,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ool ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,*icago ,,press ,,*icago1 ,,ill9ois ,ag5ts ,,! ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,london ,,& ,,ed9burgh ,,! ,,m>uz5-,,kabu%iki-,,kai%a ,,tokyo1 ,,osaka1 ,,kyoto ,,k>l ,w4 ,,hi]semann ,,leipzig ,,! ,,bak] ,,taylor ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ool ,,by ,,port] ,,l&] ,,maccl9tock1 ,a4,m4 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,*icago ,,press ,,*icago1 ,,ill9ois ,,copyright #aijg ,,by ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,*icago ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,publi%$ ,novemb] #aijg ,second ,impression ,octob] #aijh ,?ird ,impression ,septemb] #aiji ,f\r? ,impression ,novemb] #aiaj ,fif? ,impression ,m>* #aiab ,six? ,impression ,octob] #aiac ,sev5? ,impression ,novemb] #aiad ,compos$ & ,pr9t$ ,by ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press ,*icago1 ,ill9ois1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,to ,w4 ,d4 ,m4 ,,to ,a4 ,c4 ,d4 ,,& ,,to ,,my ,,de> ,,fri5ds ,,& ,,fell[-,,/ud5ts ,,l&] ,,paul ,,hilda ,,elizabe? ,,h]mann ,,joseph9e ,,isabel ,,be? ,,alb]t ,,ir5e ,,h5ry ,,ru? ,,?is ,,little ,,book1 ,,! ,,outcome ,,( ,,our ,,common ,,/udies1 ,,is ,,mo/ ,,loyally ,,& ,,lov+ly ,,d$icat$ ,,preface ,?is book _h its orig9 9 sev]al ye>s ( exp]i5ce & exp]im5t 9 tea*+ classes 9 lit]ature 9 ! ,laboratory ,s*ool ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 :5 t fruitful v5ture 9 education 0 be+ conduct$ by ,pr(essor ,john ,dewey2 9 _m ye>s ( private read+ ) *ildr52 & 9 _m ye>s ( lectur+ to tea*]s ( *ildr54 ,inde$1 all ! mat]ial be>s ! unconcealable m>ks ( its orig9 z lectures1 x be+ extremely difficult to turn into decor\s *apt]s 9 a book1 /uff :i* fir/ took %ape z spontane\s & in=mal lectures4 ,! c5tral matt] ( ! book 0 publi%$ z a s]ies ( articles 9 ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,tea*] ( ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 & ,decemb]1 #aijb1 & a synopsis ( ! :ole book 0 pr9t$ & widely circulat$ 9 ,janu>y1 #aijd4 ,^! facts may p>tially acc\nt = a c]ta9 famili>ity t _m read]s w p]ceive4 ,may ,i v5ture to hope t ?is s5se ( famili>ity may also be p>tly acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! views express$ are consonant ) ^? arriv$ at indep5d5tly by _m rec5t /ud5ts ( lit]ature & ( *ildr58 ,7 x n a matt] ( m]e ju/ice1 ?is w\ld be sc>cely ! place to m5tion my debt ( _m k9ds to ,pr(essor ,w4 ,d4 ,mac,clintock ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago2 ! incalculable value ( ,pr(essor ,dewey's influ5ce & sympa?y2 & ! un=gettable /imulation ( ,mrs4 ,dewey's criticism4 ,nei!r is x m ?an ju/ice to express my gratitude = ! pati5ce ( my publi%]s1 :i* has endur$ bo? mu* & long4 ,p4 ,l4 ,m4 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,*icago ,june1 #aijg ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ool #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,s]vices ,,we ,,may ,,expect ,,lit]ature ,,to ,,r5d] ,,9 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,*ildr5 #af ,,iii4 ,,! ,,k9ds ,,( ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,lit]ature ,,s]viceable ,,9 ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ool #ch ,,iv4 ,,/ory #ee ,v4 ,,! ,,*oice ,,( ,,/ories #gg ,,vi4 ,,folk-,,tale ,,& ,,fairy-,,/ory #ib ,,vii4 ,,my? ,,z ,,lit]ature #aac ,,viii4 ,,h]o-,,tales ,,& ,,romances #aca ,,ix4 ,,reali/ic ,,/ories #aef ,x4 ,,nature ,,& ,,animal ,,/ories #agj ,,xi4 ,,symboli/ic ,,/ories1 ,,fables1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,apologues #ahc ,,xii4 ,,poetry #aic ,,xiii4 ,,drama #bab ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,pres5tation ,,( ,,! ,,lit]ature #bbi ,,xv4 ,,! ,,return ,,f ,,! ,,*ildr5 #bdb ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,correlations ,,( ,,lit]ature #bei ,,xvii4 ,,lit]ature ,,out ,,( ,,s*ool ,,& ,,read+ ,,o!r ,,?an ,,lit]ature #bgg ,,xviii4 ,a ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,lit]ature ,,= ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ool #bib ,,*apt] ,i ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ool ,accord+ to ! naively =mal me?od ( division ( ! old-fa%ion$ homiletics1 ! title itself (f]s a q inevitable outl9e = ! discussion 9 ?is *apt]--an outl9e t takes ?is =m3 7#a7 lit]ature2 7#b7 lit]ature 9 ! s*ool2 7#c7 lit]ature 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool2 & :ile we may smile at ! pat =mality ( ! little syllabus1 we _c resi/ its logic4 ,p]haps we c reta9 ! logic :ile we disguise ! =mality4 ,:5 "o proposes to ent] = any purpose or f any po9t ( view1 a l>ge field1 especially a field t has already be5 mu* explor$1 he feels t he mu/ ha/5 to def9e 8 b\nds1 to /ake out 8 p>ticul> claim4 ,b he makes a mi/ake if1 9 8 ha/e to d ?is1 he fails to make cle> 8 und]/&+ ( ! location ( ! l>ge field & 8 conception ( its nature4 ,any new discussion ( lit]ature mu/ ju/ify itself at ! beg9n+ by decl>+ f :at po9t ( view x w proce$ & 9 :at direction x w move4 ,?is seems a good place1 !n1 to decl>e t ?is :ole discussion w conc]n itself ) lit]ature z a "p ( ! tra9+ ( *ildr54 ,yet ?is discussion mu/ con/antly proce$ 9 ! light ( c]ta9 fundam5tal conclusions conc]n+ lit]ature 9 g5]al1 & 9 its ess5tial nature1 & x w help u to /& ^u common gr\nd to /ate ^! conclusions4 ,lit]ature1 l e o!r subject t w\ld claim a place z a discipl9e 9 s*ool1 is call$ ^u 9 our day ( re-exam9ation & readju/m5t ( ! curriculum to make good its claim by %[+ t x has 9 its nature some?+ di/9ctive by virtue ( :i* x p]=ms 9 ! *ild's education "s di/9ctive s]vice4 ,x is true1 t no subject ( human int]e/ is a q deta*$ isl&2 pursu$ f> en\gh1 its edges blur & m+le ) ! edges ( neighbor+ int]e/s1 s t !re are regions :]e ! two are indi/+ui%able4 ,b e body ( mat]ial has a *>act]i/ic c5t] :]e x decl>es itself unmi/akably4 ,h[ev] widely x radiates f ?is c5t]1 h[ev] _m or h[ev] di/ant areas x t\*es & m+les ) ^u its bord]s1 9 ?is c5t] x is itself & no?+ else4 ,?is becomes cle> :5 we consid] "s ( ! l>g] subjects ( educational discipl9e4 ,!re is1 = example1 a well-def9$ subject1 geography1 ?\gh if "o pursues x f>1 he comes 9 "o direction ^u geology2 9 o!r directions1 ^u hi/ory or economics or sociology or politics4 ,or to take ano!r gr\p ( subjects1 !re is a region 9 :i* y are deal+ ) anatomy1 ?\gh on ! edges ( x y pass imp]ceptibly into physiology or g5]al biology4 ,= sev]al reasons x is especially difficult to fix ! b\nds ( lit]ature4 ,x t\*es ! m>g9s ( e o!r human int]e/2 x may rea* into any ( ! areas ab\t x = subject-matt]2 x %>es ) all o!r subjects its means ( expression2 x l5ds to all o!r subjects c]ta9 ( its me?ods & devices1 :5 ^! o!r subjects mu/ be pres5t$ effectively2 its v "n is appli$ loosely & half figuratively to writ+ ^u any subject1 & = :atev] purpose produc$4 ,b = all ?is1 lit]ature1 too1 has its di/9ctive c5t]1 :]e x c be diff]5tiat$ f ev]y?+ else4 ,we beg9 to make ?is diff]5tiation :5 we say t lit]ature is art--t x is "o ( ! f9e arts4 ,we set x ap>t f ! o!r arts by ! fact t x uses language z its m$ium1 & we set x ap>t f o!r writ+ by ! fact t x uses language 9 ! way art mu/ use x--n = te*nical purposes1 n z a m$ium = tea*+ facts or doctr9es1 n to give in=mation1 b to produce arti/ic pleasure2 n to cons]ve use1 b to exhibit ae/hetic beauty4 ,:5 "o's m9d is cle> on ?is po9t1 he w n be confus$ by ! fact t lit]ature h&les matt] f o!r prov9ces--hi/ory = example--or by ! fact t o!r k9ds ( writ+ borr[ ! devices ( lit]ature to beautify or o!rwise make effective _! own mat]ial4 ,:5 ,scott takes f hi/ory ! figure ( ,ri*>d ,coeur de ,lion1 x is n = ! purpose ( tea*+ hi/orical fact1 b = ! sake ( putt+ into 8 picture a /rik+ p]son & an effective motive4 ,:5 ,macaulay employs _m figures ( spee*1 :5 he r\nds out 8 p]iods & balances !m c>efully1 :5 he uses picturesque concrete & p>ticul> p]sons & objects r ?an ab/ractions & g5]alizations1 all to make cle> & vivid ! in=mation he is giv+1 he is /ill writ+ hi/ory & n lit]ature1 s9ce he is aim+ fir/ at fact & n fir/ at beauty4 ,?is recognition ( lit]ature z art1 & ! diff]5tiation ( x f ! o!r k9ds ( writ+1 s f> f be+ a m]e bit ( ae/hetic !ory remote f ! tea*] & 8 *ild1 is ! fundam5tal & ess5tial /ep 9 ! tea*]'s proc$ure1 because x con/itutes at once a clue to lead him 9 8 *oice ( mat]ial1 a guide to direct him 9 ! me?od ( us+ x1 & a /&>d to indicate ! nature ( ! result he may reasonably hope =4 ,:5 ! tea*] kn[s t he is to *oose 8 lit]ature z art he is fre$ f ! obligation ( select+ su* ?+s z w conta9 te*nical in=mation1 hi/orical facts1 desirable moral lessons1 or o!r utilit>ian matt]4 ,?is is f> f say+ t 9 *oos+ he w be indiff]5t to ! actual mat]ial details or to ! moral atmosph]e ( 8 bit ( lit]ature4 ,! fitness or unfitness1 ! beauty or ugl9ess ( ^! w (t5 be ! gr\nd ( 8 adoption or rejection4 ,x does mean1 h[ev]1 t te*nical & pr(essional details ( fact & tea*+1 matt]s :i* are always subsidi>y & second>y 9 lit]ature z lit]ature1 _c dictate 8 *oice :5 he is *oos+ f ! po9t ( view ( art4 ,! habit ( reg>d+ lit]ature z art cl>ifies imm$iately ! tea*]'s conception ( 8 me?od ( h&l+ x4 ,to tea* lit]ature z lit]ature is n to tea* x z an adjunct to "s o!r discipl9e2 x is n to tea* x z read+-lessons1 or spell+-lessons1 nor z gramm>--?\gh incid5tally ! lessons 9 lit]ature w h great value 9 all ^! directions2 x is n to tea* x z botany1 z hi/ory1 z my?ology1 z politics1 z naval or milit>y tactics1 or z e?ics--?\gh aga91 by way ( tea*+ x z lit]ature1 int]e/+ by-products 9 any ( ^! subjects may accrue4 ,x is equally true t a cle> und]/&+ ( ! fact t ! results aim$ at & legitimately hop$ = are to be ( ! lit]>y1 arti/ic k9d1 & n ( ! utilit>ian or sci5tific k9d1 w light5 & irradiate ! tea*]'s problem & ?r\gh him ! *ildr5's task1 do+ away ) ! s5se ( burd5 & sub/itut+ = a vague & %ift+ end1 a def9ite & delightful purpose4 ,to take a specific in/ance--x is v little to ! purpose ( lit]ature to h taught a class t ,longfell[ 0 an ,am]ican poet :o liv$ 9 ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts2 & t1 ?\gh ! my? & leg5d ( ,hiawa?a prop]ly belong to ! ,iroquois1 ,longfell[ transf]r$ x to ! ,objibways4 ,s f> z ! di/9ctively lit]>y result goes1 ^! facts are nei!r "h nor !re4 ,b ! enjoym5t ( ! music ( ! v]se1 ! lov+ appropriation & appreciation ( "s ( ! beautiful images & pictures1 "s grasp ( ! l>ge mean+1 ! noble tr5d1 ( ! :ole poem1 a g5]al tun+-up ( ! class to some?+ l unison ) its emotion1 a bett] ta/e 9 ! :ole class1 & 9 a few memb]s ( x "s improvem5t 9 _! own p[]s ( expression--^! are ! k9d ( result at :i* ! tea*] aims :5 he tea*es lit]ature z art4 ,! "q ( lit]ature 9 ! s*ool has tak5 on a new aspect 9 ?is our curr5t day1 & especially 9 ,am]ican s*ools1 ow+ to ! decid$ly dim9i%$ place left = x 9 ! mod]n curriculum4 ,?is has come ab\t mo/ naturally 9 ! va/ enri*m5t ( ! c\rse on ! side ( sci5tific & occupational mat]ial4 ,& naturally1 too1 9 ! process ( turn+ f a purely book-education1 we h t5d$ to turn also f lit]ature--a field :i* = _m g5]ations has seem$ to be inextricably %ut up 9 books4 ,b x is also true t1 9 a l>ge "p1 ?is turn+-away f lit]ature has be5 f lit]ature wrongfully appreh5d$ & mi/ak5ly taught4 ,:atev] be ! explanation ( ! small] place giv5 to lit]ature1 no ?\ghtful /ud5t ( mod]n education1 no matt] h[ firmly he believes 9 ! function ( lit]ature1 c regret t x %\ld take 9 ! curriculum its due & proportionate place4 ,su* a /ud5t kn[s be/ ! follies & absurdities a*iev$ by untra9$ & in>ti/ic tea*]s1 9 ^: h&s lit]ature is made ! c5t] to :i* !y atta* any & all o!r matt]s ( tra9+2 he be/ kn[s ! fact t lit]ature leaves _m ( ! *ild's p[]s & capacities unt\*$2 he be/ kn[s ! dang] ( ov]-/imulat+ ^? p[]s & capacities t lit]ature does develop & /r5g!n1 & t x is a mis=tune = a *ild or a class to live prevail+ly 9 an atmosph]e di/9ctively lit]>y2 & he kn[s t a few specim5s *os5 aright & taught aright produce ! ess5tially lit]>y result m surely & m safely ?an su* a programme z c\ld once be se5 9 s*ool--a programme t seem$ to reflect ! tea*]'s desire to give ! *ildr5 )9 ! gramm> s*ool all ! read+ t !y ought reasonably to be expect$ to h up to maturity4 ,! *oos+ ( lit]ature = use 9 s*ool creates imm$iately sev]al important conditions4 ,! bit *os5 is elevat$ at once into ! dignity & isolation ( a discipl9e1 & is set ap>t f matt] to be read once & casually1 = recreation or amusem5t1 at home or 9 h\rs ( intellectual play1 to ! s+le *ild or a small gr\p ( homog5e\s *ildr54 ,9 view ( ! fact t ! specim5 is be+ *os5 = use 9 class1 x mu/ be broad & typical1 appeal+1 z x 71 to ! univ]sal *ild4 ,x mu/ n be m]ely fanciful1 freaki%1 satirical1 or witty1 because1 :ile !re is pretty sure to be "s *ild 9 e class :o w\ld appreciate its flavor1 ! o!rs w\ld n1 & c\ld n be br\ght to su* appreciation4 ,x %\ld n be too imag9ative1 s9ce x mu/ make its appeal to a gr\p ^: exp]i5ce has be5 ( _m k9ds & degrees1 & x _c c\nt ^u any uni=m body ( app]ception mat]ial t has pav$ ! way into a v delicate or v p]vasive imag9ative atmosph]e4 ,x mu/ n be too emotional1 because ! tea*] mu/ be aw>e ( ! hy/]ical *ildr5 9 e class1 & because x is next to impossible to tune up any social gr\p z l>ge & z mix$ z ! class to any?+ l a high emotional unison or complete arti/ic l-m9d$ness4 ,:at ! class1 t composite *ild1 ne$s are su* ?+s z display ! broad]1 simpl] aspects ( life & art1 su* z call out 9 !m ! simpl] & m direct responses4 ,if "o is giv+ a /ory or a poem a s+le read+1 & read+ x m]ely = recreation1 he may pass s lightly ov] ! details1 & may s h&le its /ructure1 t its weaknesses & faults may n appe>1 or may easily be lo/ sight ( 9 ! emphasis laid ^u ! pleasant & successful aspects4 ,b a bit ( lit]ature select$ = ! class mu/ be wor? :ile 9 e p>ticul>2 x is to be l+]$ ov]1 dige/$1 assimilat$2 x mu/ be fitt$ to /& out 9 ! light ( se>*+ criticism--& ! assembl$ class soon comes to be a v acute & exact+ critic2 x is to /& ! te/ ( individual "q & community judgm5t4 ,if1 !re=e1 x is to become1 z "o mu/ hope1 a "p ( ! *ildr5's exp]i5ce1 a contribution to _! arti/ic & moral well-be+2 if x is to be a bit ( real education1 x mu/ be s\nd 9 /ructure1 tru/wor?y 9 detail1 satisfactory 9 issue4 ,no matt] h[ simple x is1 x %\ld be good art1 & *os5 ^u ! same critical pr9ciples t "o w\ld apply 9 *oos+ good lit]ature ( any degree ( complexity4 ,:ile x is a great mi/ake to suppose t lit]ature = *ildr5 is a bit ( g>d5 gr\nd to be consid]$ ap>t f ! g5]al l&scape1 x is true t !re are c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( *ildr5 )9 ! elem5t>y p]iod1 & c]ta9 accept$ conclusions conc]n+ ! nature & _s ( _! o!r "w1 t mu/ be tak5 z guides 9 ! matt] ( _! lit]ature4 ,x is n suffici5t--?\gh x _c be too (t5 said t x is necess>y--t ! lit]ature be good2 t1 no matt] h[ simple x be or h[ complex1 x mu/ satisfy ! dem&s ( good criticism--h[ev] important x be t x be good1 x is equally important t x be fit4 ,"o :o reads ! c\rses ( /udy & li/s ( read+ prep>$ = ! elem5t>y grades1 & exam9es ! manuals = _! tea*]s1 comes ne> conclud+ t ! l>g] numb] ( mi/akes1 & ! mi/akes mo/ disa/r\s1 lie "h--9 los+ sight ( ! pr9ciple ( fitness4 ,= 9 ^! =mal li/s1 & sugge/$ 9 ! manuals1 "o may f9d1 fir/ & la/1 heap$ up all t v>i\s tea*]s h !mselves happ5$ to l2 all t critics h prais$2 all ^: titles s\nd z if !y ought to be good2 all t is conc]n$ m or less remotely ) o!r ?+s ! *ildr5 are /udy+2 all t a g5]ation ( mi/ak5 educational logic has sugge/$2 all t a mature read] ought to h read 9 a life-"t2 all t a bl9d int]pretation1 bo? ( *ildhood & ( lit]ature1 has call$ suitable--hi/orical works1 ,am]ican lit]ature1 ,%akespe>e's com$ies1 ! ,idylls ( ! ,k+1 s5tim5tal & blood?ir/y juv5iles--a *aotic & accid5tal jumble4 ,out ( "s su* haphaz>d impulse & "s su* failure to apply ! law ( fitness come su* mi/akes z ! introduction ( fif?-grade *ildr5 into ! mazes ( a satiric social com$y l ,a ,midsumm]-,night's ,dream1 or ! plac+ ( fir/-ye> second>y *ildr5 amid ! bitt] je/s & baffl+ irony ( ,! ,vic> ( ,wakefield4 ,su* p$agogical misfits arise out ( %e] ignorance ( ! *ild's nature & its ne$s1 & ( ! pla9e/ pr9ciples ( lit]>y int]pretation4 ,!y p]si/ ye> aft] ye> because ( ! bl9d foll[+ ( suppos$ au?ority1 n[h]e s bl9d z 9 matt]s ( lit]>y op9ion4 ,! prep>ation t %\ld be made by ! tea*] :o is to *oose & tea* ?is lit]ature is1 aft] all1 n s v =midable4 ,we w leave out ( ! discussion t my/ic ?+ call$ ! tea*]'s gift4 ,und\bt$ly !re is su* a ?+2 b x desc5de? ^u :om x li/e?1 enabl+ him to *oose by intuition & to tea* by inspiration ! special bits ( lit]ature t prove to be be/ = ! *ildr54 ,b su* a p]son is n safe1 unless he supplem5t 8 gift ) k2 8 *oice is purely p]sonal & esot]ic1 8 pr9ciples accid5tal & incommunicable4 ,:at is ! nature ( ! supplem5t su* a tea*] mu/ make to 8 gift8 ,:at is ! tra9+ ) :i* ! tea*] )\t ! gift mu/ =tify himself8 ,x is little m ?an "o w\ld l to h = 8 p]sonal culture1 & little o!r ?an he is oblig$ to h = 8 contact ) ! *ildr5 9 o!r directions4 ,by d9t ( mu* read+ ( lit]ature & "s read+ 9 good criticism he mu/ br+ himself to a sane view ( ! :ole subject1 realiz+ :at lit]ature is & :at x is n2 :at x c be expect$ to accompli% 9 human culture1 & :at we _c reasonably ask ( x4 ,he mu/ "k some?+ ( its laws1 t he may "k h[ to judge x & :5 he has judg$ x aright4 ,?is process w inevitably h ref9$ & deep5$ 8 ta/e & broad5$ 8 arti/ic exp]i5ce 9 e direction4 ,( c\rse1 he w n talk to 8 *ildr5 ab\t lit]ature z an art1 ab\t critical problems1 /ructural pr9ciples1 & all t2 no m w he1 :5 he is guid+ 8 class 9 evolv+ = !mselves food & %elt] by way ( beg9n+ ! /udy ( hi/ory1 talk to !m ab\t primitive culture & social evolution4 ,b he is an ill-equipp$ & untru/wor?y guide if he does n h 9 8 own consci\sness ^! l>ge expla9+ po9ts ( view4 ,x is precisely s ) ! l>ge fundam5tal pr9ciples ( lit]ature4 ,"o ga!rs c]ta9ty & p[] = ! *oice & tea*+ ( ! m]e/ folk-tale1 if he is able to see 9 x ! work+ ( ! great & simple laws ( all art4 ,& m specifically he mu/ imbue himself ) ! _s ( ! *ildlike lit]ature4 ,he mu/ "k & love ! wond]ful old folk & fairy tales1 n reg>d+ !m z matt] = ! nurs]y & ! k9d]g>t51 m]ely1 b le>n+ to love !m z great b simple art4 ,he mu/ read ! h]o tales & romances till he kn[s !m z a treasure h\se out ( :i* he may draw at 8 ne$4 ,_m1 _m *ildr5's /ories & poems he mu/ read to be able to judge !m & he mu/ read all ^? arti/s1 ,c>roll1 ,/ev5son1 ,pat]1 ,hauptman1 :o 9 ,alice1 ,! ,*ild's ,g>d51 ,! ,*ild 9 ! ,h\se1 ,hannele1 h done s mu* to int]pret = u 9 ! arti/'s way ! consci\sness ( ! *ild4 ,9 tea*+ lit]ature1 z 9 all t he does = ! *ildr51 he w h use = all ! k he c get ( *ildhood & *ildr52 = all t he c le>n ( ! tr5d ( conclusion 9 psy*ology & educational philosophy2 = all k he c acquire z to ! mean+ & import ( all ! o!r subjects ( elem5t>y in/ruction4 ,only !n c he *oose & tea* lit]ature t is fit 9 bo? ! necess>y s5ses--adapt$ to ! *ildr5 & h>moni\s 9 _s ) ! o!r int]e/s !y are pursu+4 ,out ( su* k ( 8 mat]ial & 8 *ildr5 !re %\ld gr[ a reasonably cle> & consi/5t vision ( ! result he hopes to rea* & ! /eps he mu/ take to rea* x4 ,out ( all ^! elem5ts %\ld come ! c\rage to exam9e fe>lessly ! traditional mat]ial4 ,bett] /ill1 out ( ?is comb9ation w come t fai?1 en?usiasm1 & respect = 8 mat]ial1 t confid5ce 9 its usefulness1 t hopefulness z to its results1 :i* are desirable 9 a tea*] ( any subject1 b :i* are absolutely ess5tial 9 ! equipm5t ( a tea*] ( lit]ature2 because he mu/ above all ?+s radiate bo? light & w>m?2 he mu/ diffuse ab\t 8 mat]ial & 8 *ildr5 ! brea? ( life & ! gl[ ( art4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,s]vices ,,we ,,may ,,expect ,,lit]ature ,,to ,,r5d] ,,9 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,x w\ld seem to be no "p ( ! pres5t discussion to g into ! fundam5tal processes ( det]m9+ & def9+ a *ild's ne$s & ta/es4 ,9 ?is matt] we may assume & build ^u ! l>g] conclusions ( psy*ology & educational philosophy4 ,& x is only ! l>g] & m g5]al conclusions t we ne$1 bo? because !re is no d\bt conc]n+ !m1 z !re may be conc]n+ ^? m detail$ & remote1 & because :5 we are deal+ ) *ildr5 9 s*ool1 & 9 class1 we are deal+ ) ! type-*ild--) a composite *ild1 z x 71 to :om we c apply only ! l>g] conclusions4 ,ev]yone :o helps to tra9 a *ild mu/ realize z a practical fact t he has bo? ne$s & ta/es4 ,! emphasis wisely plac$ 9 our day ^u enli/+ a *ild's int]e/s & ta/es has t5d$ to mislead ! unw>y & undo ! unobs]vant1 s z to produce a bl9dness or an indiff]5ce z to 8 ne$s4 ,?\gh1 z a matt] ( m]e ju/ice1 "o mu/ add t ! bl9dness & indiff]5ce h _h _! exi/5ce *iefly 9 ! indictm5ts ( ^? :o oppos$ ! movem5t :5 x 0 new4 ,few p>5ts or tea*]s may n[ be f\nd s b5ight$ z to d5y ! delight & pr(it ( lett+ ! *ild gr[ 9 all ! joy & fre$om possible1 foll[+ 8 in/9ctive int]e/s1 express+ 8 orig9al primitive impulses4 ,b we mu/ grant1 h[ev] sadly1 t ! mod]n *ild is n to be a memb] ( a primitive society2 t he is liv+ & to live 9 a complex1 advanc$ community1 to ^: /&>ds he mu/ be1 on ! :ole1 adju/$ & adapt$4 ,!re=e1 8 int]e/s & activities mu/ be *annel$ & guid$2 new int]e/s mu/ be awak5$2 he mu/ be 9 a c]ta9 s5se put1 :ile he is /ill a *ild1 into possession ( :at 8 race has acquir$ only aft] _m g5]ations4 ,9 lit]ature !n1 z 9 ! o!r subjects1 we mu/ try to d ?ree ?+s3 7#a7 all[ & meet appropriately ! *ild's native & in/9ctive int]e/s & ta/es2 7#b7 cultivate & direct ^!2 7#c7 awak5 9 him new & miss+ int]e/s & ta/es4 ,:at is !re 9 lit]ature s]viceable = any or all ( ^! purposes1 & is !re 9 lit]ature any?+ t is di/9ctively & uniquely useful 9 ! :ole process8 ,x seems only reasonable to look = ! answ]s to ^! que/ions among ! di/9ctive features ( lit]ature4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s & di/+ui%+ fact ab\t lit]ature is1 ( c\rse1 its relation to ! imag9ation4 ,n[1 :5 ! /ud5t ( lit]ature or any o!r art talks ab\t ! imag9ation1 he mu/ be all[$ to beg91 z "o may say1 :]e ! psy*ologi/ leaves (f1 because1 :ile ! psy*ologi/ z a sci5ti/ likes to limit 8 att5tion to ! m9d act+ z imag9ation1 ! lit]>y critic mu/ consid]1 n only ?is activity ( ! m9d1 b its product--a product t pres5ts itself z an elaborate ph5om5on4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! natural process ( ! lit]>y critic seems to ! /ud5t ( psy*ology a beg9n+ at ! wrong end2 because x is a beg9n+ ) an objective product1 & ) ! l>g] & m sali5t features ( t product4 ,lit]ature f9ds its mat]ial 9 nature1 & 9 human nature & life4 ,x has no s\rce ( supply o!r ?an t ( e o!r k9d ( human ?\ght4 ,b be=e ?is mat]ial becomes lit]ature1 ! imag9ation has lift$ x f its place 9 ! actual _w & elevat$ x to ! plane ( art4 ,work+ ^u ?is plane ) ?is mat]ial1 ! imag9ation modifies1 trans=ms1 re>ranges x1 mak+ new comb9ations1 discov]+ unsuspect$ relations1 br++ to light hidd5 qualities1 reveal+ new lik5esses & unlik5esses2 & at la/ returns to u a product t is a new creation4 ,work+ 9 its l>g] creative capacity1 ! imag9ation con/ructs out ( mat]ial :i* may be scatt]$ or *aotic :5 ga!r$ by obs]vation1 unifi$ & organic :oles4 ,inde$ ?is l>ge :ole1 ?is complet$ edifice t ! art-product pres5ts is itself an image1 a vision pres5t f ! beg9n+ ( ! process ( creat+4 ,z ! ar*itect sees be=e he beg9s to build1 ! plan ( 8 h\se z a :ole & measurably complete ?+1 s ! lit]>y arti/ has f ! beg9n+ ?is l>ge image1 ?is plan pres5t+ ! ma9 features ( ! ?+ he is to produce4 ,?is all[s = ! fact t new details are add$ z he goes on1 ! plan modifi$ or trans=m$4 ,b ! arti/'s f9al result />ts z an image4 ,?is is n m]e ae/hetic pros+4 ,we mu/ set x d[n z vitally important 9 ! po9t ( view ( ! tea*] ( lit]ature1 t he mu/ look at 8 mat]ial z ! product ( ! imag9ation 9 ^! f\r ways3 fir/1 ! imag9ation pres5ts ! l>ge image or plan2 second1 x *ooses ! mat]ial2 ?ird1 x decorates1 purifies1 or o!rwise modifies x2 f\r?1 x organizes or recomb9es x4 ,?is recomb9ation into a new :ole1 no matt] h[ simple x is1 w1 if x be art at all1 display 9 "s degree ! l>ge qualities common to all art-=m--unity1 v>iety1 symmetry1 proportion1 h>mony4 ,x is ! fact t 9 lit]ature y h a l>ge b manageable :ole got toge!r "u laws produc+ ^! qualities & mak+ = complet5ess & beauty--x is ?is fact t gives to lit]ature a l>ge %>e ( its p[] 9 cultivat+ ! *ild's imag9ation4 ,n[1 !re is a v common misappreh5sion ( ?is phrase cultivation ( ! imag9ation1 _m p tak+ x = grant$ t x inv>iably & exclusively means increas+ ! am\nt ( a *ild's fancy1 or ! numb] ( 8 fancies4 ,und\bt$ly ?is is "o ( ! effects ( lit]ature1 & und\bt$ly x is sometimes a desirable ?+4 ,!re are *ildr5 born )\t imag9ation1 or s e>ly cru%$ d[n by ! commonplac5ess ( ! adult _w t !y seem nev] to h a fancy--to be entirely )\t an inn] life or a spiritual playgr\nd4 ,b ! av]age *ild has abundant imag9ation1 & an abundance ( imag9ations2 :ile *ildr5 ( ! arti/ic or emotional temp]am5t may (t5 be f\nd1 especially 9 ! p]iod ga!r+ ab\t ! sev5? ye>1 liv+ 9 a _w ( _! own creat+1 mov+ 9 a maze ( fanta/ic notions & comb9ations ( notions1 unable to see actual ?+s1 & unable to report ! facts ( an obs]vation or an exp]i5ce1 because ( ! ?rong ( purely fanciful & inv5t$ details t fills _! consci\sness4 ,to increase ! am\nt ( su* a *ild's imag9ative mat]ial w\ld be a mi/ake2 to ?rottle or ignore 8 imag9ative activities w\ld be a mi/ake /ill m s]i\s4 ,we all "k ! two pa?s1 "o ( :i* is likely to be foll[$ by su* a *ild4 ,ei!r he drifts on1 indulg+ 8 dreams1 inv5t+ unguid$ fancies1 foll[+ new vag>ies1 & lat] read+ ^? loose1 wild1 & s5tim5tal ?+s into :i* 8 own ta/e guides him1 till all 8 m5tal processes become untru/wor?y2 or he is tak5 9 h&1 giv5 fact-/udies exclusively1 becomes a%am$ ( 8 fancies1 or loses int]e/ 9 !m because !y be> no relation to any?+ 9 ! actual _w z he is le>n+ to "k x1 & f9ally loses completely 8 arti/ic imag9ative p[]4 ,z an aid t[>d av]t+ ei!r ( ^! disa/]s1 ! imag9ative *ild--:o is ! av]age *ild--z well z ! ov]-fanciful "o1 ne$s to h develop$ 9 him "s ability to select among 8 fancies1 s z to cl+ to ! beautiful & useful1 & disc>d ! idle ones4 ,to d ?is1 he mu/ get ! ability to put !m toge!r 9 "s plan or sy/em t satisfies bo? 8 ta/e & 8 judgm5t4 ,!y are p]man5tly s]viceable ei!r = "w or = play only :5 !y atta* "o to ano!r & coh]e into a some:at ord]ly :ole4 ,"o is tempt$ to ?9k t to put ! *ildr5 into possession ( su* a faculty or su* an accompli%m5t is ! mo/ important /ep 9 elem5t>y tra9+1 because1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 x at once radiates f ! h&l+ ( _! inv5t$ or fanciful mat]ial into ! ord]+ ( t :i* !y ga!r f delib]ate obs]vation2 &1 z mo/ (t5 happ5s1 ! arti/ic imag9ation l5ds a help+ h& to ! sci5tific imag9ation4 ,und\bt$ly ! pleasante/ way & ! way t lies mo/ readily op5 9 help+ ! *ildr5 to acquire & develop ?is faculty1 is ! way ( lit]ature4 ,"h x is t !y see mo/ easily & le>n to "k mo/ ?or\ghly ^? complete & ord]ly :oles made up f beautiful or significant details1 ) no?+ left fragm5t>y or unatta*$4 ,( c\rse ! tea*] mu/ *oose 8 bit ( lit]ature ) a view to ?is effect--a lyric1 a ballad1 a /ory1 t actually does %[ economy ( mat]ial1 reasonable & effective arrangem5t ( details1 & a satisfy+ issue4 ,n all ! lit]ature available = *ildr5 does display ^! qualities4 ,comp>e1 = example1 ,p]rault's ,c9d]ella ) ,grimm's v]sion ( ! same tale4 ,! =m]1 :atev] ! faults ( /yle 9 ! ,engli% v]sion we all "k1 is s f> z /ructure goes1 a little classic1 hav+ pl5ty ( fancy1 to be sure1 b exhibit+ also p]fect economy ( incid5t1 c]ta9ty & delicacy 9 ! selection & arrangem5t ( details1 re/ra9t & tru?fulness 9 ! outcome2 :ile ! ,grimm /ory %[s ! *aotic1 unguid$1 wa/eful *oice & arrangem5t ( ! m9d :i* rema9s ! victim ( its own fancies4 ,! "o is m]e art-/uff1 ! o!r is art4 ,n[1 "o w\ld ha/5 to add t !re are *ildr5 9 e class1 & x may be 9 e family--unimag9ative1 matt]-(-fact1 commonplace *ildr5--:o ne$ to h giv5 !m1 & to le>n to enjoy1 if possible1 ! m]e vag>ies & haphaz>d inv5tions2 & x w\ld be a pity to deprive any *ild ( !m 9 8 h\rs ( intellectual play4 ,b x is f 8 contact1 frequ5t & deep1 ) ! m arti/ic & ord]$ bits ( lit]ature t we may expect ! *ild to f9d t special cultivation ( ! imag9ation1 ! p[] ( see+ an organiz$ imag9ative :ole2 & out ( ?is exp]i5ce %\ld gr[ ! fur!r p[]1 s important 9 ?is /age ( 8 education--t ( grasp+1 & con/ruct+ out ( 8 own mat]ial1 su* complete & ord]$ :oles4 ,ano!r way 9 :i* ! imag9ation works 9 lit]ature is ( peculi> importance1 = ! *ildr54 ,?is1 too1 is precisely "o ( ^? *>act]i/ics t di/+ui% lit]ature f ev]y?+ else4 ,x lies 9 ! fact t1 unlike o!r k9ds ( writ+1 lit]ature proce$s by ! pres5tation ( concrete1 specific details1 ! actual image1 or images1 comb9$ into a def9ite picture1 elevat$ f ! _w ( actuality to ! plane ( art1 or creat$ on t plane out ( details ga!r$ f any s\rce4 ,9 proportion z we f9d 9 lit]ature ab/ract ?9k+1 /atem5t ( g5]al tru? or pla9 fact1 facsimile description or m]e s5tim5taliz+1 9 t proportion d we f9d x dull & in>ti/ic4 ,! orange is a r$di%-yell[ semi-tropical fruit1 is a /atem5t ( fact pla9 & sci5tific4 ,x w\ld be s in>ti/ic z to be absurd 9 a l9e ( poetry4 ,among ! d>k b\ghs ! gold5 orange gl[s1 lifts ! object into ! _w ( art1 sets x 9 a picture1 ev5 gives x to u 9 ! r\nd1 makes x mov+ & vital4 ,! foxglove blooms c5tripetally1 "o may say z dry fact1 b :5 ! poet says ,! fox-gloves drop f ?roat to top ,a daily less] bell1 :ile he conveys ! same fact1 he does x 9 ! t]ms ( a def9ite s+le image1 a specific individual process1 t gives reality & di/9ction4 ,x is by virtue ( ?is me?od ( pres5t+ its mat]ial t lit]ature p]=ms ano!r valuable & def9ite s]vice = ! *ild4 ,?is lies 9 increas+ & supplem5t+ 9 _m directions 8 /ore ( images4 ,( c\rse1 ev5 ! ord9>y *ild has _m images1 s9ce he has eyes & e>s always op5 & f+]s always active4 ,b ! sights & s\nds he sees are n widely v>i$1 & are r>ely beautiful4 ,x is ! extraord9>y1 ! occasional *ild :o sees 9 8 home _m beautiful objects1 :o (t5 he>s good music1 :o sees 9 8 /reet noble build+s1 :o is tak5 to ! woods1 ! m\nta9s1 ! sea1 :]e he may /ore up _m beautiful & di/+ui%$ images to s]ve him lat] = inn] joy & z mat]ial = ?9k+4 ,! o!r *ild ^: exp]i5ce is b\nd$ by ! /reets1 ! %ops1 or ! f>m1 w f9d 8 /ore ( images increas$ & enri*$ by contributions f lit]ature4 ,& ! fact t ! images & pictures 9 lit]ature are giv5 ) concret5ess1 ) vividness1 ) vitality 9 !m1 n z ab/ractions nor z te*nical description1 gives !m place 9 ! consci\sness side by side ) ^? regi/]$ by ! memory f actual exp]i5ce1 & !y s]ve ! same purposes4 ,inde$1 ! m]e rais+ ( a detail to ! plane ( art1 ! fitt+ ( an image or a picture into a poem or a /ory1 gives x new di/9ction & increases its value4 ,says ,fra ,lippo3 444 we're made s t we love ,fir/ :5 we see !m pa9t$ ?+s we h pass$ ,p]haps a hundr$ times nor c>$ to see4 ,s ! *ild1 :5 ! details he kn[s or may "k 9 real life are set 9 lit]ature1 sees !m surr\nd$ ) a halo ( new beauty & value4 ,?is halo1 ?is well-kn[n radiance ( art1 spreads itself ov] ! objects t he sees ab\t him1 & !y1 too1 take on a new beauty1 & s pass into 8 /oreh\se ( images ) _! mean+ & usefulness increas$4 ,:atev] else may be ! function ( ! imag9ation 9 lit]ature x has ^! two--t ( see+ & creat+ organic :oles1 & t ( pres5t+ concrete images & pictures2 ^! two w\ld entitle x to a di/9ctive place 9 ! tra9+ ( a *ild's imag9ation4 ,z an accompanim5t1 p]haps z a consequ5ce1 ( ! t5d5cy ( ! imag9ation to unify & h>monize its mat]ial by seek+ always a deep] basis & a l>g] category1 & ! o!r t5d5cy to use 9 lit]ature ! specific detail r ?an ! g5]alization1 we h ! fact ( figurative ?9k+ & speak+ z a *>act]i/ic ( ?is art4 ,a figure involves ! discov]y ( a /rik+ or ess5tial contra/ or contradiction betwe5 objects1 or ! recognition ( a lik5ess or aff9ity rang+ 9 clos5ess f m]e simil>ity to complete id5tification4 ,:i*ev] be ! process1 ! result is ! univ]sal & typical mean+s ( lit]ature1 its pleas+ indirection ( /atem5t1 its enl>g$ outlook ^u _m o!r sph]es1 ! vi/a ( sugge/ion & association op5+ 9 e direction1 ! surpris$1 ! %ock$ or delight$ recognitions1 t await u on e page4 ,we w pass by z my/ical & n demon/rable ! invit+ !ory t a contact ) ^! contra/s & resemblances may put into ! h&s ( ! *ild a clue to ! bett] arrangem5t ( ! fragm5ts t compose 8 _w1 & may help on 9 him t process ( unification & id5tification :i* is ! p>am\nt human task2 we mu/ leave out ( sight "h1 z too speculative & unpractical1 ! enl>gem5t & def9ition ( 8 categories t w\ld come to ! *ild z x comes to ev]yone1 ) ev5 ! mo/ elem5t>y recognition ( ! fundam5tal sep>ations & unions involv$ 9 figures2 ^! we may leave aside1 :ile we take ! simple & q obvi\s aspect ( ! matt]--t ! /udy & und]/&+ ( ev5 ! common] figures quick5 ! *ild's intellig5ce1 & help to develop m5tal al]tness & c]ta9ty4 ,n ev5 a s5se ( humor is s useful 9 8 intellectual exp]i5ce z ! ability to und]/& & use figures ( spee*4 ,:at makes s pa!tic or s appall+ a spectacle z ! p]son :o nev] cat*es ! transf]r$ & ironic turns ( expression ( :i* ev5 ord9>y conv]sation is full8 ,! poor belat$ m9d /&s helpless amid/ ! play ( allusion t fla%es all ab\t him1 & n ev5 fe> ( ?und]1 :i* is ! mo/ al]t s5sation ,em]son c attribute to him1 c put him into t\* ) 8 k9d4 ,! be/ place to tra9 a *ild t[>d quickness1 ! m5tal ease & adroitness t come ( a ready und]/&+ & use ( figure is 9 lit]ature1 "o ( ^: signal *>act]i/ics is ! use ( figure4 ,! appreciation ( remote & delicate figures w1 ( c\rse1 come lat] 9 a /ud5t's exp]i5ce ?an ! elem5t>y ye>s1 aft] he has _h m contact ) life & ! _w & a mu* wid5$ exp]i5ce 9 lit]ature4 ,b ! *ild :o has be5 taught to und]/& & to use any ( ! simpl] figures has be5 help$ a long way on ! road ( art & philosophy4 ,lit]ature diff]s f o!r k9ds ( writ+ 9 its use ( language1 s9ce x con/antly aims at beautiful & /rik+ expression4 ,s9ce x (t5 seeks beautiful & delicate effects1 x is m (t5 closely accurate ?an o!r k9ds ( writ+2 & s9ce x sometimes seeks /rong1 noble effects1 x is sometimes m vigor\s ?an o!r writ+4 ,= ! same & k9dr$ reasons x seeks v>iety ( expression1 & s displays a l>g] *oice ( words1 includ+ new & r>e words4 ,^! facts h an imm$iate & b5eficial effect ^u ! /yle & vocabul>y ( ! *ildr54 ,! fact is pla9ly obvi\s to anyone :o has obs]v$ ! sup]iority z to vocabul>y & =m ( ^? *ildr5 :o h _h mu* read+ or :o come f a lit]>y family1 & has se5 ! improvem5t ( all ! *ildr5 9 ^! matt]s z !y add to _! exp]i5ce 9 lit]ature4 ,?is enri*m5t & ref9em5t ( language mu/ be reckon$ among ! di/9ctive s]vices ( lit]ature4 ,lit]ature1 9 common ) ! o!r arts1 b unlike o!r k9ds ( writ+1 aims at beauty--c>es fir/ ( all = beauty4 ,"o mu/ und]/& ! t]m1 ( c\rse1 z arti/ic or ae/hetic beauty1 z x has be5 int]pret$ = u f ,plato d[n1 z q o!r ?an m]e prett9ess or sup]ficial attractiv5ess4 ,fir/1 9 ! selection ( its subject-matt] x is ! /rik+ly beautiful 9 nature1 9 "*1 9 action1 & 9 exp]i5ce t x seeks out = pres5tation4 ,:5 x uses ugly or horrible mat]ial1 x is = "o ( ^! purposes3 by way ( br++ into /rong] relief beauty actually pres5t$ beside x2 by way ( imply+ beauty n actually pres5t$2 by way ( produc+ ! grotesque z a =m ( beauty2 by way ( awak5+ fe> or t]ror1 :i* are elem5ts 9 "o k9d ( beauty2 or by way ( accompli%+ "s exploitation or re=m conceiv$ by ! arti/ z 8 duty or 8 opportunity2 s t ! arti/'s use ( ugly mat]ial produces 9 e case "s effect ( beauty4 ,n[ ! problem ( ! *ild's contact ) beauty z ! mat]ial or subject-matt] ( lit]ature is ! problem ( 8 contact ) x any:]e else4 ,we _c too (t5 rem9d ourselves t ! mat]ial 9 lit]ature is t ( life & ! actual _w *os5 out1 (t5 fre$ f accid5tal & tempor>y qualities1 & put into suitable sett+ 9 art4 ,x !re=e makes an appeal n diff]5t 9 k9d1 & 9 _m cases n diff]5t 9 int5sity1 f ! appeal ( objects p]ceiv$ by ! actual s5ses4 ,accept+ once = all ! conditions ( ! imag9ation1 we mu/ conclude t ! effect ^u ! *ild's ta/e is ! same z 9 8 contact ) beautiful & noble objects "u conditions ( out] space4 ,& z1 :5 we adopt ! psy*ology & p$agogy ( ,:itman's ,!re 0 a *ild w5t =?1 believ+ t all t ! little travel] enc\nt]s becomes really & truly a "p ( him1 we are eag] to h him enc\nt] ! mo/ beautiful sights & s\nds ( ! physical _w1 s we e>ne/ly desire = him contact ) ! noble & beautiful objects & p]sons ( ! o!r-_w ( lit]ature4 ,9 ! second place1 lit]ature1 :e!r x be h&l+ beautiful mat]ial or = any reason deal+ ) ugly mat]ial1 is always seek+ beauty ( =m4 ,!re are ! l>g] matt]s ( art-=m1 su* z unity1 h>mony1 complet5ess1 balance--^? l>ge b5efic5t elem5ts ( beauty :i* %\ld be 9 ! *ild's lit]ature z 9 all 8 o!r art1 con/itut+ ! g5ial atmosph]e :i* he brea!s 9 )\t kn[+ x4 ,( c\rse1 "o does n talk to him ab\t !m1 b !re !y are 9 8 /ory1 8 picture1 8 song1 br++ _! gift ( c]ta9ty & repose4 ,!n !re are ! m concrete & obvi\s details ( =mal beauty t belong di/9ctively to ! lit]>y art1 & are p>tly matt]s ( craftsman%ip--! musical effect ( ! spok5 ^w1 prose or v]se1 ! *oice ^w or phase1 ! beautiful arrangem5t ( clause or s5t5ce4 ,c]ta9 ( ^! elem5ts may be delib]ately br\ght to ! *ild's att5tion1 o!rs may n4 ,b 9 ei!r case !y help to =m ! :ole atmosph]e ( beauty & di/9ction t surr\nds a bit ( good lit]ature4 ,& we _c fail to believe 9 ! ref9+ & /imulat+ influ5ce ^u ! *ild's ta/e ( 8 contact ) =mal beauty 9 ?is z 9 ! o!r arts4 ,z di/9ctive ( lit]ature1 sett+ x ap>t f o!r k9ds ( writ+1 "o mu/ note t x always has 9 x ! w>m?1 ! f]vor1 ( emotion1 ,d[]$ ) ! scorn ( scorn1 ! love ( love1 ! hate ( hate1 is ! poet1 & always ! gl[ ( feel+ lights up 8 l9e4 ,! foxglove blooms c5tripetally1 is cold & colorless1 h[ev] int]e/+ x may be z te*nical fact1 ,! fox-gloves drop f ?roat to top1 ,a daily less] bell quiv]s ) emotional associations4 ,i come to bury ,caes> n to praise him--! caesura ( t l9e is ,m>k ,antony's sob1 & ! sympa!tic ?rob ( ! elem5t>y class4 ,! k+ sits 9 ,dumf]ml9e t\n ,dr9k+ ! blude-r$ w9e4 ,:at /range ?rill is ?is t goes d[n ! eight-ye>-old's sp9e at ! s\nd ( ^! words8 ,x 0 an anci5t m>9] ,& he /oppe? "o ( ?ree4 ,! m]e l9es subm]ge u at once 9 a new atmosph]e t+l+ ) *>m$ excitem5t4 ,"o w\ld l to say ) "s new mean+ & emphasis t x is precisely ?is emotion1 p]meat+1 w>m+1 & color+ lit]ature1 t gives x its reality1 t e/abli%es its hold1 t gives x its relation to ! _w--on ! "o side reflect+ life on ! o!r produc+ life4 ,b x is ab\t ?is matt] ( emotion t ! tea*]'s dang]s & misgiv+s lie4 ,!re are ^? :o fix ^u its emotional nature z gr\nds = suspicion1 if n ( condemnation1 ( lit]ature z a means ( discipl9e4 ,& we mu/ all ha/5 to confess t ?is atmosph]e ( emotion is ! sn>e ( ! weak tea*] & ! curse ( weak lit]ature4 ,emotion display$ or ar\s$ unwor?ily1 or atta*$ to inadequate or ignoble /imuli1 is ei!r m]e s5tim5tality or undue en?usiasm4 ,x %\ld be reckon$ no?+ %ort ( a crime to /imulate unduly a *ild's emotion1 & to awak5 9 him feel+s = :i* 8 nature is n ripe4 ,b ! policy or !ory ( ignor+ 8 emotions1 ( suppress+ !m1 or ( keep+ !m subdu$ 9 s*ool )9 ! b\nds ( 8 mild pleasure 9 sci5tific obs]vation or ma!matical a*ievem5t1 is surely %ort-sight$4 ,if ! day has n already come1 x is fa/ approa*+ :5 we %all see t education means also ! call+ out & ex]cis+ ( ! feel+s--:5 we %all realize ! dessicat+ influ5ce ( ,am]ican s*ool tra9+ ^u ! emotional nature ( *ildr54 ,x %\ld n be difficult = any tea*] :o has /udi$ ! problems ( *ildhood1 & :o has le>n$ some?+ ab\t judg+ lit]ature1 to *oose su* lit]>y ?+s z reflect & invite ! k9d & degree ( feel+ suitable = a *ild1 z give him legitimate occasion = legitimate emotion1 z ex]cise & cultivate ?is side ( 8 nature1 effect+ 9 him t purify+ dis*>ge ( emotion :i* ,ari/otle reg>d$ z "o ( ! helpful (fices ( lit]ature4 ,x is a matt] = rejoic+ t 9 ! atmosph]e ( feel+ :i* surr\nds lit]ature & music we may c\nt]act & balance 9 ! *ild ! h>d5+ influ5ce ( 8 fact-/udies & 8 g5]al s*ool discipl9e4 ,! m]e pragmatism ( ! tea*+ (t5 turn$ aga9/ lit]ature z a discipl9e1 t e emotional /ate %\ld ev5tuate 9 activity1 is met by ! cont5tion t ! admiration or contempt call$ out by ! record ( ! c\rage\s or c[>dly de$1 ! appreh5sion & enjoym5t ( ! musical l9e or ! beautiful image1 conta9 _! own issue & ev5t4 ,!y regi/] at once a high] moral /&>d or a quick5$ & deep5$ ta/e4 ,x has already be5 said1 & x mu/ be said aga91 t x is by virtue ( ?is emotional grip c\pl$ ) ! p[]ful & ev]-to-be-reckon$-) in/9ct = imitation1 t lit]ature takes hold ^u u1 passes into our lives1 affect+ our judgm5t1 our ideals1 our conduct4 ,we live by admiration1 hope1 & love1 ,& ev5 z ^! are well & wisely plac$1 ,9 dignity ( be+ we asc5d4 says ,wordswor?2 & lit]ature af=ds _m opportunities ( plac+ well & wisely ^! liv+ & life-giv+ emotions4 ,?is br+s u at once to ! vision ( ano!r s]vice r5d]$ ! *ild by lit]ature4 ,"h he is z if he look$ ^u life4 ,he sees ev5ts work$ out to ! issue2 he sees p express+ !mselves 9 de$s & words1 trans=m+ !mselves & o!rs = good or bad1 call+ ^u him = approval or condemnation1 or = sympa?y4 ,he f9ds "h 8 h]oes1 8 ideals1 8 models4 ,he le>ns mann]s )\t te>s & morals )\t a s]mon4 ,9 "s s5se he sees life /eadily1 & sees x :ole1 s t he wid5s 8 social horizon to take 9 ^! _m gr\ps ( all sorts ( m52 m5tally & morally he mu/ enl>ge to conta9 ! p]sons & ev5ts he le>ns to "k4 ,x is impossible to ov]e/imate ! importance 9 a *ild's moral life1 :e!r we int]pret ?is z a social or an individual matt]1 ( ! contribution made by lit]ature to 8 vision1 8 patt]n1 ( society & ( "*4 ,?is ability ( lit]ature to influ5ce ! *ild's inn] life & 8 conduct is s real t x has z _m dang]s z advantages4 ,!re mu/ be no mi/akes 9 select+ = him1 if he is to asc5d 9 dignity ( be+ by ! /eps ( lit]ature4 ,x mu/ conta9 ^? pictures ( life & conduct t are fit & suitable = ! *ild to witness1 & possible = him to compreh5d4 ,!y mu/ be s\nd to ! core1 ar\s+ & p]man5tly engag+ 8 g5u9e int]e/ & 8 be/ feel+s4 ,& aft] all1 ! be/ ?+ we c d = a *ild 9 tea*+ him lit]ature is to give him a p]man5t & innoc5t joy4 ,we all h our moods 9 :i* we are ready to say t ! fir/ unconsci\s1 unprem$itat$ pleasure t comes ( a bit ( lit]ature is ! only result wor? hav+4 ,& we :o are pr(ess+ tea*]s ( lit]ature h times ( abnormal s5sitiv5ess to ! scorn ( ! dilettante critics :o call u academical & p$agogical4 ,& ?\gh we "k t pleasure 9 lit]ature has its elem5ts & its causes1 bo? easily obs]vable1 & t ta/e may be fo/]$ & gr[n by well-kn[n processes1 x is always a :olesome h\r = u :5 we are ?ru/ back ^u ! fact t1 ?\gh we may h discipl9$ 8 imag9ation1 & may h quick5$ 8 fancy2 we may h awak5$ & /r5g!n$ 8 s5se ( beauty2 we may h ex]cis$ & cultivat$ 8 emotions2 we may h enl>g$ 8 outlook ^u life1 & h provid$ him ) social & p]sonal ideals2 x is nev]!less1 bett] ?an all ^! because x includes mo/ ( !m1 if we h op5$ up = our s*ol> ?is p]man5t av5ue ( noble enjoym5t4 ,n[1 n all ^! results w appe> 9 all ! *ildr54 ,"s ( !m ! tea*] w n see 9 any *ild ( c]ta9 classes4 ,!y are n easily pond]able & measurable--ev5 less s ?an ^? ( o!r discipl9es4 ,x is easy to "k :5 a *ild c multiply & divide4 ,x is n easy to "k :5 he is 9 a hopeful /age ( lit]>y exp]i5ce4 ,b x is only 9 ! direction ( ! results we h be5 discuss+ t ! tea*] ( lit]ature c always hopefully "w4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,k9ds ,,( ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,lit]ature ,,s]viceable ,,9 ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ool ,9 mod]n lit]>y /udy we h be5 plac+ mu* emphasis ^u ! k9ds or species ( lit]>y production4 ,9 ! light ( ! ae/hetics ( our day & ! new] psy*ology ( art we h be5 le>n+ mu* conc]n+ ! nature1 ! function1 & "o might say ! habits ( ^! species4 ,^! /udies h co9cid$ 9 "t1 mo/ opportunely = ! tea*] ( lit]ature1 ) ^? t h aim$ at ! e/abli%+ ( ! ne$s & ta/es ( ! elem5t>y & adolesc5t ages4 ,!re is a real satisfaction born ( ! confid5ce "o feels 9 approa*+ 8 problem ( *oos+ lit]ature = *ildr5 f ^! two l>ge/ po9ts ( view--t ( ! species or fundam5tal k9ds ( lit]ature on ! "o h&1 t ( ! *ild's actual ne$s & ta/es on ! o!r4 ,?is me?od ( approa* seems to put ! :ole field adequately be=e 8 view1 & to give au?ority & c]ta9ty to 8 f9al *oice4 ,z a matt] ( fact !re are c]ta9 *>act]i/ics inv>iable & inevitable 9 ea* ( ! five species ( lit]ature--epic1 drama1 lyric1 fiction1 essay--t tell u at once some?+ ( its fitness = our purpose4 ,! essay1 = example 9 its typical =m is by its ess5tial nature inappropriate4 ,! lit]>y essay1 z x is actually con/itut$1 is 9 subject-matt] too ab/ract & remote1 9 mood too complex & intricate1 & 9 /yle too allusive & evasive4 ,its invitation is to a region = :i* a *ild has nei!r *>t nor map4 ,! essay re/s ^u old1 old presuppositions2 ^! v presuppositions x is t mu/ be sl[ly & ?r\gh _m exp]i5ces built into ! m5tal life ( ! *ild4 ,to be sure1 !re are a few bits call$ essays--su* z c]ta9 ( ,lamb's m anecdotal pap]s1 "s ( ! n>rative numb]s ( ,! ,spectator1 nature-/udies ) m>k$ lit]>y qualities l "s ( ^? ( ,john ,burr\ghs--t ! grades c und]/& & enjoy4 ,b ^! are n typical essays1 & !y h n ! true essay _s4 ,?is _s1 :i* creates = itself an atmosph]e h>d to describe1 comp\nd$ z x is ( univ]sal kn[+ness1 ironic indirection1 delicately intellectual emotion1 & fa9tly emotional intellectuality--?is _s is q ali5 to *ildhood4 ,& z x is actually con/itut$1 ! lit]>y drama1 too1 repres5ts a life & pres5ts an art-=m s complex & s mature z to be beyond a *ild's grasp4 ,n until ?is p]iod is clos+--& ) _m *ildr5 n ev5 !n--comes ! h\r ( rip5ess = ! drama4 ,?is "q ( ! *ild & dramatic lit]ature has s _m conditions & modifications t x mu/ be discuss$ at l5g? 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,b x is evid5t to e sympa!tic /ud5t ( *ildhood t ?is is n ! p]iod to pres5t ! complex situations1 ! difficult problems1 ! ov]-ripe exp]i5ces1 t prevail+ly con/itute ! mat]ial ( lit]>y drama4 ,! lit]ature we d give ! *ildr5 %\ld correspond to ! /age ( _! developm5t 9 mat*+ z ne>ly z may be1 9 tone & _s _! own activities & int]e/s1 or %\ld be calculat$ to ar\se 9 !m ^? int]e/s & activities !y ought legitimately to h4 ,x %\ld be ( t k9d t gives a l>ge free sweep ( activity2 t reveals "* & conduct 9 _! simpl]1 op5 aspects2 t exhibits lit]>y art ph5om5a 9 _! pla9]1 m /rik+ v>ieties4 ,^! qualities are to be f\nd 9 *os5 specim5s ( ! ?ree o!r species ( lit]ature--epic1 fiction1 lyric4 ,( c\rse "o mu/ select f ea* ( ! ?ree ^? specim5s t d exhibit ! qualities he seeks4 ,he c\ld n (f] to *ildr5 a develop$ epic 9 its entirety2 b !re are _m ?+s ( ! epic k9d--ballads1 h]o-tales1 fairy-sagas1 c]ta9 deta*able sections ( ! great epics !mselves--precisely suit$ to !m4 ,we w\ld n introduce !m into a mature novel1 b !re are ,ma]*5 = !m1 tales ( conque/ & adv5ture1 /ories ( o!r *ildr5's do+s4 ,!y w\ld be lo/ & bor$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! elegy or ! sonnet2 b we may f9d j+les & songs1 & lat] on odes1 fit & "r = !m4 ,9 ! epic k9d ( lit]ature we include n only ! epic1 b all ^? o!r poetic compositions ^: pr9ciples ( organization is n>rative--ballad1 pa/oral1 idyll1 etc4 ,! presupposition 9 favor ( !m z good = ! *ildr5 7& x is borne out by ! demon/ration7 lies 9 ^! two facts3 !y are conc]n$ ) ev5ts & a*ievem5ts1 & are !re=e likely to be active & objective2 !y proce$ by ! me?od ( /ory--! easie/ & mo/ helpful = ! *ild to foll[ & to grasp4 ,x seems necess>y to say aga9 t ! memb]s ( ! epic gr\p mu/ be scann$ z n>r[ly ) ref]5ce to _! fitness 9 subject-matt] & suitability 9 =m z ^? ( any o!r gr\p4 ,!re is a fallacy 9 ! assumption t epic is a *ildlike ?+1 ! product ( ! *ildhood ( ! race4 ,?is is ak9 to ! amus+ op9ion t my?--,greek my?1 = example--is a *ildlike accumulation ( *ildi% inv5tions4 ,nay1 epic poetry1 ev5 ^? epics t seem mo/ ne>ly folk-poetry--! ,be[ulf1 = example--are built ^u ho>y civilizations1 ea* ( !m hav+ beh9d x an art-tradition already old4 ,& if !re is an unw>rant$ assumption 9 ! !ory t epic is *ildlike1 !re is an unw>rantable presumption 9 ! !ory t ! mature p]son outgr[s x--t its appeal is only to a primitive & undevelop$ ta/e4 ,! value to ! *ild ( ! epic is 9 its objectivity & activity1 its l>ge horizons & big spaces4 ,! ta/e = ^! ?+s %\ld survive & gr[ /rong]1 z %\ld e good ta/e plant$ & fo/]$ 9 *ildhood4 ,! mature p]son b adds to 8 enjoym5t ( ^! ?+s a deep] enjoym5t z he gr[s to appreciate ! f9] details & subtl] mean+s hidd5 f ! *ild4 ,! m]e/ prim>y *ild c love & enjoy ! h]oic or amus+ adv5tures ( ,odysseus2 he %\ld enjoy !m equally :5 he is =ty2 b by t "t he w h add$ ! ability to appreciate also ! weal? ( arti/ic detail1 ! pr(\nd k ( human nature1 ! l>ge m5tal & religi\s atmosph]e ( ! poem4 ,= mo/ ( ?is add$ enjoym5t ! *ild has & %\ld h no intellectual welcome1 no space yet ready4 ,!re=e1 9 giv+ ! great epics1 ! tea*] mu/ "k :at aspects1 details1 & episodes to pass by or to pass lightly ov]4 ,& he mu/ look c>efully to ! fitness ( any piece ( ?is k9d he may consid]4 ,x is n suffici5t t x h a /ory4 ,= example ,sohrab & ,ru/um is a little epic :i* fits p]fectly c]ta9 sev5? or eigh? grades1 because1 9 addition to a suffici5tly good /ory1 x has an atmosph]e ( va/ spaces & l>ge movem5ts1 a weal? ( broad1 noble details2 & above all1 x h&les & evokes a simple1 primitive emotion1 a sorr[ :i* is z imp]sonal z ! sorr[s ( ,odysseus--a true epic sorr[4 ,9 contra/1 ,eno* ,ard51 ano!r piece ( ! epic k9d1 is n adapt$ to *ildr5 ( any age1 because x displays a complex dome/ic & psy*ic situation :i* no *ild ought to be call$ ^u to realize1 :ile ! emotion call$ = is bo? 9 k9d & am\nt ! s5tim5tality ( adults4 ,ev5 among ! folk-ballads ! same discrim9ation mu/ guide u4 ,sir ,patrick ,sp5s is ! boy's own2 :ile ! poignant pa?os ( ,"y ,wat]s1 true & pi]c+ z x is1 is n = ! boy to feel4 ,s1 z w be said _m times1 b always ) mean+1 we *oose1 :5 we are sane1 n ! novel1 complex 9 plot1 involv$ 9 motive1 ov]*>g$ 9 emotional atmosph]e1 b ! simple1 direct-mov+ romance1 ! h]o-tale1 ^: subject-matt] & me?od are s broad & univ]sal z to fit ev5 ! *ild4 ,we c welcome1 = example1 ! he>ty boyi%ness ( ,qu5t9 ,durw>d or ,kidnapp$1 :]e we c\ld n pilot our elem5t>y class safe ?r\gh ! social & e?ical sophi/ications ( ,! ,he>t ( ,midlo?ian1 nor /e] !m intellig5tly ?r\gh ! involv$ /ructure & difficult n>rative m$ium ( ,! ,ma/] ( ,ballantrae4 ,s ) ! lyric =m4 ,if "o's *oice ( a lyric lay betwe5 ,! spl5dor falls on ca/le walls & ,te>s1 idle te>s1 he w\ld r5\nce ! complex mature moods1 ! figures & allusions = :i* ! *ild's exp]i5ce has giv5 him no prep>ation1 ! p]vad+ tone ( ri* melan*oly ( ! "o1 9 favor ( ! buoyant objectivity & m obvi\s emotional mood ( ! o!r4 ,?r\gh all ! e>li] ye>s ( ! elem5t>y s*ool ) "s classes1 & 9 "s communities ?r\gh\t ! p]iod1 ! lit]>y exp]i5ce ( ! *ildr5 may be/ be made up f specim5s ( ^! ?ree species4 ,x may be1 h[ev]1 t c]ta9 sev5? or eigh? grades 7m]ely to "n ! old] *ildr57 w be f\nd mature en\gh to pr(it by ! /udy ( c]ta9 ( ! m h]oic lit]>y dramas4 ,! same te/s ( objectivity & simplicity mu/ be appli$ 9 select+ ^!4 ,we %\ld *oose1 = example1 ! obvi\s1 & boi/]\s fun ( ,! ,com$y ( ,errors1 r ?an ! half-hidd5 satire ( ,a ,midsumm]-,night's ,dream2 ,julius ,caes>1 s9ce x may fitly be taught z a h]oic trag$y2 ,macbe?1 :i*1 h[ev] viol5t 9 motive & me?od1 is /ill direct & simple en\gh to be )9 ! *ild's imag9ative realization4 ,9 mo/ s*ools also1 we may c\nt ^u f9d+ 9 ^! olde/ *ildr5 9 ! elem5t>y grades "s p[] ( m$itation1 "s int]e/ 9 ab/ract que/ions1 "s appreciation ( humor & wit1 mu* love ( eloqu5ce2 s t 9 ?is la/ ye> !y may pr(itably read 9 class "s essays4 ,to be sure1 we w *oose1 n ,montaigne1 b ,bacon2 n ,pat]1 b ,john ,burr\ghs2 n ,dream ,*ildr51 b ,a ,diss]tation on ,roa/ ,pig4 ,9 %ort1 we w avoid ! critical & ! my/ical 9 essays1 & give !m objective out-(-door essays l ,wake-,rob91 humor\s anecdotal essays l ,old ,*9a1 eloqu5t oratorical essays l ,glad/one's ,k9 ,beyond ,sea4 ,inde$1 dur+ ?is sev5? & eigh? grade p]iod beg9s ! *ild's h\r ( rip5ess = eloqu5ce & oratory4 ,& x is wise & easy to meet & supply 8 int]e/ ) essays ( ! address v>iety1 :i* d = him ! *>act]i/ic s]vices p]=m$ by ! lit]>y essay1 at ! same "t t !y satisfy 8 awak5+ hung] = ! roll+ music ( ! oratorical =m1 answ] to 8 dawn+ int]e/ 9 ! big _w & great que/ions1 & help to build a bridge = him into ! public speak+ & dramatic aspects ( 8 lit]>y "w t he w f9d1 or ought to f9d1 9 ! second>y s*ool4 ,= want ( a good t]m1 ,i h us$1 9 ! title to ?is *apt]1 ! ^w elem5ts to designate all ! details t g to make up ! lit]>y "w ( art4 ,into ?is t]m we cov]1 = m]e conv5i5ce1 & to avoid cumb]+ ourselves ) a tiresome & pr(itless bit ( syllabus-mak+1 ^! & su* matt]s3 /ructure1 /ory1 plot1 incid5t1 "*1 v]se1 image1 figure1 epi!t1 & _m o!r details us$ to produce ! total effect ( a bit ( lit]ature4 ,x becomes necess>y to inquire :i* among ^! elem5ts we %all expect to f9d s]viceable = our purpose4 ,( c\rse1 !y are all valuable ev5 = a *ild 9 ! s5se t !y all contribute to ! g5]al effect ^u 8 consci\sness2 b c]ta9 ( !m may pr(itably be br\ght into high light & delib]ately impress$ ^u ! class2 o!rs w\ld be/ be left ly+ by = 8 adult appreciation4 ,take = example1 ! matt] ( /ructure1 by :i* we mean ! l>g] plan or composition by virtue ( :i* ! bit ( art--poem or /ory--has a beg9n+ a middle & an end2 by virtue ( :i* x />ts some:]e1 proce$s 9 an ord]ly mann]1 & rea*es a de/9ation2 z1 = example1 9 our ev] admirable ,! ,old ,woman ,:o ,f\nd ! ,sixp5ce1 :]e y h ! sixp5ce f\nd1 ! pig b\ght1 ! ob/acles on ! road home1 ! acquiesc5ce ( ! cat1 ! unravel+ ( ! difficulties1 ! safe return home--a mo/ ord]ly int]dep5d5ce & sequ5ce ( incid5ts2 or1 z an example ( a diff]5t k9d ( /ructure1 ,/ev5son's ,=eign ,l&s3 ! *ild climb+ ! *]ry tree sees 8 own g>d5 at 8 feet1 8 neighbor's g>d5 ov] ! wall1 foll[s ! :ite road to its disappe>ance1 traces ! riv] to its vani%m5t1 foll[s x 9 8 m9d's eye to its fall into ! f>-away sea1 & !n /rays on & on into ! o!r-_w ( 8 own fancy--a p]fect vani%+ p]spective2 or exam9e ) ?is matt] ( /ructure 9 m9d ,t5nyson's ,bugle-,song1 :]e y w f9d a balanc$1 ord]ly composition--! horn1 ! actual e*o1 ! spiritual e*o4 ,no?+ 9 lit]ature has a high] educational value ?an ?is elem5t ( ord]ly /ructure1 ( good composition4 ,x %\ld be unobtrusively pres5t 9 practically ev]y?+ ! class le>ns1 & %\ld be delib]ately br\ght to notice1 & %\ld be provid$ = 9 ev]y?+ ! *ildr5 produce4 ,x /&s to reason t ! /ory is ! =m :i* w mo/ con/antly & mo/ easily pres5t ?is elem5t ( /ructure1 & t 9 _! /udy ( /ories ! *ildr5 c be/ be impress$ ) a s5se ( _! bit ( art z a :ole made up ( p>ts4 ,?is aspect ( /ory1 z well z ! consid]ation ( plot1 incid5t1 & "*1 w receive a m ext5d$ treatm5t ?an c be giv5 "h1 9 ! special *apt] on /ory4 ,z to ! small] elem5ts ( lit]ature1 x is r contr>y to ! be/ educational ?9k+ ( our day to expect ! elem5t>y *ild to %[ mu* appreciation ( !m4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to place any emphasis 9 tea*+ him ^u delicate or obscure phases ( ^! elem5ts2 ?\gh !re w be1 naturally1 )9 ! p]iod a gr[+ f95ess ( appreciation & quickness ( p]ception 9 ^! matt]s4 ,among ! y\nge/ *ildr5 ! elem5ts to be emphasiz$ are *iefly ^? conc]n$ ) ! musical effects ( spee*4 ,! tea*] w d ev]y?+ possible to develop & cultivate 9 ! *ild a love ( rhy?m--! musical fl[ ( language1 :e!r ( v]se or prose4 ,9 ! v]se he w try to awak5 an enjoym5t ( rhyme & ( met]1 ( any specially musical collocation ( words1 ( in/ances ( tone-color or o!r poetic h>mony4 ,?is cultivation ( ! *ild's e> = lit]ature %\ld g on ?r\gh 8 :ole s*ool life4 ,x %\ld be "o ( ! consid]ations t weigh 9 *oos+ ! mat]ial = 8 lit]>y tra9+ ev5 ?r\gh\t 8 college exp]i5ce1 9 ord] t 8 e> = musical spee* may gr[ ev] m subtle1 m responsive to ! delicate & noble cad5ces ( poetry & ( beautiful prose4 ,beautiful & musical spee* is ! cr[n+ quality ( lit]ature1 & ! f9al note ( di/9ction 9 /yle1 & no am\nt ( orig9ality 9 image or figure1 no degree ( delicate fitness 9 ^w or phrase1 no p]fection ( skill 9 logical coh]5ce & arrangem5t1 %\ld p]suade u to =go x4 ,9 a class ( ! y\ng] *ildr5 ! tea*] may hope to get att5tion to an occasional image or l>g] picture2 he may ev5 occasionally secure "s delib]ate consid]ation ( a figure4 ,& he may be sure1 :e!r _! int]e/ 9 ^! m9or matt]s be /eady & delib]ate or n1 t he is at lea/ help+ !m all ! :ile to new & useful words1 & to a con/antly improv$ s5t5ce-=m4 ,z !y gr[ old]1 & capable ( m att5tion & pati5ce1 !y gr[ rapidly m able to give consci\s consid]ation to lit]>y details4 ,! *ildr5 ( fif? & six?-grade age w l+] ov] especially beautiful & appropriate words1 w /op to realize 9 detail ! pictures1 & w consid] figures long en\gh to appropriate !m arti/ically4 ,! normal *ild has an int]e/+ hi/ory ) reg>d to figures ( spee*4 ,p]sonification he accepts at once4 ,inde$1 x is p]haps n a figure to him1 b a reality1 ?\gh he seems to get out ( x a consci\s arti/ic joy4 ,su* p]sonification z ! daffodil unties h] yell[ bonnet he c see & appreciate z figure4 ,metaphor is 8 native spee*1 &1 s long z x involves no mat]ial beyond 8 p[] ( realization1 he has no tr\ble ) x--9 appreciat+ x or 9 produc+ x4 ,simile is m baffl+2 x is easi] to g imm$iately & intuitively to ! mean+ ( a metaphor ?an to c>ry 9 ! m9d ! two express$ sides ( ! simile4 ,! y\ng] *ildr5 are puzzl$ & confus$ by ! details ( a ,hom]ic simile4 ,b *ildr5 old en\gh to read ,sohrab & ,ru/um1 if !y h be5 taught h[ to hold _! m9ds on an arti/ic detail1 are will+ to /op & appreciate ! two gr\ps ( details 9 ea* ( ,arnold's similes4 ,b no elem5t>y *ild w make a ,hom]ic1 or inde$ any simile1 except z a t\r de =ce4 ,anti!sis z a /rik+ & obvi\s figure is easy & illum9at+ to *ildr51 & seems to come to !m q spontane\sly 9 _! own compos+4 ,! m subtle figures !y w nei!r appreciate nor use )9 our p]iod4 ,! fable z allegory & ! m ext5d$ allegories1 ev5 ^? complex en\gh to be call$ symboli/ic /ories1 ! sev5? & eigh? grades 9 ! av]age s*ool w read & int]pret acceptably4 ,on ! :ole1 we may expect to give mo/ ( ! *ildr5 "s k ( ! lit]>y nature & function ( simple figures1 & to awak5 9 !m an ability to enjoy & und]/& ! figurative & allusive atmosph]e *>act]i/ic ( lit]ature4 ,?is seems to be ! appropriate place to speak ( irony1 :i*1 :ile n1 ( c\rse1 a figure ( spee*1 b r a way ( ?9k+1 does frequ5tly help to produce ! allusive & indirect tone 9 lit]ature4 ,x mu/ be ! art-playfulness ( irony t tempts mo/ p1 :5 !y write = *ildr5 or talk ) !m1 to adopt "s =m ( ?is me?od ( speak+4 ,b ?is me?od ( commun+ ) little p is full ( dang]s2 :ile a p]vad+ & abid+ atmosph]e ( irony is mo/ unfair to !m4 ,sl[ *ildr5 are baffl$ & /upefi$ by x2 quick *ildr5 all too soon cat* & adopt ! elem5t ( ins9c]ity und]ly+ x4 ,nev]!less1 passages ( ironic int5t1 toge!r ) occasional brief bits 9 ! ironic mann]1 are educative1 quick5+ ! *ildr5 arti/ically & intellectually4 ,a little girl ( five beam$ ) intellectual delight & arti/ic triumph :5 %e said to h] "m3 ,n[ ,i c almo/ always tell :5 gr[n p are speak+ irons4 ,conc]n+ ! :ole matt] ( wit & humor 9 lit]ature ! same ?+ may be said t is said ( irony4 ,*ildr5 are quick5$ & /imulat$ intellectually by frequ5t calls to und]/& & appreciate passages ( witty & humor\s writ+1 or by an occasional & %ort piece ^: :ole atmosph]e is ( ?is k9d4 ,b f ! po9t ( view ( _! lit]>y tra9+ & g5]al appreciation ( art1 x is bett] to awak5 9 !m & ma9ta9 a s]i\s appreciation ( greatness & beauty4 ,besides1 ! *ild's out-(-s*ool exp]i5ce may1 9 _m communities1 be reli$ ^u to give him suffici5t contact ) ! ironic & humor\s =ms ( art1 lit]>y & o!rwise4 ,to sum up1 !n1 may we say t x is safe to conclude t )9 ! elem5t>y p]iod we w rely = ! *ildr5's lit]>y exp]i5ce ^u specim5s ( ! ?ree species--epic1 lyric1 fiction--introduc+1 9 ! old] classes1 :5 ! conditions seem to ju/ify x1 a few simple & h]oic dramas1 & p]haps a few essays1 *oos+ !m f ^? t exhibit ! m direct k9d ( humor1 t are objective 9 "*1 or t s]ve z an introduction to oratory & eloqu5ce8 ,we may feel cont5t$ if we h succe$$ 9 cultivat+ an appreciation ( ! musical side ( spee*--among ! y\ng] *ildr5 an enjoym5t ( ! obvi\s ?+s ( met] & rhyme1 rea*+ 9 ! old] *ildr5 enjoym5t ( ! rhy?m ( prose1 & _m ( ! m subtle h>monies ( arrangem5t & tone-color4 ,we may hopefully labor to impress ^u !m a s5se ( /ructure1 an appreciation ( composition4 ,we may ref9e & build ^u _! in/9ctive love ( /ory1 until we see x tak+ on )9 ?is p]iod ! c]ta9ty ( a cultivat$ ta/e4 ,we may develop 9 !m "s p[] to l+] ov] epi!t & image & figure1 ?us beg9n+ to build up 9 !m a s5se ( craftsman%ip1 & love ( beautiful detail1 bo? ( :i* mu/ ent] into "o's appreciation ( any art be=e 8 judgm5t is safe & 8 appreciation satisfy+4 ,& ! tea*] :o kn[s h[ may hope to d all ^! ?+s joy\sly & unobtrusively1 s t lit]ature may rema9 :at x %\ld always be--a *>m+ & ref9$ v>iety ( play4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,/ory ,/ory is1 9 g5]al1 ! n>rative ( a succession ( incid5ts or ev5ts4 ,x is a l>ge1 g5]al =m or device1 useful1 inde$ inevitable1 9 all subjects4 ,l language itself1 /ory is a univ]sal m$ium1 convey+ ! facts ( hi/ory1 ( sci5ce1 ( life4 ,:5ev] we h ! /eps ( any exp]i5ce arrang$ accord+ to any ( ! laws ( subsequ5ce or consequ5ce1 we h /ory2 su* z ! /ory ( ! d&elion se$1 ! /ory ( ! life ( ,m>y ,/u>t1 ! /ory ( ! inv5tion ( ! /eam eng9e1 ! /ory ( a day 9 ! city4 ,n[1 ! n>ration ( ! ev5ts 9 m]e *ronological sequ5ce is /ory4 ,z soon z !y are arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( cause & effect--or 9 any o!r *os5 ord]2 z soon z ! n>rative leads up to an end or a signal ev5t2 z soon z x %[s t !re has be5 = any purpose a selection & ord]$ arrangem5t ( ! /eps or incid5ts1 we h a /ory4 ,! lit]>y /ory--! /ory :i* is art--diff]s f o!r /ories 9 ! fact t 9 x ! pr9ciple ( selection & arrangem5t op]ates m ?or\ghly ?an 9 ! o!rs4 ,a n>rative detail+ = te*nical purposes ! /eps ( an occurr5ce 9 nature or 9 hi/ory mu/ foll[ closely ei!r ! sequ5ce ( "t or ! ord] ( cause & effect2 & su* a report _c *oose among ! /eps or incid5ts1 b mu/ z a matt] ( m]e fairness1 suppress no?+ & height5 no?+4 ,x is o!rwise ) ! lit]>y /ory4 ,"h ! incid5ts may be select$ at ! discretion ( ! au?or & arrang$ 9 :atev] ord] may be/ s]ve to produce 8 effect2 insignificant /eps may be elim9at$1 c]ta9 /eps may be elaborat$ & br\ght into high] light4 ,! w ( ! arti/ & 8 arti/ic effect con/itute a =ce :i* may abrogate ! laws ( cause & effect1 or ( prec$5ce & subsequ5ce 9 "t4 ,! int]e/ 9 /ory is in/9ctive & univ]sal2 ! m]e/ /r+ ( incid5ts w attract & hold att5tion4 ,int]e/ & att5tion naturally increase & deep5 ) ! great] organization ( ! mat]ial4 ,x is ?is pr9ciple ( organization t gives to lit]>y /ories "s ( _! unique & di/9ctive values 9 education4 ,no me?od ( organization b t ( /ory keeps ! y\ng] *ild's att5tion long en\gh & closely en\gh to c>ry him undi/ract$ ?r\gh a l>ge :ole4 ,he _c foll[1 z c 8 eld]s1 ! fl[ ( emotion :i* con/itutes ! ?read ( cont9uity 9 a lyric2 he _c foll[ a tra9 ( ?9k+ ?r\gh an essay2 b he c foll[ ! run ( a n>rative ?r\gh ev5 a long /ory4 ,?is fact enables u to put him satisfactorily & pleasantly into ! pres5ce ( a l>ge organiz$ bit ( mat]ial1 9 :i* he c discrim9ate ! p>ts1 yet :i* he c grasp z a :ole2 :i* he c see z an entity beg9n+ some:]e1 proce$+ 9 ord]1 rea*+ an end4 ,! temptation to amplify ! /atem5t ( ! influ5ce 9 ! *ild's :ole m5tal exp]i5ce ( ?is fo/]+ & discipl9+ ( 8 p[]s ( att5tion is difficult to resi/4 ,b we w leave x ) ^! few words 9 ord] to speak ( ! specifically arti/ic & lit]>y results ( ?is matt] ( /ructure 9 ! /ory4 ,x is a ?+ h>d to insi/ ^u z a matt] ( g5]al !ory1 because writt5 d[n 9 cold black & :ite x seems to convey ! impression t emphasis is plac$ ^u m]e colorless organization2 z if "o oblig$ 8 *ildr5 to make an analytical syllabus ( _! pleasant tale be=e he reg>d$ x z taught4 ,b x is no su* dull ?+4 ,beauty & economy ( /ructure lie ^u ! v surface ( ! be/ bits ( lit]ature1 & ne$ b ! mo/ unobtrusive re9=cem5t f ! tea*] to "w _! effect ( pleasure & discipl9e4 ,?is pleasure is an arti/ic product :i* %\ld exp& & develop ) ! *ild's read+1 until1 :5 he is a mature /ud5t1 ! =mal /ructure ( poem or /ory gives him ! same ae/hetic & moral satisfaction t he gets f a picture well compos$1 a monum5t well balanc$4 ,x is n a fancy or a m]e pretty !ory t a good /ory1 taught z a /ructure1 becomes a norm1 a model1 a clue to ! *ild 9 ! pres]vation ( 8 own mat]ial1 & 9 ! arrangem5t ( x economically & effectively4 ,8 att5tion is tra9$1 8 pati5ce is rew>d$1 8 ta/e ref9$1 8 judgm5t ex]cis$ & /eadi$1 8 imag9ation guid$ & *annel$ by 8 contact ) a complete1 beautiful1 & logical creation1 ^: elem5ts he c see & h&le z he c ^? ( ! /ory4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! l>g] /ructure ( ! /ory its elem5ts are ! incid5ts4 ,?is t]m is employ$ 9 ?is *apt] r arbitr>ily to designate ^? smalle/ sep>able units ( progress by :i* a /ory goes =w>d4 ,x does n necess>ily designate a section ( ! /ory :i* records a happ5+2 ! introductory & explanatory p>agraph we call an incid5t2 a p>agraph ( description is an incid5t2 ! sep>able sections ( ! /ory z x moves are its incid5ts4 ,a new incid5t beg9s :5 a c]ta9 aspect ( ! action closes1 :5 a new day op5s1 a new p]son ent]s1 a *ange ( sc5e occurs1 or ev5 a %ift f dialogue to n>ration2 any ( ^! & _m o!r ?+s may cause or signalize a new incid5t4 ,/udy = example1 ,grimm's ,bri>-,rose1 :i* divides naturally & inevitably into t5 sep>able incid5ts1 & :i* exhibits a beautiful & arti/ic organization4 ,a tea*] %\ld ma/] ?is aspect ( e /ory he proposes to tea*4 ,he %\ld "k x intimately z a s]ies ( incid5ts2 = ^! are ! ?+s he c manipulate z he uses ! /ory--9 case he mu/ %ort5 x or dramatize x1 or o!rwise modify x to suit 8 ne$s4 ,if he kn[s h[ to h&le incid5ts1 he may (t5 by a little edit+ elim9ate sup]flu\s matt] & conv]t a loose1 ov]burd5$1 or m]ely long /ory into a usable bit ( art4 ,practically e /ory t has ! l5g? & dignity to ju/ify its use = a class1 ga!rs its incid5ts into movem5ts t correspond to ! ?ree or five acts ( a drama4 ,!re is some?+ almo/ biologically necess>y 9 at lea/ ?ree p>ts or movem5ts 9 e organiz$ n>rative--,ari/otle's obvi\s beg9n+1 middle1 & end4 ,9 a /ory x is b natural t we %\ld h 7#a7 a section pres5t+ ! p & _! surr\nd+s1 ! circum/ances :i* call = or dictate ! action2 7#b7 ! c5tral ev5t1 ! ess5tial adv5ture2 7#c7 ! d5\em5t1 conclusion1 reconciliation1 adju/m5t1 or :at n4 ,^! ?ree movem5ts are beautifully di/9ct 9 ! ,bri>-,rose4 ,x helps to impress ^u ! *ildr5 ! /ructure ( ! /ory if 9 ! /udy ( x ^! movem5ts are br\ght to notice--quietly & unobtrusively1 p]haps indicat$ by a m]e pause 9 ! tell+1 or on occasion1 m delib]ately by "s o!r means4 ,! /ory %\ld n be s h&l$ z to make ! impression t !re are abrupt gaps betwe5 ! movem5ts2 r ^! movem5ts %\ld be treat$ z ess5tial p>ts ( a l>g] composition4 ,9 ! /ories ( ! dramas ! *ildr5 may /udy1 & 9 all su* /ories z !y !mselves dramatize1 !y w inevitably see t ^! /ages or movem5ts are ess5tial & vital1 dictat+ ! organization ( ! mat]ial into acts4 ,)9 ! arrangem5t ( ! /ory z incid5ts & movem5ts lies a deep] k9d ( organization :i* exhibits _m k9ds & degrees ( complexity4 ,a /ory may be a run ( incid5ts t report m]e activity4 ,s deep & eag] is ! hung] = /ory1 s unfail+ is ! primitive epic int]e/1 t almo/ anybody's att5tion may be held = a long :ile by ! recital ( ! m]ely juxtapos$ incid5ts t con/itute ?is /ory ( activity4 ,b !re is no art 9 ?is2 x is m]e /ory-/uff1 n a /ory4 ,"u ! manipulation ( ! lit]>y arti/1 ! tale-tell]1 x takes %ape1 %ifts its incid5ts ab\t1 arranges its /ages & em]ges a creat$ & organic ?+1 tell+ n[ ( action1 n ( activity4 ,x may be a long n>rative1 or x may be a m]e anecdote4 ,b x has a purpose & a plan1 & x rea*es an end4 ,?is /raight=w>d1 s+le-m9d$ tale does n1 h[ev]1 give complete & f9al satisfaction4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x does n repres5t life1 :i* nev] proce$s f> by s+le1 un9t]rupt$ ?reads2 ev5ts are int]l9k$ & complicat$1 modifi$ & div]t$ 9 _m directions4 ,9 ! second place1 x does n satisfy ! in/9ct ( workman%ip 9 ! arti/4 ,ev5 ! mo/ primitive arti/1 ! v folk itself1 has ?is in/9ct ( craftsman%ip :i* expresses itself 9 ! elaboration & enri*m5t ( its product4 ,9 /ory ?is in/9ct displays itself 9 ! m skilful arrangem5t ( ! incid5ts1 look+ ev] to ! height5+ & deep5+ ( effect1 9 ! enri*m5t ( ! pres5tation by weav+ toge!r m ?an "o action into a m & m complex :ole4 ,su* increas$ elaboration1 & m consci\s organization ei!r 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! incid5ts ( a s+le action1 or 9 ! int]weav+ ( two or m actions1 gives ! /ory a plot4 ,x is f ! use ( /ories elaborate en\gh & develop$ en\gh to h a plot t g5u9e discipl9>y value may be expect$4 ,! m]ely *aotic or haphaz>d run ( incid5ts may amuse & int]e/ ! *ildr51 b x yields no?+ ( arti/ic tra9+4 ,two v simple specim5s 7useful = s _m purposes7 w illu/rate ! po9t4 ,take ! /ory adumbrat$ 9 ,! ,h\se ,t ,jack ,built4 ,?is is a s]ies ( incid5ts l9k$ toge!r 9 ! accumulative fa%ion1 b proce$+ 9 a /raight l9e & /opp+ %ort (f )\t issue or ev5t4 ,comp>e x ) ! equally primitive accumulative tale ( ,! ,old ,woman ,:o ,f\nd ! ,sixp5ce1 f :i* invaluable tale "o c exemplify all ! ma9 devices ( successful plot-mak+2 ! incid5ts are arrang$ 9 a *>m+ patt]n1 s t ! action rises to a summit1 desc5ds to an end1 & produces an effect2 !re is ! prop] proportion ( involution 7save ! m>k671 ( ! mak+ ( difficulties1 /at+ ! problem1 awak5+ our sympa?ies2 ?is is foll[$ by ! due process ( resolution1 unravel+ ! difficulties1 ) ! f9al re/oration ( ! action to ! normal level ) ! purpose ( ! /ory a*iev$4 ,x is ?is k9d ( /ory t adds to int]e/ & amusem5t t additional *>m ( arti/ic /ructure :i* di/+ui%es lit]ature f m]e writ+4 ,n[1 :ile x is true t a symmetrical plot con/itutes 9 "p ! educational value ( a /ory1 x is q obvi\s to ^? :o "k bo? *ildr5 & /ories t intricate & elaborate plots %\ld n be giv5 to folks 9 ! elem5t>y classes4 ,a /ory 9 :i* ! ?reads ( ! plot are _m or disp>ate1 or "o 9 :i* ! actions mu/ be (t51 or = any long :ile1 kept sep>ate1 confuses r ?an tra9s ! "y *ildr54 ,bett] = !m are ^? /ories ^: plots are op5 & simple1 :]e ! actions ( ! int]l9k$ ?reads co9cide z mu* z possible4 ,c]ta9 traditional plot devices are out ( place 9 a /ory *os5 = ^! *ildr52 susp5se & my/ification1 = example1 ^? devices s de> 9 _! myriad =ms to ! *eap & s5sational noveli/1 & s indisp5sable to ! int]e/ ( ! uncultivat$ read]1 are n desirable 9 ! *ildr5's class4 ,_! int]e/ ne$s no su* /imulus2 _! att5tion %\ld n be subject$ to ! /ra91 nor _! n]ves to ! %ock1 ( a su/a9$ susp5se ) its consequ5t surprise4 ,r1 _! /ory %\ld move op5ly & directly1 dep5d+ = its p[] ^u ! skilful int]relation ( its int]e/s1 yield+ ! pleasure ( recognition & sympa?y1 s mu* m arti/ic & discipl9>y ?an ! pleasure ( surprise4 ,= ?is reason plots ( ! type ( ,%akespe>e's great plots1 ( ! type ( ,p]rault's ,c9d]ella1 9 :i* ! read] is 9 ! confid5ce ( ! au?or f ! beg9n+1 are to be desir$ = ! little p4 ,if = any reason x seems well to tell to ! y\ng] *ildr5 a long /ory built ^u susp5se & surprise1 x is g5]ally well to let !m "k v soon ! issue ( affairs--! ultimate disa/] or reconciliation--s t !y may be free f anxiety & able to att5d to ! m real matt] ( ! /ory z x proce$s4 ,?is tea*+ applies to ! y\ng] *ildr52 z !y gr[ old]1 !y become able to get desirable intellectual exp]i5ce out ( a good detective /ory1 or "o ) a fairly deep my/ification 9 x1 l ,treasure ,isl&4 ,! old] *ildr51 too1 may pr(itably h&le a m intricate plot--,ivanhoe ) its f\r ?reads ( int]e/ & activity1 ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice ) ! action %ift+ ab\t f sc5e to sc5e among its v>i\s gr\ps4 ,by h&l+ a plot z a matt] ( lit]>y /udy we mean1 exam9+ x f ^! po9ts ( view4 #a4 ,:at are ! difficulties set up8 #b4 ,by :at devices are ! difficulties con/itut$--conspiracy1 intrigue1 disguise1 qu>rel blood-feud1 race-hatr$1 etc41 etc48 #c4 ,h[ are ! difficulties remov$8 #d4 ,h[ _m ?reads ( int]e/ has ! plot8 #e4 ,h[ are !y l9k$ toge!r or int]wov58 #f4 ,h[ logical & h[ fair is ! outcome8 ,o!r que/ions to be consid]$ 9 /udy+ ! plot w arise 9 ! /udy ( an actual /ory ) an actual class4 ,( fundam5tal int]e/ 9 ! /ory are ! p]sons or *>act]s1 & x is ( prime importance t tea*]s--be !y mo!rs or ma/]s--%\ld "k h[ to educate ! *ildr5 9 ?is matt]4 ,f "o po9t ( view--t ( ! activities ( ! /ory1 9 :i* ! y\ng] *ildr5 are ma9ly int]e/$--!re are two k9ds ( p]sons3 ^? :o d ?+s2 ^? :o receive ?+s1 or = ^: sake1 or m]ely 9 ^: pres5ce1 ?+s are done4 ,! =m] are ! ag5ts--! pu%+1 active adv5tur\s p]sons1 :o1 good or ill1 make ?+s happ52 ! latt] are (t5 m]e figures1 important & p]haps beautiful1 put into ! /ory to repres5t in/itutions or ideas--l ! fa!r ( ,c9d]ella1 :o is m]ely an in/itutional fa!r2 or !y are devices = gett+ on ) ! plot1 l ! fairy godmo!r2 or !y are ! rew>ds ( endeavor1 l ! ,k+'s daught] giv5 9 m>riage 9 _m a folk-tale4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view1 :i* reg>ds ! actors 9 ! /ory1 n z p]sons1 b z *>act]s1 !y may be divid$ into two types2 ^? :o are fix$1 /atic1 f ! beg9n+--:o come into ! /ory fully equipp$1 & d n *ange at all )9 its limits2 ^? :o *ange or develop "u ! influ5ce ( o!rs & ( _! exp]i5ces4 ,9 ! /udy ( *>act]s m ?an 9 any o!r aspect ( /ory1 we mu/ all[ = ! gr[? ( ! *ildr5 )9 ! elem5t>y p]iod4 ,! y\nge/ *ildr5 are prep>$ to appreciate ! activities ( p1 & are int]e/$ 9 ! active p]sons1 & by transf] ( sympa?y1 9 ! p]sons = ^: sake ! de$s are done4 ,_! typical read9ess 9 read+ "* does n fail !m :5 ! "* has be5 transf]r$ to lit]ature4 ,!y are quick to discrim9ate ! ma9 l9es & ! di/+ui%+ traits ( p]sonality4 ,!y ne$ only a few facts & signs4 ,! m]e/ nurs]y *ild w be f\nd to h settl$ views ( ! g5]al "* ( ,little ,boy ,blue & ,jack ,horn]1 built ^u ! sl5d] b significant data ( ! rhymes4 ,b ! *ildr5 ,i h kn[n h n1 up to ! six? grade1 foll[$ ) mu* int]e/ or pr(it any b ! slighte/ & simple/ "* progression or modification4 ,!y are satisfi$ t ! wick$ %\ld become m & m wick$1 to _! f9al undo+2 t ! /upid become /upid]1 to _! ultimate ext9ction2 b any evolution ( "* o!r ?an ?is cumulative "o1 any trans=mation m subtle ?an ! conv]sion ( ,c9d]ella's si/]s1 or m delicate ?an ! deg5]ation ( ,/ruwelpet]1 f9ds !m languid4 ,f ^! facts ! wise tea*] takes 8 h9ts & builds 8 plans4 ,he w give ^! y\ng] *ildr5 v little ( :at is kn[n 9 mature classes z "*-/udy--:i* s easily 9 ^! same old] classes1 deg5]ates into gossip & ! m]ely idle or p]nici\s attribut+ ( motives4 ,he w help ! *ild1 on ! :ole1 to judge f 8 de$s :e!r a man is good or bad1 helpful or h9d]+4 ,b no de$ is all m]e activity2 back ( x lie motives & passions1 & beyond x lie moral & social results4 ,!re is a "n = ,little ,boy ,blue's failure 9 duty1 & = ,jack ,horn]'s self-approval2 & ^! qualities h manife/ations 9 =ms & circum/ances o!r ?an ^? ( ^! two h]oes4 ,to ^! simple de$-inspir+ motives & passions1 & to _! effects on ! p]sons !mselves1 ! tea*] mu/ see t ! *ildr5's att5tion is direct$2 s t1 z he builds up /roke by /roke ! image ( 8 h]o & model1 ! features t he gets f lit]ature at lea/ may be support$ by 8 judgm5t4 ,( c\rse1 z !y advance ! *ildr5 awak51 or %\ld be awak5$1 to "s ( ! m delicate discrim9ations ( motive & action--to ! conception ( a man :o is mix$ good & bad2 & to a realization ( a "* *ang$ "u our eyes by "s exp]i5ce or by ! influ5ce ( ano!r p]son2 to "s e/imate ( ! f>!r-rea*+ consequ5ces ( ! de$s we witness 9 our /ory4 ,& be=e !y h f9ally pass$ out ( ! elem5t>y grades1 we may expect !m to be able to consid] ! problems & contradictions t lie1 = example1 9 ! "* ( ,%ylock2 !y c\ld see 8 fundam5tal passions--race-hatr$1 av>ice2 !y c\ld e/imate 8 motives--p]sonal dislike ( ! m]*ant1 rev5ge ( 8 own wrongs & lonel9ess2 !y c\ld try to e/imate ! effect ( 8 "* & conduct on ! =tunes & *>act]s ( ! :ole gr\p1 & f9ally ^u 8 own =tunes4 ,!y might1 9 ! same g5]al & simple way1 foll[ ! spiritual /ruggles ( ,brutus3 8 great und]ly+ passions--patriotism & love ( fri5d2 8 imm$iate motives to save 8 c\ntry2 ! effect ( 8 de$2 ! tell+ contra/s betwe5 him & ,cassius1 him & ,m>k ,antony4 ,! /udy ( "* 9 ^! broad] l9es--! fundam5tal qualities or passions1 ! motives t br+ ab\t ! action1 ! obvi\s results 9 p]sonal & social ways ( ^! actions--con/itutes ! utmo/ we %\ld try to d 9 ?is direction1 leav+ = a lat] p]iod1 :5 ! *ildr5's social int]e/s are broad5$1 & :5 !y h develop$ f )9 a deep] s5se ( moral exp]i5ce1 ! m delicate & difficult matt]s ( ! evolution & int]play ( "*4 ,( equal importance 9 a /ory ) ! run ( ev5ts or plot1 & ) ! p]sons or *>act]s1 is ?is ?ird ?+--! outcome or issue4 ,x is surely wise to foll[1 = ! y\ng] *ildr51 ! h9t giv5 by _! own ta/es & by ! primitive /ory-tell]s1 to ! ext5t ( giv+ !m prevail+ly su* /ories z h a di/9ct & signal outcome1 leav+ ! unc]ta9ties & inconclusions ( a ?or\ghgo+ realism = a mu* lat] p]iod4 ,x is be/1 on ! :ole1 t ! *ildr5 see ! issues ( _! /ory settl$1 ! actions pass+ on to accompli%m5t--?is = ! arti/ic z well z = ! moral effect ( ! tale4 ,x enables !m to reg>d x z a f9i%$ :ole1 hav+ unity & complet5ess2 & x ?r[s light on all ! ev5ts & p]sons 9 ! /ory1 to see h[ ?+s come out 9 ! end4 ,! outcome or issue c be look$ at f "o or ! o!r1 sometimes f bo?1 ( two po9ts ( view2 z a d5\em5t or r\nd-up ( ! p>ticul> /ory 9 h&2 or z a solution ( a human problem1 a univ]sal situation4 ,! entirely satisfy+ d5\em5t ( ,! ,old ,woman ,:o ,f\nd ! ,sixp5ce1 ! removal ( h] _m difficulties1 goes no f>!r ?an gett+ h] home t night2 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 a mature m9d ( my/ic t5d5cies may see 9 x a triumph ( social co-op]ation4 ,x w be en\gh = ! ?ird grade to feel a c]ta9 luxuri\s physical well-be+1 aris+ f ! f9al safe arrival ( ! old woman & ! pig t night4 ,b 9 ! exquisite little novella ( ,beauty & ! ,bea/ ! outcome ( ! /ory is n only a settlem5t ( ! affairs ( ! p]sons 9 :om we are int]e/$1 b x is also a comm5t on life ( univ]sal application--t 9 a _w :]e ?+s g z !y %\ld1 good1 g5tle1 & pretty p]sons are rew>d$ ) _! he>ts' desire1 :ile rude1 haughty1 & cruel p]sons are ei!r puni%$ or left entirely out 9 ! aw>d ( good ?+s4 ,?is sort ( end+1 conclusive & =tunate1 ! *ildr5 & ! primitive /ory-mak]s always pref]2 any o!r k9d ( end+ mu/ be prep>$ = & def5d$4 ,! y\ng] *ildr5 w n accept trag$ies2 ! old] ones accept !m ) difficulty4 ,dea? & failure are n realizable to !m4 ,x may be true1 z ,wordswor? und\bt$ly meant u to see 9 8 little cottage-girl 9 ,we ,are ,sev51 t ?is refusal to believe 9 dea? is due to "s sup]nal tru? ( vision :i* we1 _! eld]s1 see+ only by ! light ( common day1 h lo/4 ,b we all "k t trag$y is sometimes ! way ( life1 & (t5 ! way ( art1 be+ in]adicably writt5 9 ! ev5ts ( _m ( ! _w's great /ories4 ,x w\ld be an e?ical & arti/ic folly to sub/itute a =tunate end+ 9 ^! /ories--q z unp>donable 9 ! tragic folk tale z 9 ,k+ ,le> or 9 "o ( ! ,greek trag$ies4 ,x is well to /udy ) ! *ildr5 occasionally a tragic tale1 to give !m t sort ( arti/ic exp]i5ce & to secure ! ex]cise ( ! t5d] sides ( sympa?y & pity4 ,b because !y are n provid$ by _! exp]i5ce ) reasons = expect+ & accept+ trag$y !y %\ld be prep>$ = ! calamity & l$ to ju/ify & accept x--n z a visitation ( ju/ice1 = a true trag$y is nev] ( t k9d--b z a beautiful pa?os or grief4 ,to ?is end "o w\ld *oose 8 tragic tale among ^? :i* h disa/] inwov5 f ! beg9n+1 s t ! class may n h ! %ock ( surprise & ! feel+ ( res5tm5t t come ( an unexpect$ & avoidable cata/rophe4 ,take = example1 ! folk-tale ( ,little ,r$ ,rid+-,hood1 a poor /ory = a class 9 any =m1 b poor z a trag$y because !re is no?+ 9 ! ev5ts to w>n !m ( ! tragic end4 ,to be sure !re is ! trea*]\s wolf1 b he is /upid & %\ld by rights be defeat$ & outwitt$2 x is simply prepo/]\s1 9 ! code ( *ildhood1 t he %\ld triumph4 ,?is lack ( ! inevitable & necess>y elem5t 9 ! disa/] is d\btless :at tempt$ ! folk !mselves to div]t x by a d5\em5t1 possibly rem9isc5t ( c]ta9 my?ical /ories--! recov]y ( ! maid5 f ! wolf's /oma*1 :i* by its improbability & grotesqu]ie tempts ! skepticism ( ! class1 h[ev] "y4 ,z an example ( ! o!r sort1 consid] ! old ballad long ago adopt$ z a nurs]y tale--,! ,babes 9 ! ,wood1 :i* c>ries 9 its v nature & 9 e incid5t ! prophecy ( trag$y2 s t1 h[ev] griev\s ! calamity may be1 x does n come ^u u ) ! additional %ock ( surprise & ! additional injury ( unreasonabl5ess4 ,?is k9d ( /ory accompli%es ! result ( dis*>g+ ! t5d] emotions )\t complicat+ !m too deeply ) ang] & rev5ge4 ,b1 on ! :ole1 ! /ories taught ! elem5t>y class %\ld be ^? t end conclusively & =tunately4 ,?is pr9ciple n only mat*es & satisfies ! *ild's ta/e1 b x is 9 entire consonance ) ! pr9ciples ( 8 proc$ure 9 o!r ?+s--x gr[s out ( ! me?od ( affirmation & inclusion1 reg>d+ elim9ation & d5ial z useful 9 a mu* lat] p]iod ( 8 education4 ,z to ! way 9 :i* ! conclusion is br\ght to pass1 !re is to ! *ild & to ! *ildlike m9d1 9 lit]ature z 9 life1 some?+ em95tly satisfy+ 9 poetic ju/ice4 ,legal ju/ice is cold & =mal to !m1 except inde$ 9 ^? frequ5t cases 9 :i* x is a vehicle ( v5geance4 ,besides1 x seems to produce an effect really ali5 to ! cause2 z 9 ! p5alties ( ! suff]]s 9 ! ,inf]no1 ! inevitabl5ess ( ! effect is obscur$ by ! _m complex /ages t int]v5e betwe5 x & ! cause4 ,logical ju/ice--! natural1 un9t]rupt$ work+ ( ! =ces & motives to a conclusion1 or to _! absorption into a new comb9ation--is bo? too sl[ & n /rik+ en\gh4 ,besides1 logical ju/ice1 work+ 9 its imp]sonal1 undiscrim9at+ way1 is too likely to hurt someone 9 ! piece :om we love1 or to sp>e somebody we hate4 ,9 %ort1 y\r elem5t>y class dem&s poetic ju/ice--dem&s x /rong & desires x quick4 ,n[1 poetic ju/ice is1 on ! :ole1 ! way ( art1 until we come practically to ! reali/ic art ( our own g5]ation4 ,x t5ds to secure complet5ess & unity4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 9 practically e %ort & complet$ /ory ( ! k9d we *oose = *ildr5 ! end is precipitat$ & adju/$ by ! op]ation ( poetic ju/ice4 ,"o w\ld be bl9d inde$ :o 0 unaw>e ( ! fact t precisely "h lies "o ( ! dang]s ( ! tra9+ 9 lit]ature4 ,x is ?is t t5ds to give ! m9d t has _h too l>ge a diet ( lit]ature1 or to :i* lit]ature has be5 unwisely adm9i/]$1 a di/ort$ view ( life1 obscur+ its vision ) s5tim5tality & unreality4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ^! effects we %\ld see to x t ! *ildr5 d n h an unduly l>ge am\nt ( lit]ature2 & we %\ld select ^? /ories 9 :i* ! op]ation ( poetic ju/ice is z little mislead+ z possible4 ,poetic ju/ice may be1 & usually is1 an ideal1 an arti/ic di/ribution ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts2 b x ne$ n be a haphaz>d & lawless di/ribution4 ,!re is an arti/ic flaw 9 a /ory 9 :i* ! rew>ds g to a p]son :o has n legitimately awak5$ our sympa?ies2 x is n safe to say t ! rew>d %\ld g to him :o has des]v$ x1 = 9 "s ( ! mo/ acceptable *ildr5's /ories sympa?y sets aside des]v+--,! ,musicians ( ,brem51 = example4 ,we are satisfi$ ) ! success ( ! musicians1 because1 be+ innoc5t & p]secut$1 !y h ga9$ our sympa?y1 & are !re=e 9 ! l9e = rew>d4 ,b ! y\nge/ *ild :om ,i h te/$ on ?is po9t disapproves ! outcome ( ! folk-tale ( ,lazy ,jack 7,joseph ,jacob's ,engli% ,fairy ,tales71 9 :i* a noodle ^: /upidity has caus$ a k+'s daught]1 previ\sly dumb1 to laugh1 & s to ga9 h] voice1 is rew>d$ by be+ m>ri$ to ! re/or$ pr9cess4 ,x is n difficult to avoid ^? /ories 9 :i* poetic ju/ice is p]v]t$ ju/ice4 ,& !n1 9 ! long run1 :5 we h /udi$ _m /ories & fitt$ ! lit]>y /ories 9 ) hi/ory & ! obs]vation ( life1 we c c\nt]act any effect ( unreality we may suspect1 by plac+ ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts 9 _! prop] places & classes--translat+ !m1 z x 71 into t]ms ( exp]i5ce4 ,! fairy-tale may say 9 effect3 ,be good & g5tle & pretty1 & y w m>ry a pr9ce1 or1 ,if y are mean & spiteful1 y w be trans=m$ into a toad2 b x is n s difficult to conv]t ^! propositions into t]ms t h a reality = ! ?ird grade1 s t m>ry+ a pr9ce & be+ turn$ into a toad take _! places z typical or symboli/ic rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,*oice ,,( ,,/ories ,z a summ>y & by way ( apply+ ! facts1 pr9ciples1 & !ories discuss$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]1 let u try to decide :at con/itutes a good /ory to /udy ) a class ( *ildr5 "u ?irte5 ye>s ( age4 ,n to be aw>e ( ! critical pitfalls t yawn = "o :o w\ld say :at con/itutes a good /ory = any purpose1 w\ld be entirely too naive2 & !y beset ! pa? ( him :o w\ld *oose a fairy-tale q z ?ickly z t ( ! critic ( mature ma/]pieces4 ,b _m ( ^! pitfalls may be avoid$ if "o n>r[s 8 pa? & walks circumspectly 9 x4 ,9 ! pres5t discussion ! pa? is n>r[$ by two consid]ations4 ,fir/1 we w leave out ( ! discussion matt]s ( m]e p]sonal ta/e & in/9ctive feel+--t region 9 :i* impressionism & amateur criticism fl\ri%1 conf9+ x z closely z may be to ^? matt]s t yield to judgm5t1 & t are1 z ne>ly z possible1 matt]s ( fact4 ,!re is ab\t e bit ( lit]ature a sph]e 9 :i* ! individual ta/e is sole arbit]4 ,"o man's meat is "h ano!r man's poison4 ,! m]e/ lay read] "h makes up 8 m9d3 ,i l x1 ,i l x n2 & !re is no appeal f ^! judgm5ts1 & no way ( modify+ !m %ort ( a complete tra9+ 9 criticism1 or a complete remak+ ( ! read]'s exp]i5ce4 ,x is q true t ! region 9 :i* ^! diff]5ces lie may be greatly r$uc$ by a k ( a few fundam5tal critical pr9ciples1 & by a m]e suppression ( prejudices & s5tim5talities4 ,b 9 ! la/ analysis !re always rema9s a m>g91 a bord] ( ?is e man's t]ritory4 ,if ! bit ( lit]ature be a /ory1 x is likely to be matt]s ( "*-gr[?1 motives ( conduct1 int]play ( p]sonal influ5ce1 social1 philosophical1 & e?ical int]pretation & influ5ce1 t lie )9 ?is region & are subjects ( disagreem5t & unc]ta9ty4 ,"h lies1 too1 t m or less elusive1 b v real1 ?+ t belongs to e bit ( lit]ature--:at we call *>m4 ,?is may be a matt] ( /ructure1 ( /yle1 ev5 ( vocabul>y1 ( p]sons1 ( furniture1 ( ar*itecture or o!r m]e accessories--( geography1 ( ! temp]am5t ( ! read]1 a comb9ation ( all ^! or ( any numb] ( !m1 or ( o!r ?+s too num]\s or too elusive to be nam$4 ,e good /ory has x1 or gets x z soon z a s9c]e & sympa!tic read] le>ns h[ to read x4 ,if "o %\ld ev] f9d a /ory :i* aft] repeat$ read+s develops no?+ ( ?is mo/ ess5tial & intangible quality ( *>m1 let him n try to tea* x4 ,ei!r x is n a good /ory1 or he has no temp]am5t = art4 ,b1 h[ev] int]e/+ ^! matt]s may be to read]s ( ! g5tle guild1 & to ! impressioni/ critic1 !y d n c>ry u f> ^u our practical educational *oice4 ,?is mu/ be guid$ by a /udy ( ^? aspects & elem5ts ( /ory :i* yield to pla9 obs]vation2 :i*1 h[ev] arti/ic1 are yet am5able to judgm5t1 & may !re=e be imp]sonally & unemotionally discuss$--su* z ! /ructure ( ! /ory1 its use ( incid5t1 its movem5t1 its plot1 its outcome1 ! fitness ( ! :ole = ! tra9+ & be/ amusem5t ( ! *ildr54 ,9 ! second place1 we limit & def9e our discussion1 if ano!r rem9d] ( ?is important fact may be all[$1 by ! det]m9ation to discuss1 n ! art ( lit]ature1 n all or any lit]ature1 n all lit]ature = *ildr51 b su* lit]ature z x may be f\nd exp$i5t & desirable to give to a class ( *ildr54 #a4 ,9 ord] to get x into ! summ>y1 x hav+ be5 suffici5tly amplifi$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 & be+ inde$1 self-evid5t1 we w say aga9 t a /ory1 good to tea* 9 class %\ld be "o ^: mat]ial corresponds to ! ne$s & ta/es ( ! *ildr54 ,! exp]i5ces portray$ %\ld be1 n necess>ily ^? t !y h _h1 b su* z !y c conceive & imag9atively appropriate1 or su* z !y might safely exp]i5ce4 ,& s9ce *ildr5 ( ?is age are liv+1 or ought to be enc\rag$ to live1 active1 a*iev+ lives1 & are n1 or ought n to be1 introspective or too m$itative2 s9ce !y "k little or no?+ ( intricate social complications or psy*ic exp]i5ce1 & we d n desire t !y %\ld1 we w *oose _! lit]ature ) ^! ?+s 9 m9d4 ,we may safely say t !re %\ld be no?+ reflect$ 9 8 /ory :i* ! inquisitive *ild may n probe to ! v bottom )\t com+ ^u k too mature = him4 ,?is mu/ be reconcil$ ) ! fact t "o ( ! valuable s]vices ( lit]ature is to =e/all exp]i5ce & to supplem5t x4 ,! reconciliation is n difficult to make :5 once ! tea*] has grasp$ ! pr9ciple ( fitness & really walks 9 ! light ( :at he may easily "k ab\t ! nature ( *ildr54 #b4 ,! l>g] numb] ( _! /ories %\ld be ( ?+s happ5+1 ( a*ievem5t1 ( epic1 objective activity4 ,s+le *ildr5 %\ld (t5 h a quiet1 idyllic /ory to read4 ,! class %\ld occasionally h su* a /ory or poem to consid] & %\ld be c>efully guid$ to ! enjoym5t ( x4 ,b = ! class 9 ! l>g] am\nt ( its "w we w *oose /ories ( action1 z correspond+ mo/ ne>ly to ! exp]i5ce & int]e/ ( ! *ildr51 z h>moniz+ mo/ completely ) ! "* ( _! o!r discipl9es1 z s]v+ be/ to create an atmosph]e ( arti/ic rapport 9 any gr\p l>ge en\gh to compose a class1 :ile !y s]ve equally well ) o!r /ories to effect ^? o!r aspects ( lit]>y tra9+ :i* we desire4 ,h[ev]1 all p]sons :o *oose & write /ories = *ildr5 %\ld suspect !mselves 9 reg>d to ?is matt] ( activity4 ,:5 we say t ^! /ories %\ld conta9 mu* activity & %\ld move =w>d *iefly by ! me?od ( adv5ture1 we d n mean t !re %\ld be unlimit$ or sup]flu\s activity4 ,! two m>ks ( ! s5sational /ory are too mu* activity1 or m]ely miscellane\s activity1 & activities unnecess>ily & unnaturally height5$ & spic$4 ,x is n difficult to te/ our /ories on ei!r ( ^! po9ts4 ,a good /ory has a c5tral action to be accompli%$2 t[>d ?is _m m9or activities co-op]ate2 !re %\ld be en\gh ( ^! to accompli% ! result1 b !re %\ld be economy ( inv5tion & skill 9 arrangem5t1 s t "o does n feel t !re has be5 a wa/e ( mat]ial nor a bid = ov]/imulat$ int]e/4 ,! dang] to ! *ild's culture1 arti/ic1 intellectual1 & moral1 ( ! ord9>y juv5iles lies j "h1 ! heap+-up ( s5sations1 ! ef=t to provide a ?rill = e page1 ?r[s ! /ory out ( balance1 /ra9s ! *ild's n]ves1 & helps to produce a deprav$ ta/e4 #c4 ,to be> ! /ra9 ( class use ! /ory %\ld pres5t a s\nd & beautiful organization4 ,?is plea = a good & tru/wor?y /ructure %\ld n be mi/ak5 = a plea = a =mal & artificial use ( a /ory4 ,x is r an appeal = ! use ( ! logical & rational side ( lit]ature--an urg5cy t we br+ into ! tra9+ ( ! *ildr5 ! pla9 & fundam5tal matt]s ( art-=m t ! /ory exhibits1 at ! same "t t we get out ( x ! intellectual value x has = ! class4 ,if x be a %ort /ory1 x %\ld g to its climax by a direct & logical pa?1 & close :5 its effect is produc$4 ,if x be a long] /ory1 x %\ld h t arrangem5t ( details & p>ts t corresponds to ! movem5ts ( ! action1 & t s]ves to get ! mat]ial be=e u 9 ! mo/ effective & economical way4 ,/ories t are elaborate en\gh to h a g5u9e plot are desirable = all classes except p]haps ! v y\nge/4 ,x is n necess>y to say aga91 except by way ( an item 9 ! summ>y1 t ! plot %\ld be simple & easy to see ?r\gh1 conta9+ v little ( ! elem5t ( susp5se1 & only a legitimate am\nt ( ! elem5t ( surprise4 ,"s m elaborate plots1 ) m my/ification 9 !m1 are intellectually /imulat+ to ! olde/ grades1 & create an int]e/ ( curiosity4 ,b all tea*]s %\ld le>n to reg>d ?is /imulus z a m]e by-product ( lit]>y /udy1 & ?is curiosity z a m]ely adv5titi\s ally4 #d4 ,cle>ly connect$ ) ! matt] ( good & suffici5t /ructure is t ( economy ( incid5t4 ,a /ory :i* displays a pr(usion ( details may be int]e/+1 & "u c]ta9 circum/ances valuable1 to a *ild4 ,b = ! class t is a bett] /ory :i* uses j ^? incid5ts ess5tial to ! production ( its effect4 ,comp>e our old fri5d1 ,p]rault's ,c9d]ella1 9 ?is matt] ) ,grimm's4 ,x ne$s b two nights at ! ball--"o :5 ! maid5 rememb]s ! godmo!r's injunction1 & "o :5 %e =gets x4 ,grimm's v]sion gives u ?ree nights1 & fills ! /ory ) all mann] ( irrelevant details1 :i* indicate1 inde$1 ! prodigal weal? ( ! folk-m9d & ! unb\nd$ int]e/ ( ! folk-audi5ce2 b !y %[ no sup]9t5d5ce ( ! folk-arti/4 ,( c\rse1 :5 "o is judg+ a /ory f ?is po9t ( view1 he mu/ take into acc\nt ! effect to be produc$ be=e he pron\nces z to ! suffici5cy or sup]fluity ( ! incid5ts4 ,!re mu/ always be en\gh to be conv9c+1 to give to ! /ory ! atmosph]e ( v]isimilitude1 & to ju/ify & rew>d our int]e/ 9 ! affairs ( ! p]sons4 ,9 ,&]s5's ,! ,ugly ,duckl+ he ne$s to produce ! effect ( lapse ( "t1 ! exp]i5ce ( _m vicissitudes1 & ! repeat$ refusals ( ! _w to receive 8 g5ius2 e incid5t !n1 ?\gh x may to "s ext5t reproduce a previ\s "o1 is valuable z contribut+ to ! effect4 #e4 ,z a "p ( ! arti/ic economy ( ! /ory1 x %\ld h a close unity--clos] ?an we w\ld dem& ( a /ory read to our *ildr5 at home1 & clos] ?an we %\ld dem& = an adult novel4 ,! ?reads ( ! action %\ld be s closely relat$ & int]l9k$ t !y are practically all 9 action all ! "t4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true = ! y\ng] *ildr54 ,x may n be too great a tax ^u ! pati5ce & att5tion ( ! old] *ildr5 to leave ! h]o 9 imm95t dang] on 8 des]t isl&1 :ile we return = sev]al *apt]s to ! h]o9e 9 ! crypts ( ! wick$ duke's ca/le2 b ! little ones %\ld n be ask$ to endure x4 ,! action %\ld be all r\nd$ up )9 ! "o design & /op at ! arti/ic /opp+-place4 ,to appreciate ?is aspect ( unity1 read ,grimm's ,bri>-,rose--t wond]ful little ma/]piece ( /ructure--9 comp>ison ) ,p]rault's ,! ,sleep+ ,beauty 9 ! ,wood1 :i* trails aft] x ! ugly & inorganic episode ( ! ogre "m-9-law4 ,ev5 9 ! cycles ( /ories ! sep>ate episodes %\ld display ^! qualities ( unity4 #f4 ,:5 we *oose our /&>d class-/ory1 we w h 9 m9d o!r aspects ( ! pr9ciple ( economy1 or ( due arti/ic measure4 ,9 su* a /ory !re %\ld n be an undue appeal to any "o emotion4 ,too mu* horror or disgu/ w undo ! v effect "o desires to produce4 ,su* a /ory z ,! ,dog ( ,fl&]s1 = example1 af=ds a sort ( emotional spree ( pity & pa?os ?r\gh :i* ! /eadi] memb]s ( a class refuse to g1 & :i* ! m emotional memb]s d n ne$4 ,especially %\ld !re n be any unnecess>y pr(usion ( magic1 ( sup]natural ag5cies1 ( d>+ & dang]4 ,?is br+s u to ! difficult po9t ( ! degree or k9d ( unlikelihood "o may risk 9 su* a /ory4 ,:5 "o is read+ to ! s+le *ild1 or to a few *ildr51 or if "o is a real dramatic g5ius1 ?is unlikelihood is n s important a matt]1 because x is n difficult "u ei!r ( ^? conditions to create an atmosph]e ( arti/ic fai? 9 :i* any /ory goes4 ,b 9 a big class1 ) ! ord9>y tea*] x is difficult2 "s inquisitive or skeptical m9ds w call = pro( or detail$ /atem5t1 & q de/roy ! rapport dem&$ = ! p]fect appreciation ( ! /ory4 ,9 a class ,i once knew su* a skeptic1 :o 0 inde$ a m]e sci5tific reali/1 br\ght ! o!rwise enraptur$ class viol5tly to e>? dur+ ! read+ ( ! passage ( ,odysseus betwe5 ! :irlpool & ! cliff1 by ! s>donic sugge/ion t ,scylla mu/ h _h a rubb]-neck4 ,:5 x c be avoid$1 d n tempt y\r skeptic or y\r cynic by ! k9d or degree ( unlikelihood liable to excite 8 prote/4 #g4 ,! /ory %\ld be s]i\s4 ,?is does n preclude humor\s & comic /uff4 ,b ! funny ?+s %\ld be s9c]ely funny1 z contra-di/+ui%$ f ^? ?+s t are o/5tati\sly *ildlike1 elaborately accommodat$ to ! infant m9d1 ironical1 or s5tim5tal1 & ! tea*] mu/ s "k 8 /ory1 & s honor x & 8 *ildr51 t he c r5d] x to !m :e!r x be an improbable adv5ture ( ,odysseus1 or ! m]e/ horse-play ( a folk-droll1 s9c]ely & cordially4 #h4 ,9 ! e>li] typical ye>s ( ! elem5t>y s*ool1 ?r\gh ! six? grade 7twelve-ye>-old *ildr57 at lea/1 ! p]sons ( ! /ory %\ld be ^? :o d ?+s r ?an ^? :o become some?+ else4 ,!y %\ld display ! /rik+1 p]man5t qualities r ?an ! elusive1 evolv+ qualities2 !y %\ld act f simple & /rong motives1 n f obscure & complex ones4 ,only 9 ! late/ ye>s1 if at all )9 ! p]iod1 %\ld ! class be ask$ to consid] m intricate types1 m subjective qualities1 & m mix$ motives4 ,no mi/ake is likely to be made 9 ?is matt]1 if ! /ories & plays are well *os5 f ! po9t ( view ( fitness 9 o!r respects4 ,e tea*] :o is consci5ti\s & in=m$1 w realize t ^! p]sons 9 ! /ories contribute _! quota--& a v l>ge "o--to t copy1 t ideal self1 t broods ov] e *ild's inn] life1 invit+ him on1 giv+ him c\rage & hope1 repro( & praise1 lead+ him to :atev] he atta9s ( social & p]sonal morality4 ,& e su* tea*] c help ! *ildr5 to build into _! ideals ! p]man5t & valuable qualities ( ^! p]sons ( _! /ory4 #i4 ,! /ory %\ld be e?ically s\nd4 ,on ?is po9t "o w\ld l to make discrim9at+ /atem5ts4 ,"o does n tea* lit]ature 9 ord] to tea* morals & he _c ask t 8 fairy-tale %\ld turn out a s]mon1 or t 8 h]o-tale delib]ately inculcate ?is or t virtue4 ,inde$1 lit]ature may be completely unmoral1 & /ill safely s]ve ! purposes ( amusem5t & ( di/9ctively lit]>y tra9+--z witness ! nurs]y rhymes1 ! ,g>d5 ( ,v]ses1 ,alice 9 ,wond]l&4 ,b if x be immoral1 x is also arti/ically uns\nd1 & does n yield satisfactory lit]>y results4 ,no tea*] is 9 dang] ( tea*+ a /ory :i* depicts ! attractions ( vice or glorifies "s rogui% h]o4 ,b let him bew>e also ( ^? less obvi\s immoralities1 :]e ! success ( a /ory turns ^u "s piece ( unju/ifiable trick]y or disob$i5ce1 or irrev]5ce1 or "s m s]i\s immorality1 :i* ?us has plac$ ^u x ! weight ( approval4 ,9 ! *apbook tale ( ,jack & ! ,bean-,/alk1 to take a *ance example1 ! h]o's successful adv5tures h+e ^u a piece ( folly & disob$i5ce2 ! k9d]g>t5iz$ v]sion ( ,! ,?ree ,be>s excuses an unp>donable brea* ( mann]s4 ,! pivotal issue1 ! c5tral spr+ ( a /ory mu/ be e?ically /rong1 s z to be> ! close/ inspection & to ju/ify itself 9 ! fi]ce light ( class discussion4 ,( c\rse1 "o %\ld be cauti\s "h1 s z n to seem m]ely puritanical or ,pecksniffian4 ,subtlety is ! savage virtue2 along ) horse-play x is ! *ild's sub/itute = bo? wit & humor4 ,! wiles & devices ( ,odysseus only ende> him ! m to 8 sympa!tic *ild-foll[]s1 z !y did to ,pallas ,a!ne h]self4 ,we _c give to ! classes ! ?+s be/ = !m 9 o!r ways1 & exclude all tales 9 :i* wil9ess or subtlety con/itutes ! me?od1 if n ! motive4 ,b we c d ?is3 we c see to x t ! trick t5ds to ! secur+ ( f9al ju/ice1 & we c discrim9ate betwe5 m]e deceitful trick9ess & t subtlety :i* is1 z 9 ! case ( ,odysseus1 quickness ( wit or /eady intellectual dom9ance4 ,& we mu/ make _m all[ances1 sett+ ourselves free 9 ! *ild's moral _w z x really is to him1 by con/ant imag9ative sympa?y4 ,accord+ to ! nurs]y code !re is no h>m 9 play+ a trick ^u a giant2 by v virtue ( be+ a giant1 ) ! advantage ( size on 8 side1 & m ?an likely /upid besides1 he is fair game = any nimble-witt$ h]o4 ,! *ildr5 & _! h]oes use ! delici\sly frank & entirely satisfy+ argum5t ( ! fi%]man :o fre$ ! mon/r\s ,afreet f ! bottle3 ,?is is an ,afreet1 & ,i am a man1 & ,allah has giv5 me s\nd reason4 ,!re=e ,i w n[ plot 8 de/ruction4 ,! but*] & ! h5-wife1 h]$it>y villa9s ( ! folk-tales1 are su* unpiti$ victims4 ,! mis=tunes ( ,kluge ,else1 ( ,hans 9 ,luck1 & ( ! c\ntless o!r noodles1 are b ! prop] fruit ( _! folly4 ,e *ild w in/9ctively--& inde$ ultimately--ju/ify ! legal quibble by :i* ,portia defeats ,%ylock1 z b ! j visitation ^u 8 cunn+ly devis$ cruelty4 ,let x be a cle> case ( ! bit] bitt51 & ( ! inju/ice or /upidity ( ! orig9al bit]1 & "o ne$ n fe> ! result--c]ta9ly n ! arti/ic result--^u ! s5sible *ild or ^u ! av]age class--! av]age class be+1 9 ! end1 always a s5sible *ild4 ,at ! same "t "o ha/5s to say t to use a l>ge numb] ( su* /ories w\ld place ! *ildr5 9 an atmosph]e ( trick]y & petty s*em+ :i* w\ld be mo/ undesirable4 ,i h read ) a gr\p ( *ildr5 :]e ! pres5ce ( "o incurably slipp]y memb] s poison$ ! air t x w\ld h be5 unwise to /udy ev5 "o /ory 9 :i* success 0 a*iev$ by ! use ( a trick or a bit ( subtlety4 ,let y\r /ories be e?ically s\nd1 ev5 ! /ratagems & wiles mak+ = ju/ice1 & ! "r sort ( m]cy4 #aj4 ,x is be/1 on ! :ole1 t ! /ories giv5 9 class h a satisfy+ & conclusive end+ ( ! romantic sort4 ,x %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be ! end+ = :i* ! ev5ts h pav$ ! way1 & ! end+ :i* ! *ildr51 9 view ( ! direction 9 :i* _! sympa?ies h be5 enli/$1 w feel to be j4 ,:5 a tragic end+ is inevitable1 x %\ld1 9 ! case ( ! y\ng] *ildr51 be provid$ = & ju/ifi$4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 x is bett]1 emotionally & arti/ically1 = ^! y\ng] *ildr5 to consid] 9 class ^? /ories :i* h a =tunate end+1 display+ ! work+ ( poetic ju/ice1 leav+ = ! old] gr\ps ! trag$ies1 & ! logical ju/ice ( a conv9c$ realism4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,folk-,,tale ,,& ,,fairy-,,/ory ,:atev] may be our attitude t[>d ! culture-epo* !ory ( a *ild's tra9+ & exp]i5ce1 or h[ev] mu* we may v>y 9 our consci\s or unconsci\s application ( x1 no obs]v] ( *ildr5 w h fail$ to notice t 9 ! ?ree or f\r ye>s ly+ ab\t ! sev5?1 !y h _! *>act]i/ic h\r ( social & psy*ic rip5ess = fairy-tales4 ,^u ?is po9t ! philosophical d$uctions ( ! te*nical p$agogues co9cide p]fectly ) ! intuitive wisdom ( all ! g5]ations ( mo!rs & nurses4 ,! imag9ative activity ( ! six- or sev5-ye>-old p]son com+ to s*ool out ( ! environm5t ( ! av]age mod]n home is practically on ! same level1 & foll[s ! same processes1 z t ( ! folk :o produc$ ! gold5 core ( folk-tales--n primitive savage fragm5ts ( leg5d1 n develop$ arti/ic romance1 b complete little tales1 simple & s9c]e1 mold$ into acceptable =m by g5]ations ( use4 ,! vision ( ! _w physical & social t ^! tales pres5t1 & _! int]pretation ( its activities1 is t :i* is normal to ! sev5-ye>-old *ild1 & con/itutes !re=e ! natural basis on :i* 8 lit]>y education beg9s1 & af=ds 8 fir/ effective contact ) imag9ative art4 ,b :5 we h agre$ t ! fairy-tales con/itute precisely ! "r arti/ic mat]ial = ^! *ildr52 :5 we h fix$ ) satisfactory def9it5ess ! h\r ( _! rip5ess = !m2 :5 we h indicat$ ^? elem5ts 9 ! tales t r5d] !m s]viceable1 we are /ill at ! beg9n+ ( our task4 ,= we f9d ourselves 9 ! pres5ce ( a va/ mass ( mat]ial f :i* we mu/ *oose ^? ?+s t are s typical z to accompli% = our *ildr5 ! *>act]i/ic s]vice ( folk-tales1 & s beautiful z to p]=m ! add$ s]vice ( good lit]ature4 ,& s wide is ! range ( subject-matt] & =m 9 ! /ories con/itut+ ! mass t x becomes evid5t at a glance t ! educational & arti/ic efficacy ( ! fairy-tales dep5ds ^u ! wisdom us$ 9 *oos+ ! actual specim5s4 ,! mo/ useful ?+ to be done1 !n1 is to det]m9e a set ( tru/wor?y & practical pr9ciples ( selection4 ,we %\ld und]/&1 to beg9 )1 :at we mean by fairy-tales4 ,x is n[ impossible to limit ?is t]m to ^? /ories t deal ) ! activities ( an ord] ( inv5t$ pret]-human be+s call$ fairies2 or ev5 to ^? t conta9 pret]natural or sup]natural elem5ts4 ,) ! old fairy-tales 9 ?is n>r[ s5se1 h be5 incorporat$ folk-tales deal+ ) matt] :i* involves only natural & human mat]ial--bea/-tales & bits ( comic adv5ture1 = example4 ,x is possible to treat !m1 h[ev]1 9 "o category1 because ( ! fact t 9 all ^? t are wor? us+ = ! *ildr5 9 class1 :e!r !re be fairies involv$ or n1 ! imag9ative process is ( ! same k9d1 ! vision ( ! _w1 its activities & its possibilities1 is on ! same level ( imag9ative comb9ation & arti/ic int]pretation2 & ?is is ! level ( ! *ildr5 = :om we are *oos+4 ,! tradition>y /ories1 ! real folk-tales1 h be5 divid$ into f\r classes4 #a4 ,sagas--/ories told ( h]oes1 ( hi/orical ev5ts1 ( physical ph5om5a1 ( ! names or location ( places1 & int5d$ to be believ$4 ,!y are to be diff]5tiat$ f my? by ! fact t !y h nev] assum$ any religi\s or symbolic signification4 ,!y are1 z a matt] ( fact1 h]o-tales 9 ! mak+--( ! same /uff 9 _m cases z ! great h]o-tales1 b hav+ rema9$ 9 ! h&s ( ! folk1 h nev] receiv$ ! enri*m5t & beauty ( ^? h]o-tales :i* ! poets took up4 ,su* folk-sagas are ,:itt+ton & ,8 ,cat & ,lady ,godiva4 ,mo/ ( ^! /ories h pret]natural or sup]natural elem5ts1 & ev5 su* z h no su* elem5ts h /ill ! atmosph]e ( wond]1 & ^? fanciful or fanta/ic int]pretations *>act]i/ic ( ! folk-imag9ation4 #b4 ,ma]*51 or :at we call nurs]y tales--^? told = arti/ic pleasure1 pure imag9ative play1 ! creative ex]cise ( ! art-in/9ct4 ,!y may or may n exhibit ! sup]natural or pret]natural elem5ts2 9 "s ( !m animals are among ! actors4 ,^! con/itute ! l>ge mass ( popul> & nurs]y tales2 ,c9d]ella1 ,beauty & ! ,bea/1 ,puss 9 ,boots1 ,bri>-,rose1 ,! ,musicians ( ,brem5 w d = examples4 #c4 ,drolls--comic or dome/ic tales :i* may or may n make use ( ! impossible1 ! m>vel\s1 or ! pret]natural4 ,g5]ally !y are tales ( funny misadv5tures1 cunn+ horse-play1 tricks1 ! mis=tunes or undes]v$ good luck ( noodles4 ,su*1 *os5 f _m examples1 are ,kluge ,else1 ,lazy ,jack1 ,mr4 ,v9eg>1 ,hans 9 ,luck4 #d4 ,cumulative tales--^? 9 :i* incid5t is int]-l9k$ ) incid5t by "s m or less artificial pr9ciple ( association1 con/itut+ 9 "s cases a m]e /r+ ( associat$ happ5+s1 9 o!rs a fairly r\nd$ out /ory4 ,su*1 9 its simple/ =m1 are ,! ,h\se ,t ,jack ,built & ,titty-m\se & ,tatty-m\se1 ,h5ny-p5ny & ! old swapp+ ballads4 ,! mod]n /ories correspond+ to ^! are ( ?ree k9ds3 ^? writt5 9 imitation ( ! folk-sagas & ,ma]*52 ^? :i* introduce pret]-human elem5ts z symbols2 ^? :i* p]sonify ! ph5om5a & =ces ( nature4 ,x is n m]e conv5tion t leads "o to *oose = ! *ildr5 9 class ! tradition>y or folk-tales 9 pref]5ce to ! mod]n fairy-/ory4 ,_m new s-call$ fairy-tales are d\btless h>mless & amus+ en\gh1 & may s]ve a purpose 9 h\rs ( m]e recreation4 ,b !y lack ^? abid+ qualities "o seeks 9 a /ory he gives z discipl9e & to a class4 ,fail+ to possess ! v fundam5tal *>act]i/ics ( ! folk-tale1 !y fail to p]=m ! typical & desirable s]vice ( ! folk-tale4 ,fir/ ( all1 mod]n fairy-tales are nei!r conv9c$ nor conv9c+2 !y are imitations1 :i* _c fail to miss ! s\l ( ! orig9al4 ,!re c be no new fairy-tales writt51 because !re is no long] a possibility ( belief 9 fairies1 & no long] among adults a possibility ( look+ at ! _w z ! folk & ! *ild look at x4 ,! sub/itution ( ! p]t fairies & dapp] elves ( lit]ature & ! !at] = ! s]i\s pret]human ag5ts ( ! folk-tale creates at once 9 ! new /ories an atmosph]e ( dilettantism1 ( ins9c]ity4 ,titania & ,ob]on1 fl[]-fairies1 dew-fairies1 gauzy w+s & spangl$ skirts1 7 n 9 ! m9d ( ! p :o told ^! tales ( ! sometimes grim & s*aud]haft & always s]i\s be+s--fairies1 elves1 gobl9s1 or :at n4 ,wick$ little br[n m5 disappe>+ into a gre5 hillock ) ! human *ild1 9 ex*ange = :om !y h left 9 ! cottage cradle a br[n imp ( _! own2 ! godmo!r ) ! fairy-gift :o br+s ju/ice & joy to ! wrong$ maid52 ! slight$ wise woman =etell+ dea? & doom ov] ! cradle ( ! little pr9cess2 ! k9d & g5tle ,bea/ :om love dis5*ants & re/ores to 8 own noble =m--all ^! 7 to ^? :o made !m s]i\s art1 z !y %\ld be to ! *ild4 ,if "o c\ld make ! old di/9ction )\t dread+ to be misund]/ood 9 ^! days ( opposition to faculty criticism1 he w\ld say t ! folk-tales exhibit ! work+ ( ! deep human imag9ation1 us+ all ! p[]s ( ! m9d1 & reorganiz+ ! _w2 ! mod]n fairy-tale exhibits ! ex]cise ( ! fancy1 disport+ itself 9 a v small corn] ( ! _w ( art4 ,x is1 fir/ ( all1 z "o _c say too (t51 ! imag9ative level ( ! folk-tales t fits !m = ! *ild's use4 ,!y are ! creative recon/ruction ( ! _w by ^? :o 7 ri* 9 images & s5se-mat]ial1 unhamp]$ 9 ! use ( x by any sy/em ( logic or body ( organiz$ k1 simple1 s9c]e & full ( fai?--z our own well-born *ildr5 are at six-sev5-eight4 ,x is ?is simplicity1 s9c]ity1 & e>ne/ness t gives !m _! *ildlik5ess--all qualities t "o fails to f9d 9 ! mod]n fairy-tale writt5 by a gr[n p]son = *ildr54 ,no?+ is s ali5 to ! consci\sness ( ! *ild z ! consci\sness ( ! gr[n-up educat$ man4 ,x is by no?+ %ort ( a miracle t he c keep 8 own sophi/ications out ( :at he writes = *ildr54 ,8 fairy-tale1 fail+ 9 simplicity1 w betake itself to babbl+ inanity2 fail+ 9 e>ne/ness1 x gives itself ov] to s5tim5tality2 fail+ 9 belief1 x is likely to be fill$ ) cynicism & *eap satire "u ! guise ( playfulness4 ,^! faults may be f\nd1 all too pl5tiful1 ev5 9 ! be/ "w ( ,hans ,*ri/ian ,&]s51 :ile !y poison practically ev]y?+ done = *ildr5 by ,k+sley & ,haw?orne4 ,! imm5se advantage ( ! tradition>y tales is t !y 7 n made = *ildr54 ,! ,ma]*5 ( our day 0 ! novel or romance ( ! p among :om x _h its e>li] hi/ory4 ,x !re=e escapes entirely ! little de>s appeal & me?od4 ,! obvi\sly amateur heat-fairies1 sn[-fairies1 fl[]-fairies1 & all ! o!rs :i* figure 9 ! m]ely fanciful & always mislead+ my?-mak+ ( ! belat$ k9d]g>t5 & ! holiday book ( comm]ce1 s]ve *iefly to bewild] ! *ild's judgm5t1 to confuse 8 imag9ation1 & to *eap5 ! sup]natural 9 8 art1 :i* %\ld be sp>+ & s]i\s1 z x %\ld be 9 all art4 ,besides1 ! natural ph5om5a ) :i* ^! fancies are connect$ are mu* m beautiful1 m appeal+ to ! imag9ation1 & ultimately m s]viceable to art1 if !y are rightly pres5t$ z pla9 nature4 ,!re are c]ta9 mod]n symboli/ic /ories conta9+ elem5ts ( ! fanta/ic & sup]natural k9d t are good & beautiful en\gh to make a g5u9ely desirable contribution to ! *ild's exp]i5ce4 ,x is advisable to res]ve ^!1 h[ev]1 until ! *ildr5 are old en\gh & exp]i5c$ en\gh to und]/& !m z symbols4 ,su* /ories are ,/ockton's ,! ,bee-,man ( ,orn1 slightly edit$2 ,! ,wat] ,babies1 always expurgat$ ( ,k+sley's pond]\s fool+2 ,! ,sn[ ,image1 ,! ,ugly ,duckl+4 ,x is n only t ! _w ( imag9>y be+s & m>vel\s =ces 9 ! folk-tale en*ant ! *ild & fur!r 8 arti/ic developm5t 9 ! mo/ natural way2 ! human _w ( ^! tales is a delightful & :olesome "o = him to "k4 ,x is a naive & simple _w1 :]e he may come close to ! actual processes ( life & see !m z picturesque & int]e/+4 ,:]e else 9 our mod]n _w c a *ild enc\nt] ! %oemak]1 ! tailor1 ! mill]1 ! h5-wife1 ! weav]1 ! sp9n]1 9 _! primitive dignity & importance8 ,!re are k+s1 to be sure1 & pr9ces1 b except 9 c]ta9 ( ! /ories t took p]man5t lit]>y %ape 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 !y are1 l ! k+s & pr9ces 9 ! ,odyssey1 pla9 & democratic mon>*s1 on t]ms ( beautiful equality ) ! noble sw9eh]d & ! *>m+ tailor4 ,k+ ,ar?ur 9 ! nurs]y ballad /ole a peck ( b>ley meal to make a bag-pudd+1 9 ! homelie/ & mo/ democratic way1 & ! picture ( ! que5 fry+ ! cold pudd+ = breakfa/ seems only natural to ! little democrats ( six & sev5 9 our own day4 ,?is _w ( g5u9e p & hone/ occupations is *>m+ & educative 9 itself1 & con/itutes ! mo/ effective & conv9c+ backgr\nd = ! sup]natural & ! m>vel\s :5 t elem5t is pres5t4 ,:5 we h said t x is ! folk or tradition>y tales t we %\ld *oose1 we d n mean t we %\ld consid] ! :ole realm ( folk-lore mat]ial1 primitive & savage tales--,african1 ,indian1 ,igorrote2 ?\gh1 z a matt] ( fact1 e tea*] ( *ildr5 %\ld be some?+ ( a sci5tific /ud5t ( folk-/ories4 ,x increases 8 respect & sympa?y = ! specim5s he actually *ooses to "k :]e !y /& 9 ! l>ge :ole--_! hi/ory & human value4 ,besides1 ! exp]i5c$ tea*] w (t5 f9d 9 ! outly+ regions ( folk-tales ! g]m ( a /ory precisely suit$ to 8 ne$s1 & he c h ! v real pleasure ( end[+ x ) an acceptable =m & putt+ x into educational circulation4 ,b on ! :ole1 ! tea*] mu/ be v exp]t1 & mu/ h extraord9>y ne$s1 to feel ju/ifi$ 9 go+ outside ! e/abli%$ canon ( fairy-tales = 8 mat]ial4 ,= !re is a canon m or less fix$1 into :i* h ent]$ ^? /ories t h f long & p]petual use tak5 on a m or less acceptable =m2 /ories f ^? nations ^: culture has bl5d$ to produce ! mod]n occid5tal tradition4 ,! canon includes ,grimm's tales1 ,p]rault's ,"m ,goose tales1 a few ( ,madame d',aulnoy's1 a few ,dani% & ,norwegian /ories1 "s f ,italian s\rces & ?r\gh ,italian m$ia1 "s f ! ,arabian ,nights1 "s unhesitat+ly admitt$ lately f collections ( ,engli% folk-tales made 9 our own day1 two or ?ree *apbook /ories1 a few int]lop]s l ,! ,?ree ,be>s1 ,goody ,two ,%oes1 & "s ( ,&]s5's--n popul> tales at all1 b hav+ 9 !m "s my/]i\s *>m t op5$ ! door to !m4 ,"o _c attempt to fix ! limits m n>r[ly1 = he has no soon] clos$ ! li/ ?an he realizes t e tea*] :o has us$ !m1 e "m :o has read !m to h] little p1 e boy or girl :o loves !m1 w h "s o!r tale to ins]t1 "s p]fect ?+ n provid$ = 9 ?is t5tative catalogue4 ,besides1 f "t to "t !re does appe> a new claimant ) e title to admission1 su* z "s ( ! ,iri% tales told by ,seumas ,mc,manus or ,d\glas ,hyde1 or c]ta9 ( ! ,zuni folk-tales collect$ by ,cu%+4 ,b on ! :ole1 may we n agree t ! li/ indicat$ con/itutes ! au!ntic accept$ canon ( fairy-tales e/abli%$ & approv$ by ! tea*]s & *ildr5 ( occid5tal tradition & re>+8 ,/ill1 !re are *oices to be made among ^! folk-tales ( ! accept$ li/4 ,no *ild %\ld be told all ( !m4 ,practically all *ildr5 d h too _m fairy-tales told !m1 & suff] 9 ?is1 z 9 mo/ ( ! ?+s suppli$ !m1 f ! disc\rag+ & confus+ too mu*4 ,= a :ole ye> 9 :i* ! ma9 /ories are tak5 f ! folk-tales1 a half-doz5 /ories w be en\gh4 ,x is n among ! folk-sagas t "o w f9d ! be/ /ories ( ?is k9d = 8 *ildr54 ,^!1 inde$1 are sc>cely to be call$ lit]ature4 ,mo/ ( !m are tales expla9+ by a leg5d "s natural feature1 ! "n ( a place or a p]son1 or atta*+ to "s hi/oric p]son a /ock adv5ture1 wond]ful or pret]natural4 ,"s ( !m are1 z has be5 said1 g]ms ( h]o-tales t nev] obta9$ popul> arti/ic favor1 or !y are f>-away e*oes ( h]o-tales1 or !y are /ories ( ! p\rquoi k9d--semi-my?ical 9 import1 & consequ5tly lack+ ! univ]sal appeal & fitness ( lit]ature4 ,any tea*] may f9d "o ( ! /ories ( ?is gr\p adapt$ to 8 purpose1 b he w n f9d mo/ ( 8 folk-mat]ial "h4 ,9 ! cycles ( h]o tales1 ,k+ ,ar?ur & ,siegfri$ = example1 we c f9d _m ( ^! m9or sagas imb$d$ 9 ! l>g] cycle1 b /ill deta*able & (t5 easily adaptable = ! y\ng] *ildr54 ,x is among ! ,ma]*5 t we f9d our supply ( /ories4 ,?is is n ! place to discuss ! sci5ce ( nurs]y-tales1 _! orig91 g5esis1 dissem9ation1 or any ( ! o!r s*ol>'s aspects1 invit+ ?\gh all ^! topics be4 ,"o is q aw>e t ev5 9 ! mo/ social ,ma]*5 !re may be f\nd detritus ( my?2 "o %\ld be equally aw>e t 9 c]ta9 o!r ,ma]*5 he f9ds ! orig9al g]m :i* f9ally evolv$ into a my?-/ory4 ,b let n ! tea*] & lov] ( folk-tales z art all[ himself to become ensn>$ 9 my? int]pretations ( 8 tales2 t way lit]>y & p$agogic madness lies4 ,c\ntless g5]ations ago ^? :i* p]*ance _h a my?ical significance lo/ x & became art1 completely humaniz$ 9 life & exp]i5ce4 ,! drolls1 :5 "o *ooses well among !m1 are precisely adapt$ to add ! elem5t ( fun t %\ld nev] be long abs5t f ! *ildr5's lit]ature4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 numb]less comic folk-tales too co>se & too brutal to be us$ 9 our day1 except by ! sci5tific /ud5t ( culture4 ,! fun ( ! drolls is1 z a matt] ( fact1 n on a high level--practical jokes1 p]fectly obvi\s contretemps1 ! adv5tures & a*ievem5ts ( noodles1 are _! typical mat]ial4 ,b ?is is ! comic level ( ! av]age *ild = :om we *oose !m4 ,x is ! fir/ /ep above physical fun1 & f ?is /ep we c und]take to />t him on 8 delightful j\rney up ! ev]-ref9+ pa? ( lit]>y com$y4 ,f tricks & horse-play he may pass rapidly to humor & nons5se4 ,b at six-sev51 hav+ _h ! ,little ,gu9ea ,pig & ,simple ,simon z an und]graduate k9d]1 he is ready = ,hans 9 ,luck & ,mr4 ,miacca4 ,l ! ,olympians !mselves1 he w ro> at ,hephae/us' limp1 & ) ! c\ncil ( ,hom]ic h]oes he w laugh at ! physical *a/isem5t ( ,!rsites1 & enjoy ! none-too-p5etrat+ trick t ,odysseus play$ ^u ! blund]+ ,polyphemus4 ,!re is no dang] t ! *ildr5 w n outgr[ ?is /age ( comic appreciation--! dang] is t !y w outgr[ x in/ead ( add+ to x all ! o!r /ages4 ,!re is some?+ wrong ) ! arti/ic culture ( ! man :o _c at =ty smile at ! follies ( ! ,pet]k9 family1 at ! same "t t he completely savors ! com$y ( ,! ,egoi/4 ,! accumulative tales h _! s]vice to r5d]4 ,p]haps _! *>act]i/ic mom5t comes a little e>li] ?an ev5 ! fir/ ye> ( s*ool4 ,be=e he is six ! little citiz5 ( ! _w w h be5 build+ up 8 vision ( ! int]dep5d5ce & int]action ( m5 & ?+s4 ,to ?is vision ! accumulative tales br+ ! contribution ( art4 ,_m ( !m1 be+ ! simple/ adju/m5t ( incid5t to incid5t1 su* z ,! ,old ,woman ,:o ,f\nd ! ,sixp5ce & ,! ,little ,r$ ,h51 are ideal = ! nurs]y & k9d]g>t5 *ild4 ,o!rs /ill1 built ^u ! accumulative pr9ciple1 b m complex or m arti/ic 9 =m1 w *>m & in/ruct ! fir/-ye> s*ol>s--,h5ny-,p5ny1 = example1 & ,hans 9 ,luck1 & ,! ,?ree ,billy ,goats ,gruff4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( composition1 !y may well be /udi$ by ! old] *ildr51 because !y p]mit ! exam9ation ( ! sep>ate incid5ts1 & exhibit 9 mo/ cases ! v simple/ pr9ciples ( /ructure4 ,b com+ /ill clos] to ! *oos+ ( ! actual specim5s = ! classes1 x w\ld be only fatu\s to ignore ! fact t :5 we come to ! matt] ( ! f9al *oice1 we are ^u difficult gr\nd1 educationally & critically4 ,b we c save ourselves f presumption & dogmatism by discuss+ a few practical1 b g5]al1 gr\nds ( *oice1 rem9d+ ourselves t 9 ! specific s*ool & ) ! specific class _m modify+ m9or pr9ciples w arise4 ,! tea*] w be mu* com=t$ & /eadi$ if he rememb] t he is tea*+ lit]ature1 & is !re=e fre$ f any obligation to ! /ories z my?1 or z sci5tific folk-lore1 z sociology or z nature-/udy2 let no?+ tempt him to ! /udy ( ! fir/ memb] ( ! company ( musicians ( ,brem51 z a type ( ! solid-ho($ animals1 ( ,r$ ,rid+-,hood z a dawn-my?1 or ( ,! ,?ree ,be>s z p>5?ood 9 ! wild4 ,! tea*] w select ^? tales t h some:]e 9 _! hi/ory acquir$ an arti/ic organization1 reject+ 9 favor ( !m ^? :i* rema9 *aotic & disorganiz$4 ,comp>e1 = example1 9 ?is matt]1 ! p]fect little plot ( ,madame ,vill5euve's ,beauty & ! ,bea/ ) ,grimm's ,! ,gold5 ,bird--a /r+ ( loosely connect$1 p>tly irrelevant incid5ts4 ,he w pref] ^? t display economy ( incid5t--9 :i* ea* incid5t helps along ! action1 or contributes some?+ ess5tial to ! situation4 ,( c\rse1 x is r *>act]i/ic ( ! folk-m9d1 z ( ! *ild-m9d1 to heap up incid5ts a propos de bottes2 b z ?is is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics to be correct$ 9 ! *ild by 8 tra9+ 9 lit]ature1 s x is "o ( ! faults :i* %\ld exclude a fairy-tale f 8 curriculum4 ,to make ! diff]5ce among ! /ories 9 ?is reg>d q cle>1 comp>e ! neat1 ord]ly1 & ess5tial fl[ ( incid5t 9 ,! ,musicians ( ,brem5 ) ! baffl+ multiplicity & confusion display$ by ,madame d',aulnoy's ,! ,wond]ful ,%eep4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 he w pref] = discipl9e ^? fairy-/ories :i* use ! fairy & o!r pret]natural elem5ts 9 arti/ic mod]ation1 to ^? t fill e incid5t ) m>vels & introduce sup]natural ma*9]y app>5tly out ( m]e exub]ance4 ,?is elem5t is mu* m impressive :5 us$ 9 art ) retic5ce & economy4 ,ev5 a little *ild gr[s too famili> ) m>vels :5 ^! cr[d "o ano!r on e page1 & ceases ei!r to %iv] or to ?rill4 ,9 ! fairy-tale1 z 9 art = mature p1 ! sup]natural %\ld appe> only at ! ultimate mom5t1 or = ! ultimate purpose1 & !n 9 am\nt & pot5cy only suffici5t to accompli% ! result4 ,p]rault 0 v cauti\s ^u ?is po9t2 9 all 8 tales he seems to h r$uc$ ! elem5t ( ! m>vel\s to ! smalle/ am\nt & to h call$ ^u x only at ! pivotal po9ts4 ,comp>e 9 8 ,c9d]ella ! suffici5cy ( 8 s+le proviso1 ,n[1 ?is godmo!r 0 a fairy1 ) ! t$i\s sup]fluity ( irrelevant m>vels 9 ,grimm's v]sion ( ! same tale4 ,is ?is br++ ! fasc9at+ abundance ( ! ,teutonic folk fancy to a disadvantage\s comp>ison ) ! neat & ord]ly1 b m common-place1 ,gallic m9d8 ,by no means4 ,"o has _m occasions to regret1 :5 he reads ,p]rault's v]sion ( ! wond]ful tales he f\nd1 t he 0 a precisian 9 /yle & a c\rti] 9 mann]s2 & we may f9d 9 ! mo/ app>5tly artless tales told by ,grimm or by ,asbjo]ns5 ! mo/ p]fect organization & economy2 z1 = example 9 ,bri>-,rose or 9 ,! ,?ree ,billy ,goats ,gruff4 ,besides1 "o ha/5s to add t e *ild %\ld he> & %\ld lat] on h a *ance to read "s ( ! free1 w&]+1 fanta/ic ?+s :i* 8 tea*] _c feel ju/ifi$ 9 giv+ to ! class4 ,"o is oblig$ to take "s attitude 9 m$iat+ ! folk-tales to ! mod]n *ild1 t[>d ! fact t we (t5 f9d !m reflect+ a moral /&>d q diff]5t f t :i* ! av]age well-br$ *ild is br\ght up by2 & ?is situation is complicat$ by ! fact t ! *ildr5 are too "y to und]/& dramatically ano!r moral /&>d4 ,?is aspect ( ! /ories has be5 pretty well cov]$ by ! g5]al discussion 9 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,b1 luckily1 x is q possible to reject all ^? folk-tales ( que/ionable morals & objectionable ta/e & /ill h pl5ty to *oose f4 ,be sl[ to reject a folk-tale unless ! bit ( immorality--a lie1 an act ( disloyalty1 or irrev]5ce--or ! bit ( co>s5ess really =ms ! pivot ( ! /ory4 ,only !n is ! /ory unsafe or incurable4 ,"o mu/ take an attitude1 n only t[>d ! morals ( ! folk-tale1 b t[>d its mann]s z well4 ,!re is "s viol5ce 9 _m ( ! mo/ attractive nurs]y tales2 _m ( !m reflect a r r\gh-&-tumble /ate ( social communion2 _m exhibit a sup]fluity ( blood%$ or o!r grisly physical horrors4 ,we quickly grant t x is n wise to read en\gh ( ^!1 or to l+] long en\gh ov] ! =bidd+ details1 to create a deep or an abid+ atmosph]e ( t]ror4 ,b x is c]ta9ly true t ! mod]n *ild ( six or sev5 has s little app]ception mat]ial = physical horrors t !y d n take any deep hold ^u him4 ,inde$1 ! safety ( mod]n life1 & ! abs5ce ( visible viol5ce1 h tak5 ! emotional appeal out ( _m grim lessons ( ,sp5s]'s & ( ,dante's4 ,murd] 9 ! ,ma]*5 is to ! mod]n *ild actually a bit ( f9e art--m]ely a neat & conv9c+ way ( dispos+ ( iniquit\s eld] bro!rs & ho/ile magicians4 ,! fact t ! *ild's exp]i5ce & in=mation enable him to make no image ( ! physiological sequelae ( ! cutt+-(f ( heads1 = in/ance1 makes x easy = ! tea*] to c>ry him h>mless pa/ details t w\ld seem brutal to 8 n]v\s & squeami% eld]s4 ,& ^! details are nev] ! po9t ( emphasis 9 any good /ory4 ,& on ! :ole1 ^? p]sons :om ! *ildr5 l & are likely to incorporate into _! patt]n1 h mann]s ei!r j or g5tle ev5 9 ! folk-tales4 ,x might be well to introduce among ! folk-tales an occasional %ort /ory ( contempor>y life1 record+ ! activities ( p]sons su* z ! *ildr5 actually "k4 ,?is is n s important 9 ?is /age ( _! exp]i5ce z x w be lat]2 fir/ because ! folk-tales d n seem antiquat$ nor1 if !y are wisely select$1 unduly fanta/ic to !m1 s9ce !y f9d !mselves imag9atively s mu* at home ) mat]ial & ! me?od2 &1 9 ! second place1 because 9 e well-regulat$ s*ool _! fact /udies & occupation "w are at ?is "t concrete & *>m+1 & keep !m rightly & suffici5tly 9 t\* ) ! _w ( actuality4 ,( c\rse we mu/ accompany & supplem5t ! folk-tales by v]ses1 s9ce ev5 at ?is age we may impress ^u ! *ildr5 ! music ( spee*1 & "s ( ! m9or lit]>y beauties4 ,!y w probably be delight$ to repeat 79 _m classes _m ( ! *ildr5 w be le>n+ !m = ! fir/ "t7 ! lovely h]$it>y j+les & ballads f ,"m ,goose--,! ,crook$ ,man1 ,i ,saw a ,%ip a-,sail+1 ,s+ a ,song ( ,sixp5ce1 ! rhymes = games & = c\nt+-out4 ,!re are a v few ( ,/ev5son's simple en\gh = ?is p]iod2 & !re may be a fur!r *oice among ?+s f\nd "h & !re1 simple1 objective1 & p]fectly musical4 ,x is n s mu* ! cont5t & mean+ ( poetry t we c hope to impress ^u little p "u eight1 z ! music & motion ( ! v]se4 ,!re w be1 h[ev]1 _m memb]s ( e class :o w be int]e/$ 9 ! mean+1 ! images1 & ! p]sons1 if !re be p]sons4 ,we w take all pa9s1 !re=e1 to see t ^! be n unsuitable4 ,^!--folk-tales & simple s++ lyrics--) a fable or two told z anecdotes1 & repeat$ until ev5 ! little *ildr5 beg9 to see t !re is some?+ m ?an meets ! eye--all grad$ & modifi$ 9 ! light ( ! p]sonnel & exp]i5ce ( ! actual class1 may con/itute ! lit]ature ( ! fir/ two ye>s ( s*ool4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,my? ,,z ,,lit]ature ,! presupposition t my? is p> excell5ce ! lit]>y mat]ial = "y *ildr5 d\btless grew out ( a mis9t]pretation ( ! s-call$ my?opoeic age 9 ! *ildr51 & "s fundam5tal misconception ( ! nature ( my? & its relation to o!r folk & tradition>y mat]ial4 ,!re is no place 9 ?is little book ev5 to sugge/ ! problems t surr\nd ! nature & g5esis ( my?4 ,b x does seem desirable to make 9 a simple way a few di/9ctions t may s]ve to set u on ! "r road4 ,fir/ ( all1 my? is religion1 & n art4 ,x is n a ?+ ( m]e imag9ation4 ,x is ! explanation or int]pretation ( "s physical fact1 "s hi/orical occurr5ce1 "s social cu/om1 "s racial *>act]i/ic1 "s e/abli%$ ritual or wor%ip4 ,x is ! religi\s or emotional response to "s influ5ce or activity 9 ! _w s impressive or s efficaci\s z to seem to call = explanation 9 t]ms ( sup]natural ag5cies4 ,?is explanatory or int]pretative /age or aspect ( my? may be fir/ hi/orically1 or x may n be4 ,x is probably fir/ 9 mo/ my?s 9 a simple & crude =m1 :i* 9 all develop$ my?s has be5 enri*$ & modifi$ by influ5ces f ! o!r /ages & aspects4 ,! second /age--or %all we call x m]ely ano!r aspect--is ! assign+ ( di/9ct p]sonality & individuality to ! ag5cies assum$ to acc\nt = ev5ts & appe>ances4 ,!n foll[s rapidly ! int]relations & int]actions ( ^! p]sons1 ! surr\nd+ ( !m ) fri5ds & subord9ates1 ! build+-up ( a :ole intricate society ( div9ities aft] ! model ( human society--all at fir/ symboli/ic & ( religi\s significance4 ,a ?ird /age or aspect is t ( ! cult1 ! wor%ip1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a prie/hood deliv]+ au?oritative messages1 m$iat+ influ5ces to ! p1 & add+ con/antly to ! body ( explanations & int]pretations surr\nd+ ea* div9ity4 ,! f\r? /age or aspect is t 9 :i* x becomes1 or becomes id5tifi$ )1 a body ( moral doctr9es or e?ical pr9ciples2 :]e ! p]sonal div9ities1 ) _! qualities1 insignia1 & associations1 are tak5 z symbols ( inn] human =ces1 ( moral & social a*ievem5t1 z expressions ( spiritual influ5ces op]ant 9 human nature & life4 ,let x be und]/ood t 9 nam+ ^! /ages or aspects !re has be5 no attempt to place !m ei!r 9 *ronological or 9 logical ord]1 & no int5tion ( say+ t !y /& ap>t f "o ano!r 9 an easily recogniz$ di/9ctness4 ,b1 h[ev] int]l9k$ & mutually modifi$ !y may be1 we mu/ 9 any discussion ( my?1 be aw>e ( ^! f\r sides or /eps4 ,take1 = example1 ! ,greek my? ( ,apollo4 ,z an explanation ( physical ph5om5a he is light or fire1 sometimes specializ$ z ! _s ( ! sun4 ,b he is embodi$ & end[$ ) a p]sonality2 he has social conditions & subsidi>y functions assign$ to him4 ,z a p]son he is ! son ( ,zeus & ,leto1 tw9 bro!r ( ,artemis1 lead] ( ! n9e ,muses1 gu>dian ( pa/ur$ flocks & h]ds1 z ,artemis ( ! wild creatures :o fe$ or frolic by night4 ,z 8 wor%ip spread & deep5$1 !re ga!r$ ab\t him _m o!r functions--he 0 ! god ( heal+1 ( music1 ( law1 ( atonem5t2 & _m tribut>y & subord9ate div9ities 7 associat$ ) him 9 all ^! activities4 ,!re ga!r$ into 8 my? also an enorm\s & complex body ( /ories1 romantic & my/ical1 explanatory & prophetic--/ories ( adv5ture1 ( contact ) ! o!r gods1 ( soj\rns ) m51 ( pilgrimages to unkn[n regions2 "s ( !m m]ely romantic1 "s ( !m symboli/ic1 _m ( !m pr(\ndly significant ( 8 p[]s & (fices4 ,& ! my? ( ,apollo is rem>kable = its anci5t & elaborate wor%ip4 ,already :5 ! ,hom]ic poems 7 made1 ! %r9e ( ,apollo at ,delphos 0 ! sc5e ( an old & complicat$ ritual4 ,!re 0 ev5 !n a temple ri* ) ! accumulat$ treasure ( ! votive (f]+s ( g5]ations ( wor%ip]s4 ,prie/s & prophets1 ! my/ic (fices ( ! ,py?ia1 poets & musicians1 /ately processions ( k+s & w>riors seek+ oracles1 comb9$ to ma9ta9 ! dignity & sanctity ( ?is mo/ impressive wor%ip4 ,f ! v e>lie/ times ( :i* we h record ( ?is my?1 ,apollo 0 kn[n to be a spiritual & e?ical =ce at "w 9 man's s\l4 ,he 0 nam$ :5 m5 tri$ to speak ( ^? exp]i5ces :i* wr\ght expiation & purification4 ,he /ood = mild] law1 = b5efic5t & b5evol5t social ord]1 = art1 = ! songs ( ! sacr$ b>d1 ! dirge ( grief1 ! paean ( victory1 ! games--all ! g5tl] ?+s ( social culture & p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,9 ^! & 9 _m o!r ways did ! my? ( ,apollo express ! human s\l & act ^u x4 ,x 0 a religion--z e develop$ my? is--to be h&l$ rev]5tly4 ,we might h *os5 o!r examples q z elaborate & z full ( my/ic significance--! my? ( ,dionysus1 or ! m widespread & deeply devotional my? ( ,demet]4 ,art1 too1 conc]n$ z x is ) ev]y?+ t promotes or reflects man's _s1 has uses = ! elem5ts ( my?1 & has its own way ( h&l+ !m4 ,on two ( ! f\r /eps ( my? art1 especially lit]ature1 f9ds acceptable mat]ial4 ,on ! /age nam$ second--! /age 9 :i* ! influ5ce or p[] becomes p]sonifi$1 takes on relations to o!r p]sonifi$ influ5ces1 & calls into be+ o!r div9e p]sons1 8 *ildr51 8 help]s & subord9ates1 takes 8 place 9 a society ( div9ities1 & ex]cises 8 m or less specializ$ function 9 ?is society1 & also 9 human life & activity--h ! poets & romanc]s f\nd _m opportunities4 ,adv5tures & romantic exp]i5ces ( all sorts easily atta*$ !mselves to ! p]son ( "s div9ity1 especially z ! "* ( ! p]sonal div9ities became m & m humaniz$ by ! accretion ( su* tales4 ,& :ile we f9d e*oes ( my? 9 ,ma]*5 & romance1 we q z con/antly f9d apo!osis ( m]ely human romance & adv5ture 9 my?4 ,among ! lit]>y peoples1 poets & dramati/s f\nd x (t5 desirable to use ! f\ndation ( ?is gr\p ( div9e p]sonalities z ! />t+-po9t = a p]=mance purely arti/ic2 x gave !m ! imm5se advantage ( />t+ )\t explanation & prep>ation1 s9ce _! audi5ces c\ld be c\nt$ ^u to "k ! div9e p]sonages & circum/ances2 & ! fur!r advantage ( add+ dignity & size to _! inv5tions by accr$it+ !m to sup]human ag5ts4 ,^! lit]>y additions1 ^! v>iations ^u ! religi\s mean+s1 inv5t$ = arti/ic purposes1 (t5 gradually incorporat$ !mselves into ! my?1 & by mod]n /ud5ts are n c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! o!r1 ! religi\s & devotional elem5ts4 ,a comic adv5ture told ( ,h]mes may n h 9 x any m ( my? ?an a simil> /ory told ( ,autolycus4 ,lit]ature f9ds mu* use = mat]ial ( ! my?ical k9d on :at we h call$ ! f\r? /ep4 ,to express & r5d] concrete1 impulses1 influ5ces1 & p[]s t sway & dignify human conduct1 & t =m & ennoble human "*1 ! lit]>y arti/ gladly employs ! p]sons ( ! great my?s4 ,all human exp]i5ce has elem5ts & influ5ces com+ into x f an app>5tly my/ic sph]e1 t mu/ ei!r be describ$ 9 ab/ract t]ms or embodi$ 9 concrete p]sons & symbols4 ,! latt] is ev] ! me?od ( art4 ,s we f9d ev]y:]e 9 lit]ature ! use ( ! great symbols already con/itut$ 9 my?1 or ! inv5tion ( new symbols = ! purpose4 ,hom] w\ld convey to u ! s5se ( ! pres5ce t guid$ & gu>d$ ! wise & res\rceful ,odysseus2 s ! /ately ,a!ne1 ages long ! goddess :o give? skill 9 fair works1 & noble m9ds1 comes & goes ?r\gh ! poem4 ,hauptmann w\ld convey to u 9 ,! ,sunk5 ,bell1 "s impression ( ! magic & ! *>m ( t beauty :i* lies 9 ! free s\l & wild nature1 s he inv5ts ,raut5dele94 ,b nei!r ,hom] nor ,hauptmann is prie/ or devotee int]pret+ facts or cons]v+ wor%ip4 ,!y are arti/s pictur+ human life & introduc+1 ea* 9 its place1 ! v>i\s elem5ts ( human exp]i5ce4 ,x is 9 reg>d to ?is lit]>y use ( my? t !re exi/s mu* confusion1 & t mo/ mi/akes are made z to ! educational use ( my?4 ,_m p]sons :o cont5d t my?s c be giv5 to *ildr5 z lit]ature call ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey my?s2 inde$1 !y are likely to call all leg5d>y /ories 9 :i* ! sup]natural elem5t is l>ge my?s2 & !y call all romantic /ories t h become atta*$ to any div9ity my?s4 ,we %\ld di/+ui% my? f saga1 f leg5d1 f m]ely fanciful symboli/ic tales1 f tales ( human h]oes4 ,! ,hom]ic poems make mu* ( ! religi\s side ( human nature1 & ! poet *ose 9 ord] to give to 8 action & issue a sup]human dignity to set t action 9 ! pres5ce ( ! gods !mselves4 ,yea1 9 ! climaxes ( ! ,titanic /ruggle ! ,p[]s !mselves take a h&1 s deeply does ! poet feel t ev]y?+ noble/ & mo/ passionate 9 human nature is involv$2 &1 despair+1 z x 71 ( convey+ to u 9 m]ely human t]ms ! implications ( ! /rife betwe5 ! two k9ds ( ideals1 he sets ,aphrodite ov] aga9/ ,a!ne1 n m]ely ,trojan aga9/ ,greek4 ,b ! ,iliad is1 = all t1 n my? nor a collection ( my?s1 b ! /ory ( ! wra? ( ,a*illes--a v human h]o1 :o lov$ 8 fri5d4 ,! /ory ( ,baldur is my?--expla9+ & int]pret+1 p]sonify+ & glorify+1 a sup]human influ5ce & effect beyond ! rea* ( human exp]i5ce2 ! /ory ( ,siegfri$ is a saga1 a human exp]i5ce1 "u :atev] enl>g$ & idealiz$ conditions1 yet /ill a type-exp]i5ce ( ! human be+4 ,! g>d5 ( ,ed5 is my?-int]pretation & explanation ( _m1 "s ! grimme/1 facts ( man's nature1 & 8 relation to a sup]natural p[]2 ! /ory ( ,abraham is a saga--a typical hi/ory ( human exp]i5ce1 a typical picture ( human culture4 ,! :ole arti/ic purpose & effect ( ! h]o-tale & ! saga are diff]5t f ^? ( my?2 ! c5t] ( int]e/ is a human be+2 ! emphasis is ^u human life2 ! mean+ is ^u ! surface4 ,9 true my? ! purpose is n arti/ic1 b religi\s2 ! emphasis is ^u sup]human activities2 ! mean+ is buri$ b5ea? symbols--! m beautiful ! my?1 ! m difficult & complex ! symbol4 ,s "o has almo/ to smile at ! /atem5t1 commonly made t my?1 imply+ all my?1 is *ildlike1 & %\ld !re=e be giv5 to little *ildr5 z lit]ature1 especially :ile !y !mselves are 9 ! my?opoeic age--presumably f f\r to sev54 ,!re are s _m fallacies 9 ?is /atem5t t "o pauses emb>rass$ at 8 _m opportunities ( attack4 ,fir/ z to ! *ildlik5ess ( my?4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 undevelop$ races t h a naive & *ildi% my?1 b x is also s crude & unbeautiful t x w\ld nev] comm5d itself to "o seek+ arti/ic mat]ial = *ildr54 ,! develop$ my?s1 ^? t h a*iev$ ! elaboration ( beautiful episodes1 are mo/ un*ildlike4 ,!y are f>1 f> away f ! crude guesses ( ! primitive m9d4 ,!y h all be5 work$ ov]1 codifi$1 fill$ ) !ological & symboli/ic cont5t by prie/s & poets4 ,"o c be v sure t no s5sible tea*] :o has ma/]$ ! mat]ial1 w\ld attempt to tea* ! :ole ( any ,hebrew or ,greek or ,sc&9avian my? z my? )9 ! elem5t>y p]iod4 ,if he takes "o ( ! especially romantic or beautiful episodes out ( ! my?1 he is oblig$ to ?9 x out to ! compreh5sion ( ! *ildr51 & to mutilate x s z to make ( x a m]e tale4 ,:5 "o reads ,haw?orne's v]sion ( ,p&ora & ,prome!us & realizes ! m]e babble1 ! flippant detail1 "u :i* he has cov]$ up ! grim ,titanic /ory ( ! ye>n+s & /riv+s ( ! human s\l = salvation "h & h]eaft]1 ! v deepe/ problems ( temptation & s91 ( rebellion & expiation1 he mu/ see cle>ly :at is mo/ likely to happ5 :5 a complex & mature my? is conv]t$ into a *ild's tale4 ,to make a real te/1 leave ! ali5 ,greek my? & try ! same process ) "o t we h built into our own religi\s consci\sness--! temptation & fall 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed52 a /ory1 :i* is1 by ! way1 mu* m naive 9 conception & detail ?an t ( ,prome!us4 ,we mu/ conclude t su* my?s are n *ildlike1 & t to make su* a v]sion ( !m z w appeal to ! little *ild's att5tion & feel+ gives b a %all[ & di/ort$ view ( !m4 ,!re %\ld und\bt$ly be a place 9 education = ! /udy ( my? z religion & z an influ5ce 9 human culture2 %\ld x n be some:]e well )9 ! adolesc5t p]iod1 :5 ! symbols ( ! great my?s attract & d n baffle ! *ild1 :5 _! religi\s cont5t f9ds a cong5ial lodg+-place & a sympa!tic int]pretation 9 8 own exp]i5ces8 ,x w\ld seem only fair to res]ve ! beautiful & rev]5tial my?s ( ! ,greeks1 ,romans1 & ,sc&9avians = ?is p]iod1 r ?an to use !m 9 ! age :5 !re is little m to appeal to ?an ! t5d5cy1 s %ort-liv$ & %all[-root$ 9 ! mod]n *ild1 to see p]sonal ag5cies beh9d appe>ances4 ,= ?is1 confus$ ) a degree ( grammatical unc]ta9ty ( spee*1 is practically all t we c f9d "u close analysis1 ( ! my?opoeic faculty 9 little *ildr5 br\ght up "u mod]n conditions4 ,!re are /ill ^?1 "o discov]s1 :o cont5d t my? %\ld be giv5 to *ildr5 z lit]ature1 because lat] 9 life--:5 !y come to read ! ,a5eid 9 ,high ,s*ool1 or ,p>adise ,lo/ 9 college1 or ,prome!us ,unb\nd or ev5 ,macaulay's essays--!y w come ^u ref]5ces to ,zeus1 to ! fall ( ,troy1 to ! ,titans1 to ,isis & ,osiris1 & !y ought to be able to call up f :at !y _h z lit]ature 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool su* in=mation z w\ld enable !m to und]/& ^! allusions & fill out ^! ref]5ces4 ,luckily1 ! numb] ( p :o hold ! fundam5tal !ory ( education adumbrat$ 9 ?is view is becom+ s rapidly small] t ?is *apt] w1 let u hope1 be too late to rea* !m4 ,! multiplication table is a tool2 ! me*anics ( read+ & writ+ are p>tially m]e tools2 b my?ology1 especially my?ology sub/itut$ = lit]ature1 c 9 no s5se be reg>d$ or treat$ z a tool4 ,occasionally "o meets ! /atem5t t my?1 & my?ical episodes1 are m imag9ative ?an /ories ( human life1 & %\ld !re=e be giv5 to little *ildr5 z lit]ature4 ,s f> z ! p]sons :o hold ?is view c be pu%$ to def9ite t]ms1 !y mean ei!r t ! conditions ( ord9>y human life are completely abrogat$ 9 my?ical /ories1 & t !re=e !y are m imag9ative ?an /ories ( m]e human exp]i5ce c\ld be2 or t ! details giv5 by ! imag9ation are arrang$ 9 "s m unusual way--t !re is less ( judgm5t & ord] 9 ! arrangem5t ?an 9 /ories ( m5 & _! affairs4 ,( c\rse1 we realize t ! human m9d _c inv5t ultimate details indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is 9 ! numb] & arrangem5t ( ^! details t orig9ality inh]es--t ! v>y+ quality or quantity ( imag9ation lies4 ,n[1 x is true t 9 my?ical /ories ! images1 ! details1 are likely to be m num]\s1 & to be arrang$ 9 a less ord]ly mann] ?an 9 an art /ory2 ?is is ( ! nature ( my?4 ,rusk91 9 ,! ,que5 ( ! ,air1 makes s cle> a /atem5t ( ?is pr9ciple t ,i %all borr[ x = ?is *apt]3 ,a my? 9 its simple/ def9ition is a /ory ) a mean+ atta*$ to x o!r ?an x seems to h at fir/2 & ! fact t x has su* a mean+ is g5]ally m>k$ by "s ( its circum/ances be+ extraord9>y1 or1 9 ! common use ( ! ^w1 unnatural4 ,?us1 if ,i tell y t ,h]cules kill$ a wat] s]p5t 9 ! lake ( ,l]na1 & if ,i mean1 & y und]/&1 no?+ m ?an t fact1 ! /ory1 :e!r true or false1 is n a my?4 ,b if1 by tell+ y ?is1 ,i mean t ,h]cules purifi$ ! /agnation ( _m /reams f deadly miasmata1 my /ory1 h[ev] simple1 is a true my?1 only1 z1 if ,i left x 9 t simplicity1 y w\ld probably look = no?+ beyond1 x w be wise 9 me to surprise y\r att5tion by add+ "s s+ul> circum/ance2 = in/ance1 t ! wat]-snake _h sev]al heads1 :i* reviv$ z fa/ z !y 7 kill$1 & :i* poison$ ev5 ! foot t trod ^u !m z !y slept4 ,& 9 proportion to ! fulness ( int5d$ mean+ ,i %all probably multiply & ref9e ^u ^! improbabilities2 or1 suppose if1 in/ead ( desir+ only to tell y t ,h]cules purifi$ a m>%1 ,i wi%$ y to und]/& t he cont5d$ ) envy & evil ambition1 ,i might tell y t ?is s]p5t 0 =m$ by ! goddess ^: pride 0 9 ! trial ( ,h]cules2 t its place ( abode 0 by a palm tree2 t = e head ( x t 0 cut (f1 t5 rose up ) r5ew$ life2 & t ! h]o f\nd at la/ he c\ld n kill ! creature at all by cutt+ its heads (f or cru%+ !m1 b only by burn+ !m d[n2 & t ! midmo/ ( !m c\ld n be kill$ ev5 9 t way1 b _h to be buri$ alive4 ,only 9 proportion z ,i mean m ,i %all appe> m absurd 9 my /atem5t4 ,is x fair to conclude t1 if !re is any gr\nd = ! /atem5t t my? is m imag9ative ?an lit]ature1 x is ei!r t x is extremely symboli/ic1 con/antly sub/itut+ "o ?+ = ano!r1 or t1 n be+ art1 x heaps up details pr(usely1 unregulat$ by ! ord]+ & con/ructive side ( ! imag9ation8 ,9 ! "o case1 x w\ld h small discipl9>y value = ! class2 9 ! o!r1 x w\ld be hopelessly beyond _! compreh5sion2 & 9 ei!r case x w\ld n p]=m ! *>act]i/ic s]vice ( lit]ature4 ,!re is mu* m to be said by ^? :o feel t !y f9d 9 ! my?ic /ories a l>ge & vague atmosph]e1 a sort ( cosmic /age :]e ?+s bulk l>ge & s\nd simple1 a great res\nd+ room :]e ! *ildr5 feel unconsci\sly ! movem5t ( l>ge ?+s4 ,b ?is is a religi\s mood4 ,x is precisely ! response we %\ld l to h :5 we tell our *ildr5 ! ,hebrew my? ( ! creation--an emotional reaction1 vague b deep1 to ! dim & sublime images ( ! ,days--a response t con/itutes itself =ev]more a "p ( 8 religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,if we are will+ t he %\ld h a simil> reaction ^u ! /ory ( ,zeus & ! ,titans1 if we are will+ t he %\ld lay ?is d[n1 too1 among ! f\ndations ( 8 religi\s life1 by all means tell x4 ,b we c n q fairly tell "o to awak5 a religi\s response1 & ! o!r an arti/ic "o4 ,?is is all q consi/5t ) an utt] repudiation ( a h>d & fa/ faculty education4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 bord]s :]e my? & lit]ature inextricably int]m+le1 z !re are c]ta9 effects ( ! tea*+ ( my?ical episodes :i* are n to be di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! tea*+ ( purely lit]>y mat]ial4 ,b ! tea*] %\ld cle> up 8 m9d ^u ?is po9t2 tell+ a romantic adv5ture ( a god is n tea*+ my?2 tell+ a /ory ( a h]o 9 :i* ! gods take a %>e is n tea*+ my?1 any m ?an ! tell+ ( ! /ory ( ! ,holy ,grail is tea*+ ,*ri/ianity2 symboli/ic /ories ^: sett+ happ5s to be ,greek or ,roman or ,sc&9avian are n my?4 ,x %\ld n be difficult to h&le = ! *ildr5 su* /ories z conta9 a l>ge am\nt ( religi\s elem5t4 ,to h !m get out ( ! ,odyssey ! *>act]i/ic & desirable effect1 x is necess>y to give only a few words z to ! (fices ( ,a!ne & ,poseidon 9 ! action1 & !n put ! emphasis :]e ,hom] puts x--^u ,odysseus1 8 "* & 8 exp]i5ces4 ,x is no m necess>y 9 read+ ! ,odyssey to g into ! my? ( ! div9ities conc]n$1 ?an x w\ld be 9 tea*+ ,hamlet to make an exhau/ive excursus into ! pneumatology ( ! ,gho/4 ,n[1 !re are a great _m folk-tales t out ( conv5tion h tak5 on z a sort ( aft]?\ght1 z x 71 an explanatory "*4 ,?is c be notic$ 9 ! *>m+ ,zuni folk-tales collect$ by ,cu%+4 ,(t5 ! p\rquoi idea is app5d$ 9 ! f9al p>agraph1 a belat$ bit ( piety n at all inh]5t 9 ! tale4 ,!n !re are1 ( c\rse1 a great _m fanciful p\rquoi tales1 bo? folk & mod]n1 ^: purpose 0 nev] m ?an playful4 ,^! _c be s]i\sly reg>d$ z my?1 & mu/ be e/imat$ on _! m]its z /ories4 ,x is h>d to be s tol]ant ) ! mod]n imitations ( my?ical tales design$ to r5d] palatable & pretty facts 9 ! life ( ! _w ab\t u4 ,"o _c believe mu* 9 ! dew-fairies & fro/-fairies & fl[]-angels1 speak+ plants & conv]s+ worms1 ^: mission 9 life is really a g5tle species ( univ]sity-ext5sion lectures4 ,su* /ories are n lit]ature2 nei!r are !y good te*nical k4 ,is x n true1 z we %all else:]e h occasion to %[1 t1 ) our mod]n facilities = tea*+ ! facts ( nature1 we c make !m attractive & impressive r by %[+ !m z !y are1 ?an by attribut+ to !m m]ely fanciful & (t5 petty p]sonalities & g5ii8 ,( c\rse1 9 v advanc$ sci5tific !ory we are driv5 aga9 to my?-mak+4 ,"o _c speak ( radio-activity except 9 t]ms ( p]sonality1 nor ( ! f9al processes ( biology )\t us+ t]ms imply+ purpose & *oice4 ,s does ! :eel come full circle & all our lives we are my?opoei/s4 ,b my? is n lit]ature4 ,z has be5 intimat$ previ\sly1 x w\ld seem t ! "t to tea* my? z my? is mu* lat]--p]haps )9 ! second>y p]iod1 :5 x c be exam9$ z religion1 or :5 ! *ildr5 h ga9$ en\gh exp]i5ce1 & develop$ en\gh dramatic imag9ation1 to take hold ( x z a vital elem5t 9 ano!r culture4 ,! place = ! /udy ( ! great symboli/ic /ories1 ^: backgr\nd happ5s to be ano!r p's my?1 su* z ,k+ ,midas1 or ,prome!us1 or ,apollo ) ,admetus1 %\ld be1 9 any ev5t1 z late z ! sev5? grade1 by :i* "t ! *ildr5 are able to look bel[ ! surface & beg9 to und]/& ! types & symbols ( art4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,h]o-,,tales ,,& ,,romances ,9 ! days be=e books1 :5 a tale 0 a tale1 !y knew h[ to cons]ve int]e/ & economize mat]ial4 ,:5 a h]o _h ga9$ "s popul> favor1 _h e/abli%$ 8 "*1 _h drawn ab\t him a circle ( fri5ds1 & _h j prov$ himself wor?y ( our love1 he 0 n lightly ca/ aside = a new & unkn[n h]o4 ,he 0 giv5 new conque/s1 new sorr[s 7 heap$ ^u him1 new m9/rels arose to s+ 8 fame1 until !re ga!r$ ab\t him & 8 gr\p ( fri5ds _m1 _m songs & tales4 ,luckily1 9 _m cases !re came a great arti/1 b>d or romanc]1 :o ga!r$ ^! scatt]$ songs & tales toge!r1 gave !m a great] or less coh]5ce & some?+ ( unity1 & s pres]v$ !m4 ,"s ( ^! cycles ( h]o-tales are adapt$ = ! delight & discipl9e ( ! elem5t>y *ildr54 ,f ! cosy & homely atmosph]e ( ! ,ma]*5--! "m-& nurse-/ories--!y w\ld pass naturally to ! wid] & bold] _w ( ! epic tales4 ,! _s ( ^! tales h>monizes easily ) ! g5]al tone ( _! "w4 ,!y are simple & bold 9 _s1 full ( action1 g5]\s & noble 9 plan & idea2 !y cons]ve int]e/ & att5tion by c5t]+ ab\t a s+le p]son or a gr\p2 !y are made up ( sep>able adv5tures or incid5ts1 :i* take %ape1 or ) a little edit+ f ! tea*] may be made to take %ape1 z manageable & arti/ic :oles2 x is easy to associate o!r bits ( lit]ature ) !m1 because1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! tales !mselves reflect aspects ( life & nature t h appeal$ to arti/s 9 all ages1 & because !y h !mselves inspir$ _m m mod]n arti/s4 ,x is !re=e easy to con/itute "o ( ^! cycles ! c5t] ( ! "w 9 lit]ature = "s long p]iod--9 "s cases = a :ole ye>--jo9+ to x su* h>moni\s or contra/$ bits ( lit]ature z ! class may seem to ne$4 ,"s consid]ation ( ! be/ kn[n & mo/ available ( ! h]o-tales may help 9 ! matt] ( *oos+4 ,! ,iliad is n available )\t a great deal ( edit+ & re>rang+ = su* use 9 class4 ,!re are sev]al reasons = ?is1 ! fir/ be+ its want ( an easily grasp$ unity4 ,d\btless ! mature & exp]i5c$ read] f9ds ! ess5tial unity ( ! ,iliad m satisfy+ & arti/ic ?an t :i* comes ( a m compact & complete plot4 ,b ! *ildr5 _c easily see t ! hi/ory ( ,a*illes' wra? & love is a complete ?+4 ,to !m ! action seems to be susp5d$1 ! ev5ts left )\t issue1 ! poem unprovid$ ) a legitimate end+4 ,! organization & ! organiz+ pr9ciple are obscure to *ildr51 s9ce ,a*illes' emotional hi/ory _c easily be made cle> or int]e/+ to !m4 ,hom]'s spl5did art 9 glorify+ ,hector & dignify+ ! ,trojan cause z a means ( re9=c+ ,a*illes' triumph1 & deep5+ ! s5se ( ! ,greek victory1 is likely to be lo/ on ! *ildr51 :ile x leaves !m ) a hopelessly divid$ sympa?y4 ,hel51 to a mature m9d s full ( int]e/ e?ical & arti/ic1 is beyond ! compreh5sion ( ! *ildr5 z any?+ m ?an a lay figure4 ,! va/ enri*m5t ( epic detail t has ga!r$ into ! ,iliad1 con/itut+ x = ! gr[n-up lov] ( all ! arts an inexhau/ible m9e ( ar*aic1 arti/ic1 & psy*ic weal?1 has1 except 9 a few picturesque details1 :i* ! tea*] mu/ make special ef=t to br+ be=e !m1 no *>m = ! *ildr51 seem+ to !m to cumb] & delay ! action4 ,s ! ,iliad z x /&s is n s]viceable = ! grades 9 lit]ature4 ,b1 z we all "k1 ! poems t =m ! ,iliad 7 songs out ( a mu* l>g] cycle4 ,if "o desires to use sections ( ! ,iliad1 !n1 x is comp>atively easy to collect out ( all ! mat]ial a complete & unifi$ =m ( ! leg5d ( ! siege & d[nfall ( ,troy--us+ ! ,hom]ic episodes :5 x is possible4 ,f s\rces o!r ?an ! ,iliad mu/ be ga!r$ ! causes ( ! w>1 ! education ( ,a*illes1 ! summons ( ,odysseus1 ! sacrifice ( ,ipheg5ia1 ! dea? ( ,a*illes1 ! build+ ( ! wood5 horse1 & ! fall ( ,troy4 ,into ?is c be ins]t$ 9 _! places ! p>ts select$ f ! ,iliad--p]haps ! qu>rel 9 ! assembly f ! second book2 ! de$s ( ,diom$es1 f ! fif? & six?2 ! visit ( ,hector )9 ! city & 8 f>ewell to ,&roma*e1 f ! six?2 ! ,trojan triumph1 9 ! sev5?2 ! v5geance ^u ,dolon1 9 ! t5?2 ! ma9 incid5ts ( ! battle among ! %ips2 ! de$s & dea? ( ,patroclus2 ,a*illes' arm+ & 8 appe>ance 9 ! fight2 ! ma9 incid5ts ( ! fun]al ( ,patroclus2 ! visit ( ,priam to ,a*illes4 ,^! %\ld be arrang$ 9 a sort ( say & s+ n>rative1 ! ev5ts previ\s to ! action ( ! ,iliad1 & ^? subsequ5t to x1 to be told 9 prose n>rative2 ^? tak5 f ! ,iliad itself to be read or recit$ 9 "s poetical =m1 l9k$ toge!r1 ( c\rse1 by a runn+ & rapid n>rative4 ,only a v]se translation--or1 if a prose translation1 "o mu* m picturesque & eloqu5t ?an any we h yet _h--w at all repres5t ! nobility ( ! ,iliad4 ,bryant's translation is ! be/ we n[ h1 & x is too =mal & difficult to be und]/ood by ! *ildr5 to :om "o desires to give ! h]o-tales4 ,"o c easily see t an arrangem5t ( ! ,iliad made "u all ^! conditions w\ld n f9ally convey to ! *ildr5 _m ( ! be/ ?+s we want to give !m 9 _! lit]ature4 ,! case is q diff]5t ) ! ,odyssey4 ,x is ! *ild's own cycle1 full ( ! int]e/s & elem5ts t delight him :ile !y cultivate him4 ,! adv5tures are l9k$ toge!r by ! c5tral h]o1 & by ! design ( gett+ him home2 ! cycle1 !re=e1 pres5ts a cle> unity1 & a unity ( ! k9d t takes hold ^u ! *ildr54 ,! adv5tures !mselves organize easily into small] sep>able :oles4 ,!y are always int]e/+1 (f]+ u ! v>ieties ( ! grotesque1 ! humor\s1 ! s5sational1 ! horrible1 ! beautiful1 ! sublime2 & !y are practically all on ! imag9ative level ( ! *ildr5 9 ! classes to :i* !y are o!rwise adapt$4 ,! details are *>m+ & adapt$ to int]e/ ! *ildr51 ) v little ef=t on ! "p ( ! tea*]4 ,x is q unnecess>y to po9t out h[ ! occupations & employm5ts1 ! beautiful build+s & objects--plates1 cups1 clasps--! raft1 ! palace & g>d5 ( ,alc9o\s1 ! loom ( ,p5elope1 ! lu/r\s wov5 robes1 ! cottage ( ! good ,eumaeus1 ! noble sw9eh]d1 build up a _w full ( *>m1 n only = ! gr[n-up read]1 b = *ildr5 if !y are be+ prop]ly taught4 ,!re is ?r\gh\t ! poem :at ,pat] call$ ! atmosph]e ( ref9$ craftsman%ip1 & all ! occupations & tasks ( m5 "h appe> surr\nd$ by ! entranc+ halo ( art4 ,odysseus comb9es 9 himself all ^? *>act]i/ics t ende> a h]o to ! *ild & ! *ildlike m9d4 ,he is active & ev]-ready2 /rong1 too1 beyond ! measure ( any ord9>y man2 quick 9 ! battle2 good at a game1 res\rceful & h&y 9 any em]g5cy2 subtle & quickwitt$2 full ( tricks & riddles2 equipp$ at e po9t = ! effective undo+ ( 8 foes4 ,inevitably 9 any class ( mod]n *ildr5 z old z ! n9e-t5-ye> grade ! delicate problem ( ,odysseus' moral "* w come up = discussion4 ,x is n likely t *ildr5 y\ng] ?an ?is w op5 ! matt] !mselves1 or take any vital int]e/ 9 ! discussion4 ,=1 z ,i h said else:]e1 subtlety is a *ild's virtue1 & any device by :i* _! h]o1 :o is 9 ! ma9 j1 outwits or removes ho/ile =ces1 is acceptable4 ,= ! old] *ildr51 :o are some:at in/ruct$1 & :o on ! av]age w h acquir$ suffici5t dramatic sympa?y to appreh5d an ali5 /&>d1 a few words z to ! ,greek notions ( tru?fulness1 toge!r ) a few explanations z to ! privileges all[$ to an adv5tur] h>d beset by trick]y & /upidity1 w g5]ally cle> ! gr\nd2 ^! explanations %\ld take ! emphasis f ?is aspect ( ,odysseus' "* & leave ! *ildr5 free to place x :]e x belongs4 ,if ! ,odyssey 7 us$ ) *ildr5 old] ?an t51 _! que/ions z to ,odysseus' tru?fulness might af=d a good occasion = w>n+ !m to expect "s human imp]fections 9 a h]o ) :om 9 mo/ respects !y are 9 complete sympa?y4 ,?is po9t ( view1 acquir$ some:at e>ly1 saves "o _m %ocks & misconceptions 9 lat] read+4 ,x %\ld n be necess>y to say t ! discussion ( ,odysseus %\ld n am\nt to "*-/udy1 & %\ld n drift any:]e ne> hair-splitt+ moral discrim9ations4 ,all tea*]s w agree t x is bett] to />t ! ,odyssey ) ! fif? book--! exp]i5ce ( ,odysseus himself--leav+ ! ,telema*iad unread1 or to be read lat]4 ,into 8 few introductory /ories ! tea*] %\ld fit "s acc\nt ( ! iniquities ( ! suitors & ! fact ( ! j\rney ( ,telema*us--?is to pave ! way = ! delightful /ory ( 8 return4 ,= our g5]ation--&1 "o is tempt$ to believe1 = sev]al g5]ations to come--,pr(essor ,palm]'s prose translation ( ! ,odyssey is ! ideal read+ v]sion4 ,= ! sake ( ! slight height5+ ( /yle1 ! class might occasionally he> recit$ a passage 9 ,bryant's v]se translation4 ,b ! poetical1 musical1 fa9tly ar*aic prose ( ,pr(essor ,palm] has caught p]fectly ! g5tle spiritual tone ( ! ,odyssey4 ,i h kn[n a class ( n9e-t5-ye> *ildr5 conduct$ ?r\gh ! ,odyssey mak+ a side int]e/ ( ! ,reali51 ! pott]y & weav+1 & metal work+4 ,su* h&-"w 0 a "p ( _! s*ool tasks1 & !re 7 collections ( pott]y & fabrics :i* !y c\ld be tak5 to see4 ,! exp]i5ce seem$ to co-op]ate ) _! own h&-"w to develop 9 !m "s ( t arti/ic love ( beautiful ?+s--?+s co/ly1 b n exp5sive--t p]vades ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey2 & !y 7 di/9ctly help$ on t[>d t attitude we desire = e *ild1 t ( rev]5ce = ! life ( man ^u ! e>?4 ,! ,odyssey w be us$1 h[ev]1 9 s*ools :]e !re is no h&work & no *ance ( see+ collections ( suitable objects4 ,pictures are ( "s s]vice 9 gett+ ! image ( objects--color$ pr9ts ( ,greek pott]y & co/ume4 ,engelmann & ,&]son's ,atlas ( ! ,hom]ic ,poems seems to help & int]e/ ! *ildr51 ?\gh !re is con/ant dang] t ! ar*aic =ms w seem m]ely ludicr\s to _m ( !m4 ,! tea*] may correct ?is by expla9+ !m z decoration & z traditional figures4 ,b we %\ld n dep5d mu* ^u black-&-:ite pr9t to help "y *ildr5 to visualize objects & sc5es 9 :i* color & motion are all-important4 ,n[1 :at foll[s mu/ be tak5 z sugge/ive1 & n z a pat =mula3 ,y c enri* y\r c5tral bit ( lit]ature by o!r lit]ature 9 "o ( two ways--by re9=c+ ! impression d]iv$ f ! ma9 /ory1 or c\nt]act+ x ,& e long /ory or cycle ( /ories1 p>ticul>ly ! h]oic cycles1 has its *>act]i/ic atmosph]e t ne$s bo? to be re9=c$ & to be c\nt]act$4 ,x is true1 too1 t practically all ! /ories we use = ! elem5t>y *ildr5 are translations or d]iv$ v]sions ( "s sort1 & d n !re=e exhibit ! small] beauties ( lit]>y =m4 ,x is !re=e well to jo9 ) !m poems or o!r bits ( lit]ature :i* emphasize ! matt] ( inevitabl5ess ( =m4 ,by way ( enl>g+ & v>y+ ! atmosph]e ( ! ,odyssey1 we %\ld n add o!r ,greek ?+s1 because we are n try+ to tea* our class ab\t ,greek civilization1 nor to initiate !m into ! ,greek _s1 /ill less to give !m in/ruction 9 ,greek leg5d & my?ology4 ,we %\ld r read !m ballads & lyrics :i* h>monize ) ! human _s ( ! ,odyssey1 or :i* supply some?+ :i* ! ,odyssey fails to give4 ,= example1 s9ce !re is s mu* ( ! sea 9 ! /ory1 x w\ld be a good mom5t to tea* ! *ildr5 "s ( ! f9e ?+s 9 ,engli% v]se ab\t ! wat]4 ,!y w c]ta9ly notice ! *>act]i/ic ,greek dread & t]ror ( ! sea--! unv9tag$1 unpa/ur$1 homeless br9e4 ,x w\ld be well to balance ?is 9 _! m9ds by "s ( ^? v]ses :i* reflect ! ,engli% ma/]y ( ! sea & ! romance ( mod]n sea-go+--"s ( ,kipl+'s sea-ballads1 = example1 or su* simple ?+s z ,b>ry ,cornwall's ,! sea1 ! sea1 ! op5 sea4 ,we %\ld n fail to build ^u ano!r dom9ant note 9 ! ,odyssey mu* t we %\ld l ! *ildr5 to h--! note ( home & home-com+1 ! he>?-/one1 & ! %elt]+ ro(4 ,( ! excit+ adv5ture & ! joy ( physical conte/ !y w get en\gh f ! /ories !mselves4 ,x is n necess>y to say aga9 t ! judgm5ts giv5 "h z to ! actual practical *oice1 are always to be tak5 z sugge/ions1 n z h>d & fa/ directions4 ,e tea*] may h1 & %\ld h1 8 own idea1 bo? z to h[ 8 c5tral bit ( lit]ature %\ld be supplem5t$1 & z to :e!r or n x ne$s supplem5t+4 ,lat] ,i %all give ! titles ( c]ta9 ( ^! m9or ?+s--/ill by way ( sugge/ion2 ballads & lyrics t h be5 f\nd to h>monize ) ! ,odyssey ei!r z en=cem5t or addition4 ,mo/ elem5t>y s*ools h f\nd n[ ! value ( ! ,rob9 ,hood leg5d4 ,! bluff1 op5 qualities1 ! effective activities1 ! :olesome objectivity ( ^! activities1 ! breezy atmosph]e ) :i* ! /ories surr\nd !mselves1 make !m acceptable 9 _m aspects4 ,tea*]s are sav$ mo/ ( ! labor ( mak+ _! own dige/ ( ! ,rob9 ,hood mat]ial by ,h[>d ,pyle's ,rob9 ,hood4 ,9 ?is he has drawn toge!r ! :ole leg5d1 us+ n only ! ,engli% ballads1 b ,scott & ,peacock1 & :atev] scatt]$ h9ts & details he c\ld ga!r f :at mu/ h be5 a pretty exhau/ive read+ ( ,engli% romantic lit]ature4 ,ev]y:]e !re are *>m+ rem9isc5ces ( ,*auc]1 ( ,sp5s]1 ( ,%akespe>e2 e*oes ( ballad & song & romance2 mak+1 on ! :ole1 a notable introduction to lit]ature & ! lit]>y me?od4 ,"o quickly f9ds t x is mu* too lit]>y 9 places = y\ng] *ildr5 & has to be simplifi$2 "h & !re are long idyllic descriptions t ! fif? grade1 eag] = ! /ory1 w n brook2 occasionally a page ( false s5tim5tality t ! tea*] ) a true e> w infallibly detect & skip4 ,b ^! m9or ?+s c be =giv5 9 view ( ! %e] en]gy1 ! m>vel\s objectivity1 ! epic colorlessness1 ( ! book z a :ole4 ,read+s f ! ballads !mselves %\ld be int]sp]s$1 read by ! tea*] to ! class4 ,^! read+s %\ld aga9 be arrang$ 9 ! cont-fable fa%ion1 turn+ into suitable =m ! less int]e/+ passages1 & !n read+ 9 _! orig9al v]se =m ! dramatic & picturesque p>ts4 ,x ne$ n be said t mu* bett] poems may be f\nd ?an ^? :i* ,pyle has compos$ = 8 ,rob9 ,hood4 ,timid p>5ts & tea*]s :o h nev] us$ ^! /ories h "s misgiv+s z to ! effect ( ! /r5u\s1 n to say lawless1 atmosph]e4 ,!y say t ! burd5 ( approval is plac$ ^u an outlaw1 :o con/antly & successfully fl\ts ! (fic]s & processes ( ! law2 t ! m]ry-m5 are1 aft] all1 ! gang2 t ! multiplicity ( qu>rels & crack$ cr[ns accu/oms ! *ildr5 to blood & viol5ce2 9 %ort1 t ! legitimate outcome ( a g5u9e dramatic sympa?y ) ! /ory is g5]al ,hooliganism4 ,! good tea*]s :o h us$ ! /ories nev] say ^! ?+s because !y nev] see ^! results4 ,x ne$s b a ^w to transf] ! emphasis f ,rob9 ,hood's outlawry to ! cruel & unju/ laws aga9/ :i* he /ood2 to keep to ! front 8 g5]osity to 8 m51 8 t5d]ness t[>d ^? 9 tr\ble1 8 s5se ( p]sonal honor1 8 read9ess to accept & ackn[l$ge a fair defeat1 ! loyalty ( 8 m54 ,x is ! transfiguration ( ! gang2 & z a social matt] x is ! transfiguration r ?an ! de/ruction ( ! gang :i* we desire to accompli%4 ,"o ha/5s to ackn[l$ge1 h[ev]1 t ! r\gh-&-tumble atmosph]e ( ! /ories calls = "s antidote1 :i* we may f9d p>tly 9 ! lit]ature we *oose to accompany ?is cycle4 ,v naturally "o ?9ks ( ! gre5wood1 & at once f9ds _m bits t fit into ! sc5ic backgr\nd ( ! /ory & introduce ! g5tl] aspects ( ! woods & woodl& ?+s4 ,) ! ,odyssey we %\ld *oose "s ?+s to re9=ce ! love ( home & ! long+ = ! he>?-fire1 & we mu/ use "s ( ! same ?+s to provide an elem5t o!rwise lack+ 9 ! ,rob9 ,hood1 & to modify ! fasc9ation ( ! wildwood life & ! unatta*$ condition4 ,"s ( ! ideas on ! surface ( ! /ories may be enl>g$ & enri*$--z loyalty & devotion to a lead]4 ,!re is a f9e opportunity to laun* into ! *ildr5's exp]i5ce ^u ! wave ( _! en?usiasm = ,rob9 ,hood1 o!r & nobl] ideals ( ! lead] & ! h]o2 ?\gh we mu/ nev] expect ! *ild1 gl[+ ) ! satisfaction ( de$s done1 to give any appreciation wor? consid]+ to ! suff]+ h]o or to ! h]oism ( peace4 ,?is prop]ly belongs to a mu* lat] p]iod--to :at x is n m]e j>gon to call ! lyric age1 :5 "s m effective appeal c be made to ^? p[]s t come ( introspection4 ,! cycles ( /ories ( ,k+ ,ar?ur unque/ionably conta9 mu* t %\ld contribute to ! pleasure & :olesome culture ( ! elem5t>y *ild4 ,epic activity1 bold & g5]\s de$s temp]$ by g5tl5ess & rev]5ce--?is is ! atmosph]e ( ! be/ ( ! ,ar?ur /ories1 & x is precisely ! atmosph]e into :i* "o longs to lead ! old] *ildr5 ( ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,b ^! good & suitable ,ar?ur /ories are s ti$ up ) o!rs entirely unsuitable t ! *oos+ & arrang+ ( !m becomes ! task ( ! exp]t psy*ologi/ & critic4 ,:5 "o *ooses /ories out ( ?is leg5d1 he mu/ d ) 8 mat]ial--8 ,malory1 8 ,*reti51 8 ,mab9ogion1 8 ,t5nyson--z ^! collectors & arti/s did ) !irs3 reg>d x z ! /uff ( human nature & life1 a /oreh\se ( treasures out ( :i* he may draw accord+ to 8 pleasure or 8 ne$4 ,9 ?is case x is ! safe pleasure & ! arti/ic ne$s ( 8 *ildr5 t w dictate 8 *oice4 ,& he mu/ "k ?or\ghly well 8 /ories & 8 *ildr52 = ! pitfalls are _m--q z _m 9 ,*reti5 de ,troyes & ,malory z 9 ,t5nyson4 ,! fir/ ( ! pitfalls to be avoid$ is t fanta/ic feudal gallantry :i* ,*reti5 & ,malory sub/itut$ = ! =?right *ivalric bus9ess & e>ne/ness ( ! old] leg5d>y /ories4 ,9 ! ,song ( ,rol& "o fights = reasons ( patriotism or religion2 9 ! ,ar?ur romances1 & o!rs ( _! type1 "o fights = 8 lady's sake4 ,9 ! elem5t>y grades ! *ildr5 are /ill undiff]5tiat$ human be+s1 & %\ld be kept s4 ,to ?ru/ ^u !m sugge/ions ( ladies to be won & to be s]v$ is to u%] !m into an unkn[n _w1 an undemocratic & unbro!rly _w f :i* we %\ld l to keep !m1 especially ! girls1 z long z possible4 ,:ile x is n easy to leave out ?is elem5t 9 *oos+ mat]ial f ^! cycles1 x is possible to treat x lightly1 s9ce !re is 9 ! same mat]ial a suffici5cy ( lions to be hunt$1 giants to be ov]come1 & ho/ile ,paynims to be ext]m9at$4 ,ev]yone :o has ev] read mu* ) *ildr5 kn[s t to normal *ildr5 be=e _! ?irte5? ye> ! psy*ology & modus op]&i ( love & love-mak+1 innoc5t or guilty1 are s ali5 z to pass h>mlessly by !m z a m]e bit ( ! ma*9]y ( a /ory1 :5 ^! notions d con/itute su* a bit ( ma*9]y 9 a /ory o!rwise suitable4 ,b x is a mi/ake to *oose matt] :i* obliges u to l+] ) ! little p ov] ^! exp]i5ces or to emphasize !m4 ,he :o w\ld retell ! ,ar?ur /ories mu/ be w>y "h1 s difficult is x to put toge!r any s]ies ( ! adv5tures t w at all repres5t ! mat]ial1 & con/itute a :ole1 )\t us+ ! sc>let ?read ( guilty passion1 or sub/itut+ = x some?+ nice b wi%y-wa%y4 ,we h only to comp>e ! grim ju/ice ( ,malory's ,modr$ ) ,t5nyson's s5tim5tal & unconv9c+ h&l+ ( 8 "* & function4 ,:5 ,malory wove into ! ,ar?ur cycle ! leg5d ( ! ,holy ,grail1 he introduc$ an elem5t v h>d to h&le = *ildr5--t religi\s my/icism1 n to say fanaticism1 :i* ,t5nyson *ose to set z ! pivotal motive ( ! d[nfall ( ! ,table ,r\nd4 ,t5nyson1 writ+ = mature mod]n read]s a deeply symboli/ic poem1 & pres5t+ a :ole cycle1 c\ld1 /roke by /roke1 build up ! impression ( ?is burn+ zeal1 ?is hypnotic trance ( en?usiasm1 t l$ m5 away aft] w&]+ fires1 =gett+ labor & duty4 ,b simplifi$ to fit ! compreh5sion ( ! :olesome twelve-ye>-old x is likely to appe> a vague & mi/ak5 piety1 produc+ a practical effect q out ( proportion to its importance4 ,to ! mod]n tea*]1 ) ! wit*]y ( ! ,t5nysonian music 9 8 blood1 x is all b impossible to keep out ( prom95ce t symbolism :i* lay obvi\s ^u ! surface1 ev5 9 ! ,morte d',ar?ur1 b :i* ,t5nyson height5$ into an almo/ oppressive sy/em ( sophi/icat$ & p>o*ial doctr9e4 ,an occasional symboli/ic nut to crack is n a bad ?+ = ! old] *ildr5 ( ! grades4 ,b w\ld x n be a mi/ake to imm]se !m 9 a great sy/em ( symbolism8 ,to ! y\ng] *ildr5 ! sacr$ outside appe>ance1 ! entranc+ ,s*e91 ( ?+s is be/1 & symboli/ic art only baffles !m or unduly =ces _! p[]s4 ,! _s ( dilettante adv5ture :i* p]vades ! m$iaeval romances gives !m a tone entirely diff]5t f t ( ! epics4 ,9 ^! latt] ! activities atta* !mselves to de$s t h to be done1 to mis=tunes t ! h]o w\ld will+ly h avoid$4 ,"s ( ^! s\ght-out adv5tures h crept insidi\sly into ,h[>d ,pyle's ,rob9 ,hood2 b !y are entirely =eign to ! _s ( ! orig9al epos4 ,! idea ( wor%ipfully w9n+ wor%ip1 ( seek+ adv5ture = m]e adv5ture's sake1 or = ! m]e display ( "o's own p[]s1 or = ! sake ( gett+ tra9$1 is a corrupt+ "o 9 our society1 & %\ld n be implant$ 9 our *ildr5's consci\sness4 ,l ! old epic h]oes1 :at we h to d we w d--(t5 boldly2 b1 l ! old epic h]oes1 we w d x because x ne$s to be done4 ,we c get toge!r a s]ies ( /ories f ! ,ar?ur romance t w t\* b lightly ! exagg]at$1 false devotion to ladies2 t w leave out ( sight ! guilty passion :i* lies at ! c5t] ( ,malory's poem & ( mo/ ( ! o!r lit]>y v]sions2 t w put into a m9or place ! my/ical religi\s elem5t t l+]s ab\t ! ,holy ,grail side ( ! romance2 t w make little ( ! symbolism1 ignore ! dilettante & m]ely amateur adv5ture1 h&l+ ! h]oic r ?an ! romantic de$s--t w d all ^! ?+s & /ill be a romance ( ,k+ ,ar?ur4 ,he :o w\ld make su* a v]sion mu/ *oose out f ,malory or ,! ,mab9ogion1 mat]ial t belongs 9 su* a s]ies4 ,or he may f9d 8 mat]ial m sift$ = him 9 ,lani]'s ,! ,boy's ,k+ ,ar?ur1 & ,knightly ,leg5ds ( ,wales4 ,let him make mu* ( ,ar?ur1 simple ( nature1 guileless & /rong1 look+ to conque/ & ! good ( 8 p r ?an to 8 own wor%ip or to 8 own love-affairs2 let him by no means neglect ,m]l91 ! mo/ p]man5tly int]e/+ figure2 he is ,odysseus among ! ,greeks1 ! sacr$ b>d among ! w>riors1 ,tusitala 9 ,samoa1 ! subtle "o1 always s appeal+ & s satisfy+ to a *ild's imag9ation--! embodim5t ( t intellectual dom9ance :i*1 be x wisdom or magic1 always /&s beside epic a*ievem5t 9 ! *ild's e/imation4 ,& hav+ got x toge!r1 he may reassure himself1 z reg>ds 8 epos ( ,k+ ,ar?ur1 t !re is no "o ,ar?ur2 t ! :ole leg5d is a m9e out ( :i* e /ud5t may draw a treasure2 or1 to *ange ! figure1 a great1 beautiful field 9 :i* _m p may ga!r gra9 accord+ to _! ne$ & _! ta/e4 ,mu* lat] :51 z gr[+ y\?1 !y are wak+ up to c]ta9 mature social problems1 ! *ildr5 w be ready = ! /yle & matt] ( ,t5nyson's ,idylls4 ,b !y w n get ! *>act]i/ic value ( ! leg5d till1 z mature & exp]i5c$ read]s ( books & liv]s ( life1 !y come back to ,malory & ,*reti5 de ,troyes4 ,_m wise tea*]s w diss5t :olly f ?is view ( ! ,ar?ur /ories1 & 9 _m s*ools !y are pres5t$ 9 "s =m 9 ! f\r? or fif? grade1 & read 9 ! ,idylls ( ! ,k+ 9 ! sev5? & eigh?4 ,sugge/ions = lit]ature to accompany !m w be f\nd 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,anybody :o has read ?us f> c easily =etell :at w be said ab\t ! ,siegfri$ leg5d4 ,9 ! huge accumulation ( sagas1 romances1 & op]as t n[ g to make up ! leg5d1 !re are all sorts ( mat]ial--mu* ( x totally unsuit$ = *ildr54 ,s f> z ,i h be5 able to f9d1 !re has n yet be5 made--c]ta9ly n 9 ,engli%--a collection ( ! /ories good 9 itself & good = *ildr54 ,! tea*] mu/ d 8 own sift+ & arrang+1 if x seems well to /udy ! ,siegfri$ /ories )9 ! grades4 ,! collection ( ! /ories t makes up ! ,niebelung5 ,li$ is p>ticul>ly poor 9 fitt+ mat]ial1 be+ sordid & co>se 9 ! dome/ic p>ts1 & t$i\sly bloody 9 ! h]oic p>ts4 ,among ! mass ( /ories giv5 by ,morris & ,magnuss5 9 ! ,voelsunga ,saga1 & 9 ,morris' ,sigurd ! ,volsung1 "o may f9d mat]ial = mak+ 8 own epos ( ,siegfri$1 simple1 h]oic1 triumphant--! ,siegfri$ :o kill$ ,fafnir1 escap$ ! sn>es ( ,reg91 got ! ,nibelung treasure1 rode ?r\gh ! magic fire & fre$ ,brunhild4 ,y may be sure "s old saga-s+] clos$ ! /ory "h & s may we4 ,?is leaves = a mu* lat] day 9 ! *ild's life ! tragic ,siegfri$1 ^: dome/ic exp]i5ce1 ) its sordid motives1 its bitt] qu>rels & ugly subt]fuges1 is surely n beautiful or fitt+ = ! *ildr52 & ^: trea*]\s tak+-(f is foll[$ by a v5geance too grim & too m]ely fatali/ic to be plant$ 9 a *ild's consci\sness4 ,z we f9d a sort ( canon ( fairy-tales1 s we f9d a some:at accr$it$ li/ ( h]o-tales1 & ! five we h discuss$ comprise x4 ,occasionally a tea*] may enri* 8 mat]ial by an episode f ,! ,cid1 f ! ,song ( ,rol&1 f ! h]oic sagas ( ,icel&1 f "s o!r m$iaeval romance2 b !y w n deta9 him long1 nor w any "o ( !m con/itute a really good c5t] = a prolong$ /udy4 ,9 ! lat] ye>s ( ?is p]iod c]ta9 classes & c]ta9 s*ools may f9d x well to read "s ( ! lit]>y /ories ( adv5ture1 su* z ,ivanhoe1 or ,treasure ,isl&1 or ,! ,la/ ( ! ,mohicans4 ,9 ! really great /ories ( adv5ture we f9d _m ( ! ?+s we "k to be good = ! *ildr5--! l>ge room1 ! op5 atmosph]e1 =e/1 sea1 prairie1 all ! mo/ disa/r\s *ances ( w> & ( travel1 noble de$s & g5]\s "*4 ,e p>5t & tea*] recognizes ! dang] :i* lies 9 ! *ild's hav+ too mu* ev5 ( good /ory ( adv5ture4 ,& ?is sort ( /ory is ! peculi> field ( ! *eap /ory-tell]1 9 ^: "w ! weaknesses & dang]s ( ! species especially ab\nd4 ,s9ce ! out-put ( su* /ories is enorm\s1 & s9ce ! *ildr5's access to !m1 9 communities :]e !y c buy books1 or h ! use ( a public libr>y1 is practically unlimit$1 all tea*]s & p>5ts %\ld "k ! m>ks ( ! undesirable /ory ( adv5ture1 & be able to gu>d aga9/ x4 ,! weakness & dang]s ( su* a /ory are ^!3 #a4 ,! details are exagg]at$ until ! ev5t is too /rik+ & too highly flavor$1 s z to corrupt ! ta/e & create an appetite t cont9ues to dem& gross satisfaction4 #b4 ,!re are likely to be too _m s5sations4 ,! in>ti/ic /ory ( adv5ture does n "w up its incid5ts ) an accumulation ( details & an effect ( ! passage ( "t t gives x v]isimilitude1 b ru%es =w>d ) a crude & ill-dige/$ happ5+ on e five pages4 ,x is h>d to believe t any arti/ic impression is made ^u *ildr5 ^: m9ds are excit$ & jad$ by su* books4 ,!y are a m]e indulg5ce4 #c4 ,9 all b ! be/ adv5ture ! /ra9 ( susp5se & surprise is m ?an ! *ildr5 %\ld be ask$ to endure4 ,too _m exp]i5ces ( long t5sion & f9al hair-bread? escape weak5 a *ild's cr$5ce & h>d5 8 emotions s z to ru9 8 p[] ( respond+ to su* appeals4 ,! devices ( susp5se & surprise are employ$1 to be sure1 by ! ma/]s1 b g5]ally 9 due am\nt2 :ile !y are inv>iably ov]work$ by ! *eap writ] ( adv5ture4 #d4 ,! facts ( life & hi/ory are di/ort$ & discolor$4 ,?is is ! condemnation ( su* books z ! ,h5ty books4 ,!y pr(ess to atta* !mselves to hi/orical ev5ts or p]iods1 :ile z a matt] ( fact1 !y h no?+ ( ! ev5t or ! p]iod 9 !m1 except a few names & reflections ( ! mo/ obvi\s aspects ( ! m]e surface facts4 ,z reflection ( a p]iod1 or z illum9ation ( an ev5t 9 x1 !y are worse ?an useless--!y are absurdly mislead+4 ,only a g5ius1 or a /ud5t :o has imm]s$ himself 9 ! matt]1 c produce a /ory ^: psy*ology1 sociology1 & ar*aeology w ?r[ real light ^u a bygone age or ev5t4 ,!re are su* /ories1 b !y are n = elem5t>y *ildr52 or1 if !y are1 only z adv5ture1 n z hi/ory4 ,no "o :o *ooses books = *ildr5 %\ld be misl$ by ^! *eap manufactur$ /ories :i* claim z _! reason = be+ t !y h a hi/orical backgr\nd4 ,aft] all1 x is ,scott :o has giv5 u ! be/ big /ories ( adv5ture4 ,ivanhoe1 ,qu5t9 ,durw>d1 ,anne ( ,gei]/e91 ,guy ,mann]+1 ) ! prop] cond5sations & adaptations1 are ( ! be/4 ,coop]1 9 c]ta9 ( ! ,lea!r/ock+ novels1 creates ! atmosph]e ( really great adv5ture4 ,/ev5son knew ! art ( writ+ a rattl+ good /ory1 :i* yet keeps t balance ( judgm5t & s5se ( proportion1 t fai?fulness to ! tru? 7n ! fact7 ( exp]i5ce1 :i* prev5t its ev] deg5]at+ into s5sationalism4 ,quill]-,c\* & ,joseph ,conrad are two m mod]n writ]s :o h a*iev$ 9 _m cases ! level ( great /ories ( adv5ture4 ,x is n probable t *ildr5 :o are giv5 ! old] epics & romances 9 s*ool w h "t = ^! m mod]n romances ( adv5ture 9 ! class4 ,b :oev] guides _! out-(-s*ool read+1 be x p>5t or tea*]1 %\ld h 9 m9d ^! few simple gr\nds ( *oice4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,reali/ic ,,/ories ,9 ! mat]ial we use = *ildr51 :ile x is n pr(itable to draw any close di/9ctions betwe5 romantic & reali/ic /ories1 we c n fail to di/+ui% 9 g5]al betwe5 ! h]o-tale or ! folk ,ma]*51 :]e we mu/ expect pret]natural p[]s & m>vel\s ev5ts1 & ! /ory :i* purports to deal ) real p1 & ) exp]i5ces :i*1 h[ev] r>e1 are /ill possible or probable4 ,& ^! /ories ( real p & actual exp]i5ces h _! value = ! *ildr5--_! own value1 fir/ ( all1 z mak+ a di/9ct contribution to ! *ild's education1 & ano!r value z t5d+ to c\nt]act & balance ! effects ( ! ?or\ghgo+ romances4 ,no "o que/ions ! fact t !re are ill effects f too mu* romance & too _m m>vels4 ,a *ild's vision ( ! _w does become di/ort$ if x is too (t5 or too long organiz$ ^u a plan dom9at$ by ! wond]ful or ! fanta/ic2 8 s5se ( fact dull$1 if 8 imag9ation is call$ ^u to appreciate & to produce prevail+ly ! unusual comb9ations2 8 ta/e vitiat$1 if he is suppli$ too abundantly ) ^? /rik+ & sup]-emotional incid5ts :i* fill ! romances4 ,all ^! dang]s are c\nt]act$ 9 "p by ! *ild's fact-/udies1 & by 8 exp]i5ces 9 actual life4 ,b ?is is n suffici5t2 x is arti/ically due him t ! antidote %\ld h ! same k9d ( *>m z ! orig9al poison4 ,x is well1 too1 to be> 9 m9d t ev5 ! small *ildr5 %\ld be appeal$ to on sev]al sides1 & t _! ta/e %\ld be made z ca?olic z possible4 ,"o is sorry to f9d a *ild ( eight or t5 :o likes only fairy-tales1 or w>-/ories1 or detective /ories2 he %\ld l all /ories4 ,b we are m int]e/$1 naturally1 9 ! positive s]vices p]=m$ by ! /ories ( real life2 or to be m explicit1 ^? /ories told ) ! effect ( actuality1 & ) ! atmosph]e ( v]isimilitude4 ,( c\rse1 we %\ld require ( ^! /ories good =m & good writ+1 s t we may expect f !m on t side :at we expect f any good lit]ature4 ,9 addition1 we may expect !m to p]=m = ! *ildr5 & = all ( u c]ta9 di/9ctive arti/ic s]vices4 ,fir/1 !y op]ate to ?r[ back ^u actual life ! gl[ ( art4 ,^? /ories :i* use p & circum/ances t we c mat* 9 our own actual surr\nd+s & exp]i5ces impress ^u u mo/ vividly ! fact1 s important = our real culture bo? 9 art & 9 life1 t lit]ature is 9 a v real s5se a pres5tation ( life2 t ^! *>m+ p & ?+s are b images tak5 up f ! real _w1 *os5 & rais$ to ?is level1 by :i* v process !y are inve/$ ) a halo ( beauty & di/9ction4 ,?is nimbus ( art ca/s back ^u life "s ( its own radiance1 dignify+ & enri*+ x1 & to _m m9ds reveal+ = ! fir/ "t beauty & mean+ :i* !y w\ld o!rwise nev] h se52 s t we truly see & rightly int]pret _m ( ! p & ?+s 9 our own lives only aft] we h se5 ! mates ( !m 9 a /ory or a poem4 ,a gr\p ( *ildr5 :o _h be5 help$ to make a v]se ab\t rosy radi%es1 & _h !n done a wat]-color picture ( a plate ( ! same vegetable1 f\nd = _m days new & arti/ic joy 9 a groc]'s w9d[4 ,! same *ildr51 hav+ le>n$ ,l[ell's phrase ( ! d&elion's du/y gold1 7 n satisfi$ till !y _h made a beautiful phrase to r5d] ! burni%$ gold ( ! butt]-cups4 ,! same class on a picnic labor$ ) ardor to make a beautiful v]se ab\t ,une$a biscuits & g+]-ale1 to mat* ! ,p]sian's ,a ,jug ( ,w9e1 a ,loaf ( ,bread4 ,!y 7 mu* baffl$ :5 !y f9ally conclud$ t x w\ld n g--t ^! mod]n & specific articles refus$ to we> a halo4 ,! obv]se & c\nt]p>t ( ?is gl[ caught by ! actual _w f art is ! vital int]e/ t surr\nds a p]son1 or an object1 or a s5tim5t :i* we come ^u 9 a poem or a /ory1 & :i* we recognize z correspond+ to some?+ 9 our own exp]i5ce--a recognition all ! m satisfy+ if ! correspond5ce be t ( actual id5tity4 ,e tea*] ( y\ng] *ildr5 recalls at once ! t+l+ int]e/ !y feel 9 practically e /ory !y are told1 z "s incid5t or detail p>allels or sugge/s some?+ !y h kn[n--,my fa!r has se5 a be>2 ,once ,i f\nd an eagle's fea!r2 ,!re are daffodils 9 my gr&mo!r's g>d54 ,a little girl ( t5 _h be5 giv5 a v simple arrangem5t ( a melody f ,bee?ov5's ,fif? ,symphony to play on ! piano4 ,soon aft] %e _h le>n$ x1 %e 0 tak5 to he> ! symphony4 ,:5 h] melody came dropp+ 9 f ! flutes & viol9s--birds & brooks & :isp]+ leaves--%e ?rew up at h] fri5d a fla% ( radiant surprise & delight4 ,h] :ole s\l /irr$ to see "h--9 ?is /ately place1 ) ! great or*e/ra1 9 ! noble assemblage ( glori\s concords--h] fri5d1 h] little song4 ,= days %e play$ x ov] _m times e day1 ) ! greate/ t5d]ness ( expression4 ,! wise tea*] sees 9 ?is eag] recognition & id5tification "o ( ! mo/ desirable results ( lit]>y exp]i5ce1 & utilizes x z ! mo/ preci\s ( educational opportunities1 s9ce ?is mood ( delight$ recognition is ) ! y\ng] *ildr5 also ! mood ( creation1 & ) ! old] *ildr5 ! mo/ useful & practical clue to ! f9d+ ( _! own lit]>y mat]ial4 ,x is 9 ?is k9d ( /ory--^? t reflect ! ev5ts ( actual life & are conc]n$ ) ord9>y p--t we are able to introduce our *ildr5 9 art to _! contempor>ies & coevals4 ,x means mu* = a *ild's consci\sness t he %\ld develop a quick & dramatic sympa?y ) lives o!r ?an 8 own1 & yet l 8 own--) ! exp]i5ces & *>act]s ( o!r *ildr51 o!r folks' ways ( liv+4 ,?is sympa?y is among ! lit]>y products1 s9ce x is be/ develop$ & fo/]$ by lit]ature2 ?is because x is lit]ature only1 t h&les its mat]ial 9 t concrete & emotional way :i* produces ! impression ( actual reality & s]ves z a sub/itute = x4 ,tea* ! little *ildr5 ,/ev5son's ,little ,indian1 ,si\x or ,cr[1 ,little fro/y ,eskimo1 ,little ,turk or ,japanese1 & tea* x ) ! natural implications t w occur to any tea*] ( exp$i5ts1 & y w h taught !m a c]ta9 attitude ( confid5tial und]/&+ t[>d _! br[n bro!rs 79 spite ( ! decid$ly *auv9i/ic "* ( ?is ma/]piece7 t !y w\ld n h got out ( a ye> ( social hi/ory4 ,! difficulties ( *oos+ /ories ( mod]n *ild-life = tea*+ 9 s*ool are s]i\s4 ,!y are mo/ likely to be ?9 9 mat]ial1 flimsy 9 /ructure1 trivial 9 /yle1 s5tim5tal 9 atmosph]e1 s t !y fall to pieces "u ! te/ ( /udy 9 a class ( acute & que/ion+ *ildr54 ,x is be/ n to *oose any long book ( ?is sort4 ,= ! y\ng] *ildr5 use ! %ort] bits ( /ory1 su* z may be f\nd 9 ,laura ,ri*>ds' ,five ,m9ute ,/ories1 or su* z any tea*] may collect = h]self f _m s\rces2 occasionally "o may f9d a p]fect specim5 9 "o ( ! *ildr5's p]iodicals1 & !re is n[ a weal? ( su* ?+s 9 v]se4 ,we mu/ be w>y ( ^? books ab\t *ildr51 int]pretative ( *ildr51 ( :i* our own day has produc$ s _m *>m+ specim5s1 ^: appeal is entirely to adults4 ,su* are ,pat]'s ,! ,*ild 9 ! ,h\se1 & ,k5ne? ,graham's ,! ,gold5 ,age4 ,"p ( ,a ,*ild's ,g>d5 ( ,v]ses is ( ?is k9d4 ,( ?is sort1 too1 is ! pretty little ,emmy ,l\1 an int]pretation ( a *ild's consci\sness1 n a *ildr5's /ory4 ,! g5]al "q ( ! read+ ( juv5iles w be left = a *apt] ( miscellanies f>!r on4 ,x is n possible to make any long book ab\t *ildr5 ! c5t] ( a class's "w4 ,su* mat]ial is be/ us$ z a sort ( res]ve1 a recreation f "t to "t1 & is be/ giv5 9 %ort /ories t c be read at int]vals2 or if x be a long /ory1 "o t c be di/ribut$ among ! o!r read+4 ,x is true ( ?is k9d ( /ory too1 t ! be/ results come ( us+ mat]ial n made especially = *ildr51 b :i* appeals to *ildr51 h[ev]1 because x appeals to univ]sal & elem5tal human nature4 ,among ! folk-tales are _m ( ! reali/ic type t are mo/ s]viceable4 ,l ! folk fairy-tales !y h t my/]i\sly b truly univ]sal appeal1 :i* makes !m *ildlike1 ?\gh orig9ally !y 7 n made = *ildr54 ,!y are ^? comic & reali/ic tales :i* may orig9ally h be5 co>se1 b :i* h be5 ref9$ by ye>s & w9n[$ by use until !y h tak5 on a =m & value l ^? ( "s piece ( anci5t peasant h&-"w--!y are simple1 g5u9e1 homely art4 ,su* are ,kluge ,else1 ,hans 9 ,luck1 ,great ,claus & ,little ,claus1 ,! ,?ree ,sillies & all ! delightful company ( noodles1 & ! great family ( pla9 folks ) _! homely affairs4 ,( c\rse1 ! great classic ( ! reali/ic me?od suit$ = *ildr5 is ,rob9son ,crusoe4 ,f ! days ( ,r\sseau :o designat$ x z ! "o book to be giv5 to 8 ideally educat$ *ild1 tea*]s h appreciat$ its value4 ,inde$1 a v curi\s1 b n unnatural1 ?+ has happ5$1 9 ! fact t ?is book has be5 s long & closely associat$ ) *ildr5 t x has come to be consid]$ a sort ( nurs]y classic1 a wond]-tale compos$ = infants1 by ho/s ( p :o h no idea t x is 9 reality a ma/]ly reali/ic novel & a pr(\ndly philosophical culture-docum5t--an epo*-mak+ piece ( art4 ,=tunately1 x is easy to prep>e x = ! *ildr52 x is l>gely a matt] ( leav+ out ! reflective passages1 & ( translat+ into mod]n ,engli% ! v few phrases & turns ( expression n[ obsolete4 ,"o w\ld deplore ! r$uction ( ! /ory = any purpose to m]e babble--to words ( "o syllable1 or any o!r =m t de/roys ! flavor ( ,defoe's conv9c+ /yle4 ,x is easy to arrange ! exp]i5ces s t ! /ory s]ves ! purposes ( a cycle--a s+le exp]i5ce con/itut+ a portion :i* may be treat$ z a complete ?+2 = example1 ! mak+ ( ! baskets1 ! con/ruction ( ! pots1 ! sav+ ( ! se$4 ,rob9son ,crusoe is a treasure to _m a grade tea*]1 because x really correlates beautifully ) "w t ! *ildr5 are do+1 or might well be do+1 9 ! ?ird & f\r? grades2 :e!r 9 _! hi/ory /udy1 :]e !y are devis+ food & %elt]1 or h advanc$ to ! /udy ( trades & crafts2 or1 "u an entirely diff]5t s*eme1 h />t$ on ! /udy ( voyag]s & coloni/s4 ,! art & ! *>m ( ,rob9son ,crusoe1 & ! secret ( its lit]>y value = ! *ild1 lie 9 ! p[] ( ! %e] realism--a realism n s mu* ( mat]ial z ( me?od--to hold & conv9ce u4 ,a "p ( ?is realism is ! ri*ness & homel9ess ( detail2 ! pa9/ak+ record ( failures & t5tative a*ievem5ts2 ! calm1 judicial view ( exp]im5ts2 ! colorless fl[ ( long p]iods ( "t2 ! homely1 & z x 7 dome/ic1 wor? ( ,crusoe's successes4 ,oh1 x is a great & conv9c+ book6 ,h[ great & h[ conv9c+ "o may realize :5 he reads ! only "o ( ! innum]able ,rob9sons1 tak+ _! inspiration f ,defoe's book1 t really survives--! ,swiss ,family ,rob9son1 ) its facile & too (t5 fatu\s ease ( accompli%m5t1 its total lack ( reality1 its /upid & blund]+ didacticism1 its impossible jumble ( detail1 its commonplace romance2 yet1 we mu/ reluctantly add1 its unfail+ *>m = ! *ildr54 ,t a book ) all ^! faults keeps its hold ^u ! successive g5]ations ( *ildr5 is te/imony to ! fact t its basis ( int]e/1 :i* is also = *ildr5 ! ess5tial int]e/ ( ,rob9son ,crusoe--! old f\ndation process ( gett+ fire & ro( & coat & bread--is ! romance t is =ev] fre% & ?rill+4 ,! exce$+ly ?or\ghgo+ realism ( ! me?od 7notice1 n ! l>ge frame-"w1 :i* is suffici5tly romantic7 ( ,rob9son ,crusoe w\ld sugge/ at once t x might pr(itably be accompani$ by "s bits ( lit]ature t w\ld ?r[ a m romantic & ideali/ic color+ ^u ! primitive craftsman & 8 craft1 & ^u ! exp]i5ces ( voyag] & coloni/4 ,su* w\ld be ,bret ,h>te's ,columbus1 ,mrs4 ,hemans' ,! ,l&+ ( ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs1 ,m>vell's ,b]mudas 7) a few difficult l9es omitt$74 ,longfell['s ,jasp] ,bec]ra1 ! tw5ty-?ird ,psalm1 & sev]al *apt]s f ,treasure ,isl&4 ,e tea*] c\ld add o!r titles4 ,! old] *ildr5--^? ( ! sev5? & eigh? grades--may pr(itably read 9 s*ool1 = ! sake ( ! intellectual exp]i5ce1 a classic detective /ory or a /ory ^: plot & evolution pres5t an almo/ purely intellectual problem4 ,x is true t ! air ( intellectual acum5 t p]vades mo/ ( ^! /ories is speci\s1 & t !y are 9 reality1 & z a rule1 %all[ & unlogical pieces ( reason+4 ,b x takes an old] & m exp]t p]son to see ?is = himself4 ,! tea*] %\ld try to qualify 8 *ildr5 = judg+ a good /ory ( ?is k9d1 & save !m1 if possible1 f ! detective-/ory habit1 :i* wa/es mu* good "t & fills a *ild's m9d ) v *eap problems4 ,b if he *oose a good /ory ( ?is k9d = read+ ) 8 class1 he may help to set _! m9ds go+ 9 t region :]e ! imag9ation mu/ ally itself ) logic & ) a reason$ & inevitable progress ( ev5ts4 ,prop]ly *annel$1 ?is is a mo/ valuable exp]i5ce1 bo? f ! purely m5tal & f ! lit]>y po9ts ( view4 ,aft] all1 ! be/ detective /ory 9 ,engli% is ,poe's ,! ,gold ,bug4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 t elem5t 9 ,treasure ,isl&1 b1 be+ !re s int]wov5 ) ! romantic & adv5tur\s details ( t delectable tale1 x is n likely to yield = ! *ildr5 t peculi> bit ( tra9+ :i* !y might get f ! m unmix$ intellectuality & m obvi\s realism ( ,! ,gold ,bug4 ,x is difficult to "k :at to say1 & :]e to say x1 conc]n+ ,don ,quixote4 ,t triumphant book is assur$ly a ma/]piece ( ! reali/ic me?od4 ,x came z an antidote & tonic1 help+ to re/ore heal? & sanity to a romance-sick _w1 & x ought to h a place 9 ! discipl9e ( c]ta9 k9ds ( "y p4 ,b x _c be said t ?is place is always )9 ! elem5t>y p]iod1 unless a c]ta9 grade or c]ta9 *ildr5 h _h a peculi> exp]i5ce & c be said to ne$ x4 ,if ! grade has _h ! ,k+ ,ar?ur /ories ( ,malory or ,t5nyson 9 l>ge am\nts ) a v e>ne/ tea*]1 !y c v c]ta9ly be said to ne$ ,don ,quixote--always1 ( c\rse1 %ort5$ & expurgat$1 & 9 c>efully *os5 episodes2 f :i* process--su* is its ess5tial greatness1 & su* ! "* ( its unity--x suff]s less ?an any o!r /ory 9 ! _w4 ,we %\ld be q aw>e ( ! dang] ( giv+ ! *ildr5 any l>ge am\nt ( ?is peculi> k9d ( realism--t :i* con/itutes itself a satire & a sort ( p>ody on "s ov]-s]i\s bit ( romance4 ,no?+ is m dead5+ & m commonplace ?an ?is peculi> =m ( wit1 :5 x becomes a habit or (f]s itself 9 a mass4 ,b ! peculi> vitality & ri*ness ( ,don ,quixote lifts x f> above ! level ( p>ody1 con/itut+ x a magnific5t orig9al piece ( art 9 itself4 ,h[ev]1 ! :ole "q mu/ be left op54 ,x may be t n until he is f> along 9 ! second>y s*ool or 9 college is ! s*ol> suff]+ = ,don ,quixote1 or capable ( appreciat+ x4 ,among ! old] *ildr5 ! note ( realism & wit may be s\nd$ 9 a wisely *os5 essay4 ,( c\rse1 !y are n ready = ! indirect & allusive mann]1 nor = ! lyric egoism1 ( ! pure lit]>y essay4 ,b !re are essays ( ,lamb's1 a v few ( ,/eele's1 "s ( ,sidney ,smi?'s1 "s ( ! m lit]>y ( ,burr\ghs' nature-/udies1 bits ( ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes & ,*>les ,dudley ,w>n]1 t are ideal = !m4 ,%all we sum up by say+ t1 on ! :ole1 we f9d ! romantic & fanciful /ories be/ suit$ 9 =m & _s to ! elem5t>y *ildr52 s9ce reali/ic /ories t are really good art1 are1 z a rule1 too mature & too difficult = ! *ildr51 & reali/ic /ories ( ! juv5ile type are n good en\gh ei!r 9 =m or 9 cont5t to ju/ify long class /udy8 ,h[ev]1 c]ta9 di/9ctive & desirable results may be expect$ f specim5s int]wov5 "h & !re ( t k9d ( /ory :i* repres5ts real life1 :i* uses ev5ts bo? possible & probable1 & :i* h&les its mat]ial by ! me?od ( reali/ic detail4 ,9 ! e>lie/ ye>s ^! may be secur$ by ! read+ ( well-*os5 little /ories ( mod]n *ildr5--inde$1 ( any mod]n mat]ial1 provid$ x be simple en\gh--& by ! tea*+ ( v]ses :i* reflect aspects ( actual life--human life or nature4 ,9 ! ?ird or f\r? grade ,rob9son ,crusoe =ms a desirable basis = ! ye>'s "w4 ,x %\ld always be accompani$ by %ort] bits ( a m romantic & h]oic type4 ,lat] 9 ! elem5t>y p]iod--say 9 ! six? or sev5? grade--! reasonable & practical elem5t may be introduc$ 9 ! =m ( a /ory ( ! detective k9d--a /ory ^: plot pres5ts an intellectual problem1 ^: atmosph]e & me?od make ! impression ( actual fact4 ,& 9 ! sev5? & eigh? grade ^! same purposes--t ( exhibit+ to ! *ildr5 actual human life z art sees x1 t ( br++ !m into educational contact ) ! reali/ic me?od1 t ( c\nt]act+ any possible m5tal dang] f too mu* romance & adv5ture--may be s]v$ by essays *os5 on pr9ciples already _m times sugge/$4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,nature ,,& ,,animal ,,/ories ,9 a discussion ( ^! /ories we %\ld aga9 take to ourselves ! w>n+ t we mu/ gu>d con/antly & c>efully aga9/ too n>r[ a view ( lit]ature4 ,! reckless lack ( k & exp]i5ce t sweeps into ! category ( lit]ature ev]y?+ express$ 9 words is s irritat+ to a c>eful /ud5t t he is always 9 dang] ( all[+ 8 irritation to help c>ry him to ! o!r extreme--t ( an unca?olic exclusiv5ess4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 be aw>e ( ! fact t o!r k9ds ( writ+1 entirely te*nical & special 9 _! simpl] v>ieties1 are con/antly approa*+ ! bord]s ( lit]ature1 z !y become m & m humaniz$1 draw ab\t !m m & m ( emotional association1 & take on m ( ! graces ( ! arts ( writ+4 ,we mu/ be aw>e ( ?is1 & we mu/ be1 z x 71 con/antly on ! look\t = a possible new arrival among ! k9ds ( lit]ature1 & be prep>$ to give x hospitality2 & we mu/ ackn[l$ge t "s ( ! results :i* we desire to accompli% ?r\gh g5u9e lit]ature are accompli%$ ?r\gh ^? ?+s t h only "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( lit]ature4 ,b /ill1 = ! sake ( ! good p$agogical & critical consci5ce1 & = ! sake ( keep+ ! fundam5tal di/9ctions z cle> z possible1 ! tea*] ne$s to "k precisely :at he is do+ :5 he is us+ ?is mat]ial4 ,he mu/ decide1 9 ! v e>lie/ ye>s ( a *ild's education1 :e!r he is tea*+ facts & !ories1 or pres5t+ art1 9 8 /ory4 ,! cu/om ( us+ animals & plants to repres5t human be+s & to express human mean+s is z old z folk-art itself4 ,q z old1 too1 is ! revelation t ! creatures h individualities & p]sonalities ( _! own to be dramatically & sympa!tically set =? 9 t]ms ( human psy*ology1 9 default ( a tru] "o4 ,! m9d ( man goe? n back to ! "t :5 ! fox1 ! cock1 & ! ass--,reyn>d1 ,*anticle]1 & ,brunel--! rabbit1 ! eagle1 ! oak1 & ! v9e1 7 n well-def9$ *>act]s1 well provid$ ) affairs4 ,b ?is e>ly folk treatm5t ( ! creatures 0 di/9ctly art1 occasionally morals1 b n sci5ce4 ,x did n aim to tea* ! facts z to ! /ructure & habits ( ! creatures z life-=ms4 ,x int]pret$ human life ?r\gh !m or !m by means ( human t]ms4 ,precisely "h we mu/ beg9 our discrim9ation betwe5 real lit]ature & nature-/ories4 ,! long+ to pass d[n to ! infant m9d ! results ( sci5tific discov]y has produc$ 9 our g5]ation 7p]haps x 0 really produc$ 9 ! g5]ation prec$+ ours7 an enorm\s crop ( mo/ anomal\s gr[?s 9 ?is field ( nature-/ories4 ,a favorite me?od ( tea*+ a *ild ! facts ab\t any object or process 9 nature has be5 to translate x into a /ory ( human affairs1 or draw x up z a picture ( a human situation1 involv+ naturally & inevitably1 a multitude ( extrane\s or mislead+ details4 ,= example1 we w\ld tea* a *ild ab\t ! di/ribution ( ! d&elion plant4 ,s we con/ruct ! ,/ory ( ! ,d&elion ,se$4 ,n[1 !re und\bt$ly is a /ory ( ! d&elion se$4 ,incid5t foll[s incid5t1 /age foll[s /age1 f bloom to bloom aga9--e /ep beautiful & int]e/+ 9 itself1 & to be completely tru/$ to make its own appeal1 j display$ = itself4 ,b "s p d\bt ?is4 ,!y h lo/1 or h nev] acquir$1 t fai? 9 nature & h] processes :i* tru/s to ?is appeal2 & !n !y long--& ?is is q natural--to enli/ 9 aid ( _! fact-/udies ! *>m & ! emotion t lies 9 lit]ature4 ,s !y end[ ! ,d&elion ,se$ ) a papa & a mama--a jovial suburbanite ( a papa1 & a fussy1 s5tim5taliz+ mama--) a cradle1 ) a vocabul>y1 ) a sy/em ( morals 7!re are ev5 naughty ,d&elion ,se$s71 & ) _m feel+s4 ,!y tell ab\t 8 home1 8 infancy1 8 tra9+1 8 dep>ture1 8 settl+ 9 a new home--all ! :ile ) ! int5tion ( tea*+ _! infants ! facts1 b all ! :ile cov]+ !m up "u a trivial & unnecess>y my?4 ,9 ! end ! product is scorn$ by sci5ce = its ov]lay ( mislead+ detail1 & reject$ by art = ! obnoxi\s intrusion ( "w-a-day & pr(essional fact4 ,n[1 let :o w believe t su* /ories & v]ses are a legitimate way ( convey+ or ( illum9at+ sci5tific fact2 b let him n suppose t !y are lit]ature4 ,! case is diff]5t :5 ! tea*] ( fact happ5s to f9d 9 art1 9 real lit]ature1 "s picture or detail ) :i* to emotionalize & beautify 8 fact4 ,x does sometimes happ5 t ! poem1 ! folk-tale1 ! fable1 has set 9 "s *>m+ human light c]ta9 aspects ( ! object :i* ! *ildr5 are /udy+4 ,!y are entitl$ to ^! to help !m to see _! object or ev5t 9 ! r\nd4 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t no piece ( lit]ature t h&les = its purposes natural objects c af=d to be flagrantly inaccurate4 ,we all "k h[ neatly ,john ,burr\ghs punctur$ ,longfell['s bit ( pa?os1 ,!re are no birds 9 la/ ye>'s ne/s1 by prov+ t _m species ( birds devote !mselves to secur+ & occupy+ la/ ye>'s ne/s4 ,b 9 ! ma9 x is tru? r ?an fact t lit]ature gives u--tru?1 or fact color$ & int]pret$ by p]sonal association & emotion2 we mu/ n ask colorless fact ( h]1 & x is ! mo/ unpr(itable quibbl+ to dem& ( h] sci5tific exactness1 :i* is always prosaic4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no place 9 nature-/udy = ! imag9ation ( inv5tion1 nor = any ( ^? /rik+ & dramatic effects arrang$ & calculat$1 secur$ by manipulation & *oice ( mat]ial--effects :i* are ! v native me?od ( lit]ature4 ,b writ+ ab\t animals & objects 9 nature may become lit]ature :51 los+ sight ( ! ne$ ( tea*+ fact1 ( giv+ pr(essional in/ruction1 x pres5ts !m z p]sonalities1 :5 x humanizes !m1 ei!r by attribut+ to !m human qualities & feel+s1 or by surr\nd+ !m ) an atmosph]e ( human emotion & exp]i5ce2 x may become good lit]ature :5 x does ^! ?+s well2 ! *ances are all aga9/ its becom+ great lit]ature at all4 ,if ! nature-/ory mak+ use ( lit]>y devices1 b design$ to tea* sci5tific fact1 is anomal\s1 ! case is no bett]1 arti/ically or educationally1 :5 ! /ory ( an animal is made ! propag&a ( ! ,humane ,society1 or ( ! anti-vivisectioni/s1 or ( any o!r believ]s1 no matt] h[ j & important may be _! belief or doctr9e4 ,i h kn[n a *ild ^: outlook 0 prejudic$1 & ^: m5tal repose mo/ s]i\sly di/urb$1 by an ov]-e>ne/ & ov]-color$ /ory ( ! suff]+s ( a des]v+ & ph5om5ally s5sitive cab-horse2 & ?is morbid s5se ( suff]+ 0 ! result ( read+ a book ^: /yle 0 commonplace1 ^: /ructure 0 *aotic1 ^: s5tim5t 0 melodramatic1 & ^: psy*ology 0 guesswork--:i* did n yield1 9 a ^w1 a s+le "o ( ! desirable fruits ( lit]ature4 ,we mu/ devise "s way to pres]ve & to deep5 9 our little p t humor\s1 lov+ sympa?y ) our furry & hairy bro!rs1 m :olesome & natural ?an /ories ( suicidal ponies1 revolution>y /allions1 p]secut$ p>tridges1 & he>t-brok5 ma/iffs4 ,bett] ?an any libr>y ( books ab\t !m is ! fri5d%ip ( "o dog or horse1 or ! c>e ( any1 ! humble/1 pet4 ,& at lea/ we may rem9d ourselves t we d n h to accompli% ! awak5+ ( t or any o!r sympa?y at ! co/ ( tea*+ z lit]ature /ories undesirable & in>ti/ic4 ,! olde/ ( bea/-tales available = occid5tal *ildr5 is ! /ory ( ,reyn>d ! ,fox4 ,we all "k h[ !re grew up ab\t ! orig9al core ( ! /ory a va/ accretion ( mat]ial1 :i* became ev] m & m satirical & ab/ract1 until f9ally ! orig9al folk-cycle 0 buri$ "u x4 ,( c\rse1 9 ! lat] =ms ! tales are mo/ un*ildlike4 ,b x is n s difficult to extract f ! cycle ! orig9al simpl] "o--or at lea/ to get toge!r a cycle :i* has ! simplicity1 ! s9c]ity1 & ! objectivity ( g5u9e folk-art4 ,! *ildr5 love ! tales1 & get s mu* out ( !m t x is a pity = any *ild to miss !m completely2 ?\gh ,i %\ld nev] advise t _m ( ! tales be read to !m cont9u\sly4 ,to d ?is w\ld be to imm]se !m 9 an atmosph]e ( trick]y4 ,x is bett] to keep ! /ory ly+ by1 & to read !m an episode n[ & !n 9 ! int]vals ( some?+ m s]i\s4 ,_m p w "q ! moral effect ( /ories 9 :i* ! rascal uni=mly triumphs1 z 9 ,reyn>d4 ,b ,i h obs]v$1 among ! *ildr5 ) :om ,i h read x1 t !y are nev] 9 sympa?y ) ,reyn>d1 & are nev] pleas$ ) 8 triumphs4 ,?is is 9 /rik+1 & 9 "s respects puzzl+1 contra/ ) ! fact t ! triumphs & successes ( ,bre'r ,rabbit 9 ,uncle ,remus always delight ! *ildr54 ,! tales t ,joel ,*&l] ,h>ris has assembl$ 9 ?is collection con/itute a mo/ *>m+ & usable bea/-epic4 ,! univ]sal sympa?y ) ?is h]o may be enc\rag$ & enjoy$ )\t misgiv+1 because ,bre'r ,rabbit succe$s by subtlety1 :]e ,reyn>d succe$s by knav]y4 ,bre'r ,rabbit's triumphs are ^? ( %e] intellect1 z truly z are ^? ( ,odysseus1 :ile ,reyn>d's are ^? ( l[ & cruel cunn+4 ,x is impossible to exagg]ate ! access ( *>m & int]e/ t inve/ ! ,uncle ,remus /ories because ( ,uncle ,remus himself4 ,he is ! g5u9e folk /ory-tell]1 full ( fai? & s9c]ity1 yet /eep$ 9 humor1 & gift$ ) ! s5se ( ess5tial reality2 add to ?is t he is a g5tle s\l1 a devot$ lov] ( *ildhood1 ) a nev]-fail+ s5se ( ! rev]5ce due ! *ild4 ,:ile to ^? :o "k ! negro dialect ! /ories lose mu* by translation1 /ill !y are good en\gh to be> ev5 ?is te/1 & su* translation is necess>y = "s gr\ps ( *ildr54 ,l ! ,reyn>d tales1 ^? ( ,bre'r ,rabbit are be/ ins]t$ "h & !re ?r\gh\t ! ye> & n read 9 a mass4 ,! fables--all ^? ori5tal & classic ones t are call$ ,aesop's1 z well z _m ( ,la ,fonta9e's--are1 f ! lit]>y po9t ( view ! be/ ( ! animal /ories4 ,leave q out ( view _! morali/ic & figurative mean+s1 & mo/ ( !m are sympa!tic & dramatic pres5tations ( ! animals !mselves1 ) ^? wid] human implications t make an anecdote ab\t an animal lit]ature r ?an sci5ce4 ,! family or ! s*oolroom t c possess a copy ( ,b\tet de ,monvel's ,la ,fonta9e has 9 ! pictures ! mo/ *>m+ & p5etrat+ criticism & int]pretation ( ! fables !mselves1 ( ! animals :o appe> 9 !m1 & ( ! motives & exp]i5ces t lie beh9d !m4 ,scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! folk-tales & among ! fairy-/ories t we "k be/ are "s fasc9at+ animal /ories4 ,! folk-m9d is always impress$ 9 an imag9ative way ) ! relation betwe5 man & ! animals--n always a lov+ or sympa!tic relation4 ,!y feel1 :at ! mod]n writ+ humanit>ian seems to h det]m9$ to ignore1 t deep1 psy*ic1 inscrutable animosity1 be x in/9ct or race-memory or :atev] x may be1 t has always exi/$ betwe5 man & ! bea/s2 ?\gh !re are among practically all ! folk ^: tales we h collect$1 /ories ( grateful bea/s1 ( fri5dly & s]viceable animals4 ,!n !re are su* classics z ,! ,little ,r$ ,h51 ,h5ny-,p5ny1 ,! ,?ree ,billy-,goats1 & ,! ,musicians ( ,brem51 ^: p]fection ( art z /ories & z pres5tations ( life is beyond criticism4 ,! native /ories ( _m ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian tribes h a *>m+ way ( pres5t+ ! animals4 ,un=tunately1 mo/ ( our ,indian folk-lore 0 collect$ & r$uc$ to lit]>y =m 9 :at "o may call ! blaue ,blume p]iod ( folk-lore collect+1 & is spoil$ ev]y:]e by ! ov]s5tim5tal /ra9 ( ! p]iod4 ,we c\ld well sp>e an occasional acc\nt ( :at "o might inf] to be a common habit ( love-lorn ,indian maid5s--t ( ca/+ !mselves headlong f inaccessible cliffs at sunset1--to make room = "s ( ! humor\s & fanciful tales ( ! animals t ! ,indians knew s well & to :i* !y liv$ s ne>4 ,! ,zuni folk-tales collect$ by ,frank ,cu%+ h mu* ( ?is elem5t 9 !m1 & x con/itutes "o ( _! _m *>ms4 ,ea/ ,indian folk-lore is peculi>ly ri* 9 tales ( animals--fables1 bits ( bea/-wisdom & bea/-adv5ture4 ,x may be t ?is fact co-op]at$ ) 8 own gift to make ,rudy>d ,kipl+ ! greate/ ( all mod]n mak]s ( animal-/ories4 ,! ,jungle ,books /& unique & imp]i%able z "o ( ! p]fect art-products ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,l ev]y?+ else t is true art1 ^! /ories nev] become /ale4 ,?is gives !m a peculi> value4 ,= ! *ildr5 :o h _h !m at home are always will+ to he> !m aga9 ) ! class4 ,we c read !m to ! ?ird grade = ! /ory1 & ) ! six? grade = ! /yle1 & ! eigh? grade is n above he>+ ,toomai ( ! ,elephants at any "t4 ,! tea*] himself w f9d unfail+ satisfaction 9 !m because1 9 addition to all _! *>ms z int]pretations ( ! bea/s & pres5tation ( human nature1 !y %[ all ! m>ks ( exp]t workman%ip4 ,?is appe>s 9 ! ma/]ly /ructure ( ! /ory1 ! organization ( ! mat]ial1 ! economy ( incid5t1 ! successful /yle :i* comb9es 9 a mo/ unusual way1 a res]ve & f9i% t w\ld become a lit]>y essayi/1 ) a p[] ( vivid & /rik+ phrase t *>act]izes ! mo/ successful j\rnali/4 ,s t tea*] & *ildr5 are bo? int]e/$ & discipl9$ by e read+ ( ! ,jungle ,books4 ,among all _! v]se lit]ature1 f ! ,"m ,goose melodies to ,wordswor? 9 ! eigh? grade1 ! *ildr5 w f9d poems ab\t animals4 ,a catalogue ( ! nurs]y & fairy-book animals is a v in/ructive docum5t--inde$1 a catalogue ( poetical bea/s 9 g5]al1 is v illum9at+4 ,all ! v]ses ab\t animals t h come d[n to u 9 ! tradition>y j+les are good z art & on ! :ole1 fair to ! animals4 ,baa1 ,black ,%eep1 ,! ,m\se ,ran ,up ! ,clock1 ,johnny ,%ut]'s ,m>e1 & all ! o!rs1 yield ! fruits ( lit]ature1 b only aft] mu* tortur+1 ! fruits ( sci5ce4 ,gradually to ^! we add su* z ,c[p]'s tame b t\*+ pictures ( 8 pets2 ,wordswor?'s t5d] & f>-see+ poems ab\t ! %eph]ds & _! flocks1 ! doe & ! h>t1 ! pet lamb1 ! fai?ful dogs2 ,blake's wond]ful pair ( poems1 ,! ,tig] & ,! ,lamb2 ,m>y ,lamb's exquisite picture ( ! boy & ! snake2 ,em]son's ,! ,bumble ,bee2 ^? spl5did imag9ative *>act]izations ( ! bea/s f ! ?irty-eigh? to ! =ty-fir/ *apt]s ( ,job2 ,! ,jackdaw ( ,rheims2 ,h[ ,!y ,br\ght ! ,good ,news4 ,:y ext5d ! actual li/8 ,!y are all ?+s t place ! animals :i* appe> 9 !m 9 _! romantic or t5d] relations to human be+s1 or int]pret 9 a dramatic & lit]>y way ! imag9>y consci\sness ( ! animal4 ,!re is little dang] ( mak+ poetry t is good en\gh to be giv5 z poetry1 d ! "w ( in=mation-tea*+4 ,x seems easy to see 9 ! case ( ! poem1 ) its m imag9ative me?od & its m artificial =m1 t y spoil x z art :5 y tea* x z sci5ce4 ,?is fact is equally true ( a good lit]>y /ory4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,symboli/ic ,,/ories1 ,,fables1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,apologues ,x is n possible1 9 ! plan adopt$ = ?is little book1 to keep ! topics always /rictly ap>t4 ,x is n possible1 = example1 to relegate to "o section all "o has to say ab\t folk- & fairy-/ories1 & to ano!r all ab\t fables1 because ea* type has s _m aspects & radiations4 ,fables are /ories2 mo/ ( !m are animal-/ories2 !y are symboli/ic or figurative or allegorical--s t "o mu/ approa* !m f _m po9ts ( view1 & take !m into consid]ation 9 _m connections4 ,!re ne$ be1 !re=e1 no apology = tak+ up 9 ?is new section topics p>tially discuss$ else:]e4 ,x seems q consonant ) our be/ conclusions ab\t y\ng] *ildr5 to say t1 on ! :ole1 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( _! s*ool life _! lit]ature %\ld be ( t objective k9d :]e no m is meant ?an meets ! eye4 ,!y may h tales ( adv5ture1 ( pla9 exp]i5ce1 ( highly imag9ative exp]i5ce1 ( animal life1 ( fairyl&2 b z f> z possible let !m be su* z conta9 no occult & second>y mean+s4 ,!re are _m ?+s desirable = all *ildr51 & "u c]ta9 s*ool conditions compulsory or indisp5sable = "s *ildr51 :i* d h ?is second>y mean+4 ,su*1 if "o uses !m1 are ! /ories f ! great my?s2 su* are practically all ( ,&]s5's ,ma]*52 su* are ! leg5d>y /ories ( ! ,hebrew patri>*s4 ,( c\rse1 ! p>5t or tea*] :o pres5ts ^! ?+s to 8 *ildr5 may say t ! *ildr5 nev] p]ceive or ev5 suspect an inn] mean+4 ,& x is true t1 ) great c>e & skill1 ! objective upp] surface may be kept be=e "s *ildr54 ,b1 on ! :ole1 x is good morality & good p$agogy to give to ! *ildr5 no?+ t y are n will+1 ev5 desir\s1 t !y %\ld probe to ! bottom4 ,x is always a mis=tune :5 "o mu/ say to a *ild1 ,i c't expla9 t to y n[2 ,y c't und]/& t yet2 s mu* a mis=tune t no tea*] %\ld ev] invite x4 ,if y h ev] look$ into ! faces ( ! fif? grade :5 !y 7 se>*+ y ) que/ions to get at ! mean+ ( ,&]s5's pessimi/ic /ory ( ,! ,little ,:ite ,h52 if y h se5 ! six? grade gr[ melan*oly1 ) a vague augury ( tr\ble !y c\ld n fa?om1 :5 y h read to !m ! brilliant b tragic little apologue ( ,mr4 ,segu9's ,goat2 if y h be5 oblig$ to expla9 to "s puzzl$ & suspici\s eight-ye>-old ! raison d'etre ( ! clock-tick+ alligator 9 ,pet] ,pan1 y h resolv$ h]eaft] to give !m no symbolism1 or to give !m symbolism ^: pres5ce !y c\ld n possibly suspect 7a mo/ difficult ?+ to d 9 ! case ( t _m-m9d$1 hundr$-ey$ *ild1 ! class71 or to give su* symbolism z w\ld invite !m into pa?s :]e y w\ld gladly h !m walk1 ^: mo/ ultimate implication y are at lea/ will+ to expla9 to !m4 ,( c\rse1 ?is pr9ciple _c be pu%$ to its logical extreme2 m]ely logical extremes are always absurd4 ,"o does n g into ! philosophical dep?s ( ! special hi/orical epo* he *ooses = 8 *ildr51 nor does he in/ruct !m 9 ! remote sci5tific pr9ciples beh9d _! w9d[-g>d5 or _! aqu>ium ( polywogs & salam&]s4 ,b1 if he is wise1 he hopes to *oose su* "w1 & pres5t su* aspects ( x1 z conta9 no insoluble my/]y1 & d n tempt ! *ildr5 into pa?s = :i* _! feet are n ready4 ,s1 :5 "o is *oos+ lit]ature x is v easy to fill all ! "t ! *ildr5 h = x 9 ! fir/ f\r or five ye>s ( s*ool ) ?+s t are l>gely objective1 & t1 s f> z _! l>ge framework goes1 mean j :at !y say4 ,inde$1 w n mo/ mod]n tea*]s conc$e t ?r\gh\t ! p]iod & 9 all 8 subjects x is = ! m5tal good ( ! *ild n to be call$ ^u too frequ5tly to =mulate pr9ciples1 or habitually to look bel[ ! surface ( 8 facts = int]pretations & second>y mean+s8 ,( c\rse1 he mu/ be l$ by ! natural /ages to see ?r\gh figures ( spee*1 & to und]/& & apply prov]bs1 & ! prov]bial mann] ( spee*4 ,prov]bs1 inde$1 exemplify & epitomize ! ess5tially lit]>y type ( ?9k+ & speak+4 ,!y are concrete & picturesque r ?an ab/ract1 specific r ?an g5]al1 ?\gh we are to und]/& by !m also ! ab/ract & ! g5]al2 ?is is ! fact t gives !m _! unique value z lit]>y tra9+4 ,! tea*] mu/ call ^u 8 wisdom 9 *oos+ prov]bs suitable = ! *ildr54 ,_m prov]bs are pessimi/ic1 ev5 cynical3 ,x nev] ra9s b x p\rs2 _m embody a m]ely commonplace or unmoral code3 ,hone/y is ! be/ policy2 "s are ambigu\s3 ,!re's honor among ?ieves2 "s ! mod]n _w has outgr[n2 _m are too mature1 too occult1 or too worldly = a *ild4 ,b a great /ore rema9s--vivid1 practical bits ( exp]i5ce & te/$ wisdom :i* w develop a *ild's m5tal quickness1 w d some?+ t[>d equipp+ him ) ! common wisdom ( 8 race1 & w accu/om him to "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic me?ods ( lit]ature4 ,?is is a good place to say t good results nev] seem to come ( ask+ ! *ildr5 = an exposition ( ! prov]b4 ,inde$1 x is extremely difficult to get f *ildr5 an exposition or def9ition ( any k9d4 ,! bett] way ( mak+ sure t !y h appropriat$ a prov]b is to ask !m to inv5t or re-call an incid5t or a situation to :i* ! prov]b w apply4 ,naturally ?is is n an ex]cise = ! y\nge/ *ildr54 ,9 ! e>li] ye>s a great _m ( ! simple old fables may be taught4 ,"o is tempt$ to say t ! tradition>y or giv5 moral %\ld nev] be told to ! *ildr52 b t is a little too sweep+4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 x is bett] to lead !m to make _! own int]pretation or g5]alization1 9 ^? cases :]e su* a ?+ is desir$4 ,=1 z a matt] ( fact1 _m ( ! fables are s good z /ories t !y may (t5 be left to /& m]ely z pleasant tales4 ,b z ! *ildr5 gr[ m p5etrat+1 ! fable is ! be/ possible =m ( symboli/ic lit]ature to set !m at fir/4 ,^!1 ) ! m9or ex]cise 9 ! appreh5sion & int]pretation ( figures ( spee*1 w be _! %>e ( ! symboli/ic k9d ( writ+ = sev]al ye>s4 ,!n we may introduce m specim5s1 & m complex specim5s1 until 9 ! six?- & sev5?-grade p]iods !y may be able to int]pret ! univ]sal & symbolic side ( mu* t !y read1 & to h&le ) ease & delight su* p>ables z ,! ,great ,/one ,face or ,! ,bee-,man ( ,orn4 ,_! exp]i5ce 9 lit]ature w !n h>monize ) _! exp]i5ce 9 o!r directions2 = !y %\ld !n1 or imm$iately aft]w>d1 be beg9n+ to look = g5]alizations1 to c>ry ab/ract symbols1 & to sub/itute !m at w = concrete matt]4 ,at ! same "t1 !n1 !y w /udy ^! fables z apologues1 mak+ 9 all cases _! own moral & application4 ,p]haps ?is is ! place to ins]t a caution aga9/ ! practice ( extract+ a deep] mean+ out ( a *ild :5 he does n easily see x1 or ( s in/ruct+ him t he comes to reg>d e /ory t he reads z a sort ( picture puzzle 9 :i* he is to f9d a conceal$ robb] 9 ! %ape ( a moral or a g5]al lesson4 ,x is a trivial habit ( m9d1 a p]nici\s critical obsession1 ( :i* _m ov]-e>ne/ adult read]s are victims--t ( wr++ f e & any bit ( writ+ an ab/ract or morali/ic mean+4 ,ano!r practical caution may be ne$$ z to ^! int]pretations3 ,d n leave ! discussion until ! class has work$ out f ! fable a moral or application t practically ! :ole class accepts & ! tea*] indorses4 ,d n accept num]\s guesswork explanations & let !m pass4 ,ev5 ! little *ildr51 if !y are all[$ to int]pret at all1 %\ld be pu%$ on & guid$ to a s\nd & ess5tial exegesis--to use a t]m m =midable ?an ! ?+ x names4 ,d n let !m l+] ev5 t5tatively 9 t lam5table /ate ( mak+ _! explanation re/ ^u "s m9or detail1 "s feature on ! outskirts ( ! /ory4 ,help !m always to g to ! c5t]1 & to make ! ess5tial int]pretation4 ,make a po9t ( ?is :5ev] !y h a /ory t calls = int]pretation at all4 ,to ! end t !y may be s9c]e & ?or\gh1 *oose ^? ?+s ^: second>y mean+s !y may z *ildr5 feel & und]/&4 ,! six?-grade *ildr5 c\ld1 9 mo/ s*ools1 int]pret ,! ,ugly ,duck+4 ,!y may easily be l$ into ! inn] significance ( ,! ,bee-,man ( ,orn or ,old ,pipes & ! ,dryad4 ,!y may g on 9 sev5? grade to c]ta9 ( ,haw?orne's--p]haps ,! ,great ,/one ,face & o!rs ( ! ,twice ,told ,tales2 ?\gh ,haw?orne is s sombre & s morali/ic t x is n good = "s *ildr5 to read 8 tales1 /ill less to l+] ov] !m & int]pret !m4 ,a mature & exp]i5c$ eigh? grade c\ld /udy ,! ,sn[ ,image2 b x is too delicate & remote = all eigh?-grade classes4 ,! ,m9i/]'s ,black ,veil is an example ( ! peculi> ,haw?ornesque gloom1 :i* ! *ildr5 w\ld n und]/& or by ill luck w\ld und]/&1 & suff] ! consequ5t dang]\s depression4 ,addison's ,! ,vision ( ,mirza is an example ( a /&>d little allegory1 simple & easy1 & at ! same "t full ( mean+ & fruitful ( reflection = ! *ildr54 ,! p>ables ( ! gospels are q unique 9 _! beauty & e?ical significance1 & af=d an opportunity = a mo/ valuable k9d ( tra9+ 9 lit]>y exegesis4 ,c]ta9 tales f ! ,ge/a ,romanorum might be read 9 ^! old] grades1 add+ ! int]pretations ( ! ecclesia/ics = ! gaiety ( ! class1 & z a t]rible w>n+ aga9/ wre/+ an allegory out ( a /ory by %e] viol5ce4 ,!re are sev]al reasons :y ! ext5d$ allegories d n yield good results ) a class4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x takes too long to get ?r\gh !m1 s t ! process keeps ! *ildr5 too long 9 an atmosph]e ( allegorical & symboli/ic mean+s1 :i* w confuse & baffle !m4 ,9 ! second place1 all ! ext5d$ lit]>y allegories h ea* beh9d x a complex sy/em ( ab/ract !ology or morals1 or "s o!r philosophy1 :i* _c be convey$ to *ildr51 b :i* _c be hidd5 f ! class4 ,!n 9 any long allegory1 su* z ,! ,pilgrim's ,progress or ,! ,fairie ,que5e1 ! multipli$ detail all load$ ) second>y significance is extremely mislead+ to all b exp]t read]s4 ,z ,rusk9 says ( my?1 we may say ( all o!r allegory3 ! m x means1 ! m num]\s & ! m grotesque d ! details become4 ,& we w\ld n *oose 9 a *ild's lit]>y tra9+ any l>ge mass ( mat]ial 9 :i* grotesqu5ess is a prevail+ note4 ,ne>ly all *ildr5 are int]e/$ 9 ,! ,pilgrim's ,progress1 & w li/5 ) eag]ness to ! romantic & adv5tur\s side ( ,*ri/ian's exp]i5ce1 b n1 ( c\rse1 to ! didactic & !ological passages4 ,& z a matt] ( fact1 mod]n religi\s tea*+ & ! new race-consci\sness ( our g5]ation h tak5 all s5se ( reality out ( ,bunyan's !ology & religi\s psy*ology2 & ( c\rse1 x c be read to ! mod]n *ild only cursorily1 z 9 ! home--nev] 9 detail & ) ! privilege ( que/ion+ z 9 ! class4 ,"o w\ld expect a really good eigh?-grade *ild to be able to detect & express ! lesson 9 ,l[ell's ,! ,vision ( ,sir ,launfal1 or ,t5nyson's ,sir ,galahad1 or ,longfell['s ,k+ ,rob]t ( ,sicily4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t ! ex]cises 9 ! symboli/ic k9ds ( lit]ature are to be ins]t$ "h & !re among ! o!r lessons4 ,x w\ld be a s]i\s mi/ake to give any class a :ole ye>--or a :ole mon?1 inde$--( ?is exp]i5ce 9 read+4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,poetry ,!re are c]ta9 results 9 lit]>y tra9+ t c be secur$ ) *ildr5 only by ! tea*+ ( poetry4 ,9 /ory we & !y are int5t ^u subject-matt]1 & on ! l>g] matt]s ( ! imag9ative creation4 ,&1 :ile we old] /ud5ts "k t ! *oice & arrangem5t ( mat]ial involv$ 9 ! mak+ ( a /ory are extremely important & mo/ truly educative1 we also "k t !y belong 9 ! l>g] framework ( ! /ory & d n l5d !mselves to close inspection or detail$ /udy :5 our s*ol>s are elem5t>y *ildr54 ,aga91 mo/ ( ! /ories be/ suit$ to ! *ildr5 mu/ be us$ 9 translat$ & adapt$ v]sions1 & all ( !m %\ld be told 9 a way t v>ies m or less f tell+ to tell+1 9 vocabul>y1 9 figure1 & occasionally 9 mat]ial detail4 ,z a result1 ! /ories1 until we come d[n to ! v la/ ye> ( ! p]iod1 make on ! *ildr5 no impression ( ! inevitabl5ess ( =m1 or ( any ( ! small] devices ( /yle & f9i%4 ,^! may be br\ght to be> 9 v]se4 ,x %\ld n be necess>y to say aga9 t ! *ildr5 w "k no?+ ( l>g] effects & small] details2 b ! tea*] %\ld "k !m1 & %\ld h "s plan t w include bo? 9 8 tea*+4 ,nei!r is x necess>y to say t ^! m9or matt]s ( /yle & f9i% t we w pause ov] ) our elem5t>y class w prove to be v simple matt]s f ! po9t ( view ( ! exp]t & adult critic4 ,x is v]se t gives ! *ild mo/ exp]i5ce 9 ! musical side ( lit]ature4 ,! rhy?m & cad5ce ( prose h _! own music--p]haps m delicate & pleas+ to ! tra9$ adult e> ?an ! rhy?m ( v]se4 ,b ! elem5t>y *ildr5 ne$ ! simple /rik+ rhy?m ( v]se1 ( v]se ^: rhy?m is q unmi/akable4 ,inde$1 x is pr(itable 9 ! fir/ v]ses t *ildr5 le>n to h an emphatic met]1 s t ! musical int5tion may n be miss$1 & t x may be possible easily to accompany ! recitation ( ! v]ses ) movem5t1 ev5 conc]t$ movem5t z ( clapp+ or m>*+4 ,"o :o is try+ to write a sob] treatise 9 a matt]-(-fact way d>es n1 le/ he be set d[n z ! v]ie/ my/ic1 say all ! ?+s t might be said ab\t ! function ( rhy?m1 especially 9 its m pron\nc$ =m ( met]1 among a community ( *ildr51 no matt] :at ! size ( ! gr\p--h[ rhy?mic motion1 or ! fl[ ( measur$ & beautiful s\nds1 h>monizes _! diff]5ces1 tunes !m up to _! tasks1 discipl9es _! conduct1 com=ts _! hurts1 quiets _! n]ves2 all ?is ap>t f ! facts m or less important f ! po9t ( view ( lit]ature1 t x cultivates _! e>1 improves _! ta/e1 & provides !m a g5u9ely arti/ic pleasure4 ,if x happ5s t ! s\nds !y are *ant+ be a bit ( real poetry1 x fur!r gives !m p]haps m ?an "o *>m+ image1 & _m pleasant or useful words4 ,mo/ *ildr5 are pleas$ ) ! additional music ( rhyme4 ,?is is true ( all k9ds ( rhyme1 b ( c\rse x is ! regul> t]m9al rhyme t mo/ *ildr5 notice & enjoy & rememb]4 ,s+ a song ( sixp5ce1 ,a pocket full ( rye1 ,f\r & tw5ty blackbirds ,bak$ 9 a pie4 all ! *ildr5 w rejoice 9 rye--pie4 ,b !re w be "s to :om s+--song--sixp5ce--pocket1 full--f\r1 blackbirds--bak$1 are s _m delights1 & !re may be "s to :om ! wond]ful *ime ( ! v[els w make music4 ,anyone :o kn[s *ildr5 w h notic$ ! pleasure t ! m]e/ babies w take 9 beautiful or especially pat collocations ( syllables4 ,a *ild :om ,i knew1 j beg9n+ to talk1 w\ld say to himself _m times a day1 & always ) a smile ( amus$ pleasure1 ! phrases apple-batt] pudd+1 picallilli pickles1 up into ! *]ry tree1 pip+ d[n ! valleys wild4 ,x is probably true t "s ( 8 app>5t pleasure 0 t species ( hy/]ia produc$ 9 mo/ babies by any mild explosion1 & ! little fusillade ( p's 9 ! examples he lik$ be/ w\ld acc\nt = a "p ( 8 enjoym5t4 ,b we mu/ ?9k t !re 0 pleasure !re1 &1 :e!r x 7 physical or m5tal1 x arose f ! pleas+ comb9ation ( v]bal s\nds4 ,mo/ *ildr5 h ?is e> = ! music ( words2 & "s attempt %\ld be made to evoke x 9 ^? t h x n4 ,?is quality1 !n1 is ! fir/ ?+ we ask ( ! v]se we *oose = ! y\nge/ *ildr54 ,! m]e j+les1 provid$ !y are really musical1 are useful to emphasize ?is side ( v]se1 because1 be+ free f cont5t1 !y c give !mselves entirely to s\nd4 ,x is also mo/ desirable t "s ( ^! e>lie/ v]ses be set to music t ! *ildr5 c s+2 t ! class m>* to ! rhy?m ( recit$ v]ses2 t !y be taught1 if possible1 to dance to "s ( !m4 ,"s su* =m ( accompanim5t ( ! v]ses1 deep5s ! impression ( ! music1 records 9 ! *ild's consci\sness an impression ( ! poem z an image ( motion1 & op5s a *annel = ! expression ( ! mood produc$ 9 ! *ildr5 by ! v]ses--a m acceptable *annel ( expression1 c]ta9ly1 = all ! lyrics & = mo/ ( ! n>rative v]ses1 ?an m]e recitation1 & a m arti/ic "o ?an :at we commonly "k & dread z elocution4 ,! tea*+ ( v]se gives a *ance & an invitation to l+] ov] & enjoy _m f9e & delicate aspects ( ! art t we are likely to miss 9 ! /ory4 ,some?+ 9 ! nature ( v]se--! cond5sation1 ! c>eful arrangem5t1 ! *os5 words--seems to call ^u u to g sl[ly ) x4 ,x may be t we l+] to appreh5d "o by "o ! details ( an image or picture1 l-- ,daffy-d[n dilly has come up to t[n ,9 a yell[ petticoat & a gre5 g[n1 ,! capta9 0 a duck1 ) a jacket on 8 back2 ,! cattle are graz+1 ,_! heads nev] rais+1 ,!re are =ty fe$+ l "o2 ,9 ! pool dr[se ! cattle up to _! knees1 ,! cr[s fly ov] by twos & ?rees2 "s apt or beautiful phrase-- ,sn[y summits old 9 /ory2 "s bit ( simple wisdom t des]ves pond]+2 "s fla% ( wit or epigram1 or entic+ t\* ( nons5se4 ,^! are really ab\t all t we w\ld pause ov] 9 tea*+ v]ses to ! y\ng] *ildr54 ,inde$1 are n ^! elem5ts ab\t all ( :at we call ! small] matt]s ( lit]>y art t elem5t>y *ildr5 may be expect$ to conc]n !mselves )--! music ( ! spok5 v]se1 appreciation ( ! beauty or adequacy ( /rik+ pictures & images1 recognition ( "s specially fit epi!t1 int]pretation ( an aphorism or a p>adox or a bit ( nons5se8 ,we w discuss lat] "s possible ways ( gett+ ^! ?+s done4 ,:5 we say t a poem gives u our be/ *ance to /udy ^! f9] details1 we %\ld n by any means und]/& t 9 tea*+ a poem we are to ignore ! o!r matt] ( plan & /ructure4 ,! v cond5sation & beautiful organization ( a poem are likely to result 9 a *>m+ plan1 :i* bo? adds to ! *ildr5's s5se ( its beauty & helps to fix x 9 _! memory4 ,e tea*] w notice--m]ely to m5tion examples--! p]fect /ructure1 :at we h call$ ! patt]n1 ( ,/ev5son's ,d>k br[n is ! riv]1 ( ,all+ham's ,i wi% ,i 7 a primrose1 ( ,wordswor?'s1 ,i he>d a ?\s& bl5d$ notes2 & e tea*] w realize ! great] class utility ( a poem ) su* a /ructure4 ,! k9ds ( poetry suitable by virtue ( _! cont5t = ! *ildr5 ?r\gh\t ! :ole elem5t>y p]iod are fir/1 lyrics ( ! simpl] v>ieties1 beg9n+ ) ^? :i* are practically only j+les1 & go+ on to ^? t are m complex 9 =m & m mature 9 ?\ght1 b :i* /ill record1 z x 71 ! fir/ reaction ( ! m9d1 ! prim>y mood1 n ! complex & remote moods ( develop$ lyric poetry2 & second1 poetry ( ! epic k9d1 beg9n+ ) ! ,"m ,goose ballads1 & advanc+ to ! objective h]oic ballads 9 :i* ,engli% lit]ature is s ri*1 & p]haps 7und\bt$ly 9 c]ta9 s*ools7 includ+ "s ( ! long] n>rative poems ( ! type ( idyls4 ,x is cle> to mo/ tea*]s t ! less ! e>li] lyrics say1 ! bett]4 ,! simplicity ( ! cont5t makes x possible to emphasize all ! m ! music & ! motion4 ,z ! lyrics increase 9 cont5t1 & z we beg9 to expect ! *ildr5 to ent] into ! mood :i* _! poem reflects1 x becomes important to select su* z record a mood or an exp]i5ce :i* !y c appreh5d or might legitimately appreh5d4 ,luckily1 9 our day x is no long] necess>y to remon/rate aga9/ :at "o may almo/ call ! crime ( requir+ *ildr5 to /udy & to return ,! ,b>efoot ,boy1 ,/ill sits ! s*oolh\se by ! road1 ,i rememb]1 ,i rememb] ! h\se :]e ,i 0 born--adult rem9isc5ce ( *ildhood1 :i* is und\bt$ly ! mo/ ali5 ( moods & processes to ! *ild4 ,b we are likely to be caught by ! app>5t simplicity ( c]ta9 v]ses :i*1 writt5 aft] ! patt]n ( ,a ,*ild's ,g>d5--inde$1 ! class includes "s ( ^! v poems--record feel+s ab\t *ildr5 & *ildhood4 ,^! v]ses1 l "s ( ! delightful /ories & /udies m5tion$ 9 a previ\s *apt] are /udies & realizations ( ! *ild's consci\sness calculat$ to delight & illum9ate ! adult read]4 ,if *ildr5 read & und]/ood !m1 ! result w\ld be t gha/ly spectacle--a *ild consci\s ( 8 own *ildhood4 ,no poetry giv5 to *ildr5 %\ld be too imag9ative1 too figurative1 or too emotional4 ,"h1 to be sure1 "o mu/ judge afre% = ea* class4 ,x is obvi\s t *ildr5 ( ! eigh? grade c appreh5d a poem t w\ld bewild] ! six?2 t *ildr5 9 "o community1 ev5 9 "o neighborhood1 w und]/& a poem :i* *ildr5 ( a diff]5t community & upbr++ c\ld n fa?om4 ,b ! /&>d is1 aft] all1 n inf9itely v>iable4 ,a good av]age sev5? grade almo/ any:]e w\ld appreciate )\t difficulty1 includ+ ! spiritual application1 ,t5nyson's ,bugle ,song2 !y c\ld n f9d _! way among ! _m figures & ! ali5 imag9ative mood1 ! poignant unkn[n emotion1 ( ,te>s1 idle te>s4 ,x is n easy to g wrong 9 *oos+ ! ballads4 ,& by ballads we are to und]/& ! %ort n>rative poem1 tradition>y or arti/ic4 ,! folk-ballads ne$ translation "h & !re1 & are sc>cely available at all = ! y\nge/ *ildr54 ,b ^? :o are old en\gh to he> ! ,rob9 ,hood tales w enjoy ! folk-ballads1 if ! tea*] take pa9s to prep>e !m & read !m aright4 ,z 9 ! case ( "s ( ! h]oic epics1 "s edit+ is necess>y = mo/ ( ! ballads4 ,!y %\ld be giv5 9 ! say & s+1 mann]1 turn+ ! dull] or ! l9k portions into prose n>rative1 & read+ ! excit+ & beautiful passages 9 ! orig9al =m4 ,ev5 ?is accommodat$ =m ( ! folk-ballads may prove impossible 9 "s classes4 ,!re are ballads ideal = ! grades 9 ne>ly all ! mod]n poets--,c[p]1 ,scott1 ,wordswor?1 ,campbell1 ,br[n+1 ,longfell[1 ,:itti]1 ,kipl+4 ,x is n s easy to *oose = elem5t>y *ildr5 among ! long] n>rative poems4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 a great numb] ( !m are ( ! idyllic k9d1 & !re is 9 ?is class ( poems some?+ s(t & m$itative1 or ov]-emotional &1 if "o mu/ say x--s5tim5tal or sup]-romantic1 t fits !m = ! compreh5sion ( old] read]s1 & spoils !m = ! *ildr54 ,o!rs1 su* z ,scott's n>rative poems1 are too long & a bit too difficult = *ildr5 y\ng] ?an ! high-s*ool age4 ,"h & !re "o f9ds a poem1 l ,paul ,rev]e's ,ride1 really m ballad ?an tale2 a t5d] simple tale l ,k+ ,rob]t ( ,sicily1 = a mature eigh? grade4 ,! ,vision ( ,sir ,launfal2 n =gett+ ,morris' ,! ,man ,born to ,be ,k+1 ,! ,fo/]+ ( ,auslag1 & p]haps o!r ?+s f ,! ,e>?ly ,p>adise4 ,! simple b l(ty /yle & feel+ ( ,sohrab & ,ru/um makes x possible = ! old] *ildr54 ,any tea*] :o kn[s bo? lit]ature & *ildr5 w see at once :at x is t con/itutes ! fitness ( ^! poems1 & :at ! unfitness ( ,eno* ,ard51 ,! ,c\rt%ip ( ,miles ,/&i%1 or ,lancelot & ,ela9e4 ,p]haps ! only libr>y ( lit]ature t is p]fectly suit$ to its purpose & its public1 & ! only collection ( ma/]pieces to be put into ! h&s ( its read]s )\t misgiv+1 is ! nurs]y rhymes t we call ,"m ,goose's ,melodies4 ,x ne$s no m g5]al praise1 & !re is no room = specifications4 ,b x is always 9 ord] to urge tea*]s 9 ?is case1 z 9 t ( ! fairy-tales1 to increase _! k ( ^? tradition>y bits ( art4 ,:5 "o kn[s _! orig9 & some?+ ( _! social & lit]>y hi/ory1 !y take on new dignity & importance4 ,"o ceases to look ^u !m z m]e nons5se to be rattl$ (f = ! amusem5t ( ! baby1 & le>ns to see !m z little treasures ( primitive art1 miracul\sly pres]v$ & pass$ d[n f baby to baby ?r\gh ^! _m g5]ations3 bits ( old song & ballad1 games & *>ms1 riddles & incantations1 tales ( *>m+ incid5ts & episodes--a gall]y ( unmat*able portraits1 sallies ( wit j witty en\gh = ! f\r-ye>-old1 mild b adequate nons5se2 all fre$ by ! lapse ( ye>s & ! innoc5ce ( its devotees f e ta9t ( utilit>ianism & occasionalism1 w9n[$ & te/$ by ! g5]ations ( mo!rs & babies t h criticiz$ !m1 !y yield a new *>m at e fre% read+ to ! mo/ exp]i5c$ read]4 ,!y %\ld con/itute ! fir/ lit]>y mat]ial ( e ,engli%-speak+ *ild4 ,e well-nurtur$ *ild w come to s*ool already 9 possession ( _m ( !m4 ,b he w be glad to g ov] !m = ! sake ( ^? less =tunate1 z well z = ! sake ( enjoy+ !m ) ! :ole community1 & 9 consid]ation ( ! new pictures1 games1 & songs t w be jo9$ ) !m4 ,/ev5son's ,a ,*ild's ,g>d5 ( ,v]ses is 9 "s s5se a q unique poetic production2 & ?is rema9s true 9 spite ( ! _m ?+s produc$ 9 imitation ( x & inspir$ by x4 ,x is a wond]ful example ( ! recov]y by a gr[n p]son ( ! ?read ( cont9uity lead+ him back to actual *ildhood2 ! recov]y1 too1 9 _m in/ances ( ! *ild's consci\sness4 ,x is ! gate = u all to ! lo/ g>d5 ( our own *ildhood1 pa!tic 9 e l9e ) ! evanesc5ce ( *ildhood1 ^: h& is ev] at 8 lips1 bidd+ adieu4 ,yet 9 spite ( ?is mo/ poignant appeal to ! gr[n-up p]son1 _m ( ! v]ses are ideally suit$ to *ildr54 ,!y d n induce 9 !m our mood ( pa?os & regret1 nor d !y set _! *ild-read]s imag9atively 9 ano!r exp]i5ce4 ,!y d v really con/itute1 z ,/ev5son sugge/s1 a w9d[ ?r\gh :i* ! *ild sees ,ano!r *ild f>1 f> away1 ,& 9 ano!r g>d51 play2 a *ild ) :om he t5d]ly sympa?izes1 at :om he lov+ly smiles1 at ^: games he looks on1 ^: toys & books he kn[s & loves4 ,! ,*ild 9 ! ,g>d5 is an only *ild1 a lonely *ild1 & a v individuali/ic *ild2 !re is no comrade%ip 9 ! v]ses2 !y _c be becom+ly recit$ 9 conc]t2 !re is n a *orus or a refra9 9 ! :ole book1 9 :i* all ! *ildr5 may jo92 !re is no?+ communal ab\t !m4 ,9 spite ( all ! ef=ts1 !y _c be set to music1 except z solos2 & if ! music mat*es ! mood1 x is likely to be difficult = a *ild to s+4 ,sev]al ( !m are too imag9ative--,w9dy ,nights1 ,%ad[ ,m>*2 "s are a bit ironic--,good & ,bad ,*ildr51 ,sy/em1 ,a ,happy ,?\ght2 "s too poignantly pa!tic--,! ,l& ( ,nod2 "s look at *ildhood too obvi\sly ) ! man's eyes--,keepsake ,mill2 b all ^! exceptions leave _m altoge!r suitable = *ildr52 & _! p]fect /ructure1 _! musical v]se-=m1 _! *ildlike objectivity1 & ! div9e simplicity ( _! /yle r5d] !m an unceas+ delight4 ,?\gh ! ,*ild ( ! ,g>d5 0 a solit>y *ild1 he _h a con/antly haunt+ s5se ( ! _w beyond--o!r *ildr5 9 o!r l&s1 ! =eign c\ntries he might see by climb+ high]1 ! *ildr5 :o w\ld br+ 8 boats a%ore f> d[n ! riv]1 ! *ildr5 s++ 9 f> ,japan1 ! long-ago ,egyptian boys1 h9ts at ! wid] exp]i5ce & bigg] _w to :i* ! six- & sev5-ye>-old *ildr5 are s eag]ly rea*+ out4 ,at ! same "t nobody b ,/ev5son--nobody at lea/1 t has writt5 a book--has ev] tak5 adequately ! po9t ( view ( ! human be+ ?ree feet high--8 t9y horizon1 ! small exquisite objects to :i* he comes close1 ! fairy-dells he sees1 ! ra9-pool sea1 ! clov] tree2 n[h]e else 9 art is ! little _w ( ! little p adequately pictur$--! little _w1 & its obv]se1 ! colossal gr[n-ups1 ) _! elephant9e furniture amid/ :i* ! little m5 & wom5 mu/ ord9>ily move4 ,_m ( ^! poems %\ld be read ) ! s+le *ild at home4 ,= ! class at s*ool we may use ,=eign ,l&s1 ,s++1 ,:]e ,g ! ,boats1 ,my ,%ad[1 ,! ,sw+1 ,my ,%ip & ,i--! m objective & univ]sal ( !m4 ,!re are _m pretty bits = ! y\nge/ *ildr5 9 ,*ri/9a ,rossetti's ,s+-,song--a book ( nurs]y rhymes n suffici5tly kn[n4 ,c]ta9 ( ,blake's ,songs ( ,innoc5ce ! *ildr5 %\ld "k1 ?\gh !y are always f\nd too delicate & contemplative = ! :ole class4 ,e tea*] ( *ildr5 %\ld "k = 8 own enlight5m5t ! poems ( ,jane & ,ann ,taylor1 & ,dr4 ,watts's ,poems = ,infant ,m9ds4 ,psy*ologically speak+1 !y are 9 a _w completely ali5 to ! mod]n /ud5t ( *ildr5 & ( education2 b !re is a /ray v]se or two l ,! ,violet or ,h[ do? ! little busy bee1 t may "s day fit ! ne$s ( ! class4 ,e fri5d ( *ildr51 tea*] or p>5t1 %\ld "k ,keble's ,lyra ,innoc5tium2 he _c af=d to miss ! tone & atmosph]e ( ,wordswor?'s poems ab\t *ildr5 & *ildhood4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is only a few ( ,wordswor?'s poems t w g well = class /udy1 ?\gh a really en?usia/ic tea*] may c>ry ev5 a l>ge class ?r\gh ,! ,idle ,%eph]d ,boys or ,! ,bl9d ,highl& ,boy2 ! old] *ildr5 %\ld "k ,he>tleap ,well & ,pet] ,bell4 ,! true ,wordswor?ian is born1 only occasionally made2 if he decl>es himself 9 a class 9 elem5t>y s*ool1 ! tea*] %\ld guide him4 ,b we %\ld soon le>n1 & aways rememb]1 t ! contemplative & idyllic lyric1 h[ev] x may delight ! *os5 *ild & ! adult1 w1 z a rule1 nei!r please nor tra9 ! class1 & t poems writt5 = *ildr5 & ab\t *ildr5 are n at all likely to be ! ?+s *ildr5 love be/ & mo/ pr(it by2 ! poetry %\ld n l+] long 9 ! nurs]y /age4 ,! class %\ld be pu%$ on z e>ly z possible into simple b h]oic ballads1 into lyrics1 musical & noble1 b simple & easy z to cont5t--all *os5 f ! great poets4 ,ev5 if "o desir$ x1 x w\ld probably be impossible to dislodge ,hiawa?a f its %r9e 9 ,am]ican elem5t>y s*ools2 & no "o ought to covet ! task1 = ! iconocla/ is likely to be set d[n z a vulg> & egoti/ic p]son4 ,hiawa?a has become entr5*$ 9 ! s*ools by "s su* reason+ z ?is3 ,"h is a poem writt5 by an ,am]ican on aspects ( life among ! ,am]ican aborig9es2 ,am]ican *ildr5 %\ld /udy x z lit]ature4 ,*ildr5 ought to be in/ruct$ 9 primitive life & 9 my?2 !re=e !y %\ld /udy ,hiawa?a z lit]ature4 ,*ildr5 %\ld le>n mu* ab\t nature & %\ld le>n nature-poetry2 !re=e !y %\ld /udy ,hiawa?a z lit]ature4 ,( c\rse1 !re are pretty ?+s 9 ,hiawa?a4 ,"s ( ! passages ab\t ! =e/ & ! wat]s1 ! mak+ ( ! canoe1 ! conque/ ( ,mondanim1 ! picture-writ+1 may mo/ pr(itably be int]wov5 ) o!r ?+s4 ,x is in/ructive bo? z to lit]ature & z to fact to put ! mak+ ( ,rob9son ,crusoe's boat beside ! build+ ( ,hiawa?a's canoe4 ,b !re are objections to a long & exclusive c\rse 9 ?is poem4 ,! my?ical side ( x is baffl+ & disc\rag+4 ,once m let me say t a class is an extremely acute & inquir+ p]sonality2 aft] a few days x wants to "k4 ,& x is puzzl$ & dismay$1 & f9ally fright5$ (f1 by ! fact t ev]y?+ means some?+ else4 ,fur!rmore1 ! details bo? ( ,indian life & ( ,indian belief are s *os5 & sift$ & beautifi$ z to be mo/ mislead+1 if we are emphasiz+ t side ( ! poem4 ,la/ly1 x is n good = ! "y *ildr5 to h a long-cont9u$ & con/antly r5ew$ exp]i5ce 9 ! ali5 & we>+ met]1 & ! unmusical rhy?m ( ,hiawa?a2 & ! v]se-=m dictates c]ta9 try+ peculi>ities ( /yle1 9 especial ! slightly v>i$ it]ation ( detail3 ,ah1 my bro!r f ! ,nor? l&1 ,f ! k+dom ( ,wabasso1 ,f ! l& ( ! ,:ite ,rabbit1 ,y h /ol5 ! maid5 f me1 ,y h laid y\r h& ^u h]1 ,y h woo$ & won my maid54 ,?is r$undancy & repetition d n con/itute ! direct1 =w>d-mov+ /yle we %\ld l to impress on ! *ildr54 ,all ^! consid]ations are (f]$ to ju/ify ! judgm5t1 held 9 great mode/y1 t ,hiawa?a %\ld n be giv5 9 its entirety nor %\ld ! *ildr5 be kept at x = any long drill1 b1 if at all1 9 *os5 episodes & f "t to "t4 ,( c\rse1 any tea*] may see fit to draw out f ,hiawa?a ! /ory ( any episode & treat x z a /ory1 = dramatization1 or z illum9at+ "s phase ( ! *ildr5's int]e/ & activity4 ,& /ud5ts old en\gh to int]pret ! my?ical mean+ ( ! poem may pr(itably read x4 ,occasionally1 & z some?+ ap>t f _! regul> lessons1 ! *ildr5 %\ld he> beautifully read passages ( ! incomp>able music ( "s ( ! great ma/]s1 reg>dless ( _! und]/&+ ( ! cont5t--! fir/ sixte5 l9es ( ,p>adise ,lo/2 "s especially musical sonnet ( ,%akespe>e's1 or "s passage ( l(ty eloqu5ce f ! plays2 "s vague & haunt+ bit ( music f ,%elly1 or ,poe1 or ,keats2 "s fanf>e ( trumpets f ,byron1 or ,macaulay1 or ,kipl+4 ,e tea*] w realize t all ! titles & au?ors & k9ds m5tion$ 9 ?is /udy _c be put into ! *ildr5's lessons4 ,x is to be hop$ t he w realize t !y are m5tion$ z concrete examples1 or sugge/ive in/ances ( ?+s t are good1 & to support ! pr9ciples "u discussion4 ,! di/9ctive s]vice ( poetry w be ! cultivation ( ! *ildr5's s5se ( ! musical side ( lit]ature2 ! opportunity = appreciat+ "s ( ! m9or beauties ( ! lit]>y art2 & among ! old] *ildr51 acqua9tance ) ! m highly imag9ative me?od1 & ! m int5sely emotional moods4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,drama ,!re are _m ( ! elem5ts ( drama t are em95tly s]viceable 9 ! *ild's lit]>y & arti/ic tra9+4 ,"o _c use ! ^w elem5ts 9 ?is connection )\t expla9+ t ! ^w z us$ "h does n designate absolutely simple & primitive ?+s4 ,!y are elem5ts only ) respect to ! complex :ole :i* we call a drama4 ,! elem5ts ( drama are /ory1 plot1 "*1 imp]sonation1 dialogue1 ge/ure1 /age requirem5ts2 add to ^! ! matt] ( lit]>y expression1 a pron\nc$ /ructure :i* divides ! production into cle>ly di/+ui%$ p>ts or acts2 & add ! fur!r fact t 9 all its develop$ & typical specim5s drama is ! expression & pres5tation ( a complex social situation1 or ! vehicle ( a mature philosophy4 ,x is q evid5t1 !n1 t ! fully con/itut$ lit]>y drama w be bo? too complex & too difficult = *ildr5 "u twelve1 & 9 mo/ communities = any elem5t>y *ildr54 ,b ! elem5ts ( drama are n ( necessity always 9 ! difficult & elaborate comb9ation :i* con/itutes a lit]>y drama4 ,!y appe> s+ly & 9 simpl] comb9ations "h & !re 9 _m ( ! exp]i5ces & occupations ( ! *ild4 ,!y may be select$ & comb9$ = him 9 su* products z w secure = him ! di/9ctive joys & discipl9e ( ! drama4 ,= example1 !re is ! elem5t ( ge/ure1 :i* 9 its elaborat$ =m becomes te*nical act+4 ,9 its primitive & fundam5tal =m x is in/9ctive ) *ildr5--well-nigh purposeless at fir/1 uncontroll$ & fanta/ic l ! e>ly activities ( _! imag9ation1 b easily organiz$ & direct$ t[>d a purpose4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ?is direction is ! game4 ,"s ( ! *>m+ gr\p-games ! *ildr5 le>n ev5 9 ! k9d]g>t5 are g5u9e dramatic art4 ,su* games are1 at any rate1 ! fir/ opportunity to *annel & to turn into some?+ l arti/ic expression ! *ildr5's ceaseless activity4 ,we h all le>n$ to appreciate ! social & physical value ( play4 ,we may well add n[ a respectful e/imate ( games z art4 ,! gr\p-game may seem at fir/ glance f> f ! *ild's lit]>y tra9+2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 a good game :i* has 9 x1 z a good game always has1 an ord]ly process & a climax1 is j su* an arti/ic :ole z a /ory4 ,besides1 _m ( our be/ gr\p-games are accompani$ by a rhy?mic *ant1 (t5 by pretty or qua9t v]ses1 su* z ,itisket1 itasket1 a gre5 & yell[ basket2 or1 ,h[ _m miles to ,babylon8 or ,london bridge is fall+ d[n4 ,act+ ^u ?is h9t1 we may sub/itute = ^! v]ses m arti/ic l9es1 or we c furni% m arti/ic l9es ) ! fitt+ game4 ,& ^! activities1 *annel$ & discipl9$ by ! gr\p-game1 are receiv+ ! be/ possible tra9+ = dramatic act+ by & by4 ,we mu/ consid] danc+ z a =m ( dramatic ge/ure1 & z a tra9+ = x4 ,we may all rejoice 9 ! curr5t *ange ( attitude t[>d danc+1 :i* bids fair to replace x 9 education & among ! arts4 ,we are le>n+ aga9 to reg>d x z su* a controll+ & ref9+ ( motion z makes an appeal to "o's s5se ( beauty1 n z ! vulg>1 "o might almo/ say sordid1 accompli%m5t x has be5 9 av]age society = _m g5]ations4 ,! r$iscov]y ( ! *>m+ & simple folk-dances has giv5 u a new art = ! *ildr51 :i* we may sub/itute = ! unnatural waltz1 & ! mongrel two-/ep we h be5 tea*+ !m = ye>s4 ,a dance is a m$ium = express+ a mood1 & a means ( communicat+ x2 l ! games1 x is a me?od ( *annel+ & tra9+ activity4 ,f ?is po9t ( view "o may see its two-fold relation3 on ! "o h&1 to ! *ild's natural activities1 tak+ !m up1 select+ among !m1 & comb9+ !m into a beautiful :ole2 on ! o!r h& to dramatic act+1 tra9+ & controll+ ! physical movem5ts ( ge/ure & pose & poise4 ,ideally x may h a clos] connection ) lit]ature4 ,n only may danc+ reflect a mood2 x may tell a /ory or pres5t a situation2 _m primitive dances 7 ( ?is k9d4 ,9 a previ\s *apt] ,i h spok5 ( danc+ z a me?od ( motion to accompany spok5 v]se1 z a means ( deep5+ ! s5se ( rhy?m4 ,x is possible to repres5t 9 ?is way1 n only ! movem5t ( ! words1 b ! mood ( ! lyric1 &1 mutatis mut&is1 ! ev5ts ( ! ballad4 ,i h se5 ! f\r?-ye> class pres5t a little dance ( ,hickory dickory dock inv5t$ = !m by _! tea*]1 & ano!r class a little old] d a humor\s dance ( ,!re 0 a man 9 our t[n1 ?an :i* two p]=mances no?+ c\ld be m *>m+4 ,( c\rse1 ^! 7 n 9 any s5se reproductions ( ! actions sugge/$ by ! j+les2 !re 0 no ge/ure t told ( runn+ up ! clock1 or scrat*+ out 8 eyes2 t w\ld be ! bus9ess ( ! old ge/iculat+ elocution s deplorable 9 ! artificiality ( its w\ld-be realism4 ,! dances 7 felt to be m]ely ! active response to ! rhy?m & ! mood ( ! recit$ words--bits ( dramatic tone-color1 z x 74 ,"o wond]s :y all tea*]s d n make a game ( ,*>ades a frequ5t class recreation & discipl9e1 s9ce x has 9 x s _m elem5ts ( educational value--! contributions to ! *ildr5's vocabul>y1 ! sug>-coat$ p]suasion to att5d to spell+1 ! frequ5t ne$ = ! inv5tion ( dialogue1 ! %>p5+ ( ev]ybody's wits1 &1 be/ ( all1 ! call = significant pantomime1 g5u9e dramatic ge/ure1 & ! fun1 :i* is always educative4 ,:5 we come to ! elem5t ( imp]sonation1 we are ne>] ! he>t ( dramatic art1 & p]haps deep] into ! circle ( ! *ild's int]e/s & in/9cts z well4 ,imitation is "o ( ! absolute & fundam5tal aspects ( a *ild's activities4 ,x is impossible to escape call+ x an in/9ct1 :5 "o sees t x is deep] & m univ]sal ?an any impulse or t5d5cy4 ,! int]pretation put by m rec5t psy*ologi/s ^u ! t]m & ! fact ( imitation ?r[s a new & grateful light ^u x z a pr9ciple 9 drama4 ,9 ! light ( ?is int]pretation1 we c n long] ?9k ( imitation z a s]vile1 & m or less =mal1 copy+ ( ! ?+ se54 ,we are n[ say+ t 9 ^! activities ( ! *ildr51 :5 !y are play+ horse1 or play+ hunt]1 or play+ soldi]1 !y are n copy+ some?+ !y h se5 or he>d (2 !y are keep+ h\se1 !y are hunt+1 !y are m>*+ & fight+4 ,n ev5 bodily activity is a m incessant & absolute aspect ( play ?an ?is ( make-believe4 ,imag9ative *ildr51 & ^? t h "s v>iety ( exp]i5ce1 are r>ely at leisure to appe> 9 _! own *>act]s--s con/ant is ! dramatic & imitative impulse 9 ex]cise4 ,inde$1 two little girls ,i knew1 aft] a =5oon ( unceas+ & /r5u\s imp]sonation ( a rep]toire rang+ f a door-mat & a cake ( ice 9 ! ,delaw>e on ?r\gh ! gho/ ( ! murd]$ ,banquo1 7 f9ally oblig$ to sit d[n 9 utt] we>9ess1 :5 "o ( !m sugge/$3 ,n[ let's play we're j pla9 little girls4 ,9 ! same nurs]y ( f\r *ildr5 ! *ild :o return$ to ! room aft] any abs5ce always cauti\sly inquir$ ( ea* ( ! o!rs1 be=e tak+ up affairs3 ,:at are y be+ n[8 ,9 c]ta9 h\rs ( 8 /udy ( lit]ature & lit]>y appreciation "o is ready to believe t ?is impulse t[>d imp]sonation is ! v fundam5tal fact 9 t appreciation4 ,x is ! door ?r\gh :i* "o ent]s into ! situations & feel+s :i* make up ! life repres5t$ 9 ! /ory1 poem1 or drama4 ,?is x is t gives t /range grip ( reality to lit]ature2 x is ?is t turns ! appreciation ( lit]ature into p]sonal culture1 s t 9 a v real s5se "o may sub/itute lit]ature = exp]i5ce4 ,x is easy to utilize ?is passion v e>ly1 turn+ x 9 ! direction ( art4 ,9 ! k9d]g>t5 !y h long kn[n h[ to adapt x 9 ! play :i* !y s wisely int]*ange & amalgamate ) _! games2 & ! little pantomimes ( ,bo-peep & ,little ,boy ,blue1 ( flocks ( birds1 ( butt]flies on ! w+1 & :at n1 are on ! road to true dramatic art4 ,b1 alas6 ?is is cut all too %ort 9 ! s*ool--! av]age s*ool1 :]e ! s*ol>s are conv]t$ imm$iately into ! v]ie/ little pit*]s--all e>s2 &1 in/ead ( be+ tw5ty selves 9 a day1 !y are d5i$ ! privilege ( be+ ev5 "o :ole "o4 ,?is gift = imp]sonation %\ld1 l all _! imag9ative exp]i5ces1 be cons]v$ by ex]cise & guidance2 o!rwise x rema9s m]ely *aotic & accid5tal1 & v soon ! *ild himself is a%am$ ( x & reg>ds its ex]cise z a baby p]=mance to be left beh9d 9 ! k9d]g>t54 ,?is ex]cise & guidance may be giv5 by tra9+ ! *ildr5 9 little plays1 :i*1 to beg9 )1 are n mu* m ?an pantomime1 b :i* add1 z !y g on1 o!r elem5ts ( ! real drama--an organiz$ action & dialogue4 ,( c\rse1 !re is ! dramatic monologue--! recitation4 ,b ?is does n meet ! ne$s ( ! class4 ,x is impossible t all ! *ildr5 %\ld sympa!tically imp]sonate ! same "* & realize ! same exp]i5ce4 ,nei!r does ?is sort ( ex]cise--! recitation--give a *ance = co-op]ation 9 ! production ( a bit ( social art2 x does n give !m ! discipl9e ( appreh5d+ & produc+ a l>ge :ole1 & x t5ds to develop & fo/] an un5durable k9d & degree ( egoism4 ,:]e are we to get ^! plays1 s9ce !re are practically none ( respectable lit]>y quality ready to our h&8 ,"o mu/ say practically none1 because !re are a few 9 pr9t :i* c be us$1 *iefly dramatizations ( folk- & fairy-tales4 ,b1 = ! mo/ "p1 & j z x %\ld be1 ! tea*] & ! class w h to make _! own plays1 until 9 ! eigh? grade or !reab\ts !y are ready = "s lit]>y drama4 ,z w be po9t$ out lat]1 ^! co-op]atively produc$ dramas con/itute ! be/ possible return :i* ! *ildr5 c make ( _! lit]>y tra9+1 & at ! same "t ! be/ possible means ( secur+ _! appreh5sion ( ! /ory !y use2 s9ce 9 reca/+ a /ory z a play !y w come to "k x z plot1 z activity ( p]sons1 & z a /ructure made up ( ess5tial p>ts4 ,almo/ ! fir/ ?+ ! *ild sees is ! fact t !re is some?+ organic & necess>y ab\t ^! divisions & subdivisions4 ,he sees !m sep>ate !mselves out f ! n>rative z ?+s 9 !mselves1 & !n reunite to =m a complete :ole aga94 ,x matt]s n :e!r ! /ory be "o t he has be5 taught1 a hi/orical episode1 or a /ory inv5t$ by himself1 ! emphasis ^u /ructure1 ^u organization1 :i* is "o ( ! elem5ts ( drama1 w be helpful1 z a matt] ( lit]>y tra9+4 ,z to ! dialogue--! actual lit]ature ( ?is communal drama--we mu/ be mo/ indulg5t1 & on ! :ole uncritical4 ,a m>k$ peculi>ity ( ! dramatizations ( ! little p1 z inde$ ( ^? ( _! eld]s1 is t !y =get to be lit]ature at all1 s t :at is n dumb-%[ mu/ be set d[n z noise4 ,x is a tr\blesome & delicate task = ! tea*] :o is guid+ !m to manage to give ! dialogue a tone bett] ?an m]e commonplace & diff]5t f m]e bomba/4 ,x is wise/1 on ! :ole1 to get !m to *oose /ories & ev5ts t w sway _! dialogue t[>d ! bomba/ic & away f ! commonplace2 !y w c]ta9ly be m spontane\s1 & probably m arti/ic4 ,& x is easy to set into e play "s g5u9e gem ( lit]ature--a lyric to be sung1 a little /ory to be told4 ,x is desirable to introduce z mu* music z possible--really arti/ic little songs t fit into ! atmosph]e ( ! play & help to create x2 x makes bett] team-"w4 ,a dance too1 always provid$ x h>monizes ) ! tone & _s ( ! play1 helps ! feel+ ( co-op]ative production4 ,! *ildr5's act+1 9 ! s5se ( ge/ure & /age-bus9ess1 is v likely to be /iff & artificial4 ,m>*es & dances t belong 9 ! play make an imp]ative call = movem5t1 & accu/om !m to action )\t self-consci\sness & =mality4 ,! /ory1 !n1 is g5]ally giv5--x is some?+ ! *ildr5 h read1 x is a hi/orical ev5t1 ?\gh ( c\rse x may be furni%$ by "s inv5tive memb] ( ! class1 or evolv$ by !m toge!r4 ,:atev] x is1 x w 9 all probability n diff] 9 any way f ! /ory ( any n>rative4 ,! plot w be ! plot ( ! n>rative /ory2 x w be ei!r an accid5t or a v notewor?y fact1 if ! mat]ial furni%$ displays a true dramatic plot4 ,!re w probably be no true dramatic *>act]ization4 ,! tea*] _c aim at x1 & mu/ n expect x2 ?\gh occasionally ! born actor decl>es himself & pres5ts u a man 9 8 humor 9 true dramatic fa%ion4 ,b1 on ! :ole1 we are cont5t$ if up to ! "t we are twelve or ?irte5 we move ab\t ! /age1 z ! p]sons move ?r\gh ! /ory1 deliv]+ ourselves ( su* dialogue z is ne$$ to put ! action =w>d--& no?+ m4 ,x goes )\t say+ t place mu/ be made = a l>ge numb] ( sups4 ,an army is a great device1 = 9 ! m>*+ & manoeuv]+ mo/ ( ! class c manage to appe> ^u ! /age fir/ or la/4 ,bri>-,rose makes a great play = ! ?ird or f\r? grade1 = e man 9 ! grade c appe> z a ?orn-bu% 9 ! h$ge4 ,!re may easily be two diff]5t ca/s = e play4 ,occasionally !re is ! opportunity = ! :ole class to appe> 9 "* z audi5ce4 ,x is almo/ impossible to say any?+ conc]n+ ! /ag+1 ! !atrical side1 ( ^! plays t w be helpful ev]y:]e because ! facilities v>y s widely 9 diff]5t s*ools & diff]5t communities4 ,9 g5]al1 x is be/ to h :at answ]s = a /age4 ,!re is "s my/ic influ5ce 9 ! rais$ plat=m1 ! curta91 ! prosc5ium ar* t cuts (f ?is p]=mance f ! re/ ( ! _w & gives x at once ! di/9ction ( art4 ,e dramatic guide ( "y p %\ld help =w>d z mu* z possible ! movem5t to free drama f ! tyranny ( ! /age c>p5t]1 ! sc5e-pa9t]1 & ! co/um]4 ,& ) *ildr5 z ) ! e>ly folk-play]s x takes v little to create ! illusion4 ,a fea!r 9 8 head makes ! six-ye>-old a noble r$ man )\t m ado4 ,a sa% ov] h] %\ld] conv]ts a little maid5 ( ! ?ird grade into a haughty pr9cess4 ,b ! fea!r & ! sa% are good p$agogy z well z good art4 ,an arm-*air makes a p>lor2 a half-doz5 arm-loads ( b\ghs makes a =e/4 ,i witness$ a /irr+ p]=mance ( ,siegfri$1 ! ,*ild ( ! ,=e/1 :]e ! illusion ( ! deep-=e/ glades 0 creat$ by ?ree rubb] plants1 a pott$ palm1 & a sword-f]n 9 a j>d9i]e6 ,a gold5-hair$ ,siegfri$ ) an angora rug ?r[n ov] "o %\ld]1 a black5$ ,mimi ) a mantle ( burlap fa/5$ ab\t him ) a trunk-/rap--! :ole atmosph]e ( art 0 !re4 ,z ! *ildr5 gr[ old]1 & alas6 9 mo/ cases less imag9ative1 !y w require m prop]ties4 ,if possible1 !y %\ld "w toge!r to make ! sc5]y & provide ! prop]ties1 & %\ld be prevail$ ^u to make _! own co/umes4 ,! wise tea*] w keep ! co/um+ out ( ! h&s ( ! t5d] mamas all he c2 = 9 mo/ cases ! p>ticipation ( ! mo!rs 9 ?is side ( ! prep>ations1 unless !y are giv5 specific directions & compell$ to foll[ !m1 means ! introduction ( ! fatal _s ( competitive f9]y4 ,! *ildr5 %\ld be taught to see t ! co/um+ is a "p ( ! art1 & t ev]ybody's co/ume mu/ be br\ght )9 ! picture4 ,n[1 up ?r\gh ! six? or sev5? grades 7?is w dep5d ^u ! av]age maturity ( ! *ildr51 ^u ! k9d ( culture 9 ! homes f :i* !y come1 ^u ! "* & k ( ! tea*]s 9 ! grades ?r\gh :i* !y h come7 ! plays t ! *ildr5 h %\ld be ( ! k9d we h be5 consid]+--epic mat]ial1 m]e direct /ory put toge!r "u ! simple/ ( dramatic pr9ciples--^? ( analysis into movem5ts1 ( dialogue & ( action 9 its simpl] =ms4 ,b 9 ! eigh? s*ool ye> 7m]ely to set a limit71 & bridg+ ! *ildr5 ov] into _! n9? or fir/ ye> ( high s*ool1 !re may be a *ange4 ,! *ild has gradually become consci\s ( ! complexity ( life & human int]e/s2 he beg9s to make 8 adolesc5t readju/m5t to ! _w1 to realize 9 a consci\s way its hi/ory & its in/itutions2 8 own /udies 9 hi/ory h become /udies 9 ! int]weav+ ( complex factors2 ! great social in/itutions beg9 to press _! claims & (f] _! attractions2 college looms ahead1 condition+ all 8 und]tak+s2 ! *ur* makes its appeal or ass]ts its rights2 ^u all too _m *ildr5 ! in/itutions ( bus9ess & indu/ry make _! call2 9 mo/ *ildr5 _! own moral & religi\s problems1 & ^? ( _! mates1 rise to consci\sness4 ,epic directness & s+l5ess n[ no long] seem an adequate picture ( human affairs4 ,x is n[ t ! *ild has 8 fir/ mom5t ( rip5ess = ! *>act]i/ic inn] ?+s ( ! lit]>y drama3 ! cla% & comb9ation ( in/itutions2 ! revolt ( ! individual aga9/ ! in/itution1 ) 8 f9al de/ruction or adju/m5t2 ! plot :i* is an int]weav+ ( e?ical & complex social =ces--! *>act]s g5]ally intricate to beg9 )1 & und]go+ pr(\nd modification 9 ! process ( ! action1 diff]5t f ! /atic epic *>act]s he has kn[n hi!rto4 ,9 %ort1 we may f9d t ! eigh? grade is ready = "s specim5s ( t lit]>y type :i* is ! true/ arti/ic pres5tation ( ! social & moral complex1 ! lit]>y drama4 ,luckily1 !re are grades & %ades ( complexity1 & a wide range ( *oice z to ! nature & difficulty ( ! problems involv$4 ,"o w\ld sc>cely enc\rage ! eigh?- or n9?-ye> s*ool *ildr5 to attack ! intricate adju/m5t & int]play ( ,hamlet2 he w\ld n l !m to foll[ ! baffl+ complexities ( social1 p]sonal1 & economic consid]ations ?r\gh ,! ,pill>s ( ,society4 ,b ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice (f]s problems & situations :i* he c und]/&2 9 ,julius ,caes> & 9 ,macbe?1 9 ,wilhelm ,tell1 & 9 ! ,wall5/e9 plays1 noble & f9i%$ dramas z !y are1 he enc\nt]s no?+ t he _c grasp4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ideas & ! situations are su* z he readily und]/&s1 & su* z legitimately enl>ge 8 horizon4 ,! ,%akespe>e1 at any rate1 w probably be /udi$ z poetry1 & ! *ildr5 %\ld be enc\rag$ to act1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 any play t !y c /udy z lit]ature4 ,x may be t ! facilities ( ! s*ool w prohibit any attempt to /age "o ( ^! l>g] plays4 ,9 t ev5t *os5 bits may be giv5 z dialogue or monologue fitt$ into a recital ( ! /ory1 & a description ( ! situation4 ,! tea*] %\ld always rememb] t ! drama is oral lit]ature1 & ! lit]ature ( x makes its legitimate appeal fir/ to ! e>4 ,*ildr5 memorize s easily1 t !y w "k ! play by he>t practically z soon z !y h f9i%$ su* a consid]ation ( x z enables !m to read x intellig5tly4 ,if n1 ! /rik+ & beautiful passages %\ld be delib]ately memoriz$4 ,%\ld ^! dramatic p]=mances be produc$ be=e a public8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly yes4 ,let x be h[ev] small a public--two neighbor+ grades1 invit$ p>5ts & fri5ds2 b let ! /udy & ef=t be> its legitimate fruit 9 ! public pres5tation4 ,only :5 we lead !m to turn back :at !y h ga9$ into a community asset1 h we done any?+ to tra9 our *ildr5 9 social art4 ,& ?is is s natural & easy 9 ! case ( an act$ drama t x is a pity to miss ! opportunity4 ,( c\rse1 !y mu/ love ! ?+ !y d4 ,x mu/ be made good en\gh to give1 & be !re=e (f]$4 ,we %all gradually recov] f ! fright we h be5 9 n[ = "s "t z to ! *ildr5's desire to %[ (f4 ,h[ c we be sure we %\ld h _h any art1 if ?is motive _h n m+l$ ) ! o!rs 9 ! production & publication ( ! art-product8 ,let u cease to give x an invidi\s "n2 in/ead ( call+ x ! desire to %[ (f1 let u call x ! arti/s' passion--be he poet1 pa9t]1 actor1 :at n--to communicate1 to turn back into ! common life ?is ?+ he has b drawn out ( ! common life to elaborate & beautify4 ,! *ild & ! !at] makes a difficult problem4 ,"o ne$ n say t a habitual !at]-go+ *ild is a social1 & mo/ likely a moral1 mon/]4 ,b *ildr5 %\ld occasionally see a play ) ! pomp & circum/ance ( ! /age4 ,9 ! l>ge cities x is n difficult to f9d a play or two ea* ye> t x is good = a *ild to see--some?+ ( ,%akespe>e1 or "s o!r h]oic spectacle2 "s innoc5t programme ( horse-play & frolic2 "s pretty pantomime1 & occasionally a melodrama nei!r banal nor ov]-s5tim5tal4 ,if we b realiz$ ! !at] z an educational & ae/hetic =ce1 we might secure _m m su* ?+s by an intellig5t appeal = !m & an intellig5t reception ( !m4 ,aft] ! *ildr5 h _h ^! few h]oic plays we h discuss$ = ! eigh? or n9? grade1 !y mature s rapidly t _! contact ) ! lit]>y drama ceases to be a *ild's problem at all2 x passes into ! field ( second>y tra9+1 :]e x mu/1 z ?+s n[ are 9 our s*ools1 be approa*$ f a some:at diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,pres5tation ,,( ,,! ,,lit]ature ,9 ?is day ( reaction1 n to say revulsion1 aga9/ me?ods 9 tea*+1 x is ) mu* misgiv+ t "o br+s "o's self to speak ( ! practical details ( tea*+ a subject1 le/ he be suspect$ ( hav+ a me?od or ev5 a sy/em1 or le/ ^? sugge/ions :i* he tries to give out z g5etic & /imulat+ m]ely1 be tak5 z a =maliz$ plan4 ,h[ev]1 ea* body ( mat]ial t has any degree ( sep>at5ess has a h&le by :i* x ought to be tak52 disreg>d+ ! poor figure--pa?s by :i* "o mo/ easily comes to ! c5t] ( x2 c]ta9 po9ts ( view f :i* x looks mo/ attractive & manageable4 ,"s su* h&les1 or pa?s1 or po9ts ( view x w be ! bus9ess ( ?is *apt] to indicate2 & ! sugge/ions to be (f]$ are1 x is to be hop$1 s simple & s reasonable z to h occurr$ to _m obs]v+ & gr[+ tea*]s4 ,! some:at small body ( lit]ature to be us$ 9 ! classes %\ld practically ?r\gh\t ! elem5t>y p]iod be read to ! *ildr5 9 class1 n read by !m4 ,! relation ( ! lit]ature to read+-lessons w be discuss$ else:]e4 ,x may well be t 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! p]iod _m ( ! memb]s ( ! class w h rea*$ ! /age ( read+ ne$ful = ! int]pretative & appreh5sive read+ ( lit]ature2 b ! majority ( ! class w n4 ,!y w ma/] ! difficulties ( me*anical read+2 !y may a*ieve ! plane ( intellig5t read+4 ,b "h ! l>ge majority ( !m l+]4 ,va/ numb]s ( p nev] pu% on to ! next plane--t ( appreciative read+4 ,& x is small wond]2 = ! comb9ation ( me*anical1 intellectual1 & emotional processes t x involves con/itutes x well-nigh ! mo/ difficult ( a*ievem5ts4 ,ho/s ( e/imable & intellig5t p]sons1 respectable citiz5s1 live out long ye>s ( great] or less usefulness1 & nev] h a glimpse ( ?is k9d ( read+4 ,x is by no means true t ev5 e good & useful citiz5 :o tea*es lit]ature1 c d ?is k9d ( read+2 _m times he _c4 ,b he c read bett] ?an ! *ildr54 ,!y1 involv$ 9 ! difficulties ( _! inexp]t read+1 _c see ! woods = ! trees2 !y are oblig$ to g s sl[ly1 & to absorb s mu* en]gy 9 :at "o may call ! manual "w ( read+1 t !y miss ! ess5tially lit]>y ?+s--! movem5t1 ! picture1 ! music4 ,( c\rse1 :5 we say read1 we use ! ^w 9 ! broad s5se ( r5d]+ ! matt] viva voce1 :e!r x be actual read+ f ! text or recit+4 ,:ile ! p]son :o is read+ a /ory to *ildr5 mu/ be mo/ conc]n$ ) _s & mean+1 he mu/ n1 if he suppose himself to be tea*+ lit]ature1 neglect ! matt] ( /yle4 ,if ! /ory is a translat$ "o1 he mu/ make or *oose "s beautiful translation4 ,ev]y?+ t he reads to !m he mu/ "w ov] be=eh&1 s t he c give x ) effective c]ta9ty4 ,he m ?an defeats 8 purpose :o transmits to 8 *ildr5 no matt] h[ good a /ory 9 slip-%od s5t5ces1 commonplace phras+1 g-easy enunciation2 or1 worse ?an t1 9 ! o/5tati\sly *ildlike language & mann] t con/itute (ficial k9d]g>t5ese1 or 9 ! hil>i\sly *e]ful mann] :i* m>ks traditional ,sunday-s*oolese2 or1 wor/ ( all1 9 t tone ( *eap irony t s _m p see fit to adopt = all _! communications ) *ildr54 ,x is ! tone ( ! av]age adult :5ev] he ent]s into conv]sation ) any acqua9tance "u twelve--an und]br$ or q uncall$-= tone ( bad9age1 ( quizz+1 ( ins9c]ity4 ,x is an unp>donable misund]/&+ ( ! dignity & s]i\sness ( *ildr5 to (f] !m babble :5 !y ask only simplicity1 or to treat ) flippancy :at to !m are ! s]i\s ?+s ( art4 ,x %\ld be q possible to be s]i\s )\t be+ solemn1 & *e]ful )\t be+ hil>i\s4 ,?is matt] ( a good /yle & =m is s important t a tea*] %\ld a*ieve x at any co/ ( tr\ble & /udy4 ,i l to use e opportunity to say t he %\ld s ?or\ghly "k 8 /ory or poem1 be x ! simple/ old fairy-tale1 or ! v]ie/ nurs]y-j+le1 t he loves & respects x z art2 & %\ld s "k & respect 8 audi5ce & 8 purpose t a good & suitable lit]>y =m fl[s f him inevitably2 or1 if he is read+ an actual text1 t e s5t5ce is bo? appreciative & int]pretative4 ,b1 if he _c a*ieve ?is1 let him 9 ! fir/ in/ance write out a good =m ( 8 /ory1 or f9d "o & memorize x4 ,!re is no d5y+ t 9 ! h&s ( a cold & me*anical p]son ?is production w display "s priggi%ness & false propriety4 ,b ! failure z lit]>y tra9+ w\ld be less disa/r\s 9 ?is case ?an if ! same p]son gave a haphaz>d & commonplace impromptu v]sion4 ,!re is su* a ?+ z lit]>y read+ z di/+ui%$ f ! read+ ( matt] te*nical 9 cont5t & m]ely intellectual 9 appeal4 ,tea*]s1 accu/om$ z !y are to read = facts & int5t ^u ! logical emphasis1 are peculi>ly prone to read lit]ature poorly--miss+ ! music & ! emotion1 r5d]+ x all 9 ! h>d intellectual mann] t is acceptable only z ! vehicle ( ! colorless matt] ( a te*nical treatise4 ,!re is also su* a ?+ z ! tell+ ( a lit]>y /ory1 z di/+ui%$ f ! tell+ ( any o!r /ory4 ,a n>rative ( ev5ts 9 hi/ory1 an acc\nt ( "s occurr5ce 9 nature or ord9>y affairs1 may be expect$ to proce$ f po9t to po9t )\t arrangem5t or succession o!r ?an ! ord] ( incid5ts z !y occur4 ,! int]e/ is ! int]e/ ( fact2 ! ?read is t ( cause & effect1 or any o!r pla9 sequ5ce4 ,b 9 ! lit]>y /ory ! incid5ts are sift$ & arrang$4 ,c]ta9 details are prophecies--=e%ad[+s ( ?+s to come2 c]ta9 incid5ts are vital turn+-po9ts 9 ! action2 c]ta9 phrases are ! key & c\nt]-sign ( ! :ole /ory2 "s p>agraphs are pla9 n>ration2 "s are calm description2 "s are poetic int]pretation2 "s ro> ) action2 "s gl[ ) emotion2 "s sp>kle ) fun2 "s lie 9 %ad[1 o!rs /& =? 9 ! brilliant light2 !re are movem5ts 9 ! /ory1 m>k$ by a *ange ( sc5e1 a *ange ( situation1 a pause 9 ! action--p>ts :i* w\ld be m>k$ 9 ! drama z sc5es or acts2 !re is ! gradual approa* to ! c5t]1 ! pivotal occurr5ce1 ! readju/m5t ( affairs to ord9>y life4 ,ideally1 all ^! ?+s w be indicat$ 9 ! pres5tation t an accompli%$ /ory-tell] makes ( a lit]>y /ory4 ,?is seems to set ! /&>d v high--too high = ! disc\rag$ attempt ( ! ov]work$ grade tea*]4 ,if s1 %e may reflect t x is triumphantly true t su* is ! aff9ity betwe5 ! *ild & ! /ory t he w get mu* delight & n\ri%m5t out ( any tell+ ( x4 ,:o has n hesitat$ betwe5 a smile & a te> at ! spectacle ( a *ild or a class hang+ en?rall$ & hungry ^u a /ory r5d]$ by a "m or a tea*] ^: e pronunciation 0 a j>1 ^: e cad5ce a dislocation1 & ^: e emphasis a mis9t]pretation8 ,& rememb]1 ! art ( /ory-tell+ is n ! art ( ! !at]1 n ! art ( ! actress1 b ! art ( ! "m1 ! nurse2 ! art ( ! sp9/]s & ! knitt]s 9 ! sun2 ! art ( ! w&]+ m9/rel1 ( ! j\rneyman tailor1 ( ! exil$ y\ng] bro!r2 art design$ to rea*1 n an audi5ce beyond ! footlights1 b "o ga!r$ on ! sunny b5* ( ! m>ket-place1 on ! he>?-/one1 "u ! nurs]y lamp1 9 ! %ady g>d51 & 9 _! own tea*]'s s*oolroom4 ,z a practical matt]1 ! tea*]1 9 pres5t+ a /ory or a n>rative poem1 %\ld take advantage ( ! natural pauses1 ! end ( "o incid5t or movem5t & ! beg9n+ ( ! next1 9 divid+ 8 mat]ial = ! actual lessons1 s t 9 a long /ory or 9 a drama1 ! end ( ! lesson co9cides ) ! close ( a s]ies ( incid5ts or ! close ( "o ( ! l>g] movem5ts4 ,no?+ spoils a bit ( lit]ature m effectually ?an tak+ x 9 accid5tal or fragm5t>y bits4 ,at any co/ ( "t & pa9s1 let !re be a s5se ( complet5ess 9 ea* lesson1 a feel+ ( repose1 if only tempor>y1 at ! end ( ea* in/alm5t4 ,& :e!r he closes 8 lesson or n1 ! tea*] %\ld at ! close ( e su* movem5t 9 a class ( old] *ildr5 pause to discuss1 to review1 or to summ>ize4 ,:5 he makes ?is recognition ( ! close ( a s]ies ( incid5ts1 or ( a movem5t1 he accompli%es two ?+s3 he secures a c]ta9 am\nt ( complet5ess1 & he helps on 9 ! *ildr5 ! desirable s5se ( organization1 ( composition1 9 _! /ory or play4 ,! nature ( ! bit ( lit]ature *os5 mu/ guide ! tea*] 9 8 fir/ pres5tation ( x4 ,:5 x is a ?+ 9 :i* ! movem5t is rapid1 or ! int]e/ 9 ! action or ! plot int5se1 x w d\btless be be/ to g rapidly ?r\gh ! :ole1 n paus+ = any details4 ,!n g ov] x sl[ly aga91 paus+ = appreciation & comm5t4 ,x seems well to repeat "h t if ! /ory is long & ! plot involves any int5sity ( susp5se1 x may be well to let ! *ildr5 "k ! issue e>ly 9 ! /ory2 ! wisdom ( ?is /ep w dep5d l>gely ^u ! av]age n]ves ( ! class4 ,!re may well be sev]al read+s ( a ?+ wor? read+ once4 ,e tea*] kn[s h[ well cont5t ! y\ng] *ildr51 especially1 are to g ov] a ?+ _m times4 ,! int]e/ ( ! class ( old] *ildr5 may be kept up ?r\gh ! _m read+s ( a /ory or poem1 by %ift+ ea* "t ! gr\nd ( comm5t or discussion1 op5+ up a new "q or reveal+ a new po9t ( int]e/ at ea* read+4 ,9 o!r pieces1 ! sl[] mov+ /ories & lyrics1 ! *ildr5 are will+ to l+] ov] ! details at ! fir/ read+4 ,x is all b impossible to indicate :at su* details are1 or :at we mean by l+]+ ov] !m4 ,i h po9t$ out 9 "s detail1 9 ! *apt] on poetry1 ! k9d ( ?+ t "o w\ld l+] ov] = comm5t & "q4 ,if x is a new1 r>e1 or especially picturesque ^w1 we may ask que/ions & receive comm5ts1 or accord+ to ! situation1 give quick & direct in=mation ab\t x3 ,! gold5 orange gl[s2 ,he /rung ! b[ deftly2 ,! butt]-cup cat*es ! sun 9 its *alice4 ,^! ?ree words call = att5tion = diff]5t reasons1 9 addition to ! fact t any or all ( !m might be new & unkn[n words to ! class4 ,9 ! case ( a figure or image we w\ld pause & discuss ! v>i\s t]ms & details ( x1 until mo/ memb]s ( ! class h at lea/ intellectually appreh5d$ x4 ,su* a complex little figure & image z foot/eps ( ! fall+ drops d[n ! ladd] ( ! leaves calls = leisurely appreciation & assimilation4 ,a peculi> musical onomatopoeic l9e w int]e/ !m2 ,burly doz+ bumble-bee1 is su* a l9e4 ,!y w be delight$ to discov] :y ?is peculi> assemblage ( s\nds 0 *os5 9 connection ) ?is insect4 ,! long day wanes1 ! sl[ moon climbs1 indicat+ & imitat+ by its sl[ movem5t & long v[els ! passage ( ! l+]+ h\rs1 is an effect !y %\ld be l$ to realize4 ,we %\ld pause to po9t out1 or to inquire into1 ! implications ( "s pregnant or pivotal s5t5ce1 su* z3 ,n[1 ,c9d]ella's godmo!r 0 fay2 or1 ,cyclops1 y ask$ my noble "n1 & ,i w tell x3 ,my "n is ,noman4 ,! bit select$ = detail$ /udy may be l>g]1 am\nt+ to a complete incid5t--= example1 ,nausicaa ) h] maids wa%+ h] beautiful clo!s by ! riv]2 "s sc5e or incid5t full ( "* & symbolical mean+1 z ! sc5e ) ! h5 & ! cat 9 ,! ,ugly ,duckl+2 "s e?ical or moral "q t calls = judgm5t1 su* z ,rob9 ,hood's treatm5t ( ! unju/ abbot1 or ,portia's decision z to ,%ylock's bond4 ,^! examples1 *os5 at r&om1 are int5d$ simply to sugge/ ! k9d ( ?+ to be /opp$ ov]4 ,x w\ld be a grave mi/ake to pause ov] e su* detail1 or to try to make sure t ! *ildr5 appreh5d ev5 intellectually e item z x appe>s4 ,leave _m ( !m = subsequ5t read+s2 let _m ( !m lie p]man5tly1 dep5d+ r on ! effects ( ! g5]al tone & _s ( ! production = y\r results4 ,"o ( ! fir/ lessons to le>n ab\t ! tea*+ ( lit]ature is t x w n d to tea* ! :ole art on ! basis ( "o specim5--t x w n d to tea* 9 any case all t "o c\ld4 ,"o mu/ r try to tea* ! *>act]i/ic1 ! inevitable lesson--! lesson dem&$ by ! g5ius ( 8 piece4 ,let ! tea*] avoid by all means ! pitfall ( talky-talk & lecture4 ,keep ! lit]ature z ne> play z possible--! play t cultivates & discipl9es ?r\gh ! av5ues ( ref9$ pleasure4 ,x w (t5 be necess>y = ! tea*] to %ort5 & o!rwise edit ! ?+ he *ooses4 ,!re w come f "t to "t dull passages1 descriptive passages1 passages ^: subject-matt] is too mature1 or 9 "s o!r way undesirable = 8 class4 ,he w (t5 be able to economize ef=t & to secure a bett] unity ( impression1 by omitt+ :at is m]e enri*m5t ( ! picture or re9=cem5t ( ! tea*+2 su* incid5ts may be remov$ )\t alt]+ ! mean+ or ! movem5t4 ,! tea*] mu/ be exp]i5c$ en\gh to recognize su* unnecess>y or sup]flu\s incid5ts2 o!rwise he only mutilates 8 /ory 9 cond5s+ x4 ,:5 ! *ildr5 h advanc$ to "s pr(ici5cy 9 read+1 !y w1 ( c\rse1 beg9 to read "s ( _! own lit]ature1 read+ al\d 9 ! class & (t5 hav+ ! text be=e !m z ! tea*] reads4 ,all ! *ildr5 t c read at all %\ld1 z a rule1 h a pr9t$ copy ( any?+ !y are ask$ to memorize2 & z a matt] ( social duty1 ! tea*] ( lit]ature1 or ! tea*] 9 ! lit]ature class1 w f "t to "t h a c>eful ex]cise 9 read+ = ! y\ng] read]s2 :ile he w h mu* read+ al\d f ! old] grades2 rememb]+ t ! inevitable obv]se ( receiv+ lit]ature ?r\gh ! e> is ! r5d]+ x ) ! voice4 ,b1 on ! :ole1 !y w f>e be/ if up to & probably ?r\gh ! six? grade !y receive :at is di/9ctively lit]ature ?r\gh ! e>4 ,& ev5 aft] t !y %\ld (t5 he> _! mat]ial r5d]$ by a good read] 9 class1 ev5 ?\gh !y may be requir$ to read ! same mat]ial ov] be=eh&1 or subsequ5t to ! class read+4 ,e tea*] %\ld h 9 res]ve a /ore ( /ories & poems1 & beautiful passages f great ma/]pieces :i* he produces f "t to "t z a surprise to 8 class4 ,?is is _m a "t ! mo/ effective lesson possible--add+ to ! *ildr5's pleasure ! delight ( surprise1 creat+ 9 !m ! impression ( ! inexhau/ible supply ( beautiful ?+s1 & te/ify+ to _! tea*]'s own joy 9 ! ?+s he wants !m to love4 ,o!r m9or & practical matt]s1 m closely connect$ ) ! return f ! *ildr5 ?an ! pres5tation to !m1 w be discuss$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,f9ally1 ! :ole matt] is condition$ & color$ by ! fact t 9 any case ! lit]ature is transmitt$ to ! *ildr5 ?r\gh ! p]sonality ( ! tea*]4 ,?is is p>tially true ( all a *ild's subjects & 8 :ole exp]i5ce 9 s*ool2 b ! fact t lit]ature is s inwov5 ) feel+1 & s b\nd up ) matt]s ( p]sonal ta/e1 t x conc]ns itself s mu* ) matt]s ( e?ics & conduct1 makes x peculi>ly liable to take on color1 to n>r[ or to wid5 ) ! p]sonality ( him :o *ooses & r5d]s x4 ,a tea*] mu/ accept ?is fact1 & pr(it by ! obvi\s w>n+s t arise out ( x2 b bett] ?an t1 build 8 "w ^u ! _m b5efic5t aspects ( ! fact4 ,! tea*] be=e 8 class is ! sacr$ b>d at ! fea/2 he is an exhau/less spr+ ( joy1 a tireless playfell[1 a prea*] :o nev] proses1 a s*oolma/] :o nev] scolds4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,return ,,f ,,! ,,*ildr5 ,! discussion mu/ naturally limit itself l>gely to ! imm$iate return t we may ask ( ! *ildr5 f _! lessons 9 lit]ature2 s9ce x is n possible to d m ?an h9t at _! ultimate effects4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 a matt] ( p$agogical morality to ask f !m "s imm$iate & practical return1 or "s actual lit]>y contributions to ! lessons4 ,!re are c]ta9 modifications ( ! mod]n doctr9e t e /imulation ( ! m9d or ! emotions %\ld ev5tuate 9 activity--modifications t apply to all ! f9e arts4 ,! ae/hetic exp]i5ce is a complete exp]i5ce 9 itself2 ! appreh5sion1 ! enjoym5t1 & ! f9al appreciation :i* "o passes ?r\gh 9 8 contact ) a beautiful piece ( art--a picture1 a symphony1 an ode--con/itute a complete psy*ic exp]i5ce2 !y ev5tuate 9 a bett] ta/e1 a high] ideal1 ! record ( a pure & noble joy4 ,!y d n dem& fur!r activity4 ,we ne$ n feel1 !re=e1 t x is a matt] ( necessity to ask t 9 e case ! class make "s tangible response to e lit]>y impression4 ,b ! tea*] ( lit]ature mu/ feel t he %>es ) all _! o!r tea*]s ! responsibility & ! duty ( mak+ social be+s ( ! *ildr51 ( equipp+ !m ) ! means ( expression & communication1 s t !y may turn back into ! sum-total a product 9 ex*ange = ! mat]ial !y draw out4 ,he mu/1 !re=e1 associate ) ! lessons a legitimate am\nt ( ex]cise = 8 class 9 imp>t+ :at !y h le>n$ & 9 creat+ lit]>y products = !mselves4 ,! fir/ & simple/ return we ask is ! oral comm5t1 ! imm$iate discussion t accompanies ! pres5tation ( ! "w4 ,:5 a /ory has be5 read1 !re %\ld always be opportunity = "q & comm5t4 ,?is ! tea*] mu/ guide & re/ra94 ,( c\rse1 he %\ld be hospitable to sugge/ions & contributions1 pati5t1 & g5]\s to que/ions4 ,b he mu/ be cauti\s nev] to let ! talk ev5 on ! "p ( ! smalle/ *ildr5 rema9 m]e prattle1 or deg5]ate into an aimless scamp] ar\nd ! paddock2 he w see t !re is a po9t or a l9e to cl+ to1 & he w manage t ?is %all be done4 ,e tea*] kn[s h[ "o petty or commonplace *ild1 "o w\ld-be wit or skeptic1 c drag ! discussion into ! du/ & keep x !re1 unless he is promptly & p]haps vigor\sly suppress$4 ,( c\rse1 9 ^! discussions !re is v small opportunity = tra9+ ! voice & criticiz+ ! language4 ,let !re be1 if possible1 a free fl[ ( comm5t & contribution1 un9t]rupt$ by any corrections except ^? ( ! mo/ egregi\s errors4 ,! tea*] :o guides x %\ld /udy 8 que/ions1 & ev5 ) ! little ones %\ld br+ into ! light ( discussion ! vital & sali5t ?+s1 & by means ( a "q f "t to "t1 keep ! conf]5ce away f triviality & gossip4 ,he w beg9 to tra9 8 *ildr5 f ! beg9n+ to make legitimate inductions f _! mat]ial1 & w require !m to give reasons bas$ ^u ! actual /ory or poem4 ,he w be able to lead !m to f9d ! precise po9t ( dep>ture 9 ! /ory = ! introduction ( _! p]sonal exp]i5ce or _! new incid5t1 & he w help !m 9 e case to make cle> ! application ( _! own mat]ial to ! discussion4 ,x is 9 ?is spontane\s & free1 b guid$1 conf]5ce t ! *ildr5 get mo/ good out ( ! lit]ature lessons4 ,( c\rse1 z !y gr[ old] ! discussion ( p]sons & _! conduct1 & ! e?ical & social be>+ ( ev5ts & op9ions1 may be broad5$ & deep5$4 ,z !y gr[ old]1 too1 m correctness & /yle & fulness may be dem&$ 9 _! impromptu contributions to ! discussion4 ,a *ild may1 )\t suspect+ x1 & consequ5tly )\t self-consci\sness1 acquire "s consid]able skill 9 extemporane\s speak+ & "s g5u9e intellectual ease 9 conv]sation f ^! class discussions4 ,ano!r natural return to be ask$ f ! *ildr5 is ! repetition ( ! /ory1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 by memb]s ( ! class 9 _! own words2 ?\gh ( c\rse1 aft] _m he>+s ( x well told ! *ildr5 w h incorporat$ into _! own vocabul>y ! mo/ useful & *>act]i/ic words4 ,?is ex]cise %\ld nev] be all[$ to pass into a c>eless & slip%od p]=mance2 ! *ildr5 %\ld be alive & respond+ al]tly to ! call made ^u !m4 ,_! gramm>1 _! s5t5ces1 _! emphases & intonations may appropriately be correct$ m vigor\sly 9 ?is ex]cise ?an 9 ! spontane\s discussion4 ,! be/ lit]>y effect is n secur$ by hav+ ! /ory retold imm$iately aft] ! *ildr5 h he>d x1 nor by hav+ !m und]/& be=eh& t x is to be retold z a =mal ex]cise4 ,x may be br\ght out ( !m on "s lat] occasion s z to give x ! air ( an indep5d5t contribution to ! pleasure ( ! class4 ,no?+ is m deadly to ! atmosph]e ( a /ory ?an ! c]ta9ty on ! "p ( ! *ildr5 t !y are go+ to be call$ ^u to retell x4 ,?is %\ld nev] become a habitual ex]cise4 ,x helps 9 a lit]>y z well z a social way to divide ! /ory 9 ! retell+ among ! *ildr5 accord+ to movem5ts1 or ev5 accord+ to incid5ts1 s9ce ?is calls att5tion to its p>ts & organization4 ,we may reasonably expect all ! poems taught z lit]ature to be memoriz$1 s9ce x does n take _m repetitions ( a poem to fix x 9 a *ild's memory4 ,! vocal production ( ?is poem gives ! be/ opportunity = cultivat+ ! *ild 9 voice1 9 enunciation & pronunciation4 ,! tea*] %\ld n1 ( c\rse1 seem qu]ul\s & exact+ 9 small matt]s1 & x is bett] to leave a few c>eless spots 9 any "o poem ?an to spoil ! *ildr5's pleasure 9 x by too close criticism2 b he c d mu* to help all ! *ildr5 t[>d a di/+ui%$ mann] ( expression4 ,^! memoriz$ poems1 l ! /ories !y le>n1 %\ld n be reg>d$ z =mal ex]cises to be recit$ once & be done )4 ,!y %\ld be call$ = f "t to "t z contributions to ! pleasure ( ! :ole class4 ,"t is pr(itably giv5 n[ & !n to a /ory or v]se t\rnam5t1 a sang-fe/1 :5 ! :ole /ore ( ?+s acquir$ is br\ght out & enjoy$4 ,9 ! two old] classes ea* *ild may be requir$ to *oose1 prep>e1 & pres5t to ! class a bit ( lit]ature4 ,! *oice & prep>ation mu/ be done 9 consultation ) ! tea*]2 ! pres5tation to ! class reg>d$ z a contribution to _! arti/ic exp]i5ce & accept$ )\t criticism4 ,p>aphras+ is a process ( d\btful value4 ,x is nev] possible to express ! precise mean+ or mood 9 o!r words1 & 9 ! case ( v]se x s]ves to de/roy ! s5se ( inviolability ( =m t "o w\ld desire to develop & deep54 ,! direction1 ,/ate ! same ?\ght 9 o!r words1 %\ld nev] be giv54 ,to "o delicately alive to ! value ( words & ! %ades ( ?\ght1 x is a m]e contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,! same may be said ( ! practice ( gett+ ! *ildr5 to sub/itute synonyms2 9 lit]ature1 especially 9 poetry1 !re c be no true synonyms1 & no precisely synonym\s expressions4 ,_m pleasant exp]im5ts are to be made 9 connect+ "s ( ! h&work ( ! y\nge/ *ildr5 ) _! lit]ature4 ,! attempt to realize "s ( _! images 9 actual /uff con/itutes an arti/ic exp]im5t t has its lit]>y rev]b]ations1 & helps to deep5 ! association4 ,let !m make a cloak = ,little ,r$ ,rid+-,hood1 a fairies' coa* ( a nut %ell1 a boat1 a t5t--or :atev] little object or prop]ty is imb$d$ 9 ! /ory4 ,out ( practically e /ory1 & out ( _m ( ! poems1 !y get an inspiration = a picture or a bit ( model+4 ,su* associations ) lit]ature are legitimate & natural4 ,?is appe>s v cle> :5 we reflect t we are hop+ to cultivate ! ta/e & imag9ation ( ! *ildr51 & to tea* !m to love human life1 ) all t ?is implies1 z well z to drill !m 9 language1 gramm>1 & writ+4 ,x seems necess>y to h&le aspects ( ! problem ( language & writ+ 9 connection ) lit]ature 9 sev]al diff]5t places1 z we come ^u ! topic f diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,z has be5 said be=e1 x is ! duty ( ! tea*] ( lit]ature1 & ( ! lessons 9 lit]ature1 to help along ! "w 9 ! language arts4 ,x is ev5 fair to assume t ! *ildr5 w take m int]e/ 9 _! composition lessons1 & w get m pr(it out ( !m1 :5 !y are atta*$ to some?+ !y h done 9 lit]ature2 b ?is is because !y get out ( lit]ature m impulse t[>d creation1 & m inspiration t[>d a beautiful & /rik+ mann] ( expression4 ,b composition is n m]ely a m$ium ( creative expression2 x is a means ( pla9 communication1 & %\ld be develop$ 9 bo? directions & f bo? s\rces4 ,?is means t ! *ildr5 %\ld write 9 connection ) all _! subjects1 s t !y d n1 on ! "o h&1 associate ,engli% & writ+ ) lit]ature only1 & d n1 on ! o!r h&1 run ! risk ( =m+ no /yle b a lit]>y /yle4 ,x is c]ta9ly true t we disquiet ourselves & p]secute ! *ildr5 unnecess>ily conc]n+ ! :ole matt] ( writ+ dur+ ! elem5t>y p]iod4 ,! *ildr5 sc>cely acquire ! process ( writ+ z a manual ?+ 9 ! fir/ f\r ye>s4 ,dur+ ! next f\r by good luck & mu* toil1 mo/ ( !m manage to r$uce x to ! /age ( a tool4 ,_! consci\sness ( ! process add$ to _! consci\sness ( _! spell+ & gramm>1 leaves !m little fre$om 9 us+ ! writt5 composition z an av5ue ( spontane\s expression4 ,add to ?is ! fact t a l>ge "p ( ?is p]iod--! p]iod ( t5 to f\rte5--is ! beg9n+ ( ! great retic5ce4 ,!y are n tell+ :at !y "k or feel2 !y h n>r[$ _! vocabul>y d[n to ! absolutely necess>y t]ms2 !y h se5 ?r\gh e device by :i* ! tea*] seeks to get !m to express !mselves4 ,_! writt5 compositions w be1 !re=e1 dogg$ ex]cises1 & %\ld be connect$1 z f> z possible1 ) colorless in=mation subjects4 ,!re are exceptional *ildr5 & exceptional classes1 inde$1 to :om ^! g5]alizations d n apply4 ,we h all he>d ( classes 9 di/ant elem5t>y s*ools :i* lov$ to write4 ,b !re w ( necessity be a c]ta9 am\nt ( composition t w fall 9 ) ! "w 9 lit]ature1 & w con/itute "o ( ! logical returns we ask ( ! *ildr54 ,?is ! tea*] w\ld l to h z spontane\s & z lit]>y z possible4 ,9 g5]al1 we %\ld l x to be creative1 & n critical or reproductive4 ,we w\ld enc\rage !m to devise new adv5tures ( ,odysseus1 or ( ,rob9 ,hood1 to give an exp]i5ce ( _! own organiz$ into a g5u9e /ory1 an int]pretation & effective description ( "s incid5t or ev5t t has int]e/$ !m or be5 inv5t$ by !m4 ,x is necess>y1 if y expect to get any?+ lit]>y or creative out ( !m1 to help to put !m 9 ! creative & lit]>y mood4 ,talk ov] ) !m ! ?+ !y mean to d2 see t !y h ! vocabul>y !y w obvi\sly ne$2 enl>ge _! range ( comp>ison & allusion by discussion2 lead !m to divide _! mat]ial into suitable p>ts ) "s acceptable sequ5ce2 enri* _! topics by k9dr$ mat]ial2 guide !m into ! obs]vation & int]pretation ( mat]ial 9 ! imag9ative & lit]>y way4 ,"s aspects ( ?is process are illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ exp]i5ce3 ,a tea*] _h be5 read+ ,h[>d ,pyle's ,rob9 ,hood1 ) occasionally "o ( ! orig9al ballads int]sp]s$ 7b n ! traditional ,rob9 ,hood & ! ,pott]71 = ?ree mon?s2 ! *ildr5 _h also memoriz$ dur+ ! same "t ?ree %ort lyrics2 & 9 e lesson !re _h be5 discussions2 ! "t _h come :5 !y mu/ make some?+4 ,!y decid$ to foll[ ! plan ( _! book & tell h[ ,rob9 ,hood add$ a new memb] to 8 b&4 ,^! *ildr5 7 mak+ pott]y by way ( h&work1 & _h lately _h an int]e/+ visit to see a pott] work+ ) 8 :eel4 ,s ! sugge/ion naturally made by "s memb] ( ! class1 t ! new memb] ( ,rob9 ,hood's b& be a pott]1 0 receiv$ ) in/ant favor4 ,! tea*] read !m ,pet] ,bell1 & _! h]o promptly became a p$dl]-pott]--! v same1 sugge/$ an agile *ild1 :om ,tom1 ! ,pip]'s son1 f\nd beat+ 8 ass1 & ^u :om he play$ ! m]ry trick4 ,by ?is "t ! class c\ld be re/ra9$ no long]4 ,!y climb$ ov] "o ano!r's %\ld]s1 lit]ally & figuratively1 ) eag] sugge/ions & copi\s details4 ,aft] discuss+ ! plan long en\gh to sugge/ an organization ( ! mat]ial into ?ree natural p>ts1 ! *ildr5 7 set to "w4 ,! ord]ly & pati5t *ildr5 produc$ satisfactory /ories1 abundant 9 mat]ial & beautiful 9 detail4 ,all ! o!rs produc$ /ories :i*1 h[ev] disord]ly & c>eless1 7 brea?less ) feel+ & ov]fl[+ ) /uff4 ,"s ( !m adopt$ ,tom1 ! ,pip]'s son1 z ! new memb] ( ! b&1 n be+ able to =give ! pott] = beat+ ! ass2 "s adopt$ !m bo?2 o!rs1 only ! ,pott]1 duly lesson$ & conv]t$2 all provid$ = ! donkey4 ,:5 !y 7 ar\s$ & provid$1 !re 0 a spontane\s outfl[ ( :at 0 9 e case1 all[+ = ! v>y+ temp]am5ts & acquirem5ts ( ! *ildr51 a really lit]>y production4 ,z long z ! *ildr5 are s]i\sly hamp]$ ) ! me*anics ( writ+1 !y %\ld be all[$ to dictate _! "w1 :5 any practical plan c be devis$ = ?is4 ,:5 ! class is n too l>ge1 !y %\ld be taught to make a co-op]ative product1 ! tea*] tak+ d[n :at !y agree ^u1 revis+ x to suit !m4 ,9 ! case ( ! old] *ildr5 ^! spontane\s & lit]>y productions %\ld n be too m9utely criticiz$1 & ! revis+ & rewrit+ ( !m %\ld n become a matt] ( drudg]y4 ,!y %\ld h o!r & m colorless writt5 "w ^u :i* !y may be drill$1 le/ ! drill %\ld kill _! creative impulse or spoil _! pleasure 9 ! creat$ product4 ,_! m important productions may be fil$ & giv5 back to !m six mon?s lat] = _! own correction4 ,?is critical review ( _! own "w is g5]ally an occasion ( mu* pride1 & ! acquisition ( "s :olesome self-k4 ,x is possible t ?is attempt to di/+ui% lit]>y writ+ f o!r composition may convey ! impression t lit]ature & lit]>y production are set (f1 q ap>t f life1 & ! *ildr5's o!r exp]i5ces & int]e/s4 ,?is w\ld be a mis=tune4 ,:5ev] any aspect ( _! lives1 _! "w1 or _! play appeals to _! emotions & _! imag9ations1 :5 !y are provid$ ) a l>ge vocabul>y & h op5$ = !m av5ues ( comp>ison1 !y w turn back a lit]>y product4 ,b x is seldom desirable to create ?is atmosph]e 9 connection ) _! o!r /udies1 & ! lit]>y /yle & me?od is n a desirable "o = all subjects4 ,= ! sake ( ! practice 9 writ+ & compos+1 & = ! sake ( acquir+ ease 9 tell+ 9 writ+ :at !y "k or desire to communicate1 ! *ildr5 may write some?+ e day4 ,b n (t5] ?an once 9 six weeks c we build up 9 a class ! atmosph]e1 furni% ! mat]ial1 & br+ up ! en?usiasm = ! production ( some?+ wor? :ile 9 a lit]>y way--/ory1 essay1 play1 or poem4 ,to set ! elem5t>y *ild1 or ev5 ! high-s*ool s*ol>1 tasks ( inve/igat+ 9 lit]ature1 z if he 7 a little college /ud5t is a s]i\s mi/ake2 or to set = him !mes :i* call = su* op9ions & judgm5ts z c\ld be safely giv5 only by a mature p]son4 ,= in/ance1 to ask ! eigh? grade 9 ! av]age s*ool to write a "*-sket* ( ,%ylock is to make a bid = ins9c]ity & unf\nd$ judgm5t4 ,b satisfactory results may be obta9$ by giv+ ! *ildr5 a simple syllabus ( que/ions & sugge/ions1 indicat+ q suitable problems = !m to "w at 9 _! out-(-s*ool read+2 ?is little syllabus is !n made ! basis ( class discussion1 & p>ts ( x f9ally1 ( writt5 "w4 ,x requires "s skill to make su* a syllabus1 s9ce x mu/ n be made up ( lead+ que/ions nor ( t$i\sly detail$ sugge/ions1 nei!r mu/ x attempt to exhau/ ! mat]ial2 b mu/ be calculat$ to /imulate ! *ildr5 to obs]ve & to ?9k1 & mu/ be design$ to guide !m into ^? aspects ( ! /ory1 play or poem t !y may suitably & pr(itably consid]4 ,su* a guide %\ld be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( "y /ud5ts includ+ second>y *ildr51 :5ev] !y are /udy+ a mature & complex ma/]piece4 ,! dramatization & act+ ( any bit ( lit]ature t yields to ?is process is 9 _m ways ! mo/ satisfactory return we c ask4 ,9 a previ\s *apt] mu* has be5 said ab\t ! v>i\s dramatic sett+s & accompanim5ts ( lit]ature4 ,f ! treatm5t ( rhymes & j+les z sugge/ions = games & plays1 on ?r\gh ! g5u9e dramatization ( a /ory1 to ! pres5tation ( ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice or "s o!r develop$ lit]>y drama1 ! tea*] %\ld =w>d z mu* z possible ?is mode ( call+ out ! *ildr54 ,!y mu/1 ( c\rse1 be guid$ by ! tea*] 9 ! *oice ( a /ory = dramatization1 seek+ "o t has cle>ly m>k$ movem5ts1 "s di/9ct ev5ts1 a pretty well-r\nd$ plot1 occasion = dialogue1 & o!r dramatic possibilities4 ,! class may e>ly be guid$ to ! division ( ! /ory into its natural acts & sc5es1 :i* implies ! omission ( sup]flu\s incid5ts & details4 ,! difficulty comes 9 ! supply+ ( ! actual dialogue4 ,! res\rceful tea*] w secure ?is dialogue by v>i\s means2 = "s ( ! sc5es x w fl[ (f )\t ef=t f ! class 9 lesson assembl$1 "o *ild sugge/+ a rem>k1 ano!r ! reply1 ^! be+ record$ & criticiz$ by ! class4 ,= c]ta9 o!r sc5es ! dialogue may be prep>$ by gr\ps ( two or m *ildr5 work+ ap>t f ! class4 ,= c]ta9 crucial & l(ty sc5es ! tea*] %\ld make ! book4 ,! :ole mu/ be submitt$ = discussion 9 ! class1 & may 9 ! end call = consid]able revision f ! tea*]2 = ! y\ng] *ildr5 _c be expect$ to "k & to meet ! dem&s ( dramatic dialogue--x mu/ n only be spee*1 & fairly good z conv]sation1 b x mu/ =w>d ! play ) e s5t5ce4 ,( c\rse1 ?is revision mu/ nev] be s sweep+ z radically to remake ! play1 or ev5 to alt] ! ess5tial "* t ! *ildr5 h giv5 x1 no matt] h[ crude x may seem to ! tea*] & to o!r mature p]sons :o he> x4 ,let x /& z a bit ( *ild-art1 j z we rejoice to let crude productions /& z folk-art4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ! old] *ildr5 pres5t a lit]>y play or any "p ( x1 !y mu/ memorize & give x consci5ti\sly z x is writt54 ,inde$1 ! r5d]+ ) und]/&+ & appreciation1 ( :atev] !y h le>n$ ( good & beautiful lit]ature is1 aft] all1 ! mo/ satisfactory & natural return4 ,if ev5 9 high s*ool we ask$ ?is ( ! *ildr51 in/ead ( ^? !mes ( crude or /ale lit]>y criticism :i* we all too (t5 get1 great w\ld be ! ga9 9 fre%ness1 9 s9c]ity1 9 appreciation1 & 9 ultimate ta/e4 ,if we accu/om ! *ildr5 to x f ! beg9n+1 & nev] intimate to !m t x is difficult1 x is ab\t z easy to get v]se out ( !m z prose4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true if ! ex]cise is a social or co-op]ative "o1 9 :i* ! :ole class unites to produce ! ballad or ! song4 ,:at ! s+le *ild c\ld n accompli%1 ! gr\p does ) p]fect ease4 ,& :5 ! poem is done1 nobody c tell :o sugge/$ ?is rhyme1 ?is ^w1 ?is :ole l9e2 b ! :ole is a product ( :i* ea* *ild is pr\d1 ?\gh he alone c\ld nev] h compass$ x4 ,! communal /ory1 ballad1 song1 or play is a unique & int]e/+ p]=mance1 & any tea*] :o has ev] assi/$ 9 mak+ x feels sure t he has se5 f> into ! social possibilities ( art & ! philosophy ( lit]ature4 ,e tea*] mu/ devise 8 own plan ( gett+ ?is co-op]ative1 communal1 social bit ( lit]ature made1 b e tea*] ( lit]ature %\ld try x4 ,all ?is1 ( c\rse1 has to d ) ! imm$iate practical return f ! /udies 9 lit]ature4 ,conc]n+ ! ultimate1 di/ant return we _c speak 9 t]ms ( tea*+ & le>n+4 ,art is long2 l ! human *ild1 be+ de/9$ to a long & vicissitud9\s life1 x _h a long *ildhood2 & ?is is true ( its gr[? 9 ea* individual z ( its gr[? 9 ! race4 ,s f> z reg>ds _m ( ! mo/ desir$ results ( lit]ature1 we c b s[ ! se$1 & wait ye>s = ! bloom--a lifetime1 maybe1 = ! fruit4 ,b ?\gh we may n rea* a h& ?r\gh all ! ye>s to grasp ! f>-(f int]e/ ( our toil1 we h e reason to believe t ! h>ve/ w be fair4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,correlations ,,( ,,lit]ature ,! t]m correlation is n to be us$ 9 ?is *apt] 9 ! specializ$ & te*nical s5se t x has tak5 on 9 p$agogical discussion4 ,x w be us$1 ) apologies1 to designate all connections ( lit]ature ) any o!r subject or discipl9e 9 ! elem5t>y curriculum4 ,no "o int]e/$ 9 education c h fail$ to notice ! fact t ! doctr9es ( conc5tration1 correlation1 cond5sation1 by :atev] "n call$ or "u :atev] aspect approa*$1 h und]gone _m modifications & %ifts ( emphasis4 ,l e o!r educational doctr9e t has mu* ( ! tru? 9 x1 x 0 welcom$ 9 ! e>ly days ( its promulgation z ! f9al solution1 & seem$ = a "t to sweep out ( exi/5ce1 or into its own radius1 e o!r !ory or practice4 ,"o is oblig$ to wond] if educational p are peculi>ly liable to be caught by a =mula or an app>5tly axiomatic /atem5t1 build ev]y?+ ^u x1 & sil5ce e "q by a rev]5tial appeal to x4 ,su* seem$ to be ! attitude t[>d ! doctr9e ( correlation :5 x fir/ sift$ d[n f ! savants to ! actual tea*]s 9 ! actual s*ools2 & _m & monum5tal 7 ! follies committ$ 9 ! "n ( ?is p$agogical religion4 ,modifi$ & adapt$ "u actual practical conditions1 & criticiz$ by ! pres5t g5]ation ( educational philosoph]s1 x has come d[n to ! s*ool ( today--t is to say1 ! s*ool t is s5sitive en\gh & free en\gh to respond quickly to new ?9k+--z1 on ! "o h&1 a prote/ aga9/ isolation & ab/raction1 & on ! o!r h&1 an appeal = su* a cons]vation ( ! unity & naturalness ( ! *ild's consci\sness z is consi/5t ) ! natural & legitimate use ( mat]ial4 ,9 its pres5t =m ! doctr9e no long] ju/ifies ! viol5t wre/+ ( subjects & topics f _! natural sett+s1 to be fitt$ toge!r 9 "s m]ely logical & !oretical sy/em ( in/ruction4 ,9 ! days ( det]m9$ & ?or\ghgo+ correlation no dep>tm5t ( discipl9e suff]$ m ?an ! arts2 & none ( ! o!r arts suff]$ z did lit]ature4 ,?is is n difficult to acc\nt =4 ,music & pa9t+ are q pr(ess$ly & obvi\sly unconc]n$ ) subject-matt]--are1 z a rule1 entirely empty ( def9ite intellectual cont5t4 ,b lit]ature has ideas1 x embodies concrete images1 m5tions specific objects1 reflects exp]i5ce1 & sometimes ev5 uses actual p]sons & hi/orical ev5ts2 above all1 x employs ! same m$ium ( expression z ! o!r subjects4 ,all ^! matt]s made lit]ature ! peculi> prey ( ! ard5t correlationi/s2 to ea* or any1 p]haps to all1 ( ^! ph5om5a 9 lit]ature !y c\ld atta* bodies ( tea*+ 9 te*nical subjects1 & sy/ems ( discipl9e 9 =mal tra9+4 ,! case 0 equally bad :5 lit]ature 0 con/itut$ ! c5t] ( ! s*eme1 & :5 x 0 atta*$ to a s*eme hav+ "s o!r c5t]--geography1 = example1 or hi/ory4 ,= 9 ! fir/ case x 0 altoge!r likely t "s detail or aspect ( ! piece ( lit]ature1 m]ely subsidi>y 9 ! lit]ature1 w\ld be select$ = emphasis & elevat$ into ! correlat+ detail2 ! backgr\nd or sett+ w\ld be tak5 out = /udy & elaboration1 cr[d+ ! action1 ! human & really lit]>y elem5ts1 out ( sight4 ,z1 = example--& x is an au!ntic example ( a s*eme ( correlation--! fir/-grade *ildr5 are giv5 z ! c5t] ( _! "w ,! ,old ,woman ,:o ,f\nd ! ,sixp5ce2 f ?is /ory we take out ! dog1 :i* we /udy z ! type ( digitigrade c>nivora4 ,or--aga9 an au!ntic example--hav+ read to ! fir/ grade ,! ,musicians ( ,brem51 z "o ( !m happ5s to be a donkey1 we seize ! opportunity to tea* 9 detail & ov] sev]al weeks ( "t1 ! physical peculi>ities ( ! donkey & 8 k9sman ! horse1 among _m ex]cises draw+ out ( ! *ildr5 "s speculation or in=mation z to h[ mu* wat] or hay ! horse consumes2 to :i* hook we atta* in/ruction z to weights & measures2 & s on into ! remote fr+es ( in=mation ab\t objects & p]sons us$ 9 ! /ory only 9 ! lit]>y way4 ,9 ! second case1 t 9 :i* lit]ature is atta*$ to "s o!r c5t]1 9 feel+ ab\t = "s bit ( lit]ature to fit into a geographical fact1 a meteorological condition1 or a hi/orical ev5t1 ! tea*] 0 q likely to hit ^u a ?ird- or f\r?-rate specim51 unsuitable = 8 *ildr5 9 o!r respects1 & 9 tea*+ x he 0 likely to =ce f x a mean+ & an emphasis t z lit]ature x w\ld n be>2 z1 :5 ! *ildr5 7 /udy+ ! migration ( birds1 he taught !m ,bryant's ,to a ,wat]f[l1 emphasiz+ ! migration & ignor+ ! true emphasis ( ! poem--! lesson ( a guid+ provid5ce2 or z1 apropos ( ,decemb] wea!r1 he set ! fif? grade to read+ ,:itti]'s sl[-mov+1 m$itative1 & mu* too mature ,sn[-,b\nd4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 no art yields k9dly to any me?od ( adju/m5t to o!r subjects t emphasizes ! subject-matt] or in=mation mat]ial t may p]*ance be involv$ 9 ! art4 ,in=mation-giv+ is n ! me?od nor ! mission ( art2 ! f\r1 or five arts if we include act+1 ) :i* we may h to d 9 elem5t>y discipl9e comb9e & play into "o ano!r )\t difficulty4 ,x is n necess>y to speak aga9 ( ! close & easy association ( lit]ature ) all ! =ms ( act+ t ! *ildr5 h1 f m>*+1 danc+1 & simple ge/ure1 on to ! act+ requir$ 9 an organiz$ drama4 ,on ! musical side1 p>ticul>ly ! v]se-=m ( lit]ature1 x comb9es mo/ acceptably ) music4 ,a great _m ( ! lyrics t are simple en\gh = ! *ildr5 to le>n1 & _m ( ! v]ses t !y write1 are also adaptable z songs to be sung4 ,& ev5 :5 !y _c be set to melodies !y %>e1 9 _! spok5 =m1 ) ! actual musical notes1 9 ! tra9+ ( ! e>4 ,! ex]cises 9 draw+1 pa9t+1 & model+ co-op]ate to f9e advantage = ! objectify+ ( ! visual images1 ( :i* ! *ildr5 get s l>ge a /ore f lit]ature4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 :5 ! *ildr5 are set ! task ( objectify+ an inn] image1 x is mo/ likely to be "s figure or sc5e f lit]ature t comes up = expression--,nausicaa ?r[+ ! ball1 ,rob9 ,hood /r++ 8 b[1 ,siegfri$ temp]+ 8 sword1 ,paul ,rev]e m\nt+ 8 horse1 ! lodge ( old ,nokomis4 ,?is is because ! images & pictures !y f9d 9 lit]ature reta9 9 ! m9ds ( ! *ildr5 ! gl[ ( imag9ation1 ! w>m? ( emotion1 ! vitality ( a rememb]$ joy4 ,& x is true1 z e tea*] kn[s :o has taught x aright1 t a bit ( lit]ature ar\ses 9 ! *ildr5 a mood ( creative imag9ation su* z no o!r subject ev] c awak54 ,?is mood ( imag9ative creation in/9ctively expresses itself 9 lit]>y composition1 9 draw+1 pa9t+1 design+1 model+1 act+1 or music4 ,on ! v surface ( ! problem ( ! correlations ( lit]ature lies ! some:at difficult "q ( ! relation ( ! *ildr5's lit]ature to _! lessons 9 read+--z reg>ds bo? _! beg9n+ to read & _! lat] practice 9 read+4 ,x rema9s true t ) all our exp]im5t+ & 9 spite ( all ! en?usiasm we c mu/]1 to ! majority ( *ildr5 & 9 ! h&s ( mo/ tea*]s ! me*anics ( le>n+ to read is drudg]y4 ,?is drudg]y lit]ature %\ld %>e ) ! o!r subjects 9 its due proportion4 ,"o w\ld n ignore ! fact t ?is due proportion may be v l>ge--l>g] ?an t ( any o!r subject4 ,x is q legitimate to employ ! *>m & int]e/ ( lit]ature 9 ! s]vice ( read+2 & x w\ld be a s]i\s mis=tune = ! *ildr5 to le>n _! read+ entirely ?r\gh ! m$ium ( colorless fact4 ,we h agre$ t !re is su* a ?+ z lit]>y read+1 diff]5t 9 _m ways f ! read+ ( hi/ory or sci5ce4 ,ev5 ! y\ng] *ildr5 c feel ?is1 & c produce x if correctly guid$4 ,b !y %\ld n always be do+ lit]>y read+2 !y %\ld acquire ! colorless b good /yle ( m]ely intellectual read+4 ,?is !y w n d if 9 _! e>ly read+ ex]cises !y are giv5 m ?an _! due proportion ( lit]ature4 ,x is und\bt$ly wise to make ^u ! tea*] & ! *ildr5 ! impression t read+ is a tool1 a key--p]haps we w\ld bett] call x a gate ?r\gh :i* "o gets at _m ?+s--! joys & rew>ds ( lit]ature1 to be sure1 b also ! images ( hi/ory1 ! facts ( nature1 ! details ( h&icraft4 ,a read+-book1 or any sy/em ( read+-lessons t conta9s no?+ b lit]ature is !re=e a mi/ake4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view x is a mis=tune to id5tify ! read+-lessons ) lit]ature4 ,z has be5 said m ?an once 9 ^! *apt]s1 ! al]t tea*] ( our day is eag] to emancipate lit]ature aga9 f its bondage to ! pr9t$ page1 & to set free once m its function z a truly social art2 mak+ x also once m a matt] ( ! li/5+ e> & ! liv+ voice4 ,to id5tify ! read+-lessons ( ! y\ng] *ildr5 ) _! lit]ature lessons is to keep !m at ?+s mu* too immature1 & to ret>d _! m5tal & arti/ic gr[?4 ,!y c appreh5d & appreciate _m ?+s t !y _c read4 ,x is a commonplace t a *ild's li/5+ vocabul>y is f> 9 advance ( 8 read+ vocabul>y1 no matt] h[ or h[ e>ly he le>ns to read4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is ! secret ( ! revolt aga9/ book-read+ ( ! *ildr5 :o le>n to read late--! simplicity ( ! ?\ght & expression 9 ! matt] !y are me*anically able to read1 makes x unacceptable to !m intellectually4 ,x is 9 ! lit]ature receiv$ by 8 e> t a *ild gr[s & ex]cises 8 matur] p[]s4 ,! old] *ildr5 %\ld be taught & ex]cis$ 9 lit]>y read+1 ! simple int]pretative read+ ( _! lit]ature4 ,! be/ results 9 ?is mo/ pr(itable aspect ( ! tea*+ ( lit]ature c be obta9$ 9 ! second>y p]iod1 :5 ! *ildr5 are exp]t en\gh z read]s to ?9k :ile !y read1 & :5 _! voices are1 z m]e me*anical organs1 m completely "u control4 ,! objections to ! association ( drill 9 writ+1 9 spell+1 9 gramm>1 & 9 compositions are ( l k9d4 ,x may be grant$ t !re is some?+ 9 ! fact t lit]ature repres5ts ! mo/ effective use ( language1 & is1 all ?+s consid]$1 ! mo/ int]e/+ k9d ( writ+4 ,/ill ?is does n con/itute a suffici5t reason :y ! burd51 & 9 all too _m cases ! odium1 ( tea*+ ^! ?+s %\ld atta* to lit]ature4 ,x is a p]fidi\s break+ ( ! promise ( lit]ature1 or ( any art1 :i* %\ld keep z mu* z possible ( ! atmosph]e ( play4 ,( c\rse1 drill 9 language & 9 writt5 expression %\ld be atta*$ to e subject 9 ! elem5t>y curriculum2 & ?is n only = ! sake ( reliev+ ! lit]ature f a burd5 ( unattractive tasks1 b because ( ! fact t ! lit]>y /yle & vocabul>y are n good = all subjects & purposes1 & ! *ildr5 %\ld n be tra9$ exclusively 9 ^!4 ,on ! l>ge scale ( ?+s1 x is a pity at any /age ( ! *ild's education to id5tify ,engli% ) lit]ature1 s9ce !re is & %\ld be s mu* ,engli% t is n lit]ature1 & s mu* lit]ature t is n ,engli%4 ,"o ( ! pleasante/ & mo/ pr(itable co-op]ations ( lit]ature is ) ! tra9+ 9 languages o!r ?an ! v]nacul>4 ,9 ^? elem5t>y classes :]e ! *ildr5 h in/ruction 9 ei!r ,g]man or ,fr5*--or1 = ! matt] ( t1 9 ,spani% or ,italian--e ef=t %\ld be made 9 _! use ( /ory & v]se to secure ! *>act]i/ic & univ]sal lit]>y effect4 ,! ,g]man lyric has all ! beauty ( music & ( image t ! ,engli% has2 ! ,fr5* fairy-play has mo/ ( elem5ts ( dramatic art t ! *ildr5 c\ld use 9 ,engli% translation4 ,a few ( ! fallacies ( correlation1 or m]e co-relation1 ( lit]ature ) o!r aspects ( ! *ildr5's s*ool exp]i5ce are ^!3 ,! fallacy ( sett+ out to tea* *ildr5 ! love ( home1 or c\ntry1 or nature1 or animals1 by tea*+ !m lit]ature t expresses or reflects ^? emotions4 ,! love ( "o's own c\ntry mu/ be 9 our day a ?+ ( sl[ & gradual gr[?4 ,our feel+s ab\t our c\ntry %\ld arise out ( our k ( ! h]oic ?+s 9 h] hi/ory1 out ( ! noble plans = h] gr[?1 out ( ! g5]\s ?+s %e provides = h] *ildr5 & ! *ildr5 ( o!r l&s4 ,out ( ?is or "s su* basis arises ! emotion ( patriotism1 a poem or a /ory :i* reflects ?is emotion has "s su* back-gr\nd by implication4 ,to hunt ab\t = a poem or /ory :i* tea*es patriotism is a putt+ ( ! c>t be=e ! horse4 ,fir/ ar\se 9 y\r *ildr5 ! emotion--an orig9al p]sonal emotion ( _! own1 gr[+ out ( ! legitimate backgr\nd2 !n1 if p]*ance y are s =tunate z to f9d a poem or a /ory :i* also reflects ?is emotion1 & :i* is at ! same "t good z art1 y are s mu* ! ri*]4 ,! *ildr5 w f9d _! own feel+ re9=c$ & nobly express$1 & consequ5tly deep5$ & dignifi$4 ,! same ?+ is true z to ! love ( animals4 ,if ! *ildr5 h ! lit]ature fir/1 or only ! lit]ature1 !y may h only a second-h& & p]functory love ( ! bea/s4 ,b fir/ give y\r grade a dog1 or a cat1 or a can>y2 or give y\r *ild 9 ! c\ntry a pony1 or a lamb1 or a pig2 t !y may feel at fir/ h& ! ?rob ( dramatic bro!rhood1 ( humor\s k9%ip1 t con/itutes love ( animals4 ,!n1 :51 judg+ by ! prop] canons t te/ good lit]ature1 y f9d a piece t reflects & deep5s ?is1 x is s mu* pure ga94 ,! same ?+ is true ( nature4 ,! *ildr5 %\ld h _m ?+s t reflect feel+s ab\t nature & natural ph5om5a1 & t give ! int]pretations :i* great & gift$ arti/s h made ( ^! ?+s4 ,b "o %\ld no m g to lit]ature = creat+ fir/-h& love ( nature ?an he w\ld g to ! same s\rce = facts ab\t any specific ph5om5on 9 nature4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is n say+ t we dem& t a *ild %all h _h a previ\s exp]i5ce ( e image & ph5om5on ( nature t is pres5t$ to him 9 lit]ature4 ,inde$1 we expect lit]ature to complem5t & supplem5t life 9 ! matt] ( imag]y2 to deep5 & to ar\se exp]i5ce 9 ! matt] ( emotion4 ,b ! fallacy lies 9 *oos+ lit]ature on ?is gr\nd1 & 9 dep5d+ ^u lit]ature to create at fir/ h& :at is1 & %\ld be1 an extra-lit]>y feel+4 ,n[1 f "t to "t !re comes ! tea*]'s way "o ( ^? r>e *ances :5 he f9ds ! "t1 ! place1 & ! poem all toge!r1 z :5 on "s ,m>* day ( ?aw he c tea* ,! cock is cr[+1 ( ,wordswor?2 on ! fir/ morn+ ( ho>-fro/ he c read ,! ,fro/2 on ano!r day1 ,! ,w9d--! ?+s t h>monize ) ! _s ( an exp]i5ce4 ,ano!r ( ! fallacies ( correlation is ! det]m9$1 if n viol5t1 association ( ! "w 9 lit]ature ) ! fe/ivals4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re is n mu* m ?an "t 9 c]ta9 s*ools to tea* ! y\ng] *ildr5 ! ?+s !y are expect$ to "k ab\t ,?anksgiv+1 ,*ri/mas1 ,wa%+ton's bir?day1 ,ea/]1 ,june4 ,! "w = ! next celebration beg9s j z soon z ! =ego+ "o is pa/4 ,! p>tition+ ( ! ye> into ^! v emphatic sections1 & ! c>ry+ ( ! *ildr5 ?r\gh ! same r\nd ye> aft] ye>1 are que/ions too g5]al to be treat$ "h4 ,b we are int]e/$ 9 ! fact t 9 mo/ cases ! specim5s ( lit]ature t c be consid]$ applicable to ! fe/ivals w\ld nev] be *os5 f out ! _w ( ?+s = _! absolute value z lit]ature1 nor = _! peculi> suitability = ! *ildr54 ,s x comes ab\t t ! *ildr5--! y\ng] classes1 at lea/--sp5d z mu* z two-?irds ( _! "t at second- or ?ird-rate specim5s ( lit]ature4 ,!re is n mu* reason = prote/+ 9 our day aga9/ t species ( correlat+ lit]ature ) some?+ else :i* consi/s 9 tea*+ 9 connection ) ?is lit]ature ?+s t ! *ildr5 ought to "k lat]1 reg>dless ( _! imm$iate fitness or acceptability2 z = example ! facts ( ,greek my?ology1 ! *>act]s & plots ( ,%akespe>e's plays2 we c nev] be too grateful = t int]pretation ( *ildhood & ( education :i* has made ?is h]eaft] impossible4 ,at ! same "t1 if we *oose wisely n[1 *oose 9 ! light ( our be/ k1 ! *ildr5 w be glad all _! lives to "k ! ?+s we *oose = !m4 ,! connection ( lit]ature ) hi/ory is a _m-sid$ "q1 & is n easily dispos$ (4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! p>tn]%ip betwe5 hi/ory & lit]ature1 s vaguely ass]t$ & s complaisantly accept$ 9 _m qu>t]s1 is a comb9ation 9 :i* ! lit]ature has usually gone to ! wall4 ,inde$1 ! practical adju/m5t ( hi/ory & lit]ature wav]s ab\t betwe5 two equally fallaci\s s*emes4 ,"o ( ^! is to give ! *ildr5 ! lit]ature produc$ by ! nation ^: hi/ory !y are /udy+2 z = example1 ! ,hom]ic poems :5 !y /udy ! hi/ory ( ,greece1 t !y may imbibe ! true ,greek _s f ! poems4 ,n[1 *ildr5 ( elem5t>y age _c di/+ui%1 or ev5 unconsci\sly feel1 a national _s 9 a poem4 ,x is ! broadly human1 ! univ]sally true1 elem5ts & _s t !y feel4 ,besides1 ! ,greek national _s1 ! _s ( ! *>act]i/ic ,greek p]iod1 0 n ,hom]ic1 & ! lit]ature ( ! *>act]i/ic ,greek p]iod w\ld nev] d = ! elem5t>y *ildr54 ,9 ! case ( ,greek lit]ature "o _c unres]v$ly demur because ! ,hom]ic poems are nev] bad = ! *ildr54 ,b ! same pr9ciple appli$ to o!r nations & _! lit]ature may br+ disa/]4 ,! o!r s*eme = relat+ hi/ory & lit]ature is to *oose ! lit]ature on ! basis ( ! fact t x deals ) "s p]son or ev5t or p]iod ) :i* ! hi/ory is conc]n$2 z1 :5 we h a class 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,plym\? colony1 we give !m ,longfell['s ,! ,c\rt%ip ( ,miles ,/&i% = lit]ature1 :i*1 except = "o or two picturesque sc5es1 "o w\ld nev] *oose z lit]ature = "y *ildr52 & z1 :5 we /udy ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 we give !m z lit]ature "s mature & s5tim5tal mod]n novel1 or "s s5sational & untru/wor?y juv5ile1 *oos+ ^! m]ely because !y pr(ess to incorporate ev5ts connect$ ) ! hi/orical p]iod4 ,! :ole matt] ( ! hi/orical romance is important & complicat$--too complicat$ & involv+ too _m critical pr9ciples to be h&l$ "h4 ,x mu/ be suffici5t to say 9 ?is connection :at is suffici5tly obvi\s to any ?\ghtful critic--t he :o takes up & h&les legitimately & ju/ly an epo*1 an ev5t1 or a gr\p ( hi/orical p]sons1 & at ! same "t produces good lit]ature1 is a ma/] & produces a ma/]piece--mu* too mature & develop$ = elem5t>y *ildr54 ,only ,scott possess$ ! faculty ( keep+ g5]ally 9 sight ( 8 hi/ory1 or ( segregat+ x 9 an occasional longeur1 & add+ to x a rattl+ good /ory4 ,b ,scott is too mature & complex = elem5t>y *ildr5 up to ! v olde/1 & !y are n likely to be /udy+ ! p]iods 9 hi/ory t int]e/$ him4 ,no1 ! k9%ip betwe5 hi/ory & lit]ature1 & ! co-op]ations betwe5 !m 9 ! *ildr5's exp]i5ce1 are n ( ?is ext]nal & artificial k9d4 ,x is = ! mature & philosophical /ud5t to /udy lit]ature z a culture product--its relation to ! c\ntry & ! times t produc$ x4 ,x is = mu* old] /ud5ts to read ! great romances1 l ,tol/oy's ,w> & ,peace1 t adequately mirror an epo* or an epo*-mak+ ev5t4 ,= ! *ildr5 !re is a deep] spiritual k9%ip betwe5 hi/ory & lit]ature4 ,x has to d ) ! p]sonal & dramatic side1 ! biography & adv5ture ( hi/ory4 ,x lies 9 ! _s & atmosph]e ( human a*ievem5t1 9 ! id5tity ( ! motives t express !mselves 9 lit]ature & 9 actual accompli%m5t4 ,:5 we /udy ! pione] & ! coloni/--! born & doom$ coloni/--we f9d 8 k9sman & prototype 9 ,rob9son ,crusoe4 ,:5 we /udy ! ,revolution1 ! revolt aga9/ unju/ laws1 ! prote/ ( democracy aga9/ class-oppression1 we f9d ! _s ( ,rob9 ,hood4 ,i ha/5 to disclaim any int5tion ( advis+ ^! p>ticul> comb9ations4 ,! examples %\ld m]ely s]ve to make cle> c]ta9 aspects ( ! k9%ip ( _s betwe5 lit]ature & hi/ory4 ,( c\rse "o does n[ & aga91 & z x 71 by special grace1 f9d a /ory or a poem--l ! ,concord ,hymn1 or ,m>ion's ,m51 or ,! ,l&+ ( ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs--precisely apropos ( 8 ev5t & beautifully adapt$ to 8 lit]>y ne$s4 ,& "o (t5 comes ^u a hi/orical docum5t--l ,! ,oregon ,trail or ,! ,autobiography ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl9--s picturesque & concrete1 s obs]vant ( effects ( unity & h>mony1 s full ( appeals to ! imag9ation1 & s effective 9 v]bal expression1 z to yield _m ( ! effects ( lit]ature4 ,9 spite ( all prote/s aga9/ =c$ & mi/ak5 associations ( lit]ature ) o!r subjects 9 s*ool1 we mu/ con/antly insi/ t x is no isolat$ ?+1 deta*$ f life4 ,on ! contr>y1 lit]ature arises out ( life1 & is always aris+ out ( x & react+ ^u x4 ,x is effective & practically op]ative 9 a *ild's life precisely because x1 too1 is life4 ,x is clos]1 !re=e1 to 8 bus9ess & bosom ?an any item or sy/em ( k c\ld be4 ,x is n to di/urb its tru/wor?9ess & value to say t x does n prim>ily convey in=mation & _c be call$ ^u to deliv] facts4 ,x does r5d] tru? & wisdom1 ! summ>y & ess5ce ( fact & k4 ,x does n de/roy its educational value to say t we %all se>* x 9 va9 = a body or a sy/em ( organiz$ discipl9e2 =1 s9ce x is art1 x discipl9es :ile x *>ms & tea*es u :ile x sets u free4 ,! natural correlations ( lit]ature are ) ! o!r arts1 b1 above all1 ) ! _s ( *ildhood1 & ) ! consci\sness ( *ildr52 ) ! tone & _s ( _! o!r "w1 r ?an ) its actual subject-matt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,lit]ature ,,out ,,( ,,s*ool ,,& ,,read+ ,,o!r ,,?an ,,lit]ature ,7 x n = appe>+ capti\s or extravagant1 "o w\ld l to say t 9 ^! days ( *eap & easy books1 & amid/ ! temptations ( ! free libr>ies1 ! problem is t ( keep+ ! *ildr5 f read+ too mu*1 r ?an ( induc+ !m to read en\gh4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( *ildr5 9 our l>ge ,am]ican cities1 :om we mu/1 9 our fir/ g5]ation ( city-dwell+1 gu>d aga9/ eye-/ra91 & n]ve-/ra91 & libr>y-air1 & physical inactivity ( all sorts4 ,luckily1 our g5]ation has le>n$ "s ?+s ab\t ! educational processes t h t5d$ to less5 mat]ially ! dang] ( ov]-read+4 ,9 _m homes1 & to _m *ildr5 out ( s*ool1 books & magaz9es h hi!rto be5 a sort ( opiate1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! *ild dead5+ ! hungry s5sibilities & lull+ ! /ifl$ activities2 & f ! po9t ( view ( ! p>5t secur+ sil5ce & provid+ an app>5tly innocu\s occupation4 ,?is is all too little *ang$ n[1 ?\gh m & m homes are provid+ opportunity & enc\ragem5t = o!r occupations3 %op & /udio1 & m abundant mat]ial & opportunity = play4 ,9 ! cities ! public playgr\nds & gymnasiums--& all too r>ely ! public work%op & /udio = *ildr5--beg9 to %>e ) ! public libr>y ! task ( safely tak+ c>e ( ! *ildr5 out ( s*ool4 ,b !re w always be "t = read+1 & by all means ! legitimate %>e ( ! *ildr5's "t %\ld be giv5 to x4 ,! s-call$ supplem5t>y read+ giv5 !m by ! s*ool is l>gely1 ,i take x1 a "q ( ! mu* read+ t w make ! process easi]1 & n a matt] ( accumulat+ facts1 or ( acquir+ a wid] k ( lit]ature4 ,9 _m s*ools t ,i h obs]v$ x is (t5 unwisely & c>elessly *os51 s f> z ! lit]>y %>e ( x is conc]n$4 ,x %\ld be select$ p>tly = its be>+ ^u ! fact-/udies1 & n :olly made up ( ?+s ( ! lit]>y k9d4 ,! be>+s ( ! "q ( ! s*ool's supplem5t>y read+ are n lit]>y1 or1 s f> z !y are1 !y h be5 discuss$ 9 o!r connections4 ,e *ild %\ld ideally h free access to a collection ( books got toge!r ) ref]5ce to 8 ne$s & ta/es4 ,x may be s]viceable to indicate ! k9d & numb] ( books t might be includ$ 9 su* a libr>y ( a *ild up to 8 f\rte5? ye>4 ,!re %\ld be 9 su* a collection sev]al biographies4 ,on ! :ole1 let !m be ( ! old]1 idealiz+ type1 n ( ! mod]n "y univ]sity in/ructor's virtu\sly iconocla/ic type4 ,*ildr5 get at _! hi/ory fir/ ?r\gh h]oic & dramatic figures & ev5ts4 ,9 _! e>li] ye>s x is ! imag9ation t appropriates ! images & ev5ts ( hi/ory4 ,x is !re=e only good p$agogy to pres5t ! figures on _! h]oic & ideal side4 ,let ^! biographies include ! record ( diff]5t sorts ( m5--a /atesman1 a pione]1 a prea*]1 a soldi]1 an explor]1 an inv5tor1 a mission>y1 a bus9ess man1 a man ( lett]s--s t _m types ( "* & k9ds ( exp]i5ce may be reflect$4 ,z ! *ildr5 gr[ old]1 !y w dip into hi/ory = ! images--! p]sons & deta*able ev5ts4 ,! se>* = facts & philosophy w come _m ye>s lat]4 ,"s tempt+ books ( hi/ory %\ld appe> on _! %elves2 ,! ,dut* ,republic1 ,! ,conque/ ( ,mexico1 ,p>kman's romantic n>ratives1 & ,john ,fiske's2 if possible ! illu/rat$ edition ( ,gre5's ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p4 ,mo/ ( ! hi/ory !y get f _! own read+1 h[ev]1 %\ld be :at !y get f ! biographies ( ! c5tral figures 9 ! ev5ts--,columbus1 ,william ( ,orange1 ,francis ,drake1 & all ! o!r picturesque & h]oic p]sons4 ,o!r hi/orical read+ w\ld be/ be done "u guidance & 9 connection ) ! "w 9 s*ool4 ,!re %\ld be a few books ( travel & exploration4 ,among ^! !re %\ld be "s ( ! orig9al s\rces1 if possible ! ,brad=d ,j\rnal1 ! ,jesuit ,relations1 ! ,lewis & ,cl>k ,j\rnals4 ,froiss>t & ,m>co ,polo %\ld be includ$2 ! fable-mak+ travel]s p]=m a v useful function4 ,to ^! may be add$ a few mo/ rec5t explorations--,african1 ,arctic1 ,&ean1 ,?ibetan4 ,*ildr51 b>r+ ! exceptional *ild1 w n read =mal sci5ce2 b x may develop or help on a desirable ta/e & int]e/ to h "s ( ! _m pretty out-door books 9 _! collection--n romances ( ! wild1 b simpl] treatises ab\t ! ?+s to be f\nd 9 ! door-y>d & ! home woodl&4 ,& :5 a *ild develops a ta/e or a gift 9 any sci5tific direction1 he %\ld h access1 z easy z possible1 to "s good ref]5ce books suit$ to 8 ne$s4 ,all *ildr5 %\ld h access to "s ( ! m popul> te*nical & sci5tific j\rnals :i* give int]e/+ acc\nts ( curr5t discov]ies & inv5tions4 ,by way ( nature & animal books we w include ! ,jungle ,books1 an expurgat$ edition ( ,reyn>d ! ,fox1 ,aesop's ,fables1 &1 ( c\rse1 ,uncle ,remus4 ,o!r semi-sci5tific nature-writ]s w d\btless appe> 9 mo/ collections ( *ildr5's books--& may d no h>m4 ,a book ( ,greek my? s]i\sly & beautifully told %\ld be accessible4 ,no o!r my? is s beautiful or s imag9ative1 or s arti/ically put toge!r4 ,! *ildr5 d n ne$ to h to d ) _m my?s until !y "k some?+ ab\t int]pret+ !m4 ,( c\rse1 !y %\ld h access to ! ,bible 9 "s attractive =m4 ,a l>ge illu/rat$ edition--,dore's or ,tissot's--w please & in/ruct !m f _! e>lie/ days4 ,?is is "o ( ! cases 9 :i* pictures--good & imag9ative pictures--=m a desirable gateway into a realm :]e ! *ildr5 are n naturally at home1 & :]e !y ne$ ! help ( a great & s]i\s arti/ 9 f9d+ _! way4 ,( c\rse1 poor & mat]iali/ic pictures are a mis=tune1 especially ^? t attempt to body =? pret]natural ev5ts & sup]natural be+s4 ,dore's pictures are n undesirable1 because !y (t5 help a *ild to a noble & imag9ative conception ( a ?+ he is himself p[]less to con/ruct2 :ile ,tissot's are good because !y set =? ) beauty & ri*ness ( detail ! _m phases ( life :i* ! *ild mu/ try to image 9 read+ ! ,hebrew /ories--f ! nomadic simplicity ( ! saga ( pa/oral ,abraham to ! luxuri\s ref9em5ts ( ! ,romaniz$ & cosmopolitan ,j]usalem4 ,! little s*ol> %\ld f9d on 8 %elves ,lani]'s ,k+ ,ar?ur1 ,pyle's ,rob9 ,hood1 ,palm]'s ,odyssey1 "s translation ( ! ,iliad2 9 %ort1 "s =m ( ea* ( ! great h]o-tales2 a select$ few ( ,scott's romances--,ivanhoe1 ,qu5t9 ,durw>d1 ,guy ,mann]+1 ,anne ( ,gei]/e92 a few ( ,coop]'s2 ,rob9son ,crusoe1 ,don ,quixote1 ,william ,morris' prose tales1 a pair ( ,quill]-,c\*'s1 & z _m ( ,joseph ,conrad's2 ^! might con/itute 8 romances4 ,b unless he is a v unusual *ild1 he w nev] read 9 ^! ma/]s1 if he is giv5 masses ( *eap & easy read+1 su* z ! ,h5ty books & ! ,alg] s]ies2 or if he f9ds 9 8 "m's sitt+-room a /ack ( ! season's be/ sell]s & ! t5-c5t magaz9es4 ,! *eap & easy /yle & ! commonplace mat]ial ( ?is sort ( books (f] ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance to ! "y read]4 ,!y fl[ into 8 m9d )\t ef=t on 8 "p1 :ile1 if he w\ld appreh5d ! ma/]s1 he mu/ actively co-op]ate ) !m at e /ep1 ar\s+ 8 be/ p[]s to compreh5d _! expressions & to grasp _! ideas4 ,"o w\ld hesitate to say t !re is absolutely no use = books ( ! ,h5ty & ,alg] type4 ,"o c imag9e a *ild ^: e b5t 0 aga9/ read+1 be+ entic$ to beg9 by "s su* easy & commonplace exp]i5ce4 ,& "o c imag9e _! be+ useful to wean *ildr5 away f really vici\s books4 ,9 a c]ta9 boys' club ,i "k1 organiz$ 9 a social settlem5t1 :i* 0 really a reorganization ( a gang1 ^! p>ticul> books 7 = a ye> or s an acceptable sub/itute = ! bloody romances !y _h be5 read+4 ,_m ( ^? boys h nev] pass$ beyond !m2 b to _m o!rs !y 71 z 0 hop$1 /epp+-/ones to bett] ?+s4 ,!re is no place = !m 9 ! ideal collection ( *ildr5's books4 ,c]ta9 books1 h>mless & z recreation ev5 desirable1 w inevitably make _! appe>ance on ! *ildr5's %elves--,miss ,alcott's1 ,mrs4 ,ri*>ds'1 & o!rs ( ! _m s]ies ( girls' books & boys' books2 !y are d\btless innoc5t en\gh1 & to be disc\rag$ only :5 !y keep ! *ildr5 f some?+ bett] wor? :ile2 to be enc\rag$1 on ! o!r h&1 only = ^? *ildr5 :o mu/ be tempt$ by easy read+ into any habit ( us+ books4 ,to be sure1 y w probably f9d t y\r *ild has f\nd "o ( !m1 p]haps a :ole s]ies1 to :i* = a c]ta9 p]iod %e seems to h giv5 h] :ole he>t2 b if treat$ ) wisdom ?is symptom w disappe>1 & y w f9d h] at "s surpris+ly e>ly day re-read+ ! t\rnam5t at ,a%by1 & patroniz+ly allud+ to ! "t :5 %e 0 enslav$ to ,! ,little ,g5]al s]ies1 or ! ,"u ! ,roses or ! ,eight ,half-,si/]s s]ies1 or any o!r p>ticul> juv5iles1 z :5 ,i 0 a *ild4 ,9 ! matt] ( fairy-tales "o mu/ discrim9ate & r5\nce q resolutely4 ,x is n good = a *ild :o has e>ly ma/]$ t edg$ tool ( read+ to h access to all fairy-tales & all k9ds ( fairy-tales4 ,es*ew all ! mod]n ones4 ,( c\rse1 if y h a p]sonal fri5d :o has writt5 a book ( !m1 = reasons o!r ?an lit]>y y\r *ildr5 w read !m4 ,b z to ^? y *oose freely = !m let !m h ,grimm & ,p]rault1 & ! ,arabian ,nights1 & aft] a :ile ,&]s52 :i*1 toge!r ) :at !y w pick up "h & !re 9 magaz9es & 9 _! fri5ds' h\ses1 w be en\gh4 ,= poetry1 ! *ild %\ld h on 8 own %elves "s pretty edition ( ! ,nurs]y ,rhymes1 ,! ,*ild's ,g>d51 "s really good collection ( little ?+s--,! ,posy ,r+1 = example1 ,h5ley's ,lyra ,h]oica1 ,lang's ,! ,blue ,poetry ,book1 ,all+ham's ,book ( ,ballads4 ,= ! re/ he %\ld be read to f ! poets !mselves1 & z soon z he is old en\gh1 s5t to ! volumes ( ! poets = 8 read+4 ,z 9 s*ool s at home ! *ildr5 %\ld he> _! poetry read until !y acquire "s real degree ( exp]tness z read]s4 ,*ildr5 :o c n und]/& at all1 poetry :i* !y read sil5tly1 w delight 9 x read al\d4 ,?is little collection %\ld conta9 ! classic nons5se1 b n all k9ds ( in>ti/ic fool+ & rude fun4 ,!re %\ld be ,alice 9 ,wond]l& & ,?r\gh ! ,look+-,glass 7always ! "o ) ,t5niel's pictures74 ,we mu/ rememb] t ,alice is v delicate art1 & t its f9al & deepe/ appeal is to ! mature p]son4 ,c]ta9 v imag9ative *ildr5 take to x z a fanciful tale at ! mom5t ( rip5ess2 o!rs miss x !n1 & mu/ wait until ! wond]ful dream-psy*ology ( x1 & ! delicate satire ( its p>odies c make _! appeal to !m z old] p]sons4 ,le>'s ,nons5se ,rhymes 9 judici\s doses e *ild %\ld h2 ,john ,gilp9's ,ride2 c]ta9 ( ! ,bab ,ballads2 a little ( ,oliv] ,h]es=d's delightful fooli%ness4 ,among ! folk- & fairy-tales he w f9d _m comic bits ^: k9d or degree ( humor w suit him admirably 9 8 y\ng] ye>s4 ,9 ,cl\/on's ,book ( ,noodles may be f\nd a m9e ( su* funny tales4 ,! ,pet]k9 ,pap]s is ! be/ ( mod]n noodle-tales4 ,no family c be br\ght up )\t ! help ( ,/rewel ,pet]1 nor %\ld !y miss ,little ,black ,sambo4 ,mo/ ,am]ican *ildr5 are en*ant$ ) ! fun ( ,tom ,sawy] & ,huck ,f9n ?\gh "o mu/ sadly ackn[l$ge t x is wov5 into back-gr\nds ( a s5sational k9d n at all improv+ to an un=m$ ta/e4 ,"o _c feel t p>odies are 9 g5]al good = *ildr52 ?\gh1 aft] !y h _h a good %>e ( s]i\s enjoym5t out ( _! fairy-tales1 & especially if !y seem too mu* or too long absorb$ 9 !m1 !y ought to h ,! ,rose & ! ,r+ & ,pr9ce ,prigio4 ,picture-books & illu/rat$ books are ano!r indep5d5t little problem4 ,x is a curi\s fact t x is n ! beautiful li?ographs ( birds & animals1 flocks & l&scapes1 *ildr5 9 irreproa*able ,russian dresses & %ort socks1 seat$ 9 ! corn] ( ance/ral mahogany s(as1 refre%+ !mselves f antique silv] porr+]s1 t ! little liv+ heads hang ov] by ! h\r on ! nurs]y floor4 ,x is mu* m likely to be ! ?und]\s l&scapes ( ! old ,dut* woodcuts 9 ,great-gr&mama's ,bible1 ! que]1 *aotic1 symboli/ic plates ( ! ,"m-,play2 ! wond]ful pr9ts ( ,com5ius' ,orbis ,pictus2 ! casualties ( ,john ,lee*'s hunt+ fields4 ,true1 !y delight 9 ! *>m+ details ( all ,kate ,gre5away's books2 & ,walt] ,crane's pictures s ri* 9 color & beautiful detail give ceaseless joy2 b "o mu/ confess t !y are a bit incl9$ to %y at pictures !y "k to be int5d$ = !m4 ,e nurs]y t c compass x %\ld h z _m z possible ( ! books illu/rat$ 9 color by ,b\tet de ,monvel4 ,! *ildr5 %\ld nev] see comic illu/rations ( _! nurs]y rhymes & /ories4 ,!y are all banal z wit & tra%y z art1 sub/itut+ an ugly & di/ort$ image = ! possibly beautiful "o ! *ild might h made = himself4 ,aft] !y h pass$ out ( infancy1 !y d n ne$ pictures 9 _! /ories4 ,! black-&-:ite pr9t is inadequate :5 color & movem5t %\ld be a "p ( ! image1 & *ildr5 %\ld h ! discipl9e ( rely+ entirely on !mselves 9 visualiz+ ! images ( ! text4 ,!re %\ld also be 9 ! little libr>y1 or accessible to ! little read]s 9 ! big "o1 beside ! illu/rat$ ,bible1 ! "o big volume ( ,%akespe>e ) ,gilb]t's pictures--an inexhau/ible m9e ( life & art2 ,engelmann & ,&]son's ,atlas ( ! ,hom]ic ,poems1 a ,diction>y ( ,classical ,antiquities1 & an encyclop$ia t ! old] *ildr5 c use1 %\ld h a place on ^! %elves4 ,x is s (t5 said z to am\nt to a m]e conv5tion t ! be/ possible lit]>y exp]i5ce = a *ild is to be turn$ loose to br[se 7!y always say br[se7 9 a gr[n-up libr>y4 ,"o always f9ds a malici\s pleasure 9 detect+ 9 ^! p 7& !y are always to be f\nd 9 great pl5ty7 ^? baby impressions1 /ill uncorrect$ t !y got ( _m books 9 ! c\rse ( _! br[s+4 ,( c\rse1 9 a h\se :]e !re are _m books ! *ildr5 w exp]im5t1 w ta/e ( _m di%es1 & possibly dev\r _m ?+s n int5d$ = !m4 ,f "s ( ^! !y w take no s]i\s h>m1 :ile 9 _m o!r cases !y w get a p]man5t w>p ( judgm5t or ( feel+4 ,x w\ld seem to me wise to guide ! *ild 9 8 explorations1 giv+ him pl5ty ( ^? gr[n-up ?+s t y believe to be good = him1 & head+ him (f z long z possible f ! o!rs4 ,= all y\r caution1 h[ev]1 *ildr5 w be f\nd buri$ 9 ,tom ,jones1 m\s+ ab\t 9 ,montaigne1 *uckl+ ov] ,tri/ram ,%&y1 & befuddl+ !mselves ) ,gho/s & ,anna ,k>59a4 ,9 ^! cases we c only hope t nature has m]cifully orda9$ t1 n hav+ ! necess>y app]ception exp]i5ce1 !y w n get at ! real tru? ( ^! books1 & t !y w h ! luck--r>e1 to be sure--to remove & correct _! mi/ak5 impressions 9 "s subsequ5t read+4 ,! ideal co-op]ation betwe5 home1 s*ool1 ,sunday s*ool1 & libr>y is yet to be br\ght ab\t2 tea*] & p>5ts c d mu* to promote x4 ,z a /ep t[>d ?is co-op]ation !y %\ld provide e *ild :o reads 9 a libr>y ) a li/ ( books4 ,! imag9ative books 9 ! li/ giv5 out by ! public libr>ies are practically all juv5iles1 app>5tly *os5 ma9ly = ! purpose ( amus+ *ildr5 :o h no books 9 _! homes4 ,^! ?+s are und\bt$ly amus+2 !y are sup]ficially appetiz+2 & !y h ! same effect t ! soda f\nta9 at ! corn] drug-%op has ^u ! *ildr5's appetite = true n\ri%m5t--!y take ! edge (f 8 hung] s t he has no reli% = 8 bread & butt]1 ?\gh he has _h no?+ to eat b a h9t ( *eap flavor1 a da% ( =maldehyde1 a spoonful ( poor milk1 & a glassful ( eff]vesc5ce4 ,! li/s giv5 by p>5ts & tea*]s may *ange all ?is1 b only if !y include good ?+s1 beautiful & int]e/+ en\gh to make ^! wa/eful juv5iles seem unattractive4 ,e s*oolroom 9 :i* ! *ildr5 are old en\gh to be int]e/$1 & e family %\ld devise a me?od ( dige/+ ! news ( ! _w e day or e week1 s t ! *ildr5 may h "s k ( curr5t ev5ts4 ,( c\rse1 !re are *ildr5 :o _c be kept f read+ ! morn+ pap]--crimes1 sports1 & all4 ,su* a *ild's family %\ld *oose its newspap] ) all possible c>e ,e self-respect+ family :]e !re are *ildr5 %\ld be will+ to submit to ! v small sacrifice ( =ego+ ! ,sunday pap]1 to save ! little p f ! flood ( commonplace1 ( triviality1 & ( ribaldry t ov]:elms !m f ^! mon/r\s productions4 ,p]haps no well-br\ght-up *ild w\ld be q well equipp$ if he has n _h ,! ,y\?'s ,companion & ,/4 ,ni*olas 9 8 *ildhood2 b x is a mi/ake to let !m l+] too long 9 ^! p]iodicals1 ^: cont5ts are some:at fragm5t>y z lit]ature1 & n q l>ge en\gh or full en\gh z to curr5t ev5ts & int]e/s4 ,x is wise to turn ! *ildr5 z soon z possible to ! mature & m ?or\gh magaz9es1 among :i* %\ld be includ$ a te*nical & sci5tific j\rnal4 ,by all means d n subject !m to ! temptation ( ! v>i\s /ory-magaz9es--^? *eap & easy *ronicles ( ! que/ionable affairs ( und]graduates & *orus girls1 ( ,nietzs*ean sup]humanity gone to se$1 ( imitations ( ! imitat$ psy*ology ( ! wild1 all r5d]$ 9 ! ,engli% ( ?ird-ye> college !mes4 ,if ! adult memb]s ( ! family mu/ h ^! ?+s1 let !m be kept1 along ) ! season's be/ sell]s1 out ( easy rea* ( ! *ildr54 ,x %\ld n ne$ to be said t !re has be5 no attempt 9 ! =ego+ discussion to recomm5d e good ?+1 or to give an exhau/ive li/ ( su* ?+s 9 any "o l9e2 no m has !re be5 an ef=t to give w>n+ ( all ?+s undesirable1 b m]ely1 z 9 ! :ole book1 to /ate ! und]ly+ pr9ciples ( *oice1 ) j en\gh specific examples to make cle> _! application4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,a ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,lit]ature ,,= ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ool ,! li/ ( titles 9 lit]ature giv5 bel[ mu/ be tak5 z free sugge/ion1 n at all z dogmatic requirem5t2 lea/ ( all %\ld x be reg>d$ z an exhau/ive & def9itive programme4 ,?r\gh\t ?is little book !re has be5 a delib]ate ef=t to m5tion no m examples & specim5s ?an w\ld s]ve to support & illu/rate ! pr9ciples /at$ or ! !ories advanc$1 s z to keep out ( x ! we>+ atmosph]e ( int]m9able li/s1 & to leave ^? :o might accept ! doctr9es q free to apply !m 9 ! selection ( _! own specim5s4 ,s n[ 9 ! plan app5d$ ! titles h be5 c>efully sift$ & resolutely limit$4 ,x %\ld n be necess>y to say t x is n int5d$ t all ! specim5s m5tion$ 9 any "o ye> %\ld be giv5 )9 t ye> 9 e s*ool--p]haps 9 any s*ool2 or t !y %\ld necess>ily be giv5 9 ! ye> to :i* !y are "h assign$4 ,!y are r design$ to indicate ! k9d ( ?+ "o w\ld *oose = ! av]age classes 9 ! av]age s*ool1 & to sugge/ ?+s t g well toge!r4 ,i h ev5 v5tur$ to hope t ^? :o read ! book w also take ! pa9s to read all ! specim5s m5tion$ 9 ! programme1 s z to cat* _! _s & atmosph]e1 & aft] t *oose q freely = !mselves ^! or o!r titles4 ,! field ( *oice is especially wide among ! folk-tales2 all ^? m5tion$ are good1 & suitable = ! places 9 :i* !y are put4 ,b !re are o!rs good & suitable1 :i* may1 inde$1 bett] satisfy ! ne$s ( "s special tea*] or class4 ,9 "s s*ools1 no d\bt1 x w be well to give a ?ird ye> ( folk-tales & simple lyrics be=e beg9n+ ! h]o-tales4 ,9 t case ! :ole c\rse w\ld be pu%$ along a ye>1 mak+ = ! la/ or eigh? ye> a comb9ation ( bits tak5 f ! sev5? & eigh? ye>s sugge/$ "h4 ,! c\rse is plann$ = a s*ool ^: *ildr5 g on into high s*ool2 ?\gh "o c see little reason = a diff]5t c\rse 9 lit]ature = ^? *ildr5 :o /op ) a gramm>-s*ool education4 ,:at we covet = su* *ildr5 is n k ( mu* lit]ature1 nor k ( any lit]ature 9 p>ticul>1 b a ta/e = :olesome books & "s tru/wor?y habits ( read+4 ,^! results are be/ secur$ :5 a few suitable & beautiful ?+s h be5 lov+ly taught & joyfully appreh5d$4 ,*ildr5 ?us provid$ w keep on read+2 if !y h be5 really f$ on ,julius ,caes> or ,! ,tempe/ !y w hung] = m ,%akespe>e2 if !y h tak5 delight 9 ,treasure ,isl& !y w pursue ,/ev5son & f9d ,scott & ,coop]4 ,! *ances = implant+ 9 !m "s liv+ & abid+ love ( books are mu* bett] if we tea* !m 9 s*ool ! ?+s !y may easily ma/] & completely conta91 ?an if we try to supply !m ) :at only an adult read] c expect to appropriate1 :i* !re=e takes on ! "* ( a task1 or rema9s 9 _! m9ds a m]e *aotic mass4 ,! plan ( ! c\rse is simple & obvi\s en\gh4 ,inde$1 ! ma9 idea is fir/ ( all m]ely t ( putt+ into ea* ye> su* ?+s z w delight & tra9 a *ild ( t age 9 lit]>y ways4 ,) ?is is jo9$ ! equally simple & reasonable purpose ( giv+ 9 ea* ye> an acceptable v>iety look+ t[>d ! developm5t ( a g5]\s ta/e--a /ory1 a h]oic poem1 a musical lyric or two1 a bit ( fun1 a gr\p ( fables4 ,?r\gh\t ! programme !re has be5 a consci\s attempt to use ?+s e tea*] kn[s or may v easily f9d1 & ( associat+ ?+s t h>monize 9 _s4 ,= ! fir/ two ye>s ! folk-tales =m ! core ( ! c\rse4 ,to ! folk-tales is jo9$ a gr\p ( simple lyrics1 _m ( !m ! m =mal & expressive ( ! tradition>y rhymes4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 9 a s*ool :]e ^! fir/- & second-ye> *ildr5 h n already _h 9 k9d]g>t5 or 9 ! home nurs]y ! simpl] rhymes & j+les--,little ,boy ,blue1 ,jack ,horn]1 ,!re ,0 a ,man 9 ,our ,t[n--!y %\ld be taught4 ,9 ! ?ird ye> ,rob9son ,crusoe con/itutes ! l>ge core4 ,z sugge/$ 9 ano!r *apt] x is well to treat ?is /ory z if x 7 a cycle1 tak+ x 9 episodes1 & int]weav+ ) x o!r bits ( lit]ature :i* h>monize ) x1 ei!r re9=c+ x or c\nt]act+ x4 ,x may easily happ5 t a tea*] w\ld select a q diff]5t gr\p ( poems = /udy along ) ,rob9son ,crusoe1 accord+ z he emphasiz$ "s o!r aspect ( ! /ory & accord+ to ! maturity ( 8 *ildr54 ,?is programme assumes a pretty mature ?ird-ye> gr\p4 ,x may be 9 _m s*ools well to transf]1 z ,i h sugge/$1 ?is :ole arrangem5t to ! f\r? ye>4 ,! fif?- & six?-ye> "w is arrang$ ^u a simil> plan--t ( con/itut+ a /ory or a /ory-cycle ! c5t] ( ! "w1 & associat+ ) x %ort] & supplem5t>y bits4 ,:ile ! poems 9 bo? cases are su* z h>monize 9 subject or idea ) aspects ( ! two /ories t w inevitably appe> 9 ! tea*+1 !y h n be5 *os5 solely f t po9t ( view2 !y are also 9 e case beautiful z deta*$ poems1 & ideally1 at lea/1 suitable = ! *ildr54 ,e exp]i5c$ tea*] w h o!r v]ses & /ories 9 m9d :i* may be add$ to ^? giv5 or sub/itut$ = !m4 ,"s ( !m w be useful1 n z class /udies necess>ily1 b z a "p ( t res]ve /ock t e tea*] has1 f :i* he draws f "t to "t some?+ to read to 8 class :i* !y are n expect+4 ,9 ! programme = ! six? ye> an alt]native is sugge/$4 ,_m tea*]s w f9d en\gh 9 ! ,ar?ur /ories to =m ! core ( ! lit]ature = ! ye>4 ,o!rs w f9d mat]ial = ! :ole ye>'s /ories 9 ! ,norwegian & ,icel&ic sagas4 ,_m w n l ! sugge/ion ( giv+ ! antidote ( ! *ivalric romances--,don ,quixote4 ,_m w pref] to drop h]o-tales & romances 9 favor ( m mod]n /ories4 ,su* a gr\p ( /ories is sugge/$ introduc+ ! /ories t call = int]pretation1 & ! appreh5d+ ( a second>y mean+4 ,?is paves ! way = ! /ories ( ! sev5? ye> :i* call = "s g5u9e lit]>y int]pretation4 ,9 ! sev5? ye> programme ! two dramatic bits ( ,yeats's are sugge/$1 n only because !y are *>m+ 9 !mselves1 & are 9 *>m+ arti/ic contra/1 b because !y c easily be /ag$ & act$1 & are full ( sugge/ion ( ! k9d ( ?+ ! *ildr5 c d !mselves4 ,! ,pot ( ,bro? is ! dramatization ( a well-kn[n folk-droll1 & ,! ,h\r-,glass is a morality call+ = no complexity ( dialogue1 ( /ag+1 or ( dramatic motive--! k9d ( play ! *ildr5 c mo/ easily produce bo? z lit]ature & z act+4 ,z sugge/$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 dur+ ?is & ! foll[+ ye> ea* *ild %\ld be enc\rag$ or requir$ to le>n a poem or a /ory ( 8 own *oos+1 :i* he pres5ts to ! class4 ,?is w greatly enri* ! class programme4 ,only "o fable is sugge/$--"o ( ,fonta9e's1 ! int]pretation or moral ( :i* %\ld n[ be giv5 by ! class2 _m o!r fables may be us$ 9 ! same way1 if ?is ex]cise seems to be pr(itable4 ,z e obs]v] ( s*ools kn[s1 x is ! eigh?-ye> *ildr5 :o ne$ mo/ accommodation & und]/&+4 ,! programme (f]$ is design$ = ! normal class 9 ! av]age s*ool--:5 ! *ildr5 are really pass+ into ! second>y /age & %\ld be prep>+ to g into high s*ool )\t cross+ a *asm4 ,b x may ne$ mu* modification = ^? eigh?-ye> classes 9 :i* !re are belat$ *ildr5 & unev5ly develop$ *ildr54 ,x is q possible t ,julius ,caes>1 ,! ,tempe/1 & ,sohrab & ,ru/um may prove impracticable = su* a class1 & t some?+ easi] w\ld h to be sub/itut$4 ,9 no case c we hope to tea* ! two plays exhau/ively1 ei!r z reg>ds _! =m or _! cont5t4 ,b bo? ^! plays are ( t k9d ( great art t has _m levels to :i* "o may climb 9 turn1 ) 8 gr[+ maturity4 ,& ! beauty ( bo? ^! plays is t 9 case ! class is precoci\s & does inquire deeply into !m1 !re is no?+ 9 ! political philosophy ( ,julius ,caes> or 9 ! spiritual & social philosophy ( ,! ,tempe/ t may n be safely expla9$ to !m4 ,?is programme makes no m5tion1 z may be se51 ( ! _m m9or lyrics & bits ( drama & /ory t w be add$ f _m s\rces & 9 _m connections3 f _! home read+2 f ! tea*]'s res]ve /ock2 f _! read+ lessons2 f _! "w 9 o!r languages2 f _! prep>ation = fe/ivals & celebrations2 f sugge/ions ( wea!r & season2 f occasional curr5t p]iodicals1 & possibly f o!r s\rces4 ,& :5 all is said1 "o mu/ say aga9 t !re _c be a /rictly normaliz$ & fix$ curriculum 9 lit]ature s9ce 9 ?is subject m ?an 9 any o!r ! p]sonnel ( ! class mu/ be consid]$2 _! typical inh]itance1 _! tradition1 _! social grade1 _! community1 _! o!r int]e/s1 _! pass+ preoccupation & almo/ _! daily mood1 are factors 9 ! problem4 ,! tea*] :o is s5sitive to ^! matt]s 9 8 class w soon emancipate himself f ! fix$ curriculum4 ,let him at ! same "t be s5sitive to ! emphasis & appeal ( ea* bit ( art he *ooses = !m1 & he _c fail4 ,:atev] 8 results !y w be good4 ,aft] s long a preamble foll[s ! li/ ( specim5s3 ,,fir/ ,,ye> ,sagas3 ,h[ ,ar?ur ,drew ! ,sword f ! ,/one4 ,h[ ,ar?ur ,got ! ,sword ,excalibur4 ,ma]*53 ,bri>-,rose1 ,grimm4 ,sn[-:ite & ,rose-r$1 ,grimm4 ,! ,elves & ! ,%oemak]1 ,grimm4 ,! ,musicians ( ,brem51 ,grimm4 ,drolls3 ,simple ,simon4 ,! ,johnny-cake4 ,accumulative ,tales3 ,! ,old ,woman ,:o ,f\nd ! ,sixp5ce4 ,h5ny-,p5ny4 ,! ,little ,r$ ,h54 ,fables3 ,! ,cr[ & ! ,pit*]4 ,! ,h>e & ! ,tortoise4 ,v]ses3 ,i ,saw a ,%ip a-,sail+4 ,s+ a ,song ( ,sixp5ce4 ,!re ,0 a ,little ,gu9ea-pig4 ,tom1 ,tom1 ! ,pip]'s ,son4 ,birdie1 ) ! ,yell[ ,bill1 ,/ev5son4 ,my ,%ad[4--,/ev5son4 ,,second ,,ye> ,sagas3 ,siegfri$ ,gets ! ,sword f ,mimi4 ,siegfri$ & ! ,dragon4 ,siegfri$ ,rescues ,brunhild4 ,ma]*53 ,c9d]ella1 or ! ,little ,glass ,slipp]4--,p]rault4 ,aladd9 & ! ,wond]ful ,lamp1 9 ,arabian ,nights4 ,! ,fi%]man & ! ,g5ie1 9 ,arabian ,nights4 ,beauty & ! ,bea/4--,madame de ,beaumont4 ,! ,poor ,little ,turkey ,girl4--,cu%+4 ,drolls3 ,hans 9 ,luck4--,grimm4 ,kluge ,else4--,grimm4 ,*apt]s f ,! ,pet]k9 ,pap]s4--,hale4 ,little ,black ,sambo4--,bann]man4 ,! ,gray ,goose4--,pe>son4 ,accumulative ,tales3 ,! ,?ree ,billygoats1 ,norwegian4 ,muna*> & ,mana*>1 ,iri%4 ,titty-m\se & ,tatty-m\se4 ,fables3 ,! ,t[n ,m\se & ! ,field ,m\se4 ,! ,/ork & ! ,log4 ,! ,fox & ! ,cr[4 ,v]ses3 ,?ree ,*ildr5 ,slid+ on ! ,ice4 ,f\r ,bro!rs ,ov] ! ,sea4 ,! ,fairies1 ,all+ham4 ,little ,gu/ava1 ,celia ,?axt]4 ,s++1 ,/ev5son4 ,little ,indian1 ,si\x or ,cr[1 ,/ev5son4 ,! ,w9d1 ,/ev5son4 ,my ,%ip1 ,/ev5son4 ,! ,lamb1 ,blake4 ,pip+ ,d[n ! ,valleys ,wild1 ,blake4 ,! ,pi$ ,pip] ( ,hamel91 ,br[n+4 ,! ,m\nta9 & ! ,squirrel1 ,em]son4 ,,?ird ,,ye> ,rob9son ,crusoe4 ,s9bad ! ,sailor4 ,toomai ( ! ,elephants4--,kipl+4 ,rikki-,tikki-,tavi4--,kipl+4 ,reyn>d ! ,fox4 7,select$ /ories47 ,uncle ,remus4 7,select$ /ories47 ,! ,l&+ ( ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs 9 ,new ,engl&1 ,mrs4 ,hemans4 ,columbus1 ,joaqu9 ,mill]4 ,! ,tw5ty-?ird ,psalm4 ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion4 ,! ,idle ,%eph]d ,boys1 ,wordswor?4 ,sp9n+ ,song1 ,wordswor?4 ,! ,village ,blacksmi?1 ,longfell[4 ,tubal ,ca91 ,mackay4 ,! ,wreck ( ! ,hesp]us1 ,longfell[4 ,! ,discov]] ( ! ,nor? ,cape1 ,longfell[4 ,! ,spid] & ! ,fly1 ,m>y ,h[itt4 ,! ,palm ,tree1 ,:itti]4 ,hiawa?a ,builds ,8 ,canoe1 ,longfell[4 ,dramatization ( a /ory ( "s voyag] or pione]4 ,,f\r? ,,ye> ,rob9 ,hood 7giv5 p>tly f ,h[>d ,pyle's ,rob9 ,hood1 p>tly f ! ,ballads74 ,"u ! ,gre5wood ,tree1 ,%akespe>e4 ,bl[1 ,bl[1 ,?\ ,w9t] ,w9d1 ,%akespe>e4 ,wak51 ,lords & ,ladies ,gay1 ,scott4 ,meg ,m]riles1 ,keats4 ,! ,*\gh & ! ,cr[1 ,baillie4 ,song ( ,m>ion's ,m51 ,bryant4 ,my ,capta91 ,:itman4 ,lo*9v>1 ,scott4 ,! ,%eph]d ( ,k+ ,admetus1 ,l[ell4 ,ab\ ,b5 ,ahdem1 ,hunt4 ,yuss\f1 ,l[ell4 ,%]wood1 ,alfr$ ,noyes4 ,m>*1 ,wordswor?4 ,:5 ,icicles ,hang by ! ,wall1 ,%akespe>e4 ,! ,jabb]wocky1 ,alice 9 ,wond]l&4 ,,fif? ,,ye> ,! ,odyssey4--,george ,h]b]t ,palm]4 7,translation47 ,gulliv]'s ,travels3 ,! ,voyage to ,lilliput4 ,! ,:ite ,seal1 ,kipl+4 ,! ,coa/-wise ,lights1 ,kipl+4 ,! ,sea1 ,b>ry ,cornwall4 ,sir ,patrick ,sp5s1 ,folk ,ballad4 ,! ,in*cape ,rock1 ,s\!y4 ,to a ,wat]f[l1 ,bryant4 ,lead1 ,k9dly ,light1 ,newman4 ,! ,*amb]$ ,nautilus1 ,holmes4 ,! ,lake ,isle ( ,innisfree1 ,yeats4 ,brea!s ,!re a ,man1 ,scott4 ,uphill1 ,*ri/9a ,rossetti4 ,! ,long ,:ite ,seam1 ,jean ,+el[4 ,! ,exile ( ,er91 ,campbell4 ,,six? ,,ye> ,h]oic adv5tures f ! *ivalric cycles ( ,k+ ,ar?ur1 ( ,siegfri$1 ( ,rol&1 & ,! ,cid1 & select$ episodes f ,don ,quixote4 or ,! ,drums ( ! ,=e & ,aft4--,kipl+2 ,rip ,van ,w9kle4--,irv+2 ,! ,bee-,man ( ,orn4--,/ockton2 ,old ,pipes & ! ,dryad4--,/ockton2 ,! ,man ,born to ,be ,k+4--,morris4 ,! ,lady ( ,%alott1 ,t5nyson4 ,hack & ,hew1 ,bliss ,c>man4 ,! ,song ( ! ,*attahoo*ee1 ,lani]4 ,! ,cl\d1 ,%elly4 ,! ,walrus & ! ,c>p5t]1 f ,alice 9 ,wond]l&4 ,,sev5? ,,ye> ,! ,great ,/one ,face4--,haw?orne4 ,! ,sn[ ,image4--,haw?orne4 ,! ,gold ,bug4--,poe4 ,! ,pot ( ,bro?4--,yeats4 ,! ,h\r-,glass4--,yeats4 ,a ,diss]tation on ,roa/ ,pig1 ,lamb4 ,! ,vision ( ,mirza1 ,addison4 ,k+ ,rob]t ( ,sicily1 ,longfell[4 ,horatius at ! ,bridge1 ,macaulay4 ,! ,ballad ( ,ea/ & ,we/1 ,kipl+4 ,h]oes1 ,edna ,dean ,proctor4 ,! ,y>n ( ! ,nancy ,bell1 ,gilb]t4 ,! ,wolf & ! ,ma/iff1 ,fonta9e4 ,,eigh? ,,ye> ,julius ,caes>4--,%akespe>e4 ,! ,tempe/4--,%akespe>e4 ,sohrab & ,ru/um4--,arnold4 ,treasure ,isl&4--,/ev5son4 ,old ,*9a1 ,*>les ,lamb4 ,wake ,rob9 7selections74--,john ,burr\ghs4 ,my ,g>d5 ,acqua9tance1 ,w>n]4 ,! ,gobl9 ,m>ket1 ,*ri/9a ,rossetti4 ,ea* & ,all1 ,em]son4 ,h>t-leap ,well1 ,wordswor?4 ,i ,w&]$ ,lonely z a ,cl\d1 ,wordswor?4 ,! ,spl5dor ,falls1 ,t5nyson4 ,! ,rev5ge1 ,t5nyson4 ,et9 ! ,=e/]1 ,folk ,ballad4 ,?omas ,rym]1 ,folk ,ballad4 ,anyone :o has read ^! eighte5 *apt]s %\ld f9d himself provid$ ) a set ( maxims & injunctions among :i* w be ! foll[+3 #a4 ,*oose ! lit]ature = ! *ildr5 "u ! guidance ( ^? pr9ciples by :i* y te/ any lit]ature4 #b4 ,rememb] t lit]ature is art2 x mu/ be taught z art1 & ! result %\ld be an arti/ic "o4 #c4 ,nev] tea* a ?+ y d n love & admire4 ,b le>n to suspect t :5 y d n love x ! fault is 9 y1 & is curable4 #d4 ,accord+ to ! be/ light y h1 *oose ^? ?+s t are fitt$ = ! *ildr5--correspond+ to _! exp]i5ce1 or awak5+ 9 !m exp]i5ces y w\ld l !m to h4 #e4 ,tea* y\r *os5 bit ( lit]ature accord+ to its nature & g5ius4 ,/udy x s sympa!tically t y c foll[ its h9ts1 & make its emphases4 ,tea* ea* piece = its *>act]i/ic effect1 & d n try to tea* ev]y?+ 9 any "o piece4 #f4 ,be cont5t$ to read ) ! *ildr5 a limit$ numb] ( ?+s4 ,y _c read e delightful & helpful ?+4 ,y c only introduce !m to lit]ature & tea* !m to love x4 #g4 ,:5 y h l$ y\r class1 or half y\r class1 into a vital & p]sonal love ( lit]ature & set _! feet on ! long pa? ( ! read]'s joy1 y h done !m ! be/ s]vice y c p]=m z a tea*] ( lit]ature4 ,,f9is