file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/ration4
       ,see #cecdi-;h4htm or            
#cecdi-;h4zip3                          
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/
#cecdi_/pg#cecdi-;images4html7       or 
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#cecd
i_/cecdi-;h4zip7         ,images ( !    
orig9al pages are available ?r\gh       
,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see                  
http3_/_/www4ar*ive4org_/details_/fre$om
?r\ghdi#jj;dascu(t      ,,fre$om ,,?r\gh
 ,,disob$i5ce  by  ,c4 ,r4 ,,das        
,presid5t ( ! #cg? ,indian ,national    
,congress1 ,gaya1 #aibb4        ,arka   
,publi%+ ,h\se1 ,george ,t[n1 ,madras4  
#aibb  ,imp]ial ,book ,depot1 ,delhi4   
,pr9t$ at ! ,manoranj9i ,press1         
,s[c>pet1 ,madras4     ,,fre$om ,,?r\gh 
,,disob$i5ce  ,! foll[+ is ! full text (
 ! ,presid5tial ,address ( ,desabh&hu   
,c4 ,r4 ,das at ! ?irty-sev5? session ( 
! ,indian ,national ,congress held at   
,gaya on #bf? ,decemb] #aibb3--  ,,si/]s
 ,,& ,,bro!rs1--  ,z ,i /& be=e y       
to-day1 a s5se ( ov]:elm+ loss ov]takes 

me1 & ,i c sc>ce give expression to :at 
is upp]mo/ 9 ! m9ds ( all & ev]yone ( u4
 ,aft] a memorable battle :i* he gave to
 ! ,bureaucracy1 ,mahatma ,g&hi has be5 
seiz$ & ca/ into prison2 & we %all n h 8
 guidance 9 ! proce$+s ( ! ,congress ?is
 ye>4 ,b !re is inspiration = all ( u 9 
! la/ /& :i* he made 9 ! citadel ( !    
enemy1 9 ! la/ defiance :i* he hurl$ at 
! ag5ts ( ! ,bureaucracy4 ,to read a    
/ory equal 9 pa?os1 9 dignity1 & 9      
sublimity y h to g back ov] two ?\s&    
ye>s1 :5 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 z "o t p]v]t$
 ! p /ood to take 8 trial be=e a =eign  
tribunal4  ,& ,jesus /ood be=e !        
,gov]nor3 & ! ,gov]nor ask$ him say+1   
,art ?\ ! k+ ( ! ,jews8 ,& ,jesus said  
unto him1 ,?\ saye/4  ,& :5 he has      
accus$ ( ! *ief prie/s & eld]s1 he      
answ]$ no?+4  ,!n said ,pilate unto him1
 ,he>e/ ?\ n h[ _m ?+s !y witness aga9/ 
!e8  ,& he answ]$ him too nev] a ^w2    
insomu* t ! ,gov]nor m>vell$ greatly4   
,mahatma ,g&hi took a diff]5t c\rse4 ,he
 admitt$ t he 0 guilty1 & he po9t$ out  

to ! public ,prosecutor1 t 8 guilt 0    
great] ?an he1 ! ,prosecutor1 _h alleg$2
 b he ma9ta9$ t if he _h (f5d$ aga9/ !  
law ( ,bureaucracy 9 s (f5d+1 he _h     
obey$ ! law ( ,god4 ,if ,i may haz>d a  
guess1 ! ,judge :o tri$ him & :o pass$ a
 s5t5ce ( imprisonm5t on him 0 fill$ ) !
 same feel+ ( m>vel z ,pontius ,pilate  
_h be54  ,great 9 tak+ decisions1 great 
9 execut+ !m1 ,mahatma ,g&hi 0          
incomp>ably great 9 ! la/ /& :i* he made
 on behalf ( 8 c\ntry4 ,he is und\bt$ly 
"o ( ! greate/ m5 t ! _w has ev] se54 ,!
 _w ha? ne$ ( him & if he is mock$ &    
je]$ at by ! p ( importance1 ! p ) a    
/ake 9 ! c\ntry--,scribes & ,ph>isees ( 
! days ( ,*ri/ he w be gratefully       
rememb]$ n[ & always by a nation :i* he 
l$ f victory to victory4   ,,law ,,&    
,,ord]  ,g5tlem51 ! "t is a critical "o 
& x is important to seize ^u ! real     
issue :i* divides ! p f ! ,bureaucracy &
 its ,indian allies4 ,dur+ ! p]iod (    
repression :i* began ab\t ?is "t la/    
ye>1 x 0 ?is issue :i* press$ itself on 

our att5tion4 ,?is policy ( repression 0
 support$ & 9 "s cases in/igat$ by !    
,mod]ate ,lead]s :o are 9 ! ,executive  
,gov]nm5t4 ,i d n *>ge ^? :o support$ ! 
,gov]nm5t ) di%one/y or want (          
patriotism4 ,i say !y 7 l$ away by !    
battle cry ( ,law & ,ord]4 ,& x is      
because ,i believe t !re is a fundam5tal
 confusion ( ?\ght beh9d ?is attitude ( 
m9d t ,i propose to discuss ?is plea (  
,law & ,ord]4 ,law & ,ord] has inde$ be5
 ! la/ refuge ( ,bureaucracies all ov] !
 _w4  ,x has be5 gravely ass]t$ n only  
by ! ,bureaucracy b also by its         
apologi/s1 ! ,mod]ate ,p>ty1 t a settl$ 
,gov]nm5t is ! fir/ necessity ( any p & 
t ! subject has no "r to pres5t 8       
grievances except 9 a con/itutional way1
 by :i* ,i und]/& 9 "s way recognis$ by 
! con/itution4 ,if y _c actively        
co-op]ate 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! law ( ! l&  
!y say1 x is y\r duty z a responsible   
citiz5 to obey x passively4             
,non-resi/ance is ! lea/ t ! ,gov]nm5t  
is entitl$ to expect f y4  ,?is is !    

:ole political philosophy ( !           
,bureaucracy--! ma9t5ance ( law & ord]  
on ! "p ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & an attitude (  
passive ob$i5ce & non-resi/ance on ! "p 
( ! subject4 ,b 0 n t ! political       
philosophy ( e ,engli% ,k+ f ,william ! 
,conqu]or to ,james ,,ii8 ,& 0 n t !    
political philosophy ( ! ,roman(fs1 !   
,hoh5zoll]ns & ( ! ,b\rbons8 ,& yet     
fre$om has come1 :]e x has come1 by     
disob$i5ce ( ! v laws :i* 7 proclaim$ 9 
! "n ( law & ord]4 ,:]e ! ,gov]nm5t is  
arbitr>y & despotic & ! fundam5tal      
rights ( ! p are n recognis$1 x is idle 
to talk ( law & ord]4  ,! doctr9e has   
app>5tly made its way to ?is c\ntry f   
,engl&4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 ref] to ,engli% 
hi/ory to f9d out ! tru? ab\t ?is       
doctr9e4 ,t hi/ory has record$ t mo/ ( !
 despots 9 ,engl& :o ex]cis$ arbitr>y   
sway ov] ! p propos$ to act = ! good ( !
 p & = ! ma9t5ance ( law & ord]4 ,engli%
 absolutism f ! ,normans d[n to ! ,/u>ts
 tri$ to put itself on a con/itutional  
basis ?r\gh ! process ( ?is v law &     

ord]4 ,! pa!tic spee* deliv]$ by ,*>les 
,i4 j be=e 8 execution puts ! :ole      
doctr9e 9 a nut%ell4 ,= ! p1 he said1   
truly ,i desire _! lib]ty & fre$om z mu*
 z anybody :atsoev]1 b ,i mu/ tell y t  
_! lib]ty & fre$om consi/ 9 hav+        
,gov]nm5t1 ^? laws by :i* _! lives & _! 
goods may be _! own4 ,x is n _! hav+ a  
%>e 9 ! ,gov]nm5t1 t is no?+ app]ta9+ to
 !m4 ,a subject & a sov]eign are cle>   
diff]5t ?+s4 ,! doctr9e ( law & ord]    
c\ld n be /at$ ) m admirable cle>ness4  
,b ?\gh ! ,engli% k+s act$              
con/itutionally 9 ! s5se t _! acts 7 9  
accordance ) ! lett] ( law & 7 cov]$ by 
prec$5ts1 ! subjects always claim$ t !y 
7 free to ass]t _! fundam5tal rights &  
to wre/ !m f ! k+ by =ce or             
insurrections4 ,! doctr9e ( law & ord]  
receiv$ a rude %ock :5 ,k+ ,john 0      
oblig$ to put 8 signature to ! ,magna   
,*>ta on ! #ae? ( ,june1 #abae4 ,! #fa/ 
clause ( ! ,*>t] is important = our     
purpose secur+ z x did to ! subject !   
lib]ty ( rebellion z a means = en=c+ !  

due obs]vance ( ! ,*>t] by ! ,cr[n4     
,adams1 a celebrat$ writ] ( ,engli%     
,con/itutional ,hi/ory1 says t !        
conditional "r to rebel is z mu* at !   
f\ndation ( ! ,engli% ,con/itution      
to-day z x 0 9 #abae4 ,b ?\gh ! doctr9e 
( law & ord] _h receiv$ a rude %ock x   
did n altoge!r die2 = 9 ! int]v5+ p]iod 
! ,cr[n claim$ & ass]t$ ! "r to raise   
money1 n only by indirect taxes b also  
by =c$ loans & b5evol5ces2 & frequ5tly  
ex]cis$ l>ge legislative functions n    
only by apply+ :at are kn[n z susp5d+ & 
disp5s+ p[]s b also by issu+            
proclamations4 ,! ,cr[n claim$1 z       
,hallam says1 n only a k9d ( supplem5tal
 "r ( legislation to p]fect & c>ry out  
:at ! _s ( exi/+ laws might require b   
also a p>am\nt supremacy1 call$         
sometimes ! k+'s absolute or sov]eign   
p[] :i* sanction$ comm&s beyond ! legal 
pr]ogative1 = ! sake ( public safety    
:5ev] ! ,c\ncil might judge t to be 9   
haz>d4 ,by ! "t ( ! ,/u>ts ! p[]s claim$
 by ! ,cr[n 7 recognis$ by ! c\rts ( law

 z well f\nd$1 &1 to quote ! words (    
,adams1 ! =ms ( law became ! eng9es = ! 
p]petration ( judicial murd]s4 ,x is    
necess>y to rememb] t x 0 ! process (   
law & ord] t help$ to consolidate ! p[]s
 ( ! ,cr[n2 = x 0 aga9 & aga9 laid d[n  
by ! ,c\rt ( ,ex*equ] t ! p[] ( taxation
 0 ve/$ 9 ! ,cr[n1 :]e x 0 = ! g5]al    
b5efit ( ! p4 ,z ,adams says1 ! ,/u>ts  
ass]t$ a legal ju/ification = ev]y?+    
done by !m1 &1 on ! :ole1 hi/ory 0 ) !  
k+4  ,b h[ did ! ,commons meet ?is      
ass]tion ( law & ord]8 ,!y 7 /rict      
non-co-op]ators bo? )9 & outside !      
,p>liam5t4 ,)9 ! ,p>liam5t !y aga9 &    
aga9 refus$ to vote supplies unless _!  
grievances 7 r$ress$4 ,! ,k+ retort$ by 
rais+ ,cu/oms duties on 8 own initiative
 & ! c\rts ( law support$ him4 ,!       
,commons pass$ a resolution to ! effect 
t p]sons pay+ !m %\ld be reput$ betray]s
 ( ! lib]ties ( ,engl& & enemies to !   
same4 ,!re 0 little d\bt t revolution 0 
on ! l&2 & ,k+ ,*>les f9d+ himself 9    
difficulty gave 8 ,royal ,ass5t to !    

,bill ( ,rights on ! #ag? ( ,june #afbf4
 ,! ,bill ( ,rights con/itutes a triumph
 = ,n4 ,c4 ,o's2 = x 0 by _! refusal to 
h any "p or %>e 9 ! adm9i/ration ( !    
c\ntry t ! ,commons compell$ ! ,k+ to   
ackn[l$ge _! ,rights4 ,! ev5ts t foll[$ 
betwe5 #afbi & #afdj made ! hi/ory (    
,engl&4 ,9 spite ( ! ,bill ( ,rights !  
,k+ cont9u$ to raise cu/oms duties &    
,elliot & 8 fri5ds 7 put on _! trial4   
,!y refus$ to plead & ! result 0        
disa/r\s = ! arbitr>y p[] ( ! ,k+4 ,!   
,k+ levi$ %ip money on ! nation4 ,! *ief
 con/ables ( v>i\s places repli$ t !    
%]rifs _h no au?ority to assess or tax  
any man )\t ! cons5t ( ! ,p>liam5t4 ,on 
! refusal on ! "p ( ! p to pay ! taxes1 
_! cattle 0 de/ra9$ & no pur*as] c\ld be
 f\nd = !m4 ,! ,k+ took ! op9ion ( !    
,ex*equ] ,c\rt on ! "q :5 ! good & !    
safety ( ! k+dom is conc]n$ & ! :ole    
k+dom is 9 dang]4 ,m>k h[ ! =mula has   
be5 copi$ v]batim 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india
 ,act4 ,may n ! k+ comm& all ! subjects 
( 8 k+dom1 to provide & furni% su* a    

numb] ( %ips ) m51 victuals & munitions 
& = su* "t z he %all ?9k fit = ! def5ce 
& safegu>d ( ! ,k+dom f su* p]il--aga9 !
 =mula & by law compel ! do+ !re( 9 case
 ( refusal any refractor9ess8 ,& :e!r 9 
su* case is n ! ,k+ ! sole judge1 bo? ( 
! dang] & :5 & h[ ! same is to be       
prev5t$8 ,! ,judges answ]$ 9 !          
affirmative & ma9ta9$ ! answ] 9 !       
celebrat$ case :i* ,hampd5 br\ght be=e  
!m4  ,i desire to emphasise "o po9t & t 
is t ?r\gh\t ! long & bitt] /ruggle     
betwe5 ! ,/u>ts & ,p>liam5t1 ! ,/u>ts   
act$ = ! ma9t5ance ( ,law & ,ord]1 & !re
 is no d\bt t bo? law & hi/ory 7 on _!  
side4 ,on ! eve ( ! ,civil ,w>1 ! "q t  
divid$ ! p>ties 0 ?is3 c\ld ! ,cr[n1 9 !
 ma9t5ance ( ,law & ,ord]1 claim !      
passive ob$i5ce ( ! subject or 0 !re any
 p[] ( resi/ance 9 ! subject1 ?\gh t    
resi/ance might result 9 disord] & 9    
brea*es ( law8 ,! adh]5ts ( ! ,p>liam5t 
/ood = p[] & ! maje/y ( ! p1 ! au?ority 
& indep5d5ce ( ,p>liam5t1 individual    
lib]ty1 ! "r to resi/ & ! "r to compel  

abdication & deposition ( ! ,cr[n1 9 a  
^w1 !y /ood by !m aga9/ ! co]cive p[] ( 
! ,/ate4 ,! adh]5ce ( ! ,cr[n /ood =    
indefeasible rights--a "r to claim      
passive ob$i5ce & secure non-resi/ance  
on ! "p ( ! subject ?r\gh ! process (   
,law & ,ord]2 9 a ^w1 !y /ood = ,/ate   
co]cion & compulsory co-op]ation aga9/  
individual liability4  ,! issue 0 decid$
 9 fav\r ( ,p>liam5t b z x mu/ happ5 9 e
 w> ( arms1 ! victory = individual      
lib]ty 0 only tempor>y4 ,?\gh ! result (
 ,civil ,w> 0 disa/r\s f ! po9t ( view (
 individual lib]ty1 & ?\gh x requir$    
ano!r revolution--?is "t1 a non-viol5t  
revolution--to put individual lib]ty on 
a sure f\ndation ! k t ! subject _h sat 
9 rude judgm5t on _! ,k+1 man to man1   
spe$$ ! sl[ emancipation ( ! m9d f !    
%ackles ( cu/om & anci5t rev]5ce4  ,!   
,revolution ( #afhh--;a bloodless       
revolution--secur$ = ,engl& t ,rule (   
,law :i* is ! only sure f\ndation = !   
ma9t5ance ( ,law & ,ord]4 ,x complet$ ! 
"w :i* ! ,long ,p>liam5t _h begun & :i* 

! execution ( ,*>les ,i4 _h int]rupt$4  
,b h[ 0 ! peaceful revolution ( #afhh   
br\ght ab\t8 ,by defiance ( au?ority &  
by rigid adh]5ce to ! pr9ciple t x is ! 
inali5able "r ( ! subject to resi/ !    
ex]cise by ! executive ( wide1 arbitr>y 
or discretion>y p[]s ( con/ra9t4  ,!    
pr9ciple = :i* ! revolution ( #afhh /ood
 0 triumphantly v9dicat$ 9 ! celebrat$  
case ( ,dr4 ,sa*ev]ell4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a  
s]mon :i* he _h prea*$1 he gave         
expression to ! foll[+ s5tim5t4 ,! gr&  
security ( our ,gov]nm5t & ! v pill> ^u 
:i* x /&s is f\nd$ ^u ! /eady belief ( !
 subjects' obligation to an absolute &  
unconditional ob$i5ce to ! supreme p[] 9
 all ?+s lawful & ! utt] illegality (   
resi/ance on any pret5ce :atsoev]4 ,?is 
is ! doctr9e ( passive ob$i5ce &        
non-resi/ance ! doctr9e ( law & ord]1   
:i* is proclaim$ to-day by e bureaucrat 
9 ! c\ntry1 =eign or dome/ic & :i* is   
suppos$ to be ! la/ ^w on ! subjects'   
duty & ,gov]nm5t's rights4 ,b m>k h[ !y 
solv$ ! problem 9 ,engl& 9 #agaj4 ,!    

,commons impea*$ ,dr4 ,sa*ev]ell giv+   
expression to a view s de/ructive (     
individual lib]ty & ! ,lords by a       
majority ( votes f\nd him guilty4 ,!    
spee*es deliv]$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! trial are 
int]e/+4 ,i desire to quote a few       
s5t5ces f "s ( ^? spee*es4 ,sir ,joseph 
,jekyll 9 ! c\rse ( 8 spee* said1 t z ! 
,law is ! only measure ( ! ,pr9ces'     
au?ority & ! peoples' subjection1 s !   
law d]ives its be+ & efficacy f common  
cons5t2 & to place x on any o!r         
f\ndation ?an common cons5t is to take  
away ! obligation4 ,?is notion ( common 
cons5t puts bo? pr9ce & p "u1 to obs]ve 
! laws4  ,my ,lords1 z ! doctr9e (      
unlimit$ non-resi/ance 0 impli$ly r5\nc$
 by ! :ole nation 9 ! resolution1 s     
div]se ,acts ( ,p>liam5t aft]w>ds pass$ 
express+ _! r5unciation1 444 &1 !re=e ,i
 %all only say t x c nev] be suppos$ t !
 laws 7 made to set up a despotic p[] to
 de/roy !mselves & to w>rant subv]sion (
 a con/itution ( a ,gov]nm5t :i* !y 7   
design$ to e/abli% & def5d4 ,mr4        

,walpole put ! :ole argum5t 9 a nut%ell 
:5 he said1 ! doctr9e ( unlimit$1       
unconditional passive ob$i5ce 0 fir/    
inv5t$ to support arbitr>y & despotic   
p[] & 0 nev] promot$ or c\nt5anc$ by any
 ,gov]nm5t t _h n designs sometime or   
o!r ( mak+ use ( x4 ,! argum5t aga9/ !  
doctr9e ( ,law & ,ord] c\ld n be put m  
cle>ly or =cibly1 = 8 argum5t comes to  
?is3 t ! doctr9e is n an hone/ "o if law
 & ord] is ! process by :i* absolution  
consolidates its p[]s & /r5g!ns its h&4 
,i w make "o m quotation & t is f !     
spee* ( ,major-,g54 ,/anhope4 ,z to !   
doctr9e itself ( absolute non-resi/ance1
 x %\ld seem ne$less to prove by argum5t
 t x is inconsi/5t ) ! law ( reason1 ) !
 law ( ,nature & ) ! practice ( all ages
 & c\ntries4444 ,& inde$ "o may appeal  
to ! practice ( all ,*ur*es & ( all     
/ates & ( all nations 9 ! _w1 h[ !y     
behav$ !mselves :5 !y f\nd _! civil &   
religi\s con/itutions invad$ & oppress$ 
by tyranny4  ,?is !n is ! hi/ory ( !    
fre$om movem5t 9 ,engl&4 ,! conclusion  

is irresi/ible t x is n by acquiesc5ce 9
 ! doctr9e ( ,law & ,ord] t ! ,engli% p 
h obta9$ ! recognition ( _! fundam5tal  
rights4 ,x foll[s f ! survey t ,i h made
 fir/ly t no regulation is law unless x 
is bas$ on ! cons5t ( ! p2 secondly :]e 
su* cons5t is want+ ! p are "u no       
obligation to obey2 ?irdly1 :]e su* laws
 are n only n bas$ on ! cons5t ( ! p b  
pr(ess to attack _! fundam5tal rights ! 
subjects are entitl$ to compel _!       
)drawal by =ce or insurrections2 f\r?ly1
 t ,law & ,ord] is & has always be5 a   
plea = absolutism & la/ly !re c be nei!r
 law nor ord] be=e ! real reign ( ,law  
beg9s4  ,i h dealt ) ! "q at "s l5g? z !
 "q is a vital "o & !re are _m ,mod]ates
 :o /ill ?9k t x is ! duty ( e loyal    
subject to assi/ ! ,gov]nm5t 9 !        
ma9t5ance ( ,law & ,ord]4 ,! p]sonal    
lib]ty ( e ,indian to-day dep5ds to a   
great ext5t on ! ex]cise by p]sons 9    
au?ority ( wide1 arbitr>y or            
discretion>y p[]s4 ,:]e su* p[]s are    
all[$ ! rule ( law is d5i$4 ,to f9d out 

! ext5t to :i* ?is explod$ doctr9e (    
,law & ,ord] influ5ces ! m9ds ( sob] &  
le>n$ m5 we h only to read ! report ( ! 
,committee appo9t$ to exam9e !          
repressive laws4 ,y w f9d 9 ! report    
nei!r ! vision ( ! patriot nor ! wisdom 
( ! /atesman2 b y w f9d an excessive    
wor%ip ( t mu* adv]tis$ b mu*           
misund]/ood phrase ,law & ,ord]4 ,:y is 
,regulation ,,iii ( #ahah to be am5d$ & 
kept on ! ,/atute ,book8 ,because = !   
protection ( ! fronti]s ( ,india & !    
fulfilm5t ( ! responsibility ( !        
,gov]nm5t ( ,india 9 relation to ,indian
 ,/ates !re mu/ be "s enactm5t to arm ! 
executive ) p[]s to re/rict ! movem5ts &
 activities ( c]ta9 p]sons1 :o ?\gh n   
com+ )9 ! scope ( any crim9al law h to  
be put "u "s measure ( re/ra9t4 ,:y are 
! ,indian ,crim9al ,law ,am5dm5t ,act   
#aijh & ! ,prev5tion ( ,s$iti\s ,meet+s 
,act #aiaa to be reta9$ on ! ,/atute    
,book8 ,= ! pres]vation ( law & ord]8   
,!y little ?9k ^! le>n$ g5tlem5         
responsible = ! report t ^! ,/atutes1   

giv+ z !y d to ! ,executive wide1       
arbitr>y & discretion>y p[]s ( con/ra9t1
 con/itute a /ate ( ?+s :]e9 x is ! duty
 ( e individual to resi/ & to defy !    
tyranny ( su* lawless laws4 ,^! ,/atutes
 9 !mselves con/itute a brea* ( law &   
ord]1 =1 law & ord] is ! result ( ! rule
 ( law2 & :]e y d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! rule (
 law1 y _c turn r\nd & say x is y\r duty
 z law-abid+ citiz5s to obey ! law4  ,we
 h _h abundance ( ?is law & ord] dur+ ! 
la/ few ye>s ( our ,national ,hi/ory4 ,!
 la/ affront deliv]$ to ! nation1 0 !   
promulgation ( an executive ord] "u !   
au?ority ( ! ,crim9al ,law ,am5dm5t ,act
 mak+ ! legitimate "w ( ,congress       
,volunte]s illegal & crim9al4 ,?is 0    
support$ by our ,mod]ate fri5ds on !    
gr\nd t x is ! duty ( ! law-abid+       
subject to support ! ma9t5ance ( law &  
ord]4 ,! doctr9e1 z ,i said be=e1 has   
travell$ all ! way f ! %ores ( ,engl&4  
,b may ,i ask--is !re "o argum5t advanc$
 to-day by ! ,bureaucracy & its fri5ds  
:i* 0 n advanc$ ) equal cle>ness by !   

,/u>ts8 ,:5 ! ,/u>ts arrogat$ to        
!mselves a discretion>y p[] ( committ+  
to prison all p]sons :o 7 on any acc\nt 
obnoxi\s to ! ,c\rt1 !y made ! excuse t 
! p[] 0 necess>y = ! safety ( ! nation4 
,& ! p[] 0 resi/$ 9 ,engl&1 n because x 
0 nev] ex]cis$ = ! safety ( ! nation1 b 
because ! exi/5ce ( ! p[] 0 inconsi/5t )
 ! exi/5ce1 at ! same "t ( individual   
lib]ty4 ,:5 ! ,/u>ts claim$ ! "r to     
legislate by proclamation & by ! wide   
ex]cise ( susp5d+ & disp5s+ p[]s !y did 
s on ! express gr\nd t su* legislation 0
 necess>y = public safety4 ,t "r 0 d5i$ 
by ! ,engli% nation1 n because su*      
legislation 0 n necess>y = public safety
 b because su* "r c\ld n co-exi/ ) !    
fundam5tal "r ( ! nation to legislate = 
itself4 ,is ! p[] ( ! ,gov]nor-,g5]al to
 c]tify t ! passage ( a ,bill is        
ess5tial = safety or tranquility or     
int]e/ ( ,briti% ,india1 any diff]5t f !
 p[] claim$ by ! ,/u>ts8 ,!re is inde$ a
 /rik+ resemblance betwe5 ! p[] conf]r$ 
on ! ,gov]nor-,g5]al & ! ,gov]nors ( !  

prov9ces & ! p[]s claim$ by ! ,tudors & 
! ,/u>ts4 ,:5 ! ,/u>ts claim$ ! "r to   
raise rev5ue on _! own initiative1 !y   
disclaim$ any int5tion to ex]cise su* "r
 except :5 ! good & safety ( ! k+dom 9  
g5]al is conc]n$ & ! :ole k+dom is 9    
dang]4 ,t "r 0 resi/$ 9 ,engl&1 n       
because ! rev5ues rais$ by !m 7 n       
necess>y = ! good & safety ( ! k+dom1 b 
because t "r 0 inconsi/5t ) ! fundam5tal
 "r ( ! p to pay su* taxes only z 7     
det]m9$ by ! repres5tatives ( ! p = ! p4
 ,is ! p[] conf]r$ on ! ,gov]nor to     
c]tify t ! exp5diture provid$ = by a    
p>ticul> dem& n ass5t$ to by !          
legislature is ess5tial to ! dis*>ge ( 8
 responsibility = ! subjects1 any       
diff]5t f ! p[] claim$ by ! ,/u>ts8 ,x  
%\ld be pat5t to ev]ybody t we d n live 
"u any hi/ory ( ,engl& z proclaim$ t x  
is idle to talk ( ! ma9t5ance ( law &   
ord] :5 l>ge discretion>y p[]s (        
con/ra9t are ve/$ 9 ! executive4 ,!     
manhood ( ,engl& triumphantly resi/$ !  
pret5sions ( ,law & ,ord]4 ,if !re is   

manhood 9 ,india to-day1 ,india w       
successfully resi/ ! same pret5sions1   
advanc$ by ! ,indian ,bureaucracy4  ,i h
 quot$ f ,engli% ,hi/ory at l5g?1       
because ! argum5t furni%$ by t hi/ory   
appeals to p :o are fright5$ by popul>  
movem5t into rais+ ! cry ( law & ord]4  
,foll[ ! l9es laid d[n 9 t ,hi/ory4 ,=  
myself1 ,i oppose ! pret5sions ( law &  
ord] n on hi/orical prec$5t1 b on !     
gr\nd t x is ! inali5able "r ( e        
individual & ( e nation to /& on tru? & 
to (f] a /ubborn resi/ance to !         
promulgation ( lawless laws4 ,!re 0 a   
law 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/ :i* =bade ! p f eat+ 
on ! ,sabba?1 b all[$ ! prie/s to pr(ane
 ,sabba?4 ,& h[ ,*ri/s dealt ) ! law is 
n>rat$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4  ,at t "t     
,jesus w5t on ! ,sabba? day ?r\gh !     
corn2 & 8 disciples 7 an hung]$1 & began
 to pluck ! e> ( corn & to eat4  ,b :5 !
 ,ph>isses saw x1 !y said unto him1     
,behold1 ?y disciples d t :i* is n      
lawful to d ^u ! ,sabba? day4  ,b he    
said unto !m1 h we n read :at ,david    

did1 :5 he 0 an hung]$ & !y t 7 ) him2  
,h[ he ent]$ into ! ,h\se ( ,god & did  
eat ! %ew bread1 :i* 0 n lawful = him to
 eat1 nei!r = !m :i* 7 ) him1 b only = !
 prie/s8  ,or h we n read 9 ! law1 h[ t 
on ! ,sabba? days ! prie/s 9 ! temple   
pr(an$ ! ,sabba? & are blameless8  ,!   
tru? is t law & ord] is = man1 & n man =
 law & ord]4 ,! developm5t ( nationality
 is a sacr$ task & any?+ :i* imp$es t   
task is an ob/acle :i* ! v =ce & p[] (  
nationality mu/ ov]come4 ,if !re=e y    
int]pose a doctr9e to imp$e ! task :y1 !
 doctr9e mu/ g4 ,if y h rec\rse to law &
 ord] to e/abli% & def5d ! rule ( law1  
!n y\r law & ord] is entitl$ to claim ! 
respect ( all law-abid+ citiz5s1 b1 z   
soon z y h rec\rse to x n to e/abli% &  
def5d ! rule ( law1 b to de/roy & attack
 x1 !re is no long] any obligation on u 
to respect x1 = a ,high] ,law1 ! virtual
 law1 ! ,law ( ,god compels to (f] our  
/ubborn resi/ance to x4 ,:5 ,i f9d      
some?+ put =w>d 9 ! sacr$ "n ( law &    
ord] t x is delib]ately int5d$ to h9d] !

 gr[?1 ! developm5t1 & !                
self-realization ( ! nation1 ,i h no    
hesitation :atev] 9 proclaim+ t su* law 
& ord] is an outrage on man & an insult 
to ,god4  ,b ?\gh our ,mod]ate fri5ds   
are (t5 delud$ by ! battle cry ( law &  
ord]1 ,i rejoice :5 ,i he> t cry4 ,x    
means t ! ,bureaucracy is 9 dang] & t ! 
,bureaucracy has realis$ its dang]4 ,x  
is n )\t reason t ! false issue is rais$
 & ! fact a false issue has be5 rais$   
fills me ) hope & c\rage4 ,i ask my     
c\ntrym5 to be pati5t & to press ! *>ge4
 ,fre$om has already advanc$ :5 ! al>m (
 law & ord] is s\nd$2 t is ! hi/ory (   
,bureaucracies all ov] ! _w4  ,9 !      
meantime x is our duty to keep our ideal
 /eadfa/4 ,we mu/ n =get t we are on !  
eve ( great *anges1 t _w =ces are work+ 
all ar\nd u & t ! battle ( fre$om has   
yet to be won4   ,,nationalism3 ,,!     
,,ideal  ,:at is ! ideal :i* we mu/ set 
be=e u8 ,! fir/ & =emo/ is ! ideal (    
nationalism4 ,n[ :at is ,nationalism8 ,x
 is1 ,i conceive1 a process ?r\gh :i* a 

nation expresses itself & f9ds itself1 n
 9 isolation f o!r nations b1 z "p ( a  
great s*eme by :i*1 9 seek+ its own     
expression & !re=e its own id5tity1 x   
mat]ially assi/s ! self-expression &    
self-realization ( o!r nations z well4  
,div]sity is z real z ,unity4 ,& 9 ord] 
t ! unity ( ! _w may be e/abli%$ x is   
ess5tial t ea* nationality %\ld proce$  
on its own l9es & f9d fulfilm5t 9       
self-expression & self-realisation4 ,!  
,nationality ( :i* ,i am speak+ mu/ n be
 confus$ ) ! conception ( nationality z 
x exi/s 9 ,europe to-day4 ,nationalism 9
 ,europe is an aggressive nationalism1 a
 selfi% nationalism1 a comm]cial        
nationalism ( ga9 & loss4 ,! ga9 (      
,france is a loss ( ,g]many1 & ! ga9 (  
,g]many is a loss ( ,france4 ,!re=e     
,fr5* nationalism is nurtur$ on ! hatr$ 
( ,g]many & ,g]man nationalism is       
nurtur$ 9 ! hatr$ ( ,france4 ,x is n yet
 realis$ t y _c hurt ,g]many )\t hurt+  
,humanity & 9 consequ5ce hurt+ ,france2 
& t y _c hurt ,france )\t hurt+         

,humanity1 & 9 consequ5ce hurt+ ,g]many4
 ,t is ,european nationalism2 t is n !  
nationalism ( :i* ,i am speak+ to y     
to-day4 ,i cont5d t ea* nationality     
con/itutes a p>ticul> /ream ( ! great   
unity1 b no nation c fulfil itself until
 x becomes itself & at ! same "t        
realises its id5tity ) ,humanity4 ,!    
:ole problem ( nationalism is !re=e to  
f9d t /ream & to face ! de/9y4 ,if y f9d
 ! curr5t & e/abli% a cont9uity ) ! pa/1
 !n ! process ( self-expression has     
begun1 & no?+ c /op ! gr[? (            
nationality4  ,?r\gh\t ! pages ( ,indian
 hi/ory1 ,i f9d a great purpose unfold+ 
itself4 ,movem5t aft] movem5t has swept 
ov] ?is va/ c\ntry1 app>5tly creat+     
ho/ile =ces1 b 9 reality /imulat+ !     
vitality & m\ld+ ! life ( ! p into "o   
great nationality4 ,if ! ,aryans & !    
non-,aryans met1 x 0 = ! purpose ( mak+ 
"o p out ( !m4 ,brahmanism ) its great  
culture succe$$ 9 b9d+ ! :ole ( ,india &
 0 inde$ a mighty unify+ =ce4 ,buddhism 
) its prote/s aga9/ ,brahmanism s]v$ !  

same great hi/orical purposes & f       
,magadha to ,taxila 0 "o great          
,buddhi/ic empire :i* succe$$ n only 9  
broad5+ ! basis ( ,indian unity1 b 9    
creat+ :at is p]haps m important1 !     
great] ,india beyond ! ,himalayas &     
beyond ! seas1 s mu* s t ! sacr$ city   
:]e we h met may be reg>d$ z a place (  
pilgrimage ( millions & millions ( p (  
,asiatic races4 ,!n came ! ,mahom$ans ( 
div]s races1 b ) "o culture :i* 0 _!    
common h]itage4 ,= a "t x look$ z if !re
 0 a dis9tegrat+ =ce1 an enemy to ! gr[?
 ( ,indian nationalism1 b ! ,mahom$ans  
made _! home 9 ,india1 &1 :ile !y br\ght
 a new outlook & a wond]ful vitality to 
! ,indian life1 ) inf9ite wisdom1 !y did
 z little z possible to di/urb ! gr[? ( 
life 9 ! villages :]e ,india really     
lives4 ,?is new outlook 0 necess>y =    
,india3 & if ! two si/] /reams met1 x 0 
only to fulfil !mselves & face ! de/9y (
 ,indian hi/ory4 ,!n came ! ,engli% ) _!
 ali5 culture1 _! =eign me?ods1 deliv]+ 
a rude %ock to ?is gr[+ nationality2 b !

 %ock has only complet$ ! unify+ process
 s t ! purpose ( hi/ory is practically  
fulfill$4 ,! great ,indian nationality  
is 9 sight4 ,x already /ret*es its h&s  
across ! ,himalayas n only to ,asia b to
 ! :ole ( ! _w1 n aggressively1 b to    
dem& its recognition1 & to (f] its      
contribution1 ,i desire to emphasise t  
!re is no ho/ility betwe5 ! ideal (     
nationality & t ( _w-peace4 ,nationalism
 is ! process ?r\gh :i* alone w _w-peace
 come4 ,a full & unfett]$ gr[? (        
nationalism is necess>y = _w-peace j z a
 full & unfett]$ gr[? ( individuals is  
necess>y = nationality4 ,x is !         
conception ( aggressive nationality 9   
,europe t /&s 9 ! way ( peace2 b once ! 
tru? is grasp$ t x is n possible = a    
nation to inflict a loss on ano!r nation
 )\t at ! same "t inflict+ a loss on    
itself1 ! problem ( ,humanity is solv$4 
,! ess5tial tru? ( nationality lies 9   
?is1 t x is necess>y = ea* nation to    
develop itself1 express itself & realise
 itself1 s t ,humanity itself may       

develop itself1 express itself & realise
 itself4 ,x is my belief t ?is tru? (   
nationality w endure1 al?\gh1 = ! mom5t1
 unm9dful ( ! real issue1 ! nations are 
fight+ among/ !mselves &1 if ,i am n    
mi/ak51 x is ! v in/9ct ( selfi%ness &  
self-pres]vation :i* w ultimately solve 
! problem1 n ! n>r[ & ! mi/ak5          
selfi%ness ( ! pres5t1 b a selfi%ness   
univ]saliz$ by intellect & transfigur$  
by _s1 a selfi%ness t w br+ home to !   
nations ( ! _w t 9 ! ef=ts to put d[n _!
 neighb\rs lies _! own ru9 &            
suppression4  ,we h1 !re=e1 to fo/] ! _s
 ( ,nationality4 ,true developm5t ( !   
,indian nation mu/ necess>ily lie 9 !   
pa? ( ,sw>aj4 ,a "q has (t5 be5 ask$ z  
to :at is ,sw>aj4 ,sw>aj is indef9able &
 is n to be confus$ ) any p>ticul> sy/em
 ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,!re is also ! diff]5ce 9 
! _w betwe5 ,sw>ajya & ,samrajya4 ,sw>aj
 is ! natural expression ( ! national   
m9d4 ,! full outw>d expression ( t m9d  
cov]s1 & mu/ necess>ily cov]1 ! :ole    
life hi/ory ( a nation4 ,yet x is true t

 ,sw>aj beg9s :5 ! true developm5t ( a  
nation beg9s1 because1 z ,i h said1     
,sw>aj is ! expression ( ! national m9d4
  ,! "q ( nationalism1 !re=e1 look$ at f
 ano!r po9t ( view1 is ! same "q z t (  
,sw>aj4 ,! "q ( all que/ions 9 ,india   
to-day is ! atta9m5t ( ,sw>aj4          
,,non-,,viol5t ,,non-,,co-,,op]ation  ,i
 n[ come to ! "q ( me?od4 ,i h to repeat
 t x has be5 prov$ beyond any d\bt t !  
me?od ( non-viol5t non-co-op]ation is ! 
only me?od :i* we mu/ foll[ to secure a 
sy/em ( ,gov]nm5t :i* may 9 reality be !
 f\ndation ( ,sw>aj4 ,x is h>dly        
necess>y to discuss ! philosophy (      
non-co-op]ation4 ,i %all simply /ate !  
diff]5t view-po9ts f :i* ?is "q may be  
discuss$4 ,f ! national po9t ( view !   
me?od ( non-co-op]ation means ! attempt 
( ! nation to conc5trate ^u its own     
en]gy & to /& on its own /r5g?4 ,f !    
e?ical po9t ( view1 non-co-op]ation     
means ! me?od ( self-purification1 !    
)drawal f t :i* is injuri\s to !        
developm5t ( ! nation1 & !re=e to ! good

 ( humanity4 ,f ! spiritual po9t ( view 
,sw>aj means t isolation :i* 9 !        
language ( ,sadhana is call$ protyah>--t
 )drawal f ! =ces :i* are =eign to our  
nature--an isolation & )drawal :i* is   
necess>y 9 ord] to br+ out f our hidd5  
dep?s ! s\l ( ! nation 9 all h] glory4  
,i d n desire to lab\r ! po9t1 b f e    
conceivable po9t ( view1 ! me?od (      
non-viol5t non-co-op]ation mu/ be reg>d$
 z ! true me?od ( foll[+ 9 ! pa? (      
,sw>aj4   ,,=ce ,,& ,,viol5ce  ,d\bt    
has1 h[ev]1 be5 express$ 9 "s qu>t]s    
ab\t ! s\ndness ( ! pr9ciple (          
non-viol5ce4 ,i _c refuse to ackn[l$ge t
 !re is a body ( ,indian op9ion )9 !    
c\ntry z well z outside accord+ to :i*  
non-viol5ce is an ideal ab/raction      
incapable ( realisation1 & t ! only way 
9 :i* ,sw>aj c ev] be atta9$ is by !    
application ( =ce & viol5ce4 ,i d n = a 
mom5t "q ! sacrifice & patriotism ( ^?  
:o hold ?is view4 ,i "k t "s ( !m h     
suff]$ = ! cause :i* !y believe to be   
true4 ,b may ,i be p]mitt$ to po9t out t

 ap>t f any "q ( pr9ciple1 hi/ory has   
prov$ ov] & ov] aga9 ! utt] futility (  
revolutions br\ght ab\t by =ce &        
viol5ce4 ,i am "o ( ^? :o hold to       
non-viol5ce on pr9ciple4 ,b let u       
consid] ! "q ( exp$i5cy4 ,is x possible 
to atta9 ,sw>aj by viol5t means8 ,!     
answ] :i* hi/ory gives is an emphatic   
,no4 ,take all ! =midable revolutions ( 
! _w4   ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution  ,!     
hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution is ! hi/ory
 ( a /ruggle at ! fir/ in/ance betwe5 ! 
,cr[n & ! nobility on "o side & !       
,repres5tative ,assemblies ) arm$ ,p>is 
on ! o!r4 ,bo? took to viol5ce1 "o to ! 
bayonet & ! o!r to ! pike4 ,! pike      
succe$$ because ! bayonet 0 held )      
unc]ta9 h&s4 ,& !n1 z is usual aft] !   
victory ga9$ ) viol5ce1 ! popul> p>ty 0 
%>ply divid$ betwe5 two sections--!     
,girond9s & ! ,jacob9s4 ,aga9 !re 0 an  
appeal to =ce4 ,! ,girond9s ask$ !      
prov9ces to rise 9 arms1 ! ,jacob9s ask$
 ,p>is to rise 9 arms4 ,p>is be+ ne>] & 
/rong]1 ! ,girond9s 7 defeat$ & s5t to !

 guillot9e--! ,jacob9s seiz$ ! p[]4 ,b x
 did n take !m _m mon?s to fall out     
among !mselves4 ,fir/ ,robespi]re &     
,danton s5t ,heb]t & ,*anmette to !     
guillot9e1 !n ,robespi]re s5t ,danton to
 ! guillot9e4 ,robespi]re 9 8 turn 0    
guillot9$ by ,collot1 ,bill& & ,talli54 
,^! m5 aga9 7 bani%$ by o!rs to ! f>-(f 
,s\? ,am]ica4 ,if !re 0 a slight        
diff]5ce ( views betwe5 ! ,girond9s & ! 
,jacob9s !re 0 practically none betwe5 !
 diff]5t sections ( ! ,jacob9s4 ,! :ole 
"q 0 :i* ( ! v>i\s sections 0 to rule   
,france4 ,=ce gave way to /rong] =ce &  
at la/ "u ,napoleon1 ,france exp]i5c$ a 
despotism simil> to if n worse ?an !    
despotism ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,z reg>ds      
lib]ty !re 0 n m lib]ty 9 ,france "u !  
t]rible ,committee ( ,public ,safety1 & 
,napoleon ?an "u ,l\is ,,xiv or ,l\is   
,,xv4 ,! law ( ,prairial 0 c]ta9ly mu*  
worse ?an ,lettres de ,ca*et4 ,& ! p--8 
,on ! ,pont au ,*ange1 on ! ,place de   
,greve1 9 long %$s1 ,m]ci]1 at ! end ( !
 ,revolution1 saw work+ m5 at _! repa/4 

,"o's allotm5t ( daily bread _h sunk to 
an ounce & a half4 ,plates conta9+ ea*  
?ree grill$ h]r+s1 spr9kl$ ) %orn       
onions1 wett$ ) a little v9eg>2 to ?is  
add "s morsel ( boil$ prunes1 & l5tils  
swimm+ 9 a cle> sauce2 at ^! frogal     
tables ,i h se5 !m rang$ by ! hundr$2   
consum+1 )\t bread1 _! scant messes1 f> 
too mod]ate = ! ke5ness ( _! appetite1 &
 ! ext5t ( _! /oma*4 ,se9e wat]1 rem>ks 
,c>lyle grimly--ru%+ pl5te\s by1 w      
supply ! defici5cy4 ,"o _c =get !       
exclamation ( ,c>lyle 9 ?is connection3 
,o ,man ( ,toil6 ,?y /ruggl+ & ?y d>+1  
^! six long ye>s ( insurrection &       
tribulation1 ?\ ha/ pr(it$ no?+ by x1   
!n8 ,?\ consume/ ?y h]r+ & wat]1 9 !    
bless$ gold-r$ ( ev5+4 ,o :y 0 ! ,e>? s 
beautiful1 becrimson$ ) dawn & twilight1
 if man's deal+s ) man 7 to make x a    
vale ( sc>city1 ( te>s1 n ev5 s(t te>s8 
,de/roy+ ( ,ba/illes1 discomfit+ (      
,brunswicks1 front+ ( ,pr9cipalities &  
,p[]s1 ( ,e>? & ,tophet1 all t ?\ ha/   
d>$ & endur$1--x 0 = a ,republic ( !    

,saloons8 ,ari/ocracy ( ,feudal ,p>*m5t 
has pass$ away ) a mighty ru%+2 & n[1 by
 a natural c\rse1 we arrive at          
,ari/ocracy ( ! ,moneybag4 ,x is ! c\rse
 ?r\gh :i* all ,european ,societies are1
 at ?is h\r1 travell+4 ,app>5tly a /ill 
bas] sort ( ,ari/ocracy8 ,an inf9itely  
bas] ! base/ yet kn[n4  ,ev5 to-day     
,france is plodd+ h] we>y way t[>ds     
,sw>aj4   ,,revolutions ,,9 ,,engl&  ,! 
hi/ory ( ,engl& proves ! same tru?4 ,!  
revolution ( ! ,b>ons 9 #abae took away 
or purport$ to take away ! p[] f ! ,k+ b
 ! p[] fell into ! h&s ( ! ari/ocracy1 &
 democracy did n %>e 9 ! triumph ( !    
,b>ons4 ,?us ! great ,*>t]1 z a great   
hi/orian has obs]v$1 0 ?us n a ,*>t] (  
,lib]ty b ( lib]ties4 ,! revolution 9 ! 
reign ( ,*>les ,i4 produc$ a new        
dictator :o suppress$ fre$om4 ,! "w :i* 
! ,long ,p>liam5t began 0 int]rupt$ by !
 ,revolution :i* foll[$ ! execution ( ! 
,k+1 & x requir$ ano!r ,revolution1 ?is 
"t a bloodless ,revolution1 to complete 
! "w4 ,i d5y t ! "w is yet complete4 ,! 

cont9ual class w> & ! obvi\s economic   
inju/ice d n proclaim t fre$om :i*      
,engl& claim$ = h]self4 ,i ma9ta9 t no p
 has yet succe$$ 9 w9n+ fre$om by =ce & 
viol5ce4 ,! tru? is t love ( p[] is a   
=midable factor to be reckon$ )1 & ^? :o
 secure t p[] by viol5ce w reta9 t p[]  
by viol5ce4 ,! use ( viol5ce deg5]ates  
!m :o use x & x is n easy = !m1 hav+    
seiz$ ! p[]1 to surr5d] x4 ,& !y f9d x  
easi] to c>ry on ! "w ( _! pr$ecessor1  
reta9+ _! p[] 9 _! own h&s4 ,non-viol5ce
 does n c>ry ) x t deg5]ation :i* is    
inh]5t 9 ! use ( viol5ce4               
,,revolutions ,,9 ,,italy ,,& ,,russia  
,! ,revolutions 9 ,italy & ,russia      
illu/rate ! same pr9ciple4 ,! ,italian  
,revolution inspir$ by ,mazz9i & work$  
out by ,g>ibaldi & ,cav\r1 did n result 
9 ! atta9m5t ( ,sw>aj4 ,! fre$om (      
,italy is yet 9 ! mak+1 & ! m5 & wom5 ( 
,italy are to-day look+ =w>d to ano!r   
revolution4 ,if x results 9 a w> (      
viol5ce x w aga9 defeat its purpose1 b  
only to all[ ,fre$om & ,non-viol5ce to  

triumph 9 ! end4  ,! rec5t revolution 9 
,russia is a v int]e/+ /udy4 ,! %ape :i*
 x has n[ assum$ is due to ! attempt to 
=ce ,m>xian doctr9es & dogmas on !      
unwill+ g5ius ( ,russia4 ,viol5ce w aga9
 fail4 ,if ,i h read ! situation        
accurately ,i expect a c\nt]-revolution4
 ,! s\l ( ,russia mu/ /ruggle to free   
h]self f ! socialism ( ,c>l ,m>x4 ,x may
 be an indep5d5t movem5t or x may be t !
 pres5t movem5t conta9s )9 itself ! p[] 
( work+ out t fre$om4 ,9 ! meantime !   
fate ( ,russia is trembl+ 9 ! balance4  
,,non-,,viol5t ,,non-,,co-,,op]ation3   
,,! ,,only ,,me?od  ,i believe 9        
revolutions1 b ,i repeat1 viol5ce       
defeats fre$om4 ,! revolution (         
non-viol5ce is sl[] b sur]4 ,/ep by /ep 
! s\l ( ! nation em]ges & /ep by /ep !  
nation m>*es on 9 ! pa? ( ,sw>aj4 ,!    
only me?od by :i* ,fre$om c be atta9$ 9 
,india at any rate1 is ! me?od (        
non-viol5t non-co-op]ation4 ,^? :o      
believe ?is me?od to be impracticable   
w\ld d well to pond] ov] ! ,akali       

movem5t4 ,:5 ,i saw ! injuries ( ! w\nd$
 at ,amrits> & he>d f _! lips t n "o (  
!m _h ev5 wi%$ to meet viol5ce by       
viol5ce1 9 spite ( su* grave            
provocation1 ,i said to myself1 "h 0 !  
triumph ( non-viol5ce4  ,non-viol5ce is 
n an idle dream4 ,x 0 n 9 va9 t ,mahatma
 decl>$1 put up ?y sword into ! %ea?4   
,let ^? :o are ( ! tru? he> 8 voice z ^?
 o!rs he>d a mighti] voice two ?\s& ye>s
 ago4  ,! attempt ( ! ,indian nation to 
atta9 ,sw>aj by ?is me?od 01 h[ev]1 met 
by sev]e repression4 ,! "t has come = u 
to e/imate our success z well z our     
failure4 ,s f> z repression is conc]n$1 
x is easy to answ] ! "q4 ,i h n ! lea/  
d\bt 9 my m9d t ! nation has triumph$   
ov] ! repression :i* 0 />t$ & cont9u$ to
 kill ! s\l ( ! movem5t4   ,,success ,,(
 ,,non-,,viol5t ,,non-,,co-,,op]ation   
,b ! "q1 :i* agitates mo/ m9ds1 is z to 
:e!r we h succe$$ 9 our "w ( non-viol5t 
non-co-op]ation4 ,!re is1 ,i am sorry to
 say1 a great deal ( confusion ( ?\ght  
beh9d ! "q4 ,x is assum$ t a movem5t mu/

 ei!r succe$ or fail1 :]eas ! tru? is t 
human movem5ts1 ,i am speak+ ( g5u9e    
movem5ts1 nei!r altoge!r succe$ nor     
altoge!r fail4 ,e g5u9e movem5t proce$s 
f an ideal1 & ! ideal is always high]   
?an ! a*ievem5t4 ,take ! ,fr5*          
revolution4 ,0 x a success8 ,0 x a      
failure8 ,to pr$icate ei!r w\ld be a    
gross hi/orical blund]4 ,0 !            
non-co-op]ation movem5t 9 ,india a      
success8 ,yes1 a mighty success :5 we   
?9k ( ! desire = ,sw>aj :i* x has       
succe$$ 9 awak5+ ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread?
 ( ?is va/ c\ntry4 ,x is a great success
 :5 we ?9k ( ! practical result ( su*   
awak5+1 9 ! money :i* ! nation          
contribut$1 9 ! enrolm5t ( memb]s ( !   
,indian ,national ,congress & 9 !       
boycott ( =eign clo?4 ,i g fur!r & say t
 ! practical a*ievem5t also consi/s ( ! 
loss ( pre/ige suff]$ by ,educational   
,in/itutions & ! ,c\rts ( ,law & !      
,re=m$ ,c\ncils ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,if !y
 are /ill resort$ to1 x is because ( !  
weakness ( our c\ntrym54 ,! c\ntry has  

already express$ its /rong desire to end
 ^! in/itutions4 ,yet x mu/ be admitt$ t
 f ano!r po9t ( view1 :5 we assess !    
measure ( our success 9 ! _s (          
,ari?metic1 we are face to face ) !     
petty done & ! undone va/4 ,!re is mu*  
:i* rema9s to be accompli%$4            
,non-viol5ce has to be m firmly         
e/abli%$4 ,! "w ( non-co-op]ation has to
 be /r5g!n$1 & ! field ( non-co-op]ation
 has to be ext5d$4 ,we mu/ be firm b    
reasonable4 ,! _s ( sacrifice has got to
 be fur!r /r5g!n$1 & we mu/ proce$ ) !  
"w ( de/ruction & creation m vigor\sly  
?an be=e ,i say to our critics4 ,i admit
 we h fail$ 9 _m directions1 b w y also 
n admit our success :]e we h succe$$8   
,,*>ge ,,( ,,corrupt+ ,,! ,,y\?s  ,we h 
be5 d5\nc$ by ! ,mod]ates = hav+        
corrupt$ ! y\? ( ?is c\ntry4 ,x has be5 
ass]t$ t we h taught sons to disobey _! 
fa!rs1 ! pupils1 _! tea*]s & ! subjects 
! ,gov]nm5t4 ,we plead guilty to ! *>ge 
& we rely on e spiritual movem5t z      
argum5t 9 our support4 ,*ri/ himself 0  

tri$ = hav+ corrupt$ ! p1 & ! answ]s :i*
 he gave 9 anticipation is z emphatic z 
x is in/ructive4  ,?9k n t ,i am come to
 s5d peace on e>?4 ,i come n to s5d     
peace1 b a sword4  ,= ,i am come to set 
a man at v>iance aga9/ 8 fa!r & !       
daught]-9-law aga9/ h] "m-9-law4        
,,*>ge ,,( ,,hypocrisy  ,x has be5 said 
t ) love on our lips we h be5 prea*+ !  
,gospel ( hatr$4 ,nev] 0 su* a vile sl&]
 utt]$4 ,x may be we h fail$ to love1 x 
may be we lo/ ourselves "s ( u 9 hatr$1 
b t only %[s our weakness &             
imp]fectness4 ,judge u by our ideals1 n 
by :at we h a*iev$4 ,:]ev] we h fall5   
%ort ( our ideal1 put x d[n to our      
weakness4 ,on behalf ( ! ,indian        
,national ,congress ,i d5y ! *>ge (     
hypocrisy4 ,to ^? :o are anxi\s to po9t 
out our defects1 ,i say ) all humility4 
,my fri5ds1 if y are weak1 come & jo9 u 
& make u /rong]4 ,if ! ,lead]s are      
wor?less1 come & jo9 u to lead1 & !     
lead]s w /& aside4 ,if y d n believe 9 !
 ideal :at is ! use ( always criticis+ u

 9 ! light ( t ideal8 ,we ne$ no critic 
to tell u h[ f> we h fall5 %ort ( t     
ideal4 ,evid5ce ( weakness has met me f 
e direction :i* ,i h look$4 ,b 9 spite (
 our defects ( human weakness1 ( human  
imp]fection ,i feel bold en\gh to say t 
our victory is assur$ & t ! ,bureaucracy
 kn[s t our victory is assur$4   ,,h[   
,,to ,,apply ,,! ,,non-,,viol5t ,n4 ,c4 
,o4 ,,me?od  ,b ?\gh ! me?od (          
non-viol5t non-co-op]ation is sure &    
c]ta91 we h n[ to consid] h[ be/ to     
apply t me?od to ! exi/+ circum/ances ( 
! c\ntry4 ,i d n agree ) ^? :o ?9k t !  
_s ( ! nation is s dead t non-viol5t    
non-co-op]ation is no long] possible4 ,i
 h giv5 ! matt] my e>ne/ ?\ght & ,i     
desire to make x p]fectly cle> t !re is 
absolutely no reason = ent]ta9+ any     
feel+s ( d\bt or despair4 ,! outw>d     
appe>ance ( ! p to-day is some:at       
deceptive4 ,!y appe> to be 9 a tir$     
condition & a s5se ( fatigue has        
p>tially ov]come !m4 ,b b5ea? all ?is   
ext]ior ( quietude1 ! pulse ( ! nation  

beats z /rongly z be=e & z hopefully z  
at ! beg9n+ ( ?is movem5t4 ,we h to     
consolidate ! /r5g? ( ! nation4 ,we h to
 devise a plan ( "w :i* w /imulate _!   
en]gy1 s t we c accel]ate our j\rney    
t[>ds ,sw>aj4 ,i %all place be=e y "o by
 "o ! items ( "w :i* 9 my op9ion !      
,indian ,national ,congress %\ld        
prescribe = ! nation4   ,,decl>ation ,,(
 ,,rights  ,x %\ld comm5ce its "w = !   
ye>1 by a cle>] decl>ation ( rights ( ! 
diff]5t communities 9 ,india "u ! ,sw>aj
 ,gov]nm5t4 ,s f> z ! ,h9dus &          
,mahom$ans are conc]n$1 !re %\ld be a   
cle> & emphatic confirmation ( :at is   
kn[n z ! ,luckn[ pact & along ) t !re   
%\ld be an emphatic insi/5ce ( ea* o!rs'
 rights4 ,& ea* %\ld be prep>$ to und]go
 "s k9d ( sacrifice 9 fav\r ( ! o!r4    
,let me give an in/ant to make my mean+ 
cle>4 ,e dev\t ,mussalman objects to any
 music 9 front ( a mosque & e dev\t &   
or?odox ,h9du objects to c[s be+        
slaught]$4 ,may n ! ,h9dus & ,mussalmans
 ( ,india ent] into a solemn pact s t   

!re may n be any music be=e any mosque &
 t no c[s may he slaught]$8 ,o!r        
in/ances may be quot$4 ,!re %\ld be a   
s*eme ( a s]ies ( sacrifices to be      
suff]$ by ea* community s t !y may      
advance %\ld] to %\ld] 9 ! pa? ( ,sw>aj4
 ,z reg>ds ! o!r communities su* z      
,sikhs1 ,*ri/ians & ,p>sees1 ! ,h9dus & 
,moham$ans :o con/itute ! bulk ( ! p    
%\ld be prep>$ to give !m ev5 m ?an _!  
proportional %>e 9 ! ,sw>aj             
adm9i/ration1 ,i sugge/ t ! ,congress   
%\ld br+ ab\t real agreem5t betwe5 all  
^! communities1 by :i* ! rights ( e     
m9ority %\ld be cle>ly recognis$ 9 ord] 
to remove all d\bts :i* may arise & all 
appreh5sions :i* probably exi/4 ,i ne$  
h>dly add t ,i include among ,*ri/ians n
 only pure ,indians b also              
,anglo-,indians & o!r p :o h *os5 to    
make ,india _! home4 ,su* an agreem5t z 
,i h indicat$ 0 always necess>y b su* an
 agreem5t is specially necess>y 9 view (
 ! "w :i* faces u to-day4   ,,=eign     
,,propag&a  ,i fur!r ?9k t ! policy (   

exclusiv5ess :i* we h be5 foll[+ dur+ ! 
la/ two ye>s be n[ ab&on$4 ,!re is 9 e  
c\ntry a numb] ( p :o are selfless      
foll[]s ( lib]ty & :o desire to see e   
c\ntry free4 ,we c no long] af=d to lose
 _! sympa?y & co-op]ation4 ,9 my op9ion 
!re %\ld be e/abli%$ ,congress ag5cies 9
 ,am]ica & 9 e ,european c\ntry4 ,we mu/
 keep ourselves 9 t\* ) ! _w's movem5ts 
& be 9 con/ant communication ) ! lov]s (
 fre$om all ov] ! _w4   ,,! ,,great     
,,asiatic ,,f$]ation  ,ev5 m important  
?an ?is is ! p>ticipation ( ,india 9 !  
great ,asiatic ,f$]ation :i* ,i see 9 ! 
c\rse ( =mation4 ,i h h>dly any d\bt t !
 ,pan-,islamic movem5t :i* 0 />t$ on a  
some:at n>r[ basis has giv5 way or is   
ab\t to give way to ! great ,f$]ation ( 
all ,asiatic p4 ,x is ! union ( !       
oppress$ nationalities ( ,asia4 ,is     
,india to rema9 outside ! union8 ,i     
admit t our fre$om mu/ be won by        
ourselves1 b su* a bond ( fri5d%ip &    
love ( sympa?y & co-op]ation betwe5     
,india & ! re/ ( ,asia1 nay betwe5      

,india & all ! lib]ty-lov+ p ( ! _w is  
de/9$ to br+ ab\t ,_w ,peace4 ,_w       
,peace1 to my m9d1 means ! fre$om ( e   
nationality & ,i g fur!r & say t no     
nation 9 ! face ( ! e>? c be really free
 :5 o!r nations are 9 bondage4 ,! policy
 :i* we h hi!rto pursu$1 0 absolutely   
necess>y = ! conc5tration ( ! "w :i* we 
took ^u ourselves to p]=m & ,i agre$ to 
t policy :ole-he>t$ly4 ,! hope ( !      
atta9m5t ( ,sw>aj or a sub/antial basis 
( ,sw>aj 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> made su*     
conc5tration absolutely necess>y4       
,to-day t v "w dem&s broad] sympa?y & a 
wid] outlook4   ,,dem&s ,,= ,,punjab    
,,wrongs1 ,,khilafat ,,& ,,sw>aj  ,we   
are on ! eve ( great *anges1 & ! _w-=ces
 are ^u u4 ,! victory ( ,kemal ,pa%a has
 brok5 ! bonds ( ,asia & %e is all a/ir 
) life4 ,x is ,prome!us :o spoke )9 h]1 
& 'h] ?\ghts' are l ! _m =e/s ( vale    
?r\gh :i* ! might ( :irlw9d & ra9 _h    
pass$4 ,! /ir )9 e ,european c\ntry = ! 
real fre$om ( ! p has also work$ a      
m>vell\s trans=mation 9 ! m5tality (    

subject races4 ,t :i* 0 m or less a     
matt] ( ,ideal has n[ come )9 ! range ( 
practical politics4 ,! ,indian nation   
has f\nd out its be>+s4 ,at su* a "t z  
?is x is necess>y = u to reconsid] & to 
re/ate our dem&s4 ,our dem&s reg>d+ !   
,punjab wrongs h got to be re/at$       
because _m ( !m h already be5 realis$4  
,our dem&s reg>d+ ,khilafat h got to be 
reconsid]$1 because "s ( !m h already   
be5 work$ out & we hope t be=e ,lausanne
 ,commission has f9i%$ _! "w v little ( 
x w rema9 unrealis$4 ,our dem& = ,sw>aj 
mu/ n[ be pres5t$ 9 a m practical %ape4 
,! ,congress %\ld frame a cle> s*eme (  
:at we mean by a sy/em ( gov]nm5t :i*   
may s]ve z a real f\ndation = ,sw>aj4   
,hi!rto1 we h n def9$ any su* sy/em (   
,gov]nm5t4 ,we h n done s advis$ly z x 0
 on ! psy*ological aspect ( ,sw>aj t we 
conc5trat$ our att5tion4 ,b circum/ances
 to-day h *ang$4 ,! desire is mak+ u    
impati5t4 ,x is !re=e ! duty ( !        
,congress to place be=e ! ,c\ntry a cle>
 s*eme ( ! sy/em ( ,gov]nm5t :i* we     

dem&4 ,sw>aj1 z ,i h said1 is indef9able
 & is n to be confus$ ) any p>ticul>    
sy/em ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,yet ! national m9d  
mu/ express itself1 & al?\gh ! full     
outw>d expression ( ,sw>aj cov]s ! :ole 
life hi/ory ( a nation1 ! =mulation (   
su* a dem& _c be any fur!r delay$4      
,,s*eme ,,( ,a ,,gov]nm5t  ,x is h>dly  
)9 ! prov9ce ( ?is address to deal ) any
 detail s*eme ( any su* ,gov]nm5t4 ,i   
_c1 h[ev]1 all[ ?is opportunity to pass 
)\t giv+ y an expression ( my op9ion z  
to ! "* ( t sy/em ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,no sy/em
 ( ,gov]nm5t :i* is n = ! p & by ! p c  
ev5 be reg>d$ z ! true f\ndation (      
,sw>aj4 ,i am firmly conv9c$ t a        
p>liam5t>y ,gov]nm5t is n a gov]nm5t by 
! p & = ! p4 ,_m ( u believe t ! middle 
class mu/ w9 ,sw>aj = ! masses4 ,i d n  
believe 9 ! possibility ( any class     
movem5t be+ ev] conv]t$ into a movem5t =
 ,sw>aj4 ,if to-day ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t 
grants ,prov9cial autonomy 9 ! prov9ces 
) responsibility 9 ! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t1 
,i = "o1 w prote/ aga9/1 because t w    

inevitably lead to ! conc5tration ( !   
p[] 9 ! h&s ( ! middle class4 ,i d n    
believe t ! middle class w !n "p ) _!   
p[]4 ,h[ w x pr(it ,india1 if 9 place ( 
! ,:ite ,bureaucracy t n[ rules ov] h]1 
!re is sub/itut$ an ,indian ,bureaucracy
 ( ! middle classes4 ,bureaucracy is    
,bureaucracy & ,i believe t ! v idea (  
,sw>aj is inconsi/5t ) ! exi/5ce ( a    
,bureaucracy4 ,my ideal ( ,sw>aj w nev] 
be satisfi$ unless ! p co-op]ate ) u 9  
its atta9m5t4 ,any o!r attempt w        
inevitably lead to :at ,european        
,sociali/s call ! ,b\rgeoise ,gov]nm5t4 
,9 ,france & 9 o!r ,european c\ntries x 
is ! middle class :o f\ght ! battle (   
fre$om & ! result is t p[] is /ill 9 !  
h&s ( ?is class4 ,hav+ usurp$ ! p[] !y  
are unwill+ to face ) x4 ,if to-day !   
:ole ,europe is engag$ 9 a battle ( real
 fre$om x is because ! nations ( ,europe
 are ga!r+ _! /r5g? to wre/ ?is p[] f ! 
h&s ( ! middle classes4 ,i desire to    
avoid repetition ( t *apt] ( ,european  
hi/ory4 ,x is = ,india to %[ ! light to 

! _w1 ,sw>aj by ,non-viol5ce & ,sw>aj by
 ! p4  ,to me ! organisation ( village  
life & ! practical autonomy ( small     
local c5tres are m important ?an ei!r   
prov9cial autonomy or c5tral            
responsibility2 & if ! *oice lay betwe5 
! two1 ,i w\ld unhesitat+ly accept !    
autonomy ( ! local c5tres4 ,i mu/ n be  
und]/ood z imply+ t ! village c5tres w  
he disconnect$ units4 ,!y mu/ be held   
toge!r by a sy/em ( co-op]ation &       
integration4 ,= ! pres5t1 !re mu/ be p[]
 9 ! h&s ( ! prov9cial & ! ,indian      
,gov]nm5t2 b ! ideal %\ld be accept$    
once = all1 t ! prop] function ( !      
c5tral au?ority1 :e!r 9 ! prov9cial or 9
 ! ,indian ,gov]nm5t is to advise1 hav+ 
a residu>y p[] ( control only 9 case (  
ne$ & to be ex]cis$ "u prop] safegu>d4  
,i ma9ta9 t real ,sw>aj c only be atta9$
 by ve/+ ! p[] ( ,gov]nm5t 9 ^! local   
c5tres1 & ,i sugge/ t ! ,congress %\ld  
appo9t a ,committee to draw up a s*eme (
 ,gov]nm5t :i* w\ld be acceptable to !  
,nation4  ,! mo/ advanc$ ?\ght ( ,europe

 is turn+ f ! false individualism on :i*
 ,european culture & in/itutions are    
bas$ to :at ,i "k to be ! ideal ( !     
anci5t village organisation ( ,india4   
,accord+ to ?is ?\ght mod]n democracy ( 
! ballot box & l>ge cr[ds has fail$1 b  
real democracy has n yet be5 tri$4 ,:at 
is ! real democracy ( mod]n ,european   
?\ght8  ,! f\ndation ( real democracy   
mu/ be laid 9 small c5tres--n gradual   
dec5tralisation :i* implies a previ\s   
c5tralisation--b a gradual integration (
 ! practically autonom\s small c5tres   
into "o liv+ h>moni\s :ole4 ,:at is     
want$ is a human /ate1 n a me*anical    
contrivance4 ,we want ! gr[? (          
in/itutions & organisations :i* are     
really dynamic 9 _! nature & n ! m]e    
/atic /ability ( a c5tralis$ /ate4  ,?is
 /ra9 ( ,european ?\ght f\nd "s         
expression 9 ! philosophy ( ,hegel      
accord+ to :om human in/itutions belong 
to ! region n ( in]t ext]nality1 b ( m9d
 & purpose & are !re=e dynamic &        
self-develop+4  ,mod]n ,european ?\ght  

has made x cle> t f ! individual to !   
unifi$ /ate1 x is "o cont9u\s process ( 
real & natural gr[?4 ,sov]eignity       
7,sw>aj7 is a relative notion4 ,!       
individual is sov]eign ov]              
himself--atta9s 8 ,sw>aj 9 s f> z he c  
develop control & unify 8 manifold      
nature4 ,f ! individual we come to !    
integrat$ neighb\rhood :i* is ! real    
f\ndation ( ! unifi$ ,/ate1 :i* aga9 9  
its turn gives u ! true ideal ( !       
_w-/ate4 ,?is integrat$ neighb\rhood is 
a great deal m ?an ! m]e physical       
contiguity ( ! p :o live 9 !            
neighb\rhood area4 ,x requires !        
coalition ( :at has be5 call$           
neighb\rhood consci\sness4 ,9 o!r words1
 ! "q is h[ c ! =ce g5]at$ by !         
neighb\rhood life become "p ( our :ole  
critic & national life8 ,x is ?is "q :i*
 n[ democracy takes ^u itself to solve4 
,! process prescrib$ is ! g5]ation ( !  
collective w4 ,! democracy :i* obta9s   
to-day re/s on an attempt ( secur+ a    
common w by a process ( addition4 ,?is  

really means a w> ( wills1 ! issue be+  
left to be decid$ by a m]e sup]iority ( 
numb]s4 ,new democracy disc\nt5ances ?is
 process ( addition1 & insi/s on !      
discov]y ( detail$ means & me?ods by :i*
 ! diff]5t wills ( a neighb\rhood entity
 may gr[ into "o common collective w4   
,?is process is n a process addition b (
 integration & ! consci\sness ( !       
neighb\rhood ?us awak5$ mu/ express !   
common collective w ( t neighb\rhood    
entity4 ,! collective w ( sev]al        
neighb\rhood c5tres1 mu/ by a simil>    
process ( integration be all[$ to evolve
 ! ,common collective w ( ! :ole nation4
 ,x is only ?us1 by a simil> process (  
integration t any league ( nations may  
be real & ! vision ( a _w /ate may be   
realiz$4 ,! :ole ( ?is philosophy is    
bas$ on ! idea ( ! evolution ( !        
individual4 ,! idea is to release ! p[]s
 ( ! individual4 ,ord9>y notions ( /ate 
h little to d ) true individualism1 7i4 
e47 ) ! individual z consci\sly         
responsible = ! life f :i* he draws 8   

brea? & to :i* he contributes 8 all4    
,accord+ to ?is s*ool ( ?\ght           
',repres5tative gov]nm5t1 p>ty          
organisation1 majority rule1 ) all _!   
excresc5ces 9 _! /ead mu/ appe> !       
organisation ( non-p>tisan gr\ps = !    
begett+1 ! br++ into be+ ( common ideas1
 a common purpose & ! collective w4'    
,?is means ! true developm5t & ext5sion 
( ! individual self4 ,! in/itutions t   
exi/ to-day h made ma*9es ( m54 ,no     
,gov]nm5t w be successful1 no true      
,gov]nm5t is possible :i* does n re/ on 
! individual4 ,up to ! pres5t mom5t1    
says ! gift$ au?oress ( ! ,new ,/ate1 we
 h nev] se5 ! individual yet4 ,! se>* = 
him has be5 ! :ole long /riv+ ( our     
,anglo-,saxon hi/ory4 ,we s\ght to      
improve ! me?od ( repres5tation & fail$ 
to f9d him4 ,we s\ght to rea* him by    
ext5d+ ! suffrage to e man & !n to e    
woman & yet he eludes u4 ,direct        
,gov]nm5t n[ seeks ! individual4 ,9     
ano!r place ! same writ] says2 ,?us gr\p
 organisation releases u f ! dom9ation (

 m]e numb]s1 ?us democracy transc5ds "t 
& space4 ,x c nev] be und]/ood except z 
a spiritual =ce4 ,majority rule re/s on 
numb]s2 democracy re/s on ! well-gr\nd$ 
assumption t society is n a collection (
 units1 b a network ( human relations4  
,democracy is n work$ out at ! poll+    
boo?s1 x is ! br++ =? ( a g5u9e         
collective w1 "o to :i* e s+le be+ mu/  
contribute ! :ole ( 8 complex life1 z "o
 :i* e s+le be+ mu/ express ! :ole ( x  
at "o po9t4 ,?us ! ess5ce ( democracy is
 creat+4 ,! te*nique ( democracy is gr\p
 organization4 ,accord+ to ?is s*ool (  
?\ght no liv+ /ate is possible )\t !    
developm5t & ! ext5sion ( ! individual  
self4 ,! ,/ate itself is no /atic unit4 
,nor is x an arbitr>y creation4 ,x is a 
process2 a cont9ual self-modification to
 express its diff]5t /ages ( gr[? 9 :i* 
ea* & all mu/ be s flexible t cont9ual  
*ange ( =m is tw9 fell[ ( cont9ual gr[?4
 ,?is c only be realis$ :5 !re is a cle>
 p]ception t individuals & gr\ps & !    
nation /& 9 no anti!sis4 ,! integration 

( all ^! into "o consci\s :ole means &  
mu/ necess>ily mean ! integration ( !   
wills ( individuals into ! common &     
collective w ( ! entire nation4  ,!     
g5]al tr5d ( ,european ?\ght has n      
accept$ ! ideal ( ?is new democracy4 ,b 
! pres5t problems :i* are agitat+       
,europe seem to (f] no o!r solution4 ,i 
h v little d\bt t ?is ideal :i* appe>s  
to _m practical politicians z           
impracticable w be accept$ z ! real     
ideal at no di/ant future4 ,!re is      
little yet1 ,i aga9 quote f ! same      
au?or1 t is practical 9 practical       
politics4  ,! fact is t all !           
progressive movem5ts 9 ,europe h suff]$ 
because ( ! want ( a really spiritual   
basis & x is refre%+ to f9d t ?is writ] 
has seiz$ ^u x4 ,s to ^? :o ?9k t !     
neighb\rhood gr\p is puny to s]ve z a   
real f\ndation ( self-,gov]nm5t1 %e     
says1 is our daily life pr(ane & only s 
f> z we rise out ( x d we approa* !     
sacr$ life8 ,!n no wond] politics are   
:at !y h become4 ,b ?is is n ! cre$ ( m5

 to-day2 we believe 9 ! sacr$ness (     
life2 we believe t div9ity is = ev]     
inc>nat+ 9 humanity1 & s we believe 9   
,humanity & ! common daily life ( all   
m54  ,!re is ?us a great deal (         
correspond5ce betwe5 ?is view ( life & !
 view :i* ,i h be5 endeav\r+ to place   
be=e my c\ntrym5 = ! la/ #ae ye>s4 ,= ! 
tru? ( all tru?s1 is t ! out] ,leela (  
,god reveals itself 9 hi/ory4           
,individual ,society1 ,nation1 &        
,humanity are ! diff]5t aspects ( t v   
,leela & no s*eme ( self-,gov]nm5t :i*  
is practically true & :i* is really     
practical c be bas$ on any o!r          
philosophy ( life4 ,x is ! realisation (
 ?is tru? :i* is ! supreme necessity ( !
 h\r4 ,?is is ! s\l ( ,indian ?\ght1 &  
?is is ! ideal t[>ds :i* ! rec5t ?\ght (
 ,europe is sl[ly1 b surely1 advanc+4   
,to frame su* a s*eme ( ,gov]nm5t reg>d 
mu/ !re=e be _h3--  #a4 ,to ! =mation ( 
local c5tres m or less on ! l9es ( !    
anci5t village sy/em ( ,india4  #b4 ,!  
gr[? ( l>g] & l>g] gr\ps out ( !        

integration ( ^! village c5tres4  #c4 ,!
 unify+ /ate %\ld be ! result ( m9or    
gr[?4  #d4 ,! village c5tres & ! l>g]   
gr\ps mu/ be practically autonom\s4  #e4
 ,! residu>y p[] ( control mu/ rema9 9 !
 ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t1 b ! ex]cise ( su*   
p[] %\ld be exceptional & = t purpose   
prop] safegu>ds %\ld be provid$1 s t !  
practical autonomy ( ! local c5tres may 
be ma9ta9$ & at ! same "t ! gr[? ( !    
,c5tral ,gov]nm5t into a really unify+  
/ate may be possible4 ,! ord9>y "w ( su*
 ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t %\ld be ma9ly        
advisory4  ,z a necess>y coroll>y to :at
 ,i h v5tur$ to sugge/ z ! =m (         
,gov]nm5t :i* we %\ld accept1 ,i ?9k t !
 "w ( organis+ ^! local c5tres %\ld be  
=?) comm5c$4 ,! mod]n sub-divisions or  
ev5 small] units may be conv5i5tly tak5 
z ! local c5tres1 & l>g] c5tres may be  
conv5i5tly =m$4 ,once we h our local    
areas--! neighb\rhood gr\p--we %\ld fo/]
 ! habit ( corporate ?9k+1 & leave all  
local problems to be work$ out by !m4   
,!re is no reason :y we %\ld n />t !    

,gov]nm5t by ^! local c5tres to-day4 ,!y
 w\ld dep5d = _! au?ority on ! volunt>y 
co-op]ation ( ! p1 & volunt>y           
co-op]ation is mu* bett] ?an !          
compulsory co-op]ation :i* is at !      
bottom ( ! ,bureaucratic rule 9 ,india4 
,?is is n ! place to elaborate ! s*eme  
:i* ,i h 9 m9d2 b ,i ?9k t x is         
ess5tially necess>y to appo9t a         
,committee ) p[]1 n only to draw up a   
s*eme ( ,gov]nm5t b to sugge/ means by  
:i* ! s*eme c be put 9 op]ation at once4
   ,,boycott ,,( ,,c\ncils  ,! next item
 ( "w to :i* ,i desire to ref] is !     
,boycott ( ,c\ncils4 ,unhappily ! "q has
 become "p ( ! controv]sy ( ,*ange or   
,no *ange4 ,to my m9d ! :ole controv]sy 
proce$s on a some:at errone\s           
assumption4 ,! "q is n s mu* z to :e!r  
!re %\ld be a *ange 9 ! programme ( !   
"w2 ! real "q is1 :e!r x is n necess>y  
n[ to *ange ! direction ( our activities
 9 c]ta9 respects = ! success ( ! v     
movem5t :i* we hold s de>4 ,let me      
illu/rate :at ,i mean4 ,take ! ,b>doli  

,resolution4 ,9 ! matt] ( boycott (     
s*ools & colleges ! ,b>doli ,resolution 
alt]s ! direction ( our activity1 :i*   
does n 9 any way involve ! ab&onm5t ( ! 
boycott4 ,dur+ ! ,sw>aj ye> ! idea 0 to 
br+ ! /ud5ts out ( ,gov]nm5t s*ools &   
colleges1 & if ,national s*ools 7 />t$  
!y 7 reg>d$ z concessions to ! weakness 
( ^? /ud5ts4 ,! idea 01 to quote ! words
 ( ,mahatma ,g&hi1 political & n        
educational4 ,"u ! ,b>doli ,resolution1 
h[ev]1 x is ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools &     
colleges :i* mu/ be ! ma9 activity (    
national education4 ,! idea is          
educational & if x /ill be ! desire ( ! 
,congress to br+ /ud5ts out ( ,gov]nm5t 
s*ools & colleges1 x is by (f]+ !m      
educational advantages4 ,"h ! boycott ( 
s*ools & colleges is /ill upheld1 b !   
direction ( our activities is *ang$4 ,9 
fact1 su* *anges mu/ occur 9 e          
revolution1 viol5t or non-viol5t1 z x is
 only by su* *anges t ! ideal is truly  
s]v$4  ,9 ! next place1 we mu/ keep 9   
view ! fact t accord+ to ! unanim\s     

op9ion ( ! memb]s ( ! ,enquiry          
,committee1 ,civil ,disob$i5ce on a l>ge
 scale is out ( "q because ! p are n    
prep>$ = x4  ,i confess t ,i am n 9     
fav\r ( ! re/rictions :i* h be5 put ^u !
 practical adoption ( any sy/em ( civil 
disob$i5ce1 & 9 my op9ion1 ! ,congress  
%\ld aboli% ^? re/rictions4 ,i h n yet  
be5 able to und]/& :y to enable a p to  
civilly disobey p>ticul> laws1 x %\ld be
 necess>y t at lea/ #hj p] c5t4 ( !m    
%\ld be clad 9 pure ,khadi4 ,i am n mu* 
9 fav\r ( g5]al ,mass ,civil            
,disob$i5ce4 ,to my m9d1 ! idea is      
impracticable4 ,b ! disob$i5ce (        
p>ticul> laws :i* are em95tly unlawful1 
laws :i* are ! creatures ( ,law & ,ord]1
 laws :i* are l an outrage on humanity &
 an insult to ,god 444 disob$i5ce ( su* 
laws is )9 ! range ( practical politics1
 &1 9 my op9ion1 e attempt %\ld be made 
to (f] disob$i5ce to su* laws4 ,x is    
only by /&+ on tru? t ! cause ( ,sw>aj  
may prevail4 ,:5 we submit to su* laws1 
we ab&on ! plank ( tru?4 ,:at hope is   

!re = a nation s dead to ! s5se ( tru? z
 n to rebel aga9/ lawless laws1 aga9/   
regulations :i* insult _! national be+ &
 hamp] _! national developm5t8  ,i am ( 
op9ion t ! "q ( ! boycott ( ,c\ncils :i*
 is agitat+ ! c\ntry s mu* mu/ be       
consid]$ & decid$ 9 ! light ( !         
circum/ances ,i h j m5tion$4 ,!re is no 
opposition 9 idea betwe5 su* civil      
disob$i5ce z ,i h m5tion$ & ! entry into
 ! ,c\ncils = ! purpose & ) ! av[$      
object ( ei!r end+ or m5d+ !m4 ,i am n  
aga9/ ! boycott ( ,c\ncils4 ,i am simply
 ( op9ion t ! sy/em ( ! ,re=m$ ,c\ncils 
) _! /eel frame ( ! ,indian ,civil      
,s]vice cov]$ ov] by a dy>*y ( deadlocks
 & dep>tm5ts is absolutely unsuitable to
 ! nature & g5ius ( ! ,indian nation4 ,x
 is an attempt ( ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t to 
=ce a =eign sy/em ^u ! ,indian p4 ,india
 has unhesitat+ly refus$ to recognise   
?is =eign sy/em z real f\ndation =      
,sw>aj4 ,) me1 z ,i h (t5 said1 x is n a
 "q ( m or less2 ,i am always prep>$ to 
sacrifice mu* = a real basis ( ,sw>aj1  

nor d ,i atta* any importance to ! "q z 
to :e!r ! atta9m5t ( full & complete    
indep5d5ce w be a matt] ( #g ye>s or #aj
 ye>s or #bj ye>s4 ,a few ye>s is no?+ 9
 ! life hi/ory ( a nation4 ,b ,i ma9ta9 
,india _c accept a sy/em su* z ?is z a  
f\ndation ( ,sw>aj4 ,^! ,c\ncils mu/    
!re=e be ei!r m5d$ or end$4 ,hi!rto we h
 be5 boycott+ ! ,c\ncils f outside4 ,we 
h succe$$ 9 do+ mu*4 ,! pre/ige ( !     
c\ncils is dim9i%$ & ! c\ntry kn[s t ! p
 :o adorn ^? *amb]s are n ! true        
repres5tatives ( ! p4 ,b ?\gh we h      
succe$$ 9 do+ mu*1 ^! ,c\ncils are /ill 
!re4 ,x %all be ! duty ( ! ,congress to 
boycott ! c\ncils m effectively f )94   
,re=m$ c\ncils are really a mask :i* !  
,bureaucracy has put on4 ,i conceive x  
to be our cle> duty to te> ?is mask f (f
 _! face4 ,! v idea ( boycott implies1  
to my m9d1 some?+ m ?an m]e )drawal4 ,! 
boycott ( =eign goods means t su* /eps  
mu/ be tak5 t ^! c\ncils may n be !re to
 imp$e ! progress ( ,sw>aj4 ,! only     
successful boycott ( ^! c\ncils is ei!r 

to m5d !m 9 a mann] suitable to !       
atta9m5t ( ,sw>aj or to end !m          
completely4 ,t is ! way 9 :i* ,i advise 
! nation to boycott ! c\ncils4  ,a great
 deal ( discussion has tak5 place 9 !   
c\ntry z to :e!r ! boycott ( c\ncils 9 !
 s5se 9 :i* ,i mean x is )9 ! pr9ciple (
 non-viol5t non-co-op]ation4 ,i am      
emphatically ( op9ion t x does n (f5d   
aga9/ any pr9ciple ( non-co-op]ation :i*
 has be5 adopt$ & appli$ by ! ,indian   
,national ,congress4 ,i am n deal+ ) !  
logical1 or philosophical ab/ractions4  
,i am only deal+ ) t :i* ! ,congress has
 adopt$ & call$ non-co-op]ation4 ,9 !   
fir/ place1 may ,i po9t out t we h n up 
to n[ non-co-op]at$ ) ! ,bureaucracy8   
,we h be5 m]ely prep>+ ! p ( ?is c\ntry 
to (f] non-co-op]ation4 ,let me quote ! 
,nagpur ,resolution on non-co-op]ation 9
 support ( my proposition4 ,i am quot+  
only ! portions :i* are relevant to ?is 
po9t4  ,:]eas 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,congress !
 exi/+ ,gov]nm5t ( ,india has =feit$ !  
confid5ce ( ! c\ntry1 &1 :]eas ! p (    

,india are n[ det]m9$ to e/abli% ,sw>aj 
444 n[ ?is ,congress 444 decl>es t !    
entire or any "p or p>ts ( ! s*eme (    
non-viol5t non-co-op]ation ) !          
r5unciation ( volunt>y association ) !  
pres5t ,gov]nm5t at "o end & ! refusal  
to pay taxes at ! o!r1 %\ld be put into 
=ce at a "t to be det]m9$ by ei!r !     
,indian ,national ,congress1 or !       
,all-,india ,congress ,committee & t 9 !
 mean:ile to prep>e ! c\ntry = x1       
effective /eps %\ld cont9ue to be tak5 9
 t behalf4  ,!n foll[s ! effective /eps 
su* z1 national education1 boycott ( law
 c\rts1 boycott ( =eign goods1 etc41 :i*
 mu/ be tak5 9 ! mean:ile4 ,x is cle>   
!re=e t ! ,congress has n yet advocat$ !
 application ( non-co-op]ation b has    
m]ely recomm5d$ c]ta9 /eps to be tak5 s 
t at "s "t or o!r to be det]m9$ by !    
,congress1 ! ,indian ,nation may (f]    
non-co-op]ation4 ,9 ! second place1 let 
u judge ( ! "* ( ?is pr9ciple n by ?9k+ 
( any logical idea or philosophical     
ab/raction b by ga!r+ pr9ciple f ! "w & 

! activity :i* ! ,congress has enjo9$4  
,:5 ,i survey ! "w x is cle> to my m9d t
 ! ,congress 0 engag$ 9 a two-fold      
activity4 ,9 ev]y?+ t ! ,congress has   
comm&$ !re is an aspect ( de/ruction z  
!re is an aspect ( creation4 ,! boycott 
( ,lawy]s & ,law ,c\rts means !         
de/ruction ( exi/+ legal in/itutions2 & 
! =mation ( ,pan*ayats means ! creation 
( ag5cies ?r\gh :i* ju/ice may be       
adm9i/]$4 ,! boycott ( s*ools & colleges
 means ! de/ruction ( ! dep>tm5t (      
,education2 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ,national  
s*ools & colleges means ! creation (    
educational in/itutions = ! ,y\? (      
,india4 ,! boycott ( =eign goods foll[$ 
z x 0 by ! burn+ ( =eign goods cov]+    
into ! c\ntry4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! sp9n+ 
:eel & looms means creative activity 9  
supply+ ! p ) indig5\s clo?4 ,judg$ by  
?is pr9ciple :at is wrong ab\t ! desire 
ei!r to conv]t ! ,c\ncils into          
in/itutions :i* may lead u to ,sw>aj1 or
 to de/roy !m altoge!r8 ,! same tw(old  
aspect ( creation & de/ruction is to be 

f\nd 9 ! boycott ( ,c\ncils 9 ! way ,i  
want !m to be boycott$4  ,x has also be5
 sugge/$ t x (f5ds aga9/ ! morality &   
spirituality ( ?is movem5t4 ,let u take 
! two po9ts sep>ately4 ,z reg>ds        
morality ap>t f ! e?ics (               
,non-co-op]ation1 x has be5 urg$ t ent]+
 ! ,c\ncils = ! purpose ( end+ !        
,c\ncils is unfair & di%one/4 ,! argum5t
 implies t ! ,re=m$ ,c\ncils belong     
entirely to ! ,bureaucracy1 & ! idea is 
t we %\ld n ent] into o!r peoples'      
prop]ty ) a view to injure x4 ,to my    
m9d1 ! argum5t is bas$ on a             
misconception ( facts4 ,inadequate z !  
,re=ms und\bt$ly are1 ,i d n = a mom5t  
admit t ! ,re=m ,act 0 a gift ( !       
,briti% ,p>liam5t4 ,x 01 to quote !     
words ( ,mahatma ,g&hi1 a concession to 
popul> agitation4 ,! fact is t x is !   
resultant ( two cont5d+ =ces1 ! desire (
 ! p = fre$om & ! desire ( !            
,bureaucracy to oppose su* a desire4 ,! 
result is t x has travell$ along l9es   
nei!r entirely popul> nor entirely      

bureaucratic4 ,! p ( ,india d n l ^!    
,re=ms1 b let u n =get t ! ,bureaucracy 
does n l !m ei!r because x is ! result (
 two cont5d+ =ces pull+ 9 diff]5t       
directions or ! ,re=ms h assum$ a       
tortur$ /ate4 ,b s f> z ! rights        
recognis$ are conc]n$1 !y are our       
rights--our prop]ty1 & !re is no?+      
immoral or unfair or di%one/ 9 mak+ use 
( ! rights :i* ! p h extort$ f ! ,briti%
 ,p>liam5t4 ,if ! fulfilm5t ( ! v =ces  
:i* h succe$$ 9 secur+ ! ,re=ms require 
t ! ,c\ncils %\ld ei!r be m5d$ or end$1 
if ! /ruggle = fre$om compels ! adoption
 ( ei!r c\rse1 :at possible *>ge (      
immorality c be levell$ aga9/ x8 ,i     
admit if we _h propos$ to ent] !        
,c\ncils /eal?ily ) ! av[$ object (     
co-op]ation keep+ )9 our he>ts ! desire 
to break ! ,c\ncils1 su* a c\rse w\ld   
und\bt$ly h be5 di%one/4 ,european      
diplomacy1 let u hope1 has be5 aboli%$  
by ,indian ,national ,congress "u !     
lead]%ip ( ,mahatma ,g&hi4 ,if we play  
n[1 we play ) all our c>ds on ! table4  

,b "s p say t x is immoral f ! po9t (   
view ( non-co-op]ation1 because x       
involves an idea ( de/ruction4 ,! "w (  
non-co-op]ation accord+ to ^!1--,i h !  
highe/ rev]5ce = !m1--is only to build  
our national life ignor+ altoge!r !     
exi/5ce ( ! ,bureaucracy4 ,x may be an  
hone/ ideal1 &1 logically speak+1 x may 
be ! inn] mean+ ( non-co-op]ation4 ,b ! 
non-co-op]ation :i* ! ,congress has     
foll[$ is n s logical & ,i claim t if ! 
pr9ciple ( non-co-op]ation is to be     
advanc$ z a te/ ( my programme1 let x be
 ! same pr9ciple :i* ! ,congress has    
accept$1 adopt$ & appli$4 ,z ,i h       
already said1 t pr9ciple c\nt5ance      
de/ruction z well z creation4 ,z a matt]
 ( fact circum/anc$ z we are )          
,bureaucracy to ! "r & ! ,bureaucracy to
 ! left ,bureaucracy all ar\nd u1 x is  
impossible to create )\t de/roy+3 nor   
mu/ x be =gott5 t if we break1 x is only
 t we may build4  ,x has also be5       
sugge/$ t ! v entry into ! ,c\ncil is   
inconsi/5t ) ! ideal ( non-co-op]ation4 

,i confess ,i d n und]/& ! argum5t4     
,suppos+ ! ,congress _h sanction$ an    
arm$ insurrection c\ld x be argu$ t     
entry into ! =t ( ! ,bureaucracy is     
inconsi/5t ) ! pr9ciple (               
non-co-op]ation8 ,surely ! *>ge (       
inconsi/5cy mu/ dep5d on ! object ( !   
entry4 ,an advanc+ army does n co-op]ate
 ) ! enemy :5 x m>*es into ! enemy's    
t]ritory4 ,co-op]ation mu/ !re=e dep5d  
on ! object ) :i* su* entry is made4 ,! 
argum5t if analys$ comes to ?is1 t :5ev]
 ! phrase entry into ,c\ncils is us$ x  
calls up ! association ( co-op]ation1 & 
!n ! m]e idea ( ?is entry is proclaim$  
to be inconsi/5t ) non-co-op]ation4 ,b  
?is is ! famili> logical fallacy ( our  
t]ms4 ,entry into ! ,c\ncils to         
co-op]ate ) ! ,gov]nm5t & entry into !  
,c\ncils to non-co-op]ate ) ! ,gov]nm5t 
are two t]ms & two diff]5t propositions4
 ,! =m] is inconsi/5t ) ! idea (        
non-co-op]ation1 ! latt] is absolutely  
consi/5t ) t v idea4  ,next let u und]/&
 ! opposition f ! po9t ( view ( !       

spirituality ( our movem5t4 ,! "q (     
spirituality is n to be confus$ ) !     
dictates ( any p>ticul> religion4 ,i am 
n aw>e ( ! injunctions ( any religion   
aga9/ ent]+ ! ,c\ncils ) a view ei!r to 
m5d !m or end !m4 ,i h he>d f _m        
,mahom$ans t ! ,koran lays d[n no su*   
injunction4 ,o!r ,mahom$an fri5ds h told
 me t !re may be "s difficulty on t     
gr\nd1 b t is a matt] ) reg>d to :i* ,i 
am n compet5t to speak4 ,! ,khilafat mu/
 answ] t "q ) su* assi/ance z !y may    
obta9 f ! ,ulemas4 ,x is ne$less to po9t
 out t %\ld ! ,ulemas come to !         
conclusion t "u ! pres5t circum/ances x 
w\ld be an (f5ce aga9/ _! religion to   
ent] ! ,c\ncils1 ! ,congress %\ld       
unhesitat+ly accept _! decision because 
no "w 9 ?is c\ntry t[>ds ! atta9m5t (   
,sw>aj is possible )\t ! he>ty          
co-op]ation ( bo? ,h9dus & ,mussalmans4 
,b ,i am deal+ ) t spirituality :i* does
 n affect any p>ticul> cre$ or any      
p>ticul> religion4 ,judg$ f ! /&po9t (  
su* spirituality :at objection !re c be 

9 remov+ f our pa? by all legitimate    
means any ob/acle to ! atta9m5t (       
,sw>aj8 ,we burn$ =eign clo? )\t a      
scruple1 & ! spirituality ( ! movem5t   
did n receive a %ock :5 we burn$ !m4 ,x 
is z well to />t ) a cle> conception z  
to :at t spiritually is4 ,ap>t f any    
cre$al or doctr9al injunction & ap>t f  
any "q ( morality1 ! basis (            
spirituality mu/ be ! atta9m5t ( fre$om 
& ( ,sw>aj4 ,:at is ! duty :i* e human  
be+ owes n only to 8 race1 n only to 8  
nation1 n only to humanity b also to 8  
,god8 ,x is ! "r to fulfil oneself4 ,x  
is ! duty ( liv+ 9 ! light ( ,god4      
,%ortly aft] my release f imprisonm5t ,i
 said 9 a public spee* t all our        
national activities %\ld be bas$ on     
tru?4 ,ev] s9ce t day que/ions &        
conundrums h be5 put to me4 ,i h be5    
ask$ to def9e :at is tru?4 ,x has also  
be5 sugge/$ t because ,i d>e n tell !   
tru? t ,i took refuge "u ! g5]al        
expression4 ,i /ill insi/ t our national
 activities mu/ be bas$ on tru?4 ,i     

repeat t ,i d n believe 9 politics1 or 9
 mak+ wat]-tight comp>tm5ts ( our       
national life :i* is an indivisible     
organic :ole4 ,i repeat t z y _c def9e  
life1 y _c def9e tru?4 ,! te/ ( ,tru? is
 n logical def9ition4 ,! te/ ( ,tru?    
lies 9 its all-compell+ =ce1 9 mak+     
itself felt4 ,y "k tru? :5 y h felt x4  
,god _c be def9$1 nor c tru? because    
tru? is ! revelation ( ,god4 ,two ?\s&  
ye>s ago1 a je/+ judge ask$ ! same "q ( 
! ,son ( ,god4 ,he made no answ] by ^w (
 m\?2 b he sacrific$ himself & ,tru? 0  
reveal$4 ,:5 ,i speak ( spirituality ,i 
speak ( ! same tru?4 ,i look ^u hi/ory z
 ! revelation ( ,god4 ,i look ^u human  
individual p]sonality1 nationality &    
humanity1 ea* contribut+ to ! life ( !  
o!r z ! revelation ( ,god to man4 ,i    
look ^u ! atta9m5t ( fre$om & ,sw>aj !  
only way ( fulfill+ oneself z           
individuals1 z nations4 ,i look ^u all  
national activities z ! real f\ndation (
 ! s]vice ( t great] humanity :i* aga9  
is ! revelation ( ,god to man4 ,! ,son (

 ,god br\ght to ! _w n peace b a        
sword--n ! peace ( dea? & immortality & 
corruption b ! sep>at+ sword ( ,tru?4   
,we h to fight aga9/ all corruptions &  
all immorality4 ,x is only ?us t fre$om 
c be atta9$4 ,:atev] ob/acles !re may be
 9 ! pa? ( ,sw>aj ei!r ( ! individual or
 ( ! nation1 or humanity at l>ge1 ^!    
ob/acles mu/ be remov$ by ! individual  
if he desires 8 fre$om by ! nation1 if t
 nation desires to ru9 itself by all !  
nations ( ! _w if ! cause ( humanity is 
to prosp]4 ,t be+ ! spirituality ( !    
movem5t z ,i und]/& x ,i am prep>$ to   
put away all ob/acles t lie betwe5 !    
,indian nation & ! atta9m5t ( its       
fre$om1 n /eal?ily b op5ly1 rev]5tly 9 !
 "n ( tru? & ,god4 ,judg$ f ?is ideal ( 
spirituality ! entry into ! ,c\ncils = !
 purpose ,i h /at$ is necess>y to       
advance ! cause ( tru?4 ,ev]y?+ 9       
connection ) ! controv]sy mu/ be judg$  
by t /&>d4  ,at pres5t ! "q be=e !      
c\ntry put by ^? memb]s ( ! ,civil      
,disob$i5ce ,enquiry ,committee :o are 9

 fav\r ( ! ,c\ncil ,entry is simply t ! 
memb]s ( ! ,congress %\ld /& z c&idates4
 ,x is unnecess>y !re=e to g into o!r   
que/ions rais$1 su* z 9 ! matt] ( tak+  
oa?1 ! probability or o!rwise ( secur+ a
 majority & s on4 ,) reg>d to ! "q ( oa?
 all t ,i ne$ say at pres5t is ?is1 t   
ap>t f ! dictates ( any p>ticul>        
religion :i* ,i d n propose to deal )1 !
 "q does n pres5t any difficulty at all4
 ,! oa? is a con/itutional "o4 ,! k+ /&s
 = ! con/itution4 ,great *anges 9 !     
con/itution h tak5 place 9 ,engl& "u t v
 oa?4 ,n[ :at is ! oa?8 ,x b9ds ^? :o   
take x1--fir/ n to make any use ( p[]s  
:i* are n all[$ by ! ,re=ms ,act2       
secondly to dis*>ge _! duties fai?fully4
 ,s f> z ! fir/ po9t is conc]n$1 !re is 
no?+ 9 my sugge/ion :i* militates aga9/ 
x4 ,s f> z ! second po9t is conc]n$1 ,i 
am aw>e t a =c$ int]pretation has be5   
s\ght to be put ^u x1 namely1 t a memb] 
tak+ ! oa? is b\nd to dis*>ge 8 duties  
fai?fully to ! ,bureaucracy4 ,all t ,i  
ne$ say is1 t !re is no con/itutional   

au?ority ( any k9d to ju/ify t          
int]pretation4 ,to my m9d ! words mean a
 fai?ful dis*>ge ( a memb]'s duties to 8
 con/itu5cy by ! ex]cise ( p[]s         
recognis$ "u ! ,re=ms ,act4 ,i d n !re=e
 und]/& :at possible objection !re may  
be to take ! ,oa?4 ,b !re aga9 ! "q does
 n arise at pres5t4  ,v>i\s o!r que/ions
 h be5 ask$ z to :e!r x is possible to  
secure a majority & z to :at we %\ld d1 
suppos+ we are 9 a majority4 ,i ?9k x   
possible t hav+ reg>d to ! pres5t       
circum/ances ( ! c\ntry1 !              
,non-co-op]ators are likely to get !    
majority4 ,i am aw>e ( ! difficulty ( ! 
fran*ise4 ,i am aw>e ( ! rules :i*      
prev5t _m ( u f ent]+ ! ,c\ncils2 b mak+
 e all[ances = all ^! difficulties1 ,i  
believe t we %all be 9 ! majority4 ,b "h
 also ! "q doesn't arise till we meet 9 
! ,congress ( #aibc :5 ! matt] may be   
discuss$ n on suppositions b on         
actualities4  ,z reg>ds ! "q z to :at we
 %\ld d if we h ! majority ! answ] is   
cle>4 ,we %\ld beg9 our proce$+s by a   

solemn decl>ation ( ! exi/5ce ( our     
inh]5t "r1 & by =mal dem& = a           
con/itution :i* w\ld recognise & cons]ve
 ^? rights & give effect to our claims =
 ! p>ticul> sy/em ( ,gov]nm5t :i* we may
 *oose = ourselves4 ,if our dem&s are   
accept$1 !n ! fight is ov]4 ,b1 z ,i h  
(t5 said1 if x is conc$$ t we are       
entitl$ to h t =m ( ,gov]nm5t :i* we may
 *oose = ourselves1 & ! real beg9n+ is  
made ) t p>ticul> =m ( ,gov]nm5t 9 view1
 !n x matt]s no?+ to me :e!r ! complete 
surr5d] ( p[] is made up to-day1 or 9   
five ye>s or ev5 9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,if1     
h[ev]1 our dem& is n giv5 effect to1 we 
mu/ non-co-op]ate ) ! ,bureaucracy by   
oppos+ ea* & e "w ( ! ,c\ncil4 ,we mu/  
disall[ ! entire ,budget4 ,we mu/ move !
 adj\rnm5t ( ! ,h\se on e possible      
occasion & defeat e ,bill t may be      
introduc$4 ,9 fact we mu/ s proce$ t !  
,c\ncil w refuse to d any "w unless &   
until our dem&s are satisfi$4 ,i am aw>e
 ( ! l>ge p[]s ( c]tification :i*       
,gov]nors c ex]cise "u ! ,re=m ,act4 ,b 

,gov]nm5t by c]tification is j z        
impossible z ,gov]nm5t by veto4 ,su*    
proc$ure may be adopt$ on a few         
occasions4 ,! "t mu/ soon come :5 !     
,bureaucracy mu/ yield or )draw ! ,re=ms
 ,act4 ,9 ei!r case x is a di/9ct       
triumph = ! nation1 & ei!r c\rse if     
adopt$ by ! ,bureaucracy w br+ u ne>] to
 ! realisation ( our ideal4  ,ano!r "q  
is (t5 ask$1 suppose we end ^! ,re=m$   
,c\ncils1--:at !n8 ,c\ld n ! same "q be 
ask$ ) reg>d to e /ep ! ,congress has   
hi!rto und]tak5 9 ! way ( break+1 (     
de/roy+ in/itutions4 ,if we _h succe$$ 9
 de/roy+ ! ,educational ,dep>tm5t1 might
 n somebody ask--:at !n8 ,if we _h      
succe$$ 9 de/roy+ ! legal in/itutions1  
might n ! "q be put ) equal relevance8  
,! fact is de/ruction itself w nev] br+ 
u ,sw>aj4 ,! fact fur!r is t no         
con/ruction is possible )\t de/ruction4 
,we mu/ n =get t x is n ?is activity or 
t activity by itself t c br+ ,sw>aj4 ,x 
is ! totality ( our national activity 9 
! way ( de/ruction & 9 ! way ( creation1

 t w br+ ,sw>aj4 ,if we succe$$ 9       
demoli%+ ^! ,re=m$ ,c\ncils y w f9d !   
:ole nation a/ir ) life4 ,let !m put o!r
 ob/acles 9 our way2 we %all remove !m )
 add$ /r5g? & great] vitality4  ,x has  
also be5 sugge/$ t ! ,bureaucracy w nev]
 all[ ! ,non-co-op]ators to ent] !      
,c\ncils1 !y w alt] ! rules to prev5t   
su* entry4 ,i _c conceive ( any?+ bett] 
calculat$ to /r5g!n ! cause (           
,non-co-op]ation ?an ?is4 ,if any su*   
rule is fram$ ,i %\ld welcome x & aga9  
*ange ! direction ( our activity4 ,!    
infant nation 9 ,india requires con/ant 
/ruggle = its gr[? & developm5t4 ,we mu/
 n =get t a great non-viol5t revolution 
is on ! l&1 & we %all *ange ! direction 
( our activities z (t5 z circum/ances   
require x4 ,to-day ! ,c\ncils are op5 & 
we mu/ attack !m1--to-morr[ if !        
,c\ncils are clos$1 we mu/ be prep>$ to 
deal ) ! cont+5cy :5 x arises4 ,:at d we
 d :5 x p\rs ) ra98 ,we turn our        
umbrella 9 ! direction f :i* ! wat]     
comes4 ,x is 9 ! same way t we mu/ turn 

! direction ( our activities :5ev] !    
fulfilm5t ( our national life dem&s x4  
,! "w ( ! ,c\ncils = ! la/ two ye>s has 
made x necess>y = non-co-op]ators to    
ent] ! ,c\ncils4 ,! ,bureaucracy has    
receiv$ add$ /r5g? f ^! ,re=m$ ,c\ncils1
 & ^? :o h ent]$ ! ,c\ncils1 speak+     
g5]ally1 h practically help$ ! cause (  
,bureaucracy4 ,:at is mo/ necess>y to   
consid] is ! fact t taxation has        
increas$ by leaps & b\nds4 ,! exp5diture
 ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india has gr[n        
enorm\sly s9ce ! pre-w> ye> #aiac-ad4 ,9
 t ye> ! total exp5diture ( ! ,gov]nm5t 
( ,india am\nt$ to #gi crores & #cg     
lakhs2 9 #aiai-bj1 x rose to #ach       
crores1 & 9 #aibj-ba1 ! fir/ ye> ( !    
re=m$ sy/em ( adm9i/ration1 x /ood at   
#adi crores4 ,! exp5ses ( ! curr5t ye>  
are likely to be ev5 high]4 ,to meet !  
successive increases 9 exp5diture1      
additional taxation 0 levi$ 9 #aiaf-ag1 
#aiag-ah1 #aiai-bj1 #aiba-bb & #aibb-bc4
 ,we may prep>e ourselves = proposals = 
fur!r additional taxation 9 ! ensu+ ye>4

 ,9 spite ( ! levy ( additional         
taxation1 sev5 out ( ! la/ n9e ye>s h   
be5 ye>s ( deficit4  ,! increase 9      
milit>y exp5diture is *iefly responsible
 = ! pres5t f9ancial situation4 ,9      
#aiac-ad1 ! exp5ses ( ?is dep>tm5t      
am\nt$ to ab\t #ca-a_/b crores1 9       
#aiai-bj1 aft] ! conclusion ( ! w> !y   
m\nt$ up to #hg crores1 & 9 #aibj-ba !y 
/ood at #hh crores4 ,z ,sir ,visvesw>aya
 rem>ks ! exp5ses "u ! head ,civil      
,adm9i/ration also h %[n a p]petual     
t5d5cy to increase4 ,z a "p & p>cel ( ! 
,re=m ,s*eme1 ! emolum5ts ( ! memb]s ( !
 ,indian ,civil ,s]vice1 ! ,indian      
,educational ,s]vice1 ! ,indian ,m$ical 
,s]vice & ( all ! o!r s]vices recruit$ 9
 ,engl& h be5 enorm\sly increas$2 & to  
ma9ta9 "s k9d ( fairness ! sal>ies ( !  
subord9ate s]vices :i* are mann$ by     
,indians h also be5 increas$4  ,!       
f9ancial situation 9 ! prov9ces is n mu*
 bett]4 ,"u ! f9ancial arrangem5ts ( !  
,re=m ,s*eme1 ! prov9ces ( ,india1 tak5 
toge!r1 secur$ an accession to _!       

res\rces ( ab\t #aa crores ( ,rupees4   
,besides1 ! prov9ces _h betwe5 !m 9     
#aibj-ba a total accumulat$ balance (   
#ba crores & #fh lakhs4 ,b s great has  
be5 ! increase 9 prov9cial exp5diture   
dur+ ! la/ two ye>s t ev5 ^? prov9ces   
:i* _h hop$ to realise l>ge surpluses   
are n[ on ! v]ge ( bankruptcy4 ,9 ! fir/
 ye> ( ! re=m era1 mo/ ( ! prov9ces 7   
fac$ ) deficits & 7 j able to tide ov]  
_! f9ancial difficulties by draw+ ^u _! 
balances4 ,b 9 ! curr5t ye>1 ! f9ancial 
situation 9 _m ( ! prov9ces has become  
worse4 ,! ,burma budget %[s a deficit ( 
#a crore & #ij lakhs1 ! ,punjab1 #a     
crore & #cj lakhs1 ,bih> & ,orissa1 #ea 
lakhs1 ,madras1 #da lakhs1 ! ,unit$     
,prov9ces1 #bg lakhs & ! ,c5tral        
,prov9ces #cg lakhs4 ,! deficit ( !     
,madras ,gov]nm5t w\ld h be5 mu* high]  
_h x n tak5 /eps to increase its rev5ues
 by ,rs4 #gg-a_/b lakhs f fre% taxation4
 ,! ,b5gal /atem5t %[s an e/imat$       
surplus ow+ to ! remission ( !          
,prov9cial contribution to ! ,c5tral    

,gov]nm5t & expect$ receipts f fre%     
taxation am\nt+ to #a crore & #dj lakhs4
 ,b x is v d\btful if ! expectation w be
 realis$1 & e>ly next ye>1 fur!r fre%   
taxes are likely to be impos$4 ,assam   
has budget$ = a deficit ( #ad-a_/b lakhs
 aft] ! imposition ( additional         
taxation4 ,proposals = fur!r taxation   
are "u consid]ation 9 ! ,punjab1 ,bih> &
 ,orissa1 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces & ,assam4 
,9 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces ! proposals br\ght
 =w>d by ! ,gov]nm5t 7 reject$ by !     
,legislative ,c\ncil4  ,i w>n my        
c\ntrym5 aga9/ ! policy ( all[+ ^!      
,re=m$ ,c\ncils to "w _! wick$ w4 ,!re w
 und\bt$ly be a fur!r increase (        
taxation & !re is an appreh5sion 9 my   
m9d1 ,i desire to express x ) all !     
emphasis t ,i c comm&1 t if we all[ ?is 
policy ( drift to cont9ue ! result w be 
t we %all lose ! p :o are ) u to-day4   
,let u break ! ,c\ncils if !            
,bureaucracy does n conc$e to ! dem&s ( 
! p4 ,if !re is fre% taxation z x is    
b\nd to be let ! responsibility be on ! 

,bureaucracy4 ,!n y & ,i & ! p w jo9tly 
fight ! p[]s t be4   ,,lab\r            
,,organisation  ,i am fur!r ( op9ion t !
 ,congress %\ld take up ! "w ( ,lab\r & 
,peasant organisation4 ,) reg>d to lab\r
 !re is a resolution ( ! ,nagpur        
,congress1 b ,i am sorry to say t x has 
n be5 act$ ^u4 ,!re is an appreh5sion 9 
! m9ds ( "s non-co-op]ators t ! cause ( 
non-co-op]ation w suff] if we exploit   
,lab\r = ,congress purposes4 ,i confess 
aga9 ,i d n und]/& ! argum5t4 ,! ^w     
exploitation has got an ugly            
association1 & ! argum5t assumes t      
,lab\r & ,peasants are n ) u 9 ?is      
/ruggle ( ,sw>aj4 ,i d5y ! assumption4  
,my exp]i5ce has conv9c$ me t lab\r & ! 
,peasantry ( ,india to-day are1 if      
any?+1 m eag] to atta9 ,sw>aj ?an ! s   
call$ middle & educat$ classes4 ,if we  
are exploit+ boys ( t5d] ye>s & /ud5ts (
 colleges1 if we are exploit+ ! wom5 (  
,india1 if we are exploit+ ! :ole ( !   
middle classes irrespective ( _! cre$ & 
ca/e & occupation1 may ,i ask :at       

ju/ification is !re = leav+ out ,lab\r]s
 & ! ,peasants8 ,i suppose ! answ] is t 
!y are welcome to be ! memb]s ( !       
,congress ,committees b t !re %\ld n be 
a sep>ate organisation ( !m4 ,b ,lab\r  
has got a sep>ate int]e/ & !y are (t5   
oppress$ by =eign capitali/s & !        
,peasantry ( ,india is (t5 oppress$ by a
 class ( m5 :o are ! /&>d be>]s ( !     
,bureaucracy4 ,is ! s]vice ( ?is special
 int]e/ 9 any way antagoni/ic to !      
s]vice ( nationalism8 ,to f9d bread = ! 
poor1 to secure ju/ice to a class ( p :o
 are engag$ 9 a p>ticul> trade or       
avocation--h[ is t "w diff]5t f ! "w (  
atta9+ ,sw>aj8 ,any?+ :i* /r5g!ns !     
national cause1 any?+ :i* supports !    
masses ( ,india is surely z mu* a matt] 
( ,sw>aj z any o!r items ( "w :i* !     
,congress has 9 h&4 ,my advice is t !   
,congress %\ld lose no "t 9 appo9t+ a   
,committee1 a calm workable ,committee  
to organise lab\r1 & ! peasantry (      
,india4 ,we h delay$ ! matt] already too
 long4 ,if ! ,congress fails to d its   

duty1 y may expect to f9d organisations 
set up 9 ! c\ntry by lab\r & peasants   
deta*$ f y1 dissociat$ f ! cause (      
,sw>aj :i* w inevitably br+ )9 ! ar5a ( 
a peaceful evolution class /ruggles & ! 
w> ( special int]e/s4 ,if ! object ( !  
,congress be to avoid t disgraceful     
issue let u take lab\r & ! peasantry 9  
h&1 & let u organise !m bo? f ! po9t (  
view ( _! own special int]e/s & also f !
 po9t ( view ( ! high] ideal :i* dem&s !
 satisfaction ( _! special int]e/s & !  
devotion ( su* int]e/s to ! cause (     
,sw>aj4 ,"h aga9 we h to make use ( v   
selfi%ness ( ! lab\r]s & peasants1 z we 
"k t ! fulfilm5t ( t v selfi%ness       
requires its j & prop] contribution to !
 life ( ! nation4   ,,"w ,,already      
,,tak5 ,,up  ,i n[ turn to ! "w :i* !   
,congress has already tak5 up4 ,i may at
 once po9t out t x is n my desire t any 
"w :i* ! ,congress has tak5 up %\ld be  
surr5d]$4 ,! *ange ( direction :i* ,i   
advocate & ! o!r practical *ange :i* ,i 
h m5tion$ is n by way ( surr5d]+ any?+ t

 is already on ! plank b x is simply by 
way ( addition4   ,,boycott ,,( ,,s*ools
 ,,& ,,colleges  ,i am firmly ( op9ion t
 ! boycott ( s*ools & colleges %\ld be  
c>ri$ on z effectively z be=e4 ,i def] f
 ! ,civil ,disob$i5ce ,enquiry          
,committee :5 !y propose ! ab&onm5t ( ! 
)drawal ( boys f su* s*ools & colleges4 
,! "q to my m9d is ( vital importance4  
,x is on ! y\? ( ! c\ntry t ! cause (   
,sw>aj l>gely dep5ds--& :at *ance is !re
 = a nation :i* will+ly1 kn[+ly s5ds its
 boys1 its "y m5 to s*ools & colleges to
 be /amp$ ) ! /amps ( slav]y & =eign    
culture8 ,i d n desire to ent] into ! "q
 m m9utely4 ,i h express$ my views on ! 
subject s (t5 t ,i f9d x unnecess>y to  
repeat !m4 ,i1 h[ev]1 agree ) !         
recomm5dation ( ! ,enquiry ,committee t 
national s*ools & colleges %\ld also be 
/>t$4   ,,boycott ,,( ,,law ,,c\rts ,,& 
,,lawy]s  ,) reg>d to ! "q ( ! boycott (
 lawy]s & ! legal in/itutions ,i agree )
 ! ma9 recomm5dations ( ! ,committee4   
,_m que/ions h be5 rais$ z to :e!r ! "r 

( def5ce %\ld be all[$ or n & on :at    
occasions1 & = :at purposes4 ,i h nev]  
be5 9 love ) =mal rules1 & ,i ?9k x     
impossible to frame rules :i* w cov] all
 ! circum/ances :i* may arise 9 p>ticul>
 cases4 ,all t ,i desire to insi/ on1 is
 ! keep+ 9 view ( ! pr9ciple ( ! boycott
 ( c\rts4   ,,h9du-,,muslim ,,unity  ,) 
reg>d to ! "q ( ,h9du-,muslim ,unity1   
unt\*ability & su* matt]s1 ,i agree ) ! 
recomm5dations ( ! ,enquiry ,committee4 
,i desire to po9t out h[ev] ! true unity
 ( all sections ( ! ,indian nation c    
only be bas$ on a prop] co-op]ation & ! 
recognition by ea* section ( ! rights ( 
! o!rs--t is :y ,i propos$ t !re %\ld be
 a compact betwe5 diff]5t sections1     
betwe5 ! diff]5t communities ( ,india4  
,we w d little good to ! section kn[n z 
unt\*ables if we approa* !m 9 a _s (    
sup]iority4 ,we mu/ engage !m 9 ! "w    
be=e u1 & we mu/ "w ) !m side by side & 
%\ld] to %\ld]4   ,,khadd>  ,i n[ come  
to ! "q ( khadd> :i* ,i reg>d z "o ( !  
mo/ important que/ions be=e u4 ,z ,i h  

already said1 ,i am oppos$ to !         
manufacture ( ,khadd> on a comm]cial    
basis4 ,i said among ! o!r ?+s :5 ,i    
second$ ! ,bezwada resolution on ! #ca/ 
( ,m>* 9 #aiba propos$ by ,mahatma      
,g&hi3  ,our reason 9 ask+ ! p to take  
to ,*>ka 0 n bas$ ^u any desire to ent] 
into any competition ) =eign capitali/  
production ei!r f )\t or f )94 ,our idea
 is to enable ! p to und]/& & fa%ion =  
!mselves1 _! economic life & utilise !  
sp>e "t ( _! families & opportunities ) 
a view to create m economic goods =     
!mselves & improve _! own condition4 ,! 
idea is to make ! p ( ?is c\ntry        
self-reliant & self-conta9$4 ,?is "w is 
difficult b ess5tial & %\ld be c>ri$ on 
) all our /r5g?4 ,i w\ld mu* r t few    
families 7 self-conta9$ ?an t factories 
7 />t$ on a l>ge scale4 ,su* factories  
repres5t a %ort-sight$ policy1 & !re is 
no d\bt t ?\gh x w\ld satisfy ! pres5t  
ne$ x w create an evil :i* x w\ld be    
difficult to eradicate4 ,i am naturally 
oppos$ to ! creation ( a new ,man*e/] 9 

,india ( :i* we h _h suffici5t exp]i5ce4
 ,let u avoid t possibility1 if we c4   
,x is (t5 /at$ t ,khadd> alone w br+ u  
,sw>aj4 ,i ask my c\ntrym5 9 :at way is 
x possible = khadd> to lead u to ,sw>aj8
 ,x is 9 "o s5se only t ! /atem5t may be
 true4 ,we mu/ reg>d khadd> z ! symbol (
 ,sw>aj4 ,z ! khadd> makes u            
self-conta9$ ) reg>d to a v l>ge        
dep>tm5t ( our national life1 s x is    
hop$ t ! inspiration ( khadd> w make !  
:ole ( our national life self-conta9$ & 
indep5d5t4 ,t is ! mean+ ( ! symbol4 ,to
 my m9d su* symbol wor%ip requires !    
spread+ out ( all non-co-op]ation       
activities 9 e possible direction4 ,x is
 only ?us & only ?us t ! spe$y atta9m5t 
( ,sw>aj is possible4   ,,conclusion  ,x
 rema9s to me to deliv] to y a la/      
message ( hope & confid5ce4 ,!re is no  
royal road to fre$om1 & d>k & difficult 
w be ! pa? lead+ to x4 ,b dauntless is  
y\r c\rage1 & firm y\r resolution2 &    
?\gh !re w be rev]ses1 sometimes sev]e  
rev]ses1 !y w only h ! effect ( spe$+   

y\r emancipation f ! bondage ( a ,=eign 
,gov]nm5t4 ,d n make ! mi/ake ( confus+ 
a*ievem5ts ) success4 ,a*ievem5t z 9    
appe>ances are (t5 deceptive4 ,i cont5d 
t1 ?\gh we _c po9t to a great deal z    
solid a*ievem5t ( ! movem5t1 ! success (
 x is assur$4 ,t success is proclaim$ by
 ! bureaucracy 9 ! repeat$ attempts :i* 
7 made1 & are /ill be+ made1 to cru% !  
gr[? ( ! movem5t1 & to arre/ its        
progress1 9 ! refusal to repeal "s ( !  
mo/ obnoxi\s ( ! repressive legislation1
 9 ! frequ5t use t has be5 made ( !     
arbitr>y or discretion>y au?ority t is  
ve/$ 9 ! executive ,gov]nm5t & 9 s5d+ to
 prison our belov$ lead]1 :o (f]$       
himself z a sacrifice to ! wra? ( !     
,bureaucracy4 ,b ?\gh ! ultimate success
 ( ! movem5t is assur$1 ,i w>n y t !    
issue dep5ds :olly on y & h[ y conduct  
y\rselves 9 meet+ ! =ces t are array$   
aga9/ y4 ,*ri/ianity rose triumphant :5 
,jesus ( ,naz>e? (f]$ himself z a       
sacrifice to ! excessive wor%ip ( law & 
ord] by ! ,scribes & ! ,ph>isees4 ,!    

=ces t are array$ aga9/ y are ! =ces n  
only ( ! bureaucracy b ( ! mod]n        
,scribes & ,ph>isees ^: int]e/ x is to  
ma9ta9 ! ,bureaucracy 9 all its pri/9e  
glory4 ,be x y\rs to (f] y\rself z      
sacrifice 9 ! int]e/ ( tru? & ju/ice1 s 
t y\r *ildr5 & y\r *ildr5's *ildr5 may h
 ! fruit ( y\r suff]+s4 ,be x y\rs to   
wage a spiritual w>f>e s t ! victory1 :5
 x comes does n debase y1 nor tempt y to
 reta9 ! p[] ( ,gov]nm5t 9 y\r own h&s4 
,b if y\rs is to be a spiritual w>f>e1  
y\r weapons mu/ be ^? ( ! spiritual     
soldi]4 ,ang] is n = y1 hatr$ is n = y1 
nor = y is pett9ess1 meanness or        
falsehood4  ,= y is ! hope ( dawn & !   
confid5ce ( ! morn+1 & = y is ! song t 0
 sung by ,titan1 *a9$ & imprison$1 b !  
*ampion ( man 9 ! ,greek fable3    ,to  
,suff] woes ) ,hope1 ?+s inf9ite2   ,to 
=give wrongs d>k] ?an dea? or night2    
,to defy p[] :i* seems ,omnipot5t3   ,to
 love1 & be>1 to hope till ,hope creates
   ,f its own wreck1 ! ?+ x             
contemplates2   ,nei!r to *ange1 nor    

falt]1 nor rep5t2   ,?is l ?y glory1    
,titan1 is to be   ,good1 ,great &      
joy\s1 beautiful & free2   ,?is alone   
,life1 ,joy1 ,empire & ,victory4        
,,b&e ,,mat>am4     ,,imp]ialism ,,9    
,,practice ,,& ,,9 ,,!ory  ,,by ,k4 ,m4 
,panikk>4 ,re4 #a  7,late ,s*ol> ( ,*ri/
 ,*ur*1 ,ox=d74  ,press ,op9ions4  ,mr4 
,k4 ,m4 ,panikk>1 lately ,*airman ( !   
,dep>tm5t ( ,hi/ory 9 ,alig>h           
,univ]sity2 has done a di/9ct s]vice to 
! c\ntry by 8 able analysis ( !         
processes ( aggr&isem5t ) :i* ! ,br4    
,empire 0 built up4 ,9 8 small book he  
has laid b>e ! selfi%ness :i* und]lies !
 f\ndation ( ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,:at x  
/&s =1 says ,mr4 ,panikk>1 is a :ite    
olig>*y exploit+ col\r$ nations4 ,x is 9
 fact a ,briti% ,empire ,co41 ,ltd4 ,!  
,book is a valuable addition to ! gr[+  
,indian ,political ,lit]ature4--,bombay 
,*ronicle4  ,we h le>nt to associate    
,mr4 ,panikk>'s "n ) fir/ class "w & our
 expectations h n be5 disappo9t$ 9 ?is  
volume4 ,! vulg> pret5sions (           

,imp]ialism h be5 %[n up ) p]fect c&\r1 
b ! days ( ,imp]ialism1 accord+ to !    
au?or1 are numb]$ 9 ,asia ?\gh n 9      
,africa4 ,x has done ! great s]vice (   
call+ =? ! mighty _s ( ,asia f its      
decay+ cell4--,mod]n ,review1 ,calcutta4
  ,y\r rem>kable little book on         
,imp]ialism :i* ,i h read ?ree times--,i
 h be5 anxi\s to write a review on x    
appreciat+ x4--,c4 ,f4 ,&rews4  ,,arka  
,,publi%+ ,,h\se1  ,george ,t[n1        
,madras4     ,,books ,,wor? ,,read+     
,/ruggle = ,sw>aj by ,p&it ,motilal     
,nehru4            ,z4 #d    ,india & ! 
,empire by ,edw>d ,c>p5t]4              
#d    ,voice ( ,b5gal by ,mrs4 ,c4 ,r4  
,das4                         #d    ,a  
,guide to ,matrimonial ,alliance by     
,ari/otle               #ab             
,non-co-op]ation 9 ,o!r ,l&s by ,f5n]   
,brockway   7clo? b\nd7                 
,re4 #a-h    ,national ,education by    
,arab9da ,gose                     ,re4 
#a    ,indian ,indu/rialism by ,k4 ,v4  
,ganapa?y ,aiy> )   introduction by     

,hon4 ,v4 ,g4 ,kale                     
,indian ,boy ,sc\ts ,h& ,book by ,f4 ,g4
 ,pe>ce             ,re4 #a-h    ,! ,new
 ,russia by ,r4 ,u4 ,po/gate  ,t4 ,a4   
,jackson        ,z4 #ab    ,amrits> &   
,our ,duty to ,india by ,b4 ,g4         
,horniman        ,rs4 #b-aj    ,my      
,*ildhood & ,boyhood by ,tol/oy         
,re4 #a-ab    ,my ,y\? by ,tol/oy       
,re4 #a-ab    ,life & ,writ+s ( ,bal    
,gangadh> ,tilak                ,rs4 #d 
,tol/oy's ,tea*+s                       
,z4 #f   ,,arka ,,publi%+ ,,h\se1       
,george ,t[n1 ,,madras4     ,!          
,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,sexes  ,,by ,,c\nt
 ,,leo ,,tol/oy  ,translat$ by ,v4 ,t4 &
 ,a4 ,c4 ,f41 ,pr9cipally f private     
lett]s1 di>ies & unpubli%$ ,mss4  ,price
 ,re4 #a4  ,"s ,extracts4  ,wom5 :o dem&
 mascul9e "w & lib]ty equal to t ( man  
are g5]ally unconsci\sly dem&+ ! lib]ty 
( ,lic5se1 & 9 consequ5ce desc5d to a   
plane l[] ?an ! family "o1 :ile imag9+  
!y are asc5d+ high]4444  ,i ?9k t a man 
:o has ent]$ ^u physical connection ) a 

woman _c1 & mu/ n1 =sake h] especially  
:5 !re is or may be a *ild4444  ,*a/ity 
is an ideal aft] :i* "o %\ld always2 "u 
all conditions1 /rive4 ,! ne>] y are    
realis+ x ! m y--n to say atta9 a m]it  
be=e ,god--atta9 a great] degree ( y\r  
own well be+4 ,man may s]ve ,god m by   
be+ *a/e ?an by giv+ himself up to c>nal
 life4444  ,attacks ( sexual lu/ eng5d] 
confusion ( ?\ght4 ,! abs5ce ( ?\ght    
r--! :ole _w d>k5s4 ,man loses 8        
relation to x--*ance1 blackness &       
failure4444  ,"o ?+ is rational3 ,be    
p]fect1 z y\r ,fa!r1 & ?is p]fection is 
9 purity & !n 9 ,love1 d$uction3 fir/1  
purity1 !n pres]vation ( ! race4444     
,,arka ,,publi%+ ,,h\se1  ,g4 ,t41      
,,madras4