domain material from the ,google ,print 
project47            ,a ,,letter ,,to   
,,american ,,workingmen  ,from the      
,socialist ,soviet ,republic of ,russia 
,by ,n4 ,,lenin  ,reprinted from ,,the  
,,class ,,struggle  ,december1 #aiah    
,price--#e ,cents    ,,new ,,york       
,,the ,,socialist ,,publication         
,,society   #dca ,,pulaski ,,st41       
,,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4   ,december1 #aiah  
,illustration     ,a ,letter to         
,american ,workingmen  ,by ,n4 ,lenin4  
,moscow1 ,august #bj1 #aiah4  ,comrades3
 ,a ,russian ,bolshevik who participated
 in the ,revolution of #aije and for    
many years afterwards lived in your     
country has offered to transmit this    
letter to you4 ,i have grasped this     
opportunity joyfully for the            
revolutionary proletariat of            
,america--insofar as it is the enemy of 
,american imperialism--is destined to   
perform an important task at this time4 
,the history of modern civilized        
,america opens with one of those really 

revolutionary wars of liberation of     
which there have been so few compared   
with the enormous number of wars of     
conquest that were caused1 like the     
present imperialistic war1 by squabbles 
among kings1 landholders and capitalists
 over the division of ill-gotten lands  
and profits4 ,it was a war of the       
,american people against the ,english   
who despoiled ,america of its resources 
and held in colonial subjection1 just as
 their civilized descendants are        
draining the life-blood of hundreds of  
millions of human beings in ,india1     
,egypt and all corners and ends of the  
world to keep them in subjection4       
,since that war #aej years have passed4 
,bourgeois civilization has born its    
most luxuriant fruit4 ,by developing the
 productive forces of organized human   
labor1 by utilizing machines and all the
 wonders of technique ,america has taken
 the first place among free and         
civilized nations4 ,but at the same time
 ,america1 like a few other nations1 has

 become characteristic for the depth of 
the abyss that divide a handful of      
brutal millionaires who are stagnating  
in a mire of luxury1 and millions of    
laboring starving men and women who are 
always staring want in the face4  ,four 
years of imperialistic slaughter have   
left their trace4 ,irrefutably and      
clearly events have shown to the people 
that both imperialistic groups1 the     
,english as well as the ,german1 have   
been playing false4 ,the four years of  
war have shown in their effects the     
great law of capitalism in all wars2    
that he who is richest and mightiest    
profits the most1 takes the greatest    
share of the spoils while he who is     
weakest is exploited1 martyred1         
oppressed and outraged to the utmost4   
,in the number of its colonial          
possessions1 ,english imperialism has   
always been more powerful than any of   
the other countries4 ,england has lost  
not a span of its acquired land4 ,on the
 other hand it has acquired control of  

all ,german colonies in ,africa1 has    
occupied ,mesopotamia and ,palestine4   
,german imperialism was stronger because
 of the wonderful organization and      
ruthless discipline of its armies1 but  
as far as colonies are concerned1 is    
much weaker than its opponent4 ,it has  
now lost all of its colonies1 but has   
robbed half of ,europe and throttled    
most of the small countries and weaker  
peoples4 ,what a high conception of     
liberation on either side6 ,how well    
they have defended their fatherlands1   
these gentlemen of both groups1 the     
,anglo-,french and the ,german          
capitalists together with their lackeys1
 the ,social-,patriots4  ,american      
plutocrats are wealthier than those of  
any other country partly because they   
are geographically more favorably       
situated4 ,they have made the greatest  
profits4 ,they have made all1 even the  
weakest countries1 their debtors4 ,they 
have amassed gigantic fortunes during   
the war4 ,and every dollar is stained   

with the blood that was shed by millions
 of murdered and crippled men1 shed in  
the high1 honorable and holy war of     
freedom4  ,had the ,anglo-,french and   
,american bourgeoisie accepted the      
,soviet invitation to participate in    
peace negotiations at ,brest-,litovsk1  
instead of leaving ,russia to the mercy 
of brutal ,germany a just peace without 
annexations and indemnities1 a peace    
based upon complete equality could have 
been forced upon ,germany1 and millions 
of lives might have been saved4 ,because
 they hoped to reestablish the ,eastern 
,front by once more drawing us into the 
whirlpool of warfare1 they refused to   
attend peace negotiations and gave      
,germany a free hand to cram its        
shameful terms down the throat of the   
,russian people4 ,it lay in the power of
 the ,allied countries to make the      
,brest-,litovsk negotiations the        
forerunner of a general peace4 ,it ill  
becomes them to throw the blame for the 
,russo-,german peace upon our shoulders6

  ,the workers of the whole world1 in   
whatever country they may live1 rejoice 
with us and sympathize with us1 applaud 
us for having burst the iron ring of    
imperialistic agreements and treaties1  
for having dreaded no sacrifice1 however
 great1 to free ourselves1 for having   
established ourselves as a socialist    
republic1 even so rent asunder and      
plundered by ,german imperialists1 for  
having raised the banner of peace1 the  
banner of ,socialism over the world4    
,what wonder that we are hated by the   
capitalist class the world over4 ,but   
this hatred of imperialism and the      
sympathy of the class-conscious workers 
of all countries give us assurance of   
the righteousness of our cause4  ,he is 
no ,socialist who cannot understand that
 one cannot and must not hesitate to    
bring even that greatest of sacrifice1  
the sacrifice of territory1 that one    
must be ready to accept even military   
defeat at the hands of imperialism in   
the interests of victory over the       

bourgeoisie1 in the interests of a      
transfer of power to the working-class4 
,for the sake of their cause1 that is   
for the conquest of world-power1 the    
imperialists of ,england and ,germany   
have not hesitated to ruin a whole of   
row of nations1 from ,belgium and       
,servia to ,palestine and ,mesopotamia4 
,shall we then hesitate to act in the   
name of the liberation of the workers of
 the world from the yoke of capitalism1 
in the name of a general honorable      
peace2 shall we wait until we can find a
 way that entails no sacrifice2 shall we
 be afraid to begin the fight until an  
easy victory is assured2 shall we place 
the integrity and safety of this        
fatherland created by the bourgeoisie   
over the interests of the international 
socialist revolution8  ,we have been    
attacked for coming to terms with       
,german militarism4 ,is there no        
difference between a pact entered upon  
by ,socialists and a bourgeoisie 7native
 or foreign7 against the working-class1 

against labor1 and an agreement that is 
made between a working-class that has   
overthrown its own bourgeoisie and a    
bourgeoisie of one side against a       
bourgeoisie of another nationality for  
the protection of the proletariat8      
,shall we not exploit the antagonism    
that exists between the various groups  
of the bourgeoisie4 ,in reality every   
,european understands this difference1  
and the ,american people1 as ,i will    
presently show1 have had a very similar 
experience in its own history4 ,there   
are agreements and agreements1 fagots et
 fagots1 as the ,frenchman says4  ,when 
the robber-barons of ,german imperialism
 threw their armies into defenseless1   
demobilized ,russia in ,february #aiah  
when ,russia had staked its hopes upon  
the international solidarity of the     
proletariat before the international    
revolution had completely ripened1 ,i   
did not hesitate for a moment to come to
 certain agreements with ,french        
,monarchists4 ,the ,french captain      

,sadoul1 who sympathized in words with  
the ,bolsheviki while in deeds he was   
the faithful servant of ,french         
imperialism1 brought the ,french officer
 de ,lubersac to me4 ,i am a            
,monarchist4 ,my only purpose is the    
overthrow of ,germany1 de ,lubersac     
declared to me4 ,that is self understood
 7cela va sans dire71 ,i replied4 ,but  
this by no means prevented me from      
coming to an understanding with de      
,lubersac concerning certain services   
that ,french experts in explosives were 
ready to render in order to hold up the 
,german advance by the destruction of   
railroad lines4 ,this is an example of  
the kind of agreement that every        
class-conscious worker must be ready to 
adopt1 an agreement in the interest of  
,socialism4 ,we shook hands with the    
,french ,monarchists although we knew   
that each one of us would rather have   
seen the other hang4 ,but temporarily   
our interests were identical4 ,to throw 
back the rapacious advancing ,german    

army we made use of the equally greedy  
interests of their opponents1 thereby   
serving the interests of the ,russian   
and the international socialist         
revolution4  ,in this way we furthered  
the cause of the working-class of       
,russia and of other countries2 in this 
way we strengthened the proletariat and 
weakened the bourgeoisie of the world by
 making use of the usual and absolutely 
legal practice of manoevering1 shifting 
and waiting for the moment the rapidly  
growing proletarian revolution in the   
more highly developed nations had       
ripened4  ,long ago the ,american people
 used these tactics to the advantage of 
its revolution4 ,when ,america waged its
 great war of liberation against the    
,english oppressors1 it likewise entered
 into negotiations with other           
oppressors1 with the ,french and the    
,spaniards who at that time owned a     
considerable portion of what is now the 
,united ,states4 ,in its desperate      
struggle for freedom the ,american      

people made agreements with one group of
 oppressors against the other for the   
purpose of weakening all oppressors and 
strengthening those who were struggling 
against tyranny4 ,the ,american people  
utilized the antagonism that existed    
between the ,english and the ,french1 at
 times even fighting side by side with  
the armies of one group of oppressors1  
the ,french and the ,spanish against the
 others1 the ,english4 ,thus it         
vanquished first the ,english and then  
freed itself 7partly by purchase7 from  
the dangerous proximity of the ,french  
and ,spanish possessions4  ,the great   
,russian revolutionist ,tchernychewski  
once said3 ,political activity is not as
 smooth as the pavement of the ,nevski  
,prospect4 ,he is no revolutionist who  
would have the revolution of the        
proletariat only under the condition    
that it proceed smoothly and in an      
orderly manner1 that guarantees against 
defeat be given beforehand1 that the    
revolution go forward along the broad1  

free1 straight path to victory1 that    
there shall not be here and there the   
heaviest sacrifices1 that we shall not  
have to lie in wait in besieged         
fortresses1 shall not have to climb up  
along the narrowest path1 the most      
impassible1 winding1 dangerous mountain 
roads4 ,he is no revolutionist1 he has  
not yet freed himself from the pedantry 
of bourgeois intellectualism1 he will   
fall back1 again and again1 into the    
camp of the counter-revolutionary       
bourgeoisie4  ,they are little more than
 imitators of the bourgeoisie1 these    
gentlemen who delight in holding up to  
us the chaos of revolution1 the         
destruction of industry1 the            
unemployment1 the lack of food4 ,can    
there be anything more hypocritical than
 such accusations from people who       
greeted and supported the imperialistic 
war and made common cause with ,kerensky
 when he continued the war8 ,is not this
 imperialistic war the cause of all our 
misfortune8 ,the revolution that was    

born by the war must necessarily go on  
through the terrible difficulties and   
sufferings that war created1 through    
this heritage of destruction and        
reactionary mass murder4 ,to accuse us  
of destruction of industries and terror 
is hypocrisy or clumsy pedantry1 shows  
an incapability of understanding the    
most elemental fundamentals of the      
raging1 climatic force of the class     
struggle1 called ,revolution4  ,in words
 our accusers recognize this kind of    
class struggle1 in deeds they revert    
again and again to the middle class     
utopia of class-harmony and the mutual  
interdependence of classes upon one     
another4 ,in reality the class struggle 
in revolutionary times has always       
inevitably taken on the form of civil   
war1 and civil war is unthinkable       
without the worst kind of destruction1  
without terror and limitations of form  
of democracy in the interests of the    
war4 ,one must be a sickly              
sentimentalist not to be able to see1 to

 understand and appreciate this         
necessity4 ,only the ,tchechov type of  
the lifeless ,man in the ,box can       
denounce the ,revolution for this reason
 instead of throwing himself into the   
fight with the whole vehemence and      
decision of his soul at a moment when   
history demands that the highest        
problems of humanity be solved by       
struggle and war4  ,the best            
representatives of the ,american        
proletariat--those representatives who  
have repeatedly given expression to     
their full solidarity with us1 the      
,bolsheviki1 are the expression of this 
revolutionary tradition in the life of  
the ,american people4 ,this tradition   
originated in the war of liberation     
against the ,english in the #ahth and   
the ,civil ,war in the #aith century4   
,industry and commerce in #ahgj were in 
a much worse position than in #ahfj4    
,but where can you find an ,american so 
pedantic1 so absolutely idiotic who     
would deny the revolutionary and        

progressive significance of the         
,american ,civil ,war of #ahfj-ahfe8    
,the representatives of the bourgeoisie 
understand very well that the overthrow 
of slavery was well worth the three     
years of ,civil ,war1 the depth of      
destruction1 devastation and terror that
 were its accompaniment4 ,but these same
 gentlemen and the reform socialists who
 have allowed themselves to be cowed by 
the bourgeoisie and tremble at the      
thought of a revolution1 cannot1 nay    
will not1 see the necessity and         
righteousness of a civil war in ,russia1
 though it is facing a far greater task1
 the work of abolishing capitalist wage 
slavery and overthrowing the rule of the
 bourgeoisie4  ,the ,american working   
class will not follow the lead of its   
bourgeoisie4 ,it will go with us against
 the bourgeoisie4 ,the whole history of 
the ,american people gives me this      
confidence1 this conviction4 ,i recall  
with pride the words of one of the best 
loved leaders of the ,american          

proletariat1 ,eugene ,v4 ,debs1 who said
 in the ,appeal to ,reason at the end of
 #aiae1 when it was still a socialist   
paper1 in an article entitled ,why      
,should ,i ,fight8 that he would rather 
be shot than vote for war credits to    
support the present criminal and        
reactionary war1 that he knows only one 
war that is sanctified and justified    
from the standpoint of the proletariat3 
the war against the capitalist class1   
the war for the liberation of mankind   
from wage slavery4 ,i am not surprised  
that this fearless man was thrown into  
prison by the ,american bourgeoisie4    
,let them brutalize true                
internationalists1 the real             
representatives of the revolutionary    
proletariat4 ,the greater the bitterness
 and brutality they sow1 the nearer is  
the day of the victorious proletarian   
revolution4  ,we are accused of having  
brought devastation upon ,russia4 ,who  
is it that makes these accusations8 ,the
 train-bearers of the bourgeoisie1 of   

that same bourgeoisie that almost       
completely destroyed the culture of     
,europe1 that has dragged the whole     
continent back to barbarism1 that has   
brought hunger and destruction to the   
world4 ,this bourgeoisie now demands    
that we find a different basis for our  
,revolution than that of destruction1   
that we shall not build it up upon the  
ruins of war1 with human beings degraded
 and brutalized by years of warfare4 ,o1
 how human1 how just is this            
bourgeoisie6  ,its servants charge us   
with the use of terroristic             
methods4--,have the ,english forgotten  
their #afdi1 the ,french their #agic8   
,terror was just and justified when it  
was employed by the bourgeoisie for its 
own purposes against feudal domination4 
,but terror becomes criminal when       
workingmen and poverty stricken peasants
 dare to use it against the bourgeoisie4
 ,terror was just and justified when it 
was used to put one exploiting minority 
in the place of another4 ,but terror    

becomes horrible and criminal when it is
 used to abolish all exploiting         
minorities1 when it is employed in the  
cause of the actual majority1 in the    
cause of the proletariat and the        
semi-proletariat1 of the working-class  
and the poor peasantry4  ,the           
bourgeoisie of international imperialism
 has succeeded in slaughtering #aj      
millions1 in crippling #bj millions in  
its war4 ,should our war1 the war of the
 oppressed and the exploited1 against   
oppressors and exploiters cost a half or
 a whole million victims in all         
countries1 the bourgeoisie would still  
maintain that the victims of the world  
war died a righteous death1 that those  
of the civil war were sacrificed for a  
criminal cause4  ,but the proletariat1  
even now1 in the midst of the horrors of
 war1 is learning the great truth that  
all revolutions teach1 the truth that   
has been handed down to us by our best  
teachers1 the founders of modern        
,socialism4 ,from them we have learned  

that a successful revolution is         
inconceivable unless it breaks the      
resistance of the exploiting class4     
,when the workers and the laboring      
peasants took hold of the powers of     
state1 it became our duty to quell the  
resistance of the exploiting class4 ,we 
are proud that we have done it1 that we 
are doing it4 ,we only regret that we   
did not do it1 at the beginning1 with   
sufficient firmness and decision4  ,we  
realize that the mad resistance of the  
bourgeoisie against the socialist       
revolution in all countries is          
unavoidable4 ,we know too1 that with the
 development of this revolution1 this   
resistance will grow4 ,but the          
proletariat will break down this        
resistance and in the course of its     
struggle against the bourgeoisie the    
proletariat will finally become ripe for
 victory and power4  ,let the corrupt   
bourgeois press trumpet every mistake   
that is made by our ,revolution out into
 the world4 ,we are not afraid of our   

mistakes4 ,the beginning of the         
revolution has not sanctified humanity4 
,it is not to be expected that the      
working classes who have been exploited 
and forcibly held down by the clutches  
of want1 of ignorance and degradation   
for centuries should conduct its        
revolution without mistakes4 ,the dead  
body of bourgeois society cannot simply 
be put into a coffin and buried4 ,it    
rots in our midst1 poisons the air we   
breathe1 pollutes our lives1 clings to  
the new1 the fresh1 the living with a   
thousand threads and tendrils of old    
customs1 of death and decay4  ,but for  
every hundred of our mistakes that are  
heralded into the world by the          
bourgeoisie and its sycophants1 there   
are ten thousand great deeds of heroism1
 greater and more heroic because they   
seem so simple and unpretentious1       
because they take place in the everyday 
life of the factory districts or in     
secluded villages1 because they are the 
deeds of people who are not in the habit

 of proclaiming their every success to  
the world1 who have no opportunity to do
 so4  ,but even if the contrary were    
true1--,i know1 of course1 that this is 
not so--but even if we had committed    
#aj1jjj mistakes to every #ajj wise and 
righteous deeds1 yes1 even then our     
revolution would be great and           
invincible4 ,and it will go down in the 
history of the world as unconquerable4  
,for the first time in the history of   
the world not the minority1 not alone   
the rich and the educated1 but the real 
masses1 the huge majority of the        
working-class itself1 are building up a 
new world1 are deciding the most        
difficult questions of social           
organization from out of their own      
experience4  ,every mistake that is made
 in this work1 in this honestly         
conscientious cooperation of ten million
 plain workingmen and peasants in the   
re-creation of their entire lives--every
 such mistake is worth thousands and    
millions of faultless successes of the  

exploiting minority1 in outwitting and  
taking advantage of the laboring masses4
 ,for only through these mistakes can   
the workers and peasants learn to       
organize their new existence1 to get    
along without the capitalist class4     
,only thus will they be able to blaze   
their way1 through thousands of         
hindrances to victorious socialism4     
,mistakes are being made by our peasants
 who1 at one stroke in the night from   
,october #be to ,october #bf1 7,russian 
,calendar7 #aiag1 did away with all     
private ownership of land1 and are now  
struggling1 from month to month1 under  
the greatest difficulties1 to correct   
their own mistakes1 trying to solve in  
practice the most difficult problems of 
organizing a new social state1 fighting 
against profiteers to secure the        
possession of the land for the worker   
instead of for the speculator1 to carry 
on agricultural production under a      
system of communist farming on a large  
scale4  ,mistakes are being made by our 

workmen in their revolutionary activity1
 who1 in a few short months1 have placed
 practically all of the larger factories
 and workers under state ownership1 and 
are now learning1 from day to day1 under
 the greatest difficulties1 to conduct  
the management of entire industries1 to 
reorganize industries already organized1
 to overcome the deadly resistance of   
laziness and middle-class reaction and  
egotism4 ,stone upon stone they are     
building the foundation for a new social
 community1 the self-discipline of      
labor1 the new rule of the labor        
organizations of the working-class over 
their members4  ,mistakes are being made
 in their revolutionary activity by the 
,soviets which were first created in    
#aije by the gigantic upheaval of the   
masses4 ,the ,workmen's and ,peasant's  
,soviets are a new type of state1 a new 
highest form of ,democracy1 a particular
 form of the dictatorship of the        
proletariat1 a mode of conducting the   
business of the state without the       

bourgeoisie and against the bourgeoisie4
 ,for the first time democracy is placed
 at the service of the masses1 of the   
workers1 and ceases to be a democracy   
for the rich1 as it is1 in the last     
analysis1 in all capitalist1 yes1 in all
 democratic republics4 ,for the first   
time the masses of the people1 in a     
nation of hundreds of millions1 are     
fulfilling the task of realizing the    
dictatorship of the proletariat and the 
semi-proletariat1 without which         
socialism is not to be thought of4  ,let
 incurable pedants1 crammed full of     
bourgeois democratic and parliamentary  
prejudices1 shake their heads gravely   
over our ,soviets1 let them deplore the 
fact that we have no direct elections4  
,these people have forgotten nothing1   
have learned nothing in the great       
upheaval of #aiad-aiah4 ,the combination
 of the dictatorship of the proletariat 
with the new democracy of the           
proletariat1 of civil war with the      
widest application of the masses to     

political problems1 such a combination  
cannot be achieved in a day1 cannot be  
forced into the battered forms of formal
 parliamentary democratism4 ,in the     
,soviet ,republic there arises before us
 a new world1 the world of ,socialism4  
,such a world cannot be materialized as 
if by magic1 complete in every detail1  
as ,minerva sprang from ,jupiter's head4
  ,while the old bourgeoisie democratic 
constitutions1 for instance1 proclaimed 
formal equality and the right of free   
assemblage1 the constitution of the     
,soviet ,republic repudiates the        
hypocrisy of a formal equality of all   
human beings4 ,when the bourgeoisie     
republicans overturned feudal thrones1  
they did not recognize the rules of     
formal equality of monarchists4 ,since  
we here are concerned with the task of  
overthrowing the bourgeoisie1 only fools
 or traitors will insist on the formal  
equality of the bourgeoisie4 ,the right 
of free assemblage is not worth an iota 
to the workman and to the peasant when  

all better meeting places are in the    
hands of the bourgeoisie4 ,our ,soviets 
have taken over all usable buildings in 
the cities and towns out of the hands of
 the rich and have placed them at the   
disposal of the workmen and peasants for
 meeting and organization purposes4     
,that is how our right of assemblage    
looks--for the workers4 ,that is the    
meaning and content of our ,soviet1 of  
our socialist constitution4  ,and for   
this reason we are all firmly convinced 
that the ,soviet ,republic1 whatever    
misfortune may still lie in store for   
it1 is unconquerable4  ,it is           
unconquerable because every blow that   
comes from the powers of madly raging   
imperialism1 every new attack by the    
international bourgeoisie will bring    
new1 and hitherto unaffected strata of  
workingmen and peasants into the fight1 
will educate them at the cost of the    
greatest sacrifice1 making them hard as 
steel1 awakening a new heroism in the   
masses4  ,we know that it may take a    

long time before help can come from you1
 comrades1 ,american ,workingmen1 for   
the development of the revolution in the
 different countries proceeds along     
various paths1 with varying rapidity    
7how could it be otherwise67 ,we know   
full well that the outbreak of the      
,european proletarian revolution may    
take many weeks to come1 quickly as it  
is ripening in these days4 ,we are      
counting on the inevitability of the    
international revolution4 ,but that does
 not mean that we count upon its coming 
at some definite1 nearby date4 ,we have 
experienced two great revolutions in our
 own country1 that of #aije and that of 
#aiag1 and we know that revolutions     
cannot come neither at a word of command
 nor according to prearranged plans4 ,we
 know that circumstances alone have     
pushed us1 the proletariat of ,russia1  
forward1 that we have reached this new  
stage in the social life of the world   
not because of our superiority but      
because of the peculiarly reactionary   

character of ,russia4 ,but until the    
outbreak of the international           
revolution1 revolutions in individual   
countries may still meet with a number  
of serious setbacks and overthrows4     
,and yet we are certain that we are     
invincible1 for if humanity will not    
emerge from this imperialistic massacre 
broken in spirit1 it will triumph4 ,ours
 was the first country to break the     
chains of imperialistic warfare4 ,we    
broke them with the greatest sacrifice1 
but they are broken4 ,we stand outside  
of imperialistic duties and             
considerations1 we have raised the      
banner of the fight for the complete    
overthrow of imperialism for the world4 
,we are in a beleaguered fortress1 so   
long as no other international socialist
 revolution comes to our assistance with
 its armies4 ,but these armies exist1   
they are stronger than ours1 they grow1 
they strive1 they become more invincible
 the longer imperialism with its        
brutalities continues4 ,workingmen the  

world over are breaking with their      
betrayers1 with their ,gompers and their
 ,scheidemanns4 ,inevitably labor is    
approaching communistic ,bolshevistic   
tactics1 is preparing for the           
proletarian revolution that alone is    
capable of preserving culture and       
humanity from destruction4  ,we are     
invincible1 for invincible is the       
,proletarian ,revolution4     ,the      
,class ,struggle  ,devoted to           
,international ,socialism  ,,edited ,,by
 ,,louis ,c4 ,,fraina and ,,ludwig      
,,lore       ,articles have been        
contributed by ,lenin1 ,trotzky1        
,litvinoff1     ,katayama1 ,franz       
,mehring1 ,friedrich ,adler1 ,karl      
,liebknecht1     ,rosa ,luxemburg1      
,santeri ,nuorteva1 and others4   #a4ej 
per year2 #be cents a copy4  ,we have   
also on hand the following pamphlets1   
some of which are reprints from ,the    
,class ,struggle3     ,an ,open ,letter 
to ,american ,liberals1 by ,s4 ,nuorteva
      #e cents   ,the ,crisis in the    

,german ,social-,democracy1       by ,k4
 ,liebknecht1 ,f4 ,mehring1 and ,r4     
,luxemburg      #ce     ,j',accuse1 by  
,friedrich ,adler                       
#ae     ,revolutionary ,socialism1 by   
,louis ,c4 ,fraina             #fj      
,special ,rates to ,agents and          
,socialist ,locals   ,the ,socialist    
,publication ,society  #dca ,,pulaski   
,,st41 ,,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4              
,illustration  ,the ,co ,operative      
,press1 #ae ,spruce ,st41 ,new ,york