,,dragons ,,( ,,! ,,air ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,,rhamphorhyn*us ,,phyllunus ,,%[+ ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,! ,,w+ ,,membranes ,f ! ,li?ographic slate ( ,ei*/a$t1 ,bav>ia ,frontispiece ,,dragons ,,( ,,! ,,air ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,ext9ct ,,fly+ ,,reptiles ,,by ,h4 ,g4 ,,seeley1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,geology ,,9 ,,k+',s ,,college1 ,,london2 ,,lectur] ,,on ,,geology ,,& ,,m9]alogy ,,9 ,,! ,,royal ,,indian ,,eng9e]+ ,,college ,,) ,,eighty ,,illu/rations ,i ,,am ,a ,,bro!r ,,( ,,dragons ,job xxx4 #bi ,,new ,,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co4 ,,london3 ,,me?u5 ,,co4 #aija ,,preface ,i 0 a /ud5t ( law at a "t :5 ,sir ,ri*>d ,ow5 0 lectur+ on ,ext9ct ,fossil ,reptiles4 ,! skill ( ! great ma/]1 :o built bones toge!r z a *ild builds ) a box ( bricks1 taught me t ! laws :i* det]m9e ! =ms ( animals 7 less und]/ood at t "t ?an ! laws :i* gov]n ! relations ( m5 9 _! c\ntry4 ,! laws ( ,nature promis$ a bett] return ( new k = reasonable /udy4 ,a lecture on ,fly+ ,reptiles det]m9$ me to attempt to fa?om ! my/]ies :i* gave new types ( life to ! ,e>? & aft]w>ds took !m away4 ,?us ,i became ! v humble s]vant ( ! ,dragons ( ! ,air4 ,kn[+ b little ab\t !m ,i w5t to ,cambridge1 & = t5 ye>s work$ ) ! ,pr(essor ( ,geology1 ! late ,rev4 ,adam ,s$gwick1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 9 ga!r+ _! bones f ! s-call$ ,cambridge ,coprolite b$1 ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&4 ,! bones came 9 ?\s&s1 batt]$ & brok51 b in/ructive z bett] mat]ials might n h be54 ,my rooms became fill$ ) rema9s ( exi/+ birds1 liz>ds1 & mammals1 :i* ?rew light on ! a/oni%+ collection ( old bones :i* ,i assi/$ 9 br++ toge!r = ! ,univ]sity4 ,9 "t ,i _h some?+ to say ab\t ,fly+ ,animals :i* 0 new4 ,! /ory 0 told 9 ! !atre ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 9 a s]ies ( lectures4 ,"s ( !m 7 repeat$ 9 sev]al ,engli% t[ns4 ,!re 0 /ill mu* to le>n ( =eign =ms ( fly+ animals2 b at la/1 ) ! aid ( ! ,gov]nm5t grant adm9i/]$ by ! ,royal ,society1 & ! *iefs ( ! great ,cont95tal museums1 ,i saw all ! specim5s 9 ,europe4 ,s ,i h aga9 writt5 out my lectures1 ) ! aid ( ! late/ discov]ies1 & ! /ory ( animal /ructure has lo/ no?+ 9 int]e/ z a twice-told tale4 ,x /ill pres5ts 9 epitome ! /ory ( life on ! ,e>?4 ,he :o und]/&s :5ce ! ,fly+ ,reptiles came1 h[ !y endur$1 & disappe>$ f ! ,e>?1 has solv$ "s ( ! greate/ my/]ies ( life4 ,i h only contribut$ some?+ t[>ds solv+ ! problems4 ,9 tell+ my /ory1 *iefly ( facts 9 ,nature1 an attempt is made to %[ h[ a naturali/ does 8 "w1 9 ! hope t p]haps a few read]s w f9d happ9ess 9 foll[+ ! work+s ( ! laws ( life4 ,su* an illum9ation has prov$ to _m wor? seek+1 a solid return = lab\r1 :i* is n to be m>ket$ on ! ,ex*ange1 b may be tak5 freely )\t exhau/+ ! treasury ( ,nature's tru?s4 ,su* outl9es ( k z "h are (f]$ to a l>g] public1 may also1 ,i believe1 be acceptable to /ud5ts ( sci5ce & sci5tific m54 ,! draw+s giv5 9 illu/ration ( ! text h be5 made = me by ,miss ,e4 ,b4 ,seeley4 ,h4 ,g4 ,s4 ,,k5s+ton1 ,may1 #aija ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,fly+ ,,reptiles #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,h[ ,a ,,reptile ,,is ,,kn[n #d ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,a ,,reptile ,,is ,,kn[n ,,by ,,its ,,bones #aa ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,animals ,,:i* ,,fly #ae ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,pt]odactyle #bg ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,h[ ,,animals ,,are ,,int]pret$ ,,by ,,_! ,,bones #cg ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,pt]odactyles ,,by ,,_! ,,s(t ,,p>ts #de ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,skeleton #eh ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,backbone1 ,,or ,,v]tebral ,,column #gh ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,hip-,,girdle ,,& ,,h9d ,,limb #ic ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,%\ld]-,,girdle ,,& ,,=e ,,limb #ajg ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,! ,,animal',s ,,habits ,,f ,,its ,,rema9s #acd ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,anci5t ,,orni?osaurs ,,f ,,! ,,lias #adc ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,orni?osaurs ,,f ,,! ,,middle ,,second>y ,,rocks #aec ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,orni?osaurs ,,f ,,! ,,upp] ,,second>y ,,rocks #agb ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,orni?osauria #ahg ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,family ,,relations ,,( ,,pt]odactyles ,,to ,,animals ,,:i* ,,liv$ ,,) ,,!m #aif ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,h[ ,,pt]odactyles ,,may ,,h ,,orig9at$ #bac ,,app5dix #bca ,,index #bcc ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page #dg4 ,w+s ( ,rhamphorhyn*us ,frontispiece #a4 ,lung ( ! lung-fi% ,c]atodus #e #b4 ,atta*m5t ( ! l[] jaw 9 a ,mammal & 9 a ,pt]odactyle #ab #c4 ,*aldaean ,dragon #ae #d4 ,w+$ human figure f ! ,temple ( ,ephesus #af #e4 ,fly+ fi% ,exocoetus #ah #f4 ,fly+ ,frog #ai #g4 ,fly+ ,liz>d 7,draco7 #bj #h4 ,birds 9 flight #bb #i4 ,fly+ ,squirrel 7,pt]omys7 #bd #aj4 ,bats1 fly+ & walk+ #be #aa4 ,skeleton ( ,pt]odactylus longiro/ris #bh #ab4 ,! skeleton re/or$ #bi #ac4 ,! animal =m re/or$ #cj #ad4 ,=e limbs 9 f\r types ( mammals #ch #ae4 ,pneumatic =am5 9 ,pt]odactyle bone #df #af4 ,lungs ( ! bird ,apt]yx #dh #ag4 ,air cells 9 ! body ( an ,o/ri* #di #ah4 ,lung ( a ,*ameleon #ea #ai4 ,bra9 9 ,pt]odactyle1 ,mammal1 ,bird1 & ,reptiles #ec #bj4 ,skull ( ,k+fi%] & ,rhamphorhyn*us #fc #ba4 ,skull ( ,h]on & ,rhamphorhyn*us #fe #bb4 ,palate ( ,macroc]cus & 8 ,campylogna?us #ga #bc4 ,l[] jaw ( ,e*idna & ,orni?o/oma #gf #bd4 ,fir/ two neck v]tebrae ( ,orni?o*eirus #ha #be4 ,middle neck v]tebrae ( ,orni?o*eirus #hc #bf4 ,back v]tebra ( ,orni?o*eirus & ,crocodile #hf #bg4 ,sacrum1 ) hip bones1 ( ,rhamphorhyn*us #hh #bh4 ,extremity ( tail ( ,rhamphorhyn*us phyllurus #ia #bi4 ,hip-girdle bones 9 ,apt]yx & ,rhamphorhyn*us #ie #cj4 ,pelvis ) prepubic bone 9 ,pt]odactylus #if #ca4 ,pelvis ) prepubic bones 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us #ig #cb4 ,pelvis ( an ,alligator se5 f bel[ #ih #cc4 ,femora3 ,e*idna1 ,orni?o*eirus1 ,ursus #ajj #cd4 ,tibia & fibula3 ,dimorphodon & ,vulture #ajb #ce4 ,metat>sus & digits 9 ?ree ,pt]odactyles #ajd #cf4 ,/]num 9 ,cormorant & ,rhamphorhyn*us #ajh #cg4 ,/]num 9 ,orni?o*eirus #aji #ch4 ,%\ld]-girdle bones 9 a bird & ?ree ,pt]odactyles #aac #ci4 ,! ,not>ium f ! back ( ,orni?o*eirus #aae #dj4 ,! %\ld]-girdle ( ,orni?o*eirus #aae #da4 ,hum]us ( ,pigeon & ,orni?o*eirus #aai #db4 ,=e-arm ( ,gold5 ,eagle & ,dimorphodon #abj #dc4 ,wri/ bones ( ,orni?o*eirus #abd #dd4 ,claw$ digits ( ! h& 9 two ,pt]odactyles #abe #de4 ,claw f ! h& ( ,orni?o*eirus #abi #df4 ,! h& 9 ,ar*aeopt]yx & ! ,o/ri* #acj #dh4 ,slab ( ,lias ) bones ( ,dimorphodon ,to face page #adc #di4 ,dimorphodon 7re/or$ =m7 at re/ #add #ej4 ,dimorphodon 7re/or$ =m ( ! animal7 ,to face page #ade #ea4 ,dimorphodon skeleton1 walk+ z a quadrup$ #adf #eb4 ,dimorphodon skeleton z a bip$ #adg #ec4 ,l[] jaw ( ,dorygna?us #adi #ed4 ,dimorphodon 7w+ membranes spread = flight7 ,to face page #aej #ee4 ,pelvis ( ,dimorphodon #aea #ef4 ,rhamphorhyn*us skeleton 7re/or$7 #afa #eg4 ,scaphogna?us 7re/oration ( #ahge7 #afc #eh4 ,six re/orations ( ,orni?osaurs #afd #ei4 ,pt5odracon skeleton 7re/or$7 #afg #fj4 ,cycnorhamphus suevicus slab ) bones ,to face page #afh #fa4 ,cycnorhamphus suevicus 7=m ( ! animal7 ,to face page #afi #fb4 ,cycnorhamphus suevicus skeleton 7re/or$7 #agj #fc4 ,cycnorhamphus ,fraasi 7re/or$ skeleton =m ( ! animal7 ,to face page #agj #fd4 ,cycnorhamphus ,fraasi 7re/oration ( ! =m ( ! body7 ,to face page #aga #fe4 ,neck v]tebra ( ,doratorhyn*us f ! ,purbeck #agc #ff4 ,neck bone ( ,orni?odesmus f ! ,weald5 #agc #fg4 ,/]num ( ,orni?odesmus1 se5 f ! front #age #fh4 ,/]num ( ,orni?odesmus1 side view1 %[+ ! keel #age #fi4 ,diagram ( kn[n p>ts ( skull ( ,orni?o*eirus #agg #gj4 ,neck bone ( ,orni?o*eirus #agi #ga4 ,jaws ( ,orni?o*eirus f ! ,*alk #ahj #gb4 ,palate ( ! ,engli% ,too?less ,pt]odactyle #aha #gc4 ,two views ( ! skull ( ,orni?o/oma 7,pt]anodon7 #ahb #gd4 ,skeleton ( ,orni?o/oma #ahc #ge4 ,comp>ison ( six skulls ( ,orni?osaurs #aib #gf4 ,pelvis ( ,orni?o/oma #aie #gg4 ,skull ( ,an*isaurus & ,dimorphodon #aii #gh4 ,skull ( ,orni?osu*us & ,dimorphodon #bja #gi4 ,! pelvis 9 ,orni?osaur & ,d9osaur #bjd #hj4 ,! prepubic bones 9 ,dimorphodon & ,iguanodon #bjf ,^! figures are greatly r$uc$ 9 size1 & :5 two or m bones are %[n 9 ! same figure all are br\ght to ! same size to facilitate ! comp>ison4 ,,dragons ,,( ,,! ,,air ,,*apt] ,i ,,fly+ ,,reptiles ,! hi/ory ( life on ! e>? dur+ ! epo*s ( geological "t unfolds no m wond]ful discov]y among types ( animals :i* h become ext9ct ?an ! family ( fossils kn[n z fly+ reptiles4 ,its com+ into exi/5ce1 its /ructure1 & pass+ away f ! liv+ _w are among ! great my/]ies ( ,nature4 ,! animals are a/oni%+ 9 _! plan ( con/ruction4 ,9 aspect !y are unlike birds & bea/s :i*1 9 ?is age1 hov] ov] l& & sea4 ,!y ga!r into !mselves 9 ! body ( a s+le individual1 /ructures :i*1 at ! pres5t day1 are among ! mo/ di/9ctive *>act]s ( c]ta9 mammals1 birds1 & reptiles4 ,! "n fly+ reptile expresses ?is anomaly4 ,its inv5tion is due to ! g5ius ( ! great ,fr5* naturali/ ,cuvi]1 :o 0 ! fir/ to realise t ?is ext9ct animal1 entomb$ 9 slabs ( /one1 is "o ( ! wond]s ( ! _w4 ,! ^w reptile has impress$ ! imag9ation ) unpleasant s\nd1 ev5 :5 ! habits ( ! animals x indicates are unkn[n4 ,x is famili>ly associat$ ) life :i* is reput$ v5om\s1 & is creep+ & cold4 ,its common type1 ! s]p5t1 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w takes a ye>ly toll ( victims f man & bea/1 & has become ! repres5tative ( sil5t1 active /r5g?1 dread$ craft1 & dang]4 ,sci5ce uses ! ^w reptile 9 a m exact way1 to def9e ! assemblage ( cold-blood$ animals :i* 9 famili> description are sep>ately nam$ s]p5ts1 liz>ds1 turtles1 hatt]ia1 & crocodiles4 ,turtles & ! re/ ( !m survive f great geological antiquity4 ,!y pres5t f age to age div]sity ( aspect & habit1 & 9 unexpect$ diff]5ces ( outw>d proportion ( ! body %[ h[ ! laws ( life h pres]v$ ea* animal type4 ,= ! vital organs :i* con/itute ea* animal a reptile1 & ! di/9ctive bony /ructures ) :i* !y are associat$1 rema9 unaffect$1 or b little modifi$1 by ! animal's ext]nal *ange 9 appe>ance4 ,! creep+ reptile is commonly imag9$ z ! anti!sis ( ! bird4 ,= ! bird ov]comes ! =ces t hold ev5 man to ! e>?1 & enjoys exalt$ a]ial conditions ( life4 ,!re=e ! m>vel is %>$ equally by le>n$ & unle>n$1 t ! p[] ( flight %\ld h be5 an end[m5t ( animals sprung f ! bre$ ( s]p5ts1 or crocodiles1 enabl+ !m to move ?r\gh ! air z ?\gh !y too 7 ( a heav5-born race4 ,! wond] w\ld n be less5$ if ! animal 7 a degrad$ repres5tative ( a nobl] type1 or if x %\ld be demon/rat$ t ev5 bea/s h advanc$ 9 ! battle ( life4 ,! w+$ reptile1 :5 comp>$ ) a bird1 is n less a/\nd+ ?an ! poetic conceptions 9 ,milton's ,p>adise ,lo/ ( degradation :i* ov]takes life t once 0 among/ ! highe/4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! tea*+ ( ,d>w9 9 ! !ories ( mod]n sci5ce1 we are l$ to ask :e!r a fly+ reptile may n be evid5ce ( ! physical exaltation :i* raises animals 9 ! scale ( organisation4 ,! dom9ance ^u ! e>? ( fly+ reptiles dur+ ! great middle p]iod ( geological hi/ory w long engage ! int]e/ ( ^? :o c realise ! complexity ( its /ructure1 or c>e to unravel ! mean+ ( ! procession ( animal =ms 9 successive geological ages :i* prec$$ ! com+ ( man4 ,! out] ve/ure ( an animal c\nts = little 9 e/imat+ ! value ( ties :i* b9d ord]s ( animals toge!r1 :i* are includ$ 9 ! l>g] classes ( life4 ,! k9dr$ relation%ip :i* makes ! snake ( ! same class z ! tortoise is det]m9$ by ! s(t vital organs--bra91 he>t1 lungs--:i* are ! ess5tials ( an animal's exi/5ce & control its way ( life4 ,! wond] :i* sci5ce weaves into ! mean+ ( ! ^w reptile1 bird1 or mammal1 is p>tly 9 exhibit+ m9or *anges ( "* 9 ^? organs & o!r s(t p>ts1 b f> m 9 %[+ t :ile !y endure un*ang$1 ! h>d p>ts ( ! skeleton are modifi$ 9 _m ways4 ,= ! bones ( ! reptile ord]s /ret* _! aff9ities 9 "o direction t[>ds ! skeletons ( salam&]s & fi%es2 & ext5d !m also at ! same "t 9 o!r directions1 t[>ds birds & mammals4 ,?is my/]y we may hope to p>tly unravel4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,h[ ,a ,,reptile ,,is ,,kn[n ,,def9ition ,,( ,,reptiles ,,by ,,_! ,,vital ,,organs ,! relations ( reptiles to o!r animals may be /at$ s z to make evid5t ! *>act]s & aff9ities :i* b9d !m toge!r4 ,e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury naturali/s includ$ ) ! ,reptilia ! tribe ( salam&]s & frogs :i* are nam$ ,amphibia4 ,! two gr\ps h be5 sep>at$ f ea* o!r because ! "y ( ,amphibia pass ?r\gh a tadpole /age ( developm5t4 ,!y !n brea! by gills1 l fi%es1 tak+ oxyg5 f ! air :i* is susp5d$ 9 wat]1 be=e lungs are acquir$ :i* aft]w>ds enable ! animals to take oxyg5 directly f ! air4 ,! amphibian sometimes %$s ! gills1 & leaves ! wat] to live on l&4 ,sometimes gills & lungs are reta9$ ?r\gh life 9 ! same individual4 ,?is amphibian condition ( lung & gill be+ pres5t at ! same "t is p>allel$ by a few fi%es :i* /ill exi/1 l ! ,au/ralian ,c]atodus1 ! lung-fi%1 an anci5t type ( fi% :i* belongs to e>ly days 9 geological "t4 ,?is metamorphosis has be5 held to sep>ate ! amphibian type f ! reptile because no exi/+ reptile develops gills or und]goes a metamorphosis4 ,yet ! "* may n be m important z a gr\nd = classification ?an ! community ( gills & lungs 9 ! fi% & amphibian is gr\nd = putt+ !m toge!r 9 "o natural gr\p4 ,= al?\gh no gills are f\nd 9 reptiles1 birds1 or mammals1 ! embryo ( ea* 9 an e>ly /age ( developm5t appe>s to possess gill-ar*es1 & gill-clefts betwe5 !m1 ?r\gh :i* gills might h be5 develop$1 ev5 9 ! high] v]tebrates1 if ! conditions ( life _h be5 fav\rable to su* modification ( /ructure4 ,9 _! bones ,reptiles & ,amphibia h mu* 9 common4 ,ne>ly all true reptiles lay eggs1 :i* are def9$ l ^? ( birds by comp>atively l>ge size1 & are conta9$ 9 %ells4 ,?is condition is n usual 9 amphibians or fi%es4 ,:5 hat*$ ! "y reptile is completely =m$1 ! image ( its p>5t1 & has no ne$ to gr[ a cov]+ to its sk9 l "s birds1 or %$ its tail l "s tadpoles4 ,! reptile is l ! bird 9 fre$om f important *anges ( =m aft] ! egg is hat*$2 & ! only /ructure %$ by bo? is ! little horn ^u ! nose1 ) :i* ! embryo breaks ! %ell & em]ges a reptile or a bird1 gr[+ to maturity ) small subsequ5t v>iations 9 ! proportions ( ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,,lung ,,( ,,! ,,fi% ,,c]atodus ,p>tly laid op5 to %[ its *amb]$ /ructure 7,aft] ,gu5!r7 ,,! ,,reptile ,,sk9 ,betwe5 "o class ( animals & ano!r ! diff]5ces 9 ! condition ( ! sk9 are m or less di/9ctive4 ,9 a few amphibians !re are "s bones 9 ! sk9 on ! "u side ( ! body1 ?\gh ! sk9 is usually nak$1 & 9 frogs is said to transmit air to ! blood1 s z to ex]cise a respiratory function ( a m9or k9d4 ,?is nak$ condition1 s unlike ! arm\r$ sk9 ( ! true ,reptilia1 appe>s to h be5 p>allel$ by a numb] ( ext9ct gr\ps ( fossils ( ! ,second>y rocks1 su* z ,i*?yosaurs & ,plesiosaurs1 :i* 7 aquatic1 & probably also by "s ,d9osauria1 :i* 7 t]re/rial4 ,liv+ reptiles are usually def5d$ ) "s k9d ( protection to ! sk94 ,among snakes & liz>ds ! sk9 has commonly a cov]+ ( ov]lapp+ scales1 usually ( horny or bony texture4 ,! tortoise & turtle tribe %ut up ! animal 9 a true box ( bone1 :i* is cas$ ) an arm\r ( horny plates4 ,crocodiles h a ?ick sk9 emb$d+ a less cont9u\s coat ( mail4 ,?us ! sk9 ( a reptile does n at fir/ sugge/ any?+ :i* might become an organ ( flight2 & its d]mal app5dages1 or scales1 may seem fur!r remov$ f ! fea!rs :i* ensure fly+ p[]s to ! bird ?an f ! nak$ sk9 ( a frog4 ,,! ,,reptile ,,bra9 ,al?\gh ! mode ( developm5t ( ! "y & ! cov]+ ( ! sk9 are conspicu\s among important *>act]s by :i* animals are classifi$1 ! bra9 is an organ ( "s importance1 al?\gh ( great] weight 9 ! high] ,v]tebrata ?an 9 its l[] gr\ps4 ,reptiles h l9ks 9 ! mode ( arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( _! bra9s ) fi%es & amphibians4 ,! regions ( t organ are commonly arrang$ 9 pairs ( n]v\s masses1 kn[n z 7#a7 ! olfactory lobes1 7#b7 ! c]ebrum1 beh9d :i* is ! m9ute p9eal body1 foll[$ by 7#c7 ! pair ( optic lobes1 & h9d]mo/ ( all 7#d7 ! s+le mass t]m$ ! c]ebellum4 ,^! p>ts ( ! bra9 are ext5d$ 9 longitud9al ord]1 "o beh9d ! o!r 9 all ?ree gr\ps4 ,! olfactory lobes ( ! bra9 9 ,fi%es may be z l>ge z ! c]ebrum2 b among ,reptiles & ,amphibians !y are relatively small]1 & !y assume m ( ! condition f\nd 9 mammals l ! ,h>e or ,mole1 be+ altoge!r subord9ate 9 size4 ,& ! c]ebral masses beg9 to be wid] & high] ?an ! o!r p>ts ( ! bra91 ?\gh !y d n ext5d =w>d above ! olfactory lobes1 z is (t5 se5 9 ,mammals4 ,9 ,crocodiles ! c]ebral hemisph]es h a t5d5cy to a broad circul> =m4 ,among ,*elonian reptiles t region ( ! bra9 is m rem>kable = height4 ,liz>ds & ,ophidians bo? h ?is "p ( ! bra9 some:at pe>-%ap$1 po9t$ 9 front1 & elongat$4 ,! amphibian bra9 only diff]s f ! liz>d type 9 degree2 & diff]5ces betwe5 liz>ds' & amphibian bra9s are less noticeable ?an betwe5 ! o!r ord]s ( reptiles4 ,! reptilian bra9 is easily di/+ui%$ f t ( all o!r animals by ! position & proportions ( its regions 7see ,fig4 #ai1 p4 #ec74 ,birds h ! p>ts ( ! bra9 =m$ & arrang$ 9 a way t is equally di/9ctive4 ,! c]ebral lobes are relatively l>ge & convex1 & des]ve ! descriptive "n hemisph]es4 ,!y are always smoo?1 z among ! l[] ,mammals1 & ext5d backw>d s z to abut aga9/ ! h9d bra91 t]m$ ! c]ebellum4 ,?is junction is br\ght ab\t 9 a peculi> way4 ,! c]ebral hemisph]es 9 a bird d n ext5d backw>d to ov]ride ! optic lobes1 & hide !m1 z occurs among adult mammals1 b !y ext5d back betwe5 ! optic lobes1 s z to =ce !m ap>t & pu% !m aside1 d[nw>d & backw>d1 till !y ext5d lat]ally beyond ! junction ( ! c]ebrum ) ! c]ebellum4 ,! bra9 ( a ,bird is nev] reptilian2 b 9 ! "y ,mammal ! bra9 has a v reptilian aspect1 because bo? h _! p>ts prim>ily arrang$ 9 a l9e4 ,!re=e ! bra9 appe>s to det]m9e ! b\nd>y betwe5 bird & reptile exactly4 ,,reptilian ,,brea?+ ,,organs ,! brea?+ organs ( ,birds & ,reptiles :i* are associat$ ) ^! diff]5t types ( bra9 are n q ! same4 ,! ,frog has a cellul> lung :i*1 9 ! details ( ! m9ute sacs :i* bran* & clu/] at ! t]m9ations ( ! tubes1 is n unlike ! condition 9 a ,mammal4 ,9 a mammal respiration is aid$ by ! bell[s-l action ( ! muscles connect$ ) ! ribs1 :i* encase ! cavity :]e ! lungs are plac$1 & ?is /ructure is abs5t 9 ! ,frog & its allies4 ,! ,frog1 on ! o!r h&1 has to swall[ air 9 mu* ! same way z man swall[s wat]4 ,! air is simil>ly grasp$ by ! muscles1 & convey$ by !m d[nw>d to ! lungs4 ,!re=e a ,frog keeps its m\? %ut1 & ! animal dies f want ( air if its m\? is op5 = a few m9utes4 ,crocodiles commonly lie 9 ! sun ) _! m\?s widely op54 ,! lungs 9 bo? ,crocodiles & ,turtles are mod]ately d5se1 trav]s$ by great bron*ial tubes1 b d n diff] ess5tially 9 plan f ^? ( a ,frog1 ?\gh ! great bran*es ( ! bron*ial tubes are /rong]1 & ! air *amb]s into :i* ! lung is divid$ are some:at small]4 ,! ,new ,zeal& ,hatt]ia has ! lungs ( ?is cellul> type1 ?\gh r resembl+ ! amphibian ?an ! ,crocodile4 ,! lungs dur+ life 9 all ^! animals atta9 consid]able size1 ! maximum dim5sions be+ f\nd 9 ! t]re/rial tortoises1 :i* owe mu* ( _! elevat$ bulk to ! dim5sions ( ! air cells :i* =m ! lungs4 ,! lungs ( ,s]p5ts & ,liz>ds are =m$ on a diff]5t plan4 ,9 bo? ^? gr\ps ( reptiles ! d5se cellul> tissue is limit$ to ! "p ( ! lung :i* is ne>e/ to ! ?roat4 ,?is network ( blood vessels & air cells ext5ds ab\t ! pr9cipal bron*ial tube mu* z 9 o!r animals1 b z x ext5ds backw>d ! blood vessels become few until ! tubul> lung appe>s 9 its h9d] "p1 z x ext5ds d[n ! body1 almo/ z simple 9 /ructure z ! air bladd] ( a fi%4 ,among ,s]p5ts only "o ( ^! tubul> lungs is commonly pres5t1 & ! /ructure has a less effici5t appe>ance z a brea?+ organ ?an ! s+le lung ( ! fi% ,c]atodus 7,fig4 #a74 ,! ,*ameleons are a gr\p ( liz>ds :i* diff] 9 _m ways f mo/ ( _! ne>e/ k9dr$1 & ! lungs1 :ile con=m+ 9 g5]al plan to ! liz>d type 9 be+ d5se at ! ?roat1 & a tubul> bladd] 9 ! body1 give (f on bo? sides a numb] ( %ort lat]al bran*es l ! f+]s ( a glove 7,fig4 #ah1 p4 #ea74 ,?us ! brea?+ organs ( reptiles pres5t two or ?ree di/9ct types :i* h caus$ ,s]p5ts & ,liz>ds to be associat$ 9 "o gr\p by mo/ naturali/s :o h /udi$ _! anatomy2 :ile ,crocodiles & ,*elonians repres5t a type ( lung :i* is q diff]5t1 & 9 ^? gr\ps has mu* 9 common4 ,^! *>act]s ( ! brea?+ organs contribute to sep>ate ! cold-blood$ arm\r$ reptiles f ! w>m-blood$ birds clo!d ) fea!rs1 z well z f ! w>m-blood$ mammals :i* suckle _! "y2 = bo? ^! high] gr\ps h d5s] & m ela/ic spongy lung tissue4 ,x w be se5 h]eaft] t _m birds 9 ! mo/ active developm5t ( _! brea?+ organs sub/antially rev]t to ! condition ( ! ,s]p5t or ,*ameleon 9 a some:at modifi$ way4 ,because1 in/ead ( hav+ "o great bron*ial tube exp&$ to =m a va/ res]voir ( air :i* c be dis*>g$ f ! lung 9 :i* ! reptile has accumulat$ x1 ! bird has ! lat]al bran*es ( ! bron*ial tubes prolong$ s z to pi]ce ! walls ( ! lung1 :5 its cov]+ membrane exp&s to =m _m air cells1 :i* fill mu* ( ! cavity ( ! bird's body 7see ,fig4 #af74 ,?us ! bird appe>s to comb9e ! *>act]s ( su* a lung z t ( a ,crocodile1 ) a condition :i* has "s analogy ) ! lung ( a ,*ameleon4 ,x is ?is l9k ( /ructure ( ! brea?+ organs betwe5 reptiles & birds t con/itutes "o ( ! *ief int]e/s ( fly+ reptiles1 = !y prove to h possess$ air cells prolong$ f ! lungs1 :i* ext5d$ into ! bones4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,a ,,reptile ,,is ,,kn[n ,,by ,,its ,,bones ,su* are a few illu/rations ( ways 9 :i* reptiles resemble o!r animals1 & diff] f !m1 9 ! organs by means ( :i* ! classification ( animals is made4 ,b su* an idea is incomplete )\t notic+ t ! bony framework ( ! body associat$ ) su* vital organs also %[s 9 its *ief p>ts t reptiles are easily recognis$ by _! bones4 ,i w !re=e briefly /ate h[ reptiles are def9$ 9 "s regions ( ! skeleton1 = 9 trac+ ! hi/ory ( reptile life ! bones are ! pr9cipal rema9s ( animals pres]v$ 9 ! rocks2 & ! s(t organs :i* h p]i%$ c only be inf]r$ to h be5 pres5t f ! p]si/5ce ( durable *>act]i/ic p>ts ( ! skeleton1 :i* are associat$ ) ^? s(t organs 9 animals :i* exi/ at ! pres5t day1 & are unkn[n 9 o!r animals 9 :i* ! skeleton is diff]5t4 ,,! ,,hang ,,( ,,! ,,l[] ,,jaw ,! mann] 9 :i* ! l[] jaw is connect$ ) ! skull yields "o ( ! mo/ easily recognis$ diff]5ces betwe5 ! great gr\ps ( v]tebrate animals4 ,9 ,mammals4--,9 e mammal--su* z ! ,dog or ,%eep--! l[] jaw1 :i* is =m$ ( "o bone on ea* side1 jo9s directly on to ! head ( ! animal1 & moves ^u a bone ( ! skull :i* is nam$ ! temporal bone4 ,?is "* is suffici5t to prove1 by ! law ( association ( s(t & h>d p>ts ( ! body1 t su* an animal _h w>m blood & suckl$ its "y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,,pt]odactylus ,,ko*i ,,skull ,,( ,,be> ,comp>ison to %[ ! articulation ) ! l[] jaw 9 a mammal & ,pt]odactylus ,ko*i4 ,! quadrate bone is lett]$ ,q 9 ?is ,pt]odactyle1 & comes betwe5 ! skull & ! l[] jaw l ! quadrate bone 9 a bird & 9 liz>ds4 ,9 ,birds4--,9 birds a great diff]5ce is f\nd 9 ?is region ( ! head4 ,! temporal bone1 :i* x w be m conv5i5t to "n ! squamosal bone1 f its squam\s or scale-l =m1 is /ill a "p ( ! bra9 case1 & assi/s 9 cov]+ ! bra9 itself1 exactly z among mammals4 ,b ! l[] jaw is n[ made up ( five or six bones4 ,& betwe5 ! h9d]mo/ & ! squamosal !re is an int]v5+ b> ( bone1 unkn[n among mammalia1 :i* moves ^u ! skull by a jo9t1 j z ! l[] jaw moves ^u x4 ,?is movable bone unites ) p>ts ( ! palate & ! face1 & is kn[n z ! quadrate bone4 ,its pres5ce proves t ! animal possess+ x laid eggs1 & if ! face bones jo9 its out] bord] j above ! l[] jaw1 x proves t ! animal possess$ hot blood4 ,9 ,reptiles4--,all reptiles are also reg>d$ z possess+ ! quadrate bone4 ,b ! squamosal bone ) :i* x always unites is 9 less close union ) ! bra9 case1 & nev] cov]s ! bra9 itself4 ,s]p5ts %[ an extreme div]g5ce 9 ?is condition f birds1 = ! squamosal bone appe>s to be a loose ext]nal plate ( bone :i* re/s ^u ! compact bra9 case & gives atta*m5t to ! quadrate bone :i* is z free z 9 a bird4 ,among ,liz>ds ! quadrate bone is usually almo/ z free4 ,9 ! o!r division ( exi/+ ,reptilia1 includ+ ,crocodiles1 ! ,new ,zeal& liz>d-l reptile ,hatt]ia1 call$ ,tuat]a1 & ,turtles1 ! squamosal & quadrate bones are firmly unit$ ) ! bones ( ! bra9 case1 face1 & palate1 s t ! quadrate bone has no movem5t2 & ! same condition appe>s 9 amphibians1 su* z ,toads & ,frogs4 ,) ^! conditions ( ! quadrate bone are associat$ cold blood1 t]re/rial life1 & "y develop$ f eggs4 ,9 ,fi%es4--,bony fi%es1 & all o!rs 9 :i* sep>ate bones build up ! skull1 diff] f ,reptiles & ,birds mu* z ^? animals diff] f ,mammals4 ,! union ( ! l[] jaw ) ! skull becomes complicat$ by ! pres5ce ( additional bones4 ,! quadrate bone /ill =ms a pulley articulation ^u :i* ! l[] jaw works1 b betwe5 x & ! squamosal bone is ! *>act]i/ic bone ( ! fi% kn[n z ! hyom&ibul>1 commonly connect$ ) op]cul> bones & metapt]ygoid :i* int]v5e1 & help to unite ! quadrate ) ! bra9 case4 ,9 ! ,c>tilag9\s fi%es !re is only "o bone connect+ ! jaws ) ! skull on ea* side4 ,?is appe>s to prove t j z ! /ructure ( ! ar* ( bones susp5d+ ! jaw may be complicat$ by ! my/]i\s process call$ segm5tation1 :i* sep>ates a bone into portions1 s simplification & v>iation may result because ! primitive divisions ( ! mat]ial cease to be made :i* exi/s be=e bones are =m$4 ,! pr9cipal regions ( ! skull & skeleton all v>y 9 ! *ief gr\ps ( animals ) backbones2 s t ! ,reptile may be recognis$ among fossils1 ev5 9 ext9ct gr\ps ( animals & occasionally re/or$ f a fragm5t1 to ! aspect :i* *>act]is$ x :ile x liv$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,animals ,,:i* ,,fly ,! nature ( a reptile is n[ suffici5tly intelligible = some?+ to be said conc]n+ flight1 & /ructures by means ( :i* "s animals lift !mselves 9 ! air4 ,x is n )\t int]e/ to rememb] t1 f ! e>lie/ p]iods 9 human records1 repres5tations h be5 made ( animals :i* 7 furni%$ ) w+s1 yet walk$ ^u f\r feet1 & 9 _! typical aspect h ! head %ap$ l t ( a bird4 ,!y are commonly nam$ ,dragons4 ,,fly+ ,,dragons ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,f ,! ,battle betwe5 ,bel & ! ,dragon ,! effigy ( ! dragon survives to ! pres5t day 9 ! figure ov] :i* ,/4 ,george triumphs1 on ! rev]se ( ! ,briti% sov]eign4 ,9 ! luxuriant imag9ations ( anci5t ,ea/]n peoples1 dat+ back to prehi/oric ages1 p]haps #ejjj ,b4,c41 ! dragons pres5t an a/oni%+ con/ancy ( =m4 ,9 aft]-times !y und]w5t a curi\s evolution1 z ! conception ( ,babylon & ,egypt is trac$ ?r\gh ,assyria to ,greece4 ,! ,w+s1 :i* _h be5 associat$ at fir/ ) ! =e limb ( ! typical dragon1 become *>act]i/ic ( ! ,lion1 & ( ! poet's w+$ ,horse1 & f9ally ( ! ,human figure itself1 c>v$ on ! great columns ( ! ,greek temples ( ,ephesus4 ,^! fly+ animals are hi/orically desc5dants ( ! same common /ock ) ! dragons ( ,*9a & ,japan1 :i* /ill pres]ve ! aspect ( reptiles4 ,_! int]e/ is *iefly 9 evid5ce ( a lat5t _s ( evolution 9 days too remote = its mean+ to be n[ und]/ood1 :i* has c>ri$ ! w+$ =ms high] & ev] high] 9 grade ( organisation1 till _! w+s ceas$ to be associat$ ) feel+s ( t]ror4 ,! ,hebrew *]ubim are reg>d$ by ,h4 ,e4 ,ryle1 ,bi%op ( ,exet]1 z probably ,dragons1 & ! figure ( ! conv5tional angel is ! human =m ( ! ,dragon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,figure ,,f ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,ephesus ,,organs ,,( ,,flight ,turn+ f ?is ref]5ce to ! realm ( my?ology to exi/+ nature1 ! p[] ( flight is popul>ly associat$ ) all ! *ief types ( v]tebrate animals--fi%es1 frogs1 liz>ds1 birds1 & mammals4 ,_m ( ! animals ill des]ve ! "n ( fly]s1 & mo/ are exceptions to diff]5t conditions ( exi/5ce :i* control _! k9dr$1 b x is conv5i5t to exam9e = a little ! nature ( ! /ructures by :i* ?is movem5t 9 ! air1 :i* is n always flight1 is made possible4 ,c]ta9 fi%es1 l ! lung-fi% ,c]atodus1 ( ,que5sl&1 & ! mud-fi% ,lepidosir51 are capable ( leav+ ! wat] & liv+ on l&1 & = a "t brea! air4 ,b nei!r ^! fi%es nor ,p]ioph?almus1 :i* runs ) rapid movem5t ( its f9s & c>ries ! body m or less out ( wat]1 or ! climb+ p]*1 ,anabas1 c>ri$ out ( wat] ov] ! c\ntry by ,indian juggl]s1 ev] put on ! slighte/ approa* to w+s4 ,,fly+ ,,fi%es ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,! ,,fly+ ,,fi% ,,exocoetus ,) ! f9s ext5d$ mov+ ?r\gh ! air ,! flight ( fi%es is a k9d ( p>a*ute support n unlike t by :i* a fold$ pap] is made to travel 9 ! air4 ,x is *iefly se5 9 ! num]\s species ( a g5us ,exocoetus1 alli$ to ! g>-pike 7,belone71 :i* is common 9 tropical seas1 & usually f a foot to eighte5 in*es long4 ,!y em]ge f ! wat]1 & = a "t support !mselves 9 ! air by means ( ! greatly develop$ brea/ f9s1 :i* sometimes ext5d backw>d to ! tail f94 ,al?\gh ^! f9s appe> to correspond to ! =e limbs ( o!r animals1 !y may n be mov$ at ! w ( ! fi% l ! w+ ( a bird4 ,:5 ! fly+ fi%es are se5 9 %oals 9 ! vic9ity ( %ips1 ^? f9s rema9 ext5d$1 s t ! fi% is said sometimes to travel #bjj y>ds at a spe$ ( fifte5 miles an h\r1 ris+ tw5ty feet or m above ! surface ( ! sea1 travell+ 9 a /raight l9e1 ?\gh sometimes influ5c$ by ! w9d4 ,"h ! organ1 :i* is at once a f9 & a w+1 consi/s ( a numb] ( ?9 long rods1 or rays1 :i* are connect$ by membrane1 & v>y 9 l5g? to =m an outl9e n unlike ! w+ ( a bird :i* tap]s to a po9t4 ,! int]e/ ( ^! animals is *iefly 9 ! fact t flight is sep>at$ f ! condition ( hav+ lungs ) :i* x is associat$ 9 birds1 = al?\gh ! fly+ fi% has an air bladd]1 !re is no duct to connect x ) ! ?roat4 ,,fly+ ,,frogs ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,! ,,fly+ ,,frog 7,,rhacophorus7 ,! membranes ( ! foot & h& ext5d betwe5 ! metat>sal & metac>pal bones1 z well z ! bones ( ! digits4 ,among amphibians ! organs ( flight are also ( a p>a*ute k9d1 b ( a diff]5t nature4 ,!y are se5 9 c]ta9 frogs :i* frequ5t trees1 & are limit$ to membranes :i* ext5d betwe5 ! div]g+ digits ( ! h& & foot1 =m+ webs z fully develop$ z 9 ! foot ( a swimm+ bird4 ,z ^! frogs leap1 ! membranes are exp&$ & help to support ! weight ( ! body1 s t ! animal desc5ds m easily z x moves f bran* to bran*4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ! bones ( ! digits ev] became elongat$ l ! f9 rays ( ! fly+ fi% or ! w+ bones ( a ,bat2 b ! web sugge/s ! basis ( su* a w+1 & ! possibilities "u :i* w+s may fir/ orig9ate1 by elongation ( ! bones ( a webb$ h& l t ( a ,fly+ ,frog4 ,,fly+ ,,liz>ds ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,! ,,fly+ ,,dragon1 ,,draco ,=m+ a p>a*ute by means ( ! ext5d$ ribs ,! ,reptilia 9 _! sev]al ord]s are rem>kable = abs5ce ( any modification ( ! arms :i* might sugge/ a capacity = acquir+ w+s1 z be+ lat5t 9 _! organisation4 ,crocodiles1 ,tortoises1 & ,s]p5ts are alike ( ! e>?1 & n ( ! air4 ,b among ,liz>ds !re are small gr\ps ( animals 9 :i* a limit$ capacity = movem5t ?r\gh ! air is develop$4 ,x is be/ kn[n 9 ! family ( small liz>ds nam$ ,dragons1 repres5t$ typically by ! species ,draco volans f\nd 9 ! ,ori5tal region ( ! ,ea/ ,indies & ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,! organ ( flight is produc$ 9 an unexpect$ way1 by means ( ! ribs in/ead ( ! limbs4 ,! ribs ext5d outw>d z f> z ! arms c /ret*1 & ! fir/ five or six are prolong$ beyond ! body s z to spread a fold ( sk9 on ea* side betwe5 ! arm & ! leg4 ,! membrane admits ( "s movem5t ) ! ribs4 ,?is arrangem5t =ms a p>a*ute1 :i* enables ! animal to move rapidly among bran*es ( trees1 ext5d+ ! /ructure at w1 s t x is us$ ) rapidity too quick to be foll[$ by ! eye1 z x leaps ?r\gh consid]able di/ances4 ,a less s+ul> aid to movem5t 9 ! air is f\nd 9 "s ( ! liz>ds t]m$ ,geckos4 ,! s-call$ ,fly+ ,gecko 7,platydactylus homalocephalus7 has a fr+e unconnect$ ) ribs1 :i* ext5ds lat]ally on ! sides ( ! body & tail1 z well z at ! back & front ( ! =e & h9d limbs1 & betwe5 ! digits1 :]e ! web is sometimes almo/ z well develop$ z among ,tree ,frogs4 ,?is is ess5tially a lat]al horizontal frill1 ext5d+ r\nd ! body4 ,its *ief int]e/ is 9 ! circum/ance t x includes a membrane :i* ext5ds betwe5 ! wri/ bones & ! %\ld] on ! front ( ! arm4 ,t is ! only "p ( ! fr+e :i* repres5ts ! w+ membrane ( a bird4 ,! fossil fly+ reptiles h n only t membrane1 b ! lat]al membranes at ! sides ( ! body & beh9d ! arms4 ,o!r liz>ds h ! sk9 develop$ 9 ! direction ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! body4 ,9 ! ,au/ralian ,*lamydosaurus x =ms an imm5se frill r\nd ! neck l a m$iaeval coll>4 ,b ?\gh su* an adornm5t might break a fall1 x c\ld n be reg>d$ z an organ ( flight4 ,,fly+ ,,birds ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,position ,,( ,,birds ,,9 ,,flight ,! w+s ( birds1 :5 !y are develop$ s z to m9i/] to flight1 are all made ^u "o plan2 b z examples ( ! v>iation :i* ! organs contribut+ to make ! =e limb manife/1 ,i may in/ance ! %ort swimm+ limb ( ! ,p5gu91 ! practically useless rudim5t ( a w+ f\nd 9 ! ,o/ri* or ,kiwi1 & ! fully develop$ w+ ( ! ,pigeon4 ,! w+s ( birds obta9 an ext5sive surface to support ! animal by muscul> movem5ts ( ?ree modifications ( /ructure4 ,fir/1 ! bones ( ! =e limb are s %ap$ t !y _c1 9 exi/+ birds1 be appli$ to ! gr\nd = support & be us$ l ! limbs ( quadrup$s1 & are !re=e fold$ up at ! sides ( ! body1 & c>ri$ 9 an unus$ or useless /ate s long z ! animal hops on ! gr\nd or walks1 balanc+ its weight on ! h9d legs4 ,secondly1 !re are two small folds ( sk91 less conspicu\s ?an ^? on ! arms ( ,geckos2 "o is betwe5 ! wri/ bones & ! %\ld]1 & ! small] h9d] membrane is betwe5 ! upp] arm & ! body4 ,^! membran\s expansions are insignificant1 & w\ld 9 !mselves be inadequate to support ! body or mat]ially assi/ its movem5ts4 ,?irdly1 ! bird develops app5dages to ! sk9 :i* are famili>ly kn[n z fea!rs1 & ! l>ge fea!rs :i* make ! w+ are atta*$ to ! sk9 cov]+ ! l[] arm bone nam$ ! ulna1 & ! o!r bones :i* repres5t ! wri/ & h&4 ,! area & =m ( ! bird's w+ are due to individual app5dages to ! sk91 :i* are unkn[n 9 any o!r gr\p ( animals4 ,betwe5 ! ext5d$ w+ ( ! ,albatross1 measur+ elev5 feet 9 spread1 & ! condition 9 ! ,kiwi ( ,new ,zeal&1 9 :i* ! w+ is vani%+1 !re is e possible v>iation 9 size & =m4 ,z a rule1 ! l>g] ! animal ! small] is ! w+ area4 ,! problem ( ! orig9 ( ! bird's w+ is n to be expla9$ by /udy ( exi/+ animals2 = ! r[+ organ ( ! ,p5gu91 :i* 9 itself w\ld nev] sugge/ flight1 becomes an organ ( flight 9 o!r birds by ! gr[? ^u x ( suitable fea!rs4 ,anyone :o has se5 ! birds nam$ ,div]s fe$+ "u wat]1 swimm+ rapidly ) _! w+s1 might nev] suspect t !y 7 also organs ( a]ial flight4 ,! ,o/ri* is ev5 m int]e/+1 = x has n develop$ flight1 & /ill reta9s at ! extremities ( two ( ! digits ! sl5d] claws ( a limb :i* 0 orig9ally no w+ at all1 b ! support ( a f\r-foot$ animal 7,fig4 #df1 p4 #acj74 ,,fly+ ,,mammals ,flight is also develop$ among mammals4 ,! ,insectivora include sev]al int]e/+ examples ( animals :i* are capable ( a c]ta9 motion ?r\gh ! air4 ,9 ! tropical =e/s ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago are animals kn[n z ,fly+ ,squirrels1 ,fly+ ,opossums1 ,fly+ ,lemurs1 ,fly+ ,foxes1 9 :i* ! sk9 ext5ds outw>d lat]ally f ! sides ( ! body s z to connect ! =e limbs ) ! h9d limbs1 & is also prolong$ backw>d f ! h9d limbs to ! tail4 ,! f\r digits are nev] elongat$2 ! bones ( ! =e limb are nei!r long] nor l>g] ?an ^? ( ! h9d limb1 & ! foot t]m9ates 9 five little claws z 9 o!r f\r-foot$ animals4 ,?is condition is adapt$ = ! arboreal life :i* ^? animals live1 leap+ f bran* to bran*1 fe$+ on fruits & leaves1 & 9 "s cases ^u insects4 ,^! mammals may be comp>$ ) ! ,fly+ ,geckos among reptiles 9 _! p>a*ute-l support by ext5sion ( ! sk91 :i* gives !m "o ( ! conditions ( support :i* contribute to con/itute flight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,fly+ ,,squirrel 7,,pt]omys7 ,bats4--,"o entire ord] ( mammals--! ,bats--n only possess true w+s1 b are capable ( flight :i* is su/a9$1 & 9 "s cases p[]ful4 ,! w+s are clo!d ) %ort hair l ! re/ ( ! body1 & ?us ! in/rum5t ( flight is unlike t ( a bird4 ,! flight ( a ,bat diff]s f t ( all o!r animals 9 be+ dep5d5t ^u a modification ( ! bones ( ! =e limb1 :i*1 )\t int]f]+ ) ! animal's movem5ts z a quadrup$1 secures an ext5sion ( ! w+ :i* is n inf]ior 9 area to t :i* ! bird obta9s by elongation ( ! bones ( ! arm & =e-arm & its fea!rs4 ,! di/9ctive peculi>ity ( ! ,bat's w+ is 9 ! circum/ance t f\r ( ! digits ( ! h& h _! bones prolong$ to a l5g? :i* is (t5 equal to ! comb9$ l5g? ( ! arm & =e-arm4 ,! bones ( ! digits div]ge l ! ribs ( an umbrella1 & betwe5 !m is ! w+ membrane1 :i* ext5ds f ! sides ( ! body outw>d1 unites ! =e limb ) ! h9d limb1 & is prolong$ d[n ! tail z 9 ! ,fly+ ,foxes4 ,bats h a small membrane 9 front ( ! bones ( ! arm & =e-arm /ret*+ betwe5 ! %\ld] & ! wri/1 :i* corresponds ) ! w+ membrane ( a bird2 b ! rema9d] ( ! membranes 9 ,bats' w+s are abs5t 9 birds1 because _! function is p]=m$ by fea!rs :i* give ! w+ its area4 ,! elongat$ digits ( ! ,bat's w+ are fold$ toge!r & c>ri$ at ! sides ( ! body z ?\gh !y 7 a few quill p5s atta*$ to its wri/1 :]e ! "o digit1 :i* is appli$ to ! gr\nd 9 walk+1 t]m9ates 9 a claw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj ,,new ,,zeal& ,,bat ,,fly+4 ,,b>ba/elle ,,walk+ ,! organs :i* support animals 9 ! air are ?us se5 to be m or less dissimil> 9 ea* ( ! great gr\ps ( animals4 ,!y fall into ?ree *ief types3 fir/1 ! p>a*ute2 secondly1 ! w+ due to ! fea!rs app5d$ to ! sk92 & ?irdly1 ! w+ =m$ ( membrane1 support$ by enorm\s elongation ( ! small bones ( ! back ( ! h& & f+]s4 ,! two types ( true w+s are limit$ to birds & bats2 & no liv+ reptile approximates to develop+ su* an organ ( flight z a w+4 ,judg$1 !re=e1 by ! me?od ( comp>+ ! anatomical /ructures ( "o animal ) ano!r1 :i* is t]m$ comp>ative anatomy1 ! exi/5ce ( fly+ reptiles might be pron\nc$ impossible4 ,b 9 ! light :i* ! revelations ( geology af=d1 our convictions become temp]$ ) mode/y2 & we le>n t ) ,nature no?+ is impossible 9 developm5t ( animal /ructure4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,pt]odactyle ,late 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 #aghd1 a small fossil animal ) w+s began to be kn[n ?r\gh ! writ+s ( ,coll9i1 z f\nd 9 ! :ite li?ographic lime/one ( ,sol5h(5 9 ,bav>ia1 & 0 reg>d$ by him z a =m] inhabitant ( ! sea4 ,! =emo/ naturali/ ( ! "t1 ! citiz5 ,cuvi]--= x 0 9 ! days ( ! ,fr5* ,republic--9 #ahja1 9 lucid language1 int]pret$ ! animal z a g5us ( ,saurians4 ,t ^w1 s famili> at ! pres5t day1 0 us$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury to include ,liz>ds & ,crocodiles2 & describ$ animals ak9 to reptiles :i* 7 manife/ly relat$ nei!r to ,s]p5ts nor ,turtles4 ,b ! t]m saurian is no long] 9 fav\r1 & has fad$ f sci5ce1 & is int]e/+ only 9 anci5t hi/ory ( progress4 ,! liz>ds soon became class$ 9 close alliance ) snakes4 ,& ! crocodiles1 ) ! ,hatt]ia1 7 unit$ ) *elonians4 ,mo/ mod]n naturali/s :o use ! t]m saurian /ill make x an equival5t ( liz>d1 or an animal ( ! liz>d k9d4 ,,cuvi] ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,pt]odactylus ,,longiro/ris 7,cuvi]7 ,! rema9s are pres]v$ ) ! neck ar*$ ov] ! back1 & ! jaws op5$ upw>d ,cuvi] def9$ ?is fossil f ,sol5h(5 z di/+ui%$ by ! extreme elongation ( ! f\r? digit ( ! h&1 & f t "* inv5t$ = ! animal ! "n ,pt]odactyle4 ,he tells u t its flight 0 n due to prolongation ( ! ribs1 z among ! liv+ liz>ds nam$ ,dragons2 or to a w+ =m$ )\t ! digits be+ di/+ui%able f ea* o!r1 z among ,birds2 nor ) only "o digit free f ! w+1 z among ,bats2 b by hav+ ! w+ support$ ma9ly by a s+le greatly elongat$ digit1 :ile all ! o!rs are %ort & t]m9ate 9 claws4 ,cuvi] describ$ ! amaz+ animal 9 detail1 "p by "p2 & su* has be5 ! influ5ce ( 8 cle> words & fame z a great anatomi/ t ne>ly e writ] 9 aft]-ye>s1 9 ,fr5* & 9 ,engli%1 repeat$ ,cuvi]'s conclusion1 ma9ta9$ to ! end1 t ! animal is a saurian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,! ,,skeleton ,,( ,,pt]odactylus ,,longiro/ris ,recon/ruct$ f ! scatt]$ bones 9 ,fig4 #ad1 %[+ ! limbs on ! left side ,long be=e fa%ion det]m9$1 z an article ( educat$ belief1 t fossil animals exi/ *iefly to bridge ov] ! gaps betwe5 ^? :i* /ill survive1 ! sci5tific m5 ( ,g]many 7 incl9$ to see 9 ! ,pt]odactyle su* an int]m$iate type ( life4 ,at fir/ ,soemm]r+ & ,wagl] w\ld h plac$ ! ,pt]odactyle betwe5 mammals & birds4 ,,goldfuss ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,! ,,pt]odactylus ,,longiro/ris ,,re/or$ ,,f ,,! ,,rema9s ,,9 ,,fig4 #aa ,%[+ positions ( ! w+ membranes ) ! animal at re/ ,b ! accompli%$ naturali/ ,goldfuss1 :o describ$ ano!r f9e skeleton ( a ,pt]odactyle 9 #ahca1 saw 9 ?is fly+ animal an indication ( ! c\rse tak5 by ,nature 9 *ang+ ! reptilian organisation to t ( birds & mammals4 ,x is ! fir/ fla% ( light on a d>k problem1 & its brilliance ( inf]5ce has nev] be5 equall$4 ,its effects 7 se5 :5 ,pr9ce ,*>les ,bonap>te1 ! em95t orni?ologi/1 9 ,italy1 sugge/$ = ! gr\p ! "n ,orni?osauria2 :5 ! pr(\nd anatomi/ de ,bla9ville1 9 ,france1 plac$ ! %ort-tail$ animal 9 a class betwe5 ,reptiles & ,birds nam$ ,pt]odactylia2 & ,&reas ,wagn]1 ( ,muni*1 :o _h m ,pt]odactyles to judge f ?an 8 pr$ecessors1 saw 9 ! fossil animal a saurian 9 transition to a bird4 ,,von ,,mey] ,b ! ,g]man int]pretation is n uni=m1 & ,h]mann von ,mey]1 ! bank]-naturali/ ( ,frankfurt a4_/,m41 :o made himself conv]sant ) all t 8 pr$ecessors knew1 & enl>g$ k ( ! ,pt]odactyles on ! mo/ critical facts ( /ructure1 cont9u$ to reg>d !m z true reptiles1 b fly+ reptiles4 ,su* is ! influ5ce ( von ,mey] t all p>ts ( ! _w h %[n a disposition to reflect 8 op9ions1 especially z !y practically co9cide ) ! e>li] tea*+ ( ,cuvi]4 ,ow5 & ,huxley 9 ,engl&1 ,cope & ,m>% 9 ,am]ica1 ,gaudry 9 ,france1 & ,zittel 9 ,g]many h all plac$ ! ,pt]odactyles z fly+ reptiles4 ,_! judgm5t is emphatic4 ,b !re is weight ( compet5t op9ion to endorse ! evolution>y tea*+ ( ,goldfuss t !y rise above reptiles4 ,to =m an indep5d5t op9ion ! mod]n /ud5t mu/ exam9e ! animals1 weigh _! *>act]s bone by bone1 famili>ise himself1 if possible1 ) "s ( ! rocks 9 :i* !y are f\nd2 to compreh5d ! conditions "u :i* ! fossils are pres]v$1 :i* h add$ n a little to ! int]e/ 9 ,pt]odactyles1 & to ! difficulty ( int]pretation4 ,,geological ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,pt]odactyles ,,9 ,,g]many ,we may briefly recapitulate ! geological hi/ory4 ,^? rema9s ( ,orni?osaurs :i* h be5 m5tion$1 ) a multitude ( o!rs :i* are ! glory ( ! museums ( ,muni*1 ,/uttg>t1 ,tueb+51 ,heidelb]g1 ,bonn1 ,ha>lem1 & ,london1 h all be5 f\nd 9 work+ ! li?ographic /one ( ,bav>ia4 ,! :iti% yell[ lime/one =ms l[1 flat-topp$ hills1 n[ isolat$ f ea* o!r by natural d5udation1 :i* has remov$ ! int]v5+ rock4 ,! /one is f\nd at "s di/ance nor? ( ! ,danube1 9 a l9e due nor? ( ,augsburg1 9 ! c\ntry ab\t ,papp5heim1 & especially at ! villages ( ,sol5h(51 ,ei*/a$t1 ,kelheim1 & ,nuspl+54 ,^! b$s belong to ! rocks :i* are nam$ ,:ite ,jura lime/one 9 ,g]many1 :i* is ( ab\t ! same geological age z ! ,kim]idge clay 9 ,engl&4 ,mu* ( x divides into v ?9 lay]s1 & 9 ^! planes ( sep>ation ! fossils are f\nd4 ,!y include ! ,ammonites li?ographicus & a multitude ( m>9e %ells1 k+ crabs & o!r ,cru/acea1 sea-ur*9s1 & o!r fossils1 %[+ t ! deposit 0 =m$ 9 ! sea4 ,! pres]vation ( jelly-fi%1 :i* s soon disappe> :5 left dry on ! bea*1 %[s t ! anci5t calc>e\s mud _h unusual p[] ( pres]v+ fossils4 ,into ?is sea1 ) its fi%es great & small1 came l& plants f (f ! l&1 dragonflies & o!r insects1 tortoises & liz>ds1 ,pt]odactyles ) _! fly+ organs1 & birds /ill clo!d ) fea!rs4 ,sometimes ! w+ membranes ( ! fly+ reptiles are f\nd fully /ret*$ by ! w+ f+]1 z 9 examples to be se5 at ,muni* & 9 ! ,yale ,museum 9 ,ne:av51 9 ,am]ica4 ,at ,ha>lem !re is an example 9 :i* ! w+ membrane appe>s to be fold$ mu* z 9 ! w+ ( a ,bat1 :5 ! animal hangs susp5d$1 ) ! fly+ membrane b5t into a few wide undulations4 ,! ,sol5h(5 ,slate belongs to ab\t ! middle p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( fly+ reptiles1 = !y range ?r\gh ! ,second>y epo*s ( geological "t4 ,rema9s are record$ 9 ,g]many f ! ,keup] b$s at ! top ( ! ,trias1 :i* is ! bottom division ( ! ,second>y /rata2 & ,i believe ,i h se5 fragm5ts ( _! bones f ! some:at old] ,mus*elkalk ( ,g]many4 ,,_! ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,engl& ,9 ,engl& ! rema9s are f\nd = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,l[] ,lias ( ,lyme ,regis1 9 ,dorset1 & ! ,upp] ,lias ( ,:itby1 9 ,york%ire4 ,9 ,wu]temb]g !y occur on ! same horizons4 ,!y reappe> 9 ,engl&1 9 e subsequ5t age1 :5 ! conditions ( ! /rata & _! fossils give evid5ce ( ne> proximity to l&4 ,9 ! ,/onesfield ,slate ( ,/onesfield1 9 ,ox=d%ire1 ! bones are f\nd isolat$1 b indicate animals ( "s size1 ?\gh n s l>ge z ! r>e bones ( reput$ true birds :i* appe> to h left _! rema9s 9 ! same deposit4 ,at lea/ two ,pt]odactyles are f\nd 9 ! ,ox=d clay1 kn[n f m or less fragm5t>y rema9s or isolat$ bones2 j z !y occur 9 ! ,kim]idge ,clay1 ,purbeck ,lime/one1 ,weald5 s&/ones1 & especially 9 new] ,second>y rocks1 nam$ ,gault1 ,upp] ,gre5s&1 & ,*alk1 9 ! s\?-ea/ ( ,engl&4 ,ow+ to exceptional facilities = collect+1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,cambridge ,gre5s& be+ excavat$ = ! valuable m9]al phosphate ( lime x conta9s1 m ?an a ?\s& bones are pres]v$1 m or less brok5 & batt]$1 9 ! ,woodw>dian ,museum ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge alone4 ,to give "s idea ( _! abundance1 x may be /at$ t !y 7 mo/ly ga!r$ dur+ two or ?ree ye>s1 z a matt] ( bus9ess1 by an intellig5t =eman ( wa%]s ( ! nodules ( phosphate ( lime1 :i*1 9 comm]ce1 are nam$ coprolites4 ,he soon le>n$ to di/+ui% ,pt]odactyle bones f o!r fossils by _! texture1 & le>n$ ! anatomical names ( bones f specim5s 9 ! ,univ]sity ,museum4 ,?is workman1 ,mr4 ,pond1 employ$ by ,mr4 ,william ,f>r51 br\ght toge!r n only ! be/ ( ! rema9s at ,cambridge1 b mo/ ( ^? 9 ! museums at ,york & 9 ,london1 & ! ?\s&s ( less p]fect specim5s 9 public & private collections :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! pres5t writ]'s h&s 9 endeav\rs to secure = ! ,univ]sity useful illu/rations ( ! animal's /ructure4 ,^! fragm5ts1 among :i* !re are few entire bones1 are valuable1 = !y h af=d$ opportunities ( exam9+ ! articul> ends ( bones 9 e aspect1 :i* is n possible :5 simil> organic rema9s are emb$d$ 9 rock 9 _! natural connexions4 ,9 ,engl& ,fly+ ,reptiles disappe> ) ! ,*alk4 ,9 t p]iod !y 7 widely di/ribut$1 be+ f\nd 9 ,bohemia1 9 ,brazil1 & ,kansas 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z well z 9 ,k5t & o!r p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,!y atta9$ _! l>ge/ dim5sions 9 ?is p]iod ( geological "t4 ,"o imp]fect fragm5t ( a bone f ! ,l>amie rocks ( ,canada 0 describ$1 ,i believe1 by ,cope1 ?\gh n id5tifi$ by him z ,orni?osaurian1 & is probably new] ?an o!r rema9s4 ,,aspect ,,( ,,pt]odactyles ,if ?is s]ies ( animals c\ld all be br\ght toge!r !y w\ld v>y greatly 9 aspect & /ature1 z well z 9 /ructure4 ,"s h ! head enorm\sly long1 9 o!rs x is l>ge & deep1 *>act]s :i* are %>$ by ext9ct reptiles :i* d n fly1 & to :i* "s birds may approximate2 :ile 9 a few ! head is small & compact1 no m conspicu\s1 relatively1 ?an ! head ( a ,sp>r[4 ,! neck may be sl5d] l t ( a ,h]on1 or /rong l t ( an ,eagle2 ! back is always %ort1 & ! tail may be inconspicu\s1 or z long z ! back & neck toge!r4 ,^! fly+ reptiles frequ5tly h ! proportions ( ! limbs simil> to ^? ( a ,bat1 ) =e legs /rong & h9d legs relatively small2 :ile 9 "s ! limbs are z long1 proportionately1 & graceful z ^? ( a ,de]4 ,) ^! diff]5ces 9 proportions ( ! body are associat$ great diff]5ces 9 ! relative l5g? ( ! w+ & spread ( ! w+ membranes4 ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,! ,,animals ,! dim5sions ( ! animals h probably v>i$ 9 all p]iods ( geological "t4 ,! smalle/1 9 ! ,li?ographic ,slate1 are small] ?an ,sp>r[s1 :ile associat$ ) !m are o!rs 9 :i* ! drum/ick bone ( ! leg is eight in*es long4 ,9 ! ,cambridge ,gre5s& & ,*alk imp]fect specim5s occur1 %[+ t ! upp] arm bones are l>g] ?an ^? ( an ,ox4 ,! %aft is "o & a half in*es 9 diamet] & ! ends ?ree in*es wide4 ,su* rema9s may indicate ,pt]odactyles n inf]ior 9 size to ! ext9ct ,moas ( ,new ,zeal&1 b ) imm5sely l>g] heads1 animals f> l>g] ?an birds ( flight4 ,! late ,sir ,ri*>d ,ow51 on fir/ see+ ^! fragm5t>y rema9s1 said ! fly+ reptile ) out/ret*$ p9ions mu/ h appe>$ l ! so>+ ,roc ( ,arabian romance1 b ) ! features ( lea!rn w+s ) crook$ claws sup]9duc$1 & gap+ m\? ) ?reat5+ tee?4 ,ev5tually we %all obta9 m exact ideas ( _! aspect1 :5 ! /ructures ( ! sev]al regions ( ! body h be5 exam9$4 ,! great dim5sions ( ! /ret* ( w+1 (t5 comput$ at tw5ty feet 9 ! l>g] examples1 might lead to expectations ( great weight ( body1 if x 7 n kn[n t an albatross1 ) w+s spread+ elev5 feet1 only weighs ab\t sev5te5 p\nds4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,h[ ,,animals ,,are ,,int]pret$ ,,by ,,_! ,,bones ,!re is only "o safe pa? :i* ! naturali/ may foll[ :o w\ld tell ! /ory ( ! mean+ & nature ( an ext9ct type ( animal life1 & t is to comp>e x z fully z possible 9 its sev]al bones1 & z a :ole1 ) o!r animals1 especially ) ^? :i* survive4 ,x is easy to fix ! place 9 nature ( liv+ animals & det]m9e _! mutual relations to ea* o!r1 because all ! organs--vital z well z locomotive--are available = comp>ison4 ,on su* evid5ce !y are gr\p$ toge!r into ! l>ge divisions ( ,bea/s1 ,birds1 & ,reptiles2 z well z plac$ 9 small] divisions t]m$ ,ord]s1 :i* are bas$ ^u less important modifications ( fundam5tal /ructures4 ,all ^! *>act]i/ic organs h usually disappe>$ 9 ! fossil4 ,h5ce a new me?od ( /udy ( ! h>d p>ts ( ! skeleton1 :i* alone are pres]v$1 is us$ 9 ! endeav\r to discov] h[ ! ,fly+ ,reptile or o!r ext9ct animal is to be classifi$1 & h[ x acquir$ its *>act]s or came into exi/5ce4 ,,v>iations ,,( ,,bones ,,among ,,mammalia ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,! ,,=e ,,limb ,,9 ,,f\r ,,types ,,( ,,mammals ,comp>ison ( ! =e limb 9 mammals1 %[+ v>iation ( =m ( ! bones ) function ,resemblances & diff]5ces 9 ! bones are easily ov]-e/imat$ 9 importance z evid5ce ( p$igree relation%ip4 ,! ,mammalia %[1 by means ( su* skeletons z are exhibit$ 9 any ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 h[ small is ! importance to be atta*$ to ev5 ! exi/5ce ( any gr\p ( bones 9 det]m9+ its grade ( organisation4 ,! :ole ,:ale tribe suckle _! "y & con=m to ! di/9ctive *>act]s 9 bra9 & lungs :i* m>k !m z be+ mammals4 ,b if !re is "o "p ( ! skeleton m ?an ano!r :i* di/+ui%es ! ,mammalia1 x is ! girdle ( bones at ! hips :i* supports ! h9d limbs4 ,x is *>act]is$ by ! bone nam$ ! ilium be+ uni=mly direct$ =w>d4 ,yet 9 ! ,:ale tribe ! hip-girdle & ! h9d limb :i* x usually supports are s fa9tly indicat$ z to be practically lo/2 :ile ! =e limb becomes a paddle )\t di/9ction ( digits1 & is !re=e devoid ( ho(s or claws1 :i* are usual t]m9ations ( ! extremities 9 mammals4 ,yet ?is swimm+ paddle1 ) its ill-def9$ bones--sometimes a/oni%+ 9 numb]1 z well z 9 fewness ( ! f+] bones--is repres5t$ by ! burr[+ =e limb ( ! ,mole1 :i* lives und]gr\nd2 by ! elongat$ ho($ legs ( ! ,giraffe1 :i* lives on pla9s2 & ! ext5d$ arm & f+] bones ( ! ,bat1 :i* are equally mammals ) ! ,:ale4 ,f su* comp>ison x is se5 t no proportion1 or =m1 or l5g?1 or use ( ! bones ( ! limbs1 or ev5 ! pres5ce ( limbs1 is necess>ily *>act]i/ic ( a mammal4 ,no limitation c be plac$ ^u ! possible div]sity ( =m or developm5t ( bones 9 unkn[n animals1 :5 !y are consid]$ 9 ! light ( su* exp]i5ce ( v>i$ /ructural conditions 9 liv+ memb]s ( a s+le class4 ,:at is true = ! limbs & ! bony ar*es :i* support !m is true = ! backbone also1 = ! ribs1 & to "s ext5t = ! skull4 ,! neck 9 ! ,:ale is %ort5$ almo/ beyond recognition4 ,9 ! ,giraffe ! same sev5 v]tebrae are elongat$ into a m>vell\s neck2 s t 9 ! te*nical def9ition ( a mammal bo? are said to h sev5 neck v]tebrae4 ,yet exceptions %[ a capacity = v>iation4 ,"o ( ! ,slo?s r$uces ! numb] to six1 :ile ano!r has n9e v]tebrae 9 ! neck2 prov+ t !re is no necess>y diff]5ce betwe5 a mammal & a reptile :5 judg$ by a "* :i* is typically s di/9ctive ( mammals z ! numb] ( ! neck bones4 ,! skull v>ies too1 ?\gh to a less ext5t4 ,! ,great ,ant-eat] ( ,s\? ,am]ica is a mammal absolutely )\t tee?4 ,! ,porpoises h a simple unv>y+ r[ ( conical tee? ) s+le roots ext5d+ along ! jaw4 ,& ! d5tal armature ( ! jaws1 & relative dim5sions ( ! skull bones1 exhibit su* div]sity1 9 evid5ce ( :at may be p>t$ ) or acquir$1 t recognition ( ! _m reptilian /ructures & bones 9 ! skull ( ,orni?orhyn*us1 ! ,au/ralian ,duckbill1 demon/rates t ! difficulties 9 recognis+ an animal by its bones are real1 unless we c discov] ! ,animal ,type to :i* ! bones belong2 & t !re is v little 9 o/eology :i* may n be lo/ )\t affect+ an animal's grade ( organisation4 ,,v>iation ,,9 ,,sk9 ,,cov]+ ,,( ,,mammals ,ev5 ! cov]+ ( ! body v>ies 9 ! same class1 or ev5 ord] ( animals1 s t ! famili> gr[? on ! sk9 is nev] its only possible cov]+4 ,! ,indian ant-eat]1 nam$ ,manis1 :i* looks l a gigantic fir-cone1 ! ,armadillo1 :i* %ea!s ! body 9 r+s ( bone1 be>+ only a scanty developm5t ( hair1 are examples ( mammalian hair1 z s+ul> z ! quills ( a ,porcup9e1 ! horn ( a ,rh9oc]os1 or ! gr[? ( hair ( v>y+ l5g? & /\tness on diff]5t p>ts ( ! body 9 v>i\s animals1 or ! imp]fect developm5t ( hair 9 ! m>9e ,cetacea4 ,among liv+ animals x is en\gh = practical purposes to say t a mammal is clo!d ) hair1 b 9 a fossil /ate ! hair mu/ usually be lo/ beyond recognition f its f95ess & %ortness ( gr[?4 ,,v>iation ,,9 ,,sk9 ,,cov]+ ,,( ,,birds ,no ,class ( liv+ animals is m homog5e\s ?an ,birds2 & well-pres]v$ rema9s prove t1 at lea/ z f> back 9 "t z ! ,upp] ,oolites1 birds 7 clo!d ) fea!rs ( ess5tially ! same mode ( gr[? & appe>ance z ! fea!rs ( liv+ birds4 ,!re may1 !re=e1 be no gr\nd = assum+ t ! cov]+ 0 ev] diff]5t1 ?\gh "s regions ( ! sk9 are free f fea!rs4 ,yet ! v>iations f f9e "u-d[n to ! scale-l fea!rs on ! w+s ( a ,p5gu91 or ! great fea!rs 9 ! w+s ( birds ( flight1 or ! d\ble quill ( ! ,o/ri* gr\p1 are calculat$ to yield dissimil> impressions 9 a fossil /ate1 ev5 if ! f9e d[n w\ld be pres]v$ 9 any /ratum4 ,,v>iation ,,9 ,,! ,,bones ,,( ,,birds ,o/eologically !re is less v>iety 9 ! skeleton ( birds ?an 9 o!r great gr\ps ( animals4 ,! exi/+ repres5tatives d n exhau/ its capability = modification4 ,! few specim5s ( birds hi!rto f\nd 9 ! ,second>y /rata h rudely remov$ _m diff]5ces 9 ! bones :i* sep>at$ liv+ birds f reptiles2 s t if only ! old] fossil birds 7 kn[n1 & ! ,t]ti>y & liv+ birds _h n exi/$1 a bird might h be5 def9$ z an animal hav+ its jaw arm$ ) tee?1 in/ead ( devoid ( tee?2 ) v]tebrae cupp$ at bo? ends1 in/ead ( ) a saddle-%ap$ articulation :i* 9 front is concave f side f side1 & convex f above d[nw>ds2 9 :i* ! bones ( ! h& are sep>ate1 s t ?ree digits t]m9at+ 9 claws c be appli$ to ! gr\nd1 in/ead ( ! metac>pal bones be+ unit$ 9 a solid mass ) clawless digits2 & 9 :i* ! tail is elongat$ l ! tail ( a liz>d4 ,yet ! limits to v>iation are n to be =mulat$ till ,nature has exhau/$ all h] res\rces 9 ef=ts to pres]ve organic types by adapt+ !m to *ang$ circum/ances4 ,birds may be reg>d$ !oretically z equally capable ) mammals ( p>t+ ) almo/ e di/9ctive /ructure 9 ! skeleton by :i* x is be/ kn[n4 ,ev5 ! liv+ frigate bird bl5ds ! e>ly jo9ts ( ! backbone into a compact mass l a sacrum4 ,! ,p5gu9 has a cup-&-ball articulation 9 ! e>ly dorsal v]tebrae1 ) ! ball 9 front4 ,& ! g5us ,cypselus has ! upp] arm bone almo/ z broad z long1 unlike ! bird type4 ,su* examples prove t we are apt to accept ! pr$om9ant /ructures 9 an animal type z ?\gh !y 7 univ]sal1 & =get t inf]5ces bas$1 l ^? ( e>ly inve/igators1 on limit$ mat]ials may be re-exam9$ ) advantage4 ,,v>iation ,,9 ,,! ,,bones ,,( ,,reptiles ,! true ,reptilia1 not)/&+ "s /rong resemblances to ,birds 9 te*nical *>act]s ( ! skeleton1 display among _! surviv+ repres5tatives an a/oni%+ div]sity 9 ! bony framework ( ! body1 exce$+ t ( ! mammalia4 ,?is unlook$-= capacity = v>y+ ! plan ( con/ruction ( ! skeleton is 9 h>mony ) ! div]sity ( /ructure 9 gr\ps ( ext9ct animals to :i* ! "n reptiles has also be5 giv54 ,! int]val 9 =m is s va/ betwe5 ,s]p5t & ,tortoise1 & s consid]able 9 /ructure ( ! skeleton betwe5 ^! & ! sev]al gr\ps ( ,liz>ds1 ,crocodiles1 & ,hatt]ia1 t any o!r div]sity c\ld n be m surpris+4 ,& ! inf]5ce is reasonable t j z mammals live 9 ! air1 9 ! sea1 on ! e>?1 & burr[ "u ! e>?1 simil> modes ( exi/5ce might be expect$ = birds & reptiles1 ?\gh no bird is yet kn[n to h put on ! aspect ( a fi%1 & no reptiles h be5 discov]$ :i* roam$ 9 h]ds l antelopes1 or liv$ 9 ! air l birds or bats1 unless ^! fossil fly+ animals prove on exam9ation to ju/ify ! "n by :i* !y are kn[n4 ,comp>ative /udy ( /ructure 9 ?is way demoli%es ! prejudice1 born ( exp]i5ce ( ! life :i* n[ rema9s on e>?1 t ! ideas ( ,reptile & ( ,flight are incongru\s1 & n to be comb9$ 9 "o animal4 ,! comp>ative /udy ( ! p>ts ( animals does n leave ! /ud5t 9 a *aos ( possibilities1 b tea*es u t organic /ructures1 :i* m>k ! grades ( life1 h only a limit$ scope ( *ange2 :ile ,nature fl+s away e "p ( ! skeleton :i* is n vital1 or *anges its =m ) alt]+ circum/ances ( exi/5ce1 en=c$ by revolutions ( ! ,e>?'s surface 9 geological "t1 9 h] ef=ts to save organisms f ext9ction & pass ! grade ( life onw>d to a lat] age4 ,! bones are only ( value to ! naturali/ z symbols1 inh]it$ or acquir$1 & v>y 9 value z evid5ce ( ! nature & association ( ^? vital organs :i* diff]5tiate ! great gr\ps ( ! v]tebrata4 ,^! di/9ctive /ructures1 :i* sep>ate ,mammals1 ,birds1 & ,reptiles1 are sometimes demon/rat$ by ! impress ( _! exi/5ce left on ! bones2 or sometimes !y may be inf]r$ f ! *>act]s ( ! skeleton z a :ole4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,pt]odactyles ,,by ,,_! ,,s(t ,,p>ts ,,! ,,organs ,,:i* ,,fix ,,an ,,animal',s ,,place ,,9 ,,nature ,we %all endeav\r to asc]ta9 :at m>ks ( its grade ( organisation ! ,pt]odactyle has to %[4 ,! organs :i* are capable ( modify+ ! bones are probably limit$ to ! kidneys1 ! bra91 & ! organs ( respiration4 ,x may be suffici5t to exam9e ! latt] two4 ,,pneumatic ,,=am9a ,,9 ,,pt]odactyles ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,head ,,( ,,! ,,hum]us ,,( ,,! ,,pt]odactyle ,,orni?o*eirus ,%[+ position ( ! pneumatic =am5 on ! uln> side ( ! bone z 9 a bird ,h]mann von ,mey]1 ! hi/orian ( ! ,orni?osaurs ( ! ,li?ographic ,slate1 z e>ly z #ahcg describ$ "s ,pt]odactyle bones f ! ,lias ( ,franconia1 :i* %[$ t air 0 admitt$ into ! int]ior ( ! bones by ap]tures ne> _! extremities1 :i*1 f ?is circum/ance1 are kn[n z pneumatic =am9a4 ,he drew ! inf]5ce1 naturally en\gh1 t su* a /ructure is absolute pro( t ! ,pt]odactyle 0 a fly+ animal4 ,x 0 n q ! "r =m 9 :i* ! conclusion %\ld h be5 /at$1 because ! ,o/ri* & o!r birds :i* d n fly h ! pr9cipal bones pneumatic4 ,aft]w>ds1 9 #ahei1 ! l>g] bones :i* ,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 ( ,cambridge1 transmitt$ to ,sir ,ri*>d ,ow5 e/abli%$ ?is condition z *>act]i/ic ( ! ,fly+ ,reptiles ( ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&4 ,x 0 ?us f\nd z a di/9ctive /ructure ( ! bones bo? at ! beg9n+ & ! close ( ! geological hi/ory ( ^! animals4 ,von ,mey] rem>ks t ! supposition readily foll[s t 9 ! respiratory process !re 0 "s simil>ity betwe5 ,pt]odactyles & ,birds4 ,?is cauti\s /atem5t may p]haps be due to ! circum/ance t 9 _m animals air cavities are develop$ 9 ! skull )\t be+ connect$ ) organs ( respiration4 ,x is well kn[n t ! bulk ( ! ,elephant's head is due to ! bra9 cavity be+ protect$ ) an envelope =m$ ( l>ge air cells4 ,small air cells are se5 9 ! skulls ( ox51 pigs1 & _m o!r mammals1 z well z 9 ! human =ehead4 ,! head ( a bird l ! ,owl owes some?+ ( its impos+ appe>ance to ! way 9 :i* its mass is enl>g$ by ! d5se cov]+ ( air cells 9 ! bones above ! bra91 l t se5 9 "s ,cretace\s ,pt]odactyles4 ,nor are ! skulls ( ,crocodiles or ,tortoises exceptions to ! g5]al rule t an animal's head bones may be pneumatic )\t imply+ a pneumatic prolongation ( air f ! lungs4 ,! m]e pres5ce ( air cells )\t specification ( ! region ( ! skeleton 9 :i* !y occur is n rem>kable4 ,! holes by :i* air ent]s ! bones are usually mu* l>g] 9 ,pt]odactyles ?an 9 ,birds1 b ! entrance to ! air cell prolong$ into ! bones is ! same 9 =m & position 9 bo? gr\ps4 ,s f> z c be judg$ by ?is "*1 !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,! importance ( ! comp>ison c only be appreciat$ by exam9+ ! bones side by side4 ,9 ! upp] arm bone ( a bird1 on :at is kn[n z ! uln> bord]1 ne> to ! %\ld] jo9t1 & on ! side ne>e/ to x1 is ! entrance to ! air cell 9 ! hum]us4 ,9 ! ,pt]odactyle ! correspond+ =am5 has ! same position1 =m1 & size1 & is n "o l>ge hole1 b a reticulation ( small p]=ations1 "o beyond ano!r1 exactly su* z are se5 9 ! entrance to ! air cell 9 ! bone ( a bird1 9 :i* ! pneumatic "* is f\nd4 ,= x is n e bird ( flight :i* has ?is pneumatic condition ( ! bones2 & ,dr4 ,crisp /at$ t q a numb] ( birds--! ,swall[1 ,m>t91 ,snipe1 ,can>y1 ,wood-wr5 & ,will[-wr51 ,:9*at1 ,glossy-/>l+1 ,spott$-fly-cat*]1 & ,black-head$ ,bunt+--h no air 9 _! bones4 ,& x is well kn[n t 9 _m birds1 especially wat] birds1 x is only ! upp] bones ( ! limbs :i* are pneumatic1 :ile ! small] bones reta9 ! m>r[4 ,,lungs ,,& ,,air ,,cells ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,lungs ,,( ,,! ,,bird ,,apt]yx ,,p>tly ,,op5$ ,,on ,,! ,,"r-,,h& ,,side ,! circles are op5+s ( ! bron*ial tubes on ! surface ( ! lung4 ,! not*es on ! inn] edges ( ! lungs are impressions ( ! ribs 7,aft] ,r4 ,ow57 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,,! ,,body ,,( ,,an ,,o/ri* ,,laid ,,op5 ,,to ,,%[ ,,! ,,air ,,cells ,,:i* ,,ext5d ,,?r\gh ,,its ,,l5g? 7,aft] ,georges ,ro*e7 ,x may be well to rememb] t ! lungs ( a bird are diff]5tly condition$ f ^? ( any o!r animal4 ,in/ead ( hang+ freely susp5d$ 9 ! cone-%ap$ *amb] ( ! ?orax =m$ by ! ribs & /]num1 !y are firmly fix$ on ea* side1 s t ! ribs deeply ind5t !m & hold !m 9 place4 ,! lungs h ! usual int]nal /ructure1 be+ made up ( bran*+ cells4 ,! *ief peculi>ity consi/s 9 ! way 9 :i* ! air passes n only into !m1 b ?r\gh !m4 ,! air tube ( ! ?roat ( a bird1 unlike t ( a man1 has ! organ ( voice1 n at ! upp] end 9 ! =m ( a l>ynx1 b at ! l[] end1 =m+ :at is t]m$ a syr9x4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( ?is 9 a fossil /ate1 al?\gh 9 a few birds ! r+s ( ! tra*aea become ossifi$1 & are pres]v$4 ,b bel[ ! syr9x ! tra*aea divides into two bron*i1 tubes :i* c>ry ! r+$ "* into ! lungs = "s di/ance1 & ^! give (f bran*es t]m$ bron*ial tubes1 ! f9] subdivisions f :i*1 9 _! clu/]$ m9ute bran*+ sacs1 make up ! sub/ance ( ! lung4 ,!re is no?+ exceptional 9 t4 ,b t[>ds ! out] or middle "p ( ! v5tral or "u surface ( ! lungs1 f\r or five r\nd$ op5+s are se5 on ea* side4 ,ea* ( ^! op5+s resembles ! entrance ( ! air cell into a bone1 s9ce x displays sev]al small] op5+s :i* lead to x4 ,ea* op5+ f ! lung leads to an air cell4 ,^? cells may be reg>d$ z ! bl[+ out ( ! membrane :i* cov]s ! lungs into a film :i* holds air l a mass ( soap bubbles1 until ! :ole cavity ( ! body ( a bird f neck to tail is occupi$ by sacculat$ air cells1 commonly t5 9 numb]1 five on ea* side1 ?\gh two frequ5tly bl5d at ! base ( ! neck 9 ! region ( ! ,v-%ap$ bone nam$ ! clavicle or furculum1 popul>ly kn[n z ! m]ry-?\ght4 ,mo/ p h se5 "s at lea/ ( ^! semi-transp>5t bladd]-l air cells b5ea? ! sk9 9 ! abdom9al region ( a f[l4 ,! cells h names f _! positions1 & on ea* side "o is abdom9al1 two are ?oracic1 "o clavicul>1 & "o c]vical1 :i* la/ is at ! base ( ! neck4 ,! clavicul> & abdom9al air cells are p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,! air cell t]m$ clavicul> s5ds a process outw>d t[>ds ! arm1 along ) ! blood vessels :i* supply ! arm4 ,?us ?is air cell1 ent]+ ! region ( ! axilla or arm-pit1 ent]s ! upp] arm bone usually on its "u side1 close to ! articul> head ( ! hum]us1 & 9 ! same way ! air may pass f bone to bone ?r\gh e bone 9 ! =e limb4 ,! h9d limbs simil>ly receive air f ! abdom9al air cell1 :i* supplies ! femur & o!r bones ( ! leg1 ! sacrum1 & ! tail4 ,b ! jo9ts ( ! backbone 9 front ( ! sacrum receive _! air f ! c]vical air sac4 ,! air cells are n limit$ to ! bones1 b ramify ?r\gh ! body1 & 9 "s cases ext5d among ! muscles4 ,a bird may be said to brea! n only ) its lungs1 b ) its :ole body4 ,& x is ev5 affirm$ t respiration has be5 c>ri$ on ?r\gh a brok5 arm bone :5 ! ?roat 0 clos$1 & ! bird "u wat]4 ,birds diff] greatly 9 ! ext5t to :i* ! aircell sy/em prolong$ f ! lungs is develop$1 "s hav+ ! air abs5t f e bone1 :ile o!rs1 l ! ,swift1 are reput$ to h air 9 e bone ( ! body4 ,comp>ison %[s t 9 s f> z ! bones are ! same 9 ,bird & ,orni?osaur1 ! evid5ce ( ! air cells ent]+ !m ext5ds to resemblance1 if n co9cid5ce1 9 e detail4 ,no liv+ gr\p ( animals except birds has pneumatic limb bones1 9 relation to ! lungs2 s t x is reasonable to conclude t ! id5tical /ructures 9 ! bones 7 due to ! same cause 9 bo? ! liv+ & ext9ct gr\ps ( animals4 ,x is impossible to say t ! lungs 7 id5tical 9 ,birds & ,pt]odactyles1 b s f> z evid5ce goes1 !re is no gr\nd = suppos+ !m to h be5 diff]5t4 ,,! ,,lungs ,,( ,,reptiles ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,,! ,,side ,,( ,,! ,,body ,,( ,a ,,*ameleon ,ribs remov$ to %[ ! sacculate bran*$ =m ( ! lung ,!re is no?+ comp>able to birds1 ei!r 9 ! lungs ( liv+ reptiles or 9 _! relation to ! bones4 ,! ,*ameleon is rem>kable 9 t ! lung is n a simple bladd] prolong$ ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! body cavity1 z 9 a s]p5t1 b x develops a numb] ( l>ge lat]al bran*es visible :5 ! body is laid op54 ,except ne> ! tra*aea1 :]e ! tissue has ! usual d5sity ( a liz>d lung1 ! air cell is sc>cely m complicat$ ?an ! air bladd] ( a fi%1 & does n ent] into any bone ( ! skeleton4 ,& al?\gh _m fi%es l ! ,loa* h ! swim bladd] surr\nd$ by bone connect$ ) ! head1 x (f]s no analogy to ! pneumatic condition ( ! bones 9 ! ,pt]odactyle4 ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,bra9 ,,cavity ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,bra9 ,b ! id5tity ( ! pneumatic =am9a 9 ,birds & ,fly+ ,reptiles is n a "* :i* /&s by itself z evid5ce ( organisation1 = a m\ld ( ! =m ( ! bra9 case contributes evid5ce ( ano!r /ructural condition :i* ?r[s "s light on ! nature ( ,orni?osaurs4 ,among _m ( ! l[] animals1 su* z turtles1 ! bra9 does n fill ! *amb] 9 ! dry skull1 9 :i* ! same bones are f\nd z are m\ld$ ^u ! bra9 9 high] animals4 ,= ! bra9 case 9 su* reptiles is commonly an envelope ( c>tilage1 z among c]ta9 fi%es2 & except among s]p5ts1 ! ,ophidia1 ! bones d n completely close ! reptilian bra9 case 9 front4 ,! bra9 fills ! bra9 case completely among birds4 ,a m\ld f its int]ior is almo/ z def9ite 9 display+ ! sev]al p>ts ( :i* x is =m$ z ! actual bra9 w\ld be4 ,& ! *ief regions ( ! bra9 9 a bird--c]ebrum1 optic lobes1 c]ebellum--%[ s+ul>ly little v>iation 9 proportion or position4 ,! ess5tial fact 9 a bird's bra91 :i* sep>ates x absolutely f all o!r animals1 is t ! pair ( n]ve masses kn[n z ! optic lobes are ?ru/ out at ! sides1 s t ! l>ge c]ebral hemisph]es ext5d p>tly ov] !m z !y ext5d betwe5 !m to abut aga9/ ! c]ebellum4 ,?is rem>kable condition has no p>allel among o!r v]tebrate animals4 ,9 ,fi%es1 ,amphibians1 ,reptiles1 & ,mammals ! l9e> succession ( ! sev]al p>ts ( ! bra9 is nev] dep>t$ f2 & any appe>ance ( v>iation f x among mammals is m app>5t ?an real1 = ! l9e> succession may be se5 9 ! "y calf till ! c]ebral hemisph]es gr[ upw>d & lop backw>d1 s z to hide ! relatively small bra9 masses :i* correspond to ! optic lobes ( reptiles1 ext5d+ ov] ^! corpora-quadrigem9a1 z !y are nam$1 s z to cov] m or less ( ! mass ( ! c]ebellum4 ,f ^! conditions ( ! bra9 & skull1 x w\ld n be possible to mi/ake a m\ld f ! bra9 case ( a bird = t ( a reptile1 ?\gh 9 "s conditions ( pres]vation x is conceivable t ! m\ld ( ! bra9 ( a bird might be di/+ui%$ ) difficulty f t ( ! bra9 9 ! l[e/ mammals4 ,tak5 by itself1 ! avian =m ( bra9 9 an animal w\ld be z good evid5ce t its grade ( organisation 0 t ( a bird z c\ld be (f]$4 ,,! ,,bra9 ,,9 ,,sol5h(5 ,,pt]odactyles ,x happ5s t m\lds ( ! bra9 ( ,pt]odactyles1 m or less complete1 are met ) ( all geological ages--,liassic1 ,oolitic1 & ,cretace\s4 ,! ,sol5h(5 ,slate is ! only deposit 9 ,europe 9 :i* ,pt]odactyle skulls c be said to be fairly num]\s4 ,!y commonly h ! bones s ?9 z to %[ ! =m ( ! upp] surface ( ! m\ld ( ! bra91 or ! bones h scal$ (f ! m\ld1 or rema9 9 ! c\nt]p>t slab ( /one1 s z to lay b>e ! %ape ( ! bra9 mass4 ,9 ! ,museum at ,heidelb]g a skull ( ?is k9d is se5 9 ! long-tail$ g5us ( ,pt]odactyles nam$ ,rhamphorhyn*us4 ,x %[s ! l>ge r\nd$ c]ebral hemisph]es1 :i* ext5d 9 front ( c]ebral masses ( small] size a little bel[ !m 9 position1 :i* p]haps are z l ! bra9 ( a monotreme mammal z a bird4 ,! %ort-tail$ ,pt]odactylus describ$ by ,cuvi] has ! c]ebral hemisph]es v simil> to ^? ( a bird1 b ! relations ( ! h9d] p>ts ( ! bra9 to ea* o!r are less cle>4 ,! fir/ specim5 to %[ ! back ( ! bra9 0 f\nd by ,mr4 ,john ,francis ,walk]1 ,m4,a41 9 ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&4 ,i 0 able to remove ! ?ick cov]+ ( cellul> bone :i* orig9ally ext5d$ above x1 & ?us expose evid5ce t 9 ! mutual relations ( ! =e & h9d p>ts ( ! bra9 bird & orni?osaur 7 practically id5tical4 ,ano!r ,cambridge ,gre5s& skull %[$ t 9 ! g5us ,orni?o*eirus ! optic lobes ( ! bra9 are develop$ lat]ally1 z 9 birds4 ,t skull 0 isolat$ & imp]fect4 ,b ab\t ! same "t ! late ,rev4 ,w4 ,fox1 ( ,brixton1 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight1 obta9$ f ,weald5 b$s ano!r skull1 ) jaws1 tee?1 & ! pr9cipal bones ( ! skeleton1 :i* %[$ t ! ,weald5 ,pt]odactyle ,orni?odesmus _h a simil> & bird-l bra94 ,9 #ahhh ,mr4 ,e4 ,t4 ,newton1 ,f4,r4,s41 obta9$ a skull f ! ,upp] ,lias1 uncru%$ & free f di/ortion4 ,?is made kn[n ! natural m\ld ( ! bra91 :i* %[s ! c]ebral hemisph]es1 optic lobes1 & c]ebellum m di/9ctly ?an 9 ! specim5s previ\sly kn[n4 ,9 "s respects x recalls ! ,heidelb]g bra9 ( ,rhamphorhyn*us 9 ! app>5tly transv]se subdivision ( ! optic lobes1 b x is unmi/akably bird-l1 & q unlike any reptile4 ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,bra9 ,,& ,,brea?+ ,,organs ,s f> z ! evid5ce goes1 x appe>s t ^! fossil fly+ animals %[ no sub/antial diff]5ces f birds1 ei!r 9 ! m\ld ( ! bra9 or ! impress ( ! brea?+ organs ^u ! bones4 ,^! approximations to birds ( ! n]v\s & respiratory sy/ems1 :i* are beyond "q two ( ! mo/ important ( ! vital organs ( an animal1 & di/9ctive beyond all o!rs ( birds1 place ! naturali/ 9 a s+ul> dilemma4 ,he mu/ elect :e!r he w tru/ 8 int]pretation to ! s(t organs1 :i* among exi/+ animals nev] v>y _! type 9 ! great classes ( v]tebrate animals1 & on :i* ! animal is def9$ z some?+ di/9ct f its envelope ! skeleton & its app5dages ! limbs1 or :e!r he w ignore !m4 ,! answ] mu/ *oose sub/antially betwe5 belief t ! exi/+ ord] ( ,nature gives w>rant = believ+ t ^! vital *>act]i/ics :i* h be5 discuss$ might equally coexi/ ) ! skeleton ( a mammal or a reptile1 z ) t ( a bird1 = :i* !re is no p>ticle ( evid5ce 9 exi/+ life4 ,or1 z an alt]native1 ! fact mu/ be accept$ t birds only h su* vital organs z are "h f\nd1 & !re=e ! skeleton1 t may be associat$ ) !m1 _c affect ! ref]5ce ( ! type to ! same division ( ! animal k+dom z birds4 ,! decision ne$ n be made )\t fur!r consid]ation4 ,b bra9 & brea?+ organs ( ! avian type are /ructures ( a diff]5t ord] ( /ability 9 mo/ animals f ! bones1 :i* v>y to a rem>kable ext5t 9 almo/ e ord9al gr\p ( animals4 ,,temp]ature ,,( ,,! ,,blood ,! organs ( circulation & dige/ion are necess>ily unkn[n4 ,!re are reasons :y ! blood may h be5 hot1 su* z ! evid5ces f ! w+s ( exceptional activity2 ?\gh ! temp]ature dep5ds m ^u ! am\nt ( blood 9 ! body ?an ^u ! app>atus by :i* x is di/ribut$4 ,we speak ( a ,crocodile z cold-blood$1 yet x is an animal ) a f\r-*amb]$ he>t n incomp>able ) t ( a bird4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,tunny1 a sort ( giant ,mack]el1 is a fi% ) a ?ree-*amb]$ he>t1 only brea?+ ! air dissolv$ 9 wat]1 :i* has blood z w>m z a mammal1 its temp]ature be+ comp>$ to t ( a pig4 ,sev]al fi%es h blood z w>m z t ( ,manis1 ! scaly ant-eat]2 & _m birds h hott] blood ?an mammals4 ,! t]m hot-blood$1 z di/9ct f cold-blood$1 appli$ to animals1 is relative to ! arbitr>y human /&>d ( exp]i5ce1 & expresses no m ?an ! circum/ance t mammals & birds are w>m] animals ?an reptiles & fi%es4 ,! exceptional temp]ature ( ! ,fly+ ,fi% has l$ to a vague impression t physical activity & its effect ^u ! am\nt ( blood :i* vig\r ( movem5t circulates1 are m important 9 rais+ an animal's temp]ature ?an possession ( ! circulatory organs commonly associat$ ) hot blood1 :i* drive ! blood 9 di/9ct c\rses ?r\gh ! body & brea?+ organs4 ,yet ! k9d ( he>t :i* is always associat$ ) vital /ructures su* z ,pt]odactyles are inf]r$ to h possess$ f ! bra9 m\ld & ! pneumatic =am9a 9 ! bones1 is ! f\r-*amb]$ he>t ( ! bird & ! mammal4 ,consid]+ ^! organs alone--( :i* ! fossil bones yield evid5ce--we might anticipate1 by ! law ( kn[n association ( /ructures1 t no?+ di/9ctly reptilian exi/$ 9 ! o!r s(t "p ( ! vital organisation1 because !re is no evid5ce 9 fav\r ( or aga9/ su* a possibility4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,skeleton ,:ile ^! animals are inconte/ably ne>] to birds ?an to any o!r animals 9 _! plan ( organisation1 ?us f> no pro( has be5 f\nd t !y are birds1 or c be includ$ 9 ! same division ( v]tebrate life ) fea!r$ animals4 ,x is "o ( ! olde/ & s\nde/ tea*+s ( ,l9naeus t a bird is kn[n by its fea!rs2 & ! record is a blank z to any cov]+ to ! sk9 9 ,pt]odactyles4 ,!re is ! /ronge/ probability aga9/ fea!rs hav+ exi/$ su* z are kn[n 9 ! ,ar*aeopt]yx1 because e ,sol5h(5 ,orni?osaur appe>s to h ! body devoid ( visible or pres]vable cov]+1 :ile ! two birds kn[n f ! ,sol5h(5 ,slate deposit are well clo!d ) fea!rs 9 p]fect pres]vation4 ,we turn f ! sk9 to ! skeleton4 ,! plan on :i* ! skeleton is con/ruct$ rema9s z evid5ce ( ! animal's place 9 nature1 :i* is capable ( af=d+ demon/ration on :i* absolute reliance w\ld h be5 plac$1 if ! bra9 & pneumatic =am9a _h rema9$ undiscov]$4 ,) ! entire skeleton be=e u1 x is inconceivable t anatomical sci5ce %\ld fail to discov] ! true nature ( ! animal to :i* x belong$1 by ! me?od ( comp>+ "o animal ) ano!r4 ,!re is no lack ( ?is k9d ( evid5ce ( ,pt]odactyles 9 ! ?ree or f\r scores ( skeletons1 & ?\s&s ( isolat$ or associat$ bones1 pres]v$ 9 ! public museums ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,i may recall ! circum/ance t ! discov]y ( skeletons ( fossil animals has occasionally foll[$ ^u ! int]pretation ( a s+le fragm5t1 f :i* ! animal has be5 well def9$1 & sometimes accurately drawn1 be=e x 0 ev] se54 ,s ,i propose1 be=e draw+ any conclusions f ! skeletons 9 ! entirety ( _! con/ruction1 to exam9e !m bone by bone1 & region by region1 = evid5ce t w manife/ ! nature ( ?is brood ( ,dragons4 ,_! liv+ k9dr$1 & p]haps _! ext9ct allies1 assembl$ z a jury1 may be able to det]m9e :e!r resemblances exi/ betwe5 !m1 & :e!r su* simil>ity betwe5 ! bones z exi/s is a common inh]itance1 or is a common acquisition due to simil> ways ( life1 & no evid5ce ( ! grade ( ! organism among v]tebrate animals4 ,! bones ( ^! ,orni?osaurs1 :5 f\nd isolat$1 fir/ h to be sep>at$ f ! organisms ) :i* !y are associat$ & mix$ 9 ! geological /rata4 ,?is discrim9ation is accompli%$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance by means ( ! texture ( ! surface4 ,! d5sity & poli% ( ! bones is ev5 m m>k$ ?an 9 ! bones ( birds1 & is usually associat$ ) a peculi> ?9ness ( sub/ance ( ! bone1 :i* is comp>able to ! condition 9 a bird1 ?\gh usually a little /\t]1 s t ! bones resi/ cru%+ bett]4 ,pt]odactyle bones 9 _m in/ances are recognis$ by _! /raightness & comp>atively uni=m dim5sions1 due to ! exceptional numb] ( long bones :i* ent] into ! /ructure ( ! w+ z comp>$ ) birds4 ,:5 ! bones are un]r+ly det]m9$ z ,orni?osaurian1 !y are plac$ side by side ) all ! bones :i* are mo/ l !m1 till1 judg$ by ! /&>d ( ! /ructures ( liv+ animals1 ! fossil is f\nd to %[ a composite con/ruction z ?\gh x 7 n "o animal b _m1 :ile its individual bones (t5 %[ equally composite *>act]s1 z ?\gh p>ts ( ! correspond+ bone 9 sev]al animals _h be5 cunn+ly fitt$ toge!r & m\ld$ into %ape4 ,,! ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,head ,,9 ,,orni?osaurs ,! head is always ! mo/ in/ructive "p ( an animal4 ,x is less ?an an in* long 9 ! small ,sol5h(5 skeleton nam$ ,pt]odactylus breviro/ris1 & is said to be ?ree feet n9e in*es long 9 ! too?less ,pt]odactyle ,orni?o/oma f ! ,*alk ( ,kansas4 ,mo/ ( ^! animals h a long1 sl5d]1 conical =m ( head1 tap]+ to ! po9t l ! beak ( a ,h]on1 =m+ a long triangle :5 se5 f above or f ! side4 ,sometimes ! head is depress$ 9 front1 ) ! beak flatt5$ or r\nd$ z 9 a ,duck or ,goose1 & occasionally 9 "s ,weald5 & ,gre5s& species ! jaws are truncat$ 9 front 9 a massive sn\t q unlike any bird4 ,! back ( ! head is sometimes r\nd$ z among birds1 %[+ a smoo? pe>-%ap$ po/]ior convexity 9 ! region ( ! bra94 ,sometimes ! back ( ! head is squ>e & v]tical or oblique4 ,occasionally a great cre/ ( cellul> tissue is ext5d$ backw>d f above ! bra9 case ov] ! sp9es ( ! neck bones4 ,!re are always f two to f\r lat]al op5+s 9 ! skull4 ,fir/1 ! no/ril is ne>e/ to ! extremity ( ! beak4 ,secondly1 ! orbits ( ! eyes are plac$ f> backw>d4 ,^! two op5+s are always pres5t4 ,! no/ril may incl9e upw>d4 ,! orbits ( ! eyes are usually lat]al1 ?\gh _! upp] bord]s sometimes closely approximate1 z 9 ! woodpeck]-l types f ! ,sol5h(5 ,slate nam$ ,pt]odactylus ,ko*i1 n[ sep>at$ z ano!r g5us4 ,9 mo/ g5]a !re is an op5+ 9 ! side ( ! head1 betwe5 ! eye hole & ! no/ril1 kn[n z ! antorbital vacuity2 & ano!r op5+1 :i* is v>iable 9 size & kn[n z ! temporal vacuity1 is plac$ beh9d ! eye4 ,! =m] is common 9 ! skulls ( birds1 ! latt] is abs5t f all birds & f\nd 9 _m reptiles4 ,! palate is usually imp]fectly se51 b ,engli% & ,am]ican specim5s h %[n t x has mu* 9 common ) ! palate 9 birds1 ?\gh x v>ies greatly 9 =m ( ! bones 9 repres5tatives f ! ,lias1 ,oolites1 & ,cretace\s rocks4 ,f ! sci5tific aspect ! relative size ( ! head1 its =m1 & ! positions & dim5sions ( its ap]tures & processes1 are ( little importance 9 comp>ison ) its plan ( con/ruction1 z evid5c$ by ! positions & relations to ea* o!r ( ! bones ( :i* x is =m$4 ,!re usually is "s difficulty 9 /at+ ! limits ( ! bones ( ! skull1 because 9 ,pt]odactyles1 z among birds1 !y usually bl5d toge!r1 s t 9 ! adult animal ! sutures betwe5 ! bones are commonly oblit]at$4 ,bones h relations to ea* o!r & places 9 ! head :i* c only *ange z ! organs ) :i* !y are associat$ *ange _! positions4 ,no matt] :at ! position ( a no/ril may be--at ! extremity ( a long sn\t1 z 9 an ant-eat]1 or f> back at ! top ( ! head 9 a porpoise1 or at ! side ( ! head 9 a bird--x is always bord]$ by sub/antially ! same bones1 :i* v>y 9 l5g? & size ) ! *ang+ place ( ! no/ril & ! =m ( ! head4 ,e region ( ! head is def9$ by ?is me?od ( con/ruction2 s t eye holes & nose holes1 bra9 case & jaw bones1 palate & tee?1 beak1 & back ( ! skull are all in/ructive to ^? :o seek out ! life-hi/ory ( ^! animals4 ,we may briefly exam9e ! head ( an ,orni?osaurian4 ,,bones ,,ab\t ,,! ,,no/ril ,no matt] :at its =m may be1 ! head ( an ,orni?osaur always t]m9ates 9 front 9 a s+le bone call$ ! int]maxill>y4 ,x s5ds a b> ( bone backw>d above ! visible no/rils1 betwe5 !m2 & a b> on ea* side =ms ! m>g9 ( ! jaw 9 :i* tee? are implant$4 ,! bone v>ies 9 dep?1 l5g?1 %>pness1 bluntness1 sl5d]ness1 & massiv5ess4 ,z ! bone becomes long ! jaw is compress$ f side to side1 & ! op5+s ( ! no/rils are remov$ backw>d to an increas+ di/ance f ! extremity ( ! beak4 ,! out] & h9d] bord] ( ! no/ril is made by ano!r bone nam$ ! maxill>y bone1 :i* is usually mu* %ort] ?an ! premaxill>y4 ,x conta9s ! h9d]mo/ tee?1 :i* r>ely diff] f ^? 9 front1 except 9 sometimes be+ small]4 ,! nasal bones1 :i* always make ! upp] & h9d] bord] ( ! no/rils1 meet ea* o!r above !m1 9 ! middle l9e ( ! beak4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj ,%[+ t ! extremity ( ! jaws 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us 0 %ea!d 9 horn z 9 ! giant ,k+fi%]1 s9ce ! jaws simil>ly gape 9 front4 ,! hyoid bones are bel[ ! l[] jaw 9 ! ,pt]odactyle4 ,! no/rils are unusually l>ge 9 ! ,lias g5us nam$ ,dimorphodon1 & small 9 species ( ! g5us ,rhamphorhyn*us f ,sol5h(54 ,su* diff]5ces result f ! relative dim5sions & proportions ( ^! ?ree bones :i* m>g9 ! nasal vacuity1 & by v>y+ gr[? ( _! front m>g9s or ( _! h9d] m>g9s gov]n ! =m ( ! sn\t4 ,! jaws are mo/ massive 9 ! g5]a kn[n f ! ,weald5 b$s to ! ,*alk4 ,! palatal surface is commonly flat or convex1 & (t5 m>k$ by an elevat$ m$ian ridge :i* corresponds to a groove 9 ! l[] jaw1 ?\gh ! m$ian ridge sometimes divides ! palate into two p>allel concave *annels4 ,! jaw is m>g9$ ) tee? :i* are r>ely few] ?an t5 or m ?an tw5ty on ea* side4 ,!y are %>p1 compress$ f side to side1 curv$ inw>d1 & nev] h a saw-l edge on ! back & front m>g9s4 ,no tee? occur ^u ! bones ( ! palate4 ,9 mo/ birds !re is a l>ge vacuity 9 ! side ( ! head betwe5 ! no/ril & ! orbit ( ! eye1 p>tly sep>at$ f x by ! bone :i* c>ries ! duct = te>s nam$ ! la*rymal bone4 ,! same preorbital vacuity is pres5t 9 all long-tail$ ,pt]odactyles1 ?\gh x is ei!r less completely def9$ or abs5t 9 ! gr\p ) %ort tails4 ,x af=ds excell5t di/9ctive *>act]s = def9+ ! g5]a4 ,9 ! long-tail$ g5us ,scaphogna?us f ,sol5h(5 ?is preorbital op5+ is mu* l>g] ?an ! no/ril1 :ile 9 ,dimorphodon ^! vacuities are ( ab\t equal size4 ,rhamphorhyn*us is di/+ui%$ by ! small size ( ! antorbital vacuity1 :i* is plac$ l[] ?an ! no/ril on ! side ( ! face4 ,! ap]ture is always imp]fectly def9$ 9 ,pt]odactylus1 & is a relatively small vacuity comp>$ ) ! long no/ril4 ,9 ,pt5odracon ! antorbital vacuity appe>s to h no exi/5ce sep>ate f ! no/ril :i* adjo9s ! eye hole4 ,& s f> z is kn[n at pres5t !re is no lat]al op5+ 9 advance ( ! eye 9 ! skull 9 any ,orni?osaur f ,cretace\s rocks1 ?\gh ! too?less ,orni?o/oma is ! only g5us ) ! skull complete4 ,:5 a sep>ate antorbital vacuity exi/s1 x is bord]$ by ! maxill>y bone 9 front1 & by ! mal> bone beh9d4 ,! prefrontal bone is at its upp] angle4 ,t bone is kn[n 9 a sep>ate /ate 9 reptiles &1 ,i ?9k1 9 monotreme mammals4 ,its id5tity is soon lo/ 9 ! mammal1 & its function 9 ! skull is diff]5t f ! correspond+ bone 9 ,pt]odactyles4 ,,bones ,,ab\t ,,! ,,eyes ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,,upp] ,,surface ,,( ,,skull ,,( ,,! ,,h]on ,comp>$ ) ! same aspect ( ! skull ( ,rhamphorhyn*us ,! ?ird op5+ 9 ! side ( ! head1 c\nt+ f be=e backw>d1 is ! orbit ( ! eye4 ,9 ?is vacuity is (t5 se5 ! scl]otic circle ( ov]lapp+ bones =m$ 9 ! ext]nal membrane ( ! eye1 l ^? 9 nocturnal birds & "s reptiles4 ,! eye hole v>ies 9 =m f an inv]t$ pe>-%ape to an oblique or transv]se oval1 or a ne>ly circul> outl9e4 ,x is m>g9$ by ! frontal bone above2 ! te> bone or la*rymal1 & ! mal> or *eek bone 9 front2 :ile ! bones beh9d appe> to be ! quadrato-jugal & po/-frontal bones1 ?\gh ! bones ab\t ! eye are some:at diff]5tly arrang$ 9 diff]5t g5]a4 ,! eyes 7 frequ5tly1 if n always1 9 contact ) ! ant]ior walls ( ! bra9 case1 z 9 _m birds1 & are always f> back 9 ! side ( ! head4 ,9 ,dimorphodon !y are 9 front ( ! articulation ( ! l[] jaw2 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us1 above t articulation2 :ile 9 ,orni?o/oma !y are beh9d ! articulation = ! jaw4 ,?is *ange is gov]n$ by ! position ( ! quadrate bone1 :i* is v]tical 9 ! ,lias g5us1 incl9$ obliquely =w>d 9 ! fossils f ! ,oolites1 & s mu* incl9$ 9 ! ,*alk fossil t ! small orbit is ?r[n relatively fur!r back4 ,?us f> ! *ief diff]5ce 9 ! ,pt]odactyle skull f t ( a bird is 9 ! way 9 :i* ! mal> ar* is prolong$ backw>d on ea* side4 ,x is a sl5d] b> ( bone 9 birds1 )\t contribut+ asc5d+ processes to bord] vacuities 9 ! side ( ! face1 :ile 9 ^! fossil animals ! lat]al op5+s are p>tly sep>at$ by ! asc5d+ processes ( ^! bones4 ,?is div]g5ce f birds1 9 ! mal> bone ent]+ ! orbit ( ! eye is approximat$ to among reptiles & mammals1 ?\gh ! conditions1 & p]haps ! pres5ce ( a bone l ! po/-orbital bone1 are p>allel$ only among ,reptiles4 ,! ,pt]odactyles diff] among !mselves en\gh = ! head to make a ne> approa* to ,reptiles 9 ,dimorphodon1 & to ,birds 9 ,pt]odactylus4 ,9 ! ,gr\nd ,hornbill & ! ,%oebill ! la*rymal bones 9 front ( ! orbits ( ! eyes gr[ d[n to meet ! mal> b>s )\t unit+ ) !m4 ,! po/-frontal region also is prolong$ d[nw>d almo/ z f> z ! mal> b>1 z ?\gh to %[ t a bird might h its orbital circle =m$ 9 ! same way & by ! same bones z 9 ,pt]odactylus4 ,cretace\s ,orni?osaurs sometimes diff] f birds app>5tly 9 admitt+ ! quadrato-jugal bone into ! orbit4 ,x !n becomes an exp&$ plate1 in/ead ( a sl5d] b> z 9 all birds4 ,,! ,,temporal ,,fossa ,a f\r? vacuity is kn[n z ! temporal fossa4 ,:5 ! skull ( su* a mammal z a ,rabbit1 or ,%eep1 is se5 f above1 !re is a vacuity beh9d ! orbits = ! eyes1 :i* 9 life is occupi$ by ! muscles :i* "w ! l[] jaw4 ,x is made by ! mal> bone ext5d+ f ! back ( ! orbit & ! process ( bone1 call$ ! zygomatic process1 ext5d+ =w>d f ! articulation ( ! jaw1 :i* ar*es out to meet ! mal> bone4 ,9 birds !re is no conspicu\s temporal fossa1 because ! mal> b> is a sl5d] rod ( bone 9 a l9e ) ! l[] end ( ! quadrate bone4 ,reptile skulls h sometimes "o temporal vacuity on ea* side1 z among tortoises1 =m$ by a s+le lat]al b>4 ,^! vacuities1 :i* correspond to ^? ( mammals 9 position1 are se5 f ! top ( ! head1 z lat]al vacuities beh9d ! orbits ( ! eyes1 & are t]m$ sup]ior temporal vacuities4 ,9 addition to ^! !re is (t5 9 o!r reptiles a lat]al op5+ beh9d ! eye1 t]m$ ! inf]ior temporal vacuity1 se5 9 ,crocodiles1 9 ,hatt]ia1 & 9 ,liz>ds2 & 9 su* skulls !re are two temporal b>s se5 9 side view1 di/+ui%$ z sup]ior & inf]ior4 ,! sup]ior ar* always includes ! squamosal bone1 :i* is at ! back ( ! s+le b> 9 mammals4 ,! l[] ar* includes ! mal> bone1 :i* is 9 front 9 ! s+le ar* ( mammals4 ,! circum/ance t bo? ^! ar*es are connect$ ) ! quadrate bone makes ! d\ble temporal ar* em95tly reptilian4 ,9 ,orni?osaurs ! lat]al temporal vacuity v>ies f a typically reptilian condition to "o :i*1 )\t becom+ avian1 approa*es ! bird type4 ,9 skulls f ! ,lias1 ,dimorphodon & ,campylogna?us1 !re is a close p>allel to ! liv+ ,new ,zeal& reptile ,hatt]ia1 9 ! v]tical position ( ! quadrate bone & 9 ! l>ge size ( ! vacuity beh9d & bel[ ! eye1 :i* ext5ds ne>ly ! height ( ! skull4 ,9 ! species ( ! g5us ,pt]odactylus1 ! =w>d incl9ation ( ! quadrate bone recalls ! ,curlew1 ,snipe1 & o!r birds4 ,! back ( ! head is r\nd$1 & ! squamosal bone1 :i* appe>s to ent] into ! wall ( ! bra9 case z 9 birds & mammals1 is produc$ m outw>d ?an 9 birds1 b less ?an 9 mammals1 s z to contribute a little to ! ar* :i* is 9 ! position ( ! po/-frontal bone ( reptiles4 ,x is triangul>1 & /ret*es f ! out] angle ( ! frontal bone at ! back ( ! orbit to ! squamosal beh9d1 :]e x also meets ! quadrate bone4 ,its ?ird l[] bran* meets ! quadratojugal1 :i* re/s ^u ! front ( ! quadrate bone1 z 9 ,iguanodon1 & is unlike ,dimorphodon 9 its connexions4 ,9 t g5us ! supra-temporal bone1 or po/-orbital bone1 appe>s to re/ ^u ! po/-frontal & connect x ) ! quadrato-jugal4 ,9 ,dimorphodon ! mal> bone is entirely remov$ f ! quadrate1 b 9 ,pt]odactylus x meets its articul> end4 ,betwe5 ! po/-frontal bone above & ! quadrato-jugal bone bel[ is a small lunate op5+1 :i* repres5ts ! lat]al temporal vacuity2 & s f>1 ?is is a reptilian "*4 ,b if ! ?9 po/-frontal bone 7 absorb$1 ,pt]odactylus w\ld resemble birds4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ! quadrate bone is free 9 any ,orni?osaurs1 z x is 9 all birds1 :ile 9 ,dimorphodon x unites by suture ) ! squamosal bone4 ,9 ,orni?o/oma ! lat]al temporal vacuity is little m ?an a slit betwe5 ! quadrate bone bel[1 ! quadrato-jugal 9 front1 & :at may be ! po/-frontal bone beh9d 7see ,fig4 #b1 p4 #ab74 ,,bones ,,ab\t ,,! ,,bra9 ,! bones conta9+ ! bra9 appe> to be ! same z =m ! bra9 case 9 birds4 ,! =m ( ! back ( ! skull v>ies 9 two ways4 ,fir/ x may be flat above & flat at ! back1 :5 ! back ( ! head appe>s to be squ>e4 ,?is condition is se5 9 all ! long-tail$ g5]a1 su* z ,campylogna?us f ! ,lias & ,rhamphorhyn*us1 & is associat$ ) a high position = ! upp] temporal b>4 ,secondly1 ! back ( ! head may be r\nd$ convexly1 bo? above & beh9d4 ,t condition is se5 9 ! %ort-tail$ g5]a1 su* z ,pt]odactylus4 ,b 9 ! l>ge ,cretace\s types1 su* z ,orni?o*eirus & ,orni?o/oma1 ! sup]ior longitud9al ridge :i* runs back 9 ! middle l9e ( ! face becomes elevat$ & compress$ f side to side at ! back ( ! head z a n>r[ deep cre/1 prolong$ backw>d ov] ! neck v]tebrae = "s in*es ( l5g?4 ,all ^! ?ree types are p>allel$ m or less 9 birds :i* h ! back ( ! head squ>e l ! ,h]on1 or r\nd$ l ! ,woodpeck]2 or cre/$1 ?\gh ! cre/ ( ! ,cormorant is n q id5tical ) ,orni?o*eirus1 be+ a di/9ct bone at ! back ( ! head 9 ! bird :i* nev] bl5ds ) ! skull4 ,9 s f> z ! cre/ is reptilian x sugge/s ! rem>kable cre/ ( ! ,*ameleon4 ,9 ! /ructure ( ! back ( ! skull ! bones are a modification ( ! reptilian type ( ,hatt]ia 9 ! ,lias g5us ,campylogna?us1 b ! reptilian *>act]s appe> to be lo/ 9 ! less p]fectly pres]v$ skulls ( ,cretace\s g5]a4 ,! palate is well kn[n 9 ! *ief gr\ps ( ,orni?osaurs1 su* z ,campylogna?us1 ,scaphogna?us1 & ,cycnorhamphus4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,t4 ,newton1 ,f4,r4,s41 has %[n t 9 ! ,engli% skull f ! ,lias ( ,:itby1 ! =ms ( ! bones are simil> to ! palate 9 birds & unlike ! conditions 9 reptiles4 ,!re is "o feature1 h[ev]1 :i* may indicate a resemblance to ,dicynodon & o!r fossil reptiles f ,s\? ,africa4 ,a sl5d] bone ext5ds f ! base ( ! bra9 case1 nam$ ! basi-sph5oid bone1 outw>d & =w>d to ! inn] m>g9 ( ! quadrate bone 7,fig4 #bb74 ,a bone is f\nd ?us plac$ 9 ^? ,s\? ,african ,reptiles1 :i* %[ _m resemblances to ! ,monotreme & ,m>supial ,mammals4 ,x is n an ord9>y elem5t ( ! skeleton & is unkn[n 9 liv+ animals ( any k9d 9 t position4 ,x has be5 ?\ght possible t x may repres5t "o ( ! bones :i* among mammals are dim9utive & are includ$ 9 ! int]nal e>4 ,! resemblance may h "s int]e/ h]eaft]1 z help+ to %[ t c]ta9 aff9ities ( ! ,orni?osaurs may lie outside ! gr\ps ( exi/+ reptiles4 ,in/ead ( be+ direct$ transv]sely outw>d1 z 9 ! palatal region ( ,dicynodon lac]ticeps1 !y div]ge outw>d & =w>d to ! inn] bord] ( ! articulation = ! l[] jaw :i* is ^u ! quadrate bone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb ,,bones ,,( ,,! ,,palate ,!re is a pair ( bones :i* ext5d =w>d f ^! inn] articul> bord]s ( ! quadrate bones1 & conv]ge 9 a long ,v-%ape till !y m]ge 9 ! h>d palate =m$ by ! bones ( ! front ( ! beak1 nam$ int]maxill>y & maxill>y bones4 ,! limits ( ! bones ( ! palate are n di/9ct1 b !re c be no d\bt t ! front ( ! ,v is ! bone nam$ vom]1 t ! palat9e bones are at its sides1 & t its h9d] p>ts are ! pt]ygoid bones z 9 birds4 ,!re is a long1 wide1 f\r-sid$1 op5 space 9 ! middle ( ! palate1 betwe5 ! vom] & ! basi-sph5oid bone1 unlike any?+ 9 birds or o!r animals4 ,pr(essor ,m>%1 9 a figure ( ! palate 9 ! great skull ( ! too?less ,pt]odactyle nam$ ,orni?o/oma 7,pt]anodon71 f ! ,*alk ( ,kansas1 f\nd a l>ge oval vacuity 9 ?is region ( ! palate4 ,9 t g5us ! pt]ygoid bones meet ea* o!r betwe5 ! quadrate bones z 9 ,dicynodon 7,fig4 #gc1 p4 #ahb74 ,h5ce ! great palatal vacuity "h se5 9 ! ,orni?osaur is p>allel$ by ! small vacuity 9 ! ,s\? ,african reptile1 :i* is sometimes di/9ct & sometimes p>tly sep>at$ f ! ant]ior "p ( ! vacuity :i* =ms ! op5+s ( ! no/rils on ! palate4 ,! ,sol5h(5 skulls :i* give any evid5ce ( ! palate are expos$ 9 side view only1 & ! bones1 imp]fectly se5 ?r\gh ! lat]al vacuities1 are displac$ by cru%+4 ,!y include long /rips l ! vom]9e bones 9 ! ,lias fossil1 & !y div]ge 9 ! same way z !y ext5d back to ! quadrate bones4 ,! oblique division into vom] 9 front & pt]ygoid bone beh9d is %[n by ,goldfuss 9 8 orig9al figure ( ,scaphogna?us4 ,?us !re is "s reason = believ+ t all ,orni?osaurs h ! palate =m$ ^u ! same g5]al plan1 :i* is on ! :ole peculi> to ! gr\p1 especially 9 n hav+ ! palatal op5+s ( ! n>es divid$ 9 ! middle l9e4 ,x w\ld appe> probable t ! %ort-tail$ animals h ! pt]ygoid bones meet+ 9 ! middle l9e & triangul>2 & t !y are sl5d] rods entirely sep>ate f ea* o!r 9 ! long-tail$ g5]a4 ,,! ,,tee? ,! tee? are all ( po9t$1 elongat$ %ape1 )\t di/9ction into ! k9ds se5 9 mo/ mammals & nam$ incisors1 can9es1 & gr9d]s4 ,!y are organs = grasp+1 l ! tee? ( ! fi%-eat+ ,crocodile ( ,india1 & are n unlike ! simple tee? ( "s ,porpoises4 ,!y are (t5 implant$ 9 oblique oval sockets ) rais$ bord]s1 usually at "s di/ance ap>t f ea* o!r1 & h ! cr[n po9t$1 flatt5$ m on ! out] side ?an on ! inn] side1 usually direct$ =w>d & curv$ inw>d4 ,z 9 _m ext9ct animals alli$ to exi/+ reptiles1 ! tee? are reproduc$ by g]ms1 :i* orig9ate on ! inn] side ( ! root & gr[ till !y gradually absorb ! sub/ance ( ! old too?1 =m+ a new "o 9 its place4 ,frequ5tly 9 ,sol5h(5 g5]a1 l ,scaphogna?us & ,pt]odactylus1 ! successional too? is se5 9 ! jaw on ! h9d] bord] ( ! too? 9 use4 ,!re is "s v>iation 9 ! "* ( bluntness or %>pness ( ! cr[ns 9 ! diff]5t g5]a1 & 9 _! size4 ,! "n ,dimorphodon1 giv5 to ! animal f ! ,lias ( ,lyme ,regis1 expresses ! fact t ! tee? are ( two k9ds4 ,9 ! front ( ! jaw ?ree or f\r l>ge long tee? are f\nd 9 ! int]maxill>y bone on ea* side1 z 9 "s ,plesiosaurs1 :ile ! tee? f\nd fur!r back 9 ! maxill>y bone are small]1 & direct$ m v]tically d[nw>d4 ,?is diff]5ce is m m>k$ 9 ! l[] jaw ?an 9 ! upp] jaw4 ,9 ,rhamphorhyn*us ! tee? are all relatively long & l>ge1 & direct$ obliquely =w>d1 b abs5t f ! extremities ( ! beak1 z 9 ! ,g]man g5us f ! ,lias nam$ ,dorygna?us1 9 :i* ! bone ( ! l[] jaw 7:i* alone is kn[n7 t]m9ates 9 a compress$ spe>4 ,9 ,scaphogna?us ! tee? are few1 m v]tical1 & d n ext5d backw>d s f> z 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us1 b are c>ri$ =w>d to ! extremity ( ! blunt1 deep jaw4 ,9 ! %ort-tail$ ,pt]odactyles ! tee? are small]1 %ort]1 wid] at ! base ( ! cr[n1 clos] toge!r1 & d n ext5d s f> backw>d 9 ! jaw4 ,9 ,orni?o*eirus two tee? always project =w>d f ! front ( ! jaw4 ,orni?o/oma is too?less4 ,,suppos$ ,,horny ,,beak ,sometimes a horny cov]+ has be5 sugge/$ = ! beak1 l t se5 9 birds or turtles1 b no su* /ructure has be5 pres]v$1 ev5 9 ! ,sol5h(5 ,slate1 9 :i* su* a /ructure w\ld seem z likely to be pres]v$ z a w+ membrane1 ?\gh !re is "o d\btful exception4 ,!re are m>ks ( f9e blood vessels on "s ( ! jaws1 indicat+ a t\gh cov]+ to ! bone4 ,9 ,rhamphorhyn*us ! jaws appe> to gape t[>ds _! extremities z ?\gh ! int]space _h orig9ally be5 occupi$ by organic sub/ance l a horny beak4 ,,l[] ,,jaw ,! l[] jaw v>ies 9 relative l5g? ) ! v]tical or horizontal position ( ! quadrate bone 9 ! skull4 ,9 ,dimorphodon ! jaw is z long z ! skull2 b 9 ! g5]a f ! ,oolitic rocks ! m&ible is some:at %ort]1 & 9 ,orni?o/oma ! discrepancy rea*es its maximum4 ,! h9d] "p ( ! jaw is nev] prolong$ backw>d mu* beyond ! articulation1 diff]+ 9 ?is respect f ,crocodiles & ,plesiosaurs4 ,! dep? ( ! jaw v>ies4 ,x is sl5d] 9 ,pt]odactylus1 & is probably /rong] relatively to ! skull 9 ,scaphogna?us ?an 9 any o!r =m4 ,x fits betwe5 ! tee? & bones ( ! alveol> bord] 9 ! skull1 9 all ! g5]a4 ,9 ,dimorphodon its h9d] bord] is p>tly cov]$ by ! desc5d+ edge ( ! mal> process :i* ^! animals develop 9 common ) "s ,d9osaurs1 & "s ,anomodont reptiles1 & _m ( ! l[] mammals4 ,9 ?is h9d] region ! l[] jaw is sometimes p]=at$1 9 ! same way z 9 ,crocodiles4 ,t condition is obs]v$ 9 ,dimorphodon1 b is n f\nd 9 ,pt]odactylus4 ,! l[] jaw is always composite1 be+ =m$ by sev]al bones1 z among reptiles & birds4 ,! tee? are 9 ! d5t>y bone or bones1 & ^! bones are almo/ always bl5d$ z 9 mo/ birds & ,turtles1 & n sep>ate f ea* o!r z among ,crocodiles1 ,liz>ds1 & ,s]p5ts4 ,an int]e/+ cont\r = ! l[] bord] ( ! jaw is se5 9 ,orni?o/oma1 z made kn[n 9 figures ( ,am]ican examples by ,pr(essors ,m>% & ,willi/on4 ,x deep5s z x ext5ds backw>ds = two-?irds its l5g?1 /ops at an angle1 & !n ! dep? dim9i%es to ! articulation ) ! skull4 ,?is angle ( ! l[] jaw is a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! jaws ( ,mammals4 ,x is se5 9 ! monotreme ,e*idna1 & is *>act]i/ic ( "s ,!riodont ,reptiles f ,s\? ,africa1 :i* 9 _m ways resemble ,mammals4 ,! "* is n se5 9 ! jaws ( specim5s f ! ,oolitic rocks1 b is develop$ 9 ! too!d ,orni?o*eirus f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&1 & is abs5t f ! jaws ( exi/+ reptiles & birds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! ,,l[] ,,jaw ,,9 ,,e*idna ,,& ,,orni?o/oma ,,summ>y ,,( ,,*>act]s ,,( ,,! ,,head ,tak5 z a :ole1 ! head diff]s f o!r types ( animals 9 a bl5d+ ( *>act]s :i* at ! pres5t day are f\nd among ,birds & ,reptiles1 ) "s /ructures :i* occur 9 ext9ct gr\ps ( animals ) simil> aff9ities1 & p]haps a slight indication ( features common to ! l[e/ mammals4 ,x is *iefly ^u ! head t ! div]se views ( e>li] writ]s h be5 bas$4 ,cuvi] 0 impress$ ) ! reptilian aspect ( ! tee?2 b 9 lat] times discov]ies 7 made ( ,birds ) tee?--,ar*aeopt]yx1 ,i*?yornis1 ,hesp]ornis4 ,! tee? are q reptilian1 be+ n unlike m9iature tee? ( ,mosasaurus4 ,if ^? birds _h be5 f\nd prior to ! discov]y ( ,pt]odactyles1 ! tee? might h be5 reg>d$ z a l9k ) ! m anci5t birds1 r ?an a crucial diff]5ce betwe5 birds & reptiles4 ,all ! specim5s %[ a lat]al temporal hole 9 ! bones beh9d ! eye1 & ?is is f\nd 9 no bird or mammal1 & is typical ( su* reptiles z ,hatt]ia4 ,! quadrate bone may n be s decisive z ,cuvi] ?\ght x to be1 = its =m is n unlike ! quadrate ( a bird1 & diff]5t1 s f> z ,i h se51 f t ( liv+ reptiles4 ,?is region ( ! head is reptilian1 & if x occurr$ 9 a bird ! "* w\ld be z a/oni%+ z 0 ! discov]y ( tee? 9 ext9ct birds4 ,^! *>act]s ( ! head are also f\nd 9 fossil animals nam$ ,d9osaurs1 9 association ) _m resemblances to birds 9 _! bones4 ,! palate might conceivably be d]iv$ f t ( ,hatt]ia by enl>g+ ! small op5+ 9 ! middle l9e 9 t reptile till x ext5d$ =w>d betwe5 ! vom]a2 b x is m easily comp>$ ) a bird1 :i* ! animal resembles 9 its beak1 & 9 ! position ( ! n>es4 ,except+ c]ta9 ,liz>ds1 all true exi/+ ,reptiles h ! no/rils f> =w>d & bord]$ by two premaxill>y bones in/ead ( "o int]maxill>y1 z 9 ,birds & ,orni?osaurs4 ,if no?+ 7 kn[n ( ! animal b its head bones1 x w\ld be plac$ betwe5 ,reptiles & ,birds4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,backbone1 ,,or ,,v]tebral ,,column ,! backbone is a m deep-seat$ "p ( ! skeleton ?an ! head4 ,x is m protect$ by its position1 & has less v>i$ functions to p]=m4 ,!re=e x v>ies less 9 di/9ctive "* )9 ! limits ( ea* ( ! classes ( v]tebrate animals ?an ei!r ! head or limbs4 ,x is divid$ into neck bones1 ! c]vical v]tebrae2 back bones1 ! dorsal v]tebrae2 lo9 bones1 ! lumb> v]tebrae2 ! sacrum1 or sacral v]tebrae1 :i* support ! h9d limbs2 & ! tail4 ,( ^! p>ts ! tail is ! lea/ important1 ?\gh x rea*es a l5g? 9 exi/+ reptiles :i* sometimes exce$s ! :ole ( ! rema9d] ( ! body1 & includes hundr$s ( v]tebrae4 ,x atta9s its maximum among s]p5ts & liz>ds4 ,9 frogs x is practically abs5t4 ,9 "s ( ! high] mammals x is a rudim5t1 :i* does n ext5d beyond ! s(t p>ts ( ! body4 ,,! ,,neck ,! neck is m liable to v>y ?an ! back1 ) ! habit ( life ( ! animal4 ,& al?\gh mammals almo/ always pres]ve ! same numb] ( sev5 bones 9 ! neck1 ! bones v>y 9 l5g? betwe5 ! %ort condition ( ! porpoise1 9 :i* ! neck is almo/ lo/1 & ! long bones :i* =m ! neck ( ! ,llama1 ?\gh ev5 ^! may be exce$$ by "s fossil reptiles l ,tany/rophoeus4 ,9 _m mammals ! neck bones d n diff] 9 l5g? or size f ^? ( ! back4 ,9 o!rs1 l ! ,horse & ,ox1 !y are mu* broad] & l>g]4 ,!re is ! same sort ( v>iation 9 ! bones ( ! neck among birds1 "s be+ sl5d] l ! ,h]on1 o!rs broad l ! ,swan4 ,b !re is also a s+ul> v>iation 9 numb] ( v]tebral bones 9 a bird's neck4 ,at fewe/ !re are n9e1 :i* equals ! exceptionally l>ge numb] f\nd among mammals 9 ! neck ( "o ( ! ,slo?s4 ,usually birds h t5 to fifte5 c]vical v]tebrae1 & 9 ! ,swan !re are tw5ty-?ree4 ,mo/ ( ! neck bones ( birds are relatively long1 & ! l5g? ( ! neck is (t5 great] ?an ! rema9d] ( ! v]tebral column4 ,reptiles usually h %ort necks4 ,! common ,turtle has eight bones 9 ! neck1 t5 9 ! back4 ,! two regions are %>ply def9$ by ! dorsal %ield4 ,_! articul> ends are sometimes cupp$ 9 front1 9 ! neck1 sometimes cupp$ beh9d1 or convex at bo? ends1 or ev5 flatt5$1 or ! articulation may be made exceptionally by ! neural ar* alone4 ,n9e is ! l>ge/ numb] ( neck bones 9 exi/+ ,liz>ds1 & !re are usually n9e 9 ,crocodiles2 s t reptiles closely approa* mammals 9 numb] ( ! neck bones4 ,x is rem>kable t ! maximum numb] 9 a mammal & 9 liv+ reptiles %\ld co9cide ) ! m9imum numb] 9 birds4 ,!re=e ! numb] ( c]vical v]tebrae z an attribute ( ,mammal1 ,bird1 or ,reptile1 c only be important f its con/ancy4 ,g]man naturali/s affirm on cle> evid5ce t ! ,sol5h(5 ,pt]odactyles h sev5 c]vical v]tebrae4 ,9 _m specim5s !re c be no d\bt ab\t ! numb]1 because ! neck bones are easily di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! back by _! size2 b ! numb] is n always easy to c\nt4 ,z 9 ,birds1 ! fir/ v]tebra1 or atlas1 9 ,pt]odactyles is extremely %ort1 & is g5]ally--if n always--bl5d$ ) ! mu* long] second v]tebra1 nam$ ! axis4 ,! front ( ! atlas =ms a small r\nd$ cup to articulate ) ! r\nd$ ball ( ! basioccipital bone at ! back ( ! skull4 ,! ?ird & f\r? v]tebrae are long]1 b ! l5g? visibly %ort5s 9 ! six? & sev5?4 ,sometimes ! v]tebrae are sl5d] & devoid ( /rong sp9\s processes4 ,?is is ! condition 9 ! little ,pt]odactylus longiro/ris & 9 ! comp>atively l>ge ,cycnorhamphus ,fraasii1 9 :i* !re is a slight m$ian ridge along ! upp] surface ( ! ar* ( ! v]tebra4 ,?is condition is p>allel$ 9 birds ) long necks1 especially wad+ birds su* z ! ,h]on4 ,o!r ,orni?osaurs1 su* z ,orni?o*eirus f ! ,cretace\s rocks1 h ! neck mu* m massive4 ,! v]tebrae are flatt5$ on ! "u side4 ,! ar* above ! n]v\s matt] ( ! sp9al cord has a m or less consid]able transv]se expansion1 & may ev5 be z wide z long4 ,^! v]tebrae h proportions & =m su* z may be se5 9 ,vultures or 9 ! ,swan4 ,9 ei!r case ! =m ( ! neck bones is m or less bird-l1 & ! neural sp9e may be elevat$1 especially 9 ,pt]odactyles ) long tails4 ,"o ( ! mo/ di/9ctive features ( ! neck bones ( a bird is ! way 9 :i* ! c]vical ribs are bl5d$ ) ! v]tebrae4 ,!y are small1 & ea* is (t5 prolong$ 9 a ne$le-l rod at ! side ( ! neck bone4 ,9 ,orni?o*eirus ! c]vical rib simil>ly bl5ds ) ! v]tebra by two articulations1 z 9 mammals1 s t x might escape notice b = ! *annel ( a blood vessel :i* is ?us inclos$4 ,9 sev]al ( ! old] ,pt]odactyles f ,sol5h(5 ! ribs ( ! neck v]tebrae rema9 sep>at$1 z 9 a ,crocodile1 ?\gh /ill bird-l 9 _! =m1 ant]ior position1 & mode ( atta*m5t4 ,9 ,t]rap9s & ,tortoises ! long neck v]tebrae h no c]vical ribs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd ,,unit$ ,,atlas ,,& ,,axis ,,( ,,orni?o*eirus 7,cambridge ,gre5s&7 ,! articul> surfaces betwe5 ! bodies ( ! v]tebrae1 9 ! neck1 are transv]sely oval4 ,! middle "p ( ?is articul> jo9t is made by ! body ( ! v]tebra2 its out] p>ts are 9 ! neural ar*4 ,9 front ?is surface is a holl[ *annel1 (t5 m depress$ ?an 9 any o!r animals4 ,! correspond+ surface beh9d is convex1 ) a process on ea* side at its l[] out] angles 7,fig4 #be74 ,x is a modification ( ! cup-&-ball =m ( v]tebral articulation1 :i* at ! pres5t day is em95tly reptilian4 ,s]p5ts & ,crocodiles h ! articulations simil>ly v]tical1 b 9 bo? ! =m ( ! articulation is a circle4 ,9 ,liz>ds ! articul> cup is usually r wid] ?an deep1 :5 ! cup & ball are develop$ 9 ! v]tebrae2 x diff]s f ! v]tical condition 9 pt]odactyles 9 be+ oblique & mu* n>r[] f side to side4 ,only among ,crocodiles & ,hatt]ia is !re a d\ble articulation = ! c]vical rib1 ?\gh 9 nei!r ord] h rib or v]tebra 9 ! neck ! bird-l proportions :i* are usual 9 ^! animals4 ,pt]odactyles %[ no resemblance to birds 9 ?is v]tebral articulation4 ,a ,bird has ! correspond+ surface concave f side to side 9 front1 b x is also convex f above d[nw>d1 produc+ :at is kn[n z ! saddle-%ap$ =m :i* is peculi>ly avian1 be+ f\nd 9 exi/+ birds except 9 "p ( ! back 9 ,p5gu9s4 ,x is fa9tly approximat$ to 9 "o or two neck v]tebrae 9 man4 ,pr(essor ,willi/on rem>ks t 9 ! too?less ,pt]odactyles ( ,kansas ! h9d] ball ( ! v]tebral articulation is cont9u$ d[nw>d & outw>d z a concave articulation ^u ! processes at its out] corn]s4 ,!re are no mammals ) a cup-&-ball articulation betwe5 ! v]tebrae1 s t = :at x is wor? ! "* n[ describ$ 9 ,orni?osaurs is reptilian1 :5 judg$ by comp>ison ) exi/+ animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,,c]vical ,,v]tebra ,,( ,,orni?o*eirus ,f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s& ,l[ d[n on ea* side ( ! v]tebra1 at ! junction ( its body ) ! neural ar*1 is a l>ge ovate =am51 transv]sely elongat$1 & (t5 a little impress$ at ! bord]1 :i* is ! entrance ( ! air cell into ! bone4 ,^! =am9a are (t5 "o-?ird ( ! l5g? ( ! neck v]tebrae 9 specim5s f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&1 :]e ! neck bones v>y f ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* to ab\t two & a half in*es 9 l5g?1 & 9 extreme =ms are z wide z long4 ,! wid? ( ! int]space betwe5 ! =am9a is "o-half ! wid? ( ! v]tebrae1 ?\gh ?is "* v>ies ) diff]5t g5]a & species4 ,sev]al species f ! ,sol5h(5 ,slate h ! neck long & sl5d]1 on ! type ( ! ,flam+o4 ,9 o!rs ! neck is ?ick & %ort--9 ! ,scaphogna?us crassiro/ris & ,pt]odactylus spectabilis4 ,"s g5]a ) sl5d] necks h ! bones pres]v$ ) a curv$ cont\r1 su* z might sugge/ a neck c>ri$ l t ( a ,llama or a ,camel4 ,! neck is occasionally pres]v$ 9 a curve l a capital ,s1 z ?\gh ab\t to be d>t$ =w>d l t ( a bird 9 ! act ( /rik+ its prey4 ,! g5]a ( ,pt]odactyles ) %ort necks may h _h z great mobility ( neck z is f\nd among birds nam$ ,ducks & ,div]s2 b ^? ,pt]odactyles ) /\t necks1 su* z ,dimorphodon & ,orni?o*eirus1 9 :i* ! v]tebrae are l>ge1 appe> to h be5 built m = /r5g? ?an activity1 & ! neck bones h be5 *iefly conc]n$ 9 ! muscul> ef=t to use ! fight+ p[] ( ! jaws 9 ! be/ way4 ,,! ,,back ,! region ( ! back 9 a ,pt]odactyle is %ort z comp>$ ) ! neck1 & relatively is nev] long] ?an ! correspond+ region 9 a bird4 ,! %ortness results p>tly f ! %ort l5g? ( ! v]tebrae1 ea* ( :i* is ab\t z long z wide4 ,!re is also a mod]ate numb] ( bones 9 ! back4 ,9 mo/ skeletons f ,sol5h(5 ^! v]tebrae betwe5 ! neck & girdle ( hip bones numb] f twelve to sixte54 ,!y h a g5]al resemblance 9 =m to ! dorsal v]tebrae 9 birds4 ,! greate/ numb] ( su* v]tebrae 9 birds is elev54 ,! numb] is small because "s ( ! lat] v]tebrae 9 birds are ov]lapp$ by ! bones ( ! hip girdle1 :i* ext5d =w>d & cov] !m at ! sides1 s t !y become bl5d$ ) ! sacrum4 ,?is region ( ! skeleton 9 ! ,dimorphodon f ! ,lias is rem>kable = ! l5g? ( ! m$ian process1 nam$ ! neural sp9e1 :i* is prolong$ upw>d l ! sp9es ( ! e>ly dorsal v]tebrae ( ,horses1 ,de]1 & o!r mammals4 ,9 ?is "* !y diff] f liv+ reptiles1 & p>allel "s ,d9osaurs f ! ,weald4 ,! bones ( ! back 9 ,orni?o*eirus f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s& %[ ! "u side to be well r\nd$1 s t ! articul> surfaces betwe5 ! v]tebrae1 ?\gh /ill r wid] ?an deep1 are mu* less depress$ ?an 9 ! region ( ! neck4 ,! neural canal = ! sp9al cord has become l>g] & high]1 & ! sides ( ! bone are some:at compress$4 ,/rong transv]se processes = ! support ( ! ribs are elevat$ above ! level ( ! neural canal1 at ! sides ( v]tebrae compress$ on ! "u sides1 & direct$ outw>d4 ,betwe5 ^! lat]al horizontal plat=ms is ! compress$ m$ian neural sp9e1 :i* v>ies 9 v]tical height4 ,! articulation ( ! ribs is n se5 cle>ly4 ,isolat$ ribs f ! ,/onesfield ,slate h d\ble-head$ dorsal ribs1 l ^? ( birds4 ,9 "s specim5s f ! ,sol5h(5 ,slate l ! ,scaphogna?us1 9 ! ,univ]sity ,museum at ,bonn1 dorsal ribs appe> to be atta*$ by a not* 9 ! transv]se process ( ! dorsal v]tebra1 :i* resembles ! condition 9 ,crocodiles4 ,v>iations 9 ! mode ( atta*m5t ( ribs among mammals may %[ t "* to be ( subord9ate importance4 ,von ,mey] has describ$ ! fir/ pair ( ribs z frequ5tly l>g] ?an ! o!rs1 & !re appe> 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us to be examples pres]v$ ( ! /]nal ribs1 :i* connect ! dorsal ribs ) ! /]num4 ,six pairs h be5 c\nt$4 ,a m int]e/+ feature 9 ! ribs consi/s 9 ! pres5ce beh9d ! /]num1 :i* is %ort] ?an ! correspond+ bone 9 mo/ birds1 ( m$ian /]nal ribs4 ,!y are sl5d] ,v-%ap$ bones 9 ! middle l9e ( ! abdom51 :i* ov]lapp$ ! ends ( ! dorsal ribs l ! simil> /]nal bones ( reptiles4 ,su* /ructures are unkn[n among ,birds & ,mammals4 ,!re is no trace 9 ! dorsal ribs ( ! claw-l process1 :i* ext5ds lat]ally f rib to rib z a m>k$ feature 9 _m birds4 ,its pres5ce or abs5ce may n be important1 because x is repres5t$ by fibro-c>tilage 9 ! ribs ( crocodiles1 & may be a small c>tilage ne> ! head ( ! rib 9 s]p5ts1 & is only ossifi$ 9 "s ribs ( ! ,new ,zeal& reptile ,hatt]ia4 ,s t x might h be5 pres5t 9 a fossil animal )\t be+ ossifi$ & pres]v$4 ,al?\gh ! /ructure is associat$ ) birds1 x is possibly also repres5t$ by ! great bony plates :i* cov] ! ribs 9 ,*elonians1 & comb9e to =m ! %ield :i* cov]s ! turtle's back4 ,! /ructure is z *>act]i/ic ( reptiles z ( birds1 b is n necess>ily associat$ ) ei!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf ,! upp] figures %[ ! side & back ( a dorsal v]tebra ( ,orni?o*eirus comp>$ ) correspond+ views ( ! side & back ( a dorsal v]tebra ( a ,crocodile ,!re are two rem>kable modifications ( ! e>ly dorsal v]tebrae 9 "s ( ! ,cretace\s ,pt]odactyles4 ,fir/1 9 ! g5us ,orni?odesmus f ! ,weald ! e>ly dorsal v]tebrae are bl5d$ toge!r into a cont9u\s mass1 l t :i* is f\nd 9 ! correspond+ region ( ! liv+ ,frigate-bird1 only m consolidat$1 & simil> to t consolidat$ /ructure f\nd beh9d ! dorsal v]tebrae1 kn[n z ! sacrum1 made by ! bl5d+ ( ! v]tebrae into a solid mass :i* supports ! hip bones4 ,secondly1 9 "s ( ! ,cretace\s g5]a ( ,pt]odactyles ( ,europe & ,am]ica ! v]tebrae 9 ! front "p ( ! back are simil>ly bl5d$1 b _! union is less complete2 & 9 g5]a ,orni?o*eirus & ,orni?o/oma--! =m] *iefly ,engli%1 ! latt] *iefly ,am]ican--! sides ( ! neural sp9es are flatt5$ to =m an oval articul> surface on ea* side1 :i* gives atta*m5t to ! flatt5$ ends ( _! %\ld]-blade bones nam$ ! scapulae4 ,?is condition is f\nd 9 no o!r animals4 ,?ree v]tebrae appe> to h _! neural ar*es ?us unit$ toge!r4 ,! /ructure s =m$ may be nam$ ! not>ium to di/+ui% x f ! sacrum4 ,,sacrum ,= "s my/]i\s reason ! "p ( ! backbone :i* lies betwe5 ! bones ( ! hips & supports !m is t]m$ ! sacrum4 ,among liv+ reptiles ! numb] ( v]tebrae 9 ?is region is usually two1 z 9 liz>ds & crocodiles4 ,!re are o!r gr\ps ( fossil reptiles 9 :i* ! numb] ( sacral v]tebrae is 9 "s cases less & 9 o!r cases m4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no gr\p 9 :i* ! sacrum makes a ne>] approa* to t ( birds ?an is f\nd among ^! ,pt]odactyles1 al?\gh !re are m sacral v]tebrae 9 "s ,d9osaurs4 ,9 birds ! sacral v]tebrae numb] f five to tw5ty-two4 ,9 bats ! numb] is f five to six4 ,9 "s ,sol5h(5 species1 su* z ,pt]odactylus dubius & ,p4 ,ko*i & ,p4 gr&ipelvis1 ! numb] is usually five or six4 ,! v]tebrae are completely bl5d$4 ,! pneumatic =am9a 9 ! sacrum1 s f> z !y h be5 obs]v$1 are on ! "u sides ( ! transv]se processes2 :ile 9 ! correspond+ not>ial /ructure 9 ! %\ld] girdle ! =am9a are 9 front ( ! transv]se processes4 ,almo/ any plac5tal mammal 9 :i* ! v]tebrae ( ! sacral region are an*ylos$ toge!r has a simil> sacrum1 :i* diff]s f t ( birds 9 ! m complete individuality ( ! con/itu5t bones rema9+ evid5t4 ,! transv]se processes 9 front ( ! sacrum are wid] ?an 9 its h9d] "p2 s t ! pelvic bones :i* are atta*$ to x conv]ge z !y ext5d backw>d1 z among mammals4 ,! bodies ( ! v]tebrae =m+ ! sacrum are simil> 9 l5g? to ^? ( ! back4 ,ea* transv]se process is giv5 (f opposite ! body ( its own v]tebra1 b f a l[] lat]al position ?an 9 ! region ( ! back1 9 :i* ! v]tebrae are free4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,sacrum ,,( ,,rhamphorhyn*us ,%[+ ! complete bl5d+ ( ! v]tebrae & ribs z 9 a bird1 ) ! well-def9$ ,iliac bones1 produc$ *iefly 9 front ( ! acetabulum = ! head ( ! femur4 ,! hip bones are closely unit$ ) ! sacrum by bony union1 & r>ely appe> to come away f ! sacral v]tebrae1 z among mammals & reptiles1 ?\gh ?is happ5s ) ! ,lias ,pt]odactyles4 ,9 ! ,/onesfield ,slate & ,sol5h(5 ,slate ! sl5d] transv]se processes f ! v]tebrae bl5d ) ! ilium ( ! hip girdle1 & =m a s]ies ( transv]se =am9a on ea* side ( ! bodies ( ! v]tebrae4 ,9 ! ,cambridge ,gre5s& g5]a ! "p ( ! ilium above ! acetabulum = ! articul> head ( ! femur appe>s to be always brok5 away1 s t ! relation ( ! sacrum to ! pelvis has n be5 obs]v$4 ,?is "* is no m>k ( aff9ity1 b only %[s t ossification oblit]at$ sutures among ^! animals 9 ! same way z among birds4 ,! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! sacrum ( a ,pt]odactyle & t ( a bird has be5 r5d]$ intelligible by ! excell5t discussion ( ! sacral region 9 birds made by ,pr(essor ,huxley4 ,he %[$ t x is only ! middle "p ( ! sacrum ( a *ick5 :i* corresponds to ! true sacrum ( a reptile1 & comprises ! five %orte/ ( ! v]tebrae2 :ile ! f\r 9 front correspond to ^? ( ! l[] "p ( ! back1 :i* ei!r be> no ribs or v %ort ribs1 & are kn[n z ! lumb> region 9 mammals1 s t ! l[] "p ( ! back becomes bl5d$ ) ! sacrum1 & ?us r$uces ! numb] ( dorsal v]tebrae4 ,simil>ly ! five v]tebrae :i* foll[ ! true sacral v]tebrae are orig9ally "p ( ! tail1 & h be5 bl5d$ ) ! o!r v]tebrae 9 front1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ext5sion along !m ( ! bird's hip bones4 ,?is int]pretation helps to acc\nt = ! great l5g? ( ! sacrum 9 _m birds1 & also expla9s 9 "p ! s+ul> %ortness ( ! tail 9 exi/+ birds4 ,! ,orni?osaur sacrum has nei!r ! lumb> nor ! caudal portions ( ! sacrum ( a bird4 ,,! ,,tail ,! tail is p]haps ! lea/ important "p ( ! skeleton1 s9ce x v>ies 9 "* & l5g? 9 diff]5t g5]a4 ,! %ort tails se5 9 typical pt]odactyles include z few z t5 v]tebrae 9 ,pt]odactylus gr&ipelvis & ,p4 ,ko*i1 & z _m z fifte5 v]tebrae 9 ,pt]odactylus longiro/ris4 ,! tails are m l ^? ( mammals ?an exi/+ birds1 9 :i* !re are usually f six to t5 v]tebrae t]m9at+ 9 ! pl\gh%>e bone4 ,b j z "s fossil birds1 l ! ,ar*aeopt]yx1 h ab\t tw5ty long & sl5d] v]tebrae 9 ! tail1 s 9 ! pt]odactyle ,rhamphorhyn*us ?is region becomes greatly ext5d$1 & includes f ?irty-eight to =ty v]tebrae4 ,9 ,dimorphodon ! tail v]tebrae are slightly few]4 ,! e>lie/ are v %ort1 & !n !y become elongat$ to two or ?ree times ! l5g? ( ! e>ly tail v]tebrae1 & f9ally %ort5 aga9 t[>ds ! extremity ( ! tail1 :]e ! bones are v sl5d]4 ,9 all long-tail$ ,orni?osaurians ! v]tebrae are support$ & bord]$ by sl5d] ossifi$ ligam5ts1 :i* ext5d l ?reads d[n ! tail1 j z !y d 9 ,rats & _m o!r mammals & 9 "s liz>ds4 ,pr(essor ,m>% 0 able to %[ t ! extremity ( ! tail 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us sometimes exp&s into a /rong t]m9al caudal membrane ( f\r-sid$ some:at rhomboidal %ape4 ,he reg>ds ?is membrane z hav+ be5 plac$ v]tically4 ,x is support$ by delicate processes :i* repres5t ! neural sp9es ( ! v]tebrae prolong$ upw>d4 ,!y are ab\t fifte5 9 numb]4 ,a correspond+ s]ies ( sp9es on ! l[] bord]1 t]m$ *evron bones1 equally long1 7 giv5 (f f ! junctions ( ! v]tebrae on _! "u sides1 & produc$ d[nw>d4 ,?is v]tical app5dage is ( "s int]e/ because its expansion is l ! tail ( a fi%4 ,x sugge/s ! possibility ( hav+ be5 us$ 9 a simil> way to ! caudal f9 z an organ = locomotion 9 wat]1 ?\gh x is possible t x may h also =m$ an organ us$ 9 flight = /e]+ 9 ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,,extremity ,,( ,,! ,,tail ,,( ,,rhamphorhyn*us ,,phyllurus 7,,m>%7 ,%[+ ! processes on ! upp] & "u sides ( ! v]tebrae :i* make ! t]m9al leaf-l expansion ,! tail v]tebrae f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s& are mo/ly f\nd isolat$ or ) n m ?an f\r jo9ts 9 association4 ,!y are v l ! sl5d] type ( neck v]tebrae se5 9 long-neck$ pt]odactyles1 b are depress$1 & ?\gh some:at wid] are n unlike ! tail v]tebrae ( ! ,rhamphorhyn*us4 ,! pneumatic =am5 9 !m is a m]e puncture4 ,!y h no transv]se processes or neural sp9es1 nor indications ( ribs1 or *evron bones4 ,! h9d]mo/ specim5s ( tail v]tebrae obs]v$ h ! neural ar* pres]v$ to ! end1 z among reptiles2 :]eas 9 mammals ?is ar* becomes lo/ t[>ds ! end ( ! tail4 ,! processes by :i* ! v]tebrae are yok$ toge!r are small4 ,!re is no?+ to sugge/ t ! tail 0 long1 except ! circum/ance t ! sl5d] caudal v]tebrae are almo/ z long z ! /\t c]vical v]tebrae 9 ! same animal4 ,no small caudal v]tebrae h ev] be5 f\nd 9 ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&4 ,! tail is v %ort1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,willi/on1 9 ! too?less ,orni?o/oma 9 ! ,*alk ( ,kansas4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,hip-,,girdle ,,& ,,h9d ,,limb ,! bones ( ! hip-girdle =m a bas9 :i* incloses & protects ! abdom9al vital organs4 ,x consi/s on ea* side ( a composite bone1 ! unnam$ bones--ossa innom9ata ( ! old] anatomi/s--:i* are ea* atta*$ to ! sacrum on _! inn] side1 & on ! out] side give atta*m5t to ! h9d limbs4 ,z a rule ?ree bones ent] into ! bord]s ( ?is cup1 t]m$ ! acetabulum1 9 :i* ! head ( ! ?igh bone1 nam$ ! ,femur1 moves ) a m or less rot>y motion4 ,!re are a few exceptions 9 ?is division ( ! cup betwe5 ?ree bones1 *iefly among ,salam&]s & c]ta9 ,frogs4 ,9 ,crocodiles ! bone bel[ ! acetabul> cup is n divid$ into two p>ts4 ,& 9 c]ta9 ,plesiosaurs f ! ,ox=d ,clay--,mura5osaurus--! actual articulation appe>s to be made by two bones--! ilium & is*ium4 ,! ?ree bones :i* =m ea* side ( ! pelvis are kn[n z ! ilium1 or hip bone1 sometimes t]m$ ! ait* bone2 secondly1 ! is*ium1 or sitz bone1 be+ ! bone by :i* ! body is support$ 9 a sitt+ position2 & ?irdly ! pubis1 :i* is ! bone 9 front ( ! acetabulum4 ,! pubic bones meet 9 ! middle l9e ( ! body on ! "u side ( ! pelvis 9 man1 & on ea* side are p>tly sep>at$ f ! is*ia by a =am51 spok5 ( z ! obturator =am51 :i* 9 ,pt]odactyles is m9ute & almo/ invisible1 :5 x exi/s4 ,!re is (t5 a f\r? bony elem5t 9 ! pelvis4 ,9 "s ,salam&]s a s+le c>tilage is direct$ =w>d1 & =k$ 9 front4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,huxley some?+ ( ?is k9d is se5 9 ! ,dog4 ,! pair ( bones :i* ext5d =w>d 9 front ( ! pelvis 9 ,crocodiles may be ( ! same k9d1 9 :i* case !y %\ld be call$ prepubic bones4 ,b among ! l[] mammals nam$ m>supials a p\* is develop$ = ! protection ( ! "y & support$ by two sl5d] bones atta*$ to ! pubes1 & ^! bones h long be5 kn[n z m>supial bones4 ,9 a /ill l[] gr\p ( mammalia nam$ monotremata1 :i* lay eggs1 & 9 _m ways approximate to reptiles & birds1 /rong] bones are develop$ on ! front edge ( ! pubes1 & t]m$ prepubic bones4 ,!y d n support a m>supium4 ,naturali/s h be5 unc]ta9 z to ! numb] ( bones 9 ! pelvis ( ,pt]odactyles1 because ! bones bl5d toge!r e>ly 9 life1 z 9 birds4 ,"s foll[ ! ,amphibian nom5clature1 & unite ! is*ium & pubis into "o bone1 :i* is !n t]m$ is*ium1 :5 ! prepubis is t]m$ ! pubis1 & reg>d$ z remov$ f ! acetabulum4 ,!re is no gr\nd = ?is int]pretation1 = ! sutures are cle> betwe5 ! ?ree pelvic bones 9 ! acetabulum 9 "s specim5s1 l ,cycnorhamphus ,fraasii1 f ,sol5h(51 & "s examples ( ,orni?o*eirus f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&4 ,pt]odactyles all h prepubic bones1 :i* are only kn[n 9 ,orni?orhyn*us & ,e*idna among mammals1 & are abs5t f ! high] mammals & birds4 ,!y are unkn[n 9 any o!r exi/+ animals1 unless pres5t 9 ,crocodiles1 9 :i* is*ium & pubis are always undivid$4 ,!re=e x is int]e/+ to exam9e ! *>act]s ( ! ,orni?osaurian pelvis4 ,! acetabulum = ! head ( ! femur is imp]=ate1 be+ a simple oval bas91 z 9 ,*elonian reptiles & ! high] ,mammals4 ,x nev] %[s ! m>k ( ! ligam5t\s atta*m5t to ! head ( ! femur1 :i* is se5 9 ,mammals4 ,9 ,birds ! acetabulum is p]=at$1 z 9 _m ( ! fossils nam$ ,d9osaurs1 & 9 ,monotremata4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! ,,left ,,side ,,( ,,! ,,pelvis ,,9 ,a ,,bird ,,& ,a ,,pt]odactyle ,secondly1 ! ilium is elongat$1 & ext5ds q z mu* 9 front ( ! acetabulum z beh9d x4 ,! bone is n v deep 9 ?is front process4 ,among exi/+ animals ?is relation ( ! bone is ne>] to birds ?an to any o!r type1 s9ce birds alone h ! ilium ext5d$ f ! acetabulum 9 bo? directions4 ,! =m ( ! ,pt]odactyle ilium is usually t ( ! embryo bird1 & its sl5d] processes comp>e 9 relative l5g? bett] ) ^? ( ! unhat*$ f[l & ,apt]yx ( ,new ,zeal& ?an ) ! plate-l =m 9 adult birds4 ,9 mammals ! ilium is direct$ =w>d1 & ev5 9 ! ,cape ant-eat] ,oryct]opus !re is only an inappreciable production ( ! bone backw>d beh9d ! acetabulum4 ,among reptiles ! g5]al position ( ! acetabulum is at ! =w>d t]m9ation ( ! ilium1 ?\gh ! ,crocodile has "s ext5sion ( ! bone 9 bo? directions1 )\t =m+ di/9ct ant]ior & po/]ior processes4 ,?is ant]ior & po/]ior ext5sion ( ! ilium is se5 9 ! ,!riodont reptiles ( ,russia & ( ,s\? ,africa1 z well z 9 ,d9osaurs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,,left ,,pelvic ,,bones ,,) ,,prepubic ,,bone ,,9 ,,pt]odactylus ,,longiro/ris ,?irdly1 9 all pt]odactyles ! is*ium & pubis are m or less completely bl5d$ into a %eet ( bone1 unbrok5 by p]=ation1 ?\gh !re is usually a m9ute vascul> =am52 or ! l[] bord] may be not*$ betwe5 ! is*ium & ! pubis1 z 9 "s ( ! ,sol5h(5 species1 & ! pubis does n rea* ! m$ian l9e ( ! body4 ,b 9 ,dimorphodon ! pelvic %eet ( bone is unbrok5 by any not* or p]=ation4 ,! not* betwe5 ! is*ium & pubis is well m>k$ 9 ,pt]odactylus longiro/ris1 & bett] m>k$ 9 ,pt]odactylus dubius1 ,cycnorhamphus ,fraasii1 & ,rhamphorhyn*us4 ,! fossil animals :i* appe> to come ne>e/ to ! ,pt]odactyles 9 ! /ructure ( ! pelvis are ,!riodonts f ! ,p]mian rocks ( ,russia4 ,! type kn[n z ,rhopalodon has ! ilium less prolong$ front & back1 & is mu* deep] ?an 9 any ,pt]odactyle2 b ! acetabulum is imp]=ate1 & ! is*ium & pubis are n always completely sep>at$ f ea* o!r by suture4 ,9 ! pelvis ref]r$ to ! ,!riodont ,deut]osaurus !re is "s approximation to ! pelvis ( ,rhamphorhyn*us & ( ,pt]odactylus dubius 9 ! dep? ( ! division betwe5 ! pubis & is*ium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca ,,pelvis ,,& ,,prepubic ,,bones ,,( ,,rhamphorhyn*us ,on ! left-h& side ! two prepubic bones are sep>ate4 ,on ! "r-h& !y are unit$ into a transv]se b> :i* ov]laps ! front ( pelvis se5 f ! "u side ,!re are ?ree modifications ( ! ,orni?osaurian pelvis4 ,fir/1 ! type ( ,rhamphorhyn*us1 9 :i* ! pubis & is*ium are incl9$ some:at backw>d1 & 9 :i* ! two prepubic bones are triangul>1 & are (t5 unit$ toge!r to =m a transv]se b[ 9 front ( ! pubic region4 ,secondly1 !re is ! ord9>y =m ( pelvis 9 :i* ! pubis & is*ium usually unite ) ea* o!r d[n _! l5g?1 z 9 ,dimorphodon1 b sometimes1 z 9 ,pt]odactylus dubius1 divide imm$iately bel[ ! acetabulum4 ,all ^! types possess ! paddle-%ap$ prepubic bones1 :i* are nev] unit$ 9 ! m$ian l9e4 ,?irdly1 !re is ! cretace\s =m indicat$ by ,orni?o*eirus & ,orni?o/oma1 9 :i* ! po/]ior half ( ! ilium is modifi$ 9 a s+ul> way1 s9ce x is m elevat$ t[>ds ! sacrum ?an ! ant]ior half1 sugge/+ ! cont\r ( ! upp] bord] ( ! ilium 9 a liz>d4 ,)\t be+ reptilian--! ant]ior prolongation ( ! bone makes t impossible--x sugge/s ! liz>ds4 ,?is type also possesses prepubic bones4 ,!y appe>1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,willi/on1 to be m l ! paddle-%ap$ bones ( ,pt]odactylus ?an l ! angul> bones 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us4 ,! prepubic bones are unit$ 9 ! m$ian l9e z 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us4 ,b _! m$ian union 9 t g5us fav\rs ! conclusion t ! bones 7 unit$ 9 ! m$ian l9e 9 all species1 ?\gh !y are only co-ossifi$ 9 ^! two families4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,,! ,,pelvic ,,bones ,,( ,,an ,,alligator ,,se5 ,,f ,,bel[ ,! bones 9 front are "h reg>d$ z prepubic1 b are commonly nam$ pubic ,?is m$ian union ( ! prepubic bones is a diff]5ce f ^? mammals l ! ,orni?orhyn*us & ,e*idna1 :i* approa* ne>e/ to ! ,reptilia4 ,9 !m ! prepubic bones h a long atta*m5t to ! front m>g9 ( ! pubis1 & ext5d _! po9ts =w>d )\t any t5d5cy = ! ant]ior extremities to approximate or unite4 ,! m>supial mammals h ! same "*1 keep+ ! m>supial bones completely di/9ct f ea* o!r at _! free extremities4 ,! only exi/+ animals 9 :i* an approximation is f\nd to ! prepubic bones 9 ,pt]odactyles are ,crocodiles1 9 bones :i* mo/ writ]s t]m ! pubic bones4 ,?is resemblance1 )\t %[+ any /rong aff9ity ) ! ,crocodilia1 indicates t ,crocodiles h m 9 common ) ! fossil fly+ animals ?an any o!r gr\p ( exi/+ reptiles2 = o!r reptiles all want prepubic bones1 or bones 9 front ( ! pubic region4 ,,! ,,h9d ,,limb ,! h9d limb is exceptionally long 9 proportion to ! back4 ,?is is conspicu\s 9 ! skeletons ( ! %ort-tail$ ,pt]odactyles1 & is also se5 9 ,dimorphodon4 ,9 ,rhamphorhyn*us ! h9d limb is relatively mu* %ort]1 s t ! animal1 :5 on all f\rs1 may h _h an appe>ance n unlike a ,bat 9 simil> position4 ,! limb is exceptionally %ort 9 ! little ,pt5odracon breviro/ris4 ,! bones ( ! h9d limb are exceptionally int]e/+4 ,"o rem>kable feature common to all ! specim5s is ! great elongation ( ! %9 bones relatively to ! ?igh bones4 ,! femur is sometimes little m ?an half ! l5g? ( ! tibia1 & always %ort] ?an t bone4 ,! proportions are ^? ( mammals & birds4 ,"s mammals h ! leg %ort] ?an ! ?igh1 b mammals & birds alone1 among exi/+ animals1 h ! proportions :i* *>act]ise ,pt]odactyles4 ,! foot appe>s to h be5 appli$ to ! gr\nd n always z 9 a bird1 b m (t5 9 ! mann] ( reptiles1 or mammals 9 :i* ! digits t]m9ate 9 claws4 ,,! ,,femur ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,,! ,,femur ,on ! "r is a front view ( femur ( a be>4 ,9 ! middle are front & side views ( ! femur ( ,orni?o*eirus4 ,on ! left is ! femur ( ,e*idna4 ,^! comp>isons illu/rate ! mammalian *>act]s ( ! ,pt]odactyle ?igh bone ,! ?igh bone1 on acc\nt ( ! small size ( _m ( ! specim5s1 is n always q cle> evid5ce z an indication ( te*nical resemblance to o!r animals4 ,! bone is always a little curv$1 has always a r\nd$1 articul> head1 & r\nd$ di/al condyles4 ,its mo/ rem>kable features are %[n 9 ! l>ge1 well-pres]v$ specim5s f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&4 ,! r\nd$1 articul> head is associat$ ) a con/rict$ neck to ! bone1 foll[$ by a comp>atively /raight %aft ) di/al condyles1 less ?ick5$ ?an 9 mammals4 ,no bird is kn[n1 mu* less any reptile1 ) a femur l ,orni?o*eirus4 ,only among ,mammals is a simil> bone kn[n ) a di/9ct neck2 & only a few mammals h ! exceptional *>act]s ( ! r\nd$ head & con/rict$ neck at all simil> to ! ,cretace\s ,pt]odactyles4 ,a few types1 su* z ! high] apes1 ! ,hyrax1 & animals especially active 9 ! h9d limb1 h a femur at all resembl+ ! ,pt]odactyle 9 ! pit = ! obturator ext]nus muscle1 beh9d ! tro*ant] major1 su* z is se5 9 a small femur f ,a%well4 ,! femur v>ies 9 diff]5t g5]a1 s z to sugge/ a numb] ( mammalia r ?an any p>ticul> animal = comp>ison4 ,^! approximations may be consequ5ces ( ! ways 9 :i* ! bones are us$4 ,:5 functional modifications ( ! skeleton are develop$1 s z to produce simil> =ms ( bones1 ! muscles to :i* !y give atta*m5t1 :i* act ^u ! bones1 & det]m9e _! gr[?1 are sub/antially ! same4 ,9 ! ,pt]odactylus longiro/ris ! femur corresponds 9 l5g? to ab\t elev5 dorsal v]tebrae4 ,! end next ! %9 bone is less exp&$ ?an is usual among ,mammals1 & r sugge/s an approa* to ! condition 9 ,crocodiles1 9 ! mod]ate ?ickness & bread? ( ! articul> end1 & ! slight developm5t ( ! t]m9al pulley-jo9t4 ,"o /rik+ feature ( ! femur is ! circum/ance t ! articul> head1 z comp>$ ) ! di/al end1 is direct$ =w>d & v slightly inw>d & upw>d4 ,s t all[+ = ! outw>d div]g5ce ( ! pelvic bones1 z !y ext5d =w>d1 !re mu/ h be5 a t5d5cy to a knock-kne$ approximation ( ! l[] ends ( ! ?igh bones1 z 9 ,mammals & ,birds1 r ?an ! outw>d div]g5ce se5 9 ,reptiles4 ,app>5tly ! sw+ ( ! leg & foot1 z x hung on ! di/al end ( ! femur1 mu/ h t5d$ r to an inw>d ?an to an outw>d direction1 s t ! feet might be put d[n ^u ! same /raight l9e2 ?is arrangem5t sugge/s rapid movem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! ,,tibia ,,& ,,fibula ,,9 ,,orni?osaur ,,& ,,vulture ,,tibia ,,& ,,fibula ,9 ,pt]odactylus longiro/ris ! tibia is sl5d]1 m ?an a fif? long] ?an ! femur4 ,a cre/ is nev] develop$ at ! proximal end1 l t se5 9 ! ,guillemot & ,div] & o!r wat] birds4 ,! bone is ( comp>atively uni=m ?ickness d[n ! %aft 9 mo/ ( ! ,sol5h(5 specim5s1 z 9 mo/ birds4 ,at ! di/al end ! %9 bone commonly has a r\nd$1 articul> t]m9ation1 l t se5 9 birds4 ,?is is conspicu\s 9 ! ,pt]odactylus gr&is4 ,9 o!r specim5s ! t>sal bones1 :i* =m ?is pulley1 rema9 di/9ct f ! tibia2 & ! upp] r[ ( ^! bones appe>s to consi/ ( two bones1 l ^? :i* 9 _m ,d9osaurs comb9e to =m ! pulley-l end ( ! tibia :i* repres5ts ! bird's drum-/ick bone4 ,!y correspond ) ! ankle bones 9 man nam$ a/ragalus & os calcis4 ,complete ,engli% specim5s ( tibia & fibula are f\nd 9 ! g5us ,dimorphodon f ! ,lias1 9 :i* ! t]m9al pulley ( ! di/al end has "s expansion1 & is plac$ =w>d t[>ds ! front ( ! tibia1 z 9 "s birds4 ,! r\nd$ surface ( ! pulley is r bett] m>k$ ?an 9 birds4 ,! proximal end ( ! %aft is relatively /\t1 & is modifi$ by ! well-develop$ fibula1 :i* is a %ort ext]nal spl9t bone limit$ to ! upp] half ( ! tibia1 z 9 birds2 b contribut+ ) x to =m ! articul> surface = ! support ( ! l[] end ( ! femur1 tak+ a l>g] %>e 9 t "w ?an 9 birds4 ,frequ5tly !re is no trace ( ! fibula visible 9 ,sol5h(5 specim5s z pres]v$2 or x is extremely sl5d] & bird-l1 z 9 ,pt]odactylus longiro/ris4 ,9 ,rhamphorhyn*us x appe>s to ext5d ! entire l5g? ( ! tibia1 z 9 ,d9osaurs4 ,9 ! specim5s f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s& !re is indication ( a small proximal cre/ to ! tibia ) a slight ridge1 b no evid5ce t ?is is due to a sep>ate ossification4 ,! patella1 or knee-cap1 is n recognis$ 9 any fossil ( ! gr\p4 ,!re is no indication ( a fibula 9 ! specim5s ?us f> kn[n f ! ,*alk rocks ei!r ( ,kansas 9 ,am]ica1 or 9 ,engl&4 ,! region ( ! t>sus v>ies f ! circum/ance t 9 _m specim5s ! tibia t]m9ates d[nw>d 9 a r\nd$ pulley1 l ! drum-/ick ( a bird2 :ile 9 o!r specim5s ?is union ( ! proximal r[ ( ! t>sal bones ) ! tibia does n take place1 & !n !re are two r[s ( sep>ate t>sal bones1 usually ) two bones 9 ea* r[4 ,:5 ! upp] r[ is unit$ ) ! tibia ! l[] r[ rema9s di/9ct f ! metat>sus1 ?\gh no "o has exam9$ ^! sep>ate t>sal bones s z to def9e !m4 ,,! ,,foot ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,,metat>sus ,,& ,,digits ,,9 ,,?ree ,,types ,,( ,,orni?osaurs ,! foot sometimes has f\r toes1 & sometimes five4 ,!re are f\r some:at elongat$1 sl5d] metat>sal bones1 :i* are sep>ate f ea* o!r & nev] bl5d$ toge!r1 z 9 birds4 ,!re has be5 a suspicion t ! metat>sal bones 7 sep>ate 9 ! "y ,ar*aeopt]yx4 ,9 ! "y ( _m birds ! r[ ( t>sal bones at ! proximal end ( ! metat>sus comes away1 & !re is a p>tial division betwe5 ! metat>sal bones1 ?\gh !y rema9 unit$ 9 ! middle4 ,& among ,p5gu9s1 9 :i* ! foot bones are appli$ to ! gr\nd in/ead ( be+ c>ri$ 9 ! erect position ( ord9>y birds1 !re is always a p>tial sep>ation betwe5 ! metat>sal bones1 ?\gh !y become bl5d$ toge!r4 ,! ,pt]odactyle is !re=e diff]5t f birds 9 pres]v+ ! bones di/9ct ?r\gh life1 & ?is "* is m l ,reptiles ?an ,mammals4 ,! individual bones are n l ^? ( ,d9osaurs1 & div]ge 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us z ?\gh ! animals 7 web-foot$4 ,!re is commonly a rudim5t>y fif? metat>sal4 ,x is sometimes only a claw-%ap$ app5dage1 l t se5 9 ! ,crocodile4 ,x is sometimes a %ort bone1 completely =m$1 & c>ry+ two phalanges 9 ,sol5h(5 specim5s3 ?\gh no trace ( ^! phalanges is se5 9 ! l>ge too?less ,pt]odactyles f ! ,cretace\s rocks ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,9 ! ,pt]odactylus longiro/ris ! numb] ( foot bones on ! ord9>y digits is two1 ?ree1 f\r1 five1 z 9 liz>ds2 b ! %ort fif? metat>sal has only two toe bones4 ,9 ,dimorphodon ! fif? digit 0 b5t upw>d1 & support$ a membrane = flight4 ,!re are slight v>iations 9 ! numb] ( foot bones4 ,9 ! species ,pt]odactylus scolopaciceps ! numb] ( bones 9 ! toes foll[s ! =mula two1 ?ree1 ?ree1 f\r4 ,9 ,pt]odactylus micronyx ! numb] is two1 ?ree1 ?ree1 ?ree4 ,! t]m9al claws are mu* less develop$ ?an is usual ) ,birds2 & !re is a diff]5ce f ,bats 9 ! unequal l5g? ( ! digits4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 ! foot is p]haps m reptilian ?an avian1 & 9 "s g5]a is crocodilian4 ,! foot is ! light foot ( an active animal4 ,von ,mey] ?\ght t ! h9d legs 7 too sl5d] to enable ! animal to walk on l&2 & ,pr(essor ,willi/on1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,kansas1 rem>ks t ! rudim5t>y claws & weak toes indicate t ! animal c\ld n h us$ ! feet effectively = grasp+1 :ile ! exce$+ly free movem5t ( ! femur indicates great fre$om ( movem5t ( ! h9d legs2 & he concludes t ! function ( ! legs 0 *iefly = guidance 9 flight ?r\gh _! control ov] ! movem5ts1 & expresses 8 belief t ! animal c\ld n h /ood ^u ! gr\nd ) its feet4 ,!re may be evid5ce to su/a9 o!r views4 ,if ! limb bones are recon/ruct$1 !y =m limbs n want+ 9 elegance or l5g?4 ,if x is true1 z ,pr(essor ,willi/on sugge/s1 t ! weight ( 8 l>ge/ animals ) ! head ?ree feet long1 & a /ret* ( w+ ( eighte5 or n9ete5 feet1 did n exce$ tw5ty p\nds1 !re c be no objection to reg>d+ ^! animals z quadrup$s1 or ev5 z bip$s1 on ! gr\nd ( ! limbs lack+ ! /r5g? necess>y to support ! body4 ,! sl5d] toes ( _m birds1 & ev5 ! two toes ( ! o/ri*1 may be ?\ght to give less adequate support = ^? animals ?an ! metat>sals & digits ( ,pt]odactyles4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,%\ld]-,,girdle ,,& ,,=e ,,limb ,,/]num ,! /]num is always a di/+ui%+ "p ( ! bony /ructure ( ! brea/4 ,9 ,crocodiles x is a c>tilage to :i* ! /]nal ribs unite2 & ^u its front portion a flat knife-l bone call$ ! int]clavicle is plac$4 ,9 liz>ds l ! ,*ameleon1 x is a loz5ge-%ap$ /ructure ( ?9 bony texture1 also be>+ a long int]clavicle1 :i* supports ! clavicul> bones1 nam$ coll> bones 9 man1 :i* ext5d outw>d to ! %\ld] blades4 ,among mammals ! /]num is usually n>r[ & flat1 & (t5 consi/s ( _m successive pieces 9 ! middle l9e1 on ! "u side ( ! body4 ,among ,bats ! ant]ior "p is some:at wid5$ f side to side1 to give atta*m5t to ! coll> bones1 b ! /]num /ill rema9s a n>r[ bone1 mu* n>r[] ?an 9 ,dolph9s1 & n diff]+ 9 "* f _m o!r ,mammals1 not)/&+ ! ,bat's p[] ( flight4 ,! bone develops a m$ian keel = ! atta*m5t ( ! muscles ( ! brea/1 b some?+ simil> is se5 9 burr[+ ,insectivor\s mammals l ! ,moles4 ,s t1 z ,von ,mey] rem>k$1 ! pres5ce ( a keel on ! /]num is n 9 itself suffici5t evid5ce to prove flight4 ,among birds ! /]num is greatly develop$4 ,broad & %ort 9 ! ,o/ri* tribe1 x is devoid ( a keel2 & !re=e ! keel1 if pres5t 9 a bird1 is sugge/ive ( flight4 ,! keel is diff]5tly develop$ accord+ to ! mode ( atta*m5t ( ! sev]al pectoral muscles :i* cov] a bird's brea/4 ,9 sev]al wat] birds ! keel is /rongly develop$ 9 front1 & dies away t[>ds ! h9d] "p ( ! /]num1 z 9 ! ,cormorant & its allies4 ,! /]num 9 ,g]man ,pt]odactyles is mo/ ne>ly comp>able to ^! birds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! ,,/]num ,9 ! ,sol5h(5 ,slate ! /]num is fairly well pres]v$ 9 _m ,orni?osaurs4 ,x is relatively %ort] ?an 9 birds1 & is broad] ?an long2 b n v l ! /]num ( reptile or mammal 9 =m4 ,! keel is limit$ to ! ant]ior "p ( ! %ield ( ! /]num1 z 9 ,m]gans] & ! ,cormorant1 & is prolong$ =w>d = "s di/ance 9 advance ( x4 ,von ,mey] notic$ ! resemblance ( ?is ant]ior process to ! int]clavicle ( ! ,crocodile 9 position2 b x is m l ! keel ( a bird's /]num1 & is n a sep>ate bone z 9 ,reptiles4 ,9 ,pt]odactyles f ! ,cretace\s rocks1 ! side bones1 call$ coracoids1 are articulat$ to saddle-%ap$ surfaces at ! h9d] "p ( ! base ( ?is keel1 :i* are p>allel 9 ,orni?o*eirus1 z 9 mo/ birds1 b ov]lap 9 ,orni?odesmus1 z 9 ,h]ons & wad+ birds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,,/]num ,,9 ,,orni?o*eirus ,,f ,,! ,,cambridge ,,gre5s& ,%[+ ! /rong keel & ! facets = ! coracoid bones on its h9d] bord] above ! lat]al con/rictions ,! keel 0 pneumatic1 & :5 brok5 is se5 to be holl[1 & appe>s to h be5 exceptionally high 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us1 a g5us 9 :i* ! w+ bones are greatly elongat$4 ,von ,mey] f\nd 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us on ea* side ( ! /]num a sep>ate lat]al plate ) six pairs ( /]nal ribs1 :i* unite ! /]num ) ! dorsal ribs1 z 9 ! "y ( "s birds4 ,! h9d] surface ( ! /]num is imp]fectly pres]v$ 9 ! too?less ,pt]odactyles ( ,kansas4 ,pr(essor ,willi/on /ates t ! bone is extremely ?9 & p5tagonal 9 outl9e1 project+ 9 front ( ! coracoids1 9 a /\t1 blunt1 keel-l process1 simil> to t se5 9 ! ,pt]odactyles ( ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&4 ,am]ican specim5s h n ! same not* beh9d ! articulation = ! coracoid to sep>ate x f ! transv]se lat]al expansion ( ! /]nal %ield4 ,! lat]al m>g9 9 ! ,cambridge ,gre5s& specim5s figur$ by ,pr(essor ,ow5 & myself is brok52 b ,pr(essor ,willi/on _h ! good =tune to f9d on ! m>g9 ( ! /]num ! articul> surfaces :i* gave atta*m5t to ! /]nal ribs4 ,! m>g9 ( ! /]nal bone ?ick5s at ^! facets1 f\r ( :i* are pres]v$4 ,! /]num 9 ,orni?o/oma 0 ab\t f\r & a half in*es long by less ?an five & a half in*es wide4 ,! m$ian keel ext5ds =w>d = r less ?an two in*es1 :ile 9 ! small] ,cambridge species ( ,orni?o*eirus x ext5ds =w>d = less ?an an in* & a half4 ,a /]num ( ?is k9d is unlike t ( any o!r animal1 b has mo/ 9 common ) a bird2 & may be reg>d$ z indicat+ consid]able p[] ( flight4 ,! bone _c be entirely attribut$ to ! effect ( flight1 s9ce !re is no su* exp&$ /]nal %ield 9 ,bats4 ,! small numb] ( /]nal ribs is ev5 m *>act]i/ic ( birds ?an mammals or reptiles4 ,,! ,,%\ld]-,,girdle ,! bones :i* support ! =e limb are "o ( ! di/9ctive regions ( ! skeleton def9+ ! animal's place 9 nature4 ,among mo/ ( ! l[] v]tebrata1 su* z ,amphibians & ,reptiles1 ! girdle is a d\ble ar*--! ar* ( ! coll> bone or clavicles 9 front1 & ! ar* ( ! %\ld]-blade or scapula beh9d4 ,! clavicul> ar*1 :5 x exi/s1 is =m$ ( ?ree or five p>ts--a m$ium b> nam$ ! int]clavicle1 ext]nal to :i* is a pair ( bones call$ clavicles1 rea*+ to ! front ( ! scapulae :5 !y are pres5t2 & occasionally !re is a second pair ( bones call$ supraclavicles1 ext5d+ f ! clavicles up ! front m>g9s ( ! scapulae4 ,?us ! clavicul> ar* is plac$ 9 front ( ! scapul> ar*4 ,! supraclavicles are abs5t f all liv+ ,reptiles1 & ! clavicles are abs5t f ,crocodiles4 ,! int]clavicle is abs5t f all mammals except ,e*idna & ,orni?orhyn*us4 ,clavicles also may be abs5t 9 "s ord]s ( mammals4 ,h5ce ! clavicul> ar* may be lo/1 ?\gh ! coll> bones are reta9$ 9 man4 ,! scapul> ar* also is m complicat$ & m important 9 ! l[] ?an 9 ! high] v]tebrata4 ,x may include ?ree bones on ea* side nam$ coracoid1 precoracoid1 & scapula4 ,b 9 mo/ v]tebrates ! coracoid & precoracoid appe> nev] to h be5 segm5t$ s z to be sep>at$ f ea* o!r2 & x is only among ext9ct types ( reptiles1 :i* appe> to approximate to ! ,monotreme mammals1 t sep>ate precoracoid bones are f\nd2 ?\gh among mo/ mammals1 probably1 !re are /ages ( e>ly developm5t 9 :i* precoracoids are repres5t$ by small c>tilages1 ?\gh few mammals except ,ed5tata l ! ,slo?s & ,ant-eat]s1 reta9 ev5 ! coracoids z di/9ct bones4 ,!re=e1 except+ ! ,ed5tata & ! ,monotremes1 ! di/9ctive feature ( ! mammalian %\ld]-girdle appe>s to be t ! limbs are support$ by ! %\ld]-blades1 t]m$ ! scapulae4 ,among reptiles !re are sev]al di/9ct types ( %\ld]-girdle4 ,*elonians possess a pair ( bones t]m$ coracoids :i* h no connexion ) a /]num2 & _! scapulae are =m$ ( two widely div]g5t b>s1 divid$ by a deep] not* ?an is f\nd 9 any fossil reptiles4 ,among ,liz>ds bo? scapula & coracoid are widely exp&$1 & ! coracoid is always atta*$ to ! /]num4 ,*ameleons h ! blade ( ! scapula long & sl5d]1 b ! coracoid is always z broad z x is long4 ,crocodiles h ! bone m elongat$1 s t x has some:at ! aspect ( a v /rong fir/ /]nal rib :5 se5 on ! v5tral face ( ! animal4 ,! bone is p]=at$ by a =am51 :i* w\ld probably lie 9 ! l9e ( sep>ation f ! precoracoid if any su* sep>ation _h ev] tak5 place4 ,! scapula1 or %\ld]-blade1 ( ,crocodiles is a simil> flat bone1 v mu* %ort] ?an ! scapula ( a ,*ameleon1 & m l t ( ! ,new ,zeal& ,hatt]ia4 ,?us !re is v little 9 common betwe5 ! sev]al reptilian types ( %\ld]-girdle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,scapula ,,& ,,coracoid ,,9 ,,?ree ,,pt]odactyles ,,& ,a ,,bird ,9 birds ! app>atus = ! support ( ! w+s has a f>-(f resemblance to ! ,crocodilian type4 ,! coracoid bones1 in/ead ( be+ direct$ lat]ally outw>d & upw>d f ! /]num1 z among ,crocodiles1 are direct$ =w>d1 s z to prolong ! l9e ( ! brea/ bone1 nam$ ! /]num4 ,! bird's coracoid is sometimes flatt5$ t[>ds ! brea/ bone among ,swans & o!r birds2 yet z a rule ! coracoid is a sl5d] b>1 :i* comb9es ) ! /ill m sl5d] & delicate blade ( ! scapula1 :i* re/s on ! ribs1 to make ! articulation = ! upp] arm bone4 ,among reptiles ! scapula & coracoid are m or less 9 ! same /raight l9e1 z 9 ! ,o/ri*1 b 9 birds ( flight !y meet at an angle :i* is less ?an a "r angle1 & :]e !y come 9 contact ! ext]nal surface is ?ick5$ & excavat$ to make ! articulation = ! head ( ! hum]us4 ,!re is no?+ l ?is %\ld]-girdle outside ! class ( birds1 until x is comp>$ ) ! correspond+ /ructure 9 ^! ext9ct animals call$ ,pt]odactyles4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ! two is surpris+4 ,x is n m]ely ! id5tity ( =m 9 ! coracoid bone & ! scapula1 b ! simil> angle at :i* !y meet & ! simil> position ( ! articulation = ! hum]us4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! ,pt]odactyle's %\ld]-girdle is bird-l1 except ! abs5ce ( ! repres5tative ( ! clavicles1 t =k$ ,v-%ap$ bone ( ! bird :i* 9 sci5tific language is kn[n z ! furculum1 & is popul>ly t]m$ ! m]ry-?\ght4 ,?is k9d ( %\ld]-girdle is f\nd 9 ! g5]a f ! ,lias & ! ,oolitic rocks1 bo? ( ?is c\ntry & ,g]many4 ,9 ! ,cretace\s rocks ! scapula pres5ts1 9 mo/ cases1 a diff]5t appe>ance4 ,! coracoid is an elongat$1 some:at triangul> bone1 compress$ on ! out] m>g9 z 9 birds1 b diff]+ alike f birds & o!r ,pt]odactyles 9 n be+ prolong$ =w>d beyond ! articulation = ! hum]us4 ,9 ^! ,cretace\s g5]a1 too!d & too?less alike1 ! articulation = ! upp] arm bone truncates ! extremity ( ! coracoid1 s t ! bone is less l t ( a bird 9 ?is feature4 ,p]haps x %[s a modification t[>ds ! crocodilian direction4 ,! scapula1 :i* unites ) ! coracoid at ab\t a "r angle1 is simil>ly truncat$ by ! articul> surface = ! hum]us2 b ! bone is some:at exp&$ imm$iately beyond ! articulation1 & compress$2 & in/ead ( be+ direct$ backw>d1 x is direct$ inw>d ov] ! ribs to articulate ) ! neural ar*es ( ! e>ly dorsal v]tebrae 9 ! g5]a f\nd 9 /rata associat$ ) ! ,*alk4 ,z ! bone approa*es ?is articulation1 x ?ick5s & wid5s a little1 becom+ sudd5ly truncat$ by an ovate facet1 :i* exactly corresponds to ! transv]sely ovate impression1 concave f front to back1 :i* is se5 9 ! neural ar*es ( ! dorsal v]tebrae on :i* x fits4 ,?is condition is n pres5t 9 all ,cretace\s ,pt]odactyles4 ,x does n occur 9 ! ,kansas fossil1 nam$ by ,pr(essor ,m>%1 ,nyctodactylus4 ,& x appe>s to be abs5t f ! ,pt]odactyles ( ! ,engli% ,weald1 nam$ ,orni?odesmus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,,! ,,not>ium ,an ossification :i* gives atta*m5t to ! scapulae se5 9 ! e>ly dorsal v]tebra ( ,orni?o*eirus 7,f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&7 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,,re/oration ,,( ,,! ,,%\ld]-,,girdle ,,9 ,,! ,,cretace\s ,,orni?o*eirus ,%[+ h[ ! scapulae articulate ) a v]tebra & ! articulation ( ! coracoids ) ! /]num4 ,! hum]al articulation ) ! coracoid is unlike ! condition %[n 9 o!r ,orni?osaurs ,!re is no approa* to ?is transv]se position ( ! scapulae among birds4 ,& :ile ! =m ( ! bones 9 ! old] g5]a ( ,orni?osaurs is s+ul>ly bird-l1 ! angul> arrangem5t 9 ?is ,cretace\s g5us is obta9$ by closely approximat+ ! articulations on ! /]num1 s t ! coracoids ext5d outw>d z 9 reptiles1 in/ead ( =w>d z 9 birds2 & ! extremities ( ! scapulae simil>ly approximate t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,?is r recalls ! relative positions ( scapula & coracoid among crocodiles4 ,if crocodile & bird _h be5 primitive types ( animals in/ead ( surviv+ types1 x might almo/ seem z ?\gh !re _h be5 a cunn+ & h>moni\s bl5d+ ( "o ) ! o!r 9 evolv+ ?is =m ( %\ld]-girdle4 ,,! ,,=e ,,limb ,! bones ( ! =e limb1 g5]ally1 correspond 9 l5g? ) ! simil> p>ts ( ! h9d limb4 ,! upp] arm bone corresponds ) ! upp] leg bone1 & ! =e-arm bone is z long z ! =e-leg bone2 !n diff]5ces beg94 ,! bones :i* correspond to ! back ( ! h& 9 man1 t]m$ ! metac>pus1 are v>iable 9 l5g? 9 ,pt]odactyles--sometimes v long & sometimes %ort4 ,! w+ metac>pal bone is always /\t1 & ! o!rs are sl5d]4 ,! extremity ( ! metac>pus 0 appli$ to ! gr\nd4 ,?ree small digits ( ! h& are develop$ f ! ?ree small metac>pal bones1 & t]m9ate 9 l>ge claws4 ,! great w+ f+] 0 b5t backw>d1 & only t\*$ ! gr\nd :]e x fitt$ ^u ! w+ metac>pal bone4 ,x appe>s sometimes to h be5 z long z ! entire v]tebral column4 ,ow+ to ! circum/ance t ! jo9t 9 ! arm 9 ,pt]odactyles 0 n at ! wri/ z among birds1 b betwe5 ! metac>pus & ! phalanges1 x foll[s t ! =e limb 0 long] ?an ! h9d limb :5 ! metac>pus 0 long2 b ! diff]5ce w\ld n int]f]e ) ! movem5ts ( ! animal1 ei!r ^u f\r feet or on two feet1 = 9 bats & birds ! disproportion 9 l5g? is great]4 ,,hum]us ,,or ,,upp] ,,arm ,,bone ,! fir/ bone 9 ! =e-arm1 ! hum]us1 is rem>kable *iefly = ! compress$ cresc5t =m ( its upp] articul> end1 :i* is nev] r\nd$ l ! head ( ! upp] arm bone 9 man1 & secondly = ! great developm5t ( ! ext]nal process ( bone ne> t end1 t]m$ ! radial cre/4 ,sir ,ri*>d ,ow5 comp>$ ! bone to ! hum]us ( bo? birds & crocodiles1 b 9 its upp] articul> end ! crocodile bone may be said to be m l a bird ?an x is l ! ,pt]odactyle4 ,9 fly+ reptiles ! articul> surface next to ! %\ld]-girdle is some:at saddle-%ap$1 be+ concave f side to side above & convex v]tically1 :ile mo/ animals ) :i* x c be comp>$ h ! articul> head ( ! bone convex 9 bo? directions4 ,a rem>kable exception to ?is g5]al rule is f\nd 9 "s fossil animals f ,s\? ,africa1 :i*1 f resemblance to mammals 9 _! tee?1 h be5 t]m$ ,!riodonts4 ,!y sometimes h ! head ( ! bone concave f side to side & convex 9 ! v]tical direction4 ,to ?is condition ,orni?orhyn*us makes a slight approximation4 ,! s+ul> expansion ( ! /ructure call$ ! radial cre/ f9ds no close p>allel 9 reptiles1 ?\gh ,crocodiles h a mod]ate cre/ on ! hum]us 9 ! same position2 & 9 ,!riodonts ! radial cre/ ext5ds mu* fur!r d[n ! %aft ( ! hum]us4 ,no bird has a radial cre/ ( a simil> k9d1 ?\gh x is prolong$ "s way d[n ! %aft 9 ,ar*aeopt]yx4 ,9 ,pt]odactyles x sometimes t]m9ates outw>d 9 a smoo?1 r\nd$ surface1 :i* might h be5 articul> if any /ructure c\ld h articulat$ ) x4 ,!re is also a mod]ate expansion ( ! bone on ! uln> side 9 "s ,pt]odactyles1 s t ! proximal end (t5 incloses ne>ly ?ree-f\r?s ( an ovate outl9e4 ,! t]m9ation ( ! radial cre/ is at ! opposite end ( ?is oval to ! wid] articul> "p ( ! head ( ! bone1 9 "s specim5s f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&4 ,! radial cre/ is m ext5d$ 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us4 ,all specim5s ( ! hum]us %[ a twi/ 9 ! l5g? ( ! bone1 s t ! end t[>ds ! =e-arm1 :i* is wid] ?an ! %aft1 makes a "r angle ) ! radial cre/ on ! proximal end1 :i* is n se5 9 birds4 ,! %aft ( ! hum]us is always /\t] ?an t ( ! femur1 ?\gh diff]5t g5]a diff] 9 ?is respect4 ,! hum]us 9 g5]a f rocks associat$ ) ! ,*alk pres5ts two modifications1 *iefly se5 9 ! *>act]s ( ! di/al end ( ! bone4 ,"o ( ^! is a /\t bone ) a curi\sly truncat$ end :]e x jo9s ! two bones ( ! =e-arm2 & ! o!r is m or less rem>kable = ! r\nd$ =m ( ! di/al condyles4 ,bo? types %[ di/9ct articul> surfaces4 ,! inn] "o is some:at oblique & concave1 ! out] "o r\nd$2 ! two be+ sep>at$ by a concave *annel1 s t ! ulna makes an oblique articulation ) ! bone z 9 birds1 & ! radius articulates by a m or less truncat$ or concave surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! ,,hum]us ,,9 ,,pt]odactyle ,,& ,,bird ,,ulna ,,& ,,radius ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! ,,bones ,,( ,,! ,,=e-,,arm ,,9 ,,bird ,,& ,,orni?osaur ,! bones ( ! =e-arm are simil> to ea* o!r 9 size1 & if !re be any diff]5ce betwe5 !m ! ulna is slightly ! l>g]4 ,!re is "s evid5ce t 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us ! upp] end ( ! ulna 0 plac$ beh9d ! radius1 probably 9 consequ5ce ( ! mode ( atta*m5t ( ^? bones to ! hum]us4 ,! ulna abutt$ t[>ds ! inn] & l[] bord]1 :ile ! radius 0 t[>ds ! upp] bord]1 consequ5t ^u ! twi/ 9 ! hum]us4 ,?is condition corresponds sub/antially ) ! arrangem5t 9 birds1 b diff]s f birds 9 ! relatively m important "p tak5 by ! radius 9 mak+ ! articulation4 ,! bones are comp>$ 9 ,dimorphodon ) ! ,gold5 ,eagle drawn ( ! same size 7,fig4 #db74 ,9 birds ! ulna supports ! great fea!rs ( ! w+1 & ?is may acc\nt = ! size ( ! bone4 ,! ulna is be/ se5 at its proximal end 9 ! specim5s f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&1 :]e !re is a t]m9al olecranon ossification =m+ an oblique articulation1 :i* frequ5tly comes away & is lo/4 ,x is sometimes well pres]v$1 & indicat$ by a suture4 ,! examples ( ulna f ! ,lias %[ a slight expansion ( ! bone at bo? ends1 & at ! di/al end t[>d ! wri/ ! articulation is well def9$1 :]e ! bone jo9s ! c>pus4 ,! l>g] specim5s ( ! bone are brok54 ,! di/al articul> surface is only connect$ ) ! proximal end ( ! bone 9 small specim5s3 x always %[s on ! "o m>g9 a concavity1 foll[$ by a prom95t boss1 & an oblique articulation beyond ! boss4 ,on ! side t[>ds ! radius1 on ! l[] end ( ! %aft !re is an angul> ridge1 :i* m>ks ! l9e along :i* ! ulna ov]laps ! radius4 ,! l[] end ( ! radius has a simple1 slightly convex articulation1 some:at bean-%ap$4 ,no rotation ( ^! bones on ea* o!r 0 possible z 9 man4 ,!re is a ?ird bone 9 ! =e-arm4 ,?is bone1 nam$ ! pt]oid1 is commonly se5 9 skeletons f ,sol5h(54 ,x 0 reg>d$ by ,von ,mey] z hav+ support$ ! w+ membrane 9 flight4 ,"s writ]s h int]pret$ x z an ess5tial "p ( ! ,pt]odactyle skeleton1 & ,von ,mey] ?\ght t x might possibly indicate a fif? digit 9 ! h&4 ,! only exi/+ /ructure at all l x is se5 9 ! ,s\? ,african insectivor\s mammal nam$ ,*ryso*loris cap5sis1 ! gold5 mole1 :i* also has ?ree bones 9 ! =e-arm1 ! ?ird bone ext5d+ half-way up t[>ds ! hum]us4 ,9 t animal ! ?ird bone appe>s to be beh9d ! o!rs & adjac5t to ! ulna4 ,9 ! ,g]man fossils ! pt]oid articulat$ ) a sep>ate c>pal or metac>pal bone1 plac$ on ! side ( ! arm adjac5t to ! radius1 & ! radius is always m inw>d ?an ! ulna4 ,if ! view sugge/$ by ,von ,mey] is adopt$1 ?is bone w\ld be a fir/ digit ext5d+ outw>d & backw>d t[>ds ! hum]us4 ,t view 0 adopt$ by ,pr(essor ,m>%4 ,x involves ! int]pretation ( :at has be5 t]m$ ! lat]al c>pal z ! fir/ metac>pal bone1 :i* w\ld be z %ort z t ( a bird1 b turn$ 9 ! opposite direction backw>d4 ,! fir/ digit w\ld !n only c>ry "o phalange1 & w\ld n t]m9ate 9 a claw1 b lie 9 ! l9e ( ! t5don :i* supports ! ant]ior w+ membrane ( a bird4 ,! ?ird bone 9 ! =e-arm ( ,*ryso*loris does n appe> to correspond to a digit4 ,! bone is on ! opposite side ( ! arm to ! simil> bone ( a ,pt]odactyle1 & !re=e _c be ! same /ructure 9 ! ,gold5 ,mole4 ,! int]pretation :i* makes ! pt]oid bone ! fir/ digit has ! m]it ( acc\nt+ = ! fif? digit ( ! h&4 ,all ! /ructures ( ! h& are consi/5t ) ?is view4 ,! circum/ance t ! bone is r>ely f\nd 9 contact ) ! radius1 b div]g+ f x1 %[s t x plays ! same "p 9 /ret*+ ! membrane 9 advance ( ! arm1 t ! fif? digit holds 9 support+ ! l>g] w+ membrane beh9d ! arm4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,willi/on1 ! ,am]ican too?less ,pt]odactyle ,orni?o/oma has b a s+le phalange on ! correspond+ fir/ toe ( ! h9d foot1 & t bone he describes z long1 cyl9drical1 g5tly curv$1 & bluntly po9t$4 ,!re is "s support = ?is int]pretation2 b ,i h n se5 any ,engli% or ,g]man ,pt]odactyles ) only "o phalange 9 ! fir/ toe4 ,! w+ 9 ,pt]odactyles w\ld ?us be /ret*$ betwe5 two f+]s :i* are b5t backw>d1 ! ?ree int]m$iate digits t]m9at+ 9 claws4 ,,! ,,c>pus ,! wri/ bones 9 ! reptilia usually consi/ ( two r[s4 ,9 ,crocodiles1 9 ! upp] r[ !re is a l>ge inn] & a small out] bone1 beh9d :i* is a lunate bone1 ! rema9d] ( ! c>pus be+ c>tilag9\s4 ,only "o c>pal is conv]t$ into bone 9 ! l[] r[4 ,x is plac$ imm$iately "u ! small] upp] c>pal4 ,9 ,*elonians1 ! turtle & tortoise gr\p1 ! *>act]s ( ! c>pus v>y ) ! family4 ,9 ! upp] r[ !re are usually two %ort c>pals1 :i* may be bl5d$1 "u ! ulna2 :ile ! two "u ! radius are commonly unit$4 ,! l[] r[ is made up ( sev]al small bones4 ,liz>ds1 too1 usually h ?ree bones 9 ! proximal r[ & five small] bones 9 ! di/al r[4 ,! correspond5ce ( ! di/al c>pals ) ! sev]al metac>pal bones ( ! middle h& is a well-kn[n feature ( ! /ructure ( ! wri/4 ,von ,mey] rem>ks t ! c>pus is made up ( two r[s ( small bones 9 ! ,sol5h(5 ,pt]odactyles2 :ile 9 birds !re is "o r[ consi/+ ( two bones4 ,! /ructure ( ! c>pus is n di/9ct 9 all ,g]man specim5s2 b 9 ! %ort-tail$ ,sol5h(5 g5]a ! bones 9 ! two r[s reta9 _! individuality4 ,9 all ! ,cretace\s g5]a ! c>pal bones ( ea* r[ are bl5d$ into a s+le bone1 s t two bones are sup]impos$1 :i* may be t]m$ ! proximal & di/al c>pals4 ,"o specim5 %[s by an indication ( sutures ! orig9al division ( ! di/al c>pal into ?ree bones2 & ! sep>at$ con/itu5t bones are v r>ely met )4 ,two bones ( ! ?ree conflu5t elem5ts contribute to ! support ( ! w+ metac>pal1 & ! ?ird gives an articul> atta*m5t to ! bone :i* ext5ds lat]ally at ! inn] side ( ! c>pus1 :i* ,i n[ ?9k may be ! fir/ metac>pal bone turn$ backw>d t[>ds ! hum]us4 ,! ?ree compon5t bones meet 9 ! circul> pneumatic =am5 9 ! middle ( ! "u side ( ! di/al c>pal4 ,!re is no indication ( division ( ! proximal c>pal 9 ^! g5]a into con/itu5t bones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,,c>pus ,,f ,,orni?o*eirus 7,cambridge ,gre5s&7 ,?is condition is some:at diff]5t f birds4 ,9 #ahgc ,dr4 ,ros5b]g1 ( ,dorpat1 %[$ t !re is 9 ! bird a proximal c>pal =m$ ( two elem5ts1 & a di/al c>pal also =m$ ( two elem5ts4 ,!re=e ! two con/itu5ts ( ! di/al c>pal 9 ! bird :i* bl5ds 9 ! mature animal ) ! metac>pus1 =m+ ! r\nd$ pulley jo9t1 may correspond ) two ( ! ?ree bones 9 ! ,cretace\s ,pt]odactyle ,orni?o*eirus4 ,! wid? ( a proximal c>pal r>ely exce$s two in*es1 & t ( a di/al c>pal is ab\t an in* & ?ree-qu>t]s4 ,two su* bones :5 9 contact w\ld n measure m ?an "o in* 9 dep?4 ,! l[] surface %[s t ! w+ _h "s rot>y movem5t ^u ! c>pus outw>d & backw>d4 ,,metac>pus ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,,metac>pus ,,9 ,,two ,,orni?osaurs ,! metac>pus consi/s ( bones :i* correspond to ! back ( ! h&4 ,! fir/ digit ( ! h& 9 claw$ animals has ! metac>pal bone %ort1 or %ort] ?an ! o!rs4 ,among mammals metac>pal bones are sometimes greatly elongat$2 & a simil> condition is f\nd 9 ,pt]odactyles1 9 :i* ! metac>pal bone may be mu* long] ?an ! phalange :i* is atta*$ to x4 ,two metac>pal bones appe> to be s+ul>ly /\t] ?an ! o!rs4 ,! fir/ bone ( ! fir/ digit1 if rightly det]m9$1 is mu* %ort] ?an ! o!rs1 & is1 9 fact1 no long] ?an ! c>pus 7,fig4 #dc74 ,x is a flat oblong bone1 atta*$ to ! inn] side ( ! l[] c>pal1 & in/ead ( be+ prolong$ di/ally 9 ! same direction z ! o!r metac>pal bones1 is turn$ r\nd & direct$ upw>d1 s t its upp] edge is flu% ) ! base ( ! radius1 & gives atta*m5t to a bone :i* resembles a t]m9al phalange ( ! w+ f+]4 ,accord+ to ?is int]pretation x is ! fir/ & only phalange 9 ! fir/ digit4 ,! bone is (t5 ab\t half z long z ! =e-arm1 t]m9ates upw>d 9 a po9t1 is sometimes curv$1 & frequ5tly div]ges outw>d f ! bones ( ! =e-arm1 z pres]v$ 9 ! associat$ skeleton1 be+ /ret*$ t[>ds ! radial cre/ ( ! hum]us4 ,?is mode ( atta*m5t ( ! suppos$ fir/ metac>pal1 :i* is true = all ,cretace\s pt]odactyles1 has n be5 %[n to be ! same = all ^? f ! ,sol5h(5 ,slate4 ,!re is no great] anomaly 9 ?is metac>pal & phalange on ! inn] side be+ b5t backw>d1 ?an !re is 9 ! w+ f+] be+ b5t backw>d on ! out] side4 ,! ?ree sl5d] int]v5+ digits ext5d =w>d betwe5 !m1 z ?\gh !y 7 appli$ to ! gr\nd = walk+4 ,! bone :i* is usually kn[n z ! w+ metac>pal is frequ5tly /\t] at ! proximal end t[>ds ! c>pus ?an t[>ds ! phalange4 ,at ! c>pal end x is oblong & truncat$1 ) a %ort middle process1 :i* may h ext5d$ into ! pit 9 ! base ( ! c>pal bone2 :ile ! di/al t]m9al end is r\nd$ exactly l a pulley4 ,!re is great diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( ! metac>pus4 ,9 ! ,am]ican g5us ,orni?o/oma x is mu* long] ?an ! =e-arm4 ,9 ,rhamphorhyn*us x is rem>kably %ort1 ?\gh p]haps sc>cely s %ort z 9 ,dimorphodon or 9 ,scaphogna?us4 ,! l>ge/ ,cretace\s examples are ab\t two in*es wide :]e !y jo9 ! c>pus4 ,! bone is sometimes a little curv$4 ,betwe5 ! fir/ & fif? or w+ metac>pal are ! ?ree sl5d] metac>pal bones :i* give atta*m5t to ! claw$ digits4 ,!y be> mu* ! same relation to ! w+ metac>pal t ! l>ge metat>sal ( a ,kang>oo has to ! sl5d] bones ( ! in/ep :i* are p>allel to x4 ,! facet = ! w+ metac>pal on ! c>pus is cle>ly recognis$1 b z a rule !re is no surface ) :i* ! small metac>pals c be sep>ately articulat$4 ,"o or two exceptional specim5s f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s& appe> to h n only surfaces = ! w+ metac>pal1 b two mu* small] articul> surfaces1 giv+ atta*m5t to small] metac>pals2 :ile 9 "o case !re appe>s to be only "o ( ^! additional impressions4 ,x is c]ta9 t all ! animals f ! ,lias & ,oolites h ?ree claw$ digits1 b at pres5t ,i h se5 no evid5ce t !re 7 ?ree 9 ! ,cretace\s g5]a1 ?\gh ,pr(essor ,willi/on's /atem5ts & re/oration appe> to %[ t ! too?less ,pt]odactyles h ?ree4 ,ano!r diff]5ce f ! ,oolitic types1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,willi/on1 is 9 ! l5g? ( ! sl5d] metac>pals ( ! claw$ phalanges be+ ab\t "o-?ird t ( ! w+ metac>pal1 b ?is is probably due to imp]fect ossification at ! proximal end2 = at ! di/al end ! bones all t]m9at$ on ! same level1 %[+ t ! f\r out] digits 7 appli$ to ! gr\nd to support ! weight ( ! body4 ,! correspond+ bone 9 ! ,horse & ,ox5 is c>ri$ erect1 s z to be 9 a v]tical l9e ) ! bones ( ! =e-arm2 & ! same position prevails usually1 ?\gh n inv>iably1 ) ! correspond+ bone 9 ! h9d limb1 :ile 9 _m claw$ mammals ! metac>pus & metat>sus are bo? appli$ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,9 ,pt]odactyles ! metat>sal bones are pres]v$ 9 ! rock 9 ! same /raight l9e ) ! small] bones ( ! foot1 or make an angle ) ! %9 bone1 lead+ to ! conviction t ! bones ( ! foot 7 appli$ to ! gr\nd z 9 ,man1 & sometimes z 9 ! ,dog1 & 7 ?us modifi$ = leap+4 ,j z ! human metac>pus is ext5d$ 9 ! same l9e ) ! bones ( ! =e-arm1 & ! movem5t ( jo9t+ occurs :]e ! f+]s jo9 ! metac>pus1 s ,pt]odactyles also _h ^! bones diff]5tly modifi$ 9 ! =e & h9d limbs = ! functions ( life4 ,! result is to l5g!n ! =e limb z comp>$ ) ! h9d limb by introduc+ into x an elevation above ! gr\nd :i* corresponds to ! l5g? ( ! metac>pus1 always suppos+ t ! animal commonly assum$ ! position ( a quadrup$ :5 ^u ! e>?'s surface4 ,?is position ( ! metac>pus is a rem>kable diff]5ce f ,birds1 because :5 ! bird's w+ is at re/ x is fold$ into ?ree portions4 ,! upp] arm bone ext5ds backw>d1 ! bones ( ! =e-arm are b5t ^u x s z to ext5d =w>d1 & !n at ! wri/ ! ?ird portion1 :i* includes ! metac>pus & f+] bones1 is b5t backw>d4 ,s t ! metac>pus 9 ! ,pt]odactyle diff]s f birds 9 be+ 9 ! same l9e z ! bones ( ! =e-arm1 :]eas 9 birds x is 9 ! same l9e ) ! digit bones ( ! h&4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t 9 ,bats1 :i* are s sugge/ive ( ,pt]odactyles 9 "s features ( ! h&1 ! metac>pals & phalanges are 9 ! same /raight l9e2 s t 9 ?is respect ! bat is m l ! bird4 ,b ,pt]odactyles 9 ! relation ( ^! bones to flight are q unlike any o!r animal1 & h no?+ 9 common ) ! exi/+ animals nam$ ,reptiles4 ,,! ,,h& ,f :at has j be5 said x foll[s t ! con/ruction ( ! h& is unique4 ,x may be contra/$ ) ! foot ( a bird4 ,! bone :i* is call$1 9 ! language ( anatomi/s1 ! t>so-metat>sus1 & is usually free f fea!rs & cov]$ ) sk91 is commonly c>ri$ erect 9 birds1 s t ! :ole body is support$ ^u x2 & f x ! toes div]ge outw>d4 ,x is =m$ 9 birds ( ?ree sep>ate bones bl5d$ toge!r4 ,9 ! =e limb ( ! ,pt]odactyle ! metac>pus has ! same relation to ! bones ( ! =e-arm t ! metat>sus has to ! correspond+ bones ( ! leg 9 a bird4 ,b ! ?ree metac>pal bones 9 ! ,pt]odactyle rema9 di/9ct f ea* o!r1 p]haps because ! ma9 "w ( t region ( ! skeleton has devolv$ ^u ! digit call$ ! w+ f+]1 :i* is n recognis$ 9 ! bird4 ,9 ! ,pt]odactyles f ! ,sol5h(5 ,slate !re is a progressive numb] ( phalanges 9 ! ?ree small digits ( ! h&1 :i* 7 appli$ to ! gr\nd4 ,?is numb] 9 ! great majority ( species foll[s ! =mula ( two bones 9 ! fir/1 ?ree bones 9 second1 & f\r 9 ! ?ird2 s t 9 ! inn]mo/ ( ! claw$ digits only "o bone int]v5es betwe5 ! metac>pal & ! claw4 ,! f+]s slightly increase 9 l5g? ) increase 9 numb] ( bones :i* =m !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,,claw ,,phalange ,,f ,,! ,,h& ,,9 ,,orni?o*eirus4 7,half natural size7 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,,metac>pus ,,& ,,digits ,,( ,,! ,,h& ,,9 ,,birds ,,) ,,claws ,! t]m9al claw bones are unlike ! claws ( ,birds or ,reptiles4 ,!y are compress$ f side to side1 & extremely deep & /rong1 ) evid5ce ( p[]ful atta*m5t = ligam5ts1 s t !y r resemble 9 _! =m & l>ge size ! claws ( "s ( ! c>nivor\s fossil reptiles1 (t5 gr\p$ z ,d9osauria1 su* z h be5 t]m$ ,ari/osu*us & ,megalosaurus4 ,9 ! h& ( ! ,o/ri* ! fir/ & second digits t]m9ate 9 claws1 :ile ! ?ird is )\t a claw4 ,b ^! claws ( ! ,o/ri* & o!r birds are sl5d]1 curv$1 & r feeble organs4 ,9 ! ,ar*aeopt]yx1 a fossil bird :i* agrees ) ! ,pt]odactyles 9 reta9+ ! sep>ate condition ( ! metac>pal bones & 9 hav+ ! same numb] ( phalanges 9 two ( ! f+]s ( ! =e limb1 ! t]m9al claws are r m compress$ f side to side1 & /rong] ?an 9 ! ,o/ri*1 b n ne>ly s /rong z 9 ! ,pt]odactyle4 ,! ,ar*aeopt]yx diff]s f ! ,pt]odactyle 9 hav+ no trace ( a w+ f+]4 ,! fir/ metac>pal bone is %ort1 z 9 all birds2 & ! fir/ phalange sc>cely l5g!ns t segm5t ( ! fir/ digit ( ! ,bird's h& to ! same l5g? z ! o!r metac>pal bones4 ,x !re=e 0 n b5t backw>d l ! fir/ digit 9 ,pt]odactyles4 ,! w+ f+]1 f :i* ! g5ius ( ,cuvi] select$ ! sci5tific "n--,pt]odactyle--= ^! fossils1 yields _! mo/ di/9ctive "*4 ,x is a feature :i* c\ld only be p>tly p>allel$ 9 ! ,bat1 by mak+ *anges ( /ructure :i* w\ld remove e support to ! w+ b ! out]mo/ digit ( t animal's h&4 ,9 ! ,bat's h& ! membrane = flight is ext5d$ *iefly by f\r div]g+ metac>pal bones4 ,!re are only two or ?ree phalanges 9 ea* digit 9 its f\r w+ f+]s4 ,9 ,pt]odactyles ! metac>pal bones are1 z we h se51 arrang$ 9 close contact1 & take no "p 9 /ret*+ ! w+4 ,,! ,,w+ ,,f+] ,9 ,birds !re is no?+ :atev] to repres5t ! w+ f+] ( ! ,pt]odactyle1 = x is an organ ext]nal to ! f+] bones ( ! bird1 & conta9s f\r phalanges4 ,! fir/ phalange is q diff]5t f ! o!rs4 ,its l5g? is a/oni%+ :5 comp>$ ) ! small phalanges ( ! claw$ f+]s4 ,! articul> surface1 :i* jo9s on to ! w+ metac>pal bone1 is a concave articulation1 :i* fits ! pulley 9 :i* t bone ends4 ,! pulley articulation admits ( an ext5sion movem5t 9 "o direction only4 ,_m specim5s %[ ! w+ f+] to be fold$ up s z to ext5d backw>d4 ,! :ole f+] is pres]v$ 9 o!r specim5s /raight5$ out s z to be 9 l9e ) ! metac>pus4 ,?is condition is well se5 9 ,pr(essor ,m>%'s specim5 ( ,rhamphorhyn*us1 :i* has ! w+ membrane pres]v$1 9 :i* all bones ( ! =e-arm metac>pus & w+ f+] are ext5d$ 9 a cont9u\s curve4 ,! out] surface ( ! end ( ! fir/ bone ( ! w+ f+] ov]laps ! w+ metac>pal1 s t a maximum ( /r5g? & resi/ance is provid$ 9 ! bony /ructures by :i* ! w+ is support$4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 9 flight only "o angul> b5d 9 ! limb1 & t is betwe5 ! upp] arm bone & ! =e-arm4 ,an imm5se pneumatic =am5 is situate 9 a groove on ! "u side ( ! upp] end ( ! fir/ phalange 9 ,orni?o*eirus1 b is abs5t 9 specim5s f ! ,kim]idge clay4 ,?is bone is long & /\t4 ,x t]m9ates at ! l[] end 9 an obliquely truncat$ articul> surface4 ,specim5s occur 9 ! ,cambridge ,gre5s& :i* are #b in*es broad at ! upp] end & ne>ly #a-a_/b in* wide at ! l[] end4 ,an imp]fect bone f ! ,*alk is #ad-a_/b in*es long4 ,! bones are all flatt5$4 ,specim5s f ! ,*alk ( ,kansas at ,muni* are #bh in*es long4 ,! second phalange is concave at ! upp] articul> end & convex 9 ! long] direction at ! l[] end4 ,! articul> po9ts ( union betwe5 ! sev]al phalanges =m prom95ces on ! "u side ( ! f+] 9 consequ5ce ( ! adjac5t bones be+ a little wid5$ at _! junction4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t !re is a proximal epiphysis or sep>ate bone to ! fir/ phalange1 adjac5t to ! pulley jo9t ( ! metac>pal bone1 :i* is l ! sep>ate olecranon process ( ! ulna ( ! =e-arm4 ,x sometimes comes away 9 specim5s f ! ,*alk & ,cambridge ,gre5s&1 leav+ a l>ge circul> pit ) a depress$ n>r[ bord]4 ,on ! out] side ( ?is process is a r\nd$ boss1 :i* may possibly h support$ ! bone1 if x 7 appli$ to ! gr\nd ) ! w+ fold$ up1 l ! w+ ( a ,bat direct$ upw>d & backw>d at ! animal's side4 ,! f\r bones ( ! w+ f+] usually decrease progressively 9 l5g?1 s t 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us1 9 :i* ! l5g? ( ! animal's head only slightly exce$s #c-a_/b in*es1 ! fir/ phalange is ne>ly z long1 ! second phalange is ab\t #c-a_/d in*es1 ! ?ird #b-c_/d in*es1 & ! f\r? a little ov] #b in*es4 ,?us ! entire l5g? ( ! f\r phalanges slightly exce$s #aa in*es1 or r m ?an ?ree times ! l5g? ( ! head4 ,b ! =e-arm & metac>pus 9 ?is type only measure #c in*es4 ,!re=e ! entire spread ( w+s c\ld n h be5 m ?an #b feet #i in*es4 ,! l>ge/ ,orni?osaur 9 :i* accurate measurem5ts h be5 made is ! too?less ,pt]odactyle ,orni?o/oma1 also nam$ ,pt]anodon1 f ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,9 t type ! head appe>s to h be5 ab\t #c or #d feet long1 & ! w+ f+] exce$$ #e feet2 :ile ! l5g? ( ! =e-arm & metac>pus exce$$ #c feet4 ,! wid? ( ! body w\ld n h be5 m ?an #a foot4 ,! l5g? ( ! %ort hum]us1 :i* 0 ab\t #aa in*es1 did n add greatly to ! /ret* ( ! w+2 s t ! spread ( ! w+s z /ret*$ 9 flight may be giv5 z probably n exce$+ #ag or #ah feet4 ,a f9e example ( ! w+ bones ( ?is animal q z l>ge has be5 obta9$ by ! 7,briti% ,museum ,natural ,hi/ory74 ,_m ye>s ago1 on v fragm5t>y mat]ials1 ,i e/imat$ ! w+s 9 ! ,engli% ,cretace\s ,orni?o*eirus z probably hav+ a /ret* ( #bj feet 9 ! l>ge/ specim5s1 bas+ ! calculation p>tly ^u ! ext5t ( ! longe/ w+s 9 exi/+ birds relatively to _! bones1 & p>tly ^u ! size ( ! l>ge/ associat$ bones :i* 7 !n kn[n4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,! ,,animal',s ,,habits ,,f ,,its ,,rema9s ,su* are ! m rem>kable *>act]s ( ! bones 9 a type ( animal life :i* 0 m anomal\s ?an any o!r :i* peopl$ ! e>? 9 ! ,second>y ,epo* ( geological "t4 ,its skeleton 9 diff]5t p>ts resembles ,reptiles1 ,birds1 & ,mammals2 ) modifications & comb9ations s s+ul> t !y might h be5 deem$ impossible if ,nature's p[] ( v>y+ ! skeleton c\ld be limit$4 ,s9ce ,orni?osaurs 7 provid$ ) w+s1 we may believe ! animals to "s ext5t to h resembl$ birds 9 habit4 ,_! modes ( progression 7 m v>i$1 = ! /ructures indicate an equal capacity = movem5t on l& z a bip$1 or z a quadrup$1 ) movem5t 9 ! air4 ,!re is little evid5ce to support ! idea t !y 7 usually aquatic animals4 ,! majority ( birds :i* frequ5t ! wat] h _! bodies /or$ ) fat & ! bones ( _! extremities fill$ ) m>r[4 ,& a bird's m>r[ bones are /\t] & /rong] ?an ^? :i* are fill$ ) air4 ,!re are few1 if any1 bones ( ,pt]odactyles s ?ick z to sugge/ ! conclusion t !y conta9$ m>r[1 & ! bones ( ! extremities appe> to h be5 con/ruct$ on ! lighte/ type f\nd among t]re/rial birds4 ,_! ?9ness1 except 9 a few specim5s f ! ,weald5 rocks1 is m>vell\s2 & all ! lat] ,pt]odactyles %[ ! arrangem5t1 z 9 birds1 by :i* air f ! lungs is convey$ to ! pr9cipal bones4 ,no ,pt]odactyle has %[n any trace ( ! web-foot$ condition se5 9 birds :i* swim on ! wat]1 unless ! div]g+ bones ( ! h9d foot 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us supports t inf]5ce4 ,! bones ( ! h9d foot are relatively small1 & if x 7 n t a bird /&s easily ^u "o foot1 might be consid]$ sc>cely adequate to support ! animal 9 ! position :i* t]re/rial birds usually occupy4 ,yet1 z comp>$ ) ! l5g? & bread? ( ! foot 9 an ,o/ri*1 ! toes ( an ,orni?osaur are se5 to be ample = support4 ,^! facts appe> to disc\rage ! idea t ! animals 7 equally at home on l& & wat]1 & 9 air4 ,"s light may be ?r[n ^u ! animal's habits by ! geological circum/ances "u :i* ! rema9s are f\nd4 ,! ,pt]odactyle nam$ ,dimorphodon1 f ! ,lias ( ! s\? ( ,engl&1 is associat$ ) evid5ces ( t]re/rial l& animals1 ! be/ kn[n ( :i* is ,scelidosaurus1 an arm\r$ ,d9osaur adapt$ by its limbs = progression on l&4 ,& ! ,pt]odactyle ,campylogna?us1 f ! ,lias ( ,:itby1 is associat$ ) trunks ( conif]\s trees & rema9s ( ,insects4 ,s t ! occurr5ce ( ,pt]odactyles 9 a m>9e /ratum is n inconsi/5t ) _! hav+ be5 transport$ by /reams f (f ! old l& surface ( ! ,lias1 on :i* conif]\s trees grew & ,d9osaurs liv$4 ,simil> consid]ations apply to ! occurr5ce ( ! ,rhamphocephalus 9 ! ,/onesfield ,slate ( ,engl&4 ,! deposit is n only =m$ 9 %all[ wat]1 b conta9s t]re/rial ,insects1 a v>iety ( l& plants1 & _m ,reptiles & o!r animals :i* liv$ ^u l&4 ,! specim5s f ! ,purbeck b$s1 aga91 are 9 /rata :i* yield a multitude ( ! spoils ( a ne>ly adjac5t l& surface2 :ile ! num]\s rema9s f\nd 9 ! m>9e ,sol5h(5 ,slate 9 ,g]many are simil>ly associat$ ) abundant evid5ces ( v>i$ types ( t]re/rial life4 ,! evid5ce gr[s 9 =ce f its cumulative "*4 ,! ,weald5 b$s1 :i* yield _m t]re/rial reptiles & s mu* evid5ce ( t]re/rial vegetation1 & %all[-wat] conditions ( disposition1 h af=d$ important ,pt]odactyle rema9s f ! ,isle ( ,wight & ,sussex4 ,! *ief ,engli% deposit 9 :i* ^! fossils are f\nd1 ! ,upp] ,gre5s&1 has af=d$ ?\s&s ( bones1 batt]$ & brok5 on a %ore1 :]e !y h la9 9 little associat$ gr\ps ( rema9s1 (t5 becom+ ov]gr[n ) small m>9e %ells4 ,side by side ) !m are f\nd bones ( true t]re/rial ,liz>ds & ,crocodiles ( ! type ( ! ,gavial ( ! ,indian riv]s1 _m t]re/rial ,d9osaurs1 & o!r evid5ces ( l& life1 includ+ fossil res9s1 su* z are met ) 9 ! =m ( amb] or copal at ! pres5t day4 ,! great bones ( ,pt]odactyles f\nd 9 ! ,*alk ( ,k5t1 ne> ,ro*e/]1 became entomb$1 beyond "q1 f> f a l& surface4 ,!re is no?+ to %[ :e!r ! animals di$ on l& & 7 drift$ out to sea l ! timb] :i* is f\nd wat]-logg$ & sunk5 aft] be+ drill$ by ! %ip-worm 7,t]$o7 ( t epo*4 ,see+ ! p[] ( flight :i* ! animal possess$1 /orms may h /ruck d[n travell]s f "t to "t1 :5 f> f l&4 ,evid5ce ( habit ( ano!r k9d may be f\nd 9 _! tee?4 ,!y are brightly enamell$1 %>p1 =midable2 & are frequ5tly long1 ov]lapp+ ! sides ( ! jaws4 ,!y are organs :i* are (t5 bett] adapt$ = grasp+ ?an = te>+1 z may be se5 9 ! incl9$ tee? ( ,rhamphocephalus ( ! ,/onesfield ,slate2 & bett] adapt$ = kill+ ?an te>+1 f _! pi]c+ =ms & cutt+ edges1 9 g5]a l ,orni?o*eirus ( ! ,gre5s&4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! tee? 7 implant$ & c>ri$ is bett] p>allel$ by ! fi%-eat+ crocodile ( ,indian riv]s ?an by ! fle%-eat+ crocodiles1 or ,mugg]s1 :i* live indiff]5tly 9 riv]s & ! sea4 ,z ! ,k+fi%] f9ds its food 7see ,fig4 #bj7 f ! surface ( ! wat] )\t be+ 9 ! common s5se ( ! t]m a wat] bird1 s "s ,pt]odactyles may h f$ on fi%1 = :i* _! tee? are well adapt$1 bo? 9 ! /ream & by ! %ore4 ,a ,pt]odactyle's tee? v>y a good deal 9 appe>ance4 ,! few l>ge tee? 9 ! front ( ! jaw 9 ,dimorphodon1 associat$ ) ! _m small v]tical tee? plac$ fur!r backw>d1 sugge/ t ! tak+ ( food may h be5 a process requir+ leisure1 s9ce ! h9d] tee? adapt$ to m9c+ ! animal's meat are extremely small4 ,! way 9 :i* ! tee? are %ap$ & arrang$ diff]s ) ! g5]a4 ,9 ,pt]odactylus !y are %ort & broad & few1 plac$ = ! mo/ "p t[>ds ! front ( ! jaws4 ,_! lancet-%ap$ =m indicates a %e>-l action adapt$ to divid+ fle%4 ,9 ! associat$ g5us ,rhamphorhyn*us ! tee? are abs5t f ! extremity ( ! jaw1 are sl5d]1 po9t$1 spac$ f> ap>t1 & ext5d f> backw>d4 ,:5 ! jaws ( ! ,rhamphorhyn*us are br\ght toge!r !re is always a gap betwe5 !m 9 front1 :i* has l$ to belief t ! tee? 7 replac$ by "s k9d ( horny armature :i* has p]i%$4 ,9 ! long-nos$ ,engli% type ( ,orni?o*eirus ! jaws are compress$ toge!r1 s t ! tee? ( ! opposite sides are p>allel to ea* o!r1 ) ! m>g9s well fill$ ) tee?1 :i* are nev] 9 close contact1 ?\gh occasionally clos] & l>g] 9 front1 9 "s ( ! =ms ) ?ick truncat$ sn\ts4 ,x is n ! lea/ int]e/+ circum/ance ( ! d5tition ( ,pt]odactyles t1 associat$ 9 ! same deposits ) ^! mo/ rec5t g5]a ) tee? p[]fully develop$1 !re is a g5us nam$ ,orni?o/oma f ! resemblance ( its m\? to t ( a bird 9 be+ entirely devoid ( tee?4 ,x is sc>cely possible to di/+ui% ! rema9s ( ! too!d & too?less skeletons except 9 ! d5t>y "* ( ! jaws4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ! too?less types ev] possess$ a too? ( any sort4 ,!y 7 fir/ f\nd 9 fragm5ts 9 ,engl& 9 ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&1 b 7 aft]w>ds met ) 9 great abundance 9 ! ,*alk ( ,kansas1 :]e ! same animals 7 nam$ ,pt]anodon4 ,a jaw s entirely bird-l sugge/s t ! dige/ive organs ( ,pt]odactyles may 9 su* too?less =ms at lea/ h be5 *>act]is$ by a gizz>d1 :i* is s di/9ctive ( ,birds4 ,! abs5ce ( tee? 9 ! ,great ,ant-eat] & "s o!r alli$ ,mammals has transf]r$ ! function :i* tee? usually p]=m to ! /oma*1 "o "p ( :i* becomes greatly ?ick5$ & muscul>1 adapt+ itself to ! "w :i* x has to p]=m4 ,x is probable t ! gizz>d may be develop$ 9 relation to ! necessities :i* food creates1 s9ce ev5 ,tr\t1 fe$+ on ! %ell-fi% 9 "s ,iri% lo*s1 acquire su* a ?ick5$ muscul> /oma*1 & a l modification is record$ 9 o!r fi%es z produc$ by food4 ,closely connect$ ) an animal's habits is ! protection to ! body :i* is af=d$ by ! sk94 ,9 ,pt]odactyles ! evid5ce ( ! condition ( ! sk9 is scanty1 & mo/ly negative4 ,sometimes ! d5se1 smoo? texture ( ! jaw bones indicates a cov]+ l ! sk9 ( a ,liz>d or ! h9d] "p ( ! jaw ( a ,bird4 ,"s jaws f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s& h ! bone *annel$ ov] its surface by m9ute blood vessels :i* h impress$ !mselves into ! bone m easily ?an into its cov]+4 ,?us 9 ! species ( ,orni?o*eirus di/+ui%$ z microdon ! palate is absolutely smoo?1 :ile 9 ! species nam$ ma*a]orhyn*us x is m>k$ by p>allel impress$ vascul> grooves :i* div]ge f ! m$ian l9e4 ,?is condition cle>ly indicates a diff]5ce 9 ! cov]+ ( ! bone1 & t 9 ! latt] species ! cov]+ _h few] blood vessels & m horny protection ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,! tissue may n h be5 ( firm] consi/5ce ?an 9 ! palate ( ,mammals4 ,! extremity ( ! beak is (t5 z full ( blood vessels z ! jaw ( a ,turtle or ,crocodile4 ,,cov]+ ,,( ,,! ,,body ,!re is no trace ev5 9 specim5s f ! ,sol5h(5 or ,/onesfield ,slate ( any cov]+ to ! body4 ,!re are no specim5s pres]v$ l mummies1 & al?\gh ! sub/ance ( ! w+s is f\nd !re is no trace ( fur or fea!rs1 bones1 or scales on ! sk94 ,! only example 9 :i* !re is ev5 an appe>ance sugge/+ fea!rs is 9 ! beautiful ,scaphogna?us at ,bonn1 & ^u portions ( ! w+ membrane ( t specim5 are pres]v$ a v few small %ort & app>5tly tubul> bodies1 :i* h a sugge/ive resemblance to ! quills ( small undevelop$ fea!rs4 ,su* evid5ces h be5 dilig5tly s\ght =4 ,pr(essor ,m>%1 aft] exam9+ ! w+ membranes ( 8 specim5 ( ,rhamphorhyn*us f ,sol5h(51 /at$ t ! w+s 7 p>tially fold$ & naturally contract$ into folds1 & t ! surface ( ! tissue is m>k$ by delicate /riae1 :i* might easily be tak5 at fir/ sight = a ?9 coat+ ( hair4 ,clos] inve/igation prov$ ! m>k+s to be m9ute wr9kles on ! "u surface ( ! w+ membrane4 ,?is negative evid5ce has consid]able value1 because ! ,sol5h(5 ,slate has pres]v$ 9 ! two kn[n examples ( ! bird ,ar*aeopt]yx beautiful details ( ! /ructure ( ! l>g] fea!rs conc]n$ 9 flight4 ,x has pres]v$ _m /ructures f> m delicate4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 reason = believ+ t if ! sk9 _h possess$ any cov]+ l "o ( ^? f\nd 9 exi/+ v]tebrate animals1 x c\ld sc>cely h escap$ detection 9 ! num]\s undi/urb$ skeletons ( ,pt]odactyles :i* h be5 exam9$4 ,! abs5ce ( a recognisable cov]+ to ! sk9 9 a fossil /ate _c be accept$ z conclusive evid5ce ( ! temp]ature1 habits1 or aff9ities ( ! animal4 ,al?\gh ,mammalia are almo/ entirely clo!d ) d5se hair1 :i* has nev] be5 f\nd 9 a recognisable condition 9 a fossil /ate 9 any specim5 ( ,t]ti>y age1 "o entire ord]1 ! ,cetacea1 %[ 9 ! smoo? hairless sk9s ( ,:ales & ,porpoises t ! class may "p ) ! typical *>act]i/ic cov]+ )\t loss ( temp]ature & )\t intelligible cause4 ,t ! abs5ce ( hair is n due to ! aquatic conditions ( riv]s or sea is prov$ by o!r m>9e ,mammals1 l ,seals1 hav+ ! sk9 clo!d ) a d5se gr[? ( hair1 :i* is n surpass$ 9 any o!r ord]4 ,! f95ess ( ! gr[? ( hair 9 ,man gives a sup]ficial appe>ance ( ! sk9 be+ imp]fectly clo!d1 & a simil> sk9 9 a fossil /ate might give ! impression t x 0 devoid ( hair4 ,!re are _m ,mammals 9 :i* ! sk9 is scantily clo!d ) hair z ! animal gr[s old4 ,nei!r ! ,elephant nor ! ,armadillo 9 a fossil /ate w\ld be likely to h ! hair pres]v$1 = ! gr[? is ?9 on ! bony %ields ( ! liv+ ,armadilloes4 ,yet ! difficulty ne$ be no m inh]5t 9 ! nature ( hair ?an 9 t ( fea!rs1 s9ce ! hair ( ! ,mammo? & ,rh9oc]os has be5 completely pres]v$ ^u _! sk9s 9 ! tundras ( ,sib]ia1 d5sely clo?+ ! body4 ,?is may g to %[ t ! ,pt]odactyle possess$ a ?9 cov]+ ( hair1 or1 m probably1 t hair 0 abs5t4 ,s9ce ,reptiles are equally v>iable 9 ! clo?+ ( ! sk9 ) bony or horny plates1 & 9 sometimes hav+ no su* protection1 x may n appe> s+ul> t ! sk9 9 ,orni?osaurs has hi!rto giv5 no evid5ce ( a cov]+4 ,f analogy a cov]+ might h be5 expect$2 fea!rs ( ,birds & hair ( ,mammals are non-conduct+ cov]+s suit$ to arre/ ! loss ( heat4 ,) ! evid5ce1 su* z x is1 ( resemblance ( ,orni?osaurs to ,birds 9 "s features ( respiration & flight1 a cov]+ to ! sk9 might h be5 expect$4 ,yet ! cov]+ may n be necess>y to a high temp]ature ( ! blood4 ,s9ce ,dr4 ,john ,davy made 8 obs]vations x has be5 kn[n t ! temp]ature ( ! ,tunny1 above #ij deg4 ,fahr5heit1 is z w>m z ! ,african scaly ant-eat] nam$ ! ,pangol91 :i* has ! body m amply protect$ by its cov]+4 ,?is illu/ration also %[s t hot blood may be produc$ )\t a f\r-cell$ he>t1 ) :i* x is usually associat$1 & t ev5 if ! sk9 9 ,pt]odactyles 0 absolutely nak$ an active life & an abundant supply ( blood c\ld h giv5 ! animal a high temp]ature4 ,! circum/ance t 9 sev]al individuals ! sub/ance ( ! w+ membrane is pres]v$ w\ld appe> to indicate ei!r t x 0 exceptionally /\t :5 !re w\ld h be5 small *ance ( resi/+ decomposition1 or t its pres]vation is due to a cov]+ :i* once exi/$ ( fur or d[n or o!r clo?+ sub/ance1 :i* has prov$ m durable ?an ! sk9 itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,,rema9s ,,( ,,dimorphodon ,,f ,,! ,,lias ,,( ,,lyme ,,regis ,,%[+ ,,! ,,skull1 ,,neck1 ,,back ,,& ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,long] ,,bones ,,( ,,! ,,skeleton ,f a slab 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,natural ,hi/ory7 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,anci5t ,,orni?osaurs ,,f ,,! ,,lias ,cuvi]'s disc\rse on ! revolutions ( ! ,e>? made ! ,pt]odactyle kn[n to ,engli% read]s e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,dr4 ,buckl&1 ! di/+ui%$ pr(essor ( ,geology at ,ox=d1 discov]$ 9 #ahbi a f> l>g] specim5 9 ! ,lias ( ,lyme ,regis1 & x became kn[n by a figure publi%$ by ! ,geological ,society1 & by ! description 9 8 fam\s ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 p4 #afd4 ,?is animal 0 tantalis+ 9 imp]fect pres]vation4 ,! bones 7 scatt]$ 9 ! clay1 s z to give no idea ( ! animal's aspect4 ,k ( its limbs & body has be5 gradually acquir$2 & n[1 = "s ye>s1 ! tail & mo/ p>ts ( ! skeleton h be5 well kn[n 9 ?is olde/ & mo/ int]e/+ ,briti% ,pt]odactyle4 ,sir ,ri*>d ,ow5 aft] "s "t sep>at$ ! fossil z a di/9ct g5us1 nam$ ,dimorphodon2 = x 0 9 _m ways unlike ! ,pt]odactyles describ$ f ,bav>ia4 ,! "n ,dimorphodon indicat$ ! two di/9ct k9ds ( tee? 9 ! jaws1 a "* :i* is /ill unp>allel$ among ,pt]odactyles ( new] age4 ,!re are a few l>ge po9t$1 pi]c+ & te>+ tee? 9 ! front ( ! jaws1 ) small] tee? fur!r back1 plac$ among ! te>+ tee? 9 ! upp] jaw2 :ile 9 ! l[] jaw ! small tee? are cont9u\s1 close-set1 & =m a f9e cutt+ edge l a saw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,,left ,,side ,,( ,,dimorphodon 7,,re/or$7 ,,at ,,re/ ,! ,dimorphodon has a %ort beak1 a deep head1 & deep l[] jaw1 :i* is ov]lapp$ by ! *eek bones4 ,! side ( ! head is occupi$ by f\r vacuities1 sep>at$ by n>r[ b>s ( bone4 ,fir/1 9 front1 is ! imm5se op5+ = ! no/ril1 triangul> 9 =m1 ) ! long upp] side foll[+ ! r\nd$ curve ( ! face4 ,a l>ge triangul> op5+ int]v5es betwe5 ! nose hole & ! eye hole1 sc>cely small] ?an ! =m]1 b mu* l>g] ?an ! orbit ( ! eye4 ,! eye hole is %ap$ l a kite or inv]t$ pe>4 ,fur!r back /ill is a n>r[] v]tical op5+ kn[n z ! lat]al or inf]ior temporal vacuity4 ,! back ( ! head is badly pres]v$4 ,! two pr9cipal skulls diff] 9 dep?1 probably f ! /ra9s "u :i* !y 7 press$ flat 9 ! clay4 ,a s+ul> detail ( /ructure is f\nd 9 ! extremity ( ! l[] jaw1 :i* is turn$ slightly d[nw>d1 & t]m9ates 9 a %ort too?less po9t4 ,! head ( ,dimorphodon is ab\t eight in*es long4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,,dimorphodon ,,macronyx ,,re/or$ ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,animal ,! neck bones are ( suitable /\tness & wid? to support ! head4 ,! bones are yok$ toge!r by /rong processes4 ,! neck 0 ab\t #f in*es long1 did n include m ?an sev5 bones1 & appe>$ %ort ow+ only to ! dep? & size ( ! head4 ,! l5g? ( ! backbone :i* support$ ! ribs 0 also ab\t #f in*es4 ,its jo9ts are rem>kably %ort :5 comp>$ ) ^? ( ! neck4 ,! tail is ab\t #bj in*es long4 ,! extreme l5g? ( ! animal f ! tip ( ! nose to ! end ( ! tail may h be5 #c feet #d in*es1 suppos+ x to h walk$ on all f\rs 9 ! mann] ( a ,reptile or ,mammal4 ,?is may h be5 a common position1 b ,dimorphodon may probably also h be5 a bip$4 ,be=e #ahge1 :5 ! fir/ re/oration appe>$ 9 ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news1 ! legs _h be5 reg>d$ z too %ort to h support$ ! animal1 /&+ ^u its h9d limbs4 ,!y are "h se5 to be well adapt$ = su* a purpose4 ,! upp] leg bone is #c-a_/d in*es long1 ! l[] leg bone is #d-a_/b in*es long1 & ! s+ul>ly /rong in/ep bones are firmly pack$ toge!r side by side z 9 a leap+ or jump+ ,mammal1 & measure #a-a_/b in*es 9 l5g?4 ,dimorphodon diff]s f sev]al o!r ,pt]odactyles 9 hav+ ! h9d limb provid$ ) a fif? out]mo/ %ort in/ep bone1 to :i* two toe bones are atta*$4 ,^! bones are elongat$ 9 a way t may be comp>$1 on a small scale1 ) ! elongation ( ! w+ f+] 9 ! =e limb4 ,! digit 0 manife/ly us$ 9 ! same way z ! w+ f+]1 9 p>tial support ( a fly+ membrane1 ?\gh its direction may h be5 upw>d & outw>d1 r ?an inw>d4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( a pulley jo9t betwe5 ! metat>sal & ! adjac5t phalange4 ,! height ( ! ,dimorphodon1 /&+ on its h9d legs 9 ! position ( a ,bird1 ) ! w+s fold$ ^u ! body 9 ! mann] ( a ,bird1 0 ab\t #bj in*es4 ,an unga9ly1 ill-balanc$ animal 9 aspect1 b n m s ?an _m big-head$ birds1 & probably capable ( re/+ ^u ! in/ep bones z _m birds d4 ,! *ief po9t ( v>iation f ! ,pt]odactyle w+ is 9 ! relative l5g? ( ! metac>pus 9 ,dimorphodon4 ,x is %ort] ?an ! o!r bones 9 ! w+1 nev] exce$+ #a-a_/b in*es4 ,! total l5g? ( all ! arm bones d[n to ! po9t :]e ! metac>pus might h t\*$ ! gr\nd1 or :]e ! w+ f+] is b5t ^u x1 is ab\t #i in*es1 :i* gives a l5g? ( less ?an #f in*es bel[ ! upp] arm bone4 ,! f\r bones ( ! w+ f+] measure1 f ! po9t :]e ! fir/ bone b5ds ^u ! metac>pus1 less ?an #ah in*es4 ,s t ! w+s c\ld only h be5 c>ri$ 9 ! mann] ( ! w+s ( a ,bat1 fold$ at ! side & direct$ obliquely ov] ! back :5 ! animal mov$ on all f\rs4 ,its body w\ld appe> to h be5 rais$ high above ! gr\nd1 9 a mann] almo/ unp>allel$ 9 ,reptiles1 & comp>able to ,birds & ,mammals4 ,dimorphodon is to be imag9$ 9 full flight1 ) ! body ext5d$ l t ( a ,bird1 :5 ! w+s w\ld h _h a spread f side to side ( ab\t #d feet #d in*es4 ,z 9 o!r animals ( ?is gr\p1 ! ?ree claws on ! front feet are l>g] ?an ! simil> f\r claws on ! h9d feet2 z ?\gh ! f+]s might h functions 9 grasp+ prey1 :i* 7 n %>$ by ! toes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,,dimorphodon ,,macronyx ,,walk+ ,,z ,a ,,quadrup$ ,,re/oration ,,( ,,! ,,skeleton ,! re/orations give fai?ful pictures ( ! skeleton1 & ! =m ( ! body is built ^u ! indications ( muscul> /ructure se5 9 ! bones4 ,a second ,engli% ,pt]odactyle is f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,lias ( ,:itby4 ,x is only kn[n f an imp]fect skull1 publi%$ 9 #ahhh4 ,x has ! great advantage ( pres]v+ ! bones 9 _! natural relations to ea* o!r1 & ) a l5g? ( head probably simil> to ,dimorphodon %[s t ! dep? at ! back ( ! eye 0 mu* less2 & ! skull wants ! ar*$ cont\r ( face se5 9 ,dimorphodon4 ,! head has ! same f\r lat]al vacuities1 b ! no/ril is relatively small & elongat$1 ext5d+ p>tly above ! oval antorbital op5+1 :i* 0 l>g]4 ,!re is ?us a diff]5ce ( proportion1 b x is precisely su* z might result f ! species hav+ ! skull flatt]4 ,! head is easily di/+ui%$ by ! small no/ril1 :i* is small] ?an ! orbit ( ! eye4 ,! animal is ref]r$ to ano!r g5us4 ,! quadrate bones :i* give atta*m5t to ! l[] jaw s5d a process inw>d to meet ! bones ( ! palate1 :i* diff] some:at f ! usual condition4 ,two bony rods ext5d f ! quadrate bones backw>d & upw>d to ! sph5oid1 & two m sl5d] bones ext5d f ! quadrate bones =w>d1 & conv]ge 9 a ,v-%ape1 to def9e ! division betwe5 ! op5+s ( ! no/rils on ! palate4 ,! ,v-%ap$ bone 9 front is call$ ! vom]1 :ile ! h9d] "p is call$ pt]ygoid4 ,! bones t ext5d backw>d to ! sph5oid are n easily id5tifi$4 ,?is animal is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ,pt]odactyles f ! v reptilian "* exhibit$ 9 ! back ( ! head1 :i* appe>s to be diff]5t f o!r specim5s1 :i* are m l a bird 9 t region4 ,yet und]nea? ?is reptilian aspect1 ) ! bony b> at ! side ( ! temporal region ( ! head =m$ by ! squamosal & quadrate bones1 def9+ ! two temporal vacuities z 9 ,reptiles1 a m\ld is pres]v$ ( ! cavity once occupi$ by ! bra91 %[+ ! *ief details ( /ructure ( t organ1 & prov+ t 9 s f> z x dep>ts f ! bra9 ( a ,bird x appe>s to resemble ! bra9 ( a ,mammal1 & is unlike ! bra9 ( a ,reptile4 ,! ,pt]odactyles f ! ,lias ( ,g]many are simil> to ! ,engli% types1 9 s f> z !y c be comp>$4 ,9 #ahgh ,i _h ! opportunity ( /udy+ ^? :i* 7 pres]v$ 9 ! ,ca/le at ,banz1 :i* ,pr(essor ,&reas ,wagn]1 9 #ahfj1 ref]r$ to ! new g5us ,dorygna?us4 ,! skull is unkn[n1 b ! l[] jaw1 #f-a_/b in*es long1 is less ?an #b-a_/b in*es wide at ! articulation ) ! quadrate bone 9 ! skull4 ,! dep? ( ! l[] jaw does n exce$ #a_/d in*1 s t x is 9 m>k$ contra/ to ,buckl&'s ,dimorphodon4 ,! symphysis1 :i* completely bl5ds ! rami ( ! jaw1 is %ort4 ,z f> z x ext5ds x conta9s l>ge te>+ tee?1 foll[$ by small] tee? beh9d1 l ^? ( ,dimorphodon4 ,b ?is ,g]man fossil appe>s to diff] f ! ,engli% type 9 hav+ ! front ( ! l[] jaw1 = ab\t #c_/d in*1 compress$ f side to side into a %>p blade or spe>1 m m>k$ ?an 9 any o!r ,pt]odactyle1 & direct$ upw>d in/ead ( d[nw>d z 9 ,dimorphodon4 ,ne>ly all ! measurem5ts 9 ! skeleton are practically id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,engli% ,dimorphodon1 & ext5d to ! jaw1 hum]us1 ulna & radius1 w+ metac>pal1 fir/ phalange ( ! w+ f+]4 ,! pr9cipal bones ( ! h9d limb appe> to be a little %ort]2 b ! scapula & coracoid are slightly l>g]4 ,all ^! bones are s simil> 9 =m to ,dimorphodon t !y c\ld n be sep>at$ f ! ,lyme ,regis species1 if !y 7 f\nd 9 ! same locality4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,,dimorphodon ,,macronyx ,,walk+ ,,z ,a ,,bip$ ,bas$ *iefly on rema9s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,,l[] ,,jaw ,,( ,,dorygna?us ,,se5 ,,f ,,bel[ ,f ! ,l[] ,lias ( ,g]many1 %[+ ! spe> 9 front ( ! too? sockets ,j z ! ,upp] ,lias 9 ,engl& has yield$ a second ,pt]odactyle1 s ! ,upp] ,lias 9 ,g]many has yield$ a skeleton1 to :i* ,felix ,pli5+]1 9 #ahid1 gave ! "n ,campylogna?us4 ,x is an in/ructive skeleton1 ) ! head mu* small] ?an 9 ,dimorphodon1 be+ less ?an #f in*es long1 b1 un=tunately1 brok5 & di/urb$4 ,a l[] jaw gives ! l5g? #d-a_/b in*es4 ,l ! o!r ,pt]odactyles f ! ,lias1 x has ! extremity ( ! beak too?less1 ) l>g] tee? 9 ! region ( ! symphysis 9 front & small] tee? beh9d4 ,! jaw is deep] ?an 9 ! ,banz specim5 f ! ,l[] ,lias1 b n s deep z 9 ,dimorphodon4 ,! tee? ( ! upp] jaw v>y 9 size1 & !re appe>s to be an exceptionally l>ge too? 9 ! position ( ! ,mammalian can9e at ! junction ( ! bones nam$ maxill>y & int]maxill>y4 ,! nasal op5+ is small & elongat$1 z 9 ! ,engli% specim5 f ,:itby4 ,z 9 t type !re is little or no indication ( ! convex cont\r ( ! face se5 9 ,dimorphodon4 ,! neck does n appe> to be pres]v$4 ,9 ! back ! v]tebrae are ab\t #c_/aj in* long1 s t twelve1 :i* is ! usual numb]1 w\ld only occupy a l5g? ( a little m ?an #c-a_/b in*es4 ,! tail is elongat$ l t ( ,dimorphodon1 & bord]$ 9 ! same way by ossifi$ ligam5ts4 ,!re are ?irty-five tail v]tebrae4 ,^? :i* imm$iately foll[ ! pelvis are %ort1 l ! v]tebrae ( ! back4 ,b !y soon elongate1 & rea* a maximum l5g? ( ne>ly #a-a_/b in*es at ! eigh?1 & !n gradually dim9i% till ! la/ sc>cely exce$s #a_/h in* 9 l5g?4 ,! l5g? ( ! tail is ab\t #bb in*es2 ?is appe>s to be an in* or two long] ?an 9 ,dimorphodon4 ,! longe/ rib measures #b-a_/b in*es1 & ! %orte/ #b in*es4 ,^! ribs probably 7 connect$ ) ! /]num1 :i* is imp]fectly pres]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,,dimorphodon ,,macronyx ,,%[+ ,,! ,,maximum ,,spread ,,( ,,! ,,w+ ,,membranes ,! bones ( ! limbs h ab\t ! same l5g? z ^? ( ,dimorphodon1 s f> z !y c be comp>$1 except t ! ulna & radius are %ort]4 ,! w+ metac>pal is ( ab\t ! same l5g?1 b ! fir/ phalange ( ! w+ f+] measures #f-a_/d in*es1 ! second is ab\t #h-a_/d in*es1 ! ?ird #f-a_/b in*es1 & ! f\r? #d-c_/d in*es2 s t ! total l5g? ( ! w+ f+] 0 ab\t half an in* %ort ( #b feet4 ,"o "* especially des]ves att5tion 9 ! app>5t successive elongation ( ! fir/ ?ree phalanges 9 ! w+ f+] 9 ,dimorphodon4 ,! ?ird phalange is ! longe/ 9 ! only specim5 9 :i* ! f+] bones are all pres]v$4 ,usually ! fir/ phalange is mu* long] ?an ! second1 s t x is a fur!r po9t ( int]e/ to f9d t ?is ,g]man type %>es ) ,dimorphodon a "* ( ! w+ f+] :i* di/+ui%es bo? f "s memb]s ( ! gr\p by its %ort fir/ phalange4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,,! ,,left ,,side ,,( ,,! ,,pelvis ,,( ,,dimorphodon ,,%[+ ,,! ,,two ,,prepubic ,,bones ,! pelvis is exceptionally /rong 9 ,campylogna?us1 & al?\gh x is cru%$ ! bones manife/ly met at ! base ( ! is*ium1 :ile ! pubic bones 7 sep>at$ f ea* o!r 9 front4 ,! bones ( ! h9d limb are altoge!r %ort] 9 ! ,g]man fossil ?an 9 ,dimorphodon1 especially 9 ! tibia2 b ! /ructure ( ! metat>sus is j ! same1 ev5 to ! %ort fif? metat>sal ) its two digits1 only ^? bones are extremely %ort1 in/ead ( be+ elongat$ z 9 ,dimorphodon4 ,x is !re=e conv5i5t1 f ! diff]5t proportions ( ! body1 t ,campylogna?us may be sep>at$ f ,dimorphodon2 b s mu* z is pres]v$ ( ! ,engli% specim5 f ! ,upp] ,lias ( ,:itby r fav\rs ! belief t our species %\ld also be ref]r$ to ,campylogna?us1 :i* _h n be5 figur$ :5 ! ,:itby skull 0 ref]r$ to ,scaphogna?us by ,mr4 ,newton4 ,x may be d\btful :e!r !re is suffici5t evid5ce to e/abli% ! di/9ctness ( ! o!r ,g]man g5us ,dorygna?us1 ?\gh x may be reta9$ p5d+ fur!r k4 ,9 ^! *>act]s are gr\nds = plac+ ! ,lias ,pt]odactyles 9 a di/9ct family1 ! ,dimorphodontidae1 z 0 sugge/$ 9 #ahgj4 ,?is evid5ce is f\nd 9 ! five metat>sal bones1 ( :i* f\r are 9 close contact1 ! middle two be+ slightly ! longe/1 s z to pres5t ! g5]al aspect ( ! correspond+ bones 9 a ,mammal r ?an a ,bird4 ,secondly1 ! v sl5d] fibula1 prolong$ d[n ! l5g? ( ! %9 bone1 :i* ends 9 a r\nd$ pulley l ! correspond+ bone ( a ,bird4 ,?irdly1 ! great elongation ( ! ?ird w+ phalange4 ,f\r?ly1 ! prolongation ( ! coracoid bone beyond ! articulation = ! hum]us1 z 9 a ,bird4 ,& ! too?less1 spe>-%ap$ beak1 & jaw ) l>ge tee? 9 front & small tee? beh9d1 are also di/9ctive *>act]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,orni?osaurs ,,f ,,! ,,middle ,,second>y ,,rocks ,,rhamphocephalus ,,! ,/onesfield ,slate 9 ,engl&1 :i* corresponds 9 age ) ! l[] "p ( ! ,great or ,ba? ,oolite1 yields _m evid5ces ( t]re/rial life--l& plants1 insects1 & mammals--pres]v$ 9 a m>9e deposit4 ,a numb] ( isolat$ bones h be5 f\nd ( ,pt]odactyles1 "s ( !m indicat+ animals ( consid]able size & /r5g?4 ,! nature ( ! lime/one 0 unfav\rable to ! pres]vation ( s(t w+ membranes1 or ev5 to ! bones rema9+ 9 natural association4 ,v little is kn[n ( ! head ( ,rhamphocephalus4 ,"o imp]fect specim5 %[s a long temporal region :i* is wide1 & a v n>r[ int]space betwe5 ! orbits2 ) a long face1 indicat$ by ! ext5sion ( n>r[ nasal bones4 ,! l[] jaw has an ed5tul\s beak or spe> 9 front1 :i* is compress$ f side to side 9 ! mann] ( ! ,liassic =ms1 b turn$ upw>d slightly1 z 9 ,dorygna?us or ,campylogna?us4 ,beh9d ?is extremity are %>p1 tall tee?1 few 9 numb]1 :i* some:at dim9i% 9 size z !y ext5d backw>d1 & d n sudd5ly *ange to small] s]ies1 z 9 ! ,lias g5]a4 ,a few small v]tebrae h be5 f\nd1 indicat+ ! neck & back4 ,! sacrum consi/s ( five v]tebrae4 ,"o small example has a l5g? ( only an in*4 ,x is a little n>r[] beh9d ?an 9 front1 & w\ld be consi/5t ) ! animal hav+ _h a long tail1 :i* ,i believe to h be5 pres5t1 al?\gh ,i h n se5 any caudal v]tebrae4 ,! e>ly ribs are l ! e>ly ribs ( a ,crocodile or ,bird 9 ! well-m>k$ d\ble articulation4 ,! lat] ribs appe> to h b "o head4 ,v-%ap$ abdom9al ribs are pres]v$4 ,mu* ( ! animal is unkn[n4 ,! coracoid seems to h be5 direct$ =w>d1 &1 z 9 a bird1 x is #b-a_/b in*es long4 ,! hum]us is #c-a_/b in*es long1 & ! =e-arm measur$ #f in*es1 s t x 0 relatively long] ?an 9 ,dimorphodon4 ,! metac>pus is #a-c_/d in*es long4 ,! w+ f+] 0 exceptionally long & /rong4 ,pr(essor ,huxley gave its l5g? at #bi in*es4 ,my own /udies lead to ! conclusion t ! fir/ f+] bone ( ! w+ 0 ! %ort]1 & t al?\gh !y did n diff] greatly 9 l5g?1 ! second 0 probably ! longe/1 z 9 ,campylogna?us4 ,pr(essor ,huxley makes ! second & ?ird phalanges #g-c_/d in*es long1 & ! fir/ only ab\t #c_/h in* %ort]1 :ile ! f\r? phalange is #f-a_/b in*es4 ,^! measurem5ts are bas$ ^u "s specim5s 9 ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,museum4 ,!re is only "o fir/ phalange :i* has a l5g? ( #g-c_/d in*es4 ,! o!rs are betwe5 #e & #f in*es1 or b little exce$ #d in*es2 s t z all ! f\r? phalanges :i* are kn[n h a l5g? ( #f-a_/b in*es1 x is possible t ! normal l5g? ( ! fir/ phalange 9 ! l>g] species 0 #e-a_/b in*es4 ,! l>ge/ ( ! phalanges :i* may be class$ z second or ?ird is #h-a_/b in*es1 & t1 ,i suppose1 may h be5 associat$ ) ! #g-c_/d in*es fir/ phalange4 ,b ! o!r bones :i* c\ld h _h ?is position all measure #e-a_/b & #g-c_/d in*es4 ,! ?ree species indicat$ by f+] bones may h _h ! measurem5ts3-- ,phalanges ( ! w+ f+] _/ ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 #g-c_/d #h-a_/b #g8 #f-a_/b l5g? ( ea* bone #e-a_/b #g-c_/d #e-a_/b #d-a_/b8 9 in*es4 #d-a_/b ---- ---- ---- ,! femur is repres5t$ by _m examples--"o #c-c_/d in*es long1 & o!rs less ?an #c in*es long 7#b-i_/aj74 ,9 ,campylogna?us1 :i* has s mu* 9 common ) ! jaw & ! w+ bones 9 size1 ! upp] leg bone is #b-h_/aj in*es4 ,!re=e if we assign ! l>g] femur to ! l>g] w+1 ! femur w be relatively long] 9 all species ( ,rhamphocephalus ?an 9 ,campylogna?us4 ,only "o example ( a tibia is pres]v$4 ,x is #c-a_/b in*es long1 or only #a_/aj in* %ort] ?an ! bone 9 ,campylogna?us1 :i* has ! femur #b-h_/aj in*es1 s t ,i ref] ! tibia ( ,rhamphocephalus to ! species :i* has ! int]m$iate l5g? ( w+4 ,^! co9cid5ces ) ,campylogna?us e/abli% a close aff9ity1 & may raise ! "q :e!r ! ,upp] ,lias species may n be includ$ 9 ! ,/onesfield ,slate g5us ,rhamphocephalus4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,phillips1 9 8 ,geology ( ,ox=d1 attempt$ a re/oration ( ! ,/onesfield ,orni?osaur1 & produc$ a picturesque effect 7p4 #afd72 b no re/oration is possible )\t su* att5tion to ! proportions ( ! bones z we h indicat$4 ,,ox=d ,,clay ,a few bones ( fly+ reptiles h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,l[] ,ox=d ,clay ne> ,pet]bor\gh1 & o!rs 9 ! ,upp] ,ox=d ,clay at ,/4 ,ives1 9 ,hunt+don%ire4 ,a s+le tail v]tebra f ! ,middle ,ox=d ,clay1 ne> ,ox=d1 long s9ce came "u my own notice1 & %[s t ^! animals belong to a long-tail$ type l ,campylogna?us4 ,! c]vical v]tebrae are rem>kable = be+ sc>cely long] ?an ! dorsal v]tebrae2 & ! dorsal are at lea/ half z long aga9 z is usual1 hav+ r ! proportion ( bones 9 ! back ( a crocodile4 ,,li?ographic ,,slate ,long-tail$ ,pt]odactyles are beautifully pres]v$ 9 ! ,li?ographic ,lime/one ( ! s\? ( ,bav>ia1 at ,sol5h(51 & ! qu>ries 9 its neighb\rhood1 (t5 ) ! skeleton or a l>ge "p ( x flatt5$ out 9 ! plane ( b$d+ ( ! rock4 ,f9e skeletons are pres]v$ 9 ! sup]b museum at ,muni*1 at ,heidelb]g1 ,bonn1 ,ha>lem1 & ,london1 & are all ref]r$ to ! g5us ,rhamphorhyn*us or to ,scaphogna?us4 ,x is a type ) p[]fully develop$ w+s & a long1 /iff tail1 v simil> to t ( ,dimorphodon1 s t "s naturali/s ref] bo? to ! same family4 ,!re is "s resemblance4 ,! type :i* is mo/ l ,dimorphodon is ! celebrat$ fossil at ,bonn1 sometimes call$ ,pt]odactylus crassiro/ris1 :i* 9 a re/or$ =m1 ) a %ort tail1 has be5 reproduc$ 9 _m text-books4 ,no tail is pres]v$ 9 ! slab1 & ,i v5tur$ to give ! animal a tail = ! fir/ "t 9 a re/oration 7p4 #afc7 publi%$ by ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news 9 #ahge1 :i* accompani$ a report ( a ,royal ,in/itution lecture4 ,aft]w>ds1 9 #ahhb1 ,pr(essor ,zittel1 ( ,muni*1 publi%$ ! same conclusion4 ,! reason = re/or+ ! tail 0 t ! animal _h ! head con/ruct$ 9 ! same way z ,pt]odactyles ) a long tail1 & %[$ diff]5ces f types 9 :i* ! tail is %ort2 & !re is no kn[n %ort-tail$ ,pt]odactyle1 ) wri/ & h& bones1 su* z *>act]ise ?is animal4 ,! side ( ! face has a g5]al resemblance to ! ,pt]odactyles f ! ,lias1 = al?\gh ! framework is firm]1 ! f\r ap]tures 9 ! head are simil>ly plac$4 ,! no/ril is r small & elongat$1 & asc5ds ov] ! l>g] antorbital vacuity4 ,! orbit = ! eye is ! l>ge/ op5+ 9 ! head1 s t ^! ?ree ap]tures successively increase 9 size1 & are foll[$ by ! v]tically elongat$ po/-orbital vacuity4 ,! tee? are widely spac$ ap>t1 & ^? 9 ! skull ext5d "s di/ance backw>d to ! end ( ! maxill>y bone4 ,!re are few tee? 9 ! l[] jaw1 & !y correspond to ! l>ge ant]ior tee? ( ,dimorphodon1 !re be+ no tee? beh9d ! nasal op5+4 ,! l[] jaw is /raight1 & ! extremities ( ! jaws met :5 ! m\? 0 clos$4 ,! brea/ bone does n %[ ! keel :i* is s rem>kable 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us1 :i* may be attribut$ to its "u side be+ expos$1 s z to exhibit ! pneumatic =am9a4 ,! ribs h d\ble heads1 m l ^? ( a ,crocodile 9 ! region ( ! back ?an is ! case ) ! bird-l ribs f ,/onesfield4 ,! second jo9t 9 ! w+ f+] may be long] ?an ! fir/--a "* :i* w\ld t5d to ! association ( ?is ,pt]odactyle ) species f ! ,lias2 a relation to :i* att5tion 0 fir/ drawn by ,mr4 ,e4 ,t4 ,newton1 :o describ$ ! ,:itby skull4 ,! ,pt]odactyles f ! ,sol5h(5 ,slate :i* possess long tails h a s]ies ( *>act]s :i* %[ aff9ity ) ! o!r long-tail$ types4 ,! jaws are mu* m sl5d]4 ,! orbit ( ! eye 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us is enorm\sly l>ge1 & plac$ v]tically above ! articulation = ! l[] jaw4 ,imm$iately 9 front ( ! eye are two small & elongat$ op5+s1 ! h9d] ( :i*1 kn[n z ! antorbital vacuity1 is (t5 slightly small] ?an ! no/ril1 :i* is plac$ 9 ! middle l5g? ( ! head1 or a little fur!r back1 giv+ a long dagg]-%ap$ jaw1 :i* t]m9ates 9 a too?less spe>4 ,! l[] jaw has a correspond+ %>p extremity4 ,! tee? are direct$ =w>d 9 a way t is q exceptional4 ,not)/&+ ! massiv5ess & elongation ( ! neck v]tebrae1 :i* are ne>ly twice z long z ^? ( ! back1 ! neck is sometimes only ab\t half ! l5g? ( ! skull4 ,all ^! long-tail$ species f ! ,li?ographic ,/one agree 9 hav+ ! /]num broad1 ) a long /rong keel1 ext5d+ f> =w>d4 ,! coracoid bones ext5d outw>d l ^? ( a ,crocodile1 s z to wid5 ! *e/ cavity in/ead ( be+ c>ri$ =w>d z ! bones are 9 ,birds4 ,^! bones 9 ?is animal 7 atta*$ to ! ant]ior extremity ( ! /]num1 s t ! keel ext5d$ 9 advance ( ! articulation z 9 o!r ,pt]odactyles4 ,! bread? ( ! /]num %[s t1 z 9 ,mammals1 ! =e "p ( ! body mu/ h be5 fully twice ! wid? ( ! region ( ! hip-girdle1 :]e ! sl5d]] h9d limbs 7 atta*$4 ,! l5g? ( ! =e limb 0 enorm\s1 = al?\gh ! head sugge/s an imm5se l5g? relatively to ! body1 ne>ly equal to neck & back toge!r1 ! head is n m ?an a ?ird ( ! l5g? ( ! w+ bones4 ,! w+ bones are rem>kable = ! %ort p[]ful hum]us ) an exp&$ radial cre/1 :i* is fully equal 9 wid? to half ! l5g? ( ! bone4 ,ano!r "* is ! extreme %ortness ( ! metac>pus1 usually associat$ ) imm5se /r5g? ( ! w+ metac>pal bone4 ,! h9d limbs are relatively small & relatively %ort4 ,! femur is usually %ort] ?an ! hum]us1 & ! tibia is mu* %ort] ?an ! ulna4 ,! bones ( ! in/ep1 in/ead ( be+ held toge!r firmly z 9 ! ,lias g5]a1 div]ge f ea* o!r1 wid5+ out1 ?\gh x (t5 happ5s t f\r ( ! five metat>sals diff] b little 9 l5g?4 ,! fif? digit is always %ort]4 ,! hip-girdle ( bones diff]s *iefly f o!r types 9 ! way 9 :i* ^? bones1 :i* h sometimes be5 lik5$ to ! m>supial bones1 are condition$4 ,!y may be a pair ( triangul> bones :i* meet 9 ! middle l9e1 s t !re is an out] angle l ! arm ( a capital ,y4 ,sometimes ^! triangul> bones are bl5d$ into a curv$1 b[-%ap$ ar*1 :i* 9 sev]al specim5s appe>s to ext5d =w>d f ne> ! place ( articulation ( ! femur4 ,?is is se5 9 fossil skeletons at ,heidelb]g & ,muni*4 ,x is possible t ?is position is an accid5t ( pres]vation1 & t ! prepubic bones are really atta*$ to ! l[] bord] ( ! pubic bones4 ,imm5se z ! l5g? ( ! tail appe>s to be1 exce$+ ! skull & rema9d] ( ! v]tebral column1 x falls f> %ort ( ! comb9$ l5g? ( ! phalanges ( ! w+ f+]4 ,! p[] ( flight 0 manife/ly great] 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us ?an 9 o!r memb]s ( ! gr\p1 & all ! modifications ( ! skeleton t5d t[>ds adaptation ( ! animals = fly+4 ,! mo/ rem>kable modification ( /ructure at ! extremity ( ! tail 0 made kn[n by ,pr(essor ,m>% 9 a v]tical1 leaf-l expansion 9 ?is g5us1 :i* _h n previ\sly be5 obs]v$ 7p4 #afa74 ,! v]tebrae g on /eadily dim9i%+ 9 l5g? 9 ! usual way1 & !n ! ossifi$ /ructures :i* bord]$ ! tail bones & run p>allel ) ! v]tebrae 9 all ! ,rhamphorhyn*us family1 sudd5ly div]ge d[nw>d & upw>d at "r angles to ! v]tebrae1 =m+ a v]tical cre/ above & a correspond+ keel bel[2 & betwe5 ^! /ructures1 :i* are id5tifi$ ) ! neural sp9es & *evron bones ( ord9>y v]tebrae1 ! membrane ext5ds1 giv+ ! extremity ( ! tail a rudd]-l feature1 :i*1 f k ( ! con/ruction ( ! tail ( a *ild's kite1 may well be ?\ght to h _h influ5ce 9 direct+ & /eady+ ! animal's movem5ts4 ,!re are _m m9or features 9 ! %\ld]-girdle1 :i* %[ t ! coracoid1 = example1 0 becom+ unlike t bone 9 ! ,lias1 ?\gh x /ill cont9ues to h a bony union ) ! elongat$ %\ld]-blade ( ! back4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,,re/oration ,,( ,,! ,,skeleton ,,( ,,rhamphorhyn*us ,,phyllurus ,f ! ,sol5h(5 ,slate1 p>tly bas$ ^u ! skeleton ) ! w+ membranes pres]v$ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,,re/oration ,,( ,,! ,,skeleton ,,( ,,scaphogna?us ,,crassiro/ris ,publi%$ 9 ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news 9 #ahge4 ,9 :i* a tail is %[n on ! evid5ce ( ! /ructure ( ! head & h& ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,,six ,,re/orations #a4 ,ramphocephalus4 ,/onesfield ,slate4 ,john ,phillips1 #ahga #b4 ,rhamphorhyn*us4 ,o4 ,c4 ,m>%1 #ahhb #c4 ,rhamphorhyn*us4 ,v4 ,zittel1 #ahhb #d4 ,orni?o/oma4 ,willi/on1 #ahig #e4 ,dimorphodon4 ,buckl&1 #ahcf4 ,tail !n unkn[n #f4 ,orni?o*eirus4 ,h4 ,g4 ,seeley1 #ahfe ,! great ,g]man del9eator ( ^! animals1 ,von ,mey]1 admitt$ six diff]5t species4 ,mr4 ,newton & ,mr4 ,lydekk] dim9i% ! numb] to f\r4 ,x is n easy to det]m9e ^! diff]5ces1 or to say h[ f> ! diff]5ces obs]v$ 9 ! bones *>act]ise species or g5]a4 ,x is c]ta9 t !re is "o rem>kable diff]5ce f o!r & old] ,pt]odactyles1 9 t ! la/ or f\r? bone 9 ! w+ f+] is usually slightly long] ?an ! ?ird bone1 :i* prec$es x4 ,!re is a c]ta9 v>iability 9 ! specim5s :i* makes discussion ( _! *>act]s difficult1 & has l$ to "s =ms be+ reg>d$ z v>ieties1 :ile o!rs1 ( :i* less mat]ial is available1 are class$ z species4 ,i am dispos$ to say t "s ( ! confusion may h result$ f specim5s be+ wrongly nam$4 ,?us1 !re is a ,rhamphorhyn*us call$ curtimanus1 or ! =m ) ! %ort h&4 ,x is repres5t$ by two types4 ,"o ( ^! appe>s to h ! hum]us %ort1 ! ulna & radius long1 & ! f+] bones long2 ! o!r has ! hum]us long]1 ! ulna mu* %ort]1 & ! f+] bones %ort]4 ,!y are cle>ly diff]5t species1 b ! second v>iety agrees 9 almo/ e detail ) a species nam$ hirund9aceus1 ! swall[-l ,rhamphorhyn*us4 ,?is id5tification %[s1 n t ! latt] is a bad species1 b t curtimanus is a di/9ct species :i* _h sometimes be5 conf\nd$ ) ! o!r4 ,:ile mo/ ( ^! specim5s %[ a small b /eady decrease 9 ! l5g? ( ! sev]al w+ f+] bones1 ! species call$ ,gemm+i has ! fir/ ?ree bones absolutely equal & %ort] ?an 9 ! species curtimanus1 longimanus1 or hirund9aceus4 ,9 ! same way1 on ! evid5ce ( facts1 ,i f9d myself unable to jo9 9 disc>d+ ,pr(essor ,m>%'s species phyllurus1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5t proportions ( its limb bones4 ,! hum]us1 metac>pus1 & ?ird phalange ( ! w+ f+] 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us phyllurus are exceptionally %ort z comp>$ ) o!r species4 ,ev]yone agrees t ! species call$ longicaudus is a di/9ct "o1 s t x is *iefly 9 slight diff]5ces 9 ! proportions ( con/itu5t p>ts ( ! skeleton t ! types ( ! ,rhamphorhyn*us are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,i _c q concur ) ei!r ,pr(essor ,zittel 7,fig4 #eh1 #c7 or ,pr(essor ,m>% 7,fig4 #eh1 #b7 9 ! expansion :i* !y give to ! w+ membrane 9 _! re/orations2 = al?\gh ,pr(essor ,zittel repres5ts ! tail z free f ! h9d legs1 :ile ,pr(essor ,m>% connects !m toge!r1 !y bo? concur 9 c>ry+ ! w+ membrane f ! tip ( ! w+ f+] d[n to ! extremity ( ! ankle jo9t4 ,i %\ld h pref]r$ to c>ry x no fur!r d[n ! body ?an ! l[] "p ( ! back1 !re be+ no fossil evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ?is ext5sion s f> z specim5s h be5 describ$4 ,nei!r ! membran\s w+s figur$ by ,zittel nor by ,m>% w\ld w>rant s mu* body membrane z ! ,rhamphorhyn*us has be5 cr$it$ )4 ,i h bas$ my re/oration 7p4 #afa7 ( ! skeleton *iefly on ,rhamphorhyn*us phyllurus4 ,,! ,,%ort-,,tail$ ,,types ,! ,pt]odactylia are less v>iable2 & ! v>iation among ! species is *iefly conf9$ to relative l5g? ( ! head1 l5g? ( ! neck1 & ! height ( ! body above ! gr\nd4 ,! tail is always s %ort z to be inappreciable4 ,_m ( ! specim5s are fragm5t>y1 & ! *>act]s ( ! gr\p are n easily det]m9$ )\t c>eful comp>isons & measurem5ts4 ,! bones ( ! =e limb & w+ f+] are less /\t ?an 9 ! ,rhamphorhyn*us type1 :ile ! femur is g5]ally a little long] ?an ! hum]us1 & ! w+ f+] is %ort 9 comp>ison ) its condition 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us4 ,^! %ort-tail$ ,pt]odactyles give ! impression ( be+ active little animals1 hav+ v mu* ! aspect ( birds1 ^u f\r legs or two4 ,! neck is ab\t z long z ! l[] jaw1 ! antorbital vacuity 9 ! head is imp]fectly sep>at$ f ! mu* l>g] nasal op5+1 ! orbit ( ! eye is l>ge & f> back1 ! tee? are entirely 9 front ( ! nasal ap]ture1 & ! po/-orbital vacuity is m9ute & inconspicu\s4 ,! /]num is mu* wid] ?an long1 & no specim5s give evid5ce ( a manubrium4 ,! f+] bones progressively decrease 9 l5g?4 ,! prepubic bones h a p>tially exp&$ fan-l =m1 & nev] %[ ! triradiate %ape1 & are nev] an*ylos$4 ,ab\t fifte5 diff]5t k9ds ( ,pt]odactyles h be5 describ$ f ! ,sol5h(5 ,slate1 mo/ly ref]r$ to ! g5us ,pt]odactylus1 :i* comprises =ms ) a l>ge head & long sn\t4 ,"s h be5 plac$ 9 a g5us 7,orni?ocephalus1 or ,pt5odracon7 9 :i* ! head is relatively %ort4 ,! majority ( ! species are relatively small4 ,! skull 9 ,orni?ocephalus breviro/ris is only #a in* long1 & ! animal c\ld n h /ood m ?an #a-a_/b in*es to its back /&+ on all f\rs1 & b little ov] #b-a_/b in*es /&+ z a bip$1 on ! h9d limbs4 ,a re/oration ( ! species call$ ,pt]odactylus scolopaciceps1 publi%$ 9 #ahge 9 ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news 9 ! position ( a quadrup$1 %[s an animal a little l>g]1 ) a body #b-a_/b in*es high & #f to #g in*es long1 ) ! w+ f+] #d-a_/b in*es long4 ,l>g] animals occur 9 ! same deposit1 & 9 "o nam$ ,pt]odactylus gr&is ! leg bones are a foot long2 & su* an animal may h be5 ne>ly a foot 9 height to its back1 /&+ z a quadrup$1 ?\gh mo/ ( ^! animals _h ! neck flexible & capable ( be+ rais$ l ! neck ( a ,goose or a ,de] 7p4 #cj71 & b5t d[n l a ,duck's :5 fe$+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,,re/oration ,,( ,,! ,,skeleton ,,( ,,pt5odracon ,,breviro/ris ,f ! ,sol5h(5 ,slate4 ,! f\r? jo9t ( ! w+ f+] appe>s to be lo/ & has n be5 re/or$ 9 ! figure4 7,natural size7 ,! type ( ! g5us ,pt]odactylus is ! =m orig9ally describ$ by ,cuvi] z ,pt]odactylus longiro/ris 7p4 #bh74 ,x is also kn[n z ,p4 antiquus1 t "n hav+ be5 giv5 by a ,g]man naturali/ aft] ,cuvi] _h inv5t$ ! g5us1 & be=e he _h nam$ ! species4 ,!re are "s rem>kable features 9 :i* ,cuvi]'s animal is di/9ct f o!rs :i* h be5 ref]r$ to ! same g5us4 ,?us ! head is #d-a_/b in*es long1 :ile ! entire l5g? ( ! backbone to ! extremity ( ! tail is only #f-a_/b in*es1 & "o v]tebra 9 ! neck is at lea/ z long z six 9 ! back1 s t ! animal has ! great] "p ( its l5g? 9 ! head & neck1 al?\gh ! neck includes s few v]tebrae4 ,ne>ly all ! tee?--:i* are few 9 numb]1 %ort & broad1 n exce$+ a doz5 9 ei!r jaw--are limit$ to ! front "p ( ! beak1 & d n ext5d any:]e ne> ! nasal vacuity4 ,?is is n ! case ) all4 ,9 ! species nam$ ,p4 ,ko*i1 :i* ,i h reg>d$ z ! type ( a di/9ct g5us1 !re are l>ge tee? 9 ! front ( ! jaw correspond+ to ^? ( ,pt]odactylus1 & beh9d ^! a small] s]ies ( tee? ext5d+ back "u ! no/ril1 :i* approa*es close to ! orbit ( ! eye1 )\t any indication ( a sep>ate antorbital vacuity4 ,on ^? *>act]s ! g5us ,diopecephalus 0 def9$4 ,x is closely alli$ to ,pt]odactylus2 bo? agree 9 hav+ ! ilium prolong$ =w>d m ?an twice z f> z x is c>ri$ backw>d1 ! ant]ior process cov]+ ab\t half a doz5 v]tebrae1 z 9 ,pt]odactylus longiro/ris4 ,a great _m diff]5t types h be5 ref]r$ to ,pt]odactylus ,ko*i1 & x is probable t !y may ev5tually be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,! species 9 :i* ! upp] bord]s ( ! orbits approximate c\ld be sep>at$ f ^? 9 :i* ! frontal int]space is wid]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,,cycnorhamphus ,,suevicus ,,f ,,! ,,sol5h(5 ,,slate ,,%[+ ,,! ,,scatt]$ ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,bones ,orig9al 9 ! ,museum at ,tueb+5 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,,cycnorhamphus ,,suevicus ,,re/oration ,,%[+ ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,body ,,& ,,! ,,w+ ,,membranes ,x is a rem>kable feature 9 ^! animals t ! middle bones ( ! foot1 t]m$ in/ep bones or metat>sals1 are usually close toge!r1 s t ! toes div]ge f a n>r[ bread?1 z 9 ,p4 longiro/ris1 ,p4 ,ko*i1 & o!r =ms2 b !re also appe> to be splay-foot$ gr\ps ( ,pt]odactyles l ! species :i* h be5 nam$ ,p4 elegans & ,p4 micronyx1 9 :i* ! metat>sus wid5s out s t ! bones ( ! toes d n div]ge1 & t condition *>act]ises ! ,pt5odracon 7,pt]odactylus breviro/ris71 to :i* g5us ^! species may possibly be ref]r$4 ,ne>ly all :o h /udi$ ^! animals reg>d ! s+ul>ly %ort-nos$ species ,p4 breviro/ris z =m+ a sep>ate g5us4 ,= t g5us ,soemm]r+'s descriptive "n ,orni?ocephalus1 :i* he us$ = ,pt]odactyles g5]ally1 might p]haps h be5 reta9$4 ,b ! "n ,pt5odracon1 sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,lydekk]1 has be5 us$ = ^! types4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,,cycnorhamphus ,,suevicus ,skeleton re/or$ f ! bones 9 ,fig4 #fj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,,re/oration ,,( ,,skeleton ,,cycnorhamphus ,,fraasi ,,%[+ ,,! ,,limbs ,,on ,,! ,,"r ,,side ,f a specim5 9 ! ,museum at ,/uttg>t ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,,cycnorhamphus ,,fraasi ,,re/oration ,,( ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,body ,"s ( ! l>ge/ specim5s pres]v$ at ,/uttg>t & ,tueb+5 h be5 nam$ ,pt]odactylus suevicus & ,p4 ,fraasii4 ,!y d n approa* ! species ,p4 gr&is 9 size1 s f> z c be judg$ f ! fragm5t>y rema9s figur$ by ,von ,mey]2 = :at appe>s to be ! ?ird phalange ( ! w+ f+] is #g-a_/b in*es long1 :ile 9 ^! species x is less ?an half t l5g?1 indicat+ an enorm\s developm5t ( w+1 relatively to ! l5g? ( ! h9d limb1 :i* w\ld probably ref] ! species to ano!r g5us4 ,pt]odactylus suevicus diff]s f ! typical ,pt]odactyles 9 hav+ a r\nd$1 flatt5$ "u surface to ! l[] jaw1 in/ead ( ! common condition ( a %>p keel 9 ! region ( ! symphysis4 ,! beak also seems flatt5$ & swan-l1 & ! tee? are limit$ to ! front ( ! jaw4 ,!re appe> to be "s indications ( small no/rils1 :i* look upw>d l ! no/rils ( ,rhamphorhyn*us1 b ?is may be a deceptive appe>ance1 & ! no/rils are l>ge lat]al vacuities1 :i* are 9 ! position ( antorbital vacuities1 s t !re w\ld appe> to be only two vacuities 9 ! side ( ! head 9 ^! animals4 ,! di/9ctive "* ( ! skeleton 9 ?is g5us is f\nd 9 ! extraord9>y l5g? ( ! metac>pus & 9 ! complete ossification ( ! small] metac>pal bones ?r\gh\t _! l5g?4 ,! metac>pal bones are mu* long] ?an ! bones ( ! =e-arm1 & ab\t twice ! l5g? ( ! hum]us4 ,! fir/ w+ phalange is mu* long] ?an ! o!rs1 :i* successively & rapidly dim9i% 9 l5g?1 s t ! ?ird is half ! l5g? ( ! fir/4 ,!re are diff]5ces 9 ! pelvis2 = ! ant]ior process ( ! ilium is v %ort1 9 comp>ison ) its l5g? 9 ! g5us ,pt]odactylus4 ,& ! long /alk ( ! prepubic bone ) its great hamm]-head$ expansion transv]sely 9 front gives ^? bones a "* unlike o!r g5]a1 s t ,cycnorhamphus ranks z a good g5us1 easily di/+ui%$ f ,cuvi]'s type1 9 :i* ! f\r bones ( ! w+ are m equal 9 l5g?1 & ! la/ is m ?an half ! l5g? ( ! fir/2 :ile ! metac>pus 9 t g5us is only a little long] ?an ! hum]us1 & mu* %ort] ?an ! ulna4 ,! ,pt]odactylus suevicus has ! neck v]tebrae flat on ! "u side1 & relatively %ort z comp>$ ) ! m sl5d] & n>r[] v]tebrae ( ,p4 ,fraasii4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,orni?osaurs ,,f ,,! ,,upp] ,,second>y ,,rocks ,:5 /ay+ at ,swanage1 9 ,dorset%ire1 _m ye>s ago1 ,i _h ! r>e good =tune to obta9 f ! ,purbeck ,b$s ! jaw ( a ,pt]odactyle1 :i* _h mu* 9 common 9 plan ) ! ,cycnorhamphus ,fraasii f ! ,li?ographic ,slate1 :i* is pres]v$ at ,/uttg>t4 ,! too?-be>+ "p ( ?is l[] jaw is #h in*es long z pres]v$1 ext5d+ back #c in*es beyond ! symphysis portion 9 :i* ! two sides are bl5d$ toge!r4 ,x is diff]5t f ,pr(essor ,fraas's specim5 9 hav+ ! tee? c>ri$ mu* fur!r back1 & 9 ! animal be+ ne>ly twice z l>ge4 ,?is fragm5t ( ! jaw is little m ?an #a foot long1 :i* is probably less ?an half its orig9al l5g?4 ,a v]tebra ne>ly #e in*es long1 :i* is m ?an twice ! l5g? ( ! longe/ neck bones 9 ! ,/uttg>t fossil1 is ! only indication ( ! v]tebral column4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 describ$ a w+ f+] bone f ^! ,purbeck ,b$s1 :i* is ne>ly #a foot long4 ,he t]ms x ! second ( ! f+]4 ,x may be ! ?ird1 & on ! hypo!sis t ! animal _h ! proportions ( ! ,sol5h(5 fossil j ref]r$ to1 ! fir/ w+ f+] bone ( ! ,engli% ,purbeck ,pt]odactyle w\ld h exce$$ #b feet 9 l5g?1 & w\ld give a l5g? = ! w+ f+] ( ab\t #e feet #c in*es4 ,= ?is animal ! "n ,doratorhyn*us 0 sugge/$1 b at pres5t ,i am unable to di/+ui% x satisfactorily f ,cycnorhamphus1 :i* x resembles 9 ! =ms bo? ( ! neck bones & ( ! jaw4 ,v small ,pt]odactyles are also f\nd 9 ! ,engli% ,purbeck /rata1 b ! rema9s are few1 & scatt]$1 l ^! l>g] bones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,,! ,,longe/ ,,kn[n ,,neck ,,v]tebra ,f ! ,purbeck ,b$s ( ,swanage4 7,half natural size7 ,,orni?odesmus ,,latid5s ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,,c]vical ,,v]tebra ,,( ,,orni?odesmus ,f ! ,weald5 ,b$s ( ! ,isle ( ,wight ,! ,weald5 /rata be+ %all[1 fre%-wat] deposits might h be5 expect$ to supply bett] k ( ,pt]odactyles ?an has hi!rto be5 available4 ,jaws ( ,orni?o*eirus sagittiro/ris h be5 f\nd 9 ! b$s at ,ha/+s1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ,sussex4 ,"s fragm5ts are z l>ge z any?+ kn[n4 ,! be/-pres]v$ rema9s h come f ! ,isle ( ,wight1 & 7 rew>ds to ! en?usia/ic se>* ( ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,fox1 ( ,brixton4 ,9 ! pr9cipal specim5 ! tee? 7 %ort & wide1 ! head l>ge & deep ) l>ge vacuities1 b ! small bra9 case ( t skull is bird-l4 ,! neck bones are #b-a_/b in*es long4 ,9 ! upp] "p ( ! back ! bones are unit$ toge!r by an*ylosis1 s t !y =m a /ructure 9 ! back l a sacrum1 :i* does n give atta*m5t to ! scapula1 z 9 "s ,pt]odactyles f ! ,*alk1 b ! bones are simply bl5d$1 z 9 ! frigate-bird1 alli$ to ,pelicans & ,cormorants4 ,& !n aft] a few free v]tebrae 9 ! l[] "p ( ! back1 succe$s ! long sacrum1 =m$ 9 ! usual way1 ( _m v]tebrae4 ,i describ$ a sacrum ( ?is type f ! ,weald5 ,b$s1 "u ! "n ,orni?odesmus1 ref]able to ano!r species1 :i* 9 _m respects 0 s l ! sacrum ( a ,bird t ,i c\ld n at ! "t sep>ate x f ! bird type4 ,?is g5us has a /]num ) a /rong deep keel1 & ! articulation = ! coracoid bones plac$ at ! back ( ! keel 9 ! usual way1 b ) a relation to ea* o!r se5 9 no g5us hi!rto kn[n1 = ! articul> surfaces are w$ge-%ap$ in/ead ( be+ ovate2 & in/ead ( be+ side by side1 !y obliquely ov]lap1 practically z 9 wad+ birds l ! ,h]on4 ,i h nev] se5 any ,pt]odactyle tee? s flatt5$ & %ap$ l ! end ( a lancet2 & f ?is "* ! =m 0 kn[n betwe5 ,mr4 ,fox & 8 fri5ds z latid5s4 ,! "n ,orni?odesmus is z descriptive ( ! /]num z ( ! v]tebral column4 ,! w+ bones1 z f> z !y are pres]v$1 h ! relatively great /r5g? 9 ! =e limb :i* is f\nd 9 _m ( ! ,pt]odactyles ( ! ,cretace\s p]iod1 & are q z l>ge z ! l>ge/ f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&4 ,9 ! ,sussex species nam$ ,p4 sagittiro/ris ! l[] jaw articulation 0 in*es wide4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,,/]num ,,( ,,orni?odesmus ,%[+ ! ov]lapp+ facets = ! coracoid bones 7%ad$7 beh9d ! m$ian keel ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,,front ,,( ,,! ,,keel ,,( ,,! ,,/]num ,,( ,,orni?odesmus ,,latid5s ,%[+ also ! articulation = ! coracoid bone ,a few ,pt]odactyles' bones h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,neocomian s&s ( ,engl& & ,g]many1 & o!r l>g] bones occur 9 ! ,gault ( ,folke/one & ! nor? ( ,france2 b nev] 9 su* association z to ?r[ light on ! aspect ( ! skeleton4 ,,orni?o*eirus ,)9 my own memory ,pt]odactyle rema9s 7 equally r>e f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,ow5 9 "o ( 8 public lectures produc$ ! fir/ few fragm5ts receiv$ f ,cambridge1 & ) a k :i* 9 its sci5tific me?od seem$ to bord] on ! p[] ( creation1 produc$ aga9 ! miss+ p>ts1 s t ! bones told _! /ory1 :i* ! "w ( waves & m9]al *anges 9 ! rock _h p>tly oblit]at$4 ,subsequ5tly good =tune gave me ! opportunity dur+ t5 ye>s to help my ,univ]sity 9 ! acquisition & arrangem5t ( ! f9e/ collection ( rema9s ( ^! animals 9 ,europe4 ,out ( an area ( a few acres1 dur+ a ye> or two1 came ! ?\s& bones ( ,orni?osaurs1 mo/ly associat$ sets ( rema9s1 ea* a "p ( a sep>ate skeleton1 describ$ 9 my publi%$ catalogues1 z well z ! be/ ( ^? at ,york & 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & o!r collections 9 ,london4 ,! deposit :i* yields !m1 nam$ ,cambridge ,gre5s&1 may or may n repres5t a long p]iod ( "t 9 its s+le foot ( ?ickness2 b ! abundance ( fossils1 obta9$ :5ev] ! workm5 7 adequately remun]at$ = pres]v+ !m1 w\ld sugge/ t ! ,pt]odactyles might h liv$ l sea-birds or 9 colonies l ! ,p5gu9s1 if x 7 n t ! numb] ( examples ( ea* species f\nd is always small1 & ! _m v>iations ( /ructure sugge/$ r t ! individuals repres5t ! life ( _m l&s4 ,! collections ( rema9s are mo/ly f villages 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,cambridge1 su* z ,*e/]ton1 ,hunt+don ,road1 ,coldham ,common1 ,hasl+field1 ,b>ton1 ,%ill+ton1 ,ditton1 ,gran*e/]1 ,h>/on1 ,b>r+ton1 /ret*+ s\? to ,a%well 9 ,b$=d%ire on ! "o h&1 z well z fur!r nor? by ,horn+sea into ! f5s4 ,ea* appe>s to be ! associat$ bones ( a s+le individual4 ,! rema9s mo/ly belong to comp>atively l>ge animals4 ,"s 7 small1 ?\gh none h be5 f\nd s dim9utive z ! smalle/ f ! ,sol5h(5 ,slate4 ,! l>ge/ specim5s ) long jaws appe> to h _h ! head measur+ n m ?an eighte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 :i* is less ?an half ! size ( ! great too?less ,pt]odactyles f ,kansas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,,re/oration ,,( ,,! ,,skull ,,( ,,orni?o*eirus ,! p>ts left :ite are 9 ! ,geological ,museum at ,cambridge4 ,! %ad$ p>ts h n be5 f\nd4 ,! two holes are ! eye & ! no/ril 7,f ! ,cambridge ,gre5s&7 ,! ,cambridge specim5s manife/ly belong to at lea/ ?ree g5]a4 ,some?+ may be said ( ! *>act]s ( ! l>ge animals :i* are includ$ 9 ! g5us ,orni?o*eirus4 ,^! fossils h _m po9ts ( /ructure 9 common ) ! great ,am]ican too?less =ms :i* are ( simil> geological age4 ,! skull is rem>kable = hav+ ! back ( ! head prolong$ 9 a compress$ m$ian cre/1 :i* rose above ! bra9 case1 & ext5d$ upw>d & ov] ! neck v]tebrae1 s z to indicate a muscul> p[] n o!rwise %[n 9 ! gr\p4 ,= ab\t ?ree in*es beh9d ! bra9 ?is w$ge ( bone re/$ on ! v]tebrae1 & probably ov]lapp$ ! fir/ ?ree neural ar*es 9 ! neck4 ,ano!r feature ( "s int]e/ is ! expansion ( ! bone :i* comes bel[ ! eye4 ,9 ,birds ?is mal> or *eek bone is a sl5d] rod1 b 9 ^! ,pt]odactyles x is a v]tical plate1 :i* is bl5d$ ) ! bone nam$ ! quadrate bone1 :i* makes ! articulation ) ! l[] jaw 9 all ovip>\s animals4 ,! beak v>ies greatly 9 l5g? & 9 =m1 ?\gh x is nev] q s po9t$ z 9 ! ,am]ican g5us1 = !re is always a little truncation 9 front1 :5 tee? are se5 project+ =w>d f a position some:at above ! palate2 ! sn\t is (t5 massive & sometimes club-%ap$4 ,except = ^! v>iations ( %ape 9 ! compress$ sn\t1 :i* is *>act]is$ by a ridge 9 ! middle ( ! palate1 & a correspond+ groove 9 ! l[] jaw1 & ! tee?1 !re is little to di/+ui% :at is kn[n ( ! skull 9 its l>ge/ ,engli% ,gre5s& fossils f ! skull rema9s :i* ab\nd 9 ! ,*alk ( ,kansas4 ,?is ,engli% g5us ,orni?o*eirus1 repres5t$ by a great numb] ( species1 _h ! neural ar* ( ! neck bones exp&$ transv]sely ov] ! body ( ! v]tebra 9 a way t *>act]ises _m birds ) p[]ful necks1 & is se5 9 a few ,pt]odactyles f ,sol5h(54 ,x is difficult to resi/ ! conclusion t ! neck v]tebrae 7 n usually m ?an twice to ?ree times z long z ^? ( ! back1 & x w\ld appe> t ! caudal v]tebrae 9 ! ,engli% ,cretace\s types 7 comp>atively l>ge1 & ab\t twice z long z ! dorsal v]tebrae4 ,unless !re has be5 a s+ul> succession ( accid5ts 9 ! association ( ^! v]tebrae ) ! o!r rema9s1 ,orni?o*eirus _h a tail ( mod]ate l5g?1 =m$ ( a few v]tebrae z long z ^? ( ! neck1 ?\gh m sl5d]1 q unlike ! tail 9 ei!r ! long-tail$ or %ort-tail$ gr\ps ( ,sol5h(5 ,pt]odactyles1 & long] ?an 9 ! too?less ,pt]odactyles ( ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,,c]vical ,,v]tebra1 ,,orni?o*eirus ,"u side1 half natural size4 7,cambridge ,gre5s&7 ,! s+ul> articulation = ! hum]us at ! truncat$ extremity ( ! coracoid bone is a "* ( ?is gr\p1 z is ! articulation ( ! scapulae ) ! neural ar*es ( ! dorsal v]tebrae1 at "r angles to !m 7p4 #aae71 in/ead ( runn+ ov] ! ribs z 9 ,birds & z 9 o!r ,pt]odactyles4 ,! small] ,pt]odactyles h _! jaws less compress$ f side to side4 ,! upp] arm bone1 ! hum]us1 in/ead ( be+ truncat$ at its l[] end z 9 ,orni?o*eirus1 is divid$ into two or ?ree r\nd$ articul> surfaces4 ,t = ! radius1 ! bone :i* c>ries ! wri/1 is a di/9ct & oblique r\nd$ facet1 :ile ! ulna has a r\nd$ & pulley-l articulation on :i* ! h& may rotate4 ,^! diff]5ces are probably associat$ ) an abs5ce ( ! rem>kable mode ( union ( ! scapulae ) ! dorsal v]tebrae4 ,b ,i h hesitat$ to give diff]5t names to ^! small] g5]a because no example ( scapula has come "u my notice :i* is n truncat$ at ! free end4 ,i d n ?9k ?is ,european type c be ! ,nyctodactylus ( ,pr(essor ,m>%1 9 :i* sutures appe> to be p]si/5t betwe5 ! bodies ( ! v]tebrae & _! ar*es1 because no examples h be5 f\nd at ,cambridge ) ! neural ar*es sep>at$1 al?\gh ! scapula is frequ5tly sep>at$ f ! coracoid 9 l>ge animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,,upp] ,,& ,,l[] ,,jaws ,,( ,,an ,,engli% ,,pt]odactyle ,,f ,,! ,,*alk1 ,,z ,,pres]v$ ,,orni?o/oma ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,,! ,,palate ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,too?less ,,pt]odactyle1 ,,orni?o/oma ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,,types ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,too?less ,,pt]odactyle1 ,,orni?o/oma ,nam$ by ,m>%1 ,pt]anodon ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( all ! ,engli% ,pt]odactyle rema9s is ! small fragm5t ( jaw figur$ by ,sir ,ri*>d ,ow5 9 #ahei1 :i* is a little m ?an two in*es long & an in* wide1 di/+ui%$ by a concave palate ) smoo? r\nd$ m>g9s to ! jaws & a r\nd$ ridge to ! beak4 ,x is ! only satisfactory fragm5t ( ! animal :i* has be5 figur$1 & indicates a g5us ( too?less ,pt]odactyles1 = :i* ! "n ,orni?o/oma 0 fir/ us$ 9 #ahga4 ,aft] "s ye>s ,pr(essor ,m>% f\nd too?less ,pt]odactyles 9 ,kansas1 & indicat$ sev]al species4 ,!re are rema9s to ! numb] ( six hundr$ specim5s ( ^! ,am]ican animals 9 ! ,yale ,museum alone2 b v little 0 kn[n ( !m till ,pr(essor ,willi/on1 ( ,lawr5ce1 9 ,kansas1 describ$ ! specim5s f ! ,kansas ,univ]sity ,museum1 :5 x became evid5t t ! bones ( ! skeleton are mo/ly =m$ on ! same plan z ^? ( ! ,cambridge ,gre5s& g5us1 ,orni?o*eirus4 ,!y are n q id5tical4 ,pr(essor ,willi/on adopts = !m ! "n ,orni?o/oma1 9 pref]5ce to ,pt]anodon :i* ,m>% _h sugge/$4 ,bo? animals h ! dagg]-%ap$ =m ( jaw1 ) correspond+ height & bread? ( ! palate4 ,! same flatt5$ sides to ! sn\t1 conv]g+ upw>ds to a r\nd$ ridge1 ! same compress$ r\nd$ m>g9 to ! jaw1 :i* repres5ts ! bord] 9 :i* tee? are usually implant$1 & 9 bo? ! palate has ! same smoo? "* =m+ a s+le wide concave *annel4 ,ye>s previ\sly ,i _h ! pleasure ( %[+ to ,pr(essor ,m>% ! rem>kable *>act]s ( ! jaw1 %\ld]-girdle bones1 & scapulae 9 ! ,gre5s& ,pt]odactyles :ile ! ,am]ican fossils 7 /ill undiscov]$4 ,i subsequ5tly made ! re/oration ( ! %\ld]-girdle 7p4 #aae74 ,pr(essor ,willi/on /ates to me t ! %\ld]-girdle bones 9 ,am]ican examples ( ,orni?o/oma h a close resemblance to ^? ( ,orni?o*eirus figur$ 9 #ahia1 z is evid5t f rema9s n[ %[n 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x appe>s t ! ,kansas bones are almo/ inv>iably cru%$ flat1 s t _! articul> ends are di/ort$4 ,! neck v]tebrae are relatively /\t z 9 ,orni?o*eirus4 ,! hip-girdle ( ! ,am]ican ,orni?o/oma c be closely p>allel$ 9 "s ,engli% specim5s ( ,orni?o*eirus1 ?\gh ea* prepubic bone is triangul> 9 ! ,am]ican fossils z 9 ,p4 rhampha/9us4 ,!y are unit$ into a transv]se b> z 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us1 unkn[n 9 ! ,engli% fossils4 ,! femur has ! same %ape z 9 ,orni?o*eirus2 & ! long tibia t]m9ates 9 a pulley4 ,!re is no fibula4 ,! /]num 9 bo? has a manubrium1 or ?ick keel mass1 prolong$ 9 front ( its articul> facets = ! coracoid bones1 :i* are well sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,f\r ribs articulate ) its /raight sides4 ,! animal has f\r toes & ! fif? is rudim5t>y2 !re are no claws to ! fir/ & second4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,,re/oration ,,( ,,! ,,skeleton ,,( ,,orni?o/oma ,,+5s 7,,m>%7 ,f ! ,niobr>a ,cretace\s ( ,we/]n ,kansas4 ,made by ,pr(essor ,willi/on4 ,! orig9al has a spread ( w+ ( ab\t #ai feet #d in*es4 ,fragm5ts ( l>g] individuals are pres]v$ at ,muni* ,9 ! re/oration :i* ,pr(essor ,willi/on has made ! w+ metac>pal is long1 & 9 ! %orte/ specim5 measures #a foot #g in*es1 & 9 ! longe/ #a foot #h in*es4 ,?is is exactly equal to ! l5g? ( ! fir/ phalange ( ! w+ f+]4 ,! second w+ f+] bone is #c in*es %ort]1 ! ?ird is little m ?an half ! l5g? ( ! fir/1 :ile ! f\r? is only #f-c_/d in*es long1 %[+ a rapid %ort5+ ( ! bones1 a condition :i* may h *>act]is$ all ! ,cretace\s ,pt]odactyles4 ,! %ort hum]us1 ab\t #a foot long1 & ! =e-arm1 :i* is sc>cely long]1 are also *>act]i/ic proportions ( ,orni?o/oma or ,pt]anodon1 z kn[n f ! ,am]ican specim5s4 ,pr(essor ,willi/on gives no details ( ! rem>kable tail1 beyond say+ t ! tail is small & %ort1 & t ! v]tebrae are flat at ! ends1 )\t transv]se processes4 ,9 ! re/oration ! tail is %ort] ?an 9 ! %ort-tail$ species f ! ,li?ographic ,slate1 & unlike ! tail 9 ,orni?o*eirus4 ,?is is ! succession ( ,pt]odactyles 9 geological "t4 ,_! hi/ory is l t ( ! human race4 ,9 ! mo/ anci5t nations man's life comes ^u u already fully organis$4 ,! ,pt]odactyles beg91 s f> z isolat$ bones are conc]n$1 9 ! ,rhaetic /rata2 p]haps 9 ! ,mus*elkalk or middle division ( ! ,trias4 ,& f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,second>y "t !y live on ) b little div]sity 9 important & *>act]i/ic /ructures1 & s f> z habit goes1 ! great ,pt]odactyles ( ! ,upp] ,*alk ( ,engl& _c be said to be m highly organis$ ?an ! e>li] /iff-tail$ g5]a ( ! ,lias or ! ,oolites4 ,!re is no?+ l evolution4 ,no modification su* z t :i* d]ives ! "o-to$ horse or ! two-to$ ox f ance/ors ) a l>g] numb] ( digits4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is little1 if any1 evid5ce ( deg5]ation4 ,! lat] ,pt]odactyles d n appe> to h lo/ mu*1 al?\gh ! tail 9 "s ( ! ,sol5h(5 g5]a may be deg5]ate :5 comp>$ ) ! long tail ( ,dimorphodon2 b ! %ort-tail$ types are f\nd side by side ) ! long-tail$ ,rhamphorhyn*us4 ,! abs5ce ( tee? may be reg>d$ z deg5]ation1 = !y h presumably become lo/1 9 ! same way t ,birds n[ exi/+ h lo/ ! tee? :i* *>act]is$ ! fossil birds--,i*?yornis ( ! ,am]ican ,gre5s&1 & ,ar*aeopt]yx ( ! ,upp] ,oolites ( ,bav>ia4 ,b j z "s ( ! e>li] ,pt]odactyles h no tee? at ! extremity ( ! jaw1 su* z ,dorygna?us & ,rhamphorhyn*us1 s ! loss ( tee? may h ext5d$ backw>d till ! jaws became too?less4 ,! specim5s hi!rto kn[n give no evid5ce ( su* a *ange be+ 9 progress4 ,b j z ! division ( ,mammals t]m$ ,ed5tata usually wants only ! tee? :i* *>act]ise ! front ( ! jaw1 yet o!rs1 l ! ,great ,ant-eat] ( ,s\? ,am]ica nam$ ,myrmecophaga1 h ! jaws z free f tee? z ! too?less ,pt]odactyles or liv+ ,birds1 & %[ t 9 t ord] ! tee? h no value 9 sep>at+ ^! animals into subord9ate gr\ps any m ?an !y h among ! ,monotremata1 :]e "o type has tee? & ! o!r is too?less4 ,! foll[+ table gives a summ>y ( ! ,geological ,hi/ory & succession 9 ! ,second>y ,rocks ( ! pr9cipal g5]a ( ,fly+ ,reptiles4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,names ,,( ,,! ,,g5]a4 ,,geological ,,=mations4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,briti% & ,european4 ,nor? ,am]ican4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,upp] ,*alk ,orni?o/oma 7,pt]anodon7 ,l[] ,*alk ,orni?o*eirus ,nyctodactylus ,upp] ,gre5s& ,orni?o/oma ,gault ----------------------- ,l[] ,gre5s& ,weald5 ,orni?odesmus ,purbeck ,doratorhyn*us ----------------------- ,portl& ,pt]odactylus ,pt5odracon ,kim]idge ,clay & ,cycnorhamphus ,sol5h(5 ,slate ,diopecephalus ,rhamphorhyn*us ,corall9e ,oolite ,scaphogna?us ,ox=d ,clay ----------------------- ,great ,oolite & ,/onesfield ,slate ,rhamphocephalus ,inf]ior ,oolite ----------------------- ,upp] ,lias ,campylogna?us ,dorygna?us ,l[] ,lias ,dimorphodon ----------------------- ,rhaetic bones ,mus*elkalk 8 bones ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,orni?osauria ,:5 an attempt is made to det]m9e ! place 9 nature ( an ext9ct gr\p ( animals & ! relation to ea* o!r ( ! diff]5t types includ$ )9 its limits1 s z to express ^? facts 9 a classification1 att5tion is direct$ 9 ! fir/ place to *>act]s :i* are con/ant1 & p]si/ ?r\gh ! :ole ( its con/itu5t g5]a4 ,we endeav\r to f9d ! /ructural p>ts ( ! skeleton :i* are n affect$ by v>iation 9 ! d5tition1 or ! proportions ( ! extremities1 or l5g? ( ! tail1 :i* may def9e families or g5]a1 or species4 ,x has already be5 %[n t :ile 9 _m ways ! ,orni?osaurian animals are l ,birds1 !y h also important resemblances to ,reptiles4 ,!y are (t5 nam$ ,pt]osauria4 ,! w+ f+] gives a di/9ctive "* :i* is f\nd 9 nei!r "o class ( exi/+ animals nor ! o!r1 & is common to all ! ,pt]odactyles at pres5t kn[n4 ,!y h be5 nam$ ,orni?osauria z a di/9ct m9or division ( back-bon$ animals1 :i* may be reg>d$ z nei!r ,reptiles nor ,birds 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ^? t]ms are us$ to def9e a ,liz>d or ,o/ri* among animals :i* /ill exi/4 ,x is n s mu* t !y m>k a transition f ,reptile to ,bird1 z t !y are a gr\p :i* is p>allel to ,birds1 & m manife/ly holds an int]m$iate place ?an ,birds d betwe5 ,reptiles & ,mammals4 ,9 plan ( /ructure ,bird & ,reptile h m 9 common ?an 0 at "o "t suspect$4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,huxley w5t s f> z to g5]alise on ^? co9cid5ces 9 p>ts ( ! skeleton1 & unit$ ,birds & ,reptiles into "o gr\p1 :i* he nam$ ,sauropsida1 to express ! co9cid5ces ( /ructure betwe5 ! ,liz>d & ! ,bird tribes4 ,! idea is ( m value ?an ! t]m 9 :i* x is express$1 because ,reptiles are n1 z we h se51 a gr\p ( animals :i* c be def9$ by any set ( *>act]s z compreh5sive z ^? :i* express ! di/9ctive features ( ,birds4 ,f ! anatomi/'s po9t ( view ,birds are a small] gr\p1 & :ile "s ,reptiles h aff9ity ) !m1 x is r ! ext9ct ?an ! liv+ gr\ps :i* indicate t relation4 ,o!r ,reptiles h aff9ities ( a m m>k$ k9d ) ,mammals1 & !re are po9ts 9 ! ,orni?osaurian skeleton :i* are di/9ctly ,mammalian4 ,s t :5 ! ,monotreme ,mammals are unit$ ) ,s\? ,african reptiles kn[n z ,!riodontia1 :i* resemble !m1 9 a gr\p t]m$ ,!ropsida to express _! mammalian resemblances1 x is evid5t t !re is no "o cont9u\s *a9 ( life or gradation 9 complexity ( /ructure ( animals4 ,we h to det]m9e :e!r ! ,orni?osauria incl9e t[>ds ! ,sauropsidan or ,bird-,reptile alliance1 or to ! ,mammal-,reptile or ,!ropsidan alliance4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! pr$om9ant t5d5cy is to ! =m]1 ) a m9or aff9ity t[>ds ! latt]4 ,! ,orni?osauria are "o ( a s]ies ( gr\ps ( animals1 liv+ & ext9ct1 :i* h be5 comb9$ 9 an alliance nam$ ! ,orni?omorpha4 ,t gr\p includes at lea/ five great divisions ( animals1 :i* circle ab\t birds1 kn[n z ,orni?osauria1 ,crocodilia1 ,sauris*ia1 ,aves1 ,orni?is*ia1 & ,ari/osu*ia4 ,_! relations to ea* o!r are n evid5t 9 an enum]ation1 b may be %[n 9 "s degree 9 a diagram 7see p4 #aij74 ,,! ,,orni?omorpha ,! ,orni?omorpha arrang$ 9 ?is way %[ t ! ?ree middle gr\ps--c>nivor\s ,sauris*ia1 ,ari/osu*ia1 h]bivor\s ,orni?is*ia--:i* are usually unit$ z ,d9osauria1 int]v5e betwe5 ,birds & ,orni?osaurs2 & t ! ,crocodilia & ,orni?osauria are p>allel gr\ps :i* are connect$ ) ,birds1 by ! gr\p ( ,d9osaurs1 :i* resembles ,birds mo/ closely4 ,! ,orni?omorpha is only "o ( a s]ies ( l>ge natural gr\ps ( animals into :i* liv+ & ext9ct t]re/rial v]tebrata may be arrang$4 ,& ! succe$+ diagram may contribute to make evid5t ! relations ( ,orni?osauria to ! o!r t]re/rial v]tebrata 7see p4 #aia74 ,h]e9 x is se5 t :ile ! ,orni?omorpha approa* t[>ds ,mammalia ?r\gh ! ,orni?osauria1 & less di/9ctly ?r\gh ! ,crocodilia1 !y approa* m directly to ! ,sauromorpha1 ?r\gh ! ,plesiosaurs & ,hatt]ia2 :ile t gr\p also approa*es m directly to ! ,mammals ?r\gh ! ,plesiosaurs & ,anomodonts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,aff9ities ,,( ,,! ,,ord]s ,,( ,,animals ,,compris$ ,,9 ,,! ,,orni?omorpha4 ,aft] a diagram 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society1 #ahib4 ,! ,ari/osu*ia is imp]fectly kn[n1 & !re=e to "s ext5t a provisional gr\p4 ,x is a small gr\p ( animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,orni?omorpha ,,to ,,! ,,*ief ,,l>ge ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,t]re/rial ,,v]tebrata1 ,,& ,,_! ,,aff9ities ,,) ,,ea* ,,o!r4 ,aft] a diagram 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society1 #ahib4 ,cordylomorpha are ,i*?yosaurs & ! ,labyr9?odont gr\p4 ,h]petomorpha include ,lac]tilia1 ,homoeosauria1 ,doli*osauria1 ,*ameleonoidea1 ,ophidia1 ,py?onomorpha4 ,! ,sauromorpha comprises ! gr\ps ( ext9ct & liv+ ,reptiles nam$ ,*elonia1 ,rhyn*ocephala1 ,sauropt]ygia1 ,anomodontia1 ,no?osauria1 & ,protorosauria4 ,^! details may help to expla9 ! place :i* has be5 giv5 to ! ,orni?osauria 9 ! classification ( animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,six ,,g5]a ,! skulls are se5 on ! left side 9 ! ord] ( ! names bel[ !m ,turn+ to ! ,pt]odactyles !mselves1 ,von ,mey] divid$ !m naturally into %ort-tail$ & long-tail$4 ,! %ort-tail$ indicat$ by ! "n ,pt]odactylus he fur!r divid$ into long-nos$ & %ort-nos$4 ,! %ort-nos$ g5us has s9ce be5 nam$ ,pt5odracon 7,fig4 #ei1 p4 #afg74 ,! long-tail$ gr\p 0 divid$ into two types--! ,rhamphorhyn*us ( ! ,sol5h(5 ,slate 7,fig4 #ef1 p4 #afa7 & ! ,engli% =m n[ kn[n z ,dimorphodon 7,fig4 #eb1 p4 #aej71 :i* _h be5 describ$ f ! ,lias4 ,! ,cretace\s ,pt]odactyles =m a di/9ct family4 ,s t1 believ+ ! tail to h be5 %ort 9 t gr\p 7,fig4 #eh71 !re are two long-tail$ z well z two %ort-tail$ families1 :i* 7 def9$ f _! typical g5]a ,pt]odactylus1 ,orni?o*eirus1 ,rhamphorhyn*us1 & ,dimorphodon4 ,! diff]5ces 9 /ructure :i* ^! animals pres5t are1 fir/3 ! big-head$ =ms f ! ,lias l ,dimorphodon1 agree ) ! ,rhamphorhyn*us type f ,sol5h(5 9 hav+ a vacuity 9 ! skull def9$ by bone1 plac$ betwe5 ! orbit ( ! eye & ! no/ril4 ,) ^? *>act]s are correlat$ ! comp>atively %ort bones :i* correspond to ! back ( ! h& t]m$ metac>pals1 & ! tail is long1 & /iff5$ d[n its l5g? ) ossifi$ t5dons4 ,^! *>act]s sep>ate ,orni?osaurs ) long tails f ^? ) %ort tails4 ,! %ort-tail$ types repres5t$ by ,pt]odactylus & ,orni?o*eirus h no di/9ct antorbital vacuity 9 ! skull def9$ by bone4 ,! metac>pal bones ( ! middle h& are exceptionally elongat$1 & ! tail1 :i* 0 flexible 9 bo?1 appe>s to h be5 %ort4 ,^! diff]5ces 9 ! skeleton w>rant a prim>y division ( fly+ reptiles into two pr9cipal gr\ps4 ,! %ort-tail$ gr\p1 :i* 0 recognis$ by ,de ,bla9ville z int]m$iate betwe5 ,birds & ,reptiles1 may take ! "n ,pt]odactylia1 :i* he sugge/$ z a conv5i5t1 di/9ctive "n4 ,x may probably be inconv5i5t to enl>ge its significance to comprise n only ! true ,pt]odactyles orig9ally def9$ z ,pt]osauria1 b ! new] ,orni?o/oma & ,orni?o*eirus :i* h be5 gr\p$ z ,orni?o*eiroidea4 ,! second ord]1 9 :i* ! w+ membrane appe>s to h _h a mu* great] ext5t1 9 be+ c>ri$ d[n ! h9d limbs1 :]e ! out]mo/ digit & metat>sal are modifi$ = its support1 has be5 nam$ ,pt]od]mata1 to include ! types :i* are arrang$ ar\nd ,rhamphorhyn*us & ,dimorphodon4 ,bo? ^! pr9cipal gr\ps admit ( subdivision by _m *>act]s 9 ! skeleton1 ! mo/ rem>kable ( :i* is af=d$ by ! pair ( bones c>ri$ 9 front ( ! pubes1 & t]m$ prepubic bones4 ,9 ! ,pt]odactyle family ! bones 9 front ( ! pubes are always sep>ate f ea* o!r1 always direct$ =w>d1 & h a peculi> fan-%ap$ =m ) concave sides l ! bone :i* holds a simil> position 9 a ,crocodile4 ,9 ! ,orni?o*eirus family ! prepubic bones appe> to h be5 orig9ally triangul>1 b 7 aft]w>ds unit$ s z to =m a /rong cont9u\s b> :i* ext5ds transv]sely across ! abdom5 9 advance ( ! pubic bones4 ,?is at lea/ is ! di/9ctive "* 9 ! g5us ,orni?o/oma accord+ to ,pr(essor ,willi/on1 :i* 9 _m ways closely resembles ,orni?o*eirus4 ,! two families 9 ! long-tail$ ord] nam$ ,pt]od]mata are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a simil> diff]5ce 9 _! prepubic bones4 ,9 ,dimorphodon ^? bones are sep>ate f ea* o!r1 & rema9 di/9ct ?r\gh life1 meet+ 9 ! middle l9e ( ! body 9 a wide plate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us ! prepubic bones1 :i* are at fir/ triangul> & always sl5d]1 become bl5d$ toge!r into a slight transv]se b>1 :i* only diff]s f t attribut$ to ,orni?o/oma 9 its m sl5d] b[-%ap$ =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,,left ,,side ,,( ,,pelvis ,,( ,,orni?o/oma 7,aft] ,willi/on7 ,?us if o!r *>act]s ( ! skeleton are ignor$ & a classification bas$ ^u ! /ructure ( ! pelvis & prepubic bones1 !re w\ld be "s gr\nd = associat+ ! long-tail$ ,rhamphorhyn*us f ! ,upp] ,oolites :i* is los+ ! tee? 9 ! front ( its jaw ) ! ,cretace\s ,orni?o/oma1 :i* has ! tee? completely want+2 :ile ! long-tail$ ,dimorphodon w\ld come into clos] association ) ! %ort-tail$ ,pt]odactylus4 ,! drum-/ick bone or tibia 9 ,dimorphodon1 ) its sl5d] fibula1 l t ( a ,bird1 also resembles a ,bird 9 ! r\nd$ & pulley-%ap$ t]m9al end :i* makes ! jo9t correspond+ to ! middle ( ! ankle bones 9 man4 ,! same condition ( a t]m9al pulley jo9t is f\nd 9 ! ,cretace\s ,pt]odactyles4 ,b 9 ! true ,pt]odactyles & 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us !re usually is no pulley-%ap$ t]m9ation to ! l[] end ( ! drum-/ick1 = ! t>sal bones rema9 sep>ate f ea* o!r1 & =m two r[s ( ossifications1 %[+ ! same diff]5ces z sep>ate ,d9osaurs into ! divisions :i* h be5 ref]r$ to1 f _! ,bird-l pelvis & tibio-t>sus1 z ,orni?is*ia 9 ! "o case1 & ,sauris*ia 9 ! o!r f _! bones be+ m l ^? ( liv+ ,liz>ds4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,family ,,relations ,,( ,,pt]odactyles ,,to ,,animals ,,:i* ,,liv$ ,,) ,,!m ,en\gh has be5 said ( ! g5]al /ructure ( ,pt]odactyles & ! *ief =ms :i* !y assum$ :ile ! ,second>y rocks 7 accumulat+1 to convey a cle> idea ( _! relations to ! types ( v]tebrate animals :i* /ill survive on ! e>?4 ,we may be unable to expla9 ! reasons = _! exi/5ce1 & = _! dep>ture f ! plan ( organisation ( ,reptiles & ,birds4 ,b ! evid5ce has n be5 exhau/$ :i* may elucidate _! exi/5ce4 ,sometimes1 9 problems ( ?is k9d1 :i* involve comp>ison ( ! details ( ! skeleton 9 diff]5t animals1 x is conv5i5t to imag9e ! possibility ( *anges & transitions :i* are n yet support$ by ! discov]y ( fossil rema9s4 ,if1 = example1 ! ,pt]odactyle be conceiv$ ( z dive/$ ( ! w+ f+]1 :i* is its mo/ di/9ctive "*1 or t f+] is suppos$ to be replac$ by an ord9>y digit1 l ! ?ree-claw$ digits ( ! h& :i* we h reg>d$ z appli$ to ! gr\nd1 :]e1 x may be ask$1 w\ld ! animal type be f\nd :i* approximates mo/ closely to a ,pt]odactyle :i* _h be5 ?us modifi$8 ,!re are two possible replies to su* a "q1 sugge/$ by ! =m ( ! foot4 ,= ! old ,bird ,ar*aeopt]yx has ?ree su* claw$ digits1 b no w+ f+]4 ,& "s ,d9osaurs also h ! h& ) ?ree digits t]m9at+ 9 claws1 :i* are q comp>able to ! claw$ digits ( ,pt]odactyles4 ,! tru? express$ 9 ! say+ t no man by tak+ ?\ght c add a cubit to 8 /ature is ( univ]sal application 9 ! animal _w1 9 relation to ! result ^u ! skeleton ( ! ex]cise ( a function by ! individual4 ,yet su* is ! relation 9 proportions ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! animal to ! "w :i* x p]=ms1 s m>k$ is ! evid5ce t gr[? has ext5d$ 9 direct relation to use ( organs & active life1 & t /ructures h become dw>f$ f ov]work1 or h wa/$ away f disuse--se5 ?r\gh\t all v]tebrate animals1 t we may fairly attribute to ! w+ f+] "s correlat$ influ5ce ^u ! proportions ( ! animal1 z a consequ5ce ( ! dep5d5ce ( ! entire economy ^u ea* ( its p>ts4 ,!re=e if an alli$ animal did n possess a w+ f+]1 & did n fly1 x might n h develop$ ! lightness ( bone1 or ! l5g? ( limb :i* ,pt]odactyles possess4 ,! m]e expansion ( ! p>a*ute membrane se5 9 s-call$ fly+ animals1 bo? ,mammals & ,reptiles1 :i* are devoid ( w+s1 is absolutely )\t effect 9 modify+ ! skeleton4 ,b :5 9 ! ,bat a w+ /ructure is met ) :i* may be comp>$ to a gigantic ext5sion ( ! web foot ( ! s-call$ ,fly+ ,frog1 ! bones ( ! f+]s & ! back ( ! h& elongate & ext5d "u ! /imulus ( ! function ( flight 9 ! same way z ! legs elongate 9 ! m active ho($ animals1 ) ! function ( runn+4 ,!re=e x is n improbable t ! limbs %>$ to "s ext5t 9 gr[? "u /imulus ( ex]cise :i* develop$ ! w+ f+]4 ,& if an animal c be f\nd among fossils s f> alli$ z to indicate a possible repres5tative ( ! race f :i* ^! ,fly+ ,dragons arose1 x might be expect$ to be at lea/ %ort] legg$1 & possibly m di/9ctly ,reptilian 9 ! bones ( ! %\ld]-girdle :i* support ! muscles us$ 9 flight4 ,x may readily be und]/ood t ! k9ds ( life :i* 7 mo/ ne>ly alli$ to ,pt]odactyles are likely to h exi/$ ^u ! e>? ) !m1 & t flight 0 only "o ( ! modes ( progression :i* became develop$ 9 relation to _! conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,! pr9cipal assemblage ( t]re/rial animals available = su* comp>ison is ! ,d9osauria4 ,!y may diff] f ,pt]odactyles z widely z ! ,insectivora among ,mammals diff] f ,bats1 b n 9 a m m>k$ way4 ,comp>isons w %[ t !re are resemblances betwe5 ! two ext9ct gr\ps :i* appeal to bo? reason & imag9ation4 ,d9osaurs are conv5i5tly divid$ by *>act]s ( ! pelvis fir/ into ! ord] ,sauris*ia1 :i* includes ! c>nivor\s ,megalosaurus & ! ,cetiosaurus1 ) ! pelvis on ! ,reptile plan2 & secondly ! ord] ,orni?is*ia1 repres5t$ by ,iguanodon1 ) ! pelvis on ! ,bird plan4 ,x may be only a co9cid5ce1 b nev]!less an int]e/+ "o1 t ! *>act]s ( ^? two great gr\ps ( reptiles1 :i* also ext5d ?r\gh\t ! ,second>y rocks1 are to "s ext5t p>allel$ 9 p>ts ( ! skeleton ( ! two divisions ( ,pt]odactyles4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by ref]5ce to ! skull1 pelvis1 h9d limb1 & ! pneumatic condition ( ! bones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! ,,skull ,,( ,,! ,,d9osaur ,,an*isaurus ,,) ,,! ,,orni?osaur ,,dimorphodon ,! ,sauris*ian ,d9osauria h an antorbital vacuity 9 ! side ( ! skull betwe5 ! nasal op5+ & ! eye1 z 9 ! long-tail$ ,orni?osaurs nam$ ,pt]od]mata4 ,9 "s ( ! old] g5]a ( ^! c>nivor\s ,d9osaurs ( ! ,trias1 ! lat]al vacuities ( ! head are z l>ge z 9 ,dimorphodon4 ,b 9 "s at lea/ ( ! ,iguanodont1 or ,orni?is*ian ,d9osaurs1 !re is no antorbital vacuity1 & ! side ( ! face 9 t respect resembles ! %ort-tail$ ,pt]odactylia4 ,! skull ( a c>nivor\s ,d9osaur possesses tee? :i*1 ?\gh easily di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ,pt]odactyles1 c be be/ comp>$ ) !m4 ,! mo/ /rik+ diff]5ce is 9 ! fact t 9 ! ,d9osaur ! no/rils are ne>ly t]m9al1 :ile 9 ! ,pt]odactyle !y are remov$ "s di/ance backw>d4 ,?is result is br\ght ab\t by gr[? tak+ place1 9 ! "o case at ! front m>g9 ( ! maxill>y bone s z to c>ry ! no/ril =w>d1 & 9 ! o!r case at ! back m>g9 ( ! premaxill>y bone4 ,?us an elongat$ "p ( ! jaw is ext5d$ 9 front ( ! no/ril4 ,h5ce !re is a diff]5t proportion betwe5 ! premaxill>y & maxill>y bones 9 ! two gr\ps ( animals1 :i* corresponds to ! pres5ce ( a beak 9 a bird1 & its abs5ce 9 liv+ reptiles4 ,x is n kn[n :e!r ! extremity ( ! ,pt]odactyle's beak is a s+le bone1 ! int]maxill>y bone1 su* z =ms ! correspond+ too?less "p ( ! jaw 9 ! ,s\? ,african reptile ,dicynodon1 or :e!r x is made by ! pair ( bones call$ premaxill>ies :i* =m ! extremity ( ! jaw 9 mo/ ,d9osaurs4 ,too mu* importance may p]haps be atta*$ to su* diff]5ces :i* are p>tly hypo!tical1 because ! ext9ct ,i*?yosaurus1 :i* has an exceptionally long sn\t1 has ! two premaxill>y bones elongat$ s z to ext5d backw>d to ! no/rils4 ,a simil> elongation ( ^? bones is se5 9 ,porpoises1 :i* also h a long sn\t2 & ! bones are c>ri$ back f ! front ( ! head to ! no/rils1 :i* are sometimes kn[n z bl[holes4 ,b ! ,porpoise has ^? premaxill>y bones n s mu* 9 advance ( ! bones :i* c>ry tee? nam$ maxill>y1 z plac$ 9 ! int]space betwe5 !m4 ,! no/rils1 h[ev]1 are n limit$ to ! extremity ( ! head 9 all ,d9osaurs4 ,if ?is region ( ! beak 9 ,dimorphodon be comp>$ ) ! correspond+ "p ( a ,d9osaur f ! ,p]mian rocks1 or ,trias1 ! relation ( ! no/ril to ! bones =m+ ! beak may be bett] und]/ood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! ,,skull ,,( ,,! ,,d9osaur ,,orni?osu*us ,,) ,,! ,,orni?osaur ,,dimorphodon ,9 ! s&/one ( ,elg91 usually nam$ ,trias1 a small ,d9osaur is f\nd1 :i* has be5 nam$ ,orni?osu*us1 f ! resemblance ( its head to t ( a ,bird4 ,se5 f above1 ! head has a rem>kable resemblance to ! condition 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us1 9 ! %>p-po9t$ beak & positions ( ! orbits & o!r op5+s4 ,9 side view ! orbits h ! triangul> =m se5 9 ,dimorphodon1 & ! preorbital vacuities are l>ge1 z 9 t g5us1 :ile ! lat]al no/rils1 :i* are small]1 are fur!r =w>d 9 ! ,d9osaur4 ,! diff]5ces f ,dimorphodon are 9 ! articulation = ! jaw be+ c>ri$ a little backw>d1 in/ead ( be+ v]tical z 9 ! ,pt]odactyle1 & ! bone 9 front ( ! nose is small]4 ,not)/&+ probable diff]5ces 9 ! palate1 ! approximation1 :i* ext5ds to ! ,crocodile-l vacuity 9 ! l[] jaw1 is su* t by slight modification 9 ! skull ! diff]5ces w\ld be sub/antially oblit]at$ by :i* ! skull ( su* an ,orni?osaur is te*nically di/+ui%$ f su* a ,d9osaur4 ,! back ( ! skull is cle>ly se5 9 ! ,:itby ,pt]odactyle1 & its /ructure is simil> to ! correspond+ "p ( su* ,d9osaurs z ,an*isaurus or ,atlantosaurus1 )\t ! resemblance q am\nt+ to id5tity1 b /ill f> clos] ?an is ! resemblance betwe5 ! same region 9 ! heads ( ,crocodiles1 ,liz>ds1 ,s]p5ts1 ,*elonians4 ,few ( ^! fossil ,d9osaur skulls are available = comp>ison1 & ^? diff] among !mselves4 ,! co9cid5ces r sugge/ a close collat]al relation ?an prove ! elaboration ( "o type f ! o!r4 ,!y may h _h a common ance/or4 ,! ,trias rocks ne> ,/uttg>t h yield$ ,d9osaurs z unlike ,pt]odactyles z c\ld be imag9$1 resembl+ heavily arm\r$ ,crocodiles1 9 su* types z ! g5us ,belodon4 ,its jaws are compress$ f side to side1 z 9 _m ,pt]odactyles1 & ! no/rils are at lea/ z f> backw>d z 9 ,rhamphorhyn*us4 ,belodon has preorbital vacuities & po/orbital vacuities1 b ! orbit ( ! eye is nev] l>ge1 z 9 ,pt]odactyles4 ,x might n be wor? :ile dwell+ on su* po9ts 9 ! skull if x 7 n t ! pelvis 9 ,belodon is a bas9 =m$ by ! bl5d+ ( ! exp&$ plates ( ! is*ium & ! pubis1 into a %eet ( bone :i* m ne>ly resembles ! same region 9 ,pt]odactyles ?an does ! is*io-pubic region 9 o!r ,d9osaurian animals l ,cetiosaurus4 ,! backbone 9 a few ,d9osaurs is sugge/ive ( ,pt]odactyles4 ,9 su* g5]a z h be5 nam$ ,coelurus & ,calamospondylus1 9 :i* ! skeleton is only p>tially kn[n1 ! neck v]tebrae become elongat$1 s z to comp>e ) ! long-neck$ ,pt]odactyles4 ,! c]vical rib is (t5 v simil> to t type1 & bl5d$ ) ! v]tebra1 z 9 ,pt]odactyles & ,birds4 ,! e>ly dorsal v]tebrae ( ,pt]odactyles might almo/ be mi/ak5 = ^? ( ,d9osaurs4 ,! tail v]tebrae ( a ,pt]odactyle are usually long] ?an 9 long-tail$ ,d9osauria4 ,9 ! limbs & ! bony girdles :i* support !m !re is m resemblance betwe5 ,pt]odactyles & ,d9osaurs ?an might h be5 anticipat$1 consid]+ _! manife/ diff]5ces 9 habit4 ,?us all ,d9osaurs h ! hip bone nam$ ilium prolong$ 9 front ( ! articulation = ! femur z well z beh9d x1 almo/ exactly z 9 ,pt]odactyles & ,birds 7see p4 #ie74 ,!re is "s diff]5ce 9 ! pubis & is*ium :i* is m conspicu\s 9 =m ?an 9 direction ( ! bones4 ,!re is a ,pt]odactyle imp]fectly pres]v$1 nam$ ,pt]odactylus dubius1 9 :i* ! is*ium is direct$ backw>d & ! pubis d[nw>d1 & ! bones unite bel[ ! acetabul> cavity = ! head ( ! femur to "w 91 b d n appe> to be o!rwise connect$4 ,9 ,rhamphorhyn*us ! connexion betwe5 ^! two ?ick5$ b>s is made by a ?9 plate ( bone4 ,9 su* a ,d9osaur z ! ,am]ican c>nivor\s ,c]atosaurus ! two b>s ( ! pubis & is*ium rema9 sep>ate & div]g+1 & !re is no film ( bone ext5d+ ov] ! int]space betwe5 !m4 ,! developm5t ( su* a bony condition w\ld make a close approximation betwe5 ! ,orni?osaurian pelvis & t ( ^? ,d9osaurs :i* closely resemble ,pt]odactyles 9 skull & tee?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,,left ,,side ,,( ,,pelvis ,a ,pt]odactyle is %[n betwe5 a c>nivor\s ,d9osaur above & a h]bivor\s ,d9osaur bel[ ,ano!r pelvic "* ( "s int]e/ is ! bl5d+ ( ! pubis & is*ium ( ! "r & left sides 9 ! middle l9e ( ! body4 ,!re are "s g5]a ( ,d9osaurs l ! ,engli% ,ari/osu*us f ! ,weald1 & ! ,am]ican g5]a ,coelurus1 ,c]atosaurus1 & o!rs1 9 :i* ! pubic bones1 in/ead ( unit+ at _! extremities1 are p9*$ toge!r f side to side1 & unite d[n ! l[] "p ( _! l5g?1 t]m9at+ 9 an exp&$ end l a %oe1 :i* is se5 to be a sep>ate ossification1 & probably =m$ by a pair ( ossifications jo9$ 9 ! m$ian l9e4 ,?is small bone1 :i* is bel[ ! pubes1 & 9 ^! animals becomes bl5d$ ) !m1 we may reg>d z a pair ( prepubic bones l ^? ( ,pt]odactyles & ,crocodiles1 except t !y h lo/ ! /alk-l portions1 :i* 9 ^? animals are develop$ to comp5sate = ! dim9i%$ l5g? ( ! pubic bones4 ,! prepubic bones may also be develop$ 9 ,iguanodon1 9 :i* a pair ( bones ( simil> =m rema9s ?r\gh\t life 9 advance ( ! pubes1 z 9 ,pt]odactyles4 ,9 ^? ,d9osauria ) ! ,bird-l type ( pelvis ! pubic bone is exceptionally develop$1 s5d+ "o process backw>d & ano!r process =w>d1 s t !re is a great gap betwe5 ^! div]g+ limbs to ! bone4 ,9 ! region beh9d ! /]num to :i* ! ribs 7 atta*$1 & 9 front ( ! pelvis1 is a pair ( bones 9 ,iguanodon %ap$ l ! prepubic bones ( ,dimorphodon4 ,!y h sometimes be5 int]pret$ z a h9d] "p ( ! /]num1 b may m probably be reg>d$ z a pair ( prepubic bones articulat+ ea* ) ! ant]ior process ( ! pubis 7see ,fig4 #hj74 ,! small bones f\nd at ! extremities ( ! pubes 9 su* c>nivor\s ,d9osaurs z ,ari/osu*us are bl5d$ by bony union ) ! pubes4 ,! bones 9 ,iguanodon are plac$ beh9d ! /]nal region )\t any atta*m5t = /]nal ribs1 & ! exp&$ processes conv]ge =w>ds f ! /alk & unite exactly l ! prepubic bones ( ,orni?osaurs4 ,:ile ?is "*1 on ! "o h&1 may l9k ,pt]odactyles ) ! ,d9osaurs1 on ! o!r h& x may be a l9k betwe5 bo? ^? gr\ps & ! ,crocodiles1 9 :i* ! front pair ( bones ( ! pelvis has also appe>$ to be repres5tative ( ! prepubic bones ( ,fly+ ,reptiles 7see ,fig4 #cb1 p4 #ih74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,pelvis ,,se5 ,,f ,,bel[ ,,9 ,,an ,,orni?osaur ,,& ,a ,,d9osaur ,! resemblances betwe5 ,pt]odactyles & ,d9osaurs 9 ! h9d limb are n ( less int]e/1 ?\gh x is r 9 ! old] ,pt]odactyles su* z ,dimorphodon1 ,pt]odactylus1 & ,rhamphorhyn*us t ! resemblance is close/ ) ! sl5d] c>nivor\s ,d9osaurs4 ,!y nev] h ! head ( ! ?igh bone1 femur1 sep>at$ f its %aft by a con/rict$ neck1 z 9 ! ,pt]odactyles f ! ,*alk4 ,9 _m ways ! ?igh bone ( ,d9osaurs t5ds t[>ds be+ ,avian2 :ile t ( ,pt]odactyles incl9es t[>ds be+ ,mammalian1 b ) a t5d5cy to be ,bird-l 9 ! old] types1 & to be ,mammal-l 9 ! mo/ rec5t repres5tatives ( ! gr\p 9 ! ,*alk4 ,! bones ( ! leg 9 ,orni?osaurs1 kn[n z tibia & fibula1 are rem>kable = ! circum/ance fir/ t !y resemble ,birds 9 ! fibula be+ sl5d] & only develop$ 9 its upp] "p t[>ds ! femur1 & secondly t 9 a g5us l ,dimorphodon ?is drum-/ick bone has ! two upp] bones ( ! ankle bl5d$ ) ! tibia1 s z to =m a r\nd$ pulley jo9t :i* is indi/+ui%able f t ( a ,bird 7see p4 #ajb74 ,!re is a l>ge numb] ( ,d9osaurs 9 :i* ?is rem>kable di/9ctive "* ( ,birds is also f\nd4 ,only1 ,d9osaurs l ,iguanodon1 = in/ance1 h ! sl5d] fibula z long z ! tibia1 & contribut+ to unite ) ! sep>ate ankle bones ( ! simil>ly r\nd$ pulley at ! l[] end4 ,!re are no ,birds 9 :i* ! t>sal bones rema9 sep>at$ & di/9ct ?r\gh\t life4 ,b 9 ,pt]odactylus f ,sol5h(51 z 9 a numb] ( ,d9osaurs1 especially ! c>nivor\s g5]a1 ! bones ( ! t>sus rema9 di/9ct ?r\gh\t life1 & nev] acquir$ su* =ms z w\ld h enabl$ ! ankle bone1 t]m$ a/ragalus1 to embrace ! extremity ( ! tibia1 z x does 9 ,iguanodon4 ,?us ! resemblance ( ! ,orni?osaur drum-/ick is almo/ z close to ,d9osaurs z to ,birds4 ,!re is great simil>ity betwe5 ,d9osaurs & ,pt]odactyles se5 9 ! region ( ! in/ep1 kn[n z ! metat>sus4 ,^! bones are usually f\r 9 numb]1 p>allel to ea* o!r1 & simil> 9 =m4 ,!y are commonly long] ?an 9 ,d9osaurs2 b among "s ( ! c>nivor\s ,d9osaurs _! l5g? approximates to t se5 9 ,pt]odactyles4 ,9 nei!r gr\p are ! bones bl5d$ toge!r by bony union1 :ile !y are always unit$ 9 ,birds1 z 9 ,ox5 & simil> ev5-ho($ mammals4 ,d9osaurs agree ) ,pt]odactyles 9 ma9ta9+ ! metat>sal bones sep>ate1 b !y diff] f !m & agree ) ,birds frequ5tly1 9 hav+ ! numb] ( metat>sal bones r$uc$ to ?ree1 z 9 ,iguanodon1 ?\gh ,d9osaurs (t5 h z _m z five digits develop$4 ,! toe bones1 ! phalanges ( ^! digits ( ! h9d limb1 are usually long] 9 ,pt]odactyles ?an 9 ,d9osaurs1 b !y resemble c>nivor\s ,d9osaurs 9 ! =ms ( _! %>p t]m9al bones = ! claws1 :i* are simil>ly compress$ f side to side4 ,s div]se are ! functions ( ! =e limb 9 ,d9osaurs & ,pt]odactyles1 & s rem>kably does ! l5g? ( ! metac>pal region ( ! back ( ! h& v>y 9 ! long-tail$ & %ort-tail$ ,orni?osaurs1 t !re is necess>ily a less close correspond5ce 9 t region ( ! skeleton betwe5 ^! two gr\ps ( animals2 = ! ,pt]odactyle =e limb is modifi$ 9 relation to a function :i* c only be p>allel$ among ,birds & ,bats2 & yet nei!r ( ^? gr\ps ( animals approximates closely 9 ?is region ( ! skeleton to ! ,fly+ ,reptile4 ,"u all ! modifications ( /ructure :i* may be attribut$ to diff]5ces ( function1 "s resemblance to ,d9osaurs may be detect$1 :i* is be/ evid5t 9 ! upp] arm bone1 hum]us2 is slight 9 ! =e-arm bones1 ulna & radius2 & becomes lo/ t[>ds ! extremity ( ! limb4 ,if ! t5d5cy ( ! ?igh bone to resemble a ,mammalian type ( femur 7p4 #ajj7 is a fundam5tal1 deep-seat$ "* ( ! skeleton1 x might be anticipat$ t a trace ( ,mammalian "* w\ld also be f\nd 9 ! hum]us4 ,= :at ! "* is wor?1 ! head ( ! hum]us does %[ a clos] approximation to a ,monotreme ,mammal ?an is se5 9 ,birds1 & is to "s ext5t p>allel$ 9 ^? ,s\? ,african reptiles :i* approximate to ,mammals mo/ closely4 ,n ! lea/ rem>kable ( ! _m a/oni%+ resemblances ( ^! light a]ial creatures to ! m heavy bodi$ ,d9osaurs is ! circum/ance t ! hum]us 9 bo? gr\ps makes a n dissimil> approa* to t ( c]ta9 ,mammals4 ,^! illu/rations may be accept$ z demon/rat+ a relation%ip betwe5 ! ,orni?osaurs & ,d9osaurs n[ comp>$1 :i* c only be expla9$ z results ( influ5ce ( a common p>5tage ^u ! =ms ( ! bones4 ,b m int]e/+ ?an resemblances ( t k9d is ! simil>ity t may be trac$ 9 ! way 9 :i* air is introduc$ into cavities 9 ! bones 9 bo? gr\ps4 ,9 "s ( ! imp]fectly kn[n ,d9osaurs1 l ,ari/osu*us1 ,coelurus1 & ,!cospondylus1 ! bone texture is z ?9 z 9 ,pt]odactyles1 & ! v]tebrae are excavat$ by pneumatic cavities1 :i* are amaz+ 9 size :5 comp>$ ) ! correspond+ /ructures 9 birds1 = ! v]tebra is (t5 holl[$ out s t no?+ rema9s b a ?9 ext]nal film l pap] = its ?ickness4 ,9 ! ,d9osaurian g5us ,coelurus ?is condition is z well m>k$ 9 ! tail & back z x is 9 ! neck4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce f ,birds appe>s to be t 9 ! l>g] c>nivor\s ,d9osaurs ! pneumatic condition ( ! bones is conf9$ to ! v]tebral column2 :ile ,birds & ,pt]odactyles h ! pneumatic condition m conspicu\sly develop$ 9 ! limb bones4 ,! pneumatic skeleton1 h[ev]1 appe>s to be abs5t f ! h]bivor\s types l ,iguanodon & all ,d9osaurs :i* h ! ,bird-l =m ( pelvis1 & are mo/ ,bird-l 9 ! =ms ( bones ( ! h9d limb4 ,x is possible t "s ( ! c>nivor\s ,d9osaurs also possess$ limb bones ) pneumatic cavities4 ,_m ( ^? bones are holl[ ) v ?9 walls4 ,if _! cavities 7 connect$ ) ! lungs ! =am9a are inconspicu\s & unlike ! imm5se holes se5 9 ! sides ( ! v]tebrae4 ,accord+ to ! late ,pr(essor ,m>%1 ! limbs ( ,coelurus & its allies1 :i* at pres5t are imp]fectly kn[n1 are 9 "s cases pneumatic4 ,!re=e !re is a clos] fundam5tal resemblance betwe5 "s c>nivor\s ,d9osaurs & ,pt]odactyles ?an might h be5 anticipat$4 ,b ! skull ( ,coelurus is unkn[n1 & ! fragm5ts ( ! skeleton hi!rto publi%$ are insuffici5t to d m ?an %[ t ! two types 7 ne> 9 k9dr$1 ?\gh di/9ct 9 habit4 ,ea* has elaborat$ a skeleton :i* owes mu* to ! common /ock :i* transmitt$ ! vital organs1 & ! t5d5cy ( ! bones to take special =ms2 b :i* also owes m ?an c be accurately measur$ to ! action ( muscles 9 %ap+ ! bones & ! influ5ce ( ! me*anical conditions ( daily life ^u ! gr[? ( ! bones 9 bo? ( ^! ord]s ( animals4 ,en\gh is kn[n to prove t all ,d9osaurs _c be reg>d$ z ,orni?osaurs :i* h n acquir$ ! p[] ( flight2 ?\gh ! evid5ce w\ld lead u to believe t ! primitive ,orni?osaur 0 a f\r-foot$ animal1 be=e ! w+ f+] became develop$ 9 ! =e limb z a means ( ext5d+ a patagial membrane1 l ! membrane :i* 9 ! h9d limb ( ,dimorphodon has b5t ! out]mo/ digit ( ! foot upw>d & outw>d to support ! correspond+ organ ( flight ext5d+ d[n ! h9d legs4 ,x may ?us be se5 t ! *>act]s ( ,orni?osaurs :i* h already be5 spok5 ( z ,reptilian1 z di/+ui%$ f ! resemblances to ,birds1 may n[ ) m accuracy be reg>d$ z ,d9osaurian4 ,! ,d9osaurs1 l ,pt]odactyles1 mu/ be reg>d$ z int]m$iate 9 "s respects betwe5 ,reptiles & ,birds4 ,! resemblances enum]at$ w\ld alone con/itute a p>tial transition f ! ,reptile to ! ,bird1 al?\gh no ,d9osaurs h organs ( flight2 _m are heavily arm\r$ ) plates ( bone1 & few1 if any1 approximate 9 ! te*nical p>ts ( ! skeleton to ! ,bird class1 except 9 ! h9d limbs4 ,yet ,d9osaurs h sometimes be5 reg>d$ z /&+ to ,birds 9 ! relation ( ance/ors1 or z p>allel to an ance/ral /ock4 ,be=e an attempt c be made to e/imate ! mutual relation ( ! ,fly+ ,reptiles to ,d9osaurs on ! "o h&1 & to ,birds on ! o!r1 x may be well to rememb] t ! resemblance ( su* a ,d9osaur z ,iguanodon to a ,bird 9 its pelvis & h9d limb is n m rem>kable ?an t ( ,pt]odactyles to ,birds 9 ! %\ld]-girdle & bones ( ! =e limb4 ,! keel$ /]num1 ! long1 sl5d] coracoid bones & scapulae1 are absolutely ,bird-l 9 mo/ ,orni?osaurs2 & t region ( ! skeleton only diff]s f ,birds 9 ! abs5ce ( a furculum :i* repres5ts ! clavicles1 & is commonly nam$ ! m]ry-?\ght4 ,! elongat$ bones ( ! =e-arm & ! h&1 t]m9at+ 9 ?ree %>p claws1 are *>act]s 9 :i* ! fossil bird ,ar*aeopt]yx resembles ! ,pt]odactyle ,rhamphorhyn*us1 a resemblance :i* ext5ds to a simil> elongation ( ! tail4 ,x is rem>kable t ! resemblance %\ld be s close1 s9ce ,ar*aeopt]yx af=ds ! only bird's skeleton kn[n to be contempor>y :i* c be comp>$ ) ! ,sol5h(5 ,fly+ ,reptiles4 ,! resemblance may possibly be clos] ?an has be5 imag9$4 ,! back ( ! head ( ,ar*aeopt]yx is imp]fectly pres]v$ 9 ! region ( ! quadrate bone1 mal> ar*1 & temporal vacuity4 ,& till ^! are bett] kn[n x _c be affirm$ t ! back ( ! head is m ,reptilian 9 ,pt]odactyles ?an 9 ! olde/ ,birds4 ,! side ( ! head 9 ,ar*aeopt]yx is di/+ui%$ by ! no/ril be+ f> =w>d1 ! vacuity 9 front ( ! orbit be+ z l>ge z 9 ! ,pt]odactyle ,scaphogna?us f ,sol5h(5 & o!r long-tail$ ,pt]odactyles4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,h[ ,,pt]odactyles ,,may ,,h ,,orig9at$ ,orni?osauria h _m *>act]s insep>ably bl5d$ toge!r :i* are o!rwise di/9ctive ( ,reptiles1 ,birds1 & ,mammals1 & associat$ ) peculi> /ructures :i* are abs5t f all o!r animals4 ,!y are n q alone 9 ?is incongru\s comb9ation ( diff]5t types ( animals 9 ! same skeleton4 ,d9osaurs1 :i* 7 contempor>y ) ,orni?osaurs1 approximate to !m 9 bl5d+ *>act]s ( ,birds ) ! /ructure ( a ,reptile & some?+ ( a ,mammal 9 "o animal4 ,if an ,orni?osaur is ,reptilian 9 its backbone1 9 ! articul> ends ( ea* v]tebra hav+ ! cup 9 front & ball beh9d 9 ! mann] ( ,crocodiles1 ,s]p5ts1 & _m ,liz>ds1 a ,d9osaur l ,iguanodon1 :i* _h ! rev]s$ condition ( ball 9 front & cup beh9d 9 its e>ly v]tebrae1 may be m ,mammalian ?an ,avian 9 a correspond+ resemblance ( ! bones to ! neck 9 ho($ ,mammals4 ,b :ile ,pt]odactyles are sometimes ,mammalian 9 hav+ ! head ( ! ?igh bone m\ld$ z 9 c>nivor\s ,mammals & ,man1 ! correspond+ bone 9 a ,d9osaur is m l t ( a ,bird4 ,& :ile ! ,pt]odactyle %\ld]-girdle is (t5 absolutely ,bird-l1 t region 9 ,d9osaurs c only be p>allel$ among ,reptiles4 ,su* comb9ations ( div]se *>act]s are n limit$ to animals :i* are ext9ct4 ,!re 7 n want+ sci5tific m5 :o reg>d$ ! ,platypus ( ,au/ralia1 :5 fir/ s5t to ,europe1 z an +5i\s example ( ,ea/]n skill1 9 :i* an animal _h be5 comp\nd$ artificially by bl5d+ ! beak ( a ,bird ) ! body ( a ,mammal4 ,full] k ( t rem>kable animal has cont9u\sly int5sifi$ wond] at its comb9ation ( ,mammal1 ,bird1 & ,reptile 9 a s+le animal4 ,x has brok5 d[n ! !oretical divisions betwe5 ! high] ,v]tebrata1 demon/rat+ t a ,mammal may lay eggs l a ,reptile or ,bird1 t ! skull may include ! reptilian *>act]s ( ! mal> ar* & pre-frontal & po/-frontal bones1 o!rwise unkn[n 9 ,mammals & ,birds4 ,! gr\ps ( ,mammals1 ,birds1 & ,reptiles n[ surviv+ on ! e>? prove to be less %>ply def9$ f ea* o!r :5 ! liv+ & ext9ct types are consid]$ toge!r4 ,b 9 ,pt]odactyles1 ,mammal ,bird & ,reptile lose _! id5tity1 z ?ree col\rs w\ld d :5 unequally mix$ toge!r4 ,?is m+l+ ( *>act]i/ics ( diff]5t animals is n to be attribut$ to int]bre$+1 b is ! conv]se ( ! comb9ation ( *>act]s f\nd 9 hybrid animals4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t !re is a s5se 9 :i* ,mammal1 ,bird1 ,reptile1 & ! di/9ctive /ructures ( ! ,orni?osaur1 h simultane\sly develop$ f "o egg1 9 ! body ( "o animal4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ^? v]tebrate types ( animals consi/ *iefly 9 ! way 9 :i* _! organisation is modifi$1 by "o /ra9 ( *>act]s be+ elim9at$ s t ano!r becomes pr$om9ant1 :ile a di/9ctive set ( /ructures is elaborat$ 9 ea* class ( animals4 ,! e>li] geological hi/ory ( ! high] ,v]tebrata is v imp]fectly kn[n1 b ! evid5ce t5ds to ! inf]5ce t ! old] repres5tatives ( ! sev]al classes approximate to ea* o!r m closely ?an d _! surviv+ repres5tatives1 s t 9 /ill e>li] ages ( "t ! di/9ction betwe5 !m _h n become recognisable4 ,! relation ( ! great gr\ps ( animals to ea* o!r1 among ,v]tebrata1 is ess5tially a p>allel relation1 l ! col\rs ( ! sol> spectrum1 or ! p>allel digits ( ! h&4 ,x 0 natural1 :5 only ! surviv+ life on ! e>? 0 kn[n1 to imag9e t animals 7 connect$ 9 a cont9u\s *a9 by successive desc5t1 b ,mammals h giv5 no evid5ce ( approximation to ,birds2 & ,birds discov] no evid5ce t _! ance/ors 7 ,reptiles1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* t ^w is us$ to def9e animals :i* n[ exi/ on ! e>?4 ,:5 ! v>iation :i* animals atta9 9 _! maturity & exhibit 9 developm5t f ! egg 0 fir/ realis$1 x 0 imag9$ t ,nature1 by sl[ summ+ up & accumulation ( diff]5ces :i* 7 obs]v$1 w\ld s modify "o animal type t x w\ld pass into ano!r4 ,!re is little evid5ce to support belief t ! *anges betwe5 ! types ( life h be5 wr\ght 9 t way4 ,! hi/ory ( fossil animals has n %[n transitions ( ?is k9d f ! l[] to high] ,v]tebrata1 b only int]m$iate1 p>allel gr\ps ( animals1 analog\s to ^? :i* survive1 & di/9ct f !m 9 ! same way z surviv+ gr\ps are di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,! circum/ance t ,mammals1 ,birds1 & ,reptiles are all kn[n l[ d[n 9 ! ,second>y epo* ( geological "t1 is fav\rable to ! idea ( _! hi/ory be+ p>allel r ?an successive4 ,su* a conception is support$ by ! !ory ( elim9ation ( *>act]s f gr\ps ( animals z ! basis ( _! diff]5tiation4 ,?is loss appe>s always to be accompani$ by a correspond+ ga9 ( *>act]s1 :i* is m rem>kable 9 ! s(t1 vital organs ?an 9 ! skeleton4 ,! ga9 9 high] ,v]tebrates 9 ! bones is *iefly 9 ! p]fection ( jo9ts at _! extremities2 b ! ga9 9 bra91 lungs1 he>t1 & o!r s(t p>ts is an elaboration ( ^? /ructures & an increase 9 am\nt ( tissue4 ,! resemblances ( ,orni?osaurs to ,mammals are ! lea/ conspicu\s ( _! *>act]s4 ,^? se5 9 ! upp] arm bone & ?igh bone are manife/ly n d]iv$ f ,mammals4 ,!y _c be expla9$ z adaptations ( ! bones to conditions ( exi/5ce1 because !re is no community ( habit to be inf]r$ betwe5 ,pt]odactyles & ,mammals1 9 :i* ! bones are 9 any way comp>able4 ,o!r fossil animals %[ t a fundam5tally ,reptilian /ructure is capable ( develop+ 9 ! ,mammalian direction 9 ! skull1 backbone1 %\ld]-girdle1 hip-girdle1 & limbs1 s z to be uni=mly ,mammalian 9 its t5d5cies4 ,?is is prov$ by trac+ ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,texas fossils nam$ ,labyr9?odonts1 ?r\gh ! ,s\? ,african ,!riodonts1 t[>ds ! ,monotremata & o!r ,mammalia4 ,j z ^? animals h oblit]at$ all traces ( ! ,bird f _! skeletons1 ,birds h oblit]at$ ! di/9ctive *>act]s ( ,mammals4 ,! ,orni?osaur has p>tially oblit]at$ bo?4 ,) a skull & backbone m>k$ by typical *>act]s ( ! ,reptile1 x comb9es ! %\ld]-girdle & hip-girdle ( a ,bird1 ) *>act]s 9 ! limbs :i* sugge/ bo? ^? types 9 comb9ation ) ,mammals4 ,! bones h be5 comp>$ 9 ! skeleton ( ea* ord] ( exi/+ ,reptiles1 & f\nd to %[ side by side ) _! peculi> *>act]s n only resemblances to ! o!r ,reptilia1 b an appreciable numb] ( ,mammalian & ,avian *>act]s 9 _! skeletons4 ,! t]m crocodile1 = example1 indicates an animal 9 :i* ! skeleton is dom9at$ by "o set ( peculi> *>act]s4 ,crocodiles reta9 en\gh ( ! *>act]i/ics ( sev]al o!r ord]s ( reptiles to %[ t an animal sprung f ! old ,crocodile /ock might div]ge widely f exi/+ ,crocodiles by int5sify+ :at might be t]m$ its dormant *>act]s 9 ! ,crocodile skeleton4 ,comp>+ animals toge!r bone by bone x is possible to value ! modifications ( =m :i* !y put on1 & ! resemblances betwe5 !m1 s z to sep>ate ! inh]it$ weal? ( an animal's aff9ities ) ance/ors or collat]al gr\ps1 f ! peculi> *>act]s :i* h be5 acquir$ z an increase bas$ ^u its typical bony possessions or o/eological capital4 ,!re is no "p ( ! ,pt]odactyle skeleton :i* is m di/9ctly modifi$ ?an ! head ( ! upp] arm bone1 :i* fits into ! socket betwe5 ! coracoid bone & ! %\ld]-blade4 ,! head ( ! hum]us1 z ! articul> "p is nam$1 is some:at cresc5t-%ap$1 convex on its inn] bord]1 & a little concave on its out] bord]1 & !re=e unlike ! ball-%ap$ head ( ! upp] arm bone 9 ,man & ! high] ,mammals4 ,x is mu* m ne>ly p>allel$ 9 ! little gr\p ( ,monotremata alli$ to ! liv+ ,orni?orhyn*us4 ,9 t s5se ! head ( ! hum]us 9 a ,pt]odactyle has "s aff9ity ) ! l[e/ ,mammalia1 :i* approa* ne>e/ to ,reptiles4 ,! "* might pass unreg>d$ if x 7 n f\nd 9 m /rik+ developm5t 9 fossil ,reptiles f ,cape ,colony1 :i* f hav+ tee? l ,mammals are nam$ ,!riodontia4 ,9 sev]al ( ^? ,s\? ,african reptiles ! upp] arm bone approa*es clos] to ! hum]us 9 ,orni?osaurs ?an to ,orni?orhyn*us4 ,su* co9cid5ces ( /ructure are sometimes dismiss$ f consid]ation & plac$ beyond inve/igation by be+ t]m$ adaptive modifications2 b !re c be no hope ( f9d+ community ( habit betwe5 ! burr[+ ,monotreme1 ! %ort-limb$ ,!riodont1 & ! fly+ ,pt]odactyle :i* might h caus$ ?is articul> "p ( ! upp] arm bone to acquire a =m s simil> 9 animals con/ruct$ s diff]5tly4 ,if ! resemblance 9 ! hum]us to ,monotremes 9 ?is respect is n to be attribut$ to burr[+1 nei!r c ! cresc5t =m ( its upp] articulation be attribut$ to flight2 = 9 ,birds ! head ( ! bone is compress$1 b always convex1 & ,bats fly )\t any approa* to ! ,pt]odactyle =m 9 ! head ( ! hum]us4 ,?is app>5tly trivial "* may f su* comp>isons be inf]r$ to be some?+ :i* ! way ( life ( ! animal does n suffici5tly acc\nt =4 ,^! deepe/-seat$ p>ts ( ! limbs are sl[ to adapt !mselves to *ang+ circum/ances ( exi/5ce1 & reta9 _! *>act]s ) mod]ate v>iation ( ! bones 9 ea* ( ! ord]s or classes ( animals4 ,x !re=e is saf] to reg>d ,mammalian *>act]s1 z well z ! resemblances :i* ,pt]odactyles %[ to o!r k9ds ( animals1 z due to inh]itance f a "t :5 !re 0 a common /ock f :i* none ( ^! animals :i* h be5 consid]$ _h be5 di/9ctly elaborat$4 ,a few *>act]s ( ,orni?osaurs are reg>d$ z hav+ be5 acquir$1 because !y are n f\nd 9 any o!r animals1 or h be5 develop$ only 9 a portion ( ! gr\p4 ,! mo/ obvi\s ( ^! is ! elongat$ w+ f+]2 b 9 "s g5]a1 l ,dimorphodon1 !re is also a less elongation ( ! fif? digit ( ! foot1 & p]haps 9 all g5]a !re is a backw>d developm5t ( ! fir/ digit ( ! h&1 :i* is )\t a claw1 & !re=e unlike ! claw$ digit ( a ,bat4 ,an acquir$ "* ( ano!r k9d1 :i* is limit$ to ! ,cretace\s g5]a1 is se5 9 ! %\ld]-blade be+ direct$ transv]sely outw>d1 s t its truncat$ end articulates by a true jo9t ) ! e>ly v]tebrae ( ! back1 & def5d$ ! cavity inclos$ by ! ribs by a /rong bony ext]nal ar*4 ,& f9ally1 z ! animals lat] 9 "t acquire %ort tails1 & relatively long] limbs1 ! bones ( ! back ( ! h&1 t]m$ metac>pals1 acquire great] & di/9ctive l5g?1 :i* is n se5 9 ! long-tail$ types l ,rhamphorhyn*us4 ,^! & su*-l acquir$ *>act]s di/+ui% ! class ( animals f all gr\ps ) :i* x may be comp>$1 & m>k ! possible limits ( v>iation ( ! skeleton )9 ! b\nd>y ( ! ord]4 ,b no fur!r v>iation ( ^! p>ts ( ! skeleton c\ld make a transition to ano!r ord] ( animals1 or expla9 h[ ! ,pt]odactyles came into exi/5ce1 because ! *>act]s :i* sep>ate ord]s & classes ( animals f ea* o!r diff] 9 k9d f ^? :i* sep>ate small] gr\ps1 nam$ g5]a & species1 ( :i* ! ord] is made up4 ,! accumulation ( ! *>act]s ( g5]a w n sum up into ! *>act]s ( an ord] or class4 ,9 mak+ ! division ( ,v]tebrate animals into classes ! skeleton is (t5 almo/ ignor$4 ,its value is entirely empirical & bas$ ^u ! obs]v$ association ( ! v>i\s =ms ( bones ) ! m important *>act]s ( ! bra9 & o!r vital organs4 ,:at is und]/ood z a ,mammalian or ,avian "* 9 ! skeleton is ! =m ( bone :i* is f\nd 9 association ) ! s(t vital organs :i* con/itute an animal a ,mammal or a ,bird4 ,! *>act]s :i* !oretically def9e a ,mammal appe> to be ! enorm\s ov]gr[? ( ! c]ebral hemisph]es ( ! bra9 by :i* ! c]ebrum comes into contact ) ! c]ebellum1 z among ,birds4 ,?is "* di/+ui%es bo? gr\ps ( animals f all ,reptiles1 rec5t & fossil4 ,b 9 exam9+ ! m\ld ( ! int]ior ( ! bra9 case x is r>e to h ! bones fitt+ s closely to ! bra9 z to prove t ! lat]al expansion bel[ ! c]ebrum & c]ebellum is =m$ by ! optic lobes ( ! bra94 ,o!rwise ! bra9 ( a ,pt]odactyle might be z l to ! bra9 ( ,orni?orhyn*us z x is l t ( a ,bird 7,fig4 #ai74 ,b x is precisely 9 ?is condition ( arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( ! bra9 t ! specim5s appe> to be mo/ cle>4 ,! lat]al mass ( bra9 9 specim5s ( ,orni?osaurs f ! ,l[] ,second>y rocks appe>s to be transv]sely divid$ into back & front p>ts1 :i* may be ?\ght to correspond to ! /ructures 9 a ,mammal bra9 nam$ corpora quadrigem9a1 b to be plac$ z ! optic lobes are plac$ 9 ,birds1 & to h relatively great] dim5sions ?an 9 ,mammals4 ,no evid5ce has be5 obs]v$ ( ?is transv]se division ( ! optic lobes ( ! bra9 9 ,pt]odactyles f ! ,*alk & ,cretace\s rocks1 & s f> z ! evid5ce goes ?is "p ( ! bra9 0 %ap$ z 9 birds1 b r small]4 ,! bra9 is ! only s(t organ 9 :i* a ,mammalian "* c\ld be evid5c$4 ,! uni=mity 9 "* ( ! bra9 ?r\gh\t ! gr\p 9 ,mammals is rem>kable1 9 ref]5ce to ! circum/ance t ! reproduction v>ies 9 type2 ! l[e/1 or ,monotreme division1 be+ ovip>\s4 ,if !re is no necess>y connexion betwe5 ! ,mammalian bra9 & ! preval5t condition "u :i* ! "y are produc$ alive1 x may be affirm$ also t !re is no necess>y connexion betwe5 ! =m ( ! bra9 & ! =m ( ! bones1 s9ce ! bra9 cavity 9 ,!riodont reptiles %[s no resemblance to t ( a ,mammal1 :ile ! bones are 9 s _m respects only p>allel$ among ,monotremata & ,mammalia4 ,! v>iety ( =ms :i* ! exi/+ ,mammalian ord]s ( animals assume1 %[s ! a/oni%+ range ( /ructure ( ! skeleton :i* may coexi/ ) ! ,mammalian bra94 ,& !re=e we are l$ to ! conclusion t any o!r fundam5tal modification ( bra9--su* z di/+ui%es ! class ( ,birds--might also be associat$ ) =ms & /ructures ( ! skeleton :i* w\ld v>y 9 simil> ways4 ,9 o!r words1 if = conv5i5ce we def9e a ,mammal by its =m ( bra91 /ructure ( ! he>t & lungs1 & provision = nutrition ( ! "y1 )\t reg>d to ! cov]+ ( ! sk91 :i* v>ies betwe5 ! scales ( a pangol9 & ! practically nak$ sk9 ( ! :ale--a bird might be also def9$ by its peculi> conditions ( bra9 & lungs1 )\t ref]5ce to ! fea!r$ condition ( ! sk91 ?\gh ! fea!r$ condition ext5ds backw>d 9 "t to ! ,upp] ,second>y rocks1 z se5 9 ! ,ar*aeopt]yx4 ,! ,avian *>act]s ( ,pt]odactyles are ! pr$om9ant p>ts ( _! organisation1 = ! conditions ( ! bra9 & lungs %[n by ! m\lds ( ! bra9 case & ! ?9 holl[ bones ) conspicu\s pneumatic =am9a1 give evid5ce ( a community ( vital /ructures ) ,birds1 :i* is support$ by *>act]s ( ! skeleton4 ,if any classificational value c be associat$ ) ! di/ribution ( ! pneumatic =am9a z t5d+ to e/abli% memb]%ip ( ! same class = animals fa%ion$ on ! same plan ( s(t organs1 ! evid5ce is n weak5$ :5 a community ( /ructures is f\nd to ext5d among ! bones to su* di/9ctive p>ts ( ! skeleton z ! /]num1 %\ld]-girdle1 bones ( ! =e-arm & =e-leg2 = 9 all ^! regions ! ,pt]odactyle bones are practically indi/+ui%able f ^? ( ,birds4 ,?is is ! m rem>kable because o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton1 su* z ! hum]us & pelvis1 %[ a p>tial resemblance to ,birds1 :ile ! p>ts :i* are lea/ ,avian1 l ! neck bones1 h no t5d5cy to v>y ! numb] ( ! v]tebrae1 9 ! way :i* is common among ,birds1 foll[+ m closely ! =mula ( ! sev5 c]vical v]tebrae ( ,mammals4 ,x w\ld !re=e appe> f ! vital community ( /ructures ) ,birds1 t ,pt]odactyles & ,birds are two p>allel gr\ps1 :i* may be reg>d$ z anci5t div]g5t =ks ( ! same bran* ( animal life1 :i* became di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by acquir+ ! diff]5t condition ( ! sk91 & ! /ructures :i* 7 develop$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! bony skeleton m9i/]+ to flight 9 diff]5t ways2 & ) diff]5t habit ( t]re/rial progression1 ?is ext9ct gr\p ( animals acquir$ "s modifications ( ! skeleton :i* ,birds h n %[n4 ,!re is no?+ to sugge/ t ,pt]odactyles are a bran* f ,birds1 b _! relation to ,birds is mu* clos]1 s f> z ! skeleton goes1 ?an is _! relation ) ! flightless ,d9osaurs1 ) :i* ,birds & ,pt]odactyles h _m *>act]s 9 common4 ,on ! !ory ( elim9ation ( "* :i* ,i h us$ to acc\nt = ! disappe>ance ( "s ,mammalian *>act]s f ! ,pt]odactyle1 t loss is se5 *iefly 9 ! removal ( ! p>ts :i* h left a ,reptilian articulation ( ! l[] jaw ) ! skull1 & ! articulation ( ! v]tebrae ?r\gh\t ! v]tebral column by a modifi$ cup-&-ball =m ( jo9t4 ,! furculum ( ! ,bird is always abs5t f ! ,pt]odactyle4 ,no specim5 has %[n recognisable clavicles or coll>-bones4 ,judg$ by ! /&>d ( exi/+ life1 ,pt]odactyles belong to ! same gr\p z ,birds1 on ! evid5ce ( bra9 & lungs1 b !y belong to a diff]5t gr\p on acc\nt ( ! dissimil> modifications ( ! skeleton & app>5t abs5ce ( fea!rs f ! sk94 ,! mo/ impressive facts 9 ! ,pt]odactyle skeleton1 9 view ( ^! aff9ities1 are ! /ructures :i* x has 9 common ) ,reptiles4 ,"s /ructures are fundam5tal1 l ! cup-&-ball articulation ( ! v]tebrae1 :i* is nev] f\nd 9 birds or mammals4 ,al?\gh n q id5tical ) ! condition 9 any ,reptile1 ?is /ructure is approximately ,liz>d-l or ,crocodile-l 9 ! cup-&-ball "*4 ,x %[s t ! deepe/-seat$ "p ( ! skeleton is ,reptile-l1 ?\gh x may n be m ,reptilian ?an is ! v]tebral column ( a ,mammal1 if comp>ison is made betwe5 ,mammals & ext9ct gr\ps ( animals kn[n z ,reptiles1 su* z ,d9osaurs & ,!riodontia4 ,! ord]s ( animals :i* h be5 includ$ "u ! "n ,reptilia comprise su* diff]5t /ructural conditions ( ! p>ts ( ! skeleton :i* may be t]m$ reptilian 9 ,orni?osaurs1 t !re is good reason = reg>d+ ! cup-&-ball articulation z q a di/9ctive ,reptilian specialisation1 9 ! same s5se t ! saddle-%ap$ articulation betwe5 ! bodies ( adjac5t v]tebrae 9 a bird is an ,avian specialisation4 ,f ! !oretical po9t ( view ! ,orni?osaur acquir$ its ,reptilian *>act]s simultane\sly ) its ,avian & ,mammalian *>act]s4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! /ructure ( ! skeleton ( ! ,d9osauria1 to :i* ,orni?osaurs approximate 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! body1 :i* w\ld help to expla9 ! cup-&-ball articulation ( ! backbone1 if ! ,fly+ ,reptile 7 suppos$ to be an (f%oot f ! c>nivor\s ,d9osaurs4 ,! elim9ation ( ,reptile *>act]s f s mu* ( ! skeleton1 & ! sub/itution = !m ( ! *>act]s ( ,birds & ,mammals1 w\ld be ( exceptional int]e/ if !re _h be5 any gr\nd = reg>d+ ! fly+ animal z m ne>ly relat$ to a ,reptile ?an to a ,bird4 ,b if ! evid5ce f ! =m ( ! bra9 & nature ( ! pneumatic organs se5 9 ! limb bones acc\nts = ! ,avian features ( ! skeleton1 ! ,reptilian condition ( ! v]tebral column helps to %[ a capacity = v>iation1 & t ! fixity ( type & /ructure1 :i* ! skeleton ( ! mod]n ,bird has atta9$1 is n necess>ily limit$ to or associat$ ) ! vital organs ( ,birds4 ,! v>iation ( ! cup-&-ball articulation 9 ! neck ( a ,*elonian1 :i* makes ! ?ird v]tebra cupp$ beh9d1 ! f\r? bi-convex1 ! fif? cupp$ 9 front1 & ! six? flatt5$ beh9d1 %[s t too mu* importance may be atta*$ to ! mode ( union ( ^! bones 9 ,s]p5ts1 ,crocodiles1 & ^? ,liz>ds :i* h ! cup 9 front2 = :ile 9 ,liz>ds ! ant]ior cup1 oblique & depress$1 is f\nd 9 mo/ ( its gr\ps1 ! ,geckos %[ no trace ( ! cup-&-ball /ructure1 & 9 t respect resemble ! ,hatt]ia ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! cup-&-ball articulation ( v]tebrae 9 ,orni?osauria has any significance z a m>k ( aff9ity to ,reptiles1 x c\ld only be 9 approximation to ^? liv+ ,reptiles :i* possess ! same "*1 & w\ld h x on ! hypo!sis t bo? h pres]v$ ! /ructure by desc5t f an e>li] type ( animal4 ,?is hypo!sis is negativ$ by ! fact t ! cup-&-ball articulation is unkn[n 9 ! old] fossil ,reptiles4 ,al?\gh ! articulation = ! l[] jaw ) ! skull 9 ,orni?osaurs is only to be p>allel$ among ,reptiles1 ! /ructure is adapt$ to a bra9 case :i* is practically indi/+ui%able f t ( a ,bird1 except = ! po/orbital ar*4 ,! hypo!sis ( desc5t1 !re=e1 becomes impossible1 9 any intelligible =m1 9 explanation ( di/9ctive "* ( ! skeleton4 ,! hypo!sis ( elim9ation may also seem to be insuffici5t1 unless ! pot5tial capacity = new developm5t be recognis$ z concurr5t1 & z capable ( modify+ ea* region ( ! skeleton1 or h>d p>ts ( ! animal1 9 ! same way t ! s(t organs may be modifi$4 ,f :i* we inf] t all /ructures1 :i* di/+ui% ! sev]al grades ( organisation 9 mod]n classifications1 s(t p>ts & h>d p>ts alike1 may come into exi/5ce toge!r1 9 s f> z !y are compatible ) ea* o!r1 9 any class or ord9al division ( animals4 ,al?\gh ! "y ,mammal passes ?r\gh a /age ( gr[? 9 :i* ! bra9 may be said to be ,reptilian1 !re is no good gr\nd = inf]r+ t ,mammal or ,bird type ( skeleton 0 develop$ lat] 9 "t ?an t ( ,reptiles4 ,! v>i\s types ( ,fi%es h ! bra9s 9 g5]al s simil> to ^? ( ,reptiles t x is m intelligible = all ! v]tebrate =ms ( bra9 to h diff]5tiat$ at ! same "t1 "u ! law ( elim9ation ( *>act]s1 ?an t !re %\ld be any o!r bond ( union betwe5 ! classes ( animals4 ,if we ask :at />t$ ! ,orni?osauria into exi/5ce1 & creat$ ! plan ( con/ruction ( t animal type1 ,i ?9k sci5ce is ju/ifi$ 9 boldly affirm+ t ! initial cause c only be s\ght "u ! developm5t ( patagial membranes1 su* z h be5 se5 9 v>i\s animals m9i/]+ to flight4 ,su* membranes1 9 an animal :i* 0 pot5tially a ,bird 9 its vital organs1 h ow$ developm5t to ! abs5ce ( quill fea!rs4 ,?us ! w+ membrane may be ! cause = ! *ief diff]5ces ( ! skeleton by :i* ,orni?osaurs are sep>at$ f ,birds1 = ! /ret* ( w+ 9 "o case is made by ! sk9 atta*$ to ! bones1 & 9 ! o!r case by fea!rs on ! sk9 s atta*$ z to necessitate t ! w+ bones h diff]5t proportions f ,orni?osaurs4 ,x is a well-kn[n obs]vation t ea* great epo* ( geological "t has _h its dom9ant =ms ( animal life1 :i*1 s f> z ! e>?'s hi/ory is kn[n n[1 came into exi/5ce1 liv$ _! "t1 & 7 se5 no m4 ,9 ! same way ! small] gr\ps ( species & g5]a includ$ 9 an ord9al gr\p ( animals or class h ab\nd$1 giv+ a tone to ! life ( ea* geological =mation1 until ! vitality ( ! animal is exhau/$1 & ! species becomes ext9ct or ceases to prepond]ate4 ,?is process is se5 to be /ill modify+ ! life on ! e>?1 :5 "s k9ds ( animals & plants are introduc$ to new conditions4 ,plants appe> to wage successful w> m easily ?an animals4 ,! introduction ( ! ,cactus 9 "s p>ts ( ,cape ,colony has locally modifi$ bo? ! fauna & flora1 j z ! ,ana*>is introduc$ into ,engl& spread f ,cambridge ov] ! :ole c\ntry1 & became = _m ye>s ! pr$om9ant =m ( plant life 9 ! /reams4 ,! ,rabbit 9 ,au/ralia is a hi/oric pe/4 ,some?+ simil> to ?is physical f]tility & increase appe>s to take place "u new circum/ances 9 c]ta9 organs )9 ! bodies ( animals1 by ! developm5t ( /ructures previ\sly unkn[n4 ,a famili> example is se5 9 ! int]nal anatomy ( ! ,tr\t introduc$ into ,new ,zeal&1 :]e ! numb] ( pyloric app5dages ab\t ! /oma* has become rapidly augm5t$1 :ile ! size & ! =m ( ! animal h *ang$4 ,! rapidity ) :i* "s ( ^! *anges h be5 br\ght ab\t w\ld appe> to %[ t ,nature is capable ( trans=m+ animals m rapidly ?an might h be5 inf]r$ f _! uni=m life "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,gr[? ( ! vital organs 9 ?is way may modify ! di/9ctive =m ( any vital organ1 bra9 or lungs1 & ?us z a consequ5ce ( modification ( ! int]nal /ructures due to *anges ( food & habit1 br+ a new gr\p ( animals into exi/5ce4 ,& j z ! gr\p ( animals ceases to pr$om9ate aft] a "t1 s !re comes a limit to ! cont9u$ int]nal developm5t ( vital /ructures z _! en]gy fails1 = ea* organ behaves to "s ext5t l an indep5d5t organism4 ,"u su* explanations ( ! mutual relations ( ! p>ts ( animals1 & gr\ps ( animals1 "t ceases to be a factor ( prim>y importance 9 _! con/ruction or elaboration4 ,! suppos$ necessity = practically unlimit$ "t to produce *anges 9 ! vital organs :i* sep>ate animals into great ord]s or classes is a nightm>e1 born ( hypo!sis1 & may be pr(itably dismiss$4 ,! geological evid5ce is too imp]fect = dogmatism on speculative que/ions2 b ! nature ( ! aff9ities ( ,orni?osaurs to o!r animals has be5 e/abli%$ on a basis ( comp>ison :i* has no ne$ ( !ory to ju/ify ! facts4 ,x is n improbable t ! prim>y epo* ( "t1 ev5 z kn[n at pres5t1 may be suffici5tly long to conta9 ! p>5t races f :i* ,orni?osaurs & all _! allies h aris54 ,9 ?us /at+ ! relation ( ,orni?osaurs to o!r animals ! ,fly+ ,reptile has be5 trac$ home to k9dr$1 ?\gh n to its actual p>5ts or bir?place4 ,!re is no geological hi/ory ( ! rapid or gradual developm5t ( ! w+ f+]1 & al?\gh ! w+ membrane may be accept$ z its cause ( exi/5ce1 ! w+ f+] is p[]fully develop$ 9 ! olde/ kn[n ,pt]odactyles z 9 _! late/ repres5tatives4 ,pt]odactyles %[ s+ul>ly little v>iation 9 /ructure 9 _! geological hi/ory4 ,we *ronicle ! loss ( ! tail & loss ( tee?4 ,!re is also ! loss ( ! out]mo/ w+ digit f ! h9d foot z a support] ( ! w+ membrane4 ,b ! o!r v>iations are 9 ! l5g? ( ! metac>pus1 or ( ! neck1 or head4 ,"o ( ! fundam5tal laws ( life necessitates t :5 an animal type ceases to adapt its organisation & modify its /ructures to suit ! alt]$ circum/ances =c$ ^u x by revolutions ( ! e>?'s surface its life's hi/ory becomes brok54 ,x mu/ b5d or break4 ,! f9al disappe>ance ( ^! animals f ! e>?'s hi/ory 9 ! ,*alk may yet be modifi$ by future discov]ies1 b ! ,fly+ ,reptiles h vani%$1 9 ! same way z s _m o!r gr\ps ( animals :i* 7 contempor>y ) !m 9 ! ,second>y p]iod ( "t4 ,su* ext9ctions h be5 attribut$ to cata/rophes1 l ! subm]g5ce ( l&1 s t ! habitations ( animals became an area gradually decreas+ 9 size1 :i* at la/ disappe>$4 ,x appe>s also to be a law ( life1 illu/rat$ by _m ext9ct gr\ps ( animals1 t !y endure = geological ages1 & hav+ f\ght _! battle 9 life's hi/ory1 gr[ old & unable to cont9ue ! fight1 & !n disappe> f ! e>?1 giv+ place to m vigor\s types adapt$ to live "u new conditions4 ,! ext9ct ,pt]odactyles hold a relation to ,birds 9 ! s*eme ( life n unlike t :i* ,monotremata hold to o!r ,mammals4 ,bo? are rem>kable = ! v>iety ( _! aff9ities & resemblances to ,reptiles4 ,! ,orni?osauria h long pass$ away2 ! ,monotremes are ne>+ ext9ction4 ,bo? appe> to be supplant$ by p>allel gr\ps :i* 7 _! contempor>ies4 ,birds n[ fill ! e>? 9 a way t ,fly+ ,reptiles nev] surpass$2 b _! flight is made 9 a diff]5t mann]1 & ! w+ is ext5d$ to support ! animal 9 ! air1 *iefly by app5dages to ! sk94 ,if ^! fossils h taught t ,orni?osaurs h a community ( s(t vital organs ) ,d9osaurs & ,birds1 !y h also gone "s way t[>ds prov+ t causes simil> to ^? :i* det]m9$ ! /ructural peculi>ities ( _! bony framework1 orig9at$ ! special =ms ( respiratory organs & bra9 :i* lift$ !m out ( association ) exi/+ ,reptiles4 ,^! old fly+ animals sleep ?r\gh geological ages1 n )\t hon\r1 = ! /udy ( _! /ory has illum9at$ ! mode ( orig9 ( animals :i* survive !m1 & 9 cleav+ ! rocks to display _! bones we h op5$ a new page ( ! book ( life4 ,,app5dix ,! be/ public collections ( ,orni?osaurian rema9s 9 ,engl& are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,natural ,hi/ory72 ,museum ( ,practical ,geology1 ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons2 ! ,univ]sity ,museum1 ,ox=d2 ,geological ,museum1 ,cambridge2 & ! ,museum ( ! ,philosophical ,society at ,york4 ,detail$ descriptions & orig9al figures ( ! pr9cipal specim5s m5tion$ or ref]r$ to may be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ writ+s3-- ,h4 v4 ,mey]1 ,reptili5 aus dem ,li?ograph4 ,s*ief]4 #ahei4 ,folio4 v4 ,qu5/$t1 ,pt]odactylus suevicus4 #ahee4 #dto4 ,goldfuss1 ,nova ,acta ,leopold4 ,,xv4 v4 ,mun/]1 ,nova ,acta ,leopold4 ,,xv4 ,a4 ,wagn]1 ,abh&l4 ,bay]is*5 ,akad41 vi41 viii4 ,cuvi]1 ,annales du ,museum1 xiii4 #ahji4 ,ossem5s fossiles1 v4 #ahbd4 ,buckl&1 ,geol4 ,trans41 s]4 #b1 iii4 ,r4 ,ow51 ,palaeontographical ,society4 #ahea1 #ahei1 #ahfj1 #ahgj1 #ahgd4 ,k4 v4 ,zittel1 ,palaeontographica1 xxix4 #ahhb4 ,t4 ,c4 ,w9kl]1 ,mus4 ,teyl] ,ar*ives4 #ahgd1 #ahhc4 ,osc> ,fraas1 ,palaeontographica1 xxv4 #ahgh4 ,anton ,frits*1 ,boehm4 ,gesell4 ,sitzb]4 #ahha4 ,r4 ,lydekk]1 ,catalogue ( ,fossil ,reptilia 9 ,briti% ,museum ,i4 #ahhh4 ,o4 ,c4 ,m>%1 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci5ce4 #ahhb1 #ahhd4 ,s4 ,w4 ,willi/on1 ,kansas ,univ]sity ,qu>t]ly4 #ahic1 #ahif4 ,e4 ,t4 ,newton1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 #ahhh1 #ahid4 ,h4 ,g4 ,seeley1 ,orni?osauria4 #hvo4 #ahgj4 ,annals & ,mag4 ,natural ,hi/4 #ahgj1 #ahga1 #ahij1 #ahia4 ,l9n4 ,society4 #ahgd1 #ahge4 ,geol4 ,mag4 #ahha4 ,felix ,ple9+]1 ,palaeontographica4 #ahid1 #aija4 ,,index ,a ,abdom9al ribs1 #he1 #aed ,accumulation ( *>act]s1 #bbj ,acetabulum1 #ie ,acquir$ *>act]s1 #bai ,adjac5t l&1 #acf ,air cells1 #aj1 #dh ,albatross1 #bc1 #cf1 #agf ,alligator1 bra91 #ec2 pelvis1 #ih ,am]ican ,gre5s&1 #ahe -- orni?osaurs1 #hg1 #abf ,amphibia1 #d1 #aia ,anabas1 #ag ,ana*>is1 #bbg ,an*isaurus1 #aii ,angle ( l[] jaw1 #ge ,ankle bones1 #ajc1 #aie1 #bjg ,anomodonts1 #aib ,ant-eat] ( ,africa1 #adb2 ,india1 #dj2 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #dj1 #ahe ,apt]yx1 lungs1 #dh2 pelvis1 #ie ,aquatic mammals1 #ada ,aramis1 scapul> ar*1 #aac ,ar*aeopt]yx1 #eh1 #gf1 #ajd1 #acj1 #aig1 #baa ,ari/osu*us1 #abi1 #aij1 #bje1 #bji ,armadillo1 #dj1 #ada ,articulation ( ! jaw1 #ab1 #ge ,a%well1 #agg ,atlantosaurus1 #bjb ,atlas & axis1 #hj1 #ha ,aves1 #aij ,avian *>act]s1 #bbj1 #bbb ,b ,backbone1 #gh1 #hd ,banz1 #adh ,b>ba/elle1 #be ,b>r+ton1 #agg ,b>ton1 #agg ,bat1 #ch1 #aaj1 #aig2 /]num (1 #ajg2 metac>pus1 #abh ,bav>ia1 #aef1 #ahe ,beak1 horny1 #gd1 #agh ,be>1 skull (1 #ab2 femur1 #ajj ,bel & ! ,dragon1 #ae ,belodon1 #bjb ,bird1 #hj1 #aaj1 #abj -- resemblances1 #fc1 #fe1 #ga1 #ie1 #ajb1 #ajh1 #aac1 #aai1 #abj1 #baa ,bird-reptile1 #ahh ,bird w+1 #abh1 #acj ,birds 9 flight1 #bb2 ) tee?1 #gf ,black-head$ bunt+1 #dg ,bla9ville1 ,d4 de1 #cj1 #aic ,blood1 temp]ature (1 #ef ,bohemia1 #cd ,bonap>te1 ,pr9ce ,*>les1 #cj ,bones ( birds1 v>iation 91 #da -- ( reptiles1 v>iation 91 #db -- ab\t ! bra91 #fi -- 9 ! back1 #hd ,bone texture1 #ei1 #bji ,bonn ,museum1 #cb1 #he1 #aef ,bra9 & brea?+ organs1 #ee ,bra9 cavity1 9 birds & reptiles1 #eb2 9 mammals1 #bba1 #bbf2 9 ,sol5h(5 pt]odactyles1 #ed1 #bbj ,brazil1 #cd ,brea?+ organs1 #h ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 #adc ,briti% ,museum1 #acc1 #ahc ,brixton1 ,isle ( ,wight1 #ee1 #agd ,buckl&1 ,dean1 #adc1 #adh1 #bca ,burr[+ limb1 #ch ,c ,cactus1 #bbg ,calamospondylus1 #bjc ,cambridge ,gre5s&1 #cc1 #hi1 #agf -- ,museum1 #agg ,camel1 #hc ,campylogna?us1 #fh1 #ga1 #ace2 size (1 #adi ,can>y1 #dg ,c>nivor\s d9osaurs1 #abi ,c>pus1 #abb ,caudal f91 #ia1 #afa -- v]tebrae1 #hi1 #ib1 #bjc ,c]atodus1 #d1 #e1 #i1 #ag ,c]atosaurus1 #bjc1 #bjd ,c]vical rib1 #ha ,cetacea1 #dj ,cetiosaurus1 #aih1 #bjc ,*al9olobus1 #be ,*alk1 pt]odactyles 91 #acf2 ( ,kansas1 #ajc1 #acb ,*ameleon1 #ag1 #ea1 #gj2 scapula1 #aab2 /]num1 #ajg ,*ameleonoidea1 #aia ,*eek bones1 #agh ,*elonia1 #hf1 #aab1 #aic ,*e/]ton1 #agg ,*lamydosaurus1 #ba ,*ryso*loris cap5sis1 #aba ,classification1 #aib2 on pelvis *>act]s1 #aie2 ( d9osaurs1 #aih ,clavicles1 #aaa1 #aab ,claw1 #aje1 #aaf1 #ahc1 #bjh ,coelurus1 #bjc1 #bji ,coldham ,common1 #agg ,coll> bone1 #aaa ,coll9i1 #bg ,comp>ison ) d9osaurs1 #aih2 ( pelvis1 #bjd1 #bjf2 ( skulls1 #aib1 #aii1 #bja ,cope1 ,pr(essor1 #ca1 #cd ,coracoid1 #aji1 #aab1 #aac ,cordylomorpha1 #aia ,cormorant1 #gj1 #agd2 /]num1 #ajh ,corpora quadrigem9a1 #bba ,crisp1 ,dr41 on pneumatic skeleton1 #dg ,crocodile1 *>act]s (1 #bag2 he>t1 #ef2 lung1 #i2 %\ld]-girdle1 #aaa2 skull1 #df2 v]tebrae1 #gi ,crocodilia1 #aij ,curlew1 #fh ,cuvi]1 #a1 #bg1 #bh1 #ed1 #gf1 #gg1 #acj1 #bca ,cycnorhamphus1 #gj1 #id1 #aga1 #agc1 #bjd ,cycnorhamphus ,fraasii1 #hj1 #if1 #afi -- suevicus1 #afi1 #agj ,cypselus1 #db ,d ,dacelo gigantea1 #fc ,d>w91 #c ,davy1 ,dr4 ,john1 #adb ,deut]osaurus1 #ig ,dicynodon1 #bjj ,dicynodon lac]ticeps1 #ga ,digits1 ( o/ri*1 #bc2 ( pt]odactyle1 #abh ,digits ) claws1 #acj2 foot bones 91 #aje ,dimorphodon1 #fc1 #fd1 #ff1 #fg1 #gc1 #gd1 #hc1 #ij1 #ajb1 #aac1 #adc1 #aib1 #aid1 #aii1 #bja1 #bjf ,d9osauria1 #f1 #gg1 #hd1 #hg1 #ie1 #abi1 #add1 #aih1 #bji ,d9osaurs f ,lias1 #ace1 #aib2 f ,elg91 #bja1 #bjg2 ,/uttg>t1 #bjb2 ,trias d9osaurs1 #aii1 #bjj ,diopecephalus1 #afh ,div+ birds1 #bc1 #hc1 #ajb ,doli*osauria1 #aia ,dolph91 #ajg ,doratorhyn*us1 #agc ,dorygna?us1 #gd1 #adh ,dragons1 #c1 #ae1 #ag ,drum/ick bone1 #ajc1 #aie ,duck1 #bb1 #hc ,e ,e*idna1 #ge1 #gf1 #ie1 #ajj ,ed5tata1 #ahe ,ed5tul\s beak1 #aec ,ei*/a$t1 #cb ,elephant1 head (1 #df ,enum]ation ( *>act]s1 #bbc1 #bbe ,ephesus1 w+$ figure1 #af ,epiphysis to fir/ phalange1 #abc ,exocoetus1 #ah ,ext9ctions1 #abi ,eye hole1 #add2 scl]otic bones 91 #fe ,f ,f>r51 ,william1 #cd ,femur1 #ajj ,fibula1 #ajb1 #ahc1 #bjf ,fif? out] digit1 #acb2 9 foot1 #ade ,figure f temple at ,ephesus1 #af ,fir/ phalange1 #aea ,fi%-eat+ crocodile1 #acg ,flight1 organs (1 #ag2 9 bats1 #be ,fly+ limb1 #ch ,fly+ fi%es1 #ah1 #eg2 foxes1 #bf2 frogs1 #ai1 #aig2 gecko1 #ba1 #bd2 liz>ds1 #bj2 reptiles1 #cg1 #df2 squirrel1 #bd ,foot1 #ajd2 digits 91 #aje1 #adf ,=e leg1 #ajb1 #bjf -- limb1 #ch1 #ajg1 #aaf1 #abj ,f\r claws1 #adg ,fox1 ,rev4 ,w41 #ee1 #agd ,fraas1 ,pr(essor ,osc>1 #agb1 #bca ,frigate bird1 v]tebrae (1 #hf1 #agd ,frog1 lungs (1 #h ,furculum1 #aad ,g ,gaudry1 ,pr(essor ,a41 #ca ,gavial1 #acf ,gecko1 #ba1 #bc ,g5]a1 comp>ison (1 #aib ,geological di/ribution1 #ahf ,gills1 #d ,giraffe1 #ch1 #ci ,glossy />l+1 #dg ,gold5 eagle1 #abj -- mole1 #aba ,goldfuss1 #cj1 #bca ,gran*e/]1 #agg ,great ant-eat]1 #dj1 #ahe ,guillemot1 #ajb ,gull1 #bb ,h ,ha>lem1 ,teyl] ,museum at1 #cb ,habits1 probable1 #acd1 #agf1 #aih ,hairless sk9s1 #ada ,h& 9 mammals1 #ch ,h>/on1 #agg ,hasl+field1 #agg ,ha/+s1 #agd ,hatt]ia lung1 #i1 #bg2 bra91 #ec2 skull1 #gj1 #gg2 ribs1 #hf2 a reptile type1 #ac ,head1 *>act]s (1 #gf ,heidelb]g ,museum1 #cb1 #ed1 #aei ,h]petomorpha1 #aia ,h]on1 #fe1 #agd ,hesp]ornis1 #gf ,h9d foot1 #ajd1 #ace -- limb1 #ic1 #ii1 #aei1 #bjf ,hip-girdle 9 :ale tribe1 #ci1 #aei ,homoeosauria1 #aia ,horn+sea1 #agg ,horse1 metac>pus (1 #abg2 v]tebrae (1 #gi ,hum]us1 #df1 #aag1 #bag ,huxley1 ,pr(essor1 #ca1 #hi1 #aed1 #ahh ,hyo-m&ibul> ar*1 #ac ,hypo!sis ( desc5t1 #bbf ,hyrax1 #aja ,i ,i*?yornis1 #gf ,i*?yosaurus1 #f1 #aia ,iguanodon1 #bji2 pelvis1 #bjf ,ilium1 #ic1 #ie1 #if1 #ih1 #bjd ,in/ep1 #aje1 #bjg ,inh]it$ *>act]s1 #bag ,int]clavicle1 #aaa ,is*ium1 #ic1 #if1 #bjc1 #bjd ,isle ( ,wight1 #agd ,j ,jaw1 9 birds1 #ab2 9 fi%es1 #ac2 9 mammals1 #ab2 9 reptiles1 #ac2 9 pt]odactyles1 #fc2 susp5sion (1 #aa1 #gd1 #gf -- l[]1 #ge ,k ,kansas1 ,*alk (1 #gb1 #ajc1 #aae2 ,univ]sity ,museum (1 #aha ,kelheim1 #cb ,keup]1 #cc ,kim]idge ,clay1 #acb ,k+fi%]1 #fc ,kiwi1 #bc ,l ,labyr9?odontia1 #aia ,la*rymal bones1 #fg ,l>amie rocks1 #cd ,l>ge/ orni?osaur1 #acc ,lat]al vacuities 9 skull1 #adg ,lawr5ce 9 ,kansas1 #aha ,l5g?s ( bones1 #adf ,lepidosir51 #ag ,lias1 #cc ,li?ographic ,slate1 #ce1 #aef ,liz>ds1 #bj1 #ba1 #bg1 #abc ,llama1 neck (1 #gi1 #hc ,loa*1 swim bladd] (1 #eb ,l[] jaw1 #ab1 #gd1 #gf1 #adi ,lumb> v]tebrae1 #hi ,lungs1 #dg2 9 apt]yx1 #dh2 9 *ameleon1 #ea2 9 o/ri*1 #di2 9 reptiles1 #h1 #i1 #ea ,lydekk]1 ,r41 #afj1 #afi1 #bca ,lyme ,regis1 #cc ,m ,macroc]cus1 palate (1 #ga ,mal> bone1 #fg ,mall>d1 #bb ,mammal1 #h1 #ab1 #bd1 #gi1 #ec1 #ie ,mammalia1 #ch1 #ada ,mammalian *>act]s1 #ab1 #bbj ,mammo?1 #ada ,manis1 #dj1 #eg1 #adb ,manubrium ( /]num1 #ajh1 #aji1 #ahc ,m>r[ bones 9 a bird1 #acd ,m>%1 ,pr(essor ,o4 ,c41 #ca1 #gb1 #ij1 #aae1 #aba1 #aca1 #adj1 #afj1 #afe1 #ahj1 #aha1 #baj1 #bca ,m>supial1 #gj1 #id1 #ii ,megalosaurus1 #abi1 #aih ,m]gans]1 #ajh ,m]ry-?\ght1 #aad ,metac>pus1 #aaf1 #abd1 #abf1 #abh1 #acj ,metat>sal bones1 #ajd1 #bjg1 #bjh ,mey]1 ,h]mann von1 #ca1 #de1 #df1 #he1 #aje1 #ajh1 #aba1 #afj1 #aib1 #bca ,moa ( ,new ,zeal&1 #ce ,mole1 hum]us1 #ch2 /]num1 #ajg ,monotremes1 #gj1 #id1 #aaa1 #aba1 #ahe1 #bah ,mososaurus1 #gg ,movem5t ( ! leg1 #aja ,mugg]1 #acg ,muni* ,museum1 #cb1 #aei ,mun/]1 von1 #bca ,mus*elkalk1 #ahd ,museum1 #cb1 #aef1 #bca1 #aei2 ,natural ,hi/ory1 #acc1 #bca ,myrmecophaga1 #ahe ,n ,names ( g5]a1 #ahc ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 #ch1 #bca ,neck1 #gi2 9 ,dimorphodon1 #ade2 9 ,giraffe1 #ci2 9 ,llama1 #gi2 9 ,pt]odactyles1 #hj2 9 ,:ales1 #ci ,newton1 ,e4 ,t41 #ee1 #gj1 #aeh1 #afj1 #bja1 #bcb ,new ,zeal& ,bat1 #be -- -- ,hatt]ia1 #fh ,niobr>a rock1 #ahc ,no/ril1 bones r\nd !1 #fb2 small1 #adg ,not>ium1 #hg1 #aae ,no?osauria1 #aib ,nuspl+51 #cb ,nyctodactylus1 #aae1 #ahj ,o ,oblit]ation ( *>act]s1 #baf ,op]cul> bones1 #ac ,ophidia1 #eb1 #aia ,optic lobes1 #ec1 #bba ,organs ( flight1 #ag ,orni?is*ia1 #aij1 #aih ,orni?ocephalus1 #aff ,orni?o*eirus1 atlas & axis1 #ha2 bra91 #ee1 #fi2 c>pus1 #abd2 c]vical v]tebra1 #hc1 #agi2 claw phalange1 #abi2 coracoid1 #aji2 femur1 #ajj2 pelvis1 #ih2 pubic bones1 #aid2 /]num1 #aji2 %\ld]-girdle1 #aae2 rema9s1 #agf2 tee?1 #gd1 #gf2 abs5ce ( tee?1 #ach ,orni?o*eirus ma*a]orhyn*us1 #aci2 microdon1 #aci ,orni?o*eiroidea1 #aic ,orni?odesmus1 neck bones1 #agc1 #age2 coracoid1 #aji1 #aaf2 dorsal v]tebrae1 #hf2 rema9s ( ,o4 latid5s1 #agc2 ,o4 sagittiro/ris1 #age ,orni?omorpha1 #ahi ,orni?orhyn*us1 #dj1 #ec1 #ie1 #aag ,orni?osauria1 #cj1 #ca1 #ej1 #eb1 #eh1 #gb1 #hi1 #ie1 #ajd1 #ajh1 #abe1 #acb1 #acc1 #adc1 #ahg1 #aij1 #aib1 #baf ,orni?o/oma1 #ff1 #fi1 #gb1 #ahj2 l[] jaw1 #ge1 #gf2 pelvis1 #ih2 /]num1 #aaj2 phalange1 #abb2 size1 #acc2 skull1 #aha1 #ahb ,orni?osu*us1 #bja ,oryct]opus1 #if ,ossa innom9ata1 #ic ,ossifi$ ligam5ts1 #aej ,o/ri*1 #bc1 #de1 #di1 #aac1 #abi ,ow51 ,sir ,r41 #ca1 #cf1 #df1 #dh1 #aaj1 #aag1 #adc1 #agb1 #agf1 #ahj1 #bca ,owl1 #df1 #ec ,ox=d ,clay1 #cc1 #aef -- ,univ]sity ,museum1 #aed ,ox1 v]tebra (1 #gi2 metac>pus1 #abg ,p ,palate1 bones (1 #ga ,pangol91 #adb ,papp5heim1 #cb ,p>allel gr\ps1 #bae ,p>rot1 #ga ,patagial membranes1 #bbg ,pelican1 #agd ,pelvis1 #hh1 #id-ih1 #aea1 #aie1 #bjb1 #bjd1 #bjf ,p5gu91 #da1 #db1 #ajd1 #agf ,p]ioph?almus1 #ag ,pet]bor\gh1 bones f1 #aac1 #aef ,phalanges1 #abi1 #acb2 w+ f+]1 #aee ,phillips1 ,pr(essor ,john1 #aee ,pigeon1 #aai ,platydactylus1 #ba ,platypus1 #bad ,plesiosaurus1 #f1 #gc1 #ge1 #ic1 #ahi ,ple9+]1 #adi1 #bcb ,pneumatic =am9a1 #de1 #hc1 #hh1 #acb1 #bji ,pond1 ,mr41 #cd ,porcup9e1 #dj ,porpoise1 #ch1 #gc1 #ada1 #bjj ,premaxill>y bones1 #gg1 #bjj1 #bje ,prepubic bones1 #id1 #if-ih1 #aid1 #bjd1 #bje ,protorosauria1 #aib ,pt5odracon breviro/ris1 #fd1 #ii1 #afg1 #afi1 #aib ,pt]odactyle aspects1 #ce2 avian *>act]s1 #bbb2 beak1 #bjj2 bra91 #ec2 coracoid1 #aac2 discov]y1 #bg1 #cc2 foot1 #ajd2 =e limb1 #aag2 hi/ory 9 ,g]many1 #ca1 #adh2 h&1 #acj2 h9d limb1 #ajj2 long tails1 #aef2 palate1 #ga2 sacrum1 #hi2 %ort tails1 #afe2 size1 #ce1 #acc2 sacrum1 #hi2 skull1 #aib2 tee?1 #gc2 v]tebrae1 #hj ,pt]odactyles f ,kansas ,*alk1 #agg1 #aha -- f ,lias ,clay1 #ace1 #adg1 #aeb -- f ,neocomian ,s&1 #agf -- f ,ox=d ,clay1 #aee -- f ,purbeck b$s1 #agc -- f ,sol5h(5 ,slate1 #aef1 #aeh -- f ,/onesfield ,slate1 #aec1 #aeh ,pt]odactylia1 #cj1 #afe1 #aic1 #aii ,pt]odactylus antiquus1 #afg2 breviro/ris1 #ii1 #afg1 #afi2 crassiro/ris1 #aef2 dubius1 #hg1 #if1 #ig1 #bjc2 elegans1 #afi2 ,fraasii1 #afi2 gr&ipelvis1 #hg1 #ij2 gr&is1 #ajb1 #afg1 #afi2 ,ko*i1 #ab1 #fa1 #hg1 #ij1 #afh1 #afi2 longiro/ris1 #bh1 #ij1 #if1 #aja1 #ajc1 #aje1 #afg1 #afi2 micronyx1 #aje1 #afi2 rhampha/9us1 #ahc2 scolopaciceps1 #aje1 #aff2 spectabilis1 #hc2 suevicus1 #afi ,pt]od]mata1 #aid1 #aii ,pt]oid bone ( fir/ digit1 #aba ,pt]omys1 #bd ,pt]osauria1 #ahg1 #aic ,pt]ygoid bones1 #gb1 #adg ,py?onomorpha1 #aia ,q ,quadrate bone1 #ab1 #fh1 #gg ,qu5/$t1 #bca ,r ,rabbit1 #bbg ,radius1 #aai1 #abj ,r$%anks1 #bb ,relation betwe5 head & tail1 #aeg1 #aic ,reptile1 #f1 #gi1 #hj ,res91 #acf ,re/orations-- ,campylogna?us1 palate (1 #ga ,dimorphodon1 #adc1 #adg1 #afd ,orni?o*eirus1 #afd ,orni?o/oma1 #afd1 #ahc ,pt5odracon1 #afg ,pt]odactylus1 #bi1 #cj ,rhamphocephalus1 #afd ,rhamphorhyn*us1 #afa1 #afd ,scaphogna?us1 #afc ,rhacophorus1 #ai ,rhaetic b$s1 #ahd ,rhamphocephalus1 #aac1 #acf1 #aec ,rhamphorhyn*us1 #aah1 #aib2 foot1 #ajd2 h9d limb1 #ii2 pelvis1 #ie2 sacrum1 #hh2 skull1 #ed1 #fc-f1 #fi2 /]num1 #ajh2 tail1 #ia2 tee?1 #gc2 tibia & fibula1 #ajc2 web-foot$1 #aje ,rhamphorhyn*us curtimanus1 #afc2 hirund9aceus1 #afc2 longimanus1 #afd2 phyllurus1 #ia1 #afe ,rh9oc]os1 #dj1 #ada ,rhopoladon1 #ig ,rhyn*ocephala1 #aib ,roc1 #cf ,ro*e/]1 #acf ,runn+ limb1 #ch ,ryle1 ,bi%op1 #ag ,s ,sacrum1 #hg1 #hh ,/4 ,george1 #ae ,/4 ,ives1 #aef ,s>corhamphus1 #ajb ,saurians1 #bg ,sauris*ia1 #aij1 #aie1 #aih1 #aii ,sauromorpha1 #aia1 #aib ,sauropsida1 #ahh ,sauropt]ygia1 #aib ,scaphogna?us1 #fd1 #he1 #adj1 #aeb1 #aib1 #bab ,scaphogna?us crassiro/ris1 #gc-e1 #hc ,scapul> ar*1 #aaa1 #aac ,scelidosaurus1 #ace ,scl]otic circle1 #fe ,seals1 #da ,s$gwick1 ,pr(essor ,adam1 v1 #df ,%ill+ton1 #gg ,%oebill1 #fg ,%oe-%ap$ prepubic bones1 #bjd1 #bje ,%ort-tail$ pt]odactyles1 #afe1 #aic ,%\ld]-girdle1 #ajg1 #aaa1 #aad1 #aae1 #ahc ,sib]ia1 #ada ,simultane\s orig9 ( *>act]s1 #bad1 #bbd ,sk9 cov]+1 #dj1 #da1 #eh1 #aci1 #adj ,skulls1 #fh ,slo?1 #aab ,snipe1 #dg1 #fh ,sol5h(5 ,slate1 #bh1 #cb1 #hh1 #aec1 #aef ,soemm]r+1 #bi ,s\? ,african reptiles1 #ahh1 #bjh1 #baf ,spott$ fly-cat*]1 #dg ,squamosal bone1 #ab1 #ac ,/]nal ribs1 #aaj ,/]num1 #ajg1 #aeh ,/onesfield ,slate1 #cc1 #hh1 #aec ,/ructures common to reptiles1 #bbd ,/uttg>t ,museum1 #cb1 #agb1 #bjc ,swanage1 #agb ,swan1 neck (1 #hj1 #aac ,swift1 #ej ,swimm+ limb1 #ch ,synotus1 #be ,syr9x1 #dh ,t ,tail1 description (1 #ij2 9 ,cretace\s ,pt]odactyles1 #aic -- long1 #aef2 %ort1 #aff2 9 ,dimorphodon1 #ade2 9 ,orni?o*eirus1 #agi ,tany/rophoeus1 long v]tebrae 91 #gi ,t>sal bones1 #ajb1 #bjg ,t>so-metat>sus1 #abh ,tee?1 #gc1 #acg1 #ach2 9 porpoise1 #dj ,temp]ature ( blood1 #ef ,temporal ar*es1 #fh -- bone1 #ab -- fossa1 #fg ,t]$o1 #acg ,texas fossils1 #baf ,!cospondylus1 #bji ,!riodont pelvis1 #ig -- reptiles1 #ge2 ( ,russia1 #if1 #ig2 ( ,s\? ,africa1 #if1 #aag ,!ropsida1 #ahh ,?igh bone1 #ajj1 #bjf1 #baa ,?ree claws1 #adf1 #aig ,tibia1 #ajb1 #aie2 9 ,iguanodon1 #bjg ,too?less mammals1 #dj -- pt]odactyles1 #ach1 #aha2 beak ( pt]odactyles1 #aej ,transition f reptiles to birds1 #baa ,tree frogs1 #ba ,trias d9osaurs1 #aii ,tric]atops1 pelvis (1 #bjd ,tr\t1 #aci2 ( ,new ,zeal&1 #bbh ,tuat]a1 #ac ,tueb+5 ,museum1 #cb ,tundras1 #ada ,tunny1 #eg ,turtles1 neck bones1 #gi ,u ,ulna1 description (1 #aai ,unc9ate process ( ribs1 #he ,unlimit$ "t1 #bbh ,upp] arm bone1 #aag -- ,gre5s&1 rema9s 91 #acf -- ,lias ( ,:itby1 #adg -- ,oolites1 #ahe1 #aie ,v ,v>iation ( bones 9 mammals1 #ch -- 9 ,pt]odactyles1 #bbi ,v>iation ( bones 9 v]tebrae1 #bbe ,v]tebrae1 caudal1 #hi1 #ib1 #bjc -- c]vical1 #agc1 #agi1 #bjc -- dorsal1 #hf ,v]tebral articulation1 #hb1 #bbd -- column1 #gh ,vulture1 neck v]tebrae (1 #hj2 tibia & fibula (1 #ajb ,vom]1 #adg ,vom]9e bones1 #gb ,w ,wagl]1 #bi ,wagn]1 ,&reas1 #cj1 #adh1 #bca ,walk]1 ,j4 ,f41 #ed ,weald5 b$s1 ,pt]odactyles 91 #ee1 #hd2 bones 91 #ace1 #acf1 #agc ,weight ( ,pt]odactyle1 #ajf ,:9*at1 #dg ,:itby1 #cc1 #ace ,willi/on1 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,s41 #ge1 #hb1 #ib1 #ih1 #aje1 #aaj ,will[-wr51 #dg ,w+ f+]1 #aaf1 #acj1 #acc1 #aea1 #agh1 #aig -- membrane1 #cb1 #aba1 #adj1 & frontispiece -- metac>pal1 #abc2 9 ,dimorphodon1 #aea2 9 ,orni?o/oma1 #ahd2 9 bats1 #aca ,w+s ( ,dragons1 #af ,w9kl]1 ,t4 ,c41 #bca ,woodw>dian ,museum1 #cd ,wood-wr51 #dg ,wri/ bones1 #abb ,wu]temb]g1 #cc ,y ,yale ,college ,museum1 #cb ,york ,museum1 #cd1 #agf ,z ,zittel1 ,k>l von1 #ca1 #aeg1 #afe1 #bca ,zygomatic ar*1 #fg ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,br5don ,,& ,,son ,,plym\?