h5ce !re is no impure desire 9 wi%+ :at is n v5]eal pleasure 7e4g41 ! spiritual1 m5tal or bodily relief t foll[s on an involunt>y pollution71 or :at is lawful v5]eal pleasure 7e4g41 :5 engag$ p]sons ?9k1 b )\t c>nal commotion or dang]1 ( ! b5efits ( _! future m>ri$ relation%ip74 #beji4 ,malice ( ,impure ,desires4--,impure desires are mortal s9s & h ! malice ( ! object & ( ! circum/ances t "o has 9 m9d2 t is1 "o commits ! same k9d ( s9 9 desir+ z 9 p]=m+ impurity4 ,h5ce1 ,our ,"l decl>es t he :o looks ^u a woman to desire h] unlawfully has already committ$ adult]y 9 8 he>t 7,matt41 v4 #bh71 & h5ce also ! n9? comm&m5t =bids s9s ( impure desire4 ,! pr9ciples giv5 9 #bejf1 #bejg1 apply also to impure desires ) ?is diff]5ce t ! m9d :5 x wills ext]nal p]=mance consid]s ! object z x is 9 itself1 n z x is m5tally repres5t$1 & h5ce is less likely to presc9d f actual circum/ances kn[n to x1 ,b ev5 "h confessional inve/igation is sometimes n necess>y on acc\nt ( its moral impossibility4 #beaj4 ,lewdness4--,aft] ! int]nal s9s foll[ ! ext]nal s9s ( lewdness or indec5cy 7impudicitia74 ,^! may be def9$ z 8ext]nal acts :i* are p]=m$ f or ) delib]ate v5]eal pleasure t is n consummat$1 & :i* are n direct$ to ! conjugal act40 7a7 ,!y are ext]nal acts ( ! body1 su* z ! looks ( ! eye1 ! spee* ( ! tongue1 kisses ( ! lips1 t\*es1 fondl+1 embraces1 pressure ( ! h&1 etc4 ,^? also are guilty ( lewdness :o p]mit !mselves to be pett$1 kiss$ or o!rwise impurely h&l$1 unless x is morally impossible to resi/1 z :5 a woman :o gives no int]nal cons5t _c def5d h]self aga9/ a =c$ kiss )\t be+ kill$1 or _c )\t great sc&al refuse to %ake h&s ) "o ^: motive is impure love4 ,lewdness 7e4g41 an impure look7 may also be direct$ to "o's own p]son1 or to an animal1 or to an artificial object1 su* z a /atue or book4 7b7 ,!y are p]=m$ f or ) pleasure2 t is1 passion ei!r causes or accompanies ! impure look or o!r act4 ,^! non-consummat$ acts are indiff]5t 9 !mselves & may be licitly p]=m$ = a j cause2 !y become s9ful by reason ( ! evil passion t animates !m4 ,! c>nal motive appe>s ei!r f ! end ( ! act 7e4g41 an indec5t kiss naturally t5ds to impurity or grave dang] !re(1 no matt] :at good purpose ! kiss] may h71 or f ! end ( ! "o act+ 7e4g41 a dec5t kiss becomes an impure act if ! "o :o kisses is mov$ by c>nal desire74 ,h5ce1 !re is no s9 ( lewdness :5 "o ( ! acts n[ consid]$ is p]=m$ becom+ly z to ext]nals & innoc5tly z to ! int]nal motive & quality 7e4g41 f a s5se ( duty1 n f pleasure74 7c7 ,! pleasure int5d$ or cons5t$ to is v5]eal2 t is1 su* z is consummat$ 9 copulation or pollution4 ,h5ce1 !re is no s9 ( lewdness :5 ! acts 9 "q are p]=m$ becom+ly & ) & = pleasure ( a spiritual k9d 7z :5 memb]s ( a family give "o ano!r ! cu/om>y kiss or embrace ( affection71 or ( a m]ely s5sual k9d 7e4g41 :5 a nurse kisses ! t5d] sk9 ( an infant74 ,on ! di/9ction ( intellectual1 s5sual & v5]eal pleasures see above 7#bdfa74 7d7 ,! ext]nal act is n consummat$ by copulation or pollution4 ,^! are (t5 its result b !y are a diff]5t degree ( s91 & lewdness is committ$ ev5 )\t !m 7see #bdhf74 7e7 ,lewdness is an action n direct$ to ! conjugal act4 ,coition itself is lawful 9 ! m>ri$ /ate1 & ?is legitimatizes all ! prep>atory or accessory ende>m5ts4 ,h5ce1 ! rule z to m>ri$ p]sons is t v5]eal kisses & o!r su* acts are lawful :5 giv5 ) a view to ! ex]cise ( ! lawful m>riage act & kept )9 ! b\nds ( dec5cy & mod]ation2 t !y are s9ful1 gravely or lightly accord+ to ! case1 :5 unbecom+ or immod]ate2 t !y are v5ially s9ful1 on acc\nt ( ! inord9ate use ( a ?+ lawful 9 itself 7#he a71 :5 only pleasure is int5d$2 t !y are mortally s9ful1 :5 !y t5d to pollution1 :e!r solit>y or n solit>y1 = !n !y are acts ( lewdness4 ,! rights & duties dur+ c\rt%ip & engagem5t w be treat$ bel[ 9 ,"q ,,iii4 #beaa4 ,cases ,:]e9 ,no ,s9 ,is ,committ$4--,s9ce lewdness proce$s f or is accompani$ by culpable v5]eal pleasure1 x does n exi/ 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 9 *ildr5 :o h n atta9$ pub]ty & ! capacity = sex pleasure1 & h5ce !re is no s9 by reason ( proximate dang] 9 looks or t\*es ex]cis$ by !m1 :i* w\ld be gravely s9ful 9 ^? :o h rea*$ ! age ( pub]ty4 ,^! *ildr5 may1 h[ev]1 s9 aga9/ mode/y or ob$i5ce1 at lea/ v5ially4 ,!y %\ld be tra9$ f _! e>lie/ ye>s to res]ve & dec5cy1 & x is a mo/ s]i\s s9 to sc&alize _! innoc5ce4 ,! "q ( sex in/ruction = ! "y w be dealt ) 9 ! ,"q on ! ,duties ( ,p>ticul> ,/ates4 ,if an adult p]son 7 z unmov$ z a *ild by ! /imulus ( passion1 su* a "o w\ld incur no p]sonal guilt ( lewdness by kiss+ & ! l acts1 b su* an adult p]son is v r>e2 7b7 9 adult p]sons :5 a dang]\s act is ex]cis$ by !m1 )\t cons5t or proximate dang]1 & ) a suffici5t reason = ! ex]cise4 ,?us1 a /ud5t ( lit]ature may read an erotic /ory f ! classics1 if he is pro( aga9/ ! dang] & int5ds only improvem5t 9 /yle1 ?\gh = ! "y su* books %\ld be expurgat$2 a pr(essor ( m$ic9e or moral !ology may disc\rse prud5tly to 8 /ud5ts on v5]eal diseases or s9s2 an arti/ may use nak$ models 9 pa9t+1 if & z f> z ?is is necess>y2 f>m h&s may att5d to ! s]vice ( female by male animals2 looks & t\*es t w\ld o!rwise be immode/ are lawful = proportionate reasons ( utility1 z 9 ba?+ oneself1 9 p]=m+ ! s]vices ( nurse or physician = o!rs1 etc4 7see #bdig sqq474 #beab4 ,conditions ,gov]n+ ,propriety ( ,ext]nal ,acts4--,! becom+ness ( ! ext]nal acts spok5 ( 9 #beaj b includes two conditions4 7a7 ,on ! side ( its object1 ! act mu/ n be direct$ unnecess>ily to ! p>ts ( ! body t are %ameful & private 7i4e41 ! g5itals & imm$iately adjac5t p>ts74 ,x is cu/om>y to di/+ui% ! rema9+ or non-%ameful p>ts ( ! body into becom+1 :i* are uncov]$ 7e4g41 face1 h&s1 feet71 & less becom+1 :i* are cov]$ 7e4g41 legs1 brea/1 back74 ,b z to less dec5t p>ts mu* dep5ds on local usage4 ,= example1 at a ba?+ bea* x is n unbecom+ to appe> 9 a mix$ cr[d ) uncov]$ legs or arms1 & 9 v w>m c\ntries x is n improp] to g ab\t 9 public ) less clo?+ ?an is worn 9 cold] climates4 7b7 ,on ! side ( its subject1 ! act mu/ be p]=m$ ) mod]ation & respect = reasonable cu/om4 ,?us1 columb9e 7popul>ly call$ 8,fr5*07 kiss+ & ! ard5t or prolong$ embraces kn[n z 8neck+0 or 8pett+0 are admitt$ly indec5t1 ev5 :5 n accompani$ by sexual excitem5t4 ,oral abuse committ$ by or ) ei!r sex is indec5t bo? z to ! object1 i4e41 ! "p ( ! body involv$1 & z to ! subject1 i4e41 ! mode ( action4 ,x is ! fil?ie/ =m ( lewdness & is usually jo9$ ) pollution 7irrumation74 #beac4 ,morality ( ,kiss+ & ,simil> ,acts4--7a7 ,p] se1 or f _! nature1 ^! acts are indiff]5t1 s9ce !y c be employ$1 n only = evil 7,job1 xxxi4 #bg2 ,luke1 xxii4 #dh71 b also = good1 z we see f ! examples ( ! kiss ( peace 7,i ,!ss41 v4 #bf71 ! kiss ( frat]nal greet+ 7,g541 xxvii4 #bf1 #bg71 & ! kiss ( respectful homage 7,luke1 vii4 #ch1 #de74 7b7 ,p] accid5s1 or f _! circum/ances1 ^! acts are (t5 v5ially or mortally s9ful aga9/ purity or aga9/ "s o!r virtue1 or aga9/ bo?4 ,?us1 ju/ice is (f5d$ by injuries or viol5ce 7e4g41 /ol5 kisses1 unhygi5ic kisses t transmit v5]eal or o!r disease72 *>ity is (f5d$ by sc&al giv5 ! object ( affection or ! onlook]s 7e4g41 kisses giv5 by way ( greet+ to a memb] ( ! opposite sex by an ecclesia/ic or religi\s1 kisses =c$ ^u *ildr5 by gr[n-ups & :i* are h>mful to ! y\?ful s5se ( mode/ res]ve72 purity itself is (f5d$ by famili>ities :i*1 ?\gh n impure 9 !mselves1 con/itute a p]il = ! virtue ( "o or bo? p>ties1 z is true especially 9 demon/rations ( s5sual affection or pleasure4 ,b ev5 ?\gh !re be "s c>nal commotion1 x is n unlawful to give ) a pure int5tion ! dec5t salutation cu/om>y 9 "o's c\ntry 7e4g41 to %ake h&s ) a lady1 to kiss "o's /epmo!r or si/]-9-law74 #bead4 ,morality ( ,s5sual ,gratification4--,s5sual gratification1 or ! pleasure exp]i5c$ f ! p]fection 9 ! s5sible ord] ( "s object1 is indiff]5t & lawful 9 itself 7see #bdfa1 #bdib74 ,:5 x is ar\s$ by objects n v5]eally excit+ 7e4g41 ! beauty ( ! heav5s or sc5]y1 ! h>mony ( music1 ! t5d] s(tness ( ! rose71 x does n tempt to impurity2 b :5 x is ar\s$ by objects t are v5]eally excit+ 7e4g41 ! beautiful face or eyes or sweet voice or s(t sk9 ( a p]son mu* admir$71 x approa*es s closely to ! conf9es ( v5]eal gratification z to seem almo/ ! same ?+4 ,h5ce arises ! "q2 is delib]ate s5sual gratification ab\t objects sexually excit+ always a mortal s98 7a7 ,_m !ologians answ] 9 ! affirmative1 & give z _! reason t 9 ! /ate ( fall5 nature !re is no "o :o c be assur$ t su* gratification is n = him or h] a proximate occasion ( pollution1 or ( :at is morally ! same ?+1 ( in*oate pollution4 ,?is op9ion does n include gratifications n delib]ately s\ght or yield$ to1 nor ^? 9 :i* exp]i5ce has %[n t ! v5]eal attraction ( ! object1 at lea/ = ! subject conc]n$1 is nil or practically nil 7e4g41 s5sual kisses ( an infant by a nurse47 7b7 ,o!r !ologians diss5t f ! rigor\s view1 & argue t1 s9ce s5sual & v5]eal attraction are really di/9ct1 !re is always ! possibility ( int5d+ ! =m] & exclud+ cons5t to ! latt]4 7c7 ,to ! pres5t au?ors x seems t !re is room = a middle way betwe5 ^! two extreme views4 ,z 0 said above 7#bdig71 x is sometimes s9ful & sometimes n s9ful to enc\nt] temptation1 accord+ to ! int5tion & reason "o has1 & a temptation will$ unju/ifiably b only indirectly is a grave or a light s9 accord+ to ! great or small dang] t is risk$4 ,n[1 x seems t c]ta9 =ms ( s5sual gratification 7e4g41 ^? d]iv$ f beautiful b mode/ music or pa9t+s7 h only a v slight sexual allurem5t = ev5 ! passionate2 :]eas o!r =ms 7e4g41 ^? d]iv$ f ! w>m kiss or c>ess ( a h&some adult p]son ( ! opposite sex7 are vehem5tly allur+4 ,h5ce1 if s5sual pleasure ( ! fir/ k9d is s\ght inord9ately1 or if x is dang]\s to purity1 !re is a v5ial s92 if s5sual pleasure ( ! second k9d is s\ght1 !re is v likely mortal s94 #beae4 ,! ,!ological ,species ( ! ,s9 ( ,lewdness4--7a7 ,p] se1 or f its nature1 ?is s9 is mortal1 ev5 ?\gh ! ext]nal act 7kiss1 etc47 be dec5t 7see #beab7 & ( ! briefe/ duration2 = lewdness is cons5t to unlawful v5]eal pleasure1 :i* f ! nature ( ! case is a s]i\s matt]1 t5d+ ei!r to illicit copulation or to pollution 7see #bdif74 ,h5ce1 ev5 a %ake ( ! h& made ) lu/ful int5t is a mortal s94 ,if ! guilt ( adult]y is f\nd ev5 9 libid9\s ?\ghts 7,deut41 v4 #ba7 & glances 7,matt41 v4 #bh71 mu* m is x f\nd 9 lewd kisses1 embraces1 & conv]sations4 ,scripture /rongly condemns e =m ( lewdness3 impure spee* 78,uncleanness let x n s mu* z be nam$ among y1 or obsc5ity1 or fooli% talk+10 ,eph41 v4 #c1 #d71 impure read+ 78,evil communications corrupt good morals10 ,i ,cor41 xv4 #cc71 impure looks 78,:osoev] %all look on a woman to lu/ aft] h] ha? already committ$ adult]y ) h] 9 8 he>t10 ,matt41 v1 #bh71 impure kisses & o!r t\*es 78,x is good = a man n to t\* a woman1 b = fe> ( =nication let e man h 8 own wife10 ,i ,cor41 vii4 #a74 7b7 ,p] accid5s1 ?is s9 may be v5ial z foll[s3 fir/1 on acc\nt ( ! imp]fection ( delib]ation1 z :5 a p]son "u ! influ5ce ( liquor1 drugs or sleep acts ) only a p>tial realization ( :at he is do+1 especially if ! lewd (f5se has n occurr$ be=e2 secondly1 on acc\nt ( ! lightness ( ! matt]1 :5 ! lewd act is indirectly volunt>y & ! dang] remote 7see #bdif71 z :5 slight dang] is risk$ 9 gratify+ ! s5sual desire to gaze at a fam\s pa9t+1 or 9 yield+ to an impulse ( curiosity1 levity1 or playfulness1 to indulge 9 suitable recreations or ev5 unnecess>y conv]sations 9 :i* occur glances or t\*es t ar\se "s small degree ( sexual emotion4 ,7 mortal guilt ( impurity incurr$ 9 ^! in/ances1 v few c\ld rema9 free f x unless !re 0 a g5]al retirem5t into isolation4 ,b ev5 9 ! p] accid5s cases !re may be o!r mortal s9s 7e4g41 t ( drunk5ness or ( sc&al74 #beaf4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! s9s ( lewdness are only indirectly volunt>y1 & h5ce !y are mortal or v5ial accord+ to ! am\nt ( dang] to :i* "o exposes oneself4 ,no ironclad rules1 h[ev]1 c be giv5 to det]m9e univ]sally :at ?+s are gravely & :at slightly dang]\s1 s9ce ! =ce & direction ( concupisc5ce are n ! same 9 all p]sons4 ,"s p]sons are ov]sex$ or passionate1 o!rs are und]sex$ or cold2 "s h normal1 o!rs abnormal incl9ations 7e4g41 homosexuality1 sadism1 maso*ism1 sexual feti%ism7 9 matt]s v5]eal4 ,hyp]sexuality & abnormal sexuality are n 9 !mselves s9ful1 b are manife/ations ( t inord9ate concupisc5ce t is ! effect ( orig9al s9 &1 if yield$ to1 becomes ! cause ( actual s94 ,proximately !y may be due to disease4 ,b s9ce ^! subjective diff]5ces d exi/1 :at we %all set d[n 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs ab\t gravity & lightness ( dang] is to be und]/ood ( ! av]age or normal p]son & 9 ! ab/ract1 = x is impossible to consid] e individual case4 #beag4 ,circum/ances ,t ,increase or ,less5 ! ,dang] ( ,s94--7a7 ,! ,p]son ,act+4--,!re is less dang] be=e & aft] ?an dur+ pub]ty1 less = an invalid ?an = a p]son full ( heal?1 less = an inhabitant ( a cold region ?an = a dwell] 9 ! tropics1 less = "o habituat$ to suppress v5]eal passion 7e4g41 a ba*elor7 ?an = "o :o has be5 accu/om$ to indulge x 7e4g41 a wid[]71 less 9 "s cases = ! m>ri$ :o c lawfully enjoy sexual int]c\rse ?an = ! s+le :o _c4 ,famili>ity also c give a c]ta9 am\nt ( immunity 7e4g41 :]e nak$ ba?+ or nak$ /atu>y 9 public places is accord+ to cu/om1 ! natives are less di/urb$ by ^! ?+s ?an outsid]s74 ,^? :o "k 7)\t self-deception7 f _! exp]i5ce t c]ta9 ?+s excite !m v little d n run grave dang] 9 enc\nt]+ su* ?+s4 7b7 ,! ,p]son or ,be+ ,:o ,is ! ,object ( ! ,act4--,!re is less allurem5t 9 an animal ?an 9 a human1 less 9 a small ?an 9 a l>ge animal1 less 9 a repres5tation ?an 9 ! orig9al1 less 9 "y *ildr5 ?an 9 adults1 less 9 "o's own p]son or sex ?an 9 ano!r p]son or ! opposite sex1 less 9 an eld]ly or homely p]son ?an 9 "o :o is "y & attractive4 7c7 ,! ,s5se ,us$4--,he>+ 7&1 = a simil> reason1 read+7 is less dang]\s ?an sight1 = he>+ is ne>] to ! imman5t activities ( ?\ght & desire1 :ile sight has m ( an emanant "* 7e4g41 to he> or read ab\t an obsc5e act is f>!r remov$ f x1 & h5ce less s$uctive1 ?an to see x 9 picture or reality74 ,sight 9 turn is less dang]\s ?an t\*1 = sight is a m elevat$ & less mat]ial k9d ( p]ception1 be+ ex]cis$ by a cognitional1 n by a physical contact ) its object1 z is ! case ) t\* 7e4g41 to behold o!rs embrace is n s mov+ z to give or receive an embrace74 ,?us1 impure t\*es 7kisses1 embraces1 h&l+7 are ! mo/ dang]\s =m ( lewdness4 7d7 ,! ,s5se-,object ,act$ ,^u4--,! degree ( dang] corresponds ) ! approa* made to ! act ( g5]ation 7e4g41 smutty /ories are worse :5 !y deal ) consummat$ ?an ) non-consummat$ acts7 or to ! g5itals 7e4g41 impure t\*es are worse :5 direct$ to ! organs ( reproduction ?an to ! non-%ameful regions74 7e7 ,! ,mann]4--,!re is great] dang] :5 ! act is prolong$ ?an :5 x is mom5t>y1 :5 x is ard5t ?an :5 x is calm 7e4g41 a pass+ glance or peep at an obsc5e picture is n z dang]\s z a leisurely inspection1 a loose l9k+ ( arms n z dang]\s z a hug74 ,! m expos$ ! object ( attraction & ! m seclud$ ! p>ties !mselves1 ! great] ! dang] 7e4g41 love-mak+ betwe5 p>ties :o are n fully clo!d or :o are alone 9 ! d>k or 9 a clos$ & curta9$ room is m dang]\s ?an love-mak+ betwe5 ^? :o are prop]ly dress$ & seat$ among a cr[d ( p74 #beah4 ,cases ,:]e9 ! ,dang] ( ,s9 ,is ,grave or ,slight4--,a physician mu/ "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 mortal & non-mortal diseases1 & likewise a prie/ mu/ "k ! di/9ction betwe5 v>i\s k9ds ( spiritual leprosies4 ,b :5 c]ta9 cases are li/$ z less dang]\s1 ?is does n mean t !y are n dang]\s at all & t no acc\nt %\ld be tak5 ( !m4 ,especially 9 ! matt] ( impurity %\ld ! w>n+ ( ,scripture be rememb]$3 8,he t contemne? small ?+s %all fall by little & little0 7,ecclus41 xix4 #a74 ,) ?is 9 m9d1 we n[ subjo9 "s examples ( grave & slight dang] = cases 9 :i* a lewd act is indirectly volunt>y1 b is prompt$ only by curiosity1 joke1 levity or o!r su* insuffici5t reason4 7a7 ,spee*4--,dirty or sugge/ive /ories1 conv]sations1 songs1 music1 or radio ent]ta9m5ts are a grave dang] :5 ! p]sons pres5t are v impressionable 7e4g41 on acc\nt ( age or "*71 or if ! topic is utt]ly vile 7e4g41 descriptions ( fil?y or unnatural sex acts71 or if ! mann] is v s$uctive 7e4g41 ! t]ms us$ are unfit = polite society1 or ! /ory is v detail$1 or s9 is boa/$ ab\t1 or ! conv]sation is prolong$74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! dang] is light :5 ! p]sons pres5t are ( mature age & n /rongly incl9$ to impurity1 especially if ! topic & ! language are n v disgu/+2 b !re may be s]i\s s9 on acc\nt ( circum/ances1 z :5 ! speak] or approv+ li/5] is a p]son f :om good example is expect$4 ,obsc5e talk is g5]ally n a s]i\s s9 :5 ! p]sons are husb& & wife1 or a gr\p ( m>ri$ m5 or ( m>ri$ wom52 on ! contr>y1 x is g5]ally a s]i\s matt] :5 ! p]sons are a gr\p ( "y p ( ! same sex1 m s]i\s :5 !y are a mix$ gr\p1 & /ill m s]i\s :5 !y are a boy & a girl or a "y man & a "y woman4 ,! fact t ^? ( ! y\ng] g5]ation (t5 d n admit ?is1 does n *ange its abid+ tru?4 7b7 ,read+4--,! rem>ks made on spee* apply also to read+1 :i* is a k9d ( sil5t spee*4 ,a notewor?y diff]5ce betwe5 ! two 9 ! pres5t matt]1 h[ev]1 is t read+ is (t5 m dang]\s ?an conv]sation1 s9ce x is usually m protract$4 ,love lett]s & romances 7 once ! *ief temptation 9 ?is l9e1 b today !y seem mild 9 comp>ison ) ! supply ( pornography t is easily accessible to all 7e41g41 ! magaz9es & pap]s t p&] to deprav$ ta/es1 ! /ories & pseudo-sci5tific books t corrupt ! y\? ( e l&74 ,ev5 )\t grave dang] to self1 "o may /ill be guilty ( grave s9 9 read+ obsc5e books on acc\nt ( ! coop]ation ) ! v5dors ( immorality1 or ! sc&al1 or ! disob$i5ce !reby %[n to ! ,*ur* 7see #adee sqq41 #aebi1 #aecj74 7c7 ,looks4--,!re is g5]ally no dang] 9 a look at ! full nudity ( a small infant1 or at ! less becom+ p>ts ( a p]son ( ! same sex2 !re is g5]ally only slight dang] :5 ! object is ! privates ( self or ( ano!r ( ! same sex1 or ! coition ( animals1 unless ! gaze be fix$1 prolong$ & ! object ne>2 !re is grave dang] 9 behold+ a completely non-infant nak$ p]son ( ! opposite sex1 or ! coition or o!r grave ext]nal sex acts ( human be+s 7unless ! glance be brief or n att5tive71 or ev5 at times ! less becom+ p>ts ( ! opposite sex1 if ! look is v int5t & cont9u\s4 ,repres5tations ( ! bodily p>ts or acts j m5tion$ 7pictures1 draw+s1 diagrams1 etc47 h g5]ally ! same dang]s z ! orig9als1 ?\gh ! allurem5t 9 itself is less vivid2 circum/ances may ev5 make ! repres5tations equally or m dang]\s 7e4g41 on acc\nt ( a ?9 veil ( concealm5t 9 pa9t+s or sculpture t only increases ! attraction2 or on acc\nt ( ! sugge/ive music1 ! voluptu\s dance1 ! cr[d atmosph]e t accompanies an immoral sc5e on ! /age or scre574 ,! say+ ( ,osc> ,wilde t e/hetics are above e?ics is oppos$ bo? to morality 7s9ce all conduct %\ld be guid$ by reason7 & to art 7= ! highe/ beauty is t ( virtue & ! _s & purity74 7d7 ,t\*es4--,kisses are s]i\sly dang]\s to purity :5 w>mly or l+]+ly ex*ang$ betwe5 adults ( diff]5t sex :o are attract$ to "o ano!r z male & female2 9 o!r cases1 kisses1 if impress$ on dec5t p>ts ( ! body & 9 a dec5t mann]1 may be only slightly dang]\s4 ,hold+ or grasp+ betwe5 su* adults is also a s]i\s dang] :5 x is vehem5t 7e4g41 ! tight squeeze or hug ( c]ta9 dances7 or long 7e4g41 ! repeat$ or h\r-long fondl+ ( love-mak]s72 x is ( slight or no dang] 9 o!r cases1 z 9 ! cu/om>y h&clasp ( greet+1 ,h&l+ or feel+1 if pass+1 hurri$ or light1 is g5]ally n dang]\s1 :5 x has to d ) ! becom+ p>ts ( ano!r p]son1 or ) ! less becom+ p>ts ( a p]son ( ! same sex1 or ) p]sonal private p>ts2 x is only slightly dang]\s1 "u ! same conditions1 9 ref]5ce to ! v]5da ( animals or small infants2 x is gravely dang]\s :5 direct$ to ! privates ( ano!r p]son :o has pass$ infancy1 or to ! less becom+ p>ts ( a p]son ( opposite sex1 or to ! brea/s ( a woman1 unless x be entirely casual1 pass+1 or light4 ,tactile contact made "u ! clo?+ is ( c\rse m dang]\s ?an t :i* is ext]nal4 #beai4 ,! ,moral ,species ( ,lewdness4--7a7 ,!oretically1 x is m probable t ! imp]fect s9s ( impurity d n diff] f ! p]fect s9s to :i* !y t5d2 = ! natural circum/ances or antec$5ts ( an act h really ! same morality z ! act itself 7see #bdhf74 ,9 ! physical ord]1 ! fetus1 ! infant1 & ! *ild d n diff] ess5tially f ! full-gr[n man2 & likewise1 9 ! moral ord]1 ! ?\ght1 ! purpose & ! ext]nal beg9n+ d n diff] ess5tially f complet$ murd]1 ev5 ?\gh = "s reason ! act be n f9i%$4 ,h5ce1 immode/ words1 read+1 looks & t\*es belong to =nication1 or adult]y1 or ince/1 or sodomy1 accord+ to _! t5d5cy 7e4g41 to read an immode/ love /ory ) ano!r man's wife & to kiss h] is incipi5t adult]y1 &1 if ! guilty p]son has a v[ ( *a/ity1 x is also sacrilege74 ,b ! species is tak5 only f ! object1 n f ! purely accid5tal circum/ances1 su* z ! elicitive faculty 7e4g41 an immode/ look at ano!r does n diff] ess5tially f an immode/ t\*7 or ! int5sity 7e4g41 incomplete pleasure 9 t\*es by "o :o has n atta9$ pub]ty does n diff] ess5tially1 accord+ to "s1 f ! complet$ pleasure ( :i* he is capable74 ,moreov]1 x seems t1 9 reg>d to looks if n z reg>ds t\*1 ab/raction 7see #bejf7 is easily made by ! guilty p]son f v>i\s circum/ances2 = example1 "o :o looks immode/ly on a p]son consecrat$ to ,god1 may be ?9k+ only ( 8 unlawful love = a p]son ( ! o!r sex1 & s may be guilty ( incipi5t =nication1 b n ( sacrilege1 or he may be ?9k+1 )\t any affection = ! o!r p]son1 only ( 8 own pleasure1 & s may p]haps be guilty only ( incipi5t pollution4 ,a less probable op9ion makes lewdness a species ( s9 di/9ct f pollution & ! o!r consummat$ s9s4 7b7 ,practically1 p5it5ts %\ld confess t _! s9 0 indec5t & n complet$ lu/ 7su* z pollution71 & !y %\ld also confess :e!r ! lewdness 0 committ$ by spee*1 read+1 looks1 kisses1 embraces1 or t\*es2 & also ! object ( ! s91 :e!r male or female1 :e!r m>ri$ or s+le1 relative or non-relative1 etc4 ,o!rwise1 s9ce few p5it5ts "k h[ to di/+ui% ! moral species ( s9s1 !re w be great dang] ( incomplete confessions2 &1 moreov]1 ! additional s9s usually committ$ 9 cases ( lewdness 7e4g41 sc&als1 inju/ices1 & bad company keep+7 w n be disclos$4 ,if a consummat$ s9 ( =nication1 pollution1 etc41 foll[$ ! indec5cy1 ?is consummat$ s9 %\ld be confess$ di/9ctly4 ,simil>ly1 ^? :o expose1 incite or tempt o!rs to impure ?\ghts or to lewdness 9 ^w1 read+1 looks1 kisses or t\*es1 %\ld confess ! k9d ( s9 !y int5d$ 7see #adig71 ev5 ?\gh _! purpose fail$1 :e!r x 0 incipi5t =nication1 sacrilege1 sodomy1 etc4 ,b "s au?ors admit a g5]ic confession 79 :i* ! p5it5t m]ely /ates t he s9n$ mortally or v5ially1 z ! case 01 by indec5cy71 if ! lewdness 0 solit>y1 or 0 committ$ ) ano!r b c]ta9ly )\t sc&al or lu/ful desire ( ! o!r p]son4 #bebj4 ,! ,consummat$ ,s9s ( ,impurity4--,!re are 9 all sev5 species ( complet$ acts ( impurity4 7a7 ,?us1 "s s9s ( impurity are aga9/ reason because !y d n obs]ve ! ends ( sexual int]c\rse4 ,^! ends are1 fir/1 ! begett+ ( *ildr5 7to :i* is oppos$ unnatural impurity71 &1 secondly1 ! re>+ ( *ildr5 7to :i* is oppos$ =nication74 7b7 ,o!r s9s ( impurity are aga9/ reason because !y violate a "r ( ! p]son ) :om int]c\rse is _h 7ince/71 or ( a ?ird p>ty to :om t p]son belongs4 ,if ! ?ird p>ty is injur$ 9 conjugal rights1 !re is adult]y2 if 9 p>5tal rights1 !re is defloration or rape1 accord+ z ! injury is done )\t or ) =ce2 if 9 religi\s rights1 !re is sacrilege4 ,?is second category ( s9s is class$ "u impurity r ?an "u inju/ice1 because ! purpose ( ! guilty p]son & 8 act belong to v5]eal s94 #beba4 ,comp>ative ,malice ( ! ,s9s ( ,consummat$ ,lu/4--7a7 ,9 ! abuse ( an act1 ! wor/ evil is ! disreg>d ( :at nature itself det]m9es z ! fundam5tals ^u :i* all else dep5ds1 j z 9 speculative matt]s ! wor/ error is t :i* goes a/ray ab\t fir/ pr9ciples4 ,n[1 ! prime dictates ( nature z to sexual int]c\rse are t x s]ve ! race & ! family4 ,h5ce1 ! s9 ( unnatural lu/ 7:i* injures ! race by defeat+ its propagation7 & ! s9 ( ince/ 7:i* injures ! family by (f5d+ piety7 are ! wor/ ( c>nal vices4 7b7 ,9 ! abuse ( an act a less] evil is t :i* obs]ves ! natural fundam5tals1 b disreg>ds :at "r reason tea*es ab\t ?+s second>y1 9 ! mann] ( p]=m+ ! act4 ,b reason requires t 9 sexual int]c\rse ! rights ( ! individual be respect$4 ,a mo/ s]i\s violation ( individual "r is adult]y1 :i* usurps ! "r ( int]c\rse belong+ to ano!r2 next 9 gravity is rape1 :i* viol5tly seizes = lu/ a p]son "u ! c>e ( ano!r or undefil$2 next is defloration1 :i* trespasses on ! "r ( gu>dian%ip1 or removes bodily virg9ity1 b )\t viol5ce2 la/ among ^! s9s is =nication1 :i* is an injury done n to ! liv+1 b to ! unborn4 #bebb4 ,multiplication ( ,s9s ( ,lu/4--,! v>i\s k9ds ( lu/ may be comb9$ 9 "o & ! same act1 z :5 unnatural vice 7e4g41 sodomy7 is practis$ ) a relative 7ince/74 ,sacrilege1 ( c\rse1 aggravates e o!r k9d ( c>nal s91 & ?us !re is sacrilegi\s sodomy1 sacrilegi\s adult]y1 sacrilegi\s ince/1 etc4 #bebc4 ,=nication4--,=nication is ! copulation ( an unm>ri$ man ) an unm>ri$ woman :o is n a virg94 7a7 ,x is copulation1 or sexual int]c\rse suit$ = g5]ation ( *ildr54 ,?us1 x diff]s f lewdness1 :i* consi/s 9 unconsummat$ acts1 & f sodomitic int]c\rse1 :i* is consummat$ b unsuit$ = g5]ation4 ,onanism is an aggravat+ circum/ance ( =nication1 or r a new s9 ( unnatural int]c\rse4 7b7 ,x is committ$ by unm>ri$ p]sons1 & ?us x diff]s f adult]y4 7c7 ,x is committ$ ) a woman1 & is ?us di/+ui%$ f sodomy4 7d7 ,x is committ$ ) a woman :o is n a virg91 & ?us diff]s f defloration4 #bebd4 ,s9fulness ( ,=nication4--,x is ( fai? t =nication is a mortal s94 7a7 ,?us1 x is gravely =bidd5 by ! div9e positive law4 ,h5ce1 :ores & :oremong]s are an abom9ation to ! ,"l 7,deut41 xxiii4 #ag72 =nicators are wor?y ( dea? 7,rom41 i4 #bi-cb71 !y %all n ent] ! k+dom ( ,god 7,gal41 ,v4 #ai-ba2 ,eph41 v4 #e2 ,heb41 xiii4 #d2 ,apoc41 xxi4 #h74 ,! ,fa!rs tea* t =nication is a grave crime 7,/4 ,fulg5tius71 & t x br+s condemnation on ! guilty p]son 7,/4 ,*ryso/om74 ,! decl>ations ( ! ,*ur* on ! evil ( ?is s9 are f\nd 9 ! ,c\ncil ( ,vi5ne & 9 ! c5sures ( ,alex&] ,,vii & ,innoc5t ,,xi 7,d5z+]1 nn4 #dgg1 #aabe1 #aaih74 7b7 ,=nication is gravely =bidd5 by ! natural law4 ,= x is s]i\sly aga9/ reason to cause an injury to ! entire life ( ano!r human be+2 b =nication does ?is v ?+ by depriv+ ! unborn *ild ( its natural rights to legitimacy1 to ! protection ( bo? p>5ts1 & to education 9 ! home circle4 ,true1 9 "s cases !re may be no prospect ( a *ild1 or !re may be provision = its prop] re>+2 b ^! cases are ! exception1 s9ce =nication f its nature t5ds to ! neglect ( ! *ild1 & ! morality ( acts mu/ be judg$1 n by ! exceptional & accid5tal1 b by ! usual & natural4 ,^? :o commit =nication are ?9k+ ( _! own pleasure r ?an ( duty1 & w g5]ally %irk ! difficult burd5s ( p>5?ood4 ,society also w\ld be gravely w\nd$ if unm>ri$ int]c\rse 7 at any "t lawful4 ,h5ce1 ,/4 ,paul reproves ! pagans1 ?\gh ignorant ( ,scripture1 = _! s9s ( =nication 7,i ,cor41 vi4 #i-aa2 ,eph41 v4 #a-f71 s9ce reason itself %\ld h taught !m ! unlawfulness ( ?is practice4 ,x seems1 ?\gh1 t inv9cible ignorance ( ! wrong ( =nication is possible among v rude or b>b>\s p1 s9ce ! injury to ! neighbor does n %[ itself s cle>ly 9 ?is s9 z 9 _m o!rs4 #bebe4 ,=nication ,comp>$ ) ,o!r ,s9s4--7a7 ,x is less s]i\s ?an ^? t (f5d a div9e good 7e4g41 unbelief1 despair1 hatr$ ( ,god1 irreligion71 or human life 7e4g41 abortion71 or ! human goods ( ^? already 9 be+ 7e4g41 adult]y74 7b7 ,x is m s]i\s ?an s9s t (f5d only an ext]nal good 7e4g41 !ft71 or t are oppos$ only to dec5cy 9 ! m>riage /ate 7e4g41 unbecom+ kisses ( husb& & wife74 #bebf4 ,circum/ances ( ,=nication4--7a7 ,circum/ances t aggravate ! malice are ! condition ( ! p]son ) :om ! s9 is committ$ 7e4g41 t ! female is a wid[1 or ! employee ( ! man1 or 8 w>d1 or a m9or74 7b7 ,circum/ances t add a new malice to =nication are ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,?us1 previ\s circum/ances are ! di/9ct desires ( ! s9 ent]ta9$ be=eh&1 ! solicitation & sc&al ( ! o!r p>ty or p>ties ) :om ! s9 0 committ$2 concomitant circum/ances are ! quality ( ! p]sons 7e4g41 =nication is sacrilegi\s if "o ( ! p>ties is consecrat$ to ,god1 & also1 accord+ to "s1 if "o p>ty is a ,*ri/ian & ! o!r an infidel2 x is unju/ if "o ( ! c\ple is betro!d to a ?ird p>ty71 or ! quality ( ! act itself 7e4g41 if x is p]=m$ onani/ically1 ?\gh pollution may be excus$ if x results accid5tally f ! good purpose to discont9ue ! s9ful act72 subsequ5t circum/ances are injury done to ! p>tn] 9 s9 7e4g41 by refusal to pay ! support or re/itution due7 or to ! (fspr+ 7e4g41 by exposure1 abortion1 neglect74 ,:e!r ! =nication ( an engag$ p]son ) a ?ird p>ty is a di/9ct species ( s9 is disput$4 7a7 ,accord+ to "s1 x is a di/9ct species1 or at lea/ a =m ( adult]y on acc\nt ( ! infidelity4 7b7 ,accord+ to o!rs1 x is a di/9ct species if ! guilty p>ty is ! woman1 b n if x is ! man1 = ! infidelity ( ! =m] is a f> m s]i\s matt] ?an ! infidelity ( ! latt]4 7c7 ,accord+ to /ill o!rs1 x is nev] a di/9ct species1 s9ce engagem5t to m>ry is a dissoluble agreem5t & ! injury to ! contract is !re=e n a notable "o4 ,9 ?is la/ op9ion ! mann] ( ! s9 is an aggravat+ circum/ance1 n a di/9ct species t has to be decl>$ 9 confession4 #bebg4 ,=ms ( ,=nication4--,!re are ?ree special =ms ( =nication1 :i* are all ! same ess5tially1 b :i* diff] accid5tally 9 malice or 9 results4 7a7 ,?us1 ord9>y =nication is t :i* is committ$ ) a woman :o is nei!r a h>lot nor a concub9e4 ,?is s9 is 9 itself ! lea/ grave ( ! ?ree1 s9ce x is n s h>mful z :oremong]+1 nor s endur+ z concub9age4 ,ord9>y =nication also has its degrees ( bad & worse3 ?us1 engag$ p]sons :o s9 toge!r habitually are worse ?an ^? :o s9 only occasionally1 & circum/ances su* z artificial onanism & abortion add to ! guilt4 7b7 ,:oremong]+ is =nication committ$ ) a h>lot1 t is1 ) a woman :o makes a bus9ess ( illicit int]c\rse & hires h]self out = pay to all com]s4 ,r>ely does a h>lot *oose h] life f passion or love1 b is dragg$ 9 by :ite slav]s1 or ent]s f pov]ty1 or aft] disgrace1 or ! l4 ,?is s9 is worse ?an ord9>y =nication f ! viewpo9t ( propagation1 s9ce few h>lots become mo!rs4 ,b its mo/ dire consequ5ces are visit$ on ! guilty p]sons !mselves & on society3 = ! life ( a pro/itute is a mo/ degrad+ slav]y2 to h] patrons %e communicates ! mo/ t]rible diseases1 :i* are !n c>ri$ to innoc5t wives & *ildr51 & to ! innoc5t %e (t5 becomes a cause ( ru91 seek+ h] trade 9 ! /reets & public places4 ,today1 accord+ to reliable newspap] reports1 _m m5 & wom5 h become ri* 9 ! t]rible bus9ess kn[n z ! :ite-slave traffic4 ,?is horrible abuse has gr[n into a va/ int]national ma*9e :i* is effici5tly organiz$1 & :i* pr(its n only f pro/itution1 b f _m o!r k9ds ( crime4 ,! patrons ( bro!ls1 !re=e1 coop]ate ) ! cry+ inju/ice t is (t5 done ! fall5 woman1 & ) ! crim9als :o de/roy s\ls & bodies = _! own advantage4 7c7 ,free love is =nication committ$ ) "o's concub9e1 t is1 ) a woman :o is n a public h>lot b :o has contract$ ) "o man = habitual sexual int]c\rse z if !y 7 man & wife4 ,accord+ to reports1 ?is is q common 9 ,europe1 :]e lawful m>riage is v (t5 prec$$ by free unions4 ,! trial m>riage advocat$ by "s 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 :i* p>am\rs agree to live toge!r z husb& & wife = a c]ta9 t]m ( ye>s or at pleasure1 also falls "u ! category ( concub9age4 ,?is s9 is worse ?an m]e :oremong]+ 9 "o respect1 namely1 t x includes ! purpose to cont9ue 9 ! /ate ( s91 at lea/ = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t4 ,moreov]1 !re is (t5 ! public sc&al & contempt = public op9ion :i* o!r k9ds ( =nication may be free f4 ,"o :o practises concub9age is liv+ 9 a proximate occasion ( s91 & h5ce he _c be absolv$ unless he dismisses ! concub9e1 if !y cohabit1 or agrees to keep away f h]1 if !y d n cohabit4 #bebh4 ,! ,/ate & ,places ( ,pro/itution4--,x is cle> t civil gov]nm5t has no "r to support or provide places ( pro/itution1 or to give p]mission = its practice1 s9ce =nication is intr9sically evil4 ,b :at %\ld be said ( tol]ation or lic5se giv5 to pro/itutes by ! public au?ority8 7a7 ,!oretically1 ! civil p[] has ! "r to give tol]ation or lic5se2 =1 if ! common welf>e w suff] f a great] evil unless a less] evil is suff]$ to g on1 ! less] evil %\ld be endur$1 & x is c]ta9 t !re are great] evils ?an pro/itution 7su* z rape & unnatural crimes ( lu/74 7b7 ,practically1 ! "q is op5 to dispute4 ,old] morali/s held t tol]ation 0 actually m b5eficial to ! common good ?an suppression4 ,b "u ! conditions ( ! pres5t "t _m morali/s ?9k x is a mi/ake to give any recognition to pro/itutes1 & mu* less to h\ses ( pro/itution4 ,ev5 9 l>ge cities1 :]e alone ! lic5se c\ld be b5eficial1 ! purposes ( tol]ation are n fulfill$2 = ! moral evil seems to be great]1 s9ce an appe>ance ( legality is giv5 to pro/itution1 its practice is facilitat$1 its habitats become d5s ( e k9d ( iniquity1 & ! purpose ( segregation is n realiz$2 ! physical evils also are n less5$1 b p]haps increas$1 = ev5 ) m$ical inspection ( pro/itutes1 syphilis & gonorrhea _c be prev5t$4 #bebi4 ,defloration & ,rape4--,defloration & rape are di/9ct species ( lu/1 = ea* ( !m 9 its v concept includes a special & notable de=mity n f\nd 9 o!r species ( impurity4 7a7 ,defloration is unlawful c>nal k ( a woman :o is virg9al 9 body 7#adhh a74 ,x has ! special de=mity ( depriv+ ! woman ( ! physical integrity t is mo/ highly priz$ among all ! unm>ri$ ( h] sex1 or at lea/ ( h] own self-respect1 & ( sett+ h] on ! way to become a /rumpet r ?an an honorable wife or sp9/]4 ,"s au?ors d n consid] defloration a special s9 unless x is done by viol5ce1 or unless injury is done ! p>5tal "r ov] ! virg92 & ev5 ! au?ors :o consid] un=c$ defloration a special s9 hold t ! new or additional malice 9 x is slight & v5ial1 & !re=e n a necess>y matt] ( confession4 ,! fir/ s9 ( =nication by a male is n a special s91 because ! consequ5ces are n s s]i\s = ! man z = ! woman1 b ( c\rse s$uction is always a special s91 :e!r ! injur$ p>ty be male or female4 7b7 ,rape is physical or moral co]cion 7i4e41 =ce or fe>7 employ$ aga9/ any p]son 7male or female1 m>ri$ or s+le1 pure or corrupt71 or aga9/ 8 or h] gu>dians1 to compel him or h] to an act ( lu/4 ,x has ! special de=mity ( inflict+ bodily injury on ! p]son ravi%$4 ,! s9 ( rape %\ld n be confus$ ) ! canonical crime ( rape1 :i* consi/s 9 abduction1 & :i* is an imp$im5t to m>riage 7,canon #ajgd72 nor ) s$uction1 z :5 an innoc5t p]son is deceiv$ into believ+ t an act ( impurity is lawful1 or is trick$ into s9 by false promises ( m>riage4 ,equival5t to rape is ! c>nal k ( a p]son drugg$1 hypnotiz$1 or o!rwise unconsci\s1 or ! s$uction ( an infant4 ,a p]son :o is ravi%$ is oblig$ to d5y all cons5t int]nally1 & to resi/ or make outcry :5 ?is is possible 7see #bdig a74 #becj4 ,adult]y4--,adult]y is also a di/9ct species ( lu/4--7a7 ,def9ition4--,adult]y is sexual int]c\rse ) ! husb& or wife ( ano!r4 ,if ! s9 is committ$ only 9 desire1 !re is m5tal adult]y2 if ! p>am\rs all[ !mselves unlawful famili>ities )\t int]c\rse1 or if a m>ri$ p]son is guilty ( solit>y lu/1 !re is imp]fect adult]y4 7b7 ,s9fulness ( ,adult]y4--,adult]y is a grave s91 s9ce x is an act ( impurity & is expressly =bidd5 9 ! six? comm&m5t 7,exod41 xx4 #ad71 & is class$ among ! s9s t exclude f ! k+dom ( heav5 7,i ,cor41 vi4 #i1 #aj74 ,x is a special s91 because x is a violation ( ! fai? pl$g$ 9 ! contract & ,sacram5t ( ,matrimony1 & an injury to ! "r ( "o's sp\se & ( ! conjugal /ate 7,matt41 xix4 #e2 ,rom41 vii4 #c2 ,i ,cor41 vii4 #ci74 ,ev5 ?\gh a husb& gives 8 wife p]mission to commit adult]y or vice v]sa1 ! inju/ice rema9s1 = ?\gh ! individual is n =mally injur$1 ! m>ri$ /ate is injur$1 s9ce no m>ri$ p]son has ! "r to give a p]mission oppos$ to ! sacr$ness ( ! m>riage v[s 7,d5z+]1 n4 #abjj74 7c7 ,degrees ( ,malice4--,!re are ?ree degrees ( malice 9 adult]y4 ,! fir/ is t 9 :i* a m>ri$ man s9s ) a s+le woman2 ! second t 9 :i* a m>ri$ woman s9s ) a s+le man2 ! ?ird t 9 :i* a m>ri$ man s9s ) ano!r man's wife4 ,! second is worse ?an ! fir/1 on acc\nt ( its consequ5ces 7e4g41 /]ility1 unc]ta9ty ( pat]nity1 re>+ ( an illegitimate *ild 9 ! family72 ! ?ird is worse ?an ! second1 because 9 addition to ! consequ5ces j m5tion$1 x conta9s a d\ble inju/ice 7viz41 unfai?fulness to an innoc5t wife & unfai?fulness to an innoc5t husb&71 & x multiplies ! s94 ,if an adult]]'s husb& or wife is also unfai?ful1 ! inju/ice is less5$1 b n remov$2 = n m]ely ! two m>ri$ p]sons are to be consid]$1 b also ! *ildr51 ! family1 society1 & ,god2 & ! wrong done by "o ( ! p>ties does n take away ! "r to fidelity pl$g$ absolutely to all ( ^! 9 m>riage4 7d7 ,effects4--,! p>ty ^: m>riage rights h be5 injur$ by adult]y 0 p]mitt$ "u "s =m] civil codes to kill a wife tak5 9 adult]y4 ,b su* laws 7 aga9/ ju/ice & *>ity3 aga9/ ju/ice s9ce no guilty p]son %\ld be put to dea? unhe>d1 & no injur$ p]son %\ld be judge & accus] 9 8 own case2 aga9/ *>ity1 s9ce by su* summ>y v5geance ! adult]ess w\ld be s5t to dea? 9 ! mid/ ( s9 & )\t opportunity = rep5tance4 ,! rem$ies ( ,canon ,law = ! innoc5t sp\se w be not$ bel[ 7#bedb74 #beca4 ,ince/4--,ince/ is impurity committ$ ) a p]son relat$ to "o )9 ! degrees 9 :i* m>riage is =bidd54 7a7 ,x is impurity1 int]nal or ext]nal4 ,int]nal desires are m5tal ince/1 :ile ext]nal unconsummat$ 7e4g41 kisses7 or consummat$ 7e4g41 int]c\rse7 acts are actual ince/4 7b7 ,x is committ$ ) a relative1 t is1 ) a p]son1 male or female1 :o is ne> to "o by ! tie ( common ance/ry 7blood relation%ip1 k9%ip1 consangu9ity71 or ( m>riage to "o's k9 7m>riage relation%ip1 aff9ity71 or ( sacram5tal adm9i/ration 7spiritual relation%ip71 or ( adoption 7legal relation%ip74 ,alias species cognationis non p]t95t ad ince/um1 s$ novam aliquam malitiam possunt tribu]e2 v4g41 si p>tes sunt p>o*us et p>o*iana1 confess>ius et po5it5s1 habetur sc&alum1 s$uctio4 7c7 ,! relation%ip is )9 ! canonical degrees4 ,?us1 m>riage betwe5 blood relatives is =bidd5 9 all degrees ( ! direct l9e 7e4g41 z to all female ance/ry & po/]ity ( a man7 & 9 ! fir/ ?ree degrees ( ! collat]al l9e1 :i* includes1 = a man1 8 si/]s1 nieces1 gr&nieces1 aunts1 fir/ & second c\s9s1 gr& aunts & _! daught]s & gr&daught]s4 ,m>riage betwe5 ^? :o are relatives-9-law is =bidd5 9 all degrees ( ! direct l9e 7e4g41 z to wife's "m1 daught]1 etc47 & 9 ! fir/ two degrees ( ! collat]al l9e 7e4g41 wife's si/]1 fir/ c\s91 aunt or niece74 ,spiritual relation%ip :i* is imp$i5t ( m>riage exi/s betwe5 a p]son baptiz$ & 8 baptiz]1 & also betwe5 ! god-*ild & ! god-p>5t 9 baptism4 ,legal relation%ip exi/s betwe5 ! adopt] & ! adopt$1 :5 & z ! civil law makes x a b> to m>riage4 7d7 ,ince/ is committ$ )9 ! =bidd5 degrees1 & h5ce if a disp5sation f an imp$im5t ( relation%ip _h be5 grant$ to p>ties ab\t to m>ry1 a s9 betwe5 !m w\ld n be ince/u\s4 #becb4 ,ince/ z a ,di/9ct ,species ( ,s94--7a7 ,!re is a specific di/9ction betwe5 ince/ & o!r =ms ( lu/1 s9ce ince/ violates n only purity1 b also ! piety & respect due ea* o!r by ^? :o are s closely relat$ z to be unable to contract a lawful m>riage4 ,nature itself abhors ?is s92 =1 ap>t f ! exceptional cases 9 :i* a disp5sation is giv51 ev5 lawful m>riage ) ne> relatives w\ld be an inc5tive to _m s9s be=e m>riage & w\ld prev5t ! wid5+ circle ( fri5d%ips betwe5 mank9d :i* m>riage ) non-relatives produces1 & w\ld cause a physical & m5tal enfeeblem5t ( ! race4 ,9 ,scripture ince/ is spok5 ( ) peculi> horror z a nef>i\s de$ des]v+ ( dea? 7,lev41 xx4 #aa sqq471 & z an act unwor?y ev5 ( pagans 7,i ,cor41 v4 #a sqq474 7b7 ,!re are ?ree di/9ct sub-species ( ince/1 namely1 natural ince/ 7betwe5 k9 by blood or m>riage71 spiritual ince/ 7betwe5 ! baptiz$ & 8 baptiz] or god-p>5t71 & legal ince/ 7betwe5 p]sons :o are k9 9 virtue ( #h1 m>riage-imp$+ adoption74 ,! fir/ violates piety due to natural orig91 ! second t due to spiritual orig91 & ! ?ird t due to legal orig94 ,& 9 ea* species ! ne>] ! relation%ip1 ! great] ! s9 7e4g41 ince/ ) a si/]-9-law is less ?an t ) a si/]1 ince/ ) a si/] is less ?an t ) a "m74 #becc4 ,c>nal ,sacrilege4--,c>nal sacrilege is ! violation by an act ( impurity ( ! sacr$ness ( a p]son1 place or ?+4 7a7 ,x is a violation ( sacr$ness1 & ?us x is a special s91 add+ irreligion to lu/ 7see #bcjh sqq474 7b7 ,x is an act ( impurity1 int]nal or ext]nal1 consummat$ or non-consummat$4 ,! impurity1 h[ev]1 mu/ be s relat$ to t :i* is sacr$ z to treat its sanctity ) injury or contempt 7=mal disrespect71 & !re is no sacrilege if ! impurity is associat$ ) some?+ holy 9 su* a way z n to %[ any notable irrev]5ce 7mat]ial disrespect74 7c7 ,its fir/ species is p]sonal sacrilege1 & x is committ$ by a sacr$ p]son 7see #bcji7 :5 he is impure int]nally or ext]nally1 or by a non-sacr$ p]son :5 9 desire or act he commits impurity ) a sacr$ p]son4 ,if two sacr$ p]sons s9 toge!r1 !re is a d\ble sacrilege1 :i* multiplies ! s94 7d7 ,its second species is local sacrilege1 & is committ$ :5 an impure act is done 9 a sacr$ place 7#bcaa7 9 su* a way z to %[ =mal disrespect4 ,h5ce1 consummat$ acts done 9 a *ur* are sacrilegi\s1 & ! same is probably true ( non-consummat$ acts1 at lea/ if !y are ( an enorm\s k9d 7e4g41 a lascivi\s dance71 & ev5 ( int]nal desires to s9 9 ! sacr$ place4 ,b impure ?\ghts or pass+ glances ( pruri5t curiosity 9 a *ur* are n sacrilegi\s4 7e7 ,its ?ird species is real sacrilege1 & x occurs :5 impurity is committ$ 9 su* a way z to %[ =mal disrespect to a sacr$ object 7#bcaa74 ,h5ce1 !re is sacrilege ( ?is k9d :5 "o commits impurity imm$iately aft] ,communion1 or :5 "o uses ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance z a means to solicit impurity4 ,b ! fact t a p]son commits impurity :ile we>+ a scapul> is n sacrilegi\s1 unless contempt = ! scapul> 0 int5d$4 #becd4 ,unnatural ,lu/4--,wor/ among ! s9s ( impurity1 z su*1 are crimes ( unnatural lu/1 = !y ex]cise ! sexual act1 n only illicitly1 b also 9 a mann] t defeats its purpose ( reproduction4 ,9 "s non-v5]eal respects1 h[ev]1 natural s9s ( impurity may be worse ?an ! unnatural2 = example1 adult]y is worse z reg>ds inju/ice1 sacrilegi\s lu/ z reg>ds irreligion1 etc4 ,!re are f\r di/9ct species ( unnatural impurities-- pollution1 unnatural coition1 sodomy1 be/iality 7see ,d5z+]1 n4 #aabd74 7a7 ,= procreation nature requires copulation1 & h5ce pollution is unnatural1 = x ex]cises sem9ation )\t copulation1 ei!r alone 7self-abuse1 solit>y vice1 ma/urbation7 or ) ano!r 7s(tness74 7b7 ,= procreation nature requires prop] copulation1 t is1 "o t w p]mit ( a f]tile union betwe5 ! two life elem5ts1 ! sp]ma & ! ovum4 ,h5ce1 unnatural coition does n comply ) ?is necessity1 = x does n employ ! prop] organ ( sexual union1 sub/itut+ rectal = vag9al int]c\rse1 or else by "s =m ( natural or artificial onanism x fru/rates ! act ( its de/9$ conclusion4 ,?is s9 is worse ?an pollution1 s9ce pollution omits to use int]c\rse1 :]eas unnatural coition positively abuses x4 7c7 ,= procreation nature requires het]osexual int]c\rse1 a condition disreg>d$ by sodomy1 :i* is ! lu/ful comm]ce ( male ) male 7p$]a/y1 uranism71 or ( female ) female 7tribadism1 sapphism1 ,lesbian love74 ,?is s9 is worse ?an unnatural coition1 = x is a great] p]v]sity to neglect "o ( ! two ne$$ life elem5ts ?an to neglect ! "r process = _! union 7see ,g541 xix4 #bd1 #be2 ,lev41 xx4 #ac2 ,rom41 i4 #bf1 #bg74 7d7 ,f9ally1 = procreation nature requires homog5e\s int]c\rse1 a law violat$ by be/iality1 :i* is coition ( a human be+1 male or female1 ) a brute animal4 ,?is is ! wor/ ( unnatural impurities1 s9ce x s9s aga9/ ! mo/ fundam5tal condition = ! sexual act1 namely1 t ! p>ticipants be ( ! same nature 7see ,lev41 xx4 #ae1 #af74 ,simil> to be/iality is ! crime ( necrophilism 7int]c\rse ) a corpse74 #bece4 ,pollution4--,pollution is ! volunt>y emission ( sem5 ap>t f coition4 7a7 ,x is an emission1 t is an ext]nal dis*>ge4 ,! int]nal secretion 9 ! s-call$ female sem9ation is also includ$ by _m "u ! head ( pollution4 ,! c>nal motions spok5 ( 9 #bdig b are a prep>ation = pollution4 7b7 ,x is a dis*>ge ( sem51 t is1 ( ! male fluid t f]tilizes ! female ovum4 ,b equival5t pollution1 f ! moral viewpo9t1 is f\nd 9 ! dis*>ge ( c]ta9 non-prolific fluids t are accessory to g5]ation or t produce 9 _! movem5t a v5]eal satisfaction1 su* z ! vag9al fluid 9 females 7female sem9ation71 ! ure?ral fluid 9 males capable or incapable ( procreation 7di/illation74 ,!re is no pollution1 h[ev]1 9 natural dis*>ges su* z m5/ruation & ur9ation4 7c7 ,x is ap>t f coition1 & ?us x diff]s f o!r consummat$ s9s4 ,b pollution may be committ$ ei!r alone 7solit>y vice71 or ) ano!r1 & 9 ! latt] case x p]ta9s r$uctively to adult]y1 =nication1 sodomy1 etc41 z ! case may be4 7d7 ,x is volunt>y directly or indirectly3 directly1 :5 "o int5ds x z an end 7e4g41 = ! sake ( ! pleasure7 or z a means 7e4g41 z a relief f temptation or bodily it*+1 to obta9 a specim5 ( sem5 = m$ical diagnosis72 indirectly1 :5 "o unju/ifiably does some?+ f :i* "o =esees t pollution w result4 ,9 all ^! cases pollution is =mal or s9ful1 & x is n to be confus$ ) mat]ial or natural pollution1 :i* is a dis*>ge ( sem5 or di/illation t is involunt>y or unimputable4 #becf4 ,cases ( ,mat]ial or ,non-,s9ful ,pollution4--7a7 ,involunt>y pollution is passive or active4 ,! =m] happ5s ev5 :5 "o is awake4 ,x is evok$ by su* slight causes z physical movem5t & ex]tion1 & is unaccompani$ by pleasure2 :5 habitual1 x is a disease due to organic debility ,! latt] happ5s dur+ sleep1 & may be caus$ by a sup]fluity ( fluid4 ,x is accompani$ by pleasure & (t5 by libid9\s dreams4 ,x is a means us$ by nature to relieve ! sy/em1 & is !re=e heal?ful & b5eficial1 unless ! dis*>ges are too frequ5t 7e4g41 nightly74 ,!re is no obligation ( repress+ ! cont9uance ( a pollution t began involunt>ily dur+ sleep1 s9ce x may be reg>d$ z an act ( nature2 b cons5t mu/ be )held 7#bdih sqq474 ,moreov]1 if m]ely natural pollution be consid]$1 n z to its v5]eal gratification b solely z to its good effects 7e4g41 t x ends a temptation1 t x b5efits ! m9d or ! heal?71 !re is no s9 9 rejoic+ at its accompli%m5t or 9 desir+ its fulfillm5t1 provid$ no?+ is done to produce x & ! int5tion is good2 = !n ! object ( ! w is indiff]5t & ! end is good4 7b7 ,unimputable pollution is caus$ by a lawful act f :i* "o =esees t pollution w ensue1 !re be+ no proximate dang] ( cons5t to s91 & ! pollution be+ only p]mitt$1 & t = a proportionately grave reason4 #becg4 ,unimputable ,pollution4--,9 ref]5ce to unimputable pollution ! foll[+ di/9ctions %\ld be not$3 7a7 ! dang] risk$ by an act may be ei!r ( =mal pollution 7i4e41 ) cons5t to s97 or ( mat]ial pollution 7i4e41 )\t cons5t to s972 7b7 ! dang] ( pollution is ei!r proximate or remote1 ! =m] be+ t f :i* pollution naturally & usually results & ! latt] t f :i* x does n naturally or usually result4 ,remotely dang]\s are acts ( a non-v5]eal k9d1 su* z horseback rid+1 gymna/ics1 dr9k+ alcoholic bev]ages1 & also acts ( a sexual k9d t are only mildly excit+1 su* z conv]sations or books t are slightly 8(f color0 :5 ! p>ties are ( mature age 7see #beag1 #beah74 ,proximately dang]\s are acts ( a v5]eal k9d t notably inflame passion1 su* z w>m & l+]+ kisses betwe5 p]sons ( opposite sexes 7see #beag1 #beah72 7c7 ! reason = runn+ ! dang] ( pollution is ei!r grave1 s]i\s1 or slight4 ,a grave reason is real necessity 7e4g41 ! removal ( disease or pa9 or ( a v pa9ful or tr\blesome it* due to ! blood or disease7 or great utility 7e4g41 ! pres]vation ( heal?1 cleanl9ess ( body72 a s]i\s reason is an important conv5i5ce ( s\l or body 7e4g41 ! ex]cise ( common polit5ess1 ! enjoym5t ( reasonable com=t72 a slight reason is "o 9 :i* none ( ! m5tion$ motives is f\nd 7e4g41 ! satisfaction ( an idle curiosity1 ! removal ( a trifl+ irritation or it*74 #bech4 ,proximate & ,remote ,occasions ( ,pollution4--,x is nev] lawful to expose oneself to ! imm$iate dang] ( s91 = he :o loves ! dang] loves ! s9 7see #beh1 #bfj72 b if "o uses means to make ! dang] remote1 "o may lawfully enc\nt] x = a good reason 7see #beh1 #bfj1 #bfa74 ,x is lawful to p]mit an evil effect :5 !re is suffici5t ju/ification accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( d\ble effect 7see #ajc sqq474 7a7 ,h5ce1 if !re is proximate dang] ( =mal pollution 7t is1 ( cons5t to s971 no reason excuses an act ev5 ( a non-sexual k9d1 su* z horseback rid+4 ,b if ! act is necess>y1 ! dang] mu/ be made remote by ! use ( special means1 su* z pray]1 firm resolves1 etc4 7see #bdig sqq474 7b7 ,if !re is proximate dang] ( mat]ial pollution1 a grave reason suffices 7e4g41 ! c>e ( pati5ts by physicians & nurses1 assi/ance ( ba!rs by att5dants1 w>m soporific dr9ks tak5 = ! sake ( sleep74 7c7 ,if !re is remote dang] ( mat]ial pollution1 a s]i\s reason suffices 7e4g41 cu/om>y salutations ( ! c\ntry1 physical ex]cises1 mod]ate com=t 9 po/ure1 season+ 9 food474 ,a slight reason may excuse at times f mortal s9 7e4g41 unnecess>y curiosity ab\t ! sci5ces ( anatomy or sexology74 #beci4 ,! ,!ological ,malice ( ,s9ful ,pollution4--7a7 ,f its nature pollution is a mortal s91 because x is an act ( impurity 7#adid7 & a p]v]sion ( nature 7#becd74 ,moreov]1 its consequ5ces are mo/ injuri\s to society 7x t5ds to self-indulg5ce & ! avoidance ( ! burd5s ( m>riage7 & to ! individual 7:5 habitual1 x weak5s m5tal & w p[] & (t5 br+s on a breakd[n ( bodily vigor especially among "y p71 ,9 ,scripture x is repres5t$ z gravely illicit 7,i ,cor41 vi4 #aj2 ,gal41 v4 #ai2 ,eph41 v4 #c74 ,h5ce1 pollution is always a mortal s9 :5 directly will$ 7e4g41 :5 practis$ delib]ately 9 ord] to be rid ( a temptation or ( bodily irritation or it* c]ta9ly due to sup]fluity ( sem5 or to passion71 & also :5 indirectly will$ if !re is proximate dang] ( cons5t to s9 7e4g41 :5 "o :o has always committ$ =mal pollution 9 c]ta9 company goes into t company )\t necessity1 or )\t use ( means to prev5t a fall7 or grave dang] ( pollution & no suffici5t reason = p]mitt+ x 7e4g41 undue famili>ities f :i* nocturnal pollution is =ese5 z mo/ probable74 7b7 ,f ! imp]fection ( ! int]nal act1 pollution is sometimes only a v5ial s94 ,?is happ5s 9 case ( inv9cible ignorance 7e4g41 "y *ildr5 :o d n und]/& ! evil ( ma/urbation1 /ud5ts :o h be5 taught by in/ructors or physical directors t x is necess>y = heal? or t x is unsanit>y b n s9ful71 or ( incomplete cons5t 7e4g41 :5 ! p]son is only half awake & does n ord9>ily desire pollution1 :5 he is a psy*opa?ic & n fully responsible = 8 acts74 7c7 ,f ! lightness ( ! matt] pollution is v5ial :5 will$ indirectly & p]mitt$ )\t suffici5t reason1 if !re is only slight dang] ( x f ! nature ( ! action p]=m$ 7see #bdif74 ,examples are ! read+ = pa/ime ( love /ories be=e fall+ asleep ) ! prevision t ?is may possibly br+ on pollution dur+ sleep4 #bedj4 ,if ! action productive ( pollution is gravely illicit1 z be+ s]i\sly oppos$ to *a/ity 7e4g41 lewdness7 or to "s o!r virtue 7e4g41 extreme intemp]ance 9 drugs or alcohol71 is "o !reby guilty ( ! grave s9 ( pollution8 7a7 ,if ! case be consid]$ 9 ! ab/ract1 ! answ] is 9 ! negative4 ,= if ! action 9 "q is only remotely dang]\s z reg>ds pollution 7e4g41 an action ( a non-v5]eal k9d su* z intemp]ance does n necess>ily t5d to impurity1 an act ( a v5]eal k9d t is mom5t>y1 su* z a desire1 does n /rongly affect ! passions71 ! s9 is only v5ial 9 s f> z pollution is conc]n$ 7see #beag1 #beah74 7b7 ,if ! case be consid]$ 9 ! concrete1 ! answ] is 9 ! affirmative z a rule :5 !re is "q ( a habit4 ,= g5]ally ^? :o act habitually 9 ?is way yield cons5t to ! pollution z well z to ! s9 t prec$es4 ,au?orities note1 h[ev]1 t he :o rep5ts ( ! cause ( pollution be=e ! pollution results is n guilty ( ! actual pollution4 #beda4 ,! ,moral ,species ( ,s9ful ,pollution4--7a7 ,! g5]al species ( pollution is di/9ct f o!r consummat$ s9s ( impurity1 s9ce x is unnatural1 & ?is 9 a special way 7see #becd1 & ,d5z+]1 n4 #aabd71 ,b "s au?ors reg>d equival5t pollution 7see #bdic1 #bece7 z n a consummat$ s91 s9ce x is )\t true sem9ation1 & h5ce accord+ to !m x may be confess$ simply z impure pleasure 7see #beai b74 7b7 ,! p>ticul> species ( pollution is d]iv$ f circum/ances t give x a new ess5tial malice4 ,if x is solit>y1 & committ$ by "o :o is "u no bond ( m>riage or v[1 & accompani$ by no ?\ght or desire except 9 ref]5ce to self or self-gratification 7auto]otism1 n>cissism71 !re is ! s+le s9 ( pollution4 ,b !re are o!r s9s if x is committ$ by "o "u special obligation 7i4e41 adult]y or sacrilege71 or if committ$ ) ano!r p]son 7e4g41 s$uction1 coop]ation1 rape71 or if committ$ ) impure ?\ghts or desires ab\t o!rs 7e4g41 m5tal adult]y1 =nication1 sodomy1 be/iality74 ,! mann] 9 :i* pollution is p]=m$ 7e4g41 :e!r coop]ative pollution is active or passive1 by irrumation or concubitus or t\*1 ) or )\t an in/rum5t7 is p] se an accid5tal circum/ance4 ,accord+ to "s au?ors1 coop]ative pollution br\ght on by t\* alone is n div]sifi$ 9 species1 if !re is no special affection = ! o!r p]son1 b only ! desire ( c>nal gratification1 & h5ce x may be decl>$ simply z pollution f t\*4 #bedb4 ,p5alties = ,immorality ,decre$ 9 ,canons #bceg-bcei4--7;a7 ,laym5 :o are guilty ( c]ta9 (f5ses aga9/ ! six? comm&m5t become infam\s on conviction & are exclud$ f legitimate ecclesia/ical acts4 ,9 case ( adult]y1 ! injur$ sp\se may obta9 a sep>ation1 tempor>y or p]petual1 f ! (f5d+ sp\se 7,canon #aabi74 7b7 ,cl]ics 9 m9or ord]s are subject to special puni%m5ts1 & may ev5 be dismiss$ f ! cl]ical /ate4 7c7 ,cl]ics 9 major ord]s are subject to p5alties nam$ 9 law 7e4g41 susp5sion1 infamy1 deposition7 = grav] crimes su* z concub9age1 adult]y1 & to p5alties decre$ by ! lawful sup]ior = o!r del9qu5cies4 #bedc4 ,! ,pot5tial ,p>ts ( ,temp]ance4--,! appetites ( pleasure are ! mo/ difficult to re/ra91 & !re is ne$ ( a p]fect virtue l temp]ance to rule ov] !m & keep !m )9 ! b\nds ( reason4 ,! analog\s or pot5tial virtues ( temp]ance are t "o :i* is able to *eck1 ?\gh x does n tame1 ! animal appetites 7cont95cy71 & ^? t preside & rule ov] ! less viol5t appetites = v5geance1 ex]cise ( au?ority1 sup]ior excell5ce1 k1 amusem5t & display 7meekness1 etc474 ,see above1 #bdfe c4 #bedd4 ,cont95ce4--7a7 ,its ,nature4--,?is quality1 z "h tak51 is ! /ate ( "o :o has n ga9$ ma/]y ov] ! passions suffici5t to keep d[n /rong1 frequ5t & p]si/5t rebellions1 b ^: w is firmly dispos$ to resi/ _! attacks4 ,x is less ?an a moral virtue1 !n1 s9ce x does n tranquillize ! l[] appetites4 ,! temp]ate man has already subdu$ 8 passions1 & h5ce he is less di/urb$ by !m1 or at lea/ he has less tr\ble 9 reject+ _! onsets4 7b7 ,its ,relation to ,temp]ance4--,great] difficulty increases m]it1 if x is due to ! pres5ce ( a corporal or ext]nal imp$im5t 7e4g41 a man ( sickly con/itution or "o :o suff]s great opposition des]ves m cr$it = 8 "w ?an a man ( vigor\s con/itution or "o :o enjoys great favors & opportunities72 n1 h[ev]1 if x is due to ! abs5ce ( a spiritual excell5ce 7e4g41 a man :o f9ds "w h>d because he is lazy does n des]ve m cr$it ?an ano!r :o f9ds x easy because he is indu/ri\s74 ,h5ce1 temp]ance is m des]v+ ?an cont95ce1 = x controls passion ) great] ease simply because x has subject$ n only ! high] b also ! l[] appetite to ! dictates ( reason4 7c7 ,its ,opposite4--,! vice oppos$ to cont95ce is incont95ce1 :i* does n foll[ ! dictate ( reason to resi/ ! onslaughts ( passion2 x sees & approves ! high] ?+s1 b x foll[s ! l[]4 ,?is s9 is less griev\s ?an intemp]ance1 j z a pass+ indisposition is less h>mful ?an a settl$ malady4 ,= passion comes & goes1 & ! incont95t man quickly regrets 8 weakness2 b a s9ful habit ( gluttony or impurity is p]man5t1 & is s l a second nature t its vot>ies rejoice :5 !y h satisfi$ _! desires 7,prov41 ii4 #ad74 ,incont95ce 9 pleasure is m disgraceful ?an incont95ce 9 ang]1 = ang] is less di/ant f reason2 b on ! o!r h& ! irascible man usually s9s m griev\sly by ! great] h>m he does to o!rs4 ,x is m difficult to conta9 oneself f wra? ?an f intemp]ance 9 ! s5se t wra? /orms ! s\l by a m vehem5t & compell+ attack2 yet1 x is h>d] to be unconqu]$ by pleasure1 because x lays p]si/5t siege to ! s\l & dem&s a m unwe>i$ vigilance4 #bede4 ,meekness4--,meekness or mildness is ! virtue t mod]ates ang]4 7a7 ,x is a virtue1 s9ce x consi/s 9 mod]ation accord+ to "r reason4 ,our ,"l proclaims x bless$ 7,matt41 v4 #d74 & ,/4 ,paul numb]s x among ! ,fruits ( ! ,_s 7,gal41 v4 #bc74 ,illu/ri\s models ( mildness are ,joseph 7,g541 l4 #bj71 ,moses 7,num41 xii4 #c71 ,david 7,i ,k+s1 xxiv71 ,*ri/ 7,luke1 xv2 ,john1 i4 #bi1 viii4 #aa71 ,/4 ,paul 7,acts1 xx4 #ca74 7b7 ,its (fice is mod]ation1 & h5ce 9 its mann]1 ?\gh n 9 its matt]1 x is l temp]ance4 ,x foll[s ! middle way betwe5 ! extremes ( s9ful indignation & s9ful indulg5ce4 7c7 ,its matt] is ! passion ( ang]1 t is1 ! s5sitive appetite t incl9es "o to av5ge an evil by puni%+ its au?or4 ,l o!r passions 7#aba71 ang] is indiff]5t 9 itself1 b x is made good or evil by its reasonabl5ess or unreasonabl5ess4 ,! meek man is angry at times1 b only :5 & :]e & z he %\ld be 7,ps4 iv4 #e72 8 ang] is n a bl9d impulse1 b a righte\s zeal t attacks a wrong only aft] reason has %[n t ?is is ! prop] c\rse4 #bedf4 ,ang]4--,ang] is s9ful :5 x deviates f reason1 z to its matt] or its mann]4 7a7 ,?us1 x is unreasonable z to its matt] 7i4e41 its v5geance7 :5 x puni%es unju/ifiably 7e4g41 :5 ! p]son puni%$ is innoc5t1 :5 ! p5alty is excessive1 :5 ! legal ord] is n foll[$1 :5 ! motive is n ju/ice or correction1 b hatr$1 etc74 7b7 ,x is unreasonable z to its mann] 7i4e41 ! degree ( excitem5t felt or %[n7 :5 temp] goes beyond measure4 ,great ang] is n s9ful :5 a great evil calls = x 7e4g41 ! ang] ( ,our ,"l aga9/ ! money-*ang]s 9 ,john1 vi4 #ad sqq42 t ( ,ma?a?ias aga9/ ! idolatr\s ,jew 9 ,i ,ma*41 ii4 #bd72 b to fly into a rage at no?+s or trifles is s9ful4 #bedg4 ,gravity ( ! ,s9 ( ,ang]4--7a7 ,if ang] is s9ful on acc\nt ( its matt]1 x is mortal f its nature z be+ oppos$ to *>ity & ju/ice4 ,he t is angry aga9/ 8 bro!r is wor?y ( hell fire 7,matt41 v4 #ba1 #bb74 ,x may be v5ial1 h[ev]1 on acc\nt ( imp]fection ( ! act 7e4g41 ! sudd5 impulse to /rike d[n ^? :o d n agree ) "o's op9ions7 or ! lightness ( ! matt] 7e4g41 a slap or pu% or box on ! e>s giv5 a naughty *ild :5 a ^w ( repro( w\ld h suffic$74 7b7 ,if ang] is s9ful on acc\nt ( its mann]1 x is v5ial f its nature2 = excess 9 an o!rwise indiff]5t passion is n a s]i\s disord] 7see #bdej74 ,b ! s9 may be mortal by reason ( circum/ances1 z :5 an angry p]son acts l a wild man1 curses & swe>s1 breaks ! furniture1 gives s]i\s sc&al on acc\nt ( 8 position1 or ! "t or place1 or injures 8 heal? by ! viol5ce ( 8 p>oxysm4 #bedh4 ,is ,ang] a ,grav] ,s9 ?an ,hatr$ & ,envy8--7a7 ,z to its matt]1 ang] is less grave ?an hatr$ & envy1 = x pursues evil "u ! guise ( spiritual good1 pret5d+ at lea/ t ! h>m x int5ds is j1 :]eas hatr$ & envy pursue evil precisely z x is injuri\s to ano!r1 or z x is a means to "o's own temporal & ext]nal good or glory4 ,likewise1 ang] is less grave objectively ?an concupisc5ce1 = ! voluptu\s man aims at utility or pleasure1 :]eas ! rev5geful man aims at :at he makes believe is j4 7b7 ,z to its mann]1 ang] surpasses ! vices m5tion$ 9 c]ta9 ( its viol5t manife/ations4 ,! infuriat$ man1 :5 cross$1 creates a sc5e & makes a fool ( himself2 8 blood boils1 8 face is flu%$1 8 eyes d>t fire1 he fro?s at ! m\? & trembles1 he p\nds1 /amps & bell[s l an enrag$ bull4 #bedi4 ,ang] z ,"o ( ! ,sev5 ,capital ,vices4--7a7 ,x has a c]ta9 preem95ce 9 evil4 ,its matt] is q attractive1 = rev5ge is sweet & ! cloak ( j retaliation makes x seem good2 its mann] is p[]ful1 = x drives "o on to d>e ev5 ! mo/ %ock+ crimes4 7b7 ,x is ! spr+ ( _m s9s4 ,9 ! he>t ang] produces indignation aga9/ ! object ( displeasure1 :om ! angry man looks ^u z base & unwor?y1 & sor5ess ab\t ! treatm5t ( self1 :i* fills ! m9d ) plans ( rev5ge4 ,s9s ( ! m\? due to ang] are incoh]5t cries ( rage1 words ( contumely & blasphemy 7,matt41 v4 #bb71 :ile its s9ful de$s include qu>rels & e k9d ( injury4 #beej4 ,s9ful ,indulg5ce4--,s9ful indulg5ce1 :i* is oppos$ to meekness by excess1 is (t5 a mortal s9 on acc\nt ( ! grave h>m x inflicts ^u ! common welf>e & ! protection x af=ds to crime4 ,?us1 ,heli 0 s]i\sly reprov$ & puni%$ because he w9k$ at grave disord]s1 or at lea/ 0 too easy-go+ 9 8 corrections 7,i ,k+s1 ii1 iii74 #beea4 ,clem5cy4--,clem5cy is a virtue t incl9es "o1 f a _s ( k9dness & mod]ation1 to be z easy 9 inflict+ puni%m5ts z ! claims ( ju/ice w all[4 7a7 ,clem5cy is a virtue1 because x is reasonable1 does good to o!rs1 & makes ! do] good4 ,x is b5eficial to public z well z private int]e/3 8,m]cy & tru? pres]ve ! k+1 & 8 ?rone is /r5g!n$ by clem5cy0 7,prov41 xx4 #bh74 7b7 ,x incl9es "o to be easy1 t is1 to temp] or relax ! sev]ity ( ! law4 ,?us1 x diff]s f ! virtues ( legal ju/ice & ( *>itable =giv5ess1 ! =m] ( :i*1 :5 necess>y1 insi/s on ! full rigor ( ! law 7see #bcha sqq471 :]eas ! latt]1 :5 p]missible1 grants an enemy a full p>don 7see #aaih74 7c7 ,its matt] is puni%m5t1 t is1 ! ext]nal evil ( *a/isem5t visit$ on wrongdo]s4 ,h5ce1 x diff]s f meekness1 :i* deals ) ! int]nal emotion ( ang]1 & f m]cy1 :i* deals ) ext]nal goods be/[$ ^u ! suff]+4 7d7 ,x is easy only 9 s f> z ! claims ( ju/ice w all[2 t is1 x acts f a s5se ( responsibility to ! rights & claims ( ! common good & ( all ! int]e/s involv$1 & decides accord+ to an imp>tial & enlight5$ judgm5t t circum/ances ( p]son1 de$1 cause1 etc41 call = a dep>ture f ! /rict requirem5ts ( law or cu/om4 ,clem5cy is n ! same ?+1 !n1 z arbitr>y laxity or s5tim5talism4 7e7 ,x is mov$ 9 ! fir/ place by k9dness to ! (f5d]1 & ?us x diff]s bo? f ! virtue ( equity 7:i* acts f ! s5se ( high] ju/ice7 & f ! vices ( favoritism1 extortion1 & c[>dice 7:i* ext5d =be>ance only to fri5ds or to ^? :o (f] bribes or :o br+ pressure to be>74 7f7 ,x is mov$ secondly by a _s ( mod]ation4 ,_m p]sons are spoil$ by au?ority3 feel+ _! own importance1 !y desire to ex]cise _! p[]s to ! limit & to keep o!rs d[n z mu* z possible4 ,! clem5t man1 on ! contr>y1 keeps 8 poise & uses 8 au?ority ) mod]ation4 ,meekness %\ld be practis$ by all1 b clem5cy is ! prop] virtue ( sup]iors4 #beeb4 ,! ,vices ,oppos$ to ,clem5cy4--7a7 ,! extreme ( defect is cruelty1 :i* is a h>dness ( he>t1 n mov$ by ! suff]+s ( o!rs1 t disposes "o to inflict excessive puni%m5ts4 ,! wor/ =m ( cruelty is savag]y1 :i* takes inhuman delight 9 ! suff]+s ( o!rs & inflicts pa9 )\t reg>d = guilt or innoc5ce4 7b7 ,! extreme ( excess is undue l5i5cy1 :i* sp>es ! rod :5 x %\ld be us$4 ,!re are times :5 sev]ity is necess>y1 z :5 a crime 0 malici\s & cold-blood$1 :5 an (f5d] is /ubborn & irre=mable1 & :5 mildness w h>m ! public welf>e or invite ! s9n] to repeat 8 (f5se4 ,9 su* cases x w\ld be unwise & h>mful to mitigate ! s5t5ce :i* wise /atutes or cu/oms provide = ! (f5se4 #beec4 ,humility4--,humility is ! virtue t makes "o mode/ 9 ! desire ( greatness4 7a7 ,x is a virtue1 t is1 a moral excell5ce & a volunt>y disposition4 ,h5ce1 x is n ! same z physical humility 7e4g41 ! humble or l[ly circum/ances 9 :i* a p]son 0 born7 or z involunt>y humility 7e4g41 ! humiliation :i* comes ^u ^? :o exalt !mselves74 7b7 ,x is conc]n$ ) greatness1 t is1 ) ! high] ?+s t p]ta9 to greatness ( s\l 7see #bddh sqq474 ,!re is no opposition betwe5 ^! two virtues1 = greatness ( s\l makes "o set su* a value ^u ! gifts "o has receiv$ f ,god z to aspire to ! bett]m5t = :i* !y prep>e "o1 :ile humility makes "o realize "o's own %ortcom+s s s9c]ely t x keeps "o f ! desire ( ^? excell5ces = :i* "o is unsuit$4 7c7 ,x is mode/2 t is1 x regulates accord+ to ! /&>d ( reason ! passion = greatness1 s t "o may avoid ! extremes ( pride & ( abjectness or littl5ess ( s\l 7see #bdfe c74 #beed4 ,! ,?ree ,acts ( ,humility4--7a7 ,its regulatory act is 9 ! intellect1 & consi/s 9 ! k & ackn[l$gm5t ( "o's infirmity & inf]iority1 n only 9 comp>ison ) ,god1 b also 9 comp>ison ) m54 7b7 ,its ess5tial act is 9 ! appetite & consi/s 9 a regulation ( ! hope = greatness s t1 recogniz+ "o's limitations1 "o does n /rive = t = :i* "o is unfitt$4 ,high] degrees ( humility are ^? :i* d n desire honor1 or :i* are pa9$ by x1 or :i* desire di%onor4 7c7 ,its expressive act is 9 ! ext]nal conduct4 ,/4 ,b5$ict says t ! humble p]son avoids s+ul>ity 9 de$1 is sp>+ 9 8 words & n giv5 to l\dness1 & be>s himself mode/ly1 n />+ ab\t or laugh+ immod]ately4 ,b !re is also a false humility1 :i* is only 9 ext]nals1 & ?is is really pr\d hypocrisy 7,ecclus41 xix4 #bc74 #beee4 ,two ,requirem5ts ( ,humility4--,humility is *iefly an abasem5t ( self be=e ,god 7,g541 xviii4 #bg71 & x is n oppos$ to tru? or to good ord]4 ,h5ce1 ! two foll[+ rules on ! l[]+ ( self be=e fell[-creatures3 7a7 9 ! int]nal act1 humility requires t ea* "o ackn[l$ge 8 neighbor z 8 bett]1 if comp>ison is made betwe5 :at ! =m] has f himself & :at ! latt] has f ,god 7,phil41 ii4 #c2 ,osee1 xiii4 #i74 ,b x is n aga9/ humility to believe t "o has m ( div9e grace or less ( human imp]fection ?an ano!r1 if !re are good reasons = ! belief 7,eph41 iii4 #e2 ,gal41 ii4 #ae72 7b7 9 ! ext]nal act1 humility requires t "o %[ prop] signs ( respect to "o's bett]s4 ,b ( p]sons :o are 9 au?ority ,/4 ,augu/9e says t1 :ile be=e ,god !y %\ld pro/rate !mselves at ! feet ( all1 be=e man !y %\ld n s demean !mselves to inf]iors z to detract f _! dignity or au?ority4 ,l ! o!r virtues1 humility mu/ be guid$ 9 its manife/ations by prud5ce z to place1 "t1 & o!r circum/ances4 #beef4 ,! ,excell5ce ( ,humility4--7a7 ,humility is inf]ior to ! !ological virtues1 :i* t5d imm$iately to ! end itself1 & also to ! intellectual virtues & legal ju/ice1 :i* rightly dispose m9d & w ab\t ! means to t end4 ,humility & ! rema9+ virtues incl9e "o to foll[ ! direction ( m9d & w1 b ) ?is diff]5ce t1 :ile humility makes "o ready = submission 9 all t is "r1 temp]ance1 =titude & ! re/ prep>e "o = submission only 9 "s "o or o!r p>ticul> matt]4 ,to ^! latt] virtues1 !n1 humility is sup]ior4 7b7 ,humility is ! gr\ndwork ( ! spiritual edifice negatively or indirectly2 =1 s9ce ,god resi/s ! pr\d & gives grace to ! humble 7,james1 iv4 #f71 ! ob/acles to ! o!r virtues are remov$ by humility4 ,b x is fai? :i* positively & directly places ! corn]/one ( ! spiritual life1 = fai? is ! fir/ approa* t[>ds ,god3 8,he :o w\ld come to ,god mu/ believe0 7,heb41 xi4 #f74 #beeg4 ,pride4--,pride is an inord9ate desire ( "o's own p]sonal excell5ce4 7a7 ,x is a desire1 = ! object ( pride is t :i* is pleas+ & yet n easy ( atta9m5t4 7b7 ,! desire is conc]n$ ) excell5ce1 t is1 ) a high degree ( "s p]fection 7su* z virtue1 k1 beauty1 fame1 honor7 or ) sup]iority to o!rs 9 p]fection4 7c7 ,! excell5ce s\ght is p]sonal2 t is1 ! object ( pride is self z exalt$ on high or rais$ above o!rs4 ,ambition seeks greatness 9 honors & dignities1 presumption greatness 9 accompli%m5t1 & vanity greatness 9 reputation & glory2 pride1 f :i* ^! o!r vices spr+1 seeks ! greatness ( ! ego or ( ^? ?+s ) :i* ! ego is id5tifi$1 su* z "o's own *ildr51 "o's own family1 or "o's own race4 7d7 ,! desire is inord9ate1 ei!r z to ! matt]1 :5 "o desires an excell5ce or sup]iority ( :i* "o is unwor?y 7e4g41 equality ) ,our ,"l71 or z to ! mann]1 :5 "o expressly desires to h excell5ce or sup]iority )\t due subjection 7e4g41 to possess "o's virtue )\t dep5d5ce on ,god or f "o's own unaid$ m]its74 ,9 ! =m] case pride is oppos$ to greatness ( s\l1 9 ! latt] case to humility4 ,! contempt :i* is prop] to pride is a disda9 = subjection1 & ! contempt :i* belongs to disob$i5ce is a disgu/ = a precept2 b pride naturally leads to contempt = law & = ,god & ! neighbor 7see #bcfg74 #beeh4 ,! ,acts ( ,pride4--7a7 ,9 8 intellect1 ! pr\d man has an exagg]at$ op9ion ( 8 own wor?1 & ?is causes 8 inord9ate desire ( praise & exaltation4 ,b pride may also be ! cause ( conceit$ ideas1 = ^? :o are too mu* 9 admiration ( !mselves (t5 come to ?9k t !y are really z great z !y wi% to be4 7b7 ,! w ( ! pr\d man wor%ips 8 own greatness1 & longs = its recognition & glorification by o!rs4 7c7 ,9 8 ext]nal words & works1 ! pr\d man betrays himself by boa/+1 self-glorification1 self-ju/ification1 by 8 haughty appe>ance & ge/ures & luxuri\s /yle1 by arrogance1 insol5ce1 p]fidy1 disreg>d ( ! rights & feel+s ( o!rs1 etc4 #beei4 ,! ,s9fulness ( ,pride4--7a7 ,complete pride1 :i* turns away f ,god because x consid]s subjection detrim5tal to "o's own excell5ce1 is a mortal s9 f its nature1 s9ce x is a manife/ rebellion aga9/ ! ,supreme ,be+ 7,ecclus41 x4 #ad74 ,su* 0 ! pride ( ,lucif]1 b x is r>e 9 human be+s4 ,complete pride may be v5ial f ! imp]fection ( ! act1 :5 x is only a semidelib]ate wi%4 7b7 ,incomplete pride1 :i* turns inord9ately to ! love ( creat$ excell5ce b )\t disaffection to sup]iors1 is 9 itself a v5ial s91 = !re is no s]i\s disord] 9 ! excess ( an o!rwise indiff]5t passion4 ,b circum/ances may make ?is pride mortal 7e4g41 :5 x is productive ( s]i\s h>m to o!rs74 #befj4 ,pride ,comp>$ ) ,o!r ,s9s4--7a7 ,gravity4--,complete pride is less ?an hatr$ ( ,god1 = ! =m] has z its object p]sonal excell5ce1 ! latt] sep>ation f ,god4 ,b aft] hatr$ ( ,god complete pride is worse disloyalty ?an any o!r mortal s92 x sep>ates f ,god directly1 s9ce x abjures allegiance to ! ,supreme ,be+1 :ile o!r s9s sep>ate f ,god only indirectly1 s9ce !y (f5d1 n f contempt1 b f ignorance1 or passion or excessive desire4 7b7 ,orig94--,pride 0 ! fir/ s91 because by x ! angels & our fir/ p>5ts fell1 ! angels desir+ lik5ess to ,god 9 beatitude1 ,adam & ,eve lik5ess 9 k 7,ecclus41 x4 #ae2 ,prov41 xviii4 #aa2 ,tob41 iv4 #ad74 7c7 ,influ5ce4--,pride is call$ ! que5 & "m ( ! sev5 capital vices--namely1 va+lory 7#bdej71 gluttony 7#bdgc71 lu/ 7#bdid71 av>ice 7#bdbf71 slo? 7#acbb71 envy 7#acdb71 & ang] 7#bedi7--n 9 ! s5se t e s9 is ! result ( pride 7= _m p]sons s9 f ignorance1 passion1 etc471 b 9 ! s5se t ! inord9ate desire ( p]sonal excell5ce is a motive t c impel "o to any k9d ( s91 j z covet\sness (f]s a means t is useful = e temporal end 7,i ,tim41 vi4 #aj74 ,pride is also mo/ dang]\s1 s9ce x /eals away ! rew>d ( virtue itself 7,matt41 vi4 #b72 &1 z humility is ! fir/ /ep t[>ds heav51 pride is ! fir/ /ep t[>ds hell4 #befa4 ,abjection4--,! o!r extreme ( pride is abjection4 7a7 ,z a turn+ away f ^! high] ?+s to :i* "o %\ld aspire1 ?is s9 is ! same z littl5ess ( s\l1 & x is oppos$ to greatness ( s\l 7see #bdea74 7b7 ,z a turn+ to l[] ?+s or to a submission to o!rs :i* is unreasonable1 ?is vice is directly oppos$ to humility4 ,examples are p]sons ( k :o wa/e _! "t on m5ial labor :5 !y %\ld be m usefully employ$ 9 o!r pursuits1 or :o p]mit !mselves to be correct$ & guid$ by ! errors & false pr9ciples ( ! ignorant4 #befb4 ,/udi\sness4--,/udi\sness 7/udiositas7 is ! virtue t makes "o mode/ 9 ! desire ( k4 7a7 ,its object is ! desire ( k2 = man is gift$ ) p[]s ( s5sation & und]/&+1 & nature incl9es him to desire ! ex]cise ( ^! p[]s to see1 he>1 picture1 appreh5d1 judge1 reason1 etc4 7b7 ,its function is to make "o mode/ 9 ?is desire 7see #bdfe c72 t is1 x regulates ! incl9ation ( nature accord+ to reason1 s t "o may avoid bo? excess & defect 9 ! pursuit ( k4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! s\l has ! urge to discov] & le>n1 b j z bodily hung] leads to gluttony1 if n re/ra9$1 s does m5tal hung] become a vice 7curiosity71 if x is n mod]at$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! body has a dis9cl9ation = ! labor1 we>9ess & h>d%ip :i* /udy dem&s1 &1 if ?is reluctance is n ov]come1 "o becomes guilty ( ! s9 ( neglig5ce or ignorance 7see #ijd1 #acbf1 #afga74 7c7 ,its "*1 !re=e1 is t ( a virtue1 s9ce x holds a natural appetite )9 mod]ation1 avoid+ ! extremes ( excess & defect1 & keep+ cu/ody ov] s5ses & m9d4 ,?is virtue is prais$ 9 ,prov41 xxvii4 #aa3 8,/udy wisdom1 my son1 & make my he>t joyful02 & 9 ,i ,tim41 iv4 #ac3 8,att5d to read+40 ,ess5tially1 x is a pot5tial "p ( temp]ance1 = its *ief *>act]i/ic is mod]ation ( an eag] desire2 b second>ily1 x belongs to =titude1 = great c\rage1 p]si/5ce1 & self-sacrifice are necess>y = a /ud5t4 #befc4 ,! ,vices ,oppos$ to ,/udi\sness4--7a7 ,! vice ( excess is call$ curiosity4 ,x is a desire ( k t is inord9ate on acc\nt ( ! motive 7e4g41 :5 "o is curi\s ab\t ! do+s ( o!rs because "o wi%es to injure !m1 :5 "o gazes ab\t to satisfy impure desire7 or on acc\nt ( its circum/ances 7e4g41 a curiosity ab\t ! late/ news or rumors t keeps "o f duty or m important matt]s1 a curiosity t consults =tune-tell]s1 a curiosity t tries to pe] into ! inscrutable my/]ies ( ,god1 ,ecclus41 iii4 #bb74 7b7 ,! vice oppos$ to /udi\sness by defect is neglig5ce1 :i* is a volunt>y omission ( /udy ( ^? matt]s "o is b\nd to "k1 z :5 a s*oolboy wa/es 8 "t 9 play & idl5ess4 ,curiosity & neglig5ce are usually f\nd 9 ! same p]son 7e4g41 ^? :o pry into ! affairs ( o!rs )\t reason1 d n1 z a rule1 m9d _! own bus9ess well74 #befd4 ,! ,malice ( ! ,s9s aga9/ ,/udi\sness4--7a7 ,curiosity 9 itself is v5ial1 = x does n seem a s]i\s (f5se to busy oneself ) ?+s sup]flu\s4 ,b circum/ances sometimes make x mortal4 ,?us1 ! subject-matt] may make x s]i\s1 z :5 "o is curi\s ab\t obsc5e books1 or has a pruri5t desire to gaze on unbecom+ pictures or plays1 or tries to fi% out ( o!rs sacram5tal or o!r confid5tial secrets2 or ! purpose may make x s]i\s z :5 "o is inquisitive or spy+ because "o wi%es to black5 a neighbor 7,prov41 xxiv4 #ae71 or ! means may make x mortal z :5 rec\rse is _h to calumny1 fraud1 read+ private pap]s1 etc41 9 ord] to get in=mation4 7b7 ,neglig5ce is mortal or v5ial accord+ to ! gravity ( ! duty ( k4 ,?us1 if a lawy] gave no /udy at all to a case & !reby inflict$ a grave loss on 8 cli5t1 ! neglig5ce w\ld be a mortal s94 #befe4 ,mode/y4--,mode/y %\ld control n only ! int]nal passions = excell5ce & le>n+1 b also ! ext]nal movem5ts ( ! body 7mode/y ( be>+7 & ! ext]nal use ( corporal ?+s 7mode/y ( liv+74 7a7 ,?us1 mode/y ( be>+ mod]ates ! bodily actions1 bo? 9 s]i\s ?+s 7mode/ behavior7 & 9 ?+s playful 7mode/ relaxation74 7b7 ,mode/y ( liv+ makes "o temp]ate 9 ! use ( ! ext]nals t s]ve life 7mode/y 9 /yle7 & ( ! clo?+ "o we>s 7mode/y 9 dress74 #beff4 ,mode/ ,behavior or ,decorum4--7a7 ,! ,virtue4--,! movem5ts & ge/ures ( ! body %\ld be regulat$ by reason1 bo? because !y are indications ( "o's own "* & disposition1 & because !y express "o's disposition t[>ds ^? ) :om "o lives4 ,h5ce1 !y are n a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 b reason dem&s t !y be suitable bo? to oneself 7i4e41 to "o's sex1 age1 position1 etc47 & to "o's neighbor 7i4e41 to ! requirem5ts ( good social usage 9 ea* bus9ess or affair ( life74 ,?us1 virtu\s decorum employs bo? s9c]ity1 :i* makes "o hone/ly respectful 9 act 7#bdjc71 & affability1 :i* makes "o agreeable 9 ! company ( o!rs 7#bdba74 ,t ?is is an important virtue = individuals & society is decl>$ bo? by sacr$ & human au?ority4 ,ecclesia/icus 7xix4 #bf1 #bg7 calls att5tion to ! importance = himself ( a man's looks1 laught] & gait2 ,/4 ,augu/9e says t !re %\ld be no?+ (f5sive to o!rs 9 "o's movem5ts2 & ,ari/otle m5tions among ! qualities ( ! high-m9d$ man t he is s$ate & dignifi$ 9 demeanor4 7b7 ,! ,opposite ,vices4--,mode/ behavior is (f5d$ by v>i\s vices ( excess & defect4 ,?us1 s9c]ity is (f5d$ by bluntness & affectation1 self-respect by /iffness & s]vility1 & consid]ation = o!rs by flatt]y & rud5ess4 #befg4 ,mode/ ,relaxation4--7a7 ,! ,virtue4--,j z ! body fatigu$ by manual labor dem&s ! refre%m5t ( sleep & ! recup]ation af=d$ by vacations or by int]missions ( "w1 s also ! m9d _c be heal?y or active unless f "t to "t x is reliev$ by "s k9d ( amusem5t or div]sion4 ,! desire = recreation is1 !re=e1 "o ( ! *ief incl9ations ( man1 & !re is special ne$ ( its temp]ate managem5t by "r reason4 ,! p]son :o prud5tly provides = pa/imes & pleasures z a "p ( 8 life has ! virtue :i* ,ari/otle call$ eutrapelia 7good wit1 urbanity71 & :i* ,/4 ,?omas nam$ gaiety or pleasantness4 7b7 ,! ,s9 ( ,excess4--,relaxation is excessive 9 v>i\s ways4 ,sometimes ! ent]ta9m5t itself is improp] 7e4g41 obsc5e com$ies1 sc&al\s dances1 unju/ games ( *ance74 ,sometimes ! disposition ( ! p]son himself is s9ful 7e4g41 ^? :o make recreation ! *ief occupation ( life1 ,wis41 xv4 #ab2 ^? :o recreate only = pleasure1 or :o enjoy !mselves upro>i\sly74 ,sometimes ! circum/ances make an amusem5t unsuitable1 su* z ! p]son 7e4g41 :5 a man ( dignity belittles himself by act+ z cl[n1 :5 a female takes "p 9 sports unsuit$ to h] sex71 or ! "t 7e4g41 :5 ! h\rs t %\ld be giv5 to div9e s]vices1 or to /udy or o!r ,"w1 are sp5t 9 golf+ or fi%+2 :5 ,good ,friday or a day ( b]eavem5t or p5ance is *os5 = a ball or picnic71 or ! place 7eg1 :5 a *ur* is us$ = sports or f>ces71 or ! quality 7e4g41 :5 ! ,scriptures or o!r sacr$ ?+s are c>icatur$ or p>odi$71 or ! quantity 7e4g41 :5 "o sp5ds s mu* on !atres1 automobiles1 trips & o!r enjoym5ts t "o has no?+ left = duties ( ju/ice1 *>ity or religion2 :5 heal? is injur$ by viol5t games74 7b7 ,! ,s9 ( ,defect4--,^? p]sons (f5d "h :o deprive !mselves ( necess>y relaxation 7e4g41 mis]s :o fe> to take a holiday or g on an out+ le/ !y lose "s money71 or :o int]f]e ) ! recreation ( o!rs 7e4g41 killjoys :o wi% to see o!rs mis]able1 fanatics :o believe t all fun is ( ! devil74 ,^? :o h little s5se ( humor or :o suff] mu* may be excus$ to "s ext5t if !y nev] laugh1 b at lea/ !y %\ld try to look pleasant at times1 or at lea/ n fr[n on innoc5t happ9ess4 #befh4 ,gravity ( ! ,s9s ,oppos$ to ,mod]ate ,enjoym5t4--7a7 ,! ,absolute ,gravity4--,! s9s j m5tion$ are mortal or v5ial accord+ to ! "* ( :at is done & ! circum/ances4 ,?us1 x is a mortal s9 to f9d recreation 9 wild revelry & debau*]y1 or to drive "o's *ildr5 to ! devil by =bidd+ !m necess>y div]sion2 x is a v5ial s9 to sp5d a little too mu* "t at ! c>d table or to "w r too h>d4 7b7 ,! ,comp>ative ,gravity4--,x is worse to relax too mu* ?an too little1 = amusem5t is n tak5 = its own sake1 b is subord9at$ to s]i\s ?+s4 ,j z x is m s5seless to take too mu* salt or o!r reli% 9 food ?an to take too little1 because ! salt is second>y1 s x is m fooli% to play too mu* ?an too little4 #befi4 ,mode/y 9 ,/yle ( ,liv+ & ,dress4-7a7 ,! ,virtue4--,ext]nal goods1 su* z dwell+s & clo?+1 are necess>y = body & s\l1 z a protection to heal? & dec5cy2 o!rs1 su* z furni%+s1 decorations1 ornam5ts1 c>s1 radios1 ent]ta9m5ts = gue/s1 etc41 are useful = conv5i5ce1 beauty & ! ma9t5ance ( "o's /ation4 ,b "o may be immod]ate 9 ! use ( ^! goods1 & h5ce !re is ne$ ( a virtue to regulate _! use1 s t x may tru?fully be 9 keep+ ) "o's position & be n (f5sive to o!rs4 7b7 ,! ,s9 ( ,excess4--,?is is committ$ :5 "o's /yle is extravagant accord+ to ! /&>ds ( ! community1 or :5 l ,dives1 clo!d 9 purple & f9e l951 "o aims only at display or s5sual gratification1 or :5 "o is too mu* preoccupi$ ) ext]nals 7e4g41 :5 too mu* "t is sp5t be=e ! mirror or too mu* money at ! dressmak]'s74 ,dignit>ies & ! m9i/]s ( ! alt> are n guilty ( excess 9 ! pomp & spl5dor :i* ! ,*ur* sanctions1 s9ce ! honor is int5d$ = _! /ation & ! div9e wor%ip !y p]=m4 7c7 ,! ,s9 ( ,defect4--,?is is committ$ :5 "o's mode ( life is n up to ! reasonable /&>d ( "o's community1 especially if ?is is due to neglig5ce or it* = notoriety or disreg>d = dec5cy4 ,examples are ^? :o ?r\gh c>elessness g ab\t unwa%$ or un%av51 :o keep _! qu>t]s 9 a fil?y & disord]ly /ate1 or :o we> _! clo?+ untidily2 also females :o dress 9 male attire1 nudi/s :o appe> undress$ 9 public places1 & cynics :o scorn ! conv5tions ( ref9$ society4 ,x is n s9ful1 h[ev]1 b a virtu\s act ( temp]ance1 to we> simpl] & poor] g>m5ts f ! _s ( mortification & humility 7,heb41 xi4 #cg74 ,! cl]gy & religi\s1 s9ce !y %\ld be models ( ! p5it5tial _s1 are to be prais$1 !re=e1 :5 !y give an example ( pla9ness & simplicity 9 p]sonal /yle & dress4 #begj4 ,morality ( ,self-,beautification4--,is x wrong to beautify oneself 9 ord] to improve "o's looks or to w9 admiration8 7a7 ,9 itself !re is no h>m1 especially = females1 9 us+ means to improve "o's looks1 su* z rem$ies = de=mities1 facial pa9ts1 p[d]s & cosmetics1 hair waves & dyes1 & ! l4 ,b accid5tally !re c\ld be s9 7e4g41 deception74 ,a poor man w\ld be a deceiv] if he liv$ 9 great /yle to make a woman believe he 0 weal?y1 & likewise a woman w\ld be a deceiv] if %e us$ an artificial beauty to deceive a man ab\t h] age 7see #bdjd74 7b7 ,9 itself also x is n s9ful to desire t o!rs approve "o's appe>ance & dress4 ,?us1 a wife %\ld /rive to be attractive to h] husb& 7,i ,cor41 vii4 #cd71 & mode/ ornam5tation may be us$ to w9 a suitor 7,i ,tim41 ii4 #i74 ,x is mortally s9ful1 h[ev]1 to attire oneself ) ! purpose or 9 a mann] to ar\se c>nal temptation or to awak5 s9ful desire 9 o!rs--= example1 if "o wi%es to capture ! sex love ( o!rs )\t m>riage 7,prov41 vii4 #aj72 x is v5ially s9ful to groom oneself well f m]e vanity1 t is1 f a silly ambition to be reg>d$ z h&some & fa%ionable4 ,by a ,decree ( ! ,sacr$ ,congregation ( ! ,c\ncil 7,janu>y #ab1 #aicj71 p>i%-prie/s1 p>5ts1 & tea*]s are admoni%$ to oppose indec5t female dress2 & x is ord]$ t wom5 & girls improp]ly dress$ %all be exclud$ f ,communion or ev5 f *ur*1 & special s]vices & s]mons on dec5cy are prescrib$ = ,decemb] #h ( ea* ye> 7see #adef1 #adeg74 #bega4 ,complem5ts ( ! ,virtue ( ,temp]ance4--7a7 ,! ,gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/ t p]fects temp]ance is fe> ( ! ,"l4 ,! virtue ( temp]ance makes "o ab/a9 f unlawful pleasures because to d s is reasonable2 fe> ( ! ,"l incl9es "o to ! same ab/95ce f rev]5ce4 ,! ,gift ( ,fe> looks fir/ to ! greatness ( ! ,heav5ly ,fa!r1 be=e :om ! nations are z a drop 9 ! bucket & are c\nt$ z ! smalle/ gra9 ( ! balance & ! isl&s z b a little du/ 7,is41 xl4 #ae72 & 9 ?is respect x represses presumption & s]ves ! virtue ( hope 7see #ajda sqq474 ,b second>ily x looks to ! insignificance ( e delight t is ap>t f ,god1 & sees t ^! inf]ior joys are pass+1 insipid & bitt]1 l du/ bl[n away by ! w9d1 l a ?9 fro? disp]s$ by ! /orm1 l smoke scatt]$ by ! breeze 7,wis41 v4 #ae71 l a sweet poison t turns to gall & de/roys 7,job1 xx4 #ab sqq472 & 9 ?is respect fe> ( ,god su/a9s temp]ance1 :i* mu/ regulate ! crav+s ( ! fle% & l[] appetites4 ,fe> ( ,god1 !n1 makes "o fly f ^? ?+s :i* *iefly allure "o to (f5d ,him1 & h5ce ! ,psalmi/ 7,ps4 cxviii4 #abj7 prays3 8,pi]ce ,?\ my fle% ) ,?y fe>40 7b7 ,! ,beatitude t corresponds to ! pres5t ,gift is ! second3 8,bless$ are !y t m\rn1 = !y %all be com=t$40 ,^? :o h ! fe> ( ,god p]ceive ! true nature ( illicit joys & ! evil end t awaits ^? :o *ase aft] !m4 ,!y pref]1 !n1 to be sorr[ful1 t is1 to deprive !mselves ( e wick$ pleasure & love = ! sake ( ! love ( ,god 9 ?is life & ! enjoym5t ( ,god 9 ! life to come3 8,y\r sorr[ %all be *ang$ into joy0 7,john1 xx4 #af74 7c7 ,! fruits ( fe> ( ! ,"l are mode/y1 cont95cy & *a/ity4 ,l a good tree t produces a ri* h>ve/ ( delightful fruits1 filial rev]5ce = ,god br+s =? acts ( virtue t h 9 !m a delici\s savor m enjoyable & m la/+ ?an ! fruits ( ! fle%4 ,^! goodly & pleasant fruits ( ! _s ( fe> ( ,god are mode/y 9 words1 de$s & ext]nal ?+s1 cont95cy ( ! s+le & *a/ity ( ! m>ri$ 9 ?\ghts & desires4 #begb4 ,! ,comm&m5ts ( ,temp]ance4--7a7 ,negative ,precepts4--,9 ! ,decalogue ! vices ( intemp]ance t are mo/ directly oppos$ to ! love ( ,god & ! neighbor 7,i ,tim41 i4 #e7 are expressly =bidd51 namely1 adult]y 9 act & adult]y 9 desire4 ,else:]e o!r s9s are =bidd54 ,?us1 drunk5ness 78,drunk>ds %all n possess ! k+dom10 ,i ,cor41 vi4 #aj71 e k9d ( lu/ 78,! works ( ! fle% are =nication1 uncleanness1 immode/y1 luxury 444 ^? :o d su* ?+s %all n obta9 ! k+dom10 ,gal41 v4 #ai1 #ba71 ang] 78,let all bitt]ness & ang] & indignation be put away f y10 ,eph41 iv4 #ca71 pride 78,god resi/e? ! pr\d10 ,james1 iv4 #f71 etc4 7b7 ,affirmative ,precepts4--,! positive modes ( obs]v+ temp]ance 7i4e41 rules on fa/+7 are n prescrib$ 9 ! ,decalogue4 ,= ! law conf9es itself to g5]al pr9ciples t1 are ( univ]sal application1 :]eas ! mann] ( practis+ fa/s & ab/95ces has to be suit$ to conditions ( "t & place4 ,h5ce1 x p]ta9s to ! ,*ur* to settle by h] legislation ! details ( mortification 9 eat+ & dr9k+1 s t !y may be suit$ to ! ev]-*ang+ conditions ( human life 7#bdfi74 ,"q ,,iii ,,! ,,duties ,,( ,,p>ticul> ,,classes ,,( ,,m5 #begc4 ,! !ological & moral virtues treat$ 9 ! previ\s ,"q are obligatory ^u all /ates & conditions1 = all m5 h ! same sup]natural de/9y1 & all alike are b\nd to gov]n _! acts & _! passions by ! rule ( reason4 ,b n all h ! same call+ or (fice1 or consequ5tly ! same p>ticul> ends to be /riv5 = or ! same special means to be us$2 :]e=e1 !re are moral duties prop] to p>ticul> classes & p>ticul> ways ( life4 ,^? special obligations1 h[ev]1 d n con/itute new virtues1 b are applications ( ! sev5 g5]al virtues to ! /ates ( man div]sifi$ 9 ref]5ce to ! acts & habits ( ! s\l4 ,! div]sities n[ spok5 ( may be r$uc$ to ! ?ree m5tion$ by ,/4 ,paul 7,i ,cor41 xii4 #d sqq471 namely1 div]sities ( graces 7i4e41 "s are gift$ to edify ! ,*ur* 9 m>vell\s ways by k1 spee* or miracles71 div]sities ( op]ations 7i4e41 "s are call$ to ! life ( contemplation1 o!rs to active life71 & div]sities ( m9i/ries 7i4e41 !re are v>i\s /ations1 ranks1 occupations1 bo? 9 ecclesia/ical & non-ecclesia/ical life74 ,! high] graces & ways ( ! spiritual life ( man are treat$ 9 works ( ascetical & my/ical !ology1 & we %all conf9e ourselves "h to two subjects3 7a7 ! duties ( m5 z memb]s ( ! ,*ur*1 t is1 ! g5]al duties ( ! fai?ful & ! special duties ( cl]ics & religi\s2 7b7 ! duties ( m5 z memb]s ( dome/ic & civil society4 ,be=e proce$+ any fur!r1 a ^w is 9 ord] reg>d+ ! role ( ! laity 9 ! ,*ur*4 8,we desire t all :o claim ! ,*ur* z _! "m %\ld s]i\sly consid] t n only ! sacr$ m9i/]s & ^? :o h consecrat$ !mselves to ,god 9 religi\s life1 b ! o!r memb]s z well ( ! ,my/ical ,body ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 h ! obligation ( work+ h>d & con/antly = ! upbuild+ & increase ( ?is ,body0 7,pius ,,xii1 ,my/ici ,corporis74 ,! ,ca?olic layman1 long a sil5t p>tn] 9 ! ,*ur*'s apo/olate1 has assum$ a m active "p 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,8 role1 8 apo/olate1 8 milieu1 8 special claims to div9e graces1 8 spiritual pr]ogatives--all h be5 made subjects ( !ological inve/igation p>ticul>ly by ,european writ]s4 ,controv]sy1 unc]ta9ty1 at times ev5 error h *>act]iz$ _! ef=ts z !y grope _! way 9 a new area ( !ology4 ,_! ef=ts ultimately w lead to ! elaboration ( a develop$ !ology ( ! laity1 an extremely important & equally necess>y body ( k1 = 8! laity are 9 ! front l9e ( ! ,*ur*'s life2 ?r\gh !m ! ,*ur* is ! vital pr9ciple ( human society4 ,accord+ly !y especially mu/ h an ev] cle>] consci\sness n only ( belong+ to ! ,*ur*1 b ( be+ ! ,*ur*44440 7,pius ,,xii1 ,allocution to ! ,sacr$ ,college1 ,,aas1 #ch-adi74a #a ,to detail ! advances made 9 ?is new area ( !ology w\ld dem& a volume = itself4 ,we %all h to be cont5t ) indicat+ a select bibliography ( ! out/&+ works available4 ,francis ,m4 ,keat+1 ,s4,j41 8,!ology ( ! ,laity10 ,proce$+s ( ! ,ca?olic ,!ological ,society ( ,am]ica1 #aief1 pp4 #aif ff42 ,ives ,m4 ,j4 ,cong>1 ,o4,p41 ,jalons p\r une !ologie du laicat1 7,p>is1 ,c]f1 #aiec72 translat$ z ,lay ,p 9 ! ,*ur*1 7,! ,newman ,press1 ,we/m9/]1 ,md41 #aieg72 ,g4 ,philips1 ,le role du laicat dans l',eglise1 7,ca/]man1 ,t\rnai-,p>is1 #aied72 translat$ z ,! ,role ( ! ,laity 9 ! ,*ur*4 7,m]ci]1 ,cork1 #aiee72 ,k>l ,rahn]1 8,! ,apo/olate ( ,laym510 ,!ology ,dige/1 7,spr+ #aieg71 pp4 #gc ff42 ,jacques ,lecl]cq1 8,c a ,layman be a ,sa9t80 ,!ology ,dige/1 7,w9t] #aief71 pp4 #c ff4 7,?is same issue conta9s a select bibliography on spirituality ( ! laity1 p4 #h472 ,paul ,dab91 ,s4,j41 ,le sac]doce royal des fideles dans les livres sa9ts1 7,blond et ,gay1 #aida72 ,le sac]doce royal des fideles dans la tradition anci5ne et mod]ne1 7,les ,editions ,univ]selles1 ,brussels1 #aiej73 ,gu/ave ,weigel1 ,s4,j41 8,! ,body ( ,*ri/ & ! ,city ( ,god10 ,social ,ord]1 7,vol4 #e1 #aiee1 p4 #bge ff474 ,art4 #a3 ,,! ,,duties ,,( ,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* #begd4 ,! ,g5]al ,duties ( ! ,fai?ful4--,! ,*ur* has ! p[] to make laws :i* w promote ! common good ( ! :ole body & ! individual good ( ! memb]s 7see #dah74 ,*ief among ! laws t b9d ! fai?ful 9 g5]al are ! six kn[n z ! ,precepts ( ! ,*ur*1 namely1 ! laws on ! obs]vance ( ,sundays & holydays1 on fa/+ & ab/95ce1 on ye>ly confession1 on ,ea/] ,communion1 on ! support ( pa/ors1 & on m>riage4 #bege4 ,! ,fir/ ,precept ( ! ,*ur*4--,?is precept comm&s t on ,sundays & holydays ( obligation ,mass be he>d & s]vile & o!r l works be omitt$ 7,canons #abdg-abdi7 by ! subjects ( *ur* laws 7#dbg sqq474 7a7 ,?is precept is ( natural & div9e law z to its purpose & sub/ance1 = reason tea*es & ! ,?ird ,comm&m5t ( ! ,decalogue prescribes t man set aside "s "t = ! ext]nal wor%ip ( ,god1 & avoid ^? ?+s t di/ract him f wor%ip 7,cate*ism ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 pp4 #cif sqq174 ,h5ce1 ev5 non-,ca?olics1 ?\gh !y d n s9 by miss+ ,mass 7#dbi1 #dcj71 are guilty ( s9 if !y d n f "t to "t wor%ip ,god ext]nally4 7b7 ,?is precept is ( ecclesia/ical law only z to its details 7i4e41 ! "t set ap>t & ! mann] ( wor%ip & sanctification decre$74 ,! ,old ,te/am5t ,law obs]v$ ! ,sabba? or la/ day ( ! ,week 9 memory ( ! creation ( ! ,_w1 & x ab/a9$ mo/ rigor\sly f "w on ! ,sabba?1 because !re 0 a div9e prohibition & because ?is re/ 0 a figure ( ?+s to come4 ,b 9 ! ,new ,law ! c]emonial precepts ( ,judaism no long] h =ce1 & ! ,*ri/ian precepts sub/itut$ = !m 7 n in/itut$ by ,*ri/ ,himself b arose f ! cu/om ( ! ,*ur*4 ,dur+ ! lifetime ( ! ,apo/les !mselves ,sunday 7or ! fir/ day ( ! week7 came to be v5]at$ z ! ,"l's ,day 9 memory ( ! ,resurrection1 :i* complet$ ! "w ( ,r$emption 7,acts1 ii4 #df1 iii4 #a1 v4 #ab1 xxi4 #bf72 & f e>ly times v>i\s special holydays 7 appo9t$ & made days ( obligatory wor%ip1 z _h be5 ! case ) c]ta9 fea/s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,z e>ly z ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies laws 7 made confirm+ ! primitive cu/oms ( assi/+ at ,mass & re/+ on ,sundays & holydays4 #begf4 ,! ,affirmative & ,negative ,p>ts ( ! ,fir/ ,precept4--,! fir/ precept ( ! ,*ur* has two p>ts1 an affirmative 7preceptive7 "p :i* comm&s ! he>+ ( ,mass1 & a negative 7prohibitive7 "p :i* =bids ! do+ ( s]vile works4 ,! law is !re=e mo/ salut>y & simple1 requir+ t "o take "p 9 ! greate/ act ( wor%ip1 ! sacrifice :i* is a commemoration ( ,*ri/1 & t "o re/ f ! labors & c>es ( ! week & be spiritually refre%$4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! ,mass1 ! precept requires t ,mass itself be he>d1 & t x be an entire ,mass & ! same ,mass4 7a7 ,?us1 ,mass itself mu/ be he>d1 & h5ce "o does n satisfy ! ,sunday obligation by att5d+ o!r s]vices t prec$e 7e4g41 ! ,asp]ges1 bless+ ( palm71 accompany 7e4g41 s]mon71 or foll[ 7e4g41 ,vesp]s1 ,b5$iction7 ! celebration ( ,mass4 ,nei!r does ?is precept oblige "o to att5d o!r s]vices on ,sunday1 al?\gh x is mo/ suitable to d ?is1 also to make int]nal acts ( fai?1 hope & *>ity1 & to read pi\s books & p]=m works ( *>ity1 & x is sometimes necess>y z a natural obligation to att5d ! s]mon or cate*etical in/ruction 7see #iad sqq474 7b7 ,a :ole ,mass mu/ be he>d1 t is1 all ! c]emonies f ! pray]s at ! foot ( ! alt> until ! bless+ at ! end1 & x is irrev]5t to leave *ur* )\t necessity be=e ! prie/ has left ! alt>4 ,he :o c assi/ at only ! ess5tial & integral p>ts ( ! sacrifice 7i4e41 f ! ,consecration to ! ,communion71 is oblig$ to s mu*2 b he :o arrives aft] ! ,consecration & _c he> ano!r ,mass is n oblig$ accord+ to "o op9ion to rema9 = ! pres5t ,mass1 s9ce ! ,consecration1 ! ess5tial "p1 is already pa/4 7c7 ,! same ,mass mu/ be he>d1 & h5ce "o _c satisfy ! obligation by he>+ ! fir/ half ( "o ,mass be+ said on "o alt> & ! second half ( ano!r ,mass be+ said simultane\sly on ano!r alt> 7see ,d5z+]1 n4 #abjc71 nor by he>+ ! ,consecration 9 "o ,mass & ! ,communion 9 a previ\s or subsequ5t ,mass1 ?us divid+ ! sacrifice4 ,b if "o may h he>d f ! ,consecration to ! end 9 "o ,mass1 "o may he> ! omitt$ pre-,consecration p>ts1 x seems1 9 ano!r ,mass t foll[s1 & "o %\ld d ?is if possible4 #begg4 ,h[ ,mass ,mu/ ,be ,he>d4--,9 ref]5ce to ! p]son :o he>s ,mass1 ! positive "p ( ! precept calls = ext]nal assi/ance & int]nal devotion4 7a7 ,?us1 ! ext]nal or bodily assi/ance mu/ be su* t "o c be said to take "p 9 ! div9e wor%ip4 ,?is happ5s :5 "o is physically pres5t1 t is1 :5 "o is 9 ! same build+ or place z ! celebrant & c ei!r see or he> him1 or is morally pres5t1 t is1 n 9 ! same build+ b able to see or he> him naturally 7e4g41 by look+ f ! w9d[ ( a neighbor+ h\se71 or is unable to see or he> him b jo9$ ) ! congregation 7e4g41 ^? :o are outside ! clos$ doors ( ! *ur* b :o c foll[ ! bells & *oir to "s ext5t1 ^? :o are inside ) ! congregation b beh9d a pill> t %uts (f ! view74 ,9 a field ,mass amplifi]s c c>ry ! voice f> out to ! edge ( a va/ cr[d4 ,b !re does n seem to be a suffici5t moral pres5ce :5 ,mass is 8se50 by television or 8he>d0 ov] ! radio1 s9ce 9 ^! cases "o is n pres5t to ! consecrat$ species or unit$ to ! wor%ipp]s4 7b7 ,int]nal or m5tal assi/ance requires ! actual or virtual int5tion ( ! w to p]=m :at ! ,*ur* requires 7see #bafe71 & ! att5tion ( ! m9d1 ext]nal accord+ to "s1 int]nal accord+ to o!rs 7see #baff sqq474 ,?us1 he :o goes to *ur* m]ely to he> ! music or look at ! pictures does n he> ,mass = lack ( int5tion2 he :o sleeps s\ndly all ?r\gh ! s]vice does n he> ,mass = lack ( att5tion4 ,"o :o kn[s :at is go+ on be=e him1 b ^: ?\ghts are n on any religi\s matt]1 complies ) ! precept ( ! ,*ur* accord+ to "s1 b he s9s by irrev]5ce & volunt>y di/raction4 ,x suffices dur+ ,mass to ?9k ei!r on ! ,mass itself 7:i* is ! be/ att5tion71 or to ?9k on o!r pi\s subjects 7e4g41 to make an exam9ation ( consci5ce1 to say ! ,ros>y74 ,c]ta9 actions 7e4g41 ^? t are relat$ to ! ,mass1 su* z r++ ! bell1 tak+ up ! collection1 play+ ! organ7 d n exclude ext]nal att5tion1 b o!rs c]ta9ly exclude x 7e4g41 writ+ a lett]71 & o!rs are d\btful 7e4g41 go+ to ,confession74 #begh4 ,"t & ,place ( ,mass4--,9 ref]5ce to circum/ances1 ! precept requires t ,mass be he>d at ! prop] place & ! prop] "t4 7a7 ,place4--,! precept may be compli$ ) by att5d+ ,mass 9 any ,ca?olic rite 7,lat91 ,greek1 etc471 & x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ,mass is celebrat$ 9 ! op5 air1 9 a *ur*1 or 9 a public or semi-public oratory 7,canon #abdi74 ,b private *apels are = ! b5efit ( ! grantee alone4 7b7 ,"t4--,! precept mu/ be compli$ ) on ! fea/ itself1 t is1 dur+ ! p]iod ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs f midnight to midnight4 ,sunday ,mass _c be anticipat$ on ,saturday or put (f till ,monday4 ,likewise s]vile works are unlawful f midnight to midnight4 #begi4 ,s]vile ,works4--,! prohibitory "p ( ! precept is conc]n$ ) s]vile works1 t is1 labor ( a k9d t t5ds to make "o unfit = devotion or t %[s disrespect = ! sacr$ness ( ! day1 ev5 ?\gh ! labor be done gratis1 or = recreation1 or out ( devotion4 ,h5ce1 ! law =bids3 7a7 works giv5 to ! s]vice ( ! devil1 t is1 s9s t deprive "o ( hol9ess1 su* z riot\s recreations1 gambl+1 drunk5ness1 read+ improp] matt]1 & att5dance at evil movie p]=mances4 ,b ^! works are oppos$ to ! end1 n to ! text1 ( ! law2 & h5ce ! circum/ance ( "t aggravates _! malice b does n give !m a new species 7see #bcad72 7b7 works giv5 to ! s]vice ( ! body 7s]vile works prop]ly s call$7 or to ! s]vice ( ext]nal goods 7=5sic & comm]cial works74 ,s]vile works 9 ! /rict s5se cause bodily fatigue & are tak5 up ) mat]ial ?+s1 & h5ce !y di/ract ! m9d f religi\s ?\ghts4 ,su* are manual labors 7e4g41 pl[+1 digg+1 h\seclean+7 & me*anical or indu/rial labors 7e4g41 pr9t+1 build+1 pla/]+1 %oemak+74 ,=5sic & comm]cial labors 7e4g41 argu+ 9 c\rt1 auctione]+7 are also ( a v worldly k9d & unsuitable = ! quiet & recollection ( ,sundays & holydays4 #behj4 ,! prohibitory "p ( ! ,sunday precept does n affect works :i* are no imp$im5t to devotion & :i* ca/ no di%onor on ! day4 ,su* are3 7a7 works devot$ imm$iately to ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,! purpose ( ! law is to all[ leisure = ^! works1 & h5ce manife/ly _! p]=mance is n =bidd54 ,su* works are say+ ,mass1 prea*+1 adm9i/]+ ! ,sacram5ts1 s++ 9 *ur*1 & visit+ ! poor & sick 7,john1 vii4 #bc2 ,matt41 xii4 #e74 ,b works t are only remotely relat$ to div9e wor%ip 7e4g41 clean+ ! *ur*1 pa9t+ ! alt>1 repair+ ! ve/m5ts1 decorat+ ! %r9es7 %\ld n be done on ,sunday )\t necessity2 7b7 works devot$ to ! s]vice ( ! m9d 7lib]al works74 ,^! works are ( a m elevat$ k9d1 d n require great bodily ex]tion1 & are n look$ ^u z unsuitable to ! ,sabba?4 ,su* are intellectual works 7e4g41 tea*+1 read+1 writ+1 /udy+71 arti/ic works 7e4g41 play+ ! organ1 s++1 draw+1 pa9t+ a picture1 embroid]+71 & works ( recreation 7mod]ate sports or div]sions su* z baseball1 t5nis1 & *ess74 #beha4 ,o!r ,k9ds ( ,works & ,sunday ,obs]vance4--7a7 ,common works are ^? t /& betwe5 ! lib]al & ! s]vile1 s9ce !y are ex]cis$ equally by m9d & body1 su* z walk+1 rid+1 hunt+1 & fi%+ t is n v labori\s4 ,^! are lawful4 7b7 ,d\btful works are ^? t are n[ non-s]vile1 n[ s]vile1 accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* !y are conduct$1 su* z ! "w ( pa9t]s1 sculptors1 typi/s1 seam/resses1 & photograph]s4 ,?us1 x is a lib]al "w to pa9t a portrait1 a s]vile "w to pa9t ! walls ( a h\se4 ,9 settl+ ! "* ( v>i\s k9ds ( "w1 "o mu/ be guid$ by ! prud5t op9ion ( "o's locality1 & 9 case ( d\bt & ne$ mu/ seek a disp5sation4 7,= a hi/ory ( ! !ology ( s]vile works see ,franz ,x4 ,pettirs*1 ,s4,j41 8,a ,!ology ( ,sunday ,re/10 ,!ology ,dige/1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 no4 #b1 ,spr+ #aieh1 pp4 #aad ff42 = a survey ( mod]n /udies on ! problem see ,proce$+s ( ! ,ca?olic ,!ological ,society ( ,am]ica1 #aieg74 #behb4 ,is x lawful )\t necessity to hire ! s]vile "w ( non-,ca?olics on ,sunday1 if ^! p]sons are n !reby imp$$ f ! natural duty ( wor%ipp+ ,god & no sc&al is giv58 7a7 ,if ! non-,ca?olics are infidels & n b\nd by *ur* laws1 ?is is lawful4 ,! same w\ld be true ( ^? :o lack ! use ( reason 7see #dbg sqq474 7b7 ,if ! non-,ca?olics are h]etics1 x is n lawful 9 ! case giv5 to make !m "w on ,sunday4 #behc4 ,obligation ( ,fir/ ,precept4--,! fir/ precept ( ! ,*ur* obliges "u pa9 ( grave s91 because x det]m9es a necess>y act ( religion 7#badh71 & exp]i5ce %[s t :]e ! ,sabba? is neglect$ ! social1 spiritual & physical int]e/s ( man are s]i\sly h>m$ 7see ,d5z+]1 n4 #abjb74 ,!re is always hope = ,ca?olics :o att5d ,mass1 :]eas ^? :o miss ,mass soon become ,ca?olics only 9 "n4 ,b s9ce neglect ( wor%ip may be only slightly disrespectful1 & s9ce ! end ( ! precept may be sub/antially obta9$ )\t complete fulfillm5t1 a transgression may be only v5ial by reason ( lightness ( matt]4 7a7 ,preceptive ,"p4--,grave matt] is a "p ( ! ,mass t is notable on acc\nt ( dignity 7i4e41 ! ess5tial & integral p>ts ( ! ,mass1 = example1 ! ,consecration & ,communion71 or on acc\nt ( its duration 7i4e41 a ?ird ( ! :ole ,mass1 e4g41 f ! beg9n+ to ! ,(f]tory inclusively1 f ! beg9n+ to ! ,gospel & f ! ,communion to ! end1 f ! ,preface to ! ,consecration1 f ! ,consecration to ! ,agnus ,dei1 etc474 ,h5ce1 he :o is culpably abs5t or asleep dur+ a notable "p ( ! ,mass s9s gravely1 b he :o is abs5t or asleep dur+ an inconsid]able "p ( ! ,mass 7e4g41 "o :o arrives j at ! ,(f]tory or :o leaves aft] ! ,communion7 s9s v5ially1 unless he is s dispos$ t he does n c>e h[ mu* he misses4 7b7 ,prohibitive ,"p4--,grave matt] is labor t is notable on acc\nt ( its quality 7e4g41 =5sic proce$+s ev5 = a brief space on ,sunday w\ld be a s]i\s di/raction & sc&al71 or its quantity 7e4g41 two & a half h\rs giv5 to v exhau/+ manual "w1 su* z digg+ a dit*1 ?ree h\rs giv5 to less ardu\s labor1 su* z s[+74 ,he :o comm&s t5 labor]s to "w an h\r ea* on ,sunday coop]ates 9 t5 v5ial s9s 7see #bai71 b he may be guilty ( mortal s9 on acc\nt ( sc&al4 #behd4 ,excuses f ,obs]vance ( ,fir/ ,precept4--,^! reasons may be r$uc$ to two classes1 namely1 ext]nal reasons 7i4e41 a disp5sation or a lawful cu/om7 & int]nal reasons 7i4e41 "o's own inability or necessity74 7a7 ,ext]nal ,reasons4--,disp5sations may be giv5 "u c]ta9 conditions by local ,ord9>ies1 by p>i%-prie/s1 & by sup]iors ( exempt cl]ical in/itutes 7,canon #abde74 ,cu/om 9 c]ta9 places excuses f ,mass = a mon? wom5 :o h j giv5 bir? to a *ild or :o h lo/ _! husb& by dea?1 & also--f ! ,mass 9 :i* _! banns are to be proclaim$--^? wom5 :o are ab\t to m>ry4 ,cu/om fur!r p]mits necess>y labors1 su* z cook+1 ord9>y h\seclean+1 b>b]+1 ! "w ( railroad & g>age m51 etc4 7b7 ,int]nal ,reasons4--,impossibility or s]i\s inconv5i5ce excuses f he>+ ,mass 7e4g41 ^? :o h to walk an h\r's j\rney to *ur* or ride a two h\rs' j\rney1 reg>d+ :i*1 9 t]ms ( di/ance travell$1 x has be5 sugge/$ t ! figures %\ld be m ?an ?ree miles ea* way if "o mu/ walk1 m ?an ?irty miles if a c> is available & ! roads are good2 ^? :o w suff] great detrim5t to heal?1 honor1 =tune1 etc41 if !y g2 ^? :o are kept away by duties ( *>ity or employm5t or (fice t _c be omitt$74 ,necessity or duty to o!rs p]mits "o to "w on ,sunday at lea/ to "s ext5t 7e4g41 ^? :o mu/ labor on a ,sunday 9 ord] to live1 or to keep out ( s]i\s tr\ble1 or to p]=m s]vices or works ( *>ity t _c easily be done at ano!r "t74 ,to avoid self-deception ! fai?ful %\ld consult _! pa/or or o!r prud5t p]son if !re is d\bt ab\t ! suffici5cy ( ! excuse4 #behe4 ,?\gh ! ,*ur* does n impose excessive ,sabbat>ianism1 nei!r does %e admit laxity 9 ! important matt] ( ! ,"l's ,day4 7a7 ,h5ce1 n e reason excuses f ! *ur* precept4 ,?us1 ^? are guilty :o unnecess>ily place !mselves 9 ! impossibility ( obs]v+ ! law 7e4g41 by mov+ to a place :]e !re is no *ur*1 by tak+ a position t requires "w all ,sunday morn+1 by />t+ on a vacation or auto trip to a *ur*less region71 or ^: excuses are frivol\s 7e4g41 ^? :o /ay away f ,mass because !y dislike ! prie/1 or :o "w on ,sunday m]ely to keep busy74 7b7 ,reasons t excuse f "p ( ! ecclesia/ical precept d n excuse f all ( x4 ,?us1 ^? :o are unable to he> ,mass are n !reby ju/ifi$ 9 do+ s]vile "w1 ^? :o c he> ! ess5tial "p ( ,mass 7,consecration & ,communion71 b n ! o!r p>ts1 %\ld he> ! ess5tial "p2 ^? :o c he> ,mass only on "o ,sunday a ye> are n excus$ on t ,sunday4 7c7 ,reasons t excuse f ! ecclesia/ical precept d n excuse f ! div9e precept 7see #bege7 ( wor%ipp+ ,god4 ,h5ce1 ^? :o are really oblig$ to "w e ,sunday %\ld sanctify ! ,"l's ,day by :atev] private pray] or devotion !y c sub/itute4 ,"s au?ors v rightly believe t ^? :o c nev] g to ,mass on ,sunday are held by div9e law to he> ,mass on weekdays ?ree or f\r times a ye> at lea/1 :5 ?is is possible 7see #badh1 #bahj74 #behf4 ,! ,second ,precept ( ! ,*ur*4--,?is precept comm&s t on all ,fridays ( ! ye> & c]ta9 o!r specifi$ days 7unless !y fall on a holyday outside ( ,l5t7 e baptiz$ p]son :o has complet$ ! age ( sev5 & has atta9$ ! use ( reason %all ab/a9 f eat+ fle% meat & f dr9k+ ! bro? or s\p made f fle% meat 7,canons #abej-abed74 7a7 ,"u ! "n fle% are includ$ all l& & w>m-blood$ animals 7i4e41 mammals & birds74 ,! law does n include aquatic animals 7i4e41 fi%es1 clams1 oy/]s & o!r %ellfi%1 lob/]s1 %rimps1 crabs & o!r cru/aceans71 nor cold-blood$ animals 7i4e41 reptiles1 snails & amphibians1 su* z frogs1 tortoises74 ,"s au?ors include "u aquatic animals ott]s1 beav]s1 seals1 walruses1 loons1 & coots1 ?\gh g5]ally ! birds are reg>d$ z fle%4 ,9 d\bt :e!r a food is fi% or fle%1 x may be judg$ to be fi%1 = 9 d\bts laws are to be int]pret$ b5ignly4 7b7 ,"u ! "n meat are includ$ all ! p>ts ( an animal 7i4e41 its fle%1 blood1 m>r[1 bra9s1 l>d1 meat extracts1 m9ce-pie1 peps97 b n its fruit 7e4g41 eggs1 milk1 & ?+s made f milk1 su* z butt]1 *eese74 7c7 ,"u ! "n bro? is includ$ any liquid made f ! juice ( meat1 su* z beef tea1 *ick5 bro?1 mutton s\p1 gravy1 etc4 ,b ! law does n =bid condim5ts made f animal fats 7e4g41 m>g>974 #behg4 ,obligation ( ! ,second ,precept ( ! ,*ur*4--7a7 ,orig9 ( ! ,obligation4--,9 sub/ance ?is precept is ( ! natural law1 b 9 details 7"t1 mann]1 etc47 x is ( ecclesia/ical law 7#bdfh b7 & has come d[n f cu/oms t began 9 ! fir/ ages ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! *ur* regulation on ab/95ce is mo/ wise & mod]ate3 ! foods =bidd5 are ^? ^: deprivation is a mortification to mo/ p]sons1 & at ! same "t a great b5efit to spiritual & bodily heal?2 ! times appo9t$ are few b appropriate 7viz41 days ( sorr[1 special pray]1 p5ance1 prep>ation1 su* z ,fridays1 ,emb] ,days1 ,l5t1 vigils71 & !y are s di/ribut$ z to sanctify by mortification ea* week & ea* season ( ! ye>4 ,true1 no food is evil 9 itself 7,matt41 xv4 #aa2 ,i ,cor41 viii1 #h2 ,i ,tim41 iv4 #c2 ,col41 ii4 #af71 b j z ! physician c =bid c]ta9 foods to 8 pati5t = ! sake ( temporal good1 s = ! sake ( spiritual good ,god =bade to ,adam ! fruit ( "o tree & to ! ,jews ! fle% ( c]ta9 animals2 & ! ,*ur* f ! days ( ! ,apo/les 7,acts1 xv4 #bi7 has ex]cis$ ! same "r4 7b7 ,gravity ( ! ,obligation4--,! ab/95ce requir$ by ! ,second ,precept is a grave duty1 because ! ,*ur* makes x ! necess>y act ( ! necess>y virtue ( ab/emi\sness & a s]i\s duty ( ob$i5ce4 ,b n e transgression is a s]i\s injury to ! _s ( ?is law1 & h5ce "s s9s aga9/ x are v5ial4 ,grave matt] is su* a quantity ( =bidd5 food z gives consid]able n\ri%m5t1 & h5ce = practical purposes ! rule may be giv5 t fle% meat :i* weighs two ounces 7or1 accord+ to o!rs1 :at w\ld be ! size ( a walnut or ( a small h5's egg7 is grave matt]4 ,"s hold = a m lib]al int]pretation :5 ! food is n /rictly fle% meat1 & believe t liquid f meat is n grave matt] at any "t1 or at lea/ :5 x weighs less ?an f\r ounces4 ,vegetables cook$ or season$ ) meat or meat juice are also consid]$ light matt]4 ,he :o eats meat twice on a ,friday or o!r ab/95ce day commits two s9s1 j z he :o works twice on a ,sunday or holyday commits two s9s4 ,x is commonly held t _m v5ial s9s aga9/ ab/95ce committ$ on ! same day coalesce to =m grave matt]1 b on acc\nt ( ! sep>ation betwe5 ! eat+s a l>g] am\nt is necess>y = grave matt]4 7c7 ,exceptions to ! ,obligation4--,^? are n b\nd to obs]ve a day ( ab/95ce :o h be5 exempt$ by indult 7,canon #abec71 :o h be5 disp5s$ by ! ,ord9>y1 pa/or or sup]ior 7,canon #abde71 or :o are excus$ on acc\nt ( real impossibility 7e4g41 ! poor1 ! sick1 ^? oblig$ to p]=m v h>d "w1 ^? :o are morally =c$ to eat meat b n z a sign ( contempt ( ! law74 ,p]sons disp5s$ f ab/95ce may n eat meat (t5] ?an once a day on fa/ days1 unless !y h a special grant4 ,! fai?ful %\ld be guid$ by ! ,l5t5 regulations ( _! dioceses1 & 9 d\bt !y %\ld consult _! pa/ors4 #behh4 ,! ,obligation ( ,fa/+4--,! ,second ,precept also comm&s t on ! weekdays ( ,l5t & c]ta9 o!r specifi$ days 7holydays outside ,l5t except$7 e baptiz$ p]son betwe5 ! ages ( tw5ty-"o ye>s complet$ & sixty ye>s begun %all eat n m ?an "o full meal a day 7,canon #abea74 7a7 ,! law speaks ( eat+1 t is1 ( solid food1 & h5ce ! ,l5t5 & o!r simil> fa/s are n brok5 by liquids :i* are bev]ages r ?an foods1 or :i* are us$ to allay ?ir/1 or c>ry food or assi/ dige/ion1 & n *iefly to n\ri% 7e4g41 wat]1 teas1 c(fee1 light cocoa1 w9e1 be]1 lemonade1 fruit juice74 ,likewise1 sirups tak5 z m$ic9es are n consid]$ foods1 ev5 ?\gh !y conta9 n\ri%m5t1 unless "o dr9ks a l>ge quantity = its food cont5t4 ,light ices may be consid]$ dr9k1 b ice-cream is food4 ,on ! contr>y1 liquids t are *iefly n\ri%+ are reg>d$ z food 7e4g41 s\p1 oil1 honey74 ,f9ally1 "s liquors v>y betwe5 food & dr9k1 accord+ to _! ri*ness or weakness1 _! great or small quantity4 ,?us1 hot *ocolate z made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates conta9s only a small am\nt ( solid & may be consid]$ z a dr9k1 b z made 9 ,europe x is /rong] & r food ?an dr9k4 7b7 ,! law admits z an indulg5ce on fa/ days1 9 addition to ! "o meal1 a small breakfa/ 9 ! morn+ & a light collation to be tak5 ei!r ar\nd noon 7lun*7 or 9 ! ev5+ 7supp]74 ,! quality & quantity ( ^! two repa/s are left to local cu/om4 ,! ,uni=m ,norm = ,fa/ & ,ab/95ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates adopt$ by ! ,hi]>*y1 ,nov4 #ad1 #aiea1 e/abli%es ! foll[+ norm = ^! two meatless meals4 ,!y are to be 8suffici5t to ma9ta9 /r5g?1 may be tak5 accord+ to ea* "o's ne$s2 b toge!r !y %\ld n equal ano!r full meal40 ,?is norm1 call$ ! relative /&>d1 0 adopt$ by _m ,bi%ops ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 beg9n+ ) ,l5t ( #aieb4 ,?us1 ! am\nt ( food is dep5d5t to "s degree on a p]son's own ne$s & appetite4 ,! relative /&>d is di/+ui%$ f ! absolute norm :i* all[s ab\t two ounces = ! morn+ collation & eight ounces = ! ev5+4 7c7 ,! law p]mits "o to eat b once 9 ! day 7exception be+ made = breakfa/ & collation71 b x places no limits z to ! quality ( ! food at ! pr9cipal meal 7unless ! day be also a day ( ab/95ce1 :5 meat is =bidd571 or z to its quantity1 ?\gh temp]ance bids "o to eat at all times 9 mod]ation4 ,on fa/ days1 !re=e1 "o may n eat betwe5 meals1 nor s divide or prolong ! d9n] t x really becomes sev]al meals4 ,a notable int]ruption 7two or ?ree h\rs7 made )\t good reason divides a d9n] into two meals1 & ov] two h\rs ( un9t]rupt$ eat+1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 seems to be m ?an ! "o full meal :i* ! law all[s4 #behi4 ,! ,obligation ( ! ,precept ( ,fa/+4--7a7 ,orig94--,! natural law comm&s fa/+ 9 g5]al1 s9ce )\t "s k9d ( au/]ity above common temp]ance c]ta9 desirable ends 7su* z atonem5t = pa/ transgressions1 conque/ ( unruly passions1 & elevation ( ! s\l7 _c be atta9$2 & z ^! ends are necess>y x is also necess>y to use ! means z f> z "o ne$s !m4 ,! p>ticul>ization ( ?is natural law has be5 made by ! positive law ( ! ,*ur*1 & ) su* wisdom z to promote ! good ( bo? s\l & body4 ,! times appo9t$ are mo/ appropriate 7e4g41 ! season :5 ! ,passion is commemorat$1 ,luke1 v4 #ce72 ! duration ( ! long fa/ is modell$ on t ( ,*ri/ 7,matt41 iv4 #a72 ! curtailm5t ( food requir$ is n only b5eficial 7z an ex]cise ( self-control & a re/ & *ange to ! metabolism71 b is mod]ate1 s9ce x p]mits suffici5t food = ! day1 & ev5 9 ! fa/ ( ,l5t ! ,sundays occur to give a respite4 7b7 ,gravity4--,! precept ( fa/+ is grave1 bo? f ! purpose ( ! law 7see #bdfi71 & f ! express decl>ation ( ! lawgiv] 7,d5z+]1 n4 #aabc74 ,b ! _s ( ! precept is n notably deviat$ f by e transgression1 & h5ce ev5 9 ref]5ce to matt] !re are m9or or v5ial violations2 & moreov] ! precept is probably 7unlike t ( ab/95ce7 an indivisible "o1 s9ce x consi/s 9 ! limitation to "o meal1 & h5ce x _c be violat$ m ?an once a day4 ,grave matt]1 :5 ! absolute norm is us$1 seems to be ab\t f\r ounces add$ to ! collations or tak5 betwe5 meals1 ei!r all at once or at diff]5t times dur+ ! day 7,d5z+]1 n4#aabi71 ,b if ! relative norm is us$1 a great] quantity is ne$$ to e/abli% grave matt]1 e4g41 "o f\r? ( a full meal4 ,b he :o has brok5 8 fa/ 7e4g41 by a second full meal7 does n break x aga9 by a ?ird or f\r? full meal on ! same day1 = aft] ! second full meal ! fa/ has become impossible = t day4 ,he :o accid5tally takes too mu* at breakfa/ c /ill keep ! fa/ by proportionately dim9i%+ 8 ev5+ repa/4 7c7 ,exceptions4--,physical or moral impossibility excuses f ! fa/1 & gives ! "r to eat meat z (t5 z mod]ation all[s on days t are n meatless days4 ,! *ief p]sons :o labor "u impossibility are ^? :o are too weak to fa/ 7e4g41 ! sick1 ! convalesc5t1 pregnant & nurs+ mo!rs1 ! n]v\s71 ^? :o are too poor to get "o squ>e meal a day 7e4g41 /reet begg>s :o h no?+ may eat z (t5 z !y are giv5 an alms1 if x does n buy !m a d9n]71 & ^? :o _c d _! necess>y or cu/om>y h>d "w if !y fa/4 ,h>d "w is su* z is ex]cis$ = _m h\rs cont9u\sly1 or = a less "t if x is v int5se1 & :i* is greatly fatigu+ to ! m9d 7e4g41 daily tea*+1 lectur+1 /udy+1 he>+ confessions1 prea*+1 etc47 or to ! body 7e4g41 heavy manual labor1 ! difficult jobs 9 (fices or /ores1 "w t requires "o to be on "o's feet = h\rs at a "t1 necess>y j\rneys made "u h>d%ip74 ,! confessor or physician c decide ab\t cases ( impossibility t are n manife/1 b disp5sation %\ld be _h f ! pa/or 7,canon #abde74 ,^? :o are disp5s$ f ! ecclesia/ical fa/ or ab/95ce %\ld rememb] t !y are n disp5s$ f ! natural law ( temp]ance1 & !y %\ld practise "s ab/emi\sness accord+ to _! ability 7e4g41 by self-d5ial 9 alcoholic bev]ages1 tobacco1 sweets1 etc41 or mortification 9 ! quantity or quality ( food74 #beij4 ,! ,?ird ,precept ( ! ,*ur*4--,?is precept comm&s t all ! fai?ful1 male & female1 :o h rea*$ ! age ( discretion g to confession at lea/ once a ye> 7,canon #ijf74 7a7 ,! subject ( ?is precept is e baptiz$ p]son :o has ent]$ ! ,*ur* ?r\gh valid ,baptism & :o has ! use ( reason1 :i* beg9s usually at ! age ( sev54 ,infants are incapable ( committ+ s91 & ! unbaptiz$ are incapable ( receiv+ ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance4 7b7 ,! matt] ( ! precept is a good sacram5tal confession ( ! grave s9s n yet confess$1 made ) ! purpose ( obta9+ absolution to any duly au?oriz$ prie/4 ,h5ce1 ^? :o h only v5ial s9s on _! consci5ce are n b\nd accord+ to ! common op9ion by ?is precept1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o make a sacrilegi\s or volunt>ily null confession d n fulfill ! law 7,d5z+]1 n4 #aaad2 ,code1 ,canon #ijg74 ,x seems t "o :o1 aft] a confession ( v5ial s9s at ,ea/]1 falls into grave s9 is n b\nd f ?is precept to confess aga9 be=e ! end ( ! ye>4 7c7 ,! "t = fulfillm5t ( ! precept is once dur+ ! ye>4 ,! law leaves "o free to confess on any day dur+ ! twelvemon?1 & to c\nt ! ye> ei!r civilly 7i4e41 f ,janu>y #a to ,decemb] #ca71 or ecclesia/ically 7e4g41 f ,ea/] "t to ,ea/] "t1 z is commonly done71 or f ! date ( ! la/ confession4 ,! limit is set1 h[ev]1 n to t]m9ate b to insi/ ^u obligation1 & h5ce x seems t he :o has n made 8 #aieg confession mu/ make x z soon z possible 9 #aieh1 b ! #aieg confession made 9 #aieh w satisfy = ! #aieh obligation also 7see #dfh sqq474 #beia4 ,! ,obligation ( ! ,?ird ,precept4--7a7 ,orig94--,f div9e law sacram5tal confession is necess>y = all :o h fall5 into s]i\s s9 aft] ,baptism1 s9ce ,*ri/ has giv5 ,8 ,*ur* ! keys ( heav5 & appo9t$ ,8 bi%ops & prie/s ! physicians & judges to cure & p>don 7,matt41 xviii4 #ah2 ,john1 xx4 #bc74 ,b ,our ,"l did n fix ! frequ5cy ( confession1 & x is ?is :i* ! pres5t precept det]m9es4 ,! law ( annual confession goes back to ! ,f\r? ,lat]an ,c\ncil 7#abae74 7b7 ,gravity4--,! precept ( annual confession obliges "u pa9 ( mortal s91 = its purpose is ( vital importance & ! ,*ur* has always reg>d$ x z a grave obligation4 ,! purpose ( ! law is to ensure ! use ( ! ,sacram5t in/itut$ by ,*ri/ = =giv5ess & to keep s9n]s f delay+ _! rep5tance too long4 ,if a good bus9ess man takes /ock ( 8 assets & liabilities at lea/ once a ye>1 & ^? :o are c>eful ( _! heal? h m$ical att5tion or exam9ation at lea/ ye>ly1 x is mo/ reasonable t ! fai?ful %\ld settle _! spiritual acc\nts & att5d to ! well-be+ ( _! s\ls )9 an equal p]iod ( "t4 ,9 ! e>ly c5turies :5 f]vor 0 great] & conditions diff]5t1 no g5]al *ur* law on ! frequ5cy ( confession 0 ne$$2 b !re is no d\bt t ! ,lat]an ,decree met well ! ne$ t began aft] ! *ange f ! e>ly p5it5tial discipl9e1 ,! p5alties = violation ( ?is precept 7 excommunication & exclusion f ecclesia/ical burial1 &1 ?\gh !y are n en=c$ today1 !y %[ ! int5tion ( ! ,*ur* to impose a grave duty4 #beib4 ,! ,f\r? ,precept ( ! ,*ur*4--,?is precept comm&s t all ! fai?ful1 male & female1 :o h atta9$ ! use ( reason1 g to ,holy ,communion at lea/ once a ye>1 & t dur+ ,ea/] "t 7,canon #hei74 7a7 ,! subjects ( ?is precept are ! same z ^? ( ! previ\s precept1 & consequ5tly *ildr5 ( sev5 ye>s or !reab\t1 :o are able to und]/&1 mu/ make ! ,ea/] duty4 7b7 ,! matt] ( ! precept is a wor?y ,communion 7,viaticum or ord9>y ,communion7 receiv$ 9 any p>i%1 b pref]ably 9 "o's own p>i%4 ,p]sons liv+ 9 community 7e4g41 religi\s1 soldi]s1 college bo>d]s7 may make ! ,ea/] duty 9 _! own *apels1 /rang]s & vagi 9 any *ur* or *apel1 & prie/s 9 ! place :]e !y say ,mass4 7c7 ,! "t ( ! precept is ! ,pas*al ,season 7i4e41 f ,palm ,sunday to ,l[ ,sunday1 b 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by privilege1 f ! ,fir/ ,sunday ( ,l5t to ,tr9ity ,sunday74 ,! ,ea/] "t may be prolong$ = an individual by 8 pa/or or confessor = a j reason4 ,! ye> )9 :i* ! ,ea/] duty is to be made beg9s1 x seems1 ) ! op5+ ( "o ,pas*al ,season & ends ) ! op5+ ( ! ,pas*al ,season ( ! foll[+ cal5d> ye>4 ,s9ce ! law requires t ! ,ea/] duty be made1 n only )9 ! ,pas*al ,season1 b also once a ye>1 x foll[s t he :o neglects ,communion dur+ ! ,ea/] p]iod is /ill b\nd by ! law to g to ,communion be=e ! op5+ ( ! next ,pas*al ,season1 b probably he is n b\nd to g at ! fir/ opportunity4 ,z a rule1 we believe ^? :o d n make _! ,ea/] duty dur+ a ye> are guilty ( b "o s91 s9ce !y d n ?9k ( di/9ct violations4 #beic4 ,! ,obligation ( ! ,f\r? ,precept4--7a7 ,orig94--,!re is a div9e precept ( receiv+ ,communion "s "t dur+ life1 s9ce ,our ,"l will$ ! ,eu*>i/ to be ! necess>y n\ri%m5t ( ! s\l's j\rney 7,john1 vi4 #ed7 & ! p]petual memorial ( ,himself 7,i ,cor41 xi4 #bd74 ,! ,*ur* 9 ! pres5t precept has prescrib$ bo? ! frequ5cy & ! "t = comply+ ) ! w ( ,*ri/4 ,s9ce ! ,eu*>i/ is a daily bread1 ! law does n p]mit x to be ab/a9$ f by anyone beyond a ye>2 &1 s9ce ! ,pas*al ,season br+s ! anniv]s>y ( ,*ri/'s sacrifice & ( ! in/itution ( ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t1 x is ! "t mo/ fitly *os5 = ! obligatory ,communion4 7b7 ,gravity4--,! precept obliges "u pa9 ( grave s91 = x det]m9es a law giv5 by ,our ,"l ,himself & regulates ! m9imum 9 ! use ( ! ,eu*>i/1 ! greate/ ( ! ,sacram5ts & ! end ( all ! o!rs4 ,! doctr9e ( !ologians is t x is a grave s9 to delay culpably ! ,ea/] ,communion = ev5 a day beyond ! ,pas*al ,season z prescrib$4 #beid4 ,! ,fif? & ,six? ,precepts ( ! ,*ur*4--,! ,fif? ,precept comm&s ! prop] ma9t5ance ( ! cl]gy by ! laity4 ,! mann] ( giv+ ! support is left to ! special /atutes & cu/oms ( ea* c\ntry 7,canons #adif1 #aejb74 ,?is ecclesia/ical law is b a det]m9ation ( ! natural law ( ju/ice & religion1 & also ( ! div9e law2 = ev5 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! ,levites 7 support$ by ! p4 ,! duty is1 !re=e1 grave 7see #bahe sqq474 ,respect & ob$i5ce 9 spiritual matt]s are ow$ ! cl]gy1 & x is s9ful to usurp _! functions 7see #bcea1 #bcee sqq41 & ,canons #aai1 #fhc1 #aica1 #aff74 ,! ,six? ,precept comm&s ! prop] solemnization ( m>riage & prohibits ! solemn bless+ ( m>riages at /at$ times4 ,canon #aajh1 ,sec4#b specifies ^! times z 8f ! fir/ ,sunday ( ,adv5t until ! day ( ! ,nativity ( ,our ,"l inclusive1 & f ,a% ,w$nesday until ,ea/] ,sunday inclusive40 ,x is to be not$ t ! =bidd5 "t excludes only ! solemn bless+1 & ev5 ?is may be p]mitt$ by ! ,ord9>y = j cause1 subject to liturgical laws 7,canon #aajh1 ,sec4#c74 #beie4 ,two ,o!r ,important ,g5]al ,laws ( ! ,*ur*4--7a7 ,! prohibition ( wick$ & dang]\s writ+s 7,canons #achd sqq47 is bas$ on ! natural law1 :i* requires "o to avoid :at is proximately dang]\s to fai? or morals4 ,?is subject is treat$ above 9 #adef1 #hdi sqq41 #aebi4 7b7 ,! prohibition ( ! cremation ( corpses 7,canon #abjc7 is n bas$ on natural law or on any dogma1 z ?\gh ! burn+ ( dead bodies 7 intr9sically evil or repugnant to our fai? 9 immortality & resurrection4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 exceptional cases 7e4g41 9 "t ( w> or epidemic7 cremation is p]mitt$1 if a real public necessity requires x4 ,! reasons = ! anti-cremation law are3 ! tradition ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts 7,g541 iii1 #ai2 ,i ,cor41 xv4 #db71 & especially ! example ( ,*ri/ ^: body 0 consign$ to ! tomb2 ! association ( burial ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* ) sacr$ rites & ! doctr9e ( ! future life1 & ! contr>y association ( cremation bo? 9 times pa/ & today ) paganism & despair2 ! sacr$ dignity ( ! human body 7,g541 i4 #be2 ,i ,cor41 iii4 #af1 vi4 #e71 & ! feel+ ( affection = p>5ts1 relatives1 fri5ds1 :i* is outrag$ :5 _! bodies are consign$ to ! furnace4 ,! practical argum5ts (f]$ = cremation are *iefly hygi5ic & economic2 b x is c]ta9 t prop] burial at sea or 9 ! grave is no m5ace to public heal?1 & is n m exp5sive or difficult ?an cremation4 ,a mo/ s]i\s objection to cremation is t x makes exhumation impossible1 & is !re=e a means ( conceal+ murd] by poison4 ,x is n lawful = a ,ca?olic to coop]ate 7except mat]ially 9 case ( necessity7 ) cremation1 or to belong to any society t promotes ! inc9]ation ( corpses2 x is n lawful = a prie/ to give ! la/ ,sacram5ts or fun]al rites to ^? :o ord]$ ! cremation ( _! bodies4 #beif4 ,! ,special ,duties ( ,cl]ics4--,f ! duties ( ,ca?olics 9 g5]al we pass n[ to ! special duties ( cl]ics2 = ! cl]gy1 on acc\nt ( _! position z ! salt ( ! e>? & ! light ( ! _w 7,matt41 v4 #af71 are b\nd to a great] int]nal & ext]nal hol9ess & edification ?an ! laity4 ,! ^w 8cl]ic0 is und]/ood 9 a wide or 9 a /rict s5se4 ,9 ! wide s5se1 a cl]ic is any ,*ri/ian specially set ap>t = ! s]vice ( ,god1 :e!r by ord9ation or religi\s pr(ession 7e4g41 lay bro!rs1 nuns72 9 ! /rict s5se1 a cl]ic 7cl]gyman7 is "o :o has be5 admitt$ to ,ord]s1 or at lea/ to _! prep>ation ?r\gh tonsure 7,canon #ajh74 7a7 ,duties ,be=e ,ent]+ ! ,cl]ical ,/ate4--,! p]son :o w\ld ent] ! cl]ical /ate mu/ h a vocation & a "r int5tion4 ,z to ! latt]1 s9ce ! cl]ical /ate has = its ends ! glory ( ,god & ! salvation ( s\ls1 x w\ld be a s]i\s s9 to *oose x pr9cipally = temporal ends1 su* z weal?1 dignity or pleasure2 b x is n a s9 to desire second>ily & mod]ately ! necess>y support ( ! cl]ical /ate 7,i ,cor41 ix1 #c74 7b7 ,duties ,aft] ,ent]+ ! ,cl]ical ,/ate4--,! privileges ( cl]ics are treat$ 9 canonical works4 ,"h we speak only ( duties4 ,! obligations ( a cl]ic are ( two k9ds--! positive1 su* z celibacy1 & ! negative1 su* z ! avoidance ( unbecom+ amusem5ts or occupations4 #beig4 ,vocation to ! ,cl]ical ,/ate4--7a7 ,int]nal ,vocation4--,no "o %\ld ent] ! religi\s or cl]ical /ate unless call$ !reto by ,god 7,john1 xv4 #af2 ,acts1 xiii4 #b2 ,heb41 v4 #d1 #e2 ,i ,cor41 xii4 #d sqq474 ,! f\ndation ( ! entire religi\s1 prie/ly & apo/olic life1 namely div9e vocation1 consi/s ( two ess5tial elem5ts1 ! "o div9e1 ! o!r ecclesia/ical4 ,z to ! fir/ elem5t1 ,god's call to embrace ! prie/ly or religi\s life mu/ be consid]$ s necess>y t 9 its abs5ce ! f\ndation ^u :i* ! :ole /ructure is to re/ is abs5t 7,pius ,,xii1 ,s$es ,sapi5tiae74 ,! signs ( a div9e call d n necess>ily or ev5 ord9>ily include a feel+ ( inspiration or invitation f ! ,holy ,_s1 b x suffices t "o may h a lik+1 a "r int5tion1 & fitness 7physical1 m5tal1 moral7 = ! life2 =1 :]e ,god gives a call1 ,he gives ! means to fulfill ! duties4 ,?us1 ^? :o w n be able to say ,mass1 or :o _c ma/] ,lat9 or !ology1 or :o _c obs]ve celibacy1 or :o are vici\s 7e4g41 mis*ief-mak]s1 drunk>ds7 or unspiritual 7e4g41 ! lazy1 ^? :o dislike ex]cises ( piety71 d n %[ ! signs ( a prie/ly vocation4 7b7 ,ext]nal ,vocation4--,no "o %\ld be admitt$ to ! religi\s life or to ,ord]s unless he has giv5 suffici5t signs ( a call f ,god4 ,?us1 a ,bi%op w\ld s9 mo/ gravely & be a %>] 9 ! s9s ( o!rs if he conf]r$ ,major ,ord]s on anyone ab\t ^: unwor?9ess he 0 morally c]ta9 on positive gr\nds 7,canon #igc72 nor may a ,religi\s ,sup]ior receive to pr(ession any novice ab\t :om he is d\btful 7,canon #ega74 ,sc>city ( vocations is no excuse = laxity1 s9ce x is bett] to h a few cr$itable cl]ics ?an a multitude ( unwor?y ones 7,b5$ict ,,xiv74 ,:at ,/4 ,paul said ( deacons 78,let ^! fir/ be prov$1 & s let !m m9i/]1 hav+ no crime10 ,i ,tim41 iii4 #aj71 is !re=e to be appli$ to all c&idates = ! cl]ical life4 ,a vocation is te/$ by ! ye>s ( probation :i* ! *ur* law provides = sem9>ians1 novices & o!r aspirants to ! ecclesia/ical /ate4 ,no cl]ic has a "r to ord9ation be=e he receives ! free call f a bi%op1 b on ! o!r h& x is crim9al to prev5t a suitable c&idate f embrac+ ! cl]ical /ate 7,canon #iga74 8,by a div9e vocation to ! religi\s & cl]ical /ate a p]son und]takes publicly to lead a life ( hol9ess 9 ! ,*ur*1 a visible & hi]>*ical society1 & to ex]cise ?is hi]>*ical m9i/ry4 ,su* a p]son1 !re=e1 ought to be au?oritatively te/$1 approv$ & direct$ by ! hi]>*ical rul]s to :om ,god has entru/$ ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,*ur*0 7,pius ,,xii1 ,s$es ,sapi5tiae74 #beih4 ,s9fulness ( ,disreg>d+ ,vocation4--7a7 ,he :o ent]s ! cl]ical /ate1 n kn[+ t he has a vocation1 is guilty ( s91 z is cle> f ! previ\s p>agraph4 ,accord+ to "s1 anyone :o receives ,major ,ord]s1 ev5 ) s]i\s d\bt ab\t 8 vocation1 commits a mortal s91 s9ce he inflicts a s]i\s injury on ! rights ( ,god1 ! ,*ur*1 himself & 8 neighbor4 ,accord+ to o!rs1 ! s9 is only v5ial :5 "o ent]s ! cl]ical /ate consci\s ( ! abs5ce ( vocation1 b det]m9$ ) ! help ( ,god to live up to all ! duties2 =1 ?\gh ! act is ra%1 !re is good w & good int5tion1 & grace w n be want+4 7b7 ,he :o refuses to ent] ! cl]ical /ate1 ?\gh kn[+ = c]ta9 t he has a vocation1 is also guilty ( s91 = only neglig5ce or improp] motives su* z laz9ess1 s5suality1 or too great love ( lib]ty c produce su* reluctance4 ,! s9 is grave or light accord+ to ! circum/ances4 ,!re is grave s91 if ! resi/ance to ! call con/itutes s]i\s disob$i5ce1 pride or un*>itabl5ess 7e4g41 if !re 7 a great sc>city ( prie/s & ! bi%op comm&$ a wor?y layman to take ,ord]s72 !re is v5ial s9 9 o!r cases :5 ! rejection is only diss5t to an invitation & exposes nei!r self nor o!r to grave p]il ( los+ salvation4 ,f9ally1 if ! signs ( vocation d n produce c]ta9ty1 !re may be no s9 at all1 b r virtue1 9 refusal to asc5d to ! cl]ical /ate1 = no "o is b\nd to take up grave obligations :5 unc]ta9 ( 8 duties1 & _m holy p]sons f humility or fe> ( unwor?9ess h decid$1 aga9/ ! advice or invitation ( o!rs1 n to become cl]ics4 #beii4 ,! ,positive ,duties ( ,cl]ics4--7a7 ,duties to ,god4--,all cl]ics are held to frequ5t reception ( ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance1 to daily devotions 7i4e41 m5tal pray]1 visit to ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t1 a ?ird "p ( ! ,ros>y1 exam571 & to tri5nial spiritual retreats 7,canons #abe1 #abf74 ,moreov]1 cl]ics 9 ,sacr$ ,ord]s1 b5efice hold]s1 & solemnly pr(ess$ religi\s b\nd to ! *oir are oblig$ to ! daily recitation ( ! ,canonical ,h\rs1 ea* "o accord+ to 8 own rite & cal5d> 7,canons #ace1 #bac sqq41 #adge1 #faj74 ,?is obligation is grave1 because its purpose is ! important "o ( consecrat+ ea* h\r ( ! day by ! public pray] ( ! ,*ur* accord+ to ! usage t goes back to ! e>lie/ c5turies4 ,b ! *oral obligation ( simply pr(ess$ religi\s is light1 unless ! *oir is impossible )\t _! pres5ce4 7b7 ,duties to ,sup]iors4--,cl]ics are especially oblig$ to %[ respect to _! ,ord9>ies & to give !m ! ob$i5ce promis$ 9 ord9ation 7,canon #abg74 7c7 ,duties to ! ,cl]ical ,/ate4--,cl]ics are requir$ to cultivate _! m9ds by sacr$ & s\nd /udies1 & to ?is end exam9ations & conf]5ces are also prescrib$ 7,canons #abi-aca72 to keep !mselves pure 9 s\l & body by ! obs]vance ( celibate *a/ity 7,canons #acb1 #acc72 to conduct !mselves 9 ext]nals 7dwell+1 dress1 etc47 9 a mann] befitt+ _! position 7,canons #acd1 #acf74 ,! cl]ical g>b 9 ?is c\ntry is ! cassock or habit 9 ! h\se & *ur*1 & d>k clo!s & ! ,roman coll>1 or o!r di/9ctive sign = prie/s & bro!rs else:]e4 ,! dress ( ! cl]gy %\ld avoid ! extremes ( dudi%ness & slov5l9ess 7,second ,c\ncil ( ,baltimore1 #adh2 ,?ird ,c\ncil1 #gg74 ,! duty ( we>+ cl]ical dress at lea/ away f home & regul>ly is ( s]i\s importance1 s9ce its purpose is ! honor ( ! cl]ical /ate & ! protection ( its memb]s4 ,x is also =bidd5 to cl]ics to cultivate _! hair 7e4g41 to gr[ long locks1 to use curl+ irons1 to oil or p]fume _! head 9 d&yi% fa%ion71 s9ce ?is is unbecom+ 9 ! foll[]s ( a ?orn-cr[n$ ,lead]4 ,! use ( ! be>d is a ?+ indiff]5t 9 itself1 & h5ce x is =bidd5 9 "s places 7g5]ally 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur*7 & requir$ 9 o!rs 7z 9 ! ,ori5t71 accord+ to tradition & local usage4 #bfjj4 ,! ,obligation ( ! ,div9e ,(fice4--7a7 ,matt]4--,a cl]ic is gravely oblig$ to recite ! ,(fice accord+ to 8 own rite & 9 ! language ( 8 rite1 & n to make any notable *ange 9 ! ,(fice prescrib$ by ! ,ordo1 ei!r z to quantity 7e4g41 by omission ( a ,little ,h\r or ( p>ts equally long7 or z to quality 7e4g41 by sub/itution ( a m9or (fice = t ( "o ( ! great solemnities47 ,! omission ( ! ,vesp]s ( ,holy ,saturday1 ( ,pretiosa1 or ( ! ,rogation ,litanies seems to be only a v5ial s91 because 9 ! fir/ two cases ! pray] is %ort1 :ile 9 ! ?ird case ! precept seems to be sub levi4 ,!re is also lightness ( matt] 9 ! omission ( an inconsid]able "p ( ! day's ,(fice1 or 9 ! sub/itution )\t good reason ( an equal "p = a prescrib$ "p4 7b7 ,mann]4--,s9ce ! ,(fice is a pray]1 ( a public & daily k9d1 x mu/ be said3 m5tally1 t is1 !re mu/ be at lea/ virtual int5tion 7:i* is pres5t f ! fact t "o takes up ! ,brevi>y to fulfill ! obligation7 & at lea/ ext]nal att5tion 7see #baff sqq472 vocally1 t is1 ! words mu/ be consci\sly =m$ by ! lips1 m\?1 or tongue1 b x is n necess>y t !y be audible1 unless two or m are say+ ! ,(fice toge!r2 )9 ! limits ( ! day1 t is1 ,mat9s & ,lauds may be anticipat$ f #b p4m4 ( ! previ\s day1 b ! :ole ,(fice mu/ be f9i%$ be=e midnight ( ! curr5t day4 ,^! are sub/antial requisites & b9d sub gravi1 b !re may be only v5ial s9 :5 !y are deviat$ f inconsid]ably4 ,next1 s9ce ! ,(fice has a cont9uity ( ?\ght1 an ord] ( prec$5ce among its h\rs & _! subdivisions1 & a special dignity1 x mu/ be said un9t]rupt$ly 7i4e41 )\t break betwe5 ! p>ts ( an h\r71 9 ord] 7i4e41 accord+ to ! succession ( ,mat9s1 ,lauds1 ,prime1 etc471 ) ext]nal respect z to place & po/ure 7i4e41 he :o is b\nd to *oral ,(fice %\ld say x 9 *oir & ) ! rubrical po/ures1 :ile he :o is b\nd only to private ,(fice %\ld say x 9 *ur* or "s o!r becom+ place1 & %\ld obs]ve ! rubrical or at lea/ a respectful po/ure74 ,^! are accid5tal requisites & b9d sub levi4 ,= a good reason "o may int]rupt ! ,(fice ev5 = a notable "p ( ! day 7e4g41 "o may discont9ue 9 ! mid/ ( a ,psalm to pay a duty ( polit5ess or to att5d to bus9ess71 & = conv5i5ce "o may inv]t ! ord] ( h\rs or ( p>ts ( h\rs1 or may say ! ev5+ h\rs 9 ! morn+4 #bfja4 ,excuses f ! ,obligation ( ! ,div9e ,(fice4--7a7 ,= ,sub/itution4--,a suffici5t reason makes x p]missible to sub/itute ano!r (fice n notably diff]5t 9 quantity or quality1 z :5 "o lacks a new (fice1 or has great] devotion = ano!r (fice4 ,:5 sub/itution has be5 made un9t5tionally1 ! foll[+ rules may be obs]v$1 ?\gh ! la/ two are n admitt$ by all3 (fice c\nts = (fice1 7e4g41 he :o ?r\gh mi/ake has said ! (fice ( ano!r day may let t (fice /& = today's (fice1 b %\ld add en\gh to make up = any notable %ortness 9 ! (fice said72 h\r does n c\nt = h\r 7e4g41 he :o ?r\gh mi/ake said ,ti]ce twice _c c\nt ! second ,ti]ce = ,sext72 an error %\ld be correct$ :5 notic$ 7e4g41 he :o notices at ,sext t he is n say+ ! "r (fice %\ld *ange f ,sext72 an error is n correct$ by ano!r error 7e4g41 he :o said today's (fice ye/]day %\ld n say ye/]day's (fice today74 7b7 ,= ,omission4--,! causes t excuse1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 f recitation ( ! ,(fice are physical inability 7e4g41 loss ( ! brevi>y1 bl9dness ( "o :o does n "k ! h\rs by he>t1 sickness or convalesc5ce :i* makes ! recitation a grave h>d%ip71 moral impossibility 7e4g41 :5 an urg5t duty ( *>ity or ju/ice s takes up "o's "t t "o _c get 9 all ! ,(fice71 j disp5sation or commutation giv5 by ! ,pope or1 = tempor>y release1 by ! ,ord9>y4 #bfjb4 ,! ,precept ( ,cl]ical ,celibacy4--7a7 ,orig94--,?is law is n div9e b ecclesia/ical1 s9ce x arose1 n f any comm& ( ,*ri/1 b f a cu/om ( ! ,*ur* t goes back to ! fir/ c5turies4 ,nev]!less1 celibacy ( ! cl]gy is an imitation ( ,*ri/ & ! ,apo/les1 a foll[+ ( ! c\nsel giv5 by ! ,"l1 an honor to ! sacrifice ( ! alt>1 & an example t s+le *a/ity is possible4 ,moreov]1 by means ( x ! prie/ is fre$ f dome/ic relations & bett] enabl$ to m9i/] z ! fa!r1 pa/or1 confessor & c\nsellor ( 8 p4 ,! celibate is un5cumb]$ by family responsibilities & exp5ses1 & is !re=e bett] able to respond to difficult & dang]\s tasks1 su* z mission "w 9 pagan l&s & m9i/rations to ! dy+ 9 fire1 wreck1 or plague1 ,! ,*ur* does n d5\nce or condemn ! m>ri$ cl]gy ( non-,ca?olic bodies2 on ! contr>y1 %e p]mits to "s ext5t a m>ri$ cl]gy among ! ,ori5tal ,ca?olics1 :o = _m c5turies h be5 accu/om$ to a m>ri$ prie/hood4 ,b ! law ( celibacy = ! ,ca?olic cl]gy has n only prov$ itself m suitable = _! "w1 b x has also ju/ifi$ itself by ! g5]al fidelity ) :i* x has be5 obs]v$ & ! atta*m5t to x ( cl]gy & laity alike4 7b7 ,obligation4--,! law comm&s *a/ity z a grave duty ( religion 7,canon #acb72 x =bids ! contract or use ( m>riage 7,canon #ajgb74 ,x =bids1 :]e !re is dang] to *a/ity or sc&al1 cohabitation & companion%ip ) wom5 7,canon #acc74 ,cohabitation ref]s to dwell+ 9 ! same h\se1 ev5 ?\gh x be only dur+ ! day1 & ! woman be a s]vant2 companion%ip ref]s to visits1 conv]sations1 signs ( fri5d%ip1 & ! l4 ,! dang] to good "n or virtue dep5ds on circum/ances1 su* z age1 beauty1 levity1 & privacy ( association2 & ! law presumes t a relation%ip is suspici\s unless a woman is a ne> relative by blood or by m>riage 7i4e41 9 ! fir/ or second degree71 or is mature 9 age 7ab\t =ty ye>s old7 & prov$ 9 virtue & ( good repute4 #bfjc4 ,negative ,duties ( ,cl]ics4--,! negative duties ( cl]ics are ! avoidance ( c]ta9 acts1 occupations1 or amusem5ts =bidd5 z worldly1 undignifi$1 dang]\s1 di/ract+ or sc&al\s 7,i ,!ss41 v4 #bb2 ,,ii ,tim41 ii4 #d74 7a7 ,=bidd5 ,acts4--,a cl]ic may n g surety )\t p]mission1 le/ he or 8 *ur* be involv$ 9 sc&al\s emb>rassm5ts 7,canon #acg72 nor engage 9 trade1 le/ he be di/ract$ f 8 spiritual duties & expos$ to ! dang] or suspicion ( inju/ice or gre$ 7,canon #adb2 = p5alty atta*$ see ,decree ( ! ,sacr$ ,congregation ( ! ,c\ncil1 ,,aas1 #db-cc;,d74 7b7 ,=bidd5 ,occupations4--,^! include1 fir/1 employm5ts & pursuits unbecom+ to cl]ics 7su* z ^? ( but*]1 actor1 innkeep]72 next1 ^? t are incompatible ) ! m9i/ry 7su* z ! practice = pr(it ( ! m$ical pr(ession1 public magi/racies1 gov]nm5t jobs1 civil c\rt functions1 legislative (fices1 ,canon #aci72 f9ally1 ^? t are contr>y to ! mildness t %\ld di/+ui% cl]ics 7viz1 ! occupation ( fight+ man or soldi]1 ,canon #ada2 see also ,canon #ihd on execution]s74 ,b exceptions may be made = a j cause4 7c7 ,=bidd5 ,amusem5ts4--,cl]ics %\ld n take "p 9 undignifi$ div]sions or cruel sports1 su* z ! hunt+ ( big game ) great upro> ( dogs & guns 7,canon #ach7 or 9 gambl+1 & !y %\ld n ent] saloons or simil> places 7,canon #ach74 ,cl]ics are also =bidd5 to assi/ at unbecom+ %[s1 p]=mances1 dances1 or at any !atrical ent]ta9m5t :]e _! pres5ce gives sc&al 7,canon #adj74 ,to gamble mu* 7say1 sev]al times a week & = a consid]able "t at ea* game7 is consid]$ a s]i\s matt]2 b x is n s9ful to indulge 9 a game ( *ance n[ & !n1 if ! /akes are mod]ate & !re is no sc&al4 #bfjd4 ,! ,prohibition aga9/ ,trad+4--7a7 ,mean+4--,trad+ z "h und]/ood is purely ga9ful m]*&iz+ 7i4e41 buy+ an article at a l[] price 9 ord] to sell x un*ang$ at a high] price7 or indu/rial m]*&iz+ 7i4e41 buy+ an article 9 ord] to sell x at a pr(it aft] x has be5 *ang$ by hir$ labor74 ,h5ce1 !re is no canonical trad+ 9 comm]ce :i* lacks "o ( ! conditions m5tion$1 = example1 if "o buys goods = "o's h\sehold or community &1 on discov]+ t a sup]fluity has be5 pur*as$1 sells at a pr(it :at is left ov] 7see #bacd1 #bace74 ,trad+ includes n only a bus9ess conduct$ p]sonally or = p]sonal pr(it1 b also "o conduct$ ?r\gh ag5ts or = ! b5efit ( o!rs1 su* z ! poor or pi\s causes4 7b7 ,obligation4--,! violation ( ?is law is grave 9 itself1 b a s]i\s s9 dem&s on ! "p ( ! subject t !re be real trad+ 7i4e41 a numb] ( acts morally unit$ & proce$+ f a purpose to cont9ue 9 lucrative m]*&iz+71 & on ! side ( ! object t !re be a l>ge am\nt involv$4 ,h5ce1 x w\ld be v5ial to engage 9 lucrative trad+ ) a l>ge pr(it once1 & ) a small pr(it twice or ?rice4 7c7 ,excuses4--,necessity 7e4g41 if a cl]ic ne$s ! money to live or to ma9ta9 8 /ate1 or if a bus9ess has fall5 to him by inh]itance & _c be giv5 up )\t loss7 ju/ifies trad+1 if !re is p]mission4 #bfje4 ,is ,x ,lawful = ,cl]ics to ,pur*ase & ,sell ,/ocks & ,bonds8--7a7 ,if ?is conduct has ! "* ( gambl+ or trad+ = pr(it1 x is =bidd5 by ,canon #ach or #adb1 z ! case may be1 & is gravely or v5ially s9ful accord+ to ! circum/ances4 ,?us1 pure speculation or m]e bett+ on ! m>ket is a game ( *ance1 & ! frequ5t pur*ase ( /ocks ) ! ?\ght ( quick sales & huge pr(its f sudd5 *anges ( ! m>ket is lucrative trad+4 7b7 ,if ! gambl+ or trad+ elem5t is abs5t1 ! conduct 9 "q is n =bidd5 by ,canon ,law4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t bond inve/m5ts are p]missible1 s9ce !y are only a loan ( "o's money at int]e/4 ,!re are two views ab\t /ock deal+s3 ! /rict] view reg>ds !m z always conta9+ ! "* ( =bidd5 trad+ 7s9ce all ! notes ( /rict negotiation are f\nd 9 !m71 or at lea/ z be+ a game ( *ance2 ! mild] view1 :i* is common1 holds t !y are no m an affair ( *ance ?an _m o!r bus9ess und]tak+s1 & t !re is no /rict negotiation1 if ! /ockhold] is n a memb] or director ( ! corporation1 s9ce ! buy+ & sell+ is done nei!r directly nor indirectly by him4 ,buy+ ( /ocks1 !n1 may be no?+ m ?an a prud5t inve/m5t ( money 9 a des]v+ ent]prise ) ! hope ( a reasonable return1 & sell+ out ! /ocks at a l>ge pr(it may be no?+ m ?an ! disposal ( sup]flu\s goods :i* x w\ld be inconv5i5t to reta94 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 ?\gh1 t x is unlawful to coop]ate ) a company ^: purpose is evil or suspect1 or to h "p 9 frauds1 or to give dis$ification4 #bfjf4 ,special ,duties ( ,cl]ical ,sup]iors f ,div9e ,law4--7a7 ,z individuals1 !y %\ld /rive to be p]sonally m p]fect ?an _! subjects1 = !y are suppos$ to give an example 9 fai?1 religion1 zeal1 labor1 & self-d5ial1 8be+ made a patt]n ( ! flock f ! he>t0 7,i ,pet]1 v4 #c74 7b7 ,z rul]s1 !y mu/ h ! virtues ( good sup]iors1 su* z legal ju/ice or firm devotion to ! common good1 di/ributive ju/ice or avoidance ( p>tiality & prejudice1 prud5ce or k ( h[ to direct m5 & means successfully to ! glory ( ,god & ! salvation ( s\ls1 & commutative ju/ice or respect = ! rights ( subjects4 7c7 ,z pa/ors1 !y mu/ avoid ! qualities ( ! wolf & ( ! hirel+1 & cultivate ^? ( ! good %eph]d1 be+ k9d & amiable to ,ca?olic & non-,ca?olic1 & practis+ ! spiritual & corporal works ( m]cy4 #bfjg4 ,special ,duties f ,canon ,law ( ,^? ,:o ,h ,c>e ( ,s\ls4--7a7 ,bi%ops h grave obligations ( resid+ 9 _! see or diocese 7,canon #cch71 ( att5d+ to ! in/ruction ( _! flock 7,canons #acbg1 #ccf71 ( apply+ ! ,mass pro populo 7,canon #cci71 ( mak+ a diocesan report 7,canon #cdj71 ( confirm+ & ( orda9+ wor?y c&idates 7,canon #ghe71 ( visit+ _! dioceses 7,canon #cdc71 ( mak+ ! ad lim9a visit 7,canons #cdj1 #cdb71 & ( call+ a diocesan synod at lea/ e t5? ye> 7,canon #cef74 7b7 ,pa/ors mu/ reside g5]ally 9 _! p>i% 7,canon #dfe71 &1 if lawfully abs5t1 !y mu/ make provision = ! sick calls & o!r spiritual necessities ( _! flocks4 ,!y mu/ prea* ! ^w ( ,god on ,sundays & holydays1 & x w\ld be a s]i\s matt] to neglect ?is duty = a consid]able "t 7e4g41 a :ole mon?7 )\t good reason 7,canon #acdd74 ,x is also a s]i\s obligation to att5d to ! necess>y cate*etical in/ruction ( "y & old 7,canons #accj1 #accb71 to apply ! ,mass pro populo 7,canon #dff71 & to adm9i/] ! ,sacram5ts 7at lea/ ,baptism1 ,p5ance1 ,extreme ,unction7 to ^? 9 grave spiritual ne$ 7see #aafg74 ,pa/ors are also oblig$ to "k _! flock1 to visit ! sick & dy+1 to correct abuses1 to see t ! cu/om>y adm9i/ration ( ! ,sacram5ts & ! usual *ur* functions are att5d$ to1 to wat* ov] ! s*ool+ ( ! *ildr51 & to direct ! temporalities & att5d to ! reports & records ( ! p>i%4 ,! duties ( *apla9s ( hospitals1 in/itutions1 soldi]s1 etc41 are simil> to ^? ( pa/ors1 b 9 p>ticul> cases ! =m] are subject to special prescriptions or to local usage or to rules made by ! ,ord9>y4 7c7 ,assi/ant pa/ors are subject 9 ! c>e ( s\ls to ! in/ruction & direction ( ! p>i%-prie/4 ,_! p>ticul> duties are kn[n f ! diocesan /atutes1 ! lett]s ( ! ,ord9>y1 & ! commission ( ! pa/or4 ,regul>ly1 !y are b\nd to reside 9 ! p>i% rectory & to assi/ ! pa/or or supply = him 9 all ! p>i% "w1 ! ,mass pro populo except$ 7,canon #dgf74 #bfjh4 ,! ,duty ( ,*>ity to ! ,poor4--7a7 ,accord+ to ,canon ,law all b5efic$ cl]gy 7,c>d9als except$7 mu/ give all ! sup]flu\s fruits ( _! b5efice to *>itable or pi\s causes 7,canon #adgc74 ,b x is an extremely /rict view :i* holds t all ! secul> cl]gy are b5efic$4 7b7 ,accord+ to ! div9e law ( *>ity 7see #abbf1 #abeb7 ev5 ! unb5efic$ cl]gy h ! duty ( giv+ alms f _! surplus weal?4 ,?us1 x w\ld be unm]ciful if a cl]gyman sp5t on himself all ! =tune he _h inh]it$ f 8 relatives )\t ?\ght ( ! poor2 x w\ld be (t5 a s\rce ( sc&al if a prie/ enri*$ 8 relatives ) money receiv$ 9 m9i/]ial ways1 b left no?+ to pi\s causes4 #bfji4 ,canon #adgc on ! ,disposition ( ,sup]flu\s ,weal? by ,b5efic$ ,cl]gy4--7a7 ,! ,money to be ,sp5t4--,! ,canon does n ref] to ! prop]ty ( ! ,*ur* 7i4e41 ! f\ndation or end[m5t ( ! b5efice71 = ( ?is ! b5efic$ cl]gyman is only ! adm9i/rator1 & he w\ld be unju/ if he ali5at$ its funds to o!r purposes2 nor does x ref] to ! cl]gyman's own prop]ty1 su* z goods receiv$ by inh]itance or o!r pr(ane title 7patrimonialia71 or by title ( p]sonal m9i/]ial s]vice1 su* z /ip5ds & fees 7quasi-patrimonialia74 ,x ref]s1 !n1 to ! rev5ues ( ! b5efice 7e4g41 ! bi%op's or pa/or's sal>y7 & to ! am\nt t is left ov] aft] ! d$uction ( all reasonable & cu/om>y exp5ses t h be5 made1 or c\ld h be5 made = dec5t p]sonal support4 7b7 ,! ,use ( ,surplus ,money4--,! alms %\ld be giv5 to any pi\s or *>itable cause1 su* z ! promotion ( div9e wor%ip1 ! assi/ance ( ne$y missions1 ! spiritual or corporal works ( m]cy4 ,! cl]ic is free to be/[ 8 gift ei!r dur+ 8 lifetime 7:i* is bett]7 or to leave x 9 8 w4 #bfaj4 ,! ,obligation ( ,canon #adgc4--7;a7 ,! obligation is mo/ probably n "o ( ju/ice1 s9ce ! hold] ( ! b5efice owns ! sup]flu\s fruits1 b "o ( ob$i5ce to ! ,*ur*4 ,"s au?ors also consid] ?is precept z b9d+ 9 virtue ( religion & *>ity1 & reg>d its violation z a sacrilege or s9 aga9/ *>ity4 ,! hold] ( ! b5efice is n held to re/itution1 h[ev]1 s9ce neglect ( ! precept is n an inju/ice4 ,z to 8 successors ?r\gh gift int] vivos or te/am5t1 !y are n b\nd to give ! sup]fluities z an alms1 s9ce ! *ur* precept 0 = ! cl]ic himself4 ,successors to an inte/ate %\ld obs]ve ! wi%es ( ! deceas$1 b1 if ! "* ( ! goods !y inh]it is d\btful1 !y may usually be left 9 good fai?4 7b7 ,! obligation is grave1 s9ce x is comm&$ z an act ( religion1 or at lea/ z an act ( ob$i5ce 9 a v important matt]4 ,f ! "t ( ! ,apo/les x 0 cu/om>y to di/ribute to ! poor :at 0 left ov] ( ! goods ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! cl]gy 7 reg>d$ z ! fa!rs & protectors ( ! ne$y4 ,aga91 s9ce ! goods ( a b5efice orig9at$ 9 gifts (f]$ to ,god ,himself1 x is mo/ becom+ t _! sup]fluities be devot$ to ! causes mo/ pleas+ to ,god4 ,grave matt] w\ld be ?ree times ! am\nt requir$ 9 !ft1 because a violation ( ?is precept is n ! tak+ ( :at is n "o's own1 b ! us+ 9 a =bidd5 way ( :at is "o's own4 #bfaa4 ,! ,special ,duties ( ,religi\s4--,! p>ticul> obligations ( religi\s are decl>$ 9 ! prop] rules ( ! v>i\s in/itutes1 j z ! p>ticul> obligations ( ! secul> cl]gy are set =? 9 ! /atutes ( local synods & c\ncils4 ,we %all outl9e "h only ! g5]al obligations ( religi\s1 to :i* !y are held by ! common law ( ! ,*ur*4 7a7 ,by reason ( 8 pr(ession1 a religi\s is oblig$ to /rive aft] ! p]fection ( *>ity 7see #aefj1 #cfg7 ?r\gh ! religi\s life1 t is1 by means ( ! rules & con/itutions ( 8 own in/itute 7,canon #eic74 ,all religi\s1 sup]iors & subjects1 are b\nd to obs]ve _! laws1 b p] se ^! laws oblige "u p5alty1 n "u s9 7see #egj74 ,p] accid5s1 h[ev]1 ! transgression ( rule or con/itutions may be s9ful1 z :5 ! matt] belongs also to div9e or *ur* law or to ! obs]vance ( a v[1 or :5 ! transgression includes contempt1 sc&al1 or demoralization ( discipl9e4 7b7 ,by reason ( ! v[s1 a religi\s is oblig$ to foll[ ! ?ree evangelical c\nsels 7see #baia sqq47 & any o!r v[s ( 8 in/itute accord+ to 8 rule 7e4g41 pov]ty is a r5unciation ( ev5 community possession 9 "s rules & ( individual possession 9 o!rs74 ,! v[s oblige p] se "u grave s91 on acc\nt ( ! duty ( religion 7see #bbji7 & ! int5tion ( ! religi\s to b9d himself gravely2 b !re may be v5ial s9 on acc\nt ( imp]fection ( act or lightness ( matt]4 #bfab4 ,! ,obligation ( ! ,?ree ,pr9cipal ,v[s4--7a7 ,pov]ty is a r5unciation ( ! indep5d5t use ( ext]nal corporal goods1 su* z money & l&s & *attels 7simple v[71 or also ( ! radical dom9ion 7see #afig7 or "r ( own]%ip ( su* goods 7solemn v[74 ,grave matt] 9 ! unju/ violation ( pov]ty seems to be ! same z 9 o!r acts ( unju/ damage or acquisition1 & h5ce 9 !fts f outsid]s a less am\nt is grave matt]1 9 dome/ic !fts f ! mona/]y a great] sum is requir$ 7see #aijj1 #aijc74 ,grave matt] 9 ! violation ( pov]ty t is n unju/ 7e4g41 9 use ( money )\t p]mission7 seems to be ! same z absolutely grave matt] = !fts1 unless ! con/itutions rule o!rwise2 b grave matt] "h does n coalesce f _m small violations4 ,! virtue1 b n ! v[1 ( pov]ty is (f5d$ by purely int]nal acts 7e4g41 atta*m5t to weal?71 & !re is no (f5se at all 9 dom9ion ov] spirituals 7su* z fame1 good reputation7 :i* are n r5\nc$ by ! v[ ( pov]ty1 & 9 c]ta9 acts ( disposition 7e41g41 acceptance ( deposit1 di/ribution ( alms7 or proprietor%ip 7e4g41 ( manuscripts7 p]mitt$ by rule4 7b7 ,*a/ity is a r5unciation ( all v5]eal pleasure1 int]nal & ext]nal1 lawful & unlawful4 ,grave matt] is ! same z = ! virtue ( *a/ity1 b ! v[ c\ld be violat$ )\t ! violation ( ! virtue 7e4g41 9 ! use ( m>riage by "o simply pr(ess$74 ,= ! protection ( ?is v[ ! ,*ur* has made ! law ( cloi/]1 :i* =bids "u c]ta9 conditions ! entrance ( outsid]s into a religi\s h\se or ! egress ( ! religi\s 7,canons #edg1 #eih1 #fjj-fjd1 #fgi1 #bcdb74 7c7 ,ob$i5ce is ! r5unciation ( "o's own w ) ! duty ( submission to comm&s ( a ,sup]ior giv5 accord+ to ! rules & con/itutions4 ,!re is grave matt] aga9/ ! v[ if "o disobeys 9 an important matt] impos$ by ! ,sup]ior 9 ! "n ( ob$i5ce & accord+ to ! rite prescrib$ by ! rule or con/itutions 7see #bcfd74 ,! virtue1 b n ! v[1 is (f5d$ by int]nal insubord9ation 7see #bceg72 nei!r virtue nor v[ is (f5d$ :5 a ,sup]ior comm&s :at is above ! rule 7e4g41 ! accompli%m5t ( ! impossible1 h]oic acts t d n p]ta9 to ! nature ( ! in/itute71 or aga9/ ! rule1 unless he has p[] to disp5se1 or probably :at is b5ea? ! rule 7su* z ?+s manife/ly ridicul\s & useless74 ,s9ce ob$i5ce is v[$ to ! precepts ( ! ,sup]ior1 ! v[ is n brok5 by transgression ( po9ts ( ! rule n expressly includ$ "u ! v[1 nor by transgressions ( ! g5]al precepts ( ,god & ! ,*ur*4 ,art4 #b3 ,,! ,,duties ,,( ,,memb]s ,,( ,,dome/ic ,,& ,,civil ,,society #bfac4 ,! ,duties ( ,husb&s & ,wives4--,conjugal obligations may be class$ "u ?ree heads accord+ to ! ?ree ends ( m>riage4 7a7 ,?us1 ! fir/ bless+ ( m>riage is (fspr+1 & ?is imposes ^u p>5ts ! obligation ( provid+ = _! *ildr5 & ( tra9+ !m 9 m9d & w 7see #bfcj sqq474 7b7 ,! second bless+ ( m>riage is fidelity to ! engagem5t made by husb& & wife to deliv] to ea* o!r exclusive p[] ov] _! bodies = procreation 7conjugal debt7 & to love ea* o!r ) a special b pure affection3 8,! wife ha? n p[] ( h] own body1 b ! husb&2 & 9 l mann] ! husb& ha? n p[] ( 8 own body b ! wife0 7,i ,cor41 vii4 #d72 8,husb&s1 love y\r wives z ,*ri/ also lov$ ! ,*ur*0 7,eph41 v4 #be74 ,conjugal love admits no rivals2 ! husb& mu/ pref] 8 wife to e o!r woman1 & ! wife likewise mu/ ?9k m ( h] husb& ?an ( any o!r man 7see #aagi74 7c7 ,! ?ird bless+ ( m>riage is ! ,sacram5t or ! unbreakable bond ( m>riage3 8,! ,"l comm&$ t ! wife dep>t n f ! husb&1 & if %e dep>t t %e rema9 unm>ri$1 or be reconcil$ to h] husb&4 ,& let n ! husb& put away 8 wife0 7,i ,cor41 vii4 #aj74 ,?is imposes ! duties ( a p]man5t dome/ic society 9 :i* ! sp\ses dwell toge!r p]man5tly & ea* has c]ta9 special functions ( assi/ance to ! o!r4 #bfad4 ,! ,obligation ( ,pay+ ! ,conjugal ,debt4--7a7 ,! duty is "o ( ju/ice1 s9ce x arises f ! contract ( m>riage1 9 :i* ! p>ties freely & solemnly b9d !mselves to x z ! subject-matt] ( _! pact4 7b7 ,! obligation is grave1 s9ce ! m>riage contract is "o ( ! mo/ mom5t\s ( human agreem5ts1 its direct end be+ ! propagation ( ! race1 :ile ! d5ial ( its ess5tial "r is productive ( mo/ s]i\s evils1 su* z incont95ce1 sc&als & ! disruption ( families4 ,!re is light matt]1 h[ev]1 z :5 ! reque/ is n imp]ative1 or ! d5ial is infrequ5t & )\t dang] ( incont95ce4 #bfae4 ,abs5ce ( ,obligation4--,! obligation ( pay+ ! conjugal debt does n exi/1 h[ev]1 :5 ! "r to make ! reque/ has be5 lo/ or :5 ! reque/ is unreasonable4 7a7 ,?us1 ! "r to make ! reque/ is lo/ :5 "o p>ty has brok5 fai? by committ+ adult]y & has n be5 =giv5 by ! innoc5t p>ty1 & also :5 "o p>ty is incapable 7e4g41 on acc\nt ( insanity or drunk5ness7 ( ask+ 9 a rational mann]4 7b7 ,! reque/ is unreasonable1 fir/1 :5 x is immod]ate 7e4g41 :5 x _c be grant$ )\t s]i\s & unusual detrim5t to heal?1 or )\t dang] ( dea?1 or )\t likelihood ( abortion or o!r great h>m to a *ild conceiv$ or to be conceiv$72 secondly1 :5 x is s$uctive 7e4g41 :5 x is an invitation to commit onanism74 #bfaf4 ,susp5sion ( ,obligation4--,! obligation ( grant+ & ! "r ( reque/+ conjugal relations are susp5d$ :5 ! m>riage is discov]$ to be null or unc]ta94 7a7 ,?us1 if ! m>riage is c]ta9ly null1 ab/95ce is necess>y until ! m>riage is made valid2 o!rwise ! p>ties are guilty ( =nication4 ,b if nullity is due to a m]ely ecclesia/ical imp$im5t1 ! imp$im5t probably ceases 9 cases ( mo/ grave inconv5i5ce :5 ! nullity is kn[n to only "o sp\se & ! disp5sation _c be obta9$ at once4 7b7 ,if ! m>riage is only d\btfully null1 ab/95ce is n necess>y unless bo? p>ties h a s]i\s d\bt & no exam9ation has yet be5 made4 ,light d\bts %\ld n be consid]$1 nor d\bts t h n be5 corroborat$ by inve/igation2 :ile1 if only "o p>ty d\bts1 he or %e _c refuse ! debt le/ inju/ice be done ! o!r4 #bfag4 ,is ,!re an ,obligation ( ,reque/+ ,conjugal ,int]c\rse8--7a7 ,p] se1 !re is no obligation1 s9ce "o may lawfully decide n to enjoy "o's "r1 & n to use :at belongs to "o4 ,z man & wife 7 free to m>ry or n to m>ry1 s are !y free to agree ei!r to consummate or n consummate m>riage4 ,x is ev5 lawful = m>ri$ p to contract toge!r to ab/a9 tempor>ily or p]man5tly f m>riage relations 7e4g41 = ! sake ( heal?1 or ( economy1 or ( mortification74 ,by mutual cons5t "o or bo? may make a v[ ( *a/ity1 z 0 done by ,/4 ,joseph & ! ,bless$ ,virg91 or ! husb& may ent] ! prie/hood & ! wife become a nun4 7b7 ,p] accid5s1 !re is (t5 an obligation ( reque/+ int]c\rse1 = exp]i5ce %[s t cont9ual non-use ( m>riage (t5 leads to incont95ce or to loss ( affection 7see #bbbh74 #bfah4 ,! ,morality ( ,v5]eal ,acts ( ,m>riage4--7a7 ,non-consummat$ ,acts4--,^! acts1 :e!r int]nal or ext]nal1 are lawful p] se :5 !y are us$ only z accessories to ! act ( m>riage or z means to fo/] or pres]ve conjugal love1 = ! acts are meant by ,god to s]ve ! purposes m5tion$ 7#beaj74 ,b p] accid5s !re may be v5ial s91 on acc\nt ( inord9at5ess 9 ! motive 7i4e41 :5 only pleasure is int5d$71 or 9 ! mann] 7i4e41 :5 due dec5cy is n obs]v$74 ,!re is mortal s9 :5 ^! acts are n ref]r$ to ! lawful conjugal act1 b ei!r directly or indirectly to pollution1 namely1 :5 !re is =ese5 proximate dang] ( pollution & ! acts are ei!r solit>y or coop]ative b p]=m$ )\t suffici5t reason 7su* z expressions ( special affection71 = pollution is gravely s9ful 9 ! m>ri$1 z well z 9 ! s+le /ate 7see #beci sqq474 7b7 ,natural ,consummat$ ,act4--,?is act 9 itself is n only lawful1 b m]itori\s1 because x ex]cises su* virtues z ob$i5ce 7,g541 i4 #bh71 ju/ice 7,i ,cor41 vii4 #c sqq471 & love ( ! common good & religion 7,tob41 viii4 #i74 ,s9ce m>riage int]c\rse has = its ends n only reproduction1 b also ! expression ( mutual love & ! allay+ ( concupisc5ce1 x is lawful ev5 :5 conception is impossible or less probable1 z :5 ! p>ties are /]ile1 or ! woman is pregnant1 or dur+ ! s-call$ ag5esic p]iod1 or at ! "t ( lactation4 ,x is a v5ial s9 to ex]cise ! conjugal act :5 "o excludes e motive except t ( pleasure 7,d5zig]1 n4 #aaei72 & !re may be ev5 mortal s9 on acc\nt ( circum/ances1 su* z place 7e4g41 sc&al to o!rs pres5t71 mann] 7e4g41 ext]nal immod]ation1 int]nal desire ( ano!r p]son71 evil consequ5ces 7e4g41 :5 "o ( ! p>ties has a contagi\s or v5]al disease1 :5 abortion w likely result1 etc474 7c7 ,unnatural ,consummat$ ,acts4--,pollution is mortally s9ful 7#bece sqq471 & is worse 9 m>ri$ ?an 9 s+le p]sons1 z be+ an injury to ! fai? pl$g$ 9 m>riage2 & h5ce x is n lawful to practise x ev5 = ! purpose ( artificial fecundation4 ,rectal copulation is also gravely s9ful1 be+ unnatural lu/ 7see #becd7 & a violation ( conjugal fai?4 ,! usual =ms ( unnatural vag9al coition1 :i* are v mu* practis$ today1 are contraceptive 9 purpose1 & are ( two g5]al k9ds 9 ! proc$ure--! physiological or prev5tive1 :i* uses in/rum5ts to keep ! sem5 f ! ut]us 7su* z sponges or pess>ies = ! female1 condoms or protectors = ! male71 or :i* employs d\*es or syr+es to remove sem5 f ! vag9a1 or uses *emicals to devitalize x4 #bfai4 ,nota4--7a7 ,non habetur onanismus1 nec peccatum1 si copula abrumpitur1 ex necessitate 7v4g41 ad vit&um sc&alum p]sona inop9ate sup]v5i5tis71 vel ex utilitate1 mutuo dato cons5su et p]iculo pollutionis excluso2 nam sem9atio extra vas1 aut involunt>ia e/1 aut nulla4 7b7 ,non habetur contraceptio nec peccatum1 s$ potius actus hone/us1 si1 ob defectum physicum viri vel muli]is1 naturae adjuvetur m$iis artificialibus ut copula fiat1 vel ut sem5 introducatur 9 ut]um2 nam f9i matrimonii non ob/at1 s$ obsecundat i/e modus ag5di4 7c7 ,artificial ,insem9ation4 ,! subject-matt] ( ! latt] "p ( ! prec$+ p>agraph is di/+ui%$ f sev]al unlawful practices consid]$ by morali/s "u ! head+ ( artificial insem9ation4 ,pope ,pius ,,xii on sev]al occasions has giv5 a cle>1 accurate & complete /atem5t ( ,ca?olic tea*+ on ! subject4 ,we app5d "h 8 texts3 #a7 ,! practice ( artificial insem9ation1 :5 x ref]s to man1 _c be consid]$1 ei!r exclusively or pr9cipally1 f ! biological & m$ical po9t ( view1 ignor+ ! moral & legal "o4 ,artificial insem9ation1 outside ( m>riage1 mu/ be condemn$ z ess5tially & /rictly immoral4 ,natural law & div9e positive law e/abli%1 9 fact1 t ! procreation ( a new life _c b be ! fruit ( m>riage4 ,only m>riage safegu>ds ! dignity ( ! sp\ses 7pr9cipally ( ! wife 9 ! pres5t case7 & _! p]sonal good4 ,x alone provides = ! well-be+ & education ( ! *ild4 ,x foll[s t no div]g5ce ( op9ion among ,ca?olics is admitt$ on ! condemnation ( artificial insem9ation outside ( m>riage4 ,! *ild conceiv$ 9 ^? conditions w\ld be1 by t v fact1 illegitimate4 ,artificial insem9ation produc$ 9 a m>riage by ! active elem5t ( a ?ird p>ty is equally immoral & consequ5tly to be condemn$ )\t appeal4 ,only ! sp\ses h a reciprocal "r ^u ea* o!r's body to g5]ate a new life3 an exclusive1 inali5able "r1 :i* _c be c$$4 ,& s x mu/ be1 ev5 out ( consid]ation = ! *ild4 ,on :oev] gives life to a small be+1 nature imposes1 by ! v /r5g? ( t tie1 ! duty to keep & educate x4 ,b no ties ( orig91 no moral or legal bonds ( conjugal procreation1 exi/ betwe5 ! legitimate husb& & ! *ild :o is ! fruit ( ! active elem5t ( a ?ird p>ty 7ev5 if ! husb& has giv5 8 cons5t74 ,z f> z ! legitimacy ( artificial insem9ation 9 m>riage is conc]n$1 x suffices1 = ! mom5t1 to recall ^! pr9ciples ( natural law3 ! simple fact t ! result desir$ is obta9$ by ?is means does n ju/ify ! use ( ! means itself2 nor does ! desire ( ! husb& & wife1 9 itself p]fectly legitimate1 to h a *ild1 suffice to e/abli% ! legitimacy ( resort+ to ! artificial insem9ation :i* w\ld satisfy ?is desire4 ,x w\ld be errone\s1 !re=e1 to ?9k t ! possibility ( resort+ to ?is means might r5d] valid a m>riage betwe5 p]sons unable to contract x because ( ! imp$im5tum impot5tiae4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is sup]flu\s to m5tion t ! active elem5t c nev] be obta9$ legitimately by means ( acts aga9/ nature4 ,al?\gh new me?ods _c be rul$ out a priori = ! sole reason ( _! novelty1 none!less1 z f> z artificial impregnation is conc]n$1 extreme caution is n en\gh2 x mu/ be absolutely exclud$4 ,say+ ?is does n necess>ily proscribe ! use ( c]ta9 artificial means de/9$ only to facilitate ! natural act1 or to assure ! accompli%m5t ( ! end ( ! natural act regul>ly p]=m$4 ,let x nev] be =gott5 t only ! procreation ( a new life accord+ to ! w & ! designs ( ! ,creator br+s ) x1 to a m>vel\s degree ( p]fection1 ! accompli%m5t ( ! propos$ ends4 ,x is at ! same "t 9 con=mity ) corporeal & spiritual nature & ! dignity ( ! m>ri$ c\ple1 z well z ) ! heal?y1 normal developm5t ( ! *ild 7,address to ,physicians1 ,sept4 #bi1 #aidi1 ,discorsi e ,radiomessaggi1 vol4 xi1 pp4 #bba ff74 #b7 ,we also believe t x is ( capital importance = y1 g5tlem51 n to neglect ?is p]spective :5 y consid] ! me?ods ( artificial fecundation4 ,! means by :i* "o t5ds t[>d ! production ( a new life take on an ess5tial human significance insep>able f ! desir$ end & susceptible ( caus+ grave h>m to ?is v end if ^! means are n con=mable to reality & to ! laws inscrib$ 9 ! nature ( be+s4 ,we h be5 ask$ to give "s directives on ?is po9t also4 ,on ! subject ( ! exp]im5ts 9 artificial human fecundation 89 vitro10 let x suffice = ,u to obs]ve t !y mu/ be reject$ z immoral & absolutely illicit4 ,) reg>d to ! v>i\s moral problems :i* are pos$ by artificial fecundation1 9 ! ord9>y mean+ ( ! expression1 or 8artificial insem9ation10 ,we h already express$ ,our ?\ght 9 a disc\rse address$ to physicians on ,septemb] #bi1 #aidi 7,discorsi e ,radiomessaggi1 vol4 xi4 pp4 #bba ff474 ,= ! details ,we ref] y to :at ,we said !n & ,we conf9e ,ourself "h to repeat+ ! conclud+ judgm5t giv5 !re3 8,) reg>d to artificial fecundation1 n only is !re reason to be extremely res]v$1 b x mu/ be absolutely reject$4 ,9 speak+ ?us1 "o is n necess>ily =bidd+ ! use ( c]ta9 artificial means de/9$ solely to facilitate ! natural act or to a*ieve ! atta9m5t ( ! natural act normally p]=m$40 ,b s9ce artificial fecundation is be+ m & m widely us$1 & 9 ord] to correct "s errone\s op9ions :i* are be+ spread conc]n+ :at ,we h taught1 ,we h ! foll[+ to add3 ,artificial fecundation exce$s ! limits ( ! "r :i* sp\ses h acquir$ by ! matrimonial contract1 namely1 t ( fully ex]cis+ _! natural sexual capacity 9 ! natural accompli%m5t ( ! m>ital act4 ,! contract 9 "q does n conf] on !m a "r to artificial fecundation1 = su* a "r is n 9 any way express$ 9 ! "r to ! natural conjugal act & _c be d$uc$ f x4 ,/ill less c "o d]ive x f ! "r to ! 8*ild10 ! prim>y 8end0 ( m>riage4 ,! matrimonial contract does n give ?is "r1 because x has = its object n ! 8*ild10 b ! 8natural acts0 :i* are capable ( eng5d]+ a new life & are de/9$ to ?is end4 ,x mu/ likewise be said t artificial fecundation violates ! natural law & is contr>y to ju/ice & morality #a 7,m>riage & ,p>5?ood1 ,may #ai1 #aief74 ,see ,! ,pope ,speaks1 ,vol1 ,,iii1 ,no4 #b1 ,autumn ( #aief1 pp4 #aid ff4 #a ,! ,holy ,fa!r "h spoke = sev]al m9utes 9 ,lat9 z foll[s3 ,alia nunc occurrit quae/io1 ad quam p]tract&am magis addecet lat9am l+uam adhib]e4 ,quemadmodum rationalis animus no/] artificiali insem9ationi adv]satur1 ita eadem e?ica ratio1 a qua ag5di normo sum5da e/1 p>it] vetat1 quom9us humanum sem51 p]itorum exam9i subici5dum1 ma/urbati\is ope procuretur4 ,hanc ag5di rationem attigimus ,no/ra quoque allocutione coram ,urologiae doctoribus coetum p>ticipantibus1 die ,,viii m5sis ,octobris anno ,,mdccccliii prolata1 9 qua haec habuimus1 v]ba3 8,du re/e le ,/-,(fice a decide deja le #b a\t #aibi 7,acta ,ap4 ,s$is1 vol4 ,,xxi a4 #aibi1 p4 #dij1 ,,ii7 qu'une 8#8ma/urbatio directe procurata ut obt9eatur sp]ma' n'e/ pas licite1 ceci quel que soit le b de l'exam50 7,discorsi e ,radiomessaggi vol4 ,,xv1 pag4 #cgh74 ,cum v]o ,nobis allatum sit1 pravam huiusmodi consuetud9em pluribus 9 locis invalesc]e1 opportunum ducimus nunc etiam1 quae tunc monuimus1 commemor>e atque it]um inculc>e4 ,si actus huiusmodi ad expl5dam libid9em ponantur1 eos vel ipse naturalis hom9is s5sus sua sponte respuit1 ac multo magis m5tis iudicium1 quotiescumque rem mature recteque consid]at4 ,iidem actus tam5 tunc quoque respu5di sunt1 cum graves rationes eos a culpa exim]e vid5tur1 uti sunt3 rem$ia iis prae/&a qui nimia n]vorum int5tione vel abnormibus animi spasmis laborant2 m$icis p]ag5da1 ope microscopii1 sp]matis inspectio1 quod v5]ei vel alius g5]is morbi bact]iis infectum sit2 div]s>um p>tium exam51 ex quibus sem5 ord9>ie con/at1 ut vitalium sp]matis elem5torum praes5tia1 num]us1 quantitus1 =ma1 vis1 habitus aliaque id g5us dignoscuntur4 ,eiusmodi procuratio humani sem9is1 p] ma/urbationem effecta1 ad nihil aliud directe spectat1 nisi ad naturalem 9 hom9e g5]&i facultatem pl5e ex]c5dam2 quod quidem pl5um ex]citium1 extra conjugalem copulam p]actum1 secum f]t directum et indebite usurpatum eiusdem facultatis usum4 ,9 hoc eiusmodi indebito facultatis usu proprie sita e/ intr9seca regulae morum violatio4 ,haudquaquam enim homo ius ullum ex]c5di facultatem sexualem iam inde habet1 quod facultatem e&em a natura recepit4 ,hom9i nempe 7secus ac 9 cet]is animantibus rationis exp]tibus cont+it7 ius et pote/as ut5di atque ex]c5di e&em facultatem tantummodo 9 nuptiis valide initis tribuitut1 atque 9 iure matrimoniali cont9etur1 quod ipsis nuptiis traditur et acceptatur4 ,inde elucet hom9em1 ob solam hanc causam quod facultatem sexualem a natura recepit1 non hab]e nisi pot5tiam et ius ad matrimonium ineundum4 ,hoc ius tam51 ad objectum et ambitum quod att9et1 naturae lege1 non hom9um voluntate discribitur2 vi huius legis naturae1 hom9i non competit ius et pote/as ad pl5um facultatis sexualis ex]citium1 directe int5tum1 nisi cum coniugalem copulam ex]cet ad normam a natura ipsa imp]atam atque def9itam4 ,extra hunc naturalem actum1 ne 9 ipso quidem matrimonio ius datur ad sexuali hac facultate pl5e fru5dum4 ,hi sunt limites1 quibus ius1 de quo diximus1 eiusque ex]citium a natura circumscribuntur4 ,ex eo quod pl5um sexualis facultatis ex]citium hoc absolute copulae coniugalis limite circumscribitur1 eadem facultas intr9sece apta efficitur ad pl5um matrimonii naturalem f9em assequ5dum 7qui non modo e/ g5]atio1 s$ etiam prolis educatio71 atque eius ex]citum cum dicto f9e colligatur4 ,quae cum ita s9t1 ma/urbatio omn9o e/ extra memoratam pl5i facultatis sexualis ex]citii naturalem habilitatem1 ideoque etiam extra eius colligationem cum f9e a natura ord9ato2 quamobrem eadem omni iuris titulo c>et atque naturae et e?ices legibus contr>ia e/1 etiamsi ins]vire int5dat utilitati p] se iu/ae nec improb&ae4 ,quae hact5us dicta sunt de intr9seca malitia cuiuslibet pl5i usus pot5tiae g5]&i extra naturalem coniugalem copulam1 val5t eodem modo cum agitur de matrimonio iunctis vel de matrimonio solutis1 sive pl5um ex]citium app>atus g5italis fit a viro sive a muli]e1 sive ab utraque p>te simul ag5te2 sive fit tactibus manualibus sive coniugalis copulae int]ruptione2 haec enim semp] e/ actus naturae contr>ius atque intr9sece malus4 #bfbj4 ,contraception4--,contraception 9 all its =ms 7onanism1 condonism1 vag9al irrigation1 sp]matocide7 is a grave crime4 7a7 ,x is an ,injury to ,god4--,m>riage 0 in/itut$ by ,god to propagate ! human race 7,g541 i4 #bg1 #bh7 & to bless homes ) *ildr5 7,ps41 cxxvi1 cxxvii71 & ,he has made x a sacr$ in/itution & a ,sacram5t4 ,contraception defeats ! ends ( m>riage & degrades x to ! level ( a m]e in/rum5t ( c>nal gratification4 ,! hatr$ ( ,god = ?is s9 appe>s 9 g5]al f ! horror ) :i* ,scripture speaks ( unnatural lu/1 & 9 p>ticul> f ! case ( ,onan1 ^: s9 is call$ dete/able & :om ,god slew 9 puni%m5t 7,g541 xxxviii4 #aj74 7b7 ,x is an ,injury to ,society4--,! p]petuation ( ! human race is endang]$ z soon z m>riage is abus$ z to its natural end4 ,h5ce1 aft] ! crime ( homicide :i* de/roys human life already 9 exi/5ce1 contraception seems to rank next 9 enormity1 s9ce x prev5ts human life f com+ into exi/5ce4 ,?is vice spreads moral deg5]acy & decay f ! home itself1 & is rightly call$ race-suicide1 s9ce x depopulates & de/roys ! nation by ! act ( its own p4 7c7 ,x is an ,injury to ! ,family4--,! happ9ess & success ( ! home dep5d *iefly on ! respect :i* its memb]s h "o = ! o!r & on ! cultivation ( ! /urdy virtues t /r5g!n "*4 ,! husb& & wife :o practise onanism or o!r simil> c>nal vices _c h ! mutual respect !y %\ld h2 ! wife is depriv$ ( ! treasure ( h] mode/y & is treat$ z a pro/itute r ?an z an honor$ wife & "m1 & ! husb& is brutaliz$ by ! removal ( ! natural re/ra9t to 8 sex passion4 ,su* self-indulg5t p]sons w ei!r selfi%ly neglect ! "o or two *ildr5 !y may h1 or w spoil !m = life by ! luxury & laz9ess 9 :i* !y are re>$4 7d7 ,x is an ,injury to ! ,individual4--,z conc]ns ! body1 !re is a p]v]sion ( ! sex act f its def9ite use & specific end1 & h5ce contraception has be5 describ$ z 8reciprocal ma/urbation40 ,z reg>ds ! s\l1 its high] goods ( w & intellect are subord9at$ by ! contraceptioni/ to ! delight ( passion1 ! l[] impulses are greatly /r5g!n$ & self-control made m & m difficult1 & ! spiritual objectives t %\ld prompt a rational creature are sacrific$ = ! pass+ gratification t moves ! bea/s4 #bfba4 ,"s ,argum5ts ( ,neo-,mal?usians & ,o!r ,advocates ( ,contraception4--7a7 ,necessity = ! ,individual4--8,?is practice is dem&$ by com=t 7e4g41 9 ord] to h a good & easy "t1 to h m opportunity = pleasures & occupations outside ! home1 to pres]ve =m & beauty1 to escape ! tr\bles ( *ild-be>+ & *ild-re>+71 or by utility 7e4g41 9 ord] t suff]+ wives be fre$ f ! slav]y ( excessive *ild-be>+1 9 ord] t *ildr5 receive m att5tion & c>e ?an is possible 9 l>ge families740 ,?is argum5t f com=t is unwor?y ( any b a pagan or mat]iali/1 = ! end ( exi/5ce is some?+ high] ?an pleasure or escape f all h>d%ip4 ,b ev5 if happ9ess alone be consid]$1 ! *ildless home is n ! mo/ *e]ful1 & x (t5 happ5s t p>5ts :o h s9fully limit$ _! p>5?ood w lose an only *ild & be left /]ile & desolate4 ,! argum5t f utility proves only t sometimes 7n (t57 x is inadvisable = a c\ple to h any or _m *ildr51 b x does n prove t family limitation ?r\gh means =bidd5 by ! laws ( ,god & ( nature is p]missible4 ,! normal woman is n h>m$ b help$ by *ild-be>+1 :]eas onanism & o!r unnatural vices are fe>fully damag+ bo? to m5tal & physical heal?4 ,exp]i5ce too %[s t mo!rs ( five or m *ildr5 live long]1 & t *ildr5 f l>ge families are v (t5 sup]ior 9 qualities & a*ievem5ts & /& a bett] *ance 9 life4 ,exceptions only emphasize ! rule4 7b7 ,necessity = ! ,family4--8,l>ge families are impossible to _m p]sons because ! high co/ ( *ildr5 today 7exp5ses = clo?+1 food1 m$ical c>e1 s*ool+1 etc47 is beyond _! means40 ,! inability to support _m *ildr5 is (t5 due to extravagance or to insuffici5t wages1 & ! rem$y lies 9 prud5t economy or 9 improvem5t ( ! economic condition ( work]s1 n 9 ! abuse ( m>riage4 ,! weakness ( ! objection is %[n f ! fact t race-suicide is m common among ! well-to-d ?an among ! poor] classes4 ,h[ev]1 9 a g5u9e case ( inability to ma9ta9 a l>ge family1 limitation ( *ildr5 is a duty1 b n by means ( ! s9 ( contraception or onanism4 7c7 ,necessity = ! ,community4--8,! cause ( unemploym5t1 de/itution1 fam9e & w> is ! ov]population ( ! _w4 ,moreov]1 if ! poor] classes w\ld practise contraception & ! bett]-to-d classes h l>g] families1 ! /&>d ( liv+ ( ! =m] w\ld be rais$1 ! culture ( ! latt] w\ld be pres]v$1 & ! quality ( ! :ole race be greatly improv$40 ,! res\rces ( ! e>? are easily adequate to support _m times ! pres5t population1 & ! mis=tunes ref]r$ to are due1 n to ! numb] ( p :o inhabit ! e>?1 b to accid5t or to human gre$ or imprud5ce4 ,! eug5ic argum5t is a va9 dream1 = ! hi/ory ( nations & mod]n facts %[ t ! ideal ( race improvem5t makes little appeal :5 ! easi] way ( indulg5ce has be5 le>n$4 ,z said above1 x is ! weal?y & educat$ classes :o h ! fewe/ *ildr54 7d7 ,necessity ( a ,moral ,k9d4--8,contraception is a useful control ( nature simil> to t employ$ by physicians1 surgeons & o!r sci5ti/s2 x is n a contradiction ( nature1 s9ce x pres]ves ! end ( ! sexual faculty 9 express+ physical love4 ,! motives ( ^? :o use x are n necess>ily c>nal1 b may be ( a v ,*ri/ian k9d 7e4g41 ! ne$ ( limitation ( family 9 ord] ! bett] to practise "o's vocation1 or 9 ord] to sp>e "o's wife1 or to keep h] f abortion71 & !y may s9c]ely believe x to be lawful40 ,contraception does n control1 b defeats nature1 by volunt>ily fru/rat+ ! prim>y end :i* nature has 9 view1 &1 if p]mitt$1 x logically leads to e k9d ( s5sual indulg5ce4 ,! motives or consci5ce ( ^? :o use x _c *ange its "*1 = ! end does n ju/ify ! means & a wrong consci5ce does n *ange ! law4 ,^? :o h n be5 spoil$ or misl$ by contraceptive propag&a or advice1 in/9ctively reg>d artificial bir?-control z well z onanism ) disgu/4 #bfbb4 ,is ,bir?-,control ,ev] ,lawful8--7a7 ,if ?is ref]s to an end 7viz41 ! limitation ( ! numb] ( *ildr5 or ! spac+ ( _! arrival71 x is n unlawful 9 itself 7see #bfag72 & x is sometimes a duty1 z :5 ! wife is 9 v poor heal? or ! family is unable to take c>e ( m4 ,b 9 view ( ! decl9e & det]ioration 9 populations today1 x seems t c\ples :o are able to br+ up *ildr5 well %\ld consid] x a duty to ! common welf>e to h at lea/ f\r *ildr51 & x %\ld be easy = _m to h at lea/ a doz5 *ildr54 ,! example ( ^? m>ri$ p]sons ( means :o are unable to h a numb] ( *ildr5 ( _! own1 b :o adopt or raise orphan$ little ones1 is v comm5dable4 7b7 ,if bir? control ref]s to a means ( family limitation1 x is lawful :5 t means is cont95ce or ab/95ce f m>ital relations1 n if x is onanism or ! use ( me*anical or *emical means to prev5t conception4 ,! objection t husb&s _c re/ra9 !mselves is really an insult to ,god's grace & is contradict$ by num]\s facts4 ,a man ( manly "* %\ld be a%am$ to admit t he is ! slave ( passion1 & ! fact t ,god comm&s *a/ity & t millions obey ,him bo? 9 ! w$d$ & s+le /ate is suffici5t pro( t1 ev5 ?\gh h>d1 sexual ab/95ce is n impossible1 if !re is a real resolve & ! "r means are employ$1 su* z room+ ap>t & conc5tration on o!r & high] ?+s4 ,cont95ce or ab/95ce is c\nsell$ by ! ,*ur* %\ld conditions make ! conception ( *ildr5 inadvisable4 ,x is c\nsell$1 n comm&$1 s9ce x involves h]oic sacrifice :i* makes x all ! m m]itori\s & praisewor?y3 8,x is wrong+ m5 & wom5 ( our times to deem !m incapable ( cont9u\s h]oism4 ,today1 = _m reasons--p]haps ) ! goad ( h>d necessity & ev5 sometimes 9 ! s]vice ( inju/ice--h]oism is ex]cis$ to a degree & to an ext5t :i* w\ld h be5 ?\ght impossible 9 days gone by4 ,:y4 !n1 %\ld ?is h]oism1 if ! circum/ances really dem& x1 /op at ! bord]s e/abli%$ by ! passions & incl9ations ( nature8 ,! answ] is cle>4 ,! man :o does n want to dom9ate himself is incapable ( s do+4 ,he :o believes he c d s1 c\nt+ m]ely on 8 own /r5g? )\t seek+ s9c]ely & p]sev]+ly help f ,god1 w rema9 mis]ably disillusion$0 7,pope ,pius ,,xii1 ,allocution to ! ,italian ,ca?olic ,union ( ,midwives1 ,oct4 #bi1 #aiea74 ,ano!r lawful means ( family limitation is 8p]iodic cont95ce0 or 8rhy?m10 ! delib]ate avoidance ( conception by re/rict+ int]c\rse1 tempor>ily or p]man5tly1 to ! days ( natural /]ility on ! "p ( ! wife4 ,_m ( ! fai?ful are "u ! impression t ! sy/em has receiv$ ! unqualifi$ approval ( ! ,*ur*1 t x con/itutes a =m ( 8,ca?olic ,bir?-,control40 ,?is is n completely true4 ,all !ologians agree t ! use ( m>riage dur+ ! /]ile p]iod is n p] se illicit4 ,! act is p]=m$ 9 ! natural way2 no?+ has be5 done positively to avoid conception2 & ! second>y ends ( matrimony1 mutual love & ! quiet+ ( temptation1 h be5 fo/]$4 8,if ! c>ry+ out ( ?is !ory means no?+ m ?an t ! c\ple c make use ( _! matrimonial rights on ! days ( natural /]ility1 too1 !re is no?+ aga9/ x1 = by s do+ !y nei!r h9d] nor injure 9 any way ! consummation ( ! natural act & its fur!r natural consequ5ces0 7,pope ,pius ,,xii1 ibid474 8,if1 h[ev]1 !re is fur!r "q--t is1 ( p]mitt+ ! conjugal act on ^? days exclusively--!n ! conduct ( ! m>ri$ c\ple mu/ be exam9$ m closely0 7ibid74 ,! foll[+ po9ts summ>ize papal tea*+ on ?is aspect3 #a7 ,a prem>ital agreem5t to re/rict ! m>ital "r & n m]ely ! use to /]ile p]iods1 implies an ess5tial defect 9 matrimonial cons5t & r5d]s ! m>riage invalid4 #b7 ,! practice is n morally ju/ifi$ simply because ! nature ( ! m>ital act is n violat$ & ! c\ple are prep>$ to accept & re> *ildr5 born despite _! precautions4 #c7 ,s]i\s motives1 7m$ical1 eug5ic1 economic & social71 mu/ be pres5t to ju/ify ?is practice4 ,:5 pres5t1 !y c exempt = a long "t1 p]haps ev5 = ! duration ( ! m>riage1 f ! positive obligations ( ! m>ri$ /ate4 #d7 ,! m>ri$ /ate imposes on ^? :o p]=m ! m>ital act ! positive obligation ( help+ to cons]ve ! human race4 ,accord+ly1 to make use ( ! m>ital act cont9u\sly & )\t s]i\s reason to )draw f its prim>y obligation w\ld be a s9 aga9/ ! v mean+ ( conjugal life 7ibid474 ,pope ,pius explicitly confirm$ ! common tea*+ ( !ologians3 #a7 ,rhy?m1 by mutual cons5t1 = proportionate reasons1 & ) due safegu>ds aga9/ dang]s w\ld be licit4 #b7 ,)\t a good reason1 ! practice w\ld involve "s degree ( culpability4 ,n expressly confirm$1 b simply an expression ( common moral pr9ciples is ! common agreem5t3 #c7 ,t ! s9 c\ld be mortal by reason ( inju/ice1 grave dang] ( incont95ce1 s]i\s family discord1 etc4 ,s9ce ! ,allocution1 ! m common op9ion 9 ?is c\ntry ass]ts t ! ,holy ,fa!r taught3 #a7 t m>ri$ p :o use _! m>ital "r h a duty to procreate2 #b7 t ?is duty is b9d+ "u pa9 ( s92 #c7 !re are1 h[ev]1 reasons t excuse ! c\ples f ?is obligation &1 %\ld !y exi/ = ! :ole ( m>ri$ life1 ! obligation does n b9d !m at all2 #d7 ! s9 does n consi/ 9 ! ex]cise ( m>ital rights dur+ ! /]ile p]iods2 b 9 ab/5tion f int]c\rse dur+ ! f]tile p]iods precisely to avoid conception1 :5 ! c\ple c\ld h & %\ld h made its positive contribution to society4 ,s9 is pres5t :5 ! practice is unju/ifi$ly und]tak52 #e7 ! =mal malice ( illicit p]iodic cont95ce is n aga9/ ! six? comm&m5t2 i4e41 aga9/ ! procreation ( *ildr5 or ! use ( ! g5]ative faculty1 b aga9/ ! sev5? comm&m5t1 i4e41 aga9/ social ju/ice4 ,! c\ple is n mak+ its contribution to ! common good ( society2 #f7 f #d & #e above1 x foll[s t ! individual acts ( int]c\rse dur+ a p]iod ( unju/ practice ( rhy?m d n con/itute num]ically di/9ct s9s4 ,r1 grant+ ! cont9uance ( a s+le w act to practice rhy?m1 !re is "o s9 = ! :ole p]iod ( illicit ab/5tion dur+ ! f]tile p]iods4 ,s9ce ! ,pope ab/a9$ f an explicit /atem5t on ! gravity ( ! s91 ! controv]sy ( :e!r ! practice intr9sically is a mortal s9 or n cont9u$4 ,! op9ion 9 ?is c\ntry :i* holds ! greate/ au?ority /ates t mortal s9 is involv$ 9 ! case ( cont9u$ practice ) a total exclusion ( *ildr5 & frequ5t use ( m>ital rights dur+ ! /]ile p]iod4 ,div]sity ( op9ion has aris5 z to ! means ( e/imat+ :5 a s]i\s s9 has be5 committ$4 ,"s h us$ a temporal norm1 e4g41 unju/ifi$ use ( rhy?m = five or six ye>s w\ld con/itute a s]i\s matt]4 ,und\bt$ly mo/ ( ! propon5ts ( ?is norm w\ld n accuse a c\ple ( c]ta9 mortal s9 if !y already h "o or m *ildr52 aft] t1 indef9ite use ( ! practice )\t excus+ causes w\ld n be a mortal s94 7,?is is admitt$ by mo/ !ologians47 ,o!rs h propos$ a num]ical norm z a basis to det]m9e :e!r or n a c\ple has made its contribution to ! cons]vation ( ! race4 ,concretely ! propon5ts ( ?is !ory reg>d f\r or five *ildr5 z suffici5t to satisfy ! obligation 9 su* a way2 a7 t ! use ( rhy?m to limit ! family to ?is numb] is licit provid$ ! c\ple is will+ & morally able to practice x2 b7 t ! limitation ?r\gh rhy?m to less ?an f\r requires a s]i\s ju/ify+ cause4 ,! int5tion involv$ to prev5t conception w\ld be s]i\sly s9ful 9 itself1 s9ce x causes great h>m to ! common good & involves 9 practice subord9ation ( ! prim>y to ! second>y end or ends ( matrimony4 ,at ! pres5t "t ?is op9ion seems to be m favor$ 9 ,am]ica ?an ! fir/ :i* places ! gravity ( ! s9 9 ! unju/ifi$ practice ( rhy?m = five ye>s4 7,= a survey ( rec5t op9ion1 see ! ,conf]5ce ,bullet9 ( ! ,ar*diocese ( ,new ,york1 ,vol4 ,,xxxiv1 ,no4 #a1 pp4 #cf ff47 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s ,european !ologians h d5i$ t ! practice con/itutes a mortal s9 9 itself1 indep5d5tly ( circum/ances su* z inju/ice & dang] ( incont95ce4 ,! pres5t /ate ( op9ion1 !n1 is def9itely undecid$ & calls = caution bo? 9 deal+ too sev]ely ) p5it5ts or too readily recomm5d+ ! practice4 ,! response ( ! ,sacr$ ,p5it5ti>y ( ,june #af1 #ahhj1 af=ds a safe guide 9 practice3 8,m>ri$ c\ples :o use _! m>riage rights 9 ! a=esaid mann] are n to be di/urb$1 & ! confessor may sugge/ ! op9ion 9 "q1 cauti\sly1 h[ev]1 to ^? m>ri$ p :om he has tri$ 9 va9 to dissuade f ! dete/able crime ( onanism40 ,z to ! !ological c5sure to be atta*$ to 8rhy?m10 x is n approv$1 nor recomm5d$1 b seems to be tol]at$ = suffici5tly grave reasons4 8,in/ead ( be+ freely taught & comm5d$1 x is r to be tol]at$ z an extreme rem$y or means ( prev5t+ s90 7,(ficial ,monitum1 ,patrick ,c>d9al ,hayes1 ,sept4 #h1 #aicf1 ,conf]5ce ,bullet9 ( ,ar*diocese ( ,new ,york1 ,volume ,,xiv1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #gh74 #bfbc4 ,coop]atio ,uxoris ad ,onanismum vel ,contraceptionem4--7a7 ,coop]atio =malis gravit] illicita e/1 quum includat approbationem ipsius peccati4 ,unde gravit] peccat uxor quae suis qua]emoniis de mole/iis graviditatis virum cogit ad congressum onani/icum1 vel quae nec int]dum conatur eum av]t]e ab iniquo consilio onani/ice congr$i5di1 vel quae active adjuvat abruptionem copulae1 vel quae int]ne gaudet de ipso peccato 7#aeac74 7b7 ,coop]atio mat]ialis ad onanismum ex gravi causa 7e4g41 ex metu fundato rix>um1 mole/ae cohabitationis1 adult]ii viri7 licet2 nam actio muli]is1 scil4 copulam hab]e naturalem1 hone/a e/1 atque causa suffici5s ade/ p]mitt5di abusum factum a comp>te 7#aeae sqq474 ,imo uxor debitum pet]e pote/ a suo viro onani/ico1 si secus diu ab/9]e cog]etur ab omni usu conjugii cum p]iculo incont95tiae1 quia c>itas erga virum non obligat ad ab/95tiam cum tanto incommodo4 7c7 ,coop]atio m]e mat]ialis ad contraceptionem1 non videtur possibilis2 nam copula contraceptiva e/ intr9sece et ab initio mala 7#aeag1 #aebg74 ,unde uxori nec pet]e debitum licet1 nec passive se hab]e4 ,s$ qualibet vice t5etur positive pro viribus resi/]e4 ,s9 autem gravissima causa sit actum p]mitt5di1 ut puta p]iculum mortis1 eam tantum resi/5tiam oppon]e debet ad quam obligatur virgo oppressa 7#bdig71 cons5su ut patet d5egato 7,see ,iri% ,ecclesia/ical ,record1 ,june1 #aidj1 pp4 #fcd ff41 & ,m>*1 #aidh1 pp4 #bdd ff47 #bfbd4 ,recapitulatio de ,licitis et ,illicitis 9 ,conjugio4--7a7 ,illicita gravit] sunt extra matrimonium facta1 v4g41 moe*ia1 mollities solit>ia1 ali5ae conjugis concupisc5tia2 s$ probabilit] actus imp]fecti et solit>ii 9 proprium corpus ex]citi leve non exc$unt1 citra p]iculum pollutionis1 siquidem 9 delectationem v5]eam quae 9 conjugio licita e/ natura sua ord95tur1 sicque m9us indec5tes fiant4 7b7 ,illicita gravit] sunt intra matrimonium facta s$ contra f9em1 i4e41 naturae matrimonii seu g5]ationi prolis repugnantia1 ut sunt pollutio mutua1 onanismus1 impudicitia quae non 9 copulam s$ 9 pollutionem t5dit4 7c7 ,illicita levit] sunt intra matrimonium facta s$ praet] f9em1 i4e41 qum g5]ationi nec prosunt1 nec obsunt1 s$ 9 circum/antiis aliquam prae se f]unt inord9ationem 7e4g41 copula ob solam voluptatem habita71 imprud5tiam 7e4g41 copula tempore p>um apto habita71 immod]antiam 7e4g41 impudicitia pudori nociva1 situs innaturalis1 ut si /5t vel vir succubet1 ex levitate electus74 7d7 ,licita sunt intra matrimonium facta1 quae tum ex p>te objecti 7scil41 quia actus ord9atur ad f9em matrimonii71 tum ex p>te circum/anti>um 7scil41 quia debito tempore1 loco1 modo1 etc41 ut prud5tia exigit1 ex]c5tur7 rationi rectae concordant4 ,unde non peccant conjuges sibi licita concupisc5do vel de iis gaud5do4 ,immo muli] onani/ae licite coop]ata non e/ peccati argu5da si gavisa sit de ipsa copula vel de bonis ejus effectibus1 vel 7saltem qu&o probabile videtur se sem5 excipisse7 si ad completam voluptatem se excitav]it4 #bfbe4 ,regulae pro ,confess>iis4--7a7 ,int]rogationes4--,si nulla ratio e/ suspic&i copulam modo innaturali ex]c]i1 prae/at ut plurimum de circum/antiis 7v4g41 de motivo copulae7 non qua]]e1 ne conjuges ta$io afficiantur vel bona fide inutilit] priv5tur4 ,si tam5 fundata suspicio e/ abusum matrimonii cel>i1 hac de re confess>ius inquir]e debet1 s$ prud5t]1 ne sc&alo sit po5it5tibus v]bis indiscretis4 7b7 ,monitiones4--,si depreh5ditur po5it5tem onani/am esse1 p] se sev]e repreh5d5dus e/ 7quod de viro praes]tim dicitur7 nec absolv5dus nisi signa contritionis prius d$]it2 p] accid5s autem1 si datur ignorantia inv9cibilis et monitio nullat5us pr(utura praevidetur1 po5it5s 9 bona fide rel9quatur4 #bfbf4 ,m>riage z a ,sacram5t4--,! ?ird b5efit ( m>riage is t ( ! ,sacram5t4 ,! union ( man & wife is n m]ely a physical union1 b also a social "o1 & x %\ld be modell$ on ! union ( ,*ri/ & ! ,*ur*3 8,?is is a great sacram5t2 b ,i speak 9 ,*ri/ & ! ,*ur*0 7,eph41 v4 #cb74 7a7 ,*ri/ abides ) ! ,*ur*1 & s ! husb& %\ld dwell ) 8 wife 7,matt41 xix4 #e74 ,! cohabitation ( ! p>ties is dem&$ by ! v nature ( ! promises made 9 m>riage1 & h5ce x is wrong = ! husb& to be abs5t f ! home = notable p]iods ( "t1 or1 :at is worse1 to drive 8 wife f home--or vice v]sa4 ,grave reasons & mutual cons5t ju/ify long abs5ces1 z :5 ! husb& is call$ away on di/ant bus9ess2 b1 if he goes away = a consid]able "p ( ! ye>1 he %\ld1 if possible1 take 8 wife ) him1 or visit or write to h] frequ5tly4 ,v grave reasons suffice = obta9+ a sep>ation1 ei!r p]man5t1 on acc\nt ( adult]y1 or dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! reason1 z :5 !re is s]i\s unhapp9ess 7,canons #aabh sqq474 7b7 ,*ri/ is ! head ( ! ,*ur*1 & s also ! husb& is sup]ior to ! wife 9 au?ority 7,eph41 v4 #bc74 ,ord9>ily man excels 9 ! qualities suit$ = rule ( ! home 7su* z physical /r5g?1 decision1 c\rage71 & h5ce z e society1 no matt] h[ small1 mu/ h a head1 ! husb& is ! natural head ( ! home4 ,b ob$i5ce is due a husb& 9 dome/ic matt]s 9 :i* he is head ( ! h\se--= example1 ! *oice ( ! place ( resid5ce1 ! managem5t ( ! family income1 ! discipl9e ( ! *ildr51 b n 9 ! wife's p]sonal affairs 7e4g41 h] consci5ce1 h] politics1 h] prop]ty7--& only 9 comm&s t d n exce$ 8 au?ority1 = he has no p[] to comm& if he is irrational1 & he has no claim to ob$i5ce if he ord]s some?+ s9ful or fooli%4 ,moreov]1 s9ce ! wife is a p>tn] & n a s]vant1 & s9ce %e usually excels z sympa!tic & wise advis] & c>eful h\sehold manag] & is naturally m virtu\s1 ! husb& %\ld consult ) h] on important family que/ions & decide !m z f> z possible by mutual cons5t1 & %\ld gladly leave to h] sole control & direction ! _m ?+s 9 :i* %e is m compet5t ?an himself4 7c7 ,*ri/ gave ,himself = ! ,*ur* 7,eph41 v4 #be71 & s also ! husb& has ! duty ( provid+ = 8 wife1 spiritually & temporally4 ,usually ! man %\ld att5d to ! ext]nal affairs ( ! family 7su* z its support & protection71 :ile ! wife %\ld take c>e ( ! int]nal affairs 7su* z ! h\sekeep+ & ! tra9+ ( ! *ildr574 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! smallness ( ! husb&'s sal>y (t5 compels ! wife to "w outside h] home4 ,wom5 %\ld n be compell$ to take up occupations unsuit$ to _! sex1 mu* less ^? t int]f]e ) ! supreme duty ( mo!rhood4 ,injury done ! common p]sonal goods ( husb& & wife by "o ( !m is unju/1 if due to illegal action2 x is at lea/ un*>itable1 if due to c>elessness4 ,! family goods are usually "u ! control ( ! head ( ! family4 ,! wife has no "r to use ! e>n+s ( h] husb& )\t 8 cons5t1 unless he fails to provide suitably = 8 family1 or uses 8 money extravagantly4 #bfbg4 ,! ,duties ( ,p]sons ,engag$ to ,m>ry4--,we %all speak fir/ ( ! duty ( ent]+ into a nuptial engagem5t1 & next ( ! duties :i* engagem5t imposes4 7a7 ,p] se1 !re is no obligation = an individual to m>ry1 = ! ne$ ( m>riage is n a p]sonal b a social "o1 & social duties d n all fall ^u ea* p>ticul> p]son4 ,ea* p]son mu/ take necess>y food1 = )\t x ! individual p]i%es1 & eat+ is ?us an individual duty2 b ea* p]son ne$ n be a soldi]1 or f>m]1 or build]1 or m]*ant1 or m>ri$2 = x suffices t ^! (fices be fulfill$1 "o by "o individual1 ano!r by ano!r4 ,inde$1 if m>riage is an imp$im5t to a m urg5t good ( ! common welf>e 7e4g41 p]il\s public s]vice incompatible ) m>ri$ life71 or ( private good 7e4g41 ! duty ( ma9ta9+ p>5ts1 ! wi% to rema9 s+le because "o feels oneself unsuit$ = m>riage or call$ to cont95ce71 m>riage %\ld n be *os54 7b7 ,p] accid5s1 !re is sometimes a duty ( m>ry+ on acc\nt ( public or private necessity4 ,?us1 if ! community is depopulat$ by race-suicide1 ! public good %\ld move suitable p]sons to m>ry 9 ord] to assi/ ! bir? rate2 =1 if ^? are consid]$ slack]s :o refuse _! s]vice or money 9 w> "t :5 ! nation is ?reat5$ ) dea? f )\t1 are n ^? also culpable :o w n assi/ a community ?reat5$ ) ext9ction f )98 ,m>riage is also obligatory on ^? :o feel t !y are unable to live cont95tly1 & w be lo/ unless !y m>ry 7,i ,cor41 vii4 #i74 ,9 case ( s$uction1 m>riage is a =m ( re/itution to ! injur$ girl1 b s9ce =c$ m>riages are usually unhappy1 ! injury %\ld be aton$ = 9 "s o!r way if ! s$uc] does n c>e = ! girl or is n desirable himself 7see #ahjc74 #bfbh4 ,! ,duties ,impos$ by ,engagem5t to ,m>ry4--7a7 ,be=e ,engagem5t4--,c\rt%ip is lawful = ^? :o int5d to m>ry1 = )\t x ! mutual k :i* is requisite = a prud5t *oice is impossible4 ,b c\rt%ip %\ld be employ$1 n z a p]iod ( pleasure & extravagance1 b z an opportunity = le>n+ ! suitability ( ! p>ties1 "o = ! o!r1 & _! desirability 9 virtue1 religion1 sanity1 intellig5ce1 heal?1 weal?1 position1 love ( *ildr51 sobriety1 /ead9ess1 etc4 ,visits are lawful dur+ c\rt%ip1 b n ! same famili>ity z is p]missible aft] engagem5t4 ,! "t ( woo+ %\ld n be protract$1 & z a rule aft] a ye> ! p>ties %\ld ei!r become engag$ or decide !y are n well mat*$4 7b7 ,at ! ,"t ( ! ,engagem5t4--,! p>ties are gravely b\nd to make kn[n to ea* o!r all p]sonal defects :i* _c be conceal$ )\t s]i\s inju/ice1 su* z ! lack ( virg9ity or o!r quality :i* "o p>ty makes a conditio s9e qua non1 or ! pres5ce ( a dirim5t imp$im5t or ( a v h>mful or displeas+ *>act]i/ic 7su* z v5]eal disease1 /]ility1 disgrace1 race1 ! fact t "o is a wid[1 etc474 ,!re is no duty ( ju/ice to manife/ defects ^: concealm5t w n be detrim5tal 7su* z pov]ty1 l[ly orig971 b !re may be a duty ( *>ity to reveal !m1 z :5 _! concealm5t n[ w lead to an unhappy m>riage4 ,z to =nication1 ! man is n oblig$ to confess x1 unless p]haps :5 he has an illegitimate *ild2 nor ! woman1 unless %e is actually pregnant1 or _c keep ! matt] hidd5 aft]w>ds & c make x kn[n )\t s]i\s h>m to h]self 7see ,self-defamation1 #aegg2 cfr4 #aigh1 #bacb74 ,b ^? :o h be5 guilty ( ^! mi/akes %\ld und]go a te/ on ! "q ( physical heal?4 7c7 ,dur+ ! ,engagem5t4--,fidelity requires t an engag$ p]son be true to ! o!r p>ty1 avoid pay+ c\rt to a ?ird p]son 7see #bebf71 & give ! signs ( affection t are usual betwe5 engag$ p]sons4 ,! relation%ip betwe5 ! engag$ p>ties does n give !m ! "r to :at is intr9sically evil 7e4g41 volunt>y pollution1 proximate dang] ( cons5t to s91 cont9uance 9 a famili>ity :i* is a proximate occasion ( s971 or to :at is lawful only to m>ri$ p]sons 7e4g41 int]c\rse & ! lib]ties p]t95t to x74 ,b x does give !m ! "r to manife/ _! affection by acts indiff]5t 9 !mselves 7e4g41 visits :i* are n private1 too frequ5t1 or too prolong$2 ! dec5t kisses usual betwe5 betro!d lov]s on meet+ & p>t+71 ev5 ?\gh un9t5tionally pollution may foll[ 7#bech74 ,p]sons :o int5d to m>ry soon %\ld acqua9t !mselves be=e m>riage & f reliable s\rces ) ! fundam5tal physiological facts ( sex1 s z to avoid ! mi/akes :i* (t5 wreck conjugal happ9ess1 beg9n+ ) ! honeymoon itself2 !y %\ld h "s money or ! prospect ( be+ able to support !mselves1 & ! woman %\ld "k h[ to take c>e ( a home4 7d7 ,at ! ,end ( ! ,engagem5t4--,a =mal promise to m>ry 7,canon #ajag7 imposes ! duty ( m>riage )9 a reasonable "t 7i4e41 at ! appo9t$ date1 or1 if no date 0 fix$1 at ! "t :5 "o ( ! p>ties reasonably reque/s x71 unless ! engagem5t be brok5 7e4g41 by mutual cons5t1 by a circum/ance t makes m>riage impossible1 su* z m>riage to a ?ird p>ty or *oice ( ! cl]ical /ate2 or unnecess>y1 su* z ! fulfillm5t ( a resolutory condition1 sup]v5+ imp$im5t1 ,papal disp5sation giv5 = a j cause72 or unless "o ( ! p>ties has a "r n to keep ! engagem5t on acc\nt ( a notable *ange 9 ! circum/ances1 or a brea* ( fai?1 or opposition ( p>5ts t w make ! m>riage inadvisable1 etc4 ,! obligation to m>ry is "o ( ju/ice1 & is grave :5 ! contract 0 bilat]al2 x is "o ( fidelity or ju/ice1 & grave or light accord+ to ! int5tion ( ! promisor1 :5 ! contract 0 unilat]al 7see #ahhh74 ,!re is no action to en=ce an engagem5t1 = =c$ m>riages are unwise 7,canon #ajag1 n4 #c72 & 9 practice confessors & pa/ors %\ld n insi/ on fulfillm5t ( ! promise4 ,b damages c be su$ =1 & ! confessor %\ld d5y absolution to "o :o refuses to make j re/itution 9 a case ( brea* ( promise 7see #ahjc74 ,an in=mal promise to m>ry 7i4e41 "o invalid naturally or positively7 produces no obligation to m>ry 9 ei!r =um 7see #ded72 b x does produce a duty ( re/itution 9 brea* ( promise1 if !re 0 =ce1 fraud1 or deceit4 #bfbi4 ,conditions = ! ,signs ( ,affection betwe5 ,engag$ ,p]sons4--7a7 ,objectively1 ^! signs mu/ be suit$ to ! condition ( m]ely engag$1 n ( m>ri$ p]sons4 ,brief & mode/ kisses are prop] = lov]s1 b great] intimacy1 su* z long & lone conv]sations 9 seclud$ spots1 are wrong4 ,! *a/] ! relations betwe5 ! betro!d1 ! less occasion = future regrets & recrim9ations4 8,pett+0 pur*ases a *eap physical ?rill or excitem5t at ! co/ ( pres5t moral dang] = two p]sons1 ( ! degradation ( love to its l[e/ expression1 & ( loss ( self-respect1 ) ! probable risk ( a future ill-fat$ m>ital c>e] end+ spe$ily 9 disillusionm5t & divorce4 ,x is ess5tially selfi% & unwise4 7b7 ,subjectively1 ! signs ( affection mu/ n be a proximate occasion ( s92 nor may !y be accompani$ by cons5t to s91 or be us$ = ! sake ( v5]eal pleasure4 ,joy at ! ?\ght ( future m>riage int]c\rse & s5sual pleasure 9 pres5t kisses 7#bead7 are 9 !mselves n s9ful1 b 9 practice !y are z a rule gravely dang]\s4 ,motiones c>nales1 quales sunt erectiones1 signa sunt delectationis v5]eae qu&o conjuguntur eum pollutione vel proxime praeviis ad eam2 sunt signa delectationis m]e s5sualis1 qu&o amorem s5sibilem sequuntur ex motu sangu9is1 qu9 9 resolutionem sem9is ex se t5dant 7#bdig b74 #bfcj4 ,! ,duties ( ,p>5ts & ,*ildr54--,9 addition to ! duties t belong to all sup]iors & subjects 7see #bfce sqq47 !re are special obligations incumb5t on p>5ts & *ildr5 by reason ( ! special relation%ip betwe5 !m4 ,! duties ( ! p>5ts are ( two k9ds4 7a7 ,duties ( ,*>ity4--,p>5ts %\ld give _! *ildr5 special love & special signs ( affection1 z ! ord] ( *>ity requires 7see #aaeh sqq474 ,h5ce1 ^? p>5ts s9 griev\sly :o hate or curse _! *ildr51 ev5 ! illegitimate or wayw>d1 or :o drive ! *ildr5 f home by unk9dness4 7b7 ,duties ( ,piety4--,p>5ts %\ld1 z f> z !y are able1 give _! *ildr5 ! honor & help t belongs to memb]s ( ! family 7see #bcdf sqq471 ?\gh illegitimate *ildr5 h n ! "r to dwell 9 ! home ( ! legitimate *ildr5 or to %>e 9 ! family inh]itance 7see #ahjc b74 ,! help ow$ to *ildr5 is spiritual & mat]ial1 & ! obligation1 :i* is natural & div9e1 is mo/ grave 7,canon #aaac74 ,spiritual help includes religi\s & moral tra9+ & example 7see #hfg sqq472 mat]ial help includes food1 clo?+1 lodg+1 m$ical c>e1 means to le>n a necess>y trade1 art or pr(ession or to ent] m>riage or take up a suitable /ate 9 life1 protection & def5se4 ,p>5ts are b\nd to help _! *ildr51 at lea/ 9 necessities1 z long z ! latt] are 9 ne$4 ,s9s are committ$ also aga9/ ! unborn 7e4g41 :5 ! pregnant "m does n take c>e ( h] heal?1 or :5 %e is ill-treat$ by h] husb&7 & "y infants 7e4g41 :5 ! *ild is unnecess>ily suckl$ by /rang]s & ?us expos$ to dang]1 or is plac$ 9 a f\ndl+ asylum or o!r in/itution because ! p>5ts are unwill+ to be bo!r$74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? p>5ts s9 ?r\gh excess :o spoil or 8sissify0 _! *ildr5 by luxury & idl5ess1 or :o are too indulg5t to give ne$$ correction & ev5 mod]ate *a/isem5t4 #bfca4 ,comp5sation ( ,*ildr54--,a *ild1 ev5 ?\gh subject to p>5tal au?ority1 seems to h a "r to comp5sation = extraord9>y s]vices giv5 8 p>5ts1 & also to at lea/ a fair commission = ga9s made 9 ! c\rse ( extraord9>y s]vices = :i* he is receiv+ no comp5sation4 ,9 _! wills1 aft] satisfy+ j debts & exp5ses1 p>5ts %\ld leave _! (fspr+ :o ne$ x en\gh to ma9ta9 _! /ate 9 life4 #bfcb4 ,sex ,education ( ,*ildr54--7a7 ,necessity4--,"s morali/s believe t sex education ( ! "y %\ld be indirect4 ,!y hold t x is dang]\s to speak ( v5]eal matt]s to ! "y2 t sil5ce itself is to !m a lesson ( mode/y2 t ! practice ( piety & mortification1 along ) p>5tal wat*fulness1 w keep !m pure2 t suffici5t k w come at ! prop] "t z ,god w provide4 ,o!rs reject ?is !ory z oppos$ to ! tradition ( ! ,*ur* z well z to exp]i5ce4 ,! def5d]s ( direct sexual education po9t to ! evil ( sil5ce3 ! bad habits contract$ & gr[n /rong be=e _! s9fulness is und]/ood1 or ! scruples & mis]y into :i* ignorance w plunge "y p ent]+ ! crisis ( pub]ty1 ! false & corrupt ideas ) :i* unavoidably ! m9ds ( ! innoc5t w be indoctr9at$ by immoral companions or physicians1 ! loss ( confid5ce 9 p>5ts :o h refus$ important k & advice1 & ! ru9 ( innoc5t lives by s$uc]s :i* a timely ^w ( w>n+ w\ld h prev5t$4 ,h5ce1 !re is an inv9cible ignorance :i* _c be remov$ )\t direct education1 & :i* is m h>mful at lea/ to well-re>$ *ildr5 ?an any evil t may be caus$ by ! education4 7b7 ,prep>ation = ,direct ,education4--,tra9+ = purity %\ld be direct$ bo? to w & intellect1 = k )\t "* is p[]less aga9/ temptation4 ,*ildr5 %\ld be tra9$ f ! beg9n+ morally 7i4e41 !y %\ld be kept z f> z possible f s\rces ( contam9ation2 %\ld be taught to h implicit confid5ce 9 p>5ts & to br+ to !m _! que/ions & difficulties2 %\ld be tra9$ to practise cont9ual mortification & re/ra9t & to /ruggle aga9/ evil t5d5cies until ! habit ( self-control becomes a second nature7 & religi\sly 7i4e41 to use pray]1 ! ,sacram5ts & o!r means ( grace until !y are well =m$ 9 piety74 ,?is previ\s moral education & religi\s conviction w /& on gu>d z a protection aga9/ ! sugge/ions ( indulg5ce :i* initiation into sex matt]s may sugge/4 7c7 ,! ,subject-,matt] ( ,sex ,education4--,! fundam5tals ( sex in/ruction include su* po9ts z ! div]sity ( sex1 its orig9 f ,god & its dignity1 ! beg9n+ ( life 9 plants & animals1 ! organs ( reproduction1 ! functions ( mat]nity & pat]nity1 ! grave reasons t dem& sexual morality1 respect = womank9d1 ! great s9fulness ( ma/urbation & =nication1 ! mean+ ( pub]ty & its accompanim5ts 9 male & female1 ! possibility & heal?fulness ( cont95ce1 ! moral dang]s ( ! _w & ! social diseases to be gu>d$ aga9/1 & ! hygi5ic aids to *a/ity4 7d7 ,! ,me?od ( ,in/ruction4--,x is cle> t n all ! details j m5tion$ c be imp>t$ at "o "t1 = "y *ildr5 w\ld n und]/& or !re w\ld be sc&al ( little ones2 b1 :ile fiction & exagg]ation %\ld be avoid$1 a /rictly sci5tific & te*nical in/ruction is n necess>y or g5]ally advisable4 ,x is cle> also t p>5ts1 & especially mo!rs1 are naturally suit$ = ! delicate task ( e>ly gu>dians ( *a/ity1 ?\gh ! lat] in/ruction %\ld be supplem5t$ 9 cate*ism class1 s]mon1 s*ool1 & an individual advice giv5 9 confession4 ,x w\ld be impossible 9 brief space to outl9e suffici5tly a program ( sex in/ruction1 b p>5ts & p]sons :o are ab\t to m>ry %\ld read1 /udy & apply "s ( ! excell5t books prep>$ = _! guidance4 #bfcc4 ,duties ( ,*ildr54--,! duties ( *ildr5 to _! p>5ts c also be class$ "u ^? ( *>ity & piety4 7a7 ,duties ( ,*>ity4--,*ildr5 owe _! p>5ts a special int]nal & ext]nal love 7see #aagf sqq474 ,^? *ildr5 s9 gravely :o hate _! p>5ts or wi% !m s]i\s evil1 or :o treat !m ) great unk9dness or neglect1 or br+ !m great sorr[ or worry1 or :o nev] visit or write to !m4 7b7 ,duties ( ,piety4--,*ildr5 mu/ respect & assi/ _! p>5ts 7see #bcdg1 #bcdh74 ,x is a s]i\s s9 to h contempt = "o's p>5ts1 or to %[ !m s]i\s di%onor 9 words 7e4g41 by injuri\s or mock+ names71 9 signs 7e4g41 by laugh+ at !m1 mimick+ !m71 9 de$s 7e4g41 by /rik+ !m1 speak+ aga9/ !m71 9 omission 7e4g41 by refus+ to ackn[l$ge !m or %[ !m ! usual m>ks ( c\rtesy74 ,x is n disrespect1 h[ev]1 = a *ild to dislike or prote/ aga9/ evils done by 8 p>5ts4 ,! assi/ance ow$ to p>5ts is bo? spiritual & corporal1 & *ildr5 s9 :5 !y neglect ! religi\s welf>e ( _! p>5ts 7e4g41 by n respectfully admoni%+ !m :5 ! p>5ts d n lead a good life1 by n obta9+ = !m ! ,sacram5ts1 pray]s & suffrages !y ne$71 or d5y !m bodily aid 7e4g41 by refus+ !m help or com=t :5 !y are poor1 p]secut$1 or suff]+74 ,*ildr5 :o live at home ) _! p>5ts %\ld contribute f _! e>n+s or individual prop]ty to ! ma9t5ance ( ! home1 unless ! p>5ts d n ne$ ?is pay & d n wi% x4 ,see ,cate*ism ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 on ! ,f\r? ,comm&m5t 7pages #djh sqq474 #bfcd4 ,duties ( ,ne> ,relatives4--,!re are simil> duties ( *>ity & piety betwe5 o!r ne> relatives1 = example1 betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s1 gr&p>5ts & gr&*ildr5 uncles & aunts & _! nephews & nieces1 & betwe5 fir/ c\s9s4 ,! obligation seems1 to "s au?ors1 to be a grave "o z f> z ! second degree ( k9%ip1 b is light 9 ! o!r degrees4 ,! relation%ip & duty to k9 by m>riage is n s /rong4 #bfce4 ,! ,duties ( ,sup]iors & ,subjects3 ,duties ( ,sup]iors4--,sup]iors bo? 9 dome/ic & civil society ne$ especially prud5ce & ju/ice 9 ord] to fulfill well _! special duties ( rul+ successfully & lawfully 7,j]em41 xxiii4 #e74 7a7 ,prud5ce4--,if e individual mu/ use wise delib]ation1 decision & direction to guide himself aright1 mu* m does a rul]1 :e!r ( ! home or ( ! ,/ate1 ne$ ^! qualities2 & h5ce x is ! prud5t s]vant :o is plac$ ov] 8 ma/]'s h\sehold 7,matt41 xxiv4 #de71 :]eas ! imprud5t rul] br+s confusion ^u 8 community 7,is41 iii4 #d sqq74 ,p>5ts1 gu>dians1 executives1 lawmak]s & magi/rates are1 !re=e1 b\nd to fit !mselves by compet5t k ( _! duties4 ,at ! m9imum1 !y mu/ "k :at con/itutes ! welf>e ( _! circle or community1 & h[ x %\ld be promot$4 ,= ?is1 9 positions ( subord9ate importance1 common s5se ) good w (t5 suffices1 b f ^? :o are heads ( l>ge organizations mu* m is expect$4 ,a *ief :o has to direct a great multitude mu/ h unusual ability & unusual k or unusual quickness to le>n f /udy & conf]5ce :at measures w safegu>d ! int]e/s ( 8 body & promote ! happ9ess & prosp]ity ( its memb]s 7see #afdj sqq474 7b7 ,ju/ice4--,9 _! rule sup]iors mu/ be lov]s ( ! common good2 !y mu/ decree1 judge & gov]n accord+ to natural ju/ice & ! law2 9 di/ributions ( burd5s & favors !y mu/ be guid$ by fairness to all1 avoid+ p>tiality1 brib]y1 peculation & e =m ( political corruption2 9 discipl9e !y mu/ consci5ti\sly en=ce ! "r2 9 p]sonal life !y mu/ be a model to _! subjects1 %[+ !mselves moral1 religi\s1 tru?ful1 dignifi$ b approa*able & pati5t 7n arrogant1 /ubborn1 s5sitive1 ill-humor$ or rev5geful71 giv5 to "w & duty r ?an to pleasure & display4 #bfcf4 ,duties ( ,subjects4--,! g5]al duties ( subjects to sup]iors are *iefly honor & ob$i5ce 7see #bcea sqq474 7a7 ,honor4--,honor is ow$ to sup]iors on acc\nt ( _! position ( au?ority1 :i* is d]iv$ f ,god1 n on acc\nt ( _! p]sonal "*1 = p]sonally !y may be wick$4 ,x is disrespectful ev5 9 a democracy to d5y !m ! honorable address1 salutation or c\rtesy :i* is cu/om>y1 or to treat !m insult+ly by ^w1 mann] or writ+4 ,b x is n disrespectful to disagree ) ! p]sonal views ( a sup]ior or to seek legitimately 8 removal f (fice if he is unfit or less fit4 7b7 ,ob$i5ce4--,ob$i5ce is ow$ to sup]iors & _! laws :5 !y /rictly comm& :at is n s9ful or illegal or outside _! au?ority 7see #cge sqq474 ,unemancipat$ *ildr5 are oblig$ to obey _! p>5ts 9 all t falls "u ! p>5tal au?ority1 namely1 9 :at p]ta9s to good morals 7e4g41 att5dance at religi\s duties1 avoidance ( bad companions7 or ! good ord] ( ! home 7e4g41 ! h\rs = meals1 ! "t ( retir+1 ! visitors to be receiv$74 ,b p>5ts h no au?ority to comm& fraud or o!r s92 nor are *ildr5 "u subjection 9 ! matt] ( tak+ up a /ate ( life1 = ?is dem&s lik+ & fitness1 & ! comm& ( a sup]ior _c give lik+ & fitness4 ,x is a s]i\s s9 = p>5ts to =ce a *ild to take up religi\s life or ! prie/hood1 or to m>ry a c]ta9 individual2 b a *ild %\ld yield :5 8 p>5ts are reasonably oppos$ to 8 *oice ( a vocation1 z :5 !y ne$ 8 support1 or wi% him to te/ 8 vocation a little1 or "k t ! p]son select$ = wife w disgrace ! family4 #bfcg4 ,taxes4--,citiz5s owe ! gov]nm5t p>ticul>ly ! tribute ( taxation1 & 9 w> t ( milit>y s]vice4 ,taxes are contributions exact$ by ! public au?ority f subjects = ! purpose ( defray+ public exp5ses or promot+ ! public welf>e4 7a7 ,?us1 !y are contributions1 & h5ce a tax is n to be confus$ ) a paym5t 7e4g41 f>es = passage on gov]nm5t railroads71 or ) a f9e 7e4g41 pecuni>y p5alty = evasion ( cu/oms74 7b7 ,!y are exact$ f subjects 7i4e41 f citiz5s71 :o are subject on acc\nt ( _! p]sons z be+ memb]s ( ! ,/ate1 & f ali5s1 :o are subject on acc\nt ( _! goods1 z receiv+ privileges ( resid5ce1 comm]ce1 passage1 etc4 #bfch4 ,k9ds ( ,taxes4--,!re are _m k9ds ( taxes1 b !y c all be r$uc$ to two g5]al categories4 7a7 ,direct taxes are ^? collect$ f ! p]son on :om ! burd5 is ultimately to fall4 ,examples are poll or p]sonal taxes & prop]ty taxes 7su* z ^? on g5]al prop]ty1 incomes or inh]itances71 = ^! *>ges rema9 an exp5se ( ! taxpay] himself4 7b7 ,indirect taxes are ^? collect$ f a p]son o!r ?an ! "o on :om ! burd5 is ultimately to fall4 ,examples are duties impos$ on outsid]s 7su* z cu/oms or t>iffs1 duties rais$ = rev5ues1 protection1 etc471 ext]nal rev5ue taxes impos$ on c]ta9 acts 7su* z ! manufacture or sale ( commodities7 or occupations 7e4g41 lic5ses = trades1 sports1 etc474 ,9 ^! ! *>ge falls imm$iately on ! taxpay]1 b ultimately on a consum]4 #bfci4 ,j ,taxes4--,tax laws1 l o!r laws1 mu/ be j2 t is1 !y mu/ be made by lawful au?ority & mu/ promote ! common good 7see #bhe74 ,! common good requires t taxes be n impos$ except = j reasons1 & t !re be a fair di/ribution ( ! burd54 7a7 ,j reasons are ^? ( public utility or necessity4 ,a tax w\ld be unju/1 if x 7 levi$ = unju/ or unnecess>y purposes4 7b7 ,fair di/ribution requires t citiz5s be assess$ accord+ to _! ability to pay 7sacrifices = ! public good1 special b5efits f ! use ( a tax fund1 etc474 #bfdj4 ,obligation to ,pay ,taxes4--,! obligation 9 consci5ce ( j tax laws is admitt$ by all ,ca?olic au?orities4 7a7 ,! tea*+ ( ,scripture is q cle>1 s9ce ,our ,"l1 9 answ] to ! "q :e!r x 7 lawful to pay tribute to ,caes>1 repli$3 8,r5d] to ,caes> ! ?+s t are ,caes>'s0 7,matt41 xxii4 #ag-ba72 & ,/4 ,paul tea*es3 8,be subject ( necessity1 n only = wra?1 b also = consci5ce' sake4 ,r5d] !re=e to all m5 _! due1 tribute to :om tribute is due1 cu/om to :om cu/om0 7,rom41 xiii4 #e1 #f74 7b7 ,reason too %[s ! ne$ ( obligation 9 consci5ce1 =1 unless ^! laws oblige ?us1 ! common good w suff] ?r\gh lack ( money ne$$ = public purposes1 & "s individuals w be unju/ly burd5$ & o!rs unju/ly favor$4 #bfda4 ,quality ( ! ,obligation4--,!re are v>i\s op9ions ab\t ! quality ( ! obligation 9 consci5ce ( taxation laws4 7a7 ,?us1 accord+ to "o op9ion !y oblige 9 consci5ce & "u s91 t is1 z preceptive laws 7see #efa sqq474 ,= ! natural law & ju/ice require t ! memb]s ( society contribute ! necess>ies to ! social body organiz$ = _! b5efit1 or t ! p live up to _! implicit contract ) _! gov]nm5t by giv+ comp5sation = ! s]vices !y receive4 7b7 ,accord+ to ano!r op9ion tax laws oblige 9 consci5ce only "u p5alty1 t is1 z p5al laws4 ,! argum5ts = ?is view are1 fir/1 ! suffici5cy ( ! p5al obligation 7i4e41 ! heavy f9es impos$7 = ! atta9m5t ( ! laws' purpose1 &1 secondly1 ! common op9ion ( citiz5s t !y commit no s9 by m]ely evad+ paym5t ( taxes4 ,fur!rmore1 x is add$ t1 if ^! laws 7 preceptive1 consci5ti\s citiz5s w\ld be "u a great disadvantage1 = !y w\ld be plac$ 9 ! dilemma ( ei!r act+ aga9/ _! consci5ce & committ+ s9 or ( pay+ m ?an _! due on acc\nt ( ! neglect ( tax dues by citiz5s :o are n consci5ti\s4 7c7 ,accord+ to a ?ird op9ion di/9ction has to be made betwe5 diff]5t cases4 ,?us1 "s held t laws on direct taxes are preceptive & laws on indirect taxes m]ely p5al1 :ile o!rs say t ! k9d ( obligation dep5ds on ! w ( ! lawgiv]1 & t tax laws t are preceptive 9 "o c\ntry may be only p5al 9 ano!r4 ,if tax laws are m]ely p5al1 !re is no obligation ( re/itution1 b !re is an obligation ( paym5t & ( p5alty aft] s5t5ce4 #bfdb4 ,ob$i5ce to ,tax ,laws4--,ob$i5ce to j laws is ow$ ei!r f legal ju/ice alone1 or also f commutative ju/ice ) ! burd5 ( re/itution4 ,!re are v>i\s op9ions ab\t ! case ( tax laws4 7a7 ,accord+ to ! traditional op9ion1 ! obligation is "o ( commutative ju/ice1 because !re is an implicit contract betwe5 ! gov]nm5t & ! p1 9 virtue ( :i* ! =m] is b\nd to provide = ! safety ( ! p at home & abroad & to secure ^? ?+s t are necess>y = ! common welf>e 7su* z roads1 po/al s]vice1 etc471 :ile ! latt] are b\nd 9 return to pay ! exp5ses ( ! gov]nm5t4 7b7 ,accord+ to a rec5t op9ion1 ! obligation is "o ( legal ju/ice only1 because ! imposition ( taxes is an ex]cise ( au?ority by ! gov]nm5t1 & taxes !mselves h ! "* ( a tribute f ! "p to ! :ole r ?an ( a wage or paym5t4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh he :o evades taxes is n held to re/itution1 he s9s aga9/ ju/ice1 & s9s gravely if ! matt] is consid]able4 7c7 ,accord+ to o!r op9ions1 tax laws oblige sometimes f legal1 sometimes f commutative ju/ice4 ,?us1 "s admit t 9 feudal times !re 0 a contract betwe5 ! gov]n$ & ! rul]1 & !re=e an obligation ( commutative ju/ice to give s]vices & taxes2 b 9 mod]n times !y say !re is no su* contract1 & ! duties ( rul] & subjects re/ on natural law & legal ju/ice1 n on any compact4 ,o!rs aga9 di/+ui% betwe5 ! obligation be=e ! quota has be5 det]m9$1 :i* is ! duty ( legal ju/ice to decl>e prop]ly ! value ( "o's prop]ty1 & ! obligation aft] assessm5t1 :i* is a duty ( commutative ju/ice to pay j tax bills4 #bfdc4 ,! ,duty ( ,ex]cis+ ! ,electoral ,fran*ise4--7a7 ,!re is a grave duty ( us+ ! privilege grant$ to citiz5s ( vot+ 9 public elections1 & especially prim>ies2 = ! welf>e ( ! community & ! moral1 intellectual & physical good ( individuals dep5d on ! k9d ( m5 :o are nom9at$ or *os5 to rule1 & on ! ticket plat=ms vot$ =4 ,h5ce1 ^? :o neglect to vote coop]ate negatively ) a s]i\s h>m 7viz41 evil 9 p[]71 or at lea/ ) public unconc]n ab\t public matt]s--= example1 ^? :o neglect ?r\gh laz9ess or indiff]5ce to condemn by _! vote4 ,a grave inconv5i5ce 7e4g41 sickness1 o/racism1 exile1 p]secution71 b n a slight inconv5i5ce 7su* z loss ( "t1 tr\ble1 ridicule71 excuses f ! duty2 = an affirmative law has exceptions4 ,nei!r is !re an obligation to vote :5 an election is a m]e =mality1 z :5 !re is b "o c&idate or p>ty4 7b7 ,! duty is n "o ( commutative ju/ice1 z ! ballot is ei!r a privilege1 or a ?+ comm&$ by au?ority1 b n a s]vice to :i* ! citiz5 has b\nd himself by contract or (fice4 ,! obligation is1 !re=e1 "o ( legal ju/ice1 aris+ f ! fact t ! common weal is ev]ybody's bus9ess & responsibility1 especially 9 a republic4 ,h5ce1 repres5tatives ( ! p :o by ab/5tion f vot+ cause a s]i\s damage :i* !y 7 b\nd ex (ficio to prev5t1 are guilty ( commutative inju/ice & are held to re/itution2 b a citiz5 :o /ays away f ! polls s9s1 & p]haps gravely1 aga9/ legal ju/ice1 ?\gh !re is no duty ( re/itution = ! damages t result4 ,moreov]1 9 a g5]al election ! vote ( "o citiz5 is usually n ( decisive influ5ce1 & citiz5s d n make !mselves responsible = all ! acts ( _! repres5tatives4 #bfdd4 ,mann] ( ,vot+4--7a7 ,object4--,x is n necess>y to vote = ! be/ c&idate1 provid$ "o votes = a p]son :o is fitt$ by "*1 ability1 record1 exp]i5ce1 etc4 = ! (fice1 & gives indications1 n m]ely promises1 t he w s]ve ! community well4 ,b 9 c]ta9 ecclesia/ical elections ! vot]s mu/ take oa? be=eh& to vote1 n only = a wor?y c&idate1 b also = ! p]son :om !y hone/ly ?9k1 all ?+s consid]$1 mo/ wor?y4 ,9 m9or (fices 7su* z con/able or t[n cl]k7 x suffices t ! c&idate be kn[n z consci5ti\s2 b 9 major (fices 7su* z ,presid5t1 gov]nor1 congressman1 legislator1 or judge7 ! p>ty pr9ciples = :i* he /&s h to be consid]$ *iefly4 ,p] accid5s1 x is lawful to vote = an unwor?y c&idate :5 ?is is necess>y to prev5t a great] evil1 z :5 ! oppos+ c&idate is mu* worse1 or a good ticket _c be elect$ unless "s less wor?y c&idates are includ$4 7b7 ,purpose4--,! end :i* ! vot] %\ld h 9 m9d is ! good ( ! public1 & h5ce x is n "r to vote = c&idates solely or *iefly because !y are p]sonal fri5ds1 memb]s ( "o's own race1 organization or religion1 or because "o wi%es to ga9 favor or escape enmity4 7c7 ,circum/ances4--,! vot] mu/ avoid all t is contr>y to natural law 7e4g41 sell+ ( votes1 repeat+1 /uff+ ballot boxes7 or positive law 7e4g41 /ate laws require n only citiz5%ip & a p]iod ( previ\s resid5ce1 b also o!r conditions su* z regi/ration & fre$om f brib]y & o!r election crimes74 ,! op9ion t politics is necess>ily corrupt1 & t all is fair t helps to w91 is a false & p]nici\s doctr9e4 ,! conditions = ecclesia/ical elections are giv5 9 ,canons #afj sqq4 #bfde4 ,obligation to ,seek ,(fice4--,a wor?y man %\ld run = (fice 9 ! foll[+ case3 7a7 :5 ! public good calls = 8 c&idacy 7e4g41 :5 8 election or c&idacy w av]t s]i\s evils1 & !re is no "o else s available72 & 7b7 !re is no grave imp$im5t to 8 c&idacy 7su* z supremely important private affairs or ill-heal? t makes x impossible to run74 #bfdf4 ,duties ( ,employ]s & ,employees4--,betwe5 employ]s & _! dome/ic s]vants or work+m5 !re are g5]al mutual duties z betwe5 sup]iors & subjects1 & special mutual duties z betwe5 p>ties to an explicit & implicit contract4 ,( ^! latt] duties we %all n[ speak4 #bfdg4 ,duties ( ,employ]s4--7a7 ,ju/ice4--,! labor assign$ mu/ n be excessive 7e4g41 unduly p]il\s1 exhau/+1 protract$7 or injuri\s 7e4g41 h>mful to religion or morals1 an unreasonable imp$im5t to m>riage1 to cultural opportunity or amusem5t72 ! wage paid mu/ be j 7i4e41 "o t w enable ! work] to support himself & 8 family 9 reasonable com=t7 & equitable 7i4e41 "o t rew>ds special m]it & s]vice by p5sions or additional comp5sation72 ! t]ms ( ! contract mu/ be obs]v$ 7e4g41 arbitr>y l[]+ ( wages or dismissal are unju/74 7b7 ,*>ity4--,lib]ality %\ld be %[n by pref]5ce to employees1 s9ce !y h a special claim on ! employ good w4 ,! employ] %\ld consid] t he is responsible = ! spiritual bett]m5t & mat]ial improvem5t ( 8 work]s1 & %\ld h !m 9 m9d :5 mak+ contributions to religi\s1 educational or special causes1 s t 8 own employees w b5efit 9 p>ticul> by 8 gifts to ^! wor?y causes4 ,trade s*ools & insurance aga9/ sickness & unemploym5t are especially des]v+ ( 8 assi/ance4 #bfdh4 ,duties ( ,employees4--7a7 ,ju/ice4--,work]s are b\nd to give a fair return 9 quantity & quality ( labor = ! pay !y receive1 & to be loyal to _! employ] z reg>ds 8 p]son1 reputation1 & prop]ty4 ,h5ce1 x is unju/ to loaf or come late or leave e>ly1 to turn out "w too sl[ly or ( an inf]ior grade1 to damage ma*9]y or prop]ty1 to wa/e food or provisions1 to act z a h\sehold spy or in=m]1 to try to extort :at is n due4 7,= a consid]ation ( ! work]'s obligation to jo9 unions see 8,ca?olics 9 ,labor ,unions0 by ,francis ,j4 ,connell1 ,c4,,ss4,r41 ,am]ican ,ecclesia/ical ,review1 ,vol4 ,,cxvi1 no4 #f ,june1 #aidg1 pp4 #dbb ff47 7b7 ,*>ity4--,work]s %\ld be will+ ev5 at ! exp5se ( "s "r or ( "s slight loss to help an employ] :o is 9 grave necessity2 = example1 x w\ld be un*>itable = f>m h&s to /op "w promptly on "t :5 ?is w cause a s]i\s damage to ! f>m]'s crop1 or = a cook to leave on h] free day :5 h] mi/ress is v sick & w be left alone4 #bfdi4 ,labor ,disputes betwe5 ,employ]s & ,employees4--7a7 ,9 !mselves ^! disputes are indiff]5t1 z !y are a species ( indu/rial w> 7see #achj sqq47 or ( indu/rial self-def5se 7#ahbf sqq474 ,if ! end1 ! means & ! circum/ances are n aga9/ "r reason1 ! disputes are lawful or ev5 laudable4 7b7 ,9 ! concrete1 ! /rike is labor's *ief means = en=c+ dem&s4 ,s9ce organiz$ labor seeks to equalize ! b>ga9+ p[] betwe5 employ] & employee1 ! way to c\nt]act refusal to pay fairly is by a conc]t$ refusal to "w1 i4e41 a /rike4 ,a /rike may be def9$ z an organiz$ cessation f "w by a gr\p ( work]s to obta9 advantages f an employ]4 ,s9ce an organiz$ /rike is a k9d ( w>1 moral !ologians apply ! pr9ciples ( a j w> to det]m9e concretely ! morality ( a /rike4 #a7 ,!re mu/ be a j reason = ! /rike4 ,too little pay1 too long h\rs1 brutal treatm5t1 unsafe or unsanit>y conditions con/itute g5u9e grievances = :at may be call$ a def5sive /rike1 :i* presupposes inju/ice 9 ! "p ( ! employ]4 ,on ! o!r h& an ameliorative /rike does n presuppose an employ]'s inju/ice1 b consi/s ess5tially 9 ! work]'s attempt to bett] conditions1 e4g41 a bett] sal>y1 %ort] work+ h\rs1 etc4 ,su* a /rike seems to be unlawful if x violates a j "w contract 9 effect at ! "t ( ! /rike4 ,if no su* contract has be5 made1 ! ameliorative /rike c be lawful1 grant+ a proportionately grave cause2 b x is nev] giv5 unqualifi$ approval ow+ to ! fact t su* a /rike involves _m & grave losses bo? mat]ial & moral to ! work]s1 employ]1 & community4 7,see ,m]kelba*1 ,summa ,!ologiae ,moralis ,,ii1 n4#eef47 #b7 ,! /rike mu/ be ! la/ means4 ,ow+ to ! fact t a /rike is a k9d ( w>f>e1 all o!r peaceful means %\ld be tri$1 e4g41 arbitration1 gov]nm5tal inquiry bo>ds1 injunctions1 fact-f9d+ bo>ds etc4 ,! moral pr9ciple involv$ is2 if an evil is avoidable b n avoid$1 x _c be consid]$ z m]ely incid5tal to a good end4 #c7 ,! /rike w\ld be call$ by prop] au?ority4 ,! decision to /rike %\ld be made by ! m5 !mselves freely & ,)\t intimidation4 ,organiz$ labor mu/ h ! back+ ( a responsible union 9 its /rike1 = ?is is ! *annel ( b>ga9+ or arbitration t ! employ] mu/ use1 & x %\ld be us$ by ! work]s also4 ,accord+ly1 8wildcat0 /rikes are unlawful unless ! unions h ceas$ to repres5t ! m5 & h be5 repudiat$ by !m4 #d7 ,! b5efits expect$ f ! /rike mu/ comp5sate = ! evils insep>able f x4 ,9 ?is matt] n only ! work]'s p]sonal ga9s are to be consid]$1 b also ! welf>e ( o!rs1 namely ! employ]s & ! public4 ,?us1 9 a long-drawn-out /rike ! economic advantage ga9$ 9 a small sal>y increase = ! work] c nev] be proportionate to ! f9ancial losses inflict$ on ! work]s !mselves 9 loss ( income1 on ! employ]s1 & p>ticul>ly on a community :i* suff]s ! loss ( pur*as+ p[] ( a numb] ( its memb]s4 ,_m /rikes 9 :i* ! products or s]vices ( ! work]s are necess>y to ! public 7transportation1 food di/ribution1 etc47 seem to be m a /rike aga9/ ! community ?an aga9/ an employ]2 & ! h>m inflict$ on ! innoc5t public is n incid5tal z x mu/ be 9 ord] to be ju/ifi$4 ,only extraord9>ily grave reasons c ju/ify su* /rikes4 #e7 ,! means employ$ mu/ be j4 ,! common means are "w /oppage1 p]suasion ( o!r work]s to keep ! "w /opp$ until ! dem&s are met1 & picket+ 9 a peaceful mann]4 ,sabotage & viol5ce aga9/ an employ]'s p]son or prop]ty con/itute unju/ means4 8,scabs10 or pr(essional /rike-break]s1 may be prev5t$ f depriv+ ! work]s ( _! jobs to :i* ! work]s keep _! rights2 b viol5ce 9 def5se ( ?is "r seems illicit1 unless viol5ce is begun by ! /rike-break]s & ! work]s are =c$ to def5d !mselves4 7c7 ,k9ds ( ,/rike4 ,?us f> ! analysis has be5 conc]n$ ) a direct /rike4 ,o!r k9ds ( /rike dem& special consid]ation4 #a7 ,sl[-d[n /rike4 ,s9ce x does n involve cessation f "w1 b simply a r$uction 9 production or s]vices :ile ! work] is receiv+ full pay "u contract1 ! /rike seems to be immoral4 ,! /rik] is n giv+ ! "w paid =4 #b7 ,sit-d[n /rikes4 ,"s au?ors ju/ify ^! /rikes by analogy ) an act ( self-def5se 9 :i* ! p]son attack$ seizes ! weapon f ! attack]4 ,! analogy seems defective s9ce ! place ( "w is h>dly a weapon4 ,?is /rike seems to be immoral s9ce x involves an unju/ invasion ( prop]ty rights by way ( exclud+ an own] f ! use ( 8 prop]ty4 #c7 ,sympa?y /rikes4 ,!re is a great div]sity ( op9ion 9 ?is k9d ( /rike4 ,a mod]ate view di/+ui%es betwe5 /rikes ( sev]al gr\ps aga9/ ! same employ] & "o or sev]al gr\ps aga9/ diff]5t & unassociat$ employ]s4 ,! fir/ k9d seems ju/ifi$1 = x is direct$ aga9/ ! same unju/ employ]1 & ! work]s are coop]ators to def5d ! rights ( "o gr\p aga9/ him4 ,9 ! second case ( /rik+ aga9/ diff]5t employ]s1 ! 8sympa?iz]s0 are /rik+ aga9/ a j employ] & are violat+ _! "w contract :i* b9ds 9 commutative ju/ice4 ,h5ce ?is type ( /rike seems to be ess5tially unju/4 7d7 ,! lock\t is ! employ]'s /rike4 ,unwill+ to grant ! work]'s dem&1 ! employ] %uts d[n 8 plant1 ?us t]m9at+ employm5t ( bo? /rik]s & non-/rik]s4 ,! same conditions & re/rictions t apply to ! /rike are applicable to lock\ts4 ,t ! lock\t itself is n unju/1 b at lea/ morally indiff]5t1 appe>s to be evid5t 9 ?is1 t z work]s are n b\nd to submit to inju/ice1 nei!r is ! employ]4 ,he _c be expect$ to pay wages :5 ess5tial employ]s h quit or /all$ production4 7e7 ,a boycott is a mass refusal to patronize a c]ta9 bus9ess ) ! ef=t to p]suade o!rs to jo9 9 ! refusal4 ,hi/orically x has be5 us$ by labor to ga9 support f ! public aga9/ an employ] or by elem5ts ( ! public itself to prote/ "s evil practice ( a bus9ess e/abli%m5t1 e4g41 ,legion ( ,dec5cy boycotts ( indec5t pictures1 ,,nodl boycotts ( lit]ature1 etc4 ,9 itself1 a boycott is n immoral1 s9ce no "o is oblig$ to trade 9 "o place 9 pref]5ce to ano!r & may refuse to trade ) p]sons :o are unju/ or o!rwise immoral4 ,!re seems to be no reason also to prev5t a p]son f lawfully p]suad+ o!rs to foll[ 8 cause4 ,! pr9ciples ( a j /rike are applicable to ! ju/ification ( boycotts1 & ! conditions ( a sympa?y /rike are to be appli$ to second>y boycotts1 i4e41 aga9/ o!r firms do+ bus9ess ) a boycott$ firm4 ,^! o!r firms are n !mselves unju/ & %\ld n be made to suff] = ! inju/ice ( ano!r4 ,h5ce1 a v grave cause1 co-op]ation 9 inju/ice1 = example w\ld be necess>y to br+ pressure aga9/ !m4 #bfej4 ,is ,!re ,any ,obligation ( ,giv+ ,employm5t8--7a7 ,! ,/ate c]ta9ly has an obligation 9 legal ju/ice ( (f]+ opportunities ( "w to ^? :o _c f9d x1 if ! public welf>e is compromis$ by widespread unemploym5t4 ,ev5 if only "o work] 7 )\t "w ?r\gh no fault ( 8 own1 ! duty ( help+ him w\ld seem to devolve on ! ,/ate1 s9ce ! labor] has a "r to "w & ! ,/ate has ! duty ( promot+ ! temporal welf>e ( its subjects :5 !y are unable to provide = !mselves4 7b7 ,employ]s h a duty ( commutative ju/ice to give "w to m5 ) :om !y h made a contract ( labor & n to keep "w f m5 unfairly2 h5ce1 arbitr>y dismissal or blackli/+ is a crime aga9/ ju/ice4 ,!y %\ld also try to secure o!r employm5t = good work]s :om !y are unable to keep1 s z to tide ov] = ! m5 ! slack seasons :5 "s h to be laid (f4 ,indu/ry1 organiz$ labor & individuals %\ld int]e/ !mselves practically 9 private movem5ts & plans to rem$y unemploym5t situations1 = ^! are matt]s t %\ld n be left entirely to ! ,/ate & *>ity4 ,employm5t & hone/ wages are 9 ! long run to ! advantage ( employ]s z well z ( employees1 & are !re=e good bus9ess z well z good morals4 #bfea4 ,duties ( ,c]ta9 ,pr(essions4--7a7 ,judges & ,lawy]s4--,! duties ( m5 ( ! law 7 discuss$ already 9 #aidj sqq4 ,cli5ts on _! "p owe _! lawy]s fair treatm5t & j comp5sation = s]vices1 :ile ^? :o h "p 9 a judicial process mu/ give respect to ! judge & o!r (ficials ( ! c\rt & due ob$i5ce to _! directions4 7b7 ,tea*]s & ,/ud5ts4--,tea*]s mu/ make !mselves pr(ici5t 9 _! matt] & 9 ! art ( p$agogy2 mu/ take c>e t _! tea*+ is accurate & b5eficial2 mu/ be /eady1 punctual1 ord]ly2 mu/ give no example or advice b :at is good2 mu/ be nei!r too l5i5t nor too exact+2 mu/ pres]ve discipl9e 9 _! classes by correct+1 puni%+1 or expell+ z ne$ requires2 mu/ be j1 nei!r pett+ nor bully+1 & mu/ aw>d honors & av]ages accord+ to m]it4 ,!re may be grave h>m & s9 9 d5y+ important academic degrees 7su* z ,s4,t4,m41 ,s4,t4,d41 ,j4,d4,c41 ,m4,d47 to ! wor?y or 9 conf]r+ !m on ! unwor?y4 ,/ud5ts on _! "p owe to _! tea*]s respect & ob$i5ce 9 class matt]s1 to _! p>5ts & !mselves dilig5ce 9 /udy1 & to _! s*ool avoidance ( *eat+ & ( disord]ly conduct4 ,9 a?letics !y %\ld n aim at w9n+ = w9n+'s sake1 or play+ = play+'s sake1 b at ! true goal ( a s\nd m9d 9 a s\nd body4 ,9 ! selection ( pref]r$ /udies !y %\ld rememb] t no?+ wor? :ile is won )\t h>d "w1 & t ! true objectives ( le>n+ are n m]e utility1 or ga9 or div]sion1 b ! culture ( m9d & ( _s4 7c7 ,physicians1 ,surgeons1 ,nurses1 & ,druggi/s4--,^! p]sons mu/ h suffici5t k & skill1 & mu/ keep up ) ! progress ( m$ical sci5ce2 !y mu/ n d5y _! s]vices or delay to come :5 !re is urg5t ne$2 !y mu/ give a case dilig5ce proportionate to its s]i\sness2 !y mu/ consult 9 case ( d\bt1 foll[ ! saf] op9ions1 & use ! m likely rem$ies4 ,9 8 relations ) 8 pati5t a doctor mu/ be *a/e 7e4g41 avoid+ immoral advice or op]ations1 unnecess>y psy*oanalytic conv]sations1 or bodily exposures72 loyal to ! confid5ces receiv$2 hone/ & *>itable1 n prescrib+ useless rem$ies1 or ov]*>g+1 or refus+ s]vice to ! poor2 m9dful ( ! religi\s ne$s ( 8 pati5ts1 be+ n too ready to exempt !m f *ur* duties nor sl[ to rem9d !m :5 !y %\ld s5d = ! prie/4 ,pati5ts on _! "p %\ld honor ! physician1 call him 9 ne$1 obey 8 directions1 & prop]ly comp5sate him = 8 s]vices4 ,:at is "h said ( physicians & surgeons is true also ( nurses 9 _! duties & capacities4 ,ph>maci/s are b\nd to ex]cise great c>e 9 fill+ prescriptions2 !y %\ld n coop]ate ) abortion or contraception by sell+ m$ic9es1 in/rum5ts or appliances to be us$ = ^? purposes2 !y %\ld n sell drugs1 dopes1 poisons1 liquors1 etc41 =bidd5 by law4 ,"q ,,iv ,,! ,,sacram5ts #bfeb4 ,9 ! ?ree ,que/ions t prec$$ we spoke ( ! means by :i* man is sanctifi$ & is enabl$ to secure sup]natural rew>ds ?r\gh ! m]its ( 8 own works2 = ! virtues make _! possessor z well z 8 acts morally righte\s1 :ile ?r\gh ,god's grace ! good de$s done = ,8 sake entitle ! do] to ! cr[n ( et]nal life4 ,9 ! pres5t ,"q we pass on to consid] c]ta9 means by :i* ,god is honor$ by man & man is sanctifi$ ?r\gh ! application to 8 s\l ( ! m]its & passion ( ,*ri/2 = ! ,sacram5ts 7 in/itut$ by ,*ri/ bo? z ext]nal acts ( religion 7#bage1 #bbdd7 & z mo/ p[]ful ag5cies to beg91 re/ore1 & increase ! life ( hol9ess4 #bfec4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 fir/1 t ! pres5t "w is conc]n$ ) ,moral ,!ology2 &1 secondly1 t x mu/ be conf9$ )9 ! limit$ numb] ( pages :i* a two-volume production ( conv5i5t size necessitates4 ,h5ce ! read] w und]/& :y 9 ! ,"q n[ beg9n+ we speak only ( man's duties 9 ref]5ce to ! ,sacram5ts1 & omit o!r po9ts t d n s /rictly p]ta9 to ,moral4 7a7 ,?us1 ! nature1 in/itution1 numb] & effects ( ! ,sacram5ts belong to ,dogma1 :i* ! au?ors hope to treat lat] 9 a simil> "w4 7b7 ,! adm9i/ration ( ! ,sacram5ts1 _! rites1 rubrics1 c]emonies are set =? 9 ritual books & works on liturgy4 7c7 ,! legal rights ( m9i/]s1 canonical requirem5ts on regi/ration1 p5al & processual legislation 9 ref]5ce to ! ,sacram5ts1 & l juridical que/ions are treat$ fully 9 comm5t>ies on p]t95t sections ( ! ,code4 ,art4 #a3 ,,! ,,sacram5ts ,,9 ,,g5]al2 ,,! ,,sacram5tals 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,,iii1 qq4 #fj-fe47 #bfed4 ,nature ( a ,sacram5t4--,9 ! ,new ,law a ,sacram5t is an outw>d sign in/itut$ p]man5tly by ,*ri/ to signify & convey grace4 7a7 ,! int]nal cause or ess5ce ( a ,sacram5t is ! outw>d sign1 :i* has two p>ts4 ,! indet]m9ate "p or matt] is a visible object 7e4g41 ! wat] ( ,baptism1 ! *rism ( ,confirmation1 ! bread & w9e ( ! ,eu*>i/1 ! oil ( ,extreme ,unction1 ! imposition ( h&s 9 ,ord]s7 or a p]ceptible act t looks to ano!r act = its p]fectionm5t 7e4g41 ! confession1 etc41 ( ! p5it5t 9 p5ance2 ! giv+ ( oneself z sp\se 9 ,matrimony74 ,! det]m9+ "p1 or =m1 is ei!r ! sacr$ =mula spok5 ov] ! mat]ial elem5t 7e4g41 9 ,baptism ! words 8,i baptize !e1 etc407 or an act t completes ano!r act 7e4g41 ! acceptance ( ano!r z sp\se 9 ,matrimony74 ,z ! matt] mu/ be visible or o!rwise s5se-p]ceptible1 s ! =m mu/ be audible or at lea/ 79 ,matrimony7 equival5tly audible2 = a ,sacram5t is a s5sible sign4 ,! words are audible :5 !y are he>d or are capable ( be+ he>d at lea/ by ! m9i/]4 7b7 ,! ext]nal effici5t cause or in/itut] ( ! ,sacram5ts is ,*ri/1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,new ,te/am5t religion & ! productive & m]itori\s au?or ( grace z our ,god & ,savi\r4 7c7 ,! ext]nal f9al cause or purpose ( ! ,sacram5ts is to symbolize outw>dly by _! rite & to "w inw>dly by _! in/rum5tal virtue ! application ( ,*ri/'s r$emption 9 ! s\l ( prop]ly dispos$ recipi5ts4 ,x is ! nature ( ,baptism & ,p5ance 7,sacram5ts ( ! ,dead7 to produce fir/ grace or =giv5ess1 ( ! o!rs to produce second grace or increase ( hol9ess 7,sacram5ts ( ! ,liv+74 ,fur!rmore1 ?ree ( ! ,sacram5ts 7,baptism1 ,confirmation1 ,ord]s7 h a second effect1 s9ce !y sign ! s\l ) ! indelible "* ( memb] or soldi] or m9i/] ( ,*ri/1 & h5ce ^! ,sacram5ts _c be repeat$4 #bfee4 ,rules on ! ,invalid ,use ( ! ,matt] & ,=m ( ! ,sacram5ts4--7a7 ,s9ce ! matt] & =m are ess5tial con/itu5ts )\t :i* ! ,sacram5ts are n _h1 x is sacrilegi\s to invalidate a ,sacram5t by sub/antial *anges 9 ei!r ( ^! p>ts4 ,! matt] is *ang$ sub/antially :5 x is s modifi$ z curr5tly to be consid]$ & call$ some?+ diff]5t f ! elem5t appo9t$ by ,*ri/4 ,?us1 w9e is unfit = ! ,eu*>i/ if corrupt$ into v9eg>1 or made unsuitable z a dr9k 7e4g41 probably z long z x rema9s froz571 or notably adult]at$ 7e4g41 :5 x is mix$ half & half ) wat]74 ,! =m is *ang$ sub/antially :5 x is s modifi$ t to a li/5] x no long] conveys ! s5se int5d$ by ,*ri/4 ,?is happ5s :5 ! *ang$ =m does n express ! *ief ideas ( ! correct =m1 z :5 x does n det]m9e :o is ! m9i/] ( ,p5ance 7e4g41 8,y are absolv$071 or :o is ! subject ( ,baptism 7e4g41 8,ego baptizo 9 nom9e1 etc4071 or :at is ! effect ( ! ,eu*>i/ 7e4g41 8,hoc non e/ corpus meum10 8,hoc e/ corpus10 8,hic meum e/ corpus071 or ! action ( ! m9i/] ( ,p5ance 7e4g41 8,ego abluo te a peccatis071 or ! pr(ession 9 ,baptism ( fai? 9 ! ,tr9ity 7e4g41 8,ego te baptizo1 ,am5074 7b7 ,s9ce ! matt] & =m are p>ts ( a s+le composite sign1 x is sacrilegi\s to invalidate a ,sacram5t by sub/antial sep>ations1 :i* de/roy ! cont9uity or unity ( signification4 ,!re is a sub/antial sep>ation )9 ! =m :5 su* long int]vals occur betwe5 ! pronunciation ( its syllables or words t x is n 9 common e/imation a unit$ s5t5ce or proposition2 = example1 if ! celebrant says1 8,hoc e/ cor-10 !n sneezes two or ?ree times1 & 7in/ead ( repeat+ ! words7 concludes 8-pus meum10 or says 8,hoc e/ corpus0 & aft] an int]ruption ( sev]al m9utes 7in/ead ( repeat+7 f9i%es )3 8meum40 ,!re is sub/antial sep>ation betwe5 ! matt] & =m1 if ! =m] is appli$ by "o m9i/] & ! latt] is spok5 by ano!r1 al?\gh ! =m decl>es t ! matt] is appli$ by ! speak] ( ! =m3 = example1 if ,titus p\rs ! wat] :ile ,claudius says3 8,i baptize !e1 etc40 ,ev5 :5 ! same m9i/] applies bo? matt] & =m1 !re is a sub/antial sep>ation betwe5 ^! p>ts :5 ! =m is n spok5 at ! same "t or = ! same "t t ! matt] is posit$1 & !reby1 f ! special "* ( ! ,sacram5t1 leaves ! signification ( ! sacram5tal matt] unsettl$4 ,?is happ5s :5 ! =m is spok5 too long be=e or too long aft] ! pres5ce or application ( ! matt]1 or :5 ! =m is limit$ by a future condition :i* w n be v]ifi$ dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! matt] 7see #bffh74 #bfef4 ,simultaneity ( ,matt] & ,=m4--,! simultaneity ( matt] & =m :i* validity requires mu/ be ei!r moral or physical accord+ to ! "* ( ! ,sacram5t4 7a7 ,!re is physical simultaneity :5 matt] & =m are pres5t 9 ! same in/ants ( "t4 ,?is k9d ( union is dem&$ 9 ! ,eu*>i/1 = x has ! "* ( a transub/antiation ( bread & ,w9e pres5t at ! mom5ts ! words ( consecration are said ov] !m4 ,!re w\ld be no ,sacram5t if ! bread 7 abs5t ev5 dur+ a "p ( ! consecration4 7b7 ,!re is a moral simultaneity l to ! physical contemporane\sness :5 ! matt] & =m are p>tly pres5t 9 ! same in/ants ( "t1 & p]haps also 7z "s hold7 :5 "o foll[s ! o!r ) su* close succession t n m ?an a ,pat] or ,ave c\ld be said betwe5 !m4 ,?is k9d ( union is ! maximum 9 ,p5ance & ,matrimony1 = absolution mu/ foll[ aft] confession1 & conjugal acceptance mu/ foll[ aft] conjugal (f]4 ,x suffices 9 ,baptism1 ,confirmation1 ,extreme ,unction1 & ,ord]s2 = ^! f\r ,sacram5ts d n consecrate ! matt] 7& h5ce "s little sep>ation is all[$71 b !y d signify 9 ! pres5t t5se ! be/[al ( grace ?r\gh ! application ( ! matt] 7& h5ce any sep>ation mu/ be ( ! slighte/74 7c7 ,!re is a purely moral simultaneity :5 ! =m foll[s ! matt] aft] a some:at consid]able int]val ( "t has elaps$1 b ) a connection betwe5 ! two bas$ on human usage :i* c>ries ! matt] on 9 human e/imation ov] to ! "t ! =m is employ$4 ,?is suffices 9 ,p5ance & ,matrimony4 ,p5ance has ! "* ( a judicial process1 ^: unity is n de/roy$ by "s little delay betwe5 ! discussion & ! s5t5ce2 & h5ce x seems t absolution c\ld be giv5 validly an h\r aft] confession4 ,matrimony has ! "* ( a contract1 ^: unity is pres]v$ ev5 9 spite ( a long int]val betwe5 ! date ( cons5t ( ! fir/ p>ty & ! date ( cons5t ( ! second p>ty4 #bfeg4 ,lawfulness ( ,moral ,simultaneity 9 ! ,sacram5ts ,o!r ?an ! ,eu*>i/4--7a7 ,9 ,baptism1 ,confirmation1 ,extreme ,unction1 & ,ord]s1 x w\ld seem on acc\nt ( ! dang] ( nullity to be a s]i\s s9 to exclude all physical simultaneity betwe5 matt] & =m 7e4g41 to p\r all ! wat] & !n to beg9 ! words3 8,i baptize !e1 etc410 or vice v]sa74 ,9 practice ! ,rubrics %\ld be foll[$4 7b7 ,9 ,p5ance & ,matrimony x is m or less s9ful to make ne$less1 ?\gh n invalidat+1 delays4 ,9 ord9>y practice ! confessor %\ld absolve z soon z ! confession has be5 he>d & ! p5ance accept$1 & ! bride %\ld express h] cons5t imm$iately aft] ! bridegroom has express$ 84 #bfeh4 ,accid5tal ,*anges or ,sep>ations z to ,matt] & ,=m4--7a7 ,^! adm9i/rations are n invalid1 = !y pres]ve ! ess5ce ( ! elem5ts or ! s5se ( ! words appo9t$ by ,*ri/4 ,examples ( accid5tal *ange ( matt] are baptismal wat] to :i* a relatively v small quantity ( w9e has be5 add$1 or w9e = ! ,eu*>i/ to :i* a relatively trifl+ am\nt ( wat] has be5 add$4 ,! =m is accid5tally modifi$ if translat$ into ! v]nacul> or r5d]$ by synonym\s words 7e4g41 8,ego abluo te1 etc4071 or if an unimportant ^w 7e4g41 8enim07 is add$ or subtract$1 or if ! words are transpos$ or p>tially repeat$ or un9t5tionally mispron\nc$ )\t detrim5t to s5se 7e4g41 8,hoc e/ meum corpus10 8,hoc1 hoc1 e/1 e/1 etc410 8,hoc e/ copus meum074 ,!re is accid5tal sep>ation :5 slight pauses are made betwe5 words1 or :5 an int]val n de/ructive ( ! s5se falls betwe5 ! use ( ! matt] & ! use ( ! =m 7see #bfee1 #bfef74 7b7 ,^! adm9i/rations are unlawful & f _! nature mortally s9ful1 s9ce !y are transgressions ( a precept ( ! ,*ur* meant to safegu>d respect = ! ,sacram5ts ( ,*ri/1 & !y are !re=e oppos$ to ! virtue ( religion 7#badg74 ,b ! s9 may be v5ial by reason ( lightness ( matt] 7e4g41 omission ( ! ^w 8enim071 or ( imp]fection ( ! act4 ,sc&al1 dang] ( invalidity1 contempt1 & bad int5tion w\ld make ev5 a small *ange a s]i\s s94 ,9 practice ! rule to foll[ is to obs]ve exactly ! prescrib$ matt] & =m & entire rite1 to pron\nce ! words cle>ly & sl[ly1 to repeat ! =m :5 any involunt>y int]ruption happ5s betwe5 its ess5tial p>ts1 & to unite ! matt] & =m z closely z possible4 #bfei4 ,sub/antial ,*anges or ,sep>ations4--,sub/antial *anges or sep>ations a =tiori are grave s9s4 ,!y (f5d aga9/ religion 7s9ce !y make a mock]y ( ! sacr$ signs appo9t$ by ,*ri/71 aga9/ ob$i5ce 7s9ce !y disreg>d a mo/ s]i\s precept ( ! ,*ur*71 aga9/ *>ity 7s9ce !y deprive ! recipi5t ( sacram5tal grace71 & aga9/ ju/ice 7at lea/ :5 ! m9i/] is b\nd ex (ficio to conf] ! ,sacram5t1 s9ce !re is !n a quasi-contract ) ! recipi5t to adm9i/] ! ,sacram5t correctly74 #bffj4 ,d\btful ,matt]4--,x is sometimes probable b n c]ta9 t an elem5t suffices = ! matt] ( a ,sacram5t 7e4g41 c(fee or tea = ,baptism1 *rism = ,extreme ,unction74 ,h5ce ! "q3 8,is x lawful to use probable matt] 9 ! adm9i/ration ( a ,sacram5t80 7a7 ,if c]ta9 matt] _c be _h & ! ,sacram5t is urg5tly necess>y or v useful1 probable matt] may be us$4 ,= ! ,sacram5ts 7 in/itut$ by ,*ri/ to b5efit man 78,! ,sacram5ts are = m5071 & h5ce x is n irrev]5t to give to "o 9 ne$ a probably valid ,sacram5t :5 a c]ta9ly valid ,sacram5t is impossible4 ,?us1 a dy+ infant may & %\ld be baptiz$ ) c(fee1 if no pure wat] c be procur$ 9 "t2 ! la/ ano9t+ may be conf]r$ ) *rism1 if ! oil ( ! sick _c be _h be=e a dy+ man w h expir$4 7b7 ,if c]ta9 matt] c be _h1 or if ! ,sacram5t is n urg5tly necess>y or useful1 probable matt] may n be us$ )\t grave s92 = !re is !n no reason ( necessity to ju/ify ! risk to :i* ! ,sacram5t & p]haps also ! recipi5t are expos$1 ,?us1 x is n lawful to baptize ) c(fee :5 pure wat] c be secur$1 or to confirm ) *rism n bless$ by a bi%op a dy+ man :o _h j receiv$ ! la/ ,sacram5ts1 ev5 ?\gh o!r *rism is unobta9able 7see #ffa1 #fgh1 #gaa1 & ,d5zig]1 n4 #aaea74 #bffa4 ,:at ,sacram5ts ,h a ,necessity ( ,means 7see #cfj1 #ghf1 #baef78--7;a7 ,^? ,sacram5ts h a necessity ( means )\t :i* sanctify+ grace & salvation _c be _h4 ,h5ce ! necessity = individuals ( ,baptism 7)\t :i* !re is no reg5]ation71 ( ,p5ance 7)\t :i* !re is no reconciliation71 ( ! ,eu*>i/'s effect 7)\t :i* !re is no incorporation ) ,*ri/71 & = ! ,*ur* ! necessity ( ,ord]s 7)\t :i* !re are no m9i/]s & disp5s]s ( grace1 ,prov41 xi1 #ad74 7b7 ,^? ,sacram5ts h no necessity ( means )\t :i* sanctify+ grace & salvation c be _h2 b !y h a necessity ( conv5i5ce1 inasmu* z !y p]fect grace already _h & make salvation m easy4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !n1 ,confirmation & ,extreme ,unction may be call$ necess>y = ! individual1 s9ce ! =m] p]fects ! grace ( ,baptism & ! latt] ! grace ( ,p5ance2 & ,matrimony may be call$ necess>y = ! ,*ur*1 s9ce x p]fects ) a sacram5tal grace ! propagation ( ! *ildr5 ( ! ,*ur*4 #bffb4 ,reception ( ,sacram5ts 9 re or 9 voto4--,! ,sacram5ts t h a necessity ( means mu/ be receiv$ ei!r 9 !mselves 79 re7 or 9 desire 79 voto74 7a7 ,?us1 ,baptism 9 re is necess>y = all infants 7,john1 iii4 #e71 ,baptism 9 re or 9 voto = all adults 7,john1 xiv4 #ba-bc74 ,baptism ( desire consi/s 9 an act ( p]fect *>ity or contrition made by an unbaptiz$ p]son1 :i* includes ! w to d all t ,god has comm&$1 & consequ5tly at lea/ an implicit or virtual desire ( ,baptism ( wat]4 ,z is prov$ 9 ,dogmatic ,!ology1 ,baptism may be suppli$ =1 z reg>ds grace1 by m>tyrdom 9 an infant & by m>tyrdom jo9$ ) attrition 9 an adult4 7b7 ,p5ance 9 re or 9 voto is necess>y = all :o h committ$ grave s9 aft] ,baptism4 ,! desire ( ! ,sacram5t is an act ( p]fect *>ity or contrition1 :i* includes at lea/ implicitly ! wi% to receive absolution4 ,m>tyrdom jo9$ ) attrition also suffices4 7c7 ,! ,sacram5t ( ! ,eu*>i/ is n a necess>y means = anyone1 ei!r 9 re or 9 voto2 = ! ess5tial grace ( ju/ification c be obta9$ ?r\gh ,baptism & ,p5ance4 ,b ! prop] result 7res7 ( ! ,eu*>i/1 :i* consi/s 9 incorporation ) ,*ri/1 p]sev]ance1 & life et]nal1 is a necess>y means 9 voto1 tacitly or int]pretatively2 = ,baptism1 z 0 said1 is absolutely necess>y = salvation1 & ,baptism itself is a tacit or int]pretative desire ( ! result ( ! ,eu*>i/1 inasmu* z ,baptism is b a means to t result & ! beg9n+ ( its accompli%m5t4 #bffc4 ,:at ,sacram5ts ,h a ,necessity ( ,precept8--,an act is said to fall "u precept p] se1 :5 x is directly comm&$ 9 a law t m5tions x specifically2 x is said to fall "u precept p] accid5s1 :5 x becomes obligatory 9 virtue ( a law t does n comm& x directly or specifically 7cfr4 #ice1 #ajii1 #afjb74 7a7 ,!re is a div9e precept oblig+ p] se & sub gravi 9 ref]5ce to ,baptism 78,prea* ! ,gospel to all nations1 baptiz+ !m1 etc410 ,matt41 xxviii4 #ai71 ,p5ance 78,^: s9s y %all =give1 !y are =giv5 !m1 etc401 ,john1 xx4 #bc71 & ! ,eu*>i/ 78,unless y eat ! fle% ( ! ,son ( man1 y %all n h life 9 y10 ,john1 vi4 #ed74 ,accord+ to "s au?orities !re is also a div9e precept oblig+ at lea/ sub levi to receive ,confirmation 78,he comm&$ !m to await ! promise ( ! ,fa!r10 ,acts1 i4 #d7 & ,extreme ,unction 78,is !re any man sick among y8 ,let him br+ 9 ! prie/s ( ! ,*ur*10 ,james1 v4 #ad74 7b7 ,!re is a div9e precept oblig+ p] accid5s & sub gravi 9 ref]5ce to ,confirmation & ,extreme ,unction1 :5 !y _c be omitt$ )\t p]il to salvation1 sc&al to neighbors1 or o!r su* inconv5i5ce :i* "o is s]i\sly b\nd to prev5t4 ,simil>ly1 !re might be a p] accid5s obligation ( receiv+ ,matrimony or ,ord]s 7see #bfbg74 7c7 ,!re are ecclesia/ical precepts det]m9+ ! circum/ances ( ! reception ( ,p5ance & ! ,eu*>i/ 7see #beij-beic7 & prescrib+ ,confirmation = c&idates to ,ord]s 7,canon #igd74 ,moreov]1 ! ,code rem9ds u t no "o may lawfully neglect ,confirmation :5 he has an opportunity to receive x 7,canon #ghg71 & likewise t x is n lawful to neglect ,extreme ,unction 7,canon #idd74 #bffd4 ,tw(old ,m9i/ry ( ! ,sacram5ts4--7a7 ,! m9i/ry ( production 7confectio7 is ! application ( =m to matt] t makes ! ,sacram5t 7e4g41 ! consecration ( bread & w9e72 7b7 ! m9i/ry ( be/[al 7adm9i/ratio7 is ! application ( ! ,sacram5t to ! human recipi5t 7e4g41 ! ,communion74 ,! ,eu*>i/ is a p]man5t object1 :]eas ,baptism & ! re/ are transitory actions4 ,h5ce x is t 9 ! ,eu*>i/1 b n 9 ! o!r ,sacram5ts1 ! two m9i/ries are sep>at$1 & h5ce x is also t ! ,eu*>i/ may be validly giv5 or validly receiv$ by ^? :o _c validly consecrate4 #bffe4 ,requirem5ts 9 ! ,m9i/] = ,valid ,p]=mance ( a ,sacram5t4--7a7 ,! ,p]son ( ! ,m9i/]4--,z ! m9i/] repres5ts ,*ri/1 only ^? may p]=m a ,sacram5t to :om ,*ri/ has giv5 au?ority4 ,h5ce1 ord9>ily only mortals & human be+s--n ! ,angels or dep>t$ ,sa9ts--c adm9i/] a ,sacram5t4 ,fur!r1 z ! m9i/ry ( a ,sacram5t may include an act ( p[] & au?ority1 !re are v>i\s ranks ( m9i/]s4 ,?us1 ! m9i/ry ( ,matrimony supposes no p[] or ord]s or spiritual au?ority1 & ! m9i/]s are ! p>ties !mselves2 t ( ,solemn ,baptism1 ,eu*>i/1 ,p5ance1 & ,extreme ,unction supposes ord]s & l[] au?ority1 & ! m9i/] is ! prie/2 t ( ,confirmation & ,ord]s supposes high] au?ority1 & ! m9i/] is ! bi%op4 7b7 ,! ,acts ( ! ,m9i/]4--,z ! m9i/] acts z ,*ri/'s responsible ag5t to ^: wise discretion ! disp5sation ( ! ,sacram5ts is committ$1 he mu/ h at lea/ ! ext]nal att5tion ( m9d suffici5t to p]=m all t ! rite dem&s & ! int]nal int5tion ( w suffici5t to make 8 m9i/ry an act t is human1 sacr$1 & def9itely symbolical ( ! sacram5tal effects4 #bfff4 ,! ,necess>y ,int5tion4--,! int5tion or purpose ( ! m9i/] !re=e mu/ h ! foll[+ qualities3 7a7 objectively1 !re mu/ be an int5tion ( do+ :at ! ,*ur* does 7i4e41 ( p]=m+ a sacr$ rite in/itut$ by ,*ri/1 = ! m9i/] acts 9 ! "n & au?ority ( ,*ri/74 ,h5ce a mock sacram5t--or ev51 m probably1 a purely ext]nal p]=mance ) no purpose to enact a sacr$ rite--does n suffice4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 an unbeliev] c adm9i/] validly if he really int5ds to d :at ,*ri/ians d or :at ,*ri/ comm&$ to be done4 ,! int5tion n to d :at ! ,*ur* does 0 ! *ief cause ( ! nullity ( ,anglican ,ord]s2 7b7 subjectively1 ! int5tion mu/ be at lea/ virtual1 s z to ensure a delib]ate act4 ,an actual int5tion is n necess>y1 because x is (t5 impossible on acc\nt ( its difficulty2 :ile an habitual int5tion is n suffici5t1 because x does n influ5ce ! act s z to make x human 7see #bafe74 ,! int]pretative int5tion 7i4e41 a purpose t nev] exi/$1 b t w\ld presumably h exi/$1 _h att5tion be5 giv5 ! matt]7 is ) great] reason insuffici5t2 7c7 modally1 ! int5tion mu/ be su* z to make precise ! "* ( ! action z a special sacr$ rite2 = j z ! matt] awaits ! =m or ^w to receive ! impr9t ( a sacr$ significance1 s d ! c]emonial words !mselves look to ! int]nal purpose ( ! m9i/] = _! fix$ mean+4 ,h5ce1 ! ,sacram5t is invalid if ! m9i/]'s purpose is indet]m9ate 7e4g41 if a prie/ wills to consecrate t5 undesignat$ ho/s out ( ! hundr$ conta9$ 9 a ciborium1 or to absolve "o undesignat$ p]son ( a multitude72 or if ! purpose is self-exclusive 7e4g41 if a bridegroom has two mutually incompatible int5tions1 namely1 to m>ry ! bride & also to m>ry h] only = a "t72 or if ! purpose is left 9 susp5se 7e4g41 if a prie/ makes 8 absolution dep5d on future re/itution or any o!r non-exi/5t condition1 & mo/ probably also if ! m9i/] makes ! ,sacram5t dep5d on ! recipi5t's pr$e/9ation or o!r su* condition kn[n only to ,god74 #bffg4 ,rules on ,plurality ( ,int5tions4--7a7 ,:5 opposite int5tions are simultane\s1 if "o ( !m is pr$om9ant 9 ! m9i/]'s w & n insociable ) ! ,sacram5t1 t "o prevails & ! ,sacram5t is valid2 o!rwise ! ,sacram5t is null4 7b7 ,:5 opposite int5tions are successive1 ! lat] prevails ov] ! e>li]1 unless ! e>li] 0 /rong] & meant to endure 9 spite ( o!r int5tions1 & x has n be5 recall$ expressly by ! w4 #bffh4 ,requisites = ,use ( ,conditional ,int5tion4--7a7 ,! use mu/ be valid or non-susp5sive 7#bfff e71 & h5ce 7,matrimony except$ on acc\nt ( its special "* z a contract7 ! m9i/] may n conf] a ,sacram5t "u a condition de futuro4 ,b conditions de praes5ti 7e4g41 8,i absolve y1 if y are rep5tant07 or de praet]ito 7e4g41 8,i baptize y1 if y h n receiv$ ,baptism07 are valid4 7b7 ,! use ( a conditional int5tion mu/ be lawful1 or ju/ifi$ by a suffici5t reason4 ,normally ! m9i/] %\ld int5d absolutely to give a ,sacram5t1 z ! =ms ( ! ,sacram5ts are unconditional4 ,b if ! absolute int5tion w\ld be disrespectful1 because !re is d\bt :e!r all ! requisites = ! ,sacram5t are pres5t1 :ile on ! o!r h& d5ial ( ! ,sacram5t w\ld be h>mful because ! subject ne$s x1 bo? disrespect to ! ,sacram5t & h>m to ! subject are avoid$ by conditional adm9i/ration4 ,! d\bt spok5 ( may ref] to ! recipi5t 7e4g41 :e!r he is liv+ or o!rwise capable1 :e!r he is contrite or o!rwise dispos$7 or to ! ,sacram5t 7e4g41 :e!r x has be5 receiv$ or receiv$ validly1 :e!r ! =m has be5 rightly spok51 :e!r ! pres5t matt] is valid74 7c7 ,! use ( ! conditional int5tion mu/ be legal accord+ to ! rules prescrib$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,?us1 accord+ to ! ,ritual ! conditional int5tion 9 ,baptism & ,extreme ,unction 78,si non es baptizatus10 8,si vivis07 mu/ be express$ vocally4 ,moreov]1 conditional m>riages are n p]mitt$ z a rule except !re be a grave reason & ! bi%op cons5ts4 #bffi4 ,lawful ,adm9i/ration ( ,sacram5ts4--,lawful adm9i/ration ( a ,sacram5t dem&s1 9 addition to ! conditions = validity 7#bffe-bffh71 t ! m9i/] & 8 m9i/ry be wor?y1 = ev5 9 ! ,old ,law x 0 /rictly comm&$ t holy ?+s be treat$ 9 a holy mann] 7,isa41 lii4 #aa2 ,lev41 xxi4 xxii74 ,h5ce1 a p]son :o fulfill$ ! conditions = validity b :o lack$ "o or o!r ( ! qualities m5tion$ bel[ w\ld p]=m & conf] a true ,sacram5t1 b he w\ld s9 m or less s]i\sly on acc\nt ( ! unwor?y adm9i/ration1 unless good fai? excus$ him4 7a7 ,! ,m9i/]'s ,wor?9ess be=e ,god4--,! /ate ( grace is requir$ 9 consecrat$ m9i/]s :5 !y m9i/] solemnly & ex (ficio 9 p]=m+ a ,sacram5t2 = !y act !n z repres5tatives ( ,*ri/1 :o is holy1 & ex]cise mo/ sacr$ functions :i* ,he appo9t$ z means ( hol9ess & :i* !y 7 orda9$ to p]=m holily4 ,! s9 ( unwor?9ess is a grave sacrilege4 ,x seems !re is p] se no grave s91 if ! m9i/] is n consecrat$ 7e4g41 9 lay ,baptism71 or if ! m9i/ry is n ex (ficio 7e4g41 9 a ,baptism ( necessity giv5 by a prie/ b )\t ! solemn c]emonies71 or if a ,sacram5t is n made or p]=m$ 7e4g41 :5 confession is he>d b absolution n giv51 :5 ,communion is adm9i/]$1 :5 ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t is c>ri$74 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t !re is no grave s9 ev5 9 a solemn & (ficial p]=mance ( a ,sacram5t1 if ! ,sacram5t is urg5tly necess>y & ! /ate ( grace _c be recov]$ 9 "t2 also 9 ! ex]cise ( a function :i* is n itself a ,sacram5t 7e4g41 to be (ficial witness at a m>riage or deacon at ,mass1 to prea*1 bless1 give ,m9or ,ord]s1 *ant or say ! ,(fice74 ,:5 ! /ate ( grace is necess>y = 8 m9i/ry1 "o :o is 9 s9 mu/ to ! be/ ( 8 ability recov] t /ate by go+ to confession or at lea/ by mak+ an act ( contrition4 7b7 ,! ,m9i/]'s ,wor?9ess ,be=e ! ,*ur*4--,s9ce ! ,*ur* is ! cu/odian ( ! ,sacram5ts1 ^! _c be lawfully p]=m$ or adm9i/]$ by ^? :o are "u h] c5sure or :o h n receiv$ h] lic5se4 ,! excommunicat$ & ! irregul> s9 gravely if !y adm9i/] ,sacram5ts1 unless ! fai?ful lawfully reque/ adm9i/ration f !m 7see #bfhc74 ,only prie/s are lic5s$ to act z m9i/]s ( ,baptism1 ,p5ance1 ,extreme ,unction & ! ,eu*>i/1 & ! pa/or ( a place is ! au?oriz$ m9i/] = t t]ritory2 b 9 case ( ne$ ev5 ! laity may adm9i/] ,baptism1 a prie/ o!r ?an ! pa/or may give ! ,la/ ,sacram5ts1 & ! sick may confess to any confessor ) due faculties4 7c7 ,wor?9ess ( ! ,m9i/ration4--,int]nally ! m9i/ry %\ld be dev\t & att5tive2 =1 if private wor%ip %\ld be religi\sly made1 mu* m ! wor%ip conta9$ 9 ! ,sacram5ts 7see #baej1 #bbdd74 ,volunt>y di/ractions1 h[ev]1 d n seem to be gravely s9ful1 unless ! validity ( ! rite is imp]ill$ by !m4 ,ext]nally ! m9i/ry %\ld be dignifi$ & rubrical4 ,canon #gcc requires t ea* "o obs]ve ! accid5tal c]emonies ( 8 own ,rite & liturgical books4 ,s9ce c]emonies 7 in/itut$ by ! ,*ur* f ! e>lie/ ages & are prescrib$ 9 virtue ( religion 7,cate*ism ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 page #aeb71 x is s9ful to neglect !m unless a rubric is m]ely directive or optional1 su* z ! rules be=e & aft] ,mass4 ,! preceptive rubrics oblige sub gravi z to notable matt] 7e4g41 ! ano9t+ 9 ,baptism71 sub levi z to inconsid]able matt] 7e4g41 words1 b[s1 crosses1 etc4 ( m9or importance72 b "o may be excus$ f guilt1 or grave guilt1 on acc\nt ( imp]fection ( act 7e4g41 inadv]t5ce caus$ by ext]nal di/ractions7 or impossibility 7e4g41 c]emonies curtail$ because ( approa*+ dea?1 sc&al or wond] ( ! p74 ,! ,roman ,ritual 7,title ,i1 n4 #aj7 advises ! explanation ( ! c]emonies = ! b5efit ( ^? :o assi/ at ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,sacram5ts1 & recomm5ds ! ,cate*ism ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t = ?is purpose4 #bfgj4 ,multiplication ( ,s9s ( ,unwor?y ,adm9i/ration4--,h[ _m s9s are committ$ by ! m9i/] :5 ,sacram5ts are unwor?ily adm9i/]$ to _m recipi5ts at "o "t1 z :5 sev]al *ildr5 are baptiz$ toge!r1 or a l>ge ga!r+ ( p5it5ts are he>d "o aft] ! o!r1 etc48 7a7 ,accord+ to ! /rict view1 !re are z _m di/9ct s9s z !re are di/9ct adm9i/rations1 = ea* ,sacram5t is sep>ate f ! o!r4 ,b 9 case ( ,communion1 s9ce ! sep>ate ,communions are p>ts ( ! "o ,eu*>i/ic banquet1 !re is b "o s91 mortal or v5ial1 accord+ to ! view tak5 ( an adm9i/ration t is n also p]=mance ( a ,sacram5t4 7b7 ,accord+ to ! mild view1 !re is b "o s91 s9ce s9s are n multipli$ num]ically :5 !y =m morally b "o act on acc\nt ( ! unity giv5 !m by ! purpose ( ! ag5t & ! circum/ances4 #bfga4 ,requirem5ts = a ,valid ,sacram5t 9 ,ref]5ce to ! ,recipi5t4--7a7 ,! ,p]son ( ! ,recipi5t4--,s9ce ! ,sacram5ts 7 in/itut$ z means ( salvation1 !y c be giv5 only to ^? :o are /ill wayf>]s 9 ! pres5t mortal exi/5ce1 & h5ce a ,sacram5t adm9i/]$ to a brute animal or a corpse w\ld be invalid1 or1 9 ! case ( ,communion1 w\ld n be receiv$ sacram5tally4 ,z ,baptism is ! prep>ation = ! o!r ,sacram5ts1 b ne$ n presuppose p]sonal s9fulness1 its subject is any & e unbaptiz$ p]son1 infant or adult1 male or female4 ,! o!r six ,sacram5ts presuppose ,baptism1 & only ^? :o h be5 initiat$ into ! ,*ur* by ,baptism c receive !m validly4 ,z to ^! six ,sacram5ts only males are capable ( ,ord]s1 :i* is = ! rul]s ( ! ,*ur*2 only adults are capable ( ,p5ance1 ,extreme ,unction & ,matrimony1 :i* suppose p]sonal s9 or p]sonal contract4 ,fur!r1 ! impot5t & imp$$ are incapable ( ,matrimony1 & ^? :o are n 9 dang] ( dea? f sickness are incapable ( ,extreme ,unction4 ,f9ally1 ^? :o h be5 baptiz$1 confirm$1 or orda9$1 _c be rebaptiz$1 reconfirm$1 or reorda9$1 s9ce ^! ?ree ,sacram5ts c be giv5 b once2 he :o is m>ri$ _c m>ry aga9 :ile 8 wife lives & ! bond endures2 he :o has be5 ano9t$ _c be reano9t$ dur+ ! same dang]4 7b7 ,! ,acts ( ! ,recipi5t4--,if ! recipi5t is an infant1 no disposition on 8 "p is necess>y1 s9ce he does n und]/&4 ,if ! recipi5t is an adult1 x is necess>y 9 ! p]=mance ( e ,sacram5t 7on ! ,eu*>i/ see #bffd7 t he h "s int5tion or will+ness to receive ! ,sacram5t1 s9ce ,*ri/ does n wi% to conf] b5efits or impose c]ta9 grave burd5s on ^? :o are unwill+4 ,a =c$ ,sacram5t to :i* ! subject yield$ no int]nal cons5t w\ld be a null ,sacram5t4 ,fur!r1 s9ce an ess5tial "p 7namely1 ! matt]1 or accord+ to o!rs a conditio s9e qua non7 ( ,p5ance is ! fai? & rep5tance ( ! recipi5t1 ^! dispositions are necess>y 9 t ,sacram5t4 #bfgb4 ,qualities ( ! ,recipi5t's ,int5tion4--7a7 ,objectively1 ! recipi5t %\ld int5d to receive :at ! ,*ur* conf]s1 & h5ce int5tions t are n s]i\s1 or are mi/ak5 or ext]nal 7e4g41 ,baptism receiv$ = ! sake ( rehe>sal1 or 9 ! belief t x is a pr(ane ablution1 or accept$ z a pure =mality71 d n seem suffici5t 7see #bfff74 7b7 ,subjectively4--,! recipi5t mu/ positively w ! ,sacram5t1 = x seems t ! s-call$ neutral int5tion--9 :i* ! subject nei!r cons5ts nor diss5ts int]nally1 b is passive & indiff]5t1 & acquiesces ext]nally only to please ano!r--is n a true desire4 ,b ! /r5g? or influ5ce ( ! recipi5t's int5tion ne$ n be s great z ! m9i/]'s1 s9ce ! role ( ! m9i/] is to p]=m ! rite1 t ( ! subject only to receive ! rite 7see #bffe74 #bfgc4 ,:5 a ,virtual ,int5tion ,is ,necess>y4--,x is g5]ally agre$1 !re=e1 t :ile ! int]pretative int5tion does n suffice1 ! actual int5tion & ev51 = ! mo/ "p1 ! virtual int5tion are n necess>y4 ,b ab\t ! virtual int5tion ! foll[+ %\ld be not$2 7a7 a virtual & explicit int5tion is necess>y 9 ,matrimony if a p>ty be consid]$1 n precisely z recipi5t1 b z m9i/] ( ! ,sacram5t 7see #bfff7 & z mak] ( ! contract 7see #ahhc72 7b7 a virtual & at lea/ implicit int5tion is necess>y 9 ,p5ance1 if a p5it5t is consid]$ precisely z posit+ ! requisite matt] or condition ( ! ,sacram5t1 s9ce ?is consi/s 9 rep5tance1 & rep5tance includes ei!r an express or an impli$ desire ( sacram5tal absolution4 #bfgd4 ,:5 an ,habitual ,int5tion ,suffices4--,! habitual int5tion is f\nd 9 ^? :o are n consci\s 7see #bafe71 b x suffices = ! reception ( a ,sacram5t1 s9ce ! recipi5t does n affect ! ,sacram5t1 & x is en\gh t he _h ! good w to accept x & has n retract$ t w4 7a7 ,an habitual & explicit int5tion suffices = ! ?ree ,sacram5ts t impose special obligations1 namely1 ,baptism1 ,ord]s1 & ,matrimony4 ,h5ce1 he :o has ask$ = ,baptism is validly baptiz$ aft] he becomes deliri\s2 he :o has ask$ = ,ord]s is validly orda9$ ev5 :5 unconsci\s2 he :o has s5t 8 cons5t to a m>riage by proxy receives ! ,sacram5t dur+ 8 sleep1 if ! o!r p>ty's cons5t clos+ ! contract is giv5 at t "t4 7b7 ,an habitual & implicit int5tion includ$ 9 a p>ticul> w to d a good act on :i* ! ,sacram5t foll[s 9 natural c\rse1 suffices = ! o!r ?ree ,sacram5ts :i* d n impose special obligations4 ,h5ce1 a p]son :o purpos$ to live z a ,ca?olic is validly confirm$ :ile unconsci\s2 a p]son :o int5d$ to die z a ,ca?olic is validly absolv$ & ano9t$1 z f> z int5tion is conc]n$1 at ! mom5t ( dea?1 ev5 ?\gh he be out ( 8 m9d4 ,fur!r1 if an unbaptiz$ p]son has resolv$ to become a ,ca?olic b has no k ( ,baptism itself1 he is validly baptiz$ 9 virtue ( 8 implicit desire1 ev5 ?\gh he be unconsci\s4 7c7 ,an habitual & implicit int5tion includ$ 9 a g5]al w to d all t is necess>y = salvation or a good life is taught by "s au?ors1 & is by !m consid]$ suffici5t = ,baptism1 s9ce x is ! mo/ necess>y ,sacram5t1 & ! ,sacram5ts are = m54 ,an unbaptiz$ p]son ( good w :o has sup]natural contrition or *>ity is ju/ifi$ ?r\gh ,baptism ( desire1 b if he has only sup]natural attrition ! ,sacram5t itself is necess>y = him4 ,h5ce1 9 case ( urg5t ne$ conditional ,baptism %\ld be giv5 a dy+ & unconsci\s infidel :o 0 well dispos$2 b1 z ! int5tion is n c]ta91 ! ,baptism %\ld be repeat$ 9 case ( recov]y4 ,! same pr9ciple is ext5d$ by "s morali/s to ! adm9i/ration ( ,p5ance & ,extreme ,unction to s*ismatics & h]etics :o are 9 dang] ( dea?4 #bfge4 ,requirem5ts = ,lawful or ,fruitful ,reception ( a ,sacram5t by an ,adult4--7a7 ,wor?9ess ( ! ,recipi5t f ,div9e ,law4--,! two ,sacram5ts ( ! ,dead1 ,baptism & ,p5ance1 7 int5d$ by ,*ri/ to be means ( =giv5ess to ! rep5tant1 & h5ce !y require at lea/ t ! recipi5t believe himself attrite4 ,! five ,sacram5ts ( ! ,liv+ 7 meant by ,*ri/ to /r5g!n grace & life already _h1 & consequ5tly he :o approa*es !m mu/ h no s]i\s fault on 8 consci5ce4 ,consci\s unwor?9ess is a sacrilege1 & only extreme necessity c excuse reception 9 su* a /ate 7e4g41 :5 a s9n] takes ,communion to save ! ,ho/ f pr(anation74 7b7 ,wor?9ess f ,*ur* ,law4--,! recipi5t mu/ be free f *ur* c5sures 7,canon #bbfj7 or imp$im5ts1 & mu/ possess ! prep>ation or qualification :i* ! *ur* law prescribes 7e4g41 a c]ta9 age is requir$ = ,confirmation2 ! ,eu*>i/ mu/ be receiv$ fa/+2 ! c&idate = ,ord]s mu/ be approv$1 etc474 7c7 ,wor?9ess ( ,reception4--,! ,sacram5ts %\ld be receiv$ dev\tly1 ) prop] prep>ation1 att5tion1 & ?anksgiv+4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,eu*>i/1 ?\gh int5tion is n necess>y = validity1 x is requir$ = a sacram5tal or fruitful ,communion2 an habitual & implicit int5tion suffices = ! ,viaticum 7& ,ea/] ,communion71 an habitual explicit int5tion = ,communion ( devotion4 #bfgf4 ,:5 ,is ! ,m9i/] ( ! ,sacram5ts ,b\nd to ,give ,!m8--7a7 ,a pa/or is oblig$ to give a ,sacram5t to "o ( 8 own subjects :o reasonably reque/s x1 & to d s will+ly1 freely 7,canon #gcf71 &1 if he has no sub/itute1 9 p]son2 = a spiritual %eph]d has a grave duty ( ju/ice & *>ity to fe$ 8 flock4 ,a reque/ is n reasonable1 h[ev]1 if compliance w put ! pa/or to an inconv5i5ce great] ?an t :i* ! p>i%ion] w suff] f a refusal1 = example1 :5 ,baptisms1 ,confessions1 or ,communions are ne$lessly ask$ = outside ! appo9t$ h\rs1 or :5 sick calls t c be att5d$ dur+ ! day are s5t 9 at night4 ,! ,sacram5ts necess>y = salvation 7,baptism & ,p5ance7 %\ld be giv5 ev5 at ! risk ( life1 if ! subject is 9 grave ne$ & !re is assur$ hope ( success 7see #aafg71 & d\btless ?is %\ld be appli$ also to ,extreme ,unction or ev5 ! ,viaticum4 7b7 ,"o :o is n a pa/or is oblig$ f *>ity to give ! ,sacram5ts to ^? :o reasonably ask4 ,he w\ld be oblig$ ev5 to risk 8 life to save a s\l1 if !re 7 no "o else to adm9i/] a necess>y ,sacram5t to a p]son 9 extreme spiritual p]il :o c\ld be sav$ by 8 m9i/ry4 #bfgg4 ,:5 ,is ! ,m9i/] ( ! ,sacram5ts ,b\nd to ,d5y ,!m8--7a7 ,he mu/ always d5y !m to ^? :o are incapable1 = o!rwise he insults ! ,sacram5t4 ,"u no circum/ances1 !n1 may a prie/ baptize "o :o is already baptiz$1 or absolve "o :o is unrep5tant2 & he may n assi/ at ! attempt$ m>riage ( a divorcee4 ,likewise1 z is manife/1 he mu/ always d5y ! ,sacram5ts to ^? :o ask = !m out ( hatr$ or contempt = religion1 = to grant !m 9 su* circum/ances w\ld be an act intr9sically evil4 7b7 ,he mu/ d5y !m1 z a rule1 to ^? :o to 8 k are c]ta9ly unwor?y 7e4g41 on acc\nt ( lack ( requisite in/ruction or moral disposition72 o!rwise1 he ca/s pe>ls be=e sw9e1 coop]ates 9 ! sacrilege ( o!rs1 & sc&alizes ! p4 ,h5ce1 a public s9n]--t is1 "o ^: unwor?9ess is notori\s 7see #bjec7--%\ld n be giv5 ! ,sacram5ts publicly1 until he has repair$ ! sc&al he gave2 & no unwor?y p]son1 ev5 ?\gh he be a hidd5 s9n] ^: guilt is kn[n only to ! m9i/]1 %\ld be giv5 a ,sacram5t 9 private until he has %[n signs ( rep5tance4 ,g5]ally ! m9i/] is b\nd to assure himself be=eh& ( ! good disposition ( ! "o :o asks = a ,sacram5t1 ?\gh 9 case ( ,communion ?is is (t5 impossible1 & x suffices to presume t all :o approa* ! alt> becom+ly are 9 ! /ate ( grace4 #bfgh4 ,adm9i/ration to ,unwor?y ,p]sons4--,s9ce mat]ial coop]ation ) s9 is lawful = a suffici5t reason 7see #aeae sqq471 "o may adm9i/] a ,sacram5t to an unwor?y p]son :5 refusal w\ld cause a great] evil ?an m9i/ration4 ,?is happ5s 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 :5 refusal w necessitate a m wick$ sacrilege 7viz41 injury to a ,sacram5t by ! m9i/] himself74 ,?is case occurs :5 ! m9i/] kn[s ! subject's unwor?9ess only f ! latt]'s sacram5tal confession1 & h5ce _c exclude him )\t violation ( ! seal2 7b7 :5 ! refusal w br+ on m widespread evils 7viz41 disc\ragem5t ( ! use ( ! ,sacram5ts74 ,?is happ5s :5 ! subject :o asks ! ,sacram5t is n publicly kn[n z a s9n]1 b 8 reque/ is public1 s t a refusal w am\nt to a defamation ( him by ! m9i/]4 ,if prie/s _h ! "r to inflict public disgrace on ^? :o approa*$ ! ,sacram5ts1 x is easily se5 :at grave sc&als & disord]s w\ld foll[1 & t a ready excuse w\ld pres5t itself = p]sonal spite & neglect ( religion4 ,our ,"l adm9i/]$ ,communion to ,judas r ?an betray 8 secret guilt to ! o!r ,apo/les4 #bfgi4 ,is ! fe> ( bodily h>m or ( dea? a suffici5t reason = adm9i/]+ a ,sacram5t to an unwor?y p]son8 7a7 ,if a great] evil w be caus$ by be/[al ( ! ,sacram5t1 x %\ld n be be/[$4 ,?is happ5s :5 ! ,sacram5t is ask$ out ( hatr$ or contempt ( religion1 & :5 great sc&al w result if ! prie/ yields4 7b7 ,if a great] evil w be caus$ by refusal ( ! ,sacram5t1 x %\ld n be refus$4 ,examples are ^? ( ! previ\s p>agraph4 ,! m]e private good ( ! m9i/] is n pref]able to ! good ( ! ,sacram5t4 #bfhj4 ,simulation & ,dissimulation ( a ,sacram5t8--,is x lawful 9 case ( difficulty to give a ,sacram5t only 9 appe>ance8 7a7 ,if ?is means simulation ( a ,sacram5t1 or ! use ( its ext]nals 9 su* a way z to make x null 7i4e41 by )hold+ int]nal int5tion or us+ invalid matt] or =m71 ! answ] is 9 ! negative2 = simulation is always an act$ lie 7see #bdjc1 #bdjd71 & :5 appli$ to ,sacram5ts x produces a sacrilegi\s mutilation & also1 9 ! case ( ! ,eu*>i/ 7e4g41 :5 an unconsecrat$ ho/ is giv5 to a communicant71 an occasion ( idolatry4 7b7 ,if ?is means dissimulation ( a ,sacram5t1 or ! use ( "s nonsacram5tal act to conceal ! d5ial ( a ,sacram5t1 ! answ] is 9 ! affirmative1 = x is lawful to keep f o!rs k to :i* !y h no "r4 ,?us1 a prie/ :o wi%es to conceal f onlook]s t he has refus$ absolution to a p5it5t1 c lawfully say a pray] & make a sign ( ! cross ov] ?is p]son4 #bfha4 ,adm9i/ration ( ,p5ance & ,extreme ,unction to ,h]etics & ,s*ismatics4--7a7 ,regul>ly ?is is unlawful1 ev5 ?\gh ^! p]sons are 9 good fai? & ask = ! ,sacram5ts4 ,!y mu/ fir/ r5\nce _! errors & become reconcil$ ) ! ,*ur* 7,canon #gca74 7b7 ,exceptionally1 accord+ to "s morali/s1 ?is is lawful :5 !re is extreme ne$4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to ?is view a prie/ may secretly give conditional absolution to an unconsci\s h]etic or s*ismatic 9 dang] ( dea? :o has giv5 signs ( rep5tance2 he may absolve & ano9t a dy+ h]etic or s*ismatic1 ev5 ?\gh consci\s1 if ?is p]son appe>s to be 9 good fai? & rep5tant & will+ to d all t ,god requires ( him4 ,b ! prie/ %\ld fir/ try to conv]t ! dy+ p]son1 if ?is is possible & ! latt]'s good fai? w n be di/urb$2 & he mu/ also avoid giv+ sc&al4 #bfhb4 ,repetition ( a ,sacram5t on ,acc\nt ( ,invalid ,adm9i/ration4--7a7 ,?is is unlawful :5 ! fe> ( invalidity is gr\ndless & fooli%2 = x is s]i\sly disrespectful to a ,sacram5t & dis$ify+ to o!rs to repeat ! rite )\t reason4 ,b scrupul\s p]sons are sometimes free ( grave s91 s9ce !y mean well 9 repeat+ & are n acc\ntable = _! fe>s4 7b7 ,?is is lawful b n obligatory :5 !re is a prud5t misgiv+ ab\t a useful ,sacram5t 7,confirmation1 ,matrimony1 ano9t+ ( "o :o is consci\s72 also :5 !re is a slight reason ( law or fact = fe> ab\t a necess>y or m important ,sacram5t 7,baptism1 ,ord]s1 absolution ( a dy+ p]son1 ano9t+ ( an unconsci\s p]son1 consecration ( ! ,eu*>i/74 ,= ! ,sacram5ts are = m54 ,b if only a small loss or an unlikely loss w be caus$ by _! non-repetition1 ! duty ( repeat+ !m _c be insi/$ on4 7c7 ,?is is gravely obligatory :5 !re is a prud5t fe> ab\t a necess>y or m important ,sacram5t2 x is gravely or lightly obligatory 7to be det]m9$ 9 ea* case7 :5 !re is a well-f\nd$ fe> ab\t a useful ,sacram5t1 if *>ity1 ju/ice or religion calls = repetition & ! inconv5i5ce w n be too great4 ,9 ,matrimony ! alt]nate me?ods ( convalidation or sanation may be us$ z ! case dem&s4 ,aga91 ! ,sacram5ts are = m51 & h5ce1 if man w likely be subject$ to a notable loss by ! m9i/]'s neglect ( repetition1 ! duty ( repetition is cle>4 #bfhc4 ,reception ( a ,sacram5t f an ,unwor?y ,m9i/]4--,may a ,sacram5t be receiv$ f a m9i/] :o1 to "o's c]ta9 k1 _c give x )\t s9 on acc\nt ( unwor?9ess 7su* z a /ate ( s9 or c5sure78 7a7 ,p] se1 ?is is unlawful1 = x is coop]ation ) sacrilege & is (t5 att5d$ by sc&al & dang] ( p]v]sion to self4 7b7 ,p] accid5s1 ?is is lawful1 = mat]ial coop]ation is ju/ifi$ :5 a proportionately grave reason exi/s 7#aeae sqq474 ,moreov]1 (t5 ! m9i/] c put himself 9 ! /ate ( grace be=e he gives ! ,sacram5t1 or c be excus$ f sacrilege on acc\nt ( ! necessity4 ,! less ! irrev]5ce or dang] ( sc&al1 ! less ne$ be ! reason = ask+ or tak+ a ,sacram5t f an unwor?y p]son4 ,if ! m9i/] is a s9n] or is "u ord9>y susp5sion or o!r c5sure1 a s]i\s reason ( spiritual advantage suffices 7e4g41 ! opportunity to make ! ,ea/] duty72 if ! m9i/] is "u s5t5ce 7,canon #bbfa n4 #c71 only dang] ( dea? suffices2 if ! m9i/] is a h]etic or s*ismatic1 only extreme ne$ suffices1 & ! dang] ( sc&al & p]v]sion mu/ be avoid$4 #bfhd4 ,sacram5tals4--,! sacram5tals are ! sacr$ ?+s 7e4g41 ros>ies1 scapul>s1 agnus deis7 & actions 7e4g41 consecrations1 bless+s1 exorcisms7 us$ by ! ,*ur* 9 imitation ( ! ,sacram5ts to obta9 ?r\gh h] int]cession bless+s *iefly ( a spiritual sort 7,canon #aadd74 7a7 ,necessity4--,our ,"l gave to ! ,*ur* ! p[] ( in/itut+ sacram5tals1 & c]ta9 ( ^? us$ by ! ,*ur* are b developm5ts ( ! bless+s & exorcisms t ,he us$4 ,"s ( ! sacram5tals are comm&$ by ! ,*ur* 7viz1 ^? t are us$ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,sacram5ts or 9 o!r sacr$ s]vices72 o!rs are recomm5d$1 b n comm&$4 7b7 ,use4--,! virtue ( religion requires t ! sacram5tals be adm9i/]$1 receiv$ & treat$ ) devotion & respect1 ! extremes ( irreligion & sup]/ition be+ avoid$ 7see #bbdd74 ,! laws ( ! ,*ur* on ! m9i/]s1 recipi5ts1 & rites ( ! sacram5tals are treat$ 9 works on ,canon ,law & liturgy4 ,art4 #b3 ,,baptism2 ,,confirmation2 ,,! ,,eu*>i/2 ,,! ,,sacrifice ,,( ,,! ,,mass 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,,iii1 qq4 #ff-hc47 #bfhe4 ,! g5]al duties ( ! m9i/]s & recipi5ts ( ! ,sacram5ts h be5 outl9$ 9 ! previ\s ,article4 ,! pr9ciples !re9 giv5 are ! basis ( ! special duties t p]ta9 to ea* ( ! sev5 ,sacram5ts4 ,9 ?is & ! rema9+ ,articles1 !re=e1 x w suffice to apply )\t expla9+ anew ! rules already giv5 & to add ! special details prop] to ea* ,sacram5t4 #bfhf4 ,! ,sacram5t ( ,baptism4--,! fir/ & mo/ ess5tial ,sacram5t is ,baptism 7,greek1 wa%+71 :i* may be def9$3 8,! ,sacram5t ( reg5]ation by wat] 9 ! ^w0 7,cate*ism ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 page #afc74 ,! int]nal grace ( ! ,sacram5t is express$ by reg5]ation1 ! ext]nal sign by wat] & ! ^w4 7a7 ,! effect ( ,baptism is reg5]ation1 = x cleanses f s9 & p5alty1 & makes him :o 0 a *ild ( wra? to be a *ild ( ,god & a co-heir ( ,*ri/4 ,baptism also *ri/5s1 s9ce x seals "o ) ! indelible "* ( ,*ri/ian1 or memb] ( ! ,*ur*4 ,z all are "u ! orig9al curse by bir? f ,adam1 s all :o w\ld inh]it bless+ are 9 ne$ ( ?is new bir? ?r\gh ,*ri/ 7see #bffa73 8,unless a man be born aga9 ( wat] & ! ,holy ,gho/1 he _c ent] into ! k+dom ( ,god0 7,john1 iii4 #e74 7b7 ,! mat]ial elem5t 7remote matt]7 ( ,baptism is wat]1 t is1 any & e =m ( liquid :i* 9 common e/imation is pure & un*ang$ wat] 7e4g41 wat] tak5 f ! ocean1 f /reams1 f\nta9s1 or wells2 wat] melt$ f sn[1 ice or hail2 wat] ga!r$ f /eam1 dew1 or mi/2 *emical & m9]al wat]74 ,b animal & plant fluids1 ?\gh !y conta9 wat]1 are look$ ^u z di/9ct sub/ances1 & h5ce ,baptism _c be adm9i/]$ ) milk1 blood1 spittle1 sweat1 oil1 fl[] or fruit juices 7e4g41 w9e1 cid]71 or extracts ( b>ks or roots4 ,d\btful matt] are liquids t1 :ile 9 l>ge "p compos$ ( wat]1 seem to be g5]ally reg>d$ z n wat] 7e4g41 ?9 s\p1 tea or c(fee1 light be]72 & h5ce only 9 necessity c ^! be lawfully us$ = ,baptism4 7c7 ,! =mal elem5t ( ,baptism is ! ^w or ! =mula appo9t$ by ,*ri/4 ,9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur* ! words are3 8,i baptize !e 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 & ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/10 ,almo/ e ^w 9 ?is =m is necess>y = ! s5se giv5 by ,*ri/1 & h5ce almo/ any omission makes x necess>y1 or at lea/ lawful1 to repeat ,baptism 7see #bfee1 #bfhb74 ,! decl>ation ( ! =m dem&s t ! application ( ! wat] 7proximate matt]7 be made 9 ! mann] ( an ablution 7i4e41 by spr9kl+1 p\r+ or imm]sion74 ,if spr9kl+ or p\r+ is us$1 ! body ( ! recipi5t 7i4e41 ! sk9 ( 8 head7 mu/ be wa%$ 7i4e41 ! wat] mu/ t\* ! head & fl[ !reon7 by ! baptiz] 7i4e41 ! p]son :o pron\nces ! words mu/ p\r or spr9kle ! wat]74 ,b 9 case ( necessity "o may use ! op9ion t ,baptism is valid :5 ! wat] t\*es only ! hair or "s "p di/9ct f ! head1 or ev5 ! aft]bir? ( a fetus4 #bfhg4 ,solemn & ,private ,baptism4--,?\gh 9 ess5tials ,baptism is b "o1 x is di/+ui%$ 9 ref]5ce to accid5tal c]emony into solemn & private4 7a7 ,solemn ,baptism is t :i* is adm9i/]$ ) all ! rites prescrib$ by ! ,liturgy4 ,x requires consecrat$ wat]1 sponsors & special c]emonies2 its m9i/] is a cl]gyman 7ord9>ily ! p>i%-prie/ or ,ord9>y1 extraord9>ily a delegat$ deacon72 its place is ! bapti/]y or *ur*4 ,9 ! ,baptism ( adults ev5 great] solemnity may be us$1 = !re is a special rite ( adm9i/ration1 & ! ,*ur* recomm5ds t ?is ,baptism be p]=m$ :5 possible by ! ,ord9>y1 or at lea/ 9 ca!dral *ur*es1 & on ! vigil ( ,ea/] or ,p5teco/4 7b7 ,private ,baptism is giv5 9 dang] ( dea?1 or :5 an adult conv]t is rebaptiz$ conditionally 7,canon #gei74 ,x requires only true & natural wat]1 ?\gh ! wat] %\ld be z clean & dec5t z possible1 & baptismal or bless$ wat] is pref]able2 g5]ally ! simple =m )\t o!r rite suffices2 sponsors are n necess>y1 unless !y c be _h )\t difficulty1 b if possible at lea/ "o or two witnesses %\ld be pres5t2 ! ,baptism may be giv5 9 ! private home or ! hospital or o!r place :]e ! c&idate is /ay+2 anyone :o has ! use ( reason & is able to p]=m ! rite may act z m9i/]4 ,:5 sev]al p]sons suitable to m9i/] private ,baptism are pres5t1 ! ord] ( pref]5ce to be foll[$ is3 prie/1 deacon1 subdeacon1 cl]ic1 layman1 woman2 b a woman %\ld be pref]r$ to a man if mode/y calls = ?is1 or if ! woman is bett] acqua9t$ ) ! mann] ( baptiz+4 ,x is consid]$ a s]i\s s9 ne$lessly to pref] a non-prie/ to a wor?y prie/1 a non-,ca?olic to a ,ca?olic1 an outsid] to ! p>i%-prie/4 ,if possible1 p>5ts %\ld n baptize _! own *ildr51 s9ce x is m becom+ t ! spiritual p>5t & ! c>nal p>5t be diff]5t p]sons4 #bfhh4 ,duties ( ,p>i%-,prie/s z to ,baptism4--7a7 ,be=e ,baptism4--,baptismal wat] %\ld be bless$1 add$ to or r5ew$1 z ! ritual regulations ( "o's place require2 ! fai?ful %\ld be frequ5tly admoni%$ 9 s]mons ( ! s]i\s duty ( hav+ _! infants baptiz$ z soon z possible 7,canon #ggj72 ! p %\ld also be told 7especially midwives1 physicians & surgeons7 h[ lay ,baptism is to be giv5 validly 7,canon #gdc74 7b7 ,at ! ,"t ( ,baptism4--,conv]ts prep>+ = ,baptism %\ld be well in/ruct$ 9 ! pr9cipal religi\s tru?s 7viz1 ^? conta9$ 9 ! ,cre$71 & precepts 7viz41 ! laws ( ! ,decalogue & ( ! ,*ur*1 see #iad sqq471 & pray]s 7viz1 ! ,our ,fa!r1 ! acts ( fai?1 hope1 *>ity1 & contrition72 & !y %\ld le>n ! nature & effects ( ,baptism4 ,! p>i%-prie/ may delegate a deacon to baptize solemnly 9 8 place1 if !re is a suffici5t reason1 z :5 he himself is imp$$ by sickness1 abs5ce1 or occupation 7,canon #gda74 7c7 ,aft] ,baptism4--,! pa/or 9 virtue ( 8 (fice has ! responsibility ( att5d+ to ! regi/ration ( baptisms 9 ! prop] book 7,canon #ggg74 ,! regi/ration %\ld be made )\t delay--t is1 be=e ! sponsors h dep>t$1 or imm$iately aft] ! c]emony1 or at lea/ on ! same day1 if possible2 ! entry %\ld be made accurately & legibly4 ,! duty ( keep+ prop] baptismal records is consid]$ grave1 s9ce important evils w\ld foll[ on _! neglect4 #bfhi4 ,duties ( ,p>5ts & ,gu>dians 9 ,ref]5ce to ,baptism4--7a7 ,z to ,adm9i/ration ( ,baptism4--,p>5ts are oblig$ "u grave s9 n to expose _! *ildr5 to ! loss ( salvation by undue delay ( ,baptism 7see #bcdd1 #bfcj74 ,if !re is dang] ( dea?1 a *ild mu/ be baptiz$ at once2 if !re is no imm$iate dang] ( dea?1 ! *ild mu/ nev]!less1 on acc\nt ( ! absolute necessity ( ,baptism1 be baptiz$ z soon z possible4 ,"s morali/s consid] a ne$less delay gravely s9ful if x exce$s ?ree or f\r days2 o!rs1 if x exce$s t5 or elev5 days4 ,s9ce infants c be baptiz$ 9 ! womb1 a "m is n oblig$ to und]go ! ,caes>ean op]ation to ensure ,baptism2 b %e may p]mit ! op]ation = ! sake ( a m c]ta9 ,baptism1 unless h] obligations to husb& or o!r *ildr5 w suff] on acc\nt ( ! dang] to h] life4 ,if a "m dies 9 pregnancy1 ! fetus %\ld be extract$ & baptiz$4 ,! duty "h re/s ) ! relatives & ! physician 7,canon #gdf74 7b7 ,z to ,details ( ,baptism4--,p>5ts %\ld *oose suitable names = _! *ildr51 avoid+ su* z are obsc5e1 ridicul\s1 or impi\s4 ,x is advisable t ! "n ( a ,sa9t or ( "s o!r p]son di/+ui%$ = hol9ess be *os51 = ?is w be ( a spiritual advantage to ! *ild & an edification to o!rs4 ,p>5ts h ! "r to appo9t ! sponsors ( _! infant *ildr51 & %\ld *oose only ^? :o are canonically admissible4 ,if ,baptism has be5 adm9i/]$ at home1 ! p>5ts %\ld1 if ! *ild survives1 br+ x z soon z possible to ! *ur* = conditional ,baptism1 or = ! baptismal c]emonies 7,canons #gei1 #gfj74 #bfij4 ,sponsors4--,f e>ly times ! ,*ur* has requir$ 9 ,baptism ! use ( sponsors1 & ! reasons = ?is usage w appe> f ! duties ( ^! god-p>5ts4 ,! pres5t law 7,canons #gfb sqq47 reta9s ! anci5t tradition1 & prescribes z a s]i\s duty t 9 ,solemn ,baptism 7ev5 ( adults1 :5ev] possible7 !re %all be at lea/ "o sponsor 7male or female71 & t n m ?an two be us$1 "o a male & ! o!r a female4 7a7 ,requirem5ts = ,validity--,s9ce ! sponsor takes obligations1 he mu/ h ! use ( reason & give cons5t to ! (fice2 s9ce he is *>g$ ) ! duty ( spiritual guidance1 he mu/ be baptiz$ & n be a memb] ( a h]etical or s*ismatic sect2 s9ce he ex]cises an (fice ( honor1 he mu/ n be "u ! displeasure ( ! ,*ur* by s5t5ce ( excommunication or ! l2 s9ce he is to act z spiritual fa!r1 he mu/ n be ! p>5t or sp\se ( ! baptiz$2 s9ce he is to /& = ! baptiz$ p]son1 he mu/ be designat$ by ! latt] or 8 p>5ts or by ! m9i/]4 ,! sponsor mu/ also indicate 79 p]son or by proxy7 8 acceptance ( ! c>e ( ! baptiz$ p]son by physically t\*+ him at ! mom5t ( ,baptism 7ei!r by hold+ ! infant ov] ! font1 or by plac+ a h& on ! c&idate71 or imm$iately aft] ! ,baptism 7by rais+ f ! wat]s or receiv+ f ! h&s ( ! m9i/] ! "o :o has be5 imm]s$1 or by tak+ f ! font "o :o has be5 baptiz$ by p\r+74 ,non-,ca?olics1 !re=e1 may n be sponsors1 b to avoid great (f5se or o!r s]i\s evil !y may sometimes be admitt$ z witnesses or honor>y sponsors 7see #ief sqq474 7b7 ,requirem5ts = ,lawfulness4--,! sponsor %\ld h rea*$ 8 f\rte5? ye> 7unless ! m9i/] sees fit = a j cause to admit a y\ng] p]son71 & %\ld "k ! rudim5ts ( fai?2 he mu/ be a p]son ( respectability among ,ca?olics1 & h5ce "o :o is notori\s on acc\nt ( c]ta9 p5alties or on acc\nt ( crime or ( memb]%ip 9 ! ,freemasons is n acceptable2 he mu/ be free to act z sponsor1 & h5ce religi\s & cl]ics 9 ,major ,ord]s mu/ h p]mission ( ! sup]ior qualifi$ 9 ea* in/ance to grant ?is p]mission4 #bfia4 ,duties ( ,sponsors4--7a7 ,!y are oblig$ to look ^u _! spiritual *ildr5 z _! p]petual *>ges1 to see to _! ,*ri/ian education & to ! fulfillm5t ( ! baptismal promises = :i* !y /ood surety 7,canon #gfi74 7b7 ,^! obligations are grave1 s9ce ! matt] is grave2 b1 z ! c>e ( *ildr5 falls pr9cipally ^u ! p>5ts1 x is only :5 ! p>5ts neglect _! duty t ! sponsors are held to d :at !y c = ! in/ruction & correction ( _! god-*ildr5 7,cate*ism ( ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 page #age74 #bfib4 ,duties ( ,adult ,recipi5ts ( ,baptism or ( ,^? ,:o ,h ! ,use ( ,reason4--7a7 ,be=e ,baptism4--,an unbaptiz$ p]son :o has fai? & :o sees ! necessity ( ,baptism1 is gravely oblig$ to ask = ,baptism at once1 if he is 9 dang] ( dea?1 or z soon z he conv5i5tly c1 if he is n 9 dang] ( dea?2 = s9ce ,baptism is ! div9ely appo9t$ means ( ent]+ ! ,*ur* & ( %>+ 9 its privileges1 he :o w\ld delay x unduly w\ld disobey an important comm& ( ,god & w\ld be s]i\sly neglectful ( 8 own salvation4 ,= a suffici5t reason1 h[ev] 7e4g41 = ! sake ( in/ruction or probation1 or to avoid p]secution71 ,baptism may be delay$ ev5 = ye>s2 b ! cate*um5 %\ld !n make at once an act ( contrition or *>ity s z to obta9 ! b5efit ( ,baptism ( desire4 ,conv]ts %\ld prep>e = ,baptism by tak+ a c\rse ( in/ructions1 or1 :5 !re is dang] ( dea?1 a summ>y in/ruction 7#gia sqq474 7b7 ,at ,baptism4--,! int]nal dispositions include1 besides int5tion1 fai? & rep5tance3 8,he t believe? & is baptiz$ %all be sav$0 7,m>k1 xvi4 #af72 8,d p5ance & be baptiz$0 7,acts1 ii4 #ch74 ,!re mu/ be an explicit fai? 9 ! f\r *ief my/]ies 7see #ghi74 ,9 ?is c\ntry conv]ts :o are be+ baptiz$ conditionally make an abjuration & pr(ession ( fai? be=e ,baptism1 & g to confession & receive conditional absolution aft] ,baptism4 ,! ,code recomm5ds t ^? :o are well receive ,baptism fa/+2 & t1 unless grave reason excuses1 ! neophyte assi/ at ,mass & receive ,communion aft] 8 ,baptism 7,canon #gec74 7c7 ,aft] ,baptism4--,s9ce ,baptism makes "o a memb] ( ! ,*ur*1 ^? :o receive x are subject to *ur* laws4 ,! promises made 9 ,baptism are n /rictly v[s1 b an engagem5t ( loyalty to ! fai? & ! comm&m5ts 7see #baia74 #bfic4 ,duties ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,baptism4--7a7 ,9 ,ref]5ce to ! ,p>5ts4--,if ! p>5ts insi/ on giv+ an unsuitable "n to _! *ild1 ! pa/or %\ld sil5tly add a suitable "n ( "s ,sa9t *os5 by himself1 & %\ld inscribe bo? names 9 ! regi/] 7,canon #gfa74 ,a *ild ( non-,ca?olic p>5ts %\ld n be baptiz$ by ,ca?olics1 unless ?is c be done )\t injury to ! natural "r ( ! p>5ts ( tra9+ _! own *ildr5 & )\t dang] to ! future p]sev]ance ( ! *ild4 ,h5ce ^! *ildr51 if infants1 %\ld n be baptiz$ aga9/ ! w ( _! p>5ts unless !y are 9 dang] ( dea? & c be baptiz$ )\t too great inconv5i5ce2 b if a *ild is able to judge = himself1 or if !re is no p>5tal opposition 7at lea/ n ( bo? p>5ts71 & !re are good reasons to believe t ! *ild w be br\ght up z a ,ca?olic1 he may be baptiz$ 7,canons #gej1 #gea74 7b7 ,9 ,ref]5ce to ! ,sponsors4--,if a sponsor _c be admitt$1 ! pa/or mu/ use great k9dness & prud5ce1 s z n to give (f5se4 ,if a non-,ca?olic has be5 appo9t$ z sponsor1 ! difficulty may sometimes be ov]come by nam+ a sacri/an or s]vant z sponsor & p]mitt+ ! non-,ca?olic to act z witness4 7c7 ,9 ,ref]5ce to ! ,capacity ( ! ,recipi5t4--,! m9i/] mu/ give ! ,sacram5t only to ^? :o are capable4 ,h5ce1 he _c baptize :at is n human 7e4g41 ut]9e gr[?s :i* d n p]ta9 to a fetus71 or n liv+ 7e4g41 a /illborn infant71 or n unbaptiz$ 7e4g41 a conv]t or an infant ab\t ^: valid ,baptism !re is no reasonable d\bt74 ,speculatively !re is "s difficulty ab\t ,baptism ( unborn fetuses1 ( abortive fetuses1 & ( mon/rosities 7e4g41 an infant ) two heads or two he>ts74 ,=1 z to ! fir/1 x seems t ! physically unborn are incapable ( spiritual rebir?2 z to ! second1 x seems t ! s\l ( an undevelop$ fetus may be sub-human2 &1 z to ! ?ird1 x may be d\btful :e!r a mon/rosity is "o individual or sev]al individuals4 ,practically1 h[ev]1 "o %\ld proce$ on ! pr9ciple t ! ,sacram5ts are = m51 & give ! b5efit ( a d\bt to ! infants by conditional ,baptism4 ,intra-ut]9e ,baptism %\ld n be us$ except 9 case ( urg5t necessity1 & x is !n p]missible to employ a mixture ( "o "p ( *loride ( m]cury ) two p>ts ( wat] to avoid infection4 ,midwives1 nurses1 mo!rs1 & physicians %\ld be especially c>eful to baptize abortive fetuses1 & %\ld "k h[ ?is c be done 7see ,comm5t>ies on ,canons #gdf-gdh74 7d7 ,9 ,ref]5ce to ! ,will+ness ( ! ,recipi5t4--,an infant is n requir$ to w ! ,sacram5t1 & h5ce ! p]petually insane1 :o are unable to di/+ui% betwe5 "r & wrong1 may be baptiz$ )\t any desire on _! "p4 ,b an adult mu/ int5d to be baptiz$ 7see #bfga b74 ,h5ce1 ! m9i/] mu/ inquire ab\t ! wi%es ( an adult c&idate1 ,if an unbaptiz$ p]son is n[ out ( 8 m9d 7insane1 afflict$ ) le?>gy or sleep+ sickness1 deliri\s71 b =m]ly _h ! use ( reason1 he is class$ ) adults1 & 8 int5tion has to be consid]$4 ,he %\ld n be baptiz$1 !re=e1 until he comes to himself1 unless !re is dang] ( dea? & signs ( a desire to receive ,baptism 7 giv5 be=e 7,canons #gde1 #ged74 7e7 ,9 ,ref]5ce to ! ,wor?9ess ( ! ,recipi5t4--,! m9i/] %\ld rem9d ! c&idate ( ! duty ( attrition4 ,if ! p]son :o asks = ,baptism wi%es to reta9 c]ta9 habits 7e4g41 sup]/ition1 concub9age1 or unlawful bus9ess7 :i* _c be reconcil$ ) ,*ri/ianity1 he _c be reg>d$ z suit$ = ,baptism4 ,b 9 dang] ( dea? good fai? %\ld n be uselessly di/urb$4 7f7 ,9 ,ref]5ce to ! ,pa/or4--,solemn ,baptism ei!r 9 or out ( "o's t]ritory may n be giv5 )\t p]mission f ! prop] pa/or :o has jurisdiction 7,canons #gch-gdj74 ,& a m9i/] :o is n ! pa/or ( ! baptiz$ p]son mu/ s5d notice ( ! ,baptism to ! pa/or1 z soon z possible1 if ! latt] 0 n pres5t 7,canon #ggh74 7g7 ,9 ,ref]5ce to ,himself & ! ,sacram5t4--,! m9i/] %\ld in=m himself1 if necess>y1 ab\t ! exi/5ce or validity ( a previ\s ,baptism1 & he %\ld obs]ve ! c]emonies1 ess5tial & accid5tal1 ( 8 ,rite4 ,f\ndl+s %\ld be baptiz$ conditionally1 unless x is c]ta9 t !y h be5 already baptiz$ validly 7,canon #gdi74 ,! int]nal dispositions ( int5tion & /ate ( grace are necess>y1 :ile = baptism ( adults fa/+ is advisable 7,canon #gec74 #bfid4 ,! ,sacram5t ( ,confirmation4--,next to ,baptism1 n 9 necessity or dignity b 9 lik5ess & 9 "t1 is ,confirmation2 = ,confirmation completes ! "w begun 9 ,baptism1 & x is also frequ5tly receiv$ imm$iately or next aft] ,baptism4 ,x may be def9$ z 8! ,sacram5t 9 :i* ?r\gh ! ano9t+ ) *rism & ! pray] ( ! bi%op a baptiz$ p]son is p]fect$ & /r5g!n$ 9 ! grace receiv$ & sign$ indelibly ) ! "* ( soldi] ( ,jesus ,*ri/40 7a7 ,! elem5t ( ! ,sacram5t 7remote matt]7 is *rism1 t is1 a mixture ( olive oil & balsam specially bless$ by ! bi%op & appli$ 7proximate matt]7 by an ano9t+ & ! imposition ( h&s on ! =ehead ( ! recipi5t4 ,! law ( ! ,*ur* requires t ! *rism be new 7i4e41 made at ! la/ previ\s consecration ( oils71 & t ! ano9t+ be made ) ! "r ?umb 9 ! =m ( a cross4 7b7 ,! =m ( ,confirmation 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur* is z foll[s3 8,i sign !e ) ! sign ( ! cross1 & ,i confirm !e ) ! *rism ( salvation 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r & ( ! ,son & ( ! ,holy ,gho/40 #bfie4 ,! ,m9i/] ( ,confirmation4--7a7 ,qualifications4--,! ord9>y m9i/] ( ?is ,sacram5t is only ! bi%op2 b a prie/ may act z extraord9>y m9i/]1 ei!r f ! common law 7viz41 ,c>d9als1 ,abbots1 etc471 or f special indult 7,canon #ghb74 ,! bi%op may confirm outsid]s 9 8 own diocese1 unless _! own ,ord9>y =bids1 & ) p]mission he may confirm outside 8 diocese 7,canon #ghc74 ,s9ce ,janu>y #a1 #aidg1 by =ce ( ! decree ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,discipl9e ( ! ,sacram5ts 7,spiritus ,sanctus7 ! foll[+ 7 e/abli%$ z extraord9>y m9i/]s )9 ! limits ( _! t]ritories & = subjects 9 dang] ( dea?4 #a7 8pa/ors hav+ _! own t]ritories1 !re=e exclud+ p]sonal & family pa/ors1 unless !y h also _! own t]ritory40 ,"u ?is head+ are includ$ secul> & religi\s pa/ors4 ,x is to be not$ t1 s9ce national p>i%es 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are assign$ a def9ite t]ritory1 pa/ors ( su* p>i%es enjoy ! privilege ( ?is decree4 ,pa/ors ( ,negro & ,indian p>i%es1 ev5 if !y are consid]$ to be p]sonal pa/ors1 may be includ$1 = ! jurisdiction is bo? p]sonal & t]ritorial4 ,milit>y *apla9s c n confirm 9 virtue ( ?is decree4 #b7 8! vic>s spok5 ( 9 ,canon #dga1 & also p>o*ial adm9i/rators 7vic>ii oeconomi740 ,! fir/ gr\p are canonically innom9ate & au?ors adopt v>i\s titles = ! p]sonages involv$4 ,h[ev]1 ! ref]5ce is always to ! prie/s plac$ 9 actual *>ge ( cura anim>um 9 p>i%es :i* h be5 fully incorporat$4 ,! second gr\p m5tion$ are ! vic>ii oeconomi1 prie/s appo9t$ canonically z adm9i/rators ( vacant p>i%es 7see ,canons #dgb1 n4#a2 #dgc1a74 ,all o!r vic>s lack ! p[]1 namely1 ! ,diocesan ,adm9i/rator 7vic>ius capitul>is71 ,vic> ,g5]al1 ,vic>ius ,sub/itutus 7prie/ :o takes place ( abs5t pa/or71 ,vic>ius ,adjutor 7assi/s a disabl$ pa/or71 ,vic>ius ,coop]ator 7curate71 ^? :o accord+ to ,canon #dgb1 n4#b1 take tempor>y *>ge ( a vacant p>i% prior to appo9tm5t ( a true adm9i/rator1 *apla9s ( s*ools1 hospitals1 & o!r *>itable in/itutions 7by rescript ( ,nov4 #ah1 #aidh1 ! faculty 0 ext5d$ also to *apla9s ( mat]nity hospitals & f\ndl+ homes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ?is faculty is r5ewable71 ! sem9>y rector1 religi\s sup]iors ev5 9 exempt communities4 #c7 8prie/s to :om is entru/$ exclusively & p]man5tly )9 a def9ite t]ritory1 & ) a def9ite *ur*1 ! complete c>e ( s\ls toge!r ) ! rights & duties ( pa/ors40 ,su* t]ritorial arrangem5ts are n common 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ref]5ce may be to prie/s e/abli%$ z quasi-pa/ors 9 ,canon #baf1 ,sec4#c 7h5ce pa/ors 9 mission>y t]ritory & prefectures71 episcopal delegates to ! t]ritories lat] to be erect$ z p>i%es or to ma9ta9 ! /atus ( a p]petual vic>age4 ,p]haps ! ref]5ce is only to special arrangem5ts made by p>ticul> diocesan laws4 7b7 ,duties4--,! ord9>y m9i/] ( ?is ,sacram5t %\ld conf] x :5 8 subjects reasonably reque/ x1 & ! ,ord9>y %\ld see t ! ,sacram5t is adm9i/]$ to 8 p1 if possible1 at lea/ e five ye>s 7,canon #ghe74 ,x w\ld be unreasonable1 h[ev]1 to expect a bi%op to g to e sick or dy+ p]son :o desires ,confirmation1 z ! ,sacram5t is n necess>y = salvation & ! task w\ld be morally impossible1 ,! ,sacram5t %\ld be p]=m$ validly1 wor?ily1 & rubrically4 ,:5 ,confirmation is giv51 fa/+ is ( c\nsel1 n ( precept4 ,! use ( a sponsor 9 ,confirmation seems to be a grave obligation1 :5 possible4 ,a recipi5t c h b "o sponsor1 & a sponsor c act = only "o or two confirm&i1 unless x appe> to ! m9i/] t !re is suffici5t reason to h a sponsor act = m 7,canon #gid74 ,! pa/or ( ! recipi5t1 if he is unaw>e ( ! ,confirmation1 %\ld be notifi$ z soon z possible 7,canon #gii74 7c7 ,v>i\s prescriptions1 "s ( !m subjects ( special /udy1 are att5dant ^u ! grant ( p[] to confirm to pa/ors & 8equival5t pa/ors40 ,! major ones are summ>ily /at$ "h4 ,! pa/or obta9s ?is p[] :5 he acquires ! (fice4 ,x la/s z long z he holds (fice4 ,! ex]cise ( 8 p[] becomes unlawful if he falls "u c5sure2 9 c]ta9 cases x may !n ev5 be invalid4 ,!ologians disagree z to ! precise nature ( ! p[]1 :e!r x be ( ord]s1 ( jurisdiction1 ( bo?1 an intr9sic or extr9sic modification ( ord]s1 etc4 ,! common op9ion holds t x is solely a p[] ( ord]s4 ,h5ce1 ,canon #bji may n be safely us$ "h1 & an ord9>y assi/ant :o attempts to confirm w\ld n fall "u any irregul>ity2 a pa/or1 h[ev]1 might1 by misuse ( 8 p[]1 be n only depriv$ ( x1 b be plac$ "u an irregul>ity4 ,use ( ! p[] is n dep5d5t on ! p]mission ( ! local ,ord9>y4 ,x may be necess>y to inquire h[ev]1 :e!r ! bi%op wi%es to confirm 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,episcopal in/ructions on ?is matt] mu/ be compli$ )4 7d7 ,subjects ( ! ,extraord9>y ,m9i/]4 ,! decree1 ,spiritus ,sanctus1 9 its second rule lays d[n a condition = ! valid adm9i/ration ( ,confirmation by ! extraord9>y m9i/] & det]m9es ! prop] subject4 ,! new faculty is /rictly p]sonal 7h5ce x may n be delegat$ to o!rs7 & /rictly t]ritorial 7h5ce ! adm9i/ration mu/ take place )9 ! conf9es ( ! m9i/]'s di/rict & !re9 ext5ds ev5 to exempt places74 ,! recipi5t mu/ be 89 real dang] ( dea? because ( a s]i\s illness f :i* x is =ese5 t he w die40 ,be=e treat+ ! illness e/abli%$ z a condition = validity1 o!r conditions ( ! subject mu/ be consid]$4 ,! decree describes ! prop] recipi5t z fidelis 9 two places4 ,! "q has be5 discuss$ :e!r ?is limits ! subjects to ,ca?olics & excludes validly baptiz$ ,prote/ants4 ,au?ors are n agre$4 ,p]haps1 s9ce ! extraord9>y m9i/] c act only )9 ! p[]s giv5 him 9 ! decree1 he w\ld h to int]pret fidelis z ext5d+ solely to ,ca?olics4 ,on ,may #a1 #aidh1 ! ,congregation = ! ,ori5tal ,*ur* issu$ a grant ( p[]s to ! ,lat9 extraord9>y m9i/]s to conf] ,confirmation "u ! same conditions to ,ca?olics ( ! ,ori5tal rite :o live "u ! jurisdiction ( a ,lat9 ,ord9>y1 :o are 9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,lat9 pa/or & ^: rite has no e/abli%$ p>i% or mission 9 ! locality4 7,?is grant ( p[] 0 previ\sly impossible by virtue ( ,canon #ghb1 ,sec4#d47 ,9 em]g5cy cases !re w\ld be no ne$ to await ! arrival ( ! prop] pa/or4 ,s9ce ,ru!nian ,ca?olics are n "u ! ,lat9 ,ord9>ies 9 ?is c\ntry1 x seems t ! decree might n ext5d to !m4 ,! po9t is disput$1 b x w\ld be imprud5t to act on ! op9ion t ! ,ru!nians are includ$ until ! "q is (ficially settl$4 ,! recipi5t ne$ n be a p]man5t resid5t 9 ! t]ritory by reason ( domicile or quasi-domicile2 physical pres5ce suffices4 ,! f9al condition ( dang]\s sickness is simil> to ! "o 9 ,extreme ,unction2 x mu/ arise f an intr9sic cause1 n f an extr9sic cause4 & includes n only sickness1 b also w\nds & accid5t cases4 ,! decree speaks ( ! subject 9 8v]o mortis p]iculo40 ,"s ?\ght t ! word+ di/+ui%$ ! sickness f m]e 8p]iculo0 mortis1 & h5ce mu/ be c]ta91 n d\btful or probable4 ,9 response to ! ,c>d9al ( ,pal]mo1 on ,m>* #f1 #aidg1 ! ,congregation ( ! ,sacram5ts favor$ ! op9ion t ! norms = 8urg5te mortis p]iculo0 7,canons #ajdc1 #ajdd1 #ajdf7 are applicable4 ,z a rule ( ?umb1 _m au?ors propose3 if ! sickness p]mits ! adm9i/ration ( ,extreme ,unction1 x also ju/ifies ! giv+ ( ,confirmation 9 accordance ) ! t]ms ( ! decree4 #bfif4 ,! ,recipi5t ( ,confirmation4--7a7 ,qualifications4--,! subject ( ?is ,sacram5t is only a baptiz$ p]son1 & 9 adults int5tion is necess>y4 ,! g5]al cu/om 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur* is n to confirm be=e ! sev5? ye>1 or !reab\t1 has be5 atta9$2 b ! ,sacram5t may be giv5 ev5 e>li]1 if an infant is 9 dang] ( dea?1 or if !re seems to ! m9i/] to be a j & grave reason = confirm+ "o "u sev5 ye>s ( age 7,canon #ghh74 ,^? :o h ! use ( reason %\ld n be admitt$ to ,confirmation )\t previ\s in/ruction on ! nature ( ! ,sacram5t & ! requirem5ts = its prop] reception4 7b7 ,duties4--,!re is an obligation to receive ?is ,sacram5t :5 "o has ! opportunity 7,canon #ghg72 b ap>t f sc&al1 contempt1 or dang] to salvation ! obligation seems light4 ,h5ce1 if a p]son advanc$ 9 ye>s is a%am$ to receive ,confirmation ) ! *ildr51 he %\ld be advis$ b n reprov$2 nor %\ld he be d5i$ absolution z if he 7 c]ta9ly guilty ( s]i\s fault4 ,! recipi5t %\ld be 9 ! /ate ( grace1 & x is advisable t he g to confession be=eh& if he h s]i\s s9 on 8 consci5ce4 ,?\gh n necess>y1 x is m suitable t ! recipi5t be fa/+4 ,a new "n may be tak5 9 ,confirmation1 & x is prop] t ^? ^: baptismal "n is unsuitable %\ld ei!r h x *ang$ at ?is "t or add ! "n ( a ,sa9t4 ,^? :o are be+ confirm$ %\ld be pres5t = ! entire c]emony 7,canon #ghi74 #bfig4 ,! ,sponsors 9 ,confirmation4--7a7 ,qualifications4--,! requirem5ts = validity are1 mutatis mut&is1 practically ! same z = baptismal sponsor%ip4 ,?us1 ! sponsor mu/ be designat$ by ! p>5ts or ! c&idate1 or1 9 default ( !m1 by ! pa/or or m9i/]2 he mu/ n be ! p>5t or sp\se ( ! confirm&us2 he mu/ physically t\* ! confirm&us at ! mom5t ( ,confirmation4 ,fur!r1 x is requir$ t ! sponsor be already confirm$ himself4 ,! requirem5ts = licitness are ! same z = ,baptism1 & moreov]1 z a rule1 ! sponsor at ,confirmation %\ld be ( ! same sex z ! recipi5t & be diff]5t f ! baptismal sponsor 7,canons #gie1 #gif74 7b7 ,duties4--,! godfa!r at ,confirmation contracts a lifelong spiritual relation%ip ) 8 god*ild 7:i* does n con/itute a matrimonial imp$im5t74 ,! latt] %\ld h a special place 9 8 pray]s accord+ to ! ord] ( *>ity1 &1 if necessity arises1 %\ld receive 8 protection & assi/ance 9 spiritual matt]s 7,canon #gig74 #bfih4 ,duties ( ! ,pa/or 9 ,ref]5ce to ,confirmation4--7a7 ,! pa/or %\ld in/ruct 8 p on ! nature & advantages ( ,confirmation & %\ld see to x t !y receive ! ,sacram5t 9 due "t 7,canon #ghg74 ,he %\ld also in/ruct 8 p>i%ion]s ab\t ! t]ms ( ,spiritus ,sanctus4 ,8 p[] z extraord9>y m9i/] imposes an obligation p] se grave to use x :5 ! cases arise2 excus+ causes1 h[ev]1 are possible1 & neglect 9 a s+le case w\ld be only v5ial4 ,at appo9t$ times ea* ye> he %\ld hold a cont9u\s c\rse ( in/ructions ov] a p]iod ( sev]al days 9 ord] to prep>e ! classes ( *ildr5 = ! prop] reception ( ,confirmation 7,canon #acjj74 7b7 ,! pa/or %\ld see t ! ,confirmations ( 8 p>i%ion]s are ent]$ 9 a special book ( record1 & %\ld also note 9 ! baptismal regi/] ! fact ( ,confirmation 7,canons #gih1 #dgj1 n4 #b74 #bfii4 ,! ,sacram5t ( ! ,eu*>i/4--,?is is ! *ief ,sacram5t1 =1 :ile ! o!r ,sacram5ts produce ! grace or ! grace & ! "* ( ,*ri/1 ?is "o conta9s ,*ri/ ,himself2 &1 :ile ! o!r ,sacram5ts are means t prep>e man to consecrate or to receive ! ,eu*>i/ or at lea/ symbolize x1 ! ,eu*>i/ is ! end ( !m all4 ,! ,eu*>i/ may be def9$ z foll[s3 8,! body & blood ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ pres5t ?r\gh ! words ( consecration "u ! appe>ances ( bread & w9e to be (f]$ to ,god & to be receiv$ by man40 ,?us1 we may di/+ui% v>i\s aspects ( ! ,eu*>i/4 7a7 ,x is a sacrifice1 s9ce ! ,mass is ! supreme act ( wor%ip & is "o ) ! sacrifice ( ! cross 7see #bagh sqq474 7b7 ,x is a p]man5t ,sacram5t1 s9ce unlike ! o!r ,sacram5ts x does n consi/ 9 ! pass+ application ( a sacr$ sign to a recipi5t1 b 9 ! abid+ pres5ce ( a ?+ absolutely sacr$ conta9$ "u s5sible =ms4 7c7 ,x may be consid]$ 9 its pass+ phases ( beg9n+1 9 :i* x is consecrat$ by ! prie/ 7p]=mance ( ! ,sacram5t71 & t]m9ation1 9 :i* x is receiv$ by ! communicant 7application1 disp5sation ( ! ,sacram5t74 #bgjj4 ,! ,matt] & ,=m ( ! ,eu*>i/4--,s9ce ! ess5ce ( a ,sacram5t is f\nd 9 ! outw>d sign1 x is commonly held t ! ,sacram5t ( ! ,eu*>i/ consi/s 9 ! species ( bread & w9e z signify+ ! body & blood ( ! ,savi\r1 :i* is really1 truly & sub/antially conta9$ "u !m4 7a7 ,! matt] ( ! fir/ consecration is t :i* ,*ri/ us$1 namely1 bread4 ,! bread mu/ be true bread 9 ! /rict & usual ,scriptural s5se ( ! ^w4 ,h5ce1 = validity x is necess>y t x be made f :eat fl\r 7bread made f beans1 peas or o!r legumes1 bread made f non-:eat5 c]eals su* z corn1 oats1 & probably also rye & b>ley1 is n valid matt]72 t ! fl\r be mix$ ) wat] 7bread made f a notable quantity1 i4e41 ab\t "o-?ird ( o!r liquid1 su* z milk1 oil1 w9e1 is invalid matt]72 fur!r1 t ! mixture be suffici5tly bak$ 7d\gh or half-bak$ cakes are invalid matt]74 ,! bread mu/ be entire & n sub/antially adult]at$ or *ang$2 h5ce1 bread f :i* all ! glut5 has be5 ab/ract$1 bread to :i* a notable am\nt ( =eign sub/ance 7su* z sug> or non-:eat5 fl\r7 has be5 add$1 bread s old t x has corrupt$1 _c be consecrat$4 ,accid5tal qualities d n affect validity1 & h5ce any k9d ( :eat may be us$ 7h>d1 s(t1 r$1 or :ite74 ,b ! *ur* law /rictly requires t a prie/ obs]ve ! tradition ( 8 own ,*ur* 7i4e41 among ,lat9s ! bread mu/ be unleav5$ & ! ho/ r\nd71 & t all consecrat$ matt] be new 7i4e41 n bak$ m ?an f\rte5 days1 or1 accord+ to o!rs1 tw5ty or =ty days71 clean1 & unbrok54 ,! small p>ticles = ! laity %\ld be ab\t "o in* 9 diamet]1 ! l>ge ho/s ab\t two or ?ree in*es2 & all alt> breads %\ld be ( mod]ate ?ickness4 7b7 ,! matt] ( ! second consecration is likewise t appo9t$ by ,*ri/ at ! ,la/ ,supp]1 namely1 w9e4 ,only w9e /rictly s call$ accord+ to ,scriptural & common usage is valid matt]4 ,h5ce1 ! ,eu*>i/ic w9e mu/ be made f grapes1 & consequ5tly *]ry w9e1 currant w9e1 pea* w9e1 blackb]ry w9e1 cid]1 wild grape w9e1 artificial w9e1 etc41 are insuffici5t2 ! grapes mu/ be ripe1 & v]juice is !re=e invalid matt]4 ,! w9e mu/ also be entire1 unadult]at$1 & uncorrupt$2 & h5ce w9e f :i* all ! alcohol has be5 remov$1 br&y or cognac 7i4e41 spirits di/ill$ f w9e71 w9e to :i* a notable quantity ( wat]1 t>t>ic acid1 sug>1 alcohol or o!r sub/ance has be5 add$1 & w9e :i* has become v9eg>1 are n fit matt] = ! ,sacram5t4 ,accid5tal qualities are ( no importance to validity1 & h5ce ! w9e may be r$ or :ite1 dry or sweet2 x may be made ei!r f ripe or dry grapes 7rais9 w9e72 & ! ,*ur* p]mits ! =tification ( weak w9e by a process ( heat+ t does n prev5t f]m5tation1 or by ! addition :5 f]m5tation has begun to subside ( grape or w9e alcohol on condition t ! f9al alcoholic /r5g? does n exce$ #ab1 or 9 "s cases1 if ! w9e possess$ s mu*1 #ag or #ah4 ,b ! *ur* law /rictly requires = licit matt] t w9e be f]m5t$1 ?\gh mu/ or new w9e is p]missible 9 case ( necessity1 if x h ab\t #e alcohol2 t x be nei!r s\r+ nor froz51 nor mix$ ) sub/ances add$ = ! sake ( aroma1 color or sweetness1 nor ) wat] p\r$ 9 be=e ,mass4 ,! tradition & law ( ! ,*ur*1 bas$ on ! example ( ,*ri/1 make x a grave obligation t a few drops ( wat] be add$ to ! w9e at ! alt>1 b1 if ! wat] equals a ?ird "p ( ! w9e1 ! matt] becomes ( d\btful suffici5cy4 7c7 ,! =m is conta9$ ess5tially 9 ! words ( consecration us$ by ,*ri/ at ! in/itution ( ! ,eu*>i/1 namely1 8,hoc e/ corpus meum0 ov] ! bread1 & 8,hic e/ calix sangu9is mei0 ov] ! w9e4 ,b a grave precept ( ! ,*ur* requires t all ! o!r pr9cipal words ( ! consecration be pron\nc$ 7i4e41 ! 8novi et aet]ni te/am5ti1 etc410 ! 8,haec quotiescumque1 etc410 ! 8,qui pridie10 ! 8,simili modo074 ,! omission ( ! p>ticle 8enim0 w\ld be only v5ially s9ful4 #bgja4 ,! ,m9i/] ( ,consecration4--7a7 ,qualifications4--,e prie/ & only a prie/ c consecrate validly1 = only to ! ,apo/les & _! successors 9 ! prie/hood 7 spok5 ! words ( ,*ri/3 8,d ?is 9 commemoration ( ,me40 ,b only ^? prie/s c consecrate lawfully :o h ! faculty ( celebrat+ ,mass 7see #bgji74 7b7 ,duties z reg>ds ,valid ,consecration4--,int]nally1 !re mu/ be ! int5tion 7actual or virtual7 ( act+ 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/1 & ( effect+ :at ! words ( consecration signify2 & h5ce a m]ely n>rative recitation ( ! =m is insuffici5t4 ,?is actual or virtual int5tion mu/ also det]m9e ! individual matt] to be consecrat$1 & h5ce a ho/ plac$ on ! corporal is n consecrat$ if ! prie/ nei!r saw x nor took x up = consecration4 ,small crumbs 9 ! ciborium & small drops ( w9e on ! inn] side ( ! *alice are consecrat$1 unless exclud$ by ! prie/'s int5tion2 b drops ( w9e on ! outside ( ! *alice %\ld be consid]$ unconsecrat$1 s9ce x is unlawful to consecrate :at is n conta9$ 9 ! *alice4 ,ext]nally1 bread & w9e mu/ be physically pres5t to ! prie/1 t is1 s )9 8 rea* or range t accord+ to human usage !y c be correctly designat$ by ! demon/rative pron\n 8?is0 us$ 9 ! =m4 ,accord+ly1 !y mu/ be ne> ! m9i/]2 h[ ne> _c be ma!matically def9$1 & au?ors v>i\sly assign ab\t t51 tw5ty1 ?irty1 =ty & fifty paces z ! extreme limit4 ,aga91 ! bread & w9e mu/ n be sep>at$ f ! m9i/] by any divid+ p>tition1 su* z a wall1 or ! alt>1 or p]haps ev5 ! clos$ door ( ! tab]nacle1 ?\gh a clos$ conta9] 7su* z a cov]$ ciborium or *alice7 w\ld n put ! matt] away f ! m9i/]'s pres5ce4 ,f9ally1 !y mu/ n be beh9d ! m9i/]'s back1 &1 ev5 if !y are be=e him b hidd5 7e4g41 ho/s "u ! corporal or *alice71 ! consecration is d\btful4 7c7 ,duties z reg>ds ,lawful ,consecration4--,int]nally1 !re mu/ be ! /ate ( grace1 :i* ! div9e law prescribes1 ,fur!r1 "o :o is consci\s ( grave s9 c]ta9ly committ$ & c]ta9ly unconfess$ 7unless inculpably omitt$ 9 confession7 mu/ g to confession be=eh&1 unless !re be ne$ to celebrate at once 7e4g41 because o!rwise !re w be no p>o*ial ,mass on a day ( precept1 or because grave sc&al or defamation w result1 or a dy+ p]son w be depriv$ ( ! ,viaticum7 & confession is impossible 7i4e41 !re is no confessor pres5t :o has jurisdiction1 or :o c be resort$ to )\t a s]i\s inconv5i5ce extr9sic to confession1 & moreov] x is v difficult on acc\nt ( di/ance1 heal?1 wea!r1 or o!r l reasons to g else:]e to confession74 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 he may make an act ( p]fect contrition & !n proce$ to celebrate4 ,b "o :o has consecrat$ )\t confession because ( su* necessity mu/ g to confession z soon z possible--i4e41 )9 ?ree days1 or1 if circum/ances s require1 e>li] ?an t 7e4g41 if a confessor c be _h ! same day1 b n aga9 = a week7 or lat] 7e4g41 if a confessor _c be _h = a week74 ,^! rules ab\t confession are ( grave obligation1 f ,*ur* law at lea/ 7,canon #hjg74 ,on acc\nt ( disrespect1 x seems t grave s9 is committ$ :5 ! celebrant is volunt>ily & adv]t5tly di/ract$ dur+ consecration1 b he %\ld n repeat ! =m unless x is c]ta9 or v probable t some?+ ess5tial has be5 omitt$4 ,ext]nally1 consecration mu/ be made only dur+ ,mass1 bo? species mu/ be consecrat$1 a l>g] quantity mu/ n be consecrat$ ?an c be conv5i5tly us$1 ! matt] at ! mom5t ( consecration mu/ re/ on ! corporal & above ! /one ( ! alt>1 & a ciborium mu/ be uncov]$ :ile its bread is be+ consecrat$4 #bgjb4 ,inadv]t5t ,neglect ( ,grave ,liturgical ,precept4--,is ! consecration valid :5 ! m9i/] inadv]t5tly neglects "s grave liturgical precept z to ! matt] or mann] ( consecration8 7a7 ,"s au?ors reply 9 ! negative1 because !y feel t no prie/ has ! w to consecrate 9 a way =bidd5 by ! ,*ur* "u pa9 ( grave s94 ,accord+ to ?is op9ion1 !n1 if accid5tally no wat] 7 plac$ 9 ! *alice1 or if ! *alice 7 unconsecrat$1 or if ! ciborium 7 left (f ! corporal1 ! consecration w\ld be invalid4 7b7 ,o!r au?ors di/+ui% z foll[s3 if ! celebrant int5d$ n to consecrate ) a mat]ial brea* ( grave liturgical prescription1 ! consecration w\ld be null2 if ! celebrant _h only ! int5tion to consecrate all valid matt] be=e him1 ! consecration w\ld be valid4 ,?is latt] int5tion1 x seems1 %\ld be =m$ by all prie/s once = all1 s9ce x ensures ! validity ( _! consecrations & is n s9ful1 z x does n aim to violate ! rubrics1 b only to provide = exceptional cases :5 a rubric is un9t5tionally violat$4 #bgjc4 ,! ,m9i/] ( ,communion4--7a7 ,qualifications4--,! ord9>y m9i/] ( ,communion is a prie/1 ! extraord9>y m9i/] a deacon4 ,pa/ors & o!r prie/s to ^: cu/ody ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t is entru/$ h ! "r to give ,communion1 & o!rs also :o h express or presum$ p]mission4 ,! celebrant ( ,mass may give ,communion dur+ 8 ,mass1 &1 if ,mass is private1 j be=e & j aft] x4 ,a sick prie/ :o is unable to say ,mass may communicate himself1 at lea/ :5 !re is no o!r m9i/] at h&2 & ev5 a layman may1 9 ! abs5ce ( a major cl]ic1 give himself ! ,viaticum1 or consume ! ,ho/ to save x f pr(anation 7,canons #hde-hej74 7b7 ,duties4--,int]nally1 ! m9i/] is b\nd sub levi to be 9 ! /ate ( grace1 & sub gravi to be free f c5sures 7su* z susp5sion7 :i* =bid him ! ex]cise ( ! m9i/ry4 ,ext]nally1 he mu/ obs]ve ! *ur* laws on ! mann]1 "t & place = di/ribution ( ! ,sacram5t 7,canons #hea1 #heb1 #hfg-hfi71 & also ! liturgical rules = ,communion dur+ & outside ( ,mass1 = ,communion ( ! sick & ! dy+1 & = ! avoidance ( defects 9 giv+ ,communion 7,rituale ,rom41 ,tit4 ,,iv2 ,missale ,rom41 de defectibus ,missae74 #bgjd4 ,! ,recipi5t ( ! ,eu*>i/4--7a7 ,^? ,:o ,may ,receive ,communion4--,accord+ to div9e law1 e liv+ p]son :o has receiv$ ,baptism ( wat] is capable ( receiv+ ! ,eu*>i/1 infants & ! insane n exclud$4 ,ecclesia/ical law requires o!r conditions1 :i* are ju/ifi$ by consid]ations ( respect = ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t or o!r good reason4 ,communion may n be giv51 fir/1 to ^? :o h n ! use ( reason 7i4e41 to infants & ! p]petually insane71 nor to ^? :o are unable to und]/& ! ess5tial tru?s ( religion & morality 7i4e41 to ^? :o h always be5 deaf & dumb or bl9d1 & :o are un9/ruct$72 =1 on ! "o h&1 ! ,sacram5t is n necess>y = ^! p]sons1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is great dang] ( irrev]5ce if x be giv5 !m4 ,secondly1 ,communion may n be giv5 to ^? :o _c receive )\t grave p]il ( unbecom+ treatm5t ( ! ,sacram5t1 z 9 ! case ( ^? :o c\gh or vomit cont9ually or frequ5tly1 or ( ^? :o are deliri\s1 or unconsci\s1 or insane1 ,b if ! dang] is c]ta9ly slight 7e4g41 if ! p]son c swall[ an unconsecrat$ ho/ )\t spitt+ x out71 ,communion may be giv51 at lea/ ! ,viaticum or ,ea/] ,communion4 ,next ^? p]sons are d5i$ ,communion :o _c receive )\t sc&al 7e4g41 ^? :o are infam\s1 su* z pro/itutes or defam]s1 p]sons intoxicat$ or insuffici5tly dress$74 ,f9ally1 no "o may receive ,communion :o has already receiv$ x t day1 le/ ! ,sacram5t become common & be tak5 )\t due prep>ation2 b exception is made :5 x is necess>y to communicate a second "t 9 ord] to comply ) ! div9e law ( receiv+ ,viaticum or ( sav+ ! ,ho/ f pr(anation 7,canons #hec-heh74 7b7 ,^? ,:o ,mu/ ,receive ,communion4--,!re is a div9e precept t adults receive ! ,eu*>i/ wor?ily 7,john1 vi4 #ed74 ,x obliges p] se1 :5 "o is c]ta9ly or almo/ c]ta9ly 9 proximate dang] ( dea?1 unless "o has rec5tly 7t is1 accord+ to "s1 )9 a week's "t7 receiv$ ,communion2 = ?is ,sacram5t is ! wayf>]'s provision = 8 j\rney to et]nity4 ,x obliges also n[ & !n dur+ life1 s9ce ! ,eu*>i/ is man's spiritual n\ri%m5t = ! j\rney ( life4 ,x obliges p] accid5s1 :5 ,communion is necess>y to avoid grave s91 = *>ity to self obliges "o to use ! means )\t :i* s]i\s spiritual h>m _c be escap$4 ,! *ur* law det]m9es ! details = ! fulfillm5t ( ! div9e precept4 ,all ! fai?ful :o h rea*$ ! age ( reason1 ev5 ?\gh !y be "u sev5 ye>s1 mu/ fulfill ! ye>ly ,ea/] duty 7see #beib1 #beic74 ,9 ref]5ce to ,fir/ ,communion1 ! ,*ur* requires t *ildr5 :o are n 9 dang] ( dea? mu/ h a m5tal & moral fitness1 consi/+ 9 a k ( ! *ief my/]ies ( fai? & a devotion t[>ds ! ,eu*>i/ su* z is possible at _! "t ( life4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! la/ ,communion1 or ,viaticum1 ! ,code decl>es t x is obligatory1 no matt] :at be ! cause ( ! dang] ( dea?2 x rem9ds u t ! duty %\ld n be put (f too long2 x recomm5ds t ! ,viaticum be adm9i/]$ ev5 to ^? :o _h communicat$ ! same day be=e ! dang] ( dea? arose1 & t x be giv5 on di/9ct days dur+ ! dang]4 ,= *ildr5 :o are 9 dang] ( dea? x suffices t !y are able to di/+ui% ! ,eu*>i/ f ord9>y food & to adore x rev]5tly 7,canons #hei-hfe1 #hed74 #bgje4 ,dispositions = ,wor?y ,communion4--7a7 ,dispositions ( ,s\l4--,! div9e law requires ! /ate ( grace 7,i ,cor41 xi4 #bg sqq471 & probably also ! previ\s sacram5tal confession :i* ! ,*ur* prescribes sub gravi = "o :o is consci\s ( s]i\s s9 n yet remitt$ ?r\gh absolution4 ,b he is excus$ f ! duty ( previ\s confession :o _c omit ,communion n[ 7e4g41 because :ile at ! rails he rememb]s a grave s9 & _c leave )\t be+ disgrac$7 & :o is unable to g to confession 7see #bgja c74 ,! recipi5t mu/ also h a k ( ! ,sacram5t suit$ to 8 m5tal capacity1 & he mu/ desire x1 at lea/ habitually4 ,s9ce ! ,sacram5ts are fruitful 9 proportion to ! coop]ation giv5 !m1 & s9ce ! pres5ce & visit ( ,*ri/ des]ves honor & recognition1 ,communion %\ld be receiv$ dev\tly1 & %\ld be prec$$ by a prep>ation & foll[$ by a ?anksgiv+ 7,canons #hef1 #gca74 ,! fai?ful may receive 9 any ,rite1 b _! own ,rite is advis$ = ,ea/] ,communion & /rongly urg$ = ! ,viaticum 7,canon #hff74 7b7 ,dispositions ( ,body4--,! communicant mu/ obs]ve ! ,eu*>i/ic fa/ & mu/ conduct himself ) ext]nal rev]5ce4 ,by ecclesia/ical law a p]son is b\nd to ! fa/+ f midnight to receive ! ,holy ,eu*>i/ lawfully 7,canons #hjh1 #heh74 ,despite ! *anges made by ! ,apo/olic ,con/itution1 ,*ri/us ,dom9us 7,jan4 #af1 #aiec7 & ! ,motu ,proprio1 8,sacram ,communionem0 7,m>4 #ai1 #aieg71 prie/s & ! fai?ful :o are able to d s are exhort$ to obs]ve ?is v5]able & anci5t =m ( ,eu*>i/ic fa/ be=e ,mass or ,holy ,communion4 ,! legislation ( ^! two papal docum5ts1 int5d$ to increase devotion to ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t by fo/]+ frequ5t ,communion1 decrees3 #a7 t natural wat] does n break ! fa/2 #b7 t ! p]iod = obs]v+ ! ,eu*>i/ fa/ be=e ,mass1 at :atev] h\r x may be said 7morn+1 aft]noon1 midnight71 is ?ree h\rs f solid food & alcoholic bev]ages1 & "o h\r f non-alcoholic bev]ages4 ,! prie/ :o is to celebrate computes 8 "t f ! beg9n+ ( ,mass2 ! fai?ful1 f ! "t ( ,communion2 #c7 t ! sick1 al?\gh n conf9$ to b$1 may consume non-alcoholic bev]ages & real & appropriate m$ic9es1 liquid or solid1 )\t any re/riction ( "t4 ,! ,eu*>i/ic fa/ is bas$ on primitive tradition & is enjo9$ by ! ,*ur* z a grave obligation t admits ( no lightness ( matt]4 ,! fa/ is violat$ by ! smalle/ portion ( food or alcoholic dr9k4 ,food is any solid :i* ! physician consid]s dige/ible or alt]able by ! /oma*1 & h5ce ! fa/ is n brok5 if wood1 /r+1 pap]1 hairs or f+]nails are swall[$4 ,b ! food or dr9k mu/ be eat5 or drunk1 t is1 x mu/ come f outside ! m\? & be tak5 into ! /oma* 9 ! way ( consumption1 & h5ce ! fa/ is n brok5 by :at comes f )9 ! m\? 7e4g41 blood f ! gums1 food rema9+ 9 ! tee? f ! previ\s day7 or by :at is tak5 into ! /oma* 9 ! way ( saliva 7e4g41 ! accid5tal remnants ( a m\? wa% or ( a ?roat g>gle1 or spray1 or ( a *ew ( tobacco or gum1 :5 "o has spit out ! cont5ts z mu* z possible71 or 9 ! way ( brea?+ 7e4g41 snuff1 tobacco smoke inhal$1 an insect or a ra9drop bl[n into ! m\?74 ,a solid1 l a c>amel1 h[ev]1 :i* is dissolv$ 9 ! m\? be=e x is swall[$1 c n be consid]$ z a liquid4 ,! liquid ( ! ,sacram ,communionem mu/ be a liquid be=e x ent]s ! m\?4 7,see 8,"s ,fur!r ,elucidations on ,sacram ,communionem0 by ,c>d9al ,ottaviani1 ,am]ican ,ecclesia/ical ,review1 ,vol4 ,,cxxxxvii1 ,no1 #b1 ,augu/ #aieg1 p4 #gd47 ,! reasons t excuse f ! ,eu*>i/ fa/1 9 reg>d to solids or alcoholic bev]ages1 9 lay ,communion1 are1 9 case ( ! well1 ! good ( ! ,sacram5t 7i4e41 its pres]vation f pr(anation71 or ! good ( self 7e4g41 avoidance ( s]i\s disgrace1 z :5 "o :o is at ! alt> rail rememb]s only !n t he is n fa/+72 9 ! case ( ! ill1 ! dang] ( dea? 7! ,viaticum may be receiv$ ev5 daily aft] n\ri%m5t74 ,! salt tak5 9 ,baptism does n break ! fa/1 & "o :o has a papal indult1 :i* is grant$ = suffici5t reasons1 may receive ,communion :5 n fa/+4 ,ext]nal rev]5ce means t "o %\ld approa* ,communion ) cleanl9ess ( body1 respectability ( dress1 & mode/y ( behavior4 ,no "o is unfitt$ = ,communion because ( inculpable unsightl9ess 7e4g41 a sick man :o has irremovable sc>s or de=mities1 a poor man :o _c af=d any b ! simple/ g>b1 a crippl$ p]son ^: gait is awkw>d74 ,b unwa%$ h&s & face1 dirty m\? or tee?1 worn or torn dress1 & ! l1 :i* "o avoids else:]e z unsuit$ = human company1 %\ld be avoid$ :5 receiv+ ! ,eu*>i/4 ,wom5 immode/ly dress$ %\ld be refus$ ,communion1 if o!rwise sc&al w result 7,canon #heh74 #bgjf4 ,frequ5t ,communion4--,:at dispositions are requir$ = frequ5t ,communion 7i4e41 ,communion made sev]al times a week7 & daily communion8 7a7 ,! necess>y dispositions are ! same z = r>e ,communion1 namely1 ! /ate ( grace & a "r int5tion4 ,"r int5tion means positively t "o h 9 view ! ends t ,*ri/ int5d$ :5 ,he in/itut$ ! ,sacram5t1 namely1 t by means ( ,communion "o may please ,him1 may be m closely unit$ to ,him1 & may receive a rem$y = "o's defects & infirmities4 ,^? :o receive dev\tly h ^! purposes at lea/ implicitly1 :i* suffices2 b x w\ld be a s]i\s s9 wilfully to exclude all ^! ends4 ,"r int5tion means negatively t "o mu/ n frequ5t ,communion m]ely f r\t9e1 or f vanity1 or f purely human motives1 su* z pecuni>y pr(it or advantage4 ,if ! true ends are n exclud$1 ^! improp] motives d n exce$ a v5ial s94 7b7 ,useful1 b n necess>y1 dispositions are fre$om f v5ial s9s1 especially su* z are delib]ate1 & fre$om f affection = v5ial s9s4 #bgjg4 ,duties ( ,p>5ts1 ,pa/ors1 ,confessors 9 ,ref]5ce to ,communion4--7a7 ,p>5ts4--,! obligation ( ! ,ea/] duty = boys "u f\rte5 & = girls "u twelve re/s morally & juridically ^u ! consci5ces ( ^? :o are *>g$ ) _! c>e1 namely1 p>5ts1 gu>dians1 pa/ors1 & confessors 7see #bfcj1 #bfca74 ,! p>5ts are ! be/ judges ( ! m5tal developm5t1 moral disposition & in/ruction ( _! *ildr51 & !re=e ( _! fitness = ,fir/ ,communion 7,canons #hfj1 #hed1 n4 #d74 7b7 ,confessors4--,! decision or c\nsel ab\t ! fitness ( *ildr5 = ,fir/ ,communion1 ( p5it5ts = frequ5t or daily ,communion1 ab\t ! frequ5cy ( ! ,viaticum1 is left by ! ,*ur* to ! prud5ce ( ! confessor 7,canons #hfj1 #hfc1 #hfd1 #heh1 n4#b74 7c7 ,pa/ors4--,! ,code prescribes t pa/ors be especially zeal\s 9 ! matt] ( hold+ ,l5t5 classes = ! in/ruction ( *ildr5 9 ord] t !y may receive _! ,fir/ ,communion wor?ily2 x ve/s 9 ! pa/or ! duty ( see+ t no *ild approa*es ,fir/ ,communion :o has n ! use ( reason or prop] dispositions1 z well z ( see+ t ^? *ildr5 :o are fit receive ,communion )\t delay2 x also requires t he provide = ! full] in/ruction 9 ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( *ildr5 :o h made _! ,fir/ ,communion 7,canons #accj1 #hed1 n4 #e1 #acca74 ,pa/ors %\ld recomm5d to _! p ! practices ( frequ5t ,communion & ( wor?y ,communion at e ,mass !y he>1 & %\ld take c>e t ! dy+ receive ! ,viaticum :ile !y are 9 possession ( _! m5tal faculties 7,canons #hfc1 #hfe74 ,on ! duty ( adm9i/]+ ,communion see #bfgf4 #bgjh4 ,res]vation ( ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t4--,hav+ consid]$ ! duties ow$ to ! consecration & communion ( ! ,eu*>i/1 we %all conclude by m5tion+ ^? t are ow$ to ! ,sacram5t 9 its p]man5cy or to ,*ri/ dwell+ 9 ! tab]nacle4 7a7 ,! ,duty ( ,cu/ody4--,! ,bless$ ,sacram5t mu/ be res]v$ 9 ca!dral1 abbatial1 p>o*ial1 & religi\s *ur*es2 & x may be res]v$ ) due p]mission ( ! ,ord9>y 9 collegiate *ur*es & 9 c]ta9 public oratories2 b !re mu/ be someone 9 *>ge1 & x is n all[$ to res]ve ! ,eu*>i/ 9 private homes or to c>ry x ab\t :5 travell+4 ,*ur*es :i* h ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t %\ld be op5 at lea/ a few h\rs daily to ! fai?ful4 ,x is n lawful to res]ve ! ,sacram5t habitually on m ?an "o alt> ( ! *ur*1 & t alt> %\ld be ! "o t is mo/ honorable or mo/ suit$ = wor%ip1 & x %\ld be suitably decorat$4 ,! tab]nacle %\ld be z preci\s z possible & be c>efully gu>d$1 & ! ,ho/s %\ld be res]v$ inside 9 a solid pyx or ciborium4 ,be=e ! tab]nacle %\ld burn day & night a sanctu>y lamp f$ by olive or o!r oil 7,canons #abfe-abga74 7b7 ,! ,duty ( ,r5ewal ( ! ,ho/s4--,! consecrat$ species kept = ,communion & adoration %\ld be frequ5tly r5ew$1 le/ !y be corrupt$4 ,x w\ld be a s]i\s s9 ( irrev]5ce to neglect ?is duty = ov] "o or two mon?s1 or ev5 = a %ort] "t if ! dang] ( corruption is great on acc\nt ( local conditions1 su* z dampness 7,canon #abgb74 7c7 ,! ,duty ( ,wor%ip4--,pa/ors & o!rs 9 *>ge ( religi\s in/ruction %\ld enc\rage devotion to ! ,eu*>i/1 & especially ! practice ( assi/ance at ,mass ev5 on weekdays & ( visits to ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t4 ,b5$iction may be giv5 frequ5tly1 & at lea/ once a ye> !re %\ld be held 9 e p>i% *ur* ! ,devotion ( ! ,=ty ,h\rs1 or at lea/ "s m solemn exposition ( ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t = a numb] ( h\rs 7,canons #abgc-abge74 #bgji4 ,! ,sacrifice ( ! ,mass4--,9 ! ,eu*>i/ is conta9$ n only a ,sacram5t :i* conf]s ! grace ( spiritual nutrition on its recipi5ts1 b also a sacrifice :i* (f]s to ,god ,*ri/'s oblation z an act ( adoration1 ?anksgiv+1 satisfaction & int]cession4 ,x is ?is sacrifice--:i* is "o ) ! sacrifice ( ! cross1 ?\gh (f]$ unbloodily--t is kn[n z ! ,mass4 ,! *ief p]sons :o h duties 9 ref]5ce to ! ,mass are ! celebrant & ! assi/ants4 7a7 ,! celebrant is ! prie/1 :o acts 9 ! "n & p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,to say ,mass validly "o mu/ h ! p[] ( ,ord]s conf]r$ 9 ! presbyt]ate or prie/hood1 & mu/ int5d to consecrate 7see #bgja b72 to say ,mass licitly "o mu/ be free f imp$im5ts :i* deb> f ,mass1 su* z susp5sion or irregul>ity4 ,/range prie/s :o wi% to say ,mass are requir$ to pres5t a celebret or te/imonial lett] to ! rector ( ! *ur* 7,canon #hjd71 )\t prejudice1 h[ev]1 to _! "r to say ,mass once or twice :5 !y pres5t !mselves 9 cl]ical g>b & sign ! visit+ prie/'s book4 7b7 ,! assi/ants are all ^? :o he> ,mass4 ,_! duties 7 already expla9$ 9 ! "q on ! fir/ precept ( ! ,*ur* 7#begf sqq474 ,we %all conf9e ourselves "h1 !re=e1 to ! duties ( ! celebrant4 #bgaj4 ,! ,obligation ( ,say+ ,mass4--7a7 ,! ,obligation by reason ( ,ord]s or ,prie/hood4--,div9e law imposes on prie/s z a body a grave obligation ( celebrat+ ,mass ) su* frequ5cy t ! memory ( ,*ri/'s passion be kept alive1 :i* is ! purpose ( ! prie/hood1 accord+ to ! words3 8,d ?is 9 commemoration ( ,me40 ,div9e law also imposes on ea* individual prie/ ! obligation ( say+ ,mass at frequ5t int]vals 7i4e41 at lea/1 x w\ld seem1 on ! great] fea/s & at dates n m ?an six mon?s ap>t72 = a prie/ is orda9$ prim>ily to give glory to ,god & to imp>t bless+s to man by ! ,sacrifice ( ! ,mass 7,heb41 v4 #a74 ,x seems1 !re=e1 t a prie/ receives grace 9 va9 or neglects ! sacrifice 7,,ii ,cor41 vi4 #a1 ,,ii ,ma*41 iv4 #ad7 if he omits ,mass on ! mo/ solemn occasions ( ! ye> :5 ne>ly all ! fai?ful are accu/om$ to receive ,communion1 or if he omits x = su* a notable p]iod z m ?an six mon?s4 ,x seems t ! s9 is p] se v5ial1 z be+ oppos$ to f]vor r ?an to *>ity2 b x may be mortal p] accid5s1 z :5 s]i\s sc&al is giv54 ,!re is no s91 h[ev]1 if a prie/ has no opportunity to celebrate1 or is lawfully imp$$ 7e4g41 on acc\nt ( humility1 scrupulosity1 illness1 or c5sure74 ,! law ( ! ,*ur* recalls ?is obligation 9 ,canon #hje1 & calls on bi%ops & religi\s sup]iors to exhort _! subjects to say ,mass at lea/ on all ,sundays & holydays4 ,daily ,mass is q cu/om>y today1 & !re might be s]i\s sc&al if )\t reason ,mass 7 said only exceptionally4 7b7 ,! ,obligation by ,reason ( ,special ,(fices or ,duties4--,pa/ors are b\nd to say or provide ,mass = _! p on days ( obligation z a duty ( ju/ice1 & x seems on o!r days also z a duty ( *>ity if !re is a great ne$ or dem& & no reasonable imp$im5t4 ,!re is an obligation ( ju/ice to celebrate ,mass1 if "o has contract$ to d s2 an obligation ( fidelity1 if "o has freely promis$2 an obligation ( religion1 if "o has v[$2 an obligation ( ob$i5ce1 if "o has be5 lawfully comm&$ by "o's sup]ior4 #bgaa4 ,dispositions = ! ,celebration ( ,mass4--7a7 ,dispositions ( ,s\l4--,! celebrant mu/ be 9 ! /ate ( grace1 & mu/ g to confession be=e ,mass if he has a s]i\s s9 on 8 consci5ce 7see #bgja c74 ,he mu/ h ! int5tion & att5tion :i* ! validity ( ! consecration requires 7#bgja b71 & ! rev]5ce & devotion :i* is due ! pray]s ( ! ,mass 7#baec sqq471 ,volunt>y & fully delib]ate di/ractions ent]ta9$ = a consid]able "t dur+ ! ,canon seem to be s]i\sly s9ful4 ,x is mo/ suitable1 ?\gh app>5tly n comm&$ by ! ,*ur*1 t ,mat9s & ,lauds be said be=e ,mass4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a duty ( religion & ( *>ity to self to make a suitable prep>ation & ?anksgiv+2 b neglig5ce "h is a light s91 unless !re be contempt or s]i\s sc&al4 ,fifte5 m9utes or a half-h\r is recomm5d$ by ascetical writ]s1 & ! pray]s may be tak5 f ^? giv5 9 ! ,brevi>y & ,missal1 ,int]nal pray]1 h[ev]1 is m important ?an ext]nal recitation 7,canon #haj74 7b7 ,dispositions ( ,body4--,! ,eu*>i/ic or natural fa/ is ( grave obligation = ! celebration ( ,mass 7,canon #hjh74 ,! only excuses are necessity accord+ to div9e law or exemption by ecclesia/ical law4 ,necessity occurs :5 "o mu/ complete ! sacrifice 7e4g41 :5 aft] ! ,communion ! prie/ notices t he consecrat$ "o species invalidly71 or mu/ avoid sc&al 7e4g41 :5 a prie/ rememb]s aft] go+ to ! alt> t he is n fa/+71 or mu/ consecrate = ! ,viaticum 7e4g41 :5 !re is no consecrat$ ho/ = a dy+ p]son74 ,s9ce ! law is ecclesia/ical1 ! ,*ur* c\ld disp5se = a grave reason 7e4g41 to enable a sickly prie/ to say ,masses on ,sunday at widely sep>at$ po9ts ( 8 missions74 ,x is cle> t ! celebration ( ,mass calls = cleanness ( body1 suitabl5ess ( dress1 neatness & rubrical correctness ( ve/m5ts 7,canon #haa74 ,! omission ( a pr9cipal ve/m5t 7i4e41 bless$ alb1 /ole or *asuble7 is a s]i\s s91 except 9 grave necessity2 ! omission ( m9or ve/m5ts 7e4g41 amice7 is a v5ial s91 unless !re is a j reason4 ,! color ( ! day is n gravely obligatory1 except by reason ( sc&al1 & a good reason makes x lawful to use ano!r color4 #bgab4 ,gravity ( ,regulations ,conc]n+ ,circum/ances ( ,mass4--,s]i\s disrespect or s]i\s sc&al is caus$ by disreg>d ( important regulations conc]n+ ! circum/ances ( ! ,mass4 ,h5ce1 ! foll[+ rules oblige "u grave s91 ?\gh exceptions are p]mitt$ = cases ( grave or v grave necessity4 7a7 ,! ,"t ( ,mass4--,mass may n be said on ,good ,friday1 nor private ,masses on ,holy ,?ursday & ,holy ,saturday4 ,only "o ,mass may be said a day1 except on ,*ri/mas ,day & ,all ,s\ls' ,day1 & on o!r days :5 !re is reason = b9ation or tr9ation all[$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,ord9>ily ! h\r = beg9n+ ,mass %\ld n be e>li] ?an "o h\r be=e dawn 7i4e41 9 ! latitude ( ,new ,york f ab\t #a3bg a4m4 to #e3jj a4m41 accord+ to ! season71 nor lat] ?an "o h\r aft] noon4 ,b ! "t is to be und]/ood morally1 & x is n a grave s9 9 be+ e>li] or lat] ?an ! times fix$1 unless !re is a diff]5ce ( an entire h\r 7e4g41 if "o began ,mass at #b3jj p4m47 & n j excuse or disp5sation4 ,! ,holy ,see has ext5d$ to local ,ord9>ies ! p[] to p]mit ! daily celebration ( ,mass aft] noon1 if ! spiritual good ( a consid]able numb] ( ! fai?ful dem&s x 7,sacram ,communionem74 ,! ,holy ,see has also grant$ p]mission to ,ord9>ies to all[ ! celebration ( an ev5+ ,mass on ,palm ,sunday accompani$ by ! bless+ ( palms & procession4 ,on ,holy ,?ursday ! ,mass ( ! ,"l's ,supp] mu/ be celebrat$ at ! mo/ conv5i5t h\r1 b n be=e #d3jj p4m4 & n aft] #i3jj p4m42 ,ord9>ies may grant p]mission = "o or ev5 two l[ ,masses 7besides ! pr9cipal ,mass7 to be celebrat$ 9 *ur*es & public oratories1 & = "o 9 semi-public oratories )9 ! same h\rs1 #d3jj-i3jj p4m4 ,! prop] h\r = ! ,ea/] ,vigil is t :i* p]mits ! ,mass ( ! ,ea/] ,vigil to be />t$ ar\nd midnight4 ,p]mission may be grant$ to conduct ! vigil at a "t n be=e sunset 7,dispositions & ,regulations conc]n+ ! ,holy ,week ,liturgy1 ,feb4 #a1 #aieg1 ,sacr$ ,congregation ( ,rites74 ,"o ,*ri/mas may be said at midnight4 ,x is a s]i\s s9 to say ,mass 9 less ?an a qu>t] ( an h\r1 & a private ,mass %\ld n be prolong$ beyond a half-h\r4 7b7 ,place4--,mass may n be celebrat$ regul>ly except 9 a *ur* or oratory t is at lea/ bless$ & is n pollut$1 execrat$ or int]dict$4 ,x mu/ be said on an alt>1 & x w\ld be a s]i\s s91 except 9 grave or v grave necessity1 to celebrate )\t at lea/ "o alt> clo? or "o light$ wax c&le1 or )\t a rubrical *alice1 pat51 or corporal 7,canons #hbb1 #hbc74 7c7 ,rites4--,! pr9cipal rubrics ( ! ,mass are gravely obligatory1 = example1 to use an acolyte unless excus$ by disp5sation or necessity1 to say ea* pray] ( ! ,canon1 & ea* "p outside ! ,canon t occurs 9 e ,mass 7e4g41 ! pray]s at ! foot ( ! alt>1 ! ,gospel71 to p]=m ! ma9 liturgical actions 7e4g41 ! ,(f]tory1 ! break+ ( ! ho/1 ! purification ( ! *alice74 ,! second>y rubrics oblige "u v5ial s9 7see ,canons #hjc1 #hab-hai74 #bgac4 ,is x ,lawful to ,discont9ue a ,mass8--7a7 ,to t]m9ate ,mass be=e ! end has be5 rea*$ is unlawful unless !re be a s]i\s reason2 o!rwise1 disrespect is %[n ! ,holy ,sacrifice4 ,a grave reason 7e4g41 sudd5 sickness7 suffices if ,mass be discont9u$ be=e ! ,consecration2 a mo/ grave reason 7i4e41 dang] ( dea? or ( pr(anation ( ! ,sacram5t7 if ,mass be discont9u$ betwe5 ! ,consecration & ! ,communion4 ,b a ,mass t is brok5 (f aft] ! ,consecration & be=e ! ,communion mu/ be complet$ by ! celebrant or ano!r1 at lea/ if ?is c be done )9 an h\r f ! "t ( cessation2 else ! sacrifice is mutilat$4 7b7 ,to int]rupt ,mass is also unlawful )\t s]i\s cause4 ,?us1 a grave reason excuses an int]ruption outside ! ,canon1 = example1 to prea* a s]mon aft] ! ,gospel or ,communion2 b only a v grave reason excuses an int]ruption dur+ ! ,canon1 = example1 a sick call to give a necess>y ,sacram5t 7,baptism1 ,p5ance1 ,extreme ,unction1 or ,viaticum7 to a dy+ p]son4 #bgad4 ,application ( ! ,mass4--,all ! fai?ful1 especially ^? :o are pres5t & also ! celebrant himself1 b5efit by ! ,mass1 b !re is a special fruit res]v$ to ^? = ^: int5tion ! ,mass is (f]$ by ! prie/2 = ! ,mass is a sacrifice ( int]cession1 propitiation1 & satisfaction1 & s9ce ! prie/ acts 9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/ he may apply its b5efits specially to "s p>ticul> p]son or p]sons4 ,9 ! foll[+ cases ! celebrant is b\nd to make ?is application ( ! m9i/]ial fruit ( ! ,mass4 7a7 ,9 virtue ( _! (fice1 pa/ors are s]i\sly oblig$ to say ,mass = _! flocks4 ,!re is a natural obligation on acc\nt ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ! pa/or & ! p1 & !re is also a div9e obligation1 inasmu* z ! prie/ is appo9t$ to (f] gifts & sacrifices = s9 7,heb41 v1 #a74 ,! details ( ?is duty1 z to ! "t1 place & p]son1 are prescrib$ 9 ,canons #cjf1 #cci1 #dff4 ,!re is a grave duty ( say+ = ! p ! numb] ( ,masses :i* ! ,*ur* ord]s2 b ! non-obs]vance ( ! circum/ances is n a mortal s91 unless x happ5s frequ5tly & )\t reason4 7b7 ,9 virtue ( ju/ice1 a prie/ :o has receiv$ a /ip5d is b\nd to apply ! ,mass = ! int5tion ( ! donor1 & to obs]ve ! conditions ( ! agreem5t 7i4e41 ! "t1 place1 & k9d ( ,mass specifi$ by ! donor74 ,! duty ( application is a grave "o1 because ! loss inflict$ on ! donor by non-application ( ! ,mass to 8 int5tion is s]i\s2 ! duty ( obs]vance ( ! accid5tal conditions1 h[ev]1 is n g5]ally grave1 b x becomes grave if its neglect inflicts s]i\s h>m 7e4g41 if ! donor makes ! date ( ! ,mass a conditio s9e qua non1 or if ! ,mass mu/ be said at once on acc\nt ( an urg5t & imm$iate necessity74 ,re/itution is obligatory if ! ,mass is n appli$1 or if ess5tial conditions are n compli$ )2 x is obligatory sub gravi1 if ! /ip5d equals :at is relatively grave matt] 9 !ft4 7c7 ,9 virtue ( ob$i5ce1 subjects are held to apply ,masses = ! int5tion ( _! prelates1 secul> or religi\s1 ?\gh bi%ops are c\nsell$ to exact ?is mo/ r>ely4 ,! obligation is grave or light accord+ to ! int5tion ( ! sup]ior1 b if ! application is also due 9 ju/ice to ! giv] ( ! /ip5d1 !re is a s]i\s duty4 7d7 ,9 virtue ( religion or fidelity1 !re is an obligation ( application :5 a prie/ has v[$ ?is to ,god1 or freely promis$ x to man4 ,! duty is grave or light accord+ to ! int5tion ( ! v[] or promisor 7see #bbaj1 #bdjg74 ,b if !re is an on]\s promise 7e4g41 9 a society ( prie/s ^: memb]s agree to say ,mass = fell[-memb]s :o h di$71 ! duty is "o ( ju/ice4 ,"o ,mass satisfies sev]al free promises1 if di/9ct ,masses 7 n promis$4 #bgae4 ,duties ( ! ,prie/ z to ! ,application ( ,mass4--7a7 ,= ,:om ,may ,mass ,be ,appli$8--,mass may be (f]$ = all objects n =bidd54 ,f ! div9e law x is =bidd5 to (f] ,mass = ^? :o are incapable ( receiv+ its b5efits 7e4g41 ! demons1 infants :o di$ )\t ,baptism1 ! ,sa9ts71 or = int5tions t are displeas+ to ,god 7e4g41 = success 9 evil74 ,f ! ecclesia/ical law c]ta9 re/rictions are made on ! application ( ,mass 9 ord] to safegu>d rev]5ce & prev5t sc&al4 ,?us1 ,mass may be said only privately 7t is1 )\t publicity or special liturgical solemnity7 & prud5tly 7t is1 ) avoidance ( sc&al1 = example1 by ! decl>ation t ,mass is said = ! fai?ful dep>t$ ) ! purpose ( aid+ also a dep>t$ unbeliev]1 if ?is is pleas+ to ,god7 = ! liv+ & dead outside ! ,*ur*1 su* z infidels1 h]etics1 s*ismatics1 & ! excommunicat$4 ,moreov]1 = a vit&us ,mass may be appli$ only :5 ! int5tion is 8 conv]sion 7,canon #hji74 7b7 ,h[ ,mass ,mu/ ,be ,appli$4--,! int5tion mu/ be =m$ by ! prie/1 s9ce he repres5ts ,*ri/4 ,b s9ce 8 application does n produce b only be/[s ! fruits1 x suffices t 8 applicatory int5tion be habitual & implicit1 z :5 ! celebrant has =gott5 ! int5tion =m$ be=e ,mass1 or applies accord+ to ! m9d ( 8 sup]ior4 ,! p]son or purpose to :i* ,mass is appli$ mu/ be at lea/ implicitly det]m9$1 & ! application mu/ be made at lea/ be=e ! second consecration4 ,if !re are two conflict+ int5tions1 ! /rong] prevails 7#bffg71 &1 if x is d\btful :i* "o 0 /rong]1 ,mass %\ld be next (f]$ = ! int5tion :i* ,god kn[s 0 n satisfi$4 ,x is unlawful to apply ,mass by anticipation = ! next p]son :o w (f] a /ip5d4 #bgaf4 ,mass ,/ip5ds4--,x is n unlawful to receive a /ip5d = ! application ( ,mass1 b irreligion1 inju/ice1 av>ice1 sc&al & disob$i5ce mu/ be avoid$4 7a7 ,irreligion is committ$ if ! /ip5d is (f]$ or tak5 z ! price ( ! ,mass1 or if ,mass is said only because ( ! /ip5d1 or is reque/$ only = ! sake ( human favor 7see #bccc72 7b7 inju/ice is committ$1 if an excessive /ip5d is exact$2 7c7 av>ice is committ$ :5 "o is ov]-anxi\s ab\t l>ge /ip5ds2 7d7 sc&al is giv5 :5 !re is comm]cialism or ! appe>ance ( x 9 deal+ ) /ip5ds2 7e7 disob$i5ce is incurr$ :5 ! laws ( ! ,*ur* on ! am\nt ( a /ip5d1 ! numb] ( /ip5ds t may be tak51 _! di/ribution1 satisfaction1 etc41 are violat$ 7see ,canons #hbd-hdd74 ,x is =bidd5 to require two /ip5ds = "o ,mass1 or "o /ip5d = m]e celebration & ano!r = application4 ,art4 #c3 ,,rep5tance2 ,,p5ance2 ,,extreme ,,unction 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,,iii1 qq4 #hd-ij2 ,supplem5t1 qq4 #a-cc47 #bgag4 ,p5ance is ! "n bo? ( a virtue & ( a ,sacram5t ( ! ,new ,law4 ,! virtue 0 at all times necess>y2 ! ,sacram5t is necess>y s9ce its in/itution by ,*ri/4 ,hav+ consid]$ 9 ! previ\s ,article h[ ! spiritual life is begott51 matur$ & pres]v$ ?r\gh ! ,sacram5ts ( ,baptism1 ,confirmation & ,eu*>i/1 we %all consid] 9 ! pres5t ,article h[ spiritual dea? & infirmity are ov]come by ! rem$ies ( ,p5ance & ,extreme ,unction4 ,b fir/ we %all speak ( ! virtue ( p5ance or rep5tance :i* is a requisite = ! fruitful reception ( ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance & ( its complem5t1 ,extreme ,unction4 #bgah4 ,! ,virtue ( ,rep5tance4--,?is virtue is a gift ( ,god & a p]man5t habit ( ! s\l1 b !re are c]ta9 acts by :i* man coop]ates ) ,god & prep>es himself = ! gift4 ,sometimes a s9n] is conv]t$ ?r\gh consid]ation ( ,god's goodness or ( ! rew>ds ( heav52 b usually ^? :o h be5 drawn by s9ful delights are fir/ det]r$ f !m by ! ?\ght ( ,god's ju/ice1 & am5dm5t beg9s f fe>4 ,fai?1 hope1 fe> & love1 at lea/ virtually1 are always f\nd 9 ! process ( turn+ to ,god1 & usually !y foll[ "o ano!r 9 t process 9 ! ord] "h giv54 7a7 ,! beg9n+ ( conv]sion is ) ,god :o draws ! he>t3 8,conv]t u to ,!e1 ,o ,"l1 & we %all be conv]t$0 7,lam5t1 v4 #ba74 7b7 ,!n foll[s ! movem5t ( fai?1 = he t w\ld come to ,god mu/ fir/ believe t ,he is 7,heb41 xi4 #f74 7c7 ,next foll[ s]vile fe>1 :i* removes "o f s91 & hope1 :i* leads "o to ,god1 = fai? holds out bo? ?reats ( puni%m5t & promises ( m]cy4 7d7 ,!n come ! movem5ts ( love1 :i* dete/s s9 = its own sake1 & ( filial fe>1 :i* (f]s satisfaction to ,god out ( rev]5ce4 #bgai4 ,rep5tance4--,rep5tance may be def9$ z 8a moral virtue t incl9es ! w ( "o :o is subject to s9 to grieve ov] x & to make rep>ation to ,god = ! injury x does to ,8 rights40 7a7 ,?us1 rep5tance has its remote subject 9 "o :o is subject to s91 t is1 9 a p]son :o has s9n$ or :o is able to s94 ,h5ce1 x is n 9 ,*ri/1 :o is impeccable1 nor 9 ! holy ,angels1 ^: wills are fix$ 9 good2 b x is f\nd 9 ! ,sa9ts1 inasmu* z _! =m] s9 is displeas+ to !m & _! =m] contrition & satisfaction pleas+4 7b7 ,! proximate subject ( rep5tance is ! w1 = its acts ( regret1 resolution1 & rep>ation belong to ! high] appetitive faculty1 ,h5ce1 rep5tance does n consi/ 9 emotional sorr[1 & x does n ne$ to be s5sibly felt or jo9$ ) te>s4 7c7 ,! =mal object or motive ( rep5tance is rep>ation to ,goal = ! injury done ,him by "o's own p]sonal s94 ,s9 may be consid]$ z oppos$ to ! div9e goodness1 & 9 ?is respect x is dete/$ by *>ity2 or z oppos$ to ! good ( man himself1 & s hope dete/s x2 or z oppos$ to ! moral goodness ( "s p>ticul> virtue1 & 9 ?is respect x is hat$ by t virtue1 z temp]ance %uns intemp]ance2 or z oppos$ to ! "r :i* belongs to ,god1 ! ,la/ ,end1 t all actions be done = ,him1 & 9 ?is respect s9 is consid]$ by rep5tance4 ,"o may regret orig9al s9 or s9s done by o!rs1 b "o is n prop]ly said to rep5t ( !m4 7d7 ,! mat]ial object or subject-matt] ( rep5tance is ! acts by :i* rep>ation is made to ,god1 namely1 grief ov] s9 & its accompanim5ts1 hatr$ ( moral wick$ness 9 ! pres5t1 regrets = ! pa/1 & good resolutions = ! future4 ,?us1 rep5tance diff]s f religion1 = religion looks ^u ,god z ,"l & ,b5efactor & (f]s ,him wor%ip1 :ile rep5tance consid]s ,him z ! ,la/ ,end :o has be5 (f5d$ & (f]s ,him satisfaction4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 filial fe> & rep5tance is se5 9 ?is1 t ! =m] falls back ^u its own littl5ess1 :]eas ! latt] ?r[s itself at ! feet ( ,god4 #bgbj4 ,! ,"* ( ,rep5tance4--7a7 ,x is a virtue1 s9ce x is comm&$ 78,d p5ance10 ,matt41 iii4 #b71 & also s9ce x mod]ates accord+ to reason ! sorr[ felt = s91 keep+ x f ! extreme ( despair1 le/ x become ! remorse ( a ,ca9 or a ,judas4 7b7 ,x is a moral virtue1 s9ce its direct object is ! human acts by :i* rep>ation is made to ,god1 & its (fice ! regulation ( ^? acts )9 ! b\nds ( mod]ation4 7c7 ,x belongs to ju/ice1 be+ a comp5sation (f]$ = injury to ano!r's "r2 b x is only a pot5tial "p ( ju/ice1 z !re is n p]fect ju/ice betwe5 an inf]ior & ! sup]ior to ^: p[] ! =m] is subject 7#badb74 ,x is class$ "u commutative ju/ice on acc\nt ( ! return t is (f]$ = ! (f5se2 #bgba4 ,! ,excell5ce ( ,rep5tance4--7a7 ,its ,dignity4--,rep5tance ranks bel[ o!r virtues1 =1 :ile !y are naturally advantage\s to man1 rep5tance is b5eficial only hypo!tically1 namely1 9 ! supposition ( s94 ,9 "o respect1 h[ev]1 x holds a c]ta9 preem95ce1 = ! infus$ virtues are be/[$ only 9 ju/ification1 :]eas ! acts ( rep5tance t prep>e = ju/ification come be=e ^? virtues4 7b7 ,its ,necessity4--,9 ! actual provid5ce ( ,god no mortal s9 is remitt$ unless x be fir/ rep5t$ (1 & h5ce x is said3 8,unless y d p5ance1 y %all all likewise p]i%0 7,luke1 xiii4 #e74 ,?is is reasonable1 s9ce x is fitt+ t he :o has turn$ away f ,god by 8 own act1 %\ld also return to ,god by 8 own act4 ,z to v5ial s91 s9ce x consi/s 9 an inord9ate cleav+ to creat$ ?+s & mu/ be remov$ by its contr>y1 !re is ne$ ( an actual rejection ( ! exagg]at$ atta*m5t1 & h5ce ne$ ( rep5tance2 moreov]1 s9ce "o %\ld be re/or$ to ,god's fri5d%ip be=e be+ re/or$ to ,8 famili>ity1 p5it5ce 9 reg>d to a v5ial s9 does n avail1 unless ! p5it5t is 9 ! /ate ( grace4 ,! act ( rep5tance ne$ n be =mal 7i4e41 "o 9 :i* a p]son expressly ?9ks ( 8 s9s & expressly dete/s !m71 b a virtual act suffices1 t is1 an act ( love ( ,god :i* implicitly includes rep5tance1 ?\gh ! latt] is n expressly tak5 into consid]ation4 #bgbb4 ,is ,rep5tance ,necess>y z a ,means or z a ,precept8--7a7 ,x is necess>y z a means ( salvation because1 if x be omitt$1 salvation _c be atta9$4 ,god desires t ! s9n] assi/ 9 & cons5t to 8 own =giv5ess1 & rep5tance1 z we saw1 is ! mo/ suitable way 9 :i* ! s9n] c d ?is4 7b7 ,x is also necess>y z a precept4 ,! natural law requires t ^? :o h done an injury1 make rep>ation2 ! div9e law calls on s9n]s to rep5t & be conv]t$ to ,god 7,acts1 ii4 #ch1 iii4 #ai1 viii4 #bb71 & ! *ur* law prescribes annual confession4 #bgbc4 ,h[ ,soon ,does ! ,precept ( ,rep5tance ,oblige8--7a7 ,x obliges at once 7i4e41 )\t any delay71 :5 !re is imm$iate necessity = x4 ,?is happ5s p] se1 :5 "o is 9 grave dang] ( dea?1 = at t mom5t "o is b\nd to prep>e imm$iately to meet ,god1 :i* supposes rep5tance4 ,x happ5s p] accid5s1 :5 by reason ( "s urg5t precept di/9ct f t ( rep5tance "o is obligat$ "h & n[ to rid oneself ( s9 7e4g41 :5 "o is call$ on to adm9i/] a ,sacram5t & mu/ h a pure consci5ce1 or :5 "o is gravely tempt$ & w surely fall unless "o rep5ts ( ! pa/74 7b7 ,x obliges soon 7i4e41 )\t any unreasonable delay71 :5 !re is no imm$iate necessity4 ,x is n a new s9 to put (f rep5tance until tomorr[ or next week 9 su* a case2 = ! comm&m5t ( rep5tance1 be+ affirmative1 does n b9d = ea* in/ant1 b only = a reasonable "t4 ,b ! common op9ion is t a new s9 is committ$ :5 rep5tance is delay$ = a consid]able "t1 s9ce ?is exposes ! s9n] to fur!r s9s1 imp5it5ce1 & damnation4 ,practically1 x seems t ^? :o comply ) ! *ur* law ( ye>ly confession commit no s9 ( unrep5tance1 ?\gh "s consid] x a mortal s9 to delay rep5tance beyond a mon?4 #bgbd4 ,accompanim5ts ( ,rep5tance z to ,mortal ,s94--7a7 ,:5 "o mortal s9 is =giv51 e o!r mortal s9 is =giv5 at ! same "t4 ,= no "o c be truly rep5tant unless he grieves ov] 8 sep>ation f ,god1 & ?is means t he grieves ov] ea* individual mortal s94 ,b1 s9ce v5ial s9 does n sep>ate f ,god1 x is possible to be sorry = "o v5ial s9 )\t be+ sorry = ano!r4 7b7 ,:5 mortal s9 is =giv51 ! et]nal puni%m5t is also =giv51 = =giv5ess makes man a fri5d ( ,god & an heir to heav54 ,b ! temporal puni%m5t may rema9 due1 z is prov$ by ! examples ( ,adam 7,g541 iii4 #bc2 ,wisd41 x4 #b71 ( ,m>y1 ! si/] ( ,moses 7,num41 xii471 ( ,moses 7,num41 xx4 #ab71 ( ,david 7,,ii ,k+s1 xii4 #ac1 #ad71 & ( o!rs4 ,god is n only a m]ciful ,fa!r1 b also a j ,rul]1 & x is fitt+ t ,he %\ld exact satisfaction ev5 = s9 =giv54 ,b if rep5tance is v p]fect l t ( ,magdal5 & ,/4 ,paul1 ev5 ! temporal puni%m5t is =giv54 #bgbe4 ,! ,fruits ( ,rep5tance4--7a7 ,e s91 no matt] h[ griev\s1 is remov$ by rep5tance 7,is41 i4 #ah71 & h5ce !re is always room = =giv5ess4 ,= man is always able to rep5t & ,god is always ready to p>don ! p5it5t 7,joel1 ii4 #ac74 ,! unp>donable s9 is refusal to rep5t ( s91 if "o cont9ues 9 t refusal1 b ev5 imp5it5ce is =giv5 :5 laid aside 7see #ijj74 7b7 ,s9 once =giv5 does n return1 = ,god does n regret ,8 gifts 7,rom1 xi4 #bi71 & ,8 p>don means t ! guilt ( a s9 is de/roy$ & wip$ out =ev]1 ,b he :o falls into ! same s9s aft] p>don increases 8 guilt by reason ( 8 +ratitude4 7c7 ,! rep5tant s9n] recov]s ! infus$ virtues he lo/ by s9 & also 8 =m] m]its 7,luke1 ,,xv4 #bb2 ,joel1 ii4 #be2 ,eze*41 xxxiii4 #ab2 ,heb41 vi4 #aj74 ,virg9ity ( body & innoc5ce ( s\l are n recov]$ z to _! mat]ial elem5ts 7i4e41 bodily integrity & fre$om f all s971 b !y are re/or$ z to _! =mal "p1 :i* is ! resolve to ab/a9 f all v5]eal pleasure or to avoid all s94 ,x seems t =m] m]its are also recov]$1 n necess>ily 9 _! entirety1 b 9 a degree t corresponds ) ! great] or less excell5ce ( rep5tance4 #bgbf4 ,=giv5ess ( ,s9 ?r\gh ! ,use ( ! ,sacram5ts4--7a7 ,mortal s9s are =giv5 by ! ,sacram5ts 9 virtue ( ! rite itself 7ex op]e op]ato7 & imm$iately2 t is1 ! ,sacram5ts ei!r p] se or p] accid5s 7accord+ z !y are ,sacram5ts ( ! ,dead or ,sacram5ts ( ! ,liv+7 produce 9 ! s\l fir/ grace or ju/ification1 :i* is ! opposite ( mortal s94 7b7 ,v5ial s9s are =giv5 by ! ,sacram5ts 9 virtue ( ! rite itself b n imm$iately2 t is1 ! ,sacram5ts produce directly ei!r fir/ or second grace1 & indirectly ?r\gh ?is grace !y may awak5 f]vor1 :i* is ! opposite ( v5ial s94 ,! sacram5tals1 on ! contr>y1 remit v5ial s9s1 n 9 virtue ( ! rite itself b 9 virtue ( ! int]cession ( ! ,*ur* atta*$ to ! rite 7ex op]e op]antis ,ecclesiae72 = ! pray]s ( ! ,*ur* are acceptable to ,god & c obta9 f ,him a grace ( rep5tance t w remove v5ial s94 #bgbg4 ,! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance4--,= ^? :o lose grace aft] ,baptism ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance is necess>y z a "p ( rep5tance & a means ( =giv5ess4 ,?is ,sacram5t may be def9$ z 8a ,sacram5t ( ! ,new ,law in/itut$ by ,*ri/ 9 ! =m ( a judicial process1 9 :i*1 ?r\gh ! absolution ( ! prie/1 s9s committ$ aft] ,baptism are =giv5 to p5it5ts :o confess !m ) sorr[40 7a7 ,! remote matt] ( ?is ,sacram5t is ! p]sonal s9s committ$ aft] ,baptism1 = ,baptism wa%es away all s9s committ$ be=e its reception4 ,( ?is remote matt]1 "s is necess>y 7i4e41 s9s t mu/ be confess$71 namely1 po/-baptismal mortal s9s n yet decl>$ or directly absolv$ 9 confession2 "s is free 7i4e41 s9s t may1 b ne$ n be confess$71 namely1 po/-baptismal mortal s9s already =giv5 9 confession1 & po/-baptismal v5ial s9s1 :e!r already remitt$ or n 7,canon #ijb74 ,imp]fections :i* are n s9s1 or ^: s9fulness is d\btful1 are n suffici5t matt] = absolution2 & if !y alone are confess$1 absolution may n be giv51 unless !re is necessity1 & !n x may be grant$ conditionally 7see #ahe1 #ahf74 7b7 ,! proximate matt] ( ?is ,sacram5t1 accord+ to ! view commonly held1 is ! ?ree acts ( ! p5it5t--contrition 9 ! he>t1 confession 9 words1 & satisfaction 9 "w4 ,contrition mu/ exi/ actually1 b ! o!r two acts 9 case ( necessity ne$ n exi/ actually1 b are includ$ implicitly 9 ! act ( contrition4 7c7 ,! =m ( ! ,sacram5t is conta9$ 9 ! words ( absolution spok5 by ! prie/4 ,c]ta9ly ! words1 8,ego te absolvo a peccatis tuis10 are suffici5t = validity4 ,b lawfulness requires t "o use ! entire =m & ! o!r accompany+ pray]s z giv5 9 "o's approv$ ,ritual4 ,9 case ( necessity1 z 9 %ipwreck or sudd5 dang] ( dea?1 an abbreviat$ =m is p]mitt$4 ,absolution mu/ be spok5 or vocal1 = ! ,*ur* has nev] recogniz$ absolution by signs or 9 writ+4 ,x mu/ be giv5 to "o :o is pres5t1 t is1 "o :o is 9 ! same place & n too f> away to he> & be he>d4 ,^? :o are 9 diff]5t rooms t d n op5 on ea* o!r are n 9 ! same place2 ^? :o are m ?an tw5ty feet ap>t are too f> away = pres5ce1 accord+ to ! common op9ion2 b 9 great ne$ a m lib]al view may be foll[$1 & ev5 absolution by speak+ tube or telephone may be resort$ to4 7d7 ,! subject ( ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance is e baptiz$ p]son :o has committ$ v5ial or mortal s9 aft] ,baptism4 ,if !re is d\bt ab\t ! ,baptism or ab\t ! s91 absolution may be giv5 conditionally4 ,besides ! conditions giv5 = ! ,sacram5ts 9 g5]al1 ! recipi5t ( ,p5ance mu/ ex]cise ! ?ree acts ( contrition1 confession & satisfaction4 ,! fir/ is ess5tial 9 e case1 & ! second :5 possible2 & )\t ! ?ird ! ,sacram5t is n integral or complete4 #bgbh4 ,probabilism 9 ,adm9i/ration ( ! ,sacram5t4--,9 ! adm9i/ration & reception ( ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance x is lawful to foll[ op9ions t are truly probable except 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 :5 ! validity ( ! ,sacram5t is at /ake 7#fgh71 unless !re is a case ( em]g5cy 7#fgi74 ,h5ce1 z ! law ( mat]ial integrity p]ta9s to ! lawful1 n to ! valid use ( ,p5ance1 "o may use probable op9ions 9 its reg>d 7see #bgdj72 7b7 :5 ! seal ( ! ,sacram5t is involv$1 le/ confession become odi\s4 #bgbi4 ,contrition4--,! fir/ act ( ! p5it5t is contrition4 ,x is def9$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t z a sorr[ & hatr$ = s9 committ$1 ) a resolution ( s9n+ no m & a desire ( do+ :at is necess>y = ! prop] reception ( ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance4 7a7 ,?us1 x presupposes a hatr$ ( p]sonal pa/ transgressions1 = "o grieves only ab\t t :i* displeases "o1 & ! acts ( ! w beg9 ) likes & dislikes4 7b7 ,x consi/s ess5tially 9 sorr[ or affliction ( _s1 = contrition1 be+ ! *ief act ( rep5tance1 looks to rep>ation to ,god = ! injury done ,him1 & x !re=e puni%es ! s9n] by sadness = 8 misde$s4 7c7 ,x includes z a prop]ty or consequ5ce ! resolution to avoid future s9 & to d :at ,god requires = =giv5ess2 = no "o is s9c]ely sorry = ! pa/ unless ?is sorr[ makes him decide n to repeat ! (f5se1 & makes him desire to fulfill ! conditions t ,god lays d[n = reconciliation4 #bgcj4 ,! ,two ,k9ds ( ,contrition4--7a7 ,p]fect contrition is t :i* is caus$ by *>ity1 or ! love ( b5evol5ce or ( fri5d%ip 7#aaji1 #aaaj7 t[>ds ,god4 ,?is love is _h1 :e!r ! object ( "o's affection is ! div9e be+ or p]sons1 ! div9e & inf9ite p]fections1 or a s+le attribute2 = all ( ^! are really ,god ,himself4 ,?is contrition ju/ifies ! s9n] at once1 = x includes *>ity & ! w 7at lea/ implicit7 to d :at ,god wi%es1 & ,god takes up ,8 abode ) ^? :o love ,him 7,john1 xiv4 #bc74 ,p]fect contrition is necess>y1 bo? z a means & z a div9e precept1 :5ev] ! duty ( rep5tance or ( ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance obliges ) a l necessity1 & !re is no opportunity ( receiv+ ! ,sacram5t2 = x is !n ! only way ( recov]+ grace4 7b7 ,imp]fect contrition1 or attrition1 is contrition caus$ by a sup]natural motive inf]ior to t ( *>ity1 i4e41 by a less p]fect motive sugge/$ by fai? t leads "o to grieve ov] s9 committ$1 = example1 ! he9\sness ( s9 9 itself1 its et]nal puni%m5t by ,god 7i4e41 ! pa9 ( loss or ! pa9 ( s5se71 or its temporal puni%m5t by ,god 9 ?is life or 9 ,purgatory4 ,?is contrition does n ju/ify ! s9n] )\t ! ,sacram5t1 = x does n rectify or retract ! disord] introduc$ by s9 z f> z lies )9 ! s9n]'s p[] 7t is1 ex op]e op]antis74 ,by 8 s9 ! s9n] pref]r$ ! creature to ,god2 by 8 attrition he does n g s f> z to pref] ,god positively to e creat$ good1 else 8 contrition w\ld be p]fect4 ,b attrition suffices = ju/ification ( ! s9n] ) ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance1 = x includes ! ess5tials ( contrition 9 g5]al1 & ?us removes ! imp$im5ts to ! activity ( ! ,sacram5t 7t is1 ! production ( grace ex op]e op]ato74 ,! same holds good also ( ! suffici5t disposition = ,baptism1 & m probably ( t = ! ,sacram5ts ( ! ,liv+ receiv$ 9 good fai? by "o :o is n 9 grace4 #bgca4 ,is ,attrition ,bas$ ,solely on ,fe> ( ,puni%m5t ,laudable8--7a7 ,fe> ( ! _w is s9ful1 because x (f5ds ,god to escape evil 7#ajdd72 slavi% fe> ( ,god is s9ful also1 because x makes self ! la/ end1 avoid+ s9 solely because ( ! h>m x w br+ on self 7#ajec74 ,sorr[ = s9 caus$ by slavi% fe> is n attrition1 & is n laudable4 7b7 ,s]vile fe> ( ,god 9 itself is good & sup]natural 7#ajej71 & ! sorr[ = s9 or attrition bas$ on su* fe> is also good2 & if x includes a resolution ( am5dm5t1 x suffices = ju/ification ) ! ,sacram5ts4 ,! end 7i4e41 to escape puni%m5t7 is good 7,matt41 x4 #bh72 ! means 7i4e41 sorr[ = s97 is good2 & ! use ( ! means = ! end is good1 = des]tion ( s9 is ! way to escape unhapp9ess 7,luke1 iii4 #g1 #h74 ,nor is x wrong to make a nobl] good 7su* z avoidance ( s97 a means to a less] good 7su* z escape f puni%m5t7 :5 ! less] good is n made ! la/ end1 b only ! imm$iate end1 ( ! great] good4 ,?us1 :5 we pray = temporal goods1 we make a spiritual ?+ a means to a mat]ial end1 b ! ,la/ ,end ( ! pray] is ,god ,himself4 ,s]vile fe>1 unlike slavi% fe> 7timor s]vilit] s]vilis71 does n make self ! la/ end 7,d5z+]1 #hah1 #aadf1 #aebe74 #bgcb4 ,attrition 9 ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance4--,mu/ attrition bas$ on fe> ( puni%m5t be jo9$ ) love ( ,god to ju/ify 9 ! ,sacram5t8 7a7 ,"s =m ( love is requir$1 = all contrition is dete/ation ( s91 & s9 is n hat$ unless its opposite is lov$4 ,h5ce1 j z attrition mu/ be accompani$ by fai? & hope1 s x mu/ also be accompani$ by "s =m ( love ( ,god 7#bgah74 7b7 ,dis9t]e/$ love is n requir$4 ,?is is c]ta9 z reg>ds love ( fri5d%ip1 = ev5 ! smalle/ degree ( t love is *>ity & ju/ifies ev5 )\t ! ,sacram5t 7#aaab1 #bgcj74 ,?is is commonly held 9 ref]5ce to love ( b5evol5ce1 :i* seems practically to be always unit$ ) love ( fri5d%ip or *>ity4 ,a love t incl9es to ,god = ,8 own sake b t does n pr$om9ate ov] o!r loves is held by "s to be necess>y1 b x is difficult to und]/& su* a love or to see its possibility4 7c7 ,int]e/$ love 7! love ( concupisc5ce or ( hope7 is !re=e necess>y4 ,! common op9ion today seems to be t x also suffices1 & t x ne$ be only virtual or implicit4 ,9 o!r words1 ! preval5t view is t e attrition prompt$ by fe> ( puni%m5t conta9s an initial love ( ,god :i* suffices to turn ! s9n] to ,god & to remove any ob/acle to ! action ( ! ,sacram5t4 ,= 8! fe> ( ,god is ! beg9n+ ( ,8 love0 7,ecclus41 xxv4 #af71 ! hope ( p>don is a beg9n+ ( love ( ! ,au?or ( p>don & ju/ice1 ! resolve to am5d is an incl9ation to keep ! great comm& ( love ( ,god 7#aeef74 #bgcc4 ,! ,conditions = ,valid ,contrition & ,attrition4--7a7 ,x mu/ be int]nal1 = contrition is an act ( rep5tance & mu/ be 9 ! he>t4 ,m]ely pret5d$ sorr[1 & sorr[ :i* "o mi/ak5ly ?9ks "o has1 are insuffici5t4 7b7 ,x mu/ be sup]natural1 = contrition is a disposition = ! reception ( ! sup]natural habit ( grace4 ,sorr[ = s9 induc$ by natural motives1 su* z ! puni%m5ts inflict$ by human ag5cies1 if ^! are n view$ 9 ! light ( fai?1 is n suffici5t4 7c7 ,x mu/ be univ]sal1 t is1 !re mu/ be sorr[ = all mortal s9s n yet =giv51 = x is impossible to be really sorry = "o s]i\s s9 :ile reta9+ affection = ano!r4 ,b x is n necess>y to rep5t ( all v5ial s9s be=e "o is =giv5 7see #bgbd74 7d7 ,x mu/ be sov]eign1 t is1 if ! contrition is p]fect1 ,god mu/ be lov$ above e o!r good2 if x is imp]fect1 s9 mu/ be hat$ above e evil t c\ld lead to s94 ,if ! s9n] does n dete/ 8 di%one/y m ?an ! privation he w suff] by be+ hone/1 he is n really contrite4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n necess>y t contrition be s5sibly felt1 or be ( supreme int5sity1 or t its act be ( long duration2 & x is ra% to call to m9d ! k9ds ( evils or torm5ts "o w\ld pref] to suff] r ?an commit s9 7see #aeef74 #bgcd4 ,valid & ,fruitful ,reception ( ! ,sacram5t4--,"s !ologians1 di/+ui%+ betwe5 contrition z matt] ( ! ,sacram5t & contrition z a disposition ( ! p5it5t1 hold t x is possible to h a valid b unfruitful reception ( ! ,sacram5t1 & t revival ( its grace is possible4 ,!y expla9 ?us3 7a7 ! contrition requir$ = ! matt] & ! validity ( ! ,sacram5t mu/ be su* z c be kn[n ) moral c]ta9ty by ! confessor f ext]nal indications1 & h5ce x suffices = validity t ! sorr[ be true & s9c]e & sup]natural2 7b7 ! contrition requir$ = ! disposition ( ! p5it5t & ! fruitfulness ( ! ,sacram5t mu/ be su* z excludes all affection = e grave s9 & includes ! resolution to avoid all mortal s9 9 ! future1 & h5ce x is requir$ = fruitfulness t sorr[ be also univ]sal & sov]eign4 7,?is op9ion has v few1 if any at all1 adh]5ts among mod]n !ologians4 ,x is reta9$ "h solely z a matt] ( record47 #bgce4 ,prop]ties ( ,contrition4--,s9ce contrition belongs to ! matt] ( ,p5ance1 x mu/ h ! prop]ties ( sacram5tal matt] 7#bfee sqq474 7a7 ,?us1 ! matt] mu/ be s5sible1 & h5ce contrition mu/ be %[n 9 "s ext]nal way1 z by a sorr[ful confession1 dev\t reque/ = absolution1 or1 9 ! case ( ^? :o are unconsci\s1 by a call = a prie/ or ! practices or pray]s ( a ,*ri/ian life4 7b7 ,! matt] mu/ be unit$ ) ! =m1 & h5ce contrition mu/ be elicit$ at ! mom5t ( absolution1 or a %ort "t be=e 7n m ?an a few h\rs be=e1 accord+ to "s1 or ev5 a few days be=e1 accord+ to o!rs74 ,b if a p5it5t recalls imm$iately aft] absolution a =gott5 mortal s91 & is !n absolv$ f x also1 m probably he is n oblig$ to r5ew 8 act ( contrition1 because ! act j made virtually cont9ues2 9 practice1 h[ev]1 he might be told to make ano!r act ( contrition & a new p5ance or ! same p5ance may be impos$ be=e ! second absolution4 ,moreov]1 = absolution :5 "o is unconsci\s & 9 dang] ( dea?1 s9ce an habitual int5tion suffices 7#bfgd71 x seems t contrition made long ago1 b n retract$1 is suffici5t4 7c7 ,! matt] mu/ h at lea/ a moral unity ( its own p>ts1 & h5ce ! contrition mu/ 9 "s way be direct$ to ! confession2 t is1 ei!r be=e or dur+ or aft] ! act ( contrition !re mu/ be an int5tion to confess ) ! sorr[ = s9 conta9$ 9 t act ( contrition1 or to apply t sorr[ to ! confession j made4 ,o!rwise x does n appe> t "o has ! purpose to make a sacram5tal confession4 ,b !re is no practical difficulty1 z e act ( contrition conta9s implicitly ! w to confess1 or e s9c]e confession includes ! w to use ! contrition "o has ex]cis$ or w ex]cise4 #bgcf4 ,resolution ( ,am5dm5t4--,! resolution ( am5dm5t :i* true contrition calls = is at lea/ implicit 9 ! hatr$ ( s91 b x is advisable t ! p5it5t expressly resolve to avoid s9 9 ! future4 ,?is det]m9ation %\ld h ! foll[+ qualities3 7a7 x %\ld be firm1 t is1 ! p5it5t %\ld make up 8 m9d n to relapse into delib]ate s94 ,yet1 x is n necess>y t he feel c]ta9 ( 8 p]sev]ance1 & 8 resolve does n cease to be firm1 if he =esees t he w fall aga91 provid$ he is decid$ to d ! be/ he c2 7b7 x %\ld be efficaci\s1 t is1 ! p5it5t mu/ decide to use suitable means to fulfill 8 good int5tions z to rep>ation = sc&al1 calumny1 & inju/ice1 z to ! avoidance ( s9ful occasions1 etc42 7c7 x %\ld be univ]sal1 t is1 ! p5it5t mu/ resolve at lea/ g5]ically to avoid ea* & e grave s9 9 ! future4 ,if only free matt] 7#bgbg7 is confess$1 ! p5it5t may direct 8 resolution ( am5dm5t to all pa/ mortal s9s confess$1 or to "o ( ! pres5t v5ial s9s decl>$1 or he may resolve to d bett] 9 ref]5ce to a c]ta9 class ( s9s 7e4g41 delib]ate s9s1 faults ( spee*71 or he may resolve to dim9i% ! frequ5cy ( 8 v5ial s9s4 #bgcg4 ,confession4--,! second act ( ! p5it5t is confession1 t is1 ! decl>ation ( "o's s9s made to a duly au?oriz$ prie/ ) ! purpose ( obta9+ absolution4 ,confession is obligatory bo? f div9e & ecclesia/ical law4 7a7 ,accord+ to div9e law1 ! =giv5ess ( grave po/-baptismal s9s is subject to ! p[] ( ! keys1 :i* is ex]cis$ 9 ! =m ( a judgm5t & requires confession 7,matt41 xviii1 #ah2 ,john1 xx4 #bc74 ,?is law obliges p] se 9 dang] ( dea?1 & occasionally dur+ life2 p] accid5s1 :5 "o 9 s9 int5ds to receive ,communion1 :5 "o is unable )\t confession to recov] ! necess>y /ate ( grace or ov]come a s]i\s temptation or bad habit4 7b7 ,accord+ to *ur* law1 ! fai?ful mu/ g to confession once a ye> 7#beij71 & confession is also prescrib$ at times = ^? :o wi% to receive ,communion 7#bgje7 or celebrate ,mass 7#bgja c1 #bgaa74 #bgch4 ,! ,qualities ( ,confession4--7a7 ,confession is an act ( virtue & %\ld h ! conditions ( a virtue2 t is1 x %\ld be discreet 7e4g41 ! p5it5t %\ld n reveal ! names or s9s ( o!rs71 will+1 & pure 9 motive 7e4g41 ! p5it5t %\ld n confess = temporal ends1 su* z ! good op9ion ( ! confessor71 & c\rage\s 7i4e41 ! p5it5t %\ld n be det]r$ by %ame74 7b7 ,confession is an act ( p5it5ce1 &1 z p5it5ce includes hatr$ & regret = s9 & abasem5t ( self1 confession %\ld n be boa/ful1 jocul> or pr\d1 b %amefac$1 sorr[ful & humble4 7c7 ,confession is ess5tially a decl>ation ( fact1 & h5ce x %\ld avoid ! defects t make a decl>ation valueless or imp]fect1 namely1 falsehood1 obscurity1 digression1 or concealm5t4 ,confession1 !n1 %\ld be tru?ful1 cle>1 to ! po9t1 & entire4 7d7 ,confession belongs to ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance1 :i* is ! =um ( consci5ce1 & h5ce ! p5it5t accuses himself1 submits to ! judgm5t ( ! fa!r confessor1 & is he>d 9 secret4 ,public confession is valid b n obligatory4 ,h5ce1 "o :o does n speak ! language ( ! confessor is n b\nd to use an int]pret]4 ,regul>ly confession %\ld be vocal1 b = grave reasons 7e4g41 if ! p5it5t is dumb1 or ! confessor is deaf1 or !re is dang] ( be+ he>d by ^? ne>by7 x may be made by signs or 9 writ+4 ,9 case ( a writt5 confession ! p5it5t %\ld decl>e orally1 if possible1 t ! writ+ conta9s 8 confession 7see ,canon #ijc74 #bgci4 ,is x a ,grave ,s9 to ,lie to ! ,confessor8--7a7 ,!re is a grave s9 :5 ! lie deceives ! confessor ab\t necess>y matt] 7e4g41 :5 a circum/ance *ang+ ! !ological species ( a s9 is d5i$71 or ab\t free matt] :i* is ! only s9 confess$ 7e4g41 :5 a p5it5t ly+ly accuses himself ( only "o s9 & t a v5ial "o71 or ab\t free matt] :i* ! confessor asks ab\t & ne$s to "k 7e4g41 ab\t habits or occasions ( s974 ,he :o falsely accuses himself ( a grave s91 or :o exagg]ates ! numb] ( 8 grave s9s1 p] se s9s mortally2 b he is excus$ if he is ignorant or is "u a mom5t>y excitem5t or delusion4 ,n only is !re grave s9 9 ! cit$ cases1 b ! confession is made invalid by ! defect 9 ess5tial matt] :i* ! lie produces2 = ! confessor does n und]/& ! true /ate ( ! p5it5t's s\l4 7b7 ,!re is mortal s9 :5 ! lie deceives ! confessor ab\t matt] t is imp]t95t to ! confession1 b is grave 9 itself1 z :5 ! p5it5t s]i\sly calumniates a neighbor to ! prie/4 ,9 ?is case ! confession is made invalid by ! want ( disposition on ! "p ( ! p5it5t4 7c7 ,!re is light s9 :5 ! lie deceives ! confessor ab\t free matt] :i* is n ! only s9 confess$1 or :i* ! confessor does n ne$ to "k 9 ord] sub/antially to pass judgm5t & give direction2 also :5 ! lie is n s]i\s & is imp]t95t to ! confession4 ,9 ^! cases ! ,sacram5t is n made invalid1 = ! ins9c]ity does n *ange ! confessor's decision4 #bgdj4 ,integral ,confession4--,! complet5ess or integrity ( confession is tw(old4 7a7 ,mat]ial complet5ess consi/s 9 ! decl>ation ( all mortal s9s committ$ & n yet confess$ & absolv$4 ,?is k9d ( complet5ess is sometimes impossible1 & !re=e unnecess>y4 ,= complet5ess is obligatory 9 virtue ( a positive law ( ,*ri/1 & positive laws d n b9d 9 case ( impossibility 7#cfa74 7b7 ,=mal complet5ess consi/s 9 ! decl>ation ( all ! mortal s9s :i* "h & n[1 all ?+s consid]$1 "o c & %\ld m5tion4 ,?is k9d ( complet5ess is necess>y = a valid & fruitful confession1 because ! law ( ,*ri/ calls = a complete confession1 z f> z possible1 & =mal complet5ess is possible4 ,s9ce he :o is oblig$ by a law is also oblig$ to use ! means to keep ! law1 ^? :o are go+ to confession %\ld exam9e _! consci5ces be=eh&1 unless ?is is impossible or unnecess>y4 ,! "t & dilig5ce to be giv5 ?is exam9ation dep5ds on ! p]son & 8 circum/ances2 b all %\ld be c>eful ab\t x1 :ile avoid+ scrupulosity1 & %\ld also rememb] t contrition is ev5 m important ?an confession4 #bgda4 ,mann] ( ,confession4--,complet5ess ( confession z reg>ds mortal s9s ext5ds to ! foll[+ po9ts3 7a7 ! !ological & ! l[e/ moral species ( a s9 7#aig sqq47 mu/ be giv51 = o!rwise ! confessor does n und]/& ! case be=e him4 ,he :o has committ$ a mortal !ft does n satisfy by confess+ a v5ial !ft2 he :o is guilty ( ! specific s9 ( calumny does n satisfy by ! g5]ic accusation ( s9s ( ! tongue4 ,b impossibility excuses1 z :5 ! p5it5t has only a g5]al recollection ab\t a s92 7b7 ! numb] ( ! s9s mu/ be giv5 exactly or1 if ?is is impossible1 approximately4 ,he :o un9t5tionally exagg]ates ! numb] or tells a s9 ( :i* he is n guilty1 is n b\nd to correct ?is1 b he :o un9t5tionally l[]s ! numb] to a notable ext5t %\ld tell 9 8 next confession :at 0 omitt$ 7see #bjb sqq472 7c7 ! circum/ances t *ange ! species ( a s9 mu/ be decl>$1 = example1 ! fact t ! p]son :o 0 sc&aliz$ 0 "o's subject1 t ! p]son :o 0 treat$ disrespectfully 0 "o's sup]ior1 t ! am\nt /ol5 0 l>ge 7see #gb72 7d7 ! ext]nal act t complet$ an int]nal s9 mu/ be decl>$1 & h5ce he :o committ$ impurity does n confess prop]ly by say+ t he gave cons5t to impure desires 7see #hi-ic74 #bgdb4 ,disput$ ,cases4--7a7 ,circum/ances t ,notably ,aggravate a ,s9 )\t ,*ang+ ,its ,species4--,= ! obligation ( confess+ ^! circum/ances1 x is argu$ t1 if ! confessor does n "k !m1 he is unable to guide ! p5it5t prop]ly4 ,aga9/ obligation1 x is argu$ t ! species ( ! s9 gives ! confessor suffici5t k1 & t ! obligation ( confess+ aggravat+ circum/ances w\ld make ! burd5 too heavy = ! p5it5t4 ,b all admit t p] accid5s !re may be a duty ( confess+ a circum/ance ( ?is k9d1 z :5 x makes a s9 res]v$1 or consi/s 9 an occasion ( s9 or evil habit1 or :5 x produces a great *ange 9 ref]5ce to satisfaction 7e4g41 ! !ft ( #aj1jjj is q diff]5t f ! !ft ( #ajjj74 7b7 ,z to ! ,imputable ,ext]nal ,effects ( a ,s94--,"o op9ion is t ^! mu/ be confess$1 s9ce !y are will$ 9 _! cause 7#if1 #ajb72 ano!r op9ion is t !y ne$ n be confess$ s9ce !y are n s9s1 b results t foll[$ on a s92 a ?ird op9ion answ]s t !y mu/ be confess$ if ! evil w 0 n retract$ be=e !y happ5$1 b o!rwise n4 ,all agree1 h[ev]1 t ! s9n] 9 ?is case %\ld confess t he s9n$ ) =esight ( ! consequ5ce1 & t he %\ld confess ! consequ5ce itself if !re is atta*$ to x some?+ t %\ld be kn[n to ! confessor 7e4g41 c5sure1 irregul>ity1 etc474 7c7 ,s9s ,^: ,commission1 or ,gravity1 or ,remission is ,unc]ta94--,if ! unc]ta9ty is ab\t ! fact or gravity ( ! s91 !re is no obligation to confess ! s91 ev5 ?\gh its commission or its gravity be probable2 = ! obligation _c be prov$4 ,b if x is c]ta9 t grave s9 has be5 committ$ & unc]ta9 :e!r ! s9 has be5 confess$1 a m]e d\bt or suspicion 9 favor ( confession does n exempt f obligation2 a probable op9ion 9 favor ( confession excuses accord+ to ,probabilism1 b x does n excuse accord+ to ,equiprobabilism1 unless ! d\bt is ab\t a confession made long ago by "o :o 0 c>eful 9 mak+ 8 confessions1 or unless !re is "q ( a scrupul\s p]son 7#fee sqq41 #gjh1 #gji74 #bgdc4 ,:5 ,mat]ial ,integrity ,is ,n ,necess>y4--,mat]ial integrity is n due because ( real impossibility 9 ! foll[+ cases3 7a7 :5 !re is physical impossibility1 z :5 "o is at ! po9t ( dea? & too weak to make confession1 or is deaf & dumb1 or _c speak ! confessor's language correctly1 or _c f9i% confession on acc\nt ( %ipwreck or o!r great p]il2 7b7 :5 !re is moral impossibility1 z :5 mat]ial integrity _c be _h except at ! exp5se ( a great temporal or spiritual evil di/9ct f ! inconv5i5ce intr9sic to ! confession itself1 & !re is "s s]i\s reason t makes x necess>y to g to confession "h & n[ 7e4g41 ! desire ( n rema9+ long 9 ! /ate ( s974 ,examples are3 great spiritual h>m1 z :5 a p5it5t is scrupul\s2 great temporal h>m1 z :5 ! p5it5t has to flee to escape assass9ation4 ,"s affirm1 :ile o!rs d5y1 ! duty ( m5tion+ a s9 t w defame an accomplice ) ! confessor1 & 9 practice x seems ! duty _c be insi/$ on 7cfr4 #bjfe74 #bgdd4 ,completion or ,repetition ( ,pa/ ,incomplete ,confessions4--7a7 ,completion ( pa/ confessions mu/ be made :5 !y lack$ mat]ial integrity1 if ! impossibility has ceas$4 7b7 ,p>ticul> repetition is necess>y :5 a confession lack$ =mal integrity or o!r ess5tial2 t is1 if a s9 0 unlawfully conceal$ or unrep5t$ ( 9 confession1 ! sacrilege mu/ be confess$ & ! previ\s confession made ov]1 s9ce x 0 invalid4 ,b if ! new confession is made to ! same confessor & he has a g5]al remembrance ( x1 ! new confession may be made summ>ily4 7c7 ,g5]al repetition is necess>y :5 sev]al pa/ confessions 7 c]ta9ly invalid on acc\nt ( lack ( =mal integrity or o!r defect4 ,?us1 he :o has made bad confessions = ?ree mon?s mu/ make a g5]al confession ( t p]iod ( "t4 ,g5]al confession is advisable :5 !re is a prud5t d\bt ab\t ! wor? ( pa/ confessions2 x is p]missible :5 x w help a p5it5t to be m contrite & lead a bett] life2 x is n lawful :5 x w d h>m1 z :5 a scrupul\s p5it5t w be h>r[$ & madd5$ by ! ?\ght ( 8 pa/ s9s4 #bgde4 ,satisfaction4--,! ?ird act ( ! p5it5t is satisfaction1 :i* is def9$ z 8a comp5sation = ! injury done to ,god by s91 appo9t$ by ,god's m9i/] 9 ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance & accept$ & p]=m$ by ! p5it5t40 7a7 ,?is act is a comp5sation or paym5t made to ,god z an act ( rep>ation & ju/ice4 7b7 ,! comp5sation is appo9t$ by ! confessor1 = its *ief purpose is re/oration ( fri5d%ip betwe5 ,god & ! s9n]1 & h5ce equality is n s\ght1 b ! good w to d :at ,god's m9i/] imposes4 7c7 ,! comp5sation is accept$ & p]=m$4 ,?is is requir$ = ! complet5ess1 n = ! ess5ce1 ( ! ,sacram5t4 ,he :o is really contrite desires to satisfy1 he :o confesses (f]s to satisfy2 & h5ce1 if = any reason he does n actually satisfy1 8 satisfaction ( desire suffices = ! validity ( ! ,sacram5t1 b 8 omission to p]=m ! satisfaction makes ! ,sacram5t incomplete4 #bgdf4 ,! ,effects ( ,actual ,satisfaction4--7a7 ,!re is a remissive effect1 consi/+ 9 ! ex op]e op]ato release ( a portion or ( all ! temporal puni%m5t due to s9 =giv54 7b7 ,!re is a m$ic9al effect1 consi/+ 9 ! appreciation ( ! evil ( s91 ! caution & vigilance aga9/ future relapse1 & ! removal ( evil t5d5cies1 :i* ! p5it5tial works inculcate & promote4 #bgdg4 ,! ,conditions = ,effective ,satisfaction4--7a7 ,= validity 7t is1 = dis*>ge ( ! obligation7 ! p5it5t mu/ p]=m ! p5ance z to ess5tials 9 ! way prescrib$ by ! confessor1 & he mu/ p]=m x p]sonally1 unless ! confessor p]mits or enjo9s fulfillm5t by proxy 7,canon #hhg74 ,a p5ance p]=m$ dur+ ! actual commission ( or ) actual affection = s91 is n a satisfaction1 b a new (f5se4 7b7 ,= fruitfulness x is necess>y t ! p5it5t be 9 ! /ate ( grace :5 he fulfills ! p5ance1 = ! works ( ,8 enemies are n sup]naturally pleas+ to ,god4 ,or1 m exactly1 a p5ance done 9 ! /ate ( s91 b )\t affection = s9 & "u ! influ5ce ( actual grace1 has no /rict "r ei!r ( ju/ice or ( fri5d%ip to div9e acceptance2 b x seems fitt+ t su* p5ance be accept$ by ! div9e lib]ality 9 "p satisfaction = s9s =giv54 #bgdh4 ,! ,obligation ( ,accept+ & ,p]=m+ a ,p5ance4--7a7 ,p] se1 ! obligation is grave1 s9ce ! p5ance belongs to ! integrity ( ! ,sacram5t1 & h5ce its refusal or neglect is an injury to a sacr$ ?+4 7b7 ,p] accid5s1 ! obligation may be light1 & ?is is held to be ! case :5 ! p5ance 0 impos$ = free matt]1 or :5 ! satisfaction prescrib$ is a light "w 7su* z "o or two ,hail ,m>ys74 ,a p5it5t is n b\nd to accept an unreasonable p5ance1 & he may seek a commutation if su* a p5ance is impos$4 ,z a rule1 neglig5ce ab\t ! circum/ances ( a p5ance 7e4g41 ! "t1 or po/ure7 is n a grave s91 b exceptionally x may be s]i\s 7e4g41 if "o delays a gravely obligatory p5ance six mon?s1 or s long z to be 9 dang] ( =gett+ x2 if "o omits to say a pray] on b5d$ knees :5 ?is 0 *iefly int5d$ by ! confessor74 #bgdi4 ,causes ,t ,excuse f a ,p5ance ,impos$4--7a7 ,commutation4--,if !re is a j reason 7e4g41 ! ov]-sev]ity ( ! p5ance71 ! p5it5t may h 8 p5ance *ang$ to some?+ light]4 ,! confessor :o impos$ ! p5ance may be ask$ to *ange x1 ev5 probably aft] & outside ( confession1 & aft] a long "t1 & ?\gh he does n rememb] ! confession4 ,ano!r confessor may less5 ! p5ance1 b only 9 confession & aft] he has he>d at lea/ a summ>y repetition ( ! s9s = :i* ! p5ance 0 giv54 7b7 ,cessation4--,!re is no obligation to fulfill a p5ance 9 case ( impossibility1 :e!r physical 7e4g41 if ! p5it5t is dy+ & c nei!r say ! pray]s ord]$ nor ask = a commutation71 or moral 7e4g41 if ! p5it5t has =gott5 ! p5ance & _c conv5i5tly ask ! confessor ab\t x74 #bgej4 ,requirem5ts 9 ! ,m9i/] = ,valid ,absolution4--7a7 ,! div9e law requires ! p[] ( ,ord]s1 = only prie/s 7 appo9t$ by ,*ri/ z ! m9i/]s ( ,p5ance1 7b7 ,! natural law requires ! p[] ( jurisdiction1 s9ce ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance is ex]cis$ 9 ! =m ( a judicial process1 :i* supposes au?ority to judge4 7c7 ,! law ( ! ,*ur* requires ! approval ( ! ,bi%op1 or 8 decision t ! prie/ is a fit p]son to he> confessions4 ,approbation is always giv5 along ) jurisdiction4 #bgea4 ,p[] ( ,jurisdiction4--,! p[] ( jurisdiction is s necess>y t )\t x absolution is null4 7a7 ,jurisdiction 9 g5]al is treat$ 9 ,canons #hgb sqq4 ( ! ,code4 ,ord9>y jurisdiction is _h by ! ,pope = ! :ole ,*ur*1 & by ,ord9>ies1 p>i%-prie/s1 exempt religi\s sup]iors1 etc41 = _! own subjects4 ,delegat$ jurisdiction comes f ! law itself 9 favor ( p5it5ts :o are dy+ 7,canon #hhb71 or :o are mak+ a sea voyage 7,canon #hhc71 a privilege ext5d$ rec5tly also to ^? :o are mak+ air j\rneys1 or :o are outside _! domicile 7,canon #hha71 etc42 :ile delegat$ jurisdiction f man is _h by ^? prie/s :o h obta9$ faculties orally or 9 writ+ f ! compet5t sup]ior 7,canon #hgi74 7b7 ,jurisdiction 9 special cases is treat$ 9 ,canons #hgd1 #hge1 #hgf1 #eai sqq4 ,religi\s wom5 liv+ 9 community %\ld h = ea* h\se "o ord9>y confessor & "o extraord9>y confessor :o comes f\r times a ye>4 ,fur!r1 ! bi%op %\ld appo9t supplem5t>y confessors to :om ! ,religi\s may freely make _! confessions1 & special confessors = individual ,si/]s :5 spiritual progress is aid$ by su* an arrangem5t4 #bgeb4 ,:5 ! ,*ur* ,supplies ,jurisdiction4--,9 c]ta9 cases ! ,*ur*1 = ! good ( s\ls1 supplies jurisdiction = ! "t be+ to prie/s :o lack x3 7a7 9 case ( common error1 t is1 :5 all or _m ( ! fai?ful 9 a place ?9k t a prie/ has jurisdiction1 z :5 he is seat$ 9 ! confessional ( a public *ur* he>+ or wait+ to he> ^? :o are go+ to confession4 ,! common error is n ( law1 b ( fact2 7b7 9 case ( unc]ta9ty ( law 7e4g41 :e!r a c]ta9 s9 is res]v$7 or ( fact 7e4g41 :e!r ! confessor's jurisdiction has expir$7 ab\t ! confessor's jurisdiction1 if ! confessor has a positive or probable reason 9 favor ( 8 "r to absolve4 ,! ,*ur* supplies jurisdiction 9 ! absolution ( a res]v$ c5sure ^: res]vation 0 n kn[n to ! prie/1 unless x be ab hom9e or mo/ specially res]v$ to ! ,holy ,see 7,canon #bbdg1 n4 #c72 7c7 9 case ( dang] ( dea?1 :5 full jurisdiction is grant$ to e prie/ 7,canon #hhb74 #bgec4 ,limitation ( jurisdiction4--7a7 ,res]v$ ,s9s or ,cases4--,= ! sake ( discipl9e & ! good ( s\ls ! absolution ( c]ta9 m atroci\s or p]nici\s crimes is res]v$ to high] sup]iors1 namely1 to ! ,pope or ! ,ord9>y4 ,res]vation is n incurr$ 9 a case res]v$ on acc\nt ( c5sure1 if ! p5it5t's act 0 n gravely imputable2 nor probably 9 a case res]v$ = its own sake 7unless ! res]v+ au?ority will$ o!rwise71 if ! p5it5t 0 ignorant 7?\gh n crassly or sup9ely7 ( ! res]vation 7,canon #bbbi74 ,to fall "u res]vation1 a s9 mu/ be mortal1 consummat$ 7i4e4 n m]ely attempt$7 c]ta9 & =mal 7i4e41 p]petrat$ ) k ( ! special malice t caus$ res]vation74 ,res]vation ceases :5 confession is made by ! sick :o are unable to leave ! h\se or by ^? :o are ab\t to be m>ri$2 :5 ! ,sup]ior has refus$ ! reque/ = faculties to absolve a res]v$ case1 or ! confessor prud5tly decides t ! reque/ = faculties _c be made )\t grave detrim5t to ! p5it5t or dang] to ! seal2 :5 confession is made outside ! t]ritory ( ! ,sup]ior :o res]ves ! s9 7,canon #ijj74 7b7 ,res]v$ ,p]sons4--,^? :o h n special faculties _c validly he> ! confessions ( nuns 7,canon #hgf71 = ! director ( consci5ces ( ^! ,religi\s %\ld be end[$ ) special virtue1 k & prud5ce4 ,religi\s ,sup]iors1 novice-ma/]s1 & rectors ( sem9>ies or colleges %\ld n act habitually z confessors ( _! subjects 7,canons #eah1 n4 #b1 #hia71 le/ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! int]nal & ! ext]nal =um be =gott54 ,f9ally1 to prev5t abuse ( ! ,sacram5t & occasions ( relapse1 a confessor _c validly absolve 8 accomplice 9 a s9 aga9/ ! ,six? ,comm&m5t1 consummat$ or unconsummat$1 or f ! s9 ( complicity itself1 z necess>y matt] ( ! ,sacram5t1 if ! s9 0 on bo? sides ext]nal1 c]ta91 & bo? int]nally & ext]nally grave 7,canons #hhd1 #bcfg74 #bged4 ,absolution f ,res]v$ ,cases4--7a7 ,9 dang] ( dea?1 any prie/ c absolve e res]v$ s9 & c5sure1 b1 %\ld ! p5it5t recov]1 !re is a duty 9 c]ta9 specifi$ cases ( hav+ rec\rse to ! lawful sup]ior 7,canons #hhb1 #bbeb74 ,! latt] ,canon specifies two cases 9 :i* rec\rse is necess>y aft] ! p]son recov]s1 namely1 a c5sure ab hom9e & "o mo/ specially res]v$ to ! ,holy ,see4 ,a ?ird case has be5 add$ by ! ,sacr$ ,p5it5ti>y1 namely1 :5 a prie/ :o has attempt$ m>riage & is unable to sep>ate asks = absolution f ! c5sure ( ,canon #bchh1 ,sec4#a1 9 dang] ( dea?4 7b7 ,9 urg5t cases1 namely1 if c5sures latae s5t5tiae _c be obs]v$ ext]nally )\t grave dang] ( sc&al or infamy1 or if x is h>d = ! p5it5t to rema9 9 ! /ate ( grave s9 = su* "t z may be necess>y 9 ord] t ! compet5t sup]ior may provide1 !n any confessor c1 9 ! sacram5tal =um1 absolve f ^! c5sures1 no matt] h[ !y are res]v$1 impos+1 "u pa9 ( fall+ back into ! c5sure1 ! obligation ( hav+ rec\rse )9 a mon? 7at lea/ by lett] & ?r\gh ! confessor1 if x c be done )\t grave inconv5i5ce71 )\t m5tion+ ! "n1 to ! ,sacr$ ,p5it5ti>y or to a ,bi%op or o!r sup]ior :o has ! faculty4 ,! confessor imposes also ! obligation ( fulfill+ 8 injunctions 7,canon #bbed1 ,sec4#a74 ,x is to be not$3 #a7 ! circum/ances con/itut+ an urg5t case are ! two specifi$ 9 ! ,canon3 ! difficulty ( obs]v+ ! c5sure2 ! h>d%ip ( rema9+ 9 s94 #b7 ! object ( ! absolution is all c5sures latae s5t5tiae1 h[ev] res]v$1 ) "o exception1 namely1 ! c5sure incurr$ "u ,canon #bchh1 ,sec4#a1 ! case ( a prie/ :o1 aft] an attempt$ m>riage1 is unable to sep>ate4 ,no absolution z an urg5t case "u ?is ,canon c be giv54 ,! c5sure latae s5t5tiae = false d5unciation c be absolv$ "u ?is ,canon only if ! conditions ( ,canon #bcfc h be5 fulfill$ 7actual =mal retraction & rep>ation2 imposition ( a grave & long p5ance2 & ! s9 itself rema9s res]v$ ratione sui to ! ,holy ,see74 #c7 ,suffici5t extr9sic au?ority is available to make safe 9 practice ! ext5sion ( ! grant ( p[] ( ?is ,canon to c5sures ab hom9e :i* are f]5dae s5t5tiae4 #d7 ,sections #b & #c ( ?is ,canon indicate ! "r ( ! p5it5t to g aft]w>ds to a privileg$ confessor )\t mak+ ! rec\rse to ! sup]ior enjo9$ ^u him or obs]v+ ! m&ata f ! sup]ior 9 case he has already made rec\rse1 & ! proc$ure to be foll[$ :5 rec\rse is morally impossible4 7c7 ,outside ( necessity1 only ^? c absolve :o h ord9>y or delegat$ faculties4 ,! law itself grants to pa/ors ! p[] to absolve dur+ ! :ole ( pas*al "t f all s9s :i* ! ,ord9>y has res]v$ to himself1 & mission>ies h ! same p[] dur+ ! "t !y are giv+ a mission 7,canon #hii1 n4 #c74 ,?is does n apply to c5sures nor to cases res]v$ to ! ,ord9>y by ! ,apo/olic ,see or by law1 su* z ! excommunication latae s5t5tiae :i* ,canon #bcej decl>es aga9/ ! procur]s ( abortion4 #bgee4 ,absolution ,giv5 by ,"o ,n ,possess$ ( ,jurisdiction4--7a7 ,effect4--,absolution ( mortal s9s giv5 )\t jurisdiction is invalid2 & ( v5ial s9s1 is unlawful & probably invalid4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 ! ,*ur* supplies jurisdiction1 z 0 said above 7#bgeb74 7b7 ,guilt4--,!re is no s9 if ! absolution is giv5 9 good fai?1 z :5 a confessor is inculpably ignorant ( a res]vation4 ,if absolution is giv5 9 bad fai? & ! confessor kn[s t ! ,*ur* does n supply1 !re is a grave s9 on acc\nt ( ! irrev]5ce to ! ,sacram5t & ! h>m to ! p5it5t4 ,if ! confessor kn[s t he lacks jurisdiction1 b t ! ,*ur* supplies on acc\nt ( common error1 x seems t no s9 is committ$ if !re is a good reason = giv+ absolution 7e4g41 ! abs5ce ( o!r prie/s72 b o!rwise !re is mortal or v5ial s9 accord+ to circum/ances4 7c7 ,p5alty4--,he :o ) presumption he>s confessions )\t jurisdiction or absolves f a res]v$ case = :i* he has no faculties1 incurs 9 ! =m] case ipso facto susp5sion f ! p[] ( ,ord]s1 & 9 ! latt] case ipso facto susp5sion f he>+ confessions 7,canon #bcff74 #bgef4 ,duties ( ! ,confessor be=e ,confession4--7a7 ,fitness to ,he> ,confessions4--,! confessor %\ld h suffici5t k to be able readily to solve ! usual cases & to "w out or f9d ! solution ( ! m difficult cases2 suffici5t prud5ce to be able to apply 8 k well & to avoid :at is dang]\s or suspici\s2 suffici5t goodness to be s9c]ely desir\s ( ! spiritual advantage ( ! p5it5t1 & to be pati5t 9 he>+ him & firm 9 correct+ him4 7b7 ,will+ness to ,h e> ,confessions4-,! confessor is oblig$ ei!r f ju/ice or *>ity 7#bfgf7 to he> ! confessions ( ^? :o reasonably reque/ x4 ,he %\ld obs]ve ! rules ( ! ,ritual & ( ! ,code z to ! mann] & place ( confession 7,canons #ijh-iaj74 #bgeg4 ,duties ( ! ,confessor z ,judge 9 ,he>+ ! ,case4--7a7 ,s9ce confession %\ld be entire1 ! confessor is gravely b\nd to "q ! p5it5t1 :5 !re is reason to ?9k t ! confession is n entire4 ,) pi\s & well-in/ruct$ p]sons1 ( c\rse1 !re is no ne$ ( que/ion+1 &1 s9ce ! duty ( integrity re/s prim>ily on ! p5it5t1 ! confessor's neglig5ce may be reg>d$ z v5ial :5 he is burd5$ by a great multitude ( confessions4 7b7 ,s9ce confession mu/ n be made on]\s or h>mful to p5it5ts1 ! confessor is b\nd to be v discreet 9 ! que/ions he asks1 & to foll[ ! rule t x is f> bett] to say too little ?an to say too mu*4 ,he mu/ avoid any ^w or rem>k t might tea* s9 to ! "y or sc&alize ! old2 he mu/ be v res]v$ :5 speak+ ( matt]s t p]ta9 to ! ,six? ,comm&m5t1 &1 if !re is ne$ to "q ab\t !m1 %\ld beg9 ) v g5]al qu]ies4 ,nei!r directly nor indirectly may he inquire ! "n ( an accomplice ( ! p5it5t 7,canon #hhh72 b he is all[$ to inve/igate matt]s :i* he has a "r to "k1 ev5 ?\gh ! accomplice !reby becomes kn[n to him4 ,if ! common good requires t a compla9t be lodg$ aga9/ ! accomplice1 ! confessor may oblige ! p5it5t to make ?is compla9t to ! prop] sup]ior2 b x is seldom advisable t ! confessor agree to p]=m ?is duty himself1 & !n he %\ld require t ! p5it5t speak to him ab\t ! affair outside ( confession1 if ?is c be done 7see #abhg74 7c7 ,s9ce ! p5it5t acts z ! accus] 9 confession1 he %\ld be believ$ bo? = & aga9/ himself4 ,b %\ld x happ5 t ! confessor kn[s = c]ta9 t 8 p5it5t is ly+1 8 proc$ure w dep5d on ! s\rce ( 8 k4 ,if ! k is n ( sacram5tal orig9 b comes f ! confessor's own reliable exp]i5ce 7e4g41 because he saw ! p5it5t commit a s9 & is sure t ! sil5ce ab\t ! s9 is n due to =getfulness1 ignorance or previ\s confession ( x71 he %\ld try to induce ! p5it5t to confess1 &1 if ! latt] refuses1 %\ld d5y absolution4 ,if ! confessor is morally c]ta9 on acc\nt ( ! ^w ( a ?ird p]son t ! p5it5t is n[ conceal+ a s91 x seems to "s au?orities t absolution may be ei!r grant$ or refus$1 to o!rs t x mu/ be refus$4 ,f9ally1 if ! confessor's k comes f a previ\s sacram5tal confession or o!r obligatory secret1 he is held to respect ! secret2 he may n ask any que/ions :i* he w\ld n h ask$ o!rwise1 &1 if ! p5it5t w n confess1 he mu/ ei!r grant absolution1 z "s hold1 or dissimulate its d5ial1 z o!rs ?9k4 #bgeh4 ,duties ( ! ,confessor-,judge 9 ,decid+ ab\t ! ,case4--7a7 ,! confessor %\ld pass judgm5t on ! pa/ /ate ( ! p5it5t's s\l z decl>$ to him1 b defect or mi/ake "h w\ld n make ! ,sacram5t null4 ,! objective malice ( ! s9s 7i4e41 _! !ological & moral malice7 w be recogniz$ by ! prie/ f 8 k ( !ology1 & ! subjective malice f ! decl>ations or replies ( ! p5it5t4 ,at times ! confessor w h to re/ satisfi$ ) ! decision t ! s9 or its "* is unc]ta94 7b7 ,! confessor %\ld pass judgm5t on ! pres5t dispositions ( ! p5it5t1 or ! s9c]ity ( 8 sorr[ & resolution2 b x suffices t ! judgm5t be probable1 & !re be no /rong suspicion aga9/ x4 ,! p5it5t's dev\t confession1 or 8 promise ( am5dm5t1 ! tr\ble he took to make 8 confession1 etc41 are indexes ( good fai?1 j z boa/ful confession1 disreg>d = =m] promises1 & unwill+ness or c>elessness ab\t com+ to confession are signs ( bad fai?4 #bgei4 ,duties ( ! ,confessor-,judge 9 ,pass+ ,s5t5ce4--7a7 ,! ,duty ( ,b9d+4--,! confessor mu/ impose ^u ! p5it5t su* duties z are necessitat$ by ! ess5ce ( ! ,sacram5t 7e4g41 !re is no true contrition )\t will+ness to make due re/itution1 rep>ation1 or satisfaction1 & to avoid s9ful occasions & to /ruggle aga9/ bad habits71 or su* p5alties z are requir$ = its integrity 7i4e41 ! prie/ mu/ impose a suitable p5ance74 ,to safegu>d morals1 ! law ( ! ,*ur* gravely obliges a confessor to require 8 p5it5t sub gravi to d5\nce ano!r confessor c]ta9ly guilty ( ! crime ( solicitation1 unless !re be a grave reason t excuses ! p5it5t2 &1 if ! p5it5t refuses1 absolution mu/ be d5i$4 ,on ! details ( ?is law & on ! p5alties = solicitation1 refusal to d5\nce1 & false accusation1 see ,comm5t>ies on ,canons #ijd1 #bcfh & #bcfc ( ! ,code4 7b7 ,! ,duty ( ,loos+4--,! confessor is b\nd sub gravi to give absolution at once to "o :o is prop]ly dispos$1 = !re is a tacit contract betwe5 ! p5it5t & ! confessor t absolution w be grant$ if ! p5it5t is wor?y2 ! p5it5t puts himself to consid]able tr\ble to obta9 =giv5ess1 & he is depriv$ ( a great good if absolution is refus$ 7,canon #hhf74 ,if only free matt] is confess$1 x is a v5ial s9 n[ & !n to d5y absolution )\t reason1 b no s9 to d5y x = a good reason if ! p5it5t cons5ts4 7c7 ,! ,duty ( ,reta9+4--,! confessor %\ld always refuse absolution to ^? :o are c]ta9ly n contrite & 9 :om he _c awak5 true rep5tance1 = absolution w\ld be ( no b5efit to su* p]sons & w\ld make ! confessor an enc\rag] ( s94 ,likewise1 absolution %\ld be d5i$ ^? :o are incapable 7e4g41 ^? :o h n z yet committ$ s9 or :o confess only imp]fections74 ,if !re is d\bt ab\t ! fitness or capacity ( ! p5it5t1 absolution %\ld g5]ally be delay$2 b x may be grant$ conditionally = a s]i\s reason 7e4g41 if ! p5it5t is 9 a /ate ( s9 & _c return to confession = a long "t71 & x %\ld be grant$ conditionally = a v s]i\s reason 7e4g41 if ! p5it5t w probably n return1 or if he is confess+ 9 prep>ation = m>riage74 #bgfj4 ,p5it5ts to ,:om ,absolution ,%\ld ,be ,d5i$4--,!re are ?ree classes ( p5it5ts especially to :om absolution %\ld be frequ5tly d5i$ on acc\nt ( _! lack ( rep5tance3 7a7 ^? :o refuse to ab&on a proximate & volunt>y occasion ( grave s91 = ^! are imp5it5t & unwor?y ( absolution4 ,b absolution may be giv5 ^? :o promise to ab&on a proximate & volunt>y occasion1 or to use ! prop] means ( safety if !y are 9 a proximate & necess>y occasion ( s9 7see #bfc sqq472 7b7 ^? :o h contract$ ! habit ( "s grave s91 if !y are unwill+ to use ! prop] means to ov]come x2 b if !y s]i\sly promise to use means prescrib$ by ! confessor1 !y %\ld be consid]$ z well dispos$4 ,a s9 is habitual :5 x is committ$ (t5--t is1 = an ext]nal s9 ab\t five times a mon?1 & = an int]nal s9 ab\t five times a week-& :5 ! s9n] acts = ! prop] motive ( ! vice1 e4g41 9 inju/ice = disord]1 9 intemp]ance = pleasure ( ! s5se1 9 s9s aga9/ *>ity out ( hatr$1 etc4 ,b consid]ation %\ld be tak5 also ( ! "* ( ! p]son 7i4e41 a weak-will$ p]son is enslav$ by habit m readily ?an a /rong-will$ p]son7 & ( ! vice 7i4e41 an allur+ s9 l impurity becomes a habit m quickly ?an o!r s9s72 7c7 ^? backslid]s or recidivi/s :o h confess$ ! same grave s9 9 ?ree or f\r previ\s confessions & h relaps$ into x aga9 )\t any improvem5t4 ,^! p]sons %\ld be absolv$ if !y are s9c]e n[ & give "s special indication z pro( ( s9c]ity 7e4g41 "s ef=t made to conqu] _! habit72 o!rwise 7except 9 great necessity1 :5 !y may be giv5 ! b5efit ( ! d\bt & be grant$ conditional absolution7 !y %\ld n be absolv$ b %\ld be put (f k9dly = a %ort space1 s9ce !re is no reason to believe t ! pres5t sorr[ is any bett] ?an t ( ! pa/4 #bgfa4 ,! ,sacram5tal ,p5ance4--7a7 ,obligation4--,! confessor is b\nd to impose a p5ance 9 ord] to provide = ! integrity ( ! ,sacram5t & ! good ( ! p5it5t4 ,exceptions to ?is rule are ! cases :5 ! p5it5t _c p]=m any p5ance1 z :5 he is at ! po9t ( dea?1 & :5 ! p5it5t aft] ! imposition ( a p5ance & absolution rememb]s new & necess>y matt]4 ,x is at lea/ a v5ial s9 to delay ! giv+ ( a p5ance till aft] ! absolution1 & x is a grave s9 to give no p5ance at all1 unless 7z "s hold7 only a light p5ance 0 due4 7b7 ,quantity4--,! am\nt ( ! p5ance %\ld be suit$ z a puni%m5t to ! degree ( ! p5it5t's guilt1 t is1 a heavi] p5ance %\ld be giv5 = necess>y matt] & a light] p5ance = free matt]4 ,! p5ance %\ld also take into consid]ation ! moral malice & ! frequ5cy ( ! s9s4 ,works t ! ,*ur* may ord] "u pa9 ( s]i\s s9 suffice = necess>y matt] 7su* z a ,mass1 a fa/1 five decades ( ! ,ros>y1 or ! ,litany ( ! ,sa9ts74 ,light p5ances are ! ,de ,pr(undis1 ! ,litany ( ,/4 ,joseph1 five ,pat]s & five ,aves4 ,= a suffici5t reason 7e4g41 ! sickness ( ! p5it5t1 ! probability t a grave p5ance w keep him f future confession1 ! fact t 8 sorr[ is v great or t he has ga9$ a pl5>y indulg5ce1 ! p]=mance ( satisfaction = him by ! confessor himself7 ! quantity ( a p5ance may be less5$4 ,a grave p5ance may be light5$ by jo9+ x ) "s duty already ow$ 7e4g41 by requir+ ! p5it5t to say ! ,ros>y :ile he>+ ,sunday ,mass1 by oblig+ him to he> ,mass on ,sunday & also to say a few pray]s aft] ! ,mass74 7c7 ,quality4--,! "* ( ! p5ance %\ld make x suitable z a rem$y = ! spiritual disease ( ! p5it5t2 t is1 z f> z possible he %\ld be requir$ to p]=m works t t5d to correct 8 *ief fail+s4 ,?us1 = ^? :o are un*>itable or av>ici\s an alms or o!r "w ( m]cy is a good p5ance2 = ^? :o are giv5 to pleasures ( s5se1 a fa/ or o!r corporal au/]ity2 = ^? :o are lax or irreligi\s1 a pray]1 a visit to ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t1 a m$itation1 or frequ5tation ( ! ,sacram5ts4 ,ord9>ily x suffices to impose pray]s z p5ances1 s9ce pray] is a univ]sal rem$y4 ,p5ances unsuitable to ! p5it5t 7e4g41 fa/s = "o :o ne$s n\ri%m5t on acc\nt ( labors71 ^? t are too difficult 7e4g41 p]petual or long-cont9u$ practices71 ^? t are h>mful 7e4g41 p5ances t w br+ ! p5it5t into suspicion or ridicule71 mu/ be avoid$4 #bgfb4 ,! ,duties ( ! ,confessor z ,spiritual ,physician4--7a7 ,g5]al ,rem$ies4--,! confessor %\ld give mu* att5tion to ! /udy ( moral & ascetical works1 s z to be able to sugge/ suitable means to 8 p5it5ts = ov]com+ _! spiritual infirmities & avoid+ future relapses4 ,?us1 if a p5it5t desires to "k or ought to be told h[ to /ruggle aga9/ ang]1 drunk5ness or impurity1 ! confessor %\ld "k h[ to advise him & :at measures to recomm5d to him4 7b7 ,special ,rem$ies4--,c]ta9 classes ( p5it5ts ne$ special att5tion4 ,?us1 ! tempt$ & afflict$ %\ld be told ! means ( fight+ temptation & sadness2 ! scrupul\s %\ld be =bidd5 to exam9e _! consci5ces too c>efully1 or to accuse !mselves m9utely1 or to sp5d too mu* "t at devotions2 ! sick & ! dy+ %\ld be enc\rag$ to dispose !mselves well & to put aside ?\ghts ( fe> & disc\ragem5t2 pi\s p]sons (t5 ne$ assi/ance :5 !y suff] temptations to tepidity or spiritual desolation4 ,! c>eless1 lazy1 malici\s1 & h>d5$ %\ld be reprov$1 b /]nness %\ld n be unm+l$ ) k9dness1 le/ ! p5it5t be driv5 away f 8 duty altoge!r4 #bgfc4 ,! ,duties ( ! ,confessor z ,tea*] & ,guide4--7a7 ,in/ruction4--,! confessor %\ld tea* *ildr5 & o!r ignorant p]sons if he f9ds t !y d n "k tru?s necess>y to be kn[n = a fruitful reception ( ! ,sacram5t--t is1 ! my/]ies ( fai? t mu/ be believ$ explicitly & ! dispositions = receiv+ absolution 7#ibd74 ,he %\ld in/ruct ab\t duties :5 ?is w be = ! p5it5t's good--t is1 :5 ! p5it5t falsely believes some?+ to be s9ful :i* is n s9ful1 or to be gravely s9ful t is only lightly s9ful1 or :5 ! p5it5t's ignorance ( an obligation is gravely culpable1 or :5 he is inv9cibly ignorant b w be kept f a s9 )\t grav] evil if he is in/ruct$ n[4 ,if an in/ruction w probably d no good1 a confessor %\ld n in/ruct an inv9cibly ignorant p5it5t ab\t 8 duties1 unless sil5ce w be productive ( great] evils ?an in/ruction4 ,?us1 if ! confessor =esees t ! p5it5t w only be put 9 bad fai? if he is told ab\t a duty ( re/itution1 x w\ld be useless & wrong to speak to him ab\t x2 b if he %\ld =esee t1 if he does n speak1 ! p5it5t w d worse ?+s ) great injury or sc&al to o!rs1 x w\ld be necess>y to in/ruct him4 7b7 ,direction4--,9 spiritual matt]s a confessor %\ld be will+ & able to c\nsel & advise1 = example1 ab\t ! *oice ( a /ate ( life 7m>riage1 cl]ical /ate1 religi\s life71 ab\t volunt>y rules or practices 7v[s1 au/]ities71 & ab\t ! p]=mance ( duties 7e4g41 tra9+ ( *ildr574 ,= advice on temporal matt]s a prie/ %\ld ei!r direct 8 p5it5ts to lawy]s1 physicians or o!r pr(essional advis]s1 or1 if he c give prud5t direction himself 7e4g41 on arti/ic1 educational1 or bus9ess que/ions71 he %\ld pref]ably discuss ! matt] else:]e ?an 9 ! confessional4 #bgfd4 ,! ,duties ( ! ,confessor ,aft] ,confession4--7a7 ,p] se1 or by reason ( 8 (fice itself1 ! confessor is held to gu>d inviolate ! secret ( ! confessional--t is1 he may n disclose1 or use to ! p5it5t's disadvantage1 any in=mation receiv$ f sacram5tal confession4 ,?is duty is a grave "o impos$ by natural law 7s9ce !re is a quasi-contract t ! confessor w treat ! p5it5t's confession z confid5tial71 by div9e law 7s9ce ,*ri/1 9 will+ t confession be us$1 implicitly will$ t x be s conduct$ z n to become a ?+ odi\s1 sc&al\s & h>mful71 & by *ur* law 7= ,canons #hhi1 #hij1 #ageg1 #bcfi /rictly =bid revelations or use ( sacram5tal k & decree sev]e p5alties aga9/ transgressors74 ,s9ce ,god wipes out f remembrance ! s9s ,he has p>don$1 ! confessor1 be+ ,god's repres5tative1 mu/ treat :at he has he>d z n kn[n to him4 ,! obligation ( ! seal is s /rict t no "o may disp5se f x1 t nei!r ,probabilism nor epieikeia may be appli$ to x1 & t no exception is all[$ unless ! p5it5t himself freely1 unmi/akably & = a s]i\s reason gives p]mission = x to ! confessor4 7b7 ,p] accid5s1 or by reason ( a mi/ake committ$ by him 7e4g41 absolution mi/ak5ly refus$ or invalidly giv51 errone\s notion ab\t ! gravity ( a s9 imp>t$ or n correct$1 re/itution impos$ :]e n due or n impos$ :]e due71 a confessor is held to see t ! mi/ake is correct$ & t ! p5it5t or a ?ird p>ty is sp>$ or rescu$ f ! h>m :i* w foll[ f ! mi/ake4 ,! obligation is "o ( ju/ice 9 ^? cases :]e !re is a violation ( implicit agreem5t 7e4g41 absolution unreasonably )held71 or damage positively & culpably caus$ 7e4g41 errone\s advice ab\t ! gravity ( a s9 or ab\t ! duty ( re/itution72 x is "o ( *>ity 9 o!r cases :]e ! confessor c )\t undue inconv5i5ce assi/ ! spiritual or temporal ne$ ( ! p5it5t or ( ano!r 7e4g41 p5it5t's misund]/&+ ab\t 8 duty ( re/itution :i* ! confessor fail$ to cle> up74 ,! duty ( repair+ mi/akes is grave :5 !re is grave damage 7e4g41 invalid absolution ( mortal s9s7 & grave guilt 0 contract$ by ! mi/ake 7e4g41 if ! invalidity 0 volunt>y7 or w be contract$ by refusal to prev5t ! consequ5ces ( ! mi/ake 7e4g41 if ! invalidity has be5 discov]$1 & "o kn[s t ! p5it5t w die unabsolv$1 if "o does n rectify ! error74 ,! duty is light if !re is light damage 7e4g41 invalid absolution ( free matt]1 or ( necess>y matt] confess$ by a p]son :o w g to ! ,sacram5ts soon aga971 or light culpability 7e4g41 failure to "q ab\t ! species or numb] ( s9s1 or to impose a p5ance1 :5 ! failure is due to di/raction or =getfulness74 #bgfe4 ,mann] ( ,repair+ ,defects ,made 9 ,he>+ a ,confession4--7a7 ,! ,rep>ation to be ,made4--,if ! p5it5t has be5 depriv$ ( absolution1 he %\ld be absolv$2 if he has be5 wrongly in/ruct$1 he %\ld be set "r2 if temporal loss has be5 caus$1 temporal re/itution %\ld be made4 7b7 ,! ,p]son to ,:om ,re/itution ,%\ld ,be ,made4--,! injur$ p]son %\ld be comp5sat$4 ,h5ce if re/itution 0 mi/ak5ly impos$ on ! p5it5t & he _c recov] 8 prop]ty1 ! confessor %\ld reimburse him2 if ! p5it5t 0 mi/ak5ly excus$ f re/itution1 paym5t is due ! ?ird p>ty :o loses by ! advice4 7e7 ,! ,mann] ( ,mak+ ,rep>ation4--,if possible1 ! rep>ation %\ld be made 9 ! p5it5t's next confession1 z ?is is less tr\blesome to all conc]n$4 ,b if ! confessor has wrongly in/ruct$ ! p5it5t 9 an important matt]1 he is b\nd m probably 7aft] obta9+ ! p5it5t's p]mission to speak ab\t confession matt]7 to retract1 ev5 outside ( ! confessional1 if ?is c be done )\t sc&al or o!r s]i\s evil1 :i* w\ld be r>e4 #bgff4 ,excuses f ! ,duty ( ,repair+ ,mi/akes4--7a7 ,physical ,impossibility4--,if ! confessor does n "k :o ! p5it5t is or _c f9d him1 !re is no?+ to d b to rep5t ov] ! mi/ake & to pray = ! p5it5t t ,god may provide = him4 7b7 ,moral ,impossibility4--,grave inconv5i5ce excuses1 unless ! confessor has be5 s]i\sly at fault aga9/ ju/ice 7e4g41 by omitt+ absolution1 by giv+ incorrect in/ruction 9 an important matt]1 by neglect+ to w>n aga9/ an occasion ( s]i\s s91 by wrongly advis+ on re/itution ( a l>ge sum71 or ! salvation ( a s\l is at /ake1 z :5 an unabsolv$ p5it5t is dy+ 7see #agig sqq47 #bgfg4 ,! ,obligation ( ! ,seal ( ,confession4--7a7 ,its ,subject4--,prim>ily ! duty ( ! seal obliges ! confessor1 second>ily all o!rs to :om ! matt] ( sacram5tal confession 9 any way becomes kn[n1 su* z by/&]s1 int]pret]s1 or ^? :o h spi$ into a confession4 ,! p5it5t on 8 "p is b\nd to keep z a natural secret ! words ( ! confessor :i* ! latt] w\ld rightly wi% to be kept confid5tial 7e4g41 x w\ld n be fair to excuse oneself 9 mak+ necess>y corrections1 by say+ t "o 0 act+ "u advice ( "o's confessor1 especially s9ce ! confessor _c def5d himself74 7b7 ,its ,object4--,prim>ily1 ! seal ext5ds to all s9s confess$1 :e!r !y be light or grave1 private or public2 & a confessor may n confirm f 8 k z confessor :at he also kn[s f o!r k4 ,second>ily1 x ext5ds to all t is decl>$ = a full] explanation ( ! s9s1 su* z circum/ances1 purpose1 occasion1 coop]ation1 & to all ^? ?+s ^: revelation w\ld endang] ! seal or make ! ,sacram5t odi\s1 su* z ! d5ial ( absolution1 ! p5ance giv51 ! ins9c]ity1 impati5ce or scrupulosity %[n 9 confess+1 ! fact t a confession 0 long or a g5]al review4 ,o!r matt]s n g5]ally kn[n & :i* ! p5it5t reasonably wi%es to be confid5tial 7e4g41 ! fact t he made 8 confession1 8 natural defects ( illegitimacy or deafness7 %\ld be kept z natural secrets4 ,b !re is no duty ( sacram5tal or natural sil5ce ab\t matt]s :i* ! confessor kn[s f o!r s\rces & :i* he is free to m5tion 7e4g41 facts le>n$ f a non-sacram5tal confession made to ! prie/ & o!rs ) a view to its use1 or f ! confessor's own p]ception ( a !ft committ$ by ! p5it5t 9 ! act ( confession74 #bgfh4 ,s9s aga9/ ! ,seal ( ,confession4--7a7 ,direct violation happ5s if a confessor decl>es1 ei!r to ! p5it5t himself or to ano!r1 matt] protect$ by ! seal1 & ) su* cle>ness t bo? ! p5it5t & 8 s9 c be recogniz$4 ,?is occurs ev5 ?\gh no names are m5tion$1 or ! p5it5t is unkn[n to ! li/5]s1 or is no long] liv+1 or :5 ! li/5]s d n p]ceive t sacram5tal k is be+ us$4 ,! s9 is grave1 &1 s9ce ! injury to religion & ! public is always s]i\s1 x admits ( no lightness ( matt]4 ,! p5alty is excommunication mo/ specially res]v$ to ! ,pope 7,canon #bcfi74 7b7 ,indirect violation happ5s if a confessor s speaks or acts z to create a dang] ( direct violation 7e4g41 if he speaks s l\d 9 ! confessional t ^? outside c he>1 or if he is suspici\sly sil5t :5 ! p5it5t is be+ comm5d$1 or if he w>ns ! p>5ts ( a p5it5t to be specially wat*ful ( him1 or if he refuses to he> a confession because he kn[s f a previ\s confession t ! p]son is v scrupul\s1 or if he %[s less confid5ce or reg>d = ! p5it5t74 ,! s9 admits ( lightness ( matt]1 s9ce ! dang] ( direct violation may be remote2 b if !re is grave culpability1 susp5sion or ev5 sev]] p5alties may be inflict$ 7,canons #bcfi1 #bcfh74 7c7 ,unlawful use ( sacram5tal k happ5s if !re is no direct or indirect violation ( ! seal1 b ! confessor's conduct is su* z to make confession di/a/eful ei!r to ! p5it5t or to o!rs1 z :5 a sup]ior is guid$ 9 giv+ 8 vote or direct+ 8 subject by in=mation ga!r$ f confession4 ,?is is =bidd5 9 ,canon #hij4 7d7 ,app>5t violation ( ! seal happ5s if !re is really no direct or indirect violation ( ! seal1 or unlawful use ( confessional k1 b a prie/'s language is calculat$ to ar\se a reasonable suspicion t "s su* s9 is be+ committ$ 7e4g41 if a prea*] or retreat ma/] or writ] ( moral cases uses illu/rations f confessions he>d by him :i* w excite di/ru/ 9 8 own or o!r p5it5ts74 ,s]i\s sc&al & defamation may also be caus$ by public /atem5ts unfavorable to ! morals ( a c]ta9 city or community or class4 #bgfi4 ,special ,abuses4--,two abuses to :i* confession is especially expos$ are defamation & impurity1 & h5ce ! law ( ! ,*ur* provides special safegu>ds aga9/ ^! dang]s 7see #bgec1 #bgeg1 #bgei74 7a7 ,defamation4--,! fame ( ?ird p>ties is protect$ by ! law :i* =bids ! confessor to inquire ab\t ! p5it5t's accomplice1 ! fame ( ! p5it5t by ! law ( ! sacram5tal seal1 & ! fame ( ! confessor by ! law :i* subjects ^? :o br+ a false accusation ( solicitation aga9/ a confessor to excommunication specially res]v$ to ! ,pope1 to retractation1 rep>ation1 & sev]e p5ance 7,canons #hhh1 n4 #b1 #hhi sqq41 #bcfc74 7b7 ,impurity4--,! dang] t a confessor w be tempt$ to solicitation by 8 k ( ! frailty ( a p5it5t is provid$ = by ! law :i* sev]ely comm&s =mal d5unciation ( ^? guilty ( solicitation 7,canon #ijd72 ! dang] t a p5it5t may be induc$ to yield to solicitation by a promise to absolve ! s9 is met by ! law :i* invalidates absolution ( an accomplice 7,canon #hhd74 #bggj4 ,absolutio ,complicis4--,absolutio complicis 9 peccato turpi invalida e/ praet]quam 9 mortis p]iculo 7,canon #hhd74 7a7 ,objectum legis e/ peccatum turpe1 i4e41 quodvis peccatum contra sextum1 consummatum vel non consummatum1 colloquiis1 aspectibus vel factis patratum4 ,necesse e/ autem quod peccatum sit utr9que c]tum 7quoad factum et jus71 ext]num1 et grave 7qua int]num et qua ext]num74 ,unde non agitur de peccatis contra alias virtutes1 neque de peccatis luxuriae m]e int]nis vel levibus4 7b7 ,subjectum de quo 9 lege e/ complex seu socius imm$iatus et =malis 9 ipso actu peccati2 et sic non sufficit ad complicitatem coop]atio etiam proxima 7#aejg71 nec peccatum m]e mat]iale1 quale fit ab am5te1 dormi5te1 ebrio1 infante1 r5it5te4 ,non requiritur tam5 quod comp> sit pub] vel alius sexus1 neque quod confess>ius tempore complicitatis jam int] cl]icos adscriptus sit4 #bgga4 ,effectus ,legis de ,absolutione ,complicis4--7a7 ,quoad ,absalutionem4--,invalida et illicita e/ absolutio directa peccati nondum remissi si extra p]iculum mortis datur4 ,e/ valida s$ illicita3 absolutio directa peccati nondum remissi1 9 p]iculo mortis data1 qu&o alius sac]dos confessionem recip]e pote/2 necnon absolutio indirecta peccati nondum remissi1 extra p]iculum mortis data1 qu&o po5it5s bona fide peccatum reticet4 ,e/ valida et licita absolutio directa peccati nondum remissi1 9 p]iculo mortis vel 9 gravissima necessitate 7utputa urg5te praecepto ecclesia/ico et div9o confessionis et communionis annuae7 data1 qu&o alius sac]dos aut nullimode aut nonnisi cum gravi incommodo 7scil4 infamiae1 sc&ali1 p]iculi confessionis sacrilegae7 hab]i pote/2 necnon absolutio directa peccati jam remissi1 etiam extra hoc p]iculum et hanc necessitatem facta4 ,non una tam5 e/ s5t5tia auctorum 9 int]pret&is dubiis hujus legis1 nec omnes conv5iunt cum placitis hic positis1 nam de dubiis alii /rictius1 alii mitius judicant4 7b7 ,quoad ,c5suram4--,excommunicatio specialissime res]vata ,s4 ,s$i ipso facto incurritur a confess>io qui illicite absolvit vel f+it absolv]e1 sive directe1 sive 7qu&o po5it5s ad tac5dum inductus e/ a confess>io ipso7 indirecte4 ,c5sura non incurritur igitur si confessio tantum auditur1 si po5it5s propria sponte peccatum reticet1 si sac]dos dubitat num po5it5s complex sit 7,canon #bcfg74 #bggb4 ,sac]dos reus delicti sollicitationis 9 confessione intra m5sem d5unti&us e/ a po5it5te loci ,ord9>io vel ,s4,c4,s4 ,(ficii 7,canon #ijd74 7a7 ,delictum sollicitationis e/ provocatio1 etiam inefficax1 po5it5tis eujuscumque ut actum quemcumque gravem contra ca/itatem committat4 ,provocatio fit vel p] v]ba 7e4g41 decl>ationes amoris1 invitationes1 laudes71 p] facta 7e4g41 dona71 p] s]mones 7e4g41 colloquia de turpibus a po5it5te confessis71 p] tractatus 7scil4 colloquia de re turpi ag5da71 p] cons5sum int]num-ext]num sollicitationi po5it5tis datum4 7b7 ,delictum sollicitationis e/ provocatio quae ord9em habet ad confessionem1 i4e41 quae fit tempore factae confessionis 7i4e41 int]1 imm$iate ante1 imm$iate po/ confessionem71 vel tempore confessionis faci5dae 7i4e41 occasione confessionis petitae a po5it5te1 praetextu confessionis falso allegatae a confess>io1 9 loco confessionis cum confessionis simulatione74 #bggc4 ,confess>ius debet1 gravit] on]ata ejus consci5tia1 de on]e d5untiationis po5it5tem mon]e4 7a7 ,obligatio confess>ii gravis e/4 ,s$ antequam moneat1 s]io consid]et utrum po5it5s p]sona fide digna sit1 utrum c]to con/et de facto1 de turpitud9e1 de gravitate1 de ord9e ad confessionem1 utrum detur causa excusans 7e4g41 mors sollicitantis2 probabilit]1 ejus pl5a em5datio p] plures annos manife/ata2 grave damnum po5it5tis quoad vitam1 famam1 =tunam1 nisi gravius damnum simul imm9eat bono communi74 ,si de delicto sollicitationis et de obligatione po5it5tis nullum dubium e/1 confess>ius moneat1 etiamsi po5it5s 9 bona fide sit et praevideatur c]to non obtemp]aturus1 mortis p]iculo autem excepto4 ,si po5it5s irrationabilit] r5uat d5unti>e1 absolvi non pote/1 s$ confess>ius de casu consul]e debet ,ord9>ium4 7b7 ,obligatio po5it5tis etiam gravis e/4 ,d5untiatio faci5da e/ intra m5sem a cognita obligatione41 ,ord9>io sollicitantis1 vel loci delicti1 vel po5it5tis1 p]sonalit] et judicialit]4 ,po5it5s qui nec comp>]e nec scrib]e pote/1 int]ea excusatur2 s$ ille qui ju/a causa exemptionis c>5s sci5t] omittit d5unti>e intra t]m9um unius m5sis incurrit 9 excommunicationem latae s5t5tiae nem9i res]vatum1 non absolv5dus nisi po/quam obligationi satisfec]it aut se satisfacturum s]io promis]it 7,canon #bcfh1 n4 #b74 ,confess>ius non t5etur 9 se suscip]e onus d5untiationis1 nisi secus gravissimum damnum bono publico inf]retur4 #bggd4 ,! ,sacram5t ( ,extreme ,unction4--,z ,confirmation p]fects ,baptism by br++ to maturity ! new life ( grace1 s ,extreme ,unction p]fects ,p5ance by /r5g!n+ aga9/ ! spiritual debility t rema9s aft] s9 itself has be5 wip$ away4 ,confirmation makes ready = ! battle ( life1 ,extreme ,unction assi/s dur+ ! /ruggle ( dea?4 ,! fif? ,sacram5t is def9$3 8,a ,sacram5t ( ! ,new ,law 9 :i* ?r\gh ! ano9t+ ) oil & ! pray] ( ! prie/ adult p]sons :o are 9 dang] ( dea? receive heal? ( s\l1 & also at times heal? ( body40 7a7 ,! remote matt] or elem5t ( ! ,sacram5t is oil 7,james1 v1 #ad1 #ae74 ,= validity x is requir$ t ?is be olive oil1 bless$ by a bi%op or by a prie/ hav+ special papal delegation1 ) ! special bless+ = ! oil ( ! sick 7,o4 ,i472 = lawfulness1 sub gravi t x be oil bless$ ! previ\s ,holy ,?ursday 7,canon #gcd71 sub levi at lea/ t x be bless$ by ! bi%op ( ! diocese1 or1 9 case ( vacancy1 by ! neighbor+ bi%op4 ,9 necessity ! old oils may be lawfully us$1 :ile *rism & ! oil ( ! cate*um5s may be us$ z d\btful matt]4 ,unbless$ oils & oils bless$ by an unau?oriz$ prie/ d n suffice = validity4 7b7 ,! proximate matt] is ! ano9t+ ( ! sick man ) bless$ oil4 ,9 urg5t necessity x suffices to ano9t "o s5se1 or r ! =ehead2 9 o!r cases ! v>i\s s5ses %\ld be ano9t$ 9 ! ord] giv5 9 ! ,ritual4 ,ea* ano9t+ ( a d\ble s5se %\ld beg9 ) ! "r organ 7e4g41 ! "r eye7 & %\ld be giv5 ) ! "r ?umb 9 ! =m ( a cross4 ,if "o organ is miss+ 7e4g41 a h& amputat$71 ! ano9t+ %\ld be made1 if possible1 ne> to its place 7e4g41 on ! wri/72 if !re is dang] ( contagion1 ! ano9t+ may be made by means ( an in/rum5t1 su* z a bru% or small /ick4 ,! ano9t+ ( ! re9s %\ld always be omitt$ & ! ano9t+ ( ! feet may be omitt$ = any good reason1 su* z inconv5i5ce to ! dy+ p]son4 7c7 ,! =m ( ! ,sacram5t is ! pray] us$ by ! prie/4 ,9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur* ! ord9>y =m is conta9$ 9 ! words3 8,p] i/am sanctam unctionem1 etc4 ,by ?is holy ano9t+ & ,8 mo/ t5d] m]cy may ! ,"l =give !e :atev] s9 ?\ ha/ committ$ by sight 7by he>+1 by smell1 by ta/e & spee*1 by t\*1 by ?y /eps74 ,am540 ,! extraord9>y rite = use :5 !re is n "t to give all ! ano9t+s is be/[$ on ! =ehead 9 ! words3 8,p] i/am sanctam unctionem et suam piissimam mis]icordiam indulgeat tibi ,dom9us quidquid deliqui/i4 ,am540 ,! ess5tial words ( ! =m are3 8,p] i/am unctionem indulgeat tibi ,dom9us quidquid deliqui/i10 because !y express ! int]cession & ! effect ( ! rite4 ,x w\ld probably be a grave s9 to omit ! ref]5ce to ! s5ses 9 ! ord9>y =m1 z t seems to be a notable "p ( ! =m2 b x w\ld be a light s91 ap>t f contempt or sc&al1 to omit an unimportant ^w su* z 8,am540 ,if !re is d\bt ab\t ! recipi5t's capacity 7i4e41 :e!r he has rea*$ ! use ( reason1 :e!r he is 9 dang] ( dea?1 :e!r he is already dead1 :e!r he is imp5it5t & unwill+ to receive ! ,sacram5t71 ! =m %\ld be conditional4 ,! condition %\ld be 8si es capax10 n 8si es dispositus10 ev5 9 ! la/-m5tion$ case4 ,= ! ,sacram5t is giv5 validly ev5 to "o :o is n well dispos$ 7i4e41 :o lacks rep5tance7 & !re is ?us ! possibility1 :5 validity is n made dep5d5t on ! condition ( good disposition1 t sacram5tal fruitfulness w foll[ lat] :5 imp5it5ce1 ! ob/acle to ! ,sacram5t's activity1 %all h be5 remov$4 7d7 ,! recipi5t ( ! ,sacram5t is a ,ca?olic :o aft] atta9+ ! use ( reason has come into ! dang] ( dea? ?r\gh sickness or old age4 ,no "o is capable ( receiv+ ?is ,sacram5t unless he is baptiz$1 = ,baptism is ! gateway ( ! ,sacram5ts 7#bfga72 unless he has rea*$ ! use ( reason1 = ! ,sacram5t is a rem$y aga9/ p]sonal s9 & supposes t ! recipi5t c or =m]ly c\ld di/+ui% betwe5 "r & wrong2 unless he is 9 dang] ( dea? ?r\gh ! infirmity ( disease or ( decrepitude1 = ,/4 ,james tea*es t ! ano9t+ is = ^? :o are enfeebl$ by illness dang]\s unto dea?4 ,h5ce ,extreme ,unction _c be adm9i/]$ validly to ! unbaptiz$1 to "y *ildr5 :o h n come to ! use ( reason1 to ! p]petually insane1 to ^? :o are sick b n 9 dang] ( dea?1 to ^? :o are 9 dang] ( dea? b n sick 7e4g41 a /rong man go+ to ! gall[s or to battle74 ,b ! ,sacram5t may be adm9i/]$ to *ildr5 :o h n yet made _! fir/ confession1 if !y are capable ( s91 & to ! insane :o once _h ! use ( reason4 ,! dang] ( dea? ne$ n be imm$iate1 & h5ce ,extreme ,unction may be giv5 :5 ! disease is mortal b ! pati5t w la/ = sev]al mon?s or ev5 a ye>1 z 9 tub]culosis4 ,illness includes n only *ronic sickness1 b also fatal disord]s caus$ by w\nds1 accid5ts1 poison4 ,! rule ab\t ! old is t ^? :o h rea*$ sixty ye>s & %[ "s signs ( approa*+ dea?1 su* z great feebl5ess or fa9t+ spells1 ev5 ?\gh !y h no special malady1 may be ano9t$2 = _! old age itself is a disease4 7e7 ,! m9i/] ( ,extreme ,unction is ! prie/1 s9ce ,/4 ,james directs t ! presbyt]s 7i4e41 ! prie/s7 ( ! ,*ur* be call$ to ano9t ! sick4 ,extreme ,unction1 unlike ,p5ance1 is n ex]cis$ 9 ! =m ( a judicial process1 & h5ce ! p[] ( ,ord]s suffices = its valid adm9i/ration1 & any prie/1 ev5 "o :o lacks jurisdiction1 gives x validly4 ,b = lawful adm9i/ration *ur* law prescribes t ! m9i/] regul>ly be ! ecclesia/ical sup]ior or spiritual director 7i4e41 ! pa/or = 8 p>i%1 ! head ( a cl]ical religi\s in/itute = 8 h\se1 ! p>i%-prie/ or *apla9 = a lay religi\s body1 ! confessor = nuns71 & t ! m9i/] extraord9>ily 7i4e41 9 necessity7 be any o!r prie/ :o has p]mission1 or reasonably presum$ p]mission4 7f7 ,! effects ( ,extreme ,unction are p] se an increase ( sanctify+ grace1 s9ce ?is is a ,sacram5t ( ! ,liv+2 p] accid5s 7i4e41 :5 ! recipi5t is n 9 ! /ate ( grace1 b is 9 good fai? & has attrition7 ! =giv5ess ( s9s & fir/ grace4 ,extreme ,unction produces fir/ grace m surely ?an does absolution1 if ! p5it5t is unconsci\s1 s9ce x does n call = any ext]nal manife/ation ( contrition2 h5ce ! importance ( ano9t+ ^? :o are dy+ b unconsci\s4 ,! special b5efit ( ,extreme ,unction is imm$iate prep>ation ( ! s\l = entrance to heav51 ?\gh re/oration ( ! heal? ( ! body is sometimes v\*saf$ :5 ?is is = ! spiritual good ( ! sick p]son4 ,v5ial s9s & ! rema9s ( pa/ s9s 7i4e41 ! debility left by !m7 are remov$ & ! s\l is /r5g!n$ ) confid5ce z to ?+s pa/ & future & ) peace & resignation z to pres5t suff]+4 ,s9ce ! ,sacram5t is giv5 = ! p]iod ( dang] ( dea?1 x _c be repeat$ dur+ ! same dang]2 b %\ld ! pati5t recov] & relapse into a di/9ct dang] ?r\gh ! same or ano!r sickness1 !re arises a new ne$ & ! ,sacram5t may !n be repeat$4 #bgge4 ,special ,duties4--,9 addition to ! duties t are common 9 all ! ,sacram5ts1 ! foll[+ duties %\ld be not$ 9 ref]5ce to ,extreme ,unction4 7a7 ,! ,recipi5t4--,p] se1 ,extreme ,unction is n necess>y z a means to salvation1 = sanctify+ grace may be _h or recov]$ )\t x2 b p] accid5s x w\ld be necess>y z a means1 if a dy+ p]son 7 9 mortal s9 & c\ld n recov] grace except ?r\gh x4 ,he :o omits ,extreme ,unction unwill+ly or = a good reason 7e4g41 because he is well prep>$ = dea? & _c get a prie/ )\t v grave inconv5i5ce7 does n s94 ,he :o omits ! ,sacram5t volunt>ily & )\t good reason1 is guilty ( grave s9 if he acts f contempt1 or gives sc&al1 or exposes himself to et]nal damnation2 b if !re is no contempt1 sc&al or dang] to salvation1 s9 is inde$ committ$ by ! neglect at su* a crisis ( s important a spiritual aid1 b only v5ial s91 s9ce !re is no grave precept to receive ?is ,sacram5t4 ,! recipi5t ( ,extreme ,unction %\ld be 9 ! /ate ( grace2 & h5ce1 if he has mortal s9 on 8 consci5ce1 he mu/ be=eh& make an act ( contrition or receive absolution ) attrition1 or1 if nei!r is possible1 he mu/ make an act ( attrition4 ,! cu/om ( ! ,*ur* calls = confession be=e ,extreme ,unction1 & div9e law comm&s confession if "o is 9 mortal s9 & 9 dang] ( dea?4 7b7 ,! ,m9i/]4--,! pa/or is gravely b\nd 9 ju/ice to give or h giv5 ! ,sacram5t ( ,extreme ,unction to all 8 subjects :o reasonably reque/ x2 o!r prie/s n *>g$ ) ! spiritual c>e ( ! dy+ p]son are held 9 *>ity to ano9t him1 if he has n receiv$ ! la/ rites & _c o!rwise be ano9t$4 ,x is cle> t sick calls %\ld be att5d$ to promptly1 & x w\ld be a s]i\s matt] to delay s long z to put ! sick p]son 9 dang] ( dy+ )\t ,extreme ,unction or ( receiv+ x :5 he _h become unconsci\s & c\ld n dispose himself prop]ly4 ,if ! p]son has be5 pron\nc$ dead be=e ! prie/'s arrival1 he %\ld nev]!less be absolv$ & ano9t$ conditionally if ! la/ brea? 0 n long be=e2 because physicians tea* t dea? takes possession gradually1 life l+]+ 9 ! body = "s "t aft] its ext]nal signs h ceas$1 = ab\t a half h\r :5 ! end has come aft] long illness1 = "o or two h\rs :5 dea? is sudd5 or accid5tal4 ,! c]emonies are obligatory "u pa9 ( s91 & x is consid]$ a s]i\s matt] to neglect ! m notable p>ts1 t is1 )\t reason to omit all or ne>ly all ! pray]s1 or to give ! ,sacram5t )\t any sacr$ ve/m5t4 7c7 ,! ,pa/or4--,! oil ( ! sick %\ld be kept 9 a neat & prop]ly decorat$ place1 & %\ld be conta9$ 9 a vessel ( silv] or :ite metal4 ,only 9 exceptional cases is x lawful to keep x 9 ! rectory 7,canon #idf74 ,! ,cate*ism ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t 7page #cjg7 decl>es t ,extreme ,unction %\ld =m a subject ( frequ5t in/ruction4 ,x is important to exhort ! p n to delay 9 s5d+ = ! prie/ till ! sick p]son has become ins5sible1 nor to omit to s5d = him 9 case ( sudd5 dea?1 s9ce1 z already said1 life rema9s = "s "t 9 ! body aft] app>5t dea?4 7d7 ,! ,p4--,all ^? :o are responsible = ! good ( ! dy+ p]son1 su* z memb]s ( ! family1 physicians1 nurses1 relatives1 fri5ds1 or neighbors1 %\ld bew>e ( deceiv+ him ab\t 8 condition & 8 ne$ ( prep>ation = dea?2 on ! contr>y1 !y %\ld see to x z f> z !y c1 t he receives ! la/ ,sacram5ts 9 good "t & :ile he has ! full use ( 8 s5ses1 :5 ! spiritual b5efit & ! com=t ( m9d w be ( great] assi/ance & ! bodily cure m likely4 ,art4 #d3 ,,holy ,,ord]s2 ,,matrimony 7,summa ,!ologica1 ,supplem5t1 qq4 #cd-fh47 #bggf4 ,! fir/ five ,sacram5ts arc necess>y = ! spiritual welf>e ( individuals1 ! rema9+ two1 :i* are ! subject ( ?is ,article1 are ne$ful1 n = ea* p]son1 b = ! ,*ur* z a body4 ,a memb] ( ! ,*ur* may save 8 s\l ?\gh he rema9s outside ! prie/hood & ! m>ri$ /ate1 b ! spiritual good ( ! ,*ur* itself requires bo? ,ord]s & ,matrimony4 ,)\t ,ord]s ! ,*ur* w\ld be depriv$ ( h] rul]s1 tea*]s & m9i/]s ( div9e ?+s2 )\t ,matrimony ! family w\ld lack t sacram5tal protection :i* is s important = ! ,*ri/ian home & ! "r re>+ ( memb]s ( society4 #bggg4 ,! ,sacram5t ( ,ord]s4--,! spiritual (fice & p[] ( a memb] ( ! cl]gy is call$ ,ord]s on acc\nt ( ! ord] or rank ( sup]iority :i* x gives 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! rite or ,sacram5t by :i* an ,ord] is conf]r$ is /rictly call$ ,ord9ation1 & h5ce x is m correct to speak ( ! ,sacram5t ( ,ord9ation ?an ( ! ,sacram5t ( ,ord]s4 ,ord9ation may be def9$ z 8a ,sacram5t ( ! ,new ,law 9 :i* a memb] ( ! cl]gy receives spiritual p[] 9 ref]5ce to ! ,eu*>i/ & ! grace to ex]cise prop]ly ! duties ( 8 (fice40 7a7 ,ord]s is conf]r$ only on a memb] ( ! cl]gy4 ,j z ,baptism is prec$$ by cate*um5ate & ,matrimony by esp\sals or engagem5t1 s is ,ord9ation prec$$ by tonsure1 a c]emony in/itut$ by ! ,*ur* :]eby a man is sep>at$ f ! laity & enroll$ among cl]ics ) a view to prep>e him = ,holy ,ord]s4 ,! c&idate = tonsure mu/ be a male :o has receiv$ ,baptism & ,confirmation 7sub levi71 & :o has begun 8 c\rse ( !ology2 he s9s if he approa*es )\t a div9e vocation or ) ! purpose n to g on = ! prie/hood4 ,! privileges ( cl]ics are ^? ( =um & canon1 & !y are capable ( receiv+ ,ord]s1 jurisdiction & b5efice 7,canons #ajh sqq74 ,9 ! reception ( tonsure ! cl]ic is admoni%$ to make 8 life agree ) ! g>b :i* he !n assumes1 or1 9 o!r words1 to cultivate ! special virtues ( 8 /ate 7see #beif sqq474 7b7 ,ord9ation conf]s spiritual p[] 9 ref]5ce to ! ,eu*>i/1 ! ,sacram5t ( ,sacram5ts4 ,j z ! sacr$ vessels ( ! alt> receive a p]man5t consecration1 s likewise ! m9i/]s ( ! alt> are set ap>t by ,ord9ation1 :i* conf]s ^u !m an indelible "* ) ! p[] to ex]cise high] or l[] (fices 9 ref]5ce to ! supreme ,sacram5t & ! sole ,sacrifice ( ! ,new ,law4 ,h5ce1 an ,ord] once conf]r$ is et]nal & ! ,ord9ation _c be repeat$4 7c7 ,ord9ation conf]s grace1 :i* is p] se second grace1 or an increase ( hol9ess4 ,! special feature ( ! grace ( ,ord]s is its suitability = ! duties ( ! p]son orda9$1 =1 :]e ,god imposes a special obligation1 ,he conf]s also a special grace4 ,x is cle> t ! duties ( ! orda9$ 9 ref]5ce to ! real ,body ( ,*ri/ 7i4e41 duties z to ! ,eu*>i/ & div9e wor%ip7 & ! my/ical ,body ( ,*ri/ 7i4e41 duties to ! fai?ful :o receive ! ,eu*>i/ & ! o!r ,sacram5ts7 call = a high degree ( virtue & a life edify+ to all4 ,h5ce ! ne$ ( a special grace 9 ,ord9ation4 #bggh4 ,di/9ction ( ! ,ord]s4--,! foll[+ di/9ctions ( ! ord]s or ranks ( ! cl]gy %\ld be not$3 7a7 an ,ord] is ei!r sacram5tal or non-sacram5tal1 accord+ z x 0 in/itut$ by ,*ri/ ,himself or by ! ,*ur*4 ,x is ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,?omas t all ( ! ,ord]s are sacram5tal 9 "*1 b !re is n ! same degree ( c]ta9ty 9 ea* case4 ,z to ! prie/hood1 !re is ! c]ta9ty ( def9$ dogma2 z to ! diaconate 7& also episcopal consecration accord+ to _m7 !re is !ological c]ta9ty1 b no def9ition ( fai?2 z to ! subdiaconate1 & ! l[] ,ord]s1 !re is probability2 7b7 an ,ord] is ,major 7sacr$7 or ,m9or 7non-sacr$7 accord+ z its functions are conc]n$ ) consecrat$ or non-consecrat$ matt] 9 ! celebration ( ! ,eu*>i/4 ,! ,major ,ord]s1 !re=e1 are ! prie/hood 7^: (fice is to consecrate ! ,body & ,blood ( ,*ri/71 diaconate 7^: (fice is to disp5se ,communion to ! fai?ful71 & sub-diaconate 7^: (fice is to prep>e ! bread & w9e ( ! sacrifice 9 ! consecrat$ vessels1 t is1 ! *alice & pat574 ,! ,m9or ,ord]s are ^? t prep>e ! matt] ( ! ,eu*>i/ 9 non-consecrat$ vessels 7acoly?ate71 or t dispose ! p = ! ,eu*>i/ by free+ !m f ! imp$im5ts ( demonic influ5ce 7exorci/ate7 or ( ignorance 7lectorate71 or t exclude unbeliev]s f p>ticipation 9 ! sacr$ rites 7port]%ip74 ,to ! ,sacr$ ,ord]s1 on acc\nt ( _! clos] approa* to ! ,eu*>i/1 are annex$ ! duties ( celibacy & ( ! ,div9e ,(fice4 #bggi4 ,! ,hi]>*y ( ,ord]s & ,jurisdiction4--,! ,ord]s ( ! cl]gy may be consid]$1 n only 9 ref]5ce to p[] ov] ! real ,body ( ,*ri/ 7i4e41 ! ,eu*>i/71 b also 9 ref]5ce to p[] ov] ! my/ical ,body ( ,*ri/ 7i4e41 ! ,*ur*74 ,^? :o h p[] ov] ! memb]s ( ! ,*ur* belong to ! hi]>*y1 & ?is is und]/ood 9 two s5ses3 7a7 ! hi]>*y ( ,ord]s is compos$ ( ^? :o receive 9 ,ord9ation a p]man5t sup]iority ov] o!rs 9 ref]5ce to ! wor%ip ( ,god & ! sanctification ( s\ls by ! m9i/ry ( ! ,sacram5ts4 ,f div9e in/itution ?is hi]>*y is compos$ ( ! ?ree ranks ( bi%ops1 prie/s1 & deacons2 & f ecclesia/ical in/itution ( ! l[] cl]gy 9 ,ord]s4 ,?us1 ! deacon is able to baptize & adm9i/] ,communion z extraord9>y m9i/]2 ! prie/ is ! ord9>y m9i/] ( ,baptism & ! ,eu*>i/1 & only a prie/ c act z m9i/] ( ,p5ance & ,extreme ,unction2 ! bi%op is ! m9i/]1 n only ( ! ,sacram5ts m5tion$1 b also ( ,confirmation & ,ord]s2 7b7 ! hi]>*y ( jurisdiction is compos$ ( ^? memb]s ( ! ,*ur* :o receive 9 _! accept$ election or canonical commission a p[] ov] ! fai?ful :i* c be lo/ or resign$1 & :i* relates to ! in/ruction & gov]nm5t ( subjects 9 matt]s ( fai? & morals4 ,f div9e law ?is hi]>*y is compos$ ( ! ,supreme ,pontificate & ! subord9ate ,episcopate2 f ecclesia/ical law !re are o!r ranks ( au?ority1 su* z ^? ( p>i%-prie/1 prelate1 abbot1 ar*bi%op1 primate1 patri>* & c>d9al4 #bghj4 ,! ,matt] & ,=m ( ! ,v>i\s ,ord]s 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur*4--7a7 ,9 ! ,m9or ,ord]s ! matt] consi/s 9 ! be/[al ( ! symbols ( (fice1 & ! =m 9 ! words ( ord9ation t accompany ?is be/[al4 ,! port] is orda9$ :5 he t\*es ) 8 "r h& ! keys ( ! *ur* :i* ! bi%op pres5ts to him ) ! words3 8,conduct y\rself z "o :o mu/ give an acc\nt+ = ! ?+s t are "u ^? keys01 ! read]1 :5 he t\*es ! lection>y 7i4e41 ,missal1 ,brevi>y1 ,bible7 (f]$ him by ! bi%op ) ! =m3 8,receive ?is book & ann\nce well ! ,^w ( ,god1 kn[+ t1 if y p]=m y\r (fice fai?fully & usefully1 y %all receive a portion ) ^? :o f ! beg9n+ h be5 good m9i/]s ( ,god's ^w02 ! exorci/1 :5 he t\*es ! book ( exorcisms 7e4g41 ! ,ritual1 ,pontifical or ,missal7 pres5t$ to him ) ! words3 8,receive & commit to memory & h p[] to impose h&s on ! possess$1 :e!r baptiz$ or cate*um5s01 ! acolyte1 :5 he t\*es ! symbols ( 8 (fice 7i4e41 fir/ ! c&le & c&le/ick1 next ! empty cruet71 :ile ! words are said3 8,receive ?is c&le/ick & c&le & "k t y are deput$ to light ! lamps ( ! *ur*1 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l02 8,receive ?is cruet to furni% ! w9e & wat] = ! ,eu*>i/ ( ! blood ( ,*ri/1 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l40 8,am50 %\ld be add$ by ! acolyte aft] ea* =m4 7b7 ,9 ! subdiaconate1 ord9ation is giv5 :5 ! c&idate t\*es ! empty *alice & ! pat5 7! ,bi%op say+3 8,see :at a m9i/ry is committ$ to y2 ,i admoni% y1 !re=e1 s to conduct y\rselves t y may be pleas+ to ,god07 & ! ,book ( ,epi/les1 su* z ,missal or ,bible 7! ,bi%op say+3 8,receive ! ,book ( ,epi/les & h p[] to read !m 9 ! holy ,*ur* ( ,god1 bo? = ! liv+ & = ! dead4 ,9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 & ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/074 7c7 ,pope ,pius ,,xii 9 an (ficial decree1 an ,apo/olic ,con/itution ( ,nov4 #cj1 #aidg 7see ,,aas1 #dj-e71 det]m9$ ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ord9ation to diaconate1 prie/hood & episcopate4 ,=m]ly ?is _h be5 a matt] ( discussion among !ologians4 ,9 ! diaconate ord9ation is giv5 by ! s+le imposition ( ! h&s ( ! ,bi%op t occurs 9 ! rite ) ! words ( ! 8,preface10 ( :i* ^! are ! ess5tial3 8,s5d into him1 ,we ask1 ,o ,"l1 ! ,holy ,_s1 by :i* he %all be /r5g!n$ by ! gift ( ,?y sev5fold grace = ! fai?ful p]=mance ( ! "w ( ! m9i/ry40 7d7 ,! matt] ( ! prie/hood is ! fir/ imposition ( h&s ( ! ,bi%op :i* is made 9 sil5ce4 ,! =m consi/s 9 ! words ( ! 8,preface0 ( :i* ^! are ! ess5tial & requir$ = validity3 8,give1 we ask ,!e1 omnipot5t ,fa!r1 to ?is ,?y s]vant ! dignity ( ! prie/hood 4440 7e7 ,9 episcopal consecration ! matt] is ! imposition ( ! h&s ( ! consecrat+ ,bi%op2 ! =m is ! 8,preface10 ! ess5tial words be+3 8,fill out 9 ,?y prie/ ! fullness ( ! m9i/ry44440 ,x is a disput$ matt] :e!r ! episcopacy is a di/9ct ,ord] f ! prie/hood or simply an ext5sion ( x4 ,! common op9ion favors ! negative side & consequ5tly ma9ta9s t ! consecration ( a ,bi%op is n sacram5tal4 ,accord+ly1 ! supreme ,ord] ( ,prie/hood includes ! simple prie/s or presbyt]s & ! high prie/s or bi%ops4 ,! episcopacy conf]s no new p[] 9 ref]5ce to ! ,eu*>i/1 b x ext5ds ! "* ( ! prie/hood to new p[]s 9 ref]5ce to ,*ri/'s ,my/ical ,body1 ! ,*ur*4 #bgha4 ,! ,m9i/] ( ,ord9ation4--7a7 ,= validity x is necess>y t ! m9i/] be a consecrat$ bi%op2 b ! ,ord]s ( ecclesia/ical in/itution 7i4e41 subdiaconate & ,m9or ,ord]s7 may be giv5 by a prie/ au?oriz$ by law1 or by special indult ( ! ,apo/olic ,see4 ,?us1 ,c>d9als1 ,vic>s & ,prefects ,apo/olic1 & ,abbots h ! p[] ( conf]r+ tonsure & ,m9or ,ord]s f ,canon #bci4 7b7 ,= lawfulness x is necess>y t ! consecrator ( a bi%op be ! ,pope or a bi%op designat$ by him2 t ! orda9] to o!r ranks ( ! cl]gy be ! prop] bi%op ( ! c&idate 7i4e41 ! bi%op ( 8 place ( orig9 & resid5ce or ( 8 place ( domicile71 or a delegat$ bi%op 7i4e41 ! bi%op :o has receiv$ dimissorial lett]s f ! prop] bi%op or religi\s sup]ior74 ,see ,canons #iea-ifg4 #bghb4 ,! ,special ,duties ( ! ,m9i/]4-7a7 ,z to ! ord9&us1 ! orda9+ prelate mu/ be morally c]ta9 f positive argum5ts t ! c&idate is suitable accord+ to ! ,canons2 o!rwise he w\ld be guilty ( a v griev\s s9 & w\ld expose himself to ! dang] ( %>+ 9 ! s9s ( o!rs 7,i ,tim41 v4 #bb2 ,canon #igc1 n4 #c74 7b7 ,z to ! ord9ation1 ! m9i/] is b\nd to obs]ve ! law on "t & place1 & to foll[ c>efully & exactly ! c]emonies ( 8 own ,rite4 ,if any?+ ess5tial is omitt$1 x has to be suppli$1 absolutely or conditionally1 accord+ z !re is c]ta9 or only d\btful lack4 ,! omission ( an accid5tal b notable c]emony 7e4g41 ! ano9t+ ( h&s7 w\ld be s]i\sly culpable 7,canons #ajjb-ajji74 #bghc4 ,! ,recipi5t ( ,ord]s4--7a7 ,= validity x is necess>y t ! recipi5t be ( ! male sex1 = ! div9e law has res]v$ sac]dotal & m9i/]ial functions to m51 & ! *ur* law has prop]ly foll[$ ?is example 9 reg>d to ! ,ord]s t are ( *ur* in/itution2 ! recipi5t mu/ be baptiz$1 = )\t ,baptism "o has no capacity = o!r ,sacram5ts2 if he is an adult1 he mu/ h at lea/ an habitual int5tion freely =m$ ( receiv+ ! ,ord] to :i* he is rais$4 7b7 ,= lawfulness x is n suffici5t t ! recipi5t be 9 ! /ate ( grace1 s9ce ,ord9ation is n m]ely a p]sonal matt]1 b also a matt] ( great consequ5ce to ! :ole ,*ur*4 ,! recipi5t ( ,ord]s takes 8 place among ! repres5tatives & m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur*1 & !re=e he %\ld h ! special qualities t fit him = 8 dignity & (fice4 ,intellectually1 ! ord9&us mu/ be compet5t 9 !ological & pr(ane k1 & mu/ h made a satisfactory c\rse ( /udies 7,canons #igb1 #acfd sqq41 #ehi-eia74 ,accord+ to ! ,code1 fir/ tonsure %\ld n be giv5 be=e ! /udy ( !ology has begun1 ,m9or ,ord]s may be giv5 dur+ ! fir/ & second ye>s ( !ology1 subdeacon%ip only t[>ds ! end ( ! ?ird ye>1 deacon%ip only aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? ye>1 & prie/hood only aft] ! fir/ half ( ! f\r? ye> 7,canon #igf74 ,morally1 ! ord9&us %\ld be ( comm5dable life & h ! int]nal & ext]nal excell5ce :i* is suppos$ by ! ,ord] he is to receive4 ,virtues to :i* ! ,pontifical especially exhorts cl]ics at _! ord9ation are love & labor giv5 to ! ,*ur* & ! ?+s ( ,god's h\se 7port]71 devotion to ! ,scriptures & sacr$ /udy 7lector71 conque/ ( passion 7exorci/71 ! light ( good example & ! self-sacrifice ( good works 7acolyte71 temp]ance1 vigilance1 pray]fulness 7subdeacon71 lib]ality to ! poor1 *a/ity1 =titude1 zeal = prea*+ ! ^w ( ,god 7deacon71 eld]l9ess 9 dignity1 lead]%ip 9 virtue1 & ju/ice 9 /ew>d%ip 7prie/hood74 ,no "o %\ld be admitt$ to a ,sacr$ ,ord] :o is unable to ov]come a s]i\s habit ( s9 7especially 9 mat]ia turpi71 ev5 ?\gh secret2 & if !re is d\bt ab\t am5dm5t1 a te/ dur+ a suitable p]iod ( "t %\ld be made4 #bghd4 ,canonical ,requirem5ts = ,ord9ation4--7a7 ,positive requirem5ts are3 prop] age 7t is1 ! tw5ty-fir/1 tw5ty-second1 & tw5ty-f\r? ye>s complet$ are necess>y = subdeacon%ip1 deacon%ip1 prie/hood1 respectively72 ,confirmation %\ld h be5 receiv$ be=e ,ord9ation1 = x is suitable t ^? :o are to /r5g!n o!rs 9 ! fai? %\ld h ! "* ( soldi] ( ,*ri/2 promotion f ,ord] to ,ord] %\ld be f l[] to high] 9 prop] succession1 t fitness may be %[n 9 less] (fices be=e ! great] are receiv$2 an int]val mu/ elapse betwe5 c]ta9 ,ord]s1 :i* w give to cl]ics ! opportunity to ex]cise ! p[]s !y h receiv$ 7e4g41 betwe5 acoly?ate & subdiaconate a ye>1 betwe5 subdiaconate & diaconate ?ree mon?s72 ! c&idate = sacr$ ord9ation mu/ h a title or "s canonical means ( support 7i4e41 = secul> cl]gy ! title ( b5efice1 or patrimony or m9i/]ial s]vice2 = religi\s ! title ( pr(ession1 common life1 etc474 ,! law all[s c]ta9 disp5sations f "s ( ^! requirem5ts 7,canons #igd sqq474 7b7 ,negative requirem5ts are fre$om f c]ta9 disabilities introduc$ by ! ,*ur* = ! sake ( ! honor & dignity ( ! sacr$ m9i/ry4 ,"s ( ^! disqualifications are ( _! nature p]man5t1 & !y are remov$ only by disp5sation or by disposition ( ! law 7e4g41 9 c]ta9 cases by cessation ( ! cause1 or by baptism1 or by religi\s pr(ession71 & ^! are kn[n z irregul>ities2 o!r disqualifications1 :i* are ( _! nature tempor>y & cease ) lapse ( "t or *anges 9 circum/ances1 are kn[n z simple imp$im5ts4 ,! effect ( disqualification is to make x unlawful to receive an ,ord]1 or to ex]cise an ,ord] already receiv$4 ,irregul>ities are produc$ ei!r by defici5cy or by del9qu5cy1 b ! cause 9 ei!r case mu/ be c]ta92 &1 9 case ( del9qu5cy1 x mu/ be a p]sonal s9 committ$ aft] ,baptism1 :i* is mortal1 ext]nal1 & consummat$ 9 act4 ,! irregul>ities f defect are3 illegitimate bir?2 m5tal imp]fection 7su* z epilepsy1 insanity1 possession72 bodily imp]fection t makes "o unsuit$ = ! s]vice ( ! alt>1 on acc\nt ( mutilation 7e4g41 ^? :o h lo/ h& or foot1 or ?umb or index f+]71 or ( uns\ndness 7e4g41 ! bl9d1 ! deaf1 ! dumb1 cripples1 p>alytics71 or ( v noticeable de=mity t excites ridicule or horror 7e4g41 dw>fs1 giants1 noseless p]sons1 ^? :o are hun*back$72 successive bigamy1 t is1 ! fact t "o has be5 twice validly m>ri$1 = ,/4 ,paul rul$ t a cl]ic %\ld be a man ( n m ?an "o wife 7,i ,tim41 iii4 #b1 #ab2 ,tit41 i4 #e1 #f72 infamy ( law1 t is1 ! commission ( c]ta9 crimes :i* ! law decl>es infam\s ipso facto or aft] s5t5ce 7su* z pr(anation ( ! ,eu*>i/ or ( graves1 viol5ce done to ! ,pope or a ,c>d9al1 duell+1 simultane\s bigamy1 & c]ta9 sexual s9s72 p>ticipation 9 capital puni%m5t by pron\nc+ 7i4e41 z judge or juryman7 or execut+ ! s5t5ce ( dea?4 ,! irregul>ities f del9qu5cy are3 apo/asy1 h]esy1 s*ism2 reception ( ,baptism f a non-,ca?olic2 attempt at adult]\s or sacrilegi\s m>riage2 volunt>y homicide1 coop]ation 9 an abortion1 mutilation ( self or ( ano!r1 attempt to commit suicide2 unlawful ex]cise ( m$ic9e or surg]y by a cl]ic ) fatal results2 unlawful ex]cise ( ! p[]s ( ,major ,ord]s by a cl]ic or layman4 ,! simple imp$im5ts are f\nd 9 ! foll[+3 9 ^? :o may be weak 9 fai?1 namely1 p]sons ^: p>5ts are non-,ca?olics1 or :o are !mselves conv]ts 7,i ,tim41 iii4 #f72 9 ^? :o are prev5t$ by o!r occupations1 namely1 p]sons held by m>riage1 bus9ess =bidd5 to cl]ics1 slav]y1 milit>y s]vice 7,,ii ,tim41 ii4 #d72 9 ^? :o are actually 9 bad repute be=e ! community on acc\nt ( misconduct 7,i ,tim41 iii4 #g74 ,see ,canons #ihc-iia4 #bghe4 ,duties ( ,ord9&i ,accord+ to ,canon ,law4--7a7 ,be=e ,ord9ation4--,application to ! bi%op mu/ be made be=eh& at an opportune "t1 & te/imonials ( ,baptism1 ,confirmation1 ,ord]s already receiv$1 c]tificates ( good "* & /udies1 & lett]s f sup]iors te/ify+ to fre$om f imp$im5ts & g5]al fitness mu/ be pres5t$4 ,! c&idate mu/ und]go a special exam9ation & make a spiritual retreat be=e ! day ( 8 ord9ation4 ,! pr(ession ( fai? is made be=e subdeacon%ip4 7b7 ,dur+ ,ord9ation4--,all ! c]emonies %\ld be obs]v$1 & especially ! physical t\*+ ( ! in/rum5ts 7*alice & pat51 etc471 :i* seems to be ess5tial 9 ,m9or ,ord]s & ! ,subdiaconate4 ,9 ! imposition ( ! h&s 9 ! o!r ,major ,ord]s1 ! head ( ! subject %\ld be t\*$ physically1 al?\gh ev5 moral t\* is suffici5t = validity ( ! ,sacram5t 7,pius ,,xii1 ,apo/olic ,con/itution already cit$74 ,! law requires t ! recipi5ts ( ,major ,ord]s receive ,communion1 & ! obligations seems to be grave = ! new prie/s1 s9ce !y celebrate ) ! bi%op4 7c7 ,aft] ,ord9ation4--,! nocturn 7?ree ,psalms & _! antiphons7 :i* ! orda9+ prelate imposes on ! newly orda9$ subdeacons & deacons %\ld be tak5 f ! fir/ nocturn ( ! day1 :e!r x be f]ia1 fea/ or ,sunday1 unless ! bi%op appo9ts o!rwise4 ,! ?ree ,masses ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,bless$ ,virg91 & = ! dead1 impos$ on ! newly orda9$ prie/s1 ne$ n be appli$ = ! bi%op's int5tion1 & a /ip5d may be tak5 :5 !y are said2 b x is fitt+ t !y be appli$ 9 ?anksgiv+ & = ! b5efit ( ! bi%op z well z ( ! :ole ,*ur* on e>? & 9 ,purgatory4 ,^! pray]s & ,masses d n seem to oblige "u s91 ?\gh "s hold !m to b9d sub gravi4 ,on ! life duties ( ! cl]gy1 see above 7#beif sqq474 #bghf4 ,regi/ration ( ,ord9ations4--,z 9 ! case ( m>riage1 ord9ations %\ld be regi/]$ 9 a special book & notice ( !m 7if subdiaconate 0 receiv$7 %\ld be s5t to ! pa/or ( ! p>i% ( ,baptism4 ,a c]tificate ( ord9ation is also to be giv5 to ! cl]ic orda9$ 7,canons #ajaj1 #ajaa74 #bghg4 ,! ,sacram5t ( ,matrimony4--,m>riage 9 g5]al is def9$ z 8! conjugal union ( man & woman1 contract$ betwe5 two qualifi$ p]sons1 :i* obliges !m to "o ano!r = life40 7a7 ,! ^w union may be tak5 actively = ! pass+ act ( int]nal & ext]nal cons5t1 & !n x ref]s to m>riage 9 its /ate ( becom+1 z x is a contract & 7among ,*ri/ians7 a ,sacram5t2 or x may be tak51 z x 7 passively1 = ! bond t results f ! mutual cons5t pl$g$ by ! p>ties1 & !n x ref]s to m>riage z a p]man5t /ate ( life4 7b7 ,! m>riage union is conjugal2 t is1 its end is ! procreation & re>+ ( *ildr51 or ! mak+ ( a family1 & x !re=e gives ! "r to ! natural acts ( g5]ation4 ,a contract :i* has o!r ends 7e4g41 a bus9ess agreem5t ( labor or ( p>tn]%ip71 or :i* excludes procreation 7e4g41 an agreem5t ( onani/ic concub9age71 is n a m>riage4 7c7 ,m>riage is betwe5 qualifi$ p]sons1 = c]ta9 individuals are exclud$ by natural1 div9e or human law f mak+ a valid contract ( m>riage4 7d7 ,m>riage is betwe5 two1 "o man & "o woman4 ,?is unity ( m>riage is its fir/ prop]ty1 result+ f its nature z a relation%ip int5d$ prim>ily = ! propagation ( ! race & its prop] upbr++1 & second>ily = ! peace & cont5tm5t ( ! m>ri$ c\ple1 _! mutual assi/ance to "o ano!r1 & _! protection aga9/ c>nal temptations 7#bii74 ,= poly&ry is oppos$ to bo? ^! ends1 & !re=e to natural law1 :ile polygamy does n accord well ) ! second>y ends ( matrimony & is =bidd5 = all by ! law ( ,*ri/ 78,!y %all be two 9 "o fle%10 ,matt41 xix4 #c sqq474 ,on ! p]mission ( polygamy 9 ! lat] ,old ,te/am5t ages1 see #cjc1 #caa4 7e7 ,m>riage obliges ! p>ties to "o ano!r = life4 ,?is indissolubility ( m>riage is its second prop]ty1 & also foll[s f ! natural ends ( m>riage4 ,= ! "r propagation ( ! human race is a matt] t conc]ns n m]ely ! m>ri$ c\ple or human society1 b also ,god ,himself1 :o is matrimony's imm$iate au?or & lawgiv]1 & ,god has decre$ t m>riage be unbreakable except 9 ! few in/ances all[$ by ,himself3 8,:at ,god ha? jo9$ toge!r let no man put asund]0 7,matt41 xix4 #f74 ,s9ce ! good ( m>riage is inf]ior to ! good ( fai?1 ! div9e law p]mits a dissolution ( ! bond 9 ! case kn[n z ! ,paul9e ,privilege 7,i ,cor41 vii4 #ab-ae72 simil>ly1 9 a v few in/ances :]e !re is a s]i\s good m important ?an ! pres]vation ( ! bond 7! fai? ( a conv]t f infidelity1 ! obs]vance ( ! c\nsel ( *a/ity1 ! public welf>e71 & :]e ! bond itself has n ! /r5g? ( sacram5tality 7i4e41 9 a non-,*ri/ian m>riage71 or has n be5 consummat$ 9 a ,*ri/ian m>riage1 ! div9e law au?orizes ! ,*ur*1 ! repres5tative ( ,god1 to decree a dissolution 7see #cfc1 #cad74 ,n only are ^! cases few1 b ! conditions are /rict 7see ,canons #aabj-aabg71 & h5ce ^! exceptions are no m5ace to ! ends ( m>riage4 ,b once consummation has be5 add$ to cons5t 9 a ,*ri/ian m>riage1 !reby p]fect+ ! natural contract & ext5d+ ! sacram5tal signification f ! my/ical & sev]able union ( ,*ri/ ) ! s\l by grace to ! physical & p]petual union ( ,*ri/ ) ! ,*ur* by ! ,inc>nation1 ! indissolubility becomes complete & admits ( no exception4 ,! bill ( divorce "u ! ,mosaic ,law seems to h be5 a true & complete dissolution ( ! m>riage tie1 b !re is good reason to ?9k t x 0 a tol]ation ( ! ,jewi% civil code1 n a p]mission giv5 by ,god4 ,! valid m>riages ( infidels z su* are n subject to ! judgm5t ( ! ,*ur*2 & ! civil au?ority has no p[] to dissolve !m 7ev5 :5 !y are *ildless71 o!rwise individuals & ! family & ! ,/ate w suff]1 z exp]i5ce proves4 #bghh4 ,di/9ctions4--7a7 ,9 ref]5ce to validity1 m>riage may be true 7i4e41 validly contract$71 or presum$ 7i4e41 tak5 by ! law to be validly contract$ on acc\nt ( "s fact1 z :5 ! validity ( a m>riage 0 n attack$ dur+ ! lifetime ( ! p>ties71 putative 7i4e41 really invalid1 b contract$ 9 good fai? by at lea/ "o ( ! sp\ses & n yet kn[n by bo? to be c]ta9ly null71 attempt$ 7i4e41 contract$ invalidly 9 bad fai?1 at lea/ "o ( ! p>ties be+ aw>e ( an invalidat+ imp$im5t74 7b7 ,9 ref]5ce to p]fection1 m>riage is legitimate 7:5 x is validly contract$ betwe5 non-baptiz$ p]sons71 ratifi$ or sacram5tal 7:5 x is celebrat$ betwe5 baptiz$ p]sons71 consummat$ 7:5 ! cons5t giv5 9 ! contract is subsequ5tly complet$ by ! conjugal act74 ,x seems t m>riage lawfully contract$ betwe5 a baptiz$ & a non-baptiz$ p]son is n ratifi$ or sacram5tal1 =1 z ! cons5t mu/ be mutual1 s %\ld ! ,sacram5t be mutual4 ,b a m>riage free f sub/antial defects is always a ,sacram5t1 ev5 ?\gh ! contractants d n wi% ?is1 :5 x is contract$ betwe5 ,*ri/ians1 :e!r !y be ,ca?olics or non-,ca?olics2 & a m>riage contract$ betwe5 non-,*ri/ians becomes a ,sacram5t on ! ,baptism ( ! p>ties4 7c7 ,9 ref]5ce to its mann]1 m>riage may be cl&e/9e 7i4e41 n celebrat$ be=e ! pa/or & two witnesses71 or secret 7i4e41 celebrat$ be=e ! pa/or & two witnesses pl$g$ to secrecy1 & )\t ! publicity ! ,*ur* ord9>ily requires71 public 7i4e41 celebrat$ be=e pa/or & witnesses & ) publicity su* z ann\ncem5t to ! p & regi/ration 9 ! usual m>riage book74 ,! secret m>riage is also kn[n z a m>riage ( consci5ce 7,canons #aajd-aajg74 7d7 ,9 ref]5ce to ! law "u :i* x is p]=m$1 m>riage is ei!r canonical or civil4 ,a purely civil m>riage betwe5 ,ca?olics is invalid1 z f> z ! bond is conc]n$1 s9ce _! contract1 z be+ a ,sacram5t1 is subject to ! ,*ur*4 ,b ! civil m>riage1 z f> z ! purely civil consequ5ces are conc]n$1 is a lawful c]emony1 & is obligatory if requir$ by law4 ,a morganatic m>riage is made betwe5 two p]sons ( unequal condition 7e4g41 betwe5 a k+ & a plebeian woman7 on condition t ! inf]ior sp\se & prog5y %all n %>e entirely 9 ! titles & prop]ty ( ! sup]ior sp\se4 #bghi4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ! ,contract ( ,m>riage4--7a7 ,! subject-matt] ( ! contract is ! conjugal "r or ! lawful p[] ( ex]cis+ ) ! o!r p>ty acts suitable = g5]ation4 7b7 ,! ends ( ! contract are1 prim>ily1 ! good ( ! race & ( ! *ildr51 & second>ily ! good ( ! c\ple ?r\gh mutual assi/ance & protection 9 spiritual & temporal matt]s4 ,to ^! g5]al ends may be add$ o!rs :i* a p>ticul> p]son has 9 view1 su* z dignity1 weal?1 honor1 lawful pleasure4 7c7 ,! ess5ce ( ! contract is ! cons5t1 = e pact consi/s 9 mutual agreem5t4 ,b if m>riage be reg>d$ z a p]man5t /ate1 its ess5ce is ! bond ( union1 & cons5t is ! effici5t cause productive ( ! bond4 ,m>riage cons5t mu/ h ! qualities 7int]nal1 ext]nal1 mutual1 free7 t are necess>y 9 e contract1 z expla9$ 9 #ahhc4 #bgij4 ,requirem5ts = ,valid ,m>riage ,cons5t4--7a7 ,int]nal ,cons5t4--,if bo? or "o ( ! p>ties int]nally & positively wills to exclude m>riage1 or ! "r to ! conjugal act1 or an ess5tial prop]ty ( m>riage1 ! contract is null1 s9ce !re is no purpose to contract a real m>riage4 ,simil>ly1 if bo? or "o ( ! p>ties negatively 7or by lack ( all int5tion7 excludes cons5t1 !re is no m>riage4 ,x %\ld be not$ t he :o int5ds to get a divorce lat] on does n int5d a p]man5t union or m>riage1 :]eas he :o int5ds to be unfai?ful or to practise onanism may nev]!less int5d to oblige himself to ! duties ( fidelity & ( ! lawful use ( m>riage1 & !re=e to a true m>riage4 ,fictiti\s cons5t1 unless a s]i\s reason excuses 7e4g41 :5 "o is =c$ "u grave fe> to m>ry1 :5 "o becomes aw>e ( a dirim5t imp$im5t at ! alt> & _c retire )\t great sc&al71 is a mortal s91 z be+ a lie 9 a v important matt] & an inju/ice4 ,if ! o!r p>ty 0 deceiv$1 ! p>ty guilty ( feign$ cons5t is b\nd to make rep>ation = ! damage done1 &1 unless ! m>riage has become impossible or inadvisable1 ! means ( rep>ation %\ld be a g5u9e cons5t revalidat+ ! m>riage4 ,?is is especially true :5 !re is a conflict betwe5 ! int]nal & ! ext]nal =ums on acc\nt ( ! inability to e/abli% juridically ! nullity ( ! invalid m>riage4 7b7 ,ext]nal ,cons5t4--,bo? z contract & z ,sacram5t1 matrimony requires "s s5sible manife/ation ( ! int]nal cons5t4 ,s9ce ! contract ( m>riage betwe5 ,*ri/ians falls "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,*ur*1 ! mann] ( express+ ! cons5t is regulat$ by ,canon ,law4 ,! solemnities requir$ = valid & lawful m>riage w be treat$ bel[ 9 #bhbf1 #bhbg4 7c7 ,mutual ,cons5t4--,bo? p>ties mu/ agree to ! m>riage1 s9ce no "o is oblig$ by a contract )\t 8 cons5t4 ,b mutuality does n imply simultaneity1 =1 if ! previ\s cons5t giv5 by "o p>ty cont9ues1 ! subsequ5t cons5t giv5 by ! o!r is jo9$ to x & ! cons5t becomes mutual4 7d7 ,free ,cons5t4--,if e contract mu/ be delib]ate & volunt>y1 ?is is especially true 9 ! case ( m>riage1 s9ce x entails v heavy duties & its obligations are lifelong 7cfr4 #baie74 ,9 m>riage !re mu/ be full & p]fect cons5t1 ?\gh x is n necess>y t "o ?9k expressly on ! ess5tials ( ! contract :5 ass5t+ to x4 #bgia4 ,defects 9 ,cons5t4--,cons5t supposes suffici5t k1 & h5ce x may be vitiat$ by a defect z to k4 7a7 ,m5tal ,d]angem5t4--,^? :o are n 9 possession ( _! m5tal faculties _c m>ry1 :e!r ! d]angem5t be habitual 7e4g41 idiots1 ! completely insane1 monomaniacs on ! subject ( m>riage7 or actual 7e4g41 infants1 ^? :o are completely drunk or dop$1 ! hypnotiz$ or deliri\s1 somnambuli/s74 ,b defectives :o are n unbalanc$ all ! "t or on all subjects1 may be able n[ & !n to realize ! mean+ ( m>riage & to give delib]ate cons5t1 ?\gh ! presumption is aga9/ !m4 ,^? ^: m5tality is ( a l[ grade1 b :o are able to judge & reason correctly 7e4g41 /upid p]sons1 ! deaf & dumb1 or bl9d71 & ^? :o h "s little fanaticism or ecc5tricity are n exclud$2 o!rwise v few ( ei!r sex c\ld m>ry4 7b7 ,ignorance4--,sub/antial ignorance1 or ! abs5ce ( k ab\t ! ess5tials ( m>riage 7viz41 t x is a p]man5t association ( man & woman = ! purpose ( rais+ *ildr5 ( _! own71 makes ! contract null1 = "o does n cons5t to :at "o does n "k4 ,accid5tal ignorance1 on ! contr>y1 does n nullify1 = he :o und]/&s ! ma9 facts ab\t m>riage c int5d to contract x z o!rs d1 ev5 ?\gh he does n "k its details or second>y features4 ,ignorance invalidates m>riage1 !re=e1 if "o ( ! p>ties does n "k t m>riage is meant = ! procreation ( *ildr5 or t *ildr5 are procreat$ by c>nal int]c\rse2 b x does n invalidate if ! p>ties are ignorant ab\t physiology or sci5tific explanations4 ,sub/antial ignorance 9 p]sons ( m>riageable age 7especially "y wom57 is n uncommon ev5 9 ^! days1 b x is n presum$ aft] pub]ty 7,canon #ajhb1 ,sec4#b74 7c7 ,error4--,error :i* excludes cons5t to ! ess5tial object ( ! contract nullifies1 & h5ce a sub/antial error ab\t ! p]son ) :om "o is contract+ makes m>riage ( no effect 7e4g41 if ,titus ?9ks he is m>ry+ ,claudia1 b is really m>ry+ h] tw9 si/]1 ,sempronia2 if ,balbus int5ds to m>ry ,caia only on condition t %e is a virg9 & %e is n a virg92 if ,julius int5ds to m>ry ! woman :o is pres5t solely z diff]5tiat$ by a p]sonal or individual *>act]i/ic :i* he mi/ak5ly believes h] to h1 su* z s5iority among h] si/]s74 ,error :i* does n prev5t ess5tial cons5t does n nullify ! contract4 ,h5ce1 a m]e accid5tal error ab\t ! o!r p>ty 7e4g41 ,titus m>ries ,claudia1 ?9k+ %e is ri*1 :]eas %e is poor1 & he w\ld nev] h m>ri$ h] _h he kn[n h] pov]ty7 does n make m>riage null1 ?\gh ! ,*ur* makes ! m>riage ( no effect :5 a slave is m>ri$ 9 ! belief t he or %e is free 7,canon #ajhc1 ,sec4#b1 n1 #b74 ,a m]e speculative error ab\t ! prop]ties ( m>riage 7e4g41 if "o believes t m>riage may be lawfully dissolv$ = adult]y7 or ab\t ! validity ( "o's own m>riage 7e4g41 if ! bride errone\sly believes t ! m>riage %e is contract+ is null7 does n deprive ! contract ( its =ce1 if !re is really a purpose to m>ry z be/ "o may2 = su* an error does n act ^u ! w or take away cons5t4 #bgib4 ,=c$ ,cons5t4--,cons5t also supposes self-det]m9ation1 & h5ce 9 c]ta9 cases =ce or fe> makes a m>riage null & unlawful4 7a7 ,effect on ,validity4--,co]cion nullifies m>riage f natural law1 :5 ov]p[]+ physical might extorts an ext]nal ass5t1 or :5 moral viol5ce s t]rifies z to unsettle ! reason2 f *ur* law at lea/1 :5 be+ grave1 ext]nal & unju/ly caus$1 x compels "o to m>ry 9 ord] to escape ! evil x inflicts or ?reat5s4 ,9 o!r cases fe> does n void m>riage1 ev5 ?\gh x be ! cause ( ! contract1 z :5 ! fe> is slight1 or :5 x is induc$ by %ipwreck or by ! fe> ( s91 or :5 a s$uc] m>ries only because he is ?reat5$ ) prosecution unless he m>ries ! girl :om he s$uc$4 7b7 ,effect on ,lawfulness4--,he :o by intimidation impels ano!r to m>ry1 s9s gravely if ! fe> is unju/ & grave1 or unju/ & productive ( s]i\s evils2 he s9s v5ially if ! fe>1 ?\gh unju/1 is light & n productive ( s]i\s evils2 he s9s n at all2 if ! fe> is ju/ly caus$1 unless he (f5ds *>ity by 8 mann] ( act+2 rev5geful _s1 etc4 ,he :o m>ries kn[+ t ! o!r p>ty is =c$ into ! contract1 is guilty ( s]i\s inju/ice2 & he :o m>ries unwill+ly1 b ) ! purpose to live z if he 7 validly m>ri$1 s9s gravely by 8 w to live 9 impurity4 #bgic4 ,conditional ,cons5t4--,conditional cons5t is t 9 :i* ! agreem5t to m>riage is made dep5d5t on "s fact or ev5t4 7a7 ,a condition makes m>riage invalid if x neutralizes cons5t 7e4g41 if ! condition is de praes5ti b unfulfill$2 if x is de futuro & aga9/ ! sub/ance ( m>riage2 if x is impossible b s]i\sly add$72 x susp5ds m>riage if x is de futuro1 possible1 & n aga9/ ! sub/ance ( m>riage2 x nei!r nullifies nor susp5ds if x is de praes5ti or de praet]ito & fulfill$4 ,9 law ! presumption is t de futuro necess>y or impossible conditions & %ameful conditions are n s]i\s1 or are modes r ?an conditions 7see #ahhf71 & ( c\rse 9 ! ext]nal =um invalidity on acc\nt ( a condition has to be prov$4 ,conditions aga9/ ! sub/ance ( m>riage are su* z d5y ess5tial conjugal rights or duties 7i4e41 ! "r to h conjugal int]c\rse1 ! duty ( fidelity to ! consort1 ( loyalty to ! bond72 b !y %\ld n be confus$ ) ! purpose to violate m>riage engagem5ts1 or ) a resolution1 or a v[1 or a pact 9 ! =m ( a mode1 n to make use ( ! "r to conjugal int]c\rse4 7b7 ,a condition add$ to m>riage cons5t is gravely s9ful1 unless !re is a v urg5t reason = x2 o!rwise mo/ s]i\s evils w\ld result4 ,moreov]1 !re is responsibility 9 ju/ice = culpable damages1 z :5 "o p>ty gives cons5t conditionally )\t ! k or aga9/ ! w ( ! o!r p>ty4 ,a susp5sive condition 7e4g41 8if my p>5ts w cons5t07 is regul>ly unlawful )\t ! bi%op's p]mission1 & m>riage rights may n be us$ 9 a m>riage dep5d5t on a condition ^: fulfillm5t is n kn[n to ! p>ties4 ,x is unlawful to make a v[ or promise ( *a/ity 9 ! m>ri$ life unless !re is moral c]ta9ty t x w be kept4 #bgid4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,m>riage z a ,sacram5t4--7a7 ,! matt] & =m ( m>riage are f\nd 9 ! contract1 = ! ,sacram5t is ! natural pact elevat$ to ! dignity ( a sacr$ sign productive ( grace4 ,! remote matt] is1 !re=e1 ! bodies ( ! sp\ses1 or ! bodily rights :i* !y give "o ano!r 7,i ,cor41 vii4 #d74 ,s9ce ! indet]m9ate "p ( a contract is ! (f] or be/[al1 & ! det]m9ate "p ! approval1 ! proximate matt] ( ,matrimony is f\nd 9 ! grant ( mutual conjugal rights ext]nally manife/$1 & ! =m 9 ! acceptance ( t "r ext]nally manife/$4 7b7 ,! m9i/]s & ! recipi5ts ( ,matrimony are ! p>ties !mselves1 s9ce x is !y alone :o make & receive ! contract4 ,9 ord] to be a recipi5t ( ! ,sacram5t x is necess>y t a p]son be baptiz$ & be free f all natural1 div9e & human imp$im5ts t make "o incapable ( ! contract ( m>riage4 7c7 ,! effects ( ,matrimony are p] se second grace1 :i* increases sanctity & is ( help especially = ! due p]=mance ?r\gh\t life ( ! duties ( ! conjugal /ate & = dome/ic bless$ness & happ9ess4 #bgie4 ,duties 9 ,connection ) ,m>riage4--,! duties 9 ref]5ce to m>riage z a p]man5t /ate ( life 7 treat$ already 9 #bfac sqq41 & we %all consid] "h only ! duties t h to d ) m>riage z a contract & a ,sacram5t4 ,^! duties c be arrang$ "u ?ree heads3 7a7 be=e m>riage1 !re are obligations 9 ref]5ce to ! prep>ation = m>riage1 :i* consi/s remotely 9 engagem5t or esp\sals1 & proximately 9 compliance ) duties ow$ to div9e1 ecclesia/ical1 & civil law 7e4g41 lic5se f ! ,/ate1 e/abli%m5t ( fre$om to m>ry1 proclamation ( banns1 disp5sations1 confession72 7b7 dur+ m>riage1 9 addition to ! common obligations ( int5tion & a /ate ( grace1 !re are special duties 9 ref]5ce to ! ext]nal =m or rite ( m>riage2 7c7 aft] m>riage1 !re is a duty ( mak+ canonical records & ( validat+ defective m>riages4 #bgif4 ,betro?al or ,engagem5t4--,engagem5t is a promise ( _! future m>riage made by compet5t p]sons4 7a7 ,x is a promise1 ei!r unilat]al or bilat]al1 ! latt] be+ esp\sals or betro?al 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w 7#agdi74 ,l e promise1 engagem5t is n b9d+ unless x be made ) requisite delib]ation & fre$om f =ce & fe>4 ,b a valid engagem5t to m>ry has n ! same /r5g?1 ei!r f div9e or f human law1 z a contract ( m>riage1 & h5ce fraud or light fe> unju/ly produc$ & :i* induces "o to become engag$ leaves ! engagem5t resc9dable at ! w ( ! innoc5t p>ty4 ,canon ,law requires c]ta9 =malities = a valid engagem5t1 & )\t !m !re is no obligation 9 ei!r =um4 ,! law is t ! contract ( betro?al be 9 writ+1 & be sign$ by ! p>ties & also by ! pa/or or local ,ord9>y or two witnesses1 & t1 if "o or bo? ( ! p>ties be unable to write1 ?is be not$ 9 ! docum5t & an extra witness be add$ 7,canon #ajag74 7b7 ,x is a promise made by compet5t p]sons4 ,h5ce1 !re is no valid engagem5t if a p>ty is incapable ei!r naturally 7e4g41 "o :o has n ! use ( reason7 or canonically 7e4g41 "o :o has n atta9$ ! age ( sev5 ye>s74 ,x is aga9/ good morals to be engag$ to two p]sons at ! same "t1 ) ! und]/&+ t "o w m>ry ! second aft] ! expect$ dea? ( ! fir/2 & mu* m is x immoral = a m>ri$ p]son to become engag$ to m>ry ano!r1 ! m>riage to take place aft] ! dea? ( ! pres5t consort4 ,"s canoni/s hold t engagem5ts are n valid be=e ! age ( pub]ty1 on acc\nt ( ! lack ( suffici5t discretion4 7c7 ,x is a promise ( future m>riage1 t is1 a contract to m>ry1 n a contract ( m>riage4 ,a nuptial engagem5t is invalid if ! m>riage promis$ is invalid or unlawful1 = no "o c b9d himself to s94 ,an invalid m>riage is promis$ if !re is a dirim5t & n disp5sable imp$im5t 9 ! way1 or if 9 spite ( a removable imp$im5t ! engagem5t is unconditional1 unless ! m9d ( ! p>ties is to m>ry aft] ! imp$im5t has ceas$4 ,! ,*ur* seems to reg>d z null an engagem5t made on ! condition t ! ,pope w disp5se an imp$im5t4 ,an unlawful m>riage is promis$ :5 ! p>ties _c m>ry )\t s9 7e4g41 :5 ! m>riage w br+ great sorr[ or disgrace on p>5ts71 or :5 !y promise to m>ry 9 a s9ful way 7e4g41 ) ! und]/&+ t !y w abuse m>riage74 ,b an unlawful promise ( a lawful m>riage is n necess>ily invalid1 & h5ce an engagem5t dep5d5t on an immoral condition n oppos$ to ! sub/ance ( m>riage w\ld become obligatory on fulfillm5t ( ! condition 7see #ahgh d1 #ahhf74 #bgig4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! =m] dirim5t & imp$i5t imp$im5ts produc$ by esp\sals are no long] 9 =ce1 & ev5 a valid engagem5t gives no "r to an action = ! celebration ( m>riage4 #bgih4 ,is an ,engagem5t ,necess>y be=e ,m>riage8--7a7 ,an engagem5t is n /rictly necess>y4 ,nei!r ! validity nor ! lawfulness ( m>riage dep5ds on esp\sals1 = !re is no law t requires ?is4 ,h5ce1 if = a reasonable cause a man & woman m>ri$ )\t any previ\s b9d+ pl$ge on ei!r side1 ! m>riage w\ld be good & lawful4 ,! =mal engagem5ts ( ,canon ,law are n common 9 ?is c\ntry1 b an in=mal engagem5t usually prec$es matrimony4 7b7 ,engagem5t is mo/ suitable & useful4 ,m5 are accu/om$ to fit !mselves by long & s]i\s /udy = ! bus9ess ( a pr(ession or call+1 & to ent] into prelim9>y agreem5ts ab\t contracts ( major importance 7z 9 contracts to sell71 & c]ta9ly m>riage1 a contract & vocation t b9ds until dea? & ^u :i* ! spiritual & temporal welf>e ( society & individuals re/s1 is among ! mo/ mom5t\s ( human agreem5ts4 ,! special advantage ( engagem5t is t x af=ds a means ( prev5t+ ha/y & ill-advis$ unions1 ( discov]+ imp$im5ts1 ( secur+ ! cons5t ( p>5ts1 & ( prep>+ oneself 9 k & virtue = ! duties ( ! m>ri$ /ate4 ,if engagem5ts 7 reg>d$ & treat$ z a p]iod ( tra9+ = s]i\s & sacr$ duties1 n z a "t = frivolity or enjoym5t1 !re w\ld be few] divorces & less talk ab\t trial m>riages4 ,on ! duties ( engag$ p]sons to "o ano!r1 see #bfbh1 #bfbi4 #bgii4 ,duties to ,p>5ts or ,gu>dians 9 ,ref]5ce to ,m>riage4--7a7 ,!re is1 p] se1 a duty ( consult+ ) "o's p>5ts ab\t "o's m>riage2 = he :o m>ries )\t _! k1 g5]ally exposes himself to ! dang] ( mak+ a s]i\s mi/ake1 & moreov] z a rule ! int]e/s ( p>5ts !mselves are b\nd up intimately ) ! m>riages ( _! *ildr54 ,h5ce1 unless a v s]i\s reason excuses1 he :o m>ries )\t advis+ ) 8 p>5ts s9s griev\sly by 8 ra%ness or want ( filial affection4 ,! same is true1 if a *ild wilfully disreg>ds ! wi%es ( 8 p>5ts by /ubbornly m>ry+ :5 = a good reason !y disapprove4 ,if _! opposition is imp]ative & emphatic1 or if !y are grief-/rick5 at ?\ght ( ! imprud5t m>riage1 ! s9 is s]i\s2 b if _! opposition is mild & ! mat* n a v bad "o1 ! s9 is v5ial4 ,! cons5t or c\nsel ( p>5ts is n necess>y = validity1 h[ev]1 s9ce x is n !y :o are gett+ m>ri$1 & no law makes _! cons5t or c\nsel an ess5tial "p ( ! compact4 ,p] accid5s1 _! cons5t or c\nsel is n ev5 necess>y = lawfulness1 z :5 ! *ildr5 live f> away f _! p>5ts1 or :5 m>riage has to be contract$ )\t delay1 or :5 ! p>5ts are unreasonable 9 _! opposition4 7b7 ,!re is1 p] se1 no duty ( obey+ "o's p>5ts 9 ! matt] ( m>riage3 fir/1 because m>riage supposes *oice1 admiration1 & love1 & ^! d n submit to dictation1 ev5 f p>5ts2 next1 because 9 ?+s t p]ta9 to nature1 su* z self-pres]vation & procreation1 *ildr5 are n subject to _! p>5ts2 f9ally1 because ! au?ority ( p>5ts does n ext5d to ! :ole lifetime ( _! *ildr5 & m>riage is a lifelong union4 ,h5ce1 p>5ts may n compel _! *ildr5 to m>ry or to rema9 s+le2 !y may n make ! mat* = _! *ildr5 aga9/ ! latt]s' w1 !y may n =ce a *ild to m>ry a p]son :om he or %e dete/s1 !y may n veto a m>riage t does n appeal to !m if ! son or daught] has good reasons = x4 ,^? p>5ts s91 !n1 :o refuse _! bless+ to a m>riage out ( selfi%ness1 & ^? p>5ts s9 gravely :o =ce _! *ildr5 into loveless unions & s make !m unhappy 9 ?is _w & endang] _! salvation = ! _w to come4 ,p] accid5s1 !re is a duty ( obey+ p>5ts 9 ref]5ce to m>riage :5 "o is oblig$ ev5 ap>t f _! comm& to d :at !y prescribe1 :5 ! m>riage :i* !y =bid is also =bidd5 by law 7e4g41 if ! *ild is ne$$ at home to support 8 indig5t p>5ts1 if ! mate select$ w br+ disgrace ^u ! family & ! mat* c easily be brok5 (f71 or :5 ! m>riage :i* !y require is also dem&$ by duty 7e4g41 if a son w surely ent] ^u a wild & reckless life unless he m>ries74 ,see above1 #bbbh1 #bfbg1 #bfcc1 #bfcf1 #bcdg1 #bcdh1 #bcfa sqq4 #bhjj4 ,duties ( ,p>5ts 9 ,ref]5ce to ,m>riage4--7a7 ,if !re is "q ( ! m>riage ( a *ild1 p>5ts %\ld guide !mselves by ! rule ( ,/4 ,paul3 8,let h] m>ry :om %e w1 only 9 ! ,"l0 7,i ,cor41 vii4 #ci74 ,undue pressure %\ld be avoid$1 b bad m>riages %\ld be oppos$1 & p>5ts %\ld assi/ _! *ildr5 to m>ry well4 7b7 ,if !re is "q ( a p>5t's second m>riage1 ! *ildr5's int]e/s %\ld be consid]$ 9 mak+ ! *oice ( ! /ep-fa!r or /ep-"m1 &1 if ! *ildr5 are gr[n up1 !y %\ld be consult$1 or at lea/ !y %\ld n be unreasonably sadd5$ or h>m$ by ! new m>riage4 #bhja4 ,ob/acles to ,m>riage4--,s9ce m>riage is a mo/ important contract & a ,sacram5t1 x is necess>y to asc]ta9 be=eh& ) moral c]ta9ty t !re is no ob/acle to its valid & lawful celebration4 ,?is imposes duties on ! pa/or1 ! c\ple !mselves1 & ! fai?ful :o "k !m4 7a7 ,! pa/or 9 virtue ( 8 (fice is gravely oblig$ to make inquiries ab\t ! compet5cy & fitness ( ! prospective husb& & wife1 & ev5 9 a dea?-b$ m>riage ! obligation does n cease4 ,*ur* law prescribes ! me?od ( inquiry1 :i* %\ld include an exam9ation & in/ruction ( ! c\ple & a publication ( ! m>riage4 ,( c\rse1 !re is an obligation ( confid5tial secrecy4 7b7 ,! c\ple are b\nd to pres5t !mselves to ! pa/or )9 a reasonable "t be=e ! m>riage 9 ord] to make ^! arrangem5ts1 & %\ld br+ ) !m ! necess>y pap]s 7= example1 _! baptismal c]tificates1 lic5se to m>ry1 te/imonials74 ,!y are gravely oblig$ to make kn[n ei!r to ! pa/or or to ! confessor any imp$im5t1 ev5 ?\gh x be ( a secret & culpable nature1 9 ord] t _! m>riage may be valid & lawful1 unless !y wi% to give up ! m>riage or seek a disp5sation 9 "s o!r way4 7c7 ,! p :o "k ( an imp$im5t to a m>riage are b\nd "u pa9 ( mortal s9 to make x kn[n 9 "t to ! pa/or or ,ord9>y2 = ! natural & div9e laws1 z well z ! law ( ! ,*ur*1 hold "o to speak :5 ?is w prev5t irrev]5ce to ! ,sacram5t ( ,matrimony1 s9 & o!r s]i\s evils to ! neighbor4 ,! obligation ceases1 h[ev]1 :5 ! revelation is ei!r impossible or useless4 ,cases ( impossibility are ^? 9 :i* revelation w cause great spiritual h>m 7e4g41 public sc&al71 or great temporal h>m ( a public k9d 7e4g41 violation ( pr(essional secret71 or a great temporal h>m ( a private k9d 7e4g41 p]secution71 unless a m s]i\s evil w result f concealm5t4 ,revelation is useless :5 ! m>riage c be /opp$ or made legal 9 "s o!r way 7e4g41 by p]suad+ ! c\ple to break _! engagem5t or get a disp5sation71 or :5 "o =esees t ! revelation w h no effect4 #bhjb4 ,duties ( ! ,pa/or 9 ! ,exam9ation ( ,engag$ ,p]sons4--7a7 ,he %\ld "q bo? ! man & ! woman sep>ately & prud5tly ab\t _! fre$om to m>ry1 ev5 ?\gh he is c]ta9 t !re are no imp$im5ts4 ,he %\ld inquire especially :e!r !re has be5 a previ\s m>riage1 & %\ld also ask specifically ab\t any imp$im5t t seems likely4 ,ab\t imp$im5ts ( a defamatory k9d he %\ld n int]rogate be=e o!rs1 leav+ t matt] if necess>y to 8 doctr9al in/ruction or to ! confessor4 7b7 ,he %\ld ask bo? ( !m1 & especially ! woman1 :e!r !y h decid$ on m>riage freely1 )\t =ce or pressure f any p]son4 ,b *ildr5 :o live ) _! p>5ts %\ld be ask$ :e!r or n !y h obta9$ _! p>5ts' cons5t to ! propos$ m>riage4 #bhjc4 ,special ,pro(s ( ,fre$om to ,m>ry4--7a7 ,pro( ( ,baptism4--,a baptismal c]tificate %\ld be pres5t$ by ! p>ties 7if baptiz$ 9 ano!r p>i%71 ev5 by "o :o is a baptiz$ non-,ca?olic4 ,if a c]tificate _c be _h1 o!r pro(s are necess>y4 ,9 dang] ( dea?1 ! sworn te/imony ( ! p>ties suffices2 outside dang] ( dea?1 ! te/imony ( a reliable witness1 or ( ! p]son himself1 if he c rememb] 8 ,baptism1 or1 x seems1 a c]tificate ( ,confirmation or ,fir/ ,communion w d4 ,if ,baptism _c be prov$ & !re is a prud5t d\bt1 x %\ld be adm9i/]$ conditionally4 7b7 ,pro( ( ,s+le ,/ate4--,if x is manife/ t a previ\s civil m>riage 0 null & 0 dissolv$ by divorce1 ! pro( ( ! facts suffices4 ,if ! husb& or wife ( a previ\s m>riage has di$1 b ! pa/or has no p]sonal k ( ?is1 positive pro( ( ! decease 9 ! =m ( a public docum5t or ( sworn te/imony ( two or at lea/ "o reliable witness is necess>y1 & if ! pa/or _c obta9 ^! he mu/ h rec\rse to ! ,ord9>y4 #bhjd4 ,matrimonial ,imp$im5ts4--7a7 ,def9ition4--,an imp$im5t is a circum/ance directly affect+ ! contract ( m>riage & r5d]+ x illicit or invalid4 ,?us1 an imp$im5t diff]s f an unfitness t ref]s imm$iately to m>riage z a sacr$ rite or ,sacram5t 7su* z lack ( prop] int5tion or a /ate ( mortal s971 or t does n directly affect ! p>ties 7su* z =bidd5 "t74 7b7 ,division4--,9 ref]5ce to effects1 an imp$im5t is ei!r imp$i5t 7i4e41 "o t =bids m>riage "u pa9 ( grave s9 b does n r5d] x null & void7 or dirim5t 7i4e41 "o t n only =bids m>riage1 b also makes x null & void74 #bhje4 ,s9fulness ( ,m>ry+ ) an ,imp$im5t4--7a7 ,if ! imp$im5t is c]ta91 grave s9 is committ$2 = deception & disob$i5ce are committ$ 9 a grave & sacr$ matt]1 &1 if ! imp$im5t is dirim5t1 ! m>riage contract is made null4 ,great necessity1 h[ev]1 w\ld sometimes excuse4 7b7 ,if ! imp$im5t is unc]ta91 no s9 is committ$ :5 ! imp$im5t is "o ( ecclesia/ical law & ! d\bt is "o ( law1 = 9 su* a case ! legislator removes ! obligation 7,canon #ae72 nor :5 ! imp$im5t is impot5cy 7,canon #ajfh71 9 view ( ! fact t ! g5]al law ( propagation ( ! race leaves a natural presumption aga9/ impot5cy1 :i* c be ov]come only by a c]ta9 imp$im5t4 ,x w\ld be an intol]able h>d%ip if m>riage 7 made impossible by a d\bt :]e pro( is s difficult4 ,!re is a s]i\s s91 h[ev]1 9 o!r cases1 because "o is ei!r expos+ ! ,sacram5t to nullity or is refus+1 contr>y to a s]i\s comm& ( ! ,*ur*1 to seek a disp5sation4 #bhjf4 ,! ,imp$i5t or ,prohibitive ,imp$im5ts 7,canons #ajeh-ajff74--7;a7 ,v[4--,! foll[+ simple v[s make m>riage illicit3 ! v[ ( virg9ity1 t ( p]fect *a/ity1 ! v[ n to m>ry1 ! v[ to receive ,sacr$ ,ord]s1 ! v[ to ent] religi\s life1 ! simple v[s ( religion4 ,a v[ to ab/a9 f ! use ( m>riage is n aga9/ ! sub/ance ( m>riage1 b x is difficult to keep 9 ! m>ri$ /ate2 ! v[s to ent] religion1 or take ,sacr$ ,ord]s1 or n to w$1 are incompatible ) m>riage4 ,h5ce1 ! ,*ur* =bids "o :o has ^! v[s to m>ry1 unless ! v[ be fir/ disp5s$4 ,^? :o m>ry :ile b\nd by "o ( ^! v[s s9 gravely1 & are held to keep ! v[ if ?is is possible or ! o!r p>ty's rights d n prev5t4 7b7 ,legal ,relation%ip4--,9 ^? c\ntries :]e relation%ip f adoption makes m>riage illicit1 !re is also an imp$i5t imp$im5t ( ,canon ,law4 ,! ,*ur* wi%es1 9 s f> z possible1 to pres]ve h>mony betwe5 h] own law & t ( ! ,/ate4 ,h5ce1 %e includes 9 h] ,code ! civil law regulations t =bid m>riage to c]ta9 p]sons on acc\nt ( ! intimate relation t exi/s betwe5 !m ?r\gh civil law adoption4 ,! law ( "s ,european 7e4g41 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,switz]l&7 & ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries h a prohibitive imp$im5t ( adoption1 b 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,briti% ,empire1 & _m o!r c\ntries adoption is no su* h9drance to m>riage4 7c7 ,mix$ ,religion4--,m>riage betwe5 two baptiz$ p]sons1 "o a ,ca?olic & ! o!r a memb] ( an h]etical or s*ismatical sect1 is sev]ely =bidd5 by ! ,*ur*4 ,mix$ m>riages 9 !mselves are oppos$ to div9e & natural law1 inasmu* z !y (f] an occasion = communication 9 false wor%ip & a dang] ( p]v]sion2 & h5ce !y h be5 disapprov$ f ! v beg9n+ ( ! ,*ur* 7,,ii ,john1 ,x4 #aa2 ,i ,cor41 v4 #aj2 ,tit41 iii4 #aj74 ,b ! div9e prohibition ceases if appropriate measures are us$ to safegu>d ! fai? ( ! ,ca?olic & ! *ildr51 & ! ,*ur* w grant a disp5sation1 ?\gh reluctantly & only = j & grave causes4 #bhjg4 ,duties 9 ,ref]5ce to ,mix$ ,m>riages4--7a7 ,! ,pa/or4--,a disp5sation %\ld n be s\ght unless !re is fir/ a suffici5t reason1 all ?+s consid]$1 & g5]ally ! reason %\ld be ! public good 7su* z ! relative fewness ( ,ca?olics 9 a di/rict1 hope ( conv]sion ( ! non-,ca?olic1 avoidance ( sc&al74 ,secondly1 !re mu/ be gu>antees giv5 by ! non-,ca?olic t ! fai? ( ! ,ca?olic w n be int]f]$ )1 & bo? p>ties mu/ promise t all ! *ildr5 w receive ,ca?olic & no o!r baptism & education4 ,f9ally1 ^! promises mu/ be su* z to produce moral c]ta9ty ( fulfillm5t1 & z a rule x %\ld be requir$ t !y be giv5 9 writ+4 ,aft] ! m>riage has be5 celebrat$ ! pa/or is held bo? 9 *>ity & 9 ju/ice to d :at he c to h ! promises fai?fully liv$ up to4 7b7 ,! ,p>ties4--,nei!r be=e nor aft] ! m>riage 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is x lawful to h any non-,ca?olic religi\s c]emony 7see #ief sqq472 & if ! pa/or kn[s t ?is has be5 done or w be done1 he may n assi/ at ! m>riage )\t p]mission f ! ,ord9>y1 :i* is grant$ = a mo/ grave reason 7sc&al be+ avoid$74 ,aft] ! m>riage ! p>ties are b\nd 9 ju/ice to keep ! promises made1 & ! ,ca?olic is held 9 *>ity to seek prud5tly1 by good example & advice1 to conv]t ! non-,ca?olic4 #bhjh4 ,m>riages ) ,bad ,ca?olics4--7a7 ,if ! bad ,ca?olic is unwor?y 9 ! matt] ( fai?1 because he has notori\sly giv5 up ! ,*ur* 7ev5 ?\gh he has n jo9$ any o!r religion71 or because he is a memb] ( a =bidd5 society1 !re is a dang] ( p]v]sion4 ,9 su* a case ! pa/or may n assi/ at ! m>riage unless ! ,ord9>y decides t !re is a suffici5t reason1 t ! dang] ( p]v]sion is made remote1 & t ! ,ca?olic education ( ! *ildr5 is provid$ =4 7b7 ,if ! bad ,ca?olic is unwor?y 9 ! matt] ( morals1 because he is a public s9n] 7e4g41 "o :o neglects ! ,ea/] duty71 or notori\sly "u c5sure & !re=e a p]son to :om ! ,sacram5ts mu/ be d5i$1 ! pa/or is confront$ ) ! law t "o may n coop]ate =mally1 ev5 by assi/ance1 9 ! pr(anation ( a ,sacram5t4 ,z ! guilt ( ! unwor?y p]son is public 9 ^! cases1 !re mu/ be public rep>ation be=e ! m>riage c be sanction$ by ! pres5ce ( ! ,*ur*'s repres5tative4 ,! rep>ation is to be made ei!r by ! s9n] go+ to confession or by ! c5sur$ p]son obta9+ absolution4 ,b s9ce ! prie/'s pres5ce c be only a mat]ial coop]ation1 x may be p]mitt$ by ! ,ord9>y = a grave reason :5 ! unwor?y p]son refuses to comply ) ! conditions4 #bhji4 ,o!r ,ob/acles to ,m>riage4--,o!r ob/acles :i* =bid m>riage1 ?\gh !y are n /rictly canonical imp$im5ts1 are ! foll[+3 7a7 valid engagem5t gravely =bids m>riage ) a ?ird p>ty4 ,?is is a natural ob/acle :i* results f ! v nature ( a b9d+ promise2 7b7 special prohibition ( ! ,*ur* at times gravely =bids a p>ticul> m>riage1 z :5 ! ,holy ,see 9 grant+ a disp5sation = a pres5t m>riage =bids a future m>riage4 ,if an irritant clause is add$1 ! prohibition has ! =ce ( a dirim5t imp$im5t4 ,! ,ord9>y also may =bid a p>ticul> m>riage = a "t1 z :5 !re is suspicion ( a secret imp$im5t1 or :5 great damage w likely ensue f a m>riage4 ,?is prohibition is = a special case or "t or p]son1 & ?us x diff]s f ! imp$im5ts ( ! law2 7c7 clos$ times 7,l5t & ,adv5t7 are ! seasons :51 on acc\nt ( ! p5it5tial & m\rnful "* ( ! liturgy !n 9 use1 ! solemn bless+ ( m>riage is n regul>ly p]mitt$4 ,?is is n really an imp$im5t1 s9ce m>riage itself may be contract$ at any "t ( ! ye>1 accord+ to ! g5]al law4 #bhaj4 ,dirim5t ,imp$im5ts to ,m>riage4--,! dirim5t or nullify+ imp$im5ts to m>riage are p]sonal incapacities 9 a p]son :i* r5d] him or h] incapable1 f div9e or ecclesia/ical law1 ( contract+ m>riage ) anyone 7absolute imp$im5ts71 or ( contract+ m>riage ) a c]ta9 individual 7relative imp$im5ts74 #bhaa4 ,! absolute dirim5t imp$im5ts are ! foll[+3 7a7 ^? t are due to a p]sonal defect mak+ "o unable to promise ) suffici5t discretion 7imp$im5t ( age7 or to p]=m :at is promis$ 7imp$im5t ( impot5cy72 7b7 ^? t are due to a volunt>y act :i* consecrates "o to ,god ) ! obligation ( p]petual celibacy 7! imp$im5ts ( ,ord]s & v[s74 #bhab4 ,! relative imp$im5ts are ! foll[+3 7a7 t "o :i* is due to an obligation to "o's pres5t husb& or wife 7! imp$im5t ( bond72 7b7 t "o :i* is due to too great a diff]5ce betwe5 two p>ties 7imp$im5t ( disp>ity ( cult72 ^? t are due to too close a k9%ip betwe5 two p>ties1 :e!r natural 7imp$im5ts ( consangu9ity & aff9ity7 or l to ! natural 7imp$im5ts ( public dec5cy1 spiritual k9%ip1 legal k9%ip72 7d7 ^? t are due to a relation%ip caus$ by a crime t makes x unsuitable = two p>ties to m>ry4 ,if "o p>ty is p]petrator & ! o!r ! victim1 !re is ! imp$im5t ( abduction2 if ! two p>ties are accomplices1 !re is ! imp$im5t ( crime4 #bhac4 ,! ,imp$im5t ( ,age4--7a7 ,nature4--,?is imp$im5t exi/s 9 males :o h n complet$ _! sixte5? ye>1 & 9 females :o h n complet$ _! f\rte5? ye>4 ,^! ages are set by ! g5]al law1 because all p>ts ( ! _w h to be consid]$ & suffici5t discretion may be presum$ at ^? ages ev]y:]e4 ,b sub/antial ignorance ev5 aft] ^? ye>s invalidates cons5t1 & moreov]1 9 cold] c\ntries :]e developm5t is sl[]1 m>riage is g5]ally inadvisable be=e ! p>ties are #ah & #af respectively4 ,! m>riageable ages accord+ to ! /atute law 9 mo/ ( our ,/ates are #ah & #af ) p>5tal cons5t1 & #ba & #ah )\t x4 7b7 ,effect4--,?is imp$im5t is ( ecclesia/ical law 9 s f> z ! precise det]m9ation ( age is conc]n$1 b ( natural law 9 s f> z ! use ( reason is dem&$4 ,h5ce1 ! ,*ur* may disp5se1 & h5ce also ! imp$im5t z ecclesia/ical does n b9d ! unbaptiz$1 ev5 :5 be+ und]ag$ !y m>ry ,*ri/ians4 #bhad4 ,! ,imp$im5t ( ,impot5cy4--7a7 ,nature4--,impot5cy is ! inability to ex]cise ! sexual act 9 a way suitable = procreation4 ,! requisites = ?is act are immissio membri virilis 9 vag9am muli]is cum sem9is effusione1 & h5ce ^? are impot5t :o lack sexual organs 7su* z ! emasculat$ or spay$71 or :o on acc\nt ( psy*ical or physical abnormalities are unable to h complete int]c\rse 7e4g41 anaphrodisiacs1 "s h]maphrodites1 ^? :o suff] f hypospadias1 vag9ism1 etc474 ,/]ility1 or ! m]e inability to procreate f sexual int]c\rse 7z 9 old p]sons71 is n ! same ?+ z impot5cy1 & is n an imp$im5t to m>riage4 ,au?orities are n agre$ :e!r or n ! op]ations ( male vasectomy & ev>iotomy produce impot5cy or /]ility4 ,b _m reg>d ! =m] op]ation z unlawful except = a mo/ grave cause 7su* z ! sav+ ( life71 s9ce x takes away a p[] giv5 by nature = ! b5efit ( society1 exposes ! individual to v s]i\s temptations1 & op5s ! way to t]rible abuses4 7b7 ,effect4--,impot5cy ant]ior to m>riage & p]petual1 :e!r 9 ! man or 9 ! woman1 :e!r kn[n to ! o!r p>ty or n1 voids m>riage f ! law ( nature itself1 & h5ce is n disp5sable4 ,b impot5cy t arises aft] m>riage or t is only tempor>y does n invalidate1 & impot5cy t is relative 7i4e41 9 ref]5ce to "o p]son only7 does n nullify m>riage except 9 ref]5ce to a det]m9ate p]son4 ,9 ju/ice to ! o!r sp\se1 m>ri$ p]sons :o h an easily curable impot5cy %\ld h ?is defect remov$4 #bhae4 ,! ,imp$im5ts ( ,ord]s & ,v[s4--7a7 ,ord]s4--,^? :o are 9 ,sacr$ ,ord]s 7prie/hood1 deacon%ip &1 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur*1 subdeacon%ip7 _c m>ry validly4 ,! imp$im5t is decre$ by ecclesia/ical law alone1 & h5ce ! ,*ur* has ! p[] to disp5se4 ,"o :o 0 orda9$ ?r\gh compulsion or 9 ignorance ( ! duty ( celibacy1 is p]mitt$ to m>ry1 if he does n wi% to ratify 8 ord9ation2 b he !n loses all "r to ex]cise 8 ,ord] 7#bbce74 7b7 ,v[s4--,pr(ess$ religi\s ) solemn v[s or simple v[s t annul m>riage _c m>ry validly4 ,x is m probable t ?is imp$im5t1 9 s f> z solemn v[s are conc]n$1 is ( div9e "r2 b ! ,pope1 z ! ,vic> ( ,*ri/1 is able to disp5se 7see #baid1 #bbcd1 #bbce1 #aghg e74 #bhaf4 ,! ,imp$im5t ( ,bond4--7a7 ,a p]son :o is already validly m>ri$ _c m>ry aga9 until ! bond ( ! exi/+ m>riage is remov$ by ! dea? ( ! o!r sp\se or by dissolution4 ,an exception is ! case ( ! ,paul9e ,privilege2 b ev5 !n ! bond ( ! fir/ m>riage rema9s till ! second is contract$ 7see #bghg e74 7b7 ,?is imp$im5t is ( natural & div9e law1 & x b9ds all m51 ! unbaptiz$ z well z ! baptiz$4 ,no disp5sation c be grant$ f ! imp$im5t z long z x cont9ues2 & moreov] ^? :o w\ld contract a second m>riage mu/ (f] pro( t ! bond ( ! fir/ m>riage 0 non-exi/5t1 or t x has ceas$4 ,nullity ( a previ\s m>riage mu/ be e/abli%$ by canonical process 7,canons #aihf sqq472 dissolution ( an unconsummat$ m>riage ?r\gh v[ or ,papal disp5sation is prov$ suffici5tly by an au!ntic docum5t2 cessation ( bond ?r\gh dea? ( consort mu/ be demon/rat$ ) moral c]ta9ty1 if x is n manife/ 7see #bhjc74 ,! proc$ure to be obs]v$ 9 cases ( ! ,paul9e ,privilege is expla9$ by comm5t>ies on ,canons #aabj sqq4 ( ! ,code4 #bhag4 ,! ,imp$im5t ( ,disp>ity ( ,cult4--7a7 ,a m>riage ( a ,ca?olic 7i4e41 ( a p]son baptiz$ 9 or conv]t$ to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*7 ) an unbaptiz$ p]son is null & void4 ,?is imp$im5t b>s ! m>riage ( a pr(ess$ ex-,ca?olic ) an infidel1 b n ! m>riage ( a non-,ca?olic ) an infidel2 & by infidel is und]/ood "h n only a non-,*ri/ian 7su* z a ,jew71 b also a ,*ri/ian unbaptiz$ or invalidly baptiz$4 ,a p]son accid5tally baptiz$ by a ,ca?olic is n consid]$ a ,ca?olic if born ( h]etical or s*ismatical p>5ts & re>$ by !m 9 _! sect4 7b7 ,?is imp$im5t z prohibitive is ( div9e ord9ance1 = ! same reasons z 9 ! case ( mix$ m>riages 7see #bhjf c73 8,be> n ! yoke ) unbeliev]s0 7,,ii ,cor41 vi4 #ad74 ,b nei!r natural nor div9e law nullifies su* a m>riage ) unbeliev]s2 = ! sub/antial ends ( m>riage 7i4e41 procreation & education ( *ildr57 c be _h ev5 9 su* unions1 & v holy p]sonages h contract$ m>riage ev5 ) pagans 7e4g41 ,jacob ) ! daught]s ( ,laban1 ,joseph ) ! daught] ( ,putiph>1 ,moses ) ! daught] ( ,je?ro1 ,e/h] ) ,assu]us1 ,/4 ,cecilia ) ,val]ian1 ,/4 ,monica ) ,patricius1 ,/4 ,clotilda ) ,clovis1 etc474 ,! ,*ur*1 h[ev]1 has made disp>ity ( cult a dirim5t imp$im5t on acc\nt ( ! special dang]1 & x grants no disp5sation unless ! precautions decre$ = mix$ m>riages be obs]v$ 7see #hbd1 #bhjg74 #bhah4 ,! ,imp$im5ts ( ,k9%ip4--7a7 ,consangu9ity4--,m>riage is null :5 contract$ betwe5 blood relatives1 t is1 p]sons desc5d$ f "o ano!r or f "o common ance/or )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,9 ! direct l9e consangu9ity invalidates m>riage betwe5 all asc5dants & desc5dants1 legitimate or natural1 t is1 betwe5 a man & all 8 female ance/ry 7"m1 gr&mo!r1 etc47 & po/]ity 7daught]1 etc471 & betwe5 a woman & all h] male ance/ors & po/]ity4 ,9 ! collat]al l9e x invalidates to ! ?ird degree inclusively1 t is1 betwe5 a man & a woman ^: p>5ts are relat$ z fir/ c\s9s or ev5 m closely4 ,! degree ( consangu9ity betwe5 ?is man & woman is fir/1 second or ?ird1 accord+ z "o1 two or ?ree g5]ations sep>ate !m 7i4e41 bo? or ! "o f>!/ remov$7 f ! ne>e/ ance/or ( bo? 7see ,canons #if & #ajgf74 ,consangu9ity is multipli$ :5 two p>ties are desc5d$ f sev]al common /ocks4 ,?is imp$im5t is ( ! natural law z reg>ds ! fir/1 & probably all ! o!r degrees ( ! direct l9e2 = rev]5ce due to p>5ts =bids "o to m>ry !m4 ,m>riage betwe5 bro!r & si/] is n oppos$ to ! absolute or prim>y law ( nature1 b to ! relative or second>y law 7see #cjc72 = natural incl9ation tea*es t x is unbecom+ = memb]s ( ! same family to int]m>ry1 & fur!r ! *ildr5 ( _! unions are v apt to be weakly or defective4 ,9 o!r degrees consangu9ity is an imp$im5t ( *ur* law only1 & may be disp5s$ = a good reason1 b a m s]i\s reason is necess>y = ne>] relation%ip4 7b7 ,aff9ity4--,m>riage is null :5 contract$ betwe5 relatives-9-law1 or ^? :o are k9 by valid1 ev5 ?\gh unconsummat$1 m>riage4 ,b ! imp$im5t exi/s only betwe5 ! husb& & 8 wife's blood relatives1 & vice v]sa4 ,9 ! direct l9e x includes all degrees2 9 ! collat]al l9e x ext5ds to ! second degree inclusive4 ,h5ce1 a wid[] is imp$$ f m>ry+ all ! l9eal relatives ( 8 deceas$ wife 7h] "m1 gr&mo!r1 daught]1 gr&daught]1 etc471 & ! foll[+ ( h] collat]al relatives3 h] si/]s1 h] aunts1 h] nieces1 h] fir/ c\s9s4 ,aff9ity is multipli$ by multiplication ( ! consangu9ity on :i* x is bas$ 7e4g41 :5 a woman is d\bly relat$ to "o's deceas$ wife71 & by successive m>riages 7e4g41 :5 a woman is ! si/] ( a man's two deceas$ wives74 ,! imp$im5t ( aff9ity is ju/ifi$ by moral reasons--by ! mutual rev]5ce t %\ld exi/ betwe5 ^? :o are closely relat$ by m>riage1 by ! dang]s to :i* _! relation%ip w\ld be expos$ if !y 7 able to m>ry1 & by ! good ( society1 :i* is promot$ :5 m>riage is n conf9$ )9 to n>r[ a circle4 ,b ! imp$im5t is entirely ecclesia/ical1 = ! ,*ur* c disp5se 9 all degrees1 & ! relation%ip is only an imp]fect copy ( consangu9ity4 7c7 ,public ,dec5cy4--,?is imp$im5t1 also kn[n z quasi-aff9ity1 arises f an invalid1 ev5 ?\gh unconsummat$1 m>riage1 & f public or notori\s concub9age2 & x annuls m>riage 9 ! fir/ & second degrees ( ! direct l9e betwe5 ! man & ! blood relatives ( ! woman1 & vice v]sa4 ,! reason = ! imp$im5t is ! unbecom+ness ( m>riage ) ! ne> relatives 7i4e41 ! "m1 daught]1 gr&mo!r1 gr&daught] ( ! woman1 & ! fa!r1 son1 gr&fa!r1 gr&son ( ! man7 ( a p]son ) :om "o has liv$ 9 putative m>riage or concub9age4 ,! imp$im5t is less /rict ?an t ( aff9ity1 & is ( ecclesia/ical law only4 7d7 ,spiritual ,relation%ip4--,?is imp$im5t nullifies m>riage betwe5 a baptiz$ p]son & ! p]son :o baptiz$ him or h] or :o /ood = him or h] 9 ,baptism4 ,! m9i/] & ! sponsor contract a relation%ip ( spiritual p>5?ood to ! baptiz$ p]son1 s9ce ,baptism is a sup]natural bir? & ! godp>5ts are *>g$ ) ! religi\s welf>e ( ! god*ild4 ,reasons ( respect & ( intimate relation%ip make m>riage betwe5 su* p]sons unbecom+1 & h5ce ! ,*ur* f e>ly times has rul$ aga9/ x4 7e7 ,legal ,relation%ip4--,p]sons :o 9 civil law are unable to m>ry "o ano!r on acc\nt ( ! relation%ip aris+ f legal adoption are also b>r$ f m>riage 9 ,canon ,law4 ,! relations betwe5 an adopt$ p]son & ! memb]s ( ! family into :i* he is adopt$ are s close t human lawmak]s h (t5 felt x necess>y to decl>e adoption an imp$im5t to m>riage4 #bhai4 ,matrimonial ,imp$im5ts ,produc$ ?r\gh ,misde$s4--7a7 ,abduction4--,!re c be no valid m>riage betwe5 a man :o holds a woman "u re/ra9t 9 ord] to compel h] to m>ry him1 if %e has be5 abduct$ by him or is viol5tly deta9$ by him 9 h] resid5ce or else:]e4 ,if ! woman :o has be5 c>ri$ away or :o is held aga9/ h] w m>ries unwill+ly1 ! m>riage is invalid accord+ to natural law2 if %e m>ries will+ly1 ! m>riage is invalid f *ur* law4 ,h5ce ! imp$im5t ( abduction is ( positive law only & does n oblige infidels 7see ,canon #ajfd74 7b7 ,crime4--,!re c be no valid m>riage betwe5 ! foll[+3 ^? :o dur+ a legitimate m>riage h consummat$ adult]y toge!r & h mutually promis$ future m>riage or h attempt$ m>riage1 ev5 ?\gh only civilly 7,canon #ajge72 ^? :o dur+ ! same lawful m>riage h consummat$ adult]y toge!r1 & ( :om "o has committ$ conjugicide2 ^? :o h coop]at$ physically or morally1 ev5 ?\gh !y are n adult]]s1 to murd] ! sp\se ( "o ( !m4 ,! purpose ( ?is imp$im5t is to safegu>d ! fidelity & rights ( m>ri$ p]sons1 & to puni% ^? :o resort to adult]y or murd] 9 ! hope ( a new m>riage4 ,! imp$im5t is ecclesia/ical & does n affect infidels4 #bhbj4 ,duties ( ! ,pa/or ,aft] ! ,inquiry ab\t ,imp$im5ts4--7a7 ,disp5sation4--,if ! pa/or f9ds an imp$im5t ( natural or div9e law 7e4g41 ! bond ( an exi/+ m>riage71 or an imp$im5t :i* is nev] disp5s$ 7e4g41 consangu9ity 9 ! fir/ degree ( ! collat]al l9e1 notori\s conjugicide1 :5 !re is no dang] ( dea?71 he _c proce$ ) ! m>riage4 ,if he discov]s ano!r imp$im5t1 he mu/ inquire :e!r or n !re is suffici5t reason = disp5sation4 ,= ! imp$im5ts ( occult crime1 disp>ity ( cult outside ( mission c\ntries1 age1 ,sacr$ ,ord]s & religi\s pr(ession 7also = neglect+ ! =m ( m>riage71 a grave reason is necess>y to p]mit m>riage2 b = ! rema9+ imp$im5ts1 a less grave reason is requir$4 ,! usual or grave reasons = disp5sation include ! public good 7e4g41 peace betwe5 peoples1 prev5tion ( s]i\s litigations71 a great private good 7e4g41 a suitable m>riage (f]$ to a woman :o on acc\nt ( age or locality c h>dly f9d ano!r su* *ance71 great spiritual good 7e4g41 prev5tion ( a mix$ or civil m>riage or great sc&al1 t]m9ation ( op5 concub9age71 great temporal good 7e4g41 means to support ! family ( a poor wid[72 b o!r & less] reasons sometimes suffice1 z :5 ! woman is illegitimate1 an orphan1 defl[]$1 sickly1 or homely1 or ! man ne$s someone to take c>e ( him or ( 8 small *ildr5 f a previ\s m>riage1 or :5 ! m>riage has already be5 ann\nc$ or w be ( great advantage to ! p>5ts ( "o ( ! p>ties4 ,9 case ( urg5t necessity or ( dang] ( dea?1 ! pa/or & also ! confessor or prie/ :o assi/s at ! m>riage are emp[]$ to grant c]ta9 disp5sations2 9 o!r cases disp5sation c be grant$ only by ! local ,ord9>y or by ! ,holy ,see4 ,! petition = a disp5sation mu/ /ate ! facts tru?fully1 b mu/ conceal ! id5tity ( ! petition] :5 ! imp$im5t is occult4 ,9 execut+ a disp5sation "o mu/ obs]ve ! conditions laid d[n by ! sup]ior :o grant$ x 7see comm5t>ies on ,canons #ajdc sqq474 7b7 ,publication4--,ev5 ?\gh x is morally c]ta9 t !re is no imp$im5t1 ! banns ( m>riage %\ld be proclaim$ be=eh& & 9 ! place :]e ! p>ties h _! domicile or quasi-domicile 7or resid5ce1 if !y are vagi71 & also1 if necess>y1 9 o!r places :]e !y h liv$4 ,?is is a grave duty1 s9ce its purpose is to ensure ! validity & lawfulness ( m>riages4 ,if x is morally c]ta9 t !re is no imp$im5t1 ! ,ord9>y may disp5se = a good reason 7see comm5t>ies on ,canons #ajbb sqq474 #bhba4 ,aft] ! ,exam9ation & ,proclamation4--7a7 ,if x is c]ta9 t !re is an imp$im5t1 ! proc$ure w be t giv5 9 #bhbj a2 7b7 if x is d\btful :e!r !re is a dirim5t imp$im5t1 ! matt] %\ld be inve/igat$ m fully1 b )\t defamation ( ! p>ties1 & if ! d\bt rema9s1 ! "q %\ld be submitt$ to ! ,ord9>y 7see above1 #bhje b72 7c7 if no imp$im5t1 c]ta9 or d\btful1 has be5 discov]$1 ! pa/or %\ld approve ! p>ties = m>riage4 #bhbb4 ,duties ( ! ,pa/or z ,reg>ds ! ,religi\s ,in/ruction ( ! ,engag$ ,c\ple4--7a7 ,! pa/or %\ld require ^? :o are n confirm$ to receive ,confirmation be=e _! m>riage1 if !y c d ?is )\t s]i\s inconv5i5ce4 7b7 ,he %\ld in/ruct ! p>ties 9 ! ess5tials ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 if !y are ignorant 9 ^! matt]s 7see #ibj sqq471 & he %\ld po9t out to !m ! nature ( m>riage z a contract & z a ,sacram5t1 its purposes & prop]ties1 ! grace x conf]s & ! conjugal & p>5tal duties x imposes1 ! necessity ( prep>+ = ! ,sacram5t & ( receiv+ x 9 ! /ate ( grace4 ,he %\ld also speak ab\t ! imp$im5ts1 s t ! c\ple may und]/& ! disqualifications = a valid & lawful m>riage2 b ?is %\ld be done prud5tly1 s z n to %ock ! innoc5t or to help o!rs to evade ! law4 ,b ignorance ( ! ,cate*ism is n /rictly an imp$im5t2 & if ! p>ties are unwill+ to take in/ruction1 !y %\ld be m>ri$ )\t x4 ,9 a mix$ m>riage x is (t5 v useful to give ! non-,ca?olic a %ort c\rse 9 ,ca?olic tea*+1 & all c\ples :o are prep>+ = m>riage w\ld d well to read "s ( ! good works prep>$ especially = ! use ( engag$ or newly m>ri$ p4 ,! ,code requires ( pa/ors t 9 _! s]mons !y in/ruct ! p on m>riage & exhort !m to avoid mix$ m>riages & m>riages ) ! unwor?y 7,canons #ajah1 #ajfd1 #ajfe74 #bhbc4 ,! ,pa/or & ! ,duties ( ,engag$ ,c\ple4--,! pa/or %\ld also inquire ab\t duties ow$ by ! c\ple to o!rs4 7a7 ,duties to ,p>5ts4--,he %\ld s]i\sly admoni% m9ors subject to p>5tal au?ority n to m>ry )\t ! k or aga9/ ! reasonable wi%es ( _! p>5ts4 ,if ! p>5ts are oppos$ to ! m>riage1 ! pa/or %\ld decide f ! circum/ances :e!r ! opposition is ju/ifi$ or n2 if "o p>5t only is unwill+1 ! wi%es ( ! fa!r p] se h pref]5ce ov] ^? ( ! "m1 z he is ! head ( ! family4 ,if ! engag$ c\ple w n he$ ! pa/or1 he is s]i\sly b\nd to refuse to m>ry !m until ! case has be5 pres5t$ to ! ,ord9>y = decision 7,canon #ajcd74 7b7 ,duties to ,civil ,law4--,! ,/ate has no p[] ov] ! ,sacram5t ( ,matrimony1 its bond1 or its insep>able temporal effects 7su* z ! rights & duties ( sp\ses1 legitimacy ( *ildr5 & ! l71 b x is compet5t 9 ref]5ce to m]ely civil effects & conditions1 :i* are temporal circum/ances sep>able f ! sub/ance ( m>riage4 ,h5ce1 ^? :o are gett+ m>ri$ %\ld comply ) civil =malities t d n trespass on *ur* rights1 su* z regi/ration or m>riage lic5se4 #bhbd4 ,opposition ( ,p>5ts to ,m>riage4--,9 decid+ :e!r ! p>5tal opposition to a m>riage is reasonable or n1 ! pa/or %\ld take into consid]ation bo? ! motives = ! opposition & ! reasons 9 favor ( ! m>riage4 7a7 ,! motives = ! opposition are reasonable1 if ! p>5ts object because ( ! undesirability ( "o ( ! c\ple1 or _! incompatibility1 or ! evil consequ5ces t w foll[ ! m>riage4 ,a p]son is undesirable on acc\nt ( defects ( s\l 7e4g41 an a!i/1 a drunk>d1 a lib]t9e1 a man or woman ( ill-fame1 a cruel man1 an ill-temp]$ woman71 or ( body 7e4g41 a p]son :o is de=m$1 or malodor\s1 or afflict$ ) syphilis or o!r s]i\s disease71 or ( m9d 7e4g41 a half-witt$ p]son71 or ( economical ability 7e4g41 a man :o is a gambl] or sp5d?rift1 or :o is unable to e>n a liv+2 a woman :o is load$ ) debts or :o _c take c>e ( a home74 ,!re is incompatibility :5 ! ages ( ! c\ple or _! rank 9 life1 _! race1 _! education1 _! ta/es1 or _! dispositions are utt]ly diff]5t4 ,!re are evil consequ5ces :5 sc&als1 hatr$s1 disgrace1 or loss ( temporal goods w ensue4 7b7 ,! reason = ! m>riage1 h[ev]1 may suffice to prevail ov] ! p>5tal objections4 ,?us1 if ! /rong disapproval ( relatives is ! only reason aga9/ a m>riage & its ab&onm5t w make ! c\ple unhappy = life1 *>ity does n oblige to su* a sacrifice4 ,& ! temporal advantage ( a family %\ld n be pref]r$ to ! spiritual b5efit1 if _! son :o is wild wi%es to m>ry a poor girl :o has a good influ5ce ov] him r ?an a weal?y girl :om he does n admire4 #bhbe4 ,religi\s ,duties be=e ,m>riage4--7a7 ,confession4--,a public s9n] 7e4g41 "o :o has be5 liv+ 9 concub9age7 is oblig$ to g to confession be=e m>riage 9 ord] to repair 8 sc&al4 ,a s9n] ^: guilt is n public mu/ rep5t be=e receiv+ ! ,sacram5t ( ,matrimony1 s9ce x is a ,sacram5t ( ! ,liv+ & supposes ! /ate ( grace2 b an act ( contrition /rictly suffices4 ,x is recomm5d$1 h[ev]1 t all p]sons g to confession z a prep>ation & t !y make a g5]al confession4 ,! confessor %\ld be told ( any occult or incrim9at+ imp$im5t t 0 n disclos$ to ! pa/or1 & x is !re=e advisable t ! confession prec$e ! c]emony by sev]al days1 s z to all[ "t = possible disp5sations4 7b7 ,communion4--,x is bett] t ,communion be receiv$ on ! day ( "o's m>riage1 b1 if ?is is n conv5i5t1 x may be receiv$ sev]al days be=e or sev]al days aft]4 ,!re is no comm& z to ?is1 b ! ,*ur*'s c\nsel is mo/ e>ne/4 #bhbf4 ,! ,celebration ( ,m>riage4--7a7 ,requisites = ,validity4--,9 ord] to be valid1 a ,ca?olic's m>riage mu/ be celebrat$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! p>i%-prie/ or ,ord9>y1 or ( a prie/ delegat$ by ei!r1 & ( at lea/ two witnesses4 ,!re are two exceptions to ?is law1 namely1 9 dang] ( dea? :5 ! prie/ _c be _h & 9 ! case ( inability to appe> be=e a prie/ )9 a mon?4 ,?is law is mo/ suitable1 s9ce m>riage is n a m]e pr(ane contract1 b a ,sacram5t subject to ! ,*ur*2 ! law is also necess>y1 s9ce secret or cl&e/9e m>riages w\ld be impossible ( pro(1 & society & ! family w\ld be s]i\sly h>m$ if !y 7 p]mitt$ except 9 v extraord9>y cases4 7b7 ,requisites = ,lawfulness4--,! pa/or assi/s lawfully at a m>riage if he has assur$ himself ( ! fre$om ( ! p>ties to m>ry & ( 8 own "r to assi/ (ficially at _! m>riage4 ,! pa/or has ! "r to witness a m>riage :5 ! p>ties are 8 subjects by reason ( _! location 9 8 p>i%1 or :5 he has p]mission f _! pa/or or ,ord9>y to assi/ at ! nuptials4 ,:5 ! bride is f "o p>i% & ! groom f ano!r1 ! rule is t ! m>riage %\ld be held be=e ! bride's pa/or 7,canons #ajid sqq47 #bhbg4 ,! ,rite ( ,m>riage4--7a7 ,! ess5tial rite consi/s 9 ! words ( cons5t spok5 by ! bride & groom4 ,! assi/+ prie/ asks = ?is cons5t1 & !n 7except 9 a mix$ m>riage7 blesses ! newly m>ri$ pair & ! r+4 ,m>riage by sign language or ?r\gh an int]pret] or proxy is n lawful )\t special p]mission1 & m>riage by lett] is n recogniz$ 7,canons #ajhh sqq474 7b7 ,! accid5tal rite is ! nuptial bless+ be/[$ dur+ ! ,nuptial ,mass t foll[s on ! m>riage4 ,?is is omitt$ 9 mix$ m>riages1 & also z a rule dur+ ,adv5t & ,l5t4 ,! place = m>riage is regul>ly 9 ! p>i% *ur*1 if x is a ,ca?olic m>riage1 b outside ! *ur* if x is a mix$ m>riage 7see ,canons #aajj sqq474 ,! ,ord9>y may disp5se f ! requirem5ts ( place 7,canon #aaji74 #bhbh4 ,coop]ation 9 an ,unwor?y ,m>riage4--7a7 ,! ,prie/4--,! cl]gyman acts z ! (ficial repres5tative ( ! ,*ur*1 & h5ce only a s]i\s reason w p]mit 8 assi/ance :5 ! unwor?9ess ( "o ( ! p>ties is kn[n to him 9 an extra-confessional way4 ,a s]i\s reason w\ld be a ?reat ( bodily h>m to ! prie/ or great spiritual detrim5t to ! p>ties1 su* z _! cont9uance 9 ! /ate ( s94 ,a m s]i\s reason is requir$ if "o ( ! p>ties is an excommunicatus vit&us4 ,f9ally1 at times only passive assi/ance is p]mitt$1 z 9 c]ta9 mix$ m>riages 9 :i* ! non-,ca?olic refuses to give gu>antees1 b !re is great] dang] ( p]v]sion )\t ?an ) ! assi/ance 7see #bfgg sqq474 7b7 ,! ,sp\ses4--,! bride & groom are ! m9i/]s z well z ! recipi5ts ( ,matrimony1 & h5ce1 if "o ( ! p>ties kn[s t ! o!r is n 9 ! /ate ( grace1 !re is an adm9i/ration ( a ,sacram5t to an unwor?y recipi5t4 ,b only *>ity w\ld bid "o to d5y ! ,sacram5t to t o!r p>ty1 if "o c\ld n induce him to dispose himself1 & *>ity does n oblige ) great inconv5i5ce4 ,h5ce ! wor?y p>ty1 if he or %e has a suitable reason = m>ry+1 does n s9 by reason ( ! o!r p>ty's unwor?9ess4 7c7 ,! ,witnesses4--,! coop]ation ( ! witnesses is less ?an t ( ! prie/ & ( ! wor?y p>ty1 & h5ce only 9 an extraord9>y case d ! witnesses s9 by assi/+ at a m>riage contract$ be=e ! ,*ur*4 ,!y may presume t all is well1 if ! pa/or has agre$ to ! m>riage2 & ev5 ?\gh !y are c]ta9 t ! bride or groom is 9 mortal s91 ! fe> ( incurr+ displeasure or h>m w ord9>ily excuse ! be/ man or bridesmaid f all s91 or at lea/ f grave s94 #bhbi4 ,regi/ration ( ,m>riages4--,! ,code requires t m>riages be record$ 9 ! matrimonial & baptismal regi/]s1 & t notification be s5t to ! pa/ors ( ! p>i%es :]e ! bride & ! groom 7 baptiz$4 ,?is duty seems to be grave1 s9ce its end is to provide = /able conditions & secure pro( ( fre$om to m>ry4 ,! entries %\ld be made )\t delay 7i4e41 )9 ?ree days at lea/71 le/ !y be ov]look$ or be made incorrectly 7,canon #aajc74 #bhcj4 ,:5 an ,imp$im5t ,is ,discov]$ aft] ,m>riage4--,a dirim5t imp$im5t or o!r invalidat+ defect is sometimes discov]$ aft] ! celebration ( m>riage4 ,!re are v>i\s solutions ( ?is difficulty4 7a7 ,if ! m>riage c be validat$ 7or made valid71 ?is %\ld be done4 ,! mann] ( simple validation ( m>riages null on acc\nt ( dirim5t imp$im5t1 defective cons5t or lack ( =m1 is decl>$ 9 ,canons #aacc-aacg4 7b7 ,if ! m>riage _c be validat$ simply1 x may be made valid 9 c]ta9 cases by ! special validation kn[n z a sanatio 9 radice4 ,?is supposes t a cons5t naturally suffici5t1 b juridically insuffici5t1 0 giv51 & t a r5ewal ( cons5t _c be obta9$ 7see ,canons #aach-aada74 7c7 ,if m>riage _c be validat$ 9 any way 7z 9 ! case ( an indisp5sable imp$im5t71 ! p>ties %\ld be sep>at$1 or p]mitt$ to live toge!r z bro!r & si/]1 or left 9 good fai?4 ,?us1 if ! nullity ( ! m>riage is public1 ! p>ties %\ld be sep>at$ aft] a decl>ation ( nullity2 if ! nullity is secret & unprovable1 ! p>ties may be p]mitt$ to live toge!r z bro!r & si/]1 if !y "k ! m>riage is null1 b are n expos$ to ! dang] ( incont95ce2 if ! p>ties are 9 good fai? ab\t _! m>riage & x is =ese5 t s]i\s evils w\ld result 7 !y told ! tru? 7su* z bad fai?1 or mis=tunes = ! *ildr571 !y may be left z !y are4 #bhca4 ,! ,lawfulness ( ,divorce & ,sep>ation4--7a7 ,complete divorce1 or dissolution ( ! bond ) ! "r to rem>ry dur+ ! lifetime ( ! o!r sp\se1 is nev] lawful1 except 9 ! cases m5tion$ 9 #bghg e4 ,moreov]1 ! civil lawgiv] has no "r ev] to dissolve ! m>riage tie1 = ! m>riage bond ( ,*ri/ians is sacram5tal & n subject to ! ,/ate1 :ile ! m>riage bond ( non-,*ri/ians is indissoluble by human au?ority4 ,on ! dea? ( "o sp\se1 h[ev]1 ! survivor is free to m>ry aga91 ?\gh *a/e wid[hood is m honorable4 7b7 ,incomplete divorce1 or sep>ation f b$ & bo>d1 is all[$ p]man5tly to ! innoc5t sp\se 9 case ( adult]y1 & tempor>ily :5 !re are o!r good reasons4 ,?us1 if "o ( ! p>ties becomes an apo/ate1 or gives non-,ca?olic education to ! *ildr51 or leads a crim9al or disgraceful life1 or makes common life too h>d by 8 cruelty1 or endang]s ! o!r p>ty 9 s\l or body1 ! innoc5t sp\se may sep>ate aft] appeal+ to ! ,ord9>y1 or may dep>t on 8 or h] own au?ority1 if ! facts are c]ta9 & !re is dang] 9 delay 7,canons #aaah sqq474 ,) p]mission "o may ev5 seek a civil divorce1 if x is a sep>ation only1 9 ord] to be free z reg>ds civil effects ( m>riage 7#aiej74 ,,app5dix ,i ,,summ>y ,,( ,,common ,,law ,,on ,,prohibition ,,( ,,books 7,holy ,(fice1 #ag ,apr41 #aidc7 plac$ at end ( ,volume ,i1 aft] section #afbe1 9 pr9t edition ,see+ t delays & omissions 9 d5\nc+ ! books frequ5tly occur1 & t _m ( ! fai?ful are 9 a /ate ( deplorable ignorance reg>d+ ! d5unciation & prohibition ( h>mful books1 ! ,supreme ,sacr$ ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice deems x appropriate to call to m9d ! pr9cipal provisions ( ! sacr$ canons on ?is subject2 = x is beyond d\bt t bad or h>mful writ+s expose purity ( fai?1 integrity ( morals1 & ! v salvation ( s\ls to ! greate/ dang]s4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,holy ,see _c by itself1 ) adequate c>e & 9 due "t1 prohibit ! numb]less writ+s aga9/ fai? & morals :i*1 especially 9 our "t1 are be+ publi%$ almo/ daily 9 v>i\s languages all ov] ! _w4 ,h5ce x is necess>y t ! ,ord9>ies ( places1 ^: bus9ess x is to pres]ve s\nd & or?odox doctr9e & to protect good morals 7,c1 #cdc1 ,sec4#a71 %\ld1 ei!r p]sonally or ?r\gh suitable prie/s1 be wat*ful z to ! books :i* are publi%$ or sold 9 _! t]ritory 7,c4 #acig1 ,sec4#d71 & =bid to _! subjects ^? :i* !y judge %\ld be condemn$ 7,c4 #acie1 ,a,sec4#a74 ,! "r & duty to =bid books = j cause belongs also to an ,abbot ( an indep5d5t mona/]y & to ! ,sup]ior ,g5]al ( a cl]ical exempt ,in/itute act+ ) 8 ,*apt] or ,c\ncil2 nay1 9 case ( urg5cy1 x belongs also to ! o!r ,major ,sup]iors ) _! prop] ,c\ncil1 x be+ und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t ^! mu/ z soon z possible report ! matt] to ! ,sup]ior ,g5]al 7,c4 #acie1 ,sec4#c74 ,nev]!less1 books :i* require a m exp]t scrut9y1 or 9 reg>d to :i*1 = salut>y results1 ! judgm5t ( ! supreme au?ority seems to be requir$1 %\ld be ref]r$ by ! ,ord9>ies to ! judgm5t ( ! ,holy ,see 7,c4 #acig1 ,sec4#e74 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 ! duty ( all ! fai?ful1 & especially ( cl]ics1 to d5\nce p]nici\s books to ! prop] au?ority2 b ?is duty is especially incumb5t on cl]ics :o h "s ecclesia/ical dignity1 su* z ! ,legates ( ! ,holy ,see & ! ,ord9>ies ( places1 & on ^? :o are em95t 9 doctr9e1 z = example ! ,rectors & ,pr(essors ( ,ca?olic ,univ]sities4 ,! d5unciation is to be made ei!r to ?is ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice or to ! ,ord9>y ( ! place1 giv+ by all means ! reason :y x is ?\ght ! book %\ld be =bidd54 ,! p]sons to :om su* a report is made h a /rict duty to keep secret ! names ( ^? :o make x 7,c4 #acig1 ,sec4#a1 #b1 #c74 ,f9ally1 ,ord9>ies ( places & o!rs :o h ! c>e ( s\ls %\ld duly in=m ! fai?ful ( ! foll[+3 a7 ,! prohibition ( books has ! effect t1 unless due p]mission is obta9$1 ! =bidd5 book may n be publi%$1 nor republi%$ 7)\t mak+ ! corrections & obta9+ due approbation71 nor read1 nor reta9$1 nor sold1 nor translat$ into ano!r language1 nor 9 any way communicat$ to o!r p]sons 7,c4 #acih1 ,sec4#a1 #b72 b7 ,books condemn$ by ! ,holy ,see are consid]$ z =bidd5 ev]y:]e & 9 :atev] language !y may be translat$ 7,c4 #acif72 c7 ,! positive ecclesia/ical law =bids n only ^? books :i* are individually condemn$ by a special decree ( ! ,holy ,see & plac$ on ! ,index ( ,=bidd5 ,books1 or :i* are proscrib$ by p>ticul> ,c\ncils or ,ord9>ies = _! subjects1 b also ! books :i* are =bidd5 by ! common law itself1 t is1 9 virtue ( ! rules conta9$ 9 ,canon #acii1 :i* =bids 9 a g5]al mann] ne>ly all books :i* are bad & h>mful 9 !mselves2 d7 ,! natural law =bids ! read+ ( any book :i* occasions proximate spiritual dang]1 s9ce x =bids anyone to place himself 9 dang] ( los+ ! true fai? or good morals2 accord+ly1 p]mission to use =bidd5 books1 f :omsoev] x be obta9$1 9 no way exempts f ?is prohibition ( ! natural law 7,c4 #adje1 ,sec4#a74 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,! 8,ecum5ical ,movem5t0 plac$ at end ( ,volume ,i1 aft] ! prec$+ ,app5dix1 9 pr9t edition ,on ,decemb] #bj1 #aidi ! ,holy ,(fice issu$ an in/ruction on ! 8,ecum5ical ,movem5t0 address$ to all local ,ord9>ies4 ,9 its prefatory rem>ks ! ,in/ruction insi/$ ^u ! ,*ur*'s int5se int]e/ to atta9 to ! full & p]fect unity ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x not$ z an occasion ( joy ! desire ( _m sep>at$ f ! ,*ur* to return to ! unity ( ,*ri/'s fold1 a good int5tion1 inde$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 be+ put into practice has n be5 regulat$ by "r pr9ciples4 ,accord+ly ! ,holy ,(fice prescrib$ t local ,ord9>ies ma9ta9 due vigilance ov] ! associations seek+ ,*ur* ,unity1 t !y designate well-qualifi$ prie/s to pay close att5tion to ev]y?+ :i* conc]ns ! 8,movem5t10 & t !y sup]vise publications on ?is matt] by ,ca?olics or by non-,ca?olics1 9 z f> z ^! are publi%$1 or read1 or sold by ,ca?olics4 ,! mann] & me?od ( proce$+ 9 ?is "w is to be regulat$ by ! ,ord9>ies1 :o are caution$ to prev5t ! gr[? ( indiff]5ce to ,ca?olic tru? & fallaci\s hopes ( unity bas$ ^u false or impossible f\ndations4 ,) reg>d to mix$ assemblies ( ,ca?olics & non-,ca?olics1 :5 !re seems to be hope ( spread+ k ( ,ca?olic doctr9e1 ! ,ord9>y is in/ruct$ to designate well-qualifi$ prie/s1 to expla9 & def5d ! ,*ur*'s tea*+4 ,special p]mission1 h[ev]1 mu/ be obta9$ f ,ecclesia/ical ,au?ority if ,ca?olic laym5 are to att5d4 ,:]e no hope ( good results exi/s1 ! meet+s are to be end$ or gradually suppress$4 ,! foll[+ specific in/ructions are giv5 = ! conduct ( 8,ecum5ical meet+s40 ,all ! a=esaid conf]5ces & meet+s1 public & non-public1 l>ge & small1 :i* are call$ = ! purpose ( af=d+ an opportunity = ! ,ca?olic & ! non-,ca?olic p>ty1 = ! sake ( discussion1 to treat ( matt]s ( fai? & morals1 ea* pres5t+ on ev5 t]ms ! doctr9e ( 8 own fai?1 are subject to ! prescriptions ( ! ,*ur* :i* 7 recall$ to m9d 9 ! ,monitum1 8,cum comp]tum0 ( ?is ,congregation "u date ( #e ,june1 #aidh4 ,h5ce1 mix$ congresses are n absolutely =bidd52 b !y are n to be held )\t ! previ\s p]mission ( ! compet5t ,ecclesia/ical ,au?ority4 ,! ,monitum1 h[ev]1 does n apply to cate*etical in/ructions1 ev5 :5 giv5 to _m toge!r1 nor to conf]5ces 9 :i* ,ca?olic doctr9e is expla9$ to non-,ca?olics :o are prospective conv]ts1 ev5 ?\gh ! opportunity is af=d$ = ! non-,ca?olics to expla9 also ! doctr9e ( _! *ur* s t !y may und]/& cle>ly & ?or\ghly 9 :at respect x agrees ) ! ,ca?olic doctr9e & 9 :at x diff]s !refrom4 ,nei!r does ! said ,monitum apply to ^? mix$ meet+s ( ,ca?olics & non-,ca?olics 9 :i* ! discussion does n turn ^u fai? & morals1 b ^u ways & means ( def5d+ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! natural law or ( ! ,*ri/ian religion aga9/ ! enemies ( ,god :o are n[ leagu$ toge!r1 or :]e ! "q is h[ to re/ore social ord]1 or o!r topics ( t nature4 ,ev5 9 ^! meet+s1 z is evid5t1 ,ca?olics may n approve or conc$e any?+ :i* is 9 conflict ) div9e revelation or ) ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* ev5 on social que/ions4 ,z to local conf]5ces & conv5tions :i* are )9 ! scope ( ! ,monitum z above expla9$1 ! ,ord9>ies ( places are giv51 = ?ree ye>s f ! publication ( ?is ,in/ruction1 ! faculty ( grant+ ! requir$ previ\s p]mission ( ! ,holy ,see on ! foll[+ conditions3 #a4 ,t communicatio 9 sacris be entirely avoid$2 #b1 ,t ! pres5tations ( ! matt] be duly inspect$ & direct$2 #c4 ,t at ! close ( ea* ye> a report be made to ?is ,supreme ,sacr$ ,congregation1 /at+ :]e su* meet+s 7 held & :at exp]i5ce 0 ga!r$ f !m4 #d4 ,z reg>ds ! colloquies ( !ologians above m5tion$1 ! same faculty = ! same l5g? ( "t is grant$ to ! ,ord9>y ( ! place :]e su* colloquies are held1 or to ! ,ord9>y delegat$ = ?is "w by ! common cons5t ( ! o!r ,ord9>ies1 "u ! same conditions z above1 b ) ! fur!r requirem5t t ! report to ?is ,sacr$ ,congregation /ate also :at que/ions 7 treat$1 :o 7 pres5t1 & :o ! speak]s 7 = ei!r side4 ,z = ! int]diocesan conf]5ces & congresses1 ei!r national or int]national1 ! previ\s p]mission ( ! ,holy ,see1 special = ea* case1 is always requir$2 &1 9 ! petition ask+ = x1 mu/ also be /at$ :at are ! que/ions to be treat$ & :o ! speak]s are to be4 ,& x is n all[$1 be=e ?is p]mission has be5 obta9$1 to beg9 ! ext]nal prep>ation ( su* meet+s or to collaborate ) non-,ca?olics :o beg9 su* prep>ation4 #e4 ,al?\gh 9 all ^! meet+s & conf]5ces any communication :atsoev] 9 wor%ip mu/ be avoid$1 yet ! recitation 9 common ( ! ,"l's ,pray] or ( "s pray] approv$ by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 is n =bidd5 = op5+ or clos+ ! said meet+s4 #f4 ,al?\gh ea* ,ord9>y has ! "r & duty to conduct1 promote1 & preside ov] ?is "w 9 8 own diocese1 yet ! coop]ation ( sev]al ,bi%ops w be appropriate or ev5 necess>y 9 e/abli%+ (fices & works to obs]ve1 /udy1 & control ?is "w z a :ole4 ,accord+ly x w re/ ) ! ,ord9>ies !mselves to conf] toge!r & consid] h[ a prop] uni=mity ( action & coord9ation c be obta9$4 #g4 ,religi\s ,sup]iors are b\nd to wat* & to see to x t _! subjects adh]e /rictly & fai?fully to ! prescriptions laid d[n by ! ,holy ,see or by ! local ,ord9>ies 9 ?is matt]4 ,9 ord] t s noble a "w z ! 8union0 ( all ,*ri/ians 9 "o true fai? & ,*ur* may daily gr[ into a m conspicu\s "p ( ! entire c>e ( s\ls1 & t ! :ole ,ca?olic p may m e>ne/ly implore ?is 8union0 f ,almighty ,god1 x w c]ta9ly be ( assi/ance t 9 "s appropriate way1 = example ?r\gh ,pa/oral ,lett]s1 ! fai?ful be in/ruct$ reg>d+ ^! que/ions & projects1 ! prescriptions ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! matt]1 & ! reasons on :i* !y are bas$4 ,all1 especially prie/s & religi\s1 %\ld be exhort$ & w>mly enc\rag$ to be zeal\s by _! pray]s & sacrifices to rip5 & promote ?is "w1 & all %\ld be rem9d$ t no?+ m effectively paves ! way = ! err+ to f9d ! tru? & to embrace ! ,*ur* ?an ! fai? ( ,ca?olics1 :5 x is confirm$ by ! example ( upright liv+4 ,,index ,,to ,,volumes ,i-,,ii ,! numb]s ref] to ! sections 9 ! text4 ,nos4 #a-afbe are conta9$ 9 ,volume ,i ( ! pr9t edition4 ,abject$ness1 def9ition1 #befa4 ,abnormal ,m5tal ,/ates1 z ob/acles to volunt>9ess ( acts1 #dj1 #ee2 effect on volunt>9ess ( acts1 #ee4 ,abortion1 canonical p5alties =1 #ahea a4 ,absolute ,/&>d1 9 grave matt]1 #ahii4 ,ab/emi\sness1 subjective "p ( temp]ance1 #bdfe a2 def9ition1 #bdff2 degrees ( ab/emi\sness1 #bdfg a2 au/]ity1 #bdfh2 excell5ce ( fa/+ & ab/95ce1 #bdfi a2 s9s oppos$ to ab/emi\sness1 #bdgj a4 ,see also ,gluttony2 ,sobriety4 ,ab/95ce1 excell5ce (1 #bdfi a4 ,ab/95ce1 ,total1 see ,sobriety4 ,accession1 title to private own]%ip1 #ahgb a2 pr9ciples ( accession1 #ahgd4 ,accusation1 ,judicial1 obligation1 #aiff2 :5 a malefactor is b\nd to accuse himself1 #aifh2 e?ical conditions = lawful accusation or d5unciation1 #aifi2 p]sons :o may n act z accus]s1 #aigj2 judicial accusation & frat]nal correction1 #aigb2 unju/ accusation1 #aigc2 cessation ( duty ( accusation1 #agid4 ,see also ,compla9t4 ,accus$1 see ,def5dant4 ,act1 ,virtu\s1 intr9sic & extr9sic modes ( p]=m+1 #aeed2 ess5tial & ideal modes1 #aeee4 ,acts1 ,human1 #bb-fb2 def9ition1 #bc2 k requisite =1 #bd2 ignorance r5d]s !m involunt>y1 #bh2 effect ( error1 =getfulness & inadv]t5ce on1 #cb-cc2 cons5t requisite =1 #cd2 free & necess>y1 #ce a2 p]fectly & imp]fectly volunt>y1 #ce b2 volunt>y absolutely & "u a c]ta9 aspect1 #ce c2 volunt>y 9 !mselves or directly & 9 _! cause or indirectly1 #ce d2 volunt>y1 approv+ly & p]missively1 #cf2 omissions1 #cg-ci2 ob/acles :i* de/roy or less5 volunt>9ess1 #dj sqq42 volunt>y acts ei!r elicit$ or comm&$ by ! w1 #ef-fb2 intellectual1 #fa-fb2 s5sible1 #fa-fb2 ext]nal corporal1 #fa-fb2 morality (1 #fc sqq42 acts =bidd5 to cl]ics1 #bfjc a4 ,acts1 ,m]itori\s1 #ajf sqq4 ,acts1 ,moral1 #fc sqq42 good1 #gf-gh2 bad1 #gi-hj2 indiff]5t1 #hb sqq42 morality ( ext]nal act1 #hi sqq42 morality ( act indirectly will$1 #id-ie2 morality ( consequ5ces ( act1 #if1 imputability1 #ig sqq12 imputability 9 cases ( d\ble result1 #ajc sqq42 acts t are objectively efficaci\sly & subjectively unju/1 #agfc a1 b1 c4 ,see also ,acts1 ,m]itori\s4 ,acts ( ,*>ity1 see ,*>ity4 ,acts ( ,fai?1 see ,fai?4 ,acts ( ,hope1 see ,hope4 ,acts1 ,volunt>y1 #ce-ci4 ,see also ,acts1 ,human4 ,adjuration1 def9ition1 #bbfc2 species ( adjuration1 #bbfd2 solemn or simple adjuration1 #bbfd a2 imp]ative or deprecative adjuration1 #bbfd b2 qualities ( lawful adjuration1 #bbfe2 p]sons :o may be adjur$1 #bbff2 use ( exorcisms1 #bbfg2 effects ( adjurations1 #bbfh4 ,adoration1 see ,religion4 ,adornm5t1 :5 lascivi\s1 #adef b4 ,adulation1 s9 aga9/ affability1 #bdbc a4 ,adult]y1 def9ition1 #becj2 s9fulness ( adult]y1 #becj b2 degrees ( malice1 #becj c4 ,adv]t5ce1 full & p>tial1 #agd sqq41 #aec1 #aif4 ,advisor1 implicit1 #aggi c4 ,a]omancy1 =m ( div9ation1 #bbhd ,g4 ,affability1 virtue (1 #badc b2 def9ition1 #bdba2 (fices ( affability1 #bdbb2 s9s aga9/ affability1 #bdbc4 ,affectation1 vice opposite to mode/y1 #beff b4 ,afflictions1 ,m$ic9al1 z rem$ies aga9/ s91 #bhc4 ,agapae1 9 ,e>ly ,*ur*1 #bahe a4 ,age ( ,reason1 ,pub]ty & ,majority1 #dcc4 ,ag5cy1 #agdi a4 ,aggression1 ,unju/1 #ahca4 ,albig5sianism1 #hbb c4 ,almsgiv+1 ext]nal effect ( *>ity1 #abaj2 def9ition1 #abaf2 mann] ( giv+1 #abag2 =ms ( almsgiv+1 #abah2 sev5 corporal works ( m]cy1 #abba2 sev5 spiritual1 #abbb2 comp>ison ( corporal & spiritual alms1 #abbd2 duty ( almsgiv+1 #abbf sqq42 ?ree classes ( ne$y p]sons di/+ui%$1 #abcc2 ?ree degrees ( corporal ne$1 #abcf2 rules on giv+ alms1 #abcg2 gravity ( ! obligation1 #abch2 refusal ( alms & re/itution1 #abdj2 alms f ill-gott5 goods1 #abda sqq42 almsgiv+ f ! goods ( ano!r1 #abdd-abdf2 ord] ( *>ity 9 almsgiv+1 #abdg2 am\nt to be giv51 #abdi1 #abec2 employm5t z alms1 #abdi b2 :5 alms are excessive1 #abej2 cl]ics & almsgiv+1 #abeb2 "t = almsgiv+1 #abee2 mann]1 #abef2 public *>ity _c take ! place ( almsgiv+1 #abeg4 ,alphonsus ,liguori1 ,sa9t1 pref]5ce = ,equiprobabilism1 #fif1 #fig1 #fih2 on obligation ( judge :5 evid5ce is contr>y to 8 p]sonal k1 #aiea c4 ,ambigu\s ,answ]s1 lawfulness (1 #bdjb4 ,ambition1 z inc5tive to envy1 #accj2 vice aga9/ greatness ( s\l1 #bdej b4 ,am5dm5t1 ,resolution (1 #bgcf4 ,am]ican ,law on ,bankruptcy1 #aghh4 ,amusem5ts1 =bidd5 to ,cl]ics1 #bfjc c4 ,an>*i/s1 condemn$ by ,*ur*1 #idg b4 ,ang]1 #bfi2 imm$iate cause ( fight+1 #adca2 a cause ( contumely1 #bjag c2 def9ition1 #bedf2 gravity ( ! s9 ( ang]1 #bedg2 ang] comp>$ ) hatr$ & envy1 #bedh2 "o ( ! sev5 capital vices1 #bedi4 ,annuities1 #agdi b4 ,anti-,nationalism1 s9 aga9/ piety1 #bcdi b4 ,anti-,tutiorism1 #fgb b4 ,apology1 z rep>ation = contumely1 #bjbc b2 mann] ( apologiz+1 #bjbd4 ,apo/asy1 def9ition1 #hce2 comp>ative gravity ( s9s ( apo/asy1 #hcg2 objectively speak+1 no reason c ju/ify apo/asy1 #hch2 apo/asy to non-,ca?olic & anti-,ca?olic sects1 #hci4 ,appeal1 "r ( accus$1 #aihb4 ,appetites1 ,s5sible1 #df4 ,appetites1 ,s5sitive1 z subject ( s91 #bca4 ,appetites1 ,spiritual1 #df4 ,arianism1 #hbb c4 ,art1 intellectual virtue1 #adf b2 "o ( ! two practical virtues ( intellect1 #afbg a4 ,ass5t1 ,ext]nal & ,int]nal1 #gfj a1 b2 objects1 #gfa d4 ,assi/ant ,prie/1 special duties (1 #bfjg c4 ,a/rology1 a =m ( div9ation1 #bbhe c4 ,a/ut5ess1 a =m ( evil prud5ce1 #afea a4 ,attrition1 see ,contrition4 ,augury1 a =m ( div9ation1 #bbhe d4 ,auspice1 a =m ( div9ation1 #bbhe d4 ,au/]ity1 nature & k9ds1 #bdfh4 ,au?ority1 c supply indirect c]titude1 #feb2 k9d necess>y to make op9ion solidly probable1 #gjg4 ,av>ice1 #bfi2 oppos$ to lib]ality1 #bdbf2 comp>ison ( av>ice & prodigality1 #bdbi4 ,backbit+1 see ,defamation4 ,bailm5ts1 #agdi4 ,bankruptcy 9 ,am]ican ,law1 #aghh4 ,baptism1 ,sacram5t (1 fai? necess>y = adult c&idate1 #gia2 ! mo/ necess>y ,sacram5t1 #bfhf2 effect is reg5]ation1 #bfhf a2 mat]ial elem5t ( ,baptism1 #bfhf b2 =mal elem5t1 #bfhf c2 ,solemn ,baptism1 #bfcg a2 ,private ,baptism1 #bfhg b2 duties ( pa/ors1 #bfhh2 duties ( p>5ts & gu>dians1 #bfhi2 sponsors requir$ by ,*ur* f v e>ly times1 #bfij2 requirem5ts = validity & lawfulness ( sponsors1 #bfij a1 b2 duties ( sponsors1 #bfia2 duties ( adult recipi5ts ( ,baptism1 #bfib2 duties ( m9i/] ( ,baptism1 #bfic4 ,b>t]1 #agdi c4 ,beatitudes1 #aei c1 #afd1 #affb2 rew>ds promis$1 #afe2 ,?ird1 #haa2 ,fir/1 #ajeh2 ,sev5?1 #afai2 ,six?1 #affb2 ,f\r? & ,fif?1 #bdcc2 ,eigh?1 #bdeg2 ,second1 #bega4 ,b5efic5ce1 ext]nal effect ( *>ity1 #abaa sqq42 regulat$ by ! ord] ( *>ity1 #abac-ae2 s9s aga9/1 #addd sqq4 ,see ,sc&al2 ,obsc5ity2 ,s$uction2 ,coop]ation4 ,b5efices1 ,ecclesia/ical1 #ageh2 in/itution ( b5efices1 #bahe h4 ,be/iality1 =m ( impurity1 #becd d4 ,betro?al1 duties ( p]sons engag$ to m>ry1 #bfbg2 duties impos$ by engagem5t to m>ry1 #bfbh2 c\rt%ip1 #bfbh2 duty to manife/ defects1 #bfbh b2 fidelity dur+ ! engagem5t1 #bfbh c2 "r to manife/ affection1 #bfbh c2 =mal promise to m>ry imposes duty ( m>riage )9 a reasonable "t1 #bfbh d2 break+ ( engagem5t1 #bfbh d2 duty ( re/itution 9 brea* ( promise1 #bfbh d2 signs ( affection betwe5 engag$ p]sons1 #bfbi4 ,bills1 unju/ refusal to pay1 #agid4 ,bir?-,control1 see ,matrimony1 ,sacram5t (4 ,bi%op1 int]pret] ( diocesan laws1 #dhf2 special duties1 #bfjg a4 ,black/one1 on purely p5al "* ( civil laws1 #egj b4 ,blasphemy1 ,s9 (1 #hhg sqq42 h]etical & non-h]etical1 #hhi2 int]pret+ cases ( d\btful blasphemy1 #hid2 s9fulness ( blasphemy1 #hie2 ! greate/ s9 aga9/ fai?1 #hie b2 species ( blasphemy1 #hig2 circum/ances :i* aggravate1 #hig d2 blasphemies aga9/ ! ,?ree ,div9e ,p]sons1 #hih2 despair & presumption z blasphemy1 #hii a2 s9 aga9/ ,holy ,gho/1 #ijj2 /ate ( malici\s s91 #ija2 rem$ies aga9/ blasphemy1 #ijb2 absolution1 #ijc4 ,bless$ ,sacram5t1 ,confrat]nities (1 #iee a4 ,bluntness1 vice opposite to mode/y1 #beff b4 ,bonav5ture1 ,sa9t1 on obligation ( judge :5 evid5ce is contr>y to 8 p]sonal k1 #aiea c4 ,bond1 def9ition (1 #ahhf a4 ,bonds1 pur*ase by cl]ics1 #bfje e4 ,books1 :5 obsc5e1 #adef e2 =bidd51 see ,writ+s1 ,=bidd54 ,booty1 obligation to make re/itution1 #adad4 ,borr[+1 ,s9ful1 #ahgi b4 ,brahmanism1 #hbb a4 ,brea* ( ,promise1 damages resultant on1 #ahhh a4 ,brib]y1 ,judicial1 see ,judge4 ,bro?1 use =bidd5 on ,friday1 #behf c4 ,buddhism1 #hbb a4 ,buy+ & ,sell+1 #agdi b4 ,calumny1 def9ition1 #bjcj e2 wor/ k9d ( defamation1 #bjcb d4 ,see also ,defamation4 ,c&idates = ,public ,(fice1 lawfulness ( revelations ab\t1 #bjga4 ,capital ,vices1 ,sev51 #bfi sqq4 ,c>bon>i1 =bidd5 by ,*ur*1 #idg h4 ,c>d9al ,virtues1 #aej4 ,see also ,prud5ce2 ,ju/ice2 ,=titude2 ,temp]ance4 ,c>elessness1 caus$ by slo?1 #acbd1 #acbf c1 #acbg4 ,casui/ic ,me?od1 9 ,moral ,!ology1 #ac4 ,ca?olic ,daught]s ( ,am]ica1 #iee b4 ,caution1 integral "p ( prud5ce1 #ajh b4 ,celibacy1 orig9 & obligation1 #bfjb a4 ,c5sor%ip1 ,gov]nm5t1 n desirable1 #adeh e4 ,c5sures1 by ! ,*ur*1 #gfa c4 ,c]emonial ,law1 see ,law1 ,mosaic4 ,c]ta9ty1 ( k1 #afcj2 c]ta9ty ( practical tru?1 #afcj4 ,c]titude1 necess>y = prud5ce1 #afcj4 ,c]titude ( ,consci5ce1 necessity1 #fda-fdb2 k9ds1 #fdc sqq42 metaphysical1 physical & moral1 #fdd sqq42 speculative & practical1 #fdg2 demon/rative & probable1 #fdi2 direct & indirect1 #fea2 pr9ciple ( au?ority & reflex pr9ciples supply indirect c]titude1 #feb4 ,*>ity1 !ological virtue (1 #aea2 comp>$ ) fai? & hope1 #aeg2 rema9s 9 ! bless$1 #aeh2 ,fruit ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 #afc2 def9ition1 #aaje2 *>ity & natural love1 #aajf sqq42 true fri5d%ip ) ,god1 #aaab2 uncreat$ & creat$ *>ity1 #aaac-aaad2 excell5ce (1 #aaae2 *>ity & beatific vision1 #aaaf2 production ( *>ity1 #aaba2 orig91 #aabb2 may be increas$1 #aabd2 p]fect *>ity1 #aabi2 ?ree degrees1 #aacj2 decl9e ( *>ity1 #aaca2 loss (1 #aacb2 object (1 #aacc2 love ( creatures n always *>ity1 #aacd2 s9ful1 natural & sup]natural self-love1 #aacf2 fri5d%ip & *>ity1 #aacg-aada2 love ( neighbor1 #aaci2 *>ity = s9n]s1 #aadb-aadg2 = enemies1 #aadh sqq42 common signs ( *>ity1 #aaed2 refusal ( greet+ a lack ( *>ity1 #aaeg2 g5]al ord] ( *>ity1 #aaeh2 "* ( love ( ,god1 #aafj sqq42 sacrifice ( spiritual goods = neighbor's sake1 #aafc2 love ( ! body1 #aafd2 ord] ( *>ity betwe5 neighbors1 #aaga sqq42 ord] ( *>ity betwe5 relations1 #aagf sqq42 acts (1 #aahc sqq42 ex]cise ( act1 #aahd2 int]nal effects ( *>ity1 #aajc2 joy1 #aaid2 peace1 #aaie sqq42 reconciliation ) ,god effect$ by *>ity1 #aaif2 :at reconciliation ) enemies dem&s1 #aaih2 mann] & "t ( seek+ reconciliation1 #abjb sqq42 ext]nal effects ( *>ity1 #abaj2 b5efic5ce 7q4v471 #abaa2 almsgiv+ 7q4v471 #abaf2 frat]nal correction 7q4v471 #abeh sqq42 hate 7q4v471 #abie sqq42 s9s aga9/ peace1 #acdg sqq42 opposition betwe5 s*ism & *>ity1 #acga2 s*ism greate/ s9 aga9/ neighbor1 #acgb2 duty ( own] t[>ds "o 9 dire ne$1 #aibe a4 ,*>ity1 ,comm&m5ts (1 9 ,old ,te/am5t1 #aedg a2 9 ,new ,te/am5t1 #aedg b2 precepts ( second>y acts ( *>ity1 #aeea2 prohibitions ( un*>itabl5ess1 #aeeb2 comm&m5t ( love ( ,god1 #aeec sqq42 modes ( p]=m+ act ( love ( ,god1 #aeed-aeee2 mu/ be subjectively & objectively great1 #aeef2 actual & habitual1 #aeeg2 degrees ( p]fection ( ?is act1 #aefj2 comm&m5t ( love ( self1 #aefa2 pursuit ( sup]natural1 intellectual & corporal goods1 #aefc-aefd2 c>e ( ! m9d1 #aefd2 comm&m5t ( love ( neighbor1 #aegi sqq42 conditions1 #aehb2 fulfillm5t ( ! comm&m5ts ( *>ity1 #aehe sqq42 v>i\s ways ( fulfillm5t1 #aehf2 ext]nal acts mu/ be accompani$ by int]nal love1 #aehh2 int]nal act mu/ be explicit1 #aehi2 prop] int5tion1 #aeij2 obligation is univ]sal1 #aeib2 times :5 ! precepts ( *>ity oblige1 #aeic sqq42 ignorance z excuse = omission1 #aeif2 cases :5 love ( neighbor mu/ be explicit1 #afjc2 necessity ( habit ( *>ity1 #afjd2 ord] ( *>ity is also comm&$1 #afjf4 ,*a/ity1 ,fruit ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 #afc2 subjective "p ( temp]ance1 #bdfe a2 def9ition ( *a/ity1 #bdhf2 fruit ( ,fe> ( ! ,"l1 #bega c2 v[ & virtue ( *a/ity1 #bfab b4 ,*auv9ism1 s9 aga9/ piety1 #bcdi a4 ,*ildr51 comp5sation (1 #bfca2 sex education ( *ildr51 #bfcb2 duties ( *ildr51 *>ity & piety1 #bfcc2 special love ( p>5ts1 #bfcc a2 respect & assi/ance ow$ to p>5ts1 #bfcc b4 ,*iromancy1 =m ( div9ation1 #bbhe b4 ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e1 ,confrat]nities (1 #iee a4 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce1 #hbc b2 refusal ( m$ic9e or hygi5ic c>e1 #bcjd4 ,circumspection1 #afch b4 ,clairvoyance1 =m ( div9ation1 #bbhe a4 ,clem5cy1 def9ition1 #beea2 vices oppos$ to clem5cy1 #beeb a4 ,cl]gy1 duty ( *>ity to ! poor1 #bfjh a2 disposition ( sup]flu\s weal? by b5efic$ cl]gy1 #bfji a4 ,see also ,cl]ics4 ,cl]ics1 special duties (1 #beif2 duties be=e ent]+ cl]ical /ate1 #beif a2 duties aft] ent]+ cl]ical /ate1 #beif b2 int]nal vocation1 #beig a2 ext]nal vocation1 #beig b2 s9fulness ( disreg>d+ vocation1 #beih a2 positive duties ( cl]ics1 #beii a2 obligation ( ,div9e ,(fice1 #bfjj a2 excuses f ! obligation ( ,div9e ,(fice1 #bfja a2 precept ( cl]ical celibacy1 #bfjb a2 negative duties ( cl]ics1 #bfjc2 =bidd5 acts1 #bfjc a2 =bidd5 occupations1 #bfjc b2 =bidd5 amusem5ts1 #bfjc c2 prohibition aga9/ trad+1 #bfjd a2 cl]ics & pur*ase & sale ( /ocks & bonds1 #bfje a2 duties ( cl]ical sup]iors1 #bfjf a2 special duties ( ^? :o h c>e ( s\ls1 #bfjg a4 ,cli5ts1 duties to lawy]s1 #bfea b4 ,co]cion1 z ob/acle to cons5t1 #dj2 effect on volunt>9ess ( acts1 #eb4 ,coition1 ,unnatural1 =m ( impurity1 #becd b4 ,comm&m5ts1 natural & sup]natural1 #ccj2 ( fai?1 #iac sqq42 hope1 #ajib sqq42 *>ity1 #aedg sqq42 prud5ce1 #afeg2 ju/ice1 #bdcd-bdcf2 =titude1 #bdeh-bdfj2 temp]ance1 #begb4 ,comm&m5ts1 ,t51 #bdcf sqq4 ,commodatum1 #agdi a4 ,communication1 ,dang]\s1 #hhb sqq42 civil & religi\s communication1 #hhb2 :5 non-religi\s communication is s9ful1 #hhc2 :5 religi\s communication is s9ful1 #hhd2 communication 9 wor%ip1 #ief sqq42 private & public1 #ief2 p>ticipation ( non-,ca?olics 9 ,ca?olic wor%ip1 #ieg-ieh2 re/riction ( ?is p>ticipation1 #iei2 p]=mance ( ,ca?olic rites by non-,ca?olics1 #ifj4 ,communion1 ,holy1 m9i/]1 #bgjc2 recipi5t ( ! ,eu*>i/1 #bgjd2 p]sons :o may receive ,communion1 #bgjd a2 p]sons :o mu/ receive ,communion1 #bgjd b2 requirem5ts 9 c&idates = ,fir/ ,communion1 #bgjd b2 dispositions = wor?y ,communion1 #bgje2 confession1 prep>ation & ?anksgiv+1 #bgje a2 ,rite 9 :i* ,communion may be receiv$1 #bgje a2 dispositions ( body 7,eu*>i/ic fa/ & ext]nal rev]5ce71 #bgje b2 necess>y dispositions = frequ5t ,communion1 #bgjf a2 useful dispositions = frequ5t ,communion1 #bgjf b2 duties ( p>5ts1 pa/ors & confessors 9 ref]5ce to ,communion1 #bgjg4 ,see also ,eu*>i/1 ,holy4 ,commutations1 involunt>y1 #agdh a2 volunt>y1 #agdh b4 ,commutative ,ju/ice1 see ,ju/ice4 ,comp5sation1 v>i\s k9ds (1 #aibg2 lawfulness ( occult comp5sation1 #aibh2 unlawful occult comp5sation & re/itution1 #aibi2 conditions requir$ by commutative ju/ice = occult comp5sation1 #aicj2 occult comp5sation 9 d\bt ( law1 #aica b2 :]e !re is /rict "r to comp5sation1 #aicb2 :]e !re is no "r to comp5sation1 #aicc2 comp5sation ( *ildr5 & employees1 #aicd2 conditions requir$ by legal ju/ice = occult comp5sation1 #aice2 conditions requir$ by *>ity = occult comp5sation1 #aicf2 lawfulness ( op5 comp5sation1 #aicg4 ,comp5sationism1 #gca sqq4 ,see also ,sy/ems1 ,moral4 ,compla9t1 duty ( mak+ compla9t ab\t private wrongs1 #aifg2 p]sons 9 ^: favor "o may d5\nce a private wrong1 #aiga4 ,see also ,accusation1 ,judicial4 ,complicity1 see ,coop]ation4 ,concupiscible ,passions1 #aah-aai4 ,see also ,passions4 ,condemnations1 ( error by ! ,*ur*1 #gfa b4 ,condign ,m]it1 see ,m]it4 ,condim5ts1 n =bidd5 on ,friday1 #behf c4 ,confession1 see ,p5ance1 ,sacram5t (4 ,confessors1 duties (1 reg>d+ obligation ( re/itution1 #agfj2 ne$ ( prud5ce1 #afej a4 ,see also ,p5ance1 ,sacram5t (4 ,confirmation1 ,sacram5t (1 #bfid2 remote & proximate matt]1 #bfid a2 =m1 #bfid b2 m9i/] ( ,confirmation1 #bfie2 recipi5t ( ,confirmation1 #bfif2 sponsors 9 ,confirmation1 #bfig2 qualifications & duties ( sponsors1 #bfig a1 b2 duties ( pa/or 9 ref]5ce to ,confirmation1 #bfih4 ,confucianism1 #hbb a4 ,congru\s ,m]it1 see ,m]it4 ,consci5ce1 & ,moral ,!ology1 #b2 def9ition1 #ege2 v>i\sly divid$1 #egf2 true or false1 #egg2 good 7"r7 or bad 7wrong71 #egh a2 c]ta9 or unc]ta91 #egh b2 obligation (1 #ehj2 au?ority n unlimit$1 #eha2 no autonom\s morality1 #eha a2 :5 consci5ce mu/ be foll[$1 #ehb2 errone\s & d\btful consci5ce1 #ehe2 results ( foll[+ errone\s consci5ce1 #ehh2 results ( disobey+ errone\s consci5ce1 #ehi-eia2 a good consci5ce1 #eic sqq42 antec$5t & consequ5t consci5ce1 #eid2 vigilant1 t5d] & timor\s consci5ce1 #eie2 scrupul\s consci5ce1 #eif2 lax consci5ce1 #eif sqq42 malici\s or non-malici\s laxity 7reprobate or weak consci5ce71 #eih2 p>tial or entire laxity1 #eii-fjj2 ,ph>isaic consci5ce1 #fjj2 inculpable & culpable laxity1 #fja2 causes ( a lax consci5ce1 #fja2 dang]s ( lax consci5ce1 #fjb2 rules reg>d+ s9s due to lax consci5ce1 #fjc-fjd2 op9ion z /ate ( consci5ce1 #ffb sqq42 rem$ies = lax consci5ce1 #fje2 scrupul\s diff]s f /rict 7t5d]7 consci5ce1 #fjg a2 scrupul\s consci5ce diff]s f scrupulosity1 #fjg b2 rules reg>d+ scrupul\s consci5ce & s9s1 #fjh2 dang]s ( scrupul\s consci5ce1 #fji2 p]plex$ consci5ce1 #faa sqq42 directions ( ,/4 ,alphonsus reg>d+ p]plex$ consci5ce1 #fab2 scrupulosity1 #fad sqq42 di/9ct f scrupul\s consci5ce1 #fad a2 f a t5d] consci5ce1 #fad b2 f anxi\s1 d\btful or guilty consci5ce1 #fad c2 *ief subjects ( scruples1 #fae2 signs ( scrupulosity1 #faf2 int]nal causes ( scrupul\s consci5ce1 #fag2 ext]nal causes1 #fah2 sometimes tol]at$ by ,god1 #fai2 dang]s ( scrupulosity1 #fbj2 rules = ! scrupul\s1 #fba2 qualities necess>y = successful direction ( scrupul\s1 #fbe2 scrupul\s & pa/ confessions1 #fbf2 scrupul\s & pres5t confessions1 #fbg2 scrupul\s & p]=mance ( duties1 #fbh2 scrupul\s & commission ( s91 #fcj2 rem$ies = scruples1 #fcb sqq42 signs ( a good consci5ce1 #fch2 c]ta9 consci5ce1 #fdj sqq42 k9ds ( c]titude1 #fdc sqq42 unc]ta9 consci5ce1 #fed-fee2 d\bt & suspicion1 #fef2 presumption1 #feh2 reflex pr9ciples to settle d\bts1 #feg sqq42 op9ion1 #ffb sqq42 accus+ or excus+1 #ffh a2 =bidd+ or p]mitt+1 #ffh b2 ! moral sy/ems1 #fgb sqq42 ,tutiorism1 #fgf sqq42 ,laxism1 #fhj sqq42 ,probabiliorism1 #fhc sqq42 ,equiprobabilism1 #fhh sqq42 ,probabilism1 #gja sqq42 ,comp5sationism1 #gca sqq42 respective m]its & use ( ! rival sy/ems ( consci5ce1 #gdj sqq42 use by confessors1 #gda4 ,consci5ce1 ,sy/ems (1 see ,sy/ems1 ,moral1 & ,consci5ce4 ,cons5t1 act ( w1 #ei2 cons5t ( ! w1 condition ( mortal s91 #agh1 #ahd1 #aif2 ob/acles to1 see ,ob/acles to ,cons5t2 qualities necess>y = valid cons5t1 #ahhc2 defects t invalidate cons5t1 #ahhd4 ,consolations1 ,spiritual1 diff] f devotion1 #baea b4 ,cont5tion1 def9ition1 #acee2 s9fulness1 #aceg2 causes1 #acfb4 ,cont95ce1 pot5tial "p ( temp]ance1 #bdfe c2 nature (1 #bedd4 ,cont95cy1 fruit ( ,fe> ( ! ,"l1 #afc1 #bega c4 ,contraception1 see ,matrimony1 ,sacram5t (4 ,contract1 =ms (1 #agdi2 gratuit\s contracts1 #agdi a2 contract z title to private own]%ip1 #ahib b2 elem5ts ( contract1 #ahgg2 subject-matt] ( contract1 #ahgh2 :5 contracts are immoral1 #ahgh a2 s9ful contracts1 #ahgi2 qualities necess>y = valid cons5t1 #ahcc2 defects t invalidate cons5t1 #ahhd2 :5 fe> invalidates cons5t to contract1 #ahhd c2 =m ( contract1 #ahhe2 accid5tals ( a contract1 #ahhf2 conditions add$ to contract1 #ahhf c2 modes ( contract1 #ahhf d2 obligation ( ent]+ into contract1 #ahhg a2 obligation ( valid contract1 #ahhh2 quality ( obligation 9 on]\s & gratuit\s contracts1 #aehh a2 quantity ( obligation 9 on]\s & gratuit\s contracts1 #ahhh b2 objects ( obligation ( contract1 #ahhh d2 obligation ( quasi-contract1 #ahhh d2 cessation ( obligation1 #ahhi2 unilat]al & bilat]al contracts1 #agdi a2 on]\s contracts1 #agdi b1 c2 subsidi>y contracts1 #agdi d2 immoral contracts1 #ahgh d2 s9ful contracts1 #ahgi2 illegal contracts1 #ahhj2 un5=ceable contracts1 #ahhj a2 voidable contracts1 #ahhj c2 contracts ipso facto void1 #ahhj d2 qualities necess>y 9 ! p>ties contractant1 #ahha2 legal privileges ( m9ors 9 connection ) contracts1 #ahhb2 pr9ciples obligatory 9 all =ms ( contracts1 #bacg2 gratuit\s contracts1 #bacg a2 on]\s contracts1 #bacg b2 aleatory contracts1 #bacg c2 fraudul5t contracts1 #bach4 ,contractor's ,agreem5t1 #agdi b4 ,contrition1 ! fir/ act ( ! p5it5t1 #bgbi2 p]fect contrition1 #bgcj a2 imp]fect contrition or attrition1 #bgcj b2 attrition bas$ solely on fe> ( puni%m5t1 #bgca2 s]vile fe> ( ,god1 #bgca b2 slavi% fe>1 #bgca b2 attrition 9 ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance1 #bgcb2 dis9t]e/$ love n requir$ 9 ,p5ance1 #bgcb b2 int]e/$ love necess>y 9 ,p5ance1 #bgcb e2 conditions = valid contrition & attrition1 #bgcc2 int]nal sorr[2 #bgcc a2 sup]natural sorr[1 #bgcc b2 univ]sal sorr[1 #bgcc c2 sov]eign sorr[1 #bgcc d2 prop]ties ( contrition1 #bgce4 ,contumely1 def9ition1 #bjaj2 v>i\s =ms (1 #bjab2 mann] ( confess+ contumely 9 ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance1 #bjac2 s9fuless ( contumely1 #bjad2 gravity ( matt] 9 contumely1 #bjae2 causes ( contumely1 #bjag2 duty ( be>+ ) contumely1 #bjah2 reasons = resi/ance to contumely or detraction1 #bjai2 duty ( "o :o answ]s contumely or detraction1 #bjbj2 duty ( re/itution = contumely1 #bjba2 :at k9d ( rep>ation %\ld be made1 #bjbc2 me?od ( apologiz+ = contumely1 #bjbd2 cessation ( obligation ( re/itution1 #bjbf2 ! diff]5ces betwe5 defamation & contumely1 #bjbi4 ,coop]ation1 & re/itution1 #agge2 positive coop]ators 9 injury1 #aggi2 negative coop]ators1 #aghj2 di/9ction betwe5 coop]ators z equal or unequal causes ( injury1 #aghb2 coop]ation 9 suicide1 #ahee2 coop]ation 9 defamation1 #bjgf sqq42 coop]ation 9 s9ful oa?s1 #bbeb2 coop]ation 9 div9ation or o!r =m ( sup]/ition1 #bbif2 coop]ation 9 ! s9 ( drunk5ness1 #bdhc a2 coop]ation & re/itution1 see ,re/itution4 ,see also ,coop]ation 9 ,s94 ,coop]ation 9 ,religi\s ,activities1 #igf sqq42 imm$iate & m$iate1 #igf sqq42 lawfulness ( mat]ial coop]ation1 #igh2 mo/ usual cases ( coop]ation1 #ihj2 contributions to false wor%ip1 #iha2 build+ ( h\ses ( false wor%ip1 #ihc-ihd2 prep>+ = non-,ca?olic s]vices1 #ihe-ihf2 resemblance to sc&al1 #adfj b4 ,coop]ation 9 ,s91 def9ition1 #aejf2 h[ x diff]s f complicity1 #aejg2 =mal or mat]ial1 #aejh a2 positive or negative1 #aejh b2 occasional or effective1 #aeji a2 imm$iate or m$iate1 #aeji b2 indisp5sable or n indisp5sable1 #aeji c2 unju/ or unlawful1 #aeaj2 explicit or implicit1 #aeaa2 proximate or remote1 #aeab2 s9fulness1 #aeac2 lawfulness ( mat]ial coop]ation1 #aeae2 gravity ( reasons necess>y = coop]ation1 #aebj sqq42 lawfulness ( imm$iate coop]ation1 #aebf2 special cases1 #aebh2 =mal coop]ation ) evil read+ matt]1 #aebi2 ) evil dances or plays1 #aeca2 mat]ial coop]ation ) evil dances or plays1 #aecb2 coop]ation by manufacture ( s9ful objects1 #aecc sqq42 coop]ation 9 supply+ food & dr9k1 #aecg-aeci2 9 r5t+ h\ses1 rooms1 etc41 #aedj-aeda2 lawful & unlawful coop]ation ( employees1 #aedb2 duties ( confessors1 #aede-aedf4 ,correction1 ,frat]nal1 def9ition1 #abeh2 di/9ct f judicial correction & c5sure ( vice1 #abeh a1 e2 includes prev5tion ( s91 #abeh d2 duty1 #abei-abfa1 #abhb1 #abhd2 :5 advisable & inadvisable1 #abfb-abfc2 d\btful cases1 #abfd2 s9 committ$ by omission or delay1 #abfe-abff2 :5 p]son n a sup]ior %\ld make correction1 #abfg2 obligation ( inquir+ into suspect$ wrongdo+1 #abfi2 private spy+ un*>itable1 #abfi c2 faults t call = correction1 #abgj sqq42 correction ( v9cibly & inv9cibly ignorant1 #abgc sqq42 pa/ s9s d n dem& correction1 #abgf2 p]sons to be correct$1 #abgg2 correction ( sup]ior1 #abgh2 p]sons to adm9i/] correction1 #abgi2 p]sons excus$ f duty1 #abhc2 mann] ( correction1 #abhe-abia2 secret & public corrections1 #abhf2 obligation ( report+ an occult s91 #abhg2 duties ( sup]ior :5 subject is report$ = frat]nal correction1 #abib-abic2 obligations = private individuals summ>iz$1 #abid4 ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 ,cate*ism ( !1 po9ts ab\t :i* explicit fai? is requir$1 #gfe4 ,c\nsel1 ,gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 #afj a4 ,c\nsels ( ,new ,te/am5t1 #g1 #cfd sqq42 ! ?ree *ief1 #cfh2 sup]iority (1 #cff4 ,c\nt]claim1 def9ition1 #aibg a4 ,c\rage1 inf]ior to ju/ice1 #agaf a4 ,c\rt%ip1 see ,betro?al4 ,c[>dice1 caus$ by slo?1 #acbd2 s9 aga9/ =titude1 #bddf b4 ,cr$itors1 ord] ( pref]5ce among1 #aghg4 ,cr$ulity1 #hdg4 ,cre$1 k ( necess>y1 #ibj4 ,cre$s1 summ>ize =mulas ( ,*ri/ian tea*+1 #gfg2 :at articles deal )1 #gfg2 ,apo/les'1 ,nic5e & ,a?anasian ,cre$s1 #gfi2 ,summ>y ( tea*+ ( ,apo/les' ,cre$1 #ggj sqq4 ,cremation1 societies = ! promotion (1 =bidd5 by ,code1 #idf b2 cremation ( corpses1 #beie b4 ,criticism1 :5 s9ful1 #bjch2 :5 inju/ice is committ$ by pr(essional critics1 #bjge4 ,cruelty1 vice oppos$ to clem5cy1 #beeb a4 ,culpability1 see ,guilt4 ,cunn+1 #afea a4 ,curiosity1 comp>$ ) impurity1 #bdib a4 ,curs+1 def9ition1 #baaa2 :5 curs+ is n s9ful1 #baab2 s9fulness ( curs+1 #baac2 gravity ( s9 ( curs+1 #baad2 circum/ances t *ange moral species ( curs+1 #baae2 num]ical multiplication 9 s9s ( curs+1 #baaf2 curs+ ( evil1 #baag2 unlawful curs+ ( an irrational creature1 #baai4 ,cu/om1 effect on law1 #cia sqq42 k9ds (1 #cib4 ,see also ,cu/oms 9 ,canon ,law4 ,cu/oms 9 ,canon ,law1 #ejf sqq42 may int]pret1 abrogate or introduce law1 #ejf2 k9ds (1 #ejg2 orig9 (1 #ejh a2 legal =ce (1 #ejh b2 "t requir$ = acquisition ( legal =ce1 #eaa2 cessation (1 #eac4 ,damnum1 def9ition1 #agbd b4 ,dances1 :5 obsc5e1 #adef d2 evil1 =mal coop]ation )1 #aeca2 evil1 mat]ial coop]ation )1 #aecb4 ,dang]1 ( =mal s91 #fge a1 #fgh2 ( mat]ial s91 #fge b4 ,dang]\s ,read+1 see ,read+1 ,dang]\s4 ,debates on ,religion1 g5]ally inexp$i5t1 #iih4 ,debt1 moral & legal debt1 #afib1 #bada-dc2 moral degrees (1 #badc4 ,debt1 ,conjugal1 #bfad-ag4 ,decalogue1 inv9cible ignorance ( g5]ally impossible1 #cba2 ,laws ( ! ,fir/ & ,second ,tables1 #cch2 ! precepts conta9$ 9 ! ,decalogue1 #bdcf4 ,deceit1 =m ( ly+1 #bcia b4 ,dec5cy1 subjective "p ( temp]ance1 #bdfe a2 def9ition ( dec5cy1 #bdhf b4 ,decision1 ,wise1 pot5tial "p ( prud5ce1 #afdf b4 ,defamation1 def9ition1 #bjbh2 self-defamation1 #bjbh e2 diff]5t =ms ( defamation1 #bjcj2 diff]5ces betwe5 defamation & contumely1 #bjbi2 implicit & explicit defamation1 #bjcj b2 direct & indirect defamation1 #bjcj d2 examples ( indirect defamation1 #bjca2 examples ( direct defamation1 #bjcb2 defamation by innu5do1 #bjcc a2 defamation by pla9 spee*1 #bjcc b2 s9fulness ( detraction1 #bjcf2 "r to true & false reputation1 #bjcg2 s9fulness ( gossip or criticism ab\t real & kn[n defects1 #bjch2 moral species ( defamation1 #bjci2 species ( s9s ( defamation1 #bjdj2 num]ical multiplication ( defamations1 #bjda2 !ological species ( defamation1 #bjdb2 h>m done by defamation1 #bjdc2 comp>ison ( defamation ) o!r injuries aga9/ neighbor1 #bjdd2 rule = det]m9+ s]i\sness ( defamation1 #bjdf2 h>m done by reason ( defects reveal$1 #bjdg2 revelation ( secret faults1 #bjdh2 h>m done by reason ( p]son defam$1 #bjdi2 mean+ ( ! expression 8infam\s 9 a c]ta9 place10 #bjea sqq42 revelation ab\t a p]son juridically 9 disrepute else:]e1 #bjed2 revelation ab\t a p]son actually 9 disrepute else:]e1 #bjee2 notoriety 9 a clos$ community1 #bjeg2 revelation ab\t a p]son =m]ly 9 disrepute1 #bjeh2 :5 ! "n ( p]son defam$ is n giv51 #bjei2 defamation ( deceas$ & legal p]sons1 #bjfj2 h>m done by reason ( p]son ( defam]1 #bjfa2 defamation at second h&1 #bjfb2 h>m done by reason ( li/5]s1 #bjfc2 detraction to "o discreet p]son1 #bjfe2 belittl+ a p]son to himself1 #bjff2 disclos+ matt]s detrim5tal to ?ird p>ty1 #bjfg2 rights t h prec$5ce ov] false reputation1 #bjfh2 unlawful attack on ano!r's false reputation1 #bjfi2 conditions t ju/ify revelation ( ano!r's defects1 #bjgj2 revelations ab\t public (ficials or c&idates = public (fice1 #bjga2 revelations ab\t hi/orical p]sonages1 #bjgb2 revelations ab\t p]sons :o figure 9 news ( day1 #bjgd2 inju/ice 9 pr(essional critics1 #bjge2 coop]ation 9 defamation1 #bjgf2 direct cons5t to defamation1 #bjgg2 p]sons :o li/5 to defamation f curiosity1 #bjgh2 s9fulness ( indirect cons5t to defamation1 #bjgi2 guilt ( sup]ior :o cons5ts to defamation1 #bjhj2 circum/ances :i* less5 guilt ( indirect cons5t1 #bjhb2 inaction 9 face ( defamation1 #bjhc2 ways ( oppos+ defamation made 9 "o's pres5ce1 #bjhd2 re/itution = defamation1 #bjhe2 gravity ( obligation ( re/itution1 #bjhf2 conditions :i* entail duty ( re/itution1 #bjhg2 coop]ators & re/itution1 #bjhh2 circum/ances ( re/itution1 #bjhi2 p]sons by :om re/itution mu/ be made1 #bjhi1 #bjij2 p]sons to :om re/itution mu/ be made1 #bjja2 responsibility ( defam] = spread ( defamation1 #bjib2 fir/ way ( mak+ re/itution1 #bjic2 o!r me?ods ( mak+ re/itution1 #bjid2 legal rep>ation = defamation1 #bjie2 "t :5 re/itution = defamation is to be made1 #bjif2 cessation ( duty ( re/itution1 #bjig2 excuses f re/itution1 #bjih sqq42 "r ( defam$ p]son to condone injury1 #baja4 ,see also ,d]ision2 ,tale-,be>+2 ,reputation4 ,defects1 ,natural1 ( fall5 man1 #bhc4 ,def5dant1 def9ition1 #aige2 duties ( def5dant 9 civil cases1 #aigf2 duties 9 crim9al cases1 #aigg2 duty ( accus$ to plead guilty1 #aigh2 rights & duties ( accus$ 9 conduct+ own def5se1 #aihj2 rights & duties ( accus$ :o has be5 f\nd guilty1 #aihb4 ,def5se ( ,self1 see ,self-,def5se4 ,def9itions ( ! ,*ur*1 solemn & ord9>y1 #gfa b2 by ! ,*ur*1 #gfa c4 ,defloration1 def9ition1 #bebi4 ,deism1 #hdg b4 ,delib]ation1 ,wise1 pot5tial "p ( prud5ce1 #afdf a4 ,delight1 #aai4 ,dem]it1 def9ition1 #ajg4 ,demon1 ,!1 #bhd4 ,d5unciation1 see ,accusation1 ,judicial2 ,compla9t4 ,deposit1 #agdi a4 ,d]ision1 def9ition1 #bajf2 di/9ction betwe5 d]ision & je/+1 #bajg2 s9fulness ( d]ision1 #baji4 ,desire1 #aai2 s9ful1 #bcg sqq4 ,desires1 ,evil1 #bcb1 #bdj sqq4 ,desires1 ,impure1 see ,impurity4 ,despair1 def9ition1 #ajfa2 despond5cy1 #ajfb2 pusillanimity & spiritual slo?1 #ajfd2 despair ( unbelief1 #ajfe2 signs indicat+ despair1 #ajeg2 malice ( despair1 #ajfh2 despair comp>$ ) o!r s9s1 #ajgj2 causes ( despair1 #ajga2 rem$ies =1 #ajgd2 caus$ by slo?1 #acbd4 ,detraction1 reasons = resi/ance to contumely or detraction1 #bjai2 duty ( "o :o answ]s contumely or detraction1 #bjbj2 def9ition1 #bjcj c4 ,see also ,defamation4 ,devotion1 def9ition (1 #baej2 diff]s f emotion1 #baea e2 f spiritual consolations1 #baea b2 ext]nal & int]nal cause ( devotion1 #baeb4 ,devotions1 diff]5t =ms (1 #baea c4 ,discord1 #acdg sqq42 def9ition1 #acdh2 s9fulness ( int5tional & un9t5tional1 #acej-acea2 orig91 #aced2 prohibition aga9/1 #aeeb4 ,disob$i5ce1 see ,ob$i5ce4 ,disp5sation f ,law1 #dja2 :o may be disp5s$8 #djc4 ,disp5sations1 9 ! /rict or wide s5se1 #cji1 #ebd sqq42 diff] f privileges1 #ebd2 p]sons :o c grant disp5sations1 #ebe-ecj2 mann] ( seek+1 #eca2 h[ invalidat$1 #ecc2 :5 disp5sation is refus$1 #ecd2 int]pretation ( faculty ( disp5s+1 #ecf-ecg2 cessation (1 #ecg-eda4 ,see also ,matrimony1 ,sacram5t (2 ,v[s4 ,di/ractions1 see ,pray]4 ,di/ributive ,ju/ice1 see ,ju/ice4 ,div9ation1 see ,religion1 ,s9s aga9/4 ,div9+ ,rods1 & div9ation1 #bbhd c4 ,divorce1 books 9 favor ( divorce =bidd51 #hee b4 ,see also ,matrimony1 ,sacram5t (4 ,docility1 integral "p ( prud5ce1 #afcg b4 ,doctors1 z s\rce ( ,moral ,!ology1 #aj4 ,domicile1 true & quasi-domicile1 #dcf4 ,d\ble ,result1 effect on imputability ( acts1 #ajc sqq4 ,d\bt1 #fee sqq42 positive or negative1 #fee2 z /ate ( consci5ce1 #fef sqq42 reflex pr9ciples = solution ( d\bt1 #feg sqq42 cases ( negative d\bt to be settl$ 9 favor ( obligation1 #ffa2 negative d\bt ( law1 #gji a2 ( fact1 #gji b-c2 ra% d\bts1 #agdc2 sup]v5+ d\bt ( possessor 9 d\btful fai?1 #aggf2 antec$5t d\bt ( possessor 9 d\btful fai?1 #aggg4 ,d\bt1 ,s9 (1 #hdj sqq42 me?odical & real1 #hdj-hda2 involunt>y1 indelib]ate1 unwelcome & ignorant1 #hdb2 negative1 #hdd2 positive1 #hde2 pass+ & p]man5t1 #hdf4 ,dress1 :5 lascivi\s1 #adef b2 mode/y 91 #befi a4 ,druggi/s1 duties (1 #bfea c4 ,drunk5ness1 s9 aga9/ sobriety1 #bdgf b2 passive drunk5ness1 #bdgg a2 degrees ( ! s9 ( drunk5ness1 #bdgi a2 malice ( ! s91 #bdhj a2 drunk5ness comp>$ ) o!r s9s1 #bdha a2 responsibility ( drunk>d = s9s committ$ :ile intoxicat$1 #bdhb a2 coop]ation 9 ! s9 ( drunk5ness1 #bdhc4 ,duell+1 books 9 favor (1 =bidd51 #hee b2 def9ition1 #adce2 morality (1 #adcf2 fallacy ( argum5ts =1 #adcg2 p5alties aga9/1 #adch4 ,dulia1 species ( rev]5ce1 #bcbe c2 obligation ( religi\s cult ( dulia1 #bced4 ,duties1 ) reg>d to habits1 #adj2 ( man1 #gdd sqq4 ,ea/] ,communion1 obligation (1 #beib sqq4 ,ea/]n ,/>1 among societies =bidd5 by ,*ur*1 #idf b4 ,education1 neglect a s9 aga9/ self1 #aefe4 ,effects ( ,omissions1 may be directly & indirectly volunt>y1 #ch-ci4 ,egoism1 s9 aga9/ piety1 #bcdi b4 ,election1 act ( w1 #ei4 ,embezzlem5t1 def9ition1 #ahic a4 ,emotion1 diff]s f devotion1 #baea a4 ,employees1 duties 9 ju/ice & *>ity1 #bfdh4 ,see also ,employ]s4 ,employ]s1 duties 9 ju/ice & *>ity1 #bfdg2 duties (1 #bfdh2 labor disputes1 #bfdi2 obligation ( giv+ employm5t1 #bfej4 ,emulation1 di/9ct f envy1 #acca a1 #acci2 :5 x is a s91 #accb4 ,enemies1 *>ity t[>ds1 #aadh2 g5]al & special love (1 #aaea4 ,enfeeblem5t1 def9ition1 #ahff c4 ,engagem5t to ,m>ry1 see ,betro?al4 ,enjoym5t1 see ,relaxation4 ,envy1 #bfi2 s9 aga9/ *>ity1 #acbh sqq42 def9ition1 #acbh2 objects (1 #acbi2 subjects (1 #accj2 di/9ct f emulation1 fe> & indignation1 #acca2 lawful & unlawful emulation1 #accb2 lawful & unlawful jeal\sy1 #accc2 lawful & unlawful grief at ano!r's prosp]ity1 #accd-accg2 envy by nature a mortal s91 #acch2 degrees ( gravity1 #acda2 "o ( capital vices1 #acdb2 h[ preem95t among s9s1 #acdd2 useful consid]ations & practices aga9/ envy1 #acde-acdf2 z orig9 ( discord1 #aced2 orig9 ( cont5tion1 #acfb2 prohibition aga9/1 #aeeb4 ,epieikeia1 #ceh2 9 human laws1 #che1 #daa sqq42 def9ition1 #dab2 limits on use1 #dad sqq42 use 9 det]m9+ obligation ( ecclesia/ical laws1 #ejc2 a4 subjective "p ( ju/ice1 #badd4 ,see also ,equity4 ,equiprobabilism #fhh sqq4 ,see also ,sy/ems1 ,moral4 ,equity1 subjective "p ( ju/ice1 #bdcj2 greatness ( legal equity1 #bdcb2 def9ition ( equity1 #bdca4 ,error1 resembles ignorance1 #cb2 practical & speculative1 effect on gravity ( s91 #bdi2 may dim9i% !ological guilt1 #agfd b4 ,escape f ,prison1 :5 licit1 #aihb b4 ,esp\sals1 see ,betro?al4 ,e?ics1 & ,moral ,!ology1 #b4 ,eu*>i/1 ,holy1 #bfii2 ! *ief ,sacram5t ( ! ,*ur*1 #bfii2 matt] & =m ( ! ,eu*>i/1 #bgjj2 qualities ( ! bread1 #bgjj a2 qualities ( ! w9e1 #bgjj b2 grave precept ( ,*ur* reg>d+ ! =m1 #bgjj c2 m9i/] ( consecration1 #bgja2 duties ( m9i/] z reg>ds valid consecration1 #bgja b2 confession z prep>ation = consecration1 #bgja c2 effect on consecration ( inadv]t5t neglect ( grave liturgical precept1 #bgjb2 res]vation ( ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t1 #bgjh2 duty ( cu/ody1 #bgjh a2 duty ( r5ewal ( ho/s1 #bgjh b2 duty ( wor%ip1 #bgjh c2 visits to ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t1 #bgjh c2 ,=ty ,h\rs' ,devotion1 #bgjh c4 ,see also ,communion1 ,holy2 ,mass1 ,sacrifice ( !4 ,eug5ical ,/]ilization1 #ahfi c4 ,eu?anasia1 def9ition1 #bdhe4 ,eutrapelia1 virtue1 #bdba e1 #befg4 ,exagg]ation1 =m ( defamation1 #bjcb c4 ,execution]s1 become irregul> by ,canon ,law1 #ahbe4 ,exorcisms1 use (1 #bbfg4 ,extreme ,unction1 see ,unction1 ,extreme4 ,fai?1 ,!ological ,virtue (1 & ,moral ,!ology1 #b2 def9ition1 #aea2 comp>$ ) *>ity1 #aeg2 ceases 9 ! bless$1 #aeh2 excell5ce1 #gdg2 utility1 #gdh-gdi2 mean+1 #gej2 ,/4 ,paul's def9ition1 #gea2 ,/4 ,*ryso/om's def9ition1 #gea a2 ,/4 ,?omas' def9ition1 #gea b2 def9ition by ,vatican ,c\ncil1 #gih2 mat]ial & =mal objects1 #ged2 div9e & ,ca?olic fai?1 #gee2 div9e & ecclesia/ical fai?1 #gef2 private revelations1 #geg2 human fai?1 #geh d2 ext]nal & int]nal ass5t1 #gfj2 solemn & ord9>y def9itions ( ,*ur*1 #gfa b2 condemnations ( error1 #gfa b2 def9itions & c5sures1 #gfa c2 religi\s ass5t1 #gfa d2 explicit & implicit1 #gfc sqq42 obligation ( explicit fai?1 #ibh2 po9ts ab\t :i* explicit fai? is requir$ by ,cate*ism ( ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 #gfe2 fai? is necess>y = salvation1 #gff2 =mulas summ>iz$ 9 ,cre$s1 #gfg2 increase 9 articles ( fai?1 #gfh2 ,apo/les_/ ,nic5e & ,a?anasian ,cre$s1 #gfi2 summ>y ( tea*+ ( ,apo/les' ,cre$1 #ggj sqq42 int]nal & ext]nal acts ( fai?1 #ghb sqq42 sup]natural & natural tru?s to :i* ass5t mu/ be giv51 #ghd2 act ( fai? necess>y1 #ghe sqq42 :at mu/ be believ$ ) implicit & explicit fai?1 #ghf2 my/]ies t mu/ be believ$1 #ghg sqq41 #iah1 #ibj2 sub/antial & sci5tific k ( my/]ies1 #gij2 fai? necess>y = absolution1 #gib2 m]it ( ! act ( fai?2 ass5t ( cr$ibility1 #gie a2 preambles ( fai?1 #gie b2 habit ( fai?1 #gig2 prop]ties ( fai?1 #gii2 liv+ & dead fai?1 #hjj2 p]sons :o h or _h fai?1 #hja2 p]sons :o h n fai?1 #hjb2 h[ fai? mu/ be supreme1 #hjc a2 fai? mu/ be univ]sal b n necess>ily explicit1 #hjc b2 gr[? & decl9e ( fai?1 #hjd-hje2 cause ( fai?1 #hjf2 effects1 #hjg2 int]nal & ext]nal dang]s to1 #hdh2 dang]\s read+1 #hdi sqq42 dullness ( und]/&+ z s91 #iab2 bl9dness ( m9d z s91 #iab2 ,comm&m5ts (1 #iac sqq42 comm&m5t ( k1 #iad2 means ( communicat+ k1 #iae2 degree ( k necess>y1 #iai2 k ( ,cre$1 ,decalogue1 virtues1 ,sacram5ts1 duties ( "o's /ate1 ,"l's ,pray]1 #ibj2 means = ret5tion ( k1 #ibb2 memoriz+ ( ,cate*ism1 #ibc2 comm&m5t ( int]nal acts ( fai?1 #ibe2 prim>y & second>y tru?s ( revelation1 #ibg2 obligation ( affirmative comm&m5t1 #ibi2 :5 & h[ (t5 act ( fai? %\ld be made1 #icc-ice2 =mal & virtual act ( fai?1 #icf2 comm&m5t ( ext]nal pr(ession1 #ich sqq42 d5ial ( fai?1 #ici2 ways ( d5y+ fai?1 #ida2 comm&m5t ( ext]nal pr(ession1 #ihg sqq42 div9e precept ( pr(ession1 #ihi2 secret1 private & public pr(ession1 #iib sqq12 obligation to give in/ruction on matt]s ( fai? & morals1 #ajja2 ecclesia/ical precept ( pr(ession1 #ajjc2 flight to avoid pr(ession1 #ajje2 :5 concealm5t ( "o's fai? is lawful1 #ajjg2 s9s ( unbelief1 see ,unbelief1 ,s9 (4 ,see also ,unbelief2 ,h]esy2 ,apo/asy2 ,d\bt2 ,cr$ulity2 ,rationalism4 ,fame1 see ,reputation4 ,f>e1 travell+ )\t pay+1 #aijg4 ,fa/+1 excell5ce (1 #bdji a4 ,see also ,ab/emi\sness4 ,favoritism1 s9fulness decl>$ by ,revelation1 #ahje2 s9fulness decl>$ by reason1 #ahjf2 gravity ( s9 ( favoritism1 #ahjg2 favoritism 9 spiritual matt]s1 #ahji2 favoritism 9 secul> matt]s1 #ahab2 favoritism 9 m>ks ( e/eem or honor1 #ahac2 favoritism 9 judges1 umpires1 arbitrators & ! l1 #ahad a4 ,fe>1 z ob/acle to cons5t1 #dj1 #dd2 acts done ) & ?r\gh fe>1 #dc2 two moral species 7fe> ( ! _w & ( ,god71 #ajdc2 habitual & actual fe>1 #ajdd2 worldly fe> z s91 #ajde2 s]vile & filial fe> ( ,god1 #ajdh sqq42 initial & p]fect$ fe>1 #ajee2 div9e comm&m5ts conc]n+ fe>1 #aajc2 comp>$ ) envy1 #acca b1 #acci4 ,fe> ( ! ,"l1 ,gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 #afj b2 p]fects hope1 #ajda2 di/9ct f o!r k9ds ( fe>1 #ajdb2 corresponds to ,fir/ ,beatitude & ,fruits ( mode/y1 cont95cy & *a/ity1 #ajeh2 complem5t ( temp]ance1 #bega a4 ,fecundation1 ,artificial1 #bfah c4 ,fees1 9 connection ) adm9i/ration ( sacr$ rites1 #bahe b4 ,feign+ ( ,defects1 =m ( ly+1 #bdjf b4 ,f5ians1 ,society =bidd5 by ,*ur*1 #idg b4 ,fidelity1 ,fruit ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 #afc4 ,see also ,tru?fulness4 ,fight+1 def9ition1 #adbh2 k9ds1 #adbi2 s9fulness1 #adcj2 causes1 #adca2 hatr$ z cause ( fight+1 #adcb2 frequ5t occasions1 #adcc2 evil consequ5ces1 #adcd4 ,fir/-,fruits1 & ti!s1 #bahe b4 ,fitness1 ! "r /&>d = di/ributive ju/ice1 #ahjd c4 ,flatt]y1 vice opposite to mode/y1 #beff b4 ,fle% ,meat1 #behf sqq4 ,foolh>d9ess1 s9 aga9/ =titude1 #bdff b4 ,fooli%ness1 s9 (1 oppos$ to ,gift ( ,wisdom1 #afba2 description ( s91 #afbd2 causes1 #afbe2 cause ( contumely1 #bjag b4 ,=esight1 #afch b4 ,=getfulness1 resembles ignorance1 #cb4 ,=m1 ,sacram5tal1 see ,sacram5t4 ,=mal ,s91 #bdh4 ,=nication1 def9ition1 #bedc2 s9fulness ( =nication1 #becd2 =nication comp>$ ) o!r s9s1 #bebe a2 circum/ances ( =nication1 #bebf a2 =nication ( engag$ p]son1 #bebf b2 =ms ( =nication1 #bebg2 ! ,/ate & places ( pro/itution1 #bebh4 ,=titude1 #aej2 gold5 mean 91 #aed a1 #aeg b2 ,gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 #afj b2 rank among moral virtues1 #bdcg2 def9ition ( =titude1 #bdci2 two acts ( =titude1 #bddj2 excell5ce1 #bdda2 s9s oppos$ to =titude1 #bddf2 integral & pot5tial p>ts ( =titude1 #bddg2 diff]s f pati5ce1 #bdec b2 complem5ts ( =titude1 #bdeg2 ,gift ( ,=titude1 #bdeg a2 =titude & ! ,eigh? ,beatitude1 #bdeg b2 =titude & ! ,fruits ( ,pati5ce & ,longsuff]+1 #bdeg c2 comm&m5ts ( =titude1 #bdeh2 subjects ( =titude1 #bdfj4 ,see also ,m>tyrdom4 ,fran*ise1 ,electoral1 see ,vot+4 ,frat]nal ,correction1 see ,correction1 frat]nal4 ,fraud1 invalidates cons5t ( contract1 #ahhd b2 inju/ice 9 volunt>y commutations1 #baba2 def9ition ( fraud1 #babb2 two k9ds ( inju/ice 9 sales1 #babc2 inju/ice reg>d+ price1 #babd2 crit]ia ( a j price1 #babe2 obligation ( obs]v+ prices settl$ by law or cu/om1 #babf2 :5 m>ket price may be disreg>d$ )\t inju/ice1 #babg2 unju/ sales bas$ on ignorance ( real value1 #babi2 obligation ( re/itution on acc\nt ( unju/ price1 #bacj2 inju/ice reg>d+ ?+ sold1 #baca2 defects 9 ! ?+ sold1 #bacb4 ,free ,love1 def9ition1 #bebg c4 ,freemasonry1 #hbc b2 books 9 favor (1 =bidd51 #hee b2 ,society =bidd5 by ,code1 #idg a4 ,friday ,ab/95ce1 #behf c4 ,fri5d%ip1 #aaaj2 fri5d%ip ( utility1 pleasure & virtue1 #aaaa2 five m>ks ( true fri5d%ip1 #aacg2 human fri5d%ip n a di/9ct virtue1 #aadj2 virtue ( fri5d%ip1 #badc b4 ,fruition1 z act ( w1 #eh4 ,fruits ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 #aei b2 twelve 9 numb]1 #afc1 #haa1 #ajeh1 #afai1 #affb1 #bdcc1 #bdeg1 #bega4 ,gambl+1 s9ful1 #ahgi d2 gambl+ =bidd5 to cl]ics1 #bfjc c4 ,geomancy1 =m ( div9ation1 #bbhd c4 ,gift1 s9ful1 #ahgi a2 :5 are free gifts to judges p]missible8 #aide d4 ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 #aei a2 intellectual1 #afj a2 appetitive1 #aei1 #afj1 #afj b2 ,und]/&+ & ,k1 #hjh-haj2 ,fe> ( ! ,"l1 #ajda-ajeg2 ,wisdom1 #afji sqq42 ,c\nsel1 #affb2 ,piety1 #bdcc2 ,=titude1 #bdeg2 ,fe> ( ! ,"l1 #bega4 ,gluttony1 #bfi2 s9 oppos$ to ab/emi\sness1 #bdgj b2 ways ( committ+ gluttony1 #bdga2 s9fulness ( gluttony1 #bdgb a2 gluttony z capital s91 #bdgc #aa4 ,gnome1 "p ( judgm5t1 #bdcb d4 ,gno/icism1 #hbb c4 ,gno/ics1 #hbc b4 ,god1 belief 9 ,8 exi/5ce & provid5ce necess>y = salvation1 #ghg4 ,gold5 ,mean1 9 virtues1 #aec-aed4 ,good1 ,common4 #bhe c4 ,goods1 ext]nal1 n la/ end ( man1 #bj2 ( ! body1 n la/ end ( man1 #bj2 ( ! s\l1 n la/ end ( man1 #bj2 :5 temporal goods %\ld be surr5d]$ to avoid sc&al1 #adhc4 ,goods1 ,ab&on$1 :5 !y may be occupi$1 #ahgc e2 :5 vacant goods may be occupi$1 #ahgc f4 ,good ,templ>s1 ,indep5d5t ,ord] (1 =bidd5 by ,*ur*1 #idf b4 ,good ,w1 ,fruit ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 #afc4 ,gossip1 s9fulness (1 #bjch4 ,grace1 #bhd4 ,gratitude1 virtue (1 #badc a2 def9ition ( virtue1 #bcgc2 two k9ds ( gratitude1 #bcgd2 circum/ances ( gratitude1 #bcgf2 s9s aga9/ gratitude1 #bcgg2 moral species ( +ratitude1 #bcgh2 !ological species ( +ratitude1 #bcgi2 is x "r to conf] favors on ! ungrateful8 #bchj4 ,grave ,matt]1 absolute & relative /&>ds1 #ahii2 op9ions on ! am\nts t are grave matt]1 #aijj a4 ,greatness ( ,de$1 integral "p ( =titude1 #bddg b2 def9ition ( virtue1 #bdeb4 ,greatness ( ,s\l1 integral "p ( =titude1 #bddg b2 def9ition ( virtue1 #bddh2 greatness ( s\l & humility1 #bddi2 vices oppos$ to1 #bdej sqq4 ,grief1 at ano!r's prosp]ity1 :5 lawful & unlawful1 #accd-accg4 ,gu>anty1 #agdi d4 ,guilt1 =mal guilt1 #bdh2 mat]ial guilt1 #bdh2 causes t remove or dim9i% !ological guilt1 #agfd a4 ,habits1 z ob/acle to volunt>9ess ( acts1 #dj1 #ec2 def9ition1 #ec2 antec$5t & consequ5t1 #ec2 9 g5]al1 #acb sqq42 def9ition1 #acc2 entitative & op]ative1 #acd a2 good & evil1 #acd b2 infus$ & acquir$1 #acd c1 #ace-acf2 /r5g!n+ & weak5+ (1 #acg sqq42 ex]cise great influ5ce on morality1 #adj2 our duties reg>d+1 #ada4 ,see also ,virtue2 ,vice4 ,half-,tru?s1 =m ( ly+1 #bjcj c4 ,h>uspicy1 =m ( div9ation1 #bbhd c4 ,hate1 #aai 7see also ,passions1 concupiscible72 s9 aga9/ *>ity1 #abie2 def9ition & k9ds1 #abif2 hatr$ ( ,god1 #abig2 int]pretative & =mal hatr$1 #abii1 #acae2 hatr$ ( ,god z a special s91 #acjj2 gravity ( ?is s91 #acja2 degrees ( malice1 #acjc2 hatr$ ( creatures1 #acjd2 dislike ( self1 #acje1 #acjg2 may "o wi% evil to self or o!rs8 #acjh2 wi% = dea? or spiritual evil1 #acaj-acaa2 gravity ( s9 ( hatr$ ( neighbor1 #acab2 comp>ison ) o!r s9s1 #acac2 hatr$ n a capital vice1 #acad2 species ( s91 #acag2 mann] ( confess+ s91 #acah-acai2 z cause ( fight+1 #adcb2 prohibition aga9/1 #aeeb4 ,heal?1 ,injury to1 a =m ( inju/ice1 #ahga4 ,h]esy1 #hbb c1 #hbf sqq42 z a s9 & canonical crime1 #hbg2 positive & negative1 #hbh a2 int]nal & ext]nal1 #hbh b2 occult & public1 #hbh c2 mat]ial & =mal1 #hbh d1 #hbi-hcj2 s9fulness (1 #hca2 circum/ances t modify guilt1 #hcb2 p5alties1 #hcc2 books 9 favor (1 =bidd51 #hee b2 h]esy comp>$ ) s*ism1 #acgj4 ,hib]nians1 ,anci5t ,ord] (1 #iee b4 ,hire ( ,labor1 =m ( on]\s contract1 #a #gdi b4 ,hi/orical ,p]sonages1 lawfulness ( revelations ab\t1 #bjgb4 ,holy ,gho/1 ,fruits (1 see ,fruits ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,holy ,gho/1 ,gifts (1 see ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,homicide1 def9ition1 #ahaf2 :5 homicide is lawful1 #ahai2 unlawful kill+ ( (f5d]s1 #ahbc2 lawfulness ( tyrannicide1 #ahbd a2 homicide 9 self-def5se1 #ahbf2 kill+ ( ! innoc5t1 #ahdd sqq42 un9t5tional kill+ ( ! innoc5t1 #ahdg2 de/ruction ( ! unborn1 #ahdh sqq42 canonical p5alties =1 #ahea a2 accid5tal homicide1 #ahfb2 moral & legal guilt ( homicide1 #ahfe4 ,see also ,puni%m5t1 ,capital1 #ahbj4 ,honor1 def9ition1 #bjaj b2 p]sons :o are des]v+ ( honor1 #bjaa2 species ( honor1 #bceb2 obligation ( %[+ honor1 #bcec2 honor due to sup]iors1 #bfcf a4 ,honors1 ,pursuit (1 sometimes dem&$ by *>ity to self1 #aegd4 ,hope1 ,!ological ,virtue (1 #aea1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #ajji sqq42 def9ition1 #ajji-ajab2 sup]natural & natural hope1 #ajac2 animat$ & inanimat$ hope1 #ajaf2 dis9t]e/$ & int]e/$ hope1 #ajag b1 #ajcc2 object (1 #ajah2 excell5ce (1 #ajbg2 comp>ison ) fai?1 #ajbi2 ) *>ity1 #ajcj2 pseudo-hope 7egoti/ical1 ,epicurean1 & utilit>ian71 #ajcb2 hope ov]comes spiritual disc\ragem5t & aridity1 #ajcd2 means = gr[? 9 hope1 #ajce2 subject ( hope1 #ajcf2 c]ta9ty (1 #ajdj2 p]fect$ by ,fe> ( ! ,"l 7q4v471 #ajda2 s9s aga9/ hope1 #ajei sqq42 despair 7q4v471 #ajfa sqq42 spiritual desolations1 #ajfd2 pusillanimity & spiritual slo?1 #ajfd2 presumption 7q4v471 #ajge sqq12 comm&m5ts ( hope1 #ajib2 acts ( hope obligatory1 #ajic2 unlawful to surr5d] beatitude1 #ajid2 :5 ! comm&m5t ( hope obliges1 #ajie sqq4 ,horror1 #aai4 ,see also ,passions1 concupiscible4 ,h\ses ( ,/udy1 c\rses ( !ology mu/ foll[ ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 #aj4 ,human ,acts1 see ,acts1 ,human4 ,humanit>ianism1 s9 aga9/ piety1 #bcdi b4 ,humility1 greatness ( s\l & humility1 #bddi2 pot5tial "p ( temp]ance1 #bdfe c2 def9ition1 #beec2 ! ?ree acts ( humility1 #beed a2 two requirem5ts ( humility1 #beee2 excell5ce ( humility1 #beef a4 ,hunt+1 =bidd5 to cl]ics1 #bfjc c4 ,husb&s1 see ,matrimony1 ,sacram5t (4 ,hussism1 #hbb c4 ,hydromancy1 =m ( div9ation1 #bbhd c4 ,hyp]dulia1 species ( rev]5ce1 #bceb c4 ,hypocrisy1 =m ( ly+1 #bcia b2 s9fulness ( hypocrisy1 #bdje4 ,iconoclasm1 #hbb c4 ,idl5ess1 #acbf e4 ,idolatry1 see ,religion1 ,s9s aga9/4 ,ignorance1 v>i\s k9ds1 #bd sqq42 concomitant1 consequ5t & antec$5t1 #bf1 #bi2 v9cible & inv9cible1 #bg1 #cj2 influ5ce on volunt>9ess ( acts1 #bh2 effect on s91 #bdi2 s9s ( ignorance1 see ,ignorance1 ,s9 (2 inv9cible1 9 relation to ,natural ,law1 #cbj2 ( ,*ri/ian ,law1 possibility (1 #cef2 confessors %\ld exam9e p5it5ts :o %[ signs ( ignorance1 #ibd4 ,ignorance1 ,s9 (1 #bej b1 #ijd sqq12 culpable ignorance z di/9ct s91 #ijg4 ,see also ,ignorance4 ,images1 :5 obsc5e1 #adef a4 ,immod]ation1 vice oppos$ to temp]ance1 #bdfd b4 ,immorality1 see ,impurity4 ,impati5ce1 vice oppos$ to pati5ce1 #bdee b4 ,imp$im5ts1 simple imp$im5ts to reception ( ,holy ,ord]s1 #bghd b2 matrimonial imp$im5ts1 #bhjd sqq4 ,imp]fections1 ,moral1 #ahe2 :5 !y become s91 #ahf4 ,impossibility1 ,physical1 #cfa a2 moral1 #cfa b4 ,impurity1 def9ition1 #bdib2 s5suality1 luxury & curiosity1 #bdib n2 k9ds ( impurity1 #bdic a2 gravity ( s91 #bdid a2 "o ( ! capital vices1 #bdid c2 evil fruits ( impurity1 #bdie2 :5 v5ial & mortal1 #bdif a2 :5 directly will$1 #bdif b2 :5 indirectly will$1 #bdif c2 temptations to impurity1 #bdig2 resi/ance to int]nal temptations1 #bdih2 :at opposition to temptation is suffici5t1 #bdii2 insuffici5t1 h>mful & unnecess>y opposition1 #bejj2 weapons aga9/ c>nal temptations1 #beja2 s9fulness ( neglig5ce 9 resi/+ temptations1 #bejb2 non-consummat$ s9s ( impurity1 #bejd2 impure ?\ghts1 #beje2 malice ( impure ?\ghts1 #bejf a2 impure rejoic+1 #bejg2 impure desires1 #bejh2 malice ( impure desires1 #beji2 s9s ( lewdness1 #beaj2 consummat$ s9s ( impurity1 #bebj2 comp>ative malice ( ! s9s ( consummat$ lu/1 #beba a2 multiplication ( s9s ( lu/1 #bebb2 =nication1 #bebc2 ince/1 #becb2 c>nal sacrilege1 #becc2 unnatural lu/1 #becd2 pollution1 #bece2 non-s9ful pollution1 #becf2 unimputable pollution1 #becg2 proximate & remote occasions ( pollution1 #bech2 !ological malice ( s9ful pollution1 #beci2 moral species ( s9ful pollution1 #beda2 canonical p5alties = immorality1 #bedb4 ,see also ,lewdness2 ,=nication4 ,imputability ( ,acts1 #ig sqq4 ,inadv]t5ce1 resembles ignorance1 #cb4 ,ince/1 def9ition1 #beca4 ,inconv5i5ce1 degrees (1 #aebj4 ,index ( ,=bidd5 ,books1 #hfb c4 ,indiff]5tism1 #hbc a4 ,indignation1 diff]s f envy1 #acca c1 #acci4 ,indol5ce1 #acbf d4 ,infamy1 #bjea sqq4 ,infidelity1 #hbb ff4 ,+ratitude1 see ,gratitude4 ,inhabitant1 def9ition1 #dcg2 :5 subject to laws1 #dch4 ,inh]itance1 title ( private own]%ip1 #ahgb b4 ,inhibition1 ( passions1 #aca4 ,injuria1 def9ition1 #agbd b4 ,injuries1 ,bodily1 a =m ( inju/ice1 #ahff4 ,inju/ice1 def9ition1 #agai2 species ( legal & p>ticul> inju/ice1 #agbj2 !ological species ( legal & p>ticul> inju/ice1 #agba2 :5 injury to private or public "r is mortal s91 #agbb a1 b2 moral species ( inju/ice1 #agbc2 pr(itable & unpr(itable inju/ice1 #agbd c2 :5 injury is no inju/ice1 #agbe2 int]nal inju/ice1 #agbf2 di/ributive inju/ice alone does n oblige to re/itution1 #aged2 coop]ators 9 inju/ice & re/itution1 #aggh sqq42 m&ator ( act ( inju/ice1 #aggi a2 advisor ( act ( inju/ice1 #aggi b2 protector 9 act ( inju/ice1 #aggi d2 cons5t] 9 act ( inju/ice1 #aggi e2 p>tak] 9 inju/ice1 #aggi f2 s9 ( inju/ice1 #ahff s2 judicial inju/ice1 #aici2 pr9cipal s9s ( v]bal inju/ice1 #bjji4 ,inju/ice 9 ,buy+ & ,sell+1 see ,fraud4 ,innoc5t1 un9t5tional kill+ (1 #ahdg4 ,ins5sibility1 s9 aga9/ =titude1 #bddf b2 vice oppos$ to temp]ance1 #bdfd4 ,insurance1 #agdi c4 ,intellect1 art & prud5ce ! two practical virtues (1 #afbg4 ,int5tion1 z act ( w1 #eh4 ,see also ,pray]4 ,int]nationalism1 ,false1 s9 aga9/ piety1 #bcdi b4 ,int]pretation1 ( law1 #cae sqq42 v]bal or em5datory1 #cae2 by private or public au?ority1 #caf2 ( ecclesia/ical laws1 #dhc sqq42 rules = doctr9al int]pretation1 #dhe4 ,invocation1 ( a demon1 #bbhd2 invocation ( spirits1 see ,religion1 ,s9s aga9/4 ,irascible ,passions1 #aah1 #abj4 ,irregul>ities1 z disqualifications = reception ( ,holy ,ord]s1 #bghd b4 ,irreligi\sness1 see ,religion1 ,s9s aga9/4 ,jail-break+1 & re/itution1 #aihc4 ,jeal\sy1 lawful & unlawful1 #accc4 ,je/+1 di/9ction betwe5 d]ision & je/+1 #bajg4 ,j+oism1 s9 aga9/ piety1 #bcdi a4 ,joy1 ,fruit ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 #afc2 s9ful1 #bcg2 z effect ( *>ity1 #aaic-aaid4 ,judaism1 #hbb b4 ,judaiz]s1 #hbc b4 ,judge1 (fice (1 #aidj2 qualifications1 #aidc2 conduct1 #aidd2 accept+ gifts f litigants1 #aide2 obligation to re/ore bribes1 etc41 #aidf2 duties dur+ a trial1 #aidg2 duties on conclusion ( a trial1 #aidh2 obligation 9 connection ) a law manife/ly unju/1 #aidi2 ,ca?olic judge & degrees ( divorce1 #aiej2 obligation :5 evid5ce is contr>y to 8 p]sonal k1 #aiea2 :5 judge is unju/ cause ( damag+ evid5ce1 #aieb2 obligation 9 d\btful crim9al cases1 #aiee2 obligation 9 d\btful civil cases1 #aief2 /&>d by :i* he %\ld weigh evid5ce1 #aieh2 :5 a judge is b\nd to re/itution1 #aifb2 :5 he is n b\nd to re/itution1 #aifc2 "r to "q prison] ab\t 8 guilt1 #aigi2 judges :o pass dea? s5t5ce become irregul> by ,canon ,law1 #ahbe4 ,see also ,witness4 ,judgm5t1 virtue (1 #agbg2 public & private judgm5t1 #agbg a2 ?ree conditions ( righte\s judgm5t1 #agbi-agca2 necess>y quality ( lawful oa?1 #bbdi e4 ,judgm5t1 ,ra%1 #agca b2 s9fulness ( ra% judgm5t1 #agcd2 rules on p]fect adv]t5ce to ra%ness ( judgm5t1 #agcf2 rules on insuffici5cy ( reasons = unfavorable judgm5ts1 #agcg2 rules on gravity ( matt] 9 ra% judgm5ts1 #agch2 moral species ( ! s9 ( ra% judgm5t1 #agci2 *ief reasons = ra% conclusions ab\t "* ( o!rs1 #agdb2 ra% d\bts1 #agdc4 ,judgm5ts1 ,moral1 #fgb sqq42 ! saf] & m likely1 #fgc4 ,jurisdiction1 ( a judge1 #aidb4 ,ju/ice1 #aej2 gold5 mean 91 #aed a1 #aeg b2 prec$5ce ov] *>ity1 #bia b2 comp>$ ) o!r virtues1 #agad2 private ju/ice1 #agae b2 legal ju/ice1 #agae a2 ju/ice sup]ior to c\rage1 #agaf a2 sup]ior to lib]ality1 #agaf b2 reg>d$ by "s z inf]ior to virtue ( religion & m]cy1 #agah a1 b2 ju/ice dem&s prop] motives 9 ^? :o seek or pass judgm5t1 #agbh a2 legal ju/ice di/9ct f di/ributive & commutative1 #agde a2 di/ributive ju/ice1 #agde b2 commutative ju/ice1 #agde c2 resemblance betwe5 di/ributive & commutative ju/ice1 #agdf2 special diff]5ces betwe5 di/ributive & commutative ju/ice1 #agdg2 commutations ( commutative ju/ice1 #agdh2 equality s\ght by commutative ju/ice1 #agej2 di/ributive ju/ice & violation ( individual rights1 #agee2 commutative ju/ice & violation ( individual rights1 #agef2 vice oppos$ to di/ributive ju/ice1 #ahjd2 di/ributive inju/ice frequ5tly accompani$ by commutative inju/ice1 #ahjh2 vices aga9/ commutative ju/ice1 #ahae2 legal ju/ice1 classes ( c\rts1 #aida2 jurisdiction ( #i1 judge1 #aidb2 quasi-integral p>ts ( ju/ice1 #baci2 pot5tial p>ts ( ju/ice1 #bada2 degrees ( moral debt1 #badc2 necess>y qualities ( lawful oa?1 #bbdi c2 complem5ts ( ju/ice1 #bdcc2 ,beatitudes t correspond to ju/ice1 #bdcc b2 ,fruits ( ! ,holy ,gho/ t correspond to ju/ice1 #bdcc c2 comm&m5ts ( ju/ice1 #bdcd2 ju/ice1 a duty ( sup]ior1 #bfce b4 ,see also ,equity2 ,re/itution4 ,kill+1 ( animals1 #ahah a2 ( human be+s1 see ,homicide4 ,k9dness1 ,fruit ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 #afc4 ,k9sfolk1 ord] ( *>ity betwe51 #aagf sqq4 ,kiss+1 morality ( kiss+ & simil> acts1 #beac4 ,knights ( ,columbus1 #iee b4 ,knights ( ,py?ias1 ,society =bidd5 by ,*ur*1 #idf b4 ,k1 ,gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 #afj a2 giv5 to p]fect !ological virtues1 #hjh4 ,l&s1 h[ !y may be occupi$1 #ahgc b4 ,l>c5y1 def9ition (1 #ahic b2 petit & gr& l>c5y1 #ahic b4 ,la/ ,end ( ,man1 exi/5ce (1 #ai2 nature (1 #bj2 h[ atta9$1 #ba4 ,latitud9>ianism1 #hbc a4 ,law1 #bhd sqq42 def9ition1 #bhe2 et]nal1 natural & positive div9e1 #bhf2 collision ( laws1 #bhh2 prec$5ce1 #bhi sqq12 basis ( all laws1 #bic2 cu/oms may int]pret1 abrogate or introduce law1 #ejf4 ,law1 ,*ri/ian1 comp>ison ) ,mosaic ,law1 #cdf sqq42 z reg>ds _! aims1 #cdg2 z reg>ds _! precepts1 #cdh2 z reg>ds _! difficulty ( obs]vance1 #cdi2 z reg>ds ext]nal & int]nal works1 #cej-cea2 moral1 c]emonial & judicial precepts ( ,new ,te/am5t1 #ceb2 duration (1 #ced2 subjects (1 #cee2 ignorance (1 #cef2 disp5sation f1 #ceg2 int]pretation (1 #ceh-cei2 :5 obs]vance ( law is impossible1 #cfj-cfa2 ,c\nsels ( 7q4v471 #cfd sqq42 ! ?ree *ief ,c\nsels1 #cfi4 ,see also ,law1 ,mosaic4 ,law1 ,civil1 #edb sqq42 p]sons 9 :om legislative au?ority is ve/$1 #edc2 acceptance by p n necess>y = obligation ( law 9 itself1 #edd2 obligation ( laws made by "o )\t au?ority1 #ede2 subject-matt]1 #edf2 relation to natural law1 #edg2 relation to div9e & ecclesia/ical law1 #edh2 & human rights & lib]ties1 #edi2 p]sons subject to1 #eej2 obligation (1 #eea2 :5 p5alty is incurr$ be=e s5t5ce1 #eeb2 special k9ds1 #eeg sqq42 laws t det]m9e own]%ip1 #eeg2 irritant or void+ laws1 #eeh2 f\r k9ds ( laws ) ref]5ce to p5alty1 #efa2 moral obligation1 #efa sqq4 ,see also ,laws1 ,human4 ,law1 ,ecclesia/ical1 prec$5ce ov] civil1 #bij1 #dah sqq42 *>t] (1 #dah2 "* (1 #dai2 g5]al law ( ,*ur*1 #dbj2 effects ( ,code on liturgical & discipl9>y laws & cu/oms1 #dba2 rules gov]n+ int]pretation ( ,code1 #dbb2 lawgiv]s 9 ,*ur*1 #dbc-dbi2 subject-matt] ( ,*ur* ,law1 #dbe2 k9ds ( acts gov]n$ by ,*ur* ,law1 #dbf2 p]sons b\nd by g5]al laws1 #dbg sqq42 p]sons b\nd by p>ticul> laws1 #dce2 promulgation1 #ddg2 acceptance (1 #ddh2 irritant laws1 #dej sqq42 effects ( ignorance1 =ce or fe> on acts irritat$ by law1 #def2 :5 an irritant law ceases to b9d1 #deg2 obligation ( law bas$ on presumption ( common dang]1 #dfj2 obligation ( law bas$ on presumption ( p>ticul> fact1 #dfa2 p]sonal1 m9ute1 p>tial & simultane\s fulfillm5t ( laws1 #dfb sqq42 "t ( fulfillm5t1 #dfh sqq42 unwill+ fulfillm5t1 #dgf2 int5tion requir$ 9 fulfillm5t1 #dgg sqq42 virtu\s dispositions 9 fulfillm5t1 #dhj sqq42 int]pretation (1 #dhc2 cessation ( obligation1 #dhg2 exemption f1 #dhh2 ignorance & impossibility z excuses = non-obs]vance1 #dhi sqq42 cessation (1 #ejj sqq42 use ( epieikeia 9 det]m9+ obligation1 #ejc4 ,law1 ,et]nal1 ,!1 basis ( all laws1 #bic4 ,law1 ,mosaic1 began ) promise to ,abraham1 #ccb a2 promulgation1 #ccb b2 excell5ce1 #ccc2 subjects (1 #ccd2 duration ( obligation1 #cce2 precepts1 c]emonies & judgm5ts1 #ccf sqq42 c]emonial laws1 #cdj2 sacr$ times & places1 sacram5ts & cu/oms1 #cdj2 f\r p]iods ( c]emonial law1 #cdb2 f\r k9ds ( judgm5ts or judicial laws1 #cdc-cde2 comp>ison ) ,*ri/ian ,law1 #cdf sqq4 ,law1 ,natural1 prec$5ce ov] positive1 #bhi2 def9ition1 #bie2 relation to o!r laws1 #bif2 division1 #big2 common & prop]1 #big b2 prim>y & second>y1 #bih2 fir/ pr9ciple & second>y pr9ciples1 #cjj a2 precepts 7axiomatic & inf]r$1 g5]al & p>ticul>71 #cjj-cja2 necess>y & cont+5t laws1 #cjb2 absolute & relative laws1 #cjc2 prop]ties (1 #cje2 ( univ]sal obligation1 #cjf2 un*angeable1 #cjg sqq12 possibility ( disp5sation f1 #cji1 #cad sqq42 possibility ( modification1 #cac2 :5 obs]vance is physically or morally impossible1 #cag-cah2 promulgat$ by light ( reason1 #cai2 in]adicable f human he>t1 #cbd2 wrong applications (1 #cbf4 ,law1 ,positive ,div9e1 def9ition1 #cbh2 necessity1 #cbh c2 diff]s f ,natural ,law 9 c]ta9 respects1 #cbi2 natural & sup]natural comm&m5ts1 #ccj2 division (1 #cca2 9 /ate ( orig9al innoc5ce1 #cca a2 9 law ( nature1 #cca b2 ,mosaic ,law1 #ccb sqq42 ,*ri/ian ,law1 #cdf sqq4 ,lawgiv]s1 9 ! ,*ur*1 #dbc-dbd4 ,laws1 ,adm9i/ration (1 see ,judge4 ,laws1 ,c]emonial1 ( ,old ,te/am5t1 #cdj sqq41 ,see also ,law4 ,mosaic4 ,laws1 ,ecclesia/ical1 9 a wide s5se1 #ead sqq42 precepts1 #eai2 rescripts1 #ebj2 privileges1 #eba-ebc2 disp5sations1 #ebd4 ,laws1 ,human1 #cgj sqq42 def9ition1 #cgj2 divisions1 #cga2 qualities1 #cgb2 %\ld n prescribe :at is too difficult1 #cgb2 obligation1 #cge2 necessity1 #cge2 :5 unju/1 #cgf2 ob$i5ce to unju/ laws n obligatory1 #cgg2 degrees ( obligation1 #cgc sqq42 int]pretation1 #che-chf2 epieikeia1 #che2 ^? subject to law1 #chg-chh2 *ange (1 #chi2 con/itutional law1 #cij2 effects ( cu/om on law1 #cia2 disp5sation f1 #dja sqq4 ,see also ,law1 ,civil4 ,laws ( ,new ,te/am5t1 #g4 ,laws ( ! ,fir/ & ,second ,tables1 #cch4 ,see also ,decalogue4 ,lawy]1 g5]al duties1 #aiie2 qualifications1 #aiif2 duties 9 introduc+ case1 #aiig1 obligation 9 *>ity t[>ds p]sons 9 di/ress1 #aiih-ii2 duty :5 cause is unju/1 #bjjj2 duties :5 ju/ice ( cause is d\btful1 #bjja2 duty :5 he discov]s case is really unju/1 #bjjc2 duties t[>ds cli5t1 #bjjd2 duties t[>d o!r p>ties1 #bjje2 concealm5t ( tru? 9 pres5t+ case1 #bjjf2 s9fulness ( introduc+ false or corrupt$ docum5ts1 #bjjg2 :5 b\nd to re/itution1 #bjjh4 ,laxism1 see ,sy/ems1 ,moral4 ,laz9ess1 z di/9ct f slo?1 #acbf2 v>i\s =ms1 #acbf a-e4 ,lease1 #agdi b4 ,l5i5cy1 ,undue1 vice1 #beeb b4 ,l5t5 ,fa/1 #behh4 ,lesbian ,love1 =m ( impurity1 #becd c4 ,lewdness1 def9ition1 #beaj2 propriety ( ext]nal acts1 #beab2 morality ( kiss+ & simil> acts1 #beac2 morality ( s5sual gratification1 #bead2 !ological species ( ! s9 ( lewdness1 #beae2 circum/ances t increase or less5 ! dang] ( s91 #beag2 cases :]e9 ! dang] ( s9 is grave or slight1 #beah2 lewd books1 #beah b2 lewdness 9 spee*1 #beah a2 9 read+1 #beah b2 9 looks1 #beah c2 9 t\*es1 #beah d2 moral species ( lewdness1 #beai a4 ,libel1 def9ition1 #bjcj d4 ,lib]ality1 inf]ior to ju/ice1 #agaf b2 virtue ( lib]ality1 #badc b2 def9ition ( virtue1 #bdbd2 importance ( lib]ality1 #bdbe4 ,see also ,av>ice2 ,prodigality4 ,lies1 see ,ly+4 ,lip/ick1 morality ( use1 #begj4 ,liquids1 may or may n break fa/1 #behh4 ,loans1 #agdi a2 loan at int]e/1 #agdi b4 ,longsuff]+1 ,fruit ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 #afc4 ,loot+1 =bidd5 by mod]n int]national law1 #adae4 ,loss1 def9ition1 #agbd b4 ,lots1 ,use (1 :5 lawful1 #bbhi4 ,lott]y1 :5 lawful1 #ahgi e4 ,love1 def9ition1 #aai2 root ( all appetites ( s\l1 #aajf2 effects1 #aajg2 degrees1 #aajh2 love ( desire & love ( b5evol5ce1 #aaji2 love ( creatures n always *>ity1 #aacd2 k9ds ( self-love 7q4v471 #aacf2 obligatory1 #afjh a2 ( sup]]ogation1 #afjh b4 ,love ( ,god1 see ,*>ity4 ,love ( ,neighbor1 see ,neighbor1 ,love (4 ,love ( ,self1 see ,self-,love4 ,lukew>mness1 #acbg4 ,lu/1 #bfi4 ,see also ,impurity4 ,luxury1 comp>$ ) impurity1 #bdib a2 mode/y 9 luxury1 #befi a4 ,ly+1 def9ition1 #bchi2 misund]/&+ a =m ( ly+1 #bcij a2 mis9t]pretation a =m ( ly+1 #bcij b2 divisions ( lies1 #bcia2 hypocrisy1 #bcia b2 simulation1 #bcja b2 misrepres5tation & deceit1 #bcia b2 classification ( lies1 #bcib2 lies ( incl9ation1 #bcib b2 p]nici\s lies1 #bcib b2 motives = ly+ #bcic2 jocose lie1 #bcib a2 (fici\s lie1 #bcib a2 comp>ison ( gravity ( v>i\s lies1 #bcid2 s9fulness ( all lies1 #bcie2 :5 ly+ entails no =mal s91 #bcif2 p]nici\s lies1 #bcig2 concealm5t ( ! tru?1 #bcih2 m5tal res]vation1 #bcii2 morality ( /rict m5tal res]vation1 #bdjj2 morality ( broad m5tal res]vation1 #bdjj b2 :5 broad m5tal res]vation is lawful1 #bdja2 ambigu\s answ]s1 #bdjb2 simulation or pret5ce1 #bdjc2 s9fulness ( simulation1 #bdjd4 ,mac$onianism1 #hbb c4 ,magnanimity1 see ,greatness ( ,s\l4 ,majority1 ,age (1 #dcc4 ,malefactor1 :5 b\nd to accuse himself1 #aifh4 ,malice1 s9s (1 #bej e2 caus$ by slo?1 #acbd4 ,m&atum1 #agdi a4 ,mani*eans1 #hbc b4 ,mani*eism1 #hbb c4 ,m>riage1 see ,matrimony1 ,sacram5t (4 ,m>riage1 ,trial1 def9ition1 #bebg c4 ,m>riages1 ,dang]\s1 #hge2 canonical consequ5ces1 #hgi2 pr5uptial gu>antees1 #hhj2 rem$ies aga9/ mix$ & dang]\s m>riages1 #hha4 ,m>tyrdom1 def9ition1 #bddb2 k9ds ( m>tyrdom1 #bddc2 conditions = m>tyrdom1 #bddd2 practical que/ions ab\t m>tyrdom1 #bdde4 ,mass1 ,sacrifice ( !1 #bgji2 obligation ( say+ ,mass1 #bgaj2 dispositions = ! celebration ( ,mass1 #bgaa2 confession be=e ,mass1 #bgaa a2 di/ractions dur+ ! ,canon1 #bgaa b2 prep>ation & ?anksgiv+ be=e ,mass1 #bgaa a2 ,eu*>i/ic or natural fa/1 #bgaa b2 rubrical ve/m5ts1 #bgaa b2 "t ( ,mass1 #bgab a2 place1 #bgab b2 rites1 #bgab c2 :5 x is lawful to discont9ue ,mass1 #bgac2 application ( ! ,mass1 #bgad2 obligation ( pa/ors to say ,mass = flocks1 #bgad a2 obligation ( ,mass /ip5ds1 #bgad b2 p]sons = :om ,mass may be appli$1 #bgae2 h[ ,mass mu/ be appli$1 #bgae b2 lawfulness ( ,mass /ip5ds1 #bgaf4 ,ma/urbation1 =m ( impurity1 #becd a4 ,mat]ial ,s91 #bdh4 ,matrimony1 ,sacram5t (1 fir/ bless+ ( m>riage 7(fspr+71 #bfac a2 second bless+ ( m>riage 7fidelity71 #bfac b2 ?ird bless+ ( m>riage 7sacram5t71 #bfac c2 obligation ( pay+ ! conjugal debt1 #bfad2 abs5ce ( obligation1 #bfae2 susp5sion ( obligation1 #bfaf2 obligation ( reque/+ conjugal int]c\rse1 #bfag2 morality ( v5]eal acts ( m>riage1 #bfah2 unnatural consummat$ acts1 #bfah c2 artificial fecundation1 #bfah c2 rectal copulation1 #bfah c2 contraception1 #bfbj2 contraception an injury to ,god1 #bfbj a2 an injury to society1 #bfbj b2 an injury to ! family1 #bfbj c2 an injury to ! individual1 #bfbj d2 argum5ts ( ,neo-,mal?usians & o!r advocates ( contraception1 #bfba2 is bir?-control ev] lawful8 #bfbb2 coop]atio uxoris ad onanismum vel contraceptionem1 #bfbc2 recapitulatio de licitis et illicitis 9 conjugio1 #bfbd2 m>riage z a ,sacram5t1 #bfbf2 reasons t ju/ify sep>ation1 #bfbf a2 husb& sup]ior to wife 9 au?ority1 #bfbf b2 husb& has duty ( provid+ = wife1 #bfbf c2 no obligation = individual to m>ry1 #bfbg a2 unity ( m>riage its fir/ prop]ty1 #bghg d2 indissolubility ( m>riage its second prop]ty1 #bghg e2 ,paul9e ,privilege1 #bghg e2 dissolution1 #bghg e2 divorce "u ,mosaic ,law1 #bghg e2 m>riages ( infidels1 #bghg e2 true1 presum$1 putative & attempt$ m>riage1 #bghh a2 legitimate1 ratifi$1 consummat$ m>riage1 #bghh b2 cl&e/9e1 secret1 public m>riage1 #bghh c2 m>riage ( consci5ce1 #bghh c2 m>riage is canonical or civil1 #bghh d2 elem5ts ( contract ( m>riage1 #bghi a2 ends ( contract1 #bghi b2 ess5ce ( contract is ! cons5t1 #bghi c2 valid cons5t1 #bgij2 defects 9 cons5t1 #bgia2 m5tal d]angem5t z defect1 #bgia a2 ignorance z defect1 #bgia b2 error z defect1 #bgia c2 effect ( =c$ cons5t on validity1 #bgib a2 effect ( =c$ cons5t on lawfulness1 #bgib b2 conditional cons5t1 #bgic2 elem5ts ( m>riage z ,sacram5t1 #bgid2 m9i/]s & recipi5ts ( ,matrimony1 #bgid b2 effects ( ,matrimony1 #bgid c2 duties 9 connection ) m>riage1 #bgie2 obligation ( betro?al or engagem5t1 #bgif2 is engagem5t necess>y be=e m>riage8 #bgih2 duties to p>5ts or gu>dians 9 ref]5ce to m>riage1 #bgii2 duties ( p>5ts 9 ref]5ce to m>riage1 #bhjj2 ob/acles to m>riage1 #bhja2 duty to make kn[n imp$im5t to m>riage1 #bhja c2 duties ( pa/or 9 exam9ation ( engag$ p]sons1 #bhjb2 special pro(s ( fre$om to m>ry1 #bhjc2 pro( ( ,baptism1 #bhjc a2 pro( ( s+le /ate1 #bhjc b2 matrimonial imp$im5ts1 #bhjd2 s9fulness ( m>ry+ ) an imp$im5t1 #bhje2 imp$i5t or prohibitive imp$im5ts1 #bhjf2 v[ z imp$im5t1 #bhjf a2 imp$im5t ( legal relation%ip1 #bhjf b2 imp$im5t ( mix$ religion1 #bhjf e2 duties ( pa/or & p>ties 9 connection ) mix$ m>riages1 #bhjg2 valid engagem5t =bids m>riage ) ?ird p>ty1 #bhji a2 special prohibition ( p>ticul> m>riage by ! ,*ur*1 #bhji b2 clos$ times1 #bhji e2 dirim5t imp$im5ts to m>riage1 #bhaj2 absolute dirim5t imp$im5ts1 #bhaa2 imp$im5t ( age1 #bhac2 imp$im5t ( impot5cy1 #bhad2 imp$im5t ( bond1 #bhaf2 imp$im5t ( diff]5ce ( religion1 #bhag2 imp$im5t ( k9%ip1 #bhah2 consangu9ity1 #bhah a2 aff9ity1 #bhah b2 public dec5cy1 #bhah c2 spiritual relation%ip1 #bhah d2 legal relation%ip1 #bhah e2 matrimonial imp$im5ts produc$ ?r\gh misde$s1 #bhai2 imp$im5t ( abduction1 #bhai a2 imp$im5t ( crime1 #bhai b2 duties ( pa/or aft] inquiry ab\t imp$im5ts1 #bhbj2 disp5sation1 #bhbj a2 publications ( banns ( m>riage1 #bhbj b2 duties ( pa/or aft] exam9ation & proclamation1 #bhba2 duties ( pa/or z reg>ds religi\s in/ruction ( engag$ c\ple1 #bhbb2 pa/or & duties ( engag$ c\ple1 #bhbc2 pa/or's duties to p>5ts1 #bhbc a2 pa/or's duties to civil law1 #bhbc b2 opposition ( p>5ts to m>riage1 #bhbd2 religi\s duties ( p>ties be=e m>riage1 #bhbe2 confession1 #bhbe a2 ,communion1 #bhbe b2 celebration ( m>riage1 #bhbf2 requisites = validity1 #bhbf a2 requisites = lawfulness1 #bhbf b2 rite ( ,matrimony1 #bhbg2 ,nuptial ,bless+ & ,nuptial ,mass1 #bhbg b2 coop]ation 9 unwor?y m>riage1 #bhbh2 regi/ration ( m>riages1 #bhbi2 :5 imp$im5t is discov]$ aft] m>riage1 #bhcj2 lawfulness ( divorce & sep>ation1 #bhca4 ,see also ,betro?al4 ,matt] ( ,s91 grave1 #aga-agb2 light1 #ahb4 ,matt]1 ,sacram5tal1 see ,sacram5t4 ,meanness1 vice aga9/ greatness ( de$1 #bdeb b4 ,m$ic9al ,afflictions1 z rem$ies aga9/ s91 #bhc4 ,meekness1 ,fruit ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 #afc2 pot5tial "p ( temp]ance1 #bdfe c2 def9ition1 #bede4 ,memory1 #afcg a4 ,m5tal ,d]angem5t1 removes !ological guilt1 #agfd a4 ,m]cy1 result ( *>ity1 #aaic2 def9ition1 #aaic c2 natural & sup]natural1 #abje2 causes ( unm]ciful _s1 #abjf2 m]cy comp>$ ) o!r moral virtues1 #abjg2 comp>$ ) *>ity1 #abjh2 obligation1 #abji2 sev5 corporal works ( m]cy1 #abba2 sev5 spiritual works1 #abbb-abbc2 reg>d$ by "s z sup]ior to ju/ice1 #agag b4 ,m]it1 def9ition1 #ajg2 human & div9e1 #ajh2 natural & sup]natural1 #aji2 condign & congru\s1 #aaj2 ! "r /&>d = di/ributive ju/ice1 #ahjd c4 ,m]its1 =m] m]its recov]$ by rep5tance1 #bgbe c4 ,me?ods 9 ,moral ,!ology1 ,casui/ic1 ,positive & ,s*ola/ic1 #ac4 ,m9ors1 legal privileges 9 connection ) contracts1 #ahhb4 ,misrepres5tation1 =m ( ly+1 #bcia b4 ,mod]ation1 see ,temp]ance4 ,mod]nism1 #hbb c1 #hda b4 ,mode/y1 ,fruit ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 #afc2 ( be>+ & liv+ pot5tial "p ( temp]ance1 #bdfe e2 def9ition ( mode/y1 #befe2 mode/ behavior or decorum1 #beff a2 vices oppos$ to mode/y1 #beff b2 mode/y 9 /yle ( liv+ & dress1 #befi a2 morality ( self-beautification1 #begj2 fruit ( ! ,fe> ( ! ,"l1 #bega c4 ,mohamm$anism1 #hbb a4 ,monophysitism1 #hbb c4 ,morality1 def9ition1 #fd2 con/itutive norm1 #fe2 manife/ative norm1 #fg2 p]ceptive norm1 #fh2 ?ree species (1 #fi2 ?ree s\rces1 ! object1 circum/ances1 & end1 #gj sqq42 moral value ( passions1 #aba sqq42 important influ5ce ( habits on1 #adj4 ,moral ,sci5ce1 (fice (1 #afca b4 ,moral ,sy/ems1 see ,sy/ems1 ,moral4 ,moral ,!ology1 objects1 #d2 m$ium1 #d2 s\rces1 #f2 use ( natural reason1 philosophy & natural sci5ces 91 #aa-ab2 ,positive1 ,s*ola/ic & ,casui/ic ,me?ods1 #ac2 hi/ory (1 #ae2 ,patri/ic ,p]iod1 #ae a2 ,m$ieval ,p]iod1 #ae b2 ,mod]n1 #ae c2 division & ord] ( p>ts1 #ag2 ,g5]al & ,special1 #ah4 ,mormonism1 #hbc b4 ,mortgage1 #agdi d4 ,motions ( ! ,s\l1 ,fir/ & ,second1 #abi4 ,motives ( ,s91 #bfh sqq4 ,munific5ce1 virtue1 #bdeb e4 ,murd]1 see ,homicide4 ,murmur+1 def9ition & s9fulness (1 #babj4 ,mutilation1 def9ition1 #ahff a2 :5 lawful1 #ahfg4 ,mutuum1 def9ition1 #agdi a4 ,my/]ies1 t mu/ be believ$1 #ghg sqq41 #iah1 #ibj2 sub/antial & sci5tific k (1 #gij4 ,n>cotics1 licit use1 #bdhe4 ,naturalism1 #hdg b4 ,necessity1 ,spiritual1 degrees (1 #aafe4 ,necessity1 ,temporal1 degrees (1 #abcf2 extreme necessity ju/ifies conv]sion ( o!rs' prop]ty1 #aiba a4 ,necromancy1 =m ( div9ation1 #bbhd b4 ,necrophilism1 =m ( impurity1 #becd d4 ,neglig5ce1 #acbf a4 ,negotiorum ge/io1 def9ition1 #agdi a4 ,neighbor1 ,love (1 ?ree k9ds1 #aaci sqq42 sacrifice ( spiritual goods or bodily welf>e = neighbor's sake1 #aafc sqq42 ord] ( *>ity betwe5 neighbors1 #aaga sqq4 ,see ,*>ity2 ,fri5d%ip2 ,emulation2 ,jeal\sy2 ,hate2 ,correction1 ,frat]nal4 ,neo-,mal?usians1 argum5ts 9 favor ( contraception1 #bhba4 ,ne/orianism1 #hbb c4 ,new ,te/am5t1 ord9ances1 #g2 c\nsels1 #g2 laws1 #g2 tempor>y regulations1 #g2 law (1 see ,law1 ,*ri/ian4 ,nihili/s1 society =bidd5 by ,*ur*1 #idg b4 ,non-,ca?olics1 p>ticipation 9 ,ca?olic rites1 #ieg sqq4 ,non-,combatants1 treatm5t dur+ w>1 #adab4 ,nurses1 duties (1 #bfea c4 ,oa?s1 moral effects ( accid5tals add$ to contracts1 #ahhf b2 def9ition ( an oa?1 #bbde2 ass]tory or promissory oa?s1 #bbdf a2 comm9atory or confirmatory oa?s1 #bbdf a2 conte/atory or execratory oa?s1 #bbdf b2 explicit or implicit oa?s1 #bbdf b2 solemn or simple1 judicial or extrajudicial oa?s1 #bbdf d2 moral diff]5ce betwe5 v>i\s k9ds ( oa?s1 #bbdg2 lawfulness ( oa?s1 #bbdh2 necess>y qualities ( a lawful oa?1 #bbdi2 s9ful oa?s1 #bbej2 incauti\s oa?1 #bbej a2 p]jur$ oa?s1 #bbej b2 wick$ oa?s1 #bbej c2 m5tal res]vation 9 oa?s1 #bbea2 coop]ation 9 s9ful oa?s1 #bbeb2 s9ful oa?s dem&$ or accept$ by private p]sons1 #bbec2 fictiti\s oa?s1 #bbed2 expressions confus$ ) oa?s2 obligation impos$ by promissory oa?1 #bbef2 obligation impos$ by negative oa?1 #bbeg2 obligation ( oa? is p]sonal1 #bbeh2 int]pretation ( promissory oa?1 #bbei2 k9d ( obligation produc$ by a valid promissory oa?1 #bbfj2 cessation ( obligation ( promissory oa?1 #bbfb4 ,see also ,adjuration4 ,ob$i5ce1 def9ition ( virtue1 #bcee2 p[] ( jurisdiction & dom9ative p[]1 #bcef2 degrees ( ob$i5ce1 #bceg2 comp>ison ( ob$i5ce ) o!r virtues1 #bceh2 comp>ison ( acts ( ob$i5ce1 #bcei2 duty ( ob$i5ce1 #bcfj2 :5 ob$i5ce is n lawful or obligatory1 #bcfa2 int]nal actions & human sup]iors1 #bcfc2 obligation ( v[ ( ob$i5ce1 #bcfd2 s9s aga9/ ob$i5ce1 #bcfe2 def9ition ( disob$i5ce1 #bcff2 k9ds ( disob$i5ce1 #bcfg2 !ological s9fulness ( =mal disob$i5ce1 #bcfi2 moral species ( disob$i5ce1 #bcgj2 circum/ances t aggravate =mal disob$i5ce1 #bcga2 comp>ison ( =mal disob$i5ce ) o!r s9s1 #bcgb2 v[ & virtue ( ob$i5ce1 #bfab c2 ob$i5ce due to sup]iors1 #bfcf b4 ,objects1 ,s9ful1 =mal coop]ation by manufacture (1 #aecc2 mat]ial coop]ation1 #aecd sqq4 ,obsc5ity1 def9ition1 #adee2 int]nal & ext]nal1 #adee a-b2 g5]al rules = det]m9+ :at is obsc5e1 #adef2 p]sons :o give sc&al ?r\gh obsc5ity1 #adeh2 gov]nm5t suppression ( obsc5ity aim ( ,league ( ,nations1 #adeh e4 ,ob/acles to ,cons5t1 #dj sqq42 fe>1 #da2 ignorance1 #dj1 #bd sqq4 ,occasions ( ,s91 #bfc sqq4 ,occult ,h]esy1 #hbh c4 ,occult ,s91 #abhg4 ,occupation1 title to private own]%ip1 #ahgb a2 *ief ways ( occupation1 #ahgc2 :5 occupation ( o!rs' goods is lawful1 #aiba sqq4 ,see also ,!ft4 ,occupations1 =bidd5 to cl]ics1 #bfjc b4 ,odd ,fell[s1 ,society =bidd5 by ,*ur*1 #idf b4 ,(f]+s1 act ( religion1 #bahc4 ,(fice1 ,div9e1 di/ractions dur+1 #bagd2 obligation ( matt] & mann]1 #bfjj a2 excuses f ! obligation ( ! ,div9e ,(fice1 #bfja a4 ,(ficials1 ,public1 lawfulness ( revelations ab\t1 #bjga4 ,(fset1 def9ition (1 #aibg a4 ,old ,te/am5t1 moral precepts /ill b9d+1 #g2 c]emonial laws no long] obligatory1 #g4 ,om51 =m ( div9ation1 #bbhe d4 ,omissions1 volunt>y1 #cg2 effect ( may be volunt>y1 #ch4 ,oneiromancy1 =m ( div9ation1 #bbhd a4 ,op9ion1 z /ate ( consci5ce1 #ffb sqq4 ,ordeal by ,fire1 s9 aga9/ religion1 #bbhd c4 ,ord] ( ,*>ity1 #aaeh2 betwe5 neighbors1 #aaga sqq42 9 almsgiv+1 #abdg4 ,ord]s1 ,holy1 ,sacram5t (1 #bggg2 di/9ction ( ! ,ord]s1 #bggh2 ,major & ,m9or ,ord]s1 #bggh b2 hi]>*y ( ,ord]s1 #bggi a2 hi]>*y ( jurisdiction1 #bggi b2 matt] & =m ( ! v>i\s ,ord]s 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur*1 #bghj2 episcopal consecration1 #bghj a2 m9i/] ( ord9ation1 #bgha2 special duties ( m9i/]1 #bghb2 recipi5t ( ,ord]s1 #bghc2 conditions = validity ( reception1 #bghc a2 conditions = lawfulness ( reception1 #bghc b2 canonical requirem5ts = ord9ation1 #bghd2 irregul>ities1 #bghd b2 simple imp$im5ts1 #bghd b2 irregul>ities f defect or del9qu5cy1 #bghd b2 duties ( ord9&i accord+ to ,canon ,law1 #bghe a2 regi/ration ( ord9ations1 #bghf2 ord9ation ( acolyte1 #bghj a2 ord9ation ( exorci/1 #bghj a2 ord9ation ( port]1 #bghj a2 ord9ation ( read]1 #bghj a2 ord9ation ( subdeacon1 #bghj b2 ord9ation ( deacon1 #bghj c2 ord9ation ( prie/1 #bghj d4 ,ord9ances1 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #g4 ,ori5tals1 #hbb c4 ,orig9al ,s91 #bgb sqq4 ,ouija ,bo>ds1 =m ( div9ation1 #bbhd c4 ,own]%ip1 ,private1 all[$ by natural & div9e law1 #ahgb2 *ief titles to private own]%ip1 #ahgb4 ,pacifism1 ,extreme1 n inculcat$ by ,*ri/1 #acha4 ,pa91 ( loss1 #bha a2 ( s5se1 #bha b4 ,palpo1 def9ition1 #aggi e4 ,pan-,*ri/ianism1 #hbc b4 ,p>5ts1 duties ( *>ity & piety1 #bfcj2 comp5sation ( *ildr51 #bfca2 sex education ( *ildr51 #bfcb4 ,p>ticipation ( ,ca?olics 9 ,non-,ca?olic ,s]vices1 #ifa2 active & passive p>ticipation1 #ifb-igc2 ?+s :]e9 communication is possible2 #ifc2 simulat$ active assi/ance1 #ife2 cases ( communication 9 false wor%ip1 #ifg sqq42 cases :]e a communication 9 ano!r ,ca?olic ,rite is all[$1 #igj2 p>ticipation 9 non-sacram5tal rites1 #iga2 p>ticipation 9 religi\s places1 times & objects1 #igb4 ,p>tn]%ip1 #agdi b4 ,passion1 z ob/acle to cons5t1 #dj1 #de2 antec$5t1 makes act less free1 #dh2 consequ5t1 does n affect volunt>9ess ( acts1 #di2 :5 x removes or dim9i%es !ological guilt1 #agfd a4 ,passions1 def9ition1 #de1 #aaf sqq42 def9ition1 #aag2 concupiscible1 #aah-aai2 irascible1 #aah1 #abj2 moral value (1 #aba sqq42 physical1 m5tal & moral dang]s (1 #abf2 antec$5t or involunt>y 7fir/ motions ( ! s\l71 #abi2 consequ5t or volunt>y 7second motions ( ! s\l71 #abi2 inhibition (1 #aca2 important influ5ce ( habits on1 #adj4 ,pa/or1 duty to give ,sacram5ts1 #bfgf a2 duties 9 ref]5ce to ,baptism1 #bfhh2 to ,confirmation1 #bfih2 to ,communion1 #bgjg c2 to wor%ip1 #bgjh c2 to celebration ( ,mass1 #bgaj b2 to application ( ,mass pro populo1 #bgad a2 jurisdiction = confession1 #bgea a2 on res]v$ cases1 #bged b2 duty to he> confessions1 #bgef b2 to give ,extreme ,unction1 #bgge c2 rank among ! cl]gy1 #bggi b2 duties 9 ref]5ce to m>riage1 #bhjb1 #bhjg1 #bhjh1 #bhbj sqq41 #bhbf1 #bhbi4 ,pa?ological ,/ates1 see ,abnormal ,m5tal ,/ates4 ,pati5ce1 ,fruit ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 #afc2 act ( =titude1 #bddg b2 def9ition1 #bdec2 pati5ce diff]s f temp]ance1 #bdec a2 diff]s f longsuff]+ & con/ancy1 #bdec c2 greatness ( pati5ce1 #bded2 vices oppos$ to pati5ce1 #bdee2 virtue ( /eadfa/ness1 #bdef4 ,patriolatry1 s9 aga9/ piety1 #bcdi a4 ,patriotism1 v l to religion1 #bcdf d4 ,pawn1 #agdi d4 ,pawn+1 unju/ifiable1 #ahgi g4 ,peace1 ,fruit ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 #afc2 z effect ( *>ity1 #aaie sqq42 reconciliation ) ,god1 #aaif2 reconciliation ) enemies1 #aaif2 reconciliation ) enemies dem&$ by *>ity1 #aaih2 :at duty ( reconciliation dem&s1 #aaii2 :at ?is duty necessitates1 #aaii sqq42 p]son :o %\ld make ! fir/ advances1 #abjb2 mann] & "t ( seek+ reconciliation1 #abjc-jd2 s9s aga9/ peace1 #acdg sqq4 ,see ,discord2 ,cont5tion2 ,s*ism2 ,w>2 ,fight+2 ,duell+2 ,s$ition4 ,p$]a/y1 k9d ( impurity1 #becd c4 ,pelagianism1 #hbb c4 ,p5ance1 ,sacram5t (1 #bgbg2 remote matt]1 #bgbg a2 proximate matt]1 #bgbg b2 =m (1 #bgbg c2 subject (1 #bgbg d2 ,probabilism 9 adm9i/ration ( ,sacram5t1 #bgbh2 contrition ! fir/ act ( ! p5it5t1 #bgbi2 valid & fruitful reception ( ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance1 #bgcd2 resolution ( am5dm5t1 #bgcf2 confession1 second act ( p5it5t1 #bgcg2 qualities ( confession1 #bgch2 gravity ( ly+ to confessor1 #bgci2 integral confession1 #bgdj2 mat]ial & =mal complet5ess1 #bgdj a1 b2 moral species ( s9 mu/ be confess$1 #bgda a2 numb] ( s9s mu/ be giv51 #bgda b2 circum/ances t *ange ! species mu/ be decl>$1 #bgda c2 ext]nal act t complet$ an int]nal s9 mu/ be decl>$1 #bgda d2 circum/ances t notably aggravate a s9 )\t *ang+ its species1 #bgdb a2 ext]nal effects ( a s9 mu/ be confess$1 #bgdb b2 unc]ta9 s9s mu/ be confess$1 #bgdb c2 :5 mat]ial integrity is n necess>y1 #bgdc2 completion or repetition ( pa/ incomplete ,confessions1 #bgdd2 :5 a g5]al ,confession %\ld be made1 #bgdd c2 satisfaction1 ! ?ird act ( ! p5it5t1 #bgde2 effects ( actual satisfaction1 #bgdf2 conditions = effective satisfaction1 #bgdg2 obligation ( accept+ & p]=m+ a p5ance1 #bgdh2 causes t excuse f a p5ance impos$1 #bgdi2 requirem5ts 9 ! m9i/] = valid absolution1 #bgej2 p[] ( jurisdiction1 #bgea2 :5 ! ,*ur* supplies jurisdiction 7cases ( common error & ( unc]ta9ty ( law or fact71 #bgeb2 limitation ( jurisdiction1 #bgec2 res]v$ s9s1 #bgec a2 res]v$ p]sons1 #bgec b2 absolution f res]v$ cases1 #bged2 absolution giv5 by "o n possess$ ( jurisdiction1 #bgee2 duties ( confessor be=e confession1 #bgef2 duties ( confessor z judge 9 he>+ ! case1 #bgeg2 duties ( confessor 9 decid+ ab\t cases1 #bgeh2 duties ( confessor 9 pass+ s5t5ce1 #bgei2 p5it5ts to :om absolution %\ld be d5i$1 #bgfj2 backslid]s 7recidivi/s71 #bgfj c2 obligation1 quality & quantity ( sacram5tal p5ance1 #bgfa2 duties ( ! confessor z spiritual physician1 #bgfb2 duties ( ! confessor z tea*] & guide1 #bgfc2 spiritual direction1 #bgfd b2 duties ( ! confessor aft] confession1 #bgfd2 ,probabilism or epieikeia may n be appli$ to sacram5tal seal1 #bgfd a2 attitude ( confessor to tempt$ & afflict$1 #bgfb b2 attitude to scrupul\s1 #bgfb b2 treatm5t ( sick & dy+1 #bgfb b2 attitude t[>ds ! pi\s1 #bgfb b2 attitude t[>ds ! h>d5$ s9n]1 #bgfb b2 mann] ( repair+ defects made 9 he>+ a confession1 #bgfe2 excuses f duty ( repair+ mi/akes1 #bgff2 obligation ( seal ( confession1 #bgfg2 s9s aga9/ ! seal ( confession1 #bgfh2 special abuses to :i* confession is expos$1 #bgfi2 dang] ( defamation1 #bgfi a2 dang] ( impurity1 #bgfi b2 absolutio complicis1 #bggj2 effectus legis de absolutione complicis1 #bgga2 sollicitatio 9 confessione1 #bggb2 d5untiatio sollicitantis1 #bggc4 ,p]ception1 #afcg b4 ,pessimism1 defective judgm5t1 #agca f4 ,philan?ropy1 z di/+ui%$ f almsgiv+1 #abai4 ,philosophy1 use 9 ,moral ,!ology4 #aa1 #ab4 ,phr5ology1 =m ( div9ation1 #bbhe b4 ,physicians1 duties (1 #bfea c4 ,physiognomy1 div9ation by1 #bbhe b4 ,pictures1 :5 obsc5e1 #adef a4 ,piety1 ,gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 #afj b2 a pot5tial "p ( ju/ice1 #badb b2 v>i\s s5ses (1 #bcde2 def9ition ( virtue ( piety1 #bcdf2 rev]5ce requir$ by piety1 #bcdg2 assi/ance requir$ by piety1 #bcdh2 s9s aga9/ piety1 #bcdi2 malice ( s9s aga9/ piety1 #bcej2 ,gift ( ,piety direct$ to ,our ,fa!r 9 ,heav51 #bdcc a4 ,plants1 :5 !y may be occupi$1 #ahgc b4 ,plays1 :5 obsc5e1 #adef c2 =mal coop]ation ) evil plays1 #aeca2 mat]ial coop]ation )1 #aecb4 ,pleasures1 ,s5sible1 & temp]ance1 #bdfa b4 ,pleasures1 ,spiritual1 & temp]ance1 #bdfa b4 ,pl$ge1 #agdi d4 ,pollution1 see ,impurity4 ,pope1 au!ntic int]pret] ( all ecclesia/ical laws1 #dhf2 ?ree ways ( reject+ papal decisions1 #acfi4 ,positive ,me?od1 9 ,moral ,!ology1 #ac4 ,possessors1 ,unlawful1 ?ree k9ds (1 #aggj sqq42 obligations 9 ref]5ce to ! prop]ty & its fruits1 #agga sqq4 ,pov]ty1 v[ & virtue1 #bfab a4 ,p[] ( ,jurisdiction1 & dom9ative p[]1 #bcef4 ,practicality1 #afde4 ,praise ( ,god1 #bbfi2 int]nal & ext]nal praise ( ,god1 #bbgj2 excell5ce ( praise ( ,god1 #bbga2 qualities t %\ld be pres5t 9 ! div9e praises1 #bbgb4 ,pray]1 def9ition1 #baec2 ! psy*ology ( pray]1 #baed2 ! necessity ( pray]1 #baee2 a duty = all adults1 #baef2 times & frequ5cy ( pray]1 #baeg2 coroll>ies ab\t pray] & confession1 #baeh2 to :om pray] may be (f]$1 #baei2 p]sons = :om pray] is (f]$1 #bafj2 ?+s t may be pray$ =1 #bafa2 qualities ( pray]1 #bafb2 confid5ce requisite = successful pray]1 #bafc2 att5tion & int5tion 9 pray]1 #bafd2 actual1 virtual & habitual int5tion 9 pray]1 #bafe a1 b1 c2 int]nal or ext]nal1 v]bal or sup]ficial1 lit]al1 spiritual1 p]fect or imp]fect att5tion 9 pray]1 #baff2 acts t exclude ext]nal att5tion1 #bafg2 :5 ext]nal att5tion is suffici5t1 #bafh2 k9d ( int]nal att5tion requir$ 9 pray]1 #bafi2 di/ractions 9 pray]1 #bagj2 volunt>y & involunt>y di/ractions1 #baga2 s9fulness ( di/raction 9 pray]1 #bagb2 di/ractions dur+ ,div9e ,(fice1 #bagd4 ,precepts1 axiomatic & inf]r$1 #cjj2 g5]al & p>ticul>1 #cja2 ecclesia/ical1 #eae-eai4 ,precepts ( ! ,*ur*1 ,fir/ d]iv$ f natural & div9e z well z ecclesia/ical law1 #bege a2 affirmative & negative p>ts ( ,fir/ ,precept1 #begf2 h[ ,mass mu/ be he>d1 #begg2 ext]nal & bodily assi/ance1 #begg a2 int]nal or m5tal assi/ance requires actual or virtual int5tion ( w1 #begg b2 ! necess>y att5tion1 #begg b2 "t & place ( ,mass1 #begh2 s]vile works1 #begi2 =5sic & comm]cial labors =bidd51 #begi b2 lib]al works tol]at$1 #behj b2 def9ition ( common works1 #beha a2 d\btful works1 #beha b2 lawfulness ( hir+ non-,ca?olics to d s]vile "w1 #behb2 obligation ( ,fir/ ,precept1 #behc2 excuses f obs]vance ( ,fir/ ,precept1 #behd2 scope ( ,second ,precept1 #behf2 def9ition ( fle% meat1 #behf a2 bro? & condim5ts1 #behf c2 obligation ( ,second ,precept1 #behg #ba2 exceptions to ! obligation1 #behg c2 ! obligation ( fa/+1 #behh sqq42 scope ( ,?ird ,precept1 #beij2 subject & matt] ( ,?ird ,precept1 #beij a2 "t = fulfillm5t ( ,?ird ,precept1 #beij2 orig9 & gravity ( ,?ird ,precept1 #beia2 scope ( ,f\r? ,precept1 #beib2 orig9 & gravity ( ,f\r? ,precept1 #beic a2 ,fif? ,precept1 #beid2 ,six? ,precept ( ! ,*ur*1 #beid4 ,prescription1 title to private own]%ip1 #ahgb b2 conditions = valid prescription1 #ahge2 may t]m9ate ! obligation ( contract1 #ahhi b4 ,presumption1 s9 (1 #ajge sqq42 def9ition1 #ajgh2 objects (1 #ajgi2 comp>ison ) temptation ( ,god & blasphem\s hope1 #ajha2 malice (1 #ajhb2 gravity comp>$ ) o!r s9s1 #ajhc2 presumption & unbelief1 #ajhd2 presumption takes away virtue ( hope1 #ajhe2 causes (1 #ajia2 vice aga9/ greatness ( s\l1 #bdej a4 ,presumption ( a ,pact1 #feb4 ,pret5ce1 see ,simulation4 ,price1 j & unju/1 see ,fraud4 ,pride1 z orig9 ( discord1 #aced2 orig9 ( cont5tion1 #acfb2 cause ( contumely1 #bjag a2 def9ition ( pride1 #beeg2 acts ( pride1 #beeh a2 s9fulness ( pride1 #beei a2 pride comp>$ ) o!r s9s1 #befj n2 pride "m ( ! sev5 capital s9s1 #befj c4 ,pr9ciples1 fir/ & second>y1 #cjj a2 reflex1 see ,reflex ,pr9ciples4 ,prison1 escape f1 lawfulness1 #aihb b4 ,prison]s1 treatm5t dur+ w>1 #adab1 #adag4 ,privilege1 ,paul9e1 see ,matrimony1 ,sacram5t (4 ,privileges1 #eba sqq42 def9ition1 #eba2 wide & /rict int]pretation (1 #ebb2 obligation to accept & use1 #ebc4 ,probabiliorism1 see ,sy/ems1 ,moral4 ,probability1 intr9sic signs (1 #ffe a2 extr9sic signs (1 #ffe b2 k9ds (1 #gjc2 ( law1 #gaa a2 ( fact1 #gaa b1 #gab4 ,probabilism1 see ,sy/ems1 ,moral4 ,prodigality1 a vice oppos$ to lib]ality1 #bdbg2 s9fulness1 #bdbh2 comp>ison ( av>ice & prodigality1 #bdbi4 ,promotion ( ,undes]v+ ,c&idates1 #ageh4 ,pr(ession ( ,fai?1 comm&m5t (1 #ich sqq4 ,see ,fai?4 ,prop5sities1 ,natural1 effect on volunt>9ess ( acts1 #ed4 ,prop]ty1 ,private1 *ief ways 9 :i* x may be occupi$1 #ahgc2 :5 lo/ prop]ty may be occupi$1 #ahgc d2 conv]sion ( prop]ty aga9/ ! wi%es ( own]1 #ahia b2 conv]sion ( prop]ty1 #ahia4 ,propriety1 integral "p ( temp]ance1 #bdje b2 propriety ( ext]nal acts1 #beab4 ,prote/antism1 #hbb e4 ,provid5ce1 #afch b4 ,prud5ce1 #adf1 #aej2 rank$ fir/ among c>d9al virtues1 #afbf2 def9ition ( prud5ce1 #afbg2 "o ( ! two practical virtues ( intellect1 #afbg a2 inf]ior to ! ,gift ( ,wisdom1 #afbg b2 objects ( act ( prud5ce1 #afbh a2 prud5ce conc]n$ ) application ( tru?s & fir/ pr9ciples ( morality to cont+5t & p>ticul> cases1 #afbh b2 =mal object ( prud5ce1 #afbi a2 mat]ial object1 #afbi a2 prud5ce ne$s c]titude1 #afcj2 relation ( prud5ce to ! o!r moral virtues1 #afca a2 prud5ce rules ! inf]ior virtues & s]ves ! sup]ior1 #afcb2 prud5ce & ! intellectual virtues1 #afcb a2 prud5ce & ! !ological virtues1 #afcb b2 ! ex]cise ( prud5ce1 #afcc2 ! ?ree acts ( prud5ce1 delib]ation1 decision1 direction1 #afcc2 qualities ( prud5ce1 #afcd2 moral1 integral1 subjective1 pote/ative p>ts ( prud5ce1 #afce1 #afcf2 integral p>ts ( prud5ce1 #afcg2 prud5ce kn[s h[ to reason correctly1 #afch a2 subjective p>ts ( prud5ce1 #afci2 individual prud5ce1 #afci a1 #afdd a2 social prud5ce1 #afci b2 political prud5ce1 #afdj a1 #afdd c1 #afdh2 dome/ic prud5ce1 #afdj b1 #afdd b1 #afej2 gov]nm5tal prud5ce1 #afdb a2 milit>y prud5ce1 #afdb b1 #afdd d2 utility ( prud5ce = society1 #afdc2 pot5tial p>ts ( prud5ce1 #afdf2 p]sons :o possess prud5ce1 #afdh2 evil prud5ce1 #afea a2 imp]fect prud5ce1 #afea2 indiff]5t prud5ce1 #afea b2 good prud5ce1 #afea c2 infus$ prud5ce1 #afed a2 prud5ce 9 "y p1 #afee a2 =m$ habit ( prud5ce1 #afee a2 prud5ce a duty ( sup]ior1 #bfce a2 =mative prud5ce1 #afee b4 ,pub]ty1 ,age (1 #dcc4 ,puni%m5t1 et]nal & temporal1 #bhj4 ,puni%m5t1 ,capital1 lawfulness (1 #ahbj2 :5 x %\ld n be impos$1 #ahba2 unlawful kill+ ( (f5d]s1 #ahbc a4 ,puni%m5ts1 ,bodily1 #ahgj4 ,punitive ,/]ilization1 #ahfi b4 ,purity1 ,virtue (1 #bdhf2 def9ition1 #bdhf2 def9ition ( *a/ity1 #bdhf a2 def9ition ( dec5cy1 #bdhf b4 ,see also ,virg9ity2 ,impurity4 ,purpose1 ,wrong1 may make v5ial s9 mortal1 #aia2 or mortal v5ial1 #aie4 ,pusillanimity1 #ajhd2 z inc5tive to envy1 #accj2 vice aga9/ greatness ( s\l1 #bdea a4 ,pyromancy1 =m ( div9ation1 #bbhd c4 ,py?ian ,si/]s1 ,society =bidd5 by ,*ur*1 #idf b4 ,py?onism1 =m ( div9ation1 #bbhd b4 ,quickness1 #afcg b4 ,rancor1 caus$ by slo?1 #acbd4 ,rape1 #bebi4 ,ra% ,op9ion1 #agcc4 ,see also ,judgm5t1 ,ra%4 ,rationalism1 #hdg4 ,reason1 ,age (1 #dcc4 ,reason1 ,natural1 use 9 ,moral ,!ology1 #aa2 z subject ( s91 #bca4 ,read+1 ,dang]\s1 #hdi sqq42 =bidd5 by natural & ecclesia/ical law1 #hej4 ,rebeccas1 ,society =bidd5 by ,*ur*1 #idf b4 ,rebellion1 n s*ism1 #acfd4 ,rec\pm5t1 def9ition (1 #aibg a4 ,reflex ,pr9ciples1 = solution ( d\bts1 #feg sqq42 may supply indirect c]titude1 #feb b4 ,regulae pro confess>iis de licitis et illicitis1 9 conjugio1 #bfbe4 ,relation%ips1 v>i\s k9ds1 #aage4 ,relatives1 ord] ( *>ity among1 #aagf sqq42 duties ( ne>1 #bfcd4 ,relaxation1 z virtue1 #befg a1 b2 s9s oppos$ to mod]ate enjoym5t1 #befh a4 ,religion1 ,virtue (1 reg>d$ by "s z sup]ior to ju/ice1 #agag a2 a pot5tial "p ( ju/ice1 #badb a2 def9ition ( ! virtue1 #bade2 religion z a moral virtue1 #badf2 sup]iority ( religion z a virtue1 #badg2 necessity ( ! acts ( religion1 #badh2 int]nal acts ( religion1 #badi2 def9ition ( devotion1 #baej2 ext]nal & int]nal causes ( devotion1 #baeb2 ext]nal acts ( religion1 #bage2 def9ition ( adoration1 #bagf2 diff]5ce betwe5 latria & hyp]dulia & dulia1 #bfga b2 diff]5ce betwe5 latria & civil homage1 #bagf b2 unity & v>iety ( adoration1 #bagg2 def9ition ( sacrifice1 #bagh2 ess5tials ( sacrifice1 #bagi2 obligation ( sacrifice1 #bahj2 exemptions f sacrifice bas$ on ! natural law1 #baha2 sacrifice comp>$ ) ! o!r acts ( religion1 #bahb2 goods unsuitable z (f]+s to ,god1 #bahd2 contributions to religion1 #bahe2 obligation ( contribut+ to ! support ( ! cl]gy1 #bahf2 quality ( ! obligation ( contribut+ to ! ,*ur*1 #bahh2 prie/'s attitude t[>ds p]sons refus+ to contribute1 #bahi2 ^? to :om religi\s contributions are due1 #baij2 ext]nal acts ( religion 9 honor ( ,god1 #bbdd4 ,religion1 ,s9s aga9/1 #bbgc2 sup]/ition1 #bbgd2 false wor%ip1 #bbgd a2 sup]flu\s wor%ip1 #bbgd b2 s9fulness ( improp] wor%ip ( ,god1 #bbge2 wor%ip ( false deity1 #bbgf2 def9ition ( idolatry1 #bbgg2 k9ds ( idolatry1 #bbgh2 s9fulness ( idolatry1 #bbgi2 comp>ison ( diff]5t s9s ( idolatry1 #bbhj2 idolatry possible 9 ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 #bbha2 def9ition ( div9ation1 #bbhb2 di/9ction betwe5 ! fact & s9 ( div9ation1 #bbhc2 =ms ( explicit invocation1 #bbhd2 =ms ( implicit invocation1 #bbhe2 malice ( ! s9 ( div9ation1 #bbhf2 :5 k is obta9$ f ,god1 #bbhg2 :5 k is obta9$ ?r\gh natural causes1 #bbhh2 use ( lots1 #bbhi2 va9 obs]vance1 #bbij2 =ms ( va9 obs]vance1 #bbia2 di/9ction betwe5 fact & s9 ( va9 obs]vance1 #bbic2 sup]/ition 9 religi\s obs]vances1 #bbid2 s9fulness ( va9 obs]vance1 #bbie2 coop]ation 9 div9ation or o!r =m ( sup]/ition1 #bbif2 d\btful cases ( va9 obs]vance1 #bbig2 licitness ( us+ d\btfully sup]/iti\s means1 #bbih2 irreligi\sness1 #bbii2 temptation ( ,god1 #bcjj2 cases :]e9 !re is no temptation ( ,god1 #bcja2 k9ds ( temptation ( ,god1 #bcjb2 causes t exclude ! int]pretative temptation ( ,god1 #bcjc2 refusal ( m$ic9e or hygi5ic c>e1 #bcjd2 s9fulness ( temptation ( ,god1 #bcje2 malice ( temptation ( ,god1 #bcjf4 ,see also ,sacrilege2 ,simony4 ,religi\s1 special duties (1 #bfaa2 p]fection ( *>ity1 #bfaa a2 evangelical c\nsels1 #bfaa b2 obligation ( ! ?ree pr9cipal v[s1 #bfab a4 ,remorse ( ,consci5ce1 p5alty ( s91 #bgi4 ,rep5tance1 ,virtue (1 #bgah2 "* ( rep5tance1 #bgbj2 excell5ce1 #bgba2 dignity1 #bgba a2 necessity1 #bgba b2 rep5tance z a means & z a precept1 #bgbb2 accompanim5ts ( rep5tance1 #bgbd2 fruits (1 #bgbe2 re/ores infus$ virtues & =m] m]its1 #bgbe c2 removes e s91 #bgbe a4 ,reproa*1 def9ition1 #bjab b4 ,reprisals1 9 w>1 #adag4 ,reputation1 :5 *>ity requires "o to seek good reputation1 #aege2 :5 sacrifice ( reputation is lawful & unlawful1 #aegf2 :5 self-detraction is lawful1 #aegg2 def9ition ( good1 true1 false1 ord9>y & extraord9>y reputation1 #bjcd a-c2 "r to good reputation1 #bjce2 "r to true & false reputation1 #bjcg2 mean+ ( ! expression 8infam\s 9 a c]ta9 place10 #bjea2 rights t h prec$5ce ov] a false reputation1 #bjfh2 unlawful attack on ano!r's false reputation1 #bjfi2 conditions t ju/ify revelation ( ano!r's defects1 #bjgj2 revelations ab\t public (ficials or c&idates = public (fice1 #bjga4 ,see also ,defamation4 ,rescripts1 #ebj4 ,res]vation1 /rict & broad m5tal res]vation 9 an oa?1 #bbea4 ,see also ,ly+4 ,resid5t1 def9ition1 #dcg2 :5 subject to laws1 #dch4 ,re/itution1 di/9ct f paym5t1 re/oration & satisfaction1 #agea2 diff]5ce betwe5 satisfaction & re/itution1 #ageb2 :5 re/itution is due1 #agec2 confessor's duties reg>d+ ! obligation ( re/itution1 #agfj2 roots ( re/itution1 #agfb2 :5 unju/ damage obliges to re/itution1 #agfc2 re/itution = damages t are only v5ially s9ful b s]i\sly h>mful1 #agfe2 = damages only juridically culpable1 #agff2 = c>eless dis*>ge ( fiduci>y duties1 #agfh2 re/itution :5 culpability seems d\btful1 #agfi2 coop]ators & re/itution1 #aggh2 circum/ances ( re/itution1 #agha2 re/itution 9 solidum or pro rata1 #aghc2 ord] ( re/itution among coop]ators1 #aghd2 p]son to :om re/itution mu/ be made1 #aghf2 cr$itors ) "r 9 re h pref]5ce ov] cr$itors ) "r ad rem1 #aghg2 8?+0 to be re/or$1 #aghi2 8am\nt0 ( re/itution 9 c]ta9 cases1 #agij2 8mann]0 ( mak+ re/itution1 #agia2 second re/itution1 #agib2 8"t0 :5 re/itution mu/ be made1 #agic2 unju/ refusal to make re/itution1 #agid2 8place0 :]e re/itution mu/ be made1 #agie1 #agif2 causes t excuse tempor>ily f re/itution1 #agig2 causes t excuse p]man5tly f re/itution1 #agih2 excuse f re/itution on acc\nt ( d\btfulness ( obligation1 #ahjj2 re/itution = fru/ration ( ano!r's good1 #ahjb a2 re/itution = injury done to goods ( =tune1 #ahjb b2 re/itution = injury done to goods ( body or p]sonal goods1 #ahjb c2 re/itution = unju/ homicide or mutilation1 #ahjc2 re/itution = =nication or adult]y1 #ahjc b2 re/itution = injuries ( s\l1 #ahjc c2 re/itution = occupi$ goods1 #aibb2 re/itution ( bribes1 etc41 #aidf c2 re/itution = jail-break+1 #aihc2 obligation ( witness to make re/itution1 #aiib2 :5 a lawy] is b\nd to re/itution1 #bjjh2 re/itution = contumely1 #bjba sqq42 cessation ( obligation ( re/itution = contumely1 #bjbf2 re/itution = defamation1 #bjhe sqq42 re/itution ( temporal price receiv$ = spiritual ?+1 #bcdj2 re/itution ( temporal price receiv$ = temporal ?+s annex$ to spirituals1 #bcda2 circum/ances ( re/itution = simony1 #bcdb2 re/itution ( spiritual ?+ simoniacally receiv$1 #bcdc2 re/itution necessitat$ by brea* ( promise to m>ry1 #bfbh d2 re/itution = !ft4 ,see also ,comp5sation4 ,re/ra9t1 def9ition1 #ahff d4 ,revelations1 private1 #geg4 ,rev]5ce1 pot5tial "p ( ju/ice1 #badb c2 def9ition ( virtue1 #bcea2 species ( honor1 #bceb2 obligation ( religi\s cult ( dulia1 #bced4 ,revilem5t1 def9ition1 #bjab b4 ,rights1 prec$5ce 9 case ( collision1 #bib4 ,robb]y1 comp>ison ) !ft1 #ahib a2 k9ds ( !ft & robb]y1 #ahic a2 :at con/itutes grave matt] 9 robb]y1 #ahif4 ,see also ,!ft2 ,inju/ice4 ,rubrics1 directive & preceptive1 9 adm9i/ration ( ! ,sacram5ts1 #bffi c4 ,rud5ess1 vice opposite to mode/y1 #beff b4 ,sacram5ts1 ( ,old ,te/am5t1 #cci2 d5ial ( ,*ri/ian ,sacram5ts 9 cases ( sc&al1 #adic2 nature ( ,sacram5t1 #bfed2 outw>d sign1 #bfed a2 in/itut] ( ,sacram5ts1 #bfed b2 purpose ( ,sacram5ts1 #bfed c2 ,sacram5ts ( ! ,dead & ( ! ,liv+1 #bfed c2 indelible "* ( "s ,sacram5ts1 #bfed c2 matt] & =m ( ! ,sacram5ts1 #bfee2 sub/antial *anges 9 matt] or =m1 #bfee a2 sub/antial sep>ations ( matt] & =m1 #bfee b2 simultaneity ( matt] & =m1 #bfef2 accid5tal *anges or sep>ations ( matt] & =m1 #bfeh2 sub/antial *anges or sep>ations1 #bfei2 d\btful matt]1 #bffj2 ,sacram5ts t h a necessity ( means1 #bffa2 reception ( ,sacram5ts 9 re or 9 voto1 #bffb2 ,sacram5ts t h a necessity ( precept1 #bffc2 tw(old m9i/ry ( ! ,sacram5ts 7production & be/[al71 #bffd2 requirem5ts 9 ! m9i/] = valid p]=mance ( ,sacram5t1 #bffe2 necess>y int5tion1 #bfff2 virtual1 actual1 habitual & int]pretative int5tion1 #bfff b2 rules on plurality ( int5tions1 #bffg2 requisites = use ( conditional int5tion1 #bffh2 lawful adm9i/ration ( ,sacram5ts1 #bffi2 m9i/]'s wor?9ess be=e ,god1 #bffi a2 m9i/]'s wor?9ess be=e ,*ur*1 #bffi b2 wor?9ess ( m9i/ration1 #bffi c2 directive & preceptive rubrics1 #bffi c2 explanation ( c]emonies advis$1 #bffi c2 multiplication ( s9s by unwor?y adm9i/ration1 #bfgj2 requirem5ts = valid ,sacram5t 9 recipi5t1 #bfga2 qualities ( recipi5t's int5tion1 #bfgb2 neutral int5tion1 #bfgb b2 :5 virtual int5tion is necess>y1 #bfgc2 :5 habitual & explicit int5tion suffices1 #bfgd b2 :5 habitual & implicit int5tion suffices1 #bfgd b2 requirem5ts = lawful or fruitful reception ( ,sacram5t by adult1 #bfge2 obligation ( m9i/] to conf] ,sacram5ts1 #bfgf2 obligation ( pa/or to conf] ,sacram5ts1 #bfgf a2 :5 m9i/] is b\nd to d5y !m1 #bfgg2 adm9i/ration to unwor?y p]sons1 #bfgh2 simulation & dissimulation ( ,sacram5t1 #bfhj2 adm9i/ration ( ,p5ance & ,extreme ,unction to h]etics & s*ismatics1 #bfha2 repetition ( ,sacram5t on acc\nt ( invalid adm9i/ration1 #bfhb2 reception ( ,sacram5t f unwor?y m9i/]1 #bfhc2 =giv5ess ( s9 ?r\gh use ( ,sacram5ts1 #bgbf4 ,sacram5t1 ,bless$1 see ,eu*>i/1 ,holy4 ,sacram5tals1 def9ition1 #bfhd2 necessity & use1 #bfhd a1 b4 ,sacrifice1 see ,religion1 ,virtue (4 ,sacrilege1 def9ition1 #bcjh2 violation ( :at k9d ( consecration involves sacrilege8 #bcji2 is sacrilege a special s98 #bcaj2 species ( sacrilege1 #bcaa2 p]sonal sacrilege1 #bcaa a2 local sacrilege1 #bcaa b2 desecration1 a =m ( sacrilege1 #bcaa b2 pr(anation1 a =m ( sacrilege1 #bcaa b2 real sacrilege1 #bcaa c2 special cases reg>d+ local sacrilege1 #bcab2 cases :]e9 !re is no sacrilege1 #bcac2 sacr$ness z aggravat+ circum/ance ( s91 #bcad2 malice ( sacrilege1 #bcae2 conditions t gov]n gravity ( sacrilege1 #bcaf2 c>nal sacrilege1 #becc2 p]sonal sacrilege1 #becc c2 local sacrilege1 #becc d2 real sacrilege1 #becc e4 ,sadness1 concupiscible passion1 #aai4 ,sapphism1 =m ( impurity1 #becd c4 ,satisfaction1 = s91 #bhc4 ,see also ,p5ance1 ,sacram5t (4 ,sc&al1 v>i\s uses ( ^w1 #adde-df2 def9ition1 #addg2 causes (1 #addh2 directly int5tional 7diabolical7 & indirectly int5tional1 #adej2 active & passive1 #adec2 acts t give sc&al1 #aded2 obsc5ity 7q4v471 #adee sqq42 results ( sc&al1 #adei2 sc&al resembles solicitation & complicity1 #adfj2 p]sons apt to be sc&aliz$1 #adfa2 sc&al giv5 & sc&al tak51 #adfd2 ,ph>isaic sc&al & 8sc&al ( little ones10 #adfd b2 s9fulness1 #adfe2 is sc&al a di/9ct species ( s98 #adff2 h[ sc&al %\ld be confess$1 #adfg2 responsibility ( sc&aliz] = injuries to ?ird p>ties1 #adgj-ga2 gravity ( s91 #adgb2 is any p]son immune f sc&al8 #adge2 duty ( avoid+1 #adgg2 sc&al ( ! weak =bidd5 by ! natural law1 #adgi2 surr5d] ( temporal goods to avoid sc&al1 #adhc2 surr5d] ( ,*ur* goods to avoid sc&al1 #adhf-hg2 duty ( repair+ sc&al1 #adhh2 ways ( repair+1 #adhi2 public & private sc&al1 #adij a2 ord9>y & extraord9>y1 #adij b2 d5ial ( ,sacram5ts 9 cases ( sc&al1 #adic2 prohibition aga9/1 #aeeb4 ,s*ism1 books 9 favor (1 =bidd51 #hee b2 def9ition1 #acfd2 pr9cipal s*ismatic movem5ts1 #acfe2 directly & indirectly volunt>y s*ism1 #acff2 s*ism committ$ 9 two ways1 #acfh2 ?ree ways ( reject+ decisions ( ,pope1 #acfi2 s*ism comp>$ ) h]esy1 #acgj2 opposition betwe5 s*ism & *>ity1 #acga2 greate/ s9 aga9/ neighbor1 #acgb a2 n s s]i\s z unbelief1 #acgb b2 =mal & mat]ial s*ism1 #acgc4 ,s*ismatics1 spiritual p[]s (1 #acgd4 ,s*ola/ic ,me?od1 9 ,moral ,!ology1 #ac4 ,s*ools1 ,dang]\s1 #hfg sqq42 sect>ian & neutral1 #hfg2 absolution ( p>5ts ( *ildr5 att5d+1 #hgb2 ,ca?olic tea*]s 9 non-,ca?olic s*ools1 #hgd4 ,sci5ces1 ,natural1 use 9 ,moral ,!ology1 #ab4 ,scripture1 z ,s\rce ( ,moral ,!ology1 #g4 ,scrupul\s1 see ,consci5ce4 ,seal ( ,confession1 see ,p5ance1 ,sacram5t (4 ,second ,sight1 #bbhe a4 ,secret1 violation ( 7infidelity71 #bdjg2 def9ition ( a secret1 #bdjh2 natural1 promis$1 entru/$ or committ$ secret1 #bdjh2 s9fulness ( violat+ secret1 #bdji2 pry+ into o!rs' secrets1 #bdaj2 read+ ano!r's lett]s or pap]s1 #bdaa2 lawfulness ( utiliz+ k ( secret1 #bdab2 s9 committ$ by /eal+ or unduly us+ secret ( ano!r1 #bdac2 obligation ( keep+ secret1 #bdad2 comp>ison ( secrets z reg>ds b9d+ =ce1 #bdae2 cases :]e9 x is n necess>y to keep secret1 #bdaf2 cases :]e9 x is n lawful to keep secret1 #bdag2 lawfulness ( reveal+ secret le>n$ by /eal? or =ce1 #bdbj4 ,s$ition1 def9ition1 #addj2 di/9ct species ( s91 #adda2 resi/ance to tyrannical gov]nm5t n s9ful1 #addc4 ,s$uction1 #adie sqq42 def9ition1 #adif2 malice1 #adig2 diff]s f m]e p]mission to s91 #aejj2 s9ful reque/1 #aeja2 advice to commit evil1 #aejb2 pre>rangem5t ( circum/ances t lead to s91 #aejd4 ,self-,abuse1 =m ( impurity1 #becd a4 ,self-,beautification1 morality (1 #begj4 ,self-,defamation1 s9 oppos$ to *>ity1 #bjbh e4 ,self-,def5se1 ,"r (1 #ahbf2 conditions = ex]cise ( ?is "r1 #ahbf a2 self-def5se mu/ be mod]ate1 #ahcc2 :5 x is obligatory1 #ahcf2 :5 x is n obligatory1 #ahcg2 def5se ( neighbor's life aga9/ unju/ aggressor1 #ahch2 def5se ( mat]ial goods aga9/ unju/ aggressor1 #ahdj2 def5se ( bodily purity aga9/ an unju/ aggressor1 #ahda2 def5se ( bodily integrity aga9/ an unju/ aggrossor1 #ahdb2 def5se ( honor or reputation1 #ahdc4 ,self-,depreciation1 =m ( ly+1 #bdjf4 ,self-,glorification1 =m ( ly+1 #bdjf4 ,self-,love1 comm&m5t (1 #aefa2 und]/ood 9 _m s5ses1 #aefa2 s9ful1 natural & sup]natural1 #aacf2 *>ity dem&s an elicit$ sup]natural self-love1 #aefb2 dem&s pursuit ( all goods necess>y = atta9m5t ( happ9ess1 #aefc2 c>e ( ! m9d1 #aefd2 neglect ( education s9ful1 #aefe2 c>e ( ! body & heal?1 #aeff2 c>e z to food & dr9k1 #aefg2 fre% air1 re/1 physical ex]cise1 #aefh-aegc2 pursuit ( honors & good "n1 #aegd-aege2 :5 self-detraction is lawful1 #aegg2 dislike ( self1 #acje1 #acjg2 may "o wi% evil to self8 #acjh4 ,self-,/>vation1 s9 oppos$ to ab/emi\sness1 #bdgj a4 ,sem9>ies1 c\rses ( !ology mu/ foll[ ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 #aj4 ,s5suality1 #bcb1 #aag sqq42 comp>$ ) impurity1 #bdib a4 ,s5t5ce1 ,judicial1 :5 x may be resi/$1 #aihb c2 moral obligation :5 ?is is c]ta9ly j1 #aiei2 moral obligation :5 ?is is c]ta9ly unju/1 #aifj4 ,sep>ation1 see ,matrimony1 ,sacram5t (4 ,s]vility1 vice opposite to mode/y1 #beff b4 ,set-(f1 def9ition1 #aibg a4 ,%amefac$ness1 integral "p ( temp]ance1 #bdfe b4 ,%9toism1 #hbb a4 ,simony1 orig9 ( "n1 #bcag2 def9ition1 #bcah2 temporal price 9 simony1 #bcai2 spiritual ?+ 9 simony1 #bcbj2 temporal ?+ unit$ ) spiritual1 #bcba2 temporal ?+ annex$ to spiritual1 #bcbb2 v>i\s k9ds ( simony1 #bcbc2 confid5tial simony1 #bcbd2 simony aga9/ div9e law1 #bcbe2 rules ( ,alex&] ,,iii = det]m9+ simony1 #bcbg2 simony aga9/ div9e law 9 ref]5ce to ?+s annex$ to spirituals1 #bcbh2 simony aga9/ ecclesia/ical law1 #bcbi2 c]ta9 & unc]ta9 simony1 #bccj2 d\btful cases ( simony1 #bcca2 cases 9 :i* transaction is n simoniacal1 #bccb2 !ological malice ( simony2 #bcce2 moral malice ( simony1 #bccf2 invalidity & p5alties ( simoniacal contracts1 #bccg2 canonical p5alties = simony1 #bcch2 influ5ce ( simony on spiritual effects1 #bcci2 re/itution ( temporal price receiv$ = spiritual ?+1 #bcdj2 re/itution ( temporal price receiv$ = temporal ?+s annex$ to spirituals1 #bcda2 circum/ances ( re/itution = simony1 #bcdb2 re/itution ( spiritual ?+ simoniacally receiv$1 #bcdc4 ,simulation1 =m ( ly+1 #bcia b2 def9ition1 #bdjc2 s9fulness ( simulation1 #bdjd4 ,see also ,hypocrisy4 ,s91 def9ition1 #afg2 spiritual & c>nal1 #afh a1 #bbd sqq42 aga9/ ,god1 neighbor or self1 #afh h2 mortal & v5ial1 #afh c1 #afi2 ( commission or omission1 #afh d2 /ages ( 7he>t1 m\?1 "w71 #afh e2 by excess or defect1 #afh f2 orig9al & actual1 #afh g2 :5 matt] ( s9 is grave1 #aga-agb2 adv]t5ce & cons5t conditions ( mortal s91 #agd sqq42 mortal1 condition (1 #afi sqq42 v5ial1 def9ition1 #ahj2 conditions1 #aha sqq42 :5 imp]fections become a s91 #ahf2 :5 v5ial s9 becomes mortal1 #ahg-ahi2 coalesc5ce (1 #ahi2 multiplication (1 #aij2 possible effect ( wrong purpose1 circum/ances & h>m =ese51 #aia sqq12 :5 mortal s9 becomes v5ial1 #aid sqq12 causes ( s91 #bdf2 effect ( ignorance1 passion & malice on1 #bdi2 ext]nal causes (1 #beb2 di/9ct f temptation1 #bec2 proximate & remote dang] (1 #beh2 possibility (1 #bei2 guilt ( "o :o exposes himself to s91 #baej2 occasions ( 7proximate or remote1 necess>y or free1 pres5t or abs5t71 #bfc sqq42 motives (1 #bfh sqq42 results & p5alties (1 #bgb sqq42 orig9al & actual1 #bgb sqq42 /a9 (1 #bgf2 e s9 remov$ by rep5tance1 #bgbe a2 =giv5ess ( s9 ?r\gh ! use ( ! ,sacram5ts1 #bgbf4 ,see also ,s9s4 ,s9c]ity1 see ,tru?fulness4 ,s9n]s1 *>ity =1 #aadb2 association )1 #aade2 fri5d%ip )1 #aadf4 ,s9s1 !ological & moral species1 #aig2 specific di/9ction1 #aih2 num]ical multiplication1 #aig1 #bjb sqq42 rules ( num]ical di/9ction1 #bjg sqq42 comp>ison (1 #bbj2 s9s aga9/ ,god1 #bbg2 aga9/ creatures1 #bbh2 subjects ( 7s5sitive appetites1 reason1 w71 #bcj sqq12 s9s ( s5suality1 #bcb2 s9s ( ?\ght1 #bcc sqq42 s9s ( desire1 #bcg sqq42 mat]ial 7or objective7 & =mal 7or subjective71 #bdh2 s9s ( weakness1 ignorance & malice1 #bej4 ,see also ,s94 ,sl&]1 def9ition1 #bjcj d4 ,see also ,defamation4 ,slo?1 #bfi2 spiritual1 #ajfd1 capital s91 #acbj sqq42 def9ition1 #acbj2 s9fulness1 #acba2 qualities ( s91 #acbb2 s9s t spr+ f slo?1 #acbd2 conque/ ( slo?1 #acbe2 prohibition aga9/1 #aeeb4 ,sluggi%ness1 s9 oppos$ to dilig5ce1 #acbf b4 ,sobriety1 subjective "p ( temp]ance1 #bdfe a2 def9ition1 #bdgd2 obligation to practise sobriety1 #bdge2 s9s aga9/ sobriety1 #bdgf a2 morality ( total ab/95ce1 #bdgh a2 licit use ( n>cotics1 #bdhe4 ,see also ,drunk5ness4 ,societies1 ,=bidd51 #ide sqq42 =bidd5 by ,code1 #idf2 absolution ( memb]s1 #idi4 ,sodomy1 =m ( impurity1 #becd c4 ,s(tness1 #becd a4 ,solicitation1 resemblance to sc&al1 #adfj a4 ,see ,s$uction4 ,sons ( ,temp]ance1 ,society =bidd5 by ,*ur*1 #idf b4 ,s\l1 ,fir/ & ,second ,motions ( !1 #abi4 ,sortilege1 =m ( div9ation1 #bbhe d4 ,speculation1 ,s9ful1 #ahgi f4 ,spiritism1 #hbc b2 s9 aga9/ religion1 #bbhd b4 ,sponsors1 see ,baptism1 ,sacram5t (2 ,confirmation1 ,sacram5t (4 ,/a9 ( ,s91 #bgf4 ,/ate ( ,life1 ,duties (1 k ( obligatory1 #ibj4 ,/atesman%ip1 #afdb a1 #afdi a4 ,/ates ( ,man1 ,f\r ,hi/orical1 #cca4 ,/eadfa/ness1 act ( =titude1 #bddg b4 ,/]ilization1 morality (1 #ahfi a4 ,/iffness1 vice opposite to mode/y1 #beff b4 ,/ip5ds1 ,mass1 in/itution (1 #bahe b4 ,see also ,mass1 ,sacrifice ( !4 ,/ocks1 pur*ase by cl]ics1 #bfje a4 ,/ocks & ,bonds1 #agdi b4 ,/olidity1 vice oppos$ to pati5ce1 #bdee4 ,/rang]1 def9ition1 #dcg2 :5 subject to laws1 #dci-ddf4 ,/ud5ts1 duties (1 #bfea b4 ,/udiosity1 pot5tial "p ( temp]ance1 #bdfe c2 def9ition ( /udi\sness1 #befb2 vices oppos$ to /udi\sness1 #befc a2 malice ( ! s9s aga9/ /udi\sness1 #befd a2 neglig5ce1 a s9 aga9/ /udi\sness1 #befd b4 ,subjects1 duties to dome/ic & civil sup]iors1 #bfcf4 ,suffrage1 ,p[] (1 #afdi b4 ,see also ,vot+4 ,suicide1 books 9 favor (1 =bidd51 #hee b2 volunt>y & involunt>y1 direct & indirect1 #aheb a2 s9fulness ( suicide1 #ahed2 coop]ation 9 suicide1 #ahee2 au?orization to commit suicide1 #ahef2 :5 indirect suicide is lawful1 #aheg1 #aheh2 :5 indirect suicide is unlawful1 #ahei2 is x suicidal to refuse s necess>y surgical op]ation8 #ahfj2 canonical p5alties = suicide1 #ahfa a4 ,sunday1 ,sanctification (1 see ,precepts ( ! ,*ur*4 ,sup]fluities1 f :i* alms mu/ be giv51 #abbg-abbi4 ,sup]ior1 ,cl]ical1 duties (1 #bfjf a2 special duties to flock1 #bfjg a4 ,sup]iors1 ,dome/ic & ,civil1 duties (1 #bfce4 ,see also ,employ]s2 ,subjects4 ,sup]/ition1 see ,religion1 ,s9s aga9/4 ,surety1 #agdi d4 ,surgeons1 duties (1 #bfea c4 ,surl9ess1 s9 aga9/ affability1 #bdbc b4 ,syncretism1 #hbc b4 ,synesis1 "p ( judgm5t1 #bdcb d4 ,synt]esis1 & ,moral ,!ology1 #b2 directs ! moral virtues1 #afca a4 ,sy/ems1 ,moral1 #fgb sqq42 ,tutiorism1 #fgb a1 #fgf sqq42 ,anti-tutiorism1 #fgb b2 condemn$ by ,*ur*1 #fgf2 ,laxism1 #fhj sqq42 condemn$ by ,*ur*1 #fha2 ,probabiliorism1 #fhc sqq42 ,equiprobabilisrn1 #fhh2 ,probabilism1 #gja sqq42 ,comp5sationism1 #gca sqq42 practical conclusions1 #gci2 respective m]its & use ( ! rival sy/ems1 #gdj2 use by confessors1 #gda4 ,tale-,be>+1 def9ition1 #bajc2 s9fulness1 #bajd2 circum/ances :i* affect ! species ( tale-be>+1 #baje4 ,taoism1 #hbb a4 ,taunt+1 =m ( contumely1 def9ition1 #bjab b4 ,taxes1 def9ition1 #bfcg2 k9ds ( taxes1 #bfch2 j taxes1 #bfci2 obligation to pay taxes1 #bfdj sqq42 ob$i5ce to tax laws1 #bfdb4 ,tea*]s1 duties (1 #bfea b4 ,telepa?y1 & ! virtue ( religion1 #bbhe a4 ,temp]ance1 #aej2 gold5 mean 91 #aed a1 #aeg b2 diff]s f pati5ce1 #bdec a2 def9ition ( temp]ance1 #bdfa2 temp]ance & s5sible pleasures1 #bdfa b2 temp]ance & spiritual pleasures1 #bdfa b2 rule ( mod]ation1 #bdfb2 excell5ce ( temp]ance1 #bdfc2 vices oppos$ to temp]ance1 #bdfd2 subjective p>ts ( temp]ance1 #bdfe a2 pot5tial p>ts ( temp]ance1 #bdfe c2 integral p>ts ( temp]ance1 #bdfe b2 sobriety1 #bdgf sqq42 cont95ce1 #bedd2 incont95ce1 #bedd c2 s9ful indulg5ce1 #beej2 complem5ts ( ! virtue ( temp]ance1 #bega a2 comm&m5ts ( temp]ance1 #begb a4 ,temptation1 n a s91 #bec2 implicit or explicit1 int]nal or ext]nal1 direct or indirect1 virtual or actual resi/ance to1 #bee2 rules reg>d+ resi/ance to1 #bef2 ext]ior & int]ior temptations to impurity1 #bdig2 resi/ance to int]nal temptations1 #bdih2 :at opposition to temptation is suffici5t1 #bdii2 insuffici5t1 h>mful & unnecess>y opposition1 #bejj2 weapons aga9/ c>nal temptations1 #beja2 neglig5ce 9 resi/+ temptations1 #bejh4 ,temptation ( ,god1 see ,religion1 ,s9s aga9/4 ,tepidity1 consequ5ce ( slo?1 #acbg4 ,te/am5t1 ,new1 see ,new ,te/am5t4 ,te/am5t1 ,old1 see ,old ,te/am5t4 ,te/imony1 see ,witness4 ,!ft1 s9 ( inju/ice1 #ahgb2 def9ition ( !ft1 #ahij2 plagi>ism is =m ( !ft1 #ahij c2 copyright infr+em5t1 a =m ( !ft1 #ahij c2 kidnapp+1 a =m ( !ft1 #ahij c2 comp>ison ( !ft & robb]y1 #ahib a2 k9ds ( !ft1 #ahic a2 s9fulness ( !ft1 #ahid a2 grave matt] 9 !ft ( sacr$ objects1 #aija2 grave matt] 9 dome/ic !ft1 #aijc a2 !ft by wife or m9or *ild1 #aijd a2 !ft by employees1 #aije a2 !ft ( ?+s ab\t ^: loss own] is less conc]n$1 #aijf a2 travell+ )\t pay+ f>e1 #aijg2 :5 small !fts am\nt to grave matt]1 #aijh sqq42 moral connection betwe5 repeat$ acts ( !ft1 #aiab2 int]val ( "t betwe5 acts ( !ft1 #aiac2 !ft f jo9t own]s1 #aiag2 re/itution 9 cases ( !ft1 #aiah a2 cases ( d\bt z to grave matt]1 #aiai a2 occult comp5sation1 #aibj b2 :5 conv]sion ( o!rs' prop]ty is p]missible1 #aibj2 conditions = lawful occupation ( o!rs' goods1 #aiba a2 re/itution = occupi$ goods1 #aibb2 occupation 9 case ( m]ely grave necessity1 #aibc2 occupation ( l>ge sum by "o 9 dire ne$1 #aibd a2 lawfulness ( receiv+ support f ?ief1 #aibf2 comp5sation = !ft1 see ,comp5sation2 condonation ( dome/ic !fts1 #agii4 ,!ologians1 z s\rce ( ,moral ,!ology1 #aj4 ,!ological ,virtues1 #aea2 gold5 mean 91 #aed c2 rank among virtues1 #aef4 ,see ,fai?1 ,hope & ,*>ity4 ,!ology1 ,ascetical & ,my/ical1 #begc4 ,!ology1 ,moral1 def9ition1 #a2 relation to ,dogmatic ,!ology1 #c4 ,!osophical ,societies1 =bidd5 by ,*ur*1 #idf b4 ,!osophy1 #hbc b4 ,?ird ,ord]s1 ,secul>1 #iee a4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,sa9t1 z s\rce ( ,moral ,!ology1 #aj2 arrangem5t ( ,moral ,!ology1 #ag2 op9ion on obligation ( judge :5 evid5ce is contr>y to 8 p]sonal k1 #aiea c4 ,?\ght1 ,s9s (1 #bcc sqq4 ,?\ghts1 ,impure1 see ,impurity4 ,?\ghts1 ,s9ful1 #bcd4 ,timidity1 s9 aga9/ =titude1 #bddf b4 ,trad+1 def9ition1 #bacd2 morality ( trad+ 9 ! /rict s5se1 #bace2 trad+ =bidd5 to cl]ics1 #bfjd a4 ,tradition1 #h2 div9e1 ,apo/olic1 ecclesia/ical1 #i4 ,treasure ,trove1 :5 x may be occupi$1 #ahgc c4 ,tribadism1 =m ( impurity1 #becd c4 ,tru?1 necess>y quality ( lawful oa?1 #bbdi b4 ,see also ,tru?fulness2 ,ly+4 ,tru?fulness1 #badc a2 def9ition ( virtue1 #bche2 excell5ce1 #bchf2 s9c]ity & fidelity1 #bchg2 vices oppos$ to tru?fulness1 #bchh4 ,see also ,ly+4 ,tru?s1 ,natural & ,sup]natural1 to :i* ass5t mu/ be giv51 #ghd4 ,tutiorism1 see ,sy/ems1 ,moral4 ,tyrannicide1 lawfulness (1 #ahbd a4 ,unbelief1 ,s9 (1 negative & positive1 #hac2 ord9>y & apo/asy1 #had2 direct & indirect1 #hae-haf2 non-ass5t1 #hag2 diss5t 7private & contr>y unbelief71 #hah2 infidelity1 #hbb a2 ord] ( gravity 9 unbelief1 #hbd2 dang]s :i* lead to ext]nal expression ( unbelief1 #idd sqq4 ,see also ,h]esy2 ,apo/asy4 ,unction1 ,extreme1 ,sacram5t (1 #bggd2 remote matt]1 #bggd a2 proximate matt]1 #bggd b2 =m1 #bggd c2 recipi5t1 #bggd d2 m9i/]1 #bggd e2 effects (1 #bggd f2 special duties ( recipi5t1 #bgge a2 special duties ( m9i/]1 #bgge b2 special duties ( pa/or1 #bgge c2 special duties ( fai?ful1 #bgge d4 ,und]/&+1 integral "p ( prud5ce1 #afcg a4 ,und]/&+1 ,gift (1 #afj a2 giv5 to p]fect !ological virtues1 #hjh4 ,unity ( ! ,*ur*1 ?reefold1 #acfg4 ,uranism1 =m ( impurity1 #becd c4 ,use1 act ( w1 #ei4 ,usury1 def9ition1 #bacf4 ,vagus1 def9ition1 #dcg2 :5 subject to laws1 #dch4 ,va+lory1 z orig9 ( discord1 #aced2 orig9 ( cont5tion1 #acfb4 ,vanity1 vice aga9/ greatness ( s\l1 #bdej c4 ,v5geance1 def9ition1 #bcha2 morality ( v5geance1 #bchb2 excess & defect 9 v5geance1 #bchc2 circum/ances ( v5geance1 #bchd4 ,viaticum1 see ,communion1 ,holy4 ,vice1 def9ition1 #afg2 & s91 see ,s94 ,vices1 ,capital1 ,sev51 #bfi sqq4 ,v9dication1 virtue1 #badc a4 ,see also ,v5geance4 ,viol5ce1 invalidates cons5t to contract1 #ahhd d4 ,see also ,co]cion4 ,virg9ity1 def9ition1 #bdhh2 loss ( virg9ity1 #bdhi2 conditions necess>y = virtue ( virg9ity1 #bdij a2 excell5ce ( virg9ity1 #bdia a4 ,virtue1 subjective p>ts1 #afci h1 #agde2 integral p>ts1 #afcg1 #baci2 pot5tial p>ts1 #afdf1 #bada2 p>ts1 #afce1 #afcf1 #bddg1 #bdfe4 ,virtues1 def9ition1 #adb2 division1 #adc2 practical intellectual1 #adf-adh2 moral1 def9ition1 #adi2 f\r c>d9al virtues1 #aej2 !ological1 #aea2 ?ree causes ( virtues 7nature1 practice & infusion71 #aeb2 in*oative & p]fect$1 #aeb2 prop]ties (1 #aec2 gold5 mean 91 #aed b2 rank among virtues1 #aef-aeg2 9 ! bless$1 #aeh2 complem5ts (1 #aei2 prop]ties ( sev5 infus$ virtues1 #gde2 ord] ( !ological virtues1 #gdf2 priority ( a virtue 9 duration1 by nature1 & 9 excell5ce1 #ajbh4 ,see also ,fai?2 ,hope2 ,*>ity2 ,c>d9al ,virtues2 ,act1 virtu\s4 ,vision1 ,beatific1 relation to *>ity1 #aaaf4 ,vocation1 int]nal1 #beig2 ext]nal1 #beig b2 vocation to ! cl]ical /ate1 #beig a2 s9fulness ( disreg>d+ vocation1 #beih a4 ,volksv]e91 #iee b4 ,vot+1 duty ( ex]cis+ ! electoral fran*ise1 #bfdc2 mann] ( vot+1 #bfdd2 obligation to seek (fice1 #bfde4 ,v[1 def9ition1 #baia2 p]sonal1 real & mix$ v[s1 #baib2 s+ul> & common v[s1 #baib b2 tempor>y & p]petual v[s1 #baib c2 absolute & conditional v[s1 #baib d2 p5al & non-p5al v[s1 #baib d2 explicit & implicit v[s1 #baib e2 det]m9ate & disjunctive v[s1 #baib e2 private & public v[s1 #baib f2 simple & solemn v[s1 #baib f2 v[s 9 ,canon ,law1 #baic2 di/9ction betwe5 solemn & simple v[s1 #baid2 k & delib]ation necess>y = valid v[1 #baie2 fre$om ( w necess>y = valid v[1 #baif2 cases 9 :i* fe> does n invalidate v[1 #baig2 v[s ( d\btful validity1 #baih2 int5tion necess>y = valid v[1 #baii2 matt] ( v[1 #bbjj2 v[s t promise some?+ necess>y1 #bbja2 :5 fulfillm5t ( v[ is only p>tly possible1 #bbjb2 v[s t promise some?+ displeas+ to ,god1 #bbjc2 v[s t promise some?+ indiff]5t1 #bbje2 mean+ ( bett] good 9 v[1 #bbjf2 v[s invalidat$ by promise ( less] good1 #bbjg2 :5 "o has tak5 two opposite v[s1 #bbjh2 obligation ( v[1 #bbji2 gravity ( obligation1 #bbaj2 rules = det]m9+ :at is important matt] 9 v[1 #bbaa2 coalesc5ce ( light into grave matt] 9 v[1 #bbab2 delay 9 fulfill+ v[1 #bbad2 "t :5 v[ obliges1 #bbac2 p]son oblig$ to fulfill a v[1 #bbae2 mann] ( fulfill+ v[1 #bbaf2 obligation ( c]ta9 k9ds ( v[s1 #bbag2 int]pretation ( d\btful v[s1 #bbah2 advantages ( v[s to v[]s1 #bbbj2 :5 good v[ may be s9ful1 #bbba2 m]it ( fulfill+ v[ t "o regrets1 #bbbb2 p]sons :o c make v[1 #bbbc2 dep5d5ce ( v[] on w ( ano!r1 #bbbd2 validity ( v[s made by subjects1 #bbbe2 cessation ( v[s1 #bbbf2 annulm5t ( v[s1 #bbbh2 reason necess>y = annulm5t ( v[1 #bbbi2 diff]5ces betwe5 direct & indirect annulm5t ( v[1 #bbcj2 disp5sation ( v[1 #bbca2 reasons suffici5t = disp5sation1 #bbcb2 s9fulness ( unnecess>y disp5sation1 #bbcc2 p]sons :o h p[] ( disp5sation1 #bbcd2 disp5sation f religi\s v[ ( *a/ity1 #bbce2 disp5sation f v[ made = b5efit ( ?ird p>ty1 #bbcf2 commutation ( v[s1 #bbch2 good works t may be sub/itut$ = v[s1 #bbci2 p]sons :o h au?ority to commute v[1 #bbdj2 cause requir$ = commutation ( v[1 #bbda2 rev]sion to orig9al v[1 #bbdb2 duties ( confessors 9 ref]5ce to private v[s1 #bbdc2 obligation ( v[ ( ob$i5ce1 #bcfd2 religi\s v[s1 obligation ( ! ?ree pr9cipal v[s1 #bfab a4 ,vulg>ity1 vice aga9/ greatness ( de$1 #bdeb b4 ,wag]s1 ,s9ful1 #ahgi c4 ,wald5sianism1 #hbb c4 ,w>1 def9ition1 #acgf2 j & unju/1 #acgg2 (f5sive & def5sive1 #acgh2 n aga9/ law ( ,god1 #achj2 nor aga9/ law ( nature1 #achc2 ?ree conditions = lawfulness1 #achd2 :o may decl>e w>8 #ache2 :at is j cause ( w>8 #achf2 suffici5t causes1 #achi sqq42 insuffici5t causes1 #acic2 :5 ju/ice ( cause is d\btful1 #acid2 c !re be ju/ice on bo? sides8 #acif2 duties be=e beg9n+ w>1 #acih-ii2 duties dur+ w>1 #adja sqq42 lawful means ( w>f>e1 #adjc2 acts ( w> & sacr$ times1 #adje2 & sacr$ places1 #adjf2 & sacr$ p]sons1 #adjg2 combatants1 non-combatants & neutrals1 #adjh2 kill+ or w\nd+ ( combatants1 #adji2 ( non-combatants1 #adaj2 puni%m5t ( milit>y crimes1 #adaa2 imprisonm5t & re/ra9t ( enemy subjects1 #adab2 de/ruction & seizure ( prop]ty1 #adac2 booty & loot+1 #adad-adae2 lawfulness ( /ratagems1 #adaf2 ( reprisals1 #adag2 duties ( victor1 #adah2 rights1 #adai2 obligation ( victor ^: cause 0 unju/1 #adbj-ba2 indemnities1 #adbb2 gu>antees = future1 #adbd2 puni%m5t = crimes committ$ dur+ w>1 #adbe2 prep>ation = future w>s1 #adbf2 prep>ation = peace1 #adbg4 ,weakness1 ,s9s (1 #bej a4 ,:isp]+1 =m ( defamation1 #bajc sqq4 ,:oremong]+1 def9ition1 #bebf b4 ,wicliffism1 #hbb c4 ,w1 acts elicit$ or comm&$ by1 #ef-fb2 ?ree acts (1 #eh2 cons5t (1 condition ( mortal s91 #agd1 #ahd1 #aif2 z subject ( s91 #bca4 ,w 7,te/am5t71 def9ition1 #ahgf2 defects ( a w1 #ahgf4 ,wisdom1 intellectual virtue1 #aeg c4 ,wisdom1 ,gift (1 #afj a2 corresponds ) & s]ves *>ity1 #afji2 nature ( ,gift1 #afaj2 object (1 #afaj d2 9 its cause1 ,wisdom belongs to ! w1 #afaa a2 9 its ess5ce1 to ! intellect1 #afaa b2 ,wisdom is bo? speculative & practical1 #afab2 practical uses (1 #afac2 lik5ess to ! o!r ,gifts1 #afad a2 diff]5ce f1 #afad b2 p]sons :o possess ,wisdom1 #afae2 diff]s f ! 8^w ( wisdom10 #afaf b2 v>y+ degrees1 #afag2 ex]cise ( ,gift1 #afah2 corresponds to ,sev5? ,beatitude1 #afai a2 & to c]ta9 ,fruits1 #afai b2 direction giv5 by ,wisdom to human actions1 #afbj2 s9s oppos$ to ,wisdom1 #afba2 false wisdom1 #afbc4 ,wi%1 z act ( w1 #eh4 ,witness1 reliability (1 #aihd2 obligation ( freely appe>+ z witness1 #aihe2 obligation ( appe>+ "u lawful citation1 #aihf2 obligation to answ] tru?fully1 #aihg2 witness & concealm5t ( facts1 #aiic2 paym5t ( witnesses1 #aiid2 matt]s reg>d+ :i* witness %\ld n te/ify1 #aihh2 s9fulness ( false te/imony1 #aiij2 obligation ( witness to make re/itution1 #aiib2 concealm5t ( tru? 9 pres5t+ case1 #bjjf2 s9fulness ( introduc+ false or corrupt$ docum5ts1 #bjjg4 ,wives1 see ,matrimony1 ,sacram5t (4 8,^w ( ,wisdom10 #afaf b4 ,words1 ,unju/1 see ,inju/ice4 ,works ( ,m]cy1 sev5 corporal1 #abba2 sev5 spiritual1 #abbb4 ,wor%ip1 ,false1 communication 91 #ief sqq42 coop]ation 91 #igf sqq42 contributions to1 #iha2 build+ ( h\ses ( false wor%ip1 #ihc4 ,see also ,religion1 ,s9s aga9/4 ,w\nd+1 def9ition1 #ahff b4 ,writ+s1 ,=bidd51 #hfa2 :5 use all[$1 #hfb2 p]mission to read1 #hfe2 c5sures incurr$ ?r\gh use1 #hff2 =mal coop]ation )1 #aebi4 ,see ,books & ,read+1 ,dang]\s4 ,y4,m4,c4,a41 ,society =bidd5 by ,*ur*1 #idf b4 ,"y ,m5's ,in/itute4 #iee b4 ,zoroa/rianism1 #hbb a4