,,the ,,buddha',s ,,path ,,of ,,virtue ,a ,,translation ,,of ,,the ,,dhammapada ,,by ,f4,l4 ,,woodward1 ,m4,a4 ,,with ,a ,,foreword ,,by ,,sir ,,ponnambalam ,,arunachalam1 ,m4,a4 7,cantab47 ,,theosophical ,,publishing ,,house ,,madras--,,london #aiba ,,to ,h4,s4,o4 ,,contents ,foreword ,translator's ,preface ,i4 ,the ,pairs ,,ii4 ,heedfulness ,,iii4 ,the ,mind ,,iv4 ,flowers ,v4 ,fools ,,vi4 ,the ,wise ,,vii4 ,the ,arahat--,the ,worthy ,,viii4 ,the ,thousands ,,ix4 ,evil ,x4 ,punishment ,,xi4 ,old ,age ,,xii4 ,the ,self ,,xiii4 ,the ,world ,,xiv4 ,the ,awakened ,one ,,xv4 ,happiness ,,xvi4 ,affections ,,xvii4 ,anger ,,xviii4 ,impurity ,,xix4 ,the ,just ,,xx4 ,the ,path ,,xxi4 ,divers ,verses ,,xxii4 ,the ,evil ,way ,,xxiii4 ,the ,elephant ,,xxiv4 ,craving ,,xxv4 ,the ,mendicant ,,xxvi4 ,the ,brahmana ,,foreword ,the ,dhammapada1 of which a metrical translation by ,mr4 ,woodward is here presented1 is a precious ,buddhist ,scripture which deserves to be widely known4 ,the ,theosophical ,society is to be congratulated on securing so competent and sympathetic a translator and on publishing it in a popular form4 ,the ,dhammapada is a part of the ,khuddaka ,nikya of the ,buddhistic ,canon and consists of about #dbj stanzas in the sloka metre4 ,every fully ordained bhikkhu#a is expected to know the book by heart1 and its verses are often on the lips of pious laymen4 ,the beginner of ,buddhist studies can have no better introduction to ,buddhism and must go back to it again and again to enter into the spirit of ,buddha and his apostles4 ,the ,scriptures of the ,buddhist ,canon are known collectively as the ,ti-piaka 7,sansk4 ,tri-piaka71 the ,three ,baskets or ,treasuries4 ,these divisions correspond to the two ,testaments of the ,christian ,bible and contain 7excluding repetitions7 more than twice as much matter4 ,they are known separately as the ,vinaya piaka1 ,sutta piaka and ,abhidhamma piaka1 the ,basket of ,discipline1 the ,basket of ,discourses and the ,basket of ,metaphysics4 ,these scriptures are regarded with the utmost veneration by ,buddhists as containing the word of ,buddha 7,buddha-vacanam71 and are reputed to have been recited at the first ,council held1 according to tradition1 at ,rjagaha immediately after ,buddha's death circa #edj ,b4,c4 ,it seems more probable that they grew up gradually and did not receive their final shape till about three centuries later1 at the ,council held under the auspices of the ,emperor ,asoka at ,paliputra circa #bdg ,b4,c4 ,the account given of the ,first ,council in the closing chapter of the ,culla vagga seems to indicate that the ,basket of ,metaphysics was then unknown or unrecognised1 and that the scriptures were then a ,dvi-piaka 7,two ,baskets7 rather than a ,ti-piaka 7,three ,baskets74 ,if the ,culla vagga account is accepted1 it would appear that at this ,council1 expressly held by the ,emperor for the consecrative settlement of the holy texts1 the five ,nikyas or divisions which constitute the second ,basket formed the subject of discussion between the ,president ,kassappa and ,buddha's favourite pupil nanda4 ,the ,dhammapada is a book of the fifth ,nikya4 ,the ,mahvansa 7,ch4 v1 #fh7 carries it back a few years earlier than the ,council1 to the time of the ,emperor's conversion to the ,buddhist faith1 for on that occasion his teacher1 ,nigrodha1 is said to have explained to him the ,appamda-vagga1 which is the second chapter of the work4 ,it was therefore known in the middle or early part of the third century ,b4,c4 ,it seems to be an ,anthology1 prepared for the use of the faithful1 of verses believed to be the real words of ,buddha1 short improvisations in which he expressed striking thoughts and embellished his preaching4 ,they were current among the early ,buddhists1 and have been culled from the other scriptures as of high ethical and spiritual value4 ,the importance of the ,dhammapada for a critical study of ,buddhism is thus considerable4 ,for a thorough understanding of the work and of the orthodox ,buddhist view of it1 it should be studied with the valuable commentary of ,buddhaghosa4 ,buddhism owes a profound debt to this great man1 and has recognised it in the name by which he is known in the ,buddhist world4 ,says the ,mahvansa 7,ch4 xxxvii1 #agd73 ,because he was as profound in his eloquence 7ghosa7 as ,buddha himself1 they conferred on him the appellation of ,buddha-ghosa 7the ,voice of ,buddha71 and throughout the world he became as renowned as ,buddha4 ,he was an ,indian ,brahmana and a great ,vedic scholar and apostle4 ,on his conversion to ,buddhism he became a not less ardent champion of the new ,faith4 ,he came to ,ceylon from the cradle of ,buddhism1 the terrace of the great ,bo-tree in ,buddha ,gya1 in the beginning of the fifth century1 i4e41 nearly a thousand years after ,buddha's death4 ,he came in search of the old commentaries on the ,tripiakas4 ,the commentaries had been brought to ,ceylon by the ,emperor ,asoka's son1 the apostle ,mahinda1 and by him translated into ,sinhalese4 ,they continued to be orally transmitted until reduced to writing1 in the reign of the ,ceylon king1 ,vagamini 7#hh-gf ,b4,c471 at a convocation of learned bhikkhus at the cave-temple of ,alu ,vihre in the ,matale district4 ,the original ,pali version having perished in ,india1 ,buddhaghosa1 during his residence in the ,mah-vihre at ,anuradhapura1 re-translated it from ,sinhalese to ,pali4 ,his version supplanted the ,sinhalese 7since lost7 and is now the only record remaining of the ancient tradition4 ,he also wrote elaborate commentaries 7,aha kath7#b on almost every part of the ,tri-piaka and composed the ,visuddhi magga1 an extensive and systematic treatise on ,buddhist doctrine1 a veritable cyclopdia of ,buddhist theology4 ,his writings are regarded as absolute authorities in the interpretation of the ,buddhist scriptures1 and he is regarded as the second founder of ,buddhism in ,ceylon4 ,he is held in high reverence also in ,burma as the founder of ,buddhism in that country 7#dej of the ,christian era71 having taken the ,buddhist scriptures there from ,ceylon4 ,buddhaghosa's commentary on the ,dhammapada mentions the occasions on which1 and the audiences to whom1 most of the verses were addressed by ,buddha when1 as an itinerant preacher1 he went with his followers through the land--mid-,ganges valley and sub-,himalayan tract in the modern provinces of ,agra1 ,oude and ,behar2 his watchwords--not wealth1 fame or dominion1 but peace1 happiness1 deliverance from the burden of sorrow and death1 and his message3 ,open ye your ears1 the deliverance from death is found4#c ,when he first attained enlightenment under the ,bodhi-tree 7at ,buddha ,gya71 a descendant of which still flourishes in ,anuradhapura1 the oldest historical tree in the world1 ,buddha is said to have broken out into a song of triumph which is included in the anthology of the ,dhammapada 7#aec-d7 and has been spiritedly rendered by ,mr4 ,woodward3 ,through many a round of birth and death ,i ran1 ,nor found the builder that ,i sought4 ,life's stream ,is birth and death and birth with sorrow filled4 ,now house-holder1 thou'rt seen6 no more shalt build6 ,broken are all thy rafters1 split thy beam6 ,all that made up this mortal self is gone2 ,mind hath slain craving4 ,i have crossed the stream6 ,the way that he claimed to have discovered is known as the ,middle ,way 7,majjhim ,paipad71 equally removed from an ignoble life of pleasure and a gloomy life of mortification1 and consists in a realisation of the ,four ,great ,truths 7cattri ariya saccni7 of suffering1 its origin1 its end and the path thereto4 ,all existence1 he declares1 is suffering1 its origin is desire1 its end is the extinction of desire1 to be attained by the ,eightfold ,path 7ahangiko maggo7 of right belief1 right resolve1 right speech1 right act1 right occupation1 right effort1 right mindfulness1 right concentration and tranquillity4#d ,the exposition and illustration of the ,truths and the ,way fill numerous tomes of the ,buddhist scriptures4 ,it is these ideals of self-control1 self-culture and heroic endeavour1 the graces of wisdom1 purity and love1 the eternal law of ,karma1 or causality and moral retribution--under which every deed1 good or bad1 comes back most to the doer and yields fruit1 helping or marring his progress--that are enshrined in the ,dhammapada in luminous1 pithy verse which lingers in the memory as a fountain of noble inspiration4 ,they are almost too ethereal for human nature's daily food1 and it is granted to few to realise in actual life these counsels of perfection unaided4 ,buddha failed to make allowance for the weakness of humanity4 ,his stoic agnosticism and self-reliant courage ignored ,god1 denied the soul1 repudiated worship and prayer and made man the master of his fate4 ,this line of thought was not new to ,india1 however stamped with his own personality4 ,but human needs and aspirations have asserted themselves1 and ,buddhism has been compelled to absorb elements of doctrine and practice which he condemned4 ,this has happened1 especially1 in the countries where the doctrine of the ,mahyna 7the ,great ,vehicle7 prevails4 ,in ,china1 ,amitbha 7,boundless ,light71 of whom ,gautama ,buddha is held to be an incarnation1 and ,kwanyin the ,goddess of mercy1 have laid great hold on the affections of the ,buddhist population4 ,kwanyin 7,sansk4 ,kany1 the ,virgin7 is the gracious ,sakti 7,cosmic ,power7 of the ,hindus1 ,mother of millions of world-clusters1 ,yet ,virgin by the ,vedas called4 ,in ,japan1 ,amitbha is the ,eternal one who is the ,light1 the ,way1 and the ,life1 and took human form to open the door of salvation to all4 ,kwanyin shares with him the sovereignty of ,heaven4 ,in ,tibet are worshipped these and other emanations of heavenly beings--,manju ,sri1 the personification of wisdom1 ,avalokitesvara1 the ,lord who looketh down on the world with mercy to help and protect1 ,vajrapna1 and others1 with a host of minor deities4 ,in ,ceylon1 which claims to belong to the purer faith1 ,buddhism is interwoven with the worship of1 the popular gods of the ,hindus and with animism and demonology4 ,under ,mahynist influence ,buddha has become a ,god1 greater than others1 but worshipped less fervently1 for 7as ,robert ,knox#e found during his twenty years' residence in the island in the seventeenth century7 the popular mind looks to ,buddha for the soul1 to the gods for the things of this world4 ,his own doctrine remains a dream of philosophers4 ,fifty years ago ,buddhism was at one of the lowest ebbs in its history in the ,island4 ,the arrival of ,madame ,blavatsky and ,colonel ,olcott1 the founders of the ,theosophical ,society1 and their zealous propaganda1 materially helped the efforts of the saintly ,sri ,sumangala to stem the tide1 and there arose a renaissance which has had far-reaching effects4 ,colonel ,olcott by his speech and writings did much to remove the prevailing ignorance and indifference1 and recalled ,buddhists to a sense of the value of their ,faith4#f ,he laid the foundation of that educational activity which has filled many parts of the ,island with ,buddhist schools and colleges4 ,mr4 ,woodward is one of the noble band of ,theosophists who have carried on ,colonel ,olcott's mission in ,ceylon1 and is perhaps the greatest of them all4 ,not being a ,theosophist or ,buddhist1 ,i can speak of him more freely4 ,self-sacrificing zeal and devotion are commonplace words to use of him4 ,they are often said of men1 good and zealous in their way1 who have had the compensations of good incomes and creature comforts1 congenial friends and efficient fellow-workers4 ,mr4 ,woodward 7or1 to call him by his ,sanskrit name1 ,vanapla7 was little favoured in these respects4 ,his was a life of ascetic simplicity and self-denial and strenuous well-doing4 ,an ,english gentleman of the best type1 he combined in a rare degree the culture of the ,west and ,bast1 combined also the active spirit of the ,west with the mysticism of the ,east4 ,he belongs to the roll of the great apostles of ,mahaynist ,buddhism who carried its message and its culture over the mountains and deserts of ,asia to the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,the ,mahinda ,college1 ,galle1 of which he was the mainstay for nearly twenty years1 is a shining memorial of him4 ,but who can estimate the gracious influence of his personality8 ,the memory of it will be a cherished possession to his friends1 young and old1 and an inspiration to them all1 and their gratitude and good wishes follow him unstintingly to his ,tasmanian home4 ,p4 ,,arunachalam ,ponklar1 ,colombo ,october1 #aiba4 #a ,usually but erroneously translated priest1 ignoring a fundamental difference between ,buddhism and other religions4 ,buddhism recognises no priesthood4 ,by priest one understands a mediator between ,god and man1 a vehicle of divine grace1 a person with delegated authority from ,god to administer the sacraments of religion1 to admit into the faith or eject from it1 to absolve from sin1 etc4 ,such an institution can have no place in ,buddhism4 ,bhikkhu1 7literally1 a beggar and etymologically the same word7 is one of a brotherhood of men trying to live as ,buddha lived1 to purify and discipline themselves1 earnest pilgrims on the road reaching unto deliverance 7,nirvna74 ,the layman demands from the bhikkhu no assistance in heavenly1 no interference in worldly1 affairs1 but only that he should live as becomes a follower of the great ,teacher4 ,the nearest ,english equivalent of bhikkhu is mendicant friar4 #b ,sansk4 ,artha ,kath4 #c ,mah-vagga1 i1 #f-aj seq4 ,the message continues3 ,i teach you1 ,i preach the ,norm4 ,if ye walk according to my teaching1 ye shall be partakers1 in a short time1 of that for which noble youths leave their homes and go into homelessness1 the highest end of religious effort3 ye shall even in the present life apprehend the ,truth itself and see it face to face4 #d 7#a7 ,samm dihi1 7#b7 ,samm sankappo1 7#c7 ,samm vca1 7#d7 ,samm kammanto1 7#e7 ,samm jvo1 7#f7 ,samm vymo1 7#g7 ,samm sati1 7#h7 ,samm samdhi4 #e ,shipwrecked off ,trincomalee in #affj1 he remained an unwilling but favoured guest of ,king ,raja ,sinha ,,ii for twenty years4 ,escaping to ,europe1 he wrote his excellent ,historical ,relation of the ,island of ,ceylon1 published #afha4 #f ,it was uphill work for ,colonel ,olcott1 but his magnificent courage and enthusiasm prevailed over every obstacle4 ,i was then a ,magistrate in the ,kalutara district of the ,western ,province1 and remember that well-known ,buddhists1 appearing as witnesses1 would not acknowledge their ,faith and swore on the ,bible rather than affirm4 ,the ,portuguese and ,dutch ,governments had persecuted them1 and the ,english ,government1 though it did not persecute1 continued for years many disabilities4 ,,translator',s ,,preface ,i made this translation of the ,dhammapada1 intending it to be a simple memorial text-book for my pupils1 at intervals some seven or eight years ago1 when reading the ,pli as a lesson in religion with my senior class in ,ceylon4 ,its publication has been held up for several years owing to various causes1 and1 having left ,ceylon in #aiai1 ,i was unable owing to distance to correct the proofs4 ,my thanks are due to ,mr4 ,fritz ,kunz1 ,b4,a41 of ,adyar1 ,madras1 for seeing the book through the press4 ,the rather long list of alterations#a is due to the fact that ,i saw no proofs till the whole was printed off1 and had meanwhile desired to recast certain verses4 ,the use of metre of course often prohibits the exact translation of certain philosophical and technical terms1 but ,i have kept as close to the original as was possible4 ,i have followed the ,pli text of ,fausbll 7#aijj71 and have been much helped by ,dr4 ,dines ,andersen's ,glossary of the ,words of the ,dhammapada4 ,the ,pli ,text ,society's edition of the text 7by ,sriyogoa ,sumagala ,thero7 appeared just after ,i had finished1 and ,i have made several alterations in accordance with the readings of that edition4 ,f4,l4 ,,woodward ,chartley1 ,west ,tamar1 ,tasmania #aiba4 #a transcribers' note--all alterations of the list mentioned have been duely incorporated in the text following1 and the list itself has been omitted in this e-book4 ,glory to ,him1 the ,blessed ,saint1 the ,all-,enlightened one4 ,the ,buddha's ,path of ,virtue4 ,,chapter ,,one4 ,,the ,,pairs4 #a4 ,all states arising have mind for their causing1 ,mind for their master1 of mind are the offspring4 ,he who with foul mind speaks or does action-- ,him pain pursues as the wheel dogs the ox-hoof4 #b4 ,all states arising have mind for their causing1 ,mind for their master1 of mind are the offspring4 ,he who with pure mind speaks or does action-- ,him bliss pursues1 to him clings like his shadow4 #c4 ,this man abused me3 he beat me and conquered1 ,conquered and plundered4 ,cherishing in such thoughts1 ,never appeased is the hatred of such men4 #d4 ,this man abused me1 he beat me and conquered1 ,conquered and plundered4 ,not having such thoughts1 ,quickly appeased is the hatred of such men4 #e4 ,never by hatred is hatred appeasd ,nay6 but by kindness2 that's the old-time ,norm4#a #f4 ,others don't grasp this--,we men are mortals4#b ,men who can grasp this soon end their quarrels4 #g4 ,looking for fair sights1 unchecked in his senses1 ,in food uncontrolled1 slack1 inert1 without vigour1 ,death overwhelms him1 as winds uproot weak trees4 #h4 ,he who lives sense-restrained1 heedless of fair sights1 ,who in food keeps the mean1 is trusty and sturdy1 ,death cannot shake him3 winds cannot move mountains4 #i-aj4 ,without doffing his faults who would don the monk's yellow1#c ,void of truth and of training1 deserves not the monk's robe4 ,if he doff all his faults and be versed in the virtues1 ,in the training and truth firm1 he merits the monk's robe4 #aa-ab4 ,in the false seeing truth1 and in truth seeing falsehood1 ,men touch not the truth1 but are fed on illusion4 ,but in truth seeing truth and falsehood in falsehood1 ,men touch the truth ever1 feeding on right thoughts4 #ac-ad4 ,as the rain through the roof of a house that is ill-thatched1 ,lust leaks through the mind not composed by the training3 ,as rain never leaks through the roof that is well-thatched1 ,so through the mind well-trained lust leaketh never4 #ae4 ,here he grieves and grieves hereafter3 doubly grieves the evil-doer1 ,grieves and suffers anguish when he sees the foulness of his deeds4 #af4 ,happy here1 he's happy after3 doing good he's doubly glad3 ,glad1 exceeding happy1 when he sees the pureness of his deeds4 #ag4 ,here he suffers1 suffers after3 doubly suffer evil-doers3 ,thoughts of ill-deeds torture1 much more torture when they enter hell4#d #ah4 ,he rejoices here and after3 doing good he's doubly glad3 ,thoughts of good deeds comfort1 much more comfort when they enter heaven4 #ai4 ,though reciting many verses1#e if they do not what they preach1 ,sluggards1 counting others' cattle1 cannot share the ,brotherhood4 #bj4 ,practising the ,norm he preaches1 though he utter verses few1 ,quit of anger1 lust and folly1 truly wise1 with thoughts set free1 ,caring nought for this or that world1 he hath part in brotherhood4 _/ #a ,dhammo sanantano 7,skt4 santna dharma74 comm4 pornako dhammo1 the doctrine of the early tradition4 #b ,see ,psalms of the ,brethren1 p4 #agg1 trans4 ,mrs4 ,c4,a4 ,rhys ,davids4 ,people can really never understand ,that we are here but for a little spell4 ',others' means all except the wise4 #c ,a play on words1 anikkasvo 7one who has not removed the sava's1 taints of lust1 anger1 delusion7 and ksvam1 the yellow robe4 ,see note to v4#ba re the use of the word 'monk' #d 'hell'3 'duggati1 'the evil path or destiny'1 a purgatorial state of rebirth4 #e ,texts of the sacred books1 learned by heart by the ,brahmins4 ,,chapter ,,two4 ,,heedfulness4 #ba4 ,heedfulness leads to the ,deathless2#a heedlessness leads unto ,death6 ,heedful men live on for ever2 they who heed not are as dead4 #bb4 ,knowing this full surely1 wise men take delight in heedfulness2 ,heedfully they range with joy the pastures#b of the ,worthy ,ones4 #bc4 ,meditative1 persevering1 ever with strong might endowed1 ,wise men reach the ,blissful ,haven1 reach ,security ,supreme4#c #bd4 ,heedful men's good name increaseth1 if they strive with mind subdued ,pure in deed1 with thoughts well-guarded1 well-controlled of lawful lives4 #be4 ,let the wise man1 striving1 heedful1 well-controlled and temperate1 ,make himself an island which the flood shall never sweep away4 #bf4 ,heedlessness the foolish follow1 men of small intelligence2 ,as the best of treasures wise men guard the prize of ,heedfulness4 #bg4 ,cleave not thou to ,heedlessness1 cleave not thou to ,passion's snares2 ,strenuous and meditative1 wisdom winneth widespread bliss4 #bh4 ,lo6 the sage that drives away the cloud of sloth by ,heedfulness1 ,climbing up the heights of wisdom1 sorrowless looks down upon ,all the miserable beings1 as a hillman on the plains4#d #bi4 ,strenuous amid the heedless1 'mid the sleepers wide awake1 ,as a racer beats the weak jade1 so the wise outstrips the fools4 #cj4 ,maghav by ,heedfulness attained the kingship of the gods2#e ,heedfulness is praised for ever2 ,heedlessness is ever blamed4 #ca4 ,monks#f whom ,heedfulness delighteth1 seeing fear in ,heedlessness1 ,as the fire blazeth onwards1 burn their fetters great and small4 #cb4 ,monks whom ,heedfulness delighteth1 seeing fear in ,heedlessness1 ,cannot fall into destruction2 they are near ,nibbna's shore4 #a 'amata-pada1 'the immortal lot'1 or simply 'the ,ambrosial 7nibbaa73 the word 'immortality' in ,buddhism does not imply 'a deathless ,ego'4 #b 'the sphere or range1 gocara'4 #c ,nibbna4 #d 'literally1' as one standing on a mountain looks down on those standing on the level'4 #e ,maghav1 a name of ,indra1 the sky-god1 ,jupiter4 ,human beings by great tapas1 will power exercised1 can attain this office4 #f ,monks does not convey the real meaning of bhikkhu1 a mendicant ascetic wearer of the yellow robe4 ,,chapter ,,three4 ,,the ,,mind4 #cc4 ,the fugitive1 flickering mind1 ,hard to guard and hard to bind1 ,the wise men train as they choose1 ,as a fletcher fashions a shaft to his use4 #cd4 ,like a fish flung out on the bank2 ,drawn from its watery home in a tank1#a ,flutters this fugitive mind ,to leave the realm of ,mra behind4#b #ce4 ,impalpable1 hard to seize1 ,eagerly rushing wherever it please1 ,good is the taming of mind2 ,a mind well-tamed is a treasure to find4 #cf4 ,invisible1 subtle indeed1 ,eagerly rushing its passions to feed1 ,let the wise man guard this mind2 ,a guarded mind is a treasure to find4 #cg4 ,wandering1 dwelling apart1 ,bodiless there in the cave of the heart1#c ,they who subdue this mind ,leave all the fetters of ,mra behind4 #ch4 ,if he know not the ,doctrine ,pure1 ,if he waver in faith and be not sure1 ,if his mind be not strong-willed1 ,the cup of his wisdom is never fulfilled4 #ci4 ,if his mind be free from desire1 ,if his thought be free from anger's fire1 ,if evil and good he forsake1 ,there is no fear in the man that's awake4 #dj4 ,body's a vessel of clay2 ,mind must be made like a fort1 if he say1 ,let him give battle to ,mara1 arrayed ,in the weapons of wisdom1 unafraid ,let him conquer and guard him and passionless stay4 #da4 ,soon1 ah6 soon on the earth ,will this body lie1 a thing of no worth1 ,neglected1 void of the six ,workings of sense1 a mere bundle of sticks4 #db4 ,whatever the ill that a foe ,doth a foe1 whatever the grudge he may owe4 ,greater by far will he find ,the ill that is done by an ill-trained mind4 #dc4 ,nay1 not a father or mother ,could do so much2 not a kinsman or other2 ,greater by far will he find ,the good that is done by a well-trained mind4 #a ,the tank is earthly existence4 ,the watery home is the world of desires4 #b ,mra--death1 the personification of evil1 rules the six highest desire-heaven-worlds3 other great ,gods are ,mahbrahma and ,sakka 7,indra74 ,yama also1 death1 is the lord of the under-world4 ,we may compare the ,greek ,gods1 ,zeus1 ,poseidon1 and ,pluto1 who divide the rule of the manifested universe4 #c ,cp4 v4 #cgd1 sugra4 ,,chapter ,,four4 ,,flowers4 #dd4 ,who shall discern this earth aright ,and the ,realm of ,death and the ,world of ,light8 ,who shall choose out the ,way ,of righteousness well displayed1 ,as a skilled hand chooseth a flower gay8 #de4 ,the disciple#a discerneth this earth aright ,and the ,realm of ,death and the ,world of ,light2 ,the disciple chooseth the ,way ,of ,righteousness well displayed1 ,as a skilled hand chooseth a flower gay4 #df4 ,seeing this body as like unto foam1 ,illusive1 by insight of wisdom alone1 ,scattering ,death's flower-tipp'd shafts1 ,he shall pass to a realm where ,death is unknown4 #dg4 ,culling life's blossoms here and there1 ,with his mind entangled by pleasures' delay1 ,death comes and carries him off1 ,as a flood sweeps a slumbering village away4 #dh4 ,culling life's blossoms here and there1 ,with his mind entangled by pleasures' delay1 ,insatiate in desire1 ,death makes him his bondsman and takes him away4 #di4 ,as a bee on the wing flits from flower to flower1 ,not harming the scent or the blossom's hue1 ,and is gone taking only the taste1 ,let the sage his way through the village pursue4 #ej4 ,not with other men's faults and other men's failings1 ,nor the things they have done1 nor the things left undone1 ,should the wise man be concerned2 ,let him look to his own things done and undone4 #ea4 ,fair is the flow'r with its hue and its colour2 ,but if it lack odour its beauty is hollow4 ,so fair are the words well-spoken1 ,but how empty the words which deeds do not follow4 #eb4 ,fair is the flow'r with its hue and its colour2 ,but if it have odour its beauty's not hollow2 ,so fair are the words well-spoken2 ,well-spoken indeed are the words which deeds follow4 #ec4 ,as one from a heap of gathered flowers ,makes many a garland1 many a crown2 ,so by a mortal being ,many a seed of good may be sown4 #ed4 ,the odour of flowers cannot prevail ',gainst the wind1 nor of sandal and tagara#b fair2 ',gainst the wind goes the odour of saints2 ,the odour of saints goeth everywhere4 #ee4 ,sweet is the sandal and sweet is the tagara1 ,and sweet of the lily the odour faint2 ,but of all sweet-savoured things ,sweetest by far is the scent of the saint4 #ef4 ,how small a thing is the odour of wood ,of the sandal or jasmine6 ,how poor is their scent6 ,yet the odour of saints prevails ,e'en 'mongst the gods1 most excellent4 #eg4 ,men who live righteously1 men who live heedfully1 ,perfect in wisdom1 rebirth have transcended3 ,though he search for the prints of their feet1 ,death cannot find them3#c their journey is ended4 #eh-i4 ,on a heap of dung by the high road hurled1 ,as a lily may bloom and grow1 ,delighting the mind with its fragrance pure3 ,so1 lit by the wisdom of those who know1 'mid those who on the dung-hill grow#d ,a disciple shines out in the darkened world4 #a ,disciple1 sekho1 one who has entered the ,path1 but has not become ,arahat1 who is asekho1 ,master4 #b ,tagara1 an aromatic shrub4 #c ,an ,arahat at death leaves no skandhas or basis for another birth4 ,death1 ,mra1 is pictured as hunting for a man's rebirth consciousness4 ,cf4 ,the ,book of the ,kindred ,sayings p4 #aeb 7,pali ,text ,translation ,series74 #d cf4 ,shakespeare1 ,henry ,v1 ,i1#a1 #fj4 ',the strawberry grows underneath the nettle1 ,and wholesome berries thrive and ripen best1 ,neighbour'd by fruit of baser quality'4 ,,chapter ,,five4 ,,fools4 #fj4 ,long is the night to him that is waking1 ,long is a league to the traveller worn1 ,long is the coil of births ,for fools that know not the truth of the ,norm4 #fa4 ,if one find not a comrade to join him in travel4 ,either like unto self or better than self1 ,it is safer to push on alone2 ,what fellowship can there be with a fool8 #fb4 ,i am father of sons6 ,i am owner of wealth6 ,thinks the fool in his folly and thereat is troubled4 ,he himself is not owner of self2 ,much less is he owner of sons and of wealth4 #fc4 ,wise indeed is he that knoweth his folly2 ,fool indeed is the fool that thinks himself wise4 #fd4 ,tho' a fool in his folly sit all his life long ,by the side of a wise man1 he never gets wiser1 ,for he knows not the ,norm and its worth1 ,as the spoon never knoweth the taste of the broth4 #fe4 ,but a wise man that sits by the wise but a minute1 ,quickly learns of the ,norm and its worth1 ,as the tongue quickly savours the taste of the broth4 #ff4 ,fools fare up and down with themselves for their foe1 ,and work evil deeds whose fruit will be bitter2 #fg4 ,ill-done is the deed that brings sorrow in doing1 ,whose fruit they will meet with tears and annoy2 #fh4 ,well done is the deed that brings pleasure in doing1 ,whose fruit they will welcome with gladness and joy4 #fi4 ,o6 how sweet6 thinks the fool1 ere his wicked deed ripens4 ,when his wicked deed ripens he knows what is sorrow4 #gj4 ,tho' month after month with the blade of a sword-grass#a ,the fool eats his rice grain by grain1 ,not one fourth of a quarter of good doth he gain ,such as those who are stablished in ,dhamma obtain4 #ga4 ,now an ill deed1 like milk1 doth not change into curds1 ,but it burneth the fool--a live coal 'neath the ashes4 #gb4 ,since his knowledge is born to a fool all in vain1 ,his good luck is lost to him wholly2 ,on his own head it falls2 he is crushed by his folly4 #gc-d4 ,if a fool long for credit that is not his due1 ,chief seats in the monks' hall1#b respect from the ,order1 ,and worship from laymen desiring2 ,let the monks and the laymen my deeds hold in honour ,and in all things obey me1 whate'er ,i may will-- ,if such be the thoughts of the fool1 ,his pride and his longing increase in him still4 #ge4 ,success here is one thing1 ,nibbna another3 ,when a monk1 the ,buddha's disciple1 is sure ,of this truth1 he delights not in honour1 eschews ,the ways of the world and lives a recluse4 #a ,an ascetic way of eating1 supposed to be meritorious4 #b ,cf4 ,n4,t4 chief seats in the synagogue4 ,,chapter ,,six4 ,,the ,,wise4 #gf4 ,if thou see a man of wisdom1 ,like a guide to treasure-trove1 ,pointing out thy faults and failings1 ,follow him2 such company ,brings prosperity1 not woe4 #gg4 ,he who gives advice and teaching1 ,and restrains thy feet from wrong1 ,by the righteous is beloved1 ,but the wicked love him not4 #gh4 ,have no fellowship with evil2 ,make no friends among the vile2 ,make the virtuous thy companions2 ,follow thou the ,perfect ,men4 #gi4 ,they who drink the ,good ,norm's nectar ,live in bliss with tranquil mind2 ,in the ,norm by saints expounded ,wise men ever take delight4 #hj4 ,irrigators guide the waters1 ,fletchers straighten out the shaft1 ,carpenters unwarp the timber1 ,but the wise subdue themselves4 #ha4 ,as the solid rock for ever ,rests unshaken by the wind1 ,wise men rest unwavering1 ,troubled not by praise or blame4 #hb4 ,as a deep clear pool of water ,lies unruffled by the wind1 ,to the ,good ,norm listening ,wise men reach tranquillity4 #hc4 ,when the good men go about1 ,sensual babble is not theirs2 ,they1 when touched by pain or pleasure1 ,show a calm untroubled face4 #hd4 ,not for self and not for others ,do they long for sons or wealth1 ,not for rule1 nor by injustice ,self-advancement to attain2 ,righteous1 wise and just are they4 #he4 ,few are they among us mortals ,who have reached the further shore ,over yonder4 ,but we others ,on this side fare up and down4 #hf4 ,they who hold fast to the teaching ,of the ,norm expounded well ,they shall reach the shore and pass ,the realm of ,death so hard to cross4 #hg-h4 ,giving up the state of darkness1 ,let the wise embrace the pure2 ,giving up home for the homeless ,loneliness1 where joys are rare1 ,let him long for bliss unbounded ,casting all desire aside1 ,owning naught1 and1 firm in wisdom1 ,cleanse his heart from passion's stain4 #hi4 ,they whose mind is rightly tempered ,in the ,wisdom's seven ways1#a ,who have left desire behind them1 ,void of clinging1 they rejoicing ,passionless and all-resplendent1 ,even in this world are freed4#b #a ,the seven limbs of the ,bodhi are3--,sati1 concentration2 ,dhammavicaya1 examination of mental processes or of nature2 ,viriya1 energy2 ,pti1 zest2 ,passaddhi1 calmness2 ,samdhi1 mental balance2 ,uekh1 equanimity4 #b ,parinibbut1 let free from rebirth by having attained the state of ,nibbna1 gone out4 ,,chapter ,,seven4 ,,the ,,arahat--,,the ,,worthy4 #ij4 ,he for whom life's journey's over1 free from sorrow1 free from pain ,who has all the knots unfastened1 suffering knows not again4 #ia4 ,household life for them no joys hath2 striving and intent in mind ,as the swan deserts the marshes1 every home they leave behind4 #ib4 ,they who gather up no treasure1 feeding on the food that's known1#a ,they who range in mind the ,void1 the unconditioned formless ,space1 ,as the bird's path in the ether1 so their ways are hard to trace4 #ic4 ,they whose taints are all evanished1 independent of support1 ,they who range in mind the ,void1 the unconditioned1 formless ,space1 ,as the bird's path in the ether1 so their tracks are hard to trace4 #id4 ,he whose senses now are tranquil1 like a horse by trainer tamed 7,pride struck off1 the taints#b evanished71 to the very gods is famed4#c #ie4 ,like the solid ground unshaken1 like the threshold of a door1 ,like a pool by mud unsullied1 such a saint is born no more4 #if4 ,calm the mind of such a being1 calm his thoughts and words and deeds1 ,set free by the perfect knowledge1 liberated from life's needs4 #ig4 ,self-dependent1 self-sufficing1 knower of the ,uncreate#d ,who hath loosed the bonds of action1 from the chain of births set free1 ,all desires are fallen from him1 noblest of all beings he4 #ih4 ,in the village or the forest1 on the water or the ground1 ,where the worthy ones are dwelling1 there the earth's delights are found4 #ii4 ,ah6 delightful are the forests6 where the worldling finds no joy1 ,there the passionless find pleasure1 whom the senses do not cloy4 #a literally1 'whose food is thoroughly understood' 7as to its properties1 qualities and purpose74 #b ,the taints1 sava's1 are three3--kama1 desire2 bhava1 love of life2 avijj1 ignorance4 ,a fourth1 ditthi1 the holding of heretical views1 is sometimes added4 ,the gods are supposed to be still bound by these1 and to envy the emancipated man4 #c 'famed'1 literally 'by the gods is envied'4 #d ,akatau1 knowing the ,unborn1 the ,eternal1 the state of ',nibba'1 as in v4#c #hc31 but possibly here the context requires 'ungrateful'1 i4e41 not bound by ties of gratitude to anybody4 ,,chapter ,,eight4 ,,the ,,thousands4 #ajj4 ,tho' one's speech be a thousand words1 ,vain words all strung together1 ,better a single phrase ,which calms the one that hears4 #aja4 ,tho' a song have a thousand words1 ,vain words all strung together1 ,better a single verse ,which calms the one that hears4 #ajb4 ,tho' one utter a hundred songs1 ,vain words all strung together1 ,better one verse of the ,norm ,which brings peace to the hearer4 #ajc4 ,tho' one conquer a thousand times ,a thousand men in battle1 ,who conquers self alone ,is the best of conquerors4 #ajd4 ,tis better to conquer self ,than all this multitude2 ,if one be self-subdued ,and ever self-controlled1 #aje4 ,not the gods or demi-gods#a ,nor the ,lord of the world below#b ,nor the ,god ,supreme#c have power ,to undo his victory4 #ajf4 ,tho' one for a hundred years ,month after month should pray ,with a thousand offerings1 ,yet if for a moment's space ,he worship the feet of one ,whose self is self-subdued1 ,his worship is better far ,than his age-long offerings4 #ajg4 ,tho' a hundred years in the woods ,one tend the sacred fire1#d ,yet if for a moment's space ,he worship the feet of one ,whose self is self-subdued2 ,such worship is better far ,than his age-long offerings #ajh4 ,not all the sacrifice ,that is offered in all the world ,for a year1 with a view to gain1 ,is worth a single quarter ,of the worship that is paid ,to the upright holy man4 #aji4 ,whoso hath reverence ,for those advanced in years1 ,four blessings thrive for him1 ,life1 beauty1 bliss and strength4 #aaj4 ,tho' one live a hundred years1 ,immoral1 uncontrolled1 ',tis better to live for a day1 ,moral and well controlled4 #aaa4 ,tho' one live a hundred years ,foolish and uncontrolled1 ',tis better to live for a day ,wisely and well controlled4 #aab4 ,tho' one live a hundred years ,listless and lacking zeal1 ',tis better to live for a day ,while striving manfully4 #aac4 ,tho' one live a hundred years ,blind to the rise and fall1#e ',tis better to live for a day ,seeing the rise and fall4 #aad4 ,tho' one live a hundred years ,and see not the ,deathless ,state1#f ',tis better to live for a day ,and see the ,deathless ,state4 #aae4 ,tho' one live a hundred years ,and see not the ,norm ,supreme1 ',tis better to live for a day ,and see the ,norm ,supreme4 #a ,gandhabbo1 ,skt4 gandharva1 those who preside over music and attend on the ,four ,great ,kings4 #b ,mra1 the ,pluto of the ,greeks1 or ,death-,lord4 #c ,brahm1 the ,supreme ,personal ,god or ,zeus of ,buddhism4 #d ,aggihutam1 ,skt4 agnihotra4 #e ,udaya-vyaya1 the law of anicca1 impermanence4 #f ,amatapada1 the eternal lot1 ,nibba3 see n4 to v4 #ba4 ,,chapter ,,nine4 ,,evil4 #aaf4 ,haste to do good2 thy thoughts from ill restrain2 ,sloth in good deeds makes one for evil fain4 #aag4 ,if thou do ill1 cease1 and thy sin forgo2 ,take not delight therein2 ill deeds bring woe4 #aah4 ,if thou do good1 thy life in good employ2 ,take thou delight therein2 good deeds bring joy4 #aai4 ,sinners see bliss while their ill deeds are green2 ,when the sin ripens1 sorrow then is seen4 #abj4 ,good men see ill while their good deeds are green2 ,when the good ripens1 happiness is seen4 #aba4 ,think not of ill3 ,it cannot be my fate2 ,as drop by drop the water fills the pot1 ,so slowly good men good accumulate4 #abb4 ,think not of good3 ,it cannot be my fate2 ,as drop by drop the water fills the pot1 ,so slowly bad men woes accumulate4 #abc4 ,just as the lord of some rich caravan1 ,whose guard is scanty1 fears the highwayman2 ,as one who loves his life must poison shun1 ,be wise and guard 'gainst evil deeds begun4 #abd4 ,thou mayest poison handle if thy palm ,contain no wound2 whole skin no poison fears2 ,there is no ill for him that doth no harm4 #abe4 ,who on a harmless creature worketh pain1 ,in whom no fault1 in whom no ill is found1 ,upon that fool his evil deeds rebound ,as fine dust cast i' the wind falls back again4 #abf4 ,some men by birth a life on earth attain2 ,the wicked go to hell1 the good to heaven2 ,but holy saints are never born again4 #abg4 ,not in the air nor middle of the sea1 ,nor entering a mountain cave to hide1 ,nor anywhere on earth can'st thou abide ,where from thy ill deeds thou can'st set thee free4 #abh4 ,not in the air nor middle of the sea1 ,nor entering a mountain cave to hide1 ,nor anywhere on earth can'st thou abide ,where death shall not pursue and conquer thee4 ,,chapter ,,ten4 ,,punishment4 #abi4 ,all beings fear the rod1 all fear to die2 ,regard them as thyself2 strike not nor slay4 #acj4 ,all beings fear the rod2 all love their life2 ,regard them as thyself2 strike not nor slay4 #aca4 ,whoso treats pleasure-loving creatures ill1 ,when he seeks bliss for self he shall not find it4 #acb4 ,whoso treats pleasure-loving creatures well1 ,when he seeks happiness for self shall find it4 #acc4 ,use not harsh speech2 when harshly spoken to ,men may retort2 painful are quarrellings1 ,and punishment may follow thy harsh words4 #acd4 ,if thou can'st keep thy tongue from wagging oft1 ,silent as some cracked gong1 thou hast thereby ,nibbna won2 no brawling is in thee4 #ace4 ,as with a stick the herdsman drives his kine1 ,so death and age compel the lives of men4 #acf4 ,the fool in doing ill knows not his folly2 ,his own deeds1 like a fire1 the fool consume4 #acg4 ,he who offends the harmless innocent ,soon reaches one of these ten states of woe2 #ach4 ,sharp pain1 disease1 or bodily decay1 ,grievous disaster1 or a mind distraught2 #aci4 ,oppression by the king1 or calumny1 ,loss of relations1 loss of all his wealth1 #adj4 ,his house burned by a thunderbolt or fire2 ,at death1 poor fool1 he finds rebirth in hell4 #ada4 ,not nakedness1 nor matted hair nor filth1 ,not fasting long1 nor lying on the ground1 ,not dust and dirt1 nor squatting on the heels4 ,can cleanse the mortal that is full of doubt4 #adb4 ,but one that lives a calm and tranquil life1 ,though gaily decked1 if tamed1 restrained1 he live ,walking the holy path in righteousness1 ,laying aside all harm to living things1 ,true mendicant1 ascetic1 ,brhmin he6 #adc4 ,who in this world is so restrained by shame ,that1 like a thoroughbred flicked by the whip4 ,he can think lightly of the lash of blame8 #add4 ,by faith and virtue1 energy1 and mind ,in perfect balance1 searching of the ,norm1 ,perfect in knowledge and good practices1 ,perfect in concentration of your thoughts1 ,ye shall strike off this multitude of woes4 #ade4 ,as cultivators guide the water-course1 ,as fletchers straighten out the arrow-shaft1 ,as carpenters warp timber to their needs1 ,so righteous men subdue and train themselves4 ,,chapter ,,eleven4 ,,old ,,age4 #adf4 ,laugh ye1 rejoice ye1 when this world is burning8 ,o wrapped in darkness1 will ye not seek light8 #adg4 ,behold this body decked1 a mass of sores1 ,sickly and swayed by multitudinous thoughts4 ,impermanent1 unstable1 uncomposed6 #adh4 ,poor worn-out carcase1 home of sicknesses1 ,fragile1 corrupting mass1 mere life in death6 #adi4 ,what joy to look upon these bleached bones1 ,like useless gourds in autumn thrown aside6-- #aej4 ,a township built of bones and plastered o'er ,with flesh and blood1 the home and dwelling-place ,of age and death1 pride and hypocrisy6 #aea4 ,just as a royal chariot gaily decked ,falls to decay1 so grows this body old2 ,but ,truth and ,norm old age cannot assail1 ,the holy ones indeed know no decay4 #aeb4 ,just like an ox1 the witless man grows old2 ,his flesh grows1 but his wits do not increase4 #aec-d4 ,thro' many a round of birth and death ,i ran1 ,nor found the builder that ,i sought4 ,life's stream ,is birth and death and birth1 with sorrow filled4 ,now1 housebuilder1 thou'rt seen6 ,no more shalt build6 ,broken are all thy rafters1 split thy beam6 ,all that made up this mortal self is gone2 ,mind hath slain craving2 ,i have crossed the stream6#a #aee4 ,they who in youth have never trod the way ,of righteousness1 nor garnered wisdom's store4 ,like herons in a fishless pool decay4 #aef4 ,they who in youth have never trod the way ,of righteousness1 nor garnered wisdom's store4 ,like broken bows1 lie weeping their lost day4 #a ,the triumphant words of the ,buddha1 when at last ,he attained enlightenment1 ,nibbna1 beneath the ,bo-tree4 ,,chapter ,,twelve4 ,the ,self4 #aeg4 ,hast thou regard for self8 ,then keep thyself well guarded4 ,be wise and keep good watch for one of the three watches4#a #aeh4 ,first ground thyself in fitness2 next1 another teach4 ,thus shalt thou wisdom gain and suffer no reproach4 #aei4 ,first carry out thyself whate'er thou teachest others4 ,self-tamed1 thou'lt tame another2 but self is hard to tame4 #afj4 ,self is the lord of self2 who else could be the lord8 ,by taming self one gains a lord most hard to gain4 #afa4 ,the evil done by self1 self-born and self-begotten1 ,crushes the senseless fool1 as a bolt the jar of stone4#b #afb4 ,he who is choked by sins1 as a creeper chokes a tree1 ,doth to himself what e'en his foes would have him do4 #afc4 ,easy is ill to do and harmful to oneself2 ,but what is good and wholesome1 that is hard to do4 #afd4 ,whose rejects the words of noble righteous saints ,on his own head brings ruin by his perversity1 ,as bamboo trees put forth their fruit and die away4 #afe4 ,by self is evil done2 by self is one defiled2 ,ill deeds not done by self to self bring purity2 ,each for himself is pure2 each for himself impure2 ,thou can'st not cleanse another man's impurity4 #aff4 ,mind thy affairs1 not others'1 however great they be2#c ,right knowledge of one's own brings more prosperity4 #a ,the night is divided into three watches of three hours each4 ,some regard this passage as referring to childhood1 youth and age4 #b ,this may be translated1 as a diamond crushes the stony gem4 #c ,cf4 ,bhagavad ,gt3 ,better one's own dharma1 however ill-performed1 than others' dharma1 well-performed tho' it be4 ,,chapter ,,thirteen4 ,,the ,,world4 #afg4 ,follow not the way unworthy2 ,live not thou in slothfulness2 ,let not doctrines false allure thee2 ,turn thy thoughts from worldliness4 #afh-i4 ,stand6 ,arise6 ,throw sloth away2 ,follow the path of righteousness2 ,happy he who walks aright1 ,here and in the world to come4 #agj4 ,as a bubble on the water1 ,as a phantom of the sands1 ,him who thus the world despiseth1 ,death the king#a cannot behold4 #aga4 ,lo6 this world in all its splendour1 ,like a royal car adorned1 ,wherein many a fool is seated1#b ,hath no power to bind the wise4 #agb4 ,he who formerly was slothful1 ,but is slothful now no more1 ,lighteth up the world with splendour1 ,as the moon from clouds released4 #agc4 ,he who1 having once done evil1 ,covers up his ill with good1 ,lighteth up the world with splendour1 ,as the moon from clouds released4 #agd4 ,all this world is wrapped in darkness2 ,few be they that are not blind2 ,like the birds that 'scape the fowler1 ,few be they that go to heaven4 #age4 ,lo6 the swans fly on the sun's path1#c ,fly by magic through the air2 ,wise men from the world departing ,conquer ,death and all his hosts4 #agf4 ,he who by false words transgressing ,breaks one tittle of the ,norm2#d ,he who future life renounceth ,every wicked deed will do4 #agg4 ,those who covet reach not heaven2 ,fools care not for charity2 ,he who charity approveth ,reacheth heavenly joy thereby4 #agh4 ,rule on earth and joy in heaven1 ,sovreignty of all the worlds-- ,these are all by him transcended ,who hath entered on the stream4#e #a ,maccurja4 #b ,reading nisdanti for visdanti 7are immersed74 #c ,hams adicca-pathe yanti4 ,in ,hinduism the paramahamsa1 the swan1 is the mystic name for the liberated being 7,cf4 ,bhagavad ,gt7 who goes to the sun 7ditya ,skt471 and is reborn no more2 also in ,chndogya ,upanishad1 ,,viii1 #g-e1 we read3 ,when mind ceases to act1 he attains the sun4 ,that is the way to the region above4 ,it is open to the learned1 but closed to the ignorant4 ,those who are reborn are said to go on the path of the moon4 ,in ,buddhism1 the ,arahants1 ,saints1 have the power 7iddhi7 of flying through the air even physically1 by self-levitation4 ,cf4 ,v4 #ia4 #d ,cf4 ,n4,t43 ,for whosoever shall keep the whole ,norm1 and yet offend in one point1 he is guilty of all4 #e ,one who has entered on the stream is an ,initiate1 ,solpanno1 and is saved1 i4e41 after seven more births1 he reaches the state of ,arahat and ,nibbna and is free from birth4 ,,chapter ,,fourteen4 ,,the ,,awakened ,,one4 #agi4 ,the ,awakened ,one1 unconquered ,conqueror1 ,whose conquest naught in this world can undo4 ,who ranges o'er ,his boundless sphere untraced4 ,by what tracks can ye lead ,him to rebirth8#a #ahj4 ,free from the snares of passion's outspread net1 ,the ,awakened ,one1 whom longing cannot draw1 ,who ranges o'er ,his boundless sphere untraced4 ,by what tracks can ye lead ,him to rebirth8 #aha4 ,those sages who1 to meditation given1 ,delight in freedom's bliss1 with mind controlled1 ,gods envy ,them1 ,those ,all-,awakened ,ones4#b #ahb4 ,to gain a birth as man is hard indeed2 ',tis hard to get one's living in the world2 ,hard is the hearing of the doctrine true2#c ,hardest to be an ,all-,awakened ,one4 #ahc4 ,refrain thyself from every evil deed2 ,stablish thyself in good2 cleanse thine own thoughts-- ,this is the message of the ,awakened ,ones4 #ahd4 ,long-sufferance is the best austerity2 ,nibbna1 say the ,awakened ,ones1 is best4 #ahe4 ,revile not1 harm not1 live by rule restrained2 ,of food take little2 sleep and sit alone2 ,in meditation keep thy thoughts controlled-- ,this is the message of the ,awakened ,ones4 #ahf4 ,lust is not sated1 tho' it rain gold coins2 ,brief is the pleasure1 great the pains of lust-- ,whoso saith this and knows it1 he is wise4 #ahg4 ,he finds no pleasure e'en in heaven's delights2 ,he finds his joy in slaying all desire1 ,that follower of the ,all-,awakened ,ones4 #ahh4 ,to many a refuge frightened mortals flee1 ,mountains and forests1 groves and sacred trees2 #ahi4 ,these are no refuge safe1 no sure retreat1 ,by these we are not from all woe released4 #aij4 ,he who takes refuge in the ,awakened ,one1 ,the ,doctrine and the ,brotherhood1 beholds ,by right insight the ,fourfold ,noble ,truths1 #aia4 ,sorrow and sorrow's cause and sorrow's ceasing1 ,the ,noble ,eightfold ,path that leads thereto-- #aib4 ,this is the refuge safe1 the sure retreat2 ,this only from our woes can us release4 #aic4 ,hard is that one of noble birth to find2 ,not born in every land is ,he2 the race ,wherein that ,sage is born is prosperous4#d #aid4 ,blest is the rising of the ,awakened ,ones2 ,blest is ,their teaching of the ,doctrine ,true2 ,blest is the union of the ,brotherhood2 ,and blest to dwell together in unity4 #aie4 ,the ,awakened ,ones and they that follow ,them1 ,worthy to be adored1 have conquered all ,the hosts of evil1 crossed the flood of sorrow4 #aif4 ,whoso shall worship ,them1 the worthy ,ones1 ,in whom desires are quenched and fear allayed1 ,none can declare the merits of that man4 #a ,padam1 track1 footstep1 may here refer to the khandhs1 basis1 or occasions of rebirth1 destroyed by ,arahants1 cf4 vv4 #ib-c4 #b ,these verses may refer to any man who is awakened1 who has found ,nibbna4 #c ,this might mean1 it is hard to get a hearing of it4 #d ,all ,buddha's must be born in ,india1 the sacred land4 ,,chapter ,,fifteen4 ,happiness#a4 #aig4 ,o happily we live ,angerless amid the angry6 ,o happily we spend our days ,amid the angry angerless6 #aih4 ,o happily we live ,in health amid the sickly ones6 ,o happily we spend our days ,amid the sickly ones in health6 #aii4 ,o happily we live ,free from greed amid the greedy6 ,o happily we spend our days ,amid the greedy free from greed6 #bjj4 ,o happily we live ,who have not anything at all6 ,like ever-radiant gods above1 ,our food immortal joys shall be4 #bja4 ,hate follows victory2 ,conquered ones sit sorrowing4 ,but the calm live blissfully1 ,renouncing conquest and defeat4 #bjb4 ,there is no fire like lust2 ,no sin brings such ill-luck#c as hate2 ,no pains so great as body's pains2 ,no bliss is like the perfect ,calm4#d #bjc4 ,hunger's the greatest plague1 ,embodied life the greatest woe2 ,whoso knows this in truth1 can say3 ,nibbna is the ,bliss ,supreme4 #bjd4 ,health is the greatest gain2 ,contentment is the greatest wealth2 ,best kinsman is the trusty friend2 ,nibbna is the ,bliss ,supreme4 #bje4 ,who tastes the savour sweet ,of solitude1 who drinks of calm1 ,is free from terror1 free from sin1 ,draining the nectar of the ,norm4 #bjf4 ',tis good to see the saints2 ,to dwell with them is blessedness2 ,if he should never fools behold1 ,a man could dwell in happiness4 #bjg4 ,the company of fools ,ne'er fails to bring distress4 ,to live with fools brings suffering1 ,as living with an enemy1 ,but wise men's company brings bliss1 ,as being with dear relatives4 #bjh4 ,if one be good and wise1 ,well-versed in lore profound1 ,long-suffering1 dutiful1 a saint1 ,righteous and wise2 if such there be1 ,follow his footsteps1 as the moon ,follows the path of the stars4 #a ,this chapter applies especially to those who have retired from the world4 #c ,ill-luck1 kali1 the unlucky throw in playing dice4 #d ,nibbna4 ,,chapter ,,sixteen4 ,,affections4 #bji4 ,he who applies his mind unworthily1 ,neglecting discipline1 ,forsakes the goal and clings to things beloved1 ,then envies those to meditation given4 #baj4 ,join not thyself to things beloved or loathed4 ,to lack dear company1 ,to be with those we loathe1 brings misery4 #baa4 ,seek not for love2 things loved when lost bring woe2 ,both are impermanent4 ,they have no bonds who dwell indifferent4 #bab4 ,sorrow and fear are born of things beloved4 ,from things beloved set free1 ,how canst thou sorrow8 fearful how canst be8 #bac4 ,from things held dear1 sorrow and fear are born4 ,set free from things held dear1 ,how canst thou sorrow have8 how canst have fear8 #bad4 ,sorrow and fear are children born of pleasure4 ,no longer pleasure's slave1 ,how canst thou sorrow1 fear how canst thou have8 #bae4 ,sorrow and fear are children of desire4 ,from all desire set free1 ,how canst thou sorrow8 fearful how canst be8 #baf4 ,sorrow and fear are things of longing born4 ,from longing if thou part1 ,thou hast no fear nor sorrow in thine heart4 #bag4 ,upright and ,norm-abiding1 speaking truth1 ,who minds his own affair1#a ,that is the man whom every one holds dear4 #bah4 ,in whom is longing for the ,nameless#b born1 ,whose mind ,it hath enthralled1 ,whose thoughts no longer are by passion torn1 ,that man a ,climber of the ,stream is called4#c #bai4 ,as when a dweller in some far-off land ,safe home returns at last1 ,kin1 friends and lovers waiting to greet him stand2 #bbj4 ,so1 when a man on earth good deeds hath done1 ,when he hath passed beyond1 ,all his good deeds like kin1 await that one4 #a ,attano kamma kubbnam1 as in v4 #aff4 ,attends to his own spiritual progress without dictating to others how they should forward their evolution4 #b ,the unborn1 uncreate1 undeclared state of ,nibbna4 #c ,uddhamsoto4 7,skt4 ,urdhamsrotas7 a name for the angmin non-returner4 ,,chapter ,,seventeen4 ,,anger4 #bba4 ,conquer anger1 banish pride2 ,every fetter cast aside2#a ,clinging not to ,name and ,form1#b ,him who calleth nought his own ,sorrow never shall betide4 #bbb4 ,he who rising wrath restrains1 ,as one checks a whirling team1 ,him a driver true ,i deem2 ,others only hold the reins4 #bbc4 ,wrath with kindliness allay1 ,to the stingy freely give2 ,conquer lying words with truth2 ,evil deeds with good repay4 #bbd4 ,speak the truth nor vexed be2 ,give1 however scantily4 ,following these maxims three1 ,thou the blessed gods shalt see4 #bbe4 ,sages harm no living thing2 ,self-restraint accomplishing ,such men reach the ,deathless ,lot1#c ,where all sorrow is forgot4 #bbf4 ,ever watchful1 night and day ,learning wisdom never cease2 ,in the one who strives for ,peace#d ,all the cravings die away4#e #bbg4 ,there is a saying1 ,atula1 ,of old1 not of to-day3 ,they blame the man who silent sits1 ,or whose tongue wags alway2 ,and blame the man who keeps the mean2 ,none in the world is blameless seen4 #bbh4 ,there never was1 nor will be1 sure1 ,nor lives now among men1 ,a being blamed exclusively1 ,nor one entirely praised4 #bbi-cj4 ,but one whom men of wisdom praise1 ,watching him day by day1 ,of faultless life1 of holy ways1 ,thoughtful and wise1 like ,jambu gold1#f ,who to blame such a saint is bold8 ,neither the gods1 nor e'en ,brahm1 ,from him their praise withhold4 #bca4 ',gainst angry deeds be on thy guard2 ,in body be composed2 ,all bodily misdeeds discard2 ,with body tread the ,way4 #bcb4 ',gainst angry words be on thy guard2 ,in speech be thou composed2 ,all wrongful ways of speech discard2 ,in speech follow the ,way4 #bcc4 ',gainst angry thoughts be on thy guard2 ,in thought be thou composed2 ,all wrongful ways of thought discard2 ,in thoughts follow the ,way4 #bcd4 ,in body sages are controlled2 ,in thoughts as well as speech2 ,and they are ,sages truly called ,who are controlled in each4 #a ,the ,fetters1 saojanni1 are ten4 ,these are cast off at different stages of the ,path1 until perfection is reached4 #b ,nma-rpa1 abstract and concrete1 the five constituents of personality1 viz41 mind and its factors with the four1 body1 feeling1 perception1 and mental functions4 #c ,nibbna1 'the changeless1 accuta'4 #d idem4 #e idem4 #f ,a precious gold from the ,jambu river2 others say1 like rose apple in colour4 ,,chapter ,,eighteen4 ,,impurity4 #bce4 ,lo6 ,thou art now a pale and withered leaf2 ,death's messengers are close at hand2 ,thou in the very gate of ,death dost stand1 ,and yet hast no provision for the way4 #bcf4 ,then make thyself an island of defence2 ,strive quick2 be wise2 when all the taints ,of dirt and dust are blown away1 the saints ,shall greet thee entering the ,happy ,land4 #bcg4 ,thy life has run its course2 thou art come nigh ,the ,king of ,death2#a for thine abode ,thou hast no resting-place upon the road1 ,and yet hast no provision for the way4 #bch4 ,then make thyself an island of defence2 ,strive quick2 be wise2 blow off the dust ,and stains of travel2 wipe away the rust2 ,so shalt thou see no more birth and decay4 #bci4 ,the wise and thoughtful man attacks his faults ,one after other1 momently1 ,in order due1 and rubs them all away1 ,e'en as a smith blows off the silver's dross1 #bdj4 ,just as the iron rust accumulates ,self born2 and eats itself away2 ,so with the man who sinneth2 day by day ,his own deeds to destruction lead him on1 #bda4 ,texts not repeated oft are soon forgot2 ,the house neglected soon decays2 ,sloth is the bane of beauty2 heedless ways ,bring ruin unto him that keepeth watch4 #bdb4 ,the taint of woman is impurity1 ,and gifts by stinginess are spoiled1 ,and mortal man by oft transgression soiled ,finds ruin here1 loss in the life to come4 #bdc4 ,yet there's a taint far worse than any other4 ,what is that taint8 'tis ignorance4#b ,make yourselves free from this1 ,o mendicants6 ,wipe off this stain and be ye undefiled4 #bdd4 ,life seems an easy thing to him that lives ,wanton and shameless as a crow1 ,a fault-finder1 who through this life doth go ,immodest1 insolent1 and full of sins4 #bde4 ,but life's no easy thing for one restrained ,by shame1 who seeks to walk aright1 ,all unattached1 withdrawn from vulgar sight2 ,who liveth purely and hath eyes to see4 #bdf-g4 ,he who takes life2 whose mouth is full of lies2 ,who steals1 and fouls another's wife2 ,a slave to drink1 he even in this life ,the root of his own fortunes undermines4#c #bdh4 ,o man ,i know this3 ,not easy of control ,are evil ways4 ,let not thy greed ,and wickedness 7of misery the seed7 ,become thy masters1 lest thou suffer long4 #bdi4 ,according to their trust and faith men give4 ,whoso regards with discontent ,and jealousy the food for others meant ,cannot get peace of mind by night or day4#d #bej4 ,but whoso disregards what others get1 ,whose heart of jealousy is void1 ,in whom the root of envy is destroyed1 ,he gaineth peace of mind by night and day4 #bea4 ,there is no fire that burneth like desire2 ,no beast like hatred can devour2 ,no snare like folly to entrap hath power2 ,no river-flood can carry off like greed4 #beb4 ',tis easy to perceive another's faults2 ,hard are one's own faults to descry2 ,a man will winnow others' faults like chaff2 ,but as the cheating gambler hides the die1 ,his own faults he conceals right carefully4 #bec4 ,whoso is watchful for another's faults1 ,testy and quick to take offence1 ,in him his passions will increase1 and thence ,further is he from cleansing of his sins4 #bed4 ,the sky-path shows no tracks2 no outward signs ,the treader of the ,path betray2#e ,the multitude in outward shows delay2 ,they who have won the ,goal are free from all4#f #bee4 ,the sky-path shows no tracks2 no outward signs ,the treader of the ,path betray2 ,nought lasts2 all things embodied pass away2#g ,but nought can shake the ,all-,awakened ,ones4 #a ,yama1 ,pluto4 #b ,avijj1 the first of the twelve links of the chain of causation and the last of the ,fetters to be broken4 #c ,those are the five ,precepts of ,buddhism4 #d ,bhikkhus1 mendicants1 have to beg their daily meal4 #e ,samano n'atthi bhiro4 ,this verse is generally translated1 ,there is no true disciple outside the pale of ,buddhism1 and the commentary 7,p4,t4,s4 text1 vol4 #c4 p4 #cgh7 so translates these words1 which the ,buddha spoke to ,subhadda just before ,his passing away4 ,the context here seems to require the meaning outward4 ,cf4 v4 #ib and vv4 #agi-hj4 ,the perfect leave no traces4 ,sky-path1 ksa1 space4 #f ,tathgat4 ,the epithet of the ,buddha by which ,he usually describes ,himself 7cf4 ,n4,t4 ,he who was for to come74 ,see ,sir 7now ,lord7 ,robert ,chalmer's valuable pamphlet for the meaning of this much discussed epithet 7,j4,r4,a4,s41 ,jan4 #ahih74 ,nippapac ,tathgat1 lit1 is free from the delays of human failings4 #g ,sakr1 all compounding factors of entities1 persons4 ,,chapter ,,nineteen4 ,,the ,,just4 #bef4 ,he is not just who arbitrates by will4 ,he who by weighing right and wrong decides4 ,he is a just man called4 #beg4 ,not by his will1 but with impartial mind ,keeping the ,norm1 thoughtful1 who others guides1 ,he is a just man called4 #beh4 ,one is not wise because his speech is long4 ,long-suffering and harmless1 free from fear1 ,he is a wise man called4 #bei4 ,not by much talk doth one uphold the ,norm4 ,who sees the ,norm in action1#a tho' he be ,of little learning1 strenuous in the ,norm1 ',tis he upholds the ,norm4 #bfj4 ,grey hairs do not a man an elder#b make4 ,tho' ripe in years1 if all his age be vain1 ,he may be dotard called4 #bfa4 ,true1 virtuous1 harmless1 moderate1 restrained1 ,wise and washed clean of all impurities1 ,he is an elder called4 #bfb4 ,not by mere talk nor beauty of his form1 ,if he be grudging1 greedy1 fraudulent1 ,is any reverend called4 #bfc4 ,in whom these faults are cut down1 rooted out1 ,who hath cast off his sins1 who meditates1 ,that man is reverend called4 #bfd4 ,a shaven crown makes not the ,samana4#c ,if such a one1 lying and unrestrained1 ,be full of lust and craving1 how can he ,a ,samana be called8 #bfe4 ,but if he calm his faults1 both great and small1 ,since he all evil ways hath quieted1 ,he is a ,samana4 #bff4 ,he is no mendicant who begs his food4#d ,not he who begs but he who keeps the ,norm1 ,he is a mendicant4 #bfg4 ,he who hath good and evil laid aside1 ,who wisely in this world walks righteously1 ,he is a mendicant4 #bfh4 ,he is no ,muni who refrains from speech1#e ,if he be foolish and have wandering wits4 ,but he who holds the balance1 grasps the real1 ,who's wise to choose the good and leave the bad1 ,who in this world sees both sides1 is thereby ,a ,muni truly called4 #bgj4 ,he is no ,worthy ,one who creatures harms4#f ,by harmlessness to every living thing ,a man is ,worthy called4 #bga-b ,not by mere goodness nor by ceremonies1 ,not by vast knowledge nor by ecstasy1 ,nor by a life retired1 ,nor sleeping lonely1 do ,i touch the ,bliss ,of freedom which no worldly one can know4 ,by killing all desire1 the mendicant#g ,attaineth confidence4 #a ,kyena1 bodily action1 may mean all the faculties combined4 #b ,thero1 a mendicant of ten years standing in ordination is so called in the ,buddhist church4 #c ,samana1 ascetic1 a title originally contemptuously applied to the ,buddha and ,his disciples by the ,brhmaas4 ,the word is etymologically derived from ,v4 sam--to tame or quiet4 ,hence the reference in v4 #bfe4 #d ,bhikkhu1 beggar1 the name given by the ,buddha to ,his ordained disciples4 #e ,muni1 sage1 silent one4 ,the ,buddha was called ,sakyamuni--the sage of the ,sakya clan4 #f ,ariya1 the noble1 the worthy4 #g ,reading visssam pdi4 ,this verse is important as showing the ,buddhist ideal in a nutshell4 ,nibbna is the dying out of craving1 the root of all evil4 ,,chapter ,,twenty4 ,,the ,,path4 #bgc4 ,best is the ,eightfold ,path3 of truths1 the four2#a ,dispassion in the best of states sublime4 ,blest is he of human beings1 who hath eyes to see4 #bgd4 ,this is the way2 no other way can lead ye ,to purify the mind and see the truth4 ,walk this ,way and free yourselves from ,mra's host of ills4 #bge4 ,tread ye this ,path1 and make an end of sorrow4 ,tread ye this ,path for ,i myself have shown it4 ,shown it after learning how to pluck away the thorns4#b #bgf4 ,strive ye yourselves2 ,buddha's but preach the way ,to them that strive4 ,to meditation given ,they who walk this ,way are free from ,mra's every bond4 #bgg4 ,all things compounded are impermanent2 ,whoso sees this with opened inner eye ,wearies soon of sorrow4 ',tis the ,path of ,purity4 #bgh4 ,all things compounded are of sorrow made2 ,whoso sees this with opened inner eye1 ,wearies soon of sorrow4 ',tis the ,path of ,purity4 #bgi4 ,all states compounded are without a self2#c ,whoso sees this with opened inner eye1 ,wearies soon of sorrow4 ',tis the ,path of ,purity4 #bhj4 ,whoso strives not when it is time to strive1 ,tho' young and strong1 to sloth and folly prone1 ,weak in will and thought1 to knowledge never finds the way4 #bha4 ,who guardeth speech and mind1 who doth no wrong ,with body1 making pure the triple way1#d ,he shall tread the ,path of ,wisdom by the sages shown4 #bhb4 ,wisdom is born of meditation deep1 ,but lost by mind's distraction2 knowing these ,two paths of loss and gain1 so let him live1 ,let him so direct his life that wisdom may increase4 #bhc4 ,cut down trees and undergrowth1 and from desire be free6#e ,for from this jungle fear of danger's born2 ,cut it down1 ,o mendicants1 and from desire be free6 #bhd4 ,if but a trace there be1 however small1 ,of lust of man for woman1 as a calf ,clingeth to its dam1 the mind in bondage will be held4 #bhe4 ,pluck out the love of self with thine own hand1 ,just as the hand an autumn lily plucks2 ,tread the ,way of ,peace declared by ,him who hath it trod4 #bhf4 ,here in the rainy season will ,i dwell2 ,and here in heat and cold4 ,so thinks the fool1 ,little recking of the dangers that may him befall4 #bhg4 ,care-stricken1 with his thoughts of sons and flocks1 ,attached to life1 ,death comes and seizes him1 ,as a sleeping village by a flood is swept away4#f #bhh4 ,not all his sons have power to guard that man2 ,no sire1 no kinsman can protect him now2 ,how can kinsmen aught avail him in the grasp of ,death8 #bhi4 ,the wise man1 when he sees the truth of this1 ,restrained by righteous living in the ,norm1 ,soon will clear the path that leadeth unto ,perfect ,bliss4 #a ,the ,eightfold ,path is2--,right ,views1 ,right ,thought1 ,right ,speech1 ,right ,action1 ,right ,living1 ,right ,effort1 ,right ,concentration1 ,right ,mental ,balance4 ,the ,four ,noble ,truths are3--,ill1 the cause of ,ill1 the ceasing of ,ill1 the ,path4 #b ,the thorns are the stings and torments of desire4 #c ,these three dicta are the essence of the ,buddha's teaching4 #d ,the second1 third and fourth steps of the ,path4 #e 'desire'1 viz43 'nibban hotha1 'be ye free from the jungle 7or forest7 of desire 7nir-van1 a pun on the word nirva71 cf4 v4#cdd1 vanamutto'4 #f ,cf4 ,v4 #dg4 ,,chapter ,,twenty ,,one4 ,,divers ,,verses4 #bij4 ,if in giving up slight pleasure ,thou a greater bliss discern1 ,leave the lesser gain and wisely ,to the greater profit turn4 #bia4 ,he who causeth pain to others1 ,seeking his own selfish bliss1 ,by the bonds of hate encumbered ,hatred never can dismiss4 #bib4 ,those who disregard their duty1#a ,doing what should not be done1 ,insolent and negligent in evil-doing ,more and more corrupt become4 #bic4 ,they who mounting guard on body1 ,ceaseless watch and ward preserve2 ,they who others' things neglecting1 ,from their duty never swerve2 ,they who1 self-controlled1 aspire1 ,concentrate in every nerve1 ,reach destruction of desire4 #bid4 ,slaying father1 slaying mother1 ,with two kings of warrior fame1 ,and a realm with all its subjects1#b ,brhmana's go free from blame4 #bie4 ,slaying father1 slaying mother1 ,with two kings of saintly name1 ,and a fifth pre-eminent1#c ,brhmana's go free from blame4 99 99 99 99 99 #bif4 ,they who1 watchful night and day1 ,on the ,buddha meditate1 ,are followers of ,gotama4 #big4 ,they who watchful night and day1 ,on the ,dhamma meditate1 ,are followers of ,gotama4 #bih4 ,they who1 watchful night and day1 ,on the ,sangha meditate1 ,are followers of ,gotama4 #bii4 ,they who1 watchful night and day1 ,on the body meditate1 ,are followers of ,gotama4 #cjj4 ,they who1 watchful night and day1 ,take delight in harmlessness1 ,are followers of ,gotama4 #cja4 ,they who1 watchful night and day1 ,take delight in ecstasy1 ,are followers of ,gotama4 99 99 99 99 99 #cjb4 ,o 'tis hard to give the world up1 ,yet the lonely life is hard2 ,painful 'tis to dwell in houses ,with the uncongenial2 ,painful travelling to and fro2 ,cease to be a traveller4#d ,cease to be beset with pain6 #cjc4 ,faithful and of good repute1 ,full of honour and renown1 ,he is reverenced and honoured1 ,whereso'er he choose to dwell4 #cjd4 ,holy saints are far-resplendent ,like the peaks ,himalayan2 ,like the shaft that flies in darkness1 ,wicked men are never seen4 #cje4 ,lonely sitting1 lying lonely1 ,act alone and strenuous2 ,taming self alone1 rejoice thee ,in the ending of desire4 #a ,kiccam minding one's own business4 #b ,the ,brahmins used to claim that a twice-born saint was blameless1 whatever his bodiless actions might be4 ,the ,buddha here speaks mystically4 ,father is ignorance1 ,mother is craving2 the two kings are the great heresies of non-causation and nihilism4 ,the ,kingdom and its subjects are the six organs of sense 7mind being the sixth72 and the six objects of sense 7form1 sound1 sight1 smell1 taste1 thoughts71 conquest of all these brings liberation from embodied existence4 #c veyyaggha-pacama1 lit4 'a tiger-like man1 as a fifth'4 ,the ,commentator explains this to mean the fifth of the ,five ,hindrances 7lust1 malice1 sloth1 pride1 doubt7 which beset the ,path4 #d ,a traveller is one who runs up and down the paths of rebirth4 ,,chapter ,,twenty ,,two4 ,,the ,,evil ,,way4#a #cjf4 ,the liar reaches hell1 and he who says ,he did not what he did2 ,both are the same hereafter1 men of crooked ways4 #cjg4 ,and many a one the yellow gown who wears1 ,wicked and uncontrolled1 ,by reason of his evil deeds in hell appears4 #cjh4 ,better for him who lives unworthily ,a red-hot ball to swallow1 ,than eat the food the country gives in charity4 #cji4 ,four states of ill to reckless men ,i tell ,who seek the wives of others-- ,ill-luck1 a restless bed1 an evil name and hell4 #caj4 ,ill-luck1 the ,evil ,way1 short-lived delight ,of fearful man with timid woman spent1 ,and from the king a grievous punishment-- ,let these four evils all adulterers affright4 #caa4 ,just as a blade of grass not handled well ,will cut the hand that grasps1 ,so doth the ascetic's life ill-handled lead to hell4 #cab4 ,deeds done with sluggishness1 the broken vow1 ,the saintly life befouled-- ,such evil deeds as these small recompense bestow4 #cac4 ,act thou with energy1 if act thou must3 ,the careless mendicant ,doth but stir up a denser cloud of passion's dust4 #cad4 ,leave evil deeds which afterwards bring pain2 ,better to do the good2 ,for when 'tis done that deed no sorrow brings again4 #cae4 ,just as a frontier town that's guarded well1 ,which ramparts well defend on every side1 ,so guard thyself1 let not a moment slide2 ,time-wasters suffer sorrow when consigned to hell4 #caf4 ,they who feel shame1 where shame there should be none1 ,shameless1 where shame should be1 ,embracing doctrines false1 down the ,ill ,path have gone4 #cag4 ,they who feel fear1 where fear there should be none1 ,fearless1 when they should fear1 ,embracing doctrines false1 down the ,ill ,path have gone4 #cah4 ,they who see sin1 where sin there can be none1 ,who see no harm in sin1 ,embracing doctrines false1 down the ,ill ,path have gone4 #cai4 ,they who know sin as sin1 and right as right1 ,embracing doctrines true1 ,those beings enter on the ,path of ,true ,delight4 #a ,niraya1 the ,evil ,path1 the downward course to destruction1 duggati1 as opposed to su-gati the happy way or state of heaven4 ,,chapter ,,twenty ,,three4 ,,the ,,elephant4 #cbj4 ,as an elephant in battle bears the arrows at him hurled1 ,i must bear men's bitter tongues1 for very evil is the world4 #cba4 ,tamed1 they lead him into battle2 tamed1 the king his back ascends2 ,tamed is he the best of beings1 whom no bitter speech offends4 #cbb4 ,good are well-tamed mules1 and good are ,scindian steeds of lineage famed2 ,good indeed the mighty tusker2 best of all the man self-tamed4 #cbc4 ,yet such mounts can nought avail us1 cannot be ,nibbna's guide2 ,we can only reach ,the ,pathless#a on the self-tamed self astride4 #cbd4 ,with the must from temples streaming1 mighty ,dhanaplako#b ,captive1 tastes no food1 but longeth to the ,nga-grove to go4 #cbe4 ,sluggish1 gluttonous and sleepy1 wallowing idly to and fro1 ,like a huge and grain-fed hog1 a fool again to birth must go4 #cbf4 ,once this mind roamed as it listed1 as it pleaded a-wandering went4 ,as the holder of the ankus checks the furious elephant1 ,now with wisdom ,i'll restrain it1 guide it wholly to my bent4 #cbg4 ,take delight in earnestness2 watch thy thoughts and never tire2 ,lift thee from the ,path of ,evil1 like the tusker sunk in mire4 #cbh4 ,hast thou found a fellow-traveller1 upright1 firm1 intelligent8#c ,leaving all thy cares behind thee1 gladly walk with him intent4 #cbi4 ,hast thou found no fellow-traveller1 upright1 firm1 intelligent8 ,as a king deserts his borders1 by the enemy pursued1 ,like the tusker in the forest1 go thy way in solitude4 #ccj4 ,better is the lonely life1 for fools companions cannot be2 ,live alone and do no evil1 live alone with scanty needs1 ,lonely1 as the mighty tusker in the forest lonely feeds4 #cca4 ,sweet are friends when need ariseth1 sweet is joy whate'er it be2 ,sweet the blessing of life's ending1 sweet to be from sorrow free4 #ccb4 ,sweet it is to be a mother1 sweet the lot of fatherhood1 ,sweet the life of holy hermits1 sweet the life of ,brhmans good4 #ccc4 ,sweet is growing old in goodness1 sweet is faith established1 ,sweet to gain the prize of wisdom when desire for sin is dead4 #a ,nibbna4 #b ,a favourite beast of the king of ,benares4 ,the elephant1 to the ,east1 typifies wisdom1 strength and endurance4 ,the ,buddha is called ,mah-nga1 mighty elephant2 ,the nga-grove is ,nibbna4 ,those who wander in the jungle are those still bound by the fetters of rebirth4 #c ,cf4 verse #fa4 ,,chapter ,,twenty ,,four4 ,,craving4 #ccd4 ,even as a creeper groweth1 ,creatures that are indolent ,find their craving ever grow2 ,like a monkey in the forest ,seeking fruit from bough to bough1 ,so they wander to and fro4#a #cce4 ,he who yields to sordid craving ,that thro' all the world doth go1 ,like the gadding vine that spreadeth1 ,that man's sorrows ever grow4 #ccf4 ,he who quiets sordid craving1 ,hard in this world to allay1 ,like the dewdrop from the lotus1 ,all his sorrows fall away4 #ccg4 ,lo6 to all of ye assembled ,this the good advice ,i tell3 ,dig ye up the root of craving1 ,as men dig the scented grass4 ,let not ,death so oft assail ye1 ,even as the rushing torrent ,o'er the river reeds doth pass4 #cch4 ,if the root be still uninjured1 ,trees cut down will spring again2 ,if the root of craving liveth1 ,still there is rebirth of pain4 #cci4 ,when the six and thirty currents#b ,bring one under pleasure's sway1 ,thoughts1 like waves1 with passion surging4 ,sweep him all confused away4 #cdj4 ,everywhere those streams are flowing2 ,now the creeper of desire ,plants its roots and standeth fast2 ,cut it ere it riseth higher1 ,cut it with the axe of wisdom1 ,root the creeper up at last4 #cda4 ,restless1 wanton is men's craving2 ,they who wander to and fro ,in the restless search for pleasure ,birth and death must undergo4 #cdb4 ,they who in the trap of craving1 ,like a hare run to and fro1 ,by the fetters' bonds entangled1 ,long must sorrow undergo4 #cdc4 ,beings1 in the trap of craving ,like a hare run to and fro3 ,mendicants who hope for freedom ,must their passions all forego4 #cdd4 ,whoso1 free from human passions1 ,junglewards to run is fain2#c ,who1 from lust emancipated1 ,to his lust runs back again2 ,lo6 the man infatuated ,plunges into bonds of pain4 #cde4 ,not by ties of wood or iron ,nor of rope 7the wise men say7 ,are men held in bondage strong2 ,but for jewels1 wives and children1 ,they who passionately crave1 ,they are held in bondage long4 #cdf4 ,but the downward-dragging chain1 ,yielding1 hard to loose again-- ,this is bondage real 7they say73 ,who this chain of craving breaks1 ,free from lust1 the world forsakes4 #cdg4 ,they who yield to their desires ,down the stream of craving swim2 ,as we see the spider run ,in the net himself hath spun4 ,wise men cut the net and go ,free from craving1 free from woe4 #cdh4 ,loose all behind1 between1 before2#d ,cross thou unto the other shore2#e ,with thy mind on all sides free ,birth and death no more shalt see4 #cdi4 ,he whose mind is tossed with doubt1 ,seeing bliss in passion's surge1 ,makes his craving grow the longer1 ,rivets all his bonds the stronger4 #cej4 ,he who joys in calming doubt1 ,and the loathsome contemplates1#f ,soon will ,mra's bondage leave1 ,every fetter soon will cleave4 #cea4 ,he who hath attained the goal1 ,fearless1 free from lust and sin1 ,who hath plucked out every thorn1#g ,nevermore will be reborn4 #ceb4 ,free from lust1 to nothing clinging1 ,who is skilful to interpret ,all the wealth of sacred lore2 ,all the mass of letters knowing 7,whether after or before71#h ,this indeed is his last body1 ,he's a ,master of ,the ,wisdom1 ,mighty ,being1 ,he indeed is born no more4 #cec4 ,conqueror of all am ,i6 ,knowing all1 from all conditions ,of existence ,i am free2 ,by the slaying of desire ,i have ended craving's fire4 ,who could then my teacher be8 ,i have now forsaken all1 ,i myself1 by mine own knowledge4 ,whom should ,i my teacher call8#i #ced4 ,to give ,the ,norm all gifts transcends2 ,to taste ,the ,norm is sweetest far2 ,no joy can with its joy compare2 ,who raving slays all sorrow ends4 #cee4 ,wealth harms the fool2 not him who runs ,to win the goal intent2 ,by lust of wealth the fool harms self ,with harm for others meant4 #cef4 ,weeds are the ruin of the fields2 ,this world by lust is spoiled2 ,then great the fruit of gifts to those ,by lust who are not soiled4 #ceg4 ,weeds are the ruin of the fields2 ,this world is spoiled by hate2 ,to those by hatred undefiled ,the fruit of gifts is great4 #ceh4 ,weeds are the ruin of the fields2 ,deluded are mankind2 ,then great the fruit of gifts to those ,whom folly doth not blind4 #cei4 ,weeds are the ruin of the fields2 ,craving pollutes the world2 ,then great the fruit of gifts to those ,by craving not enthralled4#aj #a ,in the round of rebirth4 #b ,the six sense-organs and the six objects of sense 7twelve7 are affected by three desires of each1 generally taken as ,kmatanh1 ,rpatanh1 ,arpatanh1 desire for existence in the world of desire1 in the worlds of form1 in the worlds of the formless 7abstract71 thus making thirty-six varieties4 #c ,the jungle of passion4 #d ,past1 present and future ties4 #e ,cross the stream to ,nibbna4 #f ,one of the meditation exercises1 to inspire loathing for the body and its corrupt nature4 #g ,cf4 above v4 #bge4 #h ,nirutti-pada-kovido3 skilled in the true meaning of the language 7,pali7 in which the ,buddha taught4 #i ,this was the reply of the ,buddha to an ascetic who1 struck by the ,master's radiance after attaining ,nibbna1 inquired who was ,his teacher and what was the cause of ,his joy4 #aj ,bhoga1 rga1 dosa1 moha1 iccha1 riches1 lust1 hate1 delusion1 craving1 are five of the hindrances to the saintly life4 ,,chapter ,,twenty-,,five4 ,,the ,,mendicant4 #cfj-a ,good is restraint of eye and ear1 of nose and tongue1 ,of body1 speech and mind2 restraint is good ,in every way2 the mendicant restrained ,all sorrow casts away4 #cfb4 ,in hand and foot and speech whoso is self restrained2 ,whoso to ponder inwardly delights1 ,who liveth lonely and is well-content1 ,him men call mendicant4 #cfc4 ,whoso controls his lips1 and words of wisdom speaks1 ,is not puffed up1 who can elucidate ,the meaning and the essence of ,the ,norm-- ,pleasant is he to hear4 #cfd4 ,who dwelleth in the ,norm and in the ,norm delights1 ,who searcheth out and well remembers it-- ,from the ,true ,norm that steadfast mendicant ,will never fall away4 #cfe4 ,let him not think of little worth the alms he gains4 ,nor jealous be of alms to others given2 ,for whoso envies other mendicants ,wins not tranquillity4 #cff4 ,though small the part of charity that falls to him1 ,whoso despiseth not the alms he gains1 ,if he live clean1 not given to slothfulness1 ,e'en by the gods is praised4#a #cfg4 ,whoso hath neither part nor lot in ,name and ,form#b 7,who saith not this is ,i or this is mine7 ,and grieveth not for what existeth not1 ,a mendicant is called4 #cfh4 ,whoso in friendly wise with all mankind abides1 ,firm in the teaching of the ,awakened ,one2 ,reaches the bliss where all conditions cease1 ,reaches the ,state of ,peace4 #cfi4 ,o mendicants6 bail out the water from this boat6#c ,swift will it go when from this burden freed4 ,of passion and of hatred cut the root2 ,then shalt thou reach ,the ,peace4 #cgj4 ,cut off the five2 desert the five2 the five subdue6 ,that mendicant1 who from the fetters five#d ,hath freed himself at last1 by men is called ,a crosser of the ,stream4 #cga4 ,o mendicant6 be meditative2 let not sloth1#e ,let not thy passions toss thee to and fro2#f ,lest1 swallowing the ball1 thou burning cry1 ,ah6 this is suffering6 #cgb4 ,who hath no wisdom cannot ecstasy attain2#g ,who knows not ecstasy1 no wisdom gains2 ,whoso both ecstasy and wisdom hath1 ,unto ,the ,peace is nigh4 #cgc4 ,the mendicant1 whose mind hath gained tranquillity1 ,when he hath entered on his empty cell1#h ,hath joy beyond man's power to tell1 for he ,the ,truth discerneth well4 #cgd4 ,soon as he grasps the rise and fall of elements1#i ,such pleasure and delight thereby he wins ,as falls to them that rightly know the state ,of immortality4#aj #cge4 ,let the wise mendicant in this world thus begin2 ,guard thou thy senses2 next1 with mind content1 ,by discipline restrained1 seek noble friends ,who zealous live and pure2 #cgf4 ,and by the laws of friendship act1 live perfectly1 ,and upright walk according to the ,norm2 ,then in the fullness of thy joy thou shalt ,an end of suffering make4 #cgg4 ,o mendicants6 just as the snow-white vassik1 ,the jasmine1 putting forth fresh blooms to-day1 ,sheds down the withered blooms of yesterday1 ,so shed ye lust and hate4 #cgh4 ,tranquil in body1 speech and mind1 ,o mendicants1 ,whoso in every way is well-restrained1 ,who all this world's desires hath thrown aside ,he is the tranquil called4 #cgi4 ,rouse thou the self by self1 by self examine self2 ,thus guarded by the self1 and with thy mind ,intent and watchful1 thus1 ,o mendicant1 ,thou shall live happily4 #chj4 ,yea6 ,self is guard of self and refuge takes in self2 ,just as a dealer trains a thoroughbred1 ,a noble steed1 and breaks him to the rein1 ,so do thou self restrain4 #cha4 ,that mendicant1 with utter joy and gladness filled1 ,firm in the teaching of the ,awakened ,one1 ,reaches the bliss where all conditions cease1 ,reaches the ,state of ,peace4 #chb4 ,lo ye6 a mendicant1 though young he be1 that strives ,to grasp the teaching of the ,awakened ,one1 ,lights up the world1 as from a cloud released ,the moon lights up the night4 #a ,cf4 vv4 #bbi-cj4 #b ,nma rpa1 a traditional ,vedic term for mind and ,matter1 the immortal and the perishable1 borrowed by the ,buddha to stand for the mental and bodily compound in the individual1 cf4 ,buddhist ,psychology1 ,mrs4 ,c4,a4 ,rhys-,davids1 pp4 #bc-e4 #c ,the body with its needs and passions 7water in the boat7 hampers the progress across the stream4 #d ,i4 ,the first five fetters of delusion of self1 doubt1 ceremonial observance1 lust and ill-will4 ,,ii4 ,the second five fetters of desire for form1 desire for the formless1 pride1 vanity and ignorance4 ,,iii4 ,if the verb of the third clause1 vuttaribhvaye1 be translated pay attention to1 as is possible1 the meaning will be1 develop the five good qualities of faith1 zeal1 concentration1 meditation1 wisdom4 ,,iv4 ,this may refer to the second five fetters1 by throwing off which one becomes an ,arahat4 #e ,toss thee1 reading kmagun bhamisu 7for kmagune bhamassu7 as ,prof4 ,dines ,andersen suggests 7p4 #aib1 ,glossary to ,dhammapada4 ,pt4 #b74 #f ,cf4 v4 #ajg4 ,one of the tortures in the hells4 #g ecstasy1 jhna4 ,there are four stages of mystic meditation leading to rebirth in the higher worlds4 #h ,empty cell1 sugram1 may refer to the meditation in the cave of the heart1 when all thought vibrations are stilled1 cf4 v4 #cg4 #i ,the rise and fall1 reading udayavyayam4 cf4 v4 #aac4 #aj 'immortality'3 viz43 'the ,ambrosial'4 ,,chapter ,,twenty-,,six4 ,,the ,,brahmana4 #chc4 ,cut off the stream1#a ,o ,brhmana1 right manfully2 ,repel desires2 when thou hast known the end ,of things conditioned1 thou shalt be ,a knower of the ,uncreate4#b #chd4 ,when by the twofold law 7restraint and ecstasy71 ,by virtue of the knowledge he hath gained1 ,the ,brhmana hath crossed the stream2 ,then every fetter falls away4 #che4 ,whoso the stream hath crossed and from this shore hath passed1#c ,free from all cares1 unfettered2 one to whom ,this shore and that alike are naught2 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #chf4 ,whoso dwells meditiative1 passionless1 ,and free from all ,taints1 his course hath run1 ,whoso hath won the highest ,goal-- ,him ,i deem a ,brmaa4 #chg4 ,one who is rid of evil is a ,brmaa2 ,samaa is one who tranquil hath become2 ,gone forth from all impurity2 ,the hermit is pabbajj called4#d #chh4 ,let not a ,brhmaa assail a ,brhmaa2 ,nor let him with the assailant angry be1 ,woe to the striker2 greater woe ,to him that1 stricken1 strikes again4 #cij4 ,no little profit cometh to the ,brhmaa ,who hath his mind from pleasant things restrained2 ,soon as the lust to harm is gone ,all sorrowing is laid to rest4 #cia4 ,whoso offendeth not in thought and word and deed1 ,in whom no evil from these three is seen2 ,whoso is in these three controlled2 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #cib4 ,if there be one from whom thou canst obtain the ,norm ,which ,he1 the ,all-,awakened ,one1 declared1 ,revere him1 as a ,brhmaa ,the sacrificial fire reveres4 #cic4 ,not matted hair1 nor caste1 nor noble birth can make ,the ,brhmaa2 but he that knows the truth ,and knows the ,norm1 is blest indeed2 ,and him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #cid4 ,of what avail to thee1 ,o fool1 is matted hair8 ,and what avails thy garment made of skins8 ,the outer part thou makest clean1 ,but all is ravening within4#e #cie4 ,whoso wears rags from dustheaps picked1 whoso is lean1 ,with veins o'erspread1 who in the jungle dwells ,and meditates in loneliness2#f ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #cif4 ,one is not ,brhmaa because of race or birth2 ,hail-fellow is such called1 and riches hath4#g ,possessing naught1 free from desire ,is one ,i call a ,brhmaa4 #cig4 ,whoso hath cut all fetters off and hath no fear ,of what may him befall2 whoso from bonds ,and all attachments is released2 ,is one ,i call a ,brhmaa4 #cih4 ,whoso hath cut the strap1 the leathern thong1 the ropes#h ,and all thereto pertaining1 and the bar ,hath lifted2 him1 the ,awakened one2 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #cii4 ,he who endures1 tho' innocent of all offence1 ,abuse and blows and e'en imprisonment ,with patience strong1 a host in strength2 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #djj4 ,who hath no anger1 who to all his vows is true1 ,upright in life1 from passion free1 subdued1 ,no more on earth to be reborn2 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #dja4 ,who like a dew-drop on a lotus-lily leaf1 ,or seed of mustard on a needle's point1 ,clings not to any worldly bliss2 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #djb4 ,who knoweth even in this world his sorrow's end1 ,who bath laid down the burden of desire1 ,emancipated from his bonds2 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #djc4 ,whoso is deep in wisdom and intelligence1 ,who can with skill discern the right and wrong1 ,who hath attained the highest goal2 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #djd4 ,whoso with householders and wanderers alike ,small dealings hath1 who lives the homeless life1 ,a mendicant of scanty needs2 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #dje4 ,whoso withholds the rod of painful punishment ,from living creatures1 be they weak or strong1 ,who neither strikes nor makes to strike1 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #djf4 ,whoso forbearance hath to those that hinder him1 ,and to the angry showeth gentleness1 ,among the greedy without greed2 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #djg4 ,from whom all anger1 hate1 hypocrisy and pride ,have fall'n away1 as from a needle's point ,a grain of mustard-seed falls off2 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #djh4 ,gentle in ways and apt to teach his fellow-men1 ,whoso will utter truth and naught but truth1 ,whoso in speech offendeth not2 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #dji4 ,he that takes nothing in this world that is not given1 ,whatever it may be1 or great or small1 ,or long or short or good or bad2 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #daj4 ,in whom is seen no more the longing of desire ,for this world or beyond1 who hath no lust1 ,who hath no fetters any more2 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #daa4 ,in whom is seen no craving1 who1 because he knows1 ,asks not in doubt the ,how or ,why1 for he ,hath reached ,nibbna's peace profound2 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #dab4 ,whoso on earth hath passed beyond the opposites ,of good and evil1 and is free from grief1 ,from passion and impurity2 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #dac4 ,who1 like the moon on high1 is stainless1 pure and calm1 ,translucent and serene1 who hath restrained ,the rise of all delightful states2 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #dad4 ,whoso hath trod the hard and muddy road of births1 ,hath crossed delusion1 reached the other shore1 ,nor lusts1 nor doubts1 grasps not1 is calm1 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #dae4 ,who homeless wanders through this world1 a mendicant1 ,abandoning desires1 who hath restrained ,the rise of sensual delight2 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #daf4 ,who homeless wanders through this world a mendicant1 ,abandoning his lust2 who hath restrained ,the rise of craving and desire2 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #dag4 ,whoso hath left behind all ties that bind on earth1 ,and e'en the heavenly world transcended hath2 ,whoso from every tie is free2 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #dae4 ,who joy and pain hath left1 who from the heat of life ,is cooled1 and hath no basis of rebirth1 ,heroic conqueror of the worlds2 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #dai4 ,who knows the rise and fall of things in birth and death1 ,who is not of the world1 who hath the path ,well trod1 who hath become awake2 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #dbj4 ,whose passage#i hence the gods themselves cannot discern1 ,nor demi-gods nor men2 a worthy one ,in whom the passions are subdued2 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #dba4 ,to whom pertaineth naught of past or future things ,or of the present2 one who owneth naught1 ,who hath no wish for anything2 ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #dbb4 ,dauntless1#aj pre-eminent1 heroic mighty seer1 ,the conqueror1 desireless one1 made clean1#aa ,whose eyes have opened to the light1#ab ,him ,i deem a ,brhmaa4 #dbc4 ,who knows his former births1 who sees both heaven and hell1#ac ,who now at last hath reached the end of births2 ,perfect in knowledge he who hath done all things well1 ,that sage ,i call a ,brhmaa4 #a ,cf4 v4 #agh4 #b ,akatau1 unconditioned1 ,nibba4 #c 'lit4 one for whom there exists neither this shore 7the stream being not yet entered7 nor that shore 7,arahantship being yet unattained7 nor both shores 7as he has now attained7'4 #d ,shita1 removed1 the supposed etymology of ,brhmana2 as samitatta1 quieted is here supposed to be that of samana1 ascetic monk4 ,pabbajj is one who goes forth1 takes the robes1 becomes ordained a ,buddhist mendicant monk4 #e ,cf4 the words of the ,christ to the ,pharisees3 ,now do ye ,pharisees make clean the outside of the cup and the platter1 but your inward part is full of ravening and wickedness4 ,the word used1 gahanam1 'grasping1' may also mean 'jungle'4 #f ,these were the marks of the early and stricter ascetics2 even to-day the bhikkhus of ,ceylon have their robes made of pieces of cloth sewn together1 but these are not picked from the dust-heap4 #g ,hail-fellow1 bhovdi1 one who uses the disrespectful term of bho1 ,i say6 man4 ,these ,brahmins who did not accept the ,buddha as ,master would address ,him in this way1 and of course they were often wealthy men4 #h ,the strap is said to be hate2 the thong1 desire2 the ropes1 orthodoxy with its attendant narrowness2 the bar1 ignorance that shuts the door of knowledge4 #i ,cuti2 gati2 the fall from other worlds into this one1 and the 'going' or passage or state of the next birth4 #aj ,like a bull4 #aa ,nahtakam1 an allusion to the ceremonial bathing of the ,brhmaa after finishing his course of studies4 #ab ,the meaning of buddha4 #ac ,one who knows earth1 heaven and hell1 and can range them at will1 is called natilka1 knower of the three worlds4 ,such a one is born no more1 as he has learned the lessons of these worlds4